bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Echocardiographic Follow up After Surgical Correction of Aortic Coarctation During The First Year of Life
Authors: Ligere Elīna , Lubaua Inguna , Lāce Inga , Bergmane Inta , Knauere Vita , Ozoliņš Valts , Šmits Lauris , Sikora Normunds , Aris Lācis
Published: July 2014

Coarctation of the aorta (AoCo) accounts for 6–10% of congenital heart diseases in infants. We analysed echocardiographic findings of patients operated on for AoCo in the University Hospital for Children in Riga during the first year of life to evaluate the long-term findings. Fifty-nine children underwent surgical correction of AoCo at the age of 55 ± 61 days. The methods of surgical correction were anastomosis end-to-end (ETE) in 29% (n = 17), subclavian flap aortoplasty (SFA) in 64% (n = 38) and extended anastomosis end-to-end (EETE) in 7% (n = 4). Recoarctation developed in 15 patients (25%) with no difference between surgical techniques (P > 0.05). The recoarcation patients had left ventricle hypertrophy (left ventricle mass index (LVMi) 76 ± 19 g/m2.7) normalising after angioplasty (LVMi 42 ± 7 g/m2.7). Patients with recoarctation had a decreased pulsed wave (PW) Doppler systolic/diastolic ratio in abdominal aorta 2.3 ± 0.4 versus patientswithout recoarctation 5.3 ± 1.2 and the control group 6.3 ± 1.4 (P < 0.05). A high incidence of recoarctation exists in patients operated on for AoCo as small infants. Life-long surveillance is required to monitor and to intervene in a timely way. Supplementation of the echocardiographic protocol with an evaluation of PW Doppler flow pattern in abdominal aorta can provide additional information about the presence of obstruction.
Composition of Vaginal Microflora in Relation to Vaginal pH and Wet Mount Diagnostic Tests in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Žodžika Jana , Rezeberga Dace , Donders Gilbert , Vedmedovska Natālija , Vasina Olga , Pundure Ināra , Bite Ruta , Pavlova Žanna , Zīle Oksana
Published: July 2014

The aim of the study was to determine the relations between vaginal culture results, elevated vaginal pH and abnormal vaginal microflora observed in microscopy, during the first trimester of pregnancy. A cross-sectional, observational study of 100 women receiving antenatal care in five outpatient clinics was carried out in Rîga from March 2010 until April 2011. Pregnant women at the first antenatal visit were submitted to a vaginal specimen collection for pH measurement, wet mount and cultures. Fifty pregnant women with vaginal pH 4.5 and 50 subsequent pregnant women with vaginal pH less than 4.5 were included. 96% of women with increased pH and 86% of women with normal vaginal pH showed positive cultures. Increased vaginal pH was significantly associated with M. hominis (P < 0.001), U. urealyticum (P = 0.017) and E. coli (P = 0.018). Abnormal vaginal microflora patterns showed similar associations with culture findings. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the highest risk of abnormal vaginal microflora associated with M. hominis (OR 14.4, 95% CI 1.6–124.4, P = 0.015) and E. coli (OR 8.5, 95% CI 1.6–45.9, P = 0.013). Increased vaginal pH and abnormal vaginal microflora pattern in wet mounts was associated with M. hominis and E. coli in vaginal cultures.
Microthermometric and stable isotopic (O and H) characteristics of fluid inclusions in the porphyry related Çöpler (İliç - Erzincan) gold deposit, central eastern Turkey
Authors: Canbaz Oktay , Gökce Ahmet
Published: July 2014

The Çöpler gold deposit occurs within the stockwork of quartz hosted by the Çöpler granitoid (Eosen) and by surrounding metasediments of Keban metamorphic (Late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic) and the Munzur limestones (Late Carboniferous - Early Cretaceous).

Native gold accompanied by small amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, maghemite, hematite, fahlerz, marcasite, bornite, galena, sphalerite, specular hematite, goethite, lepidochrosite and bravoitic pyrite within the stockwork ore veinlets. In addition, epidote (pistazite - zoisite), garnet, scapolite, chlorite, tremolite/actinolite, muscovite and opaque minerals were determined within the veinlets occurred in skarn zones.

The study of fluid inclusions in quartz veinlets showed that the hydrothermal fluids contain CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaCl and the salinities of the two phases (L+V) inclusions range from 1.7 to 20.6% NaCl equivalent. Salinity values up to 44% were determined within the halite bearing three phases inclusions. Their homogenization temperature values have a wide range from 145.0 to 380.0°C, indicative of catathermal/hypothermal to epithermal conditions. The δ
18O and δD values of the fluid inclusion waters from the Çöpler granitoid correspond to those assigned to Primary Magmatic Water, those from the metasediments of Keban metamorphics fall outside of the Primary Magmatic and are within the Metamorphic Water field. A sample from a quartz vein within the skarn zone hosted by the Munzur limestones has a particularly low δD value.

