bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erasing the Corporate Sovereign Inter-Textuality and an Alternative Explanation for the Publication of Hugo Grotius'Mare Liberum(1609)
Authors: Wilson Eric
Published: April 2010

There is no generally accepted explanation as to whyMare Liberum, orThe Free Sea, was written. The most common view is that the Text was a propaganda instrument designed to improve the position of the United Provinces during the truce negotiations with Spain from 1606–08. Central to Grotius' strategy was his reliance upon Iberian Scholastics as a means of providing a series of irrefutable propositions to the Spaniards.
The Expulsion of KPM and its Impact on the Inter-island Shipping and Trade in Indonesia, 1957–1964
Authors: Sulistiyono Singgih Tri
Published: April 2010

Some historians think that the expulsion of the KPM (Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij/Royal Packet Company) from Indonesian waters in 1957 had a disastrous impact on the inter-island shipping and trade in this largest insular region in the world. It is assumed that the Indonesian people did not have the capacity to overcome such serious problems generated by the absence of KPM from their waters, as financial inadequacy in buying new ships to replace the KPM fleet, the non-existence of experience and managerial skill in operating a modern, big shipping company and the like. Considering how big the role of KPM in the Indonesian inter-island shipping was, it is also imagined that the expulsion of this company would be a precondition of economic stagnation in Indonesia, because there was no shipping which had adequate experience to take over the role of KPM. As Dick states ‘Suspension of KPM sailing in December 1957 was the end of an efficient inter-island shipping (in Indonesia)’.
‘A Very Profitable and Advantageous Trade’: British Smuggling in the Iberian Americas circa 1500–1750
Authors: Scammell G.V.
Published: April 2010

Hardly had the Spaniards and Portuguese established their first footholds in the newly discovered Americas they claimed as their exclusive preserves than their European rivals and enemies were on the scene. In what came to be known as the Spanish Indies they endeavoured to obtain some of the continent's staggering wealth in precious metals. In Brazil they were after the logwood that could be more or less had for the taking. It produced dyes far superior to those then in use in Europe and in great demand in an expanding textile industry, of which that of England was a considerable part. Besides which there was the pleasing prospect that Brazil's great rivers might give access to the silver mining regions of Spanish South America. Such predatory urges were sharpened as Protestantism took root in Western Europe. Convinced that the military strength of Spain, the continent's leading Catholic power, stemmed from American bullion, zealous Protestants believed that could this wealth only be diverted into the right hands the true faith would be saved, its adherents duly rewarded and Spain, deprived of its lifeblood, ruined. But the implementation of this godly strategy was no obstacle to conducting a lucrative commerce with the arch-enemy. Sugar and tobacco, of which the Iberian Americas were soon substantial producers, could be purchased for sale in a growing European market. Equally appealing was the opportunity to sell to Portuguese and Spanish colonists the African slaves their plantation economies demanded. And no less attractive or rewarding was the chance to supply them with those European goods, both luxuries and necessities, which they were forbidden to produce for themselves and which Iberian industries were increasingly unable to provide, or which, through the inadequacies of the Spanish and Portuguese imperial commercial monopoly, were usually in short supply and invariably grossly over-priced.
Léonard du Bus de Gisignies (1780–1849), Belgian Commissioner-General in the Dutch East Indies: A Reassessment
Authors: De Prins Bart
Published: April 2010

In his speech of throne of October 17, 1825, the Dutch king William I expressed his concerns on the extremely loss-making Dutch colonial enterprise of that moment. The aftermath of the closing down of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) in the 1790s and the transfer of the company's indebtedness to the state, threatened to bring about the loss of the Dutch first-rate position on the international colonial forum. Moreover, the fiasco of the so-called liberal interlude of the enlightened Governor-General G. van der Capellen and his often frivolous politics in Java during the period 1816–1826, deeply disillusioned the king. Therefore, William officially announced the appointment of a commissioner-general, a representative provided with extraordinary power and authority who was only supposed to give account direcdy to the king himself. He also informed the States General of the appointment of the governor of the province of SouthBrabant in the Southern Netherlands Leonard du Bus de Gisignies as his commissioner-general on August 10 of the same year.
Asian Religions in Seventeenth-century Dutch Literature
Authors: Van Kley Edwin J.
Published: April 2010

What had begun as a respectable stream of information about Asia during the sixteenth century became a virtual flood during the seventeenth. Literally hundreds of books about Asia and its various parts were published during that century, authored by missionaries, merchants, mariners, physicians, soldiers, and independent travellers. At least twenty-five major descriptions of South Asia, appeared during the century; another fifteen on mainland Southeast Asia, about twenty devoted to the Southeast Asian archipelagoes, and sixty or more to East Asia. Alongside these major independent contributions stood scores of Jesuit letterbooks, derivative accounts, travel accounts with brief descriptions of many Asian places, pamphlets, newssheets, and the like. Many of these were collected into the several large multivolume compilations of travel literature published during the period. In addition, several important scholarly studies pertaining to Asia were published during the seventeenth century - studies of Asian medicine, botany, religion, and history- as well as translations of important Chinese and Sanskrit literature.
Changing Forms of U.S. Hegemony in Puerto Rico: The Impact on the Family and Sexuality
Authors: Safa Helen I.
Published: April 2010

