bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applications
Authors: Chwe Michael Suk-Young
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins by considering the question of how cultural practices such as rituals and ceremonies constitute power. It then discusses how rituals work; generating common knowledge through eye contact or, for larger groups, facing each other in a circle to enable each person to see that everyone else is paying attention; and understanding advertising in terms of common knowledge generation. The chapter then offers quantitative evidence by looking at 119 brands advertised on three U.S. networks in October 1988, February 1989, and July 1989. The data suggests that social goods are advertised on more popular shows and that advertisers goods are willing to pay more per viewer to do so. More popular shows generate common knowledge and hence are better at solving coordination problems.
The Realist–Pacifist Summit Meeting of March 1942 and the Political Reorientation of Ecumenical Protestantism in the United States
Authors: Hollinger David A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the consolidation in 1942 of the two major, religiously defined institutional forces of the entire period from World War II to the present. The Delaware Conference of March 3–5, 1942, was the first moment at which rival groups within the leadership of ecumenical Protestantism came together and agreed upon an agenda for the postwar world. The chapter addresses the following questions: Just what did the Delaware Conference agree upon and proclaim to the world? Which Protestant leaders were present at the conference and/or helped to bring it about and to endow it with the character of a summit meeting? In what respects did the new political orientation established at the conference affect the destiny of ecumenical Protestantism?
Including Islam
Authors: Fowden Garth
Published: November 2017

This book examines history and thought “before and after Muhammad” by offering a new perspective on the debate about “the West and the Rest,” about America's destiny and Europe's identity. One party explains how Europe and eventually North America—the North Atlantic world—left the rest in the dust from about 1500. The other side argues that Asia—China, Japan, and the Islamic trio of Mughals, Safavids, and Ottomans—remained largely free of European encroachment until the mid-1700s, but then either collapsed for internal reasons, or else were gradually undermined by colonial powers' superior technological, economic, and military power. In seeking to overhaul the foundations of this debate, especially as regards the role of Islam and the Islamic world, the book reformulates the history of the First Millennium, by the end of which Islam had matured sufficiently to be compared with patristic Christianity, in order to fit Islam into it. The book draws primarily on Edward Gibbon's account of East Rome and Islam.
Individual Autonomy and Civil Liberties
Authors: Chan Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces a new Confucian perfectionist approach to individual autonomy and civil liberties. Confucianism has often been criticized for failing to recognize individual autonomy. But Confucian ethics does promote individual moral autonomy, in the sense that the moral agent must voluntarily accept the demands of morality and reflectively engage in the moral life. To a considerable extent, this notion supports toleration and freedom, since a highly restrictive or oppressive moral environment is harmful to the development of a genuine moral life. To cope with the demands of a fast-changing, pluralistic society, Confucian ethics must incorporate a moderate notion of personal autonomy in the wider sense that people should have the freedom to form life goals and chart a personal path of life.
Communications
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines interfirm communications that many, sometimes implicitly, take to be central in defining the law's concept of agreement. The core problem with making the existence of communications determinative is that communication is ubiquitous, among other reasons because most actions, certainly including the sale of a goods item at a price, themselves communicate pertinent information. If the use of communications constitutes agreement, then pure interdependence (indeed, less) would trigger liability. Therefore, if agreement is to depend on communications and yet be more restrictive, it is necessary to specify some subcategory of communications, perhaps based on the mode of communication or its content, the use of which is necessary and sufficient to constitute agreement.
Social Welfare
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the social welfare consequences of coordinated oligopolistic price elevation. From the outset, it is notable that none of the pertinent theory directly distinguishes between successful coordination due merely to recognized interdependence and that resulting from classic cartel behavior, or various cases in between. The harm from price coordination in terms of allocative inefficiency or loss in consumer welfare depends most directly on the extent and duration of supracompetitive pricing. From a dynamic perspective, price elevation may also cause production inefficiency on account of excessive entry. The expectation of above-marginal-cost prices also induces a number of other kinds of investments, many (but not all) of which are efficient.
