bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of leukocyte common antigen in lymphoblastic lymphoma and small noncleaved undifferentiated non‐Burkitt's lymphoma: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Van Eyken Peter , De Wolf‐Peeters Chris , Van Den Oord Joost , Tricot Guido , Desmet Valère
Published: June 2005

Nine cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma and eight cases of small, noncleaved undifferentiated non‐Burkitt's lymphoma were studied. All cases were stained with monoclonal antibodies, directed to the leukocyte common antigen (LCA), B‐ and T‐cell markers as well as Calla. Small noncleaved, undifferentiated non‐Burkitt's lymphomas were LCA positive and expressed one or more B‐cell markers. Three cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma were LCA positive and showed reactivity with antibodies OKT4, OKT6 and OKT8. The six remaining cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma were LCA negative, except for only one case that was weakly LCA positive using more sensitive detection methods. Two of the LCA negative cases expressed Calla, and four cases did not show any reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies used. In all LCA negative cases, small residual non‐neoplastic nodules representing remnants of lymphoid follicles, could be detected. Since five out of nine cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma were LCA negative, lack of staining for LCA does not preclude the diagnosis of lymphoma.
Airway injury by trichloroethylene: A scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Forkert P. G. , Troughton K. M.
Published: June 2005

We examined the effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) on the bronchiolar epithelium of mouse lung, using scanning electron microscopy. The lesion elicited by TCE involved predominantly the nonciliated Clara cells of the bronchiolar epithelium. Although there was slight loss of cilia and the mucosal surface exhibited increased deposits of debris throughout the period the tissues were observed, the ciliated cells appeared relatively uninjured. At 24 h following the intraperitoneal administration of TCE (2000 mg/kg) the Clara cells of the bronchiolar epithelium were irregularly distributed on the mucosal surface and reduced in number, indicating loss of cells by exfoliation. The remaining Clara cells appeared deformed and collapsed. This cell population was markedly reduced by seven days after TCE exposure, and the bulging apices characteristic of this cell type were virtually absent, resulting in a flattened epithelial lining. By 15 and 30 days after TCE, reparative processes were evident and micronodules consisting of multiple Clara cells protruded into the airway lumen. The administration of TCE to mice causes severe morphological damage to Clara cells of the bronchiolar epithelium which persists for at least 60 days after chemical exposure.
Helix pomatia and Ulex Europeus lectin binding in human breast carcinoma
Authors: Fenlon Stephen , Ellis Ian O. , Bell Jane , Todd John H. , Elston Christopher W. , Blamey Roger W.
Published: June 2005

Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue from 100 consecutive cases of breast carcinoma were studied for binding with Helix pomatia (HPA) and Ulex Europeus (UEA1) lectins. Serial sections were pretreated with trypsin or neuraminidase to determine the effect of these enzymes on lectin binding. The lectins were visualized by the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique and the cell staining proportion assessed in a semi‐quantitative manner under the light microscope. Correlating staining with prognostic factors and patient follow‐up details showed that UEA1 related to disease‐free interval and survival, and HPA to lymph node stage, time to loco regional recurrence and to survival. Relationships with both lectins were abolished by pretreatment with neuraminidase. The study demonstrates that a simple assessment of lectin binding can provide prognostic information in breast cancer. This may be useful particularly when conservational surgical practice restricts the amount of nodal tissue for staging.
Quantitative X‐ray microanalysis of bulk hydrated specimens: A method using gelatine standards
Authors: Wyness Louis E. , Morris James A. , Oates Kenneth , Staff William G. , Huddart Henry
Published: June 2005

A method of preparing and using gelatine blocks as standards for quantitative X‐ray microanalysis of bulk hydrated tissue is described. Each series of standards had several constant and one variable element. The average deviations in the X‐ray counts of the constant elements from the series means were used to correct the recorded count of the variable element in each block. This led to an improved linear relationship between X‐ray counts and concentration. The elements tested, sodium, phosphorus, and potassium, were chosen as representatives of different parts of the X‐ray spectrum. Sodium cannot be measured reliably below 50 mmol kg−1 wet weight, although phosphorus and potassium can be detected at concentrations of 5 mmol kg−1 wet weight. It is argued that this sensitivity of analysis is sufficient for studying electrolyte changes in certain pathological processes.
Continual audit of clinical diagnostic accuracy by computer: A study of 592 autopsy cases
Authors: Reid W. A. , Harkin P. J. R. , Jack A. S.
Published: June 2005

In a prospective study of 592 autopsy cases, correlations between clinical and pathological data were made by computer from a novel protocol on which morphological and functional diagnoses were separated. The accuracy of diagnosis was analysed with respect to time in hospital, speciality, consultant in charge, and other criteria.

