bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network analysis to evaluate complexities in relationships among fermentation variables measured within continuous culture experiments
Authors: Sujani Sathya , White Robin R , Firkins Jeffrey L , Wenner Benjamin A
Published: April 2023

The objective of this study was to leverage a frequentist (ELN) and Bayesian learning (BLN) network analyses to summarize quantitative associations among variables measured in 4 previously published dual-flow continuous culture fermentation experiments. Experiments were originally designed to evaluate effects of nitrate, defaunation, yeast, and/or physiological shifts associated with pH or solids passage rates on rumen conditions. Measurements from these experiments that were used as nodes within the networks included concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids, mM and nitrate, NO3−,%; outflows of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN, g/d), bacterial N (BN, g/d), residual N (RN, g/d), and ammonia N (NH3-N, mg/dL); degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDFd, %) and degradability of organic matter (OMd, %); dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d); urea in buffer (%); fluid passage rate (FF, L/d); total protozoa count (PZ, cells/mL); and methane production (CH4, mmol/d). A frequentist network (ELN) derived using a graphical LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) technique with tuning parameters selected by Extended Bayesian Information Criteria (EBIC) and a BLN were constructed from these data. The illustrated associations in the ELN were unidirectional yet assisted in identifying prominent relationships within the rumen that were largely consistent with current understanding of fermentation mechanisms. Another advantage of the ELN approach was that it focused on understanding the role of individual nodes within the network. Such understanding may be critical in exploring candidates for biomarkers, indicator variables, model targets, or other measurement-focused explorations. As an example, acetate was highly central in the network suggesting it may be a strong candidate as a rumen biomarker. Alternatively, the major advantage of the BLN was its unique ability to imply causal directionality in relationships. Because the BLN identified directional, cascading relationships, this analytics approach was uniquely suited to exploring the edges within the network as a strategy to direct future work researching mechanisms of fermentation. For example, in the BLN acetate responded to treatment conditions such as the source of N used and the quantity of substrate provided, while acetate drove changes in the protozoal populations, non-NH3-N and residual N flows. In conclusion, the analyses exhibit complementary strengths in supporting inference on the connectedness and directionality of quantitative associations among fermentation variables that may be useful in driving future studies.
A new formulation of screwworm fly attractant with reduced hazardous chemicals and transport restrictions
Authors: Hickner Paul V , Pacheco Lucas , Duke Sara E , Sanchez Ortiz Carlos , Welch John B , Phillips Pamela L , Arp Alex P
Published: April 2023

New World screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), are obligate parasites of warm-blooded animals. They were eradicated from North and Central America during the mid-20th to early-21st centuries using the sterile insect technique (SIT), a method presently employed to maintain a permanent barrier between Central and South America. Lures are an important component of the screwworm eradication program, where they are used for surveillance, sample collection, and strain evaluation in the field. The first chemical lure, later named swormlure, was developed based on the attractiveness of C. hominivorax to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced from decomposing animal tissues. The formulation has changed little over the years and presently contains 10 chemicals, one of which is dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). Restrictions on the transport of DMDS have recently impeded its use in swormlure-4 (SL-4). However, dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is not as highly restricted and can be shipped via air transportation. Both chemicals are produced by microbial decomposition of animal tissues. Here, we conducted field trials using three releases of sterile C. hominivorax, each comprising approximately 93,000 flies, to test the efficacy of SL-4, containing DMDS, to swormlure-5 (SL-5) containing DMTS. Traps baited with SL-4 and SL-5 captured 575 (mean = 191.7, SD 17.9) and 665 (mean = 221.7, SD 33.2) C. hominivorax, respectively (df = 19, F = 1.294, P = 0.269). However, traps baited with SL-5 captured considerably more Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), a closely related but nontarget fly.
Label-free microscopy for virus infections
Authors: Petkidis Anthony , Andriasyan Vardan , Greber Urs F
Published: April 2023

Microscopy has been essential to elucidate micro- and nano-scale processes in space and time and has provided insights into cell and organismic functions. It is widely employed in cell biology, microbiology, physiology, clinical sciences and virology. While label-dependent microscopy, such as fluorescence microscopy, provides molecular specificity, it has remained difficult to multiplex in live samples. In contrast, label-free microscopy reports on overall features of the specimen at minimal perturbation. Here, we discuss modalities of label-free imaging at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels, including transmitted light microscopy, quantitative phase imaging, cryogenic electron microscopy or tomography and atomic force microscopy. We highlight how label-free microscopy is used to probe the structural organization and mechanical properties of viruses, including virus particles and infected cells across a wide range of spatial scales. We discuss the working principles of imaging procedures and analyses and showcase how they open new avenues in virology. Finally, we discuss orthogonal approaches that enhance and complement label-free microscopy techniques.
Bioethics, Sociality, and Mental Illness
Authors: Englander Magnus
Published: April 2023

