bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Climate Change, Sustainability, and Some Challenges for Grape and Wine Production
Authors: Schultz Hans R.
Published: June 2016

Grapevines are cultivated on six out of seven continents, between latitudes 4° and 51° in the Northern Hemisphere and between latitudes 6° and 45° in the Southern Hemisphere across a large diversity of climates (oceanic, warm oceanic, transition temperate, continental, cold continental, Mediterranean, subtropical, attenuated tropical, and arid climates). Accordingly, the range and magnitude of environmental factors differ considerably from region to region and so do the principal environmental constraints for grape production. The type, number, and magnitude of environmental constraints are currently undergoing changes due to shifts in climate patterns already observed for the past and predicted for the future. These changes are already affecting grape composition with observed changes in sugar and acidity concentrations. As with other components such as polyphenols or aroma compounds, their relationships to environmental changes are more difficult to quantify. In general, one can divide the expected climatic changes during the grape-ripening period into two scenarios: warmer and dryer and warmer and moister, with different responses for red and white grape varieties. The production challenges within this broad separation are vastly different, and the strategies to ensure a sustainable product need to be adapted accordingly. The economic impact of these changes is difficult to assess. An in-depth analysis is necessary to construct relevant scenarios and risk analysis for individual regions and to quantify the costs and/or benefits of regional climate developments. (JEL Classifications: Q1, Q54)
The mean-square value of the divisor function
Authors: Shiu Peter
Published: June 2016

The behaviour of the divisor function d (n) is rather tricky. For a prime p, we have d(p) = 2, but if n is the product of the first k primes then, by Chebyshev's estimate for the prime counting function [1, Theorem 414], we have so that

for such n then, d (n) is ‘unusually large’ — it can exceed any fixed power of log n, for example.

In [2] Jameson gives, amongst other things, a derivation of Dirichlet's theorem, which shows that the mean-value of the divisor function in an interval containing n is log n. However, the result is somewhat deceptive because, for most n, the value of d (n) is substantially smaller than log n.
A simple approach to solving cubic equations
Authors: Tehrani Fleur T. , Leversha Gerry
Published: June 2016

Finding the roots of cubic equations has been the focus of research by many mathematicians. Omar Khayyam, the 11th century Iranian mathematician, astronomer, philosopher and poet, discovered a geometrical method for solving cubic equations by intersecting conic sections [1]. In more recent times, various methods have been presented to find the roots of cubic equations. Some methods require complex number calculations, a number of techniques use graphical methods to find the roots [e.g. 2, 3] and some other techniques use trigonometric functions [e.g. 4]. The method presented in this paper does not use graphical techniques as in [2] and [3], does not involve complex number calculations, and does not require using trigonometric functions. By using this fairly simple method, the roots of cubic equations can be found in a short time without using complicated formulas.
Using double integrals to solve single integrals
Authors: Jameson G. J. O.
Published: June 2016

Consider the integral

where b > a > 0. First, let us clarify why it even exists. Of course, convergence at infinity is ensured by the exponential terms, but the integrals of and e–ax/x and e–bx/x, taken separately, are divergent at 0, since these integrands equate asymptotically to 1/x as x → 0. However,

so (e–ax – e–bx)/x tends to the finite limit b – a as x → 0 and there is no problem integrating it on intervals of the form [0, r].

A neat way to evaluate I1 starts by expressing the integrand itself as an integral:

(1)

Inserting this into I1 converts it into a double integral.
The incomplete gamma functions
Authors: Jameson G. J. O.
Published: June 2016

Recall the integral definition of the gamma function: for a > 0. By splitting this integral at a point x ⩾ 0, we obtain the two incomplete gamma functions:

(1)

(2)

Γ(a, x)is sometimes called the complementary incomplete gamma function. These functions were first investigated by Prym in 1877, and Γ(a, x) has also been called Prym's function. Not many books give these functions much space. Massive compilations of results about them can be seen stated without proof in [1, chapter 9] and [2, chapter 8]. Here we offer a small selection of these results, with proofs and some discussion of context. We hope to convince some readers that the functions are interesting enough to merit attention in their own right.
Suicidal thoughts/acts and clinical correlates in patients with depressive disorders in Asians: results from the REAP-AD study
Authors: Park Seon-Cheol , Lee Min-Soo , Hahn Sang Woo , Si Tian-Mei , Kanba Shigenobu , Chong Mian-Yoon , Yoon Chee Kok , Udomratn Pichet , Tripathi Adarsh , Sartorius Norman , Shinfuku Naotaka , Maramis Margarita M. , Park Yong Chon
Published: June 2016

Objective

Using data from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antidepressants (REAP-AD) study, we aimed to present the rates and clinical correlates of suicidal thoughts/acts in patients recruited from a total of 40 centres in 10 Asian countries/areas: China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand.

Methods

Data from 1122 patients with depressive disorders in the REAP-AD study were used. The ICD-10 was employed to diagnose depressive episodes and recurrent depressive disorder. The presence or absence of suicidal thoughts/acts and profile of other depressive symptoms was established using the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines for depression. Country/area differences in rates of suicidal thoughts/acts were evaluated with the χ2 test. In addition, depressive symptom profiles, other clinical characteristics, and patterns of psychotropic drug prescription in depressed patients with and without suicidal thoughts/acts were compared using analysis of covariance for continuous variables and logistic regression analysis for discrete variables to adjust the effects of covariates.

