bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unanalyzable Utterances in Language Sample Analysis Based on the P-LARSP: Preliminary Data of Typical Children Aged 18 - 60 Months
Authors: Salmani Masoomeh , Noruzi Reyhaneh , Askari Fatemeh , Gholamian Soroor , Jafari Naeemi Ali , Mohammadi Mahdiyeh
Published: April 2021

Background: The Persian language assessment, remediation, and screening procedure (P-LARSP) is the first formal approach to the analysis of language samples. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the unanalyzable utterances and mean length of utterances (MLUs: morpheme/analyzable text units) based on the first two sections of the P-LARSP. Methods: Experienced speech and language pathologists (SLPs) collected and analyzed the 10-minute language samples from 96 typical children aged 18 - 60 months within the context of free play. The unanalyzable units included unintelligible utterances, symbolic noise, deviant, incomplete, ambiguous, and stereotyped units, repetition, and structurally abnormal text units. Results: No significant differences were observed between the age groups in terms of the total number of the text units (P > 0.05) and unanalyzable text units (P = 0.08). Analyzable text units (P = 0.008) and MLUs (P = 0.004) were significant across the age groups. In addition, each category of the unanalyzable text units had a specific pattern, and the percentage of the incomplete utterances increased significantly from 18 to 60 months of age (P = 0.002). Conclusions: By applying the first two sections of the P-LARSP, we could sieve the analyzable from the unanalyzable text units and demonstrate the increasing trend of MLUs across the age groups. Increased incomplete utterances with age should be considered by SLPs during intervention and evaluation.
Estructura del Test de Dependencia a los Videojuegos, relación con el juego, diferencias sexuales y tipologías de dependencia al juego en una muestra colombiana
Authors: Millán Anthony , Mebarak Moises , Martínez-Banfi Martha , Blanco Jeyleen , Rodríguez Daniela , D'Aubeterre María , Chóliz Mariano
Published: April 2021

Structure of the Video Game Dependence Test, relationship with playing, sex differences and typology of gambling dependence in a Colombian sampleAbstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Video Game Dependence Test (TDV; Cholíz & Marco, 2011) in a Colombian sample, its ability to predict weekly game time, as well as differences by sex. The TDV was completed by a sample of 738 participants aged from 16 to 38 years. The factorial structure of the TDV was composed of these factors: impulsive gambling, compulsive gambling, and associated problems, constituting excellent predictors of weekly gambling time. Finally, we found 4 types of Video Game Dependence (DV): occasional gamer without DV, Gamer with DV awareness, Problematic gamer without DV awareness, and Frequent gamer without DV, 2 of which have a problematic relationship with video games.Keywords: Problematic gambling; dependence on videogames; psychological addiction; gamers; play frequency.Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la estructura factorial y las propiedades psicométricas del Test de Dependencia de Videojuegos (TDV; Cholíz y Marco, 2011) con población colombiana, su capacidad para predecir el tiempo de juego semanal, así como las diferencias en función del sexo. El TDV fue cumplimentado por una muestra de 738 participantes, con edades entre los 16 y los 38 años. La estructura factorial de la TDV estaba compuesta por los siguientes factores: juego impulsivo, juego compulsivo y percepción de problemas asociados, los cuales fueron excelentes predictores del tiempo de juego semanal. Finalmente, encontramos 4 tipos de dependencia a los videojuegos (DV): jugador ocasional sin DV, jugador con conciencia de DV, jugador problemático sin conciencia de DV y jugador frecuente sin DV, de los cuales 2 de ellos tienen una relación problemática con los videojuegos.Palabras clave: Juego problemático; dependencia a los videojuegos; adicción psicológica; video jugadores; frecuencia de juego.
Reimagining Medical Education: Selected Abstracts From the 2020 ASH Meeting
Authors: E. Kurtin, PhD, ANP-C, AOCN Sandra
Published: April 2021

Guest Editor Sandra E. Kurtin, PhD, ANP-C, AOCN®, from the University of Arizona Cancer Center, discusses the selection of this year’s abstracts, with findings that are likely to require a change in advanced practice. They include new therapeutic targets, new routes of administration, and combining agents with novel mechanisms of action.
Organizations and History – Are There Any Lessons to Be Learned From Genocide?
Authors:   Bath University, United Kingdom, Gabriel Yiannis , Stokes Peter ,   De Montfort University, United Kingdom
Published: April 2021

