bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gavroche Affair
Authors: Cowley Robert
Published: May 2006

The prosecution of the well‐known Mayfair restaurant, La Gavroche,
raised many questions about the manner in which the case was pursued.
Proof beyond doubt is essential for successful prosecution. It is
essential that comprehensive notes are taken as soon as possible after
inspection so that an accurate picture of the facts is recorded for the
court case. Evidence must be obtained in a fair and proper manner.
Food Regulation and Retailing
Authors: Ridge Stephen
Published: May 2006

Over the last six months we have seen an unprecedented number of
food and contamination scares given wide media coverage. A result of
this has been the launch of the Food Safety Advisory Centre and
Foodline. Six of the major retailers in the UK, including Asda and J.
Sainsbury, have joined together to provide an information service to
customers, to fund a panel of experts and commission research into food
matters, and to provide a forum for the exchange of technical
information to supplement the existing technical expertise within each
organisation. In the light of the recent proposed changes to existing
food legislation in the UK, the author considers two specific aspects
– the modification of the defences available under the Food Act
and temperature control for chilled foods.
Mystical Truffles – Nuggets of Sublime Taste Buried beneath the Earth
Authors: Luciani Nadia
Published: May 2006

Truffles are a type of fungus that grows underground in symbiosis
with the roots of certain trees, such as beeches, oaks and nut trees.
The true potential of the British market is yet to be seen as relatively
few people, apart from gastronomes, are aware of their use. Potential
market niches for expansion include catering wholesalers, delicatessens,
department stores and food manufacturers.
Health‐responsible Food Marketing
Authors: Booth D.A.
Published: May 2006

Health‐responsible food marketing in the deepest and technically
most challenging sense is more than legitimate marketing (complying with
the food regulations), marketing under a company policy of nutritional
composition, or even health‐image marketing (seeking to meet the health
concerns of some food consumers). Fully health‐responsible food
marketing is taking existing commercial options or opening up new ones
for the design and presentation of appealing food and beverage products
which support those habitual patterns of behaviour that on current
evidence are likely to promote physical health while satisfying
consumers′ other desires. The concept is illustrated by the need for
technological and marketing developments that would help to prevent
obesity. These would, for example, on long‐standing theory and recent
field evidence, support the zero‐calorie drink break and its complete
differentiation from the quick and convenient light meal.
A Complainant’s Charter
Authors: Day Abby , Wills Mathew
Published: May 2006

The steps consumers should take when they receive either food
poisoning from or foreign matter in food are described. To whom should
they report the offence and how will they be compensated? The roles of
environmental health and trading standards officers are outlined.
Introduction: An Environmentally Friendly Policy for Retailing
Authors: Beharrell Brian
Published: May 2006

An introduction and review of food and packaging policies employed
by retailers; and an objective evaluation of Gateway′s new approach. The
review highlights key issues arising and gives social and economic
background to Gateway′s innovative policies.
Dietary Beliefs and Practices: A Study of Working‐class Women in North‐east England
Authors: McKie Linda J. , Wood Roy C.
Published: May 2006

The perceived relationships between diet and health amongst a
sample of working‐class women in North‐east England are examined,
highlighting the impact of “food scares” current at the time
of the research fieldwork on dietary beliefs and practice. Economic
constraints are a major barrier to “healthier eating” in
certain working‐class subcultures, but social conceptions of
“good” food also often conflict with dietary advice. The
findings of the research presented here demonstrate that this conflict
may be heightened by the confusion and controversy attendant on
“food scares”, causing anger and resentment amongst women,
the principle recipients of dietary information.
Increasing the “Pulse” Rate: Opportunities for Product Development
Authors: Holt Georgina
Published: May 2006

Vegetarianism is currently receiving more attention from the food
industry than ever before. The campaign initiated by the NACNE and COMA
Reports has created a new “health appeal”, resulting in an
increased demand for vegetarian food, which is consumer‐driven. Product
development in the vegetarian sector should, therefore, favour the use
of vegetables and pulses rather than dairy products. Beans, nuts, seeds
and grains are all the more appetising now because of the abundance of
vegetables available to combine with them. Manufacturers should take the
opportunity of an expanding market to provide imaginative, sumptuous
products which truly do justice to the variety of colours, flavours and
textures of pulses.
Food Standards, Food Manufacturers and 1992
Authors: Turner Alan
Published: May 2006

The harmonisation of food laws and regulations in Europe is focused
on. The European Court′s role as a catalyst for change and the strategy
of the European Commission are outlined. The background to the various
directives and regulations controlling food manufacture and production
is described and the effect they will have on member countries is noted.
A Framework for Relating Waiting Time and Customer
Satisfaction in a Service Operation
Authors: Davis Mark M. , Vollmann Thomas E.
Published: May 2006

Introduces a framework for integrating the operations management
and marketing approaches within a service operation. Focuses on customer
satisfaction with waiting time, with the aim of providing improved
satisfaction for a given level of resources. Provides an application of
this methodology by presenting an example in the fast food industry.
Concludes with suggestions for extending such a framework to other
service organizations.
Effects of Store Music on Shopping Behavior
Authors: Yalch Richard , Spangenberg Eric
Published: May 2006

