bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles on optical fiber end face
Authors: Kularia Muskan , Aftenieva Olha , Sarkar Swagato , Steiner Anja M. , Gupta Vaibhav , Fery Andreas , Joseph Joby , Schmidt Markus A. , König Tobias A. F.
Published: May 2023

Due to low losses, optical fibers are excellent optical waveguides, but manipulating the wavefront below the diffraction limit while keeping fabrication costs down is a significant challenge. Top‐down lithographic methods can create arbitrary nanostructures on the fiber end face to manipulate the wavefront. Still, this method requires a flat fiber end face, which can only be made using elaborate preparation processes. We present a facile coating method in which we transfer a hexagonally packed monolayer of gold nanoparticles onto an untreated fiber end face. Using a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) particle coating, we could transfer the free‐floating monolayer from a water‐air interface to the fiber end face. Our self‐assembly method enables plasmonic gratings on rough surfaces and objects with large aspect ratios, which have been challenging for existing nanofabrication methods. Using electromagnetic simulation, we demonstrate the performance and utility of the concept as a refractive index sensor in which we consider different lattice constants. Our simulations cover possible analyses by calculating the structure under air, water, and polymer environments. Thus, we study the potential applications of low‐cost fiber‐based sensors with low optical losses.
Development of biomass‐based slurry for the manufacture of furan/cellulose composite by cast molding and 3D printing
Authors: Bouzidi Khaoula , Chaussy Didier , Gandini Alessandro , Bongiovanni Roberta , Beneventi Davide
Published: May 2023

This study aims to develop a green composite based on two biomass‐based components via the curing of an oligomeric furfuryl resin coupled with 18–31 wt% cellulose powder. The curing was performed in an atmospheric pressure open air oven. The chemical composition of the used pre‐polymer was characterized with Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy and its curing reaction was followed by differential scanning calorimetry. The final cured composites were characterized to investigate the effect of cellulose addition on their morphology, dimensional stability, and thermo‐mechanical performances. The manufactured composite showed good thermal stability up to 200°C with a storage modulus higher than 2 GPa, and a mass loss under 3%. Moreover, the filler improved the composite dimensional stability upon crosslinking by 38% and the mechanical performances with respectively 15% and 40% increase in the Young's and flexural moduli. By the same token, cellulose prevented the typical foaming of poly(furfuryl alcohol) resins crosslinked at high temperature and low pressure. Preliminary tests highlighted the excellent processability of the developed composite, which was used to manufacture a static demonstrator coupling different fabrication techniques, that is, 3D printing (direct ink writing), high temperature compression molding and CNC machining.
Nontarget‐site resistance due to rapid physiological response in 2,4‐D resistant Conyza sumatrensis: reduced 2,4‐D translocation and auxin‐induced gene expression
Authors: Souza Amanda dos Santos , Leal Jessica Ferreira Lourenço , Montgomery Jacob Samuel , Ortiz Mirella Farinelli , Simões Araujo André Lucas , Morran Sarah , de Figueiredo Marcelo Rodrigues Alves , Langaro Ana Claudia , Zobiole Luiz Henrique Saes , Nissen Scott Jay , Gaines Todd Adam , de Pinho Camila Ferreira
Published: May 2023

Background

Resistance to 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) has been reported in several weed species since the 1950s; however, a biotype of Conyza sumatrensis showing a novel physiology of the rapid response minutes after herbicide application was reported in 2017. The objective of this research was to investigate the mechanisms of resistance and identify transcripts associated with the rapid physiological response of C. sumatrensis to 2,4‐D herbicide.

Results

Differences were found in 2,4‐D absorption between the resistant and susceptible biotypes. Herbicide translocation was reduced in the resistant biotype compared to the susceptible. In resistant plants 98.8% of [14C] 2,4‐D was found in the treated leaf, whereas ≈13% translocated to other plant parts in the susceptible biotype at 96 h after treatment. Resistant plants did not metabolize [14C] 2,4‐D and had only intact [14C] 2,4‐D at 96 h after application, whereas susceptible plants metabolized [14C] 2,4‐D into four detected metabolites, consistent with reversible conjugation metabolites found in other 2,4‐D sensitive plant species. Pre‐treatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion did not enhance 2,4‐D sensitivity in either biotype. Following treatment with 2,4‐D, resistant plants showed increased expression of transcripts within plant defense response and hypersensitivity pathways, whereas both sensitive and resistant plants showed increased expression of auxin‐response transcripts.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that reduced 2,4‐D translocation contributes to resistance in the C. sumatrensis biotype. The reduction in 2,4‐D transport is likely to be a consequence of the rapid physiological response to 2,4‐D in resistant C. sumatrensis. Resistant plants had increased expression of auxin‐responsive transcripts, indicating that a target‐site mechanism is unlikely. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Gap Opening in Graphene via Locally Introduced Electric Field
Authors: Abbasian Hamed
Published: May 2023

