bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rebel With and Without a ‘Cause’
Authors: Reiss Julian
Published: January 2024

Natural language contains a rich vocabulary for expressing causal relationships and processes other than cause and its cognates. I can cause the door to be closed, but I can also shut it, have it closed, or force it closed. While this feature of our language has been recognised in philosophy since at least Elizabeth Anscombe’s Cambridge inaugural lecture, its consequences are still underappreciated in the discussion of causation. This chapter argues, in particular, that there are good reasons for this linguistic richness, and that statements expressing causal relationships or processes but not using the word ‘cause’ cannot generally be reduced to expressions which do. It also argues that only one theory of causation, the inferentialist theory, can handle this feature of our language satisfactorily.
Causal Fictionalism
Authors: Eagle Antony
Published: January 2024

Causation appears to present us with an interpretative difficulty. While arguably a redundant relation given fundamental physics, it is nevertheless apparently pragmatically indispensable. This chapter revisits certain arguments made previously by the author for these claims with the benefit of hindsight, starting with the role of causal models in the human sciences, and attempting to explain why it is not possible to straightforwardly ground such models in fundamental physics. This suggests that further constraints, going beyond physics, are needed to legitimate such models. These supplementary constraints could be reified, but that would seem to conflict with the completeness of physics. A response is to emphasize the practical role of causal talk, and the author suggests that a fictionalist approach might be worth exploring. After clarifying fictionalism as a general approach, they carry out in some detail the project of clarifying what a fictionalist attitude to causation would involve.
Compact cladistics
Authors: Wise Steven P.
Published: January 2024

Discussions of cortical evolution rely on several terms rarely encountered in the neuroscience literature, some of which have narrower meanings in evolutionary biology than in neuroscience or everyday discourse. This chapter and the next include eight illustrations that explain the relevant terminology enough for readers to understand the text and figures in this book. Three sets of concepts are crucial: homology, homoplasy, and analogy; a tree versus a ladder as a metaphor for evolution; and old versus new cortical areas. Although the neuroscience literature often mentions evolution, faulty inferences sometimes escape the review and editorial process. A common error involves assumptions about homologies based on similarities alone, which can situate the emergence of an innovative trait too far in the past and therefore in the wrong ecological context.
Present primates
Authors: Wise Steven P.
Published: January 2024

Primates are Euarchontans, which means that they are more closely related to tree shrews and colugos than to other mammals. Primates are also Euarchontoglires, which means that their next closest relatives are rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits and their relatives). Primates are best understood in the context of these relationships, which strengthen inferences about cortical evolution. The original primates diverged into two descendant groups: strepsirrhines and haplorhines. Other primate classifications include anthropoids, platyrrhines (New World monkeys), catarrhines (Old World primates), cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys), hominoids (apes and humans), hominids (great apes and humans), and hominins (modern humans and extinct relatives such as australopithecines). It is important to recognize that primates are a diverse group of placental mammals, with considerable variety in the size of their neocortex and its complement of functionally distinct areas.
Prolog to paleontology
Authors: Wise Steven P.
Published: January 2024

According to molecular phylogenies, primates probably evolved before the mass extinction of ~66 Ma. Even so, all primate fossils postdate that cataclysm. The oldest ones come from geological formations dated to ~200,000 years after the extinction; and the oldest Euprimate fossils are ~55 million years old. Among other things, fossils enable paleontologists to estimate the body size of extinct species, which along with dental morphology yields clues about their diets. Body size also provides information about how primates adapted to climate change. Primates arose in a warm, wet world dominated by dense rainforests. Then, during the past 50 million years, the earth cooled several times, sometimes gradually and sometimes abruptly. Each period of global cooling decreased atmospheric and soil moisture, which caused rainforests to dry and contract. Because early primates depended on the protection and nutrients such habitats provided, deforestation created strong selective pressures.
Primate paleoecology
Authors: Wise Steven P.
Published: January 2024

Primates originated in a “hot-house” world of widespread rainforests. Plesiadapiform primates thrived during the Paleocene but died out when arboreal rodents won their niches. Euprimates radiated during the Eocene, which ended in a period of global cooling ~40–34 Ma. The resulting deforestation reduced primate habitats and increased competition for arboreal resources. The abrupt global cooling that initiated the Oligocene, ~34 Ma, exacerbated deforestation at temperate latitudes and caused food production to become seasonal and volatile. Afterward, anthropoids became larger animals that foraged diurnally over an extensive home range, initially as slow arboreal quadrupeds. Hominoids appeared ~26–23 Ma and diversified ~17–15 Ma during a warm period. Global cooling resumed ~14–9 Ma, which caused more deforestation and the extinction of many ape species. As hominoid diversity waned, cercopithecoids and platyrrhines radiated. During the Plio-Pleistocene, both cercopithecoids and hominins exploited the open habitats that replaced forests.
Eocene expansions
Authors: Wise Steven P.
Published: January 2024