Overall, there were 168 clinical ‘overdiagnoses’, not confirmed at autopsy; 492 ‘underdiagnoses’, not made clinically; and 432 ‘agreements’ between clinical and pathological diagnoses. The computer program allows the data to be analysed at any time as the number of cases increases. Entry of information entails comparatively little extra work and a similar system could be incorporated into the service commitment of any pathology department with a suitable microcomputer and access to a mainframe computer.
Variations in the morphology of villous epithelial cells within 8 mm of untreated duodenal ulcers
Authors: Gregory Michael A. , Spitaels Jean‐Marie
Published: June 2005

In order to investigate the bio‐mechanics of duodenal ulcerogenesis and compare the ‘quality’ of drug mediated mucosal healing, it is necessary to define the morphological appearance of ulcerative mucosae. This report describes the morphological appearance of pre‐therapy, juxta‐duodenal ulcer (DU) villous epithelia. Biopsies made at endoscopy from the first part of the duodenum in four healthy volunteers and 3–8 mm from the edge of the DU in 97 patients were examined by light and electron microscopy. Irrespective of whether biopsies were made from the normal or juxta‐DU mucosa, the villous epithelium was populated by one, or more, of six, morphologically identifiable cell types. Control epithelia were populated with normal goblet and absorptive cells. Based on the fine‐structural characteristics of the predominant cell type, pathological specimens were divided into two groups: metaplastic (Group 1) and non‐metaplastic (Group 2). Group 1 specimens were either exclusively populated with fully differentiated metaplastic gastric surface mucus secreting cells (GMC) (Group 1A), or GMC in various phases of metaplastic differentiation together with abnormal goblet cells (Group 1B). Group 2 specimens were populated with ‘pathological’ absorptive and normal goblet cells. It is postulated that the group variations in pre‐therapy juxta‐DU morphology represent various phases in the natural history of duodenal ulcerogenesis and healing.
Tissue arrangement in the internal elastic lamina of the rat muscular pulmonary artery
Authors: Wilkinson M. J. , Gray T.
Published: June 2005

The arrangement of tissue in the internal elastic lamina of muscular pulmonary arteries in rats has been studied. It consists of long plates of elastic tissue joined to each other by side branches, thus forming a conttinuous branching network. The thick plates are orientated parallel to the long axis of the vessel. This is similar to the arrangement in the saphenous and splenic veins in the dog. Systemic arteries show a different arrangement, usually a single fenestrated sheet. The differences between systemic and pulmonary arteries can be explained by considering the different biomechanical forces acting on them.
Expression of the 3‐fucosyl N‐acetyllactosamine (CD 15) antigen in normal, metaplastic, dysplastic, and neoplastic squamous epithelia
Authors: Sanders D. S. A. , Kerr M. A. , Hopwood D. , Coghill G. , Milne G. A.
Published: June 2005

The 3‐fucosyl N‐acetyllactosamine residue is the antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody MC2. Using MC2, we demonstrated the distribution of this antigen in a variety of squamous epithelia. The antigen is expressed to a variable degree on supra‐basal cells in most normal non‐keratinizing squamous mucosae, with a similar distribution in metaplastic squamous epithelia; antibody‐labelled latex microspheres and immunogold electron microscopy show the antigen to form part of the glycocalyx. In dysplastic and neoplastic squamous lesions, expression is reduced or absent except in cells around areas of differentiation. Prior neuraminidase treatment of sections had little effect on the amount or distribution of demonstrable antigen.

Expression of this antigen by cells in non‐keratinizing squamous epithelia gives an indication of cell maturity and may provide a histological marker for the grading of dysplastic and malignant squamous mucosal lesions. A possible role for these carbohydrate residues in squamous mucosal defence is discussed.
A quantitative histochemical study of 5′nucleotidase activity in rat liver after ischaemia
Authors: Frederiks Wilma M. , Marx Frans , Myagkaya Galja L.
Published: June 2005

The lead salt method of Wachstein and Meisel15 has been applied using incubation media containing polyvinyl alcohol for the localization and quantification of 5′‐nucleotidase (E.C. 3.1.3.5) activity in cryostat sections from rat liver after ischaemia in vitro and ischaemia in vivo followed by different periods of re‐perfusion.

5′‐Nucleotidase activity at the bile canaliculi, especially in the pericentral areas, had already decreased after 60 min of ischaemia in vitro, although the total activity as measured densitometrically was not changed. After 120–240 min of ischaemia, a significant decrease of the total 5′‐nucleotidase activity was found. At that stage, signs of irreversible cell damage were recognized.

Short periods of re‐perfusion (1 h) after ischaemia in vivo induced a decreased bile canalicular 5′‐nucleotidase activity throughout the entire liver, but a restoration after longer periods of re‐perfusion was observed (5, 24, and 48 h). Necrotic areas recognized by a decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity after all periods of re‐perfusion showed decreased total 5′‐nucleotidase activities.

A correlation was observed between the decrease in bile canalicular 5′‐nucleotidase activity and the disappearance of microvilli of the bile canaliculi.

It is concluded that a decrease in the bile canalicular 5′‐nucleotidase activity can be used as a very sensitive marker for ischaemic liver cell damage.

