bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An NGA-West2 Empirical Model for Estimating the Horizontal Spectral Values Generated by Shallow Crustal Earthquakes
Authors: Idriss I. M.
Published: June 2014

An empirical model for estimating the horizontal pseudo-absolute spectral accelerations (PSA) generated by shallow crustal earthquakes was published in 2008 using the recorded earthquake ground motion data collected and documented as part of the original Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) project. A significant number of additional recordings were collected over the past three years, and the 2008 model has been revised using the new data and is presented in this paper. The model was again selected to be simple, and the model parameters were estimated using the expanded database. The revised model incorporates V S30 as an independent variable because, with the expanded database, it was found that V S30 was required to be included as an independent parameter to allow for a reasonably unbiased fit to the recorded data. It is noted that V S30 is not being used to account for nonlinear site response, but strictly to allow for a better fit to the data. These parameters are presented for sites with an average shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m, V S30, for sites with V S30 ≥ 450 m/s. Parameters for sites with V S30 < 450 m/s are not included in this paper. For a site with V S30 = 450 m/s, there is an overall increase in PGA averaging about 50% over a distance of about 100 km using the 2013 model in comparison to the 2008 model. On the other hand, for a site with V S30 = 900 m/s, there is an overall decrease of about 10% using the 2013 model in comparison to the 2008 model.
Response Spectra at Liquefaction Sites during Shallow Crustal Earthquakes
Authors: Gingery James R. , Elgamal Ahmed , Bray Jonathan D.
Published: June 2014

Site amplification studies and building code provisions recognize that soil liquefaction can alter the characteristics of ground shaking at a site. However, guidance as to how the amplitudes of spectral accelerations are modified is lacking. In this paper, available recorded ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes at sites that exhibited evidence of liquefaction are investigated. Analysis of residuals computed relative to Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) estimates reveal positive bias at longer periods, slight negative bias at intermediate periods, and slight positive bias at short periods. Trends with V S30, NGA-estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA), and moment magnitude are also observed. A model is developed that removes the initially observed residual bias and reduces uncertainty. The proposed model can be used to adjust NGA-estimated acceleration response spectra to account for the effects of liquefaction on ground shaking.
"Being in Now": Ibrahim El-Salahi at the Tate Modern
Authors: Hynes NJ
Published: June 2014

Ibrahim El-Salahi: A Visionary Modernist, the Tate Modern’s first retrospective of a modernist artist from the African continent, marks both an institutional acknowledgment that the story of modernism in art is not limited to North America and Europe and a commitment to acquisitions that reflect this understanding. Over one hundred pieces from five decades fill seven rooms. After training in Khartoum and London, El-Salahi returned home and developed a visionary, syncretic style that reflected his personal interrogation of Sudanese visual identity. The show—a retrospective of an artist who is looking forward—opens and closes with large-scale recent work, including the epic drawing The Day of Judgement (2010) and intricate depictions of flamenco dancers.
Meschac Gaba: Museum of Contemporary African Art 1997-2002
Authors: Pantazis Steve
Published: June 2014

This review covers Beninese artist Meschac Gaba’s twelve-room installation Museum of Contemporary African Art (July 3–September 22, 2013), presented at Tate Modern in London, which acquired the work as part of a two-year program to highlight contemporary African art. The show offered the public a unique experience by bringing together the conventional structures of a museum with Gaba’s unconventional and playful structures, which question the nature of the museum and change the Western viewer’s perception of African art.
Enthusiasm: Collectiveness, Politics, and Aesthetics
Authors: Ose Elvira Dyangani
Published: June 2014

From “Black Collectivities: A Conference,” held May 3–4, 2013, at Northwestern University’s Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, and the University of Chicago’s Arts Incubator. This article begins with part of Elvira Dyangani Ose’s ongoing doctoral research into the recent upsurge of multidisciplinary and collective projects in Africa. It focuses on artists and artist collectives whose works intervene in everyday experience, emphasizing elements of the “common things” and questioning “the habitual.” Proceeding to a series of examples in modern Africa, the article uses Jean-François Lyotard’s notion of enthusiasm to explore in depth two case studies, Bessengue City Project and Chimurenga Library. Both initiatives incorporate the significance of the space where the art intervention is being produced and reflect the social relationships established there. Both look at modern African scenarios and propose new sociospatial paradigms.
The Form of the Informal
Authors: Stimson Blake
Published: June 2014

