bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective connectivity of brain regions related to visual word recognition: An fMRI study of Chinese reading
Authors: Xu Min , Wang Tianfu , Chen Siping , Fox Peter T. , Tan Li Hai
Published: March 2015

Past neuroimaging studies have focused on identifying specialized functional brain systems for processing different components of reading, such as orthography, phonology, and semantics. More recently, a few experiments have been performed to look into the integration and interaction of distributed neural systems for visual word recognition, suggesting that lexical processing in alphabetic languages involves both ventral and dorsal neural pathways originating from the visual cortex. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we tested the multiple pathways model with Chinese character stimuli and examined how the neural systems interacted in reading Chinese. Using dynamic causal modeling, we demonstrated that visual word recognition in Chinese engages the ventral pathway from the visual cortex to the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex, but not the dorsal pathway from the visual cortex to the left parietal region. The ventral pathway, however, is linked to the superior parietal lobule and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) so that a dynamic neural network is formed, with information flowing from the visual cortex to the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex to the parietal lobule and then to the left MFG. The findings suggest that cortical dynamics is constrained by the differences in how visual orthographic symbols in writing systems are linked to spoken language. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2580–2591, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of human papillomavirus status with apparent diffusion coefficient of diffusion‐weighted MRI in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Driessen Juliette P. , van Bemmel Alexander J. M. , van Kempen Pauline M. W. , Janssen Luuk M. , Terhaard Chris H. J. , Pameijer Frank A. , Willems Stefan M. , Stegeman Inge , Grolman Wilko , Philippens Marielle E.P.
Published: March 2015

Background

Identification of prognostic patient characteristics in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is of great importance. Human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive HNSCCs have favorable response to (chemo)radiotherapy. Apparent diffusion coefficient, derived from diffusion‐weighted MRI, has also shown to predict treatment response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between HPV status and apparent diffusion coefficient.

Methods

Seventy‐three patients with histologically proven HNSCC were retrospectively analyzed. Mean pretreatment apparent diffusion coefficient was calculated by delineation of total tumor volume on diffusion‐weighted MRI. HPV status was analyzed and correlated to apparent diffusion coefficient.

Results

Six HNSCCs were HPV‐positive. HPV‐positive HNSCC showed significantly lower apparent diffusion coefficient compared to HPV‐negative. This correlation was independent of other patient characteristics.

Conclusion

In HNSCC, positive HPV status correlates with low mean apparent diffusion coefficient. The favorable prognostic value of low pretreatment apparent diffusion coefficient might be partially attributed to patients with a positive HPV status. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E613–E618, 2016
Indocyanine green fluorescence mapping of sentinel lymph node in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after previous radiotherapy
Authors: Chan Jimmy Yu Wai , Tsang Raymond King Yin , Wong Stanley Thian Sze , Wei William Ignace
Published: March 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to present the feasibility of indocyanine green (ICG) mapping of sentinel lymph node in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

M1ethods

Peritumoral injection of 5‐mg ICG solution and real‐time mapping of the sentinel lymph nodes in the neck was performed during surgery. The sentinel lymph node identified was excised and sent separately for laboratory analysis. Selective neck dissection was then performed. The number and level of the sentinel lymph nodes, their signal‐to‐background ratio, and the histopathology of the sentinel lymph nodes and the neck dissection specimens were studied.

Results

A total of 5 patients were recruited into this study, of which 9 sentinel lymph nodes were identified. The majority of them were located in level II. The mean detection time after ICG injection was 288 seconds. The sentinel lymph nodes in 3 patients tested positive for malignancy. None of the selective neck dissection specimens harbored microscopic tumor deposits.

Conclusion

ICG mapping of sentinel lymph nodes in locally recurrent NPC is potentially feasible. It offers a better nodal staging in patients with clinically N0 disease status © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E169–E173, 2015
Recommendations for implant‐retained nasal prostheses after ablative tumor surgery: Minimal surgical aftercare, high implant survival, and satisfied patients
Authors: Korfage Anke , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Noorda Willem D. , Plaat Boudewijn E. , Vissink Arjan , Visser Anita
Published: March 2015

Background

Nasal defects resulting from tumor resection are preferably rehabilitated with implant‐retained nasal prostheses. Aftercare, clinical outcome of the implants, and patients’ satisfaction with implant‐retained nasal prostheses were assessed.

Methods

Twenty‐eight consecutive patients needing total rhinectomy because of tumor resection between 1998 and 2013 were treated according to a standardized protocol with 2 implants in the nasal floor. Surgical and prosthetic aftercare was scored using patient records. Finally in 2014, skin reaction, peri‐implant bone loss, and patients’ satisfaction were assessed in all 13 still living patients.

Results

In total, 56 implants were inserted (median follow‐up, 35.1 months; interquartile range [IQR], 8.9–63.3). Implant survival was 96.4%. Implant survival was independent of radiotherapy. Peri‐implant skin was healthy and patients’ satisfaction high. Longevity of the prostheses was limited.

