bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two NLR immune receptors acquired high-affinity binding to a fungal effector through convergent evolution of their integrated domain
Authors: Białas Aleksandra , Langner Thorsten , Harant Adeline , Contreras Mauricio P , Stevenson Clare EM , Lawson David M , Sklenar Jan , Kellner Ronny , Moscou Matthew J , Terauchi Ryohei , Banfield Mark J , Kamoun Sophien
Published: July 2021

A subset of plant NLR immune receptors carry unconventional integrated domains in addition to their canonical domain architecture. One example is rice Pik-1 that comprises an integrated heavy metal-associated (HMA) domain. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of Pik-1 and its NLR partner, Pik-2, and tested hypotheses about adaptive evolution of the HMA domain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HMA domain integrated into Pik-1 before Oryzinae speciation over 15 million years ago and has been under diversifying selection. Ancestral sequence reconstruction coupled with functional studies showed that two Pik-1 allelic variants independently evolved from a weakly binding ancestral state to high-affinity binding of the blast fungus effector AVR-PikD. We conclude that for most of its evolutionary history the Pik-1 HMA domain did not sense AVR-PikD, and that different Pik-1 receptors have recently evolved through distinct biochemical paths to produce similar phenotypic outcomes. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning NLR adaptation to plant pathogens.
“Jonah’s gourd” and its early Byzantine interpretations
Authors: Kurdybaylo Dmitry , Kurdybaylo Inga
Published: July 2021

Many modern scholars consider the Old Testament book of Jonah being written in a boldly parodic manner. The narrative engages many details that sound humorous for a modern reader. However, from the standpoint of late Antique and early Medieval patristic exegesis, it is often unclear whether Byzantine interpreters perceived such passages laughable or at least inappropriate for a prophetic writing. This study presents a few examples of early Byzantine commentaries to the episode with Jonah and a gourd (Jonah 4:6–11). None of the commentaries expresses any explicit amusement caused by the discussed text. However, the style, method, or context of each commentary appears to be passing the traditional bounds of Bible interpretation. The earlier interpreters adhere to the most expected moral reading of Jonah 4, but they use epithets, metaphors, or omissions, which produce the effect of paradox comparable to the biblical wording itself. The later commentaries tend to involve unexpected and even provocative senses. In such interpretations, God can be thought of as being able to play with a human or even to fool and deceive. What seems us humorous in the Bible, Byzantine commentators take primarily as a paradox, which they did not explain or remove but elaborate further paradoxically. The later an interpreter is, the bolder his paradoxical approach appears. The results of the study provide some clues to understanding how the interpretation of humorous, parodic, or ironical passages were developing in the history of Byzantine intellectual culture.
Understanding of comical texts in people with different types of attitudes towards humour
Authors: Rivin Daniil , Shcherbakova Olga
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to test a hypothesis about the correlation between levels of gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism and understanding of Internet memes as a specific form of humour. Participants were 45 native speakers of Russian (aged 18 – 30; 73,3 % female). The levels of Internet memes understanding were assessed independently by two judges with the use of criteria based on the results of a series of semi-structured in-depth interviews. Gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism were assessed with PhoPhiKat <30> questionnaire. J. Raven’s “Standard Progressive Matrices” test was used to control the level of psychometric intelligence. Concordance of judges’ scores for the understanding of memes was assessed with Kendall’s W and ranged from 0.71 to 0.84. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test the main hypothesis. We found no correlation between the scores for gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism and understanding of Internet memes. Presumably, the type of attitude towards humour does not play a significant role in the understanding of comical texts. The qualitative content analysis of the interview protocols revealed some specific features of cognitive mechanisms of Internet memes understanding. Namely, successful participants with higher levels of understanding of Internet memes reflected more on their thinking process than those with lower levels of understanding of Internet memes, easily switched from an abstract level of reasoning to a concrete one, and tended to consistently develop detailed mental representations of the memes.
Basilios Bessarion on George of Trebizond’s translation of Plato’s Laws
Authors: Semikolennykh Maria
Published: July 2021

George of Trebizond (1395-1472) has spent a significant part of his life translating Greek books into Latin. The bulk of his translations is impressive: from Ptolemy’s Almagest to John Chrysostom’s homilies and works by Cyril of Alexandria, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Aristotle. He was quite an experienced translator, who had worked out an elaborated method explained in several writings. At the height of his career, George rather hastily translated Plato’s Laws. The haste and, probably, George’s bias against Plato and Platonism resulted in numerous inaccuracies of translation. Several years later, Basilios Bessarion closely scrutinized these faults in the fifth book of his In Calumniatorem Platonis, a comprehensive work aiming to refute the arguments set out in George of Trebizond’s anti-Platonic treatise Comparatio Philosophorum Aristotelis et Platonis. The paper analyses the use of such rhetorical devices as sarcasm and irony in Bessarion’s In Calumniatorem Platonis and especially in his commentary on George’s translation of Laws; it also aims to demonstrate how Bessarion turns George of Trebizond into a comic figure, thus compromising both the opponent and his interpretation of Plato’s doctrine.
Irony and heroism
Authors: Prikhodko Maksim
Published: July 2021

