bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some notes on word order and interpretation in Dutch and Finnish
Authors: Boef Eefje , Dal Pozzo Lena
Published: October 2015

Dutch is typically known to allow scrambling. Finnish on the other hand has a flexible word order. Even though the two languages differ in many aspects and Finnish does not have scrambling in the sense of an alternation between an adverb and an object, we suggest that the relation between word order and interpretation observed in the two languages is similar. On the basis of new empirical data from Finnish, we show that in both Dutch and Finnish movement of the direct object from its base-position to a noncanonical position in the middle field is related to discourse anaphoricity.
Zero nouns with and without objects
Authors: Fábregas Antonio
Published: October 2015

One of the main topics on the study of the relationship between syntax and morphology is (deverbal) nominalizations. In this area, several generalizations that tie the morphological make-up with the syntactic structure have been made. Most relevantly, it has been argued that only overt nominalizations (those that include a nominalizer like -ation or ‑ment) are allowed to have internal arguments introduced in their structural representation. In this paper, we address some previously unexplained apparent counterexamples to this generalization, and we argue that they can be captured if particular restrictions on the spell out of the syntactic structure are taken into consideration.
On the negative polarity sensitive indefinite determiner nakar ‘any’ in Faroese
Authors: Lindstad Arne Martinus
Published: October 2015

This paper reports on fieldwork undertaken during the NORMS dialect workshop in the Faroe Islands in August 2008. I present and discuss findings from a questionnaire study of the negative polarity sensitive indefinite determiner nakar ‘any.’ The questionnaire was constructed on the basis of the findings in Lindstad (1999) for the Norwegian polarity sensitive determiner noen ‘any’. The results indicate that Faroese nakar has a distribution that by and large mimics that of noen. This distribution is also very similar to that of Danish nogen ‘any’ and Icelandic nokkur ‘any,’ but differs considerably from Swedish någon ‘any.’ I did not find any dialectal variation in the distribution of nakar across licensing contexts, only minor variation at the individual level.
Accounts of the Count-Mass Distinction: A Critical Survey
Authors: Joosten Frank
Published: October 2015

The issue of what is usually, but also misleadingly called the count-mass distinction, i.e. the distinction between nouns that can be counted (e.g. a car, two cars, many cars) and nouns that cannot (e.g. *a sand, *two sands, *many sands, sand, much sand), has been addressed and accounted for in different ways. This paper gives a critical survey of four main theoretical views on the distinction and points out that each of them is problematic in some way. It is argued that that the count-mass distinction should not be reduced to an exclusively grammatical, ontological, semantic, or contextual issue. A proper characterisation of the distinction can only be given if its multidimensional character is fully acknowledged and if parameters such as basic count- or masshood, degree of lexicalisation, conceptualisation, and (non)arbitrariness are taken into account.
Estonian Transitive Verb Classes, Object Case, and Progressive
Authors: Tamm Anne
Published: October 2015

This article examines the relation between aspect and object case in Estonian and establishes a verb classification that predicts many facets of object case behavior. It is demonstrated that the aspectual opposition between perfectivity and imperfectivity correspond to the morphological opposition between genitive/nominative case marking and partitive object case marking. However, case marking of Estonian objects is shown to be an unreliable indicator for aspectual verb class membership. The verb classification proposed here is established on the basis of tests that involve only the partitive object case. These tests employ the Estonian progressive. The tests distinguish verb classes from each other according to the situations they typically describe and predict several conditions of case assignment of patterns.
The interaction of person and number in Mi’gmaq
Authors: Coon Jessica , Bale Alan
Published: October 2015

This paper presents puzzles concerning the representation of features in the agreement system of the Eastern Algonquian language, Mi’gmaq. A growing body of research converges on the idea that φ-agreement should be separated into distinct person (π0), number (#0), and sometimes gender (γ0) probes (e.g. Anagnostopoulou 2003, Béjar 2003, Béjar and Rezac 2003, Laka 1993, Shlonsky 1989, Sigurðsson 1996, Sigurðsson and Holmberg 2008, Preminger 2012). While these proposals account well for agreement and partial agreement patterns in a number of languages, we show that in order to account for the agreement system of Mi’gmaq, π0 and #0 must probe together, which we argue to be the result of fusion of two distinct probes. We discuss the implications of Mi’gmaq agreement for “prominence hierarchies” and feature geometries in the grammar. 
Featuring animacy
Authors: Ritter Elizabeth
Published: October 2015

Algonquian languages are famous for their animacy-based grammatical properties—an animacy based noun classification system and direct/inverse system which gives rise to animacy hierarchy effects in the determination of verb agreement. In this paper I provide new evidence for the proposal that the distinctive properties of these languages is due to the use of participant-based features, rather than spatio-temporal ones, for both nominal and verbal functional categories (Ritter & Wiltschko 2009, 2014). Building on Wiltschko (2012), I develop a formal treatment of the Blackfoot aspectual system that assumes a category Inner Aspect (cf. MacDonald 2008, Travis 1991, 2010). Focusing on lexical aspect in Blackfoot, I demonstrate that the classification of both nouns (Seinsarten) and verbs (Aktionsarten) is based on animacy, rather than boundedness, resulting in a strikingly different aspectual system for both categories. 
The arch not the stones: Universal feature theory without universal features
Authors: Dresher B. Elan
Published: October 2015

