bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UPAYA MENGHADAPI PERUBAHAN LINGKUNGAN STRATEGIS DENGAN MEMBANGUN KARAKTER PONDOK PESANTREN
Authors: - Zulfikar
Published: July 2021

Suksesnya suatu organisasi pondok pesantren beroperasi pada kondisi persaingan yang ketat dan kompleks sangat ditentukan oleh berbagai faktor. Fenomena perubahan bisnis global menuntut manajemen pondok pesantren harus lebih kristis. Hanya pondok pesantren  yang memiliki keunggulan kompetitif yang bisa bertahan dan berkembang.Untuk mengidentifikasi sumber daya dan  potensi keunggulan kompetitif, suatu organisasi membutuhkan konsep community development analysis (CDA) sebagai alat analisis. Dengan konsep ini, pondok pesantren membutuhkan pengembangan aktifitas kepedulian terhadap lingkungan dan kemitraan mulai dari awal sampai akhir.  Tulisan ini mengkaji bagaimana manajemen pondok pesantren  mengelola aktifitas yang strategis menggunakan analisis community development dan bagaimana konsep ini bisa dikembangkan dalam membangun kemitraan sebagai uapaya membangun karakter pendidikan islam pada pondok pesantren ber- competitive advantage. Kata kunci : Competitive Advantage, Community Development Analysis (CDA), Networking.
MEMBANGUN PARADIGMA ILMIAH PADA SISTEM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Arifin Muhyiddin Zainul
Published: July 2021

Peran pendidikan Islam mestinya bukan hanya “dipahami dalam konteks mikro, kepentingan anak didik yang dilayani melalui proses interaksi pendidikan, melainkan juga dalam konteks makro, yaitu kepentingan masyarakat yang dalam hal ini termasuk masyarakat bangsa, negara dan bahkan juga kemanusiaan pada umumnya, sehingga pendidikan Islam integratif antara proses belajar di sekolah dengan belajar di masyarakat.Sistem pendidikan pondok pesantren perlu juga system yang menganut paradigm ilmiah, dalam arti membentuk pandangan bagi santri sebagai peserta mampu mengembangkan ilmu yang diperolehnya ke dalam kehidupan masyarakat, baik dalam bentuk tindakan nyata maupun dalam bentuk sumbangan pikiran.  Sumbangan pikiran yang dimaksud berupa karya-karya tulis yang mengandung gagasan dan  ide yang sangat berharga untuk pengembangan ilmu-ilmu islam khususnya. Dengan demikian perlu menanamkan pola pikir santri yang tidak hanya belajar tapi santri juga mampu menghasilkan karya-karya besar dalam bentuk tulisan-tulisan ilmiah yang bisa dibaca dan menjadi referensi penting bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan islamKata kunci: Sistem pendidikan islam, paradigm ilmiah, pondok pesantren
PENGARUH STRATEGI EVALUASI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA DI MTSN TAMBAKBERAS JOMBANG.
Authors: Ajizah Siti
Published: July 2021

Untuk meningkatkan mutu evaluasi pembelajaran PAI sangat diperlukan suatu penilaian yang selama ini diperlukan, yaitu penilaian kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik.  Bagi siswa evaluasi pembelajaran PAI merupakan motivasi untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar, sehingga guru PAI hendaknya harus peka dan selalu memotivasi siswa meningkatkan prestasi belajar dengan cara melaksanakan strategi evaluasi pembelajaran.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif untuk mengetahui hubungan antara evaluasi pembelajaran PAI dengan prestasi belajar siswa MTsN Tambakberas Jombang.  Populasi penelitian dengan menggunakan 20 responden dari jumlah guru yang mengajar PAI di kelas VII. Metode pengumpulan data dengan angket tertutup dokumentasi dan observasi. Hasil analisis data dengan menggunakan korelasi Product Moment diperoleh bahawa nilai hasil r hitung lebih besar dari pada r table ( 0,757 > 0,423) pada taraf signifikan 95%, hal ini berarti terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara strategi evaluasi pembelajaran PAi dengan prestasi belajar siswa di MTsN Tambakberas Jombang.Kata kunci : Strategi, Evaluasi Pembelajaran, Prestasi Siswa dan Korelasi Product Moment.
Riwayat Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Hormonal Pada Penderita Kanker Payudara
Authors: Sulaeman Ridawati , Irwansyah Irwansyah , Sukmawati Sukmawati , Masadah Masadah
Published: July 2021

Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu pembunuh utama wanita. Hormon estrogen dapat meningkatkan proses proliferasi dan pertumbuhan sel–sel spesifik pada tubuh serta bertanggung jawab terhadap sebagian besar sifat seksual sekunder wanita. Pada payudara estrogen dapat menyebabkan pengendapan lemak dalam kelenjar payudara. Survei World Health Organization (WHO) menyatakan 8–9% wanita mengalami kanker payudara. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat memiliki prevalensi untuk penyakit kanker, yaitu sebesar 0,6%. Data rekam medik Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat tahun 2018 ditemukan 897 jiwa penderita kanker payudara yang sedang rawat jalan. Tujuan penelitian  adalah untuk mengetahui  gambaran riwayat penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal pada penderita kanker payudara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif retrospektif. Populasi penelitian adalah semua pasien kanker payudara yang sedang rawat jalan di RSUD Provinsi NTB pada tahun 2018, yaitu sebanyak 897 jiwa. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan teknik accidental sampling sebanyak 47 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar responden berusia ≥50 tahun yaitu sebanyak,= 25 orang (53 %). Sebagian besar tidak memiliki riwayat keluarga menderita kanker payudara yaitu sebanyak 36 orang (77 %). Riwayat penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal didapatkan dari hampir semua responden yaitu sebanyak 40 orang (85 %). Riwayat penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal yang didapatkan pada sebagian besar responden dapat mempengaruhi keseimbangan hormone estrogen dan progesterone yang merupakan faktor risiko penyebab terjadinya kanker payudara. Ibu yang menggunakan kontrasepsi hormonal (pil, suntik dan implant) perlu memperhatikan jangka waktu penggunaannya dan perlu melakukan pemeriksaan payudara sendiri sebagai upaya deteksi dini dan pencegahan
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN SIKAP POSITIF BELAJAR DAN KREATIVITAS ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM SOLVING DI RA AL ISRO BOGOR
Authors: Khuzaimah Khuzaimah , Arief Zainal Abidin , Wibowo Sigit
Published: July 2021

