bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hot electron heatsinks for microwave attenuators below 100 mK
Authors: Yeh Jen-Hao , Huang Yizhou , Zhang Rui , Premaratne Shavindra , LeFebvre Jay , Wellstood F. C. , Palmer B. S.
Published: April 2019

We demonstrate improvements to the cooling power of broad bandwidth (10 GHz) microwave attenuators designed for operation at temperatures below 100 mK. By interleaving 9-μm thick conducting copper heatsinks in between 10-μm long, 70-nm thick resistive nichrome elements, the electrical heat generated in the nichrome elements is conducted more readily into the heatsinks, effectively decreasing the thermal resistance between the hot electrons and cold phonons. For a 20 dB attenuator mounted at 20 mK, a minimum noise temperature of Tn ∼ 50 mK was obtained for small dissipated powers (Pd<1 nW) in the attenuator. For higher dissipated powers, we find Tn∝Pd1/4.4, with Pd=100 nW corresponding to a noise temperature of 90 mK. This is in good agreement with thermal modeling of the system and represents nearly a factor of 20 improvement in cooling power or a factor of 1.8 reduction in Tn for the same dissipated power, when compared to a previous design without interleaved heatsinks.
Large-Scale Synthesis and Lithium Storage Performance of Multilayer TiO2 Nanobelts
Authors: Yue Zongkai , Kang Yaozu , Mao Tianyu , Zhen Mengmeng , Wang Zhiyong
Published: April 2019

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely investigated as the electrode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), due to its low cost, small volume expansion, and high environmental friendliness. However, the fading capacity and short cycle life during the cycling process lead to poor cycling performance. Herein, multilayer TiO2 nanobelts with a high specific surface area and with many pores between nanoparticles are constructed via a simple and large-scale approach. Benefiting from the multilayer nanobelt structure, as-prepared TiO2 nanobelts deliver a high reversible capacity, strong cycling stability, and ultra-long cycle life (~185mAhg−1 at 500mAg−1 after 500 cycles) as electrode materials for LIBs.
CNT-reinforced AlSi10Mg composite by selective laser melting: Microstructural and mechanical properties
Authors: Liu Xihe , Zhao Congcong , Zhou Xin , Eibl Florian , Shen Zhijian , Liu Wei , Meiners Wilhelm
Published: April 2019

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-AlSi10Mg composites were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). The influence of CNTs on the density, microstructure, and strength of SLM CNT-AlSi10Mg composites was investigated. The addition of CNTs over 0.1 wt-% significantly damaged the density due to the high surface energy of the CNTs. The network Si eutectic had no significant difference in either the SLM AlSi10Mg alloy or the CNT-AlSi10Mg composite. Reserved CNTs with a short scale were observed in the SLM CNT(0.5 wt-%)-AlSi10Mg composite. The ultimate tensile strength of the 0.05 wt-% CNT-AlSi10Mg composite was 441.2 ± 0.9 MPa, which was higher than that of AlSi10Mg alloy. The grain boundary strengthening played an important role in the reinforcement of CNT-AlSi10Mg composite because of the refined grain.
We Have Never Been Anti-Exceptionalists
Authors: Nelson Dana D
Published: April 2019

The project of repudiating the exceptionalism associated with the Cold War–era founders of American studies came at the same academic moment as the canon debates—they both started in the mid-1980s. They are twinned countercultural movements, and at their origin they were explicitly interrelated. We’ve debunked American exceptionalism, but we’re still practically glued to the old-fashioned canon—at least where the nineteenth century is concerned. This essay takes up the incompletion at the heart of what began as a conjoined movement against the exceptionalisms of national and literary canons, arguing that our attachment to canonical authors indexes the larger insolvency of our anti-exceptionalist project. It argues for a different critical methodology, one grounded in self-criticism, incompletion, and imperfection.
Do Changes in Material Circumstances Drive Support for Populist Radical Parties? Panel Data Evidence from the Netherlands during the Great Recession, 2007–2015
Authors: Gidron Noam , Mijs Jonathan J B
Published: April 2019

Political developments since the 2008 financial crisis have sparked renewed interest in the electoral implications of economic downturns. Research describes a correlation between adverse economic conditions and support for radical parties campaigning on the populist promise to retake the country from a corrupt elite. But does the success of radical parties following economic crises rely on people who are directly affected? To answer this question, we examine whether individual-level changes in economic circumstances drive support for radical parties across the ideological divide. Analysing eight waves of panel data collected in the Netherlands, before, during, and after the Great Recession (2007–2015), we demonstrate that people who experienced an income loss became more supportive of the radical left but not of the radical right. Looking at these parties’ core concerns, we find that income loss increased support for income redistribution championed by the radical left, but less so for the anti-immigration policies championed by the radical right. Our study establishes more directly than extant research the micro-foundations of support for radical parties across the ideological divide.
An evaluation of workplace choir singing amongst Health Service staff in Ireland
Authors: Moss Hilary , O’Donoghue Jessica
Published: April 2019