From “Black Collectivities: A Conference,” held May 3–4, 2013, at Northwestern University’s Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, and the University of Chicago’s Arts Incubator. This article places the informal as a social ideal within a larger history of collectivism by distinguishing between two root forms, one derived from formal enfranchisement of political life and the state and the other from the laissez-faire informality of economic life and the market. While we are very aware of the social and political costs associated with collectivisms that derive their organizational principle from the state, on the whole we are much less attentive to the costs borne by collectivisms that derive their form from the market.
Mapping the Nation's Physiography by Computer
Authors: Pike Richard J. , Thelin Gail P.
Published: June 2014

Recent advances in computer technology present opportunities for the machine visualization of topography. A new shaded relief map of the conterminous United States is the first one-sheet graphic of U.S. landforms larger than Erwin Raisz's classic 1939 hand-drawn panorama. The 1:3,500,000-scale digital image (about 4.5' long), reproduced here at 1:10,000,000, has greater fidelity and detail than portrayals of this large area by artistic (manual) techniques. The new map also shows synoptictopography more clearly than contoured elevations, satellite images, or radar mosaics. We created the map by processing 12,000,000 elevations (digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic sheets at a grid resolution of 0.8 km) on a V AX-11/780 computer, using proprietary software, a modified Lambert photometric function, 255 gray tones, and the method of Pinhas Yoeli as implemented by Raymond Batson and others.
A Content Analysis and Comparison of Three Cartographic Journals: 1964-1989
Authors: Gilmartin Patricia
Published: June 2014

The contents of three major English-language cartographic journals from Great Britain, Canada, and the United States were analyzed and compared to determine if there are significant differences among them. Results show considerable similarities in the publication of useroriented research and articles related to automated cartography. The three journals varied considerably in their publication record for historical cartography and several other relatively minor categories. The question of editors' influence on journal content was considered and input sought from representatives of the three journals in the study.
Mapping Land Degradation Factors in Mexico
Authors: Garcia Maria C. , Perez Graciela
Published: June 2014

Traditional and automated cartographic methods were used to compile a comprehensive map of environmental problems in Mexico. The map is part of the recently published Atlas Nacional de Mexico. This paper outlines the procedures followed during the collection and analysis of data through to its cartographic expression. The recent increase in the publication of environmental maps at regional, national and global scales may increase awareness of the threatening effects of man-induced environmental disturbances.
Cartographic Animation: Potential and Research Issues
Authors: Karl Doris
Published: June 2014

The potential of computer animation has been realized in many different disciplines. Animation is also a powerful visualization tool for cartography; however, it has been neglected until recently. This paper portrays the need for animation in cartography in the light of the new approaches and methods in the sciences as well as in society. It discusses two main reasons for the lack of animation in cartography: the fixation on the printed map and the absence of a comprehensive approach to cartographic animation. Finally, a variety of issues for further research are proposed.
Maritime Boundaries on National Ocean Service Nautical Charts
Authors: Harrington Charles
Published: June 2014

The National Ocean Service (NOS) is responsible for charting the Nation's coastal waters and, therefore, is the lead Agency for the portrayal of maritime limits of the United States of America. The 1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone states " ... the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low waterline along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal state." In 1976, NOS was requested to show various maritime limits on its regular issue of nautical charts. The paper presents the history of maritime boundaries on National Ocean Service (NOS) charts, methods used in constructing the various maritime limits, the definition of the limits, the push for lateral seaward boundaries, and the technical aspects of maritime limits.
Desktop Map Design: Some Odysseys of Form and Flow
Authors: Byrne Kevin
Published: June 2014

Making maps on today's desktop platforms can be something of an odyssey that often obliges the designer to traverse minefields of nonintegrated software. This article details the workflows for nine maps produced with desktop computer software. Each workflow falls across a row; each row references a captioned map that was a tangible outcome of the author's implementation of desktop cartography using image processing and other software tools. A need for early articulation of appropriate verbal goals to guide the power and charm of map design software is discussed.
Relating Cognitive Development To Cartographic Education With A Model Of Orientation Space
Authors: Castner Henry W.
Published: June 2014

An "orientation space" is briefly described as a means of synthesizing a vast literature and of providing psychologists and cartographers with some common ground for discussing the issues of cognitive development in children as they might ap ply to elementary cartographic education. The vast literature refers to the work in many fields on the questions of how children navigate and orient themselves, how they visualize and organize space and spatial relationships, and how they express these ideas graphically.
Reexamining the Role of Maps in Geographic Education: Images, Analysis, and Evaluation
Authors: Young James E.
Published: June 2014

