bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug Treatment of Anxiety: A Controlled Study of Opipramol and Chlordiazepoxide
Authors: Grosser H. H. , Ryan E.
Published: August 2008

Following the introduction of imipramine hydrochloride as the first specific thymoleptic drug, further compounds related to the iminodibenzyl family were developed. One of these was an iminostilbene derivative with a piperazine sidechain: opipramol (Insidon, Geigy), which has the formula 4-[3-(5H-dibenzo[b,f] azepine-5-yl)-propyl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-dihydrochloride (Schindler and Blattner, 1961). The nucleus is almost identical to that of imipramine and the sidechain is identical to that of perphenazine. This compound has since been used by a number of Continental and American investigators. They have claimed thymoleptic, neuroleptic and tranquillizing properties for the drug. Some authors found an antidepressive effect inferior to that of imipramine (Schneider and Villa, 1961; Racamier, 1962); others considered it superior to imipramine in that it causes fewer side-effects and helps patients unresponsive to imipramine (Schmitt et al., 1962). Most workers mention a mild sedative effect. Donzallaz (1961) achieved most favourable results treating “psycho-autonomic disturbances”, and Hoff (1962) reported good effects on neurasthenic patients with depressive traits. All these studies were uncontrolled and, on the whole, rather impressionistic. The only blind trial known to us was done by S. R. Splitter (1963), who gave opipramol and placebo on a double-blind basis to 100 medical out-patients suffering from various disorders, with or without psychosomatic symptoms, and also exhibiting some degree of anxiety and depression. Using concomitant drug therapy as required in about half his cases, he observed excellent or good responses of target symptoms including depression, anxiety and psychosomatic complaints, as well as amelioration of any physiologic disorder in 94 per cent. of the opipramol group as against 4 per cent. in the placebo group. However Splitter's material covered a large number of divergent conditions such as adolescent behaviour problems, diabetes and cancer; they were insufficiently matched for diagnosis and apparently not at all for age.
A Single-Patient, Self-Controlled and Self-Recorded Trial of Wy 3498
Authors: McPherson Frank M. , Gassicke John Le.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the preliminary clinical testing of a new sedative drug, and also explores the feasibility of using a single-patient, self-controlled and recorded design in psychiatric drug trials. Hogben and Sim (1953) demonstrated a form of drug trial which emphasized intra-subject fluctuations and their control. Recently, Shapiro (1963) has argued the usefulness of a similar approach in fundamental, clinical research. However, the single-patient drug trial appears not to have been widely used in psychiatry, although several writers, e.g. Shepherd (1963), have indicated its possible advantages.
The Prevalence of Menstrual Disorders in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

A recent survey (Coppen and Kessel, 1963) of a random sample of 500 women from the general population investigated the prevalence of common menstrual symptoms and their relationship to personality as assessed by the Maudsley Personality Inventory (M.P.I.). The results showed that certain of these common symptoms have a positive and significant correlation with the Neuroticism scale of the M.P.I.; this was particularly notable for the symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome, i.e. premenstrual depression, irritability, swelling, etc., as well as for menstrual irregularity. Dysmenorrhoea, to the contrary of previous reports, showed no such association with neuroticism in this general population sample. The age and parity of the subjects were also found to influence the prevalence of many of these symptoms.
The Effect of Sodium Amytal on Autonomic and Muscle Activity in Patients with Depressive Illness
Authors: Martin Irene , Davies Brian M.
Published: August 2008

The two studies described here were concerned with the effect of intravenous sodium amytal on autonomic and muscle activity in groups of female patients admitted to the Bethlem Royal Hospital with a primary depressive illness. The first aimed to repeat certain aspects of the work of Shagass et al. (1956) on sleep thresholds in which reactions to sodium amytal were correlated with clinical groupings. The clinical findings of this experiment have already been reported (Martin and Davies, 1962), and its results suggested some methodological problems which prompted a second experiment employing a modified experimental design.
Personality Changes in Relation to Psychiatric Status following Orbital Cortex Undercutting
Authors: Levinson Freda , Meyer Victor
Published: August 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in selected personality variables following a form of leucotomy described as orbital undercutting (Knight, 1959) and to relate these findings to clinical observations.
The Maudsley Personality Inventory (Short Form)
Authors: Shaw G. K. , Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

During the course of a morbidity study in two communities in the town of Croydon, carried out between 1960 and 1962, it proved possible to incorporate an investigation of the shortened version of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (M.P.I.). This twelve-item questionnaire, constructed by Eysenck (1958) for studies of this type, gives measures of neuroticism and extraversion as defined within his personality theory (Eysenck, 1959). Initially the inventory used was identical with that described by Eysenck. After a time (during which test-retest was carried out on 130 adults), however, it was felt that three of the questions relating to extraversion were rather cumbersome, and the following changes were made. Question D, “Are you happiest when you get involved in some project that calls for rapid action?”, was amended to “Are you happiest when you get involved in something that calls for rapid action?”. Question G, “Do you usually take the initiative in making new friends?”, was amended to “Do you usually take the first step in making new friends?”. Question L, “Would you be very unhappy if you were prevented from making numerous social contacts?”, was amended to “Would you be very unhappy if you were prevented from meeting lots of people ?”. It was assumed that these minor alterations would not significantly affect the extraversion scores, and this assumption is borne out by the fact that neither the means of scores nor the test-retest correlations were significantly different on comparison of the two versions. This present study reports the frequency distribution of M.P.I. scores in the population studied and the test-retest reliability of the inventory.
Effect of a Depressive Illness on M.P.I. Scores
Authors: Coppen Alec , Metcalfe Maryse
Published: August 2008

