bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monopolistic Competition and the University Industry the Determinants of University Choice by Students and the Choice of University Location
Authors: Ishii Takaharu
Published: April 2022

This study applies the state of the Japanese university industry to a theoretical model of monopolistic competition. Using a model of spatial economics, it is possible to identify how and why an increasingly competitive university environment leads to university agglomeration and dispersion. The study analyses whether the location of universities will be less unevenly distributed in cities and whether the number of universities and students in rural areas will increase. Using a model of spatial economics, the study analyses two aspects: the demand aspect of the choice of universities by students and the supply aspect of location by universities. A decrease in the number of students per university results in a decrease in the quality of education through a decrease in university income. The results of this study can also explain the impact on the quality of education. The analysis leads to the following conclusions. The higher the cost of inter-regional travel during the job search, the fewer students are willing to move from one region to another to find a job, and the lower the number of students enrolled. When the substitutability between university varieties is weak, the number of universities increases because prospective students need more variety, and the number of students per university decreases. When fixed inputs are low, e.g. when the fixed costs of a university are low due to online etc., the number of universities increases because it is easier to establish new universities and the number of students and graduates per university decreases. In a model that assumes two types of students within the same university who want to work in their region or another region, there will be more students who move between regions. The location of universities is determined by the balance between market size and the level of competition. As people move from one region to another in the course of their job search, there will be competitors in the other region, and the effect of new competition will be weaker in regions with more universities than in regions with fewer universities. Thus, regions with more universities will have a larger market relative to the level of competition, and more universities than their share of the population will be located there. Even in a model with two regions, one with universities in higher education and the other with homogeneous goods in non-university production, the region with the largest population has a larger share of university enrolments than its share of the population. This means that even if the two regions have the same level of technology and resources, they will experience a reduction in enrolment simply because of their small population size. Smaller universities in rural areas mean that a negative spiral of declining enrolments will occur.
Analysis of Heavy Metal (Hg, Pb, Ni) Content in Marsh Clam, Polymesoda expansa Collected from Butuan Bay, Philippines
Authors: Bernales Gwyneth Grace , Calo Carl Mathew , Dumago Carylle Mae , Tibe Ann , Barbon Michelle , Altar Daisyre Mae
Published: April 2022

Butuan Bay is an amalgamation of resources and wastes, with the Agusan River as its main river source. Multiple industrial operations near the area make it susceptible to pollution, thereby affecting the aquatic organisms and the people who depend on the bay for food and livelihood. Thus, the main objective of the study was to determine the Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), and Nickel (Ni) concentration in the flesh of Marsh clam (Polymesoda expansa) in different mangroves wetlands across Butuan Bay. Heavy metal concentration was assessed using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy for Hg and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for Pb and Ni. The results revealed that Hg and Pb concentrations were below the detection limits (BDL), while Ni concentrations were within the tolerable limits established for bivalves. Human health risk via the consumption of P. expansa was calculated using the estimated daily intake (EDI) and Target Quotient Hazard (THQ). Results show that the EDI of Ni exceeded the oral reference dose, but its THQ was below the standard THQ value. In conclusion, the consumption of P. expansa does not pose any adverse health effects on human health. Still, further investigation and monitoring of the mangrove ecosystems are encouraged to secure the environment's health and the communities that depend on it.
Pragmalinguistic Study of the Speech Act of Warning in Arabic Health Proverbs
Authors: Dishar Iqbal Sahib , Qassim Marwa Ali
Published: April 2022

Arabic health proverbs are often observed to pragmatically behave distinctively and are syntactically realized in various ways. They are often manipulated to give various types of functions and purposes, among which is a warning. The warning is observed to be found in these proverbs to caution people against unhealthy habits of having food or even unhealthy food. However, this speech act expresses various pragmatic behaviours and is realized in various types of syntactic structures. Thus, this paper is intended to investigate the pragmalinguistic employment of the speech act of warning in Arabic health proverbs, focusing on its functions and the various syntactic forms of expressing warning. Twelve Arabic health proverbs are chosen to be the data of this paper. A model based on Searle's (1969 and 1979) and Bach and Harnish’s (1979) treatments of speech acts is proposed to account for the pragmalinguistic behaviour of warning. The main research method used for the data analysis is qualitative-quantitative, supported by frequency and percentage of pragmalinguistic resources. The study reveals that the speech act of warning in Arabic health proverbs is articulated in the interest and cost of the hearer rather than the speaker of the proverb. A warning is indirectly expressed through the use of declarative and imperative sentences via the employment of the three types of sentences: simple, compound and complex.
Fourth Year Students’ Perception about Moodle Platform: A Case Study of University of Misan
Authors: Al-Turfi Dijla Abbood Shareef
Published: April 2022

