bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathological Study of Prostate Diseases and Its Correlation with PSA Level, Size of Prostate and Gleason’s Scoring System in Case of Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: Haque Dr. Sonia Mahmuda , Rahman Dr Farhana , Rahman Dr Nayeema , Yasmin Dr Rumana , Akter Dr. Kajol , Sen Dr Sampurna
Published: October 2024

Background: Prostate gland diseases significantly impact adult males globally, with an increasing prevalence due to aging populations. The primary conditions affecting the prostate are inflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and tumors, with BPH being the most common. Prostatic carcinoma is also prevalent, with a high lifetime risk. Prostate cancer incidence increases with age, and early detection relies on digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonography, and PSA testing. Aim of the study: The study aims to find out correlation between PSA, Gleasons scoring system and HER-2/NEU gene in prostatic cancer. Methods: This study, conducted from July 2017 to June 2019 at BIRDEM General Hospital, enrolled 110 male patients aged 50-100 with clinical signs of prostatic diseases. Patients provided written informed consent and met specific inclusion criteria. Specimens were obtained via TURP, simple or radical prostatectomy, preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin and examined for pathological lesions. PSA levels were measured using an immunoassay, and Gleason scoring was used for carcinoma categorization. Data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS software. Result: The study analyzed 110 prostatic disease cases, with patients averaging 67.7 years. The most common diagnosis was BPH with inflammation (50.9%), followed by BPH without inflammation (35.5%) and adenocarcinoma (13.6%). Urgency (80%), increased micturition frequency (78.2%), poor stream (78.2%), and urinary retention (77.3%) were the most common symptoms. There was a significant correlation between serum PSA levels and prostate size (p < 0.001), with higher PSA levels indicating larger prostates and a higher likelihood of adenocarcinoma. The most frequent Gleason score was 4+4=8 (40%). HER2/neu overexpression showed a marginal correlation with PSA levels (p=0.053). Conclusion: The study found that the most common age group for prostatic diseases was 61-70 years. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was the most frequent lesion. Grade II (31-50g) prostate size was common on ultrasound. Most patients had a PSA level of 0-5 ng/ml, aiding early diagnosis and reducing morbidity
Clinicopathological Correlation Of Ulceroproliferative Lesions -An Institution Based Retrospective Study
Authors: Varshita Dr Buddha Harika , Sreevalli Dr UDN , Uppala Dr Divya
Published: October 2024

Background: Ulcero-proliferative lesions are both benign and malignant. They are versatile and can be acute or chronic, solitary or multiple, small in size or large. They occur as a result of traumatic insults, bacterial or viral infections and can also be due to post chemotherapy effects. AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the clinicopathological correlation of various ulcero-proliferative lesions of the oral cavity of north coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. OBJECTIVES: 1. To evaluate various ulcero-proliferative lesions in the oral cavity based on the demographic details.2. To correlate the demographic and histopathological features of the ulceroproliferative lesions. Materials and Methods: The study was done retrospectively in the Oral Pathology Department, of GITAM Dental College and Hospital from the archives of the past 5 years. The clinical and the histopathological features of both benign and malignant lesions are collected and are comprehensively studied. The collected data included age, gender, histopathological diagnosis were arranged in tabulated form. Results: In a total of 936 cases in the 5year archival a significant number of cases (42%) were ulceroproliferative which are further divided into benign (33%), premalignant (19%), malignant (48%). Males (51.3%) and females (48.7%) showed various ulceroproliferative lesions. Benign and premalignant lesions had a higher female predominance whereas malignant had a higher male predominance. Conclusion: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant ulcero-proliferative lesion in our study. We have also noticed a slight increase in the prevalence of both premalignant and malignant ulcero-proliferative lesions which might be due to changing lifestyle patterns in the individuals. Ulcero-proliferative lesions of the oral cavity are commonly associated with adverse habits.Further lesions can be evaluated based on the origin, either epithelial or salivary gland origin followed by a detailed follow up of the patient in prospective manner to evaluate other associated risk factors.
A Rare And Mysterious Case Of Lung Cancer
Authors: Azzeddine Rajae , Herrak Laila , Mouaden Ayat , Elftouh Mustapha , Achachi Leila
Published: October 2024

.
Study Of Association Between Dental Caries And Nutritional Status Among Children Attending OPD Of A Tertiary Care Center - A Retrospective Study
Authors: S Senthil Kumar
Published: October 2024

Aim: The purpose is to study the association between nutritional status and dental carries in children attending outpatient department of a tertiary care centre. Materials and methods: A total of 342 children aged up to 16 years attending the department of District Early Intervention and Care (DEIC) of a Government Medical College and Hospital were selected for this study. The nutritional status was evaluated using BMI for age and converted into Z score by plotting into age and gender specific WHO growth charts. Dental caries status was recorded according to WHO criteria. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of underweight was 49.2% and prevalence of dental caries was 61.7%. Significant association between Caries and undernutrition was noted in ages between 2 to 10 years. Conclusion: Undernutrition is a risk factor for dental caries. It is important to identify and determine all the factors leading to undernutrition in children especially aged 2 to 10 and execute action plans for timely diagnosis and intervention.
A Cephalometric Study Of Vertical Skeletal Changes After Extraction And Non-Extraction Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Of Class I Malocclusion In North Indian Population
Authors: Shidurkar Dr. Suraj , Sharma Dr. Pooja , Singh Dr. Atul , Yadav Dr. Omkar Singh , Dalvi Dr. Ketki , Saha Dr. Banashree
Published: October 2024

