bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in masseter muscle blood flow during voluntary isometric contraction in humans
Authors: NAKAMURA Y. , TORISU T. , NOGUCHI K. , FUJII H.
Published: July 2005

summary  The effect of jaw clenching on local blood flow in the masseter muscle was measured using the hydrogen clearance method in 13 healthy subjects. Sustained isometric masseter‐muscle contraction levels of 25 and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were investigated. The blood flow at 25% MVC before contraction, during contraction and after contraction was 12·3 ± 10·9, 19·2 ± 12·1 and 78·8 ± 63·9 mL min−1 (100 g)−1 (mean ± s.d.), respectively. At 50% MVC, it was 14·2 ± 12·9, 18·6 ± 10·0 and 80·1 ± 61·8, respectively. The volume of blood flow was significantly greater after contraction as compared with before contraction at both levels (P < 0·0001) and there was no significant difference between before and during contraction periods (P = 0·17: 25% MVC; P = 0·38: 50% MVC). At 50% MVC blood flow before contraction and the difference in blood flow before and during contraction showed significant negative correlation (r = −0·636, P < 0·02). When the volume of blood flow was low before contraction it tended to increase during contraction and decreased when it was high before contraction. These findings indicate that blood flow in the masseter muscle during sustained isometric contraction is affected by the condition of contraction and may be influenced by the muscle region. It was also indicated that the blood flow during high level contraction was influenced by the volume of blood flow before contraction. Clinically, our findings may help to understand pathological changes which may lead to chronic masticatory muscle pain.
Short‐term effects of a mandibular advancement device on obstructive sleep apnoea: an open‐label pilot trial
Authors: AARAB G. , LOBBEZOO F. , WICKS D. J. , HAMBURGER H. L. , NAEIJE M.
Published: July 2005

summary  Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder, which is, among others, associated with snoring. OSA has a considerable impact on a patient's general health and daily life. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is frequently used as a ‘gold standard’ treatment for OSA. As an alternative, especially for mild/moderate cases, mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are prescribed increasingly. Their efficacy and effectiveness seem to be acceptable. Although some randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been published recently, most studies so far are case studies. Therefore, our department is planning a controlled RCT, in which MADs are compared with both nCPAP and a control condition in a parallel design. As a first step, an adjustable MAD was developed with a small, more or less constant vertical dimension at different mandibular positions. To test the device and the experimental procedures, a pilot trial was performed with 10 OSA patients (six mild, four moderate; one women, nine men; mean age = 47·9 ± 9·7 years). They all underwent a polysomnographic recording before as well as 2–14 weeks after insertion of the MAD (adjusted at 50% of the maximal protrusion). The apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) was significantly reduced with the MAD in situ (P = 0·017). When analysed as separate groups, the moderate cases showed a significantly larger decrease in AHI than the mild cases (P = 0·012). It was therefore concluded from this pilot study that this MAD might be an effective tool in the treatment of, especially, moderate OSA.
How to model multivariate extremes if one must?
Authors: Mikosch Thomas
Published: July 2005

In this paper we discuss some approaches to modeling extremely large values in multivariate time series. In particular, we discuss the notion of multivariate regular variation as a key to modeling multivariate heavy‐tailed phenomena. The latter notion has found a variety of applications in queuing theory, stochastic networks, telecommunications, insurance, finance and other areas. We contrast this approach with modeling multivariate extremes by using the multivariate student distribution and copulas.
Search for relevant sets of variables in a high‐dimensional setup keeping the familywise error rate
Authors: Läuter Jürgen , Glimm Ekkehard , Eszlinger Markus
Published: July 2005

Two multiple procedures for the detection of relevant sets of variables in a high‐dimensional problem are suggested. Multivariate tests for significance are combined with the search for interpretable multivariate structures. Thus, groups of highly correlated variables are investigated. The emphasis lies on managing the huge number of possible subsets, for example, in gene expression analysis. The first procedure is based on parametric spherical tests and an order relation of the subsets. The second procedure is a non‐parametric method utilizing Westfall–Young principles.
Some applications of multivariate statistics to physical anthropology
Authors: van Vark G. N.
Published: July 2005

This paper presents some of the results of the cooperation between the author, a physical anthropologist, and Willem Schaafsma. The subjects of study to be discussed in this paper all refer to human evolution, in particular to the process of hominisation. It is described how the interest of the author in these subjects arose, which new mathematical tools were developed, and what are the general conclusions.
Gas system failure rate
Authors: Van Der Hoeven T. , Steerneman A. G. M.
Published: July 2005