The phenomenology of bioethics is approached here in relation to the lived experience as it relates to the everyday lifeworld of persons suffering from mental illness. Taking a road less traveled, the purpose here is to elucidate ethical issues relating to sociality, using findings from qualitative phenomenological psychological research. Qualitative studies of schizophrenia and postpartum depression serve as examples. Layered throughout is the applied phenomenological argument pointing to the importance of returning to mundane intersubjectivity and the reversibility between mental illness, the existential context of suffering, and sociality.
Anti-abortionist Action Theory and the Asymmetry between Spontaneous and Induced Abortions
Authors: Anderson Matthew Lee
Published: April 2023

This essay defends the asymmetry between the badness of spontaneous and induced abortions in order to explain why anti-abortionists prioritize stopping induced abortions over preventing spontaneous abortions. Specifically, it argues (1) the distinction between killing and letting-die is of more limited use in explaining the asymmetry than has sometimes been presumed, and (2) that accounting for intentions in moral agency does not render performances morally inert. Instead, anti-abortionists adopt a pluralist, nonreductive account of moral analysis which is situated against a backdrop that sees the limits of our ability to control the process of fertility as themselves valuable. Although this view is complex, the paper concludes by arguing that it has the advantage of explaining features of the anti-abortion outlook that have sometimes been overlooked. First, it accounts for why the pre-Roe regime of abortion restrictions primarily imposed penalties on doctors who induced abortions rather than the women who seek them. Second, it explains why the advent of ectogestation will not prompt anti-abortionists to compromise on ‘disconnect abortions,’ which putatively let the embryo die by extracting it from the mother’s womb.
Language structure is influenced by the proportion of non-native speakers: A reply to Koplenig (2019)
Authors: Kauhanen Henri , Einhaus Sarah , Walkden George
Published: April 2023

A recent quantitative study claims language structure, whether quantified as morphological or information-theoretic complexity, to be unaffected by the proportion of those speaking the language non-natively [A. Koplenig, Royal Society Open Science, 6, 181274 (2019)]. This result hinges on either the use of a categorical notion of ‘vehicularity’ as a proxy for the proportion of L2 (second-language) speakers, or the imputation of an assumed zero proportion of L2 speakers for languages that are considered non-vehicular but for which no direct estimate of that proportion exists. We provide two alternative analyses of the same data. The first reanalysis treats uncertain non-vehicular languages as missing data points; the second one employs multiple imputation to fill in the missing data. Mixed effects models find a statistically significant negative relationship between proportion of L2 speakers and morphological complexity: in both reanalyses, a higher proportion of L2 speakers predicts lower morphological complexity. We find no statistically significant evidence for a relationship between proportion of L2 speakers and information-theoretic complexity, however.
Epidemiology of Sepsis in US Children and Young Adults
Authors: Magill Shelley S , Sapiano Mathew R P , Gokhale Runa , Nadle Joelle , Johnston Helen , Brousseau Geoff , Maloney Meghan , Ray Susan M , Wilson Lucy E , Perlmutter Rebecca , Lynfield Ruth , DeSilva Malini , Sievers Marla , Irizarry Lourdes , Dumyati Ghinwa , Pierce Rebecca , Zhang Alexia , Kainer Marion , Fiore Anthony E , Dantes Raymund , Epstein Lauren
Published: April 2023

Background

Most multicenter studies of US pediatric sepsis epidemiology use administrative data or focus on pediatric intensive care units. We conducted a detailed medical record review to describe sepsis epidemiology in children and young adults.

Methods

In a convenience sample of hospitals in 10 states, patients aged 30 days–21 years, discharged during 1 October 2014–30 September 2015, with explicit diagnosis codes for severe sepsis or septic shock, were included. Medical records were reviewed for patients with documentation of sepsis, septic shock, or similar terms. We analyzed overall and age group–specific patient characteristics.

Results

Of 736 patients in 26 hospitals, 442 (60.1%) had underlying conditions. Most patients (613 [83.3%]) had community-onset sepsis, although most community-onset sepsis was healthcare associated (344 [56.1%]). Two hundred forty-one patients (32.7%) had outpatient visits 1–7 days before sepsis hospitalization, of whom 125 (51.9%) received antimicrobials ≤30 days before sepsis hospitalization. Age group–related differences included common underlying conditions (<5 years: prematurity vs 5–12 years: chronic pulmonary disease vs 13–21 years: chronic immunocompromise); medical device presence ≤30 days before sepsis hospitalization (1–4 years: 46.9% vs 30 days–11 months: 23.3%); percentage with hospital-onset sepsis (<5 years: 19.6% vs ≥5 years: 12.0%); and percentage with sepsis-associated pathogens (30 days–11 months: 65.6% vs 13–21 years: 49.3%).

