bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suprabasal expression of human amphiregulin in the epidermis of transgenic mice induces a severe, early‐onset, psoriasis‐like skin pathology: Expression of amphiregulin in the basal epidermis is also associated with synovitis
Authors: Cook Paul W. , Brown Jeffrey R. , Cornell Kenneth A. , Pittelkow Mark R.
Published: June 2004

Abstract:  The expression of amphiregulin (AR) in the basal epidermis of transgenic mice [keratin 14 promoter AR gene (K14‐ARGE)] has been previously shown to induce an early‐onset and severe skin pathology, with many similarities to psoriasis. In this study, it is demonstrated that involucrin enhancer/promoter‐dependent expression of human AR (INV‐AR) in the suprabasal epidermis of transgenic mice also produces a cutaneous psoriasis‐like phenotype. INV‐AR mice possess a limited lifespan and scaling, papillomatous, erythematous skin with partial alopecia. INV‐AR mouse histopathology also revealed epidermal hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, and an exaggerated dermal vasculature. A dermal and epidermal infiltrate was also evident and consisted of both neutrophils and CD3+ T lymphocytes. The histology of synovial joints in both the INV‐AR mice and the K14‐ARGE mice of our previous investigation was examined. The histologic examination revealed that 3‐week‐old INV‐AR transgenic mice displayed normal knee joint histology, while 2‐ to 3‐week‐old K14‐ARGE transgenic mice frequently displayed synovitis, as exemplified by the presence of a mixed leukocytic infiltration, increased vascularization, and enhanced deposition of fibrous matrix in the knee synovium. These results demonstrate that AR overexpression in both the basal and suprabasal epidermis of transgenic mice induces a phenotype that mimics cutaneous psoriasis, while basal AR expression is also associated with synovial inflammation, a precursor to the psoriasis‐associated arthropathy, psoriatic arthritis. Collectively, the results implicate epidermal AR expression as a possible mediator of innate cutaneous immunity and epidermal proliferation and also as a potential trigger of both cutaneous psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating‐factor‐induced psoriasiform dermatitis resembles psoriasis with regard to abnormal cytokine expression and epidermal activation
Authors: Mössner R. , Beckmann I. , Hallermann C. , Neumann C. , Reich K.
Published: June 2004

Abstract:  Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by accumulation of Th1‐type T cells and neutrophils, regenerative keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, and enhanced epidermal production of antimicrobial peptides. The underlying cause is unknown, but there are some similarities with the immunologic defense program against bacteria. Development of psoriasiform skin lesions has been reported after administration of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), a cytokine induced in monocytes by bacterial antigens. To further investigate the relation between this type of cytokine‐induced dermatitis and psoriasis, we analyzed the cutaneous cytokine profile [tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ, transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), IL‐12p35 and p40, and IL‐8] and expression of markers of epidermal activation [Ki‐67, cytokeratin‐16, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1)] in a patient who developed G‐CSF‐induced psoriasiform dermatitis by using quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistology. The histologic picture resembled psoriasis with regard to epidermal hyperparakeratosis and the accumulation of lymphocytes in the upper corium. CD8+ T cells were found to infiltrate the epidermis which was associated with an aberrant expression of Ki‐67, cytokeratin‐16, MHC class II, and ICAM‐1 on adjacent keratinocytes. As compared to normal skin (n = 7), there was an increased expression of TNF‐α, IL‐12p40, and IL‐8, a decreased expression of TGF‐β1, and a lack of IL‐10, similar to the findings in active psoriasis (n = 8). Therefore, G‐CSF may cause a lymphocytic dermatitis that, similar to psoriasis, is characterized by a pro‐inflammatory Th1‐type cytokine milieu and an epidermal phenotype indicative of aberrant maturation and acquisition of non‐professional immune functions.
IP‐10‐encoding plasmid DNA therapy exhibits anti‐tumor and anti‐metastatic efficiency
Authors: Keyser Johanna , Schultz Jan , Ladell Kristin , Elzaouk Lina , Heinzerling Lucie , Pavlovic Jovan , Moelling Karin
Published: June 2004

Abstract:  We report here that the interferon‐induced protein of 10 kDa (IP‐10 or CXCL10) elicits strong anti‐tumor and anti‐metastatic responses in mice when administered by plasmid DNA. Intratumoral but not intramuscular IP‐10 DNA inoculation resulted in reduced tumor formation of malignant melanoma (B16F10) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LL/2) in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, plasmid DNA‐encoding IP‐10 substantially reduced the establishment of metastases when injected systemically by the intramuscular route. In contrast to the primary tumor model, the anti‐metastatic effect of DNA‐encoding IP‐10 was primarily mediated by NK cells. Compared to DNA‐encoding interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), therapy with DNA‐encoding IP‐10 exhibits lower efficacy against primary melanoma tumors but equivalent efficacy against primary Lewis lung tumors and against B16F10 lung metastasis formation. Co‐administration of DNA‐encoding IP‐10 and IL‐12 enhanced the anti‐tumor activity of IL‐12 in the lung metastasis model but had little effect in the local treatment of established subcutaneous tumors. Interestingly, treatment of nude mice lacking T lymphocytes with DNA‐encoding IP‐10 or IL‐12 still resulted in a pronounced reduction of tumor growth or metastasis formation.
Statins: novel additions to the dermatologic arsenal?
Authors: Namazi M. R.
Published: June 2004

