bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactions and periodic occurrences at a platinum anode in alkali sulphide solutions
Authors: Bartels K
Published: July 2017

A platinum electrode, anodically polarized in a Na 2 S solution, an take on adsorbents in three different regions of potential. In the lowest region, some type of polysulphide is formed and then sulphur is precipitated. In the next region, the main product,
besides polysulphide and sulphate, is thiosulphate. In the uppermost region, sulphate is practically the only product. The existence of the upper potential regions is explained by the formation of a layer of oxygen on the electrode. With this formation, the periodic phenomena, which can be shown to
be of three different types, can be derived from a basic concept. The periodic reaction mechanism is thoroughly discussed.
No-fines concrete - its properties and applications
Authors: Malhotra V M
Published: July 2017

No-fines concrete consists solely of normal portland cement, water and coarse aggregate. It has been used in Europe and the U.K. since the 1930's for the building of single- and multi-storey dwellings, but had found little acceptance in North America. In recent
years, however, due to increased awareness of the need for conservation of non-renewable mineral resources, increased consideration is being given to the use of no-fines concrete in Canada and the U.S.A. The compressive strength of no-fines concrete is considerably lower of conventional portland
cement concrete and generally varies than that between 200-2000 psi (1.4-13.7 MN/m2). Young's modulus of elasticity is usually between 1.0 x 106 to 1.5 x 106 psi (0.7 x 10 4 to 1.2 x 10 4 MN/m2) depending on the strength level of the concrete. The ratio of modulus of rupture to compressive strength
expressed as a percentage varies between 10.8 and 31.0 per cent. The shrinkage of no-fines concrete made with crushed limestone or river gravel is of the order of. 200 x 10-6. This is about half that of conventional concrete. Investigations at the Mines Branch have indicated that no-fines concrete
prisms with no air-entraining agent had poor resistance to freeze-thaw cycling. The prisms incorporating an air-entraining agent were able to withstand up to 274 freeze-thaw cycles compared with 56 for prisms without an air-entraining agent. The principal advantages claimed for no-fines concrete are
economy in materials, higher thermal insulating values, lower shrinkage and lower unit weight. The major disadvantages are its low compressive, flexural, and bond strengths and higher permeability. The principal applications of no-fines concrete are for load-bearing, cast-in-place external walls of
single- and multi-storey housing, small retaining walls and as a damp-proofing sub-base material for concrete floors cast on grade. This type of concrete is also eminently suitable for construction in northern Canada because of its higher thermal insulating property and low cement
content.
Evaluation of Canadian commercial coals: 1973 Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia
Authors: Tibbetts T E
Published: July 2017

The physical and chemical analyses of forty-four samples of coal are reported. In addition, the chemical analyses of ash of most of the same coals are reported in a separate section. Coals from sixteen mining operations in the three coal mining provinces,
Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia - are represented; they include lignite, subbituminous, and bituminous coals. The samples were taken and analyzed by the Fuels Research Centre during the year 1973. They represent the production, on a specified day, of the coals as commercially prepared at
the mine.
The formation of nitric oxide in distillate oil flames prediction and measurement
Authors: Brown T D , Friedrich F D
Published: July 2017

A simple mathematical model of nitric oxide formation from both atmospheric and fuel nitrogen shows that NO formation reaches a peak as excess air is increased from stoichiometric to about 6%, then declines as excess air is increased further. This does not
agree with measured data from large combustion systems, which show that NO formation increases monotonously with increasing excess air. Data obtained from a pilot-scale furnace operated at various aerodynamic conditions with three distillate oils confirm the trend of the model's predictions, and
indicate that the discrepancies with data from large . systems are due to differences in intimacy of fuel-air mixing.
Plume dispersion from a natural-gas sulphur-extraction plant under a persistent elevated inversion
Authors: Whaley H , Lee G K , Gainer J G
Published: July 2017

Natural gas frequently contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide which must be removed before admission to the pipeline. The sour gas treating plants extract and convert the hydrogen sulphide to elemental sulphur by reacting it with sulphur dioxide over
an alumina catalyst. The required sulphur recovery efficiencies of these plants range from about 937 for small plants (10- - 100 tonnes of sulphur recovered per day) to about 997 for large plants (1,000-4000 tonnes/day). The unrecovered sulphur is burned, giving rise to relatively small emissions of
SO2; nevertheless, , high ground-level concentrations may occur during adverse meteorological conditions. Using a unique aerial probing methodology, plume dispersion research studies were conducted to measure the behaviour of hot plumes from a natural-gas sulphur-extraction plant located in the
foothills of western Canada. These studies, which were conducted during a persistent elevated inversion in early spring, permitted an evaluation of the influence of topography and mixing height on . plume rise and dispersion. Numerical analysis of the dispersion data indicate that presently
accepted procedures cannot be used .with confidence to estimate dispersion parameters for limited mixing conditions over hilly terrain.
Preliminary investigation on the recovery of thermal coal from a sludge deposit in the Minto area, New Brunswick
Authors: Humeniuk O E
Published: July 2017

