bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Aging on the Physical and Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Incorporating Rediset®
Authors: Aman Mohamad Yusri , Shahadan Zulkurnain , Md. Ruhani Munzilah , Buhari Rosnawati
Published: January 2015

This paper focuses on physical and rheological properties of virgin asphalt binder blended with different percentage of Rediset® content. The rheological properties of the Rediset® modified binders were characterized before and after being subjected to short-term aging using rotational viscometer (RV) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) according to SuperpaveTM test protocols. The results indicated that the penetration and softening point were consistently decreased and increased, respectively for unaged and short-term aged samples. The penetration index (PI) and viscosity aging index (VAI) were increased as the Rediset® modified binders aged and showed a high significance correlation. The addition of Rediset® in asphalt binder exhibited change in binder rheology after subjected to short-term aged which influenced the rutting parameter. A statistical analysis showed that Rediset® used as warm asphalt additive had significantly increased the G*/Sin δ parameter which indicated greater resistance to rutting.
Pavement Material and Technology Elements in Green Highway Rating Systems-A Conspectus
Authors: Bujang Mastura , Hainin Mohd Rosli , Yadollahi Mohammadreza , Abd. Majid Muhd Zaimi , Mohamad Zin Rosli , Wan Azahar Wan NurAifa
Published: January 2015

Since the effect of global warming and climate changes are becoming serious issues nowadays, most countries are trying to develop their own green highway rating system in order to implement the sustainable practices on their highway.Several studies have discussed the issues relating to the sustainable rating system, but no major study has been conducted to examine the green highway rating system in depth.Material and pavement technology are two most important parameters in the green highway rating systems and need to be addressed more critically. This study presents an extensive review to identify and establish the material and pavement technology elements that are most appropriate to be considered in developing the green highway rating systems.The relevant literatures have been reviewed to assist in identifying the elements of material and pavement technology. These elements in existing green highway rating systems are tabulated and ranked to show the importance level of each element. Understanding the comparison between these elements in existing green highway rating systems would help in identifying and overcoming the scarcity of the elements. Subsequently, the complete highway rating system can be developed as a performance measure or baseline reference that suit different environment and weather. The result shows that themost appropriate elements in material and pavement technology in highway development are recycled materials and regional materials.These elements could optimize the sustainable designs, encourage the usage of recycled materials, and minimize the transportation that help in reducing pollution and energy consumption.
A Comparative Study of Anti-Stripping Additives in Porous Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Aman Mohamad Yusri , Shahadan Zulkurnain , Mat Noh Mohd Zaime
Published: January 2015

Presence of water in porous asphalt mixtures detrimentally affected the bonding between binder-aggregate interface and cohesive failure within the binder-filler mastic, making them prone to stripping which contribute to the performance and durability. This paper presents the effect of anti-stripping additives in porous asphalt mixes. In this study, the Marshall specimens were prepared using quarry dust, ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Pavement Modifier (PMD) as filler then mixed with 60/70 penetration grade bitumen. The specimens were measured for air voids content and coefficient of permeability and subsequently tested using indirect tensile and Cantabro tests. The moisture sensitivity of porous asphalt was determined based on the ratio of dry and conditioned specimens according to AASHTO T283. The specimens prepared with PMD showed lower air voids content, hence decrease the permeability to give a higher tensile strength and lower abrasion loss compared to specimens prepared with OPC and quarry dust. Based on the results, the PMD filler has a great potential to improve resistance to moisture damage compared to mixes with OPC and specimens prepared with quarry dust fillers.
An Investigation on the Performance of a Diesel Engine Using Rubber Seed Oil–Diesel Blends
Authors: Shanmughasundaram P. , Manosh T. I. , Sivaprakasam R.
Published: January 2015

In this study, the performance and emission characteristics were analyzed by using rubber biodiesel in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. The experiments were conducted using different combination of fuels such as 20%, 50% of biodiesel blends by volume (B20 and B50) with pure diesel fuel, pure biodiesel (B100) and pure diesel fuel (B0). The performance parameters were obtained for different load conditions from No load to Full load at rated rpm. Results indicated that the higher brake thermal efficiency, Mechanical efficiency, reduced specific fuel consumption obtained for biodiesel blend of B20, compared to other blends and diesel fuel.
Antimicrobial Flavonoids from Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. and Artocarpus lowii King
Authors: Jamil Shajarahtunnur , Abdul Lathiff Siti Mariam , Abdullah Siti Awanis , Jemaon Noraini , Mohd Sirat Hasnah
Published: January 2015

