bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nerve fibers showing immunoreactivities for thyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase re‐appear in the guinea pig uvea after sympathectomy
Authors: Lehtosalo J. , Eränkö L. , Palkama A. , Uusitalo H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. After sympathectomy we have studied the re‐appearence of nerve fibers showing catecholaminergic characteristics in the uvea of the guinea pig. Immunoreactivities for two catecholamine symthetizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopaminebeta‐hydroxylase (DBH), were used as markers. Both TH‐like and DBH‐like immunoreactive nerve fibers disappeared after the extirpation of ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. In the choroid the TH‐like and DBH‐like immunoreactive nerve fibers re‐appeared within 2 weeks. In the iris and the ciliary body both of these types of immunoreactive nerve fibers re‐appeared 10 weeks after the denervation. The morphological appearence of these re‐appearing nerve fibers was not similar to those in the non‐denervated uvea.
Contrast sensitivity in patients with posterior chamber intraocular lens implants
Authors: Furuskog Peter , Nilsson Bengt Y.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Divergent contrast sensitivity findings have been reported in patients with intraocular lens implants. In this study, contrast sensitivity to stationary sine‐wave gratings of six spatial frequencies from 0.5 to 22.8 cycles/degree was measured psychophysically in 13 patients with posterior chamber intraocular lens implants and in 10 controls. Corrected visual acuity was 0.7 to 1.0 in the intraocular lens group and 0.9 to 1.0 in the reference group. The age, the pupil diameter and the rate of subtle age‐related macular changes were equal in the two groups. No statistically significant difference in mean contrast sensitivity between the patients and the controls was observed at any spatial frequency examined.
Cerebral nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) in Kearns syndrome
Authors: Elsås Tor , Rinck Peter A. , Isaksen Christina , Nilsen Gunnar , Schjetne Ole B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We describe an 11‐year‐old boy with external ophthalmoplegia, pigment retinopathy, hearing loss, elevated spinal protein and ragged‐red fibers on muscle biopsy. Cerebral nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) demonstrated demyelinating lesions in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerehellum. To our knowledge this is the first report on the cerebral MRI findings in Kearns syndrome.
Pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy
Authors: Johansen J. , Lund‐Andersen C. , Autzen T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Two patients with pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy are presented. Both patients had chorioretinal atrophy with pigment clusters located in the paravenous areas, and one of the patients had macular affection. This patient had exotropia and juvenile cataract, the other patient had senile cataract. Electroretinography showed decreased, but not totally extinguished potentials. Automatic and manual perimetry revealed relative and absolute scotomas corresponding to the atrophic paravenous areas. To our knowledge this is only the sixth report of pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy with macular affection. ‐
The morphology of human cells from the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium grown in vitro on isolated Bruch's membrane
Authors: Nicolaissen B. , Ulshafer R. , Allen C. , Nicolaissen A. , Arnesen K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Cells from samples of human choroidal tissue were collected and seeded onto isolated Bruch's membrane in vitro, and the morphology of the developing cultures was examined by light‐, scanning electron‐ and transmission electron‐microscopy. In early cultures, the cells showed a flattened, spread out appearance with short surface villi and a low degree of cellular overlapping. After 48 h, a shift towards a more elongated cell form was observed, and one week old cultures were composed of predominantly elongated cells with a pronounced degree of overlapping. In contrast, human retinal pigment epithelial cells seeded onto sheets of Bruch's membrane maintained a spread out epithelial morphology with a varying degree of overlapping throughout the culture period. The present system permits comparative studies on the behavior of choroidal and pigment epithelial cells under controlled conditions. It may serve as an in vitro model for disorders characterized by growth of these cells on Bruch's membrane in vivo.
Retinal detachment
Authors: Törnquist Ragnar , Bodin Lennart , Törnquist Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The association between the outcome of 531 surgically treated retinal detachments (RD) and preoperative findings was studied by logistic univariate and multivariate analysis. The following factors were significantly, and negatively associated with the surgical results: 1) previous RD in the same eye, 2) pre‐operative visual acuity less than 2/60, 3) cloudy ocular media and/or a poorly dilated pupil, 4) an RD area of more than three quadrants, and 5) no retinal breaks detected. In the multivariate analysis no significant association was found for 9 factors: open angle glaucoma, interval of more than 2 months between symptoms and surgery, aphakia, pre‐operative hypotony, absence of demarcation lines, posterior retinal breaks, pre‐operative proliferative vitreo‐retinopathy, sex and age. The significant factors combined with aphakia were studied in all conceivable combinations. The estimated probability of failure varied between 4 and 93%, indicating that the most important factors were observed.
Repeated visual field screening in the aged
Authors: Bengtsson Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. During 1977 and 1978 visual screening was performed in 1511 persons born 1907–1921 and taking part in a population survey. 8.4 years later the visual field screening was repeated in 2039 eyes of 1038 persons. The rates of unsuccessful tests improved or remained unchanged. The incidence of non‐glaucomatous visual field defects was 0.006/year. Thus repeated visual field screening of persons in their seventies was both feasible and fruitful.
