bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes to women in management: an analysis of West Midlands businesses
Authors: Liff Sonia , Worrall Les , Cooper Cary L.
Published: July 2002

Examines the attitudes of senior, predominantly male staff to women managers in a specific industrial setting ‐ namely the West Midlands region of the UK ‐ using data derived from the Price Waterhouse West Midlands Business Survey. The survey is unique in that it is focused on eliciting the opinions of the senior management level in companies. Finds women to be significantly under‐represented at the senior management level in West Midlands businesses. In a region which is characterized by heavy manufacturing industry, identifies differences in attitudes to women managers by the respondent’s industrial sector, size of company and by individual managers’ educational background. Concludes with a discussion of some of the policy implications of the findings.
It pays to be nice to people
Authors: Down Simon , Smith David
Published: July 2002

Investigates the business benefits achievable through the process of recognition for investors in people (IIP). The policy context of IIP is examined. The possitbility of links between human resource initiatives such as IIP and business performance raises questions about a wider range of HR issues and their value. The potential benefits are explored through interviews with a variety of organisations which have achieved recognition. Two measurement frames are used, employee and organisational performance, allowing a wide range of measures to be examined. The study finds that motives for recognition are varied, leading to a widespread failure to identify the benefits which are in fact gained. Suggests that a wide range of benefits derive from the IIP process and that organisations which change substantially to achieve recognition would gain substantially greater benefits.
The nature and causes of bullying at work
Authors: Einarsen Ståle
Published: July 2002

The present paper reviews and summarises the research and literature on the nature and causes of bullying at work. Bullying occurs when someone at work is systematically subjected to aggressive behaviour from one or more colleagues or superiors over a long period of time, in a situation where the target finds it difficult to defend him or herself or to escape the situation. Such treatment tends to stigmatise the target and may even cause severe psychological trauma. Empirical studies on the causes of bullying have concentrated on the personality of the victim and psychosocial factors at work. Most studies treat bullying as a unified phenomenon, in spite of the fact that different kinds of behaviours are involved. The concepts of dispute‐related and predatory bullying are introduced in an effort to broaden the perspectives used in future investigations on both the nature and the causes of bullying at work.
Systemic leadership: ethical and effective
Authors: Collier Jane , Esteban Rafael
Published: July 2002

Develops a view of leadership appropriate to post‐industrial organizations in situations of rapid change. These organizations are described as systems needing continual renewal if they are to survive, and “chaotic” in that they must find direction in the context of pressures for change. Leadership is the systemic capacity, diffused and nurtured throughout the organization, of finding direction, of fostering the processes which ensure renewal, and of “managing” the systemic and human paradoxes endemic in these organizations. Systemic leadership is ethical in that it creates community, encourages autonomy and creativity and “intends” the good in its purposes and practices, and effective in that it fosters “emergence” and organizational renewal.
The relationship between commitment and organizational culture, subculture, leadership style and job satisfaction in organizational change and development
Authors: Lok Peter , Crawford John
Published: July 2002

The concept of organizational commitment has been examined extensively in organizational literature, yet the relationships between organizational culture, subculture and commitment have received little attention so far. Acknowledging the complexity and the multifaceted nature of antecedents involved in organizational commitment, it is still necessary to understand the dynamics of relationships between these variables. It was found that organizational subculture was more strongly related to commitment than was organizational culture. Satisfaction with the level of control over working environment had the highest correlation with the level of commitment. The leadership style variable, consideration, was also relatively strongly related to commitment when compared with other variables. There was a small positive association between age and commitment. However, participants’ level of education, years in position and years of experience failed to show any relationship with commitment.
The development of software to assist in off‐line programming for robotic fettling of cast components
Authors: Brown Leslie
Published: July 2002

During the casting of steel components, burrs and other unwanted material are formed which need to be removed in the deburring process. This is usually effected manually in what is an unpleasant, monotonous, strenuous and even a dangerous task. Robotic deburring can overcome these disadvantages, but many problems must be addressed before this becomes the normal practice because of the complexity of the process. One of the major concerns in all robotic deburring applications is the time that it presently takes to program the robot. It is universally recognised that off‐line programming offers very many advantages and enormous benefits are to be gained; however, to date there are very few if any successful applications. The research being conducted at Sunderland aims to address several of the problems associated with off‐line programming of robots. Some of the problems are particular to the industrial collaborators’ robotic workcell; however, the main concern is in developing an accuracy compensation method in order that “so called” off‐line programming software can be applied.
Modular climbing robot for service‐sector applications
Authors: Elkmann N. , Felsch T. , Sack M. , Böhme T. , Hortig J. , Saenz J.
Published: July 2002

Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF). SIRIUS is a climbing robot meant for any vertical surface, regardless of the angle. The robot can be outfitted with tools to perform a variety of service‐sector tasks such as façade cleaning, building and ship coating, ship welding, inspection work on tanks, and so on. It is a modular system, and the robot can be adapted to almost any surface, independent of the surface material or obstacles. The robot stays attached to the surface via suction cup feet or magnetic grippers, and moves vertically on four linear guides that are coupled in two pairs. The new kinematics of the robot allow it to walk continuously in all directions. The robot overcomes obstacles by sensing their position and generating the necessary step length in order to maximize the number of suction cups attached to the surface while walking over the obstacle.
A voyage of discovery or a fast track to success: men, women and the MBA
Authors: Simpson Ruth
Published: July 2002

This article presents and discusses results of a research project on the personal and career benefits of the MBA. These results suggest women value the experience of doing the course and that this gives them greater “intrinsic” benefits of enhanced confidence and self‐worth. Men gain greater “extrinsic” benefits of enhanced pay and status, and place a greater emphasis on the credential value of the MBA. However, the MBA has less of a transforming effect on how they see themselves and their organisations.
Designing for cultural diversity in an IT and globalizing milieu
Authors: Korac‐Kakabadse Nada , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the effects of information technology (IT) on the eve of the third millennium, and its ramifications for labour organization, business and culture. IT is conceptualized as a catalyst for a period of seminal change within the global economy. The lack of IT awareness, social diversity and the need to tap the creative synergy of socio‐cultural differences, through the better understanding of IT effects on culture are highlighted. A need for self‐reflection and a critical examination of adopted management models, especially those within embedded ethnocentric contexts of shared beliefs, values and cognitive structures, are also explored. It is argued that organizations need to learn to manage cultural diversity. The need for development of organizational ideologies that build on cognitive structures, culturally sensitized to diversity, is central to a generic strategy for managing increasingly culturally diversified organizations comprising the globalized economy in the third millennium.
Research interviews
Authors: Hannabuss Stuart
Published: July 2002

Notes that research interviews form a popular option for practitioner and student research, as they have distinct advantages in eliciting unique information and opinion about the research setting. Points out that it is easy to underestimate the challenges of research interviews ‐ getting reliable responses, organizing and presenting the findings, and guarding against subjective involvement by the researcher. Aims to open up these issues and provide guidance to current reading.
Factors influencing learning in European learning oriented organisations: issues for management
Authors: Sambrook Sally , Stewart Jim
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on one aspect of a European Union‐funded research project, focusing in exploring factors that influence lifelong learning. Influencing factors were categorised as those that inhibit and those that support a learning orientation. Research findings suggest that the same factors could have both supportive and inhibiting influence, highlighting the complexity and subjectivity of investigating the influence of HRD practices and other organisational features on perceptions of learning. The paper also identifies key issues for management – that is, how to manage these factors to further encourage, promote, capture and act on the wide range of learning opportunities apparent in work organisations. It is argued that identifying such factors within an organisation is an important step in enabling managers and other HRD practitioners to recognise how learning might be hindered or helped within that context, before considering strategies and practices to better manage and cope with these influences.
The Learning Organization:
Authors: West Penny
Published: July 2002

Opens up the debate surrounding the wisdom of the attempted
implementation of the learning organization approach to deal with
environmental uncertainty and examines some potential problems and
barriers within traditional organizations. Discusses cultural,
structural and socio‐structural factors which have an impact on the
individual′s sense of identity with the organization, and focuses on the
required realignments to these interrelated variables if the approach is
to gain momentum. Considers the view that the process of learning will
also necessitate the unlearning of previous behaviours cultivated within
former established systems. Argues that the prospect of generating
internal confusion, together with a sense of organizational amnesia,
might reduce rather than increase stability for some companies.
Concludes that, on the basis that cultures and socio‐structures cannot
be manipulated at the discretion of managers, alternative strategies to
organizational learning may be more appropriate for future survival, but
warns that those managers inspired to implement the approach within
their organizations, should be aware that the process is lengthy, high
in resource implications and not without risk.
HRD stakeholders:
Authors: Garavan Thomas N.
Published: July 2002

Reports empirical evidence on stakeholders′ perceptions vis‐à‐vis the HRD function. Examines both internal and
external HRD stakeholder groups and identifies their expectations,
values, beliefs and evaluation criteria as they relate to the HRD
function within the organization.
Developing work‐based transferable skills in a university environment
Authors: Humphreys Paul , Greenan Kate , McIlveen Heather
Published: July 2002

