bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NATURAL MERCURY LEVELS IN WHEAT
Authors: TKACHUK RUSSELL , KUZINA F. D.
Published: March 2010

Natural mercury levels in wheat appear to be 2–12 parts per billion (ppb). This interpretation was arrived at by analysis of 297 wheat samples grown during the 103-yr period from 1875 to 1977, and one very old Egyptian sample dating back to 1200 B.C. Contamination by extraneous mercury was found to have occurred in many of the museum-stored, as well as in the more recent samples of wheat. Mercury contamination is due to mercury transfer from laboratory atmospheres, materials commonly used to contain samples, laboratory containers, and storage conditions. Biological museum samples are most likely to be contaminated with extraneous mercury from contaminated cotton and mercurial fungicides.Key words: Mercury, wheat, mercury contamination, mercurial fungicides
THE EFFECTS OF ADVANCING MATURITY ON CRUDE PROTEIN AND DIGESTIBILITY OF MEADOW FOXTAIL (Alopecurus pratensis) AND TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense)
Authors: WALDIE GWEN , WRIGHT S. B. M. , COHEN R. D. H.
Published: March 2010

The crude protein content (CP %) and in vivo digestibilities of dry matter (DMD %) and protein (PD %) were determined on freshly cut monocultures of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.) from 19 June to 23 Aug. at Prince George, British Columbia. CP, DMD and PD declined significantly with advancing maturity for both grasses.Key words: Meadow foxtail, timothy, protein, digestibility
YIELD RESPONSES OF STRAWBERRY TO FALL APPLICATION OF ETHEPHON
Authors: CAIN N. P. , ORMROD D. P. , EVANS W. D.
Published: March 2010

Ethephon solutions at various concentrations were sprayed on strawberry plants, Fragaria × ananassa Duch., in late fall to determine if fruit yield was affected in the subsequent growing season. Plants of the day-neutral (everbearing) cultivar Centennial sprayed with 100 ppm solution had increased fruit yield and number compared with control plants. Selection 107 M 6 from the University of Guelph strawberry breeding program produced greater fruit yields with a 1000-ppm spray but fruit number was not increased. Yield and fruit number of Redcoat and selection 31 B 38 were not affected by ethephon sprays.Key words: Strawberry, ethephon
ALBINISM AND NATURAL SELFING IN Picea pungens
Authors: CRAM W. H.
Published: March 2010

Albino seedlings from self-pollinated seed were attributed to a simple and lethal recessive gene, which was utilized to estimate the occurrence of 0–18% natural self-pollination in blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.).Key words: Albinism, natural selfing, Picea pungens
WONDERVEE TOMATO
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Wondervee is a productive smooth, firm, early midseason, general purpose, hand-pick tomato introduced for processing into juice or sauce and for fresh market. Wondervee is resistant to verticillium wilt and has some tolerance to metribuzin.Key words: Tomato, processing, fresh market, verticillium wilt resistance
SOIL PREPARATION, HERBICIDES, AND SEEDING DATES FOR BARLEY PRODUCTION
Authors: BARNETT G. M. , RIOUX R. , COMEAU J. E.
Published: March 2010

Soil preparation methods in combination with herbicides for broadleaf weed control were evaluated for barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Champlain’) production on a Kamouraska clay and on a St. André gravelly loam near La Pocatière over 2 yr. No-till was applied only in the first year because this method produced low yields when compared to conventional soil preparation (fall-plow, spring-harrow). Fall-prepared soils produced yields equivalent to conventional methods when seeded early but yields decreased as seeding was delayed. Spring harrowing of fall-prepared soils was necessary to sustain yields as seeding was delayed. This was because weeds increased with delayed seeding on no-till and fall-prepared soils. Tillage methods produced greater differences in weed numbers than did herbicides. Yield and kernel size and density decreased with delayed seeding. No-till soils were wetter and colder at the surface than were tilled soils. Fall-prepared soils tended to be wetter with depth than no-till or spring-tilled soils.Key words: Soil preparation, herbicides, seeding date, Hordeum vulgare, barley
COOKING QUALITY OF LENTILS GROWN IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: BHATTY R. S. , NIELSEN M. A. , SLINKARD A. E.
Published: March 2010

The cooking quality of 50 samples of Laird, Commercial Chilean and Eston lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) grown at several locations in 1981 was determined with a Kramer press, and expressed as shear force in kilograms per gram. A shear force smaller than 4.0 kg/g was chosen to indicate cooked lentils, and one greater than 4.0 kg/g to indicate undercooked lentils. An optimum cooking time was established at which 50% or more of the samples had shear force values of 4.0 kg/g or smaller. Cultivar differences were evident in that the optimum cooking time for Commercial Chilean and Laird was 60 min, but only 30 min for Eston. Location had relatively less effect on cooking quality of the three lentil cultivars in 1981 as 95% of Laird, 88% of Commercial Chilean and 64% of Eston were cooked. These data were in contrast to a strong location effect observed in our previous study when only 55–58% of the lentils were cooked in the optimum time of 60 min. However, comparison of the 1980 and 1981 data showed a strong, seasonal effect on the cooking quality of lentils. Thus, the data showed that cooking quality in lentils was affected both by location and season. The cooked and undercooked lentils showed a contrasting microstructure. In undercooked lentils, unlike cooked lentils, the cells were intact and intercellular materials such as the cell wall and, presumably, middle lamella were visible. The microstructure of the lentils closely correlated with shear force values obtained with the Kramer press.Key words: Lentils, cooking quality, environmental effect, microstructure, scanning electron microscopy
EFFECT OF SEEDING RATE AND TIME OF HARVEST ON LOSSES OF OATS IN WINDROWER/COMBINE AND DIRECT COMBINE HARVESTING SYSTEMS
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

