bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Thyroxine In Vivo on Preadipocyte Development and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I and IGF Binding Protein Secretion in Fetal Stromal Vascular Cell Cultures
Authors: Chen NealX. , Hausman Gary J. , Wright J. Thomas
Published: September 2012

Studies were conducted to determine the influence of thyroxine (T4) in vivo on preadipocyte development and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) secretion in stromal‐vas‐cular (S‐V) cultures. Fetal pigs were hypophysectomized (hypox) at 70 days of gestation, implanted with T4 pellets, and fetuses from the dam at 75 days of gestation. In a second experiment, hypox and T4 implantation were performed at 75 days and fetal pigs removed at 95 days of gestation. Primary cultures of stromal vascular (S‐V) cells derived from fetal adipose tissue were established. Cultures were stained for morphological analysis and conditioned media were collected for IGF‐I determination by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and IGFBP analysis by Western blotting. After only 5 days of T4 treatment, fat cell cluster number and size and lipid deposition in cultures were significantly increased compared to cultures from untreated hypox fetuses. Fetal hypox reduced IGF‐I secretion by preadipocytes at both ages and T4 treatment completely normalized IGF‐I secretion (p < 0.05). Four IGFBPs (BP‐1, BP‐2, BP‐3 & BP‐4) detected in S‐V cultures derived from 95‐day fetuses were decreased in concentration by hypox by 44 ± 9.4%, 32 ± 9.7%, 42 ± 12% and 53 ± 6.9%. In cultures derived from T4 treated hypox fetuses, the levels of these four IGFBPs were increased by 187 ± 25%, 239 ± 38%, 190 ± 5% and 347 ± 43% over control values, respectively. In cultures from 75‐day fetuses, only IGFBP‐2 (major one) and BP‐1 (minor one) were detected and their secretion was also decreased by hypox and elevated by T4 treatment (190 ± 49.5%, 156 ± 30%, respectively, of controls). The results provide direct evidence that T4 has a major influence on fetal preadipocyte development. T4 stimulated production of IGF‐I and IGFBP in fetal S‐V cultures, which in turn, may have mediated the capability of T4 to enhance fetal adipose tissue development.
Correlations with Self‐Reported Weight Loss in Overweight U.S. Adults
Authors: Meltzer Arthur A. , Everhart James E.
Published: September 2012

The authors investigated two issues among overweight men and women in the U.S.: 1) what is the influence of the self‐expressed intention to lose weight in the presence of other potential predictors of loss and 2) what are easily identifiable predictors of intentional weight loss during a 1‐year recall period. The sample consisted of 1996 overweight men (body mass index (BMI ≥ 27.8 kg/m2) and 2586 overweight women (BMI ≥ 27.3 kg/m2) who answered questions regarding 1‐year weight change in a Current Health Topic supplement of the population‐based 1989 National Health Interview Survey. Of these overweight persons, 56.8% of men and 72.1% of women attempted to lose weight during the previous year. The most important characteristic associated with weight loss was the expressed intention itself. For any weight loss, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for intention were 4.6 (3.6−5.9) for men and 3.8 (2.8−5.0) for women. Controlling for other factors reduced the odds only slightly, to 4.3 for men and 3.5 for women. Among women, older age, having a greater frequency of blood pressure checks, and being in poorer health reduced the influence of intent as a predictor of loss. To address the second objective, the identification of predictors of intentional 1‐year weight loss, analysis was restricted to overweight persons who attempted to lose weight. For both sexes, statistically significant predictors (p<0.05) included never being married, smoking, higher BMI, being diabetic, and having a higher number of blood pressure checks. Being divorced or separated was predictive of weight loss in men only. Also, men were more likely to achieve weight loss than women. In conclusion, 1‐year weight loss among the overweight was primarily a function of the intention to lose weight, although other factors contributed to determine whether weight loss was achieved.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 1996 Update
Authors: Pérusse Louis , Chagnon Yvon C. , Dionne France T. , Bouchard Claude
Published: September 2012

An update of the human obesity gene map up to October 1996 is presented. Evidence from Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, single‐gene mutation rodent models, quantitative trait loci uncovered in crossbreeding experiments with mouse, rat, and pig models, association and case‐control studies with candidate genes, and linkage studies with genes and other markers is reviewed. All chromosomal locations of the animal loci are converted into human genome locations based on syntenic relationships between the genomes. A complete listing of all these loci reveals that only 4 of the 24 human chromosomes are not yet represented, i.e., 9, 18, 21, and Y. Several chromosome arms are characterized by the presence of several putative loci. The following arms include at least three such loci: 1p, 1q, 3p, 4q, 6p, 7q, 8p, 8q, 11p, 11q, 15q, 20q, and Xq. Studies with negative association and linkage results are also reviewed.
Gender Differences in the Response of Plasma Leptin Concentrations to Weight Loss in Obese Older Individuals
Authors: Nicklas Barbara J. , Katzel Leslie I. , Ryan Alice S. , Dennis Karen E. , Goldberg Andrew P.
Published: September 2012

