bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The secreted protein FonCHRD is essential for vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, and pathogenicity in watermelon Fusarium wilt fungus
Authors: Lou Jiajun , Wang Jiajing , Zeng Shanshan , Xiong Xiaohui , Guo Mengmeng , Li Dayong , Song Fengming
Published: October 2024

Fungal pathogens often secrete numerous effectors to interfere with and/or suppress plant immunity to promote their infection. Watermelon Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), is one of the devastating diseases that severely affect the watermelon industry. Here, we report the function of a candidate effector protein, FonCHRD, in Fon. FonCHRD harbors a chordin (CHRD) domain of unknown function and has a signal peptide with secretion activity. FonCHRD shows a relatively high expression level in Fon marcoconidia and is inducible by watermelon root tissues. Phenotypic analysis of the targeted deletion mutant revealed that FonCHRD plays roles in vegetative growth, asexual reproduction, and conidial morphology of Fon, while it is not involved in spore germination as well as cell wall, oxidative and salt stress responses. Deletion of FonCHRD impaired the ability to colonize and spread within host plants, significantly reducing its virulence on watermelon. FonCHRD is distributed across multiple compartments of plant cells but can target to the apoplast space in plants. FonCHRD inhibits the INF1- and Bcl2-associated X protein-triggered cell death and defense gene expression in transiently expressed Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These findings suggest that FonCHRD is essential for Fon pathogenicity by modulating invasive growth and spreading abilities as well as by suppressing plant immune responses.
Perceived corruption, economic freedom, and firms in India
Authors: Dutta Nabamita , Stivers Adam , Kar Saibal
Published: October 2024

Research has shown that the relationship between economic freedom and corruption is rather complex. While some studies suggest a negative relationship, others show the matter to be more nuanced. While more regulations are known to foster corrupt institutions, a competitive market can also incentivize bribery and corruption. Our study examines the role of economic freedom as it relates to perceived corruption, measured via a survey for India. Using firm-level data, we explore the relationship between perceived corruption in the formal sector and economic freedom across Indian states. In our baseline results for Indian firms, we find a significantly negative relationship between perceived corruption and lagged economic freedom. These results hold when we design matching models and include a number of potentially confounding factors to control for identification issues. Additionally, we show that small and young firms and those with sole ownership perceive greater benefits from higher economic freedom. In contrast, older firms perceive higher corruption when economic freedom is higher. This lends support to the idea that competition facilitated by economic freedom can increase rent seeking behavior. Our study contributes to the literature by emphasizing that the relationship between economic freedom and corruption in India is layered, with firm characteristics playing a crucial role.
Highway digital twin-enabled Autonomous Maintenance Plant: a perspective
Authors: Xu Jie , Anvo N’Zebo R. , Taha-Abdalgadir Hussameldin , d’Avigneau Alix M. , Palin Damian , Wei Ran , Hadjidemetriou Georgios , Schaefer Samuel , de Silva Lavindra , Al-Tabbaa Abir , Iida Fumiya , Brilakis Ioannis
Published: October 2024

The importance of automating pavement maintenance tasks for highway systems has garnered interest from both industry and academia. Despite significant research efforts and promising demonstrations being devoted to reaching a level of semi-automation featuring digital sensing and inspection, site maintenance work still requires manual processes using special vehicles and equipment, reflecting a clear gap to transition to fully autonomous maintenance. This paper reviews the current progress in pavement maintenance automation in terms of inspection and repair operations, followed by a discussion of three key technical challenges related to robotic sensing, control, and actuation. To address these challenges, we propose a conceptual solution we term Autonomous Maintenance Plant (AMP), mainly consisting of five modules for sensing, actuation, control, power supply, and mobility. This AMP concept is part of the “Digital Roads” project’s cyber-physical platform where a road digital twin (DT) is created based on its physical counterpart to enable real-time condition monitoring, sensory data processing, maintenance decision making, and repair operation execution. In this platform, the AMP conducts high-resolution survey and autonomous repair operations enabled (instructed) by the road DT. This process is unmanned and completely autonomous with an expectation to create a fully robotized highway pavement maintenance system.
Interdisciplinary methods for researching climate-mental health links through the Methane Early Warning Network (ME-NET): improving ‘visibility’ and integrating complex multi-datasets
Authors: Moore Harriet Elizabeth , Atanbori John , Amankwaa Ebenezer Forkuo , Gussy Mark , Siriwardena Aloysius Niroshan , Hanna Edward
Published: October 2024

