bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of local people's attitude toward conservation and the consequential effects on illegal resource harvesting in the protected areas of Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Authors: LEE TIEN MING , SODHI NAVJOT S. , PRAWIRADILAGA DEWI M.
Published: November 2009

The exploitation of tropical forest resources is a key driver of the current biodiversity crisis, and it is pivotal to understand human attitudes toward conservation and resource harvesting. This paper investigates effects of interactions, perceptions of protected areas (PAs) and sociodemographic variables on conservation attitudes, and the correlates of illegal resource extraction among 660 households from 33 villages bordering eight PAs on Sulawesi (Indonesia). Mixed-effect multiple regression analyses showed that the most important predictors of the support for PAs included the degree of involvement in management, presence/absence of PA-human conflict, perceived sustainability of forest resources and length of residency in Sulawesi. Notably, active participation in community management by transmigrants and the reconciliation of land-rights conflicts for natives may promote favourable conservation attitudes. Ordination and correlation analyses also revealed that the extent of illegal resource harvesting activities, such as hunting and logging, were significantly influenced by a negative conservation attitude and past conflict with PA establishment. Garnering support for PAs through conservation education and resolving land-rights disputes could potentially alleviate illegal resource extraction. The disparity in resource extraction patterns among the villages across all PAs confirms the importance of adopting site-specific conservation strategies that may make PAs across the biologically unique yet critically threatened Indonesian Archipelago more effective.
Limited potential to recover from overfishing raises concerns for deep-sea sharks, rays and chimaeras
Authors: SIMPFENDORFER COLIN A. , KYNE PETER M.
Published: November 2009

As global fishing effort increasingly expands into deeper water, concerns exist over the ability of deep-sea fishes to sustain fisheries. There is however little quantitative evidence to support these concerns for the deep-sea cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes: sharks, rays and chimaeras). This paper compiled available life history data for this group to analyse their ability to rebound from population declines relative to continental shelf and pelagic species. Deep-sea cartilaginous fishes have rates of population increase that are on average less than half those of shelf and pelagic species, and include the lowest levels observed to date. Population doubling times indicate that once a stock has been depleted, it will take decades, and potentially centuries, before it will recover. Furthermore, population recovery rates decrease with increasing depth, suggesting species that occur deepest are those most vulnerable to fishing. These results provide the first assessment of the productivity of deep-sea chondrichthyans, highlighting that precautionary management of developing deep-sea fisheries is essential if stocks and biodiversity are to be maintained.
A systematic review of the effect of breakfast on the cognitive performance of children and adolescents
Authors: Hoyland Alexa , Dye Louise , Lawton Clare L.
Published: November 2009

Breakfast is recommended as part of a healthy diet because it is associated with healthier macro- and micronutrient intakes, BMI and lifestyle. Breakfast is also widely promoted to improve cognitive function and academic performance, leading to the provision of breakfast initiatives by public health bodies. Despite this positive and intuitive perception of cognitive benefits, there has been no systematic review of the evidence. Systematic review methodology was employed to evaluate the effects of breakfast on cognitive performance in well-nourished children and nutritionally at-risk or stunted children. Acute experimental studies, school feeding programmes and studies of habitual breakfast intake are reviewed. Comparisons of breakfastv.no breakfast and breakfasts differing in energy and macronutrient composition are discussed. Included are forty-five studies described in forty-one papers published between 1950 and 2008. The evidence indicates that breakfast consumption is more beneficial than skipping breakfast, but this effect is more apparent in children whose nutritional status is compromised. There is a lack of research comparing breakfast type, precluding recommendations for the size and composition of an optimal breakfast for children's cognitive function. Few studies examined adolescents. Studies of school breakfast programmes suggest that such interventions can have positive effects on academic performance, but this may be in part explained by the increased school attendance that programmes encourage. The present systematic review considers methodological issues in this field and makes recommendations for future research design and policy priorities.
Connexin-26 mutations in deafness and skin disease
Authors: Lee Jack R. , White Thomas W.
Published: November 2009

Gap junctions allow the exchange of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells through intercellular channels formed by connexin proteins, which can also form functional hemichannels in nonjunctional membranes. Mutations in connexin genes cause a variety of human diseases. For example, mutations inGJB2, the gene encoding connexin-26 (Cx26), are not only a major cause of nonsyndromic deafness, but also cause syndromic deafness associated with skin disorders such as palmoplantar keratoderma, keratitis–ichthyosis deafness syndrome, Vohwinkel syndrome, hystrix–ichthyosis deafness syndrome and Bart–Pumphrey syndrome. The most common mutation in the Cx26 gene linked to nonsyndromic deafness is 35ΔG, a frameshift mutation leading to an early stop codon. The large number of deaf individuals homozygous for 35ΔG do not develop skin disease. Similarly, there is abundant experimental evidence to suggest that other Cx26 loss-of-function mutations cause deafness, but not skin disease. By contrast, Cx26 mutations that cause both skin diseases and deafness are all single amino acid changes. Since nonsyndromic deafness is predominantly a loss-of-function disorder, it follows that the syndromic mutants must show an alteration, or gain, of function to cause skin disease. Here, we summarise the functional consequences and clinical phenotypes resulting from Cx26 mutations that cause deafness and skin disease.
Kinship, Islam, or Oil: Culprits of Gender Inequality?
Authors: Charrad Mounira M.
Published: November 2009

