bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blockchain Enabled Diabetic Patients’ Data Sharing and Real Time Monitoring
Authors: Khan Dodo , Jung Low Tan , Hashmani Manzoor Ahmed , Cheong Moke Kwai
Published: March 2022

According to the World Health Organization worldwide diabetes report, the number of diabetic patients has surged from 108 million in the 1980s to 422 million in 2014. According to researchers, the numbers will continue to climb in the next decades. Diabetes is a sickness that requires long-term self-care and close monitoring to be appropriately put under control. As a result, continuous monitoring of blood sugar levels has the potential to save millions of lives. This paper proposes a Blockchain-based platform that connects the patients, healthcare practitioners (HP), and caregivers for a continuous monitoring and care ofdiabetic patients. It lets the patients to securely connected to HP for the purpose of remote patient monitoring (telemedicine), whilst preserving patient data privacy using the blockchain technology. IoT sensors are used to read sugar levels and store these data in a tamper-proof immutable ledger (Hyperledger). This platform provides an End-to-End movement of the patient's data. That is, from the point where it is formed (sensors) to the point it ends up in the HP side. It gives patient a control-and-track function to maintain/track data movement. It provides a unique feature in allowing the patient to keep track of the private data and to pick who they want to share the data with and for how long (and for what reason). The platform is developed in two stages. Initially, the concept is implemented using the Hyperledger Fabric. Then, a Blockchain based on a novel Proof-of-Review (PoR) consensus model is included on to provide efficient performance and scalability in the Hyperledger fabric. Essentially, this proposed platform is to alleviate the pain points in traditional healthcare systems in the scopes of information exchange, data security, and privacy maintenance for real-time diabetic patient monitoring.
From Monolith to Microservices: Software Architecture for Autonomous UAV Infrastructure Inspection
Authors: Matlekovic Lea , Schneider-Kamp Peter
Published: March 2022

Linear-infrastructure Mission Control (LiMiC) is an application for autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) infrastructure inspection mission planning developed in monolithic software architecture. The application calculates routes along the infrastructure based on the users’ inputs, the number of UAVs participating in the mission, and UAVs’ locations. LiMiC1.0 is the latest application version migrated from monolith to microservices, continuously integrated, and deployed using DevOps tools to facilitate future features development, enable better traffic management, and improve the route calculation processing time. Processing time was improved by refactoring the route calculation algorithm into services, scaling them in the Kubernetes cluster, and enabling asynchronous communication in between. In this paper, we discuss the differences between the monolith and microservice architecture to justify our decision for migration. We describe the methodology for the application’s migration and implementation processes, technologies we use for continuous integration and deployment, and we present microservices improved performance results compared with the monolithic application.
In memoria del Dr. Peccorini
Authors: El Editor
Published: March 2022

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 163-164.
nueva fase en el proceso salvadoreño
Authors: Ellacuría Ignacio
Published: March 2022

El artículo mantiene la tesis de que, a partir de 1989 se inicia una nueva fase en el proceso salvadoreño. La acumulación de hechos pasados, especialmente los de 1988, abren paso a una nueva fase, cualitativamente distinta, en la que la paz está más cerca que nunca, aunque todavía está lejos. El enfrentamiento violento y militarista del proyecto revolucionario y del proyecto contrarrevolucionario, que define el proceso en los setenta y en los ochenta, propende a ir cambiando mediante la reformulación moderadora de los proyectos y la posibilidad real de un modo distinto de enfrentamiento, en el que entran de lleno las elecciones y la negociación. Esta nueva fase se muestra en distintos agentes y procesos, examinados en el artículo, especialmente en la nueva posición del FMLN y, en menor medida, de ARENA. Como conclusión se proponen algunas medidas para entrar de lleno en esta nueva fase decisiva para el proceso salvadoreño y también para el centroamericano, con el cual se relaciona.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 167-197.
propuesta de FMLN: un desafío a la estrategia contrainsurgente
Authors: Harnecker Marta
Published: March 2022

La entrevista gira alrededor de la propuesta del FMLN, en especial sobre el cambio dado por el FMLN en cuanto a las elecciones. La entrevista indaga las causas que han llevado al FMLN a pasar a la ofensiva en este terreno, las condiciones para enfrentar el reto electoral, las principales objeciones contra la propuesta hechas desde la derecha y la izquierda y los riesgos que tiene para el FMLN. También se discute el papel de las masas y su relación con el FMLN, el estado de ánimo de las tropas insurgentes ante la propuesta y el papel del FDR y de Convergencia Democrática.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 211-228.
Monseñor Romero en el arte universal
Authors: F. A. E.
Published: March 2022

No hay resúmenes disponibles.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 238-240.
Marzo
Authors: El Editor
Published: March 2022

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 241-249.
Postura ante las elecciones ; Resultados oficiales de las elecciones ; Derechos humanos
Authors: El Editor
Published: March 2022