Describes an experiment conducted comparing the effects of
background and foreground music on clothing store shoppers. Concludes
that choosing to play store music solely to satisfy customers′
preferences may not be the optimal approach; instead music should be
varied across areas of a store that appeal to different‐aged customers.
Has the marketing concept returned to the
United States?
Authors: Ryan Edward J.
Published: May 2006

Examines the renewed interest and application of the marketing
concept in the United States. Argues that recent interest is the result
of a decline in corporate America and the emergence of Japanese
competition, signalling America′s refocus on customer needs, internal
needs, and vendor relations. Calls for continued use of the marketing
concept in American industry.
The evaluative criteria of industrial buyers: implications
for sales training
Authors: McQuiston Daniel H. , Walters Rockney G.
Published: May 2006

proposes that who have more knowledge about their buyers give more
effective presentations. Addresses this issue by examining the
evaluative criteria held by different functional roles represented in
the decision‐making unit, how those criteria differ across the various
roles, and howknowledge of this can be incorporated into sales training
programs to give salespeople more information on their customers and
help them be more effective during the sales interaction.
Perceptual Mapping: a Tool for Industrial Marketing: a Case
study
Authors: Sinclair Steven A. , Stalling Edward C.
Published: May 2006

Describes the uses and advantages of perceptual mapping, a
consumer‐based modelling technique having both diagnostic and strategic
applications, particularly in determining the threat posed by substitute
products and in developing competitive strategies. Uses a case study
approach of analysing companies in traditional manufacturing industries
who are attempting to move from basic commodities to faster growing
“value‐added” products. Concludes that perceptual maps are
effective in developing new products and product positioning and can be
easily used by managers in developing actions.
Water Quality in Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Okoye Chukwuma O.B. , Adeleke Babatunde K.
Published: May 2006

Seasonal studies of water quality in partially protected shallow
wells in Akure, Nigeria were carried out. The well waters were of high
chemical quality, but higher values of parameters in the early rainy
season than in the dry season indicate runoff water inflitration.
Consequently, the waters show slight turbidity for one to two hours
after rainfall due to settleable solids, a factor which renders the
wells liable to chemical and bacterial contamination from surface
sources. There is therefore a need for a design of drinking water wells
in Akure to include making the wells deeper, at least 6 metres deep, and
incorporating watertight lining of the upper part.
QUALITY PERCEPTIONS BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
Authors: Khachaturian Janet L. , Morganosky Michelle A.
Published: May 2006

Consumers′ perceptions of quality for apparel products from five
countries of origin are studied from the perspective of congruity
theory. Utilising random digit dialling, telephone interviews were
obtained from households throughout the United States. Findings suggest
that different countries of origin have various effects on consumers′
quality perceptions, with the magnitude of such an effect tending to
reflect the country of origin′s level of industrial development. The
least industrialised country, Costa Rica, had the most negative impact
on perceived quality. Conversely, with the USA and Italy being more
industrialised countries, association with apparel made in the USA
usually had a positive influence on the quality image, while Italy′s
influence was more neutral. Therefore, this study provides retailers
with an additional perspective when sourcing their apparel products
through the examination of the relationship between consumer perception
of apparel quality and a country of origin′s level of industrial
development.
Extended Supply Chains
Authors: Macbeth Douglas
Published: May 2006

Describes a new approach to improving customer/supplier partnerships. Asserts that Western managers tend to perceive every other company as a potential threat. Contends that Japanese companies have realized that global battles are between groups of companies acting in networks or extended supply chains. Shows how supply chain competitiveness can be improved through the buyer/supplier relationship audit. Concludes there is still much to be done before we emulate the Japanese role models and create competitive alliances of companies which would have a strong root culture of quality on which the health of each part would depend.
Customer satisfaction measures
Authors: Harrison Tony
Published: May 2006

Describes measures of customer satisfaction developed by one business within ICI, a major UK‐based chemical company. Asserts there is a lack of clear focus on customers particularly in bulk manufacturing and process industries. Discusses customer satisfaction measures: supplier audits, complaints data, customer survey. Concludes most management teams spend disproportionate time studying financial data and give too little attention to non‐financial performance measures, which dictate financial performance. Contends customer service measures must be used as a basis to develop and track the progress of well‐conceived plans to continuously improve all aspects of customer service.
Sources of Finance in Residential Investment
Authors: Cohen Peter
Published: May 2006

Offers advice on making loans in the residential market. Briefly
discusses the market. Offers pointers on structuring a loan. Explores
some financing options. Tabulates some examples.
A review of recent
literature: XVII
Authors: Cornish Graham P.
Published: May 2006