Combined procedure for the management of glaucoma and cataract
Authors: Raitta Christina , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Thirty eyes of 29 patients (12 male and 17 female) with an age range 50–86 years (mean 76 years) were operated by combined technique for cataract and glaucoma with a follow‐up ranging between 6–18 months (mean 6.8 months). Seventeen eyes had capsular glaucoma and 13 eyes simple glaucoma. The surgical technique of trabeculectomy, extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation is described. The pre‐operative IOP was 31.5 mmHg ± 7.8 on maximum tolerated medical therapy and the post‐operative IOP 17.8 mmHg ± 3.9. Fourteen eyes had to be treated with topical timolol X 2 daily after the operation. Twenty‐eight eyes had a pre‐operative visual acuity of ≤ 0.3. Of these, 17 had a visual acuity of ≤ 0.1, and were severely visually handicapped. Visual acuity improved markedly in 24 eyes and remained unchanged in 6 eyes. Every patient but one (with vitrectomy and no lens implantation) experienced considerable subjective visual increase. The main complications consisted of vitreous loss in one eye and fibrinous effusion into the anterior chamber in 7 capsular glaucoma eyes. Pre‐operative precautions and post‐operative care are important. The combined triple procedure is recommended for the management of patients with uncontrolled glaucoma and cataract.
Long‐term follow‐up of cryopreserved corneal endothelium A specular microscopic study
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This paper deals with the long‐term survival of corneal transplant endothelial cells. Endothelia of 17 cryopreserved corneal transplants were photographed with a specular microscope, first 1.5 years (mean) following transplantation, and again 10 years later. All transplants were absolutely clear. The mean cell loss was 23% in 12 years. After 2 to 14 years post‐operatively the cell loss was noticed to be only 13.6% (from 990 ± 255 cells/mm2 to 855 ± 213 cells/mm2). It seems that endothelial cells of cryopreserved corneal grafts, although few in number, are still quite resistant and viable after a long follow‐up time and survive like endothelial cells after preservation in tissue culture media.
The diagnostic significance of serological screening of patients with uveitis
Authors: Sunba M. S. Noor , Al‐Awqati M. , Sherriff S. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A prospective clinical and serological study was carried out in 165 consecutive patients with anterior uveitis (AU), and a control group comprising 110 healthy volunteers, and 70 patients with Behcet's disease. It appeared from our analysis that infections such as syphilis and brucellosis should be suspected in non‐responsive cases of anterior uveitis. Furthermore, a highly significant frequency (41%) of sero‐positive herpes simplex virus (HSV) antibodies in patients with AU would suggest a possible role of this virus in the etiology of anterior uveitis. Hence, specific treatment in cases of presumptive intraocular infections would lead to marked clinical improvement in terms of intensity and duration of the eye inflammatory process.
T cell populations in the lacrimal gland during aging
Authors: Gudmundsson O. G. , Bjornsson J. , Olafsdottir K. , Bloch K. J. , Allansmith M. R. , Sullivan David A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The present study examined the influence of age and gender on T cell populations in the lacrimal gland. Lacrimal (exorbital) glands were obtained from male and female rats at 19 days (pre‐puberty), 9 weeks (adult) and 14 months (mid‐life) of age and tissues were processed for T cell subset identification. In females, the density of total (W3/13+ and OX 19+), helper/inducer (W3/25+) and suppressor/cytotoxic (OX 8+) T cells underwent a significant increase in tissues from before, to after puberty. Following this rise, the density of all T cell populations decreased in glands from young adult to midlife females. This pattern of accumulation contrasted with the T cell profile presented by glands from males: T cell densities appeared unaffected from 19 days to 9 weeks of age, and then either declined (OX 19+, W3/25) or remained unchanged (W3/13+, OX 8+) in tissues of 14 month rats. An influence of gender on the distribution of T cells was also apparent if results were corrected for age‐associated variations in lacrimal gland weight. Thus, the absolute number of all T cell populations rose dramatically in glands of both sexes from pre‐ to post‐puberty. However, from 9 weeks to 14 months of age, the total content of W3/13+, OX 19+, W3/25+ and OX 8+ lymphocytes decreased 2‐fold in glands of females, but did not vary in tissues of males. Of interest, the number of W3/25+ and OX 8+ cells was analagous in all age groups examined. Moreover, the combined total of W3/25+ and OX 8+ cells was greater than that of W3/13+ or OX 19+ cells at every age. Overall, these results demonstrate that age has a significant impact on the lymphocytic density in the lacrimal gland. In addition, our findings show that gender may influence the lymphocyte profile in lacrimal tissue.
Oxygen consumption of the superior cornea following eyelid closure
Authors: Benjamin W. J. , Rasmussen M. A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Oxygen depletion curves were recorded from the superior and central cornea with a micro‐polarographic system immediately following eyelid closure in 10 adult human subjects. Superior corneal oxygen uptake rates for the closed‐eye state ranged from 13% below to 58% above, with a mean 15% greater than equivalent central corneal oxygen uptake rates. Chronic superior corneal hypoxia induced by upper eyelid coverage when the eyes are open is therefore accompanied by a deeper hypoxia relative to the central cornea of some individuals when their eyes are closed. This hypoxia adds to the physiological compromise endured by the superior cornea and is especially emphasized when contact lenses are worn.
