bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent archaeological findings at Qaranilaca Cave, Vanuabalavu Island, Fiji
Authors: Thomas Frank R. , Nunn Patrick D. , Osborne Tamara , Kumar Roselyn , Areki Francis , Matararaba Sepeti , Steadman David , Hope Geoff
Published: November 2014

A large sea cave on the southeastern tip of Vanuabalavu Island, northeast Fiji was excavated and shown to have been used by humans from about 1100 cal BP with rapid accumulation of material. The cave may have been uninhabitable until sufficient sand had built up to make flooding by the sea a rare event, and a possible fall in sea‐level could have contributed. With rapid cooling and sea‐level fall after about 700 BP, more intensive use followed. The cave probably gained prominence in serving as a location where marine resources were cooked prior to being carried to nearby mountain‐top settlements, established as a consequence of environmental change affecting coastal settlements. It fell into disuse with the re‐establishment of coastal villages about 150 years ago.
Stable isotope and protein analyses of Cuddie Springs Genyornis
Authors: Coltrain J. Brenner , Field J. , Cosgrove R. , O'Connell J.
Published: November 2014

Stable isotopes and proteins in Genyornis remains from Cuddie Springs are too depleted for dating, but this does not imply the bones are older than surrounding sediments.
Culturally modified human remains recovered from an earth‐oven interment on Waya Island, Fiji
Authors: Cochrane Ethan E. , Pietrusewsky Michael , Douglas Michele T.
Published: November 2014

The incomplete skeletal remains of a young adolescent (10–12 years of age) were recovered from the uppermost layer of an earth‐oven at the Qaranicagi Site (Y2‐39), Waya Island, Fiji. Analysis of the remains revealed minimal fire or heat alteration. Cut marks are distributed across several elements and suggest at least partial butchering of the individual.
A revised sequence of backed artefact production at Capertee 3, New South Wales
Authors: Hiscock Peter , Attenbrow Val
Published: November 2014

Re‐analysis of the artefact assemblage from Capertee 3, an Australian rockshelter excavated by F.D. McCarthy in the 1950s and 1960s, yields a revised image of chronological changes in backed artefact production. A technologically‐defined sample of backed retouched flakes gives a new depiction of the vertical distribution of backed artefacts in this site. Analysis of artefact weathering indicates most specimens were probably altered in situ, with minimal large‐scale vertical displacement. Calibration of radiocarbon dates provides refined age‐depth estimates for the site. The result is identification of backed artefacts up to 6000 to 7000 years old, documentation of many backed specimens prior to 3500 cal b.p., and observation of only a relatively brief period, between 1500 and 3500 cal b.p., in which backed artefact production rates were extremely high. Changes in production rates are similar to those previously reported from Upper Mangrove Creek.
Review
Authors: Smith Claire
Published: November 2014

Tribal Cultural Resource Management. The Full Circle to Stewardship By Darby C. Stapp and Michael S. Burney AltaMira Press, 2002. ISBN: 0‐7591‐0104‐3 (cloth), 0‐7591‐0105‐1 (pbk). Pp. 246, figures, tables and references Price USD70(hbk), USD24.95(pbk)
Human impact on the natural environment in early colonial Australia
Authors: Gale S.J. , Haworth R.J. , Cook D.E. , Williams N.J.
Published: November 2014

Little Llangothlin Lagoon on the New England Tablelands of northeast New South Wales possesses the most detailed and best verified 210Pb chronology yet available in Australia. Recent criticisms of the length of the record are shown to be based on a faulty understanding of the principles of 210Pb dating. Attempts to revise the chronology of the lower part of the dated sequence by several decades must be rejected given that (a) fundamentally dissimilar chronological models yield ages that are statistically indistinguishable and (b) the most extreme manipulation of the modelling data fails to alter the basal dates in the profile by more than three years. The most telling criticism of the revisionist view, however, comes from the exact concordance between the dates from the basal part of the sequence, the historical date of official European contact and the massive changes in palynology, geochemistry and soil erosion resulting from that contact.

The thesis that environmental disturbance immediately prior to the time of official European contact in Australia was the result of human activity is supported by a wealth of documentary evidence revealing the illegal or unsanctioned presence of Europeans throughout much of southern and eastern Australia years before official records began. Likewise, it is clear that many elements of the pre‐contact Australian environment, including certain of its soils, were fragile and susceptible to rapid and dramatic disturbance under the impact of European land use. Finally, there is convincing evidence of stable chemical and mineralogical conditions in several southeast Australian lakes throughout the last millennium or more, conditions that were altered catastrophically with the arrival of the first Europeans and their stock.
Integrating systems analysis and control for implementing process analytical technology in bioprocess development
Authors: Gomes James , Chopda Viki R. , Rathore Anurag S.
Published: November 2014

