bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical calculations of two-dimensional large Prandtl number convection in a box
Authors: Whitehead J. A. , Cotel A. , Hart S. , Lithgow-Bertelloni C. , Newsome W.
Published: January 2014

Convection from an isolated heat source in a chamber has been previously studied numerically, experimentally and analytically. These have not covered long time spans for wide ranges of Rayleigh number Ra and Prandtl number Pr. Numerical calculations of constant viscosity convection partially fill the gap in the ranges $\mathit{Ra}= 1{0}^{3} {{\unicode{x2013}}}1{0}^{6} $ and $\mathit{Pr}= 1, 10, 100, 1000$ and $\infty $. Calculations begin with cold fluid everywhere and localized hot temperature at the centre of the bottom of a square two-dimensional chamber. For $\mathit{Ra}\gt 20\hspace{0.167em} 000$, temperature increases above the hot bottom and forms a rising plume head. The head has small internal recirculation and minor outward conduction of heat during ascent. The head approaches the top, flattens, splits and the two remnants are swept to the sidewalls and diffused away. The maximum velocity and the top centre heat flux climb to maxima during head ascent and then adjust toward constant values. Two steady cells are separated by a vertical thermal conduit. This sequence is followed for every value of $Pr$ number, although lower Pr convection lags in time. For $\mathit{Ra}\lt 20\hspace{0.167em} 000$ there is no plume head, and no streamfunction and heat flux maxima with time. For sufficiently large Ra and all values of Pr, an oscillation develops at roughly $t= 0. 2$, with the two cells alternately strengthening and weakening. This changes to a steady flow with two unequal cells that at roughly $t= 0. 5$ develops a second oscillation.
Tell It Like It Isn't: SNCC and the Media, 1960–1965
Authors: WALMSLEY MARK JOSEPH
Published: January 2014

In recent decades, revisionist challenges to the traditional “declension hypothesis” have generated a much more nuanced and positive approach to the Black Power movement. However, attempts to explain the narrative's initial popularity have too often focussed on the latter half of the decade and blamed a media-assisted white backlash or the inflammatory rhetoric of Black Power activists. Concentrating instead on the earlier half of the decade, this article examines the media strategies of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and demonstrates how its public approach to nonviolence and interracial organizing purposefully hid developments within the movement that were seen to be at odds with the dominant discourse. By highlighting the ways in which the early media strategies of a militant organization like SNCC strengthened and legitimized a misleading movement narrative, this article challenges scholars to be more critical of early movement rhetoric and re-examine how and why Black Power was portrayed as a fundamental break with the past.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for large Zenker's diverticulum: report of two cases
Authors: Hay A , Ozdemir B A , Soon Y , Pitkin L
Published: January 2014

Introduction:

Zenker's diverticulum is a propulsion diverticulum in the pharynx. Current practice for the management of symptomatic pharyngeal pouches includes endoscopic pharyngeal stapling, performed trans-orally, and external approaches via a cervical incision. There is no published recommendation on how to approach diverticula with extension into the mediastinum, which may not be adequately treated with the above methods.

Cases:

We describe two cases in which thoracoscopic mobilisation of Zenker's diverticulum was performed using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery together with traditional transcervical mobilisation and excision of the pouch. This allowed safe surgical access to the inferior limit of the pouch, and delivery of the sac into the neck incision following division of any inferior adhesions (to the great vessels in one case).

Discussion:

In the first report of this technique, we describe a thorough, safe method of dissecting large diverticula that extend into the mediastinum, which minimises the risk to mediastinal structures.
Environmental and benthic habitat factors structuring the spatial distribution of a summer infralittoral fish assemblage in the north-western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Letourneur Y. , Ruitton S. , Sartoretto S.
Published: January 2014

Patterns of distribution of a Mediterranean fish assemblage, with special attention to juvenile labrids, were studied at different depths on the basis of their relationships with environmental and benthic habitat features on a rocky coast at Marseille, south-eastern France. Fish species were distributed according to depth, with juveniles and small individuals being found in shallow waters, whereas larger individuals were found in deeper waters. However, depth by itself was not a significant factor in explaining fish species pattern, whereas sandy bottom habitat was significant. The most significant factors explaining fish species distribution were small and large blocks, and rock cover. Juvenile labrids, such as the most abundant ones Coris julis and Symphodus ocellatus, were only rarely observed deeper than 10 m, and the distribution of these juveniles was mainly correlated with a cover of macroalgae, rubble and small blocks. Fish density and fish biomass were higher in shallow than in deeper waters, although some species displayed an opposite pattern, such as the adult of C. julis and Diplodus sargus. The most significant factors explaining the fish density pattern found were the presence of macroalgae, Posidonia oceanica sea grass and sand cover. Among environmental factors assessed in this study, exposure to dominant winds was never significant, either for the whole fish assemblage or for juvenile labrids, or for the communities at any of the depth strata investigated. Depth was a significant factor influencing the distribution of juvenile labrids, whereas its significance in explaining fish density was lower. Bottom slope was generally more significant than depth, and thus constituted the most significant environmental factor. Benthic habitat characteristics were all significant, except for rubble cover, in explaining both fish species and fish density distributions. However, the amplitude of the relationships between substrate variables and fish assemblages was dependent on the descriptor studied (i.e. species distribution, including considerations of fish sizes, and fish density), suggesting that extrapolation of a particular relationship to other components of a fish assemblage would most likely be unfounded. Our results as a whole indicate that benthic habitat use by fish on Mediterranean rocky infralittoral coast is clearly non-random, and suggest that differences in habitat and/or environmental characteristics have significant effects at a small spatial scale on these fish assemblages.
Human and wildlife usage of a protected area buffer zone in an area of high immigration
Authors: Bamford Andrew J. , Ferrol-Schulte Daniella , Wathan Jennifer
Published: January 2014

