bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are academic libraries ready for knowledge management?
Authors: Marouf Laila
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational factors, such as the culture of trust, human resources (HR) practice and top management support on librarians’ attitudes towards knowledge sharing (KS), and the degree to which this attitude affects their perceived readiness to adopt knowledge management (KM).

Design/methodology/approach

A soft copy of the questionnaire was sent to 217 academic librarians in both public and private universities in Kuwait. A total of 150 valid responses were collected and tested using a structural equation model. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS and LISREL software to verify the research hypotheses.

Findings

The study found that apart from HR practices, all the other factors had significant effects on librarians’ attitudes towards KS. In addition, the attitude of librarians towards KS was found to significantly affect the readiness to adopt KM in academic libraries.

Practical implications

Findings should help libraries identify opportunities and barriers to adopting KM. Results indicate that strengthening the affecting factors, such as a culture of trust and top management support, lead to a more positive attitude towards KS and ultimately a better chance of success for any KM initiative that will take place in an academic library.

Originality/value

The primary research contribution is the conceptual model of the effect of the organizational factors of a culture of trust, HR practices and top management support on librarians’ attitudes towards KS, and the degree to which this affects their perceived readiness to adopt KM.
Trends and challenges of visual search interfaces in digital libraries and repositories
Authors: Gaona-García Paul Alonso , Martin-Moncunill David , Montenegro-Marin Carlos Enrique
Published: February 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to present an overview of the challenges encountered in integrating visual search interfaces into digital libraries and repositories. These challenges come in various forms, including information visualisation, the use of knowledge organisation systems and metadata quality. The main purpose of this study is the identification of criteria for the evaluation and integration of visual search interfaces, proposing guidelines and recommendations to improve information retrieval tasks with emphasis on the education-al context.

Design/methodology/approach

The information included in this study was collected based on a systematic literature review approach. The main information sources were explored in several digital libraries, including Science Direct, Scopus, ACM and IEEE, and include journal articles, conference proceedings, books, European project reports and deliverables and PhD theses published in an electronic format. A total of 142 studies comprised the review.

Findings

There are several issues that authors did not fully discuss in this literature review study; more specific, aspects associated with access of digital resources in digital libraries and repositories based on human computer interaction, i.e. usability and learnability of user interfaces; design of a suitable navigation method of search based on simple knowledge organisation schemes; and the use of usefulness of visual search interfaces to locate relevant resources.

Research limitations/implications

The main steps for carrying out a systematic review are drawn from health care; this methodology is not commonly used in fields such as digital libraries and repositories. The authors aimed to apply the fundamentals of the systematic literature review methodology considering the context of this study. Additionally, there are several aspects of accessibility that were not considered in the study, such as accessibility to content for disabled people as defined by ISO/IEC 40500:2012.

Originality/value

No other systematic literature reviews have been conducted in this field. The research presents an in-depth analysis of the criteria associated with searching and navigation methods based on the systematic literature review approach. The analysis is relevant for researchers in the field of digital library and repository creation in that it may direct them to considerations in designing and implementing visual search interfaces based on the use of information visualisation.
Developing a novel recommender network-based ranking mechanism for library book acquisition
Authors: Wu Fan , Hu Ya-Han , Wang Ping-Rong
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Most academic libraries provide book recommendation services to enable readers to recommend books to the libraries. To facilitate decision-making in book acquisition, this study aimed to develop a method to determine the ranking of the recommended books based on the recommender network.

Design/methodology/approach

The recommender network was conducted to establish relationships among book recommenders and their similar readers by using circulation records. Furthermore, social computing techniques were used to evaluate the degree of representativeness of the recommenders and subsequently applied as a criterion to rank the recommended books. Empirical studies were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ranking system. The Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the proposed ranking system and the ranking obtained using reader circulation statistics were used as performance measure.

Findings

The ranking calculated using the proposed ranking mechanism was highly and moderately correlated to the ranking obtained using reader circulation statistics. The ranking of recommended books by the librarians was moderately and poorly correlated to the ranking calculated using reader circulation statistics.

Practical implications

The book recommender can be used to improve the accuracy of book recommendations.

Originality/value

This study is the first that considers the recommender network on library book acquisition. The results also show that the proposed ranking mechanism can facilitate effective book-acquisition decisions in libraries.
Multi-granularity hierarchical topic-based segmentation of structured, digital library resources
Authors: Wang Zhongyi , Zhang Jin , Huang Jing
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Current segmentation systems almost invariably focus on linear segmentation and can only divide text into linear sequences of segments. This suits cohesive text such as news feed but not coherent texts such as documents of a digital library which have hierarchical structures. To overcome the focus on linear segmentation in document segmentation and to realize the purpose of hierarchical segmentation for a digital library’s structured resources, this paper aimed to propose a new multi-granularity hierarchical topic-based segmentation system (MHTSS) to decide section breaks.