The results suggest that fluids derived from the granitoids were mixed with those derived from the metasediments of Keban metamorphics and the the Munzur limestones and resulting in quartz veinlets in these lithologies and the formation of stockwork ores. In view of the occurrence, the features described and processes envisaged for this study area may be applicable in similar settings.
Pyrgotid Flies Assigned to Apyrgota. II. New Synonyms in Eupyrgota (Subgenus Taeniomastix) (Diptera, Pyrgotidae), With Key To Subgenera and Species
Authors: Korneyev V. A.
Published: July 2014

Pyrgotid Flies Assigned to Apyrgota. II. New Synonyms in Eupyrgota (Subgenus Taeniomastix) (Diptera, Pyrgotidae), with Key to Subgenera and Species. Korneyev V. A. - The synonymy of Taeniomastix Enderlein, 1942, syn. n. (type species: Taeniomastix sumatrana Enderlein, 1942) and Eupyrgota Coquillett. 1898 is established. The subgeneric rank of Taeniomastix is proposed; the subgenus corresponds the spinifemur group of species sensu Korneyev (2006), with minor additions to its diagnosis. Four species from the Oriental (and partly Palaearctic), and two from Afrotropical Regions are included: E. formosana (Hennig, 1938), comb. n. (Apyrgota formosana), E. griseipennis (Hendel, 1933), comb. n. (Adapsilia griseipennis) (= Taeniomastix sumatrana Enderlein, 1942, syn. n.), E. pictiventris (Hendel, 1914) (Apyrgota) (= Adapsilia facialis Hendel, 1933, syn. n., = E. tigrina Kim et Han, 2000 syn. n.), E. saegeri (Vanschuytbroeck, 1963); E. spinifemur (Hendel, 1934), and E. unicolor (Hendel, 1914), comb. n. (Apyrgota spinifemur); illustrated diagnoses of the transferred species are given. Keys to subgenera of Eupyrgota and species of the subgenus Taeniomastix are provided.
A New Species of the Genus Ormyrus (Hymenoptera, Ormyridae) from the Steppe Zone of the Ukraine
Authors: Zerova M.D. , Seryogina L. Ya.
Published: July 2014

A New Species of the Genus Ormyrus (Hymenoptera, Ormyridae) from the Steppe Zone of Ukraine. Zerova M. D., Seryogina L. Ya. - A new species (Ormyrus askanicus Zerova, sp. n.) is described from materials collected in reserve “Askania Nova” (Ukraine, Kherson Region). The new species belongs to orientalis species group (female gaster with dorsal median keel) and is near to O. novus Zerova, 2012.
Zur Festigkeitsbewertung von CFK-Strukturen unter Pkw-Betriebslasten
Authors: Hahne Clemens , Knaust Ulrich , Schürmann Helmut
Published: July 2014

Kurzfassung

Es werden Teile eines Konzepts zur schichtenweisen Lebensdauerabschätzung von CFK-Laminaten unter Pkw-Betriebslasten vorgestellt. Die Methode basiert auf FEM-Analysen und der klassischen Laminattheorie sowie auf linearer Schadensakkumulation und kann somit in etablierte Prozesse integriert werden. Zur Untersuchung von Versagensmechanismen und Ermittlung der Kennwerte wurden Versuche unter Einstufen- und Kollektivlasten an Faserverbundproben durchgeführt. Die Miner-Regel wird für Zwischenfaserbruch an zwei Beispielen untersucht.
Effects of Cement Addition on Aluminum Penetration into Alumina Based Shaped Refractories
Authors: Yeprem Hosibe Aygül , Genc Yasin
Published: July 2014

In this study, the penetration of molten aluminum to alumina-silicate refractory brick with high alumina and cement additive was observed. Brick samples with high alumina content were tempered at 825 °C and fired up to 1350 °C. Corrosion test was applied to sintered samples in order to examine the effects of the molten aluminum containing 5 wt.-% magnesium which is thought to have a high aggression. The achieved structural characteristics were compared with similar types of commercial bricks in order to examine its industrial potential. Physical, analytical, and micro-structural tests were applied and the results are reported.
Methods to Assess the Quality of Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering Using POD and GUM for Static Calculations of Existing Structures
Authors: Feistkorn Sascha , Taffe Alexander
Published: July 2014

To draw reliable conclusions from results gained with non-destructive testing methods in civil-engineering (NDT-CE) it is important to know about the quality of results. Since recent times, the POD (probability of detection) according to MIL-HDBK-1823A and Berens Report is established in non-destructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE) to assess the reliability of qualitative testing problems. For determining the uncertainty of measurements of quantitative (metric) problems the Guide (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements – GUM) is used in NDT-CE. Now, a new approach is to adapt both methods to get statistically secured measurement results with NDT-CE from existing structures such as prestressed bridges. This paper introduces how calculations based on stochastic models can be used together with NDT-CE results analysed with POD and the Guide.
Operational Effects of Design of Access Points on Katy Freeway Managed Lanes in Houston, Texas
Authors: Brewer Marcus A.
Published: July 2014

