bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Changing Dynamic: The Need for Collaboration on Talent Development and Climate Change in the E&P Industry
Authors: Talent & Technology _
Published: January 2021

Feature - In late June, 2007 SPE President Abdul-Jaleel Al-Khalifa hosted an executive industry wide summit with 75 global leaders to advance cross-sector collaboration on two critical issues facing the oil and gas industry. Talent scarcity has been a pressing and recurring item on company agendas for several years. On the technology front, the heightened focus on climate change and greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions from fossil fuels is expected to influence many areas including media, legislation, and policymaking. The oil and gas industry has been actively involved in various technology projects to promote carbon sequestration. The summit provided a venue to frame and boost an industry position on this critical and widely publicized subject.
Leveraging Innovative Design Capabilities Through Open Innovation
Authors: Morel Yves , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoit
Published: January 2021

Feature - This article distinguishes two contrasted forms of collaborations: collaborative road mapping and collaborative exploration, each with different types of activities, organizational principles, objectives, and management tools.
The Need for International Oil Companies
Authors: Brinded Malcolm
Published: January 2021

Executive Perspective - Do international oil companies still have a role to play in a changing industry confronting new challenges, with growing dependence on increasingly difficult-to-find resources and the pressing need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions?
Plugging the Skills Gap
Authors: Macklin Neil
Published: January 2021

Feature - As the majority of oil and gas operators are acutely aware, the worldwide expansion of the industry's services market in recent years has resulted in a growing need for skilled workers.
Solutions to the Recruitment and Retention Challenges
Authors: Pyron Dina
Published: January 2021

Feature

The oil and gas industry is seeing dynamic changes in its workforce, and in Ernst & Young's report on Strategic Business Risks for Oil and Gas in 2008, workforce issues were identified as the number one risk. Changes in the workforce include an aging global population with many experienced employees having recently retired or planning to in the near-term, a geographic shift in where employees are needed, and fewer new engineers seeking jobs in the industry.
Rosmarinus officinalis L.: propriedades farmacológicas relacionadas à Odontologia
Authors: Medeiros Mírian Alencar de , Cruz José Henrique de Araújo , Oliveira Heloisa Mara Batista Fernandes de , Guênes Gymenna Maria Tenório , Alves Maria Angélica Satyro Gomes , Oliveira Filho Abrahão Alves de
Published: January 2021

Introdução: Pesquisas na área de fitoterapia têm provado ser um método alternativo e eficaz contra diferentes agravos à condição de saúde humana, por isso, contribuições dela em diferentes áreas, como na Odontologia, tem grande importância como uma alternativa com menos efeitos colaterais comparados aos medicamentos sinteticamente fabricados, uma vez que as plantas medicinais têm demonstrado elevado poder de cura em estado natural. Objetivo: O presente trabalho objetivou apresentar uma revisão de literatura da espécie vegetal R. officinalis L. (Alecrim) em busca por novas possibilidades terapêuticas para a área da saúde, com ênfase na saúde bucal. Metodologia: O estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa, realizada no período de 18 de dezembro de 2017 à 28 de maio de 2018, utilizando artigos científicos em língua portuguesa, espanhola e inglesa, retirados das bases de dados Scielo, MedLine, Lilacs e Monografias. Discussão: Evidências científicas têm revelado que o extrato R. officinalis L possui grande poder antibacteriano, antifúngico, antiinflamatório e antioxidante, além de atuar efetivamente com reduções sob biofilmes polimicrobianos para área de Odontologia. Conclusão: Portanto, o efeito antimicrobiano produzido a partir de extratos do R. officinalis L tem sido positivo segundo relatos da literatura, todavia, mais pesquisas clínicos precisam ser realizados para enriquecer os atuais estudos, já que esta planta possui poder  fitoterápico no tratamento de diversas injúrias bucais como gengivite e periodontite causadas como consequência da atividade bacteriana.
Reabilitação estética e funcional anterior em paciente com cárie na primeira infância
Authors: Paiva Mayra Frasson , Zen Igor , Silva Isabela Ferreira da
Published: January 2021

A cárie na primeira infância (CPI) acomete crianças na idade pré-escolar. Pode acarretar em prejuízos estéticos e funcionais para as mesmas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar o caso de reabilitação estética e funcional em paciente do gênero feminino, 4 anos de idade, diagnosticada com CPI. O tratamento envolveu exodontia das raízes residuais dos dentes 51 e 61, restauração com matriz de pedoforme dos dentes 52 e 62 e reabilitação estética com aparelho removível contendo dentes de estoque na região anterior. Apesar das limitações do tratamento, podemos concluir que o resultado foi satisfatório e devolveu a estética e função para a paciente.
Enucleação como alternativa de tratamento cirúrgico para o adenoma pleomórfico: relato de caso
Authors: Pereira Rodrigo dos Santos , Ribeiro Jonathan da Silva , Guerra Raphael Capelli
Published: January 2021

O adenoma pleomórfico é um tumor benigno que acomete as glândulas salivares tendo maior incidência na glândula parótida. Seu tratamento é motivo de discussão entre os profissionais devido a sua particularidade na abordagem de acordo com o nervo facial. Este relato de caso demonstra a enucleação como uma técnica cirúrgica conservadora que buscou remover o tumor, através de um acesso retromandibular, visando reduzir complicações transcirúgicas e pós-operatórias.
Hipersensibilidade dentinária em lesões cervicais não cariosas: etiologia e tratamento
Authors: Regiani Bruna Caroline , Rocha Heloise Nogueira , Tognetti Valdinéia Maria , Andrade Alessandra Pereira de
Published: January 2021

