bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bernard Stiegler, pensador do humano e da tecnologia
Authors: Pinto Neto Moysés
Published: May 2016

resumo: Este artigo é uma introdução geral ao pensamento de Bernard Stiegler em torno da relação entre técnica e humano. Stiegler desconstroi a tradição filosófica que costumava separar technê e episteme com um enfoque histórico e materialista, a fim de provar como é impossível pensar a humanidade sem a técnica. Portanto, a relação não é de oposição, como a tradicional metafísica do espírito defende, mas composição, do modo como defendem Gilbert Simondon, Jacques Derrida, Andre Leroi-Gourhan e Gilles Deleuze.abstract: This paper is a general introduction to Bernard Stiegler's thinking about the relation between technique and human. Stiegler deconstructs the philosophical tradition that used to separate teckhnê and episteme with a historical and materialist approach in order to prove how it is impossible to think humanity without technique. Therefore, the relation is not one of opposition, like the traditional metaphysics of spirit defends, but one of composition, as thinkers like Gilbert Simondon, Jacques Derrida, Andre Leroi-Gourhan and Gilles Deleuze defend.
A técnica como modo de existência em Gilbert Simondon: Tecnicidade, alienação e cultura
Authors: Viana de Oliveira Diego
Published: May 2016

resumo: Redescoberta a partir da década de 1990, a obra de Gilbert Simondon coloca a técnica em uma posição central na reflexão filosófica. Mais do que uma faculdade do humano, a técnica aparece em Simondon como uma afecção determinante para todo regime do coletivo e do psíquico, fundadora de configuração do modo de estar no mundo. Este artigo visa retraçar o caminho pelo qual Simondon encontra a técnica como um problema filosófico antigo e escamoteado, cuja recuperação se torna urgente com a contemporânea imbricação entre a tecnologia e o devir do fenômeno humano.abstract: The work of Gilbert Simondon, recovered in the 1990s, places technicity in a central position for philosophical thought. More than a human faculty, technicity appears in Simondon as a determinant affection for the entire regime of collective and psychic existence. It finds thus a plethora of configurations of the modalities of being in the world. This essay seeks to retrace the ways in which Simondon discovers technicity as an ancient philosophical problem that has been veiled, the recovery of which becomes ever more urgent given the contemporary interpenetration between technology and the becoming of the human phenomenon.
Simondon, la technique, la politique et la vie
Authors: Guchet Xavier
Published: May 2016

resumo: Enquanto as duas teses defendidas por Simondon em 1958 relevam o problema da individuação humana na sua dimensão psicossocial e técnica, a publicação nos últimos anos do conjunto do corpus simondoniano sugere que outro tema constitui o fio condutor do pensamento de Simondon por três décadas, dos anos 50 ao início dos anos 80: aquele da vida. Ora, enquanto o problema da individuação humana poderia ser interpretado na ótica de uma reflexão política, notadamente através do conceito de “transindividualidade” desenvolvido nas teses e efetivamente considerado pelos comentadores como o conceito chave da política simondoniana, a questão de se saber o que se torna essa política simondoniana coloca-se, precisamente, no momento em que o deslocamento do acento em direção a uma filosofia da vida é operado. Na medida em que o conceito de transindividualidade desaparece dos escritos posteriores às teses, a questão coloca-se ainda mais. Como compreender esta centralidade do tema da vida, enquanto que aquele do homem e de seus modos de ser no mundo parecia privilegiado nas teses? Em qual medida este deslocamento de acento conduz Simondon a abandonar a reflexão política proposta nas teses em prol de uma antropologia biológica que, cabe perguntar-se, flertaria com o programa da sociobiologia dos anos 70? Este artigo propõe elementos em resposta a essas duas questões.abstract: Whereas the two theses defended by Simondon in 1958 highlight the problem of human individuation in its psychosocial and technical dimension, the publication in the last years of the set of the Simondonian corpus suggests that another theme constitutes the leading thread of Simondon’s thought for three decades, from the 1950s to the early 1980s: that of life. Now, whereas the problem of human individuation could be interpreted in the view of a political reflection, mostly through the concept of “transindividuality” developed in the theses and effectively considered by the commentators as the key concept of Simondonian politics, the question of knowing what makes this Simondonian politics is put forth precisely at the moment in which is operated the displacement of the accent towards a philosophy of life. As the concept of transindividuality disappears from the manuscripts posterior to the theses, the question is even more pressing. How can one comprehend this centrality of the theme of life, whereas that of man and its modes of being in the world would seem to be privileged in the theses? To which extent does this displacement of accent lead Simondon to abandon the political reflection proposed in the theses towards a biological anthropology that, one may ask, would flirt with the sociobiology program of the 1970s? This paper provides some elements to answer these two questions.
Intencionalidade e técnica(s)
Authors: A. Baldissera Márcia
Published: May 2016

