bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ritual Appropriateness in Seven Against Thebes. Civic Religion in a Time of War
Authors: Giordano-Zecharya Manuela
Published: January 2006

This paper explores the themes and tensions of the first part of the Seven Against Thebes, against the background of Athenian civic religion. The confrontation between Eteocles and the Chorus can be seen as an opposition between two gender-related religious attitudes. Eteocles describes his religious behaviour as ritually appropriate whereas he rebukes that of the women as inappropriate and disruptive. Thus, sacrifice and euchê-prayer stand against supplication and lamenting prayer (litê). In partial opposition to other interpretations, this paper views Eteocles as more concerned about the religious behaviour of the Chorus—what they do and how they pray—than with their religious views; in other words he castigates them for their heteropraxy, not their heterodoxy. In the background it is possible to make out the needs of a society of soldier-citizens to contain the ritual and emotional expression of fear and lament in order to avoid demoralizing the troops.
Stanzaic Structure and Responsion in the Elegiac Poetry of Tyrtaeus
Authors: Faraone Christopher
Published: January 2006

This study seeks to revive, defend and further illustrate the suggestion of Weil (1862) (adopted by Rossi (1953/4)) that the longer fragments of Tyrtaeus (nos. 10-12 in West 1992) were composed in five-couplet units (Weil called them 'strophes' but I prefer 'stanzas') that either alternate between exhortation and meditation (e.g. 10.1-30 or 11.1-20) or contrast, for example, the defensive and offensive modes of hoplite warfare (11.21-38), men skilled and unskilled in warfare (12.1-20) or the differing honors that await those war-heroes who die on the battlefield and those who return home alive (12.21-30 and 35-44). These units, moreover, often display a kind of responsion (similar to that found in ancient Greek choral poetry), which allows the poet to draw attention to the stanzaic architecture of the poem and emphasize parallels and contrasts between the individual stanzas. Weil's theory, moreover, provides us with evidence of later re-performances of these poems, especially Tyrtaeus 12, where the transmitted text shows clear signs of a subsequent performance (perhaps in classical Athens as the Platonic paraphrases in the Laws suggest) by a poet who was ignorant or careless of the earlier archaic practice.
Divine intercession in Judah?
Authors: Parker Simon B.
Published: January 2006

The paper explores evidence and reasons for thinking that some Judeans may have believed in and appealed to divine intercessors with Yahweh. After a brief review of the evidence for such a belief and practice outside Judah and in times before and after the Iron Age and Persian period, it considers factors in the social life and religious beliefs of Judeans that would favor such an institution. It then discusses the limited direct evidence for divine intercession, first in biblical literature from the Persian period and then in inscriptions from the Iron Age.
A revisionist reading revisited: On the creation of Adam and then Eve
Authors: Kawashima Robert S.
Published: January 2006

This article consists of two parts. First, I provide a systematic refutation of Phyllis Trible's and Mieke Bal's contention that "the human" created in Gen. ii 7 is a neuter "earth creature" rather than a man. Next, in anticipation of likely objections, I raise certain epistemological questions regarding the nature of interpretation, proposing in the end the position of philosophical realism as a preferable alternative to the "reader-oriented" stance of most current feminist studies (and other so-called ideological approaches). The goal is not to settle this controversy, but to reintroduce a neglected philosophical position into the current debate.
'Ōlāh: the rhetoric of burnt offerings
Authors: Watts James W.
Published: January 2006

The 'ōlāh off ering receives pride of place in most lists of sacrifi ces in the Hebrew Bible, including the ritual rules of Leviticus. Its prominence in these texts suggests that the writers expected its mention to have an eff ect on their audience. This rhetorical eff ect must be evaluated and understood before the references to the 'ōlāh can be used to reconstruct ancient religious practices reliably. A comparative analysis of the rhetoric about the 'ōlāh suggests that its priority burnished the image of priests as devoted selfl essly to divine worship and drew attention away from their economic interests in the sacrifi cial system mandated in the Torah. The eff ect of this rhetoric in later Jewish and Christian traditions was to separate the ideal of "sacrifice" from any necessary connection to actual animal off erings.
Why Edom? On the hostility towards Jacob's brother in prophetic sources
Authors: Assis Elie
Published: January 2006

This contribution offers a new approach to explain the hostile attitude of the biblical sources towards Edom. It is suggested that the relations between Edom and Israel are influenced by the way in which Israel perceived the meaning of the struggle between their fathers—Esau and Jacob. The constant conflict between Edom and Judah may well have been connected by the inhabitants of Judah, consciously or subconsciously, with the conflict between Esau and Jacob over the birthright, and over the control of the promised land. Edom's aspirations to occupy areas in Israel may have been interpreted as Edom's wish to reverse the situation and to restore the election and the birthright to Esau. Following the events in Judah of 587 BCE the people were in despair because they assumed that God had cast off his people forever. They interpreted the destruction of the temple and the expulsion from their land as severance of the relationship between God and his people. The people's exile because of their sins could also be interpreted as the people's loss of their status as the chosen people. Two facts supported their thoughts that they were rejected and Edom was now chosen by God. The first was the Edomite participation in the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple and the expulsion of Judah from their country. And the second was the colonization of the land of Judah by the Edomites. It was not Edom's participation in the destruction or even in the colonization of Judah that led to the exceptional attitude towards Edom in the Biblical sources. The ideological and theological significance that Judah assigned to Edom's acts is what led the prophets to focus on Edom. The anti-Edomite oracles were meant to instil into the hearts of the people that, despite the destruction, Israel is still the chosen people and the sins of Edom against Judah would not remain unpunished.
"Der Herr wird Deinen Eingang und Deinen Ausgang bewahren": Über Herkunft und Fortleben von LXX Psalm cxx 8a
Authors: Kraus Thomas J.
Published: January 2006