Peneliti mengobservasi perilaku anak selama kegiatan dengan menggunakan instrumen berupa lembar observasi, wawancara dan catatan lapangan. Data hasil observasi wawancara dan catatan lapangan diolah dengan cara kuantitatif yaitu menghitung proses aktivitas pembelajaran anak dengan  pembelajaran Problem Solving dan indikator pada kegiatan pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan, serta kualitatif untuk melengkapi data. Penelitian ini memberikan hasil bahwa pembelajaran Problem Solving mampu meningkatkan sikap positif belajar dan kreativitas anak usia dini. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari hasil aktivitas anak selama proses pembelajaran dengan pembelajaran Problem Solving  yaitu siklus 1 rata-rata prosentase kreativitas anak 36%, pada siklus 2 mengalami peningkatan menjadi 70% dan pada siklus 3 mengalami peningkatan sebesar 93%. Penerapan model pembelajaran Problem Solving juga  mampu meningkatkan sikap positif belajar pada anak usia dini, hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari hasil nilai rata-rata yang diperoleh pada setiap siklusnya Pada siklus 1 rata-rata prosentasenya nya yaitu 56%. Pada siklus 2  rata-rata prosentasenya yaitu 69% dan pada siklus 3  rata rata prosentase nya yaitu 93%. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran Problem Solving dapat meningkatkan sikap positif belajar dan kreativitas pada anak usia dini.
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR (SELF REGULATED LEARNING) SISWA TAMAN KANAK-KANAK ISLAM TERPADU MELALUI METODE INKUIRI
Authors: Alkomah Siti , Arief Zainal Abidin , Kurniati Kurniati
Published: July 2021

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah untuk mengetahui metode inkuiri dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemandirian belajar, siswa, serta bagaimana proses peningkatannya. Masalah  dalam  penelitian  inii  dirumuskan sebagai berikut: Apakah metode inkuiri dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa, Apakah metode inkuiri dapat meningkatkan kemandirian belajar siswa, dan Bagaimana proses peningkatannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kaji tindak berbentuk penelitian tindakan kelas. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah guru dan siswa kelompok A4 SDIT Ummul Quro Bogor Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknis reduksi data, penyajian data, verifikasi data, dan menarik kesimpulan. Data diambil melalui teknik wawancara untuk studii pendahuluan, observasi, dan studi document`asi.Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode inkuiri dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa; berdasarkan data nilai terendah pada pra-siklus yaitu 19, siklus I : 44, siklus II : 56, dan siklus III : 69, nilai tertinggi pada pra-siklus : 25, siklus I : 88, siklus II : 94, dan siklus III : 94, dengan nilai rata-rata pada pra-siklus : 21, siklus I : 62, siklus II : 75, dan siklus III : 83. Siswa yang mencapai kriteria Berkembang Sangat Baik (BSB), pada pra-siklus : 0%, siklus I : 3 orang (33%), siklus II : 5 orang (56%), dan siklus III : 7 orang (78%) jadi mengalami kenaikan sebesar 78%. Metode inkuiri dapat meningkatkan kemandirian belajar siswa; berdasarkan data nilai terendah pada pra-siklus : 25, siklus I : 40, siklus II : 55, dan siklus III : 75, nilai tertinggi pada pra-siklus : 55, siklus I : 85, siklus II : 95, dan siklus III : 95, denga nilai rata-rata pada pra-siklus : 36, siklus I : 58, siklus II : 76, dan siklus III : 88. Siswa yang mencapai kriteria Amat Baik (AB), pada pra-siklus : 0%, siklus I : 2 orang (22%), siklus II : 5 orang (56%), dan siklus III : 8 orang (89%), jadi mengalami kenaikan sebesar 89%. Proses peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kemandirian belajar dilaksanakan melalui bermain dengan mekanisme pembelajaran metode inkuiri yang telah tertuang dalam RPPH mulai dari tahap pijakan pengalaman awal sebagai kegiatan pendahuluan, pijakan selama anak main sebagai kegiatan inti, dan pijakan setelah main, sebagai kegiatn penutup
Hospital Sketches
Authors: Alcott Louisa May
Published: July 2021

In November 1862, Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888) signed up as a volunteer nurse for the Sanitary Commission charged with caring for the Civil War’s mounting casualties. From 13 December 1862 until 21 January 1863, Miss Alcott served at the Union Hotel Hospital in Georgetown in the District of Columbia, where she ultimately contracted typhoid and pneumonia and very nearly died. This book is her account of her journey south from Concord and her six weeks in the nation’s wartime capital. Styling herself by the fanciful name “Tribulation Periwinkle,” she brought humor as well as pathos to her subject, making this first-hand account of the absolute horrors of a 19th-century war hospital seem less shocking and more appreciative of the sacrifices being made by the wounded warriors and their families.
HAK GUGAT PEMERINTAH KOTA LANGSA : UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN HUTAN MANGROVE DALAM RANGKA MENEGAKKAN PRINSIP KEADILAN INTRA DAN ANTAR GENERASI
Authors: Nurnaningsih Amriani
Published: July 2021

Kota Langsa memiliki kawasan hutan mangrove yang terdiri dari sekira 32 species mangrove atau bakau dimana aneka ragam pohon mangrove di kota langsa tersebut termasuk salah satu yang terlengkap didunia dan memiliki luas sekira 8 ribu hektar. Mangrove adalah sebagai tempat berlindung dan berkembang biak berbagai jenis burung, monyet, mamalia, ikan, kepiting, moluska, reptil, dan serangga juga menyediakan hasil hutan serta dapat menjadi obyek wisata alam.

