bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Education Intervention to Increase the Pursuit of Living Kidney Donation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Barnieh Lianne , McLaughlin Kevin , Manns Braden J. , Klarenbach Scott , Yilmaz Serdar , Taub Ken , Hemmelgarn Brenda R. ,   For the Alberta Kidney Disease Network
Published: July 2017

Context

Many transplant candidates have concerns about living donation.

Objective

To determine whether a structured educational session increased eligible kidney transplant candidates' pursuit of living donation.

Design and Intervention

Eligible transplant candidates were randomized to standard of care (n = 50) or to the educational intervention (n = 50), which included both written materials and a 2-hour education session. The primary outcome was having a living donor contact the transplant program to express interest in donation for a patient, and a secondary outcome was the candidates' preference for treatment of end-stage renal disease; both outcomes were determined at 3 months after enrollment.

Results

Of the 100 patients randomized, 4 in the intervention group and 2 in the standard of care group had a living donor contact the program ( P = .45). Within-group changes in treatment preference from baseline were seen in the education intervention group ( P = .02), but not in the standard of care group (P = .37).

Conclusions

This educational intervention did not increase the likelihood of a potential donor contacting the transplant program, compared with standard care. However, patients who received the educational intervention were more likely to change their treatment preference to living donation at study completion. Research investigating other methods of increasing living transplant rates is urgently required.
Sharing Organs with Foreign Nationals
Authors: Bruni Rebecca , Wright Linda
Published: July 2017

Organs for transplantation are an absolute scarcity throughout the world, and many countries do not offer transplantation. Developed countries with transplant programs receive requests to list foreign nationals for transplantation. Any national standard deserves justification by a thorough exploration of the issues. In this article, the issues regarding organ transplantation for foreign nationals in Canada are explored. Currently Canada has no policy on listing foreign nationals for transplantation. Three topics are reviewed: (1) arguments for and against the transplantation of organs from deceased donors to foreign nationals, (2) relevant legislation and position statements, and (3) relevant practices in other countries. Finally, practical policy options are suggested. This article's analysis of the issues will provide guidance for health care professionals and policy makers in Canada and developed countries exploring listing foreign nationals for transplantation.
Patients' Sex and Emotional Support as Predictors of Death and Clinical Deterioration in the Waiting for a New Heart Study: Results from the 1-Year Follow-up
Authors: Weidner Gerdi , Zahn Daniela , Mendell Nancy R. , Smits Jacqueline M. A. , Deng Mario C. , Zittermann Armin , Spaderna Heike ,   for the Waiting for a New Heart Study Group
Published: July 2017

Context

Little is known about the role of patient's sex and emotional support in the prognosis of heart transplant candidates.

Objective

To examine patient's sex and emotional support as predictors of outcomes in the Waiting for a New Heart Study.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The Waiting for a New Heart Study is a prospective observational study of 318 patients (18% female) newly added to the waiting list for a heart transplant. Demographic, medical, psychosocial characteristics (including social support [ENRICHD Social Support Index; high vs low support]) were assessed at the time of wait-listing.

Main Outcomes

Time until death/delisting due to deteriorated health, considering competing outcomes (eg, transplantation) during the first 12 months after wait-listing were analyzed via cause-specific Cox proportional hazard models. Results—By 12 months, 32 men (12%) and 10 women (17%) had died/deteriorated. Medical risk was comparable across sexes. More men than women reported low emotional support (20.4% vs 8.6%) and being a past or current smoker (80.4% vs 56.9%). More women than men had low vocational level (93.1% vs 69.6%; all P values < .05). With medical risk and other confounding variables controlled for, female sex significantly increased risk of death/deterioration (hazard ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–5.12; P = .04); low emotional support further tended to increase the risk for this outcome ( P = .07). As none of the 5 women with low emotional support had reached this end point, analyses were performed in the male sample and revealed that men with low emotional support were more than twice as likely to die/deteriorate than were men with high support (hazard ratio, 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–4.82; P = .04).

Conclusion

Women had worse survival while awaiting a heart transplant than men had, independent of confounding variables. Even though emotional support may be an important buffer for men, protective factors for women warrant further investigation with larger samples and/or longer follow-ups.
Collaborative Use of the Peer Assist Model in Large Transplant Programs in the United States
Authors: Peele Amy S. , Goldberg Stefanie , Trompeta Joyce A.
Published: July 2017

Context

The basic assumption of the peer assist model is that nearly every transplant center is already doing something that other centers could adopt in order to streamline or enhance their own operations.

Objective

To describe how the Transplant Growth and Management Collaborative used the peer assist model with 2 large transplant centers in the United States and to identify best practices and outcomes.

Setting

The University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center.