Gasunie buys and sells gas. This paper is about calculating the failure rate of the gas transport system of Gasunie in the Netherlands. The pipes in the network are connected at certain stations which may operate at degraded levels due to technical problems. The transport system, modelled as an optimization problem, needs to be checked for feasibility for every configuration of the degradation levels at all stations in order to see whether the system fails or not. The discrete probability distributions of the degradation levels at every station in the network are given. The number of possible combinations of degradation levels is huge and the computations for the feasibility of the gas network are computer‐intensive. This paper presents a new algorithm for approximating this rate and it is parsimonious in actually checking for feasibility.
Mentoring Faculty to Improve Teaching and Student Learning
Authors: Brightman Harvey J.
Published: July 2005

For teaching to improve, three factors must be in place. First, the college must use a valid and reliable student evaluation instrument in combination with other feedback mechanisms. Second, there must be an accompanying norming report that provides comparative and diagnostic information to departmental chairs and teachers. Raw data from even a valid and reliable instrument may not be informative. Third, the college must have a mentoring process in place. This article discusses briefly each of the three elements to initiate and sustain a successful mentoring program to improve teaching and student learning. Of course, if the school does not reward improved or effective teaching it is not likely to occur.
In‐Class Simulation of Pooling Safety Stock
Authors: Bandy D. Brent
Published: July 2005

In managing business process flows, safety stock can be used to protect against stockouts due to demand variability. When more than one location is involved, the concept of aggregation enables the pooling of demands and associated inventories, resulting in improved service levels without increasing the total level of safety stock. This pooling of safety stock can be done physically by consolidating inventory in one location, or by using virtual centralization, where inventories are kept at decentralized locations, but information is centralized. In teaching the concept of pooling safety stock, a simple in‐class simulation can be helpful in demonstrating why the approach works. The approach presented here involves operations for a company where total product demand is constant, but there are two products and product mix can vary. The simulation can also be implemented using an electronic spreadsheet for classes that are taught on the Internet. A quiz was given to two sections, one that experienced the simulation and one that did not. A comparison of the results from the quiz provided evidence of the effectiveness of the simulation in helping students understand the impact of pooling safety stock. In addition, a brief anonymous survey that was administered in the section that had the simulation provided further support for the effectiveness of the simulation.
Policy Feedback: The Comparison Effect and Small Business Procurement Policy
Authors: Anglund Sandra M.
Published: July 2005

Federal programs to help small business obtain government contracts reflect a type of policy learning termed the comparison effect. In contrast with studies of learning focused on policy instruments, the comparison effect directs attention to a class of policy dissatisfaction that leads to a search for new policy and the translation of dissatisfaction into problem definitions that influence the agenda. In the comparison effect, policy fuels comparisons of government treatment of different groups or sectors that contribute to compensatory or offsetting programs for those deemed to be on the losing end of the comparison.
The Advocacy Coalition Framework and the Policy Process Analysis: The Case of Smoking Control in Japan
Authors: Sato Hajime
Published: July 2005

This study examined the process of smoking control policymaking in Japan, employing the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) and the Policy Process Analysis (PPA). In the view of the ACF, changes in policies and policymaking are explained as resulting from the emergence of, and the competition among, two advocacy coalitions, either protobacco or antitobacco. On the other hand, the PPA conceives of the process of policy change as a set of processes and gives a closer look into the important aspects of policymaking that the ACF does not well examine.
Equitable Approaches to Local Economic Development
Authors: Krumholz Norman
Published: July 2005

Central city economic development during the 1980s and 1990s resounded with the theme of “public‐private partnerships” putting together new downtown hotels, sports stadiums, and festival marketplaces. Yet, as city after city proclaimed its “renaissance” and “rebirth,” poverty and unemployment increased in many of the same cities. Economic disparities also increased between central cities and their suburbs. These contrasting patterns of growth and decline were often reflected in local economic development struggles over downtown versus neighborhoods, economic development as job generation versus real estate development, and the rich and powerful versus the poor and marginalized. In some cities, these concerns often were articulated by African‐American, Latino, and blue‐collar communities and their activist supporters. They led to new development strategies designed to balance more equitably the costs and benefits of local economic development. The new strategies included opening government to previously excluded constituencies, linking downtown development to neighborhood development managed by community development corporations, and balancing development across economic sectors. This article reviews efforts in several cities to implement redistributive urban planning and local economic development policies. It concludes with three possibilities for improving broader equity outcomes in future local economic development.
Private Benefits and Public Costs: Policies to Address Suburban Sprawl
Authors: Wiewel Wim , Persky Joseph , Sendzik Mark
Published: July 2005