T‐lymphocyte subsets in the human lacrimal gland
Authors: Gudmundsson Olafur G. , Benediktsson Hallgrimur , Olafsdottir Kristrun
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This study examines the microscopical appearance, location, distribution, subdivision and density of T‐lymphocytes in the human lacrimal gland. Fourteen glands, 7 from either sex, were removed and frozen shortly after the donors' death, and processed for immunoperoxidase staining, utilizing a biotinavidin system and one of the following monoclonal antibodies: Anti‐Leu‐1 and ‐Leu‐4, which recognize T‐lymphocytes, anti‐Leu‐2a, which binds to suppressor/cytotoxic T‐cells, and anti‐Leu‐3a+3b, which recognizes helper/inducer cells. The T‐lymphocytes in the human lacrimal gland were small to medium sized, mainly located in the interacinar tissue, often adjacent to an acinus or close to a collecting duct. The median number of each T‐cell subset per defined field (0.086 mm2) at x 500 magnification was as follows: Males: Leu‐1: 3.1, Leu‐2a: 4.9, Leu‐3a + 3b: 2.8, Leu‐4: 4.5. Females: Leu‐1: 4.3, Leu‐2a: 5.0, Leu‐3a + 3b: 3.7 and Leu‐4: 5.8. The sex difference was not statistically significant. The helper/suppressor cell ratio in the human lacrimal gland was 0.57 for males and 0.74 for females.
Post‐keratoplasty corneal ulcers and bandage lenses
Authors: Saini J. S. , Rao G. N. , Aquavella J. V.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 285 cases of penetrating keratoplasty in whom hydrophilic bandage lenses were fitted were analyzed for the occurrence of corneal ulcers. Of these eyes 26 developed culture‐proven bacterial ulcers. No correlation could be made between any particular type of contact lens and the development of corneal ulcer. Although no single factor could be delineated which may be responsible for this problem, this risk appears to be escalated where host defense mechanisms are impaired. The clinician should recognize the potential risk in using bandage lenses when the cornea is immunosuppressed and completely denervated.
Complete evulsion of the optic nerve
Authors: Temel A. , Sener A. B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Evulsion of the optic nerve is an uncommon traumatic event, probably because the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve is mobile and surrounded by sheaths. The present paper reports a case of complete evulsion of the optic nerve with retinal detachment and discusses the possible patho mechanisms involved. Fluorescein angiography showed no retinal circulation.
Computerized perimetry in glaucoma management
Authors: Heijl Anders
Published: May 2009

Abstract The present article discusses the role of computerized perimetry in the management of patients with suspect and manifest glaucoma. The value of visual field examination is compared to that of inspection and photography of the optic disc and to some extent to retinal nerve fibre layer photography. Computerized perimetry is related to standard manual visual field examination. Guidelines are offered for the choice of test programs and for the interpretation of results.
Silicone oil in retinal detachment surgery
Authors: Punnonen Eeva , Laatikainen Leila , Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract Results and complications with the use of intraocular silicone oil in 25 eyes operated on for complicated retinal detachment are reported. Most eyes had undergone several operations for detachment before silicone injection. The follow‐up time after silicone injection was 12–48 months. In perforating injuries the outcome was quite poor, 27% received anatomic success (attached retina) compared to primary rhegmatogenous detachments with 57% success rate. Visual acuity was counting fingers 1 m or better in 56% in the whole group examined. Silicone oil was removed in 5 eyes. Of the late complications, keratopathy occurred in 3 eyes (12%), increased intraocular pressure in 4 eyes (16%), and cataract in 2 of 3 phakic eyes. Angiographic signs of iris neovascularization were obvious or suspected in 3 of 9 eyes examined.
Photodynamic therapy of experimental intraocular retinoblastomas — dose‐response relationships to light energy and Photofrin II
Authors: Winther Jens , Overgaard Jens
Published: May 2009

Abstract The destructive effect on tumour tissue and on normal eye tissue of photodynamic therapy has been investigated in rat eyes containing fast growing retino‐blastoma‐like tumours. Tumour response was described in terms of local control 90 days after treatment. The curability increased up to a maximum when large Photofrin II doses or light energy doses were administered. Early damage of conjunctiva or cornea also increased with large treatment doses and was an important limitation factor for improvement of the curability in the current model. The level of normal tissue damage decreased rapidly with increasing intervals between administration of Photofrin II and light, suggesting that conjunctival or corneal damage may not be a limitation factor 3–5 days after Photofrin II administration. A reciprocal relationship between light energy doses and Photofrin II doses was demonstrated both for curability and for the normal tissue damage. The results suggested that 2.5 mg/kg Photofrin II in combination with an extended light irradiation provoked less normal tissue damage than 10 mg/kg Photofrin II in combination with an equivalent shorter light exposure in order to obtain 15% curability of the animals.
A comparison between acyclovir and trifluorothymidine ophthalmic ointment in the treatment of epithelial dendritic keratitis
Authors: Høvding Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Abstract This report presents the results of a double blind randomized study comprising 50 patients with epithelial herpes simplex keratitis. Twenty‐five patients received 3% acyclovir ophthalmic ointment, the other 25 patients 2% trifluorothymidine (TFT) ophthalmic ointment. The mean duration of treatment in the 2 study groups before healing of the epithelial ulceration was obtained was 6.7 days and 5.9 days, respectively (no statistically significant difference). Two patients (8%) in the acyclovir group and 1 patient (4%) in the TFT group failed to heal within 14 days of treatment. No clinically significant adverse effects were recorded.
