bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequent IgE sensitization to latex, cow's milk, and egg in children with short bowel syndrome
Authors: Mazon Angel , Solera Eva , Alentado Noemi , Oliver Fernando , Pamies Rafael , Caballero Luis , Nieto Antonio , Dalmau Jaime
Published: July 2007

Children with short bowel syndrome (SBS) undergo frequent operations, so they are at risk for sensitizing to latex. There have been isolated reports of sensitization to food in these children. In a cross‐sectional study, we assessed sensitization to latex, cow's milk, and egg with skin prick tests (SPT) and serum‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in 14 children with SBS. Data were collected about the number of operations with latex devices, serum total IgE, and history of feeding with milk formula. Ten children were sensitized to latex (specific IgE median: 6.7 kU/l, range: 0.5–33). Compared with those non‐sensitized, sensitized children had significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of serum total IgE in z‐units (mean rank 3.25 vs. 9.2, respectively), and more operations with latex devices (mean rank 3.75 vs. 9). Eight children were sensitized to cow's milk, one with only positive SPT, the other seven with serum‐specific IgE (median: 3.5, range: 0.5–21.1 kU/l), and five to egg (specific IgE median: 0.68, range: 0.58–2.17 kU/l). Except for some isolated days with cow's milk formula, the children had been initially fed with a diet without intact cow's milk proteins. Sensitization to latex, cow's milk, and egg is very frequent in children with SBS. They should be treated in a latex‐free environment since the very early stages of the disease, and should be routinely studied regarding food sensitization, as this might contribute as an added factor in the chronic diarrhea of these patients.
Parental‐reported drug allergy in 6‐ to 9‐yr‐old urban schoolchildren
Authors: Orhan Fazil , Karakas Taner , Cakir Murat , Akkol Nevzat , Bahat Elif , Sonmez Fatma Mujgan , Gedik Yusuf
Published: July 2007

Epidemiologic studies about the prevalence of adverse drug reactions in children are scarce compared to reports in adults. To assess the prevalence of parental‐reported drug allergy in 6‐ to 9‐yr‐old urban school children, we performed a cross‐sectional study of 6‐ to 9‐yr‐old urban children from the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey during the year 2004, using a self‐administered questionnaire by parents. Response rate was 81.6% (2855/3500). The prevalence of parental‐reported drug allergy was 2.8% (81/2855). The most common parental‐reported drugs were penicillins and other β‐lactams (59.3%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (11.1%), and acetylsalicylic acid and other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (9.9%). The most commonly reported clinical manifestations were cutaneous (n = 76, 93.8%) followed by gastrointestinal (n = 17, 21%) symptoms. In 19 (23.5%) children, the reaction involved more than one organ system. Of these 19 children, 14 used β‐lactams. Systemic reactions were not reported with NSAIDs. Medications were taken by mouth in 88.9% of the reactions. Most of the reported allergic reactions occurred in the first day of treatment (61.7%). The reported time to reaction after the last intake of the drug was <2 h in 35 (43.2%) children and 2–24 h in 45 (55.6%). Oral reactions occurred later than reactions to parentally administered drugs. Parents of 58 children (71.6%) reported that they completely avoided the suspected culprit drug following the reaction. Relapse occurred after re‐administration of the drug in 21 (25.9%) children. A diagnostic approach for drug allergy was not undertaken in any of the children. This study may provide some information about the prevalence of drug allergy, although it is based on parental perception and results are unlikely to conform well to true prevalence.
Two main subtypes of wheezing illness? Evidence from the 2004 Aberdeen schools asthma survey
Authors: Tagiyeva Nara , McNeill Geraldine , Russell George , Helms Peter
Published: July 2007