Results are given for a preliminary investigation on the recovery and dewatering of coal for thermal use (maximum 17.8% ash, 4% moisture) from a 24%-ash pond sludge from the Minto, New Brunswick area. Washability data and performance evaluation
calculations indicated that desliming at 200 mesh would be sufficient to produce the desired ash content at a yield of approx 77%. Calculations also indicated that a clean coal product containing e18% ash could be obtained by using a Compound Water Cyclone with elongated feed chamber which,
as reported recently, is particularly well-suited to the washing of slimes. Further study is required on the oil-dewatering aspect. A flowsheet is presented for a 2-stage elongated Compound Water Cyclone system based on the EMR Process with closed-circuit water recovery.
The distribution of coke precursors in the reactor during thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Belinko K , Nandi B N , Denis J M
Published: July 2017

Liquid samples from five levels along the length of the reactor were collected during thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen. Analysis of these samples revealed that asphaltenes were undergoing conversion to coke-precursors or benzene-insoluble organic
matter. A decrease in the concentration of this benzene-insoluble organic material was generally observed in the reactor as a function of operating time. Optical microscopic investigations of the benzene-insoluble residue at the bottom level of the reactor revealed a laminar stacking of asphaltene
molecules on an inert particle present in the feed. These agglomerated particles were not present at the top levels of the reactor. The coke formed in the liquid phase of the reactor appeared to be derived solely from the asphaltenes. There was no coke originating from the heavy oils in any of the
samples analysed.
Description and operating conditions of the automated laboratory hot briquetting facility
Authors: Dykstra A
Published: July 2017

This report describes the construction and typical operating procedures used in an automated laboratory hot briquetting facility.
Evaluation of Canadian commercial coals: Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 1975
Authors: Tibbetts T E , Montgomery W J
Published: July 2017

Physical and chemical analyses of coal samples are reported, representing coals produced by mines in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The samples were taken by the Energy Research Laboratories during the years 1974 and 1975. They represent the production on a
specified day of the coals as commercially prepared at mines and coal washing plants or the coals as delivered to thermal electric generating stations.
The effect of several carbonization variables on the quality of coke produced in the 18-inch movable-wall coke oven
Authors: Gransden J F , Leeder W R
Published: July 2017

The 18-in, technical scale coke oven operated by the Coal Resource and Processing Laboratory (CRPL) was recently re-built. The heating walls, formerly constructed from silicon carbide tiles, were replaced with walls built from silica bricks similar to those used
in industrial coke ovens. The effect of oven flue temperature, coal moisture content and the degree of coal pulverization on the quality of coke produced from a single coal blend, having a mean reflectance, Ro, of 1.12 and a maximum fluidity of 2448 dial divisions/ minute, has been investigated. The
results have been used to select standard operating conditions for the 18 in. coke oven that simulate industrial practice
Coke formation on hydrodesulphurization catalysts
Authors: Ternan M , Furimsky E
Published: July 2017

The extent of coke formation was measured on a number of different hydrodesulphurization catalysts, primarily as a fu4iction of the catalyst chemical composition. Variations in the concentration of Mo on the alumina, the type of catalyst promoter, the
promoter/MoO, ratio, the sulphiding material and the reaction temperature were made. Increases in the reaction rate caused by either changes in the catalyst composition or by moderate changes in the reaction temperature were compared to the catalyst coke content. It was suggested that two types of
coke were present on the catalyst, a reactive coke which is subsequently converted to reaction products and an unreactive coke which blocks catalytic sites
An assessment of plume dispersion parameters measured in fall and winter at a tar-sands refinery complex
Authors: Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

Increased energy processing activity in the north has resulted in a demand for measured data on plume dispersion that is relevant to this particular region. The north was, therefore, selected for study in a comprehensive government/industry research program. The
objective of these studies was to assess the behaviour of plumes in various geographic areas in Canada. The program utilizes airborne and automobile-mounted probes to determine SO2 and temperature profiles within stack-emitted plumes as well as meteorological data on local atmospheric structure. The
data are then analysed numerically to obtain plume axis elevations and standard deviations of spread and these results are compared to accepted predictive methods. Good agreement with the analysis of Briggs was observed for predicting the location of the plume axis in neutral conditions; some
deviations were noted in stable conditions. Values of the measured product (ay.az ) were generally larger than those of Pasquill, particularly for those values close to the source. A difference between the measured values of (Gy.oz) in fall and winter was observed in stable
conditions.
An evaluation of water-in-oil emulsions in an oil-fired residential hot-water furnace
Authors: Whaley H , Braaten R W
Published: July 2017

