bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity of graph models and graph generators in mutation testing
Authors: Semeráth Oszkár , Farkas Rebeka , Bergmann Gábor , Varró Dániel
Published: September 2019

When custom modeling tools are used for designing complex safety-critical systems (e.g., critical cyber-physical systems), the tools themselves need to be validated by systematic testing to prevent tool-specific bugs reaching the system. Testing of such modeling tools relies upon an automatically generated set of models as a test suite. While many software testing practices recommend that this test suite should be diverse, model diversity has not been studied systematically for graph models. In the paper, we propose different diversity metrics for models by generalizing and exploiting neighborhood and predicate shapes as abstraction. We evaluate such shape-based diversity metrics using various distance functions in the context of mutation testing of graph constraints and access policies for two separate industrial DSLs. Furthermore, we evaluate the quality (i.e., bug detection capability) of different (random and consistent) model generation techniques for mutation testing purposes.
Redirecting the lipid metabolism of the yeast Starmerella bombicola from glycolipid to fatty acid production
Authors: Jezierska Sylwia , Claus Silke , Ledesma-Amaro Rodrigo , Van Bogaert Inge
Published: September 2019

Free fatty acids are basic oleochemicals implemented in a range of applications including surfactants, lubricants, paints, plastics, and cosmetics. Microbial fatty acid biosynthesis has gained much attention as it provides a sustainable alternative for petrol- and plant oil-derived chemicals. The yeast Starmerella bombicola is a microbial cell factory that naturally employs its powerful lipid metabolism for the production of the biodetergents sophorolipids (> 300 g/L). However, in this study we exploit the lipidic potential of S. bombicola and convert it from the glycolipid production platform into a free fatty acid cell factory. We used several metabolic engineering strategies to promote extracellular fatty acid accumulation which include blocking competing pathways (sophorolipid biosynthesis and β-oxidation) and preventing free fatty acid activation. The best producing mutant (Δcyp52m1Δfaa1Δmfe2) secreted 0.933 g/L (± 0.04) free fatty acids with a majority of C18:1 (43.8%) followed by C18:0 and C16:0 (40.0 and 13.2%, respectively). Interestingly, deletion of SbFaa1 in a strain still producing sophorolipids also resulted in 25% increased de novo sophorolipid synthesis (P = 0.0089) and when oil was supplemented to the same strain, a 50% increase in sophorolipid production was observed compared to the wild type (P = 0.03). We believe that our work is pivotal for the further development and exploration of S. bombicola as a platform for synthesis of environmentally friendly oleochemicals.
Tuning of salt separation efficiency by flow rate control in microfluidic dynamic dialysis
Authors: Kalikavunkal Prameen C. , Green Nicolas G. , de Planque Maurits R. R.
Published: September 2019

Microliter-scale separation processes are important for biomedical research and point-of-care diagnostics with small-volume clinical samples. Analytical assays such as mass spectrometry and field effect sensing necessitate sample desalting, but too low a salt concentration can disrupt protein structures and biomolecular interactions. In this work, we investigated whether salt extraction from a protein solution can be controlled by dynamic dialysis parameters. A microfluidic counter-flow dialyzer with a 5 kDa molecular weight cut-off cellulose membrane was fabricated by laser cutting and operated with a wide range of feed and dialysis flow rates. It was found that with the appropriate flow conditions, most notably the feed flow rate, retentate salt concentrations from 0.1 to 99% of the input NaCl concentration can be achieved. The experimental data were in good agreement with a theoretical diffusion-based mass transfer model. The salt dialysis performance was similar in the presence of 50 mg/mL albumin, approximating blood plasma protein content, and did not deteriorate with overnight continuous dialysis, indicating minimal membrane fouling. The dialyzer construction method is compatible with all planar membranes, enabling implementation of tuneable dynamic dialysis for a wide range of on-line microfluidic biomolecular separations.
Cortisol meets GARP: the effect of stress on economic rationality
Authors: Cettolin E. , Dalton P. S. , Kop W. J. , Zhang W.
Published: September 2019

Rationality is a fundamental pillar of Economics. It is however unclear if this assumption holds when decisions are made under stress. To answer this question, we design two laboratory experiments where we exogenously induce physiological stress in participants and test the consistency of their choices with economic rationality. In both experiments we induce stress with the Cold Pressor test and measure economic rationality by the consistency of participants’ choices with the Generalized Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP). In the first experiment, participantsdelaythe decision-making task for 20 min until the cortisol level peaks. We find significant differences in cortisol levels between the stressed group and the placebo group which, however, do not affect the consistency of choices with GARP. In a second experiment, we study theimmediateeffect of the stressor on rationality. Overall, results from the second experiment confirm that rationality is not impaired by the stressor. If anything, we observe that compared to the placebo group, participants are more consistent with rationality immediately after the stressor. Our findings provide strong empirical support for the robustness of the economic rationality assumption under physiological stress.
What happens to workplace pension saving when employers are obliged to enrol employees automatically?
Authors: Cribb Jonathan , Emmerson Carl
Published: September 2019