To compare risk factors for wheezy bronchitis (WB) and multi‐trigger wheeze (MTW) in pre‐pubertal children along the spectrum of disease severity. Cross‐sectional survey of children aged 7–12 yr in Aberdeen city primary schools in 2004 using parent‐completed questionnaires as used in surveys in 1964, 1989, 1994, and 1999. Children were grouped into five categories: no wheeze in the past three years, non‐severe wheeze triggered only by a cold (non‐severe WB), non‐severe wheeze triggered by other factors (non‐severe MTW), severe WB, or severe MTW. Severe wheeze was defined as greater than four wheezing attacks, greater than or equal to one disturbed night per week, or speech limitation in the last 12 months. Questionnaires were returned by 3271 children (57.3%), of whom 7.4% had WB (6.1% non‐severe and 1.3% severe) and 17.2% had MTW (9.4% non‐severe and 7.8% severe). Severe disease was more frequent in children with MTW (31.8%) than in those with WB (5.1%). Whereas the prevalence of MTW had increased since 1964, the prevalence of WB had remained stable over this period. After adjustment for confounders, age had no influence on either wheeze type, and male sex was only associated with non‐severe WB [OR 1.44, 95% confidence intervals (1.03–2.02)]. In the WB group eczema or/and hay fever in the child were more strongly associated with severe wheeze [OR 3.28(1.49–7.23) vs. OR 1.84(1.31–2.60)]. In the MTW group, this association was noticeably higher than in the WB group, but did not differ much between non‐severe and severe wheeze [OR 5.46(3.70–7.20) and OR 6.01(4.1–8.75) respectively]. The presence of any allergic diseases in either parent increased the odds for non‐severe and severe MTW at the same level of magnitude [OR 1.92(1.38–2.68) and OR 1.92(1.34–2.76) respectively], and statistically non‐significantly for severe WB [OR 1.75(0.78–3.94)]. Living in a deprived area increased both severe WB and severe MTW, reaching statistical significance only for severe MTW [OR 1.96(1.39–2.78)]. Smoking in the house was associated with increased risk of WB and MTW of any severity. WB and MTW differ in prevalence trends and severity. Within severity levels, the influence of age, allergic diseases in children and parents also differed between these two wheezing subtypes.
Pulmonary Nocardia and Aspergillus co‐infection in a patient with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Hamadani M. , Benson D.M. , Blum W. , Garzon R. , Devine S.M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Immunosuppression and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) are major risk factors for the development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant patients. Although nocardial infections are well described in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients, little information is available about the incidence of nocardiosis in patients with chronic GVHD after HSCT. Coexistence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and nocardiosis following non‐myeloablative HSCT has not been reported previously. With the increasing use of pentostatin in the treatment of chronic GVHD in future and other nucleoside analogues as preparative regimens in patients undergoing reduced‐intensity conditioning transplantation, the possibility of co‐infection with rare organisms should be kept in mind while assessing at‐risk patients.
Modelling the genetics and demography of step cline formation: gastropod populations preyed on by experimentally introduced crabs
Authors: BOULDING E. G. , HAY T. , HOLST M. , KAMEL S. , PAKES D. , TIE A. D.
Published: July 2007

Whether a prey population goes extinct or adapts in response to an invading predator may depend on the number of contiguous populations that experience increased predation. We created invaded snail populations by building shelters for predatory shore crabs on a rocky intertidal bench. The crabs preyed selectively on thin‐shelled snails tethered next to the shelters but did not prey on those more than 2 m away. This caused strong directional selection for increased shell thickness in populations close to the shelters but did not change selection in those farther away. The field experiment was used to parameterize a new individual‐based quantitative genetic model that included demography. In the model a detectable step cline in shell thickness evolved rapidly even though the region of increased predation was shorter than Slatkin's characteristic length. The cline's step size in the model was similar to that measured in the field 10 years after the experiment began.
Sympatric host races of the European corn borer: adaptation to host plants and hybrid performance
Authors: CALCAGNO V. , THOMAS Y. , BOURGUET D.
Published: July 2007

The European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis, is a major pest of maize crops. In Europe, two sympatric host races are found: one feeds on maize (Zea mays) and the other mainly on mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris). The two host races are genetically differentiated, seldom crossing in the laboratory or in the field, and females preferentially lay eggs on their native host species. We conducted two independent experiments, in field and greenhouse conditions, to determine whether the two host races are locally adapted to their host species. The effect of larval density and the performance of hybrids were also investigated. Despite some differences in overall larval feeding performance, both experiments revealed consistent patterns of local adaptation for survival and for larval weight in males. In females the same trend was observed but with weaker statistical support. F1 hybrids did not seem to be disadvantaged compared with the two parental races. Overall, our results showed that both host races are physiologically adapted to their native host. The fitness trade‐off between the two host plants provides a potential driving force for ecological speciation in this species.
Access to General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations for students with special educational needs: what is ‘best practice’?
Authors: Woods Kevin
Published: July 2007

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, recent guidance on access arrangements for students with special educational needs taking public examinations such as the end‐of‐school General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) has signalled a commitment to the development of access arrangements in line with ‘best practice’. In this article, Kevin Woods, from the Educational Support and Inclusion section of the School of Education at the University of Manchester, provides a relevant evaluation of access arrangements for GCSE examinations using questionnaire feedback from 205 specialist teachers involved in their implementation. The findings are that the system for allocating access arrangements is considered ‘manageable’ by 20% of teachers and ‘fair’ by only 25% of teachers; 70% of teachers would consider extension of access arrangements to be appropriate, notwithstanding resource constraints. Qualitative data from the questionnaires highlight the reasons for this pattern of results and a call by teachers for wider access in examinations to readers, scribes, extra time and a word processing facility. Kevin Woods sets his findings within the context of recent Government initiatives that are designed to improve engagement and achievement in the 14 to 19 age group.
6. Extensions of Respondent-Driven Sampling: Analyzing Continuous Variables and Controlling for Differential Recruitment
Authors: Heckathorn Douglas D.
Published: July 2007

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a network-based method for sampling hidden and hard-to-reach populations that has been shown to produce asymptotically unbiased population estimates when its assumptions are satisfied. This includes resolving a major concern regarding bias in chain-referral samples—that is, producing a population estimate that is independent of the seeds (initial subjects) with which sampling began. However, RDS estimates are limited to nominal variables, and one of the assumptions required for the proof of lack of bias is the absence of differential recruitment. One aim of this paper is to analyze the role of differential recruitment, quantify the bias it produces, and propose a new estimator that controls for it. The second aim is to extend RDS so that it can be employed to analyze continuous variables in a manner that controls for differential recruitment. The third aim is to describe means for carrying out multivariate analyses using RDS data. The analyses employ data from an RDS sample of 264 jazz musicians in the greater New York metropolitan area, taken in 2002.
Lacunar stroke attributable to radiation‐induced intracranial arteriopathy
Authors: Salih I. S. M. , Higgins N. J. N. , Warburton E. A. , Baron J.‐C.
Published: July 2007

