bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chromosomes of Afrotheria and Their Bearing on Mammalian Genome Evolution
Authors: Svartman M. , Stanyon R.
Published: August 2012

Afrotheria is the clade of placental mammals that, together with Xenarthra, Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria, represents 1 of the 4 main recognized supraordinal eutherian clades. It reunites 6 orders of African origin: Proboscidea, Sirenia, Hyracoidea, Macroscelidea, Afrosoricida and Tubulidentata. The apparently unlikely relationship among such disparate morphological taxa and their possible basal position at the base of the eutherian phylogenetic tree led to a great deal of attention and research on the group. The use of biomolecular data was pivotal in Afrotheria studies, as they were the basis for the recognition of this clade. Although morphological evidence is still scarce, a plethora of molecular data firmly attests to the phylogenetic relationship among these mammals of African origin. Modern cytogenetic techniques also gave a significant contribution to the study of Afrotheria, revealing chromosome signatures for the group as a whole, as well as for some of its internal relationships. The associations of human chromosomes HSA1/19 and 5/21 were found to be chromosome signatures for the group and provided further support for Afrotheria. Additional chromosome synapomorphies were also identified linking elephants and manatees in Tethytheria (the associations HSA2/3, 3/13, 8/22, 18/19 and the lack of HSA4/8) and elephant shrews with the aardvark (HSA2/8, 3/20 and 10/17). Herein, we review the current knowledge on Afrotheria chromosomes and genome evolution. The already available data on the group suggests that further work on this apparently bizarre assemblage of mammals will provide important data to a better understanding on mammalian genome evolution.
Activity of the Estrogen-Metabolizing Enzyme Cytochrome P450 1B1 Influences the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: White Kevin , Johansen Anne Katrine , Nilsen Margaret , Ciuclan Loredana , Wallace Emma , Paton Leigh , Campbell Annabel , Morecroft Ian , Loughlin Lynn , McClure John D. , Thomas Matthew , Mair Kirsty M. , MacLean Margaret R.
Published: August 2012

Background—

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a hyperproliferative vascular disorder observed predominantly in women. Estrogen is a potent mitogen in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and contributes to PAH in vivo; however, the mechanisms attributed to this causation remain obscure. Curiously, heightened expression of the estrogen-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is reported in idiopathic PAH and murine models of PAH.

Methods and Results—

Here, we investigated the putative pathogenic role of CYP1B1 in PAH. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and in situ analysis revealed that pulmonary CYP1B1 is increased in hypoxic PAH, hypoxic+SU5416 PAH, and human PAH and is highly expressed within the pulmonary vascular wall. PAH was assessed in mice via measurement of right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right ventricular systolic pressure. Hypoxic PAH was attenuated in CYP1B1
−/−
mice, and the potent CYP1B1 inhibitor 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene (TMS; 3 mg · kg
−1
· d
−1
IP) significantly attenuated hypoxic PAH and hypoxic+SU5416 PAH in vivo. TMS also abolished estrogen-induced proliferation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and PAH–pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. The estrogen metabolite 16α-hydroxyestrone provoked human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation, and this mitogenic effect was greatly pronounced in PAH–pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. ELISA analysis revealed that 16α-hydroxyestrone concentration was elevated in PAH, consistent with CYP1B1 overexpression and activity. Finally, administration of the CYP1B1 metabolite 16α-hydroxyestrone (1.5 mg · kg
−1
· d
−1
IP) caused the development of PAH in mice.

Conclusions—

Increased CYP1B1-mediated estrogen metabolism promotes the development of PAH, likely via the formation of mitogens, including 16α-hydroxyestrone. Collectively, this study reveals a possible novel therapeutic target in clinical PAH.
A Millennial Proxy Record of ENSO and Eastern Australian Rainfall from the Law Dome Ice Core, East Antarctica
Authors: Vance Tessa R. , van Ommen Tas D. , Curran Mark A. J. , Plummer Chris T. , Moy Andrew D.
Published: August 2012

ENSO causes climate extremes across and beyond the Pacific basin; however, evidence of ENSO at high southern latitudes is generally restricted to the South Pacific and West Antarctica. Here, the authors report a statistically significant link between ENSO and sea salt deposition during summer from the Law Dome (LD) ice core in East Antarctica. ENSO-related atmospheric anomalies from the central-western equatorial Pacific (CWEP) propagate to the South Pacific and the circumpolar high latitudes. These anomalies modulate high-latitude zonal winds, with El Niño (La Niña) conditions causing reduced (enhanced) zonal wind speeds and subsequent reduced (enhanced) summer sea salt deposition at LD. Over the last 1010 yr, the LD summer sea salt (LDSSS) record has exhibited two below-average (El Niño–like) epochs, 1000–1260 ad and 1920–2009 ad, and a longer above-average (La Niña–like) epoch from 1260 to 1860 ad. Spectral analysis shows the below-average epochs are associated with enhanced ENSO-like variability around 2–5 yr, while the above-average epoch is associated more with variability around 6–7 yr. The LDSSS record is also significantly correlated with annual rainfall in eastern mainland Australia. While the correlation displays decadal-scale variability similar to changes in the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO), the LDSSS record suggests rainfall in the modern instrumental era (1910–2009 ad) is below the long-term average. In addition, recent rainfall declines in some regions of eastern and southeastern Australia appear to be mirrored by a downward trend in the LDSSS record, suggesting current rainfall regimes are unusual though not unknown over the last millennium.
Influence of the Laurentian Great Lakes on Regional Climate*
Authors: Notaro Michael , Holman Kathleen , Zarrin Azar , Fluck Elody , Vavrus Steve , Bennington Val
Published: August 2012