It has been over a hundred years since the U.S. took control of Puerto Rico. In that time, the way in which the U.S. perceived Puerto Rico has changed from a colony requiring Americanisation to, in the 1950s, its showcase of democracy in the Caribbean, to today, an island that still retains geopolitical importance for the U.S., but represents an increasing economic burden. The failure of Operation Bootstrap, as the Puerto Rican industrialization program was known, resulted in permanent large-scale unemployment, with a population dependent on federal transfers for a living, and a constant source of migration to the mainland, where over half of Puerto Ricans now live. I shall trace the outline of these three stages in U.S. hegemony over Puerto Rico, and argue that throughout the U.S. Congress was reluctant to fully incorporate Puerto Rico, because its population was deemed racially and socially inferior to that of the mainland. Though the removal of Spain from Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines was considered part of the its ‘manifest destiny’, the United States never intended to incorporate these people so different from the U.S. as part of the American nation, as was done with its earlier acquisitions in Texas, Alaska or even Hawaii.
The Photographic Presentation of South Africa, 1874 and 1923
Authors: Ross Robert
Published: April 2010

What is, and was, South Africa? This is clearly not a question which has a single answer, nor has it ever had one. On the one hand, there is a constitutional answer. In these terms, South Africa did not exist before the creation of the Union in 1910 and since then has been the state created then, transformed into the Republic of South Africa in 1961 and transformed once again with the ending of white minority rule in 1994. On the other hand, there are innumerable answers, effectively those to be found in the minds of all South Africans, and indeed all those foreigners who have an opinion about the country. Nevertheless, these opinions are not random. Clearly, there are regularities to be found within them, such that it is possible, in principle, to describe at the very least the range of answers to this question which were held within particular groups of the population, either within the country or outside it, and also to use specific sources, emanating from a single person, or group of individuals, as exemplary of the visions held by a far wider group.
The Danish Ban on the Atlantic Slave Trade and Denmark's African Colonial Ambitions, 1787–1807
Authors: Hopkins Daniel P.
Published: April 2010

On 16 March 1792, King Christian VII of Denmark, his own incompetent hand guided by that of the young Crown Prince Frederik (VI), signed decree banning both the importation of slaves into the Danish West Indies (now the United States Virgin Islands) and their export from the Danish establishments on the Guinea Coast, in what is now Ghana. To soften the blow to the planters of the Danish West Indies and to secure the continued production of sugar, the law was not to take effect for ten years. In the meantime, imports of slaves, and of women especially, would actually encouraged by state loans and favourable tariffs, so as, it was hoped, render the slave population capable of reproducing itself naturally thereafter.
Taiwan as an Entrepôt in East Asia in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Yung-Ho Ts'ao
Published: April 2010

Taiwan is strategically situated within East Asia, but little is known of it until the sixteenth century. The Chinese spread far and wide throughout Asia even before the Christian era, but allowed this large and fertile island lying so close to the Mainland to remain in relative obscurity until the middle of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The cause of this isolation is that Taiwan had no large quantities of marketable products to attract traders and that the island still lay outside the network of Asian trade routes of the time.
Take Florida: Or the Unattended Project of a Dutch Sephardi Phantast
Authors: Teensma B.N.
Published: April 2010

In the languages of the Iberian Peninsula, there is a word unknown to other Romance languages: arbitrista. This term denotes a person who invents often impractical plans and projects to improve the general financial, political or social situation in his country, presenting them unsolicitedly to his government. The species was particularly prolific in the seventeenth century, when the term arbitrista became more or less synonymous to day-dreamer. In this field Spanish historiography even boasts of a specific bibliography of over seven hundred pages, composed by Evaristo Correa Calderón, entitled: Registro de arbitristas, economistas y reformadores españoles, 1500–1936: Catälogo de impresos y manuscritos (Madrid 1981). There even existed the sub-species of colonial arbitristas, with well known authors like Francisco Rodrigues Silveira (Reformaçao da Milícia e Governo do Estado da Índia Oriental), and Jacques de Coutre (Como Remediar o Estado da Índia?).
Millenarianism and Empire Portuguese Asian Decline and the ‘Crise de Conscience’ of the Missionaries
Authors: Winius G.D.
Published: April 2010

Millenarian movements appeared in a number of European countries during the early modern era, but only in Portugal are any of them known to have manifested themselves in a colonial empire. In fact, one form, known as Sebastianism, persisted in Brazil longer than it did in the metropolis and even outlived the colony's independence in 1822. This article, however, does not concern itself with the belief that King Sebastiāo would return miraculously from the battlefield of El Ksar-el-Kebir to rule over his people and indeed all Europeans for a thousand years – a superstition already known well enough to Iberianists and to historians of witchcraft and the occult. Instead, it will deal with something much less familiar.
Towards a History of Decolonization
Authors: Wesseling H.L.
Published: April 2010