Purpose: The paper seeks to demonstrate that genocide is not a phenomenon marginal to the world of management and organizations, but one from which these disciplines stand to learn a lot and one to which they must contribute their own insights. Approach: A historical and sociological review of some of the voluminous literature on genocide and the Nazi Holocaust. Findings: Genocide is a highly organized process, requiring bureaucratic resources to initiate, sustain and, often, cover it up. It generates resistance and compliance, it makes use of material and social technologies, it is imbued with its own cultural values and assumptions and calls for its own morbid innovations and problem solving. Genocide requires the collaboration of numerous formal organizations, including armies, suppliers, intelligence and other services, but also informal networks and groups. Limitations: Given the vast literature on genocide and the Nazi Holocaust, obviously only a small sample of crucial texts were reviewed and cited. All the same, they are enough to demonstrate that democide is not carried out by sadistic maniacs or by impersonal bureaucrats in line with the banality of evil hypothesis. It is carried out by organizational members, managing and problem-solving realities whose horrors do not impede them in their decision making. Practical implications: At the same time, the authors argue that genocide cannot be studied outside historiography and that doing so leads to all kinds of gravely mistaken conclusions, even when theorized by distinguished scholars like Arendt and Bauman. Originality: The article debunks some widely espoused theories of genocide, including the adiaphorization and banality of evil theses.
Belize’s 2016–17 Sovereign Debt Restructuring – Third Time Lucky?
Authors:   International Monetary Fund, Asonuma Tamon , Papaioannou Michael G. ,   International Monetary Fund, Togo Eriko ,   International Monetary Fund, van Selm Bert ,   International Monetary Fund
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the causes, process, and outcome of Belize’s 2016–17 sovereign debt restructuring – its third episode in last 10 years. As was the case in the earlier two restructurings, in 2006–07 and in 2012–13, the 2016–17 debt restructuring was executed through collaborative engagement with creditors outside an IMF-supported program. While providing liquidity relief and partially addressing long-term debt sustainability concerns, the restructuring will need to be underpinned by ambitious fiscal consolidation and growth-enhancing structural reforms to secure durable gains and avoid future debt distress situations.
From welfare to warfare: class struggle on the margins
Authors:   , Redman Jamie
Published: April 2021

Since the mid-1980s, UK welfare reform has seen policymakers incrementally re-design the framing, structure and delivery of the UK’s social security system. Britain’s network of benefit administration and employment service offices have experienced a range of expenditure cuts and are increasingly governed by a new ‘workfarist’ mesh of behavioural conditionality and labour market activation policy. The overarching purpose of this, or at least according to a number of key politicians, has been to ensure labour market discipline among the UK’s out-of-work claiming population by transforming the social security system into a device for altering behaviour. In recent decades, a number of critical interpretations of welfare reform have emerged; two of which have been dominant above all others. One interpretation—heavily influenced by Marxist regulation theory—suggests that welfare reform has emerged as a logical social policy compliment to wider processes of labour market restructuring and a rise in low-paying, contingent ‘jobs that nobody wants’. This interpretation suggests that the services tasked with delivering welfare reform are experienced as sites of discipline and deterrence; ensuring that out-of-work claimants engage with unattractive jobs. A second interpretation—evolving partially out of regulation theory but significantly developed and heavily influenced by Wacquant—suggests that welfare reform has emerged as one part of a dual regulatory response to manage a surge in social unrest and urban marginality. This interpretation suggests that the services tasked with delivering welfare reform are experienced as sites of criminalisation and suffering in order to correct behavioural dysfunction and bend out-of-work claimants towards dependency on low-wage, precarious work. The present thesis offers an alternative interpretation. It is suggested here that UK welfare reform has emerged in response to an accumulation of working class struggles. Drawing on longitudinal interviews with 15 young male claimants and 11 interviews with frontline benefit administration/employment service workers, it is also suggested here that the services tasked with delivering welfare reform are experienced as sites of class struggle. On one side of the desk, frontline workers operate in pressured conditions to probe for claimant resistance, ensure work-related compliance and, in some instances, antagonise claimants in efforts to secure their resignation from benefit receipt. Whilst, on the other side of the desk, claimants use a range of methods to struggle against and subvert frontline service delivery in favour of prioritising their own individual needs and interests.
Exploring lecturer’s translations and negotiations of Inclusive Practice in post- 1992 English universities
Authors:   , Soulby Karen
Published: April 2021

Since the Equality Act (2010), English universities have been compelled to address issues of inequality as experienced by groups of students with legally protected characteristics. Developing a policy of inclusive practice (IP) was one way in which universities tried to address this. However, despite this legislation and policy, differential outcomes have persisted for most disadvantaged student groups, with little improvement. Almost ten years on from the implementation of legislation, this research seeks to extend and contribute to academic debates on how to reduce differential outcomes and make English universities more equitable. The aim of this research was to explore the enactment of IP as a policy from the perspective of lecturers as they negotiate university policy, structures and processes. The research explored the extent to which lecturers understand, interpret and implement IP and how they engage with university policy and processes aimed at supporting the development of IP. Underpinned by a sociological policy enactment approach, the research design took a critical realist stance and used qualitative in-depth interviews to collect data with 19 lecturers at 3 universities across England. Using thematic data analysis, the study found that lecturers experience everyday ‘dilemmas of practice’ involving inclusion which are often unresolved. Influencing those dilemmas are the contingencies of situated contexts that inform, constrain and shape lecturers’ choices in how they practice. Themes revealed variable misunderstandings of IP based on deficit discourses, professional pragmatism (including a reliance on informal networks for professional development) and discomfort felt by policy actors. Furthermore, the research identified the important constraints of powerlessness, space and time on IP enactment. An unexpected theme emerged concerning affective responses from lecturers who appeared to experience anxiety, stress, feelings of inadequacy and self-doubt, and who felt unsupported in relation to the expectation placed upon them to achieve equality through their practice. This study has made a significant contribution to informing professional practice surrounding IP policy, extending knowledge to give a nuanced understanding of the constraints of the practice across several higher education institutions in England. It has extended an original sociological understanding of how policy is played out in English universities. The conclusion of the research is that the capacity of the lecturer to enact IP policy is overestimated, and must be accompanied by changes to institutional culture, structures and processes to achieve improvements in equality for students.
Sensibility, Melancholia, and Subjectivity in Mary Robinson’s Sappho and Phaon
Authors: Rosenova Rayna
Published: April 2021

