bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Stability of a Structured Diagnostic Interview in a Group of Incarcerated Criminal Offenders
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Chlumsky Michael L. , Hemphill Leslie L.
Published: March 2007

Fourteen state prison inmates were evaluated using a structured diagnostic interview, the Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview (PDI), by one of two staff psychologists. These subjects were then re-interviewed with the PDI by an outside psychologist from 14 to 29 (M = 16.7) weeks later. A third PDI interview was conducted by the same staff psychologist who administered the first PDL This third interview took place .5 to 1.6 (M = 1.1) weeks after the second interview. Interrater agreement varied little as afunction of time (16.7 vs 1.1 weeks) or rater (staff vs outside psychologist) and was slightly higher for Lifetime diagnosis (K =.58 to .72) than it was for Current diagnosis (K =.46 to.56).
The Use of the Alcohol Dependence Scale with Incarcerated Male Offenders
Authors: Hodgins David C. , Lightfoot Lynn O.
Published: March 2007

The Alcohol Dependence Scale (Skinner and Horn, 1984) was administered to a representative sample of Canadian male offenders to determine the scale'sfactor structure and internal reliability, and to give some evidence of its validity. Results indicate that theADS may be a useful tool in the treatment planning for inmates with alcohol use histories.
An Examination of an Intensive Probation for Alcohol Offenders: Five-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Green Gary S. , Phillips Zachary H.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effectiveness of Dougherty County, Georgia's Criminal Alcoholic Program. CAP is a five-year intensive probation program for alcohol offenders, which includes the ingestion of antabuse. Two samples were used: (1) those included in a two-year follow-up evaluation of CAP published previously in this Journal (N= 70); and (2) an independently derived sample of approximately equal size (N= 66). For both samples, high rearrest rates were documented during participants' original five-year probationary period—66% after two years and 80% after five years (N= 136). The recidivism rate for drunken driving was 40% after five years (N= 100). In toto, post-Program recidivists averaged more than five rearrests apiece. Offenses are scaled according to the National Survey of Crime Severity.
Reactions of Prisoners to Stress as a Function of Personality and Demographic Variables
Authors: Silverman Mitchell , Vega Manuel
Published: March 2007

The present study explored the effects of the demographic variables of age, race (ethnicity), gender, marital status, and education on stress, anger, curiosity, perception of institutional stressors, and reactions to institutional variables manifested by inmates incarcerated in Florida prisons. A total of 783 inmates were selectedfrom eight different institutions housing adult, youthful offender, and female inmates. The sample included some of the least violent and most violent inmates in the system. The measures used consisted of standardized paper and pencil tests designed to assess anxiety, anger, and curiosity. In addition, several nonstandardized measures of institutional stressors and of inmates' reactions to institutional stressors were also employed. The data revealed that inmates enter the institution with a set of personal characteristics that could have substantial impact on their relationships with other inmates and correctional staff. The results were interpreted in terms of both institutional and interpersonalfactors.
Predicting the Disciplinary Adjustment of Maximum and Minimum Security Prison Inmates Using the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

Using a person-environment fit paradigm it was reasoned that the lifestyle criminal adjusts best in environments which are highly structured. In the first of two studies examining this issue, it was determined that the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF), a putative measure of lifestyle criminality, successfully discriminated between disciplinary and nondisciplinary inmates in a less structured situation (minimum security) but not in a more highly structured situation (maximum security). In a second study, successively sampled inmates were organized according to their scores on the LCSF and compared as to the number of disciplinary reports received within a six-month period. Results of this second study revealed that the total LCSF score predicted disciplinary problems in the minimum security facility but not in the maximum security penitentiary. These findings tend to support the validity of the LCSF, as well as the hypothesis that lifestyle criminals may have problems functioning in environments which are less than maximally structured.
III. Prison Group Therapy with Mentally and Emotionally Disturbed Offenders
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

The experience of conducting group therapy with different groups in a state prison's Special Management Unit (SMU) for the mentally and emotionally ill offenders has provided a definite challenge. The challenge comes from two sources: (1) the setting, and (2) the difficult, complex, and dual-diagnosed members of the groups. The latter aspect has been detailed in the body of this article. Although the results have been meager, on balance, there is a potential for this demanding and necessary type of professional task.
Nurses' and Patients' Perceptions of the Social Climate in a Forensic Unit in Wales
Authors: Morrison Paul , Burnard Philip , Phillips Ceri
Published: March 2007

