bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Will in Nature
Authors: Segala Marco
Published: December 2023

The question of whether Schopenhauer’s philosophy evolved after 1819 still hovers among scholars, but there are no detailed analyses to determine what changed in the system. Hints of this issue recurrently emerge when the concept of will is examined, since the two volumes of The World as Will and Representation seem to offer different accounts of the will. This chapter argues that an answer to this question must include an analysis of On Will in Nature (1836). It is a treatise with valuable metaphysical content: it explored a new approach to metaphysics and responded to the new course of the sciences and their growing independence from philosophy. It thus introduced important novelties: confirmation as a new kind of relationship between science and philosophy, the elimination of the Ideas as objectivations of the will in metaphysics of nature, and a new demonstration of the will as the thing in itself.
The Great Inland Sea
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

This chapter keys off of Fernand Braudel’s epochal study of the Mediterranean. The Great Lakes Basin and its massive watershed determined a North American economic, social, and cultural zone that was formative for the Brethren transfer of dispensational concepts to North America. That is where they did their missionary work, and their concentration of effort relates directly to radical evangelical apocalypticism’s developing first in the urban North, and only much later in the South. John Nelson Darby’s mission, which began in 1862, first concentrated in British North America (Canada, 1867). This was the initial missionary stage of the transatlantic migration of Dispensational concepts to the New World, and it was in Canada that Darby learned to adjust to a new social reality.
Riding an Everyday Diaspora
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

A central theme of this book is that when viewing a diaspora of a religious faith, one must deal both with its ideational content and with individual human agency. In this chapter, we continue to use direct archival material concerning the faith missions by the Brethren, and here also we point to a form of agency rarely noted in the historiography of the period: the continuous migration of second- and third-generation Canadians to the northern states. This was extraordinarily high (exceeded in proportional terms only by the parallel cohorts of Ireland and Norway). John Nelson Darby and his associates understood this everyday diaspora and used the Canadian influx into the southern part of the Great Lakes Basin as a way to quickly create Brethren assemblies in the United States.
Import Licences
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

This chapter is the first of two that focuses on the direct importation into North America of the ideational program of proto-Dispensationalism. A major mode of import was texts—books, pamphlets, printed lectures—of Brethren (both sorts) published in the British Isles: a form of transnational ideational diaspora. The key figure was James Inglis (1812–1872), a migrant from Scotland who came of a distinguished Free Church family. For a time he was a Baptist minister and then an independent who rejected the concept of ordination. In 1852 he established a publishing house in Hamilton, Ontario. He wrote books heavily influenced by Brethren theology, and in 1854 founded Waymarks in the Wilderness. Peripatetic, he settled in New York in 1864, where his firm (and his elegant and compelling character) was the conduit for the assimilation of Brethren-inflected theology by a cohort of American pastors who subsequently led the flowering of the American prophetic movement.
The Mist That Was Moody
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

This chapter adopts and expands David Bebbington’s view that revivalism in the last quarter of the nineteenth century was a transatlantic affair. This is especially important with Dwight L. Moody, who is built into the historiography of American evangelicalism as an example of American Exceptionalism. In fact, as documented here, in the years 1868–1872 he self-consciously acquired his theological education from Open Brethren in Dublin, notably at Merrion Hall. In the period 1872–1875, he engaged in an “experiment” in the United Kingdom. He learned the techniques of urban revivalism in the British Isles and these he brought back to North America where he was spectacularly successful. So too were the educational institutions that he founded, based upon English models. Moody’s theology was vague, but compelling. He preached the need for a decisive conversion, the permanency of salvation, and the loving nature of the Almighty. He affirmed the literal Second Coming and the millennium, but did not endorse any specific dispensational scheme.
The Long Prophetic Party, 1875–1895
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

Although the term “Dispensationalism” did not come into use until the 1920s, we adopt the usage of most historians and speak of the belief system as being operational in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. This chapter suggests that there were three main forms. First, the Dispensationalism pur laine of the Brethren (both schools) that demanded separation from all existing denominations, failures that they all were. Second, there was the mainline “American Dispensationalism” that was associated with James Hall Brookes and reached its high point in the Niagara Conferences. Third, Dwight L. Moody and his co-evangelists preached a form that can be labelled Dispensationalism Lite. This chapter spends most attention on the Niagara Conferences, which, though often cited, are scantily built into the recent historiography. The Niagara brand was the most-adopted form in the US evangelical community, and it led directly to the Scofield Bible.
Checking behind the Curtain
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

