bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI AEROB GRAM NEGATIF DAN GRAM POSITIF MENGGUNAKAN METODE KONVENSIONAL DAN OTOMATIK
Authors: Tauran Patricia M. , Handayani Irda , Sennang Nurhayana
Published: October 2018

Choosing the method of bacteria identification is crucial to obtain accurate and quick results. This study will analyze the identificationresults of Gram negative and Gram positive from aerobic bacteria by examination using conventional and automatic methods at Dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Laboratory. A total of 85 samples consisting of 66 Gram negative bacteria and 19 Gram positive bacteriawere identified using conventional and automated methods. In this study, there was some correspondent identification result betweenthe conventional as well as the automated methods, namely 31.5% for Gram negative bacteria and 30.8% for Gram positive bacteria.However, the non-correspondent identification result between conventional and automated methods was found greater, namely, 68.5%for Gram negative bacteria and 69.2% for Gram positive bacteria. The non-correspondent identification result was due to the developmentof bacterial taxonomy and the differences of numbers and types of the biochemical tests between conventional and automatic methods.Bacteria identification using automated method is more accurate and faster than the conventional method, so it is recommended usingthis particularly for the laboratory and educational referral center.
C-X-C RECEPTOR 4 {CXCR4} METASTASIS KANKER PAYUDARA
Authors: Sudarsa I Wayan , Yasa I Wayan Putu Sutirta
Published: October 2018

The chemokine receptors CXCR4 (chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4) and its ligand (stromal derived factor-1/SDF-1 or chemokinemotif ligand 12/CXCL12) play an important role in cancer invasion and metastasis. The spread of breast cancer follows a nonrandommetastatic pattern typically involving spread of tumor to regional lymph nodes, lung, liver, and/or bone marrow. The ligand for CXCR4,SDF-1/CXCL12, is highly expressed by stromal fibroblasts within these tissues. The chemokine receptors CXCR4 is structurally related tochemokine receptor belonging to the superfamily of the seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors. In contrast to normal breasttissue, breast cancer cells typically express high levels of functional CXCR4 receptors that can direct chemotaxis and invasive responses.Expression of SDF-1/CXCL-12 in turn, promotes the progression of breast cancer by directly enhancing tumor-cell growth and by recruitingendothelial progenitor cells that are required for tumor angiogenesis. High-level expression of CXCR4 on neoplastic cells is associated withrelatively poor overall survival and bad prognosis in patients with breast cancer. The promising results in the preclinical tumor modelsindicate that CXCR4 antagonists may have to reduce the spread of cancer that is called anti tumor activity in patients with breast cancer.The chemokine receptors CXCR4 antagonists, although initially developed for treatment of acquired immunodeficiency diseases syndrome(AIDS), actually may become effective agents as a molecular targeted therapy for breast cancer.
ANGKA FIB-4 DAN HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTI RETROVIRAL THERAPY DI ANTARA PASIEN PENGIDAP INFEKSI HIV
Authors: A Liliana , Noormartany Noormartany , AK Sugianli
Published: October 2018

Liver disease in patients with HIV infection can be caused by hepatotropical virus co infection or as a side effect of antiretroviraltherapy. The cause of HAART effects on liver fibrosis among patients with HIV infection is not yet known. The monitoring of the incidenceof liver fibrosis can be done with non-invasive markers, such as FIB 4 score. FIB-4 score is calculated by the formula: Age x AST/totalplatelet x âˆšALT. This is carried out to know the comparison of the FIB-4 score in HIV patients before and after first-line HAART therapy,with or without HCV coinfection. This study was a comparative analysis of retrospective data of patients at the Outpatient Teratai Clinic,Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, from 2003 through 2013. The research subjects consisted of 64 patients with HIV infection who receivedfirst-line HAART therapy for more than 12 months. Statistical analysis was performed by Wilcoxon test for two paired samples. Themedian scores of FIB-4 from HIV infection patients with or without HCV co infection before and after the administration of first-lineHAART therapy were 0.854 and 0.906 (p=0.837). The HCV co infected patients had median scores of FIB-4 before and after treatment at0.854 and 0.899 (p=0.204). Those without HCV co infection had median scores of FIB-4 before and after treatment at 2.726 and 0.912(p=0.013).Treatment with first-line HAART did not lead to a change in the FIB-4 score. Those who were co infected with HCV showed nodifferences in the FIB-4 scores before and after treatment with first-line HAART.
BAKTERI PATOGEN AEROB DAN UJI KEPEKAANNYA DI RUANGAN BEDAH PUSAT
Authors: Agustini Agustini , Sennang Nurhayana , Rusli Benny
Published: October 2018

An operating room is potential in causing nosocomial infection in a hospital, especially due to surgical wound infections. Nosocomialinfection raises the length of day care and disease transmission risk. According to Permenkes No. 1204/Menkes/SK/X/2004, the operatingroom is a highly infection risk area. The aim of this study is to know the determination of the amount of bacterial colonies count, andthe sensitivity identification pattern of pathogenic bacteria in the central operating rooms at the Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital.A cross sectional study was done by taking air samples using a Microbiology Air Sampler 100 in six central operating rooms in Dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital. Counting bacterial colonies, identifying pathogenic bacteria and sensitivity test were done at the BalaiBesar Laboratorium Kesehatan Makassar (from May to June 2010). The result of the study shows that the amount of bacterial coloniesfound were approximately 148–440 CFU/m3 aerobic pathogenic bacteria consisting of Alcaligenes faecalis and Serratia liquefacienswhich were sensitive to sulbactam+ cefoperazone, gentamycin, levofloxacin but resistant to ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, clindamycin andmetronidazole. The researchers concluded that the amount of bacterial colonies found exceeded the Permenkes standard. The pathogenicbacteria were sensitive to sulbactam+ cefoperazone, gentamycin and levofloxacin however, resistant to ampicillin, nitrofurantoin,clindamycin, and metronidazole.
KADAR KALIUM DI PACKED RED CELLS SIMPANAN
Authors: Sutjianto Angeline , Nurulita Asvin , Mangarengi Fitriani
Published: October 2018