A hipersensibilidade dentinária é uma temática muito presente a pratica diária do cirurgião-dentista; apesar de estudos aplicados frente à estimativa e prevalência mostrarem-se de bastante valia, há grande dificuldade na obtenção de dados científicos pela subjetividade da sintomatologia. Objetivando ampliar o conhecimento de acadêmicos e profissionais da área de Odontologia quanto a etiologia e possíveis atuais tratamentos através de levantamento de referências sobre o tema, esta breve revisão da literatura, que utilizou as bases de dados : Bireme, PUBmed, ResearchGate e Scielo; tem como finalidade relacionar a hipersensibilidade dentinária cervical com as lesões cervicais não cariosas; sendo elas: abrasão, abfração, atrição e erosão.
Ortodontia pré-protética e terapia bioprogressiva de Ricketts: relato de casos
Authors: Garbin Artenio Jose Isper , Wakayama Bruno , Batista Julia Arruda , Saliba Tania Adas
Published: January 2021

Atualmente tem se discutido a importância do planejamento multidisciplinar no tratamento reabilitador do paciente. Neste sentido, a abordagem do tratamento ortodôntico, pregresso a uma reabilitação oral com implantes dentários e próteses são questões que devem ser esclarecidos para o melhor prognóstico do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar dois casos clínicos de intervenções ortodônticas pré-protéticas baseada na filosofia bioprogressiva de Ricketts, e discutir sua importância frente às possibilidades funcionais e estéticas reabilitadoras. Os casos relatados referem-se a pacientes com perdas de dentes anteriores e/ou posteriores que foram encaminhados ao tratamento ortodôntico pré-protético. Nas três situações, os pacientes faziam uso de próteses parciais removíveis. Baseado nisso, e em consonância à filosofia de bioprogressiva pela individualização do tratamento com movimentos biológicos, leves e controlados, foram incluídos nessas estruturas protéticas tornos expansores e retentores palatinos como artifícios para a mecanoterapia. Os protocolos instituídos foram as ativações dos tornos inicialmente nas consultas mensais, e posteriormente, a cada quinze dias pelos pacientes. Após a expansão adquirida, foram colados os braquetes nos demais dentes, e instaurado mecânica fixa para nivelamento, alinhamento e correção das posições dentárias. Neste momento foram utilizados o Arco Base Inferior, bem como outras alças para movimentações dentárias, baseado nos princípios da bioprogressiva. Conclui-se que a filosofia de Ricketts no tratamento prévio à reabilitação oral mostrou-se eficaz e indicativo. Além disso, ressalta-se que o tratamento ortodôntico pré protético é de grande relevância para a devolução da estética e função do sistema estomatognático do paciente.
COVID-19 - Mouthwash in dental clinical practice: review
Authors: Oliveira Mirlany Mendes Maciel , Almeida Arthur Caetano de , Rodrigues Cristóvão Marcondes de Castros , Sol Izabella , Meneses-Santos Daniela
Published: January 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious respiratory disease. Dental surgeons perform various procedures that generate aerosolization, leading to the dissipation of saliva and drops of blood. The indication during the COVID-19 pandemic in clinical practice is the use of mouthwashes to reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. The present work brings the main rinses indicated in the literature to minimize the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical practice.
Study on longitudinal vibrations in turbomachinery coupled with skewed slotted bar cage induction motors
Authors: G Krishna Reddy , B Venkatesham , G Rami Reddy
Published: January 2021

The present paper discusses the study of longitudinal vibrations in turbomachines coupled with skewed slotted bar cage induction motors and which are of the typical configurations in refinery industries. Based on vibration data, the severe longitudinal vibrations in tilting pad thrust bearing assembly and its failure mechanism during start up transient and steady-state operations has been observed. The excitation sources for these longitudinal vibrations originates from asymmetric air gaps in cage induction motors. Hereby, the study of longitudinal vibrations in turbomachines with thrust bearing is found to be necessary. A simplified Single degree freedom (SDOF) analytical model is proposed to estimate the peak response based on tuned variable stiffness method. Uniform air gap with rotor skew causes fixed thrust and is proportion to square of the load current. Static eccentricity across the rotor motor air gap causes variations in gap length and intern creates the torque fluctuations. This value is proportional to variance in square of the load current. In the proposed model evaluates the cascade effect of preloaded thrust due to rotor motor skewness and followed by compressor thrust due to differential pressure across the impeller in the form of the variable stiffness. This model has advantage in analysing the coupled motor and turbomachinery system response in longitudinal direction in a simple manner. The longitudinal vibrations estimate at thrust bearing and compared with experimental vibration data obtained from the field machinery. There is a good convergence between results of the analytical model and experimental field vibration data.
Внутрицентровые излучательные переходы на примесных центрах железа в селениде цинка
Authors: Ушаков В.В. , Аминев Д.Ф. , Кривобок В.С.
Published: January 2021

В области 0.6-1.8 мкм исследован спектральный состав люминесценции образцов ZnSe, легированных примесью железа методом высокотемпературной термодиффузии в атмосфере Zn или Ar. В спектрах люминесценции образцов наблюдались линии при 980 и 1400 нм, связанные с внутрицентровыми излучательными переходами в центрах Fe2+. По данным спектрального сканирования, интенсивности обеих линий коррелировали по всей поверхности образца, что свидетельствует о связи обоих излучательных переходов с одним и тем же центром. Идентификация излучательных переходов проведена по диаграмме Танабе--Сугано с параметрами, адаптированными к центрам ZnSe : Fe2+ (d6). Результаты свидетельствуют о том, что линии при 980 и 1400 нм обусловлены электронными переходами 3T1(3H)-5E(5D) и 5T2(5D) соответственно. Ключевые слова: люминесценция, внутрицентровые переходы, ZnSe : Fe.
Направленные поверхностные акустические волны в нецентросимметричных решетках
Authors: Поддубный А.Н.
Published: January 2021