Oats (Avena sativa L. ’Harmon’) were sown at 56, 84 and 112 kg∙ha−1. Shattering, cutting, and combine pick-up losses were determined for seven harvest times ranging from 49 to 8% kernel moisture. Maturity tended to be earlier and crop grades reached maximum levels earlier as the rate of seeding increased. Yields were about 6% greater for the 84 and 112 kg∙ha−1 rates than for the 56 kg∙ha−1 rate. Shattering and cutting losses did not differ among seeding rates. Combine pick-up losses were greater for the low than for the higher seeding rates. Total harvesting losses for direct combining were lower than for the windrower/combine system of harvesting. The harvest strategies that produced the highest milling grades were either direct combining at 16–21% kernel moisture and artificial drying, or windrowing at 16–21% moisture followed by combining when dry. Delaying direct combining until kernel moisture levels were below 15% increased the risk of shattering losses resulting from adverse weather condition.Key words: Avena sativa L., shattering, cutting loss, pick-up loss
NATURAL CROSS POLLINATION OF FABA BEANS (Vicia faba L.) GROWN IN MANITOBA
Authors: McVETTY P. B. E. , NUGENT-RIGBY J.
Published: March 2010

Four populations of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) consisting of the black-spot-flowered varieties, Ackerperle, Diana, Herz Freya and UMFB-22, each combined with the white flowered variety, Triple White, were grown at three locations in each of 2 yr. The extent of natural cross pollination was estimated from a subsequent year’s grow-out of the Triple White test seed. The extent of natural cross pollination differed for varieties, locations and years, with years being the most significant. The year effect was probably due to different environmental stresses on the faba beans.Key words: Vicia faba, fertilization
THE EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON SOIL TEMPERATURE AND CORN (Zea mays L.) GROWTH IN MANITOBA
Authors: WALL D. A. , STOBBE E. H.
Published: March 2010

The degree of tillage, presence of previous crop residues and the timing of tillage operations had a marked effect on soil temperatures. Zero tillage and the retention of the previous crop residues tended to depress the maximum soil temperatures at the 5.0-cm depth. Removal of crop residues from zero tillage plots resulted in an increase in maximum soil temperatures. Fall tillage resulted in lower maximum and higher minimum soil temperatures than where tillage was performed in the spring. Soil temperatures in the row were warmer than those recorded in the inter-row area of both the zero tillage and rotovated strip tillage treatments.Key words: Tillage, crop residues, soil temperature, corn
CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE RATES OF FRUITING SOYBEAN PLANTS EXPOSED TO OZONE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE SINGLY OR IN COMBINATION
Authors: SUEUR-BRYMER N. M. LE , ORMROD D. P.
Published: March 2010

Carbon dioxide exchange rates (CER) of intact soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants at the fruiting stage were measured in continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) chambers. Plants were exposed to clean air, 67 ppb ozone (O3), 300 ppb sulphur dioxide (SO2), or 67 ppb O3 plus 300 ppb SO2 for 7.5 h∙day−1 for 5 days. Carbon dioxide exchange rates were measured hourly during the last 6 h of each exposure period and decreased progressively during the first period of exposure to O3 plus SO2, dropping in hour 6 to 42% of the hour 1 rate, and to a lesser extent in the second daily exposure when the corresponding decline was to 70%. There was a declining trend in CER of SO2-treated but not O3-treated plants with increasing number of days of exposure. Carbon dioxide exchange rates of all plants generally peaked and declined during each exposure period.Key words: Air pollution, net photosynthesis, mixtures, Glycine max
THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT, APEX EXCISION AND FLOWER REMOVAL ON FERTILITY COMPONENTS OF FABA BEANS (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , DUC G. , PICARD J.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted at Dijon, France and Saskatoon, Canada to determine if apex excision or flower removal had an effect on ovule fertilization. Two lines of faba beans, cvs. Strube and 370, showed no effect of apex excision or flower removal on the frequency of ovule fertilization. The fertilization frequency, which averaged 55% for the experiment, was 10% higher at Dijon than Saskatoon and 30% higher in Strube than 370. Young-pod number, pod number, seed number and seed yield were all greater at Dijon. The abortion of fertilized flowers was high for all treatments and lines but particularly so in Strube with no flower removal. The data indicated that abortion was occurring at the pod level and not the seed level, suggesting that the average number of seeds per pod could be increased if the ovule fertilization frequency per flower could be improved.Key words: Vicia faba, fertilization frequency, fertility components, apex excision.
SUNFLOWER COMPETITION IN WHEAT
Authors: GILLESPIE GREG R. , MILLER STEPHEN D.
Published: March 2010