Blood transfusion, is not only transferring the blood cells to the recipient, but also transferring other components such as: glucose,lactate, and potassium. When the blood is stored, many alterations occur in its cmponents, particularly a decrease of adenosine5-triphosphate (ATP) and pH, hemolysis, and an increase of potassium levels as well. One of the transfusion complications that should beavoided is hyperkalemia due to the accumulation of potassium that leaks during the storage. However, hyperkalemia related to transfusiondepends not only on the potassium level in the blood unit, but also on its volume and the rate of its blood administration as well. Theaim of this study was to know the potassium levels in stored Packed Red Cell (PRC). A cohort study was done from May–July 2010. Theresearchers used 48 samples from 16 PRCs derived from 16 donors. The samples were drawn from the of PRC hose's plasma that had beensealed. The potassium levels were measured on the first day, 10th day, and 20th day of the blood collection. The mean potassium levelon the first day was 3.79 mmol/L, 10th day was 12.22 mmol/L and 20th day was 19.77 mmol/L. Comparison of the potassium levelsbetween the first and 10th day, between first and 20th day, and between 10th and 20th day showed a significant difference (p=0.00). Theincrease of potassium levels in the PRC coincide with the storagetime.
MATRIKs METALOPROTEINASE-2 DI METASTASIS KARSINOMA PAYUDARA (Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 In Breast Cancer Metastastis)
Authors: Rosmiati Besse , Bahrun Uleng , Pakasi Ruland DN
Published: October 2018

Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 is a family of extra cellular matrix degrading proteinases. Study results on the role of MMP-2 in breastcancer progression and metastasis are still controversial. The aim of this study was to know the MMP-2 level by analyzing in metastaticand non metastatic breast cancer patients by using a cross sectional design, it was carried out in the Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Ibnu Sina,Labuang Baji Hospitals and at the Research Unit of UNHAS Makassar from April 2012 until June 2012. The 56 breast cancer patientswere divided into two groups: metastatic and non metastatic based on their thorax photo, ultrasonography and/or bone scan results. Theywere also divided into early and advanced stage, based on their TNM staging. The matrix metalloproteinase-2 level was determined byELISA method. The result of this study showed that the mean levels of MMP-2 in metastatic and non metastatic breast cancer were 20.18ng/mL and 17.14 ng/mL, respectively. The independent sample T test showed there was a significant difference (p=0.018) in MMP-2levels between metastatic and non metastatic breast cancer. The mean level of MMP-2 in early and advanced stages was 17.10 ng/mLand 18.31 ng/mL, respectively, the independent sample T test showed no significant difference of MMP-2 level between both stages. Oneway ANOVA test showed no significant difference of MMP-2 level based on tumour size and regional lymph node infiltration. The MMP-2contributed to the metastasis in breast cancer patients. The matrix metalloproteinase-2 level in metastatic was higher than in the nonmetastatic breast cancer, so this condition could be used as a biomarker to predict the metastasis of breast cancer.
RERATA VOLUME TROMBOSIT DI DIABETES MELITUS (Mean Platelet Volume in Diabetes Mellitus)
Authors: Enrica Maria , Tristina Nina , Tjandrawati Anna
Published: October 2018

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a state of chronically hyperglycemia, which is caused by impaired insulin secretion and function. Thealteration in coagulation system in DM patients served as the basic etiology of macro and micro vascular complication. Platelets are oneof the factors that have a role in the coagulation system and undergo pathological changes in DM patients. Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)is an indicator of platelet function and activation. Larger platelets have more dense and more reactive pro coagulant granules. The aimof this study was to know whether there were differences in MPV between DM patients compared to medical check-up participants atthe Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung.. The research used analytical descriptive, retrospective data. The inclusion criteria of thisresearch was DM patients and medical check up participants whose serum fasting glucose and two (2) hours post prandial serum glucosewere within the normal range. The data were taken from medical records of DM patients and medical check up participants. The datawere further analyzed with SPSS ver. 15 program using unpaired T-test. In this study, no significant difference between DM patientsand medical check up participants (p>0.05) was found. It can be concluded that Mean Platelet Volume if used as single, can not predictvascular complication in DM patients.
GLUT 4 DI JARINGAN ADIPOSA (GLUT 4 in Adipose Tissue)
Authors: Sari Dewi Ratna , Rimbun Rimbun , Yuliawati Tri Hartini , Susanto Joni , Gunawan Ari , JM Harjanto
Published: October 2018

The decreasing of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) in adipose tissue of diabetic and obesity patients are associated withhyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance. The adipose tissue can be used as therapeutic targets in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus(DM). Visceral adipose tissue has different morphology and functional with subcutaneous adipose tissue and Vitamin D has been knownto have contributed in DM. The aim of this study is to know the role of cholecalciferol on the expression of GLUT 4 in subcutaneous andvisceral adiposity of diabetic rats by elucidated in those tissues. The subjects of the study consisted of nineteen male diabetic rats of Wistarstrain, which were divided into control group (K) and three (3) treatment groups (X1, X2 and X3). In order to induce the condition ofDM, the animals were fed with high fat diet for three (3) weeks and administered a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35mg/kgBW) at the end of the second week. Cholecalciferol were administered with doses of 6.25 Î¼g/kgBW in X1, 12.5 Î¼g/kgBW in X2and 25 Î¼g/kgBW in X3 per oral everyday within 14 days. The subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues of the subjects were processedinto histological slides with immunohistochemistry staining. The data were analyzed by one way ANOVA test and paired t-test (Î±= 0.05,significance p<0.05). In this study was found the significance of GLUT 4 expression in subcutaneous adiposity (p=0.035) is differentbetween the groups, the differences were found between group K and groups X1, X2 and X3. Also there were found the significance differentof GLUT 4 expression in subcutaneous adiposities compared with visceral adiposities in all treatment groups (p>0.05). Based on thisstudy it can be concluded that cholecalciferol could increase the expression of GLUT 4 in the subcutaneous adiposity, but not in visceraladiposity of the diabetic rats.
BIAKAN METODE TETRAZOLIUM MICROPLATE ASSAY TERKAIT DAHAK PASIEN TERDUGA TUBERKULOSIS PARU
Authors: Rachmayanti Rita , Parwati Ida , Rostini Tiene , Rachmayati Sylvia
Published: October 2018