The Maudsley Personality Inventory (M.P.I.) is now established as one of the most widely used personality tests in the investigation of a variety of clinical, psychosomatic and genetical problems. When the M.P.I. is employed for such purposes it is most important to know how constant are the scores and how much they are altered by the changes in mental state which often occur in psychiatric patients over a period of days or weeks.
Behaviour Therapy for Transvestism
Authors: Barker J. C.
Published: August 2008

Transvestism is characterized by a repetitive morbid predilection to dress in the attire of the opposite sex. It is distinguishable from fetishism on the one hand and trans-sexualism on the other.
The Application of Learning Theory to the Treatment of Traffic Phobia
Authors: Kraft Tom , Al-Issa Ihsan
Published: August 2008

Common observation indicates that phobic patients tend to avoid the stimuli which are related to their phobia. This characteristic has suggested the analysis of traffic phobia in terms of avoidance learning theory. According to this theory, stimuli which have been associated with a noxious event (accidents in the case of traffic phobia) may acquire aversive properties (fear arousal) and responses which appear in an attempt to avoid these stimuli (accident situation) are reinforced by fear reduction (Skinner and Estes, 1941; Wynne and Solomon, 1955; Keehn, 1961). If the analysis of traffic phobia in terms of avoidance learning is correct, however, accidents would be expected to be a major source of such phobic reactions. The present study gives a clear illustration of a traffic phobia acquired through conditioning in accident situations and its satisfactory treatment by application of learning theory.
Homicide, Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Depression: A Case Report
Authors: Fenton G. W. , Udwin E. L.
Published: August 2008

It is well recognized that the depressed person occasionally commits murder as a consequence of the mood disorder (Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth, 1960). Despite the popular view to the contrary, there is much evidence that murders are rarely committed in or after epileptic seizures. Alström (1950), in a study of the frequency of criminality in 345 adult male epileptics, did not find any cases of homicide. In a 10-year period, crimes of violence were recorded for 17 per cent of the patient series and 11 per cent. of a control group. All these crimes, however, were minor, usually a complication of the abuse of alcohol. Neither severe bodily injury to others, nor a crime committed during a psychomotor seizure were encountered. He also made the important observation that, while mentally normal patients with idiopathic epilepsy had an incidence of criminality similar to that of the general population, those epileptics displaying mental disorder in addition to fits had twice this frequency of criminal records. Hill and Pond (1952) state that, from their experience in an epilepsy ward and clinic, violent or dangerous behaviour during epileptic or post-epileptic automatisms is rarely seen in any patient. Levin (1952), who studied 52 cases of epileptic clouded state admitted to the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, concurs with this view. He comments that these patients are often potentially aggressive, but their intellectual faculties are so disorganized that they are unable to carry out well-planned integrated behaviour of any kind, including aggressive acts. However, in a clinical and EEG study of 100 prisoners awaiting trial for murder, Hill and Pond, in 1952, found 18 cases of epilepsy, an incidence of epilepsy thirty-two times that of the general population. In all these cases, careful examination of the circumstances of each crime excluded the occurrence of a seizure beforehand with a high degree of probability. They concluded that a relationship exists between epilepsy and murder, although it is not directly a result of the seizure or of its immediate sequelae. In some cases, at least, the common factor may be a mental illness in the epileptic, in which the epilepsy plays an important causative role. Pathogenic factors in such cases include the disturbance of cerebral function by the seizure discharges and also the difficulties in psychosocial adjustment caused by the fits themselves or the underlying organic brain disease causing them.
Signal Specificity and Post-hypnotic Effect
Authors: Edwards Griffith
Published: August 2008

The term post-hypnotic suggestion (P.H.S.) will be used in this paper as meaning the form of words which constitute the suggestion, while by the term post-hypnotic effect (P.H.E.), will be meant the behaviour of the subject consequent on the P.H.S. Quantitative studies of post-hypnotic behaviour using slowing of reaction time (RT) as the P.H.E. have already been described in relation to the duration of P.H.E. (Edwards, 1963), and the influence of amnesia on P.H.E. (Edwards, 1965). The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence on P.H.E. of giving a signal similar to but not identical with the signal defined in the P.H.S. as that which would evoke the P.H.E.
The Diurnal Pattern of Salivary Flow in Normal and Depressed Patients
Authors: Palmai G. , Blackwell B.
Published: August 2008