Utilizing first‐principle calculations, two systems of graphene/overlay are investigated. The overlays are made up of a self‐assembling molecular network (SAN) that introduces local electric fields in opposite directions on graphene. It is demonstrated that the patterned electric field via dipolar SAN, in addition to gating, can create a gap in graphene's band structure. Also, linearly dispersing bands of graphene are retained intact in a certain energy window in the vicinity of the Dirac point. Electronic gaps of 254 and 263 meV appear in the band structure of graphene. And the Fermi levels fall in the middle of the generated electronic gaps. The occurred shift through gating in the density of the state of graphene is detected by means of scanning tunneling microscope images, where the images distinguish the intact density of states from those affected by the dipolar overlay.
Emergent Magnetic Field and Nonzero Gyrovector of the Toroidal Magnetic Hopfion
Authors: Popadiuk Dariia , Tartakovskaya Elena , Krawczyk Maciej , Guslienko Kostyantyn
Published: May 2023

Magnetic hopfions are localized magnetic solitons with a nonzero 3D topological charge (Hopf index). Herein, an analytical calculation of the magnetic hopfion gyrovector is presented and it is shown that it does not vanish even in an infinite sample. The calculation method is based on the concept of the emergent magnetic field. The particular case of the simplest nontrivial toroidal hopfion with the Hopf index in the cylindrical magnetic dot is considered and dependencies of the gyrovector components on the dot sizes are calculated. Nonzero hopfion gyrovector is important in any description of the hopfion dynamics within the collective coordinate Thiele's approach.
Beware 7 sins of assessment storytelling so you can inspire action
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: May 2023

BOSTON — Assessment often isn't the favorite part of a student affairs professional's job, but it can certainly play a critical role in bringing in much‐​needed funds and other resources as well as improving your programs and services to boost student success.
Find out what a 23‐year‐old quarterback can teach us about leadership philosophy
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: May 2023

During the National Football League's play‐off games earlier this year, a 23‐year‐old quarterback led the Jacksonville Jaguars to a 31‐30 victory over the Los Angeles Chargers. The team was down 27‐0 in the second quarter. The 27‐point comeback was the third biggest in NFL postseason history.
Be prepared to act as a ‘first responder’ for rising rates of student stress
Authors: Bedrossian Louise
Published: May 2023

About 80% of post‐pandemic college students in 2022 remained stressed, often exhibiting related health problems, according to the American Psychological Association. Along with anxiety and depression, stress remains among the top three mental health issues. A succinct definition of stress by researcher Andrew Baum states that stress is an “emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological and behavioral changes.”
A Bayesian joint model for compositional mediation effect selection in microbiome data
Authors: Fu Jingyan , Koslovsky Matthew D. , Neophytou Andreas M. , Vannucci Marina
Published: May 2023

Analyzing multivariate count data generated by high‐throughput sequencing technology in microbiome research studies is challenging due to the high‐dimensional and compositional structure of the data and overdispersion. In practice, researchers are often interested in investigating how the microbiome may mediate the relation between an assigned treatment and an observed phenotypic response. Existing approaches designed for compositional mediation analysis are unable to simultaneously determine the presence of direct effects, relative indirect effects, and overall indirect effects, while quantifying their uncertainty. We propose a formulation of a Bayesian joint model for compositional data that allows for the identification, estimation, and uncertainty quantification of various causal estimands in high‐dimensional mediation analysis. We conduct simulation studies and compare our method's mediation effects selection performance with existing methods. Finally, we apply our method to a benchmark data set investigating the sub‐therapeutic antibiotic treatment effect on body weight in early‐life mice.
A UV‐Reflective Organic–Inorganic Tandem Structure for Efficient and Durable Daytime Radiative Cooling in Harsh Climates
Authors: Li Meng , Lin Chongjia , Li Keqiao , Ma Wei , Dopphoopha Benjamin , Li Yang , Huang Baoling
Published: May 2023

Radiative cooling shows great promise in eco‐friendly space cooling due to its zero‐energy consumption. For subambient cooling in hot humid subtropical/tropical climates, achieving ultrahigh solar reflectance (≥96%), durable ultraviolet (UV) resistance, and surface superhydrophobicity simultaneously is critical, which, however, is challenging for most state‐of‐the‐art scalable polymer‐based coolers. Here an organic–inorganic tandem structure is reported to address this challenge, which comprises a bottom high‐refractive‐index polyethersulfone (PES) cooling layer with bimodal honeycomb pores, an alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticle UV reflecting layer with superhydrophobicity, and a middle UV absorption layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, thus providing thorough protection from UV and self‐cleaning capability together with outstanding cooling performance. The PES‐TiO2‐Al2O3 cooler demonstrates a record‐high solar reflectance of over 0.97 and high mid‐infrared emissivity of 0.92, which can maintain their optical properties intact even after equivalent 280‐day UV exposure despite the UV‐sensitivity of PES. This cooler achieves a subambient cooling temperature up to 3 °C at summer noontime and 5 °C at autumn noontime without solar shading or convection cover in a subtropical coastal city, Hong Kong. This tandem structure can be extended to other polymer‐based designs, offering a UV‐resist but reliable radiative cooling solution in hot humid climates.
Enhanced the Efficiency of Electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐CO Conversion by Cd Species Anchored into Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Yang Jie , Yu Jingkun , Dong Weiwei , Yang Dexin , Hua Zhixin , Wan Xiaoqi , Wang Mingyan , Li Hongping , Lu Siyu
Published: May 2023