Resumo: A técnica é a ação de um agente Intencional, com uma determinada finalidade, sobre específicas propriedades físicas, ação que constitui um objeto técnico. O reconhecimento desta Intencionalidade da ação dos autores da técnica é necessário para o processo de compreensão desses objetos pelos receptores, principalmente para a compreensão dos objetos técnicos caracterizados também como suportes semióticos. A minha hipótese é que essa Intencionalidade pode vir “mascarada” pela própria ação técnica constituinte da forma do objeto, e também pelo discurso institucional, dificultando a compreensão desses objetos pelo público. Trata-se também de esclarecer quais as propriedades que são realmente ontológicas nos objetos técnicos.Abstract: A technique is an action of an Intentional agent, with a determined purpose, upon specific physical properties. This action constitutes a technical object. Identifying the Intentionality of authors' actions is necessary for the comprehension of these objects by receivers, particularly for the comprehension of technical objects which are also characterized as semiotic supports. My hypothesis is that this Intentionality can be “disguised” by the technical action itself, particularly in questions of form, and also by institutional discourse, which problematizes the comprehension of these same objects by the public. It will be a matter as well of clarifying the ontological properties of technical objects.
La transformation pragmatique de la philosophie ou les leurres technologiques de la parole
Authors: Poulain Jacques
Published: May 2016

Resumo: A transformação pragmática da filosofia é comumente apresentada como uma adaptação necessária à experimentação total do mundo e do homem. É mostrado aqui que ela está baseada numa ilusão: a exclusão do juízo de verdade no diálogo e uma armadilha técnica que culmina nas teorias de atos de palavras, sejam eles monológicos ou dialógicos. A antropologia da linguagem restaura o exercício do juízo de verdade ao descrever os modos de sua presença em toda comunicação.Abstract: The pragmatic transformation of philosophy is usually presented as a necessary adaptation to total experimentation of the world and of man. It is shown here that such a transformation is based on an illusion: the exclusion of truth judgment in dialogue and a technical lure that culminates in theories of speech acts, whether monological or dialogical. The anthropology of language restores the exercise of truth judgment by describing the modes of its presence in all communication.
A Quarta parede do marxismo francês: Maio de 68 e a invenção dos dispositivos intelectuais de engajamento
Authors: Ota Nilton Ken
Published: May 2016

A crise da representação política que marcou as mobilizações contestatórias na França dos anos 1960 e 1970 foi acompanhada pela invenção de modalidades de ação militante, em especial aquelas integradas à produção cultural da primeira geração de intelectuais do pós-segunda guerra. A intensificação da crise afetou decisivamente o campo institucional do marxismo, conferindo um espaço privilegiado aos dispositivos intelectuais de engajamento soixante-huitards. Este artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa realizada junto aos arquivos de três desses dispositivos: o Groupe d'Information sur les Prisons (GIP), o Centre d'Études, de Recherches et de Formation Institutionnelles (CERFI) e a École Freudienne de Paris (EFP). Sob o crepúsculo do Partido Comunista Francês, trata-se da emergência de uma racionalidade crítica ao paradigma representacional, que passará a ocupar, de agora em diante, o imaginário político do marxismo antes hegemônico.
Marx em três tempos de Florestan
Authors: Rodrigues Lidiane S.
Published: May 2016

A apresentação das leituras que o sociólogo Florestan Fernandes realizou de Karl Marx poderia ser realizada de numerosas maneiras. Entrementes, por variadas que elas sejam, implicam a adoção de uma perspectiva analítica concernente aos intelectuais, à história intelectual do marxismo e das ciências sociais, particularmente no Brasil e em São Paulo.
Marx e a Antropologia: notas sobre uma relação subliminar
Authors: Leirner Piero C.
Published: May 2016

Este artigo trata de certas relações entre Marx e a antropologia, especialmente a vertente que ficou como conhecida como estruturalista e alguns de seus desdobramentos. Para tal, em primeiro plano analisa-se a relação entre Marx e Engels com Lewis Morgan, etnólogo norte-americano que serviu como base para várias notas dos dois sobre as então chamadas “sociedades antigas” ou “primitivas”. Isto servirá como base para um primeiro esboço sobre o que podemos chamar de antropologia de Marx. Se de um lado esta linha em Marx foi obliterada por grande parte da antropologia que se iniciava no século XX, de outro lado veremos como o parentesco, desenvolvido a partir de Morgan, se constitui em um campo central para realizar uma passagem para apropriações posteriores, como o estruturalismo de Lévi-Strauss e todo um campo que se desenvolveu a partir dele em etnografias na Melanésia e Polinésia, como por exemplo na antropologia de Marshall Sahlins
Sartre e o marxismo - Humanismo Radical e Materialismo Dialético
Authors: Donizeti Luciano
Published: May 2016

