bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Derivation of RCM-driven potential evapotranspiration for hydrological climate change impact analysis in Great Britain: a comparison of methods and associated uncertainty in future projections
Authors: Prudhomme C. , Williamson J.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the water that would be lost by plants through evaporation and transpiration if water was not limited in the soil, and it is commonly used in conceptual hydrological modelling in the calculation of runoff production and hence river discharge. Future changes of PET are likely to be as important as changes in precipitation patterns in determining changes in river flows. However PET is not calculated routinely by climate models so it must be derived independently when the impact of climate change on river flow is to be assessed. This paper compares PET estimates from 12 equations of different complexity, driven by the Hadley Centre's HadRM3-Q0 model outputs representative of 1961–1990, with MORECS PET, a product used as reference PET in Great Britain. The results show that the FAO56 version of the Penman–Monteith equations reproduces best the spatial and seasonal variability of MORECS PET across GB when driven by HadRM3-Q0 estimates of relative humidity, total cloud, wind speed and linearly bias-corrected mean surface temperature. This suggests that potential biases in HadRM3-Q0 climate do not result in significant biases when the physically based FAO56 equations are used. Percentage changes in PET between the 1961–1990 and 2041–2070 time slices were also calculated for each of the 12 PET equations from HadRM3-Q0. Results show a large variation in the magnitude (and sometimes direction) of changes estimated from different PET equations, with Turc, Jensen–Haise and calibrated Blaney–Criddle methods systematically projecting the largest increases across GB for all months and Priestley–Taylor, Makkink, and Thornthwaite showing the smallest changes. We recommend the use of the FAO56 equation as, when driven by HadRM3-Q0 climate data, this best reproduces the reference MORECS PET across Great Britain for the reference period of 1961–1990. Further, the future changes of PET estimated by FAO56 are within the range of uncertainty defined by the ensemble of 12 PET equations. The changes show a clear northwest–southeast gradient of PET increase with largest (smallest) changes in the northwest in January (July and October) respectively. However, the range in magnitude of PET changes due to the choice of PET method shown in this study for Great Britain suggests that PET uncertainty is a challenge facing the assessment of climate change impact on hydrology mostly ignored up to now.
Goal-oriented networks and capacity building for natural hazards – examples in the Dresden region
Authors: Hutter G.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Networks and networking are important to build social capacities for natural hazards. However, up to now, it is an open question which types of networks contribute to capacity building under certain circumstances. The paper focuses on the type of a goal-oriented network. The distinction between goal orientation and goal directedness is used to show the following: goal directedness of networks to build capacities for natural hazards involves intensive and continuous processes of sensemaking (Weick, 1995) to specify the network goal. This process of specifying an initial goal statement is important in small and large networks. The governance form of a lead organization network facilitates goal specification. The paper illustrates these findings through evidence from two case studies conducted in the Dresden region in Germany.
Large-scale temperature and salinity changes in the upper Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean at a time of a drastic Arctic Oscillation inversion
Authors: Bourgain P. , Gascard J. C. , Shi J. , Zhao J.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Between 2008 and 2010, the Arctic Oscillation index over Arctic regions shifted from positive values corresponding to more cyclonic conditions prevailing during the 4th International Polar Year (IPY) period (2007–2008) to extremely negative values corresponding to strong anticyclonic conditions in 2010. In this context, we investigated the recent large-scale evolution of the upper western Arctic Ocean, based on temperature and salinity summertime observations collected during icebreaker campaigns and from ice-tethered profilers (ITPs) drifting across the region in 2008 and 2010. Particularly, we focused on (1) the freshwater content which was extensively studied during previous years, (2) the near-surface temperature maximum due to incoming solar radiation, and (3) the water masses advected from the Pacific Ocean into the Arctic Ocean. The observations revealed a freshwater content change in the Canadian Basin during this time period. South of 80° N, the freshwater content increased, while north of 80° N, less freshening occurred in 2010 compared to 2008. This was more likely due to the strong anticyclonicity characteristic of a low AO index mode that enhanced both a wind-generated Ekman pumping in the Beaufort Gyre and a possible diversion of the Siberian River runoff toward the Eurasian Basin at the same time. The near-surface temperature maximum due to incoming solar radiation was almost 1 °C colder in the southern Canada Basin (south of 75° N) in 2010 compared to 2008, which contrasted with the positive trend observed during previous years. This was more likely due to higher summer sea ice concentration in 2010 compared to 2008 in that region, and surface albedo feedback reflecting more sun radiation back in space. The Pacific water (PaW) was also subjected to strong spatial and temporal variability between 2008 and 2010. In the Canada Basin, both summer and winter PaW signatures were stronger between 75° N and 80° N. This was more likely due to a strong recirculation within the Beaufort Gyre. In contrast, south of 75° N, the cooling and warming of the summer and winter PaW, respectively, suggest that either the PaW was less present in 2010 than in 2008 in this region, and/or the PaW was older in 2010 than in 2008. In addition, in the vicinity of the Chukchi Sea, both summer and winter PaW were significantly warmer in 2010 than in 2008, as a consequence of a general warming trend of the PaW entering in the deep Arctic Ocean as of 2008.
Morphological differentiation and distribution of non-glandular and glandular trichomes on Dracocephalum moldavicum L. shoots
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Dmitruk Marta
Published: April 2013