As a guard against taking the Dispensationalism of the mid-1890s as an inevitable victor in the world of American apocalyptic evangelicals, this chapter engages in a brief jump to the year 1905; this brings to the surface a deep division that had only been papered over. At that point, the movement was clearly split between those who believed in the Rapture before the Great Tribulation (the classic Darbyite position) and those who believed the church would have to go through at least part of the Tribulation (the original Open Brethren view). These were labelled, respectively, pre-tribulationism and post-tribulationism. Here we follow the figure of Robert Cameron who from the late 1880s onward had refused to accept the pre-tribulational view. He wrote books and articles (he owned Watchword and Truth) that cannily undercut the pre-tribulationist system by showing that it had not existed in the Christian world until John Nelson Darby put it together in the 1830s.
Yet More Helpful Friends
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

In putting together his Bible, Cyrus Scofield had the help not only of Arno Gaebelein (who was niggled at not being denominated “associate editor”), but of three women, none of whom is mentioned in acknowledgments: his second wife, Hettie; Ella Pohle, Scofield’s longtime secretary for his correspondence course; and Emily Farmer, an editor loaned from the Brethren firm of Loizeaux. As for the actual acknowledgments, there is scant evidence of the honored names doing much; his “consulting editors” consisted of well-known evangelical leaders, useful window dressing on the title page. And the same held for the small-print acknowledgments of two Oxford professors and one from Princeton. The unresolved question is what, if any, help Scofield received from the much-superior Marginal Chain Reference Bible by the Methodist Rev. Dr. Frank C. Thompson. This long-term project, published by Henry Frowde in 1908, had been acquired for publication before Scofield came along.
Unto the Last Day
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

This chapter recognizes The Scofield Reference Bible as an extremely strong text. It is a case of the frame taking precedence over the picture that it encases. Scofield’s powerful interpretations precede the biblical text and provide its conclusion. Along the way, directive notes tell what the scripture really means—within the rules of Brethren-derived Dispensationalism. Scofield was careful to minimize Exclusive Brethren terms and ideas that most evangelicals found unpalatable: for example, concepts such as the secret-Rapture are approached through mild synonyms, and he slides in the Brethren definition of the Christian church (as a set of local assemblies, not denominations) without emphasis. Through Henry Frowde’s overall project management, the SRB was a typographic and visual triumph. Because Scofield’s commentary was presented on the pages of the Bible itself, his words, though contact with the inerrant infallible word of God, themselves were frequently granted the same honour.
Audit: Taking It All In
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

The reflections in this chapter revolve around The Scofield Reference Bible’s being a text that is strong, creative, and domineering—so strong that it sometimes is considered to be a new Bible. A prerequisite for its success is that it adopts the narrative form: Scofield’s notes and his typological interpretations turn the scriptures into a continuous story, from pre-creation to eternity. Scofield follows the “grammar of invention” that underlies all successful Judaeo-Christian scriptures. (This grammar is discussed in the chapter.) The chapter also points to a puzzling, apparently last-minute, addition to the SRB: the introduction of a sequence of eight “covenants” that are pushed in beside Scofield’s seven dispensations. The covenant sequence is incompatible with Scofield’s basic dispensational template. Probably the introduction of the sequential covenants was aimed at mainline Protestants whose affirmation of covenantal theology meant they would not accept Dispensationalism without some modification.
HeartMath
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: December 2023

Chapter 3 applies the scientifically documented findings of HeartMath to Dancer in the Dark. The freeze-frame technique of HeartMath can be most usefully applied to the film’s musically driven pull. This close analysis focuses on Björk’s extraordinary original score and the orchestral overture of the film’s beginning in particular. Björk’s character (Selma) dies tragically before the film’s end, but her music shows audioviewers how to live and breathe with Selma in upliftingly heartening ways. Like a strong pendulum clock pulls other clocks into rhythm alignment with itself, Selma’s music entrains the rhythms of audioviewers’ hearts into alignment with it, offering audioviewers an overwhelming feeling of access to her spirit that can outlive the film.
“The Dyuers Wittes of Man”: The Multiplicity and Materiality of Numbers
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie
Published: December 2023

