bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of NewC2‐ andC1‐Symmetric Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur Derivatives and Analogs of TADDOL. Part I
Authors: Pichota Arkadius , Gramlich Volker , Beck Albert K. , Seebach Dieter
Published: August 2012

The chloro alcohols4–6derived from TADDOLs (=α,α,α′,α′‐tetraaryl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4,5‐dimethanols) are used to prepare corresponding sulfanyl alcohols, ethers, and amines (Scheme 1andTable 1). The dithiol analog of TADDOL and derivatives thereof,45–49, were also synthesized. The crystal structures of 16 representatives of this series of compounds are reported (Figs. 1–3andScheme 2). The thiols were employed in Cu‐catalyzed enantioselective conjugate additions ofGrignardreagents to cyclic enones, with cycloheptenone giving the best results (er up to 94 : 6). The enantioselectivity reverses fromSi‐addition with the sulfanyl alcohol toRe‐addition with the alkoxy or dimethylamino thiols (Table 4). CuI‐Thiolates,50–53, could be isolated in up to 84% yield (Scheme 2) and were shown to have tetranuclear structures in the gas phase (by ESI‐MS), in solution (CH2Cl2, THF; by vapor‐pressure osmometry and by NMR pulsed‐gradient diffusion measurements;Table 5), and in the solid state (X‐ray crystal structures inScheme 2). The Cu complex50of the sulfanyl alcohol is stable in air and in the presence of weak aqueous acid, and it is a highly active catalyst (0.5 mol‐%) for the 1,4‐additions, leading to the same enantio‐ and regioselectivities observed with thein situgenerated catalyst (6.5 mol‐%;Scheme 3). Since the reaction mixtures contain additional metal salts (MgX2, LiX) it is not possible at this stage, to propose a mechanistic model for the conjugate additions.
Coupling of a simultaneous heat and water model with a distributed hydrological model and evaluation of the combined model in a cold region watershed
Authors: Zhang Yanlin , Cheng Guodong , Li Xin , Han Xujun , Wang Lei , Li Hongyi , Chang Xiaoli , Flerchinger G. N.
Published: August 2012

Snow and frozen soil prevail in cold regions worldwide, and the integration of these processes is crucial in hydrological models. In this study, a combined model was developed by fully coupling a simultaneous heat and water model with a geomorphologically based distributed hydrological model. The combined model simulates vertical and lateral water transfer as well as vertical heat fluxes and is capable of representing the effects of frozen soil and snowmelt on hydrological processes in cold regions. This model was evaluated by using in situ observations in the Binggou watershed, an experimental watershed for cold region hydrology of the Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research Project. Results showed that the model was able to predict soil freezing and thawing, unfrozen soil water content, and snow depth reasonably well. The simulated hydrograph was in good agreement with the in situ observation. The Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of daily discharge was 0.744 for the entire simulation period, 0.472 from April to June, and 0.711 from June to November. This model can improve our understanding of hydrological processes in cold regions and assess the impacts of global warming on hydrological cycles and water resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer and for Infections: What Is the Difference?
Authors: Sharma Sulbha K. , Mroz Pawel , Dai Tianhong , Huang Ying‐Ying , Denis Tyler G. St. , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: August 2012

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over one hundred years ago when it was observed that certain dyes could kill microorganisms when exposed to light in the presence of oxygen. Since those early days, PDT has mainly been developed as a cancer therapy and as a way to destroy proliferating blood vessels. However, recently it has become apparent that PDT may also be used as an effective antimicrobial modality and a potential treatment for localized infections. This review discusses the similarities and differences between the application of PDT for the treatment of microbial infections and for cancer lesions. Type I and type II photodynamic processes are described, and the structure‐function relationships of optimal anticancer and antimicrobial photosensitizers are outlined. The different targeting strategies, intracellular photosensitizer localization, and pharmacokinetic properties of photosensitizers required for these two different PDT applications are compared and contrasted. Finally, the ability of PDT to stimulate an adaptive or innate immune response against pathogens and tumors is also covered.
Functional Analyses in the Silkworm,Bombyx mori, Support a Role for Notch Signaling in Appendage Development But Not theGroucho‐Dependent Pair‐Rule Process
Authors: Liu Wenbin
Published: August 2012

Pair‐rule genes are crucial for generating dual segment periodicity for body plan patterning inDrosophila.Bombyx moriis an intermediate germband insect, in which the formation of posterior segments via sequential addition follows a different process from that inDrosophila, although it is somewhat comparable to the process that occurs in vertebrates. Notch signaling is involved in the segmentation of vertebrates, spiders, and basal insects. Groucho (Gro) participates in Notch signaling as a corepressor and plays an important role during segmentation by interacting with other pair‐rule proteins. Here, we cloned agrohomolog in the silkworm and positioned it at chromosome 21 in the genetic linkage map. Functional analyses ofBmgroandBmnotchduring embryogenesis were conducted using RNA interference (RNAi). Depletion ofBmgroled to a loss of odd‐numbered segments, a characteristic pair‐rule phenotype.BmnotchRNAi resulted in that paired appendages on each segment were symmetrically fused along the ventral midline. An individual segment seemed to possess only one segmental appendage when Notch signaling was compromised. Irregular segments were observed in theBmnotchRNAi embryo. Our results show that the involvement ofBmgroduring the pair‐rule process is not mediated by Notch signaling in silkworm. Notch signaling remains in appendage segmentation and restriction of cell fate. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 9999B:651–662, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiac MRI in postoperative congenital heart disease patients
Authors: van der Hulst Annelies E. , Roest Arno A.W. , Westenberg Jos J.M. , Kroft Lucia J.M. , de Roos Albert
Published: August 2012

