bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of DNA probes for the identification of sibling species A of the Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) complex
Authors: Gunasekera Maya B. , de Silva B.G.D.N.K. , Abeyewickreme W. , Subbarao S.K. , Nandadasa H.G. , Karunanayake E.H.
Published: July 2009

Three highly repetitive DNA sequences Rp36, Rp217 and Rp234, have been isolated from Anopheles culicifacies Giles sensu lato. The cloned DNA sequences were found at a higher copy number in species B and C, than in species A of the A. culicifacies complex. These sequences may therefore be used as DNA probes to distinguish species A from the other two species, using a 200-fold dilution of a single mosquito DNA extract in a dot-blot hybridization assay. Rp36 and Rp217 have been completely sequenced. Internal repeats were absent in Rp36. Two related core sequences of 13 and 16 bp were found tandemly repeated in Rp217. These probes enable the rapid detection of species A of A. culicifacies in field investigations.
Population growth of Cryptolestes ferrugineus and C. pusillus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) alone, or in competition in stored wheat or maize at different temperatures
Authors: White Noel D.G. , Demianyk Colin J. , Kawamoto Hitoshi , Sinha Ranendra N.
Published: July 2009

Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and C. pusillus (Schönherr) were reared separately at initial densities of 20 or 40 adults each and together at an initial density of 20 adults/100 g cracked wheat or cracked maize at 35, 30, 25, and 20°C and 70% r.h. for developmental periods of 10, 11, 16, or 40 weeks, respectively. Intraspecific competition in the 40-adult treatments restricted population growth to levels similar to 20-adult treatments for each species; impact was greatest for C. pusillus on maize at 30°, where the population of the 40-adult treatment was less than half that of the 20-adult treatment. Both species produced larger populations on wheat than on maize, except for C. pusillus at 35°C; mortality for both species was high on wheat at 35°C. Interspecific competition resulted in significantly reduced populations relative to single species populations for both C. ferrugineus at 30, 25, and 20°C and C. pusillus at 35, 30, and 25°C on wheat and for C. ferrugineus at 25 and 20°C and C. pusillus at 35, 30, and 25°C on maize. During interspecific competition, C. ferrugineus was more successful in multiplying at 35 and 30°C on wheat and 35°C on maize; both species multiplied equally well at 25°C on wheat or 30 and 25°C on maize; C. pusillus multiplied best at 20°C on both wheat and maize. Cryptolestes pusillus reproduces more effectively alone or in interspecific competition under cool conditions, although C. ferrugineus occurs with much greater frequency in cool Canadian stored grain, probably because of cold-hardiness and winter survival
Economic threshold levels for Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) control on resistant and susceptible sorghum plants
Authors: van den Berg J. , van Rensburg G. D. J. , van der Westhuizen M. C.
Published: July 2009

The effect of various infestation levels of Chilo partellus Swinhoe on resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes was assessed under artificial infestation in two field trials, conducted over two seasons. In the first season, infestation levels were 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 larvae per 2 m plot row. In the second season, additional treatments of one and two larvae per plot were included. A series of all infestation levels on susceptible plants was also included with an insecticide application 5 days after inoculation. Non-linear relationships between infestation level and yield loss were observed. In susceptible plants, small increases in initial larval infestation levels resulted in sharp increases in yield loss. An opposite tendency was observed in resistant plants where a tolerant reaction at lower infestation levels was observed. Gain threshold (GT) value, indicating the yield increase necessary to compensate for control costs, economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold level (ETL) at which control actions should be initiated were determined for each genotype. Insecticide application on susceptible plants resulted in a 10% reduction in yield loss. However, the yield was still less than that of unsprayed resistant plants. The GT values indicated that insecticide application was economically warranted at an ETL of 20% and 2% of plants with visible symptoms of whorl damage, for the resistant and susceptible genotypes respectively.
Some Insects injurious to Cacao plants in the Belgian Congo
Authors: Arrow Gilbert J.
Published: July 2009

Aserica variegata, sp. nov.

Ferruginea, subopaca, fronte, pronoti macula magna tripartita elytrorumque plagis tessellatis viridinigris; sat longe ovalis, corpore supra et subtus irregulariter albo-setoso, scutelli lateribus elytrorumque basi densius setosis, partibus obscuribus fere nudis, hic et illic dorso squamis nonnullis majoribus ornato; clypeo grosse et rugose punctato, antice leviter emarginato, fronte et pronoto parce punctatis, hujus lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis rectis, elytris profunde striatis, intervallis convexis; pygidio parce punctato et setoso, linea mediana laevi; pedibus haud brevibus, tibiis anticis fortiter bidentatis, posticis modice latis.
The Chalcidoid Parasites of Lac-Insects
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

For the biological study of Tachardia lacca, Kerr, it is of importance to have, so far as possible, a complete knowledge of all the insects that live in relation with it—predators and parasites of the Coccid, parasites of the predators and hyperparasites. This biological complex begins to be better known, owing to the studies of several entomologists in India, especially at the Indian Lac Research Institute at Namkum.
Notes on Lygus simonyi, Reut. (Capsidae), a Cotton Pest in Uganda
Authors: Hancock G. L. R.
Published: July 2009

Lygus simonyi has been found to cause serious damage to cotton in Uganda, by sucking the young leaves and apical buds, by retarding the growth of the branches, and by sucking the young bolls.

