bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Snape Michael
Published: August 2022

This Introduction outlines the rationale and parameters of the monograph, focusing on ‘Western Anglicanism’ and the historical, ethical, and cultural roots of Anglicanism’s pre-eminent place in the armed forces of the English-speaking world. It considers Anglican approaches to the just war, Anglican attitudes towards the state, and Anglican understandings of empire. It then examines the dramatic impact of secularization in the latter decades of the twentieth century and considers the experience of twentieth-century conflict as one of its drivers, showing how (rather than either of the two World Wars) the nuclear threat and the Vietnam War bred widespread mistrust of military institutions and fuelled a misleading but highly influential narrative on the culpable role played by the Church of England in the First World War. It concludes with a survey of the ensuing chapters, summarizing the principal arguments of each.
Emergence in Context
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark
Published: August 2022

This is a book about the multidisciplinary topic of emergence. Science, philosophy of science, and metaphysics have long been concerned with the question of how order, stability, and novelty are possible and how they happen. How can order come out of disorder? We provide a new account of emergence, contextual emergence, that attempts to answer these questions. Contextual emergence is grounded primarily in the sciences, as opposed to logic or metaphysics. It is both an explanatory and ontological account of emergence that gets us beyond the impasse between “weak” and “strong” emergence in the emergence debates. Contextual emergence challenges the “foundationalist” or hierarchical picture of reality. It emphasizes the ontological and explanatory fundamentality of multiscale stability conditions and their contextual constraints, often operating globally over interconnected, interdependent, and interacting entities and their multiscale relations. Contextual emergence focuses on the conditions that make the existence, stability, and persistence of emergent systems and their states and observables possible. These conditions and constraints are irreducibly multiscale relations, so it is not surprising that scientific explanation is often multiscale. Such multiscale conditions act as gatekeepers for systems to access modal possibilities (e.g. reducing or enhancing a system’s degrees of freedom). Using examples from across the sciences ranging from physics to biology to neuroscience and beyond, we demonstrate that there is an empirically well-grounded, viable alternative to ontological reductionism coupled with explanatory antireductionism (weak emergence) and ontological disunity coupled with the impossibility of robust scientific explanation (strong emergence). Central metaphysics of science concerns are also addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Chankseliani Maia
Published: August 2022

Across the world, institutions of higher learning have been shaped by their historical and cultural contexts, whether local, national, regional, or global. The Soviet university was a distinctive model of a higher education institution that emerged in the idiosyncratic settings of the Soviet Union. The dissolution of the Soviet Union created chaos which led to massive disruption in all aspects of individuals’ lives; it turned the existing order upside down, leading to revolutionary changes in higher education and the broader society. All Soviet universities were part of the same Soviet universe which was deliberately kept isolated from the rest of the world. At the same time, each country had different initial conditions in the early 1990s, and most of these country-level variations still persist. Most literature produced in the last 30 years adopts a deficit thinking to highlight the challenges that universities in the region encountered in the process of modernisation and transition from communism to capitalism. This linear thinking that underpins the transitology cannot do justice to the turbulent processes of post-Soviet transformations. The transformations of former Soviet universities have been dialectical with continuous tensions between the old Soviet and new ways of teaching and organising higher learning.
Anatomy of the Soviet University
Authors: Chankseliani Maia
Published: August 2022

The Soviet university provided free and comprehensive education with a focus on the needs of industry and Party interests. It practised limited institutional autonomy and academic freedom and was oriented towards developing communist morality in students and staff. Universities followed army-like principles of organisation characterised by uniformity, top-down administration, and centralised management. The Soviet university was embedded in a large higher education system with 32 per cent enrolment rates in the late 1980s, which was slightly higher than the EU average. There were policies in place to ensure equal access to higher education for workers and peasants. At the same time, widespread practices of reciprocity and corruption prevailed at all institutions. There existed a high level of determinism in occupational pathways with limited consideration for mobility and career development. It was expected that students would obey every order of the state, including volunteering at collective farms or industries, as and when required in the interests of the state. Soviet universities hosted foreign students who were selected centrally based on their social origin and ideological background. Foreign students were recruited actively as part of an international cultural diplomacy goal of developing pro-Soviet elites globally. This chapter offers an overview of the historical development of the Soviet university model, with a focus on the four key domains in the late Soviet period: restricted institutional autonomy and limited academic freedom, organisational separation of education and research, state-led expansion of access to universities, and international cultural diplomacy.
Marketisation of Universities
Authors: Chankseliani Maia
Published: August 2022