This paper provides a perspective on the increasingly critical role that systems analysis and process control play in bioprocess development today. This is of particular importance to the manufacturers of biotech therapeutics since the product quality is critical and depends on the process and its control. Because a large number of process variables and raw materials can influence the overall outcome of a bioprocess, the correct determination of the process trajectory is often an intensive exercise. A follow‐up involving design of a suitable process control strategy for implementation of process conditions would be logical. However, such an exercise can no longer consider each unit operation one at a time but rather requires holistic inclusion of all upstream and downstream unit operations for successfully meeting the global standards laid down by various regulatory agencies by exploring the potential of process analytical technology (PAT) to achieve bigger objectives. In this perspective, the focus is on the core issues associated with process integration and how these may influence future process development. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A Tandem Controlled Radical Polymerization Technique for the Synthesis of Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Block Copolymers: Successive ATRP, SET‐NRC, and NMP
Authors: Zhou Yin‐Ning , Chen Zhi‐Chao , Wei Chuan , Luo Zheng‐Hong
Published: November 2014

Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine), polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), and poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) block copolymers are synthesized by successive atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), single‐electron‐transfer nitroxide‐radical‐coupling (SET‐NRC) and nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP). This paper demonstrates that this new approach offers an efficient method for the preparation of 4‐vinylpyridine‐containing copolymers.

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MR elastography of prostate cancer: quantitative comparison with histopathology and repeatability of methods
Authors: Sahebjavaher Ramin S. , Nir Guy , Honarvar Mohammad , Gagnon Louis O. , Ischia Joseph , Jones Edward C. , Chang Silvia D. , Fazli Ladan , Goldenberg S. Larry , Rohling Robert , Kozlowski Piotr , Sinkus Ralph , Salcudean Septimiu E.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this work was to assess trans‐perineal prostate magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) for (1) repeatability in phantoms/volunteers and (2) diagnostic power as correlated with histopathology in prostate cancer patients.

The three‐dimensional (3D) displacement field was obtained using a fractionally encoded gradient echo sequence using a custom‐made transducer. The repeatability of the method was assessed based on three repeat studies and by changing the driving frequency by 3% in studies on a phantom and six healthy volunteers. Subsequently, 11 patients were examined with MRE prior to radical prostatectomy. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated using a windowed voxel‐to‐voxel approach by comparing the 2D registered slides, masked with the Gleason score.

For the repeatability study, the average intraclass correlation coefficient for elasticity images was 99% for repeat phantom studies, 98% for ±6 Hz phantom studies, 95% for volunteer repeat studies with 2 min acquisition time, 82% for ±2 Hz volunteer studies with 2 min acquisition time and 73% for repeat volunteer studies with 8 min acquisition time. For the patient study, the average elasticity was 8.2 ± 1.7 kPa in the prostate capsule, 7.5 ± 1.9 kPa in the peripheral zone (PZ), 9.7 ± 3.0 kPa in the central gland (CG) and 9.0 ± 3.4 kPa in the transition zone. In the patient study, cancerous tissue with Gleason score at least 3 + 3 was significantly (p < 0.05) different from normal tissue in 10 out of 11 cases with tumors in the PZ, and 6 out of 9 cases with tumors in the CG. However, the overall case‐averaged area under the curve was 0.72 in the PZ and 0.67 in the CG.

Cancerous tissue was not always stiffer than normal tissue. The inversion algorithm was sensitive to (i) vibration amplitude and displacement nodes and (ii) misalignment of the 3D wave field due to subject movement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential Pareto‐Optimal Decisions Made During Emergent Complex Systems of Systems: An Application to the FAA NextGen
Authors: Haimes Yacov Y. , Anderegg Alfred
Published: November 2014

This article addresses the challenges facing participants, including stakeholders, decision makers, systems engineers, and risk analysts in modeling and managing the development of on‐going emergent complex systems of systems (S‐o‐S), with a focus on the centrality of the state variables and the time frame. More specifically, this article addresses the critical role that shared (common) states and decisions, and the time frame play in modeling the interconnectedness and interdependencies among the subsystems that constitute emergent (S‐o‐S). The theoretical and methodological concepts are harmonized through their relevance to the ongoing emergent Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Next Generation (NextGen) complex (S‐o‐S) project. Appropriate parts of the Dynamic Roadmap for risk modeling, assessment, management, and communication and their companion principles and guidelines, are used to guide the analyses. Moreover, decisions made at time t for one subsystem will subsequently change the states of that subsystem as well as affect other interconnected and interdependent subsystems that share states. This phenomenon is profoundly important even when the time frame of the affected states is measured in months or years, as is the case in the application discussed in this article. The centrality of the time frame in decision making is even more important when the impact of current decisions on future options affect not only the intended subsystem, but can also inadvertently affect other subsystems in the future. A Flowchart relates the (S‐o‐S)‐based theory and methodology to the FAA's NextGen complex (S‐o‐S) project.
Direct voltage regulation of DC–DC buck converter in a wide range of operation using adaptive input–output linearization
Authors: Salimi Mahdi , Zakipour Adel
Published: November 2014

