bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erlang Strength Model for Exponential Effects
Authors: Gökdere Gökhan , Gürcan Mehmet
Published: January 2016

All technical systems have been designed to perform
their intended tasks in a specific ambient. Some systems
can perform their tasks in a variety of distinctive levels.
A system that can have a finite number of performance
rates is called a multi-state system. Generally multi-state
system is consisted of components that they also can be
multi-state. The performance rates of components constituting
a system can also vary as a result of their deterioration
or in consequence of variable environmental conditions.
Components failures can lead to the degradation
of the entire multi-state system performance. The performance
rates of the components can range from perfect
functioning up to complete failure. The quality of the system
is completely determined by components. In this article,
a possible state for the single component system,
where component is subject to two stresses, is considered
under stress-strength model which makes the component
multi-state. The probabilities of component are studied
when strength of the component is Erlang random variables
and the stresses are independent exponential random
variables. Also, the probabilities of component are
considered when the stresses are dependent exponential
random variables.
Trigonometric quadratic B-spline subdomain
Galerkin algorithm for the Burgers’ equation
Authors: Ay Buket , Dag Idris , Gorgulu Melis Zorsahin
Published: January 2016

A variant of the subdomain Galerkin method has
been set up to find numerical solutions of the Burgers’
equation. Approximate function consists of the combination
of the trigonometric B-splines. Integration of Burgers’
equation has been achived by aid of the subdomain
Galerkin method based on the trigonometric B-splines as
an approximate functions. The resulting first order ordinary
differential system has been converted into an iterative
algebraic equation by use of the Crank-Nicolson
method at successive two time levels. The suggested algorithm
is tested on somewell-known problems for the Burgers’
equation.
Multidecadal (1960–2011) shoreline changes in Isbjørnhamna (Hornsund, Svalbard)
Authors: Zagórski Piotr , Rodzik Jan , Moskalik Mateusz , Strzelecki Mateusz C. , Lim Michael , Błaszczyk Małgorzata , Promińska Agnieszka , Kruszewski Grzegorz , Styszyńska Anna , Malczewski Artur
Published: January 2016

A section of a gravel-dominated coast in Isbjørnhamna (Hornsund, Svalbard) was analysed to calculate the rate of shoreline changes and explain processes controlling coastal zone development over last 50 years. Between 1960 and 2011, coastal landscape of Isbjørnhamna experienced a significant shift from dominated by influence of tide-water glacier and protected by prolonged sea-ice conditions towards storm-affected and rapidly changing coast. Information derived from analyses of aerial images and geomorphological mapping shows that the Isbjørnhamna coastal zone is dominated by coastal erosion resulting in a shore area reduction of more than 31,600 m2. With ~3,500 m2of local aggradation, the general balance of changes in the study area of the shore is negative, and amounts to a loss of more than 28,000 m2. Mean shoreline change is −13.1 m (−0.26 m a−1). Erosional processes threaten the Polish Polar Station infrastructure and may damage of one of the storage buildings in nearby future.
Late Cenozoic Bryozoa from diamictites of Cape Lamb, Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Adamonis Susana , Hara Urszula , Concheyro Andrea
Published: January 2016

Bryozoans were found in upper Cenozoic diamictite debris that crops out at the southwestern tip of Cape Lamb, Vega Island. The diamictite is the youngest deposit on the island and richly composed of foraminifers, brachiopods and scallops. The foraminifera assemblage recovered from the Cape Lamb diamictite and87Sr/86Sr isotopic age obtained from the pectinidAdamussium colbeckiin the nearby locality of Terrapin indicates a Pleistocene age for this deposit. The main goal of this contribution is to present a bryozoan assemblage ofMicroporella stenoportaHaywardetTaylor,Hippothoa flagellumManzoni,Ellisina antarctica(Kluge),Micropora notialisHaywardetRyland and an indeterminate crisiid constituting the first record of these bryozoan taxa in Cenozoic diamictites of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Eocene age of the Baranowski Glacier Group at Red Hill, King George Island, West Antarctica
Authors: Mozer Anna , Pécskay Zoltán , Krajewski Krzysztof P.
Published: January 2016

Radiometric and geochemical studies were carried out at Red Hill in the southern part of King George Island (South Shetland Islands, northern Antarctic Peninsula) on the Bransfield Strait coast. The rock succession at Red Hill has been determined to represent the Baranowski Glacier Group that was previously assigned a Late Cretaceous age. Two formations were distinguished within this succession: the lower Llano Point Formation and the upper Zamek Formation. These formations have stratotypes defined further to the north on the western coast of Admiralty Bay. On Red Hill the Llano Point Formation consists of terrestrial lavas and pyroclastic breccia; the Zamek Formation consist predominantly of fine to coarse tuff, pyroclastic breccia, lavas, tuffaceous mud-, silt-, and sandstone, locally conglomeratic. The lower part of the Zamek Formation contains plant detritus (Nothofagus, dicotyledonous, thermophilous ferns) and numerous coal seams (vitrinitic composition) that confirm the abundance of vegetation on stratovolcanic slopes and surrounding lowlands at that time. Selected basic to intermediate igneous rocks from the succession have been analysed for the whole-rock K-Ar age determination. The obtained results indicate that the Red Hill succession was formed in two stages: (1) from about 51–50 Ma; and (2) 46–42 Ma,i.e.during the Early to Middle Eocene. This, in combination with other data obtained from other Baranowski Glacier Group exposures on western coast of Admiralty Bay, confirms the recently defined position of the volcano-clastic succession in the stratigraphic scheme of King George Island. The new stratigraphic position and lithofacies development of the Red Hill succession strongly suggest its correlation with other Eocene formations containing fossil plants and coal seams that commonly occur on King George Island.
Another look at tarsometatarsi of early penguins
Authors: Jadwiszczak Piotr
Published: January 2016

