bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positive shrub–tree interactions facilitate woody encroachment in boreal peatlands
Authors: Holmgren Milena , Lin Ching‐Yen , Murillo Julian E. , Nieuwenhuis Annelies , Penninkhof Joyce , Sanders Natasja , van Bart Thomas , van Veen Huib , Vasander Harri , Vollebregt Marlies E. , Limpens Juul
Published: January 2015

Boreal ecosystems are warming roughly twice as fast as the global average, resulting in woody expansion that could further speed up the climate warming. Boreal peatbogs are waterlogged systems that store more than 30% of the global soil carbon. Facilitative effects of shrubs and trees on the establishment of new individuals could increase tree cover with profound consequences for the structure and functioning of boreal peatbogs, carbon sequestration and climate.

We conducted two field experiments in boreal peatbogs to assess the mechanisms that explain tree seedling recruitment and to estimate the strength of positive feedbacks between shrubs and trees. We planted seeds and seedlings of Pinus sylvestris in microsites with contrasting water‐tables and woody cover and manipulated both shrub canopy and root competition. We monitored seedling emergence, growth and survival for up to four growing seasons and assessed how seedling responses related to abiotic and biotic conditions.

We found that tree recruitment is more successful in drier topographical microsites with deeper water‐tables. On these hummocks, shrubs have both positive and negative effects on tree seedling establishment. Shrub cover improved tree seedling condition, growth and survival during the warmest growing season. In turn, higher tree basal area correlates positively with soil nutrient availability, shrub biomass and abundance of tree juveniles.

Synthesis. Our results suggest that shrubs facilitate tree colonization of peatbogs which further increases shrub growth. These facilitative effects seem to be stronger under warmer conditions suggesting that a higher frequency of warmer and dry summers may lead to stronger positive interactions between shrubs and trees that could eventually facilitate a shift from moss to tree‐dominated systems.
Forest resilience and tipping points at different spatio‐temporal scales: approaches and challenges
Authors: Reyer Christopher P. O. , Brouwers Niels , Rammig Anja , Brook Barry W. , Epila Jackie , Grant Robert F. , Holmgren Milena , Langerwisch Fanny , Leuzinger Sebastian , Lucht Wolfgang , Medlyn Belinda , Pfeifer Marion , Steinkamp Jörg , Vanderwel Mark C. , Verbeeck Hans , Villela Dora M.
Published: January 2015

Anthropogenic global change compromises forest resilience, with profound impacts to ecosystem functions and services. This synthesis paper reflects on the current understanding of forest resilience and potential tipping points under environmental change and explores challenges to assessing responses using experiments, observations and models.

Forests are changing over a wide range of spatio‐temporal scales, but it is often unclear whether these changes reduce resilience or represent a tipping point. Tipping points may arise from interactions across scales, as processes such as climate change, land‐use change, invasive species or deforestation gradually erode resilience and increase vulnerability to extreme events. Studies covering interactions across different spatio‐temporal scales are needed to further our understanding.

Combinations of experiments, observations and process‐based models could improve our ability to project forest resilience and tipping points under global change. We discuss uncertainties in changing CO2 concentration and quantifying tree mortality as examples.

Synthesis. As forests change at various scales, it is increasingly important to understand whether and how such changes lead to reduced resilience and potential tipping points. Understanding the mechanisms underlying forest resilience and tipping points would help in assessing risks to ecosystems and presents opportunities for ecosystem restoration and sustainable forest management.
Forest resilience, tipping points and global change processes
Authors: Reyer Christopher P.O. , Rammig Anja , Brouwers Niels , Langerwisch Fanny
Published: January 2015

Forests around the world are changing as a result of human activity. These changes have substantial impacts on the resilience of forests, possibly pushing them towards tipping points.

The objective of this Special Feature is to present research that fosters the understanding of forest resilience and potential tipping points under global change. This editorial summarizes the key findings of the seven papers in this Special Feature and puts them in the wider context of resilience thinking.

Synthesis. The contributions to this Special Feature show that resilience is a useful concept to understand ecosystem change but that we have to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms and feedback loops involved in forest resilience and potential tipping points. Finally, this Special Feature presents evidence about how resilience thinking is used to better understand and manage degraded forests.
Systematic review of anaemia and inflammatory markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Hoepers Andrea Thives de Carvalho , Menezes Marcia Margarete , Fröde Tânia Silvia
Published: January 2015

