bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carlos A. Romero
Authors: Vargas Ugarte Ruben
Published: January 2021

Entre los hombres que se sucedieron en la Dirección de la Biblioteca Nacional, después de la guerra del 79, ninguno llegó a ocupar por tantos años el puesto ni se entregó a las tareas propias de su cargo como D. Carlos A. Romero. Habiendo ingresado en el año 1883, como auxiliar, ejerció interinamente el cargo de Director, de 1924· a 1926, y luego como titular desde el año 1928 hasta el año 1943: Cumplió, pues, sesenta años al servicio de la Biblioteca, una vida entera podemos decir. No se ha reconocido, como se debiera, la labor que desarrolló al frente de la Biblioteca, y aun en las escasas notas biográficas que se han publicado después de su muerte, se han pasado por alto sus reales merecimientos y se ha regateado el elogio a su obra histórica. Por esta razón creo que es tiempo de reivindicar su memoria, tanto más, cuanto que después del incendio de la Biblioteca “la malevolencia de uno" y la desatentada injerencia de otros llegó a enlodar su figura con la increíble inculpación de haber sido causa del grave siniestro que redujo a pavesas nuestra antigua Biblioteca Nacional. Esto podría haber sido obra de un loco, pero no de un hombre cuerdo como D. Carlos, y de un hombre que amaba la Biblioteca y le había consagrado lo mejor de su vida. El asunto se llevó a los tribunales y después de una severa investigación, se llegó a la conclusión de que no cabía ni intentar un proceso contra el viejo Director de la Biblioteca y se mandó cortar el juicio. Esta fue, digámoslo así, su primera vindicación. pero de ella no se dieron cuenta muchos, ya que él mismo no se esforzó por que se le diera la publicidad necesaria. Persuadido de su inocencia, y sin tener que reprocharse nada en el desempeño de su cargo como bibliotecario, se contentó con el veredicto de los jueces y aguardó a que la posteridad 10 absolviese también de los gratuitos cargos que se le imputaban.
Ground-based lidar processing and simulator framework for comparing models and observations (ALCF 1.0)
Authors: Kuma Peter , McDonald Adrian J. , Morgenstern Olaf , Querel Richard , Silber Israel , Flynn Connor J.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Automatic lidars and ceilometers (ALCs) provide valuable information on cloud and aerosols but have not been systematically used in the evaluation of general circulation models (GCMs) and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Obstacles associated with the diversity of instruments, a lack of standardisation of data products and open processing tools mean that the value of large ALC networks worldwide is not being realised. We discuss a tool, called the
Automatic Lidar and Ceilometer Framework (ALCF), that overcomes these problems and also includes a ground-based lidar simulator, which calculates the radiative transfer of laser radiation and allows one-to-one comparison with models. Our ground-based lidar simulator is based on the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison
Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package (COSP), which has been extensively used for spaceborne lidar intercomparisons. The ALCF
implements all steps needed to transform and calibrate raw ALC data and create simulated
attenuated volume backscattering coefficient profiles for one-to-one comparison and complete statistical analysis of clouds. The framework supports multiple common
commercial ALCs (Vaisala CL31, CL51, Lufft CHM 15k and Droplet Measurement Technologies MiniMPL), reanalyses (JRA-55,
ERA5 and MERRA-2) and models (the Unified Model and AMPS – the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System). To demonstrate its
capabilities, we present case studies evaluating cloud in the
supported reanalyses and models using CL31, CL51, CHM 15k and MiniMPL
observations at three sites in New Zealand. We show that the reanalyses
and models generally underestimate cloud fraction.
If sufficiently high-temporal-resolution model output is available (better than 6-hourly), a direct comparison of
individual clouds is also possible. We demonstrate that the ALCF can be used as a generic
evaluation tool to examine cloud occurrence and cloud properties in reanalyses, NWP models, and GCMs, potentially utilising the large amounts of ALC data already available. This tool is likely to be particularly useful for the analysis and improvement of low-level cloud simulations which are not well monitored from space. This has previously been identified as a critical deficiency in contemporary models, limiting the accuracy of weather forecasts and future climate projections.
While the current focus of the framework is on clouds, support for aerosol in the
lidar simulator is planned in the future.
Field test of an active flap system on a full-scale wind turbine
Authors: Gomez Gonzalez Alejandro , Enevoldsen Peder B. , Barlas Athanasios , Madsen Helge A.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. This article describes a series of validation tests of an active flap system (AFS) on a multi-megawatt wind turbine. A single blade of a 4 MW
turbine with 130 m rotor diameter (SWT-4.0-130) is retrofitted in the outer 15–20 m with the AFS. The AFS is controlled remotely
with a pneumatic pressure supply system located in the hub of the turbine. The measurements were performed between October 2017 and June 2019 using
two different AFS configurations on the blade. A description of the system setup is given, as well as comparisons of measurements and aeroelastic
simulations. The measurements quantify the static load control authority of the AFS in atmospheric conditions, providing a preliminary estimate of
load impact potential for the concept. This article presents, furthermore, a new method for the characterization of the load impact of such a system
and its dynamic response under atmospheric conditions based on a blade-to-blade load comparison.
The correlation of perceived stress and professional concerns during COVID-19 pandemic among Iranian dentists: the mediating role of cognitive flexibility
Authors: Afshari Afrooz , Hashemikamangar Seyedehsareh , Hashemikamangar Sedighe Sadat
Published: January 2021

