bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformation of Wheat With the Gene Encoding the Coat Protein of Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus
Authors: Karunaratne S , Sohn A , Mouradov A , Scott J , Steinbiss HH , Scott KJ
Published: January 2006

Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum cv. Hartog) were stably transformed with the bar gene and the gene encoding the barley yellow mosaic virus coat protein. Cultured immature wheat embryos were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with the pEmuPAT-cp construct. Fifteen regenerating 'PPT- resistant' plants were selected on medium containing phosphinothricin. Of these, 11 plants had both the bar and cp genes integrated into the wheat genome and two plants had only the bar gene. Transmission of the two genes to progeny of two independent plants was confirmed. The barley yellow mosaic virus coat protein was detected in both the parent and progeny plants; however, bar gene expression occurred only in the parent plants.
Photosynthetic Development in Relation to Leaf Expansion in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Vines During Growth in a Controlled Environment
Authors: Greer DH
Published: January 2006

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) vines were grown in constant conditions for 3 months starting from budbreak to measure relationships between leaf development and photosynthesis during leaf expansion. Leaf area, net photosynthesis and fluorescence were repeatedly measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. At the growth conditions, the vines produced 0.5 leaves per day, with the earliest expanding leaves taking about 40 days and later emerging leaves up to 70 days to expand fully. Maximum leaf area increased up to leaf 9 then declined with later emerging leaves. Photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency depended on nodal position but were both highest in the earliest emerging leaves. Maximum photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves generally occurred in concert with leaves reaching full expansion but high rates of photosynthesis were observed within 10 days after budbreak. The early expanding leaves (positions 4 to 9) contributed up to 50% of the total net shoot carbon acquisition over the study period. Young leaves were also resistant to imposed photoinhibitory stresses. Early emerging leaves on kiwifruit vines appear physiologically well adapted to provide carbon in spring, when the plants are in a negative carbon balance.
Dependency of cI/ca and Leaf Transpiration Efficiency on the Vapour Pressure Deficit
Authors: Zhang Hehui , Nobel PS
Published: January 2006

The leaf transpiration efficiency (A/E, where A is the assimilation rate and E the transpiration rate) is widely used to evaluate plant responses to the environment, yet little attention has been paid to its relationship with vapour pressure deficit (D), the driving force for E. The proposed model is based on the increasingly recognised linear relationship between the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 partial pressures (cI/ca) and D. Unlike previous models for A/E, the proposed model does not assume that the leaf and air temperatures are the same or that ci/ca is constant. A/E predicted by the model agreed with that measured for the C3 Encelia farinosa and the C4 Pleuraphis rigida, common species in the north-westem Sonoran Desert, based on gas exchange measured in the field and in environmental chambers. The dependency of cI/ca and A/E on D was additionally evaluated using published data for five other C3 species and two other C4 species. Generally, ci/ca was more sensitive to changes in D for the C4 species than the C3 species. The predictions for A/E by the model were also compared with predictions using a constant ci/ca, either a general cI/ca (0.7 for C3 and 0.3 for C4) or a species-dependent mean cI/ca. Overall, the proposed model performed best for both the C3 and C4 species; using the general cI/ca always resulted in an over-prediction of A/E.
The Compability with Enzyme Activity of Unusual Organic Osmolytes from Mangrove Red Algae
Authors: Karsten U , Barrow KD , Nixdorf O , King RJ
Published: January 2006

The effects of organic osmolytes synthesised and accumulated by red algae from mangrove
habitats were investigated on the in vitro activities of two major enzymes, one of the citric acid cycle
(malate dehydrogenase, MDH) and one of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH). These enzymes were extracted from the mangrove algae Bostrychia
tenella, Caloglossa leprieurii, Catenella nipae and Stictosiphonia hookeri. In each case, activity of the
enzymes was inhibited with increasing NaCl concentrations up to 600 mM . In contrast, equimolar
concentrations of mannitol (the major osmolyte in C. leprieurii), sorbitol (the major osmolyte in B.
Tenella and S. hookeri) and a heteroside mixture (of which floridoside is the major osmolyte in C. nipae)
did not inhibit enzyme function. Dulcitol, the second most important organic osmolyte in B. tenella,
exerted no negative effect at its maximum solubility of 180 rnM on the salt-sensitive MDH. These data
are all consistent with the proposed function of these organic compounds as compatible solutes.
Respiratory Responses of Pea and Wheat Seedlings to Chloramphenicol Treatment
Authors: Zhang Qisen , Mischis L , Wiskich JT
Published: January 2006

