bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of airborne Doppler wind lidar profiles near Typhoon Sinlaku on ECMWF and NOGAPS forecasts
Authors: Weissmann M. , Langland R. H. , Cardinali C. , Pauley P. M. , Rahm S.
Published: August 2011

A set of about 2500 Doppler wind lidar (DWL) profiles was measured by the DLR Falcon aircraft during the life cycle of Typhoon Sinlaku in the western North Pacific as part of the THORPEX Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T‐PARC) 2008. These DWL profiles were assimilated in the global models of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The beneficial impact of DWL observations is demonstrated with data denial experiments of both models and differences of the observation impact on analyses and forecasts are analysed. Additionally, the impact is quantified using the adjoint observation impact calculation. These calculations confirm the beneficial impact of DWL observations. The total relative contribution of DWL observations is about twice as high in the NRL system compared to the ECMWF system, which may be due to the lower number of satellite observations assimilated in the NRL system. In the NRL system, the DWL impact per observation is higher than that of other wind observations, whereas in the ECMWF system the DWL impact per observations is similar to other aircraft observations and lower than that of radiosondes. The results confirm preceding studies assimilating airborne DWL observations in numerical weather prediction models and underline the high expectations for future space‐borne DWL instruments. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparing the UK Met Office Climate Prediction System DePreSys with idealized predictability in the HadCM3 model
Authors: Liu Chunlei , Haines Keith , Iwi Alan , Smith Doug
Published: August 2011

The initial condition effect on climate prediction skill over a 2‐year hindcast time‐scale has been assessed from ensemble HadCM3 climate model runs using anomaly initialization over the period 1990–2001, and making comparisons with runs without initialization (equivalent to climatological conditions), and to anomaly persistence. It is shown that the assimilation improves the prediction skill in the first year globally, and in a number of limited areas out into the second year. Skill in hindcasting surface air temperature anomalies is most marked over ocean areas, and is coincident with areas of high sea surface temperature and ocean heat content skill. Skill improvement over land areas is much more limited but is still detectable in some cases. We found little difference in the skill of hindcasts using three different sets of ocean initial conditions, and we obtained the best results by combining these to form a grand ensemble hindcast set.

Results are also compared with the idealized predictability studies of Collins (Clim. Dynam. 2002; 19: 671–692), which used the same model. The maximum lead time for which initialization gives enhanced skill over runs without initialization varies in different regions but is very similar to lead times found in the idealized studies, therefore strongly supporting the process representation in the model as well as its use for operational predictions. The limited 12‐year period of the study, however, means that the regional details of model skill should probably be further assessed under a wider range of observational conditions. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
Density functional computational studies on 2‐[(2,4‐Dimethylphenyl)iminomethyl]‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenol
Authors: Tanak Hasan
Published: August 2011

Density functional calculations of the structure, molecular electrostatic potential, and thermodynamic functions have been performed at B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory for the title compound of 2‐[(2,4‐dimethylphenyl)iminomethyl]‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenol (I). To investigate the tautomeric stability, optimization calculations at B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level were performed for the enol and keto forms of I. Calculated results reveal that the enol form of I is more stable than its keto form. The predicted nonlinear optical properties of I are much greater than ones of urea. The changes of thermodynamic properties for the formation of the title compound with the temperature ranging from 200 to 500 K have been obtained using the statistical thermodynamic method. At 298.15 K, the change of Gibbs free energy for the formation reaction of I is 32.973 kJ/mol. The title compound can not be spontaneously produced from the isolated monomers at room temperature. The tautomeric equilibrium constant is computed as 0.868 at 298.15 K for enol‐imine↔keto‐amine tautomerization of I. In addition, natural bond orbital analysis of I was performed using the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
The association of social support and gender with life satisfaction, emotional symptoms and mental adjustment in patients following a first cardiac coronary event
Authors: Pérez‐García Ana M. , Ruiz M. Ángeles , Sanjuán Pilar , Rueda Beatriz
Published: August 2011

