bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Azharīs Opposed to the Coup and Counter Revolutions
Authors: Al-Azami Usaama
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers how Qaradawi and the International Union of Muslim Scholars responded to the major Egyptian protests planned against the Morsi presidency on 30 June 2013, and which paved the way for the coup of July of that year. A brief study of Qaradawi’s fatwa against the coup is followed by an exploration of two noted Azhari scholars Ḥasan al-Shāfiʿī and Muḥammad ʿImāra and their respective condemnations of the coup and the smaller-scale atrocities that the military had perpetrated in its immediate aftermath. In contrast with the pro-autocracy scholars, many of the objections of these ulama were grounded in their concern for the end of Egypt’s democratic freedoms. The final section of the chapter considers the responses of these scholars to the escalating violence that the country was witnessing by the end of July, prior to the Rabaa massacre.
#Ebola
Authors: Cottingham Marci D.
Published: May 2022

Turning to the case of the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic, this chapter examines how emotions are mediated through news and social media. An emotion practice approach highlights how various, overlapping emotions flow in these digital spaces during a time of uncertainty and risk. Despite the abstract nature of digital interactions, embodied feelings and the threat of real bodily harm remain relevant to how social media users respond. News media can emphasize fear. But Twitter users are not simply passive or malicious. They often follow well-established practices of humor and frivolity by playfully using the outbreak to develop sarcastic and humorous responses that are valued in Twitter’s economy of likes and retweets. These responses can resist a sense of hopelessness amid a crisis and generate energy and community. Looking at digital emotions through the lens of practice theory explains why users turn to humor and frivolity in times of crisis.
The Middle East in Global Cybersecurity
Authors: Shires James
Published: May 2022

This chapter demonstrates how entwined Egypt and the Gulf states are in the global economic, political, and infrastructural networks underpinning cybersecurity. It argues that the specific place of Egypt and the Gulf states in neoliberal global governance creates suitable conditions for moral maneuvers, in four ways. First, their ambivalent participation in international cybersecurity governance means that these states are not committed firmly to specific interpretations of international law or state practice on cybersecurity. Second, the rapid development of digital economies, especially in the richer Gulf states, has generated substantial financial and political capital for cybersecurity. Third, cybersecurity capacity building, especially national and international pressures to improve cybersecurity "maturity", has cast cybersecurity as a site of expert competition as well as a catalyst for new forms of hierarchy. Fourth, the growth of newly critical infrastructure underlines the importance of cybersecurity while leaving space for permanent redefinition.
The Whirl
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter chronicles the history of what the book calls the Whirl, the digital atmosphere enabling the circulation of digital outrage and the deluge of information that is inextricably linked to contemporary politics. Set in a larger history of information’s exponential expansion, the bulk of the chapter’s chronicle parallels that of the previous chapter: the middle of the twentieth century to the present. Of particular relevance to Embattlement is how an increase of information has also produced a growth in dissension, paranoia, and conspiracy theory. In anticipation of the book’s case studies, the chapter explores the implications these developments have for discourse, suasion, and public life. Finally, the chapter explores how the Whirl produces emotional states that make it difficult to conceptualize politics meaningfully, which helps explain the appeal of Embattlement’s manufactured outrages.
Worrying about Scars
Authors: Bivins Jason C.
Published: May 2022

Democracies are rooted in conceptions of personhood shaped by the promise of authenticity. Precisely what authenticity means, however, is rarely questioned, and the result is that Americans have unconsciously assumed it to entail maximal self-expression and personal triumph. This chapter explores the controversies surrounding talk-show host Glenn Beck in order to uncover assumptions about religious authenticity which, when not interrogated, preserve the conditions creating religious outrage. Beck ascended to public prominence during the Obama presidency not only because of a particular social critique but because of his emotional intensity, which was marketed as authenticity. Beck’s tearful claims that America was on the edge of ruin, because of Christianity’s minority treatment, were as fervently embraced as they were denounced. The focus on these claims themselves, though, avoids reckoning with a conception of authenticity shorn of Beck’s connection with the politics and religion of personalism.
Recovering Reputation
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

Reputation matters. This is the general consensus among social scientists on matters ranging from judgments about the character of political candidates to the image nation-states project to domestic and foreign audiences. And this is as it should be in democratic polities that run on opinion, for reputation is a species of opinion. But reputation is also a cause of concern for democratic citizens. We worry that political appearances are highly artificial, stage-managed affairs and that the rhetoric of people power is mere window dressing for what is in fact rule by elites. Our concerns find an echo in the fourth-century bce democratic Athens and, specifically, in the dialogues of Plato. This book works with and through Plato’s writings to proceed from an initial and rather cynical view of reputation as a concern of the few, to a more optimistic one about its potential in a democratic context. It shows Plato’s interlocutors engage the many by either undermining their judgment or by challenging it. Whereas prominent Athenian citizens such as Socrates in the Apology and Gorgias undermine demotic judgment and diminish its value, marginal citizens such as the philosopher in the Theaetetus and noncitizen residents such as Cephalus of Syracuse challenge the many while still seeking their praise, thereby permitting reputation’s demotic potential to emerge. The non-democratic constitutions Plato outlines also bear witness to the demotic power of reputation, an ancillary to philosophical rule in the Republic and central to the mixed constitution of the Laws.
Cephalus’ Challenge to the Many
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

