bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlocality and strength of interatomic interactions inducing the topological phonon phase transition
Authors: Tang Daosheng
Published: November 2024

Understanding phonon behavior in semiconductors from a topological physics perspective offers opportunities to uncover extraordinary phenomena related to phonon transport and electron–phonon interactions. While various types of topological phonons have been reported in different crystalline solids, their microscopic origins remain quantitatively unexplored. In this study, analytical interatomic force constant (IFC) models are employed for wurtzite GaN and AlN to establish relationships between phonon topology and real-space IFCs. The results demonstrate that variations in the strength and nonlocality of IFCs can induce phonon phase transitions in GaN and AlN through band reversal, leading to the emergence of new Weyl phonons at the boundaries and within the Brillouin zones. Among the observed Weyl points, some remain identical in both materials under simple IFC modeling, while others exhibit variability depending on the specific case. Compared to the strength of the IFCs, nonlocal interactions have a significantly larger impact on inducing topological phonon phase transitions, particularly in scenarios modeled by the IFC model and the SW potential. The greater number of the third nearest neighbor atoms in wurtzite AlN provides more room for variations in the topological phonon phase than in GaN, resulting in more substantial changes in AlN.
Aerodynamic and rheological impact on aerosol generation in a synthetic larynx model
Authors: Tur Bogac , Wendler Olaf , Berry David A. , Kniesburges Stefan
Published: November 2024

This study aims to investigate the fluid mechanical properties and particle dynamics of mucus in a biomimetic synthetic larynx model, focusing on aerosol and droplet formation under varying conditions of vocal fold adduction, oscillation frequency, and synthetic mucus liquids. A synthetic larynx model, equipped with multi-layered silicone vocal folds, was used to replicate human laryngeal dynamics and vocal fold oscillation. Two types of synthetic mucus, varying in visco-elastic properties, were used for aerosol generation. Vocal fold oscillations were driven by controlled airflow, and measurements of subglottal pressure, sound pressure levels, and particle velocities, which were acquired using high-speed cameras and laser-based high-speed particle image velocimetry. The surface of the synthetic vocal folds was treated to enhance wettability, mimicking human tissue more accurately. The study identified two distinct phonation modes characterized by different oscillation patterns and particle dynamics. The first phonation mode exhibited larger, more stable vortices and higher aerosol particle counts, while the second phonation mode showed higher oscillation frequencies with smaller, less coherent vortices and lower particle counts. The synthetic mucus with lower surface tension produced a higher number of aerosol particles and greater particle velocities compared to the mucus with higher surface tension. The results underscore the importance of mucus properties and vocal fold dynamics in aerosol generation. The study provides insights into the mechanisms of aerosol formation in the upper respiratory tract, with implications for understanding respiratory disease transmission.
An integrated workflow of history matching and production prediction for fractured horizontal wells
Authors: Zhan Wentao , Liu Deng , Zhao Hui , Zhou Yuhui , Rao Xiang
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a novel method for history matching and production prediction for fractured horizontal wells by combining the data space inversion method (DSI) with the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM), referred to as DSI-EDFM. In this approach, several initial numerical models with varying reservoir geological and fracture geometry parameters, but identical production schedules, are generated through random sampling and then run using the EDFM. The DSI method is subsequently employed to process the production data, creating a proxy model that matches actual historical data and predicts production performance by solving a quadratic optimization problem. A key improvement over the original DSI method is introduced, providing and proving the conditions under which the optimization problem derived from DSI is a positive definite quadratic optimization problem. With these conditions, the optimal solution can be directly obtained using the Newton method without any iterations. Furthermore, it is identified that overfitting issues frequently arise when using the Newton method for DSI. However, the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm effectively mitigates this problem, allowing the proposed DSI-EDFM to handle real reservoirs and uncertainty parameters efficiently. Three numerical examples are implemented to validate the method, including depleting development, water flooding operations, and the flush stage of fractured horizontal wells. The results demonstrate that the proposed DSI-EDFM achieves high accuracy in conducting history matching and performance prediction for fractured horizontal wells, even under complex flow model conditions and with a limited number of initial models. Additionally, the accuracy improves as the number of initial models increases.
Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook
Authors:   National Committee on Soil and Terrain
Published: November 2024

The Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook specifies methods and terminology for soil and land surveys. It is widely used throughout Australia, providing the official source of definitions and codes for the characterisation of landform, vegetation, land surface, soil and substrate.

This fourth edition incorporates significant revisions throughout, except for the Substrate chapter. Changes include the removal of redundant concepts, clarification of concepts and introduction of new concepts, as well as some restructuring of text. There has also been significant addition of text to some sections to fill in gaps and improve clarity of key concepts.

Specific updates include new terms added to the Landform chapter; a significant rewrite of the Vegetation chapter to make it more compliant with national standards and methods that have emerged in the last decade; and rearrangement of microrelief and expansion of the mass movement section in the Land Surface chapter.

Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook is Volume 1 in the Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbook Series.
Longevity in Carnaby’s Cockatoo (Zanda latirostris) Carnaby, 1948
Authors: Saunders Denis A. , Mawson Peter R. , Dawson Rick
Published: November 2024

Context Carnaby’s Cockatoo Zanda latirostris is an endangered species endemic to south-western Australia. It has been the subject of long-term studies of its ecology from 1969 to the present. Aims This paper examines the maximum recorded life of the species in the wild. Methods The life spans of eight wild Carnaby’s Cockatoos that were more than 20 years old were compared with longevity records of long-lived birds recorded on the banding registers in Australia, USA, and UK. Key results Eight wild Carnaby’s Cockatoos were recorded living from 21 to 35 years, putting the species in the top 2% of all bird species in the wild for which there are longevity records. Conclusions The longevity of Carnaby’s Cockatoo is similar to that of long-lived seabirds. Implications Several years of immaturity and low reproductive output mean that Carnaby’s Cockatoos must be long-lived for the species to be sustainable. Conservation actions need to minimise threats to the lives of adult cockatoos.
Nanoscale dynamics of Dynamin 1 helices reveals squeeze-twist deformation mode critical for membrane fission
Authors: Zhang Yuliang , Lillo Javier Vera , Mohamed Abdelrasoul Mahmoud Shaaban , Wang Yaqing , Arrasate Pedro , Frolov Vadim A. , Noy Aleksandr
Published: November 2024

Dynamin 1 (Dyn1) GTPase, a principal driver of membrane fission during synaptic endocytosis, self-assembles into short mechanoactive helices cleaving the necks of endocytic vesicles. While structural information about Dyn1 helix is abundant, little is known about the nanoscale dynamics of the helical scaffolding at the moment of fission, complicating mechanistic understanding of Dyn1 action. To address the role of the helix dynamics in fission, we used High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy (HS-AFM) and fluorescence microscopy to track and compare the spatiotemporal characteristics of the helices formed by wild-type Dyn1 and its K44A mutant impaired in GTP hydrolysis on minimal lipid membrane templates. In the absence of nucleotide, membrane-bound
WT
Dyn1 and
K44A
Dyn1 self-assembled into tubular protein scaffolding of similar diameter encaging the lipid bilayer. In both cases, the GTP addition caused scaffold constriction coupled with formation of 20 to 30 nm nanogaps in the protein coverage. While both proteins reached scaffold diameters characteristic for membrane superconstriction causing fission, the fission was detected only with
WT
Dyn1. We associated the fission activity with the dynamic evolution of the nanogaps:
K44A
Dyn1 gaps were static, while
WT
Dyn1 gaps actively evolved via repetitive nonaxisymmetric constriction-bending deformations caused by localized GTP hydrolysis. Modeling of the deformations implicated filament twist as an additional deformation mode which combines with superconstriction to facilitate membrane fission. Our results thus show that the dynamics of the Dyn1 helical scaffold goes beyond radial constriction and involves nonaxisymmetric deformations, where filament twist emerges as a critical driver of membrane fission.
Interstitial telomeric sequences promote gross chromosomal rearrangement via multiple mechanisms
Authors: Rosas Bringas Fernando R. , Yin Ziqing , Yao Yue , Boudeman Jonathan , Ollivaud Sandra , Chang Michael
Published: November 2024

Telomeric DNA sequences are difficult to replicate. Replication forks frequently pause or stall at telomeres, which can lead to telomere truncation and dysfunction. In addition to being at chromosome ends, telomere repeats are also present at internal locations within chromosomes, known as interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs). These sequences are unstable and prone to triggering gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs). In this study, we quantitatively examined the effect of ITSs on the GCR rate in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
using a genetic assay. We find that the GCR rate increases exponentially with ITS length. This increase can be attributed to the telomere repeat binding protein Rap1 impeding DNA replication and a bias of repairing DNA breaks at or distal to the ITS via de novo telomere addition. Additionally, we performed a genome-wide screen for genes that modulate the rate of ITS-induced GCRs. We find that mutation of core components of the DNA replication machinery leads to an increase in GCRs, but many mutants known to increase the GCR rate in the absence of an ITS do not significantly affect the GCR rate when an ITS is present. We also identified genes that promote the formation of ITS-induced GCRs, including genes with roles in telomere maintenance, nucleotide excision repair, and transcription. Our work thus uncovers multiple mechanisms by which an ITS promotes GCR.
Molecular architecture of synaptic vesicles
Authors: Kravčenko Uljana , Ruwolt Max , Kroll Jana , Yushkevich Artsemi , Zenkner Martina , Ruta Julia , Lotfy Rowaa , Wanker Erich E. , Rosenmund Christian , Liu Fan , Kudryashev Mikhail
Published: November 2024