Decolonization has finished. It definitely belongs to the past, but somehow it has refused to become history. A great deal has already been written on this subject, and yet it seems that there is little to say about it. After the Second World War, the colonized countries wanted to become independent, struggled with their oppressors and threw off the yoke of colonial rule. Within a few years they all achieved their aim. That is the song that has now already been sung for about thirty years, in various keys, it is true, but with a remarkable consistency of tune and melody. The entire colonial history seems to have been no more than a prologue to an inevitable and triumphant independence. A new Whig interpretation of history has come into being.
Growth Collapses in Indonesia: A Comparison of the 1930s and the 1990s
Authors: Booth Anne
Published: April 2010

Thanks largely to the work of Pierre van der Eng we now have quite a good picture of trends in growth of Indonesia's real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over the twentieth century. There were two periods, each of around three decades when growth was positive in per capita terms. From 1900 to 1930, real GDP grew at 2.7 per cent per annum; if we assume that population grew over this period at around 1.2 per cent per annum, then annual growth in real per capita terms was 1.5 per cent per annum. This implies an increase over a thirty-year period in per capita GDP of around fifty-six per cent. Beginning in 1929, there was a sustained growth collapse which continued through the early 1930s; real per capita GDP in 1934 was only eighty-three per cent of the 1928 level in 1934 (Table 1). Some recovery occurred in the latter part of the 1930s, and by 1941 per capita GDP had returned to roughly the 1928 level. But the twenty-five years from 1941 to 1966 were characterised by foreign occupation, revolutionary struggle, and, after 1949, considerable macroeconomic instability culminating in hyper-inflation in the early and mid-1960s. In 1967, per capita GDP was estimated by Van der Eng to be only about seventy-five per cent of the 1928 figure.
A Pretender on Gowa' Throne. The War of Batara Gowa I. Singkilang in South West Celebes, 1776–c. 1790
Authors: Roessingh M.P.H.
Published: April 2010

The subject of this article is the fight for the throne in the kingdom of Gowa at the end of the 18th century, during the decline of the Dutch East India Company, a period which also saw the downfall of Gowa and the supremacy of Bone. The sources for the history of this period are twofold: on one hand the indigenous sources, “lontara-bilang” (diaries) and other records in Buginese and Makassarese; secondly, the European writings, principally the archival materials from the Dutch government at Makassar, supplemented by travel accounts and reports of the English. My primary sources are almost exclusively Dutch, namely the papers of the VOC, as they are preserved in the General State Archives in The Hague. To be more precise, these sources may be in Dutch, but in addition to the letters etc. written by Company officials, they also contain translations from documents drawn up by the rulers of Bone and Gowa or other of Asians. Moreover, the governors of Makassar often made use of indigenous sources, both oral and written, in preparing their lengthy memoirs about the state of affairs in their district. In 1736, the High Government in Batavia decided that two accurate genealogical tables must be prepared of the royal houses of Bone and Gowa.
Reflections on the Significance of Historical Research for Development Policy
Authors: Pronk J.P.
Published: April 2010

It is customary in the Netherlands to celebrate just about any happy occasion with a speech and a glass of sherry or genever. So when our first volume of essays, Expansion and Reaction, came off press in December, 1977, we invited our friends in the vicinity to hear the then Minister of Development Cooperation J.P.Pronk. We have chosen to print his remarks because they illustrate from what viewpoint government officials view our activities. Pronk is now Professor at the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague and M.P. for the Dutch Labour Party.
Le “Modern World System” et l'Extrême-Orient, Plaidoyer pour un seizième siècle négligé
Authors: Blussé Leonard
Published: April 2010

Dans le cadre de la problématique du développement et du sous-développement, l'Extrême Orient forme un chapitre à part, à cause des voies assez remarquables que la Chine, le Japon et la Corée ont empruntées pour la modernisation). C'est l'impérialisme occidental qui a provoqué cette modernisation au cours du processus d'incorporation de l'Extrême-Orient dans l'économie capitaliste dont les Etats-Unis et l'Europe occidentale formaient les axes.
Reflections on Colonialism and Modernisation
Authors: Zhilian Zhang , Rongqu Luo
Published: April 2010

The Third World today is the historic product of the overseas expansion of European and North American capitalism. Prior to the rise of modern capitalism, the world had been pluralistic. Different centres of civilisation had developed independently. Between them there had been cultural and commercial intercourse. Two historic missions were completed by European capitalism: firstly, the conquest of the world, and in its wake, colonial plunderings; secondly, the integration of the isolated and the peripheric regions into a unified world system.
A file on current research in Expansion History
Authors: Telkamp Gerard J.
Published: April 2010

After some inevatable deloys caused by Inc sloverest of south Dutch and overcas response to the questionaires concerning current resources which we enclosed with the first issuse of Itinerario in June 1977.
Ideas on Research in South Sulawesi
Authors: Andaya L.Y.
Published: April 2010