Participants

Transplant health care providers (surgeons, nurse transplant coordinators) and administrative staff (program directors, financial advisers, quality representatives).

Intervention

The peer assist model is a mechanism by which a transplant center receives feedback about a specific topic from another transplant center that encountered similar issues and developed effective action plans for overcoming barriers to success; it is a reciprocal model in which knowledge is shared.

Results

The peer assist model benefited the preparation for accelerated growth in 2 of the largest transplant centers in the United States. The collaboration during peer assist visits is an opportune time for transplant centers to learn from one another.
The Roles of Social Support and Psychological Distress in Lung Transplant Candidacy
Authors: Phillips Kristin M. , Burker Eileen J. , White Hayley C.
Published: July 2017

Context

Social support appears to be an important component in lung transplantation. However, the relationship between social support, psychological distress, and listing status has not been evaluated in lung transplant candidates.

Objective

To evaluate the relationships between depression, anxiety, and social support in patients with end-stage lung disease being evaluated for transplantation and determine (1) relationships between social support, depression, anxiety, and coping via seeking emotional and instrumental support; (2) whether social support explains a significant proportion of the variance in depression and anxiety; and (3) whether these factors were associated with whether a patient was listed for transplant.

Design

For this observational study, patients completed self-report questionnaires after their pretransplant evaluations. Listing status was subsequently obtained from medical records.

Patients

Participants were patients with end-stage lung disease evaluated for transplantation at a major hospital.

Measures

Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey, COPE Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Results

Social support was associated with depression, anxiety, and seeking support ( P values < .01). When other factors related to these variables were controlled for, social support explained a significant proportion of the variance in depression (9%), state anxiety (8%), and trait anxiety (7%; all P values < .001). Patients who were listed for transplant reported seeking more emotional and instrumental support than did patients who were not listed (all P values < .05). Whether a patient was listed for transplant was not associated with depression, state anxiety, trait anxiety, or availability of social support. Results highlight the important role that coping via seeking support plays in transplant candidacy.
Kidney Paired Donation 2011
Authors: Serur David , Charlton Marian
Published: July 2017

Patients with incompatible live donors have had to resort to the long wait on the deceased donor list. Now, through kidney paired donation, these incompatible pairs can enter a kidney exchange program where kidneys are “swapped” between incompatible pairs. This review highlights the evolution of kidney paired exchange and reviews the challenges and ethical considerations within a paired exchange system.
Advanced Assessment of Platelet Function during Adult Donor Care
Authors: Powner David J. , Allison Teresa A. , Zakaria Asma
Published: July 2017

Abnormal platelet function may complicate the assessment and treatment of continuing blood loss, hypotension, and coagulation disorders during adult donor care. Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, clopidogrel (Plavix), ticlopidine (Ticlid), prasugrel (Effient), abciximab (ReoPro), eptifibatide (Integrilin), and tirofiban (Aggrastat) are commonly prescribed for older patients. These medications may be part of home therapy or may be given during acute cardiac or cerebrovascular crises that may lead to brain death and organ donation. This discussion reviews normal platelet formation and function, drug actions, methods to evaluate medication effects, pharmacological characteristics, treatment recommendations for platelet transfusion, and risks attendant with those infusions.
Acute Care Nurse Practitioners in Transplantation: Adding Value to Your Program
Authors: Tedesco Janel
Published: July 2017

Nurse practitioners are nurses who are prepared at the graduate level. They exercise autonomy in clinical decision making, perform physical examinations and obtain health histories, diagnose and treat a variety of illnesses, provide education and counseling to patients, perform procedures, and ultimately provide cost-effective care. The role of the nurse practitioner evolved in the 1960s, when nurse practitioners filled a void in response to the nationwide shortage of physicians. Today, nurse practitioners specialize both by degree and by certification examination. There are several types of nurse practitioners, including acute care, adult, family practice, and pediatric. The incorporation of acute care nurse practitioners (ACNPs) in transplant programs is an emerging field and varies across the country from center to center. The goals of this article are to (1) identify implications for ACNPs in transplant, (2) discuss the value of using ACNPs in practice, and (3) explore billing and regulatory aspects of ACNPs in transplant programs.
Evidence-Based Practice and Research: The Challenge for Transplant Nursing
Authors: White-Williams Connie
Published: July 2017

Despite the initiative for nurses to engage in evidence-based practice and research, little is known about transplant nurses and the role they play in research and evidence-based practice in nursing care. The definition of evidence-based practice and research and how it relates to the role of the transplant nurse, the facilitators and barriers to research and evidence-based practice, and the implications for the future of research and evidence-based practice in transplant nursing are addressed.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Its Possible Impact during Adult Donor Care
Authors: Powner David J. , Truong Hanh
Published: July 2017