Student assessment and the development of transferable personal skills are receiving increasing attention in higher education establishments. Examines the potential for enhancing student learning through the development of groupwork, presentation and self‐ and peer‐assessment skills. Describes a methodology which indicates the approach adopted and a questionnaire evaluates students’ impressions of the process. Concludes that skill development does take place and that students find groupwork an enjoyable learning experience. With regard to self and peer‐assessment, students were not as enthusiastic. Ultimately, there is a need to continue to involve students so that they can see evaluation in a positive, developmental light and to encourage students to take a more proactive role in assessing their performance.
Human potential management: time to move beyond the concept of human resource management?
Authors: Kalra Satish Kumar
Published: July 2002

Presents the concept of human potential management (HPM) and argues that the old concept of human resource management (HRM) should be replaced by HPM. Argues that treating human beings as a resource to be used, utilized or manipulated like any other resource is demeaning. Further, with the increasing number of highly skilled knowledge workers, resentment of the word “resource” is likely to increase, since knowledge workers are inclined to be hostile to manipulation. They would prefer the organization to enable them to fulfil their true potential and, in so doing, help the organization to achieve its objectives. Also presents a definition of HPM and highlights the features which differentiate it from HRM.
The psychology of career theory – a new perspective?
Authors: Woodd Maureen
Published: July 2002

Seeks to argue that recent developments in psychology have invalidated some theories of career development. Following a detailed explanation of the perspectives put forward by Bronfenbrenner and Plomin six frequently invoked career theories are considered. It is concluded that three are based on the now invalidated psychological assumptions and three are compatible with current psychology.
FT‐IR spectroscopic studies on degradation of lac resin – part I: thermal degradation
Authors: Sarkar P.C. , Shrivastava A.K.
Published: July 2002

Studies the thermal degradation of lac resin by FT‐IR spectroscopic techniques to determine functional group changes occurring in the degradative process. Compares FT‐IR spectra of lac during different stages of thermal degradation; observes no indication of inter‐esterification or dehydration from spectroscopic data, as proposed by earlier workers on the basis of wet chemical methods. Unequivocally concludes that inter‐etherification (dioxolanation) and hydroperoxidation reactions are much more likely to occur during the thermal degradation process.
Self‐congruity and product evaluation: a cross‐cultural study
Authors: Quester Pascale G. , Karunaratna Amal , Kee Goh Li
Published: July 2002

Self‐image, product image and their combination, self‐congruity, are important concepts in consumer behaviour. They have been hypothesised and found to affect significantly product choice and purchase intention. In this study, two samples from contrasting cultural backgrounds are compared in relation to the importance of self‐congruity with respect to four brands of two products categories of contrasting involvement levels. Unexpectedly, samples from Australia and Malaysia were found to use differently actual vs ideal self‐image in their product evaluation. This confirms overall the role of self‐congruence in consumer’s choice and points to the need for further investigation of this concept in a cross‐cultural context.
Co‐branding: brand equity and trial effects
Authors: Washburn Judith H. , Till Brian D. , Priluck Randi
Published: July 2002

Co‐branding is an increasingly popular technique marketers use in attempting to transfer the positive associations of the partner (constituent) brands to a newly formed co‐brand (composite brand). This research examines the effects of co‐branding on the brand equity of both the co‐branded product and the constituent brands that comprise it, both before and after product trial. It appears that co‐branding is a win/win strategy for both co‐branding partners regardless of whether the original brands are perceived by consumers as having high or low brand equity. Although low equity brands may benefit most from co‐branding, high equity brands are not denigrated even when paired with a low equity partner. Further, positive product trial seems to enhance consumers’ evaluations of co‐branded products, particularly those with a low equity constituent brand. Co‐branding strategies may be effective in exploiting a product performance advantage or in introducing a new product with an unfamiliar brand name.
A phenomenological investigation of Internet usage among older individuals
Authors: Trocchia Philip J. , Janda Swinder
Published: July 2002

Older consumers comprise a growing but under‐represented segment of Internet users. However, compared to many younger groups, members of this segment often possess more discretionary time and income. This presents a significant opportunity for marketers of Internet related products and services. In order to better understand older individuals’ attitudes and motivations concerning Internet usage, phenomenological interviews were conducted among six Internet users and six non‐users. From the emic perspective of the informants, and the etic interpretation of the transcripts, the following six themes characterizing differences between Internet using and Internet non‐using older individuals emerged: Reference group affiliation, Technology schema, Resistance to change, Nature of social relations, Perception of reality, and Physical dexterity. The marketing implications of these findings are identified and discussed.
Principals and job satisfaction
Authors: Graham Michael W. , Messner Philip E.
Published: July 2002