Among other differences between the Septuagint (LXX) and Masoretic (MT) version of Psalm cxx / cxxi, its verse 8a contains a peculiar phrasing (την εισoδóν σoυ καιτην εξoδóν σνυ, "your coming in and your going out"), as the MT has the two nouns in reverse order. In this article I will show that this feature is a unique phenomenon that found its way into the LXX here via a juridical background, where it had already become a fixed common term. A final chapter provides inscriptional evidence for the plain survival of this peculiar phrasing till today. It also makes aware of the fact that in such contexts Psalms obviously were regarded as being open to textual enlargements and changes.
Chicago's "Archaic Mark" (MS 2427): a Reintroduction to Its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of Its Readings
Authors: Duncan Patricia , Mitchell Margaret
Published: January 2006

This article announces the public release via the Internet of a full set of interactive digital images of the University of Chicago's "Archaic Mark" (Gregory-Aland ms 2427; University of Chicago ms 972), an enigmatic miniature manuscript of the Gospel according to Mark. To foster further research into this curious illuminated hand-codex, we provide a history of research and critical appraisal of the complex questions involved in its dating—which has been placed as early as the 13th century, and as late as the early 20th century—and a fresh collation of its text, which supplements and corrects the readings heretofore available only in the Nestle-Aland 27th edition.
The Special Purim and the Reception of the Book of Esther in the Hellenistic and Early Roman Eras
Authors: Burns Joshua Ezra
Published: January 2006

The current study analyzes evidence of the reception of the book of Esther by Greek-speaking Jewish audiences of the Hellenistic and early Roman periods. The author argues that the book of Esther lent itself to a common mode of cultural recontextualization suggestive of a documented medieval phenomenon known as the Special Purim. The book's inherent appeal to the social mentality of ancient Jewish civilization is demonstrated by tracing the roots of this trend back from the composition of the Hebrew Esther through its later manifestations in Judaea/Palestine and in the Greco-Roman Diaspora.
The Likeness of the Image: Adamic Motifs and Anthropoly in Rabbinic Traditions about Jacob's Image Enthroned in Heaven
Authors: Bunta Silviu
Published: January 2006

The present article analyzes the various texts concerning Jacob's image engraved on the throne of glory. It compares the Jacob texts with previous traditions regarding Adam's special status as the image of God or the equivalent of a cultic representation of an ancient Near Eastern king or of a Roman emperor. The Jacob texts reveal a similar anthropology that emphasizes the dichotomy of humanity. On one hand the earthliness of the functionality of the human body is associated with angelic opposition, and, on the other, the body's divine likeness gives rise to angelic veneration. The investigation of the two traditions demonstrates a conspicuous dependence of the Jacob texts on the Adamic traditions.
Stacking Nature of the Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition-Derived Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kim Yoong-Ahm , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Kojima Masahito , Hayashi Takuya , Kaburagi Yutaka , Endo Morinobu
Published: January 2006

Here we described the synthesis of highly pure double walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) through a right combination of a catalytic chemical vapor deposition method and the two-step purification and evaluated their stacking infidelity when compared to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs).
Easy fabrication of thin and flexible, but mechanically tough DWNT-buckypaper was due to the long and large-sized bundled DWNT (up to 50 nm), where DWNTs with diameter below 2 nm were packed in hexagonal array. Through detailed transmission electron microscope, X-ray and Raman studies, we
confirmed that the intershell spacing of our DWNT sample was ca. 0.36 nm, which was believed to strongly affect negative and small magnetoresistance absolute value of −0.09 at 77 K and 1 T.
MOCVD of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 on GaAs Substrates for Thin-Film Thermoelectric Applications
Authors: Kim Jeong-Hun , Jung Yong-Chul , Suh Sang-Hee , Kim Jin-Sang
Published: January 2006

Metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) has been investigated for growth of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 films on (001) GaAs substrates using trimethylbismuth, triethylantimony and diisopropyltelluride as metal organic sources. The surface morphologies
of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 films were strongly dependent on the deposition temperatures as it varies from a step-flow growth mode to island coalescence structures depending on deposition temperature. In-plane carrier concentration and electrical Hall mobility
were highly dependent on precursor ratio of VI/V and deposition temperature. By optimizing growth parameters, we could clearly observe an electrically intrinsic region of the carrier concentration over the 240 K in Bi2Te3 films. The high Seebeck coefficient (of −160
μVK−1 for Bi2Te3 and + 110 μVK−1 for Sb2Te3 films, respectively) and good surface morphologies of these materials are promising for the fabrication of a few nm thick periodic Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3
super lattice structures for thin film thermoelectric device applications.
Transport Properties of Coupled Semiconductor Quantum Dots
Authors: Jeong Heejun
Published: January 2006