In this paper, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed for voltage control of the DC–DC buck converter in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. The proposed controller is developed based on input–output linearization, which is robust and stable against converter load changes, input voltage variations, and parameter uncertainties. In the proposed approach, all the converter parameters, namely input voltage, load resistance, and other parasitic elements of the power circuit, are assumed to be uncertain and estimated using a suitable Lyapunov function. Using a stand‐alone TMS320F2810 digital signal processor from Texas Instruments, some simulations and experimental results are obtained to verify the proposed control approach. The results are in good agreement and prove the effectiveness and capability of the controller over a wide range of operations. Also, advantages of the designed nonlinear regulator are indicated in comparison with a pulse width modulation (PWM)‐based sliding mode controller. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction of MMG standard method for ship maneuvering predictions
Authors: Yasukawa H. , Yoshimura Y.
Published: November 2014

A lot of simulation methods based on Maneuvering Modeling Group (MMG) model for ship maneuvering have been presented. Many simulation methods sometimes harm the adaptability of hydrodynamic force data for the maneuvering simulations since one method may be not applicable to other method in general. To avoid this, basic part of the method should be common. Under such a background, research committee on “standardization of mathematical model for ship maneuvering predictions” was organized by the Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers and proposed a prototype of maneuvering prediction method for ships, called “MMG standard method”. In this article, the MMG standard method is introduced. The MMG standard method is composed of 4 elements; maneuvering simulation model, procedure of the required captive model tests to capture the hydrodynamic force characteristics, analysis method for determining the hydrodynamic force coefficients for maneuvering simulations, and prediction method for maneuvering motions of a ship in fullscale. KVLCC2 tanker is selected as a sample ship and the captive mode test results are presented with a process of the data analysis. Using the hydrodynamic force coefficients presented, maneuvering simulations are carried out for KVLCC2 model and the fullscale ship for validation of the method. The present method can roughly capture the maneuvering motions and is useful for the maneuvering predictions in fullscale.
Tiller population dynamics of reciprocally transplanted Eriophorum vaginatum L. ecotypes in a changing climate
Authors: Chandler Jennifer L. , McGraw James B. , Bennington Cynthia , Shaver Gaius R. , Vavrek Milan C. , Fetcher Ned
Published: November 2014

Moist tussock tundra, dominated by the sedge Eriophorum vaginatum L., covers approximately 3.36 × 108 km2 of arctic surface area along with large amounts of subarctic land area. Eriophorum vaginatum exhibits ecotypic differentiation along latitudinal gradients in Alaska. While ecotypic differentiation may be beneficial during periods of climate stability, it may be detrimental as climate changes, causing adaptational lag. Following harvest of a 30‐year reciprocal transplant experiment, age‐specific demographic data on E. vaginatum tillers were collected to parameterize a Leslie matrix. Yellow Taxi analysis, based on Tukey's Jackknife, was used to determine mean pseudovalues of tiller population growth rate () for four source populations of E. vaginatum tussocks that were transplanted to each of three gardens along a latitudinal gradient. Source populations responded differentially along the latitudinal gradient. Survival and daughter tiller production influenced differences seen at the mid‐latitude garden, and the overall tiller population performance was generally improved by northward transplanting relative to southward transplanting. A comparison of home‐source and away‐source within the same transplant garden indicates no home‐site advantage. Although populations were still growing when transplanted to home‐sites ( = 1.056), tiller population growth rate increased as ΔGDD became more negative relative to the home site (i.e., as tussocks were transplanted north). These results imply that populations are affected by climate gradients in a manner consistent with adaptational lag. This study documenting the response of high‐latitude ecotypes to climate gradients may be an indication of the possible future effects of climate shift in more southern latitudes.
Was ist dezentral an der Energiewende? Infrastrukturen erneuerbarer Energien als Herausforderungen und Chancen für ländliche Räume
Authors: Gailing Ludger , Röhring Andreas
Published: November 2014