Detection: Market-Based Evidence
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on evidence derived from the observation of market conditions and behavior that bears on the presence of successful oligopolistic coordination. There are a number of ways to infer the existence of successful oligopolistic coordination using market-based evidence. This chapter extends that substantial body of prior work in a number of respects: it devotes greater attention to certain difficulties due to firms' strategic responses designed to mask their behavior, to possible synergies available from combining different indicators with each other and with other types of evidence, and to relative costs in terms of chilling effects, a subject that has been largely neglected. Regarding some factors that imply coordination, it is important to keep in mind that their absence may often negate its existence, where absence should be understood as not merely constituting ambiguity and difficulty of proof but rather demonstration of nonexistence.
Additional Considerations
Authors: Kaplow Louis
Published: November 2017

This chapter addresses two additional subjects. Institutional issues, which influence the cost and accuracy of investigation and adjudication, are important in fashioning competition rules. Here, the chapter is largely confined to identifying issues rather than resolving them. Second, coordinated behavior may involve not only price—the focus of this book—but also nonprice terms, such as product characteristics, territories, and other dimensions of competitive strategy. The logical structure of the analysis presented throughout is largely relevant to nonprice coordination, although, as this chapter shows, the relative importance of different considerations, particularly concerning detection, can differ significantly depending on the nature of the coordination involved.
The Happiest Ending
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to the streets of everyday life, and more specifically to Chicago, to determine how the national debate over gayborhoods looks, feels, and sounds to people on the ground. Chicago has two active gayborhoods: Boystown and Andersonville. The chapter examines how Chicago residents make sense of living in a city with multiple gayborhoods, and whether they consider Boystown and Andersonville culturally equivalent, or whether they think about them as different from each other. To address these questions, the chapter considers the perspectives of 125 self-identified gay men, lesbians, and straight residents, business owners, government officials, representatives of nonprofit community organizations, realtors, developers, and various public figures. It also analyzes the hopes and fears of other residents—their banal concerns and their greatest ideals about the gayborhoods that they more simply call home.
Triggers
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the perspectives of Chicago residents regarding the so-called “triggers” and how they are remapping the relationship between their sexuality and the city. Sexuality does not have a singular spatial expression. This is becoming truer over time, and it is a strong indicator of assimilation. Post-gays insist that they are culturally similar to straights, and they perceive many different neighborhoods in the city as possible places to live. The chapter considers how these two familiar mechanisms work as gays and lesbians pass through certain momentous junctures in their lives. These triggers include growing older, the coming of age of a new generation, and the Internet. Thus, the “idea of all gays living in one space,” if it was ever true, is now moribund in a post-gay era. The chapter also asks why there are mixed feelings about whether gayborhoods will remain meaningful for queer youth later in their lives.
Cultural Archipelagos
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how gayborhoods can persist in the present and how they will live on into the future. It is unrealistic to think that gayborhoods have always been around, that they will remain stable in their character and composition, or that they will never change. All neighborhoods, along with the cities that surround them, are organic, continually evolving places. However, it is equally naive to declare the death of the gayborhood. The chapter first considers demographic trends based on the 2000 and 2010 U.S. censuses before discussing the many different ways that our sexuality continues to direct the decisions we make about where to put down our roots. It shows that gayborhoods can reform from one place to another. This is evident in Chicago, where gays and lesbians have moved steadily north for more than a century now, colonizing one neighborhood after the next.
Resonance
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how Boystown can retain its queer character, how an increasing presence of straight residents affects this possibility, and how different types of sexual minorities perceive the cultural significance of gayborhoods in Chicago. Although Americans are more tolerant of gay people in general, one study, using nationally representative survey data from a Gallup poll, found that more than a quarter of Americans still prefer to not have them as their neighbors. Many gays and lesbians wonder about the right balance between inclusion and straight dominance in the gayborhood. The chapter considers the role of existing gayborhoods as safe harbors and think about how they can retain their cultural and institutional character despite the arrival of more straight newcomers.
Reinvention
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how entire communities and specific groups migrate in ways that expand, evolve, and reinvent the very meaning and material expressions of gay neighborhoods. It asks where gays and lesbians will go next and identifies two main patterns. First, when gays and lesbians leave an existing gayborhood, many of them collectively relocate to another area in the city, a trend that can be called a revival. Second, specific groups like same-sex families with children, people of color, and lesbians make distinct relocation decisions. While gays and lesbians generally are more dispersed in a post-gay era than they were in the 1970s and 1980s, these two patterns suggest that they can creatively reattach some of the positive aspects of gayborhoods to the places where they move. As they make daily decisions about where to live and socialize, gay people invent and reinvent the very meanings and material expressions of gay districts.