We examine the effect of obliging employers to enrol employees automatically into a workplace pension scheme. We exploit the phased roll-out of automatic enrolment, by employer size, in the first country to do so nationwide (the UK), to estimate its effect on pension saving among private sector employees. We find substantial increases in pension participation and a rise in pension saving. Surprisingly, many newly enrolled employees received an employer contribution substantially above the (very low) minimum default level. Automatic enrolment also caused the pension participation of those employees who were not obliged to be automatically enrolled to more than double.
The Interplay Between Face-to-Face Contact and Feedback on Cooperation During Real-Life Interactions
Authors: Behrens Friederike , Kret Mariska E.
Published: September 2019

Cooperation forms the basis of our society and becomes increasingly essential during times of globalization. However, despite technological developments people still prefer to meet face-to-face, which has been shown to foster cooperation. However, what is still unclear is how this beneficial effect depends on what people know about their interaction partner. To examine this question, 58 dyads played an iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma game, sometimes facing each other, sometimes without face contact. Additionally, explicit feedback regarding their decisions was manipulated between dyads. The results revealed that participants were more cooperative when they saw each other compared to when they could not, and when receiving reliable compared to unreliable or no feedback. Contradicting our hypothesis that participants would rely more on nonverbal communication in the absence of explicit information, we observed that the two sources of information operated independently on cooperative behavior. Interestingly, although individuals mostly relied on explicit information if available, participants still cooperated more after their partner defected with face-to-face contact compared to no face-to-face contact. The results of our study have implications for real-life interactions, suggesting that face-to-face contact has beneficial effects on prosocial behavior even if people cannot verify whether their selfless acts are being reciprocated.
Preparation and characterisation of photocatalytic pigments for architectural mortar based on ultramarine blue
Authors: Aranzabe Estíbaliz , Blanco Miren , Goitandia Amaia M. , Vidal Karmele , Casado María , Cubillo Jose
Published: September 2019

Architectural mortar is used in the building sector when aesthetic surface value is required and therefore, these surfaces present a great potential to be used as a solution for the reduction of atmospheric pollution. In the present work, an inorganic ultramarine blue pigment has been modified to provide the mortars with colour and photocatalytic properties, simultaneously. To modify the pigment, a sol–gel coating based on titanium n-butoxide precursor has been applied on its surface. The influence of different parameters affecting the coating formation, such as the pH and titanium weight content of the sol–gel reactants, has been studied. Moreover, the formation of a coating on the pigment’s surface with several amounts of TiO2anatase nanoparticles has also been explored. A pigment with better photocatalytic properties has been obtained at pH = 12 applying a coating based on titanium n-butoxide precursors (Ti precursor/pigment weight ratio = 0.5) with 2 wt.% of titania anatase nanoparticles, maintaining the original pigment colour. Moreover, mortars with the new pigment present higher flexural strength and similar compressive strengths than non-modified mortars ensuring the applicability of the pigment in the building sector.
Characterization of a Si-SiO2 Mixture Generated from SiO(g) and CO(g)
Authors: Broggi Andrea , Tangstad Merete , Ringdalen Eli
Published: September 2019

The reaction between SiO(g) and CO(g) is a relevant intermediate reaction in the silicon production process. One of the products generated from this gas mixture is called by its color, brown condensate. In this paper, SiO(g) and CO(g) are produced from SiO2-SiC pellets. The reaction between the two gases occurred on SiC particles. Inert gas was injected at different flows. The SiC particles were collected, and the brown condensate deposited on them was characterized by electron probe microanalysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and focused ion beam preparation samples for transmission electron microscope analysis. The brown condensate consists of a mixture of Si spheres embedded in a SiO2 matrix. The compound generates in the temperature range from 1400 °C to 1780 °C (1673 K to 2053 K), and in the SiO(g) partial pressure range between 0.534 and 0.742, depending on the inert gas flow. SiC crystallites are located at the Si-SiO2 interface. Carbides are believed to generate from the reaction between liquid silicon and CO(g). Carbides may also precipitate from reaction between dissolved carbon and liquid silicon, but to a minor extent. Both mechanisms are believed to happen above the melting point of silicon and in the softening range of silica.
Self-Reported Smoking Compared to Serum Cotinine in Bariatric Surgery Patients: Smoking Is Underreported Before the Operation
Authors: Wolvers Paula J. D. , Bruin Sjoerd C. , Mairuhu Willem M. , de Leeuw-Terwijn Monique , Hutten Barbara A. , Brandjes Dees P. M. , Gerdes Victor E. A.
Published: September 2019

Background

Smoking has been associated with postoperative complications and mortality in bariatric surgery. The evidence for smoking is based on self-report and medical charts, which can lead to misclassification and miscalculation of the associations. Determination of cotinine can objectively define nicotine exposure. We determined the accuracy of self-reported smoking compared to cotinine measurement in three phases of the bariatric surgery trajectory.

