bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation And Attribution Of OCO-2 XCO2 Uncertainties
Authors: Worden John , Doran Gary , Kulawik Susan , Eldering Annmarie , Crisp David , Frankenberg Chris , O'Dell Christian , Bowman Kevin
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Evaluating and attributing uncertainties in total column atmospheric CO2 measurements (XCO2) from the OCO-2 instrument is critical for testing hypotheses related to the underlying processes controlling XCO2 and for developing quality flags needed to choose those measurements that are usable for carbon cycle science. Here we test the reported uncertainties of Version 7 OCO-2 XCO2 measurements by examining variations of the XCO2 measurements and their calculated uncertainties within small regions (~ 100 km x 10.5 km) in which CO2 variability is expected to be small relative to variations imparted by noise or interferences. Over 39 000 of these “small neighborhoods” comprised of approximately 190 observations per neighborhood are used for this analysis. We find that a typical ocean measurement should have a precision and accuracy of 0.35 and 0.24 ppm respectively for calculated precisions larger than ~ 0.25 ppm. These values are approximately consistent with the calculated errors of 0.33 and 0.14 ppm for the noise and interference error (assuming that the accuracy is bounded by the calculated interference error). The actual precision for ocean data becomes worse as the signal-to-noise increases or the calculated precision decreases below 0.25 ppm for reasons that not well understood. A typical land measurement (both nadir and glint) is found to have a precision and accuracy of approximately 0.75 ppm and 0.65 ppm respectively as compared to the calculated precision and accuracy of approximately 0.36 ppm and 0.2 ppm. However, this precision includes the effects of synoptic variability in the total column that could be as high as 0.5 ppm during the summer drawdown period. The accuracy is likely related to interferences such as aerosols or surface albedo and is a lower bound as it is evaluated by comparing gradients in OCO-2 estimates of XCO2 to expected gradients across the region and not by direct comparison to well-calibrated XCO2 measurements from the ground network.
A longitudinal study of twins from birth to adulthood
Authors: Torgersen Anne Mari Korbøl
Published: July 2016

Temperamental variation in infancy was the starting point for this longitudinal study of twins followed frombirth to adulthood. The influence of early individuality on later development was a research question in thefollow-ups, and by choosing twins as a group, it was possible to uncover the effect of environmental andgenetic factors at the different ages. Developmental psychopathology turned out to be a relevant framework,where mental health and well-being are seen as the result of a continuous transaction between geneticallybasedindividuality and a changing and varying environment (Maughan & Rutter, 2008). The twin methodwas an adequate tool to gain a better understanding of these processes. The overall clear message from thestudy is that whereas heritability of temperament can be seen from infancy on, environmental factors are ofcrucial importance for an understanding of mental development and health, but the effect of environmentalfactors probably varies a great deal in dependency upon the genetic disposition of the person.
Paying “Utopia” a Subversive Fidelity; or, An Affective Trip to Anarres
Authors: Bell David M.
Published: July 2016

This article pays “subversive fidelity” to utopia by rethinking what might be meant by the “good,” “no,” and “place” and how they might be brought together in an ambiguous but productive consistency. Specifically, it does this by drawing on Deleuze's reading of Spinoza's ethics, Sara Ahmed's concept of the “affect alien,” and Doreen Massey's understanding of place. It then applies and develops the theoretical approach through a reading of Anarres, as described in Ursula K. Le Guin's novel The Dispossessed. While the theory of utopia produced is intended normatively, the article also shows how it can be used as a methodology for the reading of specific places, as well as how it can be used alongside other utopian studies methods to read utopian texts.
“Suspicor enim eam gentem a graecis originem duxisse”: Translating Utopia in Greek
Authors: Balasopoulos Antonis , Yannakopoulou Vasso
Published: July 2016

Although More's Utopia is a work for which classical Greek language and literature are central, it was not until 1970 that the work was translated into Greek. During the sixteenth century, Greek scholars bypassed the fundamental texts of Renaissance humanism, clinging instead to the classical Greek past. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Greek intellectuals also ignored Utopia, partly because the nature of their Westernizing agenda did not attract them to a work embedded within the tradition of Catholic Latinate cosmopolitanism. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when the term utopia entered Greek intellectual life, “scientific socialism” had also made its first appearance in Greek political culture, possibly preempting the desire to translate a work that would now appear to constitute the source of an already obsolete canon of “utopian socialism.” Tellingly, the textual life of More's Utopia in Greek began during the military junta. Its first translation arguably deploys it as a text charged by the desire for egalitarian democracy while at the same time privileging its satirical and playful aspects, partially in order to avoid state censorship. Though there are important differences regarding the framing of More's text by the four extant translations in modern Greek, the overall tendency seems to be to receive Utopia as a fundamentally political text, a text capable of inspiring thought, and perhaps action, during dire and challenging times.
Correlation between Religious Attitude and Resiliency of Women under Domestic Violence
Authors: Dehghani-Firoozabadi Elham-Sadat , Mohtashami Jamileh , Atashzadeh-Shoorideh Foroozan , Nasiri Maliheh , Dolatian Mahrokh , Sedghi Sara
Published: July 2016

The most common type of violence against women is domestic violence so that it is considered as a general health crisis. Resilience is a self-healing method featured with positive emotional outcomes. Religious attitudes are of the probable grounds of development of resilience techniques among women who have been victim of domestic violence. The present study is aimed at determining correlation between religious attitudes and resilience among women with domestic violence. The present study is a descriptive correlative research. Selected Health centers in east and north districts of Tehran affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Data gathering tools were a demographic information questionnaire, Connor-Davidson’s Resilience scale, and Serajzadeh’s “Muslim Religiosity questionnaire”.