Results

The rates of suicidal thoughts/acts in 10 countries/areas varied from 12.8% in Japan to 36.3% in China. Patients with suicidal thoughts/acts presented more persistent sadness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.64, p<0.001), loss of interest (aOR=2.33, p<0.001), fatigue (aOR=1.58, p<0.001), insomnia (aOR=1.74, p<0.001), poor concentration (aOR=1.88, p<0.001), low self-confidence (aOR=1.78, p<0.001), poor appetite (aOR=2.27, p<0.001), guilt/self-blame (aOR=3.03, p<0.001), and use of mood stabilisers (aOR=1.79, p<0.001) than those without suicidal thoughts/acts.

Conclusion

Suicidal thoughts/acts can indicate greater severity of depression, and are associated with a poorer response to antidepressants and increased burden of illness. Hence, suicidal thoughts/acts can provide a clinical index reflecting the clinical status of depressive disorders in Asians.
Two Concepts of Religious Liberty: The Natural Rights and Moral Autonomy Approaches to the Free Exercise of Religion
Authors: MUÑOZ VINCENT PHILLIP
Published: June 2016

Due in part to the influence of Michael McConnell, free exercise exemptionism is generally thought to be compatible with, if not dictated by, the founders’ church-state political philosophy. This article rejects that position, arguing instead that America's constitutional tradition offers two distinct conceptions of religious liberty: the founders’ natural rights free exercise and modern moral autonomy exemptionism. The article aims to distinguish these two approaches by clarifying how they are grounded upon divergent philosophical understandings of human freedom and by explaining how they advance different views of what religious liberty is, how it is threatened, and, accordingly, how it is best protected. The article also attempts to demonstrate how our modern approach expands the protection for religious liberty in some ways but limits it in others.
Presidential Influence in an Era of Congressional Dominance
Authors: ROGOWSKI JON C.
Published: June 2016

Research on presidential power focuses almost exclusively on the modern era, while earlier presidents are said to have held office while congressional dominance was at its peak. In this article, I argue that nineteenth-century presidents wielded greater influence than commonly recognized due to their position as head of the executive branch. Using an original dataset on the county-level distribution of U.S. post offices from 1876 to 1896, I find consistent evidence that counties represented by a president’s copartisans in the U.S. House received substantially more post offices than other counties, and that these advantages were especially large under divided government and in electorally important states. These results are robust across model specifications and when examining the Senate. The findings challenge key components of the congressional dominance and modern presidency theses, and have important implications for scholarship on interbranch relations, bureaucratic politics, and American political development.
Combination of soya pulp andBacillus coagulanslilac-01 improves intestinal bile acid metabolism without impairing the effects of prebiotics in rats fed a cholic acid-supplemented diet
Authors: Lee Yeonmi , Yoshitsugu Reika , Kikuchi Keidai , Joe Ga-Hyun , Tsuji Misaki , Nose Takuma , Shimizu Hidehisa , Hara Hiroshi , Minamida Kimiko , Miwa Kazunori , Ishizuka Satoshi
Published: June 2016

Intestinal bacteria are involved in bile acid (BA) deconjugation and/or dehydroxylation and are responsible for the production of secondary BA. However, an increase in the production of secondary BA modulates the intestinal microbiota due to the bactericidal effects and promotes cancer risk in the liver and colon. The ingestion ofBacillus coagulansimproves constipation via the activation of bowel movement to promote defaecation in humans, which may alter BA metabolism in the intestinal contents. BA secretion is promoted with high-fat diet consumption, and the ratio of cholic acid (CA):chenodeoxycholic acid in primary BA increases with ageing. The dietary supplementation of CA mimics the BA environment in diet-induced obesity and ageing. We investigated whetherB. coagulanslilac-01 and soya pulp influence both BA metabolism and the maintenance of host health in CA-supplemented diet-fed rats. In CA-fed rats, soya pulp significantly increased the production of secondary BA such as deoxycholic acid andω-muricholic acids, and soya pulp ingestion alleviated problems related to plasma adiponectin and gut permeability in rats fed the CA diet. The combination ofB. coagulansand soya pulp successfully suppressed the increased production of secondary BA in CA-fed rats compared with soya pulp itself, without impairing the beneficial effects of soya pulp ingestion. In conclusion, it is possible that a combination of prebiotics and probiotics can be used to avoid an unnecessary increase in the production of secondary BA in the large intestine without impairing the beneficial functions of prebiotics.
Expression and characterization of a lipase-related protein in the malpighian tubules of the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi
Authors: Wang L. , Li J. , Zhao X. , Qian C. , Wei G. , Zhu B. , Liu C.
Published: June 2016