Antimicrobial activities of flavonoids isolated from the leaves and heartwoods of Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. and Artocarpus lowii King were evaluated. Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida) and fungi (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) were used in this study. Disc diffusion method was used as the qualitative assay while minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum microbicidal concentration methods were used as the quantitative assays. Artocarpin (8) showed strong antimicrobial activity towards all bacteria with inhibition zone diameter more than 11 mm and minimum microbicidal concentration value of 0.45 mg/mL. Isobavachalcone (3) exhibited strong antibacterial activity towards Gram positive bacteria with minimum microbicidal concentration value of 0.45 mg/mL. The findings of this study revealed that the isolated flavonoids from A. anisophyllus and A. lowii have potential to be developed as antimicrobial agents.
Optimization of Oil Palm Fronds Pretreatment Using Ionic Liquid for Levulinic Acid Production
Authors: Ramli Nur Aainaa Syahirah , Amin Nor Aishah Saidina , Ware Ismail
Published: January 2015

The pretreatment of oil palm frond (OPF) has been carried out using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) in the presence of aqueous sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and [BMIM]Br loading on lignin degradation were investigated by applying Box Behnken Design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimized process condition for OPF pretreatment were 123°C, 175 min and 9.9 g of [BMIM]Br loading with an optimum lignin degradation of 88.2%. The experimental results fitted-well with the predicted value with less than 5% error. It was also demonstrated that lignin degradation using recycled [BMIM]Br gave sufficient performance for five successive runs. It was revealed from SEM and XRD analyses, that the pretreated OPF was porous and less crystalline after pretreatment. Consequently, the pretreated OPF renders 25.3% levulinic acid yield in acid hydrolysis compared to 18.2% yield for untreated OPF.
The Probability that an Element of Metacyclic 2-Groups of Positive Type Fixes a Set
Authors: El-sanfaz Mustafa Anis , Sarmin Nor Haniza , Mohamed Saleh Omer Sanaa
Published: January 2015

In this paper, is a metacyclic 2-group of positive type of nilpotency of class at least three. Let  be the set of all subsets of all commuting elements of of size two in the form of where and commute and each of order two. The probability that an element of a group fixes a set is considered as one of the extensions of the commutativity degree that can be obtained by some group actions on a set. In this paper, we compute the probability that an element of fixes a set in which acts on a set, by conjugation.
Review of the Role of Analytical Modelling Methods in Riverbank Filtration System
Authors: Mustafa Shaymaa , Bahar Arifah , Abdul Aziz Zainal , Suratman Saim
Published: January 2015

Riverbank filtration (RBF) technology is applied in several countries around the world as one of the main sources of drinking water supply both from quantitative and qualitative point of view. Consequently, several analytical modelling methods, mostly based on the transformation techniques, are developed in literature to describe different processes which occur in RBF system. An extensive overview of these analytical methods, their uses and limitations are discussed. The review disclosed that most analytical models usually are concerned in evaluating stream depletion rate rather than contaminants transport especially the transportation of pesticides and pathogens. Laplace and Fourier methods are more popular methods used by researchers to solve the system of partial differential equation that developed to simulate the RBF problem.
Synthesis and Emission Properties of meso-Substituted Porphyrins
Authors: Ke Xin Tan , O. Lintang Hendrik , Tamuri Abdul Rahman , Endud Salasiah , Bakar Mohd Bakri
Published: January 2015

Discovering of various organic dyes including porphyrins have attracted considerable attention to mimic the energy and electron transfer process for the artificial photosynthetic model systems which can be applied in developing optoelectronic devices. The accessibility on tailoring porphyrin properties makes them a good candidate to, be developed as the red light emitting materials for these applications. Thus, symmetrical and unsymmetrical molecular models of porphyrins with appended fluorenyl components and extended π electrons conjugated system were synthesized towards increasing the efficiency of energy and electron transfer. In the photophysical studies, the emission spectra proposed the evidence of energy transfer of appended fluorenyl arms into the porphyrin macrocyclic whereas the extension of conjugating system in porphyrins exhibits lower absorption energy and intensified the red fluorescent properties.
The Comparison of Laplacianfaces QR Decomposition and Linear Discriminant Analysis QR Decomposition Algorithm for Face Recognition System on Orthogonal Subspace
Authors: Purbandini Purbandini
Published: January 2015

Development of an optimal face recognition system will greatly depend on the characteristics of the selection process are as a basis to pattern recognition. In the characteristic selection process, there are 2 aspects that will be of mutual influence such the reduction of the amount of data used in the classification aspects and increasing discrimination ability aspects. Linear Discriminat Analysis method helps presenting the global structure while Laplacianfaces method is one method that is based on appearance (appearance-based method) in face recognition, in which the local manifold structure presented in the adjacency graph mapped from the training data points. Linear Discriminant Analysis QR decomposition has a computationally low cost because it has small dimensions so that the efficiency and scalability are very high when compared with algorithms of other Linear Discriminant Analysis methods. Laplacianfaces QR decomposition was a algorithm to obtain highly speed and accuracy, and tiny space to keep data on the face recognition. This algorithm consists of 2 stages. The first stage maximizes the distance of between-class scatter matrices by using QR decomposition and the second stage to minimize the distance of within-class scatter matrices. Therefore, it is obtained an optimal discriminant in the data. In this research, classification using the Euclidean distance method. In these experiments using face databases of the Olivetti-Att-ORL, Bern and Yale. The minimum error was achieved with the Laplacianfaces QR decomposition and Linear Discriminant Analysis QR decomposition are 5.88% and 9.08% respectively.
Validation of UAV Wing Structural Model for Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Kanesan Gunasegaran , Mansor Shuhaimi , Abdul-Latif Ainullotfi
Published: January 2015

