bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Diagram Estimation Based on Random Probe Pairs on Sub-Segments
Authors: Deng Xiaoli , Hu Yao , Hu Qian
Published: October 2021

A new statistical algorithm is proposed in this paper with the aim of estimating fundamental diagram (FD) in actual traffic and dividing the traffic state. Traditional methods mainly focus on sensor data, but this paper takes random probe pairs as research objects. First, a mathematical method is proposed by using probe pairs data and the jam density to determine the FD on a stationary segment. Second, we applied it to the near-stationary probe traffic state set through linear regression and expectation maximisation iterative algorithm, estimating the free flow speed and the backward wave speed and dividing the traffic state based on the 95% confidence interval of the estimated FD. Finally, simulation and empirical analyses are used to verify the new algorithm. The simulation analysis results show that the estimation error corresponding to the free flow speed and the backward wave speed are 1.0668 km/h and 0.0002 km/h respectively. The empirical analysis calculates the maximum capacity of the road and divides the traffic into three states (free flow state, breakdown state, and congested state), which demonstrates the accuracy and practicability of the research in this paper, and provides a reference for urban traffic monitoring and government decision-making.
Directions in structural‐fire safety design for steel buildingsa
Authors: Engelhardt Michael D. , Morovat Mohammed A.
Published: October 2021

Fire safety considerations have an impact on the design of almost all structures, ranging from small residential structures to high‐rise buildings. One important aspect of building fire safety is structural‐fire safety, with the goal of preventing or delaying collapse of structures during severe fires. Structural‐fire safety is of particular importance for steel structures, because of the high thermal conductivity of steel. Structural‐fire safety design is most often accomplished using non‐engineered prescriptive approaches. However, there is increasing interest in engineered structural‐fire safety design for potential advantages in safety, economy and design flexibility. This paper provides an overview of engineered structural‐fire safety design for steel buildings, and discusses some of the challenges in this field.
Development of a Multiplex Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Assay to Identify Coinfections in Young-of-the-Year Smallmouth Bass
Authors: Walsh Heather L. , Blazer Vicki S. , Mazik Patricia M.
Published: October 2021

Histopathological assessments of young-of-the-year (age-0) Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu in the Susquehanna River drainage identified a high prevalence of the myxozoan Myxobolus inornatus. This myxozoan infects the connective tissue of the muscle below the skin but is sometimes observed in the esophagus and buccal cavity. In some instances, shallow infections cause breaks in the skin, which could increase the chance of opportunistic bacterial infections. Several microbial pathogens, including Flavobacterium columnare, Aeromonas spp., and Largemouth Bass virus, have also been cultured from clinically diseased young of year. A multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay was developed to determine potential colocalization of M. inornatus, Flavobacterium spp., and Aeromonas spp. infections. With FISH, 75% of age-0 Smallmouth Bass exhibited M. inornatus infections, 10% had Aeromonas spp. infections, and 5% had Flavobacterium spp. infections, while 3% had coinfections with both bacterial species and M. inornatus. The results of the multiplex FISH assay revealed a low occurrence of coinfections of Flavobacterium spp. and/or Aeromonas spp. with M. inornatus in randomly sampled individuals.
The IAEA remote and automated quality control methodology for radiography and mammography
Authors: Mora Patricia , Pfeiffer Douglas , Zhang Gouzhi , Bosmans Hilde , Delis Harry , Razi Zahra , Arreola Manuel , Tsapaki Virginia
Published: October 2021

Radiography remains the most widely used imaging modality throughout the world. Additionally, while it has been demonstrated that a quality control (QC) program, especially in mammography, improves image quality, weekly technologist QC testing might be lacking even where there is clinical qualified medical physicist (CQMP) support. Therefore, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) developed simple QC phantoms that can easily be used on a regular basis (daily/weekly) for radiography and mammography. These are simple in design and use materials that are easily accessible in most parts of the world. A software application is also developed that automatically analyzes images and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) header information. It exports data to a comma‐separated values (CSV) file that is read by a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet for documentation and graphical analysis. The phantom and the software were tested in four institutions (in Costa Rica and the United States of America) both on computed radiography and direct digital mammography and radiography systems. Data were collected over a 3‐year period. No corrective actions were taken on the data, but service was performed on two of the units. Results demonstrated noise that could be attributed to suboptimal placement of the phantom and incorrect data being put into the DICOM header. Preliminary evaluation of the IAEA methodology has demonstrated that it can provide meaningful QC data that are sensitive to changes in the imaging systems. Care must be taken at implementation to properly train personnel and ensure that the image data, including the DICOM header, are being correctly transmitted. The methodology gives the opportunity for a single CQMP to provide QC services even to remote sites where travel is prohibitive, and it is feasible and easy to implement.
Family support bill now in Senate
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2021

Proposed legislation providing funding for programs that support families in recovery passed the House of Representatives and is now in the Senate. The Family Support Services for Addiction Act of 2021 (H.R. 433) would help the addiction treatment profession, as well as patients and family members, as it would provide $25 million in grant funding over five years.
Elemental 2D Materials: Solution‐Processed Synthesis and Applications in Electrochemical Ammonia Production
Authors: Bat‐Erdene Munkhjargal , Bati Abdulaziz S. R. , Qin Jiadong , Zhao Huijun , Zhong Yu Lin , Shapter Joseph G. , Batmunkh Munkhbayar
Published: October 2021