Assessment of the irreversibility of the cell injury has to be determined using additional parameters such as a decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity.
HLA‐D region α‐chain monoclonal antibodies: Cross‐reaction between an anti‐DP α‐chain antibody and smooth muscle
Authors: Thomas Alero , Lindsay Joan , Wilkinson Michael , Bodmer Julia
Published: June 2005

Two monoclonal antibodies, Tal 3C3 and Tal 1 B5, raised against purified plasma membrane extract of the Bristol 8 B lymphoblastoid cell line and previously shown to recognize epitopes on denatured HLA‐D α‐chains revealed several differences in staining patterns when screened by immunocytochemical techniques on pre‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections of human tissues. Although Tal 3C3 staining was weaker and more restricted than Tal 1 B5 on immunoregulatory cells expected to express class II antigens, this monoclonal antibody showed additional strong activity on normal smooth muscle. Biochemical studies show that whereas Tal 1B5 reacts with DR a‐chains, Tal 3C3 predominantly defines DP a‐chain subunits and a high molecular weight (200–250 kD) actin binding protein known as filamin. In view of several recent reports that the cellular distribution of class II antigens may be more widespread than hitherto thought and may be expressed by cells not normally involved in specific immune functions, these findings emphasize that unexpected monoclonal antibody reactions must be interpreted with caution. It is clearly important to include both immunohistological tissue section and biochemical studies in the initial screening procedures for monoclonal antibodies in order to distinguish between specific target antigen activity and cross‐reactions with unrelated molecules.
Ubiquitin is a common factor in intermediate filament inclusion bodies of diverse type in man, including those of Parkinson's disease, Pick's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as Rosenthal fibres in cerebellar astrocytomas, cytoplasmic bodies in muscle, and mallory bodies in alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Lowe James , Blanchard Andrew , Morrell Ken , Lennox Graham , Reynolds Lindsay , Billett Michael , Landon Michael , Mayer R. John
Published: June 2005

Polyclonal antibodies were raised which have a high affinity for conjugated ubiquitin. Immunocytochemistry was performed on paraffin sections of tissues showing well‐characterized inclusion bodies. Ubiquitin was found as a component of the intermediate filament inclusion bodies characteristic of several major diseases including Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease, Pick bodies of Pick's disease, Mallory bodies of alcoholic liver disease, cytoplasmic bodies of a specific myopathy, and Rosenthal fibres within astrocytes. Ubiquitin was also present in the three histological lesions characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. These observations suggest a fundamental role for ubiquitin in the formation of intermediate filament inclusion bodies in man, and have implications regarding the pathogenesis of these important diseases.
Malignant lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with prominent splenomegaly (primary lymphoma of the spleen)
Authors: Audouin Josée , Diebold Jacques , Schvartz Hubert , Tourneau Agnès Le , Bernadou Alain , Zittoun Robert
Published: June 2005

Eleven patients (age range 51–65 years) presenting with primary splenic lymphoma of lymphoplasmacytic type are described, together with detailed histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings. The subclassification of this type of lymphoma is considered, and the prognosis discussed.
The expression and localization of amylase in normal and malignant glands of the endometrium and endocervix
Authors: Lee Y. S. , Raju G. C.
Published: June 2005

Amylase activity was studied in 70 specimens of normal endometrium, 21 normal endocervices, 19 endometrial carcinomas, and 20 endocervical adenocarcinomas. Amylase was observed in the secretory (8–7 per cent) but not in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. It is possible that the presence of amylase activity may serve a functional role in the degradation of glycogen to glucose in the secretory endometrium. The great majority (90·5 per cent) of uterine cervices showed strong and extensive staining of the endocervical glands for amylase. No glycogen was demonstrated and the role of amylase in endocervical glands remains obscure. Amylase was observed in one (5·3 per cent) out of 19 cases of endometrial carcinoma, and the presence of this enzyme may be considered a eutopic rather than an ectopic expression. Amylase was not detected in any of the endocervical adenocarcinomas examined. This study has shown a complete loss of amylase activity in malignant transformation of endocervical glands and this could be attributable to the immature nature of de‐differentiated neoplastic cells.
Breast tumour of pregnancy (‘Lactating’ adenoma)
Authors: James Kered , Bridger John , Anthony Peter P.
Published: June 2005

Fourteen cases of a benign lesion of the breast, often referred to as ‘lactating’ adenoma, are described. They were all first noticed during pregnancy. The microscopic changes are similar to those seen in the normal pregnant breast but vary in degree and are out of phase with it. Any association with fibroadenoma or fibrocystic disease seems coincidental. ‘Lactating’ adenomas are also clearly distinguishable from tubular adenomas, which consist of masses of closely set tubules, like ductules of the normal resting breast, and are not related to pregnancy. Immunocytochemistry using antisera to breast and tumour associated antigens can demonstrate clear differences between ‘lactating’ adenoma, other breast lesions, and the normal pregnant breast. A plea is made for the designation of these lesions as ‘breast tumour of pregnancy’ as they do not arise in the lactating period.
Tumourigenic transformation of mouse NIH 3T3 cells by transfection with plasmid pSV2neo
Authors: Wallace Jeannie S. , Fleming Kenneth A. , Tarin David
Published: June 2005

This study reports high incidence tumourigenic activity of the pSV2neo plasmid demonstrated by transfection of NIH 3T3 cells. The plasmid is frequently used as a dominant selectable marker for confirming successful gene transfection, and the findings indicate a need for caution in interpretation and design of assays for oncogenes which use co‐transfection and subsequent selection with neomycin.
Morphometric analysis of coronary artery stenosis: An accuracy and reliability study
Authors: Manwarring Lynette , O'Connell Dianne L. , Bhagwandeen Brumdutt S. , Zardawi Ibrahim M. , Dobson Annette J.
Published: June 2005

Luminal narrowing was assessed in 238 transverse segments obtained from coronary arteries removed at postmortem. In each segment, narrowing was assessed by gross visual estimation before and after fixation, and on histological sections by stereological point counting and computer‐assisted planimetry.