Na segunda metade do século passado o mundo foi marcado pela disputa entre o Capitalismo e o Socialismo. Nesse panorama tem-se na França intenso debate político, em geral favorável ao segundo, mas cada um arrogando para si o direito de falar a verdade sobre Marx, ou sobre os caminhos para se chegar ao Comunismo. A controvérsia política, porém, será indicada somente se necessário; o objetivo desse artigo é analisar a posição humanista de Sartre como precursora de sua Critique de la raison dialectique (1960): em Matérialisme et révolution (1946) o filósofo, contra o materialismo dialético, reafirma sua posição humanista tendo por base suas teses ontológicas, expressas em L’être et le néant (1943). Assim, o artigo versará sobre uma questão: a dialética é exclusiva da práxis humana ou ela seria extensiva à natureza?
O Galo e a Coruja - a propósito de Para a Critica da Filosofia do Direito de Hegel (Introdução ) (1844), de Marx, e de algumas dificuldades originárias do projeto marxiano
Authors: Fausto Ruy
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo – que se ocupa de um dos textos que Marx publicou em 1844, nos Anais Franco-alemães – é, em primeiro lugar (mas não só) uma análise de forma, que tem como objeto tanto a ordem de razões como a estrutura do texto de Marx – duas coisas que aqui se distinguem – como também certa contradição interna, que nele se manifesta, entre o projeto e a sua realização. O artigo dos Anais... está centrado nos problemas da revolução (da revolução na Alemanha, particularmente) e da filosofia (em particular, no da realização da filosofia, a qual seria ao mesmo tempo a sua  “negação“). Esses temas, no centro dos quais está a noção de “critica“, são, no presente texto, objeto de um desenvolvimento tanto regressivo como progressivo, desenvolvimento que vai ao encontro, respectivamente, do pensamento de Feuerbach, no século XIX (com suas referências ao século XVIII), e dos frankfurtianos, no século XX. O que conduz, finalmente, a um balanço e a uma avaliação tanto do artigo dos Anais...  como do projeto marxiano em geral, iluminada pela experiência de mais de um século e meio de história.
Editorial
Authors: Stival Monica Loyola
Published: May 2016

Editorial Marx e marxismo
Modernização ocidental e teoria política marxista: uma alternativa ao li-beralismo
Authors: Danner Leno Francisco
Published: May 2016

Partindo de uma crítica à noção de modernização como auto-diferenciação, autorreferencialidade e autossubsistência institucional sistêmica, assumida pelo liberalismo conservador e pela nova esquerda, argumento que tal modelo de teoria sistêmica referente à modernização leva tanto à autonomia e ao fechamento institucional sistêmico em relação a uma práxis política direta e a uma noção vinculante de normatividade social, quanto ao institucionalismo forte em economia política e em teoria política. A modernização, desde uma perspectiva institucional sistêmica, significa que cada sistema social tem uma lógica e uma dinâmica muito própria e particular, que é não-política e não-normativa, apenas técnica. Assim, instituições sistêmicas tornam-se despolitizadas, deslegitimando um modelo de práxis política democrática radical, que possa enquadrar os sistemas sociais a partir de uma participação democrática inclusiva, baseada em uma concepção vinculante de normatividade social. Como consequência, instituições sistêmicas centralizam e monopolizam a constituição, a legitimação e a evolução de seu próprio campo de reprodução social, fechando-o e autonomizando-o em relação à práxis política democrática e à normatividade social. Argumento que tal entendimento conservador da modernização ocidental pode ser substituído pelo entendimento marxista dessa mesma modernização ocidental, que está baseado na compreensão da sociedade como uma totalidade imbricada em suas partes, isto é, a interseção entre infraestrutura e superestrutura como o ponto de partida epistemológico-político para uma teoria social crítica e para uma práxis política democrática. Tal ponto de partida teórico-político marxista possibilita uma teoria social crítica e uma práxis política de esquerda fundadas na politização dos sistemas sociais como sua profunda ligação e enraizamento no mundo social e como dinâmica político-normativa.
Algumas considerações sobre a obra Oboé solo 1 a 4 de Heitor Alimonda.
Authors: Mota Lúcius Batista , Ferrari Fúlvio
Published: May 2016

Neste artigo discute-se a única obra conhecida para oboé solo de Heitor Alimonda. Com o objetivo de se contextualizar o autor e sua obra, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas com dois intérpretes. Observa-se que a obra tem alto valor artístico e que merece maior divulgação. Através da análise da obra se entende que se trata de uma suíte em quatro breves movimentos. Algumas sugestões de interpretação também são propostas.
Employee Participation in Decision-making (PDM) and Firm Performance
Authors: Alsughayir Abdulrahman
Published: May 2016

The objective of this study is to examine the influence of employee participation in decision-making on firm performance in Saudi Arabia’s manufacturing sector. Data were collected through pre-validated, piloted questionnaires, which were e-mailed to 341 manufacturing firms. The questionnaires asked about employee involvement in decision-making and performance variables. The response rate was 63.4 percent. Dimensions of PDM were rendered into 20 statements in the form of a five-point Likert scale. The scale, ranging from no involvement to substantial involvement, measured the degree of PDM. Additionally we used a five-point Likert scale to determine the extent of the firms’ performance in terms of the 10 criteria. The scores of the 10 items were summed and averaged to establish the mean index of the firms’ performance. An index of less than 4.0 was regarded as low firm performance; an index of 4.0 and above was considered to represent high firm performance. Statistical tools were used in analysis. Through product–moment correlation, we examined whether a relationship existed between employee participation in decision-making and firm performance. Regression analysis provided the extent of variation in the dependent variable and Z-test (approximated by the independent samples t-test). Findings showed a significant positive relationship exists between PDM and firm performance, suggesting that PDM is an essential component influencing firm performance. The higher the level of employee participation in decision-making, the higher the level of firm performance.Future studies involving the service industry would shed light on PDM in industries besides manufacturing.
Workplace Stress in Comprehensive Health Centers and Its Impact on Career Commitment
Authors: Saif Naser Ibrahim
Published: May 2016