Serum beta‐2 microglobulin level in acute idiopathic anterior uveitis
Authors: Sen D. K. , Chilana J. S. , Mathur M. D. , Sarin G. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Serum beta‐2 microglobulin levels were measured in 68 patients with acute idiopathic anterior uveitis and 51 healthy subjects by ELISA technique. The levels were found to be significantly increased in moderate and severe types of uveitis despite a normal renal glomerular function in all patients. The parameters remained unaltered in mild types. Serum beta‐2 microglobulin levels closely paralleled the severity of the disease. The increased beta‐2 microglobulin level in serum showed a significant fall to normal levels on clinical improvement. The data further strengthen the hypothesis that acute idiopathic anterior uveitis is an immune mediated disease. It is proposed that serum beta‐2 microglobulin may be considered as a reliable parameter of the degree of severity of acute idiopathic anterior uveitis, as well as representing a useful tool for the evaluation of drug efficacy, especially in intractable cases.
Migration of cells in the rat corneal epithelium
Authors: Håskjold Erling , Bjerknes Rolf , Bjerknes Elisabeth
Published: May 2009

Abstract The migration of cells in the rat corneal epithelium was studied using continuous labelling with tritiated thymidine [3H]TdR, during a 24 h period. Most mitoses resulted in 2 new basal cells. Cells leaving the basal cell layer moved vertically to the surface in all areas of the corneal epithelium. The first labelled cells reached the surface 3 days after the first injection of [3H]TdR. No stream of cells from the conjunctiva to the cornea in the limbal areas was observed, and no centripetal migration of epithelial cells in the cornea could be observed. After a cell has lost its attachment to the basement membrane, it is committed to be exfoliated in a few days without undergoing mitosis. Thus the slow centripetal migration of epithelial cells and the exchange of centrally located cells, as indicated by clinical findings and experimental studies, can only be explained by migration of basal cells.
Ocular findings in polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Hakola H. P. A. , Teräsvirta M. E. , Jägerroos P. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A routine ophthalmologic examination supplemented by color fundus photography and, in 2 cases, by fluorescein angiography was performed in 8 patients with PLO‐SL (= polycystic lipomembranous dysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy). Five patients showed some degree of retinal nerve fiber defect. The relation of the changes in ocular fundi to the pathological findings of PLO‐SL are discussed.
Spatial summation and visual adaptation in the inner part of the frog retina
Authors: Hahn Ingrid , Wachtmeister Lillemor
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The spatial summation of the proximal negative response (PNR) of frog retina was analyzed during different states of adaptation induced by repetitive light stimulation with either 15 sec or 1 min interstimulus interval. The spatial summation area of the PNR was found to be wider during relatively more dark adapted conditions compared to relatively more light adapted ones. This finding indicates that lateral mechanisms in the inner network of the retina seem to be activated by adapting stimuli. Secondly, the results suggest that the activity of the amacrines, as reflected by the PNR, may initiate the series of neuronal events which underlie the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the electroretinogram (ERG).
Isotypic characterization of anti‐Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 18 cases of congenital toxoplasmic chorioretinitis
Authors: Poirriez J. , Toubas D. , Marx‐Chemla C. , Leroux B. , Dupouy D. , Talmud M. , Pinon J. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A serological study was carried out by ELIFA (Enzyme Linked Immuno‐Filtration Assay) for 50 children with congenital toxoplasmosis diagnosed by several parasitological and serological methods showing that the fetus had been infected by the parasite and had developed it's own specific immune response.

At birth, anti‐Toxoplasma gondii IgE antibodies were detected in the sera of 66% of the 18 children who had retinochoroiditis and in 32% of the 32 children without this complication.

During the 4 months before or at the time of diagnosis of retinochoroiditis, specific IgE antibodies were detected in 70% of the 20 cases (2 children with 2 successive lesions); but during the 4 months following the discovery of ocular lesions, anti‐Toxoplasma IgE antibodies were only detected in 30% of the 20 cases. Among all the 50 children, the prolonged detection of specific IgM + IgE association (for at least 4 months) was followed in 46% of cases by the appearance of chorioretinitis (predictive value).
Tear stix tests for leucocyte‐esterase, nitrite, haemoglobin, and albumin in normals and in a clinical series
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Tears are absorbed by a tuft of cotton and subjected to stix test for leucocyte‐esterase (L), nitrite (N), haemoglobin (H), and albumin (A). Testing of 84 cases of infectious conjunctivitis and 282 normals revealed noso‐graphic sensitivity to L in 89% and a specificity of 98%. By including N (only 26% positive with infectious conjunctivitis) and H the sensitivity rose to 98% while the specificity fell to 95%. A was generally raised in cases of infectious conjunctivitis. An additional number of 607 stix tests were carried out on a clinical series. The reaction was conctrolled before, during, and after cataract extraction. Conjunctivitis patients were observed for possible infection, the result of antibiotic treatment was studied, and contact lens wearers were controlled for infection. Predominantly stix‐positive reaction was noticed in keratitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and ocular prosthesis socket. Predominantly negative reaction was seen in chronic simple conjunctivitis, sicca, scleritis, and iritis, the latter despite pronounced ciliary hyperaemia. Contralateral reflexly induced L and H were rendered probable. H‐positive reaction predominated immediately after removal of suture. The tear stix test is easy to carry out, reasonably precise, and valuable in the clinical work.
