bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological characterization of dehydrated amniotic membrane allograft: Mechanisms of action and implications for wound care
Authors: Moore Marc C. , Bonvallet Paul P. , Damaraju Sita M. , Modi Heli N. , Gandhi Ankur , McFetridge Peter S.
Published: May 2020

There is a growing clinical demand in the wound care market to treat chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers. Advanced cell and tissue‐based products (CTPs) are often used to address challenging chronic wounds where healing has stalled. These products contain active biologics such as growth factors and cytokines as well as structural components that support and stimulate cell growth and assist in tissue regeneration. This study addresses the in vitro biologic effects of a clinically available dehydrated amniotic membrane allograft (DAMA). The broad mechanism of action results from DAMA's biologic composition that leads to stimulation of cell migration cell proliferation, and reduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Results show that DAMA possesses growth factors and cytokines such as EGF, FGF, PDGFs, VEGF, TGF‐β, IL‐8, and TIMPs 1 and 2. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrate that DAMA stimulates cell proliferation, cell migration, secretion of collagen type I, and the reduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α. This study findings are consistent with the clinical benefits previously published for DAMA and other CTPs in chronic wounds suggesting that the introduction of DAMA to non‐healing, complex wounds helps to improve the wound milieu by providing essential structural components, cytokines, and growth factors to create an appropriate environment for wound healing.
A Risk Assessment Tool for Predicting Fragility Fractures and Mortality in the Elderly
Authors: Tran Thach , Bliuc Dana , Pham Hanh M , van Geel Tineke , Adachi Jonathan D , Berger Claudie , van den Bergh Joop , Eisman John A , Geusens Piet , Goltzman David , Hanley David A , Josse Robert G , Kaiser Stephanie M , Kovacs Christopher S , Langsetmo Lisa , Prior Jerilynn C , Nguyen Tuan V , Center Jacqueline R ,   for the CaMos Research Group
Published: May 2020

Existing fracture risk assessment tools are not designed to predict fracture-associated consequences, possibly contributing to the current undermanagement of fragility fractures worldwide. We aimed to develop a risk assessment tool for predicting the conceptual risk of fragility fractures and its consequences. The study involved 8965 people aged ≥60 years from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study and the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. Incident fracture was identified from X-ray reports and questionnaires, and death was ascertained though contact with a family member or obituary review. We used a multistate model to quantify the effects of the predictors on the transition risks to an initial and subsequent incident fracture and mortality, accounting for their complex interrelationships, confounding effects, and death as a competing risk. There were 2364 initial fractures, 755 subsequent fractures, and 3300 deaths during a median follow-up of 13 years (interquartile range [IQR] 7–15). The prediction model included sex, age, bone mineral density, history of falls within 12 previous months, prior fracture after the age of 50 years, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, chronic pulmonary diseases, hypertension, and cancer. The model accurately predicted fragility fractures up to 11 years of follow-up and post-fracture mortality up to 9 years, ranging from 7 years after hip fractures to 15 years after non-hip fractures. For example, a 70-year-old woman with a T-score of −1.5 and without other risk factors would have 10% chance of sustaining a fracture and an 8% risk of dying in 5 years. However, after an initial fracture, her risk of sustaining another fracture or dying doubles to 33%, ranging from 26% after a distal to 42% post hip fracture. A robust statistical technique was used to develop a prediction model for individualization of progression to fracture and its consequences, facilitating informed decision making about risk and thus treatment for individuals with different risk profiles. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
MRI‐Related Heating of Implants and Devices: A Review
Authors: Winter Lukas , Seifert Frank , Zilberti Luca , Murbach Manuel , Ittermann Bernd
Published: May 2020

During an MRI scan, the radiofrequency field from the scanner's transmit coil, but also the switched gradient fields, induce currents in any conductive object in the bore. This makes any metallic medical implant an additional risk for an MRI patient, because those currents can heat up the surrounding tissues to dangerous levels. This is one of the reasons why implants are, until today, considered a contraindication for MRI; for example, by scanner manufacturers. Due to the increasing prevalence of medical implants in our aging societies, such general exclusion is no longer acceptable. Also, it should be no longer needed, because of a much‐improved safety‐assessment methodology, in particular in the field of numerical simulations. The present article reviews existing literature on implant‐related heating effects in MRI. Concepts for risk assessment and quantification are presented and also some first attempts towards an active safety management and risk mitigation.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 5
Glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives as potential alternative medicine to relieve symptoms in nonhospitalized COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Ding Hong , Deng Wenjun , Ding Lingling , Ye Xiaoqun , Yin Shanye , Huang Weishan
Published: May 2020