Climatic and atmospheric conditions impact mental health, including increased incidents of depression associated with air pollution. A growing body of research considers time-bound ‘snap-shots’ of climatic drivers and mental health outcomes. Less is known about the likely effects of future climate change on mental health. Research is often inhibited by data scarcity, the challenge of synthesising data across multiple geospatial and temporal scales, and the under-representation of hard-to-reach groups. Thus, research methods are needed to integrate and analyse complex environmental and mental health multi-datasets while improving the visibility of under-represented groups. In this methods paper we present a novel approach for investigating the impact of climate change on mental health and addressing some challenges with, a) invisibility of vulnerable groups, and b) integrating complex environmental and mental health multi-datasets. The research aim is to pilot a web-based and smartphone application (Methane Early Warning Network (ME-NET)) for investigating the role of methane as a precursor of on-ground ozone, and the impact of ozone on mental health outcomes to improve civic knowledge and health-protection behaviour in the United Kingdom and Ghana. The methods include exploring the feasibility of using machine learning to develop an ozone early warning system and application co-design.
The Path of Telemedicine in Disaster Response
Authors: Boyle Tehnaz
Published: October 2024

Telehealth, or the use of digital health technology to support clinical care, education, and health administration over a distance, has increased dramatically in the 21st century. The frequency and severity of disasters that cause damage, disruption, loss of life, and health service deterioration have also increased over the same period. Advances in telecommunication networks and mobile technology have made telehealth systems more accessible and affordable, and rising acceptance has engaged hesitant users. Yet, telehealth remains underutilized particularly for cross-jurisdictional disaster response in the United States. In this presentation, we will discuss progress in the development and implementation of new regional disaster telehealth systems funded by the U.S. Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response. We will review administrative and legal barriers to implementation in the context of real-world examples to understand how they impact domestic disaster response capabilities. We will also discuss innovative new global partnerships that have successfully leveraged digital tools to provide access to health resources for international humanitarian disaster response. Finally, we will consider next steps in the path to fully actualizing the potential for telehealth to transform disaster response.

Learning Objectives

Discuss current federally funded efforts to develop and implement regional telehealth systems designed to support cross-jurisdictional disaster medical response in the United States.

Examine administrative and legal barriers to adoption and implementation that can impact timely mobilization, deployment, and use of disaster telehealth services.

Review examples of successful and failed implementation to guide future research, development, and implementation efforts for system developers, sponsors, and governmental and non-governmental disaster response entities.
Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Disaster Medicine: What is ChatGPT, and How Do I Use It?
Authors: Franc Jeffrey Micheal
Published: October 2024

In this interactive session which combines instruction with live-streaming, participants will learn about the use of ChatGPT in disaster medicine.

Learning Objectives

Create an OpenAI account, write an effective prompt, and manage a conversation with ChatGPT.

List errors common to ChatGPT and understand why they occur.

Review how ChatGPT can interface with internet connected devices and other apps.

Discuss the ethical, legal, and social implications of generative AI.
Rapidly rotating radiatively driven convection: experimental and numerical validation of the ‘geostrophic turbulence’ scaling predictions
Authors: Hadjerci Gabriel , Bouillaut Vincent , Miquel Benjamin , Gallet Basile
Published: October 2024

We experimentally and numerically characterize rapidly rotating radiatively driven thermal convection, beyond the sole heat transport measurements reported by Bouillaut et al. (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., vol. 118, 2021, e2105015118). Based on a suite of direct numerical simulations (DNS) and additional processing of the experimental data collected by Bouillaut et al. (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., vol. 118, 2021, e2105015118), we report the simultaneous validation of the scaling predictions of the ‘geostrophic turbulence’ regime – the diffusivity-free or ‘ultimate’ regime of rapidly rotating convection – for the heat transport and the temperature fluctuations. Following such cross-validation between DNS and laboratory experiments, we further process the numerical data to validate the ‘geostrophic turbulence’ scaling predictions for the flow velocity and horizontal scale. Radiatively driven convection thus appears as a versatile set-up for the laboratory observation of the diffusivity-free regimes of various convective flows of geophysical and/or astrophysical interest.
Mass and momentum balance during particle migration in the pressure-driven flow of frictional non-Brownian suspensions
Authors: Orsi Michel , Lobry Laurent , Lemaire Elisabeth , Peters François
Published: October 2024

The transient shear-induced particle migration of frictional non-Brownian suspensions is studied using particle-resolved simulations. The numerical method – the fictitious domain method – is well suited to heterogeneous flows thanks to a frame-invariant formulation of the subgrid (lubrication) corrections that does not involve the ambient flow (Orsi et al., J. Comput. Phys., vol. 474, 2023, 111823). The paper aims to give an accurate quantitative picture of the mass and momentum balance during the flow. The various assumptions and local constitutive laws that together form the suspension balance model (SBM) are thoroughly examined. To this purpose, the various quantities of interest are locally averaged in space and time, and their profile across the channel is extensively studied, with specific attention to the time evolution of the different contributions, either hydrodynamic in nature or from contact interactions, to the shear and normal stresses. The latter, together with the velocity gradient in the wall-normal direction and the volume fraction profile, yield the local constitutive laws, which are compared with their counterpart obtained in homogeneous shear flow. A fair agreement is observed except in a layering area at the boundaries and at the very centre of the channel. In addition, the main assumption of the SBM, i.e. the local relation between the hydrodynamic force on the particles and the particle flux, is meticulously investigated. The hydrodynamic force is found to be mainly a drag, except in the lower range of the probed volume fractions, where a non-drag contribution is observed.
A numerical study on the oscillatory dynamics of tip vortex cavitation
Authors: Lak Saman , Jaiman Rajeev
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we numerically study the mechanism of the oscillatory flow dynamics associated with the tip vortex cavitation (TVC) over an elliptical hydrofoil section. Using our recently developed three-dimensional variational multiphase flow solver, we investigate the TVC phenomenon at Reynolds number

