bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine‐grain concurrency
Authors: Hoare Tony
Published: August 2009

I have been interested in concurrent programming since about 1963, when its associated problems contributed to the failure of the largest software project that I have managed. When I moved to an academic career in 1968, I hoped that I could find a solution to the problems by my research. Quite quickly I decided to concentrate on coarse‐grained concurrency, that does not allow concurrent processes to share main memory. The only interaction between processes is confined to explicit input and output commands. This simplification led eventually to the exploration of the theory of Communicating Sequential Processes. Since joining Microsoft Research in 1999, I have plucked up courage at last to look at fine‐grain concurrency, involving threads that interleave their access to main memory at the fine granularity of single instruction execution. By combining the merits of a number of different theories of concurrency, one can paint a relatively simple picture of a theory for the correct design of concurrent systems. Indeed, pictures are a great help in conveying the basic understanding. This paper presents some on‐going directions of research that I have been pursuing with colleagues in Cambridge—both at Microsoft Research and in the University Computing Laboratory. Copyright © 2007 C.A.R. Hoare.
Mobile agent‐based computational steering for distributed applications
Authors: Chou Yu‐Cheng , Ko David , Cheng Harry H.
Published: August 2009

The mobile agent‐based computational steering (MACS) for distributed applications is presented in this article. In the MACS, a mobile agent platform, Mobile‐C, is embedded in a program through the Mobile‐C library to support C/C++ mobile agent code. Runtime replaceable algorithms of a program are represented as agent services in C/C++ source code and can be replaced with new ones through mobile agents. In the MACS, a mobile agent created and deployed by a user from the steering host migrates to computing hosts successively to replace algorithms of running programs that constitute a distributed application without the need of stopping the execution and recompiling the programs. The methodology of dynamic algorithm alteration in the MACS is described in detail with an example of matrix operation. The Mobile‐C library enables the integration of Mobile‐C into any C/C++ programs to carry out computational steering through mobile agents. The source code level execution of mobile agent code facilitates handling issues such as portability and secure execution of mobile agent code. In the MACS, the network load between the steering and computing hosts can be reduced, and the successive operations of a mobile agent on multiple computing hosts are not affected whether the steering host stays online or not. The employment of the middle‐level language C/C++ enables the MACS to accommodate the diversity of scientific and engineering fields to allow for runtime interaction and steering of distributed applications to match the dynamic requirements imposed by the user or the execution environment. An experiment is used to validate the feasibility of the MACS in real‐world mobile robot applications. The experiment replaces a mobile robot's behavioral algorithm with a mobile agent at runtime. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive exception handling for scientific workflows
Authors: Tolosana‐Calasanz Rafael , Bañares José A. , Rana Omer F. , Álvarez Pedro , Ezpeleta Joaquín , Hoheisel Andreas
Published: August 2009

Scientific workflow systems often operate in highly unreliable, heterogeneous and dynamic environments, and have accordingly incorporated different fault tolerance techniques. We propose an exception‐handling mechanism, based on techniques adopted in programming languages, for modifying at run‐time the structure of a workflow. In contrast to other proposals that achieve the required flexibility by means of the infrastructure, our proposal expresses the exception‐handling mechanism within the workflow language—primarily as two exception‐handling patterns that are exclusively based on the Reference Nets‐within‐Nets formalism (a specific type of Petri nets). When an exception is detected, a workflow in our approach can be re‐written (replaced), based on the particular failure condition that has been detected. This enables workflow users to have better control and understanding of the behaviour of their workflow without having to be aware of the underlying infrastructure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing very large distributed data sets on a data grid
Authors: Branco Miguel , Zaluska Ed , de Roure David , Lassnig Mario , Garonne Vincent
Published: August 2009

In this work we address the management of very large data sets, which need to be stored and processed across many computing sites. The motivation for our work is the ATLAS experiment for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), where the authors have been involved in the development of the data management middleware. This middleware, called DQ2, has been used for the last several years by the ATLAS experiment for shipping petabytes of data to research centres and universities worldwide. We describe our experience in developing and deploying DQ2 on the Worldwide LHC computing Grid, a production Grid infrastructure formed of hundreds of computing sites. From this operational experience, we have identified an important degree of uncertainty that underlies the behaviour of large Grid infrastructures. This uncertainty is subjected to a detailed analysis, leading us to present novel modelling and simulation techniques for Data Grids. In addition, we discuss what we perceive as practical limits to the development of data distribution algorithms for Data Grids given the underlying infrastructure uncertainty, and propose future research directions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disgust and fear‐related UCS‐expectancy bias in blood‐fearful individuals
Authors: van Overveld Mark , de Jong Peter J. , Peters Madelon L.
Published: August 2009

