bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED OIL FED TO MONKEYS: BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHTS, ELECTROCARDIOGRAM AND BLOOD ANALYSIS
Authors: KRAMER J. K. G. , HULAN H. W. , PROCTER B. G. , DUSSAULT P. , CHAPPEL C. I.
Published: March 2010

Male and female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), equally divided as to sex, were fed diets which contained 20% by weight of either soybean oil or Brassica napus cv. Tower rapeseed oil, low in erucic acid (0.2%), for up to 24 wk. The monkeys ate well and grew normally, except for four monkeys which lost nominal amounts of weight. There were no significant differences between any of the groups in the relative weights of heart, liver and thyroid. Feeding diets which contained Tower rapeseed oil, however, resulted in increased adrenal weights in females and decreased kidney weights in males. The electrocardiograms in all monkeys appeared normal. The hematological studies failed to suggest that feeding either oil had any adverse effect on blood coagulation. Clinical chemical results revealed no serum enzyme changes suggestive of myocardial necrosis.
EFFECTS OF BREED-TYPE AND SLAUGHTER WEIGHT ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION IN BULLS
Authors: JONES S. D. M. , PRICE M. A. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

A trial is reported comparing the growth and carcass characteristics of bulls of three breed-types: Hereford crossbred (HC), beef synthetic (SY) and dairy crossbred (DC). Sixteen bulls of each breed-type were grouped four to a pen and randomly allocated to one of two slaughter weights: M (about 500 kg) and H (about 600 kg). The bulls weighed approximately 200 kg at the start of the trial and were fed a high concentrate cereal diet ad libitum. Growth rate was slower and feed required per unit of gain greater for all breed-types in the H than in the M group. In all phases of growth, the DC bulls had the greatest rate of gain and the SY bulls the least. The carcass data indicated that the HC bulls had the fattest carcasses and DC bulls the leanest. SY were intermediate. The grades indicated that increasing liveweight from 500 kg to 600 kg resulted in a shift towards "fatter" grades in earlier fattening types and away from fatter grades in later fattening types. The concept of target slaughter weights and ranges for various biological types of cattle is discussed.
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, ACCRETION AND DEGRADATION IN RATS
Authors: BUCKLEY W. T. , MILLIGAN L. P.
Published: March 2010

A method of estimating the rates of total protein synthesis, accretion and degradation in rats was investigated. Rats maintained on a continuous feeding regimen were given L-(U-14C) tyrosine and L-(U-14C) phenylalanine either with the diet or by continuous infusion while N consumption and excretion were measured. The percent of administered 14C expired as 14CO2 was used to calculate the rate of phenylalanine hydroxylation as well as the rate of phenylalanine incorporation into body protein according to a two-pool model of phenylalanine and protein metabolism. Finally, the whole body rates of protein synthesis, accretion and degradation in growing rats were calculated. All rats received 12 g of feed per day. Those that were given (14C) amino acids with the diet were growing at a mean rate of 3.0 g/day and had a mean body weight of 160 g. The mean rates of protein synthesis, accretion and degradation for these rats were 1.76, 0.74 and 1.02 g of protein/day, respectively. Rats that were given (14C) amino acids by continuous infusion were growing at a mean rate of 2.9 g/day and had a mean body weight of 123 g. The mean rates of protein synthesis, accretion and degradation in these rats were 1.39, 0.80 and 0.59 g protein/day, respectively.
A COMPARISON OF CANDLE AND TOWER RAPESEED MEALS IN LAMB, SHEEP AND BEEF STEER RATIONS
Authors: BUSH R. S. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , McQUEEN R. E. , MACINTYRE T. M.
Published: March 2010

The meal from Candle, a new strain of rapeseed that is low in erucic acid, glucosinolates and fiber was compared with the meal from Tower rapeseed that is low in erucic acid and glucosinolates. Sheep were fed equal quantities of chopped timothy hay and one of the test rapeseed meals. The digestibility coefficients of the diets containing Candle rapeseed meal with respect to dry matter, nitrogen, organic matter, energy, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were significantly greater than those for diets containing Tower rapeseed meal. Lambs were fed a creep ration containing barley or corn and up to 32% rapeseed meal. While there were no differences in lamb growth rates before weaning, those consuming Candle rapeseed meal in the creep rations after weaning tended to grow faster and with greater feed efficiency (kg DM/kg gain; Mcal gross energy/kg gain) than did those receiving Tower rapeseed meal and the corresponding grain. These differences were not statistically significant. Corn silage, barley and Tower or Candle rapeseed meals were fed to growing beef steers in rations formulated to produce weight gains of 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 kg/day. Those animals receiving Candle rapeseed meal tended to have poorer feed efficiencies at the low rate of gain and better feed efficiencies at the intermediate and high rates of gain although differences in growth were not significant. It was concluded from those experiments that Candle rapeseed meal was as good as, if not better than, Tower rapeseed meal in ruminant rations.
PERFORMANCE OF PROGENY OF FINNISH LANDRACE AND DORSET HORN RAMS MATED TO EWES OF VARIOUS BREEDS AND CROSSES
Authors: VESELY J. A.
Published: March 2010

