bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhodiola rosea: A Versatile Adaptogen
Authors: Khanum Farhath , Bawa Amarinder Singh , Singh Brahm
Published: November 2006

Rhodiola rosea (rose root) belonging to the family Crassulaceae is a popular medicinal plant in Russia, Scandinavia, and many other countries. Extracts of the roots of this plant have been found to favorably affect a number of physiological functions including neurotransmitter levels, central nervous system activity, and cardiovascular function. It is being used to stimulate the nervous system, decrease depression, enhance work performance, eliminate fatigue, and prevent high‐altitude sickness. Most of these effects have been ascribed to constituents such as salidroside (rhodioloside), rosavins, and p‐tyrosol. It has also been found to be a strong antioxidant and anticarcinogen due to the presence of several phenolic compounds. Adaptogens are plant extracts that allow an organism to counteract adverse physical, chemical, and biological stressors by generating nonspecific resistance. Adaptogens are known to increase the availability of energy during the day, reduce stressed feelings, increase endurance, and increase mental alertness. This multipurpose medicinal plant (R. rosea), with adaptogenic properties that increase the body's nonspecific resistance and normalize functions, has been traditionally grown and used in Russia and Mongolia. Due to increasing consumer demands toward natural health products and the growing interests in the secondary metabolites of plants and their application in biotechnology and therapy, much focus has been put on the rose root and its medical properties. The rose root imparts normalizing influences on adverse physical, chemical, and biological disturbances but is otherwise innocuous. In India, the plant has been growing wild in the high altitudes of the Himalayas. The Defence Research and Development Organization in India has taken on the responsibilities of its conservation, as well as the development of multiple management practices and the development of health foods, supplements, and nutraceuticals in India.
Educating African Pastors on Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Santmyire Aaron , Jamison Marian
Published: November 2006

Purpose: To educate pastors of the Assemblies of God in Burkina Faso concerning HIV/AIDS and mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT).

Design: A pretest‐posttest design was used with a convenience sample of 102 pastors attending the educational program on HIV/AIDS and MTCT in January, February, and March of 2005. The educational program was implemented in local Bible colleges in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Methods: Participants attended an 18‐hour program on HIV/AIDS and MTCT. A picture booklet was designed and used to help explain the prevention of MTCT of HIV. The pretest‐posttest examination and follow‐up evaluation were designed for this project.

Findings: Results of the pretest showed minimal knowledge of pastors regarding HIV/AIDS. The median composite scores on the knowledge questions increased from 16% on the pretest to 92% on the posttest. Within the 3‐month follow‐up period, 34 follow‐up evaluations were received. Although all the responding pastors had recommended testing for expectant mothers, only 13 had discussed MTCT in their churches or communities.

Conclusions: The educational program was effective in increasing the pastors' knowledge of HIV/AIDS and MTCT. Further research is needed to identify barriers to full utilization of that knowledge.
Exploring the Subconcepts of the Wittmann‐Price Theory of Emancipated Decision‐Making in Women's Health Care
Authors: Wittmann‐Price Ruth A.
Published: November 2006

Purpose: To explore the subconcepts of the Wittmann‐Price Theory of Emancipated Decision‐Making (EDM); which is proposed as a new theoretical model for the nursing care of women to increase women's satisfaction with decision‐making about healthcare issues. Infant feeding method was used as the clinical exemplar.

Design and Method: A descriptive correlational design was used to test the five identified subconcepts of EDM (empowerment, flexible environment, personal knowledge, reflection, and social norms) in women's healthcare. The relationship of emancipated decision‐making and satisfaction were explored with the Subject Demographic Questionnaire (SDQ), the Wittmann‐Price Theory of Emancipated Decision‐making Scale (EDMS), and the Satisfaction with Decision (SWD) scale. The research design was retrospective, without random sampling of subjects. Four research questions were posed for this investigation. Women who had uncomplicated deliveries and met the selected criteria were enrolled (N=97).

Findings: All five subconcepts of EDM were scored on subscales on the EDMS; flexible environment and personal knowledge had the highest mean scores. Pearson correlations showed that all five subscales were significantly related to each other except reflection with personal knowledge and reflection with social norms. A significant relationship was found between the EDM and satisfaction with the decision. Personal knowledge and flexible environment were the best predictors of satisfaction with the decision.

Conclusions: The Wittmann‐Price Theory of EDM is a theoretical model with implications for nursing care of women who are involved in a healthcare decision, such as choice of infant feeding. Further studies are needed to determine the importance of each of the subconcepts in relation to emancipated decision‐making.
Cross‐Cultural Reliability of the Health Perception Index and the Health Control and Competence Index
Authors: Salyers Vincent , Hunter Anita , McGuire Sharon
Published: November 2006

Purpose: To test the reliability of two Spanish instruments to measure (a) health perceptions, and (b) health control and competence.

Design: Triangulated methodology used with two different Latino populations.

Methods: Preliminary qualitative data were collected in Mexico. Based on themes from Mexico, data were collected from 44 men (Dominican Republic, n=24; Peru, n=20) with two instruments, the Health Competence and Control Index and the Health Perception Index. Alpha reliability estimates were obtained.