As part of a continuing program to evaluate energy conservation strategies applicable to residential heating systems, the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory (CCRL) evaluated the performance of a domestic hot-water furnace when fired with various emulsions of
water in No. 2 fuel oil. Experiments were conducted with both the standard cast-iron head burner and a retention-head burner known to give superior performance; each burner configuration was operated with No. 2 fuel oil emulsion containing from 0 to 20 volume % of water. The use of fuel oil
emulsions containing 1 to 2 volume % of water increased steady-state efficiency only marginally. Furnace efficiencies increased by about 1.1% with the cast-iron head burner and 0.2% with the retention-head burner. With emulsions containing more than 10 volume % water, the
thermodynamic penalty associated with heating the water in the fuel to flue gas temperatures more than offset any potential gains in efficiency which might have resulted from a very slight improvement in combustion performance.
Hydrocracking Athabasca bitumen with alkali metal promoted CoO-MoO3-Al2O3 catalysts
Authors: Kelly J F , Ternan M
Published: July 2017

Alkali metal promoters (lithium, sodium and potassium) were added to catalysts used to hydrocrack Athabasca bitumen, in order to decrease the coke deposition which causes catalyst deactivation. Sodium and potassium promoters decreased the catalyst coke content,
the catalyst surface area, and the pitch, oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen conversions. On a unit surface area basis, the sodium and potassium promoters increased the pitch and oxygen removal reaction rates. For all the lithium promoted catalysts both conversion and pitch, oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen
removals on a unit surface area basis exhibited a maximum. Sulphur and nitrogen removals decreased with increasing potassium content. The results are explained in terms of the changes in catalyst electronic properties caused by the addition of the promoters.
Corda (a proposed coal research and development agency)
Authors: Botham J C
Published: July 2017

There is a national need to provide the necessary advanced technology in coal through Research, Development and Demonstration (R, D & D). An agency is proposed to accomplish this need by avoiding the constraints in financial, staffing and administrative
matters associated with government departments. Such constraints are, of course, necessary in the operation of the Public Service, but are deterrents in expediting solutions to urgent problems. The agency would be known as the Coal Research and Development Agency (CORDA). As an incorporated body,
CANMET would have representation on the Board of Directors. A small staff comprising project engineers and administrative support would initially suffice. Technical support staff, if required, could be seconded from CANMET for two-year periods. The national need for R, D & D in coal would be
fulfilled by CORDA as follows: 1. bringing together the expertise, knowledge, experience, needs, views and capabilities of those in industry, governments and universities to: (a) jointly plan and/or select research and development projects to effectively solve national energy problems in coal; (h)
co-ordinate research programs on coal to avoid a duplication and fragmentation of research efforts in Canada; (c) advise on matters pertaining to the selection of research and development efforts which should advance to the demonstration stage; (d) provide the public sector with an access route to
government research facilities. 2. provide a process engineering group of mature, experienced engineers to act as project engineers for coal demonstrations. CORDA, as an independent body, could be located anywhere in Canada. However, the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, as the recognized
lead agency for the nation's research effort on coal, should play a dominant role in the CORDA concept. For this reason an arrangement is envisaged whereby certain CANMET facilities now located in western Canada could be eventually "wrapped around" CORDA. A portion of CANMET contract money would be
used initially to finance CORDA.
A systematic approach for flocculant selection and evaluation
Authors: Hamza H A
Published: July 2017

Various factors affecting flocculation are discussed and their significance in the process is indicated. A systematic procedure of flocculant selection for a given application is proposed which includes characterization of the solid-liquid system and prescreening
of commercially available flocculants on the basis of the system determined criteria. A method of economic evaluation based on performance parameters is introduced.
Thermogravimetric studies on catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolysis of pitch derived from hydrocracked Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Sekhar M V C , Ternan M
Published: July 2017

The pyrolytic behaviour of a hydrocracked vacuum residuum was studied in an inert atmosphere in the presence and absence of an alumina catalyst, using thermogravimetric techniques. The non-catalysed pyrolysis proceeded in two stages. The first half of the
pyrolysis obeyed overall first order kinetics while in the second half the kinetics became complex. When the gamma alumina catalyst was used, the total yield of distillate products increased. In addition the catalysed reaction was first order with respect to the reactant throughout the entire
pyrolysis. In the first-order regime of both the catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis, the activation-energy and the pre-exponential factor increased with increasing extent of reaction. This was explained in terms of a compensation effect between the two Arrhenius
parameters.
Gaseous fuels from coal
Authors: Banks G N
Published: July 2017

Recent predictions of future world-wide energy shortages in oil and gas supplies have increased world interest in the technology of coal processing and utilization. Processing of coal in an economic and environmentally acceptable manner could augment these
conventional sources of energy. Although Canada's domestic reserves of oil and gas are comparatively large, they are not unlimited and it is estimated that by the year 2000, at least 20% of Canada's primary energy budget must be derived from their coal resources. This paper outlines some of the
basic chemistry involved in coal gasification, a brief history of it's commercial application and a summary of one aspect of the Canadian Federal Governments present involvement in establishing a coal-alternative answer to Canada's future energy requirements.
Comparison of mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for hydrocarbon type determination
Authors: Ozubko R s , Clugston D M , Furimsky E
Published: July 2017