The ability to make, understand, and use maps is essential for anyone trying to think about the world around them. Children's failure to make and use maps in a meaningful way contributes to the lack of geographic awareness across the country. The "linguistic map" (a graphic representation of the mental connections between words, sensory images, abstract concepts, and value judgments) is proposed as a model for evaluating maps used in educational materials. An evaluation of social studies textbooks found that the maps failed to promote learning at all three levels proposed by the linguistic model: concrete images, abstract analysis, and value evaluation. Problems with the textbook maps are examined and suggestions developed for using maps in educational materials.
Culture of the Wisconsin Official State Highway Map
Authors: Bockenhauer Mark H.
Published: June 2014

Wood and Fels (1986) strikingly reveal that even a cartographic product as "taken for granted" as a road map is as much a tool of the maker as of the user. Indeed, a highway map comprises a sophisticated package of messages. In this paper, a series of State of Wisconsin official highway maps is examined to illustrate that each is a product of the culture in which it is produced. Map messages reflecting state institutional cultures are communicated through the principal state map image as well as through other map elements. Examples are selected from the 1920s to the present to highlight a changing transportation and mapmaking culture, appropriation of the official state highway map as a tool of tourism and gubernatorial promotion, and the presence of certain persistent and disturbing depictions of women and minorities. Wisconsin's official highway map is found to include both deliberate and unintentional reflections of the changing (and in some aspects, unchanging) state of the state.
New Forms, Concepts, and Structures for European National Atlases
Authors: Ormeling Ferjan
Published: June 2014

After proposing definitions for "atlases," "national atlases," and "electronic atlases," this paper outlines the requirements for electronic national atlases produced in the 1990s. These requirements will then be compared with the actual national atlases produced in Europe between 1988 and 1994.
The Production of Smooth Scale Changes in an Animated Map Project
Authors: Von Wyss Martin
Published: June 2014

The proliferation of home and business computers has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of animated maps in private, institutional, commercial, and academic settings. As authoring software that allows the production of such maps becomes cheaper and easier to use, animated maps will continue to become more numerous and sophisticated. This increase in the number and complexity of animated maps and the resultant need to automate their design and production calls for novel cartographic approaches. This paper stems from a project involving the design of animated maps for a typical multimedia product. An important element of the animations were the transitions between maps of different scales. An explanation of an algorithm to choose map scales suggests how aesthetic judgments can be incorporated into the automated production flow for the finished product.
Maps, Text, and Seventh-Graders: A Study of Spatial Learning
Authors: Ramirez Alisa D. , Gilmartin Patricia
Published: June 2014

The research reported here examines the effectiveness of maps in geography text for seventh grade students by asking them to study either the text alone or the text with maps and then answer questions about the material. We also investigate the influences on students' performance of gender, time of testing (immediate or delayed), and kind of knowledge required (memorization versus inference). Results reveal a consistent advantage associated with the presence of maps but not at levels which are statistically significant. Other findings include a slight advantage of females over males (again, not significant), the fact that inference questions are more difficult to answer than those requiring simple memorization, and (not surprisingly) that students' performance declines over time. We offer possible explanations for our findings, including some related to the research design and the fact that our subjects were seventh-graders.
Males, Females, and Maps: Evaluating Spatial Encoding Strategies
Authors: Nelson Elisabeth S.
Published: June 2014

Cognitive research suggests that there is a difference in the spatial  abilities of males and females. Results of studies that examine wayfinding skills indicate that the differences found may be linked to a variation in the types of strategies used in completing spatial tasks. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of gender on different strategies for encoding spatial information in a map context. An experiment was conducted in which subjects studied a map presented to them using one of three encoding strategies: (1) a control strategy in which they viewed the map as a static representation, (2) a landmark-based strategy in which they viewed a dynamic sequencing of the map that began with landmark locations and built over time to include all map components, and (3) a path-based strategy in which they viewed a dynamic sequencing of the map that began with path locations and built over time to include all map components. Following this study phase, subjects completed a series of map recognition tasks where they indicated whether a presented map was the same as or different from the map they had originally studied. Test maps that differed from the memorized map were modified by either replacing, displacing, or reversing the perspective of a map object. Results indicated that while encoding strategy played a significant role in determining how accurately subjects could perform the recognition task, gender did not significantly influence how well any particular strategy worked for encoding map-based spatial information.
Adjusting and Separating Map Colors Using PhotoShopTM
Authors: Olson Judy M.
Published: June 2014

As more and more maps are being prepared for display on CRTs, our need for a method to convert them into printable or slide form is increasing. A screen capture of the image can be manipulated in PhotoShop to select appropriate colors. A finishing program such as Free Hand can be used for adding high-quality lettering, placing appropriately on the page, and creating color separations or a slide file. Different applications require creativity in solving specific problems, but the method is versatile and easy to apply.
Use of Tactile Maps by Blind and Visually Impaired People
Authors: Ungar Simon , Bayal Angeles Espinosa , Blades Mark , Ochaita Espernaza , Spencer Christopher
Published: June 2014

