bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endocannabinoid system and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in peripartal bovine liver in response to prepartal plane of nutrition
Authors: Khan M. J. , Graugnard D. E. , Loor J. J.
Published: August 2011

Endocannabinoids are fatty acid amides (FAE; oleoylethanolamide and anandamide) which have orexigenic, anorexigenic or anti‐inflammatory properties. We examined mRNA expression via qPCR of endocannabinoid receptors (CNR1 and CNR2), enzymes that synthesize FAE (HRASLS5 and N‐acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D), enzymes that degrade FAE [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N‐acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) and monoglyceride lipase (MGLL)], and the hormone precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in liver at −14, 7, 14 and 30 days around parturition from cows fed with a control (CON; NEL = 1.34 Mcal/kg) or moderate‐energy (OVER; NEL = 1.62 Mcal/kg) diet during the dry period. Expression of CNR2 and POMC was greater at 7 days in cows fed with OVER because of a decrease in expression between −14 and 7 days in cows fed with CON. Cows fed with CON had an increase in expression of FAAH, HRASLS5, NAA, MGLL and POMC between 7 and 14 days; for FAAH and HRASLS5, such response led to greater expression at 14 days vs. cows fed with OVER. Cows fed with OVER vs. CON had a approximately twofold increase in expression of MGLL between −14 and 7 days followed by a gradual decrease through 30 days at which point expression was still greater in OVER vs. CON. FAAH, MGLL and HRASLS5 were the most abundant genes measured. Expression of the hepatic endocannabinoid system and POMC was altered by plane of dietary energy prepartum particularly during the first 2‐week postpartum. Such responses may play a role in the physiological adaptations to the onset of lactation, including energy balance and feed intake.
Effectiveness of a self‐efficacy program for persons with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wu Shu‐Fang Vivienne , Lee Mei‐Chen , Liang Shu‐Yuan , Lu Yu‐Ying , Wang Tsae‐Jyy , Tung Heng‐Hsin
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a self‐efficacy program for persons with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. A randomized controlled trial was designed (n = 145), with 72 participants in the intervention group and 73 in the control group. The participants were pretested to establish a baseline and then post‐tests were undertaken 3 and 6 months after the baseline data were collected. The participants in the intervention group received the standard diabetes education program and an additional self‐efficacy program. The scores for efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and self‐care activities had significantly increased in the intervention group at the 3 and 6 month follow‐ups, when compared to those of the control group. A smaller proportion of the participants in the intervention group had been hospitalized or had visited an emergency room than in the control group at the 6 month follow‐up. This study revealed that a self‐efficacy program for diabetes was acceptable and effective in the short term in the self‐management of persons with type 2 diabetes.
Development of a community participation program for diabetes mellitus prevention in a primary care unit, Thailand
Authors: Oba Nongnut , McCaffrey Ruth , Choonhapran Paungphen , Chutug Pensri , Rueangram Sujin
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to create and test a prevention model for diabetes mellitus in a primary care unit in Thailand. This study used a three‐stage approach: a situational analysis was conducted by a focus group discussion, a model was developed in a brainstorming session with stakeholders, and the model was tested by community participation. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect and analyze the data. The focus group discussion found that co‐operation between health volunteers and primary care unit personnel in relation to diabetes screening, as well as defining the role of nurse practitioners who provide diabetic treatment, was important. The proactive model that was used for preventing diabetes mellitus was a health promotion program. It was trialed with 160 persons with prediabetes for 3 months. After the intervention, the mean score for exercise activity among the persons with prediabetes was significantly higher, while the mean score of the Body Mass Index, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure were significantly lower than before the intervention. This meant that community participation provided proactive services to Thai persons with prediabetes.
Systematic review of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery
Authors: Slesser A. A. P. , Wharton R. , Smith G. V. , Buchanan G. N.
Published: August 2011

Aim  To perform a systematic review of all cases of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery. Small bowel diaphragm disease is a rare complication of small bowel enteropathy secondary to the use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The objective was to determine the presenting symptoms, duration of NSAID use, mode of diagnosis and type of surgery associated with cases of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery.

Method  A comprehensive search of the world literature between January 1980 and December 2010 was undertaken. The search terms ‘diaphragm disease’ and ‘mucosal diaphragm disease’ in combination with the terms ‘surgery’, ‘intestine’ or ‘small bowel’ were used. All cases of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery in adult patients within the the last 30 years were included. Data including age, gender, mode of presentation, NSAID use, mode of diagnosis, form of surgery, affected area of small bowel and mortality were recorded and analysed.

Results  There were 55 cases of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery (31F:18M) with a median age of 69 years. NSAID use occurred in 44 cases and the mean duration of NSAID use was 7 years. The most common presentation was with anaemia in combination with obstructive symptoms. The diagnosis was established by a laparotomy in 51% of cases followed by capsule endoscopy in 25% of cases. Operations performed included small bowel resection (56), combined resection and strictureplasty (three), strictureplasty (one) and hemicolectomy (two). There was only one death.