Contact lens intolerance induced by DM rupture and secondary endothelial degeneration
Authors: Setälä Kirsi , Ruusuvaara Pekka
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Breaks or tears in the endothelium and Descemets membrane (DM) are easily noticed in exact bio‐microscopical ophthalmological examination. We present 2 patients with a large unilateral horizontal rupture in Descemet's membrane and abnormal corneal endothelia. In the area of the rupture the endothelial mosaic was highly abnormal, and there was no cell reflex. At the site of the rupture and at the periphery of the cornea of the affected eye the endothelial cell density was distinctly lowered, with pleomorphism and polymegathism. In an eye with a DM rupture and degenerated endothelium, difficulties in contact lens wear seem to be due to the hypoxia caused by soft contact lenses. For such patients, only gas‐permeable hard lenses with short wearing times should be recommended. Check‐ups should be frequent and meticulous. To ensure that endothelial degeneration is noticed well before corneal damage is clinically evident, the endothelial cells must be counted and changes sought for by specular microscopy.
Alport syndrome with hereditary macular degeneration
Authors: Setälä Kirsi , Ruusuvaara Pekka
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We present two patients, a mother and son, with Alport's syndrome (hereditary nephritis and perceptive deafness). Only the son had the typical lenticonus and perimacular flecks. Both patients had macular degeneration, the clinical manifestation of which resembled that seen in cone dystrophy. Colour vision was affected, the cone‐mediated b‐wave implicit times were increased in the mother and in both her eyes the amplitudes were small, both to single flash stimuli and to 30 Hz white flicker. The macular changes in the son, though slight, were similar to those seen in the mother.
Sarcoidosis associated uveitis Parasitization of vitreous leucocytes by mollicute‐like organisms
Authors: Wirostko Emil , Johnson Lewis , Wirostko Barbara
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Mollicute‐Like Organisms (MLO) have been reported to be a cause of uveal tract and orbital chronic inflammatory disease. MLO are intracellular cytopathogenic cell wall deficient bacteria. No culture system exists for MLO. MLO disease diagnosis is based chiefly on direct detection of the organisms within diseased cells using a transmission electron microscope. Uveitis producing MLO are detectable within vitreous leucocytes as 0.005–0.01 micron filaments and undulating pleomorphic 0.01–1.0 micron tubulo‐spherical bodies. Human uveitis producing MLO can be passed to laboratory animals. Inoculation into mouse eyelids produced intraocular, orbital, and lethal systemic chronic progressive inflammatory disease. MLO parsitised lesional leucocytes were found in all the disease sites. The MLO induced mouse chronic interstitial pneumonitis displayed ‘sar‐coid‐like’ granulomas. This report describes MLO parasitised vitreous leucocytes in the chronic uveitis of four sarcoidosis patients. The results indicate that MLO caused the uveitis. The implications of the results and Rifampin treatment of MLO disease are discussed.
The interaction between hydrogel lenses and sodium fluorescein
Authors: Lea S. J. Hardman , Loades J. , Rubinstein M. P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The interaction between sodium fluorescein dye and hydrophilic contact lenses was assessed quantitatively by spectrophotometry. Absorption of dye into the lens matrix was found to be proportional to the exposure time and also depends on the optical power and water content of the lens. 0.9% saline appeared preferable to oxidising agents as a rinsing solution in decontamination procedures. 3% hydrogen peroxide solution affects the nature of fluorescein such that it becomes colourless and also absorbs less incident light, whilst still being retained within the lens. The implications of our findings for practical lens decontamination and theoretical fluorescein/polymer binding are discussed.
Recording pattern reversal visual evoked response with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope
Authors: Katsumi Osamu , Timberlake George T. , Hirose Tatsuo , Van de Velde Frans J. , Sakaue Hiroshi
Published: May 2009

Abstract We recorded visual evoked responses (VERs) to alternating, checkerboard pattern stimuli using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO). Retinal position and focus of checkerboard stimuli were monitored on the SLO video monitor throughout testing. Checkerboard size, check size, and retinal positions were varied. Consistent with other, well‐established pattern reversal techniques, the SLO method produced: 1) reliable VERs with amplitudes of 2 to 10 microvolts, 2) maximum amplitudes at an intermediate check size for a fixed overall pattern size, and 3) variations in VER amplitude depending on stimulus retinal position relative to the fovea. Hence, the SLO‐VER technique would be useful for clinical VER measurements when precise retinal stimulus position and focus are desired.
Low‐pressure glaucoma and the concept of the IOP tolerance distribution curve
Authors: Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract Although glaucoma is considered to be caused by an elevated IOP, many eyes with an IOP within the normal range develop manifest glaucoma. The concept of an IOP tolerance distribution may clarify this paradox. The frequency of low‐pressure glaucoma is a result of the constellation of the IOP distribution and the distribution of the IOP tolerance limit in the population. The low risk of glaucoma in the high normal IOP range is counteracted by the large number of eyes in this IOP range. It is possible to calculate the prevalence of glaucoma and the distribution of IOP in the untreated glaucoma population, resulting from different alternative distributions of IOP tolerance limit. Credible results were obtained by assuming a normal distribution of the IOP tolerance limit with an average = 26 mmHg and a standard deviation = 2.5 mmHg. In the development of glaucoma, the importance of the IOP relative to other factors, increases continually from low importance at low IOP to high importance at high IOP.
