bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naturalism and Skepticism in the Philosophy of Hume
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: August 2014

Hume takes his “naturalistic” study of human nature to show that certain general “principles of the imagination” can explain how human beings come to think, feel, believe, and act in all the ways they do independently of the truth or reasonableness of those responses. This appears to leave the reflective philosopher with no reason for assenting to what he has discovered he cannot help believing anyway. Relief from this unacceptably extreme skepticism is found in acknowledging and acquiescing in those forces of “nature” that inevitably overcome the apparent dictates of “reason” and return the philosopher to the responses and beliefs of everyday life. Living in full recognition of these forces and limitations is what Hume means by the “mitigated scepticism” he accepts.
Understanding the Motivational Dynamics Among Unemployed Individuals: Refreshing Insights from the Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Authors: Vansteenkiste Maarten , Van den Broeck Anja
Published: August 2014

Although the role of motivation has been emphasized in the field of unemployment and job search, the motivational dynamics underlying unemployed individuals’ behavior have not yet received the attention they deserve. In this chapter, we present a motivational perspective grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), a macrotheory focusing on human motivation in the social context. We discuss basic principles of SDT and formulate seven propositions that have direct relevance for the fields of unemployment and job search. In discussing these propositions, we elucidate similarities and differences between SDT and various frameworks in the unemployment and job search literature and cover the available empirical evidence in the realm of SDT in these fields. Given that the literatures on job search and unemployment have been developed fairly independently, we conclude that SDT represents a promising theory to bridge these two fields and may equally provide useful guidelines for practitioners in the field.
The Social Responsibility of Economists
Authors: Boettke Peter , O’Donnell Kyle W.
Published: August 2014

Following the global financial crisis of 2008, the economics profession has been criticized for its apparent complicity in promoting corporate and financial industry interests at the expense of the public interest, resulting in increased scrutiny of its ethics. We argue that the only social responsibility of economists is to maximize their career advancement within their scientific community, and the appropriate target for criticism and reform is the institutional framework of that community. Rather than “good” scientists, good rules of scientific engagement for ongoing contestation of ideas through open, critical discourse are required. The true source of corruption is not corporate and special interests but the state’s capture and politicization of the discipline. A code of conduct would be an ineffective solution and largely irrelevant to the economics profession. A radical humility in economics would reduce opportunities for corruption and limit potential harm from the economist qua social engineer.
Economists’ Odd Stand on the Positive–Normative Distinction
Authors: Davis John B.
Published: August 2014

This chapter examines economists’ indefensible attachment to the positive–normative distinction, and suggests a behavioral economics explanation of their behavior on the subject. It traces the origins of the distinction to Hume’s guillotine and logical positivism, and argues they contributed to Robbins’ understanding of value neutrality. It connects philosophers’ rejection of logical positivism and their rejection of the positive-normative distinction, explains and modifies Putnam’s view of fact–value entanglement, and identifies four main ethical value judgments that contemporary economists employ. The behavioral explanation of economists’ denial of these value judgments emphasizes loss aversion and economists’ social identity as economists.
How Race and Ethnicity Shape Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Syed Moin , Mitchell Laura L.
Published: August 2014

Despite the tremendous growth in theory and research on emerging adulthood over the past decade, relatively little attention has been paid to the experiences of emerging adults from ethnic minority backgrounds. The purpose of this chapter is to fill this gap by conducting a conceptual review of the literature on race, ethnicity, and emerging adulthood. The authors begin with a discussion of conceptual issues, clarifying terms such as emerging adults, emerging adulthood, race, and ethnicity. The existing literature is reviewed pertaining to the five pillars of emerging adulthood: the age of instability, possibilities, self-focus, in-betweenness, and identity explorations. The chapter closes with a discussion of major challenges to conducting research on race, ethnicity, and emerging adulthood. Taken together, this review is intended to provide a broad overview of the state of knowledge and inspire future research.
Crime during and after Military Service
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: August 2014

Until recently, there has been little serious research into the scale and nature of offending by military personnel during and after their service and virtually none into the history of the problem. This article focuses primarily on the nature and scale of offending by service personnel since the beginning of the First World War and on the extent to which the concept of brutalized veteran had any reality particularly during the twentieth and early-twenty-first centuries. Much of the evidence is drawn from British examples, but comparisons are made with the experience of other countries where appropriate research and publication allows. The chapter emphasizes the temptations to offending provided or occasioned by military service and, occasionally, the authority given to commit crime during armed conflict. It stresses also the problems of identifying service personnel and veterans within the statistics and of assessing the way military service may have influenced post-service offending.
Early Modern Moravianism
Authors: Atwood Craig
Published: August 2014