Most ideas about cortical evolution depend on the textbook view of cortical organization: that it comprises visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor, association, and limbic areas. A more parsimonious idea is that all cortical areas specialize in representing conjunctions of information. When an area’s specialized conjunctions provide an adaptive advantage, selection favors developmental programs that populate it with more neurons. The resulting expansion improves the area’s original representations, and it also serves as the starting point for the evolution of new areas and representations, which then become subject to selection. Combined with fossil evidence, reviewed in Chapter 7, this idea informs proposals about when the characteristic shape of primate brains evolved; ecological factors favoring the enlargement of specific cortical areas; and the role of primate-on-primate competition in cortical enlargement.
Anthropoid augmentations
Authors: Wise Steven P.
Published: January 2024

Long after the Eocene expansions, the cortex enlarged again during the Miocene, independently in three anthropoid lineages: platyrrhines, cercopithecoids, and hominoids. These changes didn’t occur because of complex social systems, frugivory, diurnal foraging, or predation threats per se. All these driving forces existed before the cortex enlarged. Instead, changes in and interactions among such factors drove cortical enlargement. In platyrrhines and cercopithecoids, cortical expansion occurred during the middle-to-late Miocene as global cooling stressed their forest habitats and led to resource volatility. In hominoids, cortical expansion occurred during the early Miocene, a time of stable climate but also of new, more effective predators. In all three anthropoid groups, individuals incurred a risk of predation during long-range foraging journeys in daylight. Accordingly, improvements in foraging choices, guided by new representations in anthropoid-specific cortical areas, provided a survival advantage by decreasing the frequency of unproductive choices.
Pleistocene prizes
Authors: Wise Steven P.
Published: January 2024

Cortical expansion accelerated in Pleistocene hominins, resuming a phylogenetic trend that began in anthropoids of the late Eocene and hominoids of the early Miocene. Most of the areas involved in the Pleistocene phase of cortical expansion were specializations of anthropoids, including large parts of the prefrontal, posterior parietal, and temporal cortex. These areas supported social cooperation, tool manufacture, teaching and imitation, relational reasoning, spoken language, and episodic memory. Two additional functions may have been especially important: cultural knowledge, also known as semantic memory; and the limitless imagination of alternative futures, along with counterfactual pasts. The latter function, called constructive episodic simulation, depended on expansion of both the hippocampus and the typically layered areas of cortex, especially prefrontal areas. Emergent properties included a human-specific sense of self and society, including large-scale, geographically dispersed cultures.
Execrable Crimes
Authors: Hamilton Tom
Published: January 2024

This chapter explains the legal history of article 86 of the Edict of Nantes (1598), which defined the execrable crimes to be excluded from amnesty as including the ‘kidnapping and rape of women and girls, arson, murders, and thefts by betrayal and lying in wait, … the violation of passports and safe conducts, together with murder and pillage without command’. It demonstrates that the term cas exécrable was an invention of the Edict of Poitiers (1577), which became a more established fixture of the laws of war in the Edict of Nantes. The definition of execrable crimes had considerable resonance in the confessional politics that followed in the wake of the 1572 Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre, and related to wider legal and moral debates about how to restrain soldiers’ cruelty and punish their transgressions throughout sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe.
The Role of Economic Goods in National Reconciliation
Authors: Metz Thaddeus
Published: January 2024

Scholars have compared the transitional justice processes of Colombia and South Africa in some respects, but there has yet to be a systematic moral-philosophical evaluation of them regarding how they have sought to allocate economic goods. This chapter appraises the ways that South Africa and Colombia have responded to their respective historical conflicts in respect of the distribution of property and opportunities. It does so in the light of a conception of reconciliation informed by a relational ethic of harmony, a value salient in the worldviews of many Indigenous peoples in both Africa and South America. It is argued that, given such an account of reconciliation, one of Colombia’s major proposed ways of allocating property and opportunities, whereby offenders would labour for the sake of improving victims’ socio-economic conditions, would be much better than what South Africa has done, even if Colombia has yet to put such a policy systematically into practice.
Building Peace and Restoring Law upon the Ethos
Authors: Pizarro Nathalia Bautista
Published: January 2024