Abstract:  The 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins), atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and simvastatin, reduce atherogenesis and cardiovascular morbidity. Besides, there is growing evidence that statins have immunomodulatory activities. Statins downregulate the expression of adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MAC‐1) and lymphocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1), on leucocytes and endothelial cells and, through binding to LFA‐1, interfere with ICAM‐1–LFA‐1 interaction, which is crucial for activation of lymphocytes by antigen‐presenting cells, ingress of leucocytes into the inflammation sites and immunologic cytotoxicity. Statins inhibit the inducible expression of major histocompatibility complex class II in several cell types including macrophages and downregulate the expression of T‐helper‐1 (Th1) chemokine receptors on T cells, leading further to inhibition of activation of lymphocytes and their infiltration into the inflammation sites. Statins block the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ in macrophages and possess antioxidant effects. These agents inhibit the proliferation of immunocytes and the activation of natural killer cells. Regarding the above facts and in view of their safety and inexpensiveness, statins may prove invaluable in the treatment of a multiplicity of dermatologic disorders, especially those characterized by ingress of activated leucocytes into the skin, such as alopecia areata, vitiligo, lichen planus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme, psoriasis, bullous pemphigoid, systemic sclerosis, mycosis fungoides, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Behcet's disease.
Trustworthiness of information about blood donation and transfusion in relation to knowledge and perceptions of risk: an analysis of UK stakeholder groups
Authors: Ferguson E. , Farrell K. , James V. , Lowe K. C.
Published: June 2004

Summary.  There is evidence that the public perceive blood transfusion as risky, and there is a growing literature exploring factors associated with perceived transfusion risk. One contributory factor might be the types of information different key stakeholders (e.g. general practitioners, anaesthetists, health/life style journalists and blood donors) rely on for information. This article addresses four unanswered questions about transfusion/donation risk, namely (1) do different stakeholder groups perceive different sources of information as more or less trustworthy, (2) to what extent is the perceived trustworthiness related to levels of knowledge and perceived risk, (3) is optimistic bias observed across the stakeholder groups, and (4) is knowledge related to levels of perceived risk across the stakeholder groups? A questionnaire survey was used to assess the trustworthiness of sources of information, perceived risk and knowledge. Four stakeholder groups were examined, namely (1) blood donors (n = 250), (2) general practitioners (n = 88), (3) anaesthetists (n = 143) and (4) medical journalists (n = 20). The results showed that (1) judgements of trustworthiness vary as a function of stakeholder groups, and (2) it is what people think they know rather than what they actually know that is related to judgements of trustworthiness and perceptions of risk. Judgements of trustworthiness are generally unrelated to perceptions of risk, and all stakeholder groups show optimistic bias. The implications of these findings for risk communication, specifically relating to transfusion medicine, are discussed.
Large volume polymerized haemoglobin solution in a Jehovah's Witness following abruptio placentae
Authors: Cothren C. C. , Moore E. E. , Long J. S. , Haenel J. B. , Johnson J. L. , Ciesla D. J.
Published: June 2004

Summary.  Severe anaemia, with haemoglobin (Hb) levels ≤3 g dL−1, is associated with mortality rates of 50–95%. Although accepted transfusion targets have been debated in the literature (Carson et al., 2002; Practice guidelines for blood component therapy. 1996; Consensus Conference. 1988; Hebert et al., 1999), few would argue the risks associated with Hb levels less than 5 g dL−1 in critically ill patients. In patients who are unable to receive red blood cell transfusions, the utility of Hb solutions is an attractive solution. We describe a Jehovah's Witness patient who exemplifies the marked physiologic derangements of severe anaemia and subsequent clinical resolution with large volume polymerized human Hb transfusion. The Hb‐based oxygen carrier, PolyHeme®, provided adequate oxygen transport, acting as a bridge until endogenous production could compensate for red cell loss. Practicing physicians need to be aware of current therapeutic options for use in these complicated patients.
Evaluation of processing characteristics of photochemically treated pooled platelets: target requirements for the INTERCEPT Blood System comply with routine use after process optimization
Authors: Picker S. M. , Speer R. , Gathof B. S.
Published: June 2004