Spatial distribution of surface Rayleigh acoustic wave propagating along the surface of GaAs semiconductor covered by a periodic grating of gold stripes is calculated. We demonstrated that when the lattice has no center of spatial inversion the distribution of deformation for the surface wave with the Bloch wave vector kx = 0 is asymmetric and characterized by nonzero mean momentum in the interface plane and nonzero degree of transverse polarization in the plane perpendicular to the surface.
The work has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 20-12-00194.
Адсорбция атомов II и VI групп на политипах карбида кремния
Authors: Давыдов С.Ю. , Посредник О.В.
Published: January 2021

Within the scope of the Haldane-Anderson model the estimates of charge transfer and adsorption energy for alkali metals and halogens atoms on the С- and Si-faces of 3С-, 6Н- and 4Н-SiC polytypes are obtained. Band and local states contributions to the formation of adatom’s charge and ionic and metallic parts of the adsorption energy are clarified.
Мощные непрерывные лазеры InGaAs/AlGaAs (1070 нм) с расширенным латеральным волноводом мезаполосковой конструкции
Authors: Шашкин И.С. , Лешко А.Ю. , Шамахов В.В. , Воронкова Н.В. , Капитонов В.А. , Бахвалов К.В. , Слипченко С.О. , Пихтин Н.А. , Копьев П.С.
Published: January 2021

Semiconductor lasers with a 10 μm wide lateral waveguide of a mesa-stripe design were developed and their light characteristics were studied. Lasers with a 4.6mm long cavity is shown to have a continuous wave (CW) optical power of 2.6W at a heatsink temperature of 25◦C. Lasers with a shorter cavity (< 3mm) showed a lower value of the maximum optical power due to a thermal rollover of the light-current curve.
Высоковольтные лавинные 4H-SiC диоды с прямой фаской
Authors: Иванов П.А. , Лебедева Н.М. , Ильинская Н.Д. , Самсонова Т.П. , Коньков О.И.
Published: January 2021

Изготовлены высоковольтные лавинные p+-p-n0-n+-диоды на основе 4H-SiC. Диоды выполнены в виде мезаструктур с пологими боковыми стенками, образующими прямую фаску. Мезаструктуры формировалась с помощью сухого реактивно-ионного травления 4H-SiC через маску из фоторезиста с клинообразным краем. Мезы имеют площадь 1 мм2, высоту 3.6 мкм (немного превышающую глубину залегания p-n0-перехода --- 3 мкм) и угол наклона боковых стенок ~5o от плоскости p-n0-перехода. Измерены вольт-амперные характеристики изготовленных диодов. В прямом направлении дифференциальное сопротивление диодов и падение напряжения при токе 10 А составляют 0.35 Oм и 6.5 В соответственно. В обратном направлении диоды показали резкий пробой при напряжениях от 1420 до 1500 В. С помощью TCAD-моделирования рассчитана обратная вольт-амперная характеристика идеализированного одномерного диода с теми же параметрами структуры, как и у реальных диодов. Рассчитанное напряжение лавинного пробоя одномерного диода (1450 В) попадает в диапазон измеренных значений, т. е. эффективность работы прямой фаски в качестве охранного контура близка к 100%. Измерены импульсные обратные вольт-амперные характеристики диодов в режиме мощного лавинного пробоя: дифференциальное сопротивление составляет ~3 Ом, что свидетельствует о том, что лавинный пробой однороден по площади. Диоды выдерживают без деструкции импульсы лавинного тока с амплитудой, как минимум, 10 А (плотность тока 103 А/см2) и длительностью 1.2 мкс (рассеиваемая энергия 9 мДж). Ключевые слова: карбид кремния, высоковольтный лавинный диод, прямая фаска.
Performance Evaluation of Inversion Mode and Junctionless Dual-Material Double-Surrounding Gate Si Nanotube MOSFET for 5-nm Gate Length
Authors: Sanjay  , Prasad B. , Vohra A.
Published: January 2021

In this work, drain current ID for 5-nm gate length with dual-material (DM) double-surrounding gate (DSG) inversion mode (IM) and junctionless (JL) silicon nanotube (SiNT) MOSFET have been studied and simulation results are reported using Silvaco ATLAS 3D TCAD. For this work, we used the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) approach and self-consistent solution of Poisson's equation with Schrodinger's equation. The conduction band splitting into multiple sub-bands has been considered and there is no doping in channel in case of IM SiNT MOSFET. The effect of DM gate engineering for SiNT channel radius 1.5 nm with 0.8-nm gate oxide (SiO2) thickness on ID has been studied. A comparison of results has been done between IM DM DSG and JL DM DSG CGAA SiNT. In case of JL, doping concentration is optimized for two concerns: (i) to get the same IOn current as IM device and (ii) to get the same threshold voltage VTh as IM. This has resulted in 102 and 103 times smaller IOff in matching IOn and VTh optimized device, respectively, as compared to IM. It is found that DM gate engineering reduces drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) for both IM and JL SiNT MOSFET. In this work, JL have much smaller DIBL ~15 mV/V, almost an ideal SS ~60 mV/dec, and higher IOn/IOff ratio ~2.18·108 as compared to available CGAA literature results. Keywords: inversion mode, junctionless, DM DSG, Si nanotube MOSFET, NEGF, ID, SS, DIBL.
Формирование кремниевых нанокластеров при диспропорционировании моноокиси кремния
Authors: Ложкина Д.А. , Астрова Е.В. , Соколов Р.В. , Кириленко Д.А. , Левин А.А. , Парфеньева А.В. , Улин В.П.
Published: January 2021