In 1974-5 I had the opportunity to travel throughout South Sulawesi to read historical documents and to record oral traditions from different areas. During this period I was continually impressed by the openness of the people and the pride with which they discussed their history, customs and culture. Even the smallest village possessed its own unique history and traditions which have been jealously preserved by the elders of the community as a heritage of the ancestors. For these people to neglect their history is tantamount to disregarding their ancestors and surrendering their identity.
Notes on a Forgotten Asian Port (Pattani)
Authors: Chamaraman Chusiri
Published: April 2010

In the spring of 1979 professor Chusiri Chamaraman passed through Leiden and remarks on archaeological research opportunities in Thailand sounded so interesting that we asked her for an article. The following is her reply:

Some three months ago Leonard Blussé asked me to write something about my research for ‘Itinerario’ but so many things have intervened that I have not even had much opportunity either to do research or to write about it. All I can do here is to piece together various items of possible interest concerning that research and hope that it might be of some use to Itinerario readers.
Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: findings from 91 266 participants in the 45 and Up Study
Authors: Banks Emily , Jorm Louisa , Rogers Kris , Clements Mark , Bauman Adrian
Published: April 2010

Objective

To assess the relationship between obesity and sedentary behaviours, such as watching television or using a computer (‘screen-time’), and describe how this relationship varies between population subgroups.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and screen-time, adjusted for age, sex, income and education and compared according to a range of personal characteristics.

Setting

New South Wales, Australia.

Subjects

A total of 91 266 men and women aged 45 years and above from the general population of New South Wales in 2006–2007 and providing self-reported information on height and weight and other factors.

Results

Obesity prevalence was 21·4 %. Compared to individuals with <2 h of daily screen-time, the adjusted relative risks (RR) of obesity were 1·35 (95 % CI 1·26, 1·44), 1·70 (95 % CI 1·59, 1·82), 1·94 (95 % CI 1·81, 2·08) and 1·92 (95 % CI 1·80, 2·06) for 2–3, 4–5, 6–7 and ≥8 h, respectively. The increase in obesity with increasing screen-time was similar within categories of overall physical activity, but was attenuated in those in full-time paid work, compared to non-workers (P for interaction < 0·0001). Among non-workers, the overall obesity RR per 2 h increase in daily screen-time was 1·23 (95 % CI 1·21, 1·25) and was significantly elevated in all groups examined, ranging from 1·16 to 1·31 according to sex, level of age, education, income, smoking and fruit consumption. The RR did not differ significantly according to overall physical activity, region of residence and alcohol and vegetable consumption, but was substantially lower in disabled v. not-disabled individuals (P for interaction < 0·0001).

Conclusions

Obesity increases with increasing screen-time, independent of purposeful physical activity. This was observed in all population groups examined, although it is attenuated in full-time workers and disabled individuals.
Effect of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin and physical growth levels of pre-school children in Chongqing
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Chen Ke , Qu Ping , Liu You-Xue , Li Ting-Yu
Published: April 2010

Objective

To investigate the efficacy of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on improving vitamin A deficiency (VAD), anaemia and physical growth of pre-school children.

Design

A randomised double-masked population-based field interventional trial with a positive control group.

Setting

Banan district of Chongqing, China.

Subjects

A total of 580 pre-school children aged 3–6 years were randomly recruited into four groups. Children in groups I and II were given biscuits fortified with vitamin A at 30 % of the recommended daily intake (RDA) and 100 % of the RDA once a day for 9 and 3 months, respectively. Children in group III received biscuits containing 20 000 IU of vitamin A once a week for 3 months. Initially, the children in group IV received a 200 000 IU vitamin A capsule just once. At the beginning and end of the study, blood samples were collected to measure Hb, serum retinol, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin, and weight and height were measured.

Results

All the fortification types significantly decreased the prevalence of VAD and anaemia in each group (P < 0·05). The effect of 9-month intervention on group I was the most efficient (P < 0·0045). After intervention, the Z-scores of height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height in all groups increased markedly compared with baseline (P < 0·05), but no significant difference was observed among the groups.

Conclusions

Data indicated that consuming vitamin A-fortified biscuits with daily 100 % RDA for 3 months has the same effect on the improvement of VAD, anaemia and physical growth as did the weekly 20 000 IU and single 200 000 IU administration in pre-school children.
Climbing and falling dunes in Valles Marineris, Mars
Authors: Chojnacki Matthew , Moersch Jeffrey E. , Burr Devon M.
Published: April 2010

Multiple occurrences of “wall dunes” are found several kilometers above the Valles Marineris canyon floor. Dune slip face orientation and bed form morphologies indicate transport direction and whether the wall dunes are climbing dunes or falling dunes. On Earth, these types of dunes form in a unidirectional wind regime and are strongly controlled by the local topography. Newly acquired Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) images and topography of the walls of Valles Marineris show similar sand dune morphologies, as wind blown sediment has interacted with local and regional topography. Primarily found in Melas and Coprates Chasmata, these climbing and falling dunes are relevant for understanding aeolian sediment flux, sediment sources, and wind directions. Falling dunes show photogeologic and thermophysical evidence of their sand being provided by adjacent outcrops.
The nightside‐to‐dayside evolution of the inner magnetosphere: Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration Radio Plasma Imager observations
Authors: Fu H. S. , Tu J. , Song P. , Cao J. B. , Reinisch B. W. , Yang B.
Published: April 2010