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, the syndrome caused by an extreme release and circulation of catecholamines, shares several histopathological and clinical similarities with cardiac changes after brain death noted in animal investigations and human observation. Overwhelming stimulation of myocardial inotropic β receptors may alter their responsiveness and induce other biochemical processes, producing reduced cardiac contractility. Treatment methods in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy that use extracorporeal circulatory support and medications that do not rely on β-receptor stimulation and preemptive blockade of β receptors or calcium channels before brain death may be relevant to donor care.
Allograft Involvement by Lymphoproliferative Disorders after Lung Transplantation: Report from the PTLD.Int Survey
Authors: Izadi Morteza , Taheri Saeed
Published: July 2017

Objective

Few cases of graft posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) in pulmonary transplant recipients have been reported. Published data on PTLD are pooled to analyze and compare characteristics, predictors, and prognosis of pulmonary PTLDs arising in lung allograft recipients.

Materials and Methods

PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for reports of lymphoproliferative disorders occurring within the graft in lung transplant recipients. Data from 23 studies were pooled and analyzed.

Results

Data from 137 patients (61 graft locations) with PTLD after lung transplantation were analyzed. Lung recipients with pulmonary graft PTLD were significantly more likely to have early-onset PTLD (70% vs 31%, respectively; P< .001). Lung graft PTLD also was associated with having tested negative for infection with Epstein-Barr virus before transplantation ( P = .05). Log-rank test showed significantly higher survival rates for pulmonary transplant recipients with allograft complication than for recipients with PTLD elsewhere ( P = .02).

Conclusion

Pulmonary transplant recipients who show early symptoms of impaired graft function should be evaluated for a potential lung graft PTLD in addition to being assessed for risk of rejection. Further prospective studies with large populations of patients are needed to confirm these results.
Polyurethane Coated Fabrics
Authors: Gillibrand J.
Published: July 2017

A discussion of the factors which have produced the remarkable growth in the use of polyurethane-coated fabrics, and of the factors which influence their properties.

The latter includes a description of the various techniques used in the manufacture of PU-coated fabrics and of the way in which variations in manufacturing techniques can affect the finished products.

This is integrated with a description of the basic properties of polyurethane-coated fabrics such as scuff resistance, flexing endurance, last fastness and permeability.
Organic Vapor Emissions Reduction
Authors: Ivey Lee R.
Published: July 2017

The prospects for reasonable and effective air pollution control in surface coating has improved dramatically over the last few years through 1) new formulation technologies, 2) inert gas drying and 3) new applications for local exhaust systems.
A Sign in the Right Direction: Language Development for the Non-Verbal Child
Authors: Kotkin Ronald , Simpson Steve
Published: July 2017

Within the population of moderately to severely handicapped children is a sub-population of non-verbal children who fail to develop a functional language system and do not appear to profit from the traditional therapeutic methods that concentrate on oral production. Research is reviewed which uses sign language coupled with the spoken word to facilitate the development of receptive and expressive language for the non-verbal child. Procedures for using sign language with the non-verbal child are outlined with specific goals focused on: (a) development of receptive vocabulary, (b) development of quality and quantity of expressive language, (c) development of sentence structure and length, and (d) development of a major means of communication. A brief summary focuses on the use of sign language as a multi-sensory approach to language development.
Feeding Assessment and Therapy for the Neurologically Impaired
Authors: Schmidt Paula
Published: July 2017

This paper is concerned with a therapeutic approach to problems in feeding children with abnormal muscle tone and poor muscle coordination. Feeding therapy is intended to promote normal sensorimotor experience and maximum independence during feeding, as well as to assist in meeting the basic nutritional requirements of the neurologically impaired child. With regard to the goals of therapy, attention is given to means of assessment, intervention, and treatment. The Eating Assessment Tool is presented as an instrument for measuring progress in feeding behaviors.
Deinstitutionalization Procedures
Authors: Neufeld G. R.
Published: July 2017

A growing number of concerned citizens in the United States are becoming aware of some of the negative characteristics associated with large public institutions for disabled children and adults. As an alternative to institutional placement, this article discusses deinstitutionalization as a process for normalizing the environments of disabled persons through their removal from public institutions and the provision of comprehensive community services at the local level. The ten major objectives of deinstitutionalization are discussed in detail, and several examples of decentralized programs are presented.
An Alternative Pattern of Educational/Residential Care and Services for Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Gage Mary Ann , Fredericks H. D. , Baldwin Victor L. , Moore William G. , Grove David
Published: July 2017