This chapter uses empirical evidence and critical debates on higher education marketisation to examine the ways in which new, market models in higher education have impacted both the educational and research functions of universities. Decreasing public funding, dual-track tuition systems, voucher financing, student loans, unbundling of university services, academic moonlighting, quality assurance systems, and other mechanisms transformed universities’ educational activities. At the same time, universities’ research function has been influenced by new policies of competitive allocation of research funding; research assessment on the basis of quantifiable indicators; linking academic pay with research productivity, and offering financial incentives for research output. These and other changes have supported the creation of quasi-markets within higher education and developed an environment of market competition between academics, students, and universities. More broadly, higher education institutional landscapes have been shaped by the emergence of new higher education institutions and the rebranding and expansion of existing institutions. Most countries chose a market route to universal higher education which has led to the increased differentiation between higher education institutions, reinforcing the established positions and reputations of former Soviet universities which tend to attract students with the highest test scores in the centralised admissions exams. These universities are also the most successful in obtaining research funding and producing large shares of national research output. Yet, because of limited autonomy, universities are not in the position to fully exploit the possibilities offered by free markets.
Researching Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin
Published: August 2022

This chapter elaborates the research design, setting out how the book empirically studies legitimacy beliefs by surveying citizens and elites. In line with the book’s individual-level approach, the chapter identifies and discusses different ways to measure legitimacy beliefs in the existing literature and opts for the indicator “confidence.” The chapter then presents the selection of IOs and countries for the empirical investigation and provides background knowledge about how the chosen IOs and countries vary in ways that are potentially relevant for the formation of legitimacy beliefs. Informed by this selection, the chapter then introduces the citizen data drawn from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey and the elite data based on the LegGov Elite Survey, and address questions of data quality.
Mapping Citizen Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on citizen legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. Using data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey (WVS7), it describes levels of, and variation in, citizen confidence toward six focal international organizations. Although mainly examining five focal countries (Brazil, Germany, the Philippines, Russia, and the US), the chapter also considers evidence on confidence in international organizations for a larger group of 45 countries in the WVS7. The discussion first examines citizen legitimacy beliefs in the aggregate, covering all international organizations and countries combined. The general picture is that citizen assessments lean toward modest skepticism: little evidence suggests popular enthusiasm for contemporary global governance, but few signs point to full-scale rejection either. Then the data are disaggregated in turn by international organization, by country, by organization within each country, and by social groups of class, age, and gender. Citizens are found generally to have more negative assessments of key economic international organizations compared to key human security international organizations. Even greater variation arises between countries, ranging from quite high citizen evaluations of international organizations in the Philippines to notably low scores in Russia. Regarding social categories, variation in citizen legitimacy beliefs toward international organization is considerable between classes, moderate between age groups, and absent between men and women.
Explaining the Elite–Citizen Gap in Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines individual-level explanations of the gap between citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. It looks in particular at logics regarding socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification and domestic institutional trust. The analysis assesses whether differences between elites and citizens in these four sets of characteristics have a statistically significant relationship with elite–citizen differences in legitimacy beliefs toward international organizations. The findings show that the legitimacy gap is associated with systematic differences between elites and citizens regarding all four individual-level characteristics. The specific individual-level characteristics that figure most prominently vary across international organizations and country contexts. The four explanatory logics often operate concurrently, such that elite–citizen gaps in legitimacy beliefs toward a particular international organization and in a certain country typically involve several drivers.
Do Paintings Matter?
Authors: Rudd Anthony
Published: August 2022

The chapter starts by considering some of the ways in which paintings are and have been valued, and then considers a challenge—inspired by Plato’s critique of art—to the idea that we should value painting: the claim that, firstly, it merely presents us with pleasing surface appearances, rather than deep truths; and, secondly, that it is potentially morally corrupting. It argues for a ‘direct’ response to the Platonic challenge, according to which (good) paintings do connect us to what is true and good, but warns against simplistic (e.g. didactic) understandings of this idea. To the extent that paintings convey what is true and good they must do so through their beauty—that term being taken broadly to mean what is visually striking or fascinating about their appearance. But this must be not merely a striking surface appearance but an irreducibly visual way in which significant truths manifest themselves.
Painting and Presence
Authors: Rudd Anthony
Published: August 2022

