bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on Self-Rated Second-Language Proficiency
Authors: Dornic Stan , Ekehammar Bo
Published: September 2011

Self-ratings of second-language proficiency were collected from 168 bilinguals. Ratings of comprehension skills were higher than racings of production skills. The highest mean rating was obtained for listening (understanding spoken language), followed by reading, speaking, and writing, with the over-all proficiency in the language falling in the mid-die. The over-all self-rated proficiency was most closely linked to the rating of speaking proficiency ( r = 88), which seems to be related to the high social relevance of speaking skills in a nondominant language.
Temporal Lobe Signs and Personality Characteristics
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Mature university students (14 men and 16 women) were asked to complete the 16 PF and a scale that samples temporal lobe signs in the normal population. People who reported frequent temporal lobe experiences were more emotionally unstable, impulsive, emotionally sensitive (imaginative inner self, actions based upon intuition and self-anxiety), and tense (free-floating anxiety). The results were compatible with personality characteristics of people who report “temporal lobe experiences” and have been assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the California Personality Inventory.
Assessment of the Concurrent Validity of the Leadership Skills Inventory with Gifted Students and Their Teachers
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , D'Ilio Victor
Published: September 2011

60 students currently enrolled in state-approved public school programs for the gifted at Grades 6 and 7 were given the Leadership Skills Inventory. Four certified teachers of these students were asked to complete an inventory on each subject to assess its concurrent validity. On mean T scores of students and mean teachers' ratings of students t-tests showed no significant differences between the means of the students and ratings of two teachers who had several years of experience teaching gifted students and who had more experience with the inventory. It was concluded that the inventory should be used primarily as a self-rating instrument.
Temporal Experience: A Two Component Model
Authors: Frederickson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

The experience of time, or temporal experience, has been postulated to be derived from an interrelation of two components, succession and duration. These components are represented in the literature as temporal orientation and temporal pace, respectively. This postulate of interrelatedness was tested by examining the relationship between measures of temporal orientation and pace assessed simultaneously and coincidentally during 102 psychotherapeutic sessions. Multiple regression analysis indicated a statistically significant relationship between these variables. The nature of their relation and the implications for considering both aspects of temporal experience in research are discussed.
Psychology of Computer Use: IV. Effects of Video Display Units on Fundamental Visual Processes: Temporal Resolution
Authors: Mikaelian H. H.
Published: September 2011

Measures of two-pulse resolution (2PR) using foveally and peripherally viewed targets were obtained before and after reading videotext and print. Three pulse durations (25, 250, and 300 msec) were used. The results showed that (a) 2PR on the fovea is about a fourth of that on the periphery, (b) peripheral 2PR increases following reading videotext, and (c) no appreciable effects occur following reading print.
Allocation of Attention and Physiological Responsivity in the Type a Coronary-Prone Individual
Authors: Lawler Kathleen A. , Schmied Lori A.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies have suggested that persons exhibiting the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern allocate their attention to the environment differently than those not exhibiting the pattern. The present study was done to relate such differences in cognitive responding to cardiovascular changes during a dual-focus task. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored in Types A and B male college students while they performed a color/word conflict primary task and a reaction-time secondary task. There were no differences in the behavioral performance of the Types A and B individuals. However, Types A and B subjects differed in mean heart rate, heart-rate variability, and phasic heart-rate pattern to the reaction-time stimuli. The reaction-time paradigm appears a fruitful base from which to explore cognitive/physiological response relations for Type A and Type B individuals.
Heart-Rate Response to Water-Immersion Isolation as a Function of Spatial Orientation
Authors: Forgays Donald G. , McClure Gary
Published: September 2011

The present study investigates the effect of spatial orientation of the body on heart rate during conditions of water-immersion sensory isolation. Two groups of three men and three women each were exposed to one of two isolation conditions. In one condition the subject was suspended in a buoyant but vertical attitude; in a second condition the subject was suspended in a buoyant but horizontal attitude. Heart-rate data were obtained continuously during each session. There was no significant difference in mean heart rate between the two conditions. The data were interpreted as providing support for the position that studies comparing recumbent subjects in air isolation with underwater subjects in a vertical suspension attitude are valid, at least for some measures, and are not an artifact of spatial bodily orientation. The possible importance of neutral buoyancy in accounting for the nonsignificant effect of body attitude on heart rate is discussed.
Response Latency Measurements to Visual Cognitive Tasks by Normal Hearing and Deaf Subjects
Authors: Chovan John D. , Waldron Manjula B. , Rose Susan
Published: September 2011