Population growth near protected areas threatens the capacity of such areas for biodiversity conservation. Protected areas may even encourage growth by providing economic benefits that attract migrants. Consequently, understanding the relationships between human demographics and biodiversity is important for conservation. We studied a community-governed Wildlife Management Area bordering the Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania, set up to benefit local people and the subsistence rural economy. Annual population growth in this area is 5%. We used a combination of ecological and socio-economic surveys to determine the causes of this growth and its effect on wildlife in the Wildlife Management Area. One-third of local people interviewed were immigrants to the area. Population growth appeared to be unrelated to the protected area; instead an increasing proportion of immigrants cited readily available land as their reason for moving. Pastoralism was associated with fewer signs of large grazing mammals and elephants Loxodonta africana and agriculture was associated with fewer signs of elephant and buffalo Syncerus caffer but more signs of other ungulates. Few residents were aware of the Wildlife Management Area and few received any benefits from wildlife and therefore had little reason to conserve it. This situation is attributable to poor management of the Wildlife Management Area. Detrimental effects of human activity could spread to the Selous Game Reserve if population growth continues. However, natural resources could benefit residents if properly managed. Interactions between human demographics and protected areas are complex and may be best managed on a case-by-case basis.
Initial studies on mechanism of action and cell death of activeN-oxide-containing heterocycles inTrypanosoma cruziepimastigotesin vitro
Authors: BENÍTEZ DIEGO , CASANOVA GABRIELA , CABRERA GONZALO , GALANTI NORBEL , CERECETTO HUGO , GONZÁLEZ MERCEDES
Published: January 2014

Chagas disease, endemic in 21 countries across Latin America, kills more people in the region each year than any other parasite-borne disease. Therapeutic options have problems ranging from toxicity, poor efficacy, drug resistance and high cost. Thus, cheaper and less toxic treatments are necessary. From our in-house chemical library of agents againstTrypanosoma cruzithe most relevantN-oxide-containing heterocycles were selected for mode of action and type of death studies. Also included in these studies were two active nitrofuranes. Epimastigotes ofT. cruziwere used as the biological model in this study. The metabolic profile was studied by1H NMR in association with the MTT assay. Excreted catabolites data, using1H NMR spectroscopy, showed that most of the studiedN-oxides were capable of decreasing both the release of succinate and acetate shedding, the compounds therefore possibly acting on mitochondria. Only quinoxalines and the nitrofuraneNf1showed significant mitochondrial dehydrogenase inhibitions, but with different dose–time profiles. In the particular case of quinoxalineQx2the glucose uptake study revealed that the integrity of some pathways into the glycosome could be affected. Optic, fluorescence (TUNEL and propidium iodide) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed for type of death studies. These studies were complemented with1H NMR to visualize mobile lipids. At low concentrations none of the selected compounds showed a positive TUNEL assay. However, both quinoxalines, one furoxan and one benzofuroxan showed a necrotic effect at high concentrations. Curiously, one furoxan,Fx1, one benzofuroxan,Bfx1, and one nitrofurane,Nf1, caused a particular phenotype, with a big cytoplasmatic vacuole being observed while the parasite was still alive. Studies of TEM and employing a protease inhibitor (3-methyladenine) suggested an autophagic phenotype forBfx1andNf1and a ‘BigEye’ phenotype forFx1.
Behavioral and emotional dysregulation trajectories marked by prefrontal–amygdala function in symptomatic youth
Authors: Bertocci M. A. , Bebko G. , Olino T. , Fournier J. , Hinze A. K. , Bonar L. , Almeida J. R. C. , Perlman S. B. , Versace A. , Travis M. , Gill M. K. , Demeter C. , Diwadkar V. A. , White R. , Schirda C. , Sunshine J. L. , Arnold L. E. , Holland S. K. , Kowatch R. A. , Birmaher B. , Axelson D. , Youngstrom E. A. , Findling R. L. , Horwitz S. M. , Fristad M. A. , Phillips M. L.
Published: January 2014

Background

Neuroimaging measures of behavioral and emotional dysregulation can yield biomarkers denoting developmental trajectories of psychiatric pathology in youth. We aimed to identify functional abnormalities in emotion regulation (ER) neural circuitry associated with different behavioral and emotional dysregulation trajectories using latent class growth analysis (LCGA) and neuroimaging.

