bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation, identification, and structural analysis of the mycobactins of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Barclay R , Ewing D F , Ratledge C
Published: January 2020

Methods were devised to purify the cell-associated, iron-binding compounds known as mycobactins from the closely related species Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (i.e., the MAIS complex of organisms). The mycobactins from these three species showed a structure that is common to the mycobactins from all the mycobacteria examined to date. However, these mycobactins were unique in that they had more than one alkyl chain. The M. scrofulaceum mycobactins differed from other MAIS mycobactins by a shift in the position of the double bond in the R1 alkyl chain. Traces of other mycobactin types were observed in ethanol extracts of the three species, and examination of the chromatographic properties of these mycobactins showed that each species produced five mycobactin types. Each mycobactin could be subdivided further by the length of its R1 alkyl chain. No differences in the production of these novel mycobactin were observed among species. Mycobactins from three strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and two wood pigeon strains of Mycobacterium avium which had lost their original growth requirements for mycobactin after repeated subculturing in laboratory growth media were examined by thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Each organism produced a mycobactin with similar chromatographic properties to those synthesized by MAIS organisms. M. paratuberculosis NADC 18 produced at least two components in our laboratory, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the major component showed this mycobactin to be identical to that produced by M. intracellulare M12. However, a sample of mycobactin J isolated by Merkal and McCullough (Curr. Microbiol. 7:333-335, 1982) from M. paratuberculosis NADC 18 was different from our isolates and appeared to correspond to a minor mycobactin component we had seen by thin-layer chromatography. No reason for this difference could be evinced. Our findings indicate that there is a close taxonomic relationship between M. paratuberculosis and the MAIS complex.
Distribution of multicopy single-stranded DNA among myxobacteria and related species
Authors: Dhundale A R , Furuichi T , Inouye S , Inouye M
Published: January 2020

Multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA) is a short single-stranded linear DNA originally discovered in Myxococcus xanthus and subsequently found in Stigmatella aurantiaca. It exists at an estimated 500 to 700 copies per chromosome (T. Yee, T. Furuichi, S. Inouye, and M. Inouye, Cell 38:203-209, 1984). We found msDNA in other myxobacteria, including Myxococcus coralloides, Cystobacter violaceus, Cystobacter ferrugineus (Cbfe17), Nannocystis exedens, and nine independently isolated strains of M. xanthus. The presence of msDNA in N. exedens would extend its phylogenetic distribution into another family of myxobacteria. Flexibacter elegans, a Cytophaga-like gliding bacteria which may be even more distantly related, also contained an msDNA but at a much lower copy number. msDNA was not detected in closely related strains of the myxobacteria Cystobacter fuscus and C. ferrugineus (Cbfe16 and Cbfe18) and the more distantly related eubacteria Herpetosiphon giganteus, Taxeobacter ocellatus, Lysobacter antibioticus, Lysobacter enzymogenes, Cytophaga johnsonae, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, and Rhodospirillum rubrum. Thus far, msDNA has been found in certain gliding bacteria but not in others.
Osmoregulation of gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium: proU encodes an osmotically induced betaine transport system
Authors: Cairney J , Booth I R , Higgins C F
Published: January 2020

Previous evidence has indicated that a gene, proU, is involved in the response of bacterial cells to growth at high osmolarity. Using Mu-mediated lacZ operon fusions we found that transcription of the proU gene of Salmonella typhimurium is stimulated over 100-fold in response to increases in external osmolarity. Our evidence suggests that changes in turgor pressure are responsible for these alterations in gene expression. Expression of proU is independent of the ompR gene, known to be involved in osmoregulation of porin expression. Thus, there must be at least two distinct mechanisms by which external osmolarity can influence gene expression. We show that there are relatively few genes in the cell which are under such osmotic control. The proU gene is shown to encode a high-affinity transport system (Km = 1.3 microM) for the osmoprotectant betaine, which is accumulated to high concentrations in response to osmotic stress. Even when fully induced, this transport system is only able to function in medium of high osmolarity. Thus, betaine transport is regulated by osmotic pressure at two levels: the induction of expression and by modulation of activity of the transport proteins. We have previously shown that the proP gene encodes a lower-affinity betaine transport system (J. Cairney, I. R. Booth, and C. F. Higgins, J. Bacteriol., 164:1218-1223, 1985). In proP proU strains, no saturable betaine uptake could be detected although there was a low-level nonsaturable component at high substrate concentrations. Thus, S. typhimurium has two genetically distinct pathways for betaine uptake, a constitutive low-affinity system (proP) and an osmotically induced high-affinity system (proU).
Tn4400, a compound transposon isolated from Bacteroides fragilis, functions in Escherichia coli
Authors: Robillard N J , Tally F P , Malamy M H
Published: January 2020