The structure, micromorphology and distribution of trichomes on Dracocephalum moldavicum L. shots were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There were distinguished 3 types of non-glandular trichomes, 3 types of glandular trichomes and papillae of the osmophore in the epidermis of the corolla. The highest density of non-glandular and glandular trichomes was found on the abaxial surface of the calyx, on bracts and in the upper part of the stem. Structural variations in the head and stalk of long glandular trichomes were demonstrated. The dimensions of particular types of trichomes are given in the present paper. Differences in the structure of the trichomes of this species are presented, compared to literature data. The micromorphology of particular trichome types is documented in numerous photographs showing the rich ornamentation of the cuticle of non-glandular trichomes.
Variations in pollen deposition of some plant taxa in Lublin (Poland) and in Skien (Norway)
Authors: Piotrowska Krystyna
Published: April 2013

This paper analyses pollen deposition in Lublin (Poland) and Skien (Norway). The studies were conducted in the years 1999 and 2000 using the gravimetric method and a Durham sampler. The study results varied both between years and cities. 10 more plant taxa were identified in Lublin than in Skien. In Lublin the highest airborne pollen concentrations were recorded in April, whereas in Skien in May and July. Betula, Pinaceae and Poaceae were the dominant taxa at the sampling site in Poland, while in Norway these were Pinaceae, Betula and Urtica. During the period of two years, annual pollen sums for most taxa were higher in the conditions of Poland, and the maximum pollen concentrations of Betula and Poaceae were higher in Poland, while for Pinaceae the pollen counts were higher in Norway.
Salix lapponum L. (Downy willow) in stands under anthropopressure in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland
Authors: Pogorzelec Magdalena
Published: April 2013

The studies carried out in the years 2004-2005 and in 2009 were aimed at identifying the functioning conditions of a boreal plant relict, Salix lapponum, in its stands under anthropopressure in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. The study results confirmed that the number of S. lapponum stands on Lake Miejskie and on Cow Marsh and its population size had significantly decreased as well as the population condition had deteriorated during the last 50 years. Based on the results of an analysis of environmental (biocenotic and abiotic) factors it was found that changes in habitat conditions in its stands were the main threat for downy willow. Another cause of population decline and the deteriorated condition of downy willow individuals may be the habitat isolation. The observed intraspecific phenomena, i.e. the lack of flowering in individuals and the lack of downy willow seedlings could be the reason for insufficient reproduction efficiency, ipso facto, the weaker adaptation of individuals to changes in habitat condition. Therefore, it seems that it is necessary to pursue active species conservation and protection which should primarily involve population reconstruction - restitution.
The vascular flora of a section of the transformed Piwonia River channel - the surrounding ditch on Lake Bikcze (Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland) - in relation to habitat conditions
Authors: Pogorzelec Magdalena , Serafin Artur
Published: April 2013

In the period 2007-2009, floristic, habitat and physico- chemical analysis was made of the hydraulically improved surrounding ditch of Lake Bikcze in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. Hemicryptophytes, with a large proportion of geophytes as well as hydrophytes and helophytes, were the main component of the flora of the studied section of the transformed Piwonia River channel. In terms of historical-geographical classification, spontaneophytes were predominant, and apophytes among them, whereas anthropophytes were poorly represented, which was confirmed by the correspondingly high values of the synanthropization and apophytization indices (> 50%) as well as the low value of the anthropophytization index (approx. 2%). In the aspect of the range of occurrence, Euro-Siberian and cosmopolitan species were predominant, which are classified in terms of the indicator values as hygrophilous plants, neutral to continentality, living in moderately cool or moderately warm climatic conditions, characterized by a wide range of tolerance to the trophic state index and to soil acidity. An analysis of the values of the basic physico-chemical factors of the stagnant water in the surrounding ditch showed variations in the value of pH, electrolytic conductivity and the value of the concentration of organic and ammonium nitrogen as well as of organic phosphorus and phosphates. In spite of the anthropogenic nature of the studied watercourse, the qualitative and quantitative proportions of the flora species indicated the natural state of the flora based on the native vegetation, characteristic of the study area.
Pseudothecial maturation and ascospore release of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in south-east Poland
Authors: Dawidziuk Adam , Kasprzyk Idalia , Kaczmarek Joanna , Jędryczka Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