Finite element method is increasingly used in the analysis of aircraft structures, including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The structural model used for finite element analysis however needs to be validated in order to ensure that it correctly represents the physical behaviour of the actual structure. In this work, a case study of a straight, unswept and untapered wing structure made of composite material subjected to aerodynamic loading was modelled and analysed using finite element method. Four-noded, reduced integration shell elements were used, with structural components attached by adhesive joints modelled using tied surface constraints. For the validation process an experimental set-up of the actual wing was loaded using sandbags to simulate the aerodynamic loads. The deflection of the wing at three key locations were obtained and compared between both methods. It was found that the difference between both results ranges between 0.3% (at the tip) to 36.1% (near the root, for small deflections).
Hardware in the Loop of Two Rotors Platform
Authors: Musa Nur Amalina , Mansor Shuhaimi , Ali Airi
Published: January 2015

This study is aimed to control unstable platform by introducing control system design through low-cost test rig for two rotor system with a feedback control.  The rig is used to control the bank angle by adjusting the thrust from each rotor and useful as a teaching aid in control system design.  In this paper, the transfer functions of the dynamic system for the two rotor platform was derived and introduce into the controller system. Inertia Measurement Unit (IMU) was installed to provide feedback to the control system.  MATLAB Simulink is used to simulate the response of the system before going to the real application while LabVIEW is used to interface the hardware interface and programmed the control system.
Observation on Solid Propellant Ignition Using High Speed Camera: The Effect of Hot Wire Position on the Combustion Flame Contour
Authors: Wan Ali Wan Khairuddin , Kiang Long Ang , Mohd. Jaafar Mohammad Nazri
Published: January 2015

This paper reports on the discovery of unique flame structure of a composite propellant sample under hot wire ignition. The entire combustion process at atmospheric pressure condition was recorded using a high speed camera. Three hot wire orientations were chosen in this experiment for examining their effects on the propellant burning behavior. The results show that the wire orientations are crucial in propellant combustion process, as different flame patterns were observed when the hot wire orientation was altered. This paper provides an important insight into this specific ignition process that can be useful for researchers in the aerospace industry for better design and more realistic simulation results in ignition control.
Static and Dynamic Balancing of Helicopter Tail Rotor Blade Using Two-Plane Balancing Method
Authors: Ammoo Mohd Shariff , Abdul Awal Ziad , Mat Sangiti Norhidayah
Published: January 2015

Balancing is a rotating component is critical in any mechanism. Devoid of proper balancing, any vehicle - be it in air, land or sea, it will affect stability, control and safety. The same goes for rotor crafts. Imbalance of the helicopter tail rotor system leads to vibrations in the entire vehicle and may cause accident. Typically, for the tail rotor of a helicopter, the blade is a source of vibration on the tail boom. This not only causes inconvenience to the pilot but also reduces the life span of the helicopter. There is a certain amount of vibration in the helicopter rotor systems especially the tail rotor. Hence, balancing procedure for rotating mass was conducted to reduce the vibration. This research focuses on balancing of the tail rotor for UTM Single Seat Helicopter. Experiments have been conducted in order to study the vibration level of the tail rotor. Adding and removing masses separately on the tail rotor exhibited different vibration levels. The responses were analyzed and used for balancing the tail of rotor system. The balancing effort was considered successful, although there was still some residual unbalance in the tail rotor.
Numerical Prediction of Blended Wing Body Aerodynamic Characteristics at Subsonic Speed
Authors: Jung Hoe Pang , Nik Mohd Nik Ahmad Ridhwan
Published: January 2015

The need for high performance and green aircraft has brought the blended wing (BWB) aircraft concept to the centre of interest for many researchers. BWB is a type of aircraft characterized by a complex blending geometry between fuselage and wing. Recently, many researches had been performed to unlock its aerodynamic complexity that is still not well understood. In this paper, aerodynamic characteristic of a baseline BWB configuration derived from simple conventional aircraft configuration was analysed using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. The main objectives of this work are to predict the aerodynamic characteristics of the BWB concept at steady flight conditions and at various pitch angles. The results obtained are then compared against a simple conventional aircraft configuration (CAC). The results show that the BWB configuration used has 24% higher L/D ratio than the CAC. The increment to the L/D however is mainly due to lower drag than the improvement in the lift.
Post-Impact Investigation of CFRP Laminated Plate
Authors: Israr H.A , Hongkarnjanakul N. , Rivallant S. , Bouvet C.
Published: January 2015

