bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nodal Position, Cutting Length, and Root Retention on the Propagation of Golden Pothos
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Boogher Carol A.
Published: September 2022

Growth was reduced from leaf-bud golden pothos [Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Audre) Bunt.] cuttings taken from an apical node with the most recent, fully expanded leaf. Days to first leaf unfolding increased as cuttings were taken more basipetally from the second apical node to node 14. Accelerated growth of the axillary shoot and increases in leaf number, stems length, leaf area, and shoot fresh weight were associated with cuttings from the apical nodes. Shoot growth was accelerated when cuttings had a 3-cm or longer internode below the nodes. Retaining a 6 to 8-mm section of the old aerial root on cuttings promoted axillary shoot growth.
Effect of GA3 and BA on Lateral Shoot Production on Anthurium
Authors: Imamura Joanne S. , Higaki Tadashi
Published: September 2022

Juvenile anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Andre) plants were treated by topping and/or with foliar sprays of GA3 and BA. With increasing concentration (0 to 500 ppm) of GA3, topped plants showed an increase in lateral shoots. With increasing concentration (0 to 1000 ppm) of BA, the number of lateral shoots increased on both topped and intact plants. Topping alone increased lateral shoots. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA3).
Malate Dehydrogenase Isozyme Patterns in Seven Prunus Species
Authors: Hancock A. M. , lezzoni A. F.
Published: September 2022

Cultivars from three cherry species, sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), sweet cherry (P. avium L.), and ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.), and open-pollinated progenies of P. mahaleb L., P. incisa Thunb., P. canescens Bois., and P. subhirtella Miq., and the sour cherry cultivars Cigany Meggy and Pitic de Iasi were characterized electrophoretically for malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in leaf tissue. No intraspecific variability for MDH isozymes was detected within the sour cherry, sweet cherry, or P. fruticosa cultivars evaluated. The codominant expression of both the sweet cherry and P. fruticosa bands in sour cherry supports the hypothesis that sour cherry arose by interspecific hybridization. A single isozyme band was associated with the mitochondrial subcellular leaf extract from sour cherry. Sweet and sour cherry pollen had activity for a cathodal MDH locus that was not detected in the leaf tissue. Open-pollinated populations of P. mahaleb and P. canescens each exhibited one banding pattern; however, similar progeny from P. subhirtella, P. incisa, and the sour cherry cultivars Pitic de Iasi and Cigany Meggy each segregated for two zymogram patterns. Sufficient polymorphism at the MDH locus has been identified to permit its use as a biochemical genetic marker in interspecific hybridizations.
Single-kernel Analysis for the Presence of the sugary enhancer (se) Gene in Sweet Corn
Authors: Juvik John A. , LaBonte D. R.
Published: September 2022

This paper presents the methodology for the extraction and quantitative analysis of the sugars from single kernels of maize (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Bailey). Concentrations of sorbitol, fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose were determined for individual kernels of sweet corn inbreds homozygous for the endosperm carbohydrate mutants sugary (su) and sugary enhancer (se) by gas chromatographic analysis. The extraction procedure was efficient and precise. Single-seed sugar analysis of kernels from the inbreds IL451b (su) and IL677a (su se) revealed that genetic differences between the inbreds was the primary source of phenotypic variation in kernel sugar content. Differences between ears of the same inbred was also a significant source of variation, whereas, in most instances, kernel-to-kernel variation on ears was not. Fifty-eight percent of the variation in the predominant corn sugar, sucrose, was attributed to genetic differences between the two inbreds. Analysis of the observed and predicted distribution in a mature-dry F2 kernel population for sucrose content indicated that single-kernel analysis can isolate the action of the se gene in segregating populations. This procedure can be used to simplify the incorporation of se into elite inbreds, map its chromosomal location, and uncover other potentially useful alleles that modify corn endosperm carbohydrate metabolism.
Double Tagging of a Male-sterile Gene in Tomato using a Morphological and Enzymatic Marker Gene
Authors: Tanksley S. D. , Zamir D.
Published: September 2022

The male-sterile gene ms-10 has been placed in cis with two flanking, selectable markers, Prx-2 (Peroxidase-2) and aa (anthocyanin absent). The gene order is: Prx-2 … (0.5 cM) … ms-10 … (5.0 cM) … aa. This construction allows the male-sterile gene to be transferred into breeding lines by selection of the codominant peroxidase marker. Once transferred, male-sterile genotypes can be selected at the seedling stage by the recessive aa marker, reducing the need to rogue fertile plants in the field. The transfer and propagation procedures made possible by these linkages should facilitate the use of genic male-sterility in the production of hybrid tomato seed.
Use of the Richards Function to Interpret Single Seed Conductivity Data
Authors: Moore Frank D. , Jolliffe Peter A. , Stanwood Phillip C. , Roos Eric E.
Published: September 2022