The social climate of the hospital is an important determinant of the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour of patients and employees. In this study we explored the social climate of a newly established forensic unit using the short form of the Correctional Institute Environmental Scale (CIES). Our purpose was to assess the social climate in the clinic according to the views of patients and nursing staff The social climate profiles that emerged showed a high level of congruence between these groups. A statistical analysis revealed significant differences between staff and patient perceptions on three of the nine subscales-autonomy, practical orientation, and staff control. However, both groups perceived the level of staff control to be low. The unit was found to encourage open and supportive relationships between patients and staff.
A Prison and a Nursing Home: Any Similarities?
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

Although diversity exists between a prison and a nursing home, there are similarities. In both institutions, the staff members who have the most contact with the population (guards and nurse's aides) had the least amount of professional training in mental health. Significantly, in both institutions, prisoners and residents with whom I worked chose either to be a prisoner or to have a physical disability over mental illness. Two other similarities occurred: food (negative evaluation) and the importance of visitors.
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of an Intensive Treatment Program for Severely Mentally Disturbed Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Hagan Michael P. , Cho Meg E. , Jensen James A. , King Robert P.
Published: March 2007

This study is a follow-up of a 1992 analysis of juvenile offenders with severe mental and behavioral disorders who completed an intensive treatment program on the Intensive Treatment Unit (ITU) at a midwestern juvenile correctional facility. The recidivism of this group was compared with that of a control group of offenders who were not on the ITU as a means of assessing (a) overall program effectiveness and (b) status as a mentally disturbed offender on the ITU as a predictive factor for further criminal and violent behavior This study specifically compared these two groups in rates of reoffending, type of reoffending, and sentencing. The results showed that ITU and control subjects did not differ significantly on any of these variables. It was concluded that mentally disturbed offenders who complete intensive treatment programming reduce their risk for further reoffending, including future violent offending, to levels similar to that of juvenile offenders from the general institution population.
Teaching Radical Economics at a Community College
Authors: Resnick Idrian N. , Resnick Idrian N.
Published: March 2007

This note deals with an experience in teaching one course in Principles of Economics at South Central Community College in New Haven, Connecticut. An attempt to radicalize the pedagogy and the content, utilizing Friere's techiques, was resisted by the students, all working class people. The conclusions drawn are: (1) working class stu dents face a contradiction that is not part of the experience of bourgeois students — altering approaches and conditions (even in courses) carry real risks; and (2) praxis and pedagogy must be differentiated along class lines of both the students and instructor.
Economic 'Freedom's' Awful Toll; The 'Chicago Boys' in Chile
Authors: Letelier Orlando
Published: March 2007

The Editorial Board of the Review has decided to reprint the following article* with a two fold purpose We want, first, to honor its author, Orlando Letelier, the Chilean Marxist economist who, with his co-worker, Ronni Moffit, was killed on September 21, 1976, in Washington. D C , when a bomb demolished the car they were in Letelier had become a foremost speaker against the atrocities of the junta which overthrew the Allende govern ment in Chile His loss is a serious blow to the forces opposing the junta's terrorism Second ly we want to protest the awarding of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Economics to Milton Fried- man, the reactionary Chicago School economist Letelier's documentation, in the following article, of the Chilean situation and of Friedman's involvement in the junta's political eco nomic policies will stand as the strongest possible condemnation of that award The decision of the Swedish Roval Academy must be condemned as an act of aggression not only against social change but also against any standards of economic objectivity
The Urban Housing Problem: Marxist Theory and Community Organizing
Authors: Barton Stephen E. , Barton Stephen E.
Published: March 2007

Rental housing is both a market commodity and an investment of capital. Under conditions of income inequality, extensive poverty, and residen tial segregation based on income, housing deterioration is a natural and even pro fitable consequence of the rental housing market. Changes in the relative posi tion of housing within the market cause buildings to lose exchange value though their use value remains the same. An owner then has a strong incentive to recap ture the investment, the exchange value, through allowing the building to deteri orate, thus diminishing or destroying the use value.
The Simple Analytics of Falling Profit Rates, Okishio's Theorem and Fixed Capital
Authors: Alberro José , Persky Joseph
Published: March 2007

This paper uses a simple Ricardian model to analyze the compara tive static properties of the profit rate, when Okishio-profitable technological innovations are introduced. We use a constructive-geometrical proof of Okishio's Theorem and extend it to a world including fixed capital equipment of equal efficiencies over its lifetime.
Review Article : The Decline of the Communist Party and the Black Question in the U.S.: Harry Haywood's Black Bolshevik
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2007