Pemerintah Kota Langsa telah berusaha untuk melestarikan keberadaan hutan mangrove dengan melakukan penanaman kembali, rehabilitasi, menerbitkan qanun gampong berkaitan dengan perlindungan mangrove dan melibatkan masyarakat setempat sebagai garis depan untuk melindungi, mengolah dan melestarikannya. Meski demikian, tak dapat dipungkiri bahwa masih ada oknum-oknum yang berusaha untuk mengambil keuntungan dengan merusak keberadaan mangrove untuk mencari keuntungan pribadi. Oleh karenanya dalam artikel ini akan dibahas mengenai hak gugat pemerintah khususnya Pemerintah Kota Langsa dalam menanggulangi tindakan pengrusakan hutan mangrove diwilayahnya untuk menegakkan prinsip keadilan intragenerasin   dan prinsip keadilan antar generasi.
PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT NELAYAN DI WILAYAH PESISIR KELURAHAN KOLO KECAMATAN ASAKOTA KOTA BIMA PROVINSI NTB
Authors: Arisman Arisman , Ihsan Ihsan , Saleh Kasmawati
Published: July 2021

The Study on Empowerment of Fishermen Communities in the Coastal Area of Kolo Village, Asakota District, Bima City, NTB Province. Supervised by Ihsan as the first mentor and Kasmawati as the second mentor.This study aims to determine: 1) the economic, social and cultural conditions of the fishing community in the coastal area of the Kolo Village 2) the factors that influence the empowerment of the fishing community in the coastal area of the Kolo Village 3) the strategy for empowering the fishing community in the coastal area of the Kolo Village The data collection method used in this research is by using primary data and secondary data. The process of obtaining primary data is carried out through interview techniques and direct observation in the field, then secondary data is obtained through the relevant agencies, in this case the Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the Department of Tourism. conducting data analysis is determining the stages of activity against the data that is being and has been collected with the aim of drawing conclusions. the economic condition of the community still needs to be improved specifically to increase the income and standard of living of the fishing community. while the socio-cultural aspects of society are open. The factor that influence the empowerment of fishing communities in the coastal area of Kolo Village are fishing business. The results of the matrix analysis of the relationship between SWOT elements for community empowerment strategies show 2 (two) priority alternative strategies, namely 1) technology development and fisheries scale businesses 2) increasing fishing productivity using environmentally friendly fishing gear
ANALISIS MULTIPLAYER EFFECT KEBERADAAN PELABUHAN PERIKANAN TERHADAP EKONOMI USAHA KULINER DI PANGKALAN PENDARATAN IKAN BEBA, KEC. GALESONG UTARA, KAB. TAKALAR
Authors: Ramli Muh , Danial Danial , Ihsan Ihsan
Published: July 2021

This study aims to identify the types of economic activity, characteristics and perceptions of visitors, business actors, labor towards culinary businesses and to determine the multiplier effect and sustainable development strategies for culinary businesses on the economic growth of local communities. This research was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021 at the Beba Fish Landing Base, Galesong Utara, Takalar Regency. This research uses simple random sapling technique. The data of this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and field observations then analyzed descriptively and multiple impact analysis (Multiplier Effect) then analyzed using a SWOT analyst. Based on the research results, there are two types of economic activities in PPI Beba, namely, fishery activities and supporting activities (culinary business) of food made from fish as the main ingredient. In general, visitors who come to PPI Beba are aged between 45 years and over with the majority of jobs being civil servants with 51% of the total visitors as a whole the rest are entrepreneurs. While the majority of business actors are women in the age range of 40 - 50 years and over. Meanwhile, 81.8% of the culinary business workforce are women with the highest level of education in Elementary Schools. In general, the three recipes gave an assessment of the PPI Beba condition which was far from good. is the main business. The characteristics of the workforce are 74.3% female and 25.7% male, with the status of 65.7% being married and ages ranging from 28 - 45 years. And in general, visitors have a perception or give a moderate to good assessment of the accessibility to PPI Beba. Culinary efforts at PPI Beba have a real economic impact on the local community. The economic impacts arising from these activities are direct impacts, indirect impacts, and induce impacts as measured by the multiplier effect value, where the results of this study obtained a multiplier effect value of 2.15 for the Keynesian Income Multiplier; 1.10 for the income multiplier type I ratio, and 1.14 for the income multiplier type II ratio. This shows that the culinary business at PPI Beba can be developed into culinary tourism to see the opportunities that exist.
石油工程项目风险管理问题探析
Authors: 顾 伟 , 袁 鸣 , 王 沛勇
Published: July 2021

近些年来，我国经济发展的速度稳步提升，石油就是其中一个非常关键的战略资源，它也是我国的经济中一个必不可少的一部分。而与其他工程项目对比来说，石油项目有其独特的特点。在这种竞争激烈的市场环境中，石油相关公司在进行石油工程时，会有内部、外部各种类型的风险。要增强相关工程的风险管理力度，并针对相关问题商量得出解决方案，同时建立和完善与石油相关的风险管理体系，提高相关的管理水平，帮助石油公司企业的得到长期健康的进步和发展。
PKOP炼厂RFCC主风机安装技术
Authors: 王 栋
Published: July 2021

哈萨克斯坦PKOP奇姆肯特炼油厂，是中哈“一带一路”重点工程。PK炼厂新建200万t/a重油催化装置为改造装置中最大、最核心的装置，该装置中核心设备主风机工程中施工难度之最，通过精心论证、筹划和组织实施，严格按既定工序施工，保证施工过程控制以及施工质量，保证了主风机一次投产成功。文中详细阐述了主风机安装程序、本体安装、单机试运、联动试车全过程以及安装要点等做了具体介绍，本次主风机安装完成后，一次投产成功。经实践证明，此改造技术切实可行，可推广到以后类似的工程中。
航空发动机电磁兼容试验台电气系统设计
Authors: 刘 丹宁 , 吴 海浩 , 王 城麟
Published: July 2021