A common feature in responding to chloramphenicol treatment for pea and wheat seedlings was the substantial increases in the rates of cyanide-resistant respiration. However, they were very different in many other aspects. Whole pea leaves appeared yellowish 3 or more days after chloramphenicol treatment. The chlorophyll content decreased by 30% after 9-10 days. In wheat seedlings, chloramphenicol treatment resulted in a complete loss of chlorophyll and formation of white tissues in the base of their leaves. The top region of leaves was still green. The un-inhibited rates of respiration decreased in pea, but increased in wheat mitochondria oxidising NADH. There was an approximately 5-fold increase in the activity of externally facing NADH dehydrogenase in wheat, but not in pea mitochondria. Western blot analysis showed that there were two additional bands of lower molecular weight alternative oxidases (32-33 kDa) in chloramphenicol-treated wheat leaf mitochondria, but there was no increase in alternative oxidase proteins in chloramphenicol-treated pea leaf and root mitochondria. Wheat seedlings responded to chlorarnphenicol treatment presumably by increasing the rate of glycolysis, while pea seedlings may have a different mechanism.
Leaf Photosynthesis and Drought Adaptation in Field-Grown Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Jensen CR , Mogensen VO , Mortensen G , Andersen MN , Schjoerring JK , Thage JH , Koribidis J
Published: January 2006

Photosynthesis and drought adaptation in leaves of field grown rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Global) were investigated in 1992 under temperate climatic conditions in plants grown in lysimeters in a sand and in a loam soil. Light-saturated net photosynthesis (Amax), leaf conductance to water vapour (ge), leaf water potential (Ψe), leaf osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψπ100), specific leaf area (SLA), spectral reflection index (RI) used as a measure of leaf area, and leaf nitrogen content, were determined in irrigated plants and in plants exposed to soil drying.
In the early growth stages before flowering, Amax was 35-45 μmol m-2 s-1 and ge was 1-1.5 mol m-2 s-1. Maximum rates of CO2 assimilation greater than 30 μmol m-2 s-1 were obseved for up to 19 days. Stomata partly closed in ageing leaves maintaining a constant CI/Ca ratio. Both photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; Amax per unit of nitrogen) and photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE; Amax/ge) were high compared with efficiencies of stems and husks and of other C3 plants. In bracts Amax and ge were 10-15 μmol m-2 s-1 and 0.2-0.7 mol mol m-2 s-1, respectively. Both Amax and ge varied linearly with leaf nitrogen content.
When soil water was depleted, both Ψπ100 and RI decreased relative to controls on both soil types before any significant decrease in Ψπ occurred. On loam with slow soil drying SLA, ge and Amax decreased before any significant decrease in Ψe occurred. We suggest that these responses might have been triggered by a non-hydraulic signal transmitted from the roots. When water was more depleted, rape maintained positive turgor down to Ψe of -1.6 MPa. Rape had a high TW/DW ratio (9-11) and a 6 limited ability to adjust osmotically, ΔΨe100 being at most 0.3-0.4 MPa.
Effects of Water Stress on Carbon Exchange Rate and Activities of Photosynthetic Enzymes in Leaves of Sugarcane (Saccharum Sp.)
Authors: Du YC , Kawamitsu Y , Nose A , Hiyane S , Murayama S , Wasano K , Uchida Y
Published: January 2006

The responses of carbon exchange rate (CER), stomatal conductance (gs), activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase), NADP malic enzyme (NADP-ME), ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), and contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and total soluble protein (Tsp) in leaves of sugar cane (Saccharum sp. cv. NiF4) to gradually developed water stress were investigated. The initial inhibitions of CER, gs, activities of the photosynthetic enzymes and contents of Chl and Tsp were observed from leaf water potentials (Ψw) of -0.37 MPa. During water stress, CER and gs, decreased in a non-linear way, activities of the five enzymes and contents of Chl and Tsp decreased linearly with decreasing leaf Ψw. The changes of gs the photosynthetic enzymes, Chl and Tsp were highly related to the changes of CER. The decline in CER during water stress was caused by both stomatal and non- stomatal limitations. Above leaf �w of -0.85 MPa, the decline in CER was caused by stomatal closure, below -0.85 MPa, the decline in CER was caused by non-stornatal limitation. Among non-stomatal components, PPDK activities decreased 9.1 times during water stress, much more than other enzymes which decreased from 2 to 4 times. Measured PPDK activities were only a little higher than the corresponding CER values at various leaf Ψw suggesting that PPDK is very likely to be the limiting enzyme to photosynthesis under water stress.
Varietal Differences in Mature Protein Composition of Wheat Resulted From Different Rates of Polymer Accumulation During Grain Filling
Authors: Stone PJ , Nicolas ME
Published: January 2006

Two varieties of wheat differing in high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition (Oxley, 2+12, Glu-D1a and Egret, 5+10, Glu-D1d) and dough properties were examined in order to determine the manner in which differences in mature protein composition were the result of differences in accumulation of proteins during grain filling. To this end, grain samples from each cultivar were taken at 5 day intervals from 10 days after anthesis to maturity, and analysed for protein content and composition. Wheat proteins were separated and quantified as albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. For both cultivars, the accumulation of each class of protein was found to be highly asynchronous: synthesis of albumin/globulin was followed by that of monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and finally SDS-insoluble polymer, such that the average molecular size of grain protein increased throughout grain filling. Varietal differences in mature protein composition were almost entirely the result of a greater rate of polymer accumulation in the 2+12 than in the 5+10 genotype.
Effect of Timing of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. II. Fractional Protein Accumulation
Authors: Stone PJ , Nicolas ME
Published: January 2006

