bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of polar organosulfates in secondary organic aerosol from the unsaturated aldehydes 2-E-pentenal, 2-E-hexenal, and 3-Z-hexenal
Authors: Shalamzari M. S. , Vermeylen R. , Blockhuys F. , Kleindienst T. E. , Lewandowski M. , Szmigielski R. , Rudzinski K. J. , Spólnik G. , Danikiewicz W. , Maenhaut W. , Claeys M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We show in the present study that the unsaturated aldehydes, 2-E-pentenal, 2-E-hexenal and 3-Z-hexenal, are biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) precursors for polar organosulfates with molecular weights (MWs) 230 and 214, which are also present in ambient fine aerosol from a forested site, i.e., K-puszta, Hungary. These results complement those obtained in a previous study showing that the green leaf aldehyde 3-Z-hexenal serves as a precursor for MW 226 organosulfates. Thus, in addition to isoprene, the green leaf volatiles 2-E-hexenal and 3-Z-hexenal, emitted due to plant stress (mechanical wounding or insect attack), and 2-E-pentenal, a photolysis product of 3-Z-hexenal, should be taken into account for secondary organic aerosol and organosulfate formation. Polar organosulfates are of climatic relevance because of their hydrophilic properties and cloud effects. Extensive use was made of organic mass spectrometry (MS) and detailed interpretation of MS data (i.e., ion trap MS and accurate mass measurements) to elucidate the chemical structures of the MW 230, 214 and 170 organosulfates formed from 2-E-pentenal and indirectly from 2-E-hexenal and 3-Z-hexenal. In addition, quantum chemical calculations were performed to explain the different mass spectral behavior of 2,3-dihydroxypentanoic acid sulfate derivatives, where only the isomer with the sulfate group at C-3 results in the loss of SO3. The MW 214 organosulfates formed from 2-E-pentenal are explained by epoxidation of the double bond in the gas phase and sulfation of the epoxy group with sulfuric acid in the particle phase through the same pathway as that proposed for 3-sulfoxy-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid from the isoprene-related α, β-unsaturated aldehyde methacrolein in previous work (Lin et al., 2013). The MW 230 organosulfates formed from 2-E-pentenal are tentatively explained by a novel pathway, which bears features of the latter pathway but introduces an additional hydroxyl group at the C-4 position. Evidence is also presented that the MW 214 positional isomer, 2-sulfooxy-3-hydroxypentanoic acid is unstable and decarboxylates, giving rise to 1-sulfooxy-2-hydroxybutane, a MW 170 organosulfate. Furthermore, evidence is obtained that lactic acid sulfate is generated from 2-E-pentenal.
A broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for aircraft measurements of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor
Authors: Min K.-E. , Washenfelder R. A. , Dubé W. P. , Langford A. O. , Edwards P. M. , Zarzana K. J. , Stutz J. , Lu K. , Rohrer F. , Zhang Y. , Brown S. S.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We describe a two-channel broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (BBCEAS) for aircraft measurements of glyoxal (CHOCHO), methylglyoxal (CH3COCHO), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and water (H2O). The instrument spans 361–389 and 438–468 nm, using two light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a grating spectrometer with a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. Robust performance is achieved using a custom optical mounting system, high power LEDs with electronic on/off modulation, state-of-the-art cavity mirrors, and materials that minimize analyte surface losses. We have successfully deployed this instrument during two aircraft and two ground-based field campaigns to date. The demonstrated precision (2σ) for retrievals of CHOCHO, HONO and NO2 are 34, 350 and 80 pptv in 5 s. The accuracy is 5.8, 9.0 and 5.0 % limited mainly by the available absorption cross sections.
Influence of wood density in tree-ring-based annual productivity assessments and its errors in Norway spruce
Authors: Bouriaud O. , Teodosiu M. , Kirdyanov A. V. , Wirth C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Estimations of tree annual biomass increments are used by a variety of studies related to forest productivity or carbon fluxes. Biomass increment estimations can be easily obtained from diameter surveys or historical diameter reconstructions based on tree rings' records. However, the biomass models rely on the assumption that wood density is constant. Converting volume increment into biomass also requires assumptions about the wood density. Wood density has been largely reported to vary both in time and between trees. In Norway spruce, wood density is known to increase with decreasing ring width. This could lead to underestimating the biomass or carbon deposition in bad years. The variations between trees of wood density have never been discussed but could also contribute to deviations. A modelling approach could attenuate these effects but will also generate errors. Here a model of wood density variations in Norway spruce, and an allometric model of volume growth were developed. We accounted for variations in wood density both between years and between trees, based on specific measurements. We compared the effects of neglecting each variation source on the estimations of annual biomass increment. We also assessed the errors of the biomass increment predictions at tree level, and of the annual productivity at plot level. Our results showed a partial compensation of the decrease in ring width in bad years by the increase in wood density. The underestimation of the biomass increment in those years reached 15 %. The errors related to the use of an allometric model of volume growth were modest, around ±15 %. The errors related to variations in wood density were much larger, the biggest component being the inter-tree variability. The errors in plot-level annual biomass productivity reached up to 40 %, with a full account of all the error sources.
Impacts of climate change on growth period and planting boundaries of winter wheat in China under RCP4.5 scenario
Authors: Sun Z. , Jia S. F. , Lv A. F. , Yang K. J. , Svensson J. , Gao Y. C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This paper advances understanding of the impacts of climate change on crops in China by moving from ex-post analysis to forecasting, and by demonstrating how the effects of climate change will affect the growth period and the planting boundaries of winter wheat. Using a multiple regression model based on agricultural meteorological observations and the IPCC AR5 GCMs simulations, we find that the sowing date of winter wheat in the base period, 2040s and 2070s, shows a gradually delayed trend from north to south and the growth period of winter wheat in China will be shortened under climate change. The simulation results also show that (i) the north planting boundaries of winter wheat in China will likely move northward and expand westward in the future, while the south planting boundary will rise and spread in south Hainan and Taiwan; and (ii) the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region will have the largest increases in planting areas in 2040s and 2070s. Our simulation implies that Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia are more sensitive to climate change than other regions in China and priority should be given to design adaptation strategies for winter wheat planting for these provinces.
InMAP: a new model for air pollution interventions
Authors: Tessum C. W. , Hill J. D. , Marshall J. D.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Mechanistic air pollution models are essential tools in air quality management. Widespread use of such models is hindered, however, by the extensive expertise or computational resources needed to run most models. Here, we present InMAP (Intervention Model for Air Pollution), which offers an alternative to comprehensive air quality models for estimating the air pollution health impacts of emission reductions and other potential interventions. InMAP estimates annual-average changes in primary and secondary fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations – the air pollution outcome generally causing the largest monetized health damages – attributable to annual changes in precursor emissions. InMAP leverages pre-processed physical and chemical information from the output of a state-of-the-science chemical transport model (WRF-Chem) within an Eulerian modeling framework, to perform simulations that are several orders of magnitude less computationally intensive than comprehensive model simulations. InMAP uses a variable resolution grid that focuses on human exposures by employing higher spatial resolution in urban areas and lower spatial resolution in rural and remote locations and in the upper atmosphere; and by directly calculating steady-state, annual average concentrations. In comparisons run here, InMAP recreates WRF-Chem predictions of changes in total PM2.5 concentrations with population-weighted mean fractional error (MFE) and bias (MFB) < 10 % and population-weighted R2 ~ 0.99. Among individual PM2.5 species, the best predictive performance is for primary PM2.5 (MFE: 16 %; MFB: 13 %) and the worst predictive performance is for particulate nitrate (MFE: 119 %; MFB: 106 %). Potential uses of InMAP include studying exposure, health, and environmental justice impacts of potential shifts in emissions for annual-average PM2.5. Features planned for future model releases include a larger spatial domain, more temporal information, and the ability to predict ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations. The InMAP model source code and input data are freely available online.