The tarsometatarsus, a compound bone from the lower leg in birds, is the most important skeletal element in fossil penguin taxonomy, especially in the case of early members of this group. However, any attempt to go beyond the problem of mere classification obviously requires the better understanding of osteological traits under consideration. This in turn touches on the issue of interplay between bone and concomitant soft-tissue structures, such as muscles, tendons and vessels. This paper focuses on the more holistic comprehension of the tarsometatarsal section of the Eocene penguin foot, based on the analysis of the myology and the vascular system of its modern counterparts. A number of graphical reconstructions are provided with a discussion of the role of the hypotarsus and intermetatarsal foramina.
Agency, accountability and evaluations of impoliteness
Authors: Mitchell Nathaniel , Haugh Michael
Published: January 2016

It is now well recognized that the recipients’ evaluations need to be given serious consideration when theorizing impoliteness. Yet despite the importance placed on evaluations by recipients, the role of the recipient in interaction has been reduced through theorizing within the field to the ascribing of (perceived) intentions or interpreting of (perceived) social norms and expectations. We suggest, in this paper, that this under-theorizes the role of the recipient vis-à-vis evaluations of impoliteness. Building on an account of (im)politeness as social practice (Haugh 2013b, 2015; Kádár and Haugh 2013), we argue that evaluations of impoliteness inevitably involve those recipients construing the speaker’s action as a particular kind of social action, and holding them accountable for that particular kind of social action with respect to particular dimension(s) of the moral order (Haugh 2013a, 2015). The accountability of social action is underpinned, in part, by the presumed agency of participants. Agency involves the
The landscape of impoliteness research
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: January 2016

This article attempts to give a state-of-the-art picture of impoliteness studies and to indicate a few prospective research directions to enrich them. It critically surveys a number of theoretical and methodological problems (impoliteness vs. rudeness; intention; sanctioned face-threat; and impoliteness strategies), as well as the paramount topics of investigation (such as disagreement; arguments; insults, taboo words; or sarcasm), and discourse domains in which impoliteness can be found. Importantly, this paper brings to focus a selection of notions central to impoliteness, albeit not yet widely recognized in the scholarship on impoliteness. These include: slurs; pejoratives; and a number of phenomena promoted by computer mediated communication (e.g., flaming or trolling).
Temperature Changes In Poland In 21st Century – Results Of Global Simulation And Regional Downscaling
Authors: Pilarski Michał
Published: January 2016

The main source of information about future climate changes are the results of numerical simulations performed in scientific institutions around the world. Present projections from global circulation models (GCMs) are too coarse and are only usefulness for the world, hemisphere or continent spatial analysis. The low horizontal resolution of global models (100–200 km), does not allow to assess climate changes at regional or local scales. Therefore it is necessary to lead studies concerning how to detail the GCMs information. The problem of information transfer from the GCMs to higher spatial scale solve: dynamical and statistical downscaling. The dynamical downscaling method based on “nesting” global information in a regional models (RCMs), which solve the equations of motion and the thermodynamic laws in a small spatial scale (10–50 km). However, the statistical downscaling models (SDMs) identify the relationship between large-scale variable (predictor) and small-scale variable (predictand) implementing linear regression. The main goal of the study was to compare the global model scenarios of thermal condition in Poland in XXI century with the more accurate statistical and dynamical regional models outcomes. Generally studies confirmed usefulness of statistical downscaling to detail information from GCMs. Basic results present that regional models captured local aspects of thermal conditions variability especially in coastal zone.
Regional Hazard Analysis For Use In Vulnerability And Risk Assessment
Authors: Maris Fotios , Kitikidou Kyriaki , Paparrizos Spyridon , Karagiorgos Konstantinos , Potouridis Simeon , Fuchs Sven
Published: January 2016

A method for supporting an operational regional risk and vulnerability analysis for hydrological hazards is suggested and applied in the Island of Cyprus. The method aggregates the output of a hydrological flow model forced by observed temperatures and precipitations, with observed discharge data. A scheme supported by observed discharge is applied for model calibration. A comparison of different calibration schemes indicated that the same model parameters can be used for the entire country. In addition, it was demonstrated that, for operational purposes, it is sufficient to rely on a few stations. Model parameters were adjusted to account for land use and thus for vulnerability of elements at risk by comparing observed and simulated flow patterns, using all components of the hydrological model. The results can be used for regional risk and vulnerability analysis in order to increase the resilience of the affected population.
Palaeogeographical And Archaeological Records Of Natural Changes Of The Jordanowo-Niesulice Subglacial Channel Near Lubrza, The Lubusz Lakeland
Authors: Ratajczak-Szczerba Magdalena , Sobkowiak-Tabaka Iwona , Okuniewska-Nowaczyk Iwona
Published: January 2016