The men and women of early modern England lived in a culture where multiplistic numeracy was the norm: they had a variety of different symbols to choose from when they needed to record or manipulate quantitative data. This chapter introduces the most common symbolic systems, which can be categorized as performative, object-based, or literate. It examines how early modern men and women chose to use each symbolic system and argues that these uses correspond with the systems’ material characteristics. It also explores early modern patterns in Arabic numeral adoption to demonstrate how they reflect this culture of multiplistic numeracy. People chose to adopt Arabic numerals for specific contexts, rather than all their numerical needs, and continued to employ other symbolic systems side by side and interchangeably with the new Arabic numerals.
“Finding Out False Reckonings”: Trust and the Function of Numbers
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the way early modern English account-keepers made decisions about whether to trust a symbolic system for recording numerical information or performing calculations. For recording, they preferred systems whose symbols resisted after-the-fact alterations and developed strategies to increase symbols’ permanence. For calculation, they looked for the opposing characteristic of manipulability to facilitate arithmetical operations. Although Arabic numerals had the potential to be used for both recording and calculating, they were not the optimal system for either function and were often considered untrustworthy. This chapter explores both the incentives and disincentives to Arabic numeral adoption, particularly in the fraught arena of financial transactions, where trust in numbers was vital.
“According To Our Computation Here”: Quantifying Time
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie
Published: December 2023

While English men and women had long used numbers as a way to locate themselves in time, this chapter demonstrates how these methods became more complex and abstracted over the course of the early modern period. The religiously contested calendar reforms of the late sixteenth century led people to adopt the notation of mathematical fractions to accommodate disagreements over the date. In the seventeenth century, almanacs brought the multiplicity of early modern calendars directly into the English households and raised awareness of the relativity of time over space. By the eighteenth century, these changes led calendars and times to be popularly understood as numerical constructs. Time was not itself sacred, but merely a tool people could employ to order their sacred and secular lives.
“Davids Arithmetick”: Quantifying the People
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines how new ways of thinking with numbers led to the transformation of early modern government data collection and analysis. Censuses were an ancient practice of collecting population information for fiscal-military purposes, but early modern beliefs about the biblical story of David discouraged innovation. Census data were generally applied only toward immediate fiscal and military goals in the sixteenth century. During the seventeenth century, however, people increasingly made social or political arguments based on the evidence provided by demographic data. After the Reformation, this led to the practice known as “political arithmetic,” which began as a method of governing by numbers and eventually transformed into a more general method of reasoning by numbers.
The Ethics of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Lanterman Jennifer L.
Published: December 2023

Public health crises and risk mitigation measures require individual, organizational, and societal responses that are replete with ethical decision-making. The public health crisis represented by the COVID-19 pandemic raised numerous ethical issues and dilemmas at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. How people and organizations chose to act in these situations influenced the trajectory of the pandemic. Individual and professional ethics played a role in those choices. This chapter begins with a discussion of a brief theoretical framework and of ethics in public health. Next, the chapter is organized into sections on individual behavior, decision-making by medical professionals, leadership, and the economy. Each section highlights select ethical issues and dilemmas and provides initial points to consider in subsequent ethical analyses. This chapter also identifies areas for research related to individual behavior, decision-making by medical professionals, leadership, and the economy.
Morality in Times of Crisis
Authors: Gjoneska Biljana
Published: December 2023

This chapter investigates pandemic-related behaviors of citizens by drawing on well-studied concepts from moral and social psychology: moral panic, grandstanding, disengagement, and outrage. It presents real-world examples as a way to tackle relevant questions and contemplate solutions. Specifically, the study discusses: (a) how the spread of the virus coincided with waves of moral panic around the world; (b) how the lack of scientific consensus and distrust in public authorities resulted in moral grandstanding and disengagement in some citizens and refusal to comply with health measures; and (c) how moral outrage was born as a reaction aimed toward those who refuse by those who chose to adhere with the measures. Crucially, the chapter focuses on some common themes and underlying causes, including the interplay between external (societal) events and internal (group) processes, as well as the inflammatory content, unchecked reactions, and polarized stances that were freely disseminated on and amplified by the Internet. The summary conclusions serve to inform future research on the morality of masses in times of massive crises.
Temporal Discounting, Uncertainty, and COVID-19
Authors: Nese Mattia , Riboli Greta , Sassi Valentina , Brighetti Gianni , Borlimi Rosita
Published: December 2023

Health behaviors can be a trade-off between immediate versus longer term benefits. These longer term health benefits are often more uncertain than immediate outcomes. People are more likely to discount future events when they are uncertain. This affects decisions to violate the restrictions imposed by the lockdown to receive immediate gratification (e.g., meeting other people) while exposing others to the risk of contracting COVID-19. People who are more certain they will contract COVID-19 in the future will be more likely to adhere to social distancing behaviors than people who are not certain they will contract COVID-19. Even so, compliance with COVID-19 restrictions can wane over time. This chapter discusses the influence of time and uncertainty on protective behaviors with implications about public health policy.
An Objectification Theory Lens for Understanding Compliance With COVID-19 Safety Measures
Authors: Prusaczyk Elvira , Earle Megan , Choma Becky , Calogero Rachel
Published: December 2023

