bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repeated Acquisition and Extinction of Barpressing in Rats and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Braveman Norman S.
Published: September 2011

On each of 10 days rats and guinea pigs first barpressed for 15 reinforcements on a CRF schedule and then were immediately extinguished during an unsignalled 10-min. extinction session. Analysis of the number of bar-presses during each of 10 extinction sessions indicated a significant reduction for rats but not for guinea pigs because the level of barpressing remained consistently high immediately following reinforcement for the guinea pigs but declined progressively faster within successive extinction sessions for rats. Results support the idea that organisms with well developed sensory-motor capacities at birth are less able to inhibit previously rewarded responses than those with slower development.
Clothes Doth Make the Man, in the Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Coursey Robert D.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to explore the impact of uniforms on the beholder. Several questions were raised: Do uniforms convey a specifiable stereotype, and does this impression survive with increased contact? E wore a Roman collar and black suit of the Catholic priest to one class and a regular coat and tie to a second class. Initial differences on a semantic differential were compared and then replicated using a second naive E. The Es, in priestly uniform, were perceived as more moral, socially isolated, and unscientific. Nine classes later, E in specialized dress was still perceived as socially isolated and unscientific but no longer as more moral.
Music as a Distractor on Reading-Test Performance of Eighth Grade Students
Authors: Fogelson Suzanne
Published: September 2011

Playing of popular instrumental music during a test was distracting and lowered reading-test performance of 14 eighth grade students. Ability statistically significantly interacted with reading performance; 7 less able students were more adversely affected than 7 bright students.
Handedness: Evaluation of Binomial Distribution Hypothesis in Children and Adults
Authors: Sand Patricia L. , Taylor Neal
Published: September 2011

7 timed, unilateral-hand function tasks were administered to 240 adults and 378 children. Discrepancies between right- and left-hand time scores were used to classify Ss into right-, left-, or “mixed-”handed categories. Only partial fit was observed between obtained frequencies of handedness and frequencies predicted from the assumption of a binomial distribution of handedness. Using a performance-defined criteria for handedness, more children than adults showed faster performance with their left hands and more adults than children showed equivalent time scores for both hands.
Visual Serial Search for Arabic and Roman Numbers
Authors: Mc Carthy S. Viterbo , Dillon Winifred
Published: September 2011

To discover whether there was a significant difference between visual serial search time for Arabic and Roman numbers, a repeated-measurements design was used with a group of 20 undergraduate female Ss. Results demonstrated the superiority of visual serial search for Arabic over Roman numbers across 10 30-sec. trials with 60-sec. intervening between equivalent tasks. This effect was thought to be a function of the heterogeneity of target and field components.
Temporal Perspectives and Alienation
Authors: Hamid Paul N. , James Lloyd
Published: September 2011

Time perspectives were studied for 2 groups of alienated students. From the discrepancy berween own values and the perceived values of Western culture it was found that Ss who attributed greater conservatism to their culture (radical alienation) were significantly more oriented to the present than Ss attributing greater radicalism to their culture (conservative alienation), while the latter group were significantly more oriented to personal and historical past.
Processing of Numbers and of Physical Magnitude
Authors: Hammerton M.
Published: September 2011

3 experiments are described in which Ss carried out a decisionmaking task. In all tasks, d' was 0.95 and signal probability was 0.25. In 2 experiments the evidence was presented in the form of numbers, in the third as lengths of rods. Ss performed well with rods, less well with numbers when they did not have knowledge of results, and very poorly with numbers when they did have knowledge of results. It is suggested that many people may not process numbers as a continuum, and may have unclear ideas about probability.
Oral Sensation and Perception in Dysarthric Adults
Authors: Creech Rebecca J. , Wertz Robert T. , Rosenbek John C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to compare normal adults and adults demonstrating dysarthria on three measures of oral sensation and perception; and second, to determine whether sensory deficit in the dysarthric Ss, if present, was significantly related to severity of dysarthria and speech intelligibility. Results indicate the dysarthric Ss displayed significant oral sensory and perceptual deficit on all three measures; however, correlations among oral sensory and perceptual deficit, severity of dysarthria, and speech intelligibility were not significant.
Performance of Process and Reactive Schizophrenics on a Symbol-Digit Substitution Task
Authors: Royer Fred L. , Janowitch Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Schizophrenic patients were classified into process and reactive groups on the basis of ratings on the Phillips Symptoms Checklist. There were 18 Ss in each group. Each group was administered 3 forms of a symbol-digit substitution task. The forms differed in the symbol array used. After adjustment for covariance of age, a significant difference in performance was found between the 2 groups. Also, significant differences among the means for forms were obtained, as well as significant interaction of groups and forms. The rate of information processing of this type of visual material is slower in the process schizophrenic. Since other work has shown that performance involving short-term memory is affected by the set of symbols used, the relatively deficient performance of the process schizophrenic may be attributable to a short-term memory deficit for dealing with this type of visual material.
Sound Discrimination Ability of Children with Misarticulation of the /R/ Sound
Authors: Wolfe Virginia I. , Irwin Ruth Beckey
Published: September 2011

