bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogenese und pleiotrope Behandlungsansätze bei diabetischen Folgeerkrankungen - Übersicht über Wirkmechanismen von Padma® 28
Authors: Vennos Cécile , Loepfe Christian
Published: August 2014

Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 hat aufgrund seiner hohen Prävalenz, seines chronischen Verlaufs und seiner Folgeerkrankungen eine grosse medizinische, aber auch eine sozioökonomische Bedeutung. Es handelt sich um eine komplexe Erkrankung mit einer Vielzahl an pathogenen Faktoren, wobei neben der metabolischen Störung vor allem auch chronisch entzündliche Prozesse beteiligt sind. Oxidativer Stress und die Bildung von Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGE) spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Entstehung und dem Fortschreiten diabetischer Folgeerkrankungen, wie z.B. mikro- und makrovaskulärer Störungen, akzelerierter Arteriosklerose, diabetischer Neuro-, Nephro- und Retinopathie sowie anderer assoziierter chronisch entzündlicher Erkrankungen. Die pathogenen Mechanismen sind komplex; sie beinhalten redundante Signalwege sowie positive Rückkoppelungen und verstärken sich gegenseitig. Daher sind zur Behandlung und Prävention vor allem Arzneimittel geeignet, die ebenfalls ein netzwerkartiges, pleiotropes Wirkmuster haben und an mehreren Stellen im Krankheitskomplex angreifen. Phytotherapeutika besitzen in der Regel eine solche komplexe Wirksignatur. Ein Beispiel für ein solches Phytotherapeutikum mit komplexer Signatur ist das Arzneimittel Padma® 28, das in der Schweiz nach den Traditionen der Tibetischen Medizin hergestellt wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Wirkmechanismen dieses Vielstoffgemischs in den Kontext der pathogenen Vorgänge des Diabetes mellitus und seiner Folgeerkrankungen gestellt und diskutiert. Unter diesen scheinen vor allem vielfältige direkte und indirekte antioxidative Effekte, die Hemmung der Bildung von AGE und Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP) sowie die antientzündliche Aktivität im Vordergrund zu stehen. Das Wirkprofil von Padma 28 scheint damit über arterielle Durchblutungsstörungen hinaus auch die bei Diabetes verstärkten und beschleunigten pathogenen Prozesse günstig beeinflussen zu können. Die Resultate weisen auf einen möglichen Nutzen des Präparats auch bei Diabetes-bedingten vaskulären Störungen und assoziierten chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen hin.
Die Wirksamkeit einzelner Therapieelemente in Routinetherapien bei Panikstörung und Agoraphobie
Authors: Klan Timo , Hiller Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

Hintergrund: Die Wirksamkeit der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie bei der Panikstörung mit oder ohne Agoraphobie gilt als gesichert. Mehrere Studien weisen zudem darauf hin, dass die In-vivo-Exposition das möglicherweise wirkungsstärkste Behandlungselement darstellt. An der naturalistischen Stichprobe einer Hochschulambulanz wurden die Effektivität der durchgeführten Therapien sowie insbesondere die Frequenz und Wirksamkeit einzelner Behandlungselemente der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie überprüft. Methode: Die Intention-to-Treat (ITT)-Stichprobe setzte sich aus N = 104 konsekutiven Patienten mit Panikstörung/Agoraphobie als Hauptdiagnose zusammen, von denen 84 die Therapie regulär beendeten. Als Outcome-Maße wurden das Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) sowie die 4 Skalen des Fragebogens zu körperbezogenen Ängsten, Kognitionen und Vermeidung (AKV) eingesetzt. Mittels einer retrospektiven Aktenanalyse wurde geprüft, wie oft und wie konsequent einzelne Therapieelemente realisiert worden waren. Ergebnisse: Es ergaben sich Prä-Post-Effektstärken (Cohens d) zwischen d = 0,53 und d = 0,78 für die ITT-Stichprobe und zwischen d = 0,73 und d = 1,08 für die Completer. Katamnestisch erwiesen sich die Therapieeffekte auch nach 6 und 12 Monaten als stabil. Die Respon-seraten lagen bei 51% (ITT-Stichprobe) und 60,7% (Completer). Es zeigten sich folgende Häufigkeiten für die Durchführung der Therapieelemente: kognitive Therapie 73,0%, interozeptive Exposition 62,0%, In-vivo-Exposition 59,8%, Entspannungstraining 69,2%. Im Falle der Realisierung von In-vivo-Expositionen waren die Therapieergebnisse erheblich besser, während es bei der Realisierung von kognitiver Therapie und der interozeptiven Exposition nur mäßige Effektsteigerungen gab. Als nicht relevant für das Therapieergebnis erwies sich Entspannung. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die herausragende Bedeutung der In-vivo-Exposition für den Behandlungserfolg. Zukünftige Forschung sollte sich mit der Frage beschäftigen, warum auf diese wichtige Therapiekomponente in naturalistischen Therapien in nicht wenigen Fällen verzichtet wird und durch welche Maßnahmen ein häufigerer Einsatz erreicht werden könnte.
Association of Congenital Left Renal Vein Anomalies and Unexplained Hematuria: Multidetector Computed Tomography Findings
Authors: Resorlu Mustafa , Sariyildirim Abdullah , Resorlu Berkan , Sancak Eyup Burak , Uysal Fatma , Adam Gurhan , Akbas Alpaslan , Aylanc Nilufer , Gulpinar Murat Tolga , Karatag Ozan , Ozdemir Huseyin
Published: August 2014