Objective: To evaluate the association of perceived stress and dental work-related concerns regarding to COVID-19 by mediating role of cognitive flexibility among dentists during pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 in Iran.Methods: This study was a cross sectional survey conducted by means of a confidential on-line survey on 174 Iranian dentists. COVID-19 related questions were divided to three parts: dentists’ perspective about their career future, virus contagion and concerns of getting infected COVID-19 from patients, and paucity of information and facilities to control the spread of the virus. Perceived stress and psychological flexibility were assessed by PSS (Cohen et al., 1983) and CFI (Dennis et al., 2010). To analyze data path analysis method was used.Results: Perceived stress significantly predicted psychological flexibility (both alternatives and control subscales) and COVID-19 factors related to dental work In addition, control subscale significantly predicted dentists’ concerns toward their career future and fear of COVID-19 contagion. Hence, control subscale of cognitive flexibility mediated the relationship of perceived stress and professional concerns of dentists during COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusion: Given these results, elevated stress during an infectious disease outbreak can effect (have impact on) perceived stress and professional concerns among dentists. Different aspects of dentists’ lives can be affected by those concerns and stress. Interventions to enhance the cognitive flexibility should be applied to reduce the psychological burden of the crisis for dentists.
Editorial
Authors: Escudero Burrows Ethel
Published: January 2021

Los cambios de paradigmas que intentan explicar cómo se gesta el conocimiento implican que el educador actual revise, reflexione y acceda a nuevas concepciones sobre cómo se visualizan los grandes problemas de la educación en el día de hoy. Uno de ellos es el de la Evaluación Educacional cuyas funciones han sido objeto, sin una conciencia sobre ello, de distorsiones en la administración curricular.
Sociedad plural, escuela y cooperativismo
Authors: Silva Águila Manuel
Published: January 2021

Esta presentación en el Seminario se refiere a la búsqueda de establecer interconexiones entre la sociedad actual, de naturaleza plural; la denominada segunda modernidad, como contexto histórico; la escuela como espacio de lo público; la nostalgia de la comunidad que agobia a los entes virtuales y el espíritu cooperativo que puede aglutinar y dar sentido a la existencia actual.

*Presentada en el X Seminario Internacional Red UNIRCOOP, LA INTERCOOPERACIÓN: DE LA TEORÍA A LA PRÁCTICA, Copan Ruinas, Honduras, 2 de noviembre de 2006
Introduction to Keyboard Music Practice in the Early Music Era – Principles and Their Practical Implementation
Authors: Jakab Hedvig
Published: January 2021

This study focuses on the rich production from the late Renaissance to the Baroque period of early music for keyboard. During the performance of these works, because of the less than reliable sources, a number of problems arise, such as manuscript distribution, and the initial teething problems of printing. Sheet music and its interpretation add another trap for present-day performers for without knowledge of the interpretation practice of that era (articulation, phrasing, agogic, accentuation, ornamentation, fingering, pedalling) coupled with inadequate tools an incorrect style presentation is born. This study provides specific musical examples for the practical implementation of these principles. Keywords: early music, fingering, pedalling, articulation, ornamentation
Drivers’ workload measures to verify functionality of ferry boats boarding area
Authors: Bosurgi Gaetano , Marra Stellario , Pellegrino Orazio , Villari Massimo
Published: January 2021

Functionality of a square used for ferry boats boarding has repercussions on safety and comfort of users, as well as on the efficiency of maritime transport. Inadequate use of the infrastructure causes driving errors followed by corrective manoeuvres, loss of time and potential accidents with consequences for community and the maritime transport compa-ny. The wide diversification of traffic components and payment methods are generally managed through a traditional horizontal and vertical signage system that does not refer to any current legislation. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate driver's behaviour and the interaction that takes place between the latter and the environ-mental context. In particular, the authors focused on the study of the driver’s workload in a simulated environment, considering a users' sample and different driving scenarios inside the boarding area, concerning traffic conditions (isolated vehicle or presence of disturbing vehicles) and signs position. All this, in order to evaluate whether any change in a virtual context could bring real benefits to drivers, before being transferred to the real context. The results obtained, in terms of subjective workload and performance measures, have made it possible to judge the different solutions proposed in a simulated environment through synthetic indices referring to the entire boarding place or at certain parts of it. In this way, the manager can decide to change the circulation of the entire square or only some aspects of detail, such as some signals, in the event that they manifest an evident difficulty in the transfer of infor-mation. The use of the simulated environment allows greater speed in identifying the best solution, lower costs (avoid-ing the creation of a critical configuration for circulation) and greater user safety, since risky manoeuvres are identi-fied and corrected by the simulator. The proposed procedure can be used by managers for a correct arrangement of the signs, for the purpose of correctly directing the flows and maximizing the flow rate disposed of.
TEMPORALITY AND HAPPINESS TODAY: A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTORICAL THINKING, DEMOCRACY AND THE EXPERIENCE OF HAPPINESS
Authors: Rangel Marcelo de Mello
Published: January 2021