The hydrocarbon type content of petroleum fractions has traditionally been determined using different techniques, but often with poor agreement among the various results for a given sample. In this study, thre'e different fractions were analyzed using mass
spectrometric (MS), 1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and fluorescent indicator analysis (FIA) techniques. The 13 C and 1 H NMR results were first converted from an atomic to a molecular basis. The MS, NMR, FIA and bromine number results are compared, with 5pecial attention given to the olefinic
contents. The assumptions involved in, and limitations of, each technique are identified. The analysis of light fractions free of dienes, olefins and heteroatom-containing species is best performed by MS methods. The atomic hydrogen and carbon distribution from the NMR method is found to be
applicable to all samples examined. While this ; atomic data can be correlated with the fractions' properties, the NMR results on a molecular basis are uncertain because of the number of assumptions involved
The behaviour of buoyant merging plumes in the Rocky Mountain foothills
Authors: Whaley H , Lee G K , Gainer J G
Published: July 2017

Natural gas often contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide which must be removed before it can be transmitted by pipeline. Sour gas plants extract the sulfur, by converting it to elemental sulfur through a modified claus process. The sulfur recovery is
93% for small plants (10 - 100 tonnes of sulfur per day) to 99% for large plants (1000 - 4000 tonnes of sulfur per day). The unrecovered sulfur is incinerated giving rise to relatively small emissions of SO2 characterized by high buoyancy and low momentum. Using a unique aerial probing
methodology, plume dispersion studies were conducted on two plants located in the foothills of south western Alberta, Canada. These studies were generally conducted under neutral conditions and with westerly air flows typical of chinook conditions. Notable variations of the plume dispersion
parameters from accepted predictive values were found, indicating that such values cannot be used with confidence to estimate plume rise and dispersion in the mountain foothills.
Pitch and petroleum coke additions to coke oven charges
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F , Leeder W R
Published: July 2017

Asphalt, pitches, solvent refined coal (SRC) and petroleum coke were added to coke oven charges in an attempt to make good metallurgical coke from Canadian coal of poor coking quality. Asphalt, pitches and SRC were added to a low fluid western Canadian coal of
medium volatile bituminous rank, and the blends coked in a technical-scale moveable wall test oven having a 230-kg charge capacity. Pitches improved coke tumble test indices, the principal coke quality parameter related to blast furnace performance. Varying levels of petroleum coke were added to an
eastern Canadian coal of high volatile bituminous rank, and the blends, some partially briquetted, were carbonized in a test oven. Tumble indices of coke from the partially briquetted charges approached an acceptable level. These investigations confirm that petroleum products as well as coal
derivative can play a useful part in the production of a:netallurgical strength coke from poor or non-coking coals.
Catalytic gasification of char from hydrocracked pitch
Authors: Sekhar M V C , Ternan M
Published: July 2017

Gasification of hydrocracked pitch (vacuum residuum) was performed non-catalytically and with K2CO3 and V 2 0 5 catalysts. In agreement with studies of many other workers K2 CO 3 was found to enhance the gasification rate. In contrast V 2 05 was found to inhibit
gasification when compared to the non-catalytic rate. X-ray photoelectron spectra were obtained On both catalysts and on catalyst-pitch residues. They indicated that K 2CO3 does not exist under reaction conditions. This experimental finding suggests that some of the catalytic gasification mechanisms
recently reported in the literature may be incorrect. In this work both catalysis and inhibition during gasification have been explained in terms of three effects, reaction at carbon edge planes, intercalation of the catalyst or inhibitor, and electron transfer. Potassium donates its outer electron
to the pi-electron clouds associated with the carbon layers. Extra electrons facilitate the formation of an unstable reaction intermediate which leads to the evolution of carbon monoxide. The vacant d-orbitals in vanadium stabilize pi-electrons in the carbon layers thereby making carbon monoxide
evolution less likely. Thus, opposite extremes of a single effect account for both catalysis and inhibition.
Studies of plume rise during neutral and stable condition in Canada
Authors: Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

Plume rise data obtained during six years of research by the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory (CCRL) has been evaluated and compared to the two forms of the Briggs relationship for neutral and stable conditions. The data were obtained from ten sources in
five geographic regions of Canada in spring, fall and winter . It has been shown that the data can be represented by the Briggs form of equation, particularly for stable conditions. In neutral conditions the data suggest a proportionality constant of 0.87 and a levelling-off at 15 stack heights
rather than a 1.6 constant and a levelling-off at 1O stack heights as suggested by Briggs. In stable conditions the Briggs levelling-off value of 2 .9 for the dimensionless plume rise· is in good agreement with the findings in this paper, but this occurs at a dimensionless downwind distance of
18 .4 rather than 2.4. A slight variation in the maximum plume rise with the bulk Richardson number over the dispersion zone has been noted for stable conditions
An assessment of the environmental emissions from a utility boiler firing beneficiated coal-oil mixtures
Authors: Whaley H , Lee G K , Doiron C C
Published: July 2017