The ability of 40 children with the consistent misarticulation of the /r/ sound to perceive their error production was evaluated in two tasks of sound discrimination, one, an interoceptive or self-monitoring task in which the child compared his own live-voice sound with that of another speaker; the other, an exteroceptive task in which the child compared both his own sound and that of another speaker, recorded and played back from an external source. Results indicated that the error sound, in contrast to standard sound production, was discriminated more accurately in the exteroceptive than in the interoceptive task. The role of sensory feedback in sound discrimination is discussed along with implications for therapy for misarticulation.
Some Factors Affecting Magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Ebert Pamela C. , Pollack Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Lightness contrast, tachistoscopic duration, and fundus pigmentation have been found to be critical factors determining the magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer illusion. Figures produced by marked lightness contrast evidence a gradual rise in illusion size with prolonged viewing, while the reverse is true for a figure produced by minimal contrast.
Comparison of High-and Low-Impulse Groups on Two Tests of Motor Inhibition
Authors: O'Keefe Edward J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between impulsivity and motor inhibition was investigated by comparing the performance of high- and low-impulse groups on the Chamber and Spiral Tests of Motor Inhibition. 80 Ss were employed and neither test differentiated the high- from low-impulse institutionalized Ss or delinquent from nondelinquent Ss. The significant correlation ( r = .74, p < .01, N = 80) obtained between the tests suggests that they are measuring the same trait (motor inhibition). However, the failure of the tests to differentiate the groups in the expected direction indicates that motor inhibition is, at best, only one aspect of impulsivity.
Men's and Women's Affective Response to Photographed Subjects Who Differ in Iris-Color, Pupil-Size and Sex
Authors: Jones Quana R. , Moyel Isaiah S.
Published: September 2011

Black-and-white, 8-in. × 10-in. photographs of adult strangers were presented to randomly assigned groups of college men and women. These photographs were identical except that in 2 of them the stranger had light-colored irises and, in the other 2, dark-colored ones. Also, in the light-iris photos, one print had large pupils and the other small. Similarly, in the dark-iris photos, one print had large pupils and the other small. A total of 10 sets of 4 prints each were presented and the students were required to express either positive or negative affect for the stranger in the photograph. In 5 of these sets, the photographic strangers were men and in the remaining 5 they were women. A significant relationship was noted between expressed affect and sex of the photographic stranger and both sexes expressed more positive affect toward men. A nonsignificant effect was obtained for pupil-size, iris-color, and all sex, pupil-size and iris-color interactions.
Echoic Responses of Standard English Features by Culturally Deprived Black and White Children
Authors: Blue C. Milton , Vergason Glenn A.
Published: September 2011

Children's echoic responses of sentences, each containing a critical feature of the standard English language, were investigated. Ss were 20 black and 20 white, lower socio-economic level, children randomly selected from each of Grades 1, 3, and 5 of two southern public schools with 5-yr. histories of stability and equality of racial composition. The performance of white children was significantly superior to that of black children. Grade level was also critical. Both groups of children improved in their echoic performance with advancing age and/or education.
Effects of Partial Reward on Lever Pulling and Activity Level of Retarded Youth
Authors: Hayes Charles S. , Siders Cathie , Snider Bill
Published: September 2011

30 youngsters from classes for the moderately retarded received partial or continuous reward for 20 lever-pulling trials. Contrary to predictions based on frustrative nonreward theory, neither speed of lever pulls nor free field activity following each trial differentiated reward groups.
Development of Right-Left Concept in Children
Authors: Lacourslère-Paige Francoise
Published: September 2011

80 normal children aged from 4 to 12 yr. were given a battery of 7 tests in order to see if one or many factors could account for the development of the concept of right and left. Age, verbal intelligence and scores on the Primary Mental Abilities Space test correlated with various aspects of the right-left concept.
Verbal Transformations of “Stabilized” Taboo and Neutral Words
Authors: Calef Richard S. , Calef Ruth Ann B. , Kesecker Mary Pat , Burwell Racheal
Published: September 2011