Previous research showed a relationship between viability and electrolyte leakage; here, we develop an index of viability based on electrolyte leakage from sample populations of seeds soaked in deionized distilled water. Conductivity of leachates from individual seeds was determined for 10 lots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), each germinating at 99%. Conductivity data for two lots of soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds germinating at 100% and 74%, respectively, were obtained from literature. Cumulative frequency distributions (CFD) with a class interval of one µA, were fitted with a natural logarithmic form of the Richards function, which requires no arbitrary starting values. The procedure provided an effective estimation of slopes [(dCF/dµA)MAX] of hypothetical lines tangent to inflection points of the respective sigmoidal CFD curves. We suggest that this maximum slope, or internal slope can be used as a seed viability index. The index is unaffected by outlier µA readings and reflects the shape of the CFD. It is also a measure of seed-to-seed variability in leachate conductivity. The se of the 10 internal slopes derived from the 10 lettuce seed lots was 3.8. The viability index is sensitive, since nearly a four-fold difference in internal slope was found for the two soybean seed lots. The greater the internal slope, the less the variation among individual seed conductivities and the higher the seed quality.
Hunter b Color Measurements of Papaya Using a Two-filter System
Authors: Hayes C. F. , Chingon Harry T. G. , Young Howard G. C.
Published: September 2022

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) grown in Hawaii cannot be shipped to the mainland United States or to the markets in Japan without first being treated for possible fruit fly infestation. Currently, the so-called “double-dip” treatment (2) is being used for this purpose. This treatment consists of immersion of the fruit in 42°C water for 30 min, followed by a second immersion in 49° water for 20 min. Since this treatment is only effective in killing organisms near the surface of the fruit, it cannot be used on a fruit that has ripened to the point where insects may have penetrated deeply.
A Videotape to Demonstrate Pruning Techniques
Authors: Tripepi Robert R. , Tong Dave
Published: September 2022

Interest in pruning landscape plants is increasing as people realize that attractive trees and shrubs increase aesthetic and property values of homes. In order to illustrate how to prune plants to enhance their appearance and health, a videotape was developed that demonstrates pruning techniques for various woody landscape plants. The tape, “Pruning Your Own Shrubs and Small Trees”, is intended to be used as a learning tool by homeowners, horticulture students, cooperative extension agents, and landscape maintenance personnel.
‘Valiant’ Grape
Authors: Peterson R. M. , Waples J. R. , Evers N. P.
Published: September 2022

Grape breeding was initiated in 1953 by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station to develop table or juice grapes adapted to the relatively short growing seasons and cold winters of the northern Great Plains. The basic source of winter hardiness and early maturity has been Vitis riparia Michx. from or near the northwestern limits of the range of the species on the Great Plains. Grapes from northeastern Montana and northwestern North Dakota were sought out in 1960 and seed was collected from vines identified as outstanding because of very early fruit maturity, uniform berry ripening within clusters, well-filled clusters, relative freedom from astringency, high productivity, mildew resistance, and other desirable traits (1). Superior progenies and individuals grown from these seeds were identified and have been used extensively in hybridizing with cultivars of Vitis vinifera L, Vitis Labruscana Bailey, and various species hybrids. ‘Valiant’ (Fig. 1) is the first cultivar introduced from this program.
Cultivar Registration of Unassigned Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Huttleston Donald G.
Published: September 2022

During 1986, 15 cultivar names in unassigned woody genera were registered. Ten of these were dwarf spiraeas. During 1987, eight cultivar names in unassigned woody genera were registered. Herbarium specimens and photographs of the plants will be deposited in the U.S. National Arboretum Herbarium. Anyone who is involved in the origination or introduction of new cultivars of ornamental plants is urged to see that they are registered with a view toward nomenclatural stabilization. A list of International Registration Authorities is avalable from the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (AABGA), P.O. Box 206, Swarthmore, PA 19801.
Cultural and Chemical Control of Vegetative Growth of Deciduous Fruit Trees: Introduction to Workshop
Authors: Williams Max W.
Published: September 2022

Moderate to high vigor and maximum light penetration must be maintained in deciduous fruit trees to assure high yields of good quality fruit. To accomplish the balance between vigor and light penetration, control of excessive shoot growth is required. Dwarfing rootstocks and spur type scion cultivars are reasonably successful in controlling vegetative growth. However, some species have few adequate rootstocks or spur type scions to help control tree growth. Furthermore, even with the best possible combination of rootstock and scion for a particular orchard site, there are periods in the life of the orchard when additional control of vegetative growth is needed. Vigorous growth is necessary in the early years to fill the allotted space with a viable fruiting surface. Fruit set then is increased by controlling excessive vegetative growth. Periodic control of growth can be accomplished by pruning and training of shoot growth, but these methods are often inadequate for maximum fruiting efficiency, since they are labor intensive and cannot always be accomplished in a timely manner.
Extension Delivery Systems Around the World: Introduction
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: September 2022

This symposium was sponsored primarily by the Commercial Horticulture Working Group in the Extension Division of ASHS. The International Horticultural Congress provides an excellent opportunity for horticulturists, especially horticultural educators, from around the world to exchange experiences and ideas. Extension in the context of this symposium refers to the transfer of technology or the linkage from a research-based information pool to producers, processors, marketers, and consumers of horticultural commodities. Extension programs are expected to help ensure the adoption of appropriate technologies by individuals, groups, or segments of an industry. The primary goals of an extension program are to increase production, product quality, business profits, and/or the quality of life. This symposium involved uniquely qualified individuals in describing and contrasting model extension delivery systems from around the world.
Relationship Between Cowpea Root Systems and Mycorrhizal Dependency
Authors: Rajapakse Sriyani , Miller J. Creighton
Published: September 2022

