bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion mechanism of aluminum alloy by ethylene glycol‐based solution
Authors: Weon J.‐I. , Woo H.‐S.
Published: October 2011

Corrosion and failure mechanisms on an aluminum (Al) alloy by ethylene glycol base solution have been studied. Extensive crevice corrosion damage and localized scale deposition are clearly observed between the failed Al alloy surface and the rubber hose, in which the leakage of ethylene glycol‐based solution occurred under an actual operating. In addition, many micro‐cracks are found at the rubber hose which is clamped with the Al alloy. The scales on the Al surface appear to be due to the occurrence of Al corrosion, followed by the precipitation of additives of ethylene glycol‐based solution in the crevice between Al alloy and rubber hose. The mechanisms that can account for the crevice corrosion and solution leakage on the Al alloy surface are discussed.
Assessing the tribocorrosion performance of Ti–6Al–4V, 316 stainless steel and Monel K500 alloys in artificial seawater
Authors: Chen J. , Yan F. Y. , Chen B. B. , Wang J. Z.
Published: October 2011

The electrochemical and tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti–6Al–4V, 316 stainless steel and Monel K500 alloys sliding against Al2O3 in artificial seawater are investigated in this paper. It can be observed that the open circuit potential drops down to more negative values due to the removal of passive film. And a rapid dissolution occurs in the wear track compared with the unworn area. The wear loss polarized in cathodic potential is lower than that in anodic potential and open circuit potential conditions, because the material deterioration is enhanced by corrosive attack. The wear volumes of 316 stainless steel are much higher than the ones measured for Ti–6Al–4V and Monel K500 alloys. Friction coefficients are significant large in cathodic polarization compared with anodic polarization for all alloys. Moreover, the 316 stainless steel exhibits large friction coefficients compared with Ti–6Al–4V and Monel K500 alloys.
Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of MAO coatings on magnesium alloy
Authors: Song Y. L. , Sun X. Y. , Liu Y. H.
Published: October 2011

The microstructure and corrosion behavior of the micro‐arc oxidation (MAO) coatings modified by TiO2 on AZ91 magnesium alloys were investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD, electrochemical analysis and drop test, respectively. The modified MAO coatings were consisted of not only MgAl2O4 and MgO, which usually could be found in MAO coatings on the AZ91 alloys, but also a small quantity of Ti. With increasing the contents of TiO2 nanoparticles from 0 to 4.8 g/L in the electrolyte, the coatings thickness increased from 19 to 24 µm, and the color of the MAO coating changed from light gray to dark. The addition of TiO2 could effectively decrease the number of the pores and improve the density of the coatings. The corrosion potential of the modified coatings positively shifted about 180 mV and the corrosion current density declined and the drop time increased. The mechanism of the corrosion resistances of the modified coatings lay in the fact that TiO2 nanoparticles could increase the thickness and the density of the coatings on the AZ91 magnesium alloys.
Study of sensitization and different heating cycles on stainless steels used for automotive exhaust components
Authors: Yasir M. , Mori G. , Wieser H. , Reller A. , Höppel H. W.
Published: October 2011

In order to achieve a reasonable lifetime of automotive exhaust components, a large number of high alloyed ferritic and austenitic stainless steels are used nowadays. It is a common concept that the lifetime of a component is directly related to the performance of steel against corrosion. The components are divided into different sections depending on their service temperatures. High temperature oxidation resistance is one of the properties which are required in different sections. The effect of material sensitization on corrosion resistance of stainless steels is well understood from the literature. Besides, sensitization materials in exhaust systems have to withstand different cyclic heating and cooling phases. The objective of this study was to develop a basic understanding that can determine the influence of different temperature treatments on stainless steels. A fundamental understanding on the interaction of sensitization and cyclic heat impacts are presented in the paper.
Electrochemical corrosion of liquid phase sintered silicon carbide ceramics
Authors: Sydow U. , Sempf K. , Herrmann M. , Schneider M. , Kleebe H.‐J. , Michaelis A.
Published: October 2011

Liquid‐phase sintered silicon carbide (LPS‐SiC) is silicon carbide ceramic which contains sintering additives forming a liquid phase during sintering. These additives segregate in the grain boundary phase during cooling. The usually used Al2O3 dissolves partially in the SiC‐grains and therefore changing the conductivity of the SiC (core rim structure). This study is focused on the electrochemical properties of LPS‐SiC with yttria and alumina as sintering additives. Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of LPS‐SiC has been determined by linear and cyclic voltammetry in acidic and alkaline solution. The effect of anodic oxidation on the material has been monitored by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) as well as by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The core‐rim structure of the investigated materials plays a decisive role in the vulnerability towards corrosion. If oxidative attack was found to occur under anodic polarization, it happened preferentially in the rim region of the SiC‐grains, while the core of the SiC‐grains remained basically unaffected.
SPR Detection of Dopamine Using Cathodically Electropolymerized, Molecularly Imprinted Poly‐p‐aminostyrene Thin Films
Authors: Dutta Pampa , Pernites Roderick B. , Danda Chaitanya , Advincula Rigoberto C.
Published: October 2011