Visual cognitive differences between hearing ( N = 16) and deaf ( N = 32) high-school and middle-school students were studied. Visual tasks were presented on a microcomputer and response latencies were collected. Significant differences were noted between the deaf and normal groups but not between total communication deaf and oral deaf students. These differences support the hypothesis that deaf students prefer a visual cognitive strategy. Implications for educating the deaf are discussed.
Relationships between Activities and Sex-Related Differences in Performance on Spatial Tests
Authors: Olson Darlene M. , Eliot John , Hardy Robert C.
Published: September 2011

53 female and 45 male undergraduates were administered the Spatial Antecedents Questionnaire (Activities, Academic Courses, Self-assessments, and Environmental Mapping subscales), the Spatial Dimensionality Test (Embedded Figures, Card Rotations, Paper Folding, Surface Development, Horizontal/Vertical Rotations, and Cube Perspective subtests), and Paivio's 1979 Revised-Individual Differences Questionnaire. Scores from the Academic Courses and Self-assessment scales accounted for the most variability in spatial performance. Visual Processing style correlated with performance on spatial tests for men, but not for women. Different patterns of activities and experiences correlated with spatial test performance for men and women.
Aesthetic Preference and Lateral Dominance
Authors: Valentino Mary Ann , Brown James W. , Cronan-Hillix W. A.
Published: September 2011

Aesthetic preferences for photographs with the main focal content either to the left or right of the photograph's center were examined in right- and left-handed subjects. Verbal responses or manual responses were required. In one experiment with 261 introductory psychology student-subjects, left-handers more often preferred photographs with the more important part on the left (“left-geared”) than did right-handers. Exp. 2, involving 84 right-handed student subjects, showed that left-geared photographs presented on the left side were preferred more often than left-geared photographs presented on the right side, and left-geared photographs presented on the left side were more often chosen when a left-handed manual response was required. Interactions between handedness, position of the stimulus, language hemisphere, and response mode make it extremely difficult to ascertain whether the right hemisphere is really more involved in aesthetic decisions.
Prior Attitude and Perception of Satirical Theses
Authors: Gruner Charles R.
Published: September 2011

From 90 students 54 student researchers obtained responses on attitudes about two statements involving labor unions and government power. Their prior attitudes were not independent of recognition of the thesis of the work rule satirical statement, but those who agreed in advance with the power structure thesis tended to show related attitudes. Different factors may interact in various ways.
Perceptions of Personal Characteristics of Men and Women under Three Conditions of Eyewear
Authors: Bartolini Tony , Kresge Jill , McLennan Misty , Windham Becky , Buhr Thomas A. , Pryor Burt
Published: September 2011

90 Florida college students took part in a study of personality perceptions of men and women in three different conditions of eyewear (regular glasses, sunglasses, or no glasses). Analysis indicates that regular glasses enhance an individual's perceived authority while sunglasses lower the perceived authority of an individual. In addition, an interaction between sex and eyewear for perceived honesty showed that women in regular glasses were seen as more honest than those in all other conditions while men in sunglasses were believed to be the least honest. Results were discussed in terms of their potential use for advertising.
Effect of Short Lateralized Signals on Arousal versus Activation on Tasks Requiring Visuospatial or Elementary Semantic Stimulus Processing
Authors: De Brabander Bert
Published: September 2011

The results of the experiment offer indirect evidence for the basic hypothesis that the brain self-regulates its own arousal and activation as a function of the intensity and type of ongoing cortical activity. When subjects perform a task which can be assumed to be primarily attended to by the right hemisphere, the result of a supplementary information-processing load seems to be increased arousal. On a task primarily attended to by the left hemisphere, the consequence is increased activation. The evidence is indirect because no measurements have been made of the neurological events and processes which are assumed to intervene in this self-regulation process. Although indirect, the evidence may help to formulate more precise psychological hypotheses about the factors controlling the putative effort system which, according to Pribram and McGuinness in 1975, coordinates the arousal and activation of cerebral processes.
Varied Intensities of Training, Predicted Maximum Oxygen Uptake and the Minimum Threshold Hypothesis
Authors: Molloy Geoffrey N.
Published: September 2011

In this study, 24 sedentary first-year male university students aged 17 to 24 yr. were assigned to one of four groups. Three of the groups underwent a 6-wk. training program consisting of a 30-min. bicycle ergometer ride, three times per week. A fourth group acted as a control. The experimental groups trained at workload intensities corresponding to predetermined heart rates of 125, 140, and 155 bpm, respectively. Analysis of scores indicated that changes in aerobic capacity occurred only if the intensity of training exceeded a minimal level. Essentially, these results replicated data from other studies.
Wings in the Intershaft Space Contribute to the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Larsen Janet D. , Garn Ned K.
Published: September 2011

