bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodological quality and transparency of clinical practice guidelines for difficult airway management using the appraisal of guidelines research & evaluation II instrument
Authors: Merchan-Galvis Angela M. , Caicedo Juan P. , Valencia-Payán Carmen J. , Calvache Jose A.
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Complications arising from airway management represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are systematically created documents that summarise knowledge and assist the delivery of high-quality medical care by identifying evidence that supports best clinical care.

OBJECTIVE

Using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II instrument, we aimed to evaluate the methodological rigour and transparency of unanticipated difficult airway management CPGs in adults.

DESIGN

Using PUBMED without language restrictions, we identified eligible CPGs between 1 January 1996 and 30 June 2019. All versions of a CPG were included as independent guidelines to assess improvements over time or the methodological limitations of each version. CPGs-related obstetrics or paediatrics or the management extubation in cases of difficult airway were excluded.

RESULTS

Fourteen CPGs were included. Of the six domains suggested by the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II instrument, ‘applicability’ had the lowest score (23%) and ‘scope and objectives’ had the highest score (88%). The remaining domains (stakeholder involvement, editorial independence, rigour of development and clarity of presentation) had scores ranging between 56 and 81%. Overall, the highest scored CPG was the Difficult Airway Society 2015.

CONCLUSION

Future updates of CPGs for difficult airway management in adults and severely ill patients should consider more emphasis on the applicability of their recommendations to real clinical practice.
A Comparison of Tenofovir Predose Concentrations in Generic Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Formulations: A Short Communication
Authors: Cattaneo Dario , Gervasoni Cristina , Vinti Pietro , Baldelli Sara , Fusi Marta , Zagato Donatello , De Bona Anna , Suardi Elisa , Bossolasco Simona , Ancona Giuseppe , Rossotti Roberto , Cernuschi Massimo
Published: March 2020

Background:

There is extensive evidence to show that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based formulations dramatically reduces the risk of HIV acquisition among individuals without HIV infection. Here, the authors aim to compare tenofovir plasma predose concentrations in subjects taking PrEP daily versus on demand and using different TDF-based generic formulations.

Methods:

Subjects providing informed signed consent for the measurement of tenofovir plasma levels were included in the study. Predose drug concentrations were stratified according to PrEP administration and the type of TDF-based formulation. The control group consisted of patients with HIV infection who were matched for renal function and were administered branded TDF that was not combined with boosted-antiretroviral drugs.

Results:

The study consisted of 100 subjects (mean age, 39 ± 10 years; body weight, 77 ± 11 kg). A wide distribution in tenofovir predose concentrations was observed, with values ranging from 17 to 297 ng/mL (coefficient of variation 77%). No significant differences were noted in tenofovir predose concentrations between subjects who were administered PrEP daily (n = 75) or on demand (n = 25) [94 (35–255) versus 104 (37–287) ng/mL; P = 0.476]. Comparable tenofovir predose concentrations were found between patients with HIV infection (n = 220) who were administered branded TDF and those without HIV infection who were treated with 5 different generic TDF-based formulations with generics-to-branded ratios. These were always within the range of 80%–125% and were used to define bioequivalence.

Conclusions:

The marketed generic formulations of TDF delivered tenofovir plasma predose concentrations comparable with those delivered by branded formulations.
Age-related macular degeneration therapy: a review
Authors: Ammar Michael J. , Hsu Jason , Chiang Allen , Ho Allen C. , Regillo Carl D.
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review

The purpose of this review is to describe the current clinical landscape of potential future therapies for both nonexudative (dry) and exudative (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We highlight some of the more promising treatments that are furthest along in development.

Recent findings

Patients with dry AMD have long been hoping for a highly efficacious treatment that may slow disease progression or even help regain vision. Patients with wet AMD have many effective treatment options but still there are those who have suboptimal responses or are burdened by the high frequency of treatment. We detail exciting new concepts and targets for novel medications. Specifically, for dry AMD we discuss research looking at complement inhibition, neuroprotection, visual cycle modulators, cell-based therapies, and anti-inflammatory agents. For wet AMD we summarize new, potentially more durable anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, extended release options, and gene therapy.

There are promising new strategies for AMD. Many of the potential new treatments are in or have recently completed phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials with promising results thus far, including some that have received US Food and Drug Administration approval. Additional therapeutic breakthroughs will likely continue to occur thanks to the number of clinical trials that are nearing the finish line.
Dermoid Cyst: Outcome Analysis in a Pediatric Referral Hospital
Authors: Montolío-Marzo Santiago , González-Valdivia Hugo , Casas-Gimeno Estér , Sebastian-Chapman Laura , Prat-Bartomeu Joan
Published: March 2020

Purpose:

To describe the management of dermoid cysts in a pediatric referral hospital.

Methods:

Retrospective review of 115 patients with pathological diagnosis of dermoid cyst in a pediatric referral hospital between 2003 and 2019.