We used Pearson correlation test to indicate the presence of correlation between resiliency and religious attitudes. Data analyses were performed in SPSS 16. Mean and standard deviation of religious attitudes and resilience among the women with domestic violence were 76.41±9.96, 68.46±15.68 respectively. The results showed that there was correlation between religious attitude and resilience among women who have been subject to domestic violence. (P<0.001, r=0.24). Women under domestic violence had stronger religions attitudes and higher resilience strength. It appears that resilience among women subject to domestic violence and the effective factors on resilience and religious attitudes in particular (given the role of religion in Iranians’ lives) deserve special attention.
The Review of Work and Family Balance among Employees in Hospitality Industry in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Chun-Chi , Ting Yu-San , Hsu Yu-Lun
Published: July 2016

The research evaluated the effectiveness of flextime in achieving and sustaining work-family balance among male and female hospitality workers in Taiwan. Flextime’s effectiveness in supporting work-family balance has implications on the achievement of organizational outcomes, particularly employee commitment and turnover intention. The study applied quantitative research design to test three major hypotheses and sub-hypotheses by using evidence obtained from a survey of managers and employees of hospitality firms in Taiwan. The evidence confirmed all the hypotheses. Flextime is effective in achieving and sustaining work-family balance. Work-life balance enhances employee commitment and dissuades turnover intention. Hospitality firms in Taiwan need to consider flextime as a long-term or continuous strategy as well as consider improvements relative to changes in the condition and needs of employees.
“Getting Big by Thinking Small”: An Empirical Analysis from Trading SME’s
Authors: Todri Ardita , Scalera Francesco
Published: July 2016

The necessity to manage the debts capacity within Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) remains pivotal to their solvency and growth potentiality, especially in trading sector. Therefore through a ROC Curve analysis there were identified the discriminative variables (organized in four indicators groups such as: liquidity, turnover, structure and return) pertaining to a panel of 62 SME’s with performing and not status (default ratio of 50%) by referring to the 2013-2014 period.

The latest, excluding the others indicators confirms that total debt to equity, total assets to shareholder’s equity and long term assets to shareholder’s equity can better do it. In addition, a regression analysis is used to estimate the impact of the above mentioned discriminative variables on SME’s debts management capacity in the quality of a performance measure (pertaining to liquidity indicators group). Under these circumstances it was evidenced that the variables that positively impact SME’s performance are: equity to total debts, long term assets to shareholder’s equity as well as return on equity.
Referring to the Albanian economical structure, undoubtedly these results give some hope signals regarding SME’s development strategy being that they can contemporary contribute in the country’s GDP growth by good performing in micro level.
Global Supply Chain Management of RMG Outsourcing: Factors Affecting Country Selection
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Anisur , Qi Xu
Published: July 2016

This paper aims to understand factors determining location decision, or country selection of Readymade Garments (RMG) outsourcing in global supply chain management. In the process, this article fills a knowledge gap by proposing a unique model that relates country determinant factors and firm’s motives to location choice specific for RMG outsourcing moderated by firm’s size and age. The overall framework enlightens the scholars about the significance of distinguishing factors as the basis for differential outsourcing location decisions. Multinational managers may find it useful to identify the optimum outsourcing location decisions considering idiosyncratic factors that are unique to RMG outsourcing location decision. 
The Impact of Financing on Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AL Mahish Mohammed A
Published: July 2016

This paper investigates the impact of the overall financing activities on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The study developed a financing index that takes into account the overall available credit in Saudi Arabia. The index was shown to be sensitive to economic and political shocks such as the Arab Spring. Using Johnson cointegration approach, the paper found an evidence of long run relationship between real GDP per capita, financing, real interest real, public labor force, and capital. Using a vector error correction model, the paper found a robust estimate that proves the positive impact of financing on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, Granger-Causality Wald test indicates that financing influences economic growth in Saudi Arabia.
Credit Rating Changes and Stock Market Reaction in the Kingdom of Bahrain
Authors: Abdeldayem Marwan M. , Nekhili Ramzi
Published: July 2016

Between 2014 and 2015, the oil price almost halved. Since then, it has fallen a further 40%. Consequently, Moody’s Investors Service has downgraded Bahrain’s long-term issuer rating from Baa3 to Ba1with a negative outlook and placed it on review for further downgrade. In this context, previous literature reaches no agreement about the impact of credit rating changes on stock prices. Some studies indicate that credit rating changes do not affect stock prices, while others conclude they do. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether credit rating change has a significant impact on Bahraini stock prices. We conducted an event study to analyze stock market reaction to such news in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Even though Bahrain has witnessed a series of sovereign downgrades over the past five years, the latest downgrading event in February 17, 2016, has been followed by a credit rating downgrade of its banking sector in March 7, 2016. Hence the choice of the sample period of the event study includes both these downgrading events over the period of study from January 2, 2014 till March 22, 2016. Three sectors were selected from the Bahrain all share index: banks, service and industrial. The findings of the study reveal that sovereign rating downgrade has some mixed pre-announcement and post-announcement effects and credit rating downgrade provides useful information. Overall, the results indicate that downgrades and negative outlook announcements have an adverse impact on long-term equity returns, but little impact on short-term performance.
The evaluation of two commercial electric sheep stunning systems: current applied and the effect on heart function
Authors: Orford F , Ford EA , Brown SN , McKinstry J , Hadley PJ , Lines JA , Knowles TG , Wotton SB
Published: July 2016