Background: Orthodontic treatments frequently involve tooth extractions to address crowding and protrusion, but the effects of these extractions on vertical skeletal changes are still debated. Research has extensively covered aspects like soft tissue response and smile aesthetics, yet there is no consensus on their impact on vertical dimensions. This issue is particularly pertinent for hyperdivergent individuals, who make up about 22% of orthodontic patients. A proposed technique for such cases includes counterclockwise rotation of the lower jaw and advancement of posterior teeth to manage open bites or excessive vertical facial height. This study aims to compare vertical skeletal changes in Class I malocclusion patients undergoing extraction versus non-extraction fixed orthodontic treatments. Material and Methods: We analysed pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs from 60 Class I crowding patients, evenly split into extraction and non-extraction groups. Eight vertical skeletal parameters were assessed and compared statistically between the two groups. Superimposition analysis of radiograph tracings was used to explore vertical changes related to molar mesialization, particularly in the extraction group. Results: The extraction group demonstrated significant reductions in vertical skeletal dimensions compared to the non-extraction group. Measurements including FMA, SN-GoGn, Y-axis, SN-PP, and PP-MP showed significant differences, with reductions in the extraction group (P = 0.001). Procrustes superimposition indicated effective molar mesialization in the extraction group, which was not observed in the non-extraction group. Conclusion: Extraction of first premolars in fixed orthodontic treatment leads to a notable decrease in vertical skeletal dimensions, in contrast to the slight increase seen with non-extraction treatments. This reduction is largely due to molar mesialization, which enhances vertical skeletal dimensions and treatment stability in Class I crowding cases.
Predictors of Chest CT Total Severity Score InCovid-19 Infected Patients In Rwanda
Authors: Cherise Gahizi Umutoni , Joseph Musabyimana , Richard Sungura E. , Nshizirungu Jean Jacques
Published: October 2024

Background: Over 5.54 million COVID-19 deaths occurred worldwide by the January 2021 and COVID-19 pneumonia remains the commonest cause of death. The current study was conducted to investigate predictors of total severity score in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who underwent chest CT and in turn be used in setting with limited resource to predict TSS as well as prognosis Materials and Methods: The current study retrospectively evaluated the CT findings in COVID-19 patients with clinical severity using a 25-point visual quantitative assessment and total severity score predictors were determined. A sample of 384 COVID-19 patients was used and Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 25.0. Results: The findings of the current study indicate that age (p < 0.001), vaccination status (p = 0.006), and disease status (p < 0.001) are significant predictors of the total severity score on chest CT scans in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Specifically, as age increases, the odds of having a higher total severity score also increase. Conversely, individuals who are vaccinated tend to have lower severity scores, suggesting that COVID-19 vaccination is associated with a reduced likelihood of experiencing severe disease. Additionally, patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia are more likely to exhibit higher severity scores on Chest CT. Conclusion: Chest CT scan total severity score can be predicted with age, immunization status and disease status classified as mild, moderate, severe and critical covid-19 pneumonia and this score can be used to predict clinical outcome. Recommendation: A large multicenter study can be used to validate current study findings and these clinical predictors can be used in resource limited settings where CT scan accessibility is not ensured.
Survey - Based Study For Common Retention Practices Among Orthodontists In North Macedonia
Authors: Biljana Dzipunova , Natasha Tosheska – Spasova , Matea Dzipunova , Todorka Karagjorgeva , Ljupka Shoshev
Published: October 2024

Background: Orthodontic therapy always ends with retention to prevent the return of the final occlusal outcome and to maintain the teeth in the correct position after the end of orthodontic therapy. This research aimed to survey retention practices, factors affecting retention protocol and differences regarding retention among orthodontists in North Macedonia. Material and methods: 150 questionnaire copies were distributed by mail or personally to orthodontics in North Macedonia. The survey included 24 single or multiple-answer questions, about retention system, frequently used fixed and removable retainers in certain malocclusions, the duration of the retention period, retainer supervision, instructions for patients, and the need for retention guidelines in order to determine habits and knowledge, and reasons for choosing a particular retention regime. Results : Out of 150 questionnaires, 93 were appropriately filled out and returned, so response rate was 62%. 90% give oral information about retention, only 25% informed their patients both oral and written. The most preferred retainer in maxilla (54%) was vacuum-formed appliance, than removable acrylic plate appliance (41%) and only 9% bonded retainer. In mandible, mostly used are VFR (45%), then acrylic plate appliance (29%), bonded retainers (20%). Dual retention was used more in upper jaw. The retention period was 4 to 5 years or lifelong; the choice of retention device in 77% depended on malocclusion. The reason for the choice of VFR are availability (50,5%), quality (36,56%), low-cost (33,3%). Protocol was influenced by clinical experience (75%), knowledge from residency (58%), courses (56%) and from colleagues (40%). 83% made changes in retention protocol in past years, in appliance time (20%) or in retention period (19%). 95,7% of the surveyed orthodontists believe that general guidelines for retention are needed. Conclusions: The most preferred retainers in North Macedonia were vacuum-formed appliance, than removable acrylic plate appliance and at least bonded retainer. Combination of fixed and removable appliance in mandible were used less than in upper jaw. Reason for choosing was malocclusion. Retention protocols are influenced mostly by the clinical experience. Common retention guidelines are required for most orthodontists.
Hemophilic Pseudotumor Of HIP: A Case Report
Authors: Sanyal Dr Subhadip , Chaudhari Dr Nitin , Parmar Dr Rahul , Sardhara Dr Nimesh
Published: October 2024