The definitive diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum culture, but theconventional culture methods using Ogawa media require between 3âˆ’10 weeks detection time. Therefore it is needed a prompt diagnostictools to shorten the detection time. Tetrazolium microplate assay (TEMA) that used tetrazolium bromide as a growth indicator also usemitochondrial dehydrogenate enzymes in the mitochondria of living M. tuberculosis may reduce yellow tetrazolium bromide into purpleformazan crystals. The aim of this study was to know the validity and speed of time detection of M. tuberculosis growth by analyzingit. This study was carried out from November 2012 up to February 2013, which obtained 105 subjects conducted in the Departmentof Clinical Pathology at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital with a cross sectional study design. The subjects consisting of sputum sample frompatients who suspected pulmonary TB which is examined for culture of M. tuberculosis with TEMA method using Ogawa media. Statisticalanalysis was used a 2í—2 table to test the validity and Mann Whitney test for the differences in growth detection time. The validity testof TEMA method got the sensitivity of 90.4% and specificity of 96.2%. The detection time of M. tuberculosis growth in TEMA methodswas found fastest in the third day while from the Ogawa media cultur was found on the 13th day with the M. tuberculosis growth mediausing TEMA methods detected in 12 days. While for those cultured on Ogawa's media the mean duration is 22 days (p<0.001). Basedon this study, can be concluded the examination of M. tuberculosis culture from sputum patient suffer of pulmonary TB with with TEMAmethod has given high validity and faster in the time detection for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB.
DIAGNOSIS TUBERKULOSIS PARU MENURUT KEKERAPAN PEMERIKSAAN DAHAK
Authors: Larissa Larissa , Parwati Ida , Sugianli A K
Published: October 2018

Nowadays in Indonesia, three times (first spot-second in the morning-third spot) microscope sputum examination to find acid fastbacilli is used to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). WHO policy (2007) recommends a reduction of sputum smears from three upto two times. The International Standards for Tuberculosis (2009) stated that the suspected pulmonary TB patients should have at leasttwo sputum specimens for microscopic examination with one early morning sputum. The aim of this study is to know whether pulmonaryTB can be confirmed only by two sputum specimen in the investigation. The subjects consist of patients who were examined three timesof their sputum at the Microbiology Laboratory of Clinical Pathology Department, at Hasan Sadikin Hospital from 2011–2012 (2 yearsperiod). This study used analytical retrospective method, with investigation agreement between the two first sputum (one of the specimenwas the morning sputum) with the third sputum using kappa coefficient and McNemar test. During the study between 2011–2012, therewere examined 3744 TB suspected patients. There is an excellent agreement (k=0.835) between the two times examination of the firstsputum and the third one. The positive possibility of the third sputum when the first two specimens were negative is only 1.7% (p=0.000).Based on this study there is an excellent agreement between the two times sputum examination with the third one. That means twosputum specimen can be used for the confirmation of pulmonary TB.
RAGAMAN GENETIK GEN POLIMERASE VIRUS HEPATITIS B PADA PASIEN HEPATITIS B KRONIK DENGAN PENGOBATAN TELBIVUDIN
Authors: Mastutik Gondo , Juniastuti Juniastuti , Rohman Ali , Amin Mochamad , Setiawan Poernomo Boedi
Published: October 2018

Infection caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still a major global health problem and can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellularcarcinoma as well. Telbivudine is one among the drugs used to treat the disease routinely. However, using this drug in a long term therapymight cause mutations in HBV polymerase gene that decreases the effectiveness of the therapy. Here with the researchers report the geneticvariations of the gene isolated from telbivudine-which is used treated chronic hepatitis B patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. The blood serawere collected at Dr. Soetomo hospital from 10 telbivudine-treated and 10 untreated chronic hepatitis B patients. The DNA viral wasisolated and purified from each serum. Sequence polymerase gene at nucleotides 455 to 796 was amplified by PCR, and then analyzedbio informatically to determine their mutation profile. This study revealed a point mutation in HBV25 sample at nucleotide A1525G thatgives rise to I509V modification. Such mutation is also observed in a sequence that is available in Gen Bank with an accession numberAY641562. Additionally, the researchers found point mutations A1554G, T1593C, and C1629T in HBV25 sample and a point mutationA1554G in HBV20 sample. However, these mutations are silent. To conclude, the mutation in HBV polymerase gene among telbivudinetreatedchronic hepatitis B patients in Surabaya is known as A1525G.
PROTEIN ADHESIN 38-KDA MIKOBAKTERIUM TUBERKULOSIS DAN SEL MAKROFAG PARU
Authors: A Maimun Zulhaidah , Rahmawati Rahmawati , Purbasari Bethasiwi , Sumarno Sumarno
Published: October 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) in Indonesia is at the third level in the world. The effectiveness of TB vaccine in lung TB. prevention varies, thus,this has motivated the researcher to explore based material of vaccine with a higher effectivity. One of the alternate vaccines that hasdeveloped, is the sub unit one made from adhesin protein. The aim of this study was to know the kind of oral administration of 38 kDaadhesin protein of M. tuberculosis in determining so that it can increase the level of macrophage in lungs of BALB/c mice. This study wasan experimental work using BALB/c male mice that were immunized with 38 kDa adhesin protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis orally.The samples were chosen at random and divided into six (6) groups that consisted of: "100 Î¼g protein +adjuvant ImmunostimulatingComplex (ISCOM)” group (n=5), "50 Î¼g + adjuvant ISCOM” group (n=5), "100 Î¼g” group (n=5), "50 Î¼g” group (n=5), "ISCOM” group(n=5) and "negative control” group (n=5). The measurement of the variable in this study was the number of macrophages . The resultsshowed that the increasing number of macrophage had significant differences between each group. ANOVA test showed a significant levelat p<0.05. The conclusion of this study was that 38 kDa adhesin protein of M. tuberculosis peroral could increase the level of macrophagein the lung of BALB/c mice. The highest level of macrophages was the group induced by 100 Î¼g 38 kDa adhesin protein of M. tuberculosisand adjuvant ISCOM.
NILAI DIAGNOSTIK IgA ANTIVCA ANTIBODI EPSTEIN-BARR DI KARSINOMA NASOFARING
Authors: Tambunan Betty Agustina , Aryati Aryati , Nafika Windu
Published: October 2018