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between mycorrhizal dependency (MD) of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivars and their root morphology. Seeds of 19 cowpea cultivars with known MD levels were inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and Bradyrhizobium in seedling trays. Twelve-day-old seedlings were transferred to a hydroponic culture system, where they were grown for 5 weeks. Leaf area, length of taproot, total root length, root weight, root abundance, average length of fine roots, number of nodules formed on lateral roots, and total nodule weight differed among cultivars. Less than 5% of the root length was colonized by mycorrhizal fungus in all cultivars. Average length of fine roots was negatively correlated with MD of cowpea cultivars; however, only 27% of the variability in MD was explained by this variable. Therefore, root morphology did not appear to determine MD in cowpea.
Reduction of Capsicum annuum L. Growth and Seed Quality by Soil Flooding
Authors: Sundstrom F. J. , Pezeshki S. R.
Published: September 2022

Flooding of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for 96 hr at anthesis adversely affected plant growth. Average leaf size of the flooded plants was significantly less than that of nonflooded controls. Ratios of leaf dry weight to root dry weight indicated that flooding reduced root development more than leaf development. Mean photosynthetic rate over the 96-hr flooding period and the 72-hr post-flooding period was decreased by 62%. Viability, germination percentage, and average weight of seeds from flooded plants were significantly less than those of control plants. Pepper photosynthetic rate was correlated with seed weight, seed viability, and germination percentage. Reductions in seed viability as a result of soil flooding may, therefore, be attributable to reductions in the supply of photosynthates to the seed.
Calcium Translocation and Tomato Plant and Fruit Responses to Molybdenum and Daminozide
Authors: Kheshem Seddigh A. , Kochan Walter J. , Boe Arthur A. , Everson Dale O.
Published: September 2022

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Vendor) plants were grown from seeds in perlite in the greenhouse and watered with modified Cooper's solution. Molybdenum was supplied at rates of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 ppm. Daminozide was applied as a foliar spray at rates of 0, 1500, and 6000 ppm. Increased levels of Mo in the culture solution were associated with increased concentrations of Ca in the fruit. High levels of daminozide were associated with increases in fruit weight and reductions in fruit number, plant height, and blossom-end rot incidence. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Reception of Photoperiodic Stimuli and Flowering of Bush Bean
Authors: Privett Diane W. , Stang J. R.
Published: September 2022

Reception of photoperiodic stimuli and control of flowering of ‘Oregon 2065’ bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by the primary and first trifoliate leaves was studied. One or both of these leaves were given short days (9 hr, SD) or long days (9 hr + 7 hr photoperiod extension, LD). All other leaves were removed. Plants flowered if either primary or trifoliate leaves received SD. The SD or LD treatment to a particular leaf had its greatest effect on flowering at the node of that leaf. Inflorescences with flower buds larger than 2.5 mm developed at primary and at first trifoliate nodes if either set of leaves received SD, but, if one received LD, bud abscission occurred before anthesis at the node of the LD leaf.
Tissue Culture of Osage-orange
Authors: King Sandra M. , Morehart A. L.
Published: September 2022

The influence of explant (shoot-tip, node, or internode), growth regulators, liquid pretreatment, and Murashige and Skoog (MS) salt concentrations on callus, shoot, and root production was determined for Osage-orange [Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid]. Shoots proliferated from both shoot-tip (three shoots/explant) and nodal (two shoots/explant) sections, but not from internodes. Optimum growth regulator concentrations for shoot proliferation were 0.5 µm IBA, 6 µm BA, and 3 µm GA. A 48-hr pretreatment of liquid-modified MS medium (MMS) did not enhance shoot proliferation. Internode sections produced more callus than shoot-tip or nodal sections with the highest production (620 mm3) on MMS medium plus 0.5 µm IBA and 4 µm BA. Micropropagated shoots rooted best on half-strength MS salts plus 2.5 µm IBA. Plant-let survival in the greenhouse after 2 months was > 70%. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), gibberellic acid (GA).
Effects of Controlled-release Phosphorus and Inoculum Density on the Growth and Mycorrhizal Infection of Pepper and Leek Transplants
Authors: Waterer Douglas R. , Coltman Robert R.
Published: September 2022

Growth, shoot P concentrations, and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection by Glomus aggregatum (Schenck and Smith emend. Koske) were studied on transplants of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Emerald Giant’) and leek (Allium ampeloprasum L. ‘Catalina’) grown in a 1 peat : 1 vermiculite medium (v/v). Various amounts of Osmocote (19N–2.6P–10K) were added to the transplant medium, resulting in solution P concentrations of 0.6 to 17.5 mg·liter–1. The transplants received 0 to 12,500 spores of G. aggregatum per plant. Increased solution P concentrations increased growth and shoot P concentrations in both leeks and peppers, but decreased the degree of mycorrhizal infection of the root systems. At low solution P concentrations, inoculation increased the shoot P concentrations and growth of the peppers, but decreased the shoot P concentrations of the leeks. Increasing the number of spores per plant did not influence growth or tissue P concentrations of transplants, but did increase mycorrhizal infection at low and intermediate solution P concentrations.
‘Gourmet’ Pear
Authors: Peterson R. M. , Waples J. R.
Published: September 2022

‘Gourmet’ is a dessert pear (Pyrus sp.) which combines many characteristics of Asian [P. ussuriensis Maxim, P. pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak.] and European (P. communis L.) pears. It is cold hardy and is suggested for planting in areas immediately north of where high quality pear cultivars generally are grown.
‘Texas Grano 1015Y’: A Mild Pungency, Sweet, Shortday Onion
Authors: Pike L. M. , Horn R. S. , Andersen C. R. , Leeper P. W. , Miller M. E.
Published: September 2022