The interference of the wings of the wings-in part of the Mueller-Lyer figure was examined for the version of the illusion in which one part of the figure is placed above the other. Wings were removed in pairs from either above or below the shaft of one of the two parts of the figure. Subjects indicated the apparent difference between the lengths of the shafts of the two parts of the figure. Removal of the wings between the shafts of the wings-in part of the figure reduced the amount of the illusion more than removal of the wings from outside the shafts. Removing wings from the wings-out part of the figure reduced the amount of illusion, but it made no difference whether the wing removal occurred between or outside the shafts.
Sugar Proximity and Human Grip Strength
Authors: Quintanar Albert F. , Hill Terry V.
Published: September 2011

In a double-blind experiment with 90 undergraduate students the hypothesis was tested that proximity to sugar reduces human grip strength. An earlier study indicated that sugar proximity does indeed significantly reduce human grip strength. When additional controls were added to this design to reduce random sampling error, the hypothesis was not supported.
Graphing Correlation Coefficients: II. An Alternative Procedure
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A procedure based on the Pythagorean theorem is described for accurately portraying the relationships among the coefficients of correlation ( r), determination ( r2), nondetermination (1 - r2), and alienation (√1 - r2).
Effects of Consistent Aerobic Exercise on the Psychological Functioning of Women
Authors: Labbé Elise E. , Welsh M. Cay , Delaney Deena
Published: September 2011

Effects of consistent aerobic exercise on depression, anxiety, and health locus of control for a group of nonclinical inactive women were investigated. Type A and Type H (hard-driving) behavioral styles were evaluated to determine whether these traits were related to exercise improvement. 26 women were randomly assigned to either an exercise group ( n = 10) or exercise with cognitive strategy instructions ( n = 16). All subjects increased distance run in 12-min. run test from pre-to posttest. Women improved in depression and trait anxiety. Depression was significantly correlated with body mass index at end of program. Posttest state-anxiety was significantly correlated with 6-wk. follow-up of exercise frequency. No significant difference in pre- and posttest health locus of control was found. Type H scores were significantly correlated with number of exercise sessions attended. Consistent aerobic exercise had a positive effect on psychological functioning, and some characteristics may affect exercise improvement.
Familial Resemblance in Cognitive Abilities: An Indirect Method of Measurement
Authors: Coren Stanley , Porac Clare
Published: September 2011

Familial resemblance in cognitive abilities was assessed for 528 mother-offspring pairs, 510 father-offspring pairs and 416 sibling pairs. Using a self-rating procedure, competence in reading, spelling, and mathematics were assessed. Over-all, father-offspring correlations were stronger than mother-offspring correlations for these cognitive abilities. The obtained magnitude and pattern of correlations for the cognitive skills are similar to those obtained in direct objective testing procedures. This suggests that self-rating of cognitive skills may provide a quick convenient method of obtaining ancillary data on family patterns of cognitive abilities.
Sex Differences in Reward Allocation
Authors: Martin Kerry C. , Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

Men and women were presented descriptions of two dyadic work groups. In both groups, one member of the dyad did approximately two-thirds of the work. For one of the groups, subjects were asked to imagine that they were the worker of high productivity while for the other group subjects were asked to imagine that they were impartial observers. Subjects were asked to divide the rewards among the two workers for both groups. Men and women did not differ in allocation of reward when acting as impartial observers. When subjects imagined themselves as the worker of high productivity, men gave themselves a greater share of the reward than did women. It was concluded that the results were consistent with the self-interest explanation of sex differences in allocation of reward.
Perception of Attractiveness by Obesity and Hair Color
Authors: Clayson Dennis E. , Klassen Michael L.
Published: September 2011

In a study of 318 Caucasian college students, obese persons and redheaded men were seen as unattractive compared to the nonobese and other hair colors. The obesity stereotype and the hair-color stereotype appear to be evaluated separately with little interaction. The results imply that a stereotypic characteristic like obesity, which is perceived as being under a person's control, may be evaluated differently than a stereotypic characteristic independent of personal choice such as hair color.
Asymmetrical Processing of Dichotic Inputs in Undergraduates across Sex, Handedness, Ear-Side, and Experimental Instructions
Authors: Iaccino James F. , Sowa Stephen J.
Published: September 2011

Past studies have shown that some female as well as left-handed students do not demonstrate a right-ear advantage (REA) for verbal materials, suggesting that linguistic functions may not be handled in one hemisphere exclusively. To examine these laterality effects more closely, 96 undergraduates were equally divided by sex and hand dominance. Moreover, experimental instructions as to which ear to focus on were provided in a dichotic listening procedure, with left-ear attendance alternating with right-ear across four counterbalanced blocks of 60 trials each. Analysis indicated a major interaction of sex × ear × instructions, with men showing a right-ear advantage when attending to that respective side, highlighting the importance of experimental demands on dichotic performance. The right-ear advantage in right-handed persons was uninfluenced by these instructions, suggesting more pronounced asymmetries in this group.
Man's Triune Conscious Mind
Authors: Aurell Carl G.
Published: September 2011