The maintenance of head-only minimum stunning currents for sheep to ≥ 1.0 Amp as per current legislation was examined in two trials in a commercial abattoir. In the first trial, a Jetco MS100 stunner failed to maintain the current to > 1.0 Amp in 118 of the 228 sheep. In a second trial, a Jetco MS105 delivered sufficient current in all sheep (n = 275) to meet the legislative requirement, apart from a single animal. Recorded electrocardiograms showed a regular heartbeat, with no evidence of ventricular fibrillation, in all animals in both trials following stunning and neck-cut. Only one of the two stun units may therefore be considered to meet the statutory requirements but both may meet the requirements for halal slaughter where pre-stun is considered acceptable.
Dual-polarization and dual-mode orbital angular momentum radio vortex beam generated by using reflective metasurface
Authors: Yu Shixing , Li Long , Shi Guangming
Published: July 2016

A metasurface, which is composed of printed cross-dipole elements with different arm lengths, is designed, fabricated, and experimentally demonstrated to generate orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex waves of dual polarizations and dual modes in the radio frequency domain simultaneously. The prototype of a practical metasurface is fabricated and measured to validate the results of theoretical analysis and design at 5.8 GHz. Numerical and experimental results verify that vortex waves with dual OAM modes and dual polarizations can be flexibly generated by using a reflective metasurface. The proposed method paves a way to generate diverse OAM vortex waves for radio frequency and microwave wireless communication applications.
Enhanced three-photon absorption in CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals in near-infrared
Authors: Zhu Baohua , Wang Fangfang , Zhang Kun , Zhang Jiayu , Gu Yuzong
Published: July 2016

Colloidal CdSe nanocrystals are synthesized and successively overcoated with CdS monolayers (MLs). The three-photon absorption (3PA) properties are measured by Z-scan and nonlinear transmission techniques with 80 fs laser pulses at 1250 nm in the near-infrared. The 3PA enhancement factor due to the overcoating of three ML CdS was 850, significantly larger than that caused by a size increase of the CdSe cores. The 3PA enhancement mainly originates from the reduction of nonradiative traps on the cores’ surface. The effects of a local field and intrinsic piezoelectric polarization are also discussed.
Enhancement of fill factor in air-processed inverted organic solar cells using self-assembled monolayer of fullerene catechol
Authors: Jeon Il , Ogumi Keisuke , Nakagawa Takafumi , Matsuo Yutaka
Published: July 2016

[60]Fullerene catechol self-assembled monolayers were prepared and applied to inverted organic solar cells by an immersion method, and their energy conversion properties were measured. By introducing fullerenes at the surface, we improved the hole-blocking capability of electron-transporting metal oxide, as shown by the fill factor enhancement. The fullerene catechol-treated TiO
x
-containing device gave a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.81% with a fill factor of 0.56 while the non treated device gave a PCE of 2.46% with a fill factor of 0.49. The solar cell efficiency improved by 13% compared with the non treated reference device.
Sub-microsecond wavelength stabilization of tunable lasers with the internal wavelength locker
Authors: Kimura Ryoga , Tatsumoto Yudai , Sakuma Kazuki , Onji Hirokazu , Shimokozono Makoto , Ishii Hiroyuki , Kato Kazutoshi
Published: July 2016

We proposed a method of accelerating the wavelength stabilization after wavelength switching of the tunable distributed amplification-distributed feedback (TDA-DFB) laser using the internal wavelength locker to reduce the size and the cost of the wavelength control system. The configuration of the wavelength stabilization system based on this locker was as follows. At the wavelength locker, the light intensity after an optical filter is detected as a current by the photodiodes (PDs). Then, for estimating the wavelength, the current is processed by the current/voltage-converting circuit (IVC), logarithm amplifier (Log Amp) and field programmable gate array (FPGA). Finally, the laser current is tuned to the desired wavelength with reference to the estimated wavelength. With this control system the wavelength is stabilized within 800 ns after wavelength switching, which is even faster than that with the conventional control system.
Demonstration of photon–photon resonance peak enhancement by waveguide configuration modification on active multimode interferometer laser diode
Authors: Kitano Takuya , Uddin Mohammad Nasir , Hong Bingzhou , Tajima Akio , Jiang Haisong , Hamamoto Kiichi
Published: July 2016