It took about 12 h for the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite to fly from the outbound pass to inbound pass of every inner magnetosphere crossing. This provides a unique opportunity to study the nightside‐to‐dayside evolution of the corotating inner magnetosphere when the outbound pass is in the nighttime while the inbound pass is in the daytime because a flux tube observed on the nightside may be observed again on the dayside in such situation. The differences between the two observations may be caused by the evolution of the flux tube. By analyzing both the passive and active sounding measurements from the IMAGE Radio Plasma Imager, we study two cases concerning this evolution. One, under a quiet geomagnetic condition, shows a typical evolution process during which the plasmapause was observed on both the nightside and the dayside. The other, during the recovery phase of a magnetic storm, shows a different inner magnetospheric structure in which the distinct plasmapause observed on the nightside becomes unidentifiable on the dayside as the density in the nearly empty nightside plasmatrough increases to a level similar to that of the plasmasphere. It is shown that the evolutions of the inner magnetosphere in both cases were primarily controlled by the fast plasma refilling of the flux tubes from the ionosphere as the flux tubes drift from the nightside to the dayside. In the former case the fast refilling was confined inside L = ∼6.3, while in the latter case the fast refilling extended to at least L = 10. The present observations provide an example for fast refilling as a possible cause of the smooth density transition from the plasmasphere to the subauroral region and demonstrate the importance of the plasmasphere‐ionosphere coupling in controlling the structures of the inner magnetosphere.
Reliability of the natural remanent magnetization recorded in Chinese loess
Authors: Jin Chunsheng , Liu Qingsong
Published: April 2010

Chinese loess‐paleosol sequences undoubtedly have recorded geomagnetic events (both polarity reversals and excursions). However, the fidelity of the rapid paleomagnetic field oscillations during a polarity reversal remains uncertain. To test the reliability and consistency of the natural remanent magnetization records in Chinese loess, 10 subsets of parallel samples across the Matuyama‐Brunhes (MB) reversal boundary were obtained from the Luochuan region in the hinterland of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Our paleomagnetic results show diversified virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) during the MB transition but consistent VGPs outside of the transitional zone. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and rock magnetism results indicate that the sampled interval is rather uniform and undisturbed. The discrepancies of the characteristic remanent magnetization within the MB transition are probably due to the low efficiency in aligning magnetic grains, mainly pseudo‐single‐domain magnetite, associated with the low field intensity. Nevertheless, the stratigraphic location of the MB boundary can be confidently defined. Therefore, we conclude that Chinese loess‐paleosol sequences can record geomagnetic reversal events, but the morphology within the polarity transition is rather questionable.
Effects of future climate change on primary productivity and export fluxes in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Lavoie Diane , Denman Kenneth L. , Macdonald Robie W.
Published: April 2010

We present projections of future primary production for the Canadian Beaufort Shelf of the Arctic Ocean, using simulations of future climate change from the Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM2) to force a coupled sea ice‐ocean‐biological one‐dimensional model. We compare three 18 year simulations, 1975–1992, 2042–2059, and 2082–2099, to describe the impacts of a reduction in sea ice cover duration and thickness and an increase in surface freshwater fluxes. Our results show an increase in average annual primary production of 6% between the period 1975–1992 and the period 2042–2059 and an increase of 9% between 1975–1992 and 2082–2099. The relative contribution of the ice algal and spring phytoplankton blooms to the annual primary production is reduced in the future runs owing to a reduction in the length of the ice algal growth season (resulting from earlier snow and ice melt) and to a reduction in the replenishment of nutrient to the mixed layer in winter. The duration of the summer subsurface phytoplankton bloom increases, which favors the development of the main copepod species and leads to an increase in export production (16% between 1975–1992 and 2082–2099) that is greater than the increase in primary production.
Impacts of future climate change on soil frost in the midwestern United States
Authors: Sinha Tushar , Cherkauer Keith A.
Published: April 2010

Historical observations indicate a shift toward shorter winters and increased average air temperatures in the midwestern United States. Furthermore, a rise in soil temperatures is likely to be enhanced under projections of increased air temperature; however, reduced snow cover during winter may lead to colder soil temperatures in the future. Cumulatively, these changes will affect cold season processes in the region. Therefore the impact of such changes on cold season processes were analyzed under two climate models (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory version CM2.1.1 (GFDL) and UK Met Office Hadley Center Climate Model, version 3.1 (HadCM3)) and three scenarios (B1, A1B, and A2) by implementing the variable infiltration capacity land surface model from 1977 to 2099. Ensemble averages of the two models for the three scenarios indicated that both air temperature and precipitation would increase in the cold season (December–May), with the greatest increases projected under the A2 scenario by late in the 21st century (2070–2099). Also during this period, the median number of days when air temperature was below 0°C reduced in comparison to the base period (1977–2006) by 25, 35, and 38 days for the B1, A1B, and A2 scenarios, respectively. The number of freeze‐thaw cycles increased in the south‐central Wisconsin and the northern regions of Michigan by up to 3 cycles, while the duration of soil frost decreased by between 2 weeks and nearly 2 months during 2070–2099 with respect to the base period.
Defining similar regions of snow in the Colorado River Basin using self‐organizing maps
Authors: Fassnacht S. R. , Derry J. E.
Published: April 2010