No hay resúmenes disponibles.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 44, No. 485, 1989: 259-276.
A Field-Driven, Equity-Centered Research Agenda for OpenSciEd: Updated Version
Authors: McElhaney Kevin , Baker Anthony , Kasad Zareen , Roschelle Jeremy , Chillmon Carly
Published: March 2022

In order to catalyze the research community around OpenSciEd, Digital Promise, with support from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, has developed the OpenSciEd Research Agenda. Early on, we determined that three broad relationships between OpenSciEd and a research community could be fruitful. OpenSciEd enabled research encompasses questions in science education and beyond that can be best answered using OpenSciEd. OpenSciEd inspired research aims to drive innovations based on OpenSciEd’s distinctive features and affordances. OpenSciEd partnership research would address questions of mutual interest to researchers and OpenSciEd developers. This paper details the processes utilized to frame the research agenda, recruit stakeholders and engage them in activities to generate research questions, and identify emergent themes for future OpenSciEd research.
A systems' thinking approach to entrepreneurial leadership : $b an analysis of SMMES in the Gauteng Province
Authors:   , Mhlongo Thabisile
Published: March 2022

Despite the efforts of the South African Government to stimulate entrepreneurial opportunities through policies, strategies, and programmes, many Small, Medium and Micro Businesses remain unsustainable. However, SMMEs often experience various challenges and studies have shown that SMMEs in South Africa rarely survive in their first year of existence. One problem SMMEs face in South Africa is poor leadership. Further, insufficient financial resources, lack of business knowledge and management, and inadequate institutional support thwart sustainable growth and have a negative effect on the overall performance of SMMEs. Thus, having an understanding and insight into the various leadership problems and dynamics encountered by the SMMEs could foster the development of strategies to improve the performance of SMMEs. This study evaluated the application of entrepreneurial leadership capabilities to respond to uncertainty, challenges, and opportunities in the entrepreneurial system and understand how the systems thinking approach can be applied in entrepreneurial leadership to address the complex dynamics of the entrepreneurial ecosystems. Overall, the study identified the pathways to entrepreneurial leadership and deepened the current understanding of the concept of entrepreneurial leadership in selected SMMEs operating in the Gauteng province. This study adopted a holism model underpinned by methodological pluralism and mixed- method strategy. It used a pragmatist philosophical approach and mixed-method case study to achieve its objectives. A three-tier research plan was used comprising semi-structured interviews, causal loop diagrams, and simulation modelling to address the research aim and the objectives.
COGNITIVE-COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING READING IN ENGLISH FOR APPLICANTS OF EDUCATION IN POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL ADVANCED EDUCATION
Authors: Anosova Yu. P. , Naumkina O. V. , Silishchenko O. P.
Published: March 2022