The construction of the managed lane facility on the Katy Freeway in Houston, Texas, provided a unique opportunity to meet the needs of motorists by providing a completely new set of access points to and from the managed lane facility as compared with many similar facilities that were predominantly retrofit installations. The access points on the Katy Freeway managed lanes were intended to provide timely, useful access between the managed lanes and the I-10 general purpose lanes at locations that facilitated effective access to origins and destinations beyond the freeway. Researchers investigated operational characteristics of selected access points to assess how they were being used by motorists. Provided here are an overview of the access points on the Katy Freeway managed lanes, a discussion of the field data collected and how they were reduced and analyzed, and the research team's conclusions concerning how the access points performed on the basis of the analysis. The study analyzed the number of ingress and egress maneuvers at selected access points and compared them with traffic volumes in the managed lanes and adjacent general purpose lanes, with a focus on the amount of time drivers took to make their maneuvers and where the maneuvers occurred within the access points.
Sight Distance Standards Based on Observational Data Risk Evaluation of Passing
Authors: Llorca Carlos , Moreno Ana Tsui , Sayed Tarek , García Alfredo
Published: July 2014

The paper presents an application of a reliability analysis for evaluating the risk associated with passing sight distance (PSD) standards in terms of the expected probability of noncompliance. Calculation of PSD is required to determine where drivers can safely execute passing maneuvers. Traditional PSD standards are based on deterministic, theoretical models, which are calibrated with conservative percentile values for uncertain design inputs to account for uncertainty. The PSD standards do not provide information about the risk of deviation from them. Reliability analysis is a technique that is based on limit state design and that accounts for the propagation of variability from input random parameters to the design outputs. A total of 1,098 passing maneuvers were observed on several two-lane highways in Spain; two data collection methodologies were used: external observations and an instrumented vehicle. The most significant factors affecting PSD were impeding-vehicle speed, passing-vehicle acceleration, and headways between impeding and passing vehicles. A uniform acceleration model described the passing-vehicle trajectory. The characterized input parameters and the passing model were used to perform a reliability analysis. The results showed the probability of noncompliance in different scenarios, defined as the proportion of cases in which the required PSD would exceed the available sight distance. American and Spanish PSD standards were evaluated. Geometric design standards presented a probability of noncompliance of about 0.15, whereas some marking standards had a probability of noncompliance exceeding 0.85. These standards may be associated with higher risk levels if they are followed by drivers. As well, PSD risk levels were not consistent for different design speeds, since they underestimated operating speed at some locations.
Evaluation of Triangabout as Alternative for Intersection with Nonthrough Arterial Movement
Authors: Chou Chih-Sheng , Nichols Andrew P.
Published: July 2014

At the majority of signalized intersections along an arterial, the mainline movement passes straight through the intersection. At four-leg intersections where the major arterial movement is not a through movement (i.e., an L-shaped corridor vertex), the intersection can sometimes experience more congestion than adjacent intersections along the corridor because the two minor approaches, which are adjacent conflicting movements, must be served in a split-phase fashion. A new, unconventional intersection design, referred to as a “triangabout,” is proposed to improve mobility and enhance safety for such intersections. The two approaches that are the mainline arterial form two legs of a triangle and a new diagonal section of roadway connecting those two legs is the hypotenuse. Flow within the triangabout is one-way counterclockwise, similar to a roundabout. The three intersections at the vertices of the triangle are signalized to provide a dedicated right-of-way. A case study is performed for the intersection of Van Voorhis Road and Chestnut Ridge Road in Morgantown, West Virginia, along the WV-705 corridor. Simulation results from VISSIM show that the triangabout design can reduce travel delay by 50% compared with the existing configuration. Also, the number of conflict points compared with a conventional intersection is reduced by 34%. There are a number of qualitative benefits of this design compared with conventional intersections at an L-shaped corridor vertex.
Analysis of Safety Effects of Traffic, Geometric, and Access Parameters on Truck Arterial Corridors
Authors: Sultana Most Afia , Qin Xiao , Chitturi Madhav , Noyce David A.
Published: July 2014

According to NHTSA, more than 400,000 truck-related crashes occurred in 2009; approximately 7,800 of those were fatal. Truck-related crashes undermine the truck's remarkable contribution to the U.S. economy. Truck safety research on arterial streets is considerably disproportionate when compared with the extensive studies of truck safety on freeways. Identifying critical factors that contribute to truck-related crashes and developing remedial and preventive strategies to reduce truck-related crashes and their consequences on arterials are imperative. Truck-related crashes can be mitigated through careful planning of the location, design, and operation of driveways, median openings, and street connections. In this study, access-related data were collected manually in addition to roadway geometric characteristics. The augmented data offered more explanation and prediction power for truck crashes. The standard deviation of commercial driveway throat width, commercial driveway throat width with flare and its standard deviation, and the proportion of divided commercial driveway, signal density, and shoulder width were significant factors for crash frequency prediction. A generalized negative binomial model was used to identify sources of data overdispersion. This study found that some previously significant variables were no longer significant after access parameters were added; this finding demonstrated the impact of access parameters on truck-related crashes on arterials. This noticeable change in the statistical models composed of different variables is a reminder that a spurious relationship can form if a causal relationship is nonexistent.
Assessing how Drivers of through Vehicles React to Driveway Activity
Authors: Dixon Karen K. , Brown Lacy S.
Published: July 2014