We report the rare presentation of lacunar stroke syndrome secondary to single perforator mouth occlusion from radiation‐induced middle cerebral artery (MCA) stem arteriopathy. A 30‐year‐old female had acute‐onset right‐sided ataxic hemiparesis and dysarthria. As a child, she had a medulloblastoma of the posterior fossa and had surgery followed by cranial radiotherapy. She had no significant vascular risk factors. Acute CT showed extensive bilateral basal ganglia and left thalamic calcification; DWI showed a left internal capsule lacunar infarct; and MRA and CTA showed a 50% stenosis of the proximal left MCA.
Using measurements of neutralizing antibodies: the challenge of IFN‐β therapy
Authors: Hesse D. , Sørensen P. S.
Published: July 2007

Although the occurrence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to interferon (IFN)‐β has been acknowledged since the pivotal trials of IFN‐β in multiple sclerosis (MS), the effect of these antibodies has for several reasons been debated. The main reason for the controversies has been insufficient knowledge of the fact that clinically relevant NAbs do not appear until 12–18 months after initiation of IFN‐β therapy which make studies of 2 years or less unsuited to assess the clinical relevance of NAbs. Further, changes in NAb affinity occur and contribute to increase NAb effects by time.

The present paper reviews our current knowledge of NAbs and stresses the importance of using measurements of NAbs routinely. It is concluded that NAb titres are important for the biological response to IFN‐β. Patients with low or intermediate titres may have preserved a full or partial biological response and might still benefit from IFN‐β therapy. However, persistent high titres of NAbs indicate an abrogation of the biological response and, hence, absence of therapeutic efficacy, and this observation should lead to a change of therapy. The application of the existing information about NAbs in clinical practice would lead to improved efficacy of IFN‐β treatment for the benefit of patients with MS.
Extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase in human intractable epilepsy
Authors: Xi Z.‐Q. , Wang X.‐F. , He R.‐Q. , Li M.‐W. , Liu X.‐Z. , Wang L.‐Y. , Zhu X. , Xiao F. , Sun J.‐J. , Li J.‐M. , Gong Y. , Guan L.‐F.
Published: July 2007

Extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) such as ERK1 [p44 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)] and ERK2 (p42 MAPK) are activated in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions such as ischemia and epilepsy. Our aim is to investigate ERK1, ERK2, and phosphorylated ERK (p‐ERK) (Thr202/Tyr 204) expression in the temporal lobe of patients with intractable epilepsy (IE) and to explore its possible role of ERK in it. Tissue samples from temporal neocortices of 40 patients who had surgery for IE were used to detect ERK1, ERK2, and p‐ERK (Thr 202/Tyr 204) expression through immunohistochemistry and western blot. We compared these tissues against 17 histological normal temporal lobes from head‐traumat patients. ERK1, ERK2, and p‐ERK in IE were significantly higher than those in the controls. They were mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells. There was also increased detection of p‐ERK in the gliotic cortex of IE compared with the non‐gliotic cortex. These findings were consistently observed in western blot and immunohistochemistry techniques. ERK expression in patients with IE was significantly increased compared with the controls. This suggested a probable role of ERK in the pathogenesis of IE.
Cerebellar tumour presenting with pathological laughter and gelastic syncope
Authors: Famularo G. , Corsi F. M. , Minisola G. , De Simone C. , Nicotra G. C.
Published: July 2007

There is no report of patients in whom pathological laughter, a rare condition characterized by uncontrollable episodes of laughter usually triggered by unrelated stimuli, was ever closely associated with a loss of consciousness overtly linked with the onset of such uncontrollable laughter, also referred to as a gelastic syncope. A 53‐year‐old man presented with a 4‐month history of syncope following intense and uncoordinated laughter. Physical and neurological examination was normal and the patient had no other typical cerebellar signs. We found a mass in the cerebellar vermis abutting the floor of the fourth ventricle, which upon histological examination after surgery proved to be an ependymoma. We emphasize that pathological laughter and gelastic syncope could represent unique and sole features of a cerebellar disorder.
Copaxone interferes with the PrPSc–GAG interaction
Authors: Engelstein R. , Ovadia H. , Gabizon R.
Published: July 2007