The influence of the Laurentian Great Lakes on climate is assessed by comparing two decade-long simulations, with the lakes either included or excluded, using the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model, version 4. The Great Lakes dampen the variability in near-surface air temperature across the surrounding region while reducing the amplitude of the diurnal cycle and annual cycle of air temperature. The impacts of the Great Lakes on the regional surface energy budget include an increase (decrease) in turbulent fluxes during the cold (warm) season and an increase in surface downward shortwave radiation flux during summer due to diminished atmospheric moisture and convective cloud amount. Changes in the hydrologic budget due to the presence of the Great Lakes include increases in evaporation and precipitation during October–March and decreases during May–August, along with springtime reductions in snowmelt-related runoff. Circulation responses consist of a regionwide decrease in sea level pressure in autumn–winter and an increase in summer, with enhanced ascent and descent in the two seasons, respectively. The most pronounced simulated impact of the Great Lakes on synoptic systems traversing the basin is a weakening of cold-season anticyclones.
Training Intuitive Decision Making in a Simulated Real-World Environment
Authors: Patterson Robert Earl , Pierce Byron J. , Boydstun Alan S. , Ramsey Lisa M. , Shannan Jodi , Tripp Lisa , Bell Herb
Published: August 2012

Objective:

We investigated whether naturalistic, intuitive (pattern recognition–based) decision making can be developed via implicit statistical learning in a simulated real-world environment.

Background:

To our knowledge, no definitive studies have actually shown that implicit learning plays a causal role in the development of intuitive decision making when the latter is defined as pattern recognition of real-world, or simulated real-world, environmental situations.

Method:

The simulated environment was presented dynamically so as to induce a sense of simulated locomotion through the scene and over sequences of objects on the ground. During training, participants passively viewed the objects sequences; during test, participants made intuitive decisions about related or unrelated sequences.

Results:

Intuitive decision making can be developed via implicit learning. Articulatory suppression, which affects working memory, exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the training of intuitive decision making. Intuitive decision making trained in the simulated environment fully transferred to a flat display (but not vice versa).

Conclusion:

Intuitive decision making is developed by an implicit learning process that is engaged by the meaning inherent in naturalistic scenes.

Application:

Implicit learning can be used for training intuitive decision making.
The Business Models of Large Interconnected Banks and the Lessons of the Financial Crisis
Authors: Blundell-Wignall Adrian , Atkinson Paul E. , Roulet Caroline
Published: August 2012

This paper looks at the urgent and ongoing need to change the business models of global systemically important banks — particularly those that dominate the OTC derivatives markets which carry massive counterparty risk via collateralisation practices. It explores the three main lessons of the financial crisis: too big to fail, excess leverage and conflicts of interest. While regulatory reforms have been plentiful, none have adequately addressed the main source of the problems which lie in the very nature of the business models of large interconnected banks.
Thermal properties of aluminized and non-aluminized basalt fabrics
Authors: Hrynyk R , Frydrych I , Irzmańska E , Stefko A
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to characterize modified basalt fabrics as semi-finished articles for application in personal protective equipment (PPE), i.e. protective gloves. Resistance to the thermal properties for three fabrics made of basalt fibers differed in the aspect of mass per square meter and thickness as well as for the aluminized modifications presented. The modifications were obtained by gluing aluminum foil to the fabric with two kinds of glue. The results of the measurements are presented in the form of tables and figures. The study focused on the elaboration of the optimal textile modification designed for use in protective gloves against thermal and mechanical risks. According to the specifications of related European standards, only one way of proposed modification meets the requirements and can be successfully used for manufacturing the final product.
Articulating Intra-Asian Urbanism: The Production of Satellite Cities in Phnom Penh
Authors: Percival Tom , Waley Paul
Published: August 2012

Privately built satellite cities are becoming an increasingly common urban development concept in peri-urban areas of South-east Asian cities. While these projects are beginning to receive academic attention, the majority of studies have a limited capacity to explain why and how they are produced. Most satellite cities built in the past five years have some degree of foreign influence from other East Asian countries in terms of invested capital, planning concepts or urban design and architecture. The majority of this influence originates from within the East Asian region. This paper argues that an investigation which incorporates both the relational and the territorial can increase an understanding of the production of satellite cities. This argument is illustrated with empirical research on two satellite city projects in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: one by a Korean developer and another by Indonesian conglomerate Ciputra.
Exploring the Role of Network Characteristics, Knowledge Quality, and Inertia on the Evolution of Scientific Networks
Authors: Demirkan Irem , Deeds David L. , Demirkan Sebahattin
Published: August 2012