We have measured the electronic transport properties of the coupled quantum dot devices at low temperatures. The interplay between the strong many body spin interaction and the molecular states are probed in linear and non-linear transport regime. We observe the formation of strong
coherent molecular states clearly visible in the double dot conductance phase diagram. In our study, the spin configuration in multiply coupled quantum dots could be identified using Kondo phenomenon. In addition, the characteristics of the spin dependent molecular states and phase dependant
tunneling have been also observed using non-linear conductance measurement of the double dots. The results suggest the importance of the diverse spin related physical issues in artificial quantum dot devices.
Fabrication of 3-Dimensional PbZr1−x TixO3 Nanoscale Thin Film Capacitors for High Density Ferroelectric Random Access Memory Devices
Authors: Shin Sangmin , Koo June-Mo , Kim Sukpil , Seo Bum-Seok , Lee Jung-Hyun , Baik Hionsuck , Park Youngsoo , Han Hee , Baik Sunggi , Lee June Key
Published: January 2006

PbZrx Ti1−xO3 (PZT) thin films were deposited on 3-dimensional (3D) nano-scale trench structures for use in giga-bit density ferroelectric random access memories. PZT thin films were deposited by liquid delivery metalorganic chemical
vapor deposition using Pb(thd)2, Zr(MMP)4, and Ti(MMP)4 precursors dissolved in ethyl cyclohexane. Iridium thin films were deposited by atomic layer deposition, and they exhibited excellent properties for capacitor electrodes even at a thickness of 20 nm. The
trench capacitor was composed of three layers, viz. Ir/PZT/Ir (20/60/20 nm), and had a diameter of 250 nm and a height of 400 nm. Almost 100% step coverage was obtained at a deposition temperature of 530 °C. The PZT thin film capacitors with a thickness of 60 nm on a planar structure exhibited
a remnant polarization (Pr of 28 μC/cm2, but the Pr value of the 3D PZT capacitors decreased slightly with decreasing 3D trench pattern size. The transmission electron microscope analysis indicated that the PZT thin films had compositional
uniformity in the 3D trench region. Both columnar and granular grains were formed on the sidewalls of the trench capacitors, and their relative proportion exhibited strong size dependence. The trench capacitors with more columnar PZT grains showed good switching behavior under an external
bias of 2.1 V and had a remnant polarization of 19 ∼ 24 μC/cm2.
Structure, Magnetic and Ion-Exchange Properties of Self-Assembled Triaza-Copper(II)-Oxalate Hybrides Having Nanoscale One-Dimensional Channel
Authors: Chang Mee , Chung Minchul , Lee Byung Soo , Kwak Chee-Hun
Published: January 2006

The X-ray structure, porous and magnetic property of a self-assembled network 1 is described in detail. The single crystal X-ray analysis provides 1 as a three-dimensional network, which contains two-dimensional permanent ring forming nanoscale one-dimensional channels.
The inter-replacement of perchlorate and hexafluorophosphate anions in solid 1 proves its porous structure. There is somewhat strong antiferromagnetic interaction (J = −74.1 cm−1) between two copper(II) ions through oxalate bridge and weak antiferromagnetic
interaction (J = −5.1 cm−1) through AEP ligand.
Influence of Reaction Parameters on Size and Shape of Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Yoo Jung Whan , Yun Dong Shin , Kim Hyun Jung
Published: January 2006

It was investigated that the effect of various synthesis parameters such as, types of silicon alkoxides and alcohols, ammonia (catalyst) concentration, and reaction temperature on the particle size and shape of silica nanosphere by Sol–Gel method. When different silicon alkoxides
were used, the silica particles except tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), all were spherical, and after reaching a maximum, the sizes were decreased with carbon chain length due to its steric effect. As the alcohol chain length increased from methanol (MeOH) to n-butanol (BuOH), the average
particle size was increased from 30 nm to 800 nm. In general, all are having narrow particle size except BuOH sample were distributed bimodally (150 and 800 nm). When ammonia concentration increases, the particles also increased, however on increasing the reaction temperature, the particle
sizes were reduced.
Electronic Coupling in Dimetallic Complexes with π-Conjugated Bridge
Authors: Chung Min-Chul , Ahn Ho-Geun , Kwak Chee-Hun , Akita Munetaka
Published: January 2006

Compound 2, [(η5-C5Me5) Fe(dppe)]2 (μ-C≡C–CH=CH–C≡C), was prepared by the reaction of compound 1, [η5-C5Me5) Fe(dppe)]+2
(μ2-C=CH–CH=CH–HC=C) · (PF 6)2–, with KOBut. Compound 2 showed two quasi-reversible one-electron oxidations at −0.674 and −0.253 V, respectively. The comproportionation constant, Kc,
was calculated from these measurements. The mixed-valence(MV) radical cation 2+ showed an absorption peak at 1586 nm, which was assigned to the MV π–π band of the delocalized complex (Robin-Day Mixed-valence Class III) and the effective coupling
parameter, Hab, is consistent with the presence of electronic delocalization.
Selective Growth of Vertically-Aligned ZnO Nano-Needles
Authors: Lee Sang Hyun , Lee Wook Hyun , Lee SeogWoo , Goto Hiroki , Baba Takeshi , Cho Meoung-Whan , Yao Takafumi , Lee Hyun Jung , Yasukawa Tomoyuki , Matsue Tomokazu , Ko Hyunchul
Published: January 2006