The region of the Lubusz Lakeland in western Poland where there are a lot of subglacial channels provides opportunity for multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. None of them has not been the object of a specific study. The developmental history of the palaeolakes and their vicinity in the subglacial trough Jordanowo-Niesulice, spanning the Late Glacial and beginning of the Holocene, was investigated using geological research, lithological and geomorphological analysis, geochemical composition, palynological and archaeological research, OSL and AMS-radiocarbon dating. Geological research shows varied morphology of subglacial channel where at least two different reservoirs functioned in the end of the Last Glacial period and at the beginning of the Holocene. Mostly during the Bølling-Allerød interval and at the beginning of the Younger Dryas there took place melting of buried ice-blocks which preserved the analysied course of the Jordanowo-Niesulice trough. The level of water, and especially depth of reservoirs underwent also changes. Palynological analysis shows very diversified course of the Allerød interval.
Driving Forces Of The Development Of Suburban Landscape – A Case Study Of The Sulkov Site West Of Pilsen
Authors: Kopp Jan , Frajer Jindřich , Pavelková Renata
Published: January 2016

In the study area of the Sulkov site in the western part of the suburban landscape of the city of Pilsen we focus on detailed historical analysis of the development of the landscape, which has undergone significant changes, and thus clearly demonstrates the impact of the driving forces on both the regional and inter-regional levels. The documented historical development of ecotopes proved that the fundamental changes in the use of the natural potential had been determined by social and economical demand. The specific use of each type of ecotopes of the site was then co-decided by the natural potential of the area and the geographic location with good transport connection, i.e. local and regional factors.
The Impact Of Anthropogenic Pressure On The Change Of Water Relations In Gardno-Łeba Lowland
Authors: Chlost Izabela , Sikora Magda
Published: January 2016

This article presents an analysis of cartographic materials of the 19th and 20th centuries in terms of changes in the surface water network of the Gardno-Łeba Lowland. The obtained results confirmed that the natural water network was slightly transformed in the first half of the 19th century and considerably increased in the 20th century as a result of agricultural drainage system, especially drainage of wetlands, and river regulations. As a consequence, a hydrographic system with a forced water circulation has developed, that is quite different from the natural. On the one hand, it has become the reason for reversing the proportion in which the groundwater resources have been depleted, along with an increase in the surface water network density, and on the other hand it has caused a change in land use.
Methodological Triangulation In Movement Pattern Research
Authors: Kotus Jacek , Rzeszewski Michał
Published: January 2016

The application of GIS and GPS methods together with qualitative sociological methods is one of the current fields of discussion in studies of human behaviour in space. The authors ask about the justification, manner and value of using the ‘triad’: quantitative GIS measurement methods – qualitative sociological methods – quasi-experiment. A mixed-method approach in an analysis of human movement patterns is introduced. Also, the role of the investigator in such projects is discussed.
Entropy In Regional Analysis
Authors: Czyż Teresa , Hauke Jan
Published: January 2016

Entropy has been proposed as a significant tool for an analysis of spatial differences. Using Semple and Gauthier’s (1972) transformation of the Shannon entropy statistic into an entropy measure of inequality and their algorithm, an estimation is made of changes in regional inequality in Poland over the years 2005–2012. The inequality is decomposed into total, inter- and intra-regional types, and an analysis is made of relations holding between them.
An in-situ X-ray absorption spectroelectrochemical study of the electroreduction of uranium ions in HCl, HNO3, and
Na2CO3 solutions
Authors: Uehara Akihiro , Fujii Toshiyuki , Yamana Hajimu , Okamoto Yoshihiro
Published: January 2016

A spectroelectrochemical cell was fabricated for in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (in-situ XAS). The XAS spectra of the uranium
L
III edge were monitored in electrolyte solutions during the electrochemical reduction. Tetravalent uranium, U4+,
in 1 mol dm
–3 (M) hydrochloric acid (HCl) was electrochemically prepared from hexavalent uranium, UO2
2+, by
constant current electrolysis, and the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was analyzed. The concentration ratio of
UO2
2+ and U4+, which were formed via the disproportionation of pentavalent uranium, UO2
+, during
the electrolysis, were calculated based on the intensity of the signal for the two axial oxygen atoms in the linear UO2
2+
unit, the U–O
ax
, bond that had a radial structural function. The apparent redox potential of the
UO2
2+/U4+ couple in 1 M HCl was determined based on the Nernst equation using the concentrations of
UO2
2+ and U4+. The electrode potential was shown to be close to the formal potential of the
UO2
2+/UO2
+ couple as reported previously. This result indicates that the UO2
+ that was formed
electrochemically at the electrode disproportionated to form UO2
2+ and U4+ in the bulk solution. The in-situ XAS
of UO2
2+ in 0.1 M nitric acid was also performed. The U4+ that formed was partially re-oxidized to
UO2
2+ by the NO3

–
present in the solution. The formation of the UO2
+ carbonato complex was
observed by in-situ XAS in a 1 M sodium carbonate solution during the bulk electrolysis. The edge jump of the X-ray
absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum shifted from 17.164 to 17.163 keV, and the bond distances of
U–O
ax
and U–O for CO3
2–
increased from 1.78 to 1.88 Å and from 2.42 to
2.53 Å, respectively, because of the reduction of the UO2
2+ to the UO2
+ carbonato complex.
Diglycolamic acid anchored on polyamine matrix for the mutual separation of Eu(III) and Am(III)
Authors: Suneesh A. S. , Syamala K. V. , Venkatesan K. A. , Antony M. P. , Vasudeva Rao P. R.
Published: January 2016