Method

A total of 61 youth (9–17 years) from the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms study, and 24 healthy control youth, completed an emotional face n-back ER task during scanning. LCGA was performed on 12 biannual reports completed over 5 years of the Parent General Behavior Inventory 10-Item Mania Scale (PGBI-10M), a parental report of the child's difficulty regulating positive mood and energy.

Results

There were two latent classes of PGBI-10M trajectories: high and decreasing (HighD; n = 22) and low and decreasing (LowD; n = 39) course of behavioral and emotional dysregulation over the 12 time points. Task performance was >89% in all youth, but more accurate in healthy controls and LowD versus HighD (p < 0.001). During ER, LowD had greater activity than HighD and healthy controls in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a key ER region, and greater functional connectivity than HighD between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (p's < 0.001, corrected).

Conclusions

Patterns of function in lateral prefrontal cortical–amygdala circuitry in youth denote the severity of the developmental trajectory of behavioral and emotional dysregulation over time, and may be biological targets to guide differential treatment and novel treatment development for different levels of behavioral and emotional dysregulation in youth.
Sources of individual differences in the acquisition of tense inflection by English second language learners with and without specific language impairment
Authors: BLOM ELMA , PARADIS JOHANNE
Published: January 2014

The goal of this study was to investigate whether individual difference factors influence the second language (L2) learning of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typical development (TD) differently. The study focuses on tense inflection development in English L2 children. The roles of age of L2 acquisition, length of L2 exposure, and first language (L1) were examined. Twenty-four pairs of 4- and 5-year-old English L2 children with SLI and English L2 children with TD participated in the study. Children's responses on the third person singular and regular past tense probes of the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (Rice & Wexler, 2001) were analyzed using logistic mixed regression modeling and classification procedures. For all children, those who started learning English later performed better than children who started learning English earlier, but the advantage of an older age of acquisition was particularly present in the L2 with SLI group. For children in the L2 group with TD, their accuracy with tense inflection clearly increased with longer L2 exposure, but this was not found for the L2 children with SLI. Finally, L2 children with TD were better able to transfer L1 knowledge than L2 children with SLI.
Alternative modes in dispersal strategies, with an emphasis on herbaceous plants of the Middle East
Authors: Plitmann Uzi
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

Hypotheses concerning diaspore behaviour are presented. It is suggested that in many plants, dispersal strategy involves alternative agents (2 or more vectors) and combination of distances. The hypotheses are substantiated by data compiled from observations of dispersal modes and mechanisms in herbaceous plant species of the Middle East. Two special modes, heterocarpy and amphicarpy, represent complex strategies with different propagules on the same individual. Amphicarpy resembles cryptophytic life-form in many respects. In several other cases the same propagule can be dispersed for various distances by a single vector or through alternative modes. Combination of long-range, short-range, andin situdispersal is described for many species; Compositae of Turkey serve as a study case of the possible abundance of this strategy.

Several combinations of different vectors that can distribute the same diaspores, alternately or successively, are recorded. It seems that the combination of wind and temporary water currents is quite common in our region. Cruciferae of Israel serve as a study case of the possible abundance of this strategy and its various combinations. It is concluded that dispersal strategies with alternate modes are typical of many herbaceous species and probably adopted by most angiosperms. The one-to-one conservative relationships between adaptation and mode, mechanism and agent, are rather misleading. An adaptation or a syndrome should not be rigidly defined as they may function in more than one way. Often, the alternate mode can be more effective than the mode attributed to that particular syndrome. By such strategy a plant can better guarantee its distribution in space.
Native or introduced? Problems in the taxonomy and plant geography of some widely introduced annual brome-grasses
Authors: Smith P. M.
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

Weedy nature and critical taxonomic status of widespread autogamous annual brome-grasses combine to make assessments of their native phytogeographical areas uncertain or impossible. Suggested criteria for determining native status are reviewed. Some species found in SW Asia occur also in Europe. Some others are so far known only in Europe and may either be native there or introduced from SW Asia. These possibilities are considered by applying native status criteria to 10 principal exemplar species and 4 subspecies. On the basis of known distributions, these criteria suggest that: (i) some species are not native inanyprimary habitats, and perhaps never have been; (ii) though SW Asia seems to be the centre from which the current adaptive radiation ofBromusL. annuals began, not all its brome-grass flora is native, and some of its probable native species are known only as introduced plants in Europe i.e. are undiscovered in SW Asia. It is urged that our imperfect knowledge of distributions in this critical group be remedied by careful analysis of the brome-grass flora of primary habitats in SW Asia.
A concept for routine emergency-care data-based syndromic surveillance in Europe
Authors: ZIEMANN A. , ROSENKÖTTER N. , GARCIA-CASTRILLO RIESGO L. , SCHRELL S. , KAUHL B. , VERGEINER G. , FISCHER M. , LIPPERT F. K. , KRÄMER A. , BRAND H. , KRAFFT T.
Published: January 2014