Computer‐assisted planimetry was found to be accurate and reliable but the equipment needed is expensive, and requires specialized software and an experienced user.

Morphometric measurement by stereologic point counting was accurate, rapid, simple, and inexpensive.

In comparison with computer‐assisted planimetry visual estimation was found to be neither accurate nor reliable.

Our results indicate point counting as the method of choice for assessment of coronary artery luminal narrowing by atherosclerosis.
Age‐related changes in the morphology and immunophenotype of spontaneous lymphomas of sjl/n mice
Authors: Chow Eva Y. W. , Ho Faith C. S.
Published: June 2005

Forty‐four SJL mice were killed at intervals to follow the spontaneous development of lymphomas. These were detected in 28 of 38 mice aged 24 weeks or more. Immunoperoxidase stains were applied on cryostat sections of lymphomas from various sites (spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and other lymph nodes), sampled from 19 mice of different age groups, to study tumour immunophenotype in correlation with histological features. With a panel of antibodies against Thy 1·2, Lyt 1, and Lyt 2, and the mouse immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, all the 19 tumours were shown to be B‐cell derived. This was further supported by the detection of Ia antigens on the tumour cells. Six mice had plasmacytoid or predominantly plasmacytoid tumours expressing γκ. Three mice had mixed plasmacytoid and pleomorphic tumours which also showed γκ positivity. The ages of these nine mice ranged from 24 to 44 weeks with a median of 36 weeks. Pleomorphic tumours were found in ten mice (age range = 36–52 weeks, median = 44 weeks). These tumours were more heterogeneous, expressing either α, μ, or γ, or with loss of heavy chain expression altogether. These age‐related changes are probably a sign of progressive loss of differentiation in B lymphomas.
Age‐related deposition of amyloid P component in normal human testis
Authors: Herriot Richard , Walker Frederick
Published: June 2005

The distribution of amyloid P component in normal human testes from fetal life to old age was studied by a direct immunofluorescent technique on frozen sections. Amyloid P is readily and invariably detected in association with elastic fibres around seminiferous tubules and in blood vessels from the age of 30 years upwards. The same is true for most cases during the twenties, but in no case below the age of 18 was its presence demonstrable.
A morphological study of experimental proteinuria using a novel form of surface fixation
Authors: Furness P. N. , Turner S. N. , Appleby P. , Turner D. R.
Published: June 2005

Careful ultrastructural studies of the rat model of nephrotic syndrome induced by puromycin aminonucleoside have demonstrated morphological features which are only seen in proteinuric glomeruli fixed without interruption of the blood pressure. These consist of balloon‐like swellings bounded by attenuated epithelial cell cytoplasm, with an area of bare basement membrane at the base. A theory of the mechanism of proteinuria was proposed on the basis of these findings. To test the proposed wide validity of that theory, we improved the method of surface fixation and performed similar studies in sequential manner, using chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis in the rat as a model of proteinuria. Glomeruli were studied by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The findings were correlated with the level of proteinuria in the 24 h preceding death and with the duration of serum sickness.

Epithelial cell ‘balloons’ are also demonstrated in this model, correlating with the presence of proteinuria, but with slightly different configurations from those seen in puromycin nephrosis. Surface fixation revealed similar balloons in two other models of proteinuria: a graft versus host induced model of systemic lupus erythematosus in the mouse, and chronic streptozotocin‐induced diabetes in the rat.

A lengthy search failed to find bare basement membranes in any of these models of proteinuria. We conclude, therefore, that the mechanism of proteinuria proposed in puromycin nephrosis does not apply in these models, and we suggest an alternative mechanism by which the ‘balloons’ may develop, as a further manifestation of the epithelial cell dysfunction which causes foot process effacement.
JC virus genomes in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Detection using a sensitive non‐radioisotopic in situ hybridization method
Authors: Teo Chong Gee , Wong Su Yong , Best Philip V.
Published: June 2005

JC virus genomes have been localized in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded brain tissues of two cases of known progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy by in situ hybridization utilizing a biotinylated JC virus DNA probe. A three‐stage immunoperoxidase system with gold–silver amplification of the diaminobenzidine substrate was used to visualize biotinylated nucleic acid hybrids. Dot–blot quantification of this visualization system indicates that subpicogramme amounts of biotinylated DNA can be detected. Optimal detection of the virus genomes in the brain tissues required a microwave irradiation step prior to hybridization. JC virus genomes were observed in the nuclei of enlarged oligodendrocytes and of some bizarre astrocytes. No other cell types were found to harbour the genomes.
Enterochromaffin‐like cell populations in human fundic mucosa: Quantitative studies of their variations with age, sex, and plasma gastrin levels
Authors: Green David M. , Bishop Anne E. , Rindi Guido , Lee Frank I. , Daly Michael J. , Domin Jan , Bloom Stephen R. , Polak Julia M.
Published: June 2005

The human gastric fundal mucosa contains a variety of endocrine cells, the most numerous of which are the so‐called enterochromaffin‐like (ECL) cells. We have studied the variations with age and sex of the ECL cell populations, utilizing an assessment based on multiple endoscopic biopsies from four groups of subjects. Plasma gastrin levels were also determined in these subjects.