Stem canker of brassicas is a severe disease of oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and Europe, including Poland. The disease is caused by Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa - two pathogens belonging to the class Dothideomycetes. The species differ in pathogenicity, but they have identical shape and size of fruiting bodies and spores of the generative and vegetative stages. Both pathogens are often found together in infected tissues of oilseed rape plants. The main goal of the experiments was to measure the rate of pseudothecial maturation and to monitor ascospore concentration of L. maculans and L. biglobosa in air samples. The paper is the first investigation on the generative stage development of these two species in south-east Poland. The studies were done for three consecutive years (2005-2007), for six most important months in pathogen development and plant infection, including 3 months in the spring (March - May) and 3 months in the autumn (September - November). The stage of pseudothecial maturation was assessed visually, based on the development of asci and ascospores. Monitoring of spore concentration in the air was performed using a Hirst-type 7-day volumetric trap. It was proved that differences in pseudothecial maturation rate in south-east Poland, encompassing the climatic regions of the Carpathian Foothills and Cracow, do not exceed two weeks within one season. The first and the highest ascospore concentration dates depended on weather conditions in a particular season. The total number of spores during the studied seasons varied from 9 to 12 spores/m3, which was from 70 to 90 times lower than the average from five other monitoring sites around Poland. The short exposition to spore showers and very small concentrations of L. maculans and L. biglobosa ascospores in air samples were the most probable reasons for relatively small damage of oilseed rape crops by stem canker in the south-east part of Poland.
Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum dematium (FR.) grove to caraway Carum carvi L.
Authors: Zalewska Ewa
Published: April 2013

The aim of present work was to determine pathogenicity of three Colletotrichum dematium isolates to caraway. The effect of post-culture liquids and water suspension of conidia on germination of caraway schizocarps was studied in laboratory conditions. The effect of C. dematium on shooting up and healthiness of the seedlings was carried out in the climatic chamber using the method with infested soil and solidified plaster of culture medium overgrown by the mycelium of the pathogen. The studied isolates of fungus made the germination of parts of tested schizocarps impossible. On the other hand, all isolates caused necrosis of germs and roots of the other germinated schizocarps. The method with Colletotrichum dematium post-culture liquids was recognized as the best to a fast estimation of pathogenicity of fungus to caraway. Based on the positive results of pathogenicity tests the studied isolates of C. dematium were recognized as pathogenic to caraway. Considering this fact and repeated frequency of isolation of the fungus from various organs of this plant (Machowicz - Stefaniak , 2010), C. dematium was recognized as a potentially pathogenic species to caraway.
Effect of local tree seeds in the control of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) chitwood and growth promotion of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)
Authors: Ahmed Zainab M. , Dawar Shahnaz , Tariq Marium , Zaki Muhammad J.
Published: April 2013

Seeds of local trees, such Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Adenanthera pavonina L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Eucalyptus spp., were used as aqueous extract at 25, 50 and 100 % concentration to control the activity of Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Citwood. All seed extracts showed lethal effect on M. javanica eggs, and a gradual decrease in egg hatching and an increase in mortality of second-stage juveniles were observed with the increase in extract concentration. L. leucocephala was found to be most effective in reducing egg hatching, whereas 100 % mortality of juveniles was observed in the case of A. indica seed extract. Number of knots was significantly reduced at 100 % concentration when seeds of chick pea and mung bean were treated and soil was drenched with A. pavonina and Eucalyptus spp. seed extract.
Plant communities of cultivated fields of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion part vi. communities of root crops on compact soils
Authors: Rzymowska Zofia
Published: April 2013

Analysis of plant communities accompanying root crops on compact soils is presented in the paper. It is the next part of the review of plant communities of agrocenoses of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu (Podlasie Bug Gorge) mesoregion. The studied phytocoenoses were identified on the basis of 103 phytosociological relevés, made according to the Braun-Blanquet method. In the studied agrocenoses, plots of the associations Lamio-Veronicetum politae, Galinsogo-Setarietum and Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi from the Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi alliance were noted. Small patches of Lamio-Veronicetum and Oxalido-Chenopodietum were rarely noted in the studied area due to a small proportion of suitable habitats. In the area of Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion, phytocoenoses of Oxalido-Chenopodietum developed in the river valleys on fertile muds and black soils. Typical plots of Galinsogo-Setarietum distinguishable by the mass occurrence of Galinsoga parviflora were only observed in the vicinity of farm buildings. Intermediate communities between Panico-Setarion and Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi as well as phytocoenoces of Echinochloo-Setarietum typicum - subvariant with Veronica persica and Echinochloo-Setarietum fumarietosum - were also quite frequently noted in root crops on compact soils.
The structure of the ovule of Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby after pollination
Authors: Chudzik Barbara , Szczuka Ewa , Domaciuk Marcin , Danail Pavlov
Published: April 2013

The anatomical structure and the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins were investigated in the ovule of an energetic plant Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby after pollination. Material was collected from an experimental field of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin (Felin). After embedding for immunoflurescence, semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine blue or incubated with JIM 13 or MAC 207 monoclonal antibodies for immunolabeling of arabinogalactan proteins. The structure of the ovule showed some differences in comparison to other representatives of the Malvaceae family. Conversely, the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins did not differ significantly from their distribution in the ovules of other angiosperms at the investigated stage of development.
The structure and distribution of glandular trichomes on the stems and leaves of drug eyebright (Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex J. F. Lehm.)
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Matysik-Woźniak Anna , Sadowska Dagmara
Published: April 2013

