bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opioid system diversity in developing neurons, astroglia, and oligodendroglia in the subventricular zone and striatum: Impact on gliogenesis in vivo
Authors: Stiene‐Martin Anne , Knapp Pamela E. , Martin Kenneth , Gurwell Julie A. , Ryan Shawn , Thornton Suzanne R. , Smith Forrest L. , Hauser Kurt F.
Published: October 2004

Accumulating evidence, obtained largely in vitro, indicates that opioids regulate the genesis of neurons and glia and their precursors in the nervous system. Despite this evidence, few studies have assessed opioid receptor expression in identified cells within germinal zones or examined opioid effects on gliogenesis in vivo. To address this question, the role of opioids was explored in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and/or striatum of 2–5‐day‐old and/or adult ICR mice. The results showed that subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the SVZ and striatum differentially express μ‐, δ‐, and/or κ‐receptor immunoreactivity in a cell type‐specific and developmentally regulated manner. In addition, DNA synthesis was assessed by examining 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into glial and nonglial precursors. Morphine (a preferential μ‐agonist) significantly decreased the number of BrdU‐labeled GFAP+ cells compared with controls or mice co‐treated with naltrexone plus morphine. Alternatively, in S100β+ cells, morphine did not significantly decrease BrdU incorporation; however, significant differences were noted between mice treated with morphine and those treated with morphine plus naltrexone. Most cells were GFAP−/S100β−. When BrdU incorporation was assessed within the total population (glia and nonglia), morphine had no net effect, but naltrexone alone markedly increased BrdU incorporation. This finding suggests that DNA synthesis in GFAP−/S100β− cells is tonically suppressed by endogenous opioids. Assuming that S100β and GFAP, respectively, distinguish among younger and older astroglia, this implies that astroglial replication becomes increasingly sensitive to morphine during maturation, and suggests that opioids differentially regulate the development of distinct subpopulations of glia and glial precursors. GLIA 36:78–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A role for left temporal pole in the retrieval of words for unique entities
Authors: Grabowski Thomas J. , Damasio Hanna , Tranel Daniel , Ponto Laura L. Boles , Hichwa Richard D. , Damasio Antonio R.
Published: October 2004

Both lesion and functional imaging studies have implicated sectors of high‐order association cortices of the left temporal lobe in the retrieval of words for objects belonging to varied conceptual categories. In particular, the cortices located in the left temporal pole have been associated with naming unique persons from faces. Because this neuroanatomical‐behavioral association might be related to either the specificity of the task (retrieving a name at unique level) or to the possible preferential processing of faces by anterior temporal cortices, we performed a PET imaging experiment to test the hypothesis that the effect is related to the specificity of the word retrieval task. Normal subjects were asked to name at unique level entities from two conceptual categories: famous landmarks and famous faces. In support of the hypothesis, naming entities in both categories was associated with increases in activity in the left temporal pole. No main effect of category (faces vs. landmarks/buildings) or interaction of task and category was found in the left temporal pole. Retrieving names for unique persons and for names for unique landmarks activate the same brain region. These findings are consistent with the notion that activity in the left temporal pole is linked to the level of specificity of word retrieval rather than the conceptual class to which the stimulus belongs. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:199–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human cortical processing of colour and pattern
Authors: Barrett Nicholas A. , Large Mathew M. , Smith Glen L. , Michie Patricia T. , Karayanidis Frini , Kavanagh David J. , Fawdry Richard , Henderson David , O'Sullivan Brendan T.
Published: October 2004

The present study investigates human visual processing of simple two‐colour patterns using a delayed match to sample paradigm with positron emission tomography (PET). This study is unique in that we specifically designed the visual stimuli to be the same for both pattern and colour recognition with all patterns being abstract shapes not easily verbally coded composed of two‐colour combinations. We did this to explore those brain regions required for both colour and pattern processing and to separate those areas of activation required for one or the other. We found that both tasks activated similar occipital regions, the major difference being more extensive activation in pattern recognition. A right‐sided network that involved the inferior parietal lobule, the head of the caudate nucleus, and the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus was common to both paradigms. Pattern recognition also activated the left temporal pole and right lateral orbital gyrus, whereas colour recognition activated the left fusiform gyrus and several right frontal regions. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:213–225, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early discrimination of coherent versus incoherent motion by multiunit and synaptic activity in human putative MT+
Authors: Ulbert Istvan , Karmos George , Heit Gary , Halgren Eric
Published: October 2004