Findings: Results of the study confirmed reliability of the instruments in one of the Latino populations, consistent with understanding of the constructs found in the Mexican study. Reliability was low in the second Latino population.

Conclusions: Although results from this study are useful, further translation and research procedures are needed to address the many differences among ethnically similar groups and to further strengthen internal and external validity of instruments designed to assess Latino men's perceptions of health and their control over health.
Barriers to Nurses' Reporting of Medication Administration Errors in Taiwan
Authors: Chiang Hui‐Ying , Pepper Ginette A.
Published: November 2006

Purpose: To describe nurses' perceptions of reporting barriers to reporting medication administration errors (MAE) and to examine the relationship between the barriers to MAE reporting and cultural factors and nursing work environment in Taiwan.

Methods: A cross‐sectional, descriptive correlational design with self‐administered questionnaires was conducted in one large medical center hospital in southern Taiwan. The measurement tools included the Chinese versions of the Work Environment Questionnaire, Barriers to MAE Reporting, Index of Hierarchy of Authority, and Face‐Concern scale. A mail survey of 807 nurses using the Total Design Method was implemented for data collection with 597 questionnaires used in data analyses.

Findings: The major perceived barrier was fear. Regression analysis showed that power hierarchy, face‐saving concern, and work environment factors (e.g., quality management and peer relations) accounted for 54.6% variance in the barriers. Age, educational background, working experience, experience of having made MAEs, and failure to report MAEs were not associated with the barriers.

Conclusions: Taiwanese nurses perceived similar barriers to MAE reporting. The more power hierarchy and face‐saving concern the nurses agreed on, the more barriers they perceived. The association between the barriers and nursing work environment was negative and weak.
Retinal mean transit time in patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma and normal‐tension glaucoma
Authors: Bjärnhall Gunilla , Tomic Lidija , Mishima Hiromu K. , Tsukamoto Hidetoshi , Alm Albert
Published: November 2006

Purpose:  To compare the mean transit time (MTT) of retinal circulation in eyes with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) and eyes with normal‐tension glaucoma (NTG) and examine the possible relationship between MTT and visual field damage, expressed as mean deviation (MD).

Methods:  Video fluorescein angiography was performed in 40 patients with POAG or NTG. Dye curves for fluorescein passing through the retinal arteries and veins were used to calculate MTT in each patient with a computer‐assisted technique based on an impulse‐response analysis (MTTir).

Results:  We were able to analyse MTTir in all 40 angiograms. Mean (SD) MTTir was 5.0 (1.5) seconds in eyes with POAG and 4.7 (1.4) seconds in eyes with NTG. The difference was not statistically significant. There was a weak but significant correlation between the MD and MTTir (MTTir = 4.12–0.08*MD; r = −0.49, p = 0.0013).

Conslusions:  The results demonstrate that loss of neuronal tissue in glaucoma is combined with an effect on the retinal circulation and that the effect is similar in eyes with NTG and eyes with POAG.
An interferometric method for the dynamic evaluation of the tear film
Authors: Szczesna Dorota H. , Kasprzak Henryk T. , Jaronski Jarosław , Rydz Allan , Stenevi Ulf
Published: November 2006

Purpose:  This study describes a non‐invasive method for the in vivo assessment of precorneal tear film stability.

Methods:  A lateral shearing interferometer (LSI) is used for the measurement. The interference fringes obtained from the tear film layer are analysed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. The method is based on evaluating the degree of fringe disturbance by calculation of the second momentum of Fourier spectra on the interferogram pattern.

Results:  This method points to the occurrence of dynamic changes in the tear film surface over time. We propose four different parameters. One of them is presented here. The less smooth the tear film, the more disturbed the interference fringes and the higher the value of the calculation parameters. Clear differences were discerned between tear film quality in healthy eyes, dry eyes and eyes with various contact lenses. The benefits of artificial tears used by patients with dry eye or contact lenses were also noted. Examination of dry eyes before and after applying fluorescein revealed significant differences in tear film stability.

Conclusions:  Lateral shearing interferometry is a suitable method for assessing the stability of the tear film on the cornea and on contact lenses. Evident differences can be demonstrated in tear film quality between normal eyes and dry eyes or eyes with soft contact lenses.
Selective non‐intubation of a silicone tube in external dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Choung Ho Kyung , Khwarg Sang In
Published: November 2006

Purpose:  To evaluate whether silicone tube insertion is always necessary in external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).

Methods:  During external DCR for primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction carried out between January 2001 and October 2004, silicone intubation was not performed selectively if the lacrimal sac was large and the nasal cavity was not severely narrowed.

Results:  Of a total of 166 DCR cases in 153 patients, no silicone tube was placed in 74 eyes of 69 patients (44.6%). Anatomic patency of rhinostomy was achieved in all non‐intubation group eyes. However, four (6.7%) of these 69 eyes showed persistent epiphora even with anatomic patency.