We will work with the delimitation of what I am calling happiness based on the thematization of the temporality problem. Or, in addition, taking as a starting point the relationship of complementarity between certain mobility of history and the way people behave in general. The basic understanding present here is that the experience of happiness would become possible from a mobility between more dissonant pasts and futures, therefore, with a view to the possibility of a reorganization of someone including the world to which belongs. We will address the theme of contemporary temporality and the way it has made the experience of happiness difficult, especially in view of what we might call a double reduction: the “space of experience” and the “horizon of expectation”. Finally, we will address the relationship between historical thinking, what I’m calling democracy (or democratization) and the experience of happiness itself, especially from the democratic hypothesis.
O NATURALISMO BIOLÓGICO DE JOHN SEARLE
Authors: Favreto Elemar Kleber , Pinheiro Ulisson da Silva
Published: January 2021

O Naturalismo Biológico é apresentado por John R. Searle na sua obra “A redescoberta da mente”, onde afirma que o mental é físico porque é biológico. Dentro dessa concepção, a consciência aparece como resultado do processo de evolução biológica de sistemas nervosos que culminaram em uma complexidade orgânica/estrutural capaz de causar e sustentar a mente. Consequentemente, a mente, que tem como característica principal a consciência, que é, por sua vez, essencialmente subjetiva, é redutível epistemicamente a processos físicos ao passo que é irredutível ontologicamente a processos físicos. Assim, sua teoria pode ser considerada um híbrido de dualismo e materialismo, mas não é nem de todo dualista e nem de todo materialista. Este artigo, portanto, tenda expressar, através de uma análise bibliográfica, as principais característica do Naturalismo Biológico de John Searle.
O PARADIGMA DA ÉTICA EM PLATÃO
Authors: Navarro Rafael Lourenço
Published: January 2021

Este artigo visa apresentar uma abordagem da teoria do conhecimento de Platão em harmonia com o inferencialismo semântico e o expressivismo lógico de Robert Brandom. Os textos mais relevantes aqui são O Sofista e a Carta VII, pois nestes textos a epistemologia platônica é apresentada em termos mais explícitos. O artigo começa com uma definição de Eventos, pois este conceito será o fundamento ontológico do argumento apresentado. Pois a verdade na teoria de Brandom pode ser compreendida como a força expressiva das razões com as quais alguém se compromete, e em Platão ela é uma atividade da Psyché que vincula o desvelar múltiplo do ilimitado Ser em movimento com a estabilidade proporcionada pelas idéias eternas e imutáveis. Assim, será argumentado que o conteúdo conceitual ao qual um sujeito autônomo se compromete é subordinado ao evento que este sujeito é capaz de se apropriar. A idéia defendida é de que o status social de conhecedor é uma razão que autoriza práticas sociais entre agentes racionais e um indivíduo precisa reconhecer tal status em outro sujeito para poder participar do jogo de dar e pedir razões.
SEM HIPÉRBOLES OU EUFEMISMOS: O PROCESSO PENAL COMO GARANTIA DE DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS
Authors: Frederico Marina
Published: January 2021

Este artigo se propõe a discorrer a respeito da relação entre o princípio da publicidade dentro do Processo Penal, a presunção de inocência e a exposição midiática da pessoa acusada. Já na segunda seção, o artigo adentra nos meandros do princípio da publicidade, expondo sua fundamental importância à democracia, inclusive do ponto de vista histórico, e as consequências danosas de sua deturpada utilização. Na terceira seção ventila-se a ideia de presunção de inocência, fundamento iluminista e marco do Estado civilizatório, que traz em seu conceito o estado natural de inocência. Por fim, o limiar do princípio da publicidade e o da presunção de inocência caminham ao encontro do que a Constituição de 1988 idealizou por Estado Democrático de Direito; em razão disso, aqueles que operam dentro do processo penal possuem a absoluta necessidade de observância e zelo por esses dois princípios.
POR UMA EDUCAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA EMANCIPATÓRIA: CONTRIBUIÇÕES FREIREANAS PARA A SUPERAÇÃO DO FEITICHE DA TECNOLOGIA EM SALA DE AULA
Authors: Zeferino Núbia Ketyllen
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho pretende dialogar e problematizar com a questão da introdução/recepção neutra e acrítica das tecnologias digitais nas salas de aulas, trazendo o aporte freireano para uma análise crítico deste fenômeno cada vez mais crescente nas sociedades contemporâneas. A partir do conceito de tecnologia do filósofo brasileiro, Álvaro Vieira Pinto (1909-1987), temos a desmistificação da tecnologia que se aprofunda com o uso da categoria fetiche de Karl Marx (1818-1893). A problematização estabelecida inicialmente se propõe a humanizar as tecnologias e concebê-las como criação humana que tem seus fins e interesses, sendo que, no contexto escolar, estas têm o potencial para o desenvolvimento de uma educação tecnológica bancária com sujeitos que são apassivados diante do otimismo e entusiasmo ingênuo próprio do fetiche que aliena o ser humano de sua criação. A pesquisa busca, assim, através de um levantamento teórico-bibliográfico, fixar os marcos problemáticos das tecnologias digitais na educação escolarizada, para, em Paulo Freire (1921-1997), trazer uma perspectiva libertadora que permite apontamentos em prol uma educação tecnológica emancipatória de bases dialógicas.
POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS, CURRÍCULO: ENSINO MÉDIO EM PERSPECTIVA
Authors: Ribeiro Janete Amorim , Cleres Wanderson de Sousa , Debian Wanderley Ruan Gomes
Published: January 2021