This systematic review synthesizes the relevant published articles on the prevalence of anaemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its relationship with inflammatory markers. The upregulation of erythropoietin in anaemia maintains homeostasis. However, anaemic COPD patients do not respond to increased levels of erythropoietin. The increased levels could be an indicator of the peripheral erythropoietin resistance in COPD. Anaemia and inflammation are associated with an increased risk of hospitalization and mortality in these patients. The understanding of anaemia in chronic inflammation is that anaemia is at least partially due to the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to improvements in the management, prognosis, and survival of patients with COPD and anaemia.
Global relocation: an examination of the corporate influence on expatriate adjustment
Authors: Li Nan , Jackson Michele H
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the important yet often overlooked corporate influence on expatriates' intercultural adjustment. Using four months of ethnographic data collected in China, we aim to understand how expatriates' transnational corporation employers and their outsourcing global relocation agencies work together to manage and influence expatriates' adjustment process. Our findings reveal the different impact organizational support can have on expatriate general and interaction adjustment, the mediating effect of organizational management of expatriate uncertainty and anxiety on adjustment outcome, and the relevance of organizational concern for efficiency. These findings suggest that the success of expatriate relocation programs hinges on their ability to help expatriates manage uncertainty and anxiety in ways that both provide them with the comfort of home and offer rich and authentic cultural experiences.
Association between genetic polymorphisms in interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) gene and Malaysian patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Chua Kek Heng , Lian Lay Hoong , Khor Wei Ching , Lee Way Seah , Hilmi Ida , Goh Khean Lee , Kee Boon Pin
Published: January 2015

Objective

The study aimed to investigate the association between the interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) gene polymorphisms and the onset of Crohn's disease (CD) in a Malaysian cohort.

Methods

Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 91 CD patients and 100 healthy individuals via a conventional phenol‐chloroform extraction method. Screening of the four target single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs3807306, rs4728142, rs10954213 and rs11770589 was carried out in a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycler using TaqMan genotyping assay. The genetic data obtained was subsequently subjected to statistical analysis to relate the SNPs to the onset of CD in the Malaysian population. The genotyping assay and data were further validated selectively by conventional PCR amplification of the SNP sites and DNA sequencing.

Results

The rs3807306 G allele was a risk factor for CD (OR 2.3630, P = 0.00004), whereas the homozygous T genotype was protective against the disease (OR 0.2038, P = 0.00004). The heterozygous A/G genotype of rs10954213 was significantly associated with CD (OR 4.319, P = 0.0377). On the other hand, the homozygous A and heterozygous A/G genotypes of the rs11770589 were significant in the controls (OR 0.4242, P = 0.0166) and patients (OR 2.000, P = 0.0179), respectively. In the ethnic‐stratification analysis, the rs11770589 homozygous A genotype was protective in Indians (OR 0.1551, P = 0.0112).

Conclusion

IRF5 gene polymorphisms may play a role in the development of CD in the Malaysian population.
Radiographic skeletal survey for non‐accidental injury: Systematic review and development of a national New Zealand protocol
Authors: Phillips Karin L. , Bastin Sonja T. , Davies‐Payne David , Browne Diana , Bird Helen L. , Craw Susan , Duncan David , Depree Philippa , Leigh Alina , McLaughlin Andrew , Metcalfe Russell , Murdoch Jean , Pearce Kirsten , Perry David , Thomas Iona , Thomson Glen D. , Vogel Sally , Wilson Francessa , Teele Rita L.
Published: January 2015

Introduction

Clinically occult fractures from non‐accidental injury (NAI) are best detected on radiographic skeletal survey. However, there are regional variations regarding the views included in such surveys. We undertook a systematic review of the evidence supporting skeletal survey protocols to design a protocol that could be implemented across New Zealand.

Methods

In June 2013, we searched Medline, Google Scholar, the Cochrane database, UpToDate and relevant reference lists for English‐language publications on skeletal survey in NAI from 1946. We included publications that contained a protocol or reported evidence supporting including, or excluding, specific views in a skeletal survey. All included publications were critically appraised. Based on this systematic review, a draft protocol was developed and presented to an Australian and New Zealand Society for Paediatric Radiology NAI symposium in October 2013. Feedback from the symposium and later discussions was incorporated into the final protocol.

Results

We identified 2 guidelines for skeletal survey, 13 other protocols and 15 articles providing evidence for inclusion of specific images in a skeletal survey. The guidelines scored poorly on critical appraisal of several aspects of their methods. We found no studies that validate any of the protocols or compare their performance. Evidence supporting inclusion in a skeletal survey is limited to ribs, spine, pelvis, hands and feet, and long bone views. Our final protocol is a standardised, two‐tiered protocol consisting of between 17 and 22 views.

Conclusion

A standardised protocol for radiographic skeletal survey protocol has been developed in New Zealand. We present it here for consideration by others.
Online breath analysis of propofol during anesthesia: clinical application of membrane inlet‐ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: LIU Y. , GONG Y. , WANG C. , WANG X. , ZHOU Q. , WANG D. , GUO L. , PI X. , ZHANG X. , LUO S. , LI H. , LI E.
Published: January 2015

Background

Breath analysis of propofol is a potential noninvasive method for approximating the plasma propofol concentration. There have been various reported techniques for measuring the exhaled propofol concentration at steady state; however, the propofol concentration undergoes marked changes during clinical anesthesia. Therefore, this study investigated the use of membrane inlet‐ion mobility spectrometry (MI‐IMS) to monitor exhaled propofol discontinuously and continuously during propofol anesthesia.