Conclusions:  Silicone tubing can be avoided in about 50% of cases of external DCR without detrimentally affecting the success rate. Cases in which intubation was avoided had a large lacrimal sac and a wide nasal cavity.
Periodontal disease and perinatal outcomes: a case‐control study
Authors: Bassani D. G. , Olinto M. T. A. , Kreiger N.
Published: November 2006

Aim: Our aim was to measure the association of maternal periodontitis with low birth weight (LBW), pre‐term LBW, and intra‐uterine growth restriction.

Material and Methods: An inclusive case–control design including subjects examined for periodontitis through attachment loss, information on perinatal outcomes and general health. Data were analysed through conditional logistic regression.

Results: Cases (n=304) and controls (n=611) had similar prevalence and severity of periodontitis, defined as at least three sites, in different teeth, with loss of three or more millimetres of clinical attachment level. Several factors were associated with the outcome, but the crude odds ratio for periodontitis was not significant. Odds ratio were 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63–1.41] for LBW and 0.92 (95% CI:0.54–1.57) for pre‐term LBW in the presence of periodontitis, after adjustment for maternal age, previous pregnancies, pre‐natal care, smoking, previous low birth or premature birth and other medical conditions, on a hierarchical model.

Conclusions: Results do not support the hypothesis of association observed in previous studies after appropriate controlling for confounding variables. Negative peri‐natal outcomes are better explained by determinants other than periodontal health. This study adds to the growing body of literature on the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic health.
Photobleaching of retinal pigment epithelium melanosomes reduces their ability to inhibit iron‐induced peroxidation of lipids
Authors: Zadlo Andrzej , Rozanowska Malgorzata B. , Burke Janice M. , Sarna Tadeusz J.
Published: November 2006

Melanin in the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is believed to play an important photoprotective role. However, unlike in skin, melanosomes in the RPE are rather long‐lived organelles, which increases their risk of modifications resulting from significant fluxes of light and high oxygen tension. In this work, we subjected purified bovine RPE melanosomes to prolonged aerobic exposure with intense visible and near ultraviolet radiation and studied the effects of irradiation on the melanosome's capacity to inhibit peroxidation of lipids induced by iron/ascorbate. We found that control, untreated melanosomes show a concentration‐dependent inhibition of the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and the accompanying consumption of oxygen, but photolysed melanosomes lose their antioxidant efficiency and even became prooxidant. The prooxidant action of partially photobleached melanosomes was observed for pigment granules with a melanin content reduced by about 50% compared with untreated melanosomes, as determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. We have previously shown that a similar loss in the content of the RPE melanin occurs during human lifetime, which may suggest that the normal antioxidant properties of human RPE melanin become compromised with aging.
Melatonin attenuates disruption of serum cholesterol status in rats with a single α‐naphthylisothiocyanate treatment
Authors: Ohta Yoshiji , Kongo‐Nishimura Mutsumi , Imai Yoichiro , Kitagawa Akira
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The present study was performed to examine whether melatonin attenuates disruption of serum cholesterol status in rats treated once with α‐naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). In the serum of rats treated with ANIT (75 mg/kg, i.p.), increases in total cholesterol, free cholesterol (F‐Chol), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total bile acid concentrations and a decrease in the ratio of esterified cholesterol concentration to F‐Chol concentration occurred 24 hr, but not 12 hr, after the treatment. In the liver of ANIT‐treated rats, a decrease in cholesterol concentration and an increase in total bile acid concentration occurred 24 hr, after 12 hr, after the treatment. When melatonin (10 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to ANIT‐treated rats at 12 hr after the treatment, all these changes found in the serum and liver at 24 hr after the treatment were significantly attenuated at the higher dose. Melatonin (100 mg/kg) administered to ANIT‐untreated rats in the same manner increased the serum F‐Chol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations significantly. These results indicate that orally administered melatonin attenuates the disruption of serum cholesterol status in rats treated once with ANIT possibly by maintaining cholesterol metabolism and transport in the serum and liver.
Influence of Antiphospholipid Antibodies on Pregnancy Outcome in Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer
Authors: Lee Sa‐Ra , Park Eun‐Joo , Kim Sung‐Hoon , Chae Heedong , Kim Chung‐Hoon , Kang Byung‐Moon
Published: November 2006

Problem  Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) are thought to be involved in recurrent pregnancy loss. Therefore, we investigated the impact of APA on pregnancy outcome in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF‐ET).

Method of study  Blood samples taken from 54 Korean women referred for IVF were tested for the presence of APA, anticardiolipin antibody IgG and IgM and lupus anticoagulant. The standard gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist long protocol was used for ovarian stimulation.

Results  Nine patients (16.7%) were positive and 45 (83.3%) were negative for APA. There were no significant differences between the two groups in clinical characteristics such as age, infertility duration, and response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. However, pregnancy outcome significantly differed between the two groups (p < 0.05). The APA positive group and APA negative group had abortion rates of 62.5% and 20.0%, respectively and delivery rates of 37.5% and 80.0%, respectively.