The chapter focuses on how social philosophies developed by ethnic communities and communities of victims can help us to rethink what justice requires. Such philosophies also offer us different approaches to resolving societal conflicts as can be seen through the lens of the peace processes in South Africa and Colombia. This chapter refers to the role of ubuntu in the South African experience and to the social philosophies of three Colombian communities: the Misak Indigenous people of Cauca, the Afro-descendant community of the Atrato River in Chocó, and the urban community Agroarte of Medellín. Through these examples we can draw out two important understandings: first, how consideration of ancestral and cultural values can contribute to the configuration of restorative processes in transition by establishing interpersonal relationships not on an individualistic but rather on a communitarian basis; secondly, how conflict can be addressed by structuring the means of resolving differences via dialogue, narrative, consent, and advice.
Joint Reflection: Economic Goods and Communitarian Values
Authors: Metz Thaddeus , Bautista Pizarro Nathalia
Published: January 2024

This chapter considers the histories of Colombia and South Africa and how some of the values indigenous to those locales might plausibly bear on transitional justice in them. The advanced broadly relational and constructive (non-retributive) approaches to the social conflicts had taken place there, ones that make victim compensation central. This joint reflection considers how Metz’s ubuntu-based reconciliatory approach to reparations might be relevant to Colombia in ways that he did not consider, after which it reflects on how the kinds of communitarian practices Bautista Pizarro advances might be relevant to South Africa and strengthen its transitional justice model. The authors argue that these cross-applications are revealing, pointing out how economic compensation in Colombia should plausibly be influenced by cultural factors, and how considerations of culture in South Africa call for compensation beyond economic factors.
Joint Reflection: The Difference History Makes
Authors: Bilchitz David , Henao Magdalena Inés Correa
Published: January 2024

What explains the differences in the approach of the two apex courts of South Africa and Colombia in relation to past injustice in their decisions on the right to housing? In Bilchitz’s chapter, in South Africa, there is an explicit engagement with historical injustice in the jurisprudence on the right to housing which has a real impact on how the Court constructs the content of the rights and the remedies granted. Correa Henao demonstrates that in Colombia, the Constitutional Court focuses on the present vulnerability of litigants in crafting legal doctrine and remedies with limited engagement as to how the current circumstances arose from past injustice. This chapter analyses possible reasons for these differences—these include the different histories of the two countries, a different set of goals they seek to attain, a divergent approach to the value of historical consciousness in transitional societies, and different conceptions of the role of judges in the two societies.
Joint Reflection: Litigating for a Collective
Authors: Finn Meghan , Beltrán Andrés Mauricio Gutiérrez
Published: January 2024

The joint reflection considers what can be learnt from considering the South African and Colombian experiences with relying on collective mechanisms for the advancement of social rights. In this context, the authors begin by discussing the role of the courts and judicial activism in crafting novel processes and remedies and then contrast the procedures available for litigation for collective ends in Colombia and South Africa. They move on to consider the participatory dimensions of both structural judgments and class actions, which they argue can allow for rights that might not otherwise be represented through democratic processes to be vindicated. Finally, they explore the symbolic effects of the forms of collective action, as well as the limits of law—and particularly, of litigation—in securing meaningful social change in their respective jurisdictions.
Twenty-Five Years of DemocracyThe Consequences of South Africa’s Post-Apartheid Constitution and Political Economy for Traditional Peoples
Authors: MnisiWeeks Sindiso
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyses the socio-legal situation of traditional peoples in post-apartheid South Africa subsequent to the country’s transition. The focus of the chapter is on access to land rights and security of tenure for traditional communities. The chapter evaluates whether the South African Constitution has enhanced these rights and specifically considers the impact of the political economy that has persisted and prevailed after apartheid. The argument is presented that, due to the ruling party’s approach to customary law, the rights of traditional communities hinge on the position and power of traditional leaders. As a result, ordinary members of traditional communities have seen limited benefit from entering the democratic era. In fact, the chapter argues, more than twenty-five years after the formal end of apartheid, the evidence shows that traditional communities have experienced limited land rights protection and material security under the post-apartheid regime. The transition from colonial-apartheid to democracy has thus not succeeded in fundamentally transforming South Africa towards greater distributive justice for these groups.
Evaluating the Impact of the Peace Agreement on the Indigenous Peoples of ColombiaLand Rights and Compensation
Authors: Rivera-Drago Diana Carolina , Guzman Filipo Ernesto Burgos
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the advancement of land rights and economic redress for the Indigenous peoples of Colombia in relation to the provisions contained in the Final Agreement for the Termination of the Conflict and the Construction of a Stable and Lasting Peace, signed in Havana in 2016 and which has since been incorporated into the Colombian Constitution of 1991. The chapter considers the extent to which the peace agreement advances distributive justice for the Indigenous peoples arising from the armed conflict in Colombia with particular reference to whether it has brought about greater land access and security as well as financial compensation for these marginalised groups. Its overall conclusion is that, given the limited tangible gains for Indigenous peoples in respect of land restitution and economic reparation arising from the agreement, Colombia’s transitional justice process is far from complete.
Jurisdiction and Constitution
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the jurisdiction and constitution of employment tribunals. It explains that employment tribunals are established and governed by statute to address a wide range of employment law disputes, referring to the establishment of the Employment Tribunals Act 1996 and Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2013. A tribunal may comprise either an employment judge sitting alone or a panel consisting of an employment judge and two lay members. The chapter also elaborates on the jurisdiction, administration, and representation of employment tribunals. It also cites that employment tribunal offices are found in most major cities in England and Wales.
The Hearing
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