Attempts to correlate diagnosis or prognosis in depression with metabolic or autonomic parameters have been largely unsuccessful. Although electrolyte fluctuations coincide with some cyclical psychoses (Rey, 1957) these may be causal or incidental and their endocrine origin is undefined. Similar difficulties are inherent in studies of autonomic function (Martin, 1960) which have included observations on skin temperature and resistance (G.S.R.), heart rate, pupil reactions and muscle potentials. Much interest has focused on the blood pressure, and the Funkenstein test has emphasized the difficulties of this research. After widespread study and application, its prognostic value, the reliability of its measurements and the basic theoretical assumptions are now largely discredited (Rose, 1962). In the search for reliable objective criteria to evaluate or explain the phenomena of mental illness salivary secretion may prove of considerable value.
The Effect of Distraction on Schizophrenic Performance (2) Psychomotor Ability
Authors: McGhie Andrew , Chapman James , Lawson J. S.
Published: August 2008

In the preceding paper the effect of experimental distraction was examined and the findings discussed. The present report is concerned with a similar study of the effect of distraction on tests which involve another aspect of schizophrenic performance, that of psychomotor ability. Earlier studies (Chapman and McGhie, 1961, 1962) produced both clinical and experimental evidence that auditory distraction disrupted the motor responses of some schizophrenic patients. As the previous experimental findings were based on two tests involving only very limited areas of psychomotor performance, it was necessary to examine patients on a wide range of psychomotor tests. A second aim of the present investigation was to assess any differential effects due to variation in the sensory modality of the distracting stimuli.
Emotionality, Repression-Sensitization, and Maladjustment
Authors: Blackburn R.
Published: August 2008

Much of the current research on personality questionnaires has concerned itself with response style or bias related to “social desirability”, in which the first factor dimension of the M.M.P.I. is implicated (Edwards and Heathers, 1962). Stable personality differences have been detected between those who are placed high and low on this dimension as measured by a number of M.M.P.I. scales (e.g. Pt (Psychasthenia), K (Defensiveness), Taylor's MAS (Manifest Anxiety), Welsh's A (Anxiety) Scale—see Christie and Lindauer, 1963). However, a lack of integration has resulted from a failure to recognize that the same personality variable is being measured by scales of “social desirability”, “repression-sensitization”, or the tendency to deny or admit symptoms, and as well as “social desirability”, this factor has been identified as “general maladjustment or ego weakness” (Kassebaum, Couch and Slater, 1959), and “neuroticism” (Eysenck, 1962).
Constitution and the Psychiatry of Old Age
Authors: Patch I. C. Lodge , Post F. , Slater P.
Published: August 2008

Under the concept of constitution are subsumed the predispositions towards illness, and the resistances against illness, to which genetical make-up and environmental experience have contributed during the preceding lifetime of the individual. It is in that sense that “constitution” will be used in the rest of this paper. Old age provides a vantage-point of particular value for the study of constitution, since it is possible to examine in retrospect over a long span of time the changes and vicissitudes which have affected it.
Psychiatric Drugs and Treatment in Pregnancy
Authors: Vorster De Wet
Published: August 2008

The thalidomide tragedy in Europe has necessitated a re-examination of the use of tranquillizers and other drugs for the treatment of psychiatric conditions during pregnancy.
Suggestions for a Physiological Classification of Depression
Authors: Pollitt John D.
Published: August 2008

Depression is the commonest of mental illnesses and fortunately it has a better outcome with treatment than any other psychiatric condition. It shows itself in a variety of guises, and as there is no universal formula for treating the different types, a classification is essential. During the past ten years the arrival of the tranquillizers and particularly antidepressants has revolutionized our view of depressive illness, yet we are still using terms which are purely descriptive, determined by administrative needs long forgotten, or loosely related to aetiology about which we still know little. The time has come to link the classification of depression with rational treatment, but before offering a scheme to do this, a brief consideration of the inadequacies of existing terminology may help to explain the need for a new scheme.
The Management of Depression in Hospital
Authors: Waldron John , Bates T. J. N.
Published: August 2008

Desipramine (Pertofran) is a metabolite of imipramine (Tofranil) originally isolated by Herrmann, Schindler and Pulver (1959) and found to be identical with the synthetic compound G.35025. Animal experiments (Gillette et al., 1961) suggest a more rapid action for desipramine, and the majority of clinical trials to date confirm this impression for humans (e.g. Kline et al., 1962; Krakowski, 1963). Some controlled trials, however, (Azima et al., 1962; Hollister et al., 1963) fail to establish that desipramine is either faster acting or more effective than imipramine.
A Comparative Trial of Diazepam (Valium) and Amylobarbitone
Authors: Capstick N. S. , Corbett M. F. , Pare C. M. B. , Pryce I. G. , Rees W. Linford
Published: August 2008

Short acting barbiturates such as amylobarbitone have long been the standby for relief of anxiety—certainly any new drugs introduced for the relief of such symptoms must stand comparison with these. Furthermore such symptoms are well known to be modifiable by such variables as the attitude of the doctor. For this reason a trial of such a new drug must be carried out under blind conditions.
A Double-blind Trial of Oxypertine for Anxiety Neurosis
Authors: Robinson J. T. , Davies L. S. , Kreitman Norman , Knowles J. B.
Published: August 2008