Public opinion polls and research consistently demonstrated that women were more likely than men to adhere to COVID-19 safety precautions. This chapter draws on objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) to potentially explain this gender difference. According to objectification theory, sexual and self-objectification encourage vigilance about one’s physical safety. Safety anxiety, in turn, predicts restricted movement in public spaces, a behavior that presumably protects against the threat of sexual harm. Earle et al. (2021) showed that the safety anxiety that stems from sexual and self-objectification also predicted greater compliance with COVID-19 safety measures. Critically, women scored higher than men in sexual and self-objectification, safety anxiety, and safety measure compliance. Thus, men’s lower adherence to safety precautions might be due, in part, to their relatively lower levels of sexual and self-objectification and concern for their physical safety, processes that promote the adoption of risk-reducing behaviors. In sum, sexual objectification processes and gender were germane predictors of people’s pandemic-related behaviors. We used these findings to offer suggestions for research and social policy.
Crafting Effective Messages to Encourage COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Devereux Paul G. , Hartzell Sarah Y. T. , Hagen Molly M.
Published: December 2023

Social science theories can help develop public health messages that encourage people to take action to minimize harm related to COVID-19 and other crises. For the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to be contained, millions worldwide will need to be vaccinated. Achieving this outcome in an era of misinformation and resistance to vaccinations will be difficult. This chapter draws on examples from mass inoculations in history to show how to work with diverse communities to enable and mobilize them to act. Relevant theories are discussed that describe multiple influences on human behavior, such as the health belief model, the social learning theory, social networks, and community engagement approaches like community-based participatory research. By using these theories, researchers can identify and modify factors related to vaccination uptake, help overcome resistance to vaccines, and promote the successful containment of COVID-19. Lessons learned and future research ideas are offered.
The Role of Attitude Strength in Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Siev Joseph J. , Xu Mengran , Luttrell Andrew , Petty Richard E.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the role that attitude strength plays in influencing behaviors relevant to COVID-19. Strong attitudes are those that are durable and impactful in guiding behavior. After explaining the antecedents and consequences of strong attitudes, the first part of this chapter focuses on two techniques that have proven successful in changing deeply entrenched views. The first relies on matching the message to some characteristic of the attitude, such as presenting moral arguments to those whose attitudes are based on morality. The second involves using a two-sided, rather than the traditional one-sided, message to render people more open to opposing views. The second half of the chapter describes research on when strong attitudes are more likely to govern behavior than weak ones versus when the opposite is more likely. Evidence is provided for the idea that when a self-threat is salient, weak attitudes can be more effective in guiding behavior than are strong attitudes because of efforts to compensate for the threat by bolstering one’s weakly held views. For each topic, suggestions for future research are included.
Collective Resilience and the COVID-19 Experience
Authors: Cocking Chris , Ntontis Evangelos , Vestergren Sara , Luzynska Katarzyna
Published: December 2023

While the COVID-19 pandemic brought global suffering, people also came together and engaged in remarkable acts of solidarity. Public behavior was mostly orderly, contrary to what is often expected by those in authority. Furthermore, cooperation was more common than selfish behavior, disproving the predictions of irrationality and/or “mass panic” that often emerge during extreme events. This emergence of solidarity is explained by the social identity model of collective psychosocial resilience (SIMCPR). This social psychological model argues that social bonds can develop when people experience a common fate during an emergency. Shared social identities help explain the cooperative behavior and social support seen during the pandemic, such as the emergence of localized mutual aid groups. This chapter explores cooperation and collective resilience during the pandemic. It is argued that sharing a social identity with others tended to increase from involvement in mutual aid, highlighting how participation shaped people’s experiences, behaviors, and overall collective resilience during the pandemic. Wider implications for emergency planning policy and practice and possible future research are discussed.
Staying Together While Apart
Authors: Bayer Andrea , White Sara V. , Ehrenreich Samuel E.
Published: December 2023

Social media and digital communication have had a powerful impact on the way that people interact with their peers and peer networks. Although researchers have identified both strengths and weaknesses of engaging with social networks via digital media, the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social distancing forced many to rely almost entirely on these digital platforms for peer interaction. People’s experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic varied greatly and were often shaped by their digital media usage. The transformational framework proposes five primary ways that social media has changed peer relationships. This chapter examines how these key aspects of social media facilitated (and at times hindered) efforts to stay connected with peers during COVID-19 social distancing procedures. The chapter offers general ideas for future research on this topic related to the pandemic experiences. The lessons that can be learned for policymakers, educators, and parents are also discussed.
Xenophobia, Prejudice, Stigma, and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Estrada-Reynolds Victoria , Willis-Esqueda Cynthia
Published: December 2023