Summary.  To ensure good performance of pathogen inactivation with the INTERCEPT blood system, specific target requirements must be met for platelet dose, volume, plasma content and residual red blood cells (RBCs) prior to photochemical treatment (PCT). A two‐arm in vitro study was conducted to compare quality parameters of pooled platelet concentrates (PCs), either treated (test units) or nontreated (control units). PCs meeting European requirements were evaluated with reference to their compliance with INTERCEPT guard bands. Of 50 PCs (25 tests and 25 controls) meeting European quality requirements, 24% (three test and three controls units) did not reach INTERCEPT requirements, particularly in terms of sufficient volumes and RBC contamination. The buffy‐coat optimization procedure assessed prior to this study ensured plasma contents well within target limits of 30 to 45%. Due to PCT‐related in‐process loss of 11% in volume (34·38 ± 3·94) and in platelet dose (0·41 ± 0·14), the mean platelet dose was significantly (P < 0·001) lower in test units: 3·1 ± 0·3 versus 3·6 ± 0·4 × 1011. After treatment, six of the overall 25 test units (25%) would not have met the European guideline for platelet dose (3·0 × 1011). Before implementation of techniques for pathogen reduction, each centre should optimize processing steps during a validation procedure to ensure PC complying with INTERCEPT targets before and European targets after treatment. Besides buffy‐coat optimization for sufficient plasma reduction, centrifugation profiles need to be optimized as well to prevent PC with low volumes and, in particular, with higher than acceptable RBC contamination.
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury caused by two donors with anti‐human leucocyte antigen class II antibodies: a look‐back investigation
Authors: Nicolle A. L. , Chapman C. E. , Carter V. , Wallis J. P.
Published: June 2004

Summary.  Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is considered as one of the most important complications of blood transfusion. Previous look‐back investigations have revealed unrecognized cases.

We report two cases of TRALI in brief and the outcomes of transfusion in the recipients of previous components from the implicated donors. This look‐back investigation was a retrospective case‐note study assessing whether there were any untoward events associated with the previous transfusions.

18 patients were identified as having received a blood component transfusion from one of the two donors with anti‐human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies to antigens occurring frequently in the local population. One of the five patients receiving a unit of fresh frozen plasma had an evidence of TRALI, which was not diagnosed at the time. A second patient, who had been HLA typed and who carried a full match of antigens for the antibody specificities of the plasma received, had no evidence of a reaction. There were no documented reactions in 13 recipients of red cells in optimal additive (OA) solution.

Cases of TRALI may go unrecognized. Not all patients with antibody/antigen concordance will develop clinical signs. Red cells in OA solution from donors with anti‐HLA antibodies appear to have a low risk of causing clinically evident lung damage.
Improvement in fresh frozen plasma transfusion practice: results of an outcome audit
Authors: Kakkar N. , Kaur R. , Dhanoa J.
Published: June 2004

Summary.  Blood components have been in use in clinical practice for many decades now. In spite of fairly clear guidelines regarding their use, inappropriate prescriptions for components are still rampant. We undertook this work to assess the appropriateness of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions in our hospital. A prospective audit of 504 transfusion orders for 1761 FFP units was conducted over a 6‐month period which was followed by a re‐audit of 294 FFP prescriptions for 961 units. In the initial audit, we identified 304 (60·3%) prescriptions which were inappropriate according to the British Committee for Standardization in Hematology (BCSH) guidelines. The re‐audit performed after an educational campaign among clinicians showed a reduction in inappropriate requests by 26·6%. The specific areas of misuse were FFP transfusions in patients with hypoproteinaemic states (40·5%), anaemia (36·5%), bleeding without coagulation factor deficiency (10·2%) and volume depletion (9·2%). A significant 50·3% of requests in the initial audit and 38·4% in the re‐audit were for single‐ or two‐unit transfusions, which were subtherapeutic. FFP transfusions carry the same risks to the patients as any other blood component. Prescribers of these transfusions need to be aware of the clinical setting where their use is appropriate. Local hospital transfusion committees can play a vital role in overseeing transfusion practices to ensure optimal use of blood/component therapy.
Morganella morganii causing fatal sepsis in a platelet recipient and also isolated from a donor's stool
Authors: Golubić‐Ćepulić B. , Budimir A. , Plečko V. , Plenković F. , Mrsić M. , Šarlija D. , Vuk T. , Škrlin J. , Kalenić S. , Labar B.
Published: June 2004

Summary.  Bacterial contamination of blood products causes significant patient morbidity and mortality. Contaminated platelet transfusion is a frequent cause of bacteraemia and sepsis because of the storage conditions of platelets. A fatal case of Morganella morganii platelet transfusion associated with sepsis is described, along with procedures traced back to the isolation of M. morganii from a donor's stool. Molecular typing was performed, and the same M. morganii strain was found in blood and post‐mortem organ cultures of platelet recipient and platelet bag and in the donor's stool. The route of contamination is unknown. The contamination could be due to either insufficient venipuncture site disinfection or the donor's transient bacteraemia. Patient died 5 days after the transfusion.
A review of research related to blood transfusion in Canada, 2000–2002
Authors: Teitel J. M. , Robillard P. , Rock G. A. , Wong‐Rieger D. , Lai E. S. , Chan P.
Published: June 2004