$Re = 8.95 \times 10^5$

via dynamic subgrid-scale modelling and the homogeneous mixture theory. To begin, we examine the grid resolution requirements and introduce a length scale considering both the tip vortex strength and the core radius. This length scale is then employed to non-dimensionalize the spatial resolution in the tip vortex region, the results of which serve as a basis for estimation of the required mesh resolution in large eddy simulations of TVC. We next perform simulations to analyse the dynamical modes of tip vortex cavity oscillation at different cavitation numbers, and compare them with the semi-analytical solution. The breathing mode of cavity surface oscillation is extracted from the spatial-temporal evolution of the cavity's effective radius. The temporally averaged effective radius demonstrates that the columnar cavity experiences a growth region followed by decay as it progresses away from the tip. Further examination of the characteristics of local breathing mode oscillations in the growth and decay regions indicates the alteration of the cavity's oscillatory behaviour as it travels from the growth region to the decay region, with the oscillations within the growth region being characterized by lower frequencies. For representative cavitation numbers

$\sigma \in [1.2,2.6]$

, we find that pressure fluctuations exhibit a shift of the spectrum towards lower frequencies as the cavitation number decreases, similar to its influence on breathing mode oscillations. The results indicate the existence of correlations between the breathing mode oscillations and the pressure fluctuations. While the low-frequency pressure fluctuations are found to be correlated with the growth region, the breathing mode oscillations within the decay region are related to higher-frequency pressure fluctuations. The proposed mechanism can play an important role in developing mitigation strategies for TVC, which can reduce the underwater radiated noise by marine propellers.
Stakeholder Collaboration in the Education of Australian Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vlcek Samantha , Somerton Michelle , Pedersen Scott
Published: October 2024

Effective collaboration between key stakeholders increases the educational opportunities and outcomes of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although the value of collaboration between the central members of a student’s network has been widely cited, how collaboration occurs between different stakeholder groups in the education of Australian primary and secondary students with ASD is not widely known. The aim of this review was to identify the factors that influence collaborative practices between three primary stakeholder groups supporting the education of Australian students with ASD: family, school, and community. Through this lens, we analysed the intent of the collaborative practices as well as the specific details of the collaborative practices identified across the research literature published since the implementation of the Disability Standards for Education 2005 (Commonwealth of Australia, 2006). Results from this review indicate existing motivations and processes of collaboration, as well as directions for future research and practice.
A right to live without stigma? Examining negative stereotyping, negative messages, and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Herring Jonathan , Robinson Heloise
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this paper is to examine the contours of evolving jurisprudence on offensive expression and negative messages, and to suggest that it can best be understood by reference to the concept of stigma. At the European Court of Human Rights, there appears to have been an increasing willingness to recognise the harm of offensive expression through an interpretation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, but the reach of this case law remains uncertain. In particular, while some cases associate negative expression with negative stereotyping, not all of these cases do, and there are potential conflicts with freedom of speech. In the domestic context, these issues recently arose in a significant case from the Court of Appeal, R (Crowter) v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. In this case, the appellants argued that a legal provision sends a negative ‘message’, through the negative stereotyping of disabled people, but this ‘message’ is implicit, rather than explicitly articulated. While these developments raise important questions about the future evolution of case law, we propose that a focus on stigma can more clearly highlight the harms involved.
God of Promise and Voucher: Alienation, Reconciliation, and Resurrection
Authors: Moser Paul K.
Published: October 2024

A Christian approach to suffering, sin, and evil cannot offer now a full theodicy. We now ‘know in part’ only regarding divine purposes in allowing suffering, sin, and evil. We can clarify instead how God interacts in righteousness with people as their God of promise and voucher in the midst of suffering, sin, and evil. To that end, this article illuminates a divine effort toward human reconciliation with God in righteousness and resurrection, despite our gaps in explaining suffering, sin, and evil. It identifies current reconciliation with God and resurrection by God that do not fully explain suffering, sin, and evil, but can be a voucher now in human experience and life for eventual eschatological reparations promised by God. If the Spirit of God can be such a voucher, so also can the reconciliation and resurrection now empowered by that Spirit. This article recognizes a special role for the divine ‘fruit of the Spirit’ identified by Paul. It also explains how this role figures in spiritual resurrection with Christ now, in advance of any resurrection of the body. The article contends that the spiritual resurrection in question emerges through reconciliation with God now in volitional cooperation with God’s unique moral personality traits.
Topic aware probing: From sentence length prediction to idiom identification how reliant are neural language models on topic?
Authors: Nedumpozhimana Vasudevan , Kelleher John D.
Published: October 2024