Results:

One hundred fifteen patients, 51 (44.3%) males, and 64 (55.7%) females were retrospectively reviewed. There were fifty-one (44.3%) right eyes and 64 (55.7%) left eyes. Mean age at surgery was 39.15 months (5.6 months–16.4 years). One hundred four (90.4%) lesions were superficial, and 11 (9.6%) were deep. Quadrant location was 63 (54.8%) superior-temporal, 45 (39.1%) superior-nasal, 4 (3.5%) inferior-temporal, and 2 (1.7%) in the nasal inferior quadrant. Most patients only had aesthetic concerns, but 3 (2.61%) showed lacrimal drainage obstruction symptoms, 2 (1.74%) had proptosis, and 1 case spontaneously drained to the cutaneous surface. Imaging was performed in 51 (44.3%) patients. Regarding to their radiodensity, 71.9% had low density content, 28.1% high density, and only 1 patient showed full liquid content; 10.9% showed heterogeneous content; 53.1% showed bone remodeling. Every patient but 1 underwent surgery for a barely accessible asymptomatic retrobulbar cyst. Nine cysts (7.8%) were breached during surgery. Three recurrences were found (2.6%), but only 1 was related to intraoperative breach.

Conclusions:

Dermoid cysts are the most common benign periorbital tumors in the pediatric population. Imaging is required for evaluation of lesions in atypical locations, deep or fixed to underlying tissue. Surgical removal is the gold standard of treatment. Multidisciplinary approach may be required in the most complex cases. After surgery, few complications and recurrences were found in our series.
Laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis substituted for an aborted small-incision lenticule extraction due to large black area formation
Authors: Wang Minshu , Chen Yueguo , Zhang Yu
Published: March 2020

A 25-year-old woman with moderate myopia presented for refractive surgery. Bilateral femtosecond laser–assisted small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) was scheduled and her right eye was completed smoothly. However, during the lenticule cutting of her left eye, a large inferior black area was noted. The operation was abandoned after an immediate optical coherence tomography examination, which revealed the corneal epithelium defect with no laser scanning line at the corresponding site. The secondary surgery was assigned to laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) after 1 week. The uncorrected distance visual acuity of her left eye recovered to 20/25 on the 12th day and to 20/20 at 3-month follow-up, with ideal corneal topography profiles. Corneal epithelium defect induced by accidental alcohol contact during disinfection was suspected to cause the black area. The management of black area had to be determined according to the location and size. LASEK was a rational substitution for the aborted SMILE.
Signatures in drug-induced liver injury
Authors: Tillmann Hans L. , Rockey Don C.
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can be induced by a myriad of drugs. Assessing whether the patient has DILI and assessing which drug is the most likely culprit are challenging. There has been too little attention paid to the concept that certain drugs appear to have unique clinical features or ‘phenotypes’.

Recent findings

Several case series of DILI because of various drugs have been published, and analysis of these case series points to the fact that individual drugs have characteristic DILI signatures. These clinical phenotypes can be characterized by latency, biochemical features (R-value), as well as clinical symptoms and signs. Several drugs, including isoniazid, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, anabolic steroids, β-interferon and others, have highly unique clinical features. Such unique properties may be able to be used to improve adjudication processes.

Individual drugs have unique clinical DILI phenotypes or signatures. Furthermore, these may be able to be used to improve adjudication.
Effective use of hydroxyurea for sickle cell anemia in low-resource countries
Authors: Power-Hays Alexandra , Ware Russell E.
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review

Over the past several decades, hydroxyurea has emerged as a well tolerated and potent disease-modifying therapy for children and adults with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Strong, evidence-based recommendations from the National Institutes of Health, American Society of Hematology, and British Society of Haematology document that hydroxyurea is now standard of care treatment for SCA. In low-resource settings, however, hydroxyurea is rarely utilized due to lack of availability, inadequate treatment guidance, and excessive costs.

Recent findings

Research trials conducted within the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa confirm the efficacy of hydroxyurea as a well tolerated, feasible, and beneficial treatment in low-resource countries. Hydroxyurea is therefore vital to reaching the targets for control of SCA outlined by the WHO. To maximize its utilization toward real-world effectiveness, specific attention must be given to healthcare provider education and training, public and institutional awareness, and medication access and affordability.

Efforts to introduce hydroxyurea effectively into low-resource countries should urgently address the lack of treatment guidelines, gaps in knowledge and clinical infrastructure, and medication inaccessibility. Partnerships among governmental, academic, pharmaceutical, and charitable organizations must tackle these barriers so that all individuals living with SCA worldwide can benefit from hydroxyurea.
Management of de-novo urothelial carcinoma in transplanted patients
Authors: Pradere Benjamin , Schuettfort Victor , Mori Keiichiro , Quhal Fahad , Aydh Abdulmajeed , Sari Motlagh Reza
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review

The aim of this article is to review incidence, risk factors, and optimal management of de-novo urothelial carcinoma in transplant recipients.

Recent findings

There is a two to three-fold increased risk for de-novo malignant tumors after solid-organ transplantation, but there is currently no consensus regarding optimal management of de-novo urothelial carcinoma in transplanted patients. Known risk factors include polyomavirus BK, aristolochic acid, and smoking. Data suggest a higher rate of high-grade tumors, as well as predominantly higher stage at primary diagnosis, for both NMIBC and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Treatment for NMIBC includes TURB, mitomycin, and Bacille de Calmette-Guérin instillation with special concern to the immunosuppressive regime. Treatment of MIBC or advanced urothelial carcinoma includes radical cystectomy with chemotherapy if the patient is eligible. A screening should be performed in all transplant recipients, to allow early diagnosis.