Building principals, as well as most educators, are typically satisfied with their overall jobs. However, some specific aspects of work are not rated as favorably as others. This study investigated the relationship of factors, such as gender, size of enrollment, and years of experience, to principalship job satisfaction. A survey sample of American midwestern elementary, middle, and senior high school principals responded to the Principals Job Satisfaction Survey (PJSS). The PJSS was based on Herzberg’s Motivation‐Hygiene Theory. Eight components of job satisfaction were compared with four principalship descriptive variables. PJSS was mailed to 500 principals and 226 survey forms were returned and useable, which resulted in a 45.2 percent return rate. Chi‐square analyses revealed the relationships and differences between the independent and dependent variables. It was found that American midwestern principals were generally satisfied with their current job, colleagues/co‐workers and level of responsibility. However, they were less satisfied with their pay, opportunities for advancement, and fringe benefits.
Sustainable competitive advantage for educational institutions: a suggested model
Authors: Mazzarol Tim , Norman Soutar Geoffrey
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines a model of the factors that are critical to the establishment and maintenance of sustainable competitive advantage for education services enterprises in international markets. It draws together theories of competitive advantage developed by industrial economics and management theory, with literature relating to services marketing. In examining a theory of sustainable competitive advantage for services exports, the paper discusses the concepts involved and presents a model of the process involved in achieving it. The model seeks to explain the strategic decision making environment in which the education exporter operates, and the outcome ideal to achieving a competitive advantage.
Evaluation of pre‐deposited (no‐flow) underfill for flip chip and CSP assembly
Authors: Firmstone M.G. , Bartholomew P.M. , Lowrie D.J.J. , Mannan S.H. , Hutt D.A.
Published: July 2002

The benefits of a “no flow” process have been well documented in the recent past. The limitations of the previously reported materials in current use have been overcome via a unique chemistry which can be tailored to the application. Room temperature storage, effective fluxing, coupled with minimal outgassing, and a choice of reworkability after reflow or, if rework is not required, a full cure, can now be achieved within a single materials technology. This paper describes the properties of the new family of materials compared to conventional post‐deposited underfills. The development sequence and the procedure for characterisation of material properties, including the evaluation of the effectiveness of the fluxing action on a range of solder alloys, is documented. A typical application is described, outlining how a minimum of two process steps can be eliminated and how improvements in materials handling, process robustness, and ultimate yield, have been realised. A simple rework regime is also proposed, and the almost “drop in replacement” aspect of the new material is discussed.
Globalization, Eastern Germany and the “Mittelstand”
Authors: Parnell Martin F.
Published: July 2002

The pressures of globalization in general and the specific fact of declining inward investment represent together a formidable challenge not only to the German political economy itself, but also possibly to the relevance and viability of the “Rhineland” model of capitalism. In particular, growth and changes in financial markets and the role of banks transform these various challenges into potential threats. They exacerbate the problems and difficulties Germany is experiencing in modernising not just industrial structures, procedures and practices, but also indeed its distinctive industrial culture. Two exemplars of the current crisis are examined here in detail: eastern Germany, and the Mittelstand (Germany’s SMEs). The present balance of evidence appears to indicate that successful adaptation is not occurring, with clear indications that it is primarily socio‐cultural factors which are hindering the transformation process.
Modelling the “CLOAK” test: an example of two‐dimensional elastica theory
Authors: Mete F. , Lloyd D.W.
Published: July 2002

Computational elastica theory is used to model a simple test for the bending properties of fabrics. This test, entitled the “CLOAK” test, was designed to offer practical experimental advantages over the established cantilever bending, of bending length, test. Computational elastica theory offers a routine method for modelling fabrics in cantilever bending. In this case, the CLOAK test is simulated and shown to be equivalent to both the bending length test and to a related test method proposed in the 1960s.
Modelling job complexity in garment manufacture by inductive learning
Authors: Hui Patrick C.L. , Chan K.C.K. , Yeung K.W.
Published: July 2002

The lack of a good planning system in preventing operational problems occurring in garment manufacture was of concern to garment manufacturers. Neither mathematical nor statistical approaches have proved to be very effective in tackling this problem. The goal of this research is to establish a model of measuring operational problems by the use of a proven inductive learning technique known as automatic pattern analysis and classification system (APACS). To be effective in this particular application domain, real data on garment production were used. The accuracy of the resulting system is nearly 95 per cent compared with real performance, possibly significantly achieving the goal.
On‐line measurement of fabric‐bending behavior: background, need and potential solutions
Authors: Zhou Naiyue , Ghosh Tushar K.
Published: July 2002

Low‐stress mechanical properties of fabrics are very important in many applications as well as in manufacturing process control. Discusses the importance and potential applications of an on‐line mechanical property measurement system. In addition, the working principles of existing off‐ line fabric bending testers have been critically reviewed. It is suggested that the principle of a future on‐line system to evaluate fabric bending behaviour should be based on the characterisation of fabric loop shapes.
Creating school change: discovering a choice of lenses for the school administrator
Authors: Amatea Ellen S. , Behar‐Horenstein Linda S. , Sherrard Peter A.D.
Published: July 2002