Decentralisation is an important catchword of the German Energiewende (energy transition), due to the fact that the renewable energy sources (e.g. solar radiation and wind) are generally found everywhere. Consequently, novel socio-technical systems have become apparent, especially in rural areas. The article describes the institutional changes which have occurred in the large technical system of energy supply as a result of the Energiewende in rural areas and identifies the scalar opportunities for action presented by the infrastructures of renewable energies. In a first step, new energy infrastructures in rural areas are discussed, with particular concern for their role in the ongoing tension between centralised and decentralised solutions. As rural renewable energies are not only a part of regional public services, the decentralised infrastructural system is per se not equivalent to a decentralisation of benefits. The provision of areas for photovoltaic, biomass or wind power systems results in a landscape change closely linked to conflicts. Rural areas can be characterised as “installation sites”, developed on the basis of investment and planning decisions made outside of the respective regions. From this discussion, the second step consists in analysing the opportunities for action on the regional scale and the public interest objectives of stakeholders in creating perspectives for collective action. Accordingly, the engagement of communal and regional stakeholders, in the form of social and economic participation, is deemed necessary to achieve public interest objectives. By connecting collective actors in collaborative networks and regional action arenas, a new scale of renewable energy supply can be established.
Developing resilience throughout the continuum of medical education
Authors: Passi Vimmi
Published: November 2014

None
The impact of psychosocial factors on claims outcomes in the group income protection market: findings from a prospective pilot study
Authors: Van Den Akker Carly
Published: November 2014

Research suggests that psychosocial factors predict recovery better than biomedical factors alone in the normal population. However, no studies have been carried out in the disability income insurance setting, where the availability of financial cover is usually perceived as the main detractor of recovery and return to work.

Swiss Re's clinical claims team in collaboration with the Research & Development team, conducted a 3 year prospective study to evaluate the role of psychosocial factors in recovery within a group income protection sample. Predictors of return to work were: beliefs about recovery and work, work ethic, coping, and self-efficacy. Interestingly, medical diagnosis alone and treatment did not predict recovery and return to work in this sample.

Our objective was to conduct research to gain an understanding of psychosocial predictors in the insurance setting, and additionally to develop specific claims management strategies for our claims assessors to manage their claims more effectively through exploring the psychosocial barriers influencing on a claimant's absence, and providing adequate support at the right time, in a cost-effective manner.
Enhanced DM program in British Columbia's healthcare sector
Authors: Morrison Theresa , deHek Lani
Published: November 2014

Background: The Healthcare Sector in British Columbia, Canada is comprised of over 110,000 employees covered by four union collective agreements. The overall disability burden for this industry is close to $300M annually. The EDMP was negotiated and developed through employer-union partnership. It is a province-wide program that is a component of the four healthcare collective agreements. Implemented in 2012, EDMP supports employees that are absent from work/struggling at work due to occupational or non-occupational illness/injury.

Objectives: To showcase a leading DM best practice, highlighting effective joint union/employer stewardship of a comprehensive DM program for a major industry in British Columbia, Canada.

Methods: Participation in EDMP is required for regular employees who meet one of the following criteria:

•

shift due to illness or injury resulting from a work-related event

•

consecutive shifts due to a non work-related illness or injury.

Comprehensive policy and process documents developed collaboratively guide the program, with provincial steering joint committee over-site. Union representatives with DM-specific training support the program, working in collaboration with employer's DM professionals to administer a pro-active, comprehensive case management plan with an overarching principle of early intervention and recovery at work. DM-related issues are removed from the labor-relations realm, with a separate dispute resolution process to address disagreements with case management plans.

Findings: The collaborative partnership between EDMP union reps and employer DM professionals facilitates engagement of injured/ill employee and improves the ability to identify and address return to work barriers: medical, workplace, vocational, personal. The mandatory component of the CA language improves engagement from both union and employer, with reductions in both WCB and LTD claim durations as a positive result. Fewer conflicts regarding DM related issues are an additional benefit.

Conclusion: The EDMP should be used a model of effective union-employer partnership in the management of employee illness/injury and should be replicated in other industries/jurisdictions.
Patterns of healthcare service utilisation by injured workers following medical certification
Authors: Ruseckaite Rasa
Published: November 2014

Background: Medical certification of injured workers is a routine occurrence in most General Practitioners (GPs) offices. GPs play an important role in return-to-employment after a work-related injury.

Objectives: To examine patterns of healthcare service utilisation (HSU) in injured workers by condition and type of medical certificate issued by the GP at the initial consultation.

Methods: Zero-inflated negative binomial regression (ZINB) was conducted for major healthcare services accessed by injured workers over the 12-month period post-initial medical examination. Services included GP consultations, pharmacy, physiotherapy, occupational rehabilitation, psychology and others. Logistic regression was conducted for hospital and occupational therapy services. All models were adjusted for the injured worker's gender, age, injury type, certification type, occupation and residential location.

Findings: HSU differed according to the type of initial medical certificate and worker condition. Compared to other conditions, for unfit for work (UFW) and alternate duties (ALT) certificates, the average number of physiotherapy services was greater in workers with musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), back pains and strains and fractures. In contrast, for both UFW and ALT certificates, the mean number of psychological services was greater in mental health conditions (MHC). Workers suffering from MHCs were more likely to access pharmacy and psychological services. Workers with ALT certificates were more likely to use GPs, pharmacy and physiotherapy services. They were less likely to access occupational rehabilitation, psychology or other services.