Chapter 9 (The Hearing) covers all aspects of hearings in employment tribunals. It looks at the different types of hearings and different methods for conducting them, preparation in advance of the hearing and at what to expect at the hearing. It also considers when a hearing may be adjourned or postponed and at the circumstances in which a tribunal can order restrictions on publicity and disclosure.
Costs
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter explains that a costs order is an order that the paying party pays the receiving party in respect of the fees, charges, disbursements, or expenses incurred in the conduct of the litigation. It elaborates on the notion of wasted costs and preparation time orders (PTOs), referencing the tribunals' power to order costs to their representative and in favour of in-house representatives and litigants in person. A tribunal cannot make a costs order under Employment Tribunal Rules of Procedure 2013 (ETR 2013) and a PTO in favour of the same party in the same proceedings. The chapter cites that an order can be made at any stage of the proceedings. It also notes how the tribunal shall order the respondent to pay the costs incurred as a result of a postponement or adjournment.
Group Litigation
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter elaborates on the concept of group litigations. In the civil courts, group litigation orders may be applied in the case of mass claims. Additionally, the civil courts have specific Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) provisions to make group litigation orders to manage litigations, while the Employment Tribunal Rules of Procedure 2013 (ETR 2013) introduced some limited provisions in relation to lead cases and other matters of case management that fall within the general powers of the tribunal. The chapter details the characteristics of a group litigation order. It also tackles how group litigation in the employment tribunal is most likely to involve similar claims for equal pay.
European Union Law and References to the European Court of Justice
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses European Union Law and references to the European Court of Justice. It details the implementation and transition period between the European Union and the United Kingdom after its withdrawal from being an EU Member State. Following the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) no longer has jurisdiction over UK courts and its future decisions are not binding on UK courts. The chapter looks into the extent of the retained law in the employment tribunal, referencing the Equality Act 2010. It considers the provisions established by the European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020 and the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill.
Redundancy
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter elaborates on the notion of redundancy. If circumstances revolve around financial difficulty or business changes occur, an employer may need to reduce the number of its employees through redundancy. Even if redundancy is a potentially fair reason for dismissal, employers must act reasonably in selecting people to be made redundant. The chapter explains that an employee who has been employed for two years or more is entitled by statute to a redundancy payment on a sliding scale. Most tribunal cases concerning redundancy revolve around reasons for redundancy, implementation of proper individual consultation and collective consultation, and proper compensation.
Pay Claims
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on general pay obligations, which highlight a worker's entitlement to be paid. It explains how pay is generally governed by the contract of employment. However, statutes can intervene with payment obligations through circumstances of an employer's right to deduction, National Minimum Wage Act 1998, prohibition of differentials between men and women, and Working Time Regulations 1998. The chapter also covers a worker's right to receive holiday pay, referencing the worker's contract and the WTR 1998 provide for minimum rights to paid annual leave for workers. It provides a checklist for unlawful deduction claims and WTR 1998 annual leave claims.
Transfer of Undertakings
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks into the extent of the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (TUPE 2006). It explains how employees working in an undertaking which is transferred are entitled to certain protections. (TUPE 2006) operates to preserve the employee’s statutory and contractual employment rights which he had before the transfer. The Collective Redundancies and Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) (Amendment) Regulations 2014 implemented changes to TUPE 2006 and it remains in effect even after the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. The chapter also discusses the correlation of TUPE 2006 to trade unions, the duty to inform and consult, and the disclosure of employee liability information.
Recoupment of Benefits
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter tackles the recoupment of benefits, which references the Employment Protection (Recoupment of Jobseeker’s Allowance and Income Support) Regulations 1996. The regulation ensures that a dismissed employee is not compensated twice over for the same loss, by social security benefit and unfair dismissal compensation. Some awards made by a tribunal may be subject to deductions in respect of certain social security payments received by the claimant: jobseeker’s allowance, income-related employment and support allowance, income support, and universal credit. The chapter mentions the proportionate reduction of awards and recoupment. It clarifies that Recoupment Regulations do not apply to out-of-court settlements.
JPMorgan Chase’s “London Whale” Trading Losses
Authors: Warenski Lisa
Published: January 2024