Short periods of very high temperature (> 35�C) are common during the grain filling period of wheat, and can significantly alter mature protein composition and consequently grain quality. This study was designed to determine the stage of grain growth at which fractional protein accumulation is most sensitive to a short heat stress, and to examine whether varietal differences in heat tolerance are expressed consistently throughout the grain filling period. Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley, tolerant and sensitive, respectively) were exposed to a short (5 day) period of very high temperature (40�C max, for 6 h each day) at 5-day intervals throughout grain filling, from 15 to 50 days after anthesis. Grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition (albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer) using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The timing of heat stress exerted a significant influence on the accumulation of total wheat protein and its fractions, and protein fractions differed in their responses to the timing of heat stress. Furthermore, wheat genotype influenced both the sensitivity of fractional protein accumulation to heat stress and the stage during grain filling at which maximum sensitivity to heat stress occurred.
Water Status and ABA Content of Floral Organs in Drought-Stressed Wheat
Authors: Westgate ME , Passioura JB , Munns R
Published: January 2006

Chemical signals from roots have been shown to mediate the response of vegetative shoots to drought. Our objective was to test whether root signals such as abscisic acid (ABA) affect grain set in wheat. Uniculm wheat was grown in a controlled environment and exposed to a water deficit from pollen mother cell meiosis to late boot stage-a period of reproductive development very sensitive to drought. The water deficit decreased grain numbers per spike up to 70%. As soil moisture was depleted, leaf, glume, ovary and anther water potential (Ψw) decreased with leaf Ψw. Turgor decreased in the leaves, but remained at or above control levels in all floral organs examined. Free ABA content of leaves increased 30-fold as leaf turgor declined, while ABA in floral organs increased 10-15-fold. To separate the effects of shoot and root water status on grain set, plants were pressurised to maintain leaf Ψw at control levels as the soil dried. Pressurisation increased flowers and grains per spike over that of droughted plants at comparable soil water suctions, but not to control levels. Free ABA content in leaves and floral organs increased only about 3-fold when leaves were maintained at high Ψw. Shoot water status had a greater effect on grain set than did soil water status. In both pressurised and unpressurised plants, grains per spike and percentage grain set decreased with increasing ABA content in ovaries and anthers. The results indicate that maintenance of a high shoot water status reduces the effect of soil water deficit on grain set by reducing the accumulation of ABA.
The Influence of Increasing Carbon Dioxide and Temperature on Competitive Interactions Between a C3 Crop, Rice (Oryza sativa) and a C4 Weed (Echinochloa glabrescens)
Authors: Alberto AMP , Ziska LH , Cervancia CR , Manalo PA
Published: January 2006

Many of the most troublesome weeds in agricultural systems are C4 plants. As atmospheric CO2 increases it is conceivable that competitive ability of these weeds could be reduced relative to C3 crops such as rice. At the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, rice (IR72) and one of its associated C4 weeds, Echinochloa glabrescens, were grown from seeding to maturity using replacement series mixtures (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, % rice:%weed) at two different CO2 concentrations (393 and 594 μL L-1) in naturally sunlit glasshouses. Since increasing CO2 may also result in elevated growth temperatures, the response of rice to each CO2 concentration was also examined at daylnight temperatures of 27/21 and 37/29�C. At 27/21�C, increasing the CO2 concentration resulted in a significant increase in above ground biomass (+47%) and seed yield (+55%) of rice when averaged over all mixtures. For E. glabrescens, the C4 species, no significant effect of CO2 concentration on biomass or yield was observed. When grown in mixture, the proportion of rice biomass increased significantly relative to that of the C4 weed at all mixtures at elevated CO2. Evaluation of changes in competitiveness (by calculation of plant relative yield (PRY) and replacement series diagrams) of the two species demonstrated that, at elevated CO2, the competitiveness of rice was increased relative to that of E. glabrescens. However, at the higher growth temperature (37/29�C), growth and reproductive stimulation of rice by elevated CO2 was reduced compared to the lower growth temperature. This resulted in a reduction in the proportion of rice:weed biomass present in all mixtures relative to 27/21�C and a greater reduction in PRY in rice relative to E. glabrescens. Data from this experiment suggest that competitiveness could be enhanced in a C3 crop (rice) relative to a C4 weed (E. glabrescens) with elevated CO2 alone, but that simultaneous increases in CO2 and temperature could still favour a C4 species.
Chromosomal Location of a Wheat Osmoregulation Gene Using RFLP Analysis
Authors: Morgan JM , Tan MK
Published: January 2006