We developed a syndromic surveillance (SyS) concept using emergency dispatch, ambulance and emergency-department data from different European countries. Based on an inventory of sub-national emergency data availability in 12 countries, we propose framework definitions for specific syndromes and a SyS system design. We tested the concept by retrospectively applying cumulative sum and spatio-temporal cluster analyses for the detection of local gastrointestinal outbreaks in four countries and comparing the results with notifiable disease reporting. Routine emergency data was available daily and electronically in 11 regions, following a common structure. We identified two gastrointestinal outbreaks in two countries; one was confirmed as a norovirus outbreak. We detected 1/147 notified outbreaks. Emergency-care data-based SyS can supplement local surveillance with near real-time information on gastrointestinal patients, especially in special circumstances, e.g. foreign tourists. It most likely cannot detect the majority of local gastrointestinal outbreaks with few, mild or dispersed cases.
Protective Factors for Adolescent Violence against Authority
Authors: Ibabe Izaskun , Jaureguizar Joana , Bentler Peter M.
Published: January 2014

Both the family and school environments influence adolescents’ violence, but there is little research focusing simultaneously on the two contexts. This study analyzed the role of positive family and classroom environments as protective factors for adolescents’ violence against authority (parent abuse and teacher abuse) and the relations between antisocial behavior and child-to-parent violence or student-to-teacher violence. The sample comprised 687 Spanish students aged 12-16 years, who responded to the Family Environment Scale (FES) and the Classroom Environment Scale (CES). Structural Equation Modeling was used to test our model of violent behavior towards authority based on Catalano and Hawkins’ Social Developmental Model (1996). Perceived family cohesion and organization showed an inverse association with parent abuse, suggesting that a positive family environment was a protective factor for the development of violence against parents. Family and classroom environments had direct effects on adolescents’ violence against authority, and antisocial behavior showed a mediating effect in this relationship. The model accounted for 81% of the variance in violence against authority. As family environment was a better predictor of violence against authority than school environment, intervention efforts to reduce rates of adolescent violence should focus on helping parents to increase family cohesion and to manage conflictive relationships with their children.
Multimodal electrochemical sensing of transcription factor–operator complexes
Authors: Williams Keeshan , Kim Chung-Sei , Kim Jin Ryoun , Levicky Rastislav
Published: January 2014

Changes in diffusive movements, surface potential, and interfacial impedance of DNA monolayers are combined to analyze binding of unlabeled transcription factors.
A highly selective turn-on fluorescent probe for Al(iii) based on coumarin and its application in vivo
Authors: Xiao Hongde , Chen Kun , Jiang Nannan , Cui Dandan , Yin Gui , Wang Jie , Wang Ruiyong
Published: January 2014

The probe was applied in the detection of Al3+ in living HeLa cells.
Long-term dry storage of an enzyme-based reagent system for ELISA in point-of-care devices
Authors: Ramachandran Sujatha , Fu Elain , Lutz Barry , Yager Paul
Published: January 2014

A folding 2DPN device with incorporated dry reagents for automated ELISA.
Near-threshold photodissociation dynamics of CHCl3
Authors: Reid Mike , Green Victoria , Koehler Sven P. K.
Published: January 2014

Dissociation dynamics of chloroform near the threshold investigated using the velocity-map imaging technique show that the three lowest states 3Q1, 1Q1, and 3Q0 are involved in the dynamics.
Emergence of spin-filter states in Pt–Fe nanowires
Authors: Smelova E. M. , Tsysar K. M. , Saletsky A. M.
Published: January 2014

Our theoretical study predicts the emergence of a new spin-filter state in one-dimensional Pt–Fe bimetallic nanowires.
Challenges to achievement of metal sustainability in our high-tech society
Authors: Izatt Reed M. , Izatt Steven R. , Bruening Ronald L. , Izatt Neil E. , Moyer Bruce A.
Published: January 2014

Low global metal recycling rates for waste high-tech products are analyzed and solutions proposed using novel technology and societal action.
Effects of puerarin in STZ-induced diabetic rats by oxidative stress and the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway
Authors: She ShaoYi , Liu WeiJuan , Li Tong , Hong YingKai
Published: January 2014

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of pueraria on streptozotocine (STZ)-induced renal damage and its possible mechanisms.
Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies on β-lactamases and penicillin binding proteins
Authors: Kumar K. M. , Anbarasu Anand , Ramaiah Sudha
Published: January 2014