Conclusions

Our data suggest potential opportunities to raise sepsis awareness among outpatient providers to facilitate prevention, early recognition, and intervention in some patients. Consideration of age-specific differences may be important as approaches are developed to improve sepsis prevention, risk prediction, recognition, and management.
Compassionate Use of Bacteriophages for Failed Persistent Infections During the First 5 Years of the Israeli Phage Therapy Center
Authors: Onallah Hadil , Hazan Ronen , Nir-Paz Ran ,   Israeli Phage Therapy Center (IPTC) Study Team, Yerushalmy Ortal , Rimon Amit , Braunstein Ron , Gelman Daniel , Alkalay Sivan , Abdalrhman Mohanad , Stuczynski Daniel , Coppenhagen-Glazer Shunit , Gelman Shira , Khalifa Leron , Adler Karen , Yerushalmy Ortal , Rimon Amit , Braunstein Ron , Alkalay Sivan , Stuczynski Daniel , Coppenhagen-Glazer Shunit , Abdalrhman Mohanad , Moses Allon E , Oster Yonatan , Liebergall Meir , Perets Itay , Rivkin Gurion , Weil Yoram A , Dekel Michal , Ben-Ami Ronen , Khoury Amal , Kedar Daniel J , Meijer Suzy E , Bishouty Nancy , Yahav Dafna , Shostak Eran , Livni Gilat
Published: April 2023

The use of bacteriophages (phages) is reemerging as a potential treatment option for antibiotic-resistant or nonresolving bacterial infections. Phages are bacteria-specific viruses that may serve as a personalized therapeutic option with minimal collateral damage to the patient or the microbiome. In 2018 we established the Israeli Phage Therapy Center (IPTC) as a shared initiative of the Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, aiming to conduct all of the steps required for phage-based solutions, from phage isolation and characterization to treatments, for nonresolving bacterial infections. So far, a total of 159 requests for phage therapy arrived to the IPTC; 145 of them were from Israel and the rest from other countries. This number of registered requests is growing annually. Multidrug-resistant bacteria accounted for 38% of all phage requests. Respiratory and bone infections were the most prevalent among clinical indications and accounted for 51% of the requests. To date, 20 phage therapy courses were given to 18 patients by the IPTC. In 77.7% (n = 14) of the cases, a favorable clinical outcome of infection remission or recovery was seen. Clearly, establishing an Israeli phage center has led to an increased demand for compassionate use of phages with favorable outcomes for many previously failed infections. As clinical trials are still lacking, publishing patient data from cohort studies is pertinent to establish clinical indications, protocols, and success and failure rates. Last, workflow processes and bottlenecks should be shared to enable faster availability and authorization of phages for clinical use.
The Jukebox Fifties
Authors: Sprengler Christine
Published: April 2023

Chapter 4, “The Jukebox Fifties,” considers youth culture and the privileging of music within it. Teenagers, a relatively new identity category that became entrenched in the 1950s, and the popular music geared toward them, were a dominant force in some of the earliest cinematic representations of the postwar era. This chapter devotes space to one early example, namely, Grease (1978), to survey the internal fractures that in many ways defined this film and set it apart from other Fifties revivals of the 1970s. What’s more, as a cult film, Grease thrives in the popular imaginary, continuing to circulate in various forms, re-stagings, and fan practices. This chapter argues that it harbored a critical edge, sometimes in spite of itself, and one that depended in large part on various nascent postmodern strategies invested in cultural memory. These concerns continue to dominate Grease’s progeny, even if these later films diverged quite substantially from it. The aim here is to follow one key thread to demonstrate the ways in which its legacy persists. Specifically, this chapter tracks how the “greaser,” a working-class identity construct, continues life not just through various film roles but through rockabilly culture, itself of recent interest to photographers and documentarians, including Jennifer Greenburg. This work is noted after an analysis of April Mullen’s independent film, Badsville (2017).
Conclusion
Authors: Sprengler Christine
Published: April 2023

This brief conclusion reflects on the surge of 1950s-set releases in the last few years and, especially, the significant number of recent long-form television series engaged with the postwar period in America. It suggests directions for future research including a focus on television, an expanded global corpus, and a more in-depth consideration of 1950s set films in scholarship on “history films.” The inclusion of these films in academic discourses concerned with cinematic representations of history could be especially productive given the ways in which this corpus is invested in historicity, in excavating the relationship between past and present in ways that highlight historical processes, and in exposing in genuine and nuanced terms why the history or, rather, histories, of the 1950s matters.
Part-Time for All
Authors: Nedelsky Jennifer , Malleson Tom
Published: April 2023