This study aims to identify the fourth stage students' perspectives on Moodle Platform. In order to achieve the above aim, a questionnaire has been constructed. It contains (17) items. This questionnaire has been exposed to a jury of experts in the field of English teaching methods to show its validity and reliability. The reliability of the questionnaire is ensured by applying the spilt-half method. It yields (0.90). The fourth stage English language students of the English department/ college of Basic Education academic year 2020-2021 are chosen. The results showed that the students' perspective about "Moodle Platform" was negative towards most items considered as disadvantages, whereas the students' perspective about "Moodle Platform" was positive towards the rest items which are considered as advantages. In the light of the obtained results, recommendations and suggestions for further studies are introduced.
Phonological Features of Manobo Spoken in Davao Occidental
Authors: Palmera-Blanco Catherine
Published: April 2022

The study provides a description of the phonological features projected in Manobo, which is spoken in Jose Abad Santos, Davao Occidental, as an effort to monitor the status and vitality of the language. In eliciting the segmental and suprasegmental features, the respondents translated the questionnaire, a pre-determined word list of Cebuano vocabularies and sentences, and it was documented through audio-recording. The transcribed words were rated through International Phonetic Alphabet symbols. For the suprasegmental features, those focused on length, stress, and intonation in statement form and in answering WH/Yes-No questions. The study identified a total of 42 phonemic units in the Manobo language’s phonetic code: nine (9) vocoids, four (4) vocoid chains, 15 contoids, and four (4) contoid-clusters, and 10 supra-segmental phonemes. Also, factors such as age somewhat affect their phonological features. Native speakers were observed borrowing words from the dominant languages –Bisaya, Tagalog, and English, clipping some of the native words and code-switching to other languages when speaking. Manobo language is still used in home and community; however, it is not being sustained in the formal institution. Finally, the paper echoes the call for future studies of Manobo morphophonemic features of various Manobo speakers.
Women's Rights to Vote in Islam and Dealing with it in Afghan Society
Authors: Hamid Naqibullah , Farahmand Fazluddin , Ibrahimi Zmarai
Published: April 2022

Women have the same right to vote and express opinions as men. Islamic law has given this right to women. Women can use this right in various aspects of life, including in choosing the spouse, choosing the ruler of the country, choosing a job, and so on. Undeniably, moving forward with life, dealing with problems, overcoming difficulties, fulfilling social, political, and economic responsibilities also depend on having freedom in the use of vote and the expression of opinion, and women need to have the right to vote and exercise their freedom in order to achieve the above-mentioned goals as well as their highest goals of life, and to freely express their views and opinions when needed. This article discusses this topic from various aspects. The article first provides some examples of the early Islamic era in proving women's right to vote and their freedom to exercise this right and then discusses women's need for this right, and finally, the traditional approach of the Afghan people with granting women the right to vote is discussed.
Effectiveness of Smart Applied Behavior Analysis Intervention in Teaching Non-Verbal Autism to Speak and Read
Authors: Sutadi Rudy , Anwar Arneliza , Miranda Chairita
Published: April 2022

Not being able to speak is one of the Autism Spectrum Disorder symptoms, which, if not treated properly, will remain unable to speak. Teaching them to speak and read is beneficial for cognitive development as well as its social and educational purpose. The aim of this study is to teach/train speaking and reading abilities in children with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) who had been declared as non-verbal and should not expect to speak by clinics in the United States and Indonesia, using Smart ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis Rudy Sutadi’s Method). This study used an experimental method with a single-subject research design that focused on behavioral changes as a result of the treatment using Smart Applied Behavior Analysis on the subject. The participants were two nonverbal Autism Spectrum Disorder individuals, N (female, 12 years 6 months) and E (male, 9 years 8 months). This study showed that therapy with the Smart ABA resulted in the verbal abilities of both subjects. Both subjects eventually became verbal, and their verbal and nonverbal abilities continued to improve. The study was only on two children with non-verbal Autism Spectrum Disorder, using Indonesian with the Smart Applied Behavior Analysis method for autism that has been developed from the Applied Behavior Analysis Lovaas Method. It requires multi-center experimental research with large samples of various ages with multiple languages to further increase the validity and reliability. This novel Smart Applied Behavior Analysis method was developed by researchers based on the Lovaas Method's Discrete Trial Training/Applied Behavior Analysis.
RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS(GIS) KOST / RUMAH SEWA WILAYAH KOTA STABAT BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Denni Ananda Putra
Published: April 2022