Methods

The study included 19 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II. In experiment I (discontinuous study), breath and blood samples were collected discontinuously, with stable target propofol concentrations of 2.8 μg/ml, 3.2 μg/ml, 3.5 μg/ml, and 3.8 μg/ml. In experiment II (continuous study), propofol concentration was maintained at 3.5 μg/ml after induction, and exhaled breath was collected continuously every 3 min during propofol infusion. Relationships of the exhaled propofol concentration with the plasma propofol concentration, measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography and the continuously measured bispectral (BIS) index were investigated.

Results

Comparison of the exhaled and plasma propofol concentrations revealed a bias ± precision of 2.1% ± 14.6% (95% limits of agreement: − 26.5–30.7%) in experiment I and − 10.4% ± 13.2 (− 36.3–15.4%) in experiment II. In both experiments, exhaled propofol concentrations measured by MI‐IMS were consistent with, the propofol effect represented by the BIS index.

Conclusions

MI‐IMS may be a suitable method to predict plasma propofol concentration online during propofol anesthesia. Monitoring exhaled propofol may improve the safety of propofol anesthesia.
Predicting ecosystem collapse: Spatial factors that influence risks to tropical ecosystems
Authors: Crespin Silvio J. , Simonetti Javier A.
Published: January 2015

Biological traits explain extinction at the species level, but what factors explain collapse at the ecosystem level? Using ecosystem Red List criteria from the International Union for Conservation of Nature, we calculated risk of collapse in El Salvador's ecosystems and determined that it is nonrandom, indicating the existence of explaining factors. We present the first model to predict risk of ecosystem collapse, showing that human density and soil capability are significantly associated with risk of collapse and explain 68% of the total variation. To attain an effective management strategy for global ecosystems, we suggest not only determining risk of collapse, but also the building of simple prediction models to establish priorities, and the founding of a worldwide database at the ecosystem level once a single classification system is agreed upon.
Efficacy and safety of a fixed‐dose combination of dutasteride and tamsulosin treatment (Duodart®) compared with watchful waiting with initiation of tamsulosin therapy if symptoms do not improve, both provided with lifestyle advice, in the management of treatment‐naïve men with moderately symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: 2‐year CONDUCT study results
Authors: Roehrborn Claus G. , Oyarzabal Perez Igor , Roos Erik P.M. , Calomfirescu Nicolae , Brotherton Betsy , Wang Fang , Palacios Juan Manuel , Vasylyev Averyan , Manyak Michael J.
Published: January 2015

Objective

To investigate whether a fixed‐dose combination (FDC) of 0.5 mg dutasteride and 0.4 mg tamsulosin is more effective than watchful waiting with protocol‐defined initiation of tamsulosin therapy if symptoms did not improve (WW‐All) in treatment‐naïve men with moderately symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) at risk of progression.

Patients and Methods

This was a multicentre, randomised, open‐label, parallel‐group study (NCT01294592) in 742 men with an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of 8–19, prostate volume ≥30 mL and total serum PSA level of ≥1.5 ng/mL. Patients were randomised to FDC (369 patients) or WW‐All (373) and followed for 24 months. All patients were given lifestyle advice. The primary endpoint was symptomatic improvement from baseline to 24 months, measured by the IPSS. Secondary outcomes included BPH clinical progression, impact on quality of life (QoL), and safety.

Results

The change in IPSS at 24 months was significantly greater for FDC than WW‐All (–5.4 vs −3.6 points, P < 0.001). With FDC, the risk of BPH progression was reduced by 43.1% (P < 0.001); 29% and 18% of men in the WW‐All and FDC groups had clinical progression, respectively, comprising symptomatic progression in most patients. Improvements in QoL (BPH Impact Index and question 8 of the IPSS) were seen in both groups but were significantly greater with FDC (P < 0.001). The safety profile of FDC was consistent with established profiles of dutasteride and tamsulosin.

Conclusion

FDC therapy with dutasteride and tamsulosin, plus lifestyle advice, resulted in rapid and sustained improvements in men with moderate BPH symptoms at risk of progression with significantly greater symptom and QoL improvements and a significantly reduced risk of BPH progression compared with WW plus initiation of tamsulosin as per protocol.
Detection of putative stem cell markers, CD44/CD133, in primary and lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. A preliminary immunohistochemical and in vitro study
Authors: Mannelli G. , Magnelli L. , Deganello A. , Busoni M. , Meccariello G. , Parrinello G. , Gallo O.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

Investigators hypothesized that cancer stem cells (CSCs) could play a role in determining cancer progression by metastasizing to cervical lymph node (N+) and then influencing prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) patients.

Design

To identify CSCs in HNSCCs and their clonogenic capacity.

Setting

In vitro study.

Participants

Putative CSCs from 29 primary HNSCCs and 19 corresponding node metastases were analyzed.

Main outcome measures

Immunohistochemical (IHC) was performed, and CSCs' clonogenic in vitro capacity was tested; ones epithelial nature of cancer cells forming colonies was confirmed by a second IHC, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis helped in counting CD44/CD133‐CSCs markers percentage expression in HNSCC tumour‐derived cultures.