There is a growing consensus that phonological features are not innate, but rather emerge in the course of acquisition. If features are emergent, we need to explain why they are required at all, and what principles account for the way they function in the phonology. I propose that the learners’ task is to arrive at a set of features that account for the con­trasts and the phonological activity in their language. For the content of the features, learners use the available materials relevant to the modality (spoken or signed). Formally, contrasts are governed by an ordered feature hierarchy. The concept of a contrastive hierarchy is an innate part of Universal Grammar, and is the glue that binds phono­logical representations and makes them appear similar across languages. Examples from the Classical Manchu vowel system show the connection between contrast and phonological activity. I then consider the implications of this approach for the acquisition of phonological representations. The relationship between formal contrastive hierarchies and phonetic substance is illustrated with examples drawn from tone systems in Chinese dialects. Finally, I propose that the contrastive hierarchy has a recursive digital character, like other aspects of the narrow faculty of language.
Bilingual Text Production as Task and Resource: Social Interaction in Task Oriented Student Groups
Authors: Cromdal Jakob
Published: October 2015

The paper attempts to highlight the bilingual nature of social interaction in task-focused groups taking place in school environments where more than one language is readily available for the purpose of everyday social affairs. Specifically, the following analysis highlights three issues, central for our understanding of bilingual group work. These are:
the linguistic organization of task-oriented actions, which will lead us to specify a socially shared division of labor between the two languages

the use of code-switching and related bilingual practices in the pursuit of various interactional projects

the notion of pedagogic tasks as interactional resources, exploited by the participants for a range of practical purposes (clearly, this issue is not specific for bilingual groups)
  To illustrate the relevance of these matters, samples of bilingual talk-in-interaction from two different settings will be fleshed out in some detail, combining the task-oriented as well as interpersonal aspects of students’ actions, and treating the issue of language choice (and alternation) as an integral part of their social conduct.
The Non-omission of Nonfinite Be
Authors: Schütze Carson
Published: October 2015

It has long been known that children learning English optionally omit finite forms of the verb be (both copula and auxiliary). What makes be omissions possible? A classic answer is that be is semantically empty, hence a good choice to omit under performance-related pressures. What would this hypothesis lead us to expect about the infinitive form of be? In terms of semantic vacuity, nonfinite be is an even better choice for omission than finite be , since it does not carry tense or agreement information—most such deletions would be completely recoverable. Thus, the semantic vacuity hypothesis would lead us to expect omission of nonfinite be to be at least as frequent as omission of finite be . This is contrasted with the suggestion that be omission be incorporated into the Root/Optional Infinitive phenomenon. The latter finiteness hypothesis makes different predictions from the semantic vacuity hypothesis with respect to the relative rate of nonfinite be omission. The finding is that, in each relevant transcript, omission of finite be is attested, use of nonfinite be is attested, but there are no instances of omission of nonfinite be , contra the prediction of the semantic vacuity hypothesis. I develop an analysis within the Agreement/Tense Omission Model of the underspecification of Infl (cf. Schütze 1997). I claim that finite forms of be in (adult and child) English are fused V+I heads, in the sense of Halle & Marantz’s (1993) Distributed Morphology. Their locus for vocabulary insertion has values for person/number, tense, and lexical category. The fused vocabulary items cannot be inserted in a syntactic structure in which INFL features have been underspecified. Overt be arises only when both AgrS and Tense are fully specified. Null be , i.e. Ø, the default member of the paradigm, arises from underspecification of Tense and/or underspecification of AgrS.
The acquisition of grade alternation in North Saami
Authors: Bals Berit Anne
Published: October 2015

This paper looks at how the North Saami grade alternation system develops in children. Grade alternation is a morphophonological process, in which foot-medial consonants alternate between two forms, the strong and the weak grade. There are qualitative alternations, quantitative alternations and in some patterns, both the length and quality of the consonants alternate. These alternations happen in the declension of nouns and the conjugation of verbs. Some case forms of nouns and some forms of verbs are connected to the strong grade, whereas others are connected to the weak grade.The task with which children are faced, is to learn all the different phonological alternations and to connect them to morphology. This paper focuses on the order of acquisition of the various patterns, and on the types of mistakes that children make. We show that the type of alternations to be acquired first are quantity alternations, in which the length of the consonants alternates. The next patterns to be acquired are qualitative alternations, such as devoicing. In the third stage, children learn to combine qualitative and quantitative alternations, such as in deglottalization with nasal legthening. The last patterns to be acquired are patterns with complex foot medial consonants or consonant clusters. The article argues that children´s errors are purely phonological. Connecting the alternations to morphology happens early in the development, and that the remaining errors have to do with the complexity of the phonological alternation.
Agreement and Null Subjects
Authors: Platzack Christer
Published: October 2015

This paper argues that agreement is a theta-role bearer, either directly, when agreement is externally merged in a theta position, or indirectly, when it is internally merged, heading an argument chain. Like true clitics, agreement is either pronominal or anaphoric in nature, hence either locally free or locally bound. This distinction accounts for the fact that some languages with rich subject verb agreement are null subject languages (Italian, Spanish, Arabic etc.), whereas others are not (German, Icelandic). The paper also discuss pre- and postverbal subjects in null subject languages, alternate agreement languages and the occurrence of oblique subjects in Icelandic.
There is only one po-
Authors: Součková Kateřina
Published: October 2015