Chapter 4 demonstrates how Cephalus of Syracuse, as he appears, acts, and speaks to Socrates in the Republic, acknowledges without dismissing the demotic power of reputation. The Syracusan apes Themistocles, one of the most successful Athenian general-statesmen. A foreign metic, he presents himself as an outstanding craftsman and challenges the collective assumptions of the many about craftsmanship and moneymaking. He also uses the nexus between wealth and kinship to privilege character as the determining cause of whether wealth is beneficial. Cephalus uses character instrumentally, to claim that he warrants a good reputation because of his success. We encounter him in the middle of his sacrifice to Household Zeus, a pious man who agrees that justice is telling the truth and paying one’s debts to men and to gods. His wealth puts him in a reciprocal relationship with men and gods, allowing us to see the ready connection between reputation and wealth.
Demotic Power and the Founder-Citizen in Magnesia
Authors: Avgousti Andreas
Published: May 2022

Magnesia, the subject of chapter 6, is a regime that makes reputation a foundational and ongoing feature in its design. It shows how the city of the Laws molds its entire citizenry into athlete-warriors, educating their judgment accordingly. Its citizens are steeped in reputational judgments of praise and blame as each of them struggles to be virtuous and to have a reputation for being such; however, this encourages envy and slanderous practices, thereby risking disobedience to the laws. This destabilizing characteristic of Magnesia can be traced to its origins, and specifically to the sole political actor among the three interlocutors, Cleinias of Cnossos, the regime’s founder and future citizen who must pledge his reputation to it. The Laws teaches that the demotic power of reputation is pertinent to founding and to maintaining alike, and, additionally, that it cannot be confined within institutions when it is made key to their functioning.
Retaining the Old Episcopal Divinity
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

John Edwards of Cambridge (1637–1716) has typically been portrayed as a marginalized ‘Calvinist’ in an overwhelmingly ‘Arminian’ later Stuart Church of England. In Retaining the Old Episcopal Divinity, the author challenges this depiction of Edwards and the theological climate of his contemporary Church. The author demonstrates that Edwards was recognized in his own day and the immediately following generations as one of the pre-eminent conforming divines of the period, who featured prominently in notable theological controversies concerning contemporaries such as John Locke, Gilbert Burnet, Daniel Whitby, William Whiston, and Samuel Clarke. Despite some Arminian opposition, Edwards’ theological works are shown to have enjoyed a warm reception among sizeable segments of the established Church’s clergy, many of whom shared his Reformed convictions. Instead of a theological misfit, this study contends that the anti-Arminian Edwards was a decidedly mainstream churchman. The author’s reassessment has ramifications far beyond the figure of Edwards, however, and ultimately serves as a prism through which to visualize with much greater clarity the broader theological landscape of the later Stuart Church of England, and particularly the place of Reformed orthodoxy within it. It substantially develops recent research on the persisting vitality of Reformed theology within the post-Restoration Church by demonstrating to an unprecedented extent the sheer strength and numbers of Reformed conforming divines between the Restoration and the evangelical revivals. Finally, the author problematizes the idea that the post-Restoration Church developed a fairly homogeneous ‘Anglican’ identity, and argues instead that the Church in this period was theologically and ecclesio-politically variegated.
Edwards’ Early Works and the Socinian Controversy
Authors: Griesel Jake
Published: May 2022

This chapter first surveys Edwards’ early works, demonstrating how they were warmly received among his fellow clergy and enjoyed the patronage of some of the most senior English clergy and politicians, as well as the imprimaturs of the Cambridge establishment. It then pays particular attention to Edwards’ contribution to the so-called Socinian controversy of the 1690s, especially his feud with John Locke and his Reasonableness of Christianity, which Edwards accused of doctrinal minimalism and ‘Socinianism’. This chapter shows not only how Edwards was Locke’s chief critic and more responsible than anyone else for Locke’s enduring association with Socinianism, but also that his polemical works against ‘rational religion’ and Socinianism were met with general approbation even though—and to some extent because—they unambiguously made clear his Reformed convictions.
Dialogue and Dissatisfaction
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