Objectives: To investigate whether congenital renal vein anomalies are involved in the etiology of hematuria by analyzing abdominal multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) results. Methods: Six hundred and eighty patients undergoing MDCT for various abdominal pathologies in whom possible causes of hematuria were excluded were retrospectively assessed in terms of left renal vein anomalies, such as circumaortic left renal vein (CLRV), retroaortic left renal vein (RLRV) and multiple renal vein (MRV). Patients with CLRV, RLRV or MRV and patients with normal left renal veins were compared in terms of the presence of hematuria. Results: Left renal vein anomalies were detected in 100 patients (14.7%). RLRV, CLRV and MRV were identified in 5.4, 2.5 and 6.8% of patients, respectively. Hematuria was determined in 8.1% of patients with an RLRV anomaly and in 10.5% of patients with no RLRV anomaly (p = 0.633). Hematuria was detected in 23.5% of patients with a CLRV anomaly and 10.1% of those without (p = 0.074), and in 21.7% of patients with an MRV anomaly and 9.6% of those without (p = 0.009). Conclusions: In addition to increasing risk of complication during retroperitoneal surgery, numeric congenital renal vein anomalies are also significant in terms of leading to clinical symptoms such as hematuria.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Presenting Respiratory Failure as the Sole Initial Manifestation
Authors: Tateno Fuyuki , Sakakibara Ryuji , Kawashima Kengo , Kishi Masahiko , Tsuyusaki Yohei , Aiba Yosuke , Ogata Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2014

It is rare that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) presents with respiratory failure as the sole initial manifestation. A 72-year-old man with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease developed exertional dyspnea for 13 months. He then progressed to limb weakness that led to the diagnosis of ALS. Although rare, ALS can present with respiratory failure as the sole initial manifestation more than 1 year prior to limb weakness.
Practice Patterns and Trends in the Use of Medical Therapy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Ontario
Authors: Garg Pallav , Wijeysundera Harindra C. , Yun Lingsong , Cantor Warren J. , Ko Dennis T.
Published: August 2014

Background

Clinical guidelines emphasize medical therapy as the initial approach to the management of patients with stable coronary artery disease (
CAD
). However, the extent to which medical therapy is applied before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (
PCI
) in contemporary clinical practice is uncertain. We evaluated medication use for patients with stable
CAD
undergoing
PCI
, and assessed whether the
COURAGE
study altered medication use in the Canadian healthcare system.

Methods and Results

A population‐based cohort of 23 680 older patients >65 years old) with stable
CAD
undergoing
PCI
in Ontario between 2003 and 2010 was assembled. Optimal medical therapy (
OMT
) was defined as prescription for a β‐blocker, statin, and either angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin
II
receptor blocker in the 90 days before
PCI
, and the same medications plus thienopyridine 90 days following
PCI
. Prior to
PCI
, 8023 (33.9%) patients were receiving
OMT
, 11 891 (50.2%) were on suboptimal therapy, and 3766 (15.9%) were not prescribed any medications of interest. There was significant improvement in medical therapy following
PCI
(
OMT
: 11 149 [47.1%], suboptimal therapy: 11 591 [48.9%], and none: 940 [4.0%],
P
<0.001). Utilization rate of
OMT
reduced significantly after the publication of
COURAGE
(34.9% before versus 32.8% after,
P
<0.001). Similarly, the rate of
OMT
following
PCI
was lower in the period after publication of
COURAGE
(47.3% before versus 46.9% after,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

OMT
was prescribed in about 1 in 3 patients prior to
PCI
and less than half after
PCI
. In contrast to the anticipated impact of
COURAGE
, we found lower rates of medication use in
PCI
patients after its publication.
Provoking Audience
Authors: Kaegi Stefan
Published: August 2014

Stefan Kaegi produces documentary theatre plays and performances for public spaces. He is currently adapting his audio tour for 50 headphones, Remote X, for cities such as Santiago de Chile and St. Petersburg and is performing research on Volkswagen factories in China. Based in Berlin, Kaegi coproduces works with Helgard Haug and Daniel Wetzel under the label Rimini Protokoll. Using research, public auditions, and conceptual processes, they give voice to “experts” who are not trained actors but have something to tell. Recent works include the multiplayer video piece Situation Rooms, 100% Paris with 100 local citizens onstage, and Lagos Business Angels with Nigerian business people.
Performing the City
Authors: Martin Carol
Published: August 2014

Cities are live performances. How people behave in the streets, in the parks, in the outdoor markets, in stadiums, and inside buildings gives cities their unique character, ambience, and tone. It is not only what physical spaces and structures signify about urban organization, hierarchies, and aesthetic invention but the imaginative behavior that people perform in and around those structures that is also important for understanding cities. The interdisciplinary field of performance studies can be instrumental in analyzing how cities are produced and performed precisely because the field and its methodological diversity bridges social, political, theatrical, and architectural forms of thought.
Brooklyn’s Experimental Frontiers: A Performance Geography
Authors: Mahmoud Jasmine
Published: August 2014

