bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward the Molecular Deciphering of Pomacea canaliculata Immunity: First Proteomic Analysis of Circulating Hemocytes
Authors: Boraldi Federica , Lofaro Francesco Demetrio , Accorsi Alice , Ross Eric , Malagoli Davide
Published: December 2018

Pomacea canaliculata is a freshwater snail with interesting biological features that include invasiveness, human parasite hosting, and adult regeneration. Its immune system may represent the target for strategies aimed at controlling the spread of the snail population and its hosting of the human parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Moreover, immune functions likely have a role in the snail's ability to wound heal and regenerate. Despite its importance in multiple processes, very little is known about the molecular basis of P. canaliculata immunity. Aiming to contribute to filling this gap, the ultrastructure of circulating hemocytes in healthy snails is studied and the first proteomic analysis of these cells is performed, evidencing 83 unique proteins, 96% of which have identifiable homologs in other species. Fifteen proteins are retrieved as potentially involved in immune‐related signaling pathways, such as hemocyanin, C1q‐like protein, and HSP90 together with cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton‐related proteins involved in cell motility and membrane dynamics. This first proteome study on non‐stimulated hemocytes provides a valid reference for future investigations on the molecular changes under stressful circumstances, like pathogen exposure, wounding, or environmental changes.
Effect of chitosan‐propolis edible coatings on stability of refrigerated cachama (Piaractus brachypomus) vacuum‐packed fish fillets
Authors: Piedrahíta Márquez David Guillermo , Fuenmayor Carlos Alberto , Suarez Mahecha Héctor
Published: December 2018

The effect of chitosan‐based coatings containing ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) on the quality of chill‐stored, vacuum‐packed fillets of cachama, an emerging aquaculture species of fish native to the Amazon basins, was evaluated. Coatings were prepared by adding propolis to chitosan following two different strategies: (1) incorporation of microencapsulated EEP and (2) direct incorporation of EEP. Fillets were dip‐coated, vacuum‐packed in medium‐oxygen barrier bags, stored at 4°C, and their quality was evaluated during 20 days, by monitoring lipid oxidation indexes, physicochemical parameters, microbiological quality indicators, texture profile, and sensory acceptance. Chitosan‐EEP coatings significantly increased the time stability of physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality indicators of the fish meat compared with control treatments (uncoated vacuum‐packed fillets). In particular, the secondary lipid oxidation of the coated muscles was 12% to 15% lower compared with uncoated samples after 12 days; pH and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N) presented a slower increase in the coated samples; and a greater inhibition of coliforms was observed between days 8 and 16. The chitosan‐EEP coatings had a positive effect in both texture stability and sensory acceptance of the products during storage. Moreover, chitosan coatings with encapsulated EEP had better impact on the evaluated sensory quality parameters. The results indicate that the combination of the barrier properties of chitosan with the bioactive properties of propolis compounds against oxidative free radicals and microbiological deterioration allowed for the edible coatings to extend the shelf life of this aquaculture product with respect to conventionally vacuum‐packed fillets.
Effect of excess electron on structure, bonding, and spectral properties of sulfur/selenium based dichalcogen systems
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Maity Dilip Kumar
Published: December 2018

First principle based quantum chemical methods are employed to characterize structure, bonding, and spectral properties of sulfur and selenium based dichalcogen systems in presence of an excess electron. Inter molecular two‐center three‐electron (2c‐3e) bonding between two chalcogen (X) atoms is described in the systems of the type (R‐X)2•‐ (R = Ph, PhCH2 X = S, Se). In addition, effect of electron withdrawing (‐NO2) and electron donating (‐CH3) groups in phenyl ring on the stability of these 2c‐3e bonded systems is also studied in water medium applying a macroscopic hydration model. Molecular parameters and binding energy of the neutral, (R‐X)2 and reduced, (R‐X)2•‐ dichalcogen systems are compared. Search for minimum energy structures of these open shell doublet systems are carried out applying various density functionals with dispersion corrections and MP2 method considering 6‐311++G (d,p) set of basis functions for all atoms. Effect of water medium is introduced through a macroscopic solvation model based on density (SMD). Frontier molecular orbitals based analysis is carried out for showing the definite presence of 2c‐3e bond between two chalcogen atoms in these radical anions of sulfur and selenium based aromatic dichalcogen systems. Excited state calculations are performed on all these systems using Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT). UV‐Vis spectra are simulated and effect of solvent water on the absorption maximum of these radical anions is discussed. This study illustrates that the combination of electronic effect and geometrical flexibility decides the strength of two‐center three‐electron bond in these systems.
Next‐generation quantum theory of atoms in molecules for the ground and excited state of the ring‐opening of cyclohexadiene
Authors: Tian Tian , Xu Tianlv , Kirk Steven R. , Filatov Michael , Jenkins Samantha
Published: December 2018