The Moravian Church or Unitas Fratrum was founded in 1457 as a radical expression of the Czech Reformation’s attempt to revive the apostolic church. It was the first Western church to endorse the idea of the church as a voluntary body of believers who covenant to live according to the Sermon on the Mount, which they considered the Law of God. Moravian bishop and educational theorist John Amos Comenius was one of the leading advocates for ecumenism and pacifism in Europe during the seventeenth century. The Unitas Fratrum was almost completely destroyed during the religious wars of the seventeenth century but was revived as part of the German Pietist movement in the eighteenth century under the leadership of Count Zinzendorf. Zinzendorf placed greater emphasis on religious experience than doctrinal precision in the life of the church. The most prominent theologian influenced by Moravianism was Friedrich Schleiermacher.
Christ, Predestination, and Covenant in Post-Reformation Reformed Theology
Authors: van Asselt Willem J.
Published: August 2014

In this essay the closely interconnected themes of Christology, predestination and covenant in post-Reformation Reformed theology are discussed. Because of the huge amount of material in this field, it is limited to a discussion of some representative issues, and for this purpose a select group of representative theologians (J. H. Heidegger, J. Maccovius and J. Cocceius). It analyzes in some detail their views on Christology, predestination and covenant in their historical context in order to see what is distinctive about Reformed Christology, which debates took place over predestination, and which variations in covenant theology occurred, with some accent on how scholarly perceptions have changed.
New approaches to the Moon's isotopic crisis
Authors: Melosh H. J.
Published: August 2014

Recent comparisons of the isotopic compositions of the Earth and the Moon show that, unlike nearly every other body known in the Solar System, our satellite's isotopic ratios are nearly identical to the Earth's for nearly every isotopic system. The Moon's chemical make-up, however, differs from the Earth's in its low volatile content and perhaps in the elevated abundance of oxidized iron. This surprising situation is not readily explained by current impact models of the Moon's origin and offers a major clue to the Moon's formation, if we only could understand it properly. Current ideas to explain this similarity range from assuming an impactor with the same isotopic composition as the Earth to postulating a pure ice impactor that completely vaporized upon impact. Several recent proposals follow from the suggestion that the Earth–Moon system may have lost a great deal of angular momentum during early resonant interactions. The isotopic constraint may be the most stringent test yet for theories of the Moon's origin.
Terrestrial aftermath of the Moon-forming impact
Authors: Sleep Norman H. , Zahnle Kevin J. , Lupu Roxana E.
Published: August 2014

Much of the Earth's mantle was melted in the Moon-forming impact. Gases that were not partially soluble in the melt, such as water and CO2, formed a thick, deep atmosphere surrounding the post-impact Earth. This atmosphere was opaque to thermal radiation, allowing heat to escape to space only at the runaway greenhouse threshold of approximately 100 W m−2. The duration of this runaway greenhouse stage was limited to approximately 10 Myr by the internal energy and tidal heating, ending with a partially crystalline uppermost mantle and a solid deep mantle. At this point, the crust was able to cool efficiently and solidified at the surface. After the condensation of the water ocean, approximately 100 bar of CO2remained in the atmosphere, creating a solar-heated greenhouse, while the surface cooled to approximately 500 K. Almost all this CO2had to be sequestered by subduction into the mantle by 3.8 Ga, when the geological record indicates the presence of life and hence a habitable environment. The deep CO2sequestration into the mantle could be explained by a rapid subduction of the old oceanic crust, such that the top of the crust would remain cold and retain its CO2. Kinematically, these episodes would be required to have both fast subduction (and hence seafloor spreading) and old crust. Hadean oceanic crust that formed from hot mantle would have been thicker than modern crust, and therefore only old crust underlain by cool mantle lithosphere could subduct. Once subduction started, the basaltic crust would turn into dense eclogite, increasing the rate of subduction. The rapid subduction would stop when the young partially frozen crust from the rapidly spreading ridge entered the subduction zone.
Heterogeneity in lunar anorthosite meteorites: implications for the lunar magma ocean model
Authors: Russell Sara S. , Joy Katherine H. , Jeffries Teresa E. , Consolmagno Guy J. , Kearsley Anton
Published: August 2014

The lunar magma ocean model is a well-established theory of the early evolution of the Moon. By this model, the Moon was initially largely molten and the anorthositic crust that now covers much of the lunar surface directly crystallized from this enormous magma source. We are undertaking a study of the geochemical characteristics of anorthosites from lunar meteorites to test this model. Rare earth and other element abundances have been measuredin situin relict anorthosite clasts from two feldspathic lunar meteorites: Dhofar 908 and Dhofar 081. The rare earth elements were present in abundances of approximately 0.1 to approximately 10× chondritic (CI) abundance. Every plagioclase exhibited a positive Eu-anomaly, with Eu abundances of up to approximately 20×CI. Calculations of the melt in equilibrium with anorthite show that it apparently crystallized from a magma that was unfractionated with respect to rare earth elements and ranged in abundance from 8 to 80×CI. Comparisons of our data with other lunar meteorites and Apollo samples suggest that there is notable heterogeneity in the trace element abundances of lunar anorthosites, suggesting these samples did not all crystallize from a common magma source. Compositional and isotopic data from other authors also suggest that lunar anorthosites are chemically heterogeneous and have a wide range of ages. These observations may support other models of crust formation on the Moon or suggest that there are complexities in the lunar magma ocean scenario to allow for multiple generations of anorthosite formation.
Lunar bulk chemical composition: a post-Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory reassessment
Authors: Taylor G. Jeffrey , Wieczorek Mark A.
Published: August 2014