There are indications that soil and climatic factors are of importance in controlling this insect ; excessive succulence of the plant appears to be one factor associated with severe damage.
New injurious Curculionidae (Col.) from Malaya
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

Dermatodes cinchonae, sp. n.

♂♀. Derm black or piceous, with uniform dense brown scaling above, becoming paler laterally and beneath.
Notes on Pristiphora glauca Benson
Authors: Kirkland R. C. , Styles J. H.
Published: July 2009

A new species of larch-feeding sawfly, Pristiphora glauca Benson, was first observed in 1950. The activities of this insect appear to be confined to the spring and early summer, and it would appear that it is one of the least widespread of the larch sawflies.

Notes on the biology of this species, including larval descriptions, are given, and field characteristics and distribution discussed. Differences in feeding habits from those of Pristiphora wesmaeli (Tischb.), with which it may be confused, are mentioned.
Observations on the Biting-habits of African Mosquitos in the GenusEretmapoditesTheobald
Authors: Haddow A. J.
Published: July 2009

The biting-habits of mosquitos in the genusEretmapoditesTheobald, as shown by 24-hour catches, display a certain uniformity in that all the species studied are essentially diurnal and bite very close to the ground, in shade. They do not enter dwellings.

When, however, two localities are compared (the Entebbe area and Bwamba County) it is found that there is a fundamental difference in behaviour. At Entebbe there is an exceedingly well-marked wave of activity before sunset. This does not occur in Bwamba, where the cycle shows no pronounced characteristics apart from its generally diurnal nature. It is shown that this difference arises from the fact that in Bwamba the first hour of biting-activity tends to be the most intense (no matter when it occurs) whereas in Entebbe the hour before sunset is almost always preferred.

One group (theE. chrysogastergroup) is present in both localities. In Entebbe it shows an activity curve of the one type, and in Bwamba a curve of the other type.

It is concluded that some environmental influence must be involved. At the moment, however, no suggestion can be made concerning the nature of this influence, beyond the fact that the activity-patterns concerned are not easily explained in terms of microclimate.
The Biology of the Dermestid Beetles,Trogoderma granariumEverts andTrogoderma versicolor(Creutz.)
Authors: Hadaway A. B.
Published: July 2009

Two Dermestid beetles,Trogoderma granariumEverts andT. versicolor(Creutz.) have been recorded on a variety of stored products. In England,T. granariumis a serious pest only in maltings. The life-history is described. The larvae are responsible for the damage to stored products, and their hairy nature facilitates the spread of infestations on sacking and clothing.

All stages in the life-cycle are resistant to heat and dryness.
Toxicity and Interaction of Stereo-isomers of Benzene Hexachloride in Cockroaches
Authors: van Aspbren K.
Published: July 2009

Some types of joint action of insecticides described by previous authors are discussed, and experiments described on the joint action onPeriplaneta americana(L.) of the γ and δ isomers, and of the γ and α isomers, of benzene hexachloride. The values of the mortalities obtained are given in tables and compared with calculations of those that would be expected according to several models of joint action in which no interaction occurs. From statistical evidence it is concluded that only one of these models, namely, independent action with a strong positive correlation of the susceptibilities to the two poisons, can give an appropriate explanation of the results. These results, however, can also be explained by suggesting that antagonistic effects play a part in the joint action of the BHC isomers investigated.
Distribution, life history and host specificity of Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), two biological control agents for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Compositae)
Authors: Adair R. J. , Scott J. K.
Published: July 2009

The southern African shrubs Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera and C. m. rotundata (Compositae) are serious weeds of native vegetation in Australia and are targets for classical biological control. In host specificity tests using 69 species from 25 families, two leaf-feeding chrysomelid beetles, Chrysolina picturata (Clark) and Chrysolina sp. B, were able to complete development on only Chrysanthemoides monilifera and C. incana. The subspecies Chrysanthemoides m. monilifera was the superior host for both Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B. Feeding and limited development of both species occurred on Calendula officinalis; limited development by Chrysolina picturata larvae occurred on Helianthus annuus, Tussilago farfara and Cymbonotus priessianus. Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B are considered to be Chrysanthemoides-specific and have been approved for release in Australia. Potential release sites for both Chrysolina species were chosen by comparing the climate of the insects' African distribution with climate stations within the range of Chrysanthemoides monilifera in Australia. Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B are suited for release within the western distribution of Chrysanthemoides m. monilifera in coastal areas of south eastern South Australia.
Seasonal occurrence and abundance of redlegged earth miteHalotydeus destructor(Acari: Penthaleidae) in annual pastures of southwestern Australia
Authors: Ridsdill-Smith T. J. , Annells A. J.
Published: July 2009