A laminar probe was chronically implanted in human putative MT+. The area was specifically responsive to globally coherent visual motion, a crucial aspect of the perception of movement through space. The probe contained 23 microcontacts spaced every 175μ in a linear array roughly perpendicular to the cortical surface. Current‐source density (CSD) and multiunit activity (MUA) were recorded while viewing initially stationary random dot patterns that either moved incoherently or dilated from the central fixation. Onset of visual motion evoked large MUA/CSD activity, with coherent motion evoking earlier and faster‐rising MUA/CSD activity than incoherent, in both superficial and deep pyramidal layers. The selective response, peaking at ≈115 ms, was especially large in deep pyramids, providing evidence that information necessary for visual flow calculations is projected from MT+ at an early latency to distant structures. The early onset of differential MUA/CSD implies that the selectivity of this area does not depend on recurrent inhibition or other intrinsic circuitry to detect coherent motion. The initially greater increase of MUA to coherent stimuli was followed by a greater decrease beginning at ≈133 ms, apparently because of recurrent inhibition. This resulted in the total MUA being greater to incoherent than coherent stimuli, whereas total rectified CSD was overall greater to coherent than to incoherent stimuli. However, MUA distinguished stationary from moving stimuli more strongly than did CSD. Thus, while estimates of total cell firing (MUA), and of total synaptic activity (CSD) generally correspond to previously reported BOLD results, they may differ in important details. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:226–238, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kaizen: The leading edge in cost management strategy
Authors: Edwards James B.
Published: October 2004

Where is strategic cost management today and where is it going? The author believes a Japanese term—kaizen—sums it all up. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ERP, Balanced Scorecard, and IT: How Do They Fit Together?
Authors: Edwards James B.
Published: October 2004

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software affected everything from order capture to accounting
and warehousing. However, people were still swamped with information that reflected the past, instead of
predicting the future—until the Balanced Scorecard approach came along. But what's the role of
information technology in this new strategy? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cisco's “Virtual” Finance Organization
Authors: Jablonsky Stephen F.
Published: October 2004

In today's post‐dot‐com era, finance and IT must form a new partnership. Here's how
one company did it. The payoff? Instant up‐to‐the‐minute financial information and
the ability to react more quickly. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How Can You Manage Global Paradox?
Authors: Rhinesmith Stephen H.
Published: October 2004

In an age of globalism, the world will increasingly demand that CEOs and CFOs manage paradoxes instead of
solving problems, says the author. But this is not an easy lesson to learn. The author presents a
five‐step program to ease the way. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Designing Your International M&A Strategy
Authors: Stanwick Peter A. , Stanwick Sarah D.
Published: October 2004

A European multinational firm may want to buy your company! Or perhaps you are considering acquiring a
foreign company. Either way, more companies are considering international M&As. But do you have a strategy
that is well thought out? The authors show how to develop one—and successfully implement it.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ABC for service firms: What's your real product?
Authors: Collins Frank , Munter Paul
Published: October 2004

Activity‐based costing (ABC) is the rage these days. But to use ABC, you must know precisely what your firm's “product” is. That's not easy in service industries—where firms give customers a variety of services. So how do you identify service industry products? The authors give some answers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Financial Reporting Fraud: Could It Happen to You?
Authors: Beasley Mark S. , Carcello Joseph V. , Hermanson Dana R.
Published: October 2004

You think it can't happen to you. But so did more than 200 companies, slammed hard by the SEC for reporting fraud. Almost immediately, company stock prices plummeted—followed by shareholder lawsuits, bankruptcy, civil fines, and even jail time for some execs. However, say the authors, those companies could have saved themselves—by focusing on four key areas. Here are some clear “dos” and “don'ts” you can't afford to ignore. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cut Your Risks with Environmental Auditing
Authors: Stanwick Peter A. , Stanwick Sarah D.
Published: October 2004

Environmental audits help you reduce exposures and liabilities—by catching them before they become big problems. The authors explain the basics, and give step‐by‐step instructions to ensure your success. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The CFE: Another Weapon for Fighting Fraud
Authors: Lendez Anthony M.
Published: October 2004

Certified Fraud Examiners (CFEs) belong to the world's largest antifraud SWAT team. And one day, you may need their help. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reading Regulators' Minds: Highlights of the Annual SEC Conference
Authors: Weirich Thomas R. , Rouse Robert W.
Published: October 2004

Auditor independence and international accounting were the hot topics at the latest SEC conference, where everyone got a peek at what's on the standard setters' minds. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Customer value: A new kind of cost management
Authors: Mcnair C.J. , Polutnik Lidija , Silvi Riccardo
Published: October 2004

Knowing what customers value, and why, is the foundation of a sound business. But we often don't hear the customer's voice during our hectic, busy day. When that happens, your business falters. Instead, say the authors, you've got to embrace a customer value perspective. And that means a new approach for cost management. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improving operations: Not as simple as ABC
Authors: Higgins Brian K. , Young S. Mark
Published: October 2004

As soon as we launch one cost management strategy, newer and better ones hit the best‐seller list. That's because management wants a magic bullet—a strategy that requires no effort but provides all the right answers. But is there a more realistic alternative that balances the needs of all the stakeholders? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ABC/M: Which companies have success?
Authors: Swenson Dan , Barney Douglas
Published: October 2004