Oxypertine is a new piperazine derivative, believed to have tranquillizing, antiadrenergic and hypotensive properties. Unpublished reports have suggested that it might be useful in chronic schizophrenia, although the recent study by Calwell et al. (1964) shows that its usefulness in this condition is limited. In view of its putative tranquillizing effect, the present clinical trial was undertaken to determine, under double-blind conditions, its efficacy as an adjunctive treatment for chronic anxiety neurosis. Ratings of anxiety symptoms were the major criteria for assessing the patients' progress, but the IPAT Anxiety Scale (Cattell and Scheier, 1957) was also included as a potentially useful measure of anxiety. An investigation of its validity was a subsidiary aim of the study.
A Study of the Anti-barbiturate Effects of Bemegride
Authors: Orwin A. , Sim M. , Waterhouse J. A. H.
Published: August 2008

The discovery that N-allylnormorphine was a specific antagonist to morphine gave hope that an anti-barbiturate agent might be discovered. Shaw et al. (11) noted that in dogs, BB-methyl-ethylglutarimide (bemegride) dispelled the EEG changes induced by barbituric acid, and suggested that it may act as a barbiturate antagonist. Subsequent studies by Louw and Sonne (5) and Pederson (9) did not lend support to this theory, and Peacock (8) could find no specific pattern of EEG changes which could be attributed to the administration of bemegride. Ackner and Pampiglione (1) concluded that the demonstration of persistence of barbiturate-fast activity in the EEG after arousal did not support the hypothesis of a direct pharmacological antagonism, and suggested that bemegride was not a direct stimulant but caused an increased responsiveness in the patient.
A Comparison of Doctor and Patient Improvement Ratings in a Drug (Meprobamate) Trial
Authors: Park Lee C. , Uhlenhuth Eberhard H. , Lipman Ronald S. , Rickels Karl , Fisher Seymour
Published: August 2008

Out-patient drug trials have relied largely on observer-rated improvement measures to evaluate the efficacy of psychotropic medication (4). Less frequent use (5, 7, 9) has been made of patient ratings or the combination of observer plus patient ratings. Thus a comparison of improvement ratings made by the patient and his treating doctor would be of considerable methodological interest.
Two Intensive Treatment Programmes: Nursing Attitudes and Evaluations
Authors: Lafave Hugh G. , Burke Joan L.
Published: August 2008

There has recently been an emphasis on creating a therapeutic milieu in mental hospitals. Numerous publications reflect this trend (1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15). In addition, studies on attitudes of nurses and patients and on some of the factors which seem important in creating a favourable ward atmosphere have become commonplace (3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17).
A Controlled Retrospective Study of Behaviour Therapy in Phobic Patients
Authors: Marks I. M. , Gelder M. G.
Published: August 2008

Considerable claims have been made for behaviour therapy, but the evidence for its effectiveness is still conflicting. There are several reasons for this. First, although behaviour therapy is a convenient term to describe treatments which reputedly share a common derivation from learning theory, it describes techniques which differ widely from one another in practice, and which at the same time have features in common with other forms of psychotherapy. Secondly, behaviour therapy has been applied to a variety of neurotic disorders, ranging from writer's cramp to phobias, and these syndromes often have distinct natural histories. Any general statement about the value of behaviour therapy in a mixed group of neuroses is therefore of limited value. Thirdly, the well-known tendency of neurotic disorders to respond to energetic and enthusiastic treatment with non-specific methods makes it difficult to assess the results of treatment unless a matched control group is included in the investigation, or, in the absence of a control group, an exceptionally high rate of recovery is obtained.
Conditioning Therapy in Hysterical Retention of Urine
Authors: Cooper Alan J.
Published: August 2008

Conditioning therapy has been widely applied in the treatment of certain kinds of neurotic illness.
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Depression
Authors: Mendels J.
Published: August 2008

Since its introduction by Cerletti and Bini in 1938 electroconvulsive therapy has become a major bulwark of therapy in psychiatric practice. Until a few years ago, before the introduction of the psychotropic drugs, it was the commonest method of physical treatment employed in psychiatry.
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Depression
Authors: Mendels J.
Published: August 2008

It is common practice to divide depression into two illnesses: reactive (or neurotic) and endogenous (or manic-depressive psychosis). This dichotomy is a source of extensive argument, and its value is controversial.
Toxic Psychosis Following Mumps
Authors: Keddie Kenneth M. G.
Published: August 2008

Mumps, or epidemic parotitis, is caused by a filterable virus and is characterized by temporary enlargement of the parotid and sometimes other salivary glands and by the occurrence of complications, of which orchitis in adults and in post-pubertal boys is the most common. The virus is pantropic causing central and peripheral nervous complications in many cases. In civilized countries the disease is endemic but local outbreaks occur. One such outbreak occurred in Bristol during 1964, in the spring, the season when mumps is most prevalent. The case that is described here formed a part of that particular epidemic. Before proceeding to the case report the literature on the psychiatric complications of mumps will be discussed.
A Case of Dysmnesic Syndrome Following Cardiac Arrest
Authors: McNeill D. L. , Tidmarsh D. , Rastall M. L.
Published: August 2008