This paper explores the well-being [‘well-being’ and ‘wellbeing’ are used interchangeably in the literature. Well-being is used in this paper (except in the reference list where exact wording is maintained)] benefits of participation in a workplace choir for health service staff. A mixed method study, this project combines quantitative measures of work engagement, perceived stress, resilience levels and work absences with qualitative interviews with choir participants. It is the first study of workplace choirs in Ireland and one of very few studies internationally that research health service staff choirs. There is some preliminary evidence of benefits that choir attendance may increase positive perception of workers’ mental health as well as effect depression rates. However, evidence is limited quantitatively and difficulties in measuring the health benefits of arts interventions are noted. Qualitative data, however, confirms previous study findings, namely that a workplace choir can promote social connectedness, enjoyment at work and staff engagement. Work place choir was also noted to appeal mainly to a limited demographic of work place staff and people with relatively positive health and well-being. Efforts must be made to engage staff from lower socio-economic backgrounds, diverse cultural backgrounds and male staff in work place health promotion activities, as these groups were found less likely to join a work place choir. Given the low cost and low risk of this activity, and the qualitative benefits reported, it is recommended to continue to develop and evaluate health service workplace choirs.
Youth physical health and years in American homeschools: are they related?
Authors: Kabiri Laura S , Butcher Allison , Brewer Wayne , Ortiz Alexis
Published: April 2019

Homeschooling is a growing trend in the USA and abroad with both reported consequences and benefits to youth physical health. The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes in youth physical health could be related to the number of years a student spends in homeschool. Body composition (body mass index and body fat), muscular fitness (lower extremity, abdominal and upper extremity) and cardiorespiratory fitness (Progressive Aerobic Capacity Endurance Run) were assessed in 211 youth ages 5–17. Data analysis showed weak or non-significant relationships between years in homeschool and all aspects of youth physical health. Time spent in homeschool is weakly or not at all related to multiple aspects of youth physical health. Parents and policy makers should not be concerned with detrimental physical health effects of homeschooling on youth.
Dynll1 is essential for development and promotes endochondral bone formation by regulating intraflagellar dynein function in primary cilia
Authors: King Ashleigh , Hoch Nicolas C , McGregor Narelle E , Sims Natalie A , Smyth Ian M , Heierhorst Jörg
Published: April 2019

Mutations in subunits of the cilia-specific cytoplasmic dynein-2 (CD2) complex cause short-rib thoracic dystrophy syndromes (SRTDs), characterized by impaired bone growth and life-threatening perinatal respiratory complications. Different SRTD mutations result in varying disease severities. It remains unresolved whether this reflects the extent of retained hypomorphic protein functions or relative importance of the affected subunits for the activity of the CD2 holoenzyme. To define the contribution of the LC8-type dynein light chain subunit to the CD2 complex, we have generated Dynll1-deficient mouse strains, including the first-ever conditional knockout (KO) mutant for any CD2 subunit. Germline Dynll1 KO mice exhibit a severe ciliopathy-like phenotype similar to mice lacking another CD2 subunit, Dync2li1. Limb mesoderm-specific loss of Dynll1 results in severe bone shortening similar to human SRTD patients. Mechanistically, loss of Dynll1 leads to a partial depletion of other SRTD-related CD2 subunits, severely impaired retrograde intra-flagellar transport, significant thickening of primary cilia and cilia signaling defects. Interestingly, phenotypes of Dynll1-deficient mice are very similar to entirely cilia-deficient Kif3a/Ift88-null mice, except that they never present with polydactyly and retain relatively higher signaling outputs in parts of the hedgehog pathway. Compared to complete loss of Dynll1, maintaining very low DYNLL1 levels in mice lacking the Dynll1-transcription factor ASCIZ (ATMIN) results in significantly attenuated phenotypes and improved CD2 protein levels. The results suggest that primary cilia can maintain some functionality in the absence of intact CD2 complexes and provide a viable animal model for the analysis of the underlying bone development defects of SRTDs.
Metabolic status in children and its transitions during childhood and adolescence—the IDEFICS/I.Family study
Authors: Börnhorst Claudia , Russo Paola , Veidebaum Toomas , Tornaritis Michael , Molnár Dénes , Lissner Lauren , Marild Staffan , De Henauw Stefaan , Moreno Luis A , Intemann Timm , Wolters Maike , Ahrens Wolfgang , Floegel Anna
Published: April 2019

Background

This study aimed to investigate metabolic status in children and its transitions into adolescence.

Methods

The analysis was based on 6768 children who participated in the European IDEFICS/I.Family cohort (T0 2007/2008, T1 2009/2010 and/or T3 2013/2014; mean ages: 6.6, 8.4 and 12.0 years, respectively) and provided at least two measurements of waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipids over time. Latent transition analysis was used to identify groups with similar metabolic status and to estimate transition probabilities.