Molecular docking analysis of β-lactam antibiotics was performed with PBP2a, PBP2b, PBP2x and SHV-1 proteins, and the best interaction is observed between Ceftobiprole and the PBP2x complex; furthermore the stability of the complex is confirmed using simulation studies; our results show that the Ceftobiprole–PBP2x complex shows high stability as evident by RMSD,Rgand H-bonds.
Elaboration of drug nanocarriers based on a glucosamine labeled amphiphilic polymer
Authors: Boyère C. , Duhem N. , Debuigne A. , Préat V. , Jérôme C. , Riva R.
Published: January 2014

A new amphiphilic polymer was successfully synthesized using a metal free synthetic strategy for the elaboration of glucosamine labeled drug carriers.
Access to pyridines via DMAP-catalyzed activation of α-chloro acetic ester to react with unsaturated imines
Authors: Hao Lin , Chen Xingkuan , Chen Shaojin , Jiang Ke , Torres Jaume , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: January 2014

Facile access to trisubstituted pyridines from α-chloro acetic ester and unsaturated imines is achieved.
Mechanism studies of terpolymerization of phthalic anhydride, propylene epoxide, and carbon dioxide catalyzed by ZnGA
Authors: Liu Yulei , Xiao Min , Wang Shuanjin , Xia Liang , Hang Dongmei , Cui Guofeng , Meng Yuezhong
Published: January 2014

Monomer reactivity ratios of CO2 and phthalic anhydride (PA) are evaluated and a mechanism is discussed for ZnGA catalyzed PA/CO2/PO terpolymerizations.
Photoinduced drug release from complexes of liposome and fluorescent silver nanoparticles
Authors: Li Junlin , An Xueqin , Pan Zhengfeng , Sun lianmei
Published: January 2014

Fluorescent silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were embedded in the bilayer of liposomes and acted as a photothermic switch for photoinduced drug release.
Isolation and characterisation of microsatellite loci in the bush stone-curlew (Burhinus grallarius), a declining Australian bird
Authors: Mason Robert A. B. , Price Catherine , Boles Walter E. , Gray Karen-Anne , Rickard Edwina , Eldridge Mark D.B. , Johnson Rebecca N.
Published: January 2014

The bush stone-curlew (Burhinus grallarius Latham), a ground-nesting nocturnal bird, is endangered in southern Australia due to habitat modification and introduced predators. To provide tools for conservation, ecological and behavioural studies, we isolated variable microsatellite repeat sequences and designed primers for PCR amplification in this species. Primer pairs were developed and levels of diversity were assessed for eight microsatellite loci, including one locus linked to the gene encoding Microtubule-Associated Protein 2, a protein important for behavioural imprinting in birds, and one sex-linked locus. Isolated loci contained allelic diversity of between 5 and 17 alleles.
UV light activates a Gαq/11-coupled phototransduction pathway in human melanocytes
Authors: Bellono Nicholas W. , Najera Julia A. , Oancea Elena
Published: January 2014

While short exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can elicit increased skin pigmentation, a protective response mediated by epidermal melanocytes, chronic exposure can lead to skin cancer and photoaging. However, the molecular mechanisms that allow human skin to detect and respond to UVR remain incompletely understood. UVR stimulates a retinal-dependent signaling cascade in human melanocytes that requires GTP hydrolysis and phospholipase C β (PLCβ) activity. This pathway involves the activation of transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) ion channels, an increase in intracellular Ca2+, and an increase in cellular melanin content. Here, we investigated the identity of the G protein and downstream elements of the signaling cascade and found that UVR phototransduction is Gαq/11 dependent. Activation of Gαq/11/PLCβ signaling leads to hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3). We found that PIP2 regulated TRPA1-mediated photocurrents, and IP3 stimulated intracellular Ca2+ release. The UVR-elicited Ca2+ response appears to involve both IP3-mediated release from intracellular stores and Ca2+ influx through TRPA1 channels, showing the fast rising phase of the former and the slow decay of the latter. We propose that melanocytes use a UVR phototransduction mechanism that involves the activation of a Gαq/11-dependent phosphoinositide cascade, and resembles light phototransduction cascades of the eye.
Relativistic Hydrodynamics of Selfgravitating Fluids
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo
Published: January 2014