Like most exploratory dialogues (including many of Plato’s), De re publica advances its argument by stages. Each stage is tentative and partial, and the recognition of its inadequacies by the participants moves the argument forward. The first book of De re publica is a good example of this. The discussion of the meteorological phenomenon of the two suns brings out three very different understandings of the relationship between our terrestrial existence and celestial phenomena, each of which is elaborated over the course of De re publica. Similarly, Scipio’s initial definition of the res publica is both vague and obvious, and it is not until the end of Book 3 that its true meaning becomes clear. Throughout, Scipio speaks not as a philosopher but as a Roman statesman, exploring how best to preserve the Roman res publica.
Optimus status civitatis
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

Like his definition of res publica, Scipio’ s account of constitutional theory is highly unsatisfactory, and that is deliberate (on Cicero’s part if not on Scipio’s). It shows us that even the good simple constitutions are inequitable and thus unacceptable. It also shows that, ultimately, constitutional theory is much less important than the moral and social values of individual statesmen. So too, his account of the development of the Roman constitution significantly modifies Polybius’ rigid cycle. Scipio shows that in fact the “simple” constitutions in Rome contain elements of the mixed constitution, and the flexibility he ascribes to constitutional change leaves an important opening for the initiative of individual statesmen. Ultimately, moreover, Rome’s political development owes almost nothing to Greek ideas and almost everything to traditional Roman political wisdom and values.
Iuris consensus
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter largely concerns the debate on justice in Book 3 of De re publica. Here, Cicero re-creates the pair of speeches for and against justice delivered by the Academic Carneades in Rome in 155; in Cicero, Philus delivers an argument that neither individuals nor societies can succeed without injustice and Laelius supports the necessity of justice. The Carneadean debate is altered to fit Roman circumstances: both speeches show how Rome has behaved unjustly, both to its own citizens and to allies and other nations. Laelius, by introducing the concept of universal and natural law, shows that Rome’s recent behavior to its allies risks Rome’s future. In the subsequent discussion, Scipio demonstrates that because true res publicae must have a just constitution, the only genuine commonwealth is the ancestral constitution of Rome, but the book leaves open the question of whether contemporary Rome still abides by its ancestral justice.
Conclusion
Authors: Zetzel James E. G.
Published: May 2022

The final chapter explores the complexity of the relationship between De oratore and De re publica. Each dialogue complements the other. Each one uses the form of Platonic dialogue to examine the historical development of Roman institutions while simultaneously examining the intellectual developments (from Greece to Rome) that permit Cicero to reflect on Roman institutions and practices themselves. But while Cicero’s vision is a proud statement of Rome’s cultural achievements, it also conveys a sense of Rome’s simultaneous political rise and moral fall. In both dialogues the crucial moment in Rome’s moral history is the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus—and yet Cicero also makes the reader aware that his account is a serious oversimplification of Rome’s history. The chapter offers a final suggestion that the complex moral and literary attitudes of Cicero’s Platonic dialogues can fruitfully be compared to other major, contemporary works such as Catullus’ poem on the Wedding of Peleus and Thetis and Lucretius’ De rerum natura.
East of the Wardrobe
Authors: Ball Warwick
Published: May 2022

The great oriental empire of Calormen—origin of the Calormenes—Edward Lane’s Arabian Nights and Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians—Ruth Ritter and ‘Mrs Beaver’s Sewing Machine’: paradoxes in Narnia and Calormen; Lewis hinting that there is more in Narnia—origin of the name ‘Calormen’—Calormen and Arabia—Calormene currency—‘the fountains of prosperity irrigating the gardens of prudence’: Calormene language—Calormene names—Calormene armour—Calormene food—Aravis and Scheherezade—the god Tash—manners and customs of the Calormen—the Tisroc-Sultan figure—the city of Tashbaan, Urartu, Constantinople, and Baghdad—desert journey—Sir John Mandeville, Edward Lane, T. E. Lawrence, Agatha Christie, and Arab and Persian sources.
Of This and Other Worlds
Authors: Ball Warwick
Published: May 2022

The theme of parallel worlds—doors, gates, and the theme of portals behind the original idea of the wardrobe—John Armstrong and the Open Door—the portal as a recurring metaphor in all the books—the East as portal—the ‘deplorable word’ and the end of the world—the metaphor of houses and palaces—the influence of the Chronicles in other genres—J. K. Rowling, Philip Pullman, Terry Gilliam, and Inspector Morse; cinema and television—the idea of alternative time and its origins in the Qur’an and other Eastern sources.
First Reflections on a War
Authors: Moir Nathaniel L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyses the early Cold War in Southeast Asia. It examines this global conflict by assessing Bernard Fall's experiences and how France's return to Vietnam after World War II bound the United States to Southeast Asia in consequential ways. The chapter, through Fall's study as an early scholar in the Fulbright Program, provides a foundation for the remaining chapters on the development of the First Indochina War, the Second Indochina War and Vietnamese Revolutionary Warfare.
Political Conflict in Pakistan
Authors: Waseem Mohammad
Published: May 2022

