bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HYDROGENSULPHIDE PRODUCING VARIANTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Lautrop H. , ØRskov I. , Gaarslev K.
Published: August 2010

In Denmark 26 isolates of hydrogensulphide producing Escherichia coli were found during a period of 14 months beginning in May 1969. The isolates occurred in 25 different patients in nine different hospitals in three different geographical areas and they belonged to 13 different serotypes and 11 different fermentation types. It is therefore concluded that they do not belong to one but to many clones of E. coli. Experimentally it is shown that the H2S producing capacity is different from that possessed by ordinary E. coli. Also it has been demonstrated that one of the H2S producing variants can transfer its capacity for H2S production to an ordinary E. coli under circumstances pointing towards episome transfer as the most plausible mechanism. The idea that the variants themselves originated by episome transfer immediately suggests itself, but there are at present not sufficient data to substantiate the idea.
COMPARATIVE ELECTROPHORETIC AND SEROLOGICAL ANALYSES OF VIBRIO COMMA AND AEROMONAS LIQUEFACIENS PROTEINASES
Authors: Dahle Hans Kolbein , Sandvik Olav
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of one, or two, proteinase fractions was demonstrated for 5 strains of Vibrio comma using the zymogram technique for proteinases. Most of the proteinase fractions moved more or less rapidly towards the cathode, although some were shown to migrate in the opposite direction at pH 6.2. Serological cross reactions were observed between proteinase fractions produced by a strain of Aeromonas liquefaciens and 2 of the V. comma stvains examined. The proteinase A of Ae. liquefaciens was shown to be enzymoserologically identical, or closely related, to one of the proteinase fractions of V. comma, while no relationship was observed between the proteinase B of Ae. liquefaciens and any of the V. comma proteinases. In order to remove the naturally occurring proteinase inhibitors from the antiproteinase‐containing γ‐globulins in immune serum, precipitation with sodium sulphate was used, with success, as demonstrated by disc electrophoresis and the Casein Precipitation Inhibition test (CPI‐test). The need for suitable separation techniques when using enzymes as a basis for the taxonomical differentiation of the corresponding organisms is emphasized.
REACTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A WITH RABBIT IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: McDowell Graham , Grov Arne , Oeding Per
Published: August 2010

Results are presented to show that protein A from Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I elicits the synthesis of rabbit IgG which reacts with protein A through the Fab‐region. IgM from an anti‐protein A serum obtained 9 days after first injection of antigen appeared to react with crude protein A. It was also found that protein A and protein B are antigenic‐ally similar. In addition protein A contains distinctive determinants which appear to be responsible for the binding of protein A to the Fc‐region of IgG.
ANTIGENIC STUDIES ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
Authors: Aasen J. , Oeding P.
Published: August 2010

An antigenic analysis has been performed of 48 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, mostly belonging to biochemical type 1. Rabbit preimmune sera were found to contain shared natural antibodies in low titres against S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Cross‐agglutination and absorption experiments showed that the two species share antigens to a considerable degree. After removal of the shared antibodies by absorption, several specific S. epidermidis antibodies were registered. Glycerol α‐glucosyl teichoic acid (polysaccharide B) was demonstrated in 67 per cent of the S. epidermidis strains on double diffusion in agar gel. An unknown precipitinogen was demonstrated in 37 strains. Serologic examination is recommended in the evaluation of coagulase‐negative staphylococci isolated from infections.
IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF EXTRACTS FROM ALL ESCHERICHIA COLI O AND K ANTIGEN TEST STRAINS CORRELATION WITH PATHOGENICITY
Authors: ØRskov Frits , ØRskov Ida , Jann Barbara , Jann Klaus
Published: August 2010

Simple water extracts of all Escherichia coli O antigen test strains 01–0150 and K antigen test strains K1–K91 were examined in immunoelectrophoresis test. The precipitation arcs corresponding to the O antigen specificity and to the thermostable polysaccharide K antigen were easy to identify. All strains gave an O antigen precipitation arc found either on the anodic or the kathodic side of the application basin, and close to this. Only a limited number of strains contained a special thermostable K polysaccharide, always negatively charged. According to the movement of the O antigen and to presence or non‐presence of a polysaccharide K antigen, the extracts and thus the strains could be divided into a few groups which fitted well with our present knowledge about pathogenicity in different E. coli strains. Serotypes found frequently in normal faeces and in extra intestinal disease had kathodic O antigens and a special negatively charged K antigen. The so‐called enteropathogenic types (from infantile diarrhoea) had a kathodic O antigen and no special K antigen. Types from dysentery‐like disease had a negatively charged O antigen but no special thermostable K antigen. Thus E. coli strains which may invade the tissues when conditions allow have a negatively charged surface antigen, either O antigen lipo‐polysaccharide or K antigen polysaccharide or both. Acidic components, most often hexuronic acids or neuramic acid, were found in side chains from most of the strains with an anodic O antigen.
CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRUS‐SPECIFIC ANTIGEN IN CELL CULTURE INFECTED WITH LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS
Authors: Bro‐Jørgensen Klaus
Published: August 2010