In this work, the processes of disproportionation of solid-phase silicon monoxide, accompanied by the formation of nanocrystalline silicon precipitates in the medium of amorphous SiOx suboxide (initial composition SiO0.9), have been studied. Based on the data of X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy, the dynamics of changes in the amount, concentration and size of phase precipitates of silicon with an increase in the temperature of isochronous annealing from 800 °C to 1200 °C is traced. It was found that with a monotonic increase in the total mass of the precipitated silicon, the number of its crystallization centers per unit volume nonmonotonically depends on temperature. The activation energy of diffusion of silicon atoms in the SiOx matrix was determined to be Ea1= 1.64 eV, and the activation energy of their transfer from the formed precipitates to the growth medium of SiOx was Ea2 = 2.38 eV. Anisotropic deformation of silicon crystallites precipitated during the disproportionation of SiO has been revealed for the first time. This phenomenon is associated with the difference in the specific volumes of the separated phases and the anisotropy of the growth rate of silicon precipitates formed in a solid amorphous medium.
Current--Voltage, Capacitance--Voltage--Temperature, and DLTS Studies of Ni|6H-SiC Schottky Diode
Authors: Rabehi A. , Akkal B. , Amrani M. , Tizi S. , Benamara Z. , Helal H. , Douara A. , Nail B. , Ziane A.
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we give a systematical description of Ni|6H-SiC Schottky diode by current--voltage I(V) characteristics at room temperature and capacitance--voltage C(V) characteristics at various frequencies (10-800 kHz) and various temperatures (77-350oK). The I(V) characteristics show a double-barrier phenomenon, which gives a low and high barrier height (phiLbn=0.91 eV, phiHbn=1.55 eV), with a difference of Deltaphibn=0.64 eV. Also, low ideality factor nL=1.94 and high ideality factor nH=1.22 are obtained. The C-V-T measurements show that the barrier height phibn decreases with decreasing of temperature and gives a temperature coefficient alpha=1.0·10-3 eV/K and phibn(T=0 K)=1.32 eV. Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) has been used to investigate deep levels in the Ni|6H-SiC Schottky diode. The traps signatures such as activation energies Ea=0.50±0.07 eV, capture cross-section sigma=1.8·10-20 cm2, and defect concentration NT=6.2·1013 cm-3 were calculated from Arrhenius plots. Keywords: si1licon carbide, Schottky diodes, I-V, C-V-T, deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS).
A Virtual Ward Model of Care for Patients With COVID-19: Retrospective Single-Center Clinical Study
Authors: Ferry Olivia R , Moloney Emma C , Spratt Owen T , Whiting Gerald F M , Bennett Cameron J
Published: January 2021

Background

COVID-19 has necessitated the implementation of innovative health care models in preparation for an influx of patients. A virtual ward model delivers clinical care remotely to patients in isolation. We report on an Australian cohort of patients with COVID-19 treated in a virtual ward.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the safety and efficacy of a virtual ward model of care for an Australian cohort of patients with COVID-19.

Methods

Retrospective clinical assessment was performed for 223 patients with confirmed COVID-19 treated in a virtual ward in Brisbane, Australia, from March 25 to May 15, 2020. Statistical analysis was performed for variables associated with the length of stay and hospitalization.

Results

Of 223 patients, 205 (92%) recovered without the need for escalation to hospital care. The median length of stay in the virtual ward was 8 days (range 1-44 days). In total, 18 (8%) patients were referred to hospital, of which 6 (33.3%) were discharged after assessment at the emergency department. Furthermore, 12 (5.4%) patients were admitted to hospital, of which 4 (33.3%) required supplemental oxygen and 2 (16.7%) required mechanical ventilation. No deaths were recorded. Factors associated with escalation to hospital care were the following: hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95% CI 1.28-9.87; P=.01), sputum production (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.74-15.49; P=.001), and arthralgia (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.21-11.71; P=.02) at illness onset and a polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold of ≤20 on a diagnostic nasopharyngeal swab (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.25-19.63; P=.02).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that a virtual ward model of care to treat patients with COVID-19 is safe and efficacious, and only a small number of patients would potentially require escalation to hospital care. Further studies are required to validate this model of care.
IMPORTANCE OF NANOCARRIERS AND PROBIOTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: THAKUR VANDANA , SINGH BHUPENDRA , SHARMA ANKITA , KUMARI NISHA , KUMAR INDER , VERMA KRITIKA , KUMAR ARVIND , RANA SUSHMITA
Published: January 2021

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory chronic disease primarily affecting the colonic mucosa; the extent and severity of colon involvement are variable. Ulcerative colitis is identified by mucus diarrhea, tenesmus, bowel distension, and anemia. 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs, steroids, and immune suppressants are used for the therapy of ulcerative colitis. The mainchallenges in the management of thediseaseare drug-related side-effects and local targeting. To overcome these challengesprobiotics and micro and Nanoparticulate systemauspiciousapproaches to overcome drug-related adverse side effects and local targeting.Upon ingestion, the probiotics can result in beneficial health effects. Probiotics and micro and nanoparticulate approaches for suitable targeting and overcome the drug-associated side effect. Probiotics are mainly used as gut modulators but are also nowadays explored for their use in ulcerative colitis.The current therapeutic goals are to achieve clinical remission along with mucosal healing, avoidance of complications such as side effects of the drug and to improve the quality of life. The use of probiotics to increase the health of the intestine and used to block or manage intestinal disorders. They may prevent the induction of inflammatory reactions. Probiotics must be inspected for efficacy in the prevention and management of a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal diseases, like antibiotic-associated diarrhea.Micro and Nanoparticulate drug delivery system has been achieving huge importance for targeting of the drug to colon locally at a controlled and sustained rate.
BIOWAIVER STUDY OF IMMEDIATE RELEASE GLIMEPIRIDE TABLETS
Authors: ABDOUN SIHAM , GABER DALIA , ALWAHABI RAGHAD , ALQUSSIR NASHWA , ALMUTAIRI NEHAL , ALSALAMAH WAAD
Published: January 2021

