bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialectics of Mental Entities: Notion vs Term
Authors: Tyurneva Tatiana , Shchurik Natalia , Evseeva Galina , Krapivkina Olga
Published: October 2018

Modern linguistics equally uses notion and term definitions. Very often even scientists do not differentiate these phenomena using them as synonyms. Moreover, even dictionaries treat them as synonyms. The authors of the article try to distinguish these entities. According to the pioneer paper of A.M. Kaplunenko “Concept – Notion – Term: evolution of semiotic entities in the context of discursive practices” it is possible to make an attempt to prove their difference. Within Discourse of Consensus, participants use notions with limited scope and content constructing the interpretation vector on the basis of key characteristic features of the notion. Under umbrella of Discourse of Expert Community terms system is formed. The duality of these entities brings them into constant dynamics where knowledge may develop from the notion to the term as well as from the term to the notion.
Textual Deepness and Its Representation
Authors: Valuyskaya Olga
Published: October 2018

The article deals with the textual interpretability and deepness as an objective existing category typical of all textual genres and potentially enabling to classify texts according to their genre belongings and specificity. The proposed operational model of textual deepness is viewed as a universal scheme for textual analysis and characterizes textual deepness as gradual in its nature which discloses the ambiguity or unambiguity of text contents. The texts of different genres are characterized from the standpoint of the language peculiarities and possible formal elements assisting to undergo the procedure on interpretation. In accordance with the proposed operational model of textual deepness, texts are classified into mono-interpretable and multi-interpretable ones with a number of interpretive steps to be introduced while decoding and restoring the textual sense. The number of interpretive steps is predetermined by a genre with its distinctive features. The textual deepness is correlated with a number of genre specific features such as writer’s personalization or depersonalization, textual imperativeness and metaphoric richness as well as other prototypical features that organise texts of different genres. The restoration of textual sense is either full or probable. The operational model of deepness is an open system for the further levels to be established.
Forecasting Energy Efficient Development of Gas Industry in Region
Authors: Vazhenina Larisa
Published: October 2018

In the study, the energy efficient development of the gas industry in the region is in essence a mater of finding options for developing the gas industry (GP) and the regional economy in the context of the set of indicators proposed by the author. The set of indicators includes: socio-economic criteria, reflecting the growth of the well-being of the population and the potential of the region’s economy; energy indicators characterizing the efficiency of the gas industry’s branches of gas production, processing, transportation and supply, as well as rational use of all types of energy resources. The author developed the industry model of the gas industry as part of the regional economy model and proposed a methodological tool for forecasting various energy consumption options and increasing energy efficiency in gas production, processing and transportation. Modeling tools for forecasting the energy efficiency of the gas industry in the region can be used by regional authorities to make management decisions in improving energy efficiency and security in the region. The proposed model was tested on the statistical material of the Tyumen region.
Codes’ Switching as Strategic Resource of an Addresser in Mass Media Discourse
Authors: Verbitskaya Olga , Lesnikovskaya Ekaterina , Panchenko Natalia
Published: October 2018

The article considers “codes’ switching” as a special linguistic and socio-cultural competence. The authors provide an analysis of an addresser’s strategic use of a marked code as a specific tool of an individual aim-achieving. Code-switching is considered to be a supplementary resource of a communicant, a resource used to reach some pragmatic aims of communication.
Subset and Superset Language Relations as Way of Expression of Linguistic and Philosophical Generalization and Specialization Categories
Authors: Nekipelova Irina
Published: October 2018

The article is devoted to a research of a linguistic and philosophical category of generalization and specialization. The generalization category is one of the most important categories of human mind. It is as important as the other categories, like analyzing and synthesizing, classification, extrapolation and analogy. On the one hand, generalization is a philosophical category, because it is one of world designing instruments and a world picture creation in mind of the human. On the other hand, generalization is also a linguistic category, because it is one of instruments of designing a world language picture. The certificate of it are the cross-disciplinary researches using knowledge of different sciences. The ability to draw conclusions is a feature of human minds. It allows a human to unite a logical and figurative approach to perception and understanding of the world. The research has shown that the generalization category realizes the subset and superset relations between language units. These relations assume communication of the general concept with the private concepts included in it. In the pragmatical plan, the generalization category is expressed in existing words having the generalized value. These words designate nonexistent denotations. At the same time, they correspond too many denotations. However, they do not call these denotations directly, but that is what it means. Designating a lot of things, the generalized words have a high coefficient of informational content. But this coefficient significantly decreases in specific conditions of a context. It is necessary to tell that the criterion of informational content is the important criterion of the language development. And we should see that generalization is one of ways of information growth in language. Subset and superset relations make human communications more successful.
Features of Educational Electronic Grade Development by Engineering Disciplines
Authors: Vaganova Olga I. , Smirnova Zhanna V. , Mukhina Maria V. , Golubeva Olga V. , Chaykina Zhanna V.
Published: October 2018