SARS‐CoV‐2 is highly infectious, and infection by this virus results in COVID‐19, manifesting predominantly symptoms in the lower respiratory system. Detection of viral genomic materials by RT‐PCR is the gold standard for diagnosis. Suspected COVID‐19 patients who had a documented history of exposure and exhibited symptoms, but did not have positive PCR test results, were generally self‐quarantined with prescriptions aiming to help attenuate their symptoms. These prescriptions are however neither specific nor highly effective for COVID‐19 treatment. Given the rapidly growing pandemic and the overwhelmed medical system, the number of self‐quarantined patients is increasing. There is an urgent need of alternative medicine to help patients relieve symptoms during self‐quarantine, and to potentially help increase their chances of survival and recovery from the infection. We report here a case of severe COVID‐19 that never had a positive PCR test result during disease progression but was confirmed with antibody test post recovery. This patient was self‐quarantined and received diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG), a steroid‐like molecule, in combination with vitamin C as alternative medicine. This patient went through severe COVID‐19 but eventually recovered upon the implementation of this treatment regimen, suggesting potential therapeutic effects of DG as alternative medicine to help relieve COVID‐19 symptoms.
Neonatal Refeeding Syndrome and Clinical Outcome in Extremely Low‐Birth‐Weight Babies: Secondary Cohort Analysis From the ProVIDe Trial
Authors: Cormack Barbara E. , Jiang Yannan , Harding Jane E. , Crowther Caroline A. , Bloomfield Frank H. ,   for the ProVIDe Trial Group
Published: May 2020

Background

Refeeding syndrome (RS) following preterm birth has been linked to high intravenous (IV) protein intake in the presence of low electrolyte supply. In extremely low‐birth‐weight (ELBW) babies, we aimed to determine the incidence of RS and associations with birth characteristics and clinical outcomes.

Method

Prospective cohort study of ELBW ProVIDe Trial participants in 6 New Zealand neonatal intensive care units. RS was defined as serum phosphate < 1.4 mmol.L−1 and total calcium > 2.8 mmol.L−1. Relationships between RS and other factors were explored using 2‐sample tests and logistic regression adjusted for sex, gestation, and birth‐weight z‐score.

Results

Of 338 babies (mean [SD] birth‐weight, 780 (134) g, gestational age, 25.9 [1.7] weeks), 68 (20%) had RS. Mortality was greater in babies with RS (32% vs 11%; P < .0001). More small‐ than appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age babies developed RS (22% vs 8%; P = .001). Growth from birth to 36 weeks’ corrected age was not different between babies who did and did not have RS. In logistic regression, the odds of RS decreased by 70% for each 1 mmol per kg−1.d−1 IV phosphate intake (odds ratio [OR], 0.3; CI, 0.1–0.6; P = .002) and increased by 80% for each 1 g.kg−1.d−1 IV protein intake (OR, 1.8; CI, 1.3–2.7; P = .002).

Conclusions

Neonatal RS is common in this cohort of ELBW babies and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Optimizing phosphate and calcium intakes in IV nutrition solutions may reduce RS and its consequences.
Residue behavior and removal of iprodione in garlic, green garlic, and garlic shoot
Authors: Bian Yanli , Wang Juan , Liu Fengmao , Mao Biming , Huang Hongwei , Xu Jingyi , Li Xiaohan , Guo Yangyang
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Iprodione is considered to be an endocrine‐disturbing pesticide, which could harm consumers. The garlic crop has three edible parts: the garlic, the green garlic, and the garlic shoot, which correspond to different stages of its growth. In this study, iprodione residue dissipation and distribution in these three edible parts were investigated, and dietary risk was evaluated.

RESULTS

Iprodione residues were present in these samples in the following order: green garlic > garlic shoot > > garlic. The dissipation of iprodione in green garlic was slow with a half‐life of 5.82–19.25 days. A very high RQchronic value of 207.35–407.30% suggested that the residual iprodione in green garlic had an unacceptable level of risk. Iprodione residue was significantly eliminated (59–90%) by an alkaline solution. The order for removing iprodione by soaking was the alkaline solutions (0.5% and 2% NaHCO3) > the acidic solutions (5% and 10% of vinegar) ≈ the neutral solutions (the 1% and 2% of table salt) > tap water. Processing factors (PFs) were <1, indicating that processing could decrease the iprodione residue level.

CONCLUSION

This work could contribute to establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) for iprodione in garlic, green garlic, and garlic shoots, and could provide guidance on the safe and appropriate use of iprodione in the garlic crop. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Phytostimulant properties of highly stable silver nanoparticles obtained with saponin extract from Chenopodium quinoa
Authors: Segura Rodrigo , Vásquez Gustavo , Colson Emmanuel , Gerbaux Pascal , Frischmon Caroline , Nesic Aleksandra , García Danni E , Cabrera‐Barjas Gustavo
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is an Andean original pseudocereal with high nutritional value. During quinoa processing, large amounts of saponin‐rich husks byproducts are obtained. Quinoa saponins, which are biologically active, could be used for various agriculture purposes. Silver nanoparticles have increasingly attracted attention for the management of crop diseases in agriculture. In this work, silver nanoparticles are synthesized by a sustainable and green method, using quinoa husk saponin extract (QE) to evaluate their potential for application in agriculture as biostimulants.

RESULTS

Quinoa extract was obtained and characterized by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Sixteen saponin congeners were successfully identified and quantified. The QE obtained was used as a reducing agent for silver ions to synthesize silver nanoparticles (QEAgNPs) under mild conditions. The morphology, particle size, and stability of Ag nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV‐visible), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDS), zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR‐ATR). Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy measurements confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles in the presence of QE, with estimated particle sizes in a range between 5 and 50 nm. According to the zeta potential values, highly stable nanoparticles were formed. The QE and QEAgNPs (200–1000 μg/mL) were also tested in radish seed bioassay to evaluate their phytotoxicity. The seed germination assays revealed that QEAgNPs possessed a phytostimulant effect on radish seeds in a dose‐dependent manner, and no phytotoxicity was observed for both QE and QEAgNPs.