The race question has been difficult for the American left both within theory and practice. This review of Harry Haywood's autobiography, Black Bolshevik, reconsiders the position of the U.S. Communist Party in the 1930s. Haywood's history is reviewed with special attention to the adoption of a party position favoring the right to Black self-determination in the South. Hay wood's charge that the CP degenerated into Browderism is also discussed. His analysis of white chauvinism in the party and the efforts to overcome it give im portant insights into the historical role of the CP. The broader questions of the Party's historical successes and failures are considered against the background of Haywood's life and the struggle for Black liberation.
Energy and the Long Swing
Authors: Edel Matthew
Published: March 2007

Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in Kondratiev 's concept of "long waves," an interest which has not been restricted to Marxist analysts. The idea that the entire history of capitalism has been characterized by 50 or 60year cycles of expansion and contraction appears to have a modest amount of evidentiary underpinning, although the causes of this behavior are still uncertain and hotly debated. In this essay, Matthew Edel reviews several existing theories of the long swing and situates the oil "shortages" of the seventies as contributary but not determining influences in the current downswing. Many analysts agree that recovery from a Kondratiev downswing involves the condensation of capital around hitherto unexploited technologies or industries. Edel argues that new energy technologies are prime candidates for such a role, and goes on to compare a variety of energy alternatives with respect to their technical suitability. He then concludes with an examination of the longer term social and political implications of the alternatives at hand. Although Edel's choices of energy options may not win universal acceptance, the structure of his discussion will prove useful even to those who disagree most strongly.
Subordination and Sexual Control: A Comparative View of the Control of Women
Authors: Sen Gita
Published: March 2007

The control of women's sexuality is a theme that is insufficiently integrated into socialist-feminist analysis. This paper attempts to suggest some ways in which the control of women's sexuality is inherent in women's status in reproduction and production and hence in women's subordination. It starts with a cross-cultural comparison of sexual control in India versus the West, and goes on to examine the impact of sexual control on women's place in family, community and labor-market in India.
The Shibboleth of Productivity: The Exhaustion of Industrial-Age Strategies in Post-Industrial Society
Authors: Block James E.
Published: March 2007

The universal demand currently to resolve America's economic decline by increasing productivity fatally misconstrues the actual challenge posed by post-industrial society. Automation, rationalization, and technological advances suggest a crisis not of productivity, but of distribution, a false, unnecessary perpetuation of widespread deprivation required only by the scarcity model underpinning market economics. While enforced by vested interests for personal gain, this pseudo-crisis is ironically acceeded to by the Left, which-together with most others-betrays a deep foreboding about the prospect of a post-work society. The path to a post-market economy and society can only be found by forging a popular post-work culture and economic structure rooted in effective post-scarcity incentives. This paper offers a framework for both.
Empirical Estimates of Marxian Categories in Mexico: 1970-1975
Authors: Alberro-Semerena Joséeluis , Nieto-Ituarte María Dolores
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we report our attempts to use Marxian value categories to describe some aspects of the behavior of the Mexican economy between 1970 and 1975. We find that Mexican workers were much more exploited than either United States or Puerto Rican workers; that relative surplus value explained more than half of the change in the rate of exploitation, that technological change was biased against the capital producing sector, and that profit rates in both value and price terms were much higher than the ones in either the United States or Puerto Rico.
The Economic Content of Socialism Marx vs. Lenin
Authors: Chattopadhyay Paresh
Published: March 2007

Marx's socialism conceives of a society of free producers excluding private property in the means of production, commodity relations, wage labor and state. Lenin's socialism, while excluding commodity production, does not entirely eliminate wage labor and is based on state ownership of the means of production, identified with social ownership. Lenin's socialism thus turns out to be very different from Marx's emancipatory project of Association.
Ancient Production and the Baogan Daohu System in China
Authors: Gabriel Satyananda , Martin Michael F.
Published: March 2007

The agricultural reforms in the People's Republic of China, generally referred to collectively as the `baogan daohu' system represent the genesis of ancient class relations in agricultural production. By providing the farmers with use rights to the means of production, control over the production process, and direct appropriation of the output and surplus from production, the `baogan daohu' system propagates a society of ancient farmers. While the `baogan daohu' embodies the necessary conditions for a variety of class relations, it forms the "rules of the game" and the social relations which allows the rural population to engage in "self-exploitation" for the indefinite future. In addition, not only does the "baogan daohu" system provide for the maintenance of ancient class relations, but simultaneously contains the "seeds" for the development of capitalist exploitation and the promotion of communist class relation in rural China.
The Way We Were?: Discrimination, Competition, and Inter-industry Wage Differentials in 1970
Authors: Williams Rhonda M. , Kenison Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents and econometrically tests three models of discrimination and competition. The analysis facilitates a comparison of Marxist, segmentation, and neoclassical explanations of inter-industry wage differentials and the distribution of employment by race and gender. Our results (1) demonstrate race and gender rationing of manufacturing employment in 1970, and (2) lend support to the notion that both competition between capitals and employment discrimination are historically important determinants of gender and racial earnings inequality.
Towards a Dynamic Two - Sector Model of Soviet Economic Decline
Authors: Kafouros Wassily
Published: March 2007