No technique works equally well for every company. That's especially true for activity‐based costing and management (ABC/M). But which companies and industries have had the greatest success—and why? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
More on the existence of small quasimultiples of affine and projective planes of arbitrary order
Authors: Ling Alan C. H.
Published: October 2004

The functions a(n) and p(n) are defined to be the smallest integer λ for which λ‐fold quasimultiples affine and projective planes of order n exist. It was shown by Jungnickel [J. Combin. Designs 3 (1995), 427–432] that a(n),p(n) < n10 for sufficiently large n. In the present paper, we prove that a(n),p(n) < n3. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 9: 182–186, 2001
Large sets of disjoint group‐divisible designs with block size three and type 2n41
Authors: Cao H. , Lei J. , Zhu L.
Published: October 2004

Large sets of disjoint group‐divisible designs with block size three and type 2n41 have been studied by Schellenberg, Chen, Lindner and Stinson. These large sets have applications in cryptography in the construction of perfect threshold schemes. It is known that such large sets can exist only for n ≡ 0 (mod 3) and do exist for n = 6 and for all n = 3k, k ≥ 1. In this paper, we present new recursive constructions and use them to show that such large sets exist for all odd n ≡ 0 (mod 3) and for even n = 24m, where m odd ≥ 1. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 9: 285–296, 2001
Developmental potency of cultured pineal cells: An approach to pineal developmental biology
Authors: Araki Masasuke
Published: October 2004

The pineal organ is still an enigma in regard to its developmental and phylogenetic origin. Little is known of the mechanism involved in determination and differentiation of pineal cells and virtually no studies have been done on the induction and tissue interactions during pinealogenesis. Interest is also centered on the evolutional transformation in structure and function, which may be related to the developmental alterations in pineal morphogenesis between the lower and higher vertebrate species. For developmental studies, avian embryos have great advantages for various experimental manipulations, such as cell and organ culture, surgical operation, and in situ transfection of developmental genes. The present review describes our cell culture studies, which have been done on developing rat and quail pineal organs, in order to elucidate the developmental potency of pineal cells and the regulatory mechanism involved in the phenotypic expression of cell properties. A number of phenotypes including numerous neuron‐specific substances are shown immunohistochemically to be expressed only under culture conditions, and not observed in the mature pineal organ. As development proceeds, some of the potencies for cell differentiation are lost; hence, in the mature pineal organs most neuronal phenotypes are not expressed. Numerous factors were discovered which affect phenotypic expression of cultured pineal cells in a cell‐type‐specific manner. These findings, together with immunohistochemical observations on developing pineal organs, reveal that the developing pineal organ is a unique and useful model system for developmental neurobiology and that cell culture techniques offer a powerful tool for the understanding of development and cell differentiation of this particular organ. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:33–42, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristic MR findings of cervical pregnancy
Authors: Jung Seung E. , Byun Jae Y. , Lee Jae M. , Choi Byung G. , Hahn Seong T.
Published: October 2004

The aim of this study was to define the characteristic MR findings of cervical pregnancy. Twelve patients with cervical pregnancy underwent MRI because of difficulty in the diagnosis by ultrasonography, human chorionic gonadotropin assessment, and other clinical evaluations. The assessment of MRI included size and location of the lesion, margin, MR signal intensity, rim of low‐signal intensity, enhancement pattern, appearance of enhancing solid component, parametrial change, endometrial change, pelvic fluid collection, and ovarian change. All cases showed ill‐marginated mass with very heterogeneous signal intensity on T2‐weighted images, irregular internal high‐signal intensities on T1‐weighted images, a partial or circumferential rim of low‐signal intensity, dense irregular peripheral enhancement and enhancing papillary solid components with accompanying tubular signal voids, and variably increased parametrial vascularities. This heterogeneous hemorrhagic mass with densely enhancing papillary solid components may be the typical MR finding for cervical pregnancy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:918–922. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of mammary cDNA differentially expressed in lethal milk mutation mice
Authors: Bao Bin , Lee Doh‐Yeel , Prasad Ananda S.
Published: October 2004

Lethal milk (lm) mutation in C57BL/6J inbred mice results in the reduction of zinc content in the milk and causes fatal neonatal zinc deficiency. Zinc injection to lm pups after birth helps them to overcome severe neonatal zinc deficiency and to maintain the normal body growth of lm pups. Thus, lm mutation displays a specific effect on the zinc content of the milk during lactation. The decrease in zinc content of the milk is not due to the low body zinc status in lactating lm dams. Also, oral zinc supplementation in lactating lm dams does not correct the low concentration of zinc in the milk. These findings suggest that lm mutation results in the defective cellular transport of zinc. The defective zinc transport might alter the expression of mammary genes because cellular zinc plays a critical role in diverse cellular functions. To investigate the effect of lm mutation on the expression of mammary genes, the differentially expressed cDNAs in lm mammary gland (MG) were explored using the mRNA differential display (DD) gel. One of the isolated cDNAs (M3) was expressed in the lm MG two times greater than that in the normal MG. The cloned partial M3 cDNA was shown to have the similarities to the unknown functional cDNAs in the yeast and human tissues. The M3 cDNA might have a common function in both lower and higher eukaryotes. The M3 mRNA is rich in the brain and the MG, but not in the liver and kidney. Hence, the M3 cDNA may have a certain function associated with the brain and the MG. More information regarding the cloned M3 cDNA might be provided by screening of the full length of M3 cDNA from cDNA library. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:371–382, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trace element levels in the testes of thioacetamide‐induced cirrhotic rats
Authors: Abul H. , Mathew T.C. , Abul F. , Al‐Sayer H. , Dashti H.
Published: October 2004