De-novo urothelial carcinoma in transplant recipients is more frequent than in the general population and these tumors were more likely to be high-grade tumors and diagnosed at an advanced stage. There is very little information available on the optimal treatment for these patients. However, aggressive treatment and a strict management according the given recommendations are of the utmost importance.
Genetic testing in male infertility – reassessing screening thresholds
Authors: Liu James L. , Peña Vanessa , Fletcher Sean A. , Kohn Taylor P.
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review

Genetic testing in male infertility is an essential part of the process of diagnosis. Genetic abnormalities, such as Y-chromosome microdeletion, chromosomal abnormalities and mutations for cystic fibrosis, can all negatively impact a male's fertility and can be tested for during a fertility evaluation. Both Y-chromosome microdeletion and chromosomal abnormalities increase in prevalence as sperm concentrations decrease, and azoospermic men have the greatest frequency of genetic abnormalities.

Recent findings

These genetic abnormalities can also be found in oligospermic men; however, on the basis of several recent studies, the prevalence of genetic abnormalities is lower in oligospermic men than previously thought.

The current screening thresholds are devised from the previously determined prevalences and have not been revised based on the emerging data; thus, in this review of the literature, we will discuss this new evidence and whether screening thresholds should be changed.
Do Antibiotics Reduce the Incidence of Infections After Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Placement in Children?
Authors: Krom Hilde , van den Hoek Charlotte M.W. , Benninga Marc A. , Delemarre Eveline A. , de Jong Justin R. , Koot Bart G.P. , Tabbers Merit M. , Voogt Heleen , Kindermann Angelika
Published: March 2020

Objective:

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) provides a long‐term solution for tube dependency. Pediatric guidelines recommend prophylactic antibiotic treatment (ABT) based on adult studies.

Aim:

To compare wound infection and other complications in children receiving a PEG with and without prophylactic ABT.

Methods:

Retrospective study including children 0 to 18 years undergoing PEG placement. Patients with (2010–2013) and without (2000–2010) ABT were compared with respect to the occurrence of wound infection and other complications.

Results:

In total, 297 patients were included (median age 2.9 years, 53% boys). Patients receiving ABT per PEG protocol (n = 78) had a similar wound infection rate (17.9% vs 21%, P = 0.625), significantly less fever (3.8% vs 14.6%, P = 0.013), leakage (0% vs 9.1%, P = 0.003) and shorter hospital admission (2 vs 4 days, P = 0.000), but more overgranulation (28.2% vs 8.7%, P = 0.000) compared with those without (n = 219). Patients receiving any ABT, per PEG protocol or clinical indication (n = 115), had similar occurrence of wound infection (19.1% vs 20.9%, P = 0.768), fever (7.8% vs 14.3%, P = 0.100) and leakage (3.5% vs 8.8%, P = 0.096), a significantly shorter hospital admission (3 vs 4 days, P = 0.000), but more overgranulation (21.7% vs 8.8%, P =0.003) compared with those without (n = 182).

Conclusions:

Prophylactic ABT does not seem to reduce the occurrence of wound infection but it might be beneficial with respect to fever, leakage and duration of hospital admission, but not overgranulation. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm our results.
Isolated Central Nervous System Relapse Following Treatment Reduction in Low-risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia at the Children’s Cancer Center of Lebanon
Authors: El-Khoury Habib , Chahrour Mohamad , Ghanem Khaled M. , Saifi Omran , Tamim Hani , El-Solh Hassan , Hamideh Dima , Tarek Nidale , Saab Raya , Abboud Miguel R. , Muwakkit Samar A.
Published: March 2020

The aim of this trial was to decrease the incidence of life-threatening infections by decreasing the dose and the duration of dexamethasone treatment during maintenance therapy. This was a prospective, nonrandomized trial of low-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients 1 to 18 years of age who were treated at the Children’s Cancer Center of Lebanon (CCCL). Patients consecutively diagnosed between 2002 and 2013 were divided into groups 1 and 2 receiving total dexamethasone doses of 1144 and 618 mg/m2, respectively. A total of 84 patients were assigned to group 1 and 33 patients to group 2. The 5-year cumulative incidence of isolated central nervous system relapse increased from (n=0% [95% confidence interval: 0%-4.4%]) in group 1 to 9.1% [95% confidence interval: 3%-23%]; P=0.021) in group 2. Decreasing cumulative dose of dexamethasone for low-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients aiming to avoid serious viral infections led to a significant increase in isolated central nervous system relapse.
Petechial Hemorrhages in Suicide by Hanging
Authors: Sundal Jon Andreas , Mæhle Bjørn Ove , Eide Geir Egil , Morild Inge
Published: March 2020