A cooperative demonstration project to evaluate the feasibility of burning coal-oil mixtures (COM) in a small utility boiler is described. The project, undertaken by the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission and the Department of Energy Mines and Resources
Canada has, as a major objective, an assessment of the environmental impact of CON technology and whether this can be reduced through coal cleaning by spherical agglomeration. It is shown that fly ash emissions can be reduced by as much as 50% and sulphur emissions by 10% using the coal
cleaning process. Laboratory tests indicate that this performance can be significantly improved. The paper describes the emissions test program and summarises the emissions of fly ash and sulphur from two years of operation both with and without the agglomeration process.
Coke strength - comparisons of different methods
Authors: Leeder W R , Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: July 2017

Coke tumbler test strength indices are perhaps the most important coke quality property that can be correlated with iron blast furnace performance. Unfortunately different standardized coke tumbler tests are used in various parts of the world. This paper reviews
work that has related the results of the most common tumbler tests - namely, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), International Standards Organization (ISO) and Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) methods. Comparisons indicate that correlations do exist between the coke strength
indices of different methods but the correlations are generally not precise. Although the correlations can be used for estimating one test result, given another, testing of the coke using a specific method is required to assess reliably its strength for that method.
Gasification studies of Canadian coals in oxygen-enriched atmosphere
Authors: Fung D P C
Published: July 2017

A study of gasification characteristics of five Canadian coals in a fixed-bed gasifier at temperatures of 600 and 800 C is reported. Bituminous coal samples were Devco, Byron Creek and Prince, and lignite samples were Bienfait and Coronach. When an equal mixture
of nitrogen and oxygen was used as a gasifying medium lignite coals reacted more rapidly than bituminous coals at 600 C. Gasification characteristics at 800 C were similar for Devco, Byron Creek and Prince coals although they differed from one another in chemical compositions. A typical composition
of the gas product from Devco coal was 36% carbon dioxide, 30% hydrogen, 22% methane and 12% carbon monoxide on nitrogen and oxygen free basis. Bienfait and Coronach lignites behaved similarly at 800 C but their gasification characteristics were different from those of the bituminous
coals. A typical composition of the gas product from Bienfait was 32% carbon dioxide, 26% hydrogen, 10% methane and 32% carbon monoxide. At 800 C lignite coals were more reactive and generated more product gas than bituminous coals in a decreasing order of Coronach, Bienfait, Devco,
Byron Creek and Prince coal. Under similar gasification conditions more methane but less carbon monoxide was obtained from bituminous coals than from lignite coals.
Performance evaluation of a number of flocculants as settling and filtration aids
Authors: Hamza H A , Mo A W
Published: July 2017

An experimental evaluation of the performance of a number of flocculants as settling and filtration aids for washery effluents was undertaken. Seven powder flocculants namely Praestol A967, 2850, 114/73, 2900/73, 2810, 444K and one liquid flocculent, Praestol
A335 Fi. were evaluate d. in comparison to a reference flocculent. The flocculants are synthetic organic polymers based on polyacrylamide and possess varying degrees of anionicity, except for Praestol 444K which is a 100% cationic homopolymer. Two unflocculated washery effleunts and one tailings
lagoon sample were collected from the field and used for laboratory settling and filtration tests respectively. All flocculants gave substantial improvement in both the settling and filtration rates of the effluents tested. For settling rates of the first effluent, three flocculants, namely the
reference, Praestol 114/73 and 2900/73, showed superiority at optimum dosages of 18, 25 and 35 g/tonne respectively. For the second effluent Praestol 114/73, 2900/73 and the reference flocculent showed superiority at optimum dosages of 30, 23, and 40 g/ tonne. The filtration tests which were carried
out on the tailings lagoon sample showed Praestol 444K to be the most suitable for producing cakes with the lowest resistance. The reference flocculent gave the highest cake resistance, second only to the unflocculated sample. On the contrary, settling rate experiments on the same sample showed the
reverse order, i.e. the reference flocculent gave the highest settling rate and 444K the lowest.
Distribution of polynuclear aromatic ring classes in the Alberta basin bitumens and crude oils
Authors: George A E , Beshai J E
Published: July 2017

The total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content and relative distribution of the fused aromatic ring classes have been studied in four Cretaceous bitumens and crude oils of varying degree of geothermal maturation. A high performance liquid
chromatographic (HPLC) separation, selective for the number of fused aromatic rings up to four, was used to separate the PAH ring systems. The effect of geothermal maturation was simulated by reductive treatment of the heavy Athabasca bitumen. The treatment produced PAH ring distribution similar to
that in the light Medicine River oil, and diminished PAH content considerably. The 3- and 4-fused ring systems increased while hydrocarbons containing more than four fused rings decreased. Alkyl substitution was also reduced as a result of both the natural and simulated maturations. Separation
efficiency was monitored by using refractive index and ultraviolet detectors, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, 13C NMR and spectrofluorometry.
Petroleum processing research and development at the federal Department of Energy, Mines and Resources
Authors: Denis J M , Sawatzky H S , Ranganathan R
Published: July 2017