Seasonal occurrence and abundance of redlegged earth mite,Halotydeus destructor(Tucker), was measured by weekly sampling in grazed annual pastures near Keysbrook (1990–1992) and Narrogin (1991–1992) in southwestern Australia. Mites were active for 27 weeks from the late autumn (May) to mid-spring (October), completing three generations at approximately 8 week intervals. The summer is spent as diapause eggs in the cadavers of adult female mites. In 1991 and 1992, activeH. destructorwas on average twice as abundant at Keysbrook (mean 11,300 mites/m2), as at Narrogin (mean 6400 mites/m2). Three times more eggs were laid at Keysbrook than Narrogin (mean 8500 and 2900 eggs/m2respectively). Rainfall at Keysbrook was twice that at Narrogin, and temperatures were higher. We suggest that the rate of oviposition was less at Narrogin, probably because of resource limitation. The mature adult sex ratio was female biased, but was lower at Keysbrook (0.669) than at Narrogin (0.813).Neozygites acaridis, a fungal disease, was detected in less than 4% of the population, mainly in adult mites in late spring. Rainfall and temperatures were lower in the spring of 1992 than 1991 at both sites. Pasture was grazed considerably shorter in the spring of 1992, and numbers ofH. destructorwere lower, but numbers of eggs laid in the two years were similar. We suggest that active mite mortality was greater in spring of 1992, probably due to lower relative humidity. There were fewer adult mites in spring, and fewer diapausing eggs in summer at both sites in 1992 (36,600 diapause eggs/m2) than in 1991 (148,000 diapause eggs/m2). It is proposed that controlling mites in spring should lead to lower numbers of diapause eggs in summer and of mites emerging in autumn.
The early stages of certain West African Mosquitos
Authors: Ingram A. , Macfie J. W. S.
Published: July 2009

Howard, Dyar and Knab in their monograph “ The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies,” in discussing the rearing of mosquitos, emphasise the importance of larvae in specific determination. They write (Vol. I, p. 181) “ Many species of Culex are of uncertain determination without the associated larvae, while some Aëdes have identical adults, yet dissimilar larvae. The characters of the larvae reside in the modifications of the chitinous appendages of the skin and the arrangement of the hairs. As these are fully retained by the cast skins, it is possible to preserve both the larva and the adult of the same identical specimen, thus assuring absolutely correct associations.”
The Sugar-cane Froghopper in Grenada
Authors: Williams C. B.
Published: July 2009

In the course of an investigation into the froghoppers (Cercopidae) of the genus Tomaspis found on sugar-cane in Trinidad and the neighbouring countries, made on behalf of the Government of Trinidad, I visited Grenada in December 1916 and spent a few days investigating a small but severe outbreak of froghoppers in that Island. The following notes seem of sufficient interest to be published without further delay.
New Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Genera Tridacus and Dacus (Dipt.)
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

Some additional fruit-flies of the genus Dacus (s.l.) from the Ethiopian Region have been recently submitted to me for study by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, through the kindness of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, the Director.
Some Notes on the Natural Control of the Oyster-shell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi, L.)
Authors: Tothill John D.
Published: July 2009

The oyster-shell or mussel scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi, L.) (fig. 1) is too well known to need any particular introduction ; suffice it to say that this insect has followed its principal food-plant, the apple tree, over the world. Though usually considered a serious pest in places in which it has been long established, such as England and

Canada, it is not increasing. There must then be agencies at work destroying annually about 98 per cent. of the progeny of each pair of scales. In different countries these agencies may differ greatly. It is the purpose of the present paper to give a general outline of the principal factors operating in the control of this scale in Canada, and more especially in Eastern Canada. The study, which has been carried on under the direction of the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, is based on the literature of the subject and on the examination of about eighteen thousand egg-masses of scales collected, between September 1916 and April 1917, from representative places throughout Canada. Most of this material was gathered by the officers and friends of the Entomological Branch and mailed to the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Fredericton, N.B., for examination. The names of these gentlemen appear in the analysis table (on page 191) opposite their respective collections and it is a pleasure to acknowledge their kindly assistance. Each 100 of these egg-masses was, so far as practicable, an average 100 selected from several twigs of one tree or bush. So far as possible, collections were made from five trees or bushes at each observation point.
Some New Injurious Weevils from Asia
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

Among some insects recently sent for identification to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomologist for India, and Dr. K. Dammerman, Government Entomologist for Java, there were four undescribed species of Curculionidae, all of which are recorded as attacking cultivated plants, though the extent of the injury inflicted is not indicated.
On a new Species of Echthromorpha (Hym. Ichn.) from Fiji
Authors: Perkins J. F.
Published: July 2009

Echthromorpha tirathabae, sp. n.

This species belongs to Group D of Krieger's monograph of this genus (Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin, 4, 1909, p. 341).
Notes on two new Oriental Parasites of the Coffee Mealy-bug (Pseudococcus lilacinus)
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

In connection with his biological researches for the control of the coffee mealy-bugs in Africa, Mr. R. H. Le Pelley recently made a trip to the Far East in order to try to find some Oriental parasites of Pseudococcus lilacinus which could be introduced into Kenya Colony.
The Mosquitos of the funestus Series in East Africa
Authors: Leeson H. S.
Published: July 2009

The paper deals with Anopheles funestus and its allies as they occur in East Africa. The species dealt with are A. funestus type form, A. rivulorum, A. rivulorum var. garnhamellus and A. leesoni.