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film for dopamine (DP) sensing is fabricated from cathodically electrodeposited p‐aminostyrene (PAS) on electrode surfaces in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy setup. The monomer is more commonly used in monolithic MIP free‐radical bulk polymerizations. The film growth and rebinding of DP are monitored by electrochemical‐SPR (EC‐SPR) spectroscopy. UV–Vis, IR spectroscopy, XPS, AFM, and electrochemistry methods are used to characterize the film. High selectivity against analogous analytes and up to picomolar detection of DP is demonstrated. The reusability of the sensor is also established. Theoretical modeling studies with AM1 calculations predict H‐bonding in a stable prepolymerization complex in solution prior to MIP film formation.
Low‐Temperature Cu(I)‐Catalyzed “Click” Reactions for Self‐Healing Polymers
Authors: Schunack Marlen , Gragert Maria , Döhler Diana , Michael Philipp , Binder Wolfgang H.
Published: October 2011

Systematic investigations on the Cu(I)‐catalyzed “click” reaction between a three‐arm star polymer and low‐molecular‐weight alkynes are described. Liquid trivalent alkynes (2–7) are reacted either with monovalent azidotelechelic polyisobutylene 1b ($ \overline M_{\rm n} $ = 1900 g mol−1, PDI = 1.3) in solution, or with the trivalent azidotelechelic polyisobutylene 1a ($ \overline M_{\rm n} $ = 4000 g mol−1, PDI = 1.3). A significant autoacceleration is observed leading to increased reaction rates of the mono‐, di‐, and trisubstituted alkynes. Reaction in the solvent‐free state proved to be significantly faster than reaction in solution. Upon testing various Cu(I) catalysts, CuBr(PPh3)3, tripropargylamine 2 emerges as the ideal component for a room‐temperature “click” reaction with the three‐arm star polyisobutylene 1a.
Organobase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Multiarm Star Polylactide With Hyperbranched Poly(ethylene glycol) as the Core
Authors: Schömer Martina , Frey Holger
Published: October 2011

Multiarm star copolymers consisting of the polyether‐polyol hyperbranched poly(ethylene glycol) (hbPEG) as core and poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) arms are synthesized via the organobase‐ catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization of lactide using hbPEG as a multifunctional macroinitiator. Star copolymers with high molecular weights up to 792 000 g mol−1 are prepared. Detailed 2D NMR analysis provides evidence for the attachment of the PLLA arms to the core and reveals that the adjustment of the monomer/initiator ratio enables control of the arm length. Size exclusion chromatography measurements show narrow molecular weight distributions. Thermal analysis reveals a lower glass transition temperature, melting point, and degree of crystallization for the star‐shaped polylactides compared to linear polylactide.
Functionalized Biocompatible Poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam) With pH‐Dependent Lower Critical Solution Temperature Behaviors
Authors: Cao Yu , He Wei
Published: October 2011

Functionalized temperature‐ and pH‐sensitive poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam) (PVCL) polymers are prepared by copolymerizing monomers of N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam (VCL) and a VCL derivative, 3‐(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐N‐vinyl‐2‐caprolactam (TBVCL). Different molar compositions are studied, with the functional monomer at 9 and 14 mol%, respectively, (COOH‐PVCL9 and COOH‐PVCL14). Sharp, complete, and reversible phase transitions of the copolymers with little hysteresis are shown to be pH‐dependent, with cloud points ranging from 35 to 44 °C for COOH‐PVCL9, and 29 to 64 °C for COOH‐PVCL14, upon pH change from 2.0 to 7.4. Cytotoxicity assay demonstrates that the functionalized PVCL copolymers are biocompatible with NIH/3T3 up to 2 mg mL−1. Such new PVCL‐based water soluble copolymers with tunable properties could be useful in a variety of biomedical applications.
Concentric Ring Pattern Formation in a Competing Crystallization and Phase Separation Process
Authors: Shi Weichao , Cheng He , Chen Fenghua , Liang Yongri , Xie Xuming , Han Charles C.
Published: October 2011

Spherulitic patterns usually form in the single process of crystallization in polymer blends. But when phase separation intervenes under deep quench, the radial growth of the initial spherulitic patterns tends to invert into concentric alternating crystalline‐/amorphous‐rich ring structures. Within crystalline‐rich regions, lateral lamellae orient in the tangential direction rather than in the usual radial direction. We demonstrate the determining factor for this first observed phenomenon is the concentration deviation enhanced phase separation dynamics at the growth interface of crystals.
A Mechanism for Evolving Novel Plant Sesquiterpene Synthase Function
Authors: Wymore Troy , Chen Brian Y. , Nicholas Hugh B. , Ropelewski Alexander J. , Brooks Charles L.
Published: October 2011