This chapter continues to develop the idea that paintings can convey significant but non-paraphrasable truths by taking up the concept of presence, which has been used by various art critics and theorists to indicate a particularly intense or charged way in which we can experience artworks as communicating with us. Paintings make themselves present to us, but in so doing they also make something else—their subject matter—present to us. They disclose it in a more intimate way than that of mere accurate depiction, as can be seen in practices of either cherishing or defacing images. The original in these cases is experienced as present in the image. It argues that it is this revelatory power of paintings that underlies Gadamer’s claim that religious painting is ‘exemplary’ for understanding all painting, and it distinguishes stronger and weaker ways in which this claim could be taken.
The Re-Enchantment of the World
Authors: Rudd Anthony
Published: August 2022

To experience the natural world aesthetically is to experience it as embodying intrinsic value, and this involves a repudiation of the ‘disenchanted’ picture of the world as a meaningless, value-free mechanism. This book’s account, therefore, requires some version of ‘the re-enchantment of the world’—an understanding of it as essentially meaningful and value-laden. The chapter argues that the widespread supposition that science has rendered such a belief impossible is baseless. It goes on to consider the question of whether a re-enchanted view of nature is necessarily a religious one. It argues that what we now think of as the ‘aesthetic’ and the ‘religious’ are both descendants of a more basic sense of the sacred to which the aesthetic experience of nature remains closely related. This sense may be articulated in a view of nature as dependent on and expressive of a transcendent reality (as in theism), though it might also be articulated in terms of a purely immanent vision of cosmic order.
Painting, Beauty, and the Sacred
Authors: Rudd Anthony
Published: August 2022

This book has argued that all painting has at least a structural analogy to the icon in that it seeks to make present the essential nature of its subject matter. But the discussion in Chapters Eight and Nine has supported a stronger claim, that all painting is in a sense religious in that it is disclosive of a sacred order. This chapter then considers several unresolved questions. Firstly, if the beautiful is (broadly speaking) identified with the sacred, and if nature as a whole is a sacred order, then does this imply that everything is beautiful? Secondly, given the emotional impact on some of, for example, sentimental art, is it only good art that can ‘make present’? Thirdly, if all painting is in a sense religious, what is the relation between explicitly religious painting (such as the icon) and what we might call implicitly religious painting?
Franz Kafka
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin
Published: August 2022

Kafka first encountered the question of (in)attention while still at school, in psychology lessons which acquainted him with Herbart’s dynamic theory of the mind as the site of competing forces, and attention remains a besetting theme in his life and work. In his diaries and letters, Kafka bemoans his own wavering concentration, eroded by insomnia and the demands of work, family, and relationships, and yet in the reports he produced for the Workers’ Accident Insurance Institute, the instability of attention is cast as a statistical constant, as the inevitable product of the modern working environment. A very different picture emerges in his fiction. His earlier protagonists are chronically distracted, and even minor instances of distraction bring about disastrous consequences. In his later texts, in contrast, Kafka turns to the downsides of attention, and texts such as ‘The Burrow’ (1923) explore the (self-)destructive nature of excessive vigilance.
Global Legitimacy Crises
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart
Published: August 2022

This book addresses the consequences of legitimacy in global governance, in particular asking: when and how do legitimacy crises affect international organizations (IOs) and their capacity to rule. The book starts with a new conceptualization of legitimacy crisis that looks at public challenges from a variety of actors. Based on this conceptualization, it applies a mixed-methods approach to identify and examine legitimacy crises, starting with a quantitative analysis of mass media data on challenges of a sample of 32 IOs. It shows that some, but not all organizations have experienced legitimacy crises, spread over several decades from 1985 to 2020. Following this, the book presents a qualitative study to further examine legitimacy crises of two selected case studies: the WTO and the UNFCCC. Whereas earlier research assumed that legitimacy crises have negative consequences, the book introduces a theoretical framework that privileges the activation inherent in a legitimacy crisis. It holds that this activation may not only harm an IO, but could also strengthen it, in terms of its material, institutional, and decision-making capacity. The following statistical analysis shows that whether a crisis has predominantly negative or positive effects depends on a variety of factors. These include the specific audience whose challenges define a certain crisis, and several institutional properties of the targeted organization. The ensuing in-depth analysis of the WTO and the UNFCCC further reveals how legitimacy crises and both positive and negative consequences are interlinked, and that effects of crises are sometimes even visible beyond the organizational borders.
The Catholic Church and European State Formation, AD 1000-1500
Authors: Møller Jørgen , Stavnskær Doucette Jonathan
Published: August 2022