To test the “arousal” hypothesis that physiological and/or psychological “arousal” maintains the perception of an auditory stimulus, a number of taboo and neutral words were repeated orally for 14 male and 14 female college students. Neutral words gave rise to more verbal transformation than taboo words.
Physical Activity and Efficiency of Mental Work
Authors: Gupta V. P. , Sharma T. R. , Jaspal S. S.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the influence of physical activity on the efficiency of mental work 50 Ss between 19 and 21 yr. of age did step-ups (for physical activity) and added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided simple sums of one digit (for mental work). Analysis disclosed a significant ( p < .01) increase in mental work when the physical activity was of 2 and 5 min. duration and significant ( p < .01) decrease when the physical activity was of 10 and 15 min. duration.
Response Patterning in the Operant-Conditioning Situation with Twenty-Four-Hour Intertrial Interval
Authors: Davis Stephen F. , Brown Bobby R.
Published: September 2011

16 female, albino rats served as Ss in an investigation of performance on single and double-alternation sequences of reward-nonreward. Ss were run in an operant conditioning chamber with a 24-hr. intenrial interval. The results indicated that Ss receiving the single-alternation reward-nonreward sequence learned to respond appropriately, i.e., fast on reward days, slow on nonreward days, while Ss run under the double-alternation sequence did not exhibit appropriate responding. The results are seen as being supportive of Capaldi's sequential hypothesis.
The Concept of Mathemagenic Behaviour: An Analysis of its Heuristic Value
Authors: Barry Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The work of Rothkopf and Frase is reviewed to introduce and refine the concept of mathemagenic behaviour as it developed in the instructional literature. A theoretical underpinning is provided for this concept from studies involving models of memory, and its integration into a broader stream of research is illustrated. The heuristic value of such an integration is shown by consideration of the problem of the poor reader; a detailed analysis of some recent experiments provides leads for future empirical investigations and some developmental applications.
Perceptual-Motor Functioning and School Achievement in Lower-Class Black Children
Authors: Greenberg Judith W. , Alshan Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

Perceptual-motor functioning was studied in 160 lower-class, black, fifth-grade children, 80 achieving at or above grade level, and 80 achieving at least 2 yr. below grade level. On the Bender motor-Gestalt test, the low achievers made significantly more errors than the high achievers, including both rotation and non-rotation errors. Sex differences were minimal and, where observed, stemmed from a particularly high frequency of non-rotation errors among the low-achieving girls. Performance of the high achievers was close to published norms for the Bender but low achievers fell substantially below the norms.
Effects of Family Density and Mothers' Education on Preschoolers' Motor Skills
Authors: Shapiro Avram H.
Published: September 2011

Individual comparisons were used in an epidemiological framework to determine the effects of two neighborhoods, family density, and mother's education on 58 ethnically varied 3-yr.-olds in Israel. Measures included verbal IQ, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. Significant sex differences were found in that high densities and low maternal schooling alone and in interaction related to poor motor performance for the boys. It was suggested that mothers who have at least finished primary school may act to neutralize the detrimental effects of a crowded home. Fathers' income and occupation were little associated with crowding and this seemed to reflect greater economic homogeneity within this Israeli sample.
Preliminary Studies on Acquisition of a Discriminated Depth-Position Task by Goldfish
Authors: Kulig Beverly M. , Bryant Rodney C. , Petty Frederick , Byrne William
Published: September 2011

The present report describes a new technique for the study of discriminated avoidance in the goldfish. Goldfish were trained in one of two conditions: to avoid electric shock by swimming to the top of the tank in the presence of a red light and to the bottom of the tank during a green light stimulus (Red up—Green down), or the reverse condition, to avoid shock by swimming up on green and down on red (Green up—Red down). Results indicated that learning occurred whether trials were spaced or massed and that the technique can be utilized for acquisition training of individual fish or fish trained in groups. In addition, differences in rate of learning between fish trained in the Red up—Green down condition and fish in the Green up—Red down condition were found. The superior performance of the Red up—Green down group is discussed in terms of the spectral characteristics of goldfish vision and the nature of the task.
Beliefs about One's Bodily State, Emotionality, and Aggression
Authors: Behrendt William , O'Neal Edgar , Morris Louis
Published: September 2011

70 male undergraduates were given a placebo and told either that it was a stimulant, analgesic, reflex-inhibitor, or vitamin. Ss completed a mood questionnaire, after receiving either 6 shocks (attack) or 2 shocks (no attack), ostensibly an evaluation of their solution to a problem. They then used shock to evaluate a standard solution produced by their former evaluator (a confederate). No significant differences were detected among the placebo conditions in shock number, duration, intensity, or latency. However, among Ss reporting that the “drug” seems to have some effect, those attacked and taking the reflex-inhibitor had significantly longer shock latencies. Attacked analgesic Ss did not perceive the shocks as less painful but rated themselves highest in insult.
Assessment of Introversion-Extraversion in Children: Brief Report
Authors: Medeiros Elizabeth E. , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