Discussion: HSU in the 12 months post-initial medical certification varied substantially according to the worker's medical condition, certificate type, occupation, age, gender and residential location.

Conclusion: Understanding these socio-demographic characteristics that influence HSU can facilitate more appropriate resource allocation, strategic thinking on optimal use of particular health services and enable better targeting of particular provider groups for more education on the health benefits of RTW and safe work.
Structural challenges to implementation of early intervention of the bio-psychosocial model
Authors: Brouwers Nikki
Published: November 2014

Early intervention of the biopsychosocial model as a framework to achieve sustainable employment outcomes following injury, illness or disease is well documented in the International research. However in some areas of disability management the term early intervention is consistently applied exclusively within the medical model with early access to treatment and diagnostic tools.

However in Australia, whilst the knowledge of the Health benefits of work consensus statement is gaining traction, we remain lagging in effective implementation of early intervention models of the biopsychosocial model to return to work and return to life. This paper explores the structural challenges associated with successful implementation of the model and provides International learnings and applications for consideration and adaption to the Australian context. Further this paper will provide learnings from a pilot program being run in NSW that has been successful in the early triage and referral into a structured Return to Work program that is achieving strong results.
Motivational Interactions: a client-centred engagement strategy in Australian accident compensation schemes
Authors: Papagiannis Arthur
Published: November 2014

Motivational interactions is based on the foundations of “Motivational interviewing” and the “Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change”, Which is widely recognised as an important engagement strategy for people working in a case management capacity- working with a range of injured client/worker needs pertaining to resistance, ambivalence to change, motivation, development and return to work. The quality of the working relationship between the worker and client is said to be a significant predictor of outcomes for a client. Evidence has indicated that a collaborative positive client centred engagement that is responsive to the change process of individuals is a reliable indicator of outcomes in a range of mental health, psychosocial and physical injury issues e.g. stress, depression, anxiety, physical injury, disability, with positive relationships being correlated with better Return to work/Life outcomes.
Return to work - are we prepared for the future? Analysis of technological changes and future generations
Authors: Upegui Hector
Published: November 2014

In addition to demographics and ongoing changes on structures of families and societies, the way in which persons are interacting with organizations is also changing. These interactions are defining service delivery and also the way in which we are and will be working. The power of digital information foster by cloud, mobility and social media is heavily influencing these changes. Twitter for instance, generates in one day more than 12 terabytes and Facebook more than 15 terabytes, while many organizations in the world are producing and processing petabytes of information.

We are certainly facing a new way of doing things and a new work force generation with different values and certainly different ways of understanding prevention and rehabilitation. Do we need to add new strategies and data analysis to prevent accidents and diseases and to bring people back to work? How much information are we prepared to use to properly combine personal medical findings with socio-environmental variables? Can we see trends in our field or in other sectors that can show us where we might be heading? Where is the future heading?

This presentation is about reflecting on some evidence with the aim of provoking discussions and motivate the participants to jointly keep on finding better ways to cope with the future.
Sovereignty, International Law, and the Uneven Development of the International Refugee Regime
Authors: PETERSON GLEN
Published: November 2014

When we think about the history of the international refugee regime, why is it that—with a few carefully delineated exceptions—there were no non-European ‘refugees’ until the 1950s? This article offers a critical examination of existing scholarship on the history of the international refugee regime and suggests some alternative pathways for future research. The article has three broad objectives. The first is to propose an outline for an alternative history of the international refugee regime, one in which the non-European and colonial worlds are not invisible or peripheral but rather central to the main narrative. The second is to ask what place Chinese migrants might occupy in such an alternative history of human displacement, stretching over the course of the twentieth century. Finally, this article tries to show that the period from 1945 to the early 1960s was an especially critical one in the history of the international refugee regime, one in which refugee movements bothout ofandintothe People's Republic of China were critical in generating the kinds of tensions and contradictions that emerged when the international refugee regime was transposed from Europe onto colonial and post-colonial Asia.
A longitudinal twin study of cluster A personality disorders
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Aggen S. H. , Neale M. C. , Knudsen G. P. , Krueger R. F. , Tambs K. , Czajkowski N. , Ystrom E. , Ørstavik R. E. , Reichborn-Kjennerud T.
Published: November 2014

Background

While cluster A personality disorders (PDs) have been shown to be moderately heritable, we know little about the temporal stability of these genetic risk factors.

Method

Paranoid PD (PPD) and schizotypal PD (STPD) were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality in 2793 young adult twins from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel at wave 1 and 2282 twins on average 10 years later at wave 2. Using the program Mx, we fitted a longitudinal latent factor model using the number of endorsed criteria for PPD and STPD.