New estimates of the thickness of the lunar highlands crust based on data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission, allow us to reassess the abundances of refractory elements in the Moon. Previous estimates of the Moon fall into two distinct groups: earthlike and a 50% enrichment in the Moon compared with the Earth. Revised crustal thicknesses and compositional information from remote sensing and lunar samples indicate that the crust contributes 1.13–1.85 wt% Al
2
O
3
to the bulk Moon abundance. Mare basalt Al
2
O
3
concentrations (8–10 wt%) and Al
2
O
3
partitioning behaviour between melt and pyroxene during partial melting indicate mantle Al
2
O
3
concentration in the range 1.3–3.1 wt%, depending on the relative amounts of pyroxene and olivine. Using crustal and mantle mass fractions, we show that that the Moon and the Earth most likely have the same (within 20%) concentrations of refractory elements. This allows us to use correlations between pairs of refractory and volatile elements to confirm that lunar abundances of moderately volatile elements such as K, Rb and Cs are depleted by 75% in the Moon compared with the Earth and that highly volatile elements, such as Tl and Cd, are depleted by 99%. The earthlike refractory abundances and depleted volatile abundances are strong constraints on lunar formation processes.
Understanding the origin and evolution of water in the Moon through lunar sample studies
Authors: Anand Mahesh , Tartèse Romain , Barnes Jessica J.
Published: August 2014

A paradigm shift has recently occurred in our knowledge and understanding of water in the lunar interior. This has transpired principally through continued analysis of returned lunar samples using modern analytical instrumentation. While these recent studies have undoubtedly measured indigenous water in lunar samples they have also highlighted our current limitations and some future challenges that need to be overcome in order to fully understand the origin, distribution and evolution of water in the lunar interior. Another exciting recent development in the field of lunar science has been the unambiguous detection of water or water ice on the surface of the Moon through instruments flown on a number of orbiting spacecraft missions. Considered together, sample-based studies and those from orbit strongly suggest that the Moon is not an anhydrous planetary body, as previously believed. New observations and measurements support the possibility of a wet lunar interior and the presence of distinct reservoirs of water on the lunar surface. Furthermore, an approach combining measurements of water abundance in lunar samples and its hydrogen isotopic composition has proved to be of vital importance to fingerprint and elucidate processes and source(s) involved in giving rise to the lunar water inventory. A number of sources are likely to have contributed to the water inventory of the Moon ranging from primordial water to meteorite-derived water ice through to the water formed during the reaction of solar wind hydrogen with the lunar soil. Perhaps two of the most striking findings from these recent studies are the revelation that at least some portions of the lunar interior are as water-rich as some Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt source regions on Earth and that the water in the Earth and the Moon probably share a common origin.
Accretion of the Moon from non-canonical discs
Authors: Salmon J. , Canup R. M
Published: August 2014

Impacts that leave the Earth–Moon system with a large excess in angular momentum have recently been advocated as a means of generating a protolunar disc with a composition that is nearly identical to that of the Earth's mantle. We here investigate the accretion of the Moon from discs generated by such ‘non-canonical’ impacts, which are typically more compact than discs produced by canonical impacts and have a higher fraction of their mass initially located inside the Roche limit. Our model predicts a similar overall accretional history for both canonical and non-canonical discs, with the Moon forming in three consecutive steps over hundreds of years. However, we find that, to yield a lunar-mass Moon, the more compact non-canonical discs must initially be more massive than implied by prior estimates, and only a few of the discs produced by impact simulations to date appear to meet this condition. Non-canonical impacts require that capture of the Moon into the evection resonance with the Sun reduced the Earth–Moon angular momentum by a factor of 2 or more. We find that the Moon's semi-major axis at the end of its accretion is approximately 7R⊕, which is comparable to the location of the evection resonance for a post-impact Earth with a 2.5 h rotation period in the absence of a disc. Thus, the dynamics of the Moon's assembly may directly affect its ability to be captured into the resonance.
Siderophile element constraints on the origin of the Moon
Authors: Walker Richard J.
Published: August 2014