The recent rapid growth of data traffic is leading to high-speed communication for local areas, such as the fiber-to-the-home service. A semiconductor laser is used for such a purpose; however, there is the difficulty that an even higher frequency response occurs in only carrier-photon resonance. For this reason, it is effective to use a second resonance, such as a photon–photon resonance (PPR), for enhancing the frequency response, and the active multimode interferometer laser diode (active-MMI LD) is one of the candidates for achieving a high PPR frequency. In order to obtain an even higher PPR frequency, we have investigated the control scheme of enhancing PPR. In this work, we compared two types of active-MMI waveguide structures to confirm the scheme. As a result, a 3.8 GHz enhancement of the PPR peak, resulting in a 3 dB lower frequency response of 17 GHz, has been successfully achieved by waveguide geometry modification.
Article processing charges for open access publication—the situation for research intensive universities in the USA and Canada
Authors: Solomon David , Björk Bo-Christer
Published: July 2016

Background.Open access (OA) publishing via article processing charges (APCs) is growing as an alternative to subscription publishing. The Pay It Forward (PIF) Project is exploring the feasibility of transitioning from paying subscriptions to funding APCs for faculty at research intensive universities. Estimating of the cost of APCs for the journals authors at research intensive universities tend to publish is essential for the PIF project and similar initiatives. This paper presents our research into this question.

Methods.We identified APC prices for publications by authors at the 4 research intensive United States (US) and Canadian universities involved in the study. We also obtained APC payment records from several Western European universities and funding agencies. Both data sets were merged with Web of Science (WoS) metadata. We calculated the average APCs for articles and proceedings in 13 discipline categories published by researchers at research intensive universities. We also identified 41 journals published by traditionally subscription publishers which have recently converted to APC funded OA and recorded the APCs they charge.

Results.We identified 7,629 payment records from the 4 European APC payment databases and 14,356 OA articles authored by PIF partner university faculty for which we had listed APC prices. APCs for full OA journals published by PIF authors averaged 1,775 USD; full OA journal APCs paid by Western European funders averaged 1,865 USD; hybrid APCs paid by Western European funders averaged 2,887 USD. The APC for converted journals published by major subscription publishers averaged 1,825 USD. APC funded OA is concentrated in the life and basic sciences. APCs funded articles in the social sciences and humanities are often multidisciplinary and published in journals such as PLOS ONE that largely publish in the life sciences.

Conclusions.Full OA journal APCs average a little under 2,000 USD while hybrid articles average about 3,000 USD for publications by researchers at research intensive universities. There is a lack of information on discipline differences in APCs due to the concentration of APC funded publications in a few fields and the multidisciplinary nature of research.
A global assessment of NASA AIRS v6 and EUMETSAT IASI v6 precipitable water vapor using ground‐based GPS SuomiNet stations
Authors: Roman Jacola , Knuteson Robert , August Thomas , Hultberg Tim , Ackerman Steve , Revercomb Hank
Published: July 2016

Satellite remote sensing of precipitable water vapor (PWV) is essential for monitoring moisture in real time for weather applications, as well as tracking the long‐term changes in PWV for climate change trend detection. This study assesses the accuracies of the current satellite observing system, specifically the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) v6 PWV product and the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellite Studies (EUMETSAT) Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) v6 PWV product, using ground‐based SuomiNet Global Positioning System (GPS) network as truth. Elevation‐corrected collocated matchups to each SuomiNet GPS station in North America and around the world were created, and results were broken down by station, ARM region, climate zone, and latitude zone. The greatest difference, exceeding 5%, between IASI and AIRS retrievals occurred in the tropics. Generally, IASI and AIRS fall within a 5% error in the PWV range of 20–40 mm (a mean bias less than 2 mm), with a wet bias for extremely low PWV values (less than 5 mm) and a dry bias for extremely high PWV values (greater than 50 mm). The operational IR satellite products are able to capture the mean PWV but degrade in the extreme dry and wet regimes.
Light absorption properties of brown carbon in the high Himalayas
Authors: Kirillova Elena N. , Marinoni Angela , Bonasoni Paolo , Vuillermoz Elisa , Facchini Maria Cristina , Fuzzi Sandro , Decesari Stefano
Published: July 2016

The light‐absorbing properties of water‐soluble brown carbon (WS‐BrC) and methanol‐soluble brown carbon (MeS‐BrC) were studied in PM10 aerosols collected at the “Nepal Climate Observatory‐Pyramid” (NCO‐P) station (5079 m above sea level) during the period 2013–2014. The light absorption coefficients of WS‐BrC and MeS‐BrC were the highest during the premonsoon season and the lowest during monsoon. MeS‐BrC absorbs about 2 times higher at 365 nm and about 3 times more at 550 nm compared to WS‐BrC. The mass absorption cross section (MAC) of WS‐BrC measured at 365 nm is similar to that observed previously at South Asian low‐altitude sites. Fractional solar radiation absorption by BrC compared to BC considering the full solar spectrum showed that WS‐BrC absorbs 4 ± 1% and MeS‐BrC absorbs 9 ± 2% compared to BC at NCO‐P. Such ratios become 8 ± 1% (for WS‐BrC respect to BC) and 17 ± 5% (for MeS‐BrC respect to BC) when accounting for correction factors proposed by previous studies to convert absorption coefficients in bulk solutions into light absorption by accumulation mode aerosol particles. These results confirm the importance of BrC in contributing to light‐absorbing aerosols in this region of the world. However, the BrC absorption at 550 nm appears small compared to that of BC (1–5%, or 3–9% with conversion factors), and it is lower compared to global model estimates constrained by Aerosol Robotic Network observations. Finally, our study provides no clear evidence of a change in the fractional contribution of BrC with respect to BC to light absorption in the middle troposphere respect to the Indo‐Gangetic plain boundary layer.
IONONEST—A Bayesian approach to modeling the lower ionosphere
Authors: Martin Poppy L. , Scaife Anna M. M. , McKay Derek , McCrea Ian
Published: July 2016