Conclusion  Small bowel diaphragm disease presenting as a surgical emergency is likely to become more common due to the increased use of NSAIDs. A history of NSAID use in patients with iron deficiency anaemia or obstructive symptoms should lead to a high index of suspicion for this condition and should be preoperatively investigated.
What Use Are Units? Critical Geographies of Alcohol Policy
Authors: Jayne Mark , Valentine Gill , Holloway Sarah L.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  This paper interrogates the multiple spatialities bound up with the consumption of units as the dominant means of diagnosing “health‐related” alcohol problems and measuring “drunkenness” in international alcohol policy and research. In order to question the power afforded to units, we work at the intersection of theoretical debates concerning biopower and governmentality; emotional, embodied and affective geographies and actor network theory. Presenting empirical research from the UK we contribute to geographical agendas that seek to consider the ontological and epistemological understandings of alcohol, drinking and drunkenness. The paper concludes by calling for dialogue between social, health and medical scientists in order to develop more pertinent ways of understanding and representing the risks and benefits of alcohol consumption.
Human Right to Water: Contemporary Challenges and Contours of a Global Debate
Authors: Mirosa Oriol , Harris Leila M.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  In recent years, significant debate has taken place around the concept of the “human right to water”. In this paper, we seek to respond to recent critiques and clarify the terms of the debate by presenting an in‐depth exploration of the human right to water. We explore several critiques of the concept, situate it in the context of the current neoliberalization of water provision and in relation to contemporary water challenges, and present some examples of how it has been deployed to further the cause of access to water for vulnerable populations in varied contexts. We conclude that, rather than abandoning the concept as critics have suggested, the human right to water maintains importance as a discourse and strategy in the contemporary moment.
How pressure is applied in shared decisions about antipsychotic medication: a conversation analytic study of psychiatric outpatient consultations
Authors: Quirk Alan , Chaplin Rob , Lelliott Paul , Seale Clive
Published: August 2011

The professional identity of psychiatry depends on it being regarded as one amongst many medical specialties and sharing ideals of good practice with other specialties, an important marker of which is the achievement of shared decision‐making and avoiding a reputation for being purely agents of social control. Yet the interactions involved in trying to achieve shared decision‐making are relatively unexplored in psychiatry. This study analyses audiotapes of 92 outpatient consultations involving nine consultant psychiatrists focusing on how pressure is applied in shared decisions about antipsychotic medication. Detailed conversation analysis reveals that some shared decisions are considerably more pressured than others. At one end of a spectrum of pressure are pressured shared decisions, characterised by an escalating cycle of pressure and resistance from which it is difficult to exit without someone losing face. In the middle are directed decisions, where the patient cooperates with being diplomatically steered by the psychiatrist. At the other extreme are open decisions where the patient is allowed to decide, with the psychiatrist exerting little or no pressure. Directed and open decisions occurred most frequently; pressured decisions were rarer. Patient risk did not appear to influence the degree of pressure applied in these outpatient consultations.
KIERKEGAARD AND EVANS ON THE PROBLEM OF ABRAHAM
Authors: Manis R. Zachary
Published: August 2011

A significant challenge faces any ethic that endorses the view that divine commands are sufficient to impose moral obligations; in this paper, I focus on Kierkegaard's ethic, in particular. The challenge to be addressed is the “modernized” problem of Abraham, popularized especially by Fear and Trembling: the dilemma that an agent faces when a being claiming to be God issues a command to the agent that, by the agent's own lights, seems not to be the kind of command that a loving God would issue. Against a solution to this problem proposed by C. Stephen Evans in Kierkegaard's Ethic of Love, I argue that Kierkegaard regards this scenario as never actually resulting in a fully responsible agent's performance of some horrendous action on account of her non‐culpable misinterpretation of God's will and/or failure to discern correctly whether a perceived moral imperative truly is divine in origin.
JUST WAR THEORY, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, AND THE NEED FOR A DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
Authors: Davenport John J.
Published: August 2011

The primary purpose of government is to secure public goods that cannot be achieved by free markets. The Coordination Principle tells us to consolidate sovereign power in a single institution to overcome collective action problems that otherwise prevent secure provision of the relevant public goods. There are several public goods that require such coordination at the global level, chief among them being basic human rights. The claim that human rights require global coordination is supported in three main steps. First, I consider Pogge's and Habermas's analyses as alternatives to Hobbesian conceptions of justice. Second, I consider the core conventions of international law, which are in tension with the primacy of state sovereignty in the UN system. Third, I argue that the just war tradition does not limit just causes for war to self‐defense; it supports saving innocent third parties from crimes against humanity as a just reason for war. While classical authors focused less on this issue, the point is especially clear in twentieth‐century just war theories, such as those offered by the American Catholic bishops, Jean Elshtain, Brian Orend, and Michael Walzer. Against Walzer, I argue that we add intractable military tyranny to the list of horrors meriting intervention if otherad bellumconditions are met. But these results require us to reexamine the “just authority” of first resort to govern such interventions. The Coordination Principle implies that we should create a transnational federation with consolidated powers in place of a treaty organization requiring near‐unanimity. But to be legitimate, such a global institution must also be directly answerable to the citizens of its member states. While the UN Security Council is inadequate on both counts, a federation of democracies with a directly elected executive and legislature could meet both conditions.
Contingent Eclecticism
Authors: SØGAARD VILLY
Published: August 2011

