bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety of medicines—Pharmacists' knowledge, practice, and attitudes toward pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions reporting process
Authors: Kopciuch Dorota , Zaprutko Tomasz , Paczkowska Anna , Ratajczak Piotr , Zielińska‐Tomczak Łucja , Kus Krzysztof , Nowakowska Elżbieta
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Patients' safety is a public concern in healthcare systems across the world and should be ensured, among others, by pharmacovigilance based on spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Spontaneous ADRs reporting is an important component of the pharmacovigilance system. The role of pharmacists in spontaneous ADRs reporting is crucial in the pharmacovigilance system since it helps to monitor the patients' treatment in real‐life conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharmacists' attitudes to and knowledge on spontaneous ADRs reporting in Poland and to identify the reasons for underreporting of ADRs.

Methods

The study was conducted between January 2016 and January 2018. A self‐administered questionnaire was designed and distributed to pharmacists. The pharmacists were randomly selected from the official database kept by the chief pharmaceutical inspectorate in Poland.

Results

Only 16% (n = 84) of the respondents have ever attended a training on pharmacovigilance. Eighty‐one percent (N = 422) of pharmacists believe that not all synthetic drugs available on the market were safe. Twenty‐eight percent (n = 146) of the respondents were certain about safety of drugs of natural origin, and 16% (n = 84) were of an opinion that adverse reactions following administration of such drugs should not be reported at all.

Conclusions

To conclude, there is an increasing awareness of the need to develop pharmacovigilance practices. The current (not fully adhered to in practice) model of pharmacovigilance and its associated tools have been developed for synthetic drugs, and applying these methods to monitor safety of herbal medicines presents unique challenges.
Transition to Oral versus Continued Intravenous Antibiotics for Patients with Pyogenic Liver Abscesses: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Giangiuli Stephanie E. , Mueller Scott W. , Jeffres Meghan N.
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The management of pyogenic liver abscesses usually requires 4 weeks of antibiotic therapy. It is unknown if oral (PO) antibiotics are as effective as intravenous (IV) antibiotics for this indication.

Objectives

To compare 30‐, 60‐, and 90‐day readmission rates between patients with pyogenic liver abscesses receiving IV antibiotics for the duration of therapy and those who were transitioned to PO antibiotics after discharge from the hospital.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients with pyogenic liver abscesses who had undergone percutaneous drainage and received IV antibiotics while in the hospital. Patients were grouped based on receipt of either PO or IV antibiotics at discharge.

Results

The final cohort resulted in 99 patients, 48 in the PO group and 51 in the IV group. The most common organisms identified were Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus sp. The most common antibiotic received at discharge in the IV group was ertapenem or ceftriaxone plus metronidazole. Patients in the PO group most commonly received levofloxacin plus metronidazole at discharge. Thirty‐day readmission occurred more frequently in the PO group (PO 39.6% vs IV 17.6%, p=0.03). The most common reasons for readmission were complications related to abscess or antibiotic. Univariate logistic regression for readmission identified PO antibiotics at discharge as an independent predictor of readmission at 30 days (odds ratio [OR] 3.1), 60 days (OR 3.9), and 90 days (OR 3.1).

Conclusion

Transition to PO antibiotics that consisted mostly of fluoroquinolones for patients with pyogenic liver abscesses was associated with a higher rate of 30‐day readmission compared with patients treated with IV antibiotics that consisted mostly of β‐lactams.
Synthesis of perfectly sulfonated sodium polystyrene sulfonate over a wide molar mass range via reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization
Authors: Balding Paul , Cueto Rafael , Russo Paul S. , Gutekunst Will R.
Published: May 2019

An aqueous reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) approach is used to synthesize sodium polystyrene sulfonate directly from functionalized monomers to give uniformly and completely sulfonated materials. Reproducible gram scale syntheses are achieved under simple one pot reaction conditions at ambient temperatures, and full monomer conversions are achieved within approximately 3 h. Reaction variables such as pH, sodium chloride concentration, and methanol cosolvent have a significant effect on the molecular weights (Mn ≈ 20,000–400,000 g·mol−1) obtained by gel permeation chromatography coupled multiangle light scattering. Observed dispersities were reasonably narrow: Ð ≈ 1.05–1.3. A parametric optimization, rather than direct variation of the monomer to initiator ratio, resulted in some of the highest molecular weight polymers by an RDRP approach. Linear progression between Mn and monomer conversion occurs at a neutral reaction pH, which results in narrow polymer molecular weight distributions, along with high end‐group fidelity as demonstrated with chain extension reactions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1527–1537
Inaccurate secondary structure predictions often indicate protein fold switching
Authors: Mishra Soumya , Looger Loren L. , Porter Lauren L.
Published: May 2019