Societies experience racial bias and prejudices in countless facets of life. There is a natural human tendency to dislike and dehumanize those who are different from us. Thus, people blame the outgroup for negative experiences and develop negative attitudes against them. Such tendencies can be exacerbated by fear and stress—as in a pandemic experience. During the pandemic, there are stories of fear-based stigma against people with cough-based allergies, Asians, people who traveled for pleasure, or people who contracted COVID-19. These microlevel behaviors can reflect hatred, xenophobia, and discrimination, which creates negative experiences for targets. The purpose of this chapter is to examine individual-level factors related to general bias (e.g., social identity perspectives, threat, and emotions) and how bias can be applied to enhanced prejudice and discrimination resulting from the pandemic.
Dreams in the Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Tuominen Jarno , Revonsuo Antti , Valli Katja
Published: December 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, alterations seem to be taking place not only in waking lives but also in dreaming minds. As such, the current pandemic allows people not only a glimpse of the way our dreams change in response to such drastic events but also a way to test specific theories about the functions of dreaming. What, if anything, are dreams for? Specifically, different dream theories propose that they mirror waking life, fulfill wishes, simulate threatening events, aid in social interaction and belonging, and regulate emotions. Given the specific ways the pandemic has affected our lives in the social, economic, and internal spheres, researchers can derive from some dream theories empirical hypotheses on the effects of the pandemic on dream contents. Dreams give a phenomenological perspective on what goes on within our minds when there is minimal or no ongoing external sensory input to furrow one’s experiences. Knowledge on how changes during waking life affect the contents of dreaming can be used for explanation, understanding, and prediction of internal reactions to cataclysmic events.
Terror Management During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Horner Dylan E. , Sielaff Alex , Pyszczynski Tom , Greenberg Jeff
Published: December 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic raised awareness of myriad personal, social, and political issues. Perhaps most strikingly, the spread of the virus and barrage of media coverage heightened people’s awareness of mortality, making death-related thoughts particularly salient. Research based on terror management theory has shown that heightened death awareness motivates people to strive for psychological comfort by marshaling two kinds of psychological defenses. When death is in focal attention, proximal defenses are activated, in which people either do pragmatic things to avoid dying or become avoidant and denial oriented and distract themselves from thoughts of death. When death is close to consciousness but not in focal attention, distal defenses are activated, in which people shore up their sense that life is meaningful, and that they are significant contributors to that meaningful life. This typically involves becoming more defensive of one’s worldview and striving for self-worth. Collectively, this prior research bears important implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a terror management perspective, this chapter highlights the literature and its implications for postpandemic outcomes and offers directions for future research.
Scattered Black and Whites
Authors: Kinsella Elaine , Sumner Rachel
Published: December 2023

There are opportunities for social scientists to adopt both complementary and contrasting perspectives as a means of drawing greater meaning about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of others. This chapter shares experiences of conducting COVID-19 pandemic research and of exploring both the “light” side (looking at heroism, post-traumatic growth, sense of meaning in life) and the “dark” side (looking at stress, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder) of front-line workers in the United Kingdom and Ireland during COVID-19. The chapter explores the opportunities and challenges of drawing from multiple theoretical perspectives and illustrates why it is important for researchers not to impose their own biases and assumptions about how other people are experiencing significant life events.
On the Ethics of Social Science Research During a Pandemic
Authors: Schoenegger Philipp , Pummer Theron
Published: December 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic brought significant challenges for most aspects of life in 2020. Unsurprisingly, social science research has not been spared and also has to grapple with new challenges of a scientific and an ethical nature. This chapter focuses on four main ethical challenges facing social scientists conducting research in a pandemic as well as drawing out more general lessons for future research and science communication. The four main ethical challenges discussed in this chapter are (1) informed voluntary participation, (2) trade-offs between scientific interests and health, (3) the role and speed of institutional review boards, and (4) the communication of potentially applicable findings to policymakers. It is argued that these issues are of significant ethical importance in this pandemic and that the findings will generalize to many further disasters of similar proportions, especially when it comes to the speed requirement foisted on institutional review boards and the need for an ethic of science communication that is fit for emergencies.
COVID-19-Related Community Sentiment Studies
Authors: Murphy Evan , Boppre Breanna
Published: December 2023