The last chapter of the book deals with physical systems whose conditions require the solution both of the Einstein equations and of the hydrodynamics equations. The first examples considered are those of stationary isolated stars, including gravastars and rotating stars, followed by the analysis of compact stars collapsing to a black hole, which are treated both through the dust solution of Oppenheimer–Snyder and through fluid solutions. Since the nonlinearity and complexity of the equations that need to be solved make it increasingly difficult to obtain analytic solutions, the role of numerical simulations becomes increasingly important. Numerical simulations are indeed crucial for the investigation of complex systems such as neutron-star binaries and black-hole–neutron-star binaries, which are treated with an eye on their possible detection through the emission of gravitational waves.
Structuring Sense: Volume III: Taking Form
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This book is volume III of a trilogy which explores the difference between words however defined and structures however constructed. The trilogy sets out to demonstrate that the explanation of linguistic competence should be shifted from lexical entries to syntactic structure, from the memorizing of listed information to the manipulation of grammatical rules. Its reformulation of how grammar and listed items interact has profound implications for linguistic, philosophical, and psychological theories about the human mind and language. The book departs from both constructional approaches to syntax and the long generative tradition that uses the word as the nucleus around which the syntax grows. It argues that the hierarchical, abstract structures of language are universal, not language specific, and that language variation emerges from the morphological and phonological properties of grammatical functors, or more specifically, inflection. This volume applies this approach to the construction of complex words. The book develops a new model of word formation, arguing that the basic building blocks of language are on the one hand rigid semantic and syntactic functions, and on the other hand, roots, which in themselves are but packets of phonological information, and are devoid of both meaning and grammatical properties of any kind. Within such a model, syntactic category, syntactic selection and argument structure are all mediated through syntactic structures projected from rigid functions, or alternatively, constructed through general combinatorial principles of syntax, such as Chomsky's Merge. The meaning of ‘words’, in turn, does not involve the existence of lexemes, but rather the matching of a well-defined and phonologically articulated syntactic domain with conceptual Content, itself outside the domain of language as such. In a departure from most current models of syntax but in line with many philosophical traditions, then, the Exo-Skeletal model partitions ‘meaning’ into formal functions, on the one hand, and Content, on the other hand. While the former are read off syntactico-semantic structures as is usually assumed, Content is crucially read off syntactico-phonological structures.
Taking Root
Authors: Borer Hagit
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides evidence for roots as phonological units devoid of Content. Borrowing a chapter from Aronoff, (1976), evidence for the pure phonological nature of roots is based on English bound roots as well as from Semitic consonantal roots. Additional evidence comes from phonological selection by roots. The claim that roots select arguments, as is claimed at times, is directly challenged. Additional evidence for the absence of Content for roots comes from a careful investigation of coercion, and specifically, from the presence of coercion for Contentful, fully categorized items, as e.g. in ‘there is much dog on the floor’ vs. its absence within non-compositional words (e.g. ‘flaky’). More concretely, it is argued that if Content is assigned to roots, the contrast is inexplicable. If, however, Content is assigned to constituents larger than the root, and specifically, e.g. to [Ndog] in the context of ‘the’, and to ‘flaky’ as a whole, rather than to ‘flake’, an account is possible, insofar as whatever Content is assigned to the constituent ‘dog’ is in conceptual conflict with the semantics of ‘much’. The inevitable conclusion, however, is that the root ‘π√flake’ in itself cannot have Content or a similar conflict would emerge. The chapter includes a general discussion on phonological relatedness and puts forth the strong claim that accounting for phonological relatedness is the primary task of any morphological system, and that any morphosyntactic system that fails to capture such relatedness it not, in actuality, accounting for the relevant subject matter.
Trying Communism through International Criminal Law? The Experiences of the Hungarian Historical Justice Trials
Authors: Tamás Hoffmann
Published: January 2014

This chapter analyses the Hungarian historical trials which sought to address the mass atrocities committed against civilians during the communist regime. It shows that the Hungarian judiciary was unable to apply international criminal law to the events of the 1956 revolution. The main lesson learned from the trials, aside from the need to reform the legal education of judges, is that international criminal law cannot be a substitute for the ultimately political project of confronting past wrongs and trying to achieve national reconciliation.
Introduction
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

This chapter sets out the objectives and contents of the book as a whole. Despite increased economic growth in many African countries, high rates of rural poverty continue, associated with low productivity in smallholder staple crops with very low fertilizer use. Higher than average fertilizer use in some countries is associated with large-scale agricultural input subsidy programmes. These are being adopted by a number of countries, but are controversial and new approaches have been the subject of limited study. Malawi’s experience with a large-scale programme since 2005 offers insights into the benefits and difficulties of such programmes. The book therefore aims to develop understanding of new forms of agricultural input subsidy programmes, to derive insights into this from Malawi’s experience, and to promote more informed debate on these issues. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book’s contents and of the data and analytical methods on which it draws.
Agricultural input subsidies: changing theory and practice
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

Agricultural input subsidies were a major feature of agricultural development policies in rural economies from the 1960s to 1980s. The theoretical case for agricultural subsidies is based on their promotion of agricultural productivity by making investment in new technologies more attractive to smallholder farmers. If market failures mean that farmers’ private input costs are higher than true social or economic costs then a subsidy can generate a positive overall net economic return. However, there have been concerns related to inefficiency, leakages, and diversion of subsidized inputs. Despite these concerns there is resurgent interest in input subsidies in Africa, with new ‘smart’ input subsidies, particularly for staples, being viewed as one means of achieving food security and pro-poor growth as well as replenishing soil fertility. This chapter develops the theoretical underpinnings of ‘smart’ agricultural input subsidies, their pros and cons, and their roles in agricultural development in low income countries.
Targeting and access to input subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