Modeling the diurnal cycle of conserved and reactive species in the convective boundary layer
Authors: Lenschow D. H. , Gurarie D. , Patton E. G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. We have developed a one-dimensional second-order closure numerical model to study the vertical turbulent transport of trace reactive species in the convective (daytime) planetary boundary layer (CBL), which we call the Second-Order Model for Conserved and Reactive Unsteady Scalars (SOMCRUS). The temporal variation of the CBL depth is calculated using a simple mixed-layer model with a constant entrainment coefficient and zero-order discontinuity at the CBL top. We then calculate time-varying continuous profiles of mean concentrations and vertical turbulent fluxes, variances, and covariances of both conserved and chemically-reactive scalars in a diurnally-varying CBL. The set of reactive species is the O3–NO–NO2 triad. The results for both conserved and reactive species are compared with large-eddy simulations (LES) for the same free-convection case using the same boundary and initial conditions. For the conserved species, we compare three cases with different combinations of surface fluxes, and CBL and free-troposphere concentrations. We find good agreement of SOMCRUS with LES for the mean concentrations and fluxes of both conserved and reactive species except near the CBL top, where SOMCRUS predicts a somewhat shallower depth, and has sharp transitions in both the mean and turbulence variables, in contrast to more smeared out variations in the LES due to horizontal averaging. Furthermore, SOMCRUS generally underestimates the variances and species-species covariances. SOMCRUS predicts temperature-species covariances similar to LES near the surface, but much smaller magnitude peak values near the CBL top, and a change in sign of the covariances very near the CBL top, while the LES predicts a change in sign of the covariances in the lower half of the CBL. SOMCRUS is also able to estimate the intensity of segregation (the ratio of the species-species covariance to the product of their means), which can alter the rates of second-order chemical reactions; however, for the case considered here, this effect is small. The simplicity and extensibility of SOMCRUS means that it can be utilized for a broad range of turbulence mixing scenarios and sets of chemical reactions in the planetary boundary layer; it therefore holds great promise as a tool to incorporate these processes within air quality and climate models.
Process verification of a hydrological model using a temporal parameter sensitivity analysis
Authors: Pfannerstill M. , Guse B. , Reusser D. , Fohrer N.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. To ensure reliable results of hydrological models, it is essential that the models reproduce the hydrological process dynamics adequately. Information about simulated process dynamics is provided by looking at the temporal sensitivities of the corresponding model parameters. For this, the temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity are analysed to identify the simulated hydrological processes. Based on these analyses it can be verified if the simulated hydrological processes match the observed processes of the real world. We present a framework that makes use of processes observed in a study catchment to verify simulated hydrological processes. Temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity of a hydrological model are interpreted to simulated hydrological processes and compared with observed hydrological processes of the study catchment. The results of the analysis show the appropriate simulation of all relevant hydrological processes in relation to processes observed in the catchment. Thus, we conclude that temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity are helpful for verifying simulated processes of hydrological models.
Parameter sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for a storm surge and wave model
Authors: Bastidas L. A. , Knighton J. , Kline S. W.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Development and simulation of synthetic hurricane tracks is a common methodology used to estimate hurricane hazards in the absence of empirical coastal surge and wave observations. Such methods typically rely on numerical models to translate stochastically generated hurricane wind and pressure forcing into coastal surge and wave estimates. The model output uncertainty associated with selection of appropriate model parameters must therefore be addressed. The computational overburden of probabilistic surge hazard estimates is exacerbated by the high dimensionality of numerical surge and wave models. We present a model parameter sensitivity analysis of the Delft3D model for the simulation of hazards posed by Hurricane Bob (1991) utilizing three theoretical wind distributions (NWS23, modified Rankine, and Holland). The sensitive model parameters (of eleven total considered) include wind drag, the depth-induced breaking γB, and the bottom roughness. Several parameters show no sensitivity (threshold depth, eddy viscosity, wave triad parameters and depth-induced breaking αB) and can therefore be excluded to reduce the computational overburden of probabilistic surge hazard estimates. The sensitive model parameters also demonstrate a large amount of interactions between parameters and a non-linear model response. While model outputs showed sensitivity to several parameters, the ability of these parameters to act as tuning parameters for calibration is somewhat limited as proper model calibration is strongly reliant on accurate wind and pressure forcing data. A comparison of the model performance with forcings from the different wind models is also presented.
Density structure and geometry of the Costa Rican subduction zone from 3-D gravity modeling and local earthquake data
Authors: Lücke O. H. , Arroyo I. G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The eastern part of the oceanic Cocos Plate presents a heterogeneous crustal structure due to diverse origins and ages as well as plate-hot spot interactions which originated the Cocos Ridge, a structure that converges with the Caribbean Plate in southeastern Costa Rica. The complex structure of the oceanic plate directly influences the dynamics and geometry of the subduction zone along the Middle American Trench. In this paper an integrated interpretation of the slab geometry in Costa Rica is presented based on 3-D density modeling of combined satellite and surface gravity data, constrained by available geophysical and geological data and seismological information obtained from local networks. The results show the continuation of steep subduction geometry from the Nicaraguan margin into northwestern Costa Rica, followed by a moderate dipping slab under the Central Cordillera toward the end of the Central American Volcanic Arc. Contrary to commonly assumed, to the southeast end of the volcanic arc, our preferred model shows a steep, coherent slab that extends up to the landward projection of the Panama Fracture Zone. Overall, a gradual change in the depth of the intraplate seismicity is observed, reaching 220 km in the northwestern part, and becoming progressively shallower toward the southeast, where it reaches a maximum depth of 75 km. The changes in the terminal depth of the observed seismicity correlate with the increased density in the modeled slab. The absence of intermediate depth (> 75 km) intraplate seismicity in the southeastern section and the higher densities for the subducted slab in this area, support a model in which dehydration reactions in the subducted slab cease at a shallower depth, originating an anhydrous and thus aseismic slab.
Modelos de modernización para el desarrollismo: el influjo de las propuestas estadounidenses en el Servicio de Extensión Agraria (1955-1975)
Authors: Díaz-Geada Alba , Lanero Táboas Daniel
Published: October 2015