Considering that workers in healthcare institutions are most at risk of workplace stress (WPS), and that career commitment (CC) is a fundamental requirement for organizational success, this descriptive and quantitative survey study attempts to provide up-to-date details on the extent of WPS and CC and the impact of WPS on CC in Comprehensive Health Centers (CHCs) in Jordan during 2015 and 2016. Four hundred workers were randomly selected from twelve CHCs; the response rate was 73%. The study used the software SPSS version (15.0) for Windows to examine the data. The study produced a number of findings, with the results of mean and standard deviations revealing that the presence of WPS is high and CC is low among CHCs workers. Multiple regression tests showed that high levels of WPS have a negative impact on CC. The study results therefore suggest that appropriate interventions to control WPS may be useful to improve CC in CHCs in Jordan.
Creating Spaces for Children's Mathematical Reasoning
Authors: Graves Barbara
Published: May 2016

Learn to listen to your students' interactions to inform your instructional decision making.
3 Ways That Promote Student Reasoning
Authors: Rathouz Margaret
Published: May 2016

Encourage children and their future teachers to question whether different solution methods are mathematically valid and to justify their reasoning.
Number Talks Build Numerical Reasoning
Authors: Parrish Sherry D.
Published: May 2016

Strengthen accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility with these mental math and computation strategies.
Dynamic NF-κB and E2F interactions control the priority and timing of inflammatory signalling and cell proliferation
Authors: Ankers John M , Awais Raheela , Jones Nicholas A , Boyd James , Ryan Sheila , Adamson Antony D , Harper Claire V , Bridge Lloyd , Spiller David G , Jackson Dean A , Paszek Pawel , Sée Violaine , White Michael RH
Published: May 2016

Dynamic cellular systems reprogram gene expression to ensure appropriate cellular fate responses to specific extracellular cues. Here we demonstrate that the dynamics of Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling and the cell cycle are prioritised differently depending on the timing of an inflammatory signal. Using iterative experimental and computational analyses, we show physical and functional interactions between NF-κB and the E2 Factor 1 (E2F-1) and E2 Factor 4 (E2F-4) cell cycle regulators. These interactions modulate the NF-κB response. In S-phase, the NF-κB response was delayed or repressed, while cell cycle progression was unimpeded. By contrast, activation of NF-κB at the G1/S boundary resulted in a longer cell cycle and more synchronous initial NF-κB responses between cells. These data identify new mechanisms by which the cellular response to stress is differentially controlled at different stages of the cell cycle.
Viruses are a dominant driver of protein adaptation in mammals
Authors: Enard David , Cai Le , Gwennap Carina , Petrov Dmitri A
Published: May 2016

Viruses interact with hundreds to thousands of proteins in mammals, yet adaptation against viruses has only been studied in a few proteins specialized in antiviral defense. Whether adaptation to viruses typically involves only specialized antiviral proteins or affects a broad array of virus-interacting proteins is unknown. Here, we analyze adaptation in ~1300 virus-interacting proteins manually curated from a set of 9900 proteins conserved in all sequenced mammalian genomes. We show that viruses (i) use the more evolutionarily constrained proteins within the cellular functions they interact with and that (ii) despite this high constraint, virus-interacting proteins account for a high proportion of all protein adaptation in humans and other mammals. Adaptation is elevated in virus-interacting proteins across all functional categories, including both immune and non-immune functions. We conservatively estimate that viruses have driven close to 30% of all adaptive amino acid changes in the part of the human proteome conserved within mammals. Our results suggest that viruses are one of the most dominant drivers of evolutionary change across mammalian and human proteomes.
Hedgehog signaling is a potent regulator of liver lipid metabolism and reveals a GLI-code associated with steatosis
Authors: Matz-Soja Madlen , Rennert Christiane , Schönefeld Kristin , Aleithe Susanne , Boettger Jan , Schmidt-Heck Wolfgang , Weiss Thomas S , Hovhannisyan Amalya , Zellmer Sebastian , Klöting Nora , Schulz Angela , Kratzsch Jürgen , Guthke Reinhardt , Gebhardt Rolf
Published: May 2016

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in industrialized countries and is increasing in prevalence. The pathomechanisms, however, are poorly understood. This study assessed the unexpected role of the Hedgehog pathway in adult liver lipid metabolism. Using transgenic mice with conditional hepatocyte-specific deletion of Smoothened in adult mice, we showed that hepatocellular inhibition of Hedgehog signaling leads to steatosis by altering the abundance of the transcription factors GLI1 and GLI3. This steatotic 'Gli-code' caused the modulation of a complex network of lipogenic transcription factors and enzymes, including SREBP1 and PNPLA3, as demonstrated by microarray analysis and siRNA experiments and could be confirmed in other steatotic mouse models as well as in steatotic human livers. Conversely, activation of the Hedgehog pathway reversed the "Gli-code" and mitigated hepatic steatosis. Collectively, our results reveal that dysfunctions in the Hedgehog pathway play an important role in hepatic steatosis and beyond.
Forget me not
Authors: Morris Richard GM
Published: May 2016