Conclusion  The presence of APA in women undergoing IVF‐ET was associated with a poor pregnancy outcome.
Impaired attentional modulation of auditory evoked potentials in N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate NR1 hypomorphic mice
Authors: Bickel S. , Lipp H. P. , Umbricht D.
Published: November 2006

In human neurophysiology, auditory event‐related potentials (AEPs) are used to investigate cognitive processes such as selective attention. Selective attention to specific tones causes a negative enhancement of AEPs known as processing negativity (PN), which is reduced in patients with schizophrenia. The evidence suggests that impaired selective attention in these patients may partially depend on deficient N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR)‐mediated signaling. The goal of this study was to corroborate the involvement of the NMDAR in selective attention using a mouse model. To this end, we first investigated the presence of PN‐like activity in C57BL/6J mice by recording AEPs during a fear‐conditioning paradigm. Two alternating trains of tones, differing in stimulus duration, were presented on 7 subsequent days. One group received a mild foot shock delivered within the presentation of one train (conditioning train) on days 3–5 (conditioning days), while controls were never shocked. The fear‐conditioned group (n= 9) indeed showed a PN‐like activity during conditioning days manifested as a significant positive enhancement in the AEPs to the stimuli in the conditioning train that was not observed in the controls. The same paradigm was then applied to mice with reduced expression of the NMDAR1 (NR1) subunit and to a wild‐type control group (each group n= 6). The NR1 mutants showed an associative AEP enhancement, but its magnitude was significantly reduced as compared with the magnitude in wild‐type mice. We conclude that electrophysiological manifestations of selective attention are observable yet of different polarity in mice and that they require intact NMDAR‐mediated signaling. Thus, deficient NMDAR functioning may contribute to abnormal selective attention in schizophrenia.
Ixocarpalactone A isolated from the Mexican tomatillo shows potent antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in colon cancer cells
Authors: Choi Juliana K. , Murillo Genoveva , Su Bao‐Ning , Pezzuto John M. , Kinghorn A. D. , Mehta Rajendra G.
Published: November 2006

Physalis philadelphica Lam, commonly known as a tomatillo, is a staple of the Mesoamerican cuisine. In our laboratory, an ethyl acetate‐soluble extract and four withanolides [ixocarpalactone A (IxoA), ixocarpalactone B, philadelphicalactone B, and withaphysacarpin] were isolated. Studies conducted on Hepa‐1c1c7 hepatoma cells revealed that withanolides were potent inducers of quinone reductase, suggesting possible cancer chemoprotective activity. Here we evaluated the antiproliferative properties of the withanolides in SW480 human colon cancer cells. IxoA, which is present in the edible part of the tomatillo, was selected for further evaluation. SW480 cells treated with IxoA showed cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, up‐regulation of hyper‐phosphorylated retinoblastoma, and down‐regulation of E2F‐1 and DP‐1. On the basis of flow cytometry analysis, ethidium bromide/acridine orange, and 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole staining, it was found that IxoA induces apoptosis in SW480 cells. Moreover, increased concentrations of the pro‐apoptotic protein, BIM/BOD, were found by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Morphological examination revealed vacuole formation in cells treated with IxoA, and Oil Red O staining showed that the vacuole content was nonlipid. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry demonstrated increased concentrations of mucin 3 in IxoA‐treated SW480 cells. These findings suggest that chemicals present in tomatillos (e.g. IxoA) may have cancer chemopreventive properties.
Ascorbic acid‐pretreated quartz enhances cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages
Authors: Scarfì Sonia , Benatti Umberto , Pozzolini Marina , Clavarino Emanuela , Ferraris Chiara , Magnone Mirko , Valisano Laura , Giovine Marco
Published: November 2006

Exposure to quartz particles induces a pathological process named silicosis. Alveolar macrophages initiate the disease through their activation, which is the origin of the later dysfunctions. Ascorbic acid is known to selectively dissolve the quartz surface. During the reaction, ascorbic acid progressively disappears and hydroxyl radicals are generated from the quartz surface. These observations may be relevant to mammalian quartz toxicity, as substantial amounts of ascorbic acid are present in the lung epithelium. We studied the inflammatory response of the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 incubated with ascorbic acid‐treated quartz, through the expression and activity of the enzyme cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). COX‐2 expression and prostaglandin secretion were enhanced in cells incubated with ascorbic acid‐treated quartz. In contrast, no changes were observed in cells incubated with Aerosil OX50, an amorphous form of silica. Quantification of COX‐2 mRNA showed a threefold increase in cells incubated with ascorbic acid‐treated quartz compared with controls. The transcription factors, NF‐κB, pCREB and AP‐1, were all implicated in the increased inflammatory response. Reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and OH•) were involved in COX‐2 expression in this experimental model. Parallel experiments performed on rat alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage confirmed the enhanced COX‐2 expression and activity in the cells incubated with ascorbic acid‐treated quartz compared with untreated quartz. In conclusion, the selective interaction with, and modification of, quartz particles by ascorbic acid may be a crucial event determining the inflammatory response of macrophages, which may subsequently develop into acute inflammation, eventually leading to the chronic pulmonary disease silicosis.
EFFECT OF SURFACTANT GEL AND GUM COMBINATIONS ON DOUGH RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY OF BREAD
Authors: AZIZI M.H. , RAO G.V.
Published: November 2006

Sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL), diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglyceride (DATEM), glycerol monostearate (GMS) and distilled glycerol monostearate (DGMS) surfactant gels were made with water. Addition of surfactant gels decreased water absorption by the bread while xanthan, karaya, guar and locust bean gums increased the same. Only DGMS or GMS and gum combinations further improved water absorption. All the gums except for guar along with surfactant gels improved dough stability. Both surfactant gels and gums improved the extensograph dough properties of wheat flour to varying degrees. Alveograph characteristics of wheat flour improved to varying extents with surfactant gels while the gums influenced the viscoelastic properties in differing ways. Different combinations of surfactant gels and gums showed varied influences on rapid visco analyzer characteristics of wheat flour. Both surfactant gels and gums improved the bread making quality. Among surfactants, SSL in combination with gums, and among gums locust bean in combination with surfactant gels improved the bread making quality of wheat flour to a maximum extent.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MACHINE VISION SYSTEM FOR SHIITAKE GRADING
Authors: CHEN HO‐HSIEN , TING CHING‐HUA
Published: November 2006

A grading system was developed to classify shiitake automatically into various grades of quality in terms of size, shape and color. A shiitake is scanned with a color charge‐coupled‐device camera and then various geometrical and color characteristics are determined by image processing. The online grading procedure includes the following sequences in processing dried shiitake: (a) color abnormality is eliminated by image analysis; (b) broken caps are detected by calculation of the area‐to‐perimeter ratio; and (c) size is determined by pixel counting from the bottom view. Image processing and algorithmic manipulations are done on a personal computer (PC) while grading is carried out by a programmable logic controller (PLC). The PLC accepts grading instructions from the PC, hence controls the grading mechanisms. Pilot system validation was done on 250 dried shiitake samples and resulted in a 97.6% accuracy rate. This result is better than that by visual inspection. A complete grading cycle takes 4.8 s, of which the PC unit participates 0.3–0.7 s depending on the physical complexity of the shiitake being processed.
PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC ENDS AND ENDINGS
Authors: Williams Sherly
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The paper proposes that the way therapists think about endings in psychotherapy is inseparable from the ends that they and their patients arrive at. At first, the question of how ends and endings relate would seem quite straightforward: determine the‘criteria for termination’, and we will know how to effect the ending. In fact, it turns out to be quite the opposite: grapple with the ending as a central organizing phantasy underpinning the therapeutic relationship, and gradually the ends emerge. Particular attention is given to‘ending’as an archetype activated by the very nature of the therapeutic relationship.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER AND PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC PSYCHIATRY: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
Authors: Bateman Anthony W.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
A creative and constructive partnership between different psychotherapies needs to develop if a psychotherapeutic psychiatry is to flourish. The greatest threat to the development of psychotherapeutic psychiatry is the partisan approach of the psychotherapies themselves. Prejudicial attitudes prevent acquisition of useful knowledge and its appropriate assimilation in psychiatric settings. The concepts of the self and borderline personality are used to show how understanding different psychotherapeutic approaches can inform treatment and further the development of a fruitful psychotherapeutic psychiatry which is itself essential for the treatment of severe personality disorder.
ETHICAL MOMENTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: INTERPRETATION, SEDUCTION OR …?
Authors: Clapham Miles
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Following Wittgenstein's consideration of ethics, the term‘ethical moments’describes certain moments in psychotherapy that seem not to be able to be captured in language, although language expresses something in the moment. Wittgenstein has said that the basis of ethics, and indeed of philosophy, cannot be put into either logical or empirical propositions. Expressions that arise out of‘the existence of language' show rather a poetic response in these moments that are felt to be profound. These expressions can be shown to be neither factual nor logical, yet nevertheless‘hit the mark’.