Con este trabajo nos proponemos estudiar las políticas agrarias del franquismo y particularmente la creación y actuación del Servicio de Extensión Agraria (1955) en el contexto de la difusión de la Teoría de la Modernización. Comenzaremos con una contextualización de las relaciones culturales entre España y los EE.UU. y su potencial proyección sobre el ámbito rural. A continuación, prestaremos atención a la impronta del modelo extensionista norteamericano en la organización y metodología del Servicio de Extensión Agraria. Sin perder de vista la importancia de la escala estatal para la implementación y adaptación de las distintas políticas agrarias, atenderemos al contexto político e ideológico internacional como elemento que permite ampliar la comprensión y estudio de dichas políticas. En ese sentido, propondremos finalmente una primera aproximación comparativa al estudio del SEA en relación con diferentes experiencias de extensionismo agrario en Latinoamérica.
El demonio y la visión del “otro” en la primera parte de la Crónica del "Perú" (1553) de Pedro Cieza de León
Authors: De León Azcárate Juan Luis
Published: October 2015

Para muchos cronistas y misioneros españoles del siglo XVI que arribaron a lo que para ellos era un Nuevo Mundo, la figura del demonio se convirtió en un “comodín hermenéutico” para comprender la religión indígena. Pedro Cieza de León, soldado partícipe en la conquista del Perú, fue uno de ellos. En la primera parte de su Crónica del Perú, el demonio ocupa un gran protagonismo. Cieza considera al demonio responsable de las prácticas religiosas y costumbres más aberrantes de los indios, a quienes, no obstante, valora positivamente como hombres susceptibles de la salvación divina. Cieza, desde una perspectiva providencialista de la historia de la conquista, interpreta que la evangelización y conversión de los indios, unida a la implantación por la Corona española de la civilización cristiana, han logrado la derrota del demonio.
La controversia sobre la tributación de las mujeres recogidas en Filipinas a mediados del siglo XVIII. El caso del recogimiento de Santa Rita de Pásig
Authors: Manchado López Marta Mª
Published: October 2015