CONCLUSION

Silver nanoparticles obtained by a so‐called ‘green’ method could be considered as good candidates for application in the agricultural sector for seed treatment, or as foliar sprays and plant‐growth‐promoters. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Discrimination of milk species using Raman spectroscopy coupled with partial least squares discriminant analysis in raw and pasteurized milk
Authors: Yazgan Nazife N , Genis Huseyin E , Bulat Tugba , Topcu Ali , Durna Sahin , Yetisemiyen Atila , Boyaci Ismail H
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Heat treatment is the most common practice for the microbiological safety of milk; hence, determination of the heat treatment of milk is essential. Also, mislabeling or adulteration of expensive milk samples, like ewe or goat milk, with cow's milk is a growing problem in the dairy market. Thus, the determination of the authenticity of milk samples has crucial importance for both producers and consumers. The aim of this study was to discriminate milk samples using Raman spectroscopy with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA), first with regard to whether the milk was heat‐treated or not, and second with regard to species (cow, goat, ewe, mixture (adulterated)) in both raw and pasteurized milk.

RESULTS

First, discrimination of milk samples as raw or pasteurized was achieved using PLS‐DA. Both in calibration and prediction models, high sensitivity and specificity values were obtained for raw and pasteurized milk samples. Second, the proposed method also discriminated milk samples according to their species (cow, goat, ewe, and mixture) for both raw and pasteurized milk. In both calibration and prediction models, the sensitivity and specificity values were above 0.857 and 0.897 respectively. Also, the accuracy values were above 0.915. The results obtained denote satisfactory accurate classification of the samples.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that Raman spectroscopy coupled with PLS‐DA can be successfully used to discriminate milk samples according to heat treatment (raw/pasteurized) and their species within 20 s per sample. It was seen that Raman spectra provide valuable information to be used especially for discrimination of milk samples according to their origin. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Precipitation and Reproduction are Negatively Associated with Female Turkey Survival
Authors: Yarnall Michael J. , Litt Andrea R. , Lehman Chadwick P. , Rotella Jay J.
Published: May 2020

Understanding how reproductive tradeoffs act in concert with abiotic elements to affect survival is important for effective management and conservation of wildlife populations, particularly for at‐risk or harvested species. Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are a high‐interest species for consumptive and non‐consumptive uses, and female survival is a primary factor influencing turkey population dynamics. We radio‐tracked and collected survival data on 140 female Merriam's wild turkeys (M. g. merriami) in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota, USA, 2016–2018. We developed and compared a set of candidate models to evaluate how nest incubation, brood rearing, and precipitation could be associated with female survival. Increased time spent incubating was associated with reduced female survival. Additionally, daily precipitation was associated with reduced survival of incubating females. Seasonal survival was lowest during spring and winter. A female that did not incubate a nest was predicted to have a higher rate of annual survival (0.53, 85% CI = 0.48–0.59) than a female that incubated a single nest (0.47, 85% CI = 0.42–0.53). Despite the relative proximity of population segments, we estimated that annual survival for nesting and non‐nesting females was lower in the northern Black Hills compared to annual female survival in the southern Black Hills, underscoring the need for region‐specific data when possible. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Surgical Resection is Justifiable for Oral T4b Squamous Cell Cancers With Masticator Space Invasion
Authors: Baddour H. Michael , Ochsner Matthew C. , Patel Mihir R. , Switchenko Jeffrey M. , Beitler Jonathan J. , Magliocca Kelly , Baugnon Kristen L. , Solares Clementino A. , Steuer Conor E. , El‐Deiry Mark W.
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To examine survival endpoints in patients with tumor (T)4b oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) with pathologically proven masticator space invasion treated with primary surgery followed by adjuvant therapy.

Study Design

Retrospective review at an academic cancer center.

Methods

Twenty‐five patients with T4b OCSCC with pathologic masticator space invasion were treated with primary surgery from May 2012 to December 2016. Only patients with ≥ 2 years follow‐up from date of surgery were included. Sixteen patients received adjuvant chemoradiation.

Results

Median follow‐up time was 39 months from date of surgery. Overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), and recurrence‐free survival at 24 months were 44.0%, 63.2%, and 52.6%, respectively. On univariate analyses, adjuvant chemoradiation was associated with improved OS. Advanced age and prolonged length of hospital stay was associated with worse OS.

Conclusion

For pT4b OCSCCA involving the masticator space, primary surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemoradiation demonstrates 24‐month DSS of > 50% and OS of 44%.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:E466–E472, 2021
Characterizing ventilation events in an anoxic coastal basin: Observed dynamics and the role of climatic drivers
Authors: Kelly Seán , de Eyto Elvira , Dillane Mary , Poole Russell , White Martin
Published: May 2020