Part-Time for All offers solutions to four pressing problems: inequality for care-givers; family stress from demands of work and care; chronic time scarcity; and policy makers who are ignorant of care and care-givers with little access to policy making—the care/policy divide. Only a radical restructuring of both work and care can redress all these problems. We propose new norms: no one does paid work for more than 30 hours a week, and everyone contributes roughly 22 hours of unpaid care to family, friends, or their chosen community of care. Other approaches provide only partial solutions. For example, wages for housework, or excellent daycare, or flexible work hours would not overcome the care/policy divide. We explain why everyone needs to acquire the knowledge and dispositions that come from the sustained experience of providing care throughout one’s life. We show how work can be transformed to allow time for care giving, and how these new norms will generate a cultural shift in the value accorded care. While we focus primarily on human-to-human care, we include care for the earth. The final two chapters describe how these processes of transformation could be feasibly accomplished and why these changes are possible in high-income countries within our current global economy. Every one of our proposals already exists in at least one country; the task is to integrate the key reforms and scale them up. Given the magnitude of the current problems, deep changes are needed. Part-Time for All offers a feasible path forward.
Permissible Defensive Harm and Liability
Authors: Strawser Bradley Jay
Published: April 2023

This chapter provides an overview of various rights-based accounts of permissible defensive harm, for self or others. It maps the main lines of positions within the rights-based accounts, showing strengths and weaknesses of various approaches. It focuses on the conditions necessary for someone to become liable to defensive harm. Someone becomes liable to such harm only because of, and in order to, block an unjust threat that person poses. This will raise difficult questions around responsibility and nonresponsibility for a given threat of harm, and demand answers for force-choice scenarios. I argue that liability to harm requires some level of moral responsibility by the agent for the wrongful threat posed. What does it mean to say someone is responsible? It could mean simple culpability on one end all the way to bare agency on the other. I reject both accounts as failing to deliver the right grounds for responsibility necessary to incur liability. This sets up the next chapter where I offer a new account of the responsibility criterion.
The Puzzle of Benevolent Aggression
Authors: Strawser Bradley Jay
Published: April 2023

In chapters 6 and 7, the book explores the idea of collective national defense and the ways in which it can be justified upon a liberal commitment to the value of individual autonomy. I argue across both chapters that it can be. To make this case, I first set up what I call the Puzzle of Benevolent Aggression. Chapter 6’s primary aim is to set up the puzzle and to show why benevolent aggression is so difficult for liberalism to resolve. Namely, if there was mere conditional aggression by one state against another, and it not only wouldn’t harm any individuals in the attacked state but would actually improve their individual lives, on what liberal grounds could they claim justified national defense? I explore the intuition that they can still justifiably defend their nation, and I resolve this challenge in the next chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Villarreal Ricardo
Published: April 2023

The word artisanal has had a significant impact on the marketing of consumer products. Artisanal-labeled products can be found in the shops of true artisans, reflecting a genuine connection between the term and the product. On the other hand, artisanal-labeled commodities can also be found on global chains’ products, reflecting a disconnect between the term and the manufactured goods. This indiscriminate use has damaged what artisanal means for consumers. A solution to reclaiming the meaning of artisanal or repositioning completely is to focus on the fundamental marketing tools of the 4Ps (product, price, place, promotion); segmentation, targeting, and positioning; and branding. Combining these tools can help artisanal producers develop marketing and communications strategies to build meaningful relationships with their target market.
The Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

A basic knowledge of the functional anatomy of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) forms a foundation for understanding the neurocircuitry of sensory and motor functions, the methods of the neurological examination, and interpretation of neurological exam findings. The PNS consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These nerves carry afferent fibers transmitting sensory information from the body and head to the central nervous system (CNS), and efferent fibers from the CNS to the effector organs (i.e., muscles and glands) of the body and head. The spinal nerves emanate from the spine and serve the sensory and motor functions of the body. The cranial nerves emanate from the cranium and serve the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck, the special senses, and parasympathetic innervation. Each cranial nerve is associated with one or more cranial nerve nuclei, mostly located in the brainstem.
The Spinal Cord
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The spinal cord serves as a conduit for efferent pathways leaving the brain en route to the effector organs (i.e., muscles and exocrine glands) of the body (below the head), and somatosensory pathways from the body en route to the brain; thus, it functions as the neural link between the brain and the body. Additionally, the spinal cord serves integrative and signal-processing functions and coordinates subconscious activities through spinal reflexes (such as immediate withdrawal of a limb from a potentially harmful stimulus). This chapter introduces the reader to spinal cord gross anatomy, segmental organization, and functional organization, as well as spinal reflexes and spinal cord injury syndromes.
The Cerebellum
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

