bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Somatostatin and dopamine receptor expression in lung carcinoma cells and effects of chimeric somatostatin-dopamine molecules on cell proliferation
Authors: Ferone Diego , Arvigo Marica , Semino Claudia , Jaquet Philippe , Saveanu Alexandru , Taylor John E. , Moreau Jacques-Pierre , Culler Michael D. , Albertelli Manuela , Minuto Francesco , Barreca Antonina
Published: July 2005

To study somatostatin/dopamine (SS/D) synergy in a human cell system constitutively expressing SS and D receptors (SSR and DR, respectively), we characterized the expression of SSR and DR subtypes in the non-small-cell lung cancer line Calu-6, and then we evaluated the effect on cell proliferation of SS/D chimeric molecules (BIM-23A387 and BIM-23A370), which bind with high affinity both sst2 and D2R, and compared the results with those obtained by using SS-14 and subtype-selective SS analogs (SSA) and D agonists (DA). Because Calu-6 cells produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) peptides, which play a role in the autocrine/paracrine control of cell growth, we also investigated the effects of chimeric compounds on secretion and expression of IGF system components. Relative high levels of sst2 and the long isoform of the D2R were detected by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot in Calu-6, together with sst5 and to a lesser extent sst3 and D4R. BIM-23A387 and BIM-23A370 significantly inhibited growth of Calu-6, whereas IGF-IGFBP secretion or expression was unaffected, suggesting a direct inhibitory effect. The inhibition of cell growth, measured by both [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell count, was significantly lower when individual SSA and DA control peptides or subtype-specific SSA and DA were tested. BIM-23A370 was more potent than BIM-23A387 ( P < 0.001). These findings show that SS/D chimeras can inhibit Calu-6 proliferation in an IGF-independent manner and suggest that this enhanced potency might be because of the induction of SSR/DR dimerization. The Calu-6 cell line, constitutively expressing SSR and DR, provides a suitable model to elucidate the mechanism of action of SSA and DA on regulation of cell growth and to characterize the interaction between SSR and DR.
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside renders glucose output by the liver of the dog insensitive to a pharmacological increment in insulin
Authors: Camacho Raul C. , Lacy D. Brooks , James Freyja D. , Donahue E. Patrick , Wasserman David H.
Published: July 2005

This study aimed to test whether stimulation of net hepatic glucose output (NHGO) by increased concentrations of the AMP analog, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribosyl-5-monophosphate, can be suppressed by pharmacological insulin levels. Dogs had sampling (artery, portal vein, hepatic vein) and infusion (vena cava, portal vein) catheters and flow probes (hepatic artery, portal vein) implanted >16 days before study. Protocols consisted of equilibration (−130 to −30 min), basal (−30 to 0 min), and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (0–150 min) periods. At time ( t) = 0 min, somatostatin was infused, and basal glucagon was replaced via the portal vein. Insulin was infused in the portal vein at either 2 (INS2) or 5 (INS5) mU·kg−1·min−1. At t = 60 min, 1 mg·kg−1·min−1portal venous 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) infusion was initiated. Arterial insulin rose ∼9- and ∼27-fold in INS2 and INS5, respectively. Glucagon, catecholamines, and cortisol did not change throughout the study. NHGO was completely suppressed before t = 60 min. Intraportal AICAR stimulated NHGO by 1.9 ± 0.5 and 2.0 ± 0.5 mg·kg−1·min−1in INS2 and INS5, respectively. AICAR stimulated tracer-determined endogenous glucose production similarly in both groups. Intraportal AICAR infusion significantly increased hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC, Ser79) phosphorylation in INS2. Hepatic ACC (Ser79) phosphorylation, however, was not increased in INS5. Thus intraportal AICAR infusion renders hepatic glucose output insensitive to pharmacological insulin. The effectiveness of AICAR in countering the suppressive effect of pharmacological insulin on NHGO occurs even though AICAR-stimulated ACC phosphorylation is completely blocked.
NH2-terminal heterogeneity in the KCC3 K+-Cl− cotransporter
Authors: Mercado Adriana , Vázquez Norma , Song Luyan , Cortés Rosa , Enck Alissa H. , Welch Rick , Delpire Eric , Gamba Gerardo , Mount David B.
Published: July 2005