Examines literature surrounding several issues concerning
interlibrary lending (ILL). Reviews the value given to statistical
analysis in ILL. Discusses the importance of acquiring documents
speedily and reliably. Looks at the increasing demand for old and
precious materials through ILL and whether special privileges given to
researchers are justified. Finally, outlines the role of ILL for school
libraries.
A National Repository Library: the Finnish solution
Authors: Jylhä‐Pyykönen Annu
Published: May 2006

Explains the background to the setting up of the National
Repository Library in Kuopio, Finland, which arose from the urgent need
for more storage space. Gives details of the storage facilities of the
Library, and of the services it provides.
Batch Files for 〈F〉unction Key Definitions
Authors: Likins John R.
Published: May 2006

Describes a batch file, J.BAT, to quickly load a set of function
keys. Provides examples of general cataloguing and customized function
key definitions for library work.
System Security
Authors: Rowcliffe George
Published: May 2006

Considers various ways of maintaining the confidentiality and
integrity of information stored in computer. Discusses key lock
mechanisms, shell systems, file encryption, command line protection,
file hiding systems, and password selection.
School Daze?
Authors: Voedisch Ginni
Published: May 2006

Examines the SchoolMatch database on CD‐ROM, which enables parents
and educators to evaluate choices about schools. Discusses how schools
are profiled (according to expenditure per pupil, tax base, special
educational programmes etc), and how these profiles can be used to
locate schools by region for parents either choosing a school or trying
to find a school with a new system. Surmises that the database is also
valuable to teachers looking for jobs, and since it is on CD, it can be
easily offered by libraries with CD drives.
Stack Compactor: A Funny Thing Happened When You Deleted That Card...
Authors: Wright B.
Published: May 2006

Proposes a solution to the problem of sluggish HyperCard stacks
response on Macintosh machines. Describes the HyperCard solution
available at authoring user level, using stack info... and compact
stack, as well as a method of automating this procedure.
Using WordPerfect Macros and Merge Files to Print Book Labels
Authors: Frasier J.
Published: May 2006

Describes a method of using WordPerfect to produce book and spine
labels that are identical except for volume number. Examines programs to
define label format, creating macro files for printing, and printing
labels using macros.
Satisfying Special Needs
Authors: Rendfeld R.
Published: May 2006

Considers the benefits and audience of CompuServe′s IBM/Special
Needs Forum, GO IBMSPEC. Discusses the development, format and uses of
the Forum in addition to handicap information.
Protect Your Fixed Disk form (Re‐)Formatting
Authors: Trover L.F.
Published: May 2006

Suggests a solution to the problem of accidental loss of data from
a fixed disk by misuse of the FORMAT command. Describes the two‐step
process of renaming the FORMAT.COM file on the hard drive, and creating
batch files on the hard drive for allowable uses of the renamed command,
so that accidental reformatting of the hard drive becomes highly
unlikely.
A Preliminary analysis of CAT CD450 for Retrospective Conversion for the Mid‐sized Research Library
Authors: Hooten Patricia A.
Published: May 2006

Examines the notion of using the CAT CD450 system in retrospective
conversion and the research carried out by the Indiana Cooperative
Library Services Authority to determine whether this would be of use to
a research library. Presents the findings of the research in terms of
time, language, etc. Concludes that the CAT CD450 database may have
substantial versatility and that further examination is justified.
Details! Details! Tailoring Mac (and other) Word Processing
Output
Authors: Wright Becky
Published: May 2006

Identifies shortcuts to producing text of high quality presentation
without desktop publishing software. Illustrates how to create em and en
lines, ellipses, correct spacing and special characters.
A Natural Match
Authors: van Name Mark L. , Catchings Bill
Published: May 2006

Addresses the problem of sharing a CD‐ROM drive on a local area
network, suggesting several products which can be used to overcome these
hurdles. Compares two software packages: CD Server and Opti‐Net, noting
their similarities and differences. Explains that Macs have no need of
specialist software, as they can share CD‐ROMs with just a little
preparation. Laments the obstacles of speed of access times, and the
time taken to change CDs.
“Librarability – Access For All”: A Conference And An Attitude
Authors: Voedisch Ginni
Published: May 2006

Reports on a conference held in 1989 in Wisconsin, which focused on
the topic of providing better access to information for people with
disabilities. According to the author, the conference concentrated
mainly on those with vision‐related difficulties. Summarizes two of the
speeches made at the conference and examines some of the technology on
display. Stresses the need for adaptive technology to enable people with
a disability to access the increasing amounts of computer technology in
everyday life.
Transcendental meditation: the new key to executive results
Authors: Purveys Andrew
Published: May 2006

Discusses the TM Corporate Development Programme, a new initiative
set up to sell the idea that transcendental meditation is good for
business. Looks at a number of independent studies comparing the stress
levels of meditating groups with those of non‐meditating groups.
Stresses the benefits of transcendental meditation for building high
performance employees.
Inside vs. Outside
Authors: Bowen William J
Published: May 2006

Compares in‐house with university sponsored management
development/education programmes. Provides points to consider when
selecting an out‐of‐company or designing a company‐specific executive
education programme. Concludes that in‐house programmes provide an
organisational approach while university‐sponsored programmes are geared
to individual development.
Holding up the polished mirror
Authors: Vipan Terry
Published: May 2006