Plasma leptin concentration is directly related to the degree of obesity and is higher in women than in men of the same body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized that fasting plasma leptin concentrations and the response of leptin to weight loss would differ in older men and women of a similar fat mass. Plasma leptin concentrations (radioimmunoassay) and fat mass (DXA) were measured in 47 older, obese (BMI=30 ± 4 kg/m2) women and 23 older, obese (BMI=31 ± 3 kg/m2) men after a 2 to 4 week period of weight and dietary stabilization, and then in 22 of the women and 18 of the men after a 6‐month weight loss intervention (250–350 kcal/d deficit). Leptin correlated with fat mass in men and women (r=0.75 and r=0.77, respectively; p values<0.0001), but women had 3‐fold higher leptin levels for a given fat mass than men (p=0.01). In response to the 6‐month hypocaloric diet, men and women lost a similar percentage of fat mass (−13% and −16%, respectively), but the relative decline in circulating leptin was greater in women than men (‐45% and −21%, respectively; p<0.0001). In addition, when leptin was normalized for fat mass using the ratio method, the decrease in leptin per kilogram of fat mass was greater in women than men (‐0.37 ± 0.34 vs. −0.04 ± 0.06 ng/mL/kg; p<0.01).

After weight loss, the change in leptin concentrations correlated positively with the change in fat mass in men (r=0.60; p<0.01), but not in women (r=0.31; p=0.17). Furthermore, the loss in fat mass correlated negatively with baseline leptin levels in women (r=‐0.47; p<0.05), but not in men (r=0.03, p=NS). These results indicate that the decline in leptin concentration with weight loss correlates with the loss in fat mass in men; but, in women, other factors affect the decrease in leptin concentration. This suggests that the role of leptin in the regulation of obesity is gender‐specific and may account for gender differences in response to hypocaloric treatment and maintenance of lost weight.
Differences in Binding of Hepatic Nuclear Proteins from Lean and Obese Rats to the 5‘‐Upstream Region of Tyrosine Aminotransferase
Authors: Dong Huijun , Wang Yibing , Jenson Michelle , Braymer Hugh D. , York David A.
Published: September 2012

The glucocorticoid effects on liver tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA levels have been studied in young, lean, and obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats and 5′‐upstream regions of the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) gene have been used in gel retardation studies to investigate nuclear protein binding. Hepatic TAT mRNA levels were increased in obese fa/fa rats but were normalized seven days after adrenalectomy. Corticosterone replacement to adrenalectomized rats restored the increased levels of TAT mRNA in the obese animals. A 60‐bp fragment of upstream TAT DNA (‐2463 to −2403) was identified which showed higher levels of band shifting after incubation with hepatic nuclear proteins of obese rats compared with the proteins from lean animals. This differential level of gel retardation was substantially reduced by alkaline phosphatase treatment of nuclear proteins. Gel retardation was reduced when nuclear proteins were prepared from adrenalectomized obese rats, and increased with nuclear proteins from adrenalectomized rats replaced with corticosterone. DNA affinity chromatography and gel electrophoresis identified three proteins of approximately 58, 62, and 65 kDa in the DNA‐protein complex. Increased amounts of these three proteins were purified from nuclei of obese rats. HNF3αantibodies induced hypershift of the gel retardation pattern implicating HNF3a as one of the proteins that binds to the 60 bp DNA fragment. The data support the hypothesis that decreased phosphorylation of nuclear proteins in obese rats is glucocorticoid‐dependent and may contribute to the altered transcriptional activity of glu‐cocorticoid‐responsive genes.
Growth of a Molecular Base for Feeding: The Mind Body Dualism
Authors: Bray GA
Published: September 2012

It is often difficult to identify the ‘who, when, and where’ of advances in medicine and surgery because it's a rare advance indeed (such as the use of digitalis by William Withering) that can be clearly related to the astuteness of one person at one time and place.
Relationships Between Changes in Body Composition and Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The SOS Intervention Study
Authors: Siöström C. David , Lissner Lauren , Siostrom Lars
Published: September 2012

SJÖSTRÖM, C DAVID, LAUREN LISSNER, LARS SJÖSTROM. Relationships between changes in body composition and changes in cardiovascular risk factors: The SOS Intervention Study.

Relationships between 2‐year changes in body composition (estimated from computed tomography‐validated anthropometry based on sagittal trunk diameter, weight, and height), adipose tissue (AT) distribution, and cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, uric acid) were examined in 842 treated adults with severe obesity with weight changes from −95. 5 to +30. 6 kg. Although the change (Δ) of visceral AT mass (expressed in % total AT) for a given change in body mass index (ΔBMI) was 6‐fold larger in men than in women, Δwaist and Δwaist/hip were similar in both sexes. In men, risk factor changes were similarly related to Awaist, Abodyweight, and ΔBMI, whereas in women, Δbodyweight seemed to be the single independent variable with the highest explanatory power. In multivariate regressions adjusted for ΔBMI and baseline conditions, Δvisceral AT mass was more strongly associated with risk factor changes than were Δwaist and ‡waist/hip. When using a three‐compartment model (lean body mass, subcutaneous and visceral AT masses) plus neck and thigh girths (indicators of subcutaneous AT distribution), risk factor changes were related both to ‡subcutaneous and ‡visceral AT masses but not to Δlean body mass. In agreement with cross‐sectional findings, Δneck was positively and Δthigh was negatively related to some risk factor changes. Thus, the use of waist as a single risk factor indicator seems less effective for epidemiological studies than the simple anthropometric measures presented here, which are able to separate the effects of visceral AT mass, subcutaneous AT mass, and subcutaneous AT distribution on metabolic parameters under both cross‐sectional and longitudinal conditions.
Feeding Response to Mercaptoacetate in Osborne‐Mendel and S5B/PL Rats
Authors: Singer Lori K. , York David A. , Bray George A.
Published: September 2012