Laser trabeculoplasty versus medication treatment as primary therapy for glaucoma
Authors: Tuulonen Anja , Koponen Jari , Alanko Hannu I. , Airaksinen P. Juhani
Published: May 2009

Abstract The first‐year results of a 5‐year prospective randomized follow‐up study on 39 glaucoma patients, of whom 19 patients received laser trabeculoplasty and 20 patients medication therapy as primary treatment of their newly detected open‐angle glaucoma, are presented. The optic disc changes were recorded by measuring the magnification corrected neuroretinal rim area from stereoscopic optic disc photographs and the visual field changes with an automated perimeter. There were no statistically significant differences in success rate, intraocular pressure reduction, and optic disc or visual field changes between the two groups during the first year of follow‐up. In half of the laser treated patients the intraocular pressure was below 22 mmHg without medication treatment. Many patients in the medication group required frequent modifications of their therapy. Laser trabeculoplasty has an important role as primary therapy in glaucoma.
The measurement of IgE in tear fluid: a comparison of collection by sponge or capillary
Authors: Tuft S. J. , Dart J. K. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We have used commercially available reference concentrations of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and tear samples from atopic patients to compare the recovery of IgE from fluid collected in cellulose sponges or glass capillary tubes. There was no statistically significant difference in the values for IgE in the reference samples recovered from capillaries or sponges (P=0.16), but at some concentrations both methods produced a higher reading than the control samples (P<0.001). There was no significant difference when the values for IgE in the first or second of paired tear samples were compared using either sponges or capillaries for collection, but the mean value of samples collected by capillary tubes was lower (P=0.02). The collection of tears in sponges for IgE estimation is less time consuming than capillary collection and for clinical practice it is as sensitive as collection in capillaries.
Plasmacytoma of the uvea in a case of multiple myeloma
Authors: Sandberg Hans Otto , Westby Reidar K. , Arnesen Kristen
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of plasmacytoma in the uvea, both clinically and grossly anatomically mimicking a malignant melanoma, is described in a 63‐year‐old man who died from multiple myeloma. This is an extremely rare condition in the eye. Only one report of a similar tumour has been found in the literature.
Risk factors for cataract in Oxfordshire: diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, myopia, glaucoma and diarrhoea
Authors: Harding John J. , Harding Ruth S. , Egerton Muriel
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 423 cataract patients and 608 controls between the ages of 50 and 79 were interviewed in a case‐control study in Oxfordshire. Diabetes, myopia, glaucoma, peripheral neuropathy and severe diarrhoea were identified as risk factors. The excess risk experienced by females with diabetes was confirmed. The trauma of surgery for glaucoma may be largely responsible for the appearance of glaucoma as a risk factor. Severe diarrhoea has now been identified as a risk factor in England and in India. The risk associated with peripheral neuropathy may indicate a common aetiology at least for some proportions of the two conditions.
Non‐stereo fundus photography as a screening procedure for diabetic retinopathy among patients with type II diabetes
Authors: Kalm H. , Egertsen R. , Blohmé G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The spectrum of diabetic retinopathy, the need for fundus screening and the evaluation of two presumptive screening methods, was investigated in a population based study among patients with type II diabetes. Retinal evaluation was performed in 86.9% of the known diabetic population. Background diabetic retinopathy was detected in 37.8%, pre‐proliferative in 1.1% and proliferative retinopathy in 3.8%. Diabetic maculopathy was found in 24.3% of the patients. Laser therapy was considered in 11.4% of the patients due to diabetic retinopathy, and in 14.6% when venous occlusive diseases were included. Two methods, a slit‐lamp observation enhanced by a 60D lens and reading from two non‐stereo photographs of the posterior pole, were evaluated among 154 patients willing and mentally capable of being examined by either method. The sensitivity of the photographic method was 87/97% (right eye/left eye) when detecting background retinopathy and 81/80% for maculopathy versus 69/61% and 79/63%, respectively, with the slit‐lamp method. The photographic method could be applied in 93% of the patients mentally capable of cooperation. Only 5 or 6 patients could be examined per hour with the 60D slit‐lamp compared with 30–35 examined by reading retinal photographs. The photographic method is recommended as an easy and reliable screening device for diabetic retinopathy among patients with type II diabetes.
Long‐term visual results in eyes cured for retinoblastoma by radiation
Authors: Holbek Søren , Ehlers Niels
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Twenty‐four eyes from 18 patients cured for retinoblastoma by radiation on an average 12 years previously, were re‐examined with respect to visual performance. The macular functions, i.e. visual acuity, colour vision and contrast sensitivity demonstrated performances predictable from tumour localization and radiation dose to the macula. The rod functions, i.e. visual field and dark adaptation were found to be relatively resistant to the radiation treatment. A special problem encountered in two‐eyed patients was the unavoidable amblyopia due to unequal handicaps in the two eyes at the vulnerable age.