Although most proteins conform to the classical one‐structure/one‐function paradigm, an increasing number of proteins with dual structures and functions have been discovered. In response to cellular stimuli, such proteins undergo structural changes sufficiently dramatic to remodel even their secondary structures and domain organization. This “fold‐switching” capability fosters protein multi‐functionality, enabling cells to establish tight control over various biochemical processes. Accurate predictions of fold‐switching proteins could both suggest underlying mechanisms for uncharacterized biological processes and reveal potential drug targets. Recently, we developed a prediction method for fold‐switching proteins using structure‐based thermodynamic calculations and discrepancies between predicted and experimentally determined protein secondary structure (Porter and Looger, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5968–5973). Here we seek to leverage the negative information found in these secondary structure prediction discrepancies. To do this, we quantified secondary structure prediction accuracies of 192 known fold‐switching regions (FSRs) within solved protein structures found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We find that the secondary structure prediction accuracies for these FSRs vary widely. Inaccurate secondary structure predictions are strongly associated with fold‐switching proteins compared to equally long segments of non‐fold‐switching proteins selected at random. These inaccurate predictions are enriched in helix‐to‐strand and strand‐to‐coil discrepancies. Finally, we find that most proteins with inaccurate secondary structure predictions are underrepresented in the PDB compared with their alternatively folded cognates, suggesting that unequal representation of fold‐switching conformers within the PDB could be an important cause of inaccurate secondary structure predictions. These results demonstrate that inconsistent secondary structure predictions can serve as a useful preliminary marker of fold switching.
Annealing Behavior of Vacancy‐Type Defects in Mg‐ and H‐Implanted GaN Studied Using Monoenergetic Positron Beams
Authors: Uedono Akira , Iguchi Hiroko , Narita Tetsuo , Kataoka Keita , Egger Werner , Koschine Tönjes , Hugenschmidt Christoph , Dickmann Marcel , Shima Kohei , Kojima Kazunobu , Chichibu Shigefusa F. , Ishibashi Shoji
Published: May 2019

Vacancy‐type defects in Mg‐implanted GaN with and without hydrogen (H) implantation are probed by using monoenergetic positron beams. Mg+ and H+ ions are implanted into GaN(000) to obtain 0.1 and 0.7‐µm‐deep box profiles with Mg and H concentrations of 1 × 1019 and 2 × 1020 cm−3, respectively. For the as‐implanted samples, the major defect species is determined to be Ga‐vacancy (VGa) related defects such as VGa, divacancy (VGaVN), and their complexes with impurities. For Mg‐implanted samples, an agglomeration of vacancies starts at 800 °C annealing, leading to the formation of vacancy clusters such as (VGaVN)3. For the samples annealed above 1000 °C, the trapping rate of positrons by vacancies is increased by illumination of a He–Cd laser. This is attributed to the capture of photon‐excited electrons by the defects and their charge transition. For Mg‐ and H‐implanted samples, the hydrogenation of vacancy‐type defects starts after 800 °C annealing. Comparing with the annealing behavior of defects for the samples without H‐implantation, the clustering of vacancy‐type defects is suppressed, which can be attributed to the interaction between Mg, H, and vacancies.
Impact of predictor measurement heterogeneity across settings on the performance of prediction models: A measurement error perspective
Authors: Luijken K. , Groenwold R. H. H. , Van Calster B. , Steyerberg E. W. , van Smeden M.
Published: May 2019

It is widely acknowledged that the predictive performance of clinical prediction models should be studied in patients that were not part of the data in which the model was derived. Out‐of‐sample performance can be hampered when predictors are measured differently at derivation and external validation. This may occur, for instance, when predictors are measured using different measurement protocols or when tests are produced by different manufacturers. Although such heterogeneity in predictor measurement between derivation and validation data is common, the impact on the out‐of‐sample performance is not well studied. Using analytical and simulation approaches, we examined out‐of‐sample performance of prediction models under various scenarios of heterogeneous predictor measurement. These scenarios were defined and clarified using an established taxonomy of measurement error models. The results of our simulations indicate that predictor measurement heterogeneity can induce miscalibration of prediction and affects discrimination and overall predictive accuracy, to extents that the prediction model may no longer be considered clinically useful. The measurement error taxonomy was found to be helpful in identifying and predicting effects of heterogeneous predictor measurements between settings of prediction model derivation and validation. Our work indicates that homogeneity of measurement strategies across settings is of paramount importance in prediction research.
Oxalyl Chloride: A Versatile Reagent in Organic Transformations
Authors: Mohammadkhani Leyla , Heravi Majid M.
Published: May 2019

Oxalyl chloride, (COCl)2, as an inexpensive commercially available chemical is one of the most versatile applicable organic reagents in chemical transformations. It is also employed extensively in various chemical industries. It is employed in various chemical transformations such as chlorination, oxidation, reduction, dehydration, decarboxylation, and formylation reactions as well as ring cleavage of epoxides. During the past decades, numerous procedures using (COCl)2 as reagent have been developed and published. However, its importance has largely been overlooked by the absence of a comprehensive review in chemical literature dealing with its application in organic transformations and its utilization in the chemical industry. This Review aims to provide an overview for the applications of oxalyl chloride in organic synthesis, including its physical properties, synthesis, as well as its unique roles as the reagent in organic reactions, covering the literature over the past 103 years (from 1916 to date).
Polyphenolic Compound from Brown Macroalga Padina tetrastromatica Imparts Oxidative Stress Tolerance in SH‐SY5Y, RAW 264.7, HeLa Cell Lines and in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Rai Sameer Kumar , Smriti Bhardwaj , Gunaseelan Sathaiah , Ashokkumar Balasubramaniem , Varalakshmi Perumal
Published: May 2019