This paper deals with low-velocity impact and quasi-static indentation tests on carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates that classically used in aeronautical applications. The aim is to carry out post-impact analysis using Vic 3-D digital image correlation to investigate the behaviour of permanent indentation which is an important condition for the damage tolerance justification in composite. Result shows the indentation depth decreased with the time due to relaxation of the specimen until at certain position. The microscopic observations were carried out to understand the phenomenon.  Besides that, the post-mortem analyses on the impacted plate were also carried out through microscopic observation to determine the delamination area at each interface which is normally difficult to extract from the C-Scan result. The observations were made at three different sections cut (0°, 90° and 45°). The results of delamination area obtained from both microscopic and C-scan analysis is compared and there are rather satisfying to each other.
Effect of Nitrogen Dilution on the Lean Blowout Limit and Emissions of Premixed Propane/Air Swirl Flame
Authors: Tung Chong Cheng , Wei Kew Chen , Jo-Han Ng , Tuan Tee Boon , Mohd Jaafar Mohamad Nazri
Published: January 2015

The effects of nitrogen dilution on propane/air flame and emissions was investigated using a model gas turbine type swirl flame burner. The burner consists of a six-vane axial swirler and a combustor wall made from quartz tube. Nitrogen was diluted at 5%, 10% and 15% by volume of the total main air flow rate with propane/air mixture at the burner plenum prior to combustion at atmospheric condition. Direct flame imaging was performed using a digital camera to observe the flame shape, intensity and lean blowout phenomenon of premixed nitrogen-diluted propane/air flames. The result shows that nitrogen addition to propane/air flame reduces flame intensity and lean blowout limit, making the nitrogen-diluted flames more susceptible to blowout. Emissions results show that NOx reduce with the increase of nitrogen dilution rate, while the effect on carbon monoxides and unburned hydrocarbons are insignificant.
Development of Integrated Monitoring System for Re-Electric Vehicle
Authors: Abdul Karim Kasrul , Othman Md Nazri , Jidin Auzani , Abdullah Abdul Rahim , Ramli Mohd Zulkifli
Published: January 2015

Awareness of technological development of an electric vehicle (EV) has increased from year to year, particularly with commercialization of the electric vehicles in the consumer market. In contrast to the internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles based on gasoline, electric vehicles rely on the batteries as the sole energy source. Although the electric vehicles have a relatively simple structure and their operations are more environmentally friendly, the battery energy capacity is limited, high in price and requires long charging time which as a result will limit the driving distance. Therefore, to tackle these issues a dedicated monitoring system for the battery is designed and developed. The developed integrated monitoring system consists of graphical display, measuring circuitries, speedometer, GPS, gyro and the controller module that monitors the batteries' status as well as other parameters that are important for the safe operation of electric vehicles. In addition the data was recorded during the driving for research purpose and future references, and the safety aspects are embedded in the controller module. The development of the system and its algorithm is described in this paper. The integrated monitoring system was tested in a real driving conditions to verify the functionality. The results show that the system is capable to measure and record all key parameter values, especially related to individual batteries along the journey. It also provides the user with a high degree of reliability through interactive and informative graphical display. As a conclusion, the use of the integrated monitoring system is not only able to ensure the efficient use of the battery and prolong its life span but also the safety aspect is considered in the design.  For further system improvement, the battery characteristic, regenerative braking and traffic conditionswas incorporated into the algorithm.
Brake Wear Particle Size and Shape Analysis of Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO) and Semi Metallic Brake Pad
Authors: S. Hussain, , Abdul Hamid M.K , Mat Lazim A.R , Abu Bakar A.R.
Published: January 2015

Brake wear particles resulting from friction between the brake pad and disc are common in brake system. In this work brake wear particles were analyzed based on the size and shape to investigate the effects of speed and load applied to the generation of brake wear particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify the size, shape and element compositions of these particles. Two types of brake pads were studied which are non-asbestos organic and semi metallic brake pads. Results showed that the size and shape of the particles generatedvary significantly depending on the applied brake load, and less significantly on brake disc speed. The wear particle becomes bigger with increasing applied brake pressure. The wear particle size varies from 300 nm to 600 µm, and contained elements such as carbon, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, sulfur and iron.
Effect of Brake Pad Design On Friction and Wear with Hard Particle Present
Authors: Abdul Hamid M.K. , Shasudin N.I. , Mat Lazim A.R. , Abu Bakar A.R.
Published: January 2015

Brake pad and disc design are important factors in ensuring excellent brake performance. But, particles from the environment can easily enter and interrupt the braking process and reduce braking performance. Friction depends on the design and surface properties of the pad and the disc. Wear happens in the brake system as the pad and disc try to withstand the braking force during the braking process.  An experiment using brake dynamometer is done in order to determine the design effects on friction and wear when hard particle are present during the braking process. The test used three different brake pad designs under medium sliding load condition. It is found that Design 2 with a middle line groove provides better and stable brake torque and friction performance compared to Design 1 and Design 3. Design 2 also gavethe smallestweight loss inthe wear analysis of the pad.
The Effect of Inlet Air Preheat on CO and NO Production in the Combustion of Diesel in Canister Burner
Authors: Ishak Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul , Mohd Jaafar Mohammad Nazri , Wan Omar Wan Zaidi
Published: January 2015