Diglycolamic acid was anchored on a polyamine matrix and the product
(PA-DGAH) was characterized by ion-exchange capacity measurement,
TG-DTA and FT-IR spectroscopy. The extraction behavior of
Am(III) and Eu(III) in PA-DGAH was studied from dilute
nitric acid medium to examine the feasibility using the anchored
adsorbent for their mutual separation. The effect of various
parameters such as the duration of equilibration, concentration of
europium, nitric acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in
aqueous phase on the distribution coefficient (K
d) of
Am(III) and Eu(III) was studied. The distribution
coefficient decreased with increase in the concentration of nitric
acid. Rapid extraction of metal ions in the initial stages of
equilibration followed by the establishment of equilibrium occurred
within 4 h. The data on the rate of uptake of
Am(III) and Eu(III) were fitted into pseudo-first order
and pseudo-second order rate equation. The extraction isotherm was
fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models and the apparent
europium extraction capacity was determined. The mechanism of
extraction was elucidated and the conditions needed for efficient
separation of Am(III) from Eu(III) was optimized using
DTPA. The study indicated the possibility of using PA-DGAH for the
separation of Eu(III) from Am(III) with high separation
factors.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma: is absence of intratumoral hemorrhage a characteristic finding on MRI?
Authors: Sakata Akihiko , Okada Tomohisa , Yamamoto Akira , Kanagaki Mitsunori , Fushimi Yasutaka , Dodo Toshiki , Arakawa Yoshiki , Takahashi Jun C , Miyamoto Susumu , Togashi Kaori
Published: January 2016

Background. Previous studies have shown that intratumoral hemorrhage is a common finding in glioblastoma multiforme, but is rarely observed in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Our aim was to reevaluate whether intratumoral hemorrhage observed on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) as gross intratumoral hemorrhage and on susceptibilityweighted imaging as intratumoral susceptibility signal can differentiate primary central nervous system lymphoma from glioblastoma multiforme.

Patients and methods. A retrospective cohort of brain tumors from August 2008 to March 2013 was searched, and 58 patients (19 with primary central nervous system lymphoma, 39 with glioblastoma multiforme) satisfied the inclusion criteria. Absence of gross intratumoral hemorrhage was examined on T2WI, and an intratumoral susceptibility signal was graded using a 3-point scale on susceptibility-weighted imaging. Results were compared between primary central nervous system lymphoma and glioblastoma multiforme, and values of P < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results. Gross intratumoral hemorrhage on T2WI was absent in 15 patients (79%) with primary central nervous system lymphoma and 23 patients (59%) with glioblastoma multiforme. Absence of gross intratumoral hemorrhage could not differentiate between the two disorders (P = 0.20). However, intratumoral susceptibility signal grade 1 or 2 was diagnostic of primary central nervous system lymphoma with 78.9% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity (P < 0.001), irrespective of gross intratumoral hemorrhage.

Conclusions. Low intratumoral susceptibility signal grades can differentiate primary central nervous system lymphoma from glioblastoma multiforme. However, specificity in this study was relatively low, and primary central nervous system lymphoma cannot be excluded based solely on the presence of an intratumoral susceptibility signal.
Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma: efficacy of ultrasound-based screening score
Authors: Nagano Satoshi , Yahiro Yuhei , Yokouchi Masahiro , Setoguchi Takao , Ishidou Yasuhiro , Sasaki Hiromi , Shimada Hirofumi , Kawamura Ichiro , Komiya Setsuro
Published: January 2016

Background. The utility of ultrasound imaging in the screening of soft-part tumours (SPTs) has been reported. We classified SPTs according to their blood flow pattern on Doppler ultrasound and re-evaluated the efficacy of this imaging modality as a screening method. Additionally, we combined Doppler ultrasound with several values to improve the diagnostic efficacy and to establish a new diagnostic tool.

Patients and methods. This study included 189 cases of pathologically confirmed SPTs (122 cases of benign disease including SPTs and tumour-like lesions and 67 cases of malignant SPTs). Ultrasound imaging included evaluation of vascularity by colour Doppler. We established a scoring system to more effectively differentiate malignant from benign SPTs (ultrasound-based sarcoma screening [USS] score).

Results. The mean scores in the benign and malignant groups were 1.47 ± 0.93 and 3.42 ± 1.30, respectively. Patients with malignant masses showed significantly higher USS scores than did those with benign masses (p < 1 × 10-10). The area under the curve was 0.88 by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Based on the cut-off value (3 points) calculated by ROC curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of malignant SPT was 85.1% and 86.9%, respectively.

Conclusions. Assessment of vascularity by Doppler ultrasound alone is insufficient for differentiation between benign and malignant SPTs. Preoperative diagnosis of most SPTs is possible by combining our USS score with characteristic clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings.
Evaluation of radiographic and metabolic changes in bone metastases in response to systemic therapy with 18FDG-PET/CT
Authors: Gunalp Bengul , Oner Ali Ozan , Ince Semra , Alagoz Engin , Ayan Aslı , Arslan Nuri
Published: January 2016

Background. The aim of the study was to retrospectively evaluate radiographic and metabolic changes in bone metastases in response to systemic therapy with 18FDG-PET/CT and determine their roles on the evaluation of therapy response.

Patients and methods. We retrospectively evaluated radiographic and metabolic characteristics of bone metastases in 30 patients who were referred for the evaluation of response to systemic therapy with 18FDG-PET/CT. All patients underwent integrated 18FDG-PET/CT before and after treatment.