In males, endocrine cell densities declined with age but the ECL cell numbers in females opposed this trend. ECL cell counts showed no appreciable differences between young and old females. In older females, there was a high rate of gastritis and increased levels of circulating gastrin. Concentrations in older females (29.6±8.7 pmol/l) were higher than in both younger (<45 years) males (5.3±1.1 pmol/l) and older (> 55 years) males (6.3±0.6 pmol/l) (P> 0.05). The plasma gastrin level was also higher in older females than in young females (13.1±4.5 pmol/l), although this difference failed to reach statistical significance.

In conclusion, clinically silent gastritis, raised gastrin levels, and maintenance or rise of ECL cells numbers, in opposition to a general decrease in endocrine cells with age, appear to be features of women of more than 55 years of age. The variations in ECL cell populations reported here should be taken into account when evaluating possible pathological alterations of the stomach.
Alveolar epithelial responses in experimental streptococcal pneumonia
Authors: Rhodes Gregory C. , Tapsall John W. , Lykke Athol W. J.
Published: June 2005

We describe an experimental model of pneumonia in Wistar rats evoked by Streptococcus sanguis. The lesion developed rapidly as a confluent bronchopneumonia of the single‐lobed left lung. Except at the extreme base, where an abscess formed, the pneumonic process thereafter resolved, and most of the lung appeared microscopically and ultrastructurally normal 8 days after infection.

Sequential electron microscopic studies revealed that in the areas of lung which subsequently resolved, damage was restricted to type 1 pneumocytes. Within 24 h of infection, the unaffected type 2 pneumocytes were observed to proliferate, transform into elongated pneumocytes of intermediate morphology, and then undermine and strip off the damaged type 1 cells from the subjacent basement membrane. Thereafter, the intermediate type pneumocytes completed their transformation into definitive type 1 cells, thus completing the repair process. We hypothesize that this represents an accelerated form of the normal type 1 replacement mechanism, and that uncomplicated epithelial repair following acute alveolar damage is possible if type 2 pneumocytes escape significant damage, so that they retain their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into type 1 epithelium.
The relationship between number of interphase NORs and nor‐bearing chromosomes in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Jan‐Mohamed Riaz M. , Armstrong Susan J. , Crocker John , Leyland Michael J. , Hulten Maj A.
Published: June 2005

The ribosomal genes (located on the acrocentric chromosomes 13–15,21–22) may be identified by their silver stained gene products, i.e. NOR related proteins. The NOR bearing chromosome activity can be observed at metaphase with the potential for all ten chromosomes to be positively stained. On the other hand, during interphase they fuse so that eventually only a single silver positive structure is seen in resting normal cells. Investigations of histopathological sections of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have demonstrated a correlation between the numbers of interphase NORs and the grade of tumour. There is generally a higher number of interphase in high‐grade, and a lower number in low grade tumours. This histopathological and cytogenetic study of 13 patients with NHL shows that the higher numbers of interphase NORs in the high‐grade tumours is not necessarily a reflection of increased numbers of NOR‐bearing chromosomes. Examples were found of high‐grade neoplasms, showing the expected high numbers of interphase NORs, but not an increased number of NOR‐bearing chromosomes. Conversely, some low‐grade tumours, with the expected low number of interphase NORs, had increased numbers of NOR‐bearing chromosomes.

Our conclusion is that the interphase NOR number is related to factors other than chromosome numbers. We suggest that NOR numbers at interphase may be related to cell turnover. This is supported by previous investigations using DNA flow cytometry and the monoclonal antibody Ki67.
Comparison of histopathological and flow cytometric parameters in prediction of prognosis in gastric cancer
Authors: Wyatt J. I. , Quirke P. , Ward D. C. , Clayden A. D. , Dixon M. F. , Johnston D. , Bird C. C.
Published: June 2005

Flow cytometric analysis was performed retrospectively on material from 76 patients having potentially curative resection for gastric carcinoma between 1968 and 1984. The prognostic significance of DNA aneuploidy was compared with that of conventional histological grading and staging of the tumour.

The presence of DNA aneuploidy was associated with a significantly poorer prognosis when compared with diploid tumours (P < 0.02), but was not found to be predictive of survival when the presence of lymph node metastases (P < 0.0001) and resection margin involvement (P < 0.003) were allowed for using multiple regression analysis When intestinal and diffuse types of gastric carinoma were analysed separately, DNA aneuploidy was associated with a significantly shorter survival only in patients with intestinal type tumours.
Spindle cell and pleomorphic lipoma: An immunohistochemical study and histogenetic analysis
Authors: Beham Alfred , Schmid Christine , Hödl Stefan , Fletcher Christopher D. M.
Published: June 2005