The survival of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) has greatly improved over the past decades. Nevertheless, lifelong follow‐up is required in postoperative CHD patients, and noninvasive imaging plays an important role during follow‐up. Cardiac MR (CMR) imaging enables comprehensive imaging of cardiac function and anatomy, and helps to detect patients who need re‐intervention and to predict clinical outcome. Postoperative CHD patients who are frequently referred for CMR evaluation include those with coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, and single ventricle patients after the Fontan procedure. This article reviews the current clinical role of CMR in these various subgroups of postoperative CHD patients. Furthermore, an overview of novel CMR applications and their clinical value in CHD patients is provided. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:511–528. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of the essential oil of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) growing in different agro‐climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Joshi Robin , Sharma Poonam , Sharma Virbala , Prasad Ramdeen , Sud R K , Gulati Ashu
Published: August 2012

Background

The aim of the present study was to investigate variations in the chemical composition of the essential oil from seeds of large cardamom grown at different altitudes in Himachal Pradesh, India. The composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC‐O).

Results

The oil components showed qualitative and quantitative variations in the composition. GC and GC‐MS analysis led to the identification of 55 compounds representing 98% of total oil. Major components in the oil were 1,8‐cineole, α‐terpineol, dl‐limonene, nerolidol, 4‐terpineol, δ‐terpineol, δ‐3‐carene, β‐myrcene, germacrene D, α‐terpinene and longifolenaldehyde. The oil yields obtained were 9.8–19.5 g kg−1. Cardamom oil from Himachal Pradesh was found to contain new compounds, viz. 4‐terpineol, δ‐3‐carene, trans‐sabinene hydrate, 1‐phellandrene, α‐terpinene, bicyclo‐germacrene, isopinocarveol and ledenoxid‐II. α‐Terpenyl acetate, the major constituent of small cardamom, was also detected in the oil of large cardamom grown in Himachal Pradesh. Application of aroma extract dilution analysis revealed 35 compounds having aroma impact with the flavour dilution factor ranging from 2 to 1024, and 34 of these compounds were identified. The five most intense aromatic components are dl‐limonene, 1,8‐cineole, β‐myrcene, α‐pinene, α‐basabolol. This is the first time that the characterisation of odour‐active compounds has been carried out on large cardamom.

Conclusion

The presence of 4‐terpineol, δ‐3‐carene, trans‐sabinene hydrate, 1‐phellandrene, α‐terpinene, 1‐terpineol, bicyclogermacrene, isopinocarveol, ledenoxid‐II, longifolenaldehyde and α‐terpenyl acetate make the aroma of the oil different from large cardamom oil of Sikkim and could offer potential as a new food flavour.
On‐line ionic liquid‐based dynamic microwave‐assisted extraction‐high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of lipophilic constituents in root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge
Authors: Gao Shiqian , Yu Wei , Yang Xiao , Liu Zhonglin , Jia Yilong , Zhang Hanqi
Published: August 2012

On‐line continuous sampling, ionic liquid‐based dynamic microwave‐assisted extraction high performance liquid chromatography has been developed and applied to the extraction of lipophilic constituents from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Several operating parameters were optimized by single‐factor and Box–Behnken design experiments. The type and concentration of ionic liquids, power of microwave irradiation, flow rate of sample suspension, amount, and particle size of sample were investigated. The limits of detection for tanshin‐one I, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA are 0.014, 0.009, and 0.009 mg/g, respectively. The RSDs of interday and intraday were lower than 2.02 and 2.16%, respectively. The recoveries for target analytes were in the range of 90.7–101.8%. The homogeneity of the suspension and stability of the analytes were investigated and the results were satisfactory. The proposed method was compared with the off‐line ionic liquid‐based dynamic microwave‐assisted extraction, off‐line ethanol‐based dynamic microwave‐assisted extraction, ionic liquid‐based ultrasonic‐assisted extraction, and ionic liquid‐based maceration extraction. The results indicated that the proposed method is effective for the extraction of the active components in Chinese herbal medicine and has some advantages over the other methods.
A photoactivated nanofiber graft material for augmented Achilles tendon repair
Authors: Ni Tao , Senthil‐Kumar Prabhu , Dubbin Karen , Aznar‐Cervantes Salvador D. , Datta Néha , Randolph Mark A. , Cenis José L. , Rutledge Gregory C. , Kochevar Irene E. , Redmond Robert W.
Published: August 2012

Background and Objective

Suture repair of Achilles tendon rupture can cause infection, inflammation and scarring, while prolonged immobilization promotes adhesions to surrounding tissues and joint stiffness. Early mobilization can reduce complications provided the repair is strong enough to resist re‐rupture. We have developed a biocompatible, photoactivated tendon wrap from electrospun silk (ES) to provide additional strength to the repair that could permit early mobilization, and act as a barrier to adhesion formation.