Rumah kost dan rumah sewa merupakan prasarana yang dapat  memenuhi kebutuhan masyraat ataupun mahasiswa yang berada di luar kota. Prasarana ini cukup penting di semua kota, salah satunya kota Stabat. Akses informasi letak dan fasilitas rumah kost atau rumah sewa di Kota Stabat ini masih sangat sulit didapatkan. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pemetaan lokasi rumah kost atau rumah sewa, dan penentuan jalur terpendek untuk mencapai lokasi kost tersebut. Pencarian rumah kost terdekat pada penelitian ini menggunakan algoritma Dijkstra.  Dengan demikian hasil  yang akan di dapat dalam menentukan lokasi tempat kost /rumah sewa di wilayah kota stabat adalah berupa peta dengan aplikasi Google Mapas. Dimana jika masyarakat ingin melihat letak lokasi rumah kost / rumah sewa di wilayah kota stabat maka sistem informasi geografis ini akan memudahkan masyarakat atau mahasiswa khususya yang berada diluar kota sehigga masyarakat dapat melihat penyebaran letak lokasi rumah kost/ rumah sewa, gambar kost /rumah sewa, keterangan kost /rumah sewa dan rute terpendek dalam menuju lokasi kost /rumah sewa yang ada di wilayah kota stabat.
Spectrum of Haematological & Non Haematological Disorder Diagnosed by Bone Marrow Examination: A Study of 115 Cases
Authors: Reshma Samira Taufique , Haque Salina , Chowdhury Zulfia Zinat , Kabir Mohammad Iqbal , Rabbani Mohammad Golam , Islam Rabby Md Atiqul
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Haematological and nonhaematological diseases affecting the bone marrow may be primarily or a secondarily spread to the marrow. In most of the cases, diagnosis can be arrived at by a detailed history, physical examination and few simple investigations. Bone marrow examination is a very useful tool in the diagnosis of hematological and non-hematological diseases.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was done in the department of haematology, in a specialized diagnostic centre from July 2018 to July 2021. A total of 115 cases were included in this study. Clinical parameters were assessed, peripheral blood smear along with necessary haematological investigations were done.
Results: Majority patient were male (70%). In total cases 44.4% patients were under 30 years of age. Among them 23(20%) were under 10 years. The most common indication for bone marrow examination was diagnosis & management of Acute Leukaemia 27(23.48%), Major presenting complaints were fever 49(42.61%), fatigue 46(40.0%) & bleeding manifestation 22(19.13%). On systemic examination, pallor was found in majority of the cases. Hematological malignancies were found in 77(66.96%) cases, non-malignant haematological disorders were found in 33(28.70%) cases. Acute leukaemic condition (ALL, AML) were the most common malignant conditions, 22(19.13%) & 17(14.78%) respectively. Most common nonmalignant haematological conditions were hypocellular marrow 17(14.78%).
Conclusion: Acute Leukemia is a major indication of BME. Among the pathological condition malignant condition are commonly seen. And male are predominantly suffering more from haematological disorders than female. In majority cases acute leukaemic condition are seen in BME.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 7-11
Bacteriology and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Sputum in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Majumder Md Mahabubul Islam , Shaha Pinki , Ahmed Mostaque , Uddin Mohammad Nazim , Rahman Mahabubur , Ahmed Tarek
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nowadays investigators need culture studies for proper selection of antibiotic, but it is a time consuming process. The choice of the antibiotic should be constituted on the bacterial sensitivity and resistance pattern.
Objective: To identify the causative bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity of sputum of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute exacerbation.
Materials and Methods: It was a prospective study in department of medicine Cumilla Medical College Hospital during the period of July 2019-2020. All the patients included in this study were above 37 years of age, diagnosed as acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) were included in this study. Those patients were on antibiotic was advised to stop antibiotic for 48 hours and were included in this study. Fresh spot specimen as well as overnight collection of sputum samples were collected from each 257 patients of different age and sex groups in a sterile screw capped universal container. The specimen was labeled and transported to the microbiology laboratory for processing and cultured within half an hour of collection. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was done following Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method of clinical laboratory science (CLS) program.
Results: Majority (45.5%) of the patients had growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae. All the isolated organisms except Acintobactor are mostly sensitive to Meropenum, Imipanum and Amikacin. In vitro sensitivity pattern against these antibiotics was more than 85%.
Conclusion: Male is predominating and majority of them are older age group. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas and E. coli are common isolated organisms.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 12-16
Bacteriological Profile of Suspected Neonatal Septicaemia and Its Relationship with Selected Risk Factors
Authors: Alam Md Shamsul , Haque Mia Sanaul , Uddin Md Belal
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Neonatal septicaemia is one of the major problem in neonatology with a high case fatality rate. Manifestations of neonatal septicaemia are subtle & non-specific. Blood culture is the “gold standard” in the diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia, a high index of suspicion with or without laboratory evidences of infection is the key for early diagnosis. Early diagnosis & introduction of antibiotic may reduce mortality and morbidity.
Objective: To explore the bacterial organisms among the suspected neonatal septicaemic cases and its relationship with selected risk factors.
Materials and Methods: A Cross sectional descriptive type of study was carried out on all suspected cases of neonatal septicaemia patients admitted in the paediatric wards of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital during the period of july 2008 to june 2010 .Total 60 sixty cases who had non- specific symptoms of septicaemia were enrolled in this study. After a clinical evaluation and management of the patient blood culture was performed on all neonates with risk factors or signs suggestive of sepsis.
Results: Out of sixty cases of suspected neonatal septiceamic newborns 18.33% were culture positive for bacteria. Both gram negative and gram positive bacteria were responsible for neonatal septicaemia. Majority of the organisms were gram negative (54.5%) and most common organisms was E.coli (54.5%) .Other gram-positive organisms were streptococcus spp(27.3%) and staph aureus(18.2%) respectively. Among blood culture positive cases 82% were early onset neonatal septicaemia & 18% were late onset septisaemia. Gestational age, Low birth weight, Low socioeconomic status of mother, mode of delivery and birth asphyxia were risk factor for both early onset neonatal sepsis & late onset neonatal sepsis.
Conclusion: Septicaemia is one of the major causes of death & its manifestations are subtle and non specific. Both gram negative & gram positive bacteria are responsible for neonatal septicaemia. Most isolated bacteria E.coli. Risk factors may be the factor for NNS. Although blood culture is the “gold standard” in the diagnosis of NNS, a high index of suspicion with or without laboratory evidences of infection is the key for early diagnosis. If we can avoid risk factors for NNS by antenatal check up of pregnant mother and thereby number of septicaemia could be reduced.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 17-21
Study on Seasonal Variation in Stroke
Authors: Talukder Md Lokman Hossain , Hossain Md Sakhawat , Galib Asadullahil , Islam Md Daharul , Nasrin Nadia , Saha Badal Kumar
Published: April 2022