1. Differences between adults are so slight that they have until recently all been regarded as A. funestus. They may, however, be separated from one another by the points given in the Key (above). Differences between larvae of the species are much more pronounced.

2. It is also shown that, in this part of Africa at least, A. funestus, though reared from identical larvae and pupae, has four main forms of wing pattern. One of the forms of A. funestus appears to be absent from Uganda, while another form is much more prevalent in coastal regions than inland. A. rivulorum occurs in Uganda, but only two specimens were taken in Tanganyika. A. rivulorum var. garnhamellus is widely distributed throughout E. Africa. A. leesoni was found only in Uganda.

3. A. funestus, A. rivulorum and A. leesoni breed in similar situations, i.e., clear, shaded water with growing vegetation. The larvae are more frequently found among grass than among other types of vegetation. Such breeding-places occur in rivers, streams, pools and swamps. Light readings taken at breeding-places corrobate the many reports that these larvae prefer shaded situations and are absent from exposed waters. Larvae of A. rivulorum var. garnhamellus are found most frequently associated with Pistia stratiotes, though on at least two occasions they were found in water where this plant was absent.

4. All the adults were taken inside buildings and none outside, in spite of continuous searching. Almost all were A. funestus, the remaining few were A. rivulorum and A. rivulorum var. garnhamellus; adults of A. leesoni were not taken at all. At several places, though adults of A. funestus were common in houses, very few or no larvae of this species were found; but larvae of the other forms were present. It is concluded that A. funestus is therefore an habitual house-frequenter and the others are not. Human blood was found in roughly half of the female A. funestus examined (239 out of 456); a very few contained ox blood and the remainder (204) were negative for ox and human blood. They were not tested for other bloods. Of 122 female A. funestus examined for malaria parasites 15 were found infected.
Studies on the Red Bollworm of Cotton, Diparopsis castanea, Hampson.—Part I. The Distribution and Ecology of two natural Food-plants, Cienfuegosia hildebrandtii, Gürke, and Gossypium herbaceum var. africana, Watt.
Authors: Marshall J. , Parsons F. S. , Hutchinson H.
Published: July 2009

The present paper reports the principal results from a survey undertaken with the objects of ascertaining the extent of the natural breeding areas of the red bollworm in South Africa and whether the habitats of the food-plants are well defined ecologically. It has been known for some years that the red bollworm feeds on wild cotton, Gossypium herbaceum, and on Cienfuegosia Hildebrandtii (Parsons), but from increased knowledge of the topography and vegetation of the country there were reasons to suppose that the distribution of these food-plants is quite considerably limited in the present and potential cotton-growing areas, and it was desirable that the situation should be investigated in some detail.
Additions to the Encarsia parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of the Bemisia tabaci-complex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Evans G. A. , Polaszek A.
Published: July 2009

Four new species of Encarsia, E. lanceolatasp. n., E. paracitrellasp. n., E. pseudocitrellasp. n. and E. unicitrellasp. n. are described and illustrated. All four parasitoid species were reared from the Bemisia tabaci-complex and/or other whitefly hosts in the Neotropical region. Encarsia paracitrella, E. pseudocitrella and E. unicitrella are extremely closely related, to each other and to E. citrella (Howard). A diagnosis is therefore given for the E. citrella-complex, with a key to the four currently included species. For E. citrella (Howard) a lectotype is designated, the male is described and illustrated for the first time, and the female is redescribed and illustrated. A key and a modification to an existing key are provided to facilitate the identification of the five species treated.
Niche separation in coprophagous beetles: a comparison of two multivariate approaches
Authors: Sowig P.
Published: July 2009

Coprophagous beetles (endocoprid and paracoprid Scarabaeidae, Hydrophilidae, and Staphylinidae) were extracted from 698 sheep droppings from a pasture in southwest Germany. To quantify the pairwise niche overlap of these species, pairwise discriminant function analysis was used to calculate the overlap of the discriminant distributions in a four-dimensional niche space. Niche separation was studied considering the following four factors: season (month) and macrohabitat when and where the dropping was deposited, dropping size, and water content of the dropping. Multiple discriminant function analysis was used to describe the distribution of species in a space defined by four discriminant functions. The first discriminant function was mostly influenced by the factor ‘season’. The importance of different factors for niche separation in different functional groupings of dung beetles is compared with results from the literature. Advantages and disadvantages of pairwise and multiple discriminant function analysis, and univariate evaluation methods are compared. The following problems and restrictions of discriminant function analyses are emphasized: (i) the usage of non-numerical variables; (ii) the calculation of niche breadths; (iii) failures, when bimodally distributed variables are considered; and (iv) the ecological interpretation of statistical significances.
Tsetse-flies in the Ol Orokuti Area of the Masai Reserve, Kenya Colony
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: July 2009