Over a 3-yr period, 1,556 lambs were produced from matings of Dorset Horn and Finnish Landrace rams to ewes of the Romnelet, Columbia, Suffolk, and North Country Cheviot breeds and their 2-, 3-, and 4-breed crosses. Also, 142 purebred lambs of the four dam breeds were produced as a basis for contemporary comparisons. The average weaning weight of the purebred lambs was 23.7 ± 0.4 kg; of the 2-breed cross lambs, ½-Dorset lambs averaged 25.1 ± 0.5 kg and ½-Finnish Landrace 25.6 ± 0.5 kg. The 3-breed cross ½-Dorset lambs averaged 27.1 ± 0.4 kg and ½-Finnish Landrace lambs 26.1 ± 0.4 kg; and 4-breed cross ½-Dorset lambs 27.1 ± 0.4 kg and ½-Finnish Landrace lambs 26.8 ± 0.4 kg. The 5-breed cross ½-Dorset and ½-Finnish Landrace lambs both averaged about 27.5 ± 0.5 kg. Weight-per-day-of-age to market weight showed the same trend as weaning weight among the purebred and crossbred lambs. Purebred lambs were exceeded by 2-breed cross lambs in weaning weight (7%) and weight-per-day-of-age to market weight (6%) and by 3-breed cross lambs (13% and 8%, respectively). No practical additional improvement for either trait was evident in 4-breed and 5-breed crosses. Two-breed cross ewes (Romnelet × Suffolk and Columbia × Suffolk) raised lambs of about the same weaning weight (27.7 and 27.3 kg) as the 3-breed and 4-breed cross ewes (24.9–27.4 kg). Dorset Horn and Finnish Landrace rams contributed about equally to weaning weights (26.6 and 26.5 kg) and weight-per-day-of-age to market weight (0.241 and 0.236 kg). The average score of the ½-Finnish Landrace carcasses was slightly, but significantly, better than that of the ½-Dorset Horn carcasses. Both Dorset Horn and Finnish Landrace rams produced crossbred lambs with satisfactory growth and carcass merit.
HISTOCHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CYTOCHROMES IN PORK
Authors: SWATLAND H. J.
Published: March 2010

Transverse frozen sections from a red muscle (vastus medialis) and a white muscle (biceps femoris) of the pork carcass were incubated with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) at pH6 with a low concentration of H2O2. DAB was oxidized to form brown particles (peak absorbance 460 nm) by mitochondrial cytochromes. Oxidation was inhibited by a mitochondrial inhibitor (KCN) but not by an inhibitor of catalase (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole) so that there was no apparent contribution from peroxisomes (microbodies). Serial sections of muscle were reacted for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) to demonstrate mitochondria and for calcium-activated (myofibrillar) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) as an indicator of the physiological function of myofibers. The concentration of oxidized DAB in low magnification fields measured with a microscope photometer was correlated with the percentage of myofibers exhibiting weak ATPase reactions, r = 0.84, P < 0.005. At the cellular level, myofibers with strong ATPase reactions and few mitochondria had no oxidized DAB particles; myofibers with strong ATPase reactions and many or intermediate numbers of mitochondria had an intermediate number or no oxidized DAB particles and myofibers with weak ATPase reactions; and many mitochondria had many oxidized DAB particles. A relationship between the cellular distribution of cytochromes and color changes in fresh and cured pork products was suggested.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEINS IN CATTLE URINE AND THEIR COMPLEXES WITH SILICIC ACID
Authors: BAILEY C. B.
Published: March 2010

Electrophoresis of total non-dialyzable solids (TNDS) from cattle urine showed the presence of components with mobilities covering the same range as noted for serum. Although most of the components had mobilities in the albumin to α-globulin region, they appeared to contain more glycoprotein than serum components with similar mobilities. Immunoelectrophoresis of TNDS against rabbit antibovine serum and rabbit anti-TNDS revealed the presence of four components giving reactions of identity with serum proteins and of one that originated from the urinary tract. Gel filtration of TNDS on Sephadex G-200 produced six poorly resolved peaks, four of which were shown by immunoelectrophoresis to contain the four serum components of TNDS. The fifth peak contained the urinary tract component. This component constituted about half the total weight of the proteinaceous constituents of TNDS and contained considerably more sialic acid than the other components. The substance represented by the sixth peak obtained by gel filtration was unidentified because it failed to elicit antibody formation in the rabbit. It was low in protein and sialic acid but had a much larger absorbance at 280 nm than the other constituents. Reaction of TNDS with polymerized silicic acid removed half the TNDS from solution by formation of an insoluble complex. One component was completely removed from solution and portions of others were partially removed by this procedure. It was concluded that in the process of formation of siliceous urinary calculi in cattle, precipitation of polymerized silicic acid is a generalized process that does not rely on the presence in urine of any single protein species.
THE EFFECTS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA TREATMENT OF WHEAT STRAW AND STEAM COOKING OF ASPEN WOOD ON THEIR FEEDING VALUE AND ON RUMINAL MICROBIAL ACTIVITY. I. FEEDING VALUE ASSESSMENTS USING SHEEP
Authors: AL-RABBAT M. F. , HEANEY D. P.
Published: March 2010

Steam-cooked aspen wood, anhydrous ammonia-treated and untreated wheat straw each made up 64% of high roughage rations, the remainder being composed of 25% alfalfa, 10% cottonseed meal plus minerals and vitamins. The three experimental diets, medium quality alfalfa hay and 50% grain ration were individually fed to four mature wethers, one diet at a time to all wethers, to assess intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance. The same diets were group-fed to lambs in a growth trial. Steam cooking of the wood resulted in an energy digestibility near that of the alfalfa but intake of the ration was lower than would be expected from the digestibility. Anydrous ammonia treatment of the wheat straw increased (P <.05) its energy digestibility dramatically. Performance of lambs in a growth trial indicated that the rations containing steamed wood and untreated straw were capable of sustaining only slight gains above maintenance, whereas the ammoniated straw ration contained considerable productive energy resulting in gains 86% higher than those on untreated straw and nearly equivalent to those obtained with the alfalfa.
THE EFFECTS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA TREATMENT OF WHEAT STRAW AND STEAM COOKING OF ASPEN WOOD ON THEIR FEEDING VALUE AND ON RUMINAL MICROBIAL ACTIVITY. II. FERMENTABLE ENERGY AND MICROBIAL GROWTH DERIVED FROM AMMONIA NITROGEN IN THE OVINE RUMEN
Authors: AL-RABBAT M. F. , HEANEY D. P.
Published: March 2010