Design/methodology/approach

MHTSS adopts up-down segmentation strategy to divide a structured, digital library document into a document segmentation tree. Specifically, it works in a three-stage process, such as document parsing, coarse segmentation based on document access structures and fine-grained segmentation based on lexical cohesion.

Findings

This paper analyzed limitations of document segmentation methods for the structured, digital library resources. Authors found that the combination of document access structures and lexical cohesion techniques should complement each other and allow for a better segmentation of structured, digital library resources. Based on this finding, this paper proposed the MHTSS for the structured, digital library resources. To evaluate it, MHTSS was compared to the TT and C99 algorithms on real-world digital library corpora. Through comparison, it was found that the MHTSS achieves top overall performance.

Practical implications

With MHTSS, digital library users can get their relevant information directly in segments instead of receiving the whole document. This will improve retrieval performance as well as dramatically reduce information overload.

Originality/value

This paper proposed MHTSS for the structured, digital library resources, which combines the document access structures and lexical cohesion techniques to decide section breaks. With this system, end-users can access a document by sections through a document structure tree.
Research on the organization of user needs information in the big data environment
Authors: Ma Feicheng , Chen Ye , Zhao Yiming
Published: February 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a conceptual model for improving the organization of user needs information in the big data environment.

Design/methodology/approach

A conceptual model of the organization of user needs information based on Linked Data techniques is constructed. This model has three layers: the Data Layer, the Semantic Layer and the Application Layer.

Findings

Requirements for organizing user needs information in the big data environment are identified as follows: improving the intelligence level, establishing standards and guidelines for the description of user needs information, enabling the interconnection of user needs information and considering individual privacy in the organization and analysis of user needs.

Practical implications

This Web of Needs model could be used to improve knowledge services by matching user needs information with increasing semantic knowledge resources more effectively and efficiently in the big data environment.

Originality/value

This study proposes a conceptual model, the Web of Needs model, to organize and interconnect user needs. Compared with existing methods, the Web of Needs model satisfies the requirements for the organization of user needs information in the big data environment with regard to four aspects: providing the basis and conditions for intelligent processing of user needs information, using RDF as a description norm, enabling the interconnection of user needs information and setting various protocols to protect user privacy.
The prevalence and nature of sexual harassment and assault against women and girls on public transport: an international review
Authors: Gekoski Anna , Gray Jacqueline M. , Adler Joanna R. , Horvath Miranda A.H.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on the findings from a study commissioned by the British Transport Police and the Department for Transport for England and Wales concerning sexual offences and harassment on public transport worldwide. Specifically, it aims to explore the prevalence of such behaviours, through a review of existing survey and interview data regarding women and girls’ experiences.

Design/methodology/approach

A rapid evidence assessment (REA) was used, the function of which is to: search the literature as comprehensively as possible within given time constraints; collate descriptive outlines of the available evidence on a topic and critically appraise it; sift out studies of poor quality; and provide an overview of the evidence.

Findings

It was found that prevalence rates range from 15 to 95 per cent, with the UK having the lowest rates. Emerging economies had higher rates of harassment and assault, which may relate to differing cultural and gender norms, where public space is regarded as a male domain.

Research limitations/implications

A REA is not a full systematic review, differing in the scope and depth of the searches and depending almost exclusively on electronic databases, not accompanied by searching journals by hand.

Practical implications

More research of high methodological rigour needs to be carried out on prevalence rates of sexual harassment and offending on public transport worldwide. The high prevalence rates found suggest the need for more work around the area of interventions to curtail offending in this setting. The findings suggest that emerging economies, in particular, need to do more to address the problem of sexual harassment and assault on public transport. More fundamentally, cultural norms around women’s roles in society need to be addressed and challenged.

Originality/value

Women may become “transit captive” and socially excluded if they are afraid to travel on public transport and do not have access to private transport. This would be an unacceptable situation which must be addressed by transport authorities and police.
Cost-benefits of a domestic abuse program for Australian offenders
Authors: Blatch Chris , Webber Andrew , O’Sullivan Kevin , van Doorn Gerard
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine recidivism costs and benefits for 1,030 community-based male offenders enrolled in a domestic abuse program (DAP) compared to an untreated control group (n=1,030) matched on risk factors.