Plant sesquiterpene synthases, a subset of the terpene synthase superfamily, are a mechanistically diverse family of enzymes capable of synthesizing hundreds of complex compounds with high regio‐ and stereospecificity and are of biological importance due to their role in plant defense mechanisms. In the current report we describe a large‐scale, high‐resolution phylogenetic analysis of ∼200 plant sesquiterpene synthases integrated with structural and experimental data that address these issues. We observe that all sequences that cluster together on the phylogenetic tree into well‐defined groups share at least the first reaction in the catalytic mechanism subsequent to the initial ionization step and many share steps beyond this down to proton transfers between the enzyme and substrate. Most significant is the previously unreported high conservation of an Asp‐Tyr‐Asp triad. Due to its high conservation, patterns in the phylogenetic tree as well as experimental and modeling results, we suggest that this Asp‐Tyr‐Asp triad is an important functional element responsible for many proton transfers to and from the substrate and intermediates along the plant sesquiterpene synthase catalytic cycle and whose position can be tuned by residues outside the active site that can lead to the evolution of novel enzyme function.
A rare anterior spinal epidural cyst mimicking Hirayama disease
Authors: Rahmlow Megan R. , Pirris Stephen , Rubin Devon I.
Published: October 2011

Introduction: Hirayama disease is a rare focal motor neuron disorder that manifests as slowly progressive unilateral or bilateral hand weakness and atrophy. Methods: The case report of a young man who presented with the phenotype of Hirayama disease indicated an extensive anterior cervical epidural arachnoid cyst. Results: A 34‐year‐old man presented with a 5‐year history of slowly progressive hand and forearm weakness and atrophy. Nerve conduction studies demonstrated low median and ulnar motor amplitudes, and EMG demonstrated fibrillation potentials and long‐duration, high‐amplitude motor unit potentials in C6–T4‐innervated muscles. MRI demonstrated a longitudinally extensive anterior spinal epidural cyst extending from C2 to L1. The patient had improved hand strength after surgery. Conclusions: Anterior cervical epidural spinal cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients who present with slowly progressive hand weakness. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Serum creatine kinase after exercise: Drawing the line between physiological response and exertional rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Kenney Kimbra , Landau Mark E. , Gonzalez Rodney S. , Hundertmark Julie , O'Brien Karen , Campbell William W.
Published: October 2011

Introduction: In this investigation we assessed the spectrum of creatine kinase (CK) responses in military recruits undergoing basic training. Methods: Musculoskeletal examination data, questionnaire findings, and CK levels were obtained from 499 recruits at days 0, 3, 7, and 14 of training. Correlations of CK with ethnicity, age, body mass index, exercise, muscle pain, and climate were obtained. Results: None of the subjects developed clinical exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER). The mean/median serum CK values were 223/157, 734/478, 1226/567, and 667/486 IU/L at days 0, 3, 7, and 14, respectively, with a wide overall range (34–35,056 IU/L). African‐American subjects had higher mean CK levels. Conclusions: CK elevations and muscle pain are common during basic training. Widely accepted laboratory diagnostic values for ER are routinely exceeded in this military recruits, suggesting that CK levels >50 times the upper limit of normal are more specific. The findings support using CK as a marker for ER. Normal laboratory reference ranges for CK should be published by ethnicity. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Reversible isolated sensory axonal neuropathy due to cobalamin deficiency
Authors: Torre Chiara Dalla , Lucchetta Marta , Cacciavillani Mario , Campagnolo Marta , Manara Renzo , Briani Chiara
Published: October 2011

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes a wide range of hematological, gastrointestinal, and neurological manifestations. The most common neurological complication is subacute combined degeneration, sometimes associated with polyneuropathy. Isolated peripheral neuropathy due to cyanocobalamin deficiency is less frequent, and thus it may be overlooked. We describe 2 patients with isolated sensory axonal neuropathy secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency who had complete clinical and electrophysiological recovery after cyanocobalamin replacement. Testing for serum vitamin B12 and its metabolites should be done in any distal symmetric neuropathy. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Needle electromyography predicts outcome after lumbar epidural steroid injection
Authors: Annaswamy Thiru M. , Bierner Samuel M. , Chouteau Whitney , Elliott Alan C.
Published: October 2011

Introduction: Needle electromyography (NEE) would be more valuable if it could predict outcomes after lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESIs) in lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR). Methods: We investigated the predictive value of NEE for outcome after LESI compared with other known predictive variables in 89 subjects with clinical LSR. Seventy patients completed the study, which included diagnostic lower extremity NEE and LESI. Outcome measures included changes in pain, physical function, and psychosocial function [assessed using the Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ)]. Results: NEE was an independent predictor of long‐term pain improvement after LESI and was not predictive of PDQ functional improvement. A regression model, with NEE as one of several independent variables, showed strong outcome‐predictive ability. Conclusions: NEE is an independent predictor of long‐term pain relief after LESI for LSR. Abnormal NEE is predictive of better outcome than normal NEE. A regression equation including NEE and other independent predictors was predictive of pain and functional outcomes. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Isotopic Investigation of Animal Husbandry in the Welsh and English Periods at Dryslwyn Castle, Carmarthenshire, Wales
Authors: Millard A. R. , Jimenez‐Cano N. G. , Lebrasseur O. , Sakai Y.
Published: October 2011