Discovery of small enrichments in182W/184W in some Archaean rocks, relative to modern mantle, suggests both exogeneous and endogenous modifications to highly siderophile element (HSE) and moderately siderophile element abundances in the terrestrial mantle. Collectively, these isotopic enrichments suggest the formation of chemically fractionated reservoirs in the terrestrial mantle that survived the putative Moon-forming giant impact, and also provide support for the late accretion hypothesis. The lunar mantle sources of volcanic glasses and basalts were depleted in HSEs relative to the terrestrial mantle by at least a factor of 20. The most likely explanations for the disparity between the Earth and Moon are either that the Moon received a disproportionately lower share of late accreted materials than the Earth, such as may have resulted from stochastic late accretion, or the major phase of late accretion occurred prior to the Moon-forming event, and the putative giant impact led to little drawdown of HSEs to the Earth's core. High precision determination of the182W isotopic composition of the Moon can help to resolve this issue.
Lunar exploration: opening a window into the history and evolution of the inner Solar System
Authors: Crawford Ian A. , Joy Katherine H.
Published: August 2014

The lunar geological record contains a rich archive of the history of the inner Solar System, including information relevant to understanding the origin and evolution of the Earth–Moon system, the geological evolution of rocky planets, and our local cosmic environment. This paper provides a brief review of lunar exploration to-date and describes how future exploration initiatives will further advance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon, the Earth–Moon system and of the Solar System more generally. It is concluded that further advances will require the placing of new scientific instruments on, and the return of additional samples from, the lunar surface. Some of these scientific objectives can be achieved robotically, for example by
in situ
geochemical and geophysical measurements and through carefully targeted sample return missions. However, in the longer term, we argue that lunar science would greatly benefit from renewed human operations on the surface of the Moon, such as would be facilitated by implementing the recently proposed Global Exploration Roadmap.
Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 64, part 5, of the IJSEM
Authors: Oren Aharon , Garrity George M.
Published: August 2014

This listing of names of prokaryotes published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of new names and new combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol
41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles).
Identification and functional analysis of inter-subunit disulfide bonds of the F protein of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus
Authors: Yin Feifei , Wang Manli , Tan Ying , Deng Fei , Vlak Just M. , Hu Zhihong , Wang Hualin
Published: August 2014

The major envelope fusion protein F of the budded virus of baculoviruses consists of two disulfide-linked subunits: an N-terminal F2 subunit and a C-terminal, membrane-anchored F1 subunit. There is one cysteine in F2 and there are 15 cysteines in F1, but their role in disulfide linking is largely unknown. In this study, the inter- and intra-subunit disulfide bonds of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) F protein were analysed by site-directed mutagenesis. Results indicated that in a functional F protein, an inter-subunit disulfide bond exists between amino acids C108 (F2) and C241 (F1). When C241 was mutated, an alternative disulfide bond was formed between C108 and C232, rendering F non-functional. No inter-subunit bridge was observed in a double C232/C241 mutant of F1. C403 was not involved in the formation of inter-subunit disulfide bonding, but mutation of this amino acid decreased viral infectivity significantly, suggesting that it might be involved in intra-subunit disulfide bonds. The influence of reductant [tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP)] and free-thiol inhibitors [4-acetamido-4′-maleimidylstilbene 2,2′-disulfonic acid (AMS) and 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)] on the infectivity of HearNPV was tested. The results indicated that TCEP greatly decreased the infection of HzAm1 cells by HearNPV. In contrast, AMS and DTNB had no inhibitory effect on viral infectivity. The data suggested that free thiol/disulfide isomerization was not likely to play a role in viral entry and infectivity.
Crystal structure of 2-phenyl-2λ4,3-ditelluratetracyclo[5.5.2.04,13.010,14]tetradeca-1(12),4,6,10,13-pentaen-2-ylium trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Diamond Louise M. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C18H13Te2+·CF3O3S−, the TeIIatom of the cation and one O atom of the trifluoromethanesulfonate counter-ion form a close-to-linear Te—Te—O system, with a Te—Te—O angle of 172.3 (1)° and a Te—O distance of 2.816 (5) Å, which may suggest the presence of a three-centre–four-electron (3c–4e) bond. Secondary Te...O interactions [3.003 (4) and 3.016 (4) Å], involving the second TeIIatom of the binuclear molecule, are also noted, resulting in a supramolecular layer in thebcplane.
Crystal structure of di-μ-benzato-κ4O:O′-bis[aqua(benzato-κO)(benzato-κ2O,O′)(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine-κ3N,N′,N′′)europium(III)]–benzoic acid (1/2)
Authors: White Frankie , Sykora Richard E.
Published: August 2014

The title compound, [Eu2(C7H5O2)6(C15H11N3)2(H2O)2]·2C7H6O2, is a co-crystalline compound containing a dinuclear EuIIIcoordination complex with inversion symmetry co-crystallized with benzoic acid in a 1:2 ratio. The Eu3+ions within the dimer are nine-coordinate, containing one tridentate terpyridine, one water, and four benzoate ions, two of which bridge the Eu3+ions. Of the four benzoate ligands coordinating to each Eu3+position, three distinct coordination modes [monodentate, bidentate–chelating, and bidentate–bridging (twice)] are observed. Within the crystal, there are two additional uncoordinating benzoic acid molecules per dinuclear complex. Within the dimer, the water bound to each Eu3+ion participates in intramolecular hydrogen bonding with a coordinating benzoate. Additionally, the carboxylic acid group on the benzoic acid participates in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with a benzoate ligand bound to the dimer complex.
Pharmacological actions of thymol and an analogue at GABAB autoreceptors
Authors: Parker David AS , Marino Victor , Ong Jennifer
Published: August 2014