Proposes a variety of different epistemological lenses for viewing the process of school change, for use by the school administrator. Applies these lenses in an actual case study depicting school change. Analyses the impact on administrative practice and training of using these lenses.
Leadership and culture
Authors: Heck Ronald H.
Published: July 2002

Notes that, while there have been periodic calls for comparative work in educational administration, few empirical studies have been designed specifically to compare principal leadership practices between contextual and cultural settings. Suggests that conducting such studies raises several conceptual and methodological problems with respect to underlying assumptions about knowledge, appropriate conceptualizations of principal leadership, and methods of inquiry. Proposes first to identify some of the salient conceptual and methodological issues involved in cross‐cultural research, and then to explore and elaborate on these issues in greater detail by investigating principal leadership across two cultural settings.
Leadership behaviours of principals in inclusive educational settings
Authors: Ingram Patreese D.
Published: July 2002

Reveals the results of a study which investigated the principal’s leadership behaviour in schools which educate moderately and severely disabled students in regular education classrooms on a full‐time basis. More specifically, notes that the purposes of this study were to determine whether the leadership behaviours of principals, as perceived by teachers, tended to be more transformational or more transactional; and whether there was a difference in the leadership behaviours of principals and the extent to which principals motivated teachers to exert effort beyond the ordinary. Forty‐four teachers from five school districts responded to the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass (1985). The independent variable was leadership behaviours of principals, defined as varying degrees of transformational and transactional leadership. The dependent variable was defined as principals’ ability to affect teacher motivation. Shows that the results of the study indicated that principals were perceived by teachers to exhibit more transformational leadership behaviours than they exhibited transactional leadership behaviours. Also, teachers tended to be more highly motivated under the leadership of principals who they perceived to be more transformational than transactional.
The inclusive school
Authors: Lynn Boscardin Mary , Jacobson Stephen
Published: July 2002

Confronts possibilities and problems associated with creating diverse, multicultural “inclusive” schools. Describes the inclusive school as being less hierarchical, embracing community, and celebrating diversity. Suggests that the inclusive school is supported by Sergiovanni’s (1993) concept of community and Maxwell’s (1994) concept of contiguity‐based solidarity. Demonstrates through working examples of inclusive approaches how schools can better serve their students by fostering a sense of community and promotes ways of advancing solidarity and diversity simultaneously. To further the argument, presents a general historic evolutionary overview to illustrate the theoretical underpinnings of the model along with a case example and discussion of key features of inclusive schools.
Behaviourally‐based interventions for children following volcanic eruptions: an evaluation of effectiveness
Authors: Ronan Kevin R. , Johnston David M.
Published: July 2002

Represents the first systematic attempt to examine the effects of school‐based interventions on children’s self‐reported PTSD‐related distress and coping ability following a series of volcanic eruptions in a sample of 112 children. Pretreatment assessments carried out after the eruptions revealed that time was more of an ally for PTSD symptoms than for active coping ability. In terms of randomly assigned intervention conditions, both an exposure and a cognitive behavioural intervention were found to lead to significant improvement in both PTSD‐related distress and coping ability. In terms of effect sizes (Cohen’sd), the coping scores changed more following the one‐hour intervention than they had during the entire two‐month pretreatment interval; PTSD‐related scores changed over half as much as during the two‐month pretreatment interval. In addition, at four‐month follow‐up, either children continued to improve (PTSD‐distress scores) or gains were maintained (coping scores). Treated children’s PTSD and coping scores were significantly more adaptive than those of untreated children. Finally, multiple regression analyses did not reveal any significant, prospective predictors of treatment responsivity. Includes consideration of the value of self‐report methodologies at the “early gates” of a multiple gating intervention model and the value of collaborations between scientists in the wake of a disaster.
Personal transferable skills in higher education: the problems of implementing good practice
Authors: Drummond Ian , Nixon Iain , Wiltshire John
Published: July 2002

Suggests that attempts to promote more effective approaches to personal transferable skills development throughout the UK higher education sector have met with variable but generally limited success. Considers why this has been the case. Argues that the problem is not simply one of a lack of understanding of what constitutes good practice in this area of teaching and learning ‐ the difficulties inherent in operationalising established good practice models are equally if not more significant. Identifies and discusses some of the commonly experienced barriers to the effective management of change in this area and begins to outline an agenda for addressing them.
Conceptual problems of continuous quality improvement and innovation in higher education
Authors: Roffe Ian Michael
Published: July 2002