Good epistemic practices are essential to the well-functioning of organizations. Epistemic practices are adopted norms, policies, procedures, and general methodologies that further our epistemic aims or realize our epistemic values. This chapter argues for the importance of organizational good epistemic practices through an analysis of the failures of risk management implicated in JPMorgan’s notorious “London Whale” trading losses, which roiled the financial markets in 2012. A number of these failures of risk management exemplified ways in which we, as fallible reasoners, may be prone to error individually and collectively. Good epistemic practices inter alia anticipate and endeavor to correct for erroneous patterns of reasoning. Good epistemic practices help guard against future epistemic failings, and they support good reasoning within and on the part of organizations. In so doing, they constitute some of the key structural elements of organizational epistemic virtues.
Climate Change and Reflexive Law
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the instruments suggested by the key policy document driving sustainable finance in the European Union, the Action Plan on Financing Sustainable Growth. It uses a reflexive law approach coupled with insights from epistemology. The chapter first discusses the Action Plan and the concept of reflexive law (which focuses on such epistemic instruments as disclosure, reporting, and labeling). It discusses a number of challenges the plan faces (about, e.g. investor ignorance, long-termism, scenario analysis, accounting standards). It then introduces an alternative to reflexive law (called “epistemic law”), and argues that disclosure, reporting, and labeling improve by taking into account insights from epistemology and social science concerning the form and content of information. The chapter’s recommendation is, in a slogan, to provide different information, and to provide information differently.
On the Wrongfulness of Bank Contributions to Financial Crises
Authors: Endörfer Richard
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the virtue ethical, consequentialist, and contractualist perspectives on bank contributions to financial crises. It begins from the observation that a central wrong-making feature of bank contributions is simply that they constitute causal contributions to a collective harm. Both the virtue ethical and the consequentialist perspective can capture this wrong-making feature, but each perspective comes with significant drawbacks. The virtue ethical perspective is likely to consider too few bank contributions as wrong, while the consequentialist perspective considers bank contributions permissible insofar as the costs imposed on to victims of financial crises are offset via benefits that accrue to some other party. By avoiding the issues of both the virtue ethical and the consequentialist perspective, the contractualist perspective is able to capture the central wrong-making feature of bank contributions in a much more satisfying manner than its rivals.
Money in the Social Contract
Authors: James Aaron
Published: January 2024

Philosophers tend to assume that money has only an instrumental relation to state legitimacy. This discussion explains how money raises state legitimacy issues of its own. Assuming a credit–debt theory of money, the state can be seen as an active participant in a credit economy of its own making. Insofar as a state issues or recognizes a money as a means of ruling people’s lives, it is subject to promissory requirements of redemption. This has significant implications for its legitimate and equitable management of a modern economy, the centerpiece of a social compact.
Translating musical meaning
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

Like the surrounding chapters, chapter 5 primarily focuses on aspects of historical performance, but here in relation to the conception and projection of musical meaning. It further develops the notion of musical narrative introduced in chapter 3 by addressing a range of critical issues to do with notation, gesture and the manipulation of time in performance, all of which have a bearing on how music’s semantic content is conceived and communicated. The focal point is a work by Liszt (‘Vallée d’Obermann’, from volume 1 of the Années de Pèlerinage). The chapter’s historical discussions are coupled with analytical exegesis to demonstrate how a ‘musical narration’ of the case-study piece might be conveyed at different hierarchical levels, including an intensity curve at the highest such level, based on the author’s performance of the work. The overall narrative is described in terms of a grande ligne, a concept employed throughout the book.
Authentic Chopin
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