The uneven development and disparities that exist in most metropolitan regions are the consequence of a combination of private decisions and public policies. Public policy can also redress some of these inequities and redirect the pattern of growth. The article discusses individual policies—ranging from congestion pricing to regional governance—in detail. Each policy is assessed in terms of its contribution to slowing metropolitan deconcentration, its feasibility of implementation, and its power to redress inequities. Four policies appear most promising: the utilization.of impact fees, especially on a supra‐local level; reverse commuting programs; special taxing districts for regionwide amenities; and continued revitalization efforts in the central city
Jobs, Equity, and the Mayoral Administration of Harold Washington in Chicago (1983–87)
Authors: Giloth Robert , Moe Kari
Published: July 2005

Scholars have applauded and critiqued the “equity” dimensions of the four‐year mayoral administration of Harold Washington in Chicago (1983–1987). Much of the debate has centered on haw to assess the progress of equity planning and implementation in specific contexts, whether it has produced concrete outcomes for poor communities, become institutionalized, or changed civic decisionmaking structures. This article attempts to capture the contested and emergent quality of equity planning in the Washington administration by examining its focus on jobs in some detail. The jobs goal–derived from neighborhood experience of economic change–became a central element of Washington's 1983 mayoral campaign and one of the key development goals of the administration. The administration pursued an array of jobs policies and programs, attempting to link economic development with employment services, hold accountable those firms receiving public incentives, retain manufacturing, and provide equitable access to city resources. By the end of Washington's first term, many economic development accomplishments had been achieved but the administration also experienced dilemmas that challenged the jobs goal and its equity potential–for example, the connection between local investment and regional and national economic policies. Consideration of the early experiences of the Washington administration in Chicago in formulating and implementing job policies and programs clarifies the difficulties of a broad‐based and sustainable equity program. These lessons are particularly useful today as many low‐income advocates, municipalities, and states struggle to reform workforce and economic development systems.
Fortuitous Consequence: The Domestic Politics of the 1991 Canada‐United States Agreement on Air Quality
Authors: Allison Juliann Emmons
Published: July 2005

Following more than a decade of negotiations, the Canada‐United States Agreement on Air Quality entered into force on March 13, 1991, with the signatures of then‐Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and US. President George Bush. Why was it so difficult for Canadian and US. negotiators to reach agreement? I argue that Canadian and U.S. domestic politics were the primary impediments to resolving the U.S.‐Canada acid rain dispute. This article thus casts the dispute in terms of a pair of domestic environmental policy problems, whose timely and complementary solution, furthermore, required executive initiative as the handmaiden of ecological crisis. Heightened public concern about the threat of acidic air pollution in Canada prompted Mulroney's efforts to reduce acid rain. In the United States, a likewise critical change in the public's perception of air quality as a national emergency created the mass support necessary for Bush's federal acid rain control initiative
American and Canadian Environmental Federalism; A Game‐Theoretic Analysis
Authors: Gillroy John Martin
Published: July 2005

To understand why environmental federalism is different in Canada and the United States, one might begin with the initial strategic realities that faced the Fathers of Canadian Confederation and the Framers of the Constitution of the United States. This essay examines federalism from a game‐theoretic point of view, to integrate and expose the rational properties of the decision to federate and the logical entailments of that choice for environmental policy within two specific strategic contexts. Specifically, I suggest that American environmental federalism has arisen in response to the strategic reality of a Prisoner's Dilemma, while Canadian environmental federalism can be analyzed as an effort to regulate confrontations within a game of Chicken. In addition to the analysis of each federated structure, evidence from five case studies demonstrates the usefulness of games to the study of comparative federalism
Transformative Mediation; A New Current in the Mainstream
Authors: Etcheson Steven C.
Published: July 2005

Robert A. Baruch Bush and Joseph P. Folger, The Promise of Mediation; Responding to Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition

Chris Maser, Resolving Environmental Conflict; Towards Sustainable Community Development
Civil Society and Development: Scientific and Professional Associations in Public Policy in Santa Catarina and Sergipe, Brazil
Authors: Candler Gaylord George
Published: July 2005

This paper uses Brazil's regional inequality to carry out comparative research on the role of civil society in economic development. Through quantitative event count data buttressed with primary archival research, greater involvement of civil society in public policy is shown to correlate with economic and social development. The results suggest that a robust, free civil society can improve development outcomes by providing additional informed voices in the policy process. These serve both as independent voices to vet policy proposals, and as sources of new policy initiatives themselves.
Ecology and Participation in Landscape‐Based Planning Within the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Johnson Bart R. , Campbell Ronald
Published: July 2005