Study Design/Material and Methods

ES nanofiber mats were prepared by electrospinning. New Zealand white rabbits underwent surgical transection of the Achilles tendon and repair by: (a) SR: standard Kessler suture + epitendinous suture (5‐0 vicryl). (b) ES/PTB: a single stay suture and a section of ES mat, stained with 0.1% Rose Bengal (RB), wrapped around the tendon and bonded with 532 nm light (0.3 W/cm2, 125 J/cm2). (c) SR + ES/PTB: a combination of (a) and (b). Gross appearance, extent of adhesion formation and biomechanical properties of the repaired tendon were evaluated at Days 7, 14, or 28 post‐operatively (n = 8 per group at each time point).

Results

Ultimate stress (US) and Young's modulus (E) in the SR group were not significantly different from the ES/PTB group at Days 7 (US, P = 0.85; E, P = 1), 14 (US, P = 0.054; E, P = 1), and 28 (US, P = 0.198; E, P = 0.12) post‐operatively. Adhesions were considerably greater in the SR group compared to the ES/PTB group at Days 7 (P = 0.002), 14 (P < 0.0001), and 28 (P < 0.0001). The combination approach of SR + ES/PTB gave the best outcomes in terms of E at 7 (P < 0.016) and 14 days (P < 0.016) and reduced adhesions compared to SR at 7 (P < 0.0001) and 14 days (P < 0.0001), the latter suggesting a barrier function for the photobonded ES wrap.

Conclusion

Photochemical sealing of a ES mat around the tendon repair site provides considerable benefit in Achilles tendon repair. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 645–652, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interpolation of uniformly absolutely continuous operators
Authors: Cobos Fernando , Gogatishvili Amiran , Opic Bohumír , Pick Luboš
Published: August 2012

We develop a method suitable for interpolation of uniformly absolutely continuous operators. We then apply this method to establishing compactness of operators and embeddings especially in the limiting situations, where the classical interpolation methods fail. We study types of certain interpolation methods and their sharpness.
Nrf2 knockout enhances intestinal tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice due to attenuation of anti‐oxidative stress pathway while potentiates inflammation
Authors: Cheung Ka Lung , Lee Jong Hun , Khor Tin Oo , Wu Tien‐Yuan , Li Guang Xun , Chan Jefferson , Yang Chung S. , Kong Ah‐Ng Tony
Published: August 2012

Mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are found in more than 80% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 plays a central role in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Previously, we have shown that chronic inflammation in Nrf2−/− (Nrf2 knockout; KO) mice resulted in higher expression of inflammatory markers and cytokines, coupled with higher inflammatory damage to the colonic crypt cells, as compared to the Nrf2+/+ (wild type; WT) mice. Induction of mutation in the colon by administration of carcinogen, AOM prior to DSS‐induced inflammation resulted in higher tumor incidence and numbers in Nrf2KO mice. These results indicate that Nrf2‐dependent inhibition of inflammation appears to be critical in inhibiting mutation‐initiated colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, we aim to investigate if loss of Nrf2 would dose‐dependently promote intestinal tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice. To demonstrate the in vivo mechanisms, we constructed both Apc mutated and Nrf2 deficient strain Apcmin/+ mice with C57BL/6 Nrf2KO mice to obtain F1, Apcmin/+;Nrf2+/− and F2, Apcmin/+;Nrf2−/−mice. Nrf2KO decreased the protein expression of antioxidant enzyme NQO1 in Apcmin/+. In contrast, Nrf2KO enhanced the expression of inflammatory markers such as COX‐2, cPLA, LTB4 in Apcmin/+. Finally, Nrf2KO resulted in higher level of PCNA and c‐Myc expression in intestinal tissue, indicating the deficiency of Nrf2 promotes proliferation of intestinal crypt cells in Apcmin/+. Taken together, our results suggest that Nrf2KO attenuates anti‐oxidative stress pathway, induces inflammation, and increases proliferative potential in the intestinal crypts leading to enhanced intestinal carcinogenesis and adenomas in Apcmin/+. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Community‐based participatory research and the challenges of qualitative analysis enacted by lay, nurse, and academic researchers
Authors: Foster Jennifer W. , Chiang Fidela , Burgos Rosa I. , Cáceres Ramona E. , Tejada Carmen M. , Almonte Asela T. , Noboa Frank R.M. , Perez Lidia J. , Urbaez Marilín F. , Heath Annemarie
Published: August 2012

There are multiple challenges in adhering to the principles of community‐based participatory research (CBPR), especially when there is a wide range of academic preparation within the research team. This is particularly evident in the analysis phase of qualitative research. We describe the process of conducting qualitative analysis of data on community perceptions of public maternity care in the Dominican Republic, in a cross‐cultural, CBPR study. Analysis advanced through a process of experiential and conversational learning. Community involvement in analysis provided lay researchers an imperative for improvements in maternity care, nurses a new perspective about humanized care, and academic researchers a deeper understanding of how to create the conditions to enable conversational learning. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:550–559, 2012
Density Functional Study of Tetraphenylporphyrin Long‐Range Exciton Coupling
Authors: Moore Barry , Autschbach Jochen
Published: August 2012