Early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is difficult, so most patients arrived already in an advanced stage. The biopsyas the gold standard for the diagnosis of NPC at an early stage also have limitations. Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of NPC is pavingthe way for early diagnosis was through serological method. The purpose of this study is to know the diagnostic value of IgA antiviralcapsid antigen (VCA) Epstein-Barr antibody for NPC by analyzing it. The samples were NPC patients and others whome have head-neckmalignancies arrived in the Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Dr. Soetomo Hospital. Their sera were examined for IgA antiVCA Epstein-Barrantibody using ELISA method and then analyzed for its diagnostic value using the 2x2 table with a 95% confidence interval. IgA antiVCAcutoff was determined by ROC. The results show that the diagnostic value of IgA antiVCA Epstein-Barr antibody have the sensitivityand specificity around 93.3% and 93.8%, respectively. Positive predict value was 96.6%% and the negative one was 88.2%, while thediagnostic efficiency was 93.5%. The positive likelihood ratio was 14.9 times and the negative was only 0.07. The cut off value of IgAantiVCA according ROC was 13.45 U/mL with AUC 97.9%. Based on this study, can be concluded that IgA antiVCA Epstein-Barr antibodyshowed an excellent validity in supporting the diagnosis of NPC. However, the researchers needed further research to know the obtainableearly stage of NPC.
Î²-THALASSEMIA TRAIT MENGGUNAKAN ELEKTROFORESIS MIKROKAPILER
Authors: Nuryanti Nuryanti , Ganie Ratna Akbari , Aman Adi Koesoema
Published: October 2018

Thalassemia is a genetic disorder disease which spread in the different parts of the world, including Indonesia. The incidence of Î²-thalassemia trait in Indonesia is between 3âˆ’8%. The objective of this study is to know the incidence of Î²-thalassemia trait in studentswho performed medical check-up, which obtain by using capilary electrophoresis, to describe the characteristics and to obtain theaverage value, of MCV, MCH and HbA2. This study was an observational study by cross-sectional method, which was carried out at theDepartment of Clinical Pathology Haji Adam Malik Hospital in Medan, performed on July to September 2012, consisting of 560 subjects.The examination included FBC to get a microcytic hypochromic sample (MCV <80 fl, MCH <27 pg), then a quantification of HbA2from microcytic hypochromic sample was done using electrophoresis. From the 560 samples 54% were male and other 46% were female.The average age was 19.25±0.25 years, the percentage based on the races tribe, which including Bataknesse 57.78%, Javanesse 15.74%,Acehnesse 10.73, Malay 9.12%, Karonesse 3.93%, Padangnesse 2.32% and Nias 0.35%. The average of the hematological indices, in the50 subjects were 71.63±7.68 for MCV and 23.27±2.85 for MCH. The quantification of HbA2 in micrositic hypochromic subject showed10 Î²-thalassemia trait subject (1.8%) with average of HbA2 (4.34±0.25), MCV (62.66±3.41), and MCH (20.11±2.18) as well as four(4) hemoglobin E subjects (0.7%). Based on this performed research on 560 students with the incidence of Î²-Thalassemia Trait was 1.8%with the average of HbA2 quantification was 4.34±0.25.
MALARIA KONGENITAL
Authors: S Sri Wahyunie , Sennang Nurhayana , Daud D. , Arif Mansyur
Published: October 2018

Congenital Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the malaria parasite that is transmitted from mother to child through theplacenta during pregnancy or at delivery. Clinical manifestations which may arise due to Plasmodium infection are: the irritability,fever, anaemia, jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly. The incidence of congenital malaria according to the National Basic Health Research2010 is only about 0.3%. Forty two days old male baby with the main complaints fever and pale since he was three (3) weeks old. Fromthe physical examination the reviewer found anaemia, jaundice and splenomegaly. Plasmodium vivax was detected by serologic andmicroscopic examination. From the pregnancy history of mother the reviewer found that at the age of seven (7) months of pregnancyshe suffered from malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax the same as the type of Plasmodium infected the baby. The baby was born innon malaria endemic area which enhanced the diagnosis of congenital malaria of this patient. The patient was fully recovered aftertreated with dehydroartemisin piperaquin and the reviewer reported one case of congenital malaria, forty twodays old male baby. Thediagnosis was made based on the malaria history of mother at seven (7) month of pregnancy, the serologic and microscopic examinationfrom the patient blood and the baby was born in a non malaria endemic area. The prognosis of patient with congenital malaria causedby Plasmodium vivax generally was good. The clinical condition was improved and fully recovered after treated with dehydro-artemisinpiperaquin.
RET-HE DALAM DIAGNOSIS SEBAGAI TOLOK UKUR DALAM MENDETEKSI KEKURANGAN ZAT BESI DI IBU HAMIL (Ret-He in Diagnostic Parameter to Detecting Iron Deficiency in Pregnant Women)
Authors: Surbakti Imee , Aman Adi Koesoema , Sitepu Makmur
Published: October 2018