GABAB autoreceptors inhibit release of GABA from GABAergic nerve terminals. Agonists of these receptors (e.g. baclofen) inhibit, whereas antagonists (e.g. (+)‐(S)‐5,5‐dimethylmorpholinyl‐2‐acetic acid; Sch 50911) enhance release of the transmitter. The actions of thymol (2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylphenol) and the structurally related compound 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol, (4MP) on the release of [3H]‐GABA were examined in rat neocortical slices where the GABAergic nerves had been preloaded with [3H]‐GABA and subsequently stimulated electrically on two occasions (S1 and S2). Test agents, baclofen and Sch 50911 were added to the superfusion medium prior to the second period of stimulation (S2). Stimulation‐induced overflow (SIO) of [3H]‐GABA as a consequence of these stimulations (SIO1 and SIO2) were calculated and the effects of agents determined by comparing the SIO2/SIO1 ratio in the presence of each agent with that in control tissue. Thymol potentiated the release of [3H]‐GABA (EC50 170 μmol/L), an action reversed by baclofen (2 μmol/L). Baclofen alone had little effect on GABA release. Release of [3H]‐GABA was inhibited by 4MP (IC50 3 μmol/L) and this effect was blocked by Sch 50911 (10 μmol/L). Alone, Sch 50911 markedly potentiated the release of GABA. These results imply that 4MP is an agonist of GABAB autoreceptors; however, further studies are needed to confirm that thymol is indeed a GABAB autoreceptor antagonist. Of interest are structural differences in these agents. Thymol has a propyl group in the ortho position relative to the phenolic hydroxyl, whereas in 4MP this is a butyl group and the methyl group moves from position 5 to 4. Whether one or both of these changes was responsible for the above actions is unknown.
Characterization of a double‐hit murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Voelker Maria Theresa , Fichtner Falk , Kasper Michael , Kamprad Manja , Sack Ulrich , Kaisers Udo X , Laudi Sven
Published: August 2014

The aim of the present study was to characterize a murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) abiding by the Berlin definition of human ARDS and guidelines for animal models of ARDS. To this end, C57BL/6NCrl mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 15 mg/kg, i.p.) followed 18 h later by injection of oleic acid (OA; 0.12 mL/kg, i.v.). Controls received saline injection at both time points. Haemodynamics were monitored continuously. Arterial blood gas analyses were performed just before and every 30 min after OA challenge. Ninety minutes after OA challenge, the chest of mice was scanned using micro‐computed tomography (CT). Cytokine concentrations were measured in plasma samples. Lungs were harvested 90 min after OA challenge for histology, immunohistochemistry, lung weight measurements and tissue cytokine detection. A histological lung injury score was determined. Eighteen hours after LPS challenge, mice exhibited a severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Oxygenation declined significantly after OA injections (Pao2/Fio2 283 ± 73 and 256 ± 71 mmHg at 60 and 90 min, respectively; P < 0.001). Bilateral patchy infiltrates were present on the micro‐CT scans. Histology revealed parenchymal damage with accumulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, intra‐alveolar proteinacous debris and few hyaline membranes. The lung wet : dry ratio indicated damage to the alveolar capillary membrane. Cytokine patterns evidenced a severe local and systemic inflammatory state in plasma and lung tissue. In conclusion, the described two‐hit model of ARDS shows a pathological picture of ARDS closely mimicking human ARDS according to the Berlin definition and may facilitate interpretation of prospective experimental results.
Realism, Liberalism and Non-ideal Theory Or, Are there Two Ways to do Realistic Political Theory?
Authors: Sleat Matt
Published: August 2014

The charge that contemporary political theory has lost touch with the realities of politics is common to both the recent ideal/non-ideal theory debate and the revival of interest in realist thought. However, a tendency has arisen to subsume political realism within the ideal/non-ideal theory debate, or to elide realism with non-ideal theorising. This article argues that this is a mistake. The ideal/non-ideal theory discussion is a methodological debate that takes place within the framework of liberal theory. Realism, contrary to several interpretations, is a distinct and competing conception of politics in its own right that stands in contrast to that of liberal theory. While the two debates are united in a sense that contemporary liberal theory needs to be more realistic, they differ significantly in their understanding of this shortcoming and, more importantly, what it is to do more realistic political theory.
Huguenot Belief and Practice in Eighteenth‐Century Paris
Authors: Garrioch David
Published: August 2014