In Canada, the federal department of Energy, Mines and Resources through its Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) is actively supporting petroleum processing research and development in a blend of in-house and contract-out programs. This
presentation outlines the research projects, describes the equipment and facilities and identifies the manpower and budgets which are available to support the research activities.
Dispersion parameters measured during neutral and stable conditions in Canada
Authors: Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

Plume spread parameters obtained during six years of research by the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory (CCRL) have been evaluated and compared to the standard predictive relationships established by Pasquill and Gifford. The data correspond to neutral and
stable conditions, Stability Class C to F but excludes any limited-mixing or layered atmosphere studies or situations where topography influences plume spread. In all, ten sources in five geographic regions were studied during Spring, Fall and Winter. The Pasquill-Gifford curves as modified by Bowne
for rural conditions represent a convenient means of comparing the data obtained under corresponding stability and topographic conditions in Canada. The variation of measured horizontal spread parameters, oy with downwind distance differed significantly from the P/G curves, being wider by at least
two stability classes for unstable/neutral i.e. A/B rather than C/D, and for stable, C rather than E. In the case of very stable F class, the measured a values corresponded to A class, six classes wider than expected. The vertical spread parameters, az were usually in agreement with P/G curves from
4 to 10 km from the source, closer to the source az was greater and farther from the source az was less than predicted. It was also found that the bulk Richardson number could be used to classify the plume spread parameters in a similar manner to the P/G stability classes.
An ESCA examination of coal and coal ash surfaces
Authors: Brown J R , Kronberg B I , Fyfe W S
Published: July 2017

Four North American coals and their ashes were examined using the direct, surface sensitive technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA). Two U.S. National Bureau of Standards reference coals (SRM 1632a, SRM 1635) and one ash (SRM 1633a) were used for
instrument calibration. These results verified the semi-quantitative nature of ESCA and its previously determined element detection level of s 10-9 gm cm-2 of surface 0.1 bulk wt %). ESCA detected elements present in the coal and/or ash in different chemical environments, for example sulphur as
the sulphide or sulphate and carbon as graphite, carbonyl, carboxyl or hydrocarbon. The results of this preliminary study indicate ESCA is useful to elucidate element siting within coal; information difficult to determine by analytical techniques that require sample destruction prior to analysis.
Several raw coals contained fluorine and chlorine near the percent level. It was found that fluorine and sulphur were also highly concentrated on several coal ash surfaces possibly indicating surface sorption reactions during combustion. Application of ESCA in coal geochemistry is indicated by this
study. ESCA has the potential to measure elements at the minor and possibly trace level and confirm element siting within coal and coal ash. In addition it may be possible to identify coal from different deposits by their unique broad scan ESCA spectra fingerprint. Keywords: coal, coal ash, surface
chemical analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ESCA.
Development of a testing facility for direct hydrogenation of Canadian low rank coals
Authors: Teodosiu G , Arsenault R , Chornet E , Grandbois M A , Hodd S
L , Kelly J F
Published: July 2017

A 10 kg/hr continuous flow testing facility for direct hydrogenation of Canadian low-rank coals was recently commissioned by Sandwell Beak Research Group at its research centre in Mississauga. The research and development program leading to the construction of
the PDU is presented. The scientific and technical aspects of the program were approached in two phases: an initial experimental statistical study using batch autoclave techniques in order to establish correlations of conversion and oil yield as a function of reaction parameters followed by the
design, construction and commissioning of a continuous PDU. The design basis for the PDU was derived from the results obtained in the batch studies. A summary of the information obtained in the batch autoclave work using a Western Canadian lignite, comments on the design, construction, operational
range, problem areas are discussed. Also preliminary results and mass balance for a specific case are presented.
Recherche et développement dans le domaine des combustibles synthétiques aux laboratoires fédéraux de recherche sur l'énergie
Authors: Poirier M A , Denis J M
Published: July 2017

Au Canada, le ministère fédéral de l'Énergie, des Mines et des Ressources, par l'entremise de son Centre canadien de la technologie des minéraux et de l'énergie (CANMET), exécute lui-même et confie à l'entreprise
privée de nombreux programmes de recherche et développement dans le domaine des combustibles synthétiques. Les projets de recherche, les installations, les ressources financières et humaines ainsi que l'organisation des Laboratoires de recherche sur l'énergie sont
discutés
Effect of burial depth on the hydrocarbon-type distribution on bitumens and oils from the Alberta basin
Authors: George A E , Beshai J E , Smiley G T
Published: July 2017