An investigation of the “ fly-belts ” in the Ol Orokuti area of the Masai Reserve was carried out early in April 1934, in response to a request from the European farmers of the Sotik district.
A new trap for Glossina pallidipes Aust. and G. fuscipes Newst. (Dipt., Glossinidae)
Authors: Moloo S. K.
Published: July 2009

Records were kept of the catches of tsetse fly by three types of traps, the Langridge box screen, the Swynnerton awning screen, and a modification of the latter incorporating a screen skirt, in the South Busoga fly-belt, Uganda, where Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst. are abundant. Only two specimens of G. brevipalpis, but large numbers of the other two species, were caught, by far the largest catches being obtained by the awning screen-skirt trap.
Aerial baiting to control leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae, Attini) in Trinidad. III. Economic implications
Authors: Lewis T. , Norton G. A.
Published: July 2009

The losses caused by leaf-cutting ants (Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) and Atta cephalotes (L.)) to citrus and cocoa crops in Trinidad were assessed as about $40 000 TT per annum in each of these crops. Losses to other crops were unassessable on a national scale but often important to individual farmers. Aerial baiting, using a locally produced bait of aldrin, soyabean oil and citrus meal, would be at least as, and probably more, effective than current on-farm control methods. The cost was $6.18/ha, approximately four times cheaper than current methods and twice as cheap as searching for nests and applying the same bait to them by hand. Hand baiting with the local bait would be almost twice as cheap as using the imported alternative available. At the dosages and frequency of application recommended (2.2 kg of bait containing 0.4% technical aldrin/ha/annum) the total amount of organochlorine insecticide currently used against leaf-cutting ants in Trinidad would decrease between two- and ten-fold, depending on the area treated. Serious long term residual effects are most unlikely to develop, and if bait were applied carefully no harmful effects to man or stock would occur. Farms larger than four hectares would benefit proportionately more than smaller farms, unless charges were manipulated. Fewer men would be needed to control ants than at present. Losses to traders caused by a decrease in the sales of alternative insecticides would be trivial. A national dry-season baiting scheme would utilize more fully aircraft already available in Trinidad, and would help export crops and the production of home-grown foods.
Influence of stimulus dose and wind speed on the orientation behaviour of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to pheromone
Authors: Fadamiro Henry Y.
Published: July 2009

Wind tunnel studies were conducted on the influence of pheromone dose and wind speed on the response behaviour of the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus Horn to its male-produced aggregation pheromone. The pheromone did not increase the proportion flying and non-optimal dosages reduced flight initiation. Beetles flew at progressively lower airspeed and net upwind velocity as the pheromone dose was increased from 0.02 mg to 4 mg. Also, at the higher doses, the latency of take-off was longer. However, at the intermediate dose of 0.2 mg, take-off latency was significantly shorter, and the proportion of beetles exhibiting phototaxis at this dose was at a minimum. Wind was necessary for the beetles' orientation to pheromone, supporting the pheromone-induced anemotaxis hypothesis. Flying beetles increased their airspeed and net upwind velocity and therefore flew faster at the higher wind speeds. These results suggest that pheromone dose and wind speed are major influences on the flight behaviour of P. truncatus, and the implications of this on the interpretation of field pheromone-baited trap catch data are discussed.
Influence of temperature and humidity on populations of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Pteromalidae) in two climatic zones of Burkina Faso
Authors: Ouedraogo P. A. , Sou S. , Sanon A. , Monge J. P. , Huignard J. , Tran B. , Credland P. F.
Published: July 2009

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) develops in the seeds of Vigna unguiculata in the Sahel region of Africa. The reproductive activity of this species and the development of its offspring were studied during the dry season at Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), two zones with different climatic conditions. The length of imaginal life of the females and the developmental time varied with changes in climatic conditions, the lowest values for both parameters being found at the end of the dry season when temperature and humidity increased. In the two zones, variations in the density of the bruchid populations have been studied in experimental stores. The density of the bruchid population was low at the beginning of the study and increased when temperature and humidity rose. The introduction of Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) adults to the stores caused a significant reduction in the numbers of C. maculatus adults. The density of the D. basalis populations was low from December to February and increased when temperatures and then humidity became higher. The increase of the D. basalis population and the rate of parasitism were greater at Bobo Dioulasso than at Ouagadougou. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that fecundity, duration of adult life and developmental times depend on humidity. This study has shown the importance of local climatic conditions on parasitoid reproduction and development and also in the control of bruchid populations in stores.
Identification of African stemborer larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pyralidae) based on morphology
Authors: Meijerman Lynn , Ulenberg Sandrine A.
Published: July 2009

Descriptions are given of the larval stages of the 15 most damaging African stemborer species, belonging to the generaChiloZincken,ConiestaHampson,EldanaWalker,MaliarphaRagonot,ScirpophagaTreitschke (Pyralidae),Sesamia GuenéeandBusseolaThurau. Chaetotaxy of the larvae has been studied. Previously published studies on the same subject are discussed. A key is provided for the identification of the genera, and where possible, the species.
Responses ofGlossina pallidipes(Diptera: Glossinidae) to synthetic repellents in the field
Authors: Torr S.J. , Mangwiro T.N.C. , Hall D.R.
Published: July 2009