O Ensino Médio é um alvo constante de disputas em decorrência de ser um espaço de formação de jovens e de ser também um grande gargalo da educação básica que se traduz em indicadores sociais de negação de direito. O objetivo do presente artigo é demonstrar os impactos e os desdobramentos das políticas públicas na formação de jovens em especial no ensino médio, em acordo com o capital. As políticas públicas implementadas vêm intensificando a exploração e a precarização na formação dos jovens, criando uma dualidade entre a educação pública e rede privada aumentando a desigualdade social, gerando desesperança para as classes populares. Utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica na seleção de fontes identificou-se o livro de série histórica da educação de Minas Gerais e reportagens de jornal de circulação. Como resultado principal, constatou-se que existe uma política deliberada em aniquilar o setor público, reiterando práticas autoritárias seletivas e excludentes que desqualifica a escola pública como ineficiente e a rede privada como eficiente. E esta política é reiterada de maneira sistemática pelos currículos e avaliações externas, como ENEM, criando um ranking entre as escolas, se fundamentando numa formação marcada pela precarização do capital, reduzindo as possibilidades de uma educação transformadora.
A CAPOEIRA ENQUANTO CULTURA E PRÁXIS EDUCATIVA
Authors: Gonçalves Alanson
Published: January 2021

Este artigo, realiza uma análise da Capoeira como Cultura e Práxis Educativa, a partir de quatro elementos, tomados como fundantes na capoeira que são: corporeidade, musicalidade, ritualidade e ancestralidade. Tomando estes quatro elementos fundantes como instâncias formativas e fonte de conhecimento, é realizado uma analise de como eles são transmitidos aos capoeiristas mais novos, a partir de um estudo comparado entre os estilos de capoeira Angola e Regional. Dito isso, percebemos a riqueza dos saberes e processos de aprendizagens, que estão por traz e se fazem necessários na formação do capoeirista para construção de sua identidade e sua formação enquanto Ser no mundo. Reconhecendo assim, as características fundamentais da capoeira, enquanto cultura e práxis educativas, contribuindo com a discussão entorno da cultura afro-brasileira, da Educação e do Patrimônio Cultural.
RACISMO NO CURRÍCULO DE HISTÓRIA: A VISÃO DOS DISCENTES DO ENSINO MÉDIO DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Silva Neide Cristina da
Published: January 2021

Após dez anos da promulgação do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial e dezessete da aprovação da Lei n.º 10.639/03, observa-se que tanto na rede pública como na rede privada de ensino, ainda persistem as práticas racistas. Sendo que o currículo de história deve ser analisado e questionado com o objetivo de entender se superou a historiografia eurocêntrica, que apresenta a população negra como inferior. A partir dessa problemática, a presente pesquisa tem como objeto a visão dos discentes do Ensino Médio sobre a aplicação da referida Lei no currículo de História. O objetivo principal é explicitar as percepções desses(as) estudantes sobre o racismo no Brasil e especialmente no currículo escolar. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica tendo como principais teóricos: MEMMI, 1977, FREIRE, 2005 e SILVA, 1999, combinada a entrevistas. Optou-se por entrevistar seis discentes da terceira série do ensino médio, que se autodeclarassem negros(as), sendo três da rede pública e três da rede privada. Os resultados apontam que, na escola pública, houve poucas mudanças com relação à abordagem do negro na história. Na escola particular, o conteúdo da referida Lei é abordada com maior frequência, mas o currículo não é propício para assunção da identidade dos estudantes negros(as) presentes nessa rede.
ECA 30 ANOS: DIREITO À EDUCAÇÃO E INFÂNCIA
Authors: Guimarães Thaís Pimenta , Guimarães Laís Pimenta
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal promover, criticamente, uma consciência pública sobre a importância e implementação da Lei n.º 8.069/90, nomeada Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente - ECA, a partir do marco de celebração de seus 30 anos de vigência. A reflexão trazida pretende evidenciá-la como o principal instrumento normativo do Brasil para a proteção da população infanto-juvenil, sobretudo com a visão contextual da sua condição peculiar de desenvolvimento e posição de sujeito de direitos, dentre tantos, à educação infantil, no que diz respeito a ordem jurídica constitucional positivada e legislação correlata.  E tudo isso se dá no nível discursivo de cuidado e proteção da infância como uma fase da vida humana, integrada a dimensão da cidadania, consideravelmente através do dever do Estado e da família, em colaboração com a sociedade. Ao ponto que compara os principais fatos e motivos que substituíram o antigo Código de menores e o assistencialismo vigente, tendo em conta a proteção e as propostas socioeducativas, sob o ângulo de avanço do ECA, com a perspectiva dirigida para o desenvolvimento pessoal e social. Em contornos interpretativos que, a conclusão desdobra-se sobre a dinâmica relacional entre ECA, educação e cidadania no intuito de formar para a infância uma voz, verdadeiramente razoável e prudente, de reconhecimento e participação política, de modo voltado a projetar uma democracia mais justa, igualitária e inclusiva.
The Uncanny Wonder of Being Edible to Ticks
Authors: Onishi Brian Hisao ,   International Association for Environmental Philosophy
Published: January 2021