Objective: Demonstrating therapeutic equivalency regarding the efficacy and safety among originator products and generics is a key step in permitting the marketing of generic products. The study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence of five different generic brands of Glimepiride tablets under biowaiver conditions.

Methods: The quality of the tablet products, including uniformity of weight, friability, and disintegration test, was assessed using the United State Pharmacopeia (USP) general monograph for the tablet dosage form. The content of glimepiride in the tablets was measured using UV spectrophotometer at the wavelength 229 nm. The release of Glimepiride from the tested and originator tablet products was evaluated using the dissolution profiles conducted in HCI buffer pH 1.2, and phosphate buffer pH 6.4 and 7.8 by USP dissolution apparatus II. The bioequivalence of test products was assessed using the similarity and difference factors. 

Results:The tested products complied to USP requirements for quality standards; all the products show rapid disintegration, D1 show higher time (Three minutes) while D3 show lower time (28 seconds). The content of test products was (104.68, 93.75, 97.21, 97.03, and 102.10) for D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 , respectively, compare to 103.70 for OB. Dissolution profiles revealed that the highest similarity to the originator was showed in pH 6.4; f2 ranged (74.5-68.4) for all the tested products and low similarity in pH 7.8; f2 ranged (45.2-64.7).

Conclusion: The study showed that the generic products has noticeable similarity with the originator brand and it can be interchangeable.
IN SITU GEL POLYMERS: A REVIEW
Authors: KONATHAM MOUNIKA , GORLE MOUNIKA TEJASWI , PATHAKALA NAVEEN , BAKSHI VASUDHA , MAMIDISETTI YASO DEEPIKA , CHINTHAKINDI PRIYANKA , JADI RAJENDRA KUMAR
Published: January 2021

In situ gels have become one of the most prominent and accessible systems. These systems have several advantages like simple manufacturing, easy to use, improved adherence, and patient comfort by minimizing drug administration frequency by its unique characteristic features of sol to gel transition. In the 'sol-gel' method, the precursor goes through hydrolysis and polymerization or condensation to produce a colloidal suspension or solution. As they can administer in solution form, these in situ gelling systems undergo gelation at the achievement site. Some researchers recently developed in situ gelling systems of liposomes, microspheres, nanoemulsions, nanospheres, etc. This review mainly focused on the introduction, advantages, disadvantages, types of polymers, and suitable characteristics for preparing in situ gels.
NOVASOME: A PIONEERING ADVANCEMENTIN VESICULAR DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: C.A. ASLAM ABDUL RAHIMAN , KRISHNAN KARTHIK , A.S. SREELEKSHMI , K.K. ARJUN , NAIR SREEJA C.
Published: January 2021

Pharmaceutical research has developed various new types of innovative forms of drug delivery. Advancement in current drug delivery methods has led to the development of numerous new revolutionary technologies that support safe and efficient formulations over existing ones. Novasome technology is one of the latest liposome developments that have overcome many of the liposomal drug delivery system-related problems. This provides a seven bilayer membrane which is capable of absorbing water-soluble as well as insoluble drugs. The improved efficiency of entrapping drugs with good encapsulation features enables better frequency of dosing, which can be accomplished through the high shear system. These find their applications in diverse fields such as cosmetics, chemicals, personal care, food, pharmacy, and agrochemicals. Several products have already been launched into the market using this technology with an additional launch plan. Due to its depth of penetration, novasomes have been one of the most popular derma cosmetics. It is being studied continuously to obtain improved release characteristics. The prospect of drug delivery and targeting using novasomes is an important area of research and development. This review pinpoints the various aspect of the novasome and will be a milestone for the researchers in the area of drug delivery.
TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY OF GOSSYPIN FROM PRONIOSOMAL GEL FORMULATIONS: IN VITRO EFFICACY AGAINST HUMAN MELANOMA CELLS
Authors: RAJKUMAR JAMPALA , RADHA G.V. , GANAPATY S.
Published: January 2021

Objective: This work aimed to establish and formulate the gossypinproniosomal gel drug delivery system.

Methods: Gossypin-loaded proniosomal gels (GPG) was prepared using specific non-ionic surfactants (Spans), followed by particle size (PS), entrapment efficiency (percent EE), in vitro, ex-vivo drug release, and in vitro efficacy of Gossypin against human melanoma cells (A-375).

Results: The results showed that the percentage EE for the GPG is appropriate (81.3 %–95.5 %) and they are Nano-sized (189.3–912.0 nm) and the gels diffusion provided the desired sustaining effect for GPG-F7 formulation (75.5 percent). The GPG reported cell viability of 14.9±2.3 percent compared with 16.1±1.1 percent for free Gossypin at the maximum dose of 100 μg/ml for A-375 human melanoma cells after 24 hr incubation time. No major changes were seen in the percentage EE, PS of GPG after storage for 90d, in the physical stability report.

Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that the proniosomal drug delivery system can enhance the flux to the skin and achieve the ideal Gossypin sustainability effect. Consequently, the use of proniosomal gel may be advantageous with regard to the topical delivery of Gossypin for melanoma treatment management.
PHARMACY PROFESSIONS IN INDIADURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: PRESENT STATUS, FUTURE CHALLENGES AND A WAY FORWARD
Authors: M. VIGNESH , G. N. K. GANESH
Published: January 2021

People in every country became exposed to COVID-19 pandemic and cannot able to find a right solution and strategies to overcome from it. Pharmacy is the most important, dynamic and versatile health care profession in the world, whereas its scope and importance are always being emerging at any situation. Pharmacy professionals (PPs) working proactively for the public even in this pandemic situation. Since dependency is high, the responsibility and preference also high for PPs especially in this pandemic situation. Current status in pharmacy education and emerging future challenges of PPs in all aspects, particularly in thispandemic situation were addressed based on observational studies among various pharma industries and published news of Pharmacy Council of India (PCI). While in the development phase it has crossed many barriers, not only in the economic level,but also involves regulations, duration, process controls, legal hurdles and situational defects. The purpose of this review discusses the evolution and updates in pharmacy, education, pharmacy practice, regulations, and types of challenges along with recommendations for PPs in India in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This review was carried out to summarize knowledge about the updates and challenges in pharmacy professions in all aspects. Sources were retrieved from relevant guidelines and published articles in Google scholar, Pubmed and Science direct of articles up to June 2020. The keywords used for gathering information were listed below.
HPLC DETERMINATION OF SILDENAFIL IN TABLETS
Authors: SMERIKAROVA MIGLENA , BOZHANOV STANISLAV , MASLARSKA VANIA
Published: January 2021

Objective: The popularity of Sildenafil, the widespread distribution of various products and dietary supplements with added synthetic drugs, requires reliable analysis methods. This research study aimed to develop a simple isocratic HPLC method for the determination of Sildenafil in tablet dosage forms from the local market.

Methods: Separation was carried out at 30 °C, using column LiChrosorb® RP-18 (150 x 4.0 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: methanol: 0.5% triethylamine (15: 26: 59 v/v/v). The detector was set at 290 nm. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the injection volume was 20 μl.

Results: Linear correlation was obtained within the range 6.25–50.0 μg/ml with correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9998. The achieved limits of detection and quantitation were 0.7 and 2.2 μg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion: The developed method can be applied for the quality control of Sildenafil preparations.
DRUG RELEASE CONTROL AND ENHANCEMENT USING CARRIERS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CAPMUL® MCM C8
Authors: BAYAN MOHAMMAD F.
Published: January 2021

Objective: The main aim of this study was to design a drug carrier capable to control and enhance the release of poorly water soluble drugs.

Methods: Three polymeric formulations, based on poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and loaded with different Capmul® MCM C8 concentrations (0, 10 and 20 % w/w), were prepared. Felodipine, which is a poorly soluble substance, was selected as a model drug. The effect of Capmul® MCM C8 on swelling behavior and in vitro release profile of the prepared polymer was investigated in PBS.

Results: The swelling profiles of allformulationswere statistically similar, which indicated the non-significant effect of added Capmul® MCM C8 on polymer's swelling behavior. All formulations showed a delayed drug release. Formulation-F3, which is loaded with 20% w/wCapmul® MCM C8 displayed a significant higher release compared to the other formulations.

Conclusion: Capmul® MCM products, which are widely used in food industries, can be used to improve the oral delivery of poorly soluble substances. The optimized formulation exhibited the ability to control and enhance the release of the model drug.
CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES MEDIATED DELIVERY OF MIR-106B-5P TO BREAST CANCER CELL LINES MCF-7 AND T47D
Authors: RIZKITA LEONNY DWI , YSRAFIL  , MARTIEN RONNY , ASTUTI INDWIANI
Published: January 2021

Objective: The development of nanomedicine, such as miRNA transfection to cancer cells,has widely gained interest in the past decade. Unfortunately, miRNA tends to decay easily by the cellular enzymatic process and requires a carrier. As a cationic biopolymer, chitosan is widely known as a non-viral vector. However, research about chitosan as a miRNA delivery system remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect and characters of synthetic miRNA loaded chitosan nanoparticles on breast cancer cell lines.

Methods: To obtain the nanocomplex, chitosan-antimiR-106b-5p was formulated using natriumtripolyphosphate through ionic gelation methods. The nanochitosan formula was characterized by using gel electrophoresis; Nano Quant for encapsulation of entrapment quantification; morphology appearance as viewed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), nanochitosan size analysis; in vitro analysis using MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines; in silico prediction of possible gene target; polymerase chain reaction analysis and gel electrophoresis for E2F1/GAPDH expression.

Results: The efficiency entrapment value was 96.7%, particle size analysis was 458±11.79 nm, and polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.65±0.07, with spherical morphology as viewed in SEM. There was no significant difference between the nanochitosan supplemented group and the control group in MCF-7 cells (p=0.067). However, the ratio of E2F1 to GAPDH was significantly lower than the control group after nanochitosan antimiR-106b-5p was loaded at concentration 140 nmol (p=0.022) and 35 nmol (p=0.016).