This study, carried out on 95 patients hospitalized because of their first cardiac coronary event, analysed the association of gender and perceived social support with life satisfaction and negative life events. More specific variables related to disease including adjustment to illness and anxiety and depression symptoms were also considered. Gender was expected to moderate the relationships between social support and the psychological variables studied. Main results showed several significant interactions between gender and social support. Men with high support reported less negative events compared with men with low support and with women with either low or high support. Women with high support used more positive adjustment compared with women with low support, whereas men did not change with social support, using always more adaptive strategies. In addition, regression analyses showed that life satisfaction was significantly predicted by social support in men. In women, this relationship was mediated by the adjustment strategies to disease. It is suggested that interventions that account for the relevance of gender and perceived support on life satisfaction, emotional distress and coping strategies following a recently diagnosed cardiac disease may facilitate adjustment and well‐being. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal relationships between self‐efficacy, post‐traumatic distress and salivary cortisol among motor vehicle accident survivors
Authors: Cieslak Roman , Benight Charles C. , Luszczynska Aleksandra , Laudenslager Mark L.
Published: August 2011

The present study tested if post‐traumatic distress following a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and MVA‐related self‐efficacy beliefs were associated with diurnal salivary cortisol in the early post‐traumatic period. Cortisol was collected upon awakening and at 1, 4 and 12 h after waking. Collection days were 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after MVA. A total of 30 participants provided their cortisol samples across all measurement points. Two methods for computing the area under the cortisol curve were used. Higher post‐traumatic distress at 1 month predicted lower cortisol area under the curve (AUC) with respect to increase (AUCI, reflecting changes in cortisol secretions during daytime) at 3 months. AUC with respect to ground (AUCG, reflecting total cortisol release during daytime), measured at 1 month after trauma, predicted higher post‐traumatic distress at 3 months. The results showed that self‐efficacy at 1 week indirectly predicted 3‐month AUCI through 1‐month post‐traumatic distress. These findings highlight the importance of self‐efficacy and post‐traumatic distress in explaining longitudinal diurnal patterns of cortisol secretion after trauma. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The theory of preventive stress management: a 33‐year review and evaluation
Authors: Hargrove M. Blake , Quick James Campbell , Nelson Debra L. , Quick Jonathan D.
Published: August 2011

The theory of preventive stress management (TPSM) has contributed to theoretical understanding, empirical exploration and organizational practices since its introduction in 1979. This paper describes the theoretical concepts contained in the theory, reviews the empirical findings based on the theory and outlines the organizational practices associated with the application of the theory. Special attention is given to the contribution of the three principal authors associated with the theory as well as the work of their key collaborators. The impact of the theory is evaluated and discussed. Opportunities for future research based on the TPSM are offered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance implications of outsourcing for technological innovations: managing the efficiency and adaptability trade‐off
Authors: Weigelt Carmen , Sarkar MB
Published: August 2011

We explore how increasing efficiency compromises adaptability when a firm outsources during the emergent stages of a technological innovation. Since efficiency ‐related problems differ in complexity and structure from those associated with adaptability, their optimal governance differs. While the former benefits from outsourcing, the latter is better off managed within organizational boundaries. In addition, a firm's ability to engage in complex problem solving buffers the efficiency‐adaptability trade‐off that occurs with increasing levels of outsourcing. In this study, we find support for our theses. Although outsourcing yields efficiency gains up to a certain point, it hurts adaptability. However, a firm's absorptive capacity mitigates this trade‐off. Our data on outsourcing for Internet banking is both archival and based on two surveys conducted with 100 U.S. banks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Untangling Dynamic and Operational Capabilities: Strategy for the (N)ever‐Changing World
Authors: Helfat Constance E. , Winter Sidney G.
Published: August 2011

We explain why the line between dynamic and operational (or ordinary) capabilities is unavoidably blurry, draw implications for capabilities that promote economically important but seemingly gradual change, and provide recommendations for future research that takes these issues into account. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Action at a Distance: Systemically Administered Adult Stem/Progenitor Cells (MSCs) Reduce Inflammatory Damage to the Cornea Without Engraftment and Primarily by Secretion of TNF-α Stimulated Gene/Protein 6
Authors: Roddy Gavin W. , Oh Joo Youn , Lee Ryang Hwa , Bartosh Thomas J. , Ylostalo Joni , Coble Katie , Rosa Robert H. , Prockop Darwin J.
Published: August 2011