We used self‐organizing maps (SOMs) to define regions of homogeneity in the Colorado River Basin using snow telemetry (SNOTEL) snow water equivalent (SWE) data. SOMs are a specific application of artificial neural networks. Daily data for 216 stations using 15 years (1991–2005) of data from 1 October through 30 June were used. To identify areas of similar snow accumulation, persistence, and ablation patterns, data were transformed by dividing by the 15 year average peak SWE. Three experiments were performed to determine how the regions of homogeneous snowpack characteristics changed. The number of groups was increased from 4 to 6 to 9 to 16. By increasing this resolution, more subtle variations were defined. The temporal resolution of the data was decreased from daily to weekly to monthly to yearly. The accumulation and ablation of the snowpack over time represents a plot called a niveograph, which was summarized for yearly data by three variables. These were peak SWE, length of season, and date of peak SWE. Very similar results were produced using daily, weekly, and monthly time steps. However, using peak SWE produced only 50% of the same groupings, while using the other annual summary variables, even together, produced less than 25% of the same groupings. Using 18 physiographic variables to represent the SNOTEL stations yielded groups that were similar to those from using peak SWE but more evenly distributed in space. Using Ward's method of cluster analysis could only be performed with the individual annual summary variables. It produced groupings similar to the comparable SOM application but slightly less representative of the daily data groupings.
Modeled sensitivity of upper thermocline properties to tropical cyclone winds and possible feedbacks on the Hadley circulation
Authors: Sriver Ryan L. , Huber Matthew
Published: April 2010

The sensitivity of upper thermocline properties, and global climate, to tropical cyclone (TC) winds is examined using global ocean and atmosphere general circulation models. We combine seven years of global, satellite‐based TC wind records with a standard surface wind input data set derived from reanalysis, and we apply idealized factors to TC winds in order to model the ocean's equilibrium response to increases in TC intensities. We find TC‐induced vertical ocean mixing impacts upper thermocline properties, such as temperature and mixed layer depth, and the effects are amplified for increasing intensities. The model's ocean heat transport is also affected, but only when TC winds are increased substantially compared to present‐day values. Atmospheric model simulations show altered ocean temperature can lead to changes in the mean Hadley circulation. Results suggest increased TC activity may affect global climate by altering the ocean's thermal structure, which could be important for large scale ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks.
Functional diversity of bacteria in a ferruginous hydrothermal sediment
Authors: Handley Kim M , Boothman Christopher , Mills Rachel A , Pancost Richard D , Lloyd Jonathan R
Published: April 2010

A microbial community showing diverse respiratory processes was identified within an arsenic-rich, ferruginous shallow marine hydrothermal sediment (20–40 °C, pH 6.0–6.3) in Santorini, Greece. Analyses showed that ferric iron reduction with depth was broadly accompanied by manganese and arsenic reduction and FeS accumulation. Clone library analyses indicated the suboxic–anoxic transition zone sediment contained abundant Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria, whereas the overlying surface sediment was dominated by clones related to the Fe(II)-oxidizing zetaproteobacterium, Mariprofundus ferroxydans. Cultures obtained from the transition zone were enriched in bacteria that reduced Fe(III), nitrate, sulfate and As(V) using acetate or lactate as electron donors. In the absence of added organic carbon, bacteria were enriched that oxidized Fe(II) anaerobically or microaerobically, sulfide microaerobically and aerobically and As(III) aerobically. According to 16S rRNA gene analyses, enriched bacteria represented a phylogenetically wide distribution. Most probable number counts indicated an abundance of nitrate-, As(V)- and Fe(III)(s,aq)-reducers, and dissolved sulfide-oxidizers over sulfate-reducers, and FeS-, As(III)- and nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidisers in the transition zone. It is noteworthy that the combined community and geochemical data imply near-surface microbial iron and arsenic redox cycling were dominant biogeochemical processes.
An antisense RNA in a lytic cyanophage links psbA to a gene encoding a homing endonuclease
Authors: Millard Andrew D , Gierga Gregor , Clokie Martha R J , Evans David J , Hess Wolfgang R , Scanlan David J
Published: April 2010