.
Effect Of Low Frequency Microcurrents On Skin Wounds Of Rats"
Authors: C Ruiz-Silva, , B ,Longo, , D Moleiro, , M.P.F Leite, , K.R Ruiz-Silva,
Published: October 2024

This study was conducted to verify the effect of low-intensity and low-frequency electric current using a bipolar symmetrical square waveform on cutaneous wounds in rats. The experiment used 3 groups of animals, all with a surgical wound measuring 8 mm in diameter on the back, being a control group, a second group treated with a current intensity of 30 µA (G30) and a third group treated with a current intensity of 160 µA (G160), for 30 minutes, immediately after the surgical injury. Groups G30 and G160 were stimulated with microcurrent using a frequency of 0.3 Hz and a pulse width of 1.6 s. All animals were clinically evaluated daily for 7 days after surgery, and then sacrificed. The injured region was biopsied, histologically processed and analyzed by a digital image processing system (Leica Qwin). Statistical analysis revealed that the G30 and G160 groups presented a significant reduction in inflammatory cells (p<0.001) in the superficial region of the dermis, when compared to the control group, and an acceleration in the proliferation of superficial fibroblasts (p<0.05) in relation to the control group. There was also a significant difference in the reduction in wound diameter, in the periods of 72 hours (p<0.05), 144 (p<0.01) and 168 hours (p<0.05) of the G160 group in relation to the control. The animals in the G30 group presented a significant reduction in wound diameter (p<0.05) in relation to the control group, after 144 hours of surgery
Evaluation High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) Of Temporal Bone In Cholesteatoma Of Middle Ear In Comparison With Histopathological Findings: A Prospective Study
Authors: Rathod Dr. Tukaram , Hoolageri Dr. Rajeshwari D
Published: October 2024

Background: Cholesteatoma is relatively common and potentially dangerous disease of the ear. It is characterised by local destruction and osseous erosion leading to complications. Pre-operative assessment of middle ear cholesteatoma is a must for assessing the disease's location, extent, and complication. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of middle ear structures and pathology. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to evaluate HRCT of temporal bone in cholesteatoma of middle ear cleft in comparison with histopathological results. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study carried out on total of 30 patients who were undergoing HRCT of temporal bone for middle ear cleft pathology and found to have imaging evidence of chronic otomastoiditis on HRCT, subsequently undergoing surgery and histopathological validation. Results: The mean age of study subjects was found to be 23.97 ± 11.30 years. Majority of the study subjects were belonged to age group of 11-40 years (40%) with female predominance (53.3%) as compared to male (46.7%). Majority of the patients i.e., 60% showed signs of loss of aeration and sclerosis of mastoid air cells followed by soft tissue density lesions (43.3%), bony erosions (26.7%), and bony expansions (6.7%). Surgical findings and histopathological reports were correlated with pre-operative HRCT scans analyses with 95.88% accuracy. Conclusion: Compared to histopathological findings, HRCT offers a diagnostic capacity that is remarkably sensitive and specific in identifying cholesteatoma and the condition of the bone structures in the temporal bone
“Chronic Kidney Disease In Children Of A Paediatric Critical Care Nephrology & Dialysis Department: A Study In Bangladesh Shishu (Children) Hospital & Institute, Bangladesh”
Authors: Chowdhury Mahmudul Hoque , Islam Md. Atiqul , Islam Farzana , Mobarak Reaz , Ghosh Kinkar
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) for children is a major problem of public health both in poor and developed countries. This study aimed to investigate the diagnosis and the management options of CRF for children. Patients and methods: This study retrospectively evaluated patients who had chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Paediatric Critical Care & Nephrology Department in Dhaka Shishu Children Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh between July 2017 and December 2017. Results: Over 6 month’s period, we diagnosed and managed 41 children with CRF. The estimated incidence of CRF is 4.7 new cases per million-child population per year. Parental consanguinity was found in 16 patients (39%). Family history with kidney disease was noted in 6 cases (14.6%). Malformations of the urinary tract were observed in 24 patients (58.5%). Other causes are divided into hereditary kidney disease in 8 patients (19.5%) predominated by primary hyperoxaluria, in vascular nephropathy who were objectified in 5 patients (12%) whereas glomerulopathy were represented in 3 cases (7.5%). No etiology was found in 1 patient. Over the 6 month’s 22 patients (54%) had renal replacement therapy (RRT). Peritoneal dialysis (PD) was practiced in over then 90% of patients. A passage from peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis was done in 8 patients. Only four patients had a kidney transplant. The rate of overall mortality in our series was 40% with median of follow-up in 54 months. Conclusion: In Tunisia and in all Low source country children with CRF must be treated by pediatric nephrologists and the pediatric renal transplantation must be developed.
Rehabilitation Of Anterior Teeth With Customized Incisal Guidance Table - A Case Report
Authors: Roy Dr. Ispita , Tarannum Dr. Fauzia , Pandey Dr. Kaushik Kr , Siddiqui Dr. Faija , Bhattacharya Dr. Subhraneel , Khan Dr.Sana
Published: October 2024