The hallmark of prion disease‐induced neurodegeneration is the accumulation of PrPSc, a misfolded form of PrPC. In addition, several lines of evidence indicate a role for the immune system and, in particular, inflammation in prion disease pathogenesis. In this work, we tested whether Copaxone, an immunomodulatory agent currently used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, can affect prion disease manifestation in scrapie‐infected hamsters. We show here that Copaxone exerted no effect on prion disease incubation time when treatment commenced 2 weeks after i.p. prion infection. However, when Copaxone was mixed with the initial prion inoculum or administered to hamsters weekly starting on the day of infection, prion disease incubation time was prolonged by 30 days. This suggests that Copaxone may affect the initial infection process. In vitro experiments indicate that Copaxone significantly reduced PrPSc binding to both Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and heparin beads and also binds to heparin by itself. Interestingly, Copaxone also abolished PrPSc accumulation in scrapie‐infected cells. We propose that Copaxone delays prion infection by competing with the PrPSc–glycosaminoglycans interaction. Whether the immunomodulating activity of Copaxone is related to its heparin binding and anti‐prion properties remains to be established.
Nummular Headache Secondary to An Intracranial Mass Lesion
Authors: Guillem A , Barriga FJ , Giménez-Roldán S
Published: July 2007

Nummular headache is a coin-shaped, chronic cephalalgia usually considered to stem from epicranial tissues. We describe a patient complaining of circumscribed pain in the head as the only symptom of a subtentorial meningioma. This observation underlines the need to revise the concept of circumscribed, referred pains in the head arising from pain-sensitive intracranial structures.
THE HOUSE THAT NBS BUILT *
Authors: Fechter John V. , Van Cott Harold P.
Published: July 2007

In a suburban house in Maryland researchers at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) are studying the behaviour of people in a residential setting. This house, on the NBS campus outside Washington, has been turned into a laboratory equipped with 12 T.V. cameras, three observation booths, two kitchens, a computer and several miles of communications wiring.
A REPORT ON THE INTEGRATION OF A UNIT OF DESIGN STUDIES INTO ADVANCED COURSES IN HOME ECONOMICS.
Authors: Buyers Donald M. , Simmonds Dorecn , Bennett Roderick
Published: July 2007

The content of a unit of Design Studies which has been produced for a degree course in Home Economics is outlined and an exercise in three dimensional problem solving is described. The potential of the contribution of Design Education to the development of the modern home economist and consumer is discussed, and the case for an integrated and central role for design studies in Home Economics Courses is presented.
FABRIC APPEARANCE AND HANDLE
Authors: Elder H. M.
Published: July 2007

Consumer judgment of the quality of a fabric depends on appearance and handle and in this paper factors such as fibre content, fabric construction, finish and illumination which influence these parameters are discussed in detail. The rigidity and crease recovery of fabrics are also considered and statistical procedures used for rating subjective assessments are described.
THE WORK OF THE CONSUMER STANDARDS ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Authors: Horrocks Joan
Published: July 2007

The paper contains a historical survey of consumer representation in the formation of British Standards and the establishment of the present Consumer Standards Advisory Committee (CSAC). The terms of reference and the methods of work are fully described and the importance of the safety aspect of BSI work is emphasized. The work of the CSAC in the formation of international standards is described and the paper ends with a discussion of the information and education activity necessary to ensure the recognition of standards by the consumer.
FLAMMABILITY OF TEXTILES: II.
Authors: Langton Meg
Published: July 2007

Statistics relating to fire accidents are used to show the need for the retention of the Nightdresses (Safety) Regulations which will require amendment following publication of BS 5438. Reference is also made to the current approach in Australia and possible developments in South Africa. Consideration is also given to the regulations for inflammable textile fabrics of the Fabrics (Misdescriptions) Regulations and how these affect future developments.
ENERGY CONSERVATION AND LIFESTYLES: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO FAMILY DECISION MAKING*
Authors: Gladhart Peter Michael
Published: July 2007

The role of energy in supporting the family ecosystem is reviewed in terms of energy technology and family behaviour, information needs and family choice. The complexity of the family's dependence upon energy is highlighted as a major deterrent to effective decision making that would yield more energy‐thrifty lifestyles. Some examples of the energy costs of different lifestyle choices are reviewed based upon research currently in progress. Finally some procedures are suggested for improving the supply of information to consumers and some family decision making strategies are recommended as more fruitful than others.
HOME FOOD STORAGE FACILITIES AND THEIR USE: II.
Authors: Cook D. J.
Published: July 2007

The paper reports on a survey carried out in some 200 homes on foods stored in the refrigerator and includes comment on the implications of the results of the survey as to the safety and quality of refrigerated food in the home. The paper also considers the advantages and disadvantages of surveys of this type conducted by students as part of a teaching programme.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN TRADING STANDARDS DEPARTMENTS
Authors: Brudenell C. W.
Published: July 2007

The author, the Chairman of the Education Committee of the Institute of Trading Standards Administration, describes the education and training undertaken in Trading Standards and Consumer Protection Departments of Local Authorities in the United Kingdom. A historical note indicates why changes in the training schemes were necessary. Details of courses leading to the Diploma in Trading Standards (D.T.S.), the Diploma in Consumer Affairs (D.C.A.) and the Diploma in Public Safety (D.P.S.) are given and the short courses provided by the Institute of Trading Standards Administration are also mentioned.
‘NOT AN INSTRUMENT OF PUNISHMENT’: PRISON DIET IN THE MID‐NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: TOMLINSON M. HEATHER
Published: July 2007