Cyanophage genomes frequently possess the psbA gene, encoding the D1 polypeptide of photosystem II. This protein is believed to maintain host photosynthetic capacity during infection and enhance phage fitness under high-light conditions. Although the first documented cyanophage-encoded psbA gene contained a group I intron, this feature has not been widely reported since, despite a plethora of new sequences becoming available. In this study, we show that in cyanophage S-PM2, this intron is spliced during the entire infection cycle. Furthermore, we report the widespread occurrence of psbA introns in marine metagenomic libraries, and with psbA often adjacent to a homing endonuclease (HE). Bioinformatic analysis of the intergenic region between psbA and the adjacent HE gene F-CphI in S-PM2 showed the presence of an antisense RNA (asRNA) connecting these two separate genetic elements. The asRNA is co-regulated with psbA and F-CphI, suggesting its involvement with their expression. Analysis of scaffolds from global ocean survey datasets shows this asRNA to be commonly associated with the 3′ end of cyanophage psbA genes, implying that this potential mechanism of regulating marine ‘viral’ photosynthesis is evolutionarily conserved. Although antisense transcription is commonly found in eukaryotic and increasingly also in prokaryotic organisms, there has been no indication for asRNAs in lytic phages so far. We propose that this asRNA also provides a means of preventing the formation of mobile group I introns within cyanophage psbA genes.
Microbial nitrate-dependent cyclohexane degradation coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation
Authors: Musat Florin , Wilkes Heinz , Behrends Astrid , Woebken Dagmar , Widdel Friedrich
Published: April 2010

An anaerobic nitrate-reducing enrichment culture was established with a cyclic saturated petroleum hydrocarbon, cyclohexane, the fate of which in anoxic environments has been scarcely investigated. GC–MS showed cyclohexylsuccinate as a metabolite, in accordance with an anaerobic enzymatic activation of cyclohexane by carbon–carbon addition to fumarate. Furthermore, long-chain cyclohexyl-substituted cell fatty acids apparently derived from cyclohexane were detected. Nitrate reduction was not only associated with cyclohexane utilization but also with striking depletion of added ammonium ions. Significantly more ammonium was consumed than could be accounted for by assimilation. This indicated the occurrence of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) with nitrite from cyclohexane-dependent nitrate reduction. Indeed, nitrite depletion was stimulated upon further addition of ammonium. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes and subsequent cell hybridization with specific probes showed that approximately 75% of the bacterial cells affiliated with the Geobacteraceae and approximately 18% with Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans’ (member of the Planctomycetales), an anaerobic ammonium oxidizer. These results and additional quantitative growth experiments indicated that the member of the Geobacteraceae reduced nitrate with cyclohexane to nitrite and some ammonium; the latter two and ammonium added to the medium were scavenged by anammox bacteria to yield dinitrogen. A model was established to quantify the partition of each microorganism in the overall process. Such hydrocarbon oxidation by an alleged ‘denitrification’ (‘pseudo-denitrification’), which in reality is a dissimilatory loop through anammox, can in principle also occur in other microbial systems with nitrate-dependent hydrocarbon attenuation.
Body Composition and Energy Metabolism Following Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Tamboli Robyn A. , Hossain H. Ayesha , Marks Pamela A. , Eckhauser Aaron W. , Rathmacher John A. , Phillips Sharon E. , Buchowski Maciej S. , Chen Kong Y. , Abumrad Naji N.
Published: April 2010

Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has become an accepted treatment for excessive obesity. We conducted a longitudinal study to assess regional body composition, muscle proteolysis, and energy expenditure before RYGB, and 6 and 12 months after RYGB. Whole‐body and regional fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were assessed via dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), and myofibrillar protein degradation was estimated by urinary 3‐methylhistidine (3‐MeH) in 29 subjects. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were also determined using a whole‐room, indirect calorimeter in 12 of these subjects. LM loss constituted 27.8 ± 10.2% of total weight loss achieved 12 months postoperatively, with the majority of LM loss (18 ± 6% of initial LM) occurring in the first 6 months following RYGB. During this period, the trunk region contributed 66% of whole‐body LM loss. LM loss occurred in the first 6 months after RYGB despite decreased muscle protein breakdown, as indicated by a decrease in 3‐MeH concentrations and muscle fractional breakdown rates. Sleep energy expenditure (SEE) decreased from 2,092 ± 342 kcal/d at baseline to 1,495 ± 190 kcal/day at 6 months after RYGB (P < 0.0001). Changes in both LM and FM had an effect on the reduction in SEE (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). These studies suggest that loss of LM after RYGB is significant and strategies to maintain LM after surgery should be explored.
Deformation of a liquid surface due to an impinging gas jet: A conformal mapping approach
Authors: He Andong , Belmonte Andrew
Published: April 2010

A theoretical and experimental study is performed on the deformation of a free surface between two fluids in a gravitational field, due to a jet in the lighter fluid impinging at right angles to the surface. For the two-dimensional case, we present a mathematical model using the method of conformal mapping. The strength of our method lies in its general application to analytically study the interface between two fluids in a gravitational field, one of which has an arbitrary potential velocity field, while the other is assumed to be motionless. An asymptotic solution is derived for the cavity shape with the density ratio of fluids as the small expansion parameter.
Electromagnetic near field measurements by using magnet garnet crystal
Authors: Takahashi M. , Kawasaki K. , Ohba H. , Ikenaga T. , Ota H. , Orikasa T. , Adachi N. , Ishiyama K. , Arai K. I.
Published: April 2010