Traditional teaching aids lose their relevance in connection with the introduction of a competence approach, therefore, it is necessary to introduce such manuals that will allow students to retain their mobility and productivity without losing the quality of teaching. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the identification of the features of the development of qualitatively new electronic teaching aids in the university. The purpose of the research: identification of features of the development of an electronic textbook in the formation of professional competencies of students. For this purpose we have singled out the definition of the term “electronic publication”. The problems associated with the development and implementation of electronic textbooks have been identified. The principles of creating electronic materials have been singled out, which is part of the structure and composition of the electronic textbook, as well as the experiments carried out by us, demonstrating, firstly, the need to use information technology in education, and secondly the informativeness and effectiveness of the electronic textbook. One of the main recommendations for the creation of an electronic textbook is the need to provide the teacher with an adequate individual perception, understanding of the teaching material by students. It is necessary to timely eliminate errors, as well as update data: a glossary, practical tasks and text textbooks.
Linguistic and normative aspects of oil and gas business terminology
Authors: Samigullina Liliya Z. , Samigullina Elina F.
Published: October 2018

The article is devoted to the study of the regulatory aspects of oil and gas terminology in the light of the current processes of globalization of the world economy, as well as the rapid development of the industry’s technological processes and the subsequent increase in the number of terminological units. The inconsistencies in the basic concepts of terminology standardization activities are revealed, called forth by the terms “normalization”, “unification”, “standardization”, in the Russian and international terminology practice. Terminological units are presented taking into account the degree of their normalization. The authors come to the conclusion that standardization and unification of terminologies is important for the process of scientific information exchange optimization, automation tools in information, translation, editorial and publishing activities development.
The academic model of managing integration processes: study case of the multicultural educational space
Authors: Vasilyeva Elmira R. , Nurutdinova Aida R.
Published: October 2018

Improvement and preconditions for multicultural education are associated with the democratic society development which is characterized by openness to other countries, peoples and cultures. Mutual understanding is its most important value. The ongoing integration processes in the world, the desire of Russia and other countries to integrate into the world and European sociocultural and educational space, while preserving the national identity, determines the multicultural education development. Education in a multicultural society, according to experts, is associated with the optimal models of the educational process, various methods and technologies of educational activities. They really include students in the multicultural educational space, they form the qualities necessary for successful adaptation and self-realization in the modern world.
Effects of Stratified Vitamin D Supplementation in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals with Vitamin D Insufficiency
Authors: Lu Yanhui , Fu Xiaomin , Zhang Lili , Liu Minyan , Cheng Xiaoling , Yan Shuangtong , Li Nan , Miao Xinyu , Sun Banruo , Li Chunlin
Published: October 2018

The incidence of vitamin D deficiency is high globally, and vitamin D supplementation draws particular attention. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of stratified vitamin D supplementation in middle-aged and elderly individuals with vitamin D insufficiency in Beijing. A total of 448 subjects aged over 40 years old were selected from a community in Beijing. Among them, 100 middle-aged and elderly people with vitamin D insufficiency were randomly selected on a voluntary basis. They were further divided into control group and intervention group. The control group received health education and lifestyle guidance, and the intervention group received lifestyle guidance and vitamin D supplementation for nine months. The doses were stratified as follows: for vitamin D insufficiency, oral vitamin D3 supplement was given at 5000 IU/w; for mild vitamin D deficiency, oral vitamin D3 supplement was given at 10 000 IU/w; for severe vitamin D deficiency, oral vitamin D3 supplement was given at 15 000 IU/w. Safety evaluation was conducted after three-month treatment. The intervention group consisted of 8%, 62%, and 30% of cases who had vitamin D insufficiency, mild vitamin D deficiency, and severe vitamin D deficiency, respectively, which were similar with the control group. It showed that the blood 25(OH)D level increased significantly in the intervention group, from 14.30±4.30 ng/ml to 33.62±6.99 ng/ml (p<0.001), in contrast to insignificant change in the control group. Stratified vitamin D supplementation effectively increased the blood 25(OH)D level, as well as the number of cases with corrected vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.
Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hasani Motahareh , Djalalinia Shirin , Sharifi Farshad , Varmaghani Mehdi , Zarei Maryam , Abdar Mohammad , Asayesh Hamid , Noroozi Mehdi , Kasaeian Amir , Gorabi Armita , Qorbani Mostafa
Published: October 2018