The factors underlying the experimentally observed branching ratio (70:30) of the (1,3‐cyclohexadiene) CHD → HT (1,3,5‐hexatriene) photochemical ring‐opening reaction are investigated. The ring‐opening reaction path is optimized by a high‐level multi‐reference DFT method and the density along the path is analyzed by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and stress tensor methods. The performed density analysis suggests that, in both S1 and S0 electronic states, there exists an attractive interaction between the ends of the fissile σ‐bond of CHD that steers the ring‐opening reaction predominantly in the direction of restoration of the ring. It is suggested that opening of the ring and formation of the reaction product (HT) can only be achieved when there is a sufficient persistent nuclear momentum in the direction of stretching of the fissile bond. As this orientation of the nuclear momentum vector can be expected relatively rare during the dynamics, this explains the observed low quantum yield of the ring‐opening reaction.
Understanding the role of noncovalent interactions on the rate of some Diels‐Alder reactions in different solvents
Authors: Mehranfar Aliyeh , Izadyar Mohammad , Khavani Mohammad , Housaindokht Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2018

In this article, the role of noncovalent interactions (NCI) on four types of cycloaddition reactions in different solvents was investigated by employing quantum chemistry calculations. For this purpose, explicit and implicit solvation models were applied in the experimental conditions of temperature and pressure. NCI analysis indicates that van der Waals (vdW) interactions, as a part of NCI, change the stability and Gibbs energy of the transition states (TSs), which in turn affects the rate of the reaction. On the basis of NCI analysis, a partial covalent nature of the forming CC bonds at the TSs was confirmed. Energy analysis confirms that vdW interactions can be considered as the main part of the solute‐solvent interactions in the cycloaddition reactions. Moreover, cycloaddition reactions of the polar reactants are faster in polar solvents, while nonpolar solvents induce a contrast effect on the rate of these reactions.
Lung spindle cell carcinoma harbouring a constitutively active epidermal growth factor receptor mutation
Authors: Ikushima Hiroaki , Sakatani Toshio , Masuda Yoshio , Morikawa Teppei , Usui Kazuhiro
Published: December 2018

Lung spindle cell carcinoma is a rare lung tumour with a poor prognosis, and its standard therapy has not been established. Furthermore, little work has been conducted on the genetic characteristics of lung spindle cell carcinomas. Here, we report an 82‐year‐old woman who was referred to our hospital due to a fever and dyspnoea. Chest computed tomography demonstrated a 75‐mm mass surrounded by infiltrates and atelectasis in the right upper lobe. She was eventually diagnosed with lung spindle cell carcinoma corresponding to clinical stage IVB (cT4N2M1c(ADR)). A genetic study indicated that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 was deleted in the tumour cells. She received gefitinib as first‐line therapy. However, no significant effect was observed, and she died of respiratory failure 89 days after the initial admission. To our knowledge, this is the first case of spindle cell carcinoma of the lung in which a sensitizing EGFR mutation is detected.
Highly Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Determination of Sunset Yellow in Food Products Based on AuNPs/PANI‐co‐PoAN‐co‐PoT/GO/Au Electrode
Authors: Alqarni Sara A. , Hussein Mahmoud A. , Ganash Aisha A.
Published: December 2018

A terpolymer poly(aniline‐co‐o‐anisidine‐co‐o‐toluidine)/graphene oxide nanocomposite with a common abbreviation [PANI‐co‐PoAN‐co‐PoT/GO1‐5] was synthesized by the well‐known in situ oxidative polymerization process with ultrasonic assistance. The morphological characteristics were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the complete performance was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and electrical conductivity measurements. All nanocomposites displayed a maximum composite degradation temperature (CDTmax) in the range of 295.6‐322.8 °C, which is higher than that shown for the pure terpolymer (295.4 °C). The conductivities of the pure PANI‐co‐PoAN‐co‐PoT and PANI‐co‐PoAN‐co‐PoT/GO1‐5 nanocomposites display conductive behavior. An electrochemical sensor comprising the [PANI‐co‐PoAN‐co‐PoT/GO] nanocomposite and Au nanoparticles was successfully coated onto a gold electrode [AuNPs/PANI‐co‐PoAN‐co‐PoT/GO/Au] through an electrochemical process and was utilized to detect sunset yellow (SY). The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrochemical sensor towards the oxidation of SY was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). SWV resulted in a linear calibration curve for SY on AuNPs/PANI‐co‐PoAN‐co‐PoT/GO/Au over the range of (5 μM‐500 μM), and the limit of detection was estimated to be 0.0142 μM. These results suggest that the obtained AuNPs/PANI‐co‐PoAN‐co‐PoT/GO/Au was able to detect SY with excellent stability, good selectivity, low detection limit and high sensitivity.
A Self‐Releasing Magnetic Nanomaterial for Sustained Release of Doxorubicin and Its Anticancer Cell Activity
Authors: Jat Sanjeev K , Selvaraj Divakar , Muthiah Ramanathan , Bhattacharjee Rama R
Published: December 2018