In the early 21st century, Williamsburg and Bushwick—two Brooklyn neighborhoods—became home to a glut of experimental performance venues. The location, neighborhoods colloquially called “frontiers,” suggests that this avantgarde’s experimentation demanded geographic poverty—peripheral, deindustrialized areas where neoliberal policy and racism obscured existing meanings of place.
Presence, Rhetoric, Difference: Jérôme Bel and Theater HORA’s Disabled Theater
Authors: Hilton Leon
Published: August 2014

A deceptively straightforward performance work created by French choreographer Jérôme Bel in collaboration with the company members of Zurich’s Theater HORA, Disabled Theater subtly challenges the normative conventions of theatrical spectatorship and hints at forms of sociality that can flourish beyond the margins of standard or typical cognition.
The Illumination of LEIMAY’s Becoming - Corpus
Authors: Martin Carol , Schechner Richard
Published: August 2014

In Becoming - Corpus Ximena Garnica and Shige Moriya have created a work about the misapprehensions of what appears before us followed by revelations of what we are able to see: illusion without magic or otherworldliness, fantastical imagery linking memory to the lurking presence of the uncanny.
Personnalité, Persönlichkeit, Personality
Authors: Resta Giorgio
Published: August 2014

Can we translate the expression “droits de la personnalité” or “Persönlichkeitsrechte” into English? Is the notion of “personality” an equivalent of the continental “personnalité” or “Persönlichkeit”? This paper will deal with these questions from the perspective of comparative law. After a brief survey of the uses of the notion “personality right” in some selected civil law and common law jurisdictions, the attention will be focused on the early history and the modern development of this category, with the aim of providing some insight into the distinctive features of the continental idea of “protecting personality”. In the conclusion, two different conceptions of safeguarding personhood in private law will be contrasted, and it will be clarified to what extent the civilian droits de la personnalité should be regarded as an intraduisible.
Enforcement and Judicial Review of Regulatory Decisions in Electronic Communications
Authors: Micallef Paul Edgar
Published: August 2014

Different aspects of enforcement and judicial review of regulatory decisions in electronic communications are examined with reference to the overall position under the eu Framework on electronic communications, whilst focusing on the experience in Malta and the procedures adopted compared to that in the common law Member States in the eu namely the United Kingdom and Ireland. Matters considered include the suspension of regulatory decisions once contested, the length of proceedings before the competent appeal bodies, the form and resources of such bodies and the extent of the powers of review that they have.
Robert Persons’s Precarious Correspondence
Authors: Houliston Victor
Published: August 2014

The Jesuit mission to England during the reign of Elizabeth depended a great deal on written correspondence with Rome and other missionaries “in the field.” As the superior of the mission, Robert Persons wrote frequently and sometimes voluminously to his colleagues and associates, as well as to interested lay people and political figures. This article considers the effect of the urgency and the unpredictability of his correspondence. He was often on the run, so letters could go astray, be intercepted or delayed. Letters took two to three weeks to reach Rome, and generally crossed each other, so that policy discussion was subject to a degree of guess-work and anticipation. With the capture and execution of Campion, Persons’s flight to France, the vicissitudes of Scottish and French politics (which crucially affected the fortunes of the English Catholics), and the growth of factionalism within the exile community, ignorance or misunderstanding could play a significant role in determining strategy and forming attitudes. Our own interpretation of Elizabethan Catholicism has also been affected by the loss of much of this correspondence at the suppression of the Society.
Tisaniba, a new genus of marpissoid jumping spiders from Borneo (Araneae: Salticidae)
Authors: ZHANG JUN-XIA , MADDISON WAYNE P.
Published: August 2014

Six new species of marpissoid jumping spiders from Sarawak, Borneo, are described in the new genus Tisaniba Zhang & Maddison. They are the type species, T. mulu Zhang & Maddison sp. nov., as well as the species T. bijibijan Zhang & Maddison sp. nov., T. dik Zhang & Maddison sp. nov., T. kubah Zhang & Maddison sp. nov., T. selan Zhang & Maddison sp. nov., and T. selasi Zhang & Maddison sp. nov. The spiders are small and brown to black, living in leaf litter in the tropical forest. Phylogenetic analyses based on 28s and 16sND1 genes indicate that they are a distinctive group within the marpissoids. Diagnostic illustrations and photographs of living spiders are provided for all species.
The genera Luzonimyia and Pararhinoleucophenga from China (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with DNA barcoding information
Authors: GAO QINGSONG
Published: August 2014

Four new species are described from Yunnan, China, which belong to two different genera within the subfamily Steganinae: Luzonimyia hirsutina sp. nov., Luzonimyia setocauda sp. nov., Pararhinoleucophenga amnicola sp. nov. and Pararhinoleucophenga sylvatica sp. nov. The DNA sequences and GenBank accession numbers of the mitochondrial COI gene among Chinese species are provided.
Seasonal Drought in the Greater Horn of Africa and Its Recent Increase during the March–May Long Rains
Authors: Lyon Bradfield
Published: August 2014

This paper provides a review of atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST) conditions that are associated with meteorological drought on the seasonal time scale in the Greater Horn of Africa (the region 10°S–15°N, 30°–52°E). New findings regarding a post-1998 increase in drought frequency during the March–May (MAM) “long rains” are also reported. The period 1950–2010 is emphasized, although rainfall and SST data from 1901–2010 are used to place the recent long rains decline in a multidecadal context. For the latter case, climate model simulations and isolated basin SST experiments are also utilized.