In Zimbabwe, studies were made of the responses ofGlossina pallidipesAusten to known and candidate repellents. Various chemicals, dispensed atc. 5–10 mg/h, were placed beside Epsilon traps already baited with a blend of acetone, octenol, 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol. Pentanoic or hexanoic acids or acetophenone halved the catch and 2-methoxyphenol reduced the catch by 90%. There were no consistent differences in the responses of males and females. Pentanoic acid or acetophenone or 2-methoxyphenol at an unbaited trap reduced the catch by 40%, 75% and 60%, respectively. Baiting traps with a combination of pentanoic acid, acetophenone and 2-methoxyphenol did not reduce the catch below that produced by 2-methoxyphenol alone. Pentanoic acid and 2-methoxyphenol reduced the efficiency of traps fromc. 40% to 20% but acetophenone had no significant effect. Acetophenone and 2-methoxyphenol halved the numbers of tsetse attracted to a target baited with acetone, octenol and phenols but none had a significant effect on the proportion that landed. 2-Methoxyphenol significantly reduced the numbers of tsetse attracted to a source of natural ox odour but only pentanoic acid had a significant effect on feeding responses, reducing the proportion that fed on an ox from 59 to 45%. It is concluded that these repellents do not provide any useful degree of protection against trypanosomiasis. In areas where tsetse are abundant (500 bites/ox/day) and infection rates in tsetse are high (>5%) it is highly unlikely that any repellents would be useful. However, in areas where tsetse are less abundant (1 bite/ox/day) and/or infection rates are low (c. 0.5%) the potent, unidentified repellents present in human odour might effectively complement the control of disease using trypanocidal drugs.
The Mosquitos of the Kenya Coast; Records of Occurrence, Behaviour and Habitat
Authors: van Someren E. C. C. , Teesdale C. , Furlong M.
Published: July 2009

In this paper a list, with brief notes on prevalence, behaviour and habitat is given of 121 species, sub-species and varieties of mosquitos taken in the last 12 years during field work on the Kenya coast. Two species and one sub-species of the mosquitos found are not yet described. Notes on variation have been included for species that show interesting features in this respect and the distribution of the species in East Africa is also included where it is of interest.
Cross resistance between insecticides in coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from New Caledonia
Authors: Brun L. O. , Marcillaud C. , Gaudichon V. , Suckling D. M.
Published: July 2009

The responses of adult females of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) from New Caledonia, which were either resistant or susceptible to endosulfan, were compared to a range of insecticides. High levels of cross resistance were present to organochlorines (aldrin, dieldrin and lindane). No cross resistance was evident to carbaryl or organophosphates (descending order of toxicity: fenitrothion > pirimiphos-methyl > chlorpyrifos > diazinon=malathion). Carbaryl, a carbamate, was the least toxic, and avermectin, a macrocyclic lactone, was the most toxic insecticide tested on H. hampei. No evidence of synergy from esterase (DEF) or microsomal oxidase (piperonyl butoxide) inhibitors was present.
Contrast in the cuticular hydrocarbons of sympatric Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) females (Diptera: Phlebotominae)
Authors: Gebre-Michael T. , Lane R. P. , Phillips A. , Milligan P. , Molyneux D. H.
Published: July 2009

The cuticular hydrocarbons of laboratory-bred and wild-caught females of Phlebotomus martini Parrot and P. celiae Minter, originating from southern Ethiopia, were used to distinguish females of the two sympatric and isomorphic species. Field-caught sandflies were dissected for parasites prior to the analysis. A high degree of separation, was achieved between the two species in both laboratory-bred (91.6%) and wild-caught (91.3%) specimens. However, the discriminating hydrocarbon peaks in laboratory reared specimens were different from those of wild-caught specimens, resulting in a high number of misclassiflcations in the pooled analysis of wild and laboratory specimens in each species. High degrees of hydrocarbon differentiation (84.7%–96.7%) between laboratory-bred and wild caught flies within each species were also obtained.
Studies on some of the physical and biological factors affecting the abundance of the Aedes simpsoni (Diptera: Culicidae) complex-larvae and pupae in plant axils
Authors: Lutwama J. J. , Mukwaya L. G.
Published: July 2009

Some physical and biological factors affecting the abundance of larvae and pupae of the Aedes simpsoni (Theobald) complex, in leaf axils of different plants at several locations in Uganda, were investigated during the rainy and dry seasons. The mean number of axils per plant, axils containing larvae and pupae, and the mean number of larvae and pupae per ml of axil water all varied between seasons and locations. The percentage of axils containing larvae and pupae increased with volume of water in the axils of the different plants. The mean number of larvae and pupae per axil containing water also increased with water content of the axils. There was more water in the axils during the rainy than during the dry seasons. The mean temperature of water was lower in Xanthosorna sagittifoliurn (20.4°C) and Colocasia esculentum (22.1°–22.7°C) than in those of banana (25.0°–27.2°C) and this affected developmental rates of larvae and pupae. The indices of association between larvae and pupae of the A. simpsoni complex and Malaya taeniarostris (Theobald) did not indicate competition and there was some habitat segregation between them. The volume and temperature of water in the axils appeared to be the major factors affecting larval and pupal abundance of A. simpsoni in the axils.
The poinsettia strain of the cotton whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), biological and demographic parameters on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) in relation to temperature
Authors: Enkegaard A.
Published: July 2009