Restricted horizontal exchange and vertical stratification restrict ventilation of bottom waters in many coastal systems, leading to stagnant basin water conditions. Dense inflows from oceanic sources can lead to dramatic changes in basin‐scale properties over very short timescales. Here, we used a semi‐enclosed coastal basin with deep‐anoxia (Lough Furnace) as a test bed, in order to discern estuary‐ocean exchange dynamics that lead to irregular and ephemeral deep‐water ventilations. Measured densities and current profiler‐based estimates of volume fluxes were used to compute typical renewal times of individual water masses in the stratified inner basin. Renewal timescales were primarily determined by freshwater flux and the spring‐neap tidal cycle. The deployment period culminated with observations of a ventilation of the basin water which had been stagnant for over 2.5 yr. Entrainment of ambient resident water doubled the volume of the dense plume and diluted its oxygen content. Following ventilation, the volumetric extent of anoxia expanded by 20% within several months, owing to uplifting of old basin water and oxygen consumption in the new basin water. Founded on these observations, a predictive model was constructed relying only on freshwater, atmospheric pressure, and wind data and successfully recreated ventilation events over the past decade. Hindcasting the model back multiple decades implied contrasting periods of higher and lower frequency variability in ventilation occurrence. This model offers a diagnostic tool for assessing how climatic change may influence the oxygen climate in systems that experience contrasting regimes of suboxia and ventilation.
Daily salt intake is associated with leg edema and nocturnal urinary volume in elderly men
Authors: Yoshikawa Motokiyo , Torimoto Kazumasa , Hirayama Akihide , Kiba Keisuke , Yamamoto Yutaka , Akashi Yasunori , Shimizu Nobutaka , Tanaka Nobumichi , Uemura Hirotsugu , Fujimoto Kiyohide
Published: May 2020

Aims

There is accumulating evidence that excessive salt intake contributes to nocturnal polyuria. We aimed to investigate the relationship between salt intake, leg edema, and nocturnal urine volume (NUV) to assess the etiology of nocturnal polyuria.

Methods

A total of 56 men aged ≥60 years who were hospitalized for benign prostatic hyperplasia or with suspected prostatic cancer were enrolled. Urine frequency‐volume charts of the patients were maintained, and they underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis twice daily (at 5:00 pm and 6:00 am) and examination of blood (brain natriuretic peptide levels) and urine (sodium and creatinine levels and osmotic pressure) samples once daily (at 6:00 am). Free‐water clearance, solute clearance, and sodium clearance at night were measured, and daily salt intake was estimated.

Results

The data of 52 patients were analyzed. Daily salt intake positively correlated with leg edema at 5:00 pm, differences in leg extracellular fluid levels between 5:00 pm and 6:00 am, and NUV, but not with diurnal urine volume. Partial correlation coefficients showed that salt intake was a factor of the correlation between NUV and change in extracellular volume in the legs between 5:00 pm and 6:00 am. A multivariate logistic model showed that sleep duration and sodium clearance were independent predictive factors for nocturnal polyuria.

Conclusions

Sodium intake correlates with diurnal leg edema and NUV in elderly men. These results provide evidence supporting sodium restriction as an effective treatment for nocturnal polyuria.
Brazilian berry extract (Myrciaria jaboticaba): A promising therapy to minimize prostatic inflammation and oxidative stress
Authors: Lamas Celina A. , Kido Larissa A. , Hermes Túlio A. , Nogueira‐Lima Ellen , Minatel Elaine , Collares‐Buzato Carla B. , Maróstica Mário R. , Cagnon Valéria H. A.
Published: May 2020

Background

Brazilian berry is a fruit popularly known as “Jaboticaba,” rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Senescence and overweight are increasing worldwide and are considered risk factors to prostatic pathogenesis mainly due to oxidative and inflammatory processes induction. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of two increasing doses of the patented jaboticaba peel extract (PJE) on oxidative‐stress and inflammation in the prostate of aging or high‐fat‐fed aging mice.

Methods

PJE and/or high‐fat diet (HFD) treatments started with 11‐month‐old mice and lasted 60 days. The levels or the immunoexpression of different inflammatory (nuclear factor κB [NFκB], CD3+, cyclooxygenase 2 [COX‐2], toll‐like receptor 4 [TLR4], phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 [pSTAT‐3], tumor necrosis factor α [TNF‐α], interleukin 6 [IL‐6], and IL‐1β) and oxidative‐stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase 2 [SOD2], glutathione reductase [GSR], reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase 3 [GPx3]) related molecules were analyzed by western‐blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

Both PJE doses reduced the levels of oxidative‐stress‐related molecules (GPx3, GSR, catalase), lipid peroxidation (4‐hydroxynonenal), inflammatory mediators (COX‐2, TNF‐α, and pSTAT‐3) and CD3+ T cells number, which were associated with the maintenance of the glandular morphological integrity in aging and HFD‐fed‐aging mice. Nevertheless, only the high PJE dose reduced the NFκB and TLR4 levels in aging mice; and SOD2, IL‐6, and IL‐1β levels in HFD‐aging mice. Aging itself promoted an oxidative inflammation in the prostate, interfering in the levels of the different oxidative‐stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory mediators evaluated, in association with high incidence of prostate epithelial and stromal damages. The HFD intake intensified aging alterations, showing an unfavorable prostatic microenvironment prone to oxidative and inflammatory damages.