Gender inequality in the Muslim world has become the object of high drama on the international scene. Ghostlike images of women wrapped in burqas and begging in the streets of Afghan cities swept television screens in the United States following 9/11. The number of articles on Muslim women in English newspapers has increased exponentially in the last few years. Although the popular press and the media continue to emphasize seclusion and subordination in their description of Muslim women, scholars have written extensively and persuasively to debunk the myth of the Muslim woman as a victim, passively suffering the subordination imposed on her. Starting in the 1970s and continuing to the present, a rich literature has argued that as elsewhere in the world, Muslim women have not only resisted subordination but have actively shaped their own destiny (e.g., work by Leila Ahmed [1992], Nadje Al-Ali and Nicola Pratt [2008, 2009], Elizabeth Fernea [1998], Nikki Keddie [2002, 2007, 2008], and Fatima Sadiqi and Moha Ennaji [forthcoming]).
Petroleum Patriarchy? A Response to Ross
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: November 2009

The notion of a “resource curse” has been most commonly applied in explaining why many countries apparently blessed with abundant reserves of nonrenewable mineral resources, such as Nigerian oil, Democratic Republic of Congo gold, or Sierra Leone diamonds, in fact, are commonly blighted with less transparency and probity, economic stability, economic diversification, social equality, and investment in human capital. In these conditions, the heightened danger of state capture and rent seeking by ruling elites generate poorer prospects for the transition from autocracy and the consolidation of stable democracies (Auty 1993; Boix 2003; Dunning 2008; Jensen and Wantchekon 2004; Ross 2001). Lootable mineral resources, in particular, are thought to make a country particularly vulnerable to civil war, insurgency, and rebellion (Collier and Sambanis 2005; Humphreys 2005; Ross 2004, 2006; Snyder 2006).
Comparative Political Economy, Gender, and Labor Markets
Authors: Caraway Teri L.
Published: November 2009

The publication in 2008 of Michael Ross's “Oil, Islam, and Women” by the discipline's flagship journal, the American Political Science Review, is a welcome development. It is the first empirical work with a primary focus on gender and political economy ever published in the journal and portends well for the development of research that focuses on such questions. My essay has two foci. The first is a critical engagement with Ross's analysis of why oil production negatively affects women's employment prospects. The second is how to further develop the study of gender in the comparative political economy of labor markets.
Channel water balance and exchange with subsurface flow along a mountain headwater stream in Montana, United States
Authors: Payn R. A. , Gooseff M. N. , McGlynn B. L. , Bencala K. E. , Wondzell S. M.
Published: November 2009

Channel water balances of contiguous reaches along streams represent a poorly understood scale of stream‐subsurface interaction. We measured reach water balances along a headwater stream in Montana, United States, during summer base flow recessions. Reach water balances were estimated from series of tracer tests in 13 consecutive reaches delineated evenly along a 2.6 km valley segment. For each reach, we estimated net change in discharge, gross hydrologic loss, and gross hydrologic gain from tracer dilution and mass recovery. Four series of tracer tests were performed during relatively high, intermediate, and low base flow conditions. The relative distribution of channel water along the stream was strongly related to a transition in valley structure, with a general increase in gross losses through the recession. During tracer tests at intermediate and low flows, there were frequent substantial losses of tracer mass (>10%) that could not be explained by net loss in flow over the reach, indicating that many of the study reaches were concurrently losing and gaining water. For example, one reach with little net change in discharge exchanged nearly 20% of upstream flow with gains and losses along the reach. These substantial bidirectional exchanges suggest that some channel interactions with subsurface flow paths were not measurable by net change in flow or transient storage of recovered tracer. Understanding bidirectional channel water balances in stream reaches along valleys is critical to an accurate assessment of stream solute fate and transport and to a full assessment of exchanges between the stream channel and surrounding subsurface.
Detecting the development of active lava flow fields with a very‐long‐range terrestrial laser scanner and thermal imagery
Authors: James M. R. , Pinkerton H. , Applegarth L. J.
Published: November 2009