Targeting of input subsidies is a critical element of the Malawi agricultural subsidy programme, and a highly debated issue. This chapter analyses the experiences of targeting and presents options for improving targeting. The analysis shows that targeting at area level has considerably improved with more equitable allocations consistent with the geographic distribution of poverty. Criteria for household targeting are very broad and the analysis shows that vulnerable households such as the poor- and elderly-headed are less likely than other households to receive fertilizer coupons and they receive less of the subsidized fertilizers. However the use of open meetings in the allocation of coupons tends to favour the poor who also receive more fertilizer compared with non-open allocations of coupons. Although there are gender biases in allocation of coupons, there is no gender bias in the use of subsidized fertilizers on plots controlled by different members of the households.
Inwardness Without Self
Authors: Flood Gavin
Published: January 2014

On the one hand, Buddhism begins with the idea of truth within, the inner enlightenment experience of the Buddha that spawns a civilization; yet, on the other, it denies the notion of the self. What precisely the Buddha meant by ‘no-self’ is contentious. Clearly Buddhism does not agree philosophically with the Hindu traditions, and Buddhism is philosophically diverse even within itself. Yet that being said, the notion of inwardness is important in the tradition and tells us something about the mode of being a person and the mode of spiritual development that Buddhism proclaims. The famous story of Siddhārtha Gautama testifies to the importance of inwardness that lies at the root of the tradition. The chapter examines the truth within in Mahāyāna Buddhism, focusing on meditation practice and mindfulness of mental states.
Service Measurement and Definition
Authors: Battisti Giuliana , Dwivedi Yogesh K. , Kuah Adrian T.H. , Lages Cristiana R.
Published: January 2014

In recent years, there has been significant growth in the contribution of services to the economy of developed nations. However, despite the importance of the service economy, there has been a delay in the collection of data. The challenges relating to the definition and classification of services, alongside the measurement of their performance and innovative effort raise a number of important issues yet to be addressed adequately. This has partly contributed to the delay in the development of public policies aimed at sustaining the growth of services. This chapter aims to shed some light on the conceptualization of services and service performance measurement. The aim is to present some stylized facts and to highlight limitations and advancements in an understanding of the nature of services, the associated statistics and performance measures. In conclusion, ways in which policymakers, academics, and businesses may revisit the basics and rethink policies and strategies are suggested to ensure that the contribution of services to economic competitiveness and more in general to the UK economy are maximized.
Employment in Service and the Service Sector
Authors: Grugulis Irena
Published: January 2014

This chapter considers the wide range of occupations in the service sector. It draws on the literature of customer-facing work and argues that this is one form of service sector work but that others also exist, including customer facing, high touch service sector work; ‘traditional’ work; work in the creative industries; knowledge work and public sector service work. While high touch service sector work is distinctive, ‘traditional’ work resembles that located in manufacturing and knowledge work, public sector work and work in the creative industries each have their own distinguishing features. The chapter goes on to consider the nature of (soft and social) service sector skills and draw out the implications of these for work and workers.
Service Systems for Value Co-Creation
Authors: Smith Laura A. , Ng Irene C.L.
Published: January 2014

Service systems for value co-creation are gaining prominence within certain industries such as healthcare (with greater customer empowerment in their treatment), mobile telecommunication and the internet (with user generated content), and education (with self-study courses). Some argue that this is the world we are moving towards, a world in which the customer and their resources are a partner in the processes and practices of the firm (Prahalad and Ramaswamy 2000). As a result, the management of the customer as a co-creator presents itself as a major challenge in the design and management of service systems. Through a review and comparative analysis of three widely published cases considered to be service systems for co-created outcomes, Chapter 11 addresses the question of what challenges this presents. Six challenges of a service system for value co-creation are identified; the determination challenge; measurement challenge; revenue challenge; context challenge; resource challenge; and skills challenge.
Extraction from DP in Italian Revisited
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: January 2014

The generalization that of all arguments and adjuncts only the subject can be extracted from a DP in Italian (and Romance, more generally) was a puzzle for the theory of the early ‘80s. It can however be seen to follow, today, from Relativized Minimality, the assumption that DPs are phases and the recognition that the escape edge of DPs is an A-, and not an A’-, position.
DE-Infinitives as Complements to Romanian Nouns
Authors: Hill Virginia
Published: January 2014

In standard modern Romanian, nouns select either infinitive or subjunctive complements when in object position but only infinitive complements when in subject position. In other Balkan languages, nouns select subjunctive complements in any environment. This paper accounts for the inter- and cross-linguistic contrast in complementation by looking at how syntactic checking applies to the features of infinitive and subjunctive T. The checking operations involve movement, which generates well-formed chains when the non-finite complement is a FinP or MoodP but not when it is a ForceP; the latter configuration fails under Relativized Minimality.
Grammatical Processing
Authors: Siloni Tal
Published: January 2014