The process of deinstitutionalization requires the development and evaluation of alternative residential facilities within a community. This paper describes two experimental group homes serving moderately and severely handicapped children. The characteristics of the homes, ages and types of children served, and the two staffing patterns used are described. The results of this 2-year study are reported in (1) effects of staffing patterns, (2) results with children, and (3) costs.
Toward the Realization of the Least Restrictive Educational Environments for Severely Handicapped Students
Authors: Brown Lou , Wilcox Barbara , Sontag Edward , Vincent Betty , Dodd Nancy , Gruenewald Lee
Published: July 2017

It is now the responsibility of educators to provide for the education of severely handicapped students in what has been referred to as “the least restrictive educational environment.” This paper discusses least restrictive educational environments in relation to segregation versus integration, interactions with nonhandicapped age peers, the ratio between handicapped and nonhandicapped students, chronologically age-appropriate educational environments, architectural barriers and prosthetized environments, “normal” organization of the school day, equal access to school facilities and resources, transportation, and ancillary services. The fundamental premise offered here is that educational service delivery models for severely handicapped students must closely approximate the best educational service delivery models used for nonhandicapped students.
SEVTC Assessment Scales for Community Integration: Development and Validation of the Post-Entry Scales
Authors: Reavis H. Kenton , Hamel Karin , Morrey James G.
Published: July 2017

Currently, there is considerable interest among professionals in the field of mental retardation in developing and expanding community programs as alternatives to institutional placement for individuals with mental retardation. This paper describes the development of a second of a series of three criterion-referenced instruments designed to facilitate community integration of persons with moderate-profound mental retardation. Empirical data demonstrating reliability and validity of the instrument are presented. The results are discussed in terms of a number of assessment-related applications which are of immediate relevance to individuals undergoing training for community integration.
The Effects of Complexity, Time, and Feedback upon Experimenter Calculation Errors
Authors: Rusch Frank R. , Greenwood Charles R. , Walker Hill M.
Published: July 2017

This investigation consisted of two separate attempts to clarify the variables responsible for experimenter miscalculations. Study 1 examined the relationship between frequency of experimenter responses (complexity) and calculation error. Study 2 examined varied amounts of time and error feedback while calculating observation data and resultant errors. Study 1 presents evidence that suggests that complexity and percentage of errors made in the calculation of observation data may be related. Study 2 results suggest that frequent feedback on errors may be a desirable technique to control miscalculations when considerable amounts of data are being processed every day. The authors suggest that, as a step toward reducing errors in the calculation of observation data, agreement of calculations of raw data be established in the same way that agreement of observation data is established.
Accountability in Habilitation of the Severely Retarded: The Issue of Informed Consent
Authors: Horner Robert H.
Published: July 2017

Normalization and deinstitutionalization trends indicate that retarded adults are going to be returning to or staying in their local communities. The current emphasis on accountability suggests that the educational, recreational, and vocational programs designed to meet the needs of retarded adults must comply with legal, social, and ethical requirements. One such requirement is informed consent. In this paper, a legal analysis of informed consent is presented, and implications of this analysis for retarded adults in community settings are outlined.
Teaching Auxiliary Communication Skills to Severely Handicapped Students
Authors: Nietupski John , Hamre-Nietupski Susan
Published: July 2017

The use of auxiliary communication systems with the severely handicapped is receiving increased attention. This article examines several considerations for instructional personnel who must decide when to initiate auxiliary communication programs, what system to teach, what vocabulary items to begin with, and what special factors must be decided. The authors describe manual systems, communication aids, and communicative codes, and give guidelines for choosing among them for specific students. They recommend considering an auxiliary system for any child who has not produced intelligible utterances by age 5 to 8 and who has not made adequate progress in a verbal communication training program. They also advocate simultaneous teaching of comprehension and production skills.
Behavior Analysis and the Principle of Normalization
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: July 2017

This article discusses the principle of normalization, which is being more and more widely used. Its implications for the means and ends of instructing the severely handicapped are examined.
Reducing Self-Injurious Behavior by Differentially Reinforcing other Behaviors
Authors: Rose Terry L.
Published: July 2017

Previous work has demonstrated the efficacy of differentially reinforcing other behaviors (DRO) as a procedure for the reduction of self-injurious behavior, especially when combined with other procedures. The present study employed an ABAB design to investigate the efficacy of DRO alone as a procedure for decreasing the self-injurious behavior of an institutionalized 9-year-old female.