The main purpose of this paper is to study the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) prediction on the formation of carbon monoxide and oxide of nitrogen (CO-NO) inside the canister burner with inlet air pre-heating of 100 K and 250 K while varying the swirl angle of the radial swirler. Air swirler adds sufficient swirling to the inlet flow to generate central recirculation region (CRZ) which is necessary for flame stability and fuel air mixing enhancement. Therefore, designing an appropriate air swirler is a challenge to produce stable, efficient and low emission combustion with low pressure losses. A liquid fuel burner system with different radial air swirler with 280 mm inside diameter combustor of 1000 mm length was investigated. Analyses were carried out using four different radial air swirlers having 30°, 40°, 50° and 60° vane angles. The flow behavior was also investigated numerically using CFD solver Ansys Fluent. Overall results show that inlet air preheat quickens the completion of combustion such that the CO and NO production stabilized at a point nearer to fuel injection point, and reduced the CO and NO concentrations due to the combustion.
Effect of Using Waste Tyre Rubber on the Properties of Double Layer Rubberized Concrete Paving Blocks
Authors: Jusli Euniza , Md Nor Hasanan , Putra Jaya Ramadhansyah , Haron Zaiton , M Azman,
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a study on the investigation of waste tyre rubber (rubber granule) as aggregate in the production of concrete paving block (CPB) with double layers. A series of tests were carried out to determine the properties of double layer rubberized concrete paving blocks (DL-RCPB). In this study, there are four series of concrete mix with 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % of waste tyre rubber replacement level. The dimension of CPB was 200 mm x 100 mm x 80 mm with 20 mm thickness of facing layer. The results showed that the percentage of waste tyre rubber content for DL-RCPB affects the density, porosity and compressive strength. The control concrete paving block (CCPB) and DL-RCPB (10 %) achieve the minimum strength requirement of 45 MPa. The density of DL-RCPB (40 %) recorded reduce 24 % as compared to CCPB. At 28 days, the percentage of porosity increased up to 55 % when 40 % of aggregate were replaced with rubber granule. The skid resistance of concrete block increased by 7 % with the incorporation of rubber granule particle size of 1 – 4 mm and 5 – 8 mm up to 40 % as the replacement of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, respectively.
Exploring the Pattern of Platoon Dispersion Caused by Traffic Signal
Authors: Mashros Nordiana , Hainin Mohd Rosli , Abdul Hassan Norhidayah , Mohd Yunus Nor Zurairahetty , Ab. Kadir Mariyana Aida
Published: January 2015

Platoon dispersion is an essential phenomenon to be studied for determining the traffic arrivals at downstream intersections to access the need for signal coordination and to optimize the signal timing plans in coordinated signal systems. However, platoon dispersion is difficult to determine compared with other traffic flow parameters such as traffic volume, saturation flow, and speed. This paper explores the pattern of platoon dispersion caused by traffic signal, in which the focus are given on vehicle headway, intra-platoon headway and inter-platoon headway. Field investigation was made by means of videotapes which record traffic flows at selected location at Senai, Johor. After processing the data, vehicle headway at several consecutive points downstream of traffic signal were obtained and used for the platoon dispersion analysis. The dispersion patterns obtained from the observation during peak and off-peak periods were fitted with the theoretical distribution models. It was observed that vehicle headways follow the Erlang and Shifted Negative Exponential Distribution, intra-platoon headways have Normal Distribution and inter-platoon headways do not fit the tested distribution model.
Properties of Asphaltic Concrete Containing Sasobit®
Authors: Che Mat Nurulain , Putra Jaya Ramadhansyah , Abdul Hassan Norhidayah , Md Nor Hasanan , A. Aziz Md. Maniruzzaman , Che Wan Che Norazman
Published: January 2015

With increasing interest in the use of hot mix asphalt in the paving industry, more studies in this field for improvement of hot mix asphalt properties seem to be necessary. Hence, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sasobit® content as modified binder in hot mix asphalt. 60/70 penetration grade asphalt was separately modified with sasobit® at different concentrations ranging from 0% to 4.5%. The influence of sasobit® on the hot mix asphalt mixtures properties were detected through conventional tests i.e. penetration and softening point. In addition, the Marshall stability, abrasion loss, and resilient modulus were also examined. Results indicated that the hot mix asphalt containing Sasobit® additive has significant affect in terms of penetration and softening point. Furthermore, the addition of Sasobit® seemed to improve the stability, abrasion loss and modulus of stiffness.
Influences of Crumb Rubber Sizes on Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Hamad Gizing Sami , Putra Jaya Ramadhansyah , Abdul Hassan Norhidayah , A. Aziz Md. Maniruzzaman , Mohd Yusak Mohd Ibrahim
Published: January 2015