Selenium is an essential mineral that plays a key role in plenty of major metabolic processes. A growing body of literature has shown that selenium deficiency leads to an increase in plasma TC and TG levels. This study explores the effect of selenium supplementation on serum level of lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)]. We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/WOS, and Scopus (from their commencements to Jan 2016) to identify the papers investigating the association between the intake of selenium and lipid profile. Data extracted from the relevant studies were screened. The pooled standardized mean difference was estimated using the random or fixed effects model. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using Q-test. Of the potentially relevant articles screened, 11 articles including 1221 participants were included in this meta-analysis. Results of meta-analysis showed that intake of selenium resulted in a statistically significant improvement in TC, [(SMD): –0.13, 95% CI: (–0.24, –0.02)], TG [(SMD): –0.19, 95% CI: (–0.38, –0.01)] and VLDL [(SMD): –0.34, 95% CI: (–0.63, –0.05)]. The selenium supplementation did not significantly improve lipid profile such as LDL [(SMD): –0.08, 95% CI: (–0.036, 0.19)], HDL [(SMD): 0.01, 95% CI: (–0.164, 0.18)], HDL/TC ratio [(SMD): 0.025, 95% CI: (–0.11, 0.16)], non-HDL-C [(SMD): 0.018, 95% CI: (–0.13, 0.16)]. This meta-analysis suggests that the effect of selenium supplementation on the serum levels of TG and VLDL is marginally significant. However, the supplementation has no effect on other serum lipids. Moreover, the study shows that the effect of selenium supplementation on lipid profile is negative.
A Practical Method for Regioselective 5′-O-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl Deprotection of Persilylated Nucleosides by Methanolic Phosphomolybdic Acid
Authors: Gong Shan-Shan , Sun Qi , Huang Hua-Shan , Kong Rui , Zheng Xiu-An , Chen Wei-Jie , Han Shuai-Bo , Zeng De-Yun
Published: October 2018

In nucleoside/nucleotide chemistry, the regioselective cleavage of 5′-O-TBS groups of persilylated nucleosides is a desired approach for structural functionalization at the 5′-position. However, efficient and practical methods for this purpose are still limited. In our research, we found that homogeneous methanolic phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) efficiently catalyzes the regioselective deprotection of 5′-O-TBS groups of a diversity of persilylated nucleoside substrates and can be applied in practical synthesis at scales of up to 15 g. 31P NMR results indicated that an anion cluster forms and the Lewis acidity of homogeneous PMA is organic-solvent dependent. The efficacy and pronounced regioselectivity of methanolic PMA occurs as a result of a lowering of the Lewis acid strength upon solvation of the molybdophosphate anions.
ADAMTS13 Gene Mutations Influence ADAMTS13 Conformation and Disease Age-Onset in the French Cohort of Upshaw–Schulman Syndrome
Authors: Joly Bérangère , Boisseau Pierre , Roose Elien , Stepanian Alain , Biebuyck Nathalie , Hogan Julien , Provot François , Delmas Yahsou , Garrec Céline , Vanhoorelbeke Karen , Coppo Paul , Veyradier Agnès ,   on behalf of the French Reference Center for Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Published: October 2018

Background Congenital thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura (TTP) or Upshaw–Schulman syndrome (USS) is a rare, life-threatening, inherited thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). USS is mostly due to bi-allelic recessive sequence variations of the a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats, member 13 (ADAMTS13) gene inducing a severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (activity < 10 IU/dL). In healthy individuals, ADAMTS13 circulates in a folded conformation where CUB domains interact with the spacer domain. The spacer–CUB interaction is abrogated when ADAMTS13 is conformationally activated.

Objective This article evaluates the influence of ADAMTS13 sequence variations on both clinical/biological phenotype and ADAMTS13 conformation in USS.

Patients and Methods All USS patients from the French registry for TMAs (1 January 2000 to 1 June 2017) were investigated for ADAMTS13 genotype, phenotype (activity, antigen and autoantibodies) and conformation. Clinical records were analysed (inaugural acute TTP and follow-up). Child-onset USS was compared with adult-onset USS.

Results Fifty-six USS patients from 51 families (34 child-onset and 22 adult-onset cases) were enrolled. Child-onset USS was characterized by a large panel of ADAMTS13 sequence variations (n = 43), spread all over ADAMTS13 gene and not correlated with either clinical features or plasmatic ADAMTS13 parameters. In contrast, adult-onset USS, consisting exclusively in pregnancy-induced TTP, included a smaller and distinct panel of ADAMTS13 sequence variations (n = 20) because of one mutation (p.Arg1060Trp) present in 82% of patients. ADAMTS13 conformation was studied in 16 USS patients (5 child-onset and 11 adult-onset USS, encompassing 16 distinct ADAMTS13 sequence variations) whose ADAMTS13 antigen levels were detectable: 14 of 16 patients (87.5%) exhibited abnormalities of ADAMTS13 conformation.