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) is an important drug used in the treatment of breast cancer. Cumulative dosage of DOX can cause heart ailments and other side effects in patients. Here in, we report the host‐guest behavior of novel colloidal magnetic iron oxide‐nanopartcles (IONPs) for sustained release of DOX. The host‐guest type of system is composed of iron oxide nanoparticle as core and a self‐dissolving mixed oleate and linoleate bilayer as shell. Data showed that the IONPs were able to readily encapsulate the drug and can separate the drug from solution through a facile magnetic separation process. The IONPs‐Ole‐loaded drug system (IONP‐DOX) was stable in experimental buffer and gradually releases the drug in absence of external stimuli. Tuning the composition of the oleate bilayer was shown to result in sustained release of DOX. Release kinetics at two different temperatures was studied in PBS and SBF buffer using fluorescence spectroscopy. Anti‐cancer cell activity of IONP‐DOX was studied with human breast cancer cell line. The outcome of the study may lead to the design of smart drug delivery systems for anti‐cancer research.
1,16‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐1,16‐diphospha[5.5]ferrocenophane: Synthesis, Reactions and Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Werner Irina , Heinisch Sandra Lauren , Nowik Israel , Herber Rolfe H. , Butenschön Holger
Published: December 2018

1,16‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐1,16‐diphospha[5.5]ferrocenophane was prepared in 76% yield by deprotonation of 1,1’‐di(2‐tert‐butylphosphanylethyl)ferrocene followed by treatment with 1,1’‐di(2‐bromoethyl)ferrocene. The ferrocenophane exists as a mixture of syn and anti diastereomers, which were separated by repeated precipitation of one of them. Reaction with borane afforded the respective borane adducts in 47% yield. Methylation with iodomethane gave the respective diphosphonium salt in quantitative yield. Oxidation with 1.0 or 5.0 equivalents of silver hexafloroantimonate gave a green and a blue material, respectively, presumably the mono and the diferrcenium salts. 1,16‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐1,16‐diphospha[5.5]ferrocenophane and its oxidation products were subjected to a temperature‐dependent Mössbauer effect (ME) study to elucidate their dynamical and paramagnetic relaxation characteristics. The ME data are consistent with the absence of spin averaging for the two distinct Fe sites in the monooxidation product over the temperature range 91<T<236 K. The metal atom vibrational amplitudes as a function of temperature have been determined for 1,16‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,16‐diphospha[5.5]ferrocenophane as well as for the diamagnetic site in the monooxidation product.
Cu–Catalyzed Tandem Oxidation of N‐Substituted Indolines to Isatins
Authors: Gao Shanshan , Zheng Junliang , Ge Guoping , Luo Junfei
Published: December 2018

The direct transformation of N‐substituted indoline to isatin derivatives has been developed, this reaction employed cheap Cu catalyst and aqueous tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant. Primary mechanism studies suggested that the indolines was initially oxidized to indoles which further undergo Cu‐catalyzed oxidation to isatins.
Address resolution protocol spoofing attacks and security approaches: A survey
Authors: Hijazi Sherin , Obaidat Mohammad S.
Published: December 2018

Address resolution protocol (ARP) is a very popular communication protocol in the local area network (LAN), working under the network layer, as per the open systems interconnection (OSI) model. It is used to associate Internet protocol (IP) address to medium access control (MAC) address; hence, the IP‐MAC addresses are stored in ARP cache of any network host. ARP has weakness in authentication that an attacker can exploit to gain unauthorized access to one's sensitive data. There are some approaches that can be used against ARP spoofing attacks. These provide an efficient and secure way to mitigate ARP attacks and detect ARP poisoning that can reduce the attack. This paper will discuss: various effective approaches, security issues in ARP spoofing, and poisoning attacks.
Mindful With Your Toddler Group Training: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Effects on Subjective and Objective Measures
Authors: Potharst Eva S. , Zeegers Moniek , Bögels Susan M.
Published: December 2018

This study examined the effectiveness of Mindful with your toddler, a 9-week mindful parenting group training for mother–toddler dyads experiencing (co-)regulation difficulties. Eighteen clinically referred mothers and toddlers (18–48 months) with (co-)regulation problems participated in groups, each comprising three to six dyads. At waitlist, pretest, and post-test, mothers completed questionnaires on parenting (overreactivity, parental stress, sense of incompetence), psychopathology (internalizing and externalizing), partner relationship, mindful parenting (listening with full attention, compassion for child, non-judgmental acceptance of parental functioning), mindfulness (acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, non-reactivity), self-compassion, and child outcomes (psychopathology and dysregulation) and mother–toddler freeplay observations were conducted, and coded for maternal sensitivity and acceptance. Questionnaires were completed again at 2-month and 8-month follow-up. No significant differences occurred between waitlist and pretest, except for a deterioration in listening with full attention and an improvement in compassion for child. Between pretest and post-test, observed maternal sensitivity and acceptance improved (medium effect sizes). Child psychopathology, maternal listening with full attention, acting with awareness, non-reactivity, and self-compassion also improved (medium effect sizes). Effects were stable or further improved during follow-up (medium/large effect sizes). Improvement in child dysregulation, maternal internalizing psychopathology, maternal stress, sense of parental incompetence, non-judgmental acceptance of parental functioning, and non-judging of inner experience was only seen at 2- and 8-month follow-up (medium/large effect sizes). No changes in maternal externalizing psychopathology, overreactivity, compassion for child, and partner relationship occurred. Mindful with your toddler is a promising intervention for mothers with toddlers with (co-)regulation problems.
When Does Money Priming Affect Helping Behavior?
Authors: Aghakhani Hamed , Akhgari Mehdi , Main Kelley
Published: December 2018