Neuropsychiatric sequelae after cardiac arrest or anaesthesia are infrequently reported. A review of the literature is given by Blackwood et al. (1963). Fletcher (1945) described permanent but comparatively mild effects which were attributed to nitrous oxide rather than to circulatory disturbances. Bedford (1955) described 18 cases of extreme dementia following general anaesthesia in geriatric patients who were quite well mentally before their operations. He indicated the diagnostic pitfalls involved in attributing minor psychiatric disabilities to the anaesthetic. Neuburger (1954) described diffuse cerebral damage combined with Wernicke-like lesions in the mamillary bodies in 2 patients. Brierley (1961) described the pathological changes in the brain of a 2-year-old child, who died 1 month after a cardiac arrest of 10–15 minutes. There were lesions in the mamillary bodies and inferior colliculi resembling those seen in Wernicke's encephalopathy. However, Brierley and Cooper (1962) later described a 43-year-old woman, whose blood pressure fell to unrecordable levels for 3 minutes and who became severely demented, developed Parkinsonism and had a Korsakoff type learning defect. She survived for 23 months. The brain showed most damage in the occipital cortex and thalamus, and less in the midbrain. Unfortunately the mamillary bodies were not identifiable.
Samuel Tuke's First Publication on the Treatment of Patients at the Retreat, 1811
Authors: Hunter Richard , Macalpine Ida
Published: August 2008

In 1963 there fell to be celebrated the 150th anniversary of a modest book giving an account of the new mild or “moral” treatment of the insane at the Asylum opened by the Quakers in 1796, Samuel Tuke's Description of The Retreat, an institution near York for insane persons of the Society of Friends. Containing an account of its origin and progress, the modes of treatment, and a statement of cases, York, 1813. Tuke achieved in England and America what Philippe Pinel did in France, and their names remain coupled in history as they were by contemporaries. “To those two great and good men, society is indebted for nearly all the improvements which followed their essays” said John Conolly, the third of the triumvirate who inaugurated the modern mental hospital era (1). In the course of preparing a reprint of Tuke's book recently we were privileged to have access to the privately printed Memoirs of Samuel Tuke, London, 1860, 26 copies “for the use of the family only”, edited in two volumes of together more than 1,000 pages. (A selection from these volumes emphasizing the religious aspects of Tuke's philanthropic works formed the basis of Charles Tylor's biography of Samuel Tuke (2), published for general circulation.)
On the Genesis of Female Homosexuality
Authors: Bene Eva
Published: August 2008

The present study is a sequel to the investigation concerned with the genesis of male homosexuality (1965). In both investigations the same methods were used and their description can be found in the previous study.
A Psychosomatic Study of Writer's Cramp
Authors: Crisp A. H. , Moldofsky H.
Published: August 2008

Writer's cramp (scrivener's palsy, mogigraphie, graphospasms, cheirospasmus, crampe des écrivains, dyskinésie des écrivains, graphic dyskinesia, Fingerkrampf, Schreibkrampf, etc.) is one of a large group of functional motor disorders, known as “occupational neuroses and cramps, craft neuroses, professional neuroses, crampes fonctionelles et professionelles, spasmes professionelles, impotences professionelles, Beschäftigungsneurosen, Beschäftigungskrämpfe”, wherein there is a specific impairment of a learned motor skill. Generally, writer's cramp is characterized by muscular spasm, inco-cordination, and discomfort, variously described as fatigue, weakness, stiffness, or pain when attempting to write. Occasionally, there is an accompanying tremor or jerking of the involved upper limb. There is said to be great variability in the detailed clinical picture. Writing may be difficult or impossible, but outside the act of writing the symptoms generally disappear. Often there are fluctuations within a chronically progressive course but the condition may arrest at any stage of its development.
Psychotherapy of a Shared Syndrome in Identical Twins
Authors: Holden H. M.
Published: August 2008

Accounts of the parallel psychiatric treatment of identical twins are relatively rare. This case is especially unusual in two respects, first in the uncommon nature of the particular problem which they presented as their major symptom (i.e. homosexual attraction to elderly men), and secondly because they were treated together as a family group.
Delinquency and the Amphetamines
Authors: Scott P. D. , Willcox D. R. C.
Published: August 2008

The drug-taking behaviour of young people is causing great concern. The topic has been discussed for some years in the national newspapers and in the medical journals, and early last year the Government decided to take action.
Clinical Trial of Mebanazine—A New Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
Authors: Gilmour S. J. G.
Published: August 2008

