bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of E-Cigarette and Conventional Cigarette Use Among Youth
Authors: Bold Krysten W. , Kong Grace , Camenga Deepa R. , Simon Patricia , Cavallo Dana A. , Morean Meghan E. , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND:

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is common among youth, and there are concerns that e-cigarette use leads to future conventional cigarette use. We examined longitudinal associations between past-month cigarette and e-cigarette use to characterize the stability and directionality of these tobacco use trajectories over time.

METHODS:

High school students (N = 808, 53% female) completed surveys across 3 waves (2013, 2014, and 2015) in 3 public schools in Connecticut. Using autoregressive cross-lagged models, we examined bidirectional relationships between past-month cigarette and e-cigarette use over time. Models were adjusted for covariates related to tobacco use (ie, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and use of other tobacco products).

RESULTS:

Past-month e-cigarette use predicted future cigarette use (wave 1–2: odds ratio [OR] = 7.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.34–21.42; wave 2–3: OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.86–8.06). However, past-month cigarette use did not predict future e-cigarette use (wave 1–2: OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 0.67–6.08; wave 2–3: OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 0.77–4.71). Additionally, frequency of cigarette and e-cigarette use increased over time. By wave 3, 26% of cigarette users and 20.5% of e-cigarette users reported using 21–30 days out of the past month.

CONCLUSIONS:

E-cigarette use was associated with future cigarette use across 3 longitudinal waves, yet cigarette use was not associated with future e-cigarette use. Future research needs to examine mechanisms through which e-cigarette use leads to cigarette use. E-cigarette regulation and prevention programs may help prevent future use of cigarettes among youth.
Horror vacui. Una aproximación al vacío de un par de zapatos a partir de Martin Heidegger
Authors: Godoy Iván
Published: December 2017

Los zapatos nos sirven y nos acompañan, testimonian diferentes verdades, dependiendo de su utilidad y su dueño. Pueden ser de vagabundos o de prisioneros, de militares, artistas o campesinos, de adultos o de niños, de asesinos o de asesinados. Muchos guardan un misterio, todos tienen una historia. El arte los ha acogido desde sus comienzos, vinculándolos a diferentes sucesos, como en las obras de Vincent Van Gogh, Can Togay y Gyula Pauer. A partir del trabajo de estos artistas se busca vincular el vacío y el horror en el arte con el tema de la verdad, entendida como alétheia o desocultación, rememoración y acontecimiento, e indagar por la historia que se oculta tras ciertas obras artísticas.
La lectura hegeliana de “La antinomia de la razón pura”
Authors: Herszenbaun Miguel Alejandro
Published: December 2017

En la Ciencia de la lógica, Hegel analiza las dos antinomias matemáticas kantianas, realiza una crítica interna de sus pruebas y  concluye que son meras peticiones de principio. A pesar de ello, reconoce la legitimidad del descubrimiento kantiano. En este artículo se analiza cómo se integran y complementan esas dos miradas, para mostrar cómo se apropia Hegel de la antinomia de la razón pura para reconducirla a su fundamento conceptual, y despojarla así de todo contenido empírico, para lo cual tendrá que desactivarla mediante una crítica a la formulación kantiana.
El estatuto de la tradición en la literatura china
Authors: Bettoni Cecilia
Published: December 2017

El artículo revisa el concepto de tradición en las filosofías europea y china. Partiendo de la degradación contemporánea de la “tradición” como modo de orientación del individuo en el mundo, se recurre al trabajo de rehabilitación que Hans-Georg Gadamer impulsa a partir de las nociones de prejuicio y autoridad, se verifica esta cuestión en las propuestas avanzadas por Walter Benjamin en torno al narrador como custodio de la tradición y agente de experiencia, y se examina el lugar de la tradición en el pensamiento chino, considerando el trabajo de François Jullien. Finalmente, se aborda la trama entre experiencia, pasado y tradición, tal como se articula en la literatura china, y se concluye con una reflexión sobre el modelo prescriptivo de la tradición occidental frente al pensamiento oriental.
Uso social de la persecución judicial. Zona centro-sur de Chile, 1830-1870
Authors: Peñailillo Víctor Brangier
Published: December 2017

***Uso social da persecução judicial. Zona centro-sul do Chile, 1830-1870***A contribuição examina a apropriação da justiça criminal, que empreenderam setores médios do centro-sul do Chile. O período centra-se nas décadas de 1830 a 1870, quando a administração judicial aprofundou a sua ênfase para a contenção da criminalidade a nível nacional e na área agropecuáriaespecificamente. Após revisar 411 expedientes judiciais por conflitos interpessoais, se afirmaque os sujeitos envolvidos neste tipo de disputas optaram pela acusação quando perceberam a possibilidade de explorar a seu favor a crescenteação persecutória de juízes.
Repúblicas monárquicas y monarquías republicanas en la constitución del mundo ibérico
Authors: González Ángeles Lario
Published: December 2017