People with specific fears tend to overestimate the occurrence of unpleasant consequences in situations involving their feared objects. Such expectancy bias logically acts in a way to confirm phobic fear and avoidance. Increasing evidence suggests that blood phobia is qualitatively different from other specific phobias. Confrontation with phobic stimuli gives rise to disgust and repulsion rather than (threat‐induced) fear. Therefore, this study examined the role of disgust‐related UCS expectancies following confrontation with blood phobia‐relevant stimuli. Using a thought‐experiment procedure, high (n = 30) and low (n = 30) blood‐fearful individuals estimated the probability that the presentation of slides showing a bloody wound and a series of filler slides would be followed by a sip of nauseating juice, a threat‐related electrical shock or nothing. Although participants generally expected shock and juice following blood, UCS expectancies for both aversive outcomes for blood were significantly more pronounced in high blood‐fearful participants. This implicates that UCS‐expectancy biases may be involved in the development and maintenance of blood phobia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner's Message

This paper is relevant to clinical practitioners:

• To learn whether disgust and fear could both be important factors in blood phobia;

• To examine the role of UCS expectancies in the maintenance of phobic complaints; and

• To learn whether cognitive biases towards disgust are relevant to psychopathology (in particular, blood phobia) and to learn about the relevance of addressing disgust‐related UCS expectancies for blood in future treatments.
Vulnerability factors in OCD symptoms: cross‐cultural comparisons between Turkish and Canadian samples
Authors: Yorulmaz Orçun , Gençöz Tülin , Woody Sheila
Published: August 2009

Recent findings have suggested some potential psychological vulnerability factors for development of obsessive‐compulsive (OC) symptoms, including cognitive factors of appraisal and thought control, religiosity, self‐esteem and personality characteristics such as neuroticism. Studies demonstrating these associations usually come from Western cultures, but there may be cultural differences relevant to these vulnerability factors and OC symptoms. The present study examined the relationship between putative vulnerability factors and OC symptoms by comparing non‐clinical samples from Turkey and Canada, two countries with quite different cultural characteristics. The findings revealed some common correlates such as neuroticism and certain types of metacognition, including appraisals of responsibility/threat estimation and perfectionism/need for certainty, as well as thought–action fusion. However, culture‐specific factors were also indicated in the type of thought control participants used. For OC disorder symptoms, Turkish participants were more likely to utilize worry and thought suppression, while Canadian participants tended to use self‐punishment more frequently. The association with common factors supports the cross‐cultural validity of some factors, whereas unique factors suggest cultural features that may be operative in cognitive processes relevant to OC symptoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Despite cross‐cultural validity in the cognitive accounts for OCD, there are some evidences implying the impact of cultural characteristics on some cognitive factors across different cultures. Thus, it is important for clinicians who work with people from different cultural backgrounds to be vigilant for possible variations in the cognitive processes during psychotherapy and psychological assessment.
Validation of the Italian version of the clinical outcomes in routine evaluation outcome measure (CORE‐OM)
Authors: Palmieri Gaspare , Evans Chris , Hansen Vidje , Brancaleoni Greta , Ferrari Silvia , Porcelli Piero , Reitano Francesco , Rigatelli Marco
Published: August 2009

The Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation—Outcome Measure (CORE‐OM) was translated into Italian and tested in non‐clinical (n = 263) and clinical (n = 647) samples. The translation showed good acceptability, internal consistency and convergent validity in both samples. There were large and statistically significant differences between clinical and non‐clinical datasets on all scores. The reliable change criteria were similar to those for the UK referential data. Some of the clinically significant change criteria, particularly for the men, were moderately different from the UK cutting points. The Italian version of the CORE‐OM showed respectable psychometric parameters. However, it seemed plausible that non‐clinical and clinical distributions of self‐report scores on psychopathology and functioning measures may differ by language and culture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• A good quality Italian translation of the CORE‐OM, and hence the GP‐CORE, CORE‐10 and CORE‐5 measures also, is now available for use by practitioners and anyone surveying or exploring general psychological state. The measures can be obtained from CORE‐IMS or yourself and practitioners are encouraged to share anonymised data so that goodclinical and non‐clinical referential databases can be established for Italy.
Atmospheric Pressure Process for Coating Particles Using Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Beetstra Renske , Lafont Ugo , Nijenhuis John , Kelder Erik M. , van Ommen J. Ruud
Published: August 2009

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a promising technique for coating micrometer‐ and nanometer‐sized particles. Due to the self‐terminating nature of the ALD half‐reactions, the coating thickness can be controlled to the atomic level by choosing the number of cycles in which the half‐reactions are repeated. This technique is performed in a fluidized bed reactor, under atmospheric pressure. LiMn2O4 particles (primary particles 200 − 500 nm in diameter) are coated with Al2O3 to various thicknesses, ranging from 5 ALD cycles to 28 ALD cycles. The resulting coatings are homogeneous, and the individual particles are coated, rather than the agglomerates as a whole; however there are indications of some build‐up of water ‐mainly in pores‐ that may be related to the use of atmospheric pressure. Quantitative characterization of the coating is difficult due to the powdered substrate.
Complete reconstruction of the retinal laminar structure from a cultured retinal pigment epithelium is triggered by altered tissue interaction and promoted by overlaid extracellular matrices
Authors: Kuriyama Fusako , Ueda Yoko , Araki Masasuke
Published: August 2009