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is grown in rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the upper midwest of the U.S.A. However, volunteer sunflower is often a problem in wheat planted the year following sunflower. Wheat yields as influenced by wheat seeding date and sunflower density, duration of sunflower competition and rate of sunflower control were determined in the field. Season-long sunflower competition at densities of 3, 9, and 23 plants per square metre reduced yield of the following wheat crop by an average of 11, 19, and 33%, respectively, averaged over seeding date and location. Sunflower was more competitive with wheat seeded in late than in early May, particularly at the lower sunflower densities. Wheat yield was reduced 22% when 24 sunflower plants/m2 were allowed to compete until the wheat flag-leaf stage. Wheat yields obtained were similar when volunteer sunflower was controlled by postemergence MCPA [[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid], bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), or bromoxynil plus MCPA despite the slower rate of control with MCPA compared to bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus MCPA. This research indicates that wheat following sunflower should be planted early and sunflower densities of nine plants per square metre or higher should be removed before the flag-leaf stage to prevent yield reductions.Key words: Density, duration, bromoxynil, MCPA, Helianthus annuus, Triticum aestivum
GENOTYPIC VARIATION IN SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN WINTER WHEAT GROWN IN THE HUMID CONTINENTAL CLIMATE OF ONTARIO
Authors: AGUILAR-M. I. , HUNT L. A.
Published: March 2010

Several experiments were conducted with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) during 1978 and 1979 to characterize genotypic variation in some physiological and morphological traits, and to evaluate the magnitude of the relationships between grain yield and the various traits studied. Straw weights of cultivars grown in Eastern Canada were similar to, and harvest indices generally lower than, those reported for high yielding varieties from other countries. Highest grain weights were also lower than the upper values recorded for some cultivars in the U.K. and Mexico, and were little affected by spikelet removal in most cases. All experiments were consistent in showing highly significant correlations between grain yield and grains per square metre, straw weight, harvest index, spikes per square metre, and flag leaf area index, and significant correlations between grain yield and grain weight. Diffusive resistance of the adaxial surface of the flag leaves differed between genotypes, but correlations between diffusive resistance and yield were low and nonsignificant in all cases, with the exception of the preanthesis period in one experiment.Key words: Wheat (winter), Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., yield, physiological-morphological traits.
RECURRENT SELECTION FOR FORAGE AND SEED YIELD IN ZIGZAG CLOVER
Authors: TAYLOR NORMAN L. , CORNELIUS PAUL L. , SIGAFUS ROY E.
Published: March 2010

Phenotypic recurrent selection on an annual basis was conducted with zigzag clover (Trifolium medium L.) to determine the efficiency of selection for improved seed and forage yield and the relationships among these characters. Seedlings were exposed to winter temperatures in a cold frame before they were transplanted in a field in the spring. The undesirable types were mowed prior to flowering and the selected plants were allowed to cross. Heads and seeds were harvested from each plant, and after seed threshing and counting, plants were further selected on the basis of numbers of seeds and heads. The effectiveness of four cycles of selection was evaluated over a 2-yr period in an experiment initiated with remnant seed and with management similar to that imposed during the selection process. Recurrent selection was effective in increasing vigor, seeds per head, heads per plant, and seeds per plant. A significant linear increase over cycles was found for each character. Vigor was not correlated with seeds per head, but was correlated with the other characters. The more vigorous plants also exhibited less stand reduction. Data from the two evaluation years were correlated suggesting that materials selected on an annual basis performed similarly to those grown in a 2-yr stand. Although recurrent selection was effective for improving all traits, the rate of change, particularly for seeds per head, was limited. Many more cycles of such selection would be required to change zigzag clover into a useful forage species. It was suggested that the phenotypic recurrent selection program should be continued on an annual basis, but modified if possible to select against the vernalization requirement for flowering which may be associated with poor seedling growth and low aftermath vigor.Key words: Trifolium medium, recurrent selection, vigor, persistance, heads and seeds per plant
SELECTION FOR IMPROVED SEEDLING VIGOR IN RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: BERDAHL J. D. , BARKER R. E.
Published: March 2010

Seedling emergence of 30 open-pollinated progeny lines of Russian wild ryegrass (Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski. Syn: Elymus junceus Fisch.) ranging in seed weight from 2.1 to 4.5 mg/seed was evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse tests and compared to stand establishment capability in the field. Increases in emergence percentage and coleoptile length associated with increased seed weight diminished when seed weights of parents increased beyond 3.0 mg/seed. Emergence in two field environments was correlated with emergence from a 5-cm planting depth in the greenhouse (r = 0.70** and 0.71** for field tests 1 and 2, respectively) and with coleoptile length (r = 0.51** and 0.64**), but not with emergence under laboratory-induced drought stress of −1.1 MPa matric potential (r = −0.05 and 0.13). Experimental error was high for measurements of forage yields in the establishment year (CV = 38% and 36% for field tests 1 and 2, respectively), and resources required to obtain reliable yields would limit testing to a small number of entries. Preliminary screening of a Russian wild ryegrass population for improved seedling vigor could be accomplished by first eliminating plants with small seed size by visual assessment of seed samples. This could then be followed by selection for increased coleoptile length among progeny lines from those plants with medium or large seed.Key words: Russian wild ryegrass, seedling vigor, stand establishment, seed weight, coleoptile length
INDIRECT SELECTION FOR RESISTANCE TO SCLEROTINIA CROWN AND STEM ROT ON ALFALFA
Authors: ROWE D. E. , WELTY R. E.
Published: March 2010

