bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spread of ice mass loss into northwest Greenland observed by GRACE and GPS
Authors: Khan Shfaqat Abbas , Wahr John , Bevis Michael , Velicogna Isabella , Kendrick Eric
Published: March 2010

Greenland's main outlet glaciers have more than doubled their contribution to global sea level rise over the last decade. Recent work has shown that Greenland's mass loss is still increasing. Here we show that the ice loss, which has been well‐documented over southern portions of Greenland, is now spreading up along the northwest coast, with this acceleration likely starting in late 2005. We support this with two lines of evidence. One is based on measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravity mission, launched in March 2002. The other comes from continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from three long‐term sites on bedrock adjacent to the ice sheet. The GRACE results provide a direct measure of mass loss averaged over scales of a few hundred km. The GPS data are used to monitor crustal uplift caused by ice mass loss close to the sites. The GRACE results can be used to predict crustal uplift, which can be compared with the GPS data. In addition to showing that the northwest ice sheet margin is now losing mass, the uplift results from both the GPS measurements and the GRACE predictions show rapid acceleration in southeast Greenland in late 2003, followed by a moderate deceleration in 2006. Because that latter deceleration is weak, southeast Greenland still appears to be losing ice mass at a much higher rate than it was prior to fall 2003. In a more general sense, the analysis described here demonstrates that GPS uplift measurements can be used in combination with GRACE mass estimates to provide a better understanding of ongoing Greenland mass loss; an analysis approach that will become increasingly useful as long time spans of data accumulate from the 51 permanent GPS stations recently deployed around the edge of the ice sheet as part of the Greenland GPS Network (GNET).
The obligate endobacteria of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ancient heritable components related to the Mollicutes
Authors: Naumann Maria , Schüßler Arthur , Bonfante Paola
Published: March 2010

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been symbionts of land plants for at least 450 Myr. It is known that some AMF host in their cytoplasm Gram-positive endobacteria called bacterium-like organisms (BLOs), of unknown phylogenetic origin. In this study, an extensive inventory of 28 cultured AMF, from diverse evolutionary lineages and four continents, indicated that most of the AMF species investigated possess BLOs. Analyzing the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a phylogenetic marker revealed that BLO sequences from divergent lineages all clustered in a well-supported monophyletic clade. Unexpectedly, the cell-walled BLOs were shown to likely represent a sister clade of the Mycoplasmatales and Entomoplasmatales, within the Mollicutes, whose members are lacking cell walls and show symbiotic or parasitic lifestyles. Perhaps BLOs maintained the Gram-positive trait whereas the sister groups lost it. The intracellular location of BLOs was revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and confirmed by pyrosequencing. BLO DNA could only be amplified from AMF spores and not from spore washings. As highly divergent BLO sequences were found within individual fungal spores, amplicon libraries derived from Glomus etunicatum isolates from different geographic regions were pyrosequenced; they revealed distinct sequence compositions in different isolates. Our results show a vertically inherited, monophyletic and globally distributed lineage of endobacteria thriving in AMF cytoplasm. These bacteria split from their sister groups more than 400 Myr ago, colonizing their fungal hosts already before main AMF lineages separated. The BLO–AMF symbiosis can, therefore, be dated back at least to the time when AMF formed the ancestral symbiosis with emergent land plants.
Diversity of active marine picoeukaryotes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea unveiled using photosystem-II psbA transcripts
Authors: Man-Aharonovich Dikla , Philosof Alon , Kirkup Benjamin C , Le Gall Florence , Yogev Tali , Berman-Frank Ilana , Polz Martin F , Vaulot Daniel , Béjà Oded
Published: March 2010

In vast areas of the oceans, most of the primary production is performed by cells smaller than 2–3 μm in diameter (picophytoplankton). In recent years, several in situ molecular studies showed a broad genetic diversity of small eukaryotes by sequencing 18S rRNA genes. Compared with photosynthetic cyanobacteria that are dominated by two genera, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, marine photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) are much more diverse, with virtually every algal class being represented. However, the genetic diversity and ecology of PPEs are still poorly described. Here, we show using in situ molecular analyses of psbA transcripts that PPEs in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are highly diverse, probably very active, and dominated by groups belonging to the red algal lineages, Haptophyta, Heterokontophyta (also called Stramenopiles), and Cryptophyta.
Metaproteogenomic analysis of a dominant green sulfur bacterium from Ace Lake, Antarctica
Authors: Ng Charmaine , DeMaere Matthew Z , Williams Timothy J , Lauro Federico M , Raftery Mark , Gibson John A E , Andrews-Pfannkoch Cynthia , Lewis Matt , Hoffman Jeffrey M , Thomas Torsten , Cavicchioli Ricardo
Published: March 2010