Concentrations and rates of production of volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) were determined in incubated whole rumen digesta (WRD) samples from four fistulated sheep fed five rations, one at a time, to all sheep. Simultaneously, WRD samples were incubated with ammonia-15N to determine nitrogen uptake and microbial growth derived from ammonia-N. Microbial growth derived from ammonia-N was not affected by roughage treatment and none of the parameters related to microbial utilization of ammonia-N followed patterns related to gains of lambs fed the same rations. The data did indicate that rumen microbes are capable of adjusting ammonia-N uptake to maintain fairly constant assimilation and have an ability to "scavenge" nitrogen from ammonia pools very much reduced in size and that nitrogenous substances other than ammonia can be utilized extensively for microbial synthesis. Volatile fatty acid concentrations, rates of production and patterns of individual VFA production were reasonably consistent with live weight gains, indicating that patterns of VFA production, in addition to being indicative of microbial response to available substrate, may also be useful indicators of ration feeding value. The VFA patterns obtained with the treated wood were similar to those characteristic of high roughage rations, whereas the patterns resulting from feeding the ammonia-treated straw were similar to those usually obtained only with diets containing substantial amounts of readily fermentable carbohydrates from grain.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING LOW-ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED OIL ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, MEAT QUALITY AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TISSUES OF VEAL CALVES
Authors: SEOANE J. R. , GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , LARMOND E. , STEVENSON R. G.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen Holstein bull calves were used during 62–82 days to study the long-term effects of substituting 0, 25, 50 and 75% of the animal fat (tallow) with low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (Span) in milk replacers for veal calves. Growth rates and feed efficiency were affected by the dietary treatments. The highest level of substitution (75%) did not affect the digestibility of the energy or the dry matter, but did decrease average daily gains, feed efficiency and the apparent digestibility of dietary nitrogen (P < 0.05). Nitrogen retention and utilization were not affected by the dietary treatments. The histological analyses of various internal organs did not reveal any treatment effects. The evaluation of carcass quality showed no differences in flavor but there was a non-linear decrease in tenderness of the meat with increasing levels of rapeseed oil in the diets. The 75% level of substitution resulted in tougher meat than the 25% level treatment.
ABOMASAL INFUSION OF METHIONINE ON PLASMA AMINO ACID CONCENTRATION AND THE UPTAKE OF 35S-L-METHIONINE IN THE PLASMA PROTEINS AND URINE OF GROWING LAMBS
Authors: STRATH R. A. , SHELFORD J. A.
Published: March 2010

Three crossbred ewe lambs were abomasally infused with varying levels of D,L-methionine. Plasma free amino acids and plasma urea concentrations were measured for each infusion level. At the 0.0 (zero infusion level) and the 5.0 (high infusion level) g/day methionine infusion, a tracer dose of 35S-L-methionine was injected intravenously and serial blood samples were collected for a 24-h period postinjection. Total urine was collected daily for 4 days postinjection. The difference between the radioactivity in the plasma and in the deproteinized plasma was considered to represent the radioactivity associated with the plasma proteins.The plasma methionine response curve was represented by two straight lines suggesting that the methionine supply was limiting for optimal production. At the zero infusion level only 7% of the administered dose was accounted for after 4 days cumulative urine collection compared to 50% at the high infusion level (P < 0.05). Over 85% of the activity in plasma was in the protein component at the zero infusion level compared to 35% at the high infusion level (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the administration of a tracer dose of methionine followed by blood and urine sampling may be of value for monitoring the methionine status of the ruminant.
PERFORMANCE OF NEWBORN DAIRY CALVES IN HUTCH HOUSING
Authors: McKNIGHT D. R.
Published: March 2010

Outdoor hutches are equal or superior to traditional methods of housing for calves regardless of season in Eastern Ontario. Hutch calves grew as well, consumed more starter and required less medical treatment than did calves housed indoors. Hutch calves required more labor time and feeding calves outdoors was less comfortable for operators on stormy days.
EFFECTS OF A FABA BEAN DIET ON GROWTH, LIVER WEIGHT, AND NON-PROTEIN THIOL LEVELS OF ERYTHROCYTES AND LIVER IN WEANLING RATS
Authors: COLLIER H. B. , AHERNE F. X. , KENNELLY J. J.
Published: March 2010

A diet high in faba beans (daily average vicine consumption ca. 187 mg) did not impair growth, food intake, or liver weight of weanling rats as compared with control animals. Blood non-protein thiol (NPSH) was slightly elevated but blood hemoglobin and liver NPSH were unaffected. Evidently the erythrocytes and hepatocytes of the weanling rat can tolerate this level of vicine intake without a lowering of erythrocyte or liver NPSH levels.
INFLUENCE OF BISON PERCENTAGE ON PRE- AND POSTWEANING TRAITS OF CATTALO CALVES
Authors: KELLER D. G. , LAWSON J. E.
Published: March 2010