Marine brown macroalgae are known for producing potent bioactive secondary metabolites such as phlorotannins. Phlorotannins are the phenolic compounds which can inhibit the oxidative stress via scavenging the free radicals. In this study, phlorotannin from Padina tetrastromatica brown macroalga was collected from Mandapam, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and identified by microscopic observation. The compound was extracted and purified by using column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The purified compound showed prominent inhibition of free radicals via reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity in vitro. Further, the compound showed the inhibitory effect of ROS in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line, HeLa human cervical cancer cell line, and SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. Further, the effect of the compound on neurotoxicity was carried out in Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model. The stress‐responsive genes daf‐16 and sod‐1 gene expression studies were performed and results revealed that the aforementioned genes had shown up‐regulation in compound treated with acrylamide induced worms. Thus, this compound may prospect for therapeutic applications against the oxidative stress‐related complications.
A Novel Synthesis, Characterization and Performances of 1,3,5‐Trinitro‐2,2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazinane
Authors: Yang Tongtong , Xu Zhibin , Meng Zihui , Zhai Lianjie
Published: May 2019

A novel synthetic method of the 1, 3, 5‐trinitro‐2, 2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazinane (2) has been successfully developed. In addition to IR, 1H 13C NMR and elemental analysis, compound 2 was characterized by 15N NMR and X‐ray single crystal diffraction. Due to the introduction of trifluoromethyl, the density of compound 2 is up to 2.04 g⋅cm−3 at 298 K, which is consistent with its crystal density (2.059 g⋅cm−3, 296(2) K). Compound 2 exhibits excellent detonation pressures and velocities (P, 45.6 GPa; vD, 9564 m⋅s−1), as good as exceptional impact and friction sensitivities(IS, 22.5 J; FS, >360 J). Some of these values are better than the current benchmark explosives, such as 1, 3, 5‐trinitrodihydro‐1, 3, 5‐triazine (RDX) and cyclo‐1, 3, 5, 7‐tetramethylenene‐2, 4, 6, 8‐tetranitramine (HMX).It is a potential high energy density material.
Phenanthroline‐tBuONa Promoted Intramolecular C−H Arylation of 1,5‐Diaryl‐1,2,3‐Triazoles for Efficient Synthesis of Triazolophenanthridines
Authors: Yang Jianhua , Ren Yongsheng , Wang Jiazhuang , Li Tao , Xiao Tiebo , Jiang Yubo
Published: May 2019

The first example of phenanthroline‐tBuONa promoted intramolecular C−H arylation of 1,5‐diaryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles without the involvement of transition metals has been developed. Various fused 1,5‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles of triazolophenanthridines were prepared with excellent yields and high site‐selectivity via simple and efficient intramolecular cyclization by using the 1,10‐phenanthroline‐tBuONa reaction system.
Comprehension Beyond Words: Using Wordless Books With Emergent Readers
Authors: Euker Eleanor
Published: May 2019

Voices From the Classroom essays share readers’ reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
U‐shaped development in error‐driven child phonology
Authors: Tessier Anne‐Michelle
Published: May 2019

Phonological regressions or U‐shaped development have frequently been observed in longitudinal studies of child speech production. However, the typology of which phonological patterns regress, and their implications for learning, have not been given much attention in the recent literature on constraint‐based phonological development. One basic question is simply the definition of a phonological regression, as created by the grammar or other mechanisms, which is in turn dependent on the type of grammar and learner assumed. This paper systematically addresses the question of whether or not attested phonological regressions are incompatible with an error‐driven approach to grammatical development, whereby each round of learning is predicted to move the learner closer to the target language. From this perspective, this survey discusses case studies of phonological regression in the literature, grouped according to their ease of explanation under error‐driven learning. Three types are identified and exemplified: regressions which are easily explained with existing error‐driven algorithms for constraint‐reranking; regressions which can also be derived through error‐driven learning by adopting an additional tool (for incorporating child‐specific phonetic experience); and regressions whose error‐driven motivation remains unclear. Another central theme of the survey is the degree of variation and lexical exceptionality among these regression patterns, and the extent to which such variability is captured in the learner's algorithms or grammar. Interim conclusions are provided, and necessary future directions for empirical and theoretical research are discussed.