Summary.  The former National Blood Safety Council undertook a comprehensive review of blood transfusion research in Canada for the years 2000 through 2002. Data were acquired by direct contact with agencies which support such research and by searches of the relevant websites. Total grant support increased markedly over the 3‐year period, from $4·1 million to $18·5 million. Publicly funded granting agencies, biopharmaceutical companies, the blood services and the province of Ontario were major supporters. Much smaller amounts were granted from charitable organizations. Clinical research attracted the majority of the funding, although a larger number of projects were basic science in nature. Most research was carried out in the provinces of Ontario, Québec and British Columbia. Although we have not assessed the productivity of blood‐related research, it appears that substantial amounts of funding were allocated to these projects between 2000 and 2002. These data may provide a helpful perspective to investigators in transfusion medicine elsewhere, who may also be assessing the relative priority given to this field of research in their own countries.
Trust and Innovation: from Spin‐Off Idea to Stock Exchange
Authors: Kohtamäki Marko , Kekäle Tauno , Viitala Riitta
Published: June 2004

Trust among entrepreneurs, their co‐workers and between the entrepreneurs and their business partners plays a key role in the early stages of formation of a new company. In this piece of research, trust is defined as a belief consisting of eight trusting beliefs, emphasising the rational consideration between these beliefs and other situational factors. The concept of trust is developed through objects, mechanisms and antecedents. The present paper is an empirical exploration of these phenomena in the context of innovativeness in a high‐tech company. The goal is to describe the role, content and impact of trust at the different stages of a business evolution process.
The Physical Context of Creativity
Authors: Kristensen Tore
Published: June 2004

Creative processes are complex and consist of sub‐processes, e.g. value creation, scaffolding, imagination and materialization. Creativity takes place in a physical context, i.e. in a confined space. Such space restricts and enables the free flow of sensory experiences and proximity of other people. The confinements may make certain sensory experiences available, e.g. vision of source material, sight and sound (including noise). This framing allows certain cognitive processes and restricts others. This may induce emotions that, in turn, facilitate or reduce the enhancement of creativity. Physical space affects the well‐being of people, the channels of information, the availability of knowledge tools and sets the stage for coherence and continuity, which may contribute to competitive advantages.
Design Dialogue Groups as a Source of Innovation: Factors behind Group Creativity
Authors: Björkman Hans
Published: June 2004

Sif – a Swedish national trade union for white‐collar workers in Industry – has recognized the importance of enhancing its service innovation processes through careful listening to its members. This article will discuss the Design Dialogue Group (DDG) methodology that has been developed through collaborative research between Sif and the Fenix Research Program, in order to enhance group creativity and organizational learning. The emphasis of this paper is restricted to the issue of enhancing group creativity, and literature and empirical data will be used in order to discuss the factors enabling and restraining creativity. The major assumption behind this study is that many factors behind group creativity can be controlled. Thus, a careful design of the group creativity process would increase the likelihood for success since measures to enhance creative behaviours and to avoid pitfalls can be planned and/or taken by a group moderator. In short, the aims of this study are twofold: (1) to relate prior research contributions to DDG experiences in order to augment our understanding concerning factors enhancing and threatening creativity in DDG settings and (2) to systematize these findings into a set of proposed design principles related to domain‐relevant skills, creativity‐related processes, and task motivation. These propositions concern the recruitment of participants, group characteristics, and group processes.
Measuring and Enabling Learning Behaviour in Product Innovation Processes
Authors: Gieskes José , Heijden Beatrice van der
Published: June 2004

It is generally acknowledged that innovation is one of the most important predictors of firm success or failure. Successful innovation processes require creating new organizational capabilities to handle the external pressure for new products and processes (fast, good and at low costs), and the internal pressure for increased efficiency and effectiveness. Under these circumstances ‘learning’ is an important issue and the increased interest for topics such as knowledge management, organizational learning and continuous improvement illustrates its relevance. Within the CIMA (Continuous Improvement in Global Product Innovation Management) research project (CIMA‐ESPRIT 26056) a methodology has been developed to help companies to stimulate learning behaviour of individuals and teams in product innovation processes. By studying learning behaviour in 140 product innovation projects in 70 companies in six countries, a seemingly valid and reliable scale for measuring learning behaviour has been developed. In addition, managerial activities and decisions that are predictive for improving learning behaviour have been identified.
Transitioning Towards Creativity and Innovation Measurement in SMEs
Authors: McAdam Rodney , Keogh William
Published: June 2004

The aim of this paper is to explore the transition from traditional measures to creativity and innovation measures within a number of small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) case studies. The need for increased competitiveness has created an impetus for increased creativity and innovation in SMEs. However, the measures associated with the process of creativity and innovation in organisations sometimes do not follow cause‐and‐effect rationale, reflecting non‐linear behaviour. A multiple SME‐based case research methodology is used to explore the transitioning effects from traditional to more creativity and innovation based measures. The cases were part of a longitudinal creativity and innovation intervention programme, which combined taught modules and Critical Action Learning networks over a two‐year period. These networks involved sub‐groups applying critical theory‐based study to the learning they had received in the modules. The findings reveal that the transition dynamics include a complex mix of cause and effect rationale, phenomenology, incremental change, radical change, quantitative, qualitative and linear and complex contrasts and comparisons. Thus, managers must facilitate an eclectic approach to creativity and innovation measures.
Book Review
Authors: Faems Dries
Published: June 2004