An attempt to replicate the results of Casey and McManis (1971), showing that high-extravert children salivated significantly less to lemon juice than did low-extravert children, produced negative results. Although group differences were in the predicted direction, the differences were nonsignificant, with the differences more marked for 18 girls than for 18 boys. A visual vigilance task also failed to produce significantly fewer correct responses by high-extravert children than by low-extravert children, as predicted by Eysenck's formulation. For speed and accuracy of motor movement, the prediction of faster but less accurate performance by high extraverts than by low extraverts was confirmed, although the results were significant only for the boys.
Need Achievement, Need Affiliation, and Perception of Laterality in other People
Authors: Melnick Murray
Published: September 2011

A new variable, strategies in judging laterality of others, is proposed. 50 female undergraduates who visualized their own body turns (“rotators”) in judging which hand was elevated by the facing examiner scored higher on EPPS need Achievement than females using an “opposite-hand” strategy ( n = 65). Rotators' relative ego-centeredness was suggested. Need affiliation was associated with insignificant results but in the predicted direction. Time metaphor and color preferences, although related to need Achievement in the literature, were unrelated to perception of laterality. The responses of 83 males showed no significant differences on any of the measures.
A Modified Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale: Provisional Standardization
Authors: Bialer Irv , Doll Lynda , Winsberg Bertrand G.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to modify the Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale into a brief instrument which would be easy to administer and to score and which would yield a set of norms against which to assess motor development/proficiency in deviant children of elementary school age. An earlier (31-item) modification of the Lincoln-Oseretsky (L-O) was administered to 210 essentially normal boys ranging in age from 5 through 11 yr. (K through 6th grade). This led to the provisional standardization of a modified scale (ML-O) of 26 items, arranged in approximate order of difficulty and dependence. In keeping with the objectives of the study, the scale: (a) reflected the developmental nature of motor proficiency, (b) demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity, and (c) required a total administration time of under 30 min. This provisional standardization yielded tentative age and percentile norms. Ongoing validation studies indicate that the modified scale discriminates between different clinical populations and the normative group and that it could usefully serve in the identification of neuromotor deviation among children. Future directions for increasing the precision of the norms are suggested.
Experienced Rings around the Intersection Point in the Hering Illusion
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

When the stimulus was the Hering illusion, Ss experienced—besides oscillation of the parallel lines—different kinds of rings around the intersection point of the rays. These rings were most frequently a number of circles and less frequently ellipses. The colours of the rings contrasted with the colours of the Hering illusion. The fact that straight lines may condition the experience of rings (circles or ellipses) is juxtaposed with the results of another experiment, in which I demonstrated that a circle as stimulus conditioned the experience of straight lines as radii in the circle.
Reports of Mental Activity from Sleep Stages 2 and 4
Authors: Tracy Russel L. , Tracy Linda N.
Published: September 2011

Despite much study of psychophysiological parallels during sleep, little is known about possible differences in pre-awakening mentation in sleep stages 2 to 4. This study sought such data by comparing reports at the extremes of this range. Stage 2 vs 4 differences in recall, length, and dreamlike quality were not significant; only one content comparison was significant. Preliminary data suggest that time in stage 4 may be negatively associated with intensity of mentation. Findings question the view that intensity of nocturnal mentation is a simple, monotonic increasing function of EEG-defined arousal as reflected in conventional stages of sleep.
Differential Effects of Feedback and Reinforcement in Voluntary Acceleration of Human Heart Rate
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Young Larry D. , Scott Robert W. , Haynes Mary R.
Published: September 2011

Six single-subject experiments were conducted: In each experiment, after a stable baseline was established, S was given 8 20-min. trials on which he was to accelerate heart rate with no feedback; next 24 additional 20-min. sessions were given on which S received binary feedback of heart rate; depending upon the experiment, reinforcement in the form of small amounts of money was also given or withdrawn in blocks of 8 sessions; finally generalization was measured in a concluding block of 8 sessions. A significant instruction effect was found in 4 experiments. Further significant increases in heart rate were found in all 6 experiments when feedback was introduced. Although it was established experimentally that contingent presentation of money functioned as a reinforcer for a motor (bar-press) response, its contingent presentation did not yield a consistent advantage in accelerating heart rate.
Perceptions of Schizophrenics vs Normals Using Parental Figures and Subject's Size
Authors: Papson Bonnie , Hamersma Richard J.
Published: September 2011

Body-height perception of parental figures was related to Lidz' theory that schizophrenics' family relationships are “skewed.” The possible relationship of 20 schizophrenic males' self-perceptions and perceptions of a maternal figure were compared with those of 20 normal males. For the first time, perception of a paternal figure was also studied. Data supported Lidz' theory. These schizophrenics underestimated their own body-height more than normals and underestimated the size of a paternal figure more than normals, though the difference for the latter estimation was not statistically significant. These schizophrenics also overestimated the height of a maternal figure more than normals. Finally, simultaneous presentation of a maternal figure and S's own figure influenced the schizophrenic Ss to underestimate their own body-height more than normals.
Effects of Head-Tilt and Practice on Perception of Visual Direction without Visible Spatial Framework
Authors: Ware J. Roger
Published: September 2011