This paper represents an attempt at formulating a dynamic non-linear model capturing the subtleties of the rapid changes that took place in the Soviet Union during the second part of the 1980s. Towards this end, I propose a model which offers an endogenous explanation of (a) the initial phase of growth of the Soviet economy, (b) its subsequent stagnation, and (c) its final collapse. Inevitably, such a model is qualitative in nature.
From Defence to Understanding: The Evolution of a Group of Young Psychotic Patients and of its Leader
Authors: Ghirardelli Roberto
Published: March 2007

This article documents the change taking place within a psychotherapy group for psychotic patients. At first, the author used a mediating discussion in order to distance the relationship, later realizing, with the help of supervision, the defensive nature of the method employed. A greater capacity for learning from experience enabled him to come into contact with the group fantasies and increased his confidence to contain and understand the group dynamics of the psychotic world.
Complexity and the Group Matrix
Authors: Stacey Ralph
Published: March 2007

This article explores the potential that the natural sciences of complexity may have for offering analogies and insights with regard to communicative processes in a group and the concept of the group matrix. Foulkes's last formulation of the concept of the group matrix is reviewed, before the author draws on the thoughts of G.H. Mead on mind, self and society, and on some analogies from the complexity sciences, to suggest a formulation of the emergence of mind in communicative interaction within a group.
Destruction and Reparation in Groups During the War in Croatia
Authors: Klain Eduard
Published: March 2007

Vukovar, in the east of Croatia, on the border with Vojvodina (autonomous region within Serbia), was for centuries the home of Serbian and Croatian families who lived together in friendship. At the beginning of the war, Vukovar was attacked by Federal Army units, paramilitary formations of local Serbs and Serbs imported from Serbia. After three months of fierce fighting the town was flattened. Several hundred defenders and their families fled through the minefields to the Zagreb area. I talked to them in small and large groups in which members constantly interchanged. Common to all was their great physical and psychological suffering during the siege, and their worry about killed and missing family members, friends and colleagues.
Recycling Yalom: Using a Systems Analysis to Facilitate Work in Inpatient Groups
Authors: Cohn Barbara R.
Published: March 2007

The author asks why the ideas of Irvin D. Yalom are not used more frequently by leaders of hospital inpatient groups and suggests that the introduction of systems analysis can help create a climate in which Yalom's techniques can be more effectively employed.
Consciousness in the 20th Century: The Role of the Group
Authors: Sandison Ronald
Published: March 2007

This article postulates that the collective consciousness of Western humankind has been enhanced during the 20th century. Three areas of human experience, the group, the reproductive process and mind expanding drugs, are used as models to test this hypothesis. It is concluded that there have been profound changes in human awareness and expectations at the cost of loss of contact with the `building blocks' of the psyche. The importance of the small group as `midwife' to this new phase in human development is considered.
The Resolution of Envy through Jealousy
Authors: Wooster E. Gerald
Published: March 2007

This article examines a range of issues surrounding siblings and, in particular, envy and jealousy in siblings and the ways in which envy can be resolved through jealousy.

A dramatic example of the resolution of envy through jealousy can be seen in Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, where malignant and destructive envy and jealousy can be transformed into reconciliation. Such creative resolutions can be considered by looking at simple mathematical and algebraic formulations, where the introduction of a third into a twosome may precipitate rage but may also offer the opportunities for creative triangulation.

Twinship dynamics, the different genesis of jealousy in boys and in girls, births at times of bereavement and mapping of family trees, birth orders in different generations, the use of critical dates and transcultural sibling problems are further elements to consider that may help us in our practice.
The problem of external validity (or “parallelism”) in experimental economics
Authors: Guala Francesco
Published: March 2007

This article is in three parts: in the first section, a real case of laboratory experimentation in economics illustrates what experimentalists do in order to test the external validity of their results. Then, it is shown that such a practice presupposes a specific conception of the causal relations economists are seeking. Some general remarks about the notions of external validity and parallelism are provided in conclusion.
Being and Cultural Difference: (Mis)Understanding Otherness in Early Modernity
Authors: Mandalios John
Published: March 2007