Mary Robinson’s sonnet sequenceSappho and Phaon: In a Series of Legitimate Sonnets(1796) is at once a celebration of the Greek poet’s eminence, as Robinson suggests in the preface, and a commentary on the reason and sensibility dialectic that dominated the 18thcentury. As such, it dramatizes the conflict between reason and sensibility, which is here also associated with erotic desire, showing the repercussions that the excess of feeling has upon the self without the governing principle of reason. This essay argues that Robinson drew upon the pathology of love melancholy, as well as on sublime and gothic aesthetics, to render the state of disjointed selfhood as a personal and artistic crisis which cannot be sublimated into art, and which subsequently results in the poet’s creative impasse and death. It also stresses the idea that through Sappho, Robinson aimed to represent the figure of the eighteenth-century woman writer, showing the need for a balance between reason and feeling so that desire could be transformed into artistic energy to serve a social purpose within the public sphere, addressing more universal issues of the human condition instead of focusing on private sorrows.
The Religious and Political Revisions of The Prelude
Authors: S. Wiehl John
Published: April 2021

William Wordsworth's multi-decade revision of his poetic masterwork, The Prelude took many forms. In revising this massive work, Wordsworth reduced references to himself as performing a priestly role and to poetry as being ritualistic while increasing references to the vivid belief of the “ancient church” of early Christianity. These concerns mirror the central thrust of the Oxford Movement (or Tractarianism), a push for doctrinal reform within the Anglican church that was a reaction against the political successes of religious minorities and newly-minted, non-landowning voters. Current religiously-oriented criticism of the poem often attacks advancements in secularity, much like Wordsworth's revisions seem to sit uncomfortably alongside the development of a multi-confessional state.
FEATURES OF TRAINING PERSONS OF PRE-RETIREMENT AGE ACCORDING TO THE ADDITIONAL PROFESSIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM WORLDSKILLS FOR THE COMPETENCE «HOTEL RECEPTIONING»
Authors:   International Institute of Design and Service, Pyasetskaya I.Sh.
Published: April 2021

The importance of lifelong learning is recognized by the governments of many countries, especially when a nation is aging. The conditions created by the state for their social, creative and professional self-realization, as well as maintaining their active longevity, allow citizens of retirement and pre-retirement age to remain socially active, competitive in the labor market. This article reveals the relevance of training persons of pre-retirement age in programs of additional professional training in the field of hospitality. The experience of training students according to the international standards of Worldskills in the competence «Hotel Receptioning» is presented.
"Det ekstra laget"- for en helhetlig undervisning
Authors: Skjelbred Bente Helen
Published: April 2021

Artikkelen belyser hvordan lærere i ungdomsskolen underviser for å gi elevene erfaring med observasjonstegning og forestillingstegning i Kunst og håndverk. Studien er en kvalitativ casestudie som bygger på observasjoner, intervjuer med lærere og studie av elevoppgaver. Studien bygger på Tyler (1949) sin teori om læringserfaring, og Eisner (1979) sin teori om læringsutbytte ligger til grunn for analyse av tegneundervisningen. Resultatene viser at lærerne planla for at elevene skulle få oppleve en kombinasjon av observasjonstegning og forestillingstegning, med læringserfaringer preget av kontinuitet, rekkefølge og integrasjon (Tyler, 1949). Selv om lærerne ikke oppfatter at læreplanen i Kunst og håndverk i LK06 vektlegger forestillingstegning i kompetansemål på ungdomstrinnet, legger de til rette for et åpent læringsutbytte. Dette gjør de med bakgrunn i at de ser verdien av elevenes forestillingsevne, fantasi og kreativitet, der elevene kan erfare det uforutsette i arbeid med tegning i tillegg til forhåndsdefinerte mål.
В поисках удмуртских жемчужин по эстонским архивам
Authors: Миннияхметова Татьяна
Published: April 2021

Данное справочное издание «В поисках удмуртских жемчужин по эстонским архивам» содержит информацию – каталоги и ссылки – о материалах по фольклору, этнографии и истории удмуртов, хранящихся в архивах Эстонии.
Neural network hyperparameter optimization for prediction of real estate prices in Helsinki
Authors: Kalliola Jussi , Kapočiūtė-Dzikienė Jurgita , Damaševičius Robertas
Published: April 2021

Accurate price evaluation of real estate is beneficial for many parties involved in real estate business such as real estate companies, property owners, investors, banks, and financial institutes. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have shown promising results in real estate price evaluation. However, the performance of ANNs greatly depends upon the settings of their hyperparameters. In this paper, we apply and optimize an ANN model for real estate price prediction in Helsinki, Finland. Optimization of the model is performed by fine-tuning hyper-parameters (such as activation functions, optimization algorithms, etc.) of the ANN architecture for higher accuracy using the Bayesian optimization algorithm. The results are evaluated using a variety of metrics (RMSE, MAE, R2) as well as illustrated graphically. The empirical analysis of the results shows that model optimization improved the performance on all metrics (reaching the relative mean error of 8.3%).
Neural network analysis of clinical variables predicts escalated care in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Lu Joyce Q. , Musheyev Benjamin , Peng Qi , Duong Tim Q.
Published: April 2021