Conclusion

Rehabilitation of nasal defects resulting from total rhinectomy with implant‐retained nasal prostheses, according to our protocol, resulted in high patient satisfaction and favorable treatment outcome. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E–E, 2016
Pharyngocutaneous fistula and delay in free oral feeding after pharyngolaryngectomy for hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Suzuki Sayaka , Yasunaga Hideo , Matsui Hiroki , Horiguchi Hiromasa , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yamasoba Tatsuya
Published: March 2015

Background

Risk factors for pharyngocutaneous fistula and associated delay in free oral feeding after pharyngolaryngectomy for patients with hypopharyngeal cancer remain uncertain.

Methods

We used a Japanese national inpatient database to perform a retrospective cohort study between 2007 and 2013. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify patient characteristics associated with pharyngocutaneous fistula formation, and Cox regression analysis to evaluate factors affecting the interval from pharyngolaryngectomy to free oral feeding.

Results

Among 549 eligible patients, 33 had developed pharyngocutaneous fistula, 19 of whom required surgical closure. Preoperative radiotherapy significantly increased risk of pharyngocutaneous fistula (odds ratio [OR] = 3.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10–9.12; p = .033). Pharyngocutaneous fistula significantly prolonged the interval to oral feeding (median days, 67 vs 20 in those with and without pharyngocutaneous fistula, respectively; hazard ratio [HR], = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.15–0.44; p < .001).

Conclusion

Preoperative radiotherapy was associated with increased occurrence of pharyngocutaneous fistula and subsequent delay in free oral feeding. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E–E, 2016
Influence of depression and anxiety on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Felice Francesca , Di Stefano Rossella , Pini Stefano , Mazzotta Gianfranco , Bovenzi Francesco M. , Bertoli Daniele , Abelli Marianna , Borelli Lucia , Cardini Alessandra , Lari Lisa , Gesi Camilla , Michi Paola , Morrone Doralisa , Gnudi Luigi , Balbarini Alberto
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are related to endothelial function and progression of coronary artery disease. There is evidence of decreased numbers of circulating EPCs in patients with a current episode of major depression. We investigated the relationships between the level of circulating EPCs and depression and anxiety in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

Patients with ACS admitted to three Cardiology Intensive Care Units were evaluated by the SCID‐I to determine the presence of lifetime and/or current mood and anxiety disorders according to DSM‐IV criteria. The EPCs were defined as CD133+CD34+ KDR+ and evaluated by flow cytometry. All patients underwent standardized cardiological and psychopathological evaluations. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were performed where appropriate.

Results

Out of 111 ACS patients, 57 were found to have a DSM‐IV lifetime or current mood or anxiety disorder at the time of the inclusion in the study. The ACS group with mood or anxiety disorders showed a significant decrease in circulating EPC number compared with ACS patients without affective disorders. In addition, EPC levels correlated negatively with severity of depression and anxiety at index ACS episode.

Conclusions

The current study indicates that EPCs circulate in decreased numbers in ACS patients with depression or anxiety and, therefore, contribute to explore new perspectives in the pathophysiology of the association between cardiovascular disorders and affective disorders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High preoperative levels of serum glypican‐3 containing N‐terminal subunit are associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy
Authors: Haruyama Yukihiro , Yorita Kenji , Yamaguchi Tetsuji , Kitajima Sachiko , Amano Jun , Ohtomo Toshihiko , Ohno Akinobu , Kondo Kazuhiro , Kataoka Hiroaki
Published: March 2015

Glypican‐3 (GPC3) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and may serve as a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention. This study evaluated the prognostic significance of serum GPC3 in HCC patients receiving curative surgery. A novel sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative and sensitive determination of serum GPC3 N‐terminal subunit antigen (sGPC3N) was developed and used to measure sGPC3N levels in 25 healthy volunteers and 115 HCC patients who underwent curative partial hepatectomy. The relationships between sGPC3N and clinicopathologic features were analyzed and the prognostic impact on overall survival (OS) or disease‐free survival (DFS) was also investigated. Mean and median levels of sGPC3N in healthy controls were 110.12 and 115.95 pg mL−1, respectively, with 185.52 pg mL−1 (mean + 2 SD) being set as the upper limit of the normal range. In HCC patients, sGPC3N levels were significantly increased (mean/median, 405.16/236.19 pg mL−1) compared to healthy controls (p < 0.0001), and 60% of HCC cases (69/115) showed sGPC3N levels that were higher than the upper normal limit. High sGPC3N levels were significantly associated with serum AFP level, high Child‐Pugh score and positive HCV. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that elevated pre‐operative sGPC3N was associated with shorter OS and DFS after hepatectomy (p ≤ 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed elevated sGPC3N as an independent poor prognostic marker for OS (p < 0.05) and DFS (p < 0.01). The pre‐operative sGPC3N level serves as an independent prognostic biomarker in HCC patients.
HIF‐1 at the crossroads of hypoxia, inflammation, and cancer
Authors: Balamurugan Kuppusamy
Published: March 2015