Most research on tactile maps has focused on aspects of map design and methods of construction. Relatively little attention has been paid to theway in which blind and visually impaired people actually use tactile maps for everyday way finding tasks. This paper reports on studies carried out in Madrid and Sheffield which consider how people gain spatial knowledge from tactile maps. In the Madrid study, participants were introduced to an urban area by one of three instructional methods: direct experience, tactile map or verbal description. Those who learned the area with the map were considerably more proficient in following the route unguided than were participants who received the other two instructional methods. However the different methods had little effect on the participants' overall representation of the space. It is possible that the map reading strategies used by the participants were effective for gaining practical route-based knowledge but did not give the participants an overall spatial representation of the area. To explore this possibility further, the Sheffield study considered the effect of individual differences in map reading strategies on the type of mental representation which visually impaired people acquire from a tactile map. It was found that those participants who acquired an accurate and full representation of the map used different map learning strategies from those who performed less well. We suggest implications of these studies for the education and rehabilitation of blind  and visually impaired people.
Animation-Based Map Design: The Visual Effects of Interpolation on the Appearance of Three-Dimensional Surfaces
Authors: Lavin Stephen , Rossum Sonja , Slade Shawn R.
Published: June 2014

Computer animation is a potential aid in map design, because it provides a means for quickly reviewing many design alternatives. This research is a conceptual exploration of one aspect of animation-based design: The effect of inverse-distance weighting on the visualization of three dimensional maps. The primary variable examined is the inversedistance weighting exponent. Changing the exponent in small intervals allows the creation of a series of three-dimensional maps that can be assembled, and played back as a frame animation. In this procedure, cartographers can view the visual effects of various exponents on the resulting surfaces. Design-based animations allow mapmakers to visualize effects of their decisions in advance of map production and to make more informed design decisions. It is suggested that this method can be expanded to examine map design for a great many forms of cartographic symbology. Ideally, automatic frame generation and a graphic user interface should become an integral part of the development of these visualizations.
Decision-Making with Conflicting Cartographic Information: The Case of Groundwater Vulnerability Maps
Authors: Rader Charles P. , Janke James D.
Published: June 2014

Conflicting cartographic information can cause problems when used tosupport planning decisions. Creation of conflicting information is becoming more common as geographic visualization and modeling software are used to develop multiple maps that represent different views of the same data. This paper presents groundwater vulnerability mapping as an example of information conflicts of this type. Three different vulnerability models applied to the same test data produced radically different results. This information was presented to a group of local planners to examine how they would deal with the conflicts. Through this exercise it became apparent that each planner used highly individual criteria to evaluate the resuJts from the models. A continuum of strategies describes the range of responses from aspatial to spatial approaches. Jung's theory of psychological types is applied to further understand variation in responses. A venues for further research are suggested in the representation of cartographic information conflicts, the role of psychological types in decision-making with maps, and the role of group dynamics in decision-making with maps.
Anatomy of the Introductory Cartography Course Revisited
Authors: Fryman James F. , Sines Bonnie R.
Published: June 2014

This paper reports the results of a survey sent to instructors of cartographyin the United States and Canada during the fall of 1995. The intent of the survey was to determine if there was a common consensus among cartography instructors on the content and structure of the introductory course. In addition, the survey was designed to determine the impact of computer technology on the structure of the course. In an effort to identify changes and trends, results of this survey were compared to a similar survey conducted in 1989.
Problems of Cartographic Design in Geographic Information Systems for Transportation
Authors: Kennedy R. Gordon
Published: June 2014

Geographic information systems for transportation (GIS-T) seek to integrate the geospatial approach of GIS and the tabular approach of conventional transportation analysis. GIS-T deals with such topics as network analysis, linear reference systems, travel demand modeling, and intelligent transportation systems. Conventional cartographic treatment of route features is reviewed in the context of the mapping challenges introduced by GIS-T. Problems in the visualization of complex linear data are identified and examined as cartographic design issues. Cartographic requirements are specified for mapping route-based data and basic design issues are identified. The representation of complex route-based data layers is posed as an undeveloped specialty of cartographic design. Some of the issues involved in developing such fundamental principles are summarized and potential avenues of research are suggested.
Maps and Political Power: A Cultural Interpretation of the Maps in The Gazetteer of Jiankang Prefecture
Authors: Hu Bangbo
Published: June 2014