Results

The best-fitting model identified five latent groups: (i) metabolically healthy (61.5%; probability for group membership at T0); (ii) abdominal obesity (15.9%); (iii) hypertension (7.0%); (iv) dyslipidaemia (9.0%); and (v) several metabolic syndrome (MetS) components (6.6%). The probability of metabolically healthy children at T0 remaining healthy at T1 was 86.6%; when transitioning from T1 to T3, it was 90.1%. Metabolically healthy children further had a 6.7% probability of developing abdominal obesity at T1. Children with abdominal obesity at T0 had an 18.5% probability of developing several metabolic syndrome (MetS) components at T1. The subgroup with dyslipidaemia at T0 had the highest chances of becoming metabolically healthy at T1 (32.4%) or at T3 (35.1%). Only a minor proportion of children showing several MetS components at T0 were classified as healthy at follow-up; 99.8% and 88.3% remained in the group with several disorders at T1 and T3, respectively.

Conclusions

Our study identified five distinct metabolic statuses in children and adolescents. Although lipid disturbances seem to be quite reversible, abdominal obesity is likely to be followed by further metabolic disturbances.
Recycling and reuse of solid wastes; a hub for ecofriendly, ecoefficient and sustainable soil, concrete, wastewater and pavement reengineering
Authors: Onyelowe Kennedy Chibuzor , Bui Van Duc , Ubachukwu Obiekwe , Ezugwu Charles , Salahudeen Bunyamin , Nguyen Van Manh , Ikeagwuani Chijioke , Amhadi Talal , Sosa Felix , Wu Wei , Ta Duc Thinh , Eberemu Adrian , Pham Duc Tho , Barah Obinna , Ikpa Chidozie , Orji Francis , Alaneme George , Amanamba Ezenwa , Ugwuanyi Henry , Sai Vishnu , Kadurumba Chukwuma , Subburaj Selvakumar , Ugorji Benjamin
Published: April 2019

Ecofriendly, ecoefficient and sustainable civil engineering work has been research with emphasis on adapting the byproducts of solid waste recycling and reuse to achieving infrastructural activities with low or zero carbon emission. The direction combustion model, the solid waste incinerator caustic soda oxides of carbon entrapment model (SWI-NaOH-OCEM) developed by this research has achieved a zero carbon release. This research adopted the literature search method to put together research results of previous works relevant to the aim of this present work. It has been shown that CO and CO2 emissions can be contained during the derivation of alternative or supplementary cementing materials used in the replacement of ordinary Portland cement in civil engineering works. In the overall assessment of the present review work has left the environment free of the hazards of CO and CO2 emissions. It was shown that these supplementary cementing materials derived from solid wastes improve the engineering properties of treated soft clay and expansive soils, concrete, and asphalt. Bio-peels, another form solid waste has been established as a good detoxificant used in treating wastewater. It has been shown that solid waste recycling and reuse is a hub to achieving ecofriendly, ecoefficient and sustainable infrastructural development on the global scale.
Double-Edged Role of Interleukin 17A in Streptococcus pneumoniae Pathogenesis During Influenza Virus Coinfection
Authors: Ambigapathy Ganesh , Schmit Taylor , Mathur Ram Kumar , Nookala Suba , Bahri Saad , Pirofski Liise-anne , Khan M Nadeem
Published: April 2019

Background

We sought to determine the role of host interleukin 17A (IL-17A) response against colonizing Streptococcus pneumoniae, and its transition to a pathogen during coinfection with an influenza virus, influenza A H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8).

Method

Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were intranasally inoculated with S. pneumoniae serotype 6A to establish colonization and later infected with the influenza strain, PR8, resulting in invasive S. pneumoniae disease. The role of the IL-17A response in colonization and coinfection was investigated in WT, RoRγt−/− and RAG1−/− mice with antibody-mediated depletion of IL-17A (WT) and CD90 cells (RAG1−/−).

Results

RAG1−/− mice did not clear colonization and IL-17A neutralization impaired 6A clearance in WT mice. RoRγt−/− mice also had reduced clearance. S. pneumoniae–PR8 coinfection elicited a robust IL-17A response in the nasopharynx; IL-17A neutralization reduced S. pneumoniae invasive disease. RoRγt−/− mice also had reduced S. pneumoniae disease in a coinfection model. Depletion of CD90+ cells suppressed the IL-17A response and reduced S. pneumoniae invasion in RAG1−/− mice.

Conclusion

Our data show that although IL-17A reduces S. pneumoniae colonization, coinfection with influenza virus elicits a robust innate IL-17A response that promotes inflammation and S. pneumoniae disease in the nasopharynx.
The power transition and the US response to China’s expanded soft power
Authors: Huang Wei-hao , Lien Donald , Xiang Jun
Published: April 2019

Many scholars have examined how the United States should respond to a rising non-democratic China. Contrary to the well-debated hard power domain, little attention has been devoted to China’s soft power. This study is arguably the first to systematically investigate the US response to the establishment of Confucius Institutes—China’s global initiative to expand soft power. We argue that the US decision to establish Confucius Institutes is influenced by both macro- and micro-level variables. At the macro-level, as suggested by the power transition theory, the United States is more likely to accommodate Confucius Institutes when China shows a higher level of satisfaction with the United States. At the micro-level, US universities and state governments host Confucius Institutes due to budget saving and community engaging. Our analysis sheds light on how the United States makes trade-offs when confronting China’s expanded soft power, and it provides yet another prominent example of money buying influence in international relations.
Grazing alters environmental control mechanisms of evapotranspiration in an alpine meadow of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: An Tingting , Xu Mingjie , Zhang Tao , Yu Chengqun , Li Yingge , Chen Ning , Zu Jiaxing , Li Junxiang , Zhu Juntao , Sun Yi , Zhao Tingting , Yu Guirui
Published: April 2019

Aims

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the terrestrial water cycle and is easily affected by external disturbances, such as climate change and grazing. Identifying ET responses to grazing is instructive for determining grazing activity and informative for understanding the water cycle.