SINGER, LORI K, DAVID A YORK, GEORGE A BRAY. Feeding response to mercaptoacetate in Osborne‐Mendel and S5B/PL Rats.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if Osborne‐Mendel (OM) rats, which are susceptible to dietary‐induced obesity, and S5B/PL (S5B) rats, which are resistant to dietary‐induced obesity, differ in their feeding responses to mercaptoacetate (MA), which blocks fatty acid oxidation, or 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG), which blocks glucose utilization. 2DG (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/ kg) increased food intake in both strains of rats on a high‐fat diet (56% energy from fat). Mercaptoacetate (600 umol/kg) increased food intake in OM but not S5B rats on a high‐fat diet. When maintained on a low‐fat diet (10% energy from fat), MA (400 umol/kg or 600 umol/kg) stimulated food intake in OM rats, whereas S5B rats increased food intake only after the highest dose of MA (600 umol/kg). MA stimulated carbohydrate and protein intake in OM rats maintained on a macro‐nutrient selection diet, whereas S5B rats maintained on this diet did not significantly increase intake of any mac‐ronutrient after MA. These results demonstrate that OM and S5B rats have a similar food intake response to 2DG but a dissimilar response to MA. The variable response to MA in these strains may be due to a difference in peripheral or central signaling systems related to fatty acid oxidation or a difference in metabolic environments between the strains, which in turn affects the feeding response to MA. These studies suggest that a difference in control of fatty acid oxidation may account for the difference in susceptibility to obesity when eating a high‐fat diet.
Effect of Aging on Norepinephrine and Phenylephrine Stimulated Lactate Production by White Adipocytes
Authors: Faintrenie G. , Géloën A.
Published: September 2012

We have recently demonstrated that adipose tissue can produce lactate independently of lipolysis in insulin‐resistant rats and that lactate production depends on aj‐adrenergic stimulation. In this study, we have investigated the influence of aging on norepinephrine‐and‐phenylephrine‐stimulated lactate production and glycerol production. We showed that basal and norepinephrine stimulated lactate production were significantly increased in adipocytes isolated from old vs. young rats (0.165 ± 0.006 vs. 0.055 ± 0.008 for basal and 0.576 ± 0.026 vs. 0.277 ± 0.019 umol lactate/106 cell/15 minutes for norepinephrine‐stimulated lactate production, respectively, p<0.05). The sensitivity of lactate production to norepinephrine stimulation in adipocytes isolated from old rats was significantly decreased (EC50=523 ± 63.7 vs. 46.7 ± 6.34 nM, respectively, p><0.05). Maximal lactate production obtained with norepinephrine and phenylephrine was not significantly different in either group (0.576 ± 0.026 vs. 0.520 ± 0.036 in old and 0.277 ± 0.019 vs. 0.275 ± 0.017 umol/106 cell/15 minutes in young rats, respectively, ns). Lactate production by adipocytes isolated from old rats were significantly less sensitive to phenylephrine stimulation compared with young (EC50=3.67 ± 1.16 vs. 0.07 ± 0.01 nM, respectively, p<0.05) indicating that the effects of aging on norepinephrine and phenylephrine stimulation were probably induced by a decreased number of α1‐adrenoceptors.

The mechanism by which aging increases adipocyte responsiveness of lactate production has not yet been elucidated.
Anthropometrics Do Not Influence Dual X‐ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Measurement of Fat in Normal to Obese Adults: A Comparison with In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis (IVNA)
Authors: Marcus Matthew A. , Wang Jack , Thornton John C. , Ma Ruimei , Burastero Santiago , Pierson Richard N.
Published: September 2012

Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) is now a commonly used method for the determination of bone mineral status and body composition in humans. The purposes of this study were to compare fat mass by in vivo neutron activation analysis (FMIVNA) with that by DXA (FMDXA) in an anthropometrically heterogeneous sample of healthy adult men (n=33) and women (n=36) (19=≤BMI≤39), and to determine whether differences in fat mass estimates between the two methods (ΔFM) were attributable to subject anthropometry as defined by several circumference (waist, iliac crest, thigh) and skinfold thickness (umbilical, suprailiac, abdominal) measurements. No significant differences between FMDXA and FMIVNA were observed in men (p=0.46) or women (p=0.09). The two methods were very highly correlated in both sexes (women r2=0.97, p<0.001, men r2=0.91, p<0.001), although the regression line for men was significantly different from the line of identity (p=0.043). These results suggest modest trends toward underestimation of FMDXA in men when FMIVNA<18 kg, and overestimation in men when FMIVNA>18 kg. ΔFM (IVNA‐DXA) was not significantly related to any combination of skinfold thicknesses and circumferences in either gender. Age explained 27% of the variance in ΔFM for the men (p=0.008). Furthermore, ΔFM was not significantly related to inter‐method disparity in total‐body bone mineral measurements in men or women (p<0.05). The present study demonstrates strong correlation in fat measurements between IVNA and DXA in men and women ranging from normal to markedly obese. Correction for subject anthropometry does not significantly improve this relationship.
Acute Administration of Phenylpropanolamine Fails to Affect Resting Energy Expenditure in Men of Normal Weight
Authors: Rushing Paul A. , Winders Suzan E. , Watson Sheree L. , Klesges Robert C.
Published: September 2012

RUSHING, PA, SE WINDERS, SL WATSON, RC KLESGES. Acute administration of phenylpropanolamine fails to affect resting energy expenditure in men of normal weight.