As a precursor to the Enlightenment, early modern European conceptions of being and human alterity formed a critical part of both the birth of modernity and the reception of divergent cultural forms lying beyond the horizon of Western knowledge. The extension of occidental power beyond its familiar shores not only resulted in the coercion and subjugation of countless New World natives but also compelled the Western mind to account for the seemingly radical alterity of `savage' life forms in civilizations hitherto unknown to Europeans. This exacting philosophical demand evidently precluded a recognition initially of cultural difference, largely as a result of a predominantly hierarchical conception of being which, following Lovejoy, we understand as the great Chain of Being. The epistemological, axiological and praxeological dimensions of this essentially metaphysical and hierarchical conception of natural and human alterity are examined to delineate our relation to the other of modernity: the Savage. The latter category of humanity manifests the theoretical difficulty of attempting to explain the nature or being of the `other' human within an exemplary world-historical case of civilizational encounters.
The Politics of Autonomy and the Challenge of Deliberation: Castoriadis Contra Habermas
Authors: Kalyvas Andreas
Published: March 2007

Contemporary Anglo-American political thought is witnessing a revival of theories of deliberative democracy. The principle of public argumentation, according to which the legitimation of a general norm is predicated upon a rational and open dialog among all those affected by this norm, constitutes their common underlying assumption. This assumption is itself grounded in the metatheoretical claim that arguing is the defining activity of a demos of free and equal members. Habermas' well-known formulation of communicative or discursive democracy represents one of the earliest, most discussed, and indeed most emblematic versions of the existing models of deliberative democracy. It is here, I believe, that Castoriadis' political theory can prove exceptionally important as it provides a starting point and a solid ground for articulating one of the most incisive and convincing critiques of the limits and flaws of communicative democracy. Although Castoriadis himself never directly discussed deliberative democracy as such, we can try to approximate from various parts of his work what he might have thought about, especially when it comes to Habermas' model.
Mediterranean Theoria: A View from Delphi
Authors: Leontis Artemis
Published: March 2007

Whereas the Mediterranean has not submitted easily to strong theories, still it has inspired a certain kind of theorizing from the ground. The setting of the Mediterranean viewed from the land's edge gave the world theoria, which Greek etymology and usage associates with looking onto a scene with amazement, viewing drama, being sent as an emissary to consult the oracle, or traveling for the purposes of sightseeing. The present essay explores some connections between the Mediterranean and theoria. Following a brief survey of how theoria functioned in antiquity, it studies the case of 20th-century Greek poet Angelos Sikelianos and American director and choreographer Eva Palmer - husband and wife - who sought to revive ancient ideas of theoria. They organized revivals of the Delphic Festivals in 1927 and 1930 as a prelude to re-establishing Delphi as a world center for people with a vision for the world. Their work rivaled that of the Olympic Revivals, except that the Delphic Revival was linked to a particular Mediterranean site and pursued the course of art, music, social thought, and especially tragedy together with athletics. A spectacular, imaginative, ambitious, but stillborn effort, it gives evidence of both the potential and limits of Mediterranean theoria.
Paths in Zygmunt Bauman's Social Thought
Authors: Tester Keith
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to explore some of the origins of Zygmunt Bauman's social thought. Using the metaphor of paths from a story by Borges, the article argues that Bauman's work follows paths which were opened up to him by Gramsci, Camus and Levinas. Bauman has acknowledged the importance of Gramsci and Levinas in his intellectual development and, therefore, the identification of a path leading from Camus is offered by way of circumstantial rather than direct evidence. The article discusses each of these thinkers in the context of Bauman's own themes and concerns and, in so doing, it is hoped to show that Bauman's work has long been marked by a consistence of ambition and foundational assumptions.
Political Philosophy as Phenomenology: On the Method of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
Authors: Markus György
Published: March 2007

Hegel's Philosophy of Right represents a unique theory type in the history of political philosophy. It is a normative theory that departs in its construction from an empirical facticity without reducing norms to facts. It unifies teleological and deontic considerations. It is a theory of the normatively requisite institutional structures able to realize the demands of a historically particular form of individuality, and simultaneously it presents the phenomenology of modern subjectivity committed to the ultimate value of true freedom. In this way it aims to transform into genuine self-knowledge the illusory social-political self-image of its addressees. The paper discusses the connection between this phenomenological method and Hegel's conception of freedom - his critique of unconditional, abstract normativity, his solution to the problem of collision between equally valid norms and the possible relevance of his methodological principles to contemporary political philosophy.
Modernity in South Korea: An Alternative Narrative
Authors: Koo Hagen
Published: March 2007