电磁兼容是电气系统设计中的一个复杂问题.本篇文章分析了某电磁兼容试验台的电磁环境及引起电磁干扰的原因,根据其电气系统的建设需求,从设备选型、电缆布线、接地等多方面入手,提高系统的电磁兼容性能。
土建工程施工中节能施工技术的应用策略
Authors: 郑 淑玲
Published: July 2021

建筑行业不断的发展促使我国经济发展和能源发展之间的矛盾在不断的加深。随着我国可持续发展战略的深入开展，全方位促进节能施工工艺的落实，提升土建工程的发展是非常重要的，并且还可以提升土建工程的品质以及经济效益。
物联网技术在建筑工程安全管理中的应用探讨
Authors: 孙 永凯
Published: July 2021

近年来，我国建筑工程行业的发展取得了良好的成绩，但是在实际进行建筑工程施工建造工作的过程中，因为会受到诸多外界不良因素的影响，所以极易发生危险事故。建筑工程行业不但与社会稳定发展存在密切的关联，并且其也会对民众的生活质量造成巨大的影响，所以为了切实的保证建筑工程项目能够满足社会发展和民众生活的需要，我们还需要从多个方面来对建筑工程安全管理工作的效率和效果加以提升。物联网技术是当前最为先进的一种科学技术，将物联网技术在建筑工程安全管理工作中加以实践运用，对于提升建筑工程的施工质量和施工安全都是非常有帮助的。
影响路桥交通工程施工管理的主要因素及其策略分析
Authors: 张 兆莉
Published: July 2021

公路桥梁交通工程项目的施工建设，对城市的发展和繁荣有着十分关键的作用。所以在这些工程项目的建设施工过程中，相关施工建设人员和项目管理人员必须充分的注意各种影响的因素。比如，工程项目的施工过程中的内部因素和外部环境因素等等，都会直接影响到工程项目的建设施工的安全、质量和效率，如果不加重视那么就可能会造成施工期间的各类问题的频繁发生。为了有效的避免和改变工程项目建设中出现问题，在工程项目的建设施工过程中，项目的建设施工单位必须有效的保障工程项目的建设施工过程，完全的满足和符合有关规范的标准和要求，并综合分析可能会造成公路桥梁交通工程施工问题的原因及相关的影响因素，同时结合工程项目施工建设的实际，制定更加科学、合理的管理控制的手段和措施，在很大程度上保证了公路桥梁交通工程建设施工问题的有效的处理和解决，同时也提高了公路桥梁交通工程项目的建设施工的效益、安全和施工建设的质量。
对建设工程项目管理模式的探讨
Authors: 李 敬峰
Published: July 2021

对于工程建设项目来讲，项目管理对于工程建设起到得作用非常关键，落实项目管制可以帮助企业更好提高建筑工程质量，帮助企业提升市场竞争实力。对于工程建设项目管制工作，必须要坚持预防原则、安全原则、系统原则，保证工程建设项目管制能够持续进步。基于此，文章就工程建设项目管理模式及发展问题展开论述，希望可以促进项目管理工作水平的提升，帮助企业能够拥有更多经济利益。
电气自动化技术在电气工程中的应用
Authors: 罗 秧
Published: July 2021

伴随着我国科学技术在不断发展，各种各样新型的创新技术水平都有了突破，自动化发展技术也不例外。在人类质量水平不断增长的现代中自动化技术也得到了广泛的关注和全面的提升。由于电气自动化设备涉及的方面比较广，行业比较多，所包含的内容比较多，所以在电气工程使用的过程中，自动化发展技术也应用的越来越游刃而余。这篇文章主要深入的探究了自动化发展技术在发展应用过程中的特点和优点，也研究了在监控设备和电网调度，变电站这些行业中发挥的巨大价值，同时，操作技术管理人员也将新型的发展技术加入到电气自动化技术发展中。
岩土工程勘察对基坑支护施工的影响及对策研究
Authors: 夏 磊
Published: July 2021

随着建筑工程项目的不断增多，人们对于工程建设的质量和安全备受关注。在建筑工程施工开始之前，要进行科学的岩土工程勘察，这是一项非常基础性的工作。对于勘察人员的专业度要求非常高。技术人员需要对岩土工程的具体情况开展预测，分析对基坑支护是否会产生影响，做好充分的前期勘察工作，对后期施工奠定基础。文章围绕岩土工程勘察工作，分析对基坑支护可能造成的影响，并着重分析勘察工作的具体措施，仅供参考。
Shallow Gas Prospect Evaluation in Shahbazpur Structure Using Seismic Attributes Analysis - a Case Study for Bhola Island, Southern Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Morshedur , Kabir SM Mainul , Lupin Janifar Hakim
Published: July 2021

Shahbazpur structure is located in the southern Part of the central deep basin in the Hatia trough, where lie all the largest Gas fields of Bangladesh. A method is established to delineate the structural mapping precisely by interpreting four 2D seismic lines that are acquired over Shahbazpur structure. Moreover direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHI) related attributes are analyzed for further confirmation for presence of hydrocarbon. To do this synthetic seismogram generation, seismic to well tie, velocity modelling and depth conversion are performed. A limited number of seismic attributes functions that are available in an academic version of Petrel software are applied to analyze attributes. Seismic attribute analyses that are used in this interpretation mainly are associated to bright spot detection. Presence of bright spots or high amplitude anomaly over the present Shahbazpur structure, reservoir zone are observed. This signature will play a very important role in next well planning on the same structure to test the shallow accumulation of hydrocarbon. For better understanding of this shallow reserve, it is suggested to acquire 3D seismic data over Shahbazpur structure which will help to evaluate the hydrocarbon accumulation and to identify gas migration pathways.

Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 64(2): 135-140, 2016 (July)
Minimizing Average of Loss Functions Using Gradient Descent and Stochastic Gradient Descent
Authors: Arefin Md Rajib , Asadujjaman M
Published: July 2021

This paper deals with minimizing average of loss functions using Gradient Descent (GD) and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). We present these two algorithms for minimizing average of a large number of smooth convex functions. We provide some discussions on their complexity analysis, also illustrate the algorithms geometrically. At the end, we compare their performance through numerical experiments.

Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 64(2): 141-145, 2016 (July)
Analyzing Child Malnutrition in Bangladesh: Generalized Linear Mixed Model Approach
Authors: Islam Tahmidul , Rabbani Md Golam , Bari Wasimul
Published: July 2021

Child malnutrition is a serious issue for overall child health and future development. Stunting is a key anthropometric indicator of child malnutrition. Because of the nature of sampling design used in Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2011, responses obtained from children under same family might be correlated. Again, children residing in same cluster may also be correlated. To tackle this problem, generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), instead of usual fixed effect logistic regression model, has been utilized in this paper to find out potential factors affecting child malnutrition. Model performances have also been compared.

Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 64(2): 163-167, 2016 (July)
Time Series Analysis of Temperature and Rainfall Data of Dhaka Division
Authors: Khatun Khadija , Samad MA , Rashid Md Bazlur
Published: July 2021

In this paper, thirty five years’ (1981-2015) temperature and rainfall data have been studied to detect the recent trends in temperature and rainfall over Dhaka division of Bangladesh. Data of climatic factors such as annual average maximum temperature (MAXT), minimum temperature (MINT), mean temperature (MEANT), monsoon total rainfall (MTR) and annual total rainfall (ATR) have been analyzed. Sen’s non-parametric estimator of slope has been frequently used to estimate the magnitude of trend, whose statistical significance is assessed by the Mann–Kendall test. For this purpose, data from four meteorological stations (Dhaka, Mymensingh, Tangail and Faridpur) have been used. It is observed that annual average maximum, minimum and mean temperature of the study area are increasing at the rates 0.0170C/year, 0.0090C/year and 0.0130C/year respectively and the upward trend is statistically stable with 10% level of significance. On the other hand, monsoon total rainfall and annual total rainfall are decreasing at the rates of 4.94 mm/year and 16.11mm/year respectively where the downward trend of MTR is insignificant but the trend of ATR is significant with 10% level of significance.

Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 65(2): 119-123, 2017 (July)
A Review on the Proposed Quasi-Concave Quadratic Programming Problems with Bounded Variable: by Counter-example, by Computer Algebra
Authors: Das HK
Published: July 2021

Abstract not available

Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 65(2): 167-168, 2017 (July)
Devoluciones en caliente de migrantes en la frontera sur de Europa
Authors: Costa Traba Tania
Published: July 2021

Las devoluciones en caliente en Melilla, una ciudad española ubicada en la frontera terrestre entre Europa y Marruecos, en el norte de África, vulneran la normativa europea de protección de derechos humanos al no contemplar la identificación del migrante que salta la valla que separa ambos territorios, lo que impide reclamar esa decisión administrativa. De esta forma se le priva del derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva, consagrado en la Constitución Española. Tampoco se le permite solicitar asilo o acceder a servicios de intérprete o asistencia letrada junto a la alambrada, y se le devuelve por la vía de hecho a un país (Marruecos) donde ser migrante irregular es un delito. Se obvia así el principio de no devolución a un lugar que no es seguro y, en la mayoría de los casos, la prohibición de las expulsiones colectivas.

Este artículo estudia el marco legal de las devoluciones en caliente, en vísperas de la sentencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos de febrero de 2020, que exoneró a España de responsabilidad al poner la seguridad de un Estado por encima de los derechos humanos.
camino dominicano de la migración
Authors: Stern Herbert
Published: July 2021

En este trabajo ofrecemos una perspectiva humana de la migración, particularmente con lo que tiene que ver con el pueblo judío. Analizamos la historia y los movimientos surgidos a lo largo de los siglos. El caso de la República Dominicana es único. Es un país en el que no se registran hechos de antisemitismo recurrente y sí se aprecia una gran tolerancia a la libertad religiosa. Una causa probable tiene que ver con la génesis de la República luego de la ocupación haitiana, que asumiendo los valores franceses del momento, otorgó total libertad de cultos. Por otro lado el fenómeno de la “fusión” interreligiosa en la República Dominicana es también muy particular. Desde la misma fundación de la República en 1844 personas de diversa religión se unen y van cambiando a medida que se integran a la vida nacional. Desde luego, en un país predominantemente católico, la tendencia ha sido las familias dentro de esa religión. Sin embargo, en el caso de los judíos, siempre se ha conservado un orgullo por sus raíces y una admiración por el pueblo de Israel.
La inmigración venezolana y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe
Authors: Eguren Joaquín
Published: July 2021

La emigración venezolana hacia América Latina y el Caribe constituye el fenómeno migratorio más importante y voluminoso de las últimas seis décadas. Para ello nos acercamos a su análisis con los datos más recientes constatando su evolución, sus dificultades y los desafíos que suponen para los países receptores de la gran región latinoamericana. Señalamos los países que han recibido dicha inmigración, los motivos que determinan esa emigración, así como el perfil educativo y laboral. Consideramos que se suman las necesidades socioeconómicas como las circunstancias de falta de libertad, por lo que para muchos es un exilio. Muchos emigrantes de distintos países latinoamericanos de distintas épocas, están agradecidos por la acogida que tuvieron en su momento por parte de Venezuela. Ahora los países receptores intentan devolver ese gesto generoso; pero la situación ha ido cambiando en los últimos cinco años. A lo que en un principio fue una acogida sin mayores limitaciones, últimamente se han impuesto restricciones. Además se identifican escenas de rechazo cercanas a la xenofobia que han ido surgiendo en los últimos años tanto a nivel institucional, político, así como en la convivencia cotidiana. Sin embargo, al final parece imperar un significativo esfuerzo de acogida por parte de los países receptores y de integración por parte de estos inmigrantes.
Causas de la migración forzada de Venezuela a Colombia
Authors: Aliaga Sáez Felipe Andrés
Published: July 2021