Hemorrhagic petechiae in the conjunctiva and the skin have been related to type of suspension and body height of the victims of hangings. In 265 cases of hanging, we retrospectively examined whether petechiae relate to type of suspension, body weight and height, body mass index (BMI), age, sex, type and thickness of the ligature, and blood alcohol content. The type of suspension was divided into completely suspended, incompletely suspended, and found with feet touching the ground. There was no significant difference in the frequency of petechiae between the feet touching the ground and complete suspension, and they were therefore considered as one group (complete suspensions). Incomplete suspensions had more (58.7%) petechiae than the complete suspension group (30.2%). Statistical analysis showed that incomplete suspension was significantly stronger related to the development of petechiae than complete suspension. Body mass index was the only variable able to add information to the type of suspension. In victims of incomplete hangings, high BMI yielded 2.58 times higher probability of developing petechiae than low BMI. These findings suggest that body size may contribute to the development of petechiae in hangings.
Surgeon's Perspective to Local Therapy in Oligometastatic Cancer
Authors: Boffa Daniel J.
Published: March 2020

Oligometastatic cancer has been recognized as a distinct clinical entity for over 100 years. For decades surgeons have been devising strategies to identify patients with oligmetastatic cancer that have the potential to be cured by surgically removing the oligometastases (“curative intent metastasectomy”). More recently, several studies have suggested there may be benefits to local therapy in oligometastatic cancer patients that are less likely to be cured. This has transformed the practice of local therapy in this setting away from “curative intent” to a broader purpose of “lesion-specific cytoreduction.” As a result, the pool of oligometastatic patients eligible for local therapy has been expanded. However, the boundaries that had previously framed the practice of local therapy in oligometastatic cancer have been obscured. The following is a single surgeon’s attempt to align the promise of this expanded role of local therapy, with the principles of risk-benefit deliberation that are intrinsic to the surgical discipline.
Pain inhibition is not affected by exercise-induced pain
Authors: Szikszay Tibor M. , Adamczyk Waclaw M. , Wojtyna Ewa , Luedtke Kerstin
Published: March 2020

Introduction:

Offset analgesia (OA) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) are frequently used paradigms to assess the descending pain modulation system. Recently, it was shown that both paradigms are reduced in chronic pain, but the influence of acute pain has not yet been adequately examined.

Objectives:

The aim of this study is to investigate OA and CPM after exercise-induced pain to evaluate whether these tests can be influenced by delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) at a local or remote body site.

Methods:

Forty-two healthy adults were invited to 3 separate examination days: a baseline appointment, the consecutive day, and 7 days later. Participants were randomly divided into a rest (n = 21) and an exercise group (n = 21). The latter performed a single intensive exercise for the lower back. Before, immediately after, and on the following examination days, OA and CPM were measured at the forearm and the lower back by blinded assessor.

Results:

The exercise provoked a moderate pain perception and a mild delayed-onset muscle soreness on the following day. Repeated-measurements analysis of variance showed no statistically significant main effect for either OA or CPM at the forearm or lower back (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Delayed-onset muscle soreness was shown to have no effect on the inhibitory pain modulation system neither locally (at the painful body part), nor remotely. Thus, OA and CPM are robust test paradigms that probably require more intense, different, or prolonged pain to be modulated.
Trajectories of Viral Suppression in People Living With HIV Receiving Coordinated Care: Differences by Comorbidities
Authors: Li Michael J. , Su Erica , Garland Wendy H. , Oksuzyan Sona , Lee Sung-Jae , Kao Uyen H. , Weiss Robert E. , Shoptaw Steven J.
Published: March 2020

Background:

In March of 2013, the Los Angeles County (LAC) Division of HIV and STD Programs implemented a clinic-based Medical Care Coordination (MCC) Program to increase viral suppression (VS) (<200 c/mL) among people living with HIV (PLWH) at high risk for poor health outcomes.

Objective:

This study aimed to estimate trajectories of VS and to assess whether these trajectories differed by stimulant use, housing instability, and depressive symptom severity as reported by PLWH participating in MCC.

Methods:

Data represent 6408 PLWH in LAC receiving services from the MCC Program and were obtained from LAC HIV surveillance data matched to behavioral assessments obtained across 35 Ryan White Program clinics participating in MCC. Piecewise mixed-effects logistic regression with a random intercept estimated probabilities of VS from 12 months before MCC enrollment through 36 months after enrollment, accounting for time by covariate interactions for 3 comorbid conditions: housing instability, stimulant use, and depressive symptoms.

Results:

The overall probability of VS increased from 0.35 to 0.77 within the first 6 months in the MCC Program, and this probability was maintained up to 36 months after enrollment. Those who reported housing instability, stimulant use, or multiple comorbid conditions did not achieve the same probability of VS by 36 months as those with none of those comorbidities.

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that MCC improved the probability of VS for all patient groups regardless of the presence of comorbidities. However, those with comorbid conditions will still require increased support from patient-centered programs to address disparities in VS.
The Effect of Topical Tacrolimus on Pedicled Flap Survival
Authors: Van Y-Vu Robert , Wald Gal , Lu Connie , Samadi Arash , Wright Matthew , Lara Daniel , Marano Andrew , Otterburn David M.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Skin necrosis is a known postoperative complication of mastectomies. The pathophysiology of tissue necrosis involves lymphatic congestion, followed by venous congestion and ultimately arterial insufficiency. Recent mouse model studies have shown topical tacrolimus to increase growth of lymphatic collateral vessels and decrease lymphedema, potentially obviating the cycle of necrosis and increasing skin survival. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of topical tacrolimus on skin flap necrosis in a rat model.