The article considers and systematizes methodology of teaching of reading at English lessons at professional pre-higher educational establishments. The different types of reading are shown. The analysis of the necessity of the cognitive-communicative approach, focused on the development of the competence of communicating at English lessons during teaching of reading, which is the basis for successful mastery of a foreign language, has been given. The inclusive education is described as an important aspect of getting education at present. Peculiarities in the approach to teaching reading to students with special educational services (SES) are revealed. The article describes certain groups of students with SES, for whom it is necessary to individualize learning tasks, taking into account their needs in the perspective of the peculiarities of learning to read in a foreign language. Namely: a group of students with speech, vision, hearing disability; a group of students with autism spectrum disorders, a group of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; a group of students with cerebral palsy. Pieces of advice on methods of teaching reading in a foreign language to students with special educational services of each group are provided. The authors provided examples of exercises for the development of reading competencies such as: expressive reading aloud at different speeds, reading alternately cut text, dramatic reading, text as an answer to questions, analytical reading, text processing, highlighting the main text, categorizing the text, deriving patterns by text, text extensions and others. The article proposes the principles of elaboration of educational material, which contribute to the development of language competencies of students of polytechnic professional pre-higher institutions of Ukraine.
Global and regional carbon budget 2015–2020 inferred from OCO-2 based on an ensemble Kalman filter coupled with GEOS-Chem
Authors: Kong Yawen , Zheng Bo , Zhang Qiang , He Kebin
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Understanding carbon sources and sinks across the Earth’s surface is fundamental in climate science and policy; thus, these topics have been extensively studied but have yet to be fully resolved and are associated with massive debate regarding the sign and magnitude of the carbon budget from global to regional scales. Developing new models and estimates based on state-of-the-art algorithms and data constraints can provide valuable knowledge and contribute to a final ensemble model in which various optimal carbon budget estimates are integrated, such as the annual Global Carbon Budget paper. Here, we develop a new atmospheric inversion system based on the four-dimensional local ensemble transform Kalman filter (4D-LETKF) coupled with the GEOS-Chem global transport model to infer surface-to-atmosphere net carbon fluxes from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) V10r XCO2 retrievals. The 4D-LETKF algorithm is adapted to an OCO-2-based global carbon inversion system for the first time in this work. On average, the mean annual terrestrial and oceanic fluxes between 2015 and 2020 are estimated as −2.02 GtC yr−1 and −2.34 GtC yr−1, respectively, compensating for 21 % and 24 %, respectively, of global fossil CO2 emissions (9.80 GtC yr−1). Our inversion results agree with the CO2 atmospheric growth rates reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and reduce the modelled CO2 concentration biases relative to the prior fluxes against surface and aircraft measurements. Our inversion-based carbon fluxes are broadly consistent with those provided by other global atmospheric inversion models, although discrepancies still occur in the land-ocean flux partitioning schemes and seasonal flux amplitudes over boreal and tropical regions, possibly due to the sparse observational constraints of the OCO-2 satellite and the divergent prior fluxes used in different inversion models. Four sensitivity experiments are performed herein to vary the prior fluxes and uncertainties in our inversion system, suggesting that regions that lack OCO-2 coverage are sensitive to the priors, especially over the tropics and high latitudes. In the further development of our inversion system, we will optimize the data-assimilation configuration to fully utilize current observations and increase the spatial and seasonal representativeness of the prior fluxes over regions that lack observations.
Hygroscopicity of organic compounds as a function of organic functionality, water solubility, molecular weight, and oxidation level
Authors: Han Shuang , Hong Juan , Luo Qingwei , Xu Hanbing , Tan Haobo , Wang Qiaoqiao , Tao Jiangchuan , Zhou Yaqing , Peng Long , He Yao , Shi Jingnan , Ma Nan , Cheng Yafang , Su Hang
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Aerosol hygroscopicity strongly influences the number
size distribution, phase state, optical properties, and multiphase
chemistry of aerosol particles. Due to the large number of organic species in
atmospheric aerosols, the determination of the hygroscopicity of ambient
aerosols remains challenging. In this study, we measured the hygroscopic
properties of 23 organics, including carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars,
and alcohols, using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer
(HTDMA). Earlier studies have characterized the hygroscopicity either for a
limited number of organic compounds using similar techniques or for
particles at sizes beyond the microscale range or even bulk samples using
other methodologies. Here, we validate these studies and extend the data by
measuring the hygroscopicity of a broader suite of organics for particles
with sizes under the submicrometer range that are more atmospherically relevant.
Moreover, we systematically evaluate the roles of that related physicochemical
properties play in organic hygroscopicity. We show that the hygroscopicity
of organics varies widely with functional groups and organics with the same
carbon number but that more functional groups show higher hygroscopicity.
However, some isomers that are very similar in molecular structure show
quite different hygroscopicity, demonstrating that other physicochemical
properties, such as water solubility, may contribute to their hygroscopicity
as well. If the organics are fully dissolved in water (solubility
>7×10-1 g mL−1), we found that their hygroscopicity
is mainly controlled by their molecular weight. For the organics that are
not fully dissolved in water (slightly soluble: 5×10-4 g mL−1
< solubility < 7×10-1 g mL−1), we observed that
some of them show no obvious water uptake, which is probably due to the fact that they
may not deliquesce under our studied conditions up to 90 % relative humidity (RH). The other
type of slightly soluble organic material is moderately hygroscopic, and the larger
its solubility is, the higher its hygroscopicity will be. Moreover, the
hygroscopicity of organics generally increased with O:C ratios, although
this relationship is not linear.
Impact of Atmospheric Rivers on Arctic Sea Ice Variations
Authors: Li Linghan , Cannon Forest , Mazloff Matthew R. , Subramanian Aneesh C. , Wilson Anna M. , Ralph F. Martin
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Arctic sea ice has been declining rapidly in recent decades. We investigate how poleward transport of moisture and heat from lower latitudes through atmospheric rivers (ARs) influences Arctic sea ice variations. We use ERA5 hourly reanalysis data for 1981–2020 at 0.25º x 0.25º resolution to examine meteorological conditions and sea ice changes associated with ARs in the Arctic. In years 2012 and 2020, which had extremely low summer Arctic sea ice extent, we show that individual AR events associated with large cyclones initiate rapid sea ice decrease through turbulent heat fluxes, longwave radiation, and winds. We further carry out statistical analysis of meteorological conditions and sea ice variations for 1981–2020 over the entire Arctic Ocean. We find that, on weather timescales, atmospheric moisture content anticorrelates significantly with sea ice concentration tendency almost everywhere in the Arctic Ocean, while dynamic sea ice motion driven by northward winds further reduces sea ice concentration.
On the use of high frequency surface wave oceanographic research radars as bistatic single frequency oblique ionospheric sounders
Authors: Kaeppler Stephen R. , Miller Ethan S. , Cole Daniel , Updyke Teresa
Published: March 2022