The retina regenerates from retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by transdifferentiation in the adult newt and Xenopus laevis when it is surgically removed. This was studied under a novel culture condition, and we succeeded, for the first time, in developing a complete retinal laminar structure from a single epithelial sheet of RPE. We cultured a Xenopus RPE monolayer sheet isolated from the choroid on a filter cup with gels overlaid and found that the retinal tissue structure differentiated with all retinal layers present. In the culture, RPE cells isolated themselves from the culture substratum (filter membrane), migrated, and reattached to the overlaid gel, on which they initiated transdifferentiation. This was exactly the same as observed during in vivo retina regeneration of X. laevis. In contrast, when RPE monolayers were cultured similarly without isolation from the choroid, RPE cells proliferated, but remained pigmented instead of transdifferentiating, indicating that alteration in tissue interaction triggers transdifferentiation. We then examined under the conventional tissue culture condition whether altered RPE‐choroid interaction induces Pax6 expression. Pax6 was upregulated in RPE cells soon after they were removed from the choroid, and this expression was not dependent of FGF2. FGF2 administration was needed for RPE cells to maintain Pax6 expression. From the present results, in addition to our previous ones, we propose a two‐step mechanism of transdifferentiation: the first step is a reversible process and is initiated by the alteration of the cell‐extracellular matrix and/or cell–cell interaction followed by Pax6 upregulation. FGF2 plays a key role in driving RPE cells into the second step, during which they differentiate into retinal stem cells. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2009
Organ‐specific lymphangiectasia, arrested lymphatic sprouting, and maturation defects resulting from gene‐targeting of the PI3K regulatory isoforms p85α, p55α, and p50α
Authors: Mouta‐Bellum Carla , Kirov Aleksander , Miceli‐Libby Laura , Mancini Maria L. , Petrova Tatiana V. , Liaw Lucy , Prudovsky Igor , Thorpe Philip E. , Miura Naoyuki , Cantley Lewis C. , Alitalo Kari , Fruman David A. , Vary Calvin P.H.
Published: August 2009

The phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) family has multiple vascular functions, but the specific regulatory isoform supporting lymphangiogenesis remains unidentified. Here, we report that deletion of the Pik3r1 gene, encoding the regulatory subunits p85α, p55α, and p50α impairs lymphatic sprouting and maturation, and causes abnormal lymphatic morphology, without major impact on blood vessels. Pik3r1 deletion had the most severe consequences among gut and diaphragm lymphatics, which share the retroperitoneal anlage, initially suggesting that the Pik3r1 role in this vasculature is anlage‐dependent. However, whereas lymphatic sprouting toward the diaphragm was arrested, lymphatics invaded the gut, where remodeling and valve formation were impaired. Thus, cell‐origin fails to explain the phenotype. Only the gut showed lymphangiectasia, lymphatic up‐regulation of the transforming growth factor‐β co‐receptor endoglin, and reduced levels of mature vascular endothelial growth factor‐C protein. Our data suggest that Pik3r1 isoforms are required for distinct steps of embryonic lymphangiogenesis in different organ microenvironments, whereas they are largely dispensable for hemangiogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 238:2670–2679, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a novel interaction between transcription factor TFII‐I and the inducible tyrosine kinase in T cells
Authors: Sacristán Catarina , Schattgen Stefan A. , Berg Leslie J. , Bunnell Stephen C. , Roy Ananda L. , Rosenstein Yvonne
Published: August 2009

TCR signaling leads to the activation of kinases such as inducible tyrosine kinase (Itk), a key regulatory protein in T‐lymphocyte activation and function. The homolog of Itk in B cells is Bruton's tyrosine kinase, previously shown to bind and phosphorylate the transcription factor TFII‐I. TFII‐I plays major roles in transcription and signaling. Our purpose herein was twofold: first, to identify some of the molecular determinants involved in TFII‐I activation downstream of receptor crosslinking in T cells and second, to uncover the existence of Itk–TFII‐I signaling in T lymphocytes. We report for the first time that TFII‐I is tyrosine phosphorylated upon TCR, TCR/CD43, and TCR/CD28 co‐receptor engagement in human and/or murine T cells. We show that Itk physically interacts with TFII‐I and potentiates TFII‐I‐driven c‐fos transcription. We demonstrate that TFII‐I is phosphorylated upon co‐expression of WT, but not kinase‐dead, or kinase‐dead/R29C mutant Itk, suggesting these residues are important for TFII‐I phosphorylation, presumably via an Itk‐dependent mechanism. Structural analysis of TFII‐I–Itk interactions revealed that the first 90 residues of TFII‐I are dispensable for Itk binding. Mutations within Itk's kinase, pleckstrin‐homology, and proline‐rich regions did not abolish TFII‐I–Itk binding. Our results provide an initial step in understanding the biological role of Itk–TFII‐I signaling in T‐cell function.
A triterpenoid methyl antcinate K isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea promotes dendritic cell activation and Th2 differentiation
Authors: Yu Yen‐Ling , Chen I‐Hua , Shen Kuan‐Yin , Huang Ren‐Yeong , Wang Wu‐Rong , Chou Cheng‐Jen , Chang Tun‐Tschu , Chu Ching‐Liang
Published: August 2009

Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Increasing evidence has indicated that manipulation of DC can serve as a therapeutic mechanism for immunomodulation. In this study we tested some unique compounds isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea, a medicinal fungus in Taiwan, on mouse bone marrow‐derived DC activation. A triterpenoid methyl antcinate K (me‐AntK) promoted DC maturation by enhancing the expression of MHC class II, CD86, and reducing the endocytosis. TNF‐α, MCP‐1, and MIP‐1β were secreted by DC after me‐AntK treatment, indicating augmentation of innate immunity by me‐AntK. Interestingly, the me‐AntK‐activated DC induced Ag‐specific T‐cell proliferation and facilitated Th2 differentiation. Examining signaling responses, we found that me‐AntK treatment uniquely activated JNK and ERK in DC. Our results demonstrate that me‐AntK is the first natural triterpenoid to promote the ability of DC to prime Th2 responses. This suggests that me‐AntK can potentially be applied to enhance immune responses and modulate DC function in immunotherapy.
Education of hyporesponsive NK cells by cytokines
Authors: Juelke Kerstin , Killig Monica , Thiel Andreas , Dong Jun , Romagnani Chiara
Published: August 2009

NK‐cell tolerance to self is mediated via engagement of inhibitory receptors by cognate MHC molecules. This event is critical for NK‐cell education to achieve functional competence. Thus, NK cells expressing self‐MHC‐specific inhibitory receptors are responsive to activating stimuli while those lacking such receptors are hyporesponsive. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying NK‐cell education are still poorly understood. Here, we show that after stimulation with cytokines, hyporesponsive NK cells acquire stable expression of killer Ig‐like receptors (KIR) as reflected by DNA hypomethylation of their KIR locus. Remarkably, only hyporesponsive NK cells that acquire KIR in the presence of their cognate MHC molecule gain functional competence and this process can occur in the absence of any accessory cells. Acquisition of competence does not result in autoreactivity, since acquired KIR are functional and therefore able to inhibit NK‐cell cytotoxicity. Our data demonstrate that competent NK cells can be generated by cytokine stimulation, suggesting that NK‐cell education might not only be an early event which takes place during NK‐cell development but might also occur in the periphery during an immune response.
Functional significance of tapasin membrane association and disulfide linkage to ERp57 in MHC class I presentation
Authors: Vigneron Nathalie , Peaper David R. , Leonhardt Ralf M. , Cresswell Peter
Published: August 2009

Tapasin is disulfide linked to ERp57 within the peptide loading complex. In cell‐free assays, a soluble variant of the tapasin/ERp57 dimer recruits MHC class I molecules and promotes peptide binding to them, whereas soluble tapasin alone does not. Here we show that within cells, tapasin conjugation with ERp57 is as critical as its integration into the membrane for efficient MHC class I assembly, surface expression, and Ag presentation to CD8+ T cells. Elimination of both of these properties severely compromises tapasin function, in keeping with predictions from in vitro studies.
Induction of peripheral CD4+ T‐cell tolerance and CD8+ T‐cell cross‐tolerance by dendritic cells
Authors: Lutz Manfred B. , Kurts Christian
Published: August 2009

DC can present and cross‐present self‐antigens to autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively, and incapacitate them by inducing anergy, deletion or converting them into Treg. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in immune tolerance research, which has been achieved by employing antigen‐ and TCR‐transgenic mice. We cover the numerous discoveries that have furthered our knowledge of the DC subsets and maturation pathways involved in tolerance; the signals, such as CD70, TGF‐β, B7‐H1/PD‐L1, which dictate the decision between immunity and tolerance; and the in vivo role of DC in the maintenance of CD4+ T‐cell tolerance and CD8+ T‐cell cross‐tolerance.
Decanuclear Manganese Isobutyrate Clusters Featuring a Novel MnII8MnIII2 Core
Authors: Malaestean Iurii L. , Speldrich Manfred , Ellern Arkady , Baca Svetlana G. , Ward Michael , Kögerler Paul
Published: August 2009

Recrystallization of freshly prepared MnII isobutyrate from PrOH or from EtOH/MeCN mixtures containing pyrazole (pyr) yields neutral mixed‐valence decanuclear manganese(II/III) complexes, [Mn10O2(O2CCHMe2)18(HO2CCHMe2)2(PrOH)2] (1) and [Mn10O2(O2CCHMe2)18(pyr)4] (2). The Mn10 metal core of both 1 and 2 consists of eight MnII and two MnIII centers and represents a new motif in the structural organization of polynuclear mixed‐valence manganese clusters. Both, 1 and 2 exhibit a net antiferromagnetic exchange coupling resulting in singlet ground states. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Insight into Unusual Downfield NMR Shifts in the Inclusion Complex of Acridine Orange with Cucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Liu Jinshui , Jiang Nan , Ma Jing , Du Xuezhong
Published: August 2009