Conclusion In USS, age-onset defines two entities and ADAMTS13 sequence variations modify ADAMTS13 conformation.
First time-resolved electron density measurements in the C-2W advanced field-reversed configuration plasmas from long-path compact second-harmonic interferometer
Authors: Beall M. , Sheftman D. ,   TAE Team
Published: October 2018

Characterization of the plasma structure and density is critical for the diagnosis and control of C-2W plasma equilibria. To this end, two compact, highly portable, turnkey second harmonic interferometers are used to make measurements with greater flexibility than available from other diagnostics, providing important information in areas otherwise inaccessible to more complicated systems. The systems are based on a fiber-coupled 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser and provide a sensitivity of a few 1018 m−2 with a time resolution of a few microseconds. System upgrades were made to allow for beam paths in excess of 5 m. Initial data from two system configurations are presented, showing plasma translation and merged equilibria.
One dimensional imager of neutrons on the Z machine
Authors: Ampleford David J. , Ruiz Carlos L. , Fittinghoff David N. , Vaughan Jeremy D. , Hahn Kelly , Lahmann Brandon , Gatu-Johnson Maria , Frenje Johan , Petrasso Richard , Ball Christopher R. , Maurer Andrew J. , Knapp Patrick F. , Harvey-Thompson Adam J. , Fisher John , Alberto Perry , Torres Jose A. , Cooper Gary , Jones Brent , Rochau Gregory A. , May Mark J.
Published: October 2018

We recently developed a one-dimensional imager of neutrons on the Z facility. The instrument is designed for Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments, which produce D-D neutrons yields of ∼3 × 1012. X-ray imaging indicates that the MagLIF stagnation region is a 10-mm long, ∼100-μm diameter column. The small radial extents and present yields precluded useful radial resolution, so a one-dimensional imager was developed. The imaging component is a 100-mm thick tungsten slit; a rolled-edge slit limits variations in the acceptance angle along the source. CR39 was chosen as a detector due to its negligible sensitivity to the bright x-ray environment in Z. A layer of high density poly-ethylene is used to enhance the sensitivity of CR39. We present data from fielding the instrument on Z, demonstrating reliable imaging and track densities consistent with diagnosed yields. For yields ∼3 × 1012, we obtain resolutions of ∼500 μm.
Electroforming-free resistive switching in polycrystalline YMnO3 thin films
Authors: Rayapati Venkata Rao , Du Nan , Bürger Danilo , Patra Rajkumar , Skorupa Ilona , Matthes Patrick , Stöcker Hartmut , Schulz Stefan E. , Schmidt Heidemarie
Published: October 2018

Polycrystalline YMnO3 thin films sandwiched between an un-patterned bottom electrode (Pt or Pt/Ti) and a circular top electrode (Au or Al) reveal an electroforming-free, unipolar resistive switching. We report YMnO3 resistive switching devices endurance depending on the bottom electrode and the top electrode. The number of loading cycles of the Al/YMnO3/Pt resistive switch is larger than 103. The resistance ratio between the high resistance (OFF) and the low resistance (ON) state is larger than 104, which can be further increased to 105 by decreasing the diameter of the Al top electrode.
Perspective: Implantable optical systems for neuroscience research in behaving animal models—Current approaches and future directions
Authors: Gutruf Philipp , Good Cameron H. , Rogers John A.
Published: October 2018

Compared to many other organ systems, the fundamental means by which the central and peripheral nervous systems connect and communicate remain poorly understood. The overall aging of populations in the developed world increases the significance of degenerative and mental health disorders, thereby motivating research into the development of effective therapies, founded on basic insights into the working principles of the brain. Progress in these endeavors can be accelerated by the development of optical tools and techniques capable of tracking and evoking changes in cell-level activity and in system-level neuronal interactions, both in the brain and in the peripherals, especially in unrestricted, freely behaving subjects. This perspective highlights the recent emergence of active optoelectronic platforms that leverage genetically targeted stimulators, inhibitors, and sensors and their vital role in brain research and therapy development. The technological advances that underpin the latest, most powerful device embodiments include miniaturized, highly efficient semiconductor light emitters and detectors that can operate chronically in a fully implantable, battery-free, wireless manner. Recent progress in this field enables a range of powerful modes of operation, with key advantages over traditional systems.
Percolation probability in a system of cylindrical particles
Authors: Golovnev Anatoly , Suss Matthew E.
Published: October 2018

A broad variety of materials, ranging from composites and heat transfer nano-fluids to electrochemical energy storage electrodes, widely employ cylindrical particles of various aspect ratios, such as carbon nanotubes. These particles are generally excellent conductors of heat and electricity and when dispersed in a continuous medium influence dramatically the transport properties of the heterogeneous material by forming a percolating network. Numerous theories exist to predict key parameters such as particle concentration at the percolation threshold and transport properties at concentrations beyond the threshold. The microstructure formed by connecting particles in the material is an important determinant toward such parameters but often requires complex numerical models to resolve. In this paper, we present an analytical, probabilistic model capturing the microstructure of a system of randomly positioned, soft-core, cylindrical particles with a finite aspect ratio, valid at arbitrary particle concentration. Our analytical framework allows for the calculation of the particle contact number distribution and percolation probability of the particle system. We show that our analytical model is more accurate than excluded volume theory for predicting the percolation threshold for spherocylinders of finite aspect ratios, and agrees well with the corresponding numerical results. Our theory describes the percolating network topology above the percolation threshold and can serve as the foundation for analytical composition-structure-property relationships for heterogeneous materials with conducting cylindrical particles.
Non-invasive recordings of fetal electrocardiogram during pregnancy using electric potential sensors
Authors: Rendon-Morales E. , Prance R. J. , Aviles-Espinosa R.
Published: October 2018