Moments in psychotherapeutic practice are used to illustrate this clinically, and the nature of interpretation at these times is considered both in relation to Wittgenstein's discussion of the limits of logic and of language, and to the psychoanalytic view that not to interpret is to be seduced by the patient. It is held that in these ethical moments something transpires beyond the reach of theory‐ based interpretation.
INSPIRATION: A PSYCHOANALYTIC AND AESTHETIC CONCEPT
Authors: Williams Meg Harris
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The intention of this paper is to focus attention on the nature and value of inspiration as a function of particular importance in all aesthetic work, including psychoanalysis; and to indicate its analogous importance in personality development. Following the poets ‐ the most expressive analysts of inspiration ‐ inspiration is described as a mental process rather than a quality. This paper does not rely solely on mere statements about inspiration. Rather, features of the concept of inspiration are drawn from the aesthetic language of several poets: in particular, Dante, Keats, Milton, Emily Bronte, Plato. Finally, some more explicit links are made to the context of current psychoanalytic theory.
ENVY AND ENVIABILITY REFLECTED IN THE AMERICAN DREAM: TWO PLAYS BY ARTHUR MILLER
Authors: Wooster Gerald , Wilson Mona
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
We show that the dynamics of envy, so central to an understanding of depression, are at the centre of two of Arthur Miller's plays, The Man Who Had All The Luck, an early Broadway flop, and Broken Glass, a more recent masterpiece. We argue that in exploring the dynamics of envy in these plays Miller also provides a critique of the American Dream, contrasting its creative/reparative aspects with those based upon manic denial.
ON SOUNDS, CHILDREN, IDENTITY AND A‘QUITE UNMUSICAL’MAN
Authors: Sabbadini Andrea
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
In this article I explore, in the context of general psychoanalytic considerations about creativity, the specific place of music in human development. With reference to early auditory experiences, I emphasize the central place that sounds occupy in the formation of a child's separate identity. My thoughts on this subject also give me the opportunity for looking at some aspects of the complex relationship between music and psychoanalysis ‐ two exquisitely auditory experiences ‐ and for providing a historical review of Freud's own ambivalent attitude to music.
NON‐BORDERLINE PATIENTS WITH MOTHERS WHO MANIFEST BORDERLINE PATHOLOGY
Authors: Glickauf‐Hughes Cheryl , Mehlman Elizabeth
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The psychological development of non‐borderline adult patients raised presumably by mothers with borderline characteristics is examined. Despite childhoods that were subjected to a preponderance of pathological interactions with a primary caretaker, the adults described exhibit common patterns of adaptation that have enabled them to achieve higher levels of integration and differentiation than their mothers. Characteristics of adaptation include self‐understanding, sublimation, the ability to form positive relationships with other caretakers, and the constructive use of fantasy. In treatment, these patients present a number of issues such as fluctuating self‐esteem, anxious attachment, a ‘borderline transference’, and a conflicted identification with the mother.
PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES: ISSUES, CONTEXT AND PRACTICE
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Bhui Kamaldeep
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Psychotherapy is an effective tool in the treatment of many psychiatric conditions. Most psychotherapies were developed in the West and their application to minority ethnic groups is fraught with difficulties. In this paper we highlight some of the key issues that play a role in the therapist‐patient interactions in different types of psycho therapies. The role of culture, race and ethnicity in relation to such an interaction is discussed. The main components of processes of psychotherapies are described and the role of training and research emphasized.
NARCISSISTIC DEPRIVATION AND THE ANTI‐SELFOBJECT
Authors: Royston Robert
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The paper explores damaged self‐feelings and low narcissistic investment in the self, and presents material and argument to show that interactions with a certain type of caretaker are crucially involved. The damaging object here is termed, elaborating a concept of Kohut's (1971), the ‘anti‐selfobject’. Interaction with the anti‐selfobject damages psychic structure and has a profound effect on later relationships. It is closely involved in what appears to be destructive behaviour in the analytic setting. Case material illustrates the thesis and there is discussion on the subject of technique.
BRIEF PSYCHODYNAMIC‐INTERPERSONAL THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH SEVERE PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS WHICH IS UNRESPONSIVE TO TREATMENT
Authors: Guthrie Elspeth , Moorey Jim , Barker Helen , Margison Frank , McGrath Graeme
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The authors are currently conducting a large randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of brief psychodynamic‐interpersonal psychotherapy with outpatients who have been unresponsive to conventional psychiatric treatment. In this paper we describe the study and the psychodynamic‐interpersonal model of therapy employed in the treatment limb of the study. We also describe therapeutic work with three patients whose presentation is representative of the outpatients recruited into the study.
PSYCHOANALYSIS: AN ART OR A SCIENCE? A REVIEW OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE THEORY OF BION AND MELTZER
Authors: Williams Meg Harris
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This essay considers Bion's and Meltzer's enumeration of both artistic and scientific qualities inherent in psychoanalytic practice in relation to the problem of learning from experience. Their work encourages practitioners to value the liberating potential of psychoanalysis as an art form. This is emphasized through the complex cognitive implications of Bion's‘reverie’ and Meltzer's ‘aesthetic conflict’, suggesting that psychoanalytic advance will consist in the marriage of artistic modes of cognition with a scientific body of knowledge.
‘ENJOYING’ TRAUMATICALLY: THE HOLOCAUST AS‘THE SECOND GENERATION'S' OTHER
Authors: Faye Esther
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper sets out to explore a question opened up by the growing number of life‐writings and oral testimony currently being produced by members of‘the second generation’. That is, how can the descendants of Jewish Holocaust survivors free themselves from ‘the repetition of suffering’, which, in the language of Lacanian psychoanalysis, could be described as the attachment to an unbearable form of enjoyment (jouissance) of the Shoah? The paper pursues a Lacanian reading of the writing of one such descendant, the expatriate Australian writer, Lily Brett. It considers whether the themes of anxiety, death, eating, bodies and the fantasy of love between mothers and daughters that structure her stories constitute a form of testimony with, as the Lacanian Israeli psychoanalyst Rivka Warshawsky puts it, ‘the power of resolving the repetition compulsion’.
TREATMENT DEVELOPMENT IN PSYCHODYNAMIC INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY (HOBSON'S ‘CONVERSATIONAL MODEL’) FOR CHRONIC TREATMENT RESISTANT SCHIZOPHRENIA: TWO SINGLE CASE STUDIES
Authors: Davenport Sarah , Hobson Robert , Margison Frank
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Two cases are presented from a project to develop psychodynamicinterpersonal (PI) therapy (Hobson's ‘Conversational Model’) with long‐term severe schizophrenia treated in a locked setting. We present two cases from a treatment development project including a description of the model and its use in this setting with some (anonymized) details of the therapy. The ward milieu can act as a container for disturbed dynamics during psychotherapy, but the lack of progress prior to the psychotherapy suggests that there is also the potential for the ward to reinforce or even replicate the disturbance in the patient's internal world. These complex interactions are considered in the light of the methodology for future studies.