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) as a promising platform for electrocatalytic CO2 conversion are still restricted by the low efficiency or unsatisfied selectivity for desired products. Herein, zirconium‐based porphyrinic MOF hollow nanotubes with Cd sites (Cd‐PCN‐222HTs) are reported for electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐CO conversion. The dispersed Cd species are anchored in PCN‐222HTs and coordinated by N atoms of porphyrin structures. It is discovered that Cd‐PCN‐222HTs have glorious electrocatalytic activity for selective CO production in ionic liquid‐water (H2O)‐acetonitrile (MeCN) electrolyte. The CO Faradaic efficiency (FECO) of >80% could be maintained in a wide potential range from −2.0 to −2.4 V versus Ag/Ag+, and the maximum current density could reach 68.0 mA cm−2 at −2.4 V versus Ag/Ag+ with a satisfied turnover frequency of 26 220 h−1. The enhanced efficiency of electrocatalytic CO2 conversion of Cd‐PCN‐222HTs is closely related to its hollow structure, anchored Cd species, and good synergistic effect with electrolyte. The density functional theory calculations indicate that the dispersed Cd sites anchored in PCN‐222HTs not only favor the formation of *COOH intermediate but also hinder the hydrogen evolution reaction, resulting in high activity of electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐CO conversion.
Elastic Gallium Phosphide Nanowire Optical Waveguides—Versatile Subwavelength Platform for Integrated Photonics
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexey , Moiseev Eduard , Abramov Artem N. , Fominykh Nikita , Sharov Vladislav A. , Kondratev Valeriy M. , Shishkin Ivan I. , Kotlyar Konstantin P. , Kirilenko Demid A. , Fedorov Vladimir V. , Kadinskaya Svetlana A. , Vorobyev Alexandr A. , Mukhin Ivan S. , Arsenin Aleksey V. , Volkov Valentyn S. , Kravtsov Vasily , Bolshakov Alexey D.
Published: May 2023

Emerging technologies for integrated optical circuits demand novel approaches and materials. This includes a search for nanoscale waveguides that should satisfy criteria of high optical density, small cross‐section, technological feasibility and structural perfection. All these criteria are met with self‐assembled gallium phosphide (GaP) epitaxial nanowires. In this work, the effects of the nanowire geometry on their waveguiding properties are studied both experimentally and numerically. Cut‐off wavelength dependence on the nanowire diameter is analyzed to demonstrate the pathways for fabrication of low‐loss and subwavelength cross‐section waveguides for visible and near‐infrared (IR) ranges. Probing the waveguides with a supercontinuum laser unveils the filtering properties of the nanowires due to their resonant action. The nanowires exhibit perfect elasticity allowing fabrication of curved waveguides. It is demonstrated that for the nanowire diameters exceeding the cut‐off value, the bending does not sufficiently reduce the field confinement promoting applicability of the approach for the development of nanoscale waveguides with a preassigned geometry. Optical X‐coupler made of two GaP nanowires allowing for spectral separation of the signal is fabricated. The results of this work open new ways for the utilization of GaP nanowires as elements of advanced photonic logic circuits and nanoscale interferometers.
Toward Ultrahigh Thermoelectric Performance of Cu2SnS3‐Based Materials by Analog Alloying
Authors: Li Wang , Luo Yubo , Xu Tian , Ma Zheng , Li Chengjun , Wei Yingchao , Tao Yang , Qian Yongxin , Li Xin , Jiang Qinghui , Yang Junyou
Published: May 2023

Cu2SnS3 is a promising thermoelectric candidate for power generation at medium temperature due to its low‐cost and environmental‐benign features. However, the high electrical resistivity due to low hole concentration severely restricts its final thermoelectric performance. Here, analog alloying with CuInSe2 is first adopted to optimize the electrical resistivity by promoting the formation of Sn vacancies and the precipitation of In, and optimize lattice thermal conductivity through the formation of stacking faults and nanotwins. Such analog alloying enables a greatly enhanced power factor of 8.03 µW cm−1 K−2 and a largely reduced lattice thermal conductivity of 0.38 W m−1 K−1 for Cu2SnS3 – 9 mol.% CuInSe2. Eventually, a peak ZT as high as 1.14 at 773 K is achieved for Cu2SnS3 – 9 mol.% CuInSe2, which is one of the highest ZT among the researches on Cu2SnS3‐based thermoelectric materials. The work implies analog alloying with CuInSe2 is a very effective route to unleash superior thermoelectric performance of Cu2SnS3.
Long‐Range Ordered Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction: C60 and O‐IDTBR Single Crystals Penetrated by Crystalline P3HT Fibrous Networks
Authors: Yu Guanxiong , Ren Jie , Yan Shuo , Yuan Wentao , Li Hanying
Published: May 2023