Graphene and related elemental 2D materials have become core materials in nanotechnology and shown great promise for industrially important electrocatalysis reactions. Although excellent progress has been made over the past few years, research into the field of elemental 2D materials beyond graphene is still at an early stage. Importantly, recent research has revealed the promising efficacy of elemental 2D materials as effective nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) electrocatalysts due to their many excellent properties including high surface activities, acting as active sites for effective functionalization and defect engineering. This review provides a comprehensive account of recent advances in elemental 2D materials with a major focus on the solution‐based synthesis routes and their applications in electrocatalytic NRR for ammonia (NH3) production. After a concise overview of elemental 2D materials, the advantages and challenges of currently available methods for the synthesis of these 2D materials are discussed. Then, the review focuses on the use of these emerging 2D materials in the electrocatalytic reduction of N2 for sustainable (NH3) synthesis. Finally, the challenges still to be addressed, and important perspectives in this attractive field are emphasized.
The Impact of Ion Migration on the Electro‐Optic Effect in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites
Authors: Sun Meng‐Jia , Sabatini Randy , Wang Pei‐Xi , Najarian Amin Morteza , Bertens Koen , Johnston Andrew , Hoogland Sjoerd , Sargent Edward H.
Published: October 2021

Electro‐optic (EO) modulation allows the conversion of electrical signals to optical pulses and is widely employed in telecommunications and chip‐to‐chip interconnects. Recently, hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have been explored as candidates for EO modulators. To improve the EO performance, it is envisioned that halide doping will lower the symmetry of the crystal, enhancing spontaneous polarization. However, mixed halide perovskites are often associated with ion migration, which may impact their EO properties. Thus, the influence of ion migration on the EO efficiency is investigated using Br‐doped Dion–Jacobson quasi‐2D HOIPs, (4AMP)(MA)Pb2(Brx/I1−x)7 (4AMP = 4‐(aminomethyl)piperidinium, MA = methylammonium). While density functional theory predicts a greater spontaneous polarization for the Br‐doped sample, it is found that experimental results are affected by ion migration. The EO coefficient of the Br/I mixed sample is 95 pm V−1 at 1 kHz (≈50× higher than the undoped sample), but the response falls off rapidly with frequency. This frequency dependence is correlated with impedance spectroscopy, showing that the large EO signal results from ion migration. This study shows that ion migration impacts the EO analysis of mixed halide perovskites and must be considered in future EO studies.
Targeted Therapeutics Delivery by Exploiting Biophysical Properties of Senescent Cells
Authors: Low Jessalyn , Chan Brian , Tay Andy
Published: October 2021

Cellular senescence refers to a state of irreversible arrest of cell proliferation in response to various forms of cellular stress. It is known that the accumulation of senescent cells is a hallmark of aging, and mounting evidence has shown that the chronic accumulation of senescent cells is a significant contributor to various deleterious age‐related pathologies. To limit the detrimental impacts of cellular senescence, there has been growing interest in targeted delivery of therapeutics to senescent cells to treat age‐related pathologies and promote healthy aging. Two popular strategies include the elimination of senescent cells using senolytic drugs, and rejuvenation of senescent cells. To that end, it is integral that the delivery of senolytics, senomorphics or rejuvenating biomolecules to senescent cells are highly selective to enhance delivery efficacy and safety. However, there is little understanding of how senescence‐associated biophysical changes such as cellular size and stiffness can be exploited for targeted therapeutics delivery. In this review, the biomolecular and biophysical markers of senescence along with senescence models and emerging therapeutics are first described. This review then focuses on how biophysical properties can be exploited for targeted therapeutics delivery, using approaches like nanoparticles, electroporation, sonoporation, photoporation and high aspect‐ratio nanostructures to senescent cells.
Hydroquinone versus Pyrocatechol Pendants Twisted Conjugated Polymer Cathodes for High‐Performance and Robust Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Xinlei , Xiao Jijun , Tang Weihua
Published: October 2021

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have emerged as a cost‐effective and safe energy storage technology but have remained a challenge in developing efficient Zn2+ hosting materials for large‐scale applications. The authors have herein designed a ladder‐type dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole core twisting hydroquinone or pyrocatechol redox pendants as redox conducting polymer cathodes for highly‐efficient and robust aqueous ZIBs. The impact of pendant configuration on the energy level, Zn2+ hosting behavior, and battery performance of these polymer electrodes are systematically investigated. Experimental and theoretical studies clearly reveal the outstanding molecular planarity and highly reversible redox reaction for hydroquinone‐derived PDpBQ cathode, which can effectively tackle the bottleneck problems for ZIBs on aspects of structural stability and Zn2+ insertion/extraction dynamics. Steady capacity output upon 120 mAh g−1 is achieved with considerable rate performance (52.5% of capacity retention at 5 A g−1), while pyrocatechol‐derived polymer PDoBQ exhibits a sharply fading redox responsiveness (over 45%) due to restricted charge transfer and unselective zinc‐ion capturing nature. This molecular design of highly conductive backbone twisting redox pendants with planar molecular plane and specific Zn2+ hosting as polymer cathodes demonstrates an effective strategy for high‐performance and robust ZIBs.
A Prevascularized Polyurethane‐Reinforced Fibrin Patch Improves Regenerative Remodeling in a Rat Right Ventricle Replacement Model
Authors: Tao Ze‐Wei , Jarrell Dillon K. , Robinson Andrew , Cosgriff‐Hernandez Elizabeth M. , Jacot Jeffrey G.
Published: October 2021