Lipases are ubiquitous enzymes in nature, which play a crucial role in fat metabolism by catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol to free fatty acids and glycerol. However, reports concerning insect lipase are rare. In this study, we studied the expression and activity of a lipase-related protein from Antheraea pernyi (ApLRP). Recombinant ApLRP was expressed in Escherichia coli cells and used to raise rabbit anti-ApLRP polyclonal antibodies. ApLRP mRNA and protein expression were abundant in the midgut and malpighian tubules, respectively. After challenge with four different microorganisms (E. coli, Beauveria bassiana, Micrococcus luteus and nuclear polyhedrosis virus), the expression levels of ApLRP mRNA in midgut were inducted significantly compared with the control. The different pathogens induced different ApLRP gene expression patterns. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme's activity were 35°C and 7.0, respectively. ApLRP activity was stimulated in the presence of Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ and b-mercaptoethanol; while Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+ inhibited its activity. Detergents such as SDS, glycerol and Tween-20 increased the lipase activity by 20–30%. Our results indicated that ApLRP might play an important role in the innate immunity of insects.
Geography has a greater effect thanWolbachiainfection on population genetic structure in the spider mite,Tetranychus pueraricola
Authors: Chen Y.-T. , Zhang Y.-K. , Du W.-X. , Jin P.-Y. , Hong X.-Y.
Published: June 2016

Wolbachiais an intracellular symbiotic bacterium that infects various spider mite species and is associated with alterations in host reproduction, which indicates the potential role in mite evolution. However, studies ofWolbachiainfections in the spider miteTetranychus pueraricola, a major agricultural pest, are limited. Here, we used multilocus sequence typing to determineWolbachiainfection status and examined the relationship betweenWolbachiainfection status and mitochondrial diversity inT. pueraricolafrom 12 populations in China. The prevalence ofWolbachiaranged from 2.8 to 50%, and three strains (wTpue1,wTpue2, andwTpue3) were identified. We also found double infections (wTpue1 +wTpue3) within the same individuals. Furthermore, thewTpue1 strain caused weak cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) (egg hatchability ~55%), whereas another widespread strain,wTpue3, did not induce CI. There was no reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA diversity among infected individuals, and mtDNA haplotypes did not correspond to specificWolbachiastrains. Phylogenetic analysis and analysis of molecular variance revealed that the distribution of mtDNA and nuclear DNA haplotypes were significantly associated with geography. These findings indicate thatWolbachiainfection inT. pueraricolais complex, butT. pueraricolagenetic differentiation likely resulted from substantial geographic isolation.
IsHeliothis viriplaca(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a long-distance migrant?
Authors: Zhao X.-Y. , Fu X.-W. , Ali A. , Wilson K. , Wu K.-M.
Published: June 2016

Heliothis viriplaca(Hüfnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important polyphagous pest of beans, cotton, maize, and alfalfa worldwide.H. viriplacais a long-distance migrant, and if so, what pattern of seasonal migration this species exhibits in northern China remains unknown. In this study, in order to determine the seasonal migration ofH. viriplacain northern China, the combination of searchlight trapping and ovarian dissection was carried out on an isolated small island in the center of the Bohai Strait during 2003–2014. The results confirmed thatH. viriplacaundertakes long-distance migration on the prevailing winds of the East Asian monsoon airflows. This species exhibited a regular pattern of seasonal migration across the sea from May to October, but there was considerable yearly and monthly variation in the trapped numbers, with the majority being trapped in summer (67.99 ± 6.54%). The mean period when migration was detectable at the island was 116.5 ± 5.6 days from 2003 to 2014, with the shortest time span of 74 days in 2013 and the longest of 144 days in 2005. Trapped females in May and June showed a relatively higher mating rates and some degree of ovarian development when compared with July, August and September, suggesting the migration of this species is not completely bound by the ‘oogenesis-flight syndrome’. These findings will be helpful to improve the forecasting system and managing strategies ofH. viriplaca.
POPULAR HISTORY, POST-WAR LIBERALISM, AND THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC INTELLECTUAL IN RICHARD HOFSTADTER'S THE AMERICAN POLITICAL TRADITION (1948)
Authors: WITHAM NICK
Published: June 2016

This article examines the status of Richard Hofstadter's classic work The American political tradition (1948) as a ‘popular history’. It uses documents drawn from Hofstadter's personal papers, those of his publisher Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., as well as several of his contemporaries, to pursue a detailed reconstruction of the manner in which the book was written, edited, and reviewed, and to demonstrate how it circulated within, and was defined by, the literary culture of the 1940s and 1950s. The article explores Hofstadter's early career conception of himself as a scholar writing for audiences outside of the academy, reframes the significance of so-called ‘middlebrow’ literature, and, in doing so, offers a fresh appraisal of the links between popular historical writing, liberal politics, and the role of public intellectuals in the post-war United States.
The potential of food preservation to reduce food waste
Authors: Martindale Wayne
Published: June 2016

While we state it seems unthinkable to throw away nearly a third of the food we produce, we still continue to overlook that we are all very much part of this problem because we all consume meals. The amount of food wasted clearly has an impact on our view of what we think a sustainable meal is and our research suggests food waste is a universal function that can help us determine the sustainability of diets. Achieving sustainability in food systems depends on the utilisation of both culinary skills and knowledge of how foods make meals. These are overlooked by the current food waste debate that is concerned with communicating the problem with food waste rather than solutions to it. We aim to change this oversight with the research presented here that demonstrates the need to consider the role of food preservation to reduce food waste and the requirement for new marketing terms associated with sustainability actions that can be used to stimulate changes in consumption behaviours. We have chosen frozen food to demonstrate this because our research has shown that the use of frozen foods results in 47 % less household food waste than fresh food categories. This has created a step-change in how we view food consumption and has stimulated consumer movements that act across different products and supply chains to enable the consumption of the sustainable meal.
A FOURTH-CENTURY TOMB AT ARGOS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF LOCAL POTTERY AND BURIAL CUSTOMS
Authors: Alexandropoulou Anna
Published: June 2016