Protestantism was illegal in eighteenth‐century France, yet many French Reformed Protestants, better known as Huguenots, managed to maintain their religion and identity until the French Revolution granted religious freedom. Several thousand of them lived in Paris, but remained a tiny minority in a very Catholic city. Given this context, and little access to pastors or collective worship, what kind of Protestantism did they observe? This article suggests that, like other minority groups, their religious practice and thinking were influenced both by the Catholic environment in which they lived and by the culture of the late eighteenth‐century city. By 1789 they had moved away from certain Calvinist traditions, and some of them had adopted a surprising ecumenism.
Imperial Intervention in the Disputed Roman Episcopal Election of 418/419
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey D.
Published: August 2014

Evidence for the conflict between two rival candidates for the bishopric of Rome following the death of Zosimus at the end of 418 comes from a group of twenty‐five letters, most of which are official letters to and from Emperor Honorius (the rest being from other imperial officials and the emperor's sister), all but one of which are found in the Collectio Avellana. Interestingly, we have nothing preserved from the two episcopal claimants about this matter. The group of letters chronicle imperial concern for the preservation of public order. Do we have here an example of imperial interference in episcopal elections in Rome? In this article a careful examination of the letters reveals that Honorius was concerned only that the Roman church's procedures had been followed (Collectio Avellana, Ep. 15), which should determine who was lawful bishop. Sociological Conflict Theory is employed to investigate the nature of the evidence to address issues of the nature of the dispute and its participants, what values were contested, how it escalated, and how it was resolved. Such an approach makes clear that our evidence focuses on the role of the emperor and only incidentally tells us of the thinking and strategy of the two candidates. The final decision was made not on the merits of the candidates and the legality of one of the two elections, but upon Eulalius' violation of the conditions imposed upon the two rivals while the dispute was to be settled. Despite the emperor's concern only to facilitate the church settling this conflict itself, in the end it was an imperial measure that determined the outcome of the disputed election.
Considering the fate of electronic tags: interactions with stakeholders and user responsibility when encountering tagged aquatic animals
Authors: Hammerschlag Neil , Cooke Steven J. , Gallagher Austin J. , Godley Brendan J.
Published: August 2014

The use of electronic tagging (e.g. acoustic, archival and satellite telemetry) to study the behavior and ecology of aquatic animals has increased dramatically over the past decade. As scientists continue to use these tools, it is inevitable that other researchers and the public at‐large will encounter animals carrying such tags with increasing frequency. If the animals appear burdened or injured by the tag (e.g. showing signs of trauma), or if the tag is functionally impaired (e.g. cracked or severely biofouled), these encounters have the potential to generate conflict with various wildlife stakeholders (e.g. tourists/operators, divers, fishers, hunters) that can negatively affect research efforts and undermine conservation work. Yet, these encounters also present an unparalleled opportunity to advance the field of biotelemetry by improving animal welfare, tagging technology and practices, while also gaining the trust and support of wildlife stakeholders. Therefore, as scientists, it is important to consider the fate of our electronic tags.

Here we consider tagged animals as encountered by different user groups and discuss the potential steps and recommendations that scientists can take to improve tagging techniques and animal welfare as a result. We also discuss interactions with stakeholders and the manifold benefits if such interactions are taken into account and embraced.

We examine the situation where a researcher encounters, and is able and trained to handle a previously tagged animal equipped with a functionally impaired tag and/or the animal is exhibiting signs of burden due to the tag. We generate a decision tree for scientists faced with such a scenario and discuss the best course of action, whereas such a situation was relatively unlikely in the past, but is now a reality in all aquatic animal tagging studies.

The framework in which these issues are discussed is novel and failure to address them can significantly impede advances in the development and use of biotelemetry and even one's ability to conduct research. It is our hope that our essay stimulates further discourse, debate, technological improvements and consideration of the fate of electronic tagging.
Surgical gem: Island advancement flaps for lip reconstruction
Authors: Kaufman Andrew J
Published: August 2014

Island advancement flaps provide specific advantages for repairing certain defects on the upper lip. We discuss the design and execution of this flap for defects on the alar sill and philtrum.
Non‐infectious skin disease in Indigenous Australians
Authors: Heyes Christopher , Tait Clare , Toholka Ryan , Gebauer Kurt
Published: August 2014

The burden of non‐infectious skin disease in the Indigenous Australian population has not been previously examined. This study considers the published data on the epidemiology and clinical features of a number of non‐infectious skin diseases in Indigenous Australians. It also outlines hypotheses for the possible differences in the prevalence of such diseases in this group compared with the general Australian population. There is a paucity of literature on the topic but, from the material available, Indigenous Australians appear to have a reduced prevalence of psoriasis, type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and skin cancer but increased rates of lupus erythematosus, kava dermopathy and vitamin D deficiency when compared to the non‐Indigenous Australian population. This article profiles the prevalence and presentation of non‐infectious skin diseases in the Indigenous Australian population to synthesise our limited knowledge and highlight deficiencies in our understanding.
Prognostic significance of perineural invasion in stage IIA colon cancer
Authors: Yun Jung‐A , Kim Hee Cheol , Kim Seok‐Hyung , Cho Yong Beom , Yun Seong Hyeon , Lee Woo Yong , Chun Ho‐Kyung
Published: August 2014

Background

Perineural invasion (PNI) may influence the prognosis of colon cancer, but little is known about its predictive value. The aim of this study was to reveal the role of PNI in predicting prognosis after curative resection of colon cancer, especially T3N0.