Introduction: After coronary artery disease and cancer, stroke is the third commonest cause of death in the developed countries. There have been descriptions of a seasonal variation in the frequency of different types of stroke. This variation may be related to a variation in the frequency of risk factors of stroke.
Objective: To find out the seasonal variation of different type of strokes.
Materials & methods: This cross sectional observational study was carried out at the department of medicine, mymensingh medical college hospital, mymensingh over a period of one year between June 2011 to May 2012. A total 292 patients of CT scan proven acute stroke of both sexes who were hospitalized within one weeks of acute stroke were included in this study within this period. data were processed and analyzed by computer software SPSS. Level of significance was considered as p value less than 0.05.
Results: The frequency of ischaemic stroke during summer (62.4%) was significantly greater than that during winter (37.8%). The frequency of haemorrhagic stroke during winter (62.2%) was significantly greater than that during summer (37.6%). Hypertension was the most important risk factor and other risk factors were smoking, diabetes mellitus, tobacco chewing, ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia, oral contraceptive pill, alcohol consumption, atrial fibrillation and past history of stroke.
Conclusion: This study found stroke is influenced by the variation of seasons. The frequency of ischaemic stroke during summer was significantly greater than winter. The frequency of haemorrhagic stroke during winter was significantly greater than summer.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 22-26
Serum Bilirubin Level and Associated Factors in Patients of Self Reporting Jaundice without Evidence of Clinical Jaundice
Authors: Saha Madhusudan , Kumar Sadhu Uttam , Saha Shasanka Kumar , Sarkar Md Abdul Mumit , Chandra Shil Bimal
Published: April 2022