The possibility of improving seedling resistance to Sclerotinia trifoliorum (Eriks) by selecting seedlings of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for resistance to sprays of oxalate solutions was investigated using four populations of alfalfa. Seedlings with two or three trifoliate leaves were sprayed with 0.16 or 0.125 molar solutions of oxalate. The selections from each oxalate treatment in each population were polycrossed. Seedlings from remnant seed of screened populations and seed from respective polycrosses of selections for oxalate resistance were evaluated for resistance to oxalate and S. trifoliorum in the greenhouse. The selection for oxalate resistance at 0.16 molar treatment was effective in doubling the frequency of resistant seedlings. The realized heritabilities averaged 17.4 with [Formula: see text] of 1.83. The resistance to S. trifoliorum was regressed on resistance to oxalate. Only one of the four populations had a significant regression. Thus, a physiological relationship of resistance to oxalate and resistance to S. trifoliorum was not demonstrated and it was concluded that this selection procedure was unsatisfactory. Linkage and sampling error are discussed as possible causes for the single significant regression.Key words: Medicago sativa, Sclerotinia trifoliorum, selection response, heritability, disease resistance
EFFECT OF RHIZOBIAL INOCULATION AND NODULATION ON YIELD AND WINTER SURVIVAL OF SOME ALFALFA CULTIVARS
Authors: Tu J. C. , McDonnell M. M.
Published: March 2010

A 3-year study was made in the greenhouse and in the field to assess the nodulation response, forage yield, and winter survival of 12 alfalfa cultivars following rhizobial inoculation. The most effective rhizobial concentration for achieving maximum nodulation appeared to be 5 × 103 or 104 rhizobia per cubic centimetre of soil for all cultivars tested and the degree of nodulation response at these levels showed the highest correlation to yield and winter hardiness in postwintering trials. There was a drastic shift in yield ranking among the 12 cultivars in the postwintering harvest compared to that of prewintering. The varietal nodulation response appeared to be associated with winter survival, which in turn affected the forage yield of the second year. The discrepancy in yield ranking between prewinter and postwinter was associated with cultivar nodulation in response to inoculum level, and winterkill. Cultivars of high forage yield generally had good nodulation in response to medium and high levels of rhizobial inoculation and a high winter survival rate. There was no direct relationship between prewinter yield and crude protein content (CPC) in alfalfa forage. Cultivars with more than 22% CPC did not differ significantly in their susceptibility to winterkill, but two cultivars, Caliverde and Berseem, with less than 21% CPC, appeared highly vulnerable to winterkill.Key words: Nodulation, winter hardiness, alfalfa, selection
NONFUMIGANT NEMATICIDES FOR CONTROL OF NORTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE IN MUCK-GROWN CARROTS
Authors: BELAIR G.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rate and application method on the effectiveness of nonfumigant nematicides to protect carrot roots (Daucus carota L.) against Meloidogyne hapla, Chitwood, in organic soil. Carbamate compounds, aldicarb and oxamyl, provided better protection to carrot roots than organophosphorus, phenamiphos and terbufos compounds. In-furrow application of granular nematicides at the rate of 1.5 kg a.i./ha was more effective than band and broadcast incorporation at a rate of 6 kg a.i./ha. The standard control method with the fumigant, 1,3-dichloropropene, offered the best nematode control and the highest marketable yields.Key words: Daucus carota, Meloidogyne hapla
INFLUENCE DE LA TEMPERATURE DU SUBSTRAT ET DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTEE SUR LA CROISSANCE, LE DEVELOPPEMENT, LA TENEUR EN AZOTE ET L’ACTIVITE DE LA NITRATE REDUCTASE CHEZ LA TOMATE
Authors: GOSSELIN ANDRÉ , CHALIFOUR FRANÇOIS-P. , TRUDEL MARC J. , GENDRON GHISLAIN
Published: March 2010

We measured the effects of five root temperatures (12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 °C) and five rates of nitrogen fertilization (0, 2.5, 7.5, 22.5 and 67.5 meq N∙L−1) on growth, development, nitrogen content and nitrate reductase activity of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’). The greatest root dry weight was obtained at 18 °C and 2.5 meq N∙L−1 and the highest shoot dry weight at 24 °C and 22.5 meq N∙L−1. Total fruit weight was maximum at 24 °C and 2.5 meq N∙L−1. High root temperatures and high levels of fertilization increased the number of aborted flowers and the nitrogen content of shoots, but reduced tomato yields. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was higher in leaves than in roots and with plants receiving 22.5 meq N∙L−1 as compared to 2.5 meq. NRA in roots decreased as temperature increased.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., root zone temperature, nitrate reductase, nitrogen
RODEO BARLEY
Authors: CAMPBELL K. W. , BRAWN R. I. , HO K. M.
Published: March 2010

Rodeo is a two-rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed by the Bulbosum doubled haploid method. It has high yield, high test weight, large kernels, good lodging resistance and is resistant to powdery mildew. It is adapted to Eastern Canada. Breeder seed of Rodeo is maintained by Ciba-Geigy Seeds, Ailsa Craig, Ontario.Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., powdery mildew resistance, strong straw, Bulbosum, doubled haploid, cultivar description
THE RESPONSE OF PEPPER AND TOMATO CULTIVARS TO CHALLENGE INOCULATION BY Peronospora tabacina
Authors: GAYED S. K.
Published: March 2010