Transformer-based neural language models achieve state-of-the-art performance on various natural language processing tasks. However, an open question is the extent to which these models rely on word-order/syntactic or word co-occurrence/topic-based information when processing natural language. This work contributes to this debate by addressing the question of whether these models primarily use topic as a signal, by exploring the relationship between Transformer-based models’ (BERT and RoBERTa’s) performance on a range of probing tasks in English, from simple lexical tasks such as sentence length prediction to complex semantic tasks such as idiom token identification, and the sensitivity of these tasks to the topic information. To this end, we propose a novel probing method which we calltopic-aware probing. Our initial results indicate that Transformer-based models encode both topic and non-topic information in their intermediate layers, but also that the facility of these models to distinguish idiomatic usage is primarily based on their ability to identify and encode topic. Furthermore, our analysis of these models’ performance on other standard probing tasks suggests that tasks that are relatively insensitive to the topic information are also tasks that are relatively difficult for these models.
Colonial Genealogies of Pluralism: Consociation as Disavowal in Contemporary Democratic Theory
Authors: WANG JOY
Published: October 2024

This article reframes understandings of pluralism in democratic theory by showing that the management of late and post-colonial identitarian conflict was integral to its incorporation into twentieth-century political science. It does so by reconstructing the central but underexamined place of theories of consociational democracy in efforts to reform South Africa’s apartheid constitution in the 1970s and 80s. Consociational democratic theory offered such promising resources for apartheid reform, it contends, because it entwined (a) a conception of social pluralism that redescribed apartheid’s racial hierarchy as identitarian difference with (b) a conception of institutional pluralism that curtailed the most transformative possibilities of decolonization through universal suffrage. Recovering pluralism’s colonial genealogies clarifies the conditions under which the recognition of identitarian diversity can function as a disavowal of racial domination, positioning democratic theory as an adjunct to projects of neo-colonial order.
Style on Trial: The Gendered Aesthetics of Appearance, Corruption, and Piety in Indonesia
Authors: Jones Carla
Published: October 2024

In the two decades since the end of Suharto regime in Indonesia, two apparently distinct public industries have emerged in tandem: gendered forms of religious style, glossed as modest fashion, and legal efforts to hold citizens accountable for theft, glossed as corruption. Many of the most high-profile anti-corruption cases in the past decade have brought these two fields into semiotic interaction, as female defendants increasingly deploy forms of facial cover associated with extreme religious piety to signal humility and shame when appearing in court, in the process complicating the relationship between religious semiotics and criminality. Analyzing how and why these two genres of political communication have intersected in the past decade, and to what effects, requires situating these shifts in the context of dense aesthetic archives in which the spectacularity inherent to fashion resonates with the unique impulses of a post-authoritarian political landscape in which uncovering secrets is especially alluring. I argue that the hermeneutic impulses motivating popular fascination with criminal style, often circulated via social media, open new analyses of the ethical relationship between beauty and justice. Building on the scholarship on transparency and on the human face, I argue that putting gendered religious style at the center of the analytical frame—from religious self-fashioning to court appearances, and as forms of political protest—reveals the ethical impulses behind seeing and being seen, and the faciality of scandal.
Mediums, Media, and Mediated “Post”-Truth: Baba Vanga in the Russian Imagination
Authors: Neuburger Mary , Hanzel Adam
Published: October 2024

It is impossible to understand the phenomenon of disinformation without unraveling the more perplexing notion of “truth.” This article explores how a Bulgarian psychic or prophet named Baba Vanga (1911–1996) became one of the most noteworthy mediums of “truth” in twentieth- and twenty-first-century Russian imagination. With Bulgarian-Russian transnational ties as context, we trace how belief in Baba Vanga’s abilities and prophecies was propagated by witnesses via word-of-mouth, newspaper articles, books, TV programming, and the internet. We periodize the ways Vanga secured a place in Russian “truth worlds,” drawing upon both science and religion or a conglomeration of both. We look deeper into the origins and more recent circulation of a purported Vanga prophecy from 1979: namely, that Russia would rise to be the ruler of the world. The dissemination of this message, we argue, is not a Russian state plot to bolster aspirations in Ukraine and its standoff with the West. Instead it has been transmitted in far more fragmented and mediated ways and even countered by the Russian Orthodox Church. A deeper pondering of these mediations of Baba Vanga can help us better understand what we call the “post”-truth world, in which truth is crafted by online “posts.” In contrast to the notion of “post-truth” that posits a dearth of truth, our concept of “post”-truth recognizes that truth is not just in unprecedented excess today but is built through a complex and participatory bricolage that uses science and religion to build shared realities as never before in history.
Beyond Order and Progress: Legitimacy and Nation-Building in Military Brazil
Authors: Monetti Luiza
Published: October 2024