In the article we investigate the Christian – pagan polemic of Origen's treatise “Contra Celsum” in fragment 7.53-58, where the problem of the correlation of irony and heroism reveals the contrast between false and true deeds, for which divine honours are given. The irony that Celsus uses to attack Christians serves as a kind of “divide” that marks a contrast between pagan ideas about heroism, as a principle of deification of people, and the principles on which, from Celsus’ point of view of, Christians consider Jesus to be God. A special subject of the article is Celsus’ reflection on the ironic motive of the Book of Jonah, the story of the gourd (Jonah 4, 5-11), and the salvation of the prophet Daniel from the lion's den (Dan. 6, 16-23). Origen’s response to Celsus’ speech shows a certain similarity to the text of a pagan author in structural, stylistic and lexical aspects. Such factor reveals a rhetorical content of the response of Origen. In the field of rhetorica, Origen uses irony against his opponent: pagan heroes and philosophers now appear funny or not serious enough, whereas the Old Testament prophets are revealed as genuinely great and as a source of miracles. In light of this, Origen’s response to Celsus replaces Celsus’ ironic allusion to the gourd story from the fourth chapter of the Book of Jonah with the first verse of the second chapter, which opens the episode of Jonah’s stay in the belly of the whale. An analysis of this substitution, based on the hermeneutic principles of Origen, shows the role of Biblical irony as a specific aspect of the spiritual meaning of the sacred text. It is hypothesized that the essence of this specificity is the creation of a contrast that sets any feat of any person in the light of the historical life of Jesus Christ, who completely and exceptionally realized God's providence. This reveals a pattern or principle of going beyond the limits of human virtue to the sphere of divine being. To compare any feats with the earthly life and the death of the Saviour renders the opposition of ironic and heroic no longer a contrast between false and true: any heroism, even the exploits of the Old Testament prophets, becomes ironic / ridiculous. Thus Origen’s Christian irony is not only an instrument of rhetorical discourse, but a philosophical and literary device that allows transcending, or elevating to an unattainable level, the heroism of the life and death of the Saviour.
Predicted distribution of a rare and understudied forest carnivore: Humboldt marten (Martes caurina humboldtensis)
Authors: Moriarty Katie M. , Thompson Joel , Delheimer Matthew , Barry Brent R. , Linnell Mark , Levi Taal , Hamm Keith , Early Desiree , Gamblin Holly , Szykman Gunther Micaela , Ellison Jordan , Prevéy Janet S. , Hartman Jennifer , Davis Raymond
Published: July 2021

Background

Many mammalian species have experienced range contractions. Following a reduction in distribution that has resulted in apparently small and disjunct populations, the Humboldt marten (Martes caurina humboldtensis) was recently designated as federally Threatened and state Endangered. This subspecies of Pacific marten occurring in coastal Oregon and northern California, also known as coastal martens, appear unlike martens that occur in snow-associated regions in that vegetation associations appear to differ widely between Humboldt marten populations. We expected current distributions represent realized niches, but estimating factors associated with long-term occurrence was challenging for this rare and little-known species. Here, we assessed the predicted contemporary distribution of Humboldt martens and interpret our findings as hypotheses correlated with the subspecies’ niche to inform strategic conservation actions.

Methods

We modeled Humboldt marten distribution using a maximum entropy (Maxent) approach. We spatially-thinned 10,229 marten locations collected from 1996–2020 by applying a minimum distance of 500-m between locations, resulting in 384 locations used to assess correlations of marten occurrence with biotic and abiotic variables. We independently optimized the spatial scale of each variable and focused development of model variables on biotic associations (e.g., hypothesized relationships with forest conditions), given that abiotic factors such as precipitation are largely static and not alterable within a management context.

Results

Humboldt marten locations were positively associated with increased shrub cover (salal (Gautheria shallon)), mast producing trees (e.g., tanoak, Notholithocarpus densiflorus), increased pine (Pinus sp.) proportion of total basal area, annual precipitation at home-range spatial scales, low and high amounts of canopy cover and slope, and cooler August temperatures. Unlike other recent literature, we found little evidence that Humboldt martens were associated with old-growth structural indices. This case study provides an example of how limited information on rare or lesser-known species can lead to differing interpretations, emphasizing the need for study-level replication in ecology. Humboldt marten conservation would benefit from continued survey effort to clarify range extent, population sizes, and fine-scale habitat use.
PERILAKU KONSUMEN MASYARAKAT SURABAYA DALAM PEMBELIAN PAKAIAN
Authors: Goenawan Felicia , Monica Vita
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perilaku konsumen masyarakat Surabaya dalam membeli pakaian. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori perilaku konsumen, segmentasi pasar yakni demografi dan psikografi. Teori pengambilan keputusan yang digunakan hanya menggunakan tahap Problem Recognition, Information Search, dan Outlet Selection & Purchase. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif, dan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Teknik sampling yang digunakan nonprobability sampling, yaitu Purposive Sampling dengan 100 responden masyarakat Surabaya serta melakukan pembelian produk fashion dalam 3 bulan terakhir. Hasil dalam penelitian ini didapati teman, majalah dan instagram merupakan media utama untuk melakukan penyebaran informasi. Iklan diskon dan iklan mode terbaru juga merupakan stimulus untuk responden melakukan pembelian ditempat.
STRATEGI PERSONAL BRANDING MELALUI MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM (Analisis Isi pada Media Sosial MahasiswaUniversitas Kristen Satya Wacana)
Authors: Yusanda Awallina , Darmastuti Rini , Huwae George Nicholas
Published: July 2021