The long‐range ordering of bulk‐heterojunctions (BHJs) significantly facilitates exciton diffusion and dissociation as well as charge transport. A feasible bio‐inspired strategy to realize such a heterostructure is crystallization in gel media where the growing host crystals incorporate the surrounding guest materials of gel networks. Until now, the host–guest pairs forming ordered BHJs are still very limited and, more importantly, the used gel‐network guests are structurally amorphous, spurring investigation toward crystalline gel‐networks. Here, single crystals of fullerene and non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) in poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) organogel are prepared, forming C60:P3HT and (5Z,5″Z)‐5,5″‐((7,7″‐(4,4,9,9‐tetraoctyl‐4,9‐dihydro‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b″]dithiophene‐2,7‐diyl)bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole‐7,4‐diyl))bis(methanylylidene))bis(3‐ethyl‐2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐one) (O‐IDTBR):P3HT BHJs. The crystalline P3HT network penetrates the crystal matrix without significantly disturbing the single crystallinity, resulting in long‐range ordered BHJs. This bi‐continuous structure, together with an improved overall ordering, contributes to enhanced charge/energy transfer. As a result, photodetectors based on these ordered BHJs exhibit ameliorated responsivity, detectivity, bandwidth, and stability as compared to the conventional BHJs with short‐range ordering. Therefore, this work further extends the scope of long‐range ordered BHJs toward crystalline polymer donors and NFAs, providing a generally applicable strategy for the design of organic optoelectronic devices with superior performance.
Constructing Ru@C3N4/Cu Tandem Electrocatalyst with Dual‐Active Sites for Enhanced Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia
Authors: Zheng Yinan , Qin MingXin , Yu Xin , Yao Hu , Zhang Wenhua , Xie Gang , Guo Xiaohui
Published: May 2023

Electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia reaction (NO3−RR) is considered as a promising carbon‐free energy technique, which can eliminate nitrate from waste‐water also produce value‐added ammonia. However, it remains a challenge for achieving satisfied ammonia selectivity and Faraday efficiency (FE) due to the complex multiple‐electron reduction process. Herein, a novel Tandem electrocatalyst that Ru dispersed on the porous graphitized C3N4 (g‐C3N4) encapsulated with self‐supported Cu nanowires (denoted as Ru@C3N4/Cu) for NO3−RR is presented. As expected, a high ammonia yield of 0.249 mmol h−1 cm−2 at −0.9 V and high FENH3 of 91.3% at −0.8 V versus RHE can be obtained, while achieving excellent nitrate conversion (96.1%) and ammonia selectivity (91.4%) in neutral solution. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations further demonstrate that the superior NO3−RR performance is mainly resulted from the synergistic effect between the Ru and Cu dual‐active sites, which can significantly enhance the adsorption of NO3− and facilitate hydrogenation, as well as suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction, thus lead to highly improved NO3−RR performances. This novel design strategy would pave a feasible avenue for the development of advanced NO3−RR electrocatalysts.
Multi‐Spectrum Method for the Determination of the Spectral Responsivity and the Short‐Circuit Current of Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Hinken David , Schinke Carsten , Bothe Karsten , Brendel Rolf
Published: May 2023

Herein, a method for the determination of the spectral responsivity (SR) and the short‐circuit current under standard test conditions of photovoltaic devices (e.g., solar cells) is presented. This multi‐spectrum SR method requires a spectrally tunable broadband light source irradiating the photovoltaic device with a large number of different spectra. For each spectrum, the light response of the device and the spectral irradiance in the measuring plane are measured. The spectral irradiances are integrated within predefined wavelength intervals and are incorporated together with the measured light response into an equation system which relates them to the (unknown) SR of the photovoltaic device. By solving the equation system, mathematically using regression algorithms, the SR is determined. Due to the usage of a broadband light source, the device operates at realistic injection conditions during measurements. The mathematical background of the multi‐spectrum SR method is described and its applicability is demonstrated on three world‐photovoltaic‐scale‐type solar cells and one large‐area reference cell. Short‐circuit currents from all SR curves are calculated using the tabulated AM1.5 G spectrum. In comparison to the SR reference data, the short‐circuit currents from the multi‐spectrum SR method deviate by less than 0.68%.
Copper‐Doped InxGa2−xO3 Nanocrystals as Efficient Hole Transport Materials of Perovskite Solar Cells by Regulating Energy Levels
Authors: Zhang Jiejing , Zhu Sha , Yang Qingyun , Gao Chunxiao , Liu Xizhe
Published: May 2023

The hole transport layers are critical for collecting holes and suppressing recombination in perovskite solar cells, and metal oxides are superior due to their green synthesis and good ambient stability. Although gallium oxide is rarely applied as the hole transport layers of devices for the mismatch of valence bands with perovskite materials, copper dopants can provide an additional transport channel via their impurity levels. Herein, InxGa2−xO3 nanocrystals with copper dopants are synthesized as the hole transport material of perovskite solar cells by the hydrothermal method, and uniform hole transport layers can be deposited by spin‐coating at a low temperature of 100 °C. The energy position of impurity levels and the hole transport ability of hole transport layers can be regulated by incorporating indium ions. In the optimized condition, the efficiencies of devices increase from 19.6% to 21.4%, which is related to the improvement of the charge extraction process and carrier recombination process. And the photostability of devices can be improved simultaneously. This work provides an efficient hole transport material for inverted perovskite solar cells and demonstrates the regulation of transport channels via impurity levels.
Highly Selective Photosynthesis of Formic Acid by Unifying the Products of CO2 Reduction and Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Liu Zhao-Lei , Zhang Meng-Ran , Dong Guang-Xing , Zhang Min , Lu Tong-Bu
Published: May 2023

Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to added‐value fuels or chemicals is a promising technology for the effective utilization of the disturbing greenhouse gas, but its economic benefit is limited either by low efficiency due to the difficulty of water oxidation or by the employment of expensive sacrificial reagents. To overcome this dilemma, herein, an effective strategy is reported for the resourceful utilization of CO2 by creating an eco‐friendly bifunctional photocatalyst to achieve CO2 photoreduction concurrent with methanol photooxidation to the uniform product of formic acid for the first time. The bifunctional photocatalyst is elaborately constructed by in situ encapsulating lead‐free double perovskite (Cs2AgBiBr6, abbreviated as CABB) nanocrystals into the pores of Fe‐based metal−organic framework (MIL‐101(Fe)). The tight contact between CABB and MIL‐101(Fe) in the resultant CABB/MIL‐101(Fe) composite facilitates the efficient spatial separation of photogenerated carriers, which leads to the division of reduction and oxidation functional units. CABB/MIL‐101(Fe) composites can unify the redox products into formic acid, reaching an impressive formation yield of 1375 μmol g−1 h−1 with a high selectivity of 97.8%. This work provides a viable strategy for the efficient photosynthesis of formic acid, promoting the cost‐effective utilization of CO2.
Enhanced Strength and Ductility of 2.4 GPa Hot‐Stamped Steel with an Extremely Thin Oxide Layer
Authors: Zhao Yan , Yang Dengcui , Zhou Feng , Liu Lei , Wang Pengcheng , Gao Pengfei , Zhao Zhengzhi
Published: May 2023

The novel 47Mn3CrNbV hot‐stamped steel shows high hardenability and low critical‐cooling rate about 0.5 °C s−1 due to its high carbon and high chromium. Compared to the traditional 22MnB5 hot‐stamped steel, it shows an excellent strength and ductility, and the thickness of the oxide layer is thinner than that of the traditional steel during the hot‐stamping process. By adopting austenization at 930 °C for 15 min, the obtained cold‐rolled hot‐stamped steel with 47Mn3CrNbV shows its best comprehensive mechanical properties that the yield strength is 1207 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is 2436 MPa, and the total elongation (TE) is 7%. The UTS of studied steel is guaranteed by the martensite and high dislocation density (5.1 × 1015 m−2). The low‐angle grain boundaries, the coincidence site lattice grain boundaries with lath martensite and M7C3 precipitates promote the TE of the tested steel. In addition, the cold‐rolled sheet with an extremely thin oxidization layer (4.9 μm) is obtained by hot‐stamping at 900 °C for 5 min. The oxidation layer is significantly reduced because the high content of Cr content, resulting in the increase of antioxidant properties within the studied steel.
Preparation of Self‐Assembled Starch‐Based Organometallic Polymers and Their Efficient Adsorption of Mercury Ion in Water
Authors: Geng Chao , Yang PeiLin , Lin Ruikang , Guo Li , Yuan Chao , Cui Bo , Fang Yishan
Published: May 2023

Herein, a newly‐developed material called Thiourea@WOx/Starch Polymer (TH@WOx/SP) is prepared by a one‐pot and high yield solvothermal method. It is not only equipped with porous structure but also has a superior adsorption capacity. The relevant characterizations and adsorption performance are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential analysis, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Surprisingly, with its abundant active sites, the TH@WOx/SP reveals its excellent adsorption capacity for heavy metal and organics dye, as high as 2201.16 mg g−1 for Hg(II) and 175.01 mg g−1 for methylene blue (MB), finished within 30 and 90 min, respectively. These satisfactorily fast and high adsorption capacities not only come down to its concave–convex structure, but also to its enriched functional groups serving as anchor sites for Hg(II) and MB. The adsorption mechanism of Hg(II) and MB on TH@WOx/SP is carefully evaluated, which can be attributed to covalent coordination, ion exchange, π–π interactions, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic attraction. This work designs a new strategy to develop a novel porous metal organic polymer adsorbents and demonstrates its prospective application in the field of adsorption.
Preferred Characteristics of Starch Powder for Producing Starch Pearls by Disc Granulation
Authors: Liu Minjuan , Huang Lei , Wan Boyi , Ai Fengling , Tian Zhewei , Liang Yuting , Wu Jianyong , Liu Chengmei
Published: May 2023

Nine representative starches (amylose content 1.9%–67.1%) from cereals, tubers, and legumes are selected as raw powders to produce starch pearls by disc granulation. All starch powders could be granulated into starch pearls, but the starch pearls made from waxy and high‐amylose corn starch are unable to withstand cooking. Cluster and Pearson correlation analysis further indicates that to produce starch pearls with high granule strength and good cooking and texture qualities, the selected starch preferably has the following characteristics: 1) a lower amylose content (ranging from 25.9%–41.6% in this study); 2) a lower pasting temperature; 3) a higher ratio of amylopectin extra‐long chains (DP ≥ 36) to amylopectin short chains (DP 6–12); 4) a larger particle size. Among the nine starches, potato and cassava starches are the most suitable for producing starch pearls by disc granulation. In addition, it is suggestive that Rapid Visco Analyzer analysis of starch powder can be used to rapidly predict the critical cooking and texture qualities of starch pearls, including transparency, hardness, and chewiness. This study not only provides an economical method to produce starch pearls, but also establishes a preliminary theory for selecting starch raw materials.
Optimal implementation of genomic selection in clone breeding programs—Exemplified in potato: I. Effect of selection strategy, implementation stage, and selection intensity on short‐term genetic gain
Authors: Wu Po‐Ya , Stich Benjamin , Renner Juliane , Muders Katja , Prigge Vanessa , van Inghelandt Delphine
Published: May 2023