Larisa V. Shavinina (2003) The International Handbook on Innovation. Pergamon, Amsterdam. Hback, 1208 pp, ISBN 008044198X
Why Study Large Projects? An Introduction to Research on Project Finance
Authors: Esty Benjamin C.
Published: June 2004

Despite the fact that more than $200 billion of capital investment was financed through project companies in 2001, an amount that grew at a compound annual rate of almost 20% during the 1990s, there has been very little academic research on project finance. The purpose of this article is to explain why project finance in general and why large projects in particular merit separate academic research and instruction. In short, there are significant opportunities to study the relationship among structural attributes (i.e., high leverage, contractual details, and concentrated equity ownership), managerial incentives, and asset values, as well as improve current practice in this rapidly growing field of finance.
Keeping Up with the Joneses and the Home Bias
Authors: Lauterbach Beni , Reisman Haim
Published: June 2004

We argue that when individuals care about their consumption relative to that of their neighbours, a home bias emerges, that is investors overweight domestic stocks in their portfolios. Domestic stocks are preferred because they also serve the objective of mimicking the economic fortunes and welfare of the investor's neighbours, countrymen, and social reference group. We also demonstrate that globalization mitigates the home bias, and derive a modified international CAPM.
Investor Sentiment and the Closed‐end Fund Puzzle: Out‐of‐sample Evidence
Authors: Doukas John A. , Milonas Nikolaos T.
Published: June 2004

In this paper we examine the proposition that small investor sentiment, measured by the change in the discount/premium on closed‐end funds, is an important factor in stock returns. We conduct an out‐of‐sample test of the investor sentiment hypothesis in a market environment that is more likely to be prone to investor sentiment than the USA. We fail to provide supporting evidence for the claim of Lee et al. (1991) that investor sentiment affects the risk of common stocks. Consistent with Elton et al. (1998), who show that investor sentiment does not enter the return generating process, our tests do not detect investor sentiment in a capital market that is more susceptible to small investor sentiment. Our results provide additional support against the claim that investor sentiment represents an independent and systematic asset pricing risk.
Corporate Governance and Expected Stock Returns: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Drobetz Wolfgang , Schillhofer Andreas , Zimmermann Heinz
Published: June 2004

Recent empirical work shows evidence for higher valuation of firms in countries with a better legal environment. We investigate whether differences in the quality of firm‐level corporate governance also help to explain firm performance in a cross‐section of companies within a single jurisdiction. Constructing a broad corporate governance rating (CGR) for German public firms, we document a positive relationship between governance practices and firm valuation. There is also evidence that expected stock returns are negatively correlated with firm‐level corporate governance, if dividend yields are used as proxies for the cost of capital. An investment strategy that bought high‐CGR firms and shorted low‐CGR firms earned abnormal returns of around 12% on an annual basis during the sample period.
Why Do Firms Hold Cash? Evidence from EMU Countries
Authors: Ferreira Miguel A. , Vilela Antonio S.
Published: June 2004

This paper investigates the determinants of corporate cash holdings in EMU countries. Our results suggest that cash holdings are positively affected by the investment opportunity set and cash flows and negatively affected by asset's liquidity, leverage and size. Bank debt and cash holdings are negatively related, which supports that a close relationship with banks allows the firm to hold less cash for precautionary reasons. Firms in countries with superior investor protection and concentrated ownership hold less cash, supporting the role of managerial discretion agency costs in explaining cash levels. Capital markets development has a negative impact on cash levels, contrary to the agency view.
Implied Foreign Exchange Risk Premia
Authors: Panigirtzoglou Nikolaos
Published: June 2004

This paper uses implied volatilities from foreign exchange option prices and the results of no‐arbitrage theory to estimate foreign exchange risk premia. In particular, under the assumption of no‐arbitrage, the foreign exchange risk premium is driven by the difference between investors’ market prices of risk in the two currencies. In an international economy with three currencies, sterling, US dollar and Deutschemark, we can use the information on implied volatilities of the three cross rates to derive estimates of implied or ex ante market prices of risk and of foreign exchange risk premia. The foreign exchange risk premia estimates are then compared to survey‐based risk premia.
Why Do European Firms Issue Convertible Debt?
Authors: Bancel Franck , Mittoo Usha R.
Published: June 2004

We survey European managers to gain some insights into motivations of convertible issuance. Our analysis shows that a majority of firms issue convertibles as ‘delayed equity’ and as ‘debt sweetener’. Managers also use convertibles to avoid short‐term equity dilution and to signal firm's future growth opportunities. We document a large cross‐sectional variation across firms in rationales for issuing convertibles and find mixed support for most theoretical models. Our evidence suggests that the popularity of convertibles is driven primarily by their versatility in adjusting their design to fit the financing needs of individual firms, and by their increased demand among institutional investors.
The caecilian amphibian Scolecomorphus kirkii Boulenger as prey of the burrowing asp Atractaspis aterrima Günther: trophic relationships of fossorial vertebrates
Authors: Gower David J. , Rasmussen Jens B. , Loader Simon P. , Wilkinson Mark
Published: June 2004