Abstract. We demonstrate that bistatic reception of high frequency oceanographic radars can be used as single frequency oblique ionospheric sounders. We develop methods that are agnostic of the software defined radio system to estimate the group range from the bistatic observations. The group range observations are further used to estimate virtual height and equivalent vertical frequency at the midpoint of the oblique propagation path. Uncertainty estimates of the virtual height and equivalent vertical frequency are presented. We apply this analysis to observations collected from two experiments, run at two locations in different years, but utilizing similar software defined radio data collection systems. In the first experiment, 10 days of data were collected in March 2016 at a site located in Maryland, USA, while the second experiment collected 20 days of data in October 2020 at a site located in South Carolina, USA. In both experiments, three Coastal Oceanographic Dynamics and Applications Radars (CODARs) located along the North Carolina coast of the US were bistatically observed at 4.53718 MHz. The virtual height and equivalent virtual frequency were estimated in both experiments and compared with contemporaneous observations from a vertical incident Digisonde ionosonde at Wallops Island, VA, USA. We find good agreement in both experiments between the virtual height derived from the oblique CODAR observations versus the virtual height observed with the Digisonde at the same frequency. Variations in the virtual height from CODAR observations and the Digisonde are found to be nearly in phase with each other. We conclude from this investigation that observations that oceanographic radar can be used as single frequency oblique incidence sounders. We discuss applications with respect to investigations of traveling ionospheric disturbances, studies of day-to-day ionospheric variability, and using these observations in data assimilation.
Probabilistic water demand forecasting focussing on the impact of climate change and the quantification of uncertainties in the short- and mid-term
Authors: Johnen Gregor , Kley-Holsteg Jens , Niemann Andre , Ziel Florian
Published: March 2022

As could be seen in recent years, the impact of climate change is already detectable in water demand patterns and results in new challenges for the water supply sector. Demand peaks caused by changing climate conditions such as longer dry periods force water suppliers to a more efficient control and management of their assets and water resources to avert supply shortages. Especially demand peaks of multiple hours during the day or persisting demand peaks of several days and weeks threaten the supply demand-balance. By utilizing accurate forecasts of the expected water demand, suppliers are enabled to better prepare their assets for such extreme conditions.

To adapt to the consequences of changing hydro-climatic and demand conditions, this research proposes a water demand forecasting model to predict such extreme demand conditions caused by climate change for the short- to mid-term range. Here, a special emphasis is put on modelling the impact of weather variables on the water consumption caused by climate change. Those effects are complex, non-linear and multidimensional in nature and therefore challenging to model. Focusing on the practical usage, the forecasting model is appropriate for real-time application providing accurate forecasts coupled with a high interpretability. This allows the quantification of the ongoing effects of climate change and enables a better consideration of the underlying uncertainty.

Our case study uses real data on district level from two regions in West and Central Germany. To appropriately account for the practical need of varying forecast schemes, historical demand and weather data are used at quarter-hourly, hourly as well as daily resolution.

Multiple linear, non-linear and stacked models tailored to the forecasting purpose and the varying horizons are implemented with a clear focus on interpretability and forecasting accuracy. To model the underlying uncertainty, complete probablistic forecasts are proposed. Model assessment takes place by utilizing appropriate metrics as the MAE, CRPS or energy score.
The role of decadal prediction in the detection of heat waves in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Rosa-Cánovas Juan José , García-Valdecasas Ojeda Matilde , Romero-Jiménez Emilio , Yeste Patricio , Solano-Farías Feliciano , Gámiz-Fortis Sonia Raquel , Castro-Díez Yolanda , Esteban-Parra María Jesús
Published: March 2022

Heat waves are among the natural hazards with the greatest social, environmental and economic impact in Mediterranean Europe. In this scenario of changing climate towards warmer conditions, heat waves are expected to increase their length and intensity during the next decades. Thus, reliable near-term forecasting for heat waves plays a fundamental role in the development of effective mitigation and adaptation strategies in these regions.

This study evaluates the prediction skill of heat waves in the Iberian Peninsula (IP) with a collection of global decadal experiments dynamically downscaled by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The Decadal Prediction Large Ensemble (DPLE) has been used to set the initial and boundary conditions in the downscaling simulations. The DPLE encompasses a set of decadal experiments initialised every year from 1954 to 2015 carried out for an ensemble of 40 members with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) at NCAR. In this assessment, the decadal experiments starting in the years from 1987 to 1999 have been regionalised for 3 members of the ensemble. The downscaling simulations have been conducted in one-way mode and considering two nested domains: the EUROCORDEX domain, with resolution around 50 km, and another covering the IP at 10 km resolution, approximately.

Two indices have been used to quantify the intensity and duration of the heat waves: the Heat Wave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId) and the Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI). The maximum daily temperature is used to compute both indices. While HWMId is described as the maximum magnitude of the heat waves in a year, WSDI represents the extension of warm spells in a general sense. The results obtained from the regionalised experiments have been evaluated against observational data.