This study sought to identify the most important clinical variables that can be used to determine which COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the general floor will need escalated care early on using neural networks (NNs). Analysis was performed on hospitalized COVID-19 patients between 7 February 2020 and 4 May 2020 in Stony Brook Hospital. Demographics, comorbidities, laboratory tests, vital signs and blood gases were collected. We compared those data obtained at the time in emergency department and the time of intensive care unit (ICU) upgrade of: (i) COVID-19 patients admitted to the general floor (N = 1203) vs. those directly admitted to ICU (N = 104), and (ii) patients not upgraded to ICU (N = 979) vs. those upgraded to the ICU (N = 224) from the general floor. A NN algorithm was used to predict ICU admission, with 80% training and 20% testing. Prediction performance used area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC). We found that C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, white-blood cell count, D-dimer and lymphocyte count showed temporal divergence between COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the general floor that were upgraded to ICU compared to those that were not. The NN predictive model essentially ranked the same laboratory variables to be important predictors of needing ICU care. The AUC for predicting ICU admission was 0.782 ± 0.013 for the test dataset. Adding vital sign and blood-gas data improved AUC (0.822 ± 0.018). This work could help frontline physicians to anticipate downstream ICU need to more effectively allocate healthcare resources.
A REVIEW ON AMALTAAS (CASSIA FISTULA LINN.) AS AN EKAL DRAVYA CHIKITSA IN BRIHATRAYEE
Authors: Singh Rajani , Rath Sudipta Kumar
Published: April 2021

Cassia fistula, also known as golden shower, is a plant with many medicinal uses being used for various therapeutic purposes. It is also known by name Aaragvadha, which means “disease killer”. Its leaves, fruits and flowers are known to have medicinal relevance in Ayurveda. The fruit pulp is known to have laxative properties. It has many health benefits due to its constituents of variety of biologically active compounds those have various medicinal properties in its different part. Amaltaas is a potential medicine when used in Ekal form as well as in compound formulations. Since ancient times, it has been used in different traditional system of medicines for various ailments. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the use of Amaltaas as an Ekal Dravya for treating many ailments like diabetes, hematemesis, leucoderma, pruritis, intestinal disorders, as an antipyretic, analgesic and laxative. Amaltaas is being used as a one of the best prescribed remedy for many of the common ailments in day today’s life by large number of physicians. Using Amaltaas as a single dravya with various anupaan may results in optimum health benefit. Ekal dravya concept of using single substances has been mentioned in our ancient Ayurvedic literature. Use of amaltaas as a single drug therapy has been evidenced at various instances in Brihatrayee which is being reviewed in this article. Using Amaltaas as an ekal dravya and with other medicinal substances as an anupaan is also been considered and taken for the review.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF ABHYANGA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE
Authors: Belge Archana Raman , Belge Raman Shankar
Published: April 2021

Abhayanga is one of the foremost massage maneuvers mentioned in the Ayurvedic texts like Brihattrayi and Laghutrayi. It is the oldest technique for healing, preventing diseases and promoting health. It has been included in the Dinacharya and also as the treatment measure for a variety of diseases. It is also a part of the pre-therapeutic procedures of Panchakarma. Abhyanga improves blood circulation (arterial as well as venous), lymphatic flow and thus offers nourishment to the body cells. It not only de-stresses the whole body but also strengthens the nervous system, improves blood circulation, removes toxins and improves the overall well-being of the person. Besides offering an immuno-modulatory action, it improves the quality of life thus benefitting the persons of all the ages. The ancient Ayurvedic literature as well as modern references was referred to have a critical study of the classification of massage; to compare between Abhyanga and Massage; to study the mode of action according to Ayurvedic and modern view. This being the Bahiparimarjana Chikitsa plays a vital role in improving the quality of life, thus fulfilling the basic motto of Ayurveda. Modern studies have proven that, Abhyanga has potential psychogenic and physiologic benefits. It can certainly be said that Abhyanga, “Adds life to years” rather than “Years to life” and thus bears a strong contemporary relevance. This review article is meant to have a critical review of Abhyanga with special reference to its contemporary relevance.
ROLE OF CHOLESTEROL & CHOLESTEROL LOWERING DRUGS IN DEPRESSION: A REVIEW
Authors: Mitra Pratik S , Rana Digvijaysinh G
Published: April 2021

A possible association between cholesterol, cholesterol-lowering drug therapy and depression remains an issue of debate. Cholesterol-lowering drugs in general help to control elevated levels of different forms of lipids in patients with hyper-lipidemia. The present review demonstrated that recent research describes the idea that cholesterol can play an important role in governing depression. In this review, several topics such as lipid parameters and central nervous system disorders, lipid parameters and depression, lipid parameters and suicidal attempts, antidepressant effects of cholesterol lowering drugs, cholesterol lowering effects of antidepressants have been discussed. Deepening the studies in this field could be a promising avenue for future research, with implications for treating people with hypercholesterolemia along with depression.
Physical Soil Quality of Semi - Arid Savanna as Influenced by Acacia senegalensis in Desert Research Experimental Plot Yobe State University Damaturu, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Haruna Hamza , Hussein Galal H.G. , B Mohammed
Published: April 2021