Dryslwyn Castle in southwest Wales was founded by a Welsh lord in the AD 1220s, captured by the English in 1287, and declined from c.1407 until it was abandoned c.1450. In contrast to historical evidence for changes in procurement of meat, previous zooarchaeological work has suggested that throughout these three periods, there was no change in the supply of animals. We have analysed the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of 20 cattle and 25 pigs from the Castle to further test this hypothesis. Our results show that there was no detectable change in the source of supply of cattle to the Castle when it passed from Welsh to English control, though differences in isotope ratios compared to cattle from York suggest that such changes might well be detectable. For pigs, there was an increase in carbon isotope ratios in the English period and a reversion to the previous values in the decline period, which is interpreted as reflecting a change in diet of the pigs from woodland to more open environments. Such a change is anticipated locally due to human population pressure in the English period, but could also reflect a change in the region of supply. This paper shows that there is potential for developing isotope analyses as part of the study of medieval husbandry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐considering the association between negative urgency and suicidality
Authors: Anestis Michael D. , Fink Erin L. , Bender Theodore W. , Selby Edward A. , Smith April R. , Witte Tracy K. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: October 2011

Prior research has reported that negative urgency was positively associated with both the acquired capability for suicide and lifetime number of suicide attempts. Given the range of outcomes associated with negative urgency, we hypothesized that that prior work linking negative urgency both suicidal behavior and the acquired capability for suicide might be better accounted for by dysregulated behaviours. Results supported our hypotheses, as the addition of dysregulated behaviours, many of which could be considered painful and/or provocative, reduced those relationships to non‐significance. These findings indicate that specific behaviours rather than negative urgency itself increase risk for the acquired capability or suicidal behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The risks may be too high
Authors: Silk Kenneth R.
Published: October 2011

The proposed revisions to the diagnosis of personality disorders in ICD‐11 move the diagnosis of personality disorders from the categorical to the dimensional. Although there may be a number of good reasons to consider changes in the manner in which we diagnose personality disorders, the method proposed here goes too far in the degree of changes that it proposes. It ignores the fact that at least for some of the personality disorders, there is data that supports them as distinct diagnostic entities separate from other axis I and axis II disorders. Eliminating the diagnostic categories that have been part of the established psychiatric nomenclature for the last 30 years threatens to undermine the significant research and clinical advances that have been made using categorical diagnoses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic quantification of peptides/proteins in urine using selected reaction monitoring
Authors: Selevsek Nathalie , Matondo Mariette , Carbayo Marta Sanchez , Aebersold Ruedi , Domon Bruno
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 1135–1147, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000599
Identification of autoantibody biomarkers for primary Sjögren's syndrome using protein microarrays
Authors: Hu Shen , Vissink Arjan , Arellano Martha , Roozendaal Caroline , Zhou Hui , Kallenberg Cees G. M. , Wong David T.
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 1499–1507, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000206
2‐D gel electrophoresis‐based proteomic analysis reveals that ormeloxifen induces G0–G1 growth arrest and ERK‐mediated apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells K562
Authors: Pal Pooja , Kanaujiya Jitendra K. , Lochab Savita , Tripathi Shashi B. , Bhatt Madan L. B. , Singh Pradhyumna K. , Sanyal Sabyasachi , Trivedi Arun K.
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 1517–1529, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000720
Proteomic technologies for the identification of disease biomarkers in serum: Advances and challenges ahead
Authors: Ray Sandipan , Reddy Panga J. , Jain Rekha , Gollapalli Kishore , Moiyadi Aliasgar , Srivastava Sanjeeva
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2139–2161, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000460
Glycoproteomics analysis to identify a glycoform on haptoglobin associated with lung cancer
Authors: Tsai Hsien‐Yu , Boonyapranai Kongsak , Sriyam Supawadee , Yu Chong‐Jen , Wu Sz‐Wei , Khoo Kay‐Hooi , Phutrakul Suree , Chen Shui‐Tein
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2162–2170, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000319
A systematic analysis of the effects of increasing degrees of serum immunodepletion in terms of depth of coverage and other key aspects in top‐down and bottom‐up proteomic analyses
Authors: Smith Matthew P. Welberry , Wood Steven L. , Zougman Alexandre , Ho Jenny T. C. , Peng Jianhe , Jackson David , Cairns David A. , Lewington Andrew J. P. , Selby Peter J. , Banks Rosamonde E.
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2222–2235, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201100005
Identification of 14‐3‐3β in human gastric cancer cells and its potency as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker
Authors: Tseng Chien‐Wei , Yang Jyh‐Chin , Chen Chiung‐Nien , Huang Hsuan‐Cheng , Chuang Kai‐Neng , Lin Chen‐Ching , Lai Hong‐Shiee , Lee Po‐Huang , Chang King‐Jen , Juan Hsueh‐Fen
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2423–2439, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000449
Identification and characterization of human leukocyte antigen class I ligands in renal cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Seliger Barbara , Dressler Sven P. , Massa Chiara , Recktenwald Christian V. , Altenberend Florian , Bukur Juergen , Marincola Francesco M. , Wang Ena , Stevanovic Stefan , Lichtenfels Rudolf
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2528–2541, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000486
A novel procedure for protein extraction from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Rodríguez‐Rigueiro Teresa , Valladares‐Ayerbes Manuel , Haz‐Conde Mar , Blanco Moisés , Aparicio Guadalupe , Fernández‐Puente Patricia , Blanco Francisco J. , Lorenzo Ma José , Aparicio Luis A. , Figueroa Angélica
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2555–2559, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000809
Cancer biomarker discovery: Opportunities and pitfalls in analytical methods
Authors: Issaq Haleem J. , Waybright Timothy J. , Veenstra Timothy D.
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 967–975, DOI 10.1002/elps.201000588
Structural analysis of the recombinant therapeutic product rFVIII and its PEGylated variants using 2‐D DIGE
Authors: Monetti Christina , Rottensteiner Hanspeter , Gritsch Herbert , Weber Alfred , Scheiflinger Friedrich , Turecek Peter L.
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 1292–1301, DOI 10.1002/elps.201000627
The Levinthal paradox of the interactome
Authors: Tompa Peter , Rose George D.
Published: October 2011