Keywords: decadal prediction, Weather Research and Forecasting Model, heat waves, Iberian Peninsula, dynamical downscaling, Decadal Prediction Large Ensemble

Acknowledgments: J. J. Rosa-Cánovas acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the predoctoral fellowship (grant code: PRE2018-083921). This research has been carried out in the framework of the projects CGL2017-89836-R, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with additional FEDER funds, B-RNM-336-UGR18, funded by FEDER / Junta de Andalucía - Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento, and P20_00035, funded by FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades.
An evaluation of global chemistry-climate model output bias correction techniques for surface ozone burdens
Authors: Stähle Christoph , Mayer Monika , Checa-Garcia Ramiro , Rieder Harald
Published: March 2022

Despite continuous improvement during recent decades, state of the art global chemistry-climate models (CCMs) are still showing biases compared to observational data, illustrating remaining difficulties and challenges in the simulation of atmospheric processes. Therefore, CCM output is frequently bias-corrected in studies seeking to explore changing air quality burdens e.g., in form of the number of exceedances of threshold values for the protection of human health [e.g. Rieder et al., 2018].This study focuses on assessing strengths and limitations of different bias correction methods for global CCM simulations with focus on maximum daily 8-hour average surface ozone data. Ozone is chosen as it is known as regional pollutant and thus shows smaller spatial heterogeneity in its burden than e.g. particulate matter. Within the comparison a set of different innovative, as well as, common bias correction techniques are applied to output of several global coupled CCMs contributing hindcast simulations to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). For bias correction and evaluation, data from ground-based observations pooled by the European Environment Agency is used. To this end, the station data is spatially averaged by adopting an inverse distance weighting method proposed by Schnell et al. [2014] to match the individual model grid cells. For the actual bias correction four different methods are used and compared. These include quantile mapping, delta-function, relative and mean bias correction approaches. As surface ozone pollution is commonly associated with a strong seasonal cycle, the adjustment techniques are applied to model data on both seasonal and annual basis, and skill scores for individual bias correction techniques are compared across CMIP6 models.

 

References:

Rieder, H.E., Fiore A.M., Clifton, O.E., Correa, G., Horowitz, L.W., Naik, V.: Combining model projections with site-level observations to estimate changes in distributions and seasonality of ozone in surface air over the U.S.A., Atmos. Env., 193, 302-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.042, 2018.

Schnell, J. L., Holmes, C. D., Jangam, A., and Prather, M. J.: Skill in forecasting extreme ozone pollution episodes with a global atmospheric chemistry model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7721–7739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7721-2014, 2014.
A Non-Local Spread-F-like Event Over Arecibo as the Possible Result of a Solar Wind Pressure Pulse
Authors: Bostan Salih Mehmed , Urbina Julio V. , Mathews John D , Dinsmore Ross L.
Published: March 2022

Solar wind pressure pulses are known to modify electrodynamics of the terrestrial magnetosphere. In this paper, we present a possible electrodynamic reaction of the ionosphere to a small and brief pressure pulse observed by local and non-local instrument systems over Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico and extending over at least the mesoscale. Initially, a strong, four hour long, mid-latitude spread-F-like event was observed through a high frequency, wide-beam radar system, Penn State Ionospheric Radar Imager (PIRI), deployed near Arecibo (18.36◦ E, 66.75◦ S, and f = 4.42 MHz). The same spread-F event was also observed using the dual, narrow-beam 430 MHz Arecibo incoherent scatter radar. Furthermore, GPS delta-vTEC measurements from Carribean island sector revealed that the event was apparently moving from west to east and then east to west crossing over Arecibo twice. Similar GPS-TEC measurements from the South American sector showed that an equatorial spread-F was also present. We use SuperMAG magnetometer and NASA’s OMNI solar wind data to show that a small solar wind pressure pulse and rapid changes in the solar wind magnetic field are likely causes for the observed ionospheric features over Arecibo.
The development of a European flood catastrophe model
Authors: Wing Oliver , Winsemius Hessel , Meynadier Remi , Rakotoarimanga Hugo , Hegnauer Mark , Boisgontier Hélène , Weisman Anna , Smith Andy , Sampson Chris
Published: March 2022

To understand continental scale flood risks, including spatial and temporal coherence and cascading events, is of particular importance to the insurance industry. For this industry, an “event” entails a certain regulatory duration, and encompasses the spatial scale of the portfolio of the insurer. This requires a large catalogue of statistically well-sampled, climatologically realistic possible events, much longer than any historical record can provide. We hypothesize that events that might have occurred in the recent past, but did not occur, may be generated from shorter duration historical samples, by temporal resampling, and spatial reshuffling.