The development of a high yielding, pink root-resistant [Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorenz, Walker, and Larson], mild, sweet, shortday onion (Allium cepa L.) with improved shipping quality was the objective for the onion breeding program in the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. ‘Texas Grano 1015Y’ (TG1015Y) is a very mild and sweet cultivar with those quality characteristics.
‘Texas Grano 1030Y’: A Late Maturing, Mild Pungency Shortday Onion
Authors: Pike L. M. , Horn R. S. , Andersen C. R. , Leeper P. W. , Miller M. E.
Published: September 2022

The development of a late maturing, high yielding, pink root resistant shortday onion (Allium cepa L.) with improved shipping quality was the objective for introduction of this cultivar.
Asp 8271 and Asp 8284 Asparagus Germplasm
Authors: McCollum Gilbert D.
Published: September 2022

Asparagus germplasm populations, Asp 8271 and Asp 8284, are the F2 generation of crosses between colchicine-induced tetraploids of garden asparagus, Asparagus officinalis L. ‘Viking’, and a wild tetraploid, A. officinalis spy. prostratus (Dumort.) Corb., both 2n = 4x = 40. They were released in Feb. 1987 from a program at Beltsville in which crosses in the genus are investigated as they relate to the gene pool available for breeding disease-resistant garden asparagus.
US-311 and US-427 Southernpea Breeding Lines
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D.
Published: September 2022

The ARS/USDA has announced the release of southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] breeding lines US-311 and US-427. US-311 is an early maturing, pinkeye type pea, and US-427 is a root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) resistant, brown crowder type pea. Both lines are near cultivar quality, and each is recommended for use as parental material in breeding programs.
‘Kiawah’ Southernpea
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Dukes P. D.
Published: September 2022

‘Kiawah’ (kee'-a-waw) southernpea [Vigna unguiculata] (L.) Walp.] has been released by ARS/USDA as a replacement for ‘Pinkeye Purple Hull,’ a widely grown commercial cultivar. ‘Kiawah’ is well adapted for production throughout the southeastern United States where it can be expected to produce excellent yields of high quality, pinkeye-type peas. The major attribute of ‘Kiawah’ is its high level of resistance of root knot, a major root disease of southernpea incited by several species of the root-knot nematode genus Meloidogyne. The new cultivar is named in honor of the friendly Kiawah Indian Tribe, which welcomed and helped the original English settlers of Charleston, S.C.
Center-pivot Irrigation for Frost Protection of a Peach Orchard
Authors: Evert Dean R.
Published: September 2022

Center-pivot irrigation during two radiation frosts in Mar. 1986 increased the temperature and reduced fruit injury in a wedge-shaped sector of a 6-year-old ‘Rio Grande’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] orchard. Irrigation increased temperatures under the pivot as much as 5°C during the –5.3° frost on 2 Mar. and 3° during the –2.8° frost on 23 Mar. The percentage of live fruit on 3 Mar. ranged from 35% on nonirrigated trees adjacent to the irrigated sector to 67% on trees in the middle of the irrigated sector (P < 0.01). The percentage of live fruit after the less severe frost on 23 Mar. ranged from 80% to 95% in the same locations (P > 0.05). The weight of fruit thinned on 21 Apr. was 18.2 kg for trees in the middle of the irrigated sector, 2.1 kg for trees along an edge of the irrigated sector, and 9.5 kg for nonirrigated trees adjacent to the irrigated sector (P < 0.05); therefore, injury likely was greater along the edge of the irrigated sector.
Rooting of Semi-hardwood ‘Hayward’ Kiwifruit Cuttings
Authors: Caldwell J. D. , Coston D. C. , Brock K. H.
Published: September 2022

The influence of hormone concentration, date of cutting collection, rooting medium, shoot position, cutting type, and wounding on the rooting of semi-hardwood ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. Deliciosa] cuttings was evaluated. The highest percent rooting was obtained with cuttings from the apical (88%) and medial (66%) portion of current season's growth. Higher rooting percentages were obtained when shoots were collected mid-June to mid-July rather than September. Two-node cuttings wounded through the lower bud were given higher root quality ratings than wounded one-node cuttings, although rooting percentages were similar. Treatment with IBA at 4.0 or 6.0 g·liter–1 resulted in similar rooting percentages (58% and 69%, respectively) of two-node cuttings, but root ratings were higher with 6.0 g·liter–1. Cuttings rooted in vermiculite were given higher root quality ratings than those in perlite or 1 peat : 1 perlite (v/v) and had a higher percentage of rooted cuttings than those in peat:perlite. Chemical name used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Inhibition of Lateral Shoot Growth in Summer-hedged ‘Riesling’ Grapevines by Paclobutrazol
Authors: Reynolds Andrew G.
Published: September 2022

‘Riesling’ (Vitis vinifera L., clone 21B Weis) vines under each of two canopy management treatments (nonhedged, hedged) were subjected to two levels of paclobutrazol (PB) (0, 500 mg·liter–1; 750 mg·liter–1 in 1 year)applied as a foliar spray to the upper portion of the canopy. PB reduced growth of lateral shoots, primarily to the uppermost portion of the main shoot, in both hedged and nonhedged vines. Vine size was not reduced by PB application. PB increased °Brix in fruit of hedged vines in 1984 and 1986. No major effects of either factor were observed on yield components, but PB increased berry size in 1986. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Heat Tolerance of Citrus Leaves
Authors: Ahrens M. Joseph , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: September 2022