Climatologically, rainfall exhibits a unimodal June–August (JJA) maximum in west-central Ethiopia with a generally bimodal [MAM and October–December (OND) maxima] distribution in locations to the south and east. Emphasis will be on these three seasons. SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans show the strongest association with drought during OND in locations having a bimodal annual cycle, with weaker associations during MAM. The influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon critically depends on its ability to affect SSTs outside the Pacific. Salient features of the anomalous atmospheric circulation during drought events in different locations and seasons are discussed. The post-1998 decline in the long rains is found to be driven strongly (although not necessarily exclusively) by natural multidecadal variability in the tropical Pacific rather than anthropogenic climate change. This conclusion is supported by observational analyses and climate model experiments, which are presented.
Impact of Sea Spray on Air–Sea Fluxes. Part I: Results from Stochastic Simulations of Sea Spray Drops over the Ocean
Authors: Mueller James A. , Veron Fabrice
Published: August 2014

The contributions of sea spray drops to the total air–sea exchanges of momentum, heat, and mass remain an open question. A number of factors obscure any simple quantification of their contribution; the per drop contribution to the fluxes is a particularly important factor that cannot be calculated easily, as are the number of drops formed. To estimate the per droplet fluxes, the authors first calculate the low order statistics from a large number of drop trajectories, which are simulated with a recently developed Lagrangian stochastic model adapted for the heavy drop transport and evaporation within the marine boundary layer. This paper describes the results from simulations of sea spray drops over the ocean, and as one of two parts, summarizes new estimations for the spray-mediated fluxes on a per drop basis. The results suggest that common simplifications in previous sea spray models, such as the residence time in the marine boundary layer, may not be appropriate.
The Rule of Law and the Right to Stay
Authors: Ellermann Antje
Published: August 2014

What moral claims do undocumented immigrants have to membership? Joseph Carens has argued that illegal migrants with long-term residence have a claim to national membership because they already are de facto members of local communities. This article builds on the linkage between illegality, residence, and rights, but shifts the focus from the migrant to the state, and from membership-based arguments to the rule of law. I argue that the rule of law, as expressed in the principle of legal certainty, provides an alternative justification for the regularization of resident undocumented migrants. The principle of legal certainty recognizes the right of individuals to make long-term plans for their lives by requiring that state action be reasonably predictable and nonarbitrary. Thus, as an expression of legal certainty, both civil and criminal codes have statutes of limitation that place a time limit beyond which most crimes and misdemeanors can no longer be prosecuted, and individuals can move on with their lives. Not only do these statutes recognize the individual’s right to be free from arbitrary state control, they also demand that the state cut its losses and accept the consequences of its failure to act in a timely manner. I contend that, in the absence of a statute of limitation on illegal entry, the deportation of settled migrants constitutes an arbitrary act of state power. The article explores a number of judicial rulings to illustrate the argument’s normative logic.
Modeling Regional Growth between Competitiveness and Austerity Measures
Authors: Capello Roberta , Caragliu Andrea , Fratesi Ugo
Published: August 2014

This article deals with the implementation of a new version of a macroeconometric regional growth model called MAcroeconomic, Sectoral, Social, Territorial Model (MASST). The new version presents interesting novelties with respect to the past, since it is able to embrace the two main supranational regulations with which the European Union binds decision-making processes in national economies, that is, public budget limitations and austerity measures on the one hand, and competitiveness/growth measures on the other hand. The novelties lie both in the technical way the economic crisis and its measures are formalized in a regional growth model and in the potentialities that the model achieves, namely: (i) measuring the costs of short-term austerity rules vis-à-vis long-term growth aims and their interactions and feedbacks; (ii) pointing out the regional heterogeneity in the effects generated by macroeconomic trends and conditions.
Vortioxetine disinhibits pyramidal cell function and enhances synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Dale Elena , Zhang Hong , Leiser Steven C , Xiao Yixin , Lu Dunguo , Yang Charles R , Plath Niels , Sanchez Connie
Published: August 2014

Vortioxetine, a novel antidepressant with multimodal action, is a serotonin (5-HT)3, 5-HT7 and 5-HT1D receptor antagonist, a 5-HT1B receptor partial agonist, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and a 5-HT transporter (SERT) inhibitor. Vortioxetine has been shown to improve cognitive performance in several preclinical rat models and in patients with major depressive disorder. Here we investigated the mechanistic basis for these effects by studying the effect of vortioxetine on synaptic transmission, long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of learning and memory, and theta oscillations in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. Vortioxetine was found to prevent the 5-HT-induced increase in inhibitory post-synaptic potentials recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells, most likely by 5-HT3 receptor antagonism. Vortioxetine also enhanced LTP in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Finally, vortioxetine increased fronto-cortical theta power during active wake in whole animal electroencephalographic recordings. In comparison, the selective SERT inhibitor escitalopram showed no effect on any of these measures. Taken together, our results indicate that vortioxetine can increase pyramidal cell output, which leads to enhanced synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Given the central role of the hippocampus in cognition, these findings may provide a cellular correlate to the observed preclinical and clinical cognition-enhancing effects of vortioxetine.
Type of Homogenization and Fat Loss during Continuous Infusion of Human Milk
Authors: García-Lara Nadia Raquel , Escuder-Vieco Diana , Alonso Díaz Clara , Vázquez Román Sara , De la Cruz-Bértolo Javier , Pallás-Alonso Carmen Rosa
Published: August 2014

Background:

Substantial fat loss may occur during continuous feeding of human milk (HM). A decrease of fat loss has been described following homogenization. Well-established methods of homogenization of HM for routine use in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) would be desirable.