Ensuring proper anterior guidance presents a significant challenge for clinicians when planning restorative treatments. Accurate anterior guidance is crucial for optimal function, aesthetics, comfort, and phonetics. The posterior teeth's collapse leads to both the loss of the normal occlusal plan. This case report outlines a 46-yearold female who experienced anterior guidance loss, severe dentition wear. The vertical height was maintained by molar teeth in left posterior region. Loss of anterior teeth was accurately re-established with the help of customized incisal guidance table. The accurately recorded anterior guidance from the provisional restorations was transferred to the customized incisal guide table, and permanent restorations were then fabricated based on this guidance.
The Response of Ice Sheets to Climate Variability
Authors: Snow K. , Goldberg D. N. , Holland P. R. , Jordan J. R. , Arthern R. J. , Jenkins A.
Published: December 2017

West Antarctic Ice Sheet loss is a significant contributor to sea level rise. While the ice loss is thought to be triggered by fluctuations in oceanic heat at the ice shelf bases, ice sheet response to ocean variability remains poorly understood. Using a synchronously coupled ice‐ocean model permitting grounding line migration, this study evaluates the response of an ice sheet to periodic variations in ocean forcing. Resulting oscillations in grounded ice volume amplitude is shown to grow as a nonlinear function of ocean forcing period. This implies that slower oscillations in climatic forcing are disproportionately important to ice sheets. The ice shelf residence time offers a critical time scale, above which the ice response amplitude is a linear function of ocean forcing period and below which it is quadratic. These results highlight the sensitivity of West Antarctic ice streams to perturbations in heat fluxes occurring at decadal time scales.
Phytoplankton Pigment Communities Can be Modeled Using Unique Relationships With Spectral Absorption Signatures in a Dynamic Coastal Environment
Authors: Catlett D. , Siegel D. A.
Published: December 2017

Understanding the roles of phytoplankton community composition in the functioning of marine ecosystems and ocean biogeochemical cycles is important for many ocean science problems of societal relevance. Remote sensing currently offers the only feasible method for continuously assessing phytoplankton community structure on regional to global scales. However, methods are presently hindered by the limited spectral resolution of most satellite sensors and by uncertainties associated with deriving quantitative indices of phytoplankton community structure from phytoplankton pigment concentrations. Here we analyze a data set of concurrent phytoplankton pigment concentrations and phytoplankton absorption coefficient spectra from the Santa Barbara Channel, California, to develop novel optical oceanographic models for retrieving metrics of phytoplankton community composition. Cluster and Empirical Orthogonal Function analyses of phytoplankton pigment concentrations are used to define up to five phytoplankton pigment communities as a representation of phytoplankton functional types. Unique statistical relationships are found between phytoplankton pigment communities and absorption features isolated using spectral derivative analysis and are the basis of predictive models. Model performance is substantially better for phytoplankton pigment community indices compared with determinations of the contributions of individual pigments or taxa to chlorophylla. These results highlight the application of data‐driven chemotaxonomic approaches for developing and validating bio‐optical algorithms and illustrate the potential and limitations for retrieving phytoplankton community composition from hyperspectral satellite ocean color observations.
Histological Alterations in Pacific Oysters Crassostrea gigas that Survived a Summer Mortality Event in Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Cáceres-Martínez Jorge , Vásquez-Yeomans Rebeca , Danigo Philippe , Reyes-Roel Carlos
Published: December 2017

A mortality episode (>90%) of triploid and diploid Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas cultured in Baja California Sur occurred during summer 2012, coinciding with a thermal anomaly, an algal bloom, and low oxygen values. To help explain the cause of the mortalities, histological analyses and molecular tests for specific pathogens (ostreid herpesvirus 1 [OsHV-1] and Perkinsus marinus) were performed on oysters surviving at the end of the episode. Triploid oysters showed a high percentage of males (43%) and hermaphrodites (30%); 93% of these oysters were in the gonadic reabsorption stage, and in some cases, hemocytes completely filled the lumen of the gonadic follicles. Oysters presented large areas with severe hemocyte infiltration that extended toward the digestive gland. Diploid oysters showed similar gonad alterations. None of samples showed histological or molecular evidence of OsHV-1 or P. marinus. Histological alterations can be related to physiological disorders caused by the mechanism driving summer mortality. This is the first case history of a summer mortality episode among Pacific oysters in Mexico.
Comparison of the Convolution algorithm with TMR10 for Leksell Gamma knife and dosimetric verification with radiochromic gel dosimeter
Authors: Osmancikova Petra , Novotny Josef , Solc Jaroslav , Pipek Jan
Published: December 2017