Despite decades of network research, the crucial question, “How do networks evolve?” has not been sufficiently explored. The authors explore this question by analyzing the co-authorship networks in the U.S. biotechnology firms. Building on network management and network inertia perspectives, the authors build a model predicting that the structural changes in the firms’ co-authorship networks are dependent on the specific characteristics of firms’ initial networks, the firm’s age and size. The authors then extend the model by incorporating a measure of the impact of the quality of the knowledge produced by the network ties using the prominence and inertia perspectives, which lead to the incorporation of competing hypotheses and moderating relationships in the model of scientific network evolution. The authors then test the model using longitudinal analysis of 367 U.S. biotechnology firms over a span of 17 years. The authors find that firms’ existing tie-specific characteristics in the form of a firm’s existing network size, tie strength, and the knowledge quality are significant determinants of network evolution, but that this influence is tempered by organizational inertia.
Perceptions of parental support buffer against depression for Brazilian youth with interpersonal difficulties
Authors: DeLay Dawn , Hafen Christopher A. , Cunha Josafá M. , Weber Lidia N. D. , Laursen Brett
Published: August 2012

This study examines whether perceptions of parent support buffer against concurrent adolescent depression for youth with interpersonal difficulties. Participants included 398 youth (225 females, 173 males) from public (63.3%) and private (36.7%) schools in Brazil. Adolescents ranged in age from 11 to 14 years ( M = 12.81). Perceptions of parent support moderated concurrent associations between youth reports of peer victimization and depressive symptoms such that youth with high levels of support reported less depression when victimized than youth with low levels of support. Perceptions of parent support also moderated concurrent nonlinear associations between youth reports of family conflict and depressive symptoms. Moderate levels of family conflict were associated with heightened depressive symptoms in youth who reported low levels of support from parents, whereas youth who perceived high levels of support from parents reported heightened depressive symptoms only in conjunction with elevated family conflict.
Measuring Young Children’s Attitudes Toward Peers With Disabilities
Authors: Yu SeonYeong , Ostrosky Michaelene M. , Fowler Susan A.
Published: August 2012

Young children with disabilities are increasingly attending inclusive early childhood programs with their typically developing peers. Within these programs, research efforts and practice have supported young children’s understanding and acceptance of peers with disabilities. However, there is limited information about the measures used to assess young children’s attitudes toward peers with disabilities. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to critically review the literature on young children’s attitudes toward peers with disabilities with an emphasis on measurement issues. Assessment instruments and the type of information that these assessments provide about the dimensions of attitudes toward peers with disabilities based on a conceptual model of attitude formation suggested by Triandis are highlighted. Implications for future research are addressed following the literature review.
Gender perceptions of work-life balance: management implications for full-time employees in Australia
Authors: Fujimoto Yuka , Azmat Fara , Härtel Charmine E.J.
Published: August 2012

This study reports on gender perceptions of work–life balance based upon a qualitative study carried out among 437 full-time working men ( N=245) and women ( N=192) in the Australian workforce in 2008. The participants were randomly selected from a wide range of occupations, and their perceptions of: (a) non-work issues; (b) work–life conflicts; (c) organisational support for WLB; (d) desired WLB options; and (e) management treatment were investigated. Findings indicate significant gender differences in all areas studied. As this research provides a holistic view of the different gender perceptions of WLB, the findings have important implications for mobilising workplace support for men and women.
Retirement savings investment choices in response to the global financial crisis: Australian evidence
Authors: Gerrans Paul
Published: August 2012

This paper examines the retirement savings investment choices of Australian workers over a three-year period, including the global financial crisis (GFC), based on a large sample of members drawn from five superannuation funds. The overwhelming majority of members did not change their investment strategy in response to the GFC. Between October 2006 and March 2009 less than seven per cent of members did so. The likelihood of making a change increased with member balance and contributions levels. During the GFC period women with large balances were more likely to make a change, a result which contrasts with the bulk of prior evidence suggesting males as the more active. The level of change activity did increase during the GFC peaking in October 2008, the month with the largest market downturn, and March 2009, when the market reached its low point. The implications for both members and funds of the observed investment choice behaviour are discussed.
Corporate governance mechanisms and their impact on company performance: A structural equation model analysis
Authors: Azim Mohammad I
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this study is to use structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the extent to which different monitoring mechanisms – the board and its committees, shareholders and independent auditors – are complements (i.e. a positive covariance) or substitutes (a negative covariance) for each other. The lack of consistent results in previous corporate governance research may be attributable to attention not being paid to monitoring mechanisms’ substitution or complementary relationships. By using SEM, this study concludes that complementary and substitution relationships among monitoring mechanisms are present. Using data from the pre – and post – global financial crisis period, this study explains where such corporate government impacts occurred, the inconsistencies that are evident in previous studies and provides insights into corporate governance practices.
Prognostic Significance of the Containment and Location of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Choi Woo Jin , Choi Gi Won , Kim Jun Shik , Lee Jin Woo
Published: August 2012

Background:

Uncontained osteochondral lesions of the talar shoulder are associated with an increased risk of clinical failure in patients treated with current cylindrical osteochondral autograft techniques. Whether the same holds true in patients undergoing arthroscopic treatment is unknown.