Objective:

We compared the loss of fat based on the use of 3 different methods for homogenizing thawed HM during continuous feeding.

Methods:

Sixteen frozen donor HM samples were thawed, homogenized with ultrasound and separated into 3 aliquots (“baseline agitation,” “hourly agitation,” and “ultrasound”), and then frozen for 48 hours. Aliquots were thawed again and a baseline agitation was applied. Subsequently, aliquots baseline agitation and hourly agitation were drawn into a syringe, while ultrasound was applied to aliquot ultrasound before it was drawn into a syringe. The syringes were loaded into a pump (2 mL/h; 4 hours). At hourly intervals the hourly agitation infusion was stopped, the syringe was disconnected and gently shaken. During infusion, samples from the 3 groups were collected hourly for analysis of fat and caloric content.

Results:

The 3 groups of homogenization showed similar fat content at the beginning of the infusion. For fat, mean (SD) hourly changes of −0.03 (0.01), −0.09 (0.01), and −0.09 (0.01) g/dL were observed for the hourly agitation, baseline agitation, and ultrasound groups, respectively. The decrease was smaller for the hourly agitation group ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

When thawed HM is continuously infused, a smaller fat loss is observed when syringes are agitated hourly versus when ultrasound or a baseline homogenization is used.
Antiretroviral treatment failure predicts mortality in rural Tanzania
Authors: Pettersen Pernille S , Brox Ida K , Naman Ezra , Bruun Johan N , Dyrhol-Riise Anne M , Trøseid Marius , Johannessen Asgeir
Published: August 2014

Virological monitoring of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) is rarely available in resource-limited settings and many patients experience unrecognized virological failure. We studied the long-term consequences of virological failure in rural Tanzania. Previously, virological efficacy was measured in a cohort treated with ART. In the present study, patients with virological failure (VF; HIV-RNA >400 copies/ml) were followed up and compared to those with virological response (VR; HIV-RNA <400 copies/ml) with regard to mortality, CD4 change and subsequent virological outcome. Fifty-six patients with VF had a median CD4 count of 358 cells/µl (interquartile range [IQR] 223–635) and a median HIV-RNA of 13,573 copies/ml (IQR 2326-129,736). Median CD4 count for those with VR was 499 cells/µl (IQR 290-636). During a median follow-up time of 39 months (IQR 18-42), 8 of 56 patients (14.3%) with VF died, compared to 1 of 63 patients (1.6%) with VR ( p = 0.009). All registered deaths were HIV-related. Of 55 patients with subsequent HIV-RNA measurements, only 12 of 30 (40%) patients with VF achieved virological suppression, compared to 20 of 25 (80%) patients with VR ( p = 0.003). Virological failure predicted death and subsequent virological failure in patients on ART in a resource-limited setting.
“Pedagogical Creativity” as a Framework for Music Teacher Education
Authors: Abramo Joseph Michael , Reynolds Amy
Published: August 2014

Creativity research has a long history in music education, including the development of theories and strategies to foster the music creativity of students of all ages and levels. Underexplored is how teacher education programs can cultivate pre- and in-service teachers’ abilities to develop their educational creativity when designing curricula and delivering instruction. By reviewing key research in creativity and the traits of creative persons, this article demarcates characteristics of creative music teachers, as well as their instruction and curricula, in order to offer implications for music teacher education. This framework suggests that creative pedagogues (a) are responsive, flexible, and improvisatory; (b) are comfortable with ambiguity; (c) think metaphorically and juxtapose seemingly incongruent and novel ideas in new and interesting ways; and (d) acknowledge and use fluid and flexible identities. The article provides possible strategies music teacher educators can employ to help pre- and in-service educators develop the dispositions and core practices of creative music pedagogues.
Predicting the duration of the Syrian insurgency
Authors: Pilster Ulrich , Böhmelt Tobias
Published: August 2014

While there were several relatively short uprisings in Northern Africa and the Middle East during the Arab Spring, the dispute between the rebels and government forces in Syria has evolved into a full-scale civil war. We try to predict the length of the Syrian insurgency with a three-stage technique. Using out-of-sample techniques, we first assess the predictive capacity of 69 explanatory variables for insurgency duration. After determining the model with the highest predictive power, we categorize Syria according to the variables in this final model. Based on in-sample approaches, we then predict the duration of the Syrian uprising for three different scenarios. The most realistic point prediction is 5.12 years from the insurgency’s start, which suggests an end date between the end of 2016 and early 2017.
A systematic review of causes of sudden and severe headache (Thunderclap Headache): should lists be evidence based?
Authors: Devenney Emma , Neale Hazel , Forbes Raeburn B
Published: August 2014

Background

There are many potential causes of sudden and severe headache (thunderclap headache), the most important of which is aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Published academic reviews report a wide range of causes. We sought to create a definitive list of causes, other than aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, using a systematic review.