The chromosomal location of an osmoregulation gene locus (or) was examined by exploring genetic linkage to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci which have been mapped on group 7 chromosomes or located specifically on chromosome 7A. The osmoregulation gene had previously been located on chromosome 7A, but its specific position was unknown. Analysis of linkage with the RFLP loci suggested a probable position on the short arm approximately 13 cM towards the centromere from RFLP locus Xpsr119. The findings, which were based on a relatively small sample, are of a preliminary nature and require confirmation with a larger set of genetic stocks.
Effects of terpenes and tannins on some physiological and biochemical parameters in two species of phalangerid possums (Marsupialia : Phalangeridae)
Authors: Burchfield E. , Agar N. S. , Hume I. D.
Published: January 2006

The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and the short-eared possum (T. caninus) are closely related but differ in several aspects of their life-history strategy, habitat and diet preferences. Both are generalist herbivores, but T. vulpecula consumes significant amounts of Eucalyptus spp. foliage, while T. caninus instead feeds mainly on Acacia spp. Eucalypt foliage is protected against herbivory by several classes of plant secondary compounds, including terpenes and tannins, while acacia foliage is protected mainly by tannins. We compared the responses of these two possum species to the addition of either sesquiterpenes or a hydrolysable tannin to a basal diet free of these compounds. In both species, sesquiterpenes tended to reduce food intake, and increased plasma concentrations of albumin and decreased concentrations of bicarbonate, the latter consistent with changes in acid–base balance. Tannic acid significantly depressed food intake in both species, and depressed plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, glucose, sodium and chloride, consistent with dehydration. T. vulpecula increased urinary glucuronic acid excretion three-fold in response to dietary sesquiterpenes but there was no increase in T. caninus. T. vulpecula had five- to six-fold greater plasma concentrations of bilirubin, a potent antioxidant, than did T. caninus across all treatments. Results suggest that T. vulpecula can better withstand the detrimental effects of plant secondary compounds, consistent with its wider spectrum of foods and broader habitat preferences.
The Right to Stay Put, Revisited: Gentrification and Resistance to Displacement in New York City
Authors: Newman Kathe , Wyly Elvin K.
Published: January 2006

Displacement has been at the centre of heated analytical and political debates over gentrification and urban change for almost 40 years. A new generation of quantitative research has provided new evidence of the limited (and sometimes counter-intuitive) extent of displacement, supporting broader theoretical and political arguments favouring mixed-income redevelopment and other forms of gentrification. This paper offers a critical challenge to this interpretation, drawing on evidence from a mixed-methods study of gentrification and displacement in New York City. Quantitative analysis of the New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey indicates that displacement is a limited yet crucial indicator of the deepening class polarisation of urban housing markets; moreover, the main buffers against gentrification-induced displacement of the poor (public housing and rent regulation) are precisely those kinds of market interventions that are being challenged by advocates of gentrification and dismantled by policy-makers. Qualitative analysis based on interviews with community organisers and residents documents the continued political salience of displacement and reveals an increasingly sophisticated and creative array of methods used to resist displacement in a policy climate emphasising selective deregulation and market-oriented social policy.
Performing (Housing) Markets
Authors: Smith Susan J. , Munro Moira , Christie Hazel
Published: January 2006

This paper offers an interpretation of how housing markets work which complements more traditional economic approaches. Building on a wider movement within cultural economy and economic sociology, it considers how (housing) markets are variously performed in the power-filled negotiations of buyers, sellers and market professionals. This is part of a larger undertaking, but here the focus is particularly on the role of legal, financial and information intermediaries in shaping local cultures of property exchange. This is a social rather than economic analysis of housing markets; it is a qualitative rather than a quantitative study. It is designed to shed light on how markets are made, though it might, in the end, change the way they are modelled.
Everyday Mobility of Elderly People in Different Urban Settings: The Example of the City of Bonn, Germany
Authors: Fobker Stefanie , Grotz Reinhold
Published: January 2006

The social model for old age is a self-determined and socially integrated life for as long as possible. In this regard, different settings offer different conditions. The article investigates which living conditions best meet the needs of elderly people. It is based on results from the FRAME (leisure mobility of elderly people) research project, which examines the everyday mobility of persons aged 60 and older in different urban settings. The results show that an active lifestyle is possible in all the study areas, but that the preconditions for withdrawal into one's own neighbourhood vary between different residential areas. In general, the importance of basic supply resources and leisure facilities within the residential environment and a preferably railbound public transport connection to the city centre need to be pointed out.
Ex-post Evaluation of Thirty Years of Compact Urban Development in the Netherlands
Authors: Geurs Karst T. , van Wee Bert
Published: January 2006