Synaptic vesicles (SVs) store and transport neurotransmitters to the presynaptic active zone for release by exocytosis. After release, SV proteins and excess membrane are recycled via endocytosis, and new SVs can be formed in a clathrin-dependent manner. This process maintains complex molecular composition of SVs through multiple recycling rounds. Previous studies explored the molecular composition of SVs through proteomic analysis and fluorescent microscopy, proposing a model for an average SV (
1
). However, the structural heterogeneity and molecular architecture of individual SVs are not well described. Here, we used cryoelectron tomography to visualize molecular details of SVs isolated from mouse brains and inside cultured neurons. We describe several classes of small proteins on the SV surface and long proteinaceous densities inside SVs. We identified V-ATPases, determined a structure using subtomogram averaging, and showed them forming a complex with the membrane-embedded protein synaptophysin (Syp). Our bioluminescence assay revealed pairwise interactions between vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 and Syp

and V-ATPase Voe1 domains. Interestingly, V-ATPases were randomly distributed on the surface of SVs irrespective of vesicle size. A subpopulation of isolated vesicles and vesicles inside neurons contained a partially assembled clathrin coat with an icosahedral symmetry. We observed V-ATPases under clathrin cages in several isolated clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). Additionally, from isolated SV preparations and within hippocampal neurons we identified clathrin baskets without vesicles. We determined their and CCVs preferential location in proximity to the cell membrane. Our analysis advances the understanding of individual SVs' diversity and their molecular architecture.
A widespread family of ribosomal peptide metallophores involved in bacterial adaptation to metal stress
Authors: Leprevost Laura , Jünger Sophie , Lippens Guy , Guillaume Céline , Sicoli Giuseppe , Oliveira Lydie , Falcone Enrico , de Santis Emiliano , Rivera-Millot Alex , Billon Gabriel , Stellato Francesco , Henry Céline , Antoine Rudy , Zirah Séverine , Dubiley Svetlana , Li Yanyan , Jacob-Dubuisson Françoise
Published: November 2024

Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a structurally diverse group of natural products that bacteria employ in their survival strategies. Herein, we characterized the structure, the biosynthetic pathway, and the mode of action of a RiPP family called bufferins. With thousands of homologous biosynthetic gene clusters throughout the bacterial phylogenetic tree, bufferins form by far the largest family of RiPPs modified by multinuclear nonheme iron-dependent oxidases (MNIO, DUF692 family). Using
Caulobacter vibrioides
bufferins as a model, we showed that the conserved Cys residues of their precursors are transformed into 5-thiooxazoles, further expanding the reaction range of MNIO enzymes. This rare modification is installed in conjunction with a partner protein of the DUF2063 family. Bufferin precursors are rare examples of bacterial RiPPs found to feature an N-terminal Sec signal peptide allowing them to be exported by the ubiquitous Sec pathway. We reveal that bufferins are involved in copper homeostasis, and their metal-binding propensity requires the thiooxazole heterocycles. Bufferins enhance bacterial growth under copper stress by complexing excess metal ions. Our study thus describes a large family of RiPP metallophores and unveils a widespread but overlooked metal homeostasis mechanism in bacteria.
CB1R activates the epilepsy-associated protein Go to regulate neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum
Authors: Choi Jung-Mi , Acharya Rakshya , Cha Hye Lim , Lee Kwang-Wook , Seo Jewoo , Yang Esther , Kim Hyun , Yoon Jong Hyuk , Chang Da-Young , Kim Sung-Soo , Kim Sang Jeong , Birnbaumer Lutz , Suh-Kim Haeyoung
Published: November 2024

GNAO1
encodes the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric Go protein. Despite being the most abundant G protein at synapses, the role of Go in the brain remains unclear, primarily because of the high mortality associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) 17 in
Gnao1
mutated animals. Here, we conducted proteomic analyses with a brain synaptosomal fraction to investigate the Go-interactome and then generated a non-DEE model using

Gli1
CreERT2

mice to selectively knockout (KO) the presynaptic Gαo within cerebellum. Our findings revealed that Gαo interacts with multiple proteins involved in neurotransmitter release, as well as cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), a key Gi/o-coupled receptor in presynaptic terminals. In
Gnao1
KO mice, synapse formation was reduced in the cerebellum with a concomitant reduction in depolarization-induced suppression of excitation, a manifestation of CB1R-mediated synaptic plasticity found in the cerebellum. These mice displayed motor deficits in rotarod, grip strength, gait, and beam balance tests. Our results suggest that Go plays a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter releases at the presynaptic terminals and its absence in the entire brain may contribute to DEE pathogenesis. This study also provides valuable insights into the signaling pathways in the brain from a Go-dependent perspective.
Genetic evidence against involvement of TRPC proteins in SOCE, ROCE, and CRAC channel function
Authors: Susperreguy Sebastian , Yamashita Megumi , Choi Chan-il , Liao Yanhong , Burch Lauranell H. , Blankenship Terry L. , Hayes Erika , Sliwa Thomas , Zhang Yingpei , Grenet Dagoberto , Walker Mitzie , Plummer Nicholas W. , Abramowitz Joel , Kinet Jean Pierre , Formoso Karina , Johnson Brandon E. , Fleig Andrea , Hazlehurst Lori , Penner Reinhold , Freichel Marc , Flockerzi Veit , Prakriya Murali , Birnbaumer Lutz
Published: November 2024