Examines the conceptual problems of applying continuous quality improvement in higher education by exploring the general wisdom of its use in industrial practice. Highlights the emphasis given to this problem‐solving approach in the extant advice on quality and the difficulties in developing greater flexibility of approach and initiating innovation. Goes on to raise other problems such as the diversity of performance indicators, teamwork and how to provide requisite variety in external assessment. Argues that these difficulties can be overcome and that cases of good practice can emerge to inform and improve quality assurance for teaching and learning.
Do counterfeits devalue the ownership of luxury brands?
Authors: Nia Arghavan , Lynne Zaichkowsky Judith
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions and attitudes of original luxury brand owners towards counterfeit luxury goods. The results indicated that all respondents found luxury products fun and worth the price they paid for them, whether they were original or counterfeit. Almost 30 percent of respondents owned no counterfeits and only original goods. These respondents believed that counterfeits were inferior products and believed that ownership of original luxury products was more prestigious compared to counterfeit luxury goods. Conversely, those who owned more counterfeits had a positive image of them and did not believe these products were inferior. Overall, 70 percent of respondents indicated that the value, satisfaction, and status of original luxury brand names were not decreased by the wide availability of counterfeits. Further, the majority of respondents disagreed that the availability of counterfeits negatively affects their purchase intentions of original luxury brands.
Descriptive and evaluative attributes: what relevance to marketers?
Authors: Hoek Janet , Dunnett Jason , Wright Malcolm , Gendall Philip
Published: July 2002

A growing number of studies have suggested that consumers hold very similar beliefs about the brands they use within a product category. This implies that experience, rather than marketing activity, leads consumers to associate attributes with brands. Replicates and extends earlier studies and addresses methodological criticisms directed at that work. Our findings reveal that descriptive attributes can be successfully predicted and they confirm that the usage level of a brand typically determines the proportion of consumers who hold favourable attitudes about that brand. The results question the popular emphasis on positioning and brand differentiation and we conclude by suggesting more behaviourally oriented strategies.
Is IT worth it?
Authors: Harriman Philip A. , Moir Fitz Gibbon Heather
Published: July 2002

Administrators and funding agencies are legitimately asking whether our huge investment in information technology is improving higher education. Two surveys conducted at The College of Wooster gathered students’ impressions of the impact of e‐mail discussion groups and Web pages on their classes, and they show that overall students do see these technologies as beneficial. Other studies are also summarized. But what is the right question? Is it the technology that matters, or is the benefit in how it is used?
Establishing instructional resources on the Web: a joint‐university effort
Authors: Summers Teresa A.
Published: July 2002

Co‐ordinated by their scholarly association, textile/apparel faculty from multiple universities have succeeded in establishing a World Wide Web server dedicated to providing information from across their disciplines to enhance instruction. The process of server establishment and Web‐site creation including funding, determination of information for posting, problems encountered, and future plans are reviewed. Other faculty could use this as a guide in establishing servers and Web sites for their own disciplines.
Metadata and the deployment of Dublin Core at State Library of Queensland and Education Queensland, Australia
Authors: Thornely Jennie
Published: July 2002

Among the newly developing metadata standards for the World Wide Web, Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (Dublin Core) is the pioneer in simple content description. There are various methods to deploy Dublin Core metadata, such as embedding it within a resource, linking it to a resource, or storing it in a database. This paper presents case studies of the deployment of Dublin Core at two significantly different institutions in Queensland, Australia. It aims to share experiences and ideas with those who are interested in deploying Dublin Core metadata. The two institutions are: State Library of Queensland, which demonstrates simple embedded metadata with minimum IT support; and Education Queensland, which utilizes a more complex metadata implementation within an Oracle database. Education Queensland also supplies its metadata to Education Network of Australia (EdNA), which collects metadata from all major Australian educational agencies and acts as an educational gateway.
Data mining ‐ a powerful information creating tool
Authors: Gargano Michael L. , Raggad Bel G.
Published: July 2002

Data mining can discover information hidden within valuable data assets. Knowledge discovery, using advanced information technologies, can uncover veins of surprising, golden insights in a mountain of factual data. Data mining consists of a panoply of powerful tools which are intuitive, easy to explain, understandable, and simple to use. These advanced information technologies include artificial intelligence methods (e.g. expert systems, fuzzy logic, etc.), decision trees, rule induction methods, genetic algorithms and genetic programming, neural networks (e.g. backpropagation, associate memories, etc.), and clustering techniques. The synergy created between data warehousing and data mining allows knowledge seekers to leverage their massive data assets, thus improving the quality and effectiveness of their decisions. The growing requirements for data mining and real time analysis of information will be a driving force in the development of new data warehouse architectures and methods and, conversely, the development of new data mining methods and applications.
Internet’s information highway potential
Authors: De Maeyer Dirk
Published: July 2002