In a previously presented perceptual model perception was assumed to be the result of two separate but coupled modes of consciousness, one sensory-based or outer and one memory-based or inner. Evidence was found for the assumption that the outer mode of consciousness is related to the primary projection areas of the sensory cortices. In the present paper the perceptual model is further integrated with the cognitive system while considering neuropsychological aspects. The two perceptual modes of consciousness, and one mode related to the experience of feelings, are considered to be the conscious outlets of three functionally and physiologically distinguishable minds which cooperate or compete in the control of man's behavior.
Lateral Differences in Schematic Face Encoding during Dual-Task Performance with Increasing Levels of Difficulty
Authors: Wilcox Teresa , Kraft R. Harter
Published: September 2011

20 normal, right-handed, familial dextral men performed (a) unimanual finger tapping, (b) encoding of schematic faces at three levels of difficulty (3, 5, and 7 faces), (c) verbal production, (d) concurrent tapping and verbal production, and (e) concurrent tapping and face encoding. Subsequent recognition of faces was disrupted more by concurrent left-hand tapping than by concurrent right-hand tapping, supporting both the hypothesis that the right hemisphere mediates face encoding in adults and Kinsbourne and Hicks' (1978) “functional cerebral distance principle.” Left- and right-hand tapping rate and variability were not asymmetrically affected by either verbal production or face encoding. While there was an increase in generalized interference effects on face encoding, the degree of asymmetry of the interference remained constant. In addition, as the difficulty of the memory task increased, variability of tapping rate decreased. This was discussed in terms of attention and automatic motor programming.
Methodology in Sentographic Measurement of Motor Expression of Emotion: Two-Dimensional Freedom of Gesture Essential
Authors: Clynes Manfred
Published: September 2011

Measures of motor expression of specific emotions recently reported by Trussoni, et al. in 1988 in this journal used large one-dimensional displacement (7 cm or more, vertical) as a measure, and not pressure, free in two dimensions as in the sentographic measurement of dynamic form used by Clynes. But to be forced to provide such one-dimensional movement strongly inhibits emotional expression. Additional problems of using displacement are discussed, including resetting. Also, to obtain adequate emotion generation experimentally, it is desirable to use the emotion-generating properties of a flow of appropriately repeated expressions for each emotion, for which timings were developed by Clynes rather than having subjects try to fantasize separately for each short expression. Trussoni, et al. erroneously reported discovering a flaw in the original sentograph, in its use of strain gauges, which actually are a standard, widely used and accurate means used for measurement of pressure.
Neuropsychology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study
Authors: Everly George S. , Horton Arthur MacNeill
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this paper was to describe a pilot neuropsychological investigation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. 14 patients diagnosed (by DSM-III—R criteria) as having posttraumatic stress disorder were administered the Four-word Short-term Memory test. Only two of the 14 patients did not meet one of the two criteria for cognitive impairment. Research directions are discussed.
Reliability and Validity of the Assessment of Motivational Outcomes
Authors: Wigle Stanley E. , Rea Daniel , Parish Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

There seem to be a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic classroom motivational outcomes. That is, there seem to be a variety of classroom events and students' perceptions of such events that serve to motivate students' behavior in various ways. Two such important motivational outcomes that are associated with different patterns of students' behavior are students' perceptions of success and of failure. The present study sought to identify the classroom events, or outcomes, that students perceived as evidence of success and the outcomes that students perceived as evidence of failure. A scale was devised to measure the relative importance given each of these outcomes by students. The Assessment of Motivational Outcomes showed excellent content validity. Across-groups reliabilities of .59 and .62 were higher than the test-retest reliabilities of .49 and .35. Such results appear likely given the nature of the instrument.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LV. Purkinje Phenomenon: Original Account and Later Definitions
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

Although Purkinje observed the eponymous phenomenon at dawn, it is identical to what happens in the dark-adapting eye. It is shown that most modern definitions of the phenomenon couch it in terms of dark adaptation and that the author's definition of it in similar terms is justified in spite of Brožek's objection.
Haptic Identification of Rotated Letters Using the Left or Right Hand
Authors: Hunt Lester J. , Janssen Mary , Dagostino Jerry , Gruber Barbara
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of the use of the left and right hands on haptic identification of letters which were presented in either a normal (0° rotation), downward (90° clockwise rotation), upside down (180° rotation), or facing upward (270° rotation) position. Each of the 80 right-handed subjects was given five series of randomly ordered presentations of sets of 8 letters of the alphabet. The subjects were asked to feel and then name each letter correctly as quickly but as accurately as possible. Times showed no effect of hand, but significant effects were found for different sets of letters, degree of rotation and a significant decrease in identification time was observed across the five series. Interactions occurred between hand and rotation as well as set and rotation. Errors showed a significant interaction of hand with degree of rotation; the right was superior at 0° but the left was superior at 90°. The results were discussed in terms of hypotheses of hemisphere function, mental rotation, and stimulus familiarity.
Personality and Body-Focused Hand Movements
Authors: Kenner Andrew N.
Published: September 2011