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect 1 in 120 newborns in the United States. Surgical repair of structural heart defects often leads to arrhythmia and increased risk of heart failure. The laboratory has previously developed an acellular fibrin patch reinforced with a biodegradable poly(ether ester urethane) urea mesh that result in improved heart function when tested in a rat right ventricle wall replacement model compared to fixed pericardium. However, this patch does not drive significant neotissue formation. The patch materials are modified here and this patch is prevascularized with human umbilical vein endothelial cells and c‐Kit+ human amniotic fluid stem cells. Rudimentary capillary‐like networks form in the fibrin after culture of cell‐encapsulated patches for 3 d in vitro. Prevascularized patches and noncell loaded patch controls are implanted onto full‐thickness heart wall defects created in the right ventricle of athymic nude rats. Two months after surgery, defect repair with prevascularized patches results in improved heart function and the patched heart area exhibited greater vascularization and muscularization, less fibrosis, and increased M2 macrophage infiltration compared to acellular patches.
Superior High‐Temperature Strength in a Supersaturated Refractory High‐Entropy Alloy
Authors: Feng Rui , Feng Bojun , Gao Michael C. , Zhang Chuan , Neuefeind Joerg C. , Poplawsky Jonathan D. , Ren Yang , An Ke , Widom Michael , Liaw Peter K.
Published: October 2021

Refractory high‐entropy alloys (RHEAs) show promising applications at high temperatures. However, achieving high strengths at elevated temperatures above 1173K is still challenging due to heat softening. Using intrinsic material characteristics as the alloy‐design principles, a single‐phase body‐centered‐cubic (BCC) CrMoNbV RHEA with high‐temperature strengths (beyond 1000 MPa at 1273 K) is designed, superior to other reported RHEAs as well as conventional superalloys. The origin of the high‐temperature strength is revealed by in situ neutron scattering, transmission‐electron microscopy, and first‐principles calculations. The CrMoNbV's elevated‐temperature strength retention up to 1273 K arises from its large atomic‐size and elastic‐modulus mismatches, the insensitive temperature dependence of elastic constants, and the dominance of non‐screw character dislocations caused by the strong solute pinning, which makes the solid‐solution strengthening pronounced. The alloy‐design principles and the insights in this study pave the way to design RHEAs with outstanding high‐temperature strength.
Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Underexplored Materials for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Quek Glenn , Roehrich Brian , Su Yude , Sepunaru Lior , Bazan Guillermo C.
Published: October 2021

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are characterized by an electronically delocalized backbone bearing ionic functionalities. These features lead to properties relevant for use in energy‐storing pseudocapacitor devices, including ionic conductivity, water processability, gel‐formation, and formation of polaronic species stabilized by electrostatic interactions. In this Perspective, the basis for evaluating the figures of merit for pseudocapacitors is provided, together with the techniques used for their evaluation. The general utility and challenges encountered with neutral conjugated polymers are then discussed. Finally, recent advances on the use of CPEs in pseudocapacitor devices are reviewed. The article is concluded by discussing how their miscibility in aqueous media permits the incorporation of CPEs in living materials that are capable of switching function from extraction of energy from bacterial metabolic pathways to pseudocapacitor energy storage.
Surface‐Dependent Intermediate Adsorption Modulation on Iridium‐Modified Black Phosphorus Electrocatalysts for Efficient pH‐Universal Water Splitting
Authors: Mei Jun , He Tianwei , Bai Juan , Qi Dongchen , Du Aijun , Liao Ting , Ayoko Godwin A. , Yamauchi Yusuke , Sun Litao , Sun Ziqi
Published: October 2021

2D black phosphorus (BP) is one promising electrocatalyst toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis. The too strong adsorption of oxygen intermediates during OER, while the too weak adsorption of hydrogen intermediate during HER, however, greatly compromise its practical water splitting applications with overpotentials as high as 450 mV for OER and 420 mV for HER to achieve 10 mA cm−2 under alkaline conditions. Herein, by rationally introducing the nanosized iridium (Ir) modifier together with optimized exposing surface toward electrolytes, an efficient Ir‐modified BP electrocatalyst with much favorable adsorption energies toward catalytic intermediates possesses an outstanding pH‐universal water splitting performance, surpassing the nearly all reported BP‐based catalysts and the commercial noble‐metal catalysts. The Ir‐modified BP catalyst with the optimized exposed surfaces only requires an overall cell voltage of 1.54 and 1.57 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 in acidic and alkaline electrolysers, respectively. This design uncovers the potential applications of 2D BP in practical electrocatalysis fields via decreasing reaction intermediate adsorption energy barriers and promoting the interfacial electron coupling for heterostructured catalysts, and offers new insights into the surface‐dependent activity enhancement mechanism.
Dynamically Tuneable Reflective Structural Coloration with Electroactive Conducting Polymer Nanocavities
Authors: Rossi Stefano , Olsson Oliver , Chen Shangzhi , Shanker Ravi , Banerjee Debashree , Dahlin Andreas , Jonsson Magnus P.
Published: October 2021