A large literature on South Korean economic development has presented one dominant narrative on Korean modernity, essentially that of a smooth and peaceful process of modernity brought about by the immutable logic of the market and by a gradual expansion of the middle class and civil society. This essay presents another narrative which stresses the role of social struggles in this process. Korea's transition to modernity has been marked by a high level of social conflicts and by clashes between modernity and tradition and between external and national values. In this process, history and tradition did not simply give way to modernity but have been continuously rediscovered and reappropriated for new social struggles. Korea's modernity has been woven out of these political, social and cultural materials rather than simply out of the universal fabric of capitalism.
Surviving Layoffs
Authors: GRUNBERG LEON , ANDERSON-CONNOLLY RICHARD , GREENBERG EDWARD S.
Published: March 2007

This article tests the hypotheses that the effects of layoffs on surviving employees' level of organizational commitment and job performance will vary according to (a) how close employees are to the layoffs, (b) their perceptions of the fairness of the layoffs, and (c) their position in the organizational hierarchy. Analyses were conducted on 1,900 respondents employed by a large U.S. company. Results indicated that although perceptions of layoff unfairness were associated with lower commitment regardless of employee position, close contact with layoffs was associated with the greater use of sick hours by surviving managers and professionals, but with lower use of sick hours and higher work effort by employees in lower positions.
Work-Nonwork Conflict and the Phenomenology of Time
Authors: THOMPSON JEFFERY A. , BUNDERSON J. STUART
Published: March 2007

Most research on work-nonwork conflict emphasizes time allocation, evoking the metaphor of “balancing” time. Balance imagery is restrictive because it neglects the perceptual experience of time and the subjective meanings people assign to it. We propose an alternative metaphor of time as a “container of meaning.” Drawing upon role-identity and self-discrepancy theories, we develop a model and propositions relating meanings derived from work and nonwork time to the experience of work-nonwork conflict. We argue that work-nonwork conflict is shaped not only by time's quantitative aspect but also by the extent to which work and nonwork time is identity affirming versus identity discrepant.
Mobilization, Internal Cohesion, and Organized Labor
Authors: WOOD GEOFFREY , PSOULIS CHRISTINE
Published: March 2007

The strategic choices unions make are shaped by rank and file perceptions and the extent of commitment to a broad trade union-based project for social redress. This article explores the extent of internal unity and the nature and underpinnings of organizational participation by members of South Africa's largest trade union federation, the Congress of South African Trade Unions, based on a nationwide survey of trade union members conducted in the private sector in 1998. The survey findings revealed that members shared a clear notion of trade union identity centering around accountability, the defining of interests in collective terms, the will and capacity to make use of collective action, and the ability to count on solidarity action from community organizations and other unions. Less predictably, the survey revealed a remarkably low degree of social segmentation within COSATU, “the unity necessary for long-term strength.”
No Fat Persons Need Apply
Authors: Larkin Judith Candib , Pines Harvey A.
Published: March 2007

Two studies explored reactions to the overweight by isolating the effects of weight from other characteristics of the job applicant. The first study, which established the existence of a stereotype, shows that the overweight are viewed consistently more negatively than others on variables considered important for successful job performance. The second study experimentally investigated occupational discrimination in a simulated hiring setting. Overweight applicants were less highly recommended than average-weight persons despite objectively identical performances. The findings are discussed m the context of current research on cognitive processes.
Prestige, Work Satisfaction, and Alienation
Authors: WALSH EDWARD J.
Published: March 2007

Work dissatisfaction and general alienation of incumbents in seven nonfactory and nonoffice occupations ranging across the prestige hierarchy are examined and compared. Our findings challenge some rather commonly accepted (if seldom tested) social science generalizations. Neither status nor self-direction at the workplace were important predictors of the dependent variables, and the spillover model linking work dissatisfaction to general alienation received little support from our data. Contrary to most predictions from the literature, there were no significant differences between the lowest status garbage collectors and the highest status professors on work satisfaction or alienation measures. Two occupations in the middle range of the prestige hierarchy (mail carriers and high school teachers), however, reported unexpectedly high scores on both dependent variables. These and other unpredicted findings are discussed, bringing in some of the workers' own comments to help explain the quantitative results, and two hypotheses for further investigation are suggested.
The Whistleblowing Process
Authors: NEAR JANET P. , JENSEN TAMILA C.
Published: March 2007

Little empirical work has been completed on the whistleblowing process in organizations. This study examines questionnaire data from 72 respondents who blew the whistle on their employers with regard to alleged sex discrimination. Results indicate that whistleblowers considered the process to be more effective when their cases were determined to have merit and when they felt they had succeeded in changing management's attitudes. Retaliation by employer had little influence on whether the whistleblower considered the process to be effective. Further, retaliation was less likely to occur when the whistleblower's case was determined to have merit.
Career Lives of Women in France and Canada
Authors: SYMONS GLADYS L.
Published: March 2007