Vertically-aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-needles have been selectively grown on the Si (100) substrates using chemical vapor transport and condensation method without metal catalyst. The selective nucleation of nano-needles was achieved by the controlled treatment of substrate surface
using zinc acetate aqueous solution. The nano-needles were selectively grown on the zinc acetate treated area, while the nano-tetrapod structures were formed on the non-treated area. The nano-needles have uniform tip-diameter and length, about 10 nm and 2–3 μm, respectively.
The angle of the ZnO nano-needles from the substrate was 90±0.2°. The structural and optical properties of nano-needles and nanotetrapod structures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL). The results showed
that ZnO nano-needles grow along the c-axis of the crystal plane due to the c-oriented ZnO nanoseeds formed by zinc acetate treatment. The nano-needles have strong ultraviolet emission peak of 3.29 eV with green emission of 2.3 eV at room temperature. This selective growth technique
of vertical nano-needles using aqueous solution method has potential applications in the field emission devices or optoelectronic devices hybridized with silicon based electronic devices.
Unstable Reshaping of Gold Nanorods Prepared by a Wet Chemical Method in the Presence of Silver Nitrate
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Tae Giyoong
Published: January 2006

We characterized the stability of the gold nanorods synthesized by means of a seed mediated growth approach in the presence of AgNO3, which consists of synthesis of small diameter seed particles (∼4 nm) and subsequent growth of these nanoparticles into nanorods by addition
to gold salt solution containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the presence of ascorbic acid. The presence of silver nitrate significantly enhanced the nanorod synthesis as previously reported. However, the synthesized nanorods were unstable and reshaped in aqueous environment;
the continuous blue-shift of the 2nd plasmon bands was monitored and the changes in the nanorod morphologies were also observed by electron microscopy with increasing storage time. This reshaping was observed at wide CTAB concentration range regardless of the removal of the unreacted gold
or silver ions.
Opening and Reversible Filling of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Various Materials
Authors: Huh Yoon , Shao Lidong , Tobias Gerard , Green Malcolm L. H.
Published: January 2006

Single-walled carbon nanotubes have been advocated as perfect candidates for the sustainable miniaturisation of electronic and mechanical nanoscale devices. The encapsulation of selected compounds within the inner hollow cavity of SWNTs allows controlled preparation of nano-meter size
"nanowires" and "nanocables" with purpose-tailored physical properties. Therefore is crucial to have control of opening and closing their tips. In a previous study we showed that molten metal hydroxide [MOH (M=Cs, Na)] is filled into the carbon nanotubes and can be easily washed out with water
leaving opened nanotubes. Following this approach we have explored the use of milder ways to open SWNTs that can be easily scalable for the production of large amount of opened SWNTs. The opened tubes have then successfully been filled in solution with various inorganic and organic materials.
Microstructural Evolution of ZnO by Wet-Etching Using Acidic Solutions
Authors: Lee Ji-Myon , Kim Kyoung-Kook , Hyun Chan-Kyung , Tampo Hitoshi , Niki Shigeru
Published: January 2006

The characteristics of the wet-etching of ZnO thin films were investigated using hydrochloric and phosphoric acid solutions as etchants. The etch rate of ZnO films, using a highly diluted hydrochloric acid solutions at a concentration of 0.25% in deionized water, was determined to be
about 120 nm/min, and linearly increased with increasing the acid concentration. The surface of ZnO(0001) etched by an HCl solution, observed by scanning electron microscopy, showed a rough morphology with a high density of hexagonal pyramids or cones with sidewall angles of about ∼45°.
Moreover, the sidewall angles of the masked area were similar to those of the pyramids on the surface. In comparison, the surface of ZnO(0001) etched by a phosphoric acid had a smooth surface morphology. The origin of this difference is from the very initial stage of etching, indicating that
the etch-mechanism is different for each solution. Furthermore, when H3PO4 was added to the HCl aqueous solution, the morphology of the etched surface was greatly enhanced and the sidewall angle was also increased to about 65°.
Surface Passivation of CdS/Zn2 SiO4b Nanocomposites Prepared by a Wet Chemical Route
Authors: Lee Hyun Joo , Lee Soo Il
Published: January 2006

Highly luminescent CdS/Zn2SiO4 nanocrystals were prepared by a wet chemical method. The effect of surface passivation was observed in photoluminescence measurements of CdS nanocrystals embedded in colloidal nanocrystallite or amorphous Zn2SiO4
matrix. The resultant luminescent emission of as-prepared CdS/Zn2SiO4 nanocomposite thin films displays two distinct components. One is attributed to the band-edge emission and the other is due to the surface defects. The effect of aging on CdS/Zn2SiO4
nanocomposite thin films has been investigated, showing the active role of Zn2SiO4 matrixin modifying the surface states.
Size and Shape-Tuned Overgrowth on Au Nanorods Regulated by Polyallylamine
Authors: Kim Yeong-Joon , Cho Gyoujin , Song Jae Hee
Published: January 2006

Au nanorods prepared by a photochemical method were used as seeds for the overgrowth of thin shell of gold by using a mild reducing agent, ascorbic acid at ambient conditions. The overgrowth rate along different crystal facets of the starting gold nanorods was regulated by the addition
of polyallylamine. The shape of the resulting gold nanorods was different from the naturally overgrown Au nanorods without any additives.
Fabrication of Single Crystalline Cadmium Nanowires by a Facile Low Temperature Vapor Phase Method
Authors: Mohanty Paritosh , Park Jeunghee , Lee Gangho , Kim Bongsoo
Published: January 2006