Conclusion: Our nanochitosan formula is non-toxic to use in MCF-7 cell lines. Most importantly, as the formula was conjugated to synthetic antimiR-106b-5p, the E2F1 expression decreased.
AN UPDATED REVIEW ON THE APPLICATION OF DENDRIMERS AS SUCCESSFUL NANOCARRIERS FOR BRAIN DELIVERY OF THERAPEUTIC MOIETIES
Authors: SASI SARANYA , JOSEPH SHARON KUNNATH , ARIAN ARYA MANGALATH , THOMAS SACHIN , V. U. AMRUTHA , G. K. ARYA , NAIR SREEJA C.
Published: January 2021

It’s been nearly 100 y of effort to study the organization and role of the blood brain-barrier and still, we strive to find better techniques to overcome this barrier to deliver the drugs to the brain effectively with reduced systemic side effects. The advances in nanotechnology have given newer horizons in achieving this goal since the nano-scaled systems can modify an existing drug to have a high degree of sensitivity to the physiological conditions and specificity to reach the target organ. Among the various nanocarriers, dendrimers owing to their unique physical and chemical characteristics, represent a potential therapeutic tool in biomedical and pharmaceutical science. Dendrimers, an established polymeric nanocarrier system of the time, can deliver both drugs and genetic material and are being extensively studied to target the brain. The surface modification of dendrimers can reduce their innate toxicity problems and increase the therapeutic efficacy of brain disorders. This review article is an attempt to update on the potential of dendrimers explored in the past five years as a drug delivery avenue that can be considered as a promising solution in the management of a wide range of disorders affecting the central nervous system, including neoplastic, degenerative, and ischemic conditions. The following search criteria were used to expand the review article with the keywords dendrimers, novel drug delivery, nanoparticles, site-specific drug delivery etc.
DETERMINATION OF CARBOHYDRATES CONTENT IN GENTIANA CRUCIATA L. BY GC/MS METHOD
Authors: BUDNIAK LILIIA , SLOBODIANIUK LIUDMYLA , MARCHYSHYN SVITLANA , KLEPACH PAVLINA , HONCHARUK YANA
Published: January 2021

Objective: Thus, the aim of our research was to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of carbohydrates in the studied plant material with the prospect of its application as a medicinal plant raw material.

Methods: The carbohydrates of the herb of Gentiana cruciata L. determined by GC/MS method. Identification of monosaccharides was based on comparing their retention times with retention times of standards of the mass spectral library NIST 02. Quantification was done by using sorbitol added to the sample.

Results: The quantitative content of 4 free carbohydrates such as D-saccharose (38.39 mg/g), D-Pinitol (12.01 mg/g), D-glucose (10.05 mg/g) and D-fructose (1.69 mg/g) was established in the herb of Gentiana cruciata L. Also, this method established the qualitative composition and quantitative content of eight carbohydrates (monosaccharides and their derivatives after hydrolysis): D-glucose (29.66 mg/g), D-Pinitol (22.24 mg/g), L-arabinose (4.26 mg/g), D-galactose (3.55 mg/g), D-xylose (1.80 mg/g), L-rhamnose (1.49 mg/g), D-Dulcitol (0.76 mg/g) and D-mannose (0.44 mg/g).

Conclusion: The results of the study showed that carbohydrates from the Gentiana cruciata L. can be used as important resources of new ingredients for the pharmaceutical industry.
EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOLECULAR DOCKING: NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS (NLCs) OF COENZYME Q10 USING STEARIC ACID AND DIFFERENT LIQUID LIPIDS AS LIPID MATRIX
Authors: ARYANI NI LUH DEWI , SISWANDONO  , SOERATRI WIDJI , RAHMASARI FANNY PUTRI , SARI DIAN RIZKI KARTIKA
Published: January 2021

Objective: To develop coenzyme Q10 (co-Q10) nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) using stearic acid (SA) and various liquid lipids with different lipophilicity as well as highlights the use of in silico studies for predicting and elucidating the interaction of drug-lipid used as carries in NLCs, at the molecular level.

Methods: The co-Q10 NLCs were prepared using SA as solid lipid and oleic acid (OA), isopropyl myristate (IPM), as well as isopropyl palmitate (IPP) as liquid lipids by the high shear homogenization method. Firstly, the formulas were optimized by the appropriate required HLB (rHLB). The optimized NLCs were characterized in the particle size, distribution of particle size, zeta potential, crystallinity behavior, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), and pH value. The interaction of drug-lipids in silico was studied using the AutoDock Vina program.

Results: The co-Q10 NLCs using SA and the various liquid lipid possessed the mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, EE, DL, and pH values were 180 to 350 nm,<0.5,<-30 mV, 83 to 88%, 10 to 11%, and 5.0 to 5.6, respectively. The EE and DL of co-Q10 NLCs increased with decreasing in binding energy (∆G) in silico.

Conclusion: The co-Q10 NLCs using SA as solid lipid and OA, IPM, as well as IPP as liquid lipids were developed successfully. Furthermore, in silico study by molecular docking is a potential approach in predicting and elucidating the interaction of drug-lipid in the development of NLCs formulation.
FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF 5-FLUOROURACIL LOADED LIQUORICE CRUDE PROTEIN NANOPARTICLES FOR SUSTAINED DRUG DELIVERY USING BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN
Authors: V. S. GEETHA , VELRAJ MALARKODI
Published: January 2021

Objective: To formulate, optimize and evaluate 5-fluorouracil loaded liquorice crude protein nanoparticles for sustained drug delivery using Box-Behnken design.

Methods: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded liquorice crude protein (LCP) nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation method using ethanol-water (1:2 ratio), Tween-80 (2%v/v) as stabilizing agent and gluteraldehyde (8% v/v) as cross linking agent. The optimization of prepared nanoparticles was carried out using Box-Behnken design with 3 factors 2 levels and 3 responses. The independent variables were A)5-FU concentration B)LCP concentration and C) sonication time while the responses were R1) Drug entrapment efficiency R2) Drug loading efficiency and R3) Particle size. The correlation between factors and responses were studied through response surface plots and mathematical equations. The nanoparticles were evaluated for FTIR, physicochemical properties like particle size and zeta potential by Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and surface morphology by TEM. The entrapment efficiency, drug loading efficiency and in vitro drug release studies in PBS pH 7.4 (24 h) were carried out. The observed values were found to be in close agreement with the predicted value obtained from the optimization process.