A report is given of an adult caecilian, Scolecomorphus kirkii, found in the gut of a specimen of the snake Atractaspis aterrima from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Both predator and prey are largely fossorial in soil, and their ecology is poorly known, such that this is the first reported predator of any scolecomorphid caecilian. The caecilian was ingested head first and much of the flesh from the anterior of the specimen had been digested. The prey/predator mass ratio is 0.48. This value is substantially higher than reported for A. aterrima from West Africa, and refutes the notion that this species feeds only on small prey. Most reported predators of caecilians are snakes, and a brief review is presented.
Spatial ecology of golden jackal in farmland in the Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Admasu Ermias , Thirgood Simon J. , Bekele Afework , Karen Laurenson M.
Published: June 2004

The spatial ecology of golden jackal Canis aureus was studied on farmland adjacent to the Bale Mountains National Park in southern Ethiopia during 1998–2000. Three adult and four subadult jackals were captured in leg‐hold traps and radiotagged. The range size of the adult jackals varied from 7.9 to 48.2 km2 and the subadults from 24.2 to 64.8 km2 . These ranges are the largest recorded for this species. Range overlap of the tagged jackals averaged 54%, which, in conjunction with observations of associations between individuals, suggested that all the tagged jackals belonged to one social group. Tagged jackals were observed alone on 87% of occasions despite the extensive overlap in individual ranges. Pairs consisting of a male and female were the most commonly observed group and larger groups were seen on only five occasions. Jackals in this population appeared less gregarious than observed elsewhere. The jackals used all the habitats available to them, particularly at night when they foraged in Artemesia and Hypericum bush and farmland. During the day they were more frequently found in Hagenia and Juniper woodland and their diurnal resting sites were characterized by thick cover. This is the first detailed study of golden jackals in a human‐modified landscape in Africa and further demonstrates the flexibility in behaviour and ecology exhibited by this species throughout its range.
Spatial ecology of white‐tailed mongoose in farmland in the Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Admasu Ermias , Thirgood Simon J. , Bekele Afework , Laurenson M. Karen
Published: June 2004

The spatial ecology of the white‐tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda was studied during November 1998 to February 2000 on farmland adjacent to the Bale Mountains National Park in southern Ethiopia. Four male and one female white‐tailed mongooses were captured and radiotagged. The average range size was 3.2 km2 for three adult males and 2.6 km2 for the female which is larger than previously recorded in savannah habitat. Asymptotic range size was reached at approximately 50 locations for the males and twenty locations for the female. The ranges of the three adult male mongooses overlapped on average only 2% whereas the single female range overlapped with two adjacent males by 81 and 25%, respectively. Twenty per cent of mongoose sightings were of groups that consisted of a male and female. Diurnal resting sites were found amongst rocks or in empty buildings. The mongooses foraged on grassy areas within woodland and bush during nocturnal activity periods. We conclude that white‐tailed mongoose social organization in this agricultural landscape was similar to other solitary mongooses and was characterized by a mosaic of exclusive male ranges overlapping a separate mosaic of smaller female ranges.
Seasonal diet changes of the forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Thomas) based on the carbon isotopic composition of hair
Authors: Cerling Thure E. , Viehl Katja
Published: June 2004

The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of forest hog hair is used to estimate seasonal diet changes in forest hogs from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. This detailed record of diet shows that the forest hogs on Mweya Peninsula consume up to 20% grass at the beginning of the rainy season, and very little grass during the rest of the year. Correlation of isotope patterns between individuals from the same sounder show that a single animal records the group behaviour.
Demographic aspects of sympatric Praomys jacksoni and P. stella in a tropical lowland forest in Kakamega, Kenya
Authors: Waweru Catherine W. , Odanga Jethro E.
Published: June 2004

Populations of coexisting tropical forest rodents Praomys jacksoni and P. (Hylomyscus) stella were investigated to test whether lower relative densities in regenerating forest compared with mature forest were because of poor health and/or reduced chances for females to breed. Relative frequencies, litter size, mass, length of embryos, presence or absence of ecto‐ and/ or endoparasites, and liver condition were recorded and analysed.