Single-crystalline cadmium nanowires were successfully fabricated by vaporization of cadmium metal powders in a horizontal quartz tube furnace at 250 °C. The vaporization was carried out for 30 minutes and yielded nanowires of diameters of 80 to 250 nm and lengths up to several
tens of microns. The nanowires were deposited on a Si (111) substrate kept at the lower temperature zone (150–175 °C) of the furnace. When the deposition temperature was lower than this, hexagonal nanodisks were produced. The possible mechanism for the formation of the obtained nanostructures
is discussed.
Large Scale Synthesis of Highly Pure Single Crystalline Tellurium Nanowires by Thermal Evaporation Method
Authors: Mohanty Paritosh , Park Jeunghee , Kim Bongsoo
Published: January 2006

Single crystalline tellurium nanowires were successfully synthesized in large scale by a facile approach of vaporizing tellurium metal and condensing the vapor in an inert atmosphere onto a Si substrate. Tellurium was evaporated by heating at 300° C at 1 torr and condensed on the
Si substrate at 100–150° C, in the downstream of argon (Ar) gas at a flow rate of 25 sccm for 30 min. The as-synthesized nanowires have diameters between 100–300 nm and lengths up to several micrometers. The single crystalline nanowires grew in a preferred [0001] direction.
The obtained nanowires were highly pure as only tellurium metal was used in the vaporization process, and no other reagent, surfactant, or template were used for the growth. This low temperature and high-yield approach to the tellurium nanowires synthesis may facilitate its industrial production
for various applications.
Nano Filter from Sintered Rice Husk Silica Membrane
Authors: Lee Soo Young , Han Chong Soo
Published: January 2006

A nano filter showing the Knudsen flow was demonstrated by a modification of a membrane constructed from rice husk silica. The membrane was prepared by pressing and sintering micron sized rice husk silica with 4 nm pores. The membrane showed a permeability of 5.2 × 10−8
mol m−1 sec−1 Pa−1 for H2 and ratios of gas permeability 2.1 and 3.2 for k(H2)/k(CH4) and k(H2)/k(CO2), respectively. When the membrane was treated by filtration of ∼100 nm sized rice
husk silica particles, the permeability decreased to 4.9 × 10−8 mol m−1 sec−1 Pa−1 and the ratios increased to 2.2 and 3.4. In the case of the membrane after treatments with the dispersion and chemical deposition of
tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), the corresponding permeability and ratios of the membrane were 1.8 × 10−8 mol m−1 sec−1 Pa−1, and 2.9 and 4.5, respectively. From the change of the ratio of gas permeability for the membrane
with modifications, it is suggested that ∼100 nm sized rice husk silica particles pack the large pores among the micron sized rice husk silica particles while the chemical deposition of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) reveals the gas flow through 4 nm pores in the rice husk silica by blocking
large pores.
Dry Sol–Gel Condensation of p-X-C6H4SiH3 (X=H, CH3, CH3O, F, Cl) to Organosilica p-X-C6H4SiO3 Using Nickelocene
Authors: Cho Myong-Shik , Kim Bo-Hye , Hwang Yun-Mi , Woo Hee-Gweon , Kim Do-Heyoung
Published: January 2006

The dry sol–gel reaction at toluene in ambient air atmosphere of p-X-C6H4SiH3 (X = H, CH3, CH3O, F, Cl) to p-C6H4SiO3 in high yield, catalyzed by nickelocene, is reported. The
highest yield, molecular weight, polydispersity index, and TGA residue yield were obtained for p-Cl-C6H4SiH3. Some degree of unreacted Si–H bonds still remained in the gel because of steric reason. All the insoluble gels adopt an amorphous structure
with a smooth surface. A plausible mechanism for the dry sol–gel reaction was suggested.
Preparation of TaN Thin Film by H2 Plasma Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition Using Tert-Butylimino-Tris-Ethylmethylamino Tantalum
Authors: Kim Deung-Kwan , Kim Bo-Hye , Woo Hee-Gweon , Kim Do-Heyoung , Shin Hyun Koock
Published: January 2006

The plasma assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) of tantalum nitride (TaN) thin films were conducted using tert-butylimino-tris-ethylmethylamino tantalum (TBTEMAT) and hydrogen plasma at 250 °C. The effects of H2-plasma pulse time and RF power on the film properties,
such as resistivity, surface roughness, step coverage and stability in air, were examined. The film growth rate (thickness/cycle) was in the range of 0.05–0.08 nm/cycle and the resistivity of the films varied from 490 to 70000 μΩ cm, depending on the plasma conditions.
Longer plasma pulse times and increasing RF power yielded films of lower resistivity along with improving the stability. The films were smooth and the conformality of the films deposited in 0.28 μm holes with an aspect ratio of 7:1 was 100%.
Production of Hydrogen by Autothermal Reforming of Propane over Ni/δ-Al2O3
Authors: Lee Hae Ri , Lee Kwi Yeon , Park Nam Cook , Shin Jae Soon , Moon Dong Ju , Lee Byung Gwon , Kim Young Chul
Published: January 2006