Conducting community sentiment research during or about the COVID-19 pandemic comes with its own set of challenges. It is important to measure and understand community sentiment about legal policies because sentiment can affect how policies are interpreted, enforced, and followed, as well as how people who are affected by a policy view the legal system generally. This chapter discusses sentiment toward legal actions (i.e., laws, policies, or procedures) relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. First discussed are common methods to measure community sentiment and highlight how studies have measured sentiment toward pandemic-related legal actions. It is explained how sentiment can vary by individual differences, such as knowledge, personal relevance, emotions, and political orientation. Then, methodological considerations are discussed with recommended solutions to gaining access to and engaging with communities impacted by issues related to the pandemic and the legal system. Finally, suggestions are provided for research dissemination in light of the urgency of COVID-19. Ultimately, community sentiment research is key to understanding the impacts of the pandemic and developing policies and laws to address emerging challenges.
On Display
Authors: Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus
Published: December 2023

Two billion people around the world use Instagram. On Display examines how a platform that is unfailingly polished and ruthlessly judgmental shapes us and our environments. Instagram has a reputation for shallowness, but the ongoing self-presentation it demands confronts users with profound dilemmas as it compels them to do serious soul-searching. What do we want to show of ourselves? Who are we? What do we want to be? On Display is a book about how people remake their worlds through social media. It examines how personalities, relations, social movements, urban subcultures, and city streets change as they are represented on Instagram. Through computational analysis, the authors reveal how Instagram is implicated in social inequalities, while interviews and ethnographic vignettes provide an intimate account of the desires and anxieties that animate the platform. Whereas many have argued that social media promote polarization, On Display shows that this is not so for Instagram: its users are embedded in large and diverse networks, compelling them to take many, often contradictory, expectations into account. Existing theories about social media are often a poor fit for Instagram. The authors propose a new perspective: social media are stages for status displays rather than public spheres for the exchange of arguments.
Staging Status
Authors: Bronsvoort Irene , Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus
Published: December 2023

As the city becomes an Instagram playground, it serves as a stage for status displays. Posing in fashionable establishments and hip neighborhoods is a priceless status marker. As a result, certain stores and streetscapes start to dominate feeds, and their Instagram visibility frequently acts back on these places. Zooming in on a single Amsterdam shopping street, this chapter traces this process in detail, documenting through interviews, observations, and media analysis how new residents in a gentrifying neighborhood shape the neighborhood’s image. High-status establishments are the winners of this process, while other establishments risk dropping off the map unless they become “Insta-proof” by embracing dominant aesthetics.
Introduction
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie
Published: December 2023

In this chapter the author explains how sexual assault, sexual harassment, and nonsexual harassment in the military are estimated to be increasing, but reporting sexual violence is decreasing in the institution despite over a decade of prevention and education efforts. The sexual assaults at the Navy Tailhook convention led to the start of widespread organizational change and policies to prevent sexual violence, but these strategies left in place a highly gendered culture that produces sexual assault vulnerability. Unequal gender dynamics are intensified in the military by organizational features, including the military’s status as a near-total institution and a culture that denigrates femininity and encourages warrior masculinity. To make effective change in this area, it is key to understand how gendered and femmephobic assumptions are embedded in the organization’s bureaucracy, institutional values, practices, processes, and military spatial arrangements and geography. The participants are introduced and a roadmap is provided for the rest of the book.
International Human Rights Law
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

Facebook’s Oversight Board upheld Donald Trump’s suspension not because he incited violence, which the First Amendment would not protect, but because he glorified violence, which the Board said is unprotected under international law, even though it is protected by the First Amendment. This chapter suggests that so-called content-moderation cases such as Facebook’s suspension of Trump should be government by the First Amendment, not international human rights law. The two are fundamentally different. International human rights law aims to protect individuals’ rights from interference by states, not from interference by other individuals or businesses. Adherence to it by private companies is voluntary and nonbinding. It is not a single, monolithic body of law. It is incomplete, fragmented, and inconsistent. Some of its elements allow speech suppression that is flatly incompatible with that permitted by the Constitution. The principal provisions of its seminal treaties are often vague and loophole-ridden. They have spawned state practice and customary international law that are confusing and contradictory. The net effect is a false universalism, a façade of consensus that masks indeterminacy and enables arbitrariness and cherry-picking.
Paul Robeson's Voices
Authors: Olwage Grant
Published: December 2023