A series of 3 experiments concerned with the perception of visual direction was conducted using a single adjustable luminous rod in a completely darkened room. In Exp. I, perceptual accuracies of primary (vertical and horizontal) and intermediate (all other directions) visual directions were compared. Accuracy for primary directions was significantly better ( t = 10.73, p < .001). Head-tilts of 5°, 10°, 20°, and 30° to the right and left of 0° in Exp. II did not significantly affect the perceptual accuracy, but perceptual accuracy differed significantly between primary and intermediate directions ( F = 182.11, p < .001). The introduction of non-verbal knowledge of results in Exp. III yielded little improvement in the perceptual accuracy of intermediate visual direction, but a significant practice effect was found. The results were discussed in terms of previous research and suggestions for further research were outlined.
Factor Analysis and Reliability of the Mental Dexterity Test
Authors: Thumin Fred J.
Published: September 2011

The primary objective of the present study was to factor analyze a recently developed mental ability test in order to develop verbal and numerical subtesrs—then to establish the reliability of the subtests (and of the test as a whole) using 97 advanced college students as Ss. Using a varimax rotation, some 34 factors were extracted, the most prominent two factors being verbal and numerical in nature. Based mainly on factor-loadings, two subtests were developed—a 50-item verbal comprehension test and a 30-item numerical ability test. The KR-20 reliability coefficients for the verbal and numerical subtests were .89 and .82 respectively, whereas that for the entire 100-item test was .93.
Figure and Ground, Methodology, and the Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Maxwell Alan , Giordano Angela
Published: September 2011

The color of ground against which a black spiral pattern was seen to rotate was a significant factor in determining duration of latency but not duration of aftereffect. Reasons are given why the tachistoscopic method of stimulus presentation employed by the authors is considered superior to other methods of stimulus presentation used in spiral aftereffect research.
Attitudes toward Physical Education: Majors and Their Parents
Authors: Dayries John L. , De Vrye Catherine
Published: September 2011

The attitudes toward physical education of 42 junior and senior physical education majors and their parents ( n = 84) were compared on the Wear Attitude Inventory. Results indicated that both groups expressed very favorable attitudes, however, students' attitudes could not be differentiated from those of their parents.
Perceptions of Influence Relationships and Faculty Satisfaction: A Study in Organizational Control
Authors: Place William S. , Sorensen Peter F.
Published: September 2011

This study compared hierarchical influence patterns for faculty chairmen and the College Dean to faculty morale. Ex-faculty members reported their perceptions of influence they had with the chairmen and their chairman's influence with the Dean. The distribution of control for these organizational levels was believed to be related to the positive feelings faculty had for the institution.
Note on Validity and Reliability of the Bannatyne Visuo-Spatial Memory Test
Authors: Aliotti Nicholas C.
Published: September 2011

A test battery assessing visual-motor and motor abilities and a new, non-motoric visual memory test were administered to 95 first and second grade children. Means, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients for this new test, as well as information on validity and reliability are reported. Analysis of variance for the number of correct matches of visual memory test indicated significant differences for grade level ( p < .01) but not for sex. A varimax rotation of the correlation matrix resulted in a three-factor solution identified by: visual-motor copy performance, visual memory, and finger tapping.
Effects of Two Levels of Attention Demand on Vigilance Performance under Marihuana
Authors: Sharma Satanand , Moskowitz Herbert
Published: September 2011

12 Ss under marihuana performed a modified version of the Mackworth clock-vigilance task with two levels of attention and response demands. Similar continuous declines in signal detections over time were found for both experimental conditions indicating that the vigilance decrements induced by marihuana (200 mcg./Kg. B.W.) are unrelated to arousal level.
Self-Concepts of Institutional and Non-Institutional Educable Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Montague James C. , Cage Bob N.
Published: September 2011

20 public school special education and 20 institutionalized educable mentally retarded children were compared on an experimental I Feel—Me Feel self-perception scale. No significant differences in self-concept were found between the institutional and non-institutional groups or between sexes. All children had generally good self-concepts.
Comparative Judgment of Temporal Duration in Conjunction with Contextual Variability: A Test of a Memory-Storage Model of Temporal Judgment
Authors: Mo Suchoon S.
Published: September 2011

To determine applicability of a memory-storage model of temporal judgment to discrimination of durations, a single dark dot was presented twice in each trial for the task of judging whether the second duration was longer or shorter than the first duration. The tendency to judge the second duration to be longer than the first one increased as a function of the interval separating the durations only when the interval varied from trial to trial. The over-all proportion of “longer” responses was not appreciably greater than the proportion of “shorter” responses.
Perceptual Correlates of the Rod-and-Frame Test: A Critical Response
Authors: Adams R. C.
Published: September 2011