Generations of social scientists and historians have argued that the escape from empire and consequent fragmentation of power—across and within polities—was a necessary condition for the European development of the modern territorial state, modern representative democracy, and modern levels of prosperity. This book inserts the Catholic Church as the main engine of this persistent international and domestic power pluralism, which has moulded European state formation for almost a millennium. It argues that the ‘crisis of church and state’ that began in the second half of the eleventh century fundamentally reshaped European patterns of state formation and regime change. It did so by doing away with the norm in historical societies—sacral monarchy—and by consolidating the two great balancing acts European state-builders have been engaged in since the eleventh century: against strong social groups and against each other. The book traces the roots of this crisis to a large-scale breakdown of public authority in the Latin West, which began in the ninth century, and which at one and the same time incentivized and permitted a religious reform movement to radically transform the Catholic Church in the period from the late tenth century onwards. Drawing on a unique dataset of towns, parliaments, and ecclesiastical institutions such as bishoprics and monasteries, the book documents how this church reform movement was crucial for the development and spread of self-government (the internal balancing act) and the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire (the external balancing act) in the period AD 1000–1500.
Who Matters at the World Bank?
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: August 2022

This book answers the question, “who matters?” in a 32-year history (1980–2012) of policy change within the World Bank’s public sector management and public sector governance agenda. The book is anchored within the public administration discipline and its understanding of bureaucracy, bureaucratic politics, and stakeholder influences. In response to constructivist scholars’ concerns about politics and the organizational culture of international civil servants within international organizations, this book uses stakeholder theory and a bureaucratic politics approach to suggest the normality of politics, policy debate, and policy evolution. The book also highlights the fact that for 21 of the 32 years, it was the international civil servants of the World Bank and not external stakeholders who led, developed, and institutionalized this sector’s agenda. In doing so, the book explains how one sector of the Bank’s work rose, against the odds, from encompassing just under 3 percent of approved projects in 1980 to its inclusion within 73 per cent of all projects approved between 1991 and 2012.
Overview: Sustainable Development without Democratic Protection of Human Rights and Rule of Law?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 gives an overview of the objectives, complexity, and regulatory challenges of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda and summarizes the book’s policy conclusions. It explains why executive trade, environmental, health, and related emergency governance continues to progressively undermine transnational rule of law and multilateral agreements ratified by parliaments for the protection of general citizens’ interests in human rights, democratic governance, and rule of law. Intergovernmental power politics without effective constitutional, democratic, and judicial restraints undermines democratic governance, non-discriminatory regulatory competition, and multilevel protection of the sustainable development goals and related global public goods.
Constitutional Failures: Neo-Liberal and State Capitalist Trade Wars Undermine Sustainable Development
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: August 2022

Chapter 3 describes the rise and fall of the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system resulting from the neo-liberal assault on the WTO legal and dispute settlement system by the US Trump administration. The breakdown of the compulsory WTO dispute settlement system since December 2019 also impedes WTO reforms responding to the regulatory challenges of China’s state capitalism, climate change, and global health pandemics. Economic disintegration (e.g. due to the US–China trade wars, related dismantling of global value chains) and regulatory competition among North American, European, and Asian trading regimes risk disrupting the rules-based, global trading community, WTO law, and UN law. The protectionist policies of the US Biden administration render it doubtful whether the WTO dispute settlement system and transnational rule of law can be restored in international trade. Without a functioning WTO dispute settlement system, divergent climate change mitigation measures (like carbon taxes and carbon border adjustment measures) risk provoking trade conflicts and trade distortions.
Conclusions: Multilevel Governance of Sustainable Development Requires Multilevel Twenty-First Century Constitutionalism
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: August 2022