Regular topographic surveys of active lava flows could provide significant insight into the development of flow fields, but data of sufficient accuracy, spatial extent and repeat frequency to quantify the processes involved have yet to be acquired. Here, we report results from the use of a new very‐long‐range terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) on active lavas at Mount Etna, Sicily. The scanner proved capable of providing useful topographic data from volcanic terrain at ranges up to ∼3500 m, with laser returns from ash‐covered slopes as well as from lava. Despite very low effusion rates (<1 m3s−1), topographic changes associated with the emplacement and inflation of new flows and the inflation of a tumulus were detected. Irregular data spacing resulting from oblique views makes the interpretation of laser‐derived digital elevation models alone difficult, but fusing topographic data with thermal images allows active flow features to be clearly visualized.
Satellite observations indicate rapid warming trend for lakes in California and Nevada
Authors: Schneider P. , Hook S. J. , Radocinski R. G. , Corlett G. K. , Hulley G. C. , Schladow S. G. , Steissberg T. E.
Published: November 2009

Large lake temperatures are excellent indicators of climate change; however, their usefulness is limited by the paucity of in situ measurements and lack of long‐term data records. Thermal infrared satellite imagery has the potential to provide frequent and accurate retrievals of lake surface temperatures spanning several decades on a global scale. Analysis of seventeen years of data from the Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer series of sensors and data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer shows that six lakes situated in California and Nevada have exhibited average summer nighttime warming trends of 0.11 ± 0.02°C yr−1 (p < 0.002) since 1992. A comparison with air temperature observations suggests that the lake surface temperature is warming approximately twice as fast as the average minimum surface air temperature.
Summer monsoon moisture variability over China and Mongolia during the past four centuries
Authors: Li Jinbao , Cook Edward R. , Chen Fahu , Davi Nicole , D'Arrigo Rosanne , Gou Xiaohua , Wright Wiliam E. , Fang Keyan , Jin Liya , Shi Jiangfeng , Yang Tao
Published: November 2009

A great impediment of Asian monsoon (AM) climate studies is the general lack of long‐term observations of large‐scale monsoon variability. Here we present a well‐verified reconstruction of temporal changes in the dominant summer moisture pattern over China and Mongolia (CM), based on a network of tree‐ring chronologies (1600–1991). The reconstruction reveals significant changes in the large‐scale AM over the past four centuries, which coincide with dramatic episodes in Chinese history over the period of record. These episodes include the fall of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1644) and the catastrophic famine during China's Great Leap Forward (1958–1961). Overall, the reconstructed AM strength corresponds well with Northern Hemisphere temperature proxies over the past four centuries. Yet, this relationship has broken down in recent decades, raising the possibility that the major driving force of monsoon dynamics has shifted from natural to anthropogenic in nature.
Probing into regional O3 and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 2. An examination of formation mechanisms through a process analysis technique and sensitivity study
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wen Xin‐Yu , Wang Kai , Vijayaraghavan Krish , Jacobson Mark Z.
Published: November 2009

Following a comprehensive model evaluation in part 1, this part 2 paper describes results from 1 year process analysis and a number of sensitivity simulations using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system aimed to understand the formation mechanisms of O3 and PM2.5, their impacts on global environment, and implications for pollution control policies. Process analyses show that the most influential processes for O3 in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are vertical and horizontal transport, gas‐phase chemistry, and dry deposition and those for PM2.5 are primary PM emissions, horizontal transport, PM processes, and cloud processes. Exports of O3 and Ox from the U.S. PBL to free troposphere occur primarily in summer and at a rate of 0.16 and 0.65 Gmoles day−1, respectively. In contrast, export of PM2.5 is found to occur during all seasons and at rates of 25.68–34.18 Ggrams day−1, indicating a need to monitor and control PM2.5 throughout the year. Among nine photochemical indicators examined, the most robust include PH2O2/PHNO3, HCHO/NOy, and HCHO/NOz in winter and summer, H2O2/(O3 + NO2) in winter, and NOy in summer. They indicate a VOC‐limited O3 chemistry in most areas in winter, but a NOx‐limited O3 chemistry in most areas except for major cities in April–November, providing a rationale for nationwide NOx emission control and integrated control of NOx and VOCs emissions for large cities during high O3 seasons (May–September). For sensitivity of PM2.5 to its precursors, the adjusted gas ratio provides a more robust indicator than that without adjustment, especially for areas with insufficient sulfate neutralization in winter. NH4NO3 can be formed in most of the domain. Integrated control of emissions of PM precursors such as SO2, NOx, and NH3 are necessary for PM2.5 attainment. Among four types of VOCs examined, O3 formation is primarily affected by isoprene and low molecular weight anthropogenic VOCs, and PM2.5 formation is affected largely by terpenes and isoprene. Under future emission scenarios, surface O3 may increase in summer; surface PM2.5 may increase or decrease. With 0.71°C increase in future surface temperatures in summer, surface O3 may increase in most of the domain and surface PM2.5 may decrease in the eastern U.S. but increase in the western U.S.
Aeolian dunes as ground truth for atmospheric modeling on Mars
Authors: Hayward Rosalyn K. , Titus Timothy N. , Michaels Timothy I. , Fenton Lori K. , Colaprete Anthony , Christensen Philip R.
Published: November 2009