En este artículo se describen una serie de causas por las cuales los venezolanos salen de su país, debido a la profunda crisis multidimensional, las cuales en su mayoría serían factores de expulsión (García, 2017) en un procesovque se caracterizaría como migración forzada, desde la perspectiva de Márquez y Delgado (2014), lo que se correlaciona con el reconocimiento de la condición de refugiado, tomando como referencia la Convención de Ginebra de 1951 y la Declaración de Cartagena de 1984. De esta manera, por medio de una investigación cualitativa, en la cual se realizaron seis grupos de discusión en la ciudad fronteriza de Cúcuta en Colombia, con población migrante venezolana altamente vulnerable, con intención de permanencia en el país y que recibían el apoyo de la Misión Scalabriniana, se pudo identificar en sus discursos cuatro causas principales de la salida de Venezuela que coinciden con las causas de la migración forzada y que también los caracterizaría como refugiados, siendo estas: hambre y desnutrición; crisis y ceguera política; violencia; y pérdida del valor del dinero y de los ingresos. Estos aspectos son algunos de los que empujan a las personas a huir de Venezuela en busca de mejores condiciones de vida.
Movimientos migratorios en el s. XXI
Authors: Rojas Florinda
Published: July 2021

El estado y características de las migraciones en un mundo cada vez más influenciado por los efectos globalizantes, nos hace reflexionar sobre las oportunidades y desafíos que los movimientos migratorios nos plantean. Cada vez, se observa un incremento en el número de migrantes, con modalidades y modo operacional, que se intensifica con el apoyo de diferentes redes sociales. Esta situación viene a extremarse, debido a la crisis sanitaria mundial, que representa el virus del COVID-19, como también, debido a las nuevas corrientes migratorias vinculadas con los desplazamientos humanos por razones socioeconómicas, graves violaciones a los derechos humanos y también, como resultado de los efectos del cambio climático.
Migración africana a España
Authors: Marín David Arias
Published: July 2021

A partir de algunas consideraciones sobre la literatura de viajes, las escrituras tuteladas y las narrativas testimoniales, el artículo analiza desde una mirada crítica El viaje de Kalilu, un libro publicado en 2009, que narra en primera persona la travesía de Kalilu Jammeh desde Serekunda, Gambia, hasta las costas de España. El objetivo es señalar algunas tensiones que existen en la obra, en especial las relacionadas con la escritura del libro, el mensaje que transmite y los receptores. Se trata de un testimonio que importa y también impacta por las descripciones que ofrece sobre la migración clandestina en África, las condiciones del viaje, el funcionamiento y organización de las redes de traficantes de personas, las rutas, la geografía, los grupos étnicos, las relaciones lingüísticas e interculturales, las estrategias de supervivencia de los migrantes, los tratos que reciben, entre otras cosas. La principal hipótesis es que el libro tiene un doble propósito: por un lado, disuadir a los africanos que buscan migrar a Europa de forma clandestina; por otro, sensibilizar y crear conciencia entre los lectores europeos frente a la tragedia que supone este tipo de migración. De este doble propósito se genera una discusión sobre quiénes son sus verdaderos destinatarios y la recepción de la obra entre distintos públicos.
Apatridia y condición de refugio en el siglo XXI
Authors: Abaunza Carlos
Published: July 2021

La constante politización (y polarización) de ciertos problemas entre la República Dominicana y Haití, ha convertido algunas diferencias en contiendas irreconciliables en ambos lados de la isla. En el lado dominicano, las confrontaciones han alcanzado proporciones repudiables al menos dos veces, específicamente durante la Masacre de 1937 y la Sentencia 168/13 del Tribunal Constitucional. La primera supuso la exterminación de al menos 20,000 personas haitianas o de ascendencia haitiana en comunidades fronterizas en la República Dominicana, y la última se tradujo en la privación de nacionalidad a cientos de miles de individuos de ascendencia haitiana nacidos en la República Dominicana. La desnacionalización de las personas de ascendencia haitiana fue mitigada por el hecho de que el presidente dominicano Danilo Medina aprobó una Ley de Naturalización e inició un Plan Nacional de Regularización. Tomando la República Dominicana como un caso de estudio para explorar la relación entre desnacionalización y apatridia con la condición de refugio, llegamos a la conclusión de que la privación de nacionalidad y la desnacionalización, no siempre equivalen a la persecución estatal, excepto en los casos que resultaron en expulsiones del país de anterior residencia habitual”. Dos puntos específicos dieron forma a esta conclusión: primero, el acto de desnacionalización y expulsión parece haberse sustentado en razones de raza y origen nacional (anterior); y el hecho de que las personas removidas de la República Dominicana por la fuerza, no estarán en capacidad de regresar legalmente a su país de nacimiento sin enfrentar la persecución estatal, ya que el Gobierno dominicano no reconoce a estas personas como nacionales. Esperamos que estos hallazgos beneficien a (ciertos) solicitantes de asilo para defender su derecho a refugio en distintos países de primera entrada donde aún hay casos pendientes.
Pembuatan Bokasi Berbahan Dasar Jerami Bagi Masyarakat Kelompok Tani Di Desa Borikamase Kabupaten Maros
Authors: Safitri Dian , Magfirah Nurul , Irmawaty Irmawanty , Syam Haerul
Published: July 2021

The large number of rice fields in Borikamase Village, resulting in high production of hay, requires an appropriate effort to use straw into organic fertilizer or bokashi which is environmentally friendly as well as safe for plants. The use of straw into bokashi or organic fertilizer needs to be taught to the farming community, so the community service team focuses on providing assistance and training to the community in utilizing straw as a raw material in making bokashi by using microorganisms as the source of fermentation. In addition, the high price of synthetic fertilizers on the market makes farmers in Borikamase Village feel heavy in providing nutritional supplies to their agricultural areas, so that this training is expected to help farmers by obtaining fertilizers that are cheap, safe, and of good quality to fertilize. The existence of biotechnology applications, provides the right solution in overcoming the damage to bald mountains and the scarcity and high price of synthetic fertilizers, namely by processing straw into bokashi or organic fertilizers with high nutrient content and are safe for the environment. In addition, providing knowledge and skills for farming communities as agents of reform in restoring ecosystem balance through the application of bokashi made of straw on rice fields.