***Repúblicas monárquicas e monarquias republicanas na constituição do mundo ibérico***Na construção do Estado contemporâneo, a existência da monarquia definiu um modelo europeu constitucional, o parlamentar, sendo que a falta do mesmo na América configurou o modelo próprio daquele continente onde foi estabelecida a primeira república constitucional presidencialista. No momento pós revolucionário quando foi tentado moderar a revolução, surgiu a necessidade de corrigir o equilíbrio de poderes reforçando-se o poder executivo; mas este era um problema na monarquia, caracterizada por um rei inamovível e politicamente irresponsável. Foi então necessário um “outro” executivo que o rei nomeava mas era responsável perante as cortes e por isso não inamovível, podendo ser substituído em caso de conflito: era o “figurino constitucional” da monarquia, o governo parlamentar que foi entendido como um modelo republicano sob uma superestrutura monárquica. Nos Estados Unidos da América, com um presidente eleito e responsável perante os eleitores, não houve necessidade de mitigar o princípio da separação de poderes, o que constituiu fator decisivo para a diferenciação entre os modelos constitucionais em ambos os continentes até hoje; em várias repúblicas conservadoras latino-americanas foram porem tomadas em consideração as características da monarquia e do seu poder moderador. O artigo aborda o desenvolvimento e as transferências da monarquia e da república em ambas as áreas.
The Power of Judging – or how to distinguish ‘indifference’ in Kant and Arendt. Some critical notes on the structure of activities
Authors: Kurbacher Frauke
Published: December 2017

***O Poder do Julgar – ou como distinguir ‘Indiferença’ em Kant e Arendt. Algumas notas críticas sobre a estrutura das atividades***Um dos cenários mais horríveis da Ética – mais do que a imoralidade ou amoralidade – é a indiferença moral. A obra final de Arendt, A Vida do Espírito, mostra uma faceta diferente da “indiferença” e a vê como um componente vital do julgamento e da reflexão. O seguinte artigo aborda esta compreensão da indiferença. Arendt extrai da Terceira Crítica de Immanuel Kant, onde a emoção e a experiência são consideradas constitutivas, em contraste com as duas Críticas anteriores, a primeira das quais trata da função lógica do julgar e a segunda do julgamento moral. A este respeito – o background arendiano para o julgar pertence à estética e não à ética – é a liberdade do juízo estético que garante seu potencial ético. No trabalho de Arendt, o julgamento é a base incontestável de seu pensamento. Além dos dois tipos convencionais de julgamento de Kant – determinantes e reflexivos –, ele apresenta uma terceira maneira de julgar em sua Crítica da Faculdade do Juízo. Somente esse terceiro juízo estético reflexivo subjetivo (subjektiv ästhetisch-reflektierendes Urteil) tem o potencial para o que Kant chama de “reabilitação da emoção”. Este terceiro tipo de julgamento demonstraria que aqui Kant combina uma forma de indiferença e a idéia de julgamento protótipo, dando à indiferença um aspecto positivo. E apenas essa terceira forma constitui a base para os pensamentos gerais de Arendt sobre julgamento. A gama de tipos de julgamento no pensamento de Kant poderia de fato ser interpretada não apenas como três maneiras diferentes de pensar, ao que ele se refere com o termo Denkungsart, mas sim como três maneiras diferentes de entender o mundo.É, portanto, de particular interesse para Arendt em termos do que ela chama mudanidade. A diversidade do julgamento elaborada na Terceira Crítica de Kant é uma expressão existencial da capacidade humana para o que é conhecido como “Haltung” na língua alemã e em todas as outras línguas apenas traduz-se fragmentariamente como “postura”, “hábito” ou “atitude”. Não é simplesmente a capacidade de adotar um certo “Haltung”, mas também de mudá-lo.
Ordens honoríficas e semipresidencialismo: a Ordem da Liberdade e os Presidentes da República Portuguesa (1976-2017)
Authors: Raimundo Filipa
Published: December 2017

Este artigo analisa a forma como os Presidentes da República Portuguesa (PR) têm usado o estatuto de grão-mestres da Ordem da Liberdade (OL), uma ordem honorífica criada com o fim da ditadura para homenagear quem lutou pela liberdade e pela democracia, com base nas 501 condecorações atribuídas entre 1977 e 2017. A pergunta a que o artigo se propõe responder é a seguinte: Será que a OL é usada pelos PR como recompensa política ou de forma meramente simbólica? Os resultados sugerem que a dimensão simbólica prevalece, mas a análise do perfil dos condecorados e dos mandatos presidenciais revela padrões que não permitem abandonar totalmente a hipótese da instrumentalização da ordem.
“Pensar, julgar e aplicar julgamento às nossas próprias ações” – entrevista com Jerome Kohn
Authors: Heuer Wolfgang , Liebel Vinícius
Published: December 2017

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The effects of resistance and endurance training on risk factors of vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in non-athlete men
Authors: Mogharnasi Mehdi , Cheragh-Birjandi Kazem , Cheragh-Birjandi Sadegh , TaheriChadorneshin Hossein
Published: December 2017

Background

Studies show that different types of training have a significant role in reducing both new and traditional risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, and the new risk factors are more sensitive and accurate in predicting such diseases.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of resistance and endurance exercises on risk factors of vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in non-athlete men.