An enzyme called PKM zeta may have a role in long-term memory after all.
Uniaxial crystal growth in thin film by utilizing supercooled state of mesogenic phthalocyanine
Authors: Ramananarivo Mihary Fiderana , Higashi Takuya , Ohmori Masashi , Sudoh Koichi , Fujii Akihiko , Ozaki Masanori
Published: May 2016

A method of uniaxial crystal growth in wet-processed thin films of the mesogenic phthalocyanine 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octahexylphthalocyanine (C6PcH2) is proposed. It consists of applying geometrically linear thermal stimulation to a supercooled state of liquid crystalline C6PcH2. The thin film showed highly ordered molecular stacking structure and uniaxial alignment over a macroscopic scale. An explanation of the crystal growth mechanism is suggested by taking into account the temperature range of crystal growth and the hysteresis property of C6PcH2 in the phase transition.
Control of magnetic anisotropy in Pt/Co system using ionic liquid gating
Authors: Hirai Takamasa , Koyama Tomohiro , Obinata Aya , Hibino Yuki , Miwa Kazumoto , Ono Shimpei , Kohda Makoto , Chiba Daichi
Published: May 2016

The magnetic anisotropy of the Pt/Co system under ionic liquid gating was studied. A comparison of results obtained using samples under the gating and those subjected to mild oxidization by oxygen plasma ashing suggested that the anodic oxidization of the Co layer could be one of the causes of the large modulation observed in the magnetic anisotropy. However, the charge accumulation effect was probably dominant when the Co layer was on the cathode side. The experiments presented here are expected to aid in elucidating the mechanism by which electric fields affect magnetism.
Effects of annealing on the electrical characteristics of GaAs/GaAs junctions by surface-activated bonding
Authors: Chai Li , Liang Jianbo , Shigekawa Naoteru
Published: May 2016

The electrical properties of GaAs/GaAs junctions fabricated by surface-activated bonding (SAB) and annealing were examined on the basis of the charge neutral level model. The potential barrier height, the density of interface states, and the charge neutral level at GaAs/GaAs interfaces were estimated from the measured dependences of the electrical conductance of n-GaAs/n-GaAs and p-GaAs/p-GaAs junctions on ambient temperature. The barrier height and the density of interface states were lowered by increasing the annealing temperature to 400 °C, which suggested that the damage introduced during the SAB process was partly reduced.
Development of a microprocessing-assisted cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment method for human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Terazono Hideyuki , Kim Hyonchol , Nomura Fumimasa , Yasuda Kenji
Published: May 2016

We developed a microprocessing-assisted technique to select single-strand DNA aptamers that bind to unknown targets on the cell surface by modifying the conventional systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (cell-SELEX). Our technique involves 1) the specific selection of target-cell-surface-bound aptamers without leakage of intracellular components by trypsinization and 2) cloning of aptamers by microprocessing-assisted picking of single cells using magnetic beads. After cell-SELEX, the enriched aptamers were conjugated with magnetic beads. The aptamer-magnetic beads conjugates attached to target cells were collected individually by microassisted procedures using microneedles under a microscope. After that, the sequences of the collected magnetic-bead-bound aptamers were identified. As a result, a specific aptamer for the surface of target cells, e.g., human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), was chosen and its specificity was examined using other cell types, e.g., HeLa cells. The results indicate that this microprocessing-assisted cell-SELEX method for identifying aptamers is applicable in biological research and clinical diagnostics.
Phylogenetics and population genetics ofPlotosus canius(Siluriformes: Plotosidae) from Malaysian coastal waters
Authors: Khalili Samani Nima , Esa Yuzine , Amin S.M. Nurul , Fatin Mohd Ikhsan Natrah
Published: May 2016

Plotosus canius(Hamilton, 1822) is a significant marine species in Malaysia from nutritional and commercial perspectives. Despite numerous fundamental research on biological characteristics ofP. canius, there are various concerns on the level of population differentiation, genomic structure, and the level of genetic variability among their populations due to deficiency of genetic-based studies. Deficiency on basic contexts such as stock identification, phylogenetic relationship and population genetic structure would negatively impact their sustainable conservation. Hence, this study was conducted to characterize the genetic structure ofP. caniusfor the first time through the application of mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene, cross amplification ofTandanus tandanusmicrosatellites, and a total of 117 collected specimens across five selected populations of Malaysia. The experimental results of the mitochondrial analysis revealed that the haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity varied from 0.395–0.771 and 0.033–0.65 respectively. Moreover, the statistical analysis of microsatellites addressed a considerable heterozygote insufficiency in all populations, with average observed heterozygosity (Ho) value of 0.2168, which was lower than the standard heterozygosity in marine populations (Ho= 0.79). This alongside the highFisvalues estimation, high pairwise differentiation among populations and low within population variations are supposed to be associated with small sample size, and inbreeding system. Besides, the significant finding of this study was the sharing of common haplotypeKR086940, which reflects a historical genetic connectivity between Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo populations due to the geological history of Southeast Asia during Pleistocene era. Demographic analyses showed that all populations were in an equilibrium state with no significant evidence of population expansion. To put it briefly, the current study has managed to provide an initial genomic database toward understanding of the genetic characterization, phylogenetic, molecular diversification and population structure inP. canius, and should be necessary highlighted for appropriate management and conservation of species. Further studies must be carried out involving more geographical and sampling sites, larger population size per site, and utilization of species specific microsatellites loci.
Transcriptomic analysis reveals distinct resistant response by physcion and chrysophanol against cucumber powdery mildew
Authors: Li Yanping , Tian Shilin , Yang Xiaojun , Wang Xin , Guo Yuhai , Ni Hanwen
Published: May 2016