Landscape‐based planning, and in particular ecosystem management, has been promoted widely as an approach to linking ecological, social, and economic concerns at large spatial and temporal scales, yet there have been few comparative studies of actual projects. We used a mailed questionnaire and four case studies within the Pacific Northwest region of the United States to explore the ways in which ecological analyses are being integrated with landscape planning projects and to identify linkages between science and public involvement. Specifically, we wanted to learn: (a) what types of ecological science are being used in landscape‐based planning projects, (b) what factors most limit the application of ecological analyses to land planning processes, (c) how ecological information and analyses are being integrated with stakeholder participation, and (d) what appear to be the key strategies for developing productive links between ecological science and public involvement. Results from the questionnaire show the ecologichl complexities of attempting to manage large landscapes, exemplified by the broad array of ecological issues and stressors that projects attempt to address, the high degree to which they are attempting to analyze them scientifically, and the wide array of assessments and analytical techniques they are using to do so. While both public involvement and scientific research generally had strong influences on planning and management decisions, there appeared to be less effective exchanges between researchers and stakeholders. Based on the case studies, we identified key strategies for strengthening the links between ecological science and public involvement in three principal areas: ecosystem analysis, linking science to the public via community outreach and education, and employing economic development as an ecosystem restoration and management strategy. To implement these strategies requires reconceptualizing the roles of both scientists and stakeholders so as to improve the integration of applied ecological science with democratic decisionmoting.
Democracy and Technology
Authors: Webber David J.
Published: July 2005

Richard P. Hiskes, Democracy, Risk, and Community: Technological Harardr and the Evolution of Liberalism.

Sheila Jasanoff, Science at the Bar: Law, Science, and Technology in America.
The Political Economy of Israeli‐Palestinian Interdependence
Authors: Reuveny Rafael
Published: July 2005

The Israeli and Palestinian economies are asymmetrically interdependent. Some scholars argue that the Palestinian economy cannot be viable alone. Others believe that economic links with Israel will promote peace. Supporters of separation argue that these links distort Palestinian development. I show that the current interdependence is associated with a cyclical Israeli‐Palestinian violence and Palestinian economic decline. Assuming that an independent Palestinian state forms in most of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, I argue that Israeli‐Palestinian relations require economic separation to be stable. Economic separation will deteriorate Palestinian welfare in the short run. Policies to make it viable are considered.
Public Opinion and Policymaking in the States: The Case of Post‐Roe Abortion Policy
Authors: Norrander Barbara , Wilcox Clyde
Published: July 2005

Whether public opinion should be expected to play a role in the shaping of abortion legislation in the states is a debatable question. Representation is a difficult task, especially if legislators receive mixed cues from the public, activists, and the political parties. In this study, we find that grass‐roots activism and public opinion tend to match, and both are reflected in state abortion policy. In addition, more Pro‐Life policies are found in states with a tradition of conservative policies in other areas, Republican majorities in the state legislature, more Catholic residents, and fewer women legislators. These patterns hold true for a composite index of abortion policies and for the specific policy area of government funding of abortions. Slightly different patterns occur for parental consent laws, though these statutes also tend to reflect general preferences on abortion and interest group activity in a state.
Clean Thoughts and Dirty Minds; The Politics of Porn
Authors: Smith Kevin B.
Published: July 2005

Various justiftcations are givenfor regulating sexually explicit material, including that it causes social härm by eroding behavioral norms or violating basic civil rights. Theories ofmorality politics and policy, however, suggest that regulation of sexually explicit material is driven by attempts to redistribute values, i.e., by groups/vho seek to use the coercive power ofthe state to impose their moral codes on others. The analysis here tests for relationships predicted by morality policy theory and generally finds patterns consistent with the argument that policing pornography is driven primarily by attempts at value redistribution.
Impact of the Ryan White CARE Act on the Availability of HIV/AIDS Services
Authors: Rundall Thomas G. , Kwait Jennafer , Marconi Katherine , Bender‐Kitz Stephanie , Celentano David
Published: July 2005

This article assesses the extent to which the availability of HIV/AIDS services in the Baltimore and Oakland eligible metropolitan areas (EMAs) increased after receipt of funding under Title I of the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act. Survey data on the availability of HIV/AIDS services in each EMA were collected from samples of organizations at two points in time: 1 year before (1991) and 1 year after (1993) the Oakland and Baltimore EMAs received their first installments of CARE Act Title I funds. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses of the data were performed to assess changes in the availability of HIV/AIDS services. The results showed that after CARE Act Title I funding became available, the availability of ambulatory medical and social support services in the Baltimore and Oakland EMAs increased. However, the way service availability increased varied significantly, reflecting differing opportunities and constraints present in each community. In Baltimore, the increase in the availability of HIV/AIDS services was due largely to the creation of new organizations that used Title I funds to provide services (system expansion). In Oakland, relatively few new organizations were created, but existing organizations added new HIV/AIDS services (service line expansion). Our data also indicated that in both EMAs the majority of HIV/AIDS organizations receiving Title I funds expanded the capacity of their existing services to meet growing demand.
Redundancy, Third‐Party Government, and Consumer Choice: HIV/AIDS Nonprofit Organizations in New York City
Authors: Chambré Susan M.
Published: July 2005