Despite the wide array of academic research, the impacts of compact urban development are not very well understood. What is lacking are, first, the insights into how a region or country would have appeared under policy regimes other than those realised and, secondly, a broad evaluation of relevant land use, transport, accessibility and related societal and ecological impacts. Here, we report on an initial attempt to establish a methodology and evaluation framework for analysing the effectiveness of Dutch compact urbanisation policies implemented between 1970 and 2000. Our conclusion is that, without compact urban development policies, urban sprawl in the Netherlands is likely to have been greater, car use would have been higher at the cost of alternative modes, emission and noise levels in residential and natural environments, and the fragmentation of wildlife habitats would have been higher.
Walking with Moneylenders: The Ecology of the UK Home-collected Credit Industry
Authors: Leyshon Andrew , Signoretta Paola , Knights David , Alferoff Catrina , Burton Dawn
Published: January 2006

The aim of the paper is to assess the role of doorstep credit companies in the delivery of financial services in areas affected by high levels of financial and social exclusion. In particular, the paper looks at the relationship between agents and customers using two metaphors associated with interaction between different species in an ecological setting-namely, parasitism and symbiotic mutualism. The metaphor of parasitism circulates widely within debates about moneylending in the media and among advocacy groups, such as the Consumer Association, that work on behalf of low-income individuals and households. The metaphor of symbiotic mutualism describes the depiction of the relationship between consumers and moneylenders put forward by the moneylending industry. Drawing on field work undertaken within moneylending companies, this paper argues that the relationship between the agents and customers is cultivated to overcome information asymmetries; that is, to produce information about customers' ability to repay. The paper investigates the way in which the initial knowledge about customers is developed during the weekly visits that agents make to the homes of customers. 'Friendly' relationships are cultivated by agents to retain profitable customers who have earned the agent's trust.
Urban Size, Spatial Segregation and Inequality in Educational Outcomes
Authors: Gordon Ian , Monastiriotis Vassilis
Published: January 2006

Assumptions about the role of neighbourhood effects are increasingly built into urban policies, particularly in relation to the role of spatial concentrations of disadvantage in perpetuating inequality and social exclusion. Nevertheless, hard evidence to underpin this assumption is still largely lacking. To help fill this gap, this paper focuses on the relationship between overall urban scale and the spatial scale of segregation, and on the implications of wider segregation for social outcomes at the individual level. Education is taken as a test case, because of the role of defined catchment areas in relation to school recruitment. Results show that: at given scales, larger city-regions are much more segregated; educational outcomes are only partly affected by neighbourhood effects for particular population characteristics; and greater individual inequality in more segregated areas is mainly due to positive impacts of segregation for more advantaged groups, rather than negative impacts for the most disadvantaged.
Ethno-Symbolic Nationalism, Orthodoxy and the Installation of Communism in Romania: 23 August 1944 to 30 December 1947
Authors: Leustean Lucian N.
Published: January 2006

The presence of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe and the reshaping of Europe's internal borders sped up the separation between the Eastern and Western blocs in the first years after the end of the Second World War. In countries where communism had been declared illegal or lacked the support of the electorate before 1944, the accession of communist leaders to governmental structures had been advanced by the politics of the Soviet Union, based on systematised political intimidation, institutionalised violence, and blackmail. The communist authorities then legitimised their political positions in relation to the historical past of their countries and according to the development of their societies after the Second World War.
Self-Perceptions, Denials, and Expressions: Istrianity in a Nationalizing Croatia, 1990–1997
Authors: Ashbrook John
Published: January 2006

All the changes of statehood, political and administrative interventions in the last century have influenced … the national, demographic, cultural, economic and social composition of Istrian villages as well as the coastal towns they surround. Thus it is not strange that today when Istrians discuss borders what they are really discussing is themselves and their identity, strategies for everyday life and the practices with which they have symbolically and physically interpreted the existence of borders on the multicultural and multiethnic territory of Istria.
Russian Orthodoxy, Russian Nationalism, and Patriarch Aleksii II
Authors: Knox Zoe
Published: January 2006

The Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) is a highly visible institution in Russia, and arguably the most prominent and influential religious or cultural body. The Orthodox Church figures prominently in various discussions as the driving force behind Russia's post-Soviet renewal and recovery. Surveys show that Russians trust the Orthodox Church more than any other public institution, including law courts, trade unions, mass media, the military, the police and the government. Estimates of the number of self-identified Orthodox adherents range from 50 million, which amounts to slightly more than one-third of Russia's population, to 70 million, or roughly one half of the population. A leading newspaper consistently ranks Patriarch Aleksii II, head of the Moscow Patriarchate, the governing body of the Orthodox Church, in the top 15 of the country's most influential political figures. These indicators confirm that the Orthodox Church has a significant role in Russia's post-Soviet development. This is widely accepted by commentators both within and without the Orthodox Church, and within and without Russia.
What Went Wrong? Church–State Relations in Socialist Yugoslavia
Authors: Buchenau Klaus
Published: January 2006