As the largest motor structure of the central nervous system, the cerebellum plays a critical role in movement, while damage to it leads to disorders of motor function. The cerebellum regulates the rate, rhythm, force, and accuracy of movements, and cerebellar damage produces movement incoordination. The cerebellum also plays a role in non-motor functions, although in ways that are far less understood. This chapter details the anatomy of the cerebellum, functional divisions of the cerebellum, and signs and symptoms of cerebellar damage. Causes of cerebellar dysfunction include stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, neurodegeneration due to chronic alcoholism, and acute alcohol intoxication. Congenital malformations affecting the cerebellum include Chiari malformations and Dandy-Walker syndrome.
The Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of gray matter that covers the two cerebral hemispheres. It is especially well developed in humans and is the part of the brain that is most closely associated with cognition and voluntary behavior. A basic knowledge of cortical anatomy is critical to understanding disorders of higher brain functions. This chapter discusses the anatomy of the cerebral cortex and its connections, history of the concept of cortical localization, functional maps, the concept of hierarchical cortical function, and Brodmann’s cytoarchitectural map. In addition, it describes cortical disconnection syndromes, corpus callosotomy, and agenesis of the corpus callosum.
The Temporal Lobes and Associated Disorders
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The temporal lobes encompass several anatomical regions with distinct functional roles involving the special senses of audition, olfaction, and vision, as well as the complex processes of language, memory, and emotion. The principal symptoms of temporal lobe damage are disorders of auditory perception, olfactory perception, visual perception and object recognition, episodic memory, semantic memory, language comprehension, and affective behavior. This chapter focuses on describing temporal lobe anatomy and its role in audition, olfaction, and Alzheimer’s disease. The role of the temporal lobes in visuoperceptual processing, memory, language, and emotion is discussed in other chapters of this volume due to the scope and importance of these processes.
Stroke and Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

Stroke is defined as the acute onset of a non-convulsive, neurologic deficit that is caused by a disturbance of the cerebral circulation. It is the most common neurologic disorder and the most common cause of brain lesions. The signs and symptoms of stroke vary widely from person to person, however, in all strokes the neurologic deficit has an abrupt onset. Stroke is due to either ischemia (i.e., a loss of blood flow to a focal area of neural tissue) or hemorrhage (i.e., rupture of a blood vessel and bleeding). This chapter describes the pathophysiology and anatomic classification of ischemic stroke; transient ischemic attack; the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic stroke; stroke diagnosis, treatment, and prevention; and vascular cognitive impairment.
Epilepsy
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures. A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. There are many different types of seizures, and they are classified based on where they start in the brain (onset), whether awareness is affected, and whether motor symptoms are present at seizure onset. There is no single pathology underlying all seizures, however, they all share a common mechanism that involves disruption in the balance between inhibitory and excitatory neuronal activity that results in hyperexcitability. This chapter discusses electrophysiological methods used in the diagnosis of epilepsy, seizure classification, epilepsy syndromes, medical treatment, seizure focus localization, functional mapping, surgical treatment, and neuromodulation treatments by electrical stimulation.
White Matter Disease
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

A central tenet of clinical behavioral neuroscience is that it is the location of the neuropathology, rather than the specific pathology, that is key to understanding brain-behavior relationships and sequelae of brain injury and disease. Perception, cognition, emotion, and behavior are mediated by neural circuits consisting of multiple gray matter nodes (cortical zones or subcortical nuclei) and white matter tracts connecting those nodes. The gray matter nodes serve local information processing, while white matter serves information transfer. White matter allows for faster communication by enhancing the speed of electrical signaling within neurons, and abnormalities of myelination diminish the efficiency and efficacy of information transfer. White matter, therefore, is critical to optimal brain function. Lesions in white matter connections can undermine the function of distributed neural networks, even when their gray matter components remain intact. This chapter introduces the reader to the basics of white matter and the white matter diseases.
The Motor System and Motor Disorders
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The nervous system as a whole directs behavior adaptively in the interests of survival and reproduction, but ultimately behavior is expressed through the motor system. Movement can be involuntary (reflexes) or voluntary (purposeful, learned), or can contain both reflexive and intentional components, and it occurs on a background of postural tone. The basic elements of the motor system are muscles, primary motor neurons, spinal cord, motor cortex, multiple brainstem motor nuclei, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the neuronal pathways connecting these structures. The goals of this chapter are to introduce the reader to the basic anatomy of the motor system from muscle to cerebral cortex, and to some motor disorders that arise from pathologies at various levels of the motor system, namely myasthenia gravis, cerebral palsy, motor neuron diseases, apraxia, and alien hand syndrome.
Memory and Amnesia
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