This paper describes the structure and properties of the complex of acridine orange (AO) with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) in aqueous solutions, studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy with the aid of competitive binding methods. It was found that AO was included in the CB[7] cavity through strong ion–dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds. Theoretical studies based on calculations performed from first principles further confirmed this binding mode. Unusual downfield NMR shifts of the AO proton resonances in the presence of CB[7] were observed, in sharp contrast with cases of inclusion of other organic molecules in the CB[7] cavities, which resulted in upfield shifts of their proton resonances. The downfield shifts of the proton resonances of the AO·CB[7] complex were found to be the net result of small upfield shifts arising from the inclusion of AO in the CB[7] cavity and large downfield shifts resulting from the deaggregation of the AO aggregates, which were readily formed even at low concentrations in aqueous solutions. Further theoretical calculations explained the unusual downfield NMR shifts well. These research results are of importance for understanding of the structures and properties of complexes of related organic molecules with macrocyclic hosts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Microfluidic droplet trapping array as nanoliter reactors for gas–liquid chemical reaction
Authors: Zhang Qingquan , Zeng Shaojiang , Qin Jianhua , Lin Bingcheng
Published: August 2009

This article presents a simple method for trapping arrays of droplets relying on the designed microstructures of the microfluidic device, and this has been successfully used for parallel gas–liquid chemical reaction. In this approach, the trapping structure is composed of main channel, lateral channel and trapping region. Under a negative pressure, array droplets can be generated and trapped in the microstructure simultaneously, without the use of surfactant and the precise control of the flow velocity. By using a multi‐layer microdevice containing the microstructures, single (pH gradient) and multiple gas–liquid reactions (metal ion–NH3 complex reaction) can be performed in array droplets through the transmembrane diffusion of the gas. The droplets with quantitative concentration gradient can be formed by only replacing the specific membrane. The established method is simple, robust and easy to operate, demonstrating the potential of this device for droplet‐based high‐throughput screening.
Evaporation of biomass fast pyrolysis oil: Evaluation of char formation
Authors: Ramachandran Ragavendra P. Balegedde , van Rossum Guus , van Swaaij Wim P.M. , Kersten Sascha R.A.
Published: August 2009

Evaporation experiments of biomass fast pyrolysis oil and its aqueous fractions at low (TGA–10°C/min, Glass tube–100°C/min) and high (atomization ∼106°C/min) heating rates are performed. Slow heating of pyrolysis oil produced ∼28% char (on carbon basis), whereas atomization of oil droplets (∼117 μm) produced ∼9% char in the temperature range of 500–850°C. Aqueous fractions and glucose solutions also produced less amount of char by evaporating at higher heating rates (∼3% char) when compared with slower heating (∼24% char). The results obtained show that not a single lumped components class in pyrolysis oil can be identified that is primarily responsible for the char formation. At low heating rate, higher concentrations of organics in the bioliquids result in higher char yields, which reveals that a certain fraction in the oil produce char with a reaction order higher than one (polymerization reactions). The measured trends in char yield can be described by a model in which certain fraction of oil is converted by two parallel reactions to char and gas/vapor. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Thermal modeling and simulation of an integrated solid oxide fuel cell and charcoal gasification system
Authors: Colpan C. Ozgur , Yoo Yeong , Dincer Ibrahim , Hamdullahpur Feridun
Published: August 2009

In this study we propose a novel integrated charcoal gasification and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system, which is intended to produce electricity and heat simultaneously. This system mainly consists of an updraft gasifier using air and steam as the gasification agents, a planar and direct internal reforming SOFC and a low temperature gas cleanup system. The performance of this system is assessed through numerical modeling using a pre‐developed and validated heat transfer model of the SOFC and thermodynamic models for the rest of the components. These models are used to simulate the performance of the cell and system for a case study. In addition, a parametric study is conducted to assess the effect of Reynolds number at the fuel channel inlet of the SOFC on the cell performance, e.g., fuel utilization and power density, and the system performance, e.g., electrical efficiency, exergetic efficiency, and power to heat ratio. The number of stacks is also calculated for different Reynolds numbers to discuss the economical feasibility of the integrated system. The results show that the electrical efficiency, exergetic efficiency and power to heat ratio of this system are 33.31%, 45.72%, and 1.004, respectively, for the base case. The parametric study points out that taking the Reynolds number low yields higher electrical and exergetic efficiencies for the system, but it also increases the cost of the system. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Mutagenic risks induced by homemade hair straightening creams with high formaldehyde content
Authors: Mazzei José L. , Figueiredo Érika V. , da Veiga Lia J. , Aiub Claudia A. F. , Guimarães Pedro I. C. , Felzenszwalb Israel
Published: August 2009