Like chapter 5, the sixth chapter conjoins historical and analytical enquiry in promoting a particular kind of authenticity as a goal in performing music. In this respect, Chopin serves as a model, given that he ‘could remain true to his own artistic principles yet achieve a supremely musical result’. Three of his works (Scherzo in C♯ minor Op. 39, Prelude in D major Op. 28 No. 5, Concerto Op. 21) are studied in turn to show how a performer’s ‘second sight’ – or internalised, embodied understanding – of music can be obtained through the process of refraction highlighted in chapter 1. Topics addressed along the way include expressive form, rhythmic shape and musical language. One conclusion is that the exercise of intuition in performance can be rooted in historical knowledge among other things, which is to say that performance might be informed and intuitive at the very same time.
From analysis to ‘performer’s analysis’
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

Chapter 7 is the first of four focusing on analysis and performance. Its aim is to chart a course from analysis to ‘performer’s analysis’, which is described as an integral part of the performer’s work rather than an independent procedure applied to the act of interpretation. Concepts such as ‘shape’ and ‘informed intuition’ encountered earlier are developed more fully, along with further definition of the complementary types of analysis that can be undertaken with regard to performance. After articulating five principles relevant to ‘performer’s analysis’, the chapter describes diverse analytical techniques of potential utility in resolving the conceptual if not technical problems that often arise when preparing music for performance. Demonstration of these score-based methods follows in a broadly conceived case study on a work by Chopin (Nocturne in C♯ minor Op. 27 No. 1). This culminates in a reminder of the need for synthesis rather than analytically driven decision-making.
The (f)utility of performance analysis
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

A more sceptical view of performance analysis as widely practised is initially posited in this chapter before its potential utility is proclaimed. Four principles informing this chapter and indeed the book as a whole are articulated, based on the notion that musical structure essentially amounts to inferred relationships between music’s constituent parameters. In other words, music does not ‘have’ structure; rather, its materials afford the inference of structural relationships. This means that musical structure should be understood as constructed and pluralistic on the one hand and as a process on the other, especially in relation to performance. These principles are exemplified in a case study on Chopin’s Prelude in B minor Op. 28 No. 6. Enacted at the keyboard, it offers a provocative alternative to more conventional approaches, encouraging the ongoing development of a discipline of music analysis not only informed by practice but fundamentally conditioned by it.
Signal Processing
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

Signal processing is a cornerstone of electronic music projects, capable of adding a sense of space, depth, cohesion, and other types of musical enrichment through the use of effects. This chapter introduces signal processing effects from both technical and creative perspectives, with the goal of clarifying essential techniques for incorporating signal processing algorithms into musical projects. The chapter begins with an overview of signal flow in a digital audio context, relating it to inserts, auxiliary sends, and other common-practice ideas found throughout analog hardware and DAW software, and compares these ideas to SuperCollider's signal routing tools, particularly busses, groups, order of execution, addActions, and input/output UGens. The chapter introduces the process of accessing, monitoring, and processing live microphone signals, and transitions into techniques for crafting a variety of signal processors, including echoes, flanger and chorus effects, comb filters, harmonizers and pitch-shifters, reverberators, and real-time granulators.
Graphical User Interfaces
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

Despite being a code-centric platform, SuperCollider includes a rich collection of cross-platform tools for designing graphical user interfaces (GUIs), which can be used to enhance and clarify the workflow of a program, emulate an existing piece of hardware or software, or conceal aspects of a program meant to remain hidden from the user. This chapter conveys the essential classes and techniques relevant to GUI design and aims to enhance fluency with GUI-based workflow. The chapter begins with techniques for creating graphical windows and placing types of views on the window's canvas, such as sliders, buttons, and knobs. GUI layout tools are also discussed, which help avoid problems related to space allocation and dynamic resizing, circumventing situations that devolve into “pixel-hunting.” Additional topics include getting/setting view attributes, color expression, values and actions, range-mapping with the ControlSpec class, keyboard/mouse interaction, and controlling GUIs with MIDI/OSC data. The chapter concludes with an introduction to the Pen class, which enables the creation of custom graphics and simple animations.
Live Coding
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