Transfer factor pBFTM10, isolated from the obligate anaerobic bacterium Bacteroides fragilis, carries a clindamycin resistance determinant which we have suggested is part of a transposable element. DNA homologous to this determinant is found in many Clnr Bacteroides isolates, either in the chromosome or on plasmids. We have now established that Ccr resides on a transposon, Tn4400. In addition to the Ccr determinant that functions under anaerobic conditions in B. fragilis, Tn4400 also carries a determinant for tetracycline resistance (Tcr) which only functions in Escherichia coli under aerobic conditions. The presence of Tn4400 on pBFTM10 does not confer tetracycline resistance on B. fragilis cells containing it. DNA from pBFTM10 was cloned in E. coli, with pDG5 as the cloning vector, to form pGAT500. Using a mobilization assay involving pGAT500 and an F factor derivative, pOX38, we determined that a 5.6-kilobase region of pBFTM10 DNA was capable of mediating replicon fusion and transposition. Most of the mobilization products resulted from inverse transposition reactions, while some were the result of true cointegrate formation. Analysis of the cointegrate molecules showed that three were formed by the action of one of the ends of Tn4400 (IS4400), and one was formed by the action of the whole element (Tn4400). The cointegrate molecule carrying intact copies of Tn4400 at the junction of the two plasmids could resolve to yield an unaltered donor plasmid (pGAT500) and a conjugal plasmid containing a copy of Tn4400 or a copy of one insertion sequence element (pOX38::Tn4400 or pOX38::IS4400). Thus, Tn4400 is a compound transposon containing active insertion sequence elements as directly repeated sequences at its ends.
Regulation of guaC expression in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kessler A I , Gots J S
Published: January 2020

The guaC gene encodes GMP reductase, which converts GMP to inosine monophosphate. Regulation of guaC expression was examined by use of guaC-lac fusions created by Mu d1(lac). In these strains, beta-galactosidase is induced by guanine derivatives, and this induction is prevented by adenine. Our previous implication that glutamine acts as a negative effector of transcription was confirmed by showing that glutamine analogs (diazo-oxo-norleucine and methionine sulfoximine) can also induce beta-galactosidase. GMP was implicated as a likely candidate for the in vivo inducer by introducing a gpt block to prevent the conversion of guanine to GMP and a deoD block to prevent the interconversion of guanine and guanosine. Regulatory mutants were isolated by growth on lactose plus adenine. Though these showed high constitutive levels of beta-galactosidase, they were normal for the regulation of GMP reductase when the fusion was corrected by transduction to guaC+ or when guaC+ was introduced by plasmid complementation. The regulatory mutants were linked to guaC.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO TOXINS OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
VII
Authors: Fiock Mary A. , Yarinsky Allen , Duff James T.
Published: January 2020

Fiock, Mary
A. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
Allen Yarinsky, and James T. Duff
. Studies on immunity to toxins of
Clostridium botulinum
. VII. Purification and detoxification of trypsin-activated type E toxin. J. Bacteriol.
82:
66–71. 1961.—A procedure was described for production, purification, and conversion to toxoid of the
Clostridium botulinum
type E trypsin-treated toxin. A medium containing 1.5% trypticase, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.075% cysteine hydrochloride, and 1.0% glucose consistently yielded activated culture toxicities of 300,000 mouse intraperitoneal
ld
50
/ml. Purification of the toxin was accomplished by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, extraction with calcium chloride, and reprecipitation with ethanol in the cold. The resulting partially purified toxin had a specific activity of 45,000,000
ld
50
/mg nitrogen. Purified toxins were converted to toxoid by incubation with formalin and adsorbed on aluminum phosphate. Good immune responses were obtained to the toxoids in mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.
ENDOGENOUS RESPIRATION OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Clifton C. E. , Sobek J. M.
Published: January 2020

Clifton
, C. E. (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.),
and J. M. Sobek
. Endogenous respiration of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
82:
252–256. 1961.—The endogenous respiration of washed cells of
Bacillus cereus
varies with the nature of the growth medium and with time. The respiratory quotient of cells harvested from nutrient agar remained quite constant around 1.00 over a 2-hr period of respiration, whereas that of cells grown on glucose-nutrient agar decreased from 0.97 for the first hour to 0.87 for the second hour. Considerable amounts of ammonia were formed, the number of moles per mole of oxygen consumed decreasing with time for agar-grown cells and increasing for glucose-grown ones.

C
14
-labeled, agar-grown cells utilized materials insoluble in cold or hot 5% trichloroacetic acid, ethanol, or chloroform as their endogenous substrate, the same behavior being noted with glucose-grown cells except that they utilized both hot trichloroacetic-soluble and -insoluble materials. These results indicate that the bulk of the endogenous substrates are chemically complex and, at least in part, are nitrogenous in character.
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE OF BACTERIA TO ENDOTOXIN ON THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE LETHAL ACTION OF NORMAL SERUM
Authors: Michael J. Gabriel , Landy Maurice
Published: January 2020

Michael, J. Gabriel
(National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.),
and Maurice Landy
. Effect of exposure of bacteria to endotoxin on their susceptibility to the lethal action of normal serum. J. Bacteriol.
82:
257–264. 1961.—The uptake of typhoid endotoxin by
Escherichia coli
and
Shigella dysenteriae
was investigated with respect to its effect on the susceptibility of these strains to the bactericidal action of serum. The attachment of endotoxin to the organisms was found to be dependent on time, temperature, concentration, and the physiological state of the bacteria. Short exposure leading to the adsorption or incorporation of small amounts of endotoxin enhanced the lethal effect of serum, whereas long periods of exposure leading to the uptake of larger amounts rendered the bacteria relatively resistant.
GROWTH OF
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
IN DEFINED MEDIA
Authors: Friedman Mischa E. , Roessler William G.
Published: January 2020

Friedman, Mischa
E. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
and William G. Roessler
. Growth of
Listeria monocytogenes
in defined media. J. Bacteriol.
82:
528–533. 1961—
Listeria monocytogenes
, strains A4413, JHH, and 9037-7, require organic sulfur, valine, and isoleucine for growth. In addition, A4413 requires leucine, whereas 9037-7 requires leucine, histidine, and arginine. Glutamine is stimulatory for all three strains. Further, A4413 is stimulated also by histidine, arginine, and methionine, and JHH by histidine, arginine, and leucine.