The data indicated a functional relationship between the DRO procedure and a decrease in the rate of self-injurious behavior, as evidenced by the consistent decrease in self-injurious behavior In the presence of the DRO procedure. The self-injurious behavior was not eliminated, but a discussion of the possible reasons indicates that variables other than the DRO procedure may have been responsible for the continued low-rate occurrence of this behavior. A discussion of future DRO research concerns is included.
Modifying School Buildings for the Severely Handicapped: A School Accessibility Survey
Authors: Orelove Fred P. , Hanley Cheryl D.
Published: July 2017

This article describes considerations in modifying school buildings for maximum accessibility for severely handicapped students. A field-tested survey designed for use by school administrators is also included in its entirety.
On Handwriting Recognition System Performance: Some Experimental Results
Authors: Santos Paulo J. , Baltzer Amy J. , Badre Albert N. , Henneman Richard L. , Miller Michael S.
Published: July 2017

Performance of a rule-based handwriting recognition system is considered. Performance limits of such systems are defined by the robustness of the character templates and the ability of the system to segment characters. Published performance figures, however, are typically based on pre-segmented characters. Six experiments are reported (using a total of 128 subjects) that tested a state-of-the-art recognition system under more realistic conditions. Variables investigated include display format (grid, lined, and blank), surface texture, feedback (location and time delay), amount of training, practice, and effects of use over an extended period. Results indicated that novice users writing on a lined display (the most preferred format) averaged 57% recognition performance. By giving subjects continuous feedback of results, training, and after about 10 minutes of use, the system averaged 90.6% character recognition. Following three hours of interrupted use and with performance incentives, subjects achieved an average 96.8% accuracy with the system. Future work should focus on improving the ability of the recognition algorithm to segment characters and on developing non-obtrusive interaction techniques to train users, to provide feedback and to correct mis-recognized characters.
Taking the “Task” Out of Task Analysis
Authors: Fath Janet L. , Bias Randolph G.
Published: July 2017

Task analysis is a well-accepted component of user-centered design. It is often left out of the design process, however, due to a lack of practical methods, the difficulty in predicting the amount of resource required to perform it, and a short supply of people with the appropriate skills. A solution to these problems is a structured set of activities that compose a task analysis and relate to the overall design process.

The general framework into which these activities fit has three phases: Data Collection, Data Analysis, and Design. During the Data Collection phase, user and task data are collected and validated. The Data Analysis phase requires analyzing the user and task data in a way that results in suggestions for information representation, navigation, terminology, and consistency. Finally, the Design phase requires translating the suggestions from the Data Analysis phase into a viable product.

A prototype task analysis workbook was developed to assess the feasibility of the structured approach to task analysis. The workbook includes tools for data collection, data analysis, and design, as well as instructions for how to use the tools. Over a period of two years, the workbook was used in five different development projects. A representative from each group was interviewed to determine how the workbook was used and which parts were most useful. Results of the interviews indicate that the workbook approach has merit.
Designing and Implementing Decision Aids for a Complex Environment Using Goal Hierarchies
Authors: Weiland Monica Zubritzky , Cooke Boyd , Peterson Brad
Published: July 2017

In dynamic tactical environments such as Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), operators must continuously balance goals for safety with mission goals and objectives as the tactical situation evolves. These high-level goals introduce specific constraints on operator actions that often conflict with one another. Being able to assess and balance conflicting constraints is thus a key element of the operator's cognitive processes. This design effort extends the COGNET (COGnition as a NEtwork of Tasks) modelling methodology in order to identify and resolve goal/constraint conflicts as they arise in the tactical context. COGNET is a meta-model, or architecture, for building and embedding models of human operators in real-time, multi-tasking systems. It integrates the GOMS notation for building operator task models with the blackboard architecture for building a knowledge representation, and production rules that link the tactical situation with the changing knowledge representation. An extension to the model was added in the form of AND/OR tree diagrams that represent the relationship between high level goals and lower level constraints on operator actions. The goal/constraint trees were modelled for the Submarine Operational Automation System (SOAS) operator using expert knowledge elicitation techniques. Results of the modelling effort indicate that operators must often keep track of many conflicting constraints in making decisions on ship course, speed, and depth, and often do not consider the complete set of constraints because of the limits on working memory. This finding highlights the need for decision aids for managing goals and goal conflicts. Applications of the goal/constraint hierarchies with a COGNET model framework to the design and implementation of SOAS decision aids are discussed.
The Turing Test of 1991
Authors: Parsons H. McIlvaine
Published: July 2017

Interactive computer programs and human participants competed in a Turing Test at the Boston Computer Museum last November in the first year of a competition to determine, ultimately, whether such programs can be indistinguishable from humans in dialogues. The test is named for the British mathematician and computer pioneer who proposed it in 1950. This paper describes the competition, its preparation, and problems which await resolution in future Turing Tests that may culminate in a $100,000 award. The 1991 test was “restricted” in its rules and procedures lest a full test disadvantage the computer programs too severely. The contest posed issues concerning dialogue domains, language processing, inclusion of cognitive tasks, and other features. Since a Turing Test could be interpreted as involving “thinking” and “intelligence” (though Turing had little use for such terms), future tests should intrigue human factors.
Control Room User Interface Technology in the Year 2000: Evolution or Revolution?
Authors: Cochran Edward L.
Published: July 2017