Martian aeolian dunes preserve a record of atmosphere/surface interaction on a variety of scales, serving as ground truth for both Global Climate Models (GCMs) and mesoscale climate models, such as the Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS). We hypothesize that the location of dune fields, expressed globally by geographic distribution and locally by dune centroid azimuth (DCA), may record the long‐term integration of atmospheric activity across a broad area, preserving GCM‐scale atmospheric trends. In contrast, individual dune morphology, as expressed in slipface orientation (SF), may be more sensitive to localized variations in circulation, preserving topographically controlled mesoscale trends. We test this hypothesis by comparing the geographic distribution, DCA, and SF of dunes with output from the Ames Mars GCM and, at a local study site, with output from MRAMS. When compared to the GCM: 1) dunes generally lie adjacent to areas with strongest winds, 2) DCA agrees fairly well with GCM modeled wind directions in smooth‐floored craters, and 3) SF does not agree well with GCM modeled wind directions. When compared to MRAMS modeled winds at our study site: 1) DCA generally coincides with the part of the crater where modeled mean winds are weak, and 2) SFs are consistent with some weak, topographically influenced modeled winds. We conclude that: 1) geographic distribution may be valuable as ground truth for GCMs, 2) DCA may be useful as ground truth for both GCM and mesoscale models, and 3) SF may be useful as ground truth for mesoscale models.
Whiteflies interfere with indirect plant defense against spider mites in Lima bean
Authors: Zhang Peng-Jun , Zheng Si-Jun , van Loon Joop J. A. , Boland Wilhelm , David Anja , Mumm Roland , Dicke Marcel
Published: November 2009

Plants under herbivore attack are able to initiate indirect defense by synthesizing and releasing complex blends of volatiles that attract natural enemies of the herbivore. However, little is known about how plants respond to infestation by multiple herbivores, particularly if these belong to different feeding guilds. Here, we report the interference by a phloem-feeding insect, the whitefly
Bemisia tabaci
, with indirect plant defenses induced by spider mites (
Tetranychus urticae
) in Lima bean (
Phaseolus lunatus
) plants. Additional whitefly infestation of spider-mite infested plants resulted in a reduced attraction of predatory mites (
Phytoseiulus persimilis
) compared to attraction to plants infested by spider mites only. This interference is shown to result from the reduction in (
E
)-β-ocimene emission from plants infested by both spider mites and whiteflies. When using exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application to mimic
B. tabaci
infestation, we observed similar results in behavioral and chemical analyses. Phytohormone and gene-expression analyses revealed that
B. tabaci
infestation, as well as SA application, inhibited spider mite-induced jasmonic acid (JA) production and reduced the expression of two JA-regulated genes, one of which encodes for the
P. lunatus
enzyme β-ocimene synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of (
E
)-β-ocimene. Remarkably,
B. tabaci
infestation concurrently inhibited SA production induced by spider mites. We therefore conclude that in dual-infested Lima bean plants the suppression of the JA signaling pathway by whitefly feeding is not due to enhanced SA levels.
From past to future agricultural expertise in Africa: Jola women of Senegal expand market-gardening
Authors: Linares Olga F.
Published: November 2009

Jola women farmers in the Casamance region of southern Senegal use their “traditional” knowledge and farming skills to shift crop repertoires and techniques so as to embark on market-gardening, thus innovating in response to new needs and perceived opportunities. The argument is relevant to present-day concerns about regional food systems and the role of women in securing an income and providing extra food for the family.
Comparison of dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment among infertile employed and unemployed women in Iran
Authors: Fatemi Azadeh S. , Younesi Seyed Jalal , Azkhosh Manouchehr , Askari Ali
Published: November 2009

This study aims to compare dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment in infertile employed and unemployed females. Due to the stresses of infertility, infertile females are faced with a variety of sexual and psychological problems, as well as dysfunctional attitudes that can lead to depression. Moreover, infertility problems provoke women into maladjustment and inadvertent corruption of relationships. In this regard, our goal is to consider the effects of employment in conjunction with education on dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment among infertile women in Iran. In this work, we employed the survey method. We recruited 240 infertile women, utilizing the cluster random sampling method. These women filled out the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and the social adjustment part of the California Test of Personality. Next, multivariate analysis of variance was performed to test the relationship of employment status and education with dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment. Our results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes were far more prevalent in infertile unemployed women than in infertile employed women. Also, social adjustment was better in infertile employed women than in infertile unemployed women. It was shown that education level alone does not have significant effect on dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment. However, we demonstrated that the employment status of infertile women in conjunction with their education level significantly affects the two dimensions of dysfunctional attitudes (relationships, entitlements) and has insignificant effects on social adjustment. It was revealed that in employed infertile women in Iran, the higher education level, the less dysfunctional were attitudes in relationships and entitlements, whereas in unemployed infertile women, those with a college degree had the least and those with master's or higher degrees had the most dysfunctional attitudes in terms of relationships and entitlements.
Changes in parental involvement in secondary education: An exploration study using the longitudinal study of young people in England
Authors: Skaliotis Eleni
Published: November 2009