Methods

A cranially based dorsal skin flap measuring 3 × 10 cm was raised and reinset on 22 Sprague-Dawley rats. They were then randomized to either the control (topical petroleum jelly) or the treatment (topical 0.1% tacrolimus) arm. In addition, 0.2 g of either ointment was spread over the flap and then covered with an occlusive dressing. Dressings were changed daily with reapplication of both the topical ointment and occlusive dressing. The rats were sacrificed 7 days postoperatively; areas of viable tissue, reversible ischemia, and full thickness necrosis were measured with Fiji software, and comparative analysis was performed with GraphPad statistical software.

Results

The average area of the dorsal flaps in the control and tacrolimus groups was 22.5 and 23.9 cm2, respectively. In the control cohort, the average viable area was 42.4%, the average reversible ischemia area was 43.6%, and the average necrotic area was 13.9%. In the tacrolimus cohort, the average viable area was 31.5%, the average reversible ischemia area was 59.3%, and the average necrotic area was 9.2%. Total necrotic area was significantly lower in rats receiving topical tacrolimus as compared with controls (P = 0.015). Furthermore, the ratios of necrotic to reversible ischemia and necrotic to viable tissue were significantly lower in the tacrolimus group as compared with controls (P = 0.003, P = 0.015). There was one incidence of wound dehiscence secondary to rodent self-removal of dressings and suture that required reoperation and reinset.

Conclusions

Topical tacrolimus was associated with significantly less full thickness necrosis as compared with topical.
Antioxidant activities and physicochemical properties of chocolate fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum CK10
Authors: Kang Hye Rim , Koh So Yae , Ryu Ji-yeon , Osman Ahmed , Lee Chang Kyu , Lim Ji Hee , Kim Hyeon A , Im Geun Hyung , Cho Somi Kim
Published: March 2020

In this study, antioxidant activities and physicochemical properties of chocolate fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum CK10 were investigated. The pH level decreased from 5.26±0.02 to 3.98±0.06 during fermentation while titratable acidity increased from 5.36±0.19 to 13.31±0.34. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents slightly increased during fermentation, but it was numerically negligible. Slight increase and decrease in the radical scavenging activities of chocolate, against DPPH-, ABTS-, and alkyl- radical, were observed during 32 hr of fermentation, but the changes were not statistically relevant. Composition ratios (% area by GC analysis) of lactic acid, xanthosine, and theobromine increased with fermentation time while hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and caffeine decreased after 32 hr of fermentation, in the order of xanthine (22.7%), theobrome (20.0%), lactic acid (14.9%), HMF (9.1%) and caffeine (9.0%). However, there was no remarkable changes in theobromine and caffeine contents in chocolate during fermentation.
Quality characteristics of ground coffee extracts according to physical and chemical defects
Authors: Sung Jun-Hyung , Cho Jeong-Seok , Lee Hyeon-Jeong , Choi Ji-Young , Lee Yeong-Min , Jin Luo , Moon Kwang-Deog
Published: March 2020

To examine the utilization possibility of defective coffee beans, non-defective and defective coffee bean were compared by means of its physiochemical properties and antioxidant capacities measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP assay, total phenol contents, functional component (trigonelline, caffeine, chlorogenic acid) contents. After roasting process, pH and soluble solid contents of coffee extracts decreased; L* value decreased while a* and b* values increased. DPPH radical scavenging activities of defective green bean extracts were higher than that of non-defective green bean extracts. Immature green bean extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity. In FRAP assay, green bean extracts ranged from 15.28~21.80 mM TE which was higher than roasted bean extracts which showed 14.81~16.38 mM TE. Total phenol contents of green bean extracts ranged 191.06~256.25 mg% GAE which was higher than that of roasted bean extracts showed 161.91~173.44 mg% GAE. The contents of trigonelline, caffeine, chlorogenic acid in immature green bean extract were the highest, which showed 895.20 mg/L, 825.85 mg/L and 3,836.94 mg/L respectively. Each contents were decreased after roasting process. Results of this study suggest that defective coffee bean can be used as a functional food material.
Quality characteristics of smoked duck using natural curing agent
Authors: Park Yeon Ok
Published: March 2020

The objective of this study was to examine quality characteristics of a smoked duck marinated in natural curing agents containing extracts of pear by sugar, celery powder, and vitamin C. We evaluated the composition food additives residue and total plate count, chromaticity, sensory properties, total polyphenol contents, 2,2-Diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect of general smoked duck (GSD) and natural smoked duck (NSD). The nitrite ion, antioxidant and sodium glutamate of NSD were not detected. The lightness, yellowness and redness of the two smoked duck decreased significantly as growing longer storage days. The total plate count (CFU/g) of coliform bacteria of two smoked duck were not grown. The sensory properties showed that NSD was higher than GSD in the aspect of taste, texture and overall preferences. The total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging effect of NSD were higher than those of GSD. These results suggested that it was possible to manufacture a smoked duck marinated in natural curing agents including extracts of pear by sugar, celery powder, and vitamin C for the improvement of safety and quality.
Fortification of dextran and mannitol in sweet pumpkin by fermentation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides SM
Authors: Lim Jong-Soon , Son Young-Cheol , Park Dong-Cheol , Lee Sam-Pin
Published: March 2020