Describes the power of role play. Provides a first person account
of a course at Cambridge Management Centre and its subsequent effect in
the workplace. Concludes that the course provided a sense of common
mission and a better understanding of ourselves and each other.
Habitat use by a Midwestern U.S.A. riverine fish assemblage: effects of season, water temperature and river discharge
Authors: Gillette D. P. , Tiemann J. S. , Edds D. R. , Wildhaber M. L.
Published: May 2006

The hypothesis that temperate stream fishes alter habitat use in response to changing water temperature and stream discharge was evaluated over a 1 year period in the Neosho River, Kansas, U.S.A. at two spatial scales. Winter patterns differed from those of all other seasons, with shallower water used less frequently, and low‐flow habitat more frequently, than at other times. Non‐random habitat use was more frequent at the point scale (4·5 m2) than at the larger reach scale (20–40 m), although patterns at both scales were similar. Relative to available habitats, assemblages used shallower, swifter‐flowing water as temperature increased, and shallower, slower‐flowing water as river discharge increased. River discharge had a stronger effect on assemblage habitat use than water temperature. Proportion of juveniles in the assemblage did not have a significant effect. This study suggests that many riverine fishes shift habitats in response to changing environmental conditions, and supports, at the assemblage level, the paradigm of lotic fishes switching from shallower, high‐velocity habitats in summer to deeper, low‐velocity habitats in winter, and of using shallower, low‐velocity habitats during periods of high discharge. Results also indicate that different species within temperate river fish assemblages show similar habitat use patterns at multiple scales in response to environmental gradients, but that non‐random use of available habitats is more frequent at small scales.
Growth variability of juvenile soles Solea solea and Solea senegalensis, and comparison with RNA : DNA ratios in the Tagus estuary, Portugal
Authors: Fonseca V. F. , Vinagre C. , Cabral H. N.
Published: May 2006

Growth variability and condition of juvenile soles Solea solea and Solea senegalensis, were assessed through RNA : DNA estimates and compared to absolute growth rates. Higher mean cohort RNA : DNA ratios were observed for cohort I at the beginning of estuarine occurrence for both species (4·42 and 4·87, for S. solea and S. senegalensis respectively). Despite different estuarine colonization habits, no significant differences were observed between RNA : DNA monthly variation for both sole species within the same year (P > 0·05 for 2003 and 2004). Juvenile S. senegalensis showed significant differences between RNA : DNA ratios obtained for the two nursery areas (P < 0·001). The decrease of seasonal growth rates with fish age was similar to seasonal variation of mean RNA : DNA values. Thus the RNA : DNA pattern of juvenile S. solea and S. senegalensis reflected growth and estuarine colonization patterns.
Expression of trophinin and bystin identifies distinct cell types in the germinal zones of adult rat brain
Authors: Ma Liping , Yin Min , Wu Xuefei , Wu Chunhua , Yang Shuo , Sheng Jiansong , Ni Hengjian , Fukuda Michiko N. , Zhou Jiawei
Published: May 2006

In the adult brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the regions where active neurogenesis occurs. Relatively few specific markers are available to distinguish different types of cells in the SVZ and rostral migratory stream (RMS) of adult brain. Here, we showed that trophinin and bystin, both of which are required for early embryo implantation during development, were expressed in the SVZ and RMS of the adult rat brain, but not in the brain of embryos and early postnatal animals. Trophinin‐expressing cells were immunopositive for both Ki‐67 and nestin in the SVZ. Some of the trophinin‐positive cells did not express either the type A cell marker polysialylated weakly adhesive form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA‐NCAM) or the type B cell marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Double‐label immunohistochemistry revealed that bystin‐positive cells co‐expressed GFAP, Ki‐67 and nestin, but not PSA‐NCAM, suggesting that they are likely type B cells. Intracerebroventricular infusion of cytosine‐β‐d‐arabiofuranoside (Ara‐C) eliminated trophinin‐positive cells in the SVZ. Following its depletion, however, the remaining bystin‐positive cells continued to divide and generate actively dividing trophinin‐positive cells that were negative for PSA‐NCAM, leading to reconstruction of SVZ network. These characteristics indicate that this subset of trophinin‐positive cells in the SVZ is type C cells. Conversely in the RMS, trophinin co‐localized with nestin and PSA‐NCAM, suggesting that it is expressed in neuroblasts. Cultured neural precursor cells derived from the adult SVZ also expressed both trophinin and bystin. These findings provide insight into the molecular basis of adult neurogenesis in the SVZ and RMS.
A new viviparous acoel Childia vivipara sp. nov. with observations on the developing embryos, sperm ultrastructure, body wall and stylet musculatures
Authors: Tekle Yonas I. , Raikova Olga I. , Jondelius Ulf
Published: May 2006