The host range of Peronospora tabacina, isolated in 1979, was investigated by inoculating seedlings of six pepper (Capsicum annuum) and 13 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars three times 14 days apart. Tomato cultivars were not infected whereas pepper cultivars Sweet Banana, Midway and Staddon’s Select were slightly infected after the second and/or third inoculation. Differences in host range of P. tabacina in various countries may be due to differences in genotypes of cultivars tested as well as in races of the pathogen.Key words: Pepper, tomato, tobacco, Peronspora tabacina, challenge innoculation, blue mold
NEWDEL, A FLUE-CURED TOBACCO CULTIVAR
Authors: PANDEYA R. S. , ANKERSMIT J. C. D. , ROGERS W. D.
Published: March 2010

Newdel was developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Delhi, Ontario. It represents an improvement over Virginia 115 in several agronomic, physical, chemical and smoke characteristics. Newdel essentially exhibits all the desirable traits of Nordel with a significant improvement in yield.Key words: Tobacco, Nicotinia tabacum, Nicotina rustica, tar:nicotine ratio, breeding
YIELD AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF ORCHARDGRASS HAY AS AFFECTED BY DANDELION CONTROL
Authors: MOYER J. R.
Published: March 2010

A 7-yr-old orchardgrass stand at the Lethbridge Research Station with 34 dandelion plants/m2 was treated with 2,4-D and 2,4-D + dicamba or picloram to determine the effect of these herbicides on orchardgrass and dandelion yields. Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ether-extractable fraction, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na content of orchardgrass and dandelions were also measured. The average dandelion yield from all herbicide-treated plots was significantly lower than from untreated plots in years 1 (year herbicides applied) to 4 (last year measured). Applications of 2,4-D at 1.0 kg/ha in spring and fall reduced dandelion yields by 70% and increased orchardgrass yields by 20% (based on average yields for years 2 and 3) compared with the untreated check. Increases in dandelion control with 2,4-D at rates greater than 1.0 kg/ha or with 2,4-D + dicamba mixtures were achieved, especially in year 2. Additional orchardgrass yields were not obtained with these treatments. Total forage yields (orchardgrass + dandelions) were not significantly increased by herbicide treatment and the presence of dandelions did not cause deleterious changes in the nutrient composition of orchardgrass hay or pasture.Key words: Dactylis glomerata, Taraxacum officinale, 2,4-D, nutrient composition
INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDE USE AND INTER-ROW TILLAGE ON CORN YIELDS AND SOIL CONDITIONS
Authors: COOTE D. R. , SAIDAK W. J.
Published: March 2010

Six herbicide treatments and hand weeding of grain corn (Zea mays L.) were compared with and without a single inter-row tillage operation in June. Grain yields were significantly increased by tillage and negatively correlated with weed weights. In a subset of plots, surface soil bulk density was lower, and air-filled porosity was higher after the tillage. Bulk densities were decreased in September by a possible interaction between inter-row tillage and herbicide use. Grain yields were negatively correlated with bulk density in June and positively correlated with soil moisture in September, suggesting that some of the yield improvement from tillage was the result of better soil physical conditions.Key words: Zea mays L., atrazine, herbicides, tillage, soil structure, bulk density
DETERMINING SOYBEAN YIELD IN HILL PLOTS
Authors: BUZZELL R. I. , BUTTERY B. R.
Published: March 2010

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were tested for yield at various populations in hillplots that had plants compactly clumped and in comparative hill and row plots. Results indicated that thinning to a uniform stand should be worthwhile in cases where population varies and that selection in hills for material to be grown in rows could be from 43 to 95% as effective as direct selection in row plots.Key words: Glycine max, soybean cultivars, plant density, yield, hill plots, selection
ISLANGOLD: FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: WHITE F. H. , PANDEYA R. S. , ARSENAULT W.
Published: March 2010

Islangold, a flue-cured tobacco cultivar, is recommended for growing in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. It is equivalent in yield to Virginia 115, but superior in leaf grade quality and tolerance to black root rot.Key words: Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, flue-cured
FACTORS AFFECTING GRAIN DRY-DOWN IN EARLY-MATURING EUROPEAN AND CANADIAN CORN HYBRIDS
Authors: BARON V. S. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids of European (EUR), of Canadian (CAN) and of Canadian origin but of European phenotype (CPE) were compared for factors affecting rate of dry-down over 11 location-years (1977–1979) in Manitoba and Ontario. Percent kernel moisture (PKM) of CAN hybrids at 20–30 days postsilking was equal to or higher than that of EUR hybrids; 40–60 days later PKM was at least 3% lower for the former compared to the latter. Differences in resistances to kernel water loss among hybrid groups were related to differences in husk and pericarp characteristics. Husks of the CPE hybrids senesced approximately 8 days before those of the EUR hybrids and weighed less. In a 2-yr husk modification experiment involving hybrids of CAN and EUR classification, PKM at final harvest of Limagrain 11 (EUR) with husks completely removed was reduced to a value similar to that of the control of Stewart 2300 (CAN). Pericarp thickness of CAN and CPE hybrids was 80–85% of the mean thickness of the EUR hybrids.Key words: Dry-down, early corn, European, Canadian
THE EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE ON CORN SEED QUALITY
Authors: NAVRATIL ROBERT J. , BURRIS JOSEPH S.
Published: March 2010