The SLC12A6 gene encoding the K+-Cl− cotransporter KCC3 is expressed in multiple tissues, including kidney. Here, we report the molecular characterization of several NH2-terminal isoforms of human and mouse KCC3, along with intrarenal localization and functional characterization in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Two major isoforms, KCC3a and KCC3b, are generated by transcriptional initiation 5′ of two distinct first coding exons. Northern blot analysis of mouse tissues indicates that KCC3b expression is particularly robust in the kidney, which also expresses KCC3a. Western blotting of mouse tissue using an exon 3-specific antibody reveals that the kidney is also unique in expressing immunoreactive protein of a lower mass, suggestive evidence that the shorter KCC3b protein predominates in kidney. Immunofluorescence reveals basolateral expression of KCC3 protein along the entire length of the proximal tubule, in both the mouse and rat. Removal of the 15-residue exon 2 by alternative splicing generates the KCC3a-x2M and KCC3b-x2M isoforms; other splicing events at an alternative acceptor site within exon 1a generate the KCC3a-S isoform, which is 60 residues shorter than KCC3a. This variation in sequence of NH2-terminal cytoplasmic domains occurs proximal to a stretch of highly conserved residues and affects the content of putative phosphorylation sites. Kinetic characterization of KCC3a in X. laevis oocytes reveals apparent Kms for Rb+ and Cl− of 10.7 ± 2.5 and 7.3 ± 1.2 mM, respectively, with an anion selectivity of Br− > Cl− > PO4 = I− = SCN− = gluconate. All five NH2-terminal isoforms are activated by cell swelling (hypotonic conditions), with no activity under isotonic conditions. Although the isoforms do not differ in the osmotic set point of swelling activation, this activation is more rapid for the KCC3a-x2M and KCC3a-S proteins. In summary, there is significant NH2-terminal heterogeneity of KCC3, with particularly robust expression of KCC3b in the kidney. Basolateral swelling-activated K+-Cl− cotransport mediated by KCC3 likely functions in cell volume regulation during the transepithelial transport of both salt and solutes by the proximal tubule.
Alterations of nuclear envelope and chromatin organization in mandibuloacral dysplasia, a rare form of laminopathy
Authors: Filesi Ilaria , Gullotta Francesca , Lattanzi Giovanna , D'Apice Maria Rosaria , Capanni Cristina , Nardone Anna Maria , Columbaro Marta , Scarano Gioacchino , Mattioli Elisabetta , Sabatelli Patrizia , Maraldi Nadir M. , Biocca Silvia , Novelli Giuseppe
Published: July 2005

Autosomal recessive mandibuloacral dysplasia [mandibuloacral dysplasia type A (MADA); Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) no. 248370 ] is caused by a mutation in LMNA encoding lamin A/C. Here we show that this mutation causes accumulation of the lamin A precursor protein, a marked alteration of the nuclear architecture and, hence, chromatin disorganization. Heterochromatin domains are altered or completely lost in MADA nuclei, consistent with the finding that heterochromatin-associated protein HP1β and histone H3 methylated at lysine 9 and their nuclear envelope partner protein lamin B receptor (LBR) are delocalized and solubilized. Both accumulation of lamin A precursor and chromatin defects become more severe in older patients. These results strongly suggest that altered chromatin remodeling is a key event in the cascade of epigenetic events causing MADA and could be related to the premature-aging phenotype.
Gene expression profiling of gilthead sea bream during early development and detection of stress-related genes by the application of cDNA microarray technology
Authors: Sarropoulou Elena , Kotoulas Georgios , Power Deborah M. , Geisler Robert
Published: July 2005

Large-scale gene expression studies were performed for one of the main European aquaculture species, the gilthead sea bream Sparus auratus L. For this purpose, a cDNA microarray containing 10,176 clones from a cDNA library of mixed embryonic and larval stages was constructed. In addition to its importance for aquaculture, the taxonomic position and the relatively small genome size of sea bream makes it a prospective model for evolutionary biology and comparative genomics. However, so far, no large-scale analysis of gene expression exists for this species. In the present study, gene expression was analyzed in gilthead sea bream during early development, a significant period in the determination of quantitative traits and therefore of considerable interest for aquaculture. Synexpression groups expressed primarily early and late in development were determined and were composed of both known and novel genes. Furthermore, it was possible to identify stress response genes induced by cortisol injections using the cDNA microarray generated. The creation of gene expression profiles for sea bream by microarray hybridization will accelerate identification of candidate genes involved in multifactorial traits and certain regulatory pathways and will also contribute to a better understanding of the genetic background of fish physiology, which may help to improve aquaculture practices.
HIF-1α-targeted pathways are activated by heat acclimation and contribute to acclimation-ischemic cross-tolerance in the heart
Authors: Maloyan Alina , Eli-Berchoer Luba , Semenza Gregg L. , Gerstenblith Gary , Stern Michael D. , Horowitz Michal
Published: July 2005

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a key regulator of the cellular hypoxic response. We previously showed that HIF-1 activation is essential for heat acclimation (AC) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Metabolic changes in AC rat hearts indicate HIF-1α activation in mammals as well. Here we characterize the HIF-1α profile and the transcriptional activation of its target genes following AC and following heat stress (HS) in hearts from nonacclimated (C; 24°C) and AC (34°C, 1 mo) rats. We used Western blot and immunohistochemistry to measure HIF-1α levels and EMSA and RT-PCR/quantitative RT-PCR to detect expression of the HIF-1α-targeted genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor ( Vegf), heme oxygenase-1 ( HO1), erythropoietin ( Epo), and Epo receptor ( EpoR). EpoR and Epo mRNA levels were measured to determine systemic effects in the kidneys and cross-tolerance effects in C and AC ischemic hearts (Langendorff, 75% ischemia, 40 min). The results demonstrated that 1) after AC, HIF-1α protein levels were increased, 2) HS alone induced transient HIF-1α upregulation, and 3) VEGF and HO1 mRNA levels increased after HS, with greater magnitude in the AC hearts. Epo mRNA in AC kidneys and EpoR mRNA in AC hearts were also elevated. In AC hearts, EpoR expression was markedly higher after HS or ischemia. Hearts from AC rats were dramatically protected against infarction after ischemia-perfusion. We conclude that HIF-1 contributes to the acclimation-ischemia cross-tolerance mechanism in the heart by induction of both chronic and inducible adaptive components.
Vitrectomy for Diabetic Macular Edema with and without Internal Limiting Membrane Removal
Authors: Yamamoto Teiko , Hitani Koichiro , Sato Yukihiro , Yamashita Hidetoshi , Takeuchi Shinobu
Published: July 2005