The present research demonstrates how the ownership and authenticity of the money can affect people's behavior to accept or provide help. Through three experiments ( N = 260), this research illustrates novel explanations of some inconsistencies in the literature on money and helping behavior. In particular, this research shows that ownership increases (decreases) one's willingness to accept help with a problem-solving task when participants are primed with fake (real) money (Studies 1 and 2). However, the willingness to help others decreases (increases) when participants are primed with fake (real) money of their own (Studies 2 and 3). Further, this research shows that money's authenticity has an impact on purchase intentions as well as a desire to donate money to a not-for-profit organization (Study 3). Finally, results demonstrate that the pain of payment mediates this effect. Our findings suggest some (but not all) types of money reminders improve prosocial behavior.
Age of Onset and its Correlates in Men with Sexual Interest in Children
Authors: Tozdan Safiye , Briken Peer
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Current discussions in the field of sex research concern the age at which sexual interest in children occurred or awareness emerged.

Aim

To investigate the age of onset (AOO) and its correlates in men with sexual interest in children.

Methods

Using 2 samples (study 1, patients from an outpatient treatment center, n = 26; study 2, an online survey using 3 recruitment paths, n = 94), we assessed self-reported AOO of sexual interest in children, its flexibility, its exclusiveness, and individuals’ motivation to change it. We further examined the interrelation between these variables.

Main Outcome Measure

AOO as the self-reported age at which participants retrospectively felt sexually attracted to children for the first time.

Results

We found broad ranges in AOO (study 1: mean 20.0 ± 10.7; study 2: mean 17.0 ± 8.7), flexibility, and exclusiveness (in studies 1 and 2, 7.7% and 22.3%, respectively, reported that their sexual interest is exclusively in children). The earlier participants felt sexually attracted to children for the first time, the more they were attracted exclusively in children and the less they perceived it to be flexible. Participants who reported rather exclusive sexual interest in children were less likely to perceive it as flexible. The more participants reported on flexibility, the more they were motivated to change it. The earlier participants of study 2 felt sexually attracted to children for the first time, the less they were motivated to change.

Clinical Implications

The variety of our results indicates the contradiction of overall rules for individuals with sexual interest in children.

Strength & Limitations

We included individuals with sexual interest in children from different contexts (eg, forensic vs non-forensic). Our results are in line with previous findings. However, both studies included rather small samples, limiting generalizability. There is not yet consent about how to operationalize AOO.

Conclusion

We recommend a differentiated perspective on individuals with sexual interest in children and on different forms of pedophilia in the diagnostic construct.
Human Rights and the Future of Being Human
Authors: Huneeus Alexandra
Published: December 2018

The seventieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) comes at a time of more contestation than usual over the future of human rights. A sense of urgency animates debates over whether the institutions and ideas of human rights can, or should, survive current geopolitical changes. This symposium, by contrast, shifts the lens to a more slow-moving but equally profound challenge to human rights law: how technology and its impacts on our social and physical environments are reshaping the debate on what it means to be human. Can the UDHR be recast for a time in which new technologies are continually altering how humans interact, and the legal status of robots, rivers, and apes alike are at times argued in the language of rights?
Global interdependence in clean energy transitions
Authors: Meckling Jonas , Hughes Llewelyn
Published: December 2018

The global energy industry is transforming as governments invest in clean energy technologies to address climate change, enhance energy security, and strengthen national competitiveness. Comparative research on clean energy transitions highlights the domestic drivers and constraints of clean energy transitions. This article contends that we need to understand the effects of global interdependence on clean energy transitions. Shifts in forms of interdependence between firms—influenced by the rise of global supply chains—have new implications for policy choices made by governments. Governments face more complex demands from domestic industries facing global economic competition, and act strategically in response to the actions of other governments, including sub-national actors, and firms in the global economy. We suggest that research on interdependence in clean energy transitions benefits from an analytical focus on mechanisms of transnational change such as cross-national and multi-level policy feedback and cross-national policy sequencing. Global interdependence has important implications for economic and environmental outcomes, affecting the durability of competitive advantage, and influencing the pace of the diffusion of clean energy technologies.
Adaptation of intestinal fermentation over time in the growing pig is influenced by the amount of kiwi fruit consumed
Authors: Montoya Carlos A. , Henare Sharon J. , Zhu Peter , Rutherfurd Shane M. , Moughan Paul J.
Published: December 2018