Results

Immunohistochemical showed CD44 (93.1%) and CD133 (10.34%) expression; FACS‐analysis showed the enrichment of CD44/CD133 cancer cells, with the highest clonogenic capacity of CD44+‐subpopulation; a higher CD44 rates were documented from N+ subcultures than from original tumours (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

A putative cancer stem‐like cell population is detectable in HNSCCs, and our findings show their in vitro clonogenic capacity by demonstrating that CD44+‐cultured cells are the main population proliferating obtained by N+ HNSCC metastases, emphasizing their possible role in tumour progression.
What can turtles teach us about the theory of ecological stoichiometry?
Authors: Sterrett Sean C. , Maerz John C. , Katz Rachel A.
Published: January 2015

Vertebrate skeletons have high phosphorus (P) content relative to other tissues. Variation in skeletal investment within and among species is hypothesised to predict variation in P demand, standing stock and recycling. These relationships have been examined among fish, but not in vertebrates with more robust skeletons, such as turtles.

Our objectives were to (i) describe freshwater turtle stoichiometry relative to skeletal mass, (ii) compare turtle body and excreta stoichiometry to patterns among fish and (iii) relate turtle skeletal stoichiometry to turtle nutrient storage and recycling.

Skeleton constituted 82% of turtle dry mass. Total body %P increased ontogenetically with turtle mass and 93% of all P resided in the skeleton. Phosphorus storage within turtle assemblages was high (0.2–0.45 kg ha−1). Turtles excreted lower concentrations of P than fish. Excreta N:P was positively correlated with body N:P, suggesting that increased skeletal P investment was inversely related to P demand.

Our results demonstrate that P stored in the bone of turtles can represent a large standing stock of P in fresh waters. Further, our work suggests skeletal investment alone is not sufficient to predict an animal's P demand and, by extension, their effects on nutrient recycling. Instead, our results indicate P demand is determined by both skeletal investment and growth rate. Consequently, taxa with high body P, extreme longevity and slow growth rates, such as adult turtles, may serve as stable standing stocks of nutrients while also contributing proportionately to nutrient remineralisation.
On the relationship between species age and geographical range in reef fishes: are widespread species older than they seem?
Authors: Hodge Jennifer , Bellwood David R.
Published: January 2015

Aim

In order to better understand processes of speciation, range‐size transformation and extinction, macroecological studies seek to identify the evolutionary dynamics of species geographical ranges. This requires accurate estimates of range size and species age. Species ages are attainable through recent success with techniques to estimate phylogenetic divergence time. Conceptual synthesis of the inherent problems with these techniques has been limited. Our aim is to address the effects of estimation of phylogenetic divergence time on the relationship between species age and geographical range.

Innovation

Commonly, estimates of divergence time from the nodes of a time‐calibrated phylogeny are used as indicators of ages of extant species. However, this method can sometimes produce misleading age estimates, specifically in the presence of extinction and ancestral persistence. An example of this is illustrated using a comprehensive genetic dataset of genera with near‐complete sampling of species from four of the major coral reef fish families. We present a method to minimize the impacts of extinction and ancestral persistence on divergence time estimation. The method focuses on recent divergences and involves pairing minimum divergence time estimates (as indicators of species ages) with the minimum geographical range area between two sister‐species, for all sister‐species pairs.

Main conclusions

When applied to coral reef fishes, this method revealed trends in the relationship between species age and geographical range. The difference in the trend recovered from excluding potential biases associated with ancestral persistence suggests that ancestral persistence may be prevalent among coral reef fishes, with successive peripheral speciation affecting area–age relationships. The method may reveal the occurrence of successive peripheral speciation events across a broad range of taxa.
Community preferences in general practice: important factors for choosing a general practitioner
Authors: Kenny Patricia , De Abreu Lourenco Richard , Wong Chun Yee , Haas Marion , Goodall Stephen
Published: January 2015

Background

Understanding the important factors for choosing a general practitioner (GP) can inform the provision of consumer information and contribute to the design of primary care services.

Objective

To identify the factors considered important when choosing a GP and to explore subgroup differences.

Design

An online survey asked about the respondent's experience of GP care and included 36 questions on characteristics important to the choice of GP.

Participants

An Australian population sample (n = 2481) of adults aged 16 or more.

Methods

Principal components analysis identified dimensions for the creation of summated scales, and regression analysis was used to identify patient characteristics associated with each scale.

Results

The 36 questions were combined into five scales (score range 1–5) labelled: care quality, types of services, availability, cost and practice characteristics. Care quality was the most important factor (mean = 4.4, SD = 0.6) which included questions about technical care, interpersonal care and continuity. Cost (including financial and time cost) was also important (mean = 4.1, SD = 0.6). The least important factor was types of services (mean = 3.3, SD = 0.9), which covered the range of different services provided by or co‐located with the practice. Frequent GP users and females had higher scores across all 5 scales, while the importance of care quality increased with age.