A free‐living viviparous acoel, Childia vivipara sp. nov., from the Gullmar fjord of the Swedish coast is described. The new species is assigned to the taxon Childia based on histological, ultrastructural and molecular sequence similarities. All available molecular markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and histone H3) and several morphological characters, obtained using transmission electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy of whole mount specimen stained with TRITC‐labelled phalloidin, support the placement of C. vivipara in the taxon Childia. Childia vivipara and other Childia species share the following morphological synapomorphies: well‐developed copulatory organs built of tightly packed stylet needles, proximal part of the stylet inserted into the seminal vesicle, reversed body‐wall musculature, absence of ventral diagonal muscles, presence of dorsal diagonal muscles, and presence of ventral straight longitudinal muscles between frontal pore and mouth, 9 + 1 sperm axoneme structure, six distal sperm cytoplasmic microtubules, and extensive overlap of axonemes and nucleus. The new species can be easily distinguished from other Childia species by its viviparous mode of reproduction and single curved stylet. Observations on late embryonic development based on the oldest developing embryos are discussed.
Induction of apoptosis and enhancement of chemosensitivity in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells using bispecific antisense oligonucleotide targeting Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL genes
Authors: YAMANAKA KAZUKI , ROCCHI PALMA , MIYAKE HIDEAKI , FAZLI LADAN , SO ALAN , ZANGEMEISTER‐WITTKE UWE , GLEAVE MARTIN E.
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether a specifically designed bispecific (Bcl‐2/Bcl‐xL) antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) induces apoptosis and enhances chemosensitivity in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells, as Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL are both anti‐apoptotic genes associated with treatment resistance and tumour progression in many malignancies, including prostate cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Inhibition of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL expression by the bispecific ASO was evaluated using real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, while growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis were analysed by a crystal violet assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting of apoptosis‐relevant proteins. The effect of combined treatment with bispecific ASO and chemotherapy or small‐interference RNA (siRNA) targeting the clusterin gene was also investigated.

RESULTS

Bispecific ASO reduced Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL expression in LNCaP cells in a dose‐dependent manner. There was cell growth inhibition, increases in the sub‐G0–G1 fraction, and cleavage of caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐Ribose) polymerase proteins in LNCaP cells after bispecific ASO treatment. Interestingly, Bcl‐2/Bcl‐xL bispecific ASO treatment also resulted in the down‐regulation of Mcl‐1 and up‐regulation of Bax. The sensitivity of LNCaP cells to mitoxantrone, docetaxel or paclitaxel was significantly increased, reducing the 50% inhibitory concentration by 45%, 80% or 90%, respectively. Furthermore, the apoptotic induction by Bcl‐2/Bcl‐xL bispecific ASO was synergistically enhanced by siRNA‐mediated inhibition of clusterin, a cytoprotective chaperone that interacts with and inhibits activated Bax.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support the concept of the targeted suppression of Bcl‐2 anti‐apoptotic family members using multitarget inhibition strategies for prostate cancer, through the effective induction of apoptosis.
Normal urinary and sexual function in men without evidence of prostate cancer from Montreal, Canada
Authors: LEWINSHTEIN DANIEL J. , PERROTTE PAUL , LEBEAU THIERRY , RAMIREZ ALVARO , BENAYOUN SERGE , KARAKIEWICZ PIERRE I.
Published: May 2006

Associate Editor

Michael G. Wyllie

Editorial Board

Ian Eardley, UK

Jean Fourcroy, USA

Sidney Glina, Brazil

Julia Heiman, USA

Chris McMahon, Australia

Bob Millar, UK

Alvaro Morales, Canada

Michael Perelman, USA

Marcel Waldinger, Netherlands

OBJECTIVE

To examine the rates of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and erectile dysfunction (ED), and of associated bother, in men with no evidence of prostate cancer who participated in a prostate cancer‐screening event.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A cohort of 366 men with no established diagnosis of prostate cancer completed a questionnaire addressing SUI, ED and associated bother. Socio‐economic status and presence of comorbidities were also examined.

RESULTS

The mean (range) age of the men was 54.8 (33–80) years; 90% of the men (271) had no SUI, and 76% (231) reported no urinary bother. Conversely, 62% (189) reported some degree of ED and 27% (82) some degree of sexual bother. Urinary bother (P < 0.001), erectile function (P < 0.001), and sexual bother (P < 0.02) were associated with age. Of all the men, 36% had one or more comorbidities. Men with one or more comorbidities had worse erectile function than those men with no comorbidity (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Few studies address normative values of SUI and ED rates in men with no established diagnosis of prostate cancer. We quantified the rate of SUI and it was practically negligible. Conversely, some degree of ED affected most of the present screened population. These data may be used as baseline references to evaluate the magnitude of functional and bother detriments after various prostate treatments.
The role of Doppler ultrasonography in determining the proper surgical approach to the management of varicocele in children and adolescents
Authors: CIMADOR MARCELLO , PACE MARIA RITA DI , PERITORE MARCELLO , SERGIO MARIA , CASTAGNETTI MARCO , GRAZIA ENRICO DE
Published: May 2006