Virus‐specific antigen from cultures of BHK cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was studied. Virus antigen was mainly found in the cells and did not seem connected with infectious virus particles. Two distinct, “soluble”, precipitating antigens were demonstrated. One of these was a very thermolabile protein with a sedimentation constant near 3.5 S and an estimated molecular weight of about 48, 000. The other antigen was more thermostable and resisted prolonged incubation with Streptomyces griseus protease. The chemical nature of this antigen was not elucidated. Its sedimentation in rate zonal centrifugation was not significantly different from that of the thermolabile antigen.
ANTIGEN‐INDUCED LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN VITRO DURING PRIMARY IMMUNIZATION IN MAN
Authors: Andersen Vagn , Søborg Mogens , Sørensen Søren Freiesleben
Published: August 2010

Fifteen patients were immunized with killed brucclla abortus Bang. The in vitro transformation response of blood lymphocytes to antigen was followed for 15 days after the immunization. Five patients, all undergoing treatment with immunosuppresive/anti‐inflammatory drugs, showed little or no response. In some of the responding patients, transformation was observed as early as 3 days after immunization. Early occurrence of transformation was associated with high rates of thymidine incorporation at response maximum. During the development of the response, the lymphocytes became more sensitive to low antigen concentrations.
ANTIBODIES IN BRONCHIAL SECRETIONS FOLLOWING NATURAL INFECTION WITH MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Biberfeld Gunnel , Sterner Goran
Published: August 2010

The presence of antibodies in sputum specimens of patients with M. pneumoniae infection and lower respiratory tract illness was investigated. Antibodies to M. pneumoniae were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) in 44 out of 55 sputa from 29 out of 33 cases. The immunoglobulin classes of antibodies in sputa were determined by use of fluorescein conjugated monospecific antisera to IgA, IgG and IgM. 31 antibody positive sputa were examined with both anti‐IgA and anti‐IgG conjugates. M. pneumoniae antibodies og IgA class were present in all these specimens and antibodies of IgG class in 24 of these sputa. In addition IgM antibodies were found in 13 out of 27 sputa which also contained IgA antibodies. In 5 out of 27 antibody positive sputa, examined for antibodies of all three immunoglobulin classes, only IgA antibodies were demonstrable. Complement fixing antibodies to M. pneumoniae were present in 17 out of 23 sputa. M. pneumoniae could be isolated from 11 out of 19 sputum specimens which contained specific antibodies.
Hepatitis‐Associated Antigen in Pregnant Women
Authors: Skinhøj Peter , Olesen Henrik , Cohn Jørgen , Mikkelsen Margareta
Published: August 2010

Hepatitis‐associated Antigen (HAA) was detected in 82 out of 69,978 Danish pregnant women studied (0.12 per cent). This incidence varied from 0.36 per cent in some metropolitan areas to 0.03 per cent in rural districts. Only one of the antigenaemic women had acute hepatitis, 81 were apparently healthy carriers. The pregnancies did not imply any deterioration of the healthy carrier state. HAA could not be demonstrated in any of 51 cord blood samples studied and the children remained antigen negative and healthy during a 4–12 month follow‐up.
Anaerobic Gliding Bacteria Isolated from the Oral Cavity
Authors: Davies R. M. , Jensen S. B. , Schiøtt C. Rindom , Löe H. , Theilade J.
Published: August 2010

During a 22 day period without oral hygiene 11 dental students rinsed their mouths, twice a day, with a 0.2 per cent aqueous solution of chlorhexidine gluconate. The anaerobic bacterial flora of the gingiva was studied and between days 5 and 10 the proportion of gram negative rods increased temporarily and many exhibited a gliding movement of translation. Nineteen strains of gliding bacteria were isolated and compared with regard to their colonial and cellular morphology and biochemical characteristics. On the basis of these criteria the strains of gliding bacteria are provisionally classified as Fusobacterium girans. Throughout the experimental period none of the subjects accumulated plaque or developed gingivitis.
ALBUMINGLUTAMATE AND ITS USE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PURE CRYSTALLINE ALBUMIN
Authors: Hansen Albert
Published: August 2010

Albuminglutamate (Alb. glut.), the salt of albumin and L‐glutamic acid, is formed as a crystalline precipitate when a solution of albumin in half‐saturated ammonium sulphate solution is acidified with L‐glutamic acid lower than the isoelectrical point of albumin, pH 4.7. By acidification down to pH 4.1, the crystallization of albumin as Alb. glut. is quantitative.
TWO HAEMAGGLUTINATING COMPONENTS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS
Authors: Arstila Pertti
Published: August 2010

Haemagglutinin of vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serotype, was propagated in BHK21/13S cells, using diluted seed virus and multicyclic growth. In a 15 to 45 per cent sucrose gradient two haemagglutinins with different sedimenting properties could be separated. The proportions of these haemagglutinins depended on the input multiplicity of infection. In preparations obtained with undiluted seed virus, the proportions of the more slowly sedimenting haemagglutinin was strongly increased. The infectivity was associated with the lower band. In electron microscopy virions were found in the lower band whereas the upper band consisted of so‐called T particles and some rosettes. The two haemagglutinating components could also be separated by their densities in a CsCl gradient. The densities were 1.22 g/cm3 for the virion‐containing band and 1.18 g/cm3 for the upper band. The two haemagglutinating components had the same protein composition in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results obtained suggest that, in addition to the virion, the shorter T particles also possess haemagglutinating capacity.
ADSORPTION OF BILE ACIDS TO INTESTINAL MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Midtvedt Tore , Norman Arne
Published: August 2010