Soil is a living and dynamic natural reservoir and source of plant nutrients that play numerous key roles in terrestrial ecosystems. This study investigated the impact of three adjacent land use systems (Acacia senegalensis plantation (ACP), pilostigma raticulatum plantation (PRP) and Ground nut field (GNF) on selected soil physical quality indicators in a Northern Nigeria semi- arid Savanna. Minimum data set for assessing soil quality (Prime quality agricultural land) in this study include bulk density, organic carbon content, total nitrogen, carbon stock, available phosphorus and pH values obtained from DRMCC research field. Mean values of the data set were arranged and scored to obtain totals among the minimum data set (MDS). Soil quality is considered a key element for evaluating the sustainability of land management practices. Data generated were analyzed using ANOVA and significant means were determined using Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). ACP had significantly higher organic carbon content (9.37 gkg-1) and lower bulk density (2.16 gkg-1) than pilostigma and GNF respectively. The lower bulk density (ρb) and high organic carbon in ACP might be due to high leaf shading by acacia while the lower bulk density in ground nut field aided by trampling induced compaction resulted in its high relative field capacity (RFC), permanent wilting point (PWP) and micro-p ore spaces (PMIC) tillage in ground nut field created loose soil in the plough layer (<20 cm) which turn out to its low bulk density (ρb). Acacia plantation contained highest total nitrogen value (1.23 gkg-1); perhaps resulting Acacia leaf litter is known to have a high decomposition rate. Pilostigma plantation contained (1.22 gkg-1) nitrogen, while the least nitrogen content was obtained under ground nut field. On scoring the land use types and depth against the minimum data set, the least total was that under acacia plantation, followed by pilostigma plantation then ground nut field. Therefore, soils under acacia plantation were ranked best quality (SQ1) for cultivation purposes at 0-10 cm, followed by pilostigma land use type that were ranked SQ2. Ground nut field soils were ranked least (SQ6) in quality for use in crop production at depth of 10-20 cm.
A Bone Marrow Aspiration Study in Evaluation of Severe Anemia in Adults
Authors: Sithika T. Ayeesha , Prasaad Priavadhana Rajan , Sivastava Vindu
Published: April 2021

Anemia is a global health challenge and is the most significant health problem encountered in the developing countries especially in India. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 1.62 million !! billion people per year are affected globally with anemia which constitutes 24.8%  of  the  world population. To evaluate the clinical presenting features and the basic haematological parameters in adult patients with severe anemia, the morphological alterations of Bone marrow aspirates in these patients were studied. To correlate these morphological alterations of Bone marrow aspirates with the clinical and the basic haematological parameters in severe anemia.
Ten steps to breastfeeding success: the influence on breastfeeding continuity / Dez passos para o sucesso no aleitamento materno: influência na continuidade da amamentação
Authors: Ribeiro Polyana de Lima , Cherubim Daiani Oliveira , Rechia Flávia Pinhão Nunes de Souza , Padoin Stela Maris de Mello , Paula Cristiane Cardoso de
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências, de produções científicas brasileiras, acerca da influência dos 10 passos para o sucesso do aleitamento materno na continuidade da amamentação. Método: Revisão integrativa de produções científicas brasileiras, desenvolvida em agosto de 2017, nas bases eletrônicas de dados LILACS, SCOPUS e PUBMED. Resultados: A normatização da assistência interfere positivamente na continuidade da amamentação. Treinar a equipe de saúde aumenta a prevalência de aleitamento materno. Orientar as vantagens e o manejo da lactação protege contra mastites, aleitamento misto e desmame precoce. Aqueles que receberam apoio no aleitamento materno na primeira meia hora após o parto estiveram mais propensos a mantê-lo no domicílio. Oferta de substitutos do leite materno, chupetas ou bicos artificiais interfere negativamente no estabelecimento e manutenção da amamentação. Conclusão: Conclui-se, que os dez passos influenciam na continuidade da amamentação e, portanto, é importante que se amplie a cobertura nacional da IHAC.
One Transistor One Electrolyte‐Gated Transistor Based Spiking Neural Network for Power‐Efficient Neuromorphic Computing System
Authors: Li Yue , Xuan Zihao , Lu Jikai , Wang Zhongrui , Zhang Xumeng , Wu Zuheng , Wang Yongzhou , Xu Han , Dou Chunmeng , Kang Yi , Liu Qi , Lv Hangbing , Shang Dashan
Published: April 2021