Methods

Systematic Review of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases using pre-defined search criteria up to September 2009. We extracted data from any original research paper or case report describing a case of someone presenting with a sudden and severe headache, and summarized the published causes.

Results

Our search identified over 21,000 titles, of which 1224 articles were scrutinized in full. 213 articles described 2345 people with sudden and severe headache, and we identified 6 English language academic review articles. A total of 119 causes were identified, of which 46 (38%) were not mentioned in published academic review articles. Using capture-recapture analysis, we estimate that our search was 98% complete. There is only one population-based estimate of the incidence of sudden and severe headache at 43 cases per 100,000. In cohort studies, the most common causes identified were primary headaches or headaches of uncertain cause. Vasoconstriction syndromes are commonly mentioned in case reports or case series. The most common cause not mentioned in academic reviews was pneumocephalus. 70 non-English language articles were identified but these did not contain additional causes.

Conclusions

There are over 100 different published causes of sudden and severe headache, other than aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. We have now made a definitive list of causes for future reference which we intend to maintain. There is a need for an up to date population based description of cause of sudden and severe headache as the modern epidemiology of thunderclap headache may require updating in the light of research on cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes.
Lipoic acid plays a role in scleroderma: insights obtained from scleroderma dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Tsou Pei-Suen , Balogh Beatrix , Pinney Adam J , Zakhem George , Lozier Ann , Amin M Asif , Stinson William A , Schiopu Elena , Khanna Dinesh , Fox David A , Koch Alisa E
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and organs. Increase in oxidative stress and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) activation promote collagen I (Col I) production, leading to fibrosis in SSc. Lipoic acid (LA) and its active metabolite dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) are naturally occurring thiols that act as cofactors and antioxidants, and are produced by lipoic acid synthetase (LIAS). The goal of this study was to examine whether LA and LIAS was deficient in SSc patients and determine the effect of DHLA on the phenotype of SSc dermal fibroblasts. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a commonly used thiol antioxidant, was included as a comparison.

Methods

Dermal fibroblasts were isolated from healthy subjects and patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and LIAS were measured by ELISA. The expression of Col I was measured by immunofluorescence, hydroxyproline assay, and quantitative PCR. PDGFR phosphorylation and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was measured by Western blotting. Student’s t-tests were performed for statistical analysis and p-values of less than 0.05 with two-tailed analysis were considered statistically significant.

Results

The expression of LA and LIAS in SSc dermal fibroblasts was lower than normal fibroblasts, however LIAS was significantly higher in SSc plasma and appeared to be released from monocytes. DHLA lowered cellular oxidative stress, and decreased PDGFR phosphorylation, Col I, PAI-1, and α-SMA expression in SSc dermal fibroblasts. It also restored the activities of phosphatases that inactivated the PDGFR. SSc fibroblasts produced lower levels of MMP-1 and 3, and DHLA increased them. In contrast, TIMP-1 levels were higher in SSc but DHLA had minimal effect. Both DHLA and NAC increased MMP-1 activity when SSc cells were stimulated with PDGF. In general, DHLA showed better efficacy than NAC in most cases.

Conclusions

DHLA not only acts as an antioxidant but also an antifibrotic since it has the ability to reverse the profibrotic phenotype of SSc dermal fibroblasts. Our study suggests that thiol antioxidants, including NAC and LA/DHLA, could be beneficial for patients with SSc.
Deletion of glucose oxidase changes the pattern of organic acid production in Aspergillus carbonarius
Authors: Yang Lei , Lübeck Mette , Lübeck Peter S
Published: August 2014

Aspergillus carbonarius has potential as a cell factory for the production of different organic acids. At pH 5.5, A.carbonarius accumulates high amounts of gluconic acid when it grows on glucose based medium whereas at low pH, it produces citric acid. The conversion of glucose to gluconic acid is carried out by secretion of the enzyme, glucose oxidase. In this work, the gene encoding glucose oxidase was identified and deleted from A. carbonarius with the aim of changing the carbon flux towards other organic acids. The effect of genetic engineering was examined by testing glucose oxidase deficient (Δgox) mutants for the production of different organic acids in a defined production medium. The results obtained showed that the gluconic acid accumulation was completely inhibited and increased amounts of citric acid, oxalic acid and malic acid were observed in the Δgox mutants.
Toxicity of nanomaterials; an undermined issue
Authors: Mogharabi Mehdi , Abdollahi Mohammad , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2014

Nanomaterials are employed in extensive variety of commercial products such as electronic components, cosmetics, food, sports equipment, biomedical applications, and medicine. With the increasing utilization of engineered nanomaterials, the potential exposure of human to nanoparticles is rapidly increasing. Nowadays when new nanomaterials with new applications are introduced, mostly good and positive effects are mentioned whereas possible hazards arising from nanosize of the compounds are undermined. Toxicology studies of nanomaterials demonstrate some adverse effects in some human organs such as central nerve system, immune system, and lung. There is lack of complete information about human toxicity and environmental waste of nanomaterials. We aimed to highlight current toxicological concerns of potentially useful nanomaterials which are now used in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences.
Negative ions detection in air using nano field-effect-transistor (nanoFET)
Authors: Seo Yeong-Tai , Lee Kook-Nyung , Jang Kuk Jin , Lee Min-Ho , Lee HyungSu , Seong WooKyeong , Kim Yong-Kweon
Published: August 2014