Political conflict is endemic to a postcolonial state such as Pakistan. Reformulation of the political system after independence draws on a gradual encroachment of tradition defined in terms of identity and ideology over modernity represented by institutional design and citizen orientations. Partition led to structural discontinuity in Pakistan as a seceding state as opposed to India which was a successor state. This book explores the way militarization and judicialization of politics centralized state authority and rendered the federalist arrangement into an empty shell. Waseem traces the emergence of the master narrative based on Islamic agenda and the national project at one end and alternative narratives based on "sons of the soil" movements in East Bengal, Sindh, KP and Balochistan provinces at the other. Analyzing various patterns of conflict, between high culture seeking to transform the society and low culture rooted in the land and the people, between modernists committed to state-building and traditionalists seeking to dismantle the "colonial" state apparatus, and between civil and military elites, the book looks at education and media as longer-term breeders of conflict. The book is a wide-ranging account of a country of multiple contestations.
The Outsider
Authors: Waseem Mohammad
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the phenomenon of the outsider in Pakistan. The insider-outsider dichotomy is reflected through the low level of legitimacy of the latter in the eyes of the former. Ethnic outsiders such as Bengalis, Sindhis, Pakhtuns and the Baloch, among others, represented the periphery of the state as compared to the ultimate insiders such as Punjabis and Mohajirs. The clue to the state's agenda of securitization of the national vision, Islamization of law and the cult of unity lies in tackling the outsider. The chapter discusses the lack of political representation of religious and sectarian minorities including Hindus, Christians, and Ahmadis as well as Shias and Zikris respectively. The state opted to reverse its policies in the face of their adverse consequences in order to keep outsiders inside, such as in the cases of separation of Karachi from Sindh, status of a national language for Bengali, One-Unit, presidential form of government, quota system, Kalabagh Dam and repatriation of Biharis from Bangladesh. However, the state kept the Baloch and Ahmadi outsiders at bay.
Unregulated Cyberspace Leads to Neo-Populism
Authors: Pack Jason
Published: May 2022

This chapter shows how during the Enduring Disorder, disinformation and narratives glorifying corrupt strongmen can spread like wildfire. Specific technological advancements over the last two decades have come to amplify the implications of the lack of coordinated intergovernmental action to police cyberspace. Moreover, with chaos reigning globally and the Libyan state hollowed out by appeasement, jihadis, and external actors pulling in mutually contradictory directions, the narrative of the strongman appeals to some as the perfect antidote. General Haftar's genius has been his creation of a narrative casting himself as the only solution to Libya's myriad problems. In this, Haftar has behaved in the same way as other neo-populists. They all thrive on and come to power because of the same issues that they claim they will solve. Once in power, they exploit popular nostalgia, repressed longings for a strong leader, and a widespread desire for "things to go back to how they were." This investigation showcases how the Enduring Disorder begets the media environment in which regimes and individuals who promote disorder can thrive.
Afterword
Authors: Pack Jason
Published: May 2022

Ambassador Winer recounts his experience of mediating Libya's ongoing conflict, sharing unique insights into why optimal multinational solutions no longer emerge, namely that the UN system was designed for the Cold War and early post-Cold War periods. Now, when the Security Council is divided or ineffective, the UN simply cannot fulfil its designated functions. For Winer, the changing role of the US remains key to understanding the current historical period. From the 1990s until the Obama years, the UN and voluntary international norms largely worked, as illustrated by the broad international unity in support of America's response to the 9/11 attacks. In his view, three US presidents botched international coordination that was otherwise functional: Bush with the invasion of Iraq, Obama's overcautiousness in compensation to Bush's overaggressive approach, and Trump's giving in to Putin and abandoning traditional allies on a range of foreign policy issues. The result is a slew of competing regional power dyads: Iran/Saudi Arabia, Turkey/Egypt, UAE/Qatar, France/Italy, and so on.
The Value of the World and of Oneself
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: May 2022

This book examines the long-standing debate between philosophical optimism and pessimism in the history of philosophy, focusing on Aristotle, Maimonides, Spinoza, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Camus. Philosophical optimists maintain that the world is optimally arranged and is accordingly valuable, and that the existence of human beings is preferable over their nonexistence. Philosophical pessimists, by contrast, hold that the world is in a woeful condition and ultimately valueless, and that human nonexistence would have been preferable over human existence. Schopenhauer criticizes the optimism he locates in the Hebrew Bible and in Spinoza for being unable to square the presumed perfection of the world and its parts, including human life, with the suffering and misfortunes observable in them, and for leading to egoism and thereby to cruelty. Nietzsche, in turn, criticizes Schopenhauer’s overtly pessimistic view, inter alia, for furtively positing a perfect state for one to aspire to, thus being latently optimistic. Similarly, Camus charges Nietzsche, who announces his rejection of both optimism and pessimism, with deifying the world and oneself, thereby reverting to optimism. Interestingly, Aristotle countenances an optimistic theory, later adopted and developed by Maimonides, that is arguably capable of facing Schopenhauer’s challenge. Aristotelian optimism accounts for the perfection of the world in terms of a hierarchy of value between its parts, with human beings ranked relatively low, and recommends an attitude congruent with that ranking.
Self-Abnegation and Its Reversion to Optimism
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: May 2022