For more than a century, methodological diversity within the social sciences has been the source of recurrent paradigm wars, and no obvious winner seems to be in sight. The aim of this article is to explore the contingencies underlying this diversity. It is argued that the shared condition of complexity forces us to adopt a pragmatic perspective from which even relevant ontological and epistemological assumptions should be thought of as contextual rather than absolute. In particular, the extent to which social causality is perceived as stable and universal vs. dynamic and contextual and the extent to which research‐related reflexivity is an issue appear to set apart the different approaches. Towards the end of the article examples of methodological fit and misfit are provided to illustrate the relevancy of the “contingent eclecticism” observed in practice.
Tenant satisfaction assessment in social housing in England: How reliable? How meaningful?
Authors: Pawson Hal , Sosenko Filip
Published: August 2011

Since the 1980s there has been a growing emphasis on consumerizing welfare services as a form of provider accountability and as part of the commercialization of public agencies, which has formed part of the New Public Management reforms. Associated with this, the structured measurement of tenant satisfaction is well established in England's social housing sector and has become increasingly important in informing official assessments of social landlord effectiveness. This paper investigates whether published tenant satisfaction scores are sufficiently reliable and robust to serve as a pre‐eminent and unambiguous service quality measure, examines the validity of comparing recorded satisfaction rates for social landlords operating in different social and demographic contexts, and looks into how raw survey results could be adjusted to take account of ‘context’ factors outside a landlord's direct control.
Understanding consumption behaviours for fair trade non‐food products: focusing on self‐transcendence and openness to change values
Authors: Ma Yoon Jin , Lee Hyun‐Hwa
Published: August 2011

Using the Schwartz value system, this study explored the personal values of consumers related to fair trade product consumption. This study further investigated how the values determine beliefs, attitudes and purchase intentions associated with fair trade non‐food products. Data were collected using an online survey from a random sample of 1824 nationwide consumers. The results of this study revealed that fair trade purchasers show a higher level of self‐transcendence (universalism, benevolence) and openness to change values (self‐direction, stimulation) than non‐purchasers. These values also have positive effects on the formation of beliefs, attitudes and purchase intentions pertaining to fair trade non‐food products. Fair trade purchasers were also found to possess distinctive socio‐demographic characteristics concerning age, education and income. Findings can offer marketers specific information regarding consumers' motivations to purchase fair trade goods, which can improve targeting of products and ultimately increase the business and benefits of fair trade.
Expression of PDGFR‐β and Kit in canine anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma using tissue immunohistochemistry
Authors: Brown R. J. , Newman S. J. , Durtschi D. C. , LeBlanc A. K.
Published: August 2011

Canine anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (ASAGAC) is an uncommon but highly invasive and metastatic malignancy. Toceranib phosphate (Palladia) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that targets several members of the split kinase RTK family. These membrane receptors are important for cell cycling, apoptosis and angiogenesis, all of which can contribute to carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate archived, paraffin‐embedded canine ASAGAC and normal canine anal sacs for immunohistochemical detection of Kit and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR‐β). Two of 77 neoplasms (2.6%) expressed Kit. Fifteen of the neoplasms (19.5%) were positive for PDGFR‐β expression. None of the normal canine anal sac epithelium expressed Kit or PDGFR‐β. Because of these results, further investigation should be considered to determine the role of RTKs in the clinical course and treatment of canine ASAGAC.
Nuclear morphometry in cytological specimens of canine ceruminous adenomas and carcinomas
Authors: Simeonov R.
Published: August 2011

Stained cytological specimens from eight canine ceruminous adenomas and eight canine ceruminous carcinomas were analysed by computer‐assisted nuclear morphometry. Three carcinomas had metastases in regional lymph nodes at the time of the diagnosis. The morphometric parameters evaluated in this study were mean nuclear area (MNA, µm2), mean nuclear perimeter (MNP, µm), mean nuclear diameter (D mean, µm), minimum nuclear diameter (D min, µm) and maximum nuclear diameter (D max, µm). The study aimed to evaluate (1) the possibility of using nuclear cytomorphometry as an auxiliary diagnostic method to differentiate between canine ceruminous adenomas and adenocarcinomas, and (2) the prognostic value of nuclear morphometry in canine ceruminous carcinomas. The results indicated that (1) MNA, MNP, D mean, D min and D max could be used as effective auxiliary tools for differential diagnosis between canine ceruminous adenomas and adenocarcinomas, and (2) MNA, MNP, D mean and D max are reliable prognostic indicators for canine ceruminous adenocarcinomas.
Whiter wool from fleece to fabric
Authors: Millington Keith R , King A L , Hatcher S , Drum C
Published: August 2011

The natural cream colour and low photostability of Merino wool are impediments that affect the wool’s competitiveness over a wide range of apparel and interior textile products. In particular, these two properties need improvement if the wool is to match the performance of cotton and synthetics in the expanding market for trans‐seasonal knitwear. The strategy adopted by the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Sheep Industry Innovation is to improve the whiteness of clean wool by genetic selection and to maintain whiteness through processing by developing a minimum‐colour‐impact route from fleece to fabric. Recent studies on the ‘Information Nucleus’ flocks established by the Cooperative Research Centre have confirmed the high heritability of clean wool colour and shown for the first time that photostability is moderately heritable using data from a new photostability test method. A pilot‐scale commercial processing trial has shown that significant improvements in the whiteness of knitted products (up to 40 CIE Ganz units) can be achieved by selecting white fleece wools and optimising the processing route to avoid stages that may cause yellowing.
Lifestyle Factors of People with Exceptional Longevity
Authors: Rajpathak Swapnil N. , Liu Yingheng , Ben‐David Orit , Reddy Saritha , Atzmon Gil , Crandall Jill , Barzilai Nir
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVES: To assess lifestyle factors including physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary habits in men and women with exceptional longevity.

DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING: A cohort of community‐dwelling Ashkenazi Jewish individuals with exceptional longevity defined as survival and living independently at age 95 and older.

PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred seventy‐seven individuals (mean 97.3±2.8, range 95–109; 74.6% women) and a subset of participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I (n=3,164) representing the same birth cohort as a comparison group.

MEASUREMENTS: A trained interviewer administrated study questionnaires to collect information on lifestyle factors and collected data on anthropometry.

RESULTS: People with exceptional longevity had similar mean body mass index (men, 25.4±2.8 kg/m2 vs 25.6±4.0 kg/m2, P=.63; women, 25.0±3.5 kg/m2 vs 24.9±5.4 kg/m2; P=.90) and a similar proportion of daily alcohol consumption (men, 23.9 vs 22.4, P=.77; women, 12.1 vs 11.3, P=.80), of regular physical activity (men: 43.1 vs 57.2; P=.07; women: 47.0 vs 44.1, P=.76), and of a low‐calorie diet (men: 20.8 vs 21.1, P=.32; women: 27.3 vs 27.1, P=.14) as the NHANES I population.

CONCLUSION: People with exceptional longevity are not distinct in terms of lifestyle factors from the general population, suggesting that people with exceptional longevity may interact with environmental factors differently than others. This requires further investigation.
Trivanillic polyphenols with anticancer cytostatic effects through the targeting of multiple kinases and intracellular Ca2+ release
Authors: Lamoral‐Theys Delphine , Wauthoz Nathalie , Heffeter Petra , Mathieu Véronique , Jungwirth Utte , Lefranc Florence , Nève Jean , Dubois Jacques , Dufrasne François , Amighi Karim , Berger Walter , Gailly Philippe , Kiss Robert
Published: August 2011

Cancer cells exhibit de‐regulation of multiple cellular signalling pathways and treatments of various types of cancers with polyphenols are promising. We recently reported the synthesis of a series of 33 novel divanillic and trivanillic polyphenols that displayed anticancer activity, at least in vitro, through inhibiting various kinases. This study revealed that minor chemical modifications of a trivanillate scaffold could convert cytotoxic compounds into cytostatic ones. Compound 13c, a tri‐chloro derivative of trivanillic ester, displayed marked inhibitory activities against FGF‐, VEGF‐, EGF‐ and Src‐related kinases, all of which are implicated not only in angiogenesis but also in the biological aggressiveness of various cancer types. The pan‐anti‐kinase activity of 13c occurs at less than one‐tenth of its mean IC50in vitro growth inhibitory concentrations towards a panel of 12 cancer cell lines. Of the 26 kinases for which 13c inhibited their activity by >75%, eight (Yes, Fyn, FGF‐R1, EGFR, Btk, Mink, Ret and Itk) are implicated in control of the actin cytoskeleton organization to varying degrees. Compound 13c accordingly impaired the typical organization of the actin cytoskeleton in human U373 glioblastoma cells. The pan‐anti‐kinase activity and actin cytoskeleton organization impairment provoked by 13c concomitantly occurs with calcium homeostasis impairment but without provoking MDR phenotype activation. All of these anticancer properties enabled 13c to confer therapeutic benefits in vivo in a mouse melanoma pseudometastatic lung model. These data argue in favour of further chemically modifying trivanillates to produce novel and potent anticancer drugs.
Severe allergic reactions to para‐phenylenediamine in children and adolescents: should the patch test concentration of PPD be changed?
Authors: Spornraft‐Ragaller Petra , Kämmerer Eva , Gillitzer Claus , Schmitt Jochen
Published: August 2011

Background: Semipermanent henna tattoos containing para‐phenylenediamine (PPD) are a well‐known cause of severe contact dermatitis, mainly in children. Another relevant exposure source to PPD are hair dyes, which are increasingly used by children and have also been reported to cause intense facial and scalp dermatitis. German patch test guidelines for children recommend that PPD should only be tested in patients who have had a henna tattoo, and then at a reduced concentration of PPD 0.5 % for 24 hours.

Patients and methods: We report on patch test results in four patients, three children and one adolescent, with a history of contact dermatitis to henna tattoos or hair dye. We used the recommended or even lower patch test concentrations of PPD with 24‐hours exposure in all patients.