We firstly demonstrated the detection of anions in air using a nano field-effect transistor (nanoFET) device. Negative ions in air charged the top surface of the silicon nanoFET channel affecting the fieldeffect and making a conductance change of the channel proportional to anion concentration around the nano channel sensing surface. The real-time detection of anions in air with the nanoFET was performed for various anion concentrations which were differentiated by the distance of the anion generator to the nanoFET sensor. The air anions detection characteristics of the nanoFET device were evaluated with sensitivity and conductance change rates analysis.
Repair-Related Activation of Hedgehog Signaling in Stromal Cells Promotes Intrahepatic Hypothyroidism
Authors: Bohinc Brittany N. , Michelotti Gregory , Xie Guanhua , Pang Herbert , Suzuki Ayako , Guy Cynthia D. , Piercy Dawn , Kruger Leandi , Swiderska-Syn Marzena , Machado Mariana , Pereira Thiago , Zavacki Ann Marie , Abdelmalek Manal , Diehl Anna Mae
Published: August 2014

Thyroid hormone (TH) is important for tissue repair because it regulates cellular differentiation. Intrahepatic TH activity is controlled by both serum TH levels and hepatic deiodinases. TH substrate (T4) is converted into active hormone (T3) by deiodinase 1 (D1) but into inactive hormone (rT3) by deiodinase 3 (D3). Although the relative expressions of D1 and D3 are known to change during liver injury, the cell types and signaling mechanisms involved are unclear. We evaluated the hypothesis that changes in hepatic deiodinases result from repair-related activation of the Hedgehog pathway in stromal cells. We localized deiodinase expression, assessed changes during injury, and determined how targeted manipulation of Hedgehog signaling in stromal cells impacted hepatic deiodinase expression, TH content, and TH action in rodents. Humans with chronic liver disease were also studied. In healthy liver, hepatocytes strongly expressed D1 and stromal cells weakly expressed D3. During injury, hepatocyte expression of D1 decreased, whereas stromal expression of D3 increased, particularly in myofibroblasts. Conditionally disrupting Hedgehog signaling in myofibroblasts normalized deiodinase expression. Repair-related changes in deiodinases were accompanied by reduced hepatic TH content and TH-regulated gene expression. In patients, this was reflected by increased serum rT3. Moreover, the decreases in the free T3 to rT3 and free T4 to rT3 ratios distinguished advanced from mild fibrosis, even in individuals with similar serum levels of TSH and free T4. In conclusion, the Hedgehog-dependent changes in liver stromal cells drive repair-related changes in hepatic deiodinase expression that promote intrahepatic hypothyroidism, thereby limiting exposure to T3, an important factor for cellular differentiation.
Theory of Chaos and Self-Organization in Description of Functional Human Body Systems
Authors: Гараева  , Garaeva G. , Ватамова  , Vatamova S. , Филатов  , Filatov M. , Козупица  , Kozupitsa G. , Шумилов  , Shumilov S.
Published: August 2014

Attempts to describe the behavioral dynamic model of the functional systems of the human body has traditionally been based on models of periodic and quasi-periodic processes (breathing, cardiac work, brain biopotentials, etc.). The paper assumes a new approach to the description of the voluntary or involuntary periodic or quasi-periodic motions and other dynamic processes (normal and pathological) in human body. It is shown that the norm is often chaotic behavioral dynamics of the state vector of the human body and the periodic or stationary modes of dynamics are typical of pathology, while in medicine for a long time the views were diametrically opposite. The paper presents the application of calculation method of quasi-attractors in estimation of biomechanical processes (sighting or Parkinson’s disease). The informational significance of the method is shown.
Assessment of Biochemical Markers of Perinatal Injuries of Central Nervous System in the Children
Authors: Зуйкова  , Zuykova A. , Балакирева  , Balakireva E. , Красноруцкая  , Krasnorutskaya O. , Добрынина  , Dobrynina I.
Published: August 2014

Pathology of the central nervous system in children of early age, due mainly hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the antenatal period and delivery, which occupies a leading place among all factors of perinatal nervous system lesions in infants, is one of the most actual problems of modern medicine. Despite favourable demographic state, the improvement of the quality of perinatal care and medical care of newborns with a weight at birth from 500 grams, the tendency to reduction in the incidence of perinatal lesions of the central nervous system didn’t observed. On the contrary, there is progression of their course, which determines the subsequent mental and physical development of the child - from minimal brain dysfunction and gross motor and intellectual disorders, often resulting in disability. Purpose of the study is to evaluate the clinical features of central nervous system pathology in children of early age by means of neurobiochemistry markers and to develop prognostic criteria for the course and pathogenetic therapy regimens. Materials and methods. Comprehensive survey of 134 children (61 boys and 73 girls ) aged from 0 to 9 months was carried out with the assessment of neurological status and biochemical markers. Results of study. In formation of gravity of perinatal lesions all the studied markers participated, but to a greater extent – the parameters of neurotrophic lesions and endothelial dysfunction. The first component of the nervous tissue of the brain, responding to hypoxia, is microglial environment, which is caused by the growth of lesions S100- protein (i.e., the neuron at the stage of 0-1 months didn’t been metabolic changes – this is evidence of low levels of SOD and MDA).
Correction of Local Immune Imbalance of the Oral Cavity in the Complex Treatment of Chronic Catarrhal Gingivitis in Children
Authors: Юденкова  , Yudenkova S. , Бондарева  , Bondareva E. , Куралесина  , Kuralesina Viktoriya , Ипполитов  , Ippolitov Yuriy , Гарькавец  , Garkavec Svetlana , Русанова  , Rusanova T.
Published: August 2014