A systematic study of hydrocarbon formation and conversion under the effects of maturation, especially geothermal maturation, can improve the reliability of the predictions associated with petroleum exploration and hence reduce the financial risk. The
hydrocarbon-type distribution (n-paraffins, saturated hydrocarbons, monoaromatics, diaromatics, polyaromatics, polar componènts and basic material) has been studied in four Cretaceous bitumens and crude oils of varying burial depths. Athabasca bitumen was subjected to thermal treatment of
increasing severity, under reducing conditions to simulate the chemical effects of geothermal maturation. The generation and the change in relative distribution of various components due to this treatment were followed and compared with the effect of increasing burial depth. Distillation, solvent
deasphaltening and liquid chromatographic separations were applied in this study. Separation efficiency was monitored and components characterized by using refractive index and ultraviolet detectors, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, 13C NMR and spectrofluorometry. The simulated geothermal
maturation produced chemical effects analogous to those attending increasing burial depth. A detailed study of the saturated bydrocarbons and polyaromatic fused-ring systems is also presented to confirm the same observation.
Canadian federal activities and incentives for science
Authors: George A E
Published: July 2017

This report outlines the various facets of the Canadian Federal Science and Technology activities reflecting the policy of increasing the national performance of research and development to a level approaching that of the more industrialized nations belonging to
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The year 1985 has been set as the date for having Gross Expenditures on Research and Development (GERD) reach 1.5% of Gross National Product (GNP). The various activities are expressed in general terms of expenditures and person years
spent on areas of endeavour. Comparisons for the last 3 to 5 years up to this fiscal year, 81/82 are given to show trends. Federal programs and incentives for promoting industrial R & D are also highlighted. A list of references is provided for readers seeking more detailed
information.
Comparison of commercial and CANMET test oven coke quality - part 3: company c
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F , Leeder W R
Published: July 2017

This is the third in a series of reports comparing coke made in CANMET test ovens to coke made in the oven batteries of the four Canadian steel companies. These companies use these comparisons to project commercial coke quality and hence to evaluate new coking
coals and blends from carbonization tests made in CANMET test ovens. The coal blend used at Company C and the coke produced were sampled and, after blending each to ensure homogeneity, were tested at the Ottawa, Edmonton and Company C laboratories. The coal samples were coked in four CANMET ovens
and coke quality compared with the industrial sample. The ASTM stability factor of Company C coke as measured at the two CANMET laboratories and the Company C research laboratory were in good agreement. The coal blend of Company C coked in the 460-mm, the 310-mm, and the Koppers oven at their
standard conditions gave cokes with similar coke stabilities to that produced industrially. The Carbolite oven operated under standard conditions produced cokes with stability factors 3.6 units higher than Company C coke but with similar ASTM hardness, and JIS tumbler indices. For the 460-mm oven,
the values for the coke hardness factor, 60.2 and coke apparent specific gravity (ASG), 0.825 were considerably less than for the corresponding values of 66.6 and 0.913 for industrial coke. For all ovens, testing indicated the difference between a test coke and an industrial
Rapid method for the determination of malthene and asphaltene content in bitumen, heavy oils and synthetic fuels by pyrolysis TLC
Authors: Poirier M A , George A E
Published: July 2017

A rapid pyrolysis thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method for the determination of malthene and asphaltene content in bitumens, heavy oils and their synthetic fuel products is described. The malthenes are separated from the asphaltenes (defined as the portion
that is insoluble in n-paraffinic hydrocarbon and soluble in benzene) by spotting 1 pl of a 25 mg/mL sample solution on a silica gel chromarod followed by development with an n-paraffinic hydrocarbon-isopropanol mixture (95:5). Benzene insolubles are removed prior to the determination. The
separation is quantified by an Iatroscan TH-10 Analyzer that uses FID detector. Complete analysis of 9 samples requires 30 minutes excluding time necessary for sample preparation prior to spotting. The method was applied to sixteen samples of bitumen, heavy oils and synthetic fuels.
Repeatability
Upgrading of middle distillate fractions of a syncrude from Athabasca oil sands
Authors: Wilson M F , Kriz J F
Published: July 2017

Current processes for upgrading bitumen from Athabasca oil sands produce synthetic crudes which are high in aromatics and deficient in hydrogen. As a consequence, middle distillate fractions derived from these syncrudes produce diesel fuels of low cetane number
and jet fuels which are hydrogen deficient. Results obtained from bench-scale hydrotreating experiments indicate that quality fuels may be produced from Athabasca syncrudes. Middle distillate fractions from this source were subjected to high severity hydroprocessing in a continuous-flow reactor unit
using conventional hydrotreating catalysts which were pre-sulphided by a mixture of H2/H2S. Aromatic hydrogenation at high temperatures and pressures was affected by the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, however, at lower temperatures, in some cases virtually 100 percent saturation was achieved
and treated fractions were found to meet cetane number and jet fuel smoke point requirements. Data treatment in the present study includes a model for the hydrogenation kinetics and correlations between aromatic carbon content and fuel combustion properties.
Control of NOx and SOx emissions from pulverized-coal flames
Authors: Lee G K , Friedrich F D , Whaley H
Published: July 2017