Varieties of the laboratory test can be applied in the detecting of iron status. These test are divided into conventional hematologicindex and biochemical iron serum. With the development of an hematological analyzer, new parameter has been found to monitor theiron status with reticulocytes hemoglobin analysis (Ret-He). To know the diagnostic accuracy of Ret-He and to conclude whether Ret-Hecan be used as a parameter to detect iron deficiency in pregnant women by obtaining certain information. This study used analyticalcross sectional was conducted at Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan, in Marchâˆ’June 2013. The Applying samples consisted of 64 thirdtrimester pregnant women which divided into two (2) groups: the noniron deficiency group using 28 subjects and in the iron deficiency36 subjects. In this study, the researchers found AUC for Ret-He about 77.7% with the best cut off value of <31.4 pg. Using the cut offvalue the researchers obtained the sensitivity about 61.1%, specificity 75.0%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) 75.8%, Negative PredictiveValue (NPV) 60.0%, Likehood Ratio (LR) (+) 2.44 and LR (–) 0.51%. Based on this study, can be concluded, that the diagnostic accuracyRet-He is a good parameter to detect iron deficiency in the pregnant women.
ANGKA BANDING ALBUMIN KREATININ AIR KEMIH DAN HbA1C SERTA ESTIMASI LAJU FILTRASI GLOMERULUS PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 (Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio With HbA1c and Estimated Glomerulo Filtration Rate in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients)
Authors: Kurniati Amiroh , Tahono Tahono
Published: October 2018

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 is a metabolic disease that prevalence increasing. A chronic hyperglycemia with poor glycemiccontrol can stimulate oxidative stress, which will continue to occurrence of complications in the kidneys characterized by the presenceof microalbuminuria can be measured by the ratio of urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) and the change in estimated glomerularfiltration rate (eGFR). The aims of this study was to know the correlation between the UACR with HbA1c value and eGFR in patients withtype 2 DM by finding them out. This study used cross sectional research design. Subjects were patients with type 2 DM who attend controlin Endocrinology Subdivision of Internal Medicine Departement and perform blood and urine tests in Clinical Pathology Laboratory inDr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta in August 2013. To determine the pattern of the data distribution, the researchers used KolmogorovSmirnov test, and to analyse the result used Spearman (r) correlation with p<0.05 and confidence interval 95%. Statistical analysisusing Spearman correlation test (r), significant when p<0.05 with 95% confidence intervals. From 68 samples examined the meanage is 60.9 year old, with equal participants for male and female (34 subjects each). Most subjects were in poor glycemic control group(72.1%) and in the range of microalbuminuria (44.1%). There was a significant correlation between UACR with HbA1c and eGFR intype 2 DM patient (r=0.412, p=0.000; and r= -0.270, p=0.02, respectively). Based on this study it can be concluded that increasedUACR were associated with worsened glycemic control and were characterized by higher levels of HbA1c and its eGFR value would belower. Further analysis requires further research with a larger sample size and more attention to the factors that may affect the relatedexamination.
HUBUNGAN GLYCATED ALBUMIN DENGAN ANGKA BANDING KOLESTEROL LDL/LDH DI DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 (Association of Glycated Albumin with LDL/HDL Cholesterol Ratio in Type 2 Diabetics)
Authors: Eriskawati Tiwik , Tahono Tahono , P M.I. Diah.
Published: October 2018

Diabetes causes about 5% of all deaths globally each year. Glycated hemoglobin has been routinely used as a biomarker for long-termglycemic control. Glycated albumin is an intermediate glycemic marker, a potent atherogenic protein, which plays a role in developingatherosclerosis. LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio can be used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by impaired lipid metabolismin type 2 diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to know the association between GA and HbA1c with LDL/HDL cholesterol ratioin type 2 diabetic patients. The study was carried out by a cross sectional design. Eighty four type 2 diabetic patients admitted to theInternal Medicine Outpatient Clinic of the Dr. Moewardi Hospital who met the study inclusion criteria were studied. Linear Regressionand Chi Square tests were used to analyze the data, p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant, with the confidenceinterval of 95%. In this study, significant associations between GA and HbA1c with LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio (R=0629 and R=0.501,p=0.001) were found. Type 2 diabetic patients with GA â‰¥17% obtaining LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio >1.85 was 10.33 greater thanthose of with GA <17% (RP=10.33; CI 95%; 1.01–109.49; p=0.018). While type 2 diabetic patients with HbA1c â‰¥7% obtaining anLDL/HDL cholesterol ratio >1.85 was 12.76 greater than those with HbA1c <7%, but was statistically not significant (RP=12.76; CI95%; 0.66–245; p=0.017). Based on this study it can be concluded that GA can be used to predict LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio. Thus,GA is superior to HbA1c in predicting LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio.
DETEKSI CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOKSIGENIK MENGGUNAKAN UJI CEPAT TOKSIN DAN REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (Toxigenic Clostridium Difficile Detection Using Toxin Rapid Test and Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Authors: Yanti Ika Yasma , Astrawinata Dalima Ari Wahono
Published: October 2018