This paper examines some of the issues involved in devising a suitable dietary for nineteenth century prisoners. It begins with a section defining and explaining the application of the ‘less‐eligibility’ principle—a principle which still strikes a chord with many people today. The paper goes on to describe the lack of standardized diet in the early part of the century, which first led the prison inspectors to investigate the properties of food. The inspectors, however, were administrators, not nutritionists, and the next section is concerned with the work of such medical men as Dr Guy and Dr Smith, who made more scientific experiments and observations in the 1850s and 1860s. In the final paragraphs, prison diet is compared with the sort of food consumed by working class families of the Victorian period. Both at the beginning and at the end of the paper, an attempt is made to demonstrate that the problem of reconciling humane treatment for the prisoner, with society's demands for justice, is just as great for the prison administrator of today as it was in the previous century.
A REPORT ON METHODS OF TEACHING FOOD STUDIES IN A DEGREE COURSE IN HOME ECONOMICS
Authors: WOOD CECILIA F.
Published: July 2007

The teaching objectives for the food studies component of a degree course in Home Economics are discussed and methods of implementation are described. One practical unit of the third year course is outlined and preliminary student reactions to the course are described.
THE EFFECT OF DOMESTIC STORAGE ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE, PALATABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF FOOD
Authors: COOK D. J.
Published: July 2007

The quality of food, that is, its nutritional value, palatability and acceptability can be significantly reduced by unsuitable storage in the home. This paper analyses how people store food, considers how they would like to receive information and stresses the need for more education about home food storage.
CONSUMER AFFAIRS
Authors: CARBERY T.
Published: July 2007

In this paper Dr Tom Carbery of the University of Strathclyde discusses four areas of disquiet with the current Consumer Affairs scene in the UK.
TEXTILE CARE LABELLING
Authors: ASHWORTH P. P.
Published: July 2007

This paper provides a brief history of the development in the standardization of textile care labelling, both in the United Kingdom and internationally, since 1950, explains in detail the current UK system, and concludes with some thoughts on future developments.
ACCESS, ALLOCATION AND TRANSFERS IN COUNCIL HOUSING:
Authors: WARD JOHN , RANDALL GEOFFREY , DRAKE MICHAEL
Published: July 2007

The authors of this paper consider current practices in respect of access, allocation and transfer in public sector housing.
THE CONSUMERS' COUNCIL 1918–1921
Authors: BAYLISS ROBERT A.
Published: July 2007

A Consumers' Council was established in the closing months of the Great War. Its work seems to have been overlooked, but it was an important body with achievements to its credit and a notable membership. The Council deserves a new look in the decade when a new National Consumer Council has been created.
THE CONSUMER'S INTEREST IN COMPETITION POLICY: 1.
Authors: JONES T. T. , PICKERING J. F.
Published: July 2007

The authors were invited to prepare a paper for the National Consumer Council to discuss the consumer interest in competition policy. While the analytical basis of competition policy has been extensively discussed in various places and empirical evidence on structure‐conduct‐performance relationships in industry is available, they have not found any material which deals systematically with a possible con sumer oriented approach to competition policy. Before offering specific policy suggestions they have therefore found it necessary to establish a theoretical basis for the identification of the consumer's interest in these matters. This is then used to guide their comments on the particular implications for competition policy.

By competition policy they refer to that area of government policy which seeks to control the creation or conduct of dominant firms and other forms of restraint on competition. The analytical model is developed primarily in terms of a consideration of the effects of monopoly, to simplify the discussion it is therefore assumed that cartels can be viewed as a special case of monopoly.

In the paper they have treated the consumer as a household‐based purchaser and they do not therefore take into account the interests of industrial purchasers.
SAUCEPAN LIDS: THE KEY TO LOW ENERGY COOKING
Authors: BRUNDRETT G. W. , POULTNEY G.
Published: July 2007

Different cooks use varying amounts of energy to prepare the same meal on identical cookers. Studies of saucepans show losses from open saucepans to be closely linked to the evaporaton of water. The use of a saucepan lid reduced energy during simmering by a factor of five and the moisture release by a factor of 100. Saucepan lids therefore play an important role in energy saving and in minimizing the risk of kitchen condensation troubles.
CHILD CARE COURSES IN THE CURRICULUM
Authors: WARING PATRICIA J.
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the relevance of child care courses for adolescents in the light of the recent debate on the curriculum and argues that despite indications to the contrary, such courses are more important than they ever were and have a fundamental role to play in the formation of future generations.