Personal branding menjadi urgensi bagi setiap individu pada saat ini. Pada era digital ini, media massa dan media baru (termasuk Instagram) mempunyai peran sangat besar dalam membentuk personal branding seseorang, termasuk mahasiswa yang ada di Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW). Berdasarkan latar belakang ini, maka tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk mendiskripsikan strategi personal branding yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa UKSW melalui instagram. Tulisan ini didasarkan dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan desain penelitian analisis isi. Hasil dari penelitian tersebut adalah, pertama, perilaku mahasiswa Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana dalam menggunakan instagram. Kedua, mahasiswa Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana yang sudah melakukan strategi personal branding di Instagram dengan pemilihan busana, mengunggah prestasi, dan menggunakan keterangan foto yang dapat memotivasi dan mahasiswa yang belum menerapkan strategi personal branding.

 

Personal branding is an urgency for every individual at this time. In this digital era, mass media and new media (including Instagram) have a very big role in shaping a person's personal branding, including students at Satya Wacana Christian University (SWCU). Based on this background, the purpose of this paper is to describe the personal branding strategy that SWCU students are doing through Instagram. This paper is based on the results of research conducted with a qualitative approach and content analysis research design. The results of this study are, first, the behavior of Satya Wacana Christian University students in using Instagram. Second, Satya Wacana Christian University students who have implemented a personal branding strategy on Instagram by selecting fashion, uploading achievements, and using photo captions that can motivate and students who have not implemented a personal branding strategy.
Korea, Buddhist Philosophy in
Authors: Jee Lucy Hyekyung
Published: July 2021

Throughout its long history, Buddhist philosophy in Korea has focused on cultivating the power of the mind by viewing each person's mind as the Buddha's mind. On the basis of teachings of the Hwaeom and Seon schools, three eminent philosophers, Wonhyo (

, 617–686), Uisang (

, 625–702), and Chinul (

, 1158–1210), contributed to deepening this approach throughout the Unified Silla and Goryo dynasties. In contemporary Korea, socially engaged Buddhists have reinterpreted the cultivation of the mind to support social engagement rather than the attainment of personal enlightenment.
Narrative, Theology, and Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Finley Kate , Seachris Joshua W.
Published: July 2021

In this entry, we survey key discussions on the role of narrative in theology and philosophy of religion. We begin with epistemological questions about whether and how narrative offers genuine understanding of reality. We explore how narrative intersects with the problems of evil and divine hiddenness. We discuss narrative's role in theological reflection and practice in general, and in black and feminist theologies specifically. We close by briefly exploring the role of narrative in theorization about life's meaning.
JKAP relates to disease risk, severity, and Th1 and Th17 differentiation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yang Qingwei , Zhuang Jingcong , Cai Pingping , Li Longling , Wang Rong , Chen Zhongjie
Published: July 2021

Objective

JNK pathway‐associated phosphatase (JKAP) is previously reported to regulate immune/inflammatory process via T‐cell signaling, and closely involves in neurological diseases, while its implication in Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation of JKAP with Th1/Th2/Th17 cells and their clinical roles in PD patients, and then further explore the effect of JKAP on regulating CD4+ T‐cell differentiation in PD.

Methods

Totally 50 PD patients and 50 age‐/gender‐matched controls were enrolled. Their blood samples were collected and proposed to ELISA and flow cytometry assays for JKAP, Th1, Th2, and Th17 measurements. In vitro, CD4+ T cells were isolated from PD patients then transfected with JKAP overexpression and knockdown Lentivirus, followed by detection of markers (CD25+ cell proportion, CD69+ cell proportion, IFN‐γ, IL10, and IL17).

Results

JKAP was downregulated in PD patients compared to controls, which also showed good potency to discriminate them. Besides, JKAP negatively correlated with Th1 and Th17 cell proportions, but did not associate with Th2 cell proportion in PD patients; Interestingly, JKAP did not correlated with Th1, Th2, or Th17 cell proportions in controls. Furthermore, JKAP correlated with some parts of unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. In vitro, JKAP overexpression repressed CD4+ T‐cell activation and its differentiation into Th1 and Th17 cells in PD, while JKAP knockdown appeared opposite effect.

Interpretation

JKAP associates with disease risk and severity, correlates with Th1 and Th17 cells, and regulates CD4+ T‐cell activation/differentiation in PD.
Additive‐Free Energetic Film Based on Graphene Oxide and Nanoscale Energetic Coordination Polymer for Transient Microchip
Authors: Ma Xiaoxia , Gu Shuai , Li Yuxiang , Lu Jian , Yang Guangcheng , Zhang Kaili
Published: July 2021