Methods

This study utilized 2 years (2014 and 2017) of eddy covariance data to test how grazing regulated ET for an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) by path analysis.

Important Findings

Radiation dominated ET with a decision coefficient of 64–74%. The soil water content (SWC) worked as the limiting factor in the fenced site. However, in the grazing site, the limiting factor was the vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Grazing had large effects on ET because it greatly affected the water conditions. The SWC and VPD were enhanced by 14.63% and 4.36% in the grazing site, respectively. Therefore, sufficient water was supplied to ET, especially during drought, and strengthened the transpiration pull. As a result, a favorable micrometeorological environment was created for ET. Grazing shifted the limiting factor of ET from the SWC to VPD, which weakened the limiting effect of the water conditions on ET and advanced the ET peak time. In addition, grazing altered the compositions of ET by changing the community structure, which directly resulted in an increased ET. In summary, grazing enhanced ET through altering the community structure and micrometeorological environments. The findings of this study further improve our understanding of the driving mechanisms of grazing on ET and will improve our predictions for the global water cycle.
The molecular gas properties in the gravitationally lensed merger HATLAS J142935.3–002836
Authors: Messias Hugo , Nagar Neil , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Oteo Iván , Dye Simon , Ibar Eduardo , Timmons Nicholas , van der Werf Paul , Riechers Dominik , Eales Stephen , Ivison Rob , Maresca Jacob , Michałowski Michał J , Yang Chentao
Published: April 2019

Follow-up observations of (sub-)mm-selected gravitationally lensed systems have allowed a more detailed study of the dust-enshrouded phase of star formation up to very early cosmic times. Here, the case of the gravitationally lensed merger in HATLAS J142935.3–002836 (also known as H1429−0028; zlens = 0.218, zbkg = 1.027) is revisited following recent developments in the literature and new Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) observations targeting two carbon monoxide (CO) rotational transitions Jup = 3 and 6. We show that the line profiles comprise three distinct velocity components, where the fainter high velocity one is less magnified and more compact. The modelling of the observed spectral line energy distribution of CO Jup = 2–6 and [C i] 3P1−3P0 assumes a large velocity gradient scenario, where the analysis is based on four statistical approaches. Since the detected gas and dust emission comes exclusively from only one of the two merging components (the one oriented north–south, NS), we are only able to determine upper limits for the companion. The molecular gas in the NS component in H1429−0028 is found to have a temperature of ∼70 K, a volume density of log (n[cm−3]) ∼ 3.7, to be expanding at ∼10 km s−1 pc−1, and amounts to ${M_{\rm H_2} = 4_{-2}^{+3} \times 10^9\,{\rm M}_\odot }$. The CO to H2 conversion factor is estimated to be $\alpha _{\rm CO} = 0.4_{-0.2}^{+0.3}\,$ M⊙/(K km s−1 pc2). The NS galaxy is expected to have a factor of ≳10× more gas than its companion (${M_{\rm H_2}}\lesssim 3\times 10^8$ M⊙). Nevertheless, the total amount of molecular gas in the system comprises only up to 15 per cent (1σ upper limit) of the total (dynamical) mass.
Transposable Elements Are Important Contributors to Standing Variation in Gene Expression in Capsella Grandiflora
Authors: Uzunović Jasmina , Josephs Emily B , Stinchcombe John R , Wright Stephen I
Published: April 2019

Transposable elements (TEs) make up a significant portion of eukaryotic genomes and are important drivers of genome evolution. However, the extent to which TEs affect gene expression variation on a genome-wide scale in comparison with other types of variants is still unclear. We characterized TE insertion polymorphisms and their association with gene expression in 124 whole-genome sequences from a single population of Capsella grandiflora, and contrasted this with the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Population frequency of insertions was negatively correlated with distance to genes, as well as density of conserved noncoding elements, suggesting that the negative effects of TEs on gene regulation are important in limiting their abundance. Rare TE variants strongly influence gene expression variation, predominantly through downregulation. In contrast, rare SNPs contribute equally to up- and down-regulation, but have a weaker individual effect than TEs. An expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis shows that a greater proportion of common TEs are eQTLs as opposed to common SNPs, and a third of the genes with TE eQTLs do not have SNP eQTLs. In contrast with rare TE insertions, common insertions are more likely to increase expression, consistent with recent models of cis-regulatory evolution favoring enhancer alleles. Taken together, these results imply that TEs are a significant contributor to gene expression variation and are individually more likely than rare SNPs to cause extreme changes in gene expression.
NGPhylogeny.fr: new generation phylogenetic services for non-specialists
Authors: Lemoine Frédéric , Correia Damien , Lefort Vincent , Doppelt-Azeroual Olivia , Mareuil Fabien , Cohen-Boulakia Sarah , Gascuel Olivier
Published: April 2019