Keywords: Training, Mentoring, Boricamase, Straw
Sampul Biosel
Authors: Editor Editor
Published: July 2021

Biosel adalah Jurnal Biologi Sains dan Pendidikan yang diterbitkan oleh Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan IAIN Ambon. Penyunting menerima tulisan hasil penelitian bidang sains ataupun pendidikan yang belum pernah diterbitkan dalam media lain. Naskah diketik di atas kertas ukuran kwarto spasi 1,15 margin 2,2,2,2 maksimal 15 halaman. Penyunting berhak memperbaiki susunan kalimat tanpa merubah isi tulisan
Keanekaragaman Gastropoda Pada Habitat Lamun Di Perairan Desa Tayando Yamtel Kecamatan Tayando Tam Kota Tual
Authors: Gea Liyatin , Khouw A. S. , Tupan Ch. I.
Published: July 2021

The gastropod community is an important component in the food chain in seagrass beds, where the gastropods are the detritus feeder. Research on the diversity of gastropods in seagrass habitat in the waters of Tayando Yamtel Village, Tam City, Tual District, was conducted in March-May 2018, using the quadrant linear transect method. The results of measurements of environmental parameters in Tayando Yamtel waters are: an average pH of 8.55; DO 6.59 µg / l; salinity 32.36 ‰; temperature of 29 ° C; TDS 24.7 mg / l; current velocity (0.42 m / sec) is classified as low current; and a depth of 1.5 m. Gastropod research results obtained 862 individuals consisting of 15 families and 30 species of gastropods, while for seagrass obtained 3 species namely Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata and Thalassia hemprichii. The highest value of composition and gastropod density at Station I was dominated by Psedeovertagus aluco species at 62.73% and 3.708 (ind / m2), while at Station II were 28.01% and 0.93 (ind / m2) and Station III were 38.46% and 0.15 (ind / m2) are dominated by Strombus gibberulus species. Based on the gastropod ecological index value, the index value of species diversity and harmony is included in the medium category and the index value of dominance is in the low category.

Keywords: Gastropoda, Seagrass, Tayando Yamtel
Implantation character attitude student in the fourth grade through habbit in the elementary School Seroja Serang City
Authors: Haudoka Iskini , Suparno Suparno , Hosnan Hosnan
Published: July 2021

The advancement of development nowadays has brought many positive and negative things for everyone. The positive impact can bring progress both in information and communication technology. Whereas, the negativity can lead to setbacks in society. One of them is politeness culture and mutual respect among the society. Indonesia is popular with its culture of manners and politeness but recently this culture has begun to disappear. For example,in several cases, students are no longer considered their teacher as a role model at school. Therefore, this research was intended to embed students’ moral and character through a habituation method. This method was expected to build the students’ character better.
PENGARUH PENDEKATAN CONFERENCING BERBANTUAN MEDIA AUDIO VISUAL TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS KARANGAN NARASI SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 26 ARUNGKEKE KABUPATEN JENEPONTO
Authors: Karmila Mila , Munirah Munirah , A. Arief Tarman
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the students’ ability to write narrative essays and to determine the significant effect of conferencing approach assisted by audio-visual media for grade Vstudents at SD Negeri 26 Arungkeke, Kabupaten Jeneponto. The type of this study was quasi experimental research. The design of this study was a non-quivalent control group design. This study found that the average score of students’ ability to write narrative essays in the control class for pretest was 63.90 and the average score for posttest was 74.52. Meanwhile, the average score of pretest in the experimental class was 59.48 and the average postest score was 80.24. The result of N-Gian score test in the control class was an average of 0.24152, indicating that the learning outcomes of writing narrative essays were low. Whereas, the average score of N-Gain test in the experimental class was 0.4640, indicating that the learning outcomes of writing narrative essays were moderate. After that, the result of T test revealed that tcount 2,283> ttable 0.021 so that Ho was rejected and Ha was received. The significant value of 2-tiled was 0.030 <sig. 0.05; thus, conferencing approach assisted by audio-visual media gave a significant effect on the students’ ability to write narrative essays at grade V SD Negeri 26 Arungkeke, Kabupaten Jeneponto.
ACADEMIC SUPERVISION TO IMPROVE TEACHER'S CAPABILITY IN ARRANGING ASSESSMENT ADMINISTRATION THROUGH DOCUMENT REVIEW AND GUIDANCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Makmur Makmur
Published: July 2021

This study aims to determine how the planning, implementation, and follow-up steps of academic supervision by supervisors to improve teacher competence in preparing assessment administration. This research is action research. The data analysis technique used in this study is a comparative descriptive analysis technique and quantitative data. The results of the study indicate that academic supervision can improve teacher competence in arranging assessment administration. Teacher competence in the initial conditions, cycle I and cycle II showed the value of the teacher's ability in the preparation of the initial learning assessment administration with an average of 69.11, in the first cycle 74.78 and finally in the second cycle with an average of 78.11. teachers in the preparation of learning assessment administration from cycle to cycle. The amount of increase is 5.67 from the initial condition to the first cycle and 3.33 from the first cycle to the second cycle. The conclusion from the research is that the implementation of academic supervision can improve the ability of teachers in preparing assessment administration.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE CAPITAL LETTERS IN THE INTRODUCTION TO THE THESIS STUDENTS OF PGSD UNIVERSITY OF RIAU
Authors: Edriana Meisy
Published: July 2021

The spelling mistakes look simple, but they will affect the quality of writing and the accuracy of using spelling and are a measure of understanding one's language. Making a mistake is a natural thing, but that does not mean the rules in writing are not considered, especially in the use of capital letters in writing. This study aims to determine the use of capital letters in the thesis introduction for PGSD students at Riau University. The method in this study is a quantitative descriptive method. Of the 13 rules for using capital letters in PUEBI (General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling), researchers only took 7 rules. The overall average use of capital letters is 86.67 with a very good category.
An Analysis of the Second Year Students' Difficulties on Reading Analytical Exposition Text at SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru
Authors: Kalzan Nurul Aini Ibni , Mulatif Jis
Published: July 2021