Results and conclusion: All patients showed very strong patch test reactions to PPD and cross‐reactions to related compounds even after dilution of PPD to as low as 0.05 %. Therefore, we suggest that in children with a history of allergic reactions to this compound, a titration test should be performed beginning at a concentration of maximal 0.05 %. This procedure has also been proposed previously based on a larger cases series in adults.
Biologics in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Taïeb Alain , Seneschal Julien , Mossalayi M. Djavad
Published: August 2011

Atopic dermatitis (AD) accounts for a significant share of chronic inflammatory skin disorders. There is a niche for the development of biologics to treat recalcitrant autoinflammatory stage AD seen mostly in adults. The heterogeneity of patient response to various existing biotherapies points to involvement of various immune responses and suggests that therapies must preferably target early development of allergen‐specific B‐ and T‐cell clones. In addition to immune targets, tissue factors that help restore the normal epidermal environment constitute interesting therapeutic tools. Several approaches are needed to find the appropriate targets in a field where so many have been investigated without definitive proof of concept for human systemic therapy. The keys to success are probably (1) to influence the inflammatory skin pattern towards less pruritogenic effects, requiring us to better understand pruritogenic inflammation and (2) to limit the amplification loop of disease by attacking abnormal regulatory mechanisms which perpetuate skin autoinflammation.
Association of toll‐like receptor 2 polymorphisms with somatic cell score in Xinjiang Brown cattle
Authors: BAI Jie , LIN Jiapeng , LI Wenrong , LIU Mingjun
Published: August 2011

This study aims to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the TLR2 gene, and analyze the association of SNPs or haplotypes and somatic cell scores in 151 Xinjiang Brown cattle and 138 Holsteins to evaluate the role of TLR2 during intramammary infections. TLR2 coding region was amplified by PCR and screened for SNP sequencing. Genotypes and frequencies of SNPs were identified. Finally, the associations of genotypes or haplotypes and somatic cell scores (SCS) were analyzed. The results showed that: (i) 15 SNPs (E+653, E+945, E+978, E+1010, E+1250, E+1688, E+1707, E+1779, E+1782, E+1891, E+1995, E+2025, E+2055, E+2214 and E+2295) were observed and detected from 289 cows; (ii) distribution of the 14 SNPs were significantly different from Xinjiang Brown cattle and Holstein (P < 0.001) except for the E+945 (P > 0.05); (iii) in 11 SNPs (E+945, E+978, E+1010, E+1688, E+1707, E+1779, E+1782, E+1995, E+2025, E+2055 and E+2214), the SCS of AB genotype was lower than AA (P < 0.05) in Xinjiang Brown cattle; and (iv) haplotypes composed of the above‐mentioned 11 SNPs were constructed. The SCS of cattle with Hap5 was lower than that of Hap3 (P < 0.05). This suggests that Hap5 might play an important role in sub‐mastitis resistance in Xinjiang Brown cattle.
Comparison of Overall Sexual Function, Sexual Intercourse/Activity, Sexual Satisfaction, and Sexual Desire During the Three Trimesters of Pregnancy and Assessment of Their Determinants
Authors: Chang Shiow-Ru , Chen Kuang-Ho , Lin Ho-Hsiung , Yu Hong-Jeng
Published: August 2011

Introduction

Pregnancy affects women's sexual function. However, few reports have addressed this phenomenon.

Aim

To examine overall sexual function and three dimensions of the Taiwan version of the Female Sexual Function Index and to assess their determinants during the three trimesters of pregnancy.

Methods

Cross-sectional investigation of 663 pregnant women using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire—Urinary Incontinence Short Form, the Body Image Scale for Pregnant Women, and demographics questions.

Main Outcome Measures

Urinary incontinence, body image, obstetrical history, demographics, and other factors potentially influencing overall sexual function, intercourse/activity, satisfaction, and desire during pregnancy.

Results

Mean scores for overall sexual function, intercourse/activity, and satisfaction differed significantly among the three trimesters (P = or <0.02), whereas mean scores for sexual desire did not. Mean scores for overall sexual function and intercourse were significantly lower during the third trimester than during the first trimester (P < 0.001) or second trimester (P < 0.001). Mean score for satisfaction was significantly higher during the third trimester than during the first trimester (P = 0.01). Significant effects included the following: (i) the discomfort and infertility experiences on overall sexual function and on intercourse, the interaction between body image and artificial abortion on satisfaction, spontaneous abortion on desire during the first trimester; (ii) the full-time work and infertility experiences on overall sexual function and on intercourse, the interactions between body image and medical condition on desire during the second trimester; and (iii) the interaction between gestational age and HoLou ethnicity on overall sexual function, the interaction between body image and discomfort on overall sexual function and on intercourse, the interactions between body image and infertility experiences and gravidity on satisfaction, urinary incontinence on desire during the third trimester.

Conclusions

Results demonstrated that biopsychosocial and cultural factors affected Female Sexual Function Index (FSFIT) scores throughout pregnancy.
A Sociodrama: An Innovative Program Engaging College Students to Learn and Self‐Reflect About Alcohol Use
Authors: Haleem Diane M. , Winters Justin
Published: August 2011

TOPIC:  A sociodrama addressing college drinking.

PURPOSE:  This article reports on the development, production, and evaluation of an innovative sociodrama addressing college drinking mental health professionals caring for students who drink at levels that cause negative consequences can use techniques addressed in the sociodrama to help students self‐reflect on their alcohol use. The goal is to help students make healthy choices to decrease the negative consequences as a result of drinking. A script for the sociodrama was developed and five students acted out the sociodrama. A facilitator engaged the audience of college students, at scripted pauses, during the production to reflect on the scenes presented. The purpose of the sociodrama is to foster a discussion, to aid in student understanding concerning college drinking, to have students consider and commit to use harm reduction techniques, to access resources, and to correct misperceptions about drinking. The sociodrama format can help address communication challenges, problem solving, and self‐awareness.