Direct heat injury to plant parts may occur in areas of high insolation and high humidity where transpiration is low. Using electrolyte leakage procedures, critical high temperatures of detached leaves of ‘Glen’ citrange [Citrus sinensis L. (Osbk.) × Poncirus trifoliata L. (Raf.)], ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata L. (Raf.)], and ‘Hamlin’ orange [C. sinensis L. (Osbk.)] were determined by exposure to temperatures between 25° and 65°C. Lethal temperatures for a 20 min exposure ranged from 54.3° ± 0.5° for ‘Glen’ citrange to 56.1° ± 0.4° for ‘Swingle’ citrumelo. Maximum canopy temperatures of 36.6° were recorded. Therefore, it appears that under field conditions in Florida, these cultivars are normally not subjected to temperatures that would cause direct heat injury.
Genetic Variation of Ethylene Production in Harvested Muskmelon Fruits
Authors: Kendall Stephen A. , Ng Timothy J
Published: September 2022

Two netted and three nonnetted (casaba) muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultigens and their hybrids were examined after harvest for ethylene production and for concentration of ethylene in the cavity. Whole fruit ethylene production was related to cavity concentrations. Netted muskmelon fruit produced appreciable amounts of ethylene at or near harvest while nonnetted fruit did not produce ethylene until as late as 20 days postharvest. Hybrids were generally intermediate to the parents in rate and time of production of ethylene, thus demonstrating that rates of ethylene production and cavity concentrations of ethylene in muskmelon fruit appear under genetic control.
‘Marfa Lace’, ‘Alpine’, and ‘Tejas’ Desert Willows
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L.
Published: September 2022

‘Marfa Lace', ‘Alpine’, and ‘Tejas’ are new desert willow [Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet.] cultivars selected at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center at El Paso and approved for release by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Desert willow is a deciduous flowering shrub or tree native to the southwestern United States. The species exhibits considerable variability in floral color, but this generally has not been exploited through selection or breeding. The advantages of these new selections include large, semi-double flowers in ‘Marfa Lace’, large leaves and dark flowers in ‘Alpine’, and even larger flowers in ‘Tejas’. To my knowledge, no other semi-double desert willow has been released.
‘John Davis’ and ‘J.P. Connell’ Roses
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

‘John Davis’ and ‘J.P. Connell’ are winter-hardy, freely and recurrently flowering roses with fragrant flowers. Both roses are highly resistant to powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lev.] but only ‘John Davis’ is resistant to blackspot, (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf.). ‘John Davis’ is a pillar rose with trailing growth habit and has pink flowers. ‘J.P. Connell’ is an upright shrub with yellow flowers. It is the first yellow-flowered rose to emerge from the breeding program at this laboratory.
‘Snowgoose’ Philadelphus
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

‘Snowgoose’ is a freely flowering, winter-hardy mock orange (Philadelphus × virginalis Rehd.) with very fragrant, double, pure white flowers. It was selected by D.R. Sampson, of the Plant Research Centre, from the cross ‘Frosty Morn’ × ‘Bouquet Blanc’ made by D.F. Cameron in 1959 (4). In the Ottawa trials ‘Snowgoose’ was one of the hardiest cultivars, comparable to ‘Galahad’ and ‘Silberregen’ but more productive.
Weigela Cultivars Tango and Polka
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

‘Tango’ and ‘Polka’ are very hardy, freely flowering, dwarf shrubs. ‘Tango’ has purple foliage and red flowers, with a single flowering period. ‘Polka’ has green foliage, light pink flowers, and flowers recurrently.
Potential Hazards of Portable Fog Apparatus
Authors: McCool Patrick M. , Sterrett Jerry L. , Musselman Robert C.
Published: September 2022

The portable fog canister apparatus, first described in HortScience [20(6): 1127–1129, December 1985], has been in use for about 3 years. It was recently discovered that older fog canisters in use for extended periods of time can possibly fail under pressure, resulting in separation of the top of the canister from the main body. Of more than 50 canisters constructed, only one canister has failed. Although canisters are soundly constructed, failures of the canisters can result in bodily harm or property damage. The tapped fittings appear to be the weak point of the canister design. If these fittings are stressed (e.g., an impact to the fitting), the PVC canister can be weakened. These canisters should be checked regularly for fractures surrounding any gas or water fittings. As with any system under pressure, weak points can fail suddenly and with significant force. It is recommended by us that the canisters be placed within some type of containment structure (group the canisters with a closed box) or users should otherwise modify the canisters so that sudden failures will be contained. Caution should always be exercised in the vicinity of the canisters when the system is pressurized.
Response of ‘Tifblue’ Rabbiteye Blueberry to Soil-applied Paclobutrazol
Authors: Spiers James M.
Published: September 2022

