bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pattenden, Miles. Electing the Pope in Early Modern Italy, 1450-1700. (Oxford, 2017).
Authors: Fernández Terricabras Ignasi
Published: March 2019

Reseña de: Miles Pattenden, Electing the Pope in Early Modern Italy, 1450-1700, Oxford University Press, 2017
Chamorro, Alfredo. Barcelona y el Rey. Las visitas reales de Fernando el Católico a Felipe V (Barcelona, 2017).
Authors: Fernández Terricabras Ignasi
Published: March 2019

Ressenya del llibre d'Alfredo Chamorro Esteban Barcelona y el rey. Las visitas reales de Fernando el Católico a Felipe V, Barcelona: Ediciones La Tempestad, 2017.
Cantar i contar la història en el barroc
Authors: Rossich Albert
Published: March 2019

Aquest article resumeix els continguts principals dels treballs aplegats en aquest dossier monogràfic, que es dedica a l’estudi de diversos relats de memòria pública i privada del barroc. Justifica l’oportunitat i rellevància d’aquest dossier, n’introdueix els objectius i ofereix un resum de cada article.
Wielopoziomowy konstytucjonalizm Unii Europejskiej a stosowanie praw podstawowych
Authors: Barcik Jacek
Published: March 2019

The aim of the article is to analyse the application of fundamental rights in the complex political and legal system of the European Union, which can be described as a multilevel constitutionalism. Because the standards of individual protection are created both at the level of national constitutions as well as at the supranational, EU level, it is possible that individual fundamental rights will be understood differently in the Member States. The article tries to answer the question how to solve such an interpretation conflict. A way out is suggested in the form of the need to conduct a constitutional dialogue on the understanding of fundamental rights. The conditions necessary to conduct such a dialogue are also identified. It will lead to achieving the European constitutional consensus. The article puts forward a thesis that the development of a European consensus as to the understanding of fundamental rights leads irrevocably to the formation of a European constitutional identity.
Uwarunkowania prawne europejskiej inicjatywy obywatelskiej – od pierwotnych założeń do postulowanych zmian
Authors: Doliwa-Klepacka Anna
Published: March 2019

The aim of the article is to analyse legal regulations on the conditions for pursuing the European Citizens’ Initiative. First, the requirements for pursuing the initiative and collecting the necessary statements of support and submitting an initiative to the Commission are presented. Afterwards, the scope of responsibilities (and discretion) of the Commission in relation to the pursued initiatives is discussed. In addition, the article proposes a thesis that the European Citizens’ Initiative is an important instrument to support democratisation in the European Union, but the possibilities of real impact of European Union’s citizens on the European Commission in the area of submitting a legislative proposal seem insufficient. Finally, some modifications of the European Citizens’ Initiative are recommended, which could increase its effectiveness significantly.
A PROPOSTA TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICA DE ENSINO DO CONCEITO DE VERBO NOS
LIVROS DIDÁTICOS
Authors: Francischini Boian Débora , Angélica Olivo Francisco Lucas Maria
Published: March 2019

Many students learn to define the verb only as: "action, state or phenomenon of nature", we
understand that this makes it impossible to operate with the concept of the word consciously and
arbitrarily. In view of this problem, the objective of this study is to analyse the theoretical and
methodological orientations about the teaching and learning process of the verb concept
disseminated in textbooks for the 3rd, 4th and 5th years of elementary school. The methodology
consisted of documentary analysis which sought to verify the activities proposed in these books.
The results indicate that the teaching of grammar, especially the concept of verb, is limited to
decontextualized exercises that use sentences and loose words, instead of using textual genres.
We understand, therefore, that this teaching proposal present in the analysed materials limits the
learning of the language and the development of the thought.
A "VOZ" DO ALUNO NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: O SUJEITO DISCURSIVO E A
(IN)CONSISTÊNCIA ARGUMENTATIVA EM PRODUÇÕES TEXTUAIS
Authors: Mariana Germani Michelle , Luzia Videira Parisotto Ana
Published: March 2019

The current Portuguese language teaching models make the students see the language as a mere
curricular component, leading to the student/subject dichotomization. When the student prevails,
we notice the lack of argumentative consistency in the dissertative texts, which is correlated to the
discursive subject, through reflective thinking. So, are our guiding questions: do the texts
produced by the last year students of the law course have argumentative consistency? What is the
relationship of the discursive subject with the ease or difficulty of arguing? We present a cut of a
larger qualitative research carried out with students of the fifth year of the Law course. Our
objective was to analyze, in the light of the content analysis, the argumentative consistency and,
consequently, the discursive subject in the textual productions investigated. The results point out
that the respondents clearly take writing as a bureaucratic activity, with an absence of
argumentative consistency, without disclosing the discursive subject.
AÇÃO DOCENTE EM CIÊNCIAS NATURAIS NA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS:
TÉCNICA OU REFLEXÃO CRÍTICA?
Authors: Vilas Boas Simirio Lucas
Published: March 2019