Phylogeny.fr, created in 2008, has been designed to facilitate the execution of phylogenetic workflows, and is nowadays widely used. However, since its development, user needs have evolved, new tools and workflows have been published, and the number of jobs has increased dramatically, thus promoting new practices, which motivated its refactoring. We developed NGPhylogeny.fr to be more flexible in terms of tools and workflows, easily installable, and more scalable. It integrates numerous tools in their latest version (e.g. TNT, FastME, MrBayes, etc.) as well as new ones designed in the last ten years (e.g. PhyML, SMS, FastTree, trimAl, BOOSTER, etc.). These tools cover a large range of usage (sequence searching, multiple sequence alignment, model selection, tree inference and tree drawing) and a large panel of standard methods (distance, parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian). They are integrated in workflows, which have been already configured (‘One click’), can be customized (‘Advanced’), or are built from scratch (‘A la carte’). Workflows are managed and run by an underlying Galaxy workflow system, which makes workflows more scalable in terms of number of jobs and size of data. NGPhylogeny.fr is deployable on any server or personal computer, and is freely accessible at https://ngphylogeny.fr.
De novo phosphorylation of H2AX by WSTF regulates transcription-coupled homologous recombination repair
Authors: Ji Jae-Hoon , Min Sunwoo , Chae Sunyoung , Ha Geun-Hyoung , Kim Yonghyeon , Park Yeon-Ji , Lee Chang-Woo , Cho Hyeseong
Published: April 2019

Histone H2AX undergoes a phosphorylation switch from pTyr142 (H2AX-pY142) to pSer139 (γH2AX) in the DNA damage response (DDR); however, the functional role of H2AX-pY142 remains elusive. Here, we report a new layer of regulation involving transcription-coupled H2AX-pY142 in the DDR. We found that constitutive H2AX-pY142 generated by Williams-Beuren syndrome transcription factor (WSTF) interacts with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and is associated with RNAPII-mediated active transcription in proliferating cells. Also, removal of pre-existing H2AX-pY142 by ATM-dependent EYA1/3 phosphatases disrupts this association and requires for transcriptional silencing at transcribed active damage sites. The following recovery of H2AX-pY142 via translocation of WSTF to DNA lesions facilitates transcription-coupled homologous recombination (TC-HR) in the G1 phase, whereby RAD51 loading, but not RPA32, utilizes RNAPII-dependent active RNA transcripts as donor templates. We propose that the WSTF-H2AX-RNAPII axis regulates transcription and TC-HR repair to maintain genome integrity.
The Accuracy of Anal Swab–Based Tests to Detect High-Grade Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia in HIV-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Dias Gonçalves Lima Fernando , Viset Janine D , Leeflang Mariska M G , Limpens Jacqueline , Prins Jan M , de Vries Henry J C
Published: April 2019

Background

The incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)–induced anal cancer is increasingly problematic among HIV-positive patients. Anal cancer is preceded by precursor lesions, anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). AIN detection requires high-resolution anoscopy, a cumbersome and time-consuming procedure. We aggregated evidence on anal swab–based tests to detect AIN in HIV-positive patients.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for cross-sectional studies on AIN detection with anal cytology, HR-HPV DNA detection, HPV E6/E7 mRNA analysis, and P16INK4a and Ki-67 immunostaining. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated using bivariate logistic regression. Cytology was reported using the terms squamous intra-epithelial lesion (SIL) for AIN and high-grade SIL (HSIL) for high-grade AIN (HGAIN).

Results

We included 22 studies. Using cytology with a cutoff of any SIL to detect HGAIN, we detected a sensitivity of 82% (95% CI, 74%–87%) and specificity of 45% (95% CI, 44%–66%); with the cutoff of HSIL, the sensitivity was 44% (95% CI, 45%–67%) and the specificity was 79% (95% CI, 69%-87%). The sensitivity of HPV DNA to detect HGAIN was 91% (95% CI, 82%–95%) and the specificity was 27% (95% CI, 21%–33%). For MSM, the positive predictive value (PPV) of cytology with a cutoff of any SIL was 36% (95% CI, 23%–50%) and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 87% (95% CI, 78%–93%), whereas cytology with a cutoff of HSIL had a PPV of 62% (95% CI, 50%–73%) and an NPV of 78% (95% CI, 65%–87%). The PPV of HR-HPV DNA detection was 37% (95% CI, 20%–57%) and the NPV was 87% (95% CI, 79%–93%).