Previous reports demonstrated that the deleterious effects of chemical injury to the cornea were ameliorated by local or systemic administration of adult stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow referred to as mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs). However, the mechanisms for the beneficial effects of MSCs on the injured cornea were not clarified. Herein, we demonstrated that human MSCs (hMSCs) were effective in reducing corneal opacity and inflammation without engraftment after either intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) administration following chemical injury to the rat cornea. A quantitative assay for human mRNA for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) demonstrated that less than 10 hMSCs were present in the corneas of rats 1-day and 3 days after i.v. or i.p. administration of 1 × 107 hMSCs. In vitro experiments using a transwell coculture system demonstrated that chemical injury to corneal epithelial cells activated hMSCs to secrete the multipotent anti-inflammatory protein TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6). In vivo, the effects of i.v. injection of hMSCs were largely abrogated by knockdown of TSG-6. Also, the effects of hMSCs were essentially duplicated by either i.v. or topical administration of TSG-6. Therefore, the results demonstrated that systemically administered hMSCs reduce inflammatory damage to the cornea without engraftment and primarily by secretion of the anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6 in response to injury signals from the cornea.
Nanotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Pham Christine T. N.
Published: August 2011

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory disease characterized by progressive bone and cartilage destruction, resulting in severe functional limitations, shortened lifespan, and increased mortality rates. Recent advances and new treatment approaches have significantly delayed disease progression and improved the quality of life for many patients. Yet few patients attain or can be maintained in disease remission without continuous immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, a sizable portion of patients also fails to respond or eventually develops tolerance to current therapies. Thus there is a continued need for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of RA. Unlike conventional drugs, nanosystems are designed to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the site of inflammation, therefore avoiding potential systemic and off‐target unwanted effects. They allow investigators to consider or reconsider therapeutic agents that were previously deemed too toxic to deliver through a systemic route. This article reviews recent nanotechnology‐based strategies that are being developed for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 607–619 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.157

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
The Coordination Behaviour of Ferrocene‐based Pyridylphosphine Ligands towards AgI and AuI
Authors: Siemeling Ulrich , Klemann Thorsten , Bruhn Clemens , Schulz Jiří , Štěpnička Petr
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The reaction of the P,N‐ligands [Fe(C5H4‐PPh2)(C5H4‐2‐py)] (1) (2‐py = pyrid‐2‐yl), [Fe(C5H4‐PPh2)(C5H4‐CH2‐2‐py)] (2) and [Fe(C5H4‐PPh2)(C5H4‐3‐py)] (3) (3‐py = pyrid‐3‐yl) with Ag[BF4] in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio afforded complexes of the type [Ag(L)][BF4] (L = 1–3), which were structurally characterised by X‐ray diffraction. Two structure types were observed in the solid state, viz. coordination polymer (L = 1, 2) and cyclic dimer (L = 2, 3). The reaction of1–3 with one equivalent of [AuCl(tht)] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) afforded complexes of the type [AuCl(L‐κP)] (L = 1–3), whose crystal structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction. Their reactions with one equivalent of Ag[BF4] gave products of the general composition [Au(L)][BF4]; of these the cyclic dimer {[Au(μ‐1)][BF4]}2 wasstructurally characterised by X‐ray diffraction. The P,N,P‐ligandC5H3N‐2,6‐(fcPPh2)2 (4, fc = 1,1′‐ferrocenediyl) was synthesised by Negishi cross‐coupling of Ph2PfcZnCl with 2,6‐dibromopyridine. Its crystal structure was determined by X‐ray diffraction. The reaction of 4 with two equivalents of [AuCl(tht)] afforded the dinuclear gold(I) complex [(AuCl)2(μ‐4‐κ2P,P)]. The mononuclear gold(I) complex [Au(4‐κ2P,P)][SbF6] was obtained in a one‐pot reaction of 4 with one equivalent of [AuCl(tht)] and subsequently with one equivalent of Ag[SbF6]; it contains 4 in a trans‐chelating binding mode, as revealed by a crystal structure determination.
Alkaline Earth Metal Salts of 5,5′‐Bistetrazole – from Academical Interest to Practical Application
Authors: Fischer Niko , Klapötke Thomas M. , Peters Kristina , Rusan Magdalena , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: August 2011

The alkaline earth metal salts of 5,5′‐BT, [Be(H2O)4](5,5′‐BT)·H2O (1), [Mg(H2O)6(5,5′‐BT)·3H2O (2), [Ca(H2O)4(5,5′‐BT)]·H2O (3), [Sr(H2O)4(5,5′‐BT)]·2DMF (4), and [Ba(H2O)4(5,5′‐BT)] (5) were fully characterized by low temperature X‐ray diffraction, vibrational (IR, Raman) and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A detailed description of the crystal structures is given. In addition, the potential use of 4 and 5 in coloring pyrotechnical compositions was investigated.
Coordination Polymers of the Heterotopic 1,4‐Phenylene­bis(oxy)diacetic Acid Ligand: Cadmium(II) Complexes
Authors: Georgeta Grosu Ioana , Lönnecke Peter , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Luminita , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: August 2011