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of surgically removing or not removing the internal limiting membrane (ILM) during pars plana vitrectomy on the visual acuity and retinal thickness in eyes with diabetic macular edema. Methods: A prospective, case-control study was carried out on 30 eyes of 29 patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Fifteen eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy with ILM removal and 15 eyes without ILM removal. Results: In 7 of 15 eyes (47%) in the ILM-removed group, the visual acuity improved by 0.2 or more log of the minimum angle of resolution (log MAR) units and remained unchanged in 8 eyes (53%). In the ILM-preserved group, the final visual acuity improved in 9 of 15 eyes (60%) and remained unchanged in 6 eyes (40%). The difference in visual acuity between the two groups after 11 months the surgery was not significant (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.4938). In the ILM-removed group, the final retinal thickness decreased by more than 20% of the preoperative retinal thickness in 12 of 15 eyes (80%), remained unchanged in 2 of 15 eyes (13%), and increased in 1 of 15 eyes (7%). In the ILM-preserved group, the final retinal thickness decreased in 13 of 15 eyes (87%) and remained unchanged in 2 of 15 eyes (23%). The differences in the changes in the retinal thickness between the two groups were not statistically significant (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.5945). Conclusion: Vitrectomy in eyes with diabetic macular edema without ILM removal was as effective in reducing the retinal thickness and improving the visual acuity as eyes with ILM removal. We conclude that ILM need not be removed to treat eyes with diabetic macular edema.
Activated STAT3 in Choroidal Neovascular Membranes of Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Fasler-Kan Elizaveta , Wunderlich Kerstin , Hildebrand Pius , Flammer Josef , Meyer Peter
Published: July 2005

Purpose: The Jak/STAT (Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription) pathway is critical for growth control, developmental regulation and homeostasis. Here we studied the expression of STAT proteins in the proliferative disease of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM). The STATs are cytoplasmic proteins with roles as signal messengers and transcription factors that participate in normal cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors. Abnormal activity of certain STAT family members, particularly STAT3 and STAT5, is associated with a wide variety of human malignancies and other diseases. Here were studied STAT activation in CNVM of patients with AMD. Methods: Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from 8 eyes with AMD and 5 controls were included in this study. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using antibodies against activated STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 proteins, and tenascin. Results: In CNVM, we observed a strong positive staining for tenascin and STAT3 in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells restricted to areas of developing scars. In contrast, STAT3 immunoreactivity failed in areas completely composed of fibrovascular disciform scar material. In addition, no immunoreactivity for both STAT1 and STAT5 was detected in all CNVM and in all control samples. Conclusion: In CNVM, activation of STAT3 appears in RPE cells simultaneously with the formation of scars.
Transforming Growth Factor β2 Increases in Subretinal Fluid in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment with Subretinal Strands
Authors: Hirase Kumiko , Sugiyama Tetsuya , Ikeda Tsunehiko , Sotozono Chie , Yasuhara Toru , Koizumi Kan , Kinoshita Shigeru
Published: July 2005

Purpose: To compare transforming growth factor (TGF) β2 levels in subretinal fluid of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with or without subretinal strand formation. Methods: We assessed total and mature TGF-β2 levels in subretinal fluid obtained from 24 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Group I comprised 18 specimens from eyes without subretinal strands, while group II comprised 6 specimens from eyes with subretinal strands. Results: Total and mature TGF-β2 levels were higher in group II than in group I (p = 0.01 and p = 0.07, respectively). Conclusion: The concentrations of total and mature TGF-β2 were higher in cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with subretinal strand formation compared to those without subretinal strand formation.
The Relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae as the Cause of Neonatal Conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia Neonatorum)
Authors: Krasny Jan , Tomasova-Borovanska Jitka , Hruba Dana
Published: July 2005

The authors examined 130 newborns and nursery children from September 1999 till May 2003 from the Prague district for the surmise of chlamydial conjunctivitis. Chlamydia infections were detected in conjunctival smears. Chlamydia trachomatis was confirmed in 20 (15.3%) using ligase chain reaction and C. pneumoniae in 16 (12.3%) children using an indirect immunofluorescent method. Direct captures of chlamydial infections of newborns were included in the study. The authors had also examined 671 newborns in a maternity hospital from January 2002 till May 2003. Conjunctival scraping had been done in 29 (4.3%) cases mainly for mucopurulent conjunctivitis. Chlamydial conjunctivitis was identified only in 4 (0.6%) cases, i.e. C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in 2 cases each. Initial clinical symptoms of both types of chlamydial conjunctivitis were similar (mucous discharge with various degrees of eyelid effusion and chemosis mainly on the tarsal conjunctiva). Clinical symptoms of the C. pneumoniae infection were later accompanied by pseudofollicular changes on the tarsal conjunctiva. The complication of this infection was lacrimal obstruction among half of newborns. Clarithromycin in syrup at a dose of 15 mg/kg/per day for 14 days ensured effective treatment of both chlamydial infections. Control scrapings were always negative and simultaneously the pathological conjunctival finding disappeared.
Inheritance of Total Serum IgE in the Isolated Tangier Island Population from Virginia: Complexities Associated with Genealogical Depth of Pedigrees in Segregation Analyses
Authors: Mathias Rasika A. , Beaty Terri H. , Bailey-Wilson Joan E. , Bickel Carol , Stockton Maria L. , Barnes Kathleen C.
Published: July 2005