Empirical research on parental involvement in children's education often makes the assumption that levels of involvement remain fixed over time. This paper highlights evidence from a longitudinal study that half of parents of young people in Year 9 reported becoming more or less involved in their child's school life over a two‐year period and explores the characteristics associated with mothers and fathers that change their levels of involvement. The young person's attitude to school, the mother's relationship with the school, attendance at parents’ evenings and the mother's ethnicity, qualifications and change in economic status had the strongest associations with a reported change in maternal involvement levels. Changes in paternal involvement were strongly associated with the father's ethnicity and the young person's behaviour.
Doing student voice work in higher education: An exploration of the value of participatory methods
Authors: Seale Jane
Published: November 2009

This paper will review the existing student voice work in higher education and critique its current weaknesses, particularly in relation to conceptualisations of and commitments to participation, transformation and empowerment. It will be argued that the employment of participatory methods in higher education student voice work offers a way to address these weaknesses. The potential of participatory methods is illustrated and discussed using two case examples drawn from one higher education institution in the UK. The first case provides an illustration of what is called ‘transformation of the familiar’, while the second case provides an illustration of empowerment, through recognising the importance of what is not voiced by students, as much as what is voiced. It is concluded that whilst a participatory approach to student voice work in higher education has potential, further work is required in order to evaluate the long‐term impact of projects that use such methods.
Researching race/ethnicity and educational inequality in the Netherlands: A critical review of the research literature between 1980 and 2008
Authors: Stevens Peter A. J. , Clycq Noel , Timmerman Christianne , Van Houtte Mieke
Published: November 2009

This article describes and critically analyzes how educational sociologists in the Netherlands have studied the relationship between race/ethnicity and educational inequality between 1980 and 2008. Five major research traditions are identified: (1) political arithmetic; (2) racism and ethnic discrimination; (3) school characteristics; (4) school choice; and (5) family background. The development of particular research traditions is explained by pointing to more general developments in terms of social policy and intellectual climate in the Netherlands. This study builds on a similar, recently published literature review that focuses on the UK context by critically comparing the development and findings from these different bodies of research literature. The conclusions suggest that the Netherlands, like England, developed strong research traditions in this area of research since the 1980s and that both countries can learn from each other and advance future research in this area by developing more comprehensive research agendas. More generally, this review illustrates the usefulness of conducting nationally comparative literature reviews in assessing the development of particular bodies of research and in bringing together knowledge produced in different national settings.
Age Differences in the Effects of Conceptual Integration Training on Resource Allocation in Sentence Processing
Authors: Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A. L. , Noh Soo Rim , Shake Matthew C.
Published: November 2009

This research examined age differences in the accommodation of reading strategies as a consequence of explicit instruction in conceptual integration. In Experiment 1, young, middle-aged, and older adults read sentences for delayed recall using a moving-window method. Readers in an experimental group received instruction in making conceptual links during reading while readers in a control group were simply encouraged to allocate effort. Regression analysis to decompose word-by-word reading times in each condition isolated the time allocated to conceptual processing at the point in the text at which new concepts were introduced, as well as at clause and sentence boundaries. While younger adults responded to instructions by differentially allocating effort to sentence wrap-up, older adults allocated effort to intrasentence wrap-up and on new concepts as they were introduced, suggesting that older readers optimized their allocation of effort to linguistic computations for textbase construction within their processing capacity. Experiment 2 verified that conceptual integration training improved immediate recall among older readers as a consequence of engendering allocation to conceptual processing.
Eye movements when reading implausible sentences: Investigating potential structural influences on semantic integration
Authors: Patson Nikole D. , Warren Tessa
Published: November 2009

The disruption that occurs in response to reading about implausible events in unambiguous sentences can be informative about the time course of semantic interpretation (e.g., Hagoort, Hald, Bastiaansen, & Petersson, 2004; Nieuwland & Van Berkum, 2006; Warren & McConnell, 2007). Two eye-tracking studies used implausible sentences to investigate whether local factors like the structural relationships and the distance between words cueing a plausibility violation influence how quickly those words are integrated into a global semantic interpretation. Experiment 1 suggested that eye-movement disruption was unaffected by the number of words intervening between the words cueing the implausibility. Experiment 2 demonstrated that eye-movement disruption to implausibility occurred along the same time course regardless of whether the words cueing the implausibility were in a theta-assigning relation or not. These results suggest that these local structural factors do not influence how quickly new words are integrated into a semantic representation, but rather the global event representation determines the time course over which implausibility is detected.
Lesions of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex prevent response conflict produced by action–outcome associations
Authors: Dwyer Dominic M. , Dunn Michael J. , Rhodes Sarah E. V. , Killcross A. Simon
Published: November 2009