Methods

Thirty-six non-athlete male students (mean age: 20.45 ± 1.20 years; mean body mass index: 23.66 ± 3.65 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into either three groups: control group, resistance training (RT), and endurance training (ET). The training groups exercised for 3 days/week for 8 weeks. ET group performed treadmill-running at 65%–80% of maximum heart rate and with a 16–30 min duration; the task of RT group consisted of three repetition sets, 8–10 per set, at 60%–80% of one repetition maximum, with 2-min recesses. Blood samples were taken before and after the training program. Data were analyzed by Shapiro–Wilk test, one-way ANOVA, LSD test, and dependent t-test (α ≤ 0.05).

Results

The results indicated a significant reduction in total cholesterol levels in both RT and ET groups. Also high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased in both training groups. In addition, following 8 weeks, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in ET group was significantly decreased, whereas these training methods have had no significant effects on the new cardiovascular biomarkers (hs-CRP, IL-6, and sICAM-1).

Conclusion

It seems that both ET and RT with improvement in lipid profiles could be effective in prevention and treatment of the cardiovascular disease.
Diode laser therapy in the management of chronic periodontitis – A clinico-microbiological study
Authors: Yadwad Kausar Jaha , Veena H. R. , Patil Sudhir R. , Shivaprasad B. M.
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is an infectious disease resulting in inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth with progressive attachment loss and bone loss. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 980-nm diode laser, as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the management of CP.

Methodology

A total of 40 systemically healthy subjects diagnosed with CP were randomly assigned into two groups G1 (SRP and sham application of laser) and G2 (SRP and laser irradiation) with equal numbers in each. The levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) were estimated from plaque samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clinical and microbiological parameters were assessed at baseline, 4–6, and 12–14 weeks posttreatment in both groups.

Results

A gradual reduction in the levels of Pg and improvement in clinical parameters were observed from baseline to 4–6 and 12–14 weeks in both groups. However, the comparison between groups, although clinically relevant, was not found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion

Although a 980-nm diode laser may not have any added benefit compared with SRP, it may emerge as an effective non-surgical treatment option in advanced periodontitis with complex inaccessible subgingival niches where comprehensive periodontal care may not be feasible.
Terápiás megfontolások IgA-nephropathiában a legutolsó vizsgálatok (STOP-IgAN, TESTING, NEFIGAN) eredményei alapján
Authors: Nagy Judit , Sági Balázs , Máté Judit , Vas Tibor , Kovács Tibor
Published: December 2017

Abstract:

IgA nephropathy is an immune-mediated chronic glomerulonephritis with a great variability in clinical presentation and outcome. The disease can progress to end-stage renal failure in 25% of patients. For this reason we should identify patients with potential to progress. Most important risk factors for progression are persistent proteinuria, hypertension, decreased renal function and some histological lesions. The actually suggested treatment is summarized in KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline from 2012. They suggest to give firstly non-specific supportive treatment (especially renin-angiotensin system blocking agents). Recommendation about steroid/immunosuppression treatment is based on low level of evidence. Recently three studies were organised concerning benefits and risk of steroid/immunosuppressive treatment added together with specific supportive treatment. In the STOP-IgAN study, systemic steroid/immunosuppressive treatment significantly decreased proteinuria but did not stop progression. In the TESTING study, systemic steroid treatment significantly decreased proteinuria and progression. However, the study was recently discontinued due to several severe side effects of steroid treatment. Involvement of intestinal mucosal immunity in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy suggested the NEFIGAN study with budesonide treatment. Budesonide releases corticosteroid in distal small intestine and colon. Proteinuria was significantly decreased and renal function remained stabile. High number of withdrawals owing to adverse effects is a major concern implying a substantial systemic effect of budesonide. We need further information on the characteristics of patients who most likely benefit from steroid/immunosuppressive treatment given after or together with specific supportive treatment. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(49): 1946–1952.
Software Selection
Authors: Burston Jack
Published: December 2017

As instructional technology becomes more integrated into the foreign language curriculum language teachers are increasingly being called upon to make software acquisition decisions. However, not all teachers have the knowledge or experience to make decisions of this kind. This article provides guidance about making such decisions by (a) identifying sources of foreign language software, including specialist vendors, textbook publishers, software retails, and university language resource centers; (b) indicating sources of foreign language software reviews, including journals and other sources; and (c) outlining essential procedures of software evaluation.
Comparison of Student Participation Levels by Group Size and Language Stages during Chatroom and Face-to-Face Discussions in German
Authors: Böhlke Olaf
Published: December 2017