Crumb rubbers (CRs) have been proposed as pavement components because they are waste materials. Previous studies have attempted to find alternative material in pavement construction that act as additives or property modifier. The current study presents a laboratory experiment using CR recycled from discarded vehicle tiresas additives in hot mix asphalt (HMA). CR was added using the dry process technique. Three rubber sizes were used with the following measurement: 0.15, 0.425, and 1.18mm. CR was added 2% of the weight of total aggregates. Bitumen80/100 penetration was used throughout the experiment. The effect of CR size on the mixture was investigated in terms of resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength (ITS), stability and dynamic creep. Experimental results revealed that the four engineering properties decreased when CR was added to HMA and when CR size was increased. However, the increasedCR size similarly increased the permanent deformation values. The data analysisshowed that 0.15mm CR is the most effective material for asphalt mixturebecause of the partial interaction between rubber particles and bitumen.
Effect of Jointing Sand Sizes and Width on Horizontal Displacement of Concrete Block Pavement
Authors: A.H. Nur Hidayah , Md Nor Hasanan , M. Azman
Published: January 2015

This research studies the performance of Concrete Block Pavement (CBP) through the load distribution between the blocks and the jointing sand. Presence of jointing sand in joint provides frictional resistance to prevent the blocks from displaced or moved when the load is applied. Three different sizes of jointing sand (less than 2 mm, 5 mm and 7 mm) with three different jointing widths (2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm) were used. Laboratory tests were conducted using horizontal load test to compare and investigate the effect by using different jointing sand sizes with different joint widths on the performance of concrete block pavement. It was found that the wider joint width requires coarse jointing sand for good performance of concrete block pavement. Results show that at 2 mm jointing width, it is more appropriate to use jointing sand with a size less than 2 mm and at a 6 mm jointing width it is better to use jointing sand with a size less than 7 mm. It seems to give better results in resisting the horizontal load that been applied before the blocks starts to displace and the pavement failed.
Factors Affecting Overtaking Behaviour On Single Carriageway Road: Case Study at Jalan Kluang-Kulai
Authors: Hassan Sitti Asmah , Che Puan Othman , Mashros Nordiana , Abdul Sukor Nur Sabahiah
Published: January 2015

Overtaking is one of many important behaviour considered in the analysis of road traffic accidents and performance of single carriageway road. This paper seeks to determine factors affecting the speed of an overtaking vehicle. The study was conducted for a single carriageway road section which is flat and straight so that there is no effect of sight distance on overtaking. Overtaking behaviour data were recorded using a video camera. The data extracted from the video recordings were the decision times, overtaking times, overtaking distances, safety margins, accepted and rejected gaps, headways at the start of the overtaking manoeuvres, headways at the end of the overtaking manoeuvres, speed of the overtaken vehicle, speed of the overtaking vehicle at the end of the overtaking and acceleration of the overtaking vehicle during the overtaking. The data were analysed statistically to establish relationships between the various overtaking parameters. This study found that the speed of overtaking vehicle was affected by the speed of overtaken vehicle, drivers’ decision times, safety margin, overtaking times and acceleration.
Evaluation of Pavement Mixture Incorporating Waste Oil
Authors: Mohd Kamaruddin Nurul Hidayah , Hainin Mohd Rosli , Abdul Hassan Norhidayah , Abdullah Mohd Ezree , Yaacob Haryati
Published: January 2015

Road construction necessitates a high amount of bitumen, which is a non-renewable material. The usage of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) can be seen as a sustainable option, which offers economic benefits and conservation of natural resources. However, the high stiffness offered by RAP which leads to cracking has impelled the application of rejuvenator. The exploration of waste oil as the rejuvenator has gained the interest but they still lack of the information. This paper aims to highlight previous research works conducted on the waste oil application in the pavement materials. Large amount of waste product from the automotive industry and by-product of frying can impose adverse impact if not disposed properly. The properties of two types of waste oil namely waste engine oil (WEO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) were reviewed. Additionally, method incorporating waste oil in pavement materials, effects to the binder and mixture performance also included. It was observed that the effects of WEO and WCO are commonly produced both of the adverse and good effects to the pavement. The temperature, amount of waste oil and RAP are notable to give significant influence on the performance properties.
Performance of Steel Slag in Highway Surface Course
Authors: Hainin Mohd. Rosli , A. Aziz Md. Maniruzzaman , Shokri Manouchehr , Putra Jaya Ramadhansyah , Abdul Hassan Norhidayah , Ahsan Amimul
Published: January 2015

As the quantity of disposing waste material is increasing in road construction, researchers are exploring the use of alternative materials which could preserve natural sources and save the environment. One of these sustainable materials is steel-furnace slag which is a synthetic aggregate produced as a consequence of the electric arc furnace (EAF). Steel slag was selected due to its characteristics, which are almost similar to conventional aggregates, and the fact that it is easily obtainable as a by-product from the steel industry. The same gradations of mixtures were produced using normal crushed aggregate as control samples. The experimental research has been articulated in a preliminary study of the chemical, leaching, physical, and mechanical properties of the electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag. In addition, the outstanding benefits of steel slag were highlighted. All the mixtures with EAF steel slag have satisfied the requisites for acceptance in the road sector technical standards, thus resulting as suitable for use in the construction of road infrastructures.
Unification of Vertical Datum In Sabah and Sarawak
Authors: A.H. Othman , K. Omar, , R Othman. , Z.A Mat Som , Y.D Opaluwa,
Published: January 2015