METHODS:  Pre‐ and post‐surveys were administered to test commitment to use harm reduction techniques, assess the perception of a student's own drinking pattern to the perception of their fellow student colleague drinking, assess the student use of resources, and assess the effectiveness of the sociodrama as a means of learning. This research was Institutional Review Board approved.

FINDINGS:  Over 41% of students reported not consuming alcohol the last time they partied or socialized yet reported only 3.8% of their students colleagues did not consume alcohol. Most students (94%) reported that drinking five or more drinks would place them at risk as opposed to estimating that the same amount would put fewer students at risk (75%). Students significantly increased their commitment to use harm reduction techniques.

CONCLUSION:  A sociodrama is an effective method of involving students in discussions about college drinking and engaging them in conversation and self‐reflection.
Warning Signs in the Development of Speech, Language, and Communication: When to Refer to a Speech‐Language Pathologist
Authors: Wankoff Lorain S.
Published: August 2011

TOPIC:  Because of the link between communication impairments and psychiatric disorders, it is important for nurses and other healthcare professionals to know the warning signs for the need for a communication/speech/language evaluation for children during infancy through early childhood.

PURPOSE:  This article presents an overview of the role of speech‐language pathologists (SLPs); the expected developmental achievements for youngsters from infancy to age 5 in speech, language, and communication; and the clinically significant warning signs that indicate a need for speech/language assessment.

SOURCES:  Sources for this article included published literature on the topic along with the clinical judgment and expertise of the author, a certified SLP.

CONCLUSIONS:  Warning signs for referral to an SLP may be subtle and may present in developmental, academic, behavioral, or social–emotional realms. Collaboration between nurses and communication professionals will allow for early identification and intervention. Early detection of speech and language disabilities is key to maximizing the effects of early intervention, resulting in more positive communication outcomes in later life. It has been found that speech and language delays and disorders, with symptoms left untreated, can cause difficulties in learning and socialization that can last into adolescence and beyond. Early identification of children with developmental delay or developmental disabilities may lead to intervention at a young age when chances for improvement may be best.
Bed Sharing in School‐Age Children—Clinical and Social Implications
Authors: Jain Shailesh , Romack Rebecca , Jain Rakesh
Published: August 2011

TOPIC:  The topic of this review was the clinical and social implications of bed sharing in school‐age children.

PURPOSE:  The present review of literature was aimed to explore the reasons why school‐age children seek bed sharing with parents, and the effect of culture on bed sharing practice. We also sought to examine if the duration of bed sharing has an impact on children, and importantly, what effect bed sharing had on a child's psychosexual development, if any. This article will also review the literature in search of scientific evidence regarding the short‐ and long‐term consequences of bed sharing.

SOURCES:  A search for peer‐reviewed English language literature published in the past 20 years was performed from various databases (Medline, PsycInfo, and Cochran Data Base Systemic Reviews).

CONCLUSIONS:  We found that bed sharing is a cultural practice. Generally speaking, infant–parent bed sharing has distinct benefits. Its perceived benefits and drawbacks are distinctly influenced by cultural beliefs and practices.
Structural Coupling between RNA Polymerase Composition and DNA Supercoiling in Coordinating Transcription: a Global Role for the Omega Subunit?
Authors: Geertz Marcel , Travers Andrew , Mehandziska Sanja , Sobetzko Patrick , Chandra Janga Sarath , Shimamoto Nobuo , Muskhelishvili Georgi
Published: August 2011

In growing bacterial cells, the global reorganization of transcription is associated with alterations of RNA polymerase composition and the superhelical density of the DNA. However, the existence of any regulatory device coordinating these changes remains elusive. Here we show that in an exponentially growing
Escherichia coli
rpoZ
mutant lacking the polymerase ω subunit, the impact of the Eσ
38
holoenzyme on transcription is enhanced in parallel with overall DNA relaxation. Conversely, overproduction of σ
70
in an
rpoZ
mutant increases both overall DNA supercoiling and the transcription of genes utilizing high negative superhelicity. We further show that transcription driven by the Eσ
38
and Eσ
70
holoenzymes from cognate promoters induces distinct superhelical densities of plasmid DNA
in
vivo
. We thus demonstrate a tight coupling between polymerase holoenzyme composition and the supercoiling regimen of genomic transcription. Accordingly, we identify functional clusters of genes with distinct σ factor and supercoiling preferences arranging alternative transcription programs sustaining bacterial exponential growth. We propose that structural coupling between DNA topology and holoenzyme composition provides a basic regulatory device for coordinating genome-wide transcription during bacterial growth and adaptation.