This chapter turns to Schopenhauer’s own pessimistic theory and to Nietzsche’s critique of it. For Schopenhauer, human life is generally futile and miserable. As a way out of this predicament he suggests, upon recognizing the inevitably of suffering in life, dimming the subjective investment in one’s own life, with its various goals, through what he calls the “denial of the will-to-live.” By doing so, Schopenhauer thinks, one could potentially exist in an objectively praiseworthy way. However, Schopenhauer’s position seems to involve him in a paradox, first exposed by Nietzsche, since eliminating one’s aims itself constitutes the pursuit of an aim. Furthermore, the very prospect of solving the misery inherent in the human condition and Schopenhauer’s view of the will as the true essence of all phenomena (allowing us to dissociate from our phenomenal existence by denying our “will-to-live”) make Schopenhauer’s theory lean toward the optimism he so vehemently rejects.
Optimism and Self-Devaluation #1
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: May 2022

This chapter expounds on Aristotle’s optimistic theory. Despite opposing views, the “magnanimous” person, for Aristotle, is the philosopher. That person comes to devalue humanity and devotes her life and efforts to the divine. This devotion, which seems to go against the natural tendency of organisms, is nevertheless consistent with Aristotle’s natural teleology, on which nature exhibits a clear hierarchy of species, each teleologically oriented toward the good both of itself and of superior beings. On Aristotle’s view, the world functions optimally and is perfectly good as is. Thus, his view presents an alternative to pessimism. However, it also avoids a core feature characteristic of biblical and Spinozist optimism as characterized by Schopenhauer, of the optimistic features of Schopenhauer’s theory revealed by Nietzsche, and of Nietzsche’s optimism as analyzed by Camus. For Aristotle’s view devalues humanity by comparison to superior entities and resists overvaluing humanity or oneself.
An Aristotelian Response to Schopenhauer’s Challenge to Optimism
Authors: Segev Mor
Published: May 2022

This chapter uses the results of the earlier parts of the book to assess Aristotelian optimistic theory and its ability to respond to Schopenhauer’s criticism of optimism. Schopenhauer charges that optimism cannot successfully account for the prevalence of imperfections and suffering in the world, and that it leads to moral depravity. On Aristotelian optimism, however, the perfection of the world is consistent with the existence within the world of a hierarchy of values. While humans contribute to the world’s perfection, their value is considerably outweighed by that of certain other entities, making the imperfections pertaining to human nature and life compatible with the perfection of the world. Furthermore, on that theory, it is the recognition of the low value of humanity that leads one toward virtuous, altruistic behavior. Finally, it is argued that a modified version of Aristotelian optimism can withstand further objections motivated, e.g., by a rejection of teleology.
Is Capitalism Not Good Enough?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

The core features of contemporary democratic socialist proposals are public ownership of firms and economic democracy. To fully and fairly assess democratic socialism’s desirability, we need to compare it to the best version of capitalism that humans have devised: social democratic capitalism, or what is often called the Nordic model. Social democratic capitalism features a capitalist economy, a democratic political system, good elementary and secondary schooling, a big welfare state, employment-conducive public services (childcare, job training, and others), and moderate regulation of product and labor markets. This introductory chapter offers preliminary evidence that capitalism, and particularly social democratic capitalism, is better than many democratic socialists seem to think.
Truly Democratic Politics
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better at ensuring truly democratic politics? The hypothesis that it would stems from the notion that in capitalism those with more money use that money to buy disproportionate influence on policy making. Evidence from the United States and from other affluent nations suggests that those with higher incomes do indeed tend to get what they want from government more often than those with lower incomes. However, neither the over-time pattern in America nor the pattern across rich democratic nations suggests that reducing inequality of income or wealth is the key to reducing inequality of political influence. The real gains in enhancing democracy may come from reforms such as improving education, expanding economic opportunity, revitalizing civic organizations, increasing access to voting, expanding public campaign financing, making use of deliberative citizen assemblies, and others that can be done within capitalism.
Economic Democracy
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better at achieving workplace democracy? Certainly yes, if it makes workplace democracy mandatory. But we probably don’t want to mandate that all firms be worker cooperatives, just as we wouldn’t want to mandate one-person-one-vote decision making within families. We could facilitate workplace democracy, without requiring it, via a law that allows any firm’s employees, if a majority of them vote in favor, to buy out the owner(s) and turn the company into a cooperative. Would democratic socialism be better at achieving democratic control over the economy as a whole? Possibly. But most rich democratic capitalist nations already have this in principle. And regularized discussion and negotiation between representatives of labor, business, and government—“concertation”—provides an additional dimension in countries that use it.
More Community
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: May 2022