Genomic selection (GS) is used in many animal and plant breeding programs to enhance genetic gain for complex traits. However, its optimal integration in clone breeding programs, for example potato, that up to now relied on phenotypic selection (PS) requires further research. In this study, we performed computer simulations based on an empirical genomic dataset of tetraploid potato to (i) investigate under a fixed budget how the weight of GS relative to PS, the stage of implementing GS, the correlation between an auxiliary trait and the target trait, the variance components, and the prediction accuracy affect the genetic gain of the target trait, (ii) determine the optimal allocation of resources maximizing the genetic gain of the target trait, and (iii) make recommendations to breeders how to implement GS in clone and especially potato breeding programs. In our simulation results, any selection strategy involving GS had a higher short‐term genetic gain for the target trait than Standard‐PS. In addition, we showed that implementing GS in consecutive selection stages can largely enhance short‐term genetic gain and recommend the breeders to implement GS at single hills and A clone stages. Furthermore, we observed for selection strategies involving GS that the optimal allocation of resources maximizing the genetic gain of the target trait differed considerably from those typically used in potato breeding programs and, thus, require the adjustment of the selection and phenotyping intensities. The trends are described in our study. Therefore, our study provides new insight for breeders regarding how to optimally implement GS in a commercial potato breeding program to improve the short‐term genetic gain for their target trait.
Planning and Implementing Effective Language and Reading Comprehension Instructional Techniques for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Cognitive Disabilities
Authors: Conner Carlin , Allor Jill H. , Henry Alyssa R. , Al Otaiba Stephanie , Ortiz Miriam B.
Published: May 2023

Both reading and language skills are necessary for children to see success in academic and everyday life settings. This manuscript describes in detail four key instructional techniques used to target reading and language development in struggling and early readers, including children with both autism and cognitive disabilities. The techniques include (1) routines and behavioral support, (2) relatable content and interests, (3) shared reading activities to promote language and listening comprehension, and (4) academic and social vocabulary development. Drawing from examples from Friends on the Block, an intervention designed to meet the needs of children with disabilities, this paper describes key instructional techniques and methods teachers can incorporate into daily reading and language instruction for children with autism and cognitive disabilities. We also provide recommendations for implementing these techniques into instruction without the Friends on the Block intervention.
The 21st century engram
Authors: Robins Sarah
Published: May 2023

The search for theengram—the neural mechanism of memory—has been a guiding research project for neuroscience since its emergence as a distinct scientific field. Recent developments in the tools and techniques available for investigating the mechanisms of memory have allowed researchers to proclaimed the search is over. While there is ongoing debate about the justification for that claim, renewed interest in the engram is clear. This attention highlights the impoverished status of the engram concept. As research accelerates, the simple characterization of the engram as an enduring physical change is stretched thin. Now that the engram commitment has been made more explicit, it must also be made more precise. If the project of 20th century neurobiology was finding the engram, the project of the 21st must be supplying a richer account of what's been found. This paper sketches a history of the engram, and a way forward.

This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Enhancing nitrite production rate made anammox bacteria have a competitive advantage over nitrite oxidizing bacteria in mainstream anammox system
Authors: Zhao Xinchao , Yu Deshuang , Zhang Jianhua , Miao Yuanyuan , Ma Guocheng , Li Jiawen , Zhang Yu , Zhi Jiaru , Dong Guoqing
Published: May 2023

Nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) is easy to accumulate in the mainstream anammox process, leading to the decrease of anammox bacterial abundance and deterioration of nitrogen removal. In this study, anammox bacteria was gradually enriched by increasing nitrite production rate under intermittent aeration despite high NOB abundance. With the DO increased from 0.4 to 0.6 mg/L, Nitrosomonas increased from 0.14% to 0.22%, providing more nitrite for anammox bacteria and promoting its enrichment (grew by 77.4%). Adding extra nitrite of 7.14 mg N/(L·h) during the aeration phase to reactor could further increase anammox bacterial abundance by 117.6%, which was higher than the control reactor (40.2%). In contrast, NOB abundance decreased from 1.4 × 1010 to 1.2 × 1010 copies/L. The results suggested that anammox bacteria had a competitive advantage for nitrite over NOB with increasing nitrite production rate. In addition, Thauera and Dechloromonas, which were responsible for reducing nitrate to nitrite, provided additional substrates for anammox bacteria. Overall, this research provides a new idea for mainstream anammox applications.

Practitioner Points

Inhibiting NOB might be no longer necessary and difficult for mainstream anammox.

Anammox bacteria competed for more nitrite with NOB when nitrite production rate increased.

Increasing DO from 0.4 to 0.6 mg/L facilitated anammox bacterial growth and nitrogen removal.
Non-Profit-Journalismus – eine medienpolitische Weichenstellung für die kommende Dekade
Authors: Reuter Stephanie
Published: May 2023

Wo der ökonomische Druck auf den Journalismus wächst, gerät die demokratische Öffentlichkeit in Gefahr. Gemeinnütziger oder auch Non-Profit-Journalismus könnte, könnte Abhilfe schaffen – ergänzend zu den Angeboten privater Verlage und des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks. Anhand der gegenwärtigen Krise des (Lokal)Journalismus werden Chancen und Möglichkeiten dieser dritten Säule des Mediensystems dargelegt und mit praktischen Beispielen konkretisiert. Um das kriselnde Mediensystem in Deutschland und anderswo qualitativ bereichern und ökonomisch stärken zu können, ist der Non-Profit-Journalismus auf spezifische Zuarbeiten des Gesetzgebers, öffentlicher und privater Geldgeber sowie zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure angewiesen. Werden diese erbracht und in einer Gesamtstrategie gebündelt, könnte Deutschland zur Vorreiterin dieser innovativen Organisationsform des Journalismus in Europa werden.
Wer macht Medien? Diversität als Herausforderung und Anspruch
Authors: Haruna-Oelker Hadija
Published: May 2023