Biological characteristics of the poinsettia strain ofBemisia tabaciGennadius were investigated on poinsettia by laboratory experiments at five temperatures (range: 16°C–28°C). In addition, the effect of rearingB. tabacion the two plant species,Nicotiana tabacum(tobacco) (Solanaceae) andEuphorbia pulcherrima(Euphorbiaceae) (poinsettia) was investigated. The temperature-dependencies were established for the developmental time for eggs and egg-to-adult phase, juvenile mortality, adult female life-span, pre-oviposition period, age-specific fecundity, and sex-ratio. The lower temperature thresholds for egg-development, development from egg to adult and for ovipositional adults were estimated as well as the lower temperature threshold for oviposition. The thresholds were 12°C, 14°C, 8°C and 14°C, respectively. Egg-development required 126 day-degrees and the entire development into adults 327 day-degrees. Mortality was highest at 16°C, being 19.3% in the egg-stage and 95% from egg to adult. The pre-oviposition period and the adult life-span were 40 and 360 day-degrees. The age-specific fecundity ofB. tabaciwas described by a temperature-dependent model. The maximum daily fecundity rate was attained after 60 and 125 day-degrees forB. tabacireared on tobacco and poinsettia, respectively. The fecundity was highest forB. tabacireared on poinsettia. The sex-ratio was in favour of females at and above 19°C and increased with temperature. Estimates of the net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of increase, the finite rate of increase, the mean generation time and the doubling time were obtained. A positive linear relationship was found between rmand temperature, the values ranging from 0.0012 at 16°C to 0.1263 at 28°C.
A study of the use of gas chromatography of cuticular hydrocarbons for identifying members of the Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) complex
Authors: Milligan P.J.M. , Phillips A. , Broomfield G. , Molyneux D.H. , Touré Y. , Coluzzi M.
Published: July 2009

Cuticular hydrocarbons were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) in 564 specimens of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex from several West African sites, to determine whether individual A. gambiae sensu stricto and A. arabiensis Patton can be reliably identified, and to investigate the extent to which distinct chromosomal forms of A. gambiae sensu stricto, which are ecologically restricted as well as in some cases sexually isolated, can be distinguished by their cuticular hydrocarbons. Sympatric A. arabiensis and A. gambiae sensu stricto at Banambani, Mali could be distinguished with 90% correct identifications using the concentrations of four hydrocarbons in a linear discriminant function, but at a second site in Moribabougou, Mali, A. arabiensis was indistinguishable from a small sample of Bamako form of A. gambiae sensu stricto. Sympatric chromosomal forms of A. gambiae sensu stricto could be separated and clearest differences were found between the Mopti and Bamako forms. Direct gene flow between these forms has been found to be completely lacking despite partial intergradation of each form with the savanna form. Ethological isolating mechanisms between these forms have not however been demonstrated. Estimates of the rates of misclassification between the savanna form and the Mopti and Bamko forms reflect the degree of integradation observed amongst these forms by analysis of karyotype frequency in the wild. Discrimination was poor when an allopatric sample of the Mopti form was compared with other samples. An overall test shows that the proportion of correct classifications in discriminant analysis tends to be higher between sympatric than between allopatric populations; however, more extensive sampling would be needed for a rigorous test. The involvement of cuticular hydrocarbons in specific mate recognition systems is discussed.
The distribution of the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in The Gambia and the application of survey results to tsetse and trypanosomiasis control
Authors: Rawlings P. , Ceesay M.L. , Wacher T.J. , Snow W.F.
Published: July 2009

A country-wide survey of the distribution of tsetse flies Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and G. palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank was carried out in The Gambia, during 1989–1990, using box traps at 1654 sites over an area of 10,000 km2 The general distribution of tsetse had changed little during the last 45 years. G. m. submorsitans was present in dry, canopied woodland throughout most of the country, but was absent from an area south of the River Gambia stretching from the coast to some 100 km inland. G. p. gambiensis occurred in evergreen forest and woodland near the coast, and in riparian habitats along the length of the River Gambia and its major tributaries. Nowhere in the country was more than 20 km from tsetse-infested areas. Five major foci of G. m. submorsitans infestation were identified. Demographic, climatic and environmental factors affect tsetse populations in The Gambia, but it is expected that these foci of infestation will persist for at least the next 5–10 years. The numbers of tsetse trapped, expressed as relative densities, were used to assess the extent and severity of losses from trypanosomiasis to different categories of livestock. Survey results such as these could be used to assess whether control measures to reduce tsetse challenge are likely to be economically viable by using techniques such as insecticide-impregnated targets, pour-ons or chemotherapy.
The fate of released parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) for biological control of aphids in Chile
Authors: Starý Petr
Published: July 2009