Memory is a general term for the mental processes involving the acquisition and retention of information, and the retrieval of stored information. Our understanding of the neurological basis of memory was revolutionized by studies of patient H.M., who underwent an experimental bilateral temporal lobectomy to treat epilepsy in 1953. The surgery was successful in treating the seizures but unexpectedly resulted in a profound anterograde amnesia, an impairment in the conscious, deliberate recall of information learned initially after injury or illness onset. Amnesia occurs in a variety of neurological conditions that disrupt brain memory networks. This chapter describes the anatomy and clinical features of anterograde amnesia, pathologies that commonly produce amnesia, transient amnesia syndromes, and the various forms of memory that have been elucidated by studying individuals with memory disorders.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

Neuropsychological assessment is an in-depth, performance-based evaluation of cognitive and behavioral functions (also referred to as higher brain functions). It is performed by neuropsychologists who have specialty training and expertise in brain-behavior relationships; the effects of brain injuries and disease on brain function; psychometric measurement of mental processes relating to brain function; and the diagnosis of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional disorders associated with brain injury or disease. The neuropsychological assessment can be thought of as an expansion of the mental status component of the neurologic examination. Both examinations evaluate nervous system functions, and they are complementary; some patients may require both. This chapter describes the process of clinical neuropsychological assessment and the structure of the resulting report.
Divine Contradiction
Authors: Beall Jc
Published: April 2023

Christian theology is supposed to be monotheistic: the number of gods is 1. A longstanding problem comes with the trinity: each of Father, Son and Spirit is God, but Father isn’t Son, and Son isn’t Spirit, and Spirit isn’t Father. The doctrine confronts two longstanding problems: a ‘logical’ problem (viz., apparent contradiction) and a ‘counting convention’ problem. In his paradigm-shifting Divine Contradiction Jc Beall charts a strikingly new account of divine reality. Unlike the many philosophers and theologians before him, Beall provides a simple but logically rigorous solution to target problems, arguing that the apparent contradictions of the trinity cannot be rejected without thereby rejecting fundamental truths of divine reality. With the clarity and precision that only a logician could provide, Beall provides theology and the christian church in general with a very simple and viable model of divine reality. Unlike the vast number of theologians and philosophers before him, Beall rejects the quest for a logically consistent account of divine reality. The triune god (viz., God) is truly and fully described only via contradiction. As such, attempts to remove the contradiction are attempts to remove truths of God.
Seven Virtues
Authors: Beall Jc
Published: April 2023

Chapter 4 highlights seven virtues of Beall’s contradictory account of trinitarian reality. A key virtue of Beall’s account is that it offers a rare unified solution to the ‘logical’ problems of both the incarnation and trinitarian reality. Additionally, Beall discusses the simplicity and both the epistemological and metaphysical neutrality of his contradictory account. Furthermore, Beall argues that his contradictory account avoids unnecessary appeals to mystery, analogical language, and convoluted relative-identity relations.
Seven Objections
Authors: Beall Jc
Published: April 2023

As with any proposed solution to the target trinitarian problems, objections abound. In Chapter 5, Beall replies to seven big-picture objections directed at his contradictory trinitarian account. Some of the objections addressed in this chapter are leveled against contradictory theology writ large (e.g., that a contradictory God is not a perfect God or that God’s transcendence blocks univocal discussions of God’s nature). Some of the objections are highly detailed, focused on specific elements in Beall’s account (e.g., the counting convention, features of the advanced 3-1-ness entailment patterns). In addition, an objection highlighting the seemingly conflicting nature of Beall’s christological account found in The Contradictory Christ (2021) with his trinitarian proposal helps to illuminate how Beall’s understanding of divine reality changed from his original 2021 work in christology.
Measuring Some Non-Contradictory Accounts
Authors: Beall Jc
Published: April 2023

The pile of literature devoted to the target trinitarian problems is colossal. In Chapter 6, Beall briefly rehearses and critically evaluates some of the more recent (and popular) non-contradictory solutions to the relevant trinitarian issues. Specifically, Beall briefly discusses social-trinitarian accounts, ‘pure’ relative-identity accounts, ‘impure’ relative-identity (constitution) accounts, epistemic mystery accounts, and more. Beall’s precise logical framework for evaluating such accounts illuminates many novel issues confronting (or, in some cases, clearly refuting) such well-known accounts. Ultimately, the problems discussed in the chapter further motivate Beall’s account over the common lot of consistency-seeking accounts.
Georg von der Gabelentz’s typology
Authors: McElvenny James
Published: April 2023