Chapter 9 concludes that authoritarian power politics in United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO) institutions and inside many UN member states remains the biggest impediment to realizing citizen-oriented sustainable development goals (SDGs). Rendering WTO law consistent with climate change mitigation and with other SDGs requires interpreting the WTO’s embedded liberalism in conformity with modern human rights and environmental law. Recent environmental, constitutional, and human rights litigation in Europe illustrates the potential synergies between human and constitutional rights, economic and environmental law, and adjudication. Yet, Europe’s multilevel constitutionalism empowering citizens to challenge governmental disregard for sustainable development goals in national and European courts is resisted in multilevel governance outside Europe. The goal of a global partnership for sustainable development with the participation of all countries, all stakeholders, and all people requires innovative, legal practices of UN/WTO institutions and member states, for instance by strengthening of private–public partnerships (like COVAX), network governance (e.g. among independent competition, health and environmental agencies similar to the institutionalized cooperation among central banks), multilevel judicial remedies (including WTO appellate review and multilateral investment courts), individual rights, and transnational rule of law. The human rights, constitutional and environmental litigation discussed in Chapter 9 confirms that, the more civil societies and non-governmental organizations are directly involved in health and environmental protection treaties, the better they can monitor and resist abuses of public and private power. The global governance failures in responding to environmental, health, migration, and other human disasters illustrate the need for multilevel constitutional restraints protecting the SDGs.
A Materials Science Guide to Superconductors
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

Superconductors are amazing materials that capture the imagination with their seemingly magical properties that make it possible to levitate objects in mid-air and transport electricity for ‘free’. They can generate the vast magnetic fields needed to confine a nuclear fusion reaction ten time hotter than the surface of the sun, or bend the high energy proton beams that whizz around the Large Hadron Collider. Their utterly unique electromagnetic properties are exploited in the most sensitive detectors and are likely to be enabling technology for building practical quantum computers. This book explores the amazing variety of superconducting materials and the rich science behind optimising their performance for different applications. The central theme of materials science is communicated by explaining the importance of controlling everything from the atomic scale chemistry and bonding right up to the macroscopic scale of large machines. Along the way, key concepts are introduced in an accessible way and are linked to broader themes and applications beyond superconductivity in the ‘Wider View’ sections. The stand-alone ‘Under the Lens’ sections also provide a more in-depth and mathematical treatment to satisfy readers who want to challenge themselves.
Samuel Beckett
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie
Published: August 2022

After a life of writing about Victorian novelists, Rosemarie Bodenheimer found herself entranced by the work of Samuel Beckett. In this book she shares her journey of discovery with readers who may or may not be familiar with Beckett’s novels and stories. She follows his trajectory from the first unpublished novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, through the great postwar trilogy of Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable, and on to the ever more experimental inventions in the shorter, later fictions and monologues. Through readings of his work alongside extracts from his published correspondence, Beckett emerges as a sympathetic human figure, a poet of productive doubt, and a brilliant stylist of mood changes and second thoughts. Bodenheimer considers Beckett’s treatments of memory, nostalgia, and grief, and the forms he finds to convey those essential human experiences while avoiding melodrama or sentimentality. His dramatized relationship with his own writing is a crucial part of that emotional landscape. His playful jousts with the conventions of novel-writing show how, from the start, Beckett challenged the notion of character and other inherited novel conventions. The book also emphasizes his dismantling of the autobiographical “I,” his moving narratives of attachment and loss, and the inimitable mixture of comedy and pathos he creates by inventing outlandish situations to which his characters respond with very recognizable human anxieties and adaptations.
In the Mud
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie
Published: August 2022

After the radical experiment of The Unnamable, Beckett struggled depressively for years to conceive and compose another long story in French. Chapter 4 takes on Beckett’s most unlikable fiction, How It Is (1961), which imagines a world of nothing but mud, in which naked male bodies torture one another by way of trying to love them. It describes the author’s struggle to come to terms with this dark view of the violence that lurks in love, by linking it to the Algerian War and to Beckett’s troubled involvement with two women, his life partner Suzanne Descheveux-Dumesnil and his British colleague Barbara Bray. How It Is does, finally, attest to the stark human need for others, as partners or as listeners and recorders who recognize and validate the truth of their subject’s existence.
The Powers Ontology
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: August 2022

The chapter asks what sets the powers ontology apart from others. The top-down views can agree that physical objects have dispositions in the thin sense: there are conditionals and counterfactuals that are true of them. Aspirins are disposed to cure headaches on anyone’s view. The powers view goes much further, and endorses dispositions in the thick sense: the powers of a given object are intrinsic, irreducible features of that object. They are not merely a reflection of the N-relations governing the relevant universals, for example. The chapter brings out six key features of powers: they are essential and invariant, independent of their manifestations, intrinsic to their bearers, not reducible to non-dispositional properties, reciprocal in the sense that they come at least in pairs, and are directed at their manifestations. The chapter suggests not all of these features sit easily alongside each other, and negotiates a compromise to develop the most plausible picture of powers.
Origins
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: August 2022