Dynamic control of structural colors across the visible spectrum with high brightness has proven to be a difficult challenge. Here, this is addressed with a tuneable reflective nano‐optical cavity that uses an electroactive conducting polymer (poly(thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene)) as spacer layer. Electrochemical doping and dedoping of the polymer spacer layer provides reversible tuning of the cavity's structural color throughout the entire visible range and beyond. Furthermore, the cavity provides high peak reflectance that varies only slightly between the reduced and oxidized states of the polymer. The results indicate that the polymer undergoes large reversible thickness changes upon redox tuning, aided by changes in optical properties and low visible absorption. The electroactive cavity concept may find particular use in reflective displays, by opening for tuneable monopixels that eliminate limitations in brightness of traditional subpixel‐based systems.
An Antipulverization and High‐Continuity Lithium Metal Anode for High‐Energy Lithium Batteries
Authors: Ye Yusheng , Zhao Yuanyuan , Zhao Teng , Xu Sainan , Xu Zhixin , Qian Ji , Wang Lili , Xing Yi , Wei Lei , Li Yuejiao , Wang Jiulin , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie
Published: October 2021

Lithium metal is one of the most promising anode candidates for next‐generation high‐energy batteries. Nevertheless, lithium pulverization and associated loss of electrical contact remain significant challenges. Here, an antipulverization and high‐continuity lithium metal anode comprising a small number of solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) nanoparticles as conformal/sacrificial fillers and a copper (Cu) foil as the supporting current collector is reported. Guiding by the SSE, this new anode facilitates lithium nucleation, contributing to form a roundly shaped, micro‐sized, and dendrite‐free electrode during cycling, which effectively mitigates the lithium dendrite growth. The embedded Cu current collector in the hybrid anode not only reinforces the mechanical strength but also improves the efficient charge transfer among active lithium filaments, affording good electrode structural integrity and electrical continuity. As a result, this antipulverization and high‐continuity lithium anode delivers a high average Coulombic efficiency of ≈99.6% for 300 cycles under a current density of 1 mA cm−2. Lithium–sulfur batteries (elemental sulfur or sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathodes) equipped with this anode show high‐capacity retentions in their corresponding ether‐based or carbonate‐based electrolytes, respectively. This new electrode provides important insight into the design of electrodes that may experience large volume variation during operations.
Enzymatically Transformable Polymersome‐Based Nanotherapeutics to Eliminate Minimal Relapsable Cancer
Authors: Li Junjie , Ge Zhishen , Toh Kazuko , Liu Xueying , Dirisala Anjaneyulu , Ke Wendong , Wen Panyue , Zhou Hang , Wang Zheng , Xiao Shiyan , Van Guyse Joachim F. R. , Tockary Theofilus A. , Xie Jinbing , Gonzalez‐Carter Daniel , Kinoh Hiroaki , Uchida Satoshi , Anraku Yasutaka , Kataoka Kazunori
Published: October 2021

Prevention of metastatic and local‐regional recurrence of cancer after surgery remains difficult. Targeting postsurgical premetastatic niche and microresiduals presents an excellent prospective opportunity but is often challenged by poor therapeutic delivery into minimal residual tumors. Here, an enzymatically transformable polymer‐based nanotherapeutic approach is presented that exploits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) overactivation in tumor‐associated tissues to guide the codelivery of colchicine (microtubule‐disrupting and anti‐inflammatory agent) and marimastat (MMP inhibitor). The dePEGylation of polymersomes catalyzed by MMPs not only exposes the guanidine moiety to improve tissue/cell‐targeting/retention to increase bioavailability, but also differentially releases marimastat and colchicine to engage their extracellular (MMPs) and intracellular (microtubules) targets of action, respectively. In primary tumors/overt metastases, the vasculature‐specific targeting of nanotherapeutics can function synchronously with the enhanced permeability and retention effect to deter malignant progression of metastatic breast cancer. After the surgical removal of large primary tumors, nanotherapeutic agents are localized in the premetastatic niche and at the site of the postsurgical wound, disrupting the premetastatic microenvironment and eliminating microresiduals, which radically reduces metastatic and local‐regional recurrence. The findings suggest that nanotherapeutics can safely widen the therapeutic window to resuscitate colchicine and MMP inhibitors for other inflammatory disorders.
Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Energy Devices
Authors: Liang Xiaoguang , Tian Ye , Yuan Yufei , Kim Yoonseob
Published: October 2021

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials whose facile preparation, functionality, and modularity have led to their becoming powerful platforms for the development of molecular devices in many fields of (bio)engineering, such as energy storage, environmental remediation, drug delivery, and catalysis. In particular, ionic COFs (iCOFs) are highly useful for constructing energy devices, as their ionic functional groups can transport ions efficiently, and the nonlabile and highly ordered all‐covalent pore structures of their backbones provide ideal pathways for long‐term ionic transport under harsh electrochemical conditions. Here, current research progress on the use of iCOFs for energy devices, specifically lithium‐based batteries and fuel cells, is reviewed in terms of iCOF backbone‐design strategies, synthetic approaches, properties, engineering techniques, and applications. iCOFs are categorized as anionic COFs or cationic COFs, and how each of these types of iCOFs transport lithium ions, protons, or hydroxides is illustrated. Finally, the current challenges to and future opportunities for the utilization of iCOFs in energy devices are described. This review will therefore serve as a useful reference on state‐of‐the‐art iCOF design and application strategies focusing on energy devices.
Conductive CuCo‐Based Bimetal Organic Framework for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Geng Bo , Yan Feng , Zhang Xiao , He Yuqian , Zhu Chunling , Chou Shu‐Lei , Zhang Xiaoli , Chen Yujin
Published: October 2021