The present work seeks to understand from a historical-critical discussion, which theoreticalmethodological propositions (teacher as technician or critic-reflexive) are revealed in the
educational practices of teachers in Natural Sciences in Youuth and Adults Education (EJA) in
Brazil. Therefore, it was used a review of problematized literature on the subject based on specific
bibliographies and search databases such as BDTD, Scielo and Capes journals, whose descriptors
were: EJA, science teaching, historical-critical pedagogy, technical professor and critical-reflective
teacher. Thus, it was concluded that the teaching action in Natural Sciences in the EJA still needs
to overcome its condition of pure technical rationality in relation to its theoretical-methodologicalepistemological bases, since it is still quite technical, with a view to obtaining a more sociohistorical, reflexive and critical support.
ARQUITETURA ESCOLAR E GÊNERO: SEPARAÇÕES E MISTURAS NA TRANSIÇÃO DA
EDUCAÇÃO SEPARADA PARA A MISTA
Authors: Aparecida Teixeira Ferreira da Costa Korina
Published: March 2019

This work is part of the research line "Educational Institution: Organization and Management", of
the Master's Degree in Education of Unoeste, whose research, of a qualitative nature and
characterized as a case study, had as object of study the school architecture in its interfaces with
gender relations, according to a study carried out at the João Franco de Godou school in
Presidente Prudente between the 1950s and 1970s, coinciding with the construction of a new
building for the school, whose forms grant it the nickname of ship school, as it will become better
known, presenting a transition from separate to mixed education. The objective is to investigate
how spatial constraints, modern precepts and educational practices have articulated the social
and cultural ties of power as a whole and especially with regard to gender relations.
AS ESCOLAS COM JORNADA AMPLIADA NO MUNICÍPIO DE ARAÇATUBA: A
PESQUISA E UMA EXPERIÊNCIA CONJUGADA
Authors: Pozzenato Silazaki Raquel , Portela Rinaldi Renata
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a part of the research developed within the Post Praduate Program in
Education of the FCT – UNESP/PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE, in the Municipal Educational System of
Araçatuba-SP, with the Elementary School’s Pedagogical Coordinators (CoP) of Full-Time and
Complementary Activities Schools. It addressed the conceptions about the training of these
professionals and their professional learning processes. As part of the work and data collection an
ongoing training course was developed with the CoP’s. In conducting this training process,
emerged the interest in knowing the State reality, and two visits were made to state schools with
extended hours. Of qualitative approach, the research was developed through bibliographic,
documentary and data collection, from a constructive-collaborative perspective (COLE; KNOWLES,
1993), of intervention research. The experience was very rich and allowed to know different
realities of the municipal schools, validated as a process that combined challenges, concerns, but,
above all, learning.
AS PRODUÇÕES ACADÊMICAS SOBRE AS PARCERIAS PÚBLICO-PRIVADAS NA
EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL
Authors: Paula Gianfelice Ana , César Nunes Militão Silvio
Published: March 2019

This text presents partial data from our master's research whose objective is to map the academic
productions, since 1998, on the partnerships established between the public and private sectors in
the field of pre-school education, specifically in the nursery, where children from 0 to 3 years. We
will then present the results of a bibliographic survey of studies whose theme is the partnership
between the public and private sectors, published in periodicals in the area of education. The
results show that this practice has become commonplace in cities in Brazil, since the municipalities
run counter to the fiscal responsibility law, and can not exceed the public spending ceiling. We
conclude that it has been a plausible solution for municipalities. However, the transfer of
resources to the third sector ends up generating very high expenses for the public coffers.
Comparing the Efficacy of Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide With Verapamil in Treatment of Keloids: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Saki Nasrin , Mokhtari Raya , Nozari Farnoosh
Published: March 2019

Background: Keloid management remains a challenging clinical problem despite numerous therapies reported until now. The efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of keloids has been well established. The most commonly used corticosteroid is intralesional triamcinolone. Sporadic reports on the use of intralesional verapamil suggest its efficacy.

Aim: Since there is not sufficient evidence to support the role of intralesional verapamil as an effective alternative modality, it was decided to undertake a randomized study to determine its efficacy as a treatment for keloids.

Methods: A randomized, single-blind, single-group comparison with 15 patients (30 scars) was carried out to compare the effects of intralesional triamcinolone with verapamil injections. Injections were scheduled every 3 weeks accompanied by cryotherapy until complete flattening of the scar or maximum 8 sessions, whichever came earlier. Scar evaluation at each stage was done by serial photographic records as well as by Vancouver scar scale. Statistical analysis was done by Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests using SPSS version 19.

Results: In both study groups there was a reduction in height and pliability at the end of the study. Better improvement in height and pliability was seen with triamcinolone in comparison with verapamil. However, a desired change in vascularity and pigmentation was not seen with either of the drugs.