Studies have consistently found that dieters using over‐the‐counter weight control products containing phenylpropanolamine (PPA) are more successful at losing weight than those who do not. To explore the possibility that drug‐induced metabolic changes contribute to weight loss associated with this compound, this study investigated the effects of PPA on resting metabolic rate in 20 healthy men of normal weight between the ages of 18 and 29. After the arrival of the subjects to the laboratory, blood pressure was taken and resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed for 20 minutes (Baseline) via indirect calorimetry. Half of the subjects were then given 75 mg of immediate‐release PPA (administered orally via a gelatin capsule), while the other half received placebo. Immediately after drug administration, metabolic rate was measured for an additional 95 minutes (During Drug). After this assessment, blood pressure was again measured. Although significant increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed after PPA administration, the drug had no effect on REE or RQ. These results, consistent with that previously reported in mildly overweight women, further establish that it is unlikely that drug‐induced metabolic changes contribute to PPA‐induced weight loss in humans.
Lactate Production from Glucose and Response to Insulin in Perifused Adipocytes from Mesenteric and Epididymal Regions of Lean and Obese Rats
Authors: King Joyce L. , DiGirolamo Mario
Published: September 2012

Lactate, an important metabolic substrate for peripheral tissues and the liver, is released in significant amounts from adipose tissue. Using a perifusion system, we measured lactate production from glucose and response to insulin in isolated mesenteric and epididymal adipocytes removed from fed or fasted male Wistar rats at two stages of growth and development: (a) lean rats (7 weeks to 9 weeks old, weighing ∼250 g), and (b) fatter rats (6 months to 8 months old, weighing ∼550 g). The results show that lactate production in perifused adipocytes is regulated by the prior nutritional state of the animals, by the adipose tissue region, and by the presence of insulin in the perifusate. In fat cells from lean rats, basal lactate production was significantly higher (p<0.05) in mesenteric cells when compared with epididymal cells, both in the fed state (7.8 nmol/107 fat cells per minute vs. 2.9 nmol/107 fat cells per minute) and after 2 days of fasting (13.6 nmol vs. 3.5 nmol). When the response to 1 mU/mL insulin was studied, however, the relative increase in lactate production produced by insulin was greater in the epididymal cells than in the mesenteric cells, in both the fed (194% vs. 91% over basal, respectively) and fasted (360% vs. 55% over basal, p<0.05) state. When larger epididymal adipocytes from fatter rats were compared with an equal number of smaller epididymal cells from leaner rats, the larger cells produced 4.99 nmol of lactate/107 fat cells per minute, whereas the smaller cells produced 2.93 nmol (p=0.08). Large fat cells showed a small and nonsignificant response to insulin in either type of cell (epididymal vs. mesenteric) or nutritional state (fed vs. fasted). This study indicates that distinct regional differences exist in lactate production and response to insulin. Mesenteric adipose tissue, which drains directly into the portal vein and provides substrates to the liver, may be an important source of lactate for the hepatic processes of gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis.
Hormonal Regulation of Leptin mRNA Expression and Preadipocyte Recruitment and Differentiation in Porcine Primary Cultures of S‐V Cells
Authors: Chen X. L. , Hausman D. B. , Dean R. G. , Hausman G. J.
Published: September 2012

The hormonal regulation of leptin mRNA expression and the association between leptin expression and adipocyte differentiation were examined in primary cultures of porcine S‐V cells with Northern blot and immunocytochemical analysis. Seeding for 3 days with fetal bovine serum (FBS) with varying levels of dexamethasone (Dex) increased levels of leptin mRNA in a dosedependent manner in parallel with increases in the proportion of preadipocytes (AD‐3 positive cells; AD‐3, a preadipocyte marker). Six‐day treatment with 10 or 850 nM insulin after FBS+Dex treatment resulted in a similar increase in leptin mRNA expression and morphological differentiation. However, significantly lower levels of leptin mRNA and smaller fat cells were observed in cultures treated with 1 nM insulin or 10 nM insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I). Dex‐induced increases in leptin mRNA levels and AD‐3 cell numbers were blocked completely by the addition of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) to FBS+Dex‐treated cultures. However TGF‐β significantly increased fat cell size and leptin mRNA expression when added to ITS (insulin, 850 nM; transferrin, 5 μg/ml; and selenium, 5 ug/mL) treated cultures during the lipid‐filling stage. When added with FBS+DEX for the first 3 days, growth hormone (GH) did not influence the Dex‐induced increase in AD‐3 cells and leptin mRNA expression, but GH reduced leptin mRNA levels when added with insulin for 6 days after FBS+Dex. These results demonstrated that regulation of leptin mRNA expression by Dex, insulin, IGF‐I, TGF‐β, and GH may be associated with changes in preadipocyte number and fat cell size.
Diabetes in Urban African Americans. XII. Anthropometry for Assessing Municipal Hospital Outpatients Recently Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kahn Henry S. , Dunbar Virginia G. , Ziemer David C. , Phillips Lawrence S.
Published: September 2012

Objective: Abdominal obesity is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors, but there has been little information published to advance the use of abdominal anthropometry in the care of diabetic patients.

Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional survey of municipal hospital outpatients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (73 men and 142 women of whom 89% were African Americans). Age‐adjusted linear regression was used to compare the supine sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), supine waist circumference, four anthropometric ratios, and the body mass index (kg/m2) for their ability to predict serum fasting C‐peptide and lipid levels.

Results: The best predictor of log‐transformed C‐peptide was SAD/height (p<0.0001 for men; p = 0.0003 for women). SAD/thigh circumference was the best predictor of log‐transformed triglycerides for men (p = 0.002) and of total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol for women (p = 0.043). The body mass index was less able to predict C‐peptide, HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol than was SAD/height or SAD/thigh circumference or waist circumference/height.

Discussion: Anthropometric indices of abdominal obesity appear to be correlated with insulin production and lipid risk factors among municipal‐hospital, type 2 diabetic patients much as they are in other studied populations. Since anthropometric data are inexpensively obtained and immediately available to the practitioner, their utility for preliminary clinical assessment deserves to be tested in prospective outcome studies.
Dieting, Exercise, or Disordered Eating Does Not Account for Extremes of Body Weight within Families
Authors: Reed Danielle R. , Price R. Aden
Published: September 2012

Objective: Families having both members with obesity and thin members should contain substantial information for genetics studies, provided measured phenotype is an accurate indicator of genetic predisposition. We assessed the impact of potentially complicating behavioral factors on obesity phenotypes of family members selected for a long‐term project to identify genes for human obesity.

Research Methods and Procedures: Ninety‐nine Caucasian families were selected for study because they contained both extremely obese and average‐weight family members. Family members (n = 492) were queried about their diet and exercise habits, their psychiatric histories as they pertained to eating disorders, and for a subset of subjects (n = 329), a lifetime dieting history and a lifetime maximum weight were recorded.

Results: Subjects with average body weights in these families did not appear to be maintaining their weight by dieting and <4% of the average‐weight subjects had ever been obese in the past.

Discussion: Although dieting and other weight loss practices potentially could either mask or complicate the genotype‐phenotype relationship, we found little evidence for this possibility in the families studied.
Dealing With Obesity as a Chronic Disease
Authors: Hill James O.
Published: September 2012

There are major efforts underway to educate the primary care physician about the health risks of obesity. Obesity is a chronic disease that requires chronic management. We must establish models that allow primary care physicians to participate in the chronic management of obesity, while recognizing that the interest and ability of primary care physicians to participate in obesity management will vary. Three general models of obesity management are proposed for the primary care physician, ranging from minimal evaluation to complete evaluation and treatment. In order for the models to be implemented, we must consider establishing a category of obesity specialists who can develop comprehensive treatment programs to which patients with obesity can be referred, and who can provide leadership and guidance for primary care physicians who are involved in obesity management. The North American Association for the Study of Obesity (NAASO) could help establish obesity specialists and provide a structure to allow them to provide leadership for obesity treatment.
A Comparison of Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry and Somatometrics for Determining Body Fat in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Colman Ricki J. , Hudson John C. , Barden Howard S. , Kemnitz Joseph W.
Published: September 2012

COLMAN, RICKI J., JOHN C. HUDSON, HOWARD S. BARDEN, AND JOSEPH W. KEMNITZ. A comparison of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and somatometrics for determining body fat in rhesus macaques. Obes Res. 1999; 7:90–96.

Objective: Various approaches have been used to assess fat and fat distribution in nonhuman primates, including measurements of body weight, body dimensions, and estimates derived from these, such as body mass index. Methods such as tritiated water dilution and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) have also been used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare DXA measurements and somatometrics.

Research Methods and Procedures: Body composition of 15 adult male rhesus macaques was measured by DXA and somatometrics at four time‐points over a 4‐year period. Additionally, DXA precision and somatometric variability were analyzed by repeated measurements of the same subjects.

Results: DXA estimates of body fat were positively correlated with body weight, body mass index, body circumferences, and abdominal skinfold thicknesses. DXA assessments of soft tissue composition were precise, with coefficients of variation below 3.3% for all compartments analyzed. The majority of the observed variability in somatometrics was explained by subject variance, rather than by inter‐ or intraobserver variability, or by observer experience level.