Results

The stability over time of the criteria counts for PPD and STPD, estimated as polychoric correlations, were +0.34 and +0.40, respectively. The best-fit longitudinal model included only additive genetic and individual-specific environmental factors with parameter estimates constrained to equality across the two waves. The cross-wave genetic and individual-specific environmental correlations for a latent cluster A factor were estimated to equal +1.00 and +0.13, respectively. The cross-time correlations for genetic and environmental effects specific to the individual PDs were estimated at +1.00 and +0.16–0.20, respectively. We found that 68% and 71% of the temporal stability of PPD and STPD derived, respectively, from the effect of genetic factors.

Conclusion

Shared genetic risk factors for two of the cluster A PDs are highly stable in adults over a 10-year period while environmental risk factors are relatively transient. Over two-thirds of the long-term stability of the common cluster A PD liability can be attributed to genetic influences.
Wadge hardness in Scott spaces and its effectivization
Authors: BECHER VERÓNICA , GRIGORIEFF SERGE
Published: November 2014

We prove some results on the Wadge order on the space of sets of natural numbers endowed with Scott topology, and more generally, on omega-continuous domains. Using alternating decreasing chains we characterize the property of Wadge hardness for the classes of the Hausdorff difference hierarchy (iterated differences of open sets). A similar characterization holds for Wadge one-to-one and finite-to-one completeness. We consider the same questions for the effectivization of the Wadge relation. We also show that for the space of sets of natural numbers endowed with the Scott topology, in each class of the Hausdorff difference hierarchy there are two strictly increasing chains of Wadge degrees of sets properly in that class. The length of these chains is the rank of the considered class, and each element in one chain is incomparable with all the elements in the other chain.
Desorption Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wiley Joshua S. , Takats Zoltan , Ouyang Zheng , Cooks R. Graham
Published: November 2014

This chapter encompasses applications, fundamentals, instrumentation and future perspectives of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Since it was first reported in 2004, DESI has paved the way for the development of ambient ionization MS with a wide variety of applications ranging from the analysis of pharmaceutical and illicit drugs to biological lipids and fatty acids. DESI-MS imaging has proven to be one of the most important applications of DESI, yielding comparable data to nonambient MS imaging techniques for tumor classification, virtual fingerprint chemical mapping and many other imaging applications. The development of DESI-MS for such a wide variety of applications has been aided by fundamental studies, which have established a mechanism in which primary DESI droplets first cause analyte dissolution followed by splashing from the surface to produce secondary, sample-containing droplets. A major area that has evolved directly from increased mechanistic understanding is the development of reactive DESI-MS, where reagents are added so as to react with analyte in the secondary droplets to yield better specificity and/or ionization efficiency. In addition to enhancing analytical performance, reactivity in these small secondary droplets often occurs at rates many orders of magnitude faster than bulk-phase reactions. Another developing area of DESI-MS application is its use as an intrasurgical tool to obtain tissue diagnosis including tumor margin assessment. The implementation of DESI-MS for novel applications like these as well as its use in conjunction with a portable mass spectrometer is covered.
Surface Acoustic Wave Nebulization
Authors: Huang Yue , Heron Scott , Yoon Sung Hwan , Goodlett David R.
Published: November 2014

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave traveling along the surface of a material. In 2010 the first paper describing their use for producing ions for mass spectrometric detection was published, and the phrase “surface acoustic wave nebulization” (SAWN) coined to describe this phenomenon. Ions produced by SAWN are done so either in a continuous electrospray ionization (ESI) like mode or an intermittent manner like matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). In either mode nebulization occurs from a planar surface, with the opportunity to detect either positive or negative ions. Notably, SAWN mass spectra, of chemical compounds such as peptides and proteins that are chemically basic in nature, commonly exhibit a lower average charge-state distribution than ESI produces from the same solution. Importantly, given that no DC voltage is applied to the liquid sample to produce ions, the SAWN-nebulized ions can have lower internal energy than ESI- or MALDI-generated ions.
Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis Mass Spectrometry (LESA MS): Combining Liquid Extraction, Surface Profiling and Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry in One Novel Analysis Technique
Authors: Eikel Daniel , Henion Jack D.
Published: November 2014

In this chapter we give an overview of liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS), a novel analysis technique that combines liquid extraction from a surface of interest and ambient nanoelectrospray ionization combined with mass spectrometry to analyze compounds of interest. LESA MS was first described by van Berkel and Kertesz in 2009 and subsequently made commercially available by Advion Inc. by way of its TriVersa-NanoMate™ robotic nanoelectrospray ionization source. LESA was initially intended as a complementary analysis technique to MALDI imaging in pharmaceutical drug distribution and development; however, soon after the commercial availability of this technique, a broader use became apparent with applications ranging from biofilms on contact lenses, antibiotics expressed by bacteria cultured in agar, dried blood spot analysis, surface properties of aged plastics and aerosols from compactor material – to mention only a few. In this chapter, we will discuss selected applications and provide an outlook of LESA developments as they currently unfold, knowing full well that such a new technology will develop unexpectedly and in application areas not previously envisioned.
Many Voices, One Chant: 30th Anniversary Roundtable
Authors: Bernard Jay , Balani Sita , Gupta Camel
Published: November 2014