The effect of kiwi fruit at two dietary levels on the adaptation of intestinal fermentation over time in the growing pig was studied. A semi-synthetic fibre-free diet and two semi-synthetic diets containing kiwi fruit as a model fibre source (133 or 266 g/kg (DM basis); 28 or 48 g fibre/kg) were formulated and the diets contained titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. A total of fourteen ileal cannulated pigs (41 kg body weight) were fed the fibre-free diet for 7 d followed by either the low or high kiwi fruit-containing diets (n 7/diet) for a further 44 d. Ileal digesta and faeces were collected at five times throughout the study. Ileal digesta were fermented (in vitro) with a standard pooled human faecal inoculum, while fresh pig faeces were used as inocula to ferment in vitro a standard purified fibre. Observations were normalised for diet DM intake using the marker. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene copy number of ileal and total faecal bacteria were high for the high-kiwi fruit level diet (P<0·05). The ileal bacteria tended to decrease over time (P<0·1), while the faecal bacteria increased (P<0·05), at the same rate for both diets. The amounts of crude protein and insoluble dietary fibre entering the hindgut changed over time similarly for both diets, whereas for starch it changed only for the low kiwi fruit-containing diet (P<0·05). Changes over time were also observed for the predicted hindgut valeric acid production and butyric acid absorption (P<0·05). In conclusion, adaptational changes over time of some characteristics of intestinal fermentation depended on the dietary level of kiwi fruit.
Attribution of Egoistic Versus Altruistic Motives to Acts of	Helping
Authors: Siem Birte , Stürmer Stefan
Published: December 2018

Abstract. This research investigated the effects of helpers’ status and the intended publicity of the helping act on observers’ attributions of altruistic versus egoistic motives to helpers. Results from two studies (overall N = 670), in which we varied helpers’ status (low vs. high) and intended publicity of the helping act (private vs. public) suggest that observers attribute more egoistic (and less altruistic) motives to the helping act when helpers intended to make their helping public (vs. keeping it private) and were of high (vs. low) status. Moreover, status and publicity had a negative indirect effect on observers’ willingness to assist helpers via increased attribution of predominantly egoistic motives. Implications of these findings for theory and real-world helping will be discussed.
Characteristics and Simulation Biases of Corkscrew Sea Breezes on the East Coast of China
Authors: Lin Yanluan , Cao Dianbin , Lin Namei , Xue Wei , Xu Shiming , Zhao Yangyang , Li Heng , Huang Bin , Guo Jianping
Published: December 2018

Coastal areas, where sea breeze are prevalent, generally have good wind power resources and are favorable sites for wind farms. Corkscrew sea breezes, having greater wind power than backdoor sea breezes, dominate the local circulations in summer over the coastal area of Jiangsu province, China. Daily Weather Research and Forecasting simulations were conducted for the summer of 2012. Evaluations of 12 corkscrew sea breezes near the coast suggested that simulations captured the overall characteristics of wind changes with sea breezes, except an overestimate of wind speeds by up to 1 m/s at 10 m above ground level and a cold bias at night. Another prominent bias is the underestimated low‐level vertical wind shear at night. A representative corkscrew sea breeze in July 2012 was used to document the typical spatial structure and diurnal evolution of corkscrew sea breezes. Initiated at 1000 Local Standard Time (LST), the sea breeze reached its maximum strength at 1700 LST with an inland penetration depth of 70 km, an offshore extent up to 150 km, and a vertical extent of ~500 m. The fully developed circulation was accompanied by a coastal jet with maximum winds up to 11 m/s ~200 m above ground level. A series of sensitivity simulations indicated that simulated land‐surface temperatures and boundary‐layer mixing are the two key factors for low‐level wind simulation. Nocturnal stable boundary layer still remains a challenge for boundary layer schemes tested here.
Insights From the238U‐234Th Method Into the Coupling of Biological Export and the Cycling of Cadmium, Cobalt, and Manganese in the Southeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Black E. E. , Lam P. J. , Lee J.‐M. , Buesseler K. O.
Published: December 2018

Better constraints on the magnitude of particulate export and the residence times of trace elements are required to understand marine food web dynamics, track the transport of anthropogenic trace metals in the ocean, and improve global climate models. While prior studies have been successful in constructing basin‐scale budgets of elements like carbon in the upper ocean, the cycling of particulate trace metals is poorly understood. The238U‐234Th method is used here with data from the GP‐16 GEOTRACES transect to investigate the upper ocean processes controlling the particulate export of cadmium, cobalt, and manganese in the southeastern Pacific. Patterns in the flux data indicated that particulate cadmium and cobalt behave similarly to particulate phosphorus and organic carbon, with the highest export in the productive coastal region and decreasing flux with depth due to remineralization. The export of manganese was influenced by redox conditions at the low oxygen coastal stations and by precipitation and/or scavenging elsewhere. Residence times with respect to export (total inventory divided by particulate flux) for phosphorus, cadmium, cobalt, and manganese in the upper 100 and 200 m were determined to be on the order of months to years. These GEOTRACES‐based synthesis efforts, combining a host of concentration and tracer data with unprecedented resolution, will help to close the oceanic budgets of trace metals.
Near‐Earth Solar Wind: Plasma Characteristics From ARTEMIS Measurements
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , McTiernan J. M.
Published: December 2018