Higher numbers of either species occurred in the mature compared with regenerating forest. Mottled livers and endoparasites were associated with heavier rodents; litter size related positively to mass of pregnant females in both species. Litter size, embryo size, sex ratios, liver condition, and infestation of ecto‐ and endoparasites were independent of forest and species. Apparently, reduced female density in regenerating forest had no breeding cost on individual females occurring there.
Tree species distribution in forests of the Albertine Rift, western Uganda
Authors: Eilu Gerald , Hafashimana David L. N. , Kasenene John M.
Published: June 2004

The distribution of trees of diameter ≥ 10 cm was assessed in twelve 1‐ha (20 × 500 m) plots of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Kasyoha‐Kitomi Forest Reserve (KKFR), Kibale National Park (KNP) and Budongo Forest Reserve (BFR) in the Albertine Rift, western Uganda. Distribution was analysed at three spatial scales: local (1 ha plots), within individual forests (>300 km2 each) and regional (>56,000 km2). The aim was to classify tree species into Rabinowitz's seven forms of rarity. We recorded 5747 trees in 53 families, 159 genera, and 212 species. Twenty‐two families had one species each while the rest had between two and 25 species. Number of species was highest in the family Euphorbiaceae (25 species) followed by Meliaceae and Rubiaceae with sixteen species each. Based on Rabinowitz's forms of rarity, 93% of the species were geographically widespread, 47% were restricted to a single forest type, while 41% occurred at densities of <1 individual ha−1. Ubiquitous common species with high frequency and high local abundance occurred in the Meliaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Moraceae and Apocynaceae families. Conservation of geographically widespread species should focus on landscape rather than site specific approaches. The rarest species would benefit from species‐specific strategies.
Woodland loss and restoration in a savanna park: a 20‐year experiment
Authors: Western David , Maitumo David
Published: June 2004

Woodland loss is a major cause of biodiversity decline in African savanna parks. Decisions about whether remedial steps are possible and warranted depend on the cause. Climate, fire, elephants and human impact, often in combination, have been cited as major causes. The almost complete extinction of woodland in Amboseli National Park since 1950 has been at the centre of such debate. A 20‐year study based on an experimental design to test overgrazing, pathogen, climate and elephant browsing theories of woodland loss was established in 1981. The experiment showed that elephants alone are preventing regeneration. Based on the outcome of the experiment, a woodland refuge was restored in the centre of the park to maintain biodiversity and demonstrate the management prospects for habitat restoration. A strong interaction of elephants and pastoralists, played out across the ecosystem over many decades, probably accounts for the habitat mosaic and high biological diversity of the ecosystem prior to the establishment of the national park. The restoration of biodiversity in the park will therefore depend on mimicking the shifting mosaic of habitats created by their interaction.
Bird strike incidents involving Kenya Airways flights at three Kenyan airports, 1991–2001
Authors: Owino A. , Biwott N. , Amutete G.
Published: June 2004

Bird strike data involving Kenya Airways aircraft at three Kenya's international airports located at Mombasa (Moi International Airport), Nairobi (Jomo Kenyatta International Airport) and Kisumu (Kisumu International Airport) have been regularly gathered by Kenya Airways during the period 1991–2001. The Department of Ornithology, National Museums of Kenya, has been a key collaborator in this effort by identifying the bird species, often just from remains of the carcass or a few feathers. A total of 224 bird strike incidents were reported at the three airports during the study period. Nairobi had the highest number of strikes (n = 90), followed by Kisumu (n = 88) and Mombasa (n = 46). Seven bird families, namely Ciconiidae, Accipitridae, Threskiornithidae, Numididae, Ardeidae, Corvidae and Gruidae accounted for most incidents in different phases of aeroplane flights, time of day and seasons. The general trend of bird strike incidents at the three airports showed a consistent increase during the study period, with Nairobi experiencing a significant rise (regression analysis, P = 0.03) over the 10‐year period. This preliminary analysis provides baseline information necessary for bird hazard management at the three airports.
Regeneration, density and size class distribution of tree species used for drum making in central Uganda
Authors: Omeja Patrick , Obua Joseph , Cunningham A. B.
Published: June 2004

A study was carried out between 1999 and 2001 in Degeya, Lufuka and Mpanga forests in central Uganda to determine the regeneration, density and size class distribution of trees used for making drums. Thirty sample plots measuring 20 × 20 m were established at 250 m intervals along transects laid in the northeast direction across swamps, mid‐slopes and hilltops. Diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees and number and species of seedlings, saplings and poles of six tree species were determined. The tree species were: Antiaris toxicaria, Erythrina excelsa, Ficus mucuso, Ficus exasperata, Funtumia africana and Polyscias fulva. Antiaris toxicaria was the most abundant and P. fulva was the least abundant in the forests. The intensity of use and concentration on a limited number of tree species have resulted in localized exploitation with potential knock‐on effects on the forests’ health. On‐farm tree planting by local communities should be encouraged to supply logs for making drums and reduce pressure on the forests.
The present conservation status of Juniperus forests in the South Ethiopian Endemic Bird Area
Authors: Borghesio Luca , Giannetti Fabio , Ndang'ang'a Kariuki , Shimelis Anteneh
Published: June 2004