In the present paper I argue that, in Czech, all occurrences of po- that contain some notion of small quantity are in fact instantiations of a single prefix, so called delimitative po- (analyzed as containing an extensive measure function, following Filip (e.g. 2000)), though it might not seem to be the case at first sight. In order to do that, I first demonstrate that there is no need to have more po-'s (hence, the unifying analysis is superior); and second, I try to show that the po- that attaches to quantized and the one attaching to non-quantized predicates can be unified, too (i.e. there is no need of any homogeneity requirement for extensive measure functions).
Categorizing adpositions in Kîîtharaka
Authors: Muriungi Peter
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I discuss the categorial status of Kîîtharaka adpositions. I demonstrate that there are two main classes of adpositions(to be referred to as Class A and Class B). Class A adpositions are syntactic heads and they belong to the functional lexical category P. Class B adpositions are a phrasal P category with a nominal component. They therefore spell out a complex structure than adpositional heads do. This bipartation of Kîîtharaka Ps is based on (i) optionality of complements (ii) case assignment (iii) modification (iv) recoverability of content (v) movement and (vi) derivational morphology.
Hungarian spatial PPs
Authors: Hegedüs Veronika
Published: October 2015

Hungarian spatial adpositional phrases exhibit very similar properties to those in other languages in that they can denote places and paths, and their structural ordering is such that path-denoting postpositions are outside place-denoting ones. One type of postpositional elements (the ‘dressed’ Ps) share various syntactic propertiesmwith oblique case suffixes, while members of the other group of post positions (‘naked’ Ps) are more like particles. All of these, however, are generated in an extended PP-structure with designated positions for place, path and direction.
Experiences from Nordic research collaboration in linguistics
Authors: Sandøy Helge
Published: October 2015

The project “Modern loanwords in the languages of the Nordic countries (MIN – Moderne importord i språka i Norden)” was the first large-scale collaborative project between linguists in the Nordic countries. This article presents both the aim of the project and some experiences from the work with respect to project design, financing and networking.
The Syntactic Atlas of the Dutch Dialects
Authors: Barbiers Sjef , Bennis Hans
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the various choices we had to make in order to realize the Syntactic Atlas of the Dutch Dialects (SAND) in a relatively short period. The idea is that by presenting the SAND in this way, we enable the ScanDiaSyn project and other new dialect syntax projects to profit from our experience in a similar enterprise. The presentation and explicitation of the choices we had to make, the problems we had to face and the mistakes we have made will not necessarily be the same choices, problems, and mistakes that will arise in the Scandinavian project, but it might give an indication of where problems may be expected and how mistakes may be prevented.
An introduction to the South Swedish Apparent Cleft (SSAC)
Authors: Rosenkvist Henrik
Published: October 2015

In this paper, the South Swedish Apparent Cleft (SSAC) is introduced, described and briefly discussed. The SSAC was first observed in the 1940s, and it has not yet been subject to any detailed linguistic analysis. The usage of the SSAC has been examined in a corpus study and via a questionnaire, and the results indicate, but do not confirm, that it truly is a specifically south Swedish syntactic construction. It appears in two main variants (with and without an adverbial expressing speaker attitude) and it displays a number of interesting syntactic properties (the subject must be pronominal, direct objects are disallowed, etc). From a typological perspective, there seem to be equivalent constructions in at least Japanese (no da) and English (it is that).
Consideraciones sobre Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez
Authors: Taiano Leonor
Published: October 2015

This article attempts to provide new perspectives for approaching the study of Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez. Several researches about the text have given to Sigüenza y Góngora a character of strangeness to it, which would reduce him to the role of mere amanuensis, indicating that the discursive elaboration belongs to Ramirez. In view of that, I have performed a textual analysis, supported on the book's title and the final passage of the account, that I consider important elements that can offer a new perception on this issue. I base my research, additionally, on the study of its context of publication under the patronage of the New Spain viceroy, as well as the similarities of Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez with other contemporary texts.
Heroes and Nomads in Norwegian Polar Explorer Literature
Authors: Alnæs Jørgen
Published: October 2015

In 1888 six Norwegians crossed the Greenland-ice on skis. Two years after, the expedition leader Fridtjof Nansen published the book På ski over Grønland (English title: The First Crossing of Greenland) about the expedition. In Norway, this book has had an enormous influence and for modern Norwegian travel authors, it has become a kind of centre from which they organise their travels and their writing. This paper will focus on how På ski over Grønland has been read and its impact on the travel genre. Also, I will look briefly at another book published by the Norwegian Bjørn Staib, about 85 years after Nansen's. This book too is importatant in the Norwegian polar explorer discourse.
Seeing for Oneself: Agnes Deans Cameron’s Ironic Critique of American Literary Discourse in The New North
Authors: Johnstone Tiffany
Published: October 2015