In a study from Italy, colour‐Doppler ultrasonography was a reliable diagnostic tool in the preoperative assessment of patients with varicocele. The authors also found that it helped to distinguish those who could be treated laparoscopically from those who should be treated by microsurgical subinguinal ligature.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) is a reliable diagnostic tool for selecting patients with varicocele to undergo either laparoscopy or open microsurgical subinguinal ligation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In a 3‐year period, 42 boys affected by left varicocele were evaluated before surgery by inguinal and scrotal CDUS. Using this method it was possible to distinguish Coolsaet type‐1 varicocele (due to isolated renal‐internal spermatic vein reflux) and Coolsaet type‐3 varicocele (due to associated renal‐internal spermatic reflux and iliac‐deferential reflux). Boys with Coolsaet type‐1 varicocele were treated by a laparoscopic transperitoneal Palomo procedure, whereas those with Coolsaet type‐3 varicoceles were treated by lymphatic‐sparing microsurgical subinguinal ligation.

RESULTS

The varicocele was Coolsaet type‐3 in six patients (14%), who had microsurgical open surgery, and the remaining 36 (86%) had Coolsaet type‐1 and had laparoscopic surgery. At the follow‐up there was no venous scrotal reflux. In two patients in the laparoscopic group a hydrocele developed after surgery, which resolved spontaneously.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that CDUS was a reliable diagnostic tool for assessing boys with varicocele. It clearly distinguished Coolsaet‐type 1 varicoceles that can be treated laparoscopically, from Coolsaet type‐3 varicoceles that should be treated with microsurgical subinguinal ligature.
Interfering with cell‐survival signalling as a treatment strategy for prostate cancer
Authors: CORCORAN NIALL M. , COSTELLO ANTHONY J. , HOVENS CHRISTOPHER M.
Published: May 2006

Authors from Australia describe how interfering with cell survival is increasingly being chosen as a method of developing a treatment strategy for hormone‐resistant prostate cancer. The authors show how several developmental drug candidates have preclinical and clinical activity against cell survival proteins, and that these might be worth considering as possible clinical entities in this condition.

The commonly stated argument that laparoscopy has advanced the cause of donor nephrectomy in renal transplantation is examined by authors from the UK. They present a review of the published reports and show that the evidence base is poor for drawing a conclusion as to whether laparoscopic or open nephrectomy is best.
University teachers’ experiences in courseware development
Authors: Bongalos Yuri Q. , Bulaon Dan Dave R. , Celedonio Lanie P. , De Guzman Allan B. , Ogarte Cronica Josette F.
Published: May 2006

The professoriate is increasingly expected to infuse computer technology in teaching. However, there is dearth of qualitative data to either support or disprove this belief. This study thus aims to describe the experiences of a select group of college teachers as they develop, implement and evaluate their courseware materials. Ten tenured faculty members who have developed, deployed and evaluated their courseware materials were the participants of this qualitative inquiry. Initially, the teachers were made to fill out robotfotos (in Dutch, a cartographic sketch) for purposes of profiling their baseline characteristics. Data gathered were carefully analysed and thematised on the basis of internal and external homogeneity. Guided by a semistructured audio‐taped interview, this study captured the experiences of the teachers whose instructional paradigms were facilitated and revolutionised by a learning management system (LMS), specifically the Blackboard (Bb) system. Findings show that generally, the professoriate considers the courseware materials developed as instructional adjuncts that complement their time‐tested teaching modalities. Having identified an LMS such as Bb as a user‐friendly system, issues relative to system’s accessibility, technical difficulties, systemic training programmes for teachers, attractive system of incentives and user readiness are key areas that ensure overall programme success and viability.
Faculty adoption behaviour about web‐based distance education: a case study from China Agricultural University
Authors: Li Yan , Lindner James R.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine China Agricultural University’s (CAU’s) faculty adoption behaviour about web‐based distance education (WBDE). Rogers’ (2003) model of five stages in the innovation–decision process was adopted and modified as the theoretical base for the study. Quantitative research was employed and the research design for the study was descriptive in nature. The results of data analysis found that about 70% of participating CAU faculty (N= 273) stayed in early stages in the innovation–decision process related to WBDE (no knowledge, knowledge, or persuasion) and about 30% were in later stages (decision, implementation and confirmation). Faculty members’ stage in the innovation–decision process differed significantly by their professional area, level of education, teaching experience and distance education experience. Gender, age and academic rank had no significant influence on faculty members’ stage in the process.
Security of Children's Relationships With Nonparental Care Providers: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ahnert Lieselotte , Pinquart Martin , Lamb Michael E.
Published: May 2006

Meta‐analysis aggregated results of 40 investigations involving 2,867 children who averaged 29.6 (SD=8.6) months of age when their attachments to care providers were assessed using either the Strange Situation (SS) or the Attachment Q‐Set (AQS). As opposed to parents, secure attachments to nonparental care providers were less likely (using SS) or equally likely (using AQS), respectively. Secure child–care provider attachments were more likely in home‐ than center‐based care, when the children were assessed longer after enrollment, and when they were girls. Whereas care providers' sensitivity to individual children predicted attachment security only in the small groups that characterize home‐based settings, group‐related sensitivity was a reliable predictor of secure child–care provider attachment, especially in child care centers.
Young Children's Use of Video as a Source of Socially Relevant Information
Authors: Troseth Georgene L. , Saylor Megan M. , Archer Allison H.
Published: May 2006