Regardless of official recommendations, the inappropriate use of homemade hair creams has became a popular practice in Brazil and high formaldehyde content in the ‘progressive straightening’ creams has been reported. In the present work, three of these creams were analyzed by spectrophotometric, chromatographic and genotoxic assays in order to evaluate mutagenic risks associated with the uncontrolled addition of formaldehyde at contents higher than those allowed by regulation. The ultraviolet and Fourier‐transformed infrared absorption spectra showed characteristic signals that can be assigned to formaldehyde, although with different relative intensities, revealing distinct compositions. Using high‐performance liquid chromatography 1.6–10.5% w/v formaldehyde was quantified. Antibacterial activity was detected in all creams. At 0.10 μg per plate, one of them showed positive mutagenicity induction (P < 0.05) in the Salmonella/microsome assay using the TA100 strain. The measurement of β‐galactosidase induction in the SOS chromotest by this cream, at dosages of 10–100 μg per assay, was positive (P < 0.05) in Escherichia coli PQ37 and OG100 strains. Our data show a more intense genotoxic response than those reported before for formaldehyde, suggesting that this compound may be acting synergistically with any unknown components in the creams or perhaps these unspecified components by themselves might have significant genotoxic potential. We call attention to the popular use of homemade formulations of cosmetics, such as hair straightening creams, because they can contain mutagens that could increase the incidence of neoplasia in those people who use them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titanate particles as agents to deliver gold compounds to fibroblasts and monocytes
Authors: Davis Ryan R. , Hobbs David T. , Khashaba Rania , Sehkar Poojitha , Seta Francesca N. , Messer Regina L. W. , Lewis Jill B. , Wataha John C.
Published: August 2009

Titanates are inorganic compounds with high affinity for specific metal ions or metal compounds, including gold. We have previously demonstrated that both monosodium titanate (MST) and amorphous peroxo‐titanate (APT) alone do not suppress cellular metabolism of several cell types, and we have shown that MST and APT adsorb and release gold compounds in biological salt solutions. In the current study, we extend this work and show that MST and APT loaded with two gold compounds deliver sufficient levels of these compounds to alter the metabolism of mammalian cells. Fibroblasts (L929) or monocytes (THP1) were exposed to MST and APT loaded with either Au(III) or Auranofin®, a Au(I)‐organic compound, for 24–72 h, after which succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of the cells was measured using the MTT method. MST or APT alone did not suppress SDH activity of either cell type. AF and Au(III) alone suppressed SDH activity completely above 2 μM or 300 μM, respectively. APT and MST loaded with either gold compound suppressed L929 fibroblast SDH activity by 30–80% after 72 h, but Au(III)‐loaded APT was more potent than AF‐loaded APT. Monocyte SDH activity was not affected by any loaded titanate. Our results suggest that titanates could be used for solid phase delivery of metal compounds to affect mammalian cell function of some types of cells. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Biomimetic Ca‐P coatings incorporating bisphosphonates produced on starch‐based degradable biomaterials
Authors: Oliveira A. L. , Pedro A. J. , Arroyo C. Saiz , Mano J. F. , Rodriguez G. , Roman J. San , Reis R. L.
Published: August 2009

In this study, sodium clodronate, a well‐known therapeutic agent from the family of bisphosphonates (BPs), is incorporated in a biomimetic calcium phosphate (CaP) coating, previously formed on the surface of a starch‐based biomaterial by a sodium silicate methodology, as a strategy to develop a site‐specific drug delivery system for bone tissue regeneration applications. The effects on the resulting CaP coatings were evaluated in terms of morphology, chemistry, and structure. The dissolution of Ca and P from the coating and the release profiles of sodium clodronate was also assessed. As a preliminary approach, this first study also aimed at evaluating the effects of this BP on the viability of a human osteoblastic cell line since there is still little information available on the interaction between BPs and this type of cells. Sodium clodronate was successfully incorporated, at different doses, in the structure of a biomimetic CaP layer previously formed by a sodium silicate process. This type of BPs had a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic activity, particularly at the specific concentration of 0.32 mg/mL. It is foreseen that these coatings can, for instances, be produced on the surface of degradable polymers and then used for regulating the equilibrium on osteoblastic/osteoclastic activity, leading to a controlled regenerative effect at the interface between the biomaterial and bone. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Comparative study of toxic effects of zearalenone and its two major metabolites α‐zearalenol and β‐zearalenol on cultured human Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Abid‐Essefi S. , Bouaziz C. , Golli‐Bennour E. El , Ouanes Z. , Bacha Hassen
Published: August 2009