At the time when this investigation was being considered (June, 1961) the efficacy of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depressive illnesses was already well recognized. It was also evident from a study of the published papers on this group of drugs that their use was accompanied by a number of side-effects which often raised problems in treatment. The clinical trial of a new drug of this class which, from the pre-clinical toxicity studies in animals, held promise of being less toxic than M.A.O. inhibitors already in clinical use was therefore considered worth while. Such a trial also seemed a useful opportunity to follow up previous observations with phenelzine (Gilmour, 1960) and the suggestion of Sargant (1961) that, given concurrently, M.A.O. inhibitors may potentiate the effect of E.C.T. and reduce the number of exposures necessary, and that their continuance after a course of E.C.T. has been completed may reduce the relapse rate.
Investigation of Precipitins to Human Brain in Sera of Psychotic Patients
Authors: Rubin Robert T.
Published: August 2008

Altered serum proteins in mental illness have been reported by workers in various parts of the world, and a review of these studies has led to the consideration of an autoimmune mechanism in the pathogenesis of some functional psychoses (Fessel, 1962a). Several reports have appeared in recent years which suggest the presence of antibodies in the serum of certain psychiatric patients to central nervous system tissue. Many of these have been reviewed by Vartanyan (1963). Fessel (1962b, 1963) demonstrated agglutination of latex particles coated with monkey brain extract and agglutination of tanned sheep red blood cells coated with human brain extract, but no precipitins in double diffusion in agar of the sera against monkey brain extract. As an alternative to antibrain antibodies he suggested a less specific physicochemical abnormality of the serum which caused the agglutination. Yokoyama, Trams, and Brady (1962), using a sheep red blood cell haemagglutination technique, showed the presence of anti-asialoganglioside antibodies in the sera of 3 of 14 schizophrenic patients and anti-ganglioside antibody in the serum of another. Kuznetzova and Semenov (1961), by complement fixation, demonstrated antibodies in the sera of 22 of 84 schizophrenics, mainly to human brain and not to other organs. The antibodies appeared more frequently in the later stages of the illness (Semenov, Morozov, and Kuznetzova, 1961). Skalickova and Jezkova (1961), also with a complement fixation technique, demonstrated blood and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to grey and white matter during the “infectious” onset of schizophrenia, but not in the chronic, demented phase.
Suicide in Bristol
Authors: Seager C. P. , Flood R. A.
Published: August 2008

“That the deceased took his life while the balance of his mind was temporarily disturbed” has been the Coroner's traditional verdict in cases of suicide; a verdict adopted to circumvent retribution by society and particularly to allow of burial in consecrated ground and avoid forfeiture of property to the Crown (Williams, 1958). There is a distinction between such a finding with its legal import and that of the psychiatric assessment, and this must necessarily affect psychiatric studies undertaken in the endeavour to understand the state of mind of the person who encompasses his own death, or to examine the wider implications of suicide in relation to the epidemiology of mental illness. Public opinion and cultural pressures have their effects on coroners' verdicts; and guilt or shame on the part of relatives or medical attendants may result in distortion or concealment of information.
Old Age Mental Disorders in Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Authors: Garside R. F. , Kay D. W. K. , Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

An earlier paper (Kay, Beamish and Roth, 1964b) described 26 features that differentiated significantly between mentally normal and functionally ill subjects over the age of 65, or between normals and those with organic mental illness. These features were found to fall into four main groups concerned with (i) physical disability, (ii) social isolation, (iii) personality deviation, (iv) social and income status. Many of the features appeared clearly to be inter related, but to an unknown degree, and this complicated the interpretation of the results. In the hope of shedding some light on this problem, a factorial analysis of 34 features, including most of the 26 previously described, was carried out. Because of missing items, the number of patients was reduced by 27 to 267, consisting of 152 mentally normal subjects, 88 subjects with functional illness, and 27 with organic mental illness. This report is complementary to the two previous articles (Kay, Beamish and Roth, 1964a, 1964b), in which the method of selecting the subjects and the definitions of organic and functional disorder are fully described.
The Therapeutic Community—Concept, Practice and Future
Authors: Clark D. H.
Published: August 2008

The last twenty years have seen the rise and dominance in institutional psychiatry of a remarkable notion—“the therapeutic Community”. It is both an attitude and a method, a system of treatment and a battle cry, a charm and a password. I have been fortunate to take some part in applying this notion to one part of the field of inpatient psychiatric treatment and have attempted, while doing so, to study the effects of what we did.
The Rationale and Clinical Relevance of Repertory Grid Technique
Authors: Bannister D.
Published: August 2008

All forms of Repertory Grid technique are derivatives of an original proposed by G. A. Kelly (1955) as an integral part of the development of Personal Construct Theory (summarized Bannister, 1962). In essence, repertory grids are forms of sorting test. They differ from conventional sorting tests in that there are no standard sorting materials or sorting categories nor is there any standard single form of administration or scoring procedure. Their unique characteristics are that:
Motivation and Post-Hypnotic Effect
Authors: Edwards Griffith
Published: August 2008