In this paper I argue that an encounter with a tick can produce both fear and wonder. I make a distinction between the legitimate danger of tick borne-diseases and the non-danger of our entanglement with the nature revealed by the tick’s bite in order to highlight the goodness of the tick and the possibilities for post-human existences beyond narratives of conquest and control. Ultimately, I argue that wonder is a helpful mechanism for thinking through the goodness of the tick by allowing an ungrounding of our assumptions about climate change, hospitality, and the danger of non-human agencies.
Culture in a New Scientific Worldview
Authors: Benz Arnold O. ,   Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
Published: January 2021

In the past decades, the scientific view has changed from a static to a dynamic universe. So should our worldview progress and, in particular, the relation between science and religion. In today's scientific worldview, the future is open. The universe is not a clock, but an adventure. Though not directly expressed today, science is often perceived implicitly as the key to the foundations of reality, a function previously assumed mostly by religion. However, science does not include all of human experience, nor does it pose and answer ultimate metaphysical questions. Thus, science is not complete and does not fulfil the necessary conditions to be a culture. Scientific results form a part of culture and should be amalgamated with the rest. The relation between science and religion must ultimately develop beyond the classical forms--conflict, ignorance, dialogue, or integration--towards a collaboration between engaged scientists and theologians pursuing well-defined goals.
Lack of relationship between Alu repetitive elements in angiotensin converting enzyme and the severity of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Walid Abu-Hassan , Al-Bdour Muawyah , El-Khateeb Mohammed
Published: January 2021

Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) stimulates angiogenesis that leads to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Alu repetitive elements in ACE gene increase the expression of this enzyme. We investigated the frequency of Alu repetitive elements, insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, in angiotensin-converting enzyme among diabetic retinopathy patients and whether this polymorphism is associated with the severity of retinopathy in Jordanians with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of 277 subjects participated in this case/ control study (100 diabetic patients without DR, 82 diabetic patients with DR, and 95 healthy control). Blood samples were withdrawn, followed by DNA extraction. Alu repetitive elements were examined by polymerase chain reaction followed by gel electrophoresis. Results: The genotype and allele frequencies among diabetic patients, were close to healthy controls (genotypes, II 44.4 vs. 44.7%, ID 44.4 vs. 42.6%, DD 12.2 vs. 12.8%, P = 0.402 and 0.677 respectively, alleles, I 65.6 vs. 66%, D 34.4 vs. 34%, P=0.863). Complicated diabetics with retinopathy showed similar genotype and allele frequency to those without complications. The severity of diabetic retinopathy in affected individuals was not correlated with I/D polymorphism (P=0.862). Conclusions: We conclude that the presence of Alu repetitive elements did not increase the development or progression risk to retinopathy in Jordanian type 2 diabetic patients. No association between I or D alleles with the severity of DR was detected.
The work of architect Victor Lukomsky in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Yugoslavia (1884-1947)
Authors: Stanojević Valentina
Published: January 2021

A large number of Russian architects came to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as emigrants in the aftermath of the October Revolution (1917-1921), in the late second and early third decade of the 20th century. Among them was Victor Lukomsky, one of the most prolific Russian emigrant architects. Despite its extraordinary significance, the work of architect Victor Lukomsky (1884-1947) has not been comprehensively understood in contemporary cultural historiography. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to shed light and present details on his activities in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Yugoslavia to the professionals and highlight its importance, thus encouraging further research and interpretation of the contribution of Russian emigrants to the Serbian interwar architecture.
Architect Dušan Babić: Reconstruction of identity
Authors: Marković Ivan , Milovanović Milan
Published: January 2021