„Diversität“ ist in aller Munde. Auch Medienanstalten bekunden in Werbebroschüren, Selbstverpflichtungen und Pressemitteilungen ihre Absicht, diversere Organisationen zu werden. Was kann Diversität im Medienbereich bedeuten, auf welche Historie blickt sie zurück, welche Zukunft steht ihr offen? Der Beitrag klärt die Begrifflichkeit, zeigt den schwierigen Status Quo der Implementierung von Diversität im öffentlich-rechtlichen Mediengeschäft auf und diskutiert anhand praktischer Beispiele die Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen aktueller Ansätze. Er plädiert dafür, Medienschaffende mit machtkritischem Handwerkszeug auszustatten, damit sie im eigenen Haus Defiziten der Berichterstattung (und der Personalpolitik) offensiver entgegentreten können. Die Fragen, wer „Medien macht“ und wer Diversität in Medienhäusern und Redaktionen bestimmt, sind Teil eines demokratischen Anspruchs, der zukünftig neu verhandelt und konsequenter durchgesetzt werden muss.
Eine Klasse für sich? Wieso Akademiker:innen die Redaktionen beherrschen
Authors: Friedrichs Julia
Published: May 2023

Die Medienbranche wandelt sich in einigen Hinsichten zum Besseren – Stichwort Repräsentation von Frauen und Minderheiten. Aber die Redaktionen sind bis heute ein Refugium der gehobenen Mittelschicht geblieben und weit davon entfernt, ein soziales Abbild der Gesellschaft zu sein, über die sie berichten. Der Beitrag analysiert ökonomische und kulturelle Zugangshürden und lässt Journalist:innen zu Wort kommen, die es der Statistik zum Trotz in die Reihe der Medienmacher:innen geschafft haben.
Das Verschwinden der Arbeiterklasse aus den Medien
Authors: Schwerdtner Ines
Published: May 2023

Mit der neoliberalen Wende in Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft während der vergangenen Jahrzehnte und dem damit verbundenen Bedeutungsrückgang der Gewerkschaften setzte ein umfassender Repräsentationsverlust der Arbeiterklasse im politischen und medialen System ein. Eine zeitgleich verfolgte Neuorientierung der Massenmedien, unter anderem auf Publika der gehobenen Mittelschicht, verstärkte diesen Effekt. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass sich der Journalismus heute meist nur noch in einem instrumentellen Sinne auf „die Arbeiter“ bezieht und ein Zerrbild dieser Klasse zementiert. Im Anschluss an die explizit linke Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung, die Mitte der 1920er-Jahre zu einer der auflagenstärksten kommerziellen Wochenzeitungen Deutschlands wurde, wird die Möglichkeit einer realistischen und empathischen, aber nicht verklärenden Darstellung auch der heutigen Arbeiterklasse aufgezeigt.
Jet thermalization in QCD kinetic theory
Authors: Mehtar-Tani Yacine , Schlichting Soeren , Soudi Ismail
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We perform numerical studies in the framework of QCD kinetic theory to investigate the energy and angular profiles of a high energy parton — as a proxy for a jet produced in heavy ion collisions — passing through a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). We find that the fast parton loses energy to the plasma mainly via a radiative turbulent quark and gluon cascade that transports energy locally from the jet down to the temperature scale where dissipation takes place. In this first stage of the system time evolution, the angular structure of the turbulent cascade is found to be relatively collimated. However, when the lost energy reaches the plasma temperature it is rapidly transported to large angles w.r.t. the jet axis and thermalizes. We investigate the contribution of the soft jet constituents to the total jet energy. We show that for jet opening angles of about 0.3 rad or smaller, the effect is negligible. Conversely, larger opening angles become more and more sensitive to the thermal component of the jet and thus to medium response. Our result showcases the importance of the jet cone size in mitigating or enhancing the details of dissipation in jet quenching observables.
Holographic entanglement entropy for relativistic hydrodynamic flows
Authors: Bhattacharya Jyotirmoy , Biswas Parthajit , Chandranathan A. , Das Sayan Kumar
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We study the behaviour of holographic entanglement entropy (HEE) in near equilibrium thermal states which are macroscopically described by conformal relativistic hydrodynamic flows dual to dynamical black brane geometries. We compute HEE for strip-shaped subsystems in boundary dimensions d = 2, 3, 4, which provides us with general qualitative inferences on the interplay between fluid flows and entanglement dynamics. At first, we consider the zeroth order in hydrodynamic derivative expansion, holographically described by stationary boosted black branes. Working non-perturbatively in fluid velocity, we find that, as the fluid velocity approaches its relativistic upper limit, the UV regulated HEE exhibits a divergence at arbitrary temperature. Also, the holographic mutual information between two relatively close subsystems vanishes at some critical fluid velocity and remains zero beyond it. We then compute HEE in an excited state of the fluid in the presence of the sound mode. As a simplified setup, we first work with non-dissipative dynamics in d = 2, where the time evolution of HEE is studied in the presence of the sound mode and a propagating pressure pulse. In d = 4, working upto first order in derivative expansion, we find that dissipative sound modes produce an additional dynamical UV divergence which is subleading compared to the ‘area law divergence’. No such divergence is observed for dissipative sound mode in d = 3.
Top and bottom quark forward-backward asymmetries at next-to-next-to-leading order QCD in (un)polarized electron positron collisions
Authors: Bernreuther Werner , Chen Long , Lu Peng-Cheng , Si Zong-Guo
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We consider, at order $$ {\alpha}_s^2 $$