Obtaining high‐resolution electron density height profiles for the D region of the ionosphere as a well‐sampled function of time is difficult for most methods of ionospheric measurement. Here we present a new method of using multifrequency riometry data for producing D region height profiles via inverse methods. To obtain these profiles, we use the nested sampling technique, implemented through our code, IONONEST. We demonstrate this approach using new data from the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA) instrument and consider two electron density models. We compare the recovered height profiles from the KAIRA data with those from incoherent scatter radar using data from the European Incoherent Scatter Facility (EISCAT) instrument and find that there is good agreement between the two techniques, allowing for instrumental differences.
Ultrafast Plasmonic Hot Electron Transfer in Au Nanoantenna/MoS2 Heterostructures
Authors: Yu Ying , Ji Ziheng , Zu Shuai , Du Bowen , Kang Yimin , Li Ziwei , Zhou Zhangkai , Shi Kebin , Fang Zheyu
Published: July 2016

2D transition metal dichalcogenides are becoming attractive materials for novel photoelectric and photovoltaic applications due to their excellent optoelectric properties and accessible optical bandgap in the near‐infrared to visible range. Devices utilizing 2D materials integrated with metal nanostructures have recently emerged as efficient schemes for hot electron‐based photodetection. Metal‐semiconductor heterostructures with low cost, simple procedure, and fast response time are crucial for the practical applications of optoelectric devices. In this paper, template‐based sputtering method is used first to fabricate Au nanoantenna (NA)/MoS2 heterostructures with low cost, simple preparation, broad spectral response, and fast response time. Through the measurement of femtosecond pump‐probe spectroscopy, it is demonstrated that plasmon‐induced hot electron transfer takes place in the Au NA/MoS2 heterostructure on the order of 200 fs with an injected electron density of about 5.6 × 1012 cm−2. Moreover, the pump‐power‐dependent photoluminescence spectra confirm that the exciton energy of MoS2 can be enhanced, coupled, and reradiated by the Au NA. Such ultrafast plasmon‐induced hot electron transfer in the metal‐semiconductor heterostructure can enable novel 2D devices for light harvesting and photoelectric conversion.
High Sulfur Loading in Hierarchical Porous Carbon Rods Constructed by Vertically Oriented Porous Graphene‐Like Nanosheets for Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Zheng Zongmin , Guo Hongchen , Pei Fei , Zhang Xin , Chen Xinyi , Fang Xiaoliang , Wang Taihong , Zheng Nanfeng
Published: July 2016

The utilization of porous carbon frameworks as hosts for sulfur loading is an important theme in current Li‐S battery research. Unfortunately, the high loading of insulating sulfur often leads to low specific capacities, poor rate properties, and rapid capacity loss. To address this challenge, a facile templating route to fabricate a novel host material, hierarchical porous carbon rods constructed by vertically oriented porous graphene‐like nanosheets (HPCR) is presented. With a high specific surface area, ultralarge pore volume, hierarchical porous structures, and ideal ion transfer pathways, HPCR is a promising candidate for high sulfur loading. When used as the active material for a sulfur cathode, the HPCR‐S composite with 78.9 wt% sulfur exhibits excellent rate performance (646 mAh g−1sulfur at 5 C) and cycling stability (700 mAh g−1sulfur after 300 cycles at 1 C). Even with a sulfur content of 88.8 wt%, the HPCR‐S composite, without any additional protective polymer coating, still delivers a good rate performance (545 mAh g−1sulfur at 3 C) and cycling stability (632 mAh g−1sulfur after 200 cycles at 1 C). More importantly, the high sulfur loading (88.8 wt%) ensures that the HPCR‐S composite has a high energy density (880 mAh cm−3cathode after 200 cycles at 1 C).
Broadband Photoresponse Enhancement of a High‐Performance t‐Se Microtube Photodetector by Plasmonic Metallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Hu Kai , Chen Hongyu , Jiang Mingming , Teng Feng , Zheng Lingxia , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: July 2016

Broadband responsivity enhancement of single Se microtube (Se‐MT) photodetectors in the UV–visible region is presented in this research. The pristine Se‐MT photodetector demonstrates broadband photoresponse from 300 to 700 nm with peak responsivity of ≈19 mA W−1 at 610 nm and fast speed (rise time 0.32 ms and fall time 23.02 ms). To further enhance the responsivity of the single Se‐MT photodetector, Au and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) are sputtered on these devices. In contrast to only enhancement of responsivity in UV region by Pt NPs, broadband responsivity enhancement (≈600% to ≈800%) of the Se‐MT photodetector is realized from 300 to 700 nm by tuning the size and density of Au NPs. The broadband responsivity enhancement phenomena are interpreted by both the surface modification and surface plasmon coupling. The experimental results of this work provide an additional opportunity for fabricating high‐performance UV–visible broadband photodetectors.
Shell‐Isolated Nanoparticle‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy at Single‐Crystal Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Dong Jin‐Chao , Panneerselvam Rajapandiyan , Lin Ying , Tian Xiang‐Dong , Li Jian‐Feng
Published: July 2016