Bud development in ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) was reduced with increasing levels of soil-applied paclobutrazol (PB). Flowering was delayed from 10 to 15 days on plants receiving ≥3 g a.i. PB. This effect still existed 2 years after treatment. Rates of ≤2 g per plant did not influence leaf area. Floral or vegetative bud development, photosynthesis, transpiration, or fruit size when measured 1 year after treatment, but fruit yields were inversely correlated to PB levels. Two years after application, ≤2 g rates had not influenced total plant growth. Stems arising from mature canes were reduced by ≥ 0.5 g PB, but length of juvenile canes was increased by rates up to 2 g PB. Paclobutrazol applications had no influence on leaf content of N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, or Cu. Only the highest level resulted in increased leaf levels of K and Zn, but Mn leaf content was increased by all levels of PB. In general, rates of soil-applied PB which reduced vegetative growth also reduced fruit yield. Chemical name used: β [(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1 dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Effects of Limestone and Irrigation Level on Salt Levels and pH in Potting Media
Authors: Wiedenfeld Robert P. , Cox Edward L.
Published: September 2022

Ground limestone (CaCO3) was applied at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 g/9.5-liter pot using a 1 peat : 1 perlite : 1 vermiculite (by volume) medium having an initial pH of 4.52 and an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.2 dS·m–1. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus) were grown for 56 days in the medium that had been fertilized. Irrigations were applied as the crop grew, with the levels used consisting of 0%, 20%, 40%, or 60% in excess of the amount required to bring all pots to saturation. The water had a pH of 7.44 to 7.95 and an EC from 1.5 to 1.8 dS·m–1. Measurements were taken at each irrigation. Leachate pH increased with increasing rate of limestone application, but the rate of increase with increasing limestone rate declined, with maximum benefit occurring at 75 g/pot. Irrigtation level did not affect leachate pH, which indicates a buffering capacity of the medium that was not readily diluted. Increasing limestone application decreased leachate EC, which suggests retention of the salts from the irrigation water. This retention resulted in a net accumulation of salts in the medium that could not be completely offset by the increased leaching produced as irrigation levels increased.
Prevention of Red Blotch in Degreened Lemon Fruit
Authors: Cohen Eliahou , Lurie Susan , Shalom Yavin
Published: September 2022

Mature green lemon (Citrus limon Burm.) fruits are degreened commercially with ethylene to enhance yellow color development and improve marketing quality. This treatment often results in the development of a peel disorder called red blotch, a superficial reddish-brown discoloration, which may cover most of the fruit peel. We found that degreening at 30°C, instead of the recommended temperature of 25°, eliminated the disorder. Similarly, a predegreening treatment of dipping the fruit in the antioxidant ethoxyquin (“Stop Scald”) prevented red blotch development. The high temperature and the antioxidant may act on oxidative enzyme systems, which are apparently causative factors of the disorder.
Yield Component Interactions in Wild Populations of California Fragaria
Authors: Hancock James F. , Bringhurst Royce S.
Published: September 2022

Plants from 26 native populations of Fragaria were examined in the greenhouse for their flowering dates, branch crown numbers, flower number, and fruit weight. Flower number per plant was positively correlated with length of flowering period, crowns per plant, and flowers per crown. Total flower number was negatively correlated with fruit weight, but outliers were found with high fruit numbers and large fruit. Large-fruited plants from Scotts Creek Beach, Calif. appeared to be the most promising parents.
Observations on a Noncirculating Hydroponic System for Tomato Production
Authors: Kratky Bernard A. , Bowen John E. , Imai Hideo
Published: September 2022

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in a noncirculating hydroponic system and also in conventional soil beds. Yields from the two cultural systems were statistically similar, i.e., 3.5 kg/plant in the hydroponic system and 3.1 kg/plant in the soils beds.
Differences in Leaf Intumescences between Cuphea Species
Authors: Jaworski Casimir A. , Bass Max H. , Phatak Sharad C. , Thompson Anson E.
Published: September 2022

Leaf intumescences of 16 Cuphea species were evaluated in three greenhouse tests. Cuphea crassiflora S.A. Graham had the greatest severity of leaf intumescences followed by C. tolucana Peyr. and C. wrightii A. Gray. Cuphea koehneana Rose, C. inflata S.A. Graham, C. lanceolata Ait., and C. leptopoda Hemsley had fewer than 10% of the leaves with intumescences. Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) Macbr., C. glutinosa Chamb. & Schldl., C. hookeriana Walp., C. paucipetala S.A. Graham, and C. procumbens Gomez O. were free of leaf intumescences. Leaf intumescences for C. wrightii ranged from 100% for seed accession number A0243 to 0% for seed accession numbers A0378 and A0305. White flies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood) did not contribute to leaf intumescences development.
Ethylene-induced Bitterness in Stored Parsnips
Authors: Shattuck V. I. , Yada R. , Lougheed E. C.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene may induce off-flavor in stored carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus) roots and the formation of abnormal phenolic metabolites (3), including 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3, 4 dihydroisocoumarin (6-methoxymellein), which is associated with bitterness (4, 5). A similar response has been suggested (P.A. Ferretti, personal communication) to occur in parsnips (Pastinaca sativa). We report here preliminary work to verify this contention.
Amphidiploid Onion Germplasm f-c 8407 and f-c 8432
Authors: McCollum Gilbert D.
Published: September 2022