This paper by Georg von der Gabelentz (1840–1893) contains the first published use of the term ‘typology’ (Typologie) in a specifically linguistic sense; this term has since become the standard name for the subfield of linguistics concerned with the structural diversity of the world’s languages. The significance of Gabelentz’ text is, however, not confined to a felicitous coinage: his essay encapsulates key aspects of the transition in linguistic scholarship from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. On the one hand, Gabelentz revisits key themes from nineteenth-century language classification in a conceptual framework that appeals to notions of ‘race’, an endeavour that was no longer fashionable even at the time he was writing. On the other hand, Gabelentz seemingly anticipates ideas and methods that would only come to the fore in twentieth-century efforts at language typology. Most notable here is his treatment of languages as ‘free organic structures’ whose ‘parts stand together in a necessary mutual configuration’, a clear statement of a central tenet of later structuralism. Gabelentz’ proposal to use statistics to capture the correlation of structures within languages similarly seems to anticipate key aspects of the methods employed in linguistic typology since the work of Joseph Greenberg (1915–2001). The introductory essay explores the historical and intellectual context of Gabelentz’ paper and its reception in linguistic scholarship.
On applying cognitive psychology
Authors: Baddeley Alan
Published: April 2023

There are many different ways of applying cognitive psychology to practical problems. The author’s own approach owes much to the early years of their research career spent at the Medical Research Council Applied Psychology Unit in Cambridge, UK. The Unit’s commitment to combining theory and practice is briefly described as reflected through the very different research styles, methods, and personalities of its most senior scientists during the author’s early development: Broadbent, Conrad, and Poulton. Rather than attempting to cover the author’s own work over the following 50 years, the chapter illustrates this influence through three diverse projects conducted over the last 5 years. One study investigated the memory capacities of people known as Hafiz, those who have learned by heart the whole of the Qur’an. A second was concerned with the role of the phonological loop in second language learning by Chinese speakers. The third aimed to develop a measure of accelerated long-term forgetting in people with epilepsy. All began with a practical aim and resulted in unexpected implications for theory.
Working memory, intelligence, and life success
Authors: Mashburn Cody A. , Burgoyne Alexander P. , Engle Randall W.
Published: April 2023

Some people are more successful than others when it comes to school performance, career attainment, financial stability, mental health, and physical well-being. What explains individual differences in these real-world outcomes? This chapter shows how individual differences in intelligence, and particularly working memory capacity, attention control, and fluid intelligence, are related to life success. It begins by discussing the executive attention view, which treats attention control as a central factor underpinning individual differences in working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. After describing the theoretical framework, it reviews evidence revealing how individual differences in these cognitive abilities, and intelligence more broadly defined, relate to life outcomes in the domains of academic achievement, job performance, physical health, mortality, and psychological well-being. It also speculates about mechanisms that might mediate these relationships and discuss confounding variables such as environmental inequality that challenge the ability to disentangle the effects of intelligence from the effects of the environment. The chapter concludes by suggesting avenues for future research.
Parent–child autobiographical reminiscing as a foundation for literacy, memory, and science education
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Haden Catherine A. , Reese Elaine
Published: April 2023

This chapter presents a sociocultural developmental model of children’s autobiographical memory as foundational for the development of more abstract cognitive skills. It argues that autobiographical memory develops in parentally scaffolded everyday interactions that help children construct coherent and elaborated narratives of the personal past. The chapter then presents theoretical and empirical evidence that the reflective and metacognitive skills that are modelled, socialized, and internalized during everyday practices of parent–child reminiscing about the personal past provide a basis for abstract and academic knowledge-building in literacy, deliberate memory, and scientific concepts.
Medieval Allegory as Epistemology
Authors: Nievergelt Marco
Published: April 2023

This book argues that late medieval dream-poetry was able to use allegorical fiction and dream-vision poetry to explore a set of complex philosophical questions regarding the nature of human knowledge. The three principal texts discussed in this monograph are among the most widely read and influential poems of the later Middle Ages: they are Jean de Meun’s Roman de la Rose; the Pèlerinages trilogy of Guillaume de Deguileville; and William Langland’s vision of Piers Plowman in its various versions. All three poets grapple with a number of shared, closely related epistemological problems that emerged in Western Europe during the thirteenth century, in the wake of the reception of the complete body of Aristotle’s works on logic and the natural sciences. The present study therefore does not only examine the intertextual and literary-historical relations linking the work of the three poets, but takes their shared interest in cognition and epistemology as a starting point to assess their wider cultural and intellectual significance in the context of broader developments in late medieval philosophy of mind, knowledge, and language. This study therefore argues that vernacular literature more broadly played an extremely important role in lending an enlarged cultural resonance to philosophical ideas developed by scholastic thinkers, but also stresses that allegorical narrative could prompt philosophical speculation on its own terms, deliberately interrogating the dominance and authority of scholastic discourses and institutions by using first-person fictional narrative as a tool for intellectual speculation.
Introduction
Authors: Nievergelt Marco
Published: April 2023