Periodontal disease in adolescence is an important medical problem, since the frequency defeat this disease has a tendency to increase. Children in the period of intensive growth are particularly susceptible to this disease. Recent studies of molecular morphological abnormalities at the chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children indicate the necessity to use in complex treatment of these patients the immunomodulators, which allow to impact on the periodontium, and on the whole organism. Changes in the organism of teenagers with periodontal diseases indicate a weakening of the natural protective mechanisms. Therefore, treatment should be aimed at the elimination of the inflammatory process and increasing the immunity. The use of immunomodulators is justified. For example, the preparation "Imudon" refers to the immunomodulators. The use of Imudon allows to restore the normal composition of the resident microflora of an oral cavity and has anti-inflammatory effect. The use of this drug reduces the content on the mucous of parodontopathogenic microorganisms. Being dissolved in the mouth, pills stimulate the natural immune protection of an organism. Due to inclusion in the composition of auxiliary substances, active components on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity remain for a long time.
The problem of postoperative analgesia in hip re-placement
Authors: Киреев  , Kireev Semen , Матвеенкова  , Matveenkova L.
Published: August 2014

Standard treatment for patients with diseases of the hip joint, accompanied by pain and restriction of movements, is joint replacement , which can significantly improve the quality of life of patients in this category were The object of the study, 120 pa-tients with coxarthrosis of both sexes aged 49-80 years who were on the surgical treatment in the Tula Oblast hospital in 2012, 2013. Analyzing the results obtained , we have identified some features of post-operative pain in response to the prosthetic hip joint. Pain impulses by VAS score of 4-7 patients after surgery under general endotracheal anesthesia , appeared after 20-40 minutes, and after epidural anesthesia and mixed for 20-50 minutes later. And the more pronounced these figures were in patients after surgery under general endotracheal anesthesia, and the temperature and oxygen saturation were significantly lower on the operated leg: the difference with the indicators on health reached 1-1.2 C0 and 1.5-2% respectively.
Odontoceridae by the Method of Dr. Karl-Peter Meschke (Wuppertal, Germany) and the Use of Device of Control and Correction of Angular Devia-tions of Dental Instrument
Authors: Лайва  , Layva O. , Кондрашин  , Kondrashin D. , Иващенко  , Ivashchenko A. , Ротин  , Rotin N.
Published: August 2014

The paper is devoted to the experiment, the purpose of which is to learn how random angular misalignments of the hands of a doctor during the odontoceridae affect on the quality of the side surface of the resulting stump. The experiment is considering two cases: first – odontoceridae by the method without the use of special means of preventing accidental angular deviations of the hands of the doctor, the second – odontoceridae using devices of control and correction of angular deviations of dental tool. The experiment was conducted on phantom models of the lower jaw contains a set of teeth frasaco. At the end of the experiment, to analyze the quality of the resulting surfaces, two phantom models were placed in the optical scanner and received two 3D scan. Comparison of angular deviations of the walls teeth relative to the reference pin was carried out. The quality of the surface of the lateral walls of the prepared teeth was shown the color field to the side wall of the stubs. Minimum angular deviation segment of the wall was marked with the same color as the wall of the reference pin. With increasing convergence of a segment of the wall color it becomes different from the color of the pin. Mechanical stabilization of the hands of doctors improves the quality of the surface of the side wall of the stump.
A New Approach to the Classification of Filamemts of Rejuvenascence of Skin of Face and Neck
Authors: Кодяков  , Kodyakov A. , Груздев  , Gruzdev D. , Федоров  , Fedorov P.
Published: August 2014

This paper is devoted to the actual problem of cosmetology - the procedures of filament rejuvenation of face and neck, which become popular every year. Literature data on the efficacy of these methods are controversial. The authors of most works indicate the minimum number of complications in the practical absence of negative appraisal methodology. The issues of development of the indication for use of some types of filaments and optimal criteria of evaluation of the expected effect in clinical practice are relevant and are discussed in this paper. Taking into account the absence of objective information about long-term consequences, other practical aspects of filament rejuvenation, the authors on the basis of many years of research and experience has specified evaluation criteria and suggested own classification of cosmetic filaments used in the method of filament rejuvenation of face and neck. Installation of filaments with different cosmetic features allows to reaching three different anti-aging effects: lifting, reinforcing and bio-stimulation. The degree of manifestation of these effects depends on the installation method of the thread, but first of all - on the design of conductive filament and needle or cannula. Based on the above data, the authors propose to divide all known cosmetic filaments on the basis of their purpose, proceeding from the achieved effect for three species - lifting, reinforcing and bio-stimulating. The new classification can be used in practice to optimize the selection of filaments for rejuvenation of face and neck and to reduce unintended side effects. The proposed classification of filaments has the purpose of definition of a fundamental criterion for their beauty opportunities. The practical application of this classification contributes to ensure adequate choice of filaments to perform the procedure, reduce side effects and create realistic expectations of doctors and patients from the procedures of the rejuvenation of face and neck.