The interaction between the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere is the main driver of magnetosphere dynamics because many important processes in Earth's inner and outer magnetosphere can be considered as responses to solar wind parameter variations. Therefore, accurate measurements of these parameters (density, velocity, ion, and electron temperature) in the near‐Earth solar wind is critical for understanding and forecasting magnetosphere dynamics. Moreover, the solar wind is a natural laboratory for investigation of plasma turbulence, including the configuration and dynamics of coherent plasma structures (such as large‐amplitude waves, discontinuities, and interplanetary shocks). A major solar wind parameter database, the OMNI database, consists of solar wind proton characteristics and magnetic field parameters but does not provide electron characteristics. We consider a supplementary solar wind data set compiled by observations of the two Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) probes. We compare characteristics available in both the ARTEMIS and OMNI data sets. We also describe characteristics of solar wind electron components measured by ARTEMIS (density, temperature, and anisotropy). Finally, we discuss opportunities for investigation of the near‐Earth solar wind provided by the ARTEMIS data set.
Evaluating Single‐Spacecraft Observations of Planetary Magnetotails With Simple Monte Carlo Simulations: 1. Spatial Distributions of the Neutral Line
Authors: Smith A. W. , Jackman C. M. , Frohmaier C. M. , Coxon J. C. , Slavin J. A. , Fear R. C.
Published: December 2018

A simple Monte Carlo model is presented that considers the effects of spacecraft orbital sampling on the inferred distribution of magnetic flux ropes, generated through magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail current sheet. When generalized, the model allows the determination of the number of orbits required to constrain the underlying population of structures: It is able to quantify this as a function of the physical parameters of the structures (e.g., azimuthal extent and probability of generation). The model is shown adapted to the Hermean magnetotail, where the outputs are compared to the results of a recent survey. This comparison suggests that the center of Mercury's neutral line is located dawnward of midnight by
and that the flux ropes are most likely to be wide azimuthally (∼50% of the width of the Hermean tail). The downtail location of the neutral line is not self‐consistent or in agreement with previous (independent) studies unless dissipation terms are included planetward of the reconnection site; potential physical explanations are discussed. In the future the model could be adapted to other environments, for example, the dayside magnetopause or other planetary magnetotails.
Evaluating Single Spacecraft Observations of Planetary Magnetotails With Simple Monte Carlo Simulations: 2. Magnetic Flux Rope Signature Selection Effects
Authors: Smith A. W. , Jackman C. M. , Frohmaier C. M. , Fear R. C. , Slavin J. A. , Coxon J. C.
Published: December 2018

A Monte Carlo method of investigating the effects of placing selection criteria on the magnetic signature of in situ encounters with flux ropes is presented. The technique is applied to two recent flux rope surveys of MESSENGER data within the Hermean magnetotail. It is found that the different criteria placed upon the signatures will preferentially identify slightly different subsets of the underlying population. Quantifying the selection biases first allows the distributions of flux rope parameters to be corrected, allowing a more accurate estimation of the intrinsic distributions. This is shown with regard to the distribution of flux rope radii observed. When accounting for the selection criteria, the mean radius of Hermean magnetotail quasi‐force‐free flux ropes is found to be
 km. Second, it is possible to weight the known identifications in order to determine a rate of recurrence that accounts for the presence of the structures that will not be identified. In the case of the Hermean magnetotail, the average rate of quasi‐force‐free flux ropes is found to 0.12 min−1 when selection effects are accounted for (up from 0.05 min−1 previously inferred from observations).
Patterns of Rupture Directivity of Subduction Zone Earthquakes in Northern Chile
Authors: Folesky Jonas , Kummerow Jörn , Shapiro Serge A.
Published: December 2018

We perform a systematic directivity analysis of local seismic events west off the coast of northern Chile. An empirical Green's function technique is applied to a selection of events from a time period from 2008 to 2016 in the vicinity of the rupture area of the MW8.1 Iquique megathrust earthquake in 2014. We compute rupture directivity for 293 events of magnitudes between ML 2.6 and ML 5.3. We find a strong preference of rupture orientations subparallel to the convergence vector of the Nazca plate relative to the South‐American plate. The preferred rupture direction is downdip. We speculate that the reason for the dominating rupture direction could be a lateral limitation of available rupture directions by the repeating earthquake‐like nature of the observed events combined with a material contrast at the subduction interface which, according to the bimaterial effect, favors the downdip rupture direction.
The Impact of Agulhas Leakage on the Central Water Masses in the Benguela Upwelling System From A High‐Resolution Ocean Simulation
Authors: Tim Nele , Zorita Eduardo , Schwarzkopf Franziska U. , Rühs Siren , Emeis Kay‐Christian , Biastoch Arne
Published: December 2018