Three different coordination polymers were obtained from the reaction of 1,4‐phenylenebis(oxy)diacetic acid withCd(OAc)2·3H2O depending on the reaction conditions and the coligand. With pyridine as coligand, one‐dimensional coordination polymers [Cd{1,4‐(OOCCH2O)2C6H4}(C5H5N)2(H2O)]n (1) (at 60 °C) and [Cd{1,4‐(OOCCH2O)2C6H4}(C5H5N)3]n·2nH2O (2) (solvothermal conditions) were obtained, whereas 4,4′‐bipyridine as coligand resulted in the two‐dimensional polymer [Cd2{1,4‐(OOCCH2O)2C6H4}2(C10H8N2)(H2O)2]n (3), as shown by X‐ray structure analysis. On heating (TG coupled with MS), 3 loses the two coordinated water molecules at ca. 230 °C and decomposes above 300 °C.
The Cultural Influences on Help‐seeking Among a National Sample of Victimized Latino Women
Authors: Sabina Chiara , Cuevas Carlos A. , Schally Jennifer L.
Published: August 2011

The current study examined the influence of legal status and cultural variables (i.e., acculturation, gender role ideology and religious coping) on the formal and informal help‐seeking efforts of Latino women who experienced interpersonal victimization. The sample was drawn from the Sexual Assault Among Latinas (SALAS) Study that surveyed 2,000 self‐identified adult Latino women. The random digit dial methodology employed in high‐density Latino neighborhoods resulted in a cooperation rate of 53.7%. Women who experienced lifetime victimization (n= 714) reported help‐seeking efforts in response to their most distressful victimization event that occurred in the US. Approximately one‐third of the women reported formal help‐seeking and about 70% of women reported informal help‐seeking. Help‐seeking responses were generally not predicted by the cultural factors measured, with some exceptions. Anglo orientation and negative religious coping increased the likelihood of formal help‐seeking. Positive religious coping, masculine gender role and Anglo acculturation increased the likelihood of specific forms of informal help‐seeking. Latino orientation decreased the likelihood of talking to a sibling. Overall, these findings reinforce the importance of bilingual culturally competent services as cultural factors shape the ways in which women respond to victimization either formally or within their social networks.
Supporting the Need for an Integrated System of Care for Youth with Co‐occurring Traumatic Stress and Substance Abuse Problems
Authors: Suarez Liza M. , Belcher Harolyn M. E. , Briggs Ernestine C. , Titus Janet C.
Published: August 2011

Adolescents are at high risk for violence exposure and initiation of drug use. Co‐occurring substance use and trauma exposure are associated with increased risk of mental health disorders, school underachievement, and involvement with multiple systems of care. Coordination and integration of systems of care are of utmost importance for these vulnerable youth. This study delineates the negative sequelae and increased service utilization patterns of adolescents with a history of trauma, substance abuse, and co‐occurring trauma and substance abuse to support the need for integrated mental health and substance abuse services for youth. Data from two national sources, the National Child Traumatic Stress Network and Center for Substance Abuse Treatment demonstrate the increased clinical severity (measured by reports of emotional and behavioral problems), dysfunction, and service utilization patterns for youth with co‐occurring trauma exposure and substance abuse. We conclude with recommendations for an integrated system of care that includes trauma‐informed mental health treatment and substance abuse services aimed at reducing the morbidity and relapse probability of this high‐risk group.
Heat stress on reproductive function and fertility in mammals
Authors: Takahashi Masashi
Published: August 2011