Conclusion: Verapamilis not as effective as triamcinolonein the treatment of keloids.
Familial Melanoma: Diagnostic and Management Implications
Authors: Rossi Mariarita , Pellegrini Cristina , Cardelli Ludovica , Ciciarelli Valeria , Di Nardo Lucia , Fargnoli Maria Concetta
Published: March 2019

Background: An estimated 5%-10% of all cutaneous melanoma cases occur in families. This review describes susceptibility genes currently known to be involved in melanoma predisposition, genetic testing of familial melanoma patients, and management implications.Results: CDKN2A is the major high-penetrance susceptibility gene with germline mutations identified in 20%-40% of melanoma families. A positive CDKN2A mutation status has been associated with a high number of affected family members, multiple primary melanomas, pancreatic cancer, and early age at melanoma onset. Mutations in the other melanoma predisposition genes—CDK4, BAP1, TERT, POT1, ACD, TERF2IP, and MITF—are rare, overall contributing to explain a further 10% of familial clustering of melanoma. The underlying genetic susceptibility remains indeed unexplained for half of melanoma families. Genetic testing for melanoma is currently recommended only for CDKN2A and CDK4, and, at this time, the role of multigene panel testing remains under debate. Individuals from melanoma families must receive genetic counseling to be informed about the inclusion criteria for genetic testing, the probability of an inconclusive result, the genetic risk for melanoma and other cancers, and the debatable role of medical management. They should be counseled focusing primarily on recommendations on appropriate lifestyle, encouraging skin self-examination, and regular dermatological screening.Conclusions: Genetic testing for high-penetrance melanoma susceptibility genes is recommended in melanoma families after selection of the appropriate candidates and adequate counseling of the patient. All patients and relatives from melanoma kindreds, irrespective of their mutation status, should be encouraged to adhere to a correct ultraviolet exposure, skin self-examination, and surveillance by physicians.
Effect of a Single Preoperative Dose of Oral Antibiotic to Reduce the Incidence of Surgical Site Infection Following Below-knee Dermatological Flap and Graft Repair
Authors: Rosengren Helena , Heal Clare F. , Buttner Petra G.
Published: March 2019

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) rates for below-knee dermatological surgery are unacceptably high, particularly following complex flap and graft closures. The role of antibiotic prophylaxis for these surgical cases is uncertain.Objective: To determine whether SSI following complex dermatological closures on the leg could be reduced by antibiotic prophylaxis administered as a single oral preoperative dose.Methods: A total of 115 participants were randomized to 2 g of oral cephalexin or placebo 40-60 minutes prior to surgical incision in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at a primary care skin cancer clinic in North Queensland, Australia.Results: Overall 17/55 (30.9%) controls and 14/55 (25.5%) intervention participants developed infection (P = 0.525). There was no difference between the study groups in adverse symptoms that could be attributed to high-dose antibiotic administration (P = 1).Conclusion: A single oral 2-g dose of cephalexin given before complex below-knee dermatological closure did not reduce SSI.
Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Histopathology and Clinical and Prognostic Implications
Authors: Nathany Shrinidhi , Monappa Vidya
Published: March 2019

Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinomas are rare kidney tumors with generally indolent behavior. As the name suggests, classic histomorphology reveals bland spindle cells, tubules, and mucinous stroma. Uncommon histologic features include mucin-poor stroma, high nuclear grade, cellular pleomorphism, and presence of necrosis. Rare cases can show aggressive growth and distant metastasis. Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma has characteristic chromosomal abnormalities and the molecular signature remains the same, irrespective of the varied histomorphology.
Essential Updates in Grading, Morphotyping, Reporting, and Staging of Prostate Carcinoma for General Surgical Pathologists
Authors: Paner Gladell P. , Gandhi Jatin , Choy Bonnie , Amin Mahul B.
Published: March 2019

Context.—

Within this decade, several important updates in prostate cancer have been presented through expert international consensus conferences and influential publications of tumor classification and staging.

Objective.—

To present key updates in prostate carcinoma.

Data Sources.—

The study comprised a review of literature and our experience from routine and consultation practices.

Conclusions.—

Grade groups, a compression of the Gleason system into clinically meaningful groups relevant in this era of active surveillance and multidisciplinary care management for prostate cancer, have been introduced. Refinements in the Gleason patterns notably result in the contemporarily defined Gleason score 6 cancers having a virtually indolent behavior. Grading of tertiary and minor higher-grade patterns in radical prostatectomy has been clarified. A new classification for prostatic neuroendocrine tumors has been promulgated, and intraductal, microcystic, and pleomorphic giant cell carcinomas have been officially recognized. Reporting the percentage of Gleason pattern 4 in Gleason score 7 cancers has been recommended, and data on the enhanced risk for worse prognosis of cribriform pattern are emerging. In reporting biopsies for active surveillance criteria–based protocols, we outline approaches in special situations, including variances in sampling or submission. The 8th American Joint Commission on Cancer TNM staging for prostate cancer has eliminated pT2 subcategorization and stresses the importance of nonanatomic factors in stage groupings and outcome prediction. As the clinical and pathology practices for prostate cancer continue to evolve, it is of utmost importance that surgical pathologists become fully aware of the new changes and challenges that impact their evaluation of prostatic specimens.
How Is Academic Culture Influenced by Internationalization?
Authors: Benitez Milena
Published: March 2019