Objectives: This study was aimed at performing a segregation analysis of total serum immunoglobulin E (tIgE) in an isolated population using maximal genealogical information permitted by current software and computer capacities, while assessing the reliability of the best-fitting model of inheritance for tIgE through simulations. Methods: All current Tangier Island, VA, residents (n = 664) belonged to one large extended pedigree (n = 3,501) spanning 13 generations, with an average inbreeding coefficient of 0.009. Phenotype data were obtained on 453 (68.2%) of the residents using a population-based recruitment scheme. Due to computational limitations resulting from the extremely complex pedigree structure, analysis on only two pedigree reconstructions was feasible: a reduced pedigree retaining all phenotyped individuals and their parents as 57 distinct families, and 922 nuclear families. Results: Familial correlations and heritability calculations reveal a significant genetic component to tIgE in these data (heritability = 26%). The most parsimonious model to explain tIgE distribution indicated by the reduced pedigree structure was a two-distribution Mendelian model. However, larger and non-genetic models could not be rejected. Simulations over 200 replicates performed to evaluate the reliability of this model, indicated that using restricted genealogical information had minimal impact on results of segregation anal yses performed here.
Testosterone Reverses Ethanol-Induced Deficit in Spatial Reference Memory in Castrated Rats
Authors: Khalil Rafaat , King Michael A. , Soliman Magdi R.I.
Published: July 2005

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of ethanol, testosterone and combination of ethanol and testosterone, on spatial reference memory and β-endorphin (β-EN) levels in castrated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (120–150 g) were used in this study, Animals were castrated and ethanol, testosterone or combination of the drugs were administered to rats at 09:00 h. The drugs were administered after a training period of 5 days and spatial reference memory was evaluated for 7 days using the Morris water maze. One hour after the last injection, animals were sacrificed, their brains removed and dissected into cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus and midbrain. The β-EN levels in these brain regions were determined by radioimmunoassay. The time to find the platform (latency period) was significantly increased in ethanol-treated rats, indicating that ethanol induces deficit in spatial reference memory. On the other hand, testosterone administration improved spatial reference memory by significantly decreasing the latency period. In addition, there was a significant decrease in latency period in the animals treated with combination of ethanol and testosterone. Results also indicate that administration of ethanol resulted in a significant increase in β-EN levels in the hippocampus and in the cortex while concurrent administration with testosterone abolished this increase. These findings clearly indicate that administration of testosterone did not only improve memory but also abolished the spatial memory deficit induced by ethanol in castrated rats.
Circulating Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and Paraoxonase Activity in Preeclampsia
Authors: Uzun H. , Benian A. , Madazlı R. , Topçuoğlu M.A. , Aydın S. , Albayrak M.
Published: July 2005

Preeclampsia is one of the most frequent complications of pregnancy, however, little is known about its etiology. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and paraoxonase (PON1) activity in women with either preeclampsia or normotensive (NT) pregnancy. The study groups included 41 pregnant women with preeclampsia and 33 normotensive pregnant women. In all patients maternal serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TGs) were measured using enzymatic methods. Serum PON1 activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured by spectrophotometric methods, and oxLDL was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Serum concentrations of lipid parameters (TC, LDL, VLDL, and TGs) were significantly higher in preeclampsia compared with NT controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001, respectively). Serum concentrations of MDA and oxLDL were significantly higher, while PON1 activity was significantly lower in preeclampsia compared with NT controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). A positive correlation was detected between oxLDL and MDA (r = 0.876), and a negative correlation was detected between both MDA and oxLDL and PON1 (r = –0.837 and r = –0.759, respectively). Our data demonstrate that preeclampsia is associated with increased oxLDL and decreased PON1 activity. Elevated oxidative stress, oxLDL, dyslipidemia and decreased PON1 activities may cause vascular endothelial damage and contribute to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.
Risk Factors for Preterm Birth in Korea
Authors: Kim Young Ju , Lee Bo Eun , Park Hye Sook , Kang Jung Goo , Kim Joo Oh , Ha Eun Hee
Published: July 2005