Transient microchips have promising applications in data security and privacy protection. A simple fabrication process and short transient time are two crucial requirements for transient microchips. In this study, a facile drop‐casting method is used to develop a transient microchip based on an energetic film and a microheater on a substrate. It is found that the graphene oxide‐energetic coordination polymer composite based energetic film plays an important role in simplifying the fabrication process and achieving fast transient time due to its inherent film forming ability, strong binding to substrate, and highly energetic characteristics. The interlayer confinement effect of graphene oxide (GO) can significantly reduce the size of energetic coordination polymer (ECP) to nanometer scale. Van der Waals forces between GO layers and coordination bonds between GO and metal ions are responsible for the film formation ability. Furthermore, the reduction of ECP size and the compact stacking lay the foundation for the excellent combustion and pressure production performance of the energetic film. The strong adhesion of the energetic film and the substrate is confirmed by drop experiments. More importantly, the fabricated silicon based transient microchip can achieve self‐destruction within 1 second.
Dual‐Phasic Carbon with Co Single Atoms and Nanoparticles as a Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst for Rechargeable Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Li Jin‐Cheng , Meng Yu , Zhang Lili , Li Guanzhou , Shi Zhicong , Hou Peng‐Xiang , Liu Chang , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Shao Minhua
Published: July 2021

The great interest in rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs) arouses extensive research on low‐cost, high‐active, and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts to boost the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It remains a great challenge to simultaneously host high‐active and independent ORR and OER sites in a single catalyst. Herein a dual‐phasic carbon nanoarchitecture consisting of a single‐atom phase for the ORR and nanosized phase for the OER is proposed. Specifically, single Co atoms supported on carbon nanotubes (single‐atom phase) and nanosized Co encapsulated in zeolitic‐imidazole‐framework‐derived carbon polyhedron (nanosized phase) are integrated together via carbon nanotube bridges. The obtained dual‐phasic carbon catalyst shows a small overpotential difference of 0.74 V between OER potential at 10 mA cm−2 and ORR half‐wave potential. The ZAB based on the bifunctional catalyst demonstrates a large power density of 172 mW cm−2. Furthermore, it shows a small charge‐discharge potential gap of 0.51 V at 5 mA cm−2 and outstanding discharge‐charge cycling durability. This study provides a feasible design concept to achieve multifunctional catalysts and promotes the development of rechargeable ZABs.
A Review on Emerging Barrier Materials and Encapsulation Strategies for Flexible Perovskite and Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Sutherland Luke J. , Weerasinghe Hasitha C. , Simon George P.
Published: July 2021

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have undergone rapid development within the last decade, exhibiting exciting properties such as high efficiency, flexibility, and the potential for large‐scale fabrication through roll‐to‐roll (R2R) processing. Despite this, operational stability is recognized to be an ongoing challenge as prolonged device lifetimes are scarcely observed. This instability can be narrowed down to both “intrinsic degradation” and “extrinsic degradation,” with exposure to moisture and oxygen having detrimental effects on device performance. A means of delaying the degradation of flexible PSC and OPV devices is through barrier encapsulation. Despite glass encapsulation exhibiting ideal barrier properties, the potential for flexible devices and high‐throughput R2R fabrication requires the development of flexible barrier materials and encapsulation strategies. These barriers must demonstrate outstanding moisture permeation resistance, high transparency, chemical and thermal stability, and must be able to withstand repeated mechanical deformation. Herein, the fundamental principles of PSC and OPV devices are initially discussed, highlighting the degradation mechanisms and current stability obstacles. A review of the latest flexible barrier materials and encapsulation strategies follows, introducing stability studies that have been undertaken on flexible PSCs and OPV, along with suggestions as to the direction that future research may take.
Serum Th‐2 cytokines and FEV1 decline in WTC‐exposed firefighters: A 19‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Weiden Michael D. , Singh Ankura , Goldfarb David G. , Putman Barbara , Zeig‐Owens Rachel , Schwartz Theresa , Cohen Hillel W. , Prezant David J.
Published: July 2021

Background

Accelerated‐FEV1‐decline, defined as rate of decline in FEV1 > 64 ml/year, is a risk factor for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in World Trade Center (WTC)‐exposed firefighters. Accelerated‐FEV1‐decline in this cohort is associated with elevated blood eosinophil concentrations, a mediator of Th‐2 response. We hypothesized that an association exists between Th‐2 biomarkers and FEV1 decline rate in those with accelerated‐FEV1‐decline.

Methods

Serum was drawn from Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) firefighters 1–6 months (early) (N = 816) and 12–13 years (late) (N = 983) after 9/11/2001. Th‐2 biomarkers IL‐4, IL‐13, and IL‐5 were assayed by multiplex Luminex. Individual FEV1 decline rates were calculated using spirometric measurements taken: (1) between 9/11/2001 and 9/10/2020 for the early biomarker group and (2) between late measurement date and 9/10/2020 for the late biomarker group. Associations of early and late Th‐2 biomarkers with subsequent FEV1 decline rates were analyzed using multivariable linear regression controlling for demographics, smoking status, and other potential confounders.

Results

In WTC‐exposed firefighters with accelerated‐FEV1‐decline, IL‐4, IL‐13, and IL‐5 measured 1–6 months post‐9/11/2001 were associated with greater FEV1 decline ml/year between 9/11/2001 and 9/10/2020 (−2.9 ± 1.4 ml/year per IL‐4 doubling; −8.4 ± 1.2 ml/year per IL‐13 doubling; −7.9 ± 1.3 ml/year per IL‐5 doubling). Among late measured Th‐2 biomarkers, only IL‐4 was associated with subsequent FEV1 decline rate (−4.0 ± 1.6 ml/year per IL‐4 doubling).