The Convolution algorithm, implemented in Leksell GammaPlan® ver. Here, 10, is the first algorithm for Leksell Gamma Knife that takes heterogeneities into account and models dose build‐up effects close to tissue boundaries. The aim of this study was preliminary comparison of the Convolution and TMR10 algorithms for real clinical cases and dosimetric verification of the algorithms, using measurements in a phantom. A total of 25 patients involved in comparison of the Convolution and TMR10 algorithms were divided into three groups: patients with benign tumors close to heterogeneities, patients with functional disorders, and patients with tumors located far from heterogeneities. Differences were observed especially in the group of patients with tumors close to heterogeneities, where the difference in maximal dose to critical structures for the Convolution algorithm was up to 15% compared to the TMR10 algorithm. Dosimetric verification of the algorithm was performed, using a radiochromic gel dosimeter based on Turnbull blue dye in a special heterogeneous phantom. Relative dose distributions measured with the radiochromic gel dosimeter agreed very well with both the TMR10 and Convolution calculations. We observed small discrepancies in the direction in which the largest inhomogeneity was positioned. Verification results indicated that the Convolution algorithm provides a different dose distribution, especially in regions close to heterogeneities and particularly for lower isodose volumes. However, the results obtained with gamma analyses in the gel dosimetry experiment did not verify the assumption that the Convolution algorithm provides more accurate dose calculation.
A Lithography‐Free and Field‐Programmable Photonic Metacanvas
Authors: Dong Kaichen , Hong Sukjoon , Deng Yang , Ma He , Li Jiachen , Wang Xi , Yeo Junyeob , Wang Letian , Lou Shuai , Tom Kyle B. , Liu Kai , You Zheng , Wei Yang , Grigoropoulos Costas P. , Yao Jie , Wu Junqiao
Published: December 2017

The unique correspondence between mathematical operators and photonic elements in wave optics enables quantitative analysis of light manipulation with individual optical devices. Phase‐transition materials are able to provide real‐time reconfigurability of these devices, which would create new optical functionalities via (re)compilation of photonic operators, as those achieved in other fields such as field‐programmable gate arrays (FPGA). Here, by exploiting the hysteretic phase transition of vanadium dioxide, an all‐solid, rewritable metacanvas on which nearly arbitrary photonic devices can be rapidly and repeatedly written and erased is presented. The writing is performed with a low‐power laser and the entire process stays below 90 °C. Using the metacanvas, dynamic manipulation of optical waves is demonstrated for light propagation, polarization, and reconstruction. The metacanvas supports physical (re)compilation of photonic operators akin to that of FPGA, opening up possibilities where photonic elements can be field programmed to deliver complex, system‐level functionalities.
Critical Role of Interface and Crystallinity on the Performance and Photostability of Perovskite Solar Cell on Nickel Oxide
Authors: Nie Wanyi , Tsai Hsinhan , Blancon Jean‐Christophe , Liu Fangze , Stoumpos Costas C. , Traore Boubacar , Kepenekian Mikael , Durand Olivier , Katan Claudine , Tretiak Sergei , Crochet Jared , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Kanatzidis MercouriG. , Even Jacky , Mohite Aditya D.
Published: December 2017

Hybrid perovskites are on a trajectory toward realizing the most efficient single‐junction, solution‐processed photovoltaic devices. However, a critical issue is the limited understanding of the correlation between the degree of crystallinity and the emergent perovskite/hole (or electron) transport layer on device performance and photostability. Here, the controlled growth of hybrid perovskites on nickel oxide (NiO) is shown, resulting in the formation of thin films with enhanced crystallinity with characteristic peak width and splitting reminiscent of the tetragonal phase in single crystals. Photophysical and interface sensitive measurements reveal a reduced trap density at the perovskite/NiO interface in comparison with perovskites grown on poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxy thiophene) polystyrene sulfonate. Photovoltaic cells exhibit a high open circuit voltage (1.12 V), indicating a near‐ideal energy band alignment. Moreover, photostability of photovoltaic devices up to 10‐Suns is observed, which is a direct result of the superior crystallinity of perovskite thin films on NiO. These results elucidate the critical role of the quality of the perovskite/hole transport layer interface in rendering high‐performance and photostable optoelectronic devices.
Photo‐Crosslinkable Unnatural Amino Acids Enable Facile Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Nano‐ to Microgels of Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptides
Authors: Costa Simone A. , Simon Joseph R. , Amiram Miriam , Tang Lei , Zauscher Stefan , Brustad Eric M. , Isaacs Farren J. , Chilkoti Ashutosh
Published: December 2017

Hydrogel particles are versatile materials that provide exquisite, tunable control over the sequestration and delivery of materials in pharmaceutics, tissue engineering, and photonics. The favorable properties of hydrogel particles depend largely on their size, and particles ranging from nanometers to micrometers are used in different applications. Previous studies have only successfully fabricated these particles in one specific size regime and required a variety of materials and fabrication methods. A simple yet powerful system is developed to easily tune the size of polypeptide‐based, thermoresponsive hydrogel particles, from the nano‐ to microscale, using a single starting material. Particle size is controlled by the self‐assembly and unique phase transition behavior of elastin‐like polypeptides in bulk and within microfluidic‐generated droplets. These particles are then stabilized through ultraviolet irradiation of a photo‐crosslinkable unnatural amino acid (UAA) cotranslationally incorporated into the parent polypeptide. The thermoresponsive property of these particles provides an active mechanism for actuation and a dynamic responsive to the environment. This work represents a fundamental advance in the generation of crosslinked biomaterials, especially in the form of soft matter colloids, and is one of the first demonstrations of successful use of UAAs in generating a novel material.
Normal and Frictional Force Hysteresis between Self‐Assembled Fluorosurfactant Micelle Arrays at the Nanoscale
Authors: Li Jinjin , Luo Jianbin
Published: December 2017