Research on aphid-parasitoid associations was carried out in Chile in 1979–80 and 1991–92 on the biological control of the cereal aphid pests Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), and Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). The introduced parasitoid species, Aphidius ervi Haliday, A. rhopalosiphi De Stefani Perez, A. smithi Sharma & Subba Rao, A. uzbekistanicus Luzhetski, Ephedrus cerasicola Starý, E. nacheri QuilisPerez, E. plagiator (Nees), Monoctonus nervosus (Haliday), Prnon gallicum Starý, P. volucre (Haliday) were all recovered in cereal and other ecosystems. Most of the parasitoids had adapted well and some of them had even extended their host range; ecological relationships were all found to extend beyond those of the target pests. The parasitoid complex, which had developed from the indigenous and introduced species, was found to be successful in preventive biocontrol and the endemic fauna of Chile was not affected.
Some Coccidae from Eastern Asia
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: July 2009

Through the kindness of Professor E. O. Essig, of the University of California, I have been enabled to examine a collection of Coccidae from Formosa, made by M. Maki and S. Inamura, and also a small amount of material from Foochow, China, collected by Mr. C. R. Kellogg. It is upon this material that the present paper is for the most part based. In addition to this, I am taking advantage of the opportunity to rectify certain errors that have been made in the identification of a few species from Japan.
Trypanosomiasis in the Absence of Tsetses, and a Human Disease possibly carried by Simulium in Kenya Colony
Authors: Dry F. W.
Published: July 2009

This is an account of two different inquiries carried out on the same safari in the Lumbwa country of Kenya Colony early in 1920. The problems are of the same type, the suspected transmission of disease by blood-sucking flies, and the second investigation arose out of the first. It therefore seems best to deal with them both in a single paper.
The respiratory metabolism of tsetse fly puparia in relation to fat consumption
Authors: Langley P. A.
Published: July 2009

Puparia ofGlossina austeniNewst. andG. morsitansWestw. contain similar quantities of chloroform-soluble substances (referred to as fat) in relation to their nonfatty dry weight at the beginning of puparial life. However, adultG. austeniemerge from their puparia with significantly larger fat reserves thanG. morsitansafter development at 25°C. This obvious difference in the rate of fat consumption by puparia of the two species is not accompanied by differences in the rate of oxygen consumption, neither do respiratory quotients explain the difference. It is therefore concluded that some substrate other than fat may be used as a supplementary energy source inG. austeni, since there appears to be no species difference in the composition of fat. Thus the calculation of an oxygen equivalence of fat for tsetse flies is invalid for different species and may also vary within a species depending upon the temperature at which development proceeds.
Reproductive abnormalities in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank, caused by a maternally acting toxicant in rabbit food
Authors: Saunders D.S
Published: July 2009

A laboratory colony of Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank had been kept successfully in Edinburgh for 18 months, when reproduction ceased because of a high incidence of abortion and follicular degeneration. A comparison of these flies with imported Bristol-bred flies showed that the latter reproduced well under identical conditions, but since Edinburgh-bred progeny of imported flies also showed poor reproduction, a genetic difference between the two populations could be ruled out. Comparisons of the progeny of flies fed on human and rabbit blood, and of the progeny of flies fed on rabbits maintained on different diets, produced strong biological evidence for a toxicant in one of the diets which produced reproductive abnormalities in the Ft generation of flies. The trouble was thus traced to a change in rabbit diet which took place about a month before the appearance of the reproductive disorders. It is suggested that the toxicant, which remains unidentified, is concentrated by the parent female in the accessory gland secretion and thereby incorporated into larval tissues during intra-uterine development.
Laboratory studies on the life-history of Valanga nigricornis nigricornis (Burm.) (Orth., Acrididae)
Authors: Kok M. L.
Published: July 2009

Descriptions are given of all growth stages of Valanga nigricornis nigricornis (Burm.). The hopper instars (normally six in the male and seven in the female) could be distinguished by the development of the external genitalia. Under laboratory conditions (mean 27–9°C and 80% r.h.), the life-cycle was completed in 6½–8½ months, and the females had a mean fecundity of 158. Crowding slowed the growth rate of the adults, extended the pre-oviposition period from 60 to 65 days at 30–9°C and reduced fecundity. It is concluded that the low fecundity and slow life-cycle preclude the possibility of the species becoming a widespread pest.
A new species ofMelanagromyzaHendel (Dipt., Agromyzidae) from pods of the bonavist bean (Dolichos lablab) in Uganda
Authors: Greathead D. J.
Published: July 2009

Melanagromyza bonavistaesp.n. is described from the pods of bonavist beans (Dolichos lablab) and cow peas (Vigna unguiculata) at Kawanda, Uganda. The thirdinstar larva and posterior spiracles are illustrated. Notes on the life-history are also given; two species of primary parasites and one, possibly two, species of hyperparasites have been reared.