The focus of this final chapter is on live coding, an improvisatory practice that emerged in the 2000s, which involves writing the source code for a performance in real-time, as the performance is happening. In contrast to the previous two chapters, which discuss large-scale compositional strategies that involve a significant amount of planning and preparation, live coding represents a fundamentally different way of thinking about music-making; it demands increased technical virtuosity and in-the-moment decision-making. SuperCollider provides numerous classes that optimize the live coding workflow, notably a collection of proxy objects that exist within the framework of the Just-In-Time Library (JITLib). Proxies serve as placeholders for objects that may be partly or completely undefined when created, but which nonetheless allow the user to interact with these objects as if they were fully formed. Proxies allow musical decisions to be deferred to the future, preventing the user from having to determine all performance details in advance. After introducing the general concept of proxies, this chapter examines the NodeProxy and TaskProxy classes in greater detail, and lastly looks at the History class as a means of capturing, studying, and replaying a live coding performance.
In Other Words: Film and the Spider Web of Description
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

`A historical and theoretical survey of the role of description in film analysis. With Hitchcock’s Vertigo as a touchstone, the chapter examines the role of analytical description within the broader tradition of ekphrasis and within more contemporary models of how description works.
Describing . . . The Pedestrian: The Bicycle Thieves (Vittorio De Sica, 1948)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

An analysis of the market sequence in Piazza Vittorio in which the protagonists search for the stolen bike, a sequence that concentrates the two senses of the word pedestrian: as a description of the impoverished world of postwar Rome and as a crisis of walking without mobility through this labyrinthine city.
Describing . . . Ghosts: Pyaasa (Guru Dutt, 1957)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

An analysis of the elevator sequence in Pyassa, in which Vijay meets his lost love and then flashback to their past romance. The description turns around the notion of ghosts as a presumed physically dead body but also ghosts as a societal way to make invisible the poor and the poetic.
Describing . . . Exposure: Contempt (Jean-Luc Godard, 1963)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

An analysis of Paul and Camille’s tense relationship as they wander through their new apartment, which is still under construction. The exposure of the in-process constructions parallels the exposure of their collapsing marriage.
Describing . . . Folds: The Marriage of Maria Braun (R. W. Fassbinder, 1978)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

An analysis of the closing sequence of the film through the figure of folds, which enwrap Maria, as a metaphor for Germany, in the layers of history and postwar consumer culture.
Describing . . . Anticipation: In the Mood for Love (Wong Kar-wai, 2000)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores a meeting between the two main characters as they discuss the infidelity of their spouses and as they rehearse a confrontation with them.
Describing . . . Gaming: The Bourne Ultimatum (Paul Greengrass, 2007)
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: January 2024

This essay focuses on the Waterloo Station sequence in a film in which Bourne attempts to meet with a British journalist who is aware of his identity. The sequence is filmed in the style of a video game that moves rapidly between different screens as the CIA attempts to locate and assassinate both players.
Overview of eating disorders
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides a broad overview of eating disorders, including the different eating disorder diagnoses, basic information about diagnostic criteria for various eating disorders, and many transdiagnostic features that are commonly observed across many different eating disorder diagnoses. Each eating disorder diagnosis listed in this chapter includes several hallmark features of the diagnosis, including key cognitive and behavioral aspects of the condition. Anxiety, fear, and avoidance around eating behavior is conceptualized as one of the central transdiagnostic features across nearly all eating disorders. Common behavioral patterns across many eating disorder diagnoses are reviewed, and the reader is guided in completing a brief self-assessment.
Overview of exposure therapy
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Exposure therapy is a key intervention to incorporate into treatment of an eating disorder. In this chapter, readers are given a high-level overview of exposure therapy in order to understand the fundamental underpinnings of this treatment approach. Descriptions of different types of exposure therapy are provided, including in vivo, imaginal, interoceptive, and virtual reality exposure. The chapter also helps readers appreciate how the key principles of exposure therapy are inherent in how many individuals naturally overcome fears by confronting rather than avoiding feared scenarios and stimuli. Readers are given an example of a relatively common fear and are asked to devise a plan/strategy for how this fear could be overcome.
Why would exposure therapy be helpful for me?
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