Nanoscale friction is usually related to the adhesion hysteresis between monolayer‐coated surfaces. In the letter, we report the hysteresis in the normal and frictional forces between self‐assemble fluorosurfactant micelle arrays at the nanoscale. It originates from a unique phenomenon wherein the two compressed surfaces immersed in the surfactant solution are pushed away spontaneously under a contact pressure of 43 MPa. The push‐out process is related to the self‐healing of micelles through the reorganization of the surfactant molecules trapped in the contact zone. The mechanism underlying the push‐out phenomenon can be attributed to the transformation of Gibbs free energy for micellar reorganization into mechanical energy to separate the two compressed surfaces. Our finding provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nanoscale boundary lubrication as well as possible approaches to produce and store mechanical energy at the nanoscale.
An Efficient Synthesis of 6‐oxa‐spiro[3.4]octan‐1‐one Derivates Through 3‐diazochroman‐4‐one and Alkene
Authors: Xiao Meiling , Zhang Fuming , Du Zhe , Ma Baochun
Published: December 2017

Spiro[2,2‐dimethyl‐benzofuran,bicyclo [4.2.0]octane]‐7′‐one with fused and spirocyclic oxygen‐containing rigid skeleton structure is obtained via Wolff rearrangement and cycloaddition with good yields. Then Spiro[2,2‐dimethyl‐benzofuran,hexahydro‐isobenzofuran]‐7′‐one is synthesized by further Baeyer‐Villiger oxidation. These two kinds of products have a special fused and spirocyclic oxygen‐containing rigid skeleton structure and are reported by our group.

magnified image
Merging Gold Catalysis and Brønsted Acid Catalysis for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,8]naphthyridines
Authors: Yi Ruxia , Li Xincheng , Wan Boshun
Published: December 2017

A gold(I)/Brønsted acid‐catalyzed cyclization of 2‐azidobenzaldehydes with 3‐aza‐1,6‐enynes has been developed for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,8]naphthyridine derivatives. This protocol enabled the modular synthesis of tetracyclic heterocycles in one operation with water and nitrogen gas as the byproducts.

magnified image
On the Effect of Confinement on the Structure and Properties of Small‐Molecular Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Martín Jaime , Dyson Matthew , Reid Obadiah G. , Li Ruipeng , Nogales Aurora , Smilgies Detlef‐M. , Silva Carlos , Rumbles Garry , Amassian Aram , Stingelin Natalie
Published: December 2017

Many typical organic optoelectronic devices, such as light‐emitting diodes, field‐effect transistors, and photovoltaic cells, use an ultrathin active layer where the organic semiconductor is confined within nanoscale dimensions. However, the question of how this spatial constraint impacts the active material is rarely addressed, although it may have a drastic influence on the phase behavior and microstructure of the active layer and hence the final performance. Here, the small‐molecule semiconductor p‐DTS(FBTTh2)2 is used as a model system to illustrate how sensitive this class of material can be to spatial confinement on device‐relevant length scales. It is also shown that this effect can be exploited; it is demonstrated, for instance, that spatial confinement is an efficient tool to direct the crystal orientation and overall texture of p‐DTS(FBTTh2)2 structures in a controlled manner, allowing for the manipulation of properties including photoluminescence and charge transport characteristics. This insight should be widely applicable as the temperature/confinement phase diagrams established via differential scanning calorimetry and grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction are used to identify specific processing routes that can be directly extrapolated to other functional organic materials, such as polymeric semiconductors, ferroelectrics or high‐refractive‐index polymers, to induce desired crystal textures or specific (potentially new) polymorphs.
On the Working Mechanisms of Solid‐State Double‐Layer‐Dielectric‐Based Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Their Implication for Sensors
Authors: Pfattner Raphael , Foudeh Amir M. , Liong Celine , Bettinson Lance , Hinckley Allison C. , Kong Desheng , Bao Zhenan
Published: December 2017

Due to relatively low charge‐carrier mobilities in organic materials, high operational voltages often have to be applied and result in severe limitations. While it has been reported that elastic polymeric dielectrics, containing a very low ion concentration, are able to overcome this bottleneck, a systematic study on the working mechanisms and their implications for sensors is still missing. Due to the possibility to form a double‐layer capacitor while maintaining high insulating properties, such dielectrics enable stable low‐voltage devices, giving access to high current output and high on/off ratio even below 0.5 V. Field‐effect transistor devices are used to characterize this novel class of materials and to unravel their working mechanisms. To address their capability for sensors, a proof‐of‐concept experiment is performed, i.e., photoresponse is characterized and the field‐effect dependence is analyzed. Stable low‐voltage operation is a crucial issue, especially for biosensor applications which typically operate in physiological liquids and are limited by the small electrochemical window of water.
Semiconducting Copolymers Based on meso‐Substituted BODIPY for Inverted Organic Solar Cells and Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Ozdemir Mehmet , Kim Sang Woo , Kim Hyungsug , Kim Myung‐Gil , Kim Bumjoon J. , Kim Choongik , Usta Hakan
Published: December 2017