El presente trabajo está dedicado al recogimiento para indias y mestizas, establecido en el pueblo de Pásig en 1740, y a la disputa sobre la obligación del pago de tributos que afectaba a las mujeres recogidas o “beatas”. Fundación surgida al margen del Real Patronato, dicho recogimiento ejercía una enorme capacidad de atracción como lugar de reclusión voluntaria y casa de enseñanza. El contencioso sobre el pago del tributo sacaría a la luz recelos e intereses contrapuestos de las partes implicadas, al tiempo que evidenciaba el problema de fondo: la indefinición jurídica tradicional de este tipo de fundaciones en las islas. La solución que se le dio al problema (exención de tributos) se haría extensiva a otros centros similares de Filipinas. Este trabajo es, por tanto, una aportación al conocimiento del mundo de las mujeres en el archipiélago filipino, ámbito aún insuficientemente estudiado y de una gran complejidad. Se ha realizado a partir de documentación inédita del Archivo General de Indias.
Población y gobierno en el Buenos Aires colonial. Una aproximación al estudio sobre las tensiones generadas por el crecimiento demográfico en la ciudad (1740-1776)
Authors: Sidy Bettina Laura
Published: October 2015

Analizaremos aquí la relación entre población y gobierno, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, a partir de las tensiones generadas por el arribo de nuevos individuos, una elite local a cargo de los asuntos comunales con fuertes intereses en el comercio y unos funcionarios españoles que progresivamente se fueron haciendo del ideario propuesto por la dinastía borbónica, no obstante verse también implicados en las lógicas locales. Nos interesa observar cuál era la visión de los gobernadores respecto al desenvolvimiento cotidiano de la ciudad, cuáles sus preocupaciones e intereses y de qué modos fueron variando los dispositivos a los que apelaron para organizar la vida cotidiana en el período que va desde 1740 hasta 1776.
The Community Disease Prevention Behaviors in District Maros South Sulawesi Province
Authors: Herman Herman , Dirawan Gufran Darma , Yahya Muhammad , Taiyeb Mushawwir
Published: October 2015

The community diseases prevention behaviors assumed influenced by knowledge of infectious disease, hygiene and health knowledge, motivation and of behaviors aof disese prevention than influence by attitude prevention of infectious diseases. This study aimed to examine the effect of variable knowledge infectious disease, hygiene and health knowledge, motivation prevention of infectious diseases, an attitude towards the behavior of infectious disease prevention. The research was conducted in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province with a quantitative approach survey method, which uses the quesioner that measure all variables mentioned above. The population in this study is the district's communities sampled from the Turikale, Mandai and Bantimurung sub-District of 200 respondents. The Structural Equational Modeling (SEM) is used to assess significant relation between all variable. The results showed that infectious disease prevention knowledge, attitudes prevention of infectious diseases affect the community behavior of infectious disease prevention, while knowledge of hygiene and health, communicable disease prevention motivation does not affect the behavior of infectious disease prevention. These results, suggest that knowledge of hygiene and health and prevention of infectious diseases motivation of concern that the incidence of infectious diseases, especially pulmonary tuberculosis, dengue fever, and diarrhea in Maros is not increased.
The Academic Knowledge Management Model of Small Schools in Thailand
Authors: Tumtuma Chamnan , Chantarasombat Chalard , Yeamsang Theerawat
Published: October 2015