Lower birth weights of cattalo calves (averaging 16.5% bison–83.5% domestic) from cattalo dams (averaging 24.0% bison–76.0% domestic) were associated with higher percentage bison of calf or dam. Calf losses at birth or shortly after birth were 13.9% of the total number of cattalo calves (749) born during 1951–1963. Among the dead calves, birth weights were lower by 1.00 and 0.45 kg for each unit increase in percentage of bison (kg/B-%) of the calf and the calf’s dam. Corresponding birth weights of calves surviving to weaning were lower by 0.34 and 0.20 kg/B-%. Average daily gain to weaning and weaning weight were not significantly affected by increases in percentage bison. Postweaning traits tended to be affected more by percentage bison of the calf’s dam than by percentage bison of the calf. Higher percentage bison of the dam significantly reduced final feedlot weight of calves born in 1958–1963 (b = −0.81 kg/B-%), liveweight before slaughter (b = −1.87 kg/B-%), and weight of left-rear quarter of calves born in 1963 (b = −0.26 kg/B-%). Percentage bison in the calf and calf’s dam significantly reduced 18-mo weight (b = −1.37 kg/B-% and b = −0.69 kg/B-%) of cattalo calves restricted to pasture.
PELLETED COMPLETE GROWER–FINISHER RATIONS FOR LAMBS
Authors: BUSH R. S. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , MACINTYRE T. M.
Published: March 2010

Duplicate groups of 10 lambs were assigned to each of four dietary treatments. These were (1) pelleted complete feed containing 13% crude protein, (2) pelleted complete feed containing 15% crude protein, (3) mash concentrate containing 13% crude protein to be fed with long timothy hay, and (4) pelleted complete feed formulated to meet the requirements of the growing dairy heifer. The lambs weighed an average of 17.3 and 23.4 kg in the two replicates at the beginning of the experiment and were slaughtered between 41 and 45 kg. Lambs consuming the lower protein complete feed had greater average daily gains and required fewer days to reach market weight than did those consuming concentrate plus long hay. There were no significant differences in the performance of lambs fed the two pelleted complete lamb rations (1 and 2). The pelleted complete heifer ration (4) produced similar average daily gains to the concentrate plus long hay feeding regimen; however, more feed was required to maintain that growth. There were no differences in carcass grade and no significant differences in rib-eye area or fat cover at the pinbone cut. Those lambs consuming the heifer growth had a lower dressing percentage than did any of the other three groups. It was concluded that pelleted complete rations are advantageous in a fattening lamb program both on performance and economic basis and that there was no advantage to increasing the crude protein content of the pelleted complete ration from 13 to 15%.
EFFECTS OF TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON MILK PRODUCTION
Authors: HODGES JOHN , HILEY P. G. , FROESE J.
Published: March 2010

The effects on production of moving a herd of 27 Ayrshire milking cows from one environment to a totally different one, with changed methods of feeding, milking and housing, were studied. Following a pre-change period of 105 days, during which each cow was recorded on alternate days for yield of milk and fat, lactose and protein percentages, the immediate effects of the change, the recovery if any, and permanent changes in production were analyzed over a 19-day period. All traits were affected in mean levels, except protein percentage. Milk yield fell by 2.6 kg (13.0%), fat percentage increased by 0.43 units (10.0%), and lactose percentage fell by 0.23 units (4.8%). Protein percentage was unaltered throughout. Milk yield and lactose percentage did not change after the immediate drop. Fat percentage returned linearly from the initial increase, to expectation at 11 days after the change, and continued to decline for another 8 days. The variances of all the traits were temporarily inflated by factors of 2,5,3 and 3 for milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage and lactose percentage, respectively. The gradual decline to normal, pre-change variance levels took 7–8 days for compositional traits and 10 days for milk yield. Estimates of these means, variances and coefficients of variation are given.
RENAL FUNCTION IN COWS GIVEN NATIVE GRASS HAY CONTAINING ADDED SODIUM CHLORIDE AND RAPESEED MEAL, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE CLEARANCE OF SILICIC ACID
Authors: BAILEY C. B.
Published: March 2010

Four different diets were prepared by adding two levels of sodium chloride (salt) and two levels of rapeseed meal, in all possible combinations, to a basal diet of native range hay. The diets were given to each of four cows in four successive periods. Intakes of salt were 563 and 7,625 meq/day on diets with the low and high levels of salt, and intakes of protein were 478 and 554 g/day on diets with low and high levels of rapeseed meal. Renal clearance was measured on each cow after 1 wk on each diet. No changes in renal function were noted that could be attributed to the differences in protein intake. Change from low to high levels of salt caused large increases in urine output, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and filtration fraction, but not in renal plasma flow. The increase in GFR increased the filtered loads of sodium, potassium, and total solute (osmoles). As a consequence, the clearance and rate of urinary excretion of sodium and total solute were significantly increased; the clearance of potassium was also increased, but not significantly. Both filtration and excretion of silicic acid were higher on the high- than on the low-salt diets, but these differences were also not significant. Consequently, effects on the concentration of silicic acid in urine due to salt-induced changes in the renal handling of silicic acid were unimportant by comparison with the changes in concentration caused by the increase in urine volume. This result confirms earlier findings that salt-induced diuresis is the most important result of high intakes of salt by cattle on a diet that predisposes to the formation of siliceous urinary calculi.
EVALUATION DE LA FEVEROLE ET DU POIS TRAITES OU NON-TRAITES A LA FORMALDEHYDE COMME SOURCE DE PROTEINES POUR LA VACHE LAITIERE
Authors: PELLETIER G. , BOUCHARD R.
Published: March 2010