The seedling vigor of the amphidiploid (2n = 4x = 32) green bunching onion, ‘Beltsville Bunching’, surpasses that of its constituent species, Allium cepa L. (common bulb onion, 2n = 16) and A. fistulosum L. (Japanese bunching or Welsh onion, 2n = 16). Released in 1950, ‘Beltsville Bunching’ was developed by Henry A. Jones from a natural amphidiploid discovered in a population of F1 hybrids between A. cepa ‘White Portugal’ inbred 3-203-113-5 and A. fistulosum “Nebuka type” (1, 3). ‘Beltsville Bunching’ is not widely grown, which may be attributed to poor seed productivity. The original cultivar, apparently derived from a single plant, probably does not contain the genetic variability needed to allow improvement by selection alone. Additional germplasm for outcrossing is needed to correct the horticultural defects in this onion. To expand the range of tetraploid germplasm available for developing new ‘Beltsville Bunching’-type amphidiploids, several A. cepa × A. fistulosum and reciprocal crosses were treated with colchicine in the Vegetable Laboratory at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center beginning in 1981. Seeds of two amphidiploid populations designated f-c 8407 and f-c 8432, were released in Feb. 1987 from that program.
‘Tropic Star’ Dieffenbachia
Authors: Henny R. J. , Poole R. T. , Conover C. A.
Published: September 2022

Although Dieffenbachia have been important ornamental tropical foliage plants for many years, relatively few cultivars have become widely grown. Most new cultivars have originated from private plant collections or mutations of commercial cultivars, with breeding playing a small role. Due to the natural diversity of this genus, a breeding program involving Dieffenbachia was initiated in 1976 at the Central Florida Research and Education Center, Apopka. ‘Tropic Star’, herein described, is the third hybrid Dieffenbachia to be released to Florida foliage growers from that program (1, 2).
‘Stripes’ Aglaonema
Authors: Henny R. J. , Poole R. T. , Conover C. A.
Published: September 2022

Aglaonema species and cultivars are valuable ornamental foliage plants because of their tolerance of interior environments. A few man-made hybrids have become commercially important, although most new cultivars have been obtained directly from jungle exploration. About 20 Aglaonema cultivars are currently produced in Florida. Recent discoveries of Aglaonema species with unique foliar variegation patterns and petiole coloration have significantly added to the available germplasm. Many such plants were obtained and included as part of the foliage plant breeding program at the Central Florida Research and Education Center, Apopka. The hybrid Aglaonema cultivar Stripes herein described, was developed from that program.
Four New Lachenalia Cultivars with Yellow Flowers
Authors: Hancke Francis L. , Coertze A. F.
Published: September 2022

Lachenalia is a genus endemic to South Africa and Namibia; most species occur in the southwestern Cape Province in an area with a climate very similar to that of the Mediterranean region. The genus incorporates 79 species (7), but is presently under revision.
‘Fall Green’ Spinach
Authors: Goode M. J. , Morelock T. E. , Bowers J. L.
Published: September 2022

The Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station announces the release of ‘Fall Green’ spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). ‘Fall Green’ offers the potential of a high level of resistance to many of the common, destructive spinach diseases.
‘Royal Blackeye’ Southernpea
Authors: Lancaster D. M. , Miller A. C. , Johnson C. E. , Young W. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Royal Blackeye’ southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] was released in 1985 by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. This southernpea was developed primarily for local fresh market use. The purple hulls and blackeye seed coat pattern combination is unique among released cultivars.
Comparison of Technique for Eliminating Contaminants from Asparagus Seeds
Authors: Elmer Wade H. , Stephens Christine T.
Published: September 2022

Thirteen seed treatments were compared to determine the optimal method to produce asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L. cv. Viking) seeds suitable for axenic culture. Treated seeds were examined for microbial contamination by culture on an agar medium and for percent germination by incubation on moistened paper. All treatments that included benomyl in acetone (2.5%, w/v) with 20% household bleach (0.1% sodium hypochlorite) were superior to the other treatments in eliminating bacterial and fungal contaminants without decreasing seed germination. Ethanol (70%) and hydrogen peroxide also decreased contamination levels, but ethanol decreased germination significantly. No evidence of internal contamination was detected when aseptic seeds were germinated and cultured on agar medium. Chemical names used: methyl(1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl] carbamate (benomyl).
Rest and Postdormancy of Seeds of Cotoneaster species
Authors: Meyer Martin M.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of C. apiculatus and C. divaricatus were treated with concentrated H2SO4, washed, and stored in moist vermiculite at 2°C (stratified) for 0, 30, 58, 87, and 116 days. These seeds were then tested for germination at 4.5, 10.0, 15.5, 21.0, and 26.5°. The percentage of seed that germinated was influenced by an interaction of duration of stratification and germination temperature. Seeds of these species germinated at a widening range of temperatures as length of moist chilling increased and thus, demonstrated the postdormant phenomenon.
Plant Regeneration by Organogenesis from Strawberry Leaf and Runner Tissue
Authors: Liu Zong R. , Sanford John C.
Published: September 2022

Methods were developed for efficient shoot regeneration from leaf and runner tissues of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars Allstar and Honeoye. Optimal regeneration conditions differed for ‘Allstar’, depending on whether leaf tissue was derived from plantlets grown in vitro or from plants grown in the greenhouse. ‘Allstar’ leaf tissues derived from in vitro cultures regenerated shoots most efficiently in a Linsmaier–Skoog (LS) medium containing 2.5 mg BA and 0.5 mg IBA/liter. ‘Allstar’ leaf tissues derived from greenhouse plants regenerated shoots best in LS medium containing 3.0 mg BA and 0.1 mg IBA/liter. Addition of casein hydrolysate (CH) at either 400 or 600 mg·liter−1 stimulated shoot production. A supplement of KNO3 at 2000 mg·liter−1 also enhanced regeneration efficiency of greenhouse-grown leaf tissues. ‘Honeoye’ had lower regeneration potential in most treatments than ‘Allstar’ and only produced shoots in a LS medium containing 5.0 mg BA, 0.5 mg IBA, and 400 mg CH/liter. Shoots from runner tissues of both cultivars were best obtained using LS medium containing 10.0 mg BA, 2.0 IAA, and 500 mg CH/liter. Shoot production from runners was dependent on the diameter of the runner, with diameters of <2.0 mm having poor regeneration potential. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1H-indoIe-3-butyric acid (IBA); and 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
‘Bonita’ Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Lyrene P. M. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