In this letter, we report the early detection of fetal cardiac electrical activity recorded from the maternal abdomen non-invasively. We developed a portable and non-invasive, prototype based on electric potential sensing technology to monitor both: the mother and fetal heart activity during pregnancy. In this proof of principle demonstration, we show the suitability of our technology to monitor the fetal heart development starting at week twenty, when the fetus heart is approximately one-tenth the size of an adult’s heart. The study was conducted for ten weeks to demonstrate how the maturation of the fetus leads to a change on the heart rate dynamics as it approaches birth. Importantly, electrocardiogram information is presented without any post processing given that our device eliminates the requirement of signal conditioning algorithms such as having to un-mix both, the maternal and fetal cardiac waveforms. The provided ECG trace allows extracting the heart rate and other heart activity parameters useful for further diagnostics. Finally, our device does not require any gels to be applied so movement induced potential is eliminated. This technology has the potential to be used for determining possible heart related congenital disorders during pregnancy.
Complete regeneration of BO-related defects in n-type upgraded metallurgical-grade Czochralski-grown silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Sun Chang , Chen Daniel , Weigand William , Basnet Rabin , Phang Sieu Pheng , Hallam Brett , Holman Zachary C. , Macdonald Daniel
Published: October 2018

Complete regeneration of boron-oxygen-related (BO) defects has been demonstrated on n-type upgraded metallurgical-grade (UMG) Czochralski-grown silicon heterojunction solar cells. Under accelerated regeneration conditions (93 suns, 220 °C), VOC fully recovered in 30–100 s and remained stable during a subsequent stability test. Under milder regeneration conditions (3 suns, 180 °C), the kinetics were slowed down by more than an order of magnitude, but the recovery of VOC was still complete and stable. The stabilized VOC of the UMG cells is 709 mV–722 mV, similar to the electronic-grade control cells. We conclude that a significant amount of hydrogen, sourced from the a-Si:H films and possibly the hydrogen plasma treatment, has been introduced into the bulk during the solar cell fabrication processes or the regeneration step. This results in abundant hydrogen concentrations in the bulk of the cells for the purpose of regeneration of BO defects, whether the cell was pre-fired with silicon nitride films (600 °C for 5 s) or not.
Mesoscale simulations of uniaxial compression and shock loading of low porosity granular aluminum/nickel composites
Authors: Smith Grant D. , Hooper Justin , Bedrov Dmitry
Published: October 2018

Continuum level Material Point Method (MPM) simulations have been carried out on low porosity (around 90% or greater of theoretical maximum density) microstructures of Al/Ni granular composites (Al/Ni). The Al/Ni microstructures were subjected to uniaxial (strain) compressive loading and shock compression up to 25 GPa. The MPM model accounted for frictional heating between grains in addition to plastic work and compressional heating effects. The distributions of stresses and temperature in the composite materials were found to be highly heterogeneous due to the heterogeneous nature of the composite microstructure. The manner in which interfaces between grains were treated (sliding vs. non-sliding) was found to influence both mechanical and thermal responses to loading. Plastic deformation, mechanical work, and grain/grain frictional effects led to modest increases of mean temperature and local hotspots with maximum temperature not higher than 800–850 K for loadings investigated. For all scenarios investigated, heat generation was insufficient to cause local Al melting believed to be a precursor for shock initiation.
Thickness dependence of spin wave dynamics in three-fold nano-ellipse clusters
Authors: Bang Wonbae , Montoncello F. , Hoffmann A. , Giovannini L. , Ketterson J. B.
Published: October 2018

We present the results of an experimental and theoretical study of spin wave dynamics in three-fold vertices made of permalloy nano-ellipses, with thicknesses ranging from 7.5 nm to 40 nm. For the most symmetric modes, a non-trivial variation of their frequency and intensity with the ellipse thickness is found. Simulations involving the dynamical matrix approach are in good agreement with the experiments.
Structural, magnetic and transport properties of SmBaxSr1-xCo2O5+δ (0.1≤ x ≤0.5)
Authors: Qadri S. N. , Qadri S. B. , Wu D. H. , Goswami R. , Osofsky M.
Published: October 2018