Discussion: We conclude that noninvasive DXA technology provides precise estimates of nonhuman primate body composition that correlate well with the traditional somatometric measures used in primate studies.
Segregation Analysis of Body Mass Index in a Large Sample Selected for Obesity: The Swedish Obese Subjects Study
Authors: Rice Treva , Sjöström C. David , Pérusse Louis , Rao D. C. , Sjöström Lars , Bouchard Claude
Published: September 2012

RICE, TREVA, c. DAVID SJÖSTRÖM, LOUIS PÉRUSSE, D. C. RAO, LARS SJÖSTRÖM, AND CLAUDE BOUCHARD. Segregation analysis of body mass index in a large sample selected for obesity: the Swedish Obese Subjects study. Obes Res.

Objective: To investigate a major gene hypothesis for body mass index (BMI) in a large sample of probands (n = 2580, ages 37–57 years) who were selected for obesity (BMI≥34 kg/m2 for males and ≥38 kg/m2 for females), along with their spouses and first‐degree relatives (n = 11,204 family members). The probands were recruited as part of an intervention trial assessing whether mortality and morbidity were improved after surgical intervention for obesity as part of the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study.

Methods and Procedures: The current analyses were based on BMI measures obtained before intervention. Segregation analysis was carried out using the mixed model implementation in PAP (Pedigree Analysis Package), which allowed for ascertainment correction and for genotype‐dependent effects of covariates (sex and age) in both the major gene component and the multifactorial (i. e., polygenic and familial environment) component.

Results: Both a major effect and a multifactorial effect were significant. The percentage of the total variance accounted for by the multifactorial effect was 17%‐24% (increasing as a function of age), and by the major effect, 8%‐34% (decreasing as a function of age). Although tests on the transmission probabilities (τS) were not compatible with Mendelian expectations of 1, 1/2, and 0, the equal τS model was rejected (i. e., the effect is transmitted in families) and the point estimates (0. 96,0. 60, and 0. 17) compared favorably to Mendelian expectations. The major effect was transmitted in a codominant fashion, consistent with a gene‐environment interaction.

Discussion: These results suggest both multifactorial and major effect etiologies for BMI in these families of extremely obese probands. Before 20 years of age, the major effect dominates the BMI expression, but after age 20, multifactorial effects account for the most variance. Although the major effect is transmitted in these families, the pattern does not appear to be consistent with a simple Mendelian trait. The possibility of additional major loci (i. e., epistasis) and gene by environment interactions may explain these findings.
Oxidative absorption of hydrogen sulfide using an iron‐chelate based process: chelate degradation
Authors: Deshmukh Girish M. , Shete Aparna , Pawar Deepali M.
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: Oxidative absorption of hydrogen sulfide into a solution of ferric chelates is studied in a stirred cell glass reactor. The experiments were performed to investigate the degradation of chelates sodium salt of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) (Merck), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid diadisodium salt (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) at 313 K, pH 6, iron concentration 10 000 g L−1 and Fe:chelate molar ratio 1:2.

RESULTS: Oxidative absorption of hydrogen sulfide into a solution of Fe‐NTA was found to be more successful, therefore, further experiments with 10%, 50% and 100% concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were performed. It was shown that this process is applicable for removal of low and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. The effect of antioxidants using sodium thiosulfate was also studied in order to minimize degradation of NTA. The kinetics were studied and it was observed that the reaction appeared to be first order in ferric chelate with rate constants for 100, 50 and 10% hydrogen sulfide concentration: 0.035, 0.013 and 0.019 h−1, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Gas sweetening processes have commercial importance in natural gases, refinery of gases and biogas processing. Desulphurization and cleaning (i.e. removal of H2S and CO2) of petroleum gas and biogas is important to make the gas methane rich and to increase the calorific value of fuel. The same techniques of desulphurization and cleaning can be used for treating natural gas or petroleum gas. The desulphurization and cleaning processes can minimize the atmospheric emission of gases like SOx, NOx and CO. As the iron chelate based process is based on the principle of redox reaction of metal chelate with hydrogen sulfide, this method is very useful for desulphurization of petroleum gas and biogas. This work studied the effective use of Fe‐NTA solution for removal of high to low concentrations of H2S as found in biogas and industrial waste gases. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Clinical presentation and outcome of perioperative myocardial infarction in the very elderly following hip fracture surgery
Authors: Gupta Bhanu P. , Huddleston Jeanne M. , Kirkland Lisa L. , Huddleston Paul M. , Larson Dirk R. , Gullerud Rachel E. , Burton M. Caroline , Rihal Charanjit S. , Wright R. Scott
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND:

Patterns of clinical symptoms and outcomes of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) in elderly patients after hip fracture repair surgery are not well defined.

METHODS:

A retrospective 1:2 case‐control study in a cohort of 1212 elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery from 1988 to 2002 in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

RESULTS:

The mean age was 85.3 ± 7.4 years; 76% female. PMI occurred in 167 (13.8%) patients within 7 days, of which 153 (92%) occurred in first 48 hours; 75% of patients were asymptomatic. Among patients with PMI, in‐hospital mortality was 14.4%, 30‐day mortality was 29 (17.4%), and 1‐year mortality was 66 (39.5%). PMI was associated with a higher inpatient mortality rate (odds ratio [OR], 15.1; confidence interval [CI], 4.6–48.8), 30‐day mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 4.3; CI, 2.1–8.9), and 1‐year mortality (HR, 1.9; CI, 1.4–2.7).