Conclusions

When choosing a GP, information about the quality of care would be most useful to consumers. Respondents varied in the importance given to some factors including types of services, suggesting the need for a range of alternative primary care services.
GATA‐binding protein 3 enhances the utility of gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15 and mammaglobin A in triple‐negative breast cancer by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Huo Lei , Gong Yun , Guo Ming , Gilcrease Michael Z , Wu Yun , Zhang Hong , Zhang Jinxia , Resetkova Erika , Hunt Kelly K , Deavers Michael T
Published: January 2015

Aims

We have demonstrated previously that gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15 (GCDFP‐15) and mammaglobin A (MAM) are of limited utility in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA‐3) is an emerging breast‐associated immunohistochemical (IHC) marker with limited data in TNBC. Here, we examined GATA‐3 expression in TNBC in comparison with GCDFP‐15 and MAM.

Methods and results

We studied GATA‐3, GCDFP‐15 and MAM IHC expression in 62 primary and 68 metastatic TNBCs. In primary TNBCs, GATA‐3 staining was observed in 25 cases (40%), including 16 cases that were negative for GCDFP‐15 and MAM. In metastatic TNBCs, GATA‐3 staining was observed in 30 cases (44%), including 16 cases that were negative for GCDFP‐15 and MAM. The expression frequency of any of the markers was 56% in primary and 62% in metastatic TNBCs. However, when focal staining was excluded, the expression frequency of any marker dropped to 31% and 44%, respectively.

Conclusion

GATA‐3 is expressed at a higher frequency by IHC in TNBC compared to GCDFP‐15 and MAM, although the tissue specificity of the latter markers may be superior. When evaluating a triple‐negative tumour, including GATA‐3 in a panel of markers may increase the diagnostic accuracy for tissue origin in the appropriate clinical setting.
The Effectiveness of Intensive Interaction, A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Hutchinson Nick , Bodicoat Anna
Published: January 2015

Background

Intensive Interaction is an approach used for communicating with people with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities or autism. It has gained increased recognition as a helpful technique, but the evidence has not been systematically reviewed.

Method

Computerized and hand searches of the literature were conducted using synonyms for ‘intellectual disabilities’, ‘autism’ and ‘intensive interaction’.

Results

Fifteen quantitative and three qualitative papers were identified examining the efficacy of the approach with participants across the age range in both educational and residential settings.

Conclusions

Studies were limited by the quality of reporting and difficulties conducting good quality, ethically sound research with participants with PMID. Staff support should be considered in training to aid implementation of interventions. Studies attempted to investigate whether Intensive Interaction builds social interactions or reduces repetitive or self‐injurious behaviour. More research needs to be conducted before conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of this approach.
Effect of temperature on reproduction and embryonic development of the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala L., (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Mathiasen H. , Sørensen H. , Bligaard J. , Esbjerg P.
Published: January 2015

The cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of winter oilseed rape. Despite the importance of this pest, detailed information on reproduction to predict risk of crop damage is lacking. This study investigates the effect of temperature on parameters of reproduction, egg development and viability at five constant temperatures. Significant temperature effects were found on the pre‐oviposition period, total number of eggs laid, daily oviposition rate, female longevity, egg‐development rate and viability. The mean length of the pre‐oviposition period ranged from 93.1 days at 4°C to 14.6 days at 20°C. Analysis of total number of eggs laid and daily oviposition rate during female lifespan estimated the highest total number of eggs laid (696 eggs/female) at 16°C and the highest oviposition rate (6.8 eggs/female and day) at 20°C. The daily oviposition rate at 20°C was not significantly higher than 5.4 eggs/female and day at 16°C. Female longevity was significantly longer at 4°C, shorter at 20°C and not significantly different between 8, 12 and 16°C. Estimated 50% survival time of females was 239, 153, 195, 186 and 78 days at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20°C, respectively. A linear model of egg development at 8–20°C estimated the lower developmental threshold to be 5.1°C and the thermal constant for development 184.9 degree‐days. The percentage of eggs hatching was significantly lower at 4°C than at all other temperatures tested. The estimated mean hatching percentages were 47.3%, 70.0%, 72.4%, 66.2% and 67.9% at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20°C, respectively. These results can be used to predict the start and intensity of egg‐laying in the autumn and the appearance of larvae in the field from knowledge about time of field invasion and from monitoring the weather.
Using viable eggs to accurately determine the demographic and predation potential ofHarmonia dimidiata(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)
Authors: Mou D.‐F. , Lee C.‐C. , Smith C. L. , Chi H.
Published: January 2015