The transformations of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid–24–14C were studied in anaerobic cultures from dilution steps of intestinal content from the small intestine, cecum and feces from rats. The distribution of metabolites between supernatant and sediment after centrifugation of the cultures was determined. Lithocholic acid and its main metabolites, 3β‐hydroxy‐5β‐cholanoic acid and 3‐keto‐5β‐cholanoic acid, were partly adsorbed to the microorganisms in the cultures. In contrast, chenodeoxycholic acid and 3α‐hydroxy‐7‐keto‐5β‐cholanoic acid were not found to be adsorbed to intestinal microorganisms.
HETEROGENEITY IN THE REACTIVITY OF ANTIBODIES WITH KAOLIN
Authors: Haukenes Gunnar , Aasen Jorulf
Published: August 2010

The reactivity of kaolin with different antibodies has been examined. Several antibodies against bacterial, protozoal and viral agents, as well as cold agglutinins, were not removed by kaolin treatment of sera, while mononucleosis antibodies, isoagglutinins, human antibodies to rabbit red cells and rheumatoid factor were almost completely removed by this treatment. The difference in reactivity among these antibodies must be due to an unknown heterogeneity in their physico‐chemical properties.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A REACTIVITY AND SPECIFIC ANTIGEN‐ANTIBODY REACTIONS
Authors: Lind Inga , Reyn Alice , Birch‐Andersen Aksel
Published: August 2010

The quantitative and qualitative difference between protein A reactivity of Staphylococcus aureus and the specific adsorption of homologous antibodies was demonstrated by means of ferritin labelled rabbit serum globulins and electron microscopy. Protein A antigen seems to reside in the outermost layer of the cell wall and is evenly distributed over the whole cell.
INTRAVASCULAR CLEARANCE OF ENDOTOXIN IN WARFARIN—TREATED RABBITS
Authors: Haugen Jostein
Published: August 2010

The primary elimination from circulating blood of intravenously administered endotoxin, and the primary distribution of the phagocytised endotoxin have been compared in warfarinpretreated and untreated rabbits. The results show that the elimination rate of endotoxin is significantly higher in warfarin‐treated rabbits than in untreated. The difference is, however, small, and does not reflect a significant difference in the organ distribution although the amounts of endotoxin in the organs are somewhat higher in the warfarin‐treated animals. Twenty min after injection about 75 per cent of the injected endotoxin has been eliminated from circulation, and about 50 per cent of the injected dose is located to the liver. The highest amount of endotoxin per g tissue is, however, found in the lungs. Twenty min after injection the same percentage, about 90, of circulating endotoxin was in both groups located to the plasma phase. The fact that the clearance rate of endotoxin in warfarin‐treated rabbits in higher than in untreated rabbits is thought to be due to the existence of a competitive phagocytosis of endotoxin and fibrin clots and not to a changed endotoxinplatelet interaction.
Phagocytosis of Mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium by Rabbit Polymorphonuclear Cells
Authors: Stendahl Olof , Edebo Lars
Published: August 2010

The engulfment rates of a series of mutants derived from S. typhimurium 395 MS were followed by exposing heat‐killed, 51Cr‐labelled bacteria to rabbit peritoneal polymorpho‐nuclear leucocytes (PMN). The mutants studied possess different lengths of lipopoly‐saccharide (LPS) chains on their surface. Phagocytosis was generally more rapid for mutants with phage patterns typical of shorter LPS chain lengths but, as in the case of virulence, the presence of O‐specific LPS on the cell surface overshadowed the effect of chemotype. The roughest mutant, which possesses the shortest chain and is most liable to phagocytosis, was attached by simple contact between bacterial and phagocyte surfaces; serum was of minimal importance. In contrast, engulfment of bacteria with O‐specific LPS was considerably enhanced by heat‐labile serum factors, probably those of the complement system. The susceptibility of rough mutants to phagocytosis is discussed in terms of the interaction of hydrophobic groups on the bacterial and phagocyte surface leading to cell‐to‐cell adhesion and eventual engulfment.
Pathogenicity ofStaphylococcus AureusMutants in General and Local Infections
Authors: Forsgren Arne
Published: August 2010

The pathogenecity for mice ofS. aureus, Cowan I, and derived mutants and revertants was investigated by two methods, one involving intravenous injections and the other, subcutaneous injections in cotton dust. Mutants and revertants with reduced production of protein A and α‐haemolysin, or loss of protein A and coagulase, showed only a slight decrease in pathogenicity compared with the wild type, as determined by the two pathogenicity tests. Mutants which lacked protein A, nuclease, coagulase, fibrinolysin, mannitol utilization, and phage type pattern, and mutants producing only nuclease or α‐haemolysin showed significantly decreased pathogenicity. Reproducible results were obtained with both subcutaneous and intravenous injections. Similar results were obtained with normal guinea pigs infected intracardially. No spontaneous invivoreversion was detected. It is concluded that the pathogenicity ofS. aureusdepends on the combined effects of many products including protein A.
Studies on Increased Turnover of Brain Mono‐Amines Induced by Experimental Herpes Simplex Infection
Authors: Lycke E. , Roos B. E.
Published: August 2010