With A4413, glutamine can be replaced by inorganic ammonium salts, urea, or asparagine but not by glutamic acid. Growth inhibition by
d
-serine is reversed by glycine or alanine. Growth with agitation in defined media is very poor and subculture is not possible unless unidentified products of enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins are present.

A requirement for lipoic acid was not observed with five strains of
L. monocytogenes
.
PREPARATION OF A FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY SPECIFIC FOR THE YEAST PHASE OFHISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM
Authors: Kaufman Leo , Kaplan William
Published: January 2020

Kaufman, Leo(Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.)and William Kaplan. Preparation of a fluorescent antibody specific for the yeast phase ofHistoplasma capsulatum. J. Bacteriol.82:729–735. 1961.—Rabbit anti-Histoplasma capsulatumglobulin was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. This labeled antibody, in addition to staining six strains ofH. capsulatum, exhibited strong cross-staining with ten strains ofBlastomyces dermatitidisand numerous other species of fungi. Adsorption of the labeled antiglobulin either twice with cells ofB. dermatitidisor twice with cells ofCoccidioides immitisand once with cells ofB. dermatitidisresulted in a good staining fluorescent antibody reagent, specific for yeast phase cells ofH. capsulatum.

Attempts to define the specific labeled antibody by the Ouchterlony procedure were unsuccessful. The specific conjugate did not give a complement fixation titer with yeast phase cells ofB. dermatitidisor with coccidioidin. It did, however, show a 1:16 complement fixation titer with homologous yeast phase cells and a weaker reaction with histoplasmin.
TRANSDUCTION OF RESISTANCE TO CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND NOVOBIOCIN IN
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Pattee P. A. , Baldwin J. N.
Published: January 2020

Pattee
, P. A. (Ohio State University, Columbus)
and J. N. Baldwin
. Transduction of resistance to chlortetracycline and novobiocin in
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
82:
875–881. 1961.—Using phage 80 of the International Typing Series propagated on appropriate strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
, resistance to chlortetracycline and novobiocin and the capacity to produce penicillinase were transduced to a number of antibiotic-sensitive recipient strains of
S. aureus
. The frequency of transduction varied from 1 to 10 transductants per 10
7
phage particles employed. Lysogenization of the transductants by the transducing phage did not occur. Phages 29, 52A, 79, and 53 of the International Typing Series were also capable of transduction, while phages 42B and 81 were unable to participate under the conditions used. The recipient strains were either resistant or susceptible to lysis by the transducing phages, but this did not influence the transduction frequencies. Lysis of transductants susceptible to the transducing phages was inhibited by preparing the selective medium with brain heart infusion agar. Linked transductions were not detected. With few exceptions, all of the recipient strains were susceptible to lysis by phages of group I or phage 81 or both. Strains susceptible to lysis by phages of groups II and III, but resistant to lysis by phages of group I or phage 81, were not transduced.
ALTERATIONS IN THE PERMEABILITY OF
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
DUE TO POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Kinsky Stephen C.
Published: January 2020

Kinsky, Stephen
C. (Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.). Alterations in the permeability of
Neurospora crassa
due to polyene antibiotics. J. Bacteriol.
82:
889–897. 1961.—Thirty-three antibiotics and synthetic fungicides were examined for their effect on the growth and morphology of
Neurospora crassa
. Only the polyene antibiotics (nystatin, amphotericin B, and filipin) caused a decrease in the dry weight of mycelial mats, which was accompanied by the appearance of cytoplasmic constituents in the medium. The influence of polyene concentration, incubation time, mycelial age, various metabolic inhibitors, pH, and media composition on this phenomenon are described. The present evidence indicates that the polyenes exert their primarily fungicidal effect by an alteration of permeability, probably due to direct action on the membrane of sensitive organisms.
ENZYMATIC BASIS FOR ASSIMILATORY AND DISSIMILATORY SULFATE REDUCTION
Authors: Peck H. D.
Published: January 2020

Peck, H. D., Jr.
(Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.). Enzymatic basis for assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfate reduction. J. Bacteriol.
82:
933–939. 1961.—Two pathways for the reduction of sulfate to sulfite in bacteria have been previously described. The substrate for sulfate reduction by extracts of yeast is 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and, in contrast, the substrate for sulfate reduction in extracts of
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
is adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS). The enzymes catalyzing these reductions have been termed PAPS-reductase and APS-reductase, respectively. Since yeasts are “assimilatory sulfate reducers”, i.e., reduce only enough sulfate to satisfy nutritional requirements for sulfur, and
D. desulfuricans
is a “dissimilatory sulfate reducer”, i.e., utilizes sulfate as its terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, the pathway of sulfate reduction was determined in 25 microorganisms to ascertain whether there is a correlation between the pathway of sulfate reduction and the physiological role of sulfate in the metabolism of bacteria. Assimilatory sulfate reducers reduced sulfate in the form of PAPS, and, with one exception, APS-reductase was found only in dissimilatory sulfate reducers. APS-reductase was also found in the Thiobacilli in high specific activity and is involved in the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds to sulfate.
INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM OF
DIPLOCOCCUS GLYCINOPHILUS
II
Authors: Klein Sigrid M. , Sagers Richard D.
Published: January 2020