As population and development levels increase in both urban and rural areas, the implementation of access management strategies is vital for creating safe, efficient, and sustainable transportation systems. To meet the changing needs of transportation systems and their users, the accuracy and the applicability of the base assumptions used to develop access management guidelines must be verified. This research effort utilized a driving simulator study to investigate several assumptions related to driver behavior and access management. The simulator study focused on driver perception–reaction time in the vicinity of driveways and driver behavior in response to differing driveway activity types. The results indicated that the average and 85th percentile perception–reaction times for all drivers were 2.8 s and 4.3 s, respectively. Surprisingly, older drivers (age 65 and older) appeared to be more alert and had an 85th percentile perception–reaction time a full second shorter than that of their younger counterparts (3.3 s versus 4.4 s). The researchers also observed that deceleration rates had a curvilinear (not constant) relationship with vehicle speed, and these values were much lower than the accepted AASHTO value of 11.2 ft/s2. Finally, the predominant response to driveway activity was a slowing maneuver, not a stop or a lane change. This finding suggests that sight distance calculations based on an urgent stop may not be the most appropriate metric for determining access spacing guidelines for commercial urban road environments.
Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance—Epidemiological and Mechanistic Aspects
Authors: Wiedemann Bernd , Heisig Anke , Heisig Peter
Published: July 2014

Uncomplicated urinary tract infections are typically monobacterial and are predominantly caused by Escherichia coli. Although several effective treatment options are available, the rates of antibiotic resistance in urinary isolates of E. coli have increased during the last decade. Knowledge of the actual local rates of antibiotic resistant pathogens as well as the underlying mechanisms are important factors in addition to the geographical location and the health state of the patient for choosing the most effective antibiotic treatment. Recommended treatment options include trimethoprim alone or in combination with sulfamethoxazol, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, fosfomycin-trometamol, and nitrofurantoin. Three basic mechanisms of resistance to all antibiotics are known, i.e., target alteration, reduced drug concentration and inactivation of the drug. These mechanisms—alone or in combination—contribute to resistance against the different antibiotic classes. With increasing prevalence, combinations of resistance mechanisms leading to multiple drug resistant (mdr) pathogens are being detected and have been associated with reduced fitness under in vitro situations. However, mdr clones among clinical isolates such as E. coli sequence type 131 (ST131) have successfully adapted in fitness and growth rate and are rapidly spreading as a worldwide predominating clone of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli.
In-Vial Micro-Matrix-Solid Phase Dispersion for the Analysis of Fragrance Allergens, Preservatives, Plasticizers, and Musks in Cosmetics
Authors: Celeiro Maria , Lamas Juan , Llompart Maria , Garcia-Jares Carmen
Published: July 2014

Fragrance allergens, preservatives, plasticizers, and synthetic musks are usually present in cosmetic and personal care products formulations and many of them are subjected to use restrictions or labeling requirements. Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is a very suitable analytical technique for the extraction of these compounds providing a simple, low cost sample preparation, and the possibility of performing both extraction and clean-up in one step, reducing possible contamination and analyte losses. This extraction technique has been successfully applied to many cosmetics ingredients allowing obtaining quantitative recoveries. A new very simple micro-MSPD procedure performing the disruption step in a vial is proposed for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of 66 chemicals usually present in cosmetics and personal care products. The method was validated showing general recoveries between 80% and 110%, relative standard deviation (RSD) values lower than 15%, and limits of detection (LODs) below 30 ng·g−1. The validated method was applied to a broad range of cosmetics and personal care products, including several products intended for baby care.
A Neural Network Combined Inverse Controller for a Two-Rear-Wheel Independently Driven Electric Vehicle
Authors: Zhang Duo , Liu Guohai , Zhao Wenxiang , Miao Penghu , Jiang Yan , Zhou Huawei
Published: July 2014

Vehicle active safety control is attracting ever increasing attention in the attempt to improve the stability and the maneuverability of electric vehicles. In this paper, a neural network combined inverse (NNCI) controller is proposed, incorporating the merits of left-inversion and right-inversion. As the left-inversion soft-sensor can estimate the sideslip angle, while the right-inversion is utilized to decouple control. Then, the proposed NNCI controller not only linearizes and decouples the original nonlinear system, but also directly obtains immeasurable state feedback in constructing the right-inversion. Hence, the proposed controller is very practical in engineering applications. The proposed system is co-simulated based on the vehicle simulation package CarSim in connection with Matlab/Simulink. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Current State of Technology of Fuel Cell Power Systems for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Mendez Alejandro , Leo Teresa , Herreros Miguel
Published: July 2014