Seed produced on three widely grown public corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds were tested for tolerance to drying injury. Inbred parents A632, B73, and Mo17 were grown in 1979 and 1980. The single cross H99 × H95 was used as a pollinator both years. Random ear samples were collected, to obtain ears with moisture percentages ranging from approximately 50 to 20%, and dried to 12% moisture at 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, and 50 °C. Inbred parents were found to differ in tolerance to high drying temperatures. A632 was the most tolerant to high drying temperatures whereas B73 and Mo17 were relatively intolerant. Field performance of dried seed was similar to that observed in laboratory tests. Combined analyses yielded significant inbred-parent by harvest-moisture by drying-temperature interactions for germination and cold-test emergence percentages. These interactions do not allow for simple recommendations of safe harvest moistures and drying temperatures. Components from the combined analysis that had a P > F of 0.30 or less were then used to predict mean values for A632, B73, and Mo17 germination, cold-test emergence, seedling dry weight and the ratio of shoot to root dry weight. Values for the ratio variable indicated that root development is more susceptible to injury than is shoot development. These predicted values provide seed producers with information on the quality responses that they could expect when seed of A632, B73, or Mo17 is harvested at different moisture contents and dried at different drying temperatures.Key words: Drying, seed quality, Zea mays L.
STORABILITY OF FROST-DAMAGED CANOLA
Authors: MILLS J. T. , CLEAR K. M. , DAUN J. K.
Published: March 2010

Changes in the quality of frost-damaged canola seeds (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) from 21 bins in Manitoba were studied on four occasions (Rounds 1 to 4) during October 1982 to April 1983. Twenty-two quality parameters were assessed on seed samples obtained at two bin depths on each sampling occasion. Generally, quality of seeds in official grades 2CR, 3CR and Sample Canada Account Damaged because of frost, did not decline during storage. Laboratory studies with jars of frost-damaged seeds stored at 6–12% MC and 5–25 °C for 49 days indicated that smell was a more rapid indicator of incipient deterioration than visible mold. Results from bin and laboratory studies showed that storage of frost-affected seeds, which had been binned dry, was influenced primarily by factors associated with seed immaturity rather than by development of spoilage molds. Heating was detected during Round 1 in six nonaerated bins. Spoilage and heating problems in frost-damaged canola are most likely to occur during the first weeks of storage but can be prevented and controlled by aeration and careful bin management.Key words: Brassica napus L., B. campestris L., seed quality, frost damage, storability
CHANGES IN COLD HARDINESS, ICE TOLERANCE AND TOTAL CARBOHYDRATES OF WINTER WHEAT UNDER VARIOUS CUTTING REGIMES
Authors: ANDREWS C. J. , POMEROY M. K. , SEAMAN W. L.
Published: March 2010

Fredrick winter wheat was subjected to a number of cutting (defoliation) regimes in controlled environments and in the field in 2 yr to investigate the effects of simulated forage removal on winter survival parameters. In controlled environments, cutting at 4 wk and 8 wk reduced cold hardiness and ice tolerance markedly in plants grown for 5 days, and 14 days at warm temperatures before hardening. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNSC) in plant crowns were reduced by all regimes. In the field, the effects of single cuttings were not as large, but generally there were slight reductions in cold hardiness, ice tolerance, and crown TNSC. A slight increase in cold hardiness was associated with multiple cutting in both years but this was not normally reflected in an increase in winter survival. A reduction in ice tolerance by cutting of plants in a plot with low soil moisture was not seen on a periodically flooded plot. Cutting reduced fresh weight of plants and root number, and markedly increased crown moisture content. Overall, despite a variable effect on a number of winter survival parameters, cutting of Fredrick winter wheat appeared to be hazardous to its overwintering potential.Key words: Triticum, acclimation, encasement, clipping, grazing, defoliation
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HYBRID MATURITY, ENVIRONMENT, DRY MATTER YIELD AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN
Authors: LeDREW H. D. , DAYNARD T. B. , MULDOON J. F.
Published: March 2010

Seven field experiments were conducted in 1975 and 1976 to investigate, under Ontario conditions, the influence of environment and hybrid maturity-by-environment interactions on (1) percent whole-plant and grain moisture at the time of maximization of whole-plant dry matter (DM) yield, and (2) the degree of coincidence of the dates of attainment of maximum whole-plant and grain DM yields. Each experiment involved three hybrids of each of three maturity classes which were harvested periodically during the maturation period. Quadratic regression equations were computed between whole-plant DM yield, percent whole-plant moisture, percent grain moisture, and days after July 31, and from these, estimates were made of maximum yields, dates of attainment of these maxima, and of percent whole-plant and grain DM on these dates of maximization. With the exception of one experiment which was affected by drought stress, whole-plant DM yield tended to increase with seasonal corn heat unit (CHU) accumulation (i.e., CHU from planting to first frost) across the seven experiments, and with increases in the CHU-maturity rating of the various hybrids. Percent whole-plant moisture at which forage DM maximized decreased as seasonal CHU accumulation increased and ranged from 58 to 69%. Percent grain moisture on date of maximization of whole-plant DM was affected by both seasonal CHU accumulation and hybrid maturity rating, and ranged from 25% for low-CHU hybrids in a high-CHU environment to 52% for the converse. Percent whole-plant moisture relative to percent grain moisture on date of attainment of maximum forage DM decreased at a rate of about 1% for each 100 CHU increase in hybrid maturity rating. Because of the large uncertainty in prediction of dates of attainment of maximum whole-plant versus grain DM yield, we were unable to answer with confidence the question as to whether the temporal difference between the two varied with seasonal CHU accumulation or hybrid maturity rating.Key words: Zea mays, forage, yield, moisture content
EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY ON THE AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF SUNFLOWER ON DRYLAND
Authors: HOLT N. W. , CAMPBELL S. J.
Published: March 2010