The performance of time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) for calculations of long‐range exciton circular dichroism (CD) is investigated. Tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) is used as a representative of a class of strongly absorbing chromophores for which exciton CD with chromophore separations of 50 Å and even beyond has been observed experimentally. A dimer model for TPP is set up to reproduce long‐range exciton CD previously observed for a brevetoxin derivative. The calculated CD intensity is consistent with TPP separations of over 40 Å. It is found that a hybrid functional with fully long‐range corrected range‐separated exchange performs best for full TDDFT calculations of the dimer. The range‐separation parameter is optimally tuned for TPP, resulting in a good quality TPP absorption spectrum and small DFT delocalization error (measured by the curvature of the energy calculated as a function of fractional electron numbers). Calculated TDDFT data for the absorption spectra of TPP are also used as input for a ‘matrix method’ (MM) model of the exciton CD. For long‐range exciton CD, comparison of MM spectra with full TDDFT CD spectra for the dimer shows that the matrix method is capable of producing very accurate results. A MM spectrum obtained from TPP absorption data calculated with the nonhybrid Becke88–Perdew86 (BP) functional is shown to match the experimental brevetoxin spectrum ‘best’, but for the wrong reasons.
Response‐dependent and reduced treatment in lower risk Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents, results of P9426: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Tebbi Cameron K. , Mendenhall Nancy P. , London Wendy B. , Williams Jonathan L. , Hutchison Robert E. , FitzGerald Thomas J. , de Alarcón Pedro A. , Schwartz Cindy , Chauvenet Allen
Published: August 2012

Background

Hodgkin lymphoma is highly curable but associated with significant late effects. Reduction of total treatment would be anticipated to reduce late effects. This aim of this study was to demonstrate that a reduction in treatment was possible without compromising survival outcomes.

Methods

Protocol P9426, a response‐dependent and reduced treatment for low risk Hodgkin lymphoma (stages I, IIA, and IIIA1) was designed in 1994 based on a previous pilot project. Patients were enrolled from October 15, 1996 to September 19, 2000. Patients were randomized to receive or not receive dexrazoxane and received two cycles of chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, and etoposide. After two cycles, patients were evaluated for response. Those in complete response (CR) received 2,550 cGy of involved field radiation therapy (IFRT). Patient with partial response or stable disease, received two more cycles of chemotherapy and IFRT at 2,550 cGy.

Results

There were 294 patients enrolled, with 255 eligible for analysis. The 8‐year event free survival (EFS) between the dexrazoxane randomized groups did not differ (EFS 86.8 ± 3.1% with DRZ, and 85.7 ± 3.3% without DRZ (P = 0.70). Forty‐five percent of patients demonstrated CR after two cycles of chemotherapy. There was no difference in EFS by histology, rapidity of response, or number of cycles of chemotherapy. Six of the eight secondary malignancies in this study have been previously reported.

Conclusions

Despite reduced therapy and exclusion of most patients with lymphocyte predominant histology, EFS and overall survival are similar to other reported studies. The protocol documents that it is safe and effective to reduce therapy in low‐risk Hodgkin lymphoma based on early response to chemotherapy with rapid responding patients having the same outcome as slower‐responding patients when given 50% of the chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1259–1265. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biobased‐waterborne homopolymers from oleic acid derivatives
Authors: Moreno Mónica , Goikoetxea Monika , Barandiaran María J.
Published: August 2012

The use of the renewable resource oleic acid to produce environmentally friendly polymeric materials with potential applications as coatings was investigated in this work. Methacrylated derivative oleic acid monomer was synthesized by addition of the carboxylic acid with glycidyl methacrylate, with the aim of preserving the double bonds of the acid backbone. Two catalysts with auto‐oxidative potential were used for that purpose and the resulting monomer was further polymerized via free radical miniemulsion polymerization. Total conversion latexes with a significant amount of gel, mainly because of the crosslinking through the double bonds of the oleic acid, were obtained. No influence of the monomer type on the kinetics and microstructural properties was observed. Polymer films were evaluated and an important improvement on mechanical properties was achieved by the auto‐oxidative curing of the remaining unsaturations along the polymer backbone, promoted by the catalyst present in the latex. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes bearing benzocyclohexane–ketoarylimine for copolymerization of norbornene with 5‐norbornene‐2‐carboxylic ester
Authors: He Xiaohui , Liu Yueman , Chen Lu , Chen Yiwang , Chen Defu
Published: August 2012

A serial of late transition metal complexes, which bearing Benzocyclohexane–ketoarylimine ligand and named as Mt(benzocyclohexane–ketoarylimino)2 {Mt(bchkai)2: Mt=Ni or Pd; bchkai=C10H8(O)CN(Ar)CH3; Ar=naphthyl or fluoryl}, have been synthesized and characterized. The molecular structures of the ligands and nickel complex have been confirmed by X‐ray single‐crystal analyses. The nickel complexes exhibited very high activity up to 2.7 × 105 gpolymer/molNi·h and palladium complexes showed high activity up to 2.3 × 105 gpolymer/molPd·h for norbornene (NB) homo‐polymerization with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as cocatalyst. The four complexes were effective for copolymerization of NB and 5‐norbornene‐2‐carboxylic acid methyl ester (NB‐COOCH3) in relatively high activities (0.1–2.4 × 105 gpolymer/molMt·h) and produced the addition‐type copolymers with relatively high molecular weights (0.5 × 105–1.2 × 105 g/mol) as well as narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI < 2 for all polymers). Influences of the metals and comonomer feed content on the polymerization activity as well as on the incorporation rates (20.9–42.6%) were investigated. The achieved NB/NB‐COOCH3 copolymers were confirmed to be noncrystalline, exhibited good thermal stability (Td > 400°C) and showed good solubility in common organic solvents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Polyacrylamide hydrogel membranes with controlled pore sizes
Authors: Valade David , Wong Lawrence K. , Jeon Yujung , Jia Zhongfan , Monteiro Michael J.
Published: August 2012