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are vehicles that are primarily used to accomplish oceanographic research data collection and auxiliary offshore tasks. At the present time, they are usually powered by lithium-ion secondary batteries, which have insufficient specific energies. In order for this technology to achieve a mature state, increased endurance is required. Fuel cell power systems have been identified as an effective means to achieve this endurance but no implementation in a commercial device has yet been realized. This paper summarizes the current state of development of the technology in this field of research. First, the most adequate type of fuel cell for this application is discussed. The prototypes and design concepts of AUVs powered by fuel cells which have been developed in the last few years are described. Possible commercial and experimental fuel cell stack options are analyzed, examining solutions adopted in the analogous aerial vehicle applications, as well as the underwater ones, to see if integration in an AUV is feasible. Current solutions in oxygen and hydrogen storage systems are overviewed and energy density is objectively compared between battery power systems and fuel cell power systems for AUVs. A couple of system configuration solutions are described including the necessary lithium-ion battery hybrid system. Finally, some closing remarks on the future of this technology are given.
Modeling and Simulation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cells with Three-Dimensional Microelectrodes
Authors: Song Yin , Penmatsa Varun , Wang Chunlei
Published: July 2014

The enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) are considered as an attractive candidate for powering future implantable medical devices. In this study, a computational model of EBFCs based on three-dimensional (3-D) interdigitated microelectrode arrays was conducted. The main focus of this research is to investigate the effect of different designs and spatial distributions of the microelectrode arrays on mass transport of fuels, enzymatic reaction rate, open circuit output potential and current density. To optimize the performance of the EBFCs, numerical simulations have been performed for cylindrical electrodes with various electrode heights and well widths. Optimized cell performance was obtained when the well width is half of the height of the 3-D electrode. In addition, semi-elliptical shaped electrode is preferred based on the results from current density and resistive heating simulation.
Research on Cellular Instabilities of Lean Premixed Syngas Flames under Various Hydrogen Fractions Using a Constant Volume Vessel
Authors: Li Hong-Meng , Li Guo-Xiu , Sun Zuo-Yu , Zhai Yue , Zhou Zi-Hang
Published: July 2014

An experimental study of the intrinsic instabilities of H2/CO lean (φ = 0.4 to φ = 1.0) premixed flames at different hydrogen fractions ranging from 0% to 100% at elevated pressure and room temperature was performed in a constant volume vessel using a Schlieren system. The unstretched laminar burning velocities were compared with data from the previous literature and simulated results. The results indicate that excellent agreements are obtained. The cellular instabilities of syngas-air flames were discussed and critical flame radii were measured. When hydrogen fractions are above 50%, the flame tends to be more stable as the equivalence ratio increases; however, the instability increases for flames of lower hydrogen fractions. For the premixed syngas flame with hydrogen fractions greater than 50%, the decline in cellular instabilities induced by the increase in equivalence ratio can be attributed to a reduction of diffusive-thermal instabilities rather than increased hydrodynamic instabilities. For premixed syngas flames with hydrogen fractions lower than 50%, as the equivalence ratio increases, the cellular instabilities become more evident because the enhanced hydrodynamic instabilities become the dominant effect. For premixed syngas flames, the enhancement of cellular instabilities induced by the increase in hydrogen fraction is the result of both increasing diffusive-thermal and hydrodynamic instabilities.
The Challenges of Genome Analysis in the Health Care Setting
Authors: Lucassen Anneke , Houlston Richard
Published: July 2014

Genome sequencing is now a sufficiently mature and affordable technology for clinical use. Its application promises not only to transform clinicians’ diagnostic and predictive ability, but also to improve preventative therapies, surveillance regimes, and tailor patient treatment to an individual’s genetic make-up. However, as with any technological advance, there are associated fresh challenges. While some of the ethical, legal and social aspects resulting from the generation of data from genome sequencing are generic, several nuances are unique. Since the UK government recently announced plans to sequence the genomes of 100,000 Health Service patients, and similar initiatives are being considered elsewhere, a discussion of these nuances is timely and needs to go hand in hand with formulation of guidelines and public engagement activities around implementation of sequencing in clinical practice.
Genes and Genetic Testing in Hereditary Ataxias
Authors: Sandford Erin , Burmeister Margit
Published: July 2014

Ataxia is a neurological cerebellar disorder characterized by loss of coordination during muscle movements affecting walking, vision, and speech. Genetic ataxias are very heterogeneous, with causative variants reported in over 50 genes, which can be inherited in classical dominant, recessive, X-linked, or mitochondrial fashion. A common mechanism of dominant ataxias is repeat expansions, where increasing lengths of repeated DNA sequences result in non-functional proteins that accumulate in the body causing disease. Greater understanding of all ataxia genes has helped identify several different pathways, such as DNA repair, ubiquitination, and ion transport, which can be used to help further identify new genes and potential treatments. Testing for the most common mutations in these genes is now clinically routine to help with prognosis and treatment decisions, but next generation sequencing will revolutionize how genetic testing will be done. Despite the large number of known ataxia causing genes, however, many individuals with ataxia are unable to obtain a genetic diagnosis, suggesting that more genes need to be discovered. Utilization of next generation sequencing technologies, expression studies, and increased knowledge of ataxia pathways will aid in the identification of new ataxia genes.
Molecular Method for Sex Identification of Half-Smooth Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) Using a Novel Sex-Linked Microsatellite Marker
Authors: Liao Xiaolin , Xu Genbo , Chen Song-Lin
Published: July 2014