Intracerebral infection of mice with different herpes simplex virus (HSV) strains caused raised dopamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine turnover, reflected in increased brain concentrations of the acid metabolites of the amines i. e. homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5‐hydroxyindole‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA). Inhibitors of virus multiplication (actinomycin D, mitomycin C and iododeoxyuridine) and different variants of HSV were used to study whether the rise in mono‐amine metabolism was an event dependent upon the direct action of the virus or viral metabolites on pathways of mono‐amine synthesis. The results obtained were not compatible with such a hypothesis. The histopathological study of the distribution of the neuronal lesions indicated that the lower brain stem from which most of the monoaminergic neurons originate was hardly affected at all. The degree of severity of the neuronal lesions in relation to the HVA and 5‐HIAA concentrations found in infected brains was studied for 13 different HSV variants. The more extensive and frequent the lesions, the higher were the levels of the acids encountered. It was assumed that impaired functions of postsynaptic cells or altered receptor‐functions possibly affecting regulatory feed‐back mechanisms could be responsible for the increased mono‐amine turnover.
STUDY OF AUSTRALIA—SH ANTIGEN IN DILUTED HUMAN SERUM BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Solaas Marit Hornberg
Published: August 2010

The Australia‐SH antigen has been studied by electron microscopy of diluted sera which had not been subject to any purification procedure. Australia‐SH antigen associated particles could be demonstrated in serum dilutions up to 1/10,000, with or without specific antiserum added. Different types of aggregates, depending on the relative amounts of antigen and antibody added to a sample, were observed in checkerboard titration experiments. Australia‐SH antigen was most readily recognized in samples with about equal concentrations of antiserum and antigen‐containing serum, or in samples with moderate antigen excess. For optimal results, serum dilutions of 1/100 and 1/1,000 have been found most suitable. Particles indistinguishable from those of the Australia‐SH antigen were observed in serum of an apparently healthy student selected as a negative control. This serum sample showed negative reaction patterns with antiserum to the Australia‐SH antigen both in agar gel double diffusion tests and in complement fixation tests.
ANALYSIS OF CI SUBCOMPONENTS IN CELL CULTURE MEDIA OF HeLa CELLS AND DIPLOID HUMAN FETAL LUNG FIBROBLASTS
Authors: von Zeipel G. , Sjöholm A. , Laurell Anna‐Brita
Published: August 2010

HeLa cells and diploid human fetal lung fibroblasts in culture synthesize an esterase, which is immunochemically and enzymatically identical with C1s of human serum. No C1q was found in the purified preparations or the concentrated crude cell culture fluids investigated. In the presence of Ca++ the C1s of the cell cultures complexed with a substance, also present in the culture medium, possibly being C1r.
SMALL‐SIZED HAEMAGGLUTININ OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS RELEASED SPONTANEOUSLY AND WITH NONIDET P 40
Authors: Arstila Pertti
Published: August 2010

Purified vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana serotype, disintegrated partly spontaneously in sucrose gradient releasing small haemagglutinin with density of 1.20 g/cm3. Three different structures could be seen in electron micrographs, rosettes, fragments of envelope and pieces of nucleoprotein helix with surface structures. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis viral polypeptides 2, 3 and 4 (numbered in order of increasing mobility) were found. Polypeptide 1 was absent or seen only in very small quantities. Routine laboratory procedures such as pelleting, centrifugation in sucrose, freezing and thawing and also storing at +4°C, increased this disintegration. Nonidet P 40 released from viruses structural components, from which the haemagglutinating capacity was reactivated after removal of detergent with ether. This haemagglutinin had a S‐value of 65S on the average, banded in CsCl at a density of 1.24 to 1.27 g/cm3 and after purification contained only one viral polypeptide, VP 2, in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. This polypeptide is usually considered to be associated with surface projections. Electron micrographs revealed aggregates of uniform structures, which in size and shape resemble surface projections.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

The mutual interrelationship between bacteriophage susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and serogroup and pyocine type of the bacterial strains have been investigated. A possible interrelationship has been found only for a few phages to the effect that the phages may have preference for certain serogroups. Bacteria of the pyocine type 5 tended to be lysed more efficiently by high avidity phages than other pyocine types. Only one of the 113 phages seemed to have any preference for a given pyocine type. There was no tendency for given serogroups or pyocine types on the other hand to be lysed more frequently by certain phages than would be expected from the avidity of the phages on the entire strain collection.
SEROLOGICAL CROSS‐REACTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT BRUCELLA SPECIES AND YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA
Authors: Hurvell B.
Published: August 2010

Hot phenol‐water extraction of Brucella abortus (B.a.) and Yersinia enterocolitica type IX (Y.e.) cells was performed. The results from the chemical analyses of fractions 3 (F3) and 5 (F5), which were recovered from the aqueous and the phenol phase, respectively, show that these fractions contain lipopolysaccharide complexes. A clear‐cut difference was noted in the yield expressed as the obtained dry weights from fractions F3 and F5 for B.a. and Y.e. For B.a. the yield was greater in F5 than in F3. The relation was about 3:1. For Y.e. the reverse was the case, the relation being about 1:14. The F5 fractions from both B.a. and Y.e. were highly immunogenic. They induced leucopenia and leucocytosis if injected into rabbits. This indicates that both fractions have an endotoxin effect. Both fractions contained O‐somatic agglutinogen, which, if injected into rabbits, gave rise to both primary and secondary immune responses. The antibodies produced agglutinated both B.a. and Y.e. bacteria. In contrast, neither the F3 fraction from B.a. nor that from Y.e. induced leucocytosis or gave rise to agglutinins in rabbits.
IMMUNODIFFUSION STUDIES OF PNEUMOCOCCAL ANTIGENS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEROTYPE 27
Authors: Broholm K.‐A. , Holmgren J.
Published: August 2010