Masculine infertility disorders are related to changes in trace element metabolism in the testis. In this study, toxic effects of thioacetamide in trace element (zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese) levels in the serum and testis of rats were studied at 1‐, 4‐, 8‐, and 12‐week posttreatment duration. A decrease in serum zinc, copper, and selenium was noticed whereas the level of these trace elements in the testis was increased. Manganese showed an increase in both serum and testis in response to thioacetamide treatment. Changes in trace element level showed structural damage in different organs such as the liver, kidney, and spleen. Further studies are needed to establish the effect of the changes in the level of trace elements in the structure and function of the testes of thioacetamide‐treated rats. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:383–392, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of post‐receptor insulin signaling by trivalent chromium in hepatoma cells is associated with differential inhibition of specific protein‐tyrosine phosphatases
Authors: Goldstein Barry J. , Zhu Li , Hager Richard , Zilbering Assaf , Sun Yanjie , Vincent John B.
Published: October 2004

Various molecular forms of chromium have been implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism, and chromium deficiency can be associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Protein‐tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), which negatively regulate signaling through the insulin receptor, are potential targets of chromium action, since this transition metal may inhibit catalysis at the thiol‐dependent active sites of these enzymes. Treatment of cultured rat hepatoma cells with 0.1 mM CrCl3 for 16 h increased the insulin‐stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of high Mr insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins by 49% to 7.3‐fold over basal (n = 7; P= 0.03), without altering basal insulin receptor or IRS tyrosine phosphorylation or insulin‐stimulated receptor autophosphorylation, suggesting a post‐receptor effect of chromium on signal transduction. PTPase activity in cell extracts of CrCl3‐treated hepatoma cells before or after insulin stimulation was unchanged, indicating that if chromium acted via cellular PTPases, the effect was reversible and limited to the in vivo state. Chromium (Cr+3) ion and two organic derivatives, an oligopeptide chromium complex from bovine liver (Cr‐pep), and a synthetic multinuclear complex of chromium with carboxylate ligands (Sm‐Cr) were also tested for their direct in vitro inhibition of the enzymatic activity of LAR and PTP1B, two structurally variant PTPases that have been implicated in regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. PTP1B (rat and human) was strongly inhibited by CrCl3 to 21–33% of control (n = 4–6; P< 0.001). In contrast, LAR activity was actually enhanced by CrCl3 to 47% above the control value (n = 12; P< 0.001). The Cr‐pep and Sm‐Cr complexes had no effect on PTP1B and LAR activity at the tested concentrations using the pNPP assay. These data suggest that the metabolic effects of chromium may be mediated by inhibition of PTP1B, a PTPase that negatively modulates insulin signaling, consistent with other recent studies implicating PTP1B in the regulation of the dephosphorylation of post‐insulin receptor substrate proteins. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:393–404, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trientine increases fecal copper excretion in Wilson's disease: A case report
Authors: Ishikawa Shozo , Nomoto Shozo , Yoshida Kunihiro , Tokuda Takahiko , Ikeda Shu‐ichi
Published: October 2004

A copper balance study was performed during the successive 7 days when a patient with Wilson's disease went on a low‐copper diet and was taking 1500 mg of trientine daily. The average copper intake was 944 μg/day, urine copper excretion was 503 μg/day, fecal copper excretion was 922 μg/day; therefore, trientine reduced body copper about 500 μg per day. We provide direct evidence that trientine maintains copper balance probably by enhancing both the urinary and fecal excretion, with a larger amount decoppered in the feces. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:405–407, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commentary: Is the concept of “tumor promotion” a useful paradigm?
Authors: Trosko James E.
Published: October 2004