The Academic Knowledge Management Model of Small Schools in Thailand was created by research and development. The quantitative and qualitative data were collected via the following steps: a participatory workshop meeting, the formation of a team according to knowledge base, field study, brainstorming, group discussion, activities carried out according to knowledge, summarizing and revising the operation, organizing an exhibition to show the work results, and the creation of a website. The results showed that the subjects had knowledge of how to manage knowledge, became more academically capable, and were satisfied with knowledge management at the highest level.
Mechanism and Energetics of the Unique Spillover Effect Manifestation, Relevance to the Efficient Hydrogen Storage in Graphite Nanofibers
Authors: Nechaev Yury , Veziroglu T.
Published: October 2015

The “thermodynamic forces” and energetics of intercalation of H2 nanophase of a high density into carbon-based nanostructures are considered. The hydrogen self-compression effect, at the expense of the free energy of association of the penetrating hydrogen atoms to the “captured” hydrogen molecules, is shown. The mechanisms of the extraordinary manifestation of both the hydrogen spillover effect, and the Kurdjumov-like effect are discussed.
Parents’ Support and Achievement in a Mexican Elementary School: Child’s Perception and Parents’ Self-Evaluation
Authors: Bazán Aldo , Castellanos Doris
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the influence of family support on the academic performance of 131 fifth graders attending elementary school in Mexico. Perceptions of parental support were assessed using questionnaires administered to students and their parents regarding four components of support: 1) Assisting with homework; 2) Providing time and adequate space; 3) Communicating with teachers; and 4) Carrying out review and assessment activities. Children’s written language was assessed using an instrument linked to the curriculum. Following exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis, an instrument was obtained to measure written language with good convergent and divergent validity for three aspects of written language: ability to reflect on language, text production, and vocabulary communication. Results support the hypothesis that the written language achievement of fifth graders is largely explained by the family support made available to them.
Prosecuting Aggression Domestically while Respecting the Principle of ‘Sovereign Equality’ – A Scottish Model
Authors: Manson Robert
Published: October 2015

Options or approaches for dealing with the problem of respecting the principle of ‘sovereign equality’ whilst conducting a domestic prosecution of an individual for participation in the commission of a crime of aggression, where the ‘prosecuting state’ is not itself also the state accused of committing the associated ‘state act’ of aggression. Followed by an examination of the specific issues raised in the model case of domestic statutory incorporation in Scotland, a process with which the author is currently engaged.
Political Corruption and the Future of Nigerian Politics
Authors: Oyekunle Adegboyega O.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of political corruption on the Nigerian society. It examines the future of the political status of Nigeria given the present experiences in the polity. The paper employs the analytic and critical method of philosophy, with a view to showing the influence of Machiavelli’s political philosophy on the Nigerian political elites. The central argument of this paper is that the interpretation of politics in the Machiavellian way, its adoption and practice by Nigerian political elites stand as the root cause of political corruption in the country.
Fuel Subsidies, the Oil Market and the World Economy
Authors: Balke Nathan S. , Plante Michael , Yücel Mine
Published: October 2015

This paper studies the effects of oil producing countries’ fuel subsidies on the oil market and the world economy. We identify 24 oil-producing countries with fuel subsidies with retail fuel prices that are about 34 percent of the world price. We construct a two-country model where one country represents the oil-exporting subsidizers and the second the oil-importing bloc, and calibrate the model to match recent data. We find that the removal of subsidies would reduce the world price of oil by six percent. The removal of subsidies is unambiguously welfare enhancing for the oil-importing countries. Removal of subsidies is welfare improving for the oil-exporting countries as well, in the baseline calibration. However, the optimal subsidy from the point of view of oil exporters is not zero, in general.
Price Regulation and the Incentives to Pursue Energy Efficiency by Minimizing Network Losses
Authors: Dutra Joisa , Menezes Flavio M. , Zheng Xuemei
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the incentives embedded in different regulatory regimes for investment by utilities in energy efficiency programs that aim to reduce network losses. In our model, a monopolist chooses whether to undertake an investment in energy efficiency, which is not observable by the regulator. We show that, in equilibrium, the monopolist chooses to exert positive effort more often under price cap regulation than under no regulation or mandated target regulation and that she exerts no effort under rate of return regulation. This result contrasts with an extensive literature that focuses on end-user energy conservation and shows that price caps are ineffective for achieving energy efficiency as utilities have an incentive to maximize sales volume. Thus, policies that are designed to promote demand-side energy conservation may diminish the utilities’ incentives to pursue supply-side energy efficiency through minimizing network losses.
The Case of the Disappearing E-Book: Academic Libraries and Subscription Packages
Authors: Georgas Helen
Published: October 2015