Historians of cartography have recently expressed a greater interest in the relationship between maps and culture and society. This paper examines how political power is reflected in the maps in a Chinese gazetteer from 1261, The Gazetteer of Jiankang Prefecture (Jiankang zhi). It shows how political power influenced the production process of the gazetteer and how this power is reflected in the selection of maps and images. Political power controlled the entire production process of the gazetteer and its maps. According to the local governor’s instructions, Zhou Yinghe, the major author of the gazetteer, proposed four principles on how to compile the gazetteer. These principles clearly reveal control by the government in the compiling process. The emperor’s power was evidently emphasized in these maps through map selection, cartographic design, and symbolization. This paper supports the general notion that maps are not only geographical representations of the spatial world but can also be viewed as cultural images that reflect the societies in which they are produced.
Spatial Concept Lattices: An Integration Method in Model Generalization
Authors: Kokla Margarita , Kavouras Marinos
Published: June 2014

The ability to view and analyze data of different detail and from different perspectives, and to move dynamically from one scale to another requires modeling geographic information at different generalization levels. On this account, in the framework of model generalization, the concept of multi-scale database is adopted to provide a consistent multiple representation of existent mono-scale representations. Spatial Concept Lattices are propounded as a new approach to thematic generalization through the semantic integration of multiple classification schemata and the creation of a multi-scale, multi-context database. The methodology presents in an explicit and systematic manner the integration of classification schemata, which exhibit differences in spatial and thematic resolution. In order to comprehend the stepwise SCL methodology, an actual example is used to demonstrate the integration of three independent land cover/land use classification schemata. The integration process is part of model generalization, since the resulting hierarchical integrated schema supports various levels of thematic resolution and represents geographic space from different application perspectives.
A Case for Teaching Geographic Visualization without GIS
Authors: Knowles Anne Kelly
Published: June 2014

This article argues for the value of teaching geographic visualization to non-geography majors by having them make maps manually, using punched mylar, colored pencils, and light tables instead of computerbased geographic information systems or mapping programs. The essay contrasts the experiences of attempting to teach principles of geographic visualization using ArcView GIS in an introductory human geography course and using manual methods in an upper-level research methods course in history. Several conclusions emerge: (1) using manual methods to visualize spatial information quickly gets students thinking geographically; (2) the ease of learning the fundamental concepts and techniques of geographic visualization using manual methods makes it possible to integrate visualization into courses outside the discipline of geography; (3) geographic visualization can tremendously enrich the study of history, prompting students to think in ways they might not otherwise; and (4) teaching visualization with mylar has distinct advantages for history courses because physical map layers reinforce the notion that places are palimpsests of change. Manual methods make it possible to teach geographic visualization at colleges and universities that have no geography department or GIS courses. Their use should be encouraged as an adaptable, inexpensive, effective way to promote geographic learning and geographic literacy in U.S. higher education.
Internet Maps in the Context of Community Right-to-Know versus Public Safety
Authors: Cammack Rex G. , Svadbik Lindsay
Published: June 2014

As the human race learns to critically evaluate its actions within the earth’s environment more closely, the public demands more knowledge about their personal living environments. Maps provide a clear means of showing the spatial relationships between people and the environment and making this information available in the form of maps through the Internet allows large numbers of people to make decisions about what is around them and how it might affect them. In this study, governmental rules are examined that concern mapping hazardous chemical materials and making those maps accessible to the public. The social issue to consider is what specific information to present and what interaction and analysis tools a cartographer provides to the public. As with all types of maps, the purpose of the map must be addressed. For an Internet map, any sinister intent of the user must also be considered. Issues of public safety must be evaluated when dealing with sensitive information. Public safety officials view knowledge about the location of hazardous chemical materials as both a public benefit and risk. This study will show how current governmental rules can dictate the development of an Internet map regarding hazardous chemicals and that Internet mapping methods can be used that lead to public awareness without increasing the risk to the public of possible terrorist attacks.
Webcams, Interactive Index Maps, and Our Brave New World’s Brave New Globe
Authors: Monmonier Mark
Published: June 2014

Intermittent video supplied by a webcam affords near-real-time images that can approximate the dynamic scenes of full-motion video. As map supplements, webcam images offer readily interpreted on-the-spot reports of traffic flow, crowdedness, cloudiness, scenic beauty (or ugliness), and other directly observable aspects of the physical and human landscapes. And as easily interpreted cartographic point symbols, webcam images offer a range of visual variables, including size, numerousness, texture, rate of change, and value. Readily integrated with the maps, photographs, other images and the narrative text of electronic atlases and atlas-like websites, webcam images depend upon maps in two ways: locator maps provide the spatial context without which many webcam images have little meaning, and index maps help viewers identify places for which webcam images are available. As a medium for monitoring landscapes and watching people—with or without the subject’s awareness and acquiescence—the webcam is symptomatic of electronic cartography’s newfound capacity as a technology of surveillance.
A New Technology for Interactive Online Mapping with Vector Markup and XML
Authors: Zavlavsky Ilya
Published: June 2014