This article deals with the finds from a cist grave which is located in the bed of the River Xerias at Argos. The grave was in use during the fourth centurybcfor multiple burials, a usual practice for Argive cemeteries. The burials are presented in chronological order based on the interpretation of the excavation data and the chronology of the pottery. The finds from the grave reveal hitherto unknown burial practices at Argos; however, our limited knowledge on the cemeteries of the Late Classical period impedes assessment of them. The study of the vases from the tomb illuminates the otherwise unknown makeup of the local workshops in the fourth centurybc, where influences from abroad coexist harmoniously alongside experimentation and novelty.
The crystal structure of trandolapril, C24H34N2O5: an example of the utility of raw data deposition in the powder diffraction file
Authors: Reid Joel W. , Kaduk James A. , Vickers Martin
Published: June 2016

The crystal structure of trandolapril has been solved by parallel tempering using the FOX software package with laboratory powder diffraction data submitted to and published in the Powder Diffraction File. Rietveld refinement was performed with the software package GSAS yielding orthorhombic lattice parameters of a = 19.7685(4), b = 15.0697(4), and c = 7.6704(2) Å (C24H34N2O5, Z = 4, space group P212121). The Rietveld refinement results were compared with density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed with CRYSTAL14. While the structures are similar, discrepancies are observed in the configuration of the octahydroindole ring between the Rietveld and DFT structures, suggesting the refined and calculated molecules are diastereomers.
X-ray powder diffraction data for the N-acylamino acids: ortho, meta, and para-methyl hippuric acids
Authors: Delgado Gerzon E. , Guillén Marilia , Ramírez Jeans W. , Mora Asiloé J. , Contreras Jines E. , Chacón Cecilia
Published: June 2016

N-acylamino acid isomers: ortho, meta, and para-methylhippuric acids, are specific xylene metabolites. Here, we report X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space groups for the three isomer (C10H11NO3), [ortho-methylhippuric acid 2 mHA, monoclinic P21/n cell, a = 8.522(1), b = 10.443(1), c = 10.734(1) Å, β = 92.43(1)°, V = 954.5(1) Å3; meta-methylhippuric acid 3 mHA, monoclinic C2/c cell a = 20.0951(2), b = 10.485(1), c = 10.074(2) Å, β = 119.08(1)°, V = 1933.9(1) Å3; para-methylhippuric acid 4 mHA, orthorhombic P212121 cell, a = 5.1794(7), b = 8.279(1), c = 22.276(2) Å, V = 955.2(2) Å3], space group. In each case, all measured diffraction peaks were indexed and are consistent with the corresponding space group.
Anxious/depressed symptoms are related to microstructural maturation of white matter in typically developing youths
Authors: Albaugh Matthew D. , Ducharme Simon , Karama Sherif , Watts Richard , Lewis John D. , Orr Catherine , Nguyen Tuong-Vi , Mckinstry Robert C. , Botteron Kelly N. , Evans Alan C. , Hudziak James J. ,   The Brain Development Cooperative Group
Published: June 2016

There are multiple recent reports of an association between anxious/depressed (A/D) symptomatology and the rate of cerebral cortical thickness maturation in typically developing youths. We investigated the degree to which anxious/depressed symptoms are tied to age-related microstructural changes in cerebral fiber pathways. The participants were part of the NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development. Child Behavior Checklist A/D scores and diffusion imaging were available for 175 youths (84 males, 91 females; 241 magnetic resonance imagings) at up to three visits. The participants ranged from 5.7 to 18.4 years of age at the time of the scan. Alignment of fractional anisotropy data was implemented using FSL/Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, and linear mixed model regression was carried out using SPSS. Child Behavior Checklist A/D was associated with the rate of microstructural development in several white matter pathways, including the bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus, left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and right cingulum. Across these pathways, greater age-related fractional anisotropy increases were observed at lower levels of A/D. The results suggest that subclinical A/D symptoms are associated with the rate of microstructural development within several white matter pathways that have been implicated in affect regulation, as well as mood and anxiety psychopathology.
Allometric relationships between diaspore morphology and diaspore covering anatomy of herbaceous species from central-eastern Europe
Authors: Kuhn Thomas , Fodor Enikő I. , Tripon Septimiu , Fodorpataki László , Fenesi Annamária , Ruprecht Eszter
Published: June 2016