Life table parameters and predation rate of the coccinellid predatorHarmonia dimidiataF. fed onAphis gossypiiGlover were determined at 25°C using the age‐stage, two‐sex life table. When the total number of eggs were included in our calculations, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ), net reproductive rate (R0) and mean generation time (T) forH. dimidiatawere 0.1354/day, 1.1450/day, 280.8 offspring and 41.6 day, respectively. These values were significantly different, however, only when viable (=hatchable)H. dimidiataeggs were counted (0.0909/day, 1.0952/day, 67.6 offspring and 46.3 day, respectively). The values obtained using all eggs did not realistically reflect the effect of variable hatch rate and true population parameters ofH. dimidiata. We therefore excluded unhatched eggs from our data and demonstrated mathematically that in future demographic studies, it should be a standard procedure to exclude all unhatched eggs when analysing hatch rates that vary with maternal age. A mathematical proof was derived in this study to substantiate this. To observe and quantify variations that occur in the predation rate due to the age and stage of the predator, the daily number ofA. gossypiiconsumed by individualH. dimidiatawas analysed using the age‐stage, two‐sex life table. The net predation rate ofH. dimidiataonA. gossypiiwas 14 804 aphids. The transformation rateQpshowed that the predator needs to consume an average of 219.1 aphids to produce one viable egg. The finite predation rate ofH. dimidiatawas 125.7 when only hatchable eggs were included in the analysis. Because the age‐stage, two‐sex life table takes both of the sexes and the variable predation rate occurring among stages into consideration, it becomes possible to use the population projection to quantify and time biological control procedures.
The Protective Role of School Friendship Ties for Substance Use and Aggressive Behaviors Among Middle School Students
Authors: Forster Myriam , Grigsby Timothy J. , Bunyan Alden , Unger Jennifer Beth , Valente Thomas William
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

Few studies have examined the interplay among quantifiable aspects of peer bonds, friendship types, personal characteristics, and behavioral outcomes in schools in distressed neighborhoods. The aim of this study was to identify compensatory and protective factors that can be promoted in school‐based prevention programs.

METHODS

The sample was comprised of students in East Los Angeles County (N = 184). We investigated the association between 3 measures of social influence (friends in gangs, nominations of schoolmates as friends [out‐degree], and the number of nominations received from schoolmates [in‐degree]) and social self‐control with lifetime alcohol, tobacco, inhalant, “other” drug use, and aggression.

RESULTS

Friendships were protective for substance use and aggression and moderated the relationship between social self‐control, substance use, and aggression. We found important sex differences; girls who nominated more friends were less likely to report alcohol use and aggression relative to boys but were more likely to have reported drug use as social self‐control scores increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results have important implications for school‐based prevention and intervention programs. We provide preliminary evidence that school ties and perceptions of belongingness can mitigate the effects of several risk factors linked to substance use and aggression.
The Role of Family and Community Involvement in the Development and Implementation of School Nutrition and Physical Activity Policy
Authors: Kehm Rebecca , Davey Cynthia S. , Nanney Marilyn S.
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND

Although there are several evidence‐based recommendations directed at improving nutrition and physical activity standards in schools, these guidelines have not been uniformly adopted throughout the United States. Consequently, research is needed to identify facilitators promoting schools to implement these recommendations. Therefore, this study analyzed the 2008 School Health Profiles Principal Survey (Profiles) to explore the role of family and community involvement in school nutrition and physical activity standards.

METHODS

Survey data on nutrition and physical activity policies, as well as family and community involvement, were available for 28 states, representing 6732 secondary schools. One‐factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), 2‐sample t‐tests, Pearson's chi‐square tests, and multiple logistic and linear regression models were employed in this analysis.

RESULTS

Family and community involvement were associated with schools more frequently utilizing healthy eating strategies and offering students healthier food options. Further, involvement was associated with greater support for physical education staff and more intramural sports opportunities for students.

CONCLUSIONS

Though family and community involvement have the potential to have a positive influence on school nutrition and physical activity policies and practices, involvement remains low in schools. Increased efforts are needed to encourage collaboration among schools, families, and communities to ensure the highest health standards for all students.
The Market for Paintings in Paris between Rococo and Romanticism
Authors: Etro Federico , Stepanova Elena
Published: January 2015

We analyze art pricing in a unique dataset on Paris auctions between 700s and 800s. Prices reflect the objective features of the paintings and of the sale, and they reveal a substantial death effect, with upward jumps in the years after the death of the artists. Both the hedonic and repeated sale price indexes show a declining pattern for the price of paintings (relative to the cost of living) starting with the French Revolution. On this basis, we analyze the emerging role and market power of art dealers and employ network theory to study whether they created rings to manipulate the outcome of the auctions for their profits. Dealers appear to have been divided into four main communities heavily trading between themselves and we find evidence of collusive behavior with lower hammer prices for buyers belonging to the same community of the dealers organizing the auction.
The bilateral central vestibular system: its pathways, functions, and disorders
Authors: Dieterich Marianne , Brandt Thomas
Published: January 2015

The bilateral anatomical organization of the vestibular system provides three functional advantages: optimal differentiation of head motion and orientation, sensory substitution of a unilateral peripheral failure, and central compensation of a peripheral or central vestibular tone imbalance. The structure is based on bilaterally ascending and descending pathways and at least four crossings: three in the brain stem and one in the cortex. The resulting sensorimotor functions can be subdivided into three major groups: (1) reflexive control of gaze, head, and body in three spatial planes (yaw, pitch, roll) at the brain stem/cerebellar level; (2) perception of self‐motion and control of voluntary movement and balance at the cortical/subcortical level; and (3) higher vestibular cognitive functions (e.g., spatial memory and navigation). The bilateral representation of the vestibular system in multiple multisensory cortical areas and the vestibular dominance of the nondominant hemisphere raise the question of how one global percept of motion and orientation in space is formed.
Oral and maxillofacial pathologies in young‐ and middle‐aged adults
Authors: Almoznino G , Zadik Y , Vered M , Becker T , Yahalom R , Derazne E , Aframian DJ , Czerninski R
Published: January 2015

Objective

To evaluate the distribution of oral and maxillofacial pathologies (OMFPs) and its association with patient age in young‐ and middle‐aged adults.