Between 1964 and 1985, a military dictatorship in Brazil combined an arsenal of political instruments—surveillance, violent repression, and propaganda, among others—to justify its illegal rule. How did the Brazilian military regime attempt to justify its claim to power for more than two decades? What discursive strategies did it use to win popular support, despite the violence it perpetrated? This paper investigates how discourse is used to legitimize power and create meaning in authoritarian regimes. Using ethnographic content analysis of archival materials, I pinpoint and analyze three key discursive frames employed in regime propaganda: “defenders of democracy,” “Great Brazil” and “model citizenship.” I argue that the Brazilian military regime used these frames to justify its authority, forge national values and social norms, and redefine the boundaries of the national community. These findings not only contribute to our understanding of authoritarian power that is wielded and legitimized through discourse, but also speak to the enduring consequences of authoritarianism in sociopolitical subjects.
A global reference for black shale geochemistry and the T-OAE revisited: upper Pliensbachian – middle Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) chemostratigraphy in the Cleveland Basin, England
Authors: Jarvis Ian , Atar Elizabeth , Gröcke Darren R. , Herringshaw Liam G. , Trabucho-Alexandre João P.
Published: October 2024

The Pliensbachian–Toarcian succession of North Yorkshire provides a global reference for the interval incorporating the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ∼183 Ma). Major and trace element, carbon stable-isotope (δ13Corg) and total organic carbon (TOC) data for the Dove’s Nest core, drilled close to the classic outcrop sections of the Yorkshire coast, demonstrate geochemical, mineralogical and grain-size trends linked to sea level and climate change in the Cleveland Basin. High-resolution correlation between the core and outcrop enables the integration of data to generate a comprehensive chemostratigraphic record. Palaeoredox proxies (Mo, U, V, TOC/P, DOP and Fe speciation) show a progressive shift from oxic bottom waters in the late Pliensbachian through dysoxic–anoxic conditions in the earliest Toarcian to euxinia during the T-OAE. Anoxia–dysoxia persisted into the middle Toarcian. Elemental and isotope data (Re, Re/Mo, δ34SCAS, δ98Mo and ε205Tl) from the coastal sections evidence global expansion of anoxic and euxinic seafloor area driving drawdown of redox-sensitive metals and sulfate from seawater leading to severe depletion in early Toarcian ocean water. The record of anoxia–euxinia in the Cleveland Basin largely reflects global-scale changes in ocean oxygenation, although metal depletion was temporarily enhanced by periods of local basin restriction. Osmium and Sr isotopes demonstrate a pulse of accelerated weathering accompanying the early Toarcian hyperthermal, coincident with the T-OAE. The combined core and outcrop records evidence local and global environmental change accompanying one of the largest perturbations in the global carbon cycle during the last 200 Ma and a period of major biotic turnover.
Ora et Guberna. The Economic Impact of the Rule of St Benedict in Medieval England
Authors: Rossignoli Domenico , Trombetta Federico
Published: October 2024

Within the turmoil of the Norman Conquest, did religious institutions affect the economic outcomes of their land? Exploiting historical data about the changes in holdings’ lordship that occurred after the Conquest, we compare the economic performance of estates controlled by different types of lords. Holdings controlled by Benedictine monasteries (vis-à-vis secular lords) experienced a better performance, although, once accounting for the unchanging upper level of the feudal structure, we cannot fully disentangle this effect from the persistence of Benedictine Overlordship. A comparison with Celtic monasteries, with a different organizational structure, suggests a role for the governance structure of Benedictine monasteries.
The anthropomorphism of Hestia: reconsidering the early Greek sources
Authors: Konstantinou Ariadne
Published: October 2024

This article revisits the mainstream scholarly view that the Greek Hestia is the least anthropomorphic deity among the Olympians, an idea that owes much to a short reference to her in Plato’s Phaedrus. The analysis is based on textual and visual sources from the Archaic period: I first review two references to Hestia in early hexameter poetry, in Hesiod’s Theogony and in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, before turning to the depiction of her in two early Attic black-figure vases, the Sophilos dinos at the British Museum and the François vase, which have been neglected in discussing Hestia’s anthropomorphic nature in early Greek thought. While the study of individual Greek gods has returned to the fore in the field of Greek religion in the last 20 years, it seems that not enough has changed in the current conceptualization of Hestia.
Missed detection probability evaluation for the RAIM based on worst-case fault magnitude searching
Authors: Li Ruijie , Li Liang , Wang Liuqi , Li Min , Na Zhibo
Published: October 2024