Introduction with objective: This study was done to see the serum bilirubin level of patients with self reporting jaundice without clinical jaundice.
Materials and Methods: This study was done from January 2019 to January 2020 at Popular Medical Centre, Sylhet. Consecutive patients claiming to have jaundice without clinical icterus were included. Demographical information and presenting symptoms were noted. Serum bilirubin and relevant laboratory investigations were done and results were noted. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.
Results: Total 177 patients, age varying from six years to 80 years (mean 28.54) were included. Of them 134 (75.7%) were male. Common symptoms for were anorexia (90; 50.8%), pain abdomen (76; 42.9%), weakness (49; 27.7%), nausea (45; 25.4%), fullness of abdomen (35; 19.8%), gas (34; 19.2%) and vomiting (16; 9%). Of them 164 (92.7%) initially visited kabiraj. Serum bilirubin level of them varied from 0.04 mg/ dl to 2.67 mg / dl (mean 0.814±0.577) and ALT level varied from 10 iu/ dl to 2944 iu/ dl (mean 71.55±270.09). In this series 143 (80.0%) patients had no jaundice biochemically. Among others, 08 (4.52%) were case of acute hepatitis and 13 (7.34%) were possible cases of Gilbert’s syndrome. Patients’ attitude regarding informal caregivers significantly differed with education level.
Conclusion: Most of patients claiming to have jaundice without icterus had no evidence of liver disease. Consulting kabiraj they are wasting money and sometimes inviting health related disasters. So mass education and motivation may increase awareness of people regarding liver disease and prevent health hazards.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 01-05
Stroke and Coronary Heart Diseases, Global and Asian Trend and Risk Factors -A Perspective
Authors: Rashid Sk Mamun Ar , Hossain SK Moazzem
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world, accounting for 30% of deaths globally. CVD is a group of conditions affecting the functions of the heart, blood vessels or both. The major cardiovascular diseases include coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, hypertension, heart failure and peripheral vascular diseases. Distribution of CHD and stroke is different in different regions of the world, especially western high-income, Asian and other countries. The Asian prevalence also not homogenous. Estimated number of deaths due to CVD worldwide will projected to 23.4 million, comprising 35% of all deaths in 2030. Significant increase in prevalence of coronary heart diseases (CHD) have been observed in the Asia including Bangladesh, but stroke in some regions of the world. Objectives: (1) Identification of cases and risk factors in different geographical area (2) Reduction of morbidity and mortality by proper treatment and management of modifiable risk factors.
Materials and Methods: This observational study was done through using evidence from the published study articles of CVD in national and international journals, electronic databases such as MEDLINE, EMBESE and PUBMED. We also manually checked references of relevant publications of stroke and CHD.
Study period: Jan2019-Dec2019.
Results: Approximately 940 million people in the high income countries, where CHD is the dominant form of CVD which is 2–5 times higher than stroke. In the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, France and Spain CVD death rates are very low. The highest death CHD rate is in Finland, Ireland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden of the European countries. In Eastern Europe and most of the Asia, the rate of coronary arterial diseases are rapidly increasing. Japan the Asian high income country the death ratio of stroke and CHD is 3:1.The East Asia and the pacific including China CVD is the major cause of death, where stroke dominating. People in South Asia including India and Bangladesh the coronary diseases are increasing alarmingly, where CVD death increase 30%over the preceding decade and the dominant form is CHD. In the central Asia, specially Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan both CHD and stroke are very high. In Latin America death from CHD (35%) higher than stroke (29%). In the Middle East and North Africa, CHD responsible for 17% and stroke 7%of all death.
Conclusion: Asian countries have disproportionately high morbidity and mortality from stroke with increasing tendency to CHD, but CHD in Western countries which may be due to complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, smoking, hypertension and metabolic abnormalities. Death rate is higher in male sex from both CHD and stroke worldwide.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 27-35
Laparoscopic versus Open Appendicectomy in a District Hospital
Authors: Islam Md Rafiqul , Azam SM Golam , Ali Md Showkat , Islam Md Ridwanul
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Appendicitis is one of the most common clinical conditions requiring surgical intervention in day-to-day practice, which is indicated for both acute appendicitis and recurrent acute appendicitis. Appendicectomy can be performed using several surgical techniques like laparotomy (open), laparoscopic appendicectomy.
Materials and Methods: We have done 110 cases in one year from July 2019 to June 2020.
Results: Out of the 110 patients, 42 (38%) underwent laparoscopic surgery and 68 (62%) open appendicectomy.
Conclusion: Female are predominant than male patients. Postoperative hospital stay, postoperative complications like wound infections are much less in laparoscopic procedure. The acceptance of laparoscopic appendicectomy gradually increases among the surgeons as well as the patients.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 36-38
Outcome of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Acute Calculous Choleycystitis – Analysis of 100 cases
Authors: Mahalder Md Ahad Ali , Abeden Md Joynal , Karim Rehnuma , Islam Md Rafiqul
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Gallbladder disease is one of the most common surgical problems worldwide. About 10-15% of the adult western population has gallstone diseases . More than half a million cholecystectomies are performed per year in United States alone. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is currently the most widely used surgical procedure for the treatment of gallstones.
Aims and Objectives: To observe the cause of difficulties, the sequele , identify and find out the nature & rate of per operative complications and find out the type & frequency of early post-operative complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute calculous cholecystitis.
Materials and Methods: This is a prospective interventional study which was conducted at Jashore Medical College Hospital & some clinics of the city from Sept 2019 to Feb 2020. A total of 100 patients underwent Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis within 7 days of admission.
Results:Among 100 patients, 80 females & 20 males with maximum age group were in the fourth decade, Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done in 97 (97%) cases & in 3(3%) cases conversion were needed, none of the patients were developed major Per & postoperative complications. Peroperative complication rate was 22 (22%) with conversion was 03(3%) cases. All of the above complications were managed accordingly & successfully.
Conclusion: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy is a safe, effective procedure for the early management of patients with acute calculus cholecystitis. Meticulous dissection & good exposure of callot’s triangle, posterior clearance may prevent bile duct injuries.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 39-43
Effects of Exposure of Cement Dust on Platelet Count in Workers of a Cement Mill
Authors: Ahmad Rahnuma , Akhter Qazi Shamima , Abira Mahmuda , Rahman Farhana , Bhowmik Suparna , Sadia Farhana Hussain , Akter Tahmina
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Cement dust is emitted during the different steps of cement production. This dust is composed of chemical components that may have unfavourable effects on the haematological system. The workers in these factories are exposed daily to this toxic dust. Those exposed to the cement dust may suffer from changes in platelet count and eventually suffer from damaging effects on the cardiovascular system.
Objective: Assess the effects of cement dust on platelet count of cement mill workers.
Materials and Methods: Conduction of this cross sectional study took place in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka between July 2017 to June 2018. After fulfilling the ethical consideration, 46 apparently healthy male cement mill workers, working for 2 or more years in a cement mill , with range of age of 20 to 50 years (study group) and 46 BMI, age and socioeconomic condition matched apparently healthy male subjects from Dhaka city were control group. The platelet count was estimated using automated haematology analyzer in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Data was collected in a pre-designed structured questionnaire form. Unpaired Student’s ‘t’ test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test were performed for statistical analysis.
Results: In this study, the platelet count was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of control group. The platelet count was directly related with duration of cement dust exposure.