Methods

Patients in the phase of screening (screening), on the day of surgery (surgery), and more than 18 months after surgery (follow-up) were consecutively selected. Self-reported smoking was registered and serum cotinine was measured. We evaluated the accuracy of self-reported smoking compared to cotinine, and the level of agreement between self-report and cotinine for each phase.

Results

In total, 715 patients were included. In the screening, surgery, and follow-up group, 25.6%, 18.0%, and 15.5%, respectively, was smoking based on cotinine. The sensitivity of self-reported smoking was 72.5%, 31.0%, and 93.5% in the screening, surgery, and follow-up group, respectively (p < 0.001). The specificity of self-report was > 95% in all groups (p < 0.02). The level of agreement between self-report and cotinine was 0.778, 0.414, and 0.855 for the screening, surgery, and follow-up group, respectively.

Conclusions

Underreporting of smoking occurs before bariatric surgery, mainly on the day of surgery. Future studies on effects of smoking and smoking cessation in bariatric surgery should include methods taking into account the issue of underreporting.
Energy transition in Russia
Authors: Mitrova Tatiana , Melnikov Yuriy
Published: September 2019

This article provides an overview of Russian energy policy in the context of the global energy transition. Russia, ranking fourth in the world in primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, adheres to the strategy of “business as usual” and relies on fossil fuels. Decarbonization of the energy sector is not yet on the horizon: a skeptical attitude towards the problem of global climate change prevails among stakeholders. GDP energy intensity remains high, supported by relatively low energy prices and high cost of capital. The share of solar and wind energy in the energy balance is insignificant and is not expected to exceed 1% by 2040. The challenge for Russia in the coming years is to develop a new strategy for the development of its energy sector, which enters a zone of high turbulence—even in the absence of the influence of the climate change agenda—due to increasing global competition, growing technological isolation, and financial constraints.
Development of Nomograms to Predict the Recovery of Erectile Function Following Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Mulhall John P. , Kattan Michael W. , Bennett Nelson E. , Stasi Jason , Nascimento Bruno , Eastham James , Guillonneau Bertrand , Scardino Peter T.
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Given the number of confounders in predicting erectile function recovery after radical prostatectomy (RP), a nomogram predicting the chance to be functional after RP would be useful to patients’ and clinicians’ discussions.

Aim

To develop preoperative and postoperative nomograms to aid in the prediction of erectile function recovery after RP.

Main Outcome Measures

International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) erectile function domain score-based erectile function.

Methods

A prospective quality-of-life database was used to develop a series of nomograms using multivariable ordinal logistic regression models. Standard preoperative and postoperative factors were included.

Main Outcome Measures

The nomograms predicted the probability of recovering functional erections (erectile function domain scores ≥24) and severe erectile dysfunction (≤10) 2 years after RP.

Results

3 nomograms have been developed, including a preoperative, an early postoperative, and a 12-month postoperative version. The concordance indexes for all 3 exceeded 0.78, and the calibration was good.

Clinical Implications

These nomograms may aid clinicians in discussing erectile function recovery with patients undergoing RP.

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths of this study included a large population, validated instrument, nerve-sparing grading, and nomograms that are well calibrated with excellent discrimination ability. Limitations include current absence of external validation and an overall low comorbidity index.

Conclusions

It is hoped that these nomograms will allow for a more accurate discussion between patients and clinicians regarding erectile function recovery after RP.
Shorelines in the Desert: Mapping Fish Trap Features along the Southwest Coast of Ancient Lake Cahuilla, California
Authors: Phukan Anjali , Braje Todd J. , Rockwell Thomas K. , Ullah Isaac
Published: September 2019

In the desert of southeastern California, the geological and archaeological remnants of a once massive lake, Lake Cahuilla, are still visible. One of the most distinctive features marking Lake Cahuilla's relic shorelines is a series of rock fish trap features that, in some cases, stretch across thousands of square meters. These fish traps are severely understudied, and systematic archaeological survey can help scientists reconstruct the dynamic human-environmental history of the region. The large number of fish traps along with the rocky desert terrain, however, make traditional pedestrian archaeological surveys both difficult and inefficient. We used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology along with traditional archaeological methods to conduct surveys and identify patterning in the shapes, orientations, and frequencies of fish traps. Our study demonstrates the potential of emerging archaeological field technology to better understand the nature of human-environmental ecodynamics through time and space.
Fostering health equity research: Development and implementation of the Center for Health Equity Research (CHER) Chicago
Authors: Kim Sage J. , Ramirez-Valles Jesus , Watson Karriem , Allen-Mears Paula , Matthews Alicia , Martinez Erica , Odoms-Young Angela , Daviglus Martha , Winn Robert A.
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

The purpose of this article is to describe the process of developing and implementing a transdisciplinary community-based research center, the Center for Health Equity Research (CHER) Chicago, to offer a model for designing and implementing research centers that aim to address structural causes of health inequality.