This research was aimed to find out the difficulties of students on reading understanding analytical exposition text. This research is descriptive quantitative research. The population of this research was the second-year students of SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru, then for the sample choose one class by using clustering-random-sampling. This research used a reading test and questionnaire as the instrument. The results of this study indicate that there are difficulties for students to understand analytical exposition text based on 8 (eight) indicators, namely finding the main idea, finding factual information, finding, references and inferences, finding vocabulary, identifying the social function, identifying the generic structure and identifying language features of analytical exposition text. The results of the research data indicate that students have difficulty in identifying the social function (56%) was categorized as high level, difficulty in identifying generic structure (54%) was categorized as medium level and difficulty language features of the text (54%) was categorized as medium level. Then, the questionnaire data showed that the students have problems in difficulty level of text, difficulty in reading interest, and lack of review material. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the second-year students of SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru have difficulty on reading analytical exposition text, and it is recommended for the students to learn and practice more about analytical exposition text, and for English teachers are suggested to give more detailed explanation and exercises about analytical exposition text.
ANALISIS SILABUS KETERAMPILAN MENULIS BAHASA PRANCIS BERBASIS TIK DAN TERINTEGRASI DENGAN KETERAMPILAN ABAD KE-21
Authors: Savitri Dian , Ekowati Sri Harini , Widyastuti Wahyu Tri
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kesesuaian silabus mata kuliah keterampilan menulis (Production Écrite) bahasa Prancis dengan keterampilan Abad ke-21, yaitu The 4Cs yang meliputi Critical Thingking (berpikir kritis), Creativity (kreativitas), Communication (komunikasi), dan Colaboration (kolaborasi). Silabus yang dianalisis terdiri dari silabus mata kuliah Menulis semester 1 sampai dengan semester 4. Analisis ini nantinya akan dijadikan masukan dalam mengembangkan silabus enulis bahasa Prancis untuk mahasiswa tingkat I dan tingkat II Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Prancis–Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Sebagai masukan dianalisis pula RPS keterampilan menulis Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Prancis ex IKIP. Berdasarkan analisis unsur-unsur RPS, semua RPS termasuk RPS yang baik karena memenuhi unsur-unsur yang harus ada dalam RPS. Namun ada beberapa keterampilan Abad ke-21 yang belum terintegrasi dalam RPS-RPS tersebut, seperti keterampilan menganalisis, mengevaluasi, mengambil keputusan, memiliki imajinasi, fleksibilitas, keterbukaan, berinovasi dan menggunakan teknologi.Kata Kunci: keterampilan abad ke-21, keterampilan menulis, silabus
Impact of extension training programmes on poultry farmers in Nigeria: Private farm experience
Authors: Ovharhe Oghenero , Emaziye Peter , Alakpa Samson , Alli Folorunsho
Published: July 2021

This study appraised the impact of the training programme (such a feed formulation, house preparation, brooding vaccination schedule, stocking density, litter application, types sorting and handling of eggs, record keeping and accounts) given to poultry farmers by the private sector. Obasanjo Farms Nigeria Limited was used as a case study. The study objectives were to investigate the sources of the information about the training programmes, identified training needs of participants, capture adoption techniques, ascertained training satisfaction level, ascertained property acquisition of beneficiaries before and after the training and identify constraints facing the participants. A simple random sampling technique was used for this study to obtain a sample size of 84. A set of questionnaires was used to elicit information from respondents. Data obtained were analyzed statistically. The study revealed that the majority (82.1%) were males with a mean age of 30years and mean the farming experience was two years. The major source of information was radio (52.4%). Training need such as feed formulation (66.9%) optimal on needs assessment rating. The majority (at medium level) adopted the training rendered on feed formulation, stocking density, brooding techniques, and medication techniques. Respondents were mostly satisfied with training given on brooding (mean = 3.4). The most serious constraint was the inadequate provision of starter packs to trainees. On before and after comparison, the T-test showed that there were significant differences between the various properties acquired after the training programme (p0.05). The study concluded that trainees were satisfied with the training as it contributed to increased wellbeing. It was recommended that trainees should be equipped after training sessions to ensure best practices and food security.
Overview of covid-19 in rural livelihood in Pakistan: its origin, transmission, symptoms, treatment
Authors: Nosheen Farhana , Malik Nazia , Afzal Anam , Nawaz Waseem
Published: July 2021

About 138 million population live in rural areas of Pakistan. Evidence confirmed that COVID-19 cases were found in rural areas of Pakistan distinctively. Vaccination is the best protection against the virus. In this paper, the main determinants, characteristics, safety precautions, and current statistics related to COVID-19 in rural areas of Pakistan are presented. This study focuses on a rural population that is highly susceptible to COVID-19 and has a relatively high fatality rate in recent months due to closer contact with humans, pets, and animals. Measures to prevent transmission of COVID-19 were very successful for younger and older aged people in Pakistan. The majority of patients with COVID-19 typically initially had a sore throat, cough, pneumonia, diarrhea, and fever. The situation in Pakistan remained in control as compared to the rest of the whole world. Additionally, after a long lockdown, the second and third wave of COVID-19 also had fewer effects on the Pakistan population compared to many other countries. The best cure for the COVID-19 infection should be vaccinated and also focused on personal care, hygiene, take ample sunlight, fresh air, and ensure personal protection as well as social distancing. Moreover, the Pakistan government should provide guidelines and training to healthcare workers, and safety essentials to be imposed on people who violate standard operating procedure (SOPs) like levied penalties, sealing shops, send to jails, etc. Additionally, now that the vaccine has been introduced, adaptations to COVID-19 safety restrictions should be made and include mandatory vaccination as well as precautionary measures for all citizens.
Legal Framework for Managing Manager’s Work
Authors: E. Krasnoyarova E. V. Krasnoyarova
Published: July 2021

The article analyzes the legal basis for regulating the labor of a leader, notes the identity of the terms «manager» and «employer», proposes a classification of the status of a leader, examines the mechanisms for establishing standards by the employer, and also makes proposals for improving labor legislation.