Conclusions: This study concludes that the cement dust has harmful effect on the platelet count and the duration of exposure to cement dust also has an effect on this parameter.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 44-46
Thyroid Function Status during Different Trimesters in Bangladeshi Women
Authors: Banik Shyamal Chandra , Begum Mahmuda , Ahmed Farjana , Shamsuzzaman Md , Saha Kartick Chandra
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Gradual alteration of thyroid function occurs during different trimesters of gestation.
Objective: To observe thyroid function status in normal pregnancy.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka from July 2016 to June 2017. The study was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee. Total 120 female subjects, age ranged from 20 to 35 years were included in this study, among them 90 were healthy pregnant women and 30 were nonpregnant women. Serum TSH, FT4 & FT3 levels were measured. The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA test and Bonferroni test.
Results: In this study, mean serum TSH level was lower in 1st & 2nd trimester and higher in 3rd trimester than that of nonpregnant group. Again it was gradually higher from 1st to 3rd trimesters of gestation and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.01) in between the groups. Mean serum FT4 & FT3 levels were higher in 1st trimester and lower in 2nd & 3rd trimesters of gestation than that of nonpregnant group. Again, both these levels were gradually lower from 1st to 3rd trimesters of gestation and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001, p<0.001, p_0.01) in between the groups.
Conclusion: Gradual alterations of thyroid function status were observed during pregnancy. Serum TSH level was gradually higher and both serum FT4 & FT3 levels were gradually lower from 1st to 3rd trimesters of gestation.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 47-50
Bacteriological Profile and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection Patients Attending at the Nephrology Department of Enam Medical College and Hospital, Savar, Dhaka.
Authors: Rahman Md Shamimur , Ahmed Mejbah Uddin , Mahtab Uddin Bhuiyan Mohammad , Chowdhury Rezaul Karim , Rasid Harun Ur , Begum Amina
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the common bacterial infections encountered by clinicians in clinical practice. Distribution and susceptibility of UTI-causing pathogens change according to time and place. Area-specific studies to gain knowledge about the type of pathogens and their resistance patterns may help the clinician to choose the proper antimicrobials for empirical treatment.
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Enam Medical College & Hospital, savar, Dhaka between January 2021 to June 2021 to identify the organisms causing UTI and their antibiotic susceptibility. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected from 476 clinically suspected UTI patients and tested bacteriologically using standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
Results: The prevalence of UTI was higher in females than in males. Out of the 170 culture positive bacterial isolates Escherichia coli was the most common 51.76% organism, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 28.82%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 11.17%, Klebsiellaspp 8.23 % and Enterococcusspp 4.70%. Meropenem (100%) followed by Imipenem (92.86% to 100%) were found most susceptible drugs. While Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Cephradine were the most resistant drug against the isolated uropathogens.
Conclusion: As bacterial drug resistance is an evolving process, routine surveillance and monitoring studies should be conducted to provide physicians knowledge on the updated and most effective empirical treatment of UTIs.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 51-56
Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis among Children Caused by Different Candida Species
Authors: Rawnuck Tanzila , Reza Md Selim , Ahmed Rajib , Islam Mohammad Fatteh Ul , Hossain ABM Iftekhar , Sultana Negar , Monwar Shabiha
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Oral candidiasis, which is caused by Candida species by the involvement of hard and soft palates, tongue, buccal mucosa, and floor of the mouth, is becoming a very common threat to oral health. Although in the majority of the cases, this infection is caused by Candida albicans which is a normal commensal organism in humans, however, it might be also caused by other Candida species, such as C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of oral candidiasis among children and to compare the type of causative candida species among them.
Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Shishu Hospital, Shamoly, Dhaka, spanned January 2016 through December 2016. A total of 286 oral swab samples were collected, and three methods including direct wet mount smear, staining, and culture were used for laboratory investigation of Candida infections.
Results: Among 286 respondents, 161 (56.29%) were culturally and microscopically confirmed to have oral candidiasis. Among all of the detected species, C. Albicans was by far the highest species with 139(86.34%) followed by C. tropicalis with 14 (8.68%). Whereas 05(3.12%) cases were infected by C. krusei. On the other hand, the least detected species were C. glabrata and C. guilliermondii with 01(0.62%) and 02(1.24%) respectively.
Conclusion: These days accurate and prompt identification of the infectious candida strains is crucial because isolates of Candida species differ extremely, both in their ability to produce infection and also in their susceptibility to antifungal agents.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 57-60
Antibiotic Sensitivity in Complicated and Uncomplicated UTI in Potuakhali Medical College Hospital
Authors: Rahaman FM Atiqur , Rahman Sheikh Anika , Nitu Tohfatun Nesa , Sharif Faria , Khan Jamil
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common reason for attending hospital emergency departments (ED). A complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is associated with structural or functional abnormalities of the genitourinary tract or presence of any underlying disease.
Objective: To assess the antibiotic sensitivity in complicated and uncomplicated UTI.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology. The urine samples were collected from the OPDs (outpatients departments). These sample collection sites were chosen as they mostly covered the urban area of the city. The duration of the study was one and a half year from July 2018 to January 2020. The urine samples of 200 patients, comprised of 60 males and 140 females, who attended the outpatient departments (OPDs) of three hospitals and had clinical evidence of urinary tract infection, determined by treating physicians, were included in this study.
Results: Most common isolated pathogen was Eschericia coli 170(85.0%) followed by staphylococcus aureus 40(20.0%) and Klebsiella (10%). Multiple organisms were found few cases. Regarding drug sensitivity it was observed that maximum sensitivity was to Amikacin 94.0% followed by Nitrofurantoin 92.0%, Levofloxacin 90.0%, Meropenam 88.0%, Amoxicillin+Clavulanate 70.0% and Cefixim 70.0%.
Conclusion: Female patients were predominant most common isolated pathogen were Eschericia coli, staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella. Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin, Levofloxacin, Meropenam and Amoxicillin+Clavulanate were more sensitive antibiotic.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 70-74
Sonological Evaluation of Ectopic Pregnancy-an Analysis of 50 Cases
Authors: Das Dipu , Kanungo Sandip , Akhter Shahina , Rahnuma Natia
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of a fertilized egg in a location outside of the uterine cavity, including the fallopian tubes, cervix, ovary, cornual region of the uterus, and the abdominal cavity.
Objective: To evaluate the sonological findings of ectopic pregnancy.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was carried out at ultrasound unit in Lab-Aid diagnostic, Comfort Medical Services and Green View Diagnostic Complex in Sylhet city between January 2012 to January 2014. We included all cases with confirmed diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, all antenatal mothers who are present in antenatal unit in a selected Hospital and excluded mothers with other associated medical condition.
Results: Common clinical pattern were shock, marked pallor ness, abdominal pain, amenorrhea and irregular vaginal bleeding 52%, 66%,62%,54% and 38% respectively. Risk factor of ectopic pregnant in this study, 40% had history of infertility, 06% had Non tuberculous PID, 70% had no risk factor, 04% had tuberculous PID, 14% had previous abdominal pelvic surgery, 18% had previous ectopic and 10% had endometriosis.
Conclusion: Common clinical pattern were shock, marked pallor ness, abdominal pain, amenorrhea and irregular vaginal bleeding. History of infertility, Non tuberculous PID, no risk factor, tuberculous PID, previous abdominal pelvic surgery, previous ectopic and endometriosis were risk factor of ectopic pregnant in this study.
Medicine Today 2022 Vol.34(1): 75-78
Biofertilizer Effect and Plant Density on Alfalfa Yield
Authors: Isgenderov S.
Published: April 2022