A first experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of fababeans (F) and field peas (P) as protein supplement in partial or total replacement of soybean meal (TS) in the concentrate part of the diet for dairy cows. In a second experiment, the nutritive value of formaldehyde-treated F and P was compared to untreated F and P. In each of the two experiments, a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design was used with 3-wk experimental periods. Dairy concentrates were fed ad libitum with corn silage in a 1:1 ratio (corn silage:concentrate) on a dry matter (DM) basis. In addition, the cows were fed 2.7 kg/day of grass hay. In experiment 1, a concentrate (SU) containing 10.8% TS and 0.2% urea was compared to three concentrates. The first one containing 25.0% F and 6.2% TS (FS), the second one 40% F (F) and the third one 35.0% P and 8.0% TS (PS). Dry matter intake and milk production were similar (P > 0.05) for all treatments at the level of 17.9, 17.8, 17.9 and 17.1 kg/day for DM and 22.7, 22.5, 22.7 and 21.7 kg/day of milk for treatments SU, FS, F and PS, respectively. Milk composition and digestibility of diets were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by any treatment. In the second experiment, F and P without formaldehyde treatment were compared to F (FFo) and P (PFo) treated with 0.3 ml of a 40% formaldehyde solution per 100 g of crude protein. The formaldehyde treatment had no beneficial effect on milk production and feed digestibility. However, milk protein content was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with the formaldehyde treatment with values of 2.81, 2.95, 2.86 and 3.02% for treatments F, FFo P and PFo, respectively.
FACTORS AFFECTING RYE (SECALE CEREALE L.) UTILIZATION IN GROWING CHICKS. IV. THE INFLUENCE OF AUTOCLAVE TREATMENT, PELLETING, WATER EXTRACTION AND PENICILLIN SUPPLEMENTATION
Authors: MISIR R. , MARQUARDT R. R.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted with growing chicks to study the influence of autoclave treatment, pelleting, water extraction and penicillin supplementation on the nutritional value of rye. The diets were formulated to provide protein above, at or below the minimum requirements of the chicks. The results of the feeding trials indicate that rye contained a water-extractable growth depressing factor which was also associated with a reduction in the efficiency of feed utilization, beak impaction and an increase in the excreta wetness. Water extraction improved the nutritional value of rye by the removal of the growth depressing factor. Penicillin supplementation of whole rye diets also improved chick growth and feed conversion efficiency but to a lesser extent than water extraction. Autoclave treatment of rye and pelleting of a rye-containing diet had no influence on weight gain and the feed:gain ratio. However, the 10-min autoclave treatment increased appetite. Autoclaving for 30 min and pelleting reduced beak impaction. It may be concluded that rye contains a water-soluble factor which reduces nutrient utilization. An improvement in the nutritional value of rye can be accomplished by water extraction and supplementation with a high level of penicillin, but not by autoclave treatment or pelleting.
EVALUATION OF DRIED RABBIT MANURE AS A FEED FOR RABBITS
Authors: SWICK R. A. , CHEEKE P. R. , PATTON N. M.
Published: March 2010

The digestibility of dried rabbit manure when fed to rabbits was examined. Diets contained 75% manure; treatments included alkali (2% wt/wt NaOH) treatment, autoclaving, and alkali treatment plus autoclaving. All treatments increased (P < 0.01) digestibility of crude protein, cell wall constituents (CWC) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) as compared to untreated manure. Digestibilities for untreated, alkali-treated, autoclaved, and alkali-treated–autoclaved manure, respectively, were: ADF: 8.1, 39.4, 16.8, 35.8; CWC: 16.0, 41.7, 23.9, 38.1; crude protein: 36.7, 50.4, 50.6, 45.0. Digestible energy of untreated manure was 772 kcal/kg, and 1,970 kcal/kg for alkali-treated manure. Untreated and alkali-treated manure samples were compared to fescue and alfalfa hay by the in vitro bovine rumen fermentation technique. Dry matter digestibilities were 18.3, 24.4, 34.7 and 43.1% for untreated manure, alkali-treated manure, fescue hay and alfalfa hay, respectively. A growth and mortality study using 40 weanling New Zealand White rabbits was conducted. A low fiber, high energy basal diet was used, and the effects of addition of 10% alfalfa meal, 10% rabbit manure, or 10% alkali-treated manure were determined. There were no differences (P < 0.05) in growth rate; mortality from enteritis was 30% for the low fiber diet, and 0% with the diet containing untreated manure.
IN VITRO OBSERVATIONS ON FACTORS AFFECTING CALF PREGASTRIC ESTERASE ACTIVITY
Authors: JENKINS K. J.
Published: March 2010

Three in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of calf pregastric esterase (PGE) for hydrolyzing various fats and the influence of various factors on its lipolytic activity. Calf PGE was effective in hydrolyzing butterfat and coconut oil, hydrolyzed smaller amounts of the other plant oils tested and had a very limited capacity for lard and the six grades of tallow studied. The esterase retained good lipolytic activity for butterfat over the pH range normally encountered in the calf abomasum after feeding liquid diets. Rennet clotting of reconstituted skim-milk at pH 6.1 reduced enzyme hydrolysis of butterfat by 30%, presumably due to fat occlusion in the clot. Lecithin, skim-milk powder, casein, and lactalbumin markedly increased PGE activity; Ca++ had no effect. The bile salts taurodeoxycholate, glycochenodeoxycholate and taurochenodeoxycholate markedly inhibited PGE lipolysis, whereas others (taurocholate, deoxycholate, cholate, glycocholate) had little or no effect.
EFFECTS OF GNRH ON PLASMA LH AND FERTILITY IN MINK
Authors: MURPHY BRUCE D.
Published: March 2010