One of the standard models for e-book licensing in academic libraries is the subscription package. This study is a one-year analysis of “disappeared” titles from ebrary’s Academic Complete™ collection. During 2013, 3462 titles were deleted. Deleted titles were mainly recent publications (published within the last ten years), with a high number of deletions within the broad subject areas of the social sciences (H), language and literature (P), and history (C, D, E, F). Deleted titles were evenly divided between monographs published by popular presses, and monographs published by scholarly or university presses. It is recommended that deleted titles be closely monitored by subject librarians. Efficient library processes for handling deleted titles must also be implemented. Implications for libraries of changing e-book content are also discussed.
Changes in Reference Question Complexity Following the Implementation of a Proactive Chat System: Implications for Practice
Authors: Maloney Krisellen , Kemp Jan H.
Published: October 2015

There has been longstanding debate about whether the level of complexity of questions received at reference desks and via online chat services requires a librarian’s expertise. Continued decreases in the number and complexity of reference questions have all but ended the debate; many academic libraries no longer staff service points with professional librarians. However, convenient, proactive online chat services could reverse the trends. This paper provides results of a study of reference question complexity following implementation of a proactive chat service. The study reveals changes in the complexity of chat questions that may have implications for staffing online reference services.
Subcutaneous Transplantation of Neural Precursor Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Reduces Chemotactic Signals in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Ravanidis Stylianos , Poulatsidou Kyriaki Nepheli , Lagoudaki Roza , Touloumi Olga , Polyzoidou Elena , Lourbopoulos Athanasios , Nousiopoulou Evangelia , Theotokis Paschalis , Kesidou Evangelia , Tsalikakis Dimitrios , Karacostas Dimitrios , Grigoriou Maria , Chlichlia Katerina , Grigoriadis Nikolaos
Published: October 2015

Neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation has been proposed as a therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) and other degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). NPCs are suggested to exert immune modulation when they are transplanted in the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Herein, we explore whether the effect of NPC transplantation on the clinical course and the pathological features of EAE is combined with the modulation of chemokines levels expressed in the inflamed CNS. NPCs were isolated from brains of neonatal C57/Bl6 mice and were subcutaneously administered in female mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE. Clinical signs of the disease and transcript analysis of the CNS in the acute phase were performed. In addition, the presence of inflammatory components in the spinal cord was evaluated and ex vivo proliferation of lymphocytes was measured. NPC recipients exhibited ameliorated clinical outcome and less pronounced pathological features in their spinal cord. Downregulation of chemokine mRNA levels throughout the CNS was correlated with diminished Mac-3-, CD3-, and CD4-positive cells and reduced expression levels of antigen-presenting molecules in the spinal cord. Moreover, NPC transplantation resulted in lymphocyte-related, although not splenocyte-related, peripheral immunosuppression. We conclude that NPCs ameliorated EAE potentially by modulating the levels of chemokines expressed in the inflamed CNS, thus resulting in the impaired recruitment of immune cells. These findings further contribute to the better understanding of NPCs' immunomodulatory properties in neuroinflammatory disorders, and may lead to faster translation into potential clinical use.

Significance

Endogenous neural precursor cells of the central nervous system are able to migrate and differentiate toward mature cells to repair an injury. There is increasing evidence that autologous transplantation of these cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of multiple sclerosis, may have a beneficial effect on the disease process. Several mechanisms have been proposed—among them, the potentiation of endogenous precursor cell differentiation of the central nervous system and the modulation of demyelinating and neurodegenerative immune-mediated processes. This article provides evidence of interference in immune signaling within the central nervous system as a potential mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory properties of transplanted neural precursor cells.
Fish pepsin: basic characteristics, extraction, determination and biotechnological applications
Authors: Oliveira Vagne De Melo , Bezerra Ranilson De Souza , Assis Caio Rodrigo Dias
Published: October 2015

Enzyme technology has been employed in various segments of the industry, food production and consumer goods. Fish viscera are potential sources of proteins with enzymatic properties appreciable in this market. Among them, pepsin (EC 3.4.23.x) deserves special attention. The active enzyme has at least five isoforms which are precursor groups of pepsins type: A, B, and F, gastricsin and chymosin. Their zymogen (pepsinogen) is activated by autocatalysis at acidic pH in stomach. Hemoglobin is their specific substrate. Features like optimal pH and temperature vary according to species and even within the same species may be found different values. The molecular weight also varies according to species and is generally between 25 and 35 kDa. The protocols for extraction and determination of pepsin fish follow a line of standardization, varying concentrations of analysis. These data are basic steps to detect the presence of the enzyme targeting a future purification process for its effective biotechnological applications.
Ingestão de lixo por sapo (Rhinella sp.)
Authors: Rodrigues Fernanda Meneses , Pereira Ubatã Corrêa , Pereira Ana Carolina Trompieri Silveira , Guimarães Juliana Plácido
Published: October 2015