As an innovative technique, shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) eliminates the material and morphology generality problems of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). For the past few years, SHINERS has been extensively employed in many fields, especially in the electrochemistry field. This article renders a brief overview of the developments of SHINERS technique and its applications in electrochemistry. First, we clearly explain the basic principles of the SHINERS technique, such as design principles, materials synthesis, characterization methods, and related theoretical calculation methods. We then describe about the significant applications of electrochemical SHINERS (EC‐SHINERS) with a focus of study on various single‐crystal electrode surfaces. Finally, we summarize the recent developments and give an outlook for future developments in the SHINERS field.
Tunable‐Sized Polymeric Micelles and Their Assembly for the Preparation of Large Mesoporous Platinum Nanoparticles
Authors: Jiang Bo , Li Cuiling , Tang Jing , Takei Toshiaki , Kim Jung Ho , Ide Yusuke , Henzie Joel , Tominaka Satoshi , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: July 2016

Platinum nanoparticles with continuously tunable mesoporous structures were prepared by a simple, one‐step polymeric approach. By virtue of their large pore size, these structures have a high surface area that is accessible to reagents. In the synthetic method, variation of the solvent composition plays an essential role in the systematic control of pore size and particle shape. The mesoporous Pt catalyst exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity for the methanol oxidation reaction compared to commercially available Pt catalysts. This polymeric‐micelle approach provides an additional design concept for the creation of next generation of metallic catalysts.
Light‐Induced Water Splitting Causes High‐Amplitude Oscillation of pH‐Sensitive Layer‐by‐Layer Assemblies on TiO2
Authors: Ulasevich Sviatlana A. , Brezesinski Gerald , Möhwald Helmuth , Fratzl Peter , Schacher Felix H. , Poznyak Sergey K. , Andreeva Daria V. , Skorb Ekaterina V.
Published: July 2016

We introduce a simple concept of a light induced pH change, followed by high amplitude manipulation of the mechanical properties of an adjacent polymer film. Irradiation of a titania surface is known to cause water splitting, and this can be used to reduce the environmental pH to pH 4. The mechanical modulus of an adjacent pH sensitive polymer film can thus be changed by more than an order of magnitude. The changes can be localized, maintained for hours and repeated without material destruction.
Reactions between Criegee Intermediates and the Inorganic Acids HCl and HNO3: Kinetics and Atmospheric Implications
Authors: Foreman Elizabeth S. , Kapnas Kara M. , Murray Craig
Published: July 2016

Criegee intermediates (CIs) are a class of reactive radicals that are thought to play a key role in atmospheric chemistry through reactions with trace species that can lead to aerosol particle formation. Recent work has suggested that water vapor is likely to be the dominant sink for some CIs, although reactions with trace species that are sufficiently rapid can be locally competitive. Herein, we use broadband transient absorption spectroscopy to measure rate constants for the reactions of the simplest CI, CH2OO, with two inorganic acids, HCl and HNO3, both of which are present in polluted urban atmospheres. Both reactions are fast; at 295 K, the reactions of CH2OO with HCl and HNO3 have rate constants of 4.6×10−11 cm3 s−1 and 5.4×10−10 cm3 s−1, respectively. Complementary quantum‐chemical calculations show that these reactions form substituted hydroperoxides with no energy barrier. The results suggest that reactions of CIs with HNO3 in particular are likely to be competitive with those with water vapor in polluted urban areas under conditions of modest relative humidity.
Preparation of new dioxygen‐active triphenylantimony(V) catecholate‐containing porous polymer
Authors: Chesnokov Sergey A. , Lenshina Nina A. , Arsenyev Maxim V. , Kovylin Roman S. , Baten'kin Maxim A. , Poddel'sky Andrey I. , Abakumov Gleb A.
Published: July 2016

Novel porous polymers with 4‐ethoxy‐3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone grafted to the porous surface have been prepared via the secondary functionalization of porous polymer monoliths obtained by the photopolymerization of oligo(carbonate dimethacrylate) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate in methanol solution. These quinone‐functionalized polymers have been applied for the synthesis of triphenylantimony(V) catecholate‐containing polymers by the oxidative addition reaction of quinone moieties with SbPh3. The obtained antimony‐containing porous polymeric material is able to reversibly bind molecular oxygen in nearly quantitative yield. The rate of molecular oxygen sorption is 900 times higher for the porous material than that for the same film material and comparable with the process rate in solution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and application of hyperbranched poly(urethane‐urea) finishing agent with amino groups
Authors: Ren Long‐Fang , Geng Jin , Chen Ting , Guo Pei‐Ying , Qiang Tao‐Tao
Published: July 2016