Conclusions
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: November 2017

This book has explored the enduring yet evolving relationship between sexuality and the city, the causes and consequences of urban change, the diverse and dynamic cultures of a place, the experiences of a marginalized community on the doorstep of equality, and the protean meanings and material expressions of the gayborhood in America. Gayborhoods are artifacts of urban planning, but in the coming out era, they also embodied distinct queer cultures and communities. Today, however, they are straightening and becoming mainstream. The book concludes by suggesting that the queer spirit has become more plastic and portable in a post-gay era, which helps gayborhoods to evolve in exciting ways as many different gender and sexual minorities reinvent their relationship with them, and thus the city itself, in profound ways.
The Secular City
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: November 2017

Since its initial publication in 1965, this book has been hailed as a classic for its nuanced exploration of the relationships among the rise of urban civilization, the decline of hierarchical, institutional religion, and the place of the secular within society. Now, half a century later, this international best seller remains as relevant as when it first appeared. The book's arguments—that secularity has a positive effect on institutions, that the city can be a space where people of all faiths fulfil their potential, and that God is present in both the secular and formal religious realms—still resonate with readers of all backgrounds. This brand-new edition includes a substantial and updated introduction. The author reflects on the book's initial stunning success in an age of political and religious upheaval and makes the case for its enduring relevance at a time when the debates that the book helped ignite have caught fire once again.
Toward a Theology of Social Change
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the starting point for any theology of church today must be a theology of social change. The church is first of all a responding community, a people whose task it is to discern the action of God in the world and to join in His work. The action of God occurs through what theologians have sometimes called “historical events” but what might better be termed “social change.” This means that the church must respond constantly to social change, but this is just the trouble. The doctrines of the church have come from the frayed-out period of classical Christendom and are infected with the ideology of preservation and permanence. The chapter contends that a church whose life is defined and shaped by what God is now doing in the world must allow itself to be broken and reshaped continuously by God's continuous action; hence the need for a theology of social change.
The Church as God’s Avant-Garde
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the three elements of the church's task as avant-garde—kerygma, diakonia, and koinonia—and how they work out in a typical urban setting. The word kerygma means “message.” The church, like any avant-garde, has a story it is trying to get across. It is telling people what is coming, what to expect next. Diakonia refers to the act of healing and reconciling, binding up wounds and bridging chasms. In the case of the secular city, diakonia means the responsibility of the church for effecting a “ministry of communication” which will bring back into reciprocity the fragmented pieces of what is essentially a functioning whole. Lastly, the Greek word koinonia is usually translated “fellowship.” It designates that aspect of the church's responsibility in the city which calls for a visible demonstration of what the church is saying in its kerygma and pointing to in its diakonia.
Introduction
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. The book explores the development of the public sphere in the Russian Empire. It examines the shifting boundaries—in terms of concepts and actual legal practices—of property in Russia from the time of Catherine the Great to World War I and the Revolutions of 1917 to show the emergence of a new vision of society and new practices of treating “public things”—rivers, forests, historical monuments, art objects, and literary masterpieces. The main object of the present inquiry is a phenomenon that was never institutionalized in Russian laws but nevertheless existed in people's imagination, rhetoric, and politics—the concept of “public property,” the res publica—a world of things to be owned by the public yet managed by the state on the public's behalf. This vision in its general contours resembled the ideas of neo-liberals in Britain, the social philosophy of French solidaristes, and the legal concepts of late-nineteenth-century German and Austrian jurisprudence and sociology.
Forests, Minerals, and the Controversy over Property in Post-Emancipation Russia
Authors: Pravilova Ekaterina
Published: November 2017

The idea of private property, borrowed by Catherine the Great from Europe, was transplanted into an economic order based on serfdom and hierarchical patrimonial relations. Peasants were seen as being attached to land—along with rivers, forests, and whatever else this land might contain on and beneath its surface. This chapter traces the transformation of property rights set off by the reforms of the 1860s and, most importantly, the emancipation of the serfs, through the analysis of two acute issues in the Russian economy—the preservation of forests and the exploitation of mineral resources. It analyzes how the emancipation of peasants in 1861 affected the system of property rights designed in different economic conditions. It shows which elements of Catherine's vision of property survived through the reform, and how her legacy affected the post-emancipation vision, practice, and politics of property.