An optical scanning electromagnetic field probe system consisting of an optic crystal substrate and a galvano scanner has been developed for high speed, low-invasive measurement of electromagnetic near field distribution. We measured magnetic field distributions above a microstrip line using several magnetic garnet crystal substrates and the probe system. We observed that the frequency response in the gigahertz range improved when we applied a magnetic bias to the crystal. In addition, a magnetic field component in a particular direction could be detected by controlling the direction of the magnetic bias.
Experimental study of a helium surface-wave discharge at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Muñoz J. , Margot J. , Calzada M. D.
Published: April 2010

An experimental characterization of a helium surface-wave discharge (SWD) at atmospheric pressure using spectroscopic techniques is presented. Values of plasma parameters (densities and temperatures) were obtained from these techniques and the degree of thermodynamic equilibrium was shown to be that of an ionizing plasma. The experimental values of the plasma parameters were compared to those obtained from a theoretical model developed for the same He discharge type and to those found in the literature for other noble gases (neon and argon) SWDs also generated at atmospheric pressure. These comparisons enable to infer the main cause of departure from local thermodynamic equilibrium to processes involving He molecular ions, namely, associative ionization and dissociative recombination.
Anisotropy of quantum Hall phases at filling factor ν=9/2
Authors: Ciftja Orion
Published: April 2010

Strongly correlated electronic systems in the quantum Hall regime start displaying very strong magnetotransport anisotropy at certain low values of the magnetic field below a given critical temperature. The ultimate nature of this emergent anisotropic quantum Hall phase is still elusive despite a decade of studies since their experimental discovery in high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. So far, anisotropy has been observed only in high Landau levels with quantum index n≥2 and is more pronounced at half-filling of the upper Landau level. Despite the efforts, many questions about the microscopic origin of anisotropy and the physical mechanism of stabilization of anisotropic phases still remain. One way to explain the emergence of anisotropy is to assume that the electrons have formed a unidirectional (or striped) charge density wave state and this path has been followed by many authors. Another scenario consistent with the experimental findings would view the appearance of anisotropy as signature of a phase transition of electrons from an isotropic phase to an anisotropic liquid crystalline phase similar to an isotropic-to-nematic liquid transition. In this work we study the anisotropy of the state with filling factor ν=9/2 in which the Landau level with index n=2 is half-filled while the lower Landau levels of each spin are full and considered inert thus causing no Landau level mixing.
Enhancement of radiated noise suppression on flexible magnetic thick film electromagnetic interference filters with high-frequency permeability on data signal cable
Authors: Lee Kyung Sub , Byun In-Ho , Jeong In-Bum , Kim Sang Woo
Published: April 2010

Frequency-dependent impedance characteristics of flexible thick film EMI filters were investigated for enhanced suppression of high-frequency noise currents in the frequency range from several tens of megahertz to 1.5 GHz. The inductance of the rolled magnetic film filters was much lower than that of the conventional ferrite bead at lower frequencies but the inductance exceeded the level of the ferrite bead above 33–125 MHz because of the higher frequency dependence of real permeability. The enhanced impedance was mainly due to the increased inductance for the rolled thick film filters at lower frequencies of 210–550 MHz, depending on the complex permeability. The enhanced permeability at the higher frequency was attributed to the increased inductance and resistance of the rolled magnetic thick film filters. The higher frequency dependence of impedance was, the better the effect was reached to filter out the common-mode noise. It is found that the noise emission from a data signal cable is effectively suppressed by employing the flexible magnetic thick films as a common-mode noise filter in the 50 MHz–1.5 GHz frequency band.
Effect of Sn substitution on the para-conductivity of polycrystalline Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3−ySnyO10−δ superconductors
Authors: Khan Nawazish Ali , Hassan Najmul , Nawaz Sana , Shabbir Babar , Khan Sajid , Rizvi Azhar A.
Published: April 2010

High quality electrical resistivity ρ(T) versus temperature data of as-prepared and O2-annealed Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu3−ySnyO10−δ (y=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5) superconductors has been studied for fluctuation-induced phenomena setting in at temperatures well above the critical temperature [Tc(R=0)]. The analysis of the data is done by using Aslamazov–Larkin (AL) and Lawrence–Doniach models for the excess conductivity. We have estimated several physical parameters, including coherence length, interplane coupling strength, exponents, and dimensionality of the fluctuations. The as-prepared and oxygen postannealed samples have shown a cross-over temperature associated with two distinct exponents and the excess conductivity data fits well with the two-dimensional and three-dimensional AL equations. The coherence length along the c-axis [ξc(0)] and the interlayer coupling strength (J) are found to decrease with increased Sn doping. These values are increased after annealing the samples in oxygen atmosphere, which is most likely associated with the approach of carrier concentration in the conducting CuO2/SnO2 planes to the optimum value. The Tc(R=0) and the peak temperature (TP) as determined from the dρ/dT versus temperature plots are also found to decrease with increased Sn substitution, however, these temperatures are improved to higher values after annealing the samples in oxygen atmosphere. The decreased values of Tc(R=0) and TP with increased Sn substitution in the as-prepared samples are most likely arising from the suppression of carrier’s density promoted by the increased volume of unit cell and the localization of the carriers at the Sn4+ sites.