The isocyanate‐terminated linear polyurethane prepolymer (LPPU) was successfully synthesized via step‐by‐step polymerization, with isophorone disocyanate (IPDI) and polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG, Mn = 2000 g/mol) used as raw materials, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as the catalyst, 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) as the chain extender and anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) as the blocking agent. Then the hyperbranched poly (urethane‐urea) (HBPU) containing amino groups was synthesized by grafting LPPU on amino‐terminated hyperbranched polymers (NH2‐HBP). The molecular structure of LPPU and HBPU were characterized by means of FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR. It was founded that LPPU and HBPU were successfully synthesized as anticipated. The thermal stability and crystalline morphology of LPPU and HBPU were characterized and analyzed by TG and XRD. Additionally, it was also found that, after addition of 10% HBPU, the water absorption rate, water vapor transmission rate, and water vapor permeability increased markedly by 162.02%, 400.00%, 260.00%, respectively. The tensile strength of membrane decreased by 24.57% and the elongation at break increased by 26.92%. Compared with the leather finished by commercial PU finishing agent, the leather finished by HBPU presented better properties. The water vapor permeability of the leather finished by increased by 13.0%, and the dry‐ and wet‐rub resistances and the physical and mechanical performances were excellent. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44139.
Recycling of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene waste used for preparing high performance synthetic paper
Authors: Cheng Dangdang , Zan Yifan , Du Juan , Luo Yan
Published: July 2016

Due to their widespread applications, the production and consumption of plastics have increased sharply and also brought about a lot of waste. However, only one‐fourth of plastic solid waste is effectively recycled, and the rest is almost entirely disposed in landfills. In this article, high performance synthetic paper used for printing was successfully prepared from ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene waste adopting thermally induced phase separation method. Silicon dioxide was added as filler and mineral oil was used as diluent. Whiteness, chemical resistance, tensile strength, thermal stability, surface morphology, and inkjet print of synthetic paper was investigated, respectively. It is indicated that the resulting synthetic paper possesses excellent printing effect. Its whiteness equally distributes around 80% and the highest tensile strength is up to 5.5 MPa. They also reveal good resistance to chemical corrosion and have good shape maintenance. As a result, the preparation of high performance synthetic paper for industrial applicability is expected to perform by recycling plastics waste. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44159.
Air‐tolerant Fabrication and Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of n‐Type Single‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Encapsulating 1,1′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene
Authors: Nonoguchi Yoshiyuki , Iihara Yu , Ohashi Kenji , Murayama Tomoko , Kawai Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2016

The thermally‐triggered n‐type doping of single‐walled carbon nanotubes is demonstrated using 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, a novel n‐type dopant. Through a simple thermal vacuum process, the phosphine compounds are moderately encapsulated inside single‐walled carbon nanotubes. The encapsulation into SWNTs is carefully characterized using Raman/X‐ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. This easy‐to‐handle doping with air‐stable precursors for n‐type SWNTs enables the large‐scale fabrication of thermoelectric materials showing an excellent power factor exceeding approximately 240 μW mK−2.
Pre‐sowing static magnetic field treatment for improving water and radiation use efficiency in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under soil moisture stress
Authors: Mridha Nilimesh , Chattaraj Sudipta , Chakraborty Debashis , Anand Anjali , Aggarwal Pramila , Nagarajan Shantha
Published: July 2016

Soil moisture stress during pod filling is a major constraint in production of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a fundamentally dry land crop. We investigated effect of pre‐sowing seed priming with static magnetic field (SMF) on alleviation of stress through improvement in radiation and water use efficiencies. Experiments were conducted under greenhouse and open field conditions with desi and kabuli genotypes. Seeds exposed to SMF (strength: 100 mT, exposure: 1 h) led to increase in root volume and surface area by 70% and 65%, respectively. This enabled the crop to utilize 60% higher moisture during the active growth period (78–118 days after sowing), when soil moisture became limiting. Both genotypes from treated seeds had better water utilization, biomass, and radiation use efficiencies (17%, 40%, and 26% over control). Seed pre‐treatment with SMF could, therefore, be a viable option for chickpea to alleviate soil moisture stress in arid and semi‐arid regions, helping in augmenting its production. It could be a viable option to improve growth and yield of chickpea under deficit soil moisture condition, as the selection and breeding program takes a decade before a tolerant variety is released. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:400–408, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Farnesol production in Escherichia coli through the construction of a farnesol biosynthesis pathway – application of PgpB and YbjG phosphatases
Authors: Wang Chonglong , Park Ju‐Eon , Choi Eui‐Sung , Kim Seon‐Won
Published: July 2016

Farnesol is a sesquiterpenoid alcohol that has important industrial and medical potential. It is usually synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) by farnesol synthase in plants. FPP accumulation can cause up‐regulation of phosphatases capable of FPP hydrolysis, resulting in farnesol production in Escherichia coli. We found that PgpB and YbjG, two integral membrane phosphatases, can hydrolyze FPP into farnesol. Overexpression of FPP synthase (IspA) and PgpB, along with a heterologous mevalonate pathway, enabled recombinant E. coli to produce 526.1 mg/L of farnesol. This result indicates that the phosphatases PgpB and YbjG can be used to construct a novel farnesol synthesis pathway for mass production in E. coli.
peIF4E as an independent prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target in diffuse infiltrating astrocytomas
Authors: Martínez‐Sáez Elena , Peg Vicente , Ortega‐Aznar Arantxa , Martínez‐Ricarte Francisco , Camacho Jessica , Hernández‐Losa Javier , Ferreres Piñas Joan Carles , Ramón y Cajal Santiago
Published: July 2016