Support for this can be found in recent research into the needs of the young child. The author questions the new emphasis and the non‐family role of women in relation to the child's welfare and suggests that it is a misunderstanding both of women's position and the nature of child care courses.
HOME ECONOMICS: A SOCIO‐PRACTICAL FIELD
Authors: TIMPSON MARGARET E.
Published: July 2007

It is suggested that Home Economics is a socio‐practical field, and an account of this new concept together with a consideration of the relation of theory and practice in a socio‐practical field are given. The implications of this for Home Economics are discussed and an outline of what a home economics theory would look like, given that Home Economics is a socio‐practical field, is put forward.
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION: A CULTURAL AND CROSS‐NATIONAL VIEW*
Authors: BAKER GEORGIANNE
Published: July 2007

This paper aims to place household production in cross‐cultural and cross‐national perspective. It begins with brief comments on the meaning of household production and some assumptions about it. Then, in Part I of the paper, four important aspects of socio‐cultural context or environment are described: types of production by scale of social organization; non‐agricultural production and scale of economic development; sex and role differences in everyday work; and value shifts affecting family functions and productive behaviour. In Part II are presented illustrations of house‐hold production from different regions and cultures of the world, and in Part III, suggestions about measures of household production patterns, which may permit cross‐cultural comparisons.
COST OF COMPLAINING AND THE EFFICIENCY OF CONSUMER COMPLAINTS AGENCIES
Authors: MORRIS DAVID
Published: July 2007

In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the activity of complaining from an economic point of view and a model of consumer complaints is proposed as an aid in this analysis. The author discusses the implications of the analysis and assesses the efficiency and role of consumer complaints agencies.
PILE UPHOLSTERY FABRICS–CONSTRUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND ABRASION RESISTANCE
Authors: LEVY MARILYN JOAN , KING ROSALIE ROSSO
Published: July 2007

Pile fabrics are currently enjoying a renewed popularity. They are not only an important upholstery fabric but also are gaining importance in other textile end‐uses such as apparel, footwear, toys and accessories. Pile fabrics are made in both natural and synthetic fibres as well as natural and synthetic fibre blends.

The study was an attempt to develop a procedure to evaluate the physical properties of pile fabrics to determine their suitability for specific end‐uses. The study defined and tested different pile fabric samples which were representative of the 1979 interior textile fabric lines. Six pile fabrics, each with different fibre contents were subjected to seven separate tests and the results reported. The tests included fibre identification, fabric weight determination, fabric thickness determination, breaking load determination, tearing strength determination, and abrasion resistance determination.

The results found that pile upholstery fabrics of different generic fibres performed differently when subjected to physical testing. The results obtained from the physical properties tests gave results which can be used to compare pile fabrics of different generic fibre content.
THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF VISCOSITY OF CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE IN DIETETIC FOODS
Authors: ISMAIL FERIAL A. , EL‐ASHWAH E. T. , EL‐FARRA S. A.
Published: July 2007

The thickening effect of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) can be put to good use in dietetic food formulation. Therefore, the viscosity behaviour of CMC in suspensions was investigated. A reversible relationship was found between the dynamic viscosity values and concentrations of CMC. The gum has the ability to disperse in water at room temperature. It was also observed that viscosity of CMC depressed upon the addition of sodium benzoate or sweeteners such as sorbitol and saccharin to the system. Viscosity pattern of jam and jelly prepared by using CMC, pectin and gelatin were compared. CMC exerted higher viscosity in the mix. The concentration of 0.5–0.75% CMC was adequate to reach a suitable texture of the product.
FEEDING CHILDREN AT SCHOOL*
Authors: HOWLETT ROSALIND D. , OSNER ROBIN C. , LYONS HOWARD M.
Published: July 2007

After briefly reviewing factors affecting questionnaire design with reference to Primary School children, the paper explores three methods of determining food preferences of Middle School children. The overall patterns of food preferences that emerged were similar although there were significant differences obtained for 25% of the 100 individual food items investigated. The reading ability of the pupils influenced the type of questionnaire that could be used, especially for junior schools, although other factors such as amount of paper used and analysis time were also considered. The ‘recognition’ of the name of menu items was investigated and most popular or unpopular items were well known. There was no overall influence on the preferences shown by the sex or the age of the child, although children who stayed at school tended to have higher preference ratios for dishes than those who never stayed to school lunch.
THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF HOME ECONOMICS: A CONSIDERATION OF TERMINOLOGY
Authors: DANIELS C. E. J.
Published: July 2007

When any educational activity is in the process of achieving academic recognition it is desirable that practitioners should agree on the terminology used to describe the subject. Currently a number of different educational terms are being used, somewhat indiscriminately, to identify the organizational structure of home economics. This paper considers the merits of such terms and identifies one which appears to offer an appropriate description of the organizational structure of this subject.
SEXUAL STEREOTYPING AND THE TEACHING OF HOME ECONOMICS
Authors: FAHEY WALTER S.
Published: July 2007

In this paper the author reviews the incidence of sexual stereotyping and the changes that are occurring. He also indicates how these changes should influence the teaching of home economics in secondary schools.
FABRIC SPECIALITY STORES: CONSUMER DISSATISFACTION WITH SELECTED IN‐STORE ATTRIBUTES
Authors: CARY RICHARD T. , ZYLLA JULIE M.
Published: July 2007