Diariamente, milhões de toneladas de lixo são lançadas no ambiente, colocando em risco o equilíbrio da natureza. O despejo de detritos no ambiente é considerado como uma das principais ameaças à vida silvestre em todo o mundo, estando relacionada como potencial fator de impacto para muitas espécies de aves e tartarugas marinhas e mamíferos aquáticos, os quais vem sofrendo com a poluição e ingestão acidental. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a ingestão de lixo plástico por um sapo do gênero Rhinella encontrado morto em bom estado de conservação na capital de Sergipe, Brasil. Durante a necropsia, observou-se que o animal apresentava pele íntegra e bom estado nutricional. Os órgãos da cavidade celomática apresentavam-se em sua topografia normal e, com exceção do estômago, sem alterações. O compartimento gástrico do anfíbio apresentava-se dilatado e, durante a palpação, notou-se a presença de conteúdo gástrico de aspecto folhoso. Após a sua abertura, foi identificada a presença de corpo estranho - material plástico correspondente a embalagens de balas. Até o momento, não há relatos de ingestão de lixo plástico por anfíbios no Brasil. A obstrução do trato digestivo pode desencadear um processo inflamatório, resultando na perda de apetite, caquexia, debilidade acentuada, podendo chegar ao óbito. Para que o problema do lixo no ambiente seja reduzido, é necessária a realização de campanhas educacionais voltadas para a orientação e educação da população sobre o impacto do lixo no equilíbrio ambiental.
Filopodial dynamics and growth cone stabilization in Drosophila visual circuit development
Authors: Özel Mehmet Neset , Langen Marion , Hassan Bassem A , Hiesinger P Robin
Published: October 2015

Filopodial dynamics are thought to control growth cone guidance, but the types and roles of growth cone dynamics underlying neural circuit assembly in a living brain are largely unknown. To address this issue, we have developed long-term, continuous, fast and high-resolution imaging of growth cone dynamics from axon growth to synapse formation in cultured Drosophila brains. Using R7 photoreceptor neurons as a model we show that >90% of the growth cone filopodia exhibit fast, stochastic dynamics that persist despite ongoing stepwise layer formation. Correspondingly, R7 growth cones stabilize early and change their final position by passive dislocation. N-Cadherin controls both fast filopodial dynamics and growth cone stabilization. Surprisingly, loss of N-Cadherin causes no primary targeting defects, but destabilizes R7 growth cones to jump between correct and incorrect layers. Hence, growth cone dynamics can influence wiring specificity without a direct role in target recognition and implement simple rules during circuit assembly.
Pitesamisk grammatik - en jämförande studie med lulesamiska
Authors: Sjaggo Ann-Charlotte
Published: October 2015

The grammar book Pitesaami Grammar, a study in comparison to Lulesaami has been developed in the period 2011-2014 within the project "From coast to coast", which focuses on the encounters, environment and migration within the Pitesaami area on the Norwegian and Swedish sides of the border. The focus of the project has among other things been the comparative study between the Pite- and Lulesaami languages, aiming to produce a descriptive grammar of the Pitesaami, the result of which is this book. The Pitesaami – one of many varieties, or dialects, of the Saami language – is spoken today in the area of Arjeplog by only forty or so speakers. Pitesaami is a threatened language without any officially accepted orthography, but a proposed and well-functioning one exists today, very similar to the Lulesaami orthography and used in this study. The Pitesaami language, as well as Lulesaami, is characterized by consonant gradation. In addition, in inflected and conjugated words, even the vowels change according to specific rules presented in this study. Like other Saami dialects, Pitesaami is rich in forms but also very regular. There are nine personal forms within the verbal paradigm. Three of them, the dual forms (us two, you two, those two), are a rarity among current languages. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals are inflected into nine different cases. This study explains all these phenomena and clarifies the structure and grammatical rules of the Pite- and Lulesaami. This grammar aims to assist those who want to learn the language and should be regarded as part of a revitalization process. Combined with dictionaries, texts, sound-recordings and living speakers, this grammar will enable you to understand the construction of the language, so you can start practicing both to speak and write it.