The central biological question of the 21st century is: how does a viable cell emerge from the bewildering combinatorial complexity of its molecular components? Here, we estimate the combinatorics of self‐assembling the protein constituents of a yeast cell, a number so vast that the functional interactome could only have emerged by iterative hierarchic assembly of its component sub‐assemblies. A protein can undergo both reversible denaturation and hierarchic self‐assembly spontaneously, but a functioning interactome must expend energy to achieve viability. Consequently, it is implausible that a completely “denatured” cell could be reversibly renatured spontaneously, like a protein. Instead, new cells are generated by the division of pre‐existing cells, an unbroken chain of renewal tracking back through contingent conditions and evolving responses to the origin of life on the prebiotic earth. We surmise that this non‐deterministic temporal continuum could not be reconstructed de novo under present conditions.
Growth and magnetic properties of ultrathin single crystal Fe3O4 film on InAs(100)
Authors: Huang Zhaocong , Zhai Ya , Xu Yongbing , Wu Jing , Thompson Sarah M. , Holmes S. N.
Published: October 2011

Different thickness of ultrathin films of magnetite (Fe3O4) have been grown epitaxially on zinc‐blende narrow band‐gap semiconductor InAs(100) surfaces by in situ post‐growth annealing of ultrathin epitaxial Fe films at 300 °C in an oxygen partial pressure of 5 × 10−5 mbar. Reflection high‐energy electron‐diffraction patterns show that the epitaxial Fe3O4 films have been rotated by 45° in‐plane to match the InAs substrates. The magnetic hysteresis loops obtained by magneto‐optic Kerr effect (MOKE) shows a in‐plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy for the ultrathin films, and the global easy axis is rotated from the uniaxial easy [011] direction to the cubic easy [010] direction when the thickness of the film increases.
Epitaxial CVD growth of sp2‐hybridized boron nitride using aluminum nitride as buffer layer
Authors: Chubarov Mikhail , Pedersen Henrik , Högberg Hans , Darakchieva Vanya , Jensen Jens , Persson Per O. Å. , Henry Anne
Published: October 2011

Epitaxial growth of sp2‐hybridized boron nitride (BN) using chemical vapour deposition, with ammonia and triethyl boron as precursors, is enabled on sapphire by introducing an aluminium nitride (AlN) buffer layer. This buffer layer is formed by initial nitridation of the substrate. Epitaxial growth is verified by X‐ray diffraction measurements in Bragg–Brentano configuration, pole figure measurements and transmission electron microscopy. The in‐plane stretching vibration of sp2‐hybridized BN is observed at 1366 cm–1 from Raman spectroscopy. Time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection analysis confirms almost perfect stoichiometric BN with low concentration of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen contaminations. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulating the impact of policy on patrol policing: introducing the emergency service incident model
Authors: Carter David , Moizer Jonathan David
Published: October 2011

Detailed processes for emergency response work and demand and resource management can be recognisably modelled using system dynamics. The Emergency Service Incident Model (ESIM) successfully joins together the very short timescales associated with providing an emergency service to the public, to the far longer periods involved in planning for the recruitment and training of police patrol officers within Devon and Cornwall Police. A system dynamics model is presented which can help inform decisions on patrol officer staffing requirements. The impact of a range of policies can be studied to determine new and better ways to resolve the supply–demand equation that delivers frontline policing services to the public. A number of alternative policy interventions directed at improving police patrol officer incident resolution are highlighted in this study and related scenarios are tested. Results show that particular attention should be directed towards better management of the backlog of routine incidents. Copyright © 2011 System Dynamics Society.
Removing Material Using Atomic Force Microscopy with Single‐ and Multiple‐Tip Sources
Authors: Tseng Ampere A.
Published: October 2011

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been an effective material removing tool for fabricating various nanostructures because of its sub‐nanometer precision and simplicity in operation. AFM material removing techniques have evolved from a solely mechanical process to one in which the tip can be loaded by additional energy sources, such as thermal, electric, or chemical, to enhance its fabrication abilities. In this paper, these material removing techniques are reviewed with an emphasis on their capabilities and recent progress. The recent hardware and software developments are first presented to provide a general view on the current status of the technology to be assessed. Following an overview of the feasibility and effectiveness of using mechanical scratching for removing various types of soft and hard materials, the processes of a wide range of approaches using multiple tip sources are then assessed with a focus on their principles, versatilities, and potentials for future applications.
Hippocampal LTP triggers proteasome‐mediated SPAR degradation in CA1 neurons
Authors: Chen Ying , Yuanxiang Pingan , Knöpfel Thomas , Thomas Ulrich , Behnisch Thomas
Published: October 2011

Activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity is associated with synaptic protein turnover involving the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) for protein degradation. In primary hippocampal cell culture, it has been shown that increased or decreased activity of synaptic transmission can regulate the amount of postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins via UPS. However, the specific spatio‐temporal dynamic of PSD protein degradation after LTP induction and its downstream signaling pathways remains to be clarify. We used confocal microscopy to monitor levels of eGFP‐tagged SPAR (spine‐associated Rap GTPase activating protein) expressed in acute hippocampal slices and found that LTP induction triggered a UPS‐dependent decay of eGFP‐SPAR fluorescence. SPAR degradation was reduced upon inhibition of cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) as well as by a protein synthesis inhibitor. Comparison of eGFP‐tagged SPAR levels with those obtained in control experiments with eGFP revealed a protein synthesis‐independent component of LTP‐associated SPAR degradation. This second component required UPS and NMDA receptor activation but not CDK5. We conclude that LTP triggers a down regulation of SPAR by two complementary mechanisms, one of which has previously been described to mediate homeostatic plasticity. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased expression of histone deacetylases 2 in temporal lobe epilepsy: A study of epileptic patients and rat models
Authors: Huang Yuanyuan , Zhao Fenghua , Wang Liang , Yin Huan , Zhou Chunlei , Wang Xuefeng
Published: October 2011

Histone deacetylases 2 (HDAC2) is expressed in the central nervous system; it has multiple functions in neural plasticity. However, we do not know if HDAC2 is also involved in the pathology of epilepsy. Here we report that HDAC2 was expressed in the brain tissues of both control and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. Results from immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed that HDAC2 was primarily located in the nucleus and that TLE patients exhibit significantly more HDAC2 positive cells than control. Western blotting showed that HDAC2 protein levels were significantly higher in TLE than in control brain. Moreover, in the rat model of TLE, there was a sustained enhancement of HDAC2 expression in rat models of TLE. HDAC2 was significantly increased in both the acute (1 day) and chronic (60 days) animals compared with control group. These results suggest that HDAC2 play an important role in the pathogenesis of human TLE. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Constructing a general framework for systems engineering strategy
Authors: Smartt Clement , Ferreira Susan
Published: October 2011

The strategic application of systems engineering can lead to sustained competitive advantage for an organization. This paper expands the scope of the systems engineering strategy dialogue from its existing focus which is primarily based on specific case studies to a broader context and introduces a systems engineering strategy framework. The framework defines a state‐based model for systems engineering strategy. States are grouped by organization, environment, product or service, and systems engineering process characteristics. These characteristics provide an extensive set of considerations for making a strategic decision related to systems engineering. This paper discusses using the framework to support a variety of systems engineering decisions, including decisions related to investment and risk analysis. Decision makers can apply the framework to make more informed choices that ultimately will lead to an organization's long‐term survival. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 15:
EDXRF with an audio digitizer
Authors: Nakaye Yasukazu , Kawai Jun
Published: October 2011

We utilized an audio digitizer in energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) with a silicon drift detector and achieved a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 178 eV at Mn Kα (92‐µs peaking time). To confirm the ability of EDXRF with an audio digitizer, we also examined energy versus channel number linearity and output count rate. We applied it to EDXRF analysis of (ZnCd)S : Ag and showed a proper energy versus channel number linearity from 5.9 keV (Mn Kα) to 26.1 keV (Cd Kβ). And, the maximum output count rate of more than 10 kcps was obtained with 23‐µs peaking time (296‐eV FWHM). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structures of Five Crystalline Organometallic (Li/Y, Mg/Mg) or Coordination (Mg, CrII, Y/Y) Complexes
Authors: Wei Xue‐Hong , Coles Martyn P. , Hitchcock Peter B. , Lappert Michael F.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Yttrium(III) chloride was the ultimate precursor of the crystalline compounds [Y{η5‐C5H4(CH(SiMe3)2)}2(μ‐Cl)2Li(THF)2] (1), [Y{(OC(But))2CH}2{μ‐OC(But)C(H)C(But)O}]2 (2), [{Mg(CH2SiMe3)(μ‐CH2SiMe3)(THF)}2] (3) and [Mg(CH2SiMe3){(N(C6H3Pri2‐2,6)C(Me))2CH}(THF)] (4). Thus, the precursors were: YCl3 + 2 Li[η5‐C5H4{CH(SiMe3)2}] for 1, [Y{N(SiMe3)2}3] + 3 [ButC(O)]2CH2 for 2, and YCl3 + 3 Mg(CH2SiMe3)Cl for 3; whereas 4 was obtained from 3 + 2 H[{N(C6H3Pri2‐2,6)C(Me)}2CH]. The β‐diketiminatochromium(II) compound 7 was prepared from CrCl2 + 2 Li[{N(C6H4Et‐2)C(Me)}2CH] (6); the latter became available from the corresponding equally new β‐diketimine 5 and LiBun. Each of the compounds 1–7 was well characterised, including for 1–4 and 7 by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Stability of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in the Presence of Liquid Oil Emulsions
Authors: Samtlebe Meike , Yucel Umut , Weiss Jochen , Coupland John N.
Published: October 2011