In 1908, Agnes Deans Cameron, a schoolteacher, journalist andsuffragist from Victoria, British Columbia, traveled from Chicago to the Arctic with her niece, Jessie Cameron Brown. Cameron followed the original 1789 route of Alexander Mackenzie and was intent on being one of the first white women to explore and document this northern territory (Roy, "Primacy" 56). She wrote about her trip in the popular book The New North, which was published in New York in 1909 by Appleton. While The New North is written by a Canadian author about Canada, it is deliberately aimed at an American audience. Not only was the book published in the United States, but the narrative also begins and ends in Chicago and repeatedly depicts her Canadian surroundings according to American frontier motifs.
Das Eismeer – Caspar David Friedrich and the North
Authors: Hinrichs Nina
Published: October 2015

The German Romantic painter Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840) created the work of art Das Eismeer in the years 1823/24. Besides his painting Mönch am Meer it is his most radical painting. It depicts a dramatic and grim subject: A shipwreck in the Arctic Sea. According to different cultural, historical and social contexts there have been many different interpretations of his painting since it was produced.
An Arctic Republic of Letters in Early Twentieth-Century Canada
Authors: Sawchuck Christina
Published: October 2015

The writing of historical polar exploration in the English-speaking academy has undergone a substantial shift in the past twenty years, to the point where it may be safe to declare that the once-dominant triumphal and hagiographical style, inherited from the nineteenth century, has breathed its last. The explorer as depicted in this tradition has become a figure of fun in current discourse, easily recognizable in the contours of caricature. Sherrill Grace, for example, presents for our inspection "courageous men battling a dangerous, hostile, female terra incognita to prove their masculinity and the superior force of their technology" whose fate is to "die nobly in struggle, or to map, claim, name, and control unstructured space, even if only on paper." It is all too simple to dismiss these aims in an era with less palpable sympathy for them. Instead, many current writers have chosen the more difficult approach of grounding these explorers in appropriate political, social, and cultural contexts, and subsequently uncovering the rationale behind their beliefs and practices.
From the History of Cultural Cooperation Between the Murmansk Region and the Scandinavian Countries and Finland (1985 – 2008)
Authors: Taraskina Olga
Published: October 2015

Culture has always been one of the most neglected aspects of the critical analysis of cross-border cooperation. It is the least studied and least understood aspect of international cooperation. That's why it is clear that the study of culture and cross-border cooperation is needed now. Thesubject of this article is cultural cooperation between the Murmansk region, the Scandinavian countries and Finland. This article will examine cooperation in the field of libraries and literature studies, and cooperation in the exhibition and management of the museums within this Region.
The Notion of Text and the Notion of Document - what Difference does it make?
Authors: Skare Roswitha
Published: October 2015

The origins of the notion of both text and document can be traced back to antiquity. Over the course of their respective histories – which I will not go into at this juncture – the meanings of both terms have evolved. Beyond the commonly used meanings, there are numerous other usages in various fields of specialization.
Henrietta Kent and the Feminised North
Authors: Hansson Heidi
Published: October 2015

Some time around 1876, S. H. Kent, Susanna Sarah Henrietta Kent or Henrietta Kent as she probably called herself, travelled through the northern parts of Norway and Sweden with her elderly mother. Her impressions from the northern trip were published in two volumes entitled Within the Arctic Circle: Experiences of Travel through Norway, to the North Cape, Sweden and Lapland, advertised in The Times 6 February 1877. There was a great deal of public interest in the Arctic at the time due to the scientific and cultural activity leading up to the firstInternational Polar Year 1882-83. Kent, however, does not foreground the adventure and excitement associated with the Polar expeditions in her narrative. Instead, she concentrates on the kind people and pleasant aspects of northern Scandinavia, asserting that the difficultiesof northern travel have been exaggerated and that nothing should "deter even lady travellers" from going North. At least as she presents the exercise in her preface, travelling in Norway and Sweden requires no particular strength or stamina. The dangers of the wild as well as the romance of the Arctic are absent from her book, makingnorthern Scandinavia seem quite woman-friendly. Kent's travelogue demonstrates in many ways the interaction between the construction of a gendered narrative self and the gendering of place.
Doderers Dilettantismus
Authors: Schlosser Jan
Published: October 2015

The article focuses on the function of dilettantism in the works of Austrian author Heimito von Doderer. In his poetics the "dilettant" is the negative opposite to the "artist". In the ironical novel Die erleuchteten Fenster (1951) the protagonist is an example of the classic dilettant, who plays with the world.
Piotr Piotrowski Awangarda w cieniu Jałty. Sztuka w Europie środkowo-wschodniej w latach 1945–89 (Avant-Garde in the Shadow of Yalta. Art in East-Central Europe, 1945–1989) 2005.
Authors: Bernatowicz Piotr
Published: October 2015

Mieczysław Porębski, a distinguished Polish art historian of the 20th century, once expressed the demand for Polish art history to be researched simultaneously with foreign studies - as parallel fields. "We entered the research field of the old masters' art as partners in, so to say, a ‘furnished household', whereas in the field of contemporary art we are co-explorers, exploring a ‘virgin land'", as Porębski put it. The book by professor Piotr Piotrowski Awangarda w cieniu Jałty. Sztuka w Europie środkowo-wschodniej w latach 1945-89 (The Avant-Garde in the Shadow of Yalta. The Art in East-Central Europe, 1945-1989) fully accomplishes this demanding postulate which nowadays seems to be rather rarely remembered by Polish art historians. The explored area, the East-Central European countries, which emerged, as a result of the Yalta Conference, between the iron curtain and the border of The Soviet Union (including former Yugoslavia) appears at least as an ‘old maiden' land, where scientific penetration still seems to be necessary.
Dafydd Jones (ed.), Dada Culture. Critical Texts on the Avant-Garde 2006.
Authors: Bäckström Per
Published: October 2015