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with intrinsically porous structures and well‐dispersed metal sites are promising candidates for electrocatalysis; however, the catalytic efficiencies of most MOFs are significantly limited by their impertinent adsorption/desorption energy of intermediates formed during electrocatalysis and very low electrical conductivity. Herein, Co is introduced into conductive Cu‐catecholate (Cu‐CAT) nanorod arrays directly grown on a flexible carbon cloth for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Electrochemical results show that the Co‐incorporated Cu‐CAT nanorod arrays only need 52 and 143 mV overpotentials to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline and neutral media for HER, respectively, much lower than most of the reported non‐noble metal‐based electrocatalysts and comparable to the benchmark Pt/C electrocatalyst. Density functional theory calculations show that the introduction of Co can optimize the adsorption energy of hydrogen (ΔGH*) of Cu sites, almost close to that of Pt (111). Furthermore, the adsorption energy of water () of Co sites in the CuCo‐CAT is significantly lower than that of Cu sites upon coupling Cu with Co, effectively accelerating the Volmer step in the HER process. The findings, synergistic effect of bimetals, open a new avenue for the rational design of highly efficient MOF‐based electrocatalysts.
Biphasic Porous Structures formed by Monomer/Water Interface Stabilization with Colloidal Nanoparticles
Authors: Pizzetti Fabio , Rossetti Arianna , Marchetti Alessandro , Castiglione Franca , Vanoli Valeria , Coste Elena , Veneruso Valeria , Veglianese Pietro , Sacchetti Alessandro , Cingolani Alberto , Rossi Filippo
Published: October 2021

Bicontinuous jammed emulsions (known as bijels) are Pickering emulsions where oil and water are both continuous phases. These interconnected structures, stabilized by colloidal nanoparticles at the oil–water interface, have been used in a wide range of applications. Among these, catalysis and encapsulation of solutes has showed promising potential, but the low mechanical properties of the systems limit their use. Here it is proposed that the use of a hydrophobic monomer able to polymerize in bulk and form a biphasic porous structure with polymer and water as immiscible phases. The final system is stabilized by colloidal nanoparticles made of hydroxyapatite, and the system's ability to release both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs has been demonstrated. The strategy has been proven to be highly versatile and may be tuned with a diversity of monomers and nanoparticles to satisfy specific industrial and medical needs.
Enhancing Mechanical Energy Transfer of Piezoelectric Supercapacitors
Authors: Jadhav Sagar , Pham Hong Duc , Padwal Chinmayee , Chougale Mahesh , Brown Cameron , Motta Nunzio , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) , Bae Jinho , Dubal Deepak
Published: October 2021

The expected widespread use of wearable and other low‐power healthcare devices has triggered great interest in piezoelectric materials as a promising energy harvester. However, traditional piezoelectric materials suffer from poor interfacial energy transfer when used in self‐charging power cells. Herein, piezoelectric supercapacitors (PSCs) are engineered using MXene‐incorporated polymeric piezo separator and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) multilayered sheets as electrodes. The MXene‐blended polymer film showed considerable improvement with maximum output voltage of 28 V and current of 1.71 µA. The electromechanical properties studied by piezoelectric force microscopy suggest that the integration of MXene in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix induces the degree of dipole moment alignment, thereby improving the piezoelectric properties of PVDF. At the device level, the PSC featured the capacitance of 61 mF cm–2, the energy density of 24.9 mJ cm−2, the maximum power density of 1.3 mW cm−3, and the excellent long‐term cycling stability. A way is paved toward green, integrated energy harvesting and storing technology for next‐generation self‐powered implantable and wearable electronics.
Injection Molding of Soft Robots
Authors: Bell Michael A. , Becker Kaitlyn P. , Wood Robert J.
Published: October 2021

To date, injection molding has not been a practical manufacturing method for soft robots due to machine costs, large volumes of liquid silicones required, and the inability to change materials quickly between shots. Injection molds are typically machined from metals to allow for high pressure and clamping forces, which further limits the ability to rapidly prototype soft robots when molds could cost thousands of dollars. To circumvent these issues, a low‐cost injection molding system and process are pioneered. In this article, the apparatus, design process, economics, and workflow are described using standard stereolithography and polyjet 3D printers to rapidly iterate on soft robot designs. The mold design process is further detailed to allow for proper material flow, clamping, alignment, and rapid curing times. Static mixing nozzle efficacy is characterized with common silicone materials compared to manual mixing and centrifugal planetary mixing. Lastly, a number of applications that could only be achieved through injection molding due to geometry, embedded components, or cure times are presented.
A Top‐Down Platform Enabling Ge Based Reconfigurable Transistors
Authors: Böckle Raphael , Sistani Masiar , Lipovec Boris , Pohl Darius , Rellinghaus Bernd , Lugstein Alois , Weber Walter M.
Published: October 2021