The longer-term consistency with which subjects display apparently irrelevant self- or object-manipulations was examined by observing the subjects during the performance of two tasks followed by a repetition of these tasks after a 6-mo. interval. Individual subjects could not be characterized as consistently high or low producers of these movements across tasks and performances. Greater ordinal consistency among the subjects' body-focused movement frequencies was observed for the two different tasks conducted on the same day than was observed for the same task after 6 mo. Correlations between measures of anxiety and field-dependence and frequencies of body-focused movement varied significantly, not only with the task, but with repetitions of the same task after 6 mo. These results cast some doubt on explanations of individual differences in performance of body-focused hand movement through appeal to long-term individual differences in information-processing strategies.
Responses of Laboratory School Teachers to the Teacher Stress Inventory
Authors: Vance Booney , Nutter Norma , Humphreys Sam
Published: September 2011

The study analyzed on-the-job stress for a sample of 30 full-time university laboratory school teachers: 8 men, 19 women and 3 who did not report sex. A small number experienced a great deal of discomfort (stress) in performing their jobs. The strongest sources of stress identified by these teachers were not enough time for relaxation and preparation, personal life shortchanged, inadequate salary, and teaching poorly motivated students. Several aspects of the stress reported are discussed, and recommendations are made regarding research and methods to help teachers cope with stress.
SDT Analysis of Experimental Thermal Pain, with “Signal” and “No-Signal” Being Determined Psychophysically
Authors: Lautenbacher S. , Möltner A. , Lehmann W. P. , Galfe G. , Hölzl R. , Strian F.
Published: September 2011

In a signal-detection experiment, the effects of repeated pain stimulation and the induction of fear on pain thresholds and SDT parameters were studied. “Signal” and “no-signal” were not defined physically, but by means of an independent criterion as the primary sensations “pain” and “no-pain.” First, the relationship between sensation levels for “phasic” (short stimulus, used in the SDT procedure) and “tonic” (longer stimulus, used in the criterion measurement) heat stimuli was determined in 14 subjects. It was quadratic (polynomial regression) and sufficient to define the distinction between “signal/pain” and “no-signal/no-pain.” In the signal-detection experiment, a significant upward trend (adaptation) in threshold parameters, but no systematic change in the SDT parameters (discrimination ability and response bias) was found. Manipulation of anxiety by instructions caused unsystematic changes in discrimination ability. The procedure employed determines both the absolute strength of pain sensation and the ability to discriminate pain from no pain. These variables proved to be independent.
Perceptual Learning Styles: Their Link to Academic Performance, Sex, Age, and Academic Standing
Authors: Ginter Earl J. , Scalise Joseph , Brown Steve , Ripley William
Published: September 2011

The primary purpose of this investigation was to ascertain whether students' learning styles affected performance in remedial courses. The study also investigated whether learning styles differed in terms of age, sex, and class-standing in a university setting While type of learning style did not differ with respect to class-standing or sex, type of learning style differed significantly with respect to age. Most importantly, type of learning style significantly influenced grade point average in remedial courses. Students using an interactive learning style obtained higher grades than those using a combination of two learning styles.
Development of Functional Use of Oral Language in a Child with down Syndrome
Authors: Blackbourn Joe M. , Bankston Debra W.
Published: September 2011

A single-subject design was applied to study increase in functional use of language by a 14-yr.-old Down Syndrome girl from a mean length of utterance of 1.3 words to 4.4 in a classroom, 5.1 in the restaurant, and 4.7 during transportation.
Individual Control, Intensity of Reactions and Frequency of Occurrence: An Empirical Study of Cross-Culturally Invariant Relationships
Authors: Törestad Bertil , Olah Attila , Magnusson David
Published: September 2011

To investigate the relations between behavioral control, predictive control, intensity of reaction, and frequency of occurrence, the Multisituational-Multireaction Inventory was administered to 452 17-yr.-old youngsters in Hungary, Italy, and Yemen. Data were analyzed to allow an interpretation of the factors both as personal characteristics and situational properties. The main findings for situations were that situations frequently reported as anxiety-provoking were associated with low anxiety and high behavioral control. For individuals, those with a high sense of behavioral control also experienced lower anxiety. Individuals with a high sense of predictive control tended to report more exposures to the aversive situations. The fruitfulness of this two-way analysis of the same data (persons and situations) is emphasized.
An Analysis of Output from Tapping Devices Used in Dual Task Research
Authors: Green Adele , Weller Lawrence
Published: September 2011