Good luck with your Saami studies!
Radiation response of silicon carbide metal–oxide–semiconductor transistors in high dose region
Authors: Ohshima Takeshi , Yokoseki Takashi , Murata Koichi , Matsuda Takuma , Mitomo Satoshi , Abe Hiroshi , Makino Takahiro , Onoda Shinobu , Hijikata Yasuto , Tanaka Yuki , Kandori Mikio , Okubo Shuichi , Yoshie Toru
Published: October 2015

Radiation response of vertical structure hexagonal (4H) silicon carbide (SiC) power metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) was investigated up to 5.8 MGy. The drain current–gate voltage curves for the MOSFETs shifted from positive to negative voltages due to irradiation. However, the drain current–gate voltage curve shifts for the MOSFETs irradiated at 150 °C was smaller than those irradiated at room temperature. Thus, the shift of threshold voltage due to irradiation was suppressed by irradiation at 150 °C. No significant change or slight decrease in subthreshold voltage swing for the MOSFETs irradiated at 150 °C was observed. The value of channel mobility increased due to irradiation, and the increase was enhanced by irradiation at 150 °C comparing to irradiation at RT.
Overexpression of IFITM3 predicts the high risk of lymphatic metastatic recurrence in pN0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy
Authors: Jia Yang , Zhang Miao , Jiang Wenpeng , Zhang Zhiping , Huang Shiting , Wang Zhou
Published: October 2015

Background.Recent studies have shown that the aberrant expression of IFITM3 is implicated in the lymph node metastasis of many malignancies. Our research aimed to investigate the expression of IFITM3 in pathological N0 (pN0) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its relationship with lymph node metastatic recurrence.

Methods.Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to examine the expression profile of IFITM3 in 104 pairs of samples. Each pair consisted of ESCC tissue and its adjacent normal mucosa (ANM). This aberrant expression was verified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with 20 tumor specimens with strong immunostaining and their mucosal tissues. In addition, 20 samples of low expression tissues and their ANMs were evaluated. Moreover, the correlations between the IFITM3 expression level and the clinicopathological variables, recurrence risk and overall survival (OS) of patients were analyzed.

Results.Both IHC and RT-PCR demonstrated that the IFITM3 expression level was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in ANM. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation of IFITM3 expression with the T status of esophageal cancer (p= 0.015). In addition, IFITM3 overexpression was demonstrated to be not only an important risk factor of lymphatic metastatic recurrence but a significant prognostic factor in pN0 ESCC (p< 0.005).

Conclusions.Even pN0 ESCC patients will still experience lymphatic metastatic recurrence. The IFITM3 gene could be a predictor of lymphatic metastatic recurrence in pN0 ESCC after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy.
Genetic models reveal historical patterns of sea lamprey population fluctuations within Lake Champlain
Authors: D’Aloia Cassidy C. , Azodi Christina B. , Sheldon Sallie P. , Trombulak Stephen C. , Ardren William R.
Published: October 2015

The origin of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Lake Champlain has been heavily debated over the past decade. Given the lack of historical documentation, two competing hypotheses have emerged in the literature. First, it has been argued that the relatively recent population size increase and concomitant rise in wounding rates on prey populations are indicative of an invasive population that entered the lake through the Champlain Canal. Second, recent genetic evidence suggests a post-glacial colonization at the end of the Pleistocene, approximately 11,000 years ago. One limitation to resolving the origin of sea lamprey in Lake Champlain is a lack of historical and current measures of population size. In this study, the issue of population size was explicitly addressed using nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers to estimate historical demography with genetic models. Haplotype network analysis, mismatch analysis, and summary statistics based on mtDNA noncoding sequences for NCI (479 bp) and NCII (173 bp) all indicate a recent population expansion. Coalescent models based on mtDNA and nDNA identified two potential demographic events: a population decline followed by a very recent population expansion. The decline in effective population size may correlate with land-use and fishing pressure changes post-European settlement, while the recent expansion may be associated with the implementation of the salmonid stocking program in the 1970s. These results are most consistent with the hypothesis that sea lamprey are native to Lake Champlain; however, the credibility intervals around parameter estimates demonstrate that there is uncertainty regarding the magnitude and timing of past demographic events.
The association between negative attention biases and symptoms of depression in a community sample of adolescents
Authors: Platt Belinda , Murphy Susannah E. , Lau Jennifer Y.F.
Published: October 2015

Adolescence is a vulnerable time for the onset of depression. Recent evidence from adult studies suggests not only that negative attention biases are correlated with symptoms of depression, but that reducing negative attention biases through training can in turn reduce symptomology. The role and plasticity of attention biases in adolescent depression, however, remains unclear. This study examines the association between symptoms of depression and attention biases, and whether such biases are modifiable, in a community sample of adolescents. We report data from 105 adolescents aged 13–17 who completed a dot-probe measure of attention bias before and after a single session of visual search-based cognitive bias modification training. This is the first study to find a significant association between negative attention biases and increased symptoms of depression in a community sample of adolescents. Contrary to expectations, we were unable to manipulate attention biases using a previously successful cognitive bias modification task. There were no significant effects of the training on positive affect and only modest effects of the training, identified in post-hoc analyses, were observed on negative affect. Our data replicate those from the adult literature, which suggest that adolescent depression is a disorder associated with negative attention biases, although we were unable to modify attention biases in our study. We identify numerous parameters of our methodology which may explain these null training effects, and which could be addressed in future cognitive bias modification studies of adolescent depression.