Since the demonstration of the multistage nature of carcinogenesis in experimental work on mouse skin carcinogenesis (and subsequently on various other organ systems in other organisms), the concepts of “initiation”, “promotion”, and “progression” were operationally generated from empiric data. Because these early observations and concepts had no mechanistic explanations, various hypotheses have been generated to explain the unique characteristics of each phase (e.g., initiation, being irreversible, was ascribed as the result of DNA damage leading to mutagenesis; promotion, being interruptible or reversible, was believed to be caused by epigenetic mechanisms; progression, also being irreversible, was believed to be caused by genetic instability that led to mutagenic and epigenetic changes). In addition, many of the molecular, biochemical, and cellular experiments designed to investigate the mechanistic bases of these phases used technologies that did not always lead to unequivocal interpretations, and because “real‐life” carcinogenesis does not mimic controlled experimental conditions of the initiation/promotion/progression experiments, many investigators believe that these concepts have lost their usefulness. In this commentary, I explain some of the confusion concerning the concept of promotion and suggest that, by understanding the limitations of many in vitro assays used to characterize mutagens, by integrating other theories of carcinogenesis (i.e., stem cell theory), and by recognizing the role of epigenetic agents, specifically, modulated gap‐junctional intercellular communication, the concept of promotion can provide valuable insights into the carcinogenic process. Mol. Carcinog. 30:131–137, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of a new vehicle scheduling and location problem
Authors: Bish Ebru K. , Leong Thin‐Yin , Li Chung‐Lun , Ng Jonathan W. C. , Simchi‐Levi David
Published: October 2004

We consider a container terminal discharging containers from a ship and locating them in the terminal yard. Each container has a number of potential locations in the yard where it can be stored. Containers are moved from the ship to the yard using a fleet of vehicles, each of which can carry one container at a time. The problem is to assign each container to a yard location and dispatch vehicles to the containers so as to minimize the time it takes to download all the containers from the ship. We show that the problem is NP‐hard and develop a heuristic algorithm based on formulating the problem as an assignment problem. The effectiveness of the heuristic is analyzed from both worst‐case and computational points of view. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 363–385, 2001
The dynamic transshipment problem
Authors: Herer Yale T. , Tzur Michal
Published: October 2004

We investigate the strategy of transshipments in a dynamic deterministic demand environment over a finite planning horizon. This is the first time that transshipments are examined in a dynamic or deterministic setting. We consider a system of two locations which replenish their stock from a single supplier, and where transshipments between the locations are possible. Our model includes fixed (possibly joint) and variable replenishment costs, fixed and variable transshipment costs, as well as holding costs for each location and transshipment costs between locations. The problem is to determine how much to replenish and how much to transship each period; thus this work can be viewed as a synthesis of transshipment problems in a static stochastic setting and multilocation dynamic deterministic lot sizing problems. We provide interesting structural properties of optimal policies which enhance our understanding of the important issues which motivate transshipments and allow us to develop an efficient polynomial time algorithm for obtaining the optimal strategy. By exploring the reasons for using transshipments, we enable practitioners to envision the sources of savings from using this strategy and therefore motivate them to incorporate it into their replenishment strategies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48:386–408, 2001
Selecting review periods for a coordinated multi‐item inventory model with staggered deliveries
Authors: Flynn James
Published: October 2004

Consider an N‐item, periodic review, infinite‐horizon, undiscounted, inventory model with stochastic demands, proportional holding and shortage costs, and full backlogging. For 1 ≤ j ≤ N, orders for item j can arrive in every period, and the cost of receiving them is negligible (as in a JIT setting). Every Tj periods, one reviews the current stock level of item j and decides on deliveries for each of the next Tj periods, thus incurring an item‐by‐item fixed cost kj. There is also a joint fixed cost whenever any item is reviewed. The problem is to find review periods T1, T2, …, TN and an ordering policy satisfying the average cost criterion. The current article builds on earlier results for the single‐item case. We prove an optimal policy exists, give conditions where it has a simple form, and develop a branch and bound algorithm for its computation. We also provide two heuristic policies with O(N) computational requirements. Computational experiments indicate that the branch and bound algorithm can handle normal demand problems with N ≤ 10 and that both heuristics do well for a wide variety of problems with N ranging from 2 to 200; moreover, the performance of our heuristics seems insensitive to N. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48:430–449, 2001
An interactive procedure for selecting acceptable alternatives in the presence of multiple criteria
Authors: Ulu Canan , Köksalan Murat
Published: October 2004

In this paper, we consider the multiple criteria decision‐making problem of partitioning alternatives into acceptable and unacceptable sets. We develop interactive procedures for the cases when the underlying utility function of the decision maker is linear, quasiconcave, and general monotone. We present an application of the procedures to the problem of admitting students to the master's degree program at the Industrial Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 592–606, 2001.
Waiting time analysis for a queueing system with time‐limited service and exponential timer
Authors: Katayama Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2004

We consider a single‐queue with exhaustive or gated time‐limited services and server vacations, in which the length of each service period at the queue is controlled by a timer, i.e., the server serves customers until the timer expires or the queue becomes empty, whichever occurs first, and then takes vacations. The customer whose service is interrupted due to the timer expiration may be attended according to nonpreemptive or preemptive service disciplines. For the M/G/1 exhaustive/gated time‐limited service queueing system with an exponential timer and four typical preemptive/nonpreemptive service disciplines, we derive the Laplace—Stieltjes transforms and the moment formulas for waiting times and sojourn times through a unified approach, and provide some new results for these time‐limited service disciplines. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 638–651, 2001.
Allocation of quality improvement targets based on investments in learning
Authors: Moskowitz Herbert , Plante Robert , Tang Jen
Published: October 2004