Purpose:

To determine the relative prognostic significance of the containment (shoulder vs nonshoulder type) and location (medial vs lateral) of an osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT).

Hypothesis:

Arthroscopic treatment may not be ideal for uncontained lesions of the talar shoulder due to a lack of structural support.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Arthroscopic treatment for OLT was performed on the ankles of 399 patients between 2001 and 2009. Analyses were performed by grouping the patients according to type of containment (shoulder, n = 181; nonshoulder, n = 218), location (medial, n = 274; lateral, n = 125), and both type of containment and location (medial shoulder, n = 129; medial nonshoulder, n = 145; lateral shoulder, n = 52; lateral nonshoulder, n = 73). To evaluate the role of containment and location independently of OLT size, patients were grouped according to quartile of defect size, and outcomes were analyzed within each group.

Results:

Patients with shoulder-type OLT had a substantially worse clinical outcome than did those with nonshoulder-type OLT, even after adjustment for OLT size ( P < .05). However, there was no significant difference in clinical outcome between patients with medial OLT and those with lateral OLT, and the clinical failure rates of the 2 groups were similar ( P > .05). A Cox proportional hazards regression model demonstrated that OLT containment, but not location, exerted an independent prognostic effect.

Conclusion:

Patients with uncontained OLT of the talar shoulder experienced a more complicated clinical outcome than did those with contained, nonshoulder-type OLT even after adjustment for OLT size and regardless of location.
The Dimensions of Public Service Motivation and Sector Work Preferences
Authors: Clerkin Richard M. , Coggburn Jerrell D.
Published: August 2012

Public service motivation (PSM) is a needs-based approach to motivation. People may sate this need in different ways, including direct government service. This article investigates the relationship between individuals’ PSM and their work sector (pubic, nonprofit, or for-profit) preferences. It asks, “Does PSM affect an individual’s preference for the sector of the economy in which they would ideally be employed?” Our findings indicate that PSM, measured in dimensional form, is a moderate indicator of an individual’s sector preference: as PSM increases (particularly, the Self-Sacrifice dimension), the attractiveness of working in the public and nonprofit sector, relative to the for-profit sector, also increases. Focusing on a preservice sample of undergraduate students allows us to conclude that PSM is a need people have prior to entering the workplace, and it may indeed drive whether an individual works in the government, nonprofit, or for-profit sector.
Estimating Resting Energy Expenditure With a Portable Armband Device in an Ambulatory Setting
Authors: Elbelt Ulf , Schuetz Tatjana , Lochs Herbert
Published: August 2012

Background: The measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) in an ambulatory setting raises methodological problems. Therefore, the use of predictive equations for the estimation of REE is common. Alternatively, the measurement of sleeping energy expenditure (SEE) has been proposed. The authors retrospectively analyzed data on SEE assessed with a portable armband (PA) device in an ambulatory setting and evaluated this approach against predictive equations and REE measured by indirect calorimetry (IC). Methods: REE was measured with IC, and SEE was assessed with the PA using standardized conditions in 81 participants (aged 46 ± 13 years) over a wide range of body weight (mean body mass index [BMI] 36.4 ± 9.3 kg/m2; range, 21.6–55.7). Results: SEE (1756 ± 393 kcal/d) was 7.6% higher than REE (1632 ± 346 kcal/d) (P < .001). This difference (123 ± 214 kcal/d) was smaller than that using the predictive equation for REE by Harris and Benedict (207 ± 217 kcal/d) and the BMI group‐specific equations according to Müller et al (209 ± 190 kcal/d). Linear regression analysis was significant (r2 = 0.705; P < .001). SEE showed similar 95% confidence intervals compared with both of the predictive equations. Conclusions: The described standardized assessment of SEE by a PA device appears to be a promising approach to estimate REE in an ambulatory setting. SEE reflects REE at least as precisely as the predictive equations.
The Role of Socioeconomic Status in SAT-Grade Relationships and in College Admissions Decisions
Authors: Sackett Paul R. , Kuncel Nathan R. , Beatty Adam S. , Rigdon Jana L. , Shen Winny , Kiger Thomas B.
Published: August 2012