Twenty‐two spindle cell lipomas and seven pleomorphic lipomas were investigated immunohistochemically in order to study the differentiation of the non‐adipocytic elements. In all cases, neither spindle cells nor pleomorphic cells reacted with antibodies to a monocyte/macrophage antigen (MAC‐387), fibronectin, laminin or type IV collagen. The absence of demonstrable basement membrane material argues against the possible prelipoblastic nature of these cells. With the antibody to S‐100 protein, spindle cells were immunonegative, whereas pleomorphic cells sometimes revealed an intracytoplasmic weak to moderate staining reaction. In the light of what is known about the development of adipose tissue, our results would support the hypothesis cf Bolen and Thorning (Am J Surg Pathol 1981; 5: 435–441) that spindle cell lipoma is composed of adipocytes and non‐fat storing immature mesenchymal cells. It would appear that pleomorphic lipoma is similarly derived but that in some cases adipocytic differentiation is also abnormal. The characteristic clinical distribution of these two types of tumour may be of relevance in determining the cause of these unusual benign patterns of differentiation.
Lymphocyte status in endomyocardial biopsies and blood after heart transplantation
Authors: Schuurman Henk‐Jan , Meyling Frits H. J. Gmelig , Wijngaard Peter L. J. , Van Der Meulen Ankie , Slootweg Pieter J. , Jambroes George
Published: June 2005

We performed immunological phenotyping of mononuclear cells in tissue sections of 84 endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) showing infiltrates, which were taken from 21 patients after heart transplantation. Data were correlated with histology (grading following Billingham) and cyto‐immunologic monitoring (CIM) on blood samples (grading into negative, rejection, or infection, based on leukocyte morphology and T‐cell phenotype). Few T lymphocytes were observed in 35 biopsies, and many in 49 biopsies. The semi‐quantitative estimate of T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio did not correlate with EMB histology but was related to CIM data. For example, 31 out of 42 cases with a CIM indicative of infection (14 of which showing no rejection on histology) manifested large numbers of T cells. In most cases, the CD4/CD8 ratio was less than 1. The presence of activated cells (bearing interleukin‐2 receptors or the CD30 antigen) was not related to EMB histology or to CIM data. The number of T cells (subsets) in EMB was not related to relative or absolute numbers in the blood.
Sudden death in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Keeling Jean W. , Knowles Simon A. S.
Published: June 2005

Sudden natural deaths of individuals between the ages of 2 and 20 years which occurred during a 20‐year period were identified from mortuary records. Necropsy reports and histological sections were reviewed; 169 sudden natural deaths were identified amongst 1012 deaths in that age group. Ninety‐two sudden deaths occurred to children with recognized disorders; congenital heart disease, asthma, and epilepsy were the commonest problems identified. Amongst the 77 deaths of apparently healthy children, infection was the most frequently recognized disease. Only 11 deaths were unexplained, comprising 1 per cent of the necropsy population or 6·5 per cent of sudden natural deaths, a much smaller proportion than pertains in infancy. Necropsy examination of children dying suddenly yields useful information.
Animal model of margosa oil ingestion with Reye‐like syndrome. Pathogenesis of microvesicular fatty liver
Authors: Sinniah Raja , Sinniah Daven , Chia Lam‐San , Baskaran G.
Published: June 2005

The aetiology and pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome (RS) are incompletely understood. A number of environmental toxins and biological agents, including viruses, have been postulated to cause RS, either acting alone or synergistically. Most investigations have suggested that the primary insult is in the liver mitochondria, leading to a complex biochemical catastrophe, with death from encephalopathy.

Margosa oil (MO), a long‐chain fatty acid compound, has been shown to cause a Reye‐like syndrome with death from hepatoencephalopathy, in children in Malaysia and India. The present time‐course study performed in MO‐administered mice showed the development of hepatic lesions with many features of RS. MO acts rapidly, within 30 min, on the nuclei of hepatocytes inducing mitoses and binucleated cells. This is followed by mitochondrial injury, with swelling, rarefaction of matrix, loss of dense bodies, pleomorphism, and loss of ribosomes starting at 60 min. There is loss of liver glycogen, and proliferation and hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), followed by the presence of lipid droplets in the hyaloplasm, and globules within dilated cisterns of the ER. Additional fatty acids from lipolysis of body adipocytes, and fat globules from intestinal MO ingestion further aggravate the liver fatty change. There is evidence of fat globule ingestion by endocytosis into hepatocytes at the level of the sinusoids. The development of microvesicular liver steatosis and glycogen depletion due to involvement of liver cell organelles occur rapidly as in RS.
High endothelial‐like venules in chronically inflamed periodontal tissues exchange polymorphs
Authors: Zoellner Hans F. , Hunter Neil
Published: June 2005

A survey of 58 gingival biopsies revealed the presence of periodontal high endothelial‐like venules (PHELVs) in chronically inflamed gingival tissues. PHELVs were found to exchange polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) almost exclusively in advanced periodontitis, with PMNs greatly exceeding the number of mononuclear cells found in PHELVs (P<0·001). Electron microscopy confirmed the emigration of PMNs from these vessels. The enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural features as well as the 35SO4 uptake properties of PHELVs were similar to those of the well‐characterized high endothelial venules (HEVs) of rat lymph nodes. It is generally accepted that HEVs in lymphoid tissues and inflammatory sites are specially adapted to assist in the emigration of lymphocytes. However, the observation of preferential PMN emigration in the apparent absence of lymphocyte exchange from PHELVs compels further investigation of other possible functions for HEVs. In relation to this, endothelial cells are capable of producing potent cytokines and inflammatory mediators which may contribute to the development of lesions, and the possibility is discussed that high endothelial cells are functionally adapted to enhance the production of such factors.
Adriamycin‐induced DNA strand breaks in HeLa and in P388 leukaemia cells detected using in situ nick translation
Authors: Maehara Yoshihiko , Emi Yasunori , Anai Hideaki , Sakaguchi Yoshihisa , Kohnoe Shunji , Tsujitani Shunichi , Sugimachi Keizo
Published: June 2005