Methods:

Scholars from diverse backgrounds and disciplines formed a multidisciplinary team for the Center and adopted the structural violence framework as the organizing conceptual model. All Center activities were based on community partnership. The Center activities were organized within three cores: administrative, investigator development, and community engagement and dissemination cores. The key activities during the first year were to develop a pilot grant program for early-stage investigators (ESIs) and to establish community partnership mechanisms.

Results:

CHER provided more than 60 consultations for ESIs, which resulted in 31 pilot applications over the three application cycles. Over 200 academic and community partners attended the community symposium and discussed community priority. Some challenges encountered were to improve communication among investigators, to clarify roles and responsibilities of the three cores, and to build consensus on the definition and operationalization of the concept of structural violence.

Conclusion:

There is an increasing need for local hubs to facilitate transdisciplinary collaboration and community engagement to effectively address health inequity. Building consensus around a shared vision among partners is a difficult and yet important step toward achieving equity.
A model for point of care testing for non-communicable disease diagnosis in resource-limited countries
Authors: Malcolm Stuart , Cadet Joane , Crompton Lindsay , DeGennaro Vincent
Published: September 2019

Non-communicable disease diagnosis frequently relies on biochemical measurements but laboratory infrastructure in low-income settings is often insufficient and distances to clinics may be vast. We present a model for point of care (POC) epidemiology as used in our study of chronic disease in the Haiti Health Study, in rural and urban Haiti. Point of care testing (POCT) of creatinine, cholesterol, and hemoglobin A1c as well as physical measurements of weight, height, and waist circumference allowed for diagnosis of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemias, and obesity. Methods and troubleshooting techniques for the data collection of this study are presented. We discuss our method of community-health worker (CHW) training, community engagement, study design, and field data collection. We also discuss the machines used and our quality control across CHWs and across geographical regions. Pitfalls tended to include equipment malfunction, transportation issues, and cultural differences. May this paper provide information for those attempting to perform similar diagnostic and screening studies using POCT in resource poor settings.
The Meaning of Life in Ecclesiastes: Coherence, Purpose, and Significance from a Psychological Perspective
Authors: Keefer Arthur
Published: September 2019

Attending to ongoing debates about the “meaning of life” in Ecclesiastes, this article determines how Qoheleth addressed meaningfulness by drawing on a threefold scheme of definitions for life’s meaning. These definitions are derived from psychological research and used to argue that all three conceptions appear within the book of Ecclesiastes. Qoheleth was primarily concerned with life’s “coherence,” which depends on predictable and reliable patterns in life that render it sensible, yet he also addressed life’s “purpose” and “significance.” While primarily determining how these three forms of meaning, along with their attendant ideas, are handled within Ecclesiastes itself, this article also demonstrates how resources from psychological research help to resolve debates among biblical interpreters, who agree far more than it at first appears once clearer definitions of “meaning” are employed.
Christians as Levites: Rethinking Early Christian Attitudes toward War and Bloodshed via Origen, Tertullian, and Augustine
Authors: Weiss Daniel H.
Published: September 2019

This article seeks to break the scholarly deadlock regarding attitudes toward war and bloodshed held by early Christian thinkers. I argue that, whereas previous studies have attempted to fit early Christian stances into one or another “unitary-ethic” framework, the historical-textual data can be best accounted for by positing that many early Christian writers held to a “dual-ethic” orientation. In the latter, certain actions would be viewed as forbidden for Christians but as legitimate for non-Christians in the Roman Empire. Moreover, this dual-ethic stance can be further illuminated by viewing it in connection with the portrayal in the Hebrew Bible of the relation between Levites and the other Israelite tribes. This framing enables us to gain a clearer understanding not only of writers like Origen and Tertullian, who upheld Christian nonviolence while simultaneously praising Roman imperial military activities, but also of writers such as Augustine, whose theological-ethical framework indicates a strong assumption of a dual-ethic stance in his patristic predecessors.
The Torah of the Gospel: A Rabbinic Polemic against The Syro-Roman Lawbook
Authors: Paz Yakir
Published: September 2019

In a famous story in b. Šabb. 116a–b, Imma Shalom and her brother, Rabban Gamaliel, present to a philosopher a dispute concerning the inheritance of the daughter. The judge, having being bribed by Imma Shalom, rules in her favor, against the ruling of the Torah of Moses, arguing that the latter has been abrogated and replaced by the “Torah of the Gospel,” which states that “the son and the daughter inherit equally.” After being bribed by Rabban Gamaliel, the philosopher recants, citing Matt 5:17, where Jesus reaffirms the validity of the Mosaic Law.