Missed detection probability is a critical metric for the integrity performance of receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) in the presence of faults. The traditional missed detection probability evaluation method for RAIM is limited by impractical time consumption because of the absence of accurate searching interval for the magnitude of a worst-case fault. To address this issue, the searching interval for the magnitude of a worst-case fault is constructed by the combination of minimum detectable magnitude and minimum hazardous magnitude, and the searching interval adjustment is designed to avoid the absence of worst-case fault magnitude so that the maximum missed detection probability can be accurately evaluated. The simulation result indicates that the proposed method can achieve higher accuracy for the worst-case fault magnitude searching. Furthermore, the accuracy of worldwide evaluated missed detection rate can achieve an improvement of 57·66% at most by the proposed method for the different classical RAIM algorithms.
The evolution problem for the 1D nonlocal Fisher-KPP equation with a top hat kernel. Part 1. The Cauchy problem on the real line
Authors: Needham David John , Billingham John , Ladas Nikolaos Michael , Meyer John
Published: October 2024

We study the Cauchy problem on the real line for the nonlocal Fisher-KPP equation in one spatial dimension,\begin{equation*} u_t = D u_{xx} + u(1-\phi *u), \end{equation*}where$\phi *u$is a spatial convolution with the top hat kernel,$\phi (y) \equiv H\left (\frac{1}{4}-y^2\right )$. After observing that the problem is globally well-posed, we demonstrate that positive, spatially periodic solutions bifurcate from the spatially uniform steady state solution$u=1$as the diffusivity,$D$, decreases through$\Delta _1 \approx 0.00297$(the exact value is determined in Section 3). We explicitly construct these spatially periodic solutions as uniformly valid asymptotic approximations for$D \ll 1$, over one wavelength, via the method of matched asymptotic expansions. These consist, at leading order, of regularly spaced, compactly supported regions with width of$O(1)$where$u=O(1)$, separated by regions where$u$is exponentially small at leading order as$D \to 0^+$. From numerical solutions, we find that for$D \geq \Delta _1$, permanent form travelling waves, with minimum wavespeed,$2 \sqrt{D}$, are generated, whilst for$0 \lt D \lt \Delta _1$, the wavefronts generated separate the regions where$u=0$from a region where a steady periodic solution is created via a distinct periodic shedding mechanism acting immediately to the rear of the advancing front, with this mechanism becoming more pronounced with decreasing$D$. The structure of these transitional travelling wave forms is examined in some detail.
Soap ’n’ AI
Authors: Dale Robert
Published: October 2024

It’s less than a year since OpenAI’s board voted to fire Sam Altman as CEO, in a palace coup that lasted just a weekend before Altman was reinstated. That weekend and subsequent events in OpenAI’s storyline provide all the ingredients for a soap opera. So, just in case Netflix is interested, here’s a stab at a synopsis of what might be just the first of many seasons of ‘The Generative AI Wars’.
Models of Teaching, Magazines and Music Machines: Alternative approaches to electronic music education in Melbourne
Authors: Callander Michael , Davis Dylan , Haberfeld David
Published: October 2024

This article presents a history of alternative electronic music education in Melbourne, Australia. It documents early examples of experimentation with non-traditional classes and programmes in tertiary institutions and subsequently the emergence, over several decades, of alternative teaching and learning in community centres, nightclubs, retail stores, message boards and magazines. The article uses Scheffler’s Models of Teaching to provide a framework to document the differing pedagogical approaches, and draws upon archival material, interviews, essays and first-hand experiences to explain how Melbourne’s rich history has informed and influenced today’s learning practices. It posits that the adaptable, dynamic and flexible practices found in Melbourne’s electronic music education were the result of influences from key educators, the needs of the communities that enabled them and the adaptation to cultural and technological changes.
Persistently Elevated High‐Latitude Ocean Temperatures and Global Sea Level Following Temporary Temperature Overshoots
Authors: Lacroix Fabrice , Burger Friedrich A. , Silvy Yona , Schleussner Carl‐F. , Frölicher Thomas L.
Published: October 2024

As exceeding the 1.5°C level of global warming is likely to happen in the near future, understanding the response of the ocean‐climate system to temporarily overshooting this warming level is of critical importance. Here, we apply the Adaptive Emissions Reduction Approach to the Earth System Model GFDL‐ESM2M to conduct novel overshoot scenarios that reach 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0°C of global warming before returning to 1.5°C over the time period of 1861–2500. We also perform a complementary scenario that stabilizes global temperature at 1.5°C, allowing to isolate impacts caused by the temperature overshoots alone, both during their peaks and after their reversals. The simulations indicate that substantial residual ocean surface warming persists in the high latitudes after the overshoots, with most notable regional anomalies occurring in the North Atlantic (up to +3.1°C in the 3°C overshoot scenario compared to the 1.5°C stabilization scenario) and the Southern Ocean (+1.2°C). The residual warming is primarily driven by the recoveries of the Atlantic and Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation and associated increases in ocean heat transport. Excess subsurface heat storage in low and mid‐latitudes prevents steric sea level rise (SLR) from reverting to 1.5°C stabilization levels in any overshoot scenario, with steric sea level remaining up to 32% higher in the 3°C overshoot scenario on centennial time scales. Both peak impacts and persistent changes after overshoot reversal bear significant implications for future assessments of coastlines, regional climates, marine ecosystems, and ice sheets.
Estimating Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Two California Cities Using Bayesian Inversion and Satellite Measurements
Authors: Hamilton Sofia D. , Wu Dien , Johnson Matthew S. , Turner Alexander J. , Fischer Marc L. , Dadheech Nikhil , Jeong Seongeun
Published: October 2024

NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatories (OCO‐2 and OCO‐3) provide measurements of column‐averaged carbon dioxide concentrations (XCO2) with sufficient spatial resolution and precision to constrain bottom‐up estimates of CO2 fluxes at regional scales. We use Bayesian inversion methods assimilating satellite retrievals to improve estimates of CO2 fluxes in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) which surrounds Los Angeles, and in the San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin (SFBA). We study 2020 to understand the impact of the COVID‐19 lockdowns and an active wildfire season. Our results indicated that a 50% (30%) reduction in CO2 emissions relative to 2015 during the COVID‐19 lockdown period was consistent with OCO measurements for SFBA (SoCAB). We find that posterior wildfire emissions differed significantly from the prior at the scale of individual wildfires, though with large uncertainties, and that wildfire emissions in SFBA are significant, attributing 72% of the region's CO2 emissions during August 2020 to wildfires.
Decoding Stress Patterns of the 2023 Türkiye‐Syria Earthquake Doublet
Authors: Chen Jianquan , Liu Chang , Dal Zilio Luca , Cao Jianling , Wang Hui , Yang Guangliang , Göğüş Oğuz H. , Zhang Hang , Shi Yaolin
Published: October 2024

Earthquake interaction across multiple time scales can reveal complex stress evolution and rupture patterns. Here, we investigate the role of static stress change in the 2023 Mw 7.8 and 7.6 earthquake doublet along the East Anatolian Fault (EAF), using simulations of 19 historical earthquakes (M ≥ 6.1) and the 2023 earthquake doublet from 1822 to 2023. Focusing on six cascading sub‐events during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake doublet, we reveal how one sub‐event's stress alteration can impact the emergence and rupture of subsequent sub‐events. Our analysis unveils that the 2023 Mw 7.8 earthquake was delayed due to stress shadow effects from historical events, while the 2023 Mw 7.6 earthquake was accelerated as a result of stress increases from historical events and ultimately triggered by the 2023 Mw 7.8 earthquake. This study underscores the importance of grasping earthquake preparation, rupture initiation, propagation, and termination in the context of intricate fault systems worldwide. Based on these results, we draw attention to increased seismic hazards in the Elazig‐Bingol seismic gap of the EAF and the northern section of the Dead Sea Fault (DSF), necessitating increased monitoring and preparedness efforts.
Long‐Term Variability of Phytoplankton Primary Production in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea/Japan Sea Using Ocean Color Remote Sensing
Authors: Lee Dabin , Lee Dong‐Hun , Joo Huitae , Jang Hyo Keun , Park Sanghoon , Kim Yejin , Kim Sungjun , Kim Jaesoon , Kim Myeongseop , Kwon Jae‐Il , Lee Sang Heon
Published: October 2024

In recent years, significant changes in environmental conditions and marine ecosystems have been observed in the East Sea/Japan Sea. This study investigates the long‐term environmental dynamics and phytoplankton responses in the Ulleung Basin, situated in the southwestern East Sea/Japan Sea, utilizing satellite and in situ data from 2002 to 2021. Over this period, there was a noticeable increase in sea surface temperature (SST) (r = 0.5739, p < 0.01), accompanied by decreasing mixed layer depth (MLD) and chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration (r = −0.6193 and −0.6721, respectively; p < 0.01). Nutrient concentrations within the upper 50 m significantly declined for nitrate and phosphate. A reduction in the N:P ratio indicated a shift from phosphorus‐limited to nitrogen‐limited environment. Moreover, primary production (PP) demonstrated a decreasing trend (r = −0.5840, p < 0.01), coinciding with an increase in small phytoplankton contribution (r = 0.6399, p < 0.01). Rising SST potentially altered the water column's vertical structure, hindering nutrient entrainment from the deep ocean. Consequently, this nutrient limitation may increase small phytoplankton contribution, resulting in a decline in total PP. Under the IPCC's SSP5‐8.5 scenario, small phytoplankton contribution in the Ulleung Basin is projected to rise by over 10%, resulting in a 29% average PP decrease by 2100. This suggests a diminishing energy supply to the food web in a warming ocean, impacting higher trophic levels and major fishery resources. These findings emphasize the critical need for understanding and monitoring these environmental shifts for effective fisheries management and marine ecosystem conservation.
Potential Linkages Between Submarine Groundwater (Fresh and Saline) Nutrient Inputs and Eutrophication in a Coastal Aquaculture Bay
Authors: Xu Cheng , Wang Xilong , Zhang Fenfen , Lao Yanlin , Liu Jianan , Du Jinzhou
Published: October 2024