Design/methodology/approach

The study time frame was October 1, 2007-June 30, 2010 with reconvictions measured to December 31, 2010. Follow up averaged 19 months. Controls received standard community supervision, but no domestic violence group interventions. Follow up measures included court costs for violent and non-violent reconvictions; re-incarcerations and community-based orders costs measured in days.

Findings

Adjusting for time at risk, DAP enrollees had 29 percent fewer reconvictions, 46 percent fewer violent reconvictions, 34 percent fewer custodial days, but 23 percent more days on community orders. Costs: DAP enrollment avoided $2.52 M in custodial costs, but higher community correction costs (+$773 K) and court costs (+$5.8 K), reducing the DAP’s criminal justice system cost savings to $1.754 M ($8.92 M for the DAP group compared to $10.67M for controls). Cost benefits: when the 64 DAP program costs were deducted ($602 K), the net benefit to the New South Wales criminal justice system was $1,141 M, or $1,108 per enrollee, providing a net benefit/cost ratio of 2.89. If the DAP was completed, the net benefit was $1,820 per offender. These results compares favorably to economic evaluations of other community-based interventions.

Practical implications

Group interventions for domestically violent (DV) offenders can provide good investment returns to tax payers and government by reducing demand on scarce criminal justice system resources. The study provides insights into justice costs for DV offenders; a methodological template to determine cost benefits for offender programs and a contribution to cost-effective evidence-based crime reduction interventions.

Originality/value

Using a rigorous methodology, official court, custodial and community correction services costing data, this is the first Australian cost benefit analysis of a domestic violence group intervention, and the first to justify program expenditure by demonstrating substantial savings to the criminal justice system.
Factors affecting universities’ ability to foster students’ entrepreneurial behaviour
Authors: Zollo Lamberto , Laudano Maria Carmen , Ciappei Cristiano , Zampi Vincenzo
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate behavioural and contextual factors affecting entrepreneurial universities’ ability to influence student entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention.

Design/methodology/approach

Structural equation modelling was used to assess both micro and macro factors impacting on students’ entrepreneurial attitude and intention on a sample of 272 students of the Master of Business Administration at the University of Florence (Italy).

Findings

The study contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial universities by assessing the main factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial behaviour. The results stressed how students’ entrepreneurial intent is mainly affected by their entrepreneurial attitude, which is in turn influenced by some of the personality traits analyzed, in particular risk-taking propensity and locus of control. It also emerged how students’ perception of the university environment significantly influences their entrepreneurial attitude and intent.

Practical implications

By investigating the micro and macro factors that mostly affect students’ entrepreneurial intention, the research suggests some implications for future researches into student entrepreneurship, in order to develop specific teaching programmes affecting students’ entrepreneurial experience, character and related skills.

Originality/value

The value of the research relates to integrating psychological factors, geographical elements, and the contextual role of universities within student entrepreneurship in a scarcely investigated location, i.e. the Region of Tuscany (Italy).
How the Circle Model can purpose-orient entrepreneurial universities and business schools to truly serve society
Authors: Muff Katrin
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline a path for entrepreneurial universities to embrace their purpose as custodians of society and to hardwire it institutionally.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is conceptual in its approach, drawing on practical and theoretical insights in the fields of responsible leadership, business sustainability and transformational change. The resulting Circle Model offers a developmental perspective connecting individual and organizational development in service of society.

Findings

A key finding lies in expanding the current understanding of an entrepreneurial university beyond its organizational effectiveness to become a true custodian of society in the way it educate, researches and lives this intended purpose. The model offers a next conceptual step for the 50+20 vision (Muffet al., 2013) which had outlined a radical new role for business schools.

Research limitations/implications

More research is required to understand how not only the educational and research strategies but also the organizational structure can be transformed to serve a given purpose.

Practical implications

Concrete insights and examples of the developmental perspective of the model illustrate the opportunities for educating responsible leaders, for consulting business organizations to serve the common good, and for walking the talk by hardwiring a purpose-driven organization.

Originality/value

The originality of the paper lies in the introduction of the idea of a common space of sustainability and responsibility as a foundation to reorient education and research of an entrepreneurial business school and hardwire its organizational structure truly around purpose.
The Hobby Lobby decision: legal formation for social enterprises made easier
Authors: Reinsch Roger , Jones, III Raymond J. , Skalberg Randy
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the choices social enterprises in the USA have about the legal formation of their business. Recently, new legal forms have been developed in the USA to ensure social goals are legally embedded into the firm. While the development of these new alternative supports social missions, organizations should be aware of both the benefits and drawbacks, which are outlined in this paper. Additionally, we draw on the US Supreme Court’s decision in the Hobby Lobby case to illustrate how social enterprises can embed their social mission into their legal foundation using traditional legal structures, accomplishing the same purpose as the new socially oriented alternatives.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors provide a detailed assessment of the social-oriented legal forms of business based on precedent set in the US Supreme Court Hobby Lobby case.