Conclusions

Given its sensitivity, cytology with a cutoff of any SIL could be considered as a triaging method, whereas cytology with a cutoff of HSIL had better specificity and could be used for quality assurance. HR-HPV DNA detection had poor specificity and PPV, making it unsuitable for triage.
Introduction to Investment Treaty Arbitration (ITA) and Framing the Debate
Authors: Franck Susan D.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the contents of the book by framing the context of international investment more broadly, contextualizing investment-related conflict management, identifying the issues related to cost, and exploring how cognitive psychology and data-driven analysis can offer a frame for considering the relative value of normative reform. After the initial framing, Chapter 1 provides an overview of international investment, with a historic context and a matrix for understanding the current dispute resolution options to set the stage for consideration of alternatives. It then describes ITA’s doctrinal foundation to explore the debate about the costs and benefits of ITA. The final section addresses the need to appreciate the relative value of policy options to make grounded, evidence-based normative choices for investment treaty dispute resolution.
Claims and Outcomes in ITA
Authors: Franck Susan D.
Published: April 2019

ITA is no longer a theoretical risk but a practical reality. Data offers a key debiasing tool to prevent cognitive illusions from skewing debates about the reality of realized risk. Chapter 5 uses direct, objective measures to assess outcomes that, in combination with costs, permits parties to undertake evidence-based cost-benefit assessment of an ITA’s net value. It initially explores ultimate outcomes by identifying whether tribunals awarded any damages or an equivalent remedy (i.e., an investor win), whether there was no damage award (i.e., a state win), or whether parties settled or otherwise discontinued the case. To nuance so as to understand outcomes on a phase-by-phase basis, it explores tribunals’ determinations for dispositive elements involving jurisdiction, merits, and damages. It then explores ultimate outcomes through two other alternative lenses, namely actual amounts awarded, which includes amounts from settlements, and investors’ relative success as compared to amounts claimed.
Costs—Risks and Reality
Authors: Franck Susan D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter addresses ITA costs by initially exploring normative reasons for taking costs seriously and reviewing the doctrine underpinning cost assessments, including the pay-your-own-way, loser-pays, and factor-based approaches. It then tests conventional wisdom about costs by offering basic descriptive information, including when tribunals addressed costs, core fiscal exposure from parties’ legal costs (PLC) and tribunal costs, and whether fiscal costs changed over time, and offering alternative baselines to understand ITA costs. It then tests the conventional wisdom about tribunals’ “traditional” approach on cost-shifting noting, while the “pay-your-own-way” remained dominant, winning investors were reliably more likely to benefit from the “loser-pays” approach compared to winning states. The chapter then explores percentages and dollar amounts shifted by tribunals and changes in proportions shifted over time. While many cost elements were relatively stable, only when comparing the oldest cases with the most recent cases was it revealed that the amount of PLC shifted had meaningfully increased.
The Evolution of Cost Rationalization—Explaining Cost Assessments
Authors: Franck Susan D.
Published: April 2019

Earlier research identified that, although tribunals rarely cited legal authority and provided only minimal rationalization of their decisions, like the factor-dependent model, tribunals’ approaches varied. To facilitate an evidence-based dialogue about whether those findings persisted, Chapter 7 explores tribunals’ rationalization of cost decisions. It first assesses how many awards contained any rationalization for costs and identifies material gaps between non-final and final awards. Second, it conducts content analysis of tribunals’ costs rationalizations. Third, it explores whether tribunals’ ability to explain their cost decisions changed over time. While there was some evidence that tribunals improved in their cost rationalization, material gaps remained. Tribunals tended to focus upon parties’ relative success, perceived equity and reasonableness, and tribunal discretion, with part conduct during proceedings being of secondary consideration. Meanwhile, concerns involving public justice norms were rarely, if ever, used.
Categories We Live By
Authors: Ásta
Published: April 2019

We are women, we are men. We are refugees, single mothers, people with disabilities, and queers. We belong to social categories that frame their action, self-understanding, and life options. But what are social categories? How are they created and sustained? How does one come to belong to them? To answer these questions is to offer a metaphysics of social categories, and that is the project of Categories We Live By. The key component in the story offered is a theory of what it is for a feature of an individual to be socially meaningful in a context. People have a myriad of features, but only some of them make a difference socially in the contexts people travel. The author gives an account of what it is for a feature of an individual to matter socially in a given context. This the author does by introducing a conferralist framework to carve out a theory of social meaning, and then uses the framework to offer a theory of social construction, and of the construction of sex, gender, race, disability, and other social categories. Accompanying is also a theory of social identity that brings out the role of individual agency in the formation and maintenance of social categories.
Introduction
Authors: Ásta
Published: April 2019

The author introduces the project and methodology of the book, which is to give a metaphysics of social categories from a feminist analytic metaphysics perspective. To engage in such a project is to address the question what a social category is and how it is created and sustained. The author discusses her strategy in giving a metaphysics of social categories and explains what it is to do so as a feminist. The author’s strategy in giving a metaphysics of social categories is to give a theory of the social properties of individuals that define the categories. To engage in such a project as a feminist is to take oneself to be accountable in one’s theorizing to feminists and their allies engaged in other liberatory projects.
Long Cheng Air
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