This article examines the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in the relationships among college admissions-test scores, secondary school grades, and subsequent academic performance. Scores on the SAT (a test widely used in the admissions process in the United States), secondary school grades, college grades, and SES measures from 143,606 students at 110 colleges and universities were examined, and results of these analyses were compared with results obtained using a 41-school data set including scores from the prior version of the SAT and using University of California data from prior research on the role of SES. In all the data sets, the SAT showed incremental validity over secondary school grades in predicting subsequent academic performance, and this incremental relationship was not substantially affected by controlling for SES. The SES of enrolled students was very similar to that of specific schools’ applicant pools, which suggests that the barrier to college for low-SES students in the United States is a lower rate of entering the college admissions process, rather than exclusion on the part of colleges.
Synthetic cannabinoid and marijuana exposures reported to poison centers
Authors: Forrester MB , Kleinschmidt K , Schwarz E , Young A
Published: August 2012

Synthetic cannabinoids have recently gained popularity as a recreational drug because they are believed to result in a marijuana-like high. This investigation compared synthetic cannabinoids and marijuana exposures reported to a large statewide poison center system. Synthetic cannabinoid and marijuana exposures reported to Texas poison centers during 2010 were identified. The distribution of exposures to the two agents with respect to various demographic and clinical factors were compared by calculating the rate ratio (RR) of the synthetic cannabinoid and marijuana percentages for each subgroup and 95% confidence interval (CI). The proportion of synthetic cannabinoid and marijuana exposures, respectively, were 87.3% and 46.5% via inhalation (RR 1.88, 95% CI 1.38–2.61), 74.9% and 65.7% in male (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.87–1.51), 40.2% and 56.6% age ≤19 years (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52–0.98), 79.2% and 58.6% occurring at a residence (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02–1.82), 8.4% and 16.2% managed on-site (RR 0.52. 95% CI 0.28–1.00), and 59.3% and 41.4% with serious medical outcomes (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03–2.05). Compared to marijuana, synthetic cannabinoid exposures were more likely to be used through inhalation, to involve adults, to be used at a residence, and to result in serious outcomes.
A Reply to Weitzer
Authors: Watson Lori
Published: August 2012

This is a reply to Ronald Weitzer’s criticisms of anti-pornography feminism. I argue that Weitzer has misrepresented the anti-pornography feminist position reflected in the work of Gail Dines.
A Feminist Response to Weitzer
Authors: Dines Gail
Published: August 2012

In his review of my book Pornland: How Porn has Hijacked our Sexuality, Ronald Weitzer claims that anti-porn feminists are incapable of objective, rigorous research because they operate within the “oppression paradigm,” which he defines as “a perspective that depicts all types of sex work as exploitive, violent, and perpetuating gender inequality.” (VAW, 2011, 666). This article argues that while anti-porn feminists do indeed see pornography as exploitive, such a position is rooted in the rigorous theories and methods of cultural studies developed by critical media scholars such as Stuart Hall and Antonio Gramsci. Pornland applies a cultural studies approach by exploring how porn images are part of a wider system of sexist representations that legitimize and normalize the economic, political and legal oppression of women.
A location of one’s own: A genealogy of locative media
Authors: Zeffiro Andrea
Published: August 2012

In this article, I confront locative media not as a technology or thing, rather, as a field of cultural production, that is, as a field of forces, regulated by both power relations and symbolic struggles, which sustain or subvert the reproduction of a specific social order. The intent of the piece is to expose the manner in which the field of locative media is constituted through multiple forces and struggles. I trace its emergence through a genealogical lens, and revive and reintegrate older debates, so as to include these tensions in the ongoing conceptualization of locative media. In tracing the discursive events of the field, which encompass both formations and tensions, it will be made apparent that locative media is not happenstance. Rather, it is a field of cultural production that is perpetually evolving and continuously reproduced vis-à-vis struggles between technological interpretations and different visions of future use.
From mannerist situationism to situated media
Authors: Tuters Marc
Published: August 2012

A decade ago, the convergence of GPS with mobile telephony first allowed media artists to map the city’s psychogeography. With such technology having now become widespread, the artistic novelty of this approach has somewhat diminished. While the field of ‘locative media’ has been and continues to be productive of both work and of critique, this essay questions some of its conceptual commitments and critical interpretations. As the technological assemblages upon which locative media are based are themselves constantly shifting, the essay considers adapting conceptual approaches accordingly. To this end, an argument is put forth for expanding the concept of locative media, built upon Bruno Latour’s recent engagement with new media and design practices which he characterizes in terms of the act of assembling rather than debunking. Drawing further on actor-network theory, an alternative interpretation of the metaphor of cognitive mapping is developed in which a core concept of locativity, that of proximity, is redefined in terms of tracing the connections of networked objects, this as opposed to the often repeated association of locative media with Situationist psychogeography. An assembly of practices are examined which trace logistics and give voice to multiple nonhuman ontologies.
The sound of locative media
Authors: Behrendt Frauke
Published: August 2012