Rats with prelimbic (PL) cortex lesions were tested on a discrete-trial discrimination where food rewards were used as both discriminative cues and reinforcing outcomes. On incongruent trials, the discriminative cue food differed from the outcome food; on congruent trials they were the same. When cue and outcome foods differ, a conflict is created between the response directly promoted by the food as a cue (mediated by stimulus–response, S–R, associations) and the response indirectly promoted by the food as an outcome (mediated via action–outcome associations). No conflict is produced when cue and outcome foods are the same. Sham-lesioned rats acquired the discrimination more slowly for incongruent trials than for congruent trials, and incongruent trials were more susceptible to disruption by delay. In contrast there was no difference between congruent and incongruent trial types in PL-lesioned animals during acquisition or delay testing. Delays between cue and response had greater overall effects on lesioned than on sham-lesioned animals. These results are consistent with the behaviour of PL-lesioned animals being controlled by S–R associations with no response conflict due to interference from action–outcome associations.
Pressure-gradient-induced Alfvén eigenmodes: II. Kinetic excitation with ion temperature gradient
Authors: Bierwage A , Chen L , Zonca F
Published: November 2009

The kinetic excitation of ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) discrete Alfvén eigenmodes in the second MHD ballooning stable domain is studied in the presence of a thermal ion temperature gradient (ITG), using linear gyrokinetic particle-in-cell simulations of a local flux tube in shifted-circle tokamak geometry. The instabilities are identified as α-induced toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (αTAE); that is, bound states trapped between pressure-gradient-induced potential barriers of the Schrödinger equation for shear Alfvén waves. Using numerical tools, we examine in detail the effect of kinetic thermal ion compression on αTAEs; both non-resonant coupling to ion sound waves and wave–particle resonances. It is shown that the Alfvénic ITG instability thresholds (e.g., the critical temperature gradient) are determined by two resonant absorption mechanisms: Landau damping and continuum damping. The numerical results are interpreted on the basis of a theoretical framework previously derived from a variational formulation. The present analysis of properties and structures of Alfvénic fluctuations in the presence of steep pressure gradients applies for both positive or negative magnetic shear and can serve as an interpretative framework for experimental observations in (future) high-performance fusion plasmas of reactor relevance.
Trophic ecology of blue whiting in the Barents Sea
Authors: Dolgov Andrey V. , Johannesen Edda , Heino Mikko , Olsen Erik
Published: November 2009

Dolgov, A. V., Johannesen, E., Heino, M., and Olsen, E. 2010. Trophic ecology of blue whiting in the Barents Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 483–493. Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) are distributed throughout the North Atlantic, including the Norwegian and Barents Seas. In recent years, both abundance and distribution of blue whiting in the Barents Sea have increased dramatically. Therefore, to evaluate the trophic impact of this increase, we analysed the diet of the species. In all, 54 prey species or taxa were identified, the main prey being krill. However, the diet varied geographically and ontogenetically: the proportion of fish in the diet was higher in large blue whiting and in the north of the range. Blue whiting overlap geographically with other pelagic species at the edge of their distribution in the Barents Sea, with juvenile herring in the south, with polar cod in the north, and with capelin in the northeast. The overlap in diet between blue whiting and these other pelagic species ranged from 6 to 86% and was greatest with capelin in areas where both species feed on hyperiids and krill. The importance of blue whiting as prey for predatory fish was highest in the areas of greatest abundance, but overall, blue whiting were seemingly unimportant as prey of piscivorous fish in the Barents Sea.
Detection of Three Whitefly-transmitted Viruses Infecting the Cucurbit Weed Cucumis melo var. dudaim in Florida
Authors: Adkins Scott , Webster Craig G. , Baker Carlye A. , Weaver Richard , Rosskopf Erin N. , Turechek William W.
Published: November 2009

To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV), Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) infecting C. melo var. dudaim. Coupled with previous observations of SqVYV and CuLCrV infection of M. charantia, our current results are further evidence of the importance of cucurbit weeds as reservoirs for all three recently detected whitefly-transmitted viruses plaguing Florida cucurbit crops.