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language Acquisition

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Dietary supplementation of Aspergillus oryzae meal and its effect on performance, carcass characteristics, blood variables, and immunity of broiler chickens
Authors: Zahirian Mehdi , Seidavi Alireza , Solka Magdalena , Nosrati Mehran , Corazzin Mirco
Published: May 2019

This study investigated the effect of different levels and consumption periods of Aspergillus oryzae meal on performance, carcass characteristics, blood variables, and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 270 (male and female) Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 9 treatment groups. Two levels (2 g/kg diet and 4 g/kg diet as-fed) of Aspergillus oryzae meal (AO) and 4 consumption periods of AO (starter, grower, finisher, and entire period) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement were used. Compared with control, AO used during the entire rearing period increased weight gain, reduced relative weight of abdominal fat, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels, and increased antibody titers against influenza and Newcastle disease vaccination and sheep red blood cells injection. Few differences in the variables considered were found if AO was added to broiler diets only during specific consumption periods, and between the two supplementation levels of AO. In conclusion, the addition of AO to the broiler diet can have beneficial effects in terms of performance, carcass composition, and health, but these positive effects were mainly reached adding AO for the entire rearing period.
Anal position index; can it predict pelvic organ disorders in adults?
Authors: Alemrajabi Mahdi , Moradi Mohammad , Jahangiri Fariba , Marzbali Fateme
Published: May 2019

Introduction Anal position index is calculated with a simple formula, which is used to determine the exact position of anus in perineum. This index is currently used only in neonates and infants. Anteriorly displacement of anus is a common cause of chronic constipation. Here we assessed the association between anal position index with patients’ characteristics, chronic constipation, rectum prolapse uterine prolapse, and number of delivery.

Material and methods This was a cross-sectional study performed in 2018 on 63 adult admitted to colorectal surgery clinic. Anus-forchuette, coccyx-forchuette and coccyx-scrotum and anal-scrotum were measure by a simple meter tape. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows, ver. 18) was used for data analysis. Independent Student's t-test, correlation coefficient and ANOVA were used.

Results Sixty-three patients within age range of 22–75 years old were recruited. 48 were male (76.2%) and 15 females (23.8%). Twenty-nine (46%) had chronic constipation. The mean ± SD of the index with confidence interval of 95% was 0.5325 ± 0.11861 in males and 0.4510 ± 0.16803 in females. Also the mean of the index was 0.4616 ± 0.14007 in patients with chronic constipation and 0.5570 ± 0.11559 in patients without constipation.

Discussion Anal position index can be a prognostic factor to predict chronic constipation and pelvic floor anatomy disturbance in adults as well as pediatrics.
Jejunal stromal tumor and neurofibromatosis
Authors: Kayser Daniela Fonseca Lisboa , Amaral Lígia Nascimento Figueiredo , Andrade Livia Paulucci Cavalcanti , Vasconcelos Fernando Augusto Santos , Campos-Lobato Luiz Felipe de , Figueiredo Juliano Alves
Published: May 2019

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, although rare, are the most common primary mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal. They present slow growth and symptoms such as bleeding, abdominal pain or discomfort, and the presence of an abdominal mass. The most affected organs are the stomach and small intestine. Differential diagnoses for gastrointestinal stromal tumor include adenocarcinoma and small intestine lymphoma, metastasis, and carcinoid tumor. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors have been associated with familial syndromes such as type 1 neurofibromatosis, considered a predisposing factor for tumors in the small intestine. This study aimed to report a case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the jejunal region in a patient with type 1 neurofibromatosis, followed-up for two years, who underwent laparoscopic segmental enterectomy and diagnosis determined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The diagnosis of small intestine gastrointestinal stromal tumor is challenging because of its low incidence, nonspecific symptoms, relative inaccessibility of the small intestine to conventional endoscopic examination, broad spectrum of radiological appearances, and the fact that the nature of the mass is difficult to determine with imaging examinations of the abdomen alone. Thus, the small intestine gastrointestinal stromal tumor may be erroneously diagnosed as pancreatic, gynecological, or mesenteric tumors. The literature does not present many reports on the association of jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor with neurofibromatosis. Understanding the tumoral behavior of small intestine gastrointestinal stromal tumor in this subgroup of patients would allow better follow-up.
Motor Function and Perception of Health in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia
Authors: Næss Ingrid , Frawley Helena C. , Bø Kari
Published: May 2019

Background

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a prevalent and disabling condition in women that may be associated with reduced quality of life and impairment of physical functioning.

Aim

To investigate whether women with PVD have different motor functions, posture and breathing patterns, and whether they perceive their physical health differently, compared with asymptomatic controls.

Methods and Main Outcome Measure

The Standardized Mensendieck Test (SMT) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to assess differences between 35 women with PVD and 35 healthy controls.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences in any of the 5 motor domains of the SMT between the women with PVD and those without PVD: standing posture, 4.0 (0.6) vs 5.0 (0.6); gait, 4.7 (0.6) vs 4.8 (0.6); movement, 4.8 (0.8) vs 5.1 (0.6); sitting posture, 4.7 (1.0) vs 4.9 (0.8); respiration, 4.7 (1.0) vs 4.7 (0.9). Women with PVD scored significantly lower in all domains on the SF-36 (adjusted Bonferroni P = .002) except physical functioning.

Clinical Implications

Given the lack of difference in the SF-36 physical functioning domain and in all 5 domains of the SMT between women with PVD and those without PVD, the value of interventions focusing on general physical function is unclear.

Strengths & Limitations

A study strength is the use of an assessor-blinded case-control design, trained physiotherapists to conduct the tests, and valid and reliable outcome measures. A limitation is the homogeneity of the sample of young nulliparous women, which limits the generalizability of our findings to other study populations.