Internationalization processes have an impact on higher education systems and institutions. The mechanisms of these processes—rankings, cooperation, academic mobility, and curriculum reforms—influence teaching and learning, research, and service practice. In turn, academic culture is also impacted: the institutions’ own sets of beliefs, norms, habits, and values. Internationalization processes generate new challenges, tensions, and conflicts, and allow higher education institutions to reevaluate institutional strategies in a global context.
International Students in China: Facts, Paths, and Challenges
Authors: Yang Zhou , De Wit Hans
Published: March 2019

This article is based on a report released by China’s ministry of education, indicating that more than half of the country’s international students come from Asian countries, with Korea sending the most students. International students in China are mostly nondegree and study literature. In order to attract international students, the Chinese government has taken several measures, such as providing scholarships, encouraging the provision of English-taught courses, and granting work permits to this population. But China faces challenges in attracting more degree-seeking students.
Automated Sound Intensity Measuremant With Robot And Intensity Probe
Authors: Knežević Nikola , Bjelić Miloš , Jovanović Kosta
Published: March 2019

This paper presents the procedure for measuring the sound intensity. The procedure was realized in such a way that therobotic arm carries the intensity probe and performs automatic positioning at the appropriate measurement points. In order todetermine the deviation value, a comparison was performed of sound intensity measurement obtained using robot and the measurementmanually performed by two people. Also, the measurement process was repeated for both the automated and manual positioning of theprobe, which resulted in deviation values for these two types of measurements. The differences in the total sound power of the sourceobtained by automated and manual measurements of the sound intensity were also analyzed. Using a robot arm significantly facilitatesthe measurement process and achieves higher measurement accuracy. Such use of robots can be of interest in measuring the intensity ofsound of complex sound sources in a large number of points, where high accuracy of intensity measurement is required.
Quantitative regulation of the dynamic steady state of actin networks
Authors: Manhart Angelika , Icheva Téa Aleksandra , Guerin Christophe , Klar Tobbias , Boujemaa-Paterski Rajaa , Thery Manuel , Blanchoin Laurent , Mogilner Alex
Published: March 2019

Principles of regulation of actin network dimensions are fundamentally important for cell functions, yet remain unclear. Using both in vitro and in silico approaches, we studied the effect of key parameters, such as actin density, ADF/Cofilin concentration and network width on the network length. In the presence of ADF/Cofilin, networks reached equilibrium and became treadmilling. At the trailing edge, the network disintegrated into large fragments. A mathematical model predicts the network length as a function of width, actin and ADF/Cofilin concentrations. Local depletion of ADF/Cofilin by binding to actin is significant, leading to wider networks growing longer. A single rate of breaking network nodes, proportional to ADF/Cofilin density and inversely proportional to the square of the actin density, can account for the disassembly dynamics. Selective disassembly of heterogeneous networks by ADF/Cofilin controls steering during motility. Our results establish general principles on how the dynamic steady state of actin network emerges from biochemical and structural feedbacks.
From primal scenes to synthetic cells
Authors: Zwart Hub
Published: March 2019

Synthetic cells spark intriguing questions about the nature of life. Projects such as BaSyC (Building a Synthetic Cell) aim to build an entity that mimics how living cells work. But what kind of entity would a synthetic cell really be? I assess this question from a philosophical perspective, and show how early fictional narratives of artificial life – such as the laboratory scene in Goethe’s Faust – can help us to understand the challenges faced by synthetic biology researchers.
Understanding regeneration at different scales
Authors: MacCord Kate , Maienschein Jane
Published: March 2019

Regeneration occurs at many different levels in nature, from individual organisms (notably earthworms and hydra), through communities of microbes, to ecosystems such as forests. Researchers in the life sciences and the history and philosophy of science are collaborating to explore how the processes of repair and recovery observed at these different scales are related.
Adaptation of metal and antibiotic resistant traits in novel β-ProteobacteriumAchromobacter xylosoxidansBHW-15
Authors: Istiaq Arif , Shuvo Md. Sadikur Rahman , Rahman Khondaker Md. Jaminur , Siddique Mohammad Anwar , Hossain M. Anwar , Sultana Munawar
Published: March 2019