We developed a method to characterize polymer‐supported polyacrylamide crosslinked hydrogel networks using a range of well‐defined poly(N, N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐coated gold nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 3 to 48 nm under ultrafiltration conditions of 16 bar. The membranes resulted in permeabilities ranging between 0.199 and 6.343 × 10−18 m2. There was a direct correlation between the size exclusion and the permeability rate coefficient, km; the higher the km value the larger the average pore size. Our results further demonstrate that the gold nanoparticles could be trapped within the membrane at the end of a cul‐de‐sacs found within the gel network, which often leads to membrane fouling. We believe that this method of using gold nanoparticles to characterize crosslinked membranes provides insight into the gel network, and will provide a unique tool to analyze new membranes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Effect of substrate temperature on the microstructure, optical, and electrical properties of reactive DC magnetron sputtering vanadium oxide films
Authors: Zhang Dongping , Huang Rengui , Zhang Ting , Li Yan , Chen Youtong , Zhong Yonglin , Fan Ping , Huang Jianjun
Published: August 2012

Vanadium oxide thin films were prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering at substrate temperatures ranged from room temperature to 400 °C, and the effects of substrate temperature on microstructure, optical, and electrical properties of the films were analyzed. XRD spectra showed that the main component of the thin films was V2O5 with orthorhombic structure. Tensile stresses exist in the thin films. With increasing substrate temperature, the films gradually changed from amorphous to polycrystalline in nature. High peak transmittance of about 80% for the samples prepared at temperatures less than 300 °C is observed. The optical bandgap of the thin films slightly decreased from 2.51 to 2.44 eV at first, and then increased with increasing substrate temperature. The optical bandgap changes can be attributed to grain size increasing and structural modification of thin films with substrate temperature. All samples had a large sheet resistance of about 106–107 Ω/□ and negative temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of about −1.0% K−1. The sheet resistance decreased as the deposition temperature increased, and the TCR presented an initial decrease and then an increasing trend.
Observing the amorphous‐to‐crystalline phase transition in Ge2Sb2Te5 non‐volatile memory materials from ab initio molecular‐dynamics simulations
Authors: Lee T. H. , Elliott S. R.
Published: August 2012

Phase‐change memory is a promising candidate for the next generation of non‐volatile memory devices. This technology utilizes reversible phase transitions between amorphous and crystalline phases of a recording material, and has been successfully used in rewritable optical data storage, revealing its feasibility. In spite of the importance of understanding the nucleation and growth processes that play a critical role in the phase transition, this understanding is still incomplete. Here, we present observations of the early stages of crystallization in Ge2Sb2Te5 materials through ab initio molecular‐dynamics simulations. Planar structures, including fourfold rings and planes, play an important role in the formation and growth of crystalline clusters in the amorphous matrix. At the same time, vacancies facilitate crystallization by providing space at the glass–crystalline interface for atomic diffusion, which results in fast crystal growth, as observed in simulations and experiments. The microscopic mechanism of crystallization presented here may deepen our understanding of the phase transition occurring in real devices, providing an opportunity to optimize the memory performance of phase‐change materials.
EVALUATION OF IN SITU FLUOROMETRY TO DETERMINE CYANOBACTERIAL ABUNDANCE IN THE MURRAY AND LOWER DARLING RIVERS, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bowling L. , Ryan D. , Holliday J. , Honeyman G.
Published: August 2012

A Yellow Springs Instruments water quality sonde fitted with fluorometric probes for phycocyanin and chlorophyll a was trialled at sites along the Murray and Lower Darling Rivers, Australia, during 2008–2009. The project examined whether the in situ quantification of phycocyanin by fluorometry could be used to determine the abundance of cyanobacteria present. Abundance was measured in the laboratory as biovolume from samples collected at the same time as the phycocyanin measurements. The study found a strong positive relationship between the two measurements. However, it was found that the use of in situ phycocyanin fluorometry was not effective in turbid water higher than 50 Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) as this produced false‐positive readings for phycocyanin. There was a considerable amount of variance within the data, much probably caused by error in estimating cyanobacterial biovolumes. Some variability may also be attributed to error involved in the in situ measurement of phycocyanin, especially when cyanobacterial abundance was close to the lower limit of quantification of the instrument. This is likely to be greatest when total cyanobacterial biovolume is less than 0.4 mm3 L−1. The relationship between phycocyanin measured in situ by fluorometry and total cyanobacterial biovolume varied spatially between sites along the Murray River, probably caused by differences in cyanobacterial abundance and in the species composition of the cyanobacterial communities in different sections of the river. No relationship was found between total cyanobacterial biovolume and chlorophyll a measured by in situ fluorometry. However, in situ fluorometry has the potential to be a useful rapid assessment tool for cyanobacterial bloom management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical methods for assessing interchangeability of biosimilars
Authors: Chow Shein‐Chung , Yang Lan‐Yan , Starr Aijing , Chiu Shih‐Ting
Published: August 2012