Klein, Sigrid M.
(Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah)
and Richard D. Sagers
. Intermediary metabolism of
Diplococcus glycinophilus
. II. Enzymes of the acetate-generating system. J. Bacteriol.
83:
121–126. 1962—The enzymatic steps in the conversion of glycine to acetate by
Diplococcus glycinophilus
were examined and the reaction rates of the individual steps compared with the maximal glycine fermentation rate by whole cells. Glycine is oxidatively cleaved to one-carbon units with the alpha carbon being transferred to tetrahydrofolate at the oxidation level of formaldehyde. The activated one-carbon unit is condensed with a second glycine molecule to form serine which is then deaminated to pyruvate. Pyruvate gives rise to acetyl units as acetyl coenzyme A and acetyl phosphate. The latter compound reacts with adenosine diphosphate to yield acetate and adenosine triphosphate, providing the main energy-yielding reaction in the fermentation. The enzyme systems discussed together with their specific activities (μmoles substrate acted upon per hr per mg protein) are as follows: serine aldolase, 9 to 12; serine dehydrase, 180; pyruvate-oxidizing and acyl unit-generating system, 96; phosphotransacetylase, 96; acetokinase, 3,600. The high activity of the acetokinase system may tend to pull the entire reaction series in the direction of acetate and adenosine triphosphate generation. In all cases the reaction rates of the individual enzyme systems were equal to or significantly greater than the over-all glycine fermentation rate by whole cells (9 μmoles per hr per mg protein). If coupled together, these enzymes could account for the fermentation of glycine to acetate, CO
2
, and ammonia and could account for the conversion of 2-labeled glycine to doubly-labeled acetate as demonstrated in previous tracer studies.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
AND ITS ENVIRONMENT IN A VESICULAR LEPROUS LESION
Authors: Imaeda Tamotsu , Convit Jacinto
Published: January 2020

Imaeda, Tamotsu
(Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela)
and Jacinto Convit
. Electron microscope study of
Mycobacterium leprae
and its environment in a vesicular leprous lesion. J. Bacteriol.
83:
43–52. 1962.—Biopsied specimens of a borderline leprosy lesion were observed with the electron microscope. In this lesion, the majority of
Mycobacterium leprae
were laden with cytoplasmic components. The bacilli were separated from the cytoplasm of host cells by an enclosing membrane, thus differing from the environment of well-developed lepra cells in lepromatous lesions.

The cell wall is composed of a moderately dense layer. A diffuse layer is discernible outside the cell wall, separated from it by a low density space. It is suggested that the cell wall is further coated by a low density layer, although the nature of the outermost diffuse layer has not yet been determined.

The plasma membrane consists of a double layer, i.e., dense inner and outer layers separated by a low density space. The outer layer is closely adjacent to the cell wall. In the region where the outer layer of the plasma membrane enters the cytoplasm and is transformed into a complex membranous structure, the inner layer encloses this membranous configuration. Together they form the intracytoplasmic membrane system.

In the bacterial cytoplasm, moderately dense, presumably polyphosphate bodies are apparent. As neither these bodies nor the intracytoplasmic membrane system are visible in the degenerating bacilli, it seems probable that these two components represent indicators of the state of bacillary activity.
STUDIES ON THE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF A GRAM-NEGATIVE ANAEROBE (
BACTEROIDES SYMBIOSUS
) USED IN THE CULTURE OF
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
Authors: Bragg P. D. , Reeves Richard E.
Published: January 2020

Bragg, P. D.
(Louisiana State University, New Orleans)
and R. E. Reeves
. Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of a gram-negative anaerobe (
Bacteroides symbiosus
) used in the culture of
Entamoeba histolytica
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
76–84. 1962—Resting cells of
Bacteroides symbiosus
have been shown to utilize glucose and several other monosaccharides. The fermentation of the sugars is mediated by demonstrable kinases except in the case of mannitol. The main end products of metabolism of glucose are CO
2
, H
2
, ethanol, and acetic, butyric, succinic, and lactic acids. Changes in the thiol used in the growth media produce different enzyme complements in the cells. Thus, cells grown with cysteine as the thiol are unable to metabolize glucosamine, whereas those grown with thiomalate rapidly degrade the amino sugar. The results of the enzyme assay and the results from experiments with C
14
-labelled glucose suggest that glucose is metabolized by resting cells mainly by the Embden-Myerhof pathway.
PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF FUNGISTATIC PROPERTIES OF MARINE ALGAE
Authors: Welch Ann Marie
Published: January 2020

Welch, Ann Marie
(U. S. Veterans Administration Hospital, Durham, N. C.). Preliminary survey of fungistatic properties of marine algae. J. Bacteriol.
83:
97–99. 1962—Homogenized preparations of 35 marine algae were tested for inhibitory activity against 6 pathogenic or opportunistically pathogenic fungi with saturated filter-paper discs on seeded Sabouraud agar plates; 11 of these preparations produced wide zones of inhibition against 1 or more test organisms, and at least 4 of the 11 are considered to be worthy of further study. The results indicated that further search should be made for antifungal substances from marine algae.
STARCH HYDROLYSIS BY
STREPTOCOCCUS EQUINUS
Authors: Dunican Lawrence K. , Seeley Harry W.
Published: January 2020