The antigenic pattern of a pneumococcal strain of serotype 27 used as model was studied by immunodiffusion methods and found to show a complex antigenic structure with a least 21 separate precipitinogens. Strains belonging to type 11, 28 and 29 contained most of the precipitinogens present in the model strain while the antigenic composition of type 3 strain differed more from this strain. Double diffusion studies of capsular polysaccharides prepared by conventional methods revealed the presence of contaminating C‐polysaccharide. Within the tested pH range 4–9 the capsular polysaccharides migrated toward the anode. The electrophoretic migration of the C‐polysaccharide varied with pH. At pH 4–5 it moved slowly toward the cathode which made it possible, by preparative electrophoresis, to obtain capsular polysaccharide free from the contaminating C‐polysaccharide. This procedure is suggested as a final step in isolation of capsular polysaccharides for serological work.
A MICRO ASSAY FOR MOUSE AND HUMAN INTERFERON.
Authors: Dahl Helen
Published: August 2010

In a micro assay of mouse and human interferon a straight line relationship is demonstrated between the dose of challenge virus and the resulting interferon titre. The dose‐response regression lines are calculated for a variety of cell/virus/interferon systems and the slopes of the regression lines are shown to depend on the challenge virus used, while the interferon and the cell system have only minor influence, if any.
THE IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS MUCOPEPTIDE
Authors: Helgeland Svein , Grov Arne , Schleifer Karl H.
Published: August 2010

Antigenic determinants of Staphylococcus aureus mucopeptide and corresponding antibodies in rabbit antiserum have been studied, using synthetic peptides in inhibition of indirect haemagglutination and immunoadsorbent techniques. Results are presented to show that at least 3 determinants are present in the peptide subunits. The pentapeptide L‐Ala‐γ‐D‐Glu‐L‐Lys‐D‐Ala‐D‐Ala exhibits 2 determinants, one of which is located to the C‐terminal D‐Ala‐D‐Ala, and the penta‐glycine bridge one determinant.
POLYSACCHARIDE ACCUMULATION IN FUSIFORMIS NECROPHORUS
Authors: Wahren Ann
Published: August 2010

Fusiformis necrophorus was studied during growth in stirred fermentors at different pH levels and temperatures. At all studied conditions of cultivation a poly‐glucose compound, probably glycogen, was formed by the cells. There was an inverse relationship between cell growth and polysaccharide deposition, maximum glycogen content amounted to 60 per cent of the cell dry weight. In addition, carbohydrate storage was lower at pH 7 than at pH 5.5–6.0 and at 33° C in comparison with 37 and 39° C, indicating that both pH and temperature of the cultivation influence polysaccharide formation. In experiments with accelerated cell growth rate—induced by altered growth conditions—glycogen storage approached zero. It is concluded that F. necrophorus possess a previously unrecognized capacity for polysaccharide storage of such magnitude that it should be considered quantitatively in calculations of substrate growth yields.
INDUCTION OF SV40‐TUMOUR IMMUNITY BY SV40‐TRANSFORMED CELLS IN DIFFUSION CHAMBERS
Authors: Stillström J.
Published: August 2010

The level of transplantation immunity against syngeneic SV40 tumour cells was studied in CBA mice after implantation of diffusion chambers containing SV40‐transformed cells. The immunization effect was dependent on the duration of chamber deposition, the site of implantation and the pore size of the chambers. 105 irradiated ME1 C9‐V15 cells in 0.45 μm chambers deposited for 1 or 3 days subcutaneously induced a significant level of immunity, as shown by challenge 3 weeks later (Sensitivity index, SI = 101.6 and 101.9). After 7 or more than 21 days of deposition the level of immunity at 3 weeks was increased (SI = 102.7 and 102.5) and almost equivalent to that produced by inoculated cells (SI = 102.8 and 103.0). Ten weeks after immunization with cells in diffusion chambers, the immunity had decreased and was weaker than that induced by directly inoculated cells, both when irradiated and non‐irradiated cells were used for immunization. Cells in chambers with 0.1 μm pores were less immunizing than cells in chambers with 0.45 μm pores. Normal spleen cells added to irradiated tumour cells in chambers with 0.1 μm pores caused a significant level of immunity where the tumour cells alone did not. The immunization effect of syngeneic as well as of xenogeneic SV40‐transformed cells was weaker after intraperitoneal than after subcutaneous inoculation and cells enclosed in diffusion chambers deposited intraperitoneally did not immunize at all.
CANINE MYCOPLASMAS II: BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SEROLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Rosenda S.
Published: August 2010

A total of 118 mycoplasma strains isolated from the conjunctivae and the respiratory‐ and genital tracts of 78 dogs were studied biochemically and serologically. Three biochemical tests (glucose fermentation, catabolism of arginine and phosphatase activity) were found to be very useful for a preliminary biochemical grouping prior to serological identification. Using these tests, the strains could be divided into six groups that did not show any antigenic overlapping. By serological examination using the indirect immunofluorescence technique and growth inhibition 35 isolates were identified as M. canis; 21 were identified as M. edwardii; 10 as M. cynos; 10 as the feline species M. gateae; 30 as M. spumans; 2 as M. maculosum; 2 as the bovine species M. bovigenitalium; and 5 as M. feliminutum, a species previously represented by a single strain isolated from a cat. The three remaining strains which were glucose positive and arginine and phosphatase negative were placed in a separate serogroup, group A, as they were serologically different from the established canine species.
ASSOCIATION OF CAPSID PROTEIN WITH SEMLIKI FOREST VIRUS MESSENGER RNAs
Authors: Söderlund Hans , Kääriäinen Leevi
Published: August 2010