On first inspection, there may seem to be little difference between a simple experimental post-hypnotic suggestion (p.h.s.) and a simple therapeutic post-hypnotic suggestion. The difference is not so much between the form of the experimental and the form of the therapeutic p.h.s., but between the patterns of behavioural tendencies on which the experimental and the therapeutic post-hypnotic suggestions are respectively superimposed. The experimental p.h.s. is superimposed on the behavioural tendencies dictated by the subject's views of the experiment, and his motives probably often include a wish to “perform well”. The experimental subject will seldom have strong motivation to disobey the hypnotist. In the therapeutic setting the situation is entirely different; the therapeutic p.h.s. is frequently superimposed on strong preexisting conscious or sub-conscious tendencies which run counter to the acceptance of the suggestion.
Tryptamine Metabolism in Depression
Authors: Coppen A. , Shaw D. M. , Malleson A. , Eccleston E. , Gundy G.
Published: August 2008

In a previous investigation we showed that large doses of DL-tryptophan (214 mg./kg. body weight) given to depressed patients receiving tranylcypromine (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) potentiated the antidepressive effects of the drug (Coppen, Shaw and Farrell, 1963). This procedure increases the level of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) and tryptamine in the rat (Hess and Doepfner, 1961). Reserpine reduces the level of these amines in the brain, and it is known that patients being treated for hypertension with this drug often become depressed. Thus there is evidence that increasing certain brain amines may alleviate, and depleting brain amines may induce, a depressive illness. We therefore decided to study tryptophan metabolism in depressed patients. The pathways with which we were concerned are shown below.
The Outcome of Obsessional Disorder a Follow-up Study of 100 Cases
Authors: Grimshaw Linton
Published: August 2008

Obsessions are abnormal mental compulsions. They are experiences with a compelling quality which persistently intrude into consciousness. Though recognized by the patient as an irrational product of his own mind and resisted by him, they are incapable of being expelled. They may be thoughts, images, fears, urges, or acts. An obsessional disorder is one where such symptoms dominate the clinical picture and are not associated with any underlying psychosis.
A Controlled Trial with Trimipramine, a New Anti-Depressant Drug
Authors: Salzmann M. M.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes a double blind controlled trial of the compound trimipramine ('Surmontil’), which does not appear hitherto to have been reported upon by the English-speaking investigators, though there have been many clinical studies reported by French, and some by Italian authors.
Acute Hepatic Necrosis Following Treatment with Amitriptyline and Diazepam
Authors: Cunningham M. L.
Published: August 2008

Among the numerous reports on toxic side effects of antidepressant drugs, the monoamine oxidase inhibitors appear prominent in causing such a variety of serious complications (4) that many physicians prefer to avoid their use altogether, and prefer other drugs (such as the Iminodibenzyl group) that produce their euphoriant effects more slowly but also more safely.
Cryptomnesia and Plagiarism
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: August 2008

Cryptomnesia belongs to the category of psychiatric terms which acquired a bad reputation and nearly passed into obsolescence. Its disrepute has come from its popularity with people who are believers in psychic forces, spiritualism, vitalism and other supernatural agencies. Such people have used it to denote the apparent ability of some mediums to become aware, when they are in a trance, of “hidden” memories—hidden in the sense of being inaccessible to them in their normal consciousness.
Mineral Metabolism in Affective Disorders
Authors: Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

Physiological research has shown the fundamental importance of electrolytes in the functioning of the cell. According to the ionic theory, the resting and action potentials of nerve and muscle cells depend on potassium, sodium, chloride and other ions having a different concentration inside the cell to the concentration they have in the extracellular fluid. The cell membrane is freely permeable to potassium and chloride, but is much less permeable to sodium, and there is active transport of sodium which keeps the sodium concentration within the cell at about 1/10 of the concentration of sodium in the extracellular space. Because of this uneven distribution of sodium and the presence within the cell of impermeable anions (such as glutamic acid), potassium and chlorine are also unevenly divided between the cell and the extracellular fluid; potassium has a very high intracellular concentration and chlorine a low intracellular concentration compared to their concentration in the extracellular space.
Preliminary Evaluation of a New Anti-Depressant, Trimipramine, by a Sequential Method
Authors: Burns B. H.
Published: August 2008

A new drug, trimipramine (Surmontil, 7162 R.P.), has been found to have a specific antidepressant effect (Lambert et al., 1961), and has been used in France for two years; hitherto no controlled trial of trimipramine has been published. This paper reports a three weeks' comparative trial between this drug and imipramine (Tofranil), in the treatment of psychotic depression, using the statistical method of sequential analysis, the actual design used was that at the 5 per cent. chance level (Armitage, 1960).
A Review of Clinical Experience
Authors: Skarbek Andrew , Jacobsen Michael
Published: August 2008

Oxypertine (also known as WIN 18,501–2) is a member of a new series of indolylalkylphenyl-piperazines synthesized by Archeret al(1). It resembles serotonin in respect of its indole nucleus, and the piperazine side-chain indicates a structural relationship with some of the major phenothiazines. Pharmacological studies by Wylie and Archer (17) showed oxypertine to have tranquillizing properties, and following preliminary human tolerance investigations (15) the psychotherapeutic nature of the agent was investigated by various workers in the United States and Europe.
Neuroticism in the Early Puerperium
Authors: Kear-Colwell J. J.
Published: August 2008