Neuromorphic computing powered by spiking neural networks (SNN) provides a powerful and efficient information processing paradigm. To harvest the advantage of SNNs, compact and low‐power synapses that can reliably practice local learning rules are required, posing significant challenges to the conventional silicon‐based platform in terms of area‐ and energy‐efficiency, as well as computing throughput. Here, electrolyte‐gated transistors (EGTs) paired with transistors are employed to implement power‐efficient neuromorphic computing systems. The one‐transistor‐one‐EGT (1T1E) synapse not only alleviates the self‐discharging of EGT but also provides a flexible and efficient way to practice the important spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity learning rule. Based on that, an SNN with a temporal coding scheme is implemented for associative memory that can learn and recover images of handwritten digits with high robustness. Thanks to the temporal coding scheme and low operation current of EGTs, the energy‐efficiency of 1T1E‐based SNN is ≈30× lower than that of the prevalent rate coding scheme, and the peak performance is estimated to be 2 pJ/SOP (picojoule per synaptic operation) at the training phase and 80 TOPs−1 W−1 (tera operations per second per watt) at inference phase, respectively. These results pave the way for power‐efficient neuromorphic computing systems with wide applications for edge computing.
ZnO/CPAN Modified Contact Lens with Antibacterial and Harmful Light Reduction Capabilities
Authors: Zhu Zhenling , Jin Liguo , Yu Fen , Wang Feifei , Weng Zhenzhen , Liu Jia , Han Zhen , Wang Xiaolei
Published: April 2021

Compared with traditional glasses, the comfortable and convenient contact lens (CL) has seen an upsurge among the public. However, due to the lack of antibacterial properties of ordinary CLs, the risk of eye infection is greatly increased accordingly. On the other hand, ordinary CLs also cannot effectively reduce the short‐wavelength blue light emitted from electronic products, such as mobile phones and computers. Aiming at the above two problems, zinc oxide (ZnO)/cyclized polyacrylonitrile (CPAN) composites are developed for CL modification. After loading with ZnO/CPAN (ZC), the CL shows a broad‐spectrum antibacterial property. Further experiments also prove that it can block UVB, UVA, as well as blue light selectively, under the premise of ensuring hydrophilicity and certain transparency. Theoretically, this ZC‐decorated CL can fundamentally reduce the damage to the eyes from harmful light emitted by light‐emitting diodes and the secretion of pro‐inflammatory factors, which is thus a promising eye protection strategy for modern society.
Nucleophilic Halogenation of HeterocyclicN‐Oxides: Recent Progress and a Practical Guide
Authors: Malykhin Roman S. , Sukhorukov Alexey Yu.
Published: April 2021

The review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis of C2‐halogenated nitrogen heterocycles via nucleophilic halogenation of corresponding N‐oxides as well as application of this methodology in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Both scientific and patent literature is reviewed mostly over the period of the last ten years. The review contains a practical guide (typical procedures and infographic based on extensive literature analysis), which can help practitioners in choosing optimal reagents/conditions for nucleophilic halogenation of N‐heterocycles of different types. The bibliography contains 199 references.

magnified image
Flexible, Strong, Anisotropic Wood‐Derived Conductive Circuit
Authors: Sun Hao , Ji Tong , Bi Hongjie , Lin Xin , Chen Chen , Xu Min , Cai Liping , Huang Zhenhua
Published: April 2021

Flexible electronics have attracted tremendous attention because of the potential applications in flexible sensors and wearable electronics. Herein, a wood‐derived conductive circuit is prepared through a simple top‐down wood nanotechnology. Wood scaffolds with layered structure and aligned micro‐nano channels are used as the flexible substrate and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as the conductive materials. Driven by the hydroxyl groups‐induced hygroscopicity of wood scaffold, the MWCNTs are uniformly embedded into the wood scaffold. The conductive circuit exhibits excellent flexibility and high mechanical performance with the tensile strength of 66.07 MPa when the addition amount of MWCNT is 4.06 vol%. Moreover, the conductive circuit presents a high electrical conductivity and anisotropic conductivity. The high conductivity along the fiber direction is 132.42 S m–1 and the conductivity perpendicular to the fiber direction is 43 S m–1. Compared with the wood film, the conductivity of the wood circuit is significantly improved by 109. Therefore, the sustainable wood‐derived conductive circuit shows potential applications in the field of flexible electronics.
Directed Evolution of an Improved Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetase for Incorporation of L‐3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA)
Authors: Thyer Ross , d'Oelsnitz Simon , Blevins Molly S. , Klein Dustin R. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Ellington Andrew D.
Published: April 2021

The catechol group of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) derived from L‐tyrosine oxidation is a key post‐translational modification (PTM) in many protein biomaterials and has potential as a bioorthogonal handle for precision protein conjugation applications such as antibody–drug conjugates. Despite this potential, indiscriminate enzymatic modification of exposed tyrosine residues or complete replacement of tyrosine using auxotrophic hosts remains the preferred method of introducing the catechol moiety into proteins, which precludes many protein engineering applications. We have developed new orthogonal translation machinery to site‐specifically incorporate L‐DOPA into recombinant proteins and a new fluorescent biosensor to selectively monitor L‐DOPA incorporation in vivo. We show simultaneous biosynthesis and incorporation of L‐DOPA and apply this translation machinery to engineer a novel metalloprotein containing a DOPA‐Fe chromophore.
Singlet Oxygen Generation in Dark‐Hypoxia by Catalytic Microenvironment‐Tailored Nanoreactors for NIR‐II Fluorescence‐Monitored Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Chen Tao , Hou Peidong , Zhang Yafei , Ao Rujiang , Su Lichao , Jiang Yifan , Zhang Yuanli , Cai Huilan , Wang Jun , Chen Qiushui , Song Jibin , Lin Lisen , Yang Huanghao , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: April 2021