The synthesis, physicochemical, and optoelectronic properties of a new class of low band‐gap (≈1.3 eV) donor–acceptor copolymers based on a highly electron‐deficient meso‐5‐(2‐octyldodecyl)thiophene‐substituted BODIPY π‐unit are presented. The polymeric solutions exhibit strong aggregation‐dependent excitonic properties indicating the presence of enhanced π‐coherence as a result of strong interchain interactions. The polymeric semiconductor thin films prepared by spin coating show isotropic nodule‐like grains with essentially no ordering in the out‐of‐plane direction. Field‐effect hole mobilities of 0.005 cm2 V−1·s−1 are observed in bottom‐gate top‐contact organic field‐effect transistors, and inverted bulk‐heterojunction organic photovoltaics employing the polymer:PC71BM active layer exhibit excellent power conversion efficiencies of 6.2% with a short‐circuit current of 16.6 mA cm−2. As far as it is known, this is a record high value achieved to date for a boron‐containing donor polymer in the photovoltaic literature indicating a significant enhancement in power conversion efficiency (>3–4 times). The findings clearly present that rationally designed BODIPY‐based donor–acceptor copolymers can be a key player in photovoltaic applications.
Pronounced Photovoltaic Effect in Electrically Tunable Lateral Black‐Phosphorus Heterojunction Diode
Authors: Wang Lin , Huang Li , Tan Wee Chong , Feng Xuewei , Chen Li , Ang Kah‐Wee
Published: December 2017

Recently, both lateral and vertical p–n junctions have been realized in 2D materials using various strategies, with a number of works on exploring the potential of lateral heterojunctions resulting from thickness‐modulated bandgaps at the interface. Here, electrically tunable all‐black‐phosphorus (BP) lateral heterojunction diodes, without the need of split‐gating or selective chemical doping or transfer‐based vertical stacking, are experimentally demonstrated. The BP heterojunction diode, which exhibits an ultralow off‐state current density of 8 pA µm−1 at a mere Vd of 100 mV and a significant gate‐tunable current‐rectifying behavior with the highest rectification ratio exceeding 600, is able to harvest solar energy at both visible and near‐infrared wavelengths beyond the bandgap limitation of transition metal dichalcogenides. Specifically, at 660 nm, the device achieves an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 210 mV and a short‐circuit current (Isc) of 1.5 nA at 3.6 W cm−2 power density, resulting in an external quantum efficiency of 7.4% which outperforms both split‐gating and chemically doped homojunctions. This work paves the way for the exploitation of BP lateral heterojunction for broadband energy harvesting towards future optoelectronic applications.
Novel compound heterozygous mutations in GPT2 linked to microcephaly, and intellectual developmental disability with or without spastic paraplegia
Authors: Kaymakcalan Hande , Yarman Yanki , Goc Nukte , Toy Fatih , Meral Cihan , Ercan‐Sencicek A. Gulhan , Gunel Murat
Published: December 2017

We here describe novel compound heterozygous missense variants, NM_133443:c.[400C>T] and NM_133443:[1435G>A], in the glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase 2 (GPT2) gene in a large consanguineous family with two affected siblings diagnosed with microcephaly intellectual disability and developmental delay (IDD). In addition to these clinical phenotypes, the male sibling has spastic paraplegia, and the female sibling has epilepsy. Their four extended family members have IDD and microcephaly. Both of these variants, c.400C>T (p.R134C) and c.1435G>A (p.V479M), reside in the pyridoxal phosphate‐dependent aminotransferase domain. The missense variants affect highly conserved amino acids and are classified to be disease‐causing by meta‐SVM. The candidate variants were not found in the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) dataset or in dbSNP. Both GPT2 variants have an allele frequency of 0% (0/ ∼ 600) in the whole‐exome sequenced Turkish cohort. Upon Sanger sequencing, we confirmed these mutations in all affected family members and showed that the index patient and his affected sister inherited one mutant allele from each unaffected parent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first family in which a novel compound heterozygous variant in the GPT2 gene was identified.
Spontaneously regressing brain lesions in Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Authors: Dang Do An N. , Baker Eva H. , Warren Katherine E. , Bianconi Simona E. , Porter Forbes D.
Published: December 2017

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a metabolic disorder caused by an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis that affects the development of many organ systems. Malformations in the central nervous system typically involve midline structures and reflect abnormal growth and differentiation of neurons and supporting cells. Despite these defects in central nervous system development, brain tumor formation has only rarely been reported in association with SLOS. We present three individuals with SLOS and lesions in the basal ganglia or brainstem detected by MRI that were concerning for tumor formation. However, the individuals’ clinical and neurological course remained stable, and the lesions regressed after several years. These lesions have similarities to spongiotic changes observed in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Notably, impaired activity of small GTPases is present in both SLOS and NF1, perhaps giving mechanistic insight into the formation of these lesions.
A novel truncating variant within exon 7 of KAT6B associated with features of both Say–Barber–Bieseker–Young–Simpson syndrome and genitopatellar syndrome: Further evidence of a continuum in the clinical spectrum of KAT6B‐related disorders
Authors: Marangi Giuseppe , Di Giacomo Marilena C. , Lattante Serena , Orteschi Daniela , Patrizi Sara , Doronzio Paolo N. , Riviello Francesco N. , Vaisfeld Alessandro , Frangella Silvia , Zollino Marcella
Published: December 2017