Determination of Na and K in the rat lens by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Söderberg Per G. , Chen Enping , Lindström Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A new procedure is described for determination of sodium and potassium in rat lenses with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples were prepared by soaking of the ground or the intact lens in deionized water. For potassium determinations HNO3 dissolution was also tried. Deionized water or CsCl aqueous solution was adopted for dilution for measurement. At absorbances up to 1.0 aborbance unit only measurements on HNO3 dissolved lenses diluted in deionized water were compatible with a linear absorbance function. At absorbances below 0.2–0.3 absorbance units all combinations were in agreement with a linear absorbance function. Grinding of the lens was found to increase the variability but did not change the level. HNO3 dissolution did not increase the level. Dilution with CsCl increased the sensitivity and decreased the variability. A schedule is proposed for determination of sodium and potassium in which lens samples are obtained by soaking in deionized water. Aqueous solution of CsCl is suggested for dilution.
Activity distribution of cytochrome oxidase in the rat retina
Authors: Chen Enping , Söderberg Per G. , Lindström Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract Cytochrome oxidase (CYO) is a key enzyme in the respiratory chain. Therefore, CYO has an important role in the cell metabolism. In the present study CYO activity in the rat retina was identified by histochemical staining. The density of the staining, corresponding to the activity of the CYO, was evaluated quantitatively by densitometry. A high CYO activity was found in the retinal pigment epithelium, in the inner segment of the photoreceptors, in the outer plexiform layer and in the inner plexiform layer. In the outer segment of the photoreceptors, in the outer nuclear layer, and in the inner nuclear layer the CYO activity was relatively low. An analysis of variance demonstrated that the precision in an estimation of a mean depends on the number of animals and the number of retinal sections per animal.
Panretinal xenonphotocoagulation combined with cyclocryotherapy in the treatment of severe glaucoma
Authors: Nissen O. I. , Schiødte S. N. , Kessing S. V.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 12 eyes with glaucoma (none of them neo‐vascular and all eyes with vision) which had proved resistant to conventional types of medicin and surgery, a panretinal xenonphotocoagulation (XPRP) reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) from an average of 30 mmHg to 20 mmHg measured 3/4 month after the treatment. After cyclocryotherapy of the 2 lower quadrants (CCR), IOP, after an initial fall, had risen to pre‐treatment values after a similar interval. XPRP followed by CCR had an especially strong and lasting IOP reducing effect. The combination was less painful than CCR alone, even if both generally had to be repeated. We suggest that XPRP potentiates the damage of the secretory epithelium made by CCR, by strangling the posterior (long ciliary) blood supply of the ciliary body. IOP measured 2½ years after the treatments averaged 18 mmHg (range 11–22). Phthisis did not develope in any of the eyes.
The immediate pressure response to primary laser trabeculoplasty ‐ a comparison of one‐and two‐stage treatment
Authors: Elsås Tor , Johnsen Harald , Brevik Thor A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The immediate pressure response to primary LTP was studied prospectively in 40 eyes randomised to one‐ and two‐stage treatment in 360° of the trabecular meshwork. There were 26 eyes with glaucoma capsulare and 14 with glaucoma simplex. Mean prelaser IOP was 32.8 mmHg in the former, and 35.5 mmHg in the latter group. The frequency and magnitude of postlaser pressure increase were the same in both groups when taking into consideration the pressure spikes in both 180° sessions. The pressure increase was higher than in earlier reports on LTP in presurgical glaucoma patients on maximum medication. Almost all IOP elevations appeared during the first 2 h following laser treatment. The results were the same in both groups 6 months after LTP.
Corneal alkali wound healing in the monkey
Authors: Chung Jang‐Hyun , Fagerholm Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract Healing of a corneal alkali wound was followed in the monkey eye (Macaca fascicularis) for 4 months. A corneal alkali wound was inflicted in one eye in each of 30 monkeys under general anesthesia. A round filter paper, 5.5 mm in diameter, soaked in 1 N NaOH was put centrally on the cornea for 60 seconds. The alkali wounded all layers in the cornea underlying the filter paper, including the endothelium. Epithelial and endothelial healing was assessed morphometrically from photographs and micrographs, respectively. Stromal healing was documented using quantitative microradiography. During the observation period the wounds regained complete transparency. The epithelium showed few complications after primary healing during the first three days. The stroma regained normal thickness and dry mass content within one week. The endothelium resurfaced within one week and then remained intact. The role of the endothelial healing behaviour for the wound healing process is emphasized.
Prevalence of refractive errors and ocular motility disorders in 5‐ to 10‐year‐old Swedish children born prematurely or at full‐term
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar , Gallo Juan E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Knowledge of the occurrence of visual and ocular problems in children is important when eye health care systems are designed. We have studied the prevalence of ocular changes in all children born prematurely during 1976–1981 in Stockholm county and compared the findings with those obtained in a random sample of full‐term children from the same period and area.