Conclusions

In WTC‐exposed firefighters with accelerated‐FEV1‐decline, elevated serum IL‐4 measured both 1–6 months and 12–13 years after 9/11 is associated with greater FEV1 decline/year. Drugs targeting the IL‐4 pathway may improve lung function in this high‐risk subgroup.
Zellpermeable Nanobodys ermöglichen Zwei‐Farben‐Superauflösungsmikroskopie in lebenden, nicht transfizierten Zellen
Authors: Schneider Anselm F. L. , Benz Laila S. , Lehmann Martin , Hackenberger Christian P. R.
Published: July 2021

Die Superauflösungsmikroskopie in lebenden Zellen ist durch die Verfügbarkeit kleiner Molekülsonden, die nur gegen wenige Targets und genetisch kodierte Tags existieren, eingeschränkt. Hier erweitern wir die Anwendbarkeit von STED mithilfe zellgängiger, stark fluoreszierender Nanobodys für das intrazelluläre Targeting. Um helle Fluoreszenzsignale bei niedriger Konzentration zu gewährleisten, nutzten wir intramolekulare Photostabilisierung, indem wir einen Fluorophor zusammen mit dem Photostabilisator Trolox mittels EPL an den Nanobodys ligierten. Zudem sind diese semi‐synthetischen Nanobodys mit einem spaltbaren, zellpenetrierenden Peptid für ein effizientes Eindringen in die Zelle ausgestattet. Dadurch können wir sowohl GFP und mCherry als auch zwei endogene Zielmoleküle, die nuklearen Lamine und das DNA‐Replikations‐ und Reparaturprotein PCNA, mittels superauflösender Bildgebung visualisieren. Wir haben zudem die Zellteilung und DNA‐Replikation mittels konfokaler oder STED‐Mikroskopie überwacht und damit den Nutzen dieser Werkzeuge für die Funktionsanalyse demonstriert.
Chemoselective, Scalable Nickel‐Electrocatalytic O‐Arylation of Alcohols
Authors: Zhang Hai‐Jun , Chen Longrui , Oderinde Martins S. , Edwards Jacob T. , Kawamata Yu , Baran Phil S.
Published: July 2021

The formation of aryl‐alkyl ether bonds through cross coupling of alcohols with aryl halides represents a useful strategic departure from classical SN2 methods. Numerous tactics relying on Pd‐, Cu‐, and Ni‐based catalytic systems have emerged over the past several years. Herein we disclose a Ni‐catalyzed electrochemically driven protocol to achieve this useful transformation with a broad substrate scope in an operationally simple way. This electrochemical method does not require strong base, exogenous expensive transition metal catalysts (e.g., Ir, Ru), and can easily be scaled up in either a batch or flow setting. Interestingly, e‐etherification exhibits an enhanced substrate scope over the mechanistically related photochemical variant as it tolerates tertiary amine functional groups in the alcohol nucleophile.
Unsymmetrical sp2‐sp3 Disilenes
Authors: Bisai Milan Kumar , Das Tamal , Vanka Kumar , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Sen Sakya S.
Published: July 2021

Disilenes with differently coordinated silicon atoms are not known. Here, we have shown the high yield synthesis of a range of disilenes (2–4 and 6) upon reaction of a hypersilyl silylene PhC(NtBu)2SiSi(SiMe3)3 (1) with aliphatic chlorophosphines. The most striking characteristic of these disilenes is the presence of two differently coordinated Si atoms (one is three‐coordinated, the other four‐coordinated). The analogous reaction with Ph2PCl did not afford the desired disilene, but, surprisingly, led to the first tetraphosphinosilane (8). DFT calculations were performed to understand the bonding in disilenes and differences in reactivity of the complexes.
Scalable Synthesis of Tungsten Disulfide Nanosheets for Alkali‐Acid Electrocatalytic Sulfion Recycling and H2 Generation
Authors: Yi Luocai , Ji Yaxin , Shao Ping , Chen Junxiang , Li Junwei , Li Hao , Chen Kai , Peng Xinxin , Wen Zhenhai
Published: July 2021

WS2 nanosheets hold great promise for a variety of applications yet faces a grand challenge in terms of large‐scale synthesis. We report a reliable, scalable, and high‐yield (>93 %) synthetic strategy to fabricate WS2 nanosheets, which exhibit highly desirable electrocatalytic properties toward both the alkaline sulfion (S2−) oxidation reaction (SOR) and the acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The findings prompted us to develop a hybrid alkali‐acid electrochemical cell with the WS2 nanosheets as bifunctional electrode catalysts of alkaline anodic SOR and acidic cathodic HER. The proof‐of‐concept device holds promise for self‐power or low‐electricity electrolytic H2 generation and environmentally friendly recycling of sulfion with enhanced electron utilization efficiency.
Cooperative Effects in Switchable Catalysis: Enhancing Double‐Click Reaction Yield of Symmetrical Rotaxanes
Authors: Ghosh Amit , Paul Indrajit , Schmittel Michael
Published: July 2021