This article compares certain aspects of the work and private lives of women managers in private industry in France and Canada. These women have succeeded in carving out careers in essentially masculine occupations, and an attempt is made to understand their achievement as they themselves perceive it. The article also analyzes the implications of the presence of women in management for greater equality of opportunity in the work place. The analysis is part of a larger cross-cultural study comparing the condition of women managers in anglophone Canada, Quebec, and France.
Equal Work, Unequal Pay
Authors: KEMP ALICE ABEL , BECK E. M.
Published: March 2007

Despite legislative and legal aids designed to reduce the persistent earnings inequality between employed males and females, there is little evidence of improvement over the past 40 years. One difficulty with research on this topic has been the inability to distinguish gender discrimination—unequal pay for equal work—from earnings differences due to dissimilar work. This article describes an empirical method to identify work-similar occupations using selected measures from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (U.S. Department of Labor, 1977b). With a collection of workhomogeneous occupations, we examine male-female earnings differences within these occupations and find that discrimination against females is extensive. Therefore, although there is much attention today on the issue of comparable worth, it appears we have yet to achieve equal pay for equal work.
The Relationship of Work History to Self-Definition of Employment Status among Older Women
Authors: CONNIDIS INGRID
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship of six work history dimensions to the self-definitions of employment status among older women. Women defining themselves as retired are compared to women defining themselves as housewives despite having worked outside the home. Work continuity, type of occupation, and work satisfaction do not vary significantly between the retired and housewives. However, the two employment-status groups do differ significantly in number of years worked, age at which they stopped work, and full- versus part-time employment. These relationships generally continue to hold when marital status and age are introduced as control variables. The implications of these findings for the comparative study of women's work and for the study of women and retirement are discussed.
Modeling the Effects of Industrial Structure on Wages and Benefits
Authors: HODSON RANDY
Published: March 2007

Previous research on the role of industrial structure in the earnings determination process has focused on concentration and unionization as barriers to competitive market forces. This focus has tended to discount the role of other dimensions of industrial structure in the process of earnings determination. Previous research has also been limited by a restrictive focus on manufacturing industries. This article addresses these issues by estimating a model of industrial structure and earnings that systematically considers dimensions of industrial structure other than concentration and unionization and that is estimated across all industries. The principal findings include an affirmation of the powerful roles of trade unions and government involvement in influencing both wages and benefits and the discovery of a negative effect of market concentration. These findings are interpreted within a resource perspective that views organizational structure as providing a source of potential power for both workers and owners in their struggle over improving earnings versus holding down labor costs. It is hoped that these findings will stimulate theoretical debate in this field as well as motivating the development of data sets that are more adequate for evaluating the role of industrial structure across all industries.
Reactions to Blue-Collar Work
Authors: LOSCOCCO KARYN A.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the levels and determinants of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among blue-collar women and men in an assessment of the gender role and job structure perspectives on work attitudes. The results, based on samples of 2,489 men and 1,070 women who work in midwestern factories, suggest that women's reactions to work are formed in ways which contradict traditional gender role interpretations of the relationship of women to paid work. These women's job satisfaction and organizational commitment are affected most by the intrinsic and financial rewards which their jobs provide, as is true of their male counterparts. Still, there are gender differences in the formation of work attitudes which are consistent with the feminist strand of the gender model. This suggests that both theory and social policy must consider the work-related and nonwork manifestations of the gender role division of labor. Given their different positions in the gender stratification system, there is remarkable similarity between women and men regarding the influences of specific personal and job characteristics on reactions to work.
A Note on the Applicability of an Organizational Commitment Model
Authors: ARYEE SAMUEL , HENG LAU JOO
Published: March 2007

The applicability of Porter's commitment model was tested among two employee levels in a manufacturing and service company. Data were obtained from supervisory and shopfloor employees using a structured questionnaire. The findings indicate that the model is moderately adequate in predicting commitment among both levels of respondents in the two organizations, but the antecedents differ among respondents within and between organizations. Second, the commitment-outcome component of the model is only applicable to the service company in predicting performance, turnover intentions, and extra-role behaviors but not to the manufacturing company (except extra-role behaviors of shopfloor respondents). It is suggested that managers who wish to enhance the behavioral outcomes of commitment should first test the applicability of the model to their specific organizations.
The Contrasting Effects of Social, Organizational, and Economic Variables on Farm Production
Authors: SIMPSON IDA HARPER , WILSON JOHN , JACKSON ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