The Rodopi series Avant-Garde Critical Studies not only publishes books on neo-avant-garde but also studies of diverse aspects of the avant-garde in general. This new volume (no. 18), for example, is entirely dedicated to one of the most far-reaching avant-gardes in history, namely Dada. Although one cannot on the whole claim that a new book on Dada fills a gap, given that an enormous amount of research has been published over the years, nevertheless every contributionpresenting a new and clear view on the subject is welcome. In this book the focus is on the contemporary (theoretical) engagement with Dada, in an effort to show the actuality of the movement itself. Given the subtitle "Critical Texts on the Avant-Garde", however, it becomes relevant to note the problem inherent in such a formulation: a book on Dada contains critical texts on one avant-garde, but not on the avant-garde, a fact that is all the more conspicuous since David Cunningham points out in the concluding article that the expression "the avantgarde" is a post-war phenomenon (p. 272). However, the two excellent final articles point in many ways far beyond Dada, towards a rewritten theory of theavant-garde (which makes these articles alone worth the price of this volume); the preceding comment is therefore focused on the overall ambition of the volume, rather than the individual articles in themselves.
Hvor ligger ødemarkene? Om Rolf Jacobsens dikt "Myrstrå vipper"
Authors: Schieferstein Katharina
Published: October 2015

Rolf Jacobsen debuterte med diktsamlingen Jord og Jern i 1933. Stilen var ukonvensjonell og ble snart betegnet som modernistisk. Men det som var det uvanligste ved diktene var motivene, som Jacobsen hentet fra den moderne hverdagen, de nye kommunikasjonsmidlene, industrien og teknikken. Han ble kjent for å ha innført det moderne livet i norsk lyrikk. Det andre sentrale motivområdet i Jord og Jern er naturen. Begge motivområder finner man igjen i Jacobsens andre diktsamling Vrimmel, som kom ut i 1935. Men her er motivene mindre tydelig skilt fra hverandre. I den første samlingen bestod første delen av naturdikt og andre delen av sivilisasjonsdikt. Boktitlene er talende. I Vrimmel står diktene uten klar anordning. Stemningen i de fleste dikt i Vrimmel er mer pessimistisk enn i diktene i Jord og Jern, som iblant ble betegnet som futuristisk.I denne artikkelen skal „Myrstrå vipper", det siste diktet i samlingen Vrimmel, analyseres og deretter settes i litteraturhistorisk sammenheng, dvs. at diktet skal settes i forhold til den litterære modernismen.
Aksumstelen. Et monuments skiftende betydninger
Authors: Whittaker Helène
Published: October 2015

This article deals with the various meanings associated with the Aksum stela which was taken from Ethiopia to Rome in 1937 and returned in 2005. It discusses its original meaning as a burial monument, its role in Mussolini’s propaganda, and the new meaning it has acquired after having been returned to Ethiopia and Aksum.
Sartre og Solstad om rollespill og autentisitet
Authors: Lavik Trygve
Published: October 2015

I denne artikkelen vil jeg vise på hvilke måter Dag Solstads tenkning er i slekt med eksistensialistiske måter å resonnere på, nærmere bestemt med Jean-Paul Sartres filosofi. Sartres filosofi er en understrøm i Solstads forfatterskap som ikke ofte nok har blitt belyst. Nå må det påpekes at Solstads forfatterskap har et vell av andre påvirkningskilder enn Sartres forfatterskap, og at Solstads romaner heller ikke kan betraktes som illustrasjoner av eksistensialistiske ideer. Et sentralt siktepunkt med denne artikkelen er snarere å vise hvordan eksistensialistiske ideer settes på spill i fortellingene. De begrepene fra Sartres filosofi som jeg vil bruke i min analyse er vond tro, blikk og skam.
Intersubjektiv interpretasjon. Donald Davidson, triangulering og forfattereren rolle
Authors: Sjåvik Jan
Published: October 2015

Forfatteren har ikke nytt noen særlig respekt de siste femti årene. Allerede i 1946 slo W. K. Wimsatt og Monroe C. Beardsley fast at forfatterintensjonen ikke hadde noe å si for det litterære verkets mening, og i 1968 kunngjorde Roland Barthes at forfatteren var død. Dette må man imidlertid ha lov til å tvile på. Her vil jeg først kort drøfte hva slags motiv Barthes og andre kan ha hatt for å kvitte seg med forfatteren som en faktor i tolkningsprosessen. Så vil jeg foreslå at det kan være nyttig å igjen la forfatteren delta i den samtalen vi fører for å komme fram til meningen i en litterær tekst. Her kommer Donald Davidsons trianguleringsbegrep til å spille hovedrollen, særlig slik det legges fram i hans essay "Three Varieties of Knowledge." Så vil jeg kort analysere to scener fra henholdsvis Arne Garborgs romaner Bondestudentar (1883) og Mannfolk (1886), for å prøve å vise at en tolkning kan bli en mer nøyaktig beskrivelse av leseprosessen, og følgelig mer objektiv, dersom vi tar forfatteren med på råd. Til slutt vil jeg vise at en slik intersubjektiv måte å tolke litterære tekster på er et attraktivt alternativ til en litteraturkritikk som baserer seg på skeptisisme overfor verden eller andre sinn.
Áillohaš and his Image Drum: The Native Poet as Shaman
Authors: Dana Kathleen Osgood
Published: October 2015