Purchased materials often account for more than 50% of a manufacturer's product nonconformance cost. A common strategy for reducing such costs is to allocate periodic quality improvement targets to suppliers of such materials. Improvement target allocations are often accomplished via ad hoc methods such as prescribing a fixed, across‐the‐board percentage improvement for all suppliers, which, however, may not be the most effective or efficient approach for allocating improvement targets. We propose a formal modeling and optimization approach for assessing quality improvement targets for suppliers, based on process variance reduction. In our models, a manufacturer has multiple product performance measures that are linear functions of a common set of design variables (factors), each of which is an output from an independent supplier's process. We assume that a manufacturer's quality improvement is a result of reductions in supplier process variances, obtained through learning and experience, which require appropriate investments by both the manufacturer and suppliers. Three learning investment (cost) models for achieving a given learning rate are used to determine the allocations that minimize expected costs for both the supplier and manufacturer and to assess the sensitivity of investment in learning on the allocation of quality improvement targets. Solutions for determining optimal learning rates, and concomitant quality improvement targets are derived for each learning investment function. We also account for the risk that a supplier may not achieve a targeted learning rate for quality improvements. An extensive computational study is conducted to investigate the differences between optimal variance allocations and a fixed percentage allocation. These differences are examined with respect to (i) variance improvement targets and (ii) total expected cost. For certain types of learning investment models, the results suggest that orders of magnitude differences in variance allocations and expected total costs occur between optimal allocations and those arrived at via the commonly used rule of fixed percentage allocations. However, for learning investments characterized by a quadratic function, there is surprisingly close agreement with an “across‐the‐board” allocation of 20% quality improvement targets. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 684–709, 2001
TEMPOL, a radical scavenger, reduces thermal hyperalgesia and NADPH‐d expression in the neurons of trigeminal ganglion of rats with infraorbital nerve constriction
Authors: Corsetti Giovanni , Rodella Luigi , Rezzani Rita , Bianchi Rossella
Published: October 2004

No medical or surgial treatments have been reported to permanently stop trigeminal pain attacks. TEMPOL, a stable nitroxide radical scavenger, has been recently shown efficient in providing neuroprotection. Here we tested the efficiency of TEMPOL in alleviating heat hyperalgesia and expression of NADPH‐d in trigeminal afferent neurons of rats with experimentally induced secondary trigeminal neuralgia by chronic constriction of infraorbitary nerve. The results showed that TEMPOL significantly reduced heat hyperalgesia and induced a large decrease of NADPH‐d in neurons of the Gasser ganglia. These findings suggest that the radical scavengers like TEMPOL could be new therapeutic strategies to treat neuropathic pain induced by infraorbital nerve constriction.
Polymers containing formamidine groups. VI. Structural influences on the formation of cyclic trimers
Authors: Kunert Christoph , Voigt Dieter , Friedel Peter , Komber Hartmut , Böhme Frank
Published: October 2004

The reaction of different metasubstituted aromatic diamines with triethylorthoformate (TEOF) was investigated. Whereas the conversion of 1,3‐phenylenediamine 1a resulted in an oligomeric polyformamidine, the formation of cyclic trimers was observed when nitrogen‐containing aromatic diamines such as 2,6‐diaminopyridine 1b, 2,4‐diaminopyrimidine 1c, and 2,4‐diamino‐6‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazine 1d were used. The extent of cyclization depended on the number of nitrogen atoms in the aromatic ring and could be attributed to energetically favored conformations of the chain segments. In the case of 1b, cyclization was quantitative. The results were supported by a conformational analysis concerning the rotational barriers of the aromatic rings in the respective dimers. The reaction products were characterized by means of NMR and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric investigations. In the reaction product of 1d, strong hydrogen‐bonded associates between the oligomers and the monomer were observed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1280–1287, 2001
The tenth anniversary of Suzuki polycondensation (SPC)
Authors: Schlüter A. D.
Published: October 2004

This article describes the successful transfer of the Suzuki cross‐coupling (SCC) reaction to polymer synthesis, one of the major developments within the last decade of polymer synthesis. The polymers prepared by Suzuki polycondensation (SPC) and its Ni‐catalyzed reductive counterpart are soluble and processable poly(arylene)s that, because of their rigid and conjugated backbones, are of interest for the materials sciences. Achievable molar masses easily compete with those of traditional polyesters and polyamides. This article also provides insight into some synthetic problems associated with the transfer of SCC from low molar mass organic chemistry to high molar mass polymer chemistry by addressing issues such as monomer purity, stoichiometric balance, achievable molar masses, and defects in the polymer structure. Although the emphasis of this article is synthetic and structural issues, some potential applications of the polyarylenes obtained are briefly mentioned. Together with the enormous developments in the areas of metallocene, ring‐opening metathesis, and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, the success of SPC impressingly underlines the increasing importance of transition‐metal‐catalyzed CC‐bond‐forming reactions in polymer synthesis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1533–1556, 2001
Synthesis and kinetics of polymerization of hydrophilic monomers: 2,3‐dihydroxypropylacrylate and 2,3‐dihydroxypropylmethacrylate
Authors: García F. , de la Peña J. L. , Delgado J. J. , García N. , Guzmán J. , Riande E. , Calle P.
Published: October 2004