An important part of the exposure therapy process is developing a strong understanding of the rationale for using this treatment intervention to address an eating disorder. This chapter provides readers with a comprehensive description of the rationale for using exposure therapy in the treatment of eating disorders. The chapter highlights the significant parallels that exist between eating disorders and anxiety disorders and helps readers understand that because confronting fears and preventing safety behaviors is a highly effective approach to overcoming anxiety disorders, it can also be employed to good effect with eating disorders. Readers are guided in beginning to self-monitor their unique fears and safety behaviors using a fear diary.
How much benefit can I expect from exposure therapy?
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Although the body of literature supporting the effectiveness of exposure therapy for eating disorders is not as large as the literature supporting the use of exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders, there is nonetheless an impressive collection of research studies that attest to the positive effects exposure therapy has on reducing and eliminating symptoms of eating disorders. This chapter provides readers with a concise overview of the research that has been conducted on the effectiveness of exposure therapy for eating disorders. The chapter summarizes this research in the following domains: food- and eating-related exposure for reducing eating fears and avoidance, body-focused exposure to address body and weight-related anxiety and avoidance, and cue exposure to address recurrent binge-eating.
Using “functional assessment” to understand your eating disorder symptoms
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Functional assessment is a strongly recommended step in the process of getting a course of exposure therapy off to a good start. This chapter provides readers with a description of what functional assessment entails, a rationale for why it should be completed to help set up a course of treatment most effectively, and guidance in completing a personalized functional assessment of one’s eating disorder symptoms. Readers are introduced to the three key domains that are functionally assessed, including (a) the cues that evoke fear for them, (b) the feared consequences they anticipate will occur upon exposure to feared cues, and (c) the safety behaviors and/or avoidance strategies they use to reduce their fear and ostensibly prevent feared consequences from occurring. The chapter concludes with guidance for readers to complete a personalized functional assessment that uniquely captures their specific eating disorder symptoms.
Developing your treatment plan
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

The creation of an exposure hierarchy is an important component of the treatment approach that outlines the steps a patient will take to confront and overcome their fears over the course of therapy. This chapter explains the rationale for and benefits of creating an exposure hierarchy to guide the treatment. Additionally, the chapter includes step-by-step instructions for how the reader can develop their own exposure hierarchy or hierarchies to address their unique eating disorder–related fear(s). Specific guidance is given in designing exposure tasks that will allow the reader to experience a violation of their fear expectancies. Finally, the chapter provides a detailed example of what a completed exposure hierarchy may look like for an individual who experiences many common features of an eating disorder.
Food exposure for eating-related fears
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Individuals with eating disorders experience substantial fear of food and eating, which often leads to significant problems with avoidance of eating in a way that meets the body’s energy needs. This chapter helps readers learn how they can use exposure to address food-related fears. The chapter also explains the different types of food-related fears so that readers can identify exactly what they fear; this is critical to optimally design food-related exposure. Readers are provided with a list of “dos and don’ts” that are specific to food exposure. Lastly, the chapter provides specific advice for monitoring food exposure along with a tailored monitoring form.
Emotion-focused and interpersonal-focused exposure
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Many aspects of an individual’s life can influence eating behavior, including their emotional experiences as well as their social interactions with others. This chapter helps readers explore the ways in which emotions and interactions with other people can trigger problematic eating behaviors. After helping readers identify their own emotional and interpersonal triggers, the chapter then shows readers how they can use exposure to better address emotional and interpersonal triggers. In many cases, individuals who suffer from eating disorders have a difficult time identifying triggers to their eating disorder behaviors. This chapter provides guidance in identifying emotional experiences that accompany urges to engage in eating disorder behaviors.
Learning to not react to familiar triggers for binge-eating (cue exposure)
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Many individuals who binge-eat will find that they still struggle with binge-eating even after addressing their fears of eating with food exposure. This chapter teaches readers about “cue exposure,” which can be used to address residual triggers that have, over time, become associated with binge-eating. The chapter includes education on cue learning so that readers can understand how they developed binge triggers and why these triggers lead to powerful urges to binge-eat. Readers are then walked through the process of creating their own cue exposure treatment plan. To facilitate this, readers are provided with a binge cue monitoring form, advice on how to set up a cue exposure hierarchy, and guidance on choosing a starting exposure task and how to complete cue exposure.
Body-focused exposure for body image anxiety and avoidance
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Avoidance of the body is associated with negative body image and eating problems more widely. Two forms of exposure therapy address such avoidance—graded exposure and mirror/screen exposure. Body-focused exposure is highly effective, with positive effects on body image, eating concerns, anxiety, and depression. Assessment, formulation, and ways of stopping body-related safety behaviors are detailed, along with advice about how to maximize the effect of body-focused exposure. Tools are provided to assist in identifying and challenging the anxiety that underpins body avoidance. Given the unique importance of mirror exposure, a self-monitoring is provided for the reader that is specific to monitoring their experience with mirror exposure.