Chapter 4 details Hmong experiences in combat aviation in the Secret War. It examines the dangerous flying conditions they faced in northern Laos, where, in addition to enemy antiaircraft artillery, freak accidents claimed the lives of some pilots. Poor quality aircraft, a hazardous runway, problematic leadership at all levels, and varied skills resulted in low chances for survival for Hmong pilots. Because of their close proximity to enemy territories, pilots on active duty from 1968 to 1972 were forced to participate in combat missions daily. The chapter also presents the many problems that unfolded in the CIA’s secret city, Long Cheng. Whereas American airmen came and went on tours of duty, Hmong pilots flew until they were either killed in action or injured. Either outcome harmed their families. Injured pilots were no longer considered useful, resulting in military leaders cutting them off financially and socially.
Grief and Remembrance
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

In chapter 6, family and friends of the Hmong pilots who flew missions for the CIA during the Secret War in Laos remember those killed in action or deceased. Given the limited knowledge that people have about the men involved in this air operation, loved ones and colleagues reflect about what their sacrifices meant then and now. They recall how they found out about the deaths of their loved ones who were shot down or died in aviation accidents. The emotional recollections of family members are presented throughout the chapter. The narratives of grief and remembrance reveal ongoing suffering decades later, even as these friends and surviving family members have established successful lives in the United States.
Reassessing War
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

Chapter 9 presents interviewees’ reflections as they reassess the war and its impact. The interviewees explore the unintended consequences of the Hmong’s entanglement with the CIA during the US war in Southeast Asia. They measure the losses and upheavals of the war against an appreciation of the subsequent opportunities that came with resettlement in the United States. They revisit betrayals and resentments and express gratitude and pride. Their recollections consist of contradictory viewpoints and perspectives as they struggle to make sense of the war and its enduring legacy. Additionally, the chapter addresses their competing memories and varied truths as narrators.
Introduction
Authors: Hedrick Todd
Published: April 2019

Critical theorists have long grappled with the problem of conceptualizing an emancipatory interest that individuals have vis-à-vis society. In order to ground a critical perspective, it should be something that individuals both identify with and are motivated by, but that is actualized only in a partial, distorted form in a society characterized by injustice and irrationality. This introduction suggests that the kind of autonomy involved in the life arc of modern professional persons provides an intuitive illustration of the kind of freedom that develops within the institutional framework of society. It presents the thesis that Hegel’s concept of reconciliation provides the best available conceptual framework for theorizing this emancipatory interest. It presents reification as a systematic blockage that prevents persons from recognizing and accessing the freedom-actualizing potentials of a social order.
God and Cognitive Science
Authors: Goldman Alvin I.
Published: April 2019

Putative evidence or arguments for God’s existence have been debated for millennia. In recent years some practitioners of cognitive science have applied evidence garnered from their research to support their favored view in the theism/atheism debate. The first part of this chapter examines and rejects several attempts to use cognitive scientific findings in support of theism, including a perception-based approach offered by Baker and Zimmerman (chap. 5, this volume). The present chapter then proceeds in the opposite direction, by illustrating how cognitive scientific evidence can be used in conjunction with Bayesian reasoning to lead a rational and open-minded metaphysician to lower his or her prior credence in God’s existence, even by a substantial amount.
Voices of Guinness
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

At the Guinness brewery established at Park Royal in West London in the mid-1930s, workers enjoyed a well-paid job for life, one where they could enjoy free meals in silver-service canteens and restaurants. During their breaks, they could explore acres of parkland planted with hundreds of trees and thousands of shrubs. After work, they could play over thirty sports or join one of the theater groups or dozens of other clubs. On retirement, they received a company pension from a scheme to which they had never contributed a penny. They worked in buildings designed by an internationally renowned architect whose task was to create a building that would last “a century or two.” Voices of Guinness tells the story of the brewery from its planning to its 2005 closure, showing how the history of one plant reveals a much wider picture of changing attitudes to work and organizations in contemporary society. Voices of Guinness draws on extensive oral history interviews with staff and management as well as archive and photographic sources to explore the experience and meaning of work, the ultimate loss of employment, and deindustrialization for Guinness workers. It will be crucial reading for anyone interested in work history, contemporary organizations, and industrial loss.
Creating Industrial Citizens
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the way Guinness management developed its workforce in the postwar period from 1945 to 1975. This was the era of the long boom, in which millions of UK workers enjoyed rising living standards and material conditions. The chapter examines how Guinness management developed “Guinness Citizenship” and how this vision related to contemporary ideas about a wider industrial citizenship. The chapter provides a detailed reading of the company magazine, Guinness Time, especially its photo essays focusing on aspects of labor in the plant. This is contextualized in a wider discussion of industrial photography.
The Ruined Garden
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

After the brewery at Park Royal closed, the old buildings were demolished and the real estate on which they stood was sold. This chapter looks at the attempts to fight the destruction of the buildings by the heritage lobby and the response from the company. Guinness workers share what they thought of the attempts to preserve the brewery buildings and their feelings over the ultimate demolition. The chapter looks at the wider debate about industrial preservation, heritage, and the role of urban explorers who photograph abandoned former workplaces. The chapter shows how images of destruction help to reveal attitudes to the built environment, work, and industrial loss. It considers the ideas of smokestack nostalgia and industrial romanticization.
Fiscal Therapy
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