Control rooms—central facilities used to manage large systems such as industrial processes and communication networks—are a relatively recent innovation. As the operators of large systems are asked to perform more efficiently, use more sophisticated control systems, and take on more duties and responsibilities, developers of control room equipment have sought to improve operators' ability to interact effectively with their systems. Control rooms have evolved as a result: Pen recorders and mechanical gauges were replaced by text displays on low-resolution monochrome cathode ray tubes, which were in turn supplanted by higher resolution color graphics displays. A new generation of technology now emerging from multiple disciplines will greatly affect control rooms. Some of these technologies, such as bigger displays, improved simulations, and better graphics, represent evolutionary advances. Others, including artificial intelligence technologies such as user intent recognition and context-sensitive aiding, user interface technologies such as virtual reality, multimedia, and true three-dimensional displays, and systems technologies such as object-oriented programming techniques and high-performance communications, may well revolutionize the control rooms of the future, replacing supervisory control with collaborative operations in which the system and the operator will share tasks associated with planning, conducting, and optimizing operations.
Phone-Based Interfaces: Research and Guidelines
Authors: Schumacher Robert M.
Published: July 2017

The telephone is the most ubiquitous computer input/output device with over 200 million units in the U.S. Thousands of applications – from airline reservations to zoo schedules – employ audio output and touch-tone input to control the flow and content of information. Because of the limited information capacity of the telephone, designing useful and usable phone-based interfaces presents a strong challenge to the designer. This paper will focus on the strengths and weaknesses of phone-based interfaces, present design guidelines, and discuss future directions.
Human Factors Research: Can it Have an Impact on a Financially Troubled U.S. Aviation Industry?
Authors: Johnson William B.
Published: July 2017

The U.S. aviation industry is in serious financial trouble. Since 1990 two major carriers have ceased operations (Eastern – Pan Am) while many others have sought court protection from creditors. Boeing and Douglas Aircraft had record losses in 1992, and 1993 looks worse. Engine builders like General Electric and United Technology are having similar problems. Can research in human performance remedy the ailing industry? The answer is, Yes: improving human performance is one of many fixes that will help the industry. This paper offers aviation-specific examples of cost control accomplished through increases in human performance.
Space Station Maintenance Workstation Development
Authors: Whitmore Mihriban , Morris Randy B. , Vaubel Kent P. , Mount Frances E.
Published: July 2017

Space Station Maintenance Workstation will be used to support equipment servicing and repair operations. The Maintenance Workstation provides different work area configurations, giving open workbench or a contained area. Up to five operators can work at the workstation simultaneously. A series of Maintenance Workstation evaluations have been conducted at NASA Johnson Space Center to determine the critical design issues relating to human-machine interfaces. A primary goal of this work was to verify whether the proposed design accommodated a wide range of users and maintenance task requirements under microgravity conditions. The tests were conducted onboard NASA's KC-135 microgravity aircraft. Three crew and six non-crew subjects participated in the studies. Tasks performed during the evaluations consisted of reach sweeps, force/torque task, soldering, handling large objects and lens replacement. Each session was videotaped for post-flight observations. In addition, subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire following the flight. These microgravity evaluations were complemented by the computer modeling of different statures to investigate the viewing, reach, and head clearances. Results indicate that the size and location of the glove ports, and the enclosed work volume are the critical design concerns. The approach, findings and implications of the study are discussed.
Resource Management in the Highly Automated Airspace System
Authors: Mosier Kathleen L. , Wiener Earl L. , Price Alan W. , Helmreich Robert L.
Published: July 2017

The introduction of highly sophisticated, glass cockpit aircraft has profoundly affected the flightdeck environment, and has changed the nature of crew resource management (CRM). CRM and decision making in advanced aircraft are qualitatively different from the same processes in older fleets. Automation also alters the nature of interaction among crewmembers, and between crewmembers and Air Traffic Control (ATC) These differences would seem to necessitate special training and procedures for CRM in glass cockpits. Moreover, training for managing automation cannot be merely an added module in current CRM programs. The effects of automation pervade throughout all aspects of resource management.

Coincidentally, advances in the air traffic control system are altering the modern airspace environment. In the not-too-distant future, it will be possible for ATC computers to generate or amend clearances, which the Air Traffic Manager will send to the aircraft via datalink. The aircraft FMS (flight management system) will determine whether or not the clearance may be accepted, and its effects on fuel consumption, arrival time, etc. The role of the pilot will be to accept or reject the suggested clearance.