In this contribution, we present a model framework – developed by a consortium of Fathom, Deltares, and AXA – that can efficiently compute very large event sets, using synthetically sampled weather (up to many thousands of years) that simulates continuous daily weather and sub-daily (for small-scale pluvial flooding) weather statistics, a gridded hydrological model forced by the synthetic weather that produces long-term hydrological statistics, and a subcatchment-scale fluvial and pluvial flood model archive, produced from large amounts of simulations with the Fathom flood model engine. The framework is setup such that components within the framework can be easily improved or replaced by new components, e.g. providing updated historical baselines for weather generation, enhanced weather generation, enhanced flood maps, or improved hydrological relationships. We present our first simulations using a k-nearest-neighbour weather resampling, using Self-Organizing-Maps, 10,000 years of simulated weather and hydrology, and sampled flood statistics. In forthcoming work, we will improve weather generation mechanism by relaxing the spatial locations of weather systems, and implement climate change.
A comparison of different NDVI based methods for grapevines Kcb
Authors: Huet Benoit , Le Page Michel , Tous David , Fanise Pascal , Duthoit Sylvie , Bellvert Joaquim
Published: March 2022

The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) is the ratio of crop evapotranspiration that primarily corresponds to transpiration. A comparison of different approaches using remote sensing observations for the estimation of Kcb of grapevines is carried out. The study is done over a cv.Tempranillo vineyard located in Catalunya, Spain from March to July 2021.

The different approaches tested are the following: 1- a linear relation between NDVI and Kcb(Campos et al., 2010), 2 and 3 - the two different approaches proposed in (Allen and Pereira, 2009), where Kcb is estimated thanks to a density factor. The first version lies on an exponential of Leaf Area Index (LAI), the second version lies on the tree height and the fraction of effective exposed area. 4 and 5- an intercepted photosynthetic radiation (fiPAR) model (Oyarzun et al., 2007) using inferred crop height and width is related to Kcb through the (Lebon et al., 2003) and (Picón-Toro et al., 2012) proposals. 6- The generic tabulated approach proposed by (Allen et al., 1998) is also used to compare to a reference, however it must be remembered that those tabulations are only indicative.

The different approaches are compared to the actual Kcb retrieved from a flux tower and the reference evapotranspiration of a nearby weather station. The resulting Kcb are injected into a water budget and daily evapotranspirations are finally compared to actual measurements.

The simple linear method did not transfer well on this particular vineyard. The "Allen& Pereira LAI" and the "Oyarzun/Picon" had the best performance with a respective r2, RMSE of 0.57, 0.60 and 0.54 0.62 mm.day-1 on evapotranspiration estimates. However, the former approach through LAI does not seem really operational. The later method only needs to be parameterized with some easy to retrieve descriptions of the plot and plantation. In any case, a drawback of these NDVI based methods is the possible appearance of adventices, or the presence of a inter-row crop. Those must be withdrawn from the NDVI signal of the grapevine.
A new Integrated lithological model of the Iberian crust
Authors: Clemente-Gómez Carlos , Fullea Javier , Arnaiz-Rodríguez Mariano S.
Published: March 2022

The Earth’s crust hosts most of the geo-resources of societal interests (e.g. minerals, geothermal energy etc.). Integrative approaches combining geophysical and petrological observations to study the mantle assuming thermodynamic equilibrium are relatively common nowadays. However, in contrast to the mantle, where thermodynamic equilibrium is prevalent, vast portions of the crust are thermodynamically metastable. This is because equilibration processes are essentially temperature activated and the temperature in the crust is usually too low to trigger them. Consequently, the mineralogical assemblage of crustal rocks is mostly decoupled from the in situ pressure and temperature conditions, reflecting instead the conditions present at the moment of rock formation. Here we present a new methodology for integrated geophysical-petrological multi-data modelling of the crust. Our primary constraining data are fundamental mode Rayleigh wave surface wave dispersion curves determined by interstation cross-correlation measurements and teleseisms, as well as surface elevation (isostasy) and heat flow. Additional prior information is provided by P-wave velocities coming from controlled source and body wave tomography data. The inversion is framed within an integrated geophysical-petrological setting where mantle seismic velocities and densities are computed thermodynamically as a function of the in situ temperature and compositional conditions. In this work we develop a new parameterization of the crust where we first invert following global statistical correlations between Vp, Vs and crustal densities for different lithologies in a two-layered model. In a second step we compute the rock physical properties for different metamorphic facies and water contents using computational petrology to derive a plausible and consistent lithological model. In order to optimize the inversion procedure, we perform a sensitivity  analysis assessing the resolution of the different data sets. The new methodology is applied to the Iberian Peninsula and adjacent margins where we jointly invert for both the crustal and lithospheric mantle structure.
SENSUM project, Smart SENSing of landscapes Undergoing hazardous hydrogeomorphic Movement
Authors: Roskilly Kyle , Bennett Georgina , Curtis Robin , Egedusevic Martina , Jones Joshua , Whitworth Michael , Dini Benedetta , Luo Chunbo , Manzella Irene , Franco Aldina
Published: March 2022

An increase in storminess under climate change and population pressure are resulting in an increase in landslide and flood events, in the UK and globally, and threatening the defences put in place to mitigate these hazards. Monitoring of unstable hillslopes and flood-prone rivers as well as structures designed to protect these is vital. Furthermore, as landslides and floods are both triggered by heavy rainfall, often occurring simultaneously, and may interact to generate cascading hazards, we need integrated approaches for their management.