Preliminary outcome data and a description of the positive changes observed are included, but with a note of caution about the difficulty of interpreting outcome findings from single case studies in a complex treatment setting.
REGISTRATION AND ETHICS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: Figlio Karl
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
I will consider registration with respect to professionalism. In particular, I will define the ethical quality of professionalism in psychotherapy and distinguish it from practical aspects such as contract and rules of practice; and I will argue that registration would be better guided by an ethical rather than a practical concern. My remarks will be confined to psychoanalytic psychotherapy and to the current British situation, which includes three dominant features: a large public sector; the division of the professional regulatory structure into two registering bodies; the growing importance of universities. I will draw some conclusions for discussion.
STATUTORY REGULATION: SHRINK‐WRAPPING PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: Postle Denis
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper offers a series of propositions about how power has been deployed in the field of UK psycho‐practice and draws conclusions about the value of statutory regulation of psychotherapy. The failure by organizations pursuing statutory regulation to engage with dissent is examined and some of the elements of this dissent are outlined. The coercive nature of the power relations intrinsic to statutory regulation are evaluated with regard to their effects on client welfare.
DELINQUENCY AND BEING TAKEN INTO CARE: A THREE‐GENERATIONAL STUDY
Authors: Pitt‐Aikens Tom , McKinnon Morag
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Therapeutic experience has suggested that there may be an association between parental loss and delinquency. Losses experienced by boys in care and their families were compared with losses experienced by control boys and their families. Boys in care had experienced significantly more losses through the death, divorce or separation of their parents than had control boys. The mothers of boys in care had also experienced significantly more losses when they were minors than any other group, including their sons. Maternal losses are significantly associated with boys being taken into care following legal proceedings.
ASPECTS OF NARCISSISM IN A ONCE‐WEEKLY PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: Gass Dick A
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe author explores the clinical problem of narcissism by discussing a patient who was seen privately for once‐weekly therapy for a period of two years. The emphasis is on trying to understand the nature of this pathology and the difficulties it presents to the therapist, especially in the transference and countertransference. The clinical material is examined in the light of theoretical concepts relating mainly to pathological organizations of the personality and perversion. The viability of working once weekly with such patients within a psychoanalytic framework is also considered.
‘IT IS MYSELF THAT I REMAKE’: W.B. YEATS'S SELF CONSTRUCTION IN LIFE AND POETRY
Authors: Schimmel Paul
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
W.B. Yeats is one of the pre‐eminent poets in English of the twentieth century. His verse is characterized by its accessibility and emotional power, and a meticulous craftsmanship in the service of achieving the desired effect. Yeats paid a similarly workmanlike attention to the task of creating his own identity, in a self‐conscious attempt to‘remake’ himself. This paper examines Yeats's life and poetry in order to explore the psychological origins of both his artistic creativity and his need to remake himself. It looks beyond his identification with his father's literary and artistic ideals, to evidence from the poetry for an early developmental experience of absence or failure of the maternal function. The available biographical detail from Yeats's childhood and family is consistent with this conjecture.
ATTACHMENT THEORY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS: A RAPPROCHEMENT
Authors: Holmes Jeremy
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Attachment Theory, itself an offspring of psychoanalysis, can play a significant part in helping to link contemporary psychoanalysis with developments in neurobiology, neoDarwinism and infant research. Some highlights of this research are presented. Interpersonal experience in infancy impacts on the developing brain. Patterns of insecure attachment can be related to classical psychoanalytic defence mechanisms, but are seen as ways of maintaining contact with an object in suboptimal environments. The Adult Attachment Interview establishes different patterns of narrative style which can be related to parent‐child interaction in infancy, and has confirmed many of psychoanalysis's major developmental hypotheses. With the help of two clinical examples, it is suggested that attachment ideas can help with clinical listening and identifying and intervening with different narrative styles in therapy.
BION AND BECKETT TOGETHER
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Beckett was in therapy with Bion for two years in the 1930s. After that they had no contact, yet their thoughts ran along uncannily similar lines. I try to show that to read them together is mutually enriching for the understanding of each; though given the nature of the audience, I take a knowledge of Bion for granted and concentrate on an exposition of Beckett.