Electrophoretic study of proteins associated with pseudo‐exfoliation syndrome
Authors: Ringvold Amund , Husby Gunnar , Pettersen Sigrid
Published: May 2009

Abstract Lens capsule and aqueous humour from cata‐ractous eyes with and without pseudo‐exfoliation syndrome have been studied by SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis. Four cataractous lenses with and four without pseudo‐exfoliation were used. The pseudo‐exfoliation positive capsule revealed two polypeptides not present in the control material, and accordingly, these components were regarded to be pseudo‐exfoliation specific. The molecular weight of the respective polypeptides was estimated to be 14400 and 16300. No marked differences were found between the pseudo‐exfoliation positive and negative aqueous humours.
Hemodynamic variables in progressive and non‐progressive low tension glaucoma
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri J. , Teräsvirta Markku E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Systemic blood pressure and medications for different general diseases were retrospectively examined in 30 low‐tension glaucoma patients. Thirty patients with POAG were used as controls. LTG was divided into a progressive and non‐progressive form on basis of the course of the disease. Systemic blood pressure was higher in POAG and the progressive form of LTG than in the nonprogressive LTG. There was twice as much antihypertensive medication in LTG than POAG patients.
Test results in patients with Sjögren's syndrome defined by the Japanese criteria
Authors: Yamada Kozo , Hayasaka Seiji , Setogawa Tomoichi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We examined 123 patients (mean age, 63.4 years) with Sjögren's syndrome at Shimane Medical University Hospital from 1980 to 1988. According to the Japanese criteria for Sjögren's syndrome, there were 106 definite and 17 probable cases. Female patients were predominant (74.8% to 25.5%). Most patients reported dry eye symptoms and had positive results on the Schirmer's, rose‐bengal, and fluorescein tests. Although most patients described dry mouth symptoms, not all showed positive sialogram results, lymphocytic infiltrate on minor salivary glands, decreased salivary secretion, and salivary gland swelling. Connective tissue diseases were present in 28 patients. Most patients had positive antinuclear antibody reactions. Most of our patients who were diagnosed as having Sjögren's syndrome by the Japanese criteria could not be classified as such by the California, Copenhagen, or Greek criteria.
Vital staining by fluorescein diacetate (FDA)
Authors: Wilhelm F. , Melzig M. , Franke G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The success of keratoplasty depends on the integrity of the graft's endothelial cell layer. We perform a staining method for testing the vitality which is practicable, safe, fast and inexpensive.
Granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I
Authors: Møller H. U. , Ridgway Alan E. A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A case of severe granular corneal dystrophy is described. The patient, who is most probably homozygous for the dominantly inherited dystrophy gene, is the product of a first cousin marriage with both parents mildly affected by the same dystrophy. The case report describes an early onset and a severe course with two grafts in each eye before the age of 17. Pictures of the clinical appearance, histology and transmission electron‐microscopy are shown.
Intraocular metastasis from cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Eide Nils , Syrdalen Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Metastatic melanoma to the eye can show a number of unusual features. Two cases with intraocular metastases from primary cutaneous malignant melanoma, with a latency of 5 and 16 years, respectively, from excision to debut of ocular symptoms are reported. In the first case, tumour cell invasion of the chamber angle caused an advanced secondary glaucoma. This eye was enucleated some months later when the tumour extended through the sclera despite palliative external radiation therapy. In the other seeing eye, small melanoma metastases were treated with laser. The patient died of systemic involvement. In the second case, a probable melanoma metastasis was revealed by a vitrectomy of a thickened posterior vitreous membrane. Ophthalmoscopy and B‐scan ultrasonography 8 months later showed growths projecting 2 mm into the vitreous cavity. Metastases from a malignant melanoma with infiltration of the retina forming nodules, but also affecting adjacent choroid and optic nerve, was disclosed by histology. The patient died of metastasis to the brain.
On the proteolytic activity of contact lenses and bacteria
Authors: Joutsimo L. , van Setten G. B. , Renkonen O. V. , Tarkkanen A. , Päivärinta H. , Tervo T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Contact lens wear (CLW) has been shown to cause an elevation in tear fluid (TF) plasmin levels. This study investigated whether the proteolytic activity assayed by a caseinolytic technique was also bound by CLs and whether certain bacterial species contribute to the production of plasmin. CLs worn by patients with corneal disease showed proteolytic activity in five out of nine cases when examined on casein agar. Histological and electron microscopic examination of the lenses revealed bacterial adherence and growth on both surfaces of the CLs. Strains of Staph. epidermidis, Staph. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Branhamella catarrhalis, isolated from eyes with external infections, were cultured on a modified milk casein agar and examined for their proteolytic activity. Neither cultures of Branhamella catarrhalis nor Staph. aureus showed proteolytic activity when examined by direct caseinolytic assay. The proteolytic activity shown by Staph. epidermidis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not affected by a proteinase inhibitor aprotinin. However, when exogenous plasminogen was added into the casein agar, Staph. aureus was shown to produce caseinolytic activity. This activity was interpreted to be due to plasminogen activator (PA) activity. It was inhibited by aprotinin. Examination of culture fluids of the bacterial species mentioned above did not show caseinolytic activity. Culture fluid of Staph. aureus contained PA activity. The present study confirms the ability of certain bacterial species to adhere to CLs. Moreover, proteases such as plasmin and bacterial enzymes are present in TF during CL wear and may even adhere to the surface of CLs. Hence, bacterial growth probably contributes to the production of proteases on the ocular surface du ring CL wear.