This article addresses two questions: (a)Why were so many new nonprofit organizations in New York City created to “fight AIDS?” and (b) What are some consequences of this phenomenon? Drawing on redundancy theory as a partial explanation, it also considers the role of racial and ethnic politics and the impact of government contracting on the formation and growth of community‐based organizations. For clients, the effect has been paradoxical: financial support of a large number of organizations led to a complex and fragmented delivery system offering some clients a range of choices but decreasing access for those less able to navigate a complex system.
Ryan White CARE Act Title I Funding Priorities and Unmet Service Needs in Baltimore, Maryland
Authors: Kwait Jennafer , Marconi Katherine , Helitzer Deborah , Rodieck Matthew W. , Randall Thomas , Celentano David
Published: July 2005

The analysis presented in this paper explores the similarities and differences between the services selected as priorities for funding by the Baltimore Ryan White CARE Act Title I Planning Council during the first 2 years of the program in this metropolitan area, and services perceived by HIV/AIDS service providers and people living with HIV/AIDS to be unmet needs. The data used for these analyses were collected as part of a study to assess the implementation and impact of the CARE Act legislation in the Baltimore eligible metropolitan area(EMS). This project includes three interrelated components: (a) a case study of the legislatively mandated Planning Council, (b) a survey of providers representing HIV/AIDS service organizations, and (c) a qualitative field study of the perceptions of people living with HIV/AIDS about the service delivery system. Taken together, the data from these three sources describe the similarities and differences among these three groups involved in HIV/AIDS care in Baltimore, in terms of their perceptions of services needed by people living with HIV / AIDS. The conclusions drawn from this study can be used to strengthen needs assessments in Title I‐EMAs throughout the United States.
Information Technology and Public Policy
Authors: Schmidt Steffen
Published: July 2005

Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyper space

Douglas Rushkoff, Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture

Douglas Rushkoff, Coercion: Why We Listen to What “They” Say
Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons from Irano‐U. S. Relations, 1962–77
Authors: Samhat Nayef H.
Published: July 2005

By examining the lessons of Irano‐US. relations, the article contends that a post‐Cold War American foreign policy relying on middle powers can achieve American security interests while avoiding the potential for excessive entanglements arising from a direct role. The effective implementation of this policy is argued to be consistent with the promotion of regional stability and the diffusion of democracy.
Foreign Direct Investment and Democratic Development in the Russian Provinces: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Stoner‐Weiss Kathryn
Published: July 2005

Foreign investment in Russia has consistently lagged behind East European countries throughout the last decade. Although formidable obstacles to attracting foreign investment remain throughout the country, some of Russia's 89 provinces have been more successful than others in creating attractive investment environments. One reason for this varied success may be related to the degree of economic and political elite consensus that exists in some regions. This, in turn, may help in the formulation of incentives to attract foreign investors. However, the political consensus that helps to establish a stable policy environment for foreign investment may well imperil pluralistic political development in the long run. Thus, we must be wary of conflating foreign investor interest with liberal politics and democratic development in Russia's regions.
Economic Resources and Political Power at the Local Level in Post‐Soviet Russia
Authors: Evans Alfred B.
Published: July 2005

In the 1990s in local government in Russia, the dominant trends might be described as neo‐Soviet because of their apparent continuity with patterns that prevailed before the end of communist rule in that country. The promise of independence for “local self‐government,” as set forth in the Russian Constitution of 1993 and subsequent legislation, largely has been frustrated. The tendency of privatized economic enterprises to divest themselves of responsibility for social benefits, and the lack of an adequate base for financial independence for local governments, have made it necessary for local officials to rely heavily on the regional authorities for support. Within local government, the elected legislature usually is subordinate to a dominant executive leadership. Those features of contemporary local government in Russia are explained by the consequences of decisions adopted by the country's post‐Communist leadership, including the method and content of economic reform. The results are unfavorable both for the resurgence of the local economy and the growth of democracy at the local level.
Privatization and Democratization in Lithuania: A Case Study of Who Benefits in Siauliai
Authors: Clark Terry
Published: July 2005