The complex cross‐talk of intricate intercellular signaling networks between the tumor and stromal cells promotes cancer progression. Hypoxia is one of the most common conditions encountered within the tumor microenvironment that drives tumorigenesis. Most responses to hypoxia are elicited by a family of transcription factors called hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs), which induce expression of a diverse set of genes that assist cells to adapt to hypoxic environments. Among the three HIF protein family members, the role of HIF‐1 is well established in cancer progression. HIF‐1 functions as a signaling hub to coordinate the activities of many transcription factors and signaling molecules that impact tumorigenesis. This mini review discusses the complex role of HIF‐1 and its context‐dependent partners under various cancer‐promoting events including inflammation and generation of cancer stem cells, which are implicated in tumor metastasis and relapse. In addition, the review highlights the importance of therapeutic targeting of HIF‐1 for cancer prevention.
Treatment Beliefs and Preferences for Psychological Therapies for Weight Management
Authors: Moffitt Robyn , Haynes Ashleigh , Mohr Philip
Published: March 2015

Objective

Treatment beliefs and preferences for psychological therapies were investigated in 80 overweight individuals trying to manage their weight.

Method

Participants read 4 therapy descriptions: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), behavior therapy (BT), cognitive therapy (CT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). They ranked the treatments in order of preference, explained the reason for their preferred choice, and reported their beliefs about each approach.

Results

Individual CBT (43.42%) and BT (31.58%), delivered face‐to‐face or technologically, were the most preferred treatment options, while ACT (17.12%) and CT (7.89%) were the least preferred. The main reasons cited among those who chose CBT and BT were perceived comprehensiveness and the practical nature of the approach, respectively. Treatment beliefs were strongly predicted by psychological need satisfaction as well as perceived ease and effort.

Conclusions

Further research should ascertain the stability of treatment beliefs and the efficacy of modifying the treatment context to meet individual needs.
Clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract cancers 2015: the 2nd English edition
Authors: Miyazaki Masaru , Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Miyakawa Shuichi , Uesaka Katsuhiko , Unno Michiaki , Endo Itaru , Ota Takehiro , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Kinoshita Hisafumi , Shimada Kazuaki , Shimizu Hiroaki , Tabata Masami , Chijiiwa Kazuo , Nagino Masato , Hirano Satoshi , Wakai Toshifumi , Wada Keita , Iasayama Hiroyuki , Okusaka Takuji , Tsuyuguchi Toshio , Fujita Naotaka , Furuse Junji , Yamao Kenji , Murakami Koji , Yamazaki Hideya , Kijima Hiroshi , Nakanuma Yasuni , Yoshida Masahiro , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Takada Tadahiro
Published: March 2015

Background

The Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery launched the clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas in 2008. Novel treatment modalities and handling of clinical issues have been proposed after the publication. New approaches for editing clinical guidelines, such as the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system, also have been introduced for better and clearer grading of recommendations.

Methods

Clinical questions (CQs) were proposed in seven topics. Recommendation, grade of recommendation and statement for each CQ were discussed and finalized by evidence‐based approach. Recommendation was graded to grade 1 (strong) and 2 (weak) according to the concept of GRADE system.

Results

The 29 CQs covered seven topics: (1) prophylactic treatment, (2) diagnosis, (3) biliary drainage, (4) surgical treatment, (5) chemotherapy, (6) radiation therapy, and (7) pathology. In 27 CQs, 19 recommendations were rated strong and 11 recommendations weak. Each CQ included the statement of how the recommendation was graded.

Conclusions

This guideline provides recommendation for important clinical aspects based on evidence. Future collaboration with cancer registry will be a key for assessment of the guidelines and establishment of new evidence. Free full‐text articles and a mobile application of this guideline are available via http://www.jshbps.jp/en/guideline/biliary‐tract2.html.
Cryopreserved arterial grafts as a conduit in outflow reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Ali Mahmoud Abdelwahab , Yong Chee‐Chien , Eng Hock‐Liew , Wang Chih‐Chi , Lin Ting‐Lung , Li Wei‐Feng , Wang Shih‐Ho , Lin Chih‐Che , Yap Anthony , Chen Chao‐Long
Published: March 2015

Background

Few reports have addressed the use of cryopreserved arterial grafts (CAG) for anterior section drainage in right lobe living donor liver transplantation (RL LDLT), and the impact of atherosclerosis on patency rate (PR) is not well studied. Also, those reports have limited case numbers. The aim of the present study is to report the largest experience with CAG in outflow reconstruction in RL LDLT and the impact of atherosclerosis on its patency.

Methods

During 2010 and 2011, 62 of 243 patients who underwent LDLT received outflow reconstruction with CAG for RL grafts. Atherosclerosis in CAG was classified into early, intermediate and advanced lesions according to the classification adopted by the American Heart Association: group 1 with grafts having no atherosclerosis or early lesions; and group 2 with grafts having intermediate and advanced lesions. Patency rates of CAG correlated with atherosclerotic change of CAG were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

The study group comprised 65 CAGs with 1, 3 and 6 months PR of 86.2%, 84.6% and 75.2% respectively. Histopathological examination was successful in 53 CAGs. The 1, 3 and 6 months PR of group with no/early atherosclerosis were 86%, 83.7% and 76.7%, respectively, while for groups with intermediate/advanced lesions they were 90%. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.384).