Paul Robeson’s Voices is a meditation on Robeson’s singing, a study of the artist’s life in song. It is interested in Robeson’s voice as it exists in two broad, and intersecting, domains: as sound object and sounding gesture, fashioned in the contexts of singing practices, in concert and recorded performance; and as subject of identification, that is, how the voice envoices modes of subjectivity, of being. The book is a study of Robeson’s vocality. It argues, moreover, that it is through the aesthetic that the subject and its politics are constituted. Robeson shaped his sense of self and politics through song. Paul Robeson’s Voices charts the dialectal process of Robeson’s vocal/self-discovery, documenting some of the ways Robeson’s practice revised the traditions of concert singing in the first half of the twentieth century and how his voice resisted. By singing plurally Robeson sang against.
Do These Meetings Need an Agenda?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 7 explains the importance of having an agenda during 1:1 meetings. Having an agenda created in advance or even at the beginning of the meeting itself was associated with more positive ratings of 1:1 meeting value. However, the key to effectiveness is having your direct actively involved in drafting up the agenda or creating it with you together. The chapter elaborates on the listing approach and the core question approach as models of agenda creation. It notes how tracking metrics can provide insight into an employee's performance while warning of the possibility of micromanagement if tracking is done every meeting.
Is There a General Model for Conducting 1:1s?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 8 tackles the general model of conducting 1:1 meetings. It highlights the role of the manager as an orchestrator and a facilitator instead of a dominator. The 1:1 model integrates perspectives and approaches advocated for in the communication, coaching, facilitation, mentoring, meetings, and negotiation literature. The model is designed to address both the personal and practical needs of the direct. It further stresses that a successful 1:1 relies on the manager not talking more than the direct report—the direct’s voice must emerge and be heard. The chapter cites note-taking of both parties as the final element of the 1:1 model. It also explains the importance of managers soliciting feedback on their managerial behavior and actions.
What Do I Do to Meet the Personal Needs of Others?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 9 explains how 1:1 meetings play a pivotal role given their focus on addressing the direct’s practical and personal needs. This chapter focusses on the latter, the personal needs. Ideally the hope is that the direct leaves the 1:1 feeling respected, valued, heard, understood, and supported. Moreover, satisfying personal needs also builds a climate of psychological safety that can elevate and enhance the value of the meetings. The chapter then explores five interrelated categories of behaviors that emerged as key to promoting personal needs satisfaction. The aforementioned behaviors revolve around listening and responding with empathy, communicating authentically and transparently, involving directs, being kind and supportive, and demonstrating appropriate vulnerability.
How Do I Start and End 1:1s—And the Middle Stuff Too?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the process of conducting a 1:1 meeting. There are four key stages of 1:1 meetings: 1) Pre-Start, 2) Start, 3) The Heart, and 4) End. The Pre-Start of 1:1s ensures you prepare for the meeting and show up with the right mindset. The heart is the core of the 1:1. Five key phases happen in this phase: 1) Expressing, 2) Clarifying and Understanding, 3) Solutioning, 4) Crafting Next Steps, and 5) Monitoring the Agenda. The end of the 1:1 is a critical opportunity to review and informally document key takeaways. Always make sure to end on time, with gratitude, a reiteration of your support.
Songs to Entertain Foreign Royalty
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

This chapter addresses the problems that arise when theatrical performances from the seventeenth century are identified as “orientalist” or “exotic” and points out the limited toolkit that scholars currently have for thinking about race and representation in early modern musical theater, particularly in comparison with the sophisticated analytics that are already in place to analyze gender and class. A close reading is given of the narrative and surviving music to the Balletto della cortesia (1614), composed by Francesca Caccini and performed during carnival in the Medici palace. The performance is contextualized in relation to the presence at court of the Lebanese emir Fakhr ad-Dīn and his entourage, arguing that the smooth, European surface of Caccini’s surviving music does not demonstrate ignorance of foreign sounds but rather a presumed class equivalence between the elite of different nations.
Music all’Usanza Loro (Performed in a Foreign Way)
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

Musicologists have long claimed that early modern Western music representing foreign cultures contains no legitimate traces of foreign musical sounds. This chapter argues the opposite, tracing the use of the phrase all’usanza loro (“in their own style”) through theatrical descriptions and travel narratives. The musical examples come from unnotated repertoires, including music for trumpets, drums, and other percussion instruments as well as popular strophic songs. Staged Florentine representations of “Indians” (particularly indigenous Americans) are juxtaposed with testimony about the Americas that was known and heard in Florence, foregrounding individuals who came to Florence from the Americas or who had visited there.
Scholarly Transcriptions of Foreign Musical Sounds
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