While Lithuania had undertaken substantial political and economic reform prior to independence, the greatly accelerated pace of privatization following the restoration of same resulted in the emergence of a business class at the local level controlling most of the economic wealth. Concurrent with the process, the state became increasingly less able to either subsidize local governments or assist those hurt most by the reforms. A case study ofSiauliai, Lithuania demonstrates that while the new local business class is overrepresented in the city's government other social elements are not without political voice. Indeed, there appears to be substantial evidence of an “urban regime” linking political office seekers and business interests in an interdependent relationship permitting the former a significant degree of latitude in responding to the demands of pensioners and other citizen groups who make up the majority of their political base.
Policy Design and the Acceptability of Environmental Risks: Nuclear Waste Disposal in Canada and the United States
Authors: Kraft Michael E.
Published: July 2005

This article examines the controversial process of developing high‐level nuclear waste disposal policy in Canada, with some comparison to experience in the United States. It argues that a policy design perspective can assist in understanding the difficult social and political issues associated with waste disposal and the environmental and health risks that it poses. I examine several critical questions related to such an endeavor and link them to long‐term goals of building a sustainable society. Success in formulating and implementing a nuclear waste policy in Canada will depend on the nation's capacity to create requisite processes of public participation. Particularly important are those actions that can help the public understand and assess environmental risks, including related ethical and social issues, and build public trust and confidence in the siting processes and the implementing agencies.
Policy Travels: Exploring Politics, Policy, and Culture from the Ground‐Up
Authors: Nie Martin A.
Published: July 2005

Mark Hertsgaard, Earth Odyssey: Around the World in Search of Our Environmental Future. New York, NY: Broadway Books, 1998. 372 pp.

Robert D. Kaplan, An Empire Wilderness: Travels Into America's Future. New York, NY: Random House, 1998. 393 pp.
Political Economy of Income Distribution: A Comparative Study of Taiwan and Mexico
Authors: Li He
Published: July 2005

Both Taiwan and Mexico have experienced remarkable economic growth since the 1960s. Taiwan demonstrates that higher income level can be accompanied by falling income inequalities. However, unlike Taiwan, the course of economic growth in Mexico has left the country with a very unequal distribution of income. This paper compares the government policies of income distribution in Mexico and Taiwan and identifies the factors contributing to the success of Taiwan and to the highly uneven income distribution in Mexico. The paper concludes that market‐oriented growth does not automatically reduce inequality or poverty. The prospects for better income equity and sustainable economic development would be greatly enhanced through implementation of policies aimed at redistributing land and skills, facilitating small enterprises, and increasing domestic saving.
System Development in the Federal Government: How Technology Influences Outcomes
Authors: Klein Hans K.
Published: July 2005

Institutional analyses of federal programs to develop large technical systems explain outcomes in terms of a conflict between coalitional politics and program administration. Such analyses gain precision when they take into account how the technical system being developed mediates the conflict of politics and administration. Attention to technology helps explain the different outcomes of three federal programs: the superconducting supercollider, the space shuttle, and intelligent transportation systems.
The Pursuit of Coordination: The Organizational Dimension in the Response to Homelessness
Authors: Hambrick Ralph S. , Rog Debra J.
Published: July 2005

The pursuit of “coordination” has been a prominent theme both in local responses to homelessness and in the current incentives in federal housing policy. This article reviews some of the conditions that make coordination important yet difficult to achieve in the homeless area. A variety of approaches for achieving coordination at the local level are reviewed, ranging from point‐of‐service coordination to system‐design. The local examples are drawn from the cities participating in the evaluation of The Robert Wood Johnson and the Department of Housing and Urban Development Homeless Families Program. The questions of effectiveness and future prospects for homeless service coordination are raised.
Rooflessness in London
Authors: Dowding Keith , King Desmond
Published: July 2005

Rooflessness in London emerged as a media issue and political problem during the 1980s. While “rough sleeping” undoubtedly increased, numbers are hard to quantify because studies are unreliable, use different categories, and people seamlessly drift from one category to another. This article analyzes the causes of rooflessness in London, focusing on central government policy change at a time when London, atypically among major cities, had no overarching metropolitan government. The creation of multiple quasi‐governmental agencies and charities whose responsibilities for homelessness overlap does not help coordination. Many short‐term initiatives have been attempted, but solving rooflessness may require more radical changes if endemic homelessness is not to be the condition of the post‐welfare state.
Experts in Their Own Lives: Emphasizing Client‐Centeredness in a Homeless Program
Authors: Novotny Kristin M.
Published: July 2005