Unlike traditional small molecule (chemical) drug products, the development of biologic products is very different and variable with respect to the manufacturing process and environmental factors such as light and temperature. The complexity and heterogeneity of the molecular structure, complicated manufacturing process, different analytical methods, and possibility of severe immunogenicity reactions make quantitative evaluation of follow‐on biologics a great challenge to both scientific community and regulatory agencies. In this article, we propose a general approach for development of a biosimilarity index based on the concept of reproducibility probability for quantitative evaluation of biosimilarity and interchangeability. The proposed method is robust regardless the biosimilarity criteria used and/or study design employed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new tool for transvenous pacing lead extraction
Authors: Yuasa Takeshi , Tanaka Toshikazu , Suzuki Noriyuki , Hirai Toshihisa , Ui Yuichi , Baba Yuri
Published: August 2012

In recent years, the need for a lead‐removal technique has increased. Various extraction devices for traction and dissection are used worldwide, and quite a few of these devices are available in Japan. This paper details our experience using a new tool for manual dissection during transvenous pacing lead extraction. Five leads from 4 patients were considered for extraction using a new tool, the Amplatz renal dilator (Cook Ireland Ltd., Limerick, Ireland). The dilator was advanced following the lead course, similar to the over‐the‐wire technique. From 2 (50%) of the patients, 2 leads were extracted successfully using this procedure. No complications occurred in any of the patients. The remaining 3 leads could not be removed due to 2 reasons: first, the lead was entrapped in the supra vena cava, and second, the new dissection tool could not be inserted into the implant vein because of the tight space under the clavicle. Although the Amplatz renal dilator was useful for dissection, it was not sufficient for achieving complete procedural success. Our experience suggests that the Amplatz renal dilator can be a feasible and safe option for low‐risk manual dissection in transvenous pacing lead extraction.
Belaya Smert: The White Death
Authors: Rodway George W.
Published: August 2012

In the late autumn of 1939, shortly after Second World War had commenced, the Soviet Union invaded Finland. This act of military aggression, henceforth known to history as the Winter War, was ostensibly carried out to secure a buffer state and better protect major urban areas such as St. Petersburg (then known as Leningrad). The Red Army's attack through the forests of northern Finland was a poorly calculated operation—in the little more than 3 months that the conflict lasted, the Soviets suffered extensive losses. The hit-and-run tactics of the small, winter-savvy Finnish Army resulted in a not significant number of Red Army casualties. But from the Soviet perspective, the Finnish soldiers were merely an annoyance compared with the real enemy—the environment. Cold injury reached epidemic proportions in the Red Army during this short conflict, apparently caused in large part by ignorance of environmental realities by the Soviet high command. Paradoxically, the Soviets arguably possessed the most extensive and sophisticated body of knowledge about cold injury prevention and treatment on earth by the late 1930s. There were significant lessons learned by the Soviets during the Winter War, however. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Red Army very successfully applied these lessons during 4 years of vicious winter battles on the Eastern Front.
Nairobi Fly (Paederus) Dermatitis in South Sudan: A Case Report
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V. , Walton Emily K.
Published: August 2012

A 28-year-old nursing student working in Juba, South Sudan, suddenly developed a rash over her mid-right clavicle. Beginning as a 10-cm-diameter erythematous patch with an irregular border, within 24 hours it had developed an increasingly gray, necrotic center, appearing similar to a burn. The patient was seen by 2 local physicians without a diagnosis being made. Ultimately, it was diagnosed as being caused by the toxic hemolymph, pederin, from the Nairobi fly ( Paederus). The rash usually affects body parts not covered by clothing; healing time ranges from 7 to 28 days, usually with permanent skin discoloration. Preventive measures include typical antivector precautions, including bed nets, long-sleeve clothing, and avoiding fluorescent lights. If the beetles are found on the skin, brushing them off, rather than crushing them, avoids producing dermatitis. Treatment includes rapidly washing the affected area, applying cold, wet compresses, and possibly treating with antibiotics, steroids, and antihistamines.
Ultrasound and Ski Resort Clinics: Mapping Out the Potential Benefits
Authors: Evans C. Scott , Harris N. Stuart
Published: August 2012

Background

Skiing and snowboarding are popular activities that involve high kinetic energies, often at altitude, and injuries are common. As a portable imaging modality, ultrasound may be a useful adjunct for mountainside clinics. This review briefly discusses skier and snowboarder injury profiles and focuses on the role of ultrasound for each injury type.

Methods

Twenty-two sources including 17 reviews and observational studies were obtained describing skier and snowboarder injuries. Forty-nine studies were identified defining ultrasound applications for these injuries, including 38 reviews and observational studies, 6 case reports or case series, 3 cross-sectional studies, and 2 randomized, blinded studies.