Preterm birth is a major determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality and remains one of the most serious problems in obstetrics. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for preterm birth in Korean pregnant women. A total of 2,645 women were evaluated between 20 and 42 weeks’ gestation at 5 centers using a prospective study design. The patient population is limited to singleton gestations. Demographic factors, socioeconomic statuses, previous and current medical histories, complications of current gestation, and drug and alcohol abuse were evaluated, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses performed. Among nulliparous women, the factors that showed a significant association with preterm delivery were as follows; vaginal bleeding during pregnancy (OR 2.6, CI 1.7–4.2), and below USD 1,000 average income (OR 5.1, CI 1.9–13.5). The factors that showed a significant association with preterm delivery among multiparous women were as follows; a history of spontaneous abortion (OR 2.4, CI 1.1–5.2), and a history of preterm delivery (OR 3.5, CI 1.02–11.8). In conclusion, vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, below USD 1,000 of average income, prior spontaneous abortion, and prior preterm delivery, were positively associated with preterm birth.
Association between Method of Delivery and Puerperal Infectious Complications in the Perinatal Database of Baden-Württemberg 1998–2001
Authors: Simoes E. , Kunz S. , Bosing-Schwenkglenks M. , Schmahl F.W.
Published: July 2005

The strongest argument against caesarean delivery relates to maternal complications. Evidence supporting this for elective operations is controversial. The perinatal database 1998–2001 of the German state of Baden-Württemberg was studied to assess the maternal obstetrical risk associated with caesarean delivery with regard to puerperal infectious complications. For statistical analysis the χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test, Mantel-Haenszel statistics and relative risks were used to describe the risk of exposure. Surgical delivery was associated with a significantly higher risk of infectious disorders (p < 0.0001). There was a significantly higher risk of septicaemia in the group undergoing caesarean compared to vaginal delivery (p < 0.0001), for pregnancies with and without risk factors of infection, and also for caesarean delivery prior to labour and rupture of membranes (ROM) and singleton gestations (RR 8.56; 95% CI 4.4–16.65, stratum without risks). The rate of wound disorders was found to be significantly increased in the case of surgical delivery (p < 0.0001). After exclusion of pregnancies with risk factors for infectious complications and multi-fetal gestation, a significantly higher risk was also found for caesarean delivery prior to labour and ROM versus vaginal delivery (RR 16.97; 95% CI 14.16–20.34). Caesarean delivery significantly increased the likelihood that a woman would experience fever in puerperium (p < 0.0001), for pregnancies with and without ante- or perinatal risk factors for infectious complications, and also when caesarean delivery prior to labour and ROM and singletons in the cephalic presentation were considered separately (RR 11.03; 95% CI 9.39–12.96; stratum without risks). Considering the obstetrical challenge of how more women can deliver with fewer complications, reducing unnecessary caesarean delivery still seems to be an appropriate approach.
Ultrastructural Changes in Endothelium during Apoptosis Indicate Low Microembolic Potential
Authors: Xu Wei , Boadle Ross , Dear Levina , Cvejic Mara , Emmanuel Catherine , Zoellner Hans
Published: July 2005

Background: Apoptotic endothelium has been suggested to have microthrombotic and microembolic potential. While some describe pro-coagulant activities and platelet binding, others demonstrate maintained fibrinolytic protein and anti-platelet aggregatory activity. Canalicular fragmentation is unique to apoptotic endothelium and is suggested to facilitate size reduction of apoptotic cells to reduce microembolic potential. Despite the potential importance of apoptotic microemboli, there are no reports characterizing changes in cell size and shape during endothelial apoptosis. Methods: Here, we describe transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of apoptotic endothelium and compare changes seen with apoptotic HL-60 cells incapable of canalicular fragmentation. Results: We demonstrate reduced endothelial size (p < 0.05) with progressive apoptosis relative to apoptotic HL-60 cells. Mechanical stress accelerated size reduction of apoptotic endothelium (p < 0.01) but did not affect the size of apoptotic HL-60 cells. Mechanical stress also increased circularity in apoptotic endothelium (p < 0.01), suggested to facilitate passage through small vessels. Earlier work indicated that canaliculi form through plasma membrane invagination, but we report fusion of small vesicles contributing to canalicular growth, while canaliculi fuse to form large vacuoles and also dilate at late stages of apoptosis. Conclusions: These observations are consistent with the suggestion that endothelium is adapted to minimize microembolic potential and that canalicular fragmentation contributes to this.
Effectiveness of Antiinfectives
Authors: McLoughlin Ramona , O’Morain Colm
Published: July 2005

Background:Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common infections of mankind, with persistent colonization causing significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment: First-line therapy, consisting of 7-day treatment with a proton pump inhibitor or ranitidine bismuth citrate, amoxicillin and clarithromycin, with second-line therapy, consisting of a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline, in the case of failure, is chosen as the most cost-effective method of H. pylori eradication. Conclusion: The effectiveness of these antiinfectives is limited by lack of compliance with treatment regimens, and increasing antibiotic resistance.
Activity of Cladribine Combined with Etoposide in Heavily Pretreated Patients with Indolent Lymphoid Malignancies
Authors: Robak T. , Szmigielska-Kapłon A. , Błoński J.Z. , Kasznicki M. , Chojnowski K.
Published: July 2005