Yugoslavia's socialism was always a special case when compared with other states in the eastern part of Europe, and so was its religious policy. In the 1960s, Yugoslavia adopted a rather liberal stance towards its religious communities. The state interfered less in the internal affairs of the churches than it did in most states in the Warsaw Pact. Even Croat Cardinal Franjo Kuharić, who was otherwise very critical towards Tito's Yugoslavia, had to admit in 1987,

The Pope freely appoints bishops, without the intervention of the government. The church is free in its inner administration: there is no numerus clausus, neither for priests nor for the order's candidates. The bishops appoint and transfer priests without hindrance, without government interference. Bishops, priests and believers are free to gather in church rooms and don't have to apply for special permits. The orders can exist and function, although within the frames of law. The freedom of motion in- and outside the country is not hampered, though it may happen that-in our conviction, without justification-priests' passports are taken away. The freedom of the religious press is also one of the positive facts.
The Kenesary Kasymov Rebellion (1837–1847): A National-Liberation Movement or “a Protest of Restoration”?
Authors: Malikov Yuriy
Published: January 2006

The history of each nation has some key periods that have drawn the attention of generations of researchers. Historians consider the Great Revolution of France, the rise of Hitler in Germany, and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia to be among the most important events, hence the events most worth studying, of these countries. Different interpretations of these events, which determined the fates of people for decades and even for centuries, cause heated debates among scholars.
The effects of social class and ethnicity on gender differences in GCSE attainment: a secondary analysis of the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales 1997–2001
Authors: Connolly Paul
Published: January 2006

This article is based upon a secondary analysis of three successive cohorts of the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales and examines the effects of social class and ethnicity on gender differences in General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) attainment for those who left school in 1997, 1999 and 2001 respectively. The article shows that both social class and ethnicity exert a far greater influence on the GCSE performance of boys and girls than gender. Within this it assesses whether there is an interaction effect between gender and social class and also gender and ethnicity in terms of their impact on educational attainment. The article shows that, across all three cohorts, there is no evidence of any systematic variation in the size of the gender differences in educational attainment that exist across either social class or ethnic groups. Simply in terms of the effects of social class, ethnicity and gender on educational attainment, therefore, it is argued that these can actually be understood in terms of a simple ‘additive model’. The implications of this for initiatives aimed at addressing gender differences in educational attainment are considered briefly in the conclusion.
Connecting engagement and focus in pedagogic task design
Authors: Ainley Janet , Pratt Dave , Hansen Alice
Published: January 2006

Teachers of mathematics face a particular tension, which the authors call the planning paradox If teachers plan from objectives, the tasks they set are likely to be unrewarding for the pupils and mathematically impoverished. Planning from tasks may increase pupils' engagement but their activity is likely to be unfocused and learning difficult to assess. By seeking inspiration from research in the areas of curriculum design, the nature of authenticity in the classroom and the use of tools, and by looking retrospectively at the design of computer‐based tasks that have underpinned their research for many years, the authors recognise a theme of purposeful activity, leading to a planned appreciation of utilities for certain mathematical concepts. The authors propose utility as a third dimension of understanding, which can be linked to purpose in the effective design of tasks. The article concludes with a set of heuristics to guide such planning.
The effect of grammar teaching on writing development
Authors: Andrews Richard , Torgerson Carole , Beverton Sue , Freeman Allison , Locke Terry , Low Graham , Robinson Alison , Zhu Die
Published: January 2006

This article reports on the results of two international systematic research reviews which focus on different aspects of teaching grammar to improve the quality and accuracy of 5–16‐year‐olds' writing in English. The results show that there is little evidence to indicate that the teaching of formal grammar is effective; and that teaching sentence‐combining has a more positive effect. In both cases, however, despite over a hundred years of research and debate on the topic, there is insufficient quality of research to prove the case with either approach. More research is needed, as well as a review of policy and practice in England with regard to the teaching of sentence structure in writing.
Models of Personal Development Planning: practice and processes
Authors: Clegg Sue , Bradley Sally
Published: January 2006

This article presents an analysis of case study data from a project evaluating Personal Development Planning (PDP) at a large post‐1992 university in England. The study was undertaken as part of a strategy of encouraging schools to build on existing experience while at the same time ensuring consistency with new national guidelines for the implementation of PDP across the whole sector. The aim of the research was to understand the models already available for supporting and developing PDP, and the views of different stakeholders about the place of PDP in the curriculum. The research was designed to engage with teacher beliefs in order to provide models of practice that could inform innovation. The study was based on interviews with staff and data were analysed on the basis of clusters of features to create models of different practices and approaches. Three ideal types of PDP emerged: professional, employment and academic. Each of the modes was associated with particular disciplinary domains, although none of them existed in pure form. The data suggest that pedagogic identities based on introjection and strong boundary maintenance displayed greater tension in relation to PDP than those areas already constructed on projection. UK moves towards PDP are part of an international trend. The great advantage of case study data, however, is that they allow insight into the dynamics of implementation at the local level and in this case the potential of generic initiatives based on projection to destabilise aspects of academic identity. New initiatives are more likely to succeed if they engage positively with teacher beliefs rather than being posed in contra‐distinction to them; the first step, however, is to understand and theorise them.
Topicality and the structure of interactive talk in face‐to‐face seminar discussions: implications for research in distributed learning media
Authors: Gibson Will , Hall Andy , Callery Peter
Published: January 2006