Conclusion

Young nulliparous women with PVD did not score differently from a group of healthy controls on assessment of overall physical functioning or on standing posture, gait, movement, sitting posture, and respiration. However, the score for perception of general health was lower in the women with PVD compared with controls.
Sowing the “CEED”s of a more diverse biomedical workforce: The Career Education and Enhancement for Health Care Research Diversity (CEED) program at the University of Pittsburgh
Authors: Abebe Kaleab Z. , Morone Natalia E. , Mayowski Colleen A. , Rubio Doris M. , Kapoor Wishwa K.
Published: May 2019

Purpose:

The need to diversify the biomedical research workforce is well documented. The importance of fostering the careers of fledgling underrepresented background (URB) biomedical researchers is evident in light of the national and local scarcity of URB scientists in biomedical research. The Career Education and Enhancement for Health Care Research Diversity (CEED) program at the University of Pittsburgh Institute for Clinical Research Education (ICRE) was designed to promote career success and help seal the “leaky pipeline” for URB researchers. In this study, we aimed to quantify CEED’s effect on several key outcomes by comparing CEED Scholars to a matched set of URB ICRE trainees not enrolled in CEED using data collected over 10 years.

Method:

We collected survey data on CEED Scholars from 2007 to 2017 and created a matched set of URB trainees not enrolled in CEED using propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio. Poisson regression was used to compare the rate of publications between CEED and non-CEED URB trainees after adjusting for baseline number of publications.

Results:

CEED has 45 graduates. Seventy-six percent are women, 78% are non-White, and 33% are Hispanic/Latino. Twenty-four CEED Scholars were matched to non-CEED URB trainees. Compared to matched URB trainees, CEED graduates had more peer-reviewed publications (p=0.0261) and were more likely to be an assistant professor (p=0.0145).

Conclusions:

Programs that support URB researchers can help expand and diversify the biomedical research workforce. CEED has been successful despite the challenges of a small demographic pool.
What Makes Hartog Hartog: Introduction to a Symposium on the Work of Dirk Hartog
Authors: Goluboff Risa L.
Published: May 2019

The essays in this symposium on the work of Dirk Hartog encompass meditations on legal positivism and the histories of slavery, civil rights, and women’s rights as well as contemporary analyses of spousal abuse and the dependency of adult children. That wide range of subjects, approaches, and concerns might be puzzling were it not for the wide substantive, methodological, and theoretical range in Hartog’s own oeuvre. Hartog’s work has been so generative for other scholars because of his simultaneous engagement with history and law, with fact and theory, with the whole sweep of the nineteenth century and the most minute detail of a person’s life. In describing in this introduction what makes Hartog Hartog, I emphasize the unique blend of professional commitments and personal sensibilities he brings to his work: the sensitivity with which he approaches history; the humanity with which he treats his historical subjects; the dexterity with which he analyzes the law; and the sophistication with which his human and legal stories yield up jurisprudential insights. I also, respectfully, disagree with Hartog himself on the essence of his work. Where he laments that he exists in a “muddle in the middle”—writing histories of a problematic “inbetweenness”—I see him as making the messy lived reality of legal history cognizable to modern reader. His work reveals the simultaneity of multiple and overlapping legal regimes as they shaped and were shaped by the human needs of real people.
Marital Consciousness and the Criminalization of Spousal Abuse
Authors: Schneebaum Galia
Published: May 2019

Criminal law’s treatment of spousal violence oscillates between two different views. According to the first view, spousal violence is to be defined and prosecuted using generic titles such as assault or battery. According to the second, spousal violence constitutes a form of abuse—a terminology implying a background state of power or inequality that exists in spousal relationships, turning it into a distinct legal wrong. This Essay draws on Hendrik Hartog’s account of nineteenth-century marital consciousness in Man and Wife in America—which considers people’s assumptions and expectations regarding rights and duties within marriage—to illuminate this contemporary debate and situate it within a larger inquiry concerning the residues of patriarchy in contemporary law and society. This analysis calls for a fresh normative assessment of the different views for proscribing spousal violence under contemporary criminal laws.
On the Flight Path Relative to the Air of an Aircraft Circling in a Uniform Wind
Authors: Brearley M. N.
Published: May 2019

When an aircraft flying at a constant airspeed performs circular orbits relative to the ground, its path relative to the air has interesting features if a wind of uniform velocity is blowing. The locus, which is here called an aeroid, bears some resemblance to a prolate trochoid; its equation is obtained in parametric and intrinsic forms, and its curvature and other fundamental properties are derived.

In the final section of the paper some practical implications are considered, including the effect of wind on the fuel consumption per orbit of a circling aircraft and the influence of winds of different headings on the path for a landing approach.
A Simplified Version of Bradshaw’s Method for Calculating Two-dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers
Authors: Patel V. C. , Head M. R.
Published: May 2019

Bradshaw’s method of calculating the development of two-dimensional turbulent boundary layers involves the simultaneous solution of partial differential equations of mean motion and turbulent kinetic energy. The present approach avoids the computational complexities of this procedure.