Anatomical and morphological seed traits are of great ecological importance and are a main subject of, for example, seed bank or endozoochory studies. However, we observed a lack of information about the relationship between seed anatomy and seed morphology and its ecological implications. To fill this gap, we linked the anatomical features of diaspore coverings to morphological characteristics of free seeds and one-seeded fruits. We predicted that: (1) the thickness and anatomical complexity of seed coat and pericarp are related to diaspore size and shape; and (2) the presence or absence of the pericarp may influence seed-coat thickness and anatomy. In our study we investigated diaspores of 39 central-eastern European herbaceous species and recorded the thickness and anatomical complexity of their seed coverings, and we determined diaspore mass and shape. Our results indicate that diaspore mass is positively related to covering thickness, lignification degree and anatomical complexity. This might be the case because bigger diaspores tend to remain on the soil surface and are more exposed to predation risk and environmental threat than smaller diaspores. Furthermore, more round-shaped diaspores had disproportionately thicker and more lignified coverings than long or flat ones, probably because round-shaped diaspores much more frequently form seed banks and therefore persist for a long time in the soil. We also found that free seeds as diaspores have a thicker and more lignified seed coat than seeds enclosed in fruits. In one-seeded fruits, the pericarp ‘takes the protective role’, it is thick, and the seed coat is poorly developed.
Effectiveness of living mulch strategies for winter organic cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) production in Central and Southern Italy
Authors: Montemurro Francesco , Diacono Mariangela , Ciaccia Corrado , Campanelli Gabriele , Tittarelli Fabio , Leteo Fabrizio , Canali Stefano
Published: June 2016

In crop rotations, cover crops planted either before or concurrent with a main crop and maintained as a living ground cover (living mulch, LM) may provide many beneficial ecosystem services, and can be defined as ‘agro-ecological service crops’ (ASC). The objective of this research was to study the suitability of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L. var. anglona) as an LM for organic cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) production in a Mediterranean environment. Two LM sowing times (early sowing – sowing concurrent with cauliflower transplanting versus late sowing – 3 weeks later) compared with a no living mulch control (LM-CT) were investigated in central Italy (Experiment 1), along with a comparison between two local cauliflower cultivars and a hybrid. In Southern Italy (Experiment 2), crop performance under two LM sowing times [20 days before cauliflower transplanting versus concurrent sowing (CS)] compared with a no LM-CT , with organic fertilizers and amendments allowed in organic farming as subplots, was assessed. In Experiment 1, no competition was observed between the late-sown ASC and the cash crop. An increase in crop nitrogen (N) uptake and weed mitigation was also determined in this treatment. There was a mixed response when comparing cultivar and LM interactions, with the hybrid cultivar in the late-sown LM producing the greatest yield. In Experiment 2, weather conditions had the greatest effect on crop response. However, an inverse trend between growth of the cash crop and the LM crop was observed in the CS treatment. A positive effect of LM introduction was found, particularly in altering the competitive relationship for N between the cash crop and weeds. In addition, yield results showed that, in LM systems, commercial organic fertilizers could be replaced with locally available organic fertilizers and amendments without any yield penalty. The effectiveness of LM strategies will thus depend on several factors: type of LM, cultivar of vegetable, weather, soils, length of growing season and ability to plant the cash crop into the LM. Initial research suggests the potential for burr medic as a LM for Mediterranean winter vegetable systems, but additional research is needed to ensure the viability of LM systems for longer periods of time.
Trust and Doubt: The Late Medieval Bishop and Local Knowledge
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: June 2016

In governing their dioceses late medieval bishops faced significant epistemological challenges: how was it possible to determine the truth in disputes over local customs, patronage, the conduct of divine service and the provision of pastoral care? All such problems demanded an adjudication between competing stories about rights, history and usage, and while canon law provided a framework of principles, it did not provide the answers bishops needed. Increasingly from the thirteenth century the answers came from panels of local ‘trustworthy men’. Bishops had to trust – to have ‘faith’ or belief in – informants who were often peasants. In the church courts and before visitation tribunals lay litigants, witnesses and parish representatives also used the language of faith and belief to characterize their knowledge of events and people: they had faith in their own perceptions. The role of faith in the knowledge that bishops and lay people claimed to have of the material and social world had much in common with the faith that brought Christians closer to having knowledge of God, but there were also important differences in the operation of faith in these three contexts. This essay describes and compares the epistemologies of late medieval bishops, lay people and theologians, paying particular attention to the relationship between trust and doubt in each instance.
Dubius in fide fidelis est?Doubt and Assurance in Late Medieval Catholicism
Authors: Swanson Robert N.
Published: June 2016