Findings

Based on precedent in the Hobby Lobby case, the authors’ view is that traditional US legal business structures can be as effective as alternative socially oriented legal forms in the US as a method to legally prevent mission drift by legally embedding social goals into the legal structure of the firm.

Practical implications

By highlighting how social enterprises can use traditional US legal business forms to ensure their social mission as part of the organizational goals, the authors provide another legal avenue, and so US-based social enterprises can continue to focus on addressing social issues without worrying about mission drift from legal pressures.

Social implications

There is quite a lot of hype surrounding the development and adoption of socially oriented legal business forms in the USA with little discussion about the actual need for these new forms. The alternative perspective by the authors informs social enterprises how they can operate within the traditional US legal system while still focusing on their social mission.

Originality/value

The authors are one of the first to argue, based on precedent in the Hobby Lobby case, that US social enterprises need to critically examine which type of legal form is right for their business and what will offer them most benefit to their social mission in the long run.
Unlearning established organizational routines – Part I
Authors: Fiol Marlena , O’Connor Edward
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this two-part paper is to develop a process model of unlearning established organizational routines. The model traces the interactions among three unlearning sub-processes: ostensive aspects of initial destabilization of an established routine; performative aspects of ongoing discarding-from-use of old behaviors and experimenting with new ones; and ostensive aspects of eventual release of prior understandings and development of new ones.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on evidence from psychology and cognitive science to explain the mechanisms underlying organizational processes of unlearning embedded routines.

Findings

The proposed model contributes to enriching current understanding of unlearning organizational routines without contradicting it. Consistent with prior understanding, destabilizing an old routine may lead to discarding it, and further discarding-from-use is likely required for continued destabilization of embedded routines. Again, consistent with prior understanding, experimenting with new behaviors may be a desired outcome of unlearning an old routine, and ongoing experimentation is likely required to sustain unlearning embedded routines.

Originality/value

The organizational unlearning literature provides many examples of organizational members relinquishing old routines to then make new learning possible and also provides little insight into the processes by which this occurs. The paper addresses this gap by modeling the mutually reinforcing nature of three unlearning sub-processes.
Epidemiology and cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriasis: A Korean nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Oh Eui Hyun , Ro Young Suck , Kim Jeong Eun
Published: February 2017

There is a lack of nationwide studies examining the epidemiology and comorbidities of psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in Asian populations. The purpose of this study is to determine the demographics of psoriasis in Korea along with the incidence of cerebro‐cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities and to compare these risks between populations with PsA and with PsV. This cohort study identified 15 484 patients with psoriasis among 855 003 subjects in the Korean National Health Insurance Database from 2002 through 2010. The cases were further classified into PsA and PsV. We used hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the univariate and age–sex adjusted logistic regression model to assess the risk of comorbidities in patients with PsA and PsV. The annual prevalence of psoriasis increased from 313.2 to 453.5/100 000 people from 2002 through 2010; however, the overall incidence rate for psoriasis slightly decreased (252.7–212.6/100 000 population). Of psoriatic patients, 10.8% had PsA, and after adjusting for age and sex, PsA patients had a significantly higher risk of dyslipidemia than PsV patients (adjusted HR, 1.185; 95% CI, 1.049–1.338). When stratified by age group, subjects aged 20–39 years had a higher risk of stroke and many CV risk factors. In conclusion, the prevalence of psoriasis, while within the range of previous reports, tended to increase over time. Patients with PsA had higher burdens of specific comorbid diseases than those with PsV, especially at a comparatively early age.
Advantage of Eu3+‐Doped Polystyrene Microspheres Compared with Colloidal Gold Used in Immunochromatographic Assays for the Detection of Melamine in Milk
Authors: Tang Yiwei , Zhang Hong , Liu Xiuying , Trofimchuk Evan , Feng Shaolong , Ma Tao , Gao Xue , Fang Shubing , Lu Xiaonan
Published: February 2017