Reversible switching between the closed cyclic dimeric assembly [Cu2(1)2]2+ (OFF state) and the extended dimeric homoleptic complex [FeCu2(1)2]4+ (ON State) by addition/removal of Fe2+ triggered catalysis of a double‐click reaction and high yield preparation of [2]rotaxanes. Mechanistic and computational studies provide valuable general insight for double‐click strategies by revealing cooperative effects in the second cycloaddition step due to a distance‐tolerant preorganization of the first‐click product by the two copper(I)‐loaded phenanthroline subunits of [FeCu2(1)2]4+.
Effect of graphene oxide on the pH‐responsive drug release from supramolecular hydrogels
Authors: Olate‐Moya Felipe , Palza Humberto
Published: July 2021

Polypseudorotaxane (PPR) hydrogels formed by inclusion complexes between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) are highlighted as promising biomaterial for drug delivery. Here, we report a novel injectable PPR hydrogel containing graphene oxide (GO) for pH‐responsive controlled release of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). Our results showed that the gelation rates of the PEG/α‐CD supramolecular structures could be tailored depending on the reagent concentrations. The formation of PEG/α‐CD inclusion complexes was confirmed by TEM and XRD, the latter further confirming that GO restricts their formation. The supramolecular hydrogels were easily loaded with DOX by simple addition into the PEG solution before the complex formation with the α‐CD solution. Noteworthy, disruption of ionic interactions between DOX and GO in the nanocomposite at pH = 5.5 resulted in higher DOX release than under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4). This pH dependence was barely observed in pure PPR hydrogel. These findings introduce DOX‐loaded supramolecular hydrogels nanocomposites as promising carriers for pH‐responsive and therefore localized, drug delivery systems.
Physico‐mechanical properties of poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (vinyl alcohol)/boric acid, and poly (vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites incorporated with amino‐functionalized and pristine halloysite nanotubes films
Authors: Sayar Dogahe Kourosh , Akbari Somaye , Haghighat Kish Mohammad
Published: July 2021

Eco‐friendly poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), PVA/boric acid, PVA/halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and PVA/amino‐functionalized HNTs (APTES‐HNTs) films were fabricated by a solution casting technique. The samples were characterized by fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope, and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. The characterization results proved the chemical and physical interactions between the PVA and different additives. The viscoelastic behavior of the films was evaluated by DMA and creep analysis. The storage modulus, loss factor, and both αα and ββ transitions affected by APTES‐HNTs as a potential filler to form effective cross‐links. APTES‐HNTs existence enhanced creep‐recovery beyond expectations. Tensile and impact strength were measured to understand samples' mechanical stability. PVA/APTES‐HNTs and PVA/boric acid showed more yield behavior after the elastic limit. Furthermore, the subsequent rupture and impact strength were increased significantly compared with neat PVA and PVA/HNTs. The viscoelastic and mechanical behaviors were linked to each other by the area under Tanδ curve and the work of rupture and impact strength, which their linear correlation coefficient is statistically significant at 95% confidence limits. It seems that the presence of APTES‐HNTs provides new cross‐links, which altered (improved) the physico‐mechanical properties of PVA, offering a bionanocomposite suitable for further applications. From the literature, possible explanations are provided for these observations.
Evaluation of thermal conductivity and esthetic quality of denture base resin composites with acrylic polymer and nanodiamonds
Authors: Takada Tomoya , Fukuchi Mana , Nezu Takashi , Nagano‐Takebe Futami , Endo Kazuhiko
Published: July 2021

The effect on the thermal conductivity and esthetic quality of acrylic denture base resins due to the addition of surface‐carboxylated nanodiamonds (NDs) was evaluated using direct heat flux measurement and spectrophotometric measurement, respectively. The addition of NDs to the denture resin improved its thermal conductivity, which was highly depended on the ND content. The thermal conductivity increased significantly upon the addition of a small amount of NDs, followed by a gradual decrease with increasing ND content. The influence of the ND content on the thermal conductivity of the ND‐impregnated resins was explained via experimental results and the theory of phonon scattering. Furthermore, changes in the appearance of the denture base resins caused by ND impregnation were observed to assess their esthetic qualities. The color changes in the resins with low ND contents were found to be minor. Therefore, the improved thermal conductivity and the retention of appearance of the resin can be simultaneously achieved by the addition of a small amount of NDs.
HybPhaser: A workflow for the detection and phasing of hybrids in target capture data sets
Authors: Nauheimer Lars , Weigner Nicholas , Joyce Elizabeth , Crayn Darren , Clarke Charles , Nargar Katharina
Published: July 2021

PREMISE

Hybrids contain divergent alleles that can confound phylogenetic analyses but can provide insights into reticulated evolution when identified and phased. We developed a workflow to detect hybrids in target capture data sets and phase reads into parental lineages using a similarity and phylogenetic framework.

METHODS

We used Angiosperms353 target capture data for Nepenthes, including known hybrids to test the novel workflow. Reference mapping was used to assess heterozygous sites across the data set and to detect hybrid accessions and paralogous genes. Hybrid samples were phased by mapping reads to multiple references and sorting reads according to similarity. Phased accessions were included in the phylogenetic framework.

RESULTS

All known Nepenthes hybrids and nine additional samples had high levels of heterozygous sites, had reads associated with multiple divergent clades, and were phased into accessions resembling divergent haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis including phased accessions increased clade support and confirmed parental lineages of hybrids.