Using genetically engineered mice and cell lines derived from genetically engineered mice we show that depletion of ER delimited Ca
2+
stores activates heteromeric Ca
2+
entry (SOCE) channels formed obligatorily, but not exclusively by Orai1 molecules. Comparison of Orai-dependent Ca
2+
entries revealed Orai1 to be dominant when compared to Orai2 and Orai3. Unexpectedly, we found that store-depletion-activated Ca
2+
entry does not depend obligatorily on functionally intact TRPC molecules, as SOCE monitored with the Fura2 Ca
2+
reporter dye is unaffected in cells in which all seven TRPC coding genes have been structurally and functionally inactivated. Unexpectedly as well, we found that TRPC-independent Gq-coupled receptor-operated Ca
2+
entry (ROCE) also depends on Orai1. Biophysical measurements of Ca
2+
release activated Ca
2+
currents (Icrac) are likewise unaffected by ablation of all seven TRPC genes. We refer to mice and cells carrying the seven-fold disruption of TRPC genes as TRPC heptaKO mice and cells. TRPC heptaKO mice are fertile allowing the creation of a new homozygous inbred strain.
Beyond a binary theorizing of prosociality
Authors: Shen Chen , He Zhixue , Guo Hao , Hu Shuyue , Tanimoto Jun , Shi Lei , Holme Petter
Published: November 2024

Stylized experiments, the public goods game and its variants thereof, have taught us the peculiar reproducible fact that humans tend to cooperate (or contribute to shared resources) more than expected from economically rational assumptions. There have been two competing explanations for this phenomenon: Either cooperating is an innate human trait (the prosocial preference hypothesis) or a transitory effect while learning the game (the confused learner hypothesis). We use large-scale experimental data in the two-player version of the public goods game—the prisoner’s dilemma—from an experimental design to distinguish between these two hypotheses. By monitoring the effects of zealots (persistently cooperating bots) and varying the participants’ awareness of them, we find a considerably more complex scenario than previously reported. People indeed have a prosocial bias, but not to the degree that they always forego taking action to increase their profit. While our findings end the simplistic theorizing of prosociality, an observed positive, cooperative response to zealots has actionable policy implications.
Constitutive opening of the Kv7.2 pore activation gate causes
KCNQ2
-developmental encephalopathy
Authors: Nappi Mario , Alberini Giulio , Berselli Alessandro , Roscioni Agnese , Soldovieri Maria Virginia , Servettini Ilenio , Barrese Vincenzo , Weckhuysen Sarah , Chiu Ting-Gee Annie , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Benfenati Fabio , Maragliano Luca , Miceli Francesco , Taglialatela Maurizio
Published: November 2024

Pathogenic variants in
KCNQ2
encoding Kv7.2 voltage-gated potassium channel subunits cause developmental encephalopathies (
KCNQ2
-encephalopathies), both with and without epilepsy. We herein describe the clinical, in vitro, and in silico features of two encephalopathy-causing variants (A317T, L318V) in Kv7.2 affecting two consecutive residues in the S
6
activation gate that undergoes large structural rearrangements during pore opening; the disease-causing A356T variant in
KCNQ3
, paralogous to the A317T variant in
KCNQ2
, was also investigated. Currents through
KCNQ2
mutant channels displayed increased density, hyperpolarizing shifts in activation gating, faster activation and slower deactivation kinetics, and resistance to changes in the cellular concentrations of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP
2
), a critical regulator of Kv7 channel function; all these features are consistent with a strong gain-of-function effect. An increase in the probability of single-channel opening, with no change in membrane abundance or single-channel conductance, was responsible for the observed gain-of-function effects. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the mutations widened the inner pore gate and stabilized a constitutively open channel configuration in the closed state, with minimal effects on the open conformation. Thus, mutation-induced stabilization of the inner pore gate open configuration is a molecular pathogenetic mechanism for
KCNQ2
-related encephalopathies.
Proteome-wide bioinformatic annotation and functional validation of the monotopic phosphoglycosyl transferase superfamily
Authors: Durand Theo , Dodge Greg J. , Siuda Roxanne P. , Higinbotham Hugh R. , Arbour Christine A. , Ghosh Soumi , Allen Karen N. , Imperiali Barbara
Published: November 2024

Phosphoglycosyl transferases (PGTs) are membrane proteins that initiate glycoconjugate biosynthesis by transferring a phospho-sugar moiety from a soluble nucleoside diphosphate sugar to a membrane-embedded polyprenol phosphate acceptor. The centrality of PGTs in complex glycan assembly and the current lack of functional information make these enzymes high-value targets for biochemical investigation. In particular, the small monotopic PGT family is exclusively bacterial and represents the minimal functional unit of the monotopic PGT superfamily. Here, we combine a sequence similarity network analysis with a generalizable, luminescence-based activity assay to probe the substrate specificity of this family of monoPGTs in the bacterial cell-membrane fraction. This strategy allows us to identify specificity on a far more significant scale than previously achievable and correlate preferred substrate specificities with predicted structural differences within the conserved monoPGT fold. Finally, we present the proof-of-concept for a small-scale inhibitor screen (eight nucleoside analogs) with four monoPGTs of diverse substrate specificity, thus building a foundation for future inhibitor discovery initiatives.
Universal moiré buckling of freestanding 2D bilayers
Authors: Wang Jin , Tosatti Erio
Published: November 2024