We determined the effectiveness and toxicity of combined chemotherapy consisting of etoposide 100 mg/m2/day i.v. and cladribine (2-CdA) 0.12 mg/kg/day i.v. each for 5 days (EC regimen) in the treatment of refractory or relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The cycles were repeated every 28 days, reaching a maximum of six courses. Twenty patients entered the study. All patients had received three or more cycles of chemotherapy before the EC regimen (median 8, range 3–19). Thirteen patients received 2-CdA before the EC regimen. Seven out of 20 patients (35%) responded, including one complete response. Median overall survival time of responding patients was 22 months (range 3–30). Myelosuppression and infections were the major toxicity of the EC regimen.
Exposure to Therapeutic Concentrations of Ritonavir, but Not Saquinavir, Reduces Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase of Candida parapsilosis
Authors: Asencio M.A. , Garduño E. , Pérez-Giraldo C. , Blanco M.T. , Hurtado C. , Gómez-García A.C.
Published: July 2005

The effect of ritonavir and saquinavir, HIV proteinase inhibitors, on the secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap) activity of Candida parapsilosis was studied. In a proteinase-inducing medium (yeast carbon base-bovine serum albumin), Sap activity in all clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis (n = 20) was observed at 37°C but not at 22°C. The presence of ritonavir at a concentration of 8 µg/ml produced an inhibition close to 50% albumin consumption and also delayed yeast growth; however, saquinavir did not have any effect on growth or on Sap activity. In Sabouraud broth, which does not induce Sap production, no effect was shown on yeast growth by either of the two HIV proteinase inhibitors studied.
Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on Bacterial Attachment to a DePuy EnduronTM Orthopedic Implant
Authors: Kustos Ildikó , Kustos Tamás , Kilár Ferenc , Rappai Gábor , Kocsis Béla
Published: July 2005

Background: The increasing incidence of bacterial infections in orthopedic surgery might be related to the increasing application of artificial devices. In most cases, bacteria multiply on the surface of implants in biofilms. Poor penetration of antibiotics, frequent necessity of prosthesis removal, chronic processes and financial costs emphasize the significance of preventive measures. Method: Adhesion of bacterial strains (two Staphylococcus aureus, two coagulase-negative staphylococci and two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from orthopedic patients’ wounds) to the surface of a polyethylene cupwas investigated using an ultrasonic method. Results were compared to the adhesive ability of three Hungarian standard strains. The effect of antibiotic treatment (cefuroxime, cefotaxime, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and amikacin) has been examined. Results: The staphylococcal strains showed significantly higher adhesive ability than Pseudomonas strains. Antibiotic treatment significantly reduced the attachment of bacteria. The higher the concentration of the antibiotics, the higher was the decrease in bacterial adhesion. Conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis was proven to be effective against bacterial adhesion, and, if applied at the proper time at the highest tolerable dose, it might prevent the formation of biofilms.
Lack of Effect of Pravastatin on Cerebral Blood Flow or Parenchymal Volume Loss in Elderly at Risk for Vascular Disease
Authors: ten Dam V. Hester , Box Frieke M.A , de Craen Anton J.M. , van den Heuvel Dominique M.J. , Bollen Edward L.E.M. , Murray Heather M. , van Buchem Mark A. , Westendorp Rudi G.J. , Jan Blauw Gerard
Published: July 2005

Background and Purpose—

Ageing is associated with a decline in cerebral blood flow. Animal studies have shown that cholesterol-lowering therapy with statins might preserve cerebral blood flow (CBF). We examined the effect of 40 mg pravastatin on the decline in CBF and brain volume in a subset of elderly subjects participating in the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) trial.

Methods—

Randomization was not stratified according to whether or not subjects participated in the MRI substudy. In 391 men (n=226) and women (n=165) aged 70 to 82 years (mean±SD, 75±3.2), we measured total CBF (in mL/min) at baseline and after a mean±SD follow-up of 33±1.4 months with a gradient-echo phase-contrast MRI technique. Total CBF was defined as the summed flows in both internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Parenchymal volume (whole brain) was segmented with the use of in-house–developed semiautomatic software.

Results—

Total CBF significantly declined in the placebo-allocated group, from 521±83 to 504±92 mL/min (
P
=0.0036) and in the pravastatin-allocated group from 520±94 to 506±92 mL/min (
P
=0.018). This decline was not significantly different between treatment groups (
P
=0.56). There was also a significant reduction in brain volume over time (
P
<0.001), which was not different between the treatment groups (
P
=0.47). When expressed per unit of parenchymal volume, the decline in CBF over time was no longer statistically significant.