The magnitude and duration of the luteinizing hormone (LH) response to 2 μg gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in ranch mink during the early mating season was determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Elevations in LH were observed at 15 min following treatment. Mean maximum concentration occurred at 45 min post treatment in animals treated early in the breeding season. Administration of GnRH later in the breeding season resulted in a slightly more prolonged response. Electrical stimulation of the cervix had no apparent effect on plasma LH concentrations during the 3 h following treatment. In field studies, administration of 2 μg GnRH followed by a single mating 7 or 8 days later resulted in percent reproductive success (number of females producing litter/number treated) slightly below that of animals mated two or three times. The same dose of GnRH administered within 1 h after the first of two matings had no effect on increasing litter size or percent reproductive success. Administration of a single dose of GnRH either after both matings or after the second of two matings, spaced 1 wk apart, reduced reproductive success by 25–30%. It is presumed that exogenous GnRH interfered with the ovulatory process. Electrical stimulation of the cervix in lieu of first mating resulted in a low-level reproductive success, and was comparable to single mated females in previous experiments.
EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON BODY COMPOSITION AND ENERGY BALANCE OF THE GILT
Authors: LODGE G. A. , FRIEND D. W. , WOLYNETZ M. S.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments, each involving 40 gilts, the energy cost of pregnancy was calculated by comparing energy balances between pregnant and nonpregnant animals on the same feed allowance. Treatments comprised an initial slaughter group and pregnant (P) and nonpregnant (NP) groups slaughtered at 56 and 112 days. Separate chemical analyses were carried out on carcass, viscera, liver, blood, uterus and, additionally for each pregnant animal, on fetuses, placenta and uterine fluid. Experiment 1 was conducted during winter and experiment 2 during summer. Differences between P and NP in weights of body components and their chemical composition at 56 and 112 days are presented and discussed. Maintenance cost (energy intake less energy retention) per kg A.75 per day was calculated to be 108 kcal for both pregnant and nonpregnant gilts in summer, and 158 kcal and 153 kcal for pregnant and nonpregnant gilts, respectively, in winter. There was, therefore, no evidence of pregnancy anabolism but rather, a 3% increase in maintenance requirement as a result of pregnancy during the winter experiment.
THE EFFECTS OF ACID-PRESERVED HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY AND PELLETING ON THE UTILIZATION OF ALL-CONCENTRATE DIETS BY EARLY-WEANED LAMBS
Authors: TAIT R. M.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-six Dorset Horn lambs weaned at 8 wk of age were fed dry (88% DM) or high-moisture (73% DM), reconstituted, acid-preserved barley-based diets either whole or as 5-mm or 9-mm pellets. Lambs fed high-moisture or dry barley performed similarly in terms of feed intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratios (DM basis) and digestibility of protein. Digestibility of organic matter was slightly higher (P < 0.05) for dry than moist barley. Whole barley resulted in faster (P < 0.05) growth rates than either 5-mm or 9-mm pellets, 276, 221 and 227 g/day, respectively. The corresponding feed convetsion ratios were 3.94, 4.24 qnd 4.31. Pelleting had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on feed intake or the digestibility of organic matter or protein.
A STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATION OF GLUCOSINOLATES TO RAPESEED MEAL-INDUCED HEMORRHAGIC LIVER IN POULTRY AND THE INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL VITAMIN K
Authors: PAPAS A. , CAMPBELL L. D. , CANSFIELD P. E.
Published: March 2010

Diets were formulated to contain variable amounts of intact glucosinolates (IG) and various aglucones: 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene (CHB); 5-vinyloxazolidine-2-thione (OZT); isothiocyanates (NCS); and inorganic thiocyanate (SCN) to study the relation of glucosinolates to rapeseed meal (RSM)-induced hemorrhagic liver (HL) in laying hens. The influence of supplemental vitamin K in alleviating the HL effect was also studied using broiler chickens and SCWL hens of an experimental strain. The results of the various experiments confirmed the fact that RSM feeding may cause liver damage and mortality attributable to HL as well as demonstrating that the mortality rate could be reduced markedly by the addition of supplemental vitamin K to the feed or drinking water. A clear cause and effect relationship between glucosinolates and HL was not evident. There was a consistent association, however, of a high diet content of IG and CHB with HL but only if these compounds were fed together as components of RSM. Intact glucosinolate fed as the major glucosinolate component of a diet did not increase the incidence of HL, and synthetic CHB added to a control diet did not cause HL.
POSTWEANING PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND ESTROGENS IN SOWS: EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH PREGNANT MARE’S SERUM GONADOTROPIN OR ESTRADIOL-17β PLUS PROGESTERONE
Authors: DYCK G. W. , PALMER W. M. , SIMARAKS S.
Published: March 2010

The plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogens (E) were determined for 12 sows, from a herd with a history of postweaning anestrus, from the day of weaning to 32 days after weaning (trial I). A linear increase in plasma LH and E was observed in six sows which remained in anestrus (LH, 0.32–0.47 ng/ml; E, 16.1–24.7 pg/ml). These concentrations were similar to those observed in cycling sows during diestrus. In the remaining sows concurrent peaks of LH and E were observed during proestrus and estrus. In a second trial, two groups each of five sows were treated with a single injection of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 1500 IU) or steroids (estradiol-17β, 1 mg plus progesterone, 2 mg) on the day after weaning. The plasma concentrations of LH and E for 10–12 days after weaning were compared with those of five untreated control sows. In the PMSG-treated group, concurrent peaks of LH (4.7 ± 0.5 ng/ml) and E (121 ± 41 pg/ml) were observed at estrus. The control group produced a lower LH peak at estrus (1.5 ± 0.4 ng/ml) which was not accompanied by a rise in plasma E. No consistent secretory pattern for plasma LH and E was observed in the steroid treatment group.
CHANGES IN SWINE KNEE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE DURING GROWTH
Authors: NAKANO T. , AHERNE F. X. , THOMPSON J. R.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-five crossbred boars reared under normal conditions were serially slaughtered at the age of 3 days, and 5, 10, 20 and 30 wk. Five boars were slaughtered at each age and morphological, histochemical and biochemical age-related changes in femoral condylar articular cartilage were studied. No osteochondrotic joints were found in pigs 10 wk of age or younger, while 7 of the 10 boars slaughtered at 20 and 30 wk of age were osteochondrotic. Cartilage thickness increased (P < 0.05) until the age of 5 wk and decreased (P < 0.05) thereafter. Cell density decreased (P < 0.05) as age advanced. Age-associated changes found in the chemical composition of the cartilage were an increase in the concentration of dry matter and hydroxyproline and a decrease in the concentration of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) including chondroitin sulfate (ChS), keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid. The proportions of soluble proteoglycan and 4-sulfated disaccharide from the ChS fraction decreased (P < 0.05) while the proportion of 6-sulfated disaccharide from ChS increased (P < 0.05). Osteochondrosis was observed as a disturbed endochondral ossification, and softening and fracture of the cartilage. The former was accompanied by a loss of intercellular GAG and cell necrosis, and the latter by local losses of GAG and cells. Osteochondrotic cartilage also contained higher proportions of soluble proteoglycan and 6-sulfated disaccharide, and lower proportions of 4-sulfated disaccharide than did the visually normal cartilage.
APPLICATION OF THE DYE-BINDING TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ESTIMATION OF RAPESEED MEAL PROTEIN
Authors: GOH Y. K. , CLANDININ D. R. , ROBBLEE A. R.
Published: March 2010

The linear equation Y = 2.2 + 0.27X relating dye-binding capacity with Acid Orange 12 (X) and Kjeldahl crude protein content (Y) of rapeseed meal, derived previously, was applied to 126 commercial samples for estimating the protein contents of the meals. Results indicated that the means of crude protein contents obtained by both dye-binding and Kjeldahl nitrogen analyses were comparable. However, comparisons based on individual samples showed that the dye-binding method underestimated or overestimated the protein content of about 20% of the samples by 1% or more. The deviation was caused mainly by the atypical content of basic amino acids, particularly of lysine, in these meals. Application of the equation for quantitative prediction should, therefore, be limited to rapeseed meals which have been properly processed. On the other hand, the correlations noted between the dye-binding capacity of protein (DBCP, mg Acid Orange 12/g protein) of 21 selected rapeseed meals and the lysine and available lysine contents of the meals (r = 0.84 and 0.79) showed that the ability of the protein to bind Acid Orange 12 may be used as a protein quality index of the samples. This potential was further investigated by studying the effects of autoclaving for varying periods of time at 121 °C on the DBCP of rapeseed meal protein. In this regard, a significant reduction in DBCP of the meals was noted after 45 min of heating. Available lysine values were reduced by autoclaving at a more rapid rate than DBCP values.
THE APPLICATION OF THE DYE-BINDING METHOD FOR MEASURING PROTEIN DENATURATION OF RAPESEED MEALS CAUSED BY AUTOCLAVE OR OVEN HEAT TREATMENTS FOR VARYING PERIODS OF TIME
Authors: GOH Y. K. , CLANDININ D. R. , ROBBLEE A. R.
Published: March 2010

Laboratory-prepared rapeseed meals (RSMs) with moisture contents ranging from 2 to 40% of the meal were heated in an autoclave or an oven at 121 °C from 15 min to 4 h. The degree of protein denaturation of the RSMs was estimated by nitrogen solubility (NS) in water and by dye-binding capacity of the protein (DBCP) with Acid Orange 12. The NS study indicated that heating RSM for 15 min to 1 h in an autoclave produced more severe denaturation than heating RSM at a similar temperature for the same periods of time in an oven. When heating in the autoclave was prolonged, the nitrogen solubility increased. The ability of the RSM protein to bind Acid Orange 12 was more severely affected by the autoclave treatment than by oven heating. In this regard, the DBCP of the RSMs was at the lowest after 2 h of heating in the autoclave and after 4 h of heating in the oven. Since the NS values for the RSMs include both protein and non-protein nitrogen while DBCP values measure mainly basic amino acids, the latter values are likely to be more valid for estimating the nutritive value of RSM. The higher correlation coefficient between DBCP and available lysine than between NS and available lysine (0.90 vs. 0.63) would seem to support this conclusion.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE PIG UTERUS, FETUS AND BELLY FAT
Authors: FRIEND D. W. , ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