Field survey data and Landsat satellite imagery were used to evaluate the conservation status of two Juniperus forests (Mankubsa and Arero) in the south Ethiopian Endemic Bird Area. Forest cover and dense woodland decreased in both areas between 1986 and 2002, but rates of habitat change and human impact were greater at Mankubsa than at Arero. We suggest that at Mankubsa increased grazing pressure, agricultural expansion, commercial fuelwood and timber exploitation are threatening forest persistence, while most of the degradation at Arero is because of the grazing of domestic animals. Conservation efforts should focus on creating tree plantations and improving forest resource use efficiency at Mankubsa, while at Arero better results could be obtained by improving pasture quality in the habitats surrounding the forest.
Evaluation of proximal tooth contact tightness at rest and during clenching
Authors: Oh S. H. , Nakano M. , Bando E. , Shigemoto S. , Kori M.
Published: June 2004

Summary  The aims of this study were to develop a device for measuring the tightness of proximal tooth contact and to evaluate the proximal contact tightness using this device at rest and during clenching. Twenty young adult volunteers with healthy dentition participated in this experiment. The tightness of proximal tooth contact between the second premolar and the first molar of both the maxilla and the mandible was measured by pulling a stainless steel strip between them at rest, and at 20 and 50% clenching levels of maximum voluntary contraction of masseter muscles at intercuspal position. Proximal contact tightness increased as the clenching levels of both the maxilla and the mandible increased. At rest, proximal contact tightness was less in the maxilla than in the mandible, whereas during clenching it was less in the mandible. These results indicate that during clenching, the teeth are displaced and they contact appropriately with adjacent teeth, making it possible to exert sufficient occlusal force while maintaining the integrity of dental arches.
Influence of the inclination of the plate of an intra‐oral tracing device on the condylar position registered by tapping movement
Authors: Rahman MD. M. , Kohno S. , Kobayashi H. , Sawada K.
Published: June 2004

summary   The object of this study was to determine the best inclination of the intra‐oral tracing device to get optimum condylar position with the registration of tapping movement. Three appliances with different tracing plate inclinations were used in five healthy subjects. The tracing plates were set at 0° to occlusal plane (horizontal); at the angle formed by drawing a line from condylar point to the stylus position at occlusal plane (inclined); then at the angle half to inclined (half‐inclined). Subjects made Gothic arch and tapping movements (n = 30) at a 30 mm interincisal distance with the head Camper plane horizontal. The incisal and condylar points were tracked with a 6‐degree‐of‐freedom jaw movement tracking system. The location of gothic arch apex, the distribution and mean position of 30 tapping points from intercuspal position were analyzed in incisal and condylar point between the appliances. Data were analyzed with repeated measures one‐way anova. Results showed that mean position of tapping points were significantly different among the appliances. Half‐inclined appliance recorded tapping points in a convergent area nearer to intercuspal position (IP) than other appliances. In all appliances, the contact points of the tapping movement were anterior to Gothic arch apex.
Effects of self‐etching primers on vascular responses in rat carotid artery
Authors: Onur M. A. , Çehreli Z. C. , Tasman F. , Gumrukcuoglu A.
Published: June 2004

summary  To investigate the effect of self‐etching bonding systems on the control of pulpal haemorrhage in direct pulp exposures by observing the contraction of pulp blood vessels using the rat carotid artery model. Six dentine‐bonding agents (Mac Bond, One‐Up Bond F, Clearfil SE Bond, FL Bond, Prompt L‐Pop and Prime&Bond NT) were used. The efficacy of bonding agents were compared with that of epinephrine for dose and the contraction forces (vasoconstriction) induced on the smooth muscle and the results recorded using a force displacement transducer. Dose‐dependent relaxations caused by the test materials were recorded in the same manner in comparison with papaverine. FL Bond, SE Bond, One Up Bond, Mac Bond produced dose‐dependent relaxations, while Prompt L‐Pop and Prime&Bond NT produced epinephrine‐like contractions on the rat carotid artery. For self‐etching primers, which produce vascular relaxation, haemorrhage control with additional chemicals should be considered if direct pulp capping is to be performed using such adhesive systems.
In vitro evaluation of the effect of core diameter for removing radicular post with ultrasound
Authors: Alfredo E. , Garrido A. D. B. , Souza‐Filho C. B. , Correr‐Sobrinho L. , Sousa‐Neto M. D.
Published: June 2004

summary  The removal of radicular posts for endodontic reasons as well as their replacement is a common procedure in dental practice. The use of ultrasound is becoming a standard practice since it reduces the stress to displace the core from the canal minimizing the risks of root fractures, perforations and further wearing of dental structure. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a reduction in the core diameter when removing radicular posts with ultrasound. Twenty‐four teeth were divided in two groups. Group I received posts with the dowel and core of the same diameter (1·7 mm) and group II received posts with the dowel diameter 2 mm larger (3·7 mm) than the core diameter. Zinc phosphate cement was used to cement the posts in all groups. Half of the samples of each group received ultrasonic energy for 8, 2 min for each face. All samples were submitted to traction on an Instron machine (model 4444). Data were analysed statistically with anova and the Tukey test, revealing significant differences (P < 0·05) between groups. The authors concluded that the mean tension necessary to displace the posts from the roots was reduced by 26% when ultrasound was applied. The reduction of the post‐diameter reduced the necessary tension to remove them by 24% compared with larger posts.