Malignant transformation in tumors is a complex process requiring accumulation of numerous oncogenic abnormalities. Brain tumors show considerable phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. In a series comprising diffuse infiltrating astrocytomas (DIA) and reactive gliosis, we investigated the main factors associated with signaling pathways. We assessed expression levels and their association with tumor progression and survival. We studied 19 grade II astrocytomas, 25 anaplastic astrocytomas (grade III), 60 glioblastomas (grade IV), and 15 cases of reactive gliosis. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), pMAPK, 4E‐BP1, p4E‐BP1, pS6, eIF4E, and peIF4E expression levels were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Expression levels were semiquantitatively evaluated using a histoscore. Immunohistochemistry and PCR were used for IDH1 mutations. Statistical analysis was based on the following tests: chi‐square, Student's t, Pearson correlation, Spearman's rho, and Mann–Whitney; ROC and Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed. A significant increase was observed between grades for expression of total and phosphorylated 4E‐BP1 and for eIF4E, Ki67, EGFR, and cyclin D1. Although expression of EGFR, eIF4E, and Ki67 correlated with survival, only peIF4E was an independent predictor of survival in the multivariate analysis. Combining the evaluation of different proteins enables us to generate helpful diagnostic nomograms. In conclusion, cell signaling pathways are activated in DIAs; peIF4E is an independent prognostic factor and a promising therapeutic target. Joint analysis of the expression of 4E‐BP1 and peIF4E could be helpful in the diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme in small biopsy samples.
New Thymoquinol Glycosides and Neuroprotective Dibenzocyclooctane Lignans from the Rattan Stems of Schisandra chinensis
Authors: Yang Bing‐You , Guo Jiang‐Tao , Li Zu‐Yi , Wang Chang‐Fu , Wang Zhi‐Bin , Wang Qiu‐Hong , Kuang Hai‐Xue
Published: July 2016

Three new lignans (1 – 3), together with four new thymoquinol glycosides (4 – 7), were isolated from 70%‐EtOH extract of the rattan stems of Schisandra chinensis. The structures of 1 – 7 were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analyses, and these new compounds were identified as pinobatol‐9‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (1), 1,2,13,14‐tetramethoxydibenzocyclooctadiene 3,12‐O‐β‐d‐diglucopyranoside (2), 3,7‐dihydroxy‐1,2,13,14‐tetramethoxydibenzocyclooctadiene 12‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (3), thymoquinol 2‐O‐β‐d‐apiofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (4), thymoquinol 2‐O‐α‐d‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (5), thymoquinol 5‐O‐β‐d‐apiofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (6), and thymoquinol 5‐O‐α‐d‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (7). The neuroprotective activity of 1 – 7 was evaluated on PC12 cells with neurotoxicity induced by amyloid‐beta 1 – 42 (Aβ1 – 42). Compounds 2 and 3 showed protecting activity against Aβ‐induced toxicity in PC12 cells.
6‐Deoxyhexoses from l‐Rhamnose in the Search for Inducers of the Rhamnose Operon: Synergy of Chemistry and Biotechnology
Authors: Liu Zilei , Yoshihara Akihide , Kelly Ciarán , Heap John T. , Marqvorsen Mikkel H. S. , Jenkinson Sarah F. , Wormald Mark R. , Otero José M. , Estévez Amalia , Kato Atsushi , Fleet George W. J. , Estévez Ramón J. , Izumori Ken
Published: July 2016

In the search for alternative non‐metabolizable inducers in the l‐rhamnose promoter system, the synthesis of fifteen 6‐deoxyhexoses from l‐rhamnose demonstrates the value of synergy between biotechnology and chemistry. The readily available 2,3‐acetonide of rhamnonolactone allows inversion of configuration at C4 and/or C5 of rhamnose to give 6‐deoxy‐d‐allose, 6‐deoxy‐d‐gulose and 6‐deoxy‐l‐talose. Highly crystalline 3,5‐benzylidene rhamnonolactone gives easy access to l‐quinovose (6‐deoxy‐l‐glucose), l‐olivose and rhamnose analogue with C2 azido, amino and acetamido substituents. Electrophilic fluorination of rhamnal gives a mixture of 2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐l‐rhamnose and 2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐l‐quinovose. Biotechnology provides access to 6‐deoxy‐l‐altrose and 1‐deoxy‐l‐fructose.
Understanding the Oxidative Addition of σ‐Bonds to Group 13 Compounds
Authors: García‐Rodeja Yago , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Fernández Israel
Published: July 2016

The oxidative addition reaction of X−H σ‐bonds to Group 13 (E=Al, Ga, In) containing compounds has been computationally explored within the density functional theory framework. These reactions, which proceed concertedly involving the EI→EIII oxidation, are exothermic and associated with relatively low activation barriers. In addition, the following trends in reactivity are found: (i) the activation barriers are lower for the X−H bonds involving the heavier element in the same group (ΔE≠: C>Si; N>P; O>S), (ii) the process becomes kinetically more favorable in going from left to right in the same period (ΔE≠: C>N>O; Si≈P>S), and (iii) the activation barrier systematically increases when heavier Group 13 elements are involved in the transformation (ΔE≠: Al<Ga<In). These reactivity trends are analyzed and quantitatively rationalized in detail by means of the activation‐strain model of reactivity in combination with the energy decomposition analysis method.