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) plays a crucial role in nutrient budgets of coastal systems, encompassing both submarine fresh groundwater discharge (SFGD) and recirculated saline groundwater discharge (RSGD). Despite its significance, the specific importance of these components in mariculture bays has not been thoroughly assessed. Here, utilizing Ra isotopes and water‐salt mass balance model, we show that SFGD flux (1.1 ± 0.4 cm d−1) represented only 17% of the SGD in the Zhenzhu Bay, a typical mariculture bay along the South China Sea. Interestingly, the nutrient contribution from SFGD surpassed that from RSGD, accounting for 82% of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) flux within the SGD. Analysis of the monthly satellite Chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) data confirmed that the decline in phytoplankton biomass can be linked to the limited dissolved silicate (DSi) transported by SFGD. Additionally, the elevated nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (241:1) and reduced silicon to nitrogen ratio (0.5:1) in SFGD compared to the Redfield ratio suggested that SFGD characterized by nitrogen excess and silica deficient, which likely played a role in transitioning from biogenic element constraints in coastal water. This shift may impact the proportions and functionality of the phytoplankton community, potentially mitigating water eutrophication. These findings underscore the significant influence of SGD on nutrient dynamics and the ecological environment in the Zhenzhu Bay.
CO2 Emissions Estimate From Mexico City Using Ground‐ and Space‐Based Remote Sensing
Authors: Che Ke , Lauvaux Thomas , Taquet Noemie , Stremme Wolfgang , Xu Yang , Alberti Carlos , Lopez Morgan , García‐Reynoso Agustín , Ciais Philippe , Liu Yi , Ramonet Michel , Grutter Michel
Published: October 2024

The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) stands as one of the most densely populated urban regions globally. To quantify the urban emissions in the MCMA, we independently assimilated observations from a dense column‐integrated Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) network and OCO‐3 Snapshot Area Map observations between October 2020 and May 2021. Applying a computationally efficient analytical Bayesian inversion technique, we inverted for surface fluxes at high spatio‐temporal resolutions (1‐km and 1‐hr). The fossil fuel (FF) emission estimates of 5.08 and 6.77 Gg/hr reported by the global and local emission inventories were optimized to 4.85 and 5.51 Gg/hr based on FTIR observations over this 7 month period, highlighting a convergence of posterior estimates. The modeled biogenic flux estimate of −0.14 Gg/hr was improved to −0.33 to −0.27 Gg/hr, respectively. It is worth noting that utilizing observations from three primary sites significantly enhanced the accuracy of estimates (13.6 29.2%) around the other four. Using FTIR posterior estimates can improve simulation with the OCO‐3 data set. OCO‐3 shows a similar decreasing trend in FF emissions (from 6.37 Gg/hr to 6.36 and 5.04 Gg/hr) as FTIR, but its correction trends for biogenic sources differ, changing from 0.37 to 0.48 Gg/hr. The primary reason is OCO‐3's lower temporal sampling density. Aligning the FTIR inversion timing with that of OCO‐3 yielded comparable corrections for FF emissions, yet discrepancies in biogenic emissions persisted, which can be attributed to their different sampling locations in the rural region and discrepancy in X observations. Our findings mark a significant step toward validating OCO‐3 and FTIR inversion results in metropolitan region.
High‐Latitude Eddy Covariance Temporal Network Design and Optimization
Authors: Pallandt Martijn M. T. A. , Jung Martin , Arndt Kyle , Natali Susan M. , Rogers Brendan M. , Virkkala Anna‐Maria , Göckede Mathias
Published: October 2024

Ecosystems at high latitudes are changing rapidly in response to climate change. To understand changes in carbon fluxes across seasonal to multi‐decadal timescales, long‐term in situ measurements from eddy covariance networks are needed. However, there are large spatiotemporal gaps in the high‐latitude eddy covariance network. Here we used the relative extrapolation error index in machine learning‐based upscaled gross primary production as a measure of network representativeness and as the basis for a network optimization. We show that the relative extrapolation error index has steadily decreased from 2001 to 2020, suggesting diminishing upscaling errors. In experiments where we limit site activity by either setting a maximum duration or by ending measurements at a fixed time those errors increase significantly, in some cases setting the network status back more than a decade. Our experiments also show that with equal site activity across different theoretical network setups, a more spread out design with shorter‐term measurements functions better in terms of larger‐scale representativeness than a network with fewer long‐term towers. We developed a method to select optimized site additions for a network extension, which blends an objective modeling approach with expert knowledge. This method greatly outperforms an unguided network extension and can compensate for suboptimal human choices. For the Canadian Arctic we show several optimization scenarios and find that especially the Canadian high Arctic and north east tundra benefit greatly from addition sites. Overall, it is important to keep sites active and where possible make the extra investment to survey new strategic locations.