The structural, transport, and magnetic properties of bulk SmBaxSr1-xCo2O5+δ samples were investigated as a function of Ba content. At room temperature the magnetization was observed to increase as a function of decreasing Ba composition. As the samples were cooled below room temperature, a ferromagnetic transition was observed for 0.1≤ x ≤0.5 with the Curie temperatures showing a linear dependence on the Ba-composition. Transport measurements showed that resistivity values increased with decreasing temperature indicating a semiconducting-like behavior.
Instability of beam driven electrostatic modes in semiconductor quantum magneto plasmas
Authors: Areeb F. , Rasheed A. , Jamil M.
Published: October 2018

A couple of electrostatic modes, that is, electron-cyclotron waves (ECWs) and electron acoustic waves (EAWs), exciting from the source of an external electron beam in a solid state semiconductor plasma are studied. The semiconductor species are taken quantized. A mathematical model considering the quantum characteristics of recoil potential, exchange-correlation potential, and statistical degenerate pressure for quantized semiconductor species is applied. The instability of the system is analyzed numerically for GaAs. The dispersive properties of waves are studied on changing the key parameters, for example, the angle θ between propagation vector and applied magnetic field B0 parallel to the z-axis, the speed of the externally injected electron beam vb0 parallel to the propagation vector k, and the thermal temperature of the electron beam. The dispersion relation of the EAWs is derived as a special case of ECWs.
Experimental demonstration of non-line-of-sight visible light communication with different reflecting materials using a GaN-based micro-LED and modified IEEE 802.11ac
Authors: Lu Zhijian , Tian Pengfei , Fu Houqiang , Montes Jossue , Huang Xuanqi , Chen Hong , Zhang Xiaodong , Liu Xiaoyan , Liu Ran , Zheng Lirong , Zhou Xiaolin , Gu Erdan , Liu Yi , Zhao Yuji
Published: October 2018

This paper gives an experimental demonstration of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) visible light communication (VLC) using a single 80 μm gallium nitride (GaN) based micro-light-emitting diode (micro-LED). This device shows a 3-dB electrical-to-optical modulation bandwidth of 92.7 MHz. IEEE 802.11ac modulation scheme with 80 MHz bandwidth, as an entry level of the fifth generation of Wi-Fi, was employed to use the micro-LED bandwidth efficiently. These practical techniques were successfully utilized to achieve a demonstration of line-of-sight (LOS) VLC at a speed of 433 Mbps and a bit error rate (BER) of 10−5 with a free space transmit distance 3.6 m. Besides this, we demonstrated directed NLOS VLC links based on mirror reflections with a data rate of 433 Mbps and a BER of 10−4. For non-directed NLOS VLC using a print paper as the reflection material, 16 QAM, 195 Mbps data rate, and a BER of 10−5 were achieved.
Electric discharge machine for preparation of diamond anvil cell sample chambers
Authors: Proctor J. E. , Massey D.
Published: October 2018

We have designed and constructed a novel electric discharge machine designed primarily for the preparation of sample chambers in rhenium and stainless steel gaskets for diamond anvil cell experiments. Our design combines automatic stage movement with relatively low voltage (100 V) operation and routinely achieves a drilling/erosion speed of approximately 0.4 μm s−1. The machine is used for preparing 100 μm diameter sample chambers for diamond anvil cell experiments with 250 μm culets and has also been used to prepare 50 μm diameter sample chambers for diamond anvil cell experiments with 100 μm culets to access a pressure of 165 GPa.
Simulation of the electrical conductivity of two-dimensional films with aligned rod-like conductive fillers: Effect of the filler length dispersity
Authors: Tarasevich Yuri Yu. , Vodolazskaya Irina V. , Eserkepov Andrei V. , Goltseva Valeria A. , Selin Petr G. , Lebovka Nikolai I.
Published: October 2018

Using Monte Carlo simulation, we studied the electrical conductivity of two-dimensional films. The films consisted of a poorly conductive host matrix and highly conductive rod-like fillers (rods). The rods were of various lengths fitting a log-normal distribution. They could be aligned along a direction. Special attention was paid to films having completely aligned rods. The impact of length dispersity and the extent of rod alignment on the insulator-to-conductor phase transition were studied. The greater the length dispersity the smaller the critical concentration. The anisotropy of the electrical conductivity was more pronounced in the vicinity of the phase transition. A finite size effect was found to be significant only in the vicinity of the phase transition.
Time-of-flight electron energy loss spectroscopy by longitudinal phase space manipulation with microwave cavities
Authors: Verhoeven W. , van Rens J. F. M. , Toonen W. F. , Kieft E. R. , Mutsaers P. H. A. , Luiten O. J.
Published: October 2018