Sweet pumpkin paste (SPP) was fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides SM at 25℃ for 3 days for enhancing its physicochemical properties. SPPs with 5%, 10%, and 15% solid contents (SC) were fortified with 20% sucrose and 0.5% yeast extract. The unfermented SPP with 15% SC indicated L, a, and b color values of 25.02, 4.66, and 13.35, respectively, and a consistency index of 48.6 Pa·sn. During the 3 days of fermentation, both the a and b color values decreased slightly, whereas the consistency index increased to 188.8 Pa·sn, giving the fermented product a pudding-like consistency. This fermented SPP (15% SC) showed the highest acid production and viable cell counts among samples, indicating pH 3.85, 1.30% acidity and 9.2×108 CFU/mL respectively. The added sucrose was completely utilized after 1 day of fermentation. After 3 days, the insoluble and soluble dextran contents were 8.9% and 4.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the contents of mannitol and fructose were 3.11% and 1.76%, respectively. Regarding the sensory evaluation, this fermented sample also indicated the highest color, taste and texture scores, and was the overall preferred sample. In conclusion, the fermented SPP with 15% SC was carotinoid-rich a wholesome pumpkin-based product that is rich in probiotics and lactic bacteria-produced mannitol and dextran, which gave the product an acceptable viscous pudding-like consistency and good organoleptic properties.
Effect of tannin content in sorghum on digestive enzymes
Authors: Bae Jeong-Suk , Ko Hee-Sun , Choi Hong-Jib , Lee Ji-Yun , Kim Se-Jong
Published: March 2020

We evaluated the distribution pattern of tannin in 164 sorghum breeding lines and the inhibition rates of amylase, protease, and lipase in sorghum lines with different tannin concentrations. Tannin was existed in the testa of sorghum grain. The tannin content in whole grain of Nampungchal sorghum was 11.54 mg/g, and that in grain (milling rate 73%) and bran fractions was 4.57 mg/g and 28.71 mg/g, respectively. The inhibition rate of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase in sorghum lines with tannin was higher than that in sorghum lines without tannin. The inhibition rate of α-glucosidase was greater than 97% in sorghum lines with tannin. The inhibition rate of protease ranged from 20% to 70% in the sorghum lines, showing no discernable trends in tannin content. Lipase inhibition was either very low or not observed and did not seem to correlate with tannin concentration.
저온저장으로 인해 손상된 살모넬라를 배양하기 위한 최적의 배지 선정에 관한 연구
Authors: Park Mi-Kyung
Published: March 2020

This purpose of this study was to determine the best enrichment medium for rejuvenating and recovering Salmonella placed in cold temperature prior to the employment of the gold biosensor combined with a light microscopic imaging system. A mixture of nalidixic-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis were inoculated onto chicken (1,000 CFU/chicken). After cold injury at 4℃ for 24 hr, Salmonella on chicken was enriched for 6 hr with six non-selective media including buffered peptone water broth, lactose broth, brain heart infusion broth (BHI), universal pre-enrichment broth, nutrient broth, and tryptic soy broth, and five selective media including brilliant green broth (BG), rappaport-vassiliadis R10 broth, selenite cystine broth, selenite broth, and tetrathionate brilliant green broth (TBG) for the comparison of Salmonella growth. Various concentrations of Salmonella (10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 CFU/chicken) were then enriched for 6 hr in both BHI and BG media to select the best media. BHI was selected as the most effective non-selective enrichment medium, while BG was selected as the most effective selective enrichment medium. Finally, BHI medium was selected as the most efficient enrichment medium for Salmonella growth injured from cold temperature during processing or storage.
Quality characteristics of Doenjang depending on various salt concentration during long-term fermentation period
Authors: Choi Bo-Young , Gil Na-Young , Park Shin-Young , Kim So-Young
Published: March 2020

This study presented the change of quality characteristics of Doenjang with various salt concentrations (4, 8, 15, and 20%) during 12 months. The pHs of Doenjang during fermentation were gradually increased for 12 months, whereas the pHs of Doenjang with 4 and 8% salt increased rapidly. Titratable acidity of Doenjang with 4 and 8% salt was high at initial time, while Doenjang with 15 and 20% salt was high at the 9 and 12 months. The amino-type nitrogen content of Doenjang with 4 and 8% salt was increased and α-amylase activity of all Doenjang was decreased during whole fermentation period. The protease activity of Doenjang with 4 and 8% salt was higher than Doenjang with 15 and 20% salt until 7 months. Total aerobic bacteria number 8.0~9.1 log CFU/g for 12 months, which was steady during fermentation period. Doenjang with 8% salt showed the highest score in umami taste whereas the lowest score in bitterness, astringency, and sourness tastes between 5 and 12 months. In conclusion, Doenjang with 8% salt was a suitable concentration for low-salt fermented foods.
Quality differences of retorted Samgyetangs as affected by F0-value levels
Authors: Lee Jin Ho , Song Gi Chang , Lee Keun Taik
Published: March 2020