In this work, under closed ground conditions, experiments were carried out on the dependence of the yield (weight of green mass) of alfalfa on plant density and on the amount of applied biofertilizer prepared according to a special technology based on waste of organic origin. The experiments were carried out under closed ground conditions in five variants, where the plant density had the following values: I variant S1 (average distance between two adjacent plants in one row) 10 cm; S2 (average distance between rows) 10 cm; II option S1 = 8.3 cm; S2 = 8.3 cm; III option S1 = 6.25 cm; S2 = 6.25 cm; IV option S1 = 5 cm; S2 = 5 cm; V option S1 = 4 cm; S2 = 4 cm. The location of plants and the characteristic distance in the control variant was taken identically as in the main variant. For alfalfa plants in the control variant, the value of the scalar standing density was determined, which corresponds to the maximum weight of the harvested green mass. Leaving the standing density, the same as the corresponding control options, as a result of the use of biofertilizer with the calculation of 1 kg per 1 m2 of area, the weight of green mass increased at the same time and the maximum standing density shifted to the right to the side of increasing placement density. This is due to the fact that an increase in the proportion of nutrients has reduced the degree of competition between neighbors. The increase in yield, that is, the increase in the weight of green mass with the use of biofertilizers, was approximately 36%.
Effect of Different Norms of Fertilization on the Growth Condition and the Performance of Soft Wheat Varieties
Authors: Novruzov L.
Published: April 2022