Bayesian Models
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

Bayesian modeling has become an indispensable tool for ecological research because it is uniquely suited to deal with complexity in a statistically coherent way. This book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the latest Bayesian methods. It emphasizes the principles behind the computations, giving ecologists a big-picture understanding of how to implement this powerful statistical approach, and is an essential primer for non-statisticians. It begins with a definition of probability and develops a step-by-step sequence of connected ideas, including basic distribution theory, network diagrams, hierarchical models, Markov chain Monte Carlo, and inference from single and multiple models. The book places less emphasis on computer coding, favoring instead a concise presentation of the mathematical statistics needed to understand how and why Bayesian analysis works. It also explains how to write out properly formulated hierarchical Bayesian models and use them in computing, research papers, and proposals. This book enables ecologists to understand the statistical principles behind Bayesian modeling and apply them to research, teaching, policy, and management.
Likelihood
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an overview of likelihood and maximum likelihood. Likelihood forms the fundamental link between models and data in the Bayesian framework. In addition, maximum likelihood is a widely used alternative to Bayesian methods for estimating parameters in ecological models. Though is possible to learn Bayesian modeling with a bare-bones treatment of likelihood, the chapter emphasizes the importance of this concept in Bayesian analysis. A significant aspect of likelihood within the Bayesian framework can be found in the similarities and differences between Bayesian analysis and analysis based on maximum likelihood. In addition, the chapter also considers the relationship between a probability distribution and a likelihood function.
Hierarchical Bayesian Models
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter seeks to explain hierarchical models and how they differ from simple Bayesian models and to illustrate building hierarchical models using mathematically correct expressions. It begins with the definition of hierarchical models. Next, the chapter introduces four general classes of hierarchical models that have broad application in ecology. These classes can be used individually or in combination to attack virtually any research problem. Examples are used to show how to draw Bayesian networks that portray stochastic relationships between observed and unobserved quantities. The chapter furthermore shows how to use network drawings as a guide for writing posterior and joint distributions.
Inference from Multiple Models
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes how to evaluate alternative models with data. There are two broad ways to formally use multiple models: model selection and model averaging. In model selection, models are evaluated based on some criterion. In model averaging, inferences are made using all models in the set, or a subset of them, using a weighted average of posterior distributions of individual models. This chapter first discusses model selection before turning to model averaging in turn, before detailing some general considerations which might help the researcher's selection of a particular model, given that both methods have their own strengths and shortcomings.
Writing Bayesian Models
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a general set of steps for writing models to assist the researcher in formulating their own approach to the Bayesian model. The crucial skill of specifying models is often neglected in statistical texts in general and texts on Bayesian modeling in particular. The central importance of model specification also motivates this chapter. The overarching challenge in building models is to specify the components of the posterior distribution and the joint distribution and to factor the joint distribution into sensible parts. This chapter first lays out a framework for doing just that, albeit in somewhat abstract terms, before moving on to a more concrete example—the effects of grazing by livestock and wild ungulates on structure and function of a sagebrush steppe ecosystem.
Solutions
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides solutions to the problems presented in the preceding chapter. It presents the diagrams for each problem as well as some explanations on how the solutions are arrived at. As has been advised in the previous chapter, each solution is best referred to individually, as each problem in the preceding chapter has been solved. The problems this chapter addresses involve the mean number of ticks per sheep assuming the counts are distributed as a Poisson random variable, the portrayal of light limitation for a single tree species, the landscape occupancy of Swiss breeding birds, the allometry of savanna trees, and the movement of seals in the North Atlantic.
Introduction
Authors: Greenberg Udi
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter discusses Germany's transition from a racist dictatorship into a liberal democracy. Having fought for the Nazi regime with ferocity throughout the war, Germans performed a volte-face and, within just a few years, embraced democracy. With astonishing speed, this previously polarized and violent society developed democratic institutions, electoral organs, the rule of law, vibrant democratic norms, and an active participatory public. Two explanations have been given for Germany's rapid change. One credits the decisive role of the United States and its heavy investment in the postwar reconstruction of Germany's political institutions, economy, and educational system. In contrast, a second interpretation of Germany's transformation sees it primarily as the work of Germans. Many historians argue that Germans embraced democracy primarily because of postwar domestic conditions and experiences.