This article argues that the “Torah of the Gospel” actually refers to The Syro-Roman Lawbook, and that the story is constructed as a response to a radical and new legal supersessionist argument brought forth in this book which is directly linked to the Roman law of equal inheritance. This is the first clear evidence we have that, alongside the New Testament, the Babylonian rabbis also read and engaged directly with Christian books of their time written in Syriac. This has major ramifications on the way we perceive the textual culture of the Babylonian rabbis and their intellectual interactions with East Syrians.
An Early Nominalist Critique of Platonic Realism: Ibn Ḥazm’s Metaphysics of the Created Corporeal World
Authors: Akhtar Ali Humayun
Published: September 2019

This study examines how Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456 AH/1064 CE) articulated his nominalist critique of Platonic realism in the context of a larger rejection of ontological dualism in philosophy. It draws on evidence in Al-Fiṣal fī l-Milal wa-l-Ahwāʿ wa-l-Niḥal (The Book of Opinions on Religions, Heresies, and Sects) and his Marātib al-ʿUlūm (Categories of the Sciences). In response to those who “claim to follow philosophy (falsafa),” and in dialogue with earlier theologians and philosophers such as al-Bāqillānī (d. 403/1012–1013) and al-Kindī (d. 258/873), Ibn Ḥazm redefined the universal soul (al-nafs al-kulliyya) and universal intellect (al-ʿaql al-kullī) as linguistic references to the total of all particular souls and particular intellects, which he defined as corporeal accidents inhering in the body. Ibn Ḥazm’s identification of souls and intellects as corporeal was part of his larger conception of the world as discrete and finite in both space and time. The world, in other words, is measurable in numbers and therefore limited by the volume of its visible and invisible air-like corporeality to the exclusion of philosophical notions of a perfect void or prime matter. In his additional critique of contemporary Muslim epistemology and the theologians’ reliance on dialectical argumentation, Ibn Ḥazm held that a true scholar of Islam should turn to logic-oriented deductive methods and scriptural evidence together in order to ascertain the possibilities and, more importantly, the limits of human knowledge about both the corporeal created world and the ontological unknown (ghayb) of the divine realm.
POPULATION CONTROL, DEVELOPMENT, AND GHANA'S NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME, 1960–1972
Authors: ASHFORD HOLLY
Published: September 2019

The National Family Planning Programme (NFPP) was launched in Ghana in May 1970. It was a tool to implement the 1969 Population Policy Paper, which the military government, the National Liberation Council (NLC), had written with the aid of Ford Foundation advisers. The policy paper reiterated international ‘overpopulation’ discourses that pushed for national planning to stem population growth, especially in ‘developing’ countries. Indeed, it constituted an example of development planning. It discursively linked Ghana's prosperity, and modernity, to stemming rapid population growth through fertility limitation. When the NFPP was launched by the Progress Party (PP) government in 1970, its focus was to implement the population policy by limiting population growth through curbing fertility. International discourses of development and population, as well as the specific interventions of organizations such as the Ford Foundation, the Population Council, and the International Planned Parenthood Federation, shaped Ghana's family planning story. However, choices over the implementation of family planning were ultimately linked to governments’ modernization and development projects and ideologies. Different approaches to family planning by the Nkrumah, NLC, and PP governments highlight the fact that family planning was ultimately political, but legitimized by development discourses of global and local origin.
Women's Rights and Opposition: Explaining the Stunted Rise and Sudden Reversals of Progressive Violence against Women Policies in Contentious Contexts
Authors: O'Brien Cheryl , Walsh Shannon Drysdale
Published: September 2019

International conventions and domestic laws have been enacted to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women worldwide. However, these progressive policy initiatives have faced opposition in contentious contexts where policy rivals have contested their creation and implementation. Existing scholarship focuses primarily on progressive networks that have led to policy advances, such as violence against women (VAW) policies, while emerging literature has noted their limited impact and implementation. However, there is scant attention paid to one major underlying cause of limited impact and problematic implementation: that there is sustained opposition to these policies by policy rivals that resist and undermine progressive policies. We identify opponents and entrenched opposition to VAW laws in Mexico and Nicaragua in the 1990s and 2010s. We also identify how these opponents leverage ties with the state and utilise ‘family discourse’, framing progressives as anti-family, as strategies and mechanisms for stunting and even reversing VAW laws.
What sentimentalists should say about emotion
Authors: Kurth Charlie
Published: September 2019

Recent work by emotion researchers indicates that emotions have a multilevel structure. Sophisticated sentimentalists should take note of this work – for it better enables them to defend a substantive role for emotion in moral cognition. Contra May's rationalist criticisms, emotions are not only able to carry morally relevant information, but can also substantially influence moral judgment and reasoning.
What is sentimentalism? What is rationalism?
Authors: Kauppinen Antti
Published: September 2019

May argues successfully that many claims about the causal influence of affect on moral judgment are overblown. But the findings he cites are compatible with many of the key arguments of philosophical sentimentalists. His account of rationalism, in turn, relies on an overly broad notion of inference, and leaves open crucial questions about how we reason to moral conclusions.
Kantian indifference about moral reason
Authors: Roberts Adam J.
Published: September 2019