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a fusarotoxin converted predominantly into α‐zearalenol (α‐Zol) and β‐zearalenol (β‐Zol) by hepatic hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. The feeding of naturally contaminated grains with ZEN was associated with hyperestrogenic and adverse effects on humans and animals. There is a lack of information on the attribution of the toxic effects of these toxins. One wonders if these effects are due to theparentmolecule (ZEN) or to its major metabolites (α‐Zol and β‐Zol). Using human Caco‐2 cells, we looked for the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of ZEN, α‐Zol, and β‐Zol. Toxicity effects were studied by MTT viability assay and oxidative stress induction by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) generation. To check whether the oxidative stress induction was associated to DNA lesions, we looked for DNA fragmentation by means of the Comet and the diphenylamine assays. To specify cell death pathway, we investigated caspase‐3 activation, confirmed by poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage and by Bcl‐2 depletion. Our results clearly demonstrated that ZEN as well as its two metabolites presented variable toxic effects. They induced cell death and an increase in MDA generation. These effects were associated to DNA fragmentation as well as caspase‐3 activation. The observed toxic effects seem to be relieved by the metabolism of ZEN into α‐Zol and β‐Zol. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:233–243, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20284
Coumarin A/AA induces apoptosis‐like cell death in HeLa cells mediated by the release of apoptosis‐inducing factor
Authors: Álvarez‐Delgado Carolina , Reyes‐Chilpa Ricardo , Estrada‐Muñiz Elizabet , Mendoza‐Rodríguez C. Adriana , Quintero‐Ruiz Angelina , Solano José , Cerbón Marco A.
Published: August 2009

It has been demonstrated that naturally occurring coumarins have strong biological activity against many cancer cell lines. In this study, we assessed the cytotoxicity induced by the naturally isolated coumarin A/AA in different cancer cell lines (HeLa, Calo, SW480, and SW620) and in normal peripheral‐blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. The results demonstrate that coumarin A/AA was cytotoxic in the four cancer cell lines tested and importantly was significantly less toxic in PBMCs isolated from healthy donors. The most sensitive cancer cell line to coumarin A/AA treatment was Hela. Thus, the programmed cell death (PCD) mechanism induced by this coumarin was further studied in this cell line. DNA fragmentation, histomorphology, cell cycle phases, and subcellular distribution of PCD proteins were assessed. The results demonstrated that DNA fragmentation, but not significant cell cycle disruptions, was part of the PCD activated by coumarin A/AA. Interestingly, it was found that apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF), a proapoptotic protein of the mitochondrial intermembrane space, was released to the cytoplasm in treated cells as detected by the western blot analysis in subcellular fractions. Nevertheless, the active form of caspase‐3 was not detected. The overall results indicate that coumarin A/AA induces a caspase‐independent apoptotic‐like cell death program in HeLa cells, mediated by the early release of AIF and suggest that this compound may be helpful in clinical oncology. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:263–272, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20288
Latin bitrades, dissections of equilateral triangles, and abelian groups
Authors: Drápal Aleš , Hämäläinen Carlo , Kala Vítězslav
Published: August 2009

Let T=(T*, T▵) be a spherical latin bitrade. With each a=(a1, a2, a3)∈T* associate a set of linear equations Eq(T, a) of the form b1+b2=b3, where b=(b1, b2, b3) runs through T*\{a}. Assume a1=0=a2 and a3=1. Then Eq(T,a) has in rational numbers a unique solution \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document} $b_{i}=\bar{b}_{i}$\end{document}.
Suppose that \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document} $\bar{b}_{i}\not= \bar{c}_{i}$\end{document} for all b, c∈T* such that \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document} $\bar{b}_{i}\not= \bar{c}_{i}$\end{document} and i∈{1, 2, 3}. We prove that then T▵ can be interpreted as a dissection of an equilateral triangle. We also consider group modifications of latin bitrades and show that the methods for generating the dissections can be used for a proof that T* can be embedded into the operational table of a finite abelian group, for every spherical latin bitrade T. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 18: 1–24, 2010
Correction to: “Transverse quadruple systems with five holes”
Authors: Keranen Melissa S. , Kreher Donald L.
Published: August 2009

We correct an error found in Keranen, Kreher, J Combin Designs 15 (2007), 315–340. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 17: 492–495, 2009
Clinical psychology students' perceptions of diversity training: a study of exposure and satisfaction
Authors: Green Debbie , Callands Tamora A. , Radcliffe Alison M. , Luebbe Aaron M. , Klonoff Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2009

This study examined clinical psychology graduate students' definitions of diversity and their perceptions of their exposure to and satisfaction regarding their level of diversity training. Four hundred and ninety‐one students from Counsel of University Directors of Clinical Psychology (CUDCP) member programs completed an online survey. Overall, students perceived that their programs considered diversity narrowly, concentrating primarily on ethnicity, race, and culture to the neglect of sexual orientation, religion, language, and physical disability. Likewise, students expressed greater satisfaction with training regarding ethnicity/race and gender than broader areas of diversity, but rated the importance of addressing all areas of diversity as high. Although this study underscores the limited experience that students perceive they have had with various underrepresented groups, programs appear to have incorporated a variety of diversity training modalities that could be expanded upon to meet the interests of psychology students. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–15, 2009.
Family and community influences on educational outcomes among appalachian youth
Authors: Brown Ryan , Copeland William E. , Costello E. Jane , Erkanli Alaattin , Worthman Carol M.
Published: August 2009