Results. The baseline radiographic patterns of the target lesions in responders group were lytic, sclerotic, mixed and CT negative; after treatment the radiographic patterns of all target lesions changed to a sclerotic pattern and attenuation increased (p = 0.012) and metabolic activity decreased (p = 0.012). A correlation was found between decreasing metabolic activity and increasing attenuation of the target lesions (r = -0.55) (p = 0.026). Ho wever, in nonresponders group, the baseline radiologic patterns of the target lesions were lytic, blastic, mixed and CT negative; after treatment all lytic target lesions remained the same and one CT negative lesion turned to lytic pattern and the attenuation of the target lesions decreased (p ± 0.12) and metabolic activity increased (p = 0.012). A correlation was found between increasing metabolic activity and decreasing attenuation (r = -0.65) (p = 0.032). An exception of this rule was seen in baseline blastic metastases which progressed with increasing in size, metabolic activity and attenuation.

Conclusions. This study shows that the metabolic activity of lesions is a more reliable parameter than the radiographic patterns for the evaluation of therapy response.
Feasibility and safety of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in the pancreas: a pre-clinical investigation
Authors: Girelli Roberto , Prejanò Simona , Cataldo Ivana , Corbo Vincenzo , Martini Lucia , Scarpa Aldo , Claudio Bassi
Published: January 2016

Background. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease generally refractory to standard chemotherapeutic agents; therefore improvements in anticancer therapies are mandatory. A major determinant of therapeutic resistance in PDAC is the poor drug delivery to neoplastic cells, mainly due to an extensive fibrotic reaction. Electroporation can be used in vivo to increase cancer cells’ local uptake of chemotherapeutics (electrochemotherapy, ECT), thus leading to an enhanced tumour response rate. In the present study, we evaluated the in vivo effects of reversible electroporation in normal pancreas in a rabbit experimental model. We also tested the effect of electroporation on pancreatic cancer cell lines in order to evaluate their increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents.

Materials and methods. The application in vivo of the European Standard Operating Procedure of Electrochemotherapy (ESOPE) pulse protocol (1000 V/cm, 8 pulses, 100 μs, 5 KHz) was tested on the pancreas of normal New Zealand White Rabbits and short and long-term toxicity were assessed. PANC1 and MiaPaCa2 cell lines were tested for in vitro electrochemotherapy experiments with and without electroporation. Levels of cell permeabilization were determined by flow cytometry, whereas cell viability and drug (cisplatin and bleomycin) sensitivity of pulsed cells were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay.

Results. In healthy rabbits, neither systemic nor local toxic effects due to the electroporation procedure were observed, demonstrating the safety of the optimized electric parameters in the treatment of the pancreas in vivo. In parallel, we established an optimized protocol for ECT in vitro that determined an enhanced anti-cancer effect of bleomycin and cisplatin with respect to treatment without electroporation.

Conclusions. Our data suggest that electroporation is a safe procedure in the treatment of PDAC because it does not affect normal pancreatic parenchyma, but has a potentiating effect on cytotoxicity of bleomycin in pancreatic tumour cell lines. Therefore, ECT could be considered as a valid alternative for the local control of non-resectable pancreatic cancer.
3 Baruch Revisited: Jewish or Christian Composition, and Why It Matters
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha
Published: January 2016

In his important 1976 paper, “The Pseudepigrapha in Christianity,” Robert A. Kraft insists that scholars of ancient Judaism and Christianity need to take full account of the Christian contexts in which so-called Old Testament pseudpigrapha have come down to us before attempting to make the case that a text preserved only in late manuscripts in languages used primarily or exclusively by Christians reflects a Jewish original of the Second Temple period. The end result, Kraft admitted, is likely to be a smaller library of Jewish works from the turn of the era. This paper discusses 3 Baruch, an apocalypse that most scholars have treated as originally Jewish despite, in addition to its preservation by Christians, certain features quite unusual in Jewish works, as a test case. It argues that recent scholarship has failed to give adequate weight to Kraft’s crucial insights and suggests that scholarly accounts of diaspora Judaism in the Second Temple period would look rather different if those insights were taken more seriously. Finally it offers some tentative suggestions about a Christian setting in which 3 Baruch might have been composed.
Edfu and the Oriens: On Re-discovering Ancient Egyptian Lore in Two Coptic Apocalypses
Authors: Tripaldi Daniele
Published: January 2016

The article attempts to examine anew two classical cases of alleged continuity of ancient Egyptian traditions into Coptic Late Antique and its literature. Formal correspondences are sought, possible channels of transmission are surveyed and discussed, the explanatory potential of the identified survivals is ascertained. A few concluding remarks on detecting and reconstructing transfers of knowledge in and through literary texts are finally added.
EKONOMINIO NUOSMUKIO POVEIKIS NEAPYKANTOS VEIKŲ TENDENCIJOMS
Authors: Isokaitė Indrė
Published: January 2016