Examines the Internet’s potential for becoming an information highway. Defines the information highway and the Internet. Describes the characteristics of an information highway. The concept of an information highway puts some requirements on the infrastructure. The users of an information highway, who are located in the residential and business environment, have their share of requirements as well, but they focus on the requirements put forward by the services or applications they will use on an information highway. Checks whether the Internet has implemented these properties and how, or if work is going on to develop them. The framework for this discussion is the TCP/IP reference model. Places some emphasis on the IP next generation protocol, IP version 6 (IPv6). Provides an overview showing all the properties with an indication of how well the posed requirements are met. Concludes that the Internet certainly has potential for becoming an information highway.
RPC‐News: a real‐time, personalized, Chinese news system
Authors: Chang Da‐Wei , Chen Ing‐Chou , Ke Hao‐Ren , Chang Ruei‐Chuan
Published: July 2002

With the speedy growth of information quantity, people need a mechanism to discover automatically the information that interests them. Such a mechanism is called selective dissemination of information (SDI). Describes the design and implementation of an SDI system with the ability of delivering real‐time, personalized news articles. In addition to delivering English news, it delivers Chinese articles also. Focuses on the problems that other researches seldom address. First, discusses how to store and delete news articles efficiently, then describes the user model to let users specify their interests. Finally, presents an efficient method to embed the ability to deliver Chinese as well as English news articles in the system.
X‐ray crystallographic and kinetic correlation of a clinically observed human fumarase mutation
Authors: Estévez Marcel , Skarda Jeremy , Spencer Josh , Banaszak Leonard , Weaver Todd M.
Published: July 2002

Fumarase catalyzes the reversible conversion of fumarate to S‐ malate during the operation of the ubiquitous Kreb's cycle. Previous studies have shown that the active site includes side chains from three of the four subunits within the tetrameric enzyme. We used a clinically observed human mutation to narrow our search for potential catalytic groups within the fumarase active site. Offspring homozygous for the missense mutation, a G‐955–C transversion in the fumarase gene, results in the substitution of a glutamine at amino acid 319 for the normal glutamic acid. To more fully understand the implications of this mutation, a single‐step site‐directed mutagenesis method was used to generate the homologous substitution at position 315 within fumarase C from Escherichia coli. Subsequent kinetic and X‐ray crystal structure analyses show changes in the turnover number and the cocrystal structure with bound citrate.
A refined solution structure of hen lysozyme determined using residual dipolar coupling data
Authors: Schwalbe Harald , Grimshaw Shaun B. , Spencer Andrew , Buck Matthias , Boyd Jonathan , Dobson Christopher M. , Redfield Christina , Smith Lorna J.
Published: July 2002

A high resolution NMR structure of hen lysozyme has been determined using 209 residual 1H–15N dipolar coupling restraints from measurements made in two different dilute liquid crystalline phases (bicelles) in conjunction with a data set of 1632 NOE distance restraints, 110 torsion angle restraints, and 60 hydrogen bond restraints. The ensemble of 50 low‐energy calculated structures has an average backbone RMSD of 0.50±0.13Å to the mean structure and of 1.49±0.10Å to the crystal structure of hen lysozyme. To assess the importance of the dipolar coupling data in the structure determination, the final structures are compared with an ensemble calculated using an identical protocol but excluding the dipolar coupling restraints. The comparison shows that structures calculated with the dipolar coupling data are more similar to the crystal structure than those calculated without, and have better stereochemical quality. The structures also show improved quality factors when compared with additional dipolar coupling data that were not included in the structure calculations, with orientation‐dependent 15N chemical shift changes measured in the bicelle solutions, and with T1/T2 values obtained from 15N relaxation measurements. Analysis of the ensemble of NMR structures and comparisons with crystal structures, 15N relaxation data, and molecular dynamics simulations of hen lysozyme provides a detailed description of the solution structure of this protein and insights into its dynamical behavior.
High–resolution crystal structure of deoxy hemoglobin complexed with a potent allosteric effector
Authors: Safo Martin K. , Moure Carmen M. , Burnett James C. , Joshi Gajanan S. , Abraham Donald J.
Published: July 2002