Would democratic socialism be better than capitalism at fostering community? While critics posit that capitalism discourages tolerance, inclusion, trust, personal interconnections, and social support, the available indicators for the rich longstanding-democratic capitalist nations suggest that in certain respects things have been getting better, and in some countries they are quite good. Some advocates of socialism want more. They would like most of our behavior, not just some of it, to be unselfish. This might not be feasible, and it isn’t clear that it would even be desirable.
Can We Be Reasonable?
Authors: Allen Teresa , Lynch Michael Patrick
Published: May 2022

A long-standing and influential thought is that for democracies to function well—or perhaps to function at all—they need vigorous but reasonable public discourse. The ideal is that they should be spaces of reasons—spaces where reasons for policy decisions can be exchanged and listened to. Yet there is mounting evidence suggesting that not only are human beings subject to biases and errors in reasoning but they are also particularly bad at spotting when biases and errors affect them. As a result, one might suspect that one should be deeply skeptical about whether public discourse can ever be reasonable. In this chapter, the authors follow this suspicion to its logical conclusion, raising a novel skeptical argument based on the problem of “bad bias.” This skeptical argument raises a serious challenge to the possibility of reasonable public discourse. Even so, reflection on the argument also points toward new ways of confronting this challenge—a challenge that arguably goes to the heart of democracy itself.
What Is Ethnic Distance?
Authors: Harris Adam S.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 3 defines and elucidates the concept of ethnic distance. Ethnic distance is the degree of difference in ethnic attributes between an individual and the prototypical member of his or her group. Without this concept and its measure, we are unable to test the sociological attachment theory proposed in Chapter 2. The ethnic distance concept developed in this chapter is the only concept that can measure distance between each individual and their own group, each individual and other groups, and between each group in society. The chapter discusses key advantages of the ethnic distance approach: (1) it focuses on attributes that better capture variation in how individuals relate to and construct their ethnic identities, and (2) it provides a way to measure ethnicity in a relatively exogenous manner because it is rooted in attributes that are difficult to change. The chapter also explores the key limitations of the ethnic distance approach.
Study Design and Empirical Ethnic Distance Measure
Authors: Harris Adam S.
Published: May 2022

This study relies primarily on original panel survey data of the Coloured population in Cape Town, South Africa, to test the empirical implications of the sociological attachment theory. Chapter 5 presents the survey and larger empirical strategy followed by the survey-based measure of ethnic distance. The core analysis that engages the original panel survey data around the 2014 elections is supplemented with survey experimental analysis and analysis using real vote returns data from the South African Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). The chapter discusses the ethical considerations that went into constructing the distance measure (which is based on skin tone) and validates the measure. This measure enables us to test the theory presented in Chapter 2.
The Empirical Relationship between Ethnic Distance and Voter Behavior
Authors: Harris Adam S.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 6 executes the empirical strategy from Chapter 5 to test the theory presented in Chapter 2 on the South African case. It uses multivariate regression analysis to estimate the effect of ethnic distance on the propensity to vote with one's group and to change one’s vote due to the 2014 election campaigns. To estimate the latter, it uses ethnic distance to predict changes in vote choice across the two surveys. The chapter also uses data from the survey experiment to investigate the effects of campaign appeals more precisely. The chapter then maps survey estimates of racial distance onto real electoral outcomes from the 2014 national elections to test the effect using actual vote returns. And finally, it provides tests of the core social treatment mechanism. The chapter finds support for the argument that differential social treatment weakens identification with one’s group and reduces the likelihood of voting with the group.
Introduction
Authors: Hedges Matthew
Published: May 2022

This chapter identifies the evolution of governance within the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as the book's principal focus. By surveying literature that discusses a state's ability to enforce and maintain its authority, this chapter establishes a theoretical foundation from which to analyze how authoritarian states evade threats to their rule. The model of Neo-Corporate Praetorianism is introduced, identifying how the regime security strategy is prioritized over the concerns of the nation and the state. The military and surveillance organs provide the regime with an ability to enforce power while economic and industrial control enhance continuous control and oversight.
Military Consolidation
Authors: Hedges Matthew
Published: May 2022

Military and security forces are optimally placed to support the reign of the incumbent authority. The UAE Armed Forces have been strategically managed under the leadership of Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed, in order to increase his own direct control over affairs. This has succeeded in reprioritizing the protection of the regime over the nation and the federal state. In doing so, relationships amongst Emirati elites and with the general population have enhanced the perception of the UAE Armed Forces.
Digital Authoritarianism
Authors: Hedges Matthew
Published: May 2022