Although prior research clearly shows that toddlers have difficulty learning from video, the basis for their difficulty is unknown. In the 2 current experiments, the effect of social feedback on 2‐year‐olds' use of information from video was assessed. Children who were told “face to face” where to find a hidden toy typically found it, but children who were given the same information by a person on video did not. Children who engaged in a 5‐min contingent interaction with a person (including social cues and personal references) through closed‐circuit video before the hiding task used information provided to find the toy. These findings have important implications for educational television and use of video stimuli in laboratory‐based research with young children.
Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik
Authors: FOLLESDAL ANDREAS , HIX SIMON
Published: May 2006

Giandomenico Majone and Andrew Moravcsik have argued that the EU does not suffer a ‘democratic deficit’. We disagree about one key element: whether a democratic polity requires contestation for political leadership and over policy. This aspect is an essential element of even the ‘thinnest’ theories of democracy, yet is conspicuously absent in the EU.
Sibling relationships and best friendships in young adulthood: Warmth, conflict, and well‐being
Authors: SHERMAN AURORA M. , LANSFORD JENNIFER E. , VOLLING BRENDA L.
Published: May 2006

Although much work addresses the importance of siblings and friendships in separate investigations, few studies simultaneously examine both relationships. Young adults (N= 102, M age = 18.7) were surveyed about their friendships, their sibling relationships, and their psychological well‐being (assessed by self‐esteem and loneliness). Participants with harmonious (high warmth, low conflict) sibling relations and same‐gender friends had the highest well‐being. Participants with affect‐intense (high warmth, high conflict) sibling relationships had low well‐being. However, participants who had low‐involved (low warmth, low conflict) and affect‐intense same‐gender friendships did not differ in well‐being. When examining joint effects, having a harmonious same‐gender friendship compensated for having a low‐involved sibling relationship, but having harmonious sibling relations did not compensate for having low‐involved friendships. Overall, the results underscore the importance of positive and negative relationship properties and the joint effects of multiple relationships.
Genetics in Dialysis: Gene Polymorphism Association Studies in Dialysis: Anemia and Host Immunity
Authors: Jaber Bertrand L. , Balakrishnan Vaidyanathapuram S. , Girndt Matthias , Heine Gunnar H. , Köhler Hans
Published: May 2006

The typical complications of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) vary in frequency and severity. Whereas anemia of chronic kidney disease might require high doses of exogenous erythropoietin (EPO) in some individuals, others hardly ever need hormone replacement. The same observation can be made for immune defense functions in patients with ESRD. Our understanding of the functional consequences of genetic polymorphisms in a wide array of genes has recently gained momentum. In patients with ESRD, interindividual differences in anemia parameters have been linked in part to genetic polymorphisms. Indeed, although inflammation is an important predictor of the need for EPO, to date a link to cytokine gene polymorphisms has not been established. However, the need for EPO has been linked to polymorphisms in the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and vitamin D receptor genes. In contrast, in dialysis patients, interindividual variability in host immune responses, including nonspecific (bacterial) and antigen‐specific (viral) immune mechanisms has been linked to variations in the interleukin‐10 and myeloperoxidase genes as well as variability in human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). In conclusion, the role of genetic polymorphisms in predicting the development and severity of anemia in chronic kidney disease as well as host immune competence is in its infancy and warrants further inquiry.
Genetics in Dialysis: Gene Polymorphism Association Studies in Dialysis: Bone and Mineral Metabolism
Authors: Jaber Bertrand L. , Balakrishnan Vaidyanathapuram S. , Erturk Sehsuvar
Published: May 2006

Abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality among patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). In addition to confounding environmental factors, genetic susceptibility factors may also influence the occurrence and severity of these abnormalities and account for interindividual variability among patients. Indeed, polymorphisms involving genes of the calcium/parathyroid hormone/calcitriol axis have been associated with bone and mineral metabolism abnormalities. This review summarizes studies involving polymorphisms of candidate genes and their effects on the development of complications related to bone and mineral metabolism abnormalities among patients with ESRD.
Basic Science and Dialysis: Parathyroid Growth and Suppression in Renal Failure
Authors: Lewin Ewa , Huan Jinxing , Olgaard Klaus
Published: May 2006