Physcion and chrysophanol induce defense responses against powdery mildew in cucumbers. The combination of these two compounds has synergistic interaction against the disease. We performed RNA-seq on cucumber leaf samples treated with physcion and chrysophanol alone and with their combination. We generated 17.6 Gb of high-quality sequencing data (∼2 Gb per sample) and catalogued the expressions profiles of 12,293 annotated cucumber genes in each sample. We identified numerous differentially expressed genes that exhibited distinct expression patterns among the three treatments. The gene expression patterns of the Chr and Phy treatments were more similar to each other than to the Phy × Chr treatment. The Phy × Chr treatment induced the highest number of differentially expressed genes. This dramatic transcriptional change after Phy × Chr treatment leaves reflects that physcion combined with chrysophanol treatment was most closely associated with induction of disease resistance. The analysis showed that the combination treatment caused expression changes of numerous defense-related genes. These genes have known or potential roles in structural, chemical and signaling defense responses and were enriched in functional gene categories potentially responsible for cucumber resistance. These results clearly demonstrated that disease resistance in cucumber leaves was significantly influenced by the combined physcion and chrysophanol treatment. Thus, physcion and chrysophanol are appealing candidates for further investigation of the gene expression and associated regulatory mechanisms related to the defense response.
The ontogenetic transformation of the mesosaurid tarsus: a contribution to the origin of the primitive amniotic astragalus
Authors: Piñeiro Graciela , Núñez Demarco Pablo , Meneghel Melitta D.
Published: May 2016

The hypotheses about the origin of the primitive amniotic tarsus are very speculative. Early studies argued that the origin of the astragalus, one of the largest proximal bones in the tarsus of basal amniotes, was produced by either the fusion of two, three, or even four of the original tarsal bones, the intermedium, the tibiale and the proximal centralia (c4 and c3), or that the intermedium alone transforms into the primitive astragalus. More recent studies have shown that the structure of the tarsus inCaptorhinussupports the former hypothesis about a fusion of the intermedium, the tibiale, the proximal centrale (c4) and eventually c3, producing a purportedly multipartite structure of the amniotic astragalus, but the issue remained contentious. Very well preserved tarsi of the Early Permian aquatic amnioteMesosaurus tenuidensGervais, 1864–1865, which represent the most complete ontogenetic succession known for a basal amniote (the other exceptional one is provided by the Late Permian diapsidHovasaurus bouleiPiveteau, 1926), suggest that there is more than one ossification center for the astragalus and that these fuse during late embryonic stages or maybe early after birth. A non-hatchedMesosaurusin an advanced stage of development shows that the tarsus is represented by a single bone, most probably the astragalus, which seems to be formed by the suturing of three bones, here interpreted as being the intermedium, the tibiale, probably already integrated to the c4 in an earlier stage of the development, and the c3. An amniote-like tarsal structure is observed in very basal Carboniferous and Permian tetrapods such asProterogyrinus, Gephyrostegus, the diadectidsDiadectesandOrobates, some microsaurs likeTuditanusandPantylusand possiblyWestlothiana, taxa that were all considered as true amniotes in their original descriptions. Therefore, the structure of the amniotic tarsus, including the configuration of the proximal series formed by the astragalus and the calcaneum, typically a pair of enlarged bones, could have been established well before the first recognized amniote walked on Earth. Accordingly, the tarsus of these taxa does not constitute specialized convergences that appeared in unrelated groups, they might be instead, part of a transformation series that involves taxa closely related to the early amniotes as some hypotheses have suggested.
Mortality in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis treated with streptomycin and a two-week intensified regimen: data from an HIV cohort study using inverse probability of treatment weighting
Authors: Alvarez-Uria Gerardo , Midde Manoranjan , Naik Praveen K.
Published: May 2016

Background.Despite the dramatic scale-up of antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries, tuberculosis (TB) is still the main cause of death among HIV-infected patients in resource-limited settings. Previous studies in patients with TB meningitis suggest that the use of higher doses of common anti-TB drugs could reduce mortality.

Methods.Using clinical data from an HIV cohort study in India, we compared the mortality among HIV-infected patients diagnosed with TB according to the regimen received during the first two weeks of treatment: standard anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) (N= 847), intensified ATT (N= 322), and intensified ATT with streptomycin (N= 446). The intensified ATT comprised double dose of rifampicin and substitution of ethambutol with levofloxacin. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazard models and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) based on propensity scores. Patients with TB meningitis were excluded.