DISCUSSION

HybPhaser provides a novel approach to detect and phase hybrids in target capture data sets, which can provide insights into reticulations by revealing origins of hybrids and reduce conflicting signal, leading to more robust phylogenetic analyses.
Diversity of vibrissal follicle anatomy in cetaceans
Authors: Mynett Natasha , Mossman Hannah L. , Huettner Tim , Grant Robyn A.
Published: July 2021

Most cetaceans are born with vibrissae but they can be lost or reduced in adulthood, especially in odontocetes. Despite this, some species of odontocetes have been found to have functioning vibrissal follicles (including the follicle itself and any remaining vibrissal hair shaft) that play a role in mechanoreception, proprioception and electroreception. This reveals a greater diversity of vibrissal function in odontocetes than in any other mammalian group. However, we know very little about vibrissal follicle form and function across the Cetacea. Here, we qualitatively describe the gross vibrissal follicle anatomy of fetuses of three species of cetaceans, including two odontocetes: Atlantic white‐sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and one mysticete: minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and compared our findings to previous anatomical descriptions. All three species had few, short vibrissae contained within a relatively simple, single‐part follicle, lacking in muscles. However, we observed differences in vibrissal number, follicle size and shape, and innervation distribution between the species. While all three species had nerve fibers around the follicles, the vibrissal follicles of Balaenoptera acutorostrata were innervated by a deep vibrissal nerve, and the nerve fibers of the odontocetes studied were looser and more branched. For example, in Lagenorhynchus acutus, branches of nerve fibers travelled parallel to the follicle, and innervated more superficial areas, rather than just the base. Our anatomical descriptions lend support to the observation that vibrissal morphology is diverse in cetaceans, and is worth further investigation to fully explore links between form and function.
The effect of school closures on standardised student test outcomes
Authors: Maldonado Joana Elisa , De Witte Kristof
Published: July 2021

The school closures owing to the 2020 COVID‐19 crisis resulted in a significant disruption of education provision, leading to fears of learning losses and of an increase in educational inequality. This article evaluates the effects of school closures based on standardised tests in the last year of primary school in the Dutch‐speaking Flemish region of Belgium. Using a 6‐year panel, we find that students of the 2020 cohort experienced significant learning losses in three out of five tested subjects, with a decrease in school averages of mathematics scores of 0.17 standard deviations and Dutch scores (reading, writing, language) of 0.19 standard deviations as compared to previous cohorts. This finding holds when accounting for school characteristics, standardised tests in Grade 4 and school fixed effects. Given the large observed effect sizes, the effect of school closures appears to be a combination of lost learning progress and learning loss. Moreover, we observe that inequality both within schools and across schools rises by 7% for mathematics and 8% for Dutch. The learning losses are correlated with observed school characteristics, as schools with a more disadvantaged student population experience larger learning losses.
Formulation Prediction for Young's Modulus of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) by Spectroscopic Methods
Authors: Cho Han Saem , Moon Heh‐Young , Lee Heung Soon , Kim Yong Tae , Jeoung Sae Chae
Published: July 2021

In this work, we refer to the fraction of hydrides and vinyl groups consumed in cross‐linking reaction as a variation of the properties of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with varying the formulation of a curing agent from 3.2 wt % to 50 wt %. Young's modulus, density, and refractive indices of PDMS were observed to have a maxima at a formulation of about 10 wt % of cross linker. The intensity of the Raman band for the SiH stretching mode in cross‐linker is almost zero if the cross‐linking agent is less than 10 wt %, but it is linearly increasing with increasing the content of cross‐linker. The dependence of the elastic modulus on the formulation could be explained in terms of the fraction of cross‐linked network. The analytical framework proposed in this work could be used for optimizing the formulation of PDMS and hence its properties can be tailored for specific applications.
FUT11 is a target gene of HIF1α that promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ruan Wanyuan , Yang Yushi , Yu Qionghua , Huang Tiejun , Wang Yaofen , Hua Li , Zeng Zhirui , Pan Runsang
Published: July 2021

Hypoxia promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the hypoxia regulatory network in hepatocellular carcinoma is known to be limited. Thus, this study aimed to identify the crucial hypoxia‐associated genes and to explore their effects and molecular mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. FUT11 was first identified as a crucial hypoxia‐associated gene through bioinformatics analysis. High FUT11 mRNA levels were positively correlated with poor clinical parameters. FUT11 knockdown under normoxia and hypoxia both decreased hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. HIF1α binds to the promoter of FUT11 and increases its transcription and co‐expression with FUT11 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Overexpression of FUT11 in HIF1α knockdown cells reversed the inhibitory effects of HIF1α suppression on hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and mobility under hypoxia. Therefore, our findings indicate that FUT11 is a key target gene of HIF1α, which can promote the proliferation and mobility of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. FUT11 may be a novel and effective target for blocking the hypoxia response of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Co‐occurrence of progressive hemifacial atrophy due to morphea with homolateral segmental vitiligo: A case report
Authors: Chapagain Pukar , Agrawal Sudha
Published: July 2021