Green sulfur bacteria (GSB) (Chlorobiaceae) are primary producers that are important in global carbon and sulfur cycling in natural environments. An almost complete genome sequence for a single, dominant GSB species (‘C-Ace’) was assembled from shotgun sequence data of an environmental sample taken from the O2–H2S interface of the water column of Ace Lake, Antarctica. Approximately 34 Mb of DNA sequence data were assembled into nine scaffolds totaling 1.79 Mb, representing approximately 19-fold coverage for the C-Ace composite genome. A high level (∼31%) of metaproteomic coverage was achieved using matched biomass. The metaproteogenomic approach provided unique insight into the protein complement required for dominating the microbial community under cold, nutrient-limited, oxygen-limited and extremely varied annual light conditions. C-Ace shows physiological traits that promote its ability to compete very effectively with other GSB and gain dominance (for example, specific bacteriochlorophylls, mechanisms of cold adaptation) as well as a syntrophic relationship with sulfate-reducing bacteria that provides a mechanism for the exchange of sulfur compounds. As a result we are able to propose an explanation of the active biological processes promoted by cold-adapted GSB and the adaptive strategies they use to thrive under the severe physiochemical conditions prevailing in polar environments.
The Asparaginyl Endopeptidase Legumain after Experimental Stroke
Authors: Ishizaki Taku , Erickson Agnes , Kuric Enida , Shamloo Mehrdad , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko , Inácio Ana Rita Lourenço , Wieloch Tadeusz , Ruscher Karsten
Published: March 2010

Various proteases in the brain contribute to ischemic brain injury. We investigated the involvement of the asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain after experimental stroke. On the basis of gene array studies and in situ hybridizations, we observed an increase of legumain expression in the peri-infarct area of rats after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 120 mins with a maximum expression at 24 and 48 h. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the expression of legumain in Iba1+ microglial cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes of the peri-infarct area in mice after MCAO. Post-stroke recovery was also studied in aged legumain-deficient mice (45 to 58 weeks old). Legumain-deficient mice did not show any differences in physiologic parameters compared with respective littermates before, during MCAO (45 mins), and the subsequent recovery period of 8 days. Moreover, legumain deficiency had no effect on mortality, infarct volume, and the neurologic deficit determined by the rotating pole test, a standardized grip strength test, and the pole test. However, a reduced number of invading CD74+ cells in the ischemic hemisphere indicates an involvement in post-stroke inflammation. We conclude that legumain is not essential for the functional deficit after MCAO but may be involved in mechanisms of immune cell invasion.
Sex‐ and Depot‐Dependent Differences in Adipogenesis in Normal‐Weight Humans
Authors: Tchoukalova Yourka D. , Koutsari Christina , Votruba Susanne B. , Tchkonia Tamara , Giorgadze Nino , Thomou Thomas , Kirkland James L. , Jensen Michael D.
Published: March 2010

To elucidate cellular mechanisms of sex‐related differences in fat distribution, we determined body fat distribution (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and single‐slice abdominal computed tomography (CT)), adipocyte size, adipocyte number, and proportion of early‐differentiated adipocytes (aP2+CD68−) in the stromovascular fraction (SVF) in the upper and lower body of normal‐weight healthy men (n = 12) and premenopausal women (n = 20) (age: 18–49 years, BMI: 18–26 kg/m2). Women had more subcutaneous and less visceral fat than men. The proportion of early differentiated adipocytes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue SVF of women was greater than in men (P = 0.01), especially in the femoral depot, although in vitro adipogenesis, as assessed by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ) expression, was not increased in femoral preadipocytes cultured from women compared with men. In women, differentiation of femoral preadipocytes was less than that of abdominal subcutaneous preadipocytes (P = 0.04), and femoral subcutaneous preadipocytes tended to be more resistant to tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα)–induced apoptosis (P = 0.06). Thus, turnover and utilization of the preadipocyte pool may be reduced in lower vs. the upper‐body fat in women. Collectively, these data indicate that the microenvironment, rather than differences in inherent properties of preadipocytes between genders, may explain the gynoid obesity phenotype and higher percent body fat in women compared to men.
Characterization of the AGPase large subunit isoforms from tomato indicates that the recombinant L3 subunit is active as a monomer
Authors: Petreikov Marina , Eisenstein Miriam , Yeselson Yelena , Preiss Jack , Schaffer Arthur A.
Published: March 2010

The enzyme AGPase [ADP-Glc (glucose) pyrophosphorylase] catalyses a rate-limiting step in starch synthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) fruit, which undergoes a transient period of starch accumulation. It has been a generally accepted paradigm in starch metabolism that the enzyme naturally functions primarily as a heterotetramer comprised of two large subunits (L) and two small subunits (S). The tomato genome harbours a single gene encoding S and three genes for L proteins, which are expressed in both a tissue- and time-specific manner. In the present study the allosteric contributions of the different L subunits were compared by expressing each one in Escherichia coli, in conjunction with S and individually, and characterizing the resulting enzyme activity. Our results indicate different kinetic characteristics of the tomato L1/S and L3/S heterotetramers. Surprisingly, the recombinant L3 protein was also active when expressed alone and size-exclusion and immunoblotting showed that it functioned as a monomer. Subunit interaction modelling pointed to two amino acids potentially affecting subunit interactions. However, directed mutations did not have an impact on subunit tetramerization. These results indicate a hitherto unknown active role for the L subunit in the synthesis of ADP-Glc.
Some Sociological, Philosophical and Ethical Underpinnings of an Islamic Management Model
Authors: Weir David
Published: March 2010