Semliki Forest virus specific polysomes from infected HeLa cells were isolated. Part of the newly formed, radioactively labelled protein remained associated with the messenger RNA after release of the nascent polypeptide chains with EDTA: The messenger RNA bound label consisted mostly of viral capsid protein. Direct isolation of ribonucleoproteins from the cytoplasm showed that the capsid protein binds to both 42 S and 26 S viral RNAs.
EFFECT OF SODIUM AZIDE UPON NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL GRANULOCYTE FUNCTION
Authors: Koch Christian
Published: August 2010

Using an improved method for the evaluation of the phagocytic function of human neutrophil granulocytes in vitro, the effect of sodium azide (NaN3) upon the function of normal leucocytes and leucocytes from patients suffering from chronic granulomatous disease (C.G.D.) and from related carriers of C.G.D. has been investigated. 10‐2 M NaN3 causes marked inhibition of intraleucocytic killing of Staphylococcus aureus by normal leucocytes without interfering with the ingestion‐phase. The determination of intracellular recoverable bacteria is highly sensitive in terms of demonstrating defective intraleucocytic killing and it is preferable to determination of total recoverable bacteria from the system. This has facilitated the detection of minor differences in intraleucocytic killing capacity between azide‐treated normal leucocytes, C.G.D. leucocytes, and azide‐treated C.G.D. leucocytes. Blocking of intraleucocytic killing with NaN3 should prove a valuable tool in the investigation of the function of granulocyte bactericidal systems in clinical conditions.
DETECTION OF AUSTRALIA‐SH ANTIGEN IN SERUM.
Authors: Solaas Marit Hornberg
Published: August 2010

Presence of Australia‐SH antigen in serum has been studied by agar gel double diffusion, electron microscopy and complement fixation tests. Serum from 30 patients suffering from serum hepatitis or infectious hepatitis, and serum from 10 apparently healthy blood donors have been included in the investigation. In serum from four of the patients with Australia‐SH antigen positive serum hepatitis, the presence of the antigen has been studied during the course of the disease. The agar gel double diffusion test was less sensitive than the other two methods, although the sensitivity of this method was raised by increasing the amount of the serum sample to be examined. The present electron microscopical test seems to be at least as sensitive as the complement fixation test. However, the electron microscopical test may be less specific than previously believed.
HUMAN ECTHYMA CONTAGIOSUM (ORF) IN THE FAROE ISLANDS.
Authors: Joensen Hogni Debes , Bloch Buchardt
Published: August 2010

“Hundaland”, a disease occurring in the Faroe Islands, but of hitherto unknown aetiology, was found to be very similar to ecthyma contagiosum (orf). An enquiry among general practitioners in the Faroe Islands confirmed this similarity, and the disease was found to occur at an annual incidence of 25 per 40, 000 inhabitants. Electron microscopy of biopsies from persons suffering from the disease revealed ecthyma contagiosum virus (orf virus) particles in all biopsies examined.
THE SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C BY BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Otnæss Anne‐Brit , Little Clive , Prydz Hans
Published: August 2010

A sensitive method allowing rapid screening for the presence of phospholipase A or C in solutions or the production of these enzymes by bacteria is described. By this method, a phospholipase C hyper‐producing mutant has been detected.
STUDIES OF HUMAN KIDNEY ANTIGENS
Authors: Ahlmén J. , Holm S.
Published: August 2010

Investigations of antigens from three clinically well perfused human kidneys have been performed using xeno‐antibodies of rabbit. The kidney preparations contained immunogenic amounts of normal human serum proteins. After absorption with autologous hepar tissue there were no signs in the absorbed anti‐renal sera of remaining antibodies to serum protein if tested in double diffusion in agar gel. If tested against these hepar absorbed anti‐renal sera, the saline extracted renal specific antigens were found to be thermolabile, trypsinstable and pepsinstable. A kidney cortex extract obtained after heating at pH 2.0 revealed a further antigen cross‐reacting with the thermolabile kidney specific antigens. No indication of individual specificity could be found in double diffusion in gel analysis. The different anti‐renal sera were equally cytotoxic to different human lymphocyte suspensions. The hepar absorbed anti‐renal sera showed weak or non‐lymphocytotoxic reactions to different human lymphocyte suspensions.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT BACTERIOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Høiby Niels
Published: August 2010