The introduction situates the study in the context of recent research on the interaction between intellectual culture and vernacular literary culture in the later Middle Ages (c. 1250–1400), and identifies the larger theoretical and methodological implications of the study. In general, the introduction argues for the importance of recognizing the relevance of vernacular ‘literature’, and especially poetry, within a more capacious and fluid kind of intellectual history of the later Middle Ages. More specifically, the introduction identifies the ability of allegorical dream narrative to function as a powerful tool for staging thought experiments on a series of closely interlinked philosophical questions that concern the mechanisms of human cognition and experience as well as the larger problem of the status of subjective, and specifically contingent, knowledge. The introduction also provides an overview of some of the principal developments in late medieval philosophy of mind, knowledge, and language that provide the broader context for the close analysis of the main corpus of texts in subsequent chapters.
In the Beginning was the Rose
Authors: Nievergelt Marco
Published: April 2023

The Roman de la Rose does not only play a seminal role not only in the development of late medieval allegorical literature in the Anglo-French and European traditions, but also helps to trigger a wider epistemic turn within late medieval vernacular poetry more broadly. This chapter situates the poem within its immediate context of production—that Faculty of Arts at the University of Paris in the 1270s—and examines in detail the poem’s attitude towards scholastic learning as a whole. More specifically, the chapter examines in depth how the Roman de la Rose engages and critiques some of the contemporary theories of signification, and particularly theories of metaphorical expression (translatio or transumptio), especially those articulated by Roger Bacon, which challenge a wide range of established beliefs that underpin the theories of contemporary grammarians and logicians. The chapter then provides a sustained discussion of the interpretive, cognitive, and epistemological challenges raised by the poem, particularly in terms of the relations between language, knowledge, and different types of scientia, and goes on to identify some of the recurrent philosophical problems and difficulties that emerge throughout the poem’s reception history during the later Middle Ages across Europe. The chapter finally argues that the Roman de la Rose mounts a systematic critique of mainstream theories of linguistic signification that dominate contemporary University culture, drawing attention to the highly unstable, unpredictable, and potentially manipulative referential function of language as a whole, and of poetic language in particular.
Cognition: Theory and Practice
Authors: Nievergelt Marco
Published: April 2023

Chapter 3 opens by arguing that despite its pointed interest in language, Deguileville’s Pèlerinage de Vie Humaine finally traces a movement away from language—away from signa and back to the res that appear as the sole ‘real’, ultimate objects of human acts of understanding. The poem’s energies are now refocused on the nature of human mind, cognition, perception, and imagination. Deguileville adopts a distinctly dualist/Augustinian model of the soul, rejecting the hylomorphic, and by now dominant model of cognition based on sense perception propounded by Aristotle and his Arabic commentators. In order to do so, Deguileville has recourse to a number of alternative theoretical accounts of cognition—from Avicenna’s thought experiment of the ‘Flying Man’ to John of Peter Olivi’s unusual and controversial theory of the soul’s active perception. The poem’s action, however, tends to suggest that the pilgrim’s soul is rather a passive recipient of physical forces from the created world. This also reveals the fragility of Deguileville’s theory of the poetic imagination: for from confirming the independence of the imaginative faculty from the world of matter, the status of mental images is revealed as being ineluctably embodied, and as such susceptible to sensual and concupiscible appetites. Despite his best efforts to reject the carnal allegorical poetics of the Roman de la Rose, then, Deguileville appears forced to concede the cognitive operations of the mind and poetic imagination are inextricably entangled with the world of contingent matter, and thus inherently prone to error, deception, misreading, delusion, and manipulation.
The Desire for Knowledge and the Experience of Conversion
Authors: Nievergelt Marco
Published: April 2023

The chapter begins with an overview of scholarly work on Langland and the French allegorical tradition, and suggests important modifications of our approach to Langland’s use of such ‘sources’. The chapter then moves on to discuss how what arguably is the central event of the poem—Will’s crisis in the third vision, culminating with the first inner dream in B passus XI—grows out of Langland’s protracted and reiterated engagement with Deguileville’s Pèlerinage de Vie Humaine and its own internal tensions and contradictions. Langland’s anxious exploration of the salvific potential of learning in particular, as well as his treatment of Will’s ‘conversion’ in this section, must be read as elaborate responses to the aporias of the French poem. I begin by considering the events in passus XIII and XIV, which may be read as an extended rewriting, renegotiation, and ultimately disavowal of the closing sections of Deguileville’s poem, where the pilgrim abandons his quest and seeks refuge in a monastic enclosure. Indeed, the sustained development of the alimentary metaphors during the Feast of Patience suggest that Langland is here refashioning the ending of Deguileville’s poem: there, the pilgrim is converted to a radically contemplative life of monastic devotion, oration, and liturgical performance, characterized by a new, sapiential understanding of the inner Word. Langland, by contrast, once more exposes the limitations of institutional structures in preserving the living Word made flesh, and concludes this extended section with the departure of Conscience, signalling a transition to yet another stage in Will’s wanderings.