IMPORTANCE
Understanding the mechanisms of coordinated gene expression is pivotal for developing knowledge-based approaches to manipulating bacterial physiology, which is a problem of central importance for applications of biotechnology and medicine. This study explores the relationships between variations in the composition of the transcription machinery and chromosomal DNA topology and suggests a tight interdependence of these two variables as the major coordinating principle of gene regulation. The proposed structural coupling between the transcription machinery and DNA topology has evolutionary implications and suggests a new methodology for studying concerted alterations of gene expression during normal and pathogenic growth both in bacteria and in higher organisms.
Existence of a new phase in barium carbonate-barium sulphate system
Authors: Hájek Bohumil , Ondráček Jan , Muck Alexander
Published: August 2011

The infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TGA and DTA, and microscopic analysis techniques were applied to a study of BaCO3-BaSO4 systems, performed on samples prepared by precipitation from dilute aqueous solutions. A new BaCO3. 3 BaSO4 phase was established in the system with the BaSO4 structure exhibiting parallel extinction (replacement of the SO42- anion by a CO32- anion, the d values are equal). The BaCO3-BaCO3. 3 BaSO4 region contains a mixture of the two phases, the latter phase, however, may be oversaturated by carbonate. In the BaCO3. 3 BaSO4-BaSO4 region, unstable phases are formed with a lower content of carbonate.
Non-planar conformations of methylacetamide: Solvent effect and chiroptical properties
Authors: Tvaroška Igor , Bystrický Slavomír , Maloň Petr , Bláha Karel
Published: August 2011

Molecular geometries of the cisoid and transoid forms of N-methylacetamide were optimized by semiempirical methods PCILO, MNDO and MINDO/3. The first two methods afford conformations with the non-planar amide group characterized by a slightly twisted pyramid of bonds on the nitrogen atom. The positions of energy minima are distinctly shifted if the effect of solvent simulated by a continuum model is considered. Optical rotatory strengths computed for non-planar conformations exhibit quantitative agreement with previous calculations and with actual CD spectra of rigid model lactams as well.
The confirmation of trisubstituted ureas and thioureas in solution
Authors: Kaválek Jaromír , Fiedler Pavel , Papoušková Zlata , Exner Otto
Published: August 2011

Dipole moments of 1,1-dimethyl-3-arylureas Ia-Ie, measured in benzene and dioxan solutions, were interpreted in terms of the Z-conformation (A), taking into account a proper correction for the conjugation within the functional group. The conformation was corroborated on the basis of infrared spectra in several solvents, in particular referring to the amide-II band. No indication of any minor conformer was obtained. The same techniques applied to 1,1-dimethyl-3-arylthioureas IIa. IIb confirmed the already reported equilibrium of Z- and E-conformers; their population depends sensitively on solvent.
Tricyclic psychotropic agents containing two chalcogen atoms in the central ring: Synthesis of 11-(dimethylaminoalkyl) derivatives of 11H-dibenzo[b,e]-1,4-dioxepin and 11H-dibenzo[b,e]-1,4-dithiepin
Authors: Šindelář Karel , Holubek Jiří , Ryska Miroslav , Svátek Emil , Dlabač Antonín , Hrubantová Marta , Protiva Miroslav
Published: August 2011

1-[2-(2-Fluorophenoxy)phenyl]-4-dimethylaminobutanol (XI) was synthesized from 2-(2-fluorophenoxy)benzoic acid (VIII) in three steps and cyclized with sodium hydride in dimethylformamide to the title compound V. Reaction of 5-chloro-2-(methylthio)thiophenol (XIV) with sodium and liquid ammonia afforded benzene-1,2-dithiol (XIII) which was treated with 2-bromobenzyl bromide and gave 11H-dibenzo[b,e]-1,4-dithiepin (II). An alternative synthesis of compound II consisted in the cyclization of 2-(2-bromophenylthiomethyl)thiophenol (XVIII) and was accompanied by the simultaneous formation of 6H, 12H-dibenzo[b,f]-1,5-dithiocin (XIX) and thianthrene (XX). Reaction of compound II with n-butyllithium and the following treatment with dimethylaminoalkyl chlorides or with carbon dioxide resulted on the one hand in two further title compounds VI and VII, and in the carboxylic acid XXI on the other. 2-Chloro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]-1,4-dithiepin (XXII) was obtained by a further synthesis alternative using in the first step the cyclization of 2-(4-chloro-2-chloromethylphenylthio)thiophenol (XXV). Compound VI and VII showed a high degree of activity in the test of antagonization of reserpine hypothermia in mice.
Synthesis of some isocardenolide analogs and 17β-maleimidoandrostane of westphalen structural type
Authors: Pouzar Vladimír , Drašar Pavel , Kočovský Pavel , Havel Miroslav
Published: August 2011

A series of analogs of cardiotonic steroids belonging to Westphalen structural type has been prepared. These compounds are derived from 17β-(2-maleimido)-5-methyl-19-nor-5β-androst-9-ene, (20E)-21-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-19-nor-5β-pregna-9,20-diene and 5-methyl-19,21-dinor-5β-chola-9,22-dien-24-20-olide.
Synthesis of some westphalen-type cardenolide analogs
Authors: Kočovský Pavel , Drašar Pavel , Pouzar Vladimír , Havel Miroslav
Published: August 2011

Synthesis of the lactone II and thiazole XXIII as models of compounds with cardiotonic activity is described. The key steps in the synthesis of the lactone II are Westphalen rearrangement (XII - XIII), construction of unsaturated lactone ring by intramolecular Witting reaction (XV XIX) and removal of the halogen from 6β-position by reduction with tributyltin hydride. XXIII was obtained from the bromo ketone XXII by treatment with ethyl thioxamate.
4,5-Secoanalogues of dihydrotestosterone with a cyclopropane ring in the position 5(6)
Authors: Kasal Alexander , Kohout Ladislav
Published: August 2011