Demographics of Turnout
Authors: Leighley Jan E. , Nagler Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses data from the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey to provide an extensive description and discussion of aggregate and demographic group-specific turnout rates since 1972, focusing on education, income, race, ethnicity, age, gender, and marital status. Among the findings is that voter turnout in presidential elections since 1972 has not declined systematically. Instead, it has been slightly higher in some elections, and slightly lower in other elections. Second, the relationships among income, education, and voter turnout are quite strong: the probability of a highly educated or wealthy individual casting a ballot is much, much higher than the probability of a less-educated or poorer individual casting a ballot. Third, these differences in turnout have been remarkably stable over this thirty-six-year period. Fourth, there is less stability in turnout patterns by age, gender, and ethnicity since 1972 compared to those of education and income.
Rethinking Culture: The Social Lineage Account
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers a distinct kind of challenge to multiculturalism, a challenge that has been around for a while but has received some of its most forceful statements within the past decade. This challenge is called the dilemma of essentialism. According to the dilemma, either culture is understood in an “essentialist” way, in which case multiculturalism is empirically and morally flawed; or culture is understood in a nonessentialist way, but then the concept no longer supplies multiculturalism with the means of making the empirical judgments and normative claims that matter to it. Whichever horn of the dilemma one opts for, the upshot is that normative defenses of multiculturalism should be dismissed. The chapter defends multiculturalism against this challenge by arguing that the dilemma of essentialism is false. It does so by grabbing the second horn of the dilemma and showing that it is possible to elaborate a plausible nonessentialist concept of culture that is serviceable to the normative agenda of multiculturalism.
Immigrants, National Minorities, and Minority Rights
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines a more general problem that arises with respect to minority cultural rights, including both language and self-government rights. The problem arises from the fact that most states are home to dozens, even hundreds, of cultural groups. Their members speak different languages, have different practices and traditions that they want to maintain, and, in some cases, would like for their group to enjoy some autonomy over its own affairs. To extend a full set of language rights or self-government rights to every group that claims them may cripple the liberal state's ability to pursue its legitimate objectives. In these cases, some principle is required for deciding which cultures ought to enjoy a full set of strong cultural rights and which should not. The chapter considers two different approaches to this problem. The first attaches categorical significance to the distinction between “national” and “immigrant” groups. The second answer proposes that one or more general principles be made the basis for determining the allocation of cultural rights.
Coalition Governments in Combat
Authors: Auerswald David P. , Saideman Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines parliamentary coalition governments. Leaders in coalition governments face great challenges, not least because members of the coalition will vary in their enthusiasm for the mission. As a result, most countries in this category have tended to place more significant restrictions upon their forces in Afghanistan. The chapter considers three key cases in detail. Germany has been the exemplar of a country viewed as being far more capable in theory than in practice due to the restrictions imposed by a series of coalition governments. The Netherlands illustrates the domestic consequences of a coalition government fighting a war, as the Dutch government collapsed over Afghanistan. Meanwhile, Denmark is quite exceptional: the Danes fought with few restrictions in the most dangerous part of the most dangerous province in Afghanistan. The chapter then briefly examines other coalition governments in ISAF (International Security Assistance Force): Belgium, Italy, and Norway.
Extending the Argument
Authors: Auerswald David P. , Saideman Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the 2011 intervention in Libya, a conflict begun as a coalition of the willing that later evolved into a NATO intervention. Many of the same dynamics appeared in Libya as occurred in Afghanistan. Presidential and majoritarian parliamentary governments had wide discretion to act as they saw fit. Coalition governments were constrained by their need to maintain parliamentary confidence. Two other interesting findings were apparent in Libya. First, the intervention was a dramatic example of multilateral forum shopping, with the main participants trying two alternative organizational arrangements during the intervention. The fact that they settled on the NATO mechanism holds promise for the alliance's future. Second, the Libya case highlights some of the nuances required when explaining parliamentary coalition behavior, particularly with regard to the coalition's ideology and the viability of alternative governing coalitions.