In this article, I will look particularly at the work of Áillohaš (the Sámi name for poet Nils-Aslak Valkeapää) and his pivotal work Beaivi, Áhčážan(The Sun, My Father). A deep reading of a number of poems from Beaivi, Áhčážan will provide the substance of this discussion.
Dynamics of Control and Resistance: Reactions to the Modern Policy of Assimilation of the Travellers in Norway
Authors: Halvorsen Rune
Published: October 2015

For much of the 20th century, the Norwegian authorities pursued a strict assimilation policy towards Travellers (tatere/ romanifolket) and their culture. As was the case in many other countries, Travellers were constructed as "the other" (Riggins 1997, MacLaughlin 1999). When compared to other Western European countries, it is, however, surprising that Norwegian Travellers were seen as such a serious problem and threat during the 20th century. The 1845 census counted 1145 Travellers out of a total population of 1.3 million in Norway (Sundt 1852, SSB 1968: Table 13). A private charity organisation acting on behalf of the state registered 5129 "itinerants" in their archives from 1900 to 1959 (Haave 2000). These were the figures that worried the elites. This paper examines the modern assimilation policy and Travellers' reactions to this policy. In particular the paper analyses the internal relation between the modern assimilation policy and the emergence of collective demands for recognition as an ethnic minority and moral redress among Travellers in the 1990s.
Scenen som bevissthetsrom. Omkring August Strindbergs Ett drömspel
Authors: Skaftun Atle
Published: October 2015

At August Strindbergs drama Ett drömspel byr på utfordringer for sine lesere, tror jeg mange vil være enige i. Stykket er rikt på fortolkningsmuligheter, og er et viktig element i genrens formelle utviklingshistorie. Det er det sistnevnte, dramaets form, som skal stå i fokus her, nærmere bestemt forholdet mellom episk distanse og dramatisk nærhet. Utgangspunktet er Strindbergs egen fortale til dramaet, hvor han indikerer "drømmerens bevissthet" som enhetsskapende kraft i verket. Dette utsagnet er ofte sitert, men i liten grad tenkt konsekvent gjennom, vil jeg mene. Forfølger vi Strindbergs forklaring, er det mulig at vi både får et enklere grep om drømmespillets form, om episk distanse i dette dramaet, samt et fruktbart utgangspunkt for å diskutere grensefenomener i forholdet mellom fortellende og dramatiske genre mer generelt.
Former for flukt - lesning av Oddmund Hagens 90- tallsprosa
Authors: Lundberg Liv
Published: October 2015

Mitt utgangspunkt her er Oddmund Hagens bok nr. 14, Flukt (2002) som har genrebestemmelsen novelle. Sitatet "berre i flukt finst det redning" er bokas innledende motto og uttrykker en gedigen påstand; innlysende sann på ene siden (en overmakt må man flykte fra for ikke å bli knust), på andre siden høyst diskutabel (noen ganger bør man ta kampen opp for ikke å bli drevet på flukt for resten av livet). En flukt kan sikkert føre til redning, men også til fortapelse. Uansett vil jeg anta at Oddmund Hagens bok kommer til å nærme seg fluktens vesen - eller dens uvesen - med en undersøkende holdning, og illustrere dette vesen med ulike fluktsituasjoner enten de skyldes akutte ytre farer, trusler mot menneskeverd og verdighet, eller mer trivielt er manøvrer for å slippe unna ansvar og forpliktelser.
Fire anmeldelser
Authors: Egeberg Erik , Karlsen Ole , Lindbach Kaisa Maliniemi , Wærp Henning Howlid
Published: October 2015

Sider  133-137:Oskar Vistdal: Georg Sauerwein - europear og døl. Ein dokumentasjon anmeldt av  Erik EgebergSider 139-145:Annette Fryd: Ekfraser: Gunnar Ekelöfs billedbeskrivende digte anmeldt av Ole KarlsenSider 147-151:Sigrun Glomsås: Spell anmeldt av Kaisa Maliniemi LindbachSider 153-166:Litt fra bokhøsten 2000: Åtte anmeldelser av Henning Howlid Wærp
Captive Minds: New Worlds and Old Metaphors
Authors: Castor Laura Virginia
Published: October 2015

The following essay discusses the politics of naming Native Americans at the end of the nineteenth century. At the time of the Wounded Knee massacre and the official "close" of the American geographical frontier, American mainstream identity had lost its earlier clarity. The attention to historical contextualization in particular suggests some of the ways in which the process of naming relates to the larger contested practice of shaping American national and cultural identities.
Transgression, Nostalgia, Order: Representation of the Primitive in Émile Zola's  La Terre  and Knut Hamsun's  Markens grøde <\i>
Authors: Rossi Riikka
Published: October 2015