America faces two distinct but related economic challenges. Steadily rising federal debt—largely fueled by rising healthcare costs and an aging population that will boost spending on Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid—will make it harder to grow the nation’s economy, boost living standards, respond to wars or recessions, address social needs, and maintain the US role as a global leader. At the same time, an increasingly fractured society has left many people behind and let critical investments lag, even as overall prosperity has grown. How and when US citizens address these challenges will help determine the future they build for themselves and their children. This book proposes a remedy with three core elements: controlling entitlement spending in ways that preserve and enhance the programs’ anti-poverty and social insurance roles; betting on the future by stipulating major new public investments in human and physical capital; and raising and reforming taxes to pay for government services fairly and efficiently. Together, these changes would control federal borrowing, strengthen the economy, increase opportunity, reduce inequality, and build better lives for current and future generations. There is no need to kill popular programs or starve government. Indeed, a primary goal of fiscal reform is to maintain and enhance the vital functions that government provides. The country needs to act responsibly, pay for the government it wants, and shape that government in ways that serve it best.
Government at a Glance
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

Ideally, government activities reflect a nation’s values and aspirations. As shown in Chapter 1, federal deficits are moderately high relative to historical norms, but federal debt—the sum of all past deficits—is higher than any time except during World War II, putting the nation on a precarious course. Income and payroll taxes comprise more than 80 percent of revenue. Most spending goes to Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and defense.Providing a safety net and investing in infrastructure, research, and human capital covers much of the rest of the budget. Compared to other advanced countries, the United States has lower taxes—especially on consumption and energy-- lower public spending on children, but higher spending on defense. It has more inequality and less economic mobility.
The Challenge
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3 outlines the fiscal challenge. Under current policies, the debt will rise from about 78 percent of GDP in 2018 to almost 180 percent by 2050. Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid will grow as the baby boomers retire and healthcare costs will likely rise. Interest payments will rise with higher debt and higher interest rates. Other spending—defense, investment, social programs—will actually shrink relative to the economy. Taxes won’t grow as fast as overall spending, leaving a growing mismatch between what people expect from government and what they contribute. Considering both objective and subjective factors, the optimal debt-to-GDP ratio should be around 60 percent by 2050. That’s high relative to historical norms for the United States, but even so, reaching that goal that would require a 24 percent tax increase or a 21 percent spending reduction, starting in 2021. Delay raises the required adjustment.
The Politics of Deficits, the Deficits of Politics
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

Long-term fiscal reform raises difficult political problems, as discussed in this chapter. The benefits accrue mainly to people who aren’t old enough to vote currently, including those not even born yet. The costs—benefit cuts and tax increases—are easy to identify and they evoke harsh reactions from those who must burden. Public opinion is conflicted: Americans deplore rising red ink but oppose most spending cuts or tax increases. Rising political partisanship makes compromise difficult in a split government. But when one party controls the government, deficits go up, not down. Nevertheless, a long-term solution should be possible. Fiscal responsibility aligns with both conservative and liberal goals. Citizens of all stripes can support the notion of making life better for their children and grandchildren. Absent a crisis that might bring the sides together, the nation will need strong political leadership and a motivated citizenry to bring about change. .
Taxing Consumption
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

Since the United States needs more revenue than it can generate just by raising existing taxes, policymakers need to think about new taxes, starting with a broad-based national consumption tax, as discussed in Chapter 13. Value-added taxes (VATs) are the world’s most common consumption tax, in place in more than 160 countries, including every economically advanced nation except the United States. A VAT is really a sales tax for consumers, but it’s collected in parts at each stage of production rather than all at once at the retail level. A broad-based, 10 percent value-added tax should be a central part of the fiscal solution. It would raise substantial revenues. It wouldn’t distort incentives to save, invest, or borrow. And it’s simpler to administer than other broad-based consumption taxes.
Epilogue
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

It is difficult to make predictions, as the saying goes, especially about the future. I don’t know what’s going to happen, but here’s the story I hope historians can tell come 2050.

While the economy was strong and interest rates were low, it was easy for Americans to ignore the problems simmering under the surface. The nation’s deficits—including the growing long-term fiscal imbalance and the systematic underinvestment in its own people and infrastructure—were not unknown but were not compelling. (To paraphrase Mark Twain, they were like the weather: everybody talked about them, but nobody did anything about them.)...
Historic Churches on the High Road to Taos
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: April 2019

The Penitentes’ Good Friday devotions at San Antonio in Córdova are described, particularly the tinieblas (tenebrae) ritual. The Truchas section treats the conservation of altar screens painted by Pedro Antonio Fresquís. The history of the settlement of Las Trampas is then detailed, including discussion of fortified plazas and fortress churches, and followed by observations regarding current maintenance of San José church. The section on San Lorenzo at Picurís Pueblo describes feast-day events and then surveys the history of the five San Lorenzo churches constructed at the pueblo, including attitudes toward the current church. Several other adobe churches on this route are also discussed, and the chapter concludes with an analysis of the sculptural form and sensory qualities of San Francisco de Asís in Ranchos de Taos. Visiting information is integrated throughout the chapter.