An increasingly popular method used for neuropsychological research is the finger-tapping concurrent-activities paradigm. Since conclusions about behavioral asymmetries are frequently based on minimal differences between baseline and concurrent-activity tapping-output, an investigation was made to determine whether different types of finger-tapping devices and methods of evaluation produced discrepancies in tap count. Implications of outcomes and suggestions to improve precision of measurement are discussed.
Scent and Sound of Vision: Expressing Scent or Sound as Visual Forms
Authors: Smets G. J. F. , Overbeeke C. J.
Published: September 2011

This article describes three experiments on the possibility of expressing scent or sound into visual forms made by design engineering students. The hypothesis tested was that people are able to pick up patterns in the energy flow that the students transposed from one perceptual sense to another. In Exp. 1 subjects were given different scents and were asked to choose a sculpture designed according these scents. In Exp. 2 subjects were given different musical pieces and asked to match them with portable cassette players designed according to this music. Exp. 3 was identical to Exp. 2 but different music selections, similar to the ones in Exp. 2, were used. In all three experiments subjects were indeed able to perform the tasks above chance level. Results are discussed within the framework of the theory of direct perception of Gibson.
How Much Do You Weigh?: Determinants of Validity of Self-Reported Body Weight
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Counts Brenda , Hangen Jill , Huffine Christopher E.
Published: September 2011

Although researchers often employ self-report measures of current body weight, the validity of such self-reports remains questionable. The present experiment with 133 college women examined such self-reports under two conditions—reporting prior to unanticipated objective weighing (Order 1) versus reporting subsequent to weighing without weight disclosure (Order 2). Analysis indicated significantly less accurate, particularly underestimated, self-reports for Order 1 than for Order 2. Moreover, for Order 1 but not Order 2, under-reporting was disproportionately related to objectively heavier weight and was also predictable from lower personal weight ideals independent of actual weight. Findings and their implications for investigation were viewed from a social self-presentational framework.
A Pilot Study on the Effect of Training Parents of Language-Delayed Children in Pragmatic Interaction Strategies
Authors: Iven Cari J. , Albritton Evelyn G. , Eaton Beth B. , Montague James C.
Published: September 2011

This pilot study investigated pragmatic language training on parental expansion of interactive strategies, and a corresponding decrease in using questions and imperatives in parental communication with their language-delayed preschool children. Seven parent-child dyads participated, with the parents receiving training in the acquisition of six pragmatic categories, including reference, model, imitation, description, parallel talk, and expansion. Training results showed a significant increase in the parents' use of parallel talk and a decrease in their use of questions. Apparently in many applied instances parallel talk may incorporate the strategies of referencing, modeling, imitation, description, and expansion. Findings are discussed in terms of parallel talk functioning as a facilitator for language-delayed children.
Attitudes toward Handicapped Peers of Mainstreamed and Nonmainstreamed Children in Physical Education
Authors: Archie Valerie Williams , Sherrill Claudine
Published: September 2011

The influence of contact (mainstreamed and nonmainstreamed) and sex on attitudes of fifth- and sixth-grade students toward handicapped children was examined. 143 mainstreamed students attended an integrated school, whereas 86 nonmainstreamed students had no handicapped children in their school. Mean responses to the Children's Attitudes Toward Handicapped Scale were subjected to a 2 × 2 analysis of variance which indicated no significant differences by contact or sex. χ2 analysis of individual items indicated some significant differences, favoring contact, on items “are fun” and “are interesting.”
Levels of Processing and the Retention of Paired-Associates
Authors: Vochatzer Karl G. , Blick Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

The effect of self-reference, semantic, and rote processing on the retention of paired-associates was examined at intervals of 5 min. and 2 wk. 25 subjects per group were given 120 sec. to process each of 15 paired-associates by self-reference, semantic, or rote. The pairs were a low meaningful nonsense word and a high meaningful English noun. At both retention intervals, self-reference and semantic processing produced significantly higher retention than rote processing and there was no difference in retention between self-reference and semantic processing. The results were compared with those of similar studies.
Intermodal Enhancement of Stimulus Localisation in Infants Born Prematurely
Authors: Foreman Nigel , Fielder Alistair
Published: September 2011

The interaction of auditory and visual modalities in the enhancement of orientation was examined in premature and near-term infants by presenting them auditory or visual stimuli or auditory-visual stimulus combinations at various positions in sensory space. In 4.5–15-mo.-olds, brisk orienting responses could be elicited to very peripheral stimulus positions but only when the stimulus consisted of a spatially coherent auditory-visual combination (i.e., where a sound and a light occurred at the same point in space). This occurred for all infants, irrespective of age or gestational age at birth. First, the result shows that infants can respond to visual stimuli at eccentric positions, beyond the supposed limits of their effective visual fields as measured by standard perimetry. Second, the result extends earlier studies showing that intersensory integration and stimulus localisation develop relatively normally in prematurely born infants. The auditory-visual enhancement test as used here may have a number of further uses and applications in the clinic and laboratory.
Relation of Cognitive Operational Performance to Comprehension and Production of Dimensional Adjectives
Authors: Layton Thomas L. , Metz Michelle G.
Published: September 2011