Results.The use of intensified ATT alone did not improve survival. However, when streptomycin was added, the use intensified ATT was associated with reduced mortality in Cox models (adjusted hazard ratio 0.72, 95% CI [0.57–0.91]) and after IPTW (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% CI [0.67–0.96]). Other factors associated with improved survival were high serum albumin concentration, high CD4 lymphocyte cell-counts, and high glomerular filtration rates. Factors associated with increased mortality were high urea concentrations, being on antiretroviral therapy at the time of ATT initiation and high BUN/creatinine ratio. In an effect modification analysis, the survival benefits of the intensified ATT with streptomycin disappeared in patients with severe hypoalbuminemia.

Conclusion.The results of this study are in accordance with a previous study from our cohort involving patients with TB meningitis, and suggest that an intensified 2-week ATT with streptomycin could reduce mortality in HIV infected patients with TB. As this is an observational study, we should be cautious about our conclusions, but given the high mortality of HIV-related TB, our findings deserve further research.
Going Off, Growing Strong: Building Resilience of Indigenous Youth
Authors: Hackett C. , Furgal C. , Angnatok D. , Sheldon T. , Karpik S. , Baikie D. , Pamak C. , Bell T.
Published: May 2016

Going Off, Growing Strong is a program for Inuit youth facing widespread social, cultural, and economic change. The overarching goals of the program are to: (1) enhance resilience and wellness; (2) build social connections for the youth; and (3) transmit traditional knowledge, skills, and values to participating youth.
Forest harvest contribution to Boreal freshwater methyl mercury load
Authors: Kronberg Rose‐Marie , Drott Andreas , Jiskra Martin , Wiederhold Jan G. , Björn Erik , Skyllberg Ulf
Published: May 2016

Effects of Boreal forest harvest on mercury (Hg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) soil pools and export by stream runoff were quantified by comparing 10 reference watersheds (REFs) covered by >80 year old Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) forests with 10 similar watersheds subjected to clear‐cutting (CCs). While total Hg soil storage did not change, MeHg pools increased six times (p = 0.004) in the organic topsoil 2 years after clear‐cutting. In undulating terrain, situated above the postglacial marine limit (ML) of the ancient Baltic Sea, the mass ratio between flux‐weighted MeHg and dissolved organic carbon (MeHg/DOC) in stream runoff increased 1.8 times (p < 0.004) as a consequence of forest harvest. When recalculated to 100% clear‐cutting of the watershed, the annual MeHg stream export increased 3.8 times (p = 0.047). Below the ML, where the terrain was flatter, neither the MeHg/DOC ratio nor the annual export of MeHg differed between REFs and CCs, likely because of the larger contribution of MeHg exported from peaty soils and small wetlands. The most robust measure, MeHg/DOC, was used to calculate MeHg loadings to Boreal headwaters. If the forest harvest effect lasts 10 years, clear‐cutting increases MeHg runoff by 12–20% in Sweden and 2% in the Boreal zone as a whole. In Sweden, having intensely managed forests, 37% and 56% of MeHg are exported from peatlands and forest soils, respectively, and forest clear‐cutting is adding another 6.6%. In the Boreal zone as a whole peatlands and forests soils contribute with 53% and 46%, respectively, and clear‐cutting is estimated to add another 1.0%. An expected rapid increase in Boreal forest harvest and disturbance urge for inclusion of land use effects in mercury biogeochemical cycling models at different scales.
Low shear velocity in a normal fault system imaged by ambient noise cross correlation: The case of the Irpinia fault zone, Southern Italy
Authors: Vassallo Maurizio , Festa Gaetano , Bobbio Antonella , Serra Marcello
Published: May 2016

We extracted the Green's functions from cross correlation of ambient noise recorded at broadband stations located across the Apennine belt, Southern Italy. Continuous records at 26 seismic stations acquired for 3 years were analyzed. We found the emergence of surface waves in the whole range of the investigated distances (10–140 km) with energy confined in the frequency band 0.04–0.09 Hz. This phase reproduces Rayleigh waves generated by earthquakes in the same frequency range. Arrival time of Rayleigh waves was picked at all the couples of stations to obtain the average group velocity along the path connecting the two stations. The picks were inverted in separated frequency bands to get group velocity maps then used to obtain an S wave velocity model. Penetration depth of the model ranges between 12 and 25 km, depending on the velocity values and on the depth of the interfaces, here associated to strong velocity gradients. We found a low‐velocity anomaly in the region bounded by the two main faults that generated the 1980, M 6.9 Irpinia earthquake. A second anomaly was retrieved in the southeast part of the region and can be ascribed to a reminiscence of the Adria slab under the Apennine Chain.
Future Arctic temperature change resulting from a range of aerosol emissions scenarios
Authors: Wobus Cameron , Flanner Mark , Sarofim Marcus C. , Moura Maria Cecilia P. , Smith Steven J.
Published: May 2016