To this day, the Belgrade oeuvre of architect Dušan Babić has not been subjected to broader historiographic research, making the elements of his architectural vocabulary all the more difficult to define and evaluate. The available archival material does provide valuable insights into the life of architect Babić and his works in the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1927 and 1946. He produced over fifty designs for residential and mixed use buildings (comprising both commercial and residential space), several churches and the crematorium in Belgrade, simultaneously participating in at least ten big state competitions with notable entries, such as the designs for the Terazije slope, the Princes' Palace in the Dedinje Royal Compound, the Veterans Club building, etc. In the diversity of movements, styles and trends developing in Serbia between the two world wars as a result of the surge of predominantly West European cultural influences, the application and modification of modern architecture principles formed the mainstay of Babić's creative endevours. Stereometric forms, cubic volumes, unadorned facades, and strict lines were refined with often more freely interpreted bas-relief ornamentation, free standing sculptures or geometric forms. Babić made an effort to turn each and every structure into a unique architectural experience, especially by dynamically interpreted drawings of perspective and accentuated details.
So-called Shortcuts Often Cause Confusion
Authors: Mossman Edith L.
Published: January 2021

In arithmetic through the eighth grade and in first year algebra, is not the thorough understanding of fundamental principles of first importance? That this need of first importance has not been generally taken care of, is evidenced in many ways: (1) Such reports as that given by Admiral Nimitz, pointing out the weakness of our boys in junior and senior high school mathematics. (2) J. Kadushin's statements about the inability of men in the factories to handle simplest work in fractions, and their fear of taking any course in mathematics. (3) Constant complaint from teachers of physics, chemistry and algebra theory as to ignorance of the formula: what it is, what can and cannot be done to it. (4) The experience of much tutoring going on in universities, showing that great numbers have trouble with college mathematics because they did never really understand their work in arithmetic and algebra.
Teaching Signs in Fractions
Authors: Fulkerson Elbert
Published: January 2021

It has been the writer's observation through many years of teaching mathematics in the secondary schools and in the supervision of student teaching in this subject, that a relatively large number of students who have studied considerable mathematics in high school, and far too many college students who are preparing to become teachers of mathematics, are not thoroughly grounded in the principles underlying the changing of signs in fractions. It will be, therefore, the purpose of this article to outline a plan which the author has found to work quite satisfactorily in the teaching of the signs in fractions, with the hope that such a plan might be used advantageously by beginning teachers in the field of mathematics.
Do First Graders Retain Number Concepts Learned in Kindergarten?
Authors: Mott Sina , Martin Mart Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

An investigation to determine the amount of number concepts retained by children from one grade to the next was made of groups of children attending the Laboratory School of Southern Illinois Normal University. The first two groups were studied during the year of 1944-45 by Dr. Sina M. Mott. At that time, the children were enrolled in Kindergarten. The second study was made with the same children upon entering the first grade the following fall of 1945.
Student Teaching in Mathematics
Authors: Reeve W. D. , Howard Homer
Published: January 2021

Any learning is an active process, a matter of personal development which comes about largely as the result of surmounting difficulties. Thus student teaching is a means of promoting growth through meeting issues, situations, and problems, under wise guidance.
Direct, Practical Experiences in Mathematics and Success in Solving Realistic Verbal “Reasoning” Problems in Arithmetic
Authors: Lyda W. J.
Published: January 2021

In this article, the writer will describe an investigation in which he attempted to determine the potency of direct, practical experiences in mathematics as distinguished from classroom activities as a conditioning factor in solving realistic verbal “reasoning” problems in arithmetic.
Arithmetic for the Twelfth Year
Authors: Miller Ralph C.
Published: January 2021

I will not go into detail concerning the teaching of a twelfth year arithmetic class, because you teachers know far more about that than I, but I will give you the development of the class in Ridgewood and its possibilities. What we are doing in Ridgewood is not new. Many schools throughout the country are giving the same work but under various titles. There are some who feel that our spade work in this branch of mathematics will be interesting to you. I believe the course fills a definite need in our school and community. The fact that the joint commission in 1940 suggested a social-economic arithmetic course for grade twelve or that the Commission for Postwar Plans in 1944 urged the high schools to include new and better courses for a large fraction of the school population, whose mathematical needs are not met in the traditional sequential courses, might be necessary to justify such a course in the eyes of some educators or college admittance officers, but not to me, nor to most of you. Even in a community such as Ridgewood, where 75% of the high school students plan to enter college, to contend that the sequential courses are the only ones of value and other courses may not be included in the curriculum is either due to pure stupidity or laziness. We either can't see beyond a few college requirements or knowing something else should be done for the students, we pass over the opportunity because of the work involved.
The Logic of the Indirect Proof in Geometry: Analysis, Criticism and Recommendations
Authors: Lazar Nathan
Published: January 2021

There are few topics in plane geometry that have had as strange a career as that of the indirect proof. In Euclid's Elements it does not appear separated from the other method of proof. There is no comment indicating that it is a unique device. There are no reasons quoted for each of the steps taken, as is done so meticulously in the other proof. Moreover, this type of mathematical reasoning invented by Eudoxus in 375 b.c. had become so much a part of the methodology of the Greek geometers that Euclid uses it no less than 14 times in 35 proofs in Book I, and 16 times in 31 theorems in Book III of his Elements.
The Necessity of Considering the Social Phase of Instruction in Mathematics
Authors: Brueckner Leo J.
Published: January 2021