One of the recent research reports that has proffered a bifactorial explanation of field independence-dependence is critiqued for its use of factor analysis. A more traditional and conservative use of the statistic supports the original definition and suggests mirror-tracing speed as an additional assessment tool.
Some Nonparametric Multiple-Comparison Tests
Authors: Wire Edward L.
Published: September 2011

Some nonparametric multiple-comparison tests are described for making both pairwise comparisons and a limited number of comparisons with k independent and k matched groups when the data consist of “bad” numbers and ranks or frequencies.
Effects of Tone Alternations on Sequential Information Processing by Educable Retardates
Authors: Holden Edward A. , Appelbaum Anat Gordon
Published: September 2011

Educabile retardates reported pulse numerosity in varying length sequences under single- and alternating-tone conditions. It was hypothesized that due to anatomical differentiation greater frequency differences between the alternating tones would result in greater magnitudes of error. Ss made greater errors when different tones were alternated than when the same tone was presented repetitively, but no significant differences were found between less disparate and more disparate alternating tones. Increases in error by retardates under the alternating tone conditions were predominantly underestimations.
Some Memory Effects with Sequential Impoverished Visual Stimuli
Authors: Rosenthal Ted L. , White Glenn M. , Alford Geary S.
Published: September 2011

Retention of visual paths was studied in two experiments using homogeneous circles presented graphically or by lights to minimize irrelevant cues that might support covert labeling. Path lengths of 3, 5, 7, and 9 nodes, and memory loads of 1, 2, and 4 paths in depth were included. In both studies, simultaneous exposure led to better recall than serial presentation, and memory proved robust with little loss between two- and four-path memory loads. Providing letter props greatly improved retention. The effects of constant versus on-then-off light exposure depended on the length of paths.
Associative Organization in Recognition Memory
Authors: Reardon Eugene , Da Polito Frank , Polzella Donald
Published: September 2011

This article reports an investigation of the effect of organization in word recognition. Ss learned lists of 30 words, 15 presented in associatively related triplets and 15 presenred in associatively unrelated triplets. No difference was found between lists when d' values were used as a measure of recognition performance. However, Ss gave higher confidence judgments for hits and false alarms from associatively related triplets. The results suggest that the familiarity distributions of old and new items may have shifted upward under the organized condition.
Awareness of Aural and Visual Word Boundary within a Sample of First Graders
Authors: McNinch George
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationships between awareness of visual and aural word boundary for a sample of prereading first graders and to determine the predictive quality of the perceptual tasks in relation to measured reading success at the end of the year. Two informal, but previously used, word-boundary tasks were selected. Good, average, and poor reading readiness determinations were made and groups established. Among the readiness groups, discrimination of aural word boundary did not discriminate performance. However, the covariance procedures indicated that visual segmentation of word boundaries did permit discriminating among performance groups. Ss labeled high in readiness produced significantly more correct visual boundary perceptions than did the low-achieving readiness group. Regression models to predict end-of-year reading achievement by the prereading variables indicated that the word-boundary scores gave significant prediction ( Ra = .30, p < .01, multiple R). When considered as a unitary predictor, awareness of aural word boundary, remained a predictor of reading achievement; yet, awareness of visual boundary, when considered as a simple predictor, did not predict success in reading. Apparently, the ability to discriminate the correct boundaries of aural words may influence Ss learning to read. Discrimination of visual boundary was not a readiness factor associated with later reading success.
Spearman-Brown Reliability Coefficients for Ferguson's 80-Item Pair-Comparisons Person-Perception Scale
Authors: Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

With one possible exception, there is no relation between experimental condition and reliability of person-perception score in the Sager-Ferguson person-perception studies.
Personality Correlates of Visual Perceptual Responses
Authors: Collins James F. , Newman Patrick A. , Hutson Stanley P.
Published: September 2011

28 Ss' responses to visual perceptual tasks were measured as a function of certain personality characteristics. Half the Ss saw a list of 20 neutral words and half saw a list with four taboo words interspersed. Accuracy was independent of personality characteristics. However, the confidence ratings of Ss differed significantly as a function of each of the three personality variables tested. It was concluded that personality should be considered in assessing Ss' responses in certain types of perceptual experimentation.
A Power Function between Ratings of Pornographic Stimuli and Psychophysical Responses in Young Normal Adult Women
Authors: Thompson Joseph J. , Dixon Paul W.
Published: September 2011