Toxigenic Clostridium difficile infection, causing a Pseudo Membrane Colitis (PMC) and Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhea(CDAD) has increased sharply. The largest risk factor is the use of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to know how to determinethe prevalence and characteristics of subjects with Toxigenic Clostridium difficile and to assess the ability of the toxin rapid test comparedto real-time PCR. Ninety adult subjects with antibiotic therapy more than two (2) weeks were enrolled in this study. The results of toxinrapid test and real-time PCR were presented in a 2x2 table, statistical test used was Chi square. The prevalence of Toxigenic Clostridiumdifficile based on the toxin rapid test and by real-time PCR was 27.3% and 37.5%, respectively. There were significant differences betweenstool consistency and number of antibiotics used with the detection of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile. There was a relationship betweenthe duration of antibiotic therapy with the detection of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile using real-time PCR (p=0.010, RR=2.116). Thesensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR rapid test against real-time PCR were 69.7%; 98.2%; 95.8%; 84.4%; 39.2 and 0.31,respectively. This study concluded that the prevalence of Clostridium difficile in RSCM was higher compared to that in Malaysia, Thailandand India; the subjects with antibiotic therapy for more than four (4) weeks had a double risk to have Toxigenic Clostridium difficilethan subjects with antibiotic therapy for less than that time (4 weeks). Thus, in this study, toxin rapid test could be used as a tool todetect Toxigenic Clostridium difficile.
KENASABAN KADAR 8-HYDROXY-2-DEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OHDG) SERUM DENGAN DERAJAT DEFISIT NEUROLOGIS PADA STROK ISKEMIK {Correlation of Serum 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) With Neurological Deficits in Ischemic Stroke}
Authors: Liza Liza , Parwati Ida , Birawa Andi Basuki Prima
Published: October 2018

The brain blood flow blockage in ischemic stroke increased oxidative stress and free radicals that cause neurotic cells damage.Computed Tomography Scanning (CT scan) assesses the brain structural damage but not the brain cells damage quantitatively. Adiscrepancy between CT scanand clinical symptoms of ischemic stroke patient is often found. 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)serum concentrationis the result offree radical interaction with the cluster C8guanine bases, was used to assess the degree ofneuron cellsdamage, oxidative stress levels. Increase of 8-OHdG serum concentration indicates brain cellsdamage as reflected in the neurologicaldeficitsby the The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The aim of this study was to know the correlation of 8-OHdG serumconcentration with the determination of the degree of neurological deficitby NIHSS inischemic stroke patients. Seventy-two patients withacute ischemic stroke were enrolled in the Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital from August 2013 to January 2014. The research was carriedout by cross sectional study design. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis test, rank Spearman's correlation test. Mildneurological deficit with a median of 8-OHdG serum concentrations was 3.9 ng/mL (3.3âˆ’12.0 ng/mL), moderate neurological deficitwas 23 ng/mL (8.0âˆ’51.0 ng/mL) and the severe neurological deficit was 77.5 ng/mL (54.0âˆ’97.0 ng/mL). The correlation of 8-OHdGserum concentration with neurological deficits in acute ischemic stroke was 0.912 (p<0.001. Correlation of serum 8-OHdG concentrationwith neurological deficits in acute ischemic stroke was 0.912 (p<0.001). Based on this study result it can be concluded, that this researchhas a strong meaningful positive correlation of 8-OHdG serum concentration with neurological deficits as examined by NIHSS. Inconclusion, serum 8-OHdG has a strong meaningful positive correlation with neurological deficits. 8-OHdG serum concentration can beconsidered to be used to assess discrepancy between CT scan and clinical symptoms as well in health facilities without CT scan.
NITRIT OKSIDA DAN VOLUME EDEMA OTAK PADA STROK PERDARAHAN DALAM OTAK DENGAN POLIMORFISME G894T (Nitric Oxide and Cerebral Edema Volume in Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke with G894T Polymorphism)
Authors: Zakaria Iskandar , Faisal Arif , Sutarni Sri , Sadewa Ahmad Hamim , Imran Imran
Published: October 2018

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a vasodilator that regulates vascular smooth muscle tone. Low levels of NO can cause vasoconstriction andhemodynamic disturbances. In stroke the levels of NO are increased. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism (eNOS) isbelieved to reduce levels of NO in blood. NO levels decreased in stroke patients with G894T polymorphisms of eNOS gene. Mortality rateof hemorrhagic stroke are increased in case with increased peri focal edema volume. The mechanism of the increased of peri focal edemavolume completely unknown yet, suspected genetics factor. This study was conducted to know the correlation between the NO and perifocal edema volume in stroke with eNOS gene G894T polymorphism by determination. The study was conducted by comparing the levelsof NO and edema volume of intra cerebral hemorrhagic stroke of 46 subjects from Neurology department of dr. Zainoel Abidin generalhospital in Banda Aceh from September 2014 through January 2015 with comparison to ischemic stroke patients the same amount.NO levels checked with Cayman Systems kit following the protocol Griess. G894T polymorphism was determined by PCR-RFLP method.The volume of edema was measured with semi-automatic CT volumetry. Chi Square test was used for comparison of two variables andSpearman correlation test to assess the relationship between the NO and perifocal edema volume. The result is significant, if p valuewas <0.05. The results of these study were levels of NO decreases if there were polymorphism (p=0.001). Peri focal edema volume wasincreased if there were G894T polymorphism (p=0.038). The correlation between low levels of NO and increase of edema volume wasobtained p=0.040 and R=0.304. The researchers concluded that in intra cerebral hemorrhagic stroke the level of NO were decreasedand peri focal edema volume increased if there was G894T polymorphism of eNOS gene. There was a less correlation between low levelsof NO and peri focal edema volume.
FUNGSI DAN PEMERIKSAAN LIMFOSIT Î³Î´T (Functions and Examination of Î³Î´T lymphocytes)
Authors: Indrasari Yulia Nadar , Nugraha Jusak
Published: October 2018