The performance of Ni/δ-Al2O3 catalyst in propane autothermal reforming (ATR) for hydrogen production was investigated in the present study. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, TEM, and SEM. The activity of the Ni/δ-Al2O3
catalyst manufactured by the water-alcohol method was better than those of the catalysts manufactured by the impregnation and chemical reduction methods. The Ni/δ-Al2O3 catalysts were modified by the addition of promoters such as Mg, La, Ce, and Co, in order
to improve their stability and yield. Hydrogen production was the largest for the Ni-Co-CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst.
Effect of Aluminum on the Formation of Silver Metal Quantum Dots in Sol–Gel Derived Alumino-Silicate Glass Film
Authors: Kim Bok Hyeon , Son Dong Hoon , Ju Seongmin , Jeong Chaehwan , Boo Seongjae , Kim Cheol Jin , Han Won-Taek
Published: January 2006

The effect of aluminum incorporation on silver metal quantum dots formation in the alumino-silicate glass film processed by sol–gel process was investigated. The sol–gel derived glass was coated onto the silica glass plate by spin coating with the mixture solution of tetraethyl
orthosilicate (TEOS), C2H5OH, H2O, AgNO3, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, and HNO3 with the molar ratios of Ag/Si = 0.12 and Al/Si varying from 0 to 0.12. The formation of the silver metal quantum dots was confirmed
by the measurements of the UV/VISoptical spectra, the X-ray diffraction patterns, and the transmission electron microscope images. While the radius of silver metal quantum dots increased with the increase of aluminum concentration, the concentration of the silver metal quantum dots decreased.
The formation of the silver metal quantum dots was found strongly suppressed by incorporation of aluminum ions in the glass. The change in the glass structure due to the aluminum incorporation was investigated by the analysis of the Raman spectra. The silver ions in the glass contributed to
form stable (Al:Ag)O4 tetrahedra by pairing with aluminum ions and thus clustering of silver metal quantum dots was hindered.
Sinterability, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties of Al2O3/8YSZ Nanocomposites Prepared by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Yang Jae-Kyo , Shim Kwang-Bo , Kim Hee-Taik , Choa Yong-Ho
Published: January 2006

Al2O3 nanoparticles added the YSZ for improving the mechanical property and the ionic conductivity. Al2O3/YSZ nanocomposites were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and PECS process. The relative density of the Al2O3/YSZ
nanocomposites was fully densified at a sintering temperature of 1100°C. The grain size for 5 vol.% Al2O3/YSZ was less than 100 nm. The fracture toughness and total ionic conductivity of Al2O3/YSZ nanocomposites were improved compared with Al2O3/YSZ
nanocomposites by conventional process, due to homogeneous dispersion and uniform particle size of added Al2O3.
Fabrication and Magnetic Characteristics of Vertical FeCo Nanowire Arrayed in Al2O3 Insulator of Honeycomb Bulkhead Structure
Authors: Park Dong-Jin , Kim Sun-Hee , Lee Kun-Jae , Lee Jung-Ho , Choa Yong-Ho
Published: January 2006

High-density and uniform-sized FeCo alloy nanowires were prepared by electro deposition of Fe2+ and Co2+ into Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with two different diameters. These templates were fabricated with three-step anodization method. The additional
anodization after the 2nd anodization step resulted in the decrease of the thickness of bottom barrier layer. It found an optimum condition to obtain a successful electrodeposition of Fe2+ and Co2+ into AAO templates. The nanowires with the diameters of 25 nm and 80 nm
were homogeneously embedded in the AAO templates and their magnetic properties were strongly affected by diameters of nanowire.
Interaction Control Between Endohedral Metallofullerene and Metal Substrate by Introducing Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayer
Authors: Yasutake Yuhsuke , Shi Zujin , Okazaki Toshiya , Shinohara Hisanori , Majima Yutaka
Published: January 2006

The interaction control between endohedral metallofullerenes and a metal substrate has been demonstrated by introducing hexanethiol, octanethiol, and decanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as the interlayer. We observe the electric properties of terbium endohedral metallofullerenes
(Tb@C82) on alkanethiol SAMs with different chain lengths by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). Based on the comparison of the high-resolution STM images of a Tb@C82 molecule on hexanethiol and octanethiol SAMs, the interaction between
Tb@C82 and a hexanethiol SAM is found to be larger than that between Tb@C82 and an octanethiol SAM; this is because at 68 K, the rotational states of Tb@C82 terminate only on the hexanethiol SAM. Furthermore, we find that the tunneling
current-voltage characteristics of Tb@C82 on the hexanethiol SAM show the rectifying effects that are also caused by the molecular energy level shifts of Tb@C82 molecules due to the large interaction.
A Composite Photocatalyst of CdS Nanoparticles Deposited on TiO2 Nanosheets
Authors: Jang Jum Suk , Choi Sun Hee , Park Hyunwoong , Choi Wonyong , Lee Jae Sung
Published: January 2006

A nanocomposite photocatalyst consisting of deposited CdS nanoparticles on TiO2 nanosheets was fabricated by a simple one-pot method. The contact between two phases was maximized by making a composite structure of TiO2 nanosheet decorated with CdS nanoparticles.
The composite photocatalyst showed higher photoactivity for hydrogen production from aqueous Na2S/Na2SO3 solution and decomposition of methylene blue under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm) compared with single component CdS nanoparticles
or a physical mixture of CdS nanoparticles and TiO2 nanorods. The intentional formation of nanoscale heterojunctions between two phases appears beneficial for inducing an efficient electron-hole separation.
Characterization of Uniformity and Reproducibility of Photoresist Nanomasks Fabricated by Near-Field Scanning Optical Nanolithography
Authors: Kwon Sangjin , Jeong Youngmo , Jeong Sungho
Published: January 2006