α
s
2

in the QCD coupling, top-quark pair production in the continuum at various center-of-mass energies and b-quark pair production at the Z resonance by (un)polarized electron and positron beams. For top quarks we compute the forward-backward asymmetry with respect to the top-quark direction of flight, the associated polar angle distribution, and we analyze the effect of beam polarization on the QCD corrections to the leading-order asymmetry. We calculate also the polarized forward-backward asymmetry. For b-quark production at the Z peak we explore different definitions of AFB. In particular, we analyze b jets defined by the Durham and the flavor-kT clustering algorithms. We compute the inclusive b-jet and two-jet asymmetry with respect to the b-jet direction. For the latter asymmetry the QCD corrections to order $$ {\alpha}_s^2 $$

α
s
2

are small. That predestines it to act as a precision observable.
D-instanton, threshold corrections, and topological string
Authors: Kim Manki
Published: May 2023

Abstract

In this note, we prove that the one-loop pfaffian of the non-perturbative superpotential generated by Euclidean D-branes in type II compactifications on orientifolds of Calabi-Yau threefolds is determined by the moduli integral of the new supersymmetric index defined by Cecotti, Fendley, Intriligator, and Vafa. As this quantity can be computed via topological string theory, Chern-Simons theory, matrix models, or by solving the holomorphic anomaly equation, this result provides a method to directly compute the one-loop pfaffian of the non-perturbative superpotential. The relation between the one-loop pfaffian, threshold corrections to the gauge coupling, and the one-loop partition function of open topological string theory is discussed.
Islands in proliferating de Sitter spaces
Authors: Baek Jong-Hyun , Choi Kang-Sin
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We study two-dimensional de Sitter universe which evolves and proliferates according to the Ginsparg-Perry-Bousso-Hawking mechanism, using Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity coupled to conformal matter. Black holes are generated by quantum gravity effects from pure de Sitter space and then evaporate to yield multiple disjoint de Sitter spaces. The back-reaction from the matter CFT is taken into account for the dilaton as a function of the temperature of the CFT. We discuss the evaporation of black holes and calculate the finite temperature entropy of an inflating region using the island formula. We find that the island moves towards the apparent horizon of the black hole as the temperature increases. The results are applied to the case of multiple evaporating black holes, for which we suggest multiple islands.
Comments on the Transplanckian Censorship Conjecture
Authors: Dine Michael , Yu Yan
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We consider some aspects of the Transplanckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC), which states that for theories of quantum gravity there is a limit on the lifetime of dS or quintessence states not too different than the current Hubble horizon. If one accepts the de Sitter Swampland conjecture, then the former are ruled out. We consider some aspects of tunneling to an isolated ground state in the presence of time-varying fields, in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory in the absence of gravitation, and note that lifetimes are typically enormous; in fact, there is often a finite probability for the system to remain eternally in its original state. With gravity in a universe with superluminal expansion, while the field evolution may be slowed, Planck scale fluctuations would seem likely to grow to superhorizon size long before the universe decays. We argue that the TCC, if it is correct, requires that superluminal expansion occur only for a brief period in the history of the universe, and will be followed by a p = ρ phase.
Boundary and bulk notions of transport in the AdS3/CFT2 correspondence
Authors: Chen Bowen , Czech Bartłomiej , de Boer Jan , Lamprou Lampros , Wang Zi-zhi
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We construct operators in holographic two-dimensional conformal field theory, which act locally in the code subspace as arbitrary bulk spacelike vector fields. Key to the construction is an interplay between parallel transport in the bulk spacetime and in kinematic space. We outline challenges, which arise when the same construction is extended to timelike vector fields. We also sketch several applications, including boundary formulations of the bulk Riemann tensor, dreibein, and spin connection, as well as an application to holographic complexity.
Bound on the central charge of CFTs in large dimension
Authors: Gadde Abhijit , Jagadale Mrunmay , Jain Shraiyance , Sharma Trakshu
Published: May 2023

Abstract

In this paper, we use crossing symmetry and unitarity constraints to put a lower bound on the central charge of conformal field theories in large space-time dimensions D. Specifically, we work with the four-point function of identical scalars ϕ with scaling dimension ∆ϕ, and use a certain class of analytic functionals to show that the OPE coefficient squared $$ {c}_{\phi \phi {T}^{\mu \nu}}^2 $$

c

ϕϕ

T
μν

2

must be exponentially small in D. For this to hold, we need to make a certain assumption about the nature of the spectrum below 2∆ϕ. Our argument is robust and can be applied to any OPE coefficient squared $$ {c}_{\phi \phi O}^2 $$

c
ϕϕO
2

with ∆O< 2∆ϕ. This suggests that conformal field theories in large dimensions (if they exist) must be exponentially close to generalized free field theories.