Simultaneous occurrence of progressive hemifacial atrophy due to morphea and homolateral segmental vitiligo, younger onset, rapid progression followed by stabilization and dermatomal distribution suggests a possible relationship between them.
Precise Control of Diazirine Reduction to Tune the Mechanical Properties of Electrocuring Adhesives
Authors: Ambrosi Adriano , Singh Manisha , Webster Richard D. , Steele Terry W. J.
Published: July 2021

There is a growing interest in developing innovative adhesive materials that offer stimuli‐responsive mechanical properties. Electrocuring adhesives exploit electric‐field stimuli towards initiating and propagating polymerization reactions with projected benefits of on‐demand adhesion and microelectronic control. Voltaglue is a recently developed biocompatible, water‐based bioadhesive that combines a biomacromolecule (polyamidoamine, PAMAM) with a grafted electrochemical crosslinker (diazirine) where the former mediates viscoelastic properties and the latter voltage‐based activation. Through this relatively simple design, a range of viscoelastic and adhesive properties are possible by controlling the intensity (voltage) and duration (coulombs) of the electric field. For the first time, bioadhesive properties are correlated to the moles of diazirine reduced during electrocuring via chronoamperograms. The method is based on the precise measurement of the charge exchanged during the reductive reaction which ultimately results in a series of voltage/time combinations that can be used to drive diazirine activation and charge quantitation. A strong correlation is finally observed between diazirine electrolysis and specific mechanical properties of the cured adhesive. This ultimately enables fine‐tune control over the adhesive properties with benefits in a wide variety of applications ranging from electromagnetic biomaterials to additive manufacturing.
Chemical Recycling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Mild Conditions
Authors: Schamel Elisabeth , Wehnert Gerd , Schlachter Herbert , Söthje Dominik
Published: July 2021

The increased use of carbon fiber reinforced thermosets generates more waste and end‐of‐life products. However, an efficient recycling method for the expensive carbon fibers has not yet been developed. The selective decomposition of amine‐cured epoxy resin under mild conditions is presented. A two‐step method was investigated to decompose the epoxy resin. The optimum parameters were initially determined using a model compound. By analysis of the reaction products, a cleavage of the C–N bond according to the Cope elimination could be proven. Therefore, the Cope elimination is suggested as the main step of the decomposition of amine‐cured epoxy resins in presence of hydrogen peroxide. By dissolving the resin, it is possible to recover resin‐free fibers with unimpaired mechanical properties.
Mycobacterial Membrane Protein Large 3 (MmpL3) Inhibitors: A Promising Approach to Combat Tuberculosis
Authors: Umare Mohit D. , Khedekar Pramod B. , Chikhale Rupesh V.
Published: July 2021

Tuberculosis is a prominent aliment throughout the world and a leading cause of mortality among infectious diseases. Drug development for multi‐drug resistance and reducing the current therapy time is the top priority. Mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3) is a promising target with high potential, however, it has not been explored to its greatest potential. It is a membrane transporter that translocates trehalose‐monomycolate which is a precursor for the synthesis of mycolic acid that is essential for the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall and is pathogenic in nature. In this review, we have discussed the current development of MmpL3 inhibitors, different scaffolds, their derivatives, and their synthetic schemes and provide insight into the challenges in developing these inhibitors.
Equal access to care and nurse navigation leads to equitable outcomes for minorities with aggressive large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Hu Bei , Boselli Danielle , Pye Lisa M. , Chen Tommy , Bose Rupali , Symanowski James T. , Blackley Kris , Moyo Tamara K. , Jacobs Ryan , Park Steven I. , Soni Amy , Avalos Belinda R. , Copelan Edward A. , Raghavan Derek , Ghosh Nilanjan
Published: July 2021

Background

Aggressive large B‐cell lymphomas (LBCLs) are curable, but previous studies have shown inferior outcomes in minorities. Nurse navigation programs can improve patient outcomes by providing patient support. This study presents the outcomes of White and minority patients with aggressive LBCL at an institution with an active nurse navigation program.

Methods

The authors prospectively collected baseline characteristics, treatment regimens, and outcome data for patients with aggressive LBCL. Navigation encounters were characterized as low or high intensity. Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were calculated with Kaplan‐Meier methods. Baseline characteristics were compared with Fisher exact tests.

Results

Two hundred four consecutive patients (47 minority patients and 157 White patients) were included. Results were presented as minorities versus Whites. There were no differences in prognostic scores (Revised International Prognostic Index score of 3‐5, 43% vs 47%; P = .50), frontline chemotherapy (98% vs 96%; P = .68), or the incidence of relapsed/refractory disease (40% vs 38%; P = .74). For relapsed/refractory LBCL, similar proportions of patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (32% vs 29%; P > .99) or chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy (16% vs 19%; P > .99). Enrollment in clinical trials was comparable (17% vs 14%; P = .64). More than 85% received nurse navigation, but minorities had higher intensity navigation encounters (42% vs 21%; P = .01). The 2‐year OS rates were 81% and 76% for minorities and Whites, respectively (P = .27); the 2‐year PFS rates were 62% and 65%, respectively (P = .78).

Conclusions

This study shows similar survival between Whites and minorities with aggressive LBCL, which was likely due to equal access to guideline‐concordant therapy. Minorities received higher intensity navigation encounters, which may have helped them to overcome socioeconomic disadvantages.