Conclusions

Cryopreserved arterial grafts can be used for outflow reconstruction in RL LDLT with a good patency rate. Atherosclerosis appears to have minimal effect on CAG patency, yet further studies with larger cohorts are needed to support our results.
Grease or Sand in the Wheels of Commerce? Firm Level Evidence on Corruption and SMES
Authors: Mendoza Ronald U. , Lim Ricardo A. , Lopez Anne Ong
Published: March 2015

Bribes can either put ‘grease’ or ‘sand’ in the wheels of commerce, affecting firm performance (at the micro‐level) and, ultimately, economic growth (at the macro‐level). This study examines this issue using a unique and exceptionally rich dataset on over 2000 micro, small and medium scale enterprises in over 30 cities in the Philippines. Using instruments such as industry‐location averages of corruption to deal with endogeneity and drawing on unique contextual information on public–private interactions on bribery, this study finds evidence that corruption greases the wheels of commerce for Philippine SMEs, particularly in cities with poor business environments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of oxaliplatin and oleic acid Gc‐protein‐derived macrophage‐activating factor on murine and human microglia
Authors: Branca Jacopo J.V. , Morucci Gabriele , Malentacchi Francesca , Gelmini Stefania , Ruggiero Marco , Pacini Stefania
Published: March 2015

The biological properties and characteristics of microglia in rodents have been widely described, but little is known about these features in human microglia. Several murine microglial cell lines are used to investigate neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions; however, the extrapolation of the results to human conditions is frequently met with criticism because of the possibility of species‐specific differences. This study compares the effects of oxaliplatin and of oleic acid Gc‐protein‐derived macrophage‐activating factor (OA‐GcMAF) on two microglial cell lines, murine BV‐2 cells and human C13NJ cells. Cell viability, cAMP levels, microglial activation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were evaluated. Our data demonstrate that oxaliplatin induced a significant decrease in cell viability in BV‐2 and in C13NJ cells and that this effect was not reversed with OA‐GcMAF treatment. The signal transduction pathway involving cAMP/VEGF was activated after treatment with oxaliplatin and/or OA‐GcMAF in both cell lines. OA‐GcMAF induced a significant increase in microglia activation, as evidenced by the expression of the B7‐2 protein, in BV‐2 as well as in C13NJ cells that was not associated with a concomitant increase in cell number. Furthermore, the effects of oxaliplatin and OA‐GcMAF on coculture morphology and apoptosis were evaluated. Oxaliplatin‐induced cell damage and apoptosis were nearly completely reversed by OA‐GcMAF treatment in both BV‐2/SH‐SY5Y and C13NJ/SH‐SY5Y cocultures. Our data show that murine and human microglia share common signal transduction pathways and activation mechanisms, suggesting that the murine BV‐2 cell line may represent an excellent model for studying human microglia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From raw material to dish: pasta quality step by step
Authors: Sicignano Angelo , Di Monaco Rossella , Masi Paolo , Cavella Silvana
Published: March 2015

Pasta is a traditional Italian cereal‐based food that is popular worldwide because of its convenience, versatility, sensory and nutritional value. The aim of this review is to present a step‐by‐step guide to facilitate the understanding of the most important events that can affect pasta characteristics, directing the reader to the appropriate production steps. Owing to its unique flavor, color, composition and rheological properties, durum wheat semolina is the best raw material for pasta production. Although pasta is traditionally made from only two ingredients, sensory quality and chemical/physical characteristics of the final product may vary greatly. Starting from the same ingredients, there are a lot of different events in each step of pasta production that can result in the development of varieties of pasta with different characteristics. In particular, numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of temperature and humidity conditions of the pasta drying operation as well as the significance of the choice of raw material and operating conditions on pasta quality. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The stable carbon isotopic composition of Daphnia ephippia in small, temperate lakes reflects in‐lake methane availability
Authors: Schilder Jos , Bastviken David , van Hardenbroek Maarten , Leuenberger Markus , Rinta Päivi , Stötter Tabea , Heiri Oliver
Published: March 2015