Singlet oxygen (1O2) has a potent anticancer effect, but photosensitized generation of 1O2 is inhibited by tumor hypoxia and limited light penetration depth. Despite the potential of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) to circumvent these issues by exploration of 1O2‐producing catalysts, engineering efficient CDT agents is still a formidable challenge since most catalysts require specific pH to function and become inactivated upon chelation by glutathione (GSH). Herein, we present a catalytic microenvironment‐tailored nanoreactor (CMTN), constructed by encapsulating MoO42− catalyst and alkaline sodium carbonate within liposomes, which offers a favorable pH condition for MoO42−‐catalyzed generation of 1O2 from H2O2 and protects MoO42− from GSH chelation owing to the impermeability of liposomal lipid membrane to ions and GSH. H2O2 and 1O2 can freely cross the liposomal membrane, allowing CMTN with a built‐in NIR‐II ratiometric fluorescent 1O2 sensor to achieve monitored tumor CDT.
Site‐Specific Alkene Hydromethylation via Protonolysis of Titanacyclobutanes
Authors: Law James A. , Bartfield Noah M. , Frederich James H.
Published: April 2021

Methyl groups are ubiquitous in biologically active molecules. Thus, new tactics to introduce this alkyl fragment into polyfunctional structures are of significant interest. With this goal in mind, a direct method for the Markovnikov hydromethylation of alkenes is reported. This method exploits the degenerate metathesis reaction between the titanium methylidene unveiled from Cp2Ti(μ‐Cl)(μ‐CH2)AlMe2 (Tebbe's reagent) and unactivated alkenes. Protonolysis of the resulting titanacyclobutanes in situ effects hydromethylation in a chemo‐, regio‐, and site‐selective manner. The broad utility of this method is demonstrated across a series of mono‐ and di‐substituted alkenes containing pendant alcohols, ethers, amides, carbamates, and basic amines.
A high‐efficient strategy for combinatorial engineering paralogous gene family: A case study on histidine kinases in Clostridium
Authors: Zhu Chao , Du Guangqing , Zhang Jie , Xue Chuang
Published: April 2021

Microorganisms harbor bulks of functionally similar or undefined genes, which belong to paralogous gene family. There is a necessity of exploring combinatorial or interactive functions of these genes, but conventional loss‐of‐function strategy with one‐by‐one rounds suffers extremely low efficiency for generating mutant libraries with all gene permutations. Here, taking histidine kinases (HKs) in Clostridium acetobutylicum as a proof‐of‐concept, we developed a multi‐plasmid cotransformation strategy for generating all theoretical HKs combinations in one round. For five HKs with 31 theoretical combinations, the library containing 22 mutants within all the possible HKs‐inactivated combinations was constructed with 11 days compared to 242 days by conventional strategy, while the other 9 combinations cannot survive. Six mutants with the enhanced butanol production and tolerance were obtained with changes of cell development during fermentation, one of which could produce 54.2% more butanol (56.4% more solvents), while the butanol production of other mutants was unchanged or decreased. The cotransformation strategy demonstrated potentials for fast exploring pleiotropic function of paralogous family genes in cell survival, cell development, and target product metabolism.
Morphological and Chemical Differentiation between Tunisian Populations of Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia, and Pinus pinaster
Authors: Khouja Mariem , Alves Rita C. , Melo Diana , Costa Anabela S. G. , Nunes M. Antonia , Khaldi Abdelhamid , Oliveira M. Beatriz P. P. , Messaoud Chokri
Published: April 2021

The lipid fraction of seeds from different pine species and populations was studied regarding total lipid content, fatty acid profile and vitamin E composition. The investigated seeds contained a high percentage of lipid (13.6 to 31.5 %). Lipid fractions were found to be rich in vitamin E, which varied significantly among species and populations. P. halepensis (Ph−Hn) showed the highest content of vitamin E (256.3 mg/kg of seeds) and the uppermost content of α‐tocopherol (44 mg/kg). However, P. halepensis (Ph−Kas) was the richest in γ‐tocopherol (204.9 mg/kg). Lipid fractions had a low content of δ‐tocopherol (1.2 to 3.6 mg/kg. The highest content of γ‐tocotrienol (∼18 %) was determined for P. halepensis (Ph−Dc and Ph−Hn). Thirteen fatty acids were identified by GC‐FID with significant variation between the investigated species. The linoleic acid was the major fatty acid followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid. The chemical differentiation among species for the composition of fatty acids and vitamin E was confirmed by PCA. Significant correlations were observed between the content of vitamin E and fatty acids and ecological parameters of P. halepensis populations.
Efficient Non‐Precious Metal Catalyst for Propane Dehydrogenation: Atomically Dispersed Cobalt‐nitrogen Compounds on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Cao Tianlong , Dai Xueya , Li Fan , Liu Weijie , Bai Yunli , Fu Yu , Qi Wei
Published: April 2021