This article is extracted from a discussion between Camel Gupta, Jay Bernard and Sita Balani. We took as our starting point ‘Becoming visible: Black lesbian discussions’ (Carmen et al, 1984), featured in the 1984 special issue of Feminist Review on black feminism. Here, we reflect on the political, cultural and technological transformations of queer life since the publication of ‘Becoming visible’. The original discussion focused on questions of identity, safety, the public and the private, and the tensions between race and sexuality. The discussants took personal and political risks to be active organisers. As the beneficiaries of that activism, we interrogate not only the broader ideas of race, sexuality and feminism, but critique some of the discussions circulating within our own ranks. We also consider our responsibility to follow our predecessors and to learn from their mistakes. We are more visible than ever, but at what price? What has been gained and lost? Beyond visibility, what is our responsibility? In an attempt to understand these questions we cover contemporary notions such as QTIPOC, monolithic whiteness and online activism.
Evolution of helical perturbations in a thin-shell model of an imploding liner
Authors: Ryutov D. D. , Dorf M. A.
Published: November 2014

A thin-shell model of the liner stability has been revisited and applied to the stability of the helical perturbations. Several stages of the implosion have been identified, starting from a long initial “latent” phase of an almost resting liner, continuing to the second stage of a rapid contraction and significant perturbation growth, and then transitioning to the third stage where perturbations become ballistic and highly non-linear. The stage of stagnation and rebound is beyond the scope of this paper. An importance of vorticity conservation during the late stages is emphasized. Nonlinear evolution of perturbations is followed up to the point of the formation of cusp structures. Effects of in-surface flows and of their enhancement due to the vorticity conservation are discussed. It is shown that the pre-machined perturbations created only on the outer surface of the liner grow much slower than one could anticipate. The limitations on the thin-shell description are discussed.
Structure of spherical electric double layers with fully asymmetric electrolytes: A systematic study by Monte Carlo simulations and density functional theory
Authors: Patra Chandra N.
Published: November 2014

A systematic investigation of the spherical electric double layers with the electrolytes having size as well as charge asymmetry is carried out using density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations. The system is considered within the primitive model, where the macroion is a structureless hard spherical colloid, the small ions as charged hard spheres of different size, and the solvent is represented as a dielectric continuum. The present theory approximates the hard sphere part of the one particle correlation function using a weighted density approach whereas a perturbation expansion around the uniform fluid is applied to evaluate the ionic contribution. The theory is in quantitative agreement with Monte Carlo simulation for the density and the mean electrostatic potential profiles over a wide range of electrolyte concentrations, surface charge densities, valence of small ions, and macroion sizes. The theory provides distinctive evidence of charge and size correlations within the electrode-electrolyte interface in spherical geometry.
Deformations of momentum maps and G-systems
Authors: Dherin Benoit , Mencattini Igor
Published: November 2014

In this note we give an explicit formula for a family of deformation quantizations for the momentum map associated with the cotangent lift of a Lie group action on ${\mathbb {R}}^{d}$Rd. This family of deformations is parametrized by the formal G-systems introduced in B. Dherin and I. Mencattini [“G-systems and deformations of G-actions on ${\mathbb {R}}^d$Rd,” J. Math. Phys. 55, 011702 (2014)] (see also B. Dherin and I. Mencattini [“Quantization of (volume-preserving) actions on ${\mathbb {R}}^d$Rd,” e-print arXiv:1202.0886]) and allows us to obtain classical invariant Hamiltonians that quantize without anomalies with respect to the quantizations of the action prescribed by the formal G-systems.
Nanoscale rheometry of viscoelastic soft matter by oscillating field magneto-optical transmission using ferromagnetic nanorod colloidal probes
Authors: Tschöpe A. , Birster K. , Trapp B. , Bender P. , Birringer R.
Published: November 2014

Nickel nanorods with an average length of 250–420 nm and diameter of 20–26 nm were prepared by pulsed current electrodeposition into porous aluminum oxide templates and dispersed as colloidal probes in water-based viscoelastic matrices. The ferromagnetic single domain nanorods were driven to rotational motion by an oscillating magnetic field. Nanorod rotation was detected using optical transmission of linearly polarized light providing a frequency-dependent complex magneto-optical response function. Quantitative data analysis was derived for the two most basic mechanical equivalents to viscoelastic materials, the Voigt-Kelvin and Maxwell model, respectively, and demonstrated by means of two examples. The transition from a viscous fluid towards a viscoelastic hydrogel with static shear elasticity was monitored by analyzing an isothermal series of magneto-optical measurements of a gelatin sol after temperature quench in terms of the Voigt-Kelvin model. Maxwell-type relaxation was investigated using CTAC/NaSal giant wormlike micellar solution as matrix. The viscosities and shear moduli retrieved from magneto-optical measurements were compared with macroscopic values obtained by conventional shear rheometry. Characteristic features for each model system were found in the rheological properties at both length scales, yet with quantitative differences caused by the small size of the nanorod probe particles.
Controllable high-quality electron beam generation by phase slippage effect in layered targets
Authors: Yu Q. , Gu Y. J. , Li X. F. , Huang S. , Zhang F. , Kong Q. , Ma Y. Y. , Kawata S.
Published: November 2014