As Internet cartography matures from static map images to interactive and animated maps, and embraces extensive GIS functionality, the limitations of presenting Web maps as image files become obvious. In this paper, a new technology for Internet cartography is demonstrated that uses direct vector rendering in a browser to create highly interactive virtual maps from distributed sources of geographic data. This technology is made possible by the advent of XML (eXtensible Markup Language) and XML applications for 2D vector rendering such as VML (Vector Markup Language) and SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). AXIOMAP – Application of XML for Interactive Online Mapping – is a Web map publishing kit and a customizable virtual map interface that allows for the display and manipulation of multiple point, line and area layers, database query, choropleth mapping, hyperlinking, map labeling and annotation. To render maps in a Web browser (Internet Explorer 5, in the current version), AXIOMAP generates VML shapes “on the fly” from XML-encoded geographic data that can physically reside on different servers. A thin client-side solution, AXIOMAP provides for better interactivity than traditional map serverbased approaches. The paper explains the functionality of AXIOMAP, the technology behind it, and presents several applications. A free version of the software can be downloaded from www.elzaresearch.com/landv/.
How The Monosemic Graphics Go Polysemic
Authors: Rod Jan Ketil
Published: June 2014

This paper is a reflection on the semiological tradition after Saussure. The focus here is cartographic. In 1967 Jacques Bertin presented the semiology of graphics, which has had an extensive influence on cartography. Bertin claimed graphics (diagrams, networks and maps) to be a monosemic sign system because graphics transcribe relationships that are previously defined in a data table. This premise is critically revisited regarding maps, resulting in the conclusion that diagrams and networks might be monosemic representations while statistical maps cannot. Polysemy is introduced in statistical mapping because the plan possesses influencing properties on the transcribed meaning, which are not a priori defined in the data table.
The Poet As Map-Maker: The Cartographic Inspiration and Influence of Elizabeth Bishop’s “The Map”
Authors: Haft Adele J.
Published: June 2014

New Year’s Eve of 1934 found Elizabeth Bishop recuperating from the flu. Out of her isolation, the recently orphaned 23-year-old created “The Map.” Inspired by a map’s depiction of the North Atlantic, Bishop’s exquisite poem alludes in part to the “seashore towns” and coastal waters of her childhood home, Nova Scotia. A seminal twentieth-century poem about maps, Bishop’s “The Map” has inspired a host of other mappoems since it opened her Pulitzer prize-winning collection, Poems: North & South—A Cold Spring, in 1955. My paper, the third in a series advocating the use of poetry in the teaching of geography, will attempt to elucidate Bishop’s masterpiece and introduce the map that, I believe, inspired her poem. The paper also will present two works influenced by “The Map”: Howard Nemerov’s “The Map-Maker on His Art” (1957) and Mark Strand’s “The Map” (1960). Linking these three acclaimed American poets even further is their recognition of an intimate and explicit connection between poets and cartographers.
Participatory Mapping of Disabled Access
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: June 2014

In this paper, a rationale for a participatory approach to mapping is detailed, and its utility illustrated through the detailed reporting of a project concerned with mapping disabled access to the built environment. In this project, disabled people worked with university researchers at all phases of the research process, from formulation to data collection to end product, to create a detailed access map of their local town. The process of participatory research was found to be a rewarding and empowering experience for the disabled participants. Moreover the resulting map provides a significant resource for local disabled residents and has been important politically, being used to successfully lobby for changes to the local environment.
Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: the Cartographic Fundamentals in Retrospect
Authors: Talbert Richard J.A.
Published: June 2014

In time, space or purpose, the prospect of any close link between the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World [1] and the Historical Atlas of Canada [2] might seem remote indeed. As editor of the former, however, I instantly realized otherwise when first encountering the reflections of the director (Dean) and two editors of the latter (Cole Harris, Holdsworth) on their experience published in Editing Early and Historical Atlases: Papers given at the 29th annual conference on editorial problems, University of Toronto, 5-6 November 1993. [3] Naturally, to learn that in a quite different field others before you had wrestled with similar dilemmas, and had chosen to resolve them in broadly similar ways, is not enough to place your own choices beyond reproach. But such a discovery does offer reassurance; it acts to relieve a depressing sense of isolation, and demonstrates that your own painful choices need no longer be regarded as merely idiosyncratic.
Mapping September 11, 2001: Cartographic Narrative in the Print Media
Authors: Churchill Robert R. , Slarsky Suzanne J.
Published: June 2014