Conventional field‐effect transistor (FET) concepts are limited to static electrical functions and demand extraordinarily steep and reproducible doping concentration gradients. Reaching the physical limits of scaling, doping‐free reconfigurable field‐effect transistors (RFETs) capable of dynamically altering the device operation between p‐ or n‐type, even during runtime, are emerging device concepts. In this respect, Ge has been identified as a promising channel material to enable reduction of power consumption and switching delay of RFETs. Nevertheless, its use has been limited to simulations and bottom‐up demonstrators not compatible with complex circuit technology. In this work, a deterministic top‐down fabrication scheme is demonstrated to realize a Ge‐based RFET architecture and exploring realizations with three independent gates. Polarity control and leakage current suppression are enabled by the specific injection of charge carriers through gated Al‐Ge heterojunctions and the introduction of a blocking electrostatic energy barrier. Further, the choice of monolithic Al/Ge contacts alleviates process variability compared to Ni‐germanide contacts presenting a top‐down technology platform for Ge‐based RFETs. Our device concept is a first step toward future integrated high‐performance and low‐power reconfigurable circuits, providing a platform for future energy‐efficient systems as well as hardware security integrated circuits.
Superplastic Nanomolding of Highly Ordered Metallic Sub‐Micrometer Pillars Arrays for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Xiang Junxiang , Wang Yunxia , Wu Yupeng , Peng Qi , Shui Langquan , Ouyang Wengen , Ding Tao , Liu Ze
Published: October 2021

Ordered metallic nanostructures, due to their superior electronic and photonic properties, have played a vital role in wide range of applications, such as metamaterials, plasmonic sensing, electrocatalysis, and energy devices. However, traditional fabrication strategies based on bottom‐up self‐assembly and top‐down lithography are either poor in uniformity or time‐consuming with low scalability. Here, a robust and cost‐effective approach for the fabrication of highly ordered metallic pillars arrays in centimeter scale is presented. This is realized by superplastic nanomolding of metals with highly ordered anodic aluminum oxide templates which are fabricated by the prepatterning of aluminum sheets with bulk metallic glass (BMG) mold, followed by anodizing. The nanopatterning process is rationalized with finite element simulation to avoid the damage of BMG mold. Finally, it is shown that the molded metallic sub‐micrometer pillars arrays can be used for the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with enhancement factor of ≈106. It is found that the SERS performance is influenced by the specific surface area of the pillars in addition to the near‐field intensity. This simple and cost‐effective method not only opens new opportunities for rapid prototyping of large‐scale ordered metallic nanostructures for various applications but also provides guidance for the quantitative analysis on sub‐micrometer scale.
Magnetically Activated Flexible Thermoelectric Switches Based on Interconnected Nanowire Networks
Authors: da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes Tristan , Marchal Nicolas , Abreu Araujo Flavio , Piraux Luc
Published: October 2021

The use of the spin degree of freedom in thermoelectric conversion offers new functionalities for electronic devices powered by waste heat and a promising solution for sustainable technologies. Here, thermocouples formed from two dissimilar arrays of interconnected magnetic nanowires embedded in a polymer film are used to realize flexible thermoelectric switches providing optimal magnetic‐field‐induced control of the sign and magnitude of the thermopower. By finetuning the composition of the homogeneous and multilayered nanowires forming the thermocouple legs, an ideal on/off ratio in the switching of the thermoelectric output voltage, or a simple sign reversal can be achieved in the presence of a magnetic field. This work paves the way for flexible spin‐caloritronics devices exploiting residual thermal energy for the development of thermally activated sensors and logic devices.
Chasing Down the Eu2+ Ions: The Delicate Structure−Property Relationships in the Ultra‐Narrow Band Phosphor K1.6Na2.1Li0.3[Li3SiO4]4:Eu2+
Authors: Ruegenberg Freia , García‐Fuente Amador , Seibald Markus , Baumann Dominik , Peschke Simon , Urland Werner , Meijerink Andries , Huppertz Hubert , Suta Markus
Published: October 2021

Eu2+‐activated phosphors of the UCr4C4 structure type have emerged as promising new (ultra‐)narrow band phosphors. Especially the UCr4C4‐type alkali lithosilicates have caused a sensation in the field of phosphor research in the recent years due to their consistent (ultra)narrow‐band luminescence in the cyan and green range that can pave the way to novel backlighting LEDs with high color gamut. The compound “K2Na2[Li3SiO4]4:Eu2+” stands out with a strikingly narrow emission in the cyan range (<0.2 eV or <30 nm full width at half maximum in the energy or wavelength scale, respectively) but the position of the Eu2+ ions within this structure has been so far controversial. High‐resolution photoluminescence spectroscopy at 10 K reveals a complex emission spectrum with seven emission bands in the violet to green range. Combination with single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) demonstrates that the cation channels in the structure also contain Li+ ions. The presence of emission bands in the violet and blue spectral range reveals that the Eu2+ ions also occupy the available K sites in the structure independently confirmed by advanced ligand field calculations. This study demonstrates that a combination of SCXRD, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and theory can help elucidate advanced structural problems.
High‐Performance Single‐Crystal Diamond Detector for Accurate Pulse Shape Discrimination Based on Self‐Organizing Map Neural Networks
Authors: Huang Guang-Wei , Li Zhi-Yuan , Wang Zun-Gang , Song Wu-Rui , Wu Kun , Li Lin-Xiang , Zhou Chun-Zhi , Zhang Yi-Yun , Liu Zhi-Qiang , Yi Xiao-Yan , Li Jin-Min
Published: October 2021