Research work sponsored under an International Energy Agency Agreement between Canada, Denmark and Sweden has shown that NO x and SOx emissions from pulverized coal flames can be reduced significantly by staged combustion concepts. During this project in which 45
coals were evaluated, it was determined that much of the fuel nitrogen in the volatile matter can be transformed to N2 instead of NO. The conversion of fuel nitrogen to NO was 30% to 40% in conventional flames but only 7% to 14% in staged flames. Nitrogen retained in the char showed
about 20% conversion to NO and appeared to be relatively independent of local oxygen concentration. Reductions in sulphur emissions of 50% by sorbent injection into tertiary combustion air were achievable with Ca/S ratios of 2/1. These research results are being incorporated into two
proposed field trials involving retrofits of stage combustion systems in a front-wall-fired and a tangentially-fired boiler.
Selected aspects of catalytic refining of middle distillates from Athabasca syncrudes
Authors: Wilson M F , Kriz J F , Fisher I P
Published: July 2017

Production of specification diesel fuels from Athabasca oil sands may be achieved by additional input of hydrogen to saturate excessive aromatic concentrations in middle distillates. Hydroprocessing of syncrude distillates from fluid coked Athabasca bitumen was
carried out over a sulfided nickel-tungsten catalyst using semi-pilot plant hydrotreaters. Severe hydrotreating pressures were used to generate a series of fuel products over a wide temperature range. Compositional analyses of feedstock and products were performed using low resolution mass
spectrometry. Aromatic carbon content was determined by Ca 3 NMR. By this means the effect of hydroprocessing temperature and LHSV on aromatics conversion was monitored. Differences in reactivity including the effects of thermodynamic equilibria and cracking were observed for various aromatic le
species. Engine tests performed provided the relationship between the aromatic content and the cetane rating of the products obtained. Some data previously published for distillates from delayed coking are included for comparison.
Removal of synthetic crude nitrogenous compounds using waste minerals
Authors: Jean G , Poirier M , Sawatzky H
Published: July 2017

In the near future synthetic crudes will play an increasingly important role as prime energy sources. These crudes are much different than conventional crudes and new technologies will be required to make optimum use of these sources. Synthetic crudes contain a
much higher nitrogen level than conventional crudes and thus will require severe hydrotreating. The high capital investment and operation costs of the hydrotreating process suggest that hydrotreating should be kept to a minimum. Removing the nitrogenous fraction by non catalytic methods may be a
better alternative. In this study several waste minerals were tested as sorbents for the removal of nitrogenous components. The results show that some nitrogenous components can be selectively removed with some waste minerals. The extent of adsorption strongly depends on the nature of the
nitrogenous compounds. The adsorption proceeds via an acid-base interaction.
The utilization of crude bitumen as a boiler fuel
Authors: Lee G K , Whaley H , Prokopuk R , Banks G N
Published: July 2017

The handling, combustion, heat transfer and emission characteristics of a crude bitumen were studied in a flame research furnace. The bitumen, which was recovered from an underground reservoir by steam injection, was contaminated with water and fine solids. It
was found that bitumen, containing up to 26% water and 4.3% ash, could be successfully burned using commercial equipment designed for No. 6 fuel oil. In addition, the axial heat flux distribution and the flue gas emissions generated by the crude bitumen were comparable to No. 6
oil.
Coprocessing of Canadian lignites and bitumen
Authors: Fouda S A , Ikura M , Kelly J F
Published: July 2017

Simultaneous upgrading of Canadian lignites and bitumen under various operating conditions was investigated in a continuous hydrogenation unit. Results indicate that: - coprocessing of lignites and vacuum bottoms is feasible and the results are comparable to
those obtained from subbituminous coal using the same coprocessing medium; - coal and pitch conversions appear to increase linearly with temperature over the range investigated; - distillate and gas yields appear to increase linearly with increasing pitch conversion; - hydrogen (equivalent)
consumption ranges from 2 to 3 wt % of slurry feed (maf); and - qualities of distillates are comparable to those of No. 6 fuel oil.
Review of the coprocessing of coals and heavy oils of petroleum origin
Authors: Monnier J
Published: July 2017

The present report reviews the various simultaneous cohydrogenation processes that are currently being recommended for coal and heavy oils of petroleum origin. The different coprocessing schemes are described, and the utilization of various catalysts and
additives is discussed. A comprehensive bibliography of recent papers, patents and research reports is presented.
Chemical and physical characteristics of test fuels in CANMET's residential oil heating program
Authors: Lafleur R J , Lee S W
Published: July 2017

The chemical and physical characteristics of a number of various light . and heavy distillate fuels are given and intercorrelated. These fuels are being evaluated for an experimental combustion program on residential oil furnaces at CANMET. Properties being
examined are related especially to the combustion characteristics of these fuels, i.e., aromatics by FIA, aniline point, NMR aromaticity, PNA by mass spectroscopy, carbon/hydrogen ratio, viscosity, etc. The various analytical methods to measure hydrocarbon types are described and the
intercorrelations of results using these methods are shown. This paper attempts to illustrate the application of the methods for hydrocarbon type analysis, i.e., to correlate the combustion properties of the fuels in the test program and to emphasize the need for rapid and extensive hydrocarbon type
analyses.