Daphnia can ingest methane‐oxidizing bacteria and incorporate methanogenic carbon into their biomass, leading to low stable carbon isotope ratios (expressed as δ13C values) of their tissue. Therefore, δ13C analysis of Daphnia resting eggs (ephippia) in lake sediment records can potentially be used to reconstruct past in‐lake availability of methane (CH4). However, detailed multilake studies demonstrating that δ13C values of recently deposited Daphnia ephippia (δ13Cephippia) are systematically related to in‐lake CH4 concentrations ([CH4]aq) are still missing. We measured δ13Cephippia from surface sediments of 15 small lakes in Europe, and compared these values with late‐summer [CH4]aq. δ13Cephippia ranged from −51.6‰ to −25.9‰, and was strongly correlated with [CH4]aq in the surface water and above the sediment (r −0.73 and −0.77, respectively), whereas a negative rather than the expected positive correlation was found with δ13C values of carbon dioxide (CO2) (r −0.54), and no correlation was observed with [CO2]aq. At eight sites, offsets between δ13
and δ13Cephippia exceeded offsets between δ13
and δ13Calgae reported in literature. δ13Cephippia was positively correlated with δ13C values of sedimentary organic matter (r 0.54), but up to 20.7‰ lower in all except one of the lakes (average −6.1‰). We conclude that incorporation of methanogenic carbon prior to ephippia formation must have been widespread by Daphnia in our study lakes, especially those with high [CH4]aq. Our results suggest a systematic relationship between δ13Cephippia values and [CH4]aq in small temperate lakes, and that δ13Cephippia analysis on sediment records may provide insights into past changes in in‐lake [CH4]aq.
A new procedure for the lithic fraction characterization in marine sediments from high productivity areas: Optimization of analytical and statistical procedures
Authors: Povea Patricia , Cacho Isabel , Moreno Ana , Menéndez Melisa , Méndez Fernando J.
Published: March 2015

The lithogenic fraction in marine sediments can be a key proxy to reconstruct past changes in atmospheric circulation, river runoff among other sedimentary processes. But, accurate isolation of the lithic component within biogenic‐rich sediments can be particularly challenging in areas of high marine productivity. We present an experiment to isolate and characterize this lithogenic fraction that ensures the full elimination of biogenic and authigenic components. This experiment demonstrates that standard procedures used in most of the studies of terrigenous fraction in marine sediments, are inadequate to remove efficiently most of the biogenic components in sediments from high productivity regions such as the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. The experiment reviews each of the procedure steps designed for the removal of organic matter, carbonate, Fe‐Mn oxides, and biogenic silica. The most critical steps were the removal of organic matter incorporated in fecal pellets, and the elimination of the biogenic silica. The continuous monitoring of the grain‐size distribution of the samples along the experiment steps allows evaluating the impact that an inadequate procedure can induce on the grain size. Finally, lithic grain‐size distributions were characterized using k‐means statistical technique providing objective information for climate interpretation. The proposed approach ensures the quality of the results and allows magnifying the information provided by the lithic fraction in marine sediments.
Composites based on titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V with an addition of inert ceramics and bioactive ceramics for medical applications fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS method)
Authors: Dudek A. , Klimas M.
Published: March 2015

The focus of the investigations presented in this paper is placed on metallic‐ceramic composites based on a titanium alloy matrix (Ti–6Al–4V) with a 20 wt% and 40 wt% addition of aluminium oxide (Al2O3), hydroxyapatite ceramics (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) or YSZ (zirconia stabilized with 8 wt% yttria Y2O3) obtained using the spark plasma sintering method. The specimens were compressed at 35 MPa and sintered in a shielding gas (argon) medium at the temperature of 1000 °C in an SPS HP 5 for 25 min. The obtained composites were subjected to microstructural analysis using light microscope and X‐ray quality analysis using a D8 DISCOVER Bruker diffractometer. Hydrostatic weighing in deionized water according to the PN EN ISO 2738: 2001 standard was also used to evaluate the density, porosity and water absorption capacity. The topology of the surface of the metallic‐ceramic composites was determined using a Hommel T1000 profilometer. The mechanical properties (microhardness) were measured using a hardness tester with Brinell indenter HBW 2.5/187.5. The resistance to wear was evaluated by means of a ball wear testing stand. Weability of the obtained biomaterials was evaluated by measurement of the contact angle Θ.
Parkinsonism following neuroleptic exposure: A double‐hit hypothesis?
Authors: Erro Roberto , Bhatia Kailash P. , Tinazzi Michele
Published: March 2015

Drug‐induced parkinsonism is caused by an offending drug and should resolve after the causative agent has been withdrawn. However, in a number of patients, symptoms persist or may even worsen over time, suggesting the development of concomitant Parkinson's disease. The prevalence estimates of Parkinson's disease after neuroleptic exposure are unexpectedly high, suggesting a causal relationship. We critically review available literature in this regard, and some pathophysiological hypotheses that might explain such a relationship are suggested. Some patients may have an undetermined genetic susceptibility to parkinsonism. We speculate that the possible neurotoxic effect of neuroleptics exerted on a susceptible dopaminergic system would lead over the long‐term to a self‐fostering, progressive process. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives are discussed. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Sarcoid polyneuropathy masquerading as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Singhal Neel S. , Irodenko Viktoriya S. , Margeta Marta , Layzer Robert B.
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Sarcoid polyneuropathy is a rare and clinically heterogeneous disorder that may be the initial presentation of sarcoidosis.

Methods

We report the clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological findings of a patient who carried a diagnosis of sensory‐predominant chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) for over a decade but was ultimately found to have sarcoid polyneuropathy.