The physics of membranes, a classic subject, acquires new momentum from two-dimensional (2D) materials multilayers. This work reports the surprising results emerged during a theoretical study of equilibrium geometry of bilayers as freestanding membranes. While ordinary membranes are prone to buckle around compressive impurities, we predict that all 2D material freestanding bilayers universally undergo, even if impurity-free, a spontaneous out-of-plane buckling. The moiré network nodes here play the role of
internal
impurities, the dislocations that join them giving rise to a stress pattern, purely shear in homobilayers and mixed compressive/shear in heterobilayers. That intrinsic stress is, theory and simulations show, generally capable to cause all freestanding 2D bilayers to undergo distortive bucklings with large amplitudes and a rich predicted phase transition scenario. Realistic simulations predict quantitative parameters expected for these phenomena as expected in heterobilayers such as graphene/hBN,

WS
2

/

WSe
2

heterobilayers, and for twisted homobilayers such as graphene, hBN,

MoS
2

. Buckling then entails a variety of predicted consequences. Mechanically, a critical drop of bending stiffness is expected at all buckling transitions. Thermally, the average buckling corrugation decreases with temperature, with buckling-unbuckling phase transitions expected in some cases, and the buckled state often persisting even above room temperature. Buckling will be suppressed by deposition on hard attractive substrates, and survives in reduced form on soft ones. Frictional, electronic, and other associated phenomena are also highlighted. The universality and richness of these predicted phenomena strongly encourages an experimental search, which is possible but still missing.
Adaptive expression of phage auxiliary metabolic genes in paddy soils and their contribution toward global carbon sequestration
Authors: Zhu Dong , Liu Shu-Yue , Sun Ming-Ming , Yi Xing-Yun , Duan Gui-Lan , Ye Mao , Gillings Michael R. , Zhu Yong-Guan
Published: November 2024

Habitats with intermittent flooding, such as paddy soils, are crucial reservoirs in the global carbon pool; however, the effect of phage–host interactions on the biogeochemical cycling of carbon in paddy soils remains unclear. Hence, this study applied multiomics and global datasets integrated with validation experiments to investigate phage–host community interactions and the potential of phages to impact carbon sequestration in paddy soils. The results demonstrated that paddy soil phages harbor a diverse and abundant repertoire of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) associated with carbon fixation, comprising 23.7% of the identified AMGs. The successful annotation of protein structures and promoters further suggested an elevated expression potential of these genes within their bacterial hosts. Moreover, environmental stressors, such as heavy metal contamination, cause genetic variation in paddy phages and up-regulate the expression of carbon fixation AMGs, as demonstrated by the significant enrichment of related metabolites (
P
< 0.05). Notably, the findings indicate that lysogenic phages infecting carbon-fixing hosts increased by 10.7% under heavy metal stress. In addition, in situ isotopic labeling experiments induced by mitomycin-C revealed that by increasing heavy metal concentrations,
13
CO
2
emissions from the treatment with added lysogenic phage decreased by approximately 17.9%. In contrast,
13
C-labeled microbial biomass carbon content increased by an average of 35.4% compared to the control. These results suggest that paddy soil phages prominently influence the global carbon cycle, particularly under global change conditions. This research enhances our understanding of phage–host cooperation in driving carbon sequestration in paddy soils amid evolving environmental conditions.
Targeting CD206+ macrophages disrupts the establishment of a key antitumor immune axis
Authors: Ray Arja , Hu Kenneth H. , Kersten Kelly , Courau Tristan , Kuhn Nicholas F. , Zaleta-Linares Itzia , Samad Bushra , Combes Alexis J. , Krummel Matthew F.
Published: November 2024

CD206 is a common marker of a putative immunosuppressive “M2” state in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We made a novel conditional CD206 (Mrc1) knock-in mouse to specifically visualize and/or deplete CD206+ TAMs. Early depletion of CD206+ macrophages and monocytes (Mono/Macs) led to the indirect loss of conventional type I dendritic cells (cDC1), CD8 T cells, and NK cells in tumors. CD206+ TAMs robustly expressed CXCL9, contrasting with stress-responsive Spp1-expressing TAMs and immature monocytes, which became prominent with early depletion. CD206+ TAMs differentially attracted activated CD8 T cells, and the NK and CD8 T cells in CD206-depleted tumors were deficient in Cxcr3 and cDC1-supportive Xcl1 and Flt3l expressions. Disrupting this key antitumor axis decreased tumor control by antigen-specific T cells in mice. In human cancers, a CD206Replete, but not a CD206Depleted Mono/Mac gene signature correlated robustly with CD8 T cell, cDC1, and NK signatures and was associated with better survival. These findings negate the unqualified classification of CD206+ “M2-like” macrophages as immunosuppressive.
Electron attachment induced dissociation of the radiosensitizer molecule 1-(4-bromo-3-nitrophenyl)-1-propanone
Authors: Chen Jiakuan , Arthur-Baidoo Eugene , Schorr Lara , Ončák Milan , Mahmoodi-Darian Masoomeh , Denifl Stephan
Published: November 2024