The pessimistic arguments May challenges depend on an anti-Kantian philosophical assumption. That assumption is that what I callphilosophicaloptimists about moral reason are also committed toempiricaloptimism, or what May calls “optimistic rationalism.” I place May's book in the literature by explaining how that assumption is resisted by Christine Korsgaard, one of May's examples of a contemporary Kantian.
Valuation mechanisms in moral cognition
Authors: Haas Julia
Published: September 2019

May cites a body of evidence suggesting that participants take consequences, personal harm, and other factors into consideration when making moral judgments. This evidence is used to support the conclusion that moral cognition relies on rule-based inference. This commentary defends an alternative interpretation of this evidence, namely, that it can be explained in terms of domain general valuation mechanisms.
PHILIPPE DE VITRY, BISHOP OF MEAUX
Authors: Wathey Andrew
Published: September 2019

Philippe de Vitry’s tenure of the bishopric of Meaux in the last decade of his life, 1351–61, the crowning event of his court and church career, has often been regarded as a period of retirement from creative activity. A reassessment of this judgement is timely, following new musical discoveries and literary work exposing links between Vitry and his contemporaries. Using new archival material, this article explores the geopolitical context of Vitry’s work in the diocese of Meaux; his engagement with political society, king and court; and his role in events under a national government fractured by the capture of Jean II at Poitiers in 1356. It examines the interplay of Vitry’s career, relationships and output, identifying the composer’s house in Paris, and exploring his family relationships, and his engagement with Pierre Bersuire, among others, in the creative circles of mid-fourteenth-century Paris. It also illuminates a context and opportunities for the continuation of his creative work into the late 1350s, some remnants of which survive in the literary miscellany Paris, BN Lat. 3343.
LATIN SONG AT THE ABBEY OF SANKT GALLEN FROM C. 800 TO THE LIBER YMNORUM
Authors: Barrett Sam
Published: September 2019

New light is shed on the song culture of Sankt Gallen almost a century before its earliest notated sources through consideration of the poetic section of a manuscript copied at the Abbey shortly after the year 800, i.e. the second part of Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek Vossianus Lat. Q. 69. The predominantly Merovingian accentual Latin verse (rhythmi) and metrical verse by the late-antique poet Prudentius (his Liber Cathemerinon and Liber Peristephanon) were written out in song forms. It is newly proposed that Prudentius’ verse from the Liber Peristephanon was arranged into a liturgical cycle. The poetic section of the Leiden manuscript is accordingly understood as a collection of songs, which prompts reflection on the way in which earlier sung versus at Sankt Gallen may have provided models for the later Liber ymnorum. Witnesses to the song culture of Sankt Gallen in the first half of the ninth century are re-examined and a leading role during this period for the nearby Abbey of Reichenau is proposed. Finally, it is suggested that Iso’s advice to Notker that singulae motus cantilenae singulas syllabas debent habere was at least partly informed by the existing tradition of sung versus at both abbeys.
A Novel Algorithm for Improving the Diagnostic Accuracy of Prehospital ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Goebel Mat , Vaida Florin , Kahn Christopher , Donofrio J. Joelle
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a time-sensitive entity that has been shown to benefit from prehospital diagnosis by electrocardiogram (ECG). Current computer algorithms with binary decision making are not accurate enough to be relied on for cardiac catheterization lab (CCL) activation.

Hypothesis:

An algorithmic approach is proposed to stratify binary STEMI computerized ECG interpretations into low, intermediate, and high STEMI probability tiers.

Methods:

Based on previous literature, a four-criteria algorithm was developed to rule out/in common causes of prehospital STEMI false-positive computer interpretations: heart rate, QRS width, ST elevation criteria, and artifact. Prehospital STEMI cases were prospectively collected at a single academic center in Salt Lake City, Utah (USA) from May 2012 through October 2013. The prehospital ECGs were applied to the algorithm and compared against activation of the CCL by an emergency department (ED) physician as the outcome of interest. In addition to calculating test characteristics, linear regression was used to look for an association between number of criteria used and accuracy, and logistic regression was used to test if any single criterion performed better than another.

Results:

There were 63 ECGs available for review, 39 high probability and 24 intermediate probability. The high probability STEMI tier had excellent test characteristics for ruling in STEMI when all four criteria were used, specificity 1.00 (95% CI, 0.59-1.00), positive predictive value 1.00 (0.91-1.00). Linear regression showed a strong correlation demonstrating that false-positives increased as fewer criteria were used (adjusted r-square 0.51; P <.01). Logistic regression showed no significant predictive value for any one criterion over another (P = .80). Limiting physician overread to the intermediate tier only would reduce the number of ECGs requiring physician overread by a factor of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.48-0.75; P <.01).