This study compared normal developing children, aged 34 to 51 mo., on comprehension and production of relative dimensional adjectives using object manipulations in a cloze elicitation procedure and on Piagetian operational tests of conservation of continuous quantity, length, reversibility and seriation. Analysis indicated a significant difference on the expressive language performance of the transitional and the concrete operational children over the preoperational children, but no significant differences occurred between the first two groups. Children who performed better on seriation were significantly better on expressive language performance. Children classified as operational for length performed better on all language measures than those classified as nonoperational. Reversibility and conservation of a continuous quantity did not differentiate children.
Ventral Marking in the Male Mongolian Gerbil Reflects Present and Future Reproductive Investments
Authors: Del Thiessen Merri Pendergrass , Friend Patricia
Published: September 2011

Ventral scent-marking in the male Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, may be related to reproductive potential. In four experiments involving nine groups, males' marking during 5-min. open field tests correlated with their social and reproductive status. The lowest levels of marking occurred among individually housed or subordinate males of a pair, followed by males exposed to ovariectomized females, and dominant males of a pair. Higher levels of marking occurred with vasectomized males living with intact females or following the removal of males from a nuclear family. The most frequent marking occurred when males were housed with pregnant females and with females and their offspring. The proximate stimuli leading to high marking appear to be the sexual availability of reproductively competent females.
Reduced Brightness Contrast as a Reading Aid
Authors: Giddings Elva H. , Carmean Stephen L.
Published: September 2011

A standard reading comprehension test, modified by printing half of the material on medium grey paper to lower the contrast of print-to-page, was administered to 54 college students, 21 of whom had previously been diagnosed as learning disabled. Comprehension of the control group was little affected by the contrast, but the mean score for the learning disabled students was 10% higher on the pages with reduced contrast. This is congruent with Meares's 1980 clinical observations that reducing contrast significantly aids some readers.
A New Approach to Explain Aggression
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S. , Mapletoft Stephen J.
Published: September 2011

Two separate experiments are reported. They show the methodological difficulties and subsequent conceptual complications in Berkowitz's modified frustration-aggression theory and Zillman's theory of aggression. There was a marginally significant difference in the verbal measure of aggression favouring subjects aroused by frustration over subjects aroused by exercise, but not on the behavioral measure of aggression. Exp. II was conducted to test an alternative hypothesis, deduced from Fraisse's theory of emotion, which states that subjects respond more aggressively when confronted with unexpected than with expected annoyance. All six measures of aggression confirmed the hypothesis. The results of these two experiments indicate conceptual and methodological difficulties inherent in Berkowitz's modified frustration-aggression theory and Zillman's theory of aggression; they also suggest that Fraisse's theory of emotion presents a better model of aggression.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXI. Language of Publications Referred to in Four American Journals, 1887–1945: A Synthesis
Authors: Brožek Josef , Tortosa Francisco
Published: September 2011

The language dimension of the interaction with world psychology, reflected in the contributions to the American Journal of Psychology, Psychological Review, Psychological Bulletin, and the Journal of Experimental Psychology, was one of the topics examined in a series of doctoral dissertations written in the 1980s at the University of Valencia under the direction of Prof. Helio Carpintero. The studies yielded information on well over 100,000 references. The present synthesis documents the trends toward a relative decrease in references to works written in French and German, and an increase in references to publications written in English. In the 20th century the percentage of references to “other” languages remained low throughout. While these facts are not “discoveries,” the evidence brought together is both novel and—within the limits of the sample—exhaustive.
Fitness, Attitude toward Physical Education, and Self-Concept of Elementary School Children
Authors: Sherrill Claudine , Holguin Omar , Caywood Alma Jean
Published: September 2011

Elementary school children scoring in the highest and lowest 26% or 27% of their classes on the Texas Physical Fitness test were compared for attitude toward physical education and self-concept. Data were collected on the Children's Attitude Inventory Toward Physical Education, a Game of Pairs for Preferences Among School Subjects, and the Children's Self-concept Scale. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences on all tests between boys high in fitness, girls high in fitness, boys low in fitness, and girls low in fitness. Subsequent Scheffé tests indicated that highly fit girls had significantly higher attitude and self-concept scores than boys low in fitness. Highly fit boys had higher self-concepts than boys low in fitness. No other group comparisons were significant. Pearson correlations indicated nonsignificant associations between fitness and attitude and self-concept for the four groups.
Effects of Kinematically Enhanced Video-Modeling on Improvement of Form in a Gymnastic Skill
Authors: Williams John G.
Published: September 2011