We analyze the contribution of the Agulhas Current on the central water masses of the Benguela upwelling system (BUS) over the last decades in a high‐resolution ocean simulation driven by atmospheric reanalysis. The BUS is an Eastern Boundary Upwelling System where upwelling of cold nutrient‐rich water favors biomass growth. The two distinct subregions, North and South Benguela, differ in nutrient and oxygen properties of the upwelling water mass. Our analysis indicates that the contribution of Agulhas water to the upwelling is very strong in both subregions. Although the water masses feeding the upwelling have a common origin, their pathways are distinct in both regions. Whereas for the central waters of South Benguela the path is rather direct from where it is formed, the central waters of North Benguela takes a longer route through the equatorial current system. Not only the travel time from the Agulhas Current to the BUS is longer but also the central water mass is twice as old for the northern part when compared to the southern. Our analysis traces the pathways, history, and origin of the central water masses feeding upwelling in the BUS and emphasizes the direct impact of the Agulhas Current on the upwelling region. The variability of that link between the Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic is likely to change the nutrient and oxygen content, as well as temperature and salinity of the water masses in the upwelling region.
Finite Amplitude of Free Alternate Bars With Suspended Load
Authors: Bertagni Matteo Bernard , Camporeale Carlo
Published: December 2018

River bars are macroscale sediment patterns, whose main geometrical features (wavelength and amplitude) depend on the mutual interactions between hydrodynamics and sediment transport. River bars develop as an instability of the plane bed to an infinitesimal perturbation, which grows in time to eventually reach a finite amplitude. We here determine, with reference to both bed and suspended loads, a closed form for the finite amplitude, through the nonlinear Center Manifold Projection technique. Results show that suspension plays a destabilizing role in bar instability, affecting both the bar wavelength (linear analysis) and the bar amplitude (weakly nonlinear analysis). This proves the importance of considering suspended load for practical purposes. The outcomes of the model are satisfactorily compared with field observations.
Evaluation of Society of Pediatric Psychology Initiatives to Support Trainees in Pediatric Psychology
Authors: Iskander Jeannette M. , Dudeney Joanne , Papadakis Jaclyn L. , Simons Laura , Valenzuela Jessica , Ward Wendy , Chambers Christine , Mackey Eleanor
Published: December 2018

The Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP) outlines the need to devise strategies to develop and retain the future generation of pediatric psychologists within its strategic objectives. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the use and perceived value of the training initiatives offered by SPP and to examine differences based on trainee demographics (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, type of training program). The training initiatives fall into 4 categories: leadership, networking, awards/funding, and publications/newsletters. A brief questionnaire assessing use and perceived value of training initiatives, as well as number of presentations and outcomes, was sent via e-mail to the SPP division listservs. One-hundred and 34 trainees completed the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regressions were used to examine the associations between demographic variables, use and perceived value, and outcomes (e.g., publications and presentations). Within this sample, initiatives were well known and utilized. With few exceptions, training initiatives were rated as having moderate to high perceived value. There were significant associations between the number of initiatives which respondents had utilized and indicators of career success, including authored publications, F(7, 102) = 5.45, p < .001 and conference presentations, F(7, 99) = 9.47, p < .001. SPP training initiatives have a high perceived value, and use of initiatives is associated with indicators of career success. Results highlight the importance of continually assessing the initiatives for perceived benefit and value in order to optimize resource allocation, increase visibility of initiatives, and meeting the training needs of a diverse body of pediatric psychology trainees.

Implications for Impact Statement

The present study evaluated the use and perceived value of training initiatives offered by the Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP) and examined differences based on trainee demographics. Overall, SPP training initiatives have a high perceived value, and are associated with indicators of career success. Results highlight the importance of continually assessing the initiatives for perceived benefit and value in order to optimize resource allocation, increase visibility of initiatives, and meeting the training needs of a diverse body of pediatric psychology trainees.
Adolescents’ Experiences of Isolation in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Vines Emma E. , Fisher Paul , Conniff Harriet , Young Judith
Published: December 2018

Cystic fibrosis (CF) infectious isolation guidelines and clinical recommendations exist in standards of CF care to reduce the risk of cross-infection between individuals with CF. Chronic infection is associated with deterioration in lung function and increased rates of morbidity and mortality, thus preventing and reducing cross-infection is a concern for individuals with CF. Understanding the bio-psychosocial implications of isolation is vital to developing and providing holistic approaches to CF care. This study aimed to make sense of how adolescents with CF understand and experience infectious isolation during their care. Qualitative, semistructured interviews were conducted with 9 adolescents, aged 12 to 19 years old, with a diagnosis of CF who had experienced isolation. Interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Participants experienced difficulty adjusting to living with isolation and attempted to integrate their isolation experiences. Isolation highlighted a sense of threat posed by cross-infection, a threat which participants experienced as originating from others and from themselves to others. Participants described striving to protect themselves and others from this threat. Isolation also appeared to exacerbate differences participants noticed between themselves and others without CF. For adolescents with CF, isolation is not a neutral experience. Adolescents reported difficulty understanding isolation and challenges associated with this experience across settings. Given these difficulties, multidisciplinary teams should increase awareness, understanding and discussion about the psychosocial impact of isolation among those with CF, their families and wider systems, to promote optimal bio-psychosocial outcomes. Future research could explore experiences of isolation from children, family and staff perspectives.