This article draws on the intellectual traditions of industrial sociology to argue that social organizational variables as well as economic inputs affect production. Using a sample of 683 North Carolina farms, varying in size from 50 acres or fewer to more than 4,500 acres, the study found that the social organization of production and the occupational community of farming significantly affect production, net of the influences of agricultural resources, and the sociodemographic characteristics of the farm operators. Participation in the occupational community and having a production organization that is family based, with relatively high variation across status groups in task performance, have substantial payoff in farm sales. Resources prove to be more important for the productiveness of small farms, whereas social organizational influences are more significant for medium to large farms, suggesting that farms must achieve a minimum scale of operations for social organizational variables to be most effective.
Jobs, Authority, and Earnings Among Managers
Authors: RESKIN BARBARA F. , ROSS CATHERINE E.
Published: March 2007

Explanations for women's historic underrepresentation in managerial jobs include actual or assumed sex differences in relevant qualifications, institutional barriers, and men's desire to retain the advantages afforded by managerial status. To the extent that women's increasing representation in managerial jobs stems from declines in real and stereotyped sex differences in qualifications, management jobs should afford women both the organizational authority and the rewards authority customarily gives men. If women's greater share of managerial jobs represent employers' minimal response to antidiscrimination pressures, managers' sex should continue to affect their authority and rewards, net of their inputs and organizational status. This article investigates these alternatives by examining the effect of sex in the access to and returns to authority, using data from a survey of self-described managers. Analyses revealed that women managers were concentrated low in chains of command, that they tended to supervise workers of their own sex, and that their role in decision making was primarily providing input into decisions that men made. Net of education, experience, type of employer, and organizational level, being female reduced the scope of managers' decision-making authority. Moreover, making organizational decisions raised men's but not women's earnings. These results suggest that the desegregation of managerial occupations does not signal the declining significance of sex in workplace authority.
Gendered Instructions
Authors: STEINBERG RONNIE J.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the structure of gender bias in the Hay system, the dominant system of job evaluation. It shows not only how the system perpetuates gender-based occupational assumptions stemming from its origins in the 1940s and 1950s, but also how it conceals these assumptions under a veneer of gender neutrality. The Hay system consistently values male-dominated management functions over nonmanagement functions more likely to be performed by women.
Gender Differences in Organizational Commitment
Authors: MARSDEN PETER V. , KALLEBERG ARNE L. , COOK CYNTHIA R.
Published: March 2007

Data obtained from the 1991 “Work Organizations” module of the General Social Survey (GSS) reveal a small but significant tendency for employed men to display higher organizational commitment (OC) than employed women do. This article examines the gender differences and factors that arguably heighten or dampen it. The authors consider both job models highlighting gender differences on job attributes such as autonomy or rewards, and gender models that stress socialization, family ties, and differential labor market opportunities. They find that the primary explanation for the gender difference is that men are more likely than women to hold jobs with commitment-enhancing features. Gender differences in family ties do little to affect male-female OC difference. When job attributes, career variables, and family ties are simultaneously controlled, the authors find that, if anything, women tend to exhibit slightly greater OC. Contrary to implications of some gender models, the correlates of OC do not appear to be appreciably different for men and women.
Skill Requirements at Work
Authors: DARRAH CHARLES
Published: March 2007

The role of education in preparing the workforce is affected by the changing nature of work. The latter is typically described by a concept of skill requirements that is used to analyze jobs and workers. This concept is based upon three tenets, each of which mold our understanding of work. Fieldwork conducted in four workplaces is used to assess and critique these tenets and the picture of work they support. Suggestions for alternative analyses are discussed.
Taking It or Leaving It
Authors: SCHELLENBERG KATHRYN
Published: March 2007

It is widely argued that organizations are becoming increasingly unstable, This is a trend that threatens to impair the operation of internal labor markets and undermine other bureaucratic or corporatist incentives that raise workers' commitment to their employers. Using longitudinal case study data, the author supports the hypothesis that organizational instability raises workers' propensities to quit their jobs (independent of whether or not job security is threatened). This finding suggests that labor market and turnover research that fails to take change into account may be seriously flawed and raises a number of important questions that might be addressed in future research.
Effects of Public and Private Policies on Working after Childbirth
Authors: HOFFERTH SANDRA L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the impact of parental leave laws, policies that help families balance work and family life, and the supply, cost, and quality of substitutes for the mother's time on how soon mothers begin working outside the home following childbirth. The data come from the National Child Care Survey 1990, a survey of 4,400 families with children under age 13, and A Profile of Child Care Settings, a study of child care centers conducted at the same time in the same communities. The sample consists of 613 mothers who had a child in the year before the survey. Proportional hazards models were used to model the effects of policies on the risk of working within the year after childbirth, controlling for characteristics of the mother and the family. The results suggest that employer policies affect how quickly mothers who had been employed prior to the birth reenter the workforce.