Methods

Distribution of histopathologically diagnosed OMFPs (n = 385) treated during 2007–2010 was recorded and the association with patient age was retrospectively analyzed.

Results

The main diagnostic categories included benign exophytic lesions (45.3%), white benign lesions (13.5%), potentially malignant lesions/disorders (10.1%), intrabony lesions (9.8%), mucosal discoloration (7.8%), benign pigmented lesions (7.3%), chronic trauma/inflammation (3.9%), and oral malignancy (2.1%). Potentially malignant lesions/disorders as a diagnostic category were positively associated with age (OR = 1.07 for 1 year; P < 0.001) and specifically the diagnoses of oral lichen planus (OR = 1.04 for 1 year; P = 0.037) and dysplastic changes (OR = 1.08 for 1 year; P = 0.013) that comprised this category. Pigmented melanocytic lesions were negatively associated with age (OR = 0.94 for 1 year; P = 0.039) as well as benign/reactive exophytic lesions (OR = 0.98 for 1 year; P = 0.038), the latter included the histopathological diagnosis of benign salivary gland pathologies (OR = 0.90 for 1 year; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study provided baseline information regarding the distribution OMFPs among young‐ and middle‐aged adults. It is important to highlight the high frequency of potentially malignant lesions/disorders and oral malignancy in young‐ and middle‐aged adults, as these lesions require lifelong follow‐up.
Prostaglandin E1 Treatment for Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis: Review of the Literature
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroyuki
Published: January 2015

Background

The important pathophysiologic factor of neurogenic intermittent claudication (NIC) in lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) has been reported to be the reduction in intraneural blood flow and a state of relative ischemia in nerve tissues. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) presumably improves symptoms in patients with LSCS by improving the blood flow in the cauda equina and nerve roots through its vasodilation and antiplatelet aggregation effects. The purpose of the study was to summarize the results of previous studies regarding PGE1 treatment for LSCS and to describe the details of PGE1 treatment to all physicians who take care of patients with LSCS.

Methods

Review of the literature.

Results

There are 3 PGE1‐related products that have been used clinically for the treatment of LSCS: PGE1, lipo‐PGE1, and limaprost (PGE1 derivative). Experimental studies have been performed to verify the efficacy of PGE1 treatment for LSCS. Many studies have reported clinical outcomes of PGE1 treatment in patients with LSCS. Overall, previous studies examining PGE1 treatment for LSCS demonstrate improvement in several clinical outcome measures such as the visual analog scale, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, and NIC distance, although most of the studies have only short‐term follow‐up.

Conclusions

Based on the results of previous studies, PGE1 treatment may be an option as a conservative treatment for LSCS. However, future studies with high‐quality and long‐term follow‐up are necessary. Future studies also should include refinement of indications, administration period, as well as comparisons between PGE1 treatment and other conservative treatments such as epidural injection.
The Potential Utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire as a Screener for Psychiatric Comorbidity in a Chronic Disabling Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorder Population
Authors: Asih Sali , Mayer Tom G. , Bradford E. McKenna , Neblett Randy , Williams Mark J. , Hartzell Meredith M. , Gatchel Robert J.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

The patient health questionnaire (PHQ) is designed for screening psychopathology in primary care settings. However, little is known about its clinical utility in other chronic pain populations, which usually have high psychiatric comorbidities.

Design

A consecutive cohort of 546 patients with chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorder (CDOMD) was administered and compared upon psychosocial assessments, including the PHQ and a structured clinical interview for DSM‐IV (SCID). Four PHQ modules were assessed: major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and alcohol use disorders (AUD) [including both alcohol abuse and dependence]. Based on the SCID diagnosis, sensitivity and specificity were determined.

Results

The specificity of the PHQ ranged from moderate to high for all 4 PHQ modules (MDD, 0.79; GAD, 0.67; PD, 0.89; AUD, 0.97). However, the sensitivity was relatively low: MDD (0.58); GAD (0.61); PD (0.49); and AUD (0.24). The PHQ was also associated with psychosocial variables. Patients whose PHQ showed MDD, GAD, or PD reported significantly more depressive symptoms and perceived disability than patients who did not (Ps < 0.001). Patients with MDD or GAD reported significantly higher pain than those without (Ps < 0.001).