The effects of automation on operator and team processes in both of these domains, as well as on the interaction between the domains, has only begun to be defined. Some of the issues already raised in the flightdeck realm, such as diffusion of responsibility among crewmembers, the breakdown of traditional roles and responsibilities as a result of familiarity with automation, or the possibility that crewmembers will “communicate” more with the automation than with each other, may only be exacerbated by increased automation in the air-ground communication link.

The goal of this panel is to present an overview of some of the issues and questions to be resolved if resource management is to be a vital construct in the highly automated airspace system. To open discussion, the first panel member will present an overview of the general issues involved in the confluence of CRM and automation. Following, an industry representative will discuss one airline's specialized program to introduce crewmembers to the glass cockpit, and guide them in the appropriate use of automation. The measurement of CRM components specifically related to crew interaction with automation will be the focus of the third panelist. The analysis of CRM issues associated with equipment design, and, in particular, with the introduction of datalink communication systems, will be the next panel topic. Lastly, possible implications for human operators of the increasing sophistication and decision-making capabilities of automated systems in the air and on the ground will be introduced. The panel chair will summarize the major points and propose questions for discussion.
Fit Testing as a Helmet Development Tool
Authors: Robinette Kathleen M.
Published: July 2017

Fit testing is needed during the development process to reduce cost and optimize the performance quality. This paper describes methods for fit testing, as part of the helmet development process, which utilize new surface scanning and innovative fit assessment technologies. Results from some recent fit tests which employed these methods will be presented. While the methods described will be those applicable to helmets, many aspects will be appropriate to other equipment and clothing items as well. The payoff for using such methods are more capable and less bulky items, a better fit for a wider range of personnel with fewer sizes, and reduced development and logistics costs.
Measurement of Mass and Cg Location of Helmet Systems
Authors: Shipley Buford W. , Kaleps Ints , Baughn Donna Jo
Published: July 2017

A procedure is described to measure the mass and CG location of helmet systems and relate these to head inertial properties. This procedure provides helmet mass properties data with respect to a consistent head coordinate system so that the mass properties of different helmet systems may be directly compared, allowing measurement of net head inertial property changes due to the addition of head mounted equipment. Relating helmet mass properties data to a consistent head coordinate system permits existing ejection safety criteria for head supported mass and CG location to be applied directly.
Perspective Format for a Primary Flight Display (ADI) and its Effect on Pilot Spatial Awareness
Authors: Dorighi Nancy S. , Ellis Stephen R. , Grunwald Arthur J.
Published: July 2017

A perspective format for a “Tunnel-in-the-Sky” primary flight display was evaluated in a part-task experiment to determine if it provided improved spatial situation awareness compared to a conventional electronic attitude director indicator. Body referenced visual direction to targets on the ground was used to measure spatial situation awareness. Underestimation of visual direction previously observed in laboratory conditions was replicated in the part-task environment. Conditions under which the the “Tunnel” display could provide less biased and more accurate situation awareness were also investigated.
Identifying Information Requirements for Air Traffic Control Problem Solving
Authors: Weitzman Donald O.
Published: July 2017

One of the most important questions facing developers of “human-centered” automation in air traffic control (ATC) is what and how much information does an ATC controller need to take an appropriate action or to make an appropriate decision, especially those with potentially catastrophic failure modes. To obtain such information one must develop a methodology that can be used to evaluate different information attributes and thereby collect data regarding what attributes the most experienced ATC controllers consider most/least important for decision making. A combination of methodologies for evaluating a set of information attributes required to identify and resolve aircraft conflicts and most importantly, specifying the interrelationships between these attributes for ATC problem solving is described. Eighteen attributes were chosen which covered those elements of information deemed most important in conflict identification and resolution and which reflected the thinking of a cross section of experienced ATC controllers. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and rank-ordering techniques were used to determine the relative importance and interrelationships between attributes. The MDS and ordering results were then integrated into a unified conceptual framework. This framework reflected the importance of each attribute and thus, specified the way ATC controllers think about identifying and resolving conflicts. These results represent a step toward developing an empirical knowledge base for understanding the cognitive processes brought into action by controllers and also becomes a reference point for designing effective displays and decision support systems for ATC automation and to predict their value.
Car Phone Usability: A Human Factors Laboratory Test
Authors: Serafin Colleen , Wen Cathy , Paelke Gretchen , Green Paul
Published: July 2017