This article examines the representation of the primitive in two peasant novels, Émile Zola's La Terre (1887, trans. as The Earth) and Knut Hamsun's Markens grøde (1917, trans. as Growth of the Soil). The concept of the primitive crosses a wide range of issues that were central to naturalist and decadent literature at the turn of the twentieth century, from unconscious instincts to the fascination with exotic cultures. It thus offers a fruitful medium for the comparative reading of French and Nordic fiction of the era. I especially focus on analysing the diverse, representative practices of Zola's and Hamsun's works, which betray stylistic differences in their portrayal of the primitive. I suggest that by describing the primitive as a vital, transgressive force that even turns against itself - against nature - Zola's La Terre creates a decadent version of the primitive, which, instead of a "serious", naturalistic portrayal of everyday life, is drawn to the brutal, instinctive primitive and uses the primitive to create vital forces of transgression. Hamsun's neo-naturalist novel, in turn, reconfigures the naturalist themes in a new form and envisions a fusion of the Darwinian, naturalistic primitive and the Romantic cult of innocent primordiality, suggesting the primitive lifestyle as a nostalgic return to a pre-modern lifestyle and a turn away from the degeneration of modernity.
A Hero in the Friendly Arctic: Deconstructing Vilhjalmur Stefansson's Rhetorical Maneuver
Authors: Gaupseth Silje
Published: October 2015

The article deals with Arctic explorer and anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson's self-presentation in the expedition account The Friendly Arctic: The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions (1921), which tells the story of his travels and trials in the Canadian High Arctic in the years between 1913-1918. The account has been considered a key text to Stefansson's Arctic career, and provides a textbook example of his characteristic theory of living off the country in the so-called Eskimo way. Against the background of Stefansson's debated position as Arctic expert and visionary, I ask if it is possible to read the kind of criticism with which Stefansson frequently was met as rooted in some of the narrative aspects of his account. The narrative persona or implied author is a central element in the literature of exploration, as several literary scholars have pointed out. My reading is centred around the implied author of The Friendly Arctic, which I argue must be read in light of the sometimes conflicting roles given to Stefansson as protagonist and narrator in his own story. Close-readings of passages from the account raise the dilemma of how it is possible to present oneself as a hero in an essentially friendly Arctic.
Arktisk råds rolle i polarpolitikken
Authors: Pedersen Torbjørn
Published: October 2015

This article discusses what role(s) member governments want the Arctic Council to have in Arctic affairs. It compares the foreign policies of the five littoral states of the Arctic Ocean: Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States. It identifies and examines three determining debates on a ministerial level over the Arctic Council and the issues it might address: The first debate preceded the Arctic Council's creation in 1996; the second thrived as the five Arctic littoral states convened in Ilulissat, Greenland in 2008; and the third followed a political shift inthe United States in 2009.
"...Disse gutta som selv liksom har vokst opp av landskapet." – Arne Skouen og hans okkupasjonsdramaer
Authors: Sørensen Tonje Haugland
Published: October 2015

Arne Skouen is often heralded as one of the clearest auteurs in Norwegian cinema, and his films about the German Occupation of Norway, 1940-45, are among the most successful and renowned within the Norwegian war film genre. This reading of these four films postulate, that within the framework of the cultural memory of the Second World War II, Skouens four war films offer a coherent and moral reflection about the war time narratives.
"Kann jemand, der diese Musik gehört hat, […] noch ein schlechter Mensch sein?" – om Wieslers forandring og kunstens påståtte rolle i denne prosessen
Authors: Skare Roswitha
Published: October 2015

The Life of Others (2006) has been a successful film, winning the Oscar for Best Foreign Feature in 2007. It is a film about surveillance, but also about  the lives of artists and writers in East Berlin in the middle of the 1980s, and about what role  literature and art played in the GDR and in the events of autumn 1989. The article focuses on the way the film portrays Wiesler’s transformation from hard-boiled Stasi officer into the guardian angel of his target, and shows how art – both literature and music – plays an important role in this process.
Nyskapende radioestetikk og pragmatisk leilighets-arbeid – hørespillsjangeren i Inger Hagrups verk
Authors: Folkvord Ingvild
Published: October 2015

This  article  focuses  on  a  frequently  neglected  part  of  the Norwegian author  Inger Hagerup’s (1905-1985) work: her occupation with the popular genre of radio play. Based  upon  Ernst  Cassirer’s dynamic  approach  to formative  cultural  work  and expressive meaning, the article investigates two of Hagerup’s works produced for the Norwegian  Broadcasting Corporation (NRK):  Firstly her own radioplay Hilsen fra Katarina  (1949), secondly  her  translation  of  Ingeborg Bachmann’s  Der  gute  Gott von Manhattan  (1957).  Through  a juxtaposition  of  the  two,  Hagerup’s  own radio play stands out as an innovative contribution to the particular Norwegian development of this genre, and as a modern, far more experimental, work than her poems from the same period. Her translation of Bachmann’s work appears as surprisingly reductive  with  respect  to  the complexity  of  Bachmann’s original  text.  The  article points out how the translation of Bachmann’s play to a Norwegian context can also be viewed as a cultural transfer highlighting different ideas of a popular genre during the first decades after World War II.
Fangstmannsbiografien og heltelitteratur. Med et skråblikk på sjangeren: Wanny Woldstad, Henry Ette, Thorleif Bjertnes og Henry Rudi
Authors: Karlsen Silje Solheim
Published: October 2015