The attacks of September 11, 2001 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were unprecedented in scope if not in their fundamental nature. While the United States moved toward resurrection of Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative, known popularly as “Star Wars”, and focused its resources on sophisticated weaponry, terrorists with primitive weapons turned commercial aircraft into guided missiles. The suddenness and enormity of the events, coupled with the fact that so many people were acquainted with victims of the attacks, created a sense of concern and confusion that was more pervasive and ubiquitous than evoked by either the 1993 bombing of the Trade Center or the 1995 attack on the Murrah Federal Building. In the immediate aftermath, the events of September 11attracted the sympathies of the entire country, evoked both an outpouring of patriotism and a rhetoric of retribution, and temporarily redefined task saliencies (Wright, 1978) as firefighters and law enforcement officers became heroes of the moment.The media also assumed a heightened level of importance as people turned to television, the Internet, and print for information and for insight and meaning. On September 11, the New York Times recorded over 21 million page views on their site, more than twice the previous record, and a six-month circulation audit by the Times following September 11 showed daily gains of approximately 42,000 newspapers (Robinson, 2002). Since the number of maps appearing in the media has grown rapidly with the advent of desktop computing and electronic publishing technologies (Monmonier, 1989; 2001), it is not surprising that much of the story of September 11 has been illustrated with maps. At the very least, these maps offer distinctive insights that help define both the events and the public reaction, but a paradigm shift that emphasizes their textual nature suggests that in addition to illustrating the attacks and the subsequent events, maps cast their own narratives of these events. Our purpose here is to explore these narratives through a systematic examination of maps that appeared in the print media in the period immediately following September 11.
Civil War Topographical Engineering in the Shenandoah
Authors: Pearson Brooks C.
Published: June 2014

This study advances knowledge concerning military topographical engineering in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia during 1861 and 1862 operations. It examines representative historical maps, Union and Confederate official reports, the wartime journals of James W. Abert, Jedediah Hotchkiss, and David Hunter Strother, and a detailed postwar reminiscence by Thomas H. Williamson to illuminate the typical experience of the topographical engineer in early war operations in the Shenandoah. Evidence indicates that Civil War topographers mostly performed the tasks one would expect of them: mapmaking, reconnaissance, and orienteering. They were occasionally required to perform other duties tailored to their individual talents. There is evidence that the role of Confederate topographical engineers was more specific than that of Union officers.
Large-scale Topographic Web Maps Using Scalable Vector Graphics
Authors: Pavlicko Peter , Peterson Michael P.
Published: June 2014

With the advent of the Internet, particularly the World Wide Web, the use and demand for online maps has grown very rapidly. Large scale topographic maps from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) at a scale of 1:24,000 have been traditionally distributed in paper form. To make these maps available to a larger number of people, rasterized versions are now available from various sources. Instead of the common raster format presentation, the solution presented here is based on a vector approach using Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), a relatively new vector format describing vector graphics for the Web. SVG provides many advantages compared to the use of a raster-based presentation, such as the quality of the graphical representation, maintenance, actualization, interactivity, and extensibility through other Web programming languages. The purpose of this research is to propose an optimal and logical structure for a SVG document with a minimal file size that would be universally applicable to all USGS large scale topographic maps while maintaining the graphic quality at a comparable level with maps presented on paper. The study shows that SVG is a promising technology for delivering high quality, fully-vector topographic maps via the Internet, both in terms of graphic quality and interactivity.
Putting “Cartography” into the History of Cartography: Arthur H. Robinson, David Woodward, and the Creation of a Discipline
Authors: Edney Matthew H.
Published: June 2014

Arthur Robinson and David Woodward significantly expanded the scope and nature of the history of cartography. Previously, cartographic historians had emphasized the study of map content. As practicing cartographers, Robinson and Woodward promoted the “internal” study of the history of cartographic techniques and design. Robinson used an historically minded rhetoric to define the proper nature of U.S. academic cartography after 1945 and he pursued important studies in the history of thematic mapping. Woodward pioneered the study of map printing. Moreover, he was crucial in transforming the “internal” approach to cartographic history into a discrete discipline focused on the study of maps as human documents. Woodward’s humanistic perspective ultimately formed the foundation of both the multi-volume History of Cartography and Brian Harley’s cartographic theorizing.
Mapping the Miasma: Air, Health, and Place in Early Medical Mapping
Authors: Koch Tom
Published: June 2014