The use of Thompson’s two-parameter family of velocity profiles and associated skin-friction law enables the momentum integral equation to be satisfied, along with Bradshaw’s version of the turbulent kinetic-energy equation at a specified fraction of the boundary layer thickness. This fraction (y/δ = 0·5) is chosen as representing the position in the boundary layer where Bradshaw’s equation, which contains several empirical functions, is shown by comparisons with experiment to hold with greatest accuracy. Thus the present simplified approach leads not only to a reduction in computing time but also to an appreciable increase in the general accuracy of prediction.
Buckling of Stiffened Cylindrical Shells of Circular-Arc Cross Section
Authors: Soong Tsai-Chen
Published: May 2019

Cylinders of non-circular cross-section which can be constructed by circular arcs and straight line segments are analysed. Differential equations and boundary conditions for the buckling of eccentrically stiffened, isotropic or orthotropic, circular panels of zero Gaussian curvature are derived through variation of the total potential. Eight equations of continuity along the generators of adjacent arc-segments are enforced simultaneously through the use of Lagrangian multipliers which, with the potential minimised with respect to the admissible displacement functions, constitute an approximate solution of the cylinder problem. Numerical examples include stiffened cylinders with oval and egg-shaped sections. The buckling strengths of these non-circular cylindrical shells under bending are compared with their circular counterparts on the basis of equal circumferential length.
A Method for the Generation of Assumed Modes in Vibration Analysis
Authors: Nissim E.
Published: May 2019

A method for the generation of assumed modes in beams with arbitrary boundary conditions is described. The method is applied to two cantilevered beams using a modified Rayleigh-Ritz vibration analysis. The results obtained show excellent agreement with those obtained by exact methods of analysis.
The Prediction of Aerofoil Pressure Distributions for Sub-Critical Viscous Flows
Authors: Lock R. C. , Wilby P. G. , Powell B. J.
Published: May 2019

The paper first describes an approximate method for calculating inviscid flows round arbitrary aerofoils at sub-critical Mach numbers, based on second-order theory with empirical improvements to give better agreement with exact theory; several comparisons are shown. This method is then used as the basis of an iterative procedure for calculating the effect of the boundary layer on the surface pressures and overall forces; several comparisons are given with recent experimental results.
Some Sectional-Drag Relationships in Linearised Wing Theory
Authors: Ashill P. R.
Published: May 2019

Relationships for the sectional drag of wings are derived by using the linearised wing theory. It is suggested that some of these results may prove useful for checking the accuracy of numerical lifting-surface theories and for formulating approximate theories. Two main problems are considered, namely the lifting (no thickness) case and the thickness (zero lift) problem. In both cases, general planform shapes are examined and it is shown that particularly simple results are achieved for planar wings with a spanwise axis of symmetry.
The Supersonic Flow Field Associated with a Conical Flame Sheet
Authors: Clarke J. F. , Petty D. G.
Published: May 2019

It is shown that a pair of supersonic inviscid conical flow fields can exist on either side of a conical deflagration wave. The configuration is relevant to the base flow question and indicates how base drag may be alleviated by burning. Results of exact computations are presented as well as those derived from a slender-body theory.
Secondary Mass Injection in a Hypersonic Flow
Authors: Simpkins P. G.
Published: May 2019

This paper describes an experimental study of the interaction between a hypersonic flow and a transverse jet which issues radially from a slender conical model. Measurements in the region far upstream of the jet show qualitative agreement with free interaction analyses, while downstream a film cooling effect appears to reduce the heat transfer rate substantially. The effect of changes in Reynolds number, jet pressure ratio and mass flux is examined and compared with similar phenomena caused by fixed disturbances such as compression corners. The shape of the interaction shock wave is found to agree with the predictions of the second-order blast wave theory. Finally a correlation is found between the boundary layer separation length and a local mass flux parameter.
Experimental Study of the Thermal Wake Interference Between Closely Spaced Wires of a X-Type Hot-Wire Probe
Authors: Jerome F. E. , Guitton D. E. , Patel R. P.
Published: May 2019

In constructing an X-type hot-wire probe it has been the policy of a number of experimenters and manufacturers to place the two wires forming the X close to each other to assure that they are both measuring in effectively the same plane. A number of important experiments have been made using such a probe design. Recent experiments at the University of British Columbia and McGill University have shown that an X-wire probe which has two wires almost in the same plane is quite sensitive to movements of the velocity vector out of that plane (defined as pitching motion). This has been attributed to the influence on one wire of the hot wake produced by the other. In this note a Disa X-type probe (type 55A32), with the wires 0·15 mm apart, is tested and found to have a static sensitivity to small angles of pitch, which is very significant for low wire Reynolds numbers (< 5) but becomes small for Reynolds number greater than 10. A modified probe, having the wires one wire length apart, is suggested and when tested was found to have no pitch sensitivity.
The Strongly Controlled Aircraft
Authors: Milne R. D. , Padfield G. D.
Published: May 2019

In many flight situations an automatic control is used to minimise the deviation of one or two aircraft motion variables from their trim values. The same effect may be brought about, in certain cases, by pilot action. If the control is very strong it may be imagined that the aircraft motion is kinematically constrained in the sense that the controlled motion variables are actually held irrevocably at their trimmed values throughout a disturbance.