Unsaturated monomers containing none, one, or two hydroxyl groups were obtained by the reaction of glycerol (1,2,3‐trihydroxypropane) with acrylic and methacrylic chloride. The experimental values of the mole fractions of the different monomers were compared with those theoretically obtained by considering different mechanisms involving two or seven kinetic constants. Agreement between the theoretical and experimental results could only be achieved by assuming that the reactivity of the hydroxyl groups changed with the presence of the substituents. The investigation of the radical polymerizations 2,3‐dihydroxypropylacrylate (GA) and 2,3‐dihydroxypro‐ pylmethacrylate (GM) was carried out at several temperatures in water–dioxane solutions. Ultraviolet spectroscopic techniques were used to determine the kinetic constants, and the results were compared with those obtained in the same conditions for methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, 2‐hydroxyethylacrylate, and 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate. The values of the ratio kp/kt1/2 for the methacrylic monomer GM were higher than 0.5 L1/2 mol−1/2 s−1/2 at temperatures between 50 and 65 °C. These values exceeded 2 L1/2 mol−1/2 s−1/2 for the acrylic monomer GA, perhaps the highest values reported for this kind of monomer. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was also used to study the polymerization of GM. All the polymers were soluble in the reaction mixture until very high conversions, and the gel effect was never detected at monomer concentrations equal to or lower than 1 mol L−1. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1843–1853, 2001
Novel approach to well‐defined polyester by living anionic alternating copolymerization of ethylphenylketene with 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde
Authors: Nagai Daisuke , Sudo Atsushi , Sanda Fumio , Endo Takeshi
Published: October 2004

A living anionic alternating copolymerization of ethylphenylketene (EPK) with 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde (MBA) was achieved. When n‐butyllithium was added to a mixture of EPK and MBA in tetrahydrofuran at −40 °C in the presence of an excess amount of lithium chloride, the copolymerization of these monomers proceeded via complete 1:1 alternating manner to afford the polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution. A linear relationship was observed between the molecular weight and the monomer/initiator ratio, keeping a narrow molecular weight distribution. The structure of the obtained polymer was determined to be a polyester by IR spectroscopy together with the reductive degradation of the polymer by lithium aluminum hydride, which quantitatively afforded the corresponding diol to the repeating unit of the expected polyester structure. Both conversions of EPK and MBA agreed to a first‐order kinetic equation with linear evolution between the molecular weight and conversion. These observations along with the successful results in two‐stage polymerization indicate that the present copolymerization proceeded through a living mechanism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2078–2084, 2001
Preparation and application of a novel core–shell‐particle‐supported zirconocene catalyst
Authors: Liu Chengbin , Tang Tao , Huang Baotong
Published: October 2004

The use of functional groups bearing silica/poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) core–shell particles as a support for a zirconocene catalyst in ethylene polymerization was studied. Several factors affecting the behavior of the supported catalyst and the properties of the resulting polymer, such as time, temperature, Al/N (molar ratio), and Al/Zr (molar ratio), were examined. The conditions of the supported catalyst preparation were more important than those of the ethylene polymerization. The state of the supported catalyst itself played a decisive role in both the catalytic behavior of the supported catalyst and the properties of polyethylene (PE). IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to follow the formation of the supports. The formation of cationic active species is hypothesized, and the performance of the core–shell‐particle‐supported zirconocene catalyst is discussed as well. The bulk density of the PE formed was higher than that of the polymer obtained from homogeneous and polymer‐supported Cp2ZrCl2/methylaluminoxane catalyst systems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2085–2092, 2001
Application of ketenes to well‐defined polyester synthesis. II. Synthesis of reactive polyester by living anionic polymerization of (4‐halophenyl)ethylketene
Authors: Sudo Atsushi , Uchino Satoshi , Endo Takeshi
Published: October 2004