Florida's early season, fresh market rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) industry has been based mainly on the cultivars Beckyblue, Climax, Aliceblue, and Premier. Both ‘Aliceblue’ and ‘Premier’ have given problems with poor fruit set after mild winters, particularly in areas south and east of Gainesville (1); thus, there is a need for additional early ripening cultivars to interplant with ‘Beckyblue’ and ‘Climax’. ‘Bonita’ is being released for this purpose by the Institute of Food and Agricultural Science from the Univ. of Florida blueberry breeding program.
BHRS 2-3 Fusarium Wilt-resistant Tomato
Authors: McGrath D. J.
Published: September 2022

BHRS 2-3 is an inbred line of fresh-market tomato (L. esculentum Mill.) with resistance to races 1, 2, and 3 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyd. and Hans. This line was developed at Bowen Horticultural Research Station, Queensland, Australia, and was released by the Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries in 1987.
‘Redlands Sweet Sue’ Pepper
Authors: Hibberd A. M. , Gillespie D. , Nahrung G. C. , Persley D. M.
Published: September 2022

‘Redlands Sweet Sue’ is a highly productive, nonpungent, smooth skinned pepper. The fruit shape is similar to ‘Sweet Banana’ and size and color is similar to ‘Cubanelle’. Plants were selected for resistance to the leaf spot bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and one of three strains of potato virus Y (PVY) endemic in southeast Queensland. Plants continuously set fruit and offer wide adaptability in regions where the PVY complex is not a major problem.
Tissue Culture of Fruit Crops in China
Authors: Wang Dayuan , Gui Yao-lin , Sun Jiang-san
Published: September 2022

In China, research on tissue culture applications to fruit crop improvement has expanded greatly in the past 10 years. Tissue culture is considered to be an effective method for a) virus elimination from vegetatively propagated plants; b) rapid clonal multiplication of superior cultivars; c) the isolation and avoidance of chimeras that appear in mutation breeding, d) the establishment of haploid and polyploid lines; e) overcoming sterility in breeding through embryo rescue; and f) germplasm maintenance and storage. Tissue culture technology has been used for most of the important fruit crops in China, including a few fruit crops introduced from foreign countries (Table 1). Plants can be regenerated from various explants such as a) shoot-tips and meristems, b) cotyledons, c) anthers, d) immature and mature embryos, and e) endosperm. Plants can also be regenerated from protoplasts via organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, or axillary bud proliferation. Procedures for the mass production in vitro of plants for commercial purposes have been established in grape (Vitis vinifera L.), hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge), strawberry (Fragaria spp.), and currant (Ribes nigrum L.). An overview of the various tissue culture technologies that are being used to improve fruit crops in China is presented here.
Water and Solute Fluxes through Pruned Muscadine Grape Spurs
Authors: Andersen Peter C. , Brodbeck Brent V.
Published: September 2022

Diurnal characteristics of the grape bleeding phenomenon were investigated for four muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Mich.) grape cultivars. Shoots 6 to 12 mm in diameter of 8-year-old ‘Fry’, ‘Noble’, ‘Cowart’, and ‘Jumbo’ were cut to 60- to 140-mm-long spurs on 3 Apr., and the naturally occurring exudate was collected in foil-covered Erlenmeyer flasks. Water flux (Jv), osmotic potential (Ψs), and total solute flux (Js) were monitored diurnally from bleeding spurs. A distinct diurnal trend in Jv occurred with a minimum during early evening and a maximum during late morning. The Ψs of the exudate varied only slightly diurnally, thus the total quantity of solute moved from the root to the shoot was several times greater during the day than during the night. Water flux and Ψs were cultivar- and time-dependent. The Ψs of the exudate varied from −53.4 to −27.7 kPa. Maximum Js occurred at 1000 hr and was ≈ 0.250 mmol·s−1·m−2 for all cultivars except ‘Cowart’.
Mechanical Bloom Thinning of Peach
Authors: Baugher Tara A. , Elliott Kendall C. , Blizzard Steve H. , Walter Sandra I. , Keiser Thomas A.
Published: September 2022

A mechanical bloom-thinning technique, using suspended flexible strands of rubber belting or rope moved through trees on a frame mounted on a forklift, was tested on ‘Early Loring’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Heaviest thinning occurred in the upper two-thirds of the tree canopy. Shoot orientation and flower position did not affect bloom removal. Maximum bloom removal occurred at full bloom when the thinning machine passed through a tree at least four times. Operating at an increased tractor speed increased thinning. The most effective treatments removed 45% to 59% of the blossoms, reduced number of fruit from 18 to around 10/cm2 limb cross-sectional area (CSA) and reduced hand thinning time by 30%.