Chromosomal co-existence of metal and antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria offers a new perspective to the bacterial resistance proliferation in contaminated environment. In this study, an arsenotrophic bacteriumAchromobacter xylosoxidansBHW-15, isolated from Arsenic (As) contaminated tubewell water in the Bogra district of Bangladesh, was analyzed using high throughput Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) complete genome sequencing scheme to reveal its adaptive potentiality. The assembled draft genome ofA. xylosoxidansBHW-15 was 6.3 Mbp containing 5,782 functional genes, 1,845 pseudo genes, and three incomplete phage signature regions. Comparative genome study suggested the bacterium to be a novel strain ofA. xylosoxidansshowing significant dissimilarity with other relevant strains in metal resistance gene islands. A total of 35 metal resistance genes along with arsenite-oxidizingaioSXBA, arsenate reducingarsRCDAB, and mercury resistancemerRTPADEoperonic gene cluster and 20 broad range antibiotic resistance genes including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and multiple multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux gene complex with a tripartite system OM-IM-MFP were found co-existed within the genome. Genomic synteny analysis with reported arsenotrophic bacteria revealed the characteristic genetic organization ofarsandmeroperonic genes, rarely described in β-Proteobacteria. A transposonTn21and mobile element protein genes were also detected to the end ofmer(mercury) operonic genes, possibly a carrier for the gene transposition. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility assay showed a broad range of resistance against antibiotics belonging to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins (1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations), monobactams and even macrolides, some of the resistome determinants were predicted during in silico analysis. KEGG functional orthology analysis revealed the potential of the bacterium to utilize multiple carbon sources including one carbon pool by folate, innate defense mechanism against multiple stress conditions, motility, a proper developed cell signaling and processing unit and secondary metabolism-combination of all exhibiting a robust feature of the cell in multiple stressed conditions. The complete genome of the strain BHW-15 stands as a genetic basis for the evolutionary adaptation of metal and the antibiotic coexistence phenomenon in an aquatic environment.
Identification ofAustwickia chelonaeas cause of cutaneous granuloma in endangered crocodile lizards using metataxonomics
Authors: Jiang Haiying , Zhang Xiujuan , Li Linmiao , Ma Jinge , He Nan , Liu Haiyang , Han Richou , Li Huiming , Wu Zhengjun , Chen Jinping
Published: March 2019

The crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurusAhl, 1930) is an endangered reptile species, and in recent years many have died from diseases, especially the rescued and breeding individuals. However, pathogens underlying these diseases are unclear. In this study, we report our effort in rapidly identifying and isolating the pathogen that causes high mortality in crocodile lizards from Guangdong LuokengShinisaurus crocodilurusNational Nature Reserve. The typical symptom is cutaneous granuloma in the infected crocodile lizards. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a comprehensive approach for sequence-based identification of pathogenic microbes. In this study, 16S rDNA based mNGS was used for rapid identification of pathogens, and microscopy and microbe isolation were used to confirm the results.Austwickia chelonaewas identified to be the dominant pathogen in the granuloma using 16S rDNA based mNGS. Chinese skinks were used as an animal model to verify the pathogenicity ofA. chelonaeto fulfill Koch’s postulates. As expected, subcutaneous inoculation ofA. chelonaeinduced granulomas in the healthy Chinese skinks and theA. chelonaewas re-isolated from the induced granulomas. Therefore,A. chelonaewas the primary pathogen that caused this high mortality disease, cutaneous granuloma, in crocodile lizards from Guangdong LuokengShinisaurus crocodilurusNational Nature Reserve. Antibiotics analysis demonstrated thatA. chelonaewas sensitive to cephalothin, minocycline and ampicillin, but not to kanamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin and clarithromycin, suggesting a possible treatment for the infected crocodile lizards. However, surgical resection of the nodules as early as possible was recommended. This study is the first report of pathogenic analysis in crocodile lizards and provides a reference for disease control and conservations of the endangered crocodile lizards and other reptiles. In addition, this study indicated that mNGS of lesions could be used to detect the pathogens in animals with benefits in speed and convenient.
Just a small bunch of flowers: the botanical knowledge of students and the positive effects of courses in plant identification at German universities
Authors: Buck Thorsten , Bruchmann Ines , Zumstein Pascale , Drees Claudia
Published: March 2019

Background

In the light of the ongoing loss of species the knowledge about and the ability to identify species becomes increasingly important for effective monitoring and conservation measures. Learning about identifying biodiversity is a central task for future biologists and biology teachers and universities play an important role in educating future experts and multipliers. It builds one basis for conservation literacy.

Methods

We analyzed undergraduate students’ prior knowledge on plant species, identification and their knowledge gain from introductory plant identification courses at eight German universities. Using the Visual Classification Method—a combination of a presentation and standardized questionnaires—we evaluated the learning success of more than 500 students regarding (a) ‘declarative species knowledge’ of plant species names and (b) ‘taxonomic concept knowledge’, which is seen as knowledge on a higher level of complexity. From comparison of paired pre- and post-tests we calculated the individual knowledge gain. Using Linear Mixed Effects Models (LMMs) we analyzed effects of knowledge levels, learner-specific resources and learning environment on the knowledge gain.

Results

We found that university course instructors have to start teaching at an almost zero level with respect to undergraduates’ prior knowledge: on average 2.6 of 32 common plant species were known. Overall, the introductory courses resulted in a significant but weak knowledge gain. We detected a higher knowledge gain in ‘taxonomic concept knowledge’ than in ‘declarative species knowledge’. We showed that the learning success was influenced by learner-specific resources, such as prior knowledge or aspects of motivation towards the subject matter, and by learning environment such as teaching methodology.