Conclusions—

Elderly people at risk for cerebral vascular disease had a significant decline in CBF with increasing age that was explained by a concomitant reduction in brain volume. Treatment with 40 mg pravastatin daily had no beneficial effect on total CBF.
Characterizing Vegetation Fire Dynamics in Brazil through Multisatellite Data: Common Trends and Practical Issues
Authors: Schroeder Wilfrid , Morisette Jeffrey T. , Csiszar Ivan , Giglio Louis , Morton Douglas , Justice Christopher O.
Published: July 2005

Correctly characterizing the frequency and distribution of fire occurrence is essential for understanding the environmental impacts of biomass burning. Satellite fire detection is analyzed from two sensors—the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on NOAA-12 and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on both the Terra and Aqua platforms, for 2001–03—to characterize fire activity in Brazil, giving special emphasis to the Amazon region. In evaluating the daily fire counts, their dependence on variations in satellite viewing geometry, overpass time, atmospheric conditions, and fire characteristics were considered. Fire counts were assessed for major biomes of Brazil, the nine states of the Legal Amazon, and two important road corridors in the Amazon region. All three datasets provide consistent information on the timing of peak fire activity for a given state. Also, ranking by relative fire counts per unit area highlights the importance of fire in smaller biomes such as Complexo do Pantanal. The local analysis of road corridors shows trends for fire detections with the increasing intensity of land use. Although absolute fire counts differ by as much as 1200%, when summarized over space and time, trends in fire counts among the three datasets show clear patterns of fire dynamics. The fire dynamics that are evident in these trend analyses are important foundations for assessing environmental impacts of biomass burning and policy measures to manage fire in Brazil.
From Publish or Perish to Publish and Perish: What ‘Africa’s 100 Best Books’ Tell Us About Publishing Africa
Authors: Nyamnjoh Francis B.
Published: July 2005

This article draws on the African publishing industry initiative to determine ‘Africa’s 100 Best Books of the 20th Century’, to discuss writing, scholarship and publishing in and on Africa. It highlights the challenge of promoting commitment to African humanity and creativity without producing a simplistic reductionism or the inflation of belonging in Africa. It also argues for the need to problematize what is published and read on Africa, and to determine how sympathetic to Africa culturally, morally and scientifically authors and publications are. The article concludes with suggestions on how to reverse the process of writing and publishing Africa and Africans into the ‘heart of darkness’ dreamt up by Joseph Conrad and perfected by social science at the service of ambitions of dominance.
Ngugi and the World of Christianity: A Dialectic
Authors: Mphande Lupenga
Published: July 2005

Although it can be argued that, in order to expose Christianity’s role as a tool to pacify the masses in capitalist exploitation, a revolutionary can appropriate and use Christianity to undermine itself, there is ambiguity as to how far this re-appropriation can go without running the danger of re-affirmation. After converting to Marxism, the literary Ngugi was consciously aware that his abstract economic analysis needed a credible vehicle of delivery to his peasant and worker audience’s communicative repertoire, but his conversion also meant that he should abandon the rather romantic indulgence in Gikuyu mysteries of imagination, and turn instead to Christian mythology and imagery that provided him the rich and effective vessel so evident in Devil on the Cross and Matigari. But how does Ngugi reconcile the strategic value of religion with basic Marxism that categorizes it as opium to desensitize people from the realization of their material situation, and thus rob them of the potential action for their salvation? And, once the revolutionary has used religion successfully to attain liberation, how does he dispose of it? In this study, I argue that Ngugi does not seem to have resolved this dilemma in his literary writing, and examine his use of Christianity and the tensions and contradictions that this creates in interpreting the body of his works as a unit.
The (Un-)Making of the Shanghai Socialist ‘Model Community’: From the Monolithic to Heterogeneous Appropriation(s) of the Past
Authors: Ho Wing-chung
Published: July 2005

This article examines the historical trajectory of Cucumber Lane, which was transformed from a slum ghetto into a socialist ‘model community’ in the mid-1960s in Shanghai. The author argues that in the course of this transformation the state attempted to homogenize the past of the residents, which echoed the rise of yiku sitian, a popular thought-education strategy adopted during the Maoist period (1949-76). This article analyzes under what circumstances that yiku sitian became an effective means to promote the legitimacy of the state, and what role(s) Cucumber Lane played in being turned into a revolutionary holy land in the 1960s. The article also explores how the ‘revolutionariness’ of its residents was actively ‘created’. The author suggests that in the reform era, different and even contradictory appropriations of the past began to emerge among the residents, who were born and came of age during the Maoist period.
National Identity and Democratization in Taiwan
Authors: Wang T. Y.
Published: July 2005

Taiwan is undergoing both a process of nation building and a phase of democratic consolidation, and the experience of divided government at the national level together with Taiwan’s unresolved relationship with China have further complicated matters. The end result of these developments will, therefore, have enormous political consequences both for the island, as well as for the peace and stability of eastern Asia. This special issue aims to examine two separate, but closely related, issues: the effects of an emerging national identity in Taiwan and the consequences of the island’s rapid democratization. This introduction summarizes the key arguments of this collection of articles.
Dimensions of Taiwanese/Chinese Identity and National Identity in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chi
Published: July 2005

This study explores the most fundamental issue of identity politics in Taiwan, namely, the dimensionality of and the delicate relationship between ethnic identity and national identity. By applying latent class (LC) factor analysis to 12 items of the Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study (TEDS) 2001 survey, we first confirm that Taiwanese/Chinese identity and national identity are two analytically different dimensions. We then employ LC cluster analysis to determine the number of latent classes in each of these two dimensions. We find that the so-called ‘objective’ measure of the ‘four major ethnic groups’ based on respondents’ fathers’ ethnicity does not correspond very well with either of the two dimensions of identity. Furthermore, the distribution of national identity among ethnic groups displays much greater variation than only a Taiwanese/Chinese identity does. More specifically, mainlanders show the highest degree of homogeneity in national identity, whereas native Taiwanese show substantial heterogeneity. Although our findings do not defy the common practice of using a fathers’ ethnicity as an ‘objective’ indicator of ethnicity, they do remind us that identity politics in Taiwan are multidimensional in nature and deserve more careful study.
Taiwan’s Aim-Inhibited Quest for Identity and the China Factor
Authors: Dittmer Lowell
Published: July 2005