Conclusions

The strong specificity of the PHQ appears to be its primary strength for this cohort. Due to its high specificity, the PHQ could be employed as an additional screening tool to help rule out potential psychiatric comorbidity in patients with CDOMD. The low sensitivity of the PHQ in this population, however, remains a weakness of the PHQ.
Temporal variations of mobile carbohydrates in Abies fargesii at the upper tree limits
Authors: Dang H.S. , Zhang K.R. , Zhang Q.F. , Xu Y.M.
Published: January 2015

Low temperatures are associated high‐altitude treelines, but the functional mechanism of treeline formation remains controversial. The relative contributions of carbon limitation (source activity) and growth limitation (sink activity) require more tests across taxa and regions. We examined temporal variations of mobile carbon supply in different tissues of Abies fargesii across treeline ecotones on north‐ and south‐facing slopes of the Qinling Mountains, China. Non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in tissues along the altitudinal gradient on both slopes changed significantly in the early and late growing season, but not in the mid‐growing season, indicating the season‐dependent carbon supply status. Late in the growing season on both slopes, trees at the upper limits had the highest NSC concentrations and total soluble sugars and lowest starch concentrations compared to trees at the lower elevations. NSC concentrations tended to increase in needles and branches throughout the growing season with increasing elevation on both slopes, but declined in roots and stems. NSC concentrations across sampling dates also indicated increases in needles and branches, and decreases in roots and stem with increasing elevation. Overall altitudinal trends of NSC in A. fargesii revealed no depletion of mobile carbon reserves at upper elevation limits, suggesting limitation of sink activity dominates tree life across treeline ecotones in both north‐ and south‐facing slopes. Carbon reserves in storage tissues (especially roots) in the late growing season might also play an important role in winter survival and early growth in spring at upper elevations on both slopes, which define the uppermost limit of A. fargesii.
Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction during Gestation, Preterm Delivery, and Birthweight. The Infancia y Medio Ambiente Cohort, Spain
Authors: León Gemma , Murcia Mario , Rebagliato Marisa , Álvarez‐Pedrerol Mar , Castilla Ane M , Basterrechea Mikel , Iñiguez Carmen , Fernández‐Somoano Ana , Blarduni Elizabeth , Foradada Carles M. , Tardón Adonina , Vioque Jesús
Published: January 2015

Background

Maternal clinical thyroid disorders can cause reproductive complications. However, the effects of mild thyroid dysfunctions are not yet well established. The aim was to evaluate the association of maternal thyroid function during the first half of pregnancy with birthweight and preterm delivery.

Methods

We analysed data on 2170 pregnant women and their children from a prospective population‐based cohort study in four Spanish areas. Mid‐gestation maternal serum and urine samples were gathered to determine thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Thyroid status was defined according to percentile distribution as: euthyroid (TSH and fT4 >5th and <95th percentiles); hypothyroxinaemia (fT4 < 5th percentile and TSH normal), hypothyroidism (TSH > 95th percentile and fT4 normal or <5th percentile), hyperthyroxinaemia (fT4 > 95th percentile and TSH normal), and hyperthyroidism (TSH < 5th percentile and fT4 normal or >95th percentile). Response variables were birthweight, small and large for gestational age (SGA/LGA), and preterm delivery.

Results

An inverse association of fT4 and TSH with birthweight was found, the former remaining when restricted to euthyroid women. High fT4 levels were also associated with an increased risk of SGA [odds ratio, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28 (95% CI 1.08, 1.51)]. Mean birthweight was higher in the hypothyroxinaemic group (β = 109, P < 0.01). Iodine intake and UIC were not associated with birth outcomes.

Conclusions

High maternal fT4 levels during the first half of pregnancy were related to lower birthweight and increased risk of SGA newborns, suggesting that maternal thyroid function may affect fetal growth, even within the normal range.
Impacts of colonial waterbirds on vegetation and potential restoration of island habitats
Authors: Ayers Christopher R. , Hanson‐Dorr Katie C. , O'Dell Sadie , Lovell Charles D. , Jones Michael L. , Suckow Jason R. , Dorr Brian S.
Published: January 2015

Colonial waterbirds have impacted forested island ecosystems throughout their breeding range, changing vegetation, and soil characteristics and bird communities. Our objectives were to (1) determine effects of three levels of colonial waterbird exclusion on overall vegetation diversity and growth, and survival of a candidate restoration species (black elderberry; Sambucus nigra canadensis); (2) investigate effects of different planting techniques on survival and growth of black elderberry; and (3) determine effects of waterbird colonization on soil chemistry. In 2012, we investigated effects of three levels of waterbird exclusion (none control plots [CON]; partial, which excluded waterbirds larger than gulls [PEX]; and full which excluded all waterbirds [FEX]) on bird use, existing vegetation growth and diversity, and survival of planted black elderberry on three islands in Door County, WI, Lake Michigan. In 2013, we evaluated survival of black elderberry established with four planting treatments within three waterbird exclusion treatments on two islands in 2013. We also compared soil chemistry characteristics between islands with and without nesting waterbirds for 2 years. Overall plant growth was greater in exclosures, but elderberry survival was similar among treatments. Soil replacement and weed suppression planting treatments did not affect survival, but generally increased overall elderberry biomass. Soil from nesting islands was more acidic and had greater nutrient concentrations than reference islands. Exclusion or removal of colonial nesting waterbirds from islands may improve overall vegetation growth, but successful restoration of woody vegetation may require significant soil manipulation and planting.