Euphrasia stricta is a medicinal plant being one of the ingredients of "Herba Euphrasiae". Many studies have been devoted to the identification of biologically active substances in the herb of eyebright, but much less research has been done on the constitution of glandular structures of this taxon. This paper relates to glandular trichomes located on the stems and leaves of E. stricta. The trichome structure was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the stems of E. stricta were mainly covered by non-glandular trichomes, whereas glandular trichomes were rarely found on them. However, clusters of short capitate trichomes were found to occur in specific epidermal regions on both surfaces of the leaf blades and bracts. On the adaxial leaf surface, glandular trichomes grew only in the grooves above the vascular bundles, while on the abaxial surface in the depressions located in the expanded part of the teeth. The glandular hairs consisted of 1-2 cells of the stalk and a two-celled head. Trichomes with 3- or 4-celled heads were found sporadically. The glandular trichomes functioned non-synchronously, since they differed in head size and the colour of cell protoplasts. The presence of a light secretion was found on the surface and around the trichomes in both fresh and dry plant material.
The structure of some floral elements and the nectar production rate of Polemonium caeruleum L.
Authors: Chwil Mirosława
Published: April 2013

The present study, carried out in the period 2008 - 2009, covered some morphological and anatomical features of the flowers of Polemonium caeruleum L. and their nectar production rate in the climatic conditions of the Lublin region. Observations were made with stereoscopic, light and scanning electron microscopy. Nectar production in the flowers was determined using the pipette method. The flowers of Polemonium caeruleum develop a calyx covered by an epidermis with numerous non-glandular and glandular trichomes. The secretory trichomes are composed of a several-celled stalk and a four-celled head. At the boundary of the corolla tube and the lobes, there is white colouration with violet nectar guides. The epidermis in this region produces several-celled living trichomes that close the entry into the corolla tube, thereby protecting the nectar accumulated in it. These hairs are at the same time glistening colour attractants for insects. The tripartite stigma of the pistil is covered, from the adaxial side, by unicellular papillae with striated cuticular ornamentation, growing at high density. Around the ovary there is located a nectariferous disc, in the form of a free projection, which secrets nectar with sugar concentration of 29 - 52% and sugar weight ranging 1.1 - 1.8 mg/flower.
The location of nectaries and nectar secretion in the flowers of Allium giganteum Regel
Authors: Żuraw Beata , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Laskowska Halina , Pogroszewska Elżbieta
Published: April 2013

In the flowers of Allium there are found septal nectaries; in particular species, their outlet can be located in different parts of the ovary. The inflorescences of these plants are a rich source of nectar for insects. The location and structure of septal nectaries in the flowers of Allium giganteum Regel were investigated. Light and scanning electron microscopy was used. The septal nectaries were found to be located in the lower part of the ovary and in the gynophore on which the ovary is borne. Nectar is secreted into the nectary slits from which it flows through the ducts to three openings located in the upper part of the gynophore, from whence it gets outside in the vicinity of the expanded parts of the filaments. Sugar concentration in the nectar of A. giganteum averaged 54.5%, while sugar weight per flower was determined to be 0.36 mg. When converted into sugar weight per inflorescence, numbering more than 2,000 flowers, it was 771.7 mg.
Ecological adaptations of the floral structures of Galanthus nivalis L.
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Chwil Mirosława
Published: April 2013

The structure of the flowers of Galanthus nivalis shows adaptations to early spring flowering conditions as well as adaptations to entomogamy. The tepals produce colour marks and odorous substances. The aim of the present study was to determine the micromorphology and anatomy of tepals, in particular in the regions comprising colour marks which, in accordance with the literature data, emit essential oils. Examination was performed using light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. Large protrusions, corresponding to the location of the green stripes, were found to occur on the adaxial surface of the inner tepals. The epidermal cells in this part of the tepals produce a cuticle with characteristic ornamentation as well as numerous stomata with well-developed outer cuticular ledges. The wide opening of many stomata is evidence of high activity in this area. The fluorescence microscopy images confirm the high activity of the epidermis (scent emission), on both sides of the tepals, as well as of the chloroplast- containing mesophyll. In the abaxial epidermis, there were observed different-sized papillae that also participated in essential oil secretion. The polarization of the epidermal cell protoplasts, large cell nuclei, and the presence of large vacuoles with heterogeneous contents in the peripheral part of the cells correspond to the structural features of the tissues emitting odorous compounds in flowers - osmophores. In freshly opened flowers, the mesophyll of the central part of the perianth segments was composed of several cell layers, whereas in older flowers large air ducts formed, which are adaptations to environmental thermal conditions.
Pollen concentrations of some plants in the air over Olszanica (Bieszczady Niskie Mountains) and Wrocław in the 2008 season
Authors: Malkiewicz Małgorzata , Klaczak Kamilla
Published: April 2013