More than fifteen years ago Neumark presented an analytical treatment of startling simplicity which dealt with the motion of an aircraft under strict kinematic constraint. By adopting the concept of kinematic constraint and so eliminating one or more variables the motion of the aircraft is described by a simpler set of equations: yet, clearly, the addition of a control system to the aircraft will, in fact, increase the complexity of the complete set of describing equations. However, there is no doubt that Neumark’s theory does give meaningful and useful results.

The analysis described in this paper shows how the motion of a strongly controlled aircraft can be described in terms of simpler sub-systems and indicates that Neumark’s theory appears as the limiting case of infinite control strength. The role of the pilot in applying strong control is placed in the context of the general theory.
Eddy Viscosity Distributions in Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers with Injection
Authors: Squire L. C.
Published: May 2019

Shear stress, eddy viscosity and mixing length distributions have been obtained from measured boundary-layer developments over porous surfaces with air and carbon dioxide injection at Mach numbers up to M=3·6. It is found that, if the eddy viscosity is non-dimensionalised by dividing by the product of the free-stream velocity and the kinematic displacement thickness then this non-dimensional ratio is almost independent of injection ratio, but decreases slightly with Mach number.
The Hypersonic Source Flow Past Wedges and Cones
Authors: Gorgui M. A.
Published: May 2019

To study the effects of flow non-uniformities on the hypersonic flow past test bodies, perturbation analysis is applied to the hypersonic source flow past wedges and cones. In both cases it is shown that the effects of the source flow on the shock shape and velocity are small, while effects on the pressure and density are large. Curves are presented for various values of the Mach number from which these effects can be estimated.
Aerodynamic Throttling of Two-Dimensional Nozzle Flows
Authors: Nunn R H , Brandt H
Published: May 2019

The inviscid interaction resulting from the penetration of a jet of air into the throat region of a bounded mainstream flow is investigated analytically and experimentally. Taking into account the effects of jet shocks, a control volume analysis is used to calculate the mainstream and jet conditions at the boundaries of the interaction region. These results are then used to estimate the shape of the interface separating the jet and mainstream. Particular attention is given to the throttling of the mainstream flow and the analytical predictions show agreement with the experimental measurements.
Subordinate subject deletion in Russian
Authors: Schaarschmidt Gunter H.
Published: May 2019

Most, if not all natural languages possess complex sentences in which one single noun phrase serves as the superficial subject for two or more verbs. The most obvious case is the one involving sentences with co-ordinate verb phrases as in (1):

(1)

the man hit the girl and kicked the boy

However, inasmuch as in the case of co-ordinate constructions one single noun phrase can also serve as the object of two or more verbs, such constructions will not be our concern in this paper. That is, any analysis that can characterize a sentence such as (1), can also characterize a sentence such as (2), where the girl is the object of both hit and kicked.

(2)

the man hit and kicked the girl

In this paper, we will restrict our attention to constructions involving coreferential subordinate subject deletion in Russian, i.e., infinitival, gerundial and participial clauses.* We will demonstrate that, despite many superficial differences, such constructions can be characterized in terms of essentially the same general grammatical process: the deletion of a redundantly repeated, subordinate subject NP. This analysis will be shown to be more adequate than one which requires the postulation of a set of two or more independent transformations which describe the data in an ad hoc way.
Augustine's Attack on Skepticism: The Contra Academicos
Authors: Heil John
Published: May 2019

Augustine's attack on skepticism in the Contra Academicos is, it seems to me, both interesting and important. Its interest lies in the fact that the argument developed by Augustine is rather more sophisticated than most commentators seem willing to admit. It is important because it places the moral and epistemological features of skepticism in a new and revealing light, and in so doing offers, I think, a plausible refutation of skeptical doctrine. If I am correct, then the study of Augustine's reasoning is of more than purely historical interest: it is worth studying for its own timeless philosophical content.
A Valentinian Interpretation of Baptism and Eucharist — and Its Critique of “Orthodox” Sacramental Theology and Practice
Authors: Pagels Elaine H.
Published: May 2019

The question of how different gnostic Christians interpreted and practiced sacraments — so long limited to the sparse references in the anti-gnostic writers — is being reexamined in the light of recently available gnostic documents. Yet one source long available — the fragments of Heracleon that Origen cites in his ownCommentary on John— yields evidence that Heracleon not only interprets the sacraments in terms of Valentinian theology, but also criticized, from this theological standpoint, the sacramental theology and practice of the “great church.” Heracleon's sacramental theology, however, has escaped the notice of those researchers that have limited their investigation to the quoted fragments themselves. Analysis of Origen's commentary as a whole reveals that other statements of Heracleon's doctrine frequently appear apart from the direct quotations. Such statements, recognizable by their concurrence of terminology and doctrine with the quoted fragments, Origen introduces as the opinion of “the heterodox,” 3 or “those who introduce the doctrine of natures,” or in the voice of the imaginary interlocutor. As Heracleon is his principal protagonist, these often set forth his views. Extending our methodology to include investigation of Origen's arguments — which are characteristically structured, in theJohncommentary, to refute Heracleon's allegations — we discover in the extant debate evidence for a Valentinian theology of baptism and the eucharist.
James I and the Huguenot Synod of Tonneins of 1614
Authors: Patterson W. Brown
Published: May 2019