Results

A 36‐year‐old man presented with a several‐week history of gait difficulty and muscle cramps. He had a diagnosis of CIDP but had not received lasting benefit from steroid‐sparing immunosuppressive drugs. Electrodiagnostic studies were consistent with a chronic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with conduction blocks. After he developed systemic symptoms, tissue biopsies revealed granulomatous disease. Symptoms improved with steroid therapy.

Conclusions

Sarcoid polyneuropathy presents a diagnostic challenge, but, in patients with atypical neuropathy, characteristic systemic symptoms, or a poor response to standard treatment, nerve and muscle biopsies can help diagnose this treatable disorder. Muscle Nerve 52: 664–668, 2015
Spinal neuronal cannabinoid receptors mediate urodynamic effects of systemic fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition in rats
Authors: Füllhase Claudius , Schreiber Andrea , Giese Armin , Schmidt Michael , Montorsi Francesco , Gratzke Christian , La Croce Giovanni , Castiglione Fabio , Stief Christian , Hedlund Petter
Published: March 2015

Aims

To test if urodynamic effects from systemic Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition involve sacral spinal cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) or type 2 (CB2) receptors.

Methods

Male rats with or without partial urethral obstruction were used for cystometry or immunohistochemistry. Urodynamic effects of intravenous (IV) 0.3 mg/kg Oleoyl Ethyl Amide (OEtA; FAAH inhibitor), and intrathecal (IT) 5 μg rimonabant (CB1 antagonist) or 5 μg SR144528 (CB2 antagonist) were studied in awake rats.

Results

After administration of rimonabant or SR144528, non‐obstructed rats with normal bladder function developed bladder overactivity (BO), which was counteracted by OEtA. OEtA also counteracted BO in obstructed rats. SR144528 did not affect bladder function in obstructed rats but counteracted the urodynamic effects of OEtA. Surprisingly, rimonabant (and AM251, another CB1 antagonist) reduced BO in obstructed rats, whereafter OEtA produced no additional urodynamic effects. CB1 expression increased in the sacral spinal cord of obstructed rats whereas no changes were observed for CB2 or FAAH.

Conclusions

Urodynamic effects of systemic FAAH inhibition involve activities at spinal neuronal CB1 and CB2 receptors in normal and obstructed rats. Endogenous spinal CB receptor ligands seem to regulate normal micturition and BO. Altered spinal CB receptor functions may be involved in the pathogenesis of obstruction‐induced BO. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:464–470, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carcinogenic HPV infection in the cervical squamo‐columnar junction
Authors: Mirkovic Jelena , Howitt Brooke E , Roncarati Patrick , Demoulin Stephanie , Suarez‐Carmona Meggy , Hubert Pascale , McKeon Frank D , Xian Wa , Li Anita , Delvenne Philippe , Crum Christopher P , Herfs Michael
Published: March 2015

Recent studies have suggested the involvement of a unique population of cells at the cervical squamo‐columnar junction (SCJ) in the pathogenesis of early (squamous intraepithelial lesion or SIL) and advanced (squamous cell and adeno‐carcinomas) cervical neoplasia. However, there is little evidence to date showing that SCJ cells harbour carcinogenic HPV or are instrumental in the initial phases of neoplasia. This study was designed to (1) determine if normal‐appearing SCJ cells contained evidence of carcinogenic HPV infection and (2) trace their transition to early SIL. Sections of cervix from high‐risk reproductive age women were selected and SCJ cells were analysed by using several techniques which increasingly implicated HPV infection: HPV DNA (genotyping and in situ hybridization)/RNA (PCR), immunostaining for HPV16 E2 (an early marker of HPV infection), p16ink4, Ki67, and HPV L1 protein. In 22 cases with a history of SIL and no evidence of preneoplastic lesion in the excision specimen, HPV DNA was isolated from eight of ten with visible SCJ cells, six of which were HPV16/18 DNA‐positive. In five of these latter cases, the SCJ cells were positive for p16ink4 and/or HPV E2. Transcriptionally active HPV infection (E6/E7 mRNAs) was also detected in microdissected SCJ cells. Early squamous atypia associated with the SCJ cells demonstrated in addition diffuse p16ink4 immunoreactivity, elevated proliferative index, and rare L1 antigen positivity. We present for the first time direct evidence that normal‐appearing SCJ cells can be infected by carcinogenic HPV. They initially express HPV E2 and their progression to SIL is heralded by an expanding metaplastic progeny with increased proliferation and p16ink4 expression. Whether certain SCJs are more vulnerable than others to carcinogenic HPV genotypes and what variables determine transition to high‐grade SIL remain unresolved, but the common event appears to be a vulnerable cell at the SCJ. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical stretch‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and inflammation contribute to thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection
Authors: Jia Li‐Xin , Zhang Wen‐Mei , Zhang Hong‐Jia , Li Tao‐Tao , Wang Yue‐Li , Qin Yan‐Wen , Gu Hong , Du Jie
Published: March 2015