Novel ketenes, (4‐chlorophenyl)ethylketene and (4‐bromophenyl)ethylketene, were synthesized by dehydrochlorination of 2‐(4‐halophenyl)butanoyl chlorides, and their anionic polymerizations by lithium (4‐methoxyphenoxide) in tetrahydrofuran at −20 °C were carried out to afford the corresponding polyesters with narrow molecular weight distributions (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight < 1.3) quantitatively. Polymerizations with various feed ratios afforded the corresponding polyesters with predictable molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. Kinetic studies of the polymerizations at −78 °C revealed that the polymerization rates were apparently larger than that of ethylphenylketene, which is considered to be responsible for the enhanced electrophilicities of the monomers via the introduction of electron‐negative halogen atoms. Monomer conversion agreed with the first‐order kinetic equation. These results strongly support the living mechanism of this polymerization. The obtained polyesters were modified by a palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction of the side‐chain 4‐halophenyl group with 4‐methoxyphenylboronic acid, demonstrating their potential as reactive polymers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2093–2102, 2001
Synthesis of poly(phenylsilsesquioxane) having organostannyl groups
Authors: Matsubara Yasutaka , Konishi Wakako , Sugizaki Toshio , Moriya Osamu
Published: October 2004

Poly(phenylsilsesquioxane) (PSQ) having tributylstannyl groups (TBPSQ) was prepared from phenyltrimethoxysilane and bis(tributyltin) oxide [(Bu3Sn)2O] under basic conditions. The procedure, using a catalytic amount of basic reagent such as triethylamine, sodium hydroxide, or aqueous ammonia, afforded yields of TBPSQ based on Si in the range of 12–45% at a number‐average molecular weight precipitated from ethanol of about 3500. In the other procedure, starting from PSQ with (Bu3Sn)2O, the incorporation of tributylstannyl groups into PSQ proceeded effectively in the presence of an acid catalyst such as methanesulfonic acid or sulfuric acid, giving TBPSQ in moderate yields of greater than 52%. Dibutyltin oxide, a bifunctional organotin compound, was also used, affording dibutylstannylated poly(phenylsilsesquioxane) (DBPSQ) without crosslinking. The highest ratio of Si and Sn contained in TBPSQ or DBPSQ, prepared under acidic conditions, was Si/Sn = 7/1. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2125–2133, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight branched PBA
Authors: Han Yang‐Kyoo , Um Jae Won , Im Seung Soon , Kim Byoung Chul
Published: October 2004

We prepared carboxylic acid group terminated linear polybutylene adipate (PBA) by melt polycondensation of adipic acid with 1,4‐butanediol in the presence of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TIP) as a catalyst. High molecular weight branched PBAs were synthesized through the branching reaction between the carboxylic acid group terminated PBA and branching agent such as glycerol or pentaerythritol in the presence of TIP. The weight‐average molecular weights of the branched PBAs were found to be in the range of about 100,000–240,000 by gel permeation chromatography. Mechanical properties of the linear and branched PBAs were measured on an Instron tensile tester. The moduli of the branched PBAs had lower values of 320–450 MPa than those of the linear PBAs, whereas the elongations at break of the branched PBAs were in the range of 530–590%, which are much greater than the linear PBAs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2143–2150, 2001
Electron spin resonance study on chemical‐crosslinking reaction mechanisms of polyethylene using a chemical agent. VI. Effect of α‐methyl styrene dimer
Authors: Yamazaki Takanori , Seguchi Tadao
Published: October 2004

The effect of α‐methyl styrene dimer (AMSD), which is used as a scorch retarder, on the reaction mechanisms of the chemical crosslinking of polyethylene (PE) with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) at high temperatures was investigated using electron spin resonance. When AMSD was added to PE containing DCP, the AMSD radical was observed; however, the PE alkyl radical or allyl radical presence was not detected. At 145 °C, crosslinking was obstructed as a result of the reaction between AMSD and alkyl radicals. As the temperature increased, AMSD fragmented to form 2‐phenyl‐2‐propyl and double bonds in PE. This generation of double bonds, however, accelerated crosslinking at 180 °C and was more effective than when AMSD was not present. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2151–2156, 2001
Effective grafting of polymers onto ultrafine silica surface: Photopolymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by the system consisting of trichloroacetyl groups on the surface and Mn2(CO)10
Authors: Shirai Yukio , Shirai Kumi , Tsubokawa Norio
Published: October 2004

The effective grafting of vinyl polymers onto an ultrafine silica surface was successfully achieved by the photopolymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by the system consisting of trichloroacetyl groups on the surface with Mn2(CO)10 under UV irradiation at 25 °C. The introduction of trichloroacetyl groups onto the surface of silica was achieved by the reaction of trichloroacetyl isocyanate with surface amino groups, which were introduced by the treatment of silica with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane. During the polymerization, the corresponding polymers were effectively grafted onto the surface, based on the propagation of polymer from surface radicals formed by the interaction of trichloroacetyl groups and Mn2(CO)10. The percentage of poly(methyl methacrylate) grafting onto the silica reached 714.6% after 90 min. The grafting efficiency (proportion of grafted polymer to total polymer formed) in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate was very high, about 80%, indicating the depression of formation of ungrafted polymer. Polymer‐grafted silica gave a stable colloidal dispersion in good solvents for grafted polymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2157–2163, 2001