The chapter looks at the origins of the anti-realist position in Hume and Mill. Both philosophers reject the need for any enforcer for the laws, simply because laws summarize events rather than governing them. Laws fit the world in the opposite direction from the way the realist views assume. The chapter begins with a problem peculiar to Hume, namely, the problem of unobservables. Hume cannot allow laws to connect unobservable properties, on pain of sacrificing his account of causation. It then turns to the real problem, what the book calls ‘the central tension’: there is in practice no way for a statement of regularities to play the role of the axiom of a given science. Hume and Mill both struggle, in their different ways, with this problem, and both fail to solve it.
Contemporary Best Systems Analyses (II)
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: August 2022

The chapter continues the defense of the best system analysis against its most formidable opponents. The chapter argues that the Humean analysis can muster a stronger response to the mirror argument than has so far been given. The Humean ought to deploy her story about counterfactuals in evaluating the imagined worlds of the mirror argument, and insist on evaluating those worlds relative to their home worlds. The real problem with the best system analysis is the central tension: in any modestly complex world, the best system of laws will not restrict itself to stating regularities. This is not an a priori or conceptual point; there may well be worlds simple enough to have laws that state regularities. Unfortunately, ours isn’t among them.
Stability
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: August 2022

Republicans recognize a pre-institutional right to freedom, which they understand as a right to live in a republican political order. Corresponding to the natural right to freedom is a natural duty to promote and comply with republican institutions—the empire of law and institutions of popular control most especially. The duty to comply with public law is a pro tanto duty, and is thus compatible with extensive, though not unlimited, rights of resistance. The specific content of our obligations to promote and comply with republican institutions, however, depends on the expected degree and character of compliance by others. Republican institutions depend for their maintenance on civic-minded citizens—on their willingness to promote, use, and defend those institutions, as well as their willingness to exercise political forbearance. Different institutional configurations will be more or less favorable to the encouragement of civic-mindedness, and will need to be supplemented by an active program of civics education. Civic education programs can respect principles of toleration, but will not adhere to strict liberal principles of neutrality. Republics can be difficult to establish, and once established, can be destabilized excessive economic inequalities.
Criminology and ‘Positive Morality’
Authors: Bottoms Anthony
Published: August 2022

This chapter is a revised version of a Valedictory Lecture delivered by the author as part of the 60th anniversary celebrations at the Cambridge Institute of Criminology in 2019. The chapter seeks to make a contribution to what Steven Messner described in 2012 as the beginnings of a ‘moral awakening in criminology’, and, congruently with the anniversary context of the Valedictory Lecture, it does so with special reference to research connected with the Institute of Criminology. The substantive topics covered include: the importance of moral rules for social life and for the explanation of criminal propensity; ways in which people sometimes modify their accepted moral rules in particular circumstances; the importance of social situations in shaping moral action; the possibility of achieving an altered priority of moral values when people undertake ‘ground projects’ such as desistance from crime; ‘weakness of will’ and strategies to avoid it; the perhaps surprising findings from studies that have asked prisoners to explain, from their experience, when the social order of prisons works best; and the difference between ‘good’ and ‘right’ relationships between citizens and criminal justice personnel. In addition, the chapter seeks to tackle some difficult but necessary theoretical issues about the meaning of human agency, and how, methodologically speaking, issues of agency and morality can be coherently related to appropriate social scientific questions about causation and explanation.
In Dialogue with Philosophy
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan
Published: August 2022

Tony Bottoms’s work has a crucial role in developing ethical studies in the criminological context. Numerous social scientists have investigated ethically important issues of criminal justice, including some discussion of moral theory. However, rather than ‘applying’ ready-made moral theory to criminology, Tony employs moral thought as a set of conceptual tools for articulating the diverse presence of moral value in the issues studied. This is a way of pursuing an empirically based project of moral thought, judgement, and inquiry. It is, in important respects, a contemporary version of the ‘moral sciences’ approach in the tradition of the British Moralists, such as Hume, Smith, and others. Tony has explored in considerable depth critically important issues concerning agency and how its exercise is to be understood—both in contrast to and in conjunction with the sorts of causal explanations criminologists often seek. He has articulated a sophisticated awareness of aspects of moral thought and theorising, showing how they are integral to understanding criminological topics. His approach overcomes the alleged fact/value compartmentalisation in a way that is illuminating for both criminology and moral philosophy.
Creative Arts, Offender Rehabilitation, and Penal Reform
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: August 2022