Half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is one of the most important flatfish species for aquaculture in China. To produce a monosex population, we attempted to develop a marker-assisted sex control technique in this sexually size dimorphic fish. In this study, we identified a co-dominant sex-linked marker (i.e., CyseSLM) by screening genomic microsatellites and further developed a novel molecular method for sex identification in the tongue sole. CyseSLM has a sequence similarity of 73%–75% with stickleback, medaka, Fugu and Tetraodon. At this locus, two alleles (i.e., A244 and A234) were amplified from 119 tongue sole individuals with primer pairs CyseSLM-F1 and CyseSLM-R. Allele A244 was present in all individuals, while allele A234 (female-associated allele, FAA) was mostly present in females with exceptions in four male individuals. Compared with the sequence of A244, A234 has a 10-bp deletion and 28 SNPs. A specific primer (CyseSLM-F2) was then designed based on the A234 sequence, which amplified a 204 bp fragment in all females and four males with primer CyseSLM-R. A time-efficient multiplex PCR program was developed using primers CyseSLM-F2, CyseSLM-R and the newly designed primer CyseSLM-F3. The multiplex PCR products with co-dominant pattern could be detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, which accurately identified the genetic sex of the tongue sole. Therefore, we have developed a rapid and reliable method for sex identification in tongue sole with a newly identified sex-linked microsatellite marker.
Improved Fibroblast Functionalities by Microporous Pattern Fabricated by Microelectromechanical Systems
Authors: Wei Hongbo , Zhao Lingzhou , Chen Bangdao , Bai Shizhu , Zhao Yimin
Published: July 2014

Fibroblasts, which play an important role in biological seal formation and maintenance, determine the long-term success of percutaneous implants. In this study, well-defined microporous structures with micropore diameters of 10–60 µm were fabricated by microelectromechanical systems and their influence on the fibroblast functionalities was observed. The results show that the microporous structures with micropore diameters of 10–60 µm did not influence the initial adherent fibroblast number; however, those with diameters of 40 and 50 µm improved the spread, actin stress fiber organization, proliferation and fibronectin secretion of the fibroblasts. The microporous structures with micropore diameters of 40–50 µm may be promising for application in the percutaneous part of an implant.
Arginine Enhances Osteoblastogenesis and Inhibits Adipogenesis through the Regulation of Wnt and NFATc Signaling in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Huh Jeong-Eun , Choi Jun-Young , Shin Ye-Ok , Park Dong-Suk , Kang Jung , Nam Dongwoo , Choi Do-Young , Lee Jae-Dong
Published: July 2014

Arginine, an α-amino acid, has been reported to exert beneficial effects that ameliorate health problems and prevent excessive fat deposition. In this study, we investigated whether the activation of cell signaling by arginine can induce osteogenic differentiation and modulate excessive adipogenic differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Arginine potently induced the expression of type Iα1 collagen, osteocalcin, and ALP in a dose-dependent manner without causing cytotoxicity. Arginine significantly increased the mRNA expression of the osteogenic transcription factors runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), DIx5, and osterix. Furthermore, arginine demonstrated its antiadipogenicity by decreasing adipocyte formation and triglyceride (TG) content in MSCs and inhibiting the mRNA expression of the adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4). This effect was associated with increased expression of Wnt5a, and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc), and was abrogated by antagonists of Wnt and NFATc, which indicated a role of Wnt and NFATc signaling in the switch from adipogenesis to osteoblastogenesis induced by arginine. In conclusion, this is the first report of the dual action of arginine in promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting adipocyte formation through involving Wnt5a and NFATc signaling pathway.
Demonstration and Characterization of a Persistent Pheromone Lure for the Navel Orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Higbee Bradley , Burks Charles , Larsen Thomas
Published: July 2014

The lack of an effective pheromone lure has made it difficult to monitor and manage the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in the economically important crops in which it is the primary insect pest. A series of experiments was conducted to demonstrate and characterize a practical synthetic pheromone lure for capturing navel orangeworm males. Traps baited with lures prepared with 1 or 2 mg of a three- or four-component formulation captured similar numbers of males. The fluctuation over time in the number of males captured in traps baited with the pheromone lure correlated significantly with males captured in female-baited traps. Traps baited with the pheromone lure usually did not capture as many males as traps baited with unmated females, and the ratio of males trapped with pheromone to males trapped with females varied between crops and with abundance. The pheromone lure described improves the ability of pest managers to detect and monitor navel orangeworm efficiently and may improve management and decrease insecticide treatments applied as a precaution against damage. Awareness of differences between male interaction with the pheromone lure and calling females, as shown in these data, will be important as further studies and experience determine how best to use this lure for pest management.
Climate–Human–Land Interactions: A Review of Major Modelling Approaches
Authors: Michetti Melania , Zampieri Matteo
Published: July 2014

International agreements on climate change have highlighted the role of land in climate and human dynamics, making it an issue of global importance. The modelling of land-related processes, sectors, and activities has recently become a central topic in economic and policy theory, as well as within environmental sciences. Modelling strategies have been improved and new datasets have come into light for land-cover and land-use change analysis. However, unexpected human behavior and natural constraints challenge the modelling of interdependences and feedback mechanisms amongst economies, societies, and the environment, resulting from land-use and cover change. This paper provides a detailed overview of the most representative and advanced methods and models developed to represent climate–human–land interactions. It offers a critical discussion about relevant methodological aspects, missing knowledge, and areas for future research.
Effect of Secondary Phase Precipitation on the Corrosion Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steels
Authors: Chan Kai , Tjong Sie
Published: July 2014