CONCLUSION:

Elderly patients, after hip fracture surgery, have a higher incidence of PMI and mortality than what guidelines indicate. The majority of elderly patients with PMI did not experience ischemic symptoms and required cardiac biomarkers for diagnosis. The results of our study support the measurement of troponin in postoperative elderly patients for the diagnosis of PMI, in order to implement in‐hospital preventive strategies to reduce PMI‐associated mortality. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Needs assessment and curriculum mapping: Enhancing management skills of the nonprofit workforce
Authors: Wang Lili , Ashcraft Robert F.
Published: September 2012

This article documents the needs assessment and curriculum mapping of a nonprofit management certificate program in the United States. Based on a survey of nonprofit leaders, we identify management skill sets critical to the nonprofit sector in a challenging economic environment. In addition, a survey of alumni and students assesses participants' view of skills and knowledge they need in their daily jobs or for career advancement. Results of the study not only help to inform the curriculum revamping of the selected program but also serve to inform the content of other education programs within the nonprofit professional development education arena.
Porous polyurethane foams based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) for oil sorption
Authors: Atta Ayman M. , Brostow Witold , Datashvili Tea , El‐Ghazawy Rasha A. , Lobland Haley E. Hagg , Hasan Abdul‐Raheim M. , Perez Jose M.
Published: September 2012

In using recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as a petroleum sorbent we tried to achieve two important objectives simultaneously. PET waste was glycolized using trimethylolpropane (TMp) or pentaerytheritol (PEr) to produce suitable polyol oligomers for polyurethane (PU) foams. The glycolysis was carried out in the presence of manganese acetate as a catalyst under normal pressure in m‐cresol at 220 °C. Producing polyols, PEr degraded PET into lower molecular weights than TMp. So prepared oligomers were reacted with 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate providing several types of PU foam. The effect of various variables (polyol reactivity, water content, type of catalyst, isocyanate amount and surfactant) on the foam structure and properties were analyzed. Porosity of the PU foams was examined using environmental scanning electron microscopy. Foams based on glycolized TMp contain small uniform cells whereas other foams form less uniform cells with varying sizes including closed cells. Dynamic mechanical analysis gives much lower storage moduli for TMp‐based PUs that for those based on PEr, an effect of dangling ethylene chains in the former case. The glass transition temperatures Tg are higher when PEr rather than TMp is used. Our PU foams show good sorption properties and sufficient reusability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Particle Size Characterization of an Extra Fine Milled Product
Authors: Hennart Stephen L. A. , Hee Pim van , Wildeboer Willem J. , Meesters Gabriel M. H.
Published: September 2012

The present research aims to characterize the particle size distribution of sub micron particles suspended in a liquid. The particles milled are an organic poorly water soluble crystalline product. To characterize the size of these particles, different techniques have been tested: imaging techniques (SEM, CryoTEM), static light scattering techniques, dynamic light scattering techniques, centrifugation and flow field flow fractionation.

The results indicate that the studied milled particles have a primary particle size close to 180nm and there is strong evidence of larger particles which are very likely aggregates. This is clearly seen from the Cryo TEM results.

All the above mentioned techniques should in principle be able to measure samples of dispersion containing particles of ca 180 nm but several are disturbed by the presence of large aggregates. It is difficult to estimate the amount of aggregate present, but most of the time one is interested in what the primary particle size distribution is.

It is clear that no single piece of equipment is capable of exactly determining the particle size distribution of our samples, but the static light scattering with low shear on mixing does give a good representation of what is seen with the image analysis by cryo TEM.
Novel adult feeding disruption test (FDT) to detect insecticide resistance of lepidopteran pests in cotton
Authors: van Kretschmar B , Cabrera Ana R , Bradley Julius R , Roe R Michael
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND

Resistance monitoring is an important aspect of insect resistance management and the preservation of insecticide efficacy. The adult vial test (AVT) is most often used for resistance monitoring for a variety of insects. A potential alternative method is feeding disruption where resistant insects are distinguished from susceptible insects on the basis of their ability to feed on insecticide in nectar containing a colorimetric marker to measure feeding. The advantages of a feeding disruption test (FDT) for lepidopteran adults might include a more rapid assay than AVT, an assay format easier to prepare, a bioassay applicable to both oral and contact insecticides and the provision of food and water during the course of the test. The objective of the present work was to determine the feasibility of an adult FDT.

RESULTS

Heliothis virescens moths fed permethrin and spinosad in dyed nectar yielded dose‐dependent ingestion, fecal production and mortality data. A permethrin diagnostic dose distinguished pyrethroid‐resistant from pyrethroid‐susceptible moths, based on fecal production.

CONCLUSION

Proof of concept was demonstrated for an adult FDT in which resistant moths were distinguished from susceptible moths on the basis of the ability of the insect to feed on insecticide in dyed nectar and produce dyed feces.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Contact and fumigant toxicity of Pinus densiflora needle hydrodistillate constituents and related compounds and efficacy of spray formulations containing the oil to Dermatophagoides farinae
Authors: Lee Ju‐Hee , Kim Jun‐Ran , Koh Young Ryull , Ahn Young‐Joon
Published: September 2012

Background

The toxicity of red pine needle hydrodistillate (RPN‐HD), 19 RPN‐HD constituents and another 12 structurally related compounds and the control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing RPN‐HD (0.5. 1, 2 and 3% sprays) to adult Dermatophagoides farinae were evaluated.