The canon law dictum that ‘dubius in fide infidelis est’ offers a seemingly definitive statement on the place of doubt and uncertainty in medieval Catholicism. Yet where Catholic teaching was open to question, doubt was inseparable from faith, not merely as its obverse but as part of the process of achieving faithfulness – the trajectory outlined by Abelard in the twelfth century. The challenge for the Church was not that doubters lacked faith, but that having tested their doubts they might end up with the wrong faith: doubt preceded assurance, one way or the other. That problem is addressed in this essay by a broad examination of the ties between faith and doubt across the late Middle Ages (from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries), arguing that uncertainty and doubt were almost unavoidable in medieval Catholicism. As the starting points in a process which could lead to heresy and despair, they also had a positive role in developing and securing orthodox faith.
Morning bright light therapy: a helpful tool for reducing comorbid symptoms of affective and behavioral dysregulation in juvenile depressed inpatients? A pilot trial
Authors: Bogen Sarah , Legenbauer Tanja , Gest Stephanie , Holtmann Martin
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Objective: In recent years, bright light therapy (BLT) has been used to treat depression and to stabilize circadian rhythms. In this study we evaluated whether it is also helpful for comorbid symptoms of affective and behavioral dysregulation in depressive inpatients. Method: This article reports a secondary analysis comparing two subgroups of depressive participants with comorbid affective and behavioral dysregulation, captured with the dysregulation-profile of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-DP; n = 16 vs. n = 11). Participants were randomly allocated to active BLT (10,000 lux) or control BLT (approx. 100 lux), and received 45 minutes of BLT for 2 weeks. SDQ-DP scores, sleep parameters, and circadian preference were assessed at baseline, after the intervention, and 3 weeks later. Results: No direct effects on SDQ-DP scores were observed. Sleep improved in both conditions. Only in the active BLT condition was a circadian phase advance found. Correlation and regression analyses indicated an indirect, circadian effect for improved SDQ-DP scores. Conclusions: The data of this pilot trial should be considered preliminary and merely descriptive. Further research is warranted.
Neue Entwicklungen bei der psychotherapeutischen und pharmakologischen Behandlung der Zwangsstörung im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Vloet Timo D. , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Simons Michael
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Den Goldstandard in der Behandlung von Zwangsstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter stellen die kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie sowie die Medikation mit selektiven Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmern dar. In den letzten Jahren wurden vermehrt auch alternative psychotherapeutische und v. a. psychopharmakologische Behandlungsstrategien untersucht, die möglicherweise bei therapieresistenten Zwangsstörungen erfolgreich sein könnten. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit fasst diese neuen Entwicklungen zusammen, wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf expositionsbezogene psychotherapeutische bzw. pharmakologische Ansätze im glutamatergen System gelegt wurde. Hinsichtlich neuer pharmakologischer Behandlungsoptionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen unterstreicht die derzeitige Datenlage, v. a. im Hinblick auf den Grad der nachgewiesenen Evidenz sowie mögliche unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen, die Bedeutung einer optimal durchgeführten Kombinationstherapie. Dabei kann diese einer Monotherapie mit kognitiv-behavioraler Therapie im Einzelfall überlegen sein. Eine grundsätzliche Überlegenheit der Kombinationstherapie ist derzeit allerdings nicht nachgewiesen.
Social and Temporal Comparisons as Moderators of Psychological	Resources Associations With Wellbeing
Authors: Ben-Zur Hasida
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The current study investigated the associations of psychological resources, social comparisons, and temporal comparisons with general wellbeing. The sample included 142 community participants (47.9% men; age range 23–83 years), who compared themselves with others, and with their younger selves, on eight dimensions (e.g., physical health, resilience). They also completed questionnaires assessing psychological resources of mastery and self-esteem, and three components of subjective wellbeing: life satisfaction and negative and positive affect. The main results showed that high levels of psychological resources contributed to wellbeing, with self-enhancing social and temporal comparisons moderating the effects of resources on certain wellbeing components. Specifically, under low levels of mastery or self-esteem self-enhancing social or temporal comparisons were related to either higher life satisfaction or positive affect. The results highlight the role of resources and comparisons in promoting people’s wellbeing, and suggest that self-enhancing comparisons function as cognitive coping mechanisms when psychological resources are low.
Childhood Intelligence Predicts Adult Trait Openness
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Cheng Helen
Published: June 2016

Abstract. This study used a longitudinal data set of 5,672 adults followed for 50 years to determine the factors that influence adult trait Openness-to-Experience. In a large, nationally representative sample in the UK (the National Child Development Study), data were collected at birth, in childhood (age 11), adolescence (age 16), and adulthood (ages 33, 42, and 50) to examine the effects of family social background, childhood intelligence, school motivation during adolescence, education, and occupation on the personality trait Openness assessed at age 50 years. Structural equation modeling showed that parental social status, childhood intelligence, school motivation, education, and occupation all had modest, but direct, effects on trait Openness, among which childhood intelligence was the strongest predictor. Gender was not significantly associated with trait Openness. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.
The Mathematics of Braided Rivers
Authors: Shultz David
Published: June 2016

River researchers find a mathematical relationship that predicts the average shape of a riverbed over a defined distance, opening the door to new ideas about modeling braided rivers.
Bax/Bak activation in the absence of Bid, Bim, Puma, and p53
Authors: Zhang J , Huang K , O'Neill K L , Pang X , Luo X
Published: June 2016