This paper presents the results of an analysis of pollen season patterns for taxa which show the strongest allergenic activity (alder, birch, grasses, and mugwort) in 2008 in the air over Wrocław and Olszanica. The study was carried out using the volumetric method (Burkard trap). The results show variation in pollen seasons between the analyzed localities. An attempt was made to find out in which of the sites in question - the urban site or the rural one - there was a greater risk of allergens of the selected plants. The results of the present study show that the alder, birch and grass pollen seasons in 2008 started and ended earlier in Wrocław, and maximum pollen concentrations were definitely lower. But the mugwort pollen season started earlier and ended much later in Olszanica, while maximum pollen concentration of this taxon was more than twice lower than in Wrocław. In 2008 in the investigated localities, the highest pollen concentrations of the plants in question occurred in the following months: alder in February, birch in April, grasses in June, while mugwort in August. In 2008 alder and birch pollen allergen risk was comparable in the investigated urban and rural environment. However, grass and mugwort pollen allergens posed a significantly greater threat in the rural environment than in Wrocław.
Stubble field plant communities of the Mazowiecki Landscape Park
Authors: Skrajna Teresa , Ługowska Maria
Published: April 2013

The characteristics of communities found in unploughed stubble fields of the Mazowiecki Landscape Park and its agricultural buffer zone are presented in the paper. The association Echinochloo-Setarietum divided into a typical variant, the variant with Galinsoga parviflora, and the variant with Bidens tripartite, was the most frequently noted and floristically differentiated association. Patches of Digitarietum ischaemi were also frequently observed in stubble fields on the poorest habitats. Rarely, on fertile soils, small patches of floristically rich communities with Veronica agrestis were recorded. Periodically, excessively wet habitats were seldom occupied by the speciesrichest phytocoenoses of Centunculo-Anthoceretum punctati. Single patches of the community with Setaria pumila, the form with Aphanes arvensis, were observed only in the south-eastern part of the Park.
Rediscovery of Glauconycteris superba Hayman, 1939 (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) after 40 years at Mbiye Island, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Gembu Tungaluna Guy-Crispin , Van Cakenberghe Victor , Musaba Akawa Prescott , Dudu Akaibe Benjamin , Verheyen Erik , De Vree Frits , Fahr Jakob
Published: April 2013

We report the rediscovery of the Pied Butterfly Bat, Glauconycteris superba Hayman, 1939, 40 years after this species was last recorded. The new specimen from Mbiye Island, Democratic Republic of the Congo, is compared with the type specimens of G. s. superba and G. superba sheila Hayman, 1947 and a specimen from Matonguiné, Ivory Coast. The variation in the striking colouration of the pelage as well as in morphometric data is considered to be individual rather than geographic variation and we tentatively regard G. s. sheila as a synonym of the nominate form. Despite the wide distribution of this species in the tropical forest zone of West and Central Africa, only four specimens from four localities are known to date, which might indicate very specific habitat preferences. Contemporary land cover information around historic collection sites shows degraded landscapes. Given the highly uncertain area of occupancy of this species, we suggest changing the status of G. superba in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species from “Least Concern” to “Data Deficient”.
Concise Review: Stem Cell Therapies for Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Fortino Veronica R. , Pelaez Daniel , Cheung Herman S.
Published: April 2013

Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition that is heterogeneous in nature and has different causes. Different from and more burdensome than nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain more severely affects people's quality of life. Understanding the various mechanisms of the onset and progression of neuropathic pain is important in the development of an effective treatment. Research is being done to replace current pharmacological treatments with cellular therapies that will have longer lasting effects. Stem cells present an exciting potential therapy for neuropathic pain. In this review, we describe the neuroprotective effects of stem cells along with special emphasis on the current translational research using stem cells to treat neuropathic pain.
Determination of Lead Acetate Effects on Heavy Weight Protein of Musca domestica
Authors: Rizwanul Haq
Published: April 2013

So many insects are influenced easily by many pollutants; therefore, the influence of lead (as lead acetate) on Musca domestica was studied,lead is considered to be an important toxic waste which could contaminate the environment, such as soil, air and water, therefore, insects could be influenced by the lead. Musca domestica, was studied at 48 hours post treatment, under the effects of lead acetate, in different concentrations. Thus the lead is found to exert a definite specific physiological and morphological effect on these flies, It was observed that under the effects of lead abnormalities and deformity were developed in the larvae of flies. Thus these flies could present a useful module for the quick transmission of the environmental hazards due to lead contamination, which exerts a specific physiological and morphological effect on these flies. The purpose of the present work was to determin the effects of lead on proteins as a major indicator of physiological features alongwith morphology features of larvae of Diptera flies.
Adverse Effect of Lead Acetate on Light Weight Protein of Bactrocera cucurbitae
Authors: Rizwanul Haq  , M. Farhan Ullah Khan  , Ehtesham Ul Haq
Published: April 2013