This article develops an alternative perspective to the visual bias in locative media discourses by focusing on the role of sound in locative media and related discussions. This sonic perspective allows us to understand the temporal, situated and embodied aspects of locative media. Informed by debates from sound studies and mobile media studies, a locative smart phone application where users experience specific sounds depending on their locations, is discussed. The concept of ‘Placed Sounds’ is introduced for a more detailed analysis of locative sound experiences. A framework for analysis is developed to discuss how locative sound engages with the auditory aspects of our spatial perception, how immersion operates for locative media and sound, and also to consider the role of situated experience, the role of walking as remixing, and how agency and exclusion operate in locative sound. This framework explains how walking operates in terms of interacting with locative media, and how we experience being immersed in physical and media contexts at once via sound.
Governing the geocoded world: Environmentality and the politics of location platforms
Authors: Barreneche Carlos
Published: August 2012

As location and the nearby environment become increasingly prominent for our communications, filtering flows of information and shaping our networks, geolocation technology and emergent forms of usage to govern information and visualize populations raise important questions as to how locative media could be used as tools of governmentality. Using Google’s location platform Places as a primary example, this article will argue that location platforms are underpinned by a geodemographical spatial ordering according to which subjects are located for the purpose of economic government. Particular attention is paid to the political economy of location platforms and the role of their underlying algorithms and databases in rendering social space subject to novel forms of commodification. Drawing on Foucault’s governmentality analytic framework, the article concludes by delineating a critical framework to assess the mentalities and strategies of government that the generalized geocoding of information is giving rise to.
Negotiating sensitivities and grappling with intangibles: experiences from a study of spirituality and funerals
Authors: Adamson Sue , Holloway Margaret
Published: August 2012

This article discusses the methodological issues encountered in an AHRC funded study conducted between October 2008 and March 2010. The project used qualitative methods to explore the ways in which mourners sought, ascribed and expressed meaning through the funeral and analysed these processes in relation to evidence of religion and a broader spirituality. The research involved case studies of 46 funerals, and 29 interviews with professionals involved in the funeral industry. Each case study comprised: observation of pre-funeral meetings between families and funeral directors and celebrants; observation of the funeral; and a post-funeral focused interview with the bereaved person(s). The article considers ethical and practical factors in conducting research around a sensitive event where participants may be vulnerable. It describes the analysis process of data obtained concerning religious and other beliefs and comments on the value and difficulties of a multidisciplinary approach.
Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces salt sensitivity of blood pressure through restoration of renal nitric oxide synthesis in patients with diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Imanishi Masahito , Okada Noriyuki , Konishi Yoshio , Morikawa Takashi , Maeda Isseki , Kitabayashi Chizuko , Masada Masahiro , Shirahashi Nobuo , Wilcox Christopher S , Nishiyama Akira
Published: August 2012

Introduction:

We have previously demonstrated the increased salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) in diabetic patients with early nephropathy. Here, we examined the effects of an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) on salt sensitivity and renal oxidative stress or nitric oxide (NO) in those patients.

Patients and methods:

Type 2 diabetic patients with ( n = 6) and without ( n = 6) microalbuminuria were studied on a high-salt diet for one week and on a salt-restricted diet for one week. The study was repeated in the patients with microalbuminuria during treatment with an ARB, valsartan (80 mg/day). Salt sensitivity was assessed from the BP/sodium excretion curve. Urinary excretion rates of NOx, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine as a marker of oxidative stress, and plasma tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor for NO synthase were measured.

Results:

Compared with diabetic patients without microalbuminuria, patients with microalbuminuria showed greater salt sensitivity and lower urinary excretion of NOx. In the patients with microalbuminuria, treatment with valsartan reduced salt sensitivity in association with increased NOx excretion, reduced 8-hydroxy-2,-deoxyguanosine excretion, and increased plasma tetrahydrobiopterin levels.

Conclusions:

These data support the hypothesis that ARBs reduce the salt sensitivity of BP by decreasing renal oxidative stress and restoring NO activity in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.
An observational study of the effect of metformin on B12 status and peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Chen Shihong , Lansdown Andrew J , Moat Stuart J , Ellis Richard , Goringe Andrew , Dunstan Frank DJ , Rees J Alan E
Published: August 2012

Aims

Metformin is associated with lowering of vitamin B12 levels. We hypothesise that holotranscobalamin (holoTC) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) are more sensitive indicators of B12 deficiency in patients receiving metformin therapy, and that these correlate with declining peripheral neurological function.

Methods

Patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and divided into those receiving metformin for greater than 6 months and a non-metformin group. Baseline characteristics were measured in both groups including vitamin B12, holoTC and MMA concentrations. Neurological function was assessed using neurothesiometry, monofilament, Neuropathy Total Symptom Score-6 questionnaire and the Self-administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs questionnaire.

Results

In total, 202 patients were recruited: 152 in the metformin group and 50 in the non-metformin group. Vitamin B12 levels were lower in the metformin group (219.1±105.4 ng/L, 281.4±95.1 ng/L, p<0.001). HoloTC was significantly lower in the metformin group (54.8±30.5 pmol/L, 70.1±26.0 pmol/L, p=0.002). No significant difference in serum MMA was observed between the two groups (0.40±0.26 μmol/L, 0.35±0.22, p=0.23). No significant difference in neurological function was observed between the groups.