Conclusion:

Prehospital STEMI ECGs can be accurately stratified to high, intermediate, and low probabilities for STEMI using the four criteria. While additional study is required, using this tiered algorithmic approach in prehospital ECGs could lead to changes in CCL activation and decreased requirements for physician overread. This may have significant clinical and quality implications.
DEATH AND CAPITAL
Authors: Chakraborty Shankha , Das Mausumi
Published: September 2019

In a life-cycle model with dynastic households, parents value the transfer of tangible assets to their offspring in the event of premature death. This raises the subjective reward from investing in them relative to intangible human capital and tilts investment choice away from the latter. These effects of mortality on human capital risk and relative investment can translate into divergent growth paths, delayed transition from physical to human capital accumulation, and a dampened response to mortality shock in developing countries.
Clinical management of delirium: The response depends on the subtypes. An observational cohort study in 602 patients
Authors: Zipser Carl Moritz , Knoepfel Silvana , Hayoz Peter , Schubert Maria , Ernst Jutta , von Känel Roland , Boettger Soenke
Published: September 2019

Objective

The hypoactive, hyperactive, and mixed subtypes of delirium differently impact patient management and prognosis, yet the evidence remains sparse. Therefore, we examined the outcome of varying management strategies in the subtypes of delirium.

Methods

In this observational cohort study, 602 patients were managed for delirium over 20 days with the following strategies: supportive care alone or in combination with psychotropics, single, dual, or triple+ psychotropic regimens. Cox regression models were calculated for time to remission and benefit rates (BRs) of management strategies.

Results

Generally, the mixed subtype of delirium caused more severe and persistent delirium, and the hypoactive subtype was more persistent than the hyperactive subtype. The subtypes of delirium were similarly predictive for mortality (P = 0.697) and transfer to inpatient psychiatric care (P = 0.320). In the mixed subtype, overall, psychotropic drugs were administered more often (P = 0.016), and particularly triple+ regimens were administered more commonly compared to hypoactive delirium (P = 0.007). Patients on supportive care benefited most, whereas those on triple+ regimens did worst in terms of remission in all groups of hypoactive, hyperactive, and mixed subtypes (BR: 4.59, CI 2.01–10.48; BR: 4.59, CI 1.76–31.66; BR: 3.36, CI 1.73–6.52; all P < 0.05).

Significance of results

The mixed subtype was more persistent to management than the hypoactive and hyperactive subtypes. Delirium management remains controversial and, generally, supportive care benefited patients most. Psychopharmacological management for delirium requires careful choosing of and limiting the number of psychotropics.
An Experimental Study of Matrix Dissolution and Wormhole Formation Using Gypsum Core Flood Tests: 1. Permeability Evolution and Wormhole Geometry Analysis
Authors: Li Wei , Einstein Herbert H. , Germaine John T.
Published: September 2019

Core flood tests were conducted to study the effect of flow rate on the dissolution of the gypsum rock matrix and the formation of wormholes. An effluent chemistry monitoring system was designed and integrated into a triaxial system to provide continuous effluent concentration measurements, in addition to the pressure and flow measurements during the core flood tests. X‐ray computed tomography (CT) was used to study the geometry of the wormholes after the tests. The core flood tests showed agreement with experiments reported in the literature regarding permeability evolution and wormhole breakthrough. By continuously monitoring the effluent concentration, the effluent chemistry monitoring system advanced the experimental study by showing how the dissolution kinetics evolved with the formation of wormholes. Three‐dimensional topological and morphological algorithms were developed to analyze the CT data and provide quantitative descriptions for the wormhole geometry. The CT analysis showed that higher flow rates resulted in more complex wormhole geometries regarding the number of wormholes and branches.
Is the Northern Permafrost Zone a Source or a Sink for Carbon?
Authors: Parmentier Frans-Jan , Sonnentag Oliver , Mauritz Marguerite , Virkkala Anna-Maria , Schuur Edward
Published: September 2019

Thawing permafrost could release large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, but finding out how much requires better collection and curation of data.
NOAA’s Acting Head Addresses Storm over Dorian Forecasts
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2019

Neil Jacobs said that the Trump administration is committed to the important mission of weather forecasting, while also stating that the weather service team has his and the department’s full support.
Interpretation of Late‐Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in the Sea of Marmara From Geochemistry of Bulk Carbonates
Authors: Liu Yujia , Lu Hailong , Yin Xijie , Ruffine Livio , Çağatay M. Namik , Yang Hailin , Chen Chunqing , He Dong , Zhu Zhenli , Yalamaz Burak
Published: September 2019