A set of 13 pornographic pictures were presented as stimuli to 10 female Ss. All Ss had normal MMPI profiles. A galvanic skin response instrument was used to record psychophysical responses to the stimulus pictures, and stimuli were rank-ordered by Ss according to how Ss reacted to them. Algebraic averages were computed and plotted on log-log paper. From this plot a power function could be obtained between galvanic skin responses and rank order of these stimuli.
Responses of Lower- and Middle-Class 5-YR.-Old Children to Achromatic and Chromatic Color and Form Stimuli
Authors: Seaman Anna C.
Published: September 2011

Form and color sorting by 80 5-yr.-olds was unaffected by sex or race but middle-class children showed a significant preference for form, lower-class children for color, regardless of whether stimuli were chromatic or achromatic.
Audiovisual Equivalence of Stimuli in Acquisition of Associations at Two Reading Levels
Authors: Alworth Robert M.
Published: September 2011

This research was intended to investigate the difficulty experienced by retarded readers in acquiring associations between auditory and visual information. First- and second-grade above- and below-average readers ( ns = 41, 42) were presented paired-associate tasks involving: (a) simultaneous and delayed stimulus presentation, (b) visual-visual and visual-auditory stimuli, and (c) stimuli in which within-stimulus element sequence was and was not relevant in determining the associated response. Inferior paired-associate learning was noted in below-average readers, delayed-presentation tasks, and sequence-relevant tasks. No significant interactions were noted.
Semantic Anomalies and Sentence Recognition
Authors: Krulee Gilbert K. , Ramsburg Robert E.
Published: September 2011

This report summarizes the results of an experiment in which Ss read for immediate recall sentences which either were meaningful or were constructed to be anomalous in particular ways. Three types of sentences were used: equational, transitive, and intransitive. There were also three types of anomalies involving an anomaly either in the subject phrase of the sentence, in the predicate phrase, or in the relationship between the subject and predicate phrase. From the results, equational sentences can be processed most easily. For all types of sentences, the presence of an anomaly has a disruptive effect in that time to process a sentence is increased. However, the effect of a particular type of anomaly appears to be a function of the type of sentence in which it occurs. A possible explanation for these findings, emphasizing the use and verification of the selectional restrictions associated with each sentence, was advanced.
Case against the Use of D-Tubocurarine in Operant Studies of the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Lober Clifford Warren
Published: September 2011

After reviewing evidence showing a high degree of integration between the autonomic and somatic systems, it is shown that d-tubocurarine alters both the central and peripheral perception and response patterns. Many of the observations made upon curarized animals can be explained by a central motor theory. Experimental use of curarine is hindered by the release of histamine in response to administration of curarine. Among other artifacts, curarine-induced release of histamine caused a progressive decrease of pulmonary compliance. When artificial respiration is given to curarized animals, the use of positive pressure ventilation and failure to monitor pulmonary gases are further sources of artifacts. It is noted that some investigators use the respiratory rate initially to adjust heart rate to ptedetermined levels.
Spatially Dominated Nonverbal Communication of Children: A Methodological Study
Authors: Beach David R. , Sokoloff Mark J.
Published: September 2011

Procedures and scales were developed for time-sampling 4 aspects of children's non-verbal communicational activity: distance, orientation, position, and visual regard These scales, plus an index of verbalization, were applied to TV-taped recordings of 6 girls and 8 boys, all 4 or 5 yr. old, chosen at random from same-sex, same-age, triads engaged in free play. Scale reliabilities were marginal to excellent. Contrary to prediction, girls maintained greater distance than did boys. Inter-scale correlations were suggestive of other sex differences and provided validation of the general procedures. Regression analyses for each sex indicated that distance behavior was significantly related to a composite of the other communicational behaviors assessed.
Relationships between Visual Perception and Oral Language Production of Young Children
Authors: Allen Jerry C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the role of visual perception in the oral language production of young children. The purpose was to identify and specify the extent of relationships between certain visual perceptual processes and selected oral language skills. 48 Ss (CAs, 4 through 8) were given the Marianne Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception. Raw scores on each of the 5 subtests served as measures of the visual perceptual processes. Measures of selected skills of oral language (syntactical, morphological, and associative skills) were dependent variables. Step-wise regression techniques showed that the visual perceptual processes contributed significantly to explaining the variance of some skills in all aspects of language sampled. Differentiation among the visual perceptual processes occurred: Spatial Relationships contributed consistently to the morphological and associative skills while Constancy of Shape contributed to the syntactical skills. Implications for language arts instruction and for theory construction related to language development were discussed. Any theory or model of language must make some provision for dealing with extraverbal components of oral language.
Logico-Grammatical Sentence Comprehension by Adolescents with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Semel Eleanor M.
Published: September 2011