Colloidal gold and Eu3+‐doped fluorescent microspheres were applied as labels to develop the immunochromatographic strips for detecting melamine in milk. Under the optimized condition, the visual detection limit of colloidal gold‐immunochromatographic test strip (ICTS) was 150 μg/L of melamine in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), although the visual detection limit of fluorescent nanoparticles (FN)‐ICTS was 75 μg/L in PBS. As thermal acceleration test, FN‐ICTS could be stored at 37 °C for at least 11 d before sample testing, but the color of the lines on colloidal gold‐ICTS faded away after 7‐d storage. The visual result of FN‐ICTS was more stable than that of colloidal gold‐ICTS, and the fluorescence intensity of the line on FN‐ICTS could be maintained up to 30 d at 22 °C after sample testing. Once the immunochromatographic strips were used to detect melamine in milk, no negative effect of milk components on the performance of FN‐ICTS was identified, whereas the performance of colloidal gold‐ICTS was significantly influenced by milk matrix.
Autophagy regulation of physiological and pathological processes in the female reproductive tract
Authors: Cao Bin , Camden Alison J. , Parnell Lindsay A. , Mysorekar Indira U.
Published: February 2017

Autophagy is a ubiquitous cell recycling pathway that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome and is essential for normal cellular function. Autophagic activity is up‐regulated under physiological conditions as well as stressful conditions such as nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, inflammation, and infection. Thus, it is essential to regard the functional importance of the pathway and its components in a given tissue context. Here we review what is known about the involvement of autophagy process during physiological processes in the female reproductive tract and in pregnancy from preimplantation to oocyte function to placental development, parturition, and postpartum remodeling of the uterus; as well as in pathological and adverse events during these processes.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and ovarian aging
Authors: Wang Tianren , Zhang Man , Jiang Zongliang , Seli Emre
Published: February 2017

Mitochondria are double‐membrane‐bound organelles that are responsible for the generation of most of the cell's energy. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in cellular senescence in general and ovarian aging in particular. Recent studies exploited this association by studying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number as a potential biomarker of embryo viability and the use of mitochondrial nutrients and autologous mitochondrial transfer as a potential treatment for poor ovarian function and response.
Some solutions to the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem for dissimilarity‐based analyses
Authors: Anderson Marti J. , Walsh Daniel C. I. , Robert Clarke K. , Gorley Ray N. , Guerra‐Castro Edlin
Published: February 2017

The essence of the generalised multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem (BFP) is how to test the null hypothesis of equality of mean vectors for two or more populations when their dispersion matrices differ. Solutions to the BFP usually assume variables are multivariate normal and do not handle high‐dimensional data. In ecology, species' count data are often high‐dimensional, non‐normal and heterogeneous. Also, interest lies in analysing compositional dissimilarities among whole communities in non‐Euclidean (semi‐metric or non‐metric) multivariate space. Hence, dissimilarity‐based tests by permutation (e.g., PERMANOVA, ANOSIM) are used to detect differences among groups of multivariate samples. Such tests are not robust, however, to heterogeneity of dispersions in the space of the chosen dissimilarity measure, most conspicuously for unbalanced designs. Here, we propose a modification to the PERMANOVA test statistic, coupled with either permutation or bootstrap resampling methods, as a solution to the BFP for dissimilarity‐based tests. Empirical simulations demonstrate that the type I error remains close to nominal significance levels under classical scenarios known to cause problems for the un‐modified test. Furthermore, the permutation approach is found to be more powerful than the (more conservative) bootstrap for detecting changes in community structure for real ecological datasets. The utility of the approach is shown through analysis of 809 species of benthic soft‐sediment invertebrates from 101 sites in five areas spanning 1960 km along the Norwegian continental shelf, based on the Jaccard dissimilarity measure.
Perceptions of HPV and attitudes towards HPV vaccination amongst men who have sex with men: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Nadarzynski Tom , Smith Helen , Richardson Daniel , Pollard Alex , Llewellyn Carrie
Published: February 2017

Objectives

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk of genital warts and anal cancer due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This study explores MSMs’ perceptions of HPV and HPV vaccination prior to the introduction of this programme.

Design

Focus groups and one‐to‐one interviews with self‐identified MSM were conducted between November 2014 and March 2015 in Brighton, UK.

Methods

Participants were recruited from community‐based lesbian–gay–bisexual–transgender (LGBT) venues and organizations. Discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using framework analysis.

Results

Thirty‐three men took part (median age 25 years, IQR: 21–27), most of whom (n = 25) did not know about HPV, anal cancer (31), or HPV vaccination (26). While genital warts and anal cancer were perceived as severe, men did not perceive themselves at risk of HPV. All MSM would accept the HPV vaccine if offered by a health care professional. The challenges of accessing sexual health services or openly discussing same‐sex experiences with health care professionals were perceived as barriers to accessing HPV vaccination. Two participants were concerned that selective HPV vaccination could increase stigma and prejudice against MSM, comparable to the AIDS epidemic. Ten MSM were unsure about the effectiveness of HPV vaccination for sexually active men and were in favour of vaccinating all adolescent boys at school.