The crystal structure of human deoxy hemoglobin (Hb) complexed with a potent allosteric effector (2‐[4‐[[(3,5‐dimethylanilino)carbonyl]methyl]phenoxy]‐2‐methylpropionic acid) = RSR‐13) is reported at 1.85 Å resolution. Analysis of the hemoglobin:effector complex indicates that two of these molecules bind to the central water cavity of deoxy Hb in a symmetrical fashion, and that each constrains the protein by engaging in hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with three of its four subunits. Interestingly, we also find that water‐mediated interactions between the bound effectors and the protein make significant contributions to the overall binding. Physiologically, the interaction of RSR‐13 with Hb results in increased oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues. Thus, this compound has potential therapeutic application in the treatment of hypoxia, ischemia, and trauma‐related blood loss. Currently, RSR‐13 is in phase III clinical trials as a radiosensitizing agent in the treatment of brain tumors. A detailed structural analysis of this compound complexed with deoxy Hb has important implications for the rational design of future analogs.
Hope, Defense Mechanisms, and Adjustment: Implications for False Hope and Defensive Hopelessness
Authors: Kwon Paul
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT Two studies replicated and expanded an earlier finding that defense style plays a crucial role in the relation between hope and dysphoria (Kwon, 2000). Lower hope and higher defense style immaturity were each associated with greater dysphoria, depression proneness, and maladjustment. Individuals with low hope and low defense immaturity did not have poor outcomes, supporting the existence of a subtype of low hope (defensive hopelessness) that may have adaptive value. The combination of high hope and high defense immaturity was not associated with maladaptive outcomes, arguing against the false hope construct. Additionally, the findings remained after controlling for levels of anxiety. Thus, it appears that the results are not attributable to general distress or negative affectivity. Finally, domain‐specific hope was shown to correlate most strongly with matching areas of adjustment, providing evidence for the validity of the construct.
Developmental changes in cerebral autoregulatory capacity in the fetal sheep parietal cortex
Authors: Müller Thomas , Löhle Matthias , Schubert Harald , Bauer Reinhard , Wicher Carola , Antonow‐Schlorke Iwa , Sliwka Ulrich , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Schwab Matthias
Published: July 2002

We validated laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) for long‐term monitoring and detection of acute changes of local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) in chronically instrumented fetal sheep. Using LDF, we estimated developmental changes of cerebral autoregulation. Single fibre laser probes (0.4 mm in diameter) were implanted in and surface probes were placed on the parietal cerebral cortex at 105 ± 2 (n= 7) and 120 ± 2 days gestational age (dGA, n= 7). Basal lCBF was monitored over 5 days followed by a hypercapnic challenge (fetal arterial partial pressure of CO2, Pa,CO2: 83 ± 3 mmHg) during which lCBF changes obtained by LDF were compared to those obtained with coloured microspheres (CMSs). Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was increased and decreased using phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside at 110 ± 2 and 128 ± 2 dGA. Intracortical and cortical surface laser probes gave stable measurements over 5 days. The lCBF increase during hypercapnia obtained by LDF correlated well with flows obtained using CMS (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). The signals of intracortical and surface laser probes also correlated well (r = 0.91, P < 0.01). Gliosis of 0.35 ± 0.06 mm around the tip of intracortical probes did not affect the measurements. The range of MABP over which cerebral autoregulation was observed increased from 20–48 mmHg at 110 dGA to 35 to > 95 mmHg at 128 dGA (P < 0.05). Since MABP increased from 33 to 54 mmHg over this period (P < 0.01), the range between the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation and the MABP increased from 13 mmHg at 110 dGA to 19 mmHg at 128 dGA (P < 0.01). LDF is a reliable tool to assess dynamic changes in cerebral perfusion continuously in fetal sheep.
Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: position control by small, ballistic‐like, throw and catch movements
Authors: Loram Ian D. , Lakie Martin
Published: July 2002

In standing, there are small sways of the body. Our interest is to use an artificial task to illuminate the mechanisms underlying the sways and to account for changes in their size. Using the ankle musculature, subjects balanced a large inverted pendulum. The equilibrium of the pendulum is unstable and quasi‐regular sway was observed like that in quiet standing. By giving full attention to minimising sway subjects could systematically reduce pendulum movement. The pendulum position, the torque generated at each ankle and the soleus and tibialis anterior EMGs were recorded. Explanations about how the human inverted pendulum is balanced usually ignore the fact that balance is maintained over a range of angles and not just at one angle. Any resting equilibrium position of the pendulum is unstable and in practice temporary; movement to a different resting equilibrium position can only be accomplished by a biphasic ‘throw and catch’ pattern of torque and not by an elastic mechanism. Results showed that balance was achieved by the constant repetition of a neurally generated ballistic‐like biphasic pattern of torque which can control both position and sway size. A decomposition technique revealed that there was a substantial contribution to changes in torque from intrinsic mechanical ankle stiffness; however, by itself this was insufficient to maintain balance or to control position. Minimisation of sway size was caused by improvement in the accuracy of the anticipatory torque impulses. We hypothesise that examination of centre of mass and centre of pressure data for quiet standing will duplicate these results.