Accepted for publication 11 September 2009. Published 18 November 2009.
Validation of the Lipbalm Tube Assay for Evaluation of Fungicide Sensitivity in Field Isolates of Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Amiri Achour , Brannen Phillip M. , Schnabel Guido
Published: November 2009

Simple and rapid techniques for monitoring fungicide sensitivity of pathogen populations can be helpful to optimize spray programs. In this study, a lipbalm tube assay developed previously in our laboratory was investigated for shelf life duration, ability to differentiate M. fructicola from fungal contaminants, and ability to accurately determine the sensitivity offield isolates of Monilinia fructicola to sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI), benzimidazole (BZI), and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. The sensitivity of isolates with different DMI, BZI, and QoI sensitivity phenotypes to the above-mentioned fungicide classes was not altered on agar disks sliced from 30-day-old, fungicide-amended potato dextrose agar (PDA) tubes stored at 4°C compared to disks from freshly prepared fungicide-amended PDA. At the storage temperature of 22°C, however, the sensitivity started to decrease after 10 days. Colony growth of M. fructicola on PDA disks was visually distinguishable from Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Gilbertella persicaria, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer but not Colletotrichum acutatum after 72 h of incubation at 22°C. The sensitivity of 40 M. fructicola field isolates to DMI, BZI, and QoI fungicides was determined by direct inoculation of lipbalm tube disks with conidia from field-derived peach fruit with toothpicks under semi-sterile conditions and by the traditional Petri dish assay. A strong correlation was observed between the two assays in determining fungicide sensitivity of M. fructicola field isolates. Because of its simplicity and reliability, the lipbalm tube assay will be a useful tool for trained crop consultants to determine orchard-specific resistance profiles outside a research laboratory for precision brown rot management.

Accepted for publication 11 September 2009. Published 18 November 2009.
Relative Susceptibility of Selected Apple Cultivars to Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera leucotricha
Authors: Biggs Alan R. , Yoder Keith S. , Rosenberger David A.
Published: November 2009

Apple powdery mildew thrives during dry spring and summer weather wherever apples are grown. The fungus perennates in buds, making it difficult to control and, although it can cause fruit russet, it primarily causes losses due to its chronic effect on tree vigor and yield. Data were collected over several years from 1995 (23 entries) and 1999 (22 entries) plantings of new apple cultivars and selections established at multiple locations as part of regional project NE-183. The cultivars Golden Delicious and McIntosh were the standards in both plantings. Incidence of powdery mildew on leaves and fruit was observed and data were analyzed to determine differences due to location and cultivar. One of the two planting group analyses indicated the significance of cultivar differences due to location. In general, the cultivars Ginger Gold, Suncrisp, GoldRush, Crimson Crisp, and Delblush, and the selection CQR10T17 were the most susceptible, whereas the cultivars Gala Supreme, Enterprise, Zestar, September Wonder, Hampshire, and the selections NY 75414-1 and NY 79507-72 exhibited the lowest incidences of mildew. Pinova was the most highly susceptible cultivar to mildew on fruit in Virginia, followed by Crimson Crisp and the selection NY 65707-19. Percent leaf area with mildew was related to incidence of mildew on leaves; however, fruit symptoms were not significantly related to disease incidence or severity on the foliage.

Accepted for publication 11 September 2009. Published 19 November 2009.
A Study of New Arabidopsis Chloroplast RNA Editing Mutants Reveals General Features of Editing Factors and Their Target Sites
Authors: Hammani Kamel , Okuda Kenji , Tanz Sandra K. , Chateigner-Boutin Anne-Laure , Shikanai Toshiharu , Small Ian
Published: November 2009

RNA editing in higher plant organelles results in the conversion of specific cytidine residues to uridine residues in RNA. The recognition of a specific target C site by the editing machinery involves trans-acting factors that bind to the RNA upstream of the C to be edited. In the last few years, analysis of mutants affected in chloroplast biogenesis has identified several pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins from the PLS subfamily that are essential for the editing of particular RNA transcripts. We selected other genes from the same subfamily and used a reverse genetics approach to identify six new chloroplast editing factors in Arabidopsis thaliana (OTP80, OTP81, OTP82, OTP84, OTP85, and OTP86). These six factors account for nine editing sites not previously assigned to an editing factor and, together with the nine PPR editing proteins previously described, explain more than half of the 34 editing events in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. OTP80, OTP81, OTP85, and OTP86 target only one editing site each, OTP82 two sites, and OTP84 three sites in different transcripts. An analysis of the target sites requiring the five editing factors involved in editing of multiple sites (CRR22, CRR28, CLB19, OTP82, and OTP84) suggests that editing factors can generally distinguish pyrimidines from purines and, at some positions, must be able to recognize specific bases.
The bioavailability of arsenic in floodplain soils: a simulation of water saturation
Authors: Ackermann J. , Vetterlein D. , Kaiser K. , Mattusch J. , Jahn R.
Published: November 2009