Conclusions

Most MSM have poor knowledge about HPV and associated anal cancer. Despite the lack of concern about HPV, most MSM expressed willingness to receive HPV vaccination. There is a need for health education about the risks of HPV and HPV‐related diseases so that MSM can appraise the benefits of being vaccinated. Concerns about HPV vaccine effectiveness in sexually active men and possible stigmatization need to be addressed to optimize HPV vaccine acceptability.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Men who have sex with men (MSM) have poor knowledge about HPV and HPV‐related diseases.

Perceived risk of HPV and attitudes towards HPV vaccination are associated with HPV vaccine acceptability amongst MSM in the United States.

There is a gap between acceptability and uptake of HPV vaccination amongst MSM.

What does this study add?

Due to concerns about compromised effectiveness of the HPV vaccine in sexually active men, most MSM would recommend vaccination of all adolescent boys.

Restricted access to sexual health services and the inability to discuss same‐sex experiences were perceived as barriers to HPV vaccination.

While the HPV vaccine is acceptable amongst MSM, the motivation to be vaccinated and complete the three‐dose series might be low.
Research Supplement
Authors: Kyle Catherine , Davies Katherine
Published: February 2017

When they were working in the Psychology Department of Meanwood Park Hospital the authors undertook a pilot study of attitudes towards mental retardation among secondary school pupils. The results indicate confusion about the nature and causes of mental retardation and highlight concerns about integration of children with special educational needs into mainstream education. As a result, a much larger investigation was conducted, which also attempted to promote positive attitudes. The results of the later study are being analysed. Catherine Kyle is now clinical psychologist at Ravenspark Hospital, Irvine, Ayrshire.
Microcomputer Software
Authors: Hegarty John R.
Published: February 2017

Dr John Hegarty is head of the Computer Applications to Special Education (CASE) Unit at Keele University, Staffordshire, which supports the effective use of technology for people with learning difficulties through action research, consultancy and staff training. He describes robot advances which should help future school and college leavers in their daily lives.
Explaining the resurgence of Métis rights: Making the most of “windows of opportunity”
Authors: Dubois Janique , Saunders Kelly
Published: February 2017

Characterized as “Canada's forgotten people” since their defeat in the 1885 Battle of Batoche, the Métis have recently re‐emerged on Canada's policy agenda. How did the Métis, once vilified as traitors of Confederation, come to re‐position themselves as a rights‐bearing Aboriginal group in the Canadian federation? In this article, we apply John Kingdon's (1995) multiple streams model to help explain the resurgence of Métis rights on Canada's contemporary policy agenda. We argue that the changing legal and political landscape that surrounded Canada's crisis of unity provided a window of opportunity that allowed Métis policy entrepreneurs to bring the issue of Métis rights onto Canada's policy agenda.
Processes of Early Childhood Interventions to Adult Well‐Being
Authors: Reynolds Arthur J. , Ou Suh‐Ruu , Mondi Christina F. , Hayakawa Momoko
Published: February 2017

This article describes the contributions of cognitive–scholastic advantage, family support behavior, and school quality and support as processes through which early childhood interventions promote well‐being. Evidence in support of these processes is from longitudinal cohort studies of the Child–Parent Centers and other preventive interventions beginning by age 4. Relatively large effects of participation have been documented for school readiness skills at age 5, parent involvement, K‐12 achievement, remedial education, educational attainment, and crime prevention. The three processes account for up to half of the program impacts on well‐being. They also help to explain the positive economic returns of many effective programs. The generalizability of these processes is supported by a sizable knowledge base, including a scale up of the Child–Parent Centers.
Emotion Regulation, Coping, and Decision Making: Three Linked Skills for Preventing Externalizing Problems in Adolescence
Authors: Modecki Kathryn L. , Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. , Guerra Nancy
Published: February 2017

Research on executive control during the teenage years points to shortfalls in emotion regulation, coping, and decision making as three linked capabilities associated with youth's externalizing behavior problems. Evidence gleaned from a detailed review of the literature makes clear that improvement of all three capabilities is critical to help young people better navigate challenges and prevent or reduce externalizing and related problems. Moreover, interventions can successfully improve these three capabilities and have been found to produce behavioral improvements with real‐world significance. Examples of how successful interventions remediate more than one of these capabilities are provided. Future directions in research and practice are also proposed to move the field toward the development of more comprehensive programs for adolescents to foster their integration.
Family‐Centered Positive Behavior Support Interventions in Early Childhood To Prevent Obesity
Authors: Smith Justin D. , St. George Sara M. , Prado Guillermo
Published: February 2017