Surveillance practices are commonly used to control populations. Within the UAE, a system of total observation has been developed to target individuals and regulate social behaviors. This manifests in specific tools and undertakings through to structured regime ownership and legislation. A cohesive network of individuals has been established to oversee the collection and management of surveillance practices within the UAE, all possessing intimate and direct relations with Mohammed bin Zayed.
Hindu Nationalism in India
Authors: Sarkar Tanika
Published: May 2022

In the twenty-first century, there has been a seismic shift in Indian political, religious and social life. The country's guiding spirit was formerly a fusion of the anti-caste worldview of B.R. Ambedkar; the inclusive Hinduism of Mahatma Gandhi; and the agnostic secularism of Jawaharlal Nehru. Today, that fusion has given way to Hindutva. This now-dominant version of Hinduism blends the militant nationalism of V.D. Savarkar; the Brahmanical anti-minorityism of M.S. Golwalkar; and the global Islamophobia of India's ruling regime. It requires deep cultural analysis and historical understanding, as only the sharpest and most profoundly informed historian can provide. For two decades, Tanika Sarkar has forged a path through the alleys and byways of Hindutva. She has trawled through the writing and iconography of its organisations and institutions, including RSS schools and VHP temples. She has visited the offices and homes of Hindutva's votaries, interviewing men and women who believe fervently in their mission of Hinduising India. And she has contextualised this new ferment on the ground with her formidable archival knowledge of Hindutva's origins and development over 150 years, from Bankimchandra to the Babri mosque and beyond. This riveting book connects Hindu religious nationalism with the cultural politics of everyday India.
Educating the Children of the Hindu Rashtra
Authors: Sarkar Tanika
Published: May 2022

The chapter is based on fieldwork among RSS schools in Delhi. It recounts interviews with students at teachers about their school experiences. It also elaborates their pedagogical techniques.
The Monstrous & the Vulnerable
Authors: Jackson Leonie B.
Published: May 2022

In June 2014, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared an Islamic State in Iraq and Syria and called for Muslims around the world to migrate there. Over the next five years, around 150 women left the UK to heed this invitation, and the so-called "jihadi brides" were rarely out of the news. This book traces the media fascination with those who joined the "caliphate," including Sally Jones, Aqsa Mahmood and Shamima Begum. Through an analysis of the media that presented the "brides" for public consumption, Leonie B. Jackson reveals the gendered dualistic construction of IS women as either monstrous or vulnerable. Just as the monstrous woman was sensationalised as irredeemably evil, the vulnerable girl was represented as groomed and naïve. Both subjects were constructed in such a way that women's involvement in jihadism was detached from men's, scrutinised more closely, and explained through gender stereotypes that both erased the agency of female extremists and neglected their stated motivations. As Jackson demonstrates, these media representations also contributed to the development of new norms for dealing with the "brides," including targeted killing and the revocation of citizenship. While the vulnerable girl was potentially redeemable, the monstrous woman was increasingly considered expendable.
Gendering the ‘Jihadi Brides’
Authors: Jackson Leonie B.
Published: May 2022

The "jihadi brides" first came to media attention in July 2014 and initially little was known about their radicalization or their lives inside IS territory. As a result, familiar stereotypes about women's political violence were used to explain their motivations and activities. This chapter argues that analyses of IS women have been dominated by a security lens that focuses on radicalization, which has produced a distorted picture of the motivations and roles of women in IS's caliphate. The chapter makes the case for a feminist intersectional approach that considers how these women disrupted hegemonic femininities and threatened the gender order. By drawing attention to the religion-racialized and classed pariah femininities that these women were understood to embody, it shows how representations of the "jihadi brides" conditioned access to agency, victimhood and the resources of public sympathy.
Bad Mothers and Gender Traitors
Authors: Jackson Leonie B.
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the depiction of the monstrous woman in newspaper discourse about "jihadi brides" through two narratives of deviant femininity: the monstrous mother and the gender traitor. While the monstrous mother was understood to have abandoned her maternal life-sustaining role and sacrificed her children to jihadism, the gender traitor was seen to have exploited her femininity to befriend, manipulate and procure young women for IS. Through monster talk, these women were represented as profoundly transgressing gendered expectations by instrumentalizing their children, upholding IS patriarchy and subverting the sanctity of the home by reproducing jihadist ideology in the ungovernable private sphere. These depictions served to project well-established horror narratives onto the "jihadi brides," representing them as an evil presence that lurked threateningly on the borders between civilization and barbarism.
Hybrid Clientelism as Democracy in the Global Indian Ocean
Authors: Mohmand Shandana Khan
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the impact of hybrid clientelism in the context of rural politics in Pakistan. There are two popular claims about Pakistan's politics that are widely accepted: that its military has been omnipresent in its politics, and so its political institutions have remained weak without strong constituencies of their own; and that political parties have assembled in a modular fashion around the local power of large "feudal" landlords and kinship-based networks that organize the vote within communities. Nevertheless, electoral competition has opened up political space for marginalized voters. The Pakistani Punjab thus provides an evocative case through which to examine the impact of the hybrid clientelism that defines much of the Global Indian Ocean. At a time when democracy around the world is experiencing indeterminate fortunes, how voters engage with democratic practice and can build mechanisms to hold elected officials to account from the ground up is crucial. Doing so helps us analyze how democracy functions beyond Western-style liberal orders, in the complex politico-historical landscape of the Global Indian Ocean.
Women as Objects of Development
Authors: Karim Lamia
Published: May 2022