We often treat the values of “management” to be universal and from our ethno-centric perspectives in business education we tend to assume that these are based on those of western capitalism. But as there is in the global world of management a diversity of cultures and differing
norms of behaviour, so there is more than one “culture of management.” Little attention has been paid to the ethical and philosophical bases of other paradigms than those with which we are familiar. Where other philosophical and ethical systems are encountered, they are often dismissed
with the demeaning discourse of “traditionalism” or “underdevelopment” or stigmatised as inconsistent with the requirements of business efficiency. Nonetheless many of these systems of ethics are embodied in older cultural traditions yet in contemporary societies these
traditions are evolving radically, perhaps towards, perhaps away from those of western capitalism.
Translating Spiritual Intelligence into Leadership Competencies
Authors: Cowan David A.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this project is to increase understanding among aspiring leaders and scholars of leadership development of ways to ground dimensions of spiritual intelligence in leadership contexts. To do so, we illuminate a historical, organizational foundation for Emmons' (1999)
framework of core components of spiritual intelligence, and then translate Emmons' components into a conceptual framework of leadership competencies. The foundation that we employ derives from integrative and dynamic perspectives, partly comprised of linear patterns of human and organizational
evolution, and partly of interdependent relationships that position spiritual potential amid physical, emotional, and mental potentialities. Together these perspectives offer supportive context for framing spiritual intelligence in organizationally relevant ways. The resultant framework refines
connections between organizations and spiritual intelligence, and provides catalysts for further discussion and study of the contributions that spirituality is beginning to make to leadership and leadership education.
How Organizations Interface with Religion: A Typology
Authors: Mazumdar Shampa , Mazumdar Sanjoy
Published: March 2010

In the West, institutions and businesses have for the most part been seen as secular and unconcerned with religion. Interestingly, our study reveals that religion has been present in organizations in several ways. How do organizations respond to religion? Based on our research, in this
paper we present a four-part typology of the complex relationship between organizations and religion. These are religion dominated, religion included, religion accommodating, and religion insensitive organizations. We describe how these differing organizations interface with
religion, examining the focus, attitudes of owners, employees, and client communities, the products and production processes, services, and the handling of religious activities, rituals, objects, and artifacts. We note that organizations interface with religion in overt and explicit ways and
sometimes in subtle and nuanced ways. We conclude with a commentary on the ways religion in organizations have been viewed and identify a potentially useful line of future inquiry.
Making Sense of Organizational Actions with Virtue Frames and Its Links to Organizational Attachment
Authors: RHEE SEUNG-YOON , DUTTON JANE E. , BAGOZZI RICHARD P.
Published: March 2010

This paper analyzes members' sensemaking of organizational actions using virtue frames and its effects on members' relationships with the organization in the context of the events of September 11th. We explore the use of three virtue frames to make sense of a university's response to the events of 9–11-01. We examine the effects of interpreted virtuousness of actions on members' identification with and attachment to the organization through members' emotions, their self-construals and overall images of the organization. Our study sheds light on how sensemaking about the virtuousness of organizational actions influences members' cognitive and emotional connection to the organization.
From Strategy of Religions to Religion of Strategy: Comments on Miller's “Competitive Strategies of Religious Organizations”
Authors: GOMEZ PIERRE-YVES , MOORE RICKIE
Published: March 2010

In a recent article, Miller (2002) employed strategic management tools (SMT) to explain the competition amongst religious organizations as well as their evolution. Intrigued by the novelty of the approach, were sought to analyze the use of the SMT in this situation. Based on our analysis, we challenge the appropriateness of the transposition, and argue that beyond the novelty and the peculiarity of the topic, the pre-requisites for defining religious organizations as being firm-like and competition amongst them as being market-like have not been satisfied. Consequently, we advocate that SMT are limited in describing religious organizations' strategies. Finally, we demonstrate that Miller's essay is metaphorical and we identify how the metaphorical use of strategic management thought can be misleading.
A Case for Including Religious Organizations in Management Research
Authors: MILLER KENT D.
Published: March 2010