Methods

Two hundred and fifty‐five patients who underwent curative resection for colon cancer at Samsung Medical Center and were later diagnosed with stage T3N0 by a pathological report between November 2004 and December 2007 were retrospectively recruited into the study.

Results

Among the 255 patients, 156 were male and 99 were female. The mean age was 61 years (range, 25 to 88 years). The most common tumour location was the sigmoid colon (93 patients, 36.5%). The median follow‐up period was 61 months (range, 1 to 98 months). PNI was detected in 18 patients (7.1%). Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed in 205 patients (80.4%). The 5‐year disease‐free survival rate was greater for patients with PNI negative tumours compared with those with PNI positive tumours (92.0% versus 76.0%, P = 0.025). Adjuvant chemotherapy was not associated with significant differences in survival rate (94.8% versus 96.9%, P = 0.625). On multivariate analysis, PNI was an independent prognostic factor for disease‐free and overall survival (P = 0.046, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.113, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.020–9.505 and P = 0.019, HR = 9.395, 95% CI = 1.453–60.755 respectively).

Conclusions

PNI is the only significant prognostic factor affecting disease‐free and overall survival in patients with T3N0 colon cancer.
‘More than skin‐deep’: Biological essentialism in response to a distinctiveness threat in a stigmatized fan community
Authors: Plante Courtney N. , Roberts Sharon E. , Snider Jamie S. , Schroy Catherine , Reysen Stephen , Gerbasi Kathleen
Published: August 2014

We investigated how group distinctiveness threats affect essentialist beliefs about group membership in a stigmatized fan community. An experiment conducted on 817 members of the fan community revealed that highly identified fans who perceived significant stigmatization were the most likely to endorse essentialist beliefs about group membership when exposed to a distinctiveness threat via comparison to a highly similar (vs. dissimilar) outgroup. These results bridge essentialism research and research on distinctiveness threat by demonstrating the mutability of group essentialism beliefs as a defensive response to distinctiveness threats. Implications for future research are discussed.
Low cord blood Foxp3/CD3γ mRNA ratios: a marker of increased risk for allergy development
Authors: Bullens D. M. A. , Seys S. , Kasran A. , Dilissen E. , Dupont L. J. , Ceuppens J. L.
Published: August 2014

Background

Data from birth cohort studies suggest that increased cord blood total IgE and reduced cord blood regulatory T cells increase the risk of developing allergic sensitization and atopic dermatitis.

Objective

We here addressed whether serum total IgE and hen's egg‐specific IgE levels at birth and at age 1 year differed between healthy and allergic children in a Belgian birth cohort (FONIA). We furthermore studied whether these parameters as well as cord blood Foxp3/CD3γ mRNA levels might predict the allergic outcome.

Methods and results

Children (n = 84) were clinically assessed at the ages of 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and at 6 years. Cord blood total IgE levels above 0.35 kU/L predicted early (i.e. before or at the age of 2 years) allergy development. Presence of serum IgE antibodies to hen's egg (cut‐off 0.05 Ua/mL) at the age of 1 year was associated with early as well as late (i.e. between the age of 2 and 6 years) allergy development. Cord blood Foxp3/CD3γ mRNA ratios were significantly lower in early allergic children and levels below 0.32 predicted the allergic outcome.

Conclusions and clinical Relevance

Low cord blood Foxp3/CD3γ mRNA ratios are highly predictive for early allergy development, whereas specific IgE levels to hen's egg white above 0.05 Ua/mL at age 1 year predict allergy development in general.
Infection with human rhinovirus 16 promotes enhanced IgE responsiveness in basophils of atopic asthmatics
Authors: Agrawal R. , Wisniewski J. , Yu M. D. , Kennedy J. L. , Platts‐Mills T. , Heymann P. W. , Woodfolk J. A.
Published: August 2014

Background

Rhinovirus and IgE act in concert to promote asthma exacerbations. While basophils are the principal cell type in the blood that is activated by IgE, their role in virus‐induced asthma episodes remains elusive.

Objective

To monitor IgE responsiveness in circulating basophils of rhinovirus‐infected atopic asthmatics during acute infection and convalescence.

Methods

The capacity for basophils to respond to IgE was assessed by testing the effects of allergen, or cross‐linking anti‐FcεRI and anti‐IgE antibodies, on surface TSLP receptor in 24‐hour PBMC cultures. Activation profiles of basophils from atopic asthmatics challenged intranasally with human rhinovirus 16 were monitored directly ex vivo or else in 24‐hour cultures, at baseline (day 0), and then at days 4 and 21 post‐challenge.