Results

Approximately 200 000 rider injuries are evaluated in the Unites States seasonally. Musculoskeletal injuries are the most common, and head, face, neck, and abdominal injuries are also prevalent, as are exacerbations of preexisting disease. Ultrasound has been shown to be useful and accurate for evaluating the aforementioned injury types, including joint, ligament, tendon, and fracture evaluation. Ultrasound has not been extensively studied in the prehospital setting, and only limited data address the utility of how it might influence management in a mountainside clinic setting.

Conclusions

Ultrasound has the potential to be a useful diagnostic modality in ski resort clinics. The most promising areas for future, applied studies include evaluation of musculoskeletal injuries (especially injuries to joints and tendons and ruling out fractures), assessing for elevated intracranial pressure in minor head injuries and symptoms of altitude illness, and focused assessment with sonography for trauma and extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma examinations for cases of chest and abdominal trauma of unknown significance.
Influence of flame geometry on turbulent premixed flame propagation: a DNS investigation
Authors: Dunstan T. D. , Swaminathan N. , Bray K. N. C.
Published: August 2012

The sensitivity of the turbulent flame speed to the geometry of the flame is investigated using direct numerical simulations of turbulent premixed flames in three canonical configurations: freely propagating statistically planar flames, planar flames stabilized in stagnating flows, and rod-stabilized V-flames. We consider both the consumption speed, which measures the integrated rate of burning, and the propagation speed, which measures the speed of an isosurface within the flame brush. An algebraic model for the propagation speed of the leading edge of the flame brush, which is blind to flame geometry, is also applied to the data for the purposes of establishing its range of validity and the causes of its failure. The turbulent consumption speed is found to be strongly geometry dependent, primarily due to the continuous growth of the flame brush thickness. Changes in the structure and consumption speed of instantaneous flame fronts are found to be only weakly sensitive to flame geometry. The turbulent propagation speed is analysed in terms of its reactive, diffusive and turbulent flux components. All three terms are shown to be significant, both through the flame brush and along the leading edge. The leading-edge propagation speed is found to be sensitive to flame geometry only in the V-flames under certain conditions. It is suggested that this apparent geometry dependence, which the model cannot capture, results from the relation between the turbulence and mean flow time scales in these particular cases, and is not intrinsic to the flame geometry itself.
An Annotated Bibliography of African and African-Derived Music since 1936
Authors: Merriam Alan P.
Published: August 2012

In 1936 the Royal Empire Society of Great Britain published African Native Music: An Annotated Bibliography, by Douglas H. Varley. This work fulfilled a long-standing need felt by ethnomusicologists, and particularly those emphasizing the study of African music, for, carefully, done and well annotated, it provided an excellent reference volume for students in the field. The present bibliography represents an extension of Varley's work, listing the books and articles published on African and African-derived music since 1936, as well as a few references omitted from the original volume. While it can by no means be said that the present work includes all references to African music over the past 15 years, it is felt that the major portion of those works has been listed. At the same time, since the listing is small it has not been classified by problems and areas as was the original compilation.
ON MAHLER’S -ADIC -NUMBERS
Authors: KEKEÇ GÜLCAN
Published: August 2012

The aim of this work is to adapt a construction of the so-called $U_{m}$-numbers ($m\gt 1$), which are extended Liouville numbers with respect to algebraic numbers of degree $m$ but not with respect to algebraic numbers of degree less than $m$, to the $p$-adic frame.
WATERED-DOWN RIGHTS ON THE HIGH SEAS:HIRSI JAMAA AND OTHERS V ITALY(2012)
Authors: Giuffré Mariagiulia
Published: August 2012

On 23 February 2012, the European Court of Human Rights (the Court), sitting as a Grand Chamber, delivered its long-anticipated judgment in theHirsi Jamaa and Others v Italy(Hirsi) case.1The case was filed on 26 May 2009 by 11 Somalis and 13 Eritreans who were among the first group of 231 migrants and refugees (191 men and 40 women) that left Libya heading for the Italian coast. Halted on 6 May 2009 by three ships from the Italian Revenue Police (Guardia di Finanza) approximately 35 miles south of Lampedusa on the high seas, in the SAR zone under Maltese competence, they were summarily returned to Libya without identification and assessment of their protection claims.2
The crystal structure of tin sulphate, SnSO4, and comparison with isostructural SrSO4, PbSO4, and BaSO4
Authors: Antao Sytle M.
Published: August 2012

The crystal structure of tin (II) sulphate, SnSO4, was obtained by Rietveld refinement using synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) data. The structure was refined in space group Pbnm. The unit-cell parameters for SnSO4 are a = 7.12322(1), b = 8.81041(1), c = 5.32809(1) Å, and V = 334.383(1) Å3. The average 〈Sn–O〉 [12] distance is 2.9391(4) Å. However, the Sn2+cation has a pyramidal [3]-coordination to O atoms and the average 〈Sn–O〉 [3] = 2.271(1) Å. If Sn is considered as [12]-coordinated, SnSO4 has a structure similar to barite, BaSO4, and its structural parameters are intermediate between those of BaSO4 and PbSO4. The tetrahedral SO4 group has an average 〈S–O〉 [4] = 1.472(1) Å in SnSO4. Comparing SnSO4 with the isostructural SrSO4, PbSO4, and BaSO4, several well-defined trends are observed. The radii, rM, of the M2+(=Sr, Pb, Sn, and Ba) cations and average 〈S–O〉 distances vary linearly with V because of the effective size of the M2+cation. Based on the trend for the isostructural sulphates, the average 〈Sn–O〉 [12] distance is slightly longer than expected because of the lone pair of electrons on the Sn2+cation.
Application of molecular epidemiology to understanding campylobacteriosis in the Canterbury region of New Zealand
Authors: GILPIN B. J. , WALSHE G. , ON S. L. , SMITH D. , MARSHALL J. C. , FRENCH N. P.
Published: August 2012