Conclusions

PJE exerted a dose‐dependent effect controlling inflammation and oxidative‐stress in aging and HFD‐fed aging mice prostate. This fact contributed to prostate microenvironment balance recovery, preserving the tissue architecture of this gland. Thus, the PJE emerges as a potential therapy to prevent inflammation and oxidative stress in the prostate.
Smart Honeycomb “Mechanical Metamaterials” with Tunable Poisson's Ratios
Authors: Grima-Cornish James N. , Cauchi Reuben , Attard Daphne , Gatt Ruben , Grima Joseph N.
Published: May 2020

Mechanical metamaterials represent a class of deformable systems, which exhibit macroscopic deformations, mechanical, and/or thermal properties. These emerge due to the structure of their subunits rather than their materials composition and typically exhibit anomalous (normally negative) macroscopic structural, mechanical, or thermal property/properties caused by a change in shape/size of the system. Herein, a class of honeycombs is discussed, which push to the extreme the classical definition of “mechanical metamaterials,” exhibiting temperature‐tunable Poisson's ratio properties. More specifically, centrosymmetric honeycombs with T‐shaped joints constructed from different materials are shown to exhibit temperature‐dependent Poisson's ratio values, which can be either positive or negative (auxetic) depending on the external stimulus the system is subjected to. The sign and magnitudes of the Poisson's ratio values are explained in terms of particular geometries that these composite honeycomb systems attain at different temperature conditions. In particular, auxeticity is attributed to the transformation of the T‐shaped units to re‐entrant units. Practical aspects on how these properties may be achieved are discussed, including the possibility that the changes in shape, and hence Poisson's ratios, are inducedviadifferent extents of dryness on opposite surfaces of ligaments made from absorbent materials.
Backward Magnetostatic Surface Spin Waves in Coupled Co/FeNi Bilayers
Authors: Song Wenjie , Wang Xiansi , Wang Wenfeng , Jiang Changjun , Wang Xiangrong , Chai Guozhi
Published: May 2020

Spin waves (SWs) in coupled Co/FeNi bilayers are probed by the Brillouin light‐scattering technique. Two types of SWs, magnetostatic surface spin waves (MSSWs) and perpendicular standing SWs, are identified. The dispersion relations of MSSWs obtained from the Stokes and anti‐Stokes measurements display, respectively, positive and negative group velocities. The anti‐Stokes branch with positive phase velocities and negative group velocities is called the backward magnetostatic surface mode that originates from the magnetostatic interaction in the bilayer. Experimental data agree well with our theoretical calculations. Our results are used to understand SWs propagation.
Exploring the relationship between the surface chemistry and the corrosion behavior of electropolymerized polypyrrole films deposited on the surgical ISO 5832‐1 stainless steel
Authors: Nascimento Camila Boldrini , dos Santos Silvano Leal , Venancio Everaldo Carlos , Antunes Renato Altobelli
Published: May 2020

In the present work, electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) films were obtained on the surface of the surgical ISO 5832‐1 stainless steel. The films were obtained from solutions containing 0.1M and 0.5M of the monomer by cyclic voltammetry deposition. The correlation between the surface chemistry of the as‐deposited films and the corrosion behavior of the coated substrate is explored. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the chemical state of the main elements in the PPy films. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization tests were employed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the PPy‐coated samples. The tests were conducted in phosphate‐buffered saline solution at 37°C. The measured corrosion current densities were dependent on the doping level of the PPy film and decreased with the reduction of the doping level of the PPy layer.
Is graphene formed on WC surface under glycerol lubrication? Yes
Authors: Chen Qi , Zhang Renhui , He Zhongyi , Xiong Liping , Wang Qing
Published: May 2020

Recently, most of the researchers focused on investigating the superlubricity of glycerol or glycerin/water solutions, yet all of them have no attempt to follow with performance about their lubricity under high load and fast rotational speed. In this article, the lubricity of glycerol was systematically investigated under 98 N and 1,450 rpm using a four‐ball wear machine. Interestingly, results showed that friction‐induced graphene layers were first discovered during sliding, meanwhile, friction‐induced graphene layers were closely related to the high flush temperature rise and catalysts. The synergy of graphene and glycerol elastohydrodynamic film on wear scar played an important role in obtaining low friction and wear‐less.
The Hybrids of Core‐Shell Chain‐like Nanostructure of Au@Porous Pd with Graphene for Energy Conversion Application
Authors: Das Sushanta K. , Chandra Sahu Subash , Ghosh Arnab , Kumar Jena Bikash
Published: May 2020

In this report, a slick aqueous method of synthesis for Au@ porous Pd core‐shell structure on graphene support is formulated. The as‐synthesized materials have been thoroughly characterized by different characterization techniques to reveal their discrete nanoscale arrangements. The performance of the as‐prepared nanostructures has been evaluated for the oxidation of methanol (MOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The combined effect of Au and graphene, as well as the unique nano chain‐like structures of Au@ porous Pd, exploits the enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards MOR and ORR for an energy conversion application. This report reveals the determining part of gold (Au) and graphene synergistic effect on the palladium (Pd) matrix towards the energy conversion application for the fuel cell.
An Efficient One‐Shot Metal‐Free Electrophilic Fluorination of 2‐Iminothiazolidine‐4‐one
Authors: Appalanaidu Killari , Dadmal Tulshiram L. , Patil Suvarna M. , Jagadeesh Babu N. , Laxmikanth Rao J. , Kumbhare Ravindra M.
Published: May 2020