Discussion

We discuss didactical demands and aspects of teaching methodologies that could facilitate learning the complex task of plant identification in university courses. Plant identification should be taught and supervised by experienced, highly motivated course instructors with profound expertise and outstanding didactical skills. In order to qualify future generations of biologists, biology teachers, or conservationists universities should aim at and encourage high-quality teaching.
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in children with leukemia in Shandong Province, Eastern China: a case—control prospective study
Authors: Zhou Na , Fu Haiyang , Wang Zhongjun , Shi Hailei , Yu Yang , Qu Tingting , Wang Longlong , Zhang Xiangyan , Wang Lin
Published: March 2019

Limited information is available concerning the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in children with leukemia in Eastern China. Therefore, a case-control study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in this patient group and to identify risk factors and possible routes of infection. Serum samples were collected from 339 children with leukemia and 339 age matched health control subjects in Qingdao from September 2014 to March 2018. Enzyme linked immunoassays were used to screen anti- T. gondii IgG and anti- T. gondii IgM antibodies. Forty-eight (14.2%) children with leukemia and 31 (9.1%) control subjects were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies (P < 0.05), while 13 (3.8%) patients and 14 (4.1%) controls were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies (P = 0.84). Multivariate analysis showed exposure to soil and a history of blood transfusion were risk factors for T. gondii infection. Compared with IgG, patients with a history of blood transfusion were more likely to present anti- T. gondii IgM (P = 0.003). Moreover, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia had higher T. gondii seroprevalence in comparison to control subjects (P = 0.002 and P = 0.016, respectively). The results indicated that the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in children with leukemia is higher than that of healthy children in Eastern China. This information may be used to guide future research and clinical management, and further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of T. gondii in children with leukemia.
Vulnerability of Food Crop Farmers to Climate Change in South Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Chikezie C. , Ibekwe U. C. , Ohajianya D. O. , Orebiyi J. S. , Ibeagwa O. B.
Published: March 2019

Micro-level assessment of vulnerability to climate change creates basis for policy formulation. The study specifically ascertained the levels and determinants of vulnerability to climate change among selected food crop farmers. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and ordinary least square regression analysis. The result revealed that 15.95%, 68.97% and 15.08% of the households were highly vulnerable, moderately vulnerable and less vulnerable to climate change respectively. This implies a varied effect on crop farmers. The result also showed that amount saved, extension contacts, household expenditure and value of crop were significant at 1% level. The study recommended the provision of basic amenities and soft loans to farmers as well as an improvement in extension services. It also advocated the introduction of effective climate change mitigation and adaptive measures to boost agricultural output in their area.
Classroom Size as a Predictor of Bullying Behaviour among Secondary School Adolescents in Nigeria
Authors: Akpunne Bede C. , Lanre-Babalola F. , S. Alo Folake
Published: March 2019

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the patterns of bullying behaviour among Nigerian secondary school adolescents and to ascertain the link between classroom size and bullying in selected Senior Secondary Schools in Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. 

Study Design: Cross-sectional survey design.

Place of Study: Redeemer’s University Osun State, South Western Nigeria.

Methodology: Multistage sampling technique was adopted in this study.  Random sampling technique was used to select Obafemi / Owode Local Government Area (LGA) from Ogun central senatorial district, four Senior Secondary Schools (SSS) from the LGA and 397 students. Participants responded to School Congestion Questionnaire (SCQ) and Adolescent Peer Relation Instrument: Bully/Target (APRI-BT). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis

Results: Observed prevalence rates included verbal bullying (42.5%), social bullying (42.3%), physical bullying (37.9%) and overall bullying behaviour (44.8%). Class Size (CS) independently and significantly predicted the severities of verbal bullying (R² = .029, p = .001); social bullying (R² = .055, p = .000); physical bullying (R² = .042, p = .000) and overall bullying behaviour (R² = .042, p = .000) among the sample.

Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of bullying behaviour among Nigerian secondary school adolescents. Classroom size is a significant predictor of the individual factors of bullying behaviour (verbal bullying, social bullying, and physical bullying) as well as the composite of bullying behaviour among Senior Secondary School students in Nigeria.
Physicochemical Characteristics of Snail as Affected by Processing Methods, Temperatures and Storage Days
Authors: Iwanegbe I. , Emelue G. U. , Obaroakpo J. U.
Published: March 2019