On Eigenfunction Restriction Estimates and L4-Bounds for Compact Surfaces with Nonpositive Curvature
Authors: Sogge Christopher D. , Zelditch Steve
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses a “restriction theorem,” which is related to certain Littlewood–Paley estimates for eigenfunctions. The main step in proving this theorem is to see that an estimate involving a wave equation associated with an assigned Laplace–Beltrami operator and a bit of microlocal (wavefront) analysis remains valid as well if a certain variable is part of a periodic orbit under a set of curvature assumptions. This can be done by lifting the wave equation for a compact two-dimensional Riemannian manifold without boundary up to the corresponding one for its universal cover. By identifying solutions of wave equations for this Riemannian manifold with “periodic” ones, this chapter is able to obtain the necessary bounds using a bit of wavefront analysis and the Hadamard parametrix for the universal cover.
Islamist Social Institutions: Creating a Descriptive Context
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces some of the major social and economic institutions that existed in the territories during the Oslo period—types, roles, services, target audiences served (clientele), organizational structure, legal status, and funding sources. It explores the social agenda that the Islamists had during the Oslo period and attempts to examine what constituted “Islamic authenticity” during that time and whether that aligns with the various widely held assumptions about Hamas and the Islamists. In doing this, the chapter illustrates a descriptive account of the Islamist social institutions in Palestine and their characteristic features, including some ethnographic data on individual organizations, the people who work in them, and those who seek their services.
Islamist Social Institutions: Key Analytical Findings
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the work and impact of the Islamist social sector, the nature of the Islamist social project, and the successes and failures of Islamist mobilization at the social level. Notably, during the Oslo period, the Islamic social sector acted as a brake on violence by creating a realm increasingly devoid of politics—a view that clearly runs against mainstream conceptions—helping to legitimize the social system rather than undermine it. Accordingly, the remainder of this chapter examines the nature of social Islam in Palestine, particularly the nature of Islamist mobilization and the role of the “secular versus the sacred” in social sector work.
Postscript
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter offers a brief commentary on the implications and repercussions from Israel's 2008–2009 attack on Gaza, and on Gaza's current situation. The devastating assault on Gaza was not only about destroying Hamas as a political force. This was an attack against the Palestinian people and their continued resistance, as well as their continued refusal to accede to Israeli demands and conditions. The Israeli government argued that since all Palestinians in Gaza supported Hamas, there were no true civilians in Gaza and all attacks against them were therefore justified, including the reduction and denial of humanitarian supplies, military incursions and invasions, and the continued assassination of the Hamas leadership.
The Fiction of “We the People”: Is the Constitution Binding on Us?
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains why the consent of the governed cannot justify a duty to obey the laws. The Constitution begins with the statement, “We the People of the United States...do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” The founders declared that “We the People” had exercised their rights and manifested their consent to be ruled by the institutions “constituted” by this document. To understand what constitutional legitimacy requires, the chapter first considers what it means to assert that a constitution is “binding” before making the case that “We the People” is a fiction. More specifically, it challenges the idea, sometimes referred to as “popular sovereignty,” that the Constitution was or is legitimate because it was established by “We the People” or the “consent of the governed.” It argues that the fiction of “We the People” can prove dangerous in practice and can nurture unwarranted criticisms of the Constitution's legitimacy.
Constitutional Construction: Supplementing Original Meaning
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains how constitutional interpretation, originalist or otherwise, does not always produce unambiguous rules of law that can be applied to cases. The Constitution requires more than originalist interpretation to be applied to cases and controversies. When interpretation has provided all the guidance it can but more guidance is needed, constitutional interpretation must be supplemented by constitutional construction—within the bounds established by original meaning. The chapter first considers the importance of construction to constitutional legitimacy before showing how construction fills the unavoidable gaps in constitutional meaning when interpretation has reached it limits. It argues that it is necessary to “construe” the Constitution in ways that effectuate its purposes but that do not contradict its original meaning. Constitutional constructions that are consistent with original meaning should be chosen to enhance the legitimacy of the laws that are going to be imposed on the people without their consent.
Judicial Review of Federal Laws: The Meaning of the Necessary and Proper Clause
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines whether the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution precludes or invites the exercise of judicial review of a federal law to see if it lies within the powers of Congress to enact. Evaluating whether a federal law is constitutional must begin with whether Congress has acted within the powers it is granted in the Constitution. The chapter first provides an overview of the origins of the Necessary and Proper Clause before discussing the meaning of the term “proper.” It then examines the merits of applying the presumption of constitutionality to federal laws. In particular, it considers the original meaning of the constitutional provision giving Congress the power “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.”