The present vertical datums in Sabah and Sarawak (East Malaysia) are based upon various tide gauge measurements of mean sea level over certain period defined locally, are manifested by a physical framework of vertical reference point i.e benchmarks. An effort to establish a unified vertical network in Sabah and Sarawak has undergone very tedious survey operation, lack of access routes to connect levelling network due to geographical setting constraint, and it is too costly to be fully implemented. This paper discussed the current status of vertical datum in East Malaysia as well as the concept of realizing new vertical datum based on gravimetric geoid model.
Investigation of Systematic Errors for the Hybrid and Panoramic Scanners
Authors: Abbasa Mohd Azwan , Setan Halim , Majid Zulkepli , K. Chong Albert , Chong Luh Lau , M. Idris Khairulnizam , Mohd Ariff Mohd Farid
Published: January 2015

The existence of terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) with capability to provide dense three-dimensional (3D) data in short period of time has made it widely used for the many purposes such as documentation, management and analysis. However, similar to other sensors, data obtained from TLSs also can be impaired by errors coming from different sources. Then, calibration routine is crucial for the TLSs to ensure the quality of the data. Through self-calibration, this study has performed system calibration for hybrid (Leica ScanStation C10) and panoramic (Faro Photon 120) scanner at the laboratory with dimensions 15.5m x 9m x 3m and more than hundred planar targets that were fairly distributed. Four most significant parameters are derived from well-known error sources of geodetic instruments as constant (a0), collimation axis (b0), trunnion axis (b1) and vertical circle index (c0) errors. Data obtained from seven scan-stations were processed, and statistical analysis (e.g. t-test) has shown significant errors for the calibrated scanners.
Application of Low-Cost GPS Tools and Techniques for Landslide Monitoring: A Review
Authors: Eyo E.E. , Musa T. A. , Omar K. M. , Idris K. M. , Bayrak T. , Onuigbo I. C. , Opaluwa Y. D.
Published: January 2015

The main goal of our ongoing research is to design a low-cost continuous monitoring system for landslide investigation using the Reverse RTK (RRTK) technique. The main objectives of this paper are to review the existing Global Positioning System (GPS) tools and techniques used for landslide monitoring, and to propose a novel low-cost landslide monitoring technique using Reverse RTK GPS. A general overview of GPS application in landslide monitoring is presented, followed by a review of GPS deformation monitoring systems and some of the factors used for their categorization. Finally, the concept, principles and advantages of the proposed new landslide monitoring system are discussed.
Separation of Different Vegetation Types in ASTER and Landsat Satellite Images Using Satellite‐derived Vegetation Indices
Authors: Hashim Mazlan , Hazini Sharifeh
Published: January 2015

Separation of different vegetation types in satellite images is a critical issue in remote sensing. This is because of the close reflectance between different vegetation types that it makes difficult segregation of them in satellite images. In this study, to facilitate this problem, different satellite derived vegetation indices including: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 (EVI2) were derived from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Landsat-5 TM data. The obtained NDVI, EVI, and EVI2 images were then analyzed and interpreted in order to evaluate their effectiveness to discriminate rice and citrus fields from ASTER and Landsat data. In doing so, the Density Slicing (DS) classification technique followed by the trial and error method was implemented. The results indicated that the accuracies of ASTER NDVI and ASTER EVI2 for citrus mapping are about 75% and 65%, while the accuracies of Landsat NDVI and Landsat EVI for rice mapping are about 60% and 65%, respectively. The achieved results demonstrated higher performance of ASTER NDVI for citrus mapping and Landsat EVI for rice mapping. The study concluded that it is difficult to detect and map rice fields from satellite images using satellite-derived indices with high accuracy. However, the citrus fields can be mapped with the higher accuracy using satellite-derived indices.
A Framework of Local Geospatial Data Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Development
Authors: Ariffin Azman , Ibrahim Nabila , Desa Ghazali , Ujang Uznir , Mohd Ali Hishamuddin , Abbas Malik Tasaduq , Mukhelas Haziq Kamal
Published: January 2015

This paper addresses the need to develop a Local Geospatial Data Infrastructure (LGDI) for sustainable urban development. This research will highlight the effective and efficient framework for the development of local infrastructure. This paper presents a framework (a combination of domain based and goal based frameworks) for developing a Local Geospatial Data Infrastructure. The basis of this research is on a case study conducted in a Malaysian city. The main focus of the case study was on measuring and assessing sustainability. Six conceptual frameworks were produced based on 6 key dimensions of sustainability. The developed framework consists of 6 conceptual data models and 6 conceptual data structures. It was concluded that 30 spatial data layers are needed of which 12 data layers are categorized as point shape, 17 data layers are categorized as polygon shape and 1 data layer as line shape category.
The Impact of Sustainability on the Value of Commercial Office Buildings in Malaysia : Russian-Doll Model Approach
Authors: Jasimin Tuti Haryati , Mohd Ali Hishamuddin
Published: January 2015