At the conference where a first draft of this paper was given, many participants had seen a production of Endgame the previous evening.
TALKING TO HIMSELF BEING TOGETHER
Authors: Craig George
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Imaginative writers seldom appropriate the work of psychoanalysts or psychotherapists, but the converse is not true. I contend here that such appropriation, if it is to avoid crassness, must concern itself with the‘how’ of the writing, rather than the‘what’. Samuel Beckett does not argue. How far can he be invoked in connection with W.R. Bion, a remarkable arguer?
UNDERSTANDING THE TRAUMA OF RACIAL VIOLENCE IN A BLACK PATIENT
Authors: Keval Narendra
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Racial violence arises when infantile anxiety and hatred of ‘difference’ or ‘otherness’ become too unmanageable within the self and are displaced into the racial arena via splitting and projective mechanisms. The body of the ‘other’, particularly skin colour differences, becomes a salient target for locating and attacking these feared and unwanted aspects of the self.

Those on the receiving end can experience a profound attack on their identity, with feelings of rejection that can result in a severe narcissistic blow, puncturing and even shattering the individual's psychic skin and existing defensive organization. This failure of containment can send tremors throughout the psyche to some of the most vulnerable areas in individuals functioning, giving fresh life to both oedipal and pre‐oedipal anxieties to do with separation and loss.

Where these early anxieties are felt to be unbearable, the individual resorts to encapsulating them in a portion of their mind, effectively sealing them off from conscious awareness or access, but they are unconsciously re‐enacted. A case study aims to describe some of these phenomena.
THE EMERGENCE OF HOPE THROUGH THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING KNOWN: FINDING ONE'S TRUE SELF IN THE GROUP
Authors: Menzies Diana
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper explores the emergence of hope from hopelessness in an analytic group. It is proposed that hope is an innate feature of every child but that for hope to flourish one's True Self must be known. The experience of being known is described in terms of Stern's subjective self and the sharing of experience. This is then related to the group analytic context and specific features which might allow hope to emerge therein.

The only time I felt hope was when you told me you could see no hope, and you continued with the analysis.
PSYCHOTHERAPY PROFESSIONALIZATION: THE POSTGRADUATE DIMENSION AND THE LEGITIMACY OF STATUTORY REGULATION
Authors: House Richard
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper responds to the BJP editor's call for responses to the journal's symposium on statutory registration by offering a critical analysis of two previously neglected aspects of professionalization: the rapid‘postgraduatization’ of psychotherapy, and the legitimacy or otherwise of the way in which state regulation is being pursued. The paper concludes by posing three key questions which any coherent case in favour of regulation must explicitly address, and by highlighting the inappropriateness of a hierarchical,‘old paradigm’ model of institutional regulation for a psychotherapy field which is increasingly embracing the worldview of postmodernity.
TRANSFERENCE, COUNTERTRANSFERENCE, SOCIETY AND CULTURE: BEFORE AND DURING THE FIRST ENCOUNTER
Authors: Suman Antonio , Brignone Antonino
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Our contribution focuses on the first encounter with the patient and on the social and cultural context in which it takes place; we believe that psycho‐therapy begins with the very first encounter, whether or not it leads to a therapeutic relationship. Before the first encounter, the patient produces conscious and unconcious fantasies, sometimes even dreams, about the therapy, the therapist and the encounter itself; these fantasies constitute a sort of preformed, cultural transference. Besides the preformed transference, an actual transference relationship begins to develop, becoming activated in the patient by contact with the real person of the therapist, and in the therapist by contact with the real person of the patient, blending with the culturally preformed transference. This primitive transference can rapidly determine the outcome of the first encounter as well as of the actual project of entering therapy.
NO SEX COUPLES, CATASTROPHIC CHANGE AND THE PRIMAL SCENE
Authors: Grier Francis
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
In this paper I investigate some of the problems faced by the couple and the clinician when the presenting problem is that the couple does not have sex. This symptom normally expresses multiple meanings. I restrict myself to exploring the defences against the pain that ensues from unconsciously facing the primal scene aspect of the Oedipus situation, and how the prospect of dismantling these defences feels catastrophic to certain couples. I investigate theoretically and clinically how these difficulties can lead to the symptom of no sex, and how such understanding can sometimes help couples to work through their problems.
LEAR AND PROSPERO: FROM THE PROJECTIVE TO THE INTROJECTIVE MODE
Authors: Bishop Bernardine
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
My thesis is that King Lear and The Tempest, seen together, offer a map of the trajectory of psychic process from the projective to the introjective mode. Lear remains psychically unseparate, both from his daughters, who constitute a split maternal object, and from kingship, with which he is in projective identification. The Tempest, six years later, takes up and reworks to their resolution the same themes. Prospero learns to separate from Miranda, forgives his enemies, and relinquishes the rewards that come from narcissistic pseudopotency, in his case afforded by magic powers.