The fatty acid composition of the uterus and fetuses from gilts killed 30 days after breeding at puberty was not affected by the soybean oil content (0–20%) of the diet given to the gilts before breeding. Differences in fatty acid profile were evident in belly fat samples taken from the same gilts. Although the belly fat contained linolenic acid, it did not appear to contain arachidonic acid as did the uterus and fetuses.
MANGANESE IN RUMINANT NUTRITION
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M.
Published: March 2010

Manganese (Mn) is an essential dietary element for ruminants. All ruminant tissues contain Mn in low concentrations and the variability of concentration within tissues is small. The highest concentration occurs in the glandular organs, particularly the liver, pancreas and kidney. Ruminants have an effective homeostatic control for Mn levels in blood and tissues and Mn retention by the animal depends on the amount excreted from the bile into the intestine. Dietary Mn is mostly excreted in the feces. A level of 40 ppm Mn appears to be sufficient in practical diets for optimum performance. Blood Mn levels may decline slowly following a very low Mn intake. The liver contains the most important mobilizable Mn stores but the hepatic capacity to store Mn for lengthy periods is limited. Manganese is widely distributed in roughages but in some cereals such as corn, low amounts of Mn have been found. High dietary Ca levels reduce the availability of Mn in cattle. It has been shown that a deficiency of Mn results in more services per conception and in irregular or absence of estrus in females. In males, Mn deficiency is associated with seminal tubular degeneration. The offspring of dams subjected to Mn deficiency often have malformed bone structure characterized in calves by enlarged joints, twisted legs, and in kids with bowing or shortening of the forelegs and sometimes paralysis of the extremities. Calves from cows on a Mn-deficient diet have shown tremor of the tongue shortly after birth and incoordination.
LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO DOCOSENOIC ACIDS IN ANIMALS: ABSENCE OF MYOCARDIAL LESIONS IN HARP SEALS (PAGOPHILUS GROENLANDICUS) AND GREY SEALS (HALICHOERUS GRYPUS)
Authors: ACKMAN R. G. , EATON C. A. , SCHIEFER B.
Published: March 2010

Hearts were collected from 46 harp or grey seals of various ages and sexes. After fixation in formalin, sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and in a limited number of cases with Oil-Red-0. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of non-specific myocarditis in two instances only and no lipid deposits. The percentage of docosenoic acid (primarily 22:1ω11) in blubber and heart muscle triglyceride, tabulated for grey seal dam-pup pairs is evidence of exposure from birth. These results indicate that the susceptibility of the rat myocardium to docosenoic acids may not be as broadly relevant in other species such as the seal, pig and man as has been proposed.
POST-SURGICAL CHANGES IN BLOOD PARAMETERS OF THE OVINE FETUS IN UTERO
Authors: KITTS D. D. , KRISHNAMURTI C. R. , KITTS W. D.
Published: March 2010

A surgical procedure for the catheterization of the external saphenous vein of the 100-to 120-day-old ovine fetus in utero has been described. Daily changes in blood acid-base parameters and plasma metabolite and cortisol concentrations were measured in vivo to determine the physiological state of the ovine fetus following intrauterine surgery. Though blood gas values returned to stable values the day following surgery, plasma glucose, lactate and alpha amino nitrogen and betahydroxybutyrate levels took 5 days to do so. It is concluded that a minimum of 5 days should elapse following surgery before metabolic experiments are undertaken.
THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PRESSURE-STEAMED ASPEN (POPULUS TREMULOIDES) FOR MATURE SHEEP
Authors: SHARMA H. R. , FORSBERG N. E. , GUENTER W.
Published: March 2010

Four rumen-fistulated sheep, 62 kg average body weight (BW), were assigned four pelleted diets containing 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45% steam-processed aspen (SPA) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous to the control diet which contained 45% ground alfalfa hay as a roughage source. Intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and gross energy (GE) per kg BW0.75 were not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of SPA to pelleted sheep diets. However, digestible energy (DE) consumption apparently decreased with SPA diets. Apparent digestibilities of DM and GE significantly (P < 0.05) decreased for the SPA diets; however, CP and CF digestibility coefficients and N retention were not different (P > 0.05) among the four treatments. Ruminal pH for all treatments fell rapidly within 1 h post feeding and remained low to 12 h, whereas ammonia (NH3) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated for all aspen-fed animals, from 1 h through 12 h post feeding. Total VFA concentrations and molar concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in ruminal fluid were comparatively lower for sheep fed the 45% SPA diet versus those receiving the other treatments. Blood serum glucose concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed when 45% SPA was fed to mature sheep.
EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF PIGS FED STEAM-PELLETED RAPESEED MEAL DIETS
Authors: GRANDHI R. R. , NARENDRAN R. , BOWMAN G. H. , SLINGER S. J.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted during the spring and summer months with 96 Yorkshire barrows and gilts, to study the effects of feeding corn-soybean meal (SBM), corn-SBM-Tower rapeseed (RSM) and corn-SBM-Candle RSM diets, in the form of mash and steam-processed pellets on average daily gain (ADG), efficiency of feed conversion (feed to gain ratio) F/G), average daily feed intake and carcass backfat thickness of pigs reared from 23 kg to 91 kg liveweight. Tower RSM or Candle RSM at the 15% level in corn-SBM based diets did not result in any adverse effects on ADG, feed intake or backfat thickness, but did increase F/G (P < 0.05). There were no differences in F/G between pigs fed Tower RSM and Candle RSM diets. Steam pelleting enhanced ADG (P < 0.01) and F/G (P < 0.05) across all three diets, but did not affect feed intake or backfat thickness. Barrows had higher (P < 0.01) ADG and backfat thickness than gilts, but did not differ in feed intake or F/G.