Herein, a high‐performance single‐crystal diamond (SCD) detector (4.5 × 4.5 ×0.3 mm3) to achieve accurate pulse shape discrimination, which is critical for source tracking in harsh and complex radiation conditions, is demonstrated. Enabled by a deep learning algorithm based on self‐organizing map (SOM) neural networks, and using the transient current technique (TCT) for sampling the detector's response to γ, α, and neutron radiation fields, the SCD detector achieves high recognition accuracy of 97.51%. The SCD detector exhibits a low leakage current of 0.75 pA mm−2 under an electric field of 0.51 V μm−1, and its response to 238Pu α‐rays shows that the charge collection efficiency for electrons and holes is as high as 99.2 and 98.8% respectively, with an energy resolution as low as 1.42%. The results indicate that the high‐performance SCD detector assisted by the machine learning algorithm can effectively distinguish α‐particles and γ‐rays with a potential application in separating the neutron and γ events as well.
Controllable Synthesis and Electrochemical Research of Zn2TiO4 Spheres as New Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Han Meng‐Cheng , Zhu Lan‐Lan , Jiao Si‐Yu , Yi Ting‐Feng , Cui Ping , Shi Yi
Published: October 2021

Zn2TiO4 spheres are fabricated via a simple hydrothermal strategy combined with subsequent heating treatment of 600, 700, and 800 °C, respectively. All the as‐synthesized Zn2TiO4 spheres are assembled by many small nanospheres with a particle size of 20–100 nm. The compactness of Zn2TiO4 spheres is continuously enhanced as the temperature rises from 600 to 800 °C. Additionally, compared with the Zn2TiO4 calcined at 700 and 800 °C samples, the Zn2TiO4 sintered at 600 °C sample exhibits the best electrochemical performance, and it can deliver the high discharge specific capacities of 405, 269, 223, 193, 173, and 166 mAh g–1 at current densities of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mA g–1, respectively. Simultaneously, it also displays the excellent cyclic performance with a high reversible charge (discharge) capacity of 245.8 (247.7) mAh g–1 after 300 cycles at the current density of 200 mA g–1. The results demonstrate that the as‐prepared ZnTiO4 spheres sintered at 600 °C will be expected to be a new anode material of lithium ion batteries.
EPR Investigation on Electron Transfer of 2D/3D g‐C3N4/ZnO S‐Scheme Heterojunction for Enhanced CO2 Photoreduction
Authors: Sayed Mahmoud , Zhu Bicheng , Kuang Panyong , Liu Xiangyu , Cheng Bei , Ghamdi Ahmed Abdullah Al , Wageh Swelm , Zhang Liuyang , Yu Jiaguo
Published: October 2021

Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into useful products is a promising technology from environmental and economic viewpoints. However, the efficiency of current photocatalytic materials is still unsatisfactory. In this work, a robust S‐scheme heterojunction composed of 3D ZnO hollow spheres wrapped by 2D g‐C3N4 layers is fabricated. The electrostatic attraction between both components not only facilitates the exfoliation of g‐C3N4 layers but also strengthens the photocatalyst framework. The prepared g‐C3N4/ZnO photocatalyst afforded an enhanced CH4 production rate, which is ≈40 and 7 times higher than those of pure ZnO and g‐C3N4, respectively. The improved activity is attributed to the extended light absorption and suppressed charge carrier recombination. Moreover, apart from traditional techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is used to probe charge movement in the fabricated S‐scheme heterojunction. An observable shift of the relevant EPR peak is noticed after the construction of g‐C3N4/ZnO heterostructure, indicating the electron transfer process. This study sheds light on S‐scheme heterojunctions as efficient candidates for CO2 photocatalytic conversion.
Data Science Applied to Carbon Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Authors: Morelos‐Gomez Aaron , Terrones Mauricio , Endo Morinobu
Published: October 2021

Data science has been rapidly developed and implemented in diverse scientific and technological fields over the past decade, to accelerate new knowledge generation and develop high‐impact applications. Recently, different data science tools and techniques have been widely used, such as optimizations, regressions, and classifications of data (tabular, spectral, or visual). In this review, data science tools and techniques are discussed for their adoption for the synthesis, characterization, and applications of carbon‐based materials. Materials synthesis in conjunction with data science has resulted in optimal growth conditions with desired properties and processing techniques. Regarding characterization, molecular structures can be reconstructed using microscopy images, and a particular property can be predicted based on the other properties of the desired carbon material. Moreover, for the applications of carbon materials, data science has enabled prediction of the water treatment efficiency, classification of electronic signals, prediction of the biological activity, and virus classification. It is clear that by combining data science and carbon‐related materials, it is now possible to accelerate theory‐experimental research in the quest for novel materials and their emerging applications.
Self‐Stabilized Supramolecular Assemblies Constructed from PEGylated Dendritic Peptide Conjugate for Augmenting Tumor Retention and Therapy
Authors: Zheng Xiuli , Pan Dayi , Chen Xiaoting , Wu Lei , Chen Miao , Wang Wenjia , Zhang Hu , Gong Qiyong , Gu Zhongwei , Luo Kui
Published: October 2021