Of all the small Special Units to manage dangerous or otherwise difficult offenders in the British prison system that have risen and fallen over the past 50 years, the Barlinnie Special Unit (1973–1996), in Glasgow, is the only one around which a legend—and a debate as to how best it might be publicly commemorated—has grown. This chapter seeks to identify what was truly distinctive and controversial about the culture of this Unit in its early years, and to give credit to key players who have been neglected in existing penological accounts of it: therapist Joyce Laing, who helped prisoners find their artistic ability; Scottish arts impresario Richard Demarco, who championed it; and German artist Joseph Beuys, whose vision of art’s socially transformative capacities was vividly, if inadvertently, embodied in it. The chapter also documents the most recent commemorative efforts and validates the Unit’s unique place in the British penal heritage.
Chaucer in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

This book is a study of how the poetry of Chaucer continued to give pleasure in the eighteenth century despite the immense linguistic, literary, and cultural shifts that had occurred between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. It investigates the full variety of responses to Chaucer from the late seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century. These include editions, biographies, and critical accounts and various kinds of translation, adaptation, and imitation. The book is primarily designed to appeal to students of eighteenth-century literature and of Chaucer, but should also be of interest to students of literary influence and reception in all periods.
Introduction
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

This Introduction offers a discussion, based on Pope’s Temple of Fame, of the difficulties of assessing the standing and influence of any poet at one time, or across stretches of time, and of determining the effects of one poem closely modelled on another. It is asked what the conditions are that enable some poetical works to survive the depredations of time. How is it that some voices continue to be heard despite the ever-changing cacophony of the House of Rumour? The Introduction then notes the general lack of interest in Chaucer by modern students of eighteenth-century poetry, and describes, in general terms, the eighteenth-century editions and biographies of Chaucer and the various kinds of translation and imitation of his work that were made in the period.
The True, Enlivened, Natural Way
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

This chapter deals with eighteenth-century responses to Chaucer’s ‘indecent’ tales. The most popular and most frequently translated versions from The Canterbury Tales were those including indecency of one kind or another. In the earlier eighteenth century, there were mildly indecent poems written in imitation of Chaucer’s ‘style’—some of which were themselves translated into modern versions. This chapter discusses these poems, and versions of The Merchant’s Tale by Pope, The Shipman’s Tale by John Markland and Henry Travers, The Miller’s Tale by Richard Brathwaite, Samuel Cobb, John Smith, and Anon (1791), and The Reeve’s Tale by Anon (1715), Henry Travers, and Thomas Betterton. A central theme is the interest of many translators in the comic dimension of Chaucer’s tales rather than their obscenity as such. Consideration is given to the desire of some translators at the end of the eighteenth century to keep close to Chaucer’s words while avoiding indecency—a tension exhibited in Wordsworth’s Phœbus and the Crow, a version of The Manciple’s Tale. The chapter ends with a consideration of Thomas Betterton’s version of The Reeve’s Tale, which draws on other Chaucer tales to alter Chaucer’s ending, making the tale more conducive to readerly merriment than it is with Chaucer’s coarser and more brutal conclusion. In this poem, as elsewhere in versions of the comic tales, particular, and admiring, attention is paid to the wit and resourcefulness of some of Chaucer’s female characters.
Poets and Antiquarians
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the continuities and changes in the interpretation and recreation of Chaucer’s work that occurred between the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It concentrates particularly on the work of Thomas Tyrwhitt, William Lipscomb, George Ellis, William Godwin, William Hazlitt, Charles Cowden Clarke, and Leigh Hunt, and on the collection of Chaucerian translations edited by Richard Hengist Horne as Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer Modernised (1841). The chapter suggests that writings on Chaucer in the early nineteenth century cannot easily be categorized under such conventional headings as ‘Romanticism’, ‘Medievalism’, ‘the Gothic’, or ‘Historicism’. Biographies of Chaucer—most extensively that of William Godwin (1803)—continued to relay misinformation from dubious sources. Chaucer’s obscenity continued to worry some critics and editors. The times in which he wrote were still dismissed by some as ‘barbaric’. An interest in the ‘Gothic’ elements in his poems was by no means thought incompatible with an interest in the ‘classical’ dimension of Chaucer’s work or the classical interests of some of his earlier critics. No absolute distinction in the period can be maintained between poetical, antiquarian, and historical interest in Chaucer. Godwin’s attempts to ‘contextualize’ Chaucer’s work are often dubiously grounded, and some of the more memorable parts of his Life present Chaucer not as merely a fourteenth-century writer but as a model of the ideal poet for all times: ‘the legislator of generations and the moral instructor of the world’.
Serious Violations of Human Rights
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia
Published: August 2022