This study investigated the influence of plant density on several agronomic traits of four sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars grown at Indian Head and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in the semiarid prairies. At populations of 40 000–85 000 plants∙ha−1, plant density had no significant effect on seed yield. The increase in percentage oil content with increase in plant density (44.3–45.6%) was small but significant. As plant density was increased, days to flower, height and test weight increased while days to maturity, head diameter and average seed weight decreased. Cultivars × density interactions were generally not significant. Environment (five location-years) had a significant effect on all variables, and environments × cultivar interactions were significant for most of these. Results of this experiment indicated that testing of sunflower lines at several locations in the growing area would be necessary for best assessment but one plant density, suitable to that area, could be used.Key words: Sunflower, plant density, seed, oil, seed size, Helianthus annuus L.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DRY MATTER DISAPPEARANCE OF NORMAL- AND LOW-TANNIN SERICEA LESPEDEZA
Authors: FALES S. L.
Published: March 2010

A normal and a low-tannin sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don.) cultivar were grown in controlled environments under a warm (32/24 °C) or cool (22/17 °C) temperature regime. Both cultivars accumulated more dry matter at the higher temperature. The normal-tannin sericea contained a higher concentration of tannin, and lower concentrations of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber (NDF than the low-tannin sericea. Tannin concentration in the leaves of the normal-tannin cultivar was 10 percentage units greater and crude protein and NDF were each 3 units lower at 32/24 °C than at 22/17 °C. Tannin concentration in the leaves of the low-tannin cultivar was 2 percentage units higher, crude protein was 3 units lower, and NDF was 3 units higher at 32/24 °C than at 22/17 °C. In vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of the normal-tannin leaves was approximately 20 percentage units less than that of the low-tannin leaves, and was not influenced by temperature. Stems were more digestible than the leaves in both cultivars, but normal-tannin stems were slightly less digestible than the low-tannin stems. The IVDMD of low-tannin stems was 6 units lower at 32/24 °C than at 22/17 °C. Future breeding efforts with low-tannin sericea should place emphasis on lower tannin and NDF concentrations because both these components tend to increase with temperature and bear negative associations with IVDMD.Key words: Lespedeza cuneata, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, forage quality
INFLUENCE DES CULTIVARS, DES DATES ET DES DOSES DE SEMIS SUR LE RENDEMENT ET LA QUALITÉ DE LA LUZERNE SEMÉE EN FIN D’ÉTÉ
Authors: BELZILE L.
Published: March 2010

The effects of cultivars, date and rate of seeding on the yield and quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seeded at the end of summer and harvested the year after was studied from 1971 to 1975 on a Kamouraska clay. Seeding in early August gave the best results; seeding should not be carried out after mid-August. Differences between cultivars were more important on the third than on the first cut. Aftergrowth was an important factor on yield during the first year of harvest. Seeding rate did not always affect the yield, but the 6,7 kg/ha rate yielded less than the 13,4 kg/ha rate at the first cut and when the cuts were summed. The combined effects of the three factors studied indicates the importance of the seeding date on the height, cover and yield of alfalfa. Digestibility and crude protein content of the dry matter were affected more by seeding dates than by cultivars. The effect of cultivars on quality was variable and seeding rates had no effect. The variation in forage quality may be attributed to a difference in maturity of the plant at harvest, rather than only to the factors studied.Key words: Medicago sativa L., cultivar, date, rate, yield, quality
EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE AND FERTILIZER ON THE POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL YIELD OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: BENOIT GEORGE R. , GRANT WALTER J. , ISMAIL AMR A. , YARBOROUGH DAVID E.
Published: March 2010

Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) plants were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions to determine the effect of soil moisture stress and fertilizer applied during the year of bud formation on plant growth and development. Greenhouse plants grown under water treatments of 0.2 (about field capacity), 0.6, 1.0 and 5.0 bars did not differ significantly in number of stems per plant or flower buds per stem. A significant increase in the number of flowers per stem was detected for the 0.2- and 0.6-bar treatments over the 1.0- and 5.0-bar treatments. A highly significant trend was an increase in flowers per plant related to an increase in water application. Established field plants had no significant difference in the number of flowers between the unirrigated control and the 0.6- or 0.2-bar treatments. The number and total weight of berries increased significantly with increased water availability during the vegetative growth year but individual berry size remained the same. Irrigation during the year of bud formation may result in increased yield during the crop year. No significant fertilizer application effect was detected on the parameters evaluated.Key words: Vaccinium angustifolium, flower buds
AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF Poa pratensis AS RELATED TO NITROGEN APPLICATION AND COLOR
Authors: NELSON S. H. , SOSULSKI F. W.
Published: March 2010