The impact of the war and its aftermath has been particularly heavy on instruction in mathematics. Criticisms of the work of the schools in this field have been sharp and direct due to the fact that both industry and the armed forces found that the mathematical background of many individuals was decidedly weak and in most cases very limited. The result was that not only did industry and armed forces establish intensive basic training programs in so-called mathematical essentials but also that the schools and colleges of the country began to examine their courses in the various branches of mathematics systematically and critically to determine their strengths and weaknesses.
The Art of Teaching: Algebra Teachers—”Take It Easy”
Authors: Robert Brother B.
Published: January 2021

Experience has shown that some teachers encounter difficulties when working out problems at the blackboard. Yes, under the stress and strain of the teaching situation even a “natural” is susceptible to the human frailty of making mistakes at the board. Such errors lead to sad consequences: they not only demoralize the teacher, but they undermine the confidence of the students in the mathematical ability of the teacher.
The Art of Teaching: An Idea
Authors: Trimble H. C.
Published: January 2021

In recent years it has become fashionable to recommend to teachers in the elementary schools and the high schools the organization of their mathematics offerings “into a few large units built around key concepts and fundamental principles.”1 In a previous paper2 the writer claimed that mathematics teachers were in no position to follow such recommendations.
A Summary of Research and Investigations and Their Implications for the Organization and Learning of Arithmetic
Authors: Van Engen H.
Published: January 2021

It is obviously impossible to give a complete summary of arithmetic research in the brief time allocated for this paper. Periodic summaries of the research in arithmetic are available in such magazines as the Elementary School Journal and in the Review of Educational Research. In many cases these reviews are accompanied by comments which point out the lacunae left by the uncoordinated attack on research problems in arithmetic. In many instances, these comments are particularly pertinent to the topic of this paper. It will be my purpose to bring in many of the points of view expressed in these well-known summaries and bring them to bear upon the organization and learning problems in the field of arithmetic.
A Forward Look at Evaluation
Authors: Hartung Maurice L.
Published: January 2021

When a group of teachers sits down to plan improvements in the curriculum, sooner or later someone will remark: “I think evaluation is very important, and we should say something about that, too”.
Aptitude Tests in Relation to the Teaching of Plane Geometry
Authors: Gibney Esther F.
Published: January 2021

The classroom teacher who receives her greatest reward in the satisfaction of knowing she has done her utmost to obtain desired results in the instruction of her pupils is continuously examining her methods and techniques of instruction with an eye to their improvement. If results are not of sufficiently high quality, she seeks all possible reasons for the lack of pupil achievement and attempts to adapt her procedures to the situation.
A Department of Mathematics Prepares an Exhibit
Authors: Rosskopf Myron F. , Montgomery Gaylord C.
Published: January 2021

Various individuals place the study of mathematics at all points on the scale from zero to infinity when its essential value in human endeavor is considered. There are those who recognize no practical uses for mathematics and there are those who believe that its study holds the secrets of life.
Important Issues in Arithmetic
Authors: Sueltz Ben A.
Published: January 2021

The issues formulated in this article have arisen frequently in conference with curriculum groups during the past five years. Repeatedly it has been found that tentative agreement upon basic ideas not only saves time but also points the way toward the formulation of major policies. The issues below are presented as questions with no conscious attempt to direct thinking toward any specific point of view or conclusion.
Polar Maps
Authors: Kinsella John , Bradley A. Day
Published: January 2021

It is time for us to get better acquainted with the top and bottom of the earth. The strategic importance of the North Polar Regions is becoming increasingly evident and recent explorations in Antarctica have focused attention on that part of the world. We are accustomed to looking at maps which either exclude the polar regions or which distort excessively the distances, directions and relative size of areas in these parts of the globe. Many maps in common usage do not indicate clearly that the great circles between many important cities in the Northern Hemisphere pass near the North Pole.
The Certification of Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Layton W. I.
Published: January 2021

This paper is based upon a part of An Analysis of Certification Requirements for Teachers of Mathematics, Bureau of Publications, George Peabody College, Nashville, Tennessee, 1949. We will deal with the requirements for the certification of mathematics teachers for Grades I through XII in the forty-eight states and the District of Columbia. We will also consider some means whereby the certification of mathematics teachers may be made more effective.
What Constitutes Remedial Work in Arithmetic
Authors: Hoel Lesta
Published: January 2021

The concept of remedial arithmetic should undergo changes similar to those of remedial programs in other fields. In the medical field, the practice in former years was to treat the patient in order to give relief, hoping to effect a permanent cure. An abdominal pain was treated as a pain to be stopped as soon as possible, often with tragic results if the pain happened to be a symptom of an infected appendix. More and more doctors are relying upon clinical diagnosis to determine the real difficulty and to suggest the treatment. Only those temporary measures are used which are absolutely safe. As some one has said, “Before they dose, they diagnose.” In the social field, juvenile delinquency was treated as a crime, and punishment meted out. Now we are asking: Why did he do this? What is the underlying cause? So, in remedial arithmetic work we can no longer merely treat the symptom, but must look carefully for the cause and take measures to bring about a permanent cure.
A Selected List of References on Elementary School Arithmetic
Authors: Van Engen H.
Published: January 2021