In advanced uremia, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels should be controlled at a moderately elevated level in order to promote normal bone turnover. As such, a certain degree of parathyroid hyperplasia has to be accepted. Uremia is associated with parathyroid growth. In experimental studies, proliferation of the parathyroid cells is induced by uremia and further promoted by hypocalcemia, phosphorus retention, and vitamin D deficiency. On the other hand, parathyroid cell proliferation might be arrested by treatment with a low‐phosphate diet, vitamin D analogs, or calcimimetics. When established, parathyroid hyperplasia is poorly reversible. There exists no convincing evidence of programmed parathyroid cell death or apoptosis in hyperplastic parathyroid tissue or of involution of parathyroid hyperplasia. However, even considerable parathyroid hyperplasia can be controlled when the functional demand for increased PTH levels is removed by normalization of kidney function. Today, secondary hyperparathyroidism can be controlled in patients with long‐term uremia in whom considerable parathyroid hyperplasia is to be expected. PTH levels can be suppressed in most uremic patients and this suppression can be maintained by continuous treatment with phosphate binders, vitamin D analogs, or calcimimetics. Thus modern therapy permits controlled development of parathyroid growth. When nonsuppressible secondary hyperparathyroidism is present, nodular hyperplasia with suppressed expression of the calcium‐sensing receptor (CaR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been found in most cases. An altered expression of some autocrine/paracrine factors has been demonstrated in the nodules. The altered quality of the parathyroid mass, and not only the increased parathyroid mass per se, might be responsible for uncontrollable hyperparathyroidism in uremia and after kidney transplantation.
Reconsidering the Impact of Jurisprudential Regimes*
Authors: Scott Kevin M.
Published: May 2006

Objectives. Recent work on Supreme Court decision making has argued that different areas of law demonstrate the creation of jurisprudential regimes, which alter the importance of different case facts to the justices, suggesting that the justices do alter their behavior in response to changes in the law. However, the work on jurisprudential regimes has suggested that all justices, or at least all justices who participate in establishing the regime, react similarly to the regime creation.

Methods. I separate out the justices who support the establishment of the regime and those who oppose the establishment of the regime to test the hypothesis that majority and dissenting justices react differently to the creation of jurisprudential regimes.

Results. Both sets of justices react to the establishment of the regime, but the change in behavior of the dissenters occurs after that of the majority.

Conclusions. These results suggest that the impact of jurisprudential regimes may be even more substantial than previously believed.
THERMAL AND HIGH PRESSURE INACTIVATION KINETICS OF VICTORIA GRAPE POLYPHENOL OXIDASE: FROM MODEL SYSTEMS TO GRAPE MUST
Authors: RAPEANU GABRIELA , VAN LOEY ANN , SMOUT CHANTAL , HENDRICKX MARC
Published: May 2006

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from white grapes (var. Victoria, South Africa) and partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Detailed kinetic studies on thermal and high‐pressure inactivation of grape PPO were preformed in McIlvaine buffer (pH = 4.0), in reconstituted grape must and in grape must. Thermal inactivation of PPO in McIlvaine buffer followed a first‐order model while in reconstituted grape must and grape must a biphasic inactivation behavior has been observed. Under all conditions investigated, a first‐order kinetic model could describe the pressure inactivation data. It was found that PPO is more thermostable and pressure‐stable in must than in reconstituted grape must and McIlvaine buffer at the same pH = 4.0.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF KILLER WHALE (ORCINUS ORCA) HISTORICAL BONE AND TOOTH SAMPLES TO IDENTIFY WESTERN U.S. ECOTYPES
Authors: Morin Phillip A. , LeDuc Richard G. , Robertson Kelly M. , Hedrick Nicole M. , Perrin William F. , Etnier Michael , Wade Paul , Taylor Barbara L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Little is known about the historical range of killer whale ecotypes in the eastern North Pacific (ENP). It is possible that ranges have shifted in the last few decades because of changes in availability of food. In particular, the southern resident ecotype, currently found primarily in the inland waters of Washington State, is known to prey extensively on salmon, which have declined in recent decades along the outer coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. To investigate historical distributions of this and the other ENP ecotypes, samples of teeth and bones were obtained from NMFS and museum collections. We amplified a short section of the mitochondrial DNA control region that contains four diagnostic sites that differentiate between haplotypes found in ecotypes of ENP killer whales. Results did not show any southern resident haplotypes in samples from south of the Washington State inland waterways. One whale genetically identified as a northern resident extends the known southernmost distribution of the population from Oregon to California. Items of diet identified from stomach contents of six of the whales genetically identified to ecotype conformed with what is known of the feeding habits of the various ecotypes.
Wheel Regenerative Chatter of Surface Grinding
Authors: Li Hongqi , Shin Yung C.
Published: May 2006

In this paper we present a comprehensive dynamic model that simulates surface grinding processes and predict their regenerative chatter characteristics. The model considers special aspects in surface grinding processes, such as interrupted grinding on a series of surfaces and step-like wheel wear along the axial direction due to crossfeed. A new theory for the wheel regenerative chatter mechanism, which describes the regenerative force as a function of not only the instantaneous chip thickness but also the distributed uneven grit wear/dullness, is introduced and applied in the model. Using the model, explanations are provided for those unrevealed wheel regenerative chatter phenomena observed from the experimental results in literature. The model is validated by comparing the simulated chatter frequencies and thresholds with the experimental results.