Dunican, Lawrence
K. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.)
and Harry W. Seeley
. Starch hydrolysis by
Streptococcus equinus
. J. Bacteriol.
82:
264–269. 1962.—In a study of starch hydrolysis by strains of
Streptococcus equinus
, 52 isolates were obtained and their amylolytic abilities determined. It was found that all the strains could hydrolyze starch to some extent when grown in the presence of an easily fermentable carbohydrate,
viz
., glucose. Without this carbohydrate the organisms did not hydrolyze starch. The hydrolysis of starch was inhibited when the organisms were grown in an atmosphere of 5% CO
2
and 95% N
2
, even if grown in the presence of a fermentable monosaccharide.
S. bovis
, which was used as a reference organism, readily hydrolyzed starch in the absence of monosaccharides and in atmospheres containing CO
2
. In no instance did
S. equinus
hydrolyze the starch to the level of reducing sugars. Negligible amounts of reducing sugars were recovered when the cell-free filtrates of
S. equinus
were incubated with starch. With
S. bovis
, the yield of reducing sugars under such conditions was almost quantitative. These facts extend further the differences between these related organisms.

The ability to synthesize an internal starchlike polysaccharide was noted in most of the strains of
S. equinus
. Synthesis was found when the organisms were grown on maltose or on a starch medium containing a small amount of fermentable monosaccharide.
RUPTURE OF BACTERIA BY EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION
Authors: Foster John W. , Cowan Robert M. , Maag Ted A.
Published: January 2020

Foster, JohnW. (University of Georgia, Athens),Robert M. Cowan, and Ted A. Maag. Rupture of bacteria by explosive decompression. J. Bacteriol.83:330–334. 1962.—A device is described for instantaneously rupturing bacteria and other cells in a closed system under controlled conditions by explosive decompression. With this device, 31 to 59% ofSerratia marcescens, ranging up to 20 mg (dry wt) of cells per ml, were ruptured after nitrogen saturation at 1740 psi. Under similar conditions, 10 to 25% ofBrucella abortusandStaphylococcus aureuswere ruptured. Rupture of these organisms produced readily separable cell walls. Centrifugation in linear glycerol gradients was applied to further separate cell walls from debris.Mycoplasma gallinarum, Leptospira pomona, andEimeria tenella(avian coccidia) oöcysts were also broken up by the decompression chamber. Pressure and duration of saturation of cells with gas affected rupture efficiency. Within the limits of this study, concentration of organisms and volume of suspensions did not have a definite effect.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF
RHODOTORULA GLUTINIS
Authors: Thyagarajan T. R. , Conti S. F. , Naylor H. B.
Published: January 2020

Thyagarajan
, T. R. (Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, N. H.), S. F.
Conti, and H. B. Naylor
. Electron microscopy of
Rhodotorula glutinis
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
381–394. 1962.—The structure and manner of nuclear division in
Rhodotorula glutinis
was studied by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Parallel studies with the light microscope, employing conventional staining techniques and phase-contrast microscope observations on nuclei in living cells, were carried out.

The nucleus is spherical to oval and is bounded by a nuclear membrane. Intranuclear structures, identified as nucleoli, and electron-transparent areas were observed. The nuclear membrane persists throughout the various stages of cell division. Observations of the nucleus with the electron microscope revealed that nuclear division occurs by a process of elongation and constriction similar to that seen in both living and stained cells.

The fine structure of mitochondria and other components of the yeast cell and their behavior during cell division are described. The absence of vacuoles in actively dividing cells of
Rhodotorula glutinis
lends further support to the view that the vacuole is not an integral part of the nucleus. The results with the electron microscope generally support and considerably extend those obtained with living and stained cells.
PHYSIOLOGY OF NITROGEN FIXATION BY
BACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Grau F. H. , Wilson P. W.
Published: January 2020

Grau
, F. H. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and P. W. Wilson
. Physiology of nitrogen fixation by
Bacillus polymyxa
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
490–496. 1962.—Of 17 strains of
Bacillus polymyxa
tested for fixation of molecular nitrogen, 15 fixed considerable quantities (30 to 150 μg N/ml). Two strains of the closely related
B. macerans
did not use N
2
, but possibly other members of this species may do so. Confirmation of fixation was obtained by showing incorporation of N
15
into cell material.

Both iron and molybdenum are specifically required for fixation; without the addition of these metals to the nitrogen-free medium, the growth rate and the total nitrogen fixed were reduced about 30 to 50%. No requirement for added molybdenum could be shown when ammonia was the nitrogen source, and the absence of iron caused only a slight decrease in growth. Washed-cell suspensions of
B. polymyxa
containing an active hydrogenase readily incorporated N
15
into cell materials when provided with mannitol, glucose, or pyruvate but not when formate was the substrate. Hydrogen is a specific inhibitor of fixation, reducing both the rate and final amount of nitrogen fixed; it did not reduce growth on ammonia. Fixation was strictly anaerobic, 1% oxygen in the gas phase being sufficient to stop fixation. Arsenate is a powerful inhibitor of fixation of N
2
by washed-cell suspensions of
B. polymyxa
, indicating that high-energy phosphate may be significant for this process.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CELLULAR DIVISION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Conti S. F. , Gettner M. E.
Published: January 2020