How BH3-only proteins activate Bax/Bak, the two gateway proteins of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, remains incompletely understood. Although all pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins are known to bind/neutralize the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, the three most potent ones, Bid (tBid), Bim, and Puma, possess an additional activity of directly activating Bax/Bak in vitro. This latter activity has been proposed to be responsible for triggering Bax/Bak activation following apoptotic stimulation. To test this hypothesis, we generated Bid−/−Bim−/−Puma−/− (TKO), TKO/Bax−/−/Bak−/− (PentaKO), and PentaKO/Mcl-1−/− (HexaKO) HCT116 cells through gene editing. Surprisingly, although the TKO cells were resistant to several apoptotic stimuli, robust apoptosis was induced upon the simultaneous inactivation of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, two anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins known to suppress Bax/Bak activation and activity. Importantly, such apoptotic activity was completely abolished in the PentaKO cells. In addition, ABT-737, a BH3 mimetic that inhibits Bcl-xL/Bcl-w/Bcl-2, induced Bax activation in HexaKO cells reconstituted with endogenous level of GFP-Bax. Further, by generating TKO/p53−/− (QKO) cells, we demonstrated that p53, a tumor suppressor postulated to directly activate Bax, is not required for Bid/Bim/Puma-independent Bax/Bak activation. Together, these results strongly suggest that the direct activation activities of Bid (tBid), Bim, Puma, and p53 are not essential for activating Bax/Bak once the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins are neutralized.
Autophagy and proteasome interconnect to coordinate cross‐presentation through MHC class I pathway in B cells
Authors: Dasari Vijayendra , Rehan Sweera , Tey Siok‐Keen , Smyth Mark J , Smith Corey , Khanna Rajiv
Published: June 2016

Cross‐presentation of exogenous protein antigens by B cells through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway in lymphoid malignancies, and transplant setting has been recognised as an important mediator of immune pathogenesis and T cell‐mediated immune regulation. However, the precise mechanism of cross‐presentation of exogenous antigens in B cells has remained unresolved. Here we have delineated a novel pathway for cross‐presentation in B cells, which involves synergistic cooperation of the proteasome and autophagy. After endocytosis, protein antigen is processed through an autophagy‐ and proteasome‐dependent pathway and CD8+ T‐cell epitopes are loaded onto MHC class I molecules within the autophagolysomal compartment rather than the conventional secretory pathway, which requires transporters associated with antigen processing‐dependent transport. Interestingly, this cross‐presentation was critically dependent on valosin‐containing protein (VCP)/p97 ATPase through its participation in autophagy. Loss of VCP/p97 ATPase was coincident with accumulation of LC3‐II and marked reduction in antigen presentation. These observations provide unique insight on how the autophagy and proteasomal degradation systems interconnect to coordinate MHC class I‐restricted cross‐presentation in B cells.
Characterization of the first cultured representative of Verrucomicrobia subdivision 5 indicates the proposal of a novel phylum
Authors: Spring Stefan , Bunk Boyke , Spröer Cathrin , Schumann Peter , Rohde Manfred , Tindall Brian J , Klenk Hans-Peter
Published: June 2016

The recently isolated strain L21-Fru-ABT represents moderately halophilic, obligately anaerobic and saccharolytic bacteria that thrive in the suboxic transition zones of hypersaline microbial mats. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes, RpoB proteins and gene content indicated that strain L21-Fru-ABT represents a novel species and genus affiliated with a distinct phylum-level lineage originally designated Verrucomicrobia subdivision 5. A survey of environmental 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that members of this newly recognized phylum are wide-spread and ecologically important in various anoxic environments ranging from hypersaline sediments to wastewater and the intestine of animals. Characteristic phenotypic traits of the novel strain included the formation of extracellular polymeric substances, a Gram-negative cell wall containing peptidoglycan and the absence of odd-numbered cellular fatty acids. Unusual metabolic features deduced from analysis of the genome sequence were the production of sucrose as osmoprotectant, an atypical glycolytic pathway lacking pyruvate kinase and the synthesis of isoprenoids via mevalonate. On the basis of the analyses of phenotypic, genomic and environmental data, it is proposed that strain L21-Fru-ABT and related bacteria are specifically adapted to the utilization of sulfated glycopolymers produced in microbial mats or biofilms.
Correction: Corrigendum: Iron-catalysed cross-coupling of organolithium compounds with organic halides
Authors: Jia Zhenhua , Liu Qiang , Peng Xiao-Shui , Wong Henry N. C.
Published: June 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number:10614 (2016); Published 5 February 2016; Updated 14 June 2016 Previous work by Cahiez et al. 2007 describing iron-catalysed cross-coupling of Grignard reagents was inadvertently omitted from the reference list of this Article. This work should have been cited following the sentence ‘This catalytic system developed by Nakamura had been employed in cross-coupling reactions with Grignard reagents and arylzinc reagents’.
Correction: Corrigendum: Optogenetic dissection of ictal propagation in the hippocampal–entorhinal cortex structures
Authors: Lu Yi , Zhong Cheng , Wang Lulu , Wei Pengfei , He Wei , Huang Kang , Zhang Yi , Zhan Yang , Feng Guoping , Wang Liping
Published: June 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number:10962 (2016); Published 21 March 2016; Updated 14 June 2016 In Fig. 1m of this Article, the y axis label has incorrect units and should read ‘Amplitude (μV)’. The correct version of Fig. 1 appears below.
Deficits in context-dependent adaptive coding of reward in schizophrenia
Authors: Kirschner Matthias , Hager Oliver M , Bischof Martin , Hartmann-Riemer Matthias N , Kluge Agne , Seifritz Erich , Tobler Philippe N , Kaiser Stefan
Published: June 2016