The article aims at identifying the tendencies of hate crime during the period of economic crisis. This is being achieved through the following tasks: defining the concept of hate crime for this research (chapter XXV of Lithuanian Criminal Code: crimes and misdemeanours against person’s equal rights and freedom of conscience) and explaining circumstances that encumber the establishment of the impact of economic factors on hate crime; analysing legal theories that list economic factors among the reasons of hate crime; identifying the dynamics of hate crime during the period of economic downturn in Lithuania and verifying whether the tendencies might have been influenced by other factors (amendments of regulation and structural reform). The analysis reveals that most legal theories (strain theory, theories of social disorganisation, resource competition) confirm the growth of hate crime during the period of economic recession: members of society usually have a negative attitude towards immigrants or other minorities as posing risk on social-economic stability and increasing competition in distribution of resources. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that the influence of economic crisis on the tendencies of hate crime is much more complex, existing on macro-level and on micro-level, where the manifestation of hate motivation in a particular person’s behaviour depends on many factors, including the formation of prejudice, level of self-control, being unemployed and uneducated that are often related with poverty. Therefore one may come across a position that hate crime is not related with economic factors. Legal analysis finds that during the economic crisis the number of registered hate crime in Lithuania (mostly comprised of incitement to hatred) has grown from some tenths to hundreds of such criminal offences per year. The author notices that the Criminal Code has been supplemented with several new criminal offences (public incitement to violence by publishing, distributing hate production, organising groups, also denial, trivialisation of international crimes, crimes of Soviet or Nazi regime), however, there are usually only few if any such criminal offences per year in practice. Thus neither the changes in regulation nor the reorganisation of a special unit in the General Prosecutor‘s Office had any significant impact on the established growth of hate crime. Case law of Lithuanian courts, where statements inciting to violence are used in the context of economic crisis in Lithuania and negative attitude is expressed towards immigrants, national, sexual or other minorities, confirm that economic downturn intensifies hate prejudice. Finally, it is concluded that despite the identified growth of hate crime economic crisis is not the only or a direct cause of hate crime, still, undoubtedly it stands among the factors intensifying such type of crime (especially incitement to hatred). Attention is also paid to the fact that a ‘hate culture’ or a ‘hate phenomenon’ remains among the most complex challenges for states.
Menyoal Kebebasan Beragama dan Penodaan Agama Di Indonesia
Authors: Sopyan Yayan
Published: January 2016

Abstract: Questioning the Religious Freedom and blasphemy in Indonesia. The presence of the Constitutional Court in the reform era is the strengthening of the foundations of constitutionalism in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945. The Court in this case a role to enforce and the protector of the citizen's constitutional rights and the protector of the human rights. Including in this case, the right to religion and religious practices and teachings of their respective religions, in accordance with the constitutional mandate. However, on the other hand there is the discourse of freedom of expression and freedom of speech includes freedom to broadcast religious beliefs and understanding of the "deviant" and against the "mainstream" religious beliefs and understanding in general, as in the case of Ahmadiyah. The Court in this case is required to provide the best attitude when faced judicial review in this case still required in addition to guarding the constitution in order to run properly.   Abstrak: Menyoal Kebebasan Beragama dan Penodaan Agama di Indonesia. Kehadiran lembaga Mahkamah Konstitusi di era reformasi merupakan upaya penguatan terhadap dasar-dasar konstitusionalisme pada Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. MK dalam hal ini berperan menegakkan dan melindungi hak-hak konstitusional warga negara (the protector of the citizen’s constitutional rights) dan pelindung HAM (the protector of the human rights). Termasuk dalam hal ini, hak untuk memeluk agama dan menjalankan ibadah serta ajaran agamanya masing-masing, sesuai dengan amanat konstitusi. Namun, disisi lain ada wacana kebebasan berekspresi dan kebebasan berpendapat termasuk didalamnya kebebasan untuk menyiarkan keyakinan dan pemahaman keagamaan yang “menyimpang” dan bertentangan dengan “mainstream” keyakinan dan pemahaman keagamaan pada umumnya, seperti dalam kasus Ahmadiyah. MK dalam hal ini dituntut untuk mampu memberikan sikap terbaik saat dihadapkan judicial review dalam kasus ini selain tetap dituntut untuk mengawal konstitusi agar dapat berjalan sebagaimana mestinya. DOI: 10.15408/jch.v2i2.2314
Peran Organisasi Regional Dalam Pemeliharaan Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional
Authors: Mulyana Imam
Published: January 2016

Abstract: International law has stipulated a number of mechanisms in order to resolve the dispute between the countries. International dispute settlement mechanisms are required to use peaceful means as the main approach. However, if peaceful means can not resolve a dispute, it can also be used enforcementaction by the UN Security Council, particularly if potentially threatens peace and international security. The UN Charter also regulates the role of regional organizations, including when regional organizations intend to play a role related with maintenance of international peace and security. Although in practice today of regional organizations has been actively engaged in the maintenance of international peace and security, but international regulations regarding this activity has not been clearly settle, particularly in terms of scale and responsibility mechanism. Abstrak: Peran Organisasi Regional Dalam Pemeliharaan Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional. Hukum internasional telah mengatur sejumlah mekanisme dalam rangka menyelesaiakan sengketa yang terjadi antara negara-negara di dunia. Mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa internasional diharuskan menggunakan cara-cara damai sebagai pendekatan utama. Meskipun demikian apabila cara-cara damai tidak dapat menyelesaikan suatu sengketa, maka dapat pula digunakan cara-cara kekerasan oleh Dewan Keamanan PBB, terutama apabila mengancam perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Piagam PBB juga mengatur mengenai peran Organisasi Regional termasuk apabila Organisasi Regional bermaksud berperan dalam melakukan pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Meskipun pada praktiknya hari ini Organisasi Regional telah aktif melakukan kegiatan pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan internasional, akan tetapi ketentuan internasional mengenai aktivitas ini belum secara jelas diatur, terutama dalam hal skala dan mekanisme pertangungjawabannya.  DOI: 10.15408/jch.v2i2.2317
Urgensi Pembentukan Pengadilan Khusus Agraria
Authors: Sulatri Endah , Dewa Teguh Triesna
Published: January 2016