The Presumption of Liberty: Protecting Rights without Listing Them
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how a Presumption of Liberty can protect the unenumerable rights retained by the people by shifting the background interpretive presumption of constitutionality whenever legislation restricts the liberties of the people. One approach that judges may take toward legislation restricting the retained liberties of the people is to protect all the rights retained by the people equally whether enumerated or unenumerated. The question that arises is how one would identify the unenumerated rights retained by the people, or how to define the “substantive sphere of liberty” that is protected by the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Because ignoring all unenumerated rights violates the mandate of the Ninth Amendment, the chapter considers two alternatives: using originalism to identify specific unenumerated rights and the Presumption of Liberty.
The Essential Hirschman
Authors: Hirschman Albert O. , Rothschild Emma , Sen Amartya
Published: November 2017

This book brings together some of the finest essays in the social sciences, written by one of the twentieth century's most influential and provocative thinkers. The author was a master essayist, one who possessed the rare ability to blend the precision of economics with the elegance of literary imagination. In an age in which our academic disciplines require ever-greater specialization and narrowness, it is rare to encounter an intellectual who can transform how we think about inequality by writing about traffic, or who can slip in a quote from Flaubert to reveal something surprising about taxes. The essays gathered here span an astonishing range of topics and perspectives, including industrialization in Latin America, imagining reform as more than repair, the relationship between imagination and leadership, routine thinking and the marketplace, and the ways our arguments affect democratic life. Throughout, we find humor, unforgettable metaphors, brilliant analysis, and elegance of style that give the author such a singular voice. Featuring an introduction that places each of these essays in context as well as an insightful afterword, this book is the ideal introduction to the author for a new generation of readers and a must-have collection for anyone seeking his most important writings in one book.
Leverage: Racial Realism in the Professions and Business
Authors: Skrentny John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines racial realism in white-collar and professional employment. It focuses on medicine, journalism, and marketing, providing evidence of the strong support for hiring on the basis of racial abilities and signaling in these jobs. The chapter also shows the support for the racial abilities and signaling that make racial “diversity” attractive to corporate employers. When it comes to legal authorization for racial realism, there is surprisingly little in this sector, as the courts have refused to allow a race BFOQ (“bona fide occupational qualification”), and they have not modified rulings that prohibit customer tastes as a justification for racial discrimination. Another key legal obstacle here is that courts have not allowed voluntary affirmative action to be motivated by racial-realist goals.
The Jungle Revisited? Racial Realism in the Low-Skilled Sector
Authors: Skrentny John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on low-skilled employment. It shows that employers have a racial hierarchy of preference and that they rely on word-of-mouth hiring to attract Latino and Asian workers with the racial and/or immigrant abilities they prize. The chapter gives special attention to meatpacking, a sector that has been racially remade in the past few decades. It then explores the ways Title VII of the Civil Rights Act should prevent this kind of hiring and shows how judges have created new opportunities for employers to use word-of-mouth hiring to build and maintain their Latino and Asian workforces without running afoul of the law. This chapter also shows how two other laws, the Immigration Reform and Control Act and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, would seem to prohibit immigrant realism but have nonetheless failed.
Feels Like Home
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines informality and collegiality at PubliCare Hospital. In part, informality and collegiality at PubliCare seemed to result from organizational inertia—the same people had been working in the same ways for decades. However, this environment also seemed to reflect the care that the hospital delivered. Just as practitioners were forced to rely on informal ties and reciprocal obligations to take care of their patients, the same ties and obligations found their way into practitioners' relationships with one another. As one doctor put it, “You're in it together, and there's a camaraderie [at PubliCare].” The chapter considers the possible factors that contributed to PubliCare's egalitarianism, as well as the shared responsibility between its doctors, nurses, and managers. It also looks at Westside Health Corporation's alliance with Sierra Medical Foundation, its enlistment of entrepreneurs, and its decision to close PubliCare.
Disciplined Doctors
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines GroupCare Hospital's disciplinary program for its doctors. Just as GroupCare worked to convince patients that each member's well-being was consistent with the optimization of the membership's health, so it sought to convince physicians that their submission to the organization's disciplinary authority was in the interests both of patients and of physicians themselves and that an efficient, rationalized delivery of care was synonymous with health care quality. Doctors were encouraged to treat individuals while at the same time keeping an eye on the interests of the membership in the aggregate. The chapter first considers doctors' understandings of their work at GroupCare, with particular emphasis on the notion of autonomy, before discussing two technologies through which GroupCare sought to bring doctors into line with the prerogatives of the organization as a whole: electronic medical records and patient satisfaction surveys.