This study has arisen from an almost universal clinical observation that many mothers during the first few days of the puerperium show evidence of disturbed emotion. This has been variously described by such terms as “labile emotional reactions” (Millar, 1962), a hysteroid reaction (Robin, 1962), “an emotional lability and a tendency to a mild depression” (James, 1959). It would appear that obstetricians and midwives view these reactions as a natural phenomenon associated with childbirth.
Some Aspects of Brain-mind Relationship
Authors: Power Thomas D.
Published: August 2008

One of the most interesting parallels between the functioning of brain and mind is provided by Hughlings Jackson's Doctrine of Dissolution and Freud's theory of psychological regression. Basically, they each imply that under certain circumstances the organism partially or wholly reverts to an earlier stage of functional organization, the one in the bodily and the other in the mental sphere. At first sight the parallel would seem to end here, for neurological dissolution is usually regarded as a passive process, an unmasking of lower levels of functioning by organic disease, while regresson consists of an active withdrawal to an earlier stage of mental development, usually, but not always, brought about by difficulties in external adjustment. Nevertheless, we can attempt a reconciliation between the two if we regard the ‘positive” symptoms of nervous dissolution as representing attempts on the part of a crippled nervous system to adjust to a normal environment. Viewed from this angle both neurological dissolution and psychological regression present themselves as dynamic reactions to stress, promoted in the one instance by internal and in the other by external difficulties. That the two mechanisms are in fact related is suggested by two facts: first, that the symptoms of nervous dissolution can be made worse by environmental difficulties (Cf. Goldstein's “catastrophic reaction”), and second, that regression occurs regularly in sleep, which is surely organically determined.
Pain Sensitivity, Age and Activity Level in Chronic Schizophrenics and in Normals
Authors: Collins L. Glenn , Stone Leroy A.
Published: August 2008

Merskey, Gillis, and Marszalek (1962) reported that in chronic schizophrenic patients reaction to pain was greatest in those patients showing either over-activity or under-activity as measured by a ward activity rating scale. They also reported a significant difference between certain age groups, the oldest and youngest age groups showing the greatest reaction to pain. The authors attributed the difference between age groups to the effects of tranquillizing drugs, since there existed a high correlation between age groups and their dosage of such drugs. It was concluded that ward behaviour in schizophrenics is a poor indicator of their sensitivity to stimulation.
Admissions to an East Pakistan Mental Hospital
Authors: Chowdhury A. K. M. N.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to give hospital statistics which, in the absence of previously published work or more detailed information, may give some indication of the types of illnesses most frequently found in the province of East Pakistan. Although selection of cases was unavoidable and more refined statistical testing would have been misleading, the figures show interesting comparisons with findings from other countries.
The Seasonal Prevalence of Neurosis
Authors: Kellner Robert
Published: August 2008

There have been only a few investigations into the seasonal prevalence of neurosis. Stocks (1949) found in a morbidity survey by interview the lowest prevalence of “nervous complaints” in July and August and the highest in October and November. Smiley, Buck, Anderson and Hobbs (1954) in Canada found that there was a higher number of insured claiming benefit for “mental illness” in January than in July. McCartney (1962) in private psychiatric practice in New York found that there was a seasonal variation in the number of referrals of various types of neurotic reactions. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the seasonal variation in attendances with symptoms of psychiatric ill health in a general practice and compare this with the seasonal variations of attendances due to physical illness.
Intracranial Haemorrhage in Patients Treated with Monoamineoxidase Inhibitors
Authors: de Villiers J. C.
Published: August 2008

The monoamineoxidase inhibitor drugs are now widely used in the treatment of depression, and complications occurring in patients so treated have been reported with varying frequency. The drugs most frequently implicated have been tranylcypromine (Parnate), tranylcypromine plus trifluoperazine (Parstelin) and phenelzine (Nardil) in decreasing order of frequency. These complications may be divided into three symptom-complexes which may merge one into the other, as they have the common basis of rapid elevation of systemic blood pressure.
Cerebral Biopsy in the Investigation of Presenile Dementia
Authors: Sim Myre , Turner Eric , Smith W. Thomas
Published: August 2008

In most instances presenile dementia is based on well-defined organic diseases and it is not necessary to resort to cerebral biopsy to establish a diagnosis. These organic disorders cover a wide spectrum and include cerebro-vascular disease, tumours, trauma and well-defined degenerative states such as Huntington's chorea, vitamin deficiencies, endocrine disturbances, infections (bacterial and viral) and poisons such as alcohol, lead, barbiturates, bromides and carbon monoxide. The effects of liver and kidney failure as well as the hypercapnia of pulmonary insufficiency account for others.
Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Sex Chromatin Negative Women
Authors: Mellbin Gunnel
Published: August 2008

Chromosomal abnormalities involving the autosomes are nearly always associated with serious defects in intelligence. This is true of the first disease recognized to result from a chromosomal aberration, Down's syndrome (Lejeune, Gautier and Turpin, 1959), and a series of other disorders, including the “cri du chat” syndrome, also first described by Lejeune and his co-workers (1963).