Medical mapping is broadly assumed to have been a nineteenth century reaction both to the appearance of cholera and the social consciousness of principally British reformers. It is however older, more embedded in the scientific enterprise than the social critique, and in the end, more central to both than researchers typically recognize. This paper argues that medical mapping was from its start in the late 1600s principally a tool for the self-conscious testing of spatial propositions, arguing a relationship between health and place, and between the locus of specific disease incidence and suspected sites of local infectious generation. Through the nineteenth century the resulting work--social and medical— typically advanced a miasmatic theory that argued that infectious diseases were generated spontaneously and diffused naturally through the air. This paper reviews the history of medical cartography as a scientific enterprise in the age of miasma, and the importance of this work to social reformers as an outcome rather than a principal impetus to mapping as a critical tool.
Cartographic Design on Maine’s Appalachian Trail
Authors: Hermann Michael , Carpentier III Eugene
Published: June 2014

The Appalachian Trail (AT) is among the crown jewels of hiking trails worldwide. An opportunity to design the maps of the AT in Maine was more than just another job—as Maine residents and avid outdoorsmen we felt a personal responsibility, and honor, to take on this task. We embarked on a digital odyssey of sorts, manipulating terrain models and referencing existing paper sources, all the while designing with a strong humanistic element. These maps will be used to plan, attempt, and complete adventures in what some consider to be the most stunning trail landscape in New England. The project, similar to the trail, offered some unexpected challenges. This paper chronicles our journey along the design and production paths of Maine’s Appalachian Trail.
Supporting Map-based Geocollaboration Through Natural Interfaces to Large-Screen Displays
Authors: MacEachren Alan M. , Cai Guoray , Brewer Issac , Chen Jin
Published: June 2014

Groups usually carry out science and decision-making activities involving geographic information. However, current mapping and related geospatial technologies are not group-friendly, and attempts to extend (or reinvent) technologies for group use have been largely ad hoc. Elsewhere, we have developed a comprehensive conceptual approach to geocollaboration that provides a framework for both studying collaborative work with geospatial information (and technologies) and the development of new technologies designed to support group work. We are applying that approach to a range of prototype systems that support same- and different-place as well as same- and different-time group activities.Our focus in this paper is on same-time, same-place group work environments that enable that work through use of large-screen displays supporting natural, human-system dialogue and multi-user interaction. Two environments are described and compared. Both make use of hand gestures as a mechanism for specifying display locations. One adopts a combined wall map/white board metaphor while the other adopts a drafting table metaphor. We focus on crisis management as a typical use case.
The Effectiveness of Interactive Maps in Secondary Historical Geography Education
Authors: Taylor Whitney , Plewe Brandon
Published: June 2014

Social Studies, including history and geography, is a core part of most state curriculum standards for K-12 education, and for the most part is in need of improvement. Among the technological solutions that have been developed, interactive maps show promise in making the complexities of the social sciences (especially historical geography) more interesting to students, and easier to visualize and understand, without demanding significant investments by schools. A two-group experiment examined this potential for the 7th Grade Utah Studies curriculum. After completing an exercise to analyze possible historical and geographical causes of settlement patterns in Utah, students using interactive maps showed significantly better improvement between a pretest and posttest than students using paper maps. Although some of the test results were inconclusive and highlighted technological and resource obstacles to the widespread adoption of interactive mapping in the classroom, it has been shown to help students learn social studies in a deeper, more engaging manner.
A Multi-scale, Multipurpose GIS Data Model to Add Named Features of the Natural Landscape to Maps
Authors: Buckley Aileen , Frye Charlie
Published: June 2014

There is a certain class of features on maps that are difficult to generate from traditional GIS databases — named features of the natural landscape. Physical features, such as mountain ranges, canyons, ridges and valleys, and named water bodies, such as capes, bays and coves, are often not found in GIS databases. This results in their omission on maps or at best their addition to the map as graphic type that is not georeferenced to the data used to make the map. This paper describes an inherently multi-scale GIS data model for physiographic features, and by extension named water bodies and named islands and island chains and groups, that can be used to create many different types of maps. The semantic model (what features to include), the representation (how to define the geometry of the features and their attributes), and the symbology (the specifications for both type properties and type placement) are discussed. In addition, the sensitivity of the representations and symbology to the software used for mapping are described. These issues are reviewed in hopes that others will be better able to use GIS data and software to make maps that include these features. Cartographers know that without the inclusion of the type for these names on maps, the products created are less informationally — and cartographically— rich. If more GIS databases with these features in them were developed, non-cartographers using GIS software to make their maps, as well as cartographers who have not generally had these data at hand, could produce better products.