This article examines the structure of topic movement within face‐to‐face postgraduate university seminar discussion forums through a conversation analytic approach. The analysis of 12 audio recordings of seminars showed that in spite of clear differences in the management style of sessions by seminar leaders there were important consistencies in their normative structure of participation. Previous research has shown that the turn‐taking procedures used as a basic organisational feature of the talk have been seen to result in a regular change of topic within seminars. Although the research here supports these findings, the data showed that topic change was only one aspect of the topic negotiation process. The analysis in this article illustrates that topic negotiation was an ever‐present feature of the talk and that, in addition to frequent ‘successful’ changes of topic, there were also innumerable ‘unsuccessful’ topical interjections. One prominent source of such failure was the presence of overlap in the seminar talk. In addition to being of value to educationalists wishing to understand educational processes, this analysis is viewed as having significant relevance for the development of alternative distributed media for hosting interactive seminars as it shows the implications of the interactional ‘affordances’ of learning environments for the achievement of interactive talk. This article suggests, therefore, that research and development in this field would benefit from detailed studies of the affordances of these alternative hosting media.
Assessment relationships in higher education: the tension of process and practice
Authors: Crook Charles , Gross Harriet , Dymott Roy
Published: January 2006

It is argued that the auditing demands of quality assurance have encouraged a greater proceduralisation of university coursework assessment. Interviews with academics from a cross‐section of Psychology departments illustrated how assessment had acquired the tightly scripted character of an organisational process. Yet undergraduate focus group conversations suggested that this proceduralisation obstructed the experience students sought from assessment as a form of educational practice. It is argued that educational contexts can create a distinctive form of process/practice tension. In particular, formalising assessment into a process may conceal students' unease, inhibit the expression of that unease, and create a distracting focus on study products rather than study practices. A striking interpersonal dissociation of author and reader (student and tutor) was apparent in the organisational processes documented here. This was identified as the source of significant student discontent, and the likely starting point for its repair.
Expertise, competence and reflection in the rhetoric of professional development
Authors: Edwards Richard , Nicoll Katherine
Published: January 2006

This article explores the rhetorical work done by discourses of professional development in education. In particular it outlines the ways in which the rhetoric of technical expertise, competence and reflective practice are deployed to mobilise professional practices and identities in particular ways and position certain practices and dispositions as specifically professional. The article explores the ways in which audiences are mobilised and the strategies to persuade educators that particular discourses of professionalism are about and for them. This is illustrated through an analysis of a particular discourse of professional development for academics in the UK. The authors argue for and illustrate the illuminating potential of rhetorical analysis to an understanding of different practices of professional development.
History of Addiction: A UK Perspective
Authors: London Mervyn
Published: January 2006

The level of substance misuse in Britain has fluctuated over recent centuries, reaching its nadir in the early twentieth century. Since then, the trends for alcohol and drug abuse (though not for tobacco consumption) have risen steadily. British physicians have played a major role in the emergence of the addiction concept, from the initial challenge to Galen's theories to the now widely adopted Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. While treatment has been influenced by contemporary attitudes, it has been generally underpinned by pragmatism and has avoided the punitive responses seen in other parts of the world.
Co‐Morbidity of Smoking in Patients with Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Kalman David , Morissette Sandra Baker , George Tony P.
Published: January 2006

This article reviews cigarette smoking in patients with psychiatric disorders (PD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Rates of smoking are approximately 23% in the U.S. population but approximately twoto four‐fold higher in patients with PD and SUD. Many remaining smokers have had repeated smoking cessation failures, possibly due to the presence of co‐morbid PD and SUDs. There is modest, evidence‐based support for effective treatment interventions for nicotine addiction in PD and SUD. Further research is needed to increase our understanding of nicotine addiction in PD and SUD and develop more effective treatment interventions.
Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders in Late Adolescence: The Role of Risk and Perceived Social Support
Authors: Beitchman Joseph H. , Adlaf Edward M. , Atkinson Leslie , Douglas Lori , Massak Agnes , Kenaszchuk Chris
Published: January 2006