The dissolution of solid lipid nanoparticles (d ~200 nm, SLN) by mass transfer of lipid molecules from liquid oil emulsion droplets (d ~200 nm) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The mass transfer of n‐tetradecane to n‐eicosane SLN resulted in the dissolution of the SLN over the course of several hours. The rate of dissolution increased with the tetradecane droplet to eicosane SLN ratio and was greater in the presence of a micelle forming surfactant (i.e., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) compared to a protein (i.e., sodium caseinate). The rate of mass transfer was slower in a triacyglycerol system (i.e., liquid droplets of Miglyol and solid droplets of palm stearin, SLN) but could be accelerated by the presence of isopropanol (1.4%) in the aqueous phase. This work shows that even if SLN can be stabilized against aggregation, they may still dissolve due to diffusion of the lipids through the aqueous phase. Even a partial dissolution of SLN can dramatically change their functionality as delivery systems.
De la nature des vacuoles spermatiques aux résultats et indications de l’IMSI (intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection)
Authors: Boitrelle F. , Ferfouri F. , Salama S. , Bergere M. , Bailly M. , Wainer B. , Vialard F. , Selva J. , Albert M.
Published: October 2011

En MSOME (high-magnification motile sperm organelle morphology examination), certains spermatozoïdes jugés normaux au grossissement × 400 ou × 200 peuvent présenter des vacuoles céphaliques. Si la large vacuole est décrite comme une empreinte de pouce nucléaire, la nature des vacuoles pourrait dépendre de leur taille, du nombre, de leur localisation et de leur profondeur. Cette revue de la littérature débat de la nature des vacuoles, analyse les résultats obtenus en IMSI (intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection) et en liste les indications.
Color Atlas of Emergency Trauma
Authors: Demetriades Demetrios , Newton Edward
Published: October 2011

The new edition of this full-color atlas presents nearly 900 images from one of the largest and busiest trauma centers in North America. The images bring the reader to the bedside of patients with the full spectrum of common and uncommon traumatic injuries including motor vehicle accidents, falls, lacerations, burns, impalements, stabbings and gunshot wounds. The clinical, operative and autopsy photographs; x-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and angiography radiographs; and original illustrations depicting injury patterns will help guide clinicians in recognizing, prioritizing and managing trauma patients. Organized by major body regions into separate chapters on the head, face, neck, chest, abdomen, musculoskeletal system, spine and soft tissue, this thorough text discusses management guidelines, emergency workup protocols and common pitfalls. The Color Atlas of Emergency Trauma is an essential resource for those involved in trauma care.
Memoirs of the Rise and Progress of the Royal Navy
Authors: Derrick Charles
Published: October 2011

Following the British naval successes of the early French Revolutionary Wars, which culminated in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, public interest in the history and growth of the Royal Navy increased dramatically, inspiring the publication of scholarly works relating to naval history. This volume, written by Naval Office clerk Charles Derrick and first published in 1806, contains a detailed account of the changes in the state of the Royal Navy between 1485 and 1805. Derrick focuses on the decline and growth of the number of ships in the Navy during the reign of each monarch through this period, listing the number of ships and tonnage at the start of each reign and describing innovations and new ships built during the period. Including copies of contemporary naval reports on ship numbers, tonnage and shipbuilding techniques, this clear and concise study remains a valuable reference for the study of naval history.
Mary Howitt
Authors: Howitt Mary Botham
Published: October 2011

Mary Howitt (1799-1888) was one of the most prolific female writers and translators of her day, producing over a hundred titles in her lifetime. Held in high regard by her contemporaries, Howitt was best known for her Scandinavian interests, particularly for her translations of Frederika Bremer and Hans Christian Andersen. She also published numerous collections of poetry and stories, sometimes in partnership with her husband, the writer William Howitt. This two-volume autobiography was published posthumously in 1889, and was completed and edited by her daughter Margaret. Volume 2 focuses on the second half of Howitt's life, much of which was spent moving between England, Switzerland, Italy and Austria. It describes the death of two of her sons, her own and William's involvement with spiritualism, the death of her husband, and her eventual conversion to Catholicism. For more information on this author, see
http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=howima
The Audiencia of New Galicia in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Parry J. H.
Published: October 2011

A discussion of the day-to-day government of a remote Spanish province at a time when the disorders of conquest were giving way to a settled administration.
Medieval Wales
Authors: Jack R. Ian
Published: October 2011

The sources for the history of medieval Wales are scanty, sporadic and physically scattered. Neither in archival, narrative nor archaeological remains is Wales comparable to England, and what survives is less accessible, for there has been a notable reluctance among Welsh scholars to produce guides and surveys for this difficult corpus of material. The purpose of Medieval Wales is to examine the history and survival of records produced by administrations inside what is now Wales, princely, seigneurial, ecclesiastical, municipal; to indicate the relevance of English official records to students of Welsh history; to give an introduction to the main narrative sources; to put the work of the Welsh antiquaries into a wider context; to re-examine the whole question of independent Welsh coinage; and to bring together discussion of Welsh archaeological remains, place-name studies and early cartography.
America's Commitment to South Korea
Authors: Nam Joo-Hong
Published: October 2011