Recent research has shown how quantifiable aspects of community context affect a wide range of behaviors and outcomes. Due partially to the historical development of this field, currently published work focuses on urban rather than rural areas. We draw upon data from a longitudinal study of families and health in Appalachia—the Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS), and an ethnographically based interview tool—the Life Trajectory Interview for Youth (LTI‐Y), to examine the impact of community and family poverty and educational attainment on educational goals and attainment among rural white youth (n=200). Exposure to family poverty and more educated parents were associated with youths' educational attainment. Meanwhile, both community education levels and parental education were associated with college goal‐setting. These relationships were particularly strong among rural white males. This evidence suggests that more attention should be focused on how rural environments affect the lives and life chances of their inhabitants. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translational research in action: implementation of the communities that care prevention system in 12 communities
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hanson Koren , Hawkins J. David , Arthur Michael W.
Published: August 2009

Translational research (Pentz, Jasuja, Rohrbach, Sussman, & Bardo, 2006; Woolf, 2008) is concerned with moving advances in prevention science into everyday practice in communities, yet there are few models for ensuring this transfer of knowledge. Communities That Care (CTC) provides a planned, structured, and data‐driven system that trains community prevention coalitions to select evidence‐based programs and replicate them with strong implementation fidelity. In this article, the authors describe the implementation of the CTC prevention system over a 5‐year period in 12 communities participating in the Community Youth Development Study.

The results indicated that the intervention communities enacted, on average, 90% of the core components of the CTC system, and achieved high rates of implementation fidelity when replicating a variety of school, afterschool, and parent training programs. These results held over time; communities successfully launched their prevention coalitions and programs and maintained the quality of their prevention services over 5 years. These results indicate that the CTC system can be used to foster translational research. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Network structural influences on the adoption of evidence‐based prevention in communities
Authors: Fujimoto Kayo , Valente Thomas W. , Pentz Mary Ann
Published: August 2009

This study examined the impact of key variables in coalition communication networks, centralization and density, on the adoption of evidence‐based substance abuse prevention. Data were drawn from a network survey and a corresponding community leader survey that measured leader attitudes and practices toward substance abuse prevention programs. Two types of coalition networks were measured: advice‐seeking and discussion relations. For each community, we computed network‐level measurements (n=20), and then used multiple linear regression. Results showed that adoption outcomes were associated with a decrease in centralization for the advice network and an increase in centralization for the discussion network, controlling for density. This suggests that community coalitions might consider decreasing their network density in such a manner that distributes power and influence among a broader base of coalition members to seek advice about programs while simultaneously discussing these programs in a more concentrated group to facilitate decisions about which programs to adopt. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Promoting wellness: integrating community and positive psychology
Authors: Schueller Stephen M.
Published: August 2009

Many psychological researchers and practitioners aim to promote the wellness of individuals and communities. Community psychology has a rich theoretical tradition related to building competencies and promoting adaptive functioning. Many of these theories, however, have limited empirical support. Recently, the field of positive psychology has pushed for research investigating three areas related to optimal psychological functioning: positive emotions, positive character traits, and positive institutions. Although this call for research has advanced the study of individual well‐being, positive psychology researchers have largely ignored positive institutions. This article aims to tie together the themes and theories of community psychology and positive psychology and highlight how a synthesis of the fields can help better promote community wellness. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Escaping homelessness: anticipated and perceived facilitators
Authors: Patterson Allisha , Tweed Roger
Published: August 2009

One study with two distinct sections was conducted to identify factors facilitating escape from homelessness. In Section 1, 58 homeless individuals rated possible facilitators of escape (factors they believed would help them become more independent and self‐sufficient). In Section 2, 80 participants who had already exited homelessness rated the same facilitators (factors that would have helped them become more independent and self‐sufficient) and the importance of actual factors that facilitated escape. When rating factors in the hypothetical, both groups rated obtaining housing as being particularly important for facilitating movement toward independence. People formerly homeless who reported perceived facilitators of escape, however, also reported that their escape was facilitated by realization of their own abilities and potential to offer something to the world. The findings have implications for the design of community interventions helping individuals who are homeless. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initial evaluation of a cultural approach to implementation of evidence‐based parenting interventions in American Indian communities
Authors: Dionne Renda , Davis Betsy , Sheeber Lisa , Madrigal Luke
Published: August 2009

The current investigation puts forth the authors' conceptualization of a cultural approach to implementing evidence‐based practices with American Indian (AI) families. Their approach involves two phases, the motivational phase, which sets an historical context for current difficulties; and the intervention phase, which links evidence‐based skills with cultural traditions, beliefs, and values. Herein, they present preliminary evidence for the efficacy of the intervention phase, overlaid onto the Incredible Years parenting program (Webster‐Stratton, 1992). Forty‐nine families with American Indian children, ages 3–11 (26 boys), participated in the study; all families participated in the motivational phase and were subsequently randomized to the culturally linked intervention or a control condition. Significant pre‐ and postimprovements in parenting and child behavior were observed in the intervention group. Moreover, a majority of participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Results are discussed in relation to approaches to respectful implementation of mainstream, evidence‐based interventions in Indian Country. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.