Seventy patients with cystic fibrosis treated as out‐patients in a cystic fibrosis clinic have been followed during one year by monthly bacteriological examinations of tracheal secretions. The daily impression obtained in the laboratory is expressed by the mean point prevalence rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 44 per cent, Staphylococcus aureus: 39 per cent, Haemophilus influenzae: 17 per cent, Diplococcus pneumoniae: 8 per cent, and miscellaneous other bacteria, mainly Enterobacteriaceae: 8 per cent. The fluctuations of the bacteriology are described by additional epidemiological terms: At one or more examinations during the study (period prevalence rate), 90 per cent of the patients harboured St. aureus, 64 per cent Ps. aeruginosa (mainly mucoid strains), 64 per cent H. influenzae, 37 per cent D. pneumoniae, and 30 per cent miscellaneous other bacteria, mainly Enterobacteriaceae. This pattern was found in all age groups with minor age‐dependent modifications, especially as regards Enterobacteriaceae. Ps. aeruginosa was predominating as regards chronic colonization which reflects the most difficult therapeutic problems, the period prevalence rate being 39 per cent in contrast to St. aureus: 10 per cent, and H. influenzae: 1 per cent. St. aureus was predominating as regards new colonization and recolonization which reflect the problems of prevention, the incidence rate of new colonization and recolonization per risk group being 84 per cent, followed by H. influenzae: 62 per cent, Ps. aeruginosa: 43 per cent, and D. pneumoniae: 30 per cent. The results show that the bacteriological problems in cystic fibrosis are still considerable as regards therapy as well as prevention. Although many species may colonize the respiratory tracts of these patients, the main clinical problems concern Ps. aeruginosa and St. aureus; the reason why is discussed.
INTERACTION BETWEEN Clq, Clr and Cls FROM HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Laurell Anna‐Brita , Mårtensson Ulla
Published: August 2010

The presence of Ca++ changed the electrophoretic mobility of CIs. Incubation of purified preparations of Clr and CIs in the presence of Ca++ resulted in the formation of a Clr–CIs complex, which by crossed immunoelectrophoresis was demonstrated in the β‐region. In mixtures of purified Clq, Clr and CIs containing Ca++ a complex consisting of Clq, r, s was obtained, which crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated in the γ‐region. No complex formation was found between Clq and CIs in the absence of Clr.
ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Baess Inga
Published: August 2010

An account is given of isolation of DNA from mycobacteria. Mechanical disruption was carried out in a French pressure cell press, followed by isolation of DNA by means of Marmur's method. This DNA contained considerable amounts of polysaccharides which, however, could be removed by precipitation with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The degree of purity obtained and the GC contents are given.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HAEMOPHILUS STRAINS.
Authors: Kilian Mogens
Published: August 2010

A rapid and reliable test for demonstrating porphyrin synthesis in Haemophilus strains is described. The method is performed with cell suspensions, and tests the ability of the bacteria to use δ‐aminolaevulinic acid in the biosynthesis of porphobilinogen and porphyrins. The method permits detection of some of the enzyme activities involved in the haemin biosynthetic pathway, and offers as such a more reproducible alternative to the traditional tests for haemin requirement in Haemophilus strains. The method described has been applied to 134 Haemophilus strains and the results applying to 45 strains from culture collections are listed.
ACTIVITIES OF SOME ENZYMES CONCERNING PYRUVATE METABOLISM IN NEISSERIA
Authors: Holten Eirik , Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, lactate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and aspartate aminotransferase activities were found in all strains of selected Neisseria species. Aspartase was found in all strains of the “true neisserias” except two, one N. meningitidis and one N. flavescens, but could not be demonstrated in the “false neisserias”. Some species difference in cofactor requirement was noted. Malate dehydrogenase was not found in N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, except in one strain which exhibited a trace of activity, or in N. cinerea. In the other Neisseria strains, this enzyme was present, but the activities differed markedly between the species.
INTERFERON PRODUCTION AND PREVENTION OF VIRAL INFECTIONS IN MICE BY COMPONENTS OF A MIXED BACTERIAL VACCINE
Authors: Degré Miklos , Dahl Helen
Published: August 2010

The bacterial components of the mixed standard bacterial vaccine (SBV) were tested for protective effect against influenza A2 and Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection in mice, as measured by mortality and survival time. Klebsiella aerogenes and Haemophilus influenzae protected against both vira, Staphylococcus aureus against VSV and Neisseriae against influenza virus. Following injection of Klebsiella aerogenes, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus significant titres of interferon (IF) could be detected in the serum. Correlation between protective effect and IF production was not complete, which may indicate that other host defence mechanism(s) are also activated by the vaccine components.
Thomas Pynchon: Realism in an Age of Ontological Uncertainty?
Authors: Watson Cate
Published: August 2010

This paper considers literary realism in the novels of Thomas Pynchon as a means to examine the ways in which realism is embedded within a post‐modern context. After first considering some of the problems surrounding the concept of realism – its historical lineage, conflation with philosophical realism and the changing nature of reality itself – I discuss Pynchon's novels in terms of his technological construction of reality effects within a context of ontological doubt. I suggest that in Pynchon we arrive at what might be called a ‘baroque realism’, which draws on the Deleuzian metaphor of the fold, and is concerned with questions of illusion and reality, paradox and complexity in tune with the ontological uncertainty that characterises the age.
Tight Junctional Damage in Experimental Mumps‐Associated Hydrocephalus
Authors: UNO Masaaki , TAKANO Tomoyuki , YAMANO Tsunekazu , SHIMADA Morimi
Published: August 2010

Tight junctions in the central nervous system (CNS) are a major component of brain barriers including the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) and blood‐CSF barrier, which regulate solute entry and protect against invasion by microorganisms. In this study, we examined the breach of tight junctions in mumps virus‐induced hydrocephalic brain in hamsters using antibodies to Laminin B1 chain and zonula occludentes (ZO‐1) immuno‐histochemistry, and evaluated the role of tight junctions in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus after mumps virus infection.