KAT6B sequence variants have been identified in both patients with the Say–Barber–Biesecker–Young–Simpson syndrome (SBBYSS) and in the genitopatellar syndrome (GPS). In SBBYSS, they were reported to affect mostly exons 16–18 of KAT6B, and the predicted mechanism of pathogenesis was haploinsufficiency or a partial loss of protein function. Truncating variants in KAT6B leading to GPS appear to cluster within the proximal portion of exon 18, associated with a dominant‐negative effect of the mutated protein, most likely. Although SBBYSS and GPS have been initially considered allelic disorders with distinctive genetic and clinical features, there is evidence that they represent two ends of a spectrum of conditions referable as KAT6B‐related disorders. We detected a de novo truncating variant within exon 7 of KAT6B in a 8‐year‐old female who presented with mild intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms highly consistent with SBBYSS, and skeletal anomalies including exostosis, that are usually considered component manifestations of GPS. Following the clinical diagnosis driven by the striking facial phenotype, we analyzed the KAT6B gene by NGS techniques. The present report highlights the pivotal role of clinical genetics in avoiding clear‐cut genotype‐phenotype categories in syndromic forms of intellectual disability. In addition, it further supports the evidence that a continuum exists within the clinical spectrum of KAT6B‐associated disorders.
A novel homozygous SLC25A1 mutation with impaired mitochondrial complex V: Possible phenotypic expansion
Authors: Cohen Idan , Staretz‐Chacham Orna , Wormser Ohad , Perez Yonatan , Saada Ann , Kadir Rotem , Birk Ohad S.
Published: December 2017

SLC25A1 mutations are associated with combined D,L‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria (DL‐ 2HGA; OMIM #615182), characterized by muscular hypotonia, severe neurodevelopmental dysfunction and intractable seizures. SLC25A1 encodes the mitochondrial citrate carrier (CIC), which mediates efflux of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates citrate and isocitrate in exchange for cytosolic malate. Only a single family with an SLC25A1 mutation has been described in which mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction was documented, specifically in complex IV. Five infants of two consanguineous Bedouin families of the same tribe presented with small head circumference and neonatal‐onset encephalopathy with severe muscular weakness, intractable seizures, respiratory distress, and lack of psychomotor development culminating in early death. Ventricular septal defects (VSD) were demonstrated in three patients. Blood and CSF lactate were elevated with normal levels of plasma amino acids and free carnitine and increased 2‐OH‐glutaric acid urinary exertion. EEG was compatible with white matter disorder. Brain MRI revealed ventriculomegaly, thin corpus callosum with increased lactate peak on spectroscopy. Mitochondrial complex V deficiency was demonstrated in skeletal muscle biopsy of one infant. Homozygosity mapping and sequencing ruled out homozygosity of affected individuals in all known complex V‐associated genes. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous SLC25A1 c.713A>G (p.Asn238Ser) mutation, segregating as expected in the affected kindred and not found in 220 control alleles. Thus, SLC25A1 mutations might be associated with mitochondrial complex V deficiency and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mitochondrial respiratory chain defects.
Ultrasound evaluation following deep forearm laceration
Authors: Sirlyn Quanson
Published: December 2017

Deep laceration of the forearm often involves rupture to multiple tendons and nerves. Misdiagnosis of the extent of soft tissue involvement may result in subsequent functional impairment of the hand. Physical examination of suspected tendon or nerve damage, either from open or closed injuries, can be difficult. The outcome may vary depending on the clinician's experience and possibly result in missed or false‐positive results. With the advances in current ultrasound (US) systems and their widespread availability, the affected tendons and nerves can be accurately depicted to provide crucial information used in formulating a treatment strategy.
Mechanical performance of tubular composites reinforced by innovative 3D integrated knitted spacer fabrics
Authors: Omrani Elahe , Hasani Hossein , Esmaeili Faraneh
Published: December 2017

This article aimed to investigate the mechanical performance of 3D integrated knitted spacer composites with a tubular shape, in term of internal hydrostatic and external static pressures (ESP). All the tubular‐knitted fabrics were produced on a modern flat knitting machine using untwisted glass and HT‐nylon yarns. Then, the epoxy resin was transferred through the whole fabric structure via vacuum infusion molding process. Produced tubular composites were subjected to internal hydrostatic and ESP. Accordingly, force–displacement curves were obtained and experimental results were discussed. The results revealed that the tubular composite samples containing non‐knitting yarns show 27.33 and 37.50% improvement in internal hydrostatic and ESP, respectively, compared with the plain knitted fabric reinforced composite. Also, the finding demonstrated that mechanical performance of the tubular‐knitted spacer composites is highly affected by aspect ratio and the number of connecting layers. Knitted spacer reinforced composite containing 5 and 10 connecting layers can improve the resistance against internal hydrostatic pressure 35.08 and 51.29%, respectively, compared with the plain knitted reinforced composites. In this case, 84.20 and 89.86% improvement can be achieved in term of the resistance against ESP. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46074.