This article explores how measures of risk and perceived social support relate to different configurations of adolescent psychopathology using data from a community‐based, longitudinal investigation of 284 individuals interviewed in 1982 at age 5 and again at age 19. Discriminant analysis was used to assess differences in risk and social support variables among eight clusters of youth: anxious, anxious drinkers, depressed, depressed drug abusers, antisocial, antisocial drinkers, drug abusers, problem drinkers, and a ninth group representing those participants without a diagnosis. The results indicated that one function, defined by loadings for (low) family support and (high) early cumulative risk, accounted for the majority of between‐group associations. Two groups of drug‐abusing youth with multiple adjustment problems were highest on this function, while nondisordered youth and a group of participants with substance abuse alone were lowest. Findings are discussed in terms of the need to consider comorbidity when examining risk factors for later disorder.
The Effectiveness of an Inpatient Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Ness Margaret L. , Oei Tian P. S.
Published: January 2006

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of attendance at a clinically based, short‐term, in‐patient group CBT program largely based on Monti, Abrams, Kadden, and Cooney to treat problem drinking. Participants were 37 males and 34 females diagnosed with alcohol dependence. Patients attended 42 CBT sessions over three weeks, with each session being one hour in duration. Measures included the Khavari Alcohol Test (KAT), the Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire (SADD), the Beck Anxiety Index (BAI), the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90), a General Self‐Efficacy scale (GSE), and the Drinking Expectancy Profile (DEP). Group attendance rates were monitored daily. Two structured phone calls were conducted at one month and three months post‐discharge. Results showed that attendance rates at CBT group sessions were not associated with improvements found at the end of therapy or in drinking behaviors at three‐month follow‐up. Full support could not be found for the effectiveness of group CBT and cognitive models of problem drinking.
Clinical Characteristics of Individuals Using an Online Alcohol Evaluation Program
Authors: Lieberman Daniel Z.
Published: January 2006

Access to treatment for substance abuse disorders is limited, and practical strategies are needed to expand opportunities for individuals to receive effective interventions. Automated or semi‐automated treatments have shown promise in other disorders. Identifying the characteristics of patients who will be able to benefit from this unconventional approach will increase the likelihood of success. The current study examined 1,297 individuals using an online alcohol evaluation program. Subjects had high scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and a substantial amount of ambivalence about the possible harm that their drinking caused, but they also had very low levels of self‐identification as actual problem drinkers.
The Effect of Alcohol on the Neuropsychological Functioning of Recently Abstinent Cocainedependent Subjects
Authors: Abi‐Saab Danielle , Beauvais John , Mehm John , Brody Michelle , Gottschalk Christopher , Kosten Thomas R.
Published: January 2006

Neuropsychological deficits in the areas of learning, memory, attention, and abstraction abilities have been associated with cocaine dependence, especially during the period of early abstinence. Although cocaine users tend to be multidrug users, few studies have focused on the combined effect ofalcohol and cocaine on neuropsychological functioning. Consistent with prior research, results from the current study indicated that cocaine‐dependent subjects showed a significantly greater degree ofneuropsychological impairment as compared to controls. In addition, cocaine‐dependent subjects with a history of alcohol disorder showed less memory impairment but similar impairments in attention and overall neuropsychological functioning as cocaine subjects withno suchhistory. The vasodilatation produced by alcohol may attenuate some of the vasoconstriction and neurotoxic effects of cocaine, accounting for the fewer deficits in this group.
Influence of Parental SUD and ADHD on ADHD in their Offspring: Preliminary Results from a Pilot‐controlled Family Study
Authors: Wilens Timothy E. , Hahesy Amy L. , Biederman Joseph , Bredin Elizabeth , Tanguay Sarah , Kwon Anne , Faraone Stephen V.
Published: January 2006

As part of a pilot‐controlled family‐based study of the children of parents with and without substance use disorders (SUD), the influence of parental SUD and ADHD on the risk for ADHD in offspring was evaluated. Using structured psychiatric interviews, 96 families (183 youth; mean age 11.6 years) were assessed. To evaluate the effect of parental ADHD and SUD, the offspring were stratified into four groups based on parental status: children of parents with neither ADHD nor SUD, children of parents with SUD only, children of parents with ADHD only, and children of parents with both ADHD and SUD. Using generalized estimating equation models, parental SUD and ADHD were used to predict ADHD in the offspring. The rate of children with ADHD increased among children of parents with neither disorder (3%), children of parents with SUD (13%), children of parents with ADHD (25%), and children of parents with both ADHD and SUD (50%)(p = .001). Children of parents with ADHD or ADHD plus SUD were more likely to have ADHD in comparison to children ofparents with neither diagnosis (p < 0.05). Children of parents with ADHD plus SUD were at greater risk of ADHD in comparison to children of parents with SUD only (p = 0.01). Despite the small sample size, the results of this study seem to suggest that the offspring of SUD or ADHD parents are at elevated risk for ADHD compared to controls. The offspring of parents with both ADHD and SUD appear to be at the highest risk for ADHD, highlighting the need for careful screening of this group of youth for ADHD. Replication studies clarifying the nature and strength of the association are necessary.