Conti
, S. F. (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N. Y.)
and M. E. Gettner
. Electron microscopy of cellular division in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
544–550. 1962.—Exponentially growing cells of
Escherichia coli
were fixed in formalin, exposed to uranyl nitrate, dehydrated at low temperatures with ethanol, and embedded in methacrylate. Polymerization was carried out at −70 C, by exposure of specimens to radiation from a cobalt
60
source. Electron micrographs revealed that cellular division occurs by the centripetal growth of the cell wall. The fine structure of the cytoplasm, nuclear apparatus, cell wall, and cytoplasmic membrane was also studied.
ENZYMATIC UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE BY A BASIDIOMYCETE
Authors: Meloche H. P.
Published: January 2020

Meloche, H. P., Jr
. (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.). Enzymatic utilization of glucose by a basidiomycete. J. Bacteriol.
83:
766–774. 1962.—Cell-free extracts of acetone-dried
Lactarius torminosus
NRRL 2900 were prepared. These extracts contained hexokinase. They also contained triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN)-specific glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalyzed the reduction of TPN in the presence of
d
-fructose-6-phosphate, 6-phospho-
d
-gluconic acid (6PG), and
d
-ribose-5-phosphate (R5P). Aged preparations oxidized
d
-glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 6PG, whereas fresh preparations oxidized G6P to a pentose with the uptake of 1 μmole of O
2
and the evolution of 1 μmole of CO
2
per μmole of G6P. Evidence for the action of transketolase in the metabolism of R5P by cell-free extracts was obtained.

Cell-free preparations lacked hexosediphosphate enzymes. Triosephosphate isomerase and F6P kinase could not be demonstrated; however, aldolase activity was present.

Evidence is presented for the conversion of
d
-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate. In addition, phosphohexoisomerase was demonstrated.

It appears that a hexosemonophosphate pathway operates in
L. torminosus
extracts and may be the major mechanism of glucose dissimilation in this organism.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A STAPHYLOCOCCAL PHAGE CAPABLE OF TRANSDUCTION
Authors: Morse M. L. , LaBelle J. W.
Published: January 2020

Morse
, M. L. (University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver)
and J. W. LaBelle
. Characteristics of a staphylococcal phage capable of transduction. J. Bacteriol.
83:
775–780. 1962—The growth of staphylococcal phage 53, a temperate phage, has been studied. The latent periods in nutrient broth are: infected sensitive cells, 45 min; ultraviolet-induced lysogenic cells, 83 min. The burst size, as indicated by one-step growth studies and single-burst experiments, is 25 to 30 particles per lysing cell. Phage particles transducing streptomycin resistance and novobiocin resistance are produced at the same time as nontransducing particles. Some observations have been made on the host,
Staphylococcus aureus
NCTC 8511.
INHIBITION OF A THYMINE-DEFICIENT MUTANT OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
BY 5-SUBSTITUTED URACILS
Authors: Shapira Jacob , Lowden Lois , Hale Ralph
Published: January 2020

Shapira, Jacob
(Consolidated Veterans Administration Hospital, Little Rock, Ark.),
Lois Lowden, and Ralph Hale
. Inhibition of a thymine-deficient mutant of
Escherichia coli
by 5-substituted uracils. J. Bacteriol.
83:
919–923. 1962.—Small inocula of well-washed cells of a thymine-requiring mutant of
Escherichia coli
were incubated in a thymine-containing glucose-salts medium with a variety of 5-substituted pyrimidines and pyrimidine ribosides. After a lag phase, the turbidity of the cultures increased appreciably which, in the case of 5-ethyluracil and 5-ethyluridine, was primarily due to an elongation of the cells. 5-Ethyluracil at low thymine concentrations increased the lag phase and decreased the rate and final amount of growth. At high thymine concentrations, it had less effect on the final turbidity of the cultures. The inhibition index for this compound was relatively constant, suggesting competitive inhibition.

Several other pyrimidine analogues inhibited growth. The nucleosides of 5-bromouracil and 5-aminouracil were no more effective than the free bases. The ribosides of 5-ethyluracil and 5-butyluracil were appreciably more inhibitory than the free bases and were the most potent compounds tested. It is likely that the inhibition of growth is a reflection of the effect of these compounds on ribonucleic acid synthesis by the cells.
ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A CAPSULAR MATERIAL FROMSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Wiley Bill B. , Wonnacott Jane C.
Published: January 2020

Wiley, BillB. (University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada)and Jane C. Wonnacott. Isolation and partial characterization of a capsular material fromStaphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol.83:1169–1176. 1962.—An encapsulated strain ofStaphylococcus aureus, which underwent a specific capsular reaction with homologous antiserum, was grown in a semisynthetic Casamino acids-glycerol broth. A fraction containing the capsular material was isolated from the culture supernatants. The preparation was antigenic in rabbits and absorbed the antibody responsible for both the passive protection of chick embryos and the specific capsular reaction in rabbit antiserum against the homologous organism. Chemically, the material was free of nucleic acids, contained 8% nitrogen, 4.25% total phosphorus, 26% hexosamine, and 26% reducing sugar. Acid hydrolysis yielded the amino acids glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, and lysine. Glucosamine and organic phosphate compounds were also present. Organic phosphate compounds were accounted for as glycerophosphate.
CONSTANCY OF CHARACTERISTICS IN THE STREPTOMYCETES
Authors: Sanchez-Marroquin A.
Published: January 2020