This consumer dissatisfaction study focused on selected in‐store attributes of the fabric speciality store. The procedure was to select fifteen fabric speciality stores at random in the Phoenix area and distribute thirty questionnaires to customers at each store. The 264 returns were analysed by examining the respondents' comments about the fabric speciality store most often shopped in, the respondents' ratings of the statements concerning the average fabric speciality store's attributes and the complaints the respondents made to fabric speciality stores. The fabric speciality store attributes found to be both important and dissatisfying included: salesperson's helpfulness, variety of fabrics, quality of fabrics, salesperson's product knowledge and fabric price.
EFFECT OF THICKENING AGENTS ON THE ACCEPTABILITY OF ARTIFICIALLY SWEETENED JELLIES
Authors: ISMAIL FERIAL A. , EL‐ASHWAH E. T. , EL‐FARRA S. A.
Published: July 2007

The sensory properties of jellies, sweetened with saccharin or saccharin plus sorbitol, were assessed by using a modified descriptive analysis. The effects of thickening agents, i.e. carboxymethylcellulose, pectin and gelatin, on sensory properties of jellies were studied. Jellies containing pectin were less firm and tend to weep compared with CMC or gelatin which achieve acceptable jelling properties under the formulation used. A combination of sorbitol and saccharin masked the after‐taste of the saccharin. Addition of citric acid to reach pH 3.8–4.15 in all jellies increased overall flavour intensity and decreased the after‐taste of the saccharin.
THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN CONSUMER LAW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM*
Authors: THOMAS RICHARD , CLEARY AMANDA
Published: July 2007

In this paper the authors describe the consequences of European consumer law for British consumers. After an analysis of some of the difficulties which have been faced by the United Kingdom in coming to terms with its new‐found status within a federal system, the article goes on to describe the progress which has been made with the programme of implementation. The third part looks at some EEC proposals which are in the pipeline at the moment and comments on some of the consequences which the prospect of EEC legislation can have for domestic reform. Finally, the authors examine the actual enforcement of EEC consumer law through the criminal process and the effects upon civil processes.
THE EFFECT OF ACTIVATION OF THE OXIDATION REACTION OF SODIUM PERBORATE ON THE CLEANING OF TEXTILES AND THE CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY
Authors: JOKELAINEN AILI , HEINO HANNELE
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bleaching efficiency of activated sodium perborate at low washing temperatures and the resulting energy saving.

The comparison of the washing efficiency of basic and activated detergent was based on practical washing tests. The types of dirt used were coffee, fruit juice, tea, blood and a soot‐oil mixture. The washing temperatures were 50, 60, 70 and 80°C. The cleanness of the washing was determined by a whiteness measurement. The consumption of electrical energy was measured with a kWh‐meter.

The higher the temperature, the more effectively all the types of dirt were removed from the textiles. With activated detergent a cleanness was obtained at 50°C and 60°C that was almost as good as with basic detergent at 80°C. The coloured types of dirt washed out more easily than blood or the soot and oil mixture.

An average saving of 20% in the consumption of energy was obtained when the washing temperature was lowered by 10°C. With activated detergent, 45% of the energy consumed using basic detergent was saved with no reduction in the final cleanness.
CONSUMERS AND PRODUCTIVITY CHANGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BRITISH POSTAL SYSTEM
Authors: JONES TREFOR T.
Published: July 2007

In service/public utility type industries, labour productivity can be increased by getting the consumer to do some of the work himself and by persuading consumers to change the patterns of their demands. The Post Office attempted to achieve these ends by introducing post codes and the two‐tier post system. The paper concludes by arguing that the failure of Post Office management to appreciate consumer behaviour was one factor explaining the poor productivity performance of the postal system as a result of the changes in service introduced.
CONSUMER PREFERENCES REGARDING COOKING METHODS AND TIMES FOR BEEF LOIN STEAKS IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E.
Published: July 2007

A total of 383 questionnaires were distributed to determine the cooking methods and times employed in central Alberta households for the preparation of beef loin steaks and to evaluate the influence of age of adult members in households on the cooking methods and times employed. Responses from 353 of these questionnaires indicated that a wide variety of cooking methods and times were normally employed for the preparation of beef loin steaks and that cooking methods and times employed varied with the age of adult household members. However, for laboratory taste panel acceptability tests to most closely simulate consumer evaluations by the majority of central Alberta households, beef loin steaks should be either broiled or pan‐fried for approximately 15 min.
BUDGET BEHAVIOUR: VARIANCE OVER THE LIFE CYCLE OF LOW INCOME FAMILIES
Authors: MULLIS RANDOLPH J. , SCHNITTGRUND KAREN P.
Published: July 2007

Several circumstances contribute to the economic demands of low‐income families. One of these is a family's stage of development. A family is most economically vulnerable during the expanding stage of development. The main objective of this study was to see if low‐income families used budgeting to cope with the economic demands of the expanding stage. A sample of 199 randomly selected low‐income families from Phoenix, Arizona, were surveyed to explore their use of budgeting, the style of budgeting used, their satisfaction with income and their attitudes toward money management practices. The results raised several questions about the emphasis that family economics and management professionals place upon budgeting.
IMPLEMENTING A PROFESSIONAL ON‐CAMPUS WORK EXPERIENCE FOR CLOTHING AND TEXTILE STUDENTS
Authors: HATCH KATHRYN L. , ORLICH PATRICIA , KEARNEY KATHLEEN , ROGERS JEAN C.
Published: July 2007

A Clothing and Textile course is described which provided a transition from classroom education to the world of work, improved students’ interpersonal skills and assisted in helping women students establish identities as professional people. In addition, the experience described demonstrates how concepts and skills from a large number of other courses are integrated when a specific real‐life clothing problem must be solved.