This paper presents a case study of a homeless organization in Burlington, Vermont that is dedicated to the principles of client‐centeredness. Originated by psychologist Carl Rogers as a therapeutic philosophy, this approach has been applied in numerous social service and organizational settings. For this Vermont agency, client‐centered practice entails the promotion of client empowerment and the responsible use of staff authority. Client participation in homeless programming is identified as one tool that may facilitate both client autonomy and a balance of staff‐client power. Clients, staff, and administrators of this agency were interviewed to help explain the philosophy and practice of client‐centeredness, as well as pitfalls of the client‐centered approach. Hypotheses and future questions for research are also suggested.
Toward Self‐Sufficiency: Evaluating a Transitional Housing Program for Homeless Families
Authors: Fischer Robert L.
Published: July 2005

Homeless families face the economic and personal challenges of sparse employment opportunities and child care and nutrition needs, compounded by the loss of adequate housing. The Family Development Center (FDC) is a transitional housing program in Atlanta, Georgia, designed to provide young homeless mothers an opportunity to emerge from what may well be desperate circumstances and begin the journey to economic self‐sufficiency. This paper describes the research on programs for homeless families and presents the results of a comprehensive look at the operation and effectiveness of the FDC program during its first 5 years of existence. The work shows that while many families were able to effect notable positive changes in their lives during and after taking part in the housing program, for some the recovery from homelessness was extremely difficult. For even the most successful formerly homeless families—those that secured employment, housing, and other social supports—the escape from welfare dependence and poverty proved very difficult. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for relevant public policy.
Policy Networks as Collective Action
Authors: Carlsson Lars
Published: July 2005

An important contribution to the policy sciences, and to interorganizational research in particular, has been the introduction of the so‐called policy network approach. Despite the fact that this approach has produced a multitude of concepts, it still lacks a theoretical scaffold. In this article it is argued that simply to refer to something called “network theory” is an unsatisfactory solution. It is suggested that one way of advancing the policy network approach is to apply collective action theory and explicitly regard different empirical appearances of network concepts as expressions of collective action. Six tentative building blocks of such a theory are suggested. It is further argued that the policy network approach would benefit from incorporation into a broader analytical framework such as the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. Finally, it is concluded that such an incorporation would advance our ability to understand the processes of policymaking and thus to fulfill one of the old commitments of policy analysis, namely to contribute to the refinement of policymaking processes in society.
International Institutions and Social Learning in the Management of Global Environmental Risks
Authors: Haas Peter M.
Published: July 2005

This article investigates the role played by formal international institutions in the broader process of international efforts to respond to and manage global and transboundary environmental risks. Because few international institutions are designed to deal with the broad nature of environmental risks, it focuses on institutional learning. By analyzing the experiences of the United Nations Environment Program, World Meteorological Organization, and other international institutions involved with global warming, this article identifies institutional properties (or functions) that encourage or inhibit social learning in the management of global environmental risks by international institutions, and that influence the adoption of such lessons by their constituent members.
Institutional and Policy Responses to Uncertainty in Environmental Policy: A Comparison of Dutch and U.S. Styles
Authors: Arentsen Maarten J. , Bressers Hans Th.A. , O'Toole Laurence J.
Published: July 2005

Uncertainties regarding problem definition and policy response are an endemic pan of environmental decisionmaking. Some standard responses to uncertainty in decisionmaking are analyzed and then used to suggest the importance of learning‐oriented policy processes in open, flexible, and adaptive institutional environments. The institutional and policy responses to both types of uncertainties are explored in two different institutional settings: the consensus‐oriented setting of the Netherlands and the more adversarial and pluralistic context of the United States. The examination displays tensions accompanying learning‐oriented environmental policymaking and the complex impact of institutional environments. Conclusions sketch implications for how to accommodate learning‐oriented environmental policy processes.
Strategic Environmental Planning and Uncertainty: A Cross‐National Comparison of Green Plans in Industrialized Countries
Authors: Jänicke Martin , Jörgens Helge
Published: July 2005

Uncertainty is a distinct feature of environmental policy and environmental issues. This article explores the potential of strategic and comprehensive environmental planning for dealing with these uncertainties. First, four types of uncertainty and their specific impacts on environmental policy are distinguished. Strategic environmental planning could be a promising approach for dealing with these uncertainties. Based on an empirical analysis of national environmental policy plans and sustainability strategies in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, this article comes to the conclusion that although only few of the existing green plans fully explore the theoretical potential of this new approach to environmental policymaking, it has proven an effective mechanism to deal with and reduce at least some of the uncertainties with which environmental policymakers are confronted. The greatest potential of strategic planning lies in increasing the political system's capacity to deal with those problems of long‐term environmental degradation, which in spite of the past successes of environmental protection remain largely unsolved.
Uncertainty, Risk, Trust, and Information: Public Perceptions of Environmental Issues and Willingness to Take Action
Authors: Johnson Renée J. , Scicchitano Michael J.
Published: July 2005