Sanchez-Marroquin
, A. (University of Mexico, México D.F.). Constancy of characteristics in the streptomycetes. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1183–1192. 1962.—A total of 150
Streptomyces
strains isolated from soil was studied during a 3-year period in regard to constancy and variation of the following characteristics: sporophore micromorphology, color of the aerial and substrate mycelium, surface configuration of the spores, assimilation of carbon compounds, production of H
2
S and melanoid pigment, and reduction of nitrates. A remarkable constancy in the following characteristics was found: (i) sporophore micromorphology when only three of the seven morphological series of Pridham et al. were developed on tomato paste-oatmeal agar or yeast extract-malt extract agar; (ii) color of the aerial mycelium if only four fundamental colors are distinguished (white to cream or buff shades; yellow to orange or brown; pink to cinnamon, red or pinkish tan to lavender; and green to gray or blue); (iii) surface configuration of the spores divided in two types (smooth and warty to spinous or hairy); (iv) assimilation of five carbon compounds (arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, raffinose, and mannitol); (v) production of H
2
S on Difco peptone-iron agar supplemented with 0.1% Difco yeast extract; and (vi) production of melanoid pigment on peptone agar, giving similar results to those of the H
2
S test. Color of the substrate mycelium, size and shape of the spores, and reduction of nitrates should be used only as complementary data in the species descriptions, owing to their inconsistency and unreliability.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE BY
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
I
Authors: Yall Irving
Published: January 2020

Yall, Irving
(University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.). Biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethionine by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. I. Adenine and methionine requirements. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1336–1340. 1962.—Both a parent strain (SC-10) and an adenineless mutant strain (SC-10-80-3-5) of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
accumulated S-adenosylmethionine (AM) in the presence of “excess”
l
-methionine (400 μmoles/100 ml of medium). Relatively small amounts of AM were found when the organisms were grown in the absence of methionine, in the presence of “normal” amounts of
l
-methionine (3.35 μmoles/100 ml of medium), or in the presence of 400 μmoles of
d
-methionine. Adenine and hypoxanthine were equally effective in promoting cell growth and AM production in the mutant. S-adenosylmethionine permitted some cell growth. Other purines (guanine and xanthine) and nucleosides such as adenosine and methylthioadenosine did not serve as growth factors. The cell permeability to adenosine was tested by growing the parent strain in the presence of adenosine-8-C
14
and the mutant in adenine and the labeled nucleoside. Both of these experiments were performed in the absence and presence of “excess”
l
-methionine. Under all conditions, more than 25% of the radioactivity introduced as adenosine-8-C
14
was found in the cells. About 40% of the radioactivity taken up by the mutant cells in the prescene of “excess”
l
-methionine was fixed in AM. Adenine-8-C
14
was readily taken up by cells of both strains when grown in the absence and presence of “excess”
l
-methionine. About 17% of the radioactivity taken up by the mutant cells in the presence of “excess”
l
-methionine was found in the AM fraction.
MALIC DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY AT 101 C UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Authors: Morita Richard Y. , Haight Roger D.
Published: January 2020

Morita, Richard
Y. (University of Nebraska, Lincoln)
and Roger D. Haight
. Malic dehydrogenase activity at 101 C under hydrostatic pressure. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1341–1346. 1962.—No malic dehydrogenase activity was found to occur at 101 C at various hydrostatic pressures from 1 to 700 atm. However, activity was demonstrated with hydrostatic pressures above 700 atm, with optimal activity at 1,300 atm at the same temperature. Explanation of the data is based upon thermal denaturation of the enzyme, which involves a molecular volume increase of the enzyme. The molecular volume increase is counteracted by hydrostatic pressure. Pressures above 700 atm to 1,500 atm (highest employed) were sufficient to offset the denaturation by 101 C which probably resulted in an incomplete denaturation of malic dehydrogenase.
RESISTANCE OF THE
AZOTOBACTER
CYST
Authors: Socolofsky M. D. , Wyss Orville
Published: January 2020

Socolofsky
, M. D. (University of Texas, Austin) and
Orville Wyss
. Resistance of the
Azotobacter
cyst. J. Bacteriol.
84:
119–124. 1962—The
Azotobacter
cysts were found to be more resistant than the vegetative cells to various harmful agents. Studies involving ultraviolet irradiation indicated that cysts required twice as great a dosage, as correspondingly treated vegetative cells, to be 90% inactivated. The acquisition of ultraviolet resistance during the encystment process was gradual and appeared to be related to the formation of exine and intine. A slow loss of ultraviolet resistance during germination was also noted. The cysts exhibited no marked resistance to heat, although they were extremely resistant to gamma radiation, sonic treatment, and desiccation. Evidence was presented indicating that the cyst is not a bacterial endospore. The encystment process may confer a survival advantage upon the organism by coupling the low endogenous respiration rate with the ability to withstand desiccation.
NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF
ARTHROBOTRYS CONOIDES
Authors: Coscarelli Waldimero , Pramer David
Published: January 2020

Coscarelli, Waldimero
(Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.)
and David Pramer
. Nutrition and growth of
Arthrobotrys conoides
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
60–64. 1962—Despite its ability to capture, kill, and subsist on nematodes, the predacious fungus
Arthrobotrys conoides
does not demonstrate a unique nutritional pattern. Yeast extract, required for growth in a glucose-inorganic salts medium, was replaced by biotin, thiamine, and zinc. Biotin biosynthesis by the fungus is blocked at the desthiobiotin to biotin conversion.
A. conoides
is unable to synthesize either of the two moieties of thiamine but, when supplied with pyrimidine and thiazole, completes biosynthesis of the vitamin via a coupling reaction. A chemically defined medium that supports rapid and abundant growth of
A. conoides
is described. Glucose is utilized efficiently (economic coefficient of 31.8 to 42.8), and yields exceeding 9 g (dry wt) of fungus tissue per liter of medium are obtained.
SPORULATION OF
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
II
Authors: Perkins William E. , Tsuji Kiyoshi
Published: January 2020