A highly efficient one‐pot method for the synthesis of mono fluorinated thiazolidinone derivatives have been achieved through four component reaction of primary amines, aryl isothiocyanates, ethyl bromoacetate and Selectfluor as electrophilic fluorinating agent. This protocol is practically convenient and offers the advantage of conducting easily handled sequenceof reaction in single reactor with suitable solvent medium. Reaction of primary amines with aryl isothiocyanate access forthiourea formation followed by addition of ethyl bromoacetate afforded the thiazolidinone, further on addition ofSelectfluor provides desired mono fluorinated products in short time with keen reaction procedure.
TAPSO** : A Highly Efficient and Ecofriendly Catalyst for the Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates and Tetrahydropyridines **3‐[N‐Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]‐2‐hydroxypropanesulfonic acid
Authors: Sharma Rajneesh P. , Verma Usha K. , Kapoor Kamal K.
Published: May 2020

3‐[N‐Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]‐2‐hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (TAPSO) served as a highly efficient, biodegradable and cost effective catalyst for the synthesis of α‐aminophosphonates and tetrahydropyridines. This is the first report on the application of TAPSO as a catalyst in organic synthesis. The key features of this protocol are readily available starting materials, ecofriendly catalyst, operational simplicity and high yields.
Development of an Efficient Non‐Noble Metal Based Anode Electrocatalyst to Promote Methanol Oxidation Activity in DMFC
Authors: Yaqoob Lubna , Noor Tayyaba , Iqbal Naseem , Nasir Habib , Zaman Neelam , Rasheed Lubna , Yousuf Muhammad
Published: May 2020

In this research, electrocatalytic activity of cobalt benzene tricarboxylic acid metal organic framework (Co BTC MOF) and its reduced graphene oxide based composites (rGO/Co BTC) were investigated in an alkaline media for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Metal Organic frameworks (MOF) and their composites were solvothermally prepared and characterized via FTIR, EDX, SEM and XRD. Electrochemical studies were performed by cyclic voltammetry, electron impedance spectroscopy, chronoamperometry and cyclic stability. Among all the prepared composites, 1 wt % rGO/Co BTC MOF (1.07 mg cm−2) demonstrated a promising current density of 130 mA cm−2 at 1.59 V vs. RHE, a tafel slope of 83.6 mV dec−1 and resistance of 14.75 Ω in 1 M NaOH/ 2 M methanol solution showing much better performance than state‐of‐the‐art Pt based materials.
Formaldehyde Gas Adsorption in High‐Capacity Silver‐Nanoparticle‐Loaded ZIF‐8 and UiO‐66 Frameworks
Authors: Fu Chengming , Chen Tian , Xiao Tile , Song Yuecai , Odom Timothy , Liang Wenjie , Cai Jianfeng , Xu Hai
Published: May 2020

Metal‐organic framework (MOF) compounds ZIF‐8 and Uio‐66 were synthesized by the solvent‐thermal method; then loaded with silver nanoparticles and studied to determine their adsorption of formaldehyde gas. The results showed that when the loading of silver nanoparticles was 2.5 wt%, Ag NPs@ZIF‐8 had the highest adsorption rate for formaldehyde gas, with the adsorption capacity 8.2‐11.5 times greater than that of ZIF‐8. When the loading of silver nanoparticle was 5 wt%, the adsorption capacity of Ag NPs@Uio‐66 for formaldehyde gas was 1.75 times higher than that of Uio‐66.
Cytotoxicity of Platinum and Palladium Chelates against Osteosarcoma
Authors: Martins Ana S. , Batista de Carvalho Ana L.M. , Lamego Inês , Marques M.▪ Paula. M. , Gil Ana M.
Published: May 2020

This work reports the half maximal inhibitory concentrations, IC50, for conventional anti‐cancer drug oxaliplatin (OXA) and potential new drugs Pt2Cl2Spm (Pt2Spm) and Pd2Cl2Spm (Pd2Spm) (Spm=Spermine) against osteosarcoma (OS). IC50values provided by the (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Alamar Blue (AB) viability assays and cell density Sulforhodamine B (SRB) test were compared. Values obtained with MTT and AB were generally in agreement, and a tendency for lower IC50values was noted by SRB, for OXA and Pd2Spm. The relative suitability of different assays is discussed for each chelate. The IC50trend: cisplatin (cDDP)≈Pd2Spm<OXA<Pt2Spm, confirmed cDDP as the most cytotoxic PtII‐agent against OS and revealed a promising performance for Pd2Spm. Metal chelates were also tested in combination with doxorubicin and methotrexate, the results showing that, in general, cocktails achieved comparable end‐performances to that of combined cDDP, indicating that drug combination may circumvent low single‐drug cytotoxicity.
A human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cortical neuron human‐on‐a chip system to study Aβ42 and tau‐induced pathophysiological effects on long‐term potentiation
Authors: Caneus Julbert , Akanda Nesar , Rumsey John W. , Guo Xiufang , Jackson Max , Long Christopher J. , Sommerhage Frank , Georgieva Sanya , Kanaan Nicholas M. , Morgan David , Hickman James J.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The quest to identify an effective therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases, such as mild congitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), suffers from the lack of good human‐based models. Animals represent the most common models used in basic research and drug discovery studies. However, safe and effective compounds identified in animal studies often translate poorly to humans, yielding unsuccessful clinical trials.

Methods

A functional in vitro assay based on long‐term potentiation (LTP) was used to demonstrate that exposure to amyloid beta (Aβ42) and tau oligomers, or brain extracts from AD transgenic mice led to prominent changes in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)‐derived cortical neurons, notably, without cell death.