A key objective of the SENSUM project (Smart SENSing of landscapes Undergoing hazardous hydrogeomorphic Movement, https://sensum.ac.uk) is to develop a smart sensor to be embedded within boulder and wood debris in landslide and flood prone sites to detect and track hazardous movement. These low-power, low-cost devices communicate this in near real time via Internet of Things networks. Several wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been installed on landslides and in flood-prone rivers around the UK, involving insertion of devices into debris, installation of long-range wireless network gateways, and camera installation for validation of movements. The developed system architecture also permits straightforward integration of additional third-party sensors and open data. We aim to build a dataset with which hazardous movement can be detected using machine learning and communicated in near real time via alerts and web services to relevant stakeholders. This effort will be complemented by laboratory experiments.
Cropping Systems under Climate Change and Adaption in the Nile basin
Authors: Nkwasa Albert , Waha Katharina , van Griensven Ann
Published: March 2022

Most assessments of the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change do not differentiate between the impacts of climate change on the different cropping systems. However, with the Nile basin dominated by different cropping systems, assessments without examining the influence of climate change on the different cropping systems may bias the understanding of climate change impacts on agriculture. In this study, we use bias corrected climate change data from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and a regionally calibrated SWAT+ model to implement the different cropping systems and assess the impact of climate change on the crop yields from the different cropping systems with in the Nile basin. We assess both a ‘no adaptation scenario’ and an ‘adaptation scenario to a longer cultivar’.

Our analyses show that 36.3 % of the crop area in the Nile basin is under multiple (double) cropping. Results show that the combined mean crop yields in the basin decrease by 10.3 ± 1.3 % with future warming under a ‘no adaptation scenario’ but increase by 13.0 ± 4.3 % under an ‘adaptation scenario to a longer cultivar’. The decrease in mean crop yields under a ‘no adaption scenario’ was mainly attributed to the shortening of the maturity period due to increased projected temperature. The decrease signal is stronger in all the single cropping systems (1.3 – 24.6 %) as opposed to the double cropping system (0.3 – 13.3 %) under the no adaption scenario depending on the GCM (General Circulation Model). Likewise, the increase signal is stronger in double cropping systems (9.0 – 19.7 %) compared to the single cropping systems (3.5 – 8.4 %) under the ‘adaptation scenario to a longer cultivar’. Thus, farmers in the Nile basin can possibly benefit from double cropping (higher cropping intensities) systems while reducing the negative impacts of climate change on crop yields. Additionally, adapting to different crop cultivars can potentially abate the impacts of future warming on yields of selected crops.
The use of infrared remote sensing to prospect ore deposits on Mars. Preliminary results from a planetary field analog in the Rio Tinto mining area in Spain
Authors: Ciazela Marta , Ciazela Jakub , Pieterek Bartosz , Marciniak Dariusz
Published: March 2022

Data from martian rovers and martian meteorites suggest the presence of ore minerals on Mars (eg. pyrite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite). Three spectrometers: CRISM (The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars; spectral range 0.4-3.9 µm) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), OMEGA (Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l; Activité, 0.4 - 5.1 µm ) and PFS (Planetary Fourier Spectrometer, 1.3-45.0 µm) onboard Mars Express (MEX) operate in near infrared (NIR) spectrum and provide information on the mineral composition of Mars but none of them is yet capable to efficiently identify sulfides. Detecting sulfide ore deposits is difficult in NIR due to spectral interferences with silicates. Due to the limited in-situ measurements by the Opportunity, Spirit, Curiosity, and Perseverance rovers, Mars mineralogical studies must be supported by studies of terrestrial analogs. One example is the Rio Tinto area in Andalusia, Spain, which hosts the largest known volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits on Earth. In this area, we analyzed satellite images in the infrared spectrum (ASTER, Landsat 8). We will compare these results to mineralogical data we will retrieve in the field during envisaged geological mapping in Spring 2022. By establishing our test field for remote sensing of sulfide deposits in a PFA site on Earth, we will be able to determine abundance thresholds for the detection of major sulfide phases on Mars and identify their key spectral features. Our results will help in 1) more efficient use of the current NIR Martian spectrometers to detect ore minerals, 2) designing new space instruments optimized for ore detection to include in future missions to Mars such as one developed at the Institute of Geological Sciences and the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences called MIRORES (Martian far-IR ORE Spectrometer).