Lot of insectsareinfluenced easily by a number of pollutants; such as, the influence of lead (as lead acetate) on Bactrocera cucurbitae. Lead is considered to be an important toxic waste which could contaminate the environment, such as soil, air and water. Therefore, insects could be influenced by the lead. Bactrocera cucurbitae, was studied at 48 hours post treatment, under the effects of lead acetate, in different concentrations. Lead is found to exert a definite specific physiological and morphological effect on these flies.It was observed that under the effect of lead abnormalities and deformities were developed in the larvae of flies. Thus these flies could present a useful module for the quick transmission of the environmental hazards due to lead contamination, which exerts a specific physiological and morphological effect on these flies. The purpose of the present work was to determine the effects of lead on proteins as a major indicator of physiological features along with morphological features of larvae of Bactrocera cucurbitae flies.
Représentations du lieu d’origine et projets migratoires d’étudiants francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick : quelle articulation ?
Authors: Pilote Annie , Brier Lydie
Published: April 2013

La migration des francophones du nord du Nouveau-Brunswick recouvre des enjeux socioéconomiques, démographiques, linguistiques et éducatifs. Cet article propose une lecture compréhensive de ces enjeux à partir de l’expérience vécue par des jeunes migrants originaires des comtés de Gloucester et de Restigouche, au Nouveau-Brunswick. Il présente une analyse d’entretiens biographiques réalisés auprès de 22 étudiants et étudiantes francophones ayant migré afin de poursuivre des études postsecondaires. Par une analyse de discours, il dégage les représentations positives et négatives qu’entretiennent ces jeunes sur leur lieu d’origine et les met en rapport avec leurs projets migratoires.
Profil, perceptions et attentes des jeunes migrants et non-migrants de la Péninsule acadienne, au Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Beaudin Maurice
Published: April 2013

Le présent texte constitue une synthèse d’une vaste enquête menée en 2006-2007 auprès des jeunes migrants et non-migrants de la Péninsule acadienne, au Nouveau-Brunswick. Conscients de l’impact négatif de l’exode des jeunes pour l’économie de la région mais également pour son dynamisme sociocommunautaire, les intervenants ont amorcé une démarche visant à mettre en place un plan d’action afin de mieux comprendre les motivations des jeunes qui quittent la région et d’identifier des facteurs de retour et de rétention possibles en relation avec l’employabilité. Une telle démarche nécessitait au préalable une meilleure compréhension du phénomène d’exode, ainsi que de la position des jeunes de la Péninsule acadienne en rapport avec leur milieu.
Transformation ethnolinguistique de l’espace social du Grand Moncton au Nouveau-Brunswick (Canada), 1981-2006
Authors: Roy Vincent , Cao Huhua
Published: April 2013

Cet article a comme objectif l’analyse de la répartition spatiale des francophones par rapport aux anglophones du Grand Moncton. En utilisant les données des recensements canadiens de Statistique Canada de 1981, de 1991 et de 2006 au niveau des aires de diffusion, nous étudions la transformation de la structure sociospatiale de la région, en particulier l’évolution de la présence des francophones. Pour ce faire, une analyse de l’espace social du Grand Moncton est effectuée à l’aide des systèmes d’information géographique (SIG).
Multiple Sclerosis – An Ophthalmologist’s perspective
Authors: Sharma Reena , Saxena Rohit , Bhatia Rohit , Menon Vimla
Published: April 2013

Multiple sclerosis is a nervous system disease that affects brain and spinal cord. It damages the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects the nerve cells. Its symptoms are varied and unpredictable. It commonly affects the optic nerve and ocular movements. Up to 50% of patients with multiple sclerosis will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20-30% of the time optic neuritis is the presenting sign of multiple sclerosis. Optic neuritis is diagnosed clinically and followed up using visual acuity, colour vision, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography. Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, abnormalities resulting from cerebellar damage or to its connections and pendular nystagmus are other common ophthalmic manifestations of the disease. Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed using McDonald criterion, based on the occurrence of at least two clinical episodes of neurological involvement separated in time and space. The magnetic resonance imaging aids the diagnosis and requires the presence of lesions in at least 2 of the four locations-periventricular, juxtacortical, infratentorial and spinal cord. The treatment of multiple sclerosis is multidisciplinary, invoving the treating physician, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses and social workers. There are no drugs to cure multiple sclerosis, but several therapies are available that can ameliorate the symptoms of multiple sclerosis and, in some cases, slow the disease progression.
Transcanalicular Endoscope Combined Laser Assisted Dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Pal Virendra K , Agarwal Ajai , Suman Suvarna , Pratap VB
Published: April 2013