This article clarifies and extends my 2002 Strategic Management Journal article on the competitive strategies of religious organizations. I respond to some concerns raised by Gomez and Moore and offer arguments supporting management theorists' involvement in research on religious organizations.
Management does not offer a comprehensive theory of religious organizations, only a distinct and potentially insightful vantage point. We need to evaluate the appropriateness of management theory assumptions and arguments in this novel context. It is neither appropriate nor desirable that
management theory remain unchanged as a result of its encounter with religious organizations. The dialogue between management and religion has the potential to be a generative process changing both management theory and practices within religious organizations.
Spirituality and Entrepreneurs
Authors: JACKSON JANICE J. , KONZ GREGORY N. P.
Published: March 2010

Spirituality in the workplace has become an important issue in recent years. Related research has increased accordingly, but it has primarily involved corporate workers. There has been no focus on employees in entrepreneurial enterprises. The purpose of this preliminary study is to
investigate the role of spirituality in such enterprises by administering the Mitroff and Denton questionnaire to a group of entrepreneurs. The results of this study suggest interesting differences in the entrepreneurial and corporate workers' attitudes toward workplace spirituality and these
differences deserve further study and defining.
Religion in the Workplace: Implications for Financial Fraud and Organizational Decision Making
Authors: KOERBER CHARLES P. , NECK CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: March 2010

Many researchers have highlighted the potential positive benefits of increased religion in the workplace; however, few have addressed some of the potential negative consequences of the rise in religion in the workplace. This paper addresses this deficiency in the literature by exploring
some of the potential organizational changes that can occur with the adoption of religion in the workplace. Specifically we explore how the adoption of religion in the workplace could lead to organizational changes that could increase the risk of financial fraud and could reduce the effectiveness
of organizational decision making and teamwork. We also suggest avenues for future research into the relationship between religion in the work place, financial fraud, organizational decision making, and teamwork within organizations.
Spirituality in Practice: Relationships Between Meaning in Life, Commitment and Motivation
Authors: DE KLERK J. J. , BOSHOFF A. B. , VAN WYK R.
Published: March 2010

Increasing numbers of people are searching for meaning and spiritual significance in the workplace. Research in the field of psychiatry has consistently shown a sense of meaning in one's life to be an important correlate of mental health and well-being. In this study, we examined the
relationships between a person's sense of meaning in life, with life orientation variables, biographic variables, work commitment and work motivation. Through testing six hypotheses, we found significant associations between sense of meaning in life, positive work orientations, career commitment
and work motivation. Our findings point to a spiritual source of work motivation and commitment, a more fundamental source than covered in existing motivation theories—commitment and motivation can also be expressions of a sense of meaning in one's life. This study improves understanding
of workplace spirituality in practice.
It's Not Your Business: A Christian Reflection on Stewardship and Business
Authors: Van Duzer Jeff , Franz Randal S. , Karns Gary L. , Wong Kenman L. , Daniels Denise
Published: March 2010

This article sets forth an understanding of the purpose and role of business derived from an examination of Christian scriptures. Specifically, the authors identify a ‘stewardship model’ of business that contrasts with both the current shareholder and stakeholder models
and is rooted in the three grand themes of the Christian Bible (i.e., creation, fall and redemption). The authors illustrate how locating an understanding of business activities within a particular religious tradition can challenge current business assumptions and infuse the enterprise of
business with renewed meaning for its participants.
Guided by Tawhid (unity): Ethics in The UAE workplace
Authors: McKechnie Donelda S. , Grant Jim , Tucker Lewis R. , Kuehn Ralph
Published: March 2010

This paper presents the findings of a study which explored the issue of Tawhid or unity in relation to the professional ethical climate of organizations in the UAE. The research design facilitated an investigation of business ethics in the UAE workplace through respondent comments about
ethical issues typically found within organizations. A questionnaire was administered to 320 employees of 30 corporations in a structured interview format. The results note the various ethical similarities/differences that are the practice within these organizations. The study adds to the
literature about Islamic values and ethics in business. The paper concludes with suggested implications for management decision making.
The Spiritual Status of Work in Opus Dei
Authors: Piątkowski Przemysław
Published: March 2010

Opus Dei, an organization founded by Spanish priest Josemaria Escrivá in 1928, in spite of being surrounded by controversies is already perceived by many faithful as one of the biggest breakthroughs in the history of the Catholic Church. It proclaims the message that every earthly
reality, all possible circumstances of life, and especially daily work, are occasions to meet Christ. This article aims to look at the relation between everyday work and prayer in the teachings of Josemaria Escrivá, with a specific focus on the biblical commandment “to pray always”
(Luke 18:1) or “to pray without ceasing” (1 Thes 5:17). The author tries to analyze the way in which work becomes prayer for the faithful of Opus Dei.
Dysfunctional Organization? Institutional Abuse of Children in Care in Ireland.
Authors: Bergin John
Published: March 2010

This paper explores organisational behaviour from the point of view of perversion, literally turned about the wrong way. In exploring perversion, the incidence institutionalised of child abuse by Catholic Church in Ireland is explored to suggest that both Church and State, while seeking
(a Catholic inspired) justice in the wake of revelations of institutionalised child abuse, are both engaged in a process collusion and idolatry. The complexity of their mutual positions is acknowledged as are the limitations of conventional explanations of organizational behaviour.
Massey products for elliptic curves of rank 1
Authors: Kim Minhyong
Published: March 2010