The uniformity and reproducibility of the photoresist nanopatterns fabricated using near-field scanning optical nanolithography (NSOL) are investigated. The nanopatterns could be used as nanomasks for pattern transfer on a silicon wafer. In the NSOL process, uniform patterning with
high reproducibility is essential for reliable transfer of the mask patterns on a silicon substrate. Using an aperture type cantilever nanoprobe operated at contact mode and a positive photoresist, various nanopatterns are produced on thin photoresist layer coated on the silicon substrate.
The size and shape variations of thereby produced patterns are investigated using atomic force microscope to determine their uniformity and reproducibility. It is demonstrated that the NSOL-produced photoresist nanomasks can be successfully applied for silicon pattern transfer by fabricating
a silicon nanochannel array.
Caring about Caring Labor: An Introduction
Authors: Jacoby Dan
Published: February 2006

Caring labor has emerged as a wide-ranging field of study. Industrialized nations have experienced a significant increase in female labor participation, which has been both the cause and the result of changes in the way care is provided. In the United States, the New Deal legislation cared for the population with new measures intended to provide greater security. Because pension, health, and welfare benefits were tied to employment, the provision of care remained gendered. Scholarly study of caring labor examines such changes and considers the prospects for labor and social movements to provide quality care for all.
What Can We Expect from Paid Carers?
Authors: Meagher Gabrielle
Published: February 2006

People in rich countries increasingly rely on paid workers to care for many of their health and personal care needs. We expect that, in most families, love or filial piety underpin caring relationships, and that these moral bonds ensure good quality care. If paid caring relationships are not underpinned by love, what moral bonds can they rely on? Exploring contract, professional duty, and compassionate gift as normative “resources” for good paid care, I conclude that we cannot expect paid carers to reproduce an idealized private sphere. Instead we can expect “good enough” care, supported by a range of normative resources.
Deviants or Scapegoats
Authors: Huggins Denise W. , Capeheart Loretta , Newman Elizabeth
Published: February 2006

Pseudofamily groups and dyads are found in most female prisons and have often been the focus of various studies. In many cases, researchers have implicated these groups in creating many problems for the correctional staff, and for other inmates. Using data collected in two Texas prisons forwomen, this study examines pseudofamily groups and dyads in these prisons and explores the rationale women give for joining such groups. In addition, the researchers explore the question of whether these pseudofamily groups actually are responsible for the myriad of problems attributed to them, or whether other factors— such as prejudgments by the correctional staff—may contribute to the generalized belief that the groups' presence is detrimental to the prison environment. Surveys and interviews conducted with inmates and staff provide an interesting look at the lives of females incarcerated in prison.
Old Eyes Take a New Look at Bradac's Favorite Variables
Authors: Bowers John Waite
Published: January 2006

A reexamination and reevaluation of an earlier theory proposed by Bradac, Bowers, and Courtright contributes to Bradac's reputation and development as a researcher and theorist. The reexamination suggests that a paradigm different from the strictly scientific one applied in the earlier work may lead to additional insights.
Long-Term Trends in the Public Representation of Science Across the ‘Iron Curtain’: 1946-1995
Authors: Bauer Martin W. , Petkova Kristina , Boyadjieva Pepka , Gornev Galin
Published: January 2006

This paper compares changing patterns of science news over a period of 50 years. The study analyses a biannual corpus of 2800 news articles in Britain (the Daily Telegraph) and 5800 in Bulgaria ( Rabotnichesko Delo), and shows divergent and convergent trends. Britain carries considerably more science news than Bulgaria all through the period, while the coverage shows parallel swings: increasing intensity during the 1950s, a turning point in the early 1960s, declining into the 1970s, and rising again in the 1980s and 1990s. Media coverage in both countries shows similar swings in public appeal. The trends in the medicalization of science news, the reporting of controversy and the evaluation of science diverge in the two contexts. The paper concludes with speculative explanations of these results. Similarities and differences in these long-term trends point to common factors and specific differences at work on either side of the (former) ‘Iron Curtain’.
Regulatory Standards for Environmental Risks
Authors: Murphy Joseph , Levidow Les , Carr Susan
Published: January 2006

US and European Union (EU) approaches to the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are often explained using the ideas of ‘sound science’ and the ‘precautionary principle’. These stereotypes, however, can be misleading. They can conceal conflicts within jurisdictions and important interactions between them. This paper avoids these ideas and instead analyses conflicts and interactions associated with the regulation of GMOs in the USA and the EU, using the example of Bt maize - a genetically modified crop. It focuses on risk assessment as a standard-setting process, and explains changes in regulatory standards. In this case, public protest and trade conflict created an opportunity for a transatlantic network of critical scientists to challenge regulatory standards and for non-governmental organizations to press for higher ones. The paper links two analytical perspectives to account for how this happened. ‘Regulatory science’ helps to explain what happens when the ‘private’ government-industry-academia network associated with risk regulation is opened up to greater public scrutiny. It also helps to explain how the context and content of regulatory science mutually shape each other. ‘Trading up’ helps to explain opportunities and pressures to raise regulatory standards associated with US-EU trade liberalization and trade conflict.
From Communist Manifesto to Empire: How Marxists Have Viewed Global Capitalism in History
Authors: Hosseini Hamid
Published: January 2006