Results

Impaired information processing was demonstrated by treatment of neuron‐MEA (microelectrode array) systems with the oligomers and brain extracts by reducing the effects of LTP induction. These data confirm the neurotoxicity of molecules linked to AD pathology and indicate the utility of this human‐based system to model aspects of AD in vitro and study LTP deficits without loss of viability; a phenotype that more closely models the preclinical or early stage of AD.

Discussion

In this study, by combining multiple relevant and important molecular and technical aspects of neuroscience research, we generated a new, fully human in vitro system to model and study AD at the preclinical stage. This system can serve as a novel drug discovery platform to identify compounds that rescue or alleviate the initial neuronal deficits caused by Aβ42 and/or tau oligomers, a main focus of clinical trials.
Accelerators, Colliders and Their Application
Authors: Wilson E. , Holzer B. J.
Published: May 2020

Accelerators are modern, high precision tools with applications in a broad spectrum that ranges from material treatment, isotope production for nuclear physics and medicine, probe analysis in industry and research, to the production of high energy particle beams in physics and astronomy. At present about 35,000 accelerators exist world-wide, the majority of them being used for industrial and medical applications. Originally however the design of accelerators arose from the request in basic physics research, namely to study the basic constituents of matter.
The Largest Accelerators and Colliders of Their Time
Authors: Hübner K. , Ivanov S. , Steerenberg R. , Roser T. , Seeman J. , Oide K. , Mess Karl Hubert , Schmüser Peter , Bailey R. , Wenninger J.
Published: May 2020

The Study Group for a GeV-scale Proton Synchrotron was launched in 1952 at CERN. Initially, an up-scaled version of the 3 GeV Cosmotron was considered but soon a new design based on the newly discovered alternating-gradient principle and promising a proton energy of 30 GeV was adopted by the CERN Council in the same year. In order to limit cost the energy was subsequently limited to 25 GeV and the project led by J.B. Adams was approved in 1953. The final parameters were fixed in 1954 and construction started in 1955. The CPS [1] became operational towards the end of 1959 reaching an energy of 28 GeV [2, 3]. It has turned out to be an extremely versatile facility [4] (Table 10.1).
Design and Principles of Linear Accelerators and Colliders
Authors: Seeman J. , Schulte D. , Delahaye J. P. , Ross M. , Stapnes S. , Grudiev A. , Yamamoto A. , Latina A. , Seryi A. , Tomás García R. , Guiducci S. , Papaphilippou Y. , Bogacz S. A. , Krafft G. A.
Published: May 2020

Linear accelerators (linacs) use alternating radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles in a straight line. Linacs were invented about 95 years ago and have seen many significant technical innovations since. A wide range of particle beams have been accelerated with linacs including beams of electrons, positrons, protons, antiprotons, and heavy ions. Linac parameter possibilities include pulsed versus continuous wave, low and high beam powers, low and high repetition rates, low transverse emittance beams, short bunches with small energy spreads, and accelerated multiple bunches in a single pulse. The number of linacs around the world has grown tremendously with thousands of linacs in present use, many for medical therapy, in industry, and for research and development in a broad spectrum of scientific fields. Researchers have developed accelerators for scientific tools in their own right, being awarded several Nobel prizes. Moreover, linacs and particle accelerators in general have enabled many discovery level science experiments in related fields, resulting in many Nobel prizes as well.
The State and the Highly Skilled Immigrant
Authors: Weinar Agnieszka , Klekowski von Koppenfels Amanda
Published: May 2020

In this chapter we will discuss more closely the relationship between highly skilled migrants and the state, and the implications of that relationship for the migrants themselves.
Highly-Skilled Migrants in the Transatlantic Space: Between Settlement and Mobility
Authors: Weinar Agnieszka , Klekowski von Koppenfels Amanda
Published: May 2020

In this chapter we look deeper into the specific case of Global Northerners who migrate within the Global North. Their case is used as an illustration of the complexities of highly skilled migration; these complexities impact lives of even the seemingly privileged mobile skilled people moving within the trans-Atlantic space of freer movement. At the heart of our discussion is an examination of the tension between settlement and mobility.
Conclusions
Authors: Weinar Agnieszka , Klekowski von Koppenfels Amanda
Published: May 2020

This Chapter is the conclusion of the Reader, where we sum up our discussions and offer avenues for the future research.
Häusliche Isolation und Quarantäne gut überstehen
Authors: Jacobi Frank
Published: May 2020