This article seeks to contribute to the ongoing exploration of computer-assisted language learning (CALL), in particular synchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) used in a university environment, and attempts to find answers to the following two research questions: (a) How is the level of participation in communicative interactions distributed among participants? and (b) What kind of language is the language learner engaged in during small chatroom sessions in comparison to small-group face-to-face sessions? This study compared the level of participation among 27 students and contrasted their written German chatroom discourse with their oral discourse produced in small face-to-face discussion groups. First, the level of participation was measured by coding the data with communication units, or c-units. Second, the overall level of participation among groups with five students was compared to groups with only four students. Finally, the study investigated the language levels produced in both discussion modes by applying a scale of language stages as described by Tschirner (1996).
Strengthening and repairs to late medieval timber structures at Cannington Court, UK
Authors: Dutton Andrew , Chung Michael , Salmon Richard
Published: December 2017

Cannington Court, Bridgwater, UK, was founded as a nunnery in the thirteenth century. It was developed over the years and went through a number of uses before becoming a training college in the shape of two quadrangles of buildings. It has recently undergone a major refurbishment which involved the inspection and repair of all timber structures, in particular the roof trusses around the main quadrangle, some of which date to the fourteenth century. Many of the roof trusses were found to be in very poor condition, unable to support the roof satisfactorily and, in some cases, unable to support themselves. This led to the difficult decision of whether to repair by splicing in new timbers, which would lead to much loss of historic fabric, or to insert steelwork to support the trusses. This paper describes the solution, to introduce steelwork support frames, in a way which minimised the loss of historic fabric and also met better the requirements of cost and programme. In addition, the paper describes repairs to timber girders and how it became apparent that previous generations could not be trusted to have done the job properly.
Reinforced concrete frame analysis with mode of failure prediction capability
Authors: Kotsovos Gerasimos M. , Zygouris Nick S.
Published: December 2017

This paper is concerned with the development of a numerical method that is intended not only for the analysis and design of new frame-type reinforced-concrete (RC) structures, but also for the assessment of existing frame-type RC structures. The characteristic feature of the proposed method, which was developed within an object-oriented environment using the Python programming language, is its ability to identify all types of failure that may be suffered by the elements of the structure. This is achieved by noting that the portions of the structure extending between points of maximum bending moment and points of contra-flexure or consecutive points of contra-flexure are equivalent to cantilevers or simply supported beams, respectively, for which there is ample experimental information linking their design details with modes of failure. The validity of the method is verified through a comparative study of the numerical predictions with the experimentally established behaviour of frames obtained from the literature.
Behaviour of steel tube reinforced-concrete short bridge columns under cyclic loading
Authors: Tian Tian , Qiu Wen-Liang , Zhang Zhe
Published: December 2017

The results of an experimental study focused on the cyclic shear behaviour of steel tube reinforced-concrete (STRC) short bridge columns are presented. Seven STRC column specimens were tested under constant axial load and cyclic-reversed lateral displacement to investigate the effects of the axial load ratio, volumetric stirrup ratio, longitudinal steel ratio, sectional steel tube ratio and shear span ratio. An additional reinforced-concrete (RC) short column was also tested to evaluate the effectiveness of the steel tube at enhancing the column behaviour. Damage progression and failure modes of the specimens are described, along with a detailed discussion on their seismic indexes with regard to shear strength, ductility, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation. The test results demonstrated improved seismic resistance and mitigated damage extent for the STRC specimens relative to the RC counterpart. It was also found that the STRC short bridge columns with rational structural configurations possessed satisfactory deformability, ductility and energy dissipation capacity and can thus be utilised in regions of moderate to high seismicity. Based on the test results, a simplified superimposition model and the corresponding expressions are developed for shear strength prediction of STRC short bridge columns.
Coming out and staying in: how sexual orientation and gender identity matters in construction employment
Authors: Barnard Sarah , Dainty Andrew
Published: December 2017

Over the last three years, the New Civil Engineer, Architects' Journal and Construction News have conducted a survey investigating the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) workers in the sector. The surveys reveal that homophobia is commonplace in the construction industry and few feeling that they could be open about their sexuality in the workplace. In this review paper, the authors explore the theoretical and empirical explanations for the apparent institutionally homophobic situation of the sector. A key concern is what are the experiences of LGBT people and in what ways do gender/sexual identity present challenges in working lives? The results reveal the importance of sexuality in the reproduction of social relations in construction, the nature of sexualised banter and physical harassment of LGBT workers. The cultural landscape represents a toxic environment for those who do not conform to the white, male, heterosexual stereotype of the construction worker and the homosocial relations that surround it. Furthermore, the review demonstrates how research has evolved to now present a critical perspective on how gender and sexualities are performed in organisational contexts. The results presented set the agenda for empirical explorations of the experiences of workers in the sector.
Kinetic features of wear-resistant coating growth by plasma electrolytic oxidation
Authors: Tailor Satish , Rakoch Alexander G , Gladkova Alexandra A , Van Truong Phan , Strekalina Daria M , Sourkouni Georgia , S. Y. Manjunath , Takagi Toshiyuki
Published: December 2017

The kinetic features of coating growth on titanium alloy Ti–6A1–4V by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) are investigated. It was observed that the coating growth rate decreases significantly with the increasing of the PEO time treatment. At the same time, large longitudinal pores (cracks) were formed; thus, the major part of the coating is separated from the substrate. Coating growth is realized by the two mechanisms: (a) migration-diffusional and (b) thermochemical treatment of the deposited aluminum hydroxide (electrolysis) and oxidation of the substrate at the bottom of the coating pores. It presumably occurs due to the saturation of the electrolyte in the pores with titanium hydroxide and the relatively low intensity of the microdischarges, which is insufficient to eject the substance from the channels for ‘pancake’ formation. This increases the amount of the aluminum titanate (TiAl2O5) in the coating. The latter presumably forms due to a eutectic reaction in the coating or due to the exothermic reactions of titanium dioxide formation. The TiAl2O5-based coating containing at least 10% aluminum oxide α-Al2O3 (more than 20% in the outer layer) and 11% titanium dioxide (TiO2) increases the wear resistance of the titanium alloy at least six times.
Historisches oder mediales Apriori? Versuch einer terminologischen Rejustierung
Authors: Gnosa Tanja
Published: December 2017

This paper deals with the difference between the historical a priori and the media a priori, arguing that, contrary to Friedrich Kittler, the notion of a media-technological a priori cannot substitute the historical a priori. However, conceiving media as conditions for knowledge, thought and opinion, the author argues that the media a priori should be perceived as an existential condition for the mediation between the self, the other and the world. After discussing Foucault's dispositif and referring to recent research on media dispositifs, the paper shows that power, knowledge and media are interrelated and co-dependent. The author finally suggests combining the historical, the media and the strategical a priori into a new, more inclusive concept.
From Mechanical Ventilation to Intensive Care Medicine: A Challenge for Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Thiéry Guillaume , Kovačević Pedja , Štraus Slavenka , Vidović Jadranka , Iglica Amer , Festić Emir , Gajić Ognjen
Published: December 2017

Intensive care medicine is a relatively new specialty, which was created in the 1950's, after invent of mechanical ventilation, which allowed caring for critically ill patients who otherwise would have died. First created for treating mechanically ventilated patients, ICUs extended their scope and care to all patients with life threatening conditions. Over the years, intensive care medicine developed further and became a truly multidisciplinary speciality, encompassing patients from various fields of medicine and involving specialists from a range of base specialties, with additional (subspecialty) training in intensive care medicine. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the founding of the society of intensive care medicine in 2006, the introduction of non invasive ventilation in 2007, and opening of a multidisciplinary ICUs in Banja Luka and Sarajevo heralded a new age of intensive care medicine. The number of admissions, high severity scores and needs for mechanical ventilation during the first several months in the medical ICU in Banja Luka confirmed the need of these kinds of units in the country. In spite of still suboptimal personnel training, creation of ICUs in Bosnia and Herzegovina may serve as example for other developing countries in the region. However, in order to achieve modern ICU standards and follow European trends toward harmonisation of medicine, Bosnia and Herzegovina needs to take up this challenge by recognizing intensive care medicine as a distinctive specialty, by implementing a specific training program and by setting up multidisciplinary ICUs in acute care hospitals.
Ultrastructural Changes in the Liver of Intravenous Heroin Addicts
Authors: Ilić Goran , Karadžić Radovan , Kostić-Banović Lidija , Stojanović Jovan , Antović Aleksandra
Published: December 2017

The ultrastructural research has a decisive role in gathering the knowledge on the liver’s response to the influence of some drugs. The aim of the study was to perform an ultrastructurai analysis of the liver in chronic intravenous heroin addicts.The study involved the autopsy conducted on 40 bodies of intravenous heroin addicts and 10 control autopsies. The liver tissue was fixed in glutaraldehyde and moulded with epon for investigation purposes of ultrastructural changes. The analysis was performed using the method of transmission electron microscopy.In the group of intravenous heroin addicts, the liver autopsy samples showed degenerative vesicular and fat changes, chronic active and persistent hepatitis, cirrhosis, reduction in the amount of glycogen in hepatocytes, as well as the Kupffer cell’s dominant hypertrophy. Various changes occur in organelles, plasma membrane of hepatocytes and biliary channels as well as in the nucleus.The most important ultrastructural findings include: hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is histologically proven vesicular degeneration of hepatocyte occurring as a result of the increased synthesis of enzymes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum due to chronic intravenous heroin intake, and the presence of continuous basal membrane followed by transformation of the sinusoids into capillaries (in the cases of chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis) which leads to a disorder of microcirculation and further progress of cirrhosis.
Lactate Dehydrogenase and Oxidative Stress Activity in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Aqueous Humour
Authors: Jovanović Predrag , Žorić Lepša , Stefanović Ivan , Džunić Boban , Djordjević-Jocić Jasmina , Radenković Marija , Jovanovic Maja
Published: December 2017

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lactate are some of the hypoxy biochemical parameters. Extracellular activity of this enzyme increases under the condition of oxidative stress, since the cell integrity can be disrupted during the lipid peroxidation process. Subsequently that leads to the increase level of the lactic acid and lactic acid salts. The objective of this investigation is establishing the level of LDH, LDH1 (HBDH) and the lactate concentration in aqueous humour in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.Biochemical analysis have been made by enzymatic-colometric method (lactate) and UV-kinetic method (LDH and HBDH) in aqueous humour of 30 patients (42 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 30 patients (40 eyes) with cataract (the control group).The increased values of lactate and the activity of LDH and HBDH enzyme in aqueous humour of POAG patients in correlation with the control group are the results not only of oxidative stress but also of hypoxy and the mitochondry oxidative function (p<0,001).The increased activity of the examined biochemical parameters in the aqueous humour of the POAG patients points to the fact that other mechanisms, besides IOP, have a role in glaucoma pathogenesis.
The Analysis of Students’ Listening Proficiency Viewed from Their Different Learning Styles after Getting the Strategy Instructions
Authors: Mulyadi Dodi , Rukmini Dwi , Yuliasri Issy
Published: December 2017

The students’ listening cognitive and metacognitive problems should be overcome with an effective listening strategy instruction. Besides, their learning style as the individual learners’ differences should be taken into account in getting a satisfactory listening outcome. To seek the solution, the present study aimed to find out quantitatively the effectiveness of implementation of Explicit (Meta)-cognitive collaboration strategy instruction (M-CCSI) and top-down strategy instructions (TDSI) toward the students’ listening proficiency viewed from their learning styles. The participants of the study were 50 Javanese EFL students at Muria University of Kudus, Indonesia. The data were gathered by using a listening proficiency test adopted from Longman TOEFL listening section and a questionnaire of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning styles. Descriptive statistics, Independent Sample t-test, and Friedman two-way analysis of variance revealed that the experimental group has a significant effect of their listening proficiency after treated by using M-CCSI. Meanwhile, the control group has no significant effect on their listening proficiency after dealt with by using top down strategy (TDSI) as a general listening teaching. On the other hand, the result of two-way analysis of variance reveals that students’ listening proficiency was not influenced by learning styles including visual learners, auditory learners, and kinesthetic learners for both experimental group and control group. Thus, the findings imply that it is not essential for the lecturers of listening course to divide students into different learning styles in applying Explicit M-CCSI.
Reconstruction of Local Wisdom for Character Education through the Indonesia Language Learning: An Ethno-pedagogical Methodology
Authors: Rasna I Wayan , Tantra Dewa Komang
Published: December 2017

Developing good characters may take quite a process of enculturation early at the primary schools. Character education may include local wisdom or local knowledge learnt through the Indonesia language curriculum. Bali’s local wisdom, which adheres in the Hindu philosophy, is potentially rich for the development of character education’s themes and sub-themes. The central themes and sub-themes fleshed out from the Hindu philosophy are coherently tied into a system of meaningful moral entity. Children may learn the moral characters contextually and meaningfully through the national language of Indonesia at schools. However, caution should be taken as the themes and the sub-themes are critically beyond the first and second graders’ cognitive and moral development stages.
I Speak Chinese but I Am Teaching English: Exploring the Influence of Nonnative Speakership in the Construction of Language Teacher Identity
Authors: Zhang Yanxiang
Published: December 2017

This research aims to explore how two Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teachers construct their professional identity as nonnative English teachers with the influence of the social factor – nonnativeness. It adopts a modern approach of identity that its formation is an ongoing process, and Wenger’s (1998) theory of identity that one acquires identity through the participation in various communities of practice. It is designed to be a qualitative study of two Chinese EFL teachers’ construction of teaching identity. The subjects negotiate the meaning of “teaching English” within various communities of practice. Findings suggest that the process of negotiation begins long before they enter their teaching career. And this process has been going through the whole process of identity construction. Findings also reveal a duel identity discursively constructed by the two subjects – both as an English teacher and learner. In addition, their nonnative speakership has played a significant role during the formation of teaching identity and has greatly influenced the way they teach. Finally, being nonnative can be advantageous in terms of language teaching.
An Exploration into Research on Critical Thinking and Its Cultivation: An Overview
Authors: Wang Sheng
Published: December 2017

The intellectual root of critical thinking can trace back to Socratics in ancient Greece. Since then, a variety of conceptions and models have been proposed, which constitute the theoretic core of critical thinking. They place different weights on different aspects of critical thinking. In the meantime, the cultivation of critical thinking commenced when Socrates attempted to apply theories of critical thinking into the instruction. Consequently, a variety of instruction approaches and strategies and assessment of critical thinking have been developed. However, there is still a dispute on whether critical thinking can be developed independently of subject content. The paper attempts to review research on critical thinking with the aim to discover commonalities and clarify the subtle differences among diversities of conceptions, models, instruction approaches and strategies, and assessment. The discovery and clarification could be significant for the instruction of critical thinking, especially, conducted in non-western countries.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Pragmatic Competence and Motivation for Non-English Majors
Authors: Chen Xiaojing
Published: December 2017

Language is used for communication. Pragmatic competence, which is essential in English teaching, is an important component of communicative competence. The development of pragmatic competence will enhance that of foreign language learners’ communicative competence. This study discusses the relation between pragmatic competence and language learning motivation. Results show that students’ general pragmatic competence is at a low level. Most of the subjects hold instrumental motivation as their dominant motivation. Significant correlation has been found between pragmatic competence and language learning motivation (r=.582; p=.000). According to the survey results, the author provides several suggestions on cultivating and maintaining learners’ motivation in their pragmatic learning.
Effects of PowerPoint Presentations on Reading Comprehension of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Iranian Exceptional High Schools
Authors: Jamali Somayeh , Izadpanah Siros
Published: December 2017

It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the role of PowerPoint presentation on reading comprehension of deaf and hard of hearing (D/HH) students in schools. Based on different studies, PowerPoint, a common multimedia tool, has a crucial role in teaching and learning through providing a suitable understanding of the text and motivating students. The present study aimed to examine the predictive effects of PowerPoint presentations on reading comprehension of D/HH students. As reported in the literature, reading levels of deaf high school students are equal to those of fourth grade hearing students. Therefore, a visual computer-mediated approach was implemented to monitor the reading comprehension progress of 20 D/HH students in Iranian high schools. The reading comprehension of the experimental and control groups were compared by conducting the Stanford Achievement Test and applying paired t-tests. Our findings indicated a significant difference between the mean reading comprehension scores of the two groups.
Translation Aesthetics in Children’s Literature
Authors: Huang Furong
Published: December 2017

Despite the fact that children’s literature is an important branch of the literary polysystem, it was neglected as a peripheral subject for long. It is not until in recent years that much attention is increasingly poured into it due to the rapid development of economy and booming cross-cultural exchanges. Currently, the newly-developed children’s literature is gradually occupying a dominant position and winning children’s favor. Translated works are no exception. Numerous classic children’s literary works from abroad are translated and retranslated. People tend to care much about translation activities, yet forget to formulate the theoretical framework. The thesis attempts to explore how to incorporate translation aesthetics into children’s literature translation. Children’s literature is characterized by its artistry, which is no doubt linked to children’s unique disposition. Children’s rich imagination, their acute sense of color, rhythm and children-favored animated images, etc. should be given priority in the process of translation. Based on Liu Miqing’s interpretation of translation aesthetics, the thesis will be developed from the perspective of the aesthetic object, the aesthetic subject and their respective aesthetic constituents. Further discussion is given as to the realization of aesthetic transference and representation in translating children’s literature under the guidance of translation aesthetics.
The Use of Body Language in English Teaching
Authors: Yang Xiaoling
Published: December 2017

Body language means action, expression and posture with something meaningful. In classroom teaching, the teachers’ body language can help to increase the effect of sound language. It is an important method for teachers to learn about the students by noticing the students’ body language. Teachers can get feedback information by watching the students’ expressions in their eyes, on their faces and noticing their actions, as to adjust and organize the teaching in class timely and effectively. Nowadays nonverbal communication has been used in many fields. With the continual reform of language teaching and learning methods, teachers have great challenge in organize the classes in English and create English-learning circumstances. However, with students’ limitation, teachers have to simplify their teaching language with the help of facial expression and body movements.
A lakókörnyezeti sajátosságok és a munkavállalási célú migrációs szándék kapcsolatának vizsgálata
Authors: Berényi László
Published: December 2017

A munkavállalási célú migrációs szándék mikroszintű vizsgálata során számos gazdasági, szociológiai és pszichológiai tényezővel kell dolgozni. A vizsgálati szempontok bővítése és újragondolása lehetőséget ad arra, hogy árnyaltabb képet alkossunk a migráció motivációiról. E tényezők között különös figyelmet kap a környezet kérdése, általában a katasztrófák és a klímaváltozás vándorlásra gyakorolt hatására fókuszálva. A környezetet tágabban értelmezve célszerű a lakókörnyezet sajátosságainak bevonása a mikroszintű vizsgálatokba. A tanulmány a MOVE projekt kiegészítő pilotvizsgálatának eredményeit mutatja be a Miskolci Egyetem gazdálkodási szakjain tanuló hallgatók 184 elemű mintáján keresztül, arra keresve választ, hogy a jelenlegi és jövőben elképzelt lakókörnyezet mutat-e kapcsolatot az országhatáron belüli és azon túli munkavállalási célú migrációs szándékokkal. A kérdőíves felmérés eredményei a lakókörnyezeti tényezők és a migrációs szándék között kevés esetben mutatnak közvetlenül szignifikáns kapcsolatot. Ugyanakkor a munkavállalási célú migrációs szándék kapcsolatot mutat a lakókörnyezeti tényezők jövőbeli elvárásaival, továbbá a változtatási igényekkel, ezeket tehát célszerű beépíteni a további, szélesebb körű empirikus felmérésekbe. Az eredmények arra is utalnak, hogy a lakókörnyezeti tényezőkkel elégedetlenek hajlandóbbak a migrációra. Külön vizsgálatokat igényel az a tapasztalat, hogy a tartós külföldi munkavállalásra kevésbé hajlandó válaszadók a rövid idejű kint tartózkodás lehetőségét vonzónak tartják.
„Hatás és ellenhatás” – A fiatalok európai mobilitásának hatása a gazdaságra és a munkaerőpiacra
Authors: Siposné Nándori Eszter , Dabasi-Halász Zsuzsanna , Ilyés Csaba
Published: December 2017