A hybrid catalyst comprising atomically dispersed cobalt‐nitrogen compounds anchoring on oxidized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) is prepared and applied in propane dehydrogenation (PDH) reactions. The proposed non‐precious catalyst exhibits high initial conversion (∼20 %) and excellent selectivity of propene (>95 %), which is superior to those of metal‐free nanocarbon and some metal‐based catalysts. The chemical composition and structure of the proposed hybrid catalysts are elucidated by a series of characterizations and control experiments with a single component. These characterization results combined with the kinetic analysis indicate that the catalytic activity mainly originates from the cobalt‐nitrogen (Co−N) species supported on the OCNT surface. The present work sheds light on the structure‐function relationships of CoN catalysts, paving the way to develop non‐precious catalysts for PDH reactions.
Electrosynthetic Screening and Modern Optimization Strategies for Electrosynthesis of Highly Value‐added Products
Authors: Dörr Maurice , Hielscher Maximilian M. , Proppe Jonny , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: April 2021

Unlike common analytical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, statistics‐based optimization tools are not yet often in the toolbox of preparative organic electrochemists. In general, experimental effort is not optimally utilized because the selection of experimental conditions is based on the one‐variable‐at‐a‐time principle. We will summarize statistically motivated optimization approaches already used in the context of electroorganic synthesis. We discuss the central ideas of these optimization methods which originate from other fields of chemistry in relation to electrosynthetic applications.
Multifunctional Materials Serving as Efficient Non‐Doped Violet‐Blue Emitters and Host Materials for Phosphorescence
Authors: Tang Shan‐Shun , Yang Guo‐Xi , Zhu Jie‐Ji , He Xin , Jian Jing‐Xin , Lu Feng , Tong Qing‐Xiao
Published: April 2021

Efficient multifunctional materials acting as violet‐blue emitters, as well as host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs, are crucial but rare due to demand that they should have high first singlet state (S1) energy and first triplet state (T1) energy simultaneously. In this study, two new violet‐blue bipolar fluorophores, TPA‐PI‐SBF and SBF‐PI‐SBF, were designed and synthesized by introducing the hole transporting moiety triphenylamine (TPA) and spirobifluorene (SBF) unit that has high T1 into high deep blue emission quantum yield group phenanthroimidazole (PI). As the results, the non‐doped OLEDs based on TPA‐PI‐SBF exhibited excellent EL performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 6.76 % and a violet‐blue emission with Commission Internationale de L′Eclairage (CIE) of (0.152, 0.059). The device based on SBF‐PI‐SBF displayed EQEmax of 6.19 % with CIE of (0.159, 0.049), which nearly matches the CIE coordinates of the violet‐blue emitters standard of (0.131, 0.046). These EL performances are comparable to the best reported non‐doped deep or violet‐blue emissive OLEDs with CIEy<0.06 in recent years. Additionally, the green, yellow and red phosphorescent OLEDs with TPA‐PI‐SBF and SBF‐PI‐SBF as host materials achieved a high EQEmax of about 20 % and low efficiency roll‐off at the ultra‐high luminance of 10 000 cd m−2. These results provided a new construction strategy for designing high‐performance violet‐blue emitters, as well as efficient host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs.
Hydrogel‐Stiffening and Non‐Cell Adhesive Properties of Amphiphilic Peptides with Central Alkylene Chains
Authors: Yaguchi Atsuya , Hiramatsu Hirotsugu , Ishida Atsuya , Oshikawa Mio , Ajioka Itsuki , Muraoka Takahiro
Published: April 2021

Amphiphilic peptides bearing terminal alkyl tails form supramolecular nanofibers that are increasingly used as biomaterials with multiple functionalities. Insertion of alkylene chains in peptides can be designed as another type of amphiphilic peptide, yet the influence of the internal alkylene chains on self‐assembly and biological properties remains poorly defined. Unlike the terminal alkyl tails, the internal alkylene chains can affect not only the hydrophobicity but also the flexibility and packing of the peptides. Herein, we demonstrate the supramolecular and biological effects of the central alkylene chain length inserted in a peptide. Insertion of the alkylene chain at the center of the peptide allowed for strengthened β‐sheet hydrogen bonds and modulation of the packing order, and consequently the amphiphilic peptide bearing C2 alkylene chain formed a hydrogel with the highest stiffness. Interestingly, the amphiphilic peptides bearing internal alkylene chains longer than C2 showed a diminished cell‐adhesive property. This study offers a novel molecular design to tune mechanical and biological properties of peptide materials.
An approach to evaluating the efficiency of a solution for visualization problem
Authors: Le Truong Xuan
Published: April 2021

In recent years, various approaches to visualization have been adopted for decoding the significance implicit in data. Although the effectiveness of these approaches has been evaluated, scant attention has been paid to their efficiency. In this study, an interactive system was designed based on a two‐component visualization system. In the proposed model, resource libraries were installed on a computer, and correlations were drawn between human libraries and user characteristics. An interactive visualization system can be used to create different visualization problems. For each problem, the input is a dataset, and the output is the information or knowledge gleaned by the user from the visual pattern representing the dataset. Each visualization problem may be solved using many methods and various visual patterns, with varying cognitive loads. The efficiency of a solution is evaluated by comparing the output worth with the cognition cost of the solution. In this article, a quantitative algorithm was proposed to evaluate the efficiency of a visualization solution to enable the user in determining the most efficient solution according to the purpose of the visualization.