Positive behavior support (PBS) strategies in early childhood, which include proactively structuring environments to support and positively reinforce healthy dietary and physical activity behaviors, are critical for preventing pediatric obesity, particularly among low‐income, ethnic minority children. Existing evidence‐based family‐centered preventive interventions effectively impact parents’ use of PBS strategies. Enhancing these programs to more directly target the key mechanisms of change specific to promoting children's healthy lifestyle behaviors could serve as the foundation for the next generation of effective protocols for preventing pediatric obesity. Two established programs that target PBS that can be feasibly implemented in a variety of service delivery systems using a multi‐tiered, adaptive approach and the next steps of translation are discussed.
An Examination of the Sibling Training Hypothesis for Disruptive Behavior in Early Childhood
Authors: Daniel Ella , Plamondon André , Jenkins Jennifer M.
Published: February 2017

Sibling training for disruptive behavior (one sibling teaching another disruptive behavior) is examined during early childhood. We used a conservative, recently developed, statistical model to identify sibling training. Sibling training was operationalized as the cross‐lagged association between earlier child behavior and later sibling behavior, and differentiated from other reasons that contribute to sibling similarity. A three‐wave longitudinal study tracked 916 children (Mage = 3.46, SD = 2.23) in 397 families using multi‐informant data. Evidence for sibling training was found. Earlier younger siblings’ disruptive behavior predicted later lower levels of older siblings’ disruptive behavior. Thus, the sibling training found in early childhood was producing greater dissimilarity, rather than similarity, on disruptive behavior.
Retention of implant‐supported overdentures at different implant angulations: comparing Locator and ball attachments
Authors: Sultana Nazia , Bartlett David W. , Suleiman Mahmood
Published: February 2017

Objectives

To assess the effect of implant angulation on the retention of two different attachment systems for implant‐supported overdentures after a simulated fatigue period of 5.5 years.

Material and Methods

Two test set‐ups were constructed. A two‐implant mandibular implant‐supported overdenture design was simulated using acrylic resin blocks to support implant replicas (Model 1 and Model 2). The replicas were set up in the canine regions (22‐mm inter‐implant distance). In Model 1, the implants were parallel (0° to the vertical axis) and in Model 2 they were divergent (20° to the vertical axis). The Locator and the ball attachment systems were tested at both set‐ups. A simulated fatigue period of 5.5 years that equated to 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal of the denture was used. Retention values for each attachment system at each angulation set‐up were measured at baseline, every 500 cycles until 4000 cycles and then every 1000 cycles.

Results

After simulated fatigue, the retention for both systems at both set‐ups reduced. The Locator system reduced from 108.9 to 20.2 N in the parallel set‐up and from 82.3 to 17.3 N in the divergent set‐up. For the ball system, the retention reduced from 56.2 to 46 N when parallel and from 45.7 to 40.7 N when divergent.

Conclusion

Both attachment systems showed a significant reduction in retention after simulated fatigue at both parallel and divergent set‐ups. The change in implant angulation caused a significant reduction in retention for the ball attachment system only, although this was still higher at the end of testing than the Locator attachment system. The Locators also had a significantly faster rate of loss of retention at both set‐ups. Clinically, this may indicate that the ball attachments may perform better with divergent implants.
Home visits as part of a new care pathway (iAID) to improve quality of care and quality of life in ostomy patients: a cluster‐randomized stepped‐wedge trial
Authors: Sier M. F. , Oostenbroek R. J. , Dijkgraaf M. G. W. , Veldink G. J. , Bemelman W. A. , Pronk A. , Spillenaar‐Bilgen E. J. , Kelder W. , Hoff C. , Ubbink D. T. ,   the iAID study group
Published: February 2017

Aim

Morbidity in patients with an ostomy is high. A new care pathway, including perioperative home visits by enterostomal therapists, was studied to assess whether more elaborate education and closer guidance could reduce stoma‐related complications and improve quality of life (QoL), at acceptable cost.

Method

Patients requiring an ileostomy or colostomy, for any inflammatory or malignant bowel disease, were included in a 15‐centre cluster‐randomized ‘stepped‐wedge’ study. Primary outcomes were stoma‐related complications and QoL, measured using the Stoma‐QOL, 3 months after surgery. Secondary outcomes included costs of care.