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) with austenitic and ferritic phases have been increasingly used for many industrial applications due to their good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in acidic, caustic and marine environments. However, DSSs are susceptible to intergranular, pitting and stress corrosion in corrosive environments due to the formation of secondary phases. Such phases are induced in DSSs during the fabrication, improper heat treatment, welding process and prolonged exposure to high temperatures during their service lives. These include the precipitation of sigma and chi phases at 700–900 °C and spinodal decomposition of ferritic grains into Cr-rich and Cr-poor phases at 350–550 °C, respectively. This article gives the state-of the-art review on the microstructural evolution of secondary phase formation and their effects on the corrosion behavior of DSSs.
Liquid Crystalline Network Composites Reinforced by Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Zhen , Yang Yang , Qin Benye , Zhang Xiaoyong , Tao Lei , Wei Yen , Ji Yan
Published: July 2014

Liquid crystalline networks (LCNs) are a class of polymers, which are able to produce mechanical actuation in response to external stimuli. Recent creation of LCNs with exchangeable links (xLCNs) makes LCNs easy moldable. As the xLCNs need to be shaped at a high temperature, it is important to enhance their thermal and mechanical properties. In this paper, a series of xLCNs/SiO2 composites containing 1%–7% SiO2 nanoparitcles (SNP) were prepared and their thermal and mechanical properties were examined. The results show that xLCNs/SNP composites have lower liquid crystalline-isotropic phase transition temperature and higher decomposition temperature than pure LCN. The tensile strength and the elongation at break of xLCNs at high temperatures were also enhanced due to the addition of SNPs.
Laser Direct Writing of Thick Hybrid Polymers for Microfluidic Chips
Authors: Singh Akanksha , Scotti Gianmario , Sikanen Tiina , Jokinen Ville , Franssila Sami
Published: July 2014

This work presents patterning of thick (10–50 µm) hybrid polymer structures of ORMOCER® by laser direct writing. ORMOCER® combine polymer-like fabrication processes with glass-like surface chemistry that is beneficial for many bio-microfluidic applications. ORMOCER® is liquid before exposure, so patterning is done by contact-free lithography, such as proximity exposure. With laser direct writing, we obtained higher resolution patterns, with smaller radius of curvature (~2–4 µm), compared to proximity exposure (~10–20 µm). Process parameters were studied to find the optimal dose for different exposure conditions and ORMOCER® layer thicknesses. Two fluidic devices were successfully fabricated: a directional wetting device (fluidic diode) and an electrophoresis chip. The fluidic diode chip operation depends on the sharp corner geometry and water contact angle, and both have been successfully tailored to obtain diodicity. Electrophoresis chips were used to separate of two fluorescent dyes, rhodamine 123 and fluorescein. The electrophoresis chip also made use of ORMOCER® to ORMOCER® bonding.
A Combinatorial Approach to Biophysically Characterise Chemokine-Glycan Binding Affinities for Drug Development
Authors: Gerlza Tanja , Hecher Bianca , Jeremic Dalibor , Fuchs Thomas , Gschwandtner Martha , Falsone Angelika , Gesslbauer Bernd , Kungl Andreas
Published: July 2014

Chemokine binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is recognised to be an important step in inflammation and other pathological disorders like tumor growth and metastasis. Although different ways and strategies to interfere with these interactions are being pursued, no major breakthrough in the development of glycan-targeting drugs has been reported so far. We have engineered CXCL8 towards a dominant-negative form of this chemokine (dnCXCL8) which was shown to be highly active in various inflammatory animal models due to its inability to bind/activate the cognate CXCL8 GPC receptors on neutrophils in combination with its significantly increased GAG-binding affinity [1]. For the development of GAG-targeting chemokine-based biopharmaceuticals, we have established a repertoire of methods which allow the quantification of protein-GAG interactions. Isothermal fluorescence titration (IFT), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and a novel ELISA-like competition assay (ELICO) have been used to determine Kd and IC50 values for CXCL8 and dnCXCL8 interacting with heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), the proto-typical members of the GAG family. Although the different methods gave different absolute affinities for the four protein-ligand pairs, the relative increase in GAG-binding affinity of dnCXCL8 compared to the wild type chemokine was found by all methods. In combination, these biophysical methods allow to discriminate between unspecific and specific protein-GAG interactions.
Effects of Echium plantagineum L. Bee Pollen on Basophil Degranulation: Relationship with Metabolic Profile
Authors: Moita Eduarda , Sousa Carla , Andrade Paula , Fernandes Fátima , Pinho Brígida , Silva Luís , Valentão Patrícia
Published: July 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-allergic potential of Echium plantagineum L. bee pollen and to characterize its primary metabolites. The activity of E. plantagineum hydromethanolic extract, devoid of alkaloids, was tested against β-hexosaminidase release in rat basophilic leukemic cells (RBL-2H3). Two different stimuli were used: calcium ionophore A23187 and IgE/antigen. Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity was evaluated in a cell-free system using soybean lipoxygenase. Additionally, the extract was analysed by HPLC-UV for organic acids and by GC-IT/MS for fatty acids. In RBL-2H3 cells stimulated either with calcium ionophore or IgE/antigen, the hydromethanolic extract significantly decreased β-hexosaminidase release until the concentration of 2.08 mg/mL, without compromising cellular viability. No effect was found on lipoxygenase. Concerning extract composition, eight organic acids and five fatty acids were determined for the first time. Malonic acid (80%) and α-linolenic acid (27%) were the main compounds in each class. Overall, this study shows promising results, substantiating for the first time the utility of intake of E. plantagineum bee pollen to prevent allergy and ameliorate allergy symptoms, although a potentiation of an allergic response can occur, depending on the dose used.
A Systematic Review of the Botanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Dracaena cochinchinensis, a Plant Source of the Ethnomedicine “Dragon’s Blood”
Authors: Fan Jia-Yi , Yi Tao , Sze-To Chui-Mei , Zhu Lin , Peng Wan-Ling , Zhang Ya-Zhou , Zhao Zhong-Zhen , Chen Hu-Biao
Published: July 2014