Isotopic, mineralogical, and elemental analyses have been conducted for the geochemical characteristics of the bulk carbonates in the sediment cores from the Western High and Çınarcık Basin in the Sea of Marmara to investigate the authigenic, biogenic, and detrital components and their possible use in paleoceanographic studies. The Western High is a relatively shallow (−500 to −800 m) compressional area characterized by relatively low sedimentation rates (30–40 cm/Kyr), whereas the Çnarcık Basin is a deep (~1,250 m) transtentional area represented by high sedimentation rates (>1 m/Kyr). Both 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O of bulk carbonates from the Western High exhibit significant variations, increasing steeply from 87Sr/86Sr of 0.708437 to 0.708916 and δ18O of −3.2‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) to 0.1‰ VPDB, indicating the incursion of the Mediterranean seawater after the last glacial and reflected in the change from lacustrine to marine environment. However, bulk carbonates in the core from the Çınarcık Basin have comparatively uniform values of 87Sr/86Sr (~0.708845) and δ18O (~0.0‰ VPDB), implying that this core did not experience the lacustrine/marine transition. In the Western High, δ13C values up to +24.3‰ VPDB at 400 cm below seafloor reveal the mineralization of heavy CO2, providing independent evidence for the subsurface biodegradation of petroleum. While in the Çınarcık Basin, δ13C values of bulk carbonates were relatively constant (approximately −2.94‰ VPDB). The high δ13C values of bulk carbonates from the Western High reflect the dissolution of primary carbonates as a result of the local acidic environment and precipitation of authigenic carbonates later, supported by mineralogical and elemental results.
East Atlantic Pattern Drives Multidecadal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability During the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Song Zhaoyang , Latif Mojib , Park Wonsun
Published: September 2019

The variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and its governing processes during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is investigated in the Kiel Climate Model. Under LGM conditions, multidecadal AMOC variability is mainly forced by the surface heat flux variability linked to the East Atlantic pattern (EAP). In contrast, the multidecadal AMOC variability under preindustrial conditions is mainly driven by the surface heat flux variability associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Stand‐alone atmosphere model experiments show that relative to preindustrial conditions, the change in AMOC forcing under LGM conditions is tightly linked to the differences in topography.
Hot Summers in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Zheng Jiayu , Wang Chunzai
Published: September 2019

The past two summers of 2017 and 2018 are very hot in the Northern Hemisphere, but the causes are not clear. Here we identify natural internal variabilities of seven atmospheric circulation patterns by teleconnection method that can cause the increase of summer surface air temperature: North Atlantic pattern, Europe pattern, East Atlantic pattern, West Atlantic pattern, Chukchee Sea‐North America pattern, Arctic Ocean‐North America pattern, and Beaufort Sea‐Siberia pattern. The magnitude of increased air temperature induced by internal variabilities associated with these atmospheric circulation patterns is comparable to or even larger than that caused by global warming. A combination of natural internal variabilities and global warming explains summer surface air temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere. The results show that accurate forecast of these atmospheric circulation patterns can help to predict summer surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere.
An Expanded Definition of the Odd Oxygen Family for Tropospheric Ozone Budgets: Implications for Ozone Lifetime and Stratospheric Influence
Authors: Bates K. H. , Jacob D. J.
Published: September 2019

Models of tropospheric ozone commonly define an “odd oxygen” family (Ox), comprising ozone and species with which it rapidly cycles, in order to compute tropospheric ozone budgets and lifetimes. A major Ox loss is the O(1D) + H2O → 2OH reaction, but this may not be an actual loss because the resulting hydrogen oxide (HOx) radicals regenerate ozone in the presence of nitrogen oxides. Here we introduce an expanded odd oxygen family, Oy≡ Ox + Oz, to include both Ox and an additional subfamily, Oz, consisting of HOx and its reservoirs. We incorporate this new accounting into the GEOS‐Chem model, revealing a longer global mean ozone lifetime (73 days vs. 24 days) and greater stratospheric contribution (26% vs. 9%) under present‐day conditions than derived from the standard Ox budget. Tracking the Oy budget may provide better understanding of the discrepancies between global models in their computations of ozone sources and sinks.
The Surface Pathways of the South Atlantic: Revisiting the Cold and Warm Water Routes Using Observational Data
Authors: Drouin K. L. , Lozier M. S.
Published: September 2019

The relative contributions of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation upper limb source waters in the South Atlantic (SA) remain largely unresolved. We contribute to a resolution by using observational data to explore water mass pathways feeding into the Benguela Current, considered a major component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation upper limb in the SA. We focus on the pathways from the Pacific Ocean via the Drake Passage (traditionally termed the “cold” water route) and the Indian Ocean via Agulhas Leakage (traditionally termed the “warm” water route). We employ two main observational data sets: (1) surface drifter trajectories from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Global Drifter Program and (2) the Ocean Surface Current Analysis Real‐time product. Based on our Lagrangian analysis, the majority of particles originating in the Drake Passage remain in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, with a small portion reaching the northern limb of the SA subtropical gyre, and a few infiltrating the Agulhas Current region. The majority of particles released in the Agulhas Current follow the Agulhas Return Current and recirculate in its vicinity. Only a small portion leaks into the SA. Observed pathways reveal strong interactions between the two source waters in the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence, the SA subtropical gyre, the Benguela Current, and the Agulhas Current region. Results from backward trajectories suggest a sizable contribution of waters from the Drake Passage to the Benguela Current but show disagreement between the two datasets in the magnitude of this contribution.