This study was conducted to determine the F0-values of a retort machine at different locations and to evaluate the effects of these F0-values on various quality characteristics of retorted Samgyetang samples. Samples were divided into three groups based on F0-values-T1, 10~20; T2, 20~30; T3, >30. Mineral content in Samgyetang broth and breast meat mostly increased with increasing F0-values. In general, the free amino acid values, hardness, and springiness, except for bone springiness, of Samgyetang decreased significantly at higher F0-values. Protein content of meat and broth of the treated samples were significantly lower than that of the control. An increase in the digestion rate of meat and porridge, as well as the turbidity of the broth was observed in most of the treated samples with increasing F0-values. With increasing F0-values, the L* and b* values of meat and the b* values of broth tended to increase, while the a* value of broth increased significantly. Electronic nose analysis revealed different flavor patterns for samples treated at different F0-values. For sensory traits, samples treated with higher F0-values tended to receive lower evaluations. Particularly, the color and texture of T3 samples were lower than those of T1 and T2 samples. In conclusion, to improve the quality of Samgyetang, the efficiency and optimization of retort machines as well as the standardization of sterilization techniques are needed.
The chemical constituents, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activities of Solanum nigrum Linne by different harvest time
Authors: Choi Seongkyu , Seo Kyoung-Sun , Kim Yong-Doo , Yun Kyeong-Won , Choi Bong-suk , Jin Seong-Woo , Kang Kyeong-Yun , Cho In-Kyung , Kim Kyung-Je
Published: March 2020

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, amino acids, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum nigrum Linne based on harvest time. Major amino acids identified by HPLC analysis were proline, histidine, and serine. The highest content of total amino acids were found in S. nigrum aerial parts and roots harvested on July 10th and August 10th. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum, and the free sugar content varied significantly with harvest time. The fructose content of S. nigrum decreased with as harvest time increased. The total polyphenol content of S. nigrum was highest in those harvested on August 30th. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from S. nigrum collected at different harvest times were measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were assayed via nitric oxide suppression in C6 glioma cells with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the extract from S. nigrum collected on August 30th. Good correlations were observed between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ethanol extract of S. nigrum roots harvested on August 30th.
Antioxidant activity and suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator of Corni fructus extracts in activated RAW 264.7 macrophage
Authors: Kim Ye Jin , Son Dae-Yeul
Published: March 2020

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Corni fructus extracts (CEF, EtOAc extraction; CBF, buthanol extraction; CWF, water extraction) were investigated. The total phenolics of CEF (173.3 mg TAE/g) were significantly higher than those of CWF (26.7 mg TAE/g) and CBF (94.8 mg TAE/g). DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity of CEF (DPPH: RH50; 25.1 μg/mL, ABTS: RC50; 36.1 μg/mL) showed even higher than that of BHA and α-tocopherol used as positive control. All three Corni fructus extracts in the concentration of 1~100 μg/mL were effective inhibitors of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). NO production was inhibited 71.3~92.2% by CEF, 76.8~85.5% by CBF and 74.4~96.9% by CWF, respectively. CEF, CBF and CWF (1~100 μg/mL) inhibited also pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 very effectively. TNF-α was inhibited up to 51.2% by CWF and IL-1β was inhibited up to 67.1% by CEF. IL-6 was best inhibited by CEF up to 58.9%. This study suggested the potential of Corni fructus for use as an excellent antioxidant substance and inflammatory inhibiting mediators. Therefore CEF, CBF and CWF Corni fructus extracts may be used for therapeutic approach to various inflammatory diseases.
An in vitro study of immune activity by β-1,3/1,6-glucan isolated from Aureobasidium pullulans
Authors: Yoon Jong Young , Hwang Kwontack
Published: March 2020

β-Glucan is a natural compound contained in cell walls of yeast or fungi, and cereal’s fiber. It is also known to boost the immune system in human. Aureobasidium is a producer of water-soluble β-1,3/1,6-glucan. In this study, natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage activity were tested to investigate the effects of β-1,3/1,6-glucan isolated from A. pullulans on immune activity. Activation of NK cell was increased about 63-39% by the treatment of 10-200 μg/mL β-1,3/1,6-glucan than control. Besides, only 10 μg/mL of β-1,3/1,6-glucan was enough to boost activation of NK cell. Phagocytosis of macrophage was increased to 15~21% by the treatment of 10~200 μg/mL of β-1,3/1,6-glucan than zymosan-treatment. In LP-BM5 proliferating inhibition test, relative mRNA level of LP-BM5 virus was decreased in β-1,3/1,6-glucan-treated cell about 36~74% than control. The decline of LP-BM5 mRNA level appeared to depend on the concentration of β-1,3/1,6-glucan. These results suggest that pure β-1,3/1,6-glucan from A. pullulans might be contributing to enhancement of immune activity through the activation of NK cell and phagocytosis of macrophage. Moreover, treatment of the β-1,3/1,6-glucan could increase the resistance to virus infection such as LP-BM5 through the restraining of the multiplication.
Quality characteristics of sourdough bread added with lactic acid bacteria culture solution and cinnamon extract
Authors: Huh Chang Ki , Shim Ki Hoon
Published: March 2020