The Arctic temperature response to emissions of aerosols—specifically black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate—depends on both the sector and the region where these emissions originate. Thus, the net Arctic temperature response to global aerosol emissions reductions will depend strongly on the blend of emissions sources being targeted. We use recently published equilibrium Arctic temperature response factors for BC, OC, and sulfate to estimate the range of present‐day and future Arctic temperature changes from seven different aerosol emissions scenarios. Globally, Arctic temperature changes calculated from all of these emissions scenarios indicate that present‐day emissions from the domestic and transportation sectors generate the majority of present‐day Arctic warming from BC. However, in all of these scenarios, this warming is more than offset by cooling resulting from SO2 emissions from the energy sector. Thus, long‐term climate mitigation strategies that are focused on reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the energy sector could generate short‐term, aerosol‐induced Arctic warming. A properly phased approach that targets BC‐rich emissions from the transportation sector as well as the domestic sectors in key regions—while simultaneously working toward longer‐term goals of CO2 mitigation—could potentially avoid some amount of short‐term Arctic warming.
Background seismicity in Boso Peninsula, Japan: Long‐term acceleration, and relationship with slow slip events
Authors: Reverso T. , Marsan D. , Helmstetter A. , Enescu B.
Published: May 2016

Slow slip events (SSEs) in subduction zones can trigger earthquake swarms, especially at shallow depth. The monitoring of seismicity rates has therefore the potential to help detect and characterize SSEs, and transient changes in coupling. However, the relationship between seismicity rate and slow slip rate during a SSE is unknown and made complicated by aftershock triggering within the swarm. Here we propose to complement geodetic methods with an objective measure of the seismicity rate that is directly associated with changes in slip rate. We show that this measure, applied to known occurrences of SSEs in the Boso area, Japan, yields an estimate, albeit indirect, of their seismic moment, hence their slip rate. We finally prove that the background rate in Boso has been accelerating since 1990; this explains previous observations of the shortening of the recurrence time between SSEs in Boso, that clearly predate the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake.
Response of lightning NOx emissions and ozone production to climate change: Insights from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project
Authors: Finney D. L. , Doherty R. M. , Wild O. , Young P. J. , Butler A.
Published: May 2016

Results from an ensemble of models are used to investigate the response of lightning nitrogen oxide emissions to climate change and the consequent impacts on ozone production. Most models generate lightning using a parameterization based on cloud top height. With this approach and a present‐day global emission of 5 TgN, we estimate a linear response with respect to changes in global surface temperature of +0.44 ± 0.05 TgN K−1. However, two models using alternative approaches give +0.14 and −0.55 TgN K−1 suggesting that the simulated response is highly dependent on lightning parameterization. Lightning NOx is found to have an ozone production efficiency of 6.5 ± 4.7 times that of surface NOx sources. This wide range of efficiencies across models is partly due to the assumed vertical distribution of the lightning source and partly to the treatment of nonmethane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) chemistry. Careful consideration of the vertical distribution of emissions is needed, given its large influence on ozone production.
Flux transfer event observation at Saturn's dayside magnetopause by the Cassini spacecraft
Authors: Jasinski Jamie M. , Slavin James A. , Arridge Christopher S. , Poh Gangkai , Jia Xianzhe , Sergis Nick , Coates Andrew J. , Jones Geraint H. , Waite J. Hunter
Published: May 2016

We present the first observation of a flux rope at Saturn's dayside magnetopause. This is an important result because it shows that the Saturnian magnetopause is conducive to multiple X‐line reconnection and flux rope generation. Minimum variance analysis shows that the magnetic signature is consistent with a flux rope. The magnetic observations were well fitted to a constant‐α force‐free flux rope model. The radius and magnetic flux content of the rope are estimated to be 4600–8300 km and 0.2–0.8 MWb, respectively. Cassini also observed five traveling compression regions (remote signatures of flux ropes), in the adjacent magnetosphere. The magnetic flux content is compared to other estimates of flux opening via reconnection at Saturn.
Designing variable ocean model resolution based on the observed ocean variability
Authors: Sein Dmitry V. , Danilov Sergey , Biastoch Arne , Durgadoo Jonathan V. , Sidorenko Dmitry , Harig Sven , Wang Qiang
Published: May 2016

If unstructured meshes are refined to locally represent eddy dynamics in ocean circulation models, a practical question arises on how to vary the resolution and where to deploy the refinement. We propose to use the observed sea surface height variability as the refinement criterion. We explore the utility of this method (i) in a suite of idealized experiments simulating a wind‐driven double gyre flow in a stratified circular basin and (ii) in simulations of global ocean circulation performed with FESOM. Two practical approaches of mesh refinement are compared. In the first approach the uniform refinement is confined within the areas where the observed variability exceeds a given threshold. In the second one the refinement varies linearly following the observed variability. The resolution is fixed in time. For the double gyre case it is shown that the variability obtained in a high‐resolution reference run can be well captured on variable‐resolution meshes if they are refined where the variability is high and additionally upstream the jet separation point. The second approach of mesh refinement proves to be more beneficial in terms of improvement downstream the midlatitude jet. Similarly, in global ocean simulations the mesh refinement based on the observed variability helps the model to simulate high variability at correct locations. The refinement also leads to a reduced bias in the upper‐ocean temperature.
Sequential Order Statistics
Authors: Cramer Erhard
Published: May 2016

Sequential order statistics have been introduced to model effects of component failures on the reliability of ‐out‐of‐ systems. Aside from this interpretation, they are related to several other models of ordered random variables such as Pfeifer's record values, generalized order statistics, and progressively type‐II censored order statistics.