DNA strand breaks produced by adriamycin (ADR) were measured in HeLa cells and ADR‐sensitive and ‐resistant P388 leukaemia cells, using the in situ nick translation method. The break sites in the DNA were translated artificially in the presence of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and 3H‐labelled dTTP, and were visualized by autoradiographic observation of the grains. The DNA strand breaks in the HeLa cells increased in a dose‐dependent manner, compared with findings in the untreated control cells, i.e., 15·2 fold at 20 μg/ml of ADR for 1 h. This level correlated with DNA single‐strand breaks detected by the alkaline elution method. DNA breaks were also noted in the ADR‐sensitive P388 cells, but in the ADR‐resistant cells the level of DNA strand breaks was low. The enhanced cytotoxicity is apparently the consequence of the enhanced potential of ADR to cause breaks in the DNA strands.

Our findings show that the survival response of the cells decreases and the level of DNA strand breaks increases following exposure to ADR. ADR resistance may be mediated by a reduction in the level of DNA strand breaks.
Intestinal pathology following intramuscular ricin poisoning
Authors: Leek M. D. , Griffiths G. D. , Green M. A.
Published: June 2005

Within the gut, intramuscular ricin poisoning results in major pathological changes. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy illustrate that these changes appear confined to the small intestine, the stomach and large intestine remaining virtually unaffected. These changes include apoptosis crypt and mucosal epithelial cells, hydropic change in enterocytes, infiltration of large numbers of plasma cells into the lamina propria, subsequent apoptosis of many of the plasma cells, and the appearance within the lamina propria of highly active macrophages.

Of these changes, greatest significance is attached to the infiltration and apoptosis of large numbers of plasma cells. This is not a common pathological feature within the gastro‐intestinal tract, and may prove to be specifically diagnostic for ricin or a group of toxins having structurally similar characteristics.

In this study, the toxin was administered by intramuscular injection and not orally; considering this mode of administration, damage to the small intestine was far more severe than might perhaps be expected. The intensity of cellular infiltration within the lamina propria is especially interesting, as it appears to be more analogous to a local immune response triggered by an oral toxin rather than one administered by an intramuscular route.
S100 protein in human mammary tissue—immunoreactivity in breast carcinoma, including Paget's disease of the nipple, and value as a marker of myoepithelial cells
Authors: Gillett Cheryl E. , Bobrow Lynda G. , Millis Rosemary R.
Published: June 2005

The expression of S100 protein, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, has been evaluated in 101 mammary carcinomas of various histological types, including Paget's disease of the nipple. S100 immunoreactivity was seen in 44 of 101 primary carcinomas, including in situ lesions. It was present in all histological types, with the exception of mucoid carcinoma. In the 33 cases with associated Paget's disease of the nipple, S100 expression was seen in the Paget's cells in six cases. S100 immunoreactivity has been suggested as a marker of myoepithelial cells, but in our hands staining of these cells is less consistent using the S100 antibody than with antibodies to actin. Furthermore. S100 protein is also expressed by some luminal epithelial cells. Therefore, in contrast to actin immunoreactivity, S100 immunoreactivity is not a reliable means of differentiating between luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The possibility that staining with antibody to S100 protein may be affected by methods of fixation and immunohistochemical technique is discussed.
Extragonadal teratocarcinoma derived from embryonal stem cells in chimaeric mice
Authors: Hardy Kate , Carthew Philip , Handyside Alan H. , Hooper Martin L.
Published: June 2005

Three tumours which arose in two (one male and one hermaphrodite) out of 63 chimaeric mice resulting from injection of El4TG2a embryo stem (ES) cells into host blastocysts1 have been investigated. All of the tumours appeared within the first 3 weeks after birth. The tumour in the male chimaera and one of the tumours in the hermaphrodite were in the perigenital region but were extragonadal. The third, smaller tumour in the hermaphrodite was on the caecum. The perigenital tumour in the male chimaera was a teratocarcinoma with a wide variety of differentiated tissues, including non‐pigmented retina, as well as nests of undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells with high levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. The perigenital tumour in the hermaphrodite was a teratoma, less differentiated and with no evidence of EC cells. Glucose phosphate isomerase isozyme analysis indicated that both perigenital tumours were predominantly of the injected ES cell rather than the host blaslocyst type. The possible origins of these tumours, which are the first reported to have arisen from ES cells in chimaeric mice, are discussed.
Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of mononuclear infiltrates in breast carcinomas–correlation with tumour differentiation
Authors: Naukkarinen Anita , Syrjänen Kari J.
Published: June 2005