Results

The standard pathway (SP) was followed by 113 patients and the new pathway (NP) by 105 patients. Although the overall number of stoma‐related complications was similar in both groups (SP 156, NP 150), the proportion of patients experiencing one or more stoma‐related complications was significantly higher in the NP (72% vs 84%, risk difference 12%; 95% CI: 0.3−23.3%). Although in the NP more patients had stoma‐related complications, QoL scores were significantly better (P < 0.001). In the SP more patients required extra care at home for their ostomy than in the NP (60.6% vs 33.7%, respectively; risk difference 26.9%, 95% CI: 13.5−40.4%). Stoma revision was done more often in the SP (n = 11) than in the NP (n = 2). Total costs in the SP did not differ significantly from the NP.

Conclusion

The NP did not reduce the number of stoma‐related complications but did lead to improved quality of care and life, against similar costs. Based on these results the NP, including perioperative home visits by an enterostomal therapist, can be recommended.
FUELING JOB ENGINES: IMPACTS OF SMALL BUSINESS LOANS ON ESTABLISHMENT BIRTHS IN METROPOLITAN AND NONMETRO COUNTIES
Authors: Conroy Tessa , Low Sarah A. , Weiler Stephan
Published: February 2017

This study examines the effect of small business loans on subsequent establishment births in U.S. counties. Using an economic growth framework and cross‐sectional empirical model, we test the hypothesis that the establishment birth rate is higher in counties where the level and annual increase in lending is greater, controlling for community‐level characteristics affecting business and economic dynamics. We also consider the long‐term effect of small business lending and focus on establishing the appropriate lag structure. The results indicate that small business lending does generally have a positive effect on the employer establishment birth rate that is strongest in nonmetropolitan (rural) counties. (JEL L26, R11, M13)
From Fathers to Sons: The Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting Behavior among African American Young Men
Authors: Brown Geoffrey L. , Kogan Steven M. , Kim Jihyoung
Published: February 2017

This study examined the intergenerational transmission of fathering among young, African American fathers in rural communities. A sample of 132 African American young men living in the rural South reported on the quality of their relationship with their biological and social fathers in the family of origin, their own involvement with their young children, and relational schemas of close, intimate relationships. Results of path analyses supported the hypothesized mediational model, such that a better relationship with one's biological (but not social) father predicted increased father involvement in the next generation, and this association was partially mediated through positive relational schema after controlling for a range of covariates. Tests of moderated mediation indicated that the link between relational schema and father involvement was significantly stronger among fathers of girls than fathers of boys. Findings highlight the unique influence of close, nurturing father–child relationships for downstream father involvement, and the role of relational schemas as a mechanism for intergenerational transmission among young, rural, African American fathers of girls.
Migratory pathways, stopover zones and wintering destinations of Western European Nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus
Authors: Evens Ruben , Conway Greg J. , Henderson Ian G. , Cresswell Brian , Jiguet Frédéric , Moussy Caroline , Sénécal Didier , Witters Nele , Beenaerts Natalie , Artois Tom
Published: February 2017

Little is known about the wintering distribution of the European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus. We combined geolocator and GPS‐logger data from different sites in Western Europe to analyse migration routes and migration timing of this trans‐equatorial migrant. Nightjars followed a loop migration route during which they cross two ecological barriers, and converged near common stopover zones in Northern, Central and Western Africa, where they stayed for 2–3 weeks. Nightjars used the same stopover sites as several other European migrants, relying on small and discrete wintering areas within the Democratic Republic of Congo. This confirms the importance of these specific zones and highlights the vulnerability of Western European populations to habitat loss in their non‐breeding areas.
Effects of Auditors' Ethical Orientation and Self‐Interest Independence Threat on the Mediating Role of Moral Intensity and Ethical Decision‐Making Process
Authors: Johari Razana Juhaida , Mohd‐Sanusi Zuraidah , Chong Vincent K.
Published: February 2017

This study examines the effects of individual ethical orientation, independence threat (a contextual factor), and moral intensity on auditors’ ethical decision‐making process using Jones's issue‐contingent model of ethical decision‐making in Malaysia. A quasi‐experimental design was employed to test the proposed hypotheses formulated for this study. Using WarpPLS, results support the positive direct effects of the independence threats, ethical orientation, and moral intensity of auditors on their ethical decision‐making process. Results also suggest that moral intensity mediates the relationships between the auditors’ ethical orientation as well as auditor self‐interest threat on the auditors’ ethical decision‐making. Auditors with strong ethical orientation relativism, as compared to idealism, demonstrate undesirable ethical decision‐making processes. Furthermore, low moral intensity underscores the effectiveness of auditors’ decision‐making due to low ethical sensitivity and hence leads to inappropriate ethical decision‐making processes and behavior. This study puts forward an auditing perspective through which to understand the ethical dilemmas and the importance of auditors’ moral intensity and ethical orientation in decision‐making skills.