For an elliptic curve over

Q

\mathbb {Q}

of rank 1, integral

j
j

-invariant, and suitable finiteness in the Tate-Shafarevich group, we use the level-two Selmer variety and secondary cohomology products to find explicit analytic defining equations for global integral points inside the set of

p
p

-adic points.
Explicit doubling integrals for ̃𝑆𝑝₂(ℚ₂) using “good test vectors”
Authors: Zorn Christian
Published: March 2010

In a previous paper (see http:/www.math.ohio-state.edu/~czorn/works.html), we computed examples of the doubling integral for constituents of the unramified principal series of

S
p

2

(
F
)

\mathrm {Sp}_2(F)

and

Sp

2

~

(
F
)

\widetilde {\textrm {Sp}_2}(F)

where

F
F

was a non-dyadic field. These computations relied on certain “good test vectors” and “good theta test sections” motivated by the non-vanishing of theta lifts. In this paper, we aim to prove a partial analog for

Sp

2

~

(

Q

2

)

\widetilde {\textrm {Sp}_2}(\mathbb {Q}_2)

. However, due to several complexities, we compute the doubling integral only for certain irreducible principal series representations induced from characters with ramified quadratic twists. We develop some

2
2

-adic analogs for the machinery in the paper mentioned above; however, these tend to be more delicate and have more restrictive hypotheses than the non-dyadic case. Ultimately, this paper and the one mentioned above develop several computations intended to be used for future research into the non-vanishing of theta lifts.
Vocal mimicry in male bowerbirds: who learns from whom?
Authors: Kelley Laura A. , Healy Susan D.
Published: March 2010

Vocal mimicry is one of the more striking aspects of avian vocalization and is widespread across songbirds. However, little is known about how mimics acquire heterospecific and environmental sounds. We investigated geographical and individual variation in the mimetic repertoires of males of a proficient mimic, the spotted bowerbird
Ptilonorhynchus maculatus
. Male bower owners shared more of their mimetic repertoires with neighbouring bower owners than with more distant males. However, interbower distance did not explain variation in the highly repeatable renditions given by bower owners of two commonly mimicked species. From the similarity between model and mimic vocalizations and the patterns of repertoire sharing among males, we suggest that the bowerbirds are learning their mimetic repertoire from heterospecifics and not from each other.
Simulation of lung alveolar epithelial wound healing
in vitro
Authors: Kim Sean H. J. , Matthay Michael A. , Mostov Keith , Hunt C. Anthony
Published: March 2010

The mechanisms that enable and regulate alveolar type II (AT II) epithelial cell wound healing
in vitro
and
in vivo
remain largely unknown and need further elucidation. We used an
in silico
AT II cell-mimetic analogue to explore and better understand plausible wound healing mechanisms for two conditions: cyst repair in three-dimensional cultures and monolayer wound healing. Starting with the analogue that validated for key features of AT II cystogenesis
in vitro
, we devised an additional cell rearrangement action enabling cyst repair. Monolayer repair was enabled by providing ‘cells’ a control mechanism to switch automatically to a repair mode in the presence of a distress signal. In cyst wound simulations, the revised analogue closed wounds by adhering to essentially the same axioms available for alveolar-like cystogenesis.
In silico
cell proliferation was not needed. The analogue recovered within a few simulation cycles but required a longer recovery time for larger or multiple wounds. In simulated monolayer wound repair, diffusive factor-mediated ‘cell’ migration led to repair patterns comparable to those of
in vitro
cultures exposed to different growth factors. Simulations predicted directional cell locomotion to be critical for successful
in vitro
wound repair. We anticipate that with further use and refinement, the methods used will develop as a rigorous, extensible means of unravelling mechanisms of lung alveolar repair and regeneration.
CRISPR-mediated phage resistance and the ghost of coevolution past
Authors: Vale Pedro F. , Little Tom J.
Published: March 2010

The past is never dead. It's not even past

William Faulkner (1951)

Bacteria can acquire heritable immunity to viral (phage) enemies by incorporating phage DNA into their own genome. This mechanism of anti-viral defence, known by the acronym CRISPR, simultaneously stores detailed information about current and past enemies and the evolved resistance to them. As a high-resolution genetic marker that is intimately tied with the host–pathogen interaction, the CRISPR system offers a unique, and relatively untapped, opportunity to study epidemiological and coevolutionary dynamics in microbial communities that were previously neglected because they could not be cultured in the laboratory. We briefly review the molecular mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated host–pathogen resistance, before assessing their potential importance for coevolution in nature, and their utility as a means of studying coevolutionary dynamics through metagenomics and laboratory experimentation.
RNA Interference-Mediated Change in Protein Body Morphology and Seed Opacity through Loss of Different Zein Proteins
Authors: Wu Yongrui , Messing Joachim
Published: March 2010

Opaque or nonvitreous phenotypes relate to the seed architecture of maize (Zea mays) and are linked to loci that control the accumulation and proper deposition of storage proteins, called zeins, into specialized organelles in the endosperm, called protein bodies. However, in the absence of null mutants of each type of zein (i.e. α, β, γ, and δ), the molecular contribution of these proteins to seed architecture remains unclear. Here, a double null mutant for the δ-zeins, the 22-kD α-zein, the β-zein, and the γ-zein RNA interference (RNAi; designated as z1CRNAi, βRNAi, and γRNAi, respectively) and their combinations have been examined. While the δ-zein double null mutant had negligible effects on protein body formation, the βRNAi and γRNAi alone only cause slight changes. Substantial loss of the 22-kD α-zeins by z1CRNAi resulted in protein body budding structures, indicating that a sufficient amount of the 22-kD zeins is necessary for maintenance of a normal protein body shape. Among different mutant combinations, only the combined βRNAi and γRNAi resulted in drastic morphological changes, while other combinations did not. Overexpression of α-kafirins, the homologues of the maize 22-kD α-zeins in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), in the β/γRNAi mutant failed to offset the morphological alterations, indicating that β- and γ-zeins have redundant and unique functions in the stabilization of protein bodies. Indeed, opacity of the β/γRNAi mutant was caused by incomplete embedding of the starch granules rather than by reducing the vitreous zone.
Who Do We Treat First When Resources Are Scarce?
Authors: WALKER TOM
Published: March 2010

abstract

In a health service with limited resources we must make decisions about who to treat first. In this paper I develop a version of the restoration argument according to which those whose need for resources is a consequence of their voluntary choices should receive lower priority when it comes to health care. I then consider three possible problems for this argument based on those that have been raised against other theories of this type: that we don't know in a particular case that the illness is self‐inflicted, that it seems that all illness is self‐inflicted in the sense used in my argument, and finally that this type of approach incorporates an unacceptable moralising element if it is to avoid giving those like fire‐fighters a lower priority for treatment. I argue that the position outlined here has the resources to respond to each of these objections.
A Simple Way to Improve Anatomical Mapping of Functional Brain Imaging
Authors: Villain Nicolas , Landeau Brigitte , Groussard Mathilde , Mevel Katell , Fouquet Marine , Dayan Jacques , Eustache Francis , Desgranges Béatrice , Chételat Gaël
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Advances in functional neuroimaging studies have led to the need for improved anatomical precision to face with more and more specific challenges. Nevertheless, functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (fMRI) suffers from geometrical distortions, which limit the matching between functional and anatomical data necessary to interpret fMRI results. The “FieldMap” method is the most widely used technique to correct for geometrical distortions but in some cases cannot be applied or provides unsatisfactory results. The objective of this study is thus to provide a very simple alternative method for distortion correction and to demonstrate its efficiency.

METHODS

This correction relies on the nonlinear registration of echo‐planar imaging (EPI) acquisitions onto their corresponding undistorted non‐EPI T2 Star volume, and was tested on two independent groups of subjects undertaking the same paradigm but scanned with distinct EPI sequences.

RESULTS

This procedure was found to considerably decrease the mismatch between functional and anatomical data in both groups, as revealed through several quantitative and qualitative measures on both EPI volumes and activation maps.

CONCLUSION

This study describes a simple, rapid, and easily implementable method to significantly improve neuroanatomical accuracy of fMRI results localization, which may be relevant for future neuroimaging studies.
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE QUESTIONS
Authors: Jones Franklin T.
Published: March 2010

This department is designed to serve as a medium for the exchange of ideas on questions and questioning in the sciences. Questions will be printed from various sources—college entrance examinations, text‐books, etc., etc. Comment is invited. Suggestions and criticisms as to character, adaptability, and usefulness are desired. Readers of this journal are invited to propose questions and problems which will be of general interest, or of a type which will be useful in the class‐room. It is not expected that questions which will not be useful to pupils will be frequently printed.

Since the majority of the questions will be of a comparatively simple character, solutions and answers will not be published unless specif‐ically asked for. Teaching suggestions are wanted.
Preliminary Report of the Committee on Geometry, December, 1906
Authors: Gregoky William M.
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

28 Exercises on Topographic Maps. By Mark S. W. Jefferson
RESEARCH IN PHYSICS
Authors: Dodge Homer L.
Published: March 2010

Nearly all the results of modern research are published in short technical articles, of interest only to those who are working in the same or allied fields. Occasionally, some man, well versed in the details of subject, will summarize the work of a given field in a book. If it is well written by one who combines with thorough knowledge of the subject the imagination necessary to view the work in its proper perspective and to give it a setting among more familiar realities, the book is welcomed by all students of physics. Unfortunately, there are not many such books, but when one does appear this department will call attention to the fact.
CAN WE PREDICT EARTHQUAKES?
Authors: Willis Bailey
Published: March 2010

(This is an unsensational statement on the earthquake problem by one of America's leading seismologists. Is there danger of earthquake in California, New England, and elsewhere in the United States? Dr. Willis states the facts and the reader can draw his own conclusions.)
THE PLIGHT OF HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS
Authors: Brown H. Emmett
Published: March 2010

…The school is simply that form of community life in which all those agencies are concentrated that will be most effective in bringing the child to share in the inherited resources of the race, and to use his own powers for social ends.