Jika suatu negara tanpa adanya demokrasi dan Rule f Law mungkin dapat menikmati kemakmuran, namun adalah juga benar jika suatu negara tanpa adanya demokrasi dan Rule of Law sudah pasti tidak akan menikmati keadilan Dalam kerangka hukum internasional, Universal Declaration of Human Rights tahun 1948, telah dikukuhkan perjanjian internasional (1996) mengenai Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (HESB). Pasal 11 ayat 2 dari HESB mengisyaratkan bahwa sebuah Negara yang mengabaikan reformasi agraria, dianggap telah melakukan pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (“HAM”). Berangkat dari pemikiran global tersebutReformasi Agraria juga menjadisebuah agenda penting yang tidak dapat diabaikan termasukIndonesia selaku negara yang menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai HAM Dalam Pasal 1 ayat (2) Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (“UU 5/1960”) disebutkan bahwa pengertian agraria secara luas menyebutkan bahwa “seluruh bumi, air, dan ruang angkasa, termasuk kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya dalam Wilayah Republik Indonesia sebagai karunia Tuhan Yang Maha Esa adalah bumi, air dan ruang angkasa bangsa Indonesia dan merupakan kekayaan nasional”. Sedangkan  menurut doktrin,Subekti menyatakan “Hukum agraria adalah keseluruhan daripada ketentuan-ketentuan hukum, baik hukum perdata, maupun hukum tata negara maupun pula tata usaha negara yang mengatur hubungan-hubungan antara orang termasuk badan hukum, dengan bumi, air, dan ruang angkasa dalam seluruh wilayah neagara dan mengatur pula wewenang-wewenang yang bersumber pada hubungan-hubungan tersebut”. Dari pengertian di atas agraria memiliki dimensi yang sangat luas dan tidak hanya terbatas pada permasalahan tanah. Dalam bukunya Prof. Boedi Harsono menyatakan bahwa hukum agraria bukan merupakan satu perangkat bidang hukum melainkan sekelompok perangkat bidang hukum. Namun dalam kenyataannya hukum tanah memiliki porsi yang lebih besar dan begitu kompleks dibandingkan dengan perangkat hukum yang lain seperti hukum pertambangan, air, perikanan, dan lain-lain. DOI: 10.15408/jch.v2i2.2321
Peran Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Terhadap Pengawasan Pendaftaran Jaminan Fidusia
Authors: Tunisa Nazia
Published: January 2016

Dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi dan teknologi saat ini, masyarakat dituntut cepat dan produktif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan (needs) dan keinginannya (wants) seperti moda transportasi yakni motor dan mobil. Hal ini menjadikan kendaraan sebagai kebutuhan mendasar bagi masyarakat (basic need). Konsep kendaraan sekarang ini telah mengalami pergeseran tidak hanya sebagai kebutuhan dasar saja, namun sebagai alat penunjang kegiatan usaha. Namun saat ini, kendaraan juga telah menjadi gaya hidup (life style), memberikan kemudahan dan menunjukkan karakteristik serta kelas sosial. Kelebihan-kelebihan atas sesuatu produk mendorong masyarakat (konsumen) tergiur untuk memilikinya meskipun secara kemampuan dana (financial) untuk membelinya tidak mencukupi. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan lembaga yang mampu untuk menjamin terhadap selera masyarakat. Kondisi seperti ini yang menyebabkan tumbuh dan berkembangnya lembaga pembiayaan konsumen dalam sektor Lembaga Keuangan Non-Bank, selain lembaga pembiayaan yang termasuk dalam Lembaga Keuangan Non-Bank adalah asuransi, pegadaian, dana pensiun, reksa dana, bursa efek dan lain-lain. DOI: 10.15408/jch.v2i2.2325
Sistem Koordinasi Antara Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) Dengan Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS)
Authors: Windiantika Wiwin Wintarsih
Published: January 2016

Abstract: Coordinating System Between Financial Services Authority (OJK) And Deposit Insurance Agency (LPS) In Handling Failed Bank. The Deposit Insurance Agency (LPS) is an institution that is independent, transparent and accountable in implementing its duties and authorities. Procedurally, if the Financial Services Authority (OJK) indicate a bank that is experiencing liquidity problems, OJK immediately inform the Bank of Indonesia (BI) to take steps in accordance with BI's authority. In practise, OJK coordinate with BI to make regulatory supervision in banking sector. Coordination in handling between failed banks between the LPS and OJK is shown by a confirmation from OJK to the LPS about troubled banks that are in the restructuring efforts by OJK, then LPS investigate the banks. The LPS as an institution that checks condition of banks surely will review and determine whether the troubled banks will be saved or not saved. Keywords: Financial Services Authority, Coordination System and The Deposit Insurance Agency  Abstrak: Sistem Koordinasi Antara Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) Dengan Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS) Dalam Penanganan Bank Gagal. LPS adalah suatu lembaga yang independen, transparan dan akuntabel dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenangnya. Secara prosedur, jika OJK mengindikasikan suatu bank sedang mengalami kesulitan likuiditas dan/atau kondisi kesehatan memburuk, maka OJK segera menginformasikannya kepada Bank Indonesia (BI) untuk melakukan langkah-langkah sesuai dengan wewenang BI. Dalam pelaksanaannya, Koordinasi penanganan bank gagal antara LPS dengan OJK diperlihatkan oleh adanya konfirmasi yang dilakukan OJK kepada LPS mengenai bank bermasalah yang sedang dalam upaya penyehatan oleh OJK, kemudian LPS melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap bank terkait. LPS sudah tentu akan melakukan kajian dan memutuskan apakah bank yang sedang bermasalah tersebut akan diselamatkan atau tidak diselamatkan.  DOI: 10.15408/jch.v2i2.2326
LA INTERACCIÓN ENTRE AUTORES Y REVISORES
Authors: Aragón-Vargas Luis Fernando
Published: January 2016