The development of sustainable buildings continues to gain momentum in Malaysia due to its many benefits. The Kuala Lumpur City Hall stipulated that the construction of every commercial building must meet the requirements of green features with at least ‘GBI Gold’ level or equivalent. With the growing interest in green development, questions were raised on whether there is enhancement to the market value of green-rated properties and vice-versa. As most of the commercial office buildings are used for functions and office spaces by most organisations, they are considered a service oriented entity and can significantly benefit from having sustainability attributes. Hence, green properties are considered to be more marketable and attractive for investment purpose. However, at present, the differences in rental rates in Malaysia between green and non-green commercial office buildings are rather small. The difference is more to supply and demand factors within the specific location rather than green features factor. Therefore, this paper hopes to highlight the possible impact of economics, the environment and social attributes on the value of commercial office building incorporating with the Russian-Doll model. The highlighted sustainable attributes will provide guidance and justification in valuing real estate incorporating sustainability.
An Overview of the Application of Property Market Modelling in Malaysia
Authors: Kamarudin Norhaya , Ismail Suriatini , Mohd Ali Hishamuddin , Sipan Ibrahim , Raji Fauziah
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the application of property market models in Malaysia. The aim is to determine the relevance, success and trend of models in explaining problems of the property market. The theoretical underpinning of the property market form the foundation of the property market model where models represent the real property market situation. Through the analysis on research applying property market models, this research evaluates the application of property market modelling in Malaysia. The SWOT analysis enables the identification of the problems and the advantages of applying models for understanding property market behaviour. Analysis of the strength, weakness, and issues suggests that the main strength lies on the ability of the models to provide an objective explanation to property market problems and its ability to link to other technological innovations, which are useful for resolving real estate problems. The Malaysian experience in this field is relatively new but nevertheless it has significant contribution towards the application of models in real estate research
Thermal Radiation Effect on Hydromagnetic Flow of Dusty Fluid over a Stretching Vertical Surface
Authors: Mohamad Isa S. , Ali A.
Published: January 2015

In this paper, an analysis has been carried out to investigate the hydromagnetic fluid flow of dusty fluidwith thermal radiation at vertical stretching sheet. The behavior of velocity and temperature profile ofhydromagnetic fluid flow with fluid particle suspension is analyzed by using Runge Kutta Fehlberg forthfifthorder method (RKF45 Method). These solutions are presented and discussed for different parametersof interest such as fluid particle interaction parameter, the magnetic parameter, the radiation parameter,Grashof number, Eckert number and Prandtl number on the flow.
Preliminary Survey Finding of The Built and Living Environment In Camp 5,Pulau Jerejak Settlement
Authors: Hui Jiun Ch’ng , Yong Long Lim , Xin Yi Ng
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this research is to study the historical development of Camp 5, a leper camp on Pulau Jerejak. Pulau Jerejak Leper Settlement was operated from 1871 until 1969. During this period, six camps were built scattering around the island. One of the most important camps was Camp 5, completed in 1936. The camp was planned against the conservative idea of prison-like strict segregation. Camp 5 was planned in such a way that leprosy patients could freely conduct socio-cultural events, practice their faiths, establish their own families, be appointed as inmate workers, and et cetera. The houses were planned in clusters with well-planned agriculture plots and socio-cultural facilities. The layout plan of Camp 5 is important to suggest how leprosy patients could have been segregated more humanely. Today, most of the structures in Camp 5 are in semi-ruined conditions, Besides, there is lack of information can be used to reconstruct the planning of the settlement for the purpose historical research.  Therefore, this research was conducted using three methods; archival research, interview and field works. The preliminary findings of the research enable researchers to discuss the theoretical discourse and provide historical lessons of modern segregations in dealing with diseases.
Determination of Ion Beam Properties In Nitrogen and Helium Using Mather Type Plasma Focus Device
Authors: Saleh Shakonah Someraa , Ali Jalil , Abd. Rashid Natashah , Chaudhary Kashif
Published: January 2015

Some of ion beam properties have been investigated by using Lee model code on plasma focus devices which is operated with nitrogen and helium gases. The operation of plasma focus in different pressure regime gives a consistent ion beam properties which can make the plasma focus a reliable ion beam source .These ion beam properties such as ion beam flux, ion beam fluence, ion beam energy, ion beam current, and beam ion number corresponding to gas pressure have been studied for Mather type plasma focus device. The result shows the differences between helium as lighter gas and nitrogen as heavier gas in term of ion beam properties. The fluence and flux are decrease for nitrogen while increase for helium.