Acknowledgments: The presented research are supported by National Science Centre of Poland project OPUS19 no. 2020/37/B/ST10/01420 and Europlanet2024-research infrastructure grant no. 20-EPN2-020.
Spatial and frequency dependence of westerly wind events causing ENSO diversity
Authors: Unterholzner Jakob , Schlör Jakob , Goswami Bedartha
Published: March 2022

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibits a large diversity of events characterized by the location of extreme sea surface temperature anomalies either in the Eastern Pacific (EP) or Central Pacific (CP). While broadband stochastic wind forcing is one of the known drivers of ENSO, the relative influence of its high- and low-frequency component on ENSO diversity remains unclear. 

We conduct a spectral analysis of westerly wind anomalies, yielding high- and low-frequency wind components for six different regions in the equatorial Pacific. The influence of these high- and low-frequency westerly wind anomalies, as well as their spatial location, is used for predicting ENSO diversity at different lead times. Using causal network discovery combined with multiple linear and non-linear regression analyses, we obtain different predictors for the different types of ENSO. Our results identify causally relevant, spatial and frequency-band restricted westerly wind anomalies at different lead times, which might improve early forecasting of El Niño events and improve our understanding of stochastic wind forcing energizing ENSO. 
Global analysis of extreme precipitation changes in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification
Authors: Hobbi Salma , Nerantzaki Sofia , Papalexiou Simon Michael , Rajulapati Chandra Rupa
Published: March 2022

Changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation resulting from climate change are responsible for natural disasters such as severe floods and have been a major study focus during the last decades. Previous studies have mainly focused on the trends of annual maxima precipitation at global and regional scales. However, little is known about how extreme precipitation trends change among different climate types. This study offers a global analysis of extreme precipitation changes in terms of climate type by using over 8500 gauge-based records. We focus on the period 1964 to 2013 when global warming was accelerating. A climate type is assigned to each station based on the Köppen Geiger (KG) climate classification, resulting in 30 KG climate subtypes. Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator are applied to each time series, measuring the magnitude and significance of trends. The heaviness of the tail for each station is assessed based on the shape parameter of the Generalized Extreme Value distribution. Our results indicate a decreasing trend for the majority of stations associated with some of the arid, temperate, and continental subtypes (i.e., hot semi-arid (BSh); hot-summer temperate (Csa); warm-summer temperate (Csb); and warm, dry-summer continental (Dsb)). An increasing trend is observed for the stations associated with the remaining KG subtypes, especially stations associated with dry-summer subarctic (Dsc) and monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic (Dwd). A significant increasing trend is estimated for 9.7% of stations located in the eastern USA, Asia, and northern Europe. However, only 2% of stations, mainly in eastern Australia and the central USA have a significant decreasing trend. The heaviness of the tail is the largest in the Polar major climate type (E), followed by Tropical (A), Dry (B), Continental (D), and Temperate (C). For the climate subtypes, large heavy-tailed extremes are observed in extremely cold subarctic (Dfd), polar tundra (ET), and tropical monsoon (Am), while only light-tailed extremes were observed in subpolar oceanic (Cfc). This study reveals the relationship of extreme precipitation characteristics (e.g., tail heaviness and trend) with the climate types at the global scale.

 
Dense shelf water cascades and particle transport. A process-based numerical model approach
Authors: Amblas David , Silva Jacinto Ricardo
Published: March 2022

Downslope overflows of dense shelf-water, also known as dense shelf-water cascading (DSWC), are an important atmospheric-driven oceanographic process that occur in certain polar and temperate margins around the world. DSWC events are essential to the formation and ventilation of the deep ocean waters and provide an important link between shallow and deep waters, as they involve not just the massive transfer of water volumes but also sedimentary particles, organic carbon, pollutants and litter.

Field observations show that DSWC can rapidly reshape the seafloor, particularly in submarine canyons. It has been suggested that dense water fluxes could generate continental slope gullies in Polar Regions too. In situ near-bottom velocities up to 1.25 m·s-1 have been measured for these currents, which are similar to those attained by turbidity currents, although suspended sediment concentrations tend to be very much lower in DSWC, with values of 0.002 to 0.005 g·l-1. For this reason, these dilute flows have largely been considered as inefficient pumps for sediment transport. However, the water volumes transported by DSWC events are exceptionally large, as these flows can last for days to weeks, or even months in certain polar regions. Hence, we advocate that this fact is enough to reconsider the former assumption. We tackle this question using a process-based depth-integrated numerical model for gravity-driven density flows, which was initially developed for turbidity currents (Nixes-Tc model, developed at IFREMER). Our modelling analysis, based on Antarctica field observations, show the importance of confining morphological features (i.e. coast capes, cross-shelf troughs, canyons and gullies) to concentrate and guide dense shelf water flows and, ultimately, to renew the oceans deep water. We also study the capacity of individual DSWC events to transport sediment and provide insight into the cumulative effect of repeated DSWC events in shaping the seafloor.

Acknowledgments: This project has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish State Research Agency (grants EIN2020-112179 and PID2020-114322RBI00), from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant 658358), and from a postdoctoral grant of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS).