bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tillage Effects on Carbon Sequestration and Microbial Biomass in Reclaimed Farmland Soils of Southwestern Indiana
Authors: Jacinthe Pierre-André , Lal Rattan
Published: February 2009

Carbon sequestration in reclaimed mine soils (RMSs) could partly mitigate C emissions associated with coal mining, but our knowledge of C storage in RMSs is derived almost exclusively from studies conducted in restored grasslands and forests. Limited information exists regarding intensively managed RMSs under agricultural land use. A study was conducted to assess the impact of tillage on recent soil organic C (SOC, total organic C minus geogenic C), total microbial biomass C (t‐MBC) and active microbial biomass C (a‐MBC) in RMSs under no‐till (NT, 13 yr) and moldboard plowing (MP, 9 and 13 yr). An undisturbed second‐growth forest and a newly reclaimed (NR, 1 yr) grassland were also included. Significant effects (P < 0.01) of tillage on SOC, t‐MBC, a‐MBC, and metabolic quotient (qCO2) were detected in the 0‐ to 5‐cm soil layer. These soil properties were strongly (r2 > 0.66) correlated with recent SOC, but moderately (r2 = 0.21–0.60) with geogenic C. Rates of C sequestration were estimated from the temporal trend in the recent SOC pool (0–40 cm in NR (23.2 Mg C ha−1), 9‐yr MP (32.9 Mg C ha−1) and 13‐yr MP (33 Mg C ha−1), and ranged between 0.8 and 0.25 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 during the first and second decades of restoration. Despite a similar amount of crop residue returned (2.8 Mg C ha−1 yr−1), recent SOC under 13‐yr NT (36.8 Mg C ha−1) exceeded that under 13‐yr MP by 3.8 Mg C ha−1 This finding, in conjunction with the lower qCO2 in the surface soil layer of NT, suggests a more efficient C utilization by soil microbes under NT than under MP. These results illustrate the benefits of NT to the restoration of SOC stocks and biological properties of severely disturbed soil systems.
Rebuilding Organic Carbon Contents in Coastal Plain Soils Using Conservation Tillage Systems
Authors: Novak J. M. , Frederick J. R. , Bauer P. J. , Watts D. W.
Published: February 2009

Long‐term disk tillage (DT) for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain has resulted in soil organic C (SOC) content reductions. Conservation tillage (CT) management in some studies can rebuild SOC levels. A field study, with two adjacent 3.5‐ha fields, both containing soil series formed in upland and depressional areas, was conducted using a 6‐yr rotation of corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton to determine the CT and DT effects on SOC contents and residue characteristics returned to the soil. Annual soil samples were collected from 50 locations per field at 0‐ to 3‐ and 3‐ to 15‐cm. After 6 yr under CT, residue accumulation promoted a significant SOC increase in the 0‐ to 3‐cm depth in the upland soil series (about 0.7 Mg SOC ha−1). The lack of residue mixing in the 3‐ to 15‐cm depth in upland soils under CT, however, resulted in a significant SOC content decline at this depth (1.25–2.51 Mg SOC ha−1). There was no significant SOC content change in soils under CT formed in depressional areas or in all soils under DT. During 6 yr, 14.8 Mg ha−1 of organic C from both corn and cotton residues was returned to soils under CT, but <4% was incorporated into the SOC pool. Levels of SOC in sandy upland soils can be increased at the surface after 6 yr of CT under a corn and cotton rotation, with the increase coming at the expense of an SOC decline at a deeper topsoil depth.
Investigating Phosphorus Sorption onto Kaolinite Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
Authors: Penn Chad J. , Warren Jason G.
Published: February 2009

The mechanism of P sorption onto soils has a strong impact on bioavailability and transport potential. Assessment of sorption energy via isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) can potentially provide information on P sorption mechanisms. This study used ITC to examine P sorption onto poorly crystalline Georgia kaolinite at pH 4.3 and 6.3. A complementary sorption and desorption isotherm was also conducted at the same kaolinite/solution ratio as the titration experiment. In addition, other ITC experiments were performed to help interpret the kaolinite–P thermograms. Thermograms (measured heat response) for titration of P into pH 4.3 kaolinite indicated initial fast exothermic followed by slower endothermic reactions; both reactions decreased with further P additions. By the eighth titration, the net reaction turned from exothermic to endothermic, indicating that the endothermic reaction now dominated. The complementary sorption isotherm indicated a statistically significant “breakpoint” at this same P addition. In contrast, pH 6.3 kaolinite exhibited only exothermic reactions during P titrations. Based on sorption isotherms, solution thermodynamic modeling, and supporting ITC experiments, the exothermic reaction indicated P sorption onto kaolinite by ligand exchange and dissolution or protonation of kaolinite while the endothermic reaction indicated Al phosphate precipitation. Sequential desorption isotherm results showed that although the pH 4.3 and 6.3 kaolinite desorbed the same amount of P when normalized for initial surface P concentrations, kaolinite at pH 4.3 desorbed P at a greater rate than at pH 6.3. Compared with traditional solid‐state techniques, ITC provides continuous data collection as reactions are occurring, rather than discrete observations.
Liquid Swine Manure Phosphorus Utilization for Corn and Soybean Production
Authors: Barbazán M. M. , Mallarino A. P. , Sawyer J. E.
Published: February 2009

There is uncertainty about manure P availability for crops and need for P fertilization when manure is applied. This study evaluated effects of liquid swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure and fertilizer P on early plant growth and P uptake, grain yield, and grain P removal for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Sixteen trials were conducted in Iowa from 2000 to 2002. Replicated treatments were the combinations of three manure rates (0, 29, and 57 kg total P ha−1 on average across sites) and four P fertilizer rates (0 to 30 kg P ha−1). Initial soil Bray‐P1 (15‐cm depth) was 9 to 89 mg P kg−1 Fertilizer rates applied across all plots were 168 kg N ha−1 for corn and 56 to 120 kg K ha−1 for both crops according to soil‐test K. Measurements were early plant dry weight (DW) and P uptake (V5‐V6 stage), grain yield, and grain P removal. Increases in plant DW, P uptake, and grain P removal were unrelated to soil‐test P (STP), and were more frequent to manure than to fertilizer. Yield increases (P ≤ 0.05) were observed at six sites with Bray‐P1 ≤ 20 mg P kg−1, with response only to manure at one site and to both manure and fertilizer at five sites but to fertilizer only when manure was not applied. The study provided no evidence of lower crop‐P availability from liquid swine manure than fertilizer P for corn or soybean in these Iowa fields.
Continuous-Time Tracking Filters for the Coordinated Turn Model
Authors: Ekstrand Bertil
Published: February 2009

Continuous-time tracking filters based on the coordinated turn model are discussed. By a coordinate transformation,
the four-state filter design is reduced to design of two-state filters. An observer approach is applied, including
pole placement and transfer function analysis. Deterministic steady-state errors for a circular turn are obtained as analytical
expressions in target acceleration, filter bandwidth, and the actual and assumed turn rates. It is seen that no errors are
obtained if the turn rate is known. If it is unknown, performance could still be better than with independent filters, if the
assumed turn rate is not too erroneous. Even a first order transfer function can be formulated from which the steady-state
errors are easily obtained. An interpretation in terms basic two-state filters is given of filters based on the coordinate turn
model. Furthermore, the Kalman filter for a stochastic coordinated turn model is given in closed form and compared to the
observers.
Golgi-Disturbing Agents Lead to the Elimination of Intracellular Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: S. Carvalho C. , R. Figueiredo G. , J. T. de Melo E.
Published: February 2009

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the genesis of secretory organelles of Toxoplasma gondii and lipid
traffic to the vacuole. This study used anti-Golgi agents to demonstrate the importance of Golgi in Toxoplasma
development. Monensin, Brefeldin A, Retinoic Acid and Okadaic Acid reduced the infection, leading to parasite
elimination. Mon, BFA and RA affected secretory organelles and the Golgi Complex of the parasites, with faster parasite
elimination in the presence of Monensin; in addition, the vesicular transit of host cell C6-NBD-ceramide metabolites was
interrupted, but the GC of host cells was preserved. Our results suggest that several targets in the secretory pathway are
affected in the intracellular Toxoplasma rather than in the host cells, resulting in interruption of parasite development and
its elimination from the intracellular medium.
Fixation of the Cemented Stem: Clinical Relevance of the Porosity and Thickness of the Cement Mantle
Authors: Hernigou Philippe , Daltro Gildasio , Lachaniette Charles Henri Flouzat , Roussignol Xavier , Mukasa Martin Mukisi , Poignard Alexandre
Published: February 2009

The aim of this review paper is to define the fixation of the cemented stem. Polymethyl methacrylate, otherwise known as “bone cement”, has been used in the fixation of hip implants since the early 1960s. Sir John Charnley, the pioneer of modern hip replacement, incorporated the use of cement in the development of low frictional torque hip arthroplasty. In this paper, the concepts of femoral stem design and fixation, clinical results, and advances in understanding of the optimal use of cement are reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to help understanding and discussions on the thickness and the porosity of the cement mantle in total hip arthroplasty. Cement does not act as an adhesive, as sometimes thought, but relies on an interlocking fit to provide mechanical stability at the cement–bone interface, while at the prosthesis– cement interface it achieves stability by optimizing the fit of the implant in the cement mantle, such as in a tapered femoral stem.
Letter: Reinstating the Rational Voter
Authors: Lim Jamus Jerome
Published: February 2009

Bryan Caplan's equation of the uninformed or misinformed voter with an irrational voter is unjustified, and does not invalidate a rational voter model, according to Jamus Lim of the World Bank.
Letter: Is There Research Economist Support for the Stimulus Bill?
Authors: Rasmusen Eric Bennett
Published: February 2009

Come out, come out, wherever you are, says Eric Rasmusen.
PPARγ Variant Influences Angiographic Outcome and 10-Year Cardiovascular Risk in Male Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease Patients
Authors: Regieli Jakub J. , Jukema J. Wouter , Doevendans Pieter A. , Zwinderman Aeilko H. , van der Graaf Yolanda , Kastelein John J. , Grobbee Diederick E.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

Activation of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-γ signaling influences metabolic profiles and the propensity toward inflammation. Small-molecule stimulation of PPARγ is investigated for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The common PPARγ Pro12Ala variant has functional and prognostic consequences. A protective effect of the 12Ala-allele carriership on diabetes and myocardial infarction in healthy populations has been suggested. The relevance of this pathway also needs exploration in patients with manifest vascular disease. We investigated the effects of carriership of the Pro12Ala variant on angiographic and cardiovascular event outcomes in male patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS) cohort was genotyped for the Pro12Ala variant (rs1801282). Ten-year follow-up was derived from nation-wide registries, and risks were estimated using proportional hazards. Quantitative coronary angiography measurements were obtained and relations with genotype estimated using a generalized linear model.

RESULTS

Genotypes ascertained (n = 679) comprised 540 (80%) Pro/Pro, 126 (19%) Pro/Ala, and 13 (2%) Ala/Ala subjects. The 12Ala allele was associated with less extensive focal (P = 0.001) and diffuse (P = 0.002) atherosclerosis and lower 10-year cardiovascular risk. Hazard ratios were 0.10 (95% CI 0.01–0.70, P = 0.02) for ischemic heart disease and 0.24 (0.08–0.74, P = 0.013) for vascular death, per each added copy of 12Ala, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Carriers of the 12Ala allele of PPARγ have less widespread CAD and are considerably protected against 10-year (cardio)vascular morbidity and mortality. These long-term findings in patients with manifest CAD support an important role of PPARγ in determining vascular risk.
Lower Total Adipocyte Number but No Evidence for Small Adipocyte Depletion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pasarica Magdalena , Xie Hui , Hymel David , Bray George , Greenway Frank , Ravussin Eric , Smith Steven R.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

We hypothesized that, compared with obese subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes have a lower total adipocyte number with fewer small adipocytes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained from lean and obese subjects with or without type 2 diabetes matched for BMI. Adipocyte size was measured by osmium fixation and sizing/counting in a Coulter counter. Adipocyte size and number subdistributions (small, medium, large, and very large) were determined.

RESULTS

Compared with obese subjects, type 2 diabetic patients had larger mean adipocyte size and 67% bigger very large adipocytes; the total adipocyte number was lower, but the fraction of small adipocytes was increased by 27%.

CONCLUSIONS

Total adipocyte cellularity is lower in type 2 diabetic subjects than in obese subjects. We found no evidence for depletion of small adipocytes in patients with type 2 diabetes. This suggests the presence of a defect in early maturation of adipocytes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases and All-Cause Mortality Among Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Weili , Lopez-Garcia Esther , Li Tricia Y. , Hu Frank B. , van Dam Rob M.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

Coffee consumption has been linked to detrimental acute metabolic and hemodynamic effects. We investigated coffee consumption in relation to risk of CVDs and mortality in diabetic men.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a prospective cohort study including 3,497 diabetic men without CVD at baseline.

RESULTS

After adjustment for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors, relative risks (RRs) were 0.88 (95% CI 0.50–1.57) for CVDs (P for trend = 0.29) and 0.80 (0.41–1.54) for all-cause mortality (P for trend = 0.45) for the consumption of ≥4 cups/day of caffeinated coffee compared with those for non–coffee drinkers. Stratification by smoking and duration of diabetes yielded similar results. RRs for caffeine intake for the highest compared with the lowest quintile were 1.02 (0.70–1.47; P for trend = 0.96) for CVDs and 0.96 (0.64–1.44; P for trend = 0.69) for mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

These data indicate that regular coffee consumption is not associated with increased risk for CVDs or mortality in diabetic men.
Bone Age Corresponds With Chronological Age at Type 1 Diabetes Onset in Youth
Authors: Messaaoui Anissa , Dorchy Harry
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE

To our knowledge, only two controversial articles have reported the study of bone age at diagnosis in diabetic children. The aim of this study was to compare chronological age with bone age and to evaluate the impact of A1C on bone age in children at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In 496 diabetic children, height was measured at diagnosis and height SD score was calculated using the British 1990 growth reference. Bone age was determined according to the Greulich and Pyle method, and A1C levels were measured.

RESULTS

Participants' height was normal for age and sex. No significant differences were found between chronological age and bone age, and there was no correlation between Δ (bone age − chronological age) and A1C.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that height and bone maturation among diabetic children are normal for age and sex and independent of A1C at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.
Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of 5-nitroimidazoles and their metabolites in egg
Authors: Tamošiūnas Vytautas , Padarauskas Audrius
Published: February 2009

An ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) procedure was developed for the determination of five 5-nitroimidazoles (dimetridazole, ipronidazole, metronidazole, ronidazole and ternidazole) and three of their metabolites (1-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole and 1-methyl-2-(2′-hydroxyisopropyl)-5-nitroimidazole) in egg matrices. Conditions for UPLC separation and electrospray ionization MS/MS in the positive ion mode were optimized. Samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction with buffered aqueous 2.5% trichloroacetic acid followed by solid-phase extraction on a Strata-X-C cartridge with reversed-phase and cation-exchange functionalities. The method’s performance was evaluated in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, applying the alternative matrix-comprehensive in-house validation approach using specially designed InterVal software. The method was robust against different sample matrix and SPE cartridges, operator change, and changes in sample extract storage. Acceptable apparent recoveries (76 to 109%) were obtained for all analytes. The decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCα) were within the ranges of 0.19–2.62 and 0.26–4.29 μg kg−1. For all compounds the calibration curve linearity was good with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. Fifteen eggs and ten whole egg powder samples obtained commercially in Lithuania were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS; none were found contaminated by 5-nitroimidazoles or their metabolites.
On 0-homology of categorical at zero semigroups
Authors: Novikov Boris , Polyakova Lyudmyla
Published: February 2009

The isomorphism of 0-homology groups of a categorical at zero semigroup and homology groups of its 0-reflector is proved. Some applications of 0-homology to Eilenberg-MacLane homology of semigroups are given.
Cerebral tumor with extensive rhabdoid features and a favorable prognosis
Authors: Ohba Shigeo , Yoshida Kazunari , Hirose Yuichi , Ikeda Eiji , Nakazato Yoichi , Kawase Takeshi
Published: February 2009

This 32-year-old woman, 27 weeks pregnant, harbored a cystic mass with a solid component in the left frontal lobe. Histologically, the lesion was hypercellular and contained a diffuse sheet of eosinophilic cells of various sizes. The cells were almost round and had a few prominent, eccentrically placed, hyperchromatic nuclei of various sizes. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was reactive for vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, smooth muscle actin, and BAF47/INI-1, and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament protein, S100 protein, CK7, CK20, HMB-45, MIC2, and Bcl-2. The Ki 67 labeling index was 4.2%. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed aberrations of the chromosomal copy number of +7 and −10. This tumor could not be categorized according to the present World Health Organization classification. Results of staining with glial fibrillary acidic protein were not consistent with a glioma, and staining with INI-1 was inconsistent with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. The tumor was therefore designated as a “cerebral tumor with extensive rhabdoid features.”
Predictors of long-term success after microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Miller Jonathan P. , Magill Stephen T. , Acar Feridun , Burchiel Kim J.
Published: February 2009

Object

Microvascular decompression (MVD) is an effective treatment for trigeminal neuralgia (TN). However, many patients do not experience complete pain relief, and relapse can occur even after an initial excellent result. This study was designed to identify characteristics associated with improved long-term outcome after MVD.

Methods

One hundred seventy-nine consecutive patients who had undergone MVD for TN at the authors' institution were contacted, and 95 were enrolled in the study. Patients provided information about preoperative pain characteristics including preponderance of shock-like (Type 1 TN) or constant (Type 2 TN) pain, preoperative duration, trigger points, anticonvulsant therapy response, memorable onset, and pain-free intervals. Three groups were defined based on outcome: 1) excellent, pain relief without medication; 2) good, mild or intermittent pain controlled with low-dose medication; and 3) poor, severe persistent pain or need for additional surgical treatment.

Results

Type of TN pain (Type 1 TN vs Type 2 TN) was the only significant predictor of outcome after MVD. Results were excellent, good, and poor for Type 1 TN versus Type 2 TN patients in 60 versus 25%, 24 versus 39%, and 16 versus 36%, respectively. Among patients with each TN type, there was a significant trend toward better outcome with greater proportional contribution of Type 1 TN (lancinating) symptoms (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Pain relief after MVD is strongly correlated with the lancinating pain component, and therefore type of TN pain is the best predictor of long-term outcome after MVD. Application of this information should be helpful in the selection of TN patients likely to benefit from MVD.
Strategies to Increase Vegetable or Reduce Energy and Fat Intake Induce Weight Loss in Adults
Authors: Tanumihardjo Sherry A. , Valentine Ashley R. , Zhang Zhumin , Whigham Leah D. , Lai HuiChuan J. , Atkinson Richard L.
Published: February 2009

For obese individuals seeking to optimize health and well-being, healthy dietary strategies are important. Vegetables and fruits contribute to a healthy diet, and increased consumption may cause weight reduction by displacing foods high in energy and fat. The objective of this study was to determine if advising high vegetable (8 servings) and moderate fruit (2–3 servings) consumption would result in weight reduction in obese individuals. We compared this to advising a more traditional strategy of reducing daily energy intake by 500 kcal (2.1 MJ)/d and limiting energy from fat to ≤25%. A randomized study design was used. Subjects (age 21–50 y, n = 30/group) received food (2 meals + 1 snack/d, 5 d/wk) and education (2 group lessons/wk plus individual consultations as requested) for the first 3 mo. Weight and body composition were measured at baseline and after 3, 12, and 18 mo. Fasting serum lipid panel, insulin, glucose, hematocrit, and C-reactive protein were measured at baseline, 3, and 12 mo. Both groups lost weight after 3 mo ( P = 0.0087 for high vegetable diet and P < 0.0001 for energy reduction diet), and the energy and fat reduction diet resulted in lower weight over time ( P < 0.0001, treatment effect). Total cholesterol and cholesterol:HDL decreased after 3 mo in both groups ( P ≤ 0.0061). Both strategies produced initial weight loss at 3 mo, but only the group following the caloric and fat reduction advice maintained weight loss at the 12- and 18-mo follow-up assessments. Nonetheless, the group following the high vegetable advice did not regain weight above baseline. In conclusion, traditional messages to reduce calories and fat are important, and increasing vegetable intake can assist individuals to maintain weight.
HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Induced Oxidative Stress Suppresses Glucose Stimulated Insulin Release: Protection with Thymoquinone
Authors: Chandra Surabhi , Mondal Debasis , Agrawal Krishna C.
Published: February 2009

The highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimen has considerably reduced the mortality rate in HIV-1 positive patients. However, long-term exposure to HAART is associated with a metabolic syndrome manifesting cardiovascular dysfunction, lipodystrophy, and insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). The inclusion of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) in HAART has been linked to the induction of IRS. Although several molecular mechanisms of PI-induced effects on insulin action have been postulated, the deleterious effects of PIs on insulin production by pancreatic β-cells have not been fully investigated and therapeutic strategies to ameliorate insulin dysregulation at this level have not been targeted. The present study showed that exposure to several different PIs, nelfinavir (5–10 μM), saquinavir (5–10 μM) and atazanavir (8–20 μM), decreases glucose stimulated insulin secretion from rat pancreatic β-cells (INS-1). Nelfinavir significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and suppressed cytosolic, but not mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Nelfinvair also decreased both glutathione and ATP and increased UCP2 levels in these cells. Simultaneous treatment with thymoquinone (TQ) (2.5 μM), an active ingredient of black seed oil, significantly inhibited the effect of nelfinavir on augmented ROS production and suppressed SOD levels. Both TQ and black seed oil exposure increased glucose stimulated insulin secretion and ameliorated the suppressive effect of nelfinavir. The present findings imply a direct role of ROS in PI induced deleterious effects on pancreatic β-cells. Our findings also suggest that TQ may be used as a potential therapeutic agent to normalize the dysregulated insulin production observed in HAART treated patients.
A score of trial examination is closely correlated with a score of Korean Medical Licensing Examination 2002
Authors: Kim Myoung Soo , Kim Chun-Bae , Cha Byung Ho , Park Ki Chang , Kwon Sang Ok , Shin Kye Chul , Lee Hae Yong , Kang Seong Joon , Cha Bong Suk
Published: February 2009

Korean Medical Licensing Examination(KMLE) 2002 focused on evaluation of the integrative medical knowledge such as primary clinical care or problem-solving competence. We analyzed the correlation among the year-wise student academic scores(grade score), trial examination scores and KMLE score by correlation analysis and multiple regression method. Four times of trial examination were taken in 2001, which were composed according to the principles of KMLE. Trial examination scores were significantly correlated with student grade scores (p<0.05). KMLE score also correlated with student grade score a nd trial examination score. The grade score at senior had higher correlation coefficient than the grade score at junior in correlation analysis. In multiple regressions, grade score at senior and mean score of trial examinatio n score were significant variants affecting KMLE score. Based on this result, regression formula such as [KMLE score] = 110.596 + 21.449*[6th grade score of student] + 0.577*[mean of trial examination score] was established (R2=0.764, p<0.001). Our results show that the trial examination is useful evaluation tool for final assessment of medical achievements. Also a trial examination is used as a reference data for student guidance and control in preparing for KMLE.
Students' Attitude toward and Acceptability of Computerized Adaptive Testing in Medical School and their Effect on the Examinees' Ability
Authors: Kim Mee Young , Huh Sun
Published: February 2009

An examinee's ability can be evaluated precisely using computerized adaptive testing (CAT), which is shorter than written tests and more efficient in terms of the duration of the examination. We used CAT for the second General Examination of 98 senior students in medical college on November 27, 2004. We prepared 1,050 pre-calibrated test items according to item response theory, which had been used for the General Examination administered to senior students in 2003. The computer was programmed to pose questions until the standard error of the ability estimate was smaller than 0.01. To determine the students' attitude toward and evaluation of CAT, we conducted surveys before and after the examination, via the Web. The mean of the students' ability estimates was 0.3513 and its standard deviation was 0.9097 (range -2.4680 to +2.5310). There was no significant difference in the ability estimates according to the responses of students to items concerning their experience with CAT, their ability to use a computer, or their anxiety before and after the examination (p>0.05). Many students were unhappy that they could not recheck their responses (49%), and some stated that there were too few examination items (24%). Of the students, 79 % had no complaints concerning using a computer and 63% wanted to expand the use of CAT. These results indicate that CAT can be implemented in medical schools without causing difficulties for users.
Applicability of Item Response Theory to the Korean Nurses' Licensing Examination
Authors: Jeong Geum-Hee , Yim Mi Kyoung
Published: February 2009

To test the applicability of item response theory (IRT) to the Korean Nurses' Licensing Examination (KNLE), item analysis was performed after testing the unidimensionality and goodness-of-fit. The results were compared with those based on classical test theory. The results of the 330-item KNLE administered to 12,024 examinees in January 2004 were analyzed. Unidimensionality was tested using DETECT and the goodness-of-fit was tested using WINSTEPS for the Rasch model and Bilog-MG for the two-parameter logistic model. Item analysis and ability estimation were done using WINSTEPS. Using DETECT, Dmax ranged from 0.1 to 0.23 for each subject. The mean square value of the infit and outfit values of all items using WINSTEPS ranged from 0.1 to 1.5, except for one item in pediatric nursing, which scored 1.53. Of the 330 items, 218 (42.7%) were misfit using the two-parameter logistic model of Bilog-MG. The correlation coefficients between the difficulty parameter using the Rasch model and the difficulty index from classical test theory ranged from 0.9039 to 0.9699. The correlation between the ability parameter using the Rasch model and the total score from classical test theory ranged from 0.9776 to 0.9984. Therefore, the results of the KNLE fit unidimensionality and goodness-of-fit for the Rasch model. The KNLE should be a good sample for analysis according to the IRT Rasch model, so further research using IRT is possible.
A study of the validity of the Korean Nurses' Licensing Examination
Authors: Lee Hyang Yeon , Kim Cho Ja , Lee Sook Ja , Park Ho Ran , Lee In Sook , Kim Hoo Ja , Park Young Mi
Published: February 2009

This study tested the validity of subjects in the Korean Nurses' Licensing Examination (KNLE). To determine the validity of test items in the KNLE, the items testing each subject in the examination and all of the test items were compared. The homogeneity and proper degree of conceptual diversity of the items in the examination were tested by comparing the frameworks of the test items in the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) and the KNLE. The validity of the KNLE was determined by examining the correlations between the scores that the same individuals obtained on the KNLE in 2002 and their college marks. This study showed that basic core items appeared repeatedly in the KNLE, and items in the examination were selected according to the importance of each subject examined. Therefore, a new test system based on united subjects should be considered to solve these problems. Further studies are needed to develop a framework for classifying the test items that should be included as united subjects through considering the job description and goals of study of nurses.
Dental Hygienist Job Analysis for Item Development for the Korean Dental Hygienists' Licensing Examination
Authors: Kim Sook Hyang , Song Kyung Hee , Kwun Hyeon Sook , Kim Seol Aak , Jang Jong Hwa , Kim Chang Hee , Kim Min Jung , Kim Jin Soo , Oh Sang Hwan
Published: February 2009

This study aimed to develop standard items for the Korean Dental Hygienists' Licensing Examination; these items were also earmarked for use in developing the curriculum for dental hygienists, and in writing a job description, based on a job analysis using the Developing A Curriculum Method (DACUM). It also aimed to understand the significance and frequency of task elements that dental hygienists perform. Data were collected by means of a mail survey, in the form of self-entry, from a sample of dental hygienists registered with the Korean Dental Hygienists' Association. In all, 260 responses were analyzed. The tasks of dental hygienists were divided into four categories, 93 tasks, and 494 task elements. There were 281 elements (61%) that scored higher than 3.5 in significance, in the 4-scale items, and 480 elements (98%) that scored higher than 3.0. There were 30 elements (6%) that scored higher than 3.5 in frequency, and 140 elements (29%) that scored higher than 3.0 in frequency. Overall, 130 out of 494 elements (27%) scored higher than 3.0 for both significance and frequency. Therefore, those 130 elements should be included as items in the Korean Dental Hygienists' Licensing Examination. The results can also be used for curriculum development and as the basis of a job description for dental hygienists.
Construct Validity of the Korean Dental Licensing Examination using Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Yim Mi Kyoung , Kim Yoon Hee
Published: February 2009

Confirmatory factor analysis based on a measurement model of a structural equation model was used to test the construct validity of 13 subjects in the Korean Dental Licensing Examination (KDLE). The results of 1,086 examinees who wrote the KDLE in 2004 were analyzed. The thirteen subjects were classified into 62 major categories and 122 intermediate categories. There were 364 items. A hierarchical model was constructed, including major and intermediate categories. The impact of the variables was determined by the standardized regression coefficient that related latent and measured variables in the measurement model. The KDLE showed a high goodness-of-fit with a root mean square error of approximation of 0.030 and a non-normed fit index of 0.998. When the latent variables for the major and intermediate categories were analyzed, the standardized regression coefficients of all of the subjects, with the exception of Health and Medical Legislation, were significant. From the result, we concluded that the 13 subjects showed constructive validity. In addition, the study model and data were very compatible. The subject Health and Medical Legislation had a low explanatory impact with respect to testing the ability of dentists to perform their jobs. This study suggests that similar psychometric studies are needed before integrating or deleting subjects on the KDLE, and to improve item development.
Design of Sensor Networks for Chemical Plants Based on Meta-Heuristics
Authors: Carnero Mercedes , Hernández José L. , Sánchez Mabel C.
Published: February 2009

In this work the optimal design of sensor networks for chemical plants is addressed using stochastic optimization strategies. The problem consists in selecting the type, number and location of new sensors that provide the required quantity and quality of process information. Ad-hoc strategies based on Tabu Search, Scatter Search and Population Based Incremental Learning Algorithms are proposed. Regarding Tabu Search, the intensification and diversification capabilities of the technique are enhanced using Path Relinking. The strategies are applied for solving minimum cost design problems subject to quality constraints on variable estimates, and their performances are compared.
Structural Entropy to Characterize Small Proteins (70 aa) and Their Interactions
Authors: Prymula Katarzyna , Roterman Irena
Published: February 2009

Proteins composed of short polypeptide chains (about 70 amino acid residues) participating in ligand-protein and protein-protein (small size) complex creation were analyzed and classified according to the hydrophobicity deficiency/excess distribution as a measure of structural and functional specificity and similarity. The characterization of this group of proteins is the introductory part to the analysis of the so called `Never Born Proteins' (NBPs) in search of protein compounds of biological activity in pharmacological context. The entropy scale (classification between random and deterministic limits) estimated according to the hydrophobicity irregularity organized in ranking list allows the comparative analysis of proteins under consideration. The comparison of the hydrophobicity deficiency/excess appeared to be useful for similarity recognition, examples of which are shown in the paper. The influence of mutations on structure and hydrophobicity distribution is discussed in detail.
The Impact of National Smoking Prevention Campaigns on Tobacco-Related Beliefs, Intentions to Smoke and Smoking Initiation: Results from a Longitudinal Survey of Youth in the United States
Authors: Davis Kevin C. , Farrelly Matthew   C. , Messeri Peter , Duke Jennifer
Published: February 2009

The national truth© campaign has exposed U.S. youth to antismoking messages since 2000. Tobacco industry–sponsored campaigns, such as “Think. Don’t Smoke” (TDS), have also aired nationally. We examine the effects of recall of the truth© and TDS campaigns on changes in tobacco-related beliefs, intentions, and smoking initiation in a longitudinal survey of U.S. youth. Recall of truth© was associated with increased agreement with antismoking beliefs, decreased smoking intentions, and lower rates of smoking initiation. Recall of TDS was associated with increased intentions to smoke soon but was not significantly associated with tobacco beliefs or smoking initiation among youth overall.
A New Approach for Characterizing the Intermediate Feature of α-Chymotrypsin Refolding by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography
Authors: Ke Congyu , Li Jianjun , Liu Zhenling , Geng Xindu
Published: February 2009

A new approach for characterizing the intermediate of urea-denatured α-chymotrypsin (α-Chy) by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is presented. The contact surface region (Z, S), affinity (logI), and the character of interaction force (j) of the α-Chy to the stationary phase of HIC (STHIC) between the intermediate (M) and native (N) states were found to be quite different as urea concentration (Curea) changes. With the changes in Curea, a linear relationship between logI and Z was found to exist only for its N state, not for M state, indicating the interaction force between α-Chy in N state to the STHIC to be non-selective, but selective one for its M state. Also, the measured magnitude of both logI and Z in M state is only a fifth of that in N state. All three parameters were employed to distinguish protein in the N state from that in the M state. It would be expected that this result could be employed to distinguish any kind of non-functional protein having correct three-, or four-dimensional molecular structure from their stable M state of any kinds of proteins, and/or other proteins in proteome investigation, separation process of protein, and intensively understanding the intrinsic rule of protein folding in molecular biology.
Antioxidant Effects of Some Drugs on Ethanol-induced Ulcers
Authors: Popovic Mira , Janicijevic-Hudomal Snezana , Kaurinovic Biljana , Rasic Julijana , Trivic Svetlana
Published: February 2009

The aim of this work was to investigate the antioxidant potential of some commonly used drugs (bromocriptine, haloperidol and azithromycin) on alcohol-induced ulcers in the rat. The following parameters were determined: content of reduced glutathione, activities of catalase, xanthine oxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation intensity. A battery of biochemical assays were used and the resulting data was statistically analyzed. Alcohol stress caused gastric ulcerations and hemorrhages and changed all the examined parameters except glutathione peroxidase activity. All drugs reduced the ulcer index and hemorrhages, with azithromycin showing the strongest effects. The drugs in combination with alcohol showed different effects on biochemical parameters. Our results indicate that the gastroprotective effects of the investigated drugs on experimental lesions induced by 100% ethanol could not be correlated with their antioxidative properties.
Comparison of Phenolic Acids and Flavan-3-ols During Wine Fermentation of Grapes with Different Harvest Times
Authors: Tian Rong-Rong , Pan Qiu-Hong , Zhan Ji-Cheng , Li Jing-Ming , Wan Si-Bao , Zhang Qing-Hua , Huang Wei-Dong
Published: February 2009

To explore the effects of harvest time on phenolic compounds during wine fermentation, grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Vidal) were harvested at 17.5, 22.8 and 37.2º Brix and were used to make dry wine, semi-sweet wine and icewine with low alcohol levels, respectively. Phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols were assayed during the fermentation of wines by means of reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that concentrations of most of the phenolic acids and flavan-3-ol in musts increased with harvest time delay and higher total levels of these species were detected in all wines, compared with those measured before fermentation (the total phenolic acid content in wines was 1.5-2.0 fold that of in musts). Except for p-coumaric acid and (-)-epicatechin, other phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols had similar variation patterns (wave-like rise) during fermentation in dry wine and semi-sweet wine. However, some detected compounds, including gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid showed obviously different trends from the other two wines in the icewine making process. It is thus suggested that the harvest time has a decisive effect on phenols in final wines and influences the evolution of phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols during wine fermentation.
High Quality Bergamot Oil from Greece: Chemical Analysis Using Chiral Gas Chromatography and Larvicidal Activity against the West Nile Virus Vector
Authors: Eleni Melliou , Antonios Michaelakis , George Koliopoulos , Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis , Prokopios Magiatis
Published: February 2009

Τhe essential oils contained in the rind of the fruit and the leaves of bergamot from Greece (Citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia) were studied. The bergamot trees in question were cultivated on Kefalonia Island. The plant material (leaves and fruits in different stages of maturity) was collected between December and March for a two year period. The rind of the fruit was separated manually and the essential oil was obtained either by cold pressing or by hydrodistillation. The maximum yield calculated on a wet weight of fresh rinds basis was 1.8%. The essential oils were first analyzed by GC-MS with a DB-5 column and then with a β-Dex™ enantiomeric column. The main constituent of the cold pressed essential oil of the rind was (–)-linalyl acetate with optical purity >99.9%. Other important constituents were (–)-linalool, (+)-limonene and γ-terpinene. The best value of linalool/linalyl acetate ratio was 0.38 and the maximum sum of linalool+linalyl acetate was found to be 55.8%. The larvacidal activities of the obtained essential oils and the compounds (±)-linalyl acetate, (±)-linalool and (–)-linalool were evaluated against larvae of the mosquito species Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), the West Nile virus vector, under laboratory conditions. The cold pressed essential oil showed an LC50 value of 58 mg/L, while the LC50 value of the corresponding essential oil obtained by hydrostillation was 106 mg/L. The essential oil of the leaves presented similar larvicidal toxicity with the cold pressed oil of the rind (LC50=68 mg/L).
Blimp-1/PRDM1 Mediates Transcriptional Suppression of the NLR Gene NLRP12/Monarch-1
Authors: Lord Christopher A. , Savitsky David , Sitcheran Raquel , Calame Kathryn , Wright Jo Rae , Ting Jenny Pan-Yun , Williams Kristi L.
Published: February 2009

NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat) proteins are intracellular regulators of host defense and immunity. One NLR gene, NLRP12 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 12)/Monarch-1, has emerged as an important inhibitor of inflammatory gene expression in human myeloid cells. This is supported by genetic analysis linking the loss of a functional NLRP12 protein to hereditary periodic fever. NLRP12 transcription is diminished by specific TLR stimulation and myeloid cell maturation, consistent with its role as a negative regulator of inflammation. The NLRP12 promoter contains a novel Blimp-1 (B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1)/PRDM1 (PR domain-containing 1, with ZNF domain) binding site, and Blimp-1 reduces NLRP12 promoter activity, expression, and histone 3 acetylation. Blimp-1 associates with the endogenous NLRP12 promoter in a TLR-inducible manner and mediates the down-regulation of NLRP12 expression by TLR agonists. As expected, the expression of NLRP12 and Blimp-1 is inversely correlated. Analysis of Blimp-1−/− murine myeloid cells provides physiologic evidence that Blimp-1 reduces NLRP12 gene expression during cell differentiation. This demonstrates a novel role for Blimp-1 in the regulation of an NLR gene.
Acute Changes in Dietary ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Have a Pronounced Impact on Survival following Ischemic Renal Injury and Formation of Renoprotective Docosahexaenoic Acid-Derived Protectin D1
Authors: Hassan Iram R. , Gronert Karsten
Published: February 2009

Exacerbated inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic renal injury (IRI), which is the major cause of intrinsic acute renal failure. Clinical studies suggest that long-term treatment with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) improves renal function and lowers the risk of death or end-stage renal disease. Docosahexaenoic acid, a principle ω-3 PUFA of fish oils, is of particular interest as it is found in most human tissues and is converted to protectin D1 (PD1), which exhibits antiinflammatory and proresolving bioactions. We set out to investigate the impact of acute dietary modulation of ω-3 or ω-6 PUFA on IRI and renal lipid autacoid circuits, using an established mouse model and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy-based lipidomics. Thirty minutes of renal ischemia significantly elevated serum creatinine in the ω-6 diet group while renal function remained normal in the matched ω-3 diet group. Notably, extending ischemia to 45 min caused 100% mortality in the ω-6 group, in sharp contrast to 0% mortality in the ω-3 group. Protection against IRI in the ω-3 group correlated with decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment, chemokine and cytokine levels, abrogated formation of lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-derived eicosanoids, and increased renal levels of PD1. Systemic treatment with PD1 reduced kidney polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx and, more importantly, amplified renoprotective heme-oxygenase-1 protein and mRNA expression in injured and uninjured kidneys. These findings suggest therapeutic or dietary amplification of PD1 circuits restrains acute renal injury and that short-term changes in dietary ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA dramatically impacts renal lipid autacoid formation and outcome of IRI.