The comprehension of 50 logico-grammatical sentences was assessed for 30 learning disabled adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 16 yr. Performances were compared with existing data for normative age peers. A significant proportion of the learning disabled children exhibited quantitative reductions. Performances correlated positively and significantly with age scores for Psycholinguistic Age, Auditory Association, Reception, Sequential Memory, and Manual Expression (ITPA). The findings suggest that the experimental test may be used to identify deficits in processing linguistic concepts by adolescents with learning disabilities.
Proprioceptive Facilitation of Open-Loop Visual Pointing
Authors: Lackner James R.
Published: September 2011

Humans are less accurate in pointing to visual targets when denied sight of the arm than when permitted visual guidance of their movements. Nevertheless, 10 Ss showed improved accuracy in open-loop visual pointing following an exposure period in which they received tactile and kinesthetic feedback about the location of visual targets. 10 Ss who made the same number of pointing movements to the visual targets but who received neither tactile and kinesthetic nor visual feedback about their accuracy failed to show any improvement. The improved accuracy of Ss who received tactile and kinesthetic feedback cannot be attributed solely to “knowledge of results” and stereotyped movement patterns, because during the test and exposure periods they were continually varying the physical parameters of their movements.
Arousal and Hallucinatory Activity under Two Isolation Conditions
Authors: Levin James
Published: September 2011

An experiment tests the hypothesis that sound-proof room and water-immersion isolation environments differ with respect to their effects on reported hallucinations and a variety of physiological responses. Results support the effect on physiological responses but not with respect to hallucinations.
Interpersonal Distance as a Function of Task Difficulty, Praise, Status Orientation, and Sex of Partner
Authors: Adler Leonore Loeb , Iverson Marvin A.
Published: September 2011

Interpersonal distance between Ss and confederates was measured in the laboratory. Ss placed themselves relatively far away from partners who flattered them and who were ascribed lower status. In turn, they sat farther from subordinates who praised them after performing a difficult in comparison with an easy task. Their spatial distance from partners of high status did not differ across conditions. These results were interpreted as evidence for the fact that social distance as experienced in status-oriented relationships is manifest in interpersonal physical distance. In further analyses, the differences in interpersonal distance were more reliable in same-sex than in male-female partners. Also, men tended to be more variable and on the average more distant than were women.
Sex Differences in Spatial Problem-Solving Styles
Authors: Allen Mary J.
Published: September 2011

University student volunteers, 47 women and 46 men, took a battery of 6 spatial tests and checked for problems in a parallel form of each test a list of possible problem-solving strategies. Significant sex differences on reported strategy used for 3 of the tests were found. Evidence suggests that the women were less efficient than the men in their use of frequently used strategies and used more guessing and concrete solution styles.
Evaluation and Multiple Stimulation in the Stimulus-Response Paradigm of Articulation Therapy
Authors: Hulit Lloyd M. , Irwin Ruth Becky
Published: September 2011

The effects of evaluation and multiple stimulation in the stimulus-response paradigm of articulation therapy were studied. Changes in the natural latency between stimulus and response were also observed. The results indicate that evaluation improved the effectiveness of the method, that multiple stimulation was more effective at the beginning of the learning task while single stimulation was more effective during the final modification stages of the learning task, and that latency tended to decrease as responses became more accurate.
Sex Differences in the Solution of Achromatic and Chromatic Embedded Figures
Authors: Bush David F. , Coward Raymond T.
Published: September 2011

20 male and 20 female Ss were given a 6-item embedded-figures test. Half of each sex received chromatic and half achromatic format. Female Ss proposed significantly more incorrect solutions and required significantly more time to reach correct solutions. There were no differences due to color format and no interactions.
Relationship between Internal and External Locus of Control and the Operant Conditioning of Alpha through Biofeedback Training
Authors: Goesling Wendell J. , May Carol , Lavond David , Barnes Teresa , Carreira Charlotte
Published: September 2011

Subjects were identified as internally oriented ( N = 15) and as externally oriented ( N = 15) as determined by scores on the Locus of Control scale. They were given training to increase the density of occipital EEG waves in the alpha (8 to 13 Hz) frequency band through an auditory feedback loop keyed to the alpha, informing subjects when they were emitting the desired pattern. Both groups were successful in increasing the density of alpha waves; internally oriented subjects were, however, better able to enhance their alpha production (frequency) than were externally oriented subjects.
Effects of Post-Hypnotic Suggestions on Muscular Endurance
Authors: Albert Ira , Williams Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of post-hypnotic suggestions upon maximal endurance capacity, Borg ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate. Experimental subjects were administered post-hypnotic suggestions to improve or decrease performance, and control subjects were given similar instructions during the awake state. Endurance time could be decreased significantly when the fatigue suggestion was given to experimental subjects, but performance could not be enhanced with the facilitating suggestion. Control subjects showed no significant changes across conditions. The Borg ratings indicated that experimental subjects experienced subjective changes as suggested by the hypnotist. In addition, analysis failed to find any significant differences for the heart-rate data.