This article surveys the recent Marxist globalization debate and its roots in Marx's post-1848 writings and the Lenin-Kautsky unity-rivalry debate on the eve of World War I. The post-1916 Marxist view of capitalist imperialism is contrasted with the Hardt-Negri “Leninist” view of global capitalism they call “empire.” To refute their thesis, the author analyzes the Lenin-Kautsky debate, proving that it is not empire, but Kautsky's notion of ultraimperialism that best fits today's global capitalism.
Capacity Building Through Partnership: Intermediary Nongovernmental Organizations as Local and Global Actors
Authors: Sanyal Paromita
Published: January 2006

Partnership and capacity building have become popular strategies among intermediary nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Partnership is viewed as a cure for centrally managed bureaucratic NGOs and capacity building as a measure for strengthening local NGOs. This article examines the case of an intermediary NGO that followed a unique strategy combining capacity building through partnership. Through this, it reveals the trade-offs involved in the choice of an appropriate governance structure. It was found that although the decentralized network form of governance proved to be a powerful innovation, it presented a paradox. Especially in this case where the goal was transmission of specific values and perspectives about sustainable development, such a strategy posed a complex set of trade-offs. Drawing from the experience of this organization, the author suggests that a “plural form” organization may provide maximum governance efficiency for intermediary NGOs like the one examined here. These insights may also apply to social movement organizations.
The Strategic Choices of Child Advocacy Groups
Authors: Gormley William T. , Cymrot Helen
Published: January 2006

Public interest groups have many strategic options, including “insider” strategies, “ outsider” strategies, coalition building, and public policy research. Although group resources should affect these strategic choices, the presence of friends and enemies in the political environment should matter as well. We examine the evidence by assessing the behavior of 50 child advocacy groups that seek to influence public policy at the state level. We find that enemies motivate public interest groups more than friends but that friends also matter, at least for decisions to invest in public policy research.
Euro-commentary: Performing European Space?
Authors: McNeill Donald
Published: February 2006

This paper examines the role of Rem Koolhaas, his architectural firm and think-tanks OMA and AMO, and his recently published book Content in the shaping of debates on European identity. The paper focuses on two issues: (a) Koolhaas's attempt to re-brand, re-present and re-envision Europe and Brussels for the Prodi Commission; (b) his use of creolized and graphic communication and publishing strategies to pursue a distinctive ‘European’ standpoint on globalization.
Euro-Commentary: Anglophone Urban Studies and the European City: Some Comments on Interpreting Berlin
Authors: Latham Alan
Published: February 2006

This paper examines the recent interest in Berlin in the English-language urban studies journals over the past decade. It argues that welcome though this interest may be, the narrowness of its focus says much about the limitations of current Anglophone urban and regional studies. Following on from the recent set of Euro-commentaries in this journal, and using recent writing on Berlin as a case-study, it suggests Anglophone urban studies has much to gain from: (a) placing greater value on the plurality of Europe's urban tradition; and (b) paying greater attention to the plurality of urban narratives that lie outside the existing analytic consensus within Anglophone urban and regional studies.
Business Systems and Cluster Policies in the Basque Country and Catalonia (1990–2004)
Authors: Santisteban Manu Ahedo
Published: February 2006

The governments of the Basque Country and Catalonia in Spain, the most industrialized regions in Spain and the most active in demanding political selfgovernment, were among the first to develop industrial cluster policies. The concrete application and further evolution of these policies have been rather different. The main reason for this has been the particular social structures and dynamics of their respective regional industrial-business systems, composed of distinctive socio-business communities, industrial groupings, and industry associative systems. In the Basque case, the main policy result has been the constitution of 11 cluster-associations of the whole Basque Autonomous Community as long-term and broad public–private cooperation arrangements at industry level. In the Catalan case, the policy has resulted mainly in short-term and specific collaborative processes at local cluster or district level. Despite these differences, both cases of cluster policies exemplify the construction of ‘government–industry’ collaboration at the subnational-state regional level, within the emerging decentralized socio-institutional system in the Spanish industrial economy.
Segregation in the Classroom
Authors: Ruoff Gabriele , Schneider Gerald
Published: February 2006

Schelling’s segregation model, one of the most influential contributions to the theory of collective choice, has almost exclusively been applied to the study of the housing market. We employ this analytical framework for a field experiment on the seating decisions within a classroom and thus a low-cost decision-making situation. In contrast to residential choices, individuals face minimal costs when choosing a seat and cannot within our subject pool reduce their neighbourhood choices to a visible criterion such as race. The experiment reveals nevertheless considerable segregation based on individual characteristics even in the absence of such a direct selection mechanism. Individual choices are largely determined by the ‘costs’ of a seat, the participants’ psychological background and their self-declared seating behaviour. We also observe structure in the seating dynamic as individuals tend to sit in clusters, but avoid being directly placed next to another person. Our results strongly support the assertion that auditorium seating and equivalent social processes are not random but guided by both strategic reasoning and individual preferences.