The book analyses the strategic rationale of the American security commitment to South Korea in the light of the palpable failure of containment strategy in Indo-China. During the 1970s the dilemma confronting successive American administrations was that, whilst wishing to maintain their old commitment to South Korea, they had no desire to preside over another Vietnam. Military commitment and political support were necessarily disengaged, and the Nixon doctrine served as both the end and the means of containment strategy in Asia. The study identifies the principal conditions that have influenced changing American perspectives on South Korea, and examines some of the general problems of collective security in the region. Unique in the direct engagement of China, the Soviet Union and the United States, the security position of South Korea bears directly upon the achievement of peace and stability throughout East Asia.
Anglo-American Corporate Taxation
Authors: Bank Steven A.
Published: October 2011

The UK and the USA have historically represented opposite ends of the spectrum in their approaches to taxing corporate income. Under the British approach, corporate and shareholder income taxes have been integrated under an imputation system, with tax paid at the corporate level imputed to shareholders through a full or partial credit against dividends received. Under the American approach, by contrast, corporate and shareholder income taxes have remained separate under what is called a 'classical' system in which shareholders receive little or no relief from a second layer of taxes on dividends. Steven A. Bank explores the evolution of the corporate income tax systems in each country during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to understand the common legal, economic, political and cultural forces that produced such divergent approaches and explains why convergence may be likely in the future as each country grapples with corporate taxation in an era of globalization.
Towards prevention of vitamin D deficiency and beyond: knowledge gaps and research needs in vitamin D nutrition and public health
Authors: Cashman Kevin D. , Kiely Mairead
Published: October 2011

The North American Institute of Medicine (IOM) recently published their report on dietary reference intakes (DRI) for Ca and vitamin D. The DRI committee's deliberations underpinning this most comprehensive report on vitamin D nutrition to date benefited hugely from a much expanded knowledge base in vitamin D over the last decade or more. However, since their release, the vitamin D DRI have been the subject of intense controversy, which is largely due to the persistence of fundamental knowledge gaps in vitamin D. These can be identified at the levels of exposure, metabolism, storage, status, dose–response, function and beneficial or adverse health effects, as well as safe and effective application of intake recommendations at the population level through sustainable food-based approaches. The present review provides a brief overview of the approach used by the IOM committee to revise the DRI for vitamin D and to collate from a number of authoritative sources key knowledge gaps in vitamin D nutrition from the public health perspective. A number of research topics are outlined and data requirements within these are identified and mapped to the risk assessment framework used by the DRI committee. While not intended as an exhaustive list, it provides a basis for organising and prioritising research efforts in the area of vitamin D, which may offer a perspective on the major areas in need of attention. It is intended to be of use to researchers, national policy makers, the public health community, industry groups and other relevant stakeholders including funding institutions.
Patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption among Iranian adults: a SuRFNCD-2007 study
Authors: Esteghamati Alireza , Noshad Sina , Nazeri Arash , Khalilzadeh Omid , Khalili Mohammad , Nakhjavani Manouchehr
Published: October 2011

The aim of the present study was to describe the patterns of fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake in a nationally representative sample of the Iranian population. The data collected in the Third National Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD-2007) were used. In a sample of 3702 Iranian adult participants, patterns of F&V consumption were assessed using the WHO STEPwise method. Low F&V consumption was defined as intake of less than five servings of fruit and/or vegetable daily according to the WHO guidelines. F&V consumption was compared among different age groups, sex and urban/rural areas using complex sample analysis. On average, 1·26 servings of fruit and 1·32 servings of vegetables were consumed daily. Taken together, Iranian adults consumed 2·58 F&V servings per d, with females eating more than males (P ≤ 0·001). Moreover, there was a trend towards lower consumption rates in older-age categories (P = 0·003). Prevalence of low F&V intake (less than five servings daily) was 87·5 % and also tended to be higher in older-age categories (P = 0·004). Prevalence of low intake did not differ significantly among men and women or urban and rural areas. A high prevalence of low F&V consumption in the Iranian adult population was documented. These findings may guide health policy makers in developing specific plans to encourage adequate F&V intake.
Effects of added PGX®, a novel functional fibre, on the glycaemic index of starchy foods
Authors: Brand-Miller Jennie C. , Atkinson Fiona S. , Gahler Roland J. , Kacinik Veronica , Lyon Michael R. , Wood Simon
Published: October 2011

The development of lower-glycaemic index (GI) foods requires simple, palatable and healthy strategies. The objective of the present study was to determine the most effective dose of a novel viscous fibre supplement (PGX®) to be added to starchy foods to reduce their GI. Healthy subjects (n 10) consumed glucose sugar (50 g in water × 3) and six starchy foods with a range of GI values (52–72) along with 0 (inert fibre), 2·5 or 5 g granular PGX® dissolved in 250 ml water. GI testing according to ISO Standard 26 642-2010 was used to determine the reduction in GI. PGX® significantly reduced the GI of all six foods (P < 0·001), with an average reduction of 19 % for the 2·5 g dose and 30 % for the 5 g dose, equivalent to a reducing the GI by 7 and 15 units, respectively. Consuming small quantities of the novel functional fibre PGX®, mixed with water at the start of a meal, is an effective strategy to reduce the GI of common foods.