This study investigated the effect of processing methods, temperature and storage days on the physico-chemical characteristics of snail meat products. Four different treatments were carried out; unseasoned fried (USF), seasoned fried (SF), seasoned oven- dried (SOD) and seasoned smoke- dried (SSD) snail meat products and were  stored under room, fridge and freezer storage conditions;  physico-chemical determination and analysis of variance were carried out. The results showed that the highest crude protein was obtained in the seasoned smoke-dried product (76.87%), followed by seasoned oven-dried product (75.80%), next was seasoned fried (70.15%) and the least was unseasoned fried product (68.57%). The highest ash value was seen in seasoned smoke-dried product (4.84%), followed by seasoned oven-dried (4.313%) and the least was unseasoned-fried product (3.933%). The highest energy values were observed in the fried products (1497.67 KJ/100 g seasoned fried and 1490.53 KJ/100 g unseasoned-fried).The highest iron value (16.47 mg/100 g) obtained was from seasoned smoke-dried product. Seasoned smoke-dried product was significantly different from other products and it had the highest mineral content. Seasoned oven-dried snail meat product had the lowest pH values 6.0, 7.17 and 6.29 for 0-5 days, 10-20 days and 25- 30 days storage respectively. This was followed by seasoned smoke-dried product having 6.68, 7.81 and 6.56 at 0-5 days, 10-20 days and 25-30 days respectively. The observed low pH in seasoned products could be ascribed to the effect of the seasonings; this is an indication of better shelf stability. It was observed that the combine effect of seasonings, smoke-drying and cold storage help to extend the shelf life of snail meat.
Seminal Cell-Free DNA Test for the Management of Male Infertility
Authors: Mbaye Modou Mamoune , Khalfi Bouchra El , Louanjli Noureddine , Saadani Brahim , Kaarouch Ismail , Madkour Aicha , Soukri Abdelaziz
Published: March 2019

The use of extracellular or circulating nucleic acids (Cfs), as a diagnostic or prognostic tool in oncology, has been broadly documented. However, their use in gynecology-obstetrics as non-invasive biomarkers in the management of infertility has become a recurring fact. The circulating nucleic acids are constituted by: free DNA which can be long or short DNA strands resulting from the apoptotic or necrotic processes, the free RNA containing: micro-RNAs (miRNAs) which are short single-stranded ribonucleic acids (RNA) that are able to deter the production of  protein from a gene, Piwi-interacting RNAs (PiRNAs) that are small RNAs expressed in germ cells or even early embryos and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are small RNAs that can bind specifically to a messenger RNA sequence and prevent gene expression by cleaving that RNA. The presence of circulating nucleic acids in many biological fluids such as: urine, seminal plasma and serum, the fact that they are easy to detect, the variation of their level according to the physiopathological conditions of the body and their implication in many biological processes such as folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis make nucleic acids circulating important biomarkers of interest in the management of male infertility. They compose a real complementary help for practitioners of medically assisted procreation. As a result, circulating nucleic acids are a promising avenue in the prevention of implantation failures. In this article, we will seek to affirm further, their importance in the management of male infertility, by highlighting their different uses.
Mothers’ Misconceptions about Hepatitis B Disease and Hepatitis B Vaccine
Authors: Giao Huynh , An Pham Le , Vinh Bui Quang , Thuan Tran Thien , Vinh Nguyen Quang , Jolly Pauline E.
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Hepatitis B vaccination has resulted in dramatic reductions in the prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection among children since its introduction into infant immunization schedules. However, 45% of Vietnamese mothers did not have their infants immunized at birth in 2013-2014.

Aim: To assess mothers’ misconceptions about HBV and HBV vaccinations, as well as barriers to mothers getting their children vaccinated.

Study Design: A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted from April to October 2015 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam among mothers of children under one year of age. This study consisted of one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) designed to collect information on the mothers’ perceptions about HBV and decisions to immunize their child.

Methodology: Thirty-five mothers of children under one year of age who were completely or incompletely immunized at the Pediatric Number 2 Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam participated in the study. Eligible mothers were identified and recruited by nurses in the Hospital’s vaccination clinic for 10 in-depth interviews and 5 FGDs comprised of 5 mothers each.

Results: With regards to HBV transmission, 25.7%, 22.9% and 34.3% of mothers believed that HBV could be transmitted genetically, through sharing food, or from an unclean environment, respectively. Over half of the mothers (51.4%) were unaware that HBV could be transmitted during childbirth and 34.3% of mothers believed that vaccines which were purchased were more effective than free vaccines from the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).

Conclusion: Public educational interventions should be conducted to clear up the misconceptions identified in this study and to reassure parents that the free vaccines offered through the EPI are of the same quality as the vaccines that are purchased in the private clinics at public hospitals.
Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Market Performance in Nigeria
Authors: John Emmanuel Isaac
Published: March 2019