The bubble structure generated by laser-plasma interactions changes in size depending on the local plasma density. The self-injection electrons' position with respect to wakefield can be controlled by tailoring the longitudinal plasma density. A regime to enhance the energy of the wakefield accelerated electrons and to improve the beam quality is proposed and achieved using layered plasmas with increasing densities. Both the wakefield size and the electron bunch duration are significantly contracted in this regime. The electrons remain in the strong acceleration phase of the wakefield, while their energy spread decreases because of their tight spatial distribution. An electron beam of 0.5 GeV with less than 1% energy spread is obtained through 2.5D particle-in-cell simulations.
Magnetic properties of Fe nano-clusters stabilized at grain boundaries of Yb films
Authors: Rojas-Ayala C. , Passamani E. C. , Litterst F. J. , Baggio-Saitovitch E.
Published: November 2014

The temperature dependence of the magnetic properties of Fe nano-sized clusters in (5.0 at. % Fe)Yb films, prepared by vapor co-deposition, has systematically been investigated using zero-field and in-field Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as AC and DC magnetization measurements. Room temperature Mössbauer spectra reveal two types of Fe clusters, with non-cubic symmetry, located at Yb grain boundaries. Spectra, taken at 4.2 K, show a complex distribution of magnetic hyperfine fields, which can be related to inhomogeneous inter-cluster interactions. In addition, zero-field and in-field Mössbauer experiments indicate that the interactions within the Fe-clusters are predominantly ferromagnetic-like and their average magnetic moments are about 80 μB. As suggested by Mössbauer and AC magnetization data, the Fe-clusters are superparamagnetic above ca. 20 K, while their magnetic behavior below this temperature is that of cluster-glass-like systems with weak inter-cluster interactions. The details of the freezing process as a function of frequency and magnetic field are discussed and magnetic anisotropy constants for these Fe clusters are estimated to be Keff ∼ 8–12 × 105 J m−3.
Communication: Finding destructive interference features in molecular transport junctions
Authors: Reuter Matthew G. , Hansen Thorsten
Published: November 2014

Associating molecular structure with quantum interference features in electrode-molecule-electrode transport junctions has been difficult because existing guidelines for understanding interferences only apply to conjugated hydrocarbons. Herein we use linear algebra and the Landauer-Büttiker theory for electron transport to derive a general rule for predicting the existence and locations of interference features. Our analysis illustrates that interferences can be directly determined from the molecular Hamiltonian and the molecule–electrode couplings, and we demonstrate its utility with several examples.
Optical absorption of polar and semipolar InGaN/GaN quantum wells for blue to green converter structures
Authors: Neuschl B. , Helbing J. , Thonke K. , Meisch T. , Wang J. , Scholz F.
Published: November 2014

The optical absorption of indium gallium nitride (InGaN)/GaN multi quantum wells (QWs) is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. For different sample structures, either planar or three-dimensional, including QWs with different tilts relative to the (0001) plane of the wurtzite crystal, the room temperature absorption spectra were measured. We observe increasing absorption for larger indium content in the active zone and for increasing QW thickness. The semipolar structures with their reduced internal electric field are favorable with respect to the spectral absorption when compared with polar samples. Numerical k ⋅ p based simulations for quantum wells with variable thickness, indium content, and orientation are in accordance with the experimental results. By taking all QW energy eigenstates in all bands as well as the orientation dependent transition probabilities into account, the spectral absorption for arbitrary sample structures can be calculated.
Trapped charge mapping in crystalline organic transistors by using scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy
Authors: Ando Masahiko , Heike Seiji , Kawasaki Masahiro , Hashizume Tomihiro
Published: November 2014

Trapped charge distributions at the interfaces between gate insulators and crystalline organic semiconductors in thin-film transistors are visualized by using a technique based on scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKFM). For the charge density measurement, an ac voltage is applied to the gate electrode and its amplitude is adjusted so as to keep the electrostatic force constant between the SKFM tip and the semiconductor surface. The trapped charge density shows characteristic spatial distributions in the channel region, which varies by voltage stresses applied to the transistors. By comparing the charge distributions with the surface-potential profiles, trap mechanisms are discussed.