The growing emphasis on laissez-faire capitalism in Verhoeven's historically "thin liberal order" of the Global Indian Ocean has led to a shift away from states as the sole dominant actors in the political economy to an alliance-cum-rivalry with international donors, NGOs and multinational corporations. This chapter examines the role of women in the unfolding of the liberal order in the Global Indian Ocean from the vantage point of Bangladesh, a peripheral state on the Indian subcontinent that has successfully instrumentalized women as agents of change. Much scholarship and policy literature depicts Bangladeshi women--in their roles of mothers, recipients of micro-finance, and textile workers--as the entrepreneurial vanguard of neoliberalism with a human face: an extraordinary success story that underscores the promise of neoliberal reform. Even more significant, this phenomenon was occurring in a predominantly Muslim society where women are often assumed to be "oppressed" and without much economic agency. This chapter argues that market liberalization in the Global Indian Ocean has created some avenues for income generation, but it has also deepened precarity. If we look behind the masks of these stories of gender(ed) success, we find extremely vulnerable and highly indebted women.
Updating by Conditionalization
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces Conditionalization, Bayesians’ canonical rule for updating degrees of belief over time. It applies this rule to the Base Rate Fallacy and the Monty Hall Problem, then assesses the Bayesian conception of evidence. It then introduces initial (or hypothetical) priors, and analyzes how they can be used to represent an agent’s epistemic standards for assigning attitudes on the basis of evidence.
Further Rational Constraints
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores norms that have been proposed to supplement or replace the five core Bayesian rules. It begins by discussing the distinction between Subjective and Objective Bayesianism. Then it covers deference principles (including the Principal Principle, expert principles, and the Reflection Principle), the Principle of Indifference, maximum entropy, Countable Additivity, and Jeffrey Conditionalization.
Sixteenth-Century English Dictionaries
Authors: Considine John
Published: May 2022

Sixteenth-Century English Dictionaries is the first volume in the trilogy Dictionaries in the English-Speaking World, 1500–1800. It offers a new history of the dictionaries, wordlists, and glossaries which were compiled and read by speakers of English from the end of the Middle Ages to the year 1600: in print and manuscript; monolingual, bilingual, and polyglot; free-standing or presented beside other works. The bilingual and polyglot wordlists treated languages such as Latin, Greek, and Hebrew; French, Italian, and Spanish; other languages of Europe, the Near East, and the wider world; and Old and Middle English. They were an essential part of the cultural history of the early modern British Isles: the kinds of language study which dictionaries supported gave access to traditional knowledge, the high culture of the European Renaissance, and knowledge of a rapidly expanding intellectual world. The book surveys its subject matter from multiple perspectives, including the history of lexicography, the history of the English language, book history, and intellectual history.
Palsgrave and some contemporaries
Authors: Considine John
Published: May 2022

Chapter 3 begins with John Palsgrave’s large and elaborate lexicographical text, Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse, a learner’s grammar of the French language written in English and rich in interesting French wordlists, describing Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse itself (including its macrostructure and its sources, notably the Promptorium parvulorum) together with the records of its printing. It then gives an account of some near-contemporary contributions to lexicology: the treatment of law French by John Rastell; the Latin–English collection of phraseological material from Terence by Nicholas Udall; the treatment of botanical vocabulary by William Turner; and the treatment of medical vocabulary by Andrew Boorde.
Dictionaries of Latin from 1565 to 1580
Authors: Considine John
Published: May 2022

Chapter 10 tells the story of the dictionaries of Latin produced in the generation after Cooper’s Thesaurus. These were schoolbooks, with varied macrostructure. They included Lewys Evans’s new editions of Withals’s subject-ordered English–Latin Shorte dictionarie; Peter Levins’s Manipulus vocabulorum, an English–Latin dictionary organized by rhyme; John Higgins’s new English–Latin–French edition of Richard Howlet’s alphabetically ordered English–Latin Abcedarium, with added phraseological material, published as Huloets dictionarie; an anonymous translation of Simon Pelgrom’s synonym dictionary; and John Barrett’s alphabetically ordered English–Latin–French Alvearie, which is even richer in phraseological material than Huloets dictionarie; a second edition of the Alvearie, by the first English professional lexicographer, Abraham Fleming, added Greek. Particular attention is given to the biographical details of lexicographers, and hence to the place of Latin dictionaries in the intellectual culture of Elizabethan England.