“Dragon’s blood” is the name given to a deep red resin obtained from a variety of plant sources. The resin extracted from stems of Dracaena cochinchinensis is one such source of “dragon’s blood”. It has a reputation for facilitating blood circulation and dispersing blood stasis. In traditional Chinese medicine, this resinous medicine is commonly prescribed to invigorate blood circulation for the treatment of traumatic injuries, blood stasis and pain. Modern pharmacological studies have found that this resinous medicine has anti-bacterial, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, and anti-tumor activities, while it is also known to enhance immune function, promote skin repair, stop bleeding and enhance blood circulation. Various compounds have been isolated from the plant, including loureirin A, loureirin B, loureirin C, cochinchinenin, socotrin-4'-ol, 4',7-dihydroxyflavan, 4-methylcholest-7-ene-3-ol, ethylparaben, resveratrol, and hydroxyphenol. The present review summarizes current knowledge concerning the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, toxicology studies and clinical applications of this resinous medicine as derived from D. cochinchinenesis.
Does Consumption of LC Omega-3 PUFA Enhance Cognitive Performance in Healthy School-Aged Children and throughout Adulthood? Evidence from Clinical Trials
Authors: Stonehouse Welma
Published: July 2014

Long-chain (LC) omega-3 PUFA derived from marine sources may play an important role in cognitive performance throughout all life stages. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the dominant omega-3 in the brain, is a major component of neuronal cell membranes and affects various neurological pathways and processess. Despite its critical role in brain function, human’s capacity to synthesize DHA de novo is limited and its consumption through the diet is important. However, many individuals do not or rarely consume seafood. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) in healthy school-aged children, younger and older adults to determine whether consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA improves cognitive performance and to make recommendations for future research. Current evidence suggests that consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA, particularly DHA, may enhance cognitive performance relating to learning, cognitive development, memory and speed of performing cognitive tasks. Those who habitually consume diets low in DHA, children with low literacy ability and malnourished and older adults with age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment seem to benefit most. However, study design limitations in many RCTs hamper firm conclusions. The measurement of a uniform biomarker, e.g., % DHA in red blood cells, is essential to establish baseline DHA-status, to determine targets for cognitive performance and to facilitate dosage recommendations. It is recommended that future studies be at least 16 weeks in duration, account for potential interaction effects of gender, age and apolipoprotein E genotype, include vegan/vegetarian populations, include measures of speed of cognitive performance and include brain imaging technologies as supportive information on working mechanisms of LC omega-3 PUFA.
Breastfeeding Trends in Cambodia, and the Increased Use of Breast-Milk Substitute—Why Is It a Danger?
Authors: Prak Sophonneary , Dahl Miriam , Oeurn Sam , Conkle Joel , Wise Aaron , Laillou Arnaud
Published: July 2014

A cross-sectional analysis of the Cambodia Demographic Health Surveys from 2000, 2005 and 2010 was conducted to observe the national trends in infant and young child feeding practices. The results showed that rates of exclusive breastfeeding among infants aged 0–5.9 months have increased substantially since 2000, concurrent with an increase in the rates of early initiation of breastfeeding and a reduction in the giving of pre-lacteal feeds. However, the proportion of infants being fed with breast-milk substitutes (BMS) during 0–5.9 months doubled in 5 years (3.4% to 7.0%) from 2000 to 2005, but then did not increase from 2005, likely due to extensive public health campaigns on exclusive breastfeeding. BMS use increased among children aged 6–23.9 months from 2000 to 2010 (4.8% to 9.3%). 26.1% of women delivering in a private clinic provided their child with breast-milk substitute at 0–5.9 months, which is five times more than women delivering in the public sector (5.1%), and the greatest increase in bottle use happened among the urban poor (5.8% to 21.7%). These findings are discussed with reference to the increased supply and marketing of BMS that is occurring in Cambodia.