Results

Basophils in atopic asthmatics, but not in non‐atopic controls, upregulated TSLP receptor upon IgE receptor ligation. The magnitude of this response was correlated with the proportion of serum total IgE that was allergen‐specific (r = 0.615, P < 0.05). Following rhinovirus infection, all subjects developed nasal symptoms that peaked 3–5 days after viral challenge. Basophils displayed maximal IgE responsiveness 3 weeks post‐challenge as judged by TSLP receptor levels in 24‐hour cultures. No significant change in total IgE or specific IgE antibodies was detected during rhinovirus infection. By contrast, levels of IgE receptor‐associated spleen tyrosine kinase, Syk, were increased on day 4 (P < 0.05), and elevated levels were also detected three weeks post‐challenge.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Circulating basophils display increased IgE responsiveness 3 weeks after rhinovirus infection in atopic asthmatics. This observation, coupled with increased expression of Syk, implicates basophils in promoting, or else prolonging, rhinovirus‐induced inflammation in atopic asthmatics.
Paediatric hereditary angioedema: a survey of UK service provision and patient experience
Authors: Read N , Lim E , Tarzi M D , Hildick-Smith P , Burns S , Fidler K J
Published: August 2014

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease characterized by episodes of potentially life-threatening angioedema. For affected children in the United Kingdom, there are relatively few data regarding disease prevalence, service organization and the humanistic burden of the disease. To improve knowledge in these areas, we surveyed major providers of care for children with HAE. A questionnaire was sent to major paediatric centres to determine patient numbers, symptoms, diagnostic difficulties, management and available services. In addition, all patients at a single centre were given a questionnaire to determine the experiences of children and their families. Sixteen of 28 centres responded, caring for a total of 111 UK children. Seven children had experienced life-threatening crises. One-third of patients were on long-term prophylactic medication, including C1 inhibitor prophylaxis in four children. Eight centres reported patients who were initially misdiagnosed. Broad differences in management were noted, particularly regarding indications for long-term prophylaxis and treatment monitoring. We also noted substantial variation in the organization of services between centres, including the number of consultants contributing to patient care, the availability of specialist nurses, the availability of home therapy training and the provision of patient information. Ten of 12 patient/carer questionnaires were returned, identifying three common themes: the need to access specialist knowledge, the importance of home therapy and concerns around the direct effect of angioedema on their life. To our knowledge, this study represents the first dedicated survey of paediatric HAE services in the United Kingdom and provides useful information to inform the optimization of services.
Prostate cancer in a man with a BRCA2 mutation and a personal history of bilateral breast cancer
Authors: Singer C. F. , Rappaport‐Fuerhauser C. , Sopik V. , Narod S. A.
Published: August 2014

Men with a BRCA2 mutation face substantial lifetime risks for the development of both breast and prostate cancer. A male who was initially diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 32 was subsequently diagnosed at age 77 with both contralateral breast cancer and prostate cancer. He was found to be BRCA2 mutation carrier. The patient was treated with contralateral mastectomy, breast irradiation, prostate irradiation and adjuvant endocrine therapy. At age 83 he died of metastatic prostate cancer. Our case underscores the observation that BRCA2 mutation carriers are at risk for multiple cancers, including contralateral breast cancer, and illustrates the need for current practice recommendations for the early detection of breast and prostate cancer in men with BRCA2 mutations.
Prevalence of peri‐implant inflammatory disease in patients with a history of periodontal disease who receive supportive periodontal therapy
Authors: Aguirre‐Zorzano Luis Antonio , Estefanía‐Fresco Ruth , Telletxea Olatz , Bravo Manuel
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To describe the status of implants in periodontally compromised patients who regularly receive supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) and to determine the factors associated to peri‐implant inflammatory disease in those patients.

Material and methods

Clinical and radiographic data of implants in periodontal patients who, after being treated and included in a SPT programme, wore implant prostheses for at least 6 months were recorded. The implants were classified according to the criteria of the 6th European Workshop on Periodontology in health, mucositis and peri‐implantitis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyse the individual and adjusted effects of each study variable on mucositis or peri‐implantitis, using SUDAAN to account for clustering (multiple implants within the patient).

Results

A total of 786 implants were placed in 239 patients. At patient level, 60.3%, 24.7% and 15.1% were classified as healthy, mucositis and peri‐implantitis patients, respectively. At implant level, the respective percentages were 77.4%, 12.8% and 9.8%. For mucositis, at implant level, the adjusted ORs indicate a significant association with plaque index (P = 0.050), type of periodontitis (P = 0.030) and location (P = 0.045). For peri‐implantitis, the adjusted ORs indicate a significant association with plaque index (P < 0.001) and location (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

The prevalence of peri‐implant inflammatory disease in periodontal patients who regularly undergo SPT is clinically significant. The factors associated with peri‐implant inflammatory disease were plaque index and implant location, and mucositis was also affected by the type of periodontitis the patient had.