A fiatalok nemzetközi mobilitása az Európai Unió területén számos társadalmi és gazdasági hatást indukál, melynek ökonometriai elemzése csak részben kutatott téma. A nemzetközi MOVE kutatási projekt keretében több vizsgálatot is folytattunk a fiatalok Európa számára „hasznos” migrációjának megismerésére. Kvantitatív adatelemzést végeztünk az európai országok körében arra vonatkozóan, hogy a fiatalok mobilitásának milyen munkaerőpiaci és gazdasági hatásai vannak. Hipotézisünk szerint a fiatalok befelé irányuló mobilitásának fokozódása kedvezően hat mind a munkaerőpiacra, mind a gazdasági növekedésre, vagyis csökkenti a fiatalok munkanélküliségét és növeli az egy főre jutó GDP-t, a befogadó és a kibocsátó országban egyaránt. Cikkünkben meghatározzuk a fiatalok migrációjáról szóló elméleti alapvetéseket, majd ismertetjük a modellt, amely a fiatalok bejövő mobilitásának a munkanélküliségre és a gazdaságra gyakorolt hatását írja le. Bemutatjuk az OLS panelregresszió-számítással – 30 európai ország bevonásával, 10 évre vonatkozóan (2004–2013) – végzett elemzésünket. A vizsgálatokat három országcsoportban teszteltük: a centrum-, vagyis fogadó országok csoportjában; a periféria-, vagyis kibocsátó országok csoportjában, és az összes vizsgált országban. Az elemzésben kiszűrjük azoknak a gazdasági és társadalmi tényezőknek (mint a minimálbér mértéke, a külföldi működőtőkekiáramlás, az iskolai végzettség és a városi lakosság aránya) a hatását, amelyek a mobilitás mellett befolyásolhatják a fiatalok munkanélküliségének és az egy főre jutó GDP-nek az alakulását. A tanulmány végén összegezzük, hogy mely tényezők erősítik a fiatalok „jó”, azaz minden szereplő számára hasznos térbeli mobilitását az Európai Unión belül.
THE EVOLUTION OF APPROACHES TOWARDS THE UNDERSTANDING OF HEGEMONY IN THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Authors: Romaniuk N. , Puriy M. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
Published: December 2017

The article examines theoretical approaches of realism, liberalism, Marxism and constructivism towards the investigation, analysis and understanding of the phenomenon of hegemony in theory of international relations. It analyzes the fundamental claims of key representatives of each of the suggested theoretical approaches regarding hegemony. The authors emphasize the importance of theoretical works of representatives of each approach and demonstrate their direct influence on the formation and development of the studied theory within the science of international relations. In particular, the article provides an analysis of the theoretical views of such leading international relations scholars and theorists, as John Ikenberry, Robert Gilpin, Charles Kindleberger, John Mearsheimer, John Ruggie, Alexander Wendt and Christian Reus-Smit. In addition, the views of Antonio Gramsci, Robert Cox, Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, which formed the foundation of the theory of hegemony in international relations, were investigated. The authors emphasize on the fundamental impact of the investigated approaches of realism, liberalism, marxism and constructivism towards the understanding of the phenomenon of hegemony within the academia, as well as on the theoretical reasoning and on the realization of this phenomenon in international relations. Concordantly, the relevance of the study of the phenomenon of hegemony in terms of theory and practice of international relations is emphasized.
Medical and social portrait of families raising children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Tkachenko E S
Published: December 2017

Aim. To perform medical and social characterization of families raising children with cerebral palsy. Methods. The study was performed among families raising children with cerebral palsy and living in Omsk. It is a cross-sectional epidemiologic study. Survey of parents based on our developed questionnaire was performed. A total of 324 families took part in the study. The following factors were evaluated: family structure, character of relationship between members, social and living conditions, satisfaction with the quality of medical care. Results. Medical and social characterization was performed in families raising children with cerebral palsy. In 77% of cases a child was brought up in a traditional family (but in about half of the families after developing apparent abnormalities in a child and making a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, worsening of family relationships occurs). Due to necessity for taking care of the child with cerebral palsy, most of mothers are forced to quit their job that negatively affects the level of material wealth. Availability of their own accommodation was revealed in 64% of responders. Mother’s age at the time of birth of a child with cerebral palsy was primarily in the range from 25 to 29 years. A number of factors adversely affecting the health of children, both in the period of prenatal development and the newborn period: pregnancy with complications, acute respiratory viral infection during pregnancy, smoking during early pregnancy. Role of these factors in developing cerebral palsy was detected by a number of researchers. A number of difficulties met by the family members after bearing a child with developmental disabilities were identified (deterioration of family relationships, decline in material wealth, dissatisfaction with the quality of medical care). Conclusion. After making a diagnosis, family relationships worsen; most families have houses not adapted for defects of a child with cerebral palsy; some features of medical organizations service are revealed that might negatively affect the quality of medical care for children with cerebral palsy.