Where the three previous chapters considered a widespread, popular understanding of what the foreign sounded like, this short chapter turns to the esoteric and detail-oriented work of early modern scholars. Experimental work on ancient Greek musical practices and proto-ethnographic transcriptions of Middle Eastern music represent two seventeenth-century Italian musical cultures in which scholars labored to transcribe and recreate eastern Mediterranean sounds. Here these practices are considered alongside the circulation and appropriation of foreign musical sounds within un-notated popular and military traditions. Though the extant transcriptions are relatively rare, written and contextual sources indicate that a considerable knowledge of such musics was in circulation, and this fact needs to be incorporated into any consideration of foreign sound.
Buonaccorsi as a Soprano
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

Because several musical scores associated with Giovannino Buonaccorsi’s performance have survived, it is possible to make some very specific observations about his vocal facility. This chapter analyzes two arias as sung by Buonaccorsi in two Florentine operas: “Più durar io non la posso” from Il potestà di Colognole (perf. 1657) and “E a chi non scapperebbe la pazienza?” from Ercole in Tebe (perf. 1661). The two arias have strong similarities, and an argument is made for a characteristic performance practice of his stock role. The question of whether Buonaccorsi was a castrato or a countertenor is addressed, as are the ramifications of his race and enslavement on his possible castration.
Social Cognition
Authors: Buckner Cameron J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses Sophie de Grouchy’s views on social cognition and morality. De Grouchy had a particularly interesting empiricist take on the origins of empathy in the earliest experiences of infancy. This chapter argues that research on artificial social cognition is in danger of taking on board too many rationalist assumptions and heading down blind alleys, and it suggests that accurate modeling of human-like moral and social cognition will require backtracking to develop better models of human-like emotional reactions and learning curricula to hone them if we can hope to better recapitulate the formative social interactions in infancy and childhood that are required to bootstrap a human-like faculty of empathy. This chapter reviews a variety of early moves in these directions from areas of research like affective computing and artificial rearing studies.
Messengers of Sky
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice
Published: December 2023

For Indigenous North Americans, the original message of the Woman Who Married the Bear is the cyclical renewal of life. Ancient Messenger of the Sky People, Bear (Ursa Major) tracks the seasons. As messenger of fertility, Bear birthing her young in January bespeaks the women’s time of year. Nurturing Bear mothers modeled proper parenthood. Despite the skewed “collecting” tastes of Europeans, who privileged heroic male hunting, women were central to bear stories, the den being the womb of the Bear wife. Pregnancy’s shape-shifting nature inspired the Bear’s shape-shifting between human and man. As the original vegetable diet of Indigenous Americans perforce gave way during the Younger Dryas to lethal hunting, the love story of Bear and Woman turned darkly to that of men killing the Bear husband followed by the Grizzly wife’s revenge on them. Who would die became a tossup.
The Aesthetics and Ethics of Unwritten Music
Authors: Beaudoin Richard
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 unfolds the aesthetic and ethical aspects of unwritten music, including the century-old practice of classifying non-notated sounds as unwelcome. Sounds recordings are differentiated from scores. The use of “breath suppression” software is interrogated. The book’s methodology expands upon Schoenberg’s notion that music theorists attend to everything that sounds simultaneously. Three recordings—Casals playing Bach, Walker playing Chopin, and Kashkashian playing Bach—offer glimpses at the book’s analytical terrain. Analogies are drawn between unwritten music and Barthian notion of the photographic punctum, the psychological concept of facial micro-expressions, the US Census, craquelure, and painting outdoors. A study of the reception of unwritten music uncovers insidious inequalities across music studies and the recording industry along lines of gender and race. Unwritten music is connected to listener empathy.
Sounds of Breath
Authors: Beaudoin Richard
Published: December 2023

Chapter 2 analyzes breath sounds as music. Medical definitions of musical breath, non-musical breath, and wheeze are presented alongside a discussion of respiration’s role in homeostasis. The field of psychology provides evidence of the impact of audible breaths on mood perception. Audible inhales and exhales are shown to be as diverse and complex as chords. A typology of breath sounds is presented via recordings by Goode teaching Beethoven, Balestracci recording Barrière, Quatuor Mosaïques recording Haydn, several quartets recording Debussy, Bassingthwaighte recording Varèse, Kashkashian recording Bach, and Burton recording a song sermon. The categories include breath as rhetoric, as anacrusis, as expectation, as motive, as climax, as phrase marker, and as narration. Spectrographic and score-based analyses determine the precise location, duration, and spectral content of specific inhales and exhales.