…Most people never find out from the science teaching to which they are exposed why they do not share adequately the obvious benefits of science. Many acquire deep feelings of resentment and hostility toward this “science” which does indeed create new kinds of gadgets and comforts and jobs, but which also arouses desires doomed to disappointment and creates unemployment, insecurity, and bewilderment. Science promises everything, but leaves the individual in many cases empty handed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gross E. Wayne
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Learning to Use Arithmetic Series, by F. Lynwood Wren, J. Wayne Wrightstone, Joseph H. Randall, Agnes G. Gunderson, Joseph J. Urbancek, and George E. Hollister. D. C.

Principles in Biology, Second Edition, by W. Gordon Whaley, Professor of Botany, University of Texas; Osmond P. Breland, Professor of Zoology, University of Texas; Charles Heimsch, Professor of Botany, University of Texas; A. R. Schrank, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Texas; and Austin Phelps, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Texas.

Algebra, Book One, Revised Edition, by A. M. Welchons, W. R. Krickenberger, and Helen R. Pearson, The Arsenal Technical High School, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Algebra, Book Two, Revised Edition, by A. M. Welchons, W. R. Krickenberger, and Helen R. Pearson, The Arsenal Technical High School, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Teaching of Science in the Secondary School, by R. Will Burnett, Professor of Science Education, University of Illinois.
Learning and the Sciences
Authors: Drummond A. H.
Published: March 2010

Tomorrow's science is here today. The question is, are today's science educators adequately equipped to meet this challenge?
Examination‐Type Preferences of College Science Students and Their Faculty in Israel and USA: A Comparative Study
Authors: Zoller Uri , Ben‐Chaim David , Kamm Steven D.
Published: March 2010

The science‐examination preferences of college science students and their science faculty were surveyed, using the TOPE questionnaire at a teacher training and a community college in Israel and the U.S., respectively. The results obtained in the two countries were “intrally” and “interly” compared, in total and by gender, in terms of significant/no significant differences in the preferences made and the reasons provided by the students and faculty for their ranking. The findings suggest that: (a) college science students prefer mostly, the Israelis more so than the Americans, the nonconventional, written exams in which time is unlimited and any materials are allowed; (b) American college science students prefer the traditional class science examination (G) significantly more than their Israeli counterparts; (c) the preference of higher order cognitive skills (HOCS)‐oriented exams (B. I and H) is significantly higher for female science students in Israel compared with no gender difference concerning the preferred examinations in the US, and rejection of oral examinations by all in both countries, significantly more by female students; and (d) there exists a significant gap between the preferred type of examinations of science students and their faculty in both countries. In view of the HOCS‐orientation and the goal of conceptual understanding in current reforms of science education worldwide, the consonance between these curriculum objectives and examination practices is advocated. This, in turn, requires that provisions be made to lessen the gap between science teachers and their students' examination type preferences for better science learning to occur.
The Effects of Embedded Monitoring and Regulating Devices on the Achievement of High School Students Learning Science From Text
Authors: Farragher Pierce , Yore Larry D.
Published: March 2010

Learning from text with embedded monitoring (questions) and regulating (prescriptive feedback) adjuncts was examined relative to pretest, posttest, and retention science achievement, time‐on‐task, and efficiency (learning or retention gains per time‐on‐task). Grade nine students (n = 125) with varying degrees of prior knowledge were randomly assigned to one offive treatments that varied along a question‐feedback dimension. A significant (p < 0.05) treatment effect was found for time‐on‐task. The treatments with embedded questions and general or specific regulating actions promoted or demanded significantly more time than the read‐only treatment. No other significant treatment effects, prior knowledge effects, or treatment‐by‐prior knowledge interactions were found.
Science Attitudes of Selected Middle School Students in China: A Preliminary Investigation of Similarities and Differences as a Function of Gender
Authors: Boone William J.
Published: March 2010