Thoracic aortic aneurysm/dissection (TAAD) is characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell (SMC) loss, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and inflammation. In response to certain stimuli, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is activated and regulates apoptosis and inflammation. Excessive apoptosis promotes aortic inflammation and degeneration, leading to TAAD. Therefore, we studied the role of ER stress in TAAD formation. A lysyl oxidase inhibitor, 3‐aminopropionitrile fumarate (BAPN), was administrated to induce TAAD formation in mice, which showed significant SMC loss (α‐SMA level). Excessive apoptosis (TUNEL staining) and ER stress (ATF4 and CHOP), along with inflammation, were present in TAAD samples from both mouse and human. Transcriptional profiling of SMCs after mechanical stress demonstrated the expression of genes for ER stress and inflammation. To explore the causal role of ER stress in initiating degenerative signalling events and TAAD, we treated wild‐type (CHOP+/+) or CHOP−/− mice with BAPN and found that CHOP deficiency protected against TAAD formation and rupture, as well as reduction in α‐SMA level. Both SMC apoptosis and inflammation were significantly reduced in CHOP−/− mice. Moreover, SMCs isolated from CHOP−/− mice were resistant to mechanical stress‐induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrated that mechanical stress‐induced ER stress promotes SMCs apoptosis, inflammation and degeneration, providing insight into TAAD formation and progression. © 2015 Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
A child with Li–Fraumeni syndrome: Modes to inactivate the second allele of TP53 in three different malignancies
Authors: Schlegelberger Brigitte , Kreipe Hans , Lehmann Ulrich , Steinemann Doris , Ripperger Tim , Göhring Gudrun , Thomay Kathrin , Rump Andreas , Di Donato Nataliya , Suttorp Meinolf
Published: March 2015

Here we report on a child with Li–Fraumeni syndrome with a de novo TP53 mutation c.818G>A, who developed three malignancies at the age of 4 months, 4 and 5 years, respectively. We show that (i) in the choroid plexus carcinoma, the germline mutation was detected in a homozygous state due to copy‐neutral LOH/uniparental disomy, (ii) in the secondary AML, a complex karyotype led to loss of the wild‐type TP53 allele, (iii) in the Wilms tumor, the somatic mutation c.814G>A led to compound heterozygosity. The findings show that the complete inactivation of TP53 by different mechanisms is an important step towards tumorigenesis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1481–1484. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of polyamide 6 as a charring agent on the flame retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites
Authors: Chen Man , Tang Mengqi , Ma Yonghong , Chen Xiaolang , Qin Jun , He Weidi , Zhang Zhibin
Published: March 2015

In this work, polyamide 6 (PA6) as a charring agent has been used in combination with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)‐microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MTAPP) forming intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) which applies in polypropylene (PP). The effects of the IFRs on the flame retardancy, morphology of char layers, water resistance, thermal properties and mechanical properties of flame‐retardant PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical properties test. The results show that the PP/MTAPP/PA6 composites exhibit much better flame‐retardant performances than the PP/MTAPP composites. The higher LOI values and UL‐94 V‐2 of the PP/MTAPP composites with suitable amount of PA6 are obtained, which is attributed to the thick and compact char layer structure evidenced by SEM. The results from TGA and DSC demonstrate that the introduction of PA6 into PP/MTAPP composites has a great effect on the thermal stability and crystallization behaviors of the composites. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of PP/MTAPP/PA6 composites are also improved greatly due to the presence of PA6 as a charring agent. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1355–1360, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optimism and depression: a new look at social support as a mediator among women at risk for breast cancer
Authors: Garner Melissa J. , McGregor Bonnie A. , Murphy Karly M. , Koenig Alex L. , Dolan Emily D. , Albano Denise
Published: March 2015

Objective

Breast cancer risk is a chronic stressor associated with depression. Optimism is associated with lower levels of depression among breast cancer survivors. However, to our knowledge, no studies have explored the relationship between optimism and depression among women at risk for breast cancer. We hypothesized that women at risk for breast cancer who have higher levels of optimism would report lower levels of depression and that social support would mediate this relationship.

Method

Participants (N = 199) with elevated distress were recruited from the community and completed self‐report measures of depression, optimism, and social support. Participants were grouped based on their family history of breast cancer. Path analysis was used to examine the cross‐sectional relationship between optimism, social support, and depressive symptoms in each group.

Results

Results indicated that the variance in depressive symptoms was partially explained through direct paths from optimism and social support among women with a family history of breast cancer. The indirect path from optimism to depressive symptoms via social support was significant (β = −.053; 90% CI = −.099 to −.011, p = .037) in this group. However, among individuals without a family history of breast cancer, the indirect path from optimism to depressive symptoms via social support was not significant.