That King James I of England was ardently interested in religious ideas is well-known to students of the seventeenth century. Less well-known is the fact that he was specifically interested in the cause of religious reunion and played a leading part in a movement to find a way to reconcile the different national churches of his day and thus significantly to reduce international tensions. His plans did not exclude the possibility of a rapprochement between the Churches of the Reformation and Rome — even though James's own religious and political writings involved him in a series of bitter exchanges with leading Roman Catholic controversialists. From the beginning of his reign in England James had wanted to approach the problem of religious disunity through an international assembly of divines — or an ecumenical council, and he took care to make his intentions clear through diplomatic channels. During the years 1610–1614 he made use of the celebrated classical scholar Isaac Casaubon, then resident in England, in stimulating support for his ideas, especially in learned circles on the continent. Casaubon's death in England in the summer of 1614 deprived James of a zealous ally in the cause of Christian reunion, but it did not bring the campaign to which they had committed themselves to an end. By this time James was involved in the most ambitious reunion plan of his career, the result of his collaboration with Pierre Du Moulin, pastor of the Reformed Church in Paris and one of the leading theologians in France
Exodus 4:24–26: A Textual Re-Examination
Authors: Dumbrell William
Published: May 2019

Complicating the exegesis of this difficult passage are certain textual problems with which this present submission is to be concerned. With the Masoretic Text of v. 24 —wayehî badderek bammālôn wayyipgešēhû YHWH wayebaqqēš hamîtô— the Versions are in substantial agreement. The Syriac text twice inserts ‘Moses’ into this verse, as the subject of the sentence and as the object ofmût, but this is an obvious intrusion designed to clarify a difficult context, while the Targum (expectedly) and the Old Greek prefix an equivalent for Heb.mal'ākbeforeYHWH. It is probable that the double mention of a setting (i.e.badderek/bammālôn) is the preservation of two ancient variants. J. Morgenstern, who with others, has rightly noted this, draws attention to the peculiarity of the article withmlwn(i.e. bammālon), since the contextual situation is generally vague and in a journey of many days there may have been several such stops, though on the other hand the article withderekoccasions no difficulty since the journey as a whole is referred to. Morgenstern preferred to readbammālônas a nominal form from the rootmûl, translating ‘now upon the journey, at the circumcision Yahweh attacked him (i.e., the child) and sought to kill him.’
A Hebrew Cognate of Unuššu/ʾunṯ in Is.33:8
Authors: Hillers Delbert R.
Published: May 2019

Is. 33:8 is a difficult verse standing in a difficult context, but recent lines of evidence converge to make the meaning of this verse clear, and to show that we have here another instance of a newly identified Hebrew word. As it stands in the Masoretic Text, the verse reads: nāšammû mĕsillôt šābat ‘ōbēr’ ōraḥ hēpēr bĕrît mā'as ‘ārîmlō' ḥāšab’nôš. A literal rendering will serve to make the difficulties clear: “Highways are desolate. No traveller passes by. He has broken the covenant, rejected the cities. He has not regarded man.”
A Commentary on the Pottery Neolithic of Palestine
Authors: Kirkbride Diana
Published: May 2019

Influences, interrelationships, call them what one may, have long provided a topic for stimulating discussion, – an exercise in which Paul Lapp excelled. With this in mind I offer this brief essay involving discernible influences that reached Palestine during the Pottery Neolithic. It is an outline, in date limited to between 6000 and 4000 B.C., and in space bounded by Mersin, Hassuna, and southwards to Palestine, including the East Bank of Jordan.
The Epistles of Heraclitus and the Jewish Pseudepigrapha: A Warning
Authors: Strugnell John , Attridge Harold
Published: May 2019

The more complete of modern lists of ancient Jewish Pseudepigrapha include the 4th and 7th Epistles of Heraclitus. The suggestion that these are of Jewish origin goes back to Jacob Bernays; it met with little favour among classical philologians, who preferred to see in these letters typically Cynic or Stoic documents, but historians of the pseudepigraphical literature of early Judaism, though they sometimes take note of this rival explanation, continue to list these works in their uncanonical canon.
The Effects of Recent Legislation Upon Friendly Societies
Authors: Fisher H. F.
Published: May 2019

In a paper submitted to the Institute in January 1961 (J.I.A. 87, 145), reference was made to the problems of collecting friendly societies, particularly in the light of continuing post-war inflation. This paper sets out to examine the effect of legislation since that time and the discussion is extended to include all friendly societies registered under the 1896 Act. Paragraphs 2–6 set out the background against which actuarial problems have arisen and the paper then considers possible approaches which may have a more general application.