Das neuartige Coronavirus SARS-CoV‑2 und die dadurch verursachte Krankheit mit offiziellem Namen „coronavirus disease 2019“ (COVID-19) zwingen weltweit zu drastischen Maßnahmen, die die massenhafte Ausbreitung eindämmen sollen. Hierzu zählt die weitestmögliche häusliche Isolation der Bevölkerung. Häusliche Isolation und Quarantäne sind aber Ausnahmesituationen, die die meisten Menschen noch nicht erlebt haben. Diese gesetzten Maßnahmen können auf die Psyche einwirken und für Betroffene sehr belastend sein. Hier helfen klare, in der Psychologie wissenschaftlich erforschte und bewährte Verhaltensmaßnahmen sowie mentale Strategien, diese Ausnahmesituation zu meistern.
Association of Baltic Sea and Mediterranean diets with frailty phenotype in older women, Kuopio OSTPRE-FPS study
Authors: Alaghehband Fatemeh Ramezan , Erkkilä Arja T. , Rikkonen Toni , Sirola Joonas , Kröger Heikki , Isanejad Masoud
Published: May 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the association between Baltic Sea diet (BSD) and Mediterranean diet (MED) with frailty.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis on the osteoporosis risk factor and prevention–fracture prevention study on 440 women aged 65–72 years. Frailty was ascertained with the presence of 3–5 and prefrailty 1–2 of the following criteria: weight loss ≥ 5%, low life satisfaction score, walking speed ≤ 0.51 m/s, handgrip strength divided by body mass index ≤ 0.67 kg/m2 and physical activity ≤ 2 h/week. Women answered to questionnaires on lifestyle factors and 3-day food record. BSD score was ascertained using intake of nine and MED score of eight foods or nutrients components from food record. Multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for age, energy intake, smoking, living status, marital status and intervention group evaluated associations between MED and BSD with frailty phenotype status.

Results

At 3-year follow-up, 206 women (46.8%) were prefrail and 36 (8.2%) were frail. After adjusting for confounders, a tendency was found between BSD per standard deviation (SD)-unit increase and lower likelihood of frailty (β = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.38–1.01, P = 0.057). Further, MED per SD-unit increase was associated with lower likelihood of prefrailty (β = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.6–0.9, P = 0.009). Consumption of vegetables was lower in frail (31.5 ± 36.0 g/day) and prefrail women (37.1 ± 42.0 g/day) than in non-frail women (48.6 ± 40.7 g/day) (P for trend = 0.041).

Conclusions

Positive behavioral characteristics such as following MED and BSD may be associated with lower likelihood of prefrailty and frailty in older women. However, further longitudinal analyses are warranted.
Risk of acute brain lesions in dizzy patients presenting to the emergency room: who needs imaging and who does not?
Authors: Machner Björn , Choi Jin Hee , Trillenberg Peter , Heide Wolfgang , Helmchen Christoph
Published: May 2020

The usefulness of brain imaging studies in dizzy patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) is controversial. We aimed to assess the ‘real-world’ probability of ischemic stroke and other acute brain lesions (ABLs) in these patients to create an algorithm that helps decision-making on whether which and when brain imaging is needed. By reviewing medical records, we identified 610 patients presenting with dizziness, vertigo or imbalance to our university hospital’s ED and receiving neurological workup. We collected timing/triggers of symptoms, ABCD2 score, focal neurological abnormalities, HINTS (head impulse, nystagmus, test-of-skew) and other central oculomotor signs. ABLs were extracted from CT/MRI reports. Uni-/multivariate logistic regression analyses investigated associations between clinical parameters and ABLs. Finally, the likelihood of ABLs was assessed for different clinically defined subgroups (‘dizziness syndromes’). Early CT (day 1) was performed in 539 (88%) and delayed MR imaging (median: day 4) in 299 (49%) patients. ABLs (89% ischemic stroke) were revealed in 75 (24%) of 318 patients with adequate imaging (MRI or lesion-positive CT). The risk for ABLs increased with the presence of central oculomotor signs (odds ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.5–5.2) or focal abnormalities (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.8–6.2). The likelihood of ABLs differed between dizziness syndromes, e.g., HINTS-negative acute vestibular syndrome: 0%, acute imbalance syndrome with ABCD2-score ≥ 4: 50%. We propose a clinical pathway, according to which patients with HINTS-negative acute vestibular syndrome should not receive brain imaging, whereas imaging is suggested in dizzy patients with acute imbalance, central oculomotor signs or focal abnormalities.
Association of screen time with long-term stress and temperament in preschoolers: results from the DAGIS study
Authors: Leppänen Marja H. , Sääksjärvi Katri , Vepsäläinen Henna , Ray Carola , Hiltunen Pauliina , Koivusilta Leena , Erkkola Maijaliisa , Sajaniemi Nina , Roos Eva
Published: May 2020

Screen time is increasing rapidly in young children. The aim of this study was to examine associations of long-term stress and temperament with screen time in Finnish preschool children and the moderating role of socioeconomic status. Cross-sectional DAGIS data were utilized. Long-term stress was assessed using hair cortisol concentration, indicating values of the past 2 months. Temperament was reported by the parents using the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (the Very Short Form), and three broad temperament dimensions were constructed: surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control. Screen time was reported by the parents over 7 days. The highest education level in the household was used as an indicator of socioeconomic status. In total, 779 children (mean age, 4.7 ± 0.9 years, 52% boys) were included in the study. Of the temperament dimensions, a higher effortful control was associated with less screen time (B = − 6.70, p = 0.002). There was no evidence for an association between hair cortisol concentration and screen time nor a moderating role of socioeconomic status in the associations (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that preschool children with a higher score in effortful control had less screen time. Because effortful control reflects general self-regulatory abilities, promoting these skills may be effective in reducing screen time in young children.

What is Known: • Screen time has increased rapidly during the last decades, and higher screen time has been linked with numerous adverse health consequences in children. • There are no previous studies investigating associations of long-term stress and temperament with screen time in young children.

What is New: • Of the temperament dimensions, effortful control was associated with higher screen time in preschool children, but there was no association found between long-term stress and screen time. • Since effortful control reflects general self-regulatory abilities, promoting these skills may be effective in reducing screen time in young children.