Transcanalicular endoscope combined laser assisted dacryocystorhinostomy (Transcanalicular ECLAD) is a new minimally invasive dacryocystorhinostomy procedure which is performed by diode laser through lacrimal canaliculi with the help of a cannula and fibre optic cable. The interior of nasal cavity is visualized with the help of nasal endoscope. The view of interior of nasal cavity is projected on a monitor with the help of video camera which is incorporated in nasal endoscope. The Transcanalicular ECLAD have various advantages over conventional dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and easy to learn without compromising the result.
Acute Solar Retinopathy
Authors: Baisakhiya Shikha , Chaudhry Mridu , Manjhi Prafulla , Babber Meenu , Mehta Chandan
Published: April 2013

Solar observation and eye damage is known for centuries. Unprotected eclipse viewing is the leading cause of solar retinopathy. Inspite of using commercially available certified solar filters, use of binoculars, exposed photographic film and X-ray film are common unsafe practice of eclipse viewing. Public awareness by media campaigns about the appropriate protective measures while viewing an eclipse is the mainstay in the prevention of this disease. The natural course of solar retinopathy is to show resolution and visual improvement, but use of anti-inflammatory drugs hastens the recovery. We report a case of young male with acute solar retinopathy after viewing solar eclipse. The patient was successfully treated with corticosteroids with complete visual rehabilitation.
Unilateral Optic Neuritis Associated with Dengue Fever
Authors: Mohindra VK , Kumari Anju
Published: April 2013

Dengue fever is rarely known to be associated with ophthalmic manifestations involving the posterior segment with an array of hemorrhagic and immune mediated inflammatory sequelae. Optic neuropathy is extremely rare and is usually bilateral. We report a case of unilateral Optic Neuritis in a case of Dengue fever in which the vision could be restored with pulse steroid therapy
Engineering of Facets, Band Structure, and Gas‐Sensing Properties of Hierarchical Sn2+‐Doped SnO2 Nanostructures
Authors: Wang Hongkang , Dou Kunpeng , Teoh Wey Yang , Zhan Yawen , Hung Tak Fu , Zhang Feihu , Xu Jiaqiang , Zhang Ruiqin , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: April 2013

Hierarchical SnO2 nanoflowers, assembled from single‐crystalline SnO2 nanosheets with high‐index (11$ \bar 3 $) and (10$ \bar 2 $) facets exposed, are prepared via a hydrothermal method using sodium fluoride as the morphology controlling agent. Formation of the 3D hierarchical architecture comprising of SnO2 nanosheets takes place via Ostwald ripening mechanism, with the growth orientation regulated by the adsorbate fluorine species. The use of Sn(II) precursor results in simultaneous Sn2+ self‐doping of SnO2 nanoflowers with tunable oxygen vacancy bandgap states. The latter further results in the shifting of semiconductor Fermi levels and extended absorption in the visible spectral range. With increased density of states of Sn2+‐doped SnO2 selective facets, this gives rise to enhanced interfacial charge transfer, that is, high sensing response, and selectivity towards oxidizing NO2 gas. The better gas sensing performance over (10$ \bar 2 $) compared to (11$ \bar 3 $) faceted SnO2 nanostructures is elucidated by surface energetic calculations and Bader analyses. This work highlights the possibility of simultaneous engineering of surface energetics and electronic properties of SnO2 based materials.
A graphical approach to process synthesis and its application to steam reforming
Authors: Fox James Alistair , Hildebrandt Diane , Glasser David , Patel Bilal
Published: April 2013

It is common practice in chemical engineering to design processes sequentially. The type of product desired determines the choice of the feed materials that are introduced into the reactor networks. These in turn lead into the separation networks. The flows of heat and work are the final part of the sequence to be considered, with the application of heat exchanger networks, and any deficiency or excess in these flows is usually compensated for with the use of utilities. Although the ongoing research into reactor, separation, and heat exchanger optimization is of indubitable value, an aspect that is often overlooked in conventional research is the question: How do changes to one of the elements in the sequence affect the others? Most process designers do not address such matters until the next optimization of the sequence begins. The result of this sequential approach to design is that processes may contain a few very efficient units, but may also have others that are highly inefficient. A graphical technique that incorporates the flows of heat and work into the design of the process at a very early stage is proposed. The technique can be used to prepare flow sheets that represent a synthesized version of the elements that make up the complete process, rendering each component highly efficient. This new design tool uses the thermodynamic properties of enthalpy (representative of process heat requirements) and Gibbs free energy (representative of process work requirements) to develop process flow sheets that operate as close to reversibly as possible, and can be used as a foundation for more detailed refinements to achieve the best possible result. A case was described in a previous paper in which the graphical technique was applied to gasification. The application of the technique to the production of syngas by the steam reforming of natural gas is detailed. We show that the steam reforming process can be operated with increased reversibility and can actually consume carbon dioxide, thus representing a process with a carbon efficiency of greater than 100%, if the way in which all the process units interact with one another is used to utmost advantage. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3714–3729, 2013
Die photokatalytische Meerwein‐Arylierung: eine klassische Aryldiazoniumsalz‐Reaktion in neuem Licht
Authors: Hari Durga Prasad , König Burkhard
Published: April 2013