This book analyses the use of the expression ‘serious violations of human rights’—and similar ones, such as ‘gross’ or ‘grave’—in international practice. It highlights some of the recurring responses to and consequences of such violations, and suggests that a new special regime—eponymous with the above-mentioned expression—was formed. This special regime is understood as substantively limited to a very specific issue-area of human rights violations; where a series of monitoring mechanisms and procedures is in place to predominantly highlight, document, and record such violations; where specific measures are taken, aimed at enforcing compliance; where certain consequences arise, focusing primarily on affording the victims of such violations a remedy. As such, this special regime is arguably comprised of at least four thinly interconnected components: the substantive, the monitoring, the enforcement, and the remedial ones. Future practice may dictate alternative interpretations of the role of this category of violations in the international legal order. However, what becomes apparent from this work is that the concept of serious violations of human rights is today becoming a key notion, as it allows the international community to pinpoint those factual situations requiring its attention and action.
The substantive component—identifying a serious violation of human rights
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 introduces and analyses the essential elements that allow determination of whether a violation of human rights is serious. While the expression is widely used, none of the treaties, decisions, or resolutions using the expression (or similar ones) defines what a serious violation of human rights is. Also, there has been no attempt so far to develop a common working definition by the various instruments that invoke serious violations. As a result, it appears that there is no uniform understanding regarding the gravity threshold. The chapter offers a careful examination of the relevant international practice, allowing a common understanding to be deduced regarding human rights violations that would amount to serious violations for the international community. Instead of offering a fixed definition, it is proposed that the character of the violations (their impact on victims and their structure) bears more significance than the specific human rights provisions that were breached. This unified understanding is in line with the principles of equality and the indivisibility of human rights. It is argued that this category of human rights violations is the central substantive component of the special regime. The interrelated but diverse cluster of rules, decision-making procedures, and consequences revolving around this substantive component are examined in the following chapters.
The monitoring component
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia
Published: August 2022

This chapter describes the first operational component of the special regime around serious violations of human rights—the monitoring component. It presents in a structured manner a growing set of monitoring and inquiry procedures and mechanisms, particularly at the UN level, that focus specifically and more often than not exclusively on serious violations of human rights. It identifies a multilateral network of procedures that has been progressively emerging and solidifying as a response to serious violations at every level. For instance, the chapter analyses urgent inquiry procedures before UN treaty bodies that are triggered only in cases of serious violations of human rights. Equally, it draws attention to a wide array of extra-conventional international monitoring mechanisms—such as commissions of inquiry—that have been set up to inquire into, document, and report situations of serious violations of human rights. Despite their mostly non-binding character, it is argued that they play a key role in the system, providing processes for monitoring, analysing, and recording serious violations of human rights.
Reading as “Creative Exegesis”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton
Published: August 2022

This chapter assesses the claim that the textual practices learned first at the hands of the grammarians were employed by Christian readers to interpret the Scriptures predominantly in their literal sense. The result of this line of argument is that the exact same strategies of literary analysis have rarely been employed to analyze the figurative interpretation of early Christian exegetes in any similar fashion. Exegesis, however, regardless of whether it is performed toward literal or figural ends, is always driven by textual practices—what one does with texts at hand. This chapter argues that the grammatical traditions of ancient literary analysis are best viewed not as an atomistic project with steps that must be followed sequentially. As the chapter progresses by examining the use of grammatikē by Dionysius Thrax, Sextus Empiricus, and the Hellenistic grammarians, it shows that exegesis is itself a holistic project of commentary focused on the clarification of a prior text’s obscurity. By viewing exegesis in this way, as a practice of commentary, one is placed in a better position to describe the form and function of early Christian exegesis. By its conclusion, this chapter suggests one half of a working definition of “creative exegesis,” the second half of which will be supplemented in Chapter 2 on ancient exegesis in figurative mode.