The Romantic Poet and the Brotherhood of Genius
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces the emergence of a new poetry that presents its credentials as lying not with any preexisting literary or national tradition, but with the genius of the individual poet. Despite the real success of the volumes published in this spirit, the poet is portrayed, like Moses abandoned by his people, as having no public. The collective “other” that might afford him recognition is absent, and in the words of Victor Hugo, his was a voice crying in the wilderness, and singing to the deaf. The new poets thus enter the literary field announcing in advance that they will go unheard by a world that is fundamentally hostile.
Victor Hugo, William Shakespeare, and the Dynasty of Genius
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to Victor Hugo's discussions of genius. In taking Shakespeare as his pretext for discussing genius, and setting him alongside the likes of Homer, Aeschylus, Job, Juvenal, Dante, Michelangelo, Jefferson, Rabelais, and Cervantes, Hugo can hardly be said to be pleading the cause of unrecognized genius. But the oppression of genius is presented as an established fact. Moreover, to speak of genius is no longer simply a means of entry into literature for the novice poet, but a justification for his acceptance as the leader of his people: “poets are the first educators of the people.” This mission has yet to be realized, but Hugo's claims about genius once again become the means of making a claim to genius.
The Legacy of Transatlantic Neoliberalism
Authors: Stedman Jones Daniel
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter reviews how neoliberalism transformed British, American, and global politics. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the triumph of the free market was almost universally accepted by mainstream politicians, public officials, and civil servants. More importantly, the distinctive neoliberal brand of free market individualism had prevailed over alternative forms of managed market-based capitalism. Transatlantic neoliberal politics successfully transformed the commonsense assumptions of policymakers in Great Britain and the United States when confronted with social and economic problems, especially in the years after Margaret Thatcher left office. Value for money is effectively delivered through the discipline of the market to satisfy consumer wants. An equilibrium is achieved through the price mechanism, guiding the activities of disparate sellers and producers.
Educating the Second Generation
Authors: Alba Richard , Foner Nancy
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the second-generation immigrants. Second generations emerging from low-status immigrations begin their adult lives with substantial disadvantages—which are manifest in the worlds of both education and work—compared to young adults who grew up in native-majority homes. They are of particular concern in light of the demographic transition that will occur during the next quarter century in Europe and North America, which will involve the massive exit of the baby boomers from the workforce. This transition will create a need for the social mobility of many children of immigrants if the departing baby boomers are to be replaced; at the same time, of course, it will generate potential opportunities to move up for the second generation, including individuals from families in humble circumstances. Thus, the integration of these youth is vital for their own futures and has enormous implications for the futures of the societies of North America and Western Europe.
Bayesian Estimation of DSGE Models
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models have become one of the workhorses of modern macroeconomics and are extensively used for academic research as well as forecasting and policy analysis at central banks. This book introduces readers to state-of-the-art computational techniques used in the Bayesian analysis of DSGE models. The book covers Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques for linearized DSGE models, novel sequential Monte Carlo methods that can be used for parameter inference, and the estimation of nonlinear DSGE models based on particle filter approximations of the likelihood function. The theoretical foundations of the algorithms are discussed in depth, and detailed empirical applications and numerical illustrations are provided. The book also gives invaluable advice on how to tailor these algorithms to specific applications and assess the accuracy and reliability of the computations. The book is essential reading for graduate students, academic researchers, and practitioners at policy institutions.
Three Applications
Authors: Herbst Edward P. , Schorfheide Frank
Published: November 2017

This chapter modifies the baseline DSGE model in three dimensions. First, it replaces the AR processes for technology growth and government spending by a VAR process, generalizing the law of motion of the exogenous shocks to make the DSGE model specification more flexible and improve its fit. Second, the chapter adds capital as a factor of production to the baseline New Keynesian DSGE model and includes nominal wage stickiness as well as other forms of rigidities. Finally, it considers a DSGE model that is designed to analyze fiscal as opposed to monetary policy. This model abstracts from nominal rigidities and instead focuses on fiscal policy rules that determine the level of government spending and taxation as a function of the state of the economy.