Results: 5-fluorouracil loaded LCP nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation method, the optimization was carried out by Box-Behnken design and the final formulation was evaluated for particle size (301.1 nm), zeta-potential (-25.8mV), PDI(0.226), with entrapment efficiency (64.07%), drug loading efficiency (28.54%), in vitro drug release (65.2% in 24 h) respectively. The formulated nanoparticles show Higuchi model drug release kinetics with sustained drug delivery for 24 h in pH7.4 buffer.

Conclusion: The results were proved to be the most valuable for the sustained delivery of 5-Fluorouracil using liquorice crude protein as carrier. 5-FU–LCP nanoparticles were prepared using Tween-80 as stabilizing agent and gluteraldehyde as cross-linking agent to possess ideal sustained drug release characteristics.
CONHECIMENTO POPULAR DE PLANTAS MEDICINAIS NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO THOMÉ DAS LETRAS, MG
Authors: Ferreira-Lopes Renata De Melo , Freitas Valéria Lúcia de Oliveira , Maia-Barbosa Paulina Maria
Published: January 2021

Estudos etnobotânicos podem subsidiar projetos de bioprospecção e conservação de plantas nativas com propriedades medicinais, pois, através da utilização dos recursos vegetais como medicamentos, a própria população pode tornar efetiva a sua proteção. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o conhecimento popular de moradores de São Thomé das Letras, MG, na bacia do Alto Rio Grande, sobre as espécies vegetais medicinais nativas da região. O público-alvo para o levantamento etnobotânico foram moradores da área urbana e rural do município e de seu entorno, que detêm algum conhecimento especial a respeito de plantas medicinais nativas da região. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 informantes e turnês guiadas com seis deles, em Cerrado sentido restrito, Cerrado Rupestre, campos, fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecidual e beiras de estrada, além de quintais com espécies nativas cultivadas. Ao todo foram citadas 87 espécies, pertencentes a 46 famílias botânicas. Fabaceae e Asteraceae foram as famílias com o maior número de espécies citadas. As categorias de doenças com maior representatividade foram doenças da pele (20%), transtornos do sistema genito-urinário (17%) e transtornos do sistema respiratório (14%). As espécies que tiveram os mesmos usos mencionados por 10 ou mais informantes foram Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) Croton antisyphiliticus (curraleira, pé-de-perdiz) Vernonia polyanthes (assa-peixe), Leonurus sibiricus (isope), Rudgea viburnoides (douradinha-do-mato), Palicourea rigida (douradinha), Jacaranda decurrens (carobinha), Dorstenia brasiliensis (carapiá) e Lychnophora pinaster (arnica). Os dados gerados por esta pesquisa poderão orientar propostas de comercialização, pelos próprios moradores de São Thomé das Letras, de produtos medicinais oriundos de sua flora nativa, constituiriam uma alternativa econômica para o município e diminuiria a pressão de coleta sobre as plantas em seu hábitat natural.
Editorial
Authors: Dias Marcelo Pires , Moura Gustavo G. M
Published: January 2021

O volume 6, nº 1 da Revista Ethnoscientia, periódico ligado à Sociedade Brasileira de Etnobiologia e Etnoecologia (SBEE) traz artigos de fluxo contínuo com temáticas etnobiológica e etnoecológica.
Juridical Study on the Optimization of Cash Waqf Management by Islamic Banking in Indonesia
Authors: Asmara Teguh , Abubakar Lastuti
Published: January 2021

Cash waqf is an innovative instrument of waqf aiming to create social welfare. It is expected that cash waqf enables extensive public participation to support social welfare. However, in reality, cash waqf management in Indonesia has not yet resulted optimal benefit. Based on the Law Number 41 of 2004 on Waqf, three institutions carry out cash waqf management. They are the Indonesian Waqf Board as the collector and the developer, Nazhir as the manager, and the Islamic Financial Institution as the collector. The three institutions make the cash waqf management and development ineffective and not optimal. Based on the data from the Indonesian Waqf Board, of the total potential cash waqf IDR180 Trillion, only IDR400 billion was realized. This study is a normative juridical legal study employing descriptive method. The results reveal that the role of the Islamic Financial Institution, Islamic bank, as collector can actually be expanded. Thus, it covers the management and distribution roles like a Waqf Bank in Bangladesh, the Social Islami Bank Ltd. (formerly known as Social Investment Bank Ltd). Islamic bank has capability and professionalism of management and distribution of funds generated from the cash waqf.
The Responsibility of the People’s Republic of China for Alleged Human Rights Violations against the Uighurs
Authors: Taris Hashfi
Published: January 2021

Following the adoption of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) after the World War II, the international community has begun to try to respect and to protect human rights. Among the basic principles in the protection of human rights are the principles of equality and non-discrimination that every human being is considered to be equal without differences. Unfortunately, presently, many human rights violations against minority groups are triggered by differences of ethnicity, religion, race, or language. In 2018, the CERD Committee reported that there were arbitrary arrests of ethnic minority Uighurs in the Xinjiang region ofChina. A number of reports say that the Chinese government had violated several basic rights of the Uighurs. Several international human rights law conventions have regulated remedies when a state commits a human rights violation. This paper is intended to examine the forms of human rights violations committed against the Uighur minority and the legal remedies that can be done to hold the Chinese state accountable for alleged human rights violations committed.