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes of Campylobacter isolates from 603 human patients were compared with 485 isolates from retail offal (primarily chicken and lamb) to identify temporal clusters and possible sources of campylobacteriosis. Detailed epidemiological information was collected from 364 of the patients, and when combined with genotyping data allowed a putative transmission pathway of campylobacteriosis to be assigned for 88% of patients. The sources of infection were 47% food, 28% direct animal contact, 7% overseas travel, 4% person-to-person transmission and 3% water-related. A significant summer increase in campylobacteriosis cases was primarily attributed to an increase in food-related cases. Genotyping of isolates was essential for identifying the likely cause of infection for individuals. However, a more rapid and cheaper typing tool for Campylobacter is needed, which if applied to human and animal isolates on a routine basis could advance greatly our understanding of the ongoing problem of Campylobacter infection in New Zealand.
Ageing in an ultra-dense metropolis: perceived neighbourhood characteristics and utilitarian walking in Hong Kong elders
Authors: Cerin Ester , Sit Cindy HP , Barnett Anthony , Johnston Janice M , Cheung Man-Chin , Chan Wai-Man
Published: August 2012

Objective

The neighbourhood built environment may affect walking behaviour of elders. However, such effects remain underexplored, especially in an Asian context. We examined associations of perceived environmental attributes with overall and neighbourhood-specific walking for transport in a sample of Chinese elders residing in Hong Kong, an ultra-dense Chinese metropolis.

Design

Cross-sectional observational study using a two-stage stratified sampling strategy.

Setting

Hong Kong, China.

Subjects

Chinese-speaking elders (n 484), with no cognitive impairment and able to walk without assistance, residing in thirty-two selected communities stratified by socio-economic status and walkability, were interviewer-administered validated measures of perceived neighbourhood environment and walking for transport.

Results

Much higher levels of transport-related walking (mean 569 (sd 452) min/week) than found in Western samples were reported. The degree of perceived access to shops, crowdedness, presence of sitting facilities and easy access of residential entrance were independently positively related to both frequency of overall and within-neighbourhood walking for transportation. Infrastructure for walking and access to public transport were predictive of higher frequency of transport-related walking irrespective of location, while the perceived degree of land-use mix was predictive of higher levels of within-neighbourhood walking.

Conclusions

The provision of easy access to shops, residential entrances and sitting facilities in the neighbourhood may promote overall transport-related walking, while a good public transport network and pedestrian infrastructure linking destination-poor with destination-rich locations may compensate for the detrimental effects of living in less walkable neighbourhoods. Governmental investment in these micro- and macro-environmental features would help the promotion of an active lifestyle in elders.
SED fitting with MCMC: methodology and application to large galaxy surveys
Authors: Acquaviva Viviana , Gawiser Eric , Guaita Lucia
Published: August 2012

We present GalMC (Acquaviva et al. 2011), our publicly available Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm for SED fitting, show the results obtained for a stacked sample of Lyman Alpha Emitting galaxies at z ~ 3, and discuss the dependence of the inferred SED parameters on the assumptions made in modeling the stellar populations. We also introduce SpeedyMC, a version of GalMC based on interpolation of pre-computed template libraries. While the flexibility and number of SED fitting parameters is reduced with respect to GalMC, the average running time decreases by a factor of 20,000, enabling SED fitting of each galaxy in about one second on a 2.2GHz MacBook Pro laptop, and making SpeedyMC the ideal instrument to analyze data from large photometric galaxy surveys.
AKARI observations of the multiphase intergalactic medium of Stephan's Quintet
Authors: Suzuki Toyoaki , Kaneda Hidehiro , Onaka Takashi , Kitayama Tetsu
Published: August 2012

Stephan's Quintet (SQ, HCG92) is a well studied compact group of galaxies with a disturbed intergalactic medium (IGM). An “intruder” galaxy NGC 7318b is currently colliding with the IGM at a relative velocity of 1000 km s−1, causing a large-scale shock front. We observed SQ with the Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) aboard AKARI in four far-infrared (far-IR) bands at 65, 90, 140, and 160μm. The 160μm image clearly shows an additional peak of emission overlying structure extending in the North-South direction along the shock ridge seen in the 140μm band, and in H2 and X-ray emission. Whereas most of the far-IR emission in the shocked region is from cold dust (20 K), the [CII]158μm emission - whose luminosity is comparable to that of the warm H2 gas - can significantly contribute to the single peak emission in the 160μm band. We conclude that the [CII] line emission comes from the warm H2 gas in the shock. Our result represents the first detection of shock-excited [CII] line emission.