Simmons-Smith addition to substituted 3,5-seco-5-androsten-7-ols XII and XIV takes place stereospecifically, while the orientation of the cyclopropane ring is given by the configuration of the hydroxyl group in the position 7. This reaction represents the key step in the preparation of isomeric 5,6-cyclopropano-4,5-secodihydrotestosterones XXII and XXXIII.
The solvolyses of 3α and 3β-p-toluenesulphonates of 19-acetoxy-5,6β-cyclopropano-5β-cholestane-3,19-diols
Authors: Fajkoš Jan , Joska Jiří
Published: August 2011

Acetolyses of the two at C(3) epimeric 19-acetoxy-5,6β-cyclopropane-5β-cholestane-3,19-diol 3-p-toluensulphonates afforded B-homocholest-4-en-7β, 19-diol as a product of participation of the cyclopropane ring with the electron deficient part of the molecule.
Differential capacity of the mercury electrode in dilute 1,1-valent electrolytes
Authors: Kozlov Valerii , Vilinskaya Valentina , Tedoradze Gurami
Published: August 2011

The double layer capacity has been measured in dilute 1,1-valent electrolyte solutions (HCl, KCl, NaF) at infrasonic frequencies. The results obtained confirm the validity of the Gouy-Chapman theory for electrolyte solutions in the concentration range 10-3 - 10-5 mol/dm3.
Polarography of some aromatic and heterocyclic nitroso compounds
Authors: Avrutskaya Inna , Fioshin Michail
Published: August 2011

The electrochemical reduction of 4-nitrosodiphenylamine, 3-methyl-4-amino-5-nitrosouracil and 1,3-dimethyl-4-amino-5-nitrosouracil was studied in connection with the development of methods of electrosynthesis of some amino derivatives, intermediate compounds in the production of medicinal preparations and antioxidants of polymeric materials.
Synthesis and characteristics of ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-S-α-isovalerate and isomers of its cobalt(III) complexes
Authors: Strašák Milan , Bachratý František , Majer Jaroslav
Published: August 2011

The synthesis and physico-chemical parameters are described of a new complexone based on natural amino acids, viz. ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-S-α-isovalerate (SS-EDDIV). 1H- and 13C-NMR data revealed that the methyl group in the substance are not equivalent. The isomers of the cobalt(III) complex with the asymmetric tetradentate SS-EDDIV ligand were prepared and separated; their characteristics are given. The absolute configuration of two of the five theoretically feasible isomers was determined based on their electronic absorption spectra and circular dichroism data.
Process characteristics of screw impellers with a draught tube for newtonianliquids. The flow model of homogenation
Authors: Seichter Pavel
Published: August 2011

A flow model has been proposed of a mixing vessel with a screw impeller and a draught tube. The volume of the mixed batch has been divided into a non-ideally mixed part, a so-called laminar distributor, and a stagnating volume. Convective exchange of mass takes place by recirculation of liquid between the non-ideal mixer and the laminar distributor. By the Laplace transform of the frequency functions for both regions and their summation, the time dependence has been determined of the local change of concentration in an arbitrary position within the system. Using results of measured pumping capacities and mixing times, relationships have been obtained between the model parameters and simplexes of geometrical similarity of the mixing system.
Adaptive temperature control in chemical reactors a simplified method maximizing productivity of the batch reactor
Authors: Horák Josef , Jiráček František , Ježová Libuše
Published: August 2011

A simplified method has been proposed in the paper of adaptive temperature control in a batch reactor with an exothermal reaction. The control has been effected by a two-level controller enabling the degree of utilization of the cooling capacity of the reactor to be maintained on a present value. The degree of utilization of the cooling capacity was evaluated from the ratio of the time for which the cooling system was in action to that during it was idled. The method has been applied to reactors with a small inertia of the cooling system. The study has been based on the simulation by a mathematical model of the system. Experimental verification of results of the simulation has been caried out a laboratory batch reactor with variable activity of the catalyst.
Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in uniformly aerated bubble column reactors
Authors: Zahradník Jindřich , Kaštánek František , Kratochvíl Jan
Published: August 2011

Condirions of stable, uniform gas distribution were studied in bubble-type reactors with sieve plates and the effect of geometric parameters of distributing plates and physical properties of liquid phase on the character of the uniformly bubbled bed and on its porosity was considered. Critical velocity in the holes of the plate corresponding to the onset of stable performance of distributing plates has been found to be a function of hole diameter and physical properties of phases. A simple semiempirical relation for the estimate of ranges of stability of sieve plates has been verified on basis of experimental data. Under the conditions of stable uniform gas distribution two differing bubbling regimes were observed in all studied gas-liquid systems. In the region of homogeneous bubbling regime the gas holdup has been at comparable conditions in all cases significantly greater than in the turbulent regime. Experimental data of volumetric liquid-side mass transfer coefficient kLa have demonstrated suitability of the homogeneous bubbling regime for obtaining an intensive interphase contact in the bubbled bed.