Theoretical principles of information processing and empirical findings suggest that to efficiently represent all possible rewards in the natural environment, reward-sensitive neurons have to adapt their coding range dynamically to the current reward context. Adaptation ensures that the reward system is most sensitive for the most likely rewards, enabling the system to efficiently represent a potentially infinite range of reward information. A deficit in neural adaptation would prevent precise representation of rewards and could have detrimental effects for an organism’s ability to optimally engage with its environment. In schizophrenia, reward processing is known to be impaired and has been linked to different symptom dimensions. However, despite the fundamental significance of coding reward adaptively, no study has elucidated whether adaptive reward processing is impaired in schizophrenia. We therefore studied patients with schizophrenia (n=27) and healthy controls (n=25), using functional magnetic resonance imaging in combination with a variant of the monetary incentive delay task. Compared with healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia showed less efficient neural adaptation to the current reward context, which leads to imprecise neural representation of reward. Importantly, the deficit correlated with total symptom severity. Our results suggest that some of the deficits in reward processing in schizophrenia might be due to inefficient neural adaptation to the current reward context. Furthermore, because adaptive coding is a ubiquitous feature of the brain, we believe that our findings provide an avenue in defining a general impairment in neural information processing underlying this debilitating disorder.
A Direct Method to Extract Transient Sub-Gap Density of State (DOS) Based on Dual Gate Pulse Spectroscopy
Authors: Dai Mingzhi , Khan Karim , Zhang Shengnan , Jiang Kemin , Zhang Xingye , Wang Weiliang , Liang Lingyan , Cao Hongtao , Wang Pengjun , Wang Peng , Miao Lijing , Qin Haiming , Jiang Jun , Xue Lixin , Chu Junhao
Published: June 2016

Sub-gap density of states (DOS) is a key parameter to impact the electrical characteristics of semiconductor materials-based transistors in integrated circuits. Previously, spectroscopy methodologies for DOS extractions include the static methods, temperature dependent spectroscopy and photonic spectroscopy. However, they might involve lots of assumptions, calculations, temperature or optical impacts into the intrinsic distribution of DOS along the bandgap of the materials. A direct and simpler method is developed to extract the DOS distribution from amorphous oxide-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on Dual gate pulse spectroscopy (GPS), introducing less extrinsic factors such as temperature and laborious numerical mathematical analysis than conventional methods. From this direct measurement, the sub-gap DOS distribution shows a peak value on the band-gap edge and in the order of 1017–1021/(cm3·eV), which is consistent with the previous results. The results could be described with the model involving both Gaussian and exponential components. This tool is useful as a diagnostics for the electrical properties of oxide materials and this study will benefit their modeling and improvement of the electrical properties and thus broaden their applications.
Genotypic Resistance Tests Sequences Reveal the Role of Marginalized Populations in HIV-1 Transmission in Switzerland
Authors: Shilaih Mohaned , Marzel Alex , Yang Wan Lin , Scherrer Alexandra U. , Schüpbach Jörg , Böni Jürg , Yerly Sabine , Hirsch Hans H. , Aubert Vincent , Cavassini Matthias , Klimkait Thomas , Vernazza Pietro L. , Bernasconi Enos , Furrer Hansjakob , Günthard Huldrych F. , Kouyos Roger ,   Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Battegay Manuel , Braun Dominique , Bucher Heiner , Burton-Jeangros Claudine , Calmy Alexandra , Dollenmaier Günter , Egger Matthias , Elzi Luigia , Fehr Jan , Fellay Jaque , Fux Christoph , Gorgievski Meri , Haerry David , Hasse Barbara , Hoffmann Matthias , Hösli Irene , Kahlert Christian , Kaiser Laurent , Keiser Olivia , Kovari Helen , Ledergerber Bruno , Martinetti Gladys , de Tejada Begoña Martinez , Marzolini Catia , Metzner Karin , Müller Nicolas , Nadal David , Nicca Dunja , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Rauch Andre , Regenass Stephan , Rudin Christoph , Schöni-Affolter Franziska , Schmid Patrick , Speck Roberto , Stöckle Marcel , Tarr Philip , Trkola Alexandra , Weber Reiner
Published: June 2016

Targeting hard-to-reach/marginalized populations is essential for preventing HIV-transmission. A unique opportunity to identify such populations in Switzerland is provided by a database of all genotypic-resistance-tests from Switzerland, including both sequences from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) and non-cohort sequences. A phylogenetic tree was built using 11,127 SHCS and 2,875 Swiss non-SHCS sequences. Demographics were imputed for non-SHCS patients using a phylogenetic proximity approach. Factors associated with non-cohort outbreaks were determined using logistic regression. Non-B subtype (univariable odds-ratio (OR): 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8–2.1), female gender (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4–1.7), black ethnicity (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.7–2.1) and heterosexual transmission group (OR:1.8; 95% CI: 1.6–2.0), were all associated with underrepresentation in the SHCS. We found 344 purely non-SHCS transmission clusters, however, these outbreaks were small (median 2, maximum 7 patients) with a strong overlap with the SHCS’. 65% of non-SHCS sequences were part of clusters composed of >= 50% SHCS sequences. Our data suggests that marginalized-populations are underrepresented in the SHCS. However, the limited size of outbreaks among non-SHCS patients in-care implies that no major HIV outbreak in Switzerland was missed by the SHCS surveillance. This study demonstrates the potential of sequence data to assess and extend the scope of infectious-disease surveillance.