This paper aims at examining the effect of macroeconomic variables on stock market performance in Nigeria using annual time series data spanning 1981 to 2016.The data were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. Four macroeconomic variables, namely: money supply, interest rate, exchange rate and inflation rate were used as independent variables, while market capitalisation (proxy for stock market performance) was employed as the dependent variable. The results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test revealed that all the variables studied were stationary at first difference except money supply which was stationary at second difference. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression results showed that money supply has a significant positive effect; interest rate has a significant negative effect; whereas, exchange rate has a positive but not significant effect and inflation rate has a positive but not statistically significant effect on stock market performance. The cointegration test results disclosed that there exist a long-run relationship between the macroeconomic indicators and stock market performance. The Granger Causality test results revealed that a unidirectional causality runs from money supply and exchange rate to stock market performance. In conclusion, money supply and interest rate are the true factors influencing stock market performance in Nigeria because they exhibited a significant effect on stock market performance. Whereas, exchange rate and inflation rate indicated a weak (non-significant) effect on stock market performance. Consequently, the recommendations are: monetary policies that favour the supply of money in the economy should be pursued in order to ensure a better performance of the stock market; Interest rate should be relatively low to guarantee a higher performance of the stock market because high interest rate has a significant negative effect on the Nigerian stock market.
Cardiovascular risk factors and Parkinson's disease in 500,000 Chinese adults
Authors: Kizza Jennifer , Lewington Sarah , Mappin‐Kasirer Benjamin , Turnbull Iain , Guo Yu , Bian Zheng , Chen Yiping , Yang Ling , Chen Zhengming , Clarke Robert ,   on behalf of the China Kadoorie Biobank
Published: March 2019

Objective

The objectives of this study were to compare the risks of Parkinson's disease among those with versus those without prior stroke or heart disease at baseline in a prospective study of 0.5 million adults in China, and to examine associations of cardiovascular disease risk factors (cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity) with risk of Parkinson's disease.

Methods

During an average of 11.5 years of follow‐up of 503,497 middle‐aged participants in the China Kadoorie Biobank study, 603 incident cases were hospitalized with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess associations of history of heart disease or stroke with Parkinson's disease in all participants, and of cardiovascular disease risk factors with Parkinson's disease in a subset without prior cardiovascular disease.

Results

In this population the incidence rate of Parkinson's disease (mean [SD] age of cases, 61 [10] years) was 13.3 (95% confidence interval: 12.3–14.4) per 100,000 person‐years. Incidence increased with age, and was higher in men than in women, and in urban than in rural residents. Prior stroke was associated with about twofold higher risk of Parkinson's disease (hazard ratio 1.94; 1.39–2.69). After adjustment for confounders in those without prior cardiovascular disease, a 5 kg/m2 higher body mass index was associated with 17% (1.17; 1.03–1.34: P = 0.019) higher risk of Parkinson's disease, but neither hypertension, diabetes, nor current cigarette smoking was significantly associated with Parkinson's disease.

Interpretation

Prior stroke and adiposity were each associated with higher risks of Parkinson's disease, but none of the other cardiovascular disease risk factors were significantly associated with Parkinson's disease in this population.
The utility of visuospatial mnemonics is dependent on visuospatial aptitudes
Authors: Sanchez Christopher A.
Published: March 2019

Classic studies in cognition have demonstrated that the use of appropriate memory mnemonics can reliably increase recall performance. However, is the facilitative effect of mnemonics consistent across all individuals? As some mnemonics explicitly contain a large visuospatial component, does normal variance in visuospatial aptitudes predict the effectiveness of such strategy usage? To explore this question, participants who varied in visuospatial ability were asked to recall several lists of words, and either did or did not use a visuospatial mnemonic. Results indicated that effective mnemonic usage was directly dependent on participants' visuospatial ability, and those lower in visuospatial aptitudes actually produced lower recall performance when asked to use such a mnemonic. Similarly, those lower in visuospatial aptitude also reported that mnemonic usage made the task significantly more difficult. These findings suggest that individual differences in relevant cognitive abilities can influence the effectiveness of memory strategies commonly used to enhance recall.
Effects of Cold Rolling on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Mg–14Li–1Zn Alloy
Authors: Fu Kunning , Wang Jiahao , Qiu Min , Gao Fan , Wu Ruizhi , Hou Legan , Zheng Haipeng , Zhang Jinhuai , Zhang Milin
Published: March 2019

Cold rolling is employed to improve mechanical properties of Mg–14Li–1Zn alloy. Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties are investigated. Results show that, as‐cast and as‐homogenized Mg–14Li–1Zn alloy is mainly composed of β phase with trace amount of tiny α phase particles. During tensile test, the discontinuous α phase leads to intergranular fracture, which is a main reason for the low strength and low elongation. After cold rolling, the distribution of α phase becomes much more dispersive. The tensile fractural morphology changes from brittle intergranular fracture to dimple fracture. The sheet with 70% thickness reduction possesses the ultimate tensile strength of 212 MPa, elongation of 9.4%, and microhardness of 60.12 HV. When the total rolling reduction is 90%, the tensile strength decreases slowly to 210 MPa, but the elongation increases sharply to 19.8%. Strengthening mechanisms of the Mg–14Li–1Zn alloy are attributed to strain hardening and grain refinement. Strain hardening plays an important role in the enhancement of strength. Grain refinement and the appropriate distribution of the α(Mg) can obviously improve the plasticity.