Perkins, William
E. (National Canners Association Research Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif.)
and Kiyoshi Tsuji
. Sporulation of
Clostridium botulinum
. II. Effect of arginine and its degradation products on sporulation in a synthetic medium. J. Bacteriol.
84:
86–94. 1962.—A synthetic medium which supports spore germination, vegetative cell multiplication, toxin production, and sporulation of
Clostridium botulinum
strain 62A is described. Arginine has been shown to play an important role in sporulation. Experiments involving the substitution of citrulline and ornithine for arginine, together with amino acid analyses of culture supernatant fluids and cells, indicate that most of the arginine is broken down by a dihydrolase enzyme system through citrulline to ornithine. The second step in this reaction series, the degradation of citrulline, appears to be essential to sporulation. The absence of citrulline or ornithine in either growing cells or spores suggests that another product of the arginine dihydrolase system, adenosine triphosphate, may be responsible for the observed stimulation of sporulation.
GENETIC TRANSDUCTION WITH STAPHYLOPHAGE
Authors: Korman Ruth Z. , Berman David T.
Published: January 2020

Korman, Ruth
Z. (Elmira College, Elmira, N.Y.)
and David T. Berman
. Genetic transduction with staphylophage. J. Bacteriol.
84:
228–236. 1962.—Transduction by crude lysates obtained by ultraviolet-light induction of phage 53 lysogenic derivatives of
Staphylococcus aureus
NCTC 8511 has been confirmed. A defined medium and sugar-differential medium were developed, permitting demonstration of transmission of sugar-fermentation loci. The range of transmissible markers has been extended to include free-coagulase production as well as antibiotic-resistance markers. A rare class of heterogeneous streptomycin-resistant transformed clones was obtained. These were assumed to be heterogenotic.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF
MYXOCOCCUS XANTHUS
Authors: Dworkin Martin
Published: January 2020

Dworkin, Martin
(Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Ind.). Nutritional requirements for vegetative growth of
Myxococcus xanthus
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
250–257. 1962.—This investigation was part of a program to clarify the environmental regulation of fruiting-body formation in a fruiting myxobacterium. By use of a dispersed-growing strain of
Myxococcus xanthus
, the nutritional requirements for vegetative growth have been defined. Exponential growth will take place on a medium containing 17 amino acids and salts. The generation time is 8 to 10 hr. Various optima have been established. There are no requirements for exogenous vitamins, and, with the exception of glycogen, a variety of organic materials do not significantly stimulate growth.
IMMUNIZATION OF NEWBORN CHILDREN WITH LIVING ORAL TRIVALENT POLIOVIRUS VACCINE
Authors: Campillo-Sainz C. , Hernandez A. Ornelas , MacÍas J. de Mucha , Nava S. E.
Published: January 2020

Campillo-Sainz
, C. (Instituto Nacional de Virología de la S.S.A., México, D.F.), A.
Ornelas Hernandez, J. de Mucha Macías, and S. E. Nava
. Immunization of newborn children with living oral trivalent poliovirus vaccine. J. Bacteriol.
84:
446–450. 1962.—The serological response to one dose of living oral trivalent polio-virus vaccine was compared in two groups of children, 49 vaccinated at birth and 44 vaccinated at the age of 4 months. Of those vaccinated at birth, 44 (90%) responded to the vaccine strains of type 1 and type 3 and 30 (61%) to the type 2 strain. Of those vaccinated at 4 months of age; 64% responded to type 1, 52% to type 2, and 82% to type 3. The difference between the responses of the two groups, which for type 1 is significant, may result from the interference of other enteric viruses in the 4-month-old children. A second dose of vaccine, administered to the children vaccinated at birth when they reached the age of 4 months, increased the over-all immunological response to 100% for types 1 and 3 and 96% for type 2, and showed that no immunological tolerance had been developed. The vaccine produced no undesirable effects in any of the children, and no paralytic poliomyelitis occurred among them. The observation of other investigators, that a high titer of maternal antibody inhibits immunological response to vaccination, was confirmed, but breast feeding apparently had no unfavorable effect on response.
MECHANISM OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORT ACROSS THE YEAST CELL MEMBRANE
Authors: Cirillo Vincent P.
Published: January 2020

Cirillo, Vincent
P. (Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry, Jersey City, N.J.). Mechanism of glucose transport across the yeast cell membrane. J. Bacteriol.
84:
485–491. 1962.—The kinetics of
d
-glucose and
l
-sorbose transport was studied in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
inhibited with iodoacetic acid under nitrogen to prevent glucose metabolism.
d
-Glucose was found to compete with
l
-sorbose for a common membrane transport system with an apparent affinity greater than 25 times that of sorbose. A comparison of the net rate of glucose and sorbose transport at 50 and 500 m
m
external concentration showed that glucose transport is greater than that of sorbose from the lower concentration, but sorbose transport is greater than glucose at the higher concentration. This reversal of transport rate of two sugars with markedly different affinities is predicted by the membrane carrier theory. A further prediction of carrier theory was confirmed by the demonstration that the rate of glucose transport into fructose-loaded cells is greater than into unloaded cells.