This paper describes an experiment that examined the effect of car phone design on simulated driving and dialing performance. The results were used to help develop an easy to use car phone interface and to provide task times as input for a human performance model. Twelve drivers (six under 35 years, six over 60 years) participated in a laboratory experiment in which they operated a simple driving simulator and used a car phone. The phone was either manually dialed or voice-operated and the associated display was either mounted on the instrument panel (IP) or a simulated head-up display (HUD). The phone numbers dialed were either local (7 digits) or long distance (11 digits), and could be familiar (memorized before the experiment) or unfamiliar to the subject. Four tasks were performed after dialing a phone number; two of the tasks were fairly ordinary (listening, talking) and two required some mental processing (loose ends, listing). In terms of driving performance, dialing while driving resulted in greater lane deviation (16.8 cm) than performing a task while driving (13.2 cm). In addition, the voice-operated phone resulted in better driving performance (14.5 cm) than the manual phone (15.5 cm) using either the IP display or HUD. In terms of dialing performance, older drivers dialed 11-digit numbers faster using the voice phone (12.8 seconds) than the manual phone (19.6 seconds). Dialing performance was also affected by the familiarity of numbers. Dialing unfamiliar numbers using the voice phone was faster (9.7 seconds) than using the manual phone (13.0 seconds) and 7-digit unfamiliar numbers were dialed faster (8.2 seconds) than 11-digit unfamiliar numbers (14.5 seconds). Thus, the voice-operated design appears to be an effective way of improving the safety and performance of car phone use, but the location of the display is not important.
Improving Menu Design for the Rapid Order Audiotext System Using Cluster Analysis
Authors: Schwartz Amy L. , Schwab Eileen C.
Published: July 2017

Rapid Order® is an Ameritech Services audiotext system which lets consumers learn about and order 12 telephone services. The current menu structure is based on the development history of the services rather than on an intuitive organization for the consumer. Four studies were performed to develop a new menu structure which would be easier for consumers to use. The first study used cluster analysis to develop a menu structure. The second experiment tested the goodness of fit of the new menu compared to the old menu. Results showed that consumers were more accurate in determining where on the menu a service would be found with the new menu. In the third experiment, we changed the name of one of the menu categories and got an even greater improvement in performance. Finally, we tested the same three menu structures using a phone prototype rather than a paper task and the results were similar to those with the paper task. Consumers were 18% more accurate in locating a service on the best new menu than on the existing menu. These results strongly suggest that changing the Rapid Order menu will result in improved customer performance with the menu. They also illustrate how cluster analysis alone will not provide all the answers in menu design. The labeling of the clusters can have a significant effect on the goodness of fit of the menu.
Ergonomic Assessment of Exiting Automobiles
Authors: Loczi Josef
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of changing seat heights (51 cm, 59 cm, 67 cm), door heights (122 cm, 138 cm, 154 cm) and seat positions (27 cm and 35 cm) in automobiles on kinematic parameters (trunk rotation, trunk angle, hip flexion angle and knee flexion angle) and kinetic parameters (lumbar moment, hip moment and knee moment) while exiting automobiles. Twelve student subjects were videotaped with 2 video cameras synchronized into a split screen system. Manipulating seat height, door height and seat position resulted in 18 different testing conditions. Real time animated graphics, as well as 3-D kinematic and kinetic parameters of the movement were obtained via a video image computer capture system and newly developed 3-D digitizing software. It was determined from the study that: a) Seat and door height had significant effects on kinematic and kinetic parameters, but not seat position, b) As seat and door height increased maximum values for kinematic and kinetic parameters decreased, c) Hip and knee flexion angles seem to be an acceptable subset of variables that can be used to evaluate ease of exit, d) It seems there exists a “critical seat height” at which an equilibrium exists between the demands of maintaining balance and stability and the need to reduce stress on the lower back when exiting an automobile. e) The behavior of hip and knee flexion angles can be predicted with a high degree of confidence via regression equations.
Customer Expectations, Perceptions and Satisfaction … Measurement Methodologies
Authors: Walsh Joanne M.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes two interconnected methodologies for soliciting customers' expectations of suppliers (of products or services) and for measuring satisfaction against these expectations. The first of these procedures identifies Key Purchase/Evaluative Criteria and takes the form of a structured interview. It pursues the customers unaided spontaneous identification of the critical and essential attributes necessary to meet (or exceed) their expectations. The focus in on individual customers' operational definitions of these attributes and their view of importance.

The second, Report Card methodology, incorporates these criteria into a standardized measurement scheme designed to elicit how well expectations had been met. The format of this Report Card can be described as analogous to a Chinese menu with specific core items accompanied by key attributes and other customized items from which to choose.

Both methodologies rate suppliers and the suppliers' competitors identified as such by individual respondents.

Results include gap analyses of these ratings against the ratings of suppliers and against the maximum possible score. Results are presented in the customers' words and include a “How to Think About This” interpretation that shapes recommendations.