Conclusions

These results suggest that social support partially mediates the relationship between optimism and depression among women at risk for breast cancer. Social support may be an important intervention target to reduce depression among women at risk for breast cancer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When cationic cell‐penetrating peptides meet hydrocarbons to enhance in‐cell cargo delivery
Authors: Pisa Margherita Di , Chassaing Gérard , Swiecicki Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2015

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short sequences often rich in cationic residues with the remarkable ability to cross cell membranes. In the past 20 years, CPPs have gained wide interest and have found numerous applications in the delivery of bioactive cargoes to the cytosol and even the nucleus of living cells. The covalent or non‐covalent addition of hydrocarbon moieties to cationic CPPs alters the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance in their sequence. Such perturbation dramatically influences their interaction with the cell membrane, might induce self‐assembling properties and modifies their intracellular trafficking. In particular, the introduction of lipophilic moieties changes the subcellular distribution of CPPs and might result in a dramatically increase of the internalization yield of the co‐transported cargoes. Herein, we offer an overview of different aspects of the recent findings concerning the properties of CPPs covalently or non‐covalently associated to hydrocarbons. We will focus on the impact of the hydrocarbon moieties on the delivery of various cargoes, either covalently or non‐covalently bound to the modified CPPs. We will also provide some key elements to rationalize the influence of the hydrocarbons moieties on the cellular uptake. Furthermore, the recent in vitro and in vivo successful applications of acylated CPPs will be summarized to provide a broad view of the versatility of these modified CPPs as small‐molecules and oligonucleotides vectors. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficiency of UVA LEDs grown by HVPE in relation with the active region thickness
Authors: Kurin Sergey , Antipov Andrey , Barash Iosif , Roenkov Alexander , Usikov Alexander , Helava Heikki , Makarov Yuri , Solomonov Alexander , Tarasov Sergey , Evseenkov Anton , Lamkin Ivan
Published: March 2015

We report on results of the performance study of UVA LEDs depending on the thickness of the active region. UVA LEDs are based on GaN/AlGaN heterostructures grown on Al2O3 (0001) substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). It is shown that the use of thick (̴ 100 nm) single layer as the active region of UVA LED is a promising concept to achieve enhanced efficiency. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tissue‐specific reactions to positional discontinuities in the regenerating axolotl limb
Authors: Maden Malcolm , Avila Daima , Roy Molly , Seifert Ashley W.
Published: March 2015

We investigated cellular contributions to intercalary regenerates and 180o supernumerary limbs during axolotl limb regeneration using the cell autonomous green fluorescent protein marker and exchanged blastemas between white and green fluorescent protein animals. After distal blastemas were grafted to proximal levels tissues of the intercalary regenerate behaved independently with regard to the law of distal transformation; graft epidermis was replaced by stump epidermis, muscle‐derived cells, blood vessels, and Schwann cells of the distal blastema moved proximally to the stylopodium and cartilage and dermal cells conformed to the law. After 180o rotation, blastemas showed contributions from stump tissues which failed to alter patterning of the blastema. Supernumerary limbs were composed of stump and graft tissues and extensive contributions of stump tissues generated inversions or duplications of polarity to produce limbs of mixed handedness. Tail skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle broke the law with cells derived from these tissues exhibiting an apparent anteroposterior polarity as they migrated to the anterior side of the blastema. We attribute this behavior to the possible presence of a chemotactic factor from the wound epidermis.
Nanoremediation and International Environmental Restoration Markets
Authors: Bardos Paul , Bone Brian , Černík Miroslav , Elliott Daniel W. , Jones Sarah , Merly Corinne
Published: March 2015

Nanoscale zero‐valent iron (nZVI) is the most commonly used nanoremediation material. While there has been a reasonable level of application of nZVI technologies for in situ remediation in the United States, its utilization across Europe has been much more limited. There has been significant uncertainty about the balance between deployment risks and benefits for nanoparticles (NPs), which has affected the regulatory position in several countries. Some member states of the European Union (EU) take a strong precautionary view of the risks from the deployment of NPs into the subsurface, preventing the adoption of the technology. This article provides a risk–benefit assessment for nZVI based on published information and describes the steps that will be taken by a major European research project (NanoRem), as part of its work to provide a basis for better informed decision making in European environmental restoration markets. A key part of this process is dialogue between practitioners and researchers. NanoRem therefore has an active process of communication with different stakeholder networks (regulators, service providers, and site owners). NanoRem hopes to stimulate a consensus on appropriate use of nanoremediation and thereby stimulate effective technology transfer to the European remediation market. ©2015 The Authors
Networked gain‐scheduled fault diagnosis under control input dropouts without data delivery acknowledgment
Authors: Dolz Daniel , Peñarrocha Ignacio , Sanchis Roberto
Published: March 2015

This paper investigates the fault diagnosis problem for discrete‐time networked control systems under dropouts in both control and measurement channel with no delivery acknowledgment. We propose to use a proportional integral observer‐based fault diagnoser collocated with the controller. The observer estimates the faults and computes a residual signal whose comparison with a threshold alarms the fault appearance. We employ the expected value of the arriving control input for the open‐loop estimation and the measurement reception scenario for the correction with a jump observer. The jumping gains are scheduled in real time with rational functions depending on a statistic of the difference between the control command being applied in the plant and the one being used in the observer. We design the observer, the residual, and the threshold to maximize the sensitivity under faults while guaranteeing some minimum detectable faults under a predefined false alarm rate. Exploiting sum‐of‐squares decomposition techniques, the design procedure becomes an optimization problem over polynomials. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.