The soils of the floodplains of the German rivers Elbe, Mulde and Saale are often contaminated with arsenic (As). The total As concentration in soil is, however, not related to As concentration in the plant biomass and thus is unsuitable for evaluating the risk of As transfer into the food chain. The aim of the present study was to establish a method that assesses the bioavailability of As in floodplain soils and takes possible changes in the mobility of As with changing redox potential into account. Samples from the floodplain of the river Mulde were saturated with water for 34 days. A soil solution was sampled every second day and the concentrations of As species and total iron (Fe) were determined. The redox potential was measured in situ. Lepidium sativum L. (garden cress) was cultured in cylinders to assess the availability of As to the plant. In addition, extraction methods were used to define operationally different As‐binding forms. Arsenic in the soil samples was predominantly bound to poorly crystalline (hydr)oxides. These (hydr)oxides are likely to be affected by changing redox conditions. On saturation, 18 soil samples could be divided into two groups based on the temporary changes in redox potential and subsequent changes in the As concentration of the soil solution. Water‐extractable organic carbon was identified as the reason for the differences between the two groups. As the field site is periodically flooded, it is likely that the samples that exhibit decreasing redox potential in the experimental system will also pass through redox cycles more frequently in the field. The frequency of redox cycles, in turn, strongly affects the Fe (hydr)oxide phase and the binding of As. In the present study these differences between the two groups were reflected in the different relationships between NH4 oxalate‐extractable Fe (Feo) and As (Aso).
Propagule size effects across multiple life‐history stages in a marine invertebrate
Authors: Rius Marc , Turon Xavier , Dias Gustavo M. , Marshall Dustin J.
Published: November 2009

1. Mothers must balance the fecundity costs of increasing propagule size with the fitness benefits of increased propagule performance, and the propagule size‐performance relationship is crucial for determining this trade‐off.

2. While many studies have examined the propagule size‐performance relationship in individual life‐history stages, very few have examined the relationship between propagule size and performance across multiple life‐history stages despite the ubiquity of complex life cycles.

3. We examined the consistency of the propagule size‐performance relationship across several life‐history stages in the marine invertebrate Microcosmus squamiger (Ascidiacea).

4. Propagule size had effects in some life‐history stages and not others: larger propagules hatched sooner as larvae and grew more as juveniles in the field. On the other hand, propagule size had no effect on cell cleavage rates, larval swimming time or post‐metamorphic survival in the field.

5. The effects of propagule size on juvenile size were persistent – juveniles that came from larger propagules were still larger than juveniles that came from smaller propagules after 11 weeks in the field.

6. We found no evidence of conflicting selection pressures on propagule size among life‐history stages. Rather, in this species at least, the selection on propagule size at both the larval and juvenile stage appeared to favour the production of larger propagules. Nevertheless, the slope of the relationship between propagule size and performance was highly variable among life‐history stages.

7. The effects of propagule size across multiple life‐history stages are determined by the strength of selection pressures, which can be highly variable in organisms with complex life‐cycles.
A multi‐trait test of the leaf‐height‐seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. , Leppert Jessica J. , Moore Margaret M. , Sieg Carolyn Hull
Published: November 2009

1. Westoby’s [Plant and Soil(1998),199, 213] Leaf‐Height‐Seed (LHS) plant strategy scheme quantifies the strategy of a plant based on its location in a three‐dimensional space defined by three functional traits: specific leaf area (SLA), height, and seed mass. This scheme is based on aboveground traits and may neglect strategies of belowground resource capture if root functioning is not mirrored in any of the axes. How then do fine roots fit into the LHS scheme?

2. We measured 10 functional traits on 133 plant species in a ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona, USA. This data set was used to evaluate how well the LHS scheme accounts for the variation in above and belowground traits.

3. The three most important plant strategies were composed of multiple correlated traits, but SLA, seed mass, and height loaded on separate principle components. The first axis reflected the widely observed ‘leaf economics spectrum’. Species at the high end of this spectrum had high SLA, high leaf and fine root nitrogen (N) concentration, and low leaf dry matter content. The second axis reflected variation in seed mass and fine root morphology. Plants at the positive end of this spectrum were plants with large seeds and low specific root length (SRL). The third axis reflected variation in height and phenology. Plants at the positive end of this spectrum were tall species that flower late in the growing season.

4. Leaf N concentration was positively correlated with fine root N concentration. SRL was weakly positively correlated with SLA. SRL was not correlated with fine root N concentration. Leaf litter decomposition rate was positively correlated with the leaf economics spectrum and was negatively correlated with the height and phenology spectrum.

5. Leaf traits, seed mass, and height appear to be integrating properties of species that reflect much of the variation in plant function, including root function. Fine root N concentration was positively mirrored by the leaf economics spectrum, and SRL was inversely mirrored by seed mass. The leaf and height axes play a role in controlling leaf litter decomposability, indicating that these strategy axes have important consequences for ecosystem functioning.