Diazoniumsalze werden bereits seit 1896 zur Erzeugung von Arylradikalen und zur Arylierung von C‐H‐Bindungen eingesetzt. Aufbauend auf Arbeiten von Pschorr entwickelte Meerwein in der Mitte des letzten Jahrhunderts eine allgemeine Methode zur Arylierung von Olefinen. Jedoch konnte die Reaktion nicht neben den neueren übergangsmetallkatalysierten C(sp2)‐C(sp2)‐Kupplungen bestehen. Der Einsatz von Photoredoxkatalyse zur Einelektronenübertragung bietet nun eine bessere Möglichkeit der Aktivierung von Aryldiazoniumsalzen. Nachdem die erste photokatalytische Pschorr‐Reaktion bereits 1984 beschrieben worden war, folgte im letzten Jahr eine Reihe von Publikationen über Anwendungen der photokatalytischen Meerwein‐Arylierung in Aryl‐Alken‐Kreuzkupplungen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst die Ursprünge und die Anwendungsbreite der Reaktion zusammen und stellt neueste Entwicklungen vor.
MELANIN AND URATE ACT TO PREVENT ULTRAVIOLET DAMAGE IN THE INTEGUMENT OF THE SILKWORM, BOMBYX mori
Authors: Hu Yong‐Gang , Shen Yi‐Hong , Zhang Ze , Shi Gui‐Qin
Published: April 2013

The phenomenon that epidermal cells under the white stripes rather than black stripes contain many uric acid granules was found in larvae of several Lepidopteran species. However, the biological mechanism of this phenomenon is still unknown. In the present study, we take advantage of several silkworm (Bombyx mori) body color mutant strains to investigate the deposition patterns and biological mechanism of urate and melanin in the integuments of these mutant larvae. By imaging with transmission electron microscope, we found that there were some melanin granules in the larval cuticle in black body color mutant plain Black (pB), but not in background strain plain (p) with white larval body color. In contrast, the larval epidermal cell of background strain had much more urate granules than that of black one. Furthermore, the uric acid content under the black stripes was significantly lower than that under the white stripes in a single individual of mottled stripe (pS) with black and white stripes in each segment. Ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure experiments showed that the distinct oily (od) mutant individuals with translucent larval integument were more sensitive to the UVA damage than black body color mutant and background strain without any pigmentation in the larval cuticle. This is likely due to the absence of melanin granules and few urate granules in the integument of od mutant. Thus, both the deposited melanin granules in the cuticle and the abundant urate granules in the epidermis cells constitute effective barriers for the silkworm to resist UVA‐induced damage.
Autoantibodies to Posttranslationally Modified Type II Collagen as Potential Biomarkers for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Strollo Rocky , Ponchel Frederique , Malmström Vivianne , Rizzo Paola , Bombardieri Michele , Wenham Claire Y. , Landy Rebecca , Perret David , Watt Fiona , Corrigall Valerie M. , Winyard Paul G. , Pozzilli Paolo , Conaghan Philip G. , Panayi Gabriel S. , Klareskog Lars , Emery Paul , Nissim Ahuva
Published: April 2013

Objective

Type II collagen (CII) posttranslationally modified by reactive oxygen species (ROS‐CII) that are present in the inflamed joint is an autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of anti–ROS‐CII autoantibodies as a biomarker of RA.

Methods

CII was exposed to oxidants that are present in the rheumatoid joint. Autoreactivity to ROS‐CII was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in synovial fluid (SF) and serum samples obtained from patients during various phases of RA. This group included disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)–naive patients with early RA (n = 85 serum samples) and patients with established RA (n = 80 serum and 50 SF samples), who were categorized as either DMARD responders or DMARD nonresponders. Control subjects included anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)–positive patients with arthralgia (n = 58 serum samples), patients with osteoarthritis (OA; n = 49 serum and 52 SF samples), and healthy individuals (n = 51 serum samples).

Results

Reactivity to ROS‐CII among DMARD‐naive patients with early RA was significantly higher than that among patients with ACPA‐positive arthralgia, patients with OA, and healthy control subjects (P < 0.0001), with 92.9% of serum samples from the patients with early RA binding to anti–ROS‐II. There was no significant difference in anti–ROS‐CII reactivity between ACPA‐positive and ACPA‐negative patients with RA, with 93.8% and 91.6% of serum samples, respectively, binding to ROS‐CII. The sensitivity and specificity of binding to ROS‐CII in patients with early RA were 92% and 98%, respectively. Among patients with established RA, serum reactivity in DMARD nonresponders was significantly higher than that in DMARD responders (P < 0.01); 58.3% of serum samples from nonresponders and 7.6% of serum samples from responders bound to HOCl‐ROS, while the respective values for SF were 70% and 60%. In patients with longstanding RA, autoreactivity to ROS‐CII changed longitudinally.

Conclusion

Autoantibodies to ROS‐CII have the potential to become diagnostic biomarkers of RA.