Implications for Impact Statement

This study suggests that there are psychological and social complexities associated with medical isolation experienced by adolescents with cystic fibrosis as part of their routine care. It highlights experiences of isolation from the perspectives of adolescents’ themselves and suggests the importance of considering the possible psychological and social impact of isolation as part of a multidisciplinary approach to practice.
Paediatric Psychology Network United Kingdom (PPN-UK): From Inception to the Current Day
Authors: Young Judith , O’Curry Sara , Mastroyannopoulou Kiki , Deiros Collado Martha , Gibbins Jonathan , Donnan Janie , Gray Victoria , Griffiths Helen
Published: December 2018

This topical review aims to provide an overview of how a pediatric psychology network has affected pediatric psychology in the United Kingdom over the past 2 decades. Past and present Paediatric Psychology Network United Kingdom (PPN-UK) committee members reviewed documentation related to the work of the PPN-UK. From early beginnings to the current day, an outline is provided of how a professional network for psychologists working in pediatrics developed in the U.K. With a strategic aim to promote the development of pediatric psychology practice, descriptions are given of how the PPN-UK achieves this through the provision and support of continuing professional development and membership of pediatric psychology special interest groups. For this global special issue, an explanation of the U.K. training route for clinical psychologists is also outlined. Being child and family centered, the PPN-UK promotes the psychological and emotional well-being of children with physical health needs. Examples are provided of how the PPN-UK has influenced pediatric psychology service provision, policy, and practice to promote integrated health care for children and young people by sharing pediatric psychology knowledge and the evidence base. Finally, consideration is given to how the PPN-UK is going beyond national strategic influence to develop international links. The PPN-UK is an established network that has made significant contributions to the profession for the ultimate benefit of children, young people, and their families.

Implications for Impact Statement

This article describes how the Paediatric Psychology Network United Kingdom formed and grew over the past 20 years. We explain how the network supports the professional development of psychologists who work with children and families in pediatric settings. Being child and family centered, we provide examples of how the network promotes the psychological well-being of children who have physical health needs.
Full-field interferometric imaging of propagating action potentials
Authors: Ling Tong , Boyle Kevin C. , Goetz Georges , Zhou Peng , Quan Yi , Alfonso Felix S. , Huang Tiffany W. , Palanker Daniel
Published: December 2018

Currently, cellular action potentials are detected using either electrical recordings or exogenous fluorescent probes that sense the calcium concentration or transmembrane voltage. Ca imaging has a low temporal resolution, while voltage indicators are vulnerable to phototoxicity, photobleaching, and heating. Here, we report full-field interferometric imaging of individual action potentials by detecting movement across the entire cell membrane. Using spike-triggered averaging of movies synchronized with electrical recordings, we demonstrate deformations up to 3 nm (0.9 mrad) during the action potential in spiking HEK-293 cells, with a rise time of 4 ms. The time course of the optically recorded spikes matches the electrical waveforms. Since the shot noise limit of the camera (~2 mrad/pix) precludes detection of the action potential in a single frame, for all-optical spike detection, images are acquired at 50 kHz, and 50 frames are binned into 1 ms steps to achieve a sensitivity of 0.3 mrad in a single pixel. Using a self-reinforcing sensitivity enhancement algorithm based on iteratively expanding the region of interest for spatial averaging, individual spikes can be detected by matching the previously extracted template of the action potential with the optical recording. This allows all-optical full-field imaging of the propagating action potentials without exogeneous labels or electrodes.
Ketamine and selective activation of parvalbumin interneurons inhibit stress-induced dendritic spine elimination
Authors: Ng Lhotse Hei Lui , Huang Yuhua , Han Lei , Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung , Chan Ying Shing , Lai Cora Sau Wan
Published: December 2018

Stress is a major risk factor for the onset of many psychiatric diseases. In rodent models, chronic stress induces depression and impairs excitatory neurotransmission. However, little is known about the effect of stress on synaptic circuitry during the development of behavioral symptoms. Using two-photon transcranial imaging, we studied the effect of repeated restraint stress on dendritic spine plasticity in the frontal cortex in vivo. We found that restraint stress induced dendritic spine loss by decreasing the rate of spine formation and increasing the rate of spine elimination. The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine inhibited stress-induced spine loss mainly by protecting mushroom spines from elimination. Ketamine also induced re-formation of spines in close proximity to previously stress-eliminated spines. Electrophysiological and in vivo imaging experiments showed that ketamine enhanced activity of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons under stress and counterbalanced the stress-induced net loss of PV axonal boutons. In addition, selective chemogenetic excitation of PV interneurons mimicked the protective effects of ketamine on dendritic spines against stress. Collectively, our data provide new insights on the effects of ketamine on synaptic circuitry under stress and a possible mechanism to counteract stress-induced synaptic impairments through PV interneuron activation.