T lymphocytes most have TCR Î± and Î² chains. However, TCR formed from Î³ and Î´ chains determine a new subset of T lymphocytes. Î³Î´TCR specific to different types of ligands, including bacterial phosphoantigen, nonclassical MHC-I molecules and unprocessed protein. Î³Î´T lymphocytes have several innate cell-like features that allow their early activation following the recognition of conserved stress-inducedligands. Î³Î´ T lymphocytes able to rapidly produce cytokines that regulate pathogen clearance, inflammation and tissue homeostasisin response to tissue stress. They are capable of generating more unique antigen receptors than Î³Î´ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytescombined, yet their repertoire of antigen receptors is dominated by specific subsets that recognize a limited number of antigens. A varietyof sometimes conflicting effectors functions have been ascribed to them, yet their biological functions remain unclear. Innate featuresof Î³Î´ T lymphocytes underlie their non-redundant role in several physiopathological contexts and are therefore being exploited in thedesign of new immunotherapeutic approaches. The purpose of writing is giving an overview in mainly functions of Î³Î´ T lymphocytes inthe immune system and laboratory tests that expand knowledge about the introduction of Î³Î´ T lymphocytes.
PROTEIN REKOMBINAN 38 KDA MYCOBAKTERIUM TUBERKULOSIS DAPAT MENGIMBAS PEMBUATAN INTERLEUKIN-2 DAN INTERFERON-Î³ LIMFOSIT T DI KULTUR SEL MONONUKLEAR DARAH TEPI
Authors: Arthamin Maimun Z , Wahono Singgih Pujo , Primardianti Antiek , Rastini Ati , Astuti Tri Wahju , Raras Tri Yudani Mardining , Tanoerahardjo Francisca S
Published: October 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and is one of the significant mortality causes WHO (2012). Theprimary immune response in TB pathogenesis is Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI), roled by T lymphocytes. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a growthfactor for T lymphocytes. Gamma Interferon is the key cytokine in M.tb infection control, synthezised by T lymphocytes. An effectivevaccination strategy is achieved by giving vaccine which is able to stimulate T lymphocytes in synthezising cytokines. The 38 kDa M.tbprotein is potential in the vaccine development program, because it has specific epitopes for T lymphocytes. The aim of this study was toknow how to determine that the 38 kDa recombinant protein of M.tb Malang strain could induce cellular immune response by IL-2 andIFN-Î³ synthezised by T lymphocytes. The study was carried out by an experimental in vitro study on PBMC from healthy endemic subjects,those having TB contact, and the TB patients themselves. PBMC from subjects was cultured with 38 kDa recombinant protein of M.tbMalang strain, with PPD and without any protein. The analysis of IL-2 and IFN-Î³ used flowcytometry. The result showed that the highestpercentage of IL-2 was found in the culture with 38 kDa recombinant protein of M.tb Malang strain, in healthy endemic (p=0.000)and in those who had TB contact (p=0.000). the highest percentage of IFN-Î³ was found in the culture with 38 kDa recombinant proteinof M.tb Malang strain, in healthy endemic (p=0.007) and those who had TB contact (p = 0.105). The 38 kDa recombinant proteinof M.tb Malang strain was able to induce IL-2 and IFN-Î³ synthezised by TCD3+ lymphocytes from healthy endemic subjects and thosewho had TB contact.
ANALYSIS OF MEAN PLATELET VOLUME IN TYPE II DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH VASCULAR COMPLICATION (Analisis Mean Platelet Volume Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe II dengan Komplikasi Vaskuler)
Authors: Mustakin Mustakin , Kurniawan Liong Boy , Nurahmi Nurahmi , Pakasi Ruland DN
Published: October 2018

Penyakit Diabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan kelainan yang tersebar luas di seluruh dunia. Penyakit DM tipe 2 dengan komplikasilama berkaitan dengan gangguan pembuluh darah yang timbul mencakup yang terkait mikrovaskuler seperti: retinopati, nefropatidan neuropati, serta komplikasi makrovaskuler seperti: penyakit jantung koroner dan penyakit pembuluh darah besar. Trombosit yangberukuran besar bersifat trombogenik dan menjadi faktor kebahayaan komplikasi mikro dan makrovaskuler. Penelitian ini untukmengetahui nilai Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) di pasien DM tipe 2 dengan komplikasi makro dan mikrovaskuler dan tanpa komplikasivaskuler; serta pembanding sehat dari yang tidak berpenyakit diabetik dengan cara membandingkan. Penelitian ini bersifat potonglintang dengan menggunakan data rekam medis pasien di rumah sakit Dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar selama masa waktuantara bulan Januari 2011âˆ’Desember 2013 terhadap 314 pasien DM tipe 2 (136 dengan komplikasi makrovaskuler dan 49 komplikasimikrovaskuler) dan 129 yang tanpa komplikasi) serta 150 pembanding sehat yang bukan DM. Rerata nilai MPV di pembanding yangnormal, DM tipe 2 tanpa komplikasi, DM tipe 2 dengan komplikasi, berturut-turut adalah: 8,77±0,52fl, 8,93±1,07fl, 10,28±1,95fl.Uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna nilai MPV antara pembanding yang normal DM tipe 2 disertai komplikasi sertaDM tipe 2 tanpa komplikasi vaskuler (p=0,000). Uji Mann Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna nilai MPV antara pembandingnonDM dengan DM tipe 2 yang disertai komplikasi (p=0,000), DM tipe 2 tanpa komplikasi dengan yang disertai komplikasi (p=0,000).Tidak ditemukan perbedaan nilai MPV yang bermakna antara pembanding normal dengan pasien DM tipe 2 tanpa komplikasi (p=0,401)dan yang disertai komplikasi makrovaskuler dan mikrovaskuler (p=0,522). Nilai MPV di kelompok DM tipe 2 dengan komplikasi lebihtinggi dibandingkan dengan DM tipe 2 tanpa komplikasi dan pembanding yang bukan DM.
THE AUTOMATIC MICRODILUTION-BROTH IN SENSITIVITY TESTING OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII ISOLATES (Microdilution-Broth Otomatis Dalam Uji Kepekaan Isolat Acinetobacter Baumannii)
Authors: Artini Dyah , Sianipar Osman , Intansari Umi S
Published: October 2018