Supramolecular self‐assemblies of dendritic peptides with well‐organized nanostructures have great potential as multifunctional biomaterials, yet the complex self‐assembly mechanism hampers their wide exploration. Herein, a self‐stabilized supramolecular assembly (SSA) constructed from a PEGylated dendritic peptide conjugate (PEG‐dendritic peptide‐pyropheophorbide a, PDPP), for augmenting tumor retention and therapy, is reported. The supramolecular self‐assembly process of PDPP is concentration‐dependent with multiple morphologies. By tailoring the concentration of PDPP, the supramolecular self‐assembly is driven by noncovalent interactions to form a variety of SSAs (unimolecular micelles, oligomeric aggregates, and multi‐aggregates) with different sizes from nanometer to micrometer. SSAs at 100 nm with a spherical shape possess extremely high stability to prolong blood circulation about 4.8‐fold higher than pyropheophorbide a (Ppa), and enhance tumor retention about eight‐fold higher than Ppa on day 5 after injection, which leads to greatly boosting the in vivo photodynamic therapeutic efficiency. RNA‐seq demonstrates that these effects of SSAs are related to the inhibition of MET‐PI3K‐Akt pathway. Overall, the supramolecular self‐assembly mechanism for the synthetic PEGylated dendritic peptide conjugate sheds new light on the development of supramolecular assemblies for tumor therapy.
Investigation of Interplay between Polyvinylpyrrolidone Interlayer and Perovskite Composition Affecting the Performance of Perovskite Light Emitting Diode
Authors: Hyeon Min Woo , Ahn Yunho , Kim Jungwon , Kim Jaeseung , Kim Hyunjung , Suh Min Chul
Published: October 2021

Device structure and perovskite composition are two of the most important factors for maximizing the efficiency of light emitting diodes with perovskite as the light emitting layer. However, combining the best structures reported does not necessarily lead to better device performance. In the present study, the authors examine the device performance affected by the interplay between polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the interlayer and cesium (Cs)‐ or formamidinium (FA)‐based perovskite composition (PEA2(Cs0.87MA0.13)4Pb5Br16 (PEA: phenyl ethyl ammonium cation, MA: methyl ammonium cation) or PEA2FA2Pb3Br10, respectively). In the case of Cs‐based perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), PVP improves the formation of perovskite by preventing intermixing at the interface, thereby improving the device efficiency. On the other hand, although PVP is thought to behave similarly on FA‐based perovskite, it degrades device efficiency by decreasing hole injection and shifting the charge balance due to its insulating property. Based on the analysis, high efficiency Cs‐ and FA‐based PeLEDs of 12.31 and 24.5 cd A−1, respectively, are obtained.
High Thermoelectric Performance through Crystal Symmetry Enhancement in Triply Doped Diamondoid Compound Cu2SnSe3
Authors: Hu Lei , Luo Yubo , Fang Yue‐Wen , Qin Feiyu , Cao Xun , Xie Hongyao , Liu Jiawei , Dong Jinfeng , Sanson Andrea , Giarola Marco , Tan Xianyi , Zheng Yun , Suwardi Ady , Huang Yizhong , Hippalgaonkar Kedar , He Jiaqing , Zhang Wenqing , Xu Jianwei , Yan Qingyu , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: October 2021

The presence of high crystallographic symmetry and nanoscale defects are favorable for thermoelectrics. With proper electronic structures, a highly symmetric crystal tends to possess multiple carrier channels and promote electrical conductivity without sacrificing Seebeck coefficient. In addition, nanoscale defects can effectively scatter acoustic phonons to suppress thermal conductivity. Here, it is reported that the triple doping of Cu2SnSe3 leads to a high ZT value of 1.6 at 823 K for Cu1.85Ag0.15(Sn0.88Ga0.1Na0.02)Se3, and a decent average ZT (ZTave) value of 0.7 is also achieved for Cu1.85Ag0.15(Sn0.93Mg0.06Na0.01)Se3 from 475 to 823 K. This study reveals: 1) Ag doping on Cu sites generates numerous point defects and greatly decreases lattice thermal conductivity. 2) Doping Mg or Ga converts the monoclinic Cu2SnSe3 into a cubic structure. This symmetry enhancing leads to an increase in the effective mass from 0.8 me to 2.6 me (me, free electron mass) and the power factor from 4.3 µW cm−1 K−2 for Cu2SnSe3 to 11.6 µW cm−1 K−2. 3) Na doping creates dense dislocation arrays and nanoprecipitates, which strengthens the phonon scattering. 4) Pair distribution function analysis shows localized symmetry breakdown in the cubic Cu1.85Ag0.15(Sn0.88Ga0.1Na0.02)Se3. This work provides a standpoint to design promising thermoelectric materials by synergistically manipulating crystal symmetry and nanoscale defects.
Retail pass‐through of package downsizing
Authors: Çakır Metin
Published: October 2021

The package downsizing strategy allows a manufacturer to raise unit prices while maintaining package prices in a range acceptable to consumers. The success of the strategy depends on the retailers' ability to transmit the cost of downsized products into consumer prices at higher rates compared to transmitting equivalent increases in the cost of nondownsized products. In this article, we test this hypothesis by empirically analyzing the retailers' pass‐through behavior in response to downsizing. Using data on ice cream purchases, our main finding is that downsizing is significantly associated with the price pass‐through. On average, downsized products' pass‐through rate is 8.4 percentage points higher than the rate for nondownsized products. An important implication of this result is that in competitive environments in which manufacturers prefer to avoid substantial increases in package prices, downsizing could be a win–win strategy for manufacturers and retailers in response to increasing production costs. [EconLit Citations M31, D12, D4].