This study investigated quality characteristics of sourdough bread added with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria culture solution (LCBC) and cinnamon extract (Control: water 700 mL, sample A: water 670 mL+LCBC 30 mL, sample B: water 670 mL+LCBC 22.5 mL+Cinnamon extract 7.5 mL, sample C: water 670 mL+LCBC 15 mL+Cinnamon extract 15 mL, sample D: water 670 mL+LCBC 7.5 mL+Cinnamon extract 22.5 mL and sample E: water 670 mL+Cinnamon extract 30 mL). The weight of dough was not significant between samples, and the weight of bread was highest in samples D. The volume and specific volume were the highest in sample C but the baking loss rate was highest in the control (p<0.05). The L value, springiness and cohesiveness were decreased as addition of cinnamon extract increased. However, a value, b value, hardness, gumminess and chewiness were reversed. The sourdough bread produced by adding lactic acid bacteria culture solution improved the volume and texture. It was thought that it is helpful to add lactic acid bacteria culture solution and cinnamon extract for manufacturing a loaf of bread.
Protective effect of Litsea japonica fruit flesh extract on indomethacin-induced gastritis in rats
Authors: Park Sung-Hwan , Park In-Jae , Yun Ji-Hyun , Choi Goo-Hee , Kim Hyun-Jung , Seo Yun-Hee , Cho Ju-Hyun
Published: March 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Litsea japonica fruit flesh extract (LJF-HE) on gastritis in an indomethacin-induced SD rat model. Rats were randomly divided into six groups: G1 (normal group), G2 (control group, indomethacin-induced gastritis), G3 (positive group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and ranitidine 50 mg/kg), G4 (LJF-HE-L group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 30 mg/kg), G5 (LJF-HE-M group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 60 mg/kg), G6 (LJF-HE-H group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 120 mg/kg). In the group treated with LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6), gastric mucosal damage, gastric juice secretion and pepsin activity were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Additionally, there were decreases in the expression of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK-2r), histamine receptor H2 (H2r) and H+/K+ ATPase in the gastric lesions. The plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-1β significantly decreased in LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6) treated groups compared with control. The plasma level of PGE2 was also significantly increased by LJF-HE (G5 and G6). These results suggest that LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6) has the ability to inhibit on indomethacin-induced gastritis.
Characteristics of wild yeast isolated from non-sterilized Makgeolli in Korea
Authors: Jung Su Ji , Yeo Soo-Hwan , Mun Ji-Young , Choi Han-Seok , Baek Seong Yeol
Published: March 2020

Wild yeasts were isolated from domestic non-sterilized Makgeolli and their fermentation characteristics were analyzed to select the best fermentation seed culture. A total of 65 yeast strains isolated yeasts from non-sterilized Makgeolli and Nuruk. In order to select fermentable strains, hydrogen sulfide, CO2 production ability, alcohol tolerance and aroma component production ability were analyzed. To screen the aromatic strains of isolates, media containing cerulenin, 5,5,5-trifluor-DL-leucine (TFL) and API ZYM kit were used. There were 36 strains resistance to cerulenin and all strains produced esterase and demonstrated tolerance against TFL. Hydrogen sulfide, which could degrade the quality of the fermented beverage, was not produced in 34 yeast. The correlation between alcohol tolerance of yeast and carbon dioxide production was analyzed by principal component analysis. YM22, YM31, YM32 and YM37 produced a total of 0.14-0.18 g/72 h of CO2 indicating high fermentability. Alcohol tolerance was measured by alcohol concentration. YM32, YM37 yeast had 20% alcohol tolerance. As a result, alcohol and flavor characteristics of wild yeast isolated from non-sterilized Makgeolli were analyzed and it was confirmed that yeast was suitable for the production of alcohol.
미생물학적 모니터링 분석방법 개발을 위한 생물학적 수용체로서 살모넬라에 특이적인 다중클론 항체의 생산 및 특성 검토
Authors: Park Mi-Kyung
Published: March 2020

For the construction of the microbial monitoring method, anti-Salmonella polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were produced from a rabbit and purified by saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation and protein A affinity column. The reactivity of anti-Salmonella pAbs was compared to that of commercial ones by using an indirect ELISA. The specificity of anti-Salmonella pAbs was investigated using 20 Salmonella serotypes and 20 non-Salmonella strains. A capturing ability of anti-Salmonella pAbs was investigated by exposing antibody-immobilized gold biosensor to different concentration of Salmonella mixture. Anti-Salmonella pAbs were successfully produced and purified with an antibody concentration of 2.0 mg/mL The reactivity of purified anti-Salmonella pAbs was greater than that of commercial one at all tested concentrations. All Salmonella serotypes, except S. Diarizonae, showed excellent binding efficiency with purified anti-Salmonella pAbs. Moreover, the purified anti-Salmonella pAbs showed excellent specificity against all non-Salmonella strains. The anti-Salmonella pAbs immobilized on the gold biosensor demonstrated the successful capturing capability against Salmonella with a dose-response manner. Therefore, the anti-Salmonella pAbs exhibited sufficient reactivity, specificity, as well as capturing capability against Salmonella to be considered as a bio-recognition element.