Results

RPN‐HD (24 h LC50, 68.33 µg cm−2) was toxic to mites. Menthol was the most toxic compound (12.69 µg cm−2), and the toxicity of this compound and benzyl benzoate did not differ significantly. High toxicity was also produced by α‐terpineol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, thymol, linalyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, citral, linalool and camphor (18.79–36.51 µg cm−2). These compounds were more toxic than either deet or dibutyl phthalate. In vapour‐phase mortality tests, these compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. RPN‐HD 3% experimental spray provided 95% mortality against adult D. farinae, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g L−1 spray treatment resulted in 0% mortality.

Conclusion

In the light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments, RPN‐HD and the compounds described merit further study as potential biocides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants with contact action. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Natural attenuation with varying degrees of aquifer heterogeneity: Implications for groundwater monitoring
Authors: Hudak Paul F.
Published: September 2012

This study evaluated the effect of heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity on the tendency for contaminant plumes to attenuate via dilution, hydrodynamic dispersion, and molecular diffusion in simulated aquifers. Simulations included one homogeneous and four increasingly heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields. A numerical mass transport model generated an initial contaminant plume for each case; all initial plumes had the same mass. Next, the model simulated plume migrations through the simulated aquifers. Results suggest that highly heterogeneous settings are potentially effective at plume attenuation. Low‐velocity zones in heterogeneous settings delay plume travel, enabling more time for natural processes to lower contaminant concentrations in groundwater. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Politics of Modern Central America
Authors: Lehoucq Fabrice
Published: September 2012

This book analyzes the origins and consequences of civil war in Central America. Fabrice Lehoucq argues that the inability of autocracies to reform themselves led to protest and rebellion throughout the twentieth century and that civil war triggered unexpected transitions to non-military rule by the 1990s. He explains how armed conflict led to economic stagnation and why weak states limit democratization - outcomes that unaccountable party systems have done little to change. This book also uses comparisons among Central American cases - both between them and other parts of the developing world - to shed light on core debates in comparative politics and comparative political economy. This book suggests that the most progress has been made in understanding the persistence of inequality and the nature of political market failures, while drawing lessons from the Central American cases to improve explanations of regime change and the outbreak of civil war.
From Chiefdom to State in Early Ireland
Authors: Gibson D. Blair
Published: September 2012

This book tracks the development of social complexity in Ireland from the late prehistoric period on into the Middle Ages. Using a range of methods and techniques, particularly data from settlement patterns, Blair Gibson demonstrates how Ireland evolved from constellations of chiefdoms into a political entity bearing the characteristics of a rudimentary state. This book argues that early medieval Ireland's highly complex political systems should be viewed as amalgams of chiefdoms with democratic procedures for choosing leaders rather than kingdoms. Gibson explores how these chiefdom confederacies eventually transformed into recognizable states over a period of 1,400 years.
Keats
Authors: Colvin Sidney
Published: September 2012

Sir Sidney Colvin (1845–1927) was the obvious choice to write a book on John Keats (1795–1821) for the first series of English Men of Letters. At various times Slade Professor of Fine Art at Cambridge, Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and Keeper of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum, Colvin had a long-standing interest in the poet, publishing an edition of his letters to family and friends in 1891, and later writing a longer biography, published in 1917. This introduction to the poet, which used print and manuscript sources not available to earlier biographers, was first published in 1887. In his preface, Colvin admits that 'I have not attempted to avoid saying over again much that in substance has been said already, and better, by others … I hope to have contributed something of my own towards a fuller understanding both of Keats's art and life'.
Milton
Authors: Pattison Mark
Published: September 2012

This life of John Milton was first published in the English Men of Letters series in 1879. Its author, Mark Pattison (1813–84) spent most of his adult life in Oxford, as a student, a tutor, and eventually, from 1861, Rector of Lincoln College. Pattison's scholarly interest in religious thought in England, and in the history of classical learning after the Renaissance, made him the ideal biographer for the poet whose writing life was spent in justifying God's ways to man, and whose knowledge of Greek and Latin literature was almost unmatched. Pattison sees the life as divided into three periods: he provides a narrative of events and an analysis of Milton's literary output (both verse and prose) for each. The final chapter is a discussion of the major poems: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes, concluding with the assertion of Milton's supremacy over all English writers except Shakespeare.
Works of Thomas Hill Green
Authors: Green Thomas Hill
Published: September 2012

Thomas Hill Green (1836–82) was one of the most influential English thinkers of his time, and he made significant contributions to the development of political liberalism. Much of his career was spent at Balliol College, Oxford: having begun as a student of Benjamin Jowett, he later acted effectively as his second-in-command at the college. Interested for his whole career in social questions, Green supported the temperance movement, the extension of the franchise, and the admission of women to university education. He became Whyte's professor of moral philosophy at Oxford in 1878, and his lectures had a lasting influence on a generation of students. Volume 2, published in 1886, consists of Green's unpublished lecture notes. The Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation drew criticism upon Nettleship, Green's pupil and editor, for his editorial interventions: the idea of 'common good' was thought to vary significantly here from Green's other writings.