1-(4-bromo-3-nitrophenyl)-1-propanone (BNPP) is a proposed potential radiosensitizer that might combat hypoxia in tumor cells. Here, we study the electron-induced decomposition of BNPP in the gas phase using a crossed electron-molecular beam experiment supported by quantum chemical calculations. We show that the attachment of a single electron induces dissociation of the BNPP molecule, both directly and upon molecular rearrangement. The most prominent channel includes the formation of Br– at the electron energy of ∼0 eV, the parent anion is observed with an order of magnitude lower intensity. The formation of minor NO2
– and [BNPP–NO]– fragments hints towards NO2 pre-dissociation followed by its roaming in the vicinity of the [BNPP–NO2] fragment, a mechanism already observed in other dissociative electron attachment studies.
Inverse problems for the fractional diffusion equation driven by fractional Brownian sheet
Authors: Lei Shuangdi , Fan Hongtao , Li Yajing
Published: November 2024

This paper explores the inverse problems of the space-time fractional diffusion equation driven by a space-time fractional Brownian sheet, including spatial stochastic source term, spatial deterministic source term, potential, and fractional order. In order to deal with the stochastic integral of fractional Brownian sheet with space-time Hurst indexes

H

1

,

H

2

∈
(
0
,
1
)

, we construct a unified Itô isometry framework for the first time, upon which we establish the regularity of the solution to the direct problem. Then, we ingeniously employ the generalized fractional Grönwall inequality, Sobolev embedding, and combine the statistical characteristics of the outward normal derivative of the weak solution on open subdomain at the boundary to achieve accurate recovery of the stochastic space-time source terms and prove the uniqueness of the space deterministic source term. Furthermore, by constructing a contraction mapping and exploiting the Banach fixed point theorem, we establish the uniqueness of the potential. Afterward, using the statistical characteristics of the solution at the terminal time, we establish the stability of the potential. Finally, leveraging the representation of the mild solution and the asymptotic properties of the Mittag-Leffler function, we examine the uniqueness and stability of fractional order at known terminal time. In scenario involving an unknown terminal time, we derive the uniqueness and stability of the terminal time.
Pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson production from inflaton coupling during reheating
Authors: Kaneta Kunio , Lee Sung Mook , Oda Kin-ya , Takahashi Tomo
Published: November 2024

The existence of pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) fields is a common feature in many models beyond the Standard Model, characterized by their exclusive derivative couplings. This paper investigates a scenario where a pNGB is coupled to the inflaton field during the reheating phase of the early universe. We calculate the perturbative decay rate of a coherently oscillating inflaton into pNGBs on a general basis, considering both constant and field-dependent couplings with monomial potentials at the minimum. As a concrete application, we explore the production of axions when the radial mode of the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) scalar serves as the inflaton, particularly in the presence of a large gravitational non-minimal coupling. Our findings suggest that the presence of pNGBs during reheating can lead to significant non-thermal relics, offering new constraints on inflationary reheating models and providing potential observational signatures in the form of dark radiation.
Neutrino quantum kinetics in two spatial dimensions
Authors: Cornelius Marie , Shalgar Shashank , Tamborra Irene
Published: November 2024

Our understanding of neutrino flavor conversion in the innermost regions of core-collapse supernovae and neutron star mergers is mostly limited to spherically symmetric configurations that facilitate the numerical solution of the quantum kinetic equations. In this paper, we simulate neutrino quantum kinetics within a (2+1+1) dimensional setup: we model the flavor evolution during neutrino decoupling from matter in two spatial dimensions, one neutrino momentum variable, and time; taking into account non-forward neutral current and charged current collisions of neutrinos with the matter background, as well as neutrino advection. In order to mimic fluctuations in the neutrino emission and matter background, and explore their effect on the flavor evolution, we introduce perturbations in the collision term as well as in the vacuum term of the Hamiltonian. Because of such perturbations, the initial symmetry of the neutrino field across the simulation annulus is broken and flavor conversion is qualitatively affected, with regions of larger flavor conversion alternating across the simulation annulus. In addition, neutrino advection is responsible for spreading flavor waves across neighboring spatial regions. Although based on a simplified setup, our findings highlight the importance of modeling neutrino quantum kinetics in multi-dimensions to assess the impact of neutrinos on the physics of compact astrophysical sources and nucleosynthesis.
Monitoring Technology of Urban Underground Space Infrastructure Structure Based on Fully Polarized Ground Penetrating Radar
Authors: Yu Yue , Feng Xuan , Dong Zejun , Alex Nilot Enhedelihai
Published: November 2024

In order to maintain the safety of underground infrastructures, this paper applies fully polarized ground penetrating radar to develop non-destructive technology for monitoring underground infrastructures such as underground utility tunnels. More specifically, representative numerical models of concrete tunnels were created using GPRMAX to simulate fully polarized microwave scattering simulation data for different degrees of structural changes, pipeline displacements, and concrete wall moisture contents. Algorithms for extracting different physical parameters and scattering polarization characteristics were developed to establish a qualitative relationship between these extracted parameters and actual changes. Monitoring criteria and formulas were subsequently developed based on these relationships. These simulation data will be used to train and optimize the parameters of the monitoring criteria in future study.
A compact ultra-wideband circular bowtie antenna for ground penetrating radar
Authors: Lv Shenzhao , Huang Chunlin , Song Xiaoji , He Zhihua , Liu Tao
Published: November 2024

A compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) circular bowtie antenna for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is presented in this paper. The bowtie antenna is composed of two circular arms with parallel slots at the edges to obtain UWB performance while maintaining compact in size (0.31λmax × 0.19λmax × 0.16λmax). Each slot has a resistor loading at the edges to minimize the size of antenna. In addition, a microstrip balun is designed for impedance matching. The performance of the proposed antenna is investigated by simulations and the results show a UWB operating bandwidth ranging from 0.4 to 3.52 GHz, a relative bandwidth of 159%, a maximum gain of 2 dBi, and lower late-time ringing level compare to the basic antenna.
Effects of Measuring Angles on Detection of Millimeter-Scale Fractures with Fluid Flow using Full-Polarimetric GPR
Authors: Dong Zejun , Feng Xuan , Zhou Haoqiu , Liu Cai
Published: November 2024

The fractures with fluid flow will lead to the damage of rock cave artifacts and the detection of millimeter-scale fractures is a challenge in artifact conservation. The fluid flow in fractures and the infiltration in surrounding rocks based on hydrological modeling was simulated first. Based on the results, electric permittivity and conductivity models at different time lapse were established, and a series of models with different rotation angles were generated through coordinate rotation for full-polarimetric ground penetrating radar (FP-GPR) simulations. Subsequently, the relationships between H, α, Ps
, Pd
, and Pv
parameters and measurement angles and infiltration time are analyzed. The results indicate that α, Ps
and Pd
have good variation consistency with infiltration time, while H and Pv
do not show a significant relationship with the infiltration time. In addition, the analysis results of the five parameters all indicate that the measurement angle has a significant impact on the parameters at the beginning of infiltration, which is related to the frequency of the adopted electromagnetic waves. The results provide important theoretical support and technical guidance for the use of time-lapse FP-GPR to detect fractures with fluid flow in field cases.
A New 3D Mapping Method of Buried Pipelines from GPR B-scans
Authors: Li Y , Xiao X T , Ge L
Published: November 2024

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive testing method originally developed for the investigation of underground space and is now widely used in pipeline detection. To map the underground pipelines using GPR, the main challenges include the estimation of depth and orientation through two-dimensional profiles. In this paper, a new 3D mapping framework of buried pipelines from GPR B-scans is proposed. After obtaining sufficient B-scans through parallel survey lines, the proposed procedure mainly includes four stages: data pre-processing, wave velocity estimation, 2D migration and binarization, and 3D stacked image display. Canny edge detection is used to extract hyperbolic features and estimate the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in underground media. Migration and binarization are conducted on pre-processed B-scans before 3D stacking. The results show that the proposed method can accurately and intuitively display the position and direction of pipelines by generating three-dimensional images.
Design of dual-channel ground penetrating radar on Tianwen-2 mission
Authors: Li Shuanlao , Liu’ Ruidong , Zheng Shi , He Yinguang , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Dang Hongxing , Tan Xiaomin , Liu Peng
Published: November 2024

The Asteroid Interior Structure Detection Radar(AISDR) is a low-frequency Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) onboard the Tianwen-2 spacecraft, which aims to detect the internal structure of asteroid. The AISDR has two channels for both deep penetration and high resolution. Field tests have been conducted and the results demonstrate that the performance of AISDR will fulfill the objectives of the Tianwen-2 mission.
Study on detection and estimation method of PCCP filament breaking
Authors: Li Ren Ya , Le Zhao Jian , Shan Huang Shan , Chao Sun Xue , Liu Yi
Published: November 2024

PCCP pipeline traditional comparison method needs to consume a lot of manpower and time, in order to save a lot of manpower and time, improve the detection efficiency, this project for the problems existing in the PCCP pipeline detection, through the study of different pipeline types, analysis of different pipeline waveform, put forward a joint actual wire detection and wire quantity estimation method, put forward the PCCP detection information processing method, solve the problem of interpretation without reference waveform contrast, interpretation frequency. The data of each section of pipeline collected is assembled with equal length, and the selection rules of reference waveform are formulated, so as to realize the difference comparison between interpretation waveform and reference waveform, and assist professional interpreters in rapid interpretation.
Detection Method for Asteroid Interior Structure Verified by Scale Model
Authors: Shi Zheng , Gang Chen , Shuanlao Li , Tao Liu , Shun Dai , Ruidong Liu , Hongxing Dang
Published: November 2024

We have developed a radar scheme for detecting the asteroid interior structure. Using the auto rotation of an asteroid, radar system can hover at a fix distance from the asteroid, and continuously measure the internal structure echoes at different spin angles, which can be processed to obtain the internal structure profile image. Through simulation and scale model test, we have verified the internal structure imaging results and conformed the effectiveness of the hovering radar method. The proposed radar scheme was selected as the science payload for internal structure in China’s asteroid exploration program aiming at Asteroid 2016HO3.
Simulation analysis of ground-penetrating radar in seasonal freezing soil area with temperature-varying media
Authors: Lu Guojiang , Chen Qinghua , Zhang Xianwu
Published: November 2024