Conclusion

Although metformin therapy is associated with lower vitamin B12 status there does not appear to be any significant effect on peripheral neuropathy in those receiving metformin. We do not recommend changing current practice to routinely monitor or replace patients receiving metformin with vitamin B12 unless clinically indicated.
Activated Gs signaling in osteoblastic cells alters the hematopoietic stem cell niche in mice
Authors: Schepers Koen , Hsiao Edward C. , Garg Trit , Scott Mark J. , Passegué Emmanuelle
Published: August 2012

Adult hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the BM space where hematopoietic cells interact with stromal niche cells. Despite this close association, little is known about the specific roles of osteoblastic lineage cells (OBCs) in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and how conditions affecting bone formation influence HSC function. Here we use a transgenic mouse model with the ColI(2.3) promoter driving a ligand-independent, constitutively active 5HT4 serotonin receptor (Rs1) to address how the massive increase in trabecular bone formation resulting from increased Gs signaling in OBCs impacts HSC function and blood production. Rs1 mice display fibrous dysplasia, BM aplasia, progressive loss of HSC numbers, and impaired megakaryocyte/erythrocyte development with defective recovery after hematopoietic injury. These hematopoietic defects develop without compensatory extramedullary hematopoiesis, and the loss of HSCs occurs despite a paradoxical expansion of stromal niche cells with putative HSC-supportive activity (ie, endothelial, mesenchymal, and osteoblastic cells). However, Rs1-expressing OBCs show decreased expression of key HSC-supportive factors and impaired ability to maintain HSCs. Our findings indicate that long-term activation of Gs signaling in OBCs leads to contextual changes in the BM niche that adversely affect HSC maintenance and blood homeostasis.
Lymphatic endothelial progenitors bud from the cardinal vein and intersomitic vessels in mammalian embryos
Authors: Yang Ying , García-Verdugo José Manuel , Soriano-Navarro Mario , Srinivasan R. Sathish , Scallan Joshua P. , Singh Manvendra K. , Epstein Jonathan A. , Oliver Guillermo
Published: August 2012

The lymphatic vasculature preserves tissue fluid balance by absorbing fluid and macromolecules and transporting them to the blood vessels for circulation. The stepwise process leading to the formation of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature starts by the expression of the gene Prox1 in a subpopulation of blood endothelial cells (BECs) on the cardinal vein (CV) at approximately E9.5. These Prox1-expressing lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) will exit the CV to form lymph sacs, primitive structures from which the entire lymphatic network is derived. Until now, no conclusive information was available regarding the cellular processes by which these LEC progenitors exit the CV without compromising the vein's integrity. We determined that LECs leave the CV by an active budding mechanism. During this process, LEC progenitors are interconnected by VE-cadherin–expressing junctions. Surprisingly, we also found that Prox1-expressing LEC progenitors were present not only in the CV but also in the intersomitic vessels (ISVs). Furthermore, as LEC progenitors bud from the CV and ISVs into the surrounding mesenchyme, they begin expressing the lymphatic marker podoplanin, migrate away from the CV, and form the lymph sacs. Analyzing this process in Prox1-null embryos revealed that Prox1 activity is necessary for LEC progenitors to exit the CV.
BRAFV600E mutant protein is expressed in cells of variable maturation in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Sahm Felix , Capper David , Preusser Matthias , Meyer Jochen , Stenzinger Albrecht , Lasitschka Felix , Berghoff Anna-Sophie , Habel Antje , Schneider Marion , Kulozik Andreas , Anagnostopoulos Ioannis , Müllauer Leonhard , Mechtersheimer Gunhild , von Deimling Andreas
Published: August 2012

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clinically and histologically heterogeneous disorder. Its classification as either reactive inflammatory or neoplastic has been a matter of debate. However, the recent finding of frequent BRAFV600E mutations in LCH argues for the latter. The exact cell type that harbors the mutation and is responsible for proliferation remains to be identified. We here apply a BRAFV600E mutation-specific antibody to detect the BRAF mutant cells in lesions from 89 patients with LCH. We found BRAFV600E mutations in 34 of 89 (38%) lesions. In lesions with the BRAFV600E mutation, the majority of cells coexpressing S-100 and CD1a harbored mutant BRAFV600E protein. These cells also expressed CD14 and CD36, whereas various fractions exhibited CD207. On the other hand, CD80 and CD86 expression was also present on BRAFV600E-positive cells. Thus, cells of variable maturation, exhibiting an immunohistochemical profile compatible either with myeloid cell or with dedifferentiated Langerhans cell antigens, carry the BRAFV600E mutation. In conclusion, we identify and characterize the neoplastic cells in LCH with BRAFV600E mutations by applying a mutation-specific marker and demonstrate feasibility for routine screening.
The role of the mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1) from Mycobacterium bovis BCG in host cell interaction
Authors: Kunisch Ralph , Kamal Elisabeth , Lewin Astrid
Published: August 2012

Background

Mycobacterium tuberculosisdiffers from most pathogens in its ability to multiply inside monocytes and to persist during long periods of time within granuloma in a status of latency. A class of proteins called mycobacterial histone-like proteins has been associated with regulation of replication and latency, but their precise role in the infection process has yet to be uncovered. Our study aimed at defining the impact of the histone-like protein MDP1 fromM. bovisBCG (mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1, corresponding to Rv2986c fromM. tuberculosis) on early steps of infection.