Inflammatory infiltrates were analysed in tissue sections of 76 breast carcinomas by counting the percentage of macrophages. IgA + and IgG + plasma cells, Tcells with their subpopulations, and natural killer cells, and by measuring postcapillary venules (PCVs, found in 12 cases) within the infiltrates. These parameters were correlated with nuclear grade and biochemically determined hormone receptor status, known markers of tumour differentiation. A direct correlation was found between the extent of inflammation and nuclear grade (P< 0.0001), and an inverse correlation between inflammation and oestrogen receptor (OR) positivity (P< 0.05) as well as inflammation and progesterone receptor (PR) positivity (P < 0.05). The percentage of the OKT8 + suppressor/cytotoxic T cells increased when the inflammation expanded from scanty to moderate (P < 0.02). The diameter of the PCVs also increased with increasing inflammatory infiltrate (P < 0.02). In addition, a direct correlation exists between the diameter of the PCVs and both the percentage of the OKT8 + T cells (P < 0.04) and the Leu‐7+ natural killer cells (P < 0.03).
Distribution of non‐lymphoid, inflammatory cells in chronic HBV infection
Authors: van den Oord Joost J. , de Vos Rita , Facchetti Fabio , Delabie Jan , De Wolf‐Peeters Chris , Desmet Valeer J.
Published: June 2005

Non‐lymphoid cells play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of cellular immune responses. Usingin‐situimmunohistochemical techniques and a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) reactive with B5‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver biopsies, we analysed the non‐lymphoid cell component in inflammatory infiltrates in 20 cases of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In addition, lymphocyte subsets and HLA‐DR antigens were studied

Mcab KP1 labelled scattered Kupffer cells, which variably expressed HLA‐DR antigens. Their random distribution and lack or significant topographical association with lymphocytes suggest that classical Kupffer cells do not play a major role in cell‐mediated immune reactions. On the other hand, mcab Mac387 was unreactive with normal liver tissue but labelled HLA‐DR+ dendritic cells in areas of intralobular inflammation. On (immuno)electron microscopy, these Mac387 + dendritic cells were situated in the Disse space, where they formed close contacts with lymphocytes. Similar dendritic cells were situated at the edge of portal tracts in cases of chronic active, but not chronic persistent hepatitis. Immunostaining on serial frozen sections revealed their close topographical association with cytotoxic/suppressor T‐cells, suggesting that Mac387 + HLA‐DR + dendritic cells play an immunomodulatory role in the effector arm of the cellular immune response that takes place in the periphery of portal tracts and the lobular parenchyma, and that involves activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells.

Finally, large Mac387 – HLA‐DR + dendritic cells expressing the LN2 marker were situated amidst helper/inducer T‐cells in the centre of severely inflamed portal tracts. In analogy with their role in the lymph node, these cells are likely to act as accessory cells in the afferent arm of the immune response that involves antigen presentation to helper T‐cells which subsequently assist in the generation of plasma cells.

According to the types of dendritic cells and their associated T‐cell subsets, different functional domains involved in the afferent and efferent limbs of the immune response can be distinguished in liver tissue involved by chronic HBV infection.
Clinical significance of nuclear DNA content in pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Alanen Kalle A. , Joensuu Heikkl , Klemi Pekka J. , Nevalainen Timo I
Published: June 2005

The nuclear DNA content or 62 pancreatic adenocarcinomas was analysed by flow cylometry from paraffinembedded material. Radical surgery could be performed in 12 of the 24 cases with diploid carcinoma, but only in 3 of the 38 cases with a non‐diploid tumour (P=0.0002); the radically resected carcinomas also had a lower fraction of cells in the S‐phase (P=0.009). Non‐diploid nuclear DNA content (38 cases, 61 per cent) was associated with advanced stage (P=0.002), poor histological differentiation (grade II or III, P=0.004), and primary tumour site in the body or the tail as compared with the head (P=0.01). The median survival time of the patients with diploid carcinoma was 13±3 (SE) months, and that of the patients with non‐diploid carcinoma 3±1 months (P=0.0001). The DNA index with the cutoff value 1.4 was a slightly more powerful prognostic factor than DNA ploidy, and it was the most important independent prognostic factor in Cox's multivariate analysis (P<0.001) followed by histological grade (P<0.03). We conclude that diploid pancreatic carcinomas are associated with a longer survival than the non‐diploid ones, and that radically operable carcinomas form a special subgroup with frequent diploidy and less aggressive biological behaviour.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of mitochondria in routinely processed tissue using a monoclonal antibody
Authors: Paulus Werner , Lehr Angelika , Peiffer Juergen , Markovic Axel , Wiedmann Karl Hermann
Published: June 2005

We report results obtained using the monoclonal antibody M‐II 68, which recognizes inner mitochondrial membrane in routinely processed (formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded) tissue by light microscopic immurtohisiochemistry. In ten normal brains, the range of immunoreactivity in various cell types and locations was defined. The most intense staining was observed in Purkinje cells, in neurons of cranial nerve nuclei, pons and substantia nigra, as well as in choroid plexus epithelial cells. By comparison with this control group, one case of primary mitochondrial encephalomyopathy exhibited increased staining of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle ceils, choroid plexus epithelial cells, and neurons of various locations. Scattered ragged‐red fibres were heavily Labelled in one case of mitochondrial myopathy, while ten muscles without mitochondriopathy were left unstained. Our method is able to detect accumulations of mitochondria and increases in mitochondrial cristae density. It could prove useful for diferential diagnosis of routine biopsy material and for clarification of cell types involved in mitochondrial cytopathies.