Acinetobacter baumannii (A.baumannii) merupakan bakteri Gram negatif, non-fermentatif dan non-motil yang seringkali menjadipenyebab infeksi pada manusia. Infeksi A.baumannii di Indonesia adalah sebanyak 25,8%. Belakangan ini telah dikembangkan metodemicrodilution-broth untuk uji kepekaan antimikrobia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketidaktepatan metode microdilutionbrothotomatis (Viteks2) dibandingkan dengan metode uji E (M.I.C.E.TM) secara mengukurnya. Penelitian potong lintang ini dilakukanterhadap 76 isolat klinik A.baumannii yang diperoleh dari pasien yang dirawat inap di RSUP Dr Sardjito Yogyakarta. Uji kepekaanmeropenem dilakukan terhadap isolat klinik tersebut dengan menggunakan metode microdilution-broth otomatis (Viteks2) dan uji E(M.I.C.ETM). Patokan peka â‰¤4 ug/mL, intermediet 8 ug/mL dan resisten â‰¥ 16 ug/mL serta dilakukan perhitungan ketidaktepatan ujikepekaan meropenem metode microdilution-broth otomatis Viteks2. Isolat klinik A.baumannii sebagian besar diperoleh dari pasienrawat bukan gawat darurat 72,4% dan diikuti oleh yang berada di bangsal rawat yang gawat darurat dan poliklinik secara berturutturut21,1% dan 6,5%. Sumber sampel sebagian besar adalah nanah, darah dan air kemih berturut-turut 44,7%, 19,7% dan 14,5%.Metode microdilution-broth otomatis (Viteks2) menunjukkan 56,6% peka, 42,1% resisten dan 1,3% intermediet, sedangkan M.I.C.ETMmenunjukkan 59,2% peka, 38,2% resisten dan 2,6% intermediet. Kesalahan kecil jika hasil M.I.C.ETM adalah Resisten (R)/Peka (P) danViteks2 adalah intermediet (I) atau M.I.C.ETM adalah I dan Viteks2 adalah R atau P. Kesalahan utama jika uji E M.I.C.ETM adalah P danViteks2 adalah R. Secara berturut-turut kesalahan kecil dan utama adalah 2,63% dan 2,63% (kurang dari 10%). Metode microdilutionbrothotomatis (Viteks2) cukup tepat dalam menentukan uji kepekaan Meropenem terhadap A.baumannii.
INTERLEUKIN-8 RELATED WITH BONE MINERAL DENSITY (Interleukin-8 terkait Kepadatan Mineral Tulang)
Authors: Latif Yurdiansyah , Bahrun Uleng , Pakasi Ruland
Published: October 2018

Osteoporosis merupakan salah satu penyebab cacat pada usia lanjut karena kebahayaan patah tulang yang disebabkannya. Mulaiusia 50 tahun kemungkinan mengalami patah tulang bagi perempuan adalah 40%"š sedangkan bagi laki-laki 13%. Angka prevalensiosteopeni di Indonesia sebesar 41"š7% dan osteoporosis sebesar 10"š3%. Hal ini berarti dua dari lima penduduk memiliki kebahayaan untukterkena osteoporosis. Interleukin-8 diduga berperan dalam merangsang pembuatan Receptor Activator of NF KappaB Ligand (RANKL)mRNA di osteoblast yang mengikat reseptor RANK di osteoklast yang berperan dalam penurunan kepadatan mineral tulang. Kajianini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar Interleukin-8 dan hubungannya dengan kepadatan mineral tulang yang normal, osteopeniadan osteoporosis secara penentuan. Penelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang selama masa waktu antara bulan Mei 2012âˆ’Mei 2013menggunakan data primer pemeriksaan kadar Interleukin-8 dan kepadatan mineral tulang pada perempuan yang berusia antara 30âˆ’60tahun di Makassar. Data dianalisis dan diolah dengan uji Anova. Kadar interleukin-8 lebih tinggi di densitas mineral tulang (DMT)osteoporosis dibandingkan dengan DMT yang normal dan osteopenia dengan kadar IL-8 pada DMT normal 48,72±12,81, osteopenia55,68±13,75, osteoporosis 62,06±24,45. Hubungan antara IL-8 pada perempuan dengan DMT yang normal dibandingkan denganosteoporosis memperoleh nilai p=0,03, perempuan dengan DMT normal dengan osteopenia p=0,51 dan perempuan osteopenia denganosteoporosis p=0,62. Didasari telitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan bermakna antara peningkatan kadar IL-8dengan kepadatan mineral tulang yang berkurang di kelompok perempuan osteoporosis dibandingkan dengan kelompok DMT yangnormal. Para peneliti berpendapat untuk meneliti lanjutan dengan memperhatikan ciri indeks masa tubuh di sampel penelitian.
THE ROLE OF PLATELETS SCD40L TO ATHEROGENESIS (Peran sCD40L Trombosit terhadap Aterogenesis)
Authors: Kurniawan Liong Boy
Published: October 2018

Peran CD40 dan CD40L terhadap maturasi dan diferensiasi sel limfosit telah diteliti sebelumnya. CD40L diekspresikan oleh berbagaisel lainnya seperti: makrofag, sel dendritik, neutrofil dan endotelial. Trombosit juga dapat mengekspresikan CD40L dan dapat dilepaskandalam bentuk terlarut yaitu sCD40L. Telaahan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran sCD4-0L yang dihasilkan oleh trombosit padaaterogenesis lewat penjelasan. sCD40L dapat menyebabkan gangguan fungsi endotel, pelepasan ROS, peningkatan aktivitas ICAM,VCAM dan MMP, aktivasi trombosit dan destabilisasi plak melalui interaksi dengan berbagai molekul lain seperti OxLDL. Aterogenesisdapat dipicu melalui interaksi sCD40L. Berbagai penemuan di bidang Farmakologi dan segi lain perlu dikaji untuk menghambat sCD40Ldalam aterogenesis. Penelitian lebih lanjut dan mendalam masih diperlukan untuk membuktikan peran sCD40L sebagai petanda peramalkejadian aterogenesis.