With summer school “just around the corner” it would seem advantageous to the elementary-school teacher to have a list of selected references on arithmetic at hand in order to facilitate the study of instructional problems. With this thought in mind a list of books published since 1946, and articles published since 1947, was prepared. Some excellent articles dealing with the frontiers of educational research in arithmetic were not included because the list was compiled to serve teachers interested in suggestions for the improvement of instruction in arithmetic.
Diagnosis of Disabilities in Arithmetic Essentials
Authors: Arthur Lee E.
Published: January 2021

For many years teachers of mathematics have been criticized for the inability of high school graduates to apply the mathematics which they were supposed to have learned in the elementary and high schools. Critics varied from the shop owner who complained that his help could not add and subtract numbers to the engineering professor who claimed that his students did not have sufficient understanding of basic principles to carry on advanced study in his courses.
Adapting the Curriculum in Primary Arithmetic to the Abilities of Children
Authors: Grime Herschel E.
Published: January 2021

That the abilities of children vary is a generally accepted fact. It follows then, that children will not all learn the same things at the same rate, neither will the quality of the work done be the same for all of them. In planning the curriculum in any subject, provision should be made not only for differences in the learning rates of children, but also for differences in the standards of achievement expected of them.
A Job Survey as Class Motivation in General Mathematics
Authors: Eales John R.
Published: January 2021

In what phases of mathematics should a junior high school student be proficient to be adequately qualified to compete in economic employment? All teachers could give a general answer to that question. Few teachers could be highly specific in answering it. Miss Leone McGowan and Miss Florence Treadway of the Franklin D. Roosevelt High School in Compton, California did not try to answer it. They led 152 students in four general mathematics classes to find the answer for themselves through a job survey.
Research in Mathematics Education
Authors: Kinsella John J.
Published: January 2021

In mathematics we do not accept a theory or a generalization merely because it seems to be correct in a small number of cases. We insist that a proof be given that applies to all situations which conform to the given conditions.
A new responsibility of teacher education programs
Authors: Boyer Lee Emerson
Published: January 2021

During the past decade widespread revision of mathematics courses of study on the state level has taken place. One outstanding characteristic of these revisions, taken as a whole, is that in their attempt to correct educational ills of many years’ standing they suggest flexible mathematics programs for all high school pupils throughout their stay in high school. These programs are varied and planned to meet the needs of various types of pupils.
Mathematics for life adjustment
Authors: Blank Laura
Published: January 2021

The goal of life adjustment education is to increase the effectiveness of present education efforts to meet the imperative needs of all youth.1 The subject of this paper is mathematics and life adjustment education.
Reconstructed Mathematics in the High School
Authors: Morrison Henry C.
Published: January 2021

Few are satisfied with the present mathematics situation in the high school, particularly in the first two years of the high school. Dissatisfaction is found in the college faculties which deal with the product, among the mathematicians who are looking for a foundation for productive scholarship, among the teachers who are looking for something better; and dissatisfaction coupled with ridicule is found among the business men, engineers, and others, who expect mathematics learned in the school to function in the practical affairs of life. The purpose of this paper is an attempt to analyze the situation, to find out what is the matter with mathematics in the high school, and if possible to throw some light on the way out.
“Teachers’ Marks”
Authors: Bragdon C. S.
Published: January 2021

The chairman of the program committee suggested as an appropriate topic for this occasion a review of some recent book or books on educational topics of interest to mathematics teachers.
Exploring the Role of Social Network Structure in Disease Risk among U.S. Long-haul Truck Drivers in Urban Areas
Authors: Patterson Megan S. , Nelon Jordan L. , Lemke Michael K. , Sönmez Sevil , Hege Adam , Apostolopoulos Yorghos
Published: January 2021

Objective: Using mixed methods, we explored properties of long-haul truckers' social networks potentially influencing STI/BBI acquisition and transmission. Methods: We recruited inner-city drug and sex network members (N = 88) for interviews. Blood and urine samples and
vaginal swabs were collected to test for STIs/BBIs. Data were collected on participants' role in the network (trucker, sex worker, or intermediary), sexual and substance-use behaviors, and dyadic relationships with drug and/or sex contacts. We analyzed network data using UCINET. Results:
Data revealed 2 major network clusters (58 male truckers, 6 male intermediaries, and 24 female sex workers; 27.3% STI/BBI positive). Overall, 18.8% of network members had more than one type of risky relationship with the same person (multiplexity), 11.4% of dyads were between 2 STI/ BBI positive
people (assortative mixing), 36.4% were between one STI/BBI positive person and one negative person (disassortative mixing), 44.3% of people were connected to more than one person who was STI/BBI positive (concurrency), and 62.5% of nodes were just one path removed from an STI/BBI positive
individual (bridging). Conclusion: Despite only 27.3% of the network being STI/BBI positive, our results revealed network characteristics (and potential intervention points) that amplify risk of disease spread within trucker-centered networks.