The paper provides evidence that Grammar and Parser have access to the same computational tools. The empirical array consists of the so-called Garden Path sentences, which the human parser manages to analyze only after perceptible breakdown and conscious reanalysis (e.g., “After Susan drank the water evaporated”). The paper examines garden path sentences of various patterns and in a variety of languages (English, Hebrew, Hungarian, and Japanese). It is first argued that grammar and parser build structure based on the same principles. Differences in the structure building mechanism follow from the fact that the former builds structure based on internal intentions while the latter is fed with an external string. Licit reanalysis during processing is argued to be movement. Hence, whenever the target of relocation does not c-command the source, movement fails and breakdown is sensed. The distinctions between reanalysis movement and syntactic movement concern copies (traces) and locality constraints. They result from the distinct task movement serves in each case. If the proposal is on the right track, we have independent evidence in favour of the operation Move, assumed by derivational theories.
How the Afterlife Matters
Authors: Frankfurt Harry G.
Published: January 2014

This comment questions Scheffler’s account of how and why the collective afterlife matters to us. Many things that matter to us, in particular those things whose mattering to us depends on their intrinsic features, might well continue to matter to us even if we believed there was no collective afterlife. And to the extent that the afterlife does matter to us, it is not because it matters to us that humanity has a future, but instead because it matters to us that others are aware of us, whether in the future or present.
Death, Value, and the Afterlife: Responses
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: January 2014

This chapter responds to the essays by Harry Frankfurt, Niko Kolodny, Seana Shiffrin, and Susan Wolf that are included in the book. It addresses a range of issues raised in those essays. Among the issues considered are: the plausibility of the afterlife conjecture; the question whether the truth of that conjecture would reveal limits to human egoism; the significance of our divergent reactions to the prospect of humanity’s imminent extinction and the prospect of its eventual extinction; the nature of our conservatism about value; the question whether our concern for the survival of humanity reveals the importance we attach to the things we now value or rather to the activity of valuing itself; the reasonableness of our fear of death; and the question whether death is necessary in order for us to lead value-laden lives.
Individuality, Freedom and Socialism: The British Idealists' Critiques of the Fichtean State
Authors: Tyler Colin
Published: January 2014

Together with utilitarianism, British idealism dominated Anglo-American philosophy from the 1870s until the end of the First World War. This article counters a persisting criticism of the British idealists: that they endorsed the allegedly oppressive and static theory of the state associated with German idealists, especially J. G. Fichte. The article introduces the British idealists' reputation as Fichtean collectivists and provides an overview of leading current interpretations of Fichte's political thought. It then analyses T. H. Green's use of Fichtean terminology against the background of Fichte's reception in Britain in the 1860s and 1870s. Edward Caird's interpretation of — and alternative to — Fichte's socialism is analysed, followed by an examination of the readings of William Wallace and Bernard Bosanquet. It is concluded that these British idealists rejected the alleged Fichtean centralism for which they have been condemned, and did so on grounds that retain force in contemporary debates between Fichte scholars.
Potentially Voting across the Divide in Deeply Divided Places: Ethnic Catch-All Voting in Consociational Northern Ireland
Authors: Garry John
Published: January 2014

I elaborate a model of cross-bloc party support in deeply divided places. The model expects that the variation in the level of electoral support that citizens in Community A have for parties in Community B is a function of citizens' evaluations of the relative ability of parties in Community B to represent the interests of all communities. This ‘ethnic catch-all’ model of cross-bloc party support is tested in the context of consociational Northern Ireland, using data from a representative survey conducted directly after the 2010 Westminster general election. The findings are asymmetric: the model explains Protestant support for nationalist parties but not Catholic support for unionist parties. The findings, and their implications, are discussed.
Process Preferences and British Public Opinion: Citizens' Judgements about Government in an Era of Anti-politics
Authors: Allen Nicholas , Birch Sarah
Published: January 2014

This article explores British citizens' evaluations of political processes against the backdrop of wider political disengagement. It adapts Hibbing and Theiss-Morse's framework for measuring attitudes in both ‘process space’ and ‘policy space’ and, drawing on data from a survey fielded in March 2011, analyses the factors that shape Britons' preferences concerning political decision making. It also analyses the relative importance of policy and process evaluations as predictors of government approval and support for two key civic norms, that people should comply with the law and that they have a duty to vote. It finds that most respondents think that decision making should involve both elected politicians and ordinary people, but respondents who are more critical of politicians' conduct tend to express support for greater levels of popular involvement. It also finds that the significance of process evaluations is overshadowed by other attitudes, especially respondents' perceptions of politicians' integrity and responsiveness.