The article presents the main agrochemical indicators of cultivated gray-brown soils of Absheron. The results of the analysis showed that the fertile layer of the experimental field has high alkaline properties, the field of medium carbonate. Experience has shown that the number of easily digestible forms of essential nutrients is insignificant. First of all, it was established that the productivity of the soft wheat Gobustan variety of depends on different norms of nitrogen nutrition and the form of fertilization. The reason for the insignificant addition of harvested grain is the introduction of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the background of P60K60 in both ways (full rate in the phase of plant cultivation and in the phases of plant cultivation, pipes, pods up to 120 kg/ha).
Peculiarities of Yield and Sowing Qualities of Groundnuts Seeds
Authors: Namazova R.
Published: April 2022

According to the results of the study, it can be said that the change in the sowing qualities of seeds is associated with a change in the complex physiological and biochemical composition of seeds. These physiological and biochemical bases are formed during the filling and maturation of seeds and can be easily changed with the help of the environment and agrotechnical methods. Planting large seeds has a positive effect on all elements of productivity — the density of plants increases and the signs characterizing the structure of crop yield improve. Sowing material grown under different conditions exhibits different biological properties. If the quality of the seed is determined in the laboratory, you can find out its yield under certain conditions. As a result, we can say that a higher groundnuts yield was observed when groundnuts were sown together with early ripening tomatoes.
Development of the Black Bean Aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) Depending on Various Photoperiodic Conditions
Authors: Iskenderova G.
Published: April 2022

Among the sucking pests of sugar beet crops in Azerbaijan, black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Sсop.), which occurs on beet seedlings from the moment of development of true leaves, causes significant damage. Based on this, the task of our study was to study the main life processes of beet aphids depending on photoperiodic conditions. The work was carried out in the Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Insects and the Center for Applied Zoology of Azerbaijan National Academy of Science in 2013–2019. The experiments were carried out in special photo thermostats with automatic control of temperature and light. The results obtained show that the light factor is of secondary importance for the duration of the larval, reproductive periods and for the entire development cycle compared to temperature. It should be noted that winged forms (about 50%) appear in aphid colonies during a 12-hour photoperiod at a temperature of 17 °C. Under the conditions of Azerbaijan, such photoperiod is observed at the end of March and at the beginning of October, when aphids migrate from primary to intermediate plants and vice versa in autumn (early October) from intermediate to primary. The length of the day established in the experiments, which causes the appearance of winged forms, is consistent with the phenology of this species.
Assessment of phytoplankton photosynthetic activity in the Upper Volga reservoirs via fluorescence diagnosis
Authors: Semadeni Ivan V.
Published: April 2022

Based on the materials of field observations in 2015–2018, the first data on the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in the Upper Volga reservoirs are estimated using fluorescence diagnostics. During the summer maximum of phytoplankton, the coefficient of photosynthetic activity (CPhA) varied from 0,18 to 0,84 (standard error <0,005), averaging 0,49±0,003, 0,52±0,002, and 0,51±0,004 in Ivankovo, Uglich, and Rybinsk reservoirs. Spatial and interannual changes of CPhA are considered. In interannual dynamics, higher CPhA values were noted in 2015 and 2018 (average 0,53), lower values in 2016 and 2017 (0,47–0,50). A decrease in CPhA with an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll (r = -0.30 – -0.56) was revealed.
Composition and structure of algocoenosises in the estuary of right bank Volga’s tributary Kudma river
Authors: Sharagina Ekaterina M. , Vodeneeva Ekaterina L. , Makarova Alena E. , Bondarev Oleg O. , Okhapkin Alexander G.
Published: April 2022

Present work provides information on the taxonomic composition and structural parameters of algocoenosises of the Kudma river, a right-bank Volga tributary. Data was obtained during the analysis of samples of plant plankton taken in the mouth of the river in 2019. The Kudma river is characterized by an irregular water regime, high salinity and relatively strong anthropogenic impact. Analysis of the algal flora of the studied water body revealed 248 species and intraspecific taxa, as well as algae identified to the genus, which belonged to 8 divisions. The flora was characterized as green-diatom-blue-green, with a significant predominance of green algae. The biomass during the period from May to October were quite high and corresponded to the eutrophic level. The biomass reached values of 18.80 g/m3. The complex of structure-forming species was mainly formed by centric diatoms. In Kudma river’s algocoenosises during summer period the presence of an invasive species, the dinophytic alga Unruhdinium kevei (Grigorszky & F.Vasas) Gottschling is noted.
Clarification of taxonomic position of Lukinia dissecta Perestenko
Authors: Shibneva Svetlana Yu. , Skriptsova Anna V.
Published: April 2022

Based on the data of morphological, anatomical and genetic analysis, the taxonomic position of Lukinia dissecta was clarified. Features of cystocarp structure, such as absence of tela arachnoidea, gonimoblast, consisting of three gonimolobes, where most of cells turn into the carposporangia, presence of major conjunctor cell in aggregate with genetic data allow this species to be attributed to the Rhodymeniaceae (Rhodymeniales).