The possibility to perform high-resolution time-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy has the potential to impact a broad range of research fields. Resolving small energy losses with ultrashort electron pulses, however, is an enormous challenge due to the low average brightness of a pulsed beam. In this paper, we propose to use time-of-flight measurements combined with longitudinal phase space manipulation using resonant microwave cavities. This allows for both an accurate detection of energy losses with a high current throughput and efficient monochromation. First, a proof-of-principle experiment is presented, showing that with the incorporation of a compression cavity the flight time resolution can be improved significantly. Then, it is shown through simulations that by adding a cavity-based monochromation technique, a full-width-at-half-maximum energy resolution of 22 meV can be achieved with 3.1 ps pulses at a beam energy of 30 keV with currently available technology. By combining state-of-the-art energy resolutions with a pulsed electron beam, the technique proposed here opens up the way to detecting short-lived excitations within the regime of highly collective physics.
Assessing writing ability in a foreign language at secondary school
Authors: Iwashita Noriko , Spence-Brown Robyn
Published: October 2018

Foreign language programs in schools have a strong focus on the development of communicative language ability and, increasingly,
assessment tasks are designed to capture communicative abilities required for real-world situations. In communicative test tasks,
sociolinguistic and discourse components, which are beyond grammatical accuracy, target the abilities required to produce
integrated texts that fulfil their communicative purposes. However, the majority of the work on assessment of communicative
abilities has been carried out in the context of academic English, and less is known about the abilities of secondary students in
foreign language teaching situations.

This study examines the outcomes of an integrated writing task designed as part of formal year 12 assessment in Japanese as a
second language. It seeks to elucidate the features which differentiate students at higher and lower levels of competence, and,
through a focus on content and how it is presented, it demonstrates how these aspects of competence can be observed in responses
to the task. The study contributes to our understanding of the nature of communicative abilities and their assessment in a
secondary education context, and it also sheds light on aspects of competence which might benefit from more targeted teaching in
such settings.
A pragma-dialectical perspective on obstacles to shared decision-making
Authors: Pilgram Roosmaryn , Snoeck Henkemans Francisca
Published: October 2018

Shared medical decision-making has been analyzed as a particular kind of argumentative discussion. In the pragma-dialectical
argumentation theory, different types of conditions and rules are formulated for the ideal of a reasonable argumentative
discussion. In this paper, we shall first show how making use of the distinctions made in the pragma-dialectical theory between
different types of conditions for reasonable discussion can help to give a more systematic account of the obstacles that need to
be overcome for shared decision-making to be successful. Next, by referring to the rules for critical discussion, we shall provide
a more detailed explanation than can be found in the literature on health communication of why certain types of conduct of the
participants in the medical encounter can be analyzed as obstacles to the goal of shared decision-making.
Saying “Yes” and “No” to requests
Authors: El-Dakhs Dina Abdel Salam
Published: October 2018

The current study adopts a variational pragmatic approach to compare the dialogic sequence of the directive speech act of request
and its reaction of consent versus refusal in Egyptian and Saudi Arabic. To this end, 413 Egyptian and Saudi undergraduate
students completed a Discourse Completion Task (DCT). Data analysis indicated more differences between Egyptian and Saudi Arabic
in request consent strategies than refusal strategies. Among the noted differences in consent strategies were Egyptians’ stronger
preference for direct strategies and elaborate responses than Saudis who displayed more varied combination patterns and exhibited
stronger gender differences. In refusal strategies, however, a general similarity between Egyptians and Saudis was obvious at the
level of strategies, combination patterns and the influence of social factors.
What difference does it make?
Authors: Hessel Gianna , Vanderplank Robert
Published: October 2018

Direct effects of participation in study abroad on linguistic proficiency have been notoriously difficult to differentiate from mere participant, time and study effects. This study examines English proficiency gains among 136 advanced-level German university students who applied for an ERASMUS exchange and either studied at a British university or continued to study at home. Participants completed C-tests of English language proficiency and comprehensive questionnaires at baseline, after three and nine months. After the first three months, those studying abroad had made significantly higher proficiency gains than the ERASMUS applicants who continued to study at home. During the subsequent six months, linguistic progress among the study abroad participants slowed and between-group differences were no longer significant. The results further substantiate hypotheses on significant linguistic benefits of participation in study abroad for advanced L2 learners, while also highlighting the need to facilitate sustained linguistic progress among exchange students, particularly during more extended stays.
Acquisition, study abroad and individual differences
Authors: Linford Bret , Zahler Sara , Whatley Melissa
Published: October 2018

The current study examines the combined effect of type and quantity of contact with the target language on the second language development of a variable structure, ‘subject pronoun expression’ in L2 Spanish. A written contextualized task and a language contact questionnaire were given to 26 second language learners of Spanish before and after a six-week study abroad in Valencia, Spain. Their selection of overt and null subject pronouns was compared to native speakers from the study abroad region as well as to learners and native speakers in previous research in a US university context. Results suggest that learners with higher rates of self-reported contact with native speakers while abroad approximate the Valencian native speaker norms more at the end of study abroad than those who report fewer contact hours. However, differences between the groups at the beginning of study abroad indicate that characteristics other than contact hours also differentiate the two learner groups.
Audio descriptive guides in art museums
Authors: Soler Gallego Silvia
Published: October 2018