Evaluating the attitudes of science students is important for teachers, curriculum developers, and those working with preservice teachers. Although in the United States a great deal of attitudinal research has been conducted with regard to science education, in the People's Republic of China very little work concerning science attitudes has been completed. This study will report on an evaluation of Chinese boys' and girls' attitudes toward selected science topics. Students attended a middle school in the city of Shanghai. Analysis indicated that when the male and female Chinese students differ in their response patterns, females select more intense responses (“strongly agree” as opposed to “agree,”“strongly disagree” as opposed to “disagree”). Furthermore, the surveyed females often selected responses suggesting that they were more interested in the science topics and issues presented in the survey.
The Teaching of General Solution Methods to Pattern Finding Problems Through Focusing on an Evaluation and Improvement Process
Authors: Ishida Junichi
Published: March 2010

This study examined the effects of a teaching strategy in which fifth‐grade students evaluated the strengths or weaknesses of solution methods to pattern finding problems. The experimental and control group each consisted of thirty four elementary students in Japan who took the pre, post and retention tests. The experimental group showed a significantly better performance on the retention test although no significant differences were observed on the pre and post tests. This result suggests that the evaluation and improvement activity was important as a teaching strategy.
Integration of Science and Mathematics: A Theoretical Model
Authors: Lonning Robert A. , DeFranco Thomas C.
Published: March 2010

Interest in interdisciplinary, integrated curriculum development continues to increase. However, teachers, who have been given primary responsibility for developing these materials, are often working with little guidance. At present there exists no clear definition of the meaning of integration of mathematics and science. A continuum model of integration is proposed as a useful tool for curriculum developers as they create new integrated mathematics and science curricula or adapt commercially prepared materials. On the continuum, activities range from mathematics or science involving no integration to those activities including balanced mathematics and science concepts. Several examples are given to illustrate the utility of the continuum model for analyzing integrated curricula. The continuum model is intended to be used by curriculum developers to clarify the relationship between the mathematics and science activities and concepts and to guide the modification of lessons.
Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Mathematics Among Third‐ and Fifth‐Grade Students: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Vanayan Marina , White Nicholas , Yuen Patricia , Teper Marla
Published: March 2010

A survey on attitudes toward mathematics of third‐ and fifth‐grade students enrolled in a large urban school district was conducted in the spring of 1994 as part of a review of the mathematics program. Student responses to survey items were analyzed with respect to gender and grade level. Although girls and boys were equally likely to indicate that they like mathematics, in both Grades 3 and 5, boys were more likely than girls to report being good at mathematics. This result has often been reported for older students but has rarely been explored in younger children. Some gender and grade differences were observed in students' attitudes towards the specific strands of mathematics. Both girls and boys in Grade 5 were more likely than students in Grade 3 to believe that mathematics was relevant to their lives. Virtually all children thought that both girls and boys needed to study mathematics. No gender or grade differences in students' beliefs regarding the process of learning mathematics were observed. The results support the need for further research to identify variables that influence the development of student perceptions and attitudes toward mathematics during elementary school.
Grading With Points: The Determination of Report Card Grades by High School Science Teachers
Authors: Feldman Allan , Kropf Aaron , Alibrandi Marsha
Published: March 2010

This study examined the grading practices of 91 high school science teachers. Surveys were used to collect data about types of assessments used, the weight given each assessment, and the mechanism used to determine students' report card grades. It was found that few of these teachers used alternative forms of assessment such as performance assessments, journals, or portfolios. While there was little difference among teachers based on experience, gender, or school setting, preference and weights for different assessments varied among science subject taught. These teachers used two types of mechanisms to calculate report card grades: averages and points. Teachers who used point systems for grading purposes were interviewed. The results of this study indicate that reform efforts have had little effect on the grading practices of these teachers. In addition, a large percentage of these teachers use point systems, which act against reform efforts by reinforcing task completion rather than conceptual understanding as the goal for science education.
Searching for the Center on the Mathematics‐Science Continuum
Authors: Roebuck Kay I. , Warden Melissa A.
Published: March 2010

The history of mathematics and science integration in American schools can be illustrated through the use of a continuum which runs from math for math's sake at one end to science for science's sake at the other. True integration occurs at the center point. While published examples of integration focusing on process skills are common, those featuring integration of content are less often found. Two such lessons, developed around radioactive decay and efficiency in nature, are presented as examples of science and mathematics concepts taught in concert. Changes in preservice and in‐service teacher training must occur if the potential for this type of integration is to be realized.
Elementary Science and Language Arts: Should We Blur the Boundaries?
Authors: Dickinson Valarie L. , Young Terrell A.
Published: March 2010

Elementary school goals for instruction focus on developing literate readers and writers. It has been recommended that language arts strategies can help elementary teachers more effectively teach science. The terms “integrated, interdisciplinary, and thematic instruction” are defined and examples are given for using each in an elementary classroom. Definitions are provided comparing language arts and scientific literacy. Use of thematic instruction with an interdisciplinary focus is recommended to help meet both language arts and science goals and objectives as they relate to the National Science Education Standards and the National English Language Arts Standards. Recommendations are made for helping teachers effectively use language arts strategies to help develop science literacy, and science to provide purpose for reading and writing activities within thematic, interdisciplinary instruction often found in elementary schools.