En este editorial se comenta sobre algunos detalles de la relación entre autores y revisores y cómo esto a menudo no se toma en cuenta en los talleres para publicación científica.
Mapa de vulnerabilidad a la contaminación acuífera, cantón de Belén, Heredia, Costa Rica
Authors: Protti Roberto , Sojo Dennis
Published: January 2016

Mediante la aplicación de la metodología GOD (Foster et al., 2002), se elaboró un mapa de vulnerabilidad a la contaminación acuífera para el cantón de Belén, Heredia, Costa Rica. Este mapa fue elaborado durante entre los años 2013 y 2014 como parte de las investigaciones hidrogeológicas realizadas por los autores en el cantón de Belén. Se propone una nueva clasificación de la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación acuífera con respecto a los mapas vigentes actualmente por parte de la Municipalidad de Belén.
Estado de esfuerzos estáticos en la interface de placas Coco-Caribe en Costa Rica: Interpretación mecánica para el origen de asperezas en la zona sismogénica
Authors: Lücke Oscar H.
Published: January 2016

La región del antearco a lo largo de la zona de subducción centroamericana muestra una serie de anomalías positivas de gravedad paralelas a la trinchera con anomalías negativas correspondientes, a lo largo de la fosa y hacia la costa. Estas anomalías se extienden desde Guatemala hasta el norte de Nicaragua. Sin embargo, el segmento costarricense del antearco no sigue este patrón debido a la segmentación de la anomalía negativa de la fosa, la ausencia de la anomalía negativa costera y la presencia de masa continental emergida en el lugar de la anomalía positiva del antearco en la Península de Nicoya. Estudios geodésicos y sismológicos a lo largo de la zona de subducción costarricense sugieren la presencia de áreas de acoplamiento en la zona sismogénica bajo la península de Nicoya previo al sismo de magnitud 7,6 Mw del 5 de setiembre de 2012. Estas áreas han sido asociadas anteriormente con asperezas. Publicaciones previas han propuesto un modelo mecánico para el origen de asperezas a lo largo del margen convergente chileno, basado en la estructura de la placa cabalgante. Basado en la estructura de la placa cabalgante, publicaciones previas han propuesto un modelo mecánico para el origen de asperezas a lo largo del margen convergente chileno, en el cual el material ígneo denso en el antearco de la placa cabalgante sobre la zona sismogénica, modifica el estado de esfuerzos estáticos en la interface de placas e influye en los procesos sismogénicos. En Costa Rica, la geología de superficie y los datos de gravedad indican la presencia de corteza densa compuesta por basaltos y gabros que sobreyace la zona sismogénica en donde el acoplamiento está presente. Los valores de anomalía de Bouguer en esta región alcanzan los 120×10-5 m/s2 y son los más altos medidos para Costa Rica. En este trabajo, el estado de esfuerzos estáticos en la interface de placas Cocos-Caribe se calcula basado en la geometría y en la distribución de densidad de un modelo tridimensional de la litósfera de la zona de subducción interpretado a partir de datos de gravedad de modelos geopotenciales combinados. Los resultados muestran una correlación espacial entre las áreas acopladas en la Península de Nicoya y la presencia de anomalías en el estado de esfuerzos estáticos en la interface de placas. Las anomalías de esfuerzo se calcularon para el componente normal del esfuerzo vertical en la zona sismogénica y se interpretaron como originadas por el material denso que compone el antearco en el área. El material denso de las rocas máficas del Complejo de Nicoya y la carga topográfica de la península sobre la zona sismogénica influyen en la distribución de zonas acopladas y el comportamiento sísmico de la región. Esto se debe a que las anomalías en el esfuerzo normal a la interface de placas incrementan el umbral de esfuerzo cortante para generar la ruptura.
La falla Tobosi: Fuente del enjambre sísmico de Tobosi del 2011-2012 en el centro de Costa Rica
Authors: Araya María C. , Linkimer Lepolt , Montero Walter , Rojas Wilfredo
Published: January 2016

El Cinturón Deformado del Centro de Costa Rica (CCRDB) es una zona de deformación de ~100 km de ancho que representa el límite entre la Placa Caribe y la Microplaca de Panamá. Entre diciembre 2011 y febrero 2012 ocurrió un enjambre de sismos en un segmento del CCRDB ubicado en las cercanías del poblado de Tobosi, 7 km al suroeste de la ciudad de Cartago. En este estudio se utilizaron los registros de la Red Sismológica Nacional (RSN:UCR-ICE) para relocalizar los sismos y calcular sus mecanismos focales. Asimismo, se realizó un estudio de la geomorfología tectónica de la zona. Los resultados evidencian una estructura de transtensión compuesta por al menos tres fallas, llamadas: Tobosi, Tablón y Alumbre. Este estudio demuestra que la Falla Tobosi es una falla activa la cual presenta un movimiento de tipo sinestral con componente normal y fue el origen del enjambre de sismos de Tobosi.