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) plots receiving 2.5, 2.0, 1.7, 1.2, or 0.8 kg N∙100 m−2 each season in three equal amounts on approximately 15 May, 1 July, and 15 Aug. were analyzed for protein and amino acid content, as well as for the proportions of alcohol-soluble and salt-soluble proteins. Aspartic acid content of protein was the only amino acid that showed a positive regression with both the amount of nitrogen applied and turfgrass color, while the proline content of the dormant grass was highly dependent upon the amount of nitrogen applied during the summer. Total protein was highly dependent upon the nitrogen applied throughout the season and may, in part, explain the greener spring and fall color but, more probably, the high levels of salt-soluble protein in spring and fall mediated the spring and fall greening effects observed. At least 1.7 kg N∙100 m−2 season was required to ensure early greening the following spring.Key words: Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis, nitrogen, amino acids, protein fractions, color
USE OF PROPYZAMIDE TO CONTROL FOXTAIL BARLEY IN RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: BOWES GARRY G.
Published: March 2010

Propyzamide (3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide) applied at 0.5–1.0 kg/ha controlled foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) in an establihsed stand of Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.). Fall applications were superior to spring applications. Russian wild ryegrass tolerated the highest rate of application which was 1.0 kg/ha. The longevity of foxtail barley control was at least 3 yr, when the competitive forage crop, Russian wild ryegrass, was growing in association with the weed.Key words: Propyzamide, Russian wild ryegrass, foxtail barley
FIELD SURVEY OF HALOPHYTIC PLANTS OF DISTURBED SITES ON THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: BRAIDEK J. T. , FEDEC P. , JONES D.
Published: March 2010

A field study was carried out to survey and collect samples of native and introduced species which have adapted themselves to saline habitats. Ten species were found in 25% or more of the sites surveyed. These included both kochia (Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.) and orache (Atriplex patula var. subspicata (Nutt.) S. Wats.). Kochia and A. patual var. hastata (L.) Gray have been investigated by other researchers as potential salt-tolerant crops (Somers 1979).Key words: Saline areas, halophytic plants, Kochia, Salicornia
THE EFFECT ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF WINDROWING BARLEY AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY
Authors: BOWREN K. E. , JAN E. Z.
Published: March 2010

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Bonanza’) was windrowed for five harvesting seasons at kernel moisture contents (KMC) (throughout this paper, wet-basis moisture content is used) ranging from about 55 to 19% at Melfort in the Parkbelt area of Saskatchewan. Windrowing the crop at 40% KMC did not cause a significant loss in grain yield or quality as measured by test weight, 1000-kernel weight, percent protein and phosphorus content as compared to harvesting at lower KMC. The results show that windrowing barley at 30–40% KMC will often reduce shattering and facilitate earlier combining. These results agree with earlier work reported.Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., harvesting, kernel moisture content, yield, quality
GROWTH RATES, HARVEST INDEX AND MOISTURE USE OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN, TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE
Authors: DAVIDSON H. R. , CAMPBELL C. A.
Published: March 2010

Manitou spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown at combinations of three day/night temperatures (27/12 °C (T27), 22/12 °C (T22) and 17/12 °C (T17)), three levels of fertilizer N (58, 116 and 174 kg/ha), and three moisture stresses (nominally −0.03, −1.5 and −4.0 MPa) applied for four durations (viz., no stress throughout, stress from (i) four-tiller (Tg), (ii) near ligule of last leaf visible (LLV), or (iii) flowering (F1) stages to harvest (Hvst)). Weights of plant parts and photosynthetic area of leaves and stems were measured at eight growth stages. Mean net rate of photosynthesis [Formula: see text] was estimated by dividing plant dry weight by photosynthetic area duration. Temperature was the main factor affecting net photosynthesis and growth. Under optimum moisture and fertility, net photosynthesis was inversely related to temperature being 1.15, 1.19 and 1.29 μg∙cm−2∙day−1 at T27, T22 and T17, respectively. However, absolute growth rates were highest at T22. For example, at low moisture stress and N174, absolute growth rates were 0.69, 0.77 and 0.66 g∙day−1 at T27, T22 and T17, respectively. High moisture stress from Tg to maturity reduced absolute growth rate by about 60%. Low N rates also reduced absolute growth rate. Relative growth rate was constant and highest between emergence and LLV; it then declined rapidly and was negative after soft dough. It was suggested that the absolute growth rates and relative growth rates generated in this study could be adapted for use in simulation modelling exercises. Moisture stress was the most important factor influencing the proportion of the plant’s weight that was harvested in the grain (harvest index). Moisture stress from Tg to harvest resulted in a harvest index of 0.34 ± 0.03; for all other treatments the index was 0.28 ± 0.01. The rate and amount of water used by the plants was greatest at T27 and lowest at T22, consequently water use effeciency was lowest at T27 and highest at T22.Key words: Net photosynthesis, growth kinetics of wheat, leaf area duration
EFFECT OF FROST ON HULL STRUCTURE OF CANOLA SEEDS
Authors: MILLS J. T. , CAESEELE L. VAN , DAUN J. K.
Published: March 2010

Two lots of severely frost-damaged canola seeds (Brassica napus L. ’Regent’) were categorized according to damage type. Seeds from these lots ranged in gross morphology from normal appearance to severely shrivelled with reduced diameter and white patches over the surface. The white color of these patches was caused by accumulation of starch-like granules in the epidermal layers. Frost-damaged hulls showed a variety of symptoms resulting from arrested development. In addition to an accumulation of starch-like granules in the epidermis, frost-damaged hulls displayed abnormal secondary thickening in the palisade.Key words: Frost-damage, canola, seed development, hull structure