This article deals with the literature written by hunters and trappers wintering on Svalbard, addressing especially the idea of the hunter´s memoirs as heroic literature. My reading is centered around Wanny Woldstads account Første kvinne som fangstmann på Svalbard (1956) and against the background of memoirs written by Henry Rudi, Henry Ette and Thorleif Bjertnes I first question the label heroic, before I proceed examining how Woldstad with her female perspective relates to the traditional view on the hunter as a masculine, hard-boiled Arctic hero.
Famous Hyperboreans
Authors: Sandin Pär
Published: October 2015

The individual Hyperboreans appearing in ancient literature are presented with a review of the Greek and Latin sources and collections of references. Most of the mythological characters are briefly discussed, but the literary evolution of the legends of Abaris and of the “Hyperborean maidens” are treated in some detail. Some of the literary sources receive scholarly treatment, the paper including philological notes on [Aristeas Epic.] fr. 11 Bernabé (the passage is inspired by an interpretation of the name Abaris); Call. Dian. 204–5 (includes an allusion to the Hyperborean maiden Upis/Opis); Call. Del. 293–95 (the passage hints at an etymology of the word Περφερέες; and ἐκεῖνοι in 295 is sound); Call. Aet. fr. 186.26–30 Pfeiffer (discussion of the myth of Orion and Opis); D.H. 1.43.1–2 (discussion of the myth of Palantho and Heracles); Hecat.Abd. FGrH 264 frr. 7, 12 (discussion of the different information about the Hyperborean leadership that is given in the two fragments); Hdt. 4.35 (interpretation of the phrase ἅμα αὐτοῖσι τοῖσι θεοῖσι); Iambl. VH 32.217 (the stated opinions of Abaris seem similar to those professed in Heraclid.Pont. fr. 75 Wehrli); Verg. Aen. 11.857–58 (the utterance of Opis alludes to the death of Orion as presented in Euphorion, Callimachus and pseudo-Apollodorus).
Emily Carr: Border-crossing Canadian artist and writer
Authors: Bjørhovde Gerd
Published: October 2015

Emily Carr (1871–1945) is today generally considered one of Canada’s greatest and most unique artists. However, her recognition was a long time coming, and it was only towards the end of her life that fame came her way. The article discusses the critical reception of Carr’s work both as a painter and writer, paying particular attention to her border-crossing strategies in her use of indigenous/First Nations art and culture in her own work. Furthermore, it looks at the development of Carr’s art and its connection to the construction of a Canadian national identity, or Canadian-ness, in the early twentieth century.
The de-dramatization of history and the prose of bourgeois life
Authors: Fulsås Narve
Published: October 2015

Emperor and Galilean has received renewed interest the last decade. It has been revalued and upgraded, it has been attributed a major role in the development of Ibsen’s authorship, and it has been interpreted as an expression of the new uncertainties of modernity. The play definitely deviates from Ibsen’s earlier historical dramas; it does not hold up an exemplary past or try to emulate a classical style. Rather, it seems to question history as a rational discourse and man’s capacity to create history in a self-conscious way. It is argued that Emperor and Galilean reflects Ibsen’s own experiences, more precisely: his experiences of defeat, estrangement and reorientation connected to the Danish defeat to Prussia-Austria in 1864 and the unification of Germany in the years that followed. Ibsen’s historical experiences were primarily the experiences of counter-finality and historical irony. During the Franco-German war in 1870 he still hoped for a French victory, but a few years later he came to appreciate German unification as a world historical event. The resulting attitude was a kind of fatalism reminiscent of the one we find in Tolstoy’s War and Peace, published a few years earlier, but of course unknown to Ibsen. This fatalism fit well with Ibsen’s conservatism at the time. It left him in a rather ambiguous position, though, and there is no straight literary path leading from Emperor and Galilean to the contemporary plays of the 1880s and 1890s. 
Mythos of the North Pole: The Top of the World
Authors: Frank Susi K.
Published: October 2015

Not a few early twentieth-century cultural histories conceive of the development of humanity in modern times as a northward shift of the civilizational centre. In this thinking, they transform into narrative and geography the static image of a cosmos constructed along one axis of the globe, based on the Christian story of salvation. In this notion of the cosmos, with its upward-oriented vertical axis understood as a sign of hierarchical order, these histories refer back to a global symbolic legacy with origins in the cosmologies of very different cultures: the idea of the world as a mountain, the world with a mountain and a summit at its centre. In my article I trace the history of this image and its visualization from European antiquity onto the peak of heroic modernism in the first half of the twentieth century. In conclusion I ask what kind of transformation this image underwent to survive in our (still) post-heroic times.
Staging the Arctic 1819–1909 and 2014
Authors: Hansson Heidi
Published: October 2015

Throughout the long nineteenth century and beyond, outside representations of the Arctic on stage have circulated a stereotypical image of the region. The two most long-standing emblems are ice and indigenous culture, and as commodity, the Arctic is identified as mystical, authentic, natural and pre-modern. These images are circulated in popular, cultural events like theatre performances, panoramic displays, music hall shows, and musical comedy but their presence in a popular cultural context also contributes to destabilise the signifiers. At the best, theatre productions about the Arctic may produce a kind of history from below, including a cautious critique of the colonial project and the ideal of heroic masculinity. Their radical potential should not be overstated, however, since the historical meanings of the stereotypes even when they are being debunked. At least on stage, conventional images of the Arctic continue to dominate.