The realization of a positive and well-integrated national identity is difficult even under the most favorable circumstances. Korea, Chechen, and the Palestinians are notorious recent examples of national identities destined, due to a combination of circumstances, to remain frustrated to some extent. Taiwan has, since relinquishing its claim to be sole international representative of ‘China’ as hopelessly unrealistic in the early 1990s, faced formidable practical problems in its quest for national identity. This article attempts to comprehend Taiwan’s aim-inhibited quest for ethnic and national identity in the context of Taiwan’s complex and delicate international environment and the cross-Strait dilemma in particular.
The Evolving Party System in Taiwan, 1995-2004
Authors: Yu Ching-hsin
Published: July 2005

Taiwan has experienced dramatic political change in its party system similar to other third wave democracies. Foremost among them is that voters have changed the political parties that they support over the past decade. The popular support of the once-hegemonic Kuomintang (KMT) has decreased and it was defeated in the 2000 presidential election. Concurrently, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has witnessed an increase of popular support, and new parties, such as the People First Party (PFP) and the Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU) came into being after 2000. As a result, a new party system has evolved in Taiwan. This article traces the process of party system change in Taiwan. Longitudinal data sets from the Election Study Center of the National Chengchi University are used to examine the effects of different sociological backgrounds on voters’ partisan support. It first describes the general development of Taiwan’s party system based on each party’s electoral performance. It then examines the political significance of social cleavages in forming the electorate’s partisan preferences. Provincial origin, ethnic identity, and a voter’s stand on the independence/unification question all play significant roles in determining partisan preference in Taiwan. They provide the social bases of Taiwan’s political parties, as well as Taiwan’s evolving party system. Finally, based on the distribution of the social bases of major political parties, this article will address the prospects for continued democratic consolidation in Taiwan.
Traditional Institutions as Tools of Political Islam in Bangladesh
Authors: Riaz Ali
Published: July 2005

Since 1991, salish (village arbitration) and fatwa (religious edict) have become common features of Bangladesh society, especially in rural areas. Women and non-governmental development organizations (NGOs) have been subjected to fatwas delivered through a traditional social institution called salish. This article examines this phenomenon and its relationship to the rise of Islam as political ideology and increasing strengths of Islamist parties in Bangladesh. This article challenges existing interpretations that persecution of women through salish and fatwa is a reaction of the rural community against the modernization process; that fatwas represent an important tool in the backlash of traditional elites against the impoverished rural women; and that the actions of the rural mullahs do not have any political links. The article shows, with several case studies, that use of salish and fatwa as tools of subjection of women and development organizations reflect an effort to utilize traditional local institutions to further particular interpretations of behavior and of the rights of individuals under Islam, and that this interpretation is intrinsically linked to the Islamists’ agenda.
Teaching Antiracism in a Large Introductory Psychology Class
Authors: Boatright-Horowitz Su L.
Published: July 2005

The effectiveness of an Introductory Psychology course module on racism was assessed using a short questionnaire immediately afterwards and then later at the end of the semester. Students of color were consistently more aware of the prevalence and manifestations of racism in U.S. society today, compared to White students. White students also appeared to exhibit self-serving biases related to ethnicity-based privileges. Reported attitude changes were not correlated with actual attitude changes, as assessed with this questionnaire. Overall, this course module was effective in changing the attitudes about racism in White students, yet its effect was limited. On the other hand, given the permanence of racist attitudes and beliefs, any measurable success in this context should be celebrated.
The Falsity of Hegel’s Theses on Africa
Authors: Camara Babacar
Published: July 2005

Many Black scholars reject G.W.F. Hegel, for his Philosophy of History ignominiously and grotesquely denigrates Africans. This article first discusses Negritude’s detournement of Hegel’s theses and, from an African point of view, refutes two Hegelian theses: slavery and the state in Africa. Hegel contradicts itself, and the very dialectic analytical method that excluded Africa from universal history also fully reinstates it.
The Black Media Entrepreneur and Economic Implications for the 21st Century
Authors: Ngwainmbi Emmanuel K.
Published: July 2005

This article appraises communications as business and examines the effect of new information technology on the productivity of the Black entrepreneur (African American [AA] and African [AB] mid-scale business-persons) and provides insights into market conditions in both communities and the mindset of the African entrepreneur and implications for partnership management. Further, it describes the Black entrepreneur’s access to business information, implications for partnership, and a background for strategic planning. Research shows that there are potential mutual benefits for AB and AA media entrepreneurs, with proper strategic planning and information sharing. A critical analysis of published business magazines, public documents from the National Black Chamber of Commerce, Minority Telecommunication Development Program Report, Federal Communications Commission, Black Business Network, and a working knowledge of information resources and the activities of AA and AB entrepreneurs make up the methodology.