In suckling hamsters intracerebrally inoculated with mumps virus, severe periventricular edema, ependymal cell loss, and ventricular dilation were observed. ZO‐1‐immunoreactive tight junctions in the hydrocephalic brains were severely damaged in the choroid plexus and ependyma, and in white matter capillaries as early as 3 days after inoculation. These changes were suspected to increase the permeability in blood‐brain and blood‐CSF barriers, leading to periventricular edema. We concluded that the pathologic features of mumps virus‐induced hydrocephalus are intimately related to the breach of tight junctions.
Methamphetamine‐Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: Effects on Neostriatal Monoamines and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
Authors: FUKUMURA Masao , CAPPON Gregg D. , PU Cunfeng , BROENING Harry W. , VORHEES Charles V.
Published: August 2010

In order to investigate methamphetamine (MA)‐induced neurotoxicity, two studies were carried out.

In the first study, MA‐induced neostriatal monoamine depletions in male and female Sprague‐Dawley CD rats were studied under conditions in which the magnitude of MA‐induced hyperthermia was comparable between the sexes. MA (5 or 10 mg/kg) or saline (3 ml/kg) was administered s.c. four times at two hr intervals. Rectal temperatures were monitored for 9 hours in a room with an ambient temperature of 23° 2°C. Animals were sacrificed three days post‐treatment for the determination of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5‐HT). MA induced significant monoamine reductions but the magnitude of these reductions and of the hyperthermic responses were not significantly different between males and females. Unlike reports in mice, gender does not play a role in MA‐induced monoamine reductions in rat neostriatum when MA‐induced hyperthermia is comparable across sexes.

In the second study, the neurotoxic effects of a single administration of MA were investigated. After a single dose of MA (10, 20, 30, or 40 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline (3 ml/kg) to Sprague‐Dawley CD male rats, rectal temperatures were monitored for 9 hours. Neostriatal DA, 5HT, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were assayed 3 days following MA treatment. MA induced significant dose‐dependent hyperthermia. MA also induced dose‐dependent reductions of DA, 5‐HT and TH, and increases of GFAP.

These results demonstrate that a single‐dose of MA can be as effective as the widely used four‐dose regimen, provided ambient temperature is modestly increased. A single‐dose model offers advantages for mechanistic studies, especially those employing antagonists or other agents thought to be neuroprotective.
Precurrence risk of birth defects in Hawaii
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. , Merz Ruth D.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT  The aim of the investigation was to describe the risk of selected types of birth defects among older siblings of infants and fetuses with specific birth defects. Using data from a population‐based birth defects registry in Hawaii for deliveries during 1986–2000, the precurrence risk (risk among older siblings) for any major birth defect, birth defects of the same organ system, and same specific birth defect were calculated for nine major organ systems and 54 specific birth defects. The precurrence risk of any major birth defect (3.5%) was substantially less than the risk of any major birth defect among the entire population (4.7%). The precurrence risk of a birth defect of the same organ system was significantly higher than the reference rate for six (67%) of the major organ systems and eight (15%) of the specific birth defects. The precurrence risk of the same birth defect was substantially elevated for 15 (28%) of the specific birth defects. Precurrence risk of any major birth defect was not elevated, but tended to be lower than expected. However, for several categories, precurrence risk of birth defects of the same organ system or the same specific birth defect was substantially elevated.
Double aneuploidy in a Turkish child: Down–Klinefelter syndrome
Authors: Karaman Ali , Kabalar Eşref
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT  The occurrence of double aneuploidy in the one person is a relatively rare phenomenon. A 5‐year‐old child, the second‐born of non‐consanguineous parents, possessed an extra X chromosome in addition to trisomy 21. The proband's parents and his brother showed normal karyotype. The phenotypic characteristics of the child have been discussed in light of the published reports on double aneuploidies of XXY and trisomy 21.
Morphometric study on the characteristic external features of normal and abnormal human embryos
Authors: Otani Hiroki , Udagawa Jun , Lundh Torbjörn , Hatta Toshihisa , Hashimoto Ryuju , Matsumoto Akihiro , Satow Fumio
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT  The embryonic period is characterized by organogenesis and accompanying dynamic changes in external features. The measurement of human embryos has been limited to whole body dimensions, such as crown‐rump length. More detailed measurements would add quantitative information about these characteristic events and provide a better understanding of normal and abnormal embryonic development. In the present study, we defined axes, landmarks, and measurements for human embryos, and measured 250 externally normal human embryos at Carnegie stages 14–23 (6.5–29.3 mm in crown‐rump length, approximately 5–8 weeks of estimated ovulation age) that were fixed in Bouin's solution and preserved in 10% formalin solution. The axes, landmarks, and measurements defined for human embryos are corresponding to those in human and primate fetuses. The whole body, head, face, and extremities were measured using a scale attached to a dissecting microscope. Axial length, head height plus ear‐shoulder length plus trunk height, was designated as a new measurement of the whole body, which is comparable with crown‐rump length. Approximate standards of these measurements were obtained. The ratios of some measurements to trunk height and between the different parts were also obtained, and several different developmental patterns were recognized. The reproducibility of each measurement was evaluated by measuring 50 specimens three times each at intervals of one or two months. As a pilot study for the application of the proposed measurements, 84 human embryos with external anomalies, including holoprosencephaly, anomalies of extremities, and pharyngeal arch anomalies, were measured using the same method, and a few tendencies characteristic to holoprosencephaly were noticed.