Affected by the seasonal freezing area climate, the shallow engineering geological electromagnetic environment exhibits seasonal variations, affecting the propagation process of electromagnetic waves in shallow geological soil. This brings excellent difficulties in accurately identifying the detection target. In this paper, Kaba-he, the seasonal freezing area of Xinjiang, is taken as an example to build a model of the dielectric constant of the temperature variable soil medium in different seasons, and utilizing the high-order O(2,4) FDTD algorithm implemented with MATLAB software. This experiment provides the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in shallow subgrade soil of Kaba-he during different seasons and, based on numerical simulation results, gives the calculated depth of the underground targets buried in other seasons. This research can provide theoretical guidance for the application of GPR in Kaba-he.
Probing multilayer road structures using the GPR “Terrazond”
Authors: Tseplyaev Ilya , Shipilov Sergey , Fedyanin Ivan , Khmelev Vitaly , Satarov Rail , Romanov Dmitry , Eremin Roman
Published: November 2024

The paper describes a method for obtaining information about the thickness of road pavement layers using the “Terrazond” multichannel ground penetrating radar. The method includes the use of signal pre-processing to eliminate common-mode interference on radar data of the road surface. The results of applying the methodology to data obtained during sounding of a road test site are presented. Using the example of a radar data of a test section, it is shown that three iterations of the proposed filtering contrastively highlight three layers of the road structure. The results of automated construction of the boundaries of road layers in the GeoReader program using machine learning technology are shown.
Advancements and applications of GMS3: a surface and subsurface unified database system
Authors: Rodrigues Neto J M S , Shinohara J , Kato Y , Tanida K , Okino A , Sato T
Published: November 2024

GPR Mobile Mapping System 3D (GMS3) combines three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) subsurface data with omnidirectional camera surface mobile mapping system (MMS) imagery to create a high-precision unified surface-subsurface database where underground features are easily localizable from the surface. In the context of Japan, the system is generally able to detect cavities as deep as 1.5 m (depending on soil water content) with a maximum horizontal positioning error of a few cm. The main application of GMS3 in Japan is road subsurface cavity investigations aimed at sinkhole prevention, detecting an average of 0.53 cavities per surveyed km in Japan’s national roads, and 4.76 cavities per km in municipal roads in the case of Matsuyama City. We also evaluate the feasibility of 3D mapping of buried pipes (necessary before undergrounding works) at the Johoku Campus of Ehime University. Since both services show increasing demand in Japan due to the country’s deteriorating infrastructure and its susceptibility to natural disasters, GMS3 is continuously being developed to stand out as a vital tool in subsurface surveying both in the Japanese and the international context.
Denoising method of microwave earth exploration test system based on Deep-KSVD
Authors: Feiyu Chen , Shunli Han , Wenzheng Zhang , Tianfeng Gao , Zeyu Hao , Wanrong Li
Published: November 2024

In the process of data acquisition of complex underground media in the microwave ground exploration test system, electromagnetic echoes are susceptible to various noises, resulting in the ambiguity of the in-phase axis of the diffraction hyperbolic curve, which seriously affects the subsequent interpretation and processing. Traditional denoising algorithms are difficult to meet the requirements of denoising complex data. To solve this problem, a microwave profile denoising algorithm based on Deep-KSVD is proposed in this paper. By combining the K-SVD sparse denoising algorithm with the idea of deep learning, the problem of easy loss of original signal and low computational efficiency in the original denoising algorithm is overcome. Firstly, the data is divided into small data blocks, and then an equivalent learnable scheme is used to replace the OMP algorithm in the tracking stage. Finally, each data block is denoised by tracking. The weighted average of the tracked data blocks is obtained, and the accuracy of the algorithm is verified by the actual data.
Comparative analysis of the application of different GPR devices in the concealed karst detection of railway slopes
Authors: Chao Zhou , Junjun Jin , Siwei Zhao
Published: November 2024

Due to its strong concealment and irregular development, concealed karst brings great hidden dangers to the construction and operation of railways in karst areas. It is a focus and difficulty to seek efficient and accurate detection methods. Because of its advantages of high efficiency, non-destructiveness and low cost, the ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used in the detection of underground hidden karsts of railways, highways and cities in recent years. Based on the Guiyang-Nanning high-speed railway under construction, this paper applies two different kinds of GPR devices to detect the hidden karst of a rock slope. The detection results of two kinds of GPR instruments are compared and analyzed in detail, and the detection results are verified by excavation. The results show that the two different kinds of GPR instruments can obtain better detection results in the exploration of hidden karst geological bodies, which can provide some references for the selection of instruments for similar concealed karst exploration work.
Application of ground-penetrating radar based on U-Net in the statistics on the bonded area of external wall insulation
Authors: Wang J , Li Y , Jiang Z , Liu M , Gong J , Yang X , Lan T
Published: November 2024

The insulation of external walls of buildings often suffers from various diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately detect the bonding area of the insulation layer. Ground-penetrating radar is a non-destructive detection method that can effectively determine the bonding status. In this paper, FDTD forward simulation of the exterior wall insulation layer by ground-penetrating radar is carried out, and the GPR images of the 4GHZ and 6GHZ antennas are simulated, respectively, and field experiments are conducted to collect the stepped frequency vector net data of 2.5-8GHZ and 6-8GHZ. The data obtained are processed by using the improved SP-ICA clutter suppression algorithm, followed by the improved loss function of the U-Net and training. The F1_score of the obtained model can reach 0.8399, and the error of bonding area statistics is 0.23%, which realizes more accurate semantic segmentation and area statistics.