Environmental policymaking has remained an important issue in American public policy for many years. While many individuals have proenvironmental attitudes, they remain unwilling to take the actions necessary to achieve environmental goals. Many variables have been used to explain support for environmental policymaking. This study looks at the effect of uncertainty about environmental quality, perception of risk from environmental hazards, and trust in government and university scientists on willingness to take environmental action. The study examines the impact of these three variables on two environmental issues—tap water and nuclear power. The data were collected from a national sample of 400 individuals. This article presents the results of this research and examines the complex relationships among risks, trust, uncertainty, and willingness to take environmental action. The conclusions improve our understanding of environmental attitudes as well as have practical implications for policymakers who need to build public support for policies designed to improve the environment.
Regulating Contested Local Hazards: Is Constructive Dialogue Possible Among Participants in Community Risk Management?
Authors: Halfacre Angela C. , Matheny Albert R. , Rosenbaum Walter A.
Published: July 2005

This article uses focus group data to explore the connection between scientific uncertainty about environmental risks and the emergence of distrust among local populations, regulators, and technical experts affected by those risks. With data from a nationwide study of issues associated with the cleanup of U.S. nuclear weapons facilities, the article uses “dialogue theory” and focus group data from three locations to identify the sources of miscommunication and distrust among these actors. The authors conclude that, despite problems with perception and communication among these groups, enough common ground exists to be optimistic about expanding participation for all affected groups in the policymaking process. In fact, expanded participation should diminish the distrust developed from previous regulatory regimes.
Book Notes
Authors: Carter‐Boone La Shonda
Published: July 2005

David H. Guston, Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Productivity and Integrity of Research.

Michael Kenny and James Meadowcroft (Eds.), Planning Sustainability.

Cathie Jo Martin, Stuck in Neutral: Business and the Politics of Human Capital Investment Policy.

Michael Mason, Environmental Democracy.

Michael Moran, Governing the Health Care State: A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany.

Stephen D. Sugarman and Frank R. Kemerer (Eds.), School Choice and Social Controversy: Politics, Policy, and Law.

Joseph P. Viteritti, Choosing Equality: School Choice, the Constitution, and Civil Society.

Jay D. White, Taking Language Seriously: The Narrative Foundations of Public Administration Research.
English‐Language Assistance Programs, English‐Skill Acquisition, and the Academic Progress of High School Language Minority Students
Authors: Mora Marie T.
Published: July 2005

Utilizing the 1988–1992 surveys from the Restricted‐Use National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, I find that language minority students who received English‐language assistance (ELA) programs beyond the third grade reported lower English‐skill acquisition and made smaller academic progress in high school than their peers. Moreover, while the type of high school ELA program (e.g., bilingual education) differently affected scholastic outcomes, students in such programs did not surpass their counterparts in monolingual‐English classes on average.
Trust and Understanding in Participatory Policy Analysis: The Case of the Vermont Forest Resources Advisory Council
Authors: Haight David , Ginger Clare
Published: July 2005

Participatory policy analysis (PPA) has been recommended as a means for better informing the policy process and reinvigorating citizen participation in government decisionmaking. This study analyzes the Vermont Forest Resources Advisory Council (FRAC), a stakeholder form of PPA, to assess trust and understanding, which PPA proponents suggest is important for democratic governance. Findings indicate that process design and the roles of science and social values in decisionmaking affected trust and understanding among participants and in the FRAC process. This case highlights challenges in making PPA operational and in addressing positivist and postpositivist perspectives within PPA.
Internationalization and Patterns of Political Change in Ireland
Authors: Schmitt David E.
Published: July 2005

The forces of internationalization have been central to the Republic of Ireland's dramatic transformation during the past four decades. The political, social, and economic changes brought about by membership in the European Union (EU) have been especially significant. Ireland has been described s a “Celtic Tiger” whose stellar economic growth rate during the past decade has given it one of the highest per capita GDP levels in the EU. Much of this success has resulted from imaginative and dynamic programs developed b y Irish political and administrative leaders. Ireland's good working relationship with the United Kingdom has enabled the two governments to achieve significant progress in the search for peace in Northern Ireland, whatever setbacks may occur during the long term evolution of this process.
Ireland. : Economics and the Reinventing of a Nation
Authors: Crotty William
Published: July 2005

Ireland is experiencing a fundamental transition in its economic life, one that has affected all levels of Irish society. The transition in living conditions and personal expectations and, at another level, in Ireland's contribution to a globally interdependent world is fueled by changes taking place in the structure and performance of the Irish economy. This article looks at Ireland's economic development over time—essentially a restructuring of its economic base and international outlook—the changes evident, present conditions, and the problems encountered. It concludes by looking at the nation's future prospects and its ability to sustain what some have referred to as an “economic miracle.”