Through an on‐campus experience, twenty‐eight jackets for the Washington State University Men's Ski Team were designed and produced. Students were organized into a design team and a management team. The design team designed the jacket to meet the requirements of the ski team, made the the patterns, fitted the basic shells, reworked the pattern, wrote the assembly instructions and determined the most efficient layout. The management team investigated and purchased the materials and equipment needed, including a Babylock serger, determined jacket cost, organized and conducted meetings with the clients, and wrote the contract. All students participated in the construction of the jackets, a process organized as a factory assembly line.

Students were enthusiastic about this practical opportunity to apply design and management principles and the chance to work with others towards a common goal. The approach used with this class is applicable to numerous functional clothing design problems.
FAMILY LIFESTYLE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION: AN ENERGY ADAPTATION MODEL*
Authors: GLADHART PETER MICHAEL , ROOSA MARK W.
Published: July 2007

The premise of the paper is that family energy consumption is a consequence of family lifestyle. To facilitate the development of policies that allow families to make satisfactory lifestyle choices as energy resources decline, we explore in detail the relationship between family lifestyle and energy consumption. A model is developed to illustrate the decision making processes that link individual and family behaviour patterns with energy consumption. A series of propositions is derived from the model that relates family values, family effectiveness and family decision making to energy prices, energy conservation adoption, attitude formation and family lifestyle changes. The model can be used by public and private decision makers to identify research and consumer information programs that will facilitate adoption of more energy efficient lifestyles.
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND BUSINESS SELF‐REGULATION THROUGH VOLUNTARY CODES OF PRACTICE
Authors: PICKERING J. F. , COUSINS D. C.
Published: July 2007

The encouragement contained in the Fair Trading Act 1973 for the development of voluntary Codes of Practice has created an important new role for trade associations in a number of trades. It has been the responsibility of trade associations to establish the content of the Codes and appropriate mediation and conciliation services. In addition, they have promoted the Codes, monitored their effects, and enforced their provisions where necessary. It appears that the additional costs incurred by most trade associations in this work have not been unduly large. In return they have benefited through an increase in their role and standing both inside and outside the trade. There appears also to have been a greater cohesiveness within the trade. However, where the impact of Codes of Practice has been less than hopeful, it appears that failure to set and enforce high standards, often arising from a lack of resources and independence on the part of the trade association, was an important factor. Thus successful Codes of Practice require strong and effective trade associations, and trade associations also benefit from a successful Code of Practice. However, it is also important to ensure that Codes of Practice are not used as a means of reducing, in various ways, the extent of competition in a trade.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCY OF MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC DISHWASHING FOR THE REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM DOMESTIC CROCKERY
Authors: BLACKMORE M. A. , HOWARD K. , PRISK E. M. , STADDON M.
Published: July 2007

A comparison was made between dinner plates washed by hand and dried by tea towel, and plates washed in a dishwasher. The results indicate that during hand washing and drying the total number of bacteria found on the plates increased seven‐fold. Mechanical dishwashing almost totally removed naturally occurring bacteria from the plates; bacteria were also almost completely removed from plates artificially contaminated with a culture of Escherichia coli.
PECTIN METHYLESTERASE ACTIVITY AND THE TEXTURE OF CARROT SLICES COOKED IN AN ELECTRIC CASSEROLE*
Authors: CHINNERY MARY J.
Published: July 2007

Carrot slices cooked for 11 hours on the LOW setting of an electric casserole were firmer and less acceptable than those which had been boiled for 25 minutes; when slices were cooked on the HIGH setting of the casserole for 6 hours they became as soft as boiled slices. Short periods of heat treatment in the casserole on LOW, followed by boiling for 25 minutes, produced slices which were firmer and less acceptable than those which had simply been boiled.

These observations may be explained in terms of the action of the enzyme pectin methylesterase (PME) which at certain temperatures can cause firming of plant tissue. During the early stages of casserole treatment on LOW, considerable PME activity could be detected in carrot slices whereas on the HIGH setting, thermal inactivation was more rapid. When using the casserole on LOW, undesirable firmness in carrot tissue could be prevented by subjecting slices 1 cm thick to a preliminary 2 minute blanch in boiling water.
DIAL‐A‐RIDE
Authors: ROBERTS EIRLYS
Published: July 2007

One of the worst things about being disabled is the loneliness. Able‐bodied people do not have to wait for busy friends to find time to visit them. They can get on to a bus or a tube or a train and go visiting, or to the shops or a cinema or club, as the mood takes them. If you are in a wheelchair, you can't. You will get taken to hospital or a day centre or to your doctor, if need be, but nowhere for fun.

The idea has arisen in several countries that there should be a special service for people with disabilities, who cannot use public transport and cannot drive or use friends' cars. This would be the equivalent of what taxis provide for the able‐bodied — the possibility of getting out and going where you want, when you want, when there is no public transport, or car, available to take you.