Results

Previously, a BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guérin) strain had been generated by antisense-technique exhibiting reduced MDP1 expression. This strain was now used to analyse the impact of reduced amount of MDP1 on the interaction with human blood monocytes, macrophage lines and PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). MDP1 was revealed to be required for growth at acidic pH and for intracellular replication in human blood monocytes. Down-regulation of MDP1 resulted in reduced secretion of the cytokine IL-1β by infected human PBMC. In addition, a reduction of MDP1 expression had a major impact on the formation of fused multi-nucleated macrophages. In monocyte preparations from human blood as well as in human and mouse macrophage cell lines, both the percentage of multi-nucleated cells and the number of nuclei per cell were much enhanced when the monocytes were infected with BCG expressing less MDP1.

Conclusion

MDP1 fromM. bovisBCG affects the growth at acidic pH and the intracellular replication in human monocytes. It furthermore affects cytokine secretion by host cells, and the formation of fused multi-nucleated macrophages. Our results suggest an important role of MDP1 in persistent infection.
Health-related quality of life and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetes on dialysis
Authors: Østhus Tone Britt Hortemo , von der Lippe Nanna , Ribu Lis , Rustøen Tone , Leivestad Torbjørn , Dammen Toril , Os Ingrid
Published: August 2012

Background

This study tests the hypotheses that health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in prevalent dialysis patients with diabetes is lower than in dialysis patients without diabetes, and is at least as poor as diabetic patients with another severe complication, i.e. foot ulcers. This study also explores the mortality risk associated with diabetes in dialysis patients.

Methods

HRQOL was assessed using the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), in a cross-sectional study of 301 prevalent dialysis patients (26% with diabetes), and compared with diabetic patients not on dialysis (n = 221), diabetic patients with foot ulcers (n = 127), and a sample of the general population (n = 5903). Mortality risk was assessed using a Kaplan-Meier plot and Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results

Self-assessed vitality, general and mental health, and physical function were significantly lower in dialysis patients with diabetes than in those without. Vitality (p = 0.011) and general health (p <0.001) was impaired in diabetic patients receiving dialysis compared to diabetic patients with foot ulcers, but other subscales did not differ. Diabetes was a significant predictor for mortality in dialysis patients, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.6 (95% CI 1.0-2.5) after adjustment for age, dialysis vintage and coronary artery disease. Mental aspects of HRQOL were an independent predictor of mortality in diabetic patients receiving dialysis after adjusting for age and dialysis vintage (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.0).

Conclusions

Physical aspects of HRQOL were perceived very low in dialysis patients with diabetes, and lower than in other dialysis patients and diabetic patients without dialysis. Mental aspects predicted mortality in dialysis patients with diabetes. Increased awareness and measures to assist physical function impairment may be particularly important in diabetes patients on dialysis.
Oxidative stress markers are associated to vascular recurrence in non-cardioembolic stroke patients non-treated with statins
Authors: Brea David , Roquer Jaume , Serena Joaquín , Segura Tomás , Castillo José
Published: August 2012

Background

Since atherogenesis is related to oxidative stress, our objective was to study the association of oxidative stress markers with the vascular recurrence in non-cardioembolic stroke.

Methods

Atherosclerotic and oxidative stress markers were evaluated on admission, in 477 patients suffering from a first non-cardioembolic stroke. Patients were followed at 6 and 12 months after inclusion, recording cardiovascular events. As markers of endothelial oxidative stress we used oxidized LDL, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and 8-OH deoxiguanosine. 136 patients were being treated with statins at the moment of serum samples acquisition.

Results

Patients who suffered vascular recurrence or vascular-origin death had higher levels of 8-OHDG (40.06±24.70vs33.11±15.18;p=0.003). We also found associations between vascular recurrence or vascular origin death and Cu/ZnSOD (OR,1.02; 95%CI,1.00-1.03;p=0.0001) and 8-OHDG (OR,1.12;95%CI,1.08-1.16;p<0.0001) in a subgroup of 333 patients that were not in treatment with statins on admission. We also found associations between 8-OHDG and intima media thickness (IMT) (OR,1.13;95%CI,1.09-1.16;p<0.0001), presence of ipsilatieral stenosis≥50% (OR,1.03;95%CI1.00-1.05;p=0.007) and other atherosclerotic plaque characteristics.

Conclusions

Specific oxidative stress markers were found to be markers of atherosclerosis plaque types and vascular recurrence in non-statins treated patients at admission.