Applying research findings on the perception of human movement it was predicted that enhancement of a model's limbs with points of light so as to convey particular postures clearly would significantly facilitate the fidelity of modeling a gymnastic action. Four 14-yr.-old boys judged to be equally skilled in the performance of a headspring vault practiced to improve their form (extension of knees) either in an enhanced or a normal video-modeling condition. The performance criterion was the average angle at the knee for sampled frames between the piked position in the initial phase of the vault and the fully extended body position at the start of the flight phase. Analysis yielded a significant main effect for practice but no differences among the experimental conditions.
Strength Gains, Locus of Control, and Self-Description of College Football Players
Authors: Brone Ronald , Reznikoff Marvin
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated strength gains and change in self-concept and locus of control related to participation in a weight-training program. 37 college football players were administered Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List prior to and immediately following their participation in a 14-wk. weight-training program. While participants who scored high on the Femininity scale and high on externality on the I-E scale achieved greater gains on some of the strength measures, for the most part I-E and Adjective Check List scores did not predict strength changes. A positive correlation was found between change in total strength and change in score on the Self-confidence scale. Regardless of change in strength, subjects showed an increase in scores on the Order scale from pretest to posttest. The need for further research on the relationships between participation in a weight-training program, gains in strength and self-concept is discussed.
Relationship between Two Nontraditional Procedures for Assessing Speech-Sound Discrimination
Authors: Bountress Nicholas G. , Sever Joseph C. , Williams Joyce T.
Published: September 2011

Tests of speech-sound discrimination are used by special educators, reading specialists and speech-language pathologists in assessing children's ability to differentiate between speech sounds occurring in standard English. Such tests are important in determining if speech-sound articulation errors are caused by difficulty in making such differentiations. However, during the past 10 years, these tests have been criticized on the basis of their reliability and validity. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of two alternative methods of assessing speech-sound discrimination with a school-aged population to determine if they elicited responses in a similar manner.
Effects of Music Information Load on a Reading Comprehension Task
Authors: Kiger Derrick M.
Published: September 2011

27 male and 27 female high school students read a passage of literature in the presence of silence, low information-load, or high information-load music. Comprehension was best in the first music condition, worst in the last condition.
Perceptions of Education Majors concerning 10 Reading Content Area Techniques
Authors: Aldridge Jerry , Clayton Gypsy
Published: September 2011

A survey was conducted to assess the perceived usefulness of 10 content area reading techniques. Students enrolled in a course entitled Reading in the Content Areas were asked to rank the 10 techniques and also to describe the usefulness of each technique.
Maternal Education and Preacademic Problems as Predictors of Teachers' Ratings and Self-Concept
Authors: Miller Lucy Jane , Schouten Peter G. W.
Published: September 2011

The Harter Perceived Competence Scale for Children was used to assess teachers' and children's ratings of perceived competence four years after preschool screening. Stepwise multiple regressions showed that maternal education was a significant predictor of teachers' ratings of children's cognitive competence and conduct. Preschool problem/no-problem status was significantly related to teachers' rating in four of five domains but only related to the children's self-concept of social competence and global self-worth. The present findings support the importance of child-centered information versus socioeconomic status as a predictor of future functioning.
H-Reflexes during a Motor Skill Acquisition Task
Authors: Baylor Ann M. , Benjuya Nisim
Published: September 2011

H-reflex amplitudes were studied during the acquisition of a motor skill involving coordinated isometric plantar-flexion at the ankle joints as subjects learned to trace a triangular pattern on an oscilloscope screen by controlling plantar-flexion torque applied against load cells. Torque feedback was presented on a subject oscilloscope with the right foot controlling a vertical cursor and the left foot a horizontal cursor. Eleven subjects reached criterion performance. H-reflexes were recorded from the right soleus and timed to the initiation of soleus muscle activity to plantarflex the foot. Average time to complete one trial decreased from 9 sec. in the prelearning block to 4 sec. postlearning. No single learning strategy was evident as subjects varied widely in their levels of H-reflex amplitude, but during postlearning, H-reflex amplitude became consistent within subjects as tracing performance became faster and accurate.
Task Complexity and Affect in Collegiate Football
Authors: McGowan Robert W. , Shultz Barry B.
Published: September 2011

This research examined difference in affect of athletes performing complex tasks (offensive positions) and those performing relatively simple tasks (defensive positions). As hypothesized, defensive players were more vigorous than offensive players. Differences were also found between positions (linemen, backs, and quarterbacks). Results agreed with previous research on differences in affect between microcycles of training. Specifically, athletes about to perform relatively simple tasks appeared to utilize anger as a preevent motivating strategy. No differences in attentional styles were detected between offensive players and defensive players or among positions in collegiate football.