Audio description is increasingly used by museums to improve access to their collections by visually impaired visitors. However, research in this field is still very limited. This paper aims to report on a descriptive study of artwork audio description as a modality of intersemiotic translation from images into words. A corpus comprising audio descriptive guides from art museums in the United Kingdom and the United States was compiled and analyzed following a corpus-based methodology. Existing audio descriptions of art museum exhibits were shown to comply with existing guidelines regarding the type of visual information conveyed, the level of detail offered, and the point of view used. These results are discussed in relation to the communication context to contribute to the discussion of current practices and their implications for visually impaired people’s access to visual art.
Interpreting services in the Western Cape Legislature
Authors: Lesch Harold , Grové Karen
Published: October 2018

This article investigates the standard of interpreting services in the Western Cape Provincial Legislature/Parliament to examine the
concept of quality in interpreting. This study includes interviews and open-ended discussions with language practitioners,
interpreters, and members of parliament. By means of a questionnaire, interpreters provided feedback on their training, working
conditions, and their work experience, while the standard of the interpreting service was assessed by users of interpreting
services who rated the service on eleven different levels. These different levels were derived from previous studies to connect the
literature with the outcomes of the collected data. The article concludes that there is much room for improvement of the
interpreting service currently provided at the provincial legislature. Furthermore, the study revealed a lack of understanding and
awareness of what interpreting entails and the value of an interpreting service.
Consequences of the conflation of xiao and filial piety in English
Authors: St. André James
Published: October 2018

This article examines the development over time of the English expression “filial piety” in order to document how, at least partly
in response to pressure from an equivalence that is established with the Chinese term xiao (孝) in the seventeenth
century, the term takes on new and increasingly negative connotations in English. As an important concept in Chinese philosophy,
xiao occurs in many important early texts, including the Confucian Analects and, although
the way the term is interpreted varies over time, remains central to many debates about Chinese culture right to this day. As the
link between filial piety and xiao strengthens through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, “filial piety”
thus unsurprisingly becomes identified as one of a small group of key terms that were increasingly thought to explain all
differences between the British and the Chinese. This article examines how the term “filial piety” evolves from a
natural and universal impulse due to its connection with Christianity, with China initially
as a particularly good example of this universal from whom everyone can learn, through various increasingly negative shifts due to
the perceived conflict between filial piety and romantic love, as well as its increasing association with the Chinese, who by the
end of the nineteenth century were seen as held back by the extreme nature of their practices. Today, filial piety as a term is
seen as mainly or entirely local and specific to China, and by extension, something potentially holding it back from
modernity.
The historical development of jiao 教 in Chinese and its impact on the concept of ‘religion’ in English
scholarship
Authors: Chen I-Hsin
Published: October 2018

This article contends that the traditional Chinese concept of jiao (teaching) has, through translation, greatly influenced the
conceptual development of ‘religion’ in English-language scholarship. The article first demonstrates how the historical
development of jiao in Chinese reveals numerous previously neglected patterns of Chinese spirituality. Using Friedrich
Schleiermacher’s and Max Müller’s viewpoints, the article suggests the significance of translation in redefining a concept via the
particularity of foreign culture. It then examines how James Legge, Jan Jakob Maria de Groot, William Edward Soothill, Bertrand
Russell, and Ernest Richard Hughes and K. Hughes redefine religion in their translations of jiao. Highlighting jiao and religion
as fluid categories via scholars’ translations and debates, my article challenges simplistic assumptions about Western supremacy
in Sino-Western acculturation. It affirms the traditions and translations of jiao as powerful agents for shaping and enriching the
meanings and phenomena of religion in the globalizing dynamics of human cultural interactions.
Designing for robustness: surprise, agility and improvisation in policy design
Authors: Howlett Michael , Capano Giliberto , Ramesh M
Published: October 2018

How best to deal with uncertainty and surprise in policy-making is an issue which has troubled policy studies for some time. Studies of policy uncertainty and policy failure have emphasized the need to create policies able to be improvised upon in the face of an uncertain future, meaning there is a need to design and adopt policies featuring agility, and flexibility in their components and processes. Such policies require redundant resources and capabilities and this need is in strong opposition to ideas about design which equate better designs with efficiency, implying the allocation of only the minimum amount of resources possible, and which also often emphasize routinization and the replication of standard operating procedures and programme elements in order to ensure consistency in programme delivery. While these latter designs may be appropriate in stable circumstances or where competition can provide a degree of system-level resilience, this is not true for many public sector activities where government is the sole provider of particular goods and where services and future scenarios are unknown, contested or unpredictable. As studies of crisis management and other similar situations have emphasized, in these instances robustness is needed and can be planned for. This article examines the concepts of surprise, agility and improvisation and their linkages to robustness in order to both clarify terminology and outline the organizational and managerial features of policies and policy-making which prevent, and facilitate, flexible adaptation in both policy content and processes.