In most mammalian species including cattle, heat stress has deleterious effects on nutritional, physiological and reproductive functions. Exposure of animals to a hot environment causes an increase in body temperature in mammals, including domestic animals. High ambient temperature also causes a decrease in the length and intensity of estrus by disturbing ovarian function as well as decreasing pregnancy rate after artificial insemination. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of heat stress on reproductive function in order to improve the production of domestic animals. Heat stress decreases appetite, weight gain, and milk yield in dairy cattle. It also adversely affects the reproductive performance of both sexes. In males, it reduces spermatogenic activity, while in females it adversely impacts oogenesis, oocyte maturation, fertilization development and implantation rate. Detection and evaluation of the deteriorating effects of heat stress on reproductive organs and cells can help to design measures to prevent them and improve reproductive functions. In this review, we discuss the impacts of heat stress on reproductive functions.
Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory. Edited by Kevin C. Dunn and Timothy M. Shaw. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 242p. $65.00.
Authors: Adibe Clement E.
Published: August 2011

Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory, edited by Kevin Dunn and Timothy Shaw, offers a timely reflection on the content and nuance of international relations theory in an era of “the new inequality” (Craig Murphy, “Political Consequences of the New Inequality,” International Studies Quarterly 45 [September 2001]: 347–56). The central question posed by the authors is: How international is international relations theory? In the authors' view, not very much. As a consequence, their objective in the volume is “to replace the dominant/dominating denotative reading of the IR text with a more pluralist connotative reading” (p. 8; my emphasis). Drawing on African experiences in the discipline of international relations, all 13 chapters of this engaging volume take aim at various manifestations of the Eurocentricity and “provincialism” of international relations theory then and now. Very early in the volume, Dunn sets the stage for a deliberate and systematic engagement with the discipline for its relegation of Africa to the footnote of international relations theory (p. 4).
Pregnancy augments hepatic glucose storage in response to a mixed meal
Authors: Courtney Moore Mary , Smith Marta S. , Connolly Cynthia C.
Published: August 2011

Studies were carried out on conscious female non-pregnant (NP) and pregnant (P; third-trimester) dogs (n 16; eight animals per group) to define the role of the liver in mixed meal disposition with arteriovenous difference and tracer techniques. Hepatic and hindlimb substrate disposal was assessed for 390 min during and after an intragastric mixed meal infusion labelled with [14C]glucose. The P dogs exhibited postprandial hyperglycaemia compared with NP dogs (area under the curve (AUC; change from basal over 390 min) of arterial plasma glucose: 86 680 (sem 12 140) and 187 990 (sem 33 990) mg/l in NP and P dogs, respectively; P < 0·05). Plasma insulin concentrations did not differ significantly between the groups (AUC: 88 230 (sem 16 314) and 69 750 (sem 19 512) pmol/l in NP and P dogs, respectively). Net hepatic glucose uptake totalled 3691 (sem 508) v. 5081 (sem 1145) mg/100 g liver in NP and P dogs, respectively (P = 0·38). The AUC of glucose oxidation by the gut and hindlimb were not different in NP and P dogs, but hepatic glucose oxidation (84 (sem 13) v. 206 (sem 30) mg/100 g liver) and glycogen synthesis (0·4 (sem 0·5) v. 26 (sem 0·7) g/100 g liver) were greater in P dogs (P < 0·05). The proportion of hepatic glycogen deposited via the direct pathway did not differ between the groups. Hindlimb glucose uptake and skeletal muscle glycogen synthesis was similar between the groups, although final glycogen concentrations were higher in NP dogs (9·6 (sem 0·6) v. 70 (sem 0·6) mg/g muscle; P < 0·05). Thus, hepatic glucose oxidation and glycogen storage were augmented in late pregnancy. Enhanced hepatic glycogen storage following a meal probably facilitates the maintenance of an adequate glucose supply to maternal and fetal tissues during the post-absorptive period.
CARTEL MEMBERS ONLY—REVISITING PRIVATE ANTITRUST POLICY IN EUROPE
Authors: Peyer Sebastian
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the current European private antitrust enforcement policy. The European Commission's White Paper of 2008, the unofficial Draft Directive of 2009 and the collective redress consultation of 2011 consider a facilitated access to private actions for all types of antitrust violations under articles 101 and 102 TFEU in order to effectively compensate the victims of anticompetitive conduct. Assuming that changes are necessary, the paper argues that it might be worthwhile to limit this policy to damages claims against hardcore violations such as cartels. This suggestion is based on two main arguments. Firstly, the current European private antitrust policy probably underestimates the risks of more damages actions against all types of infringements neglecting insights from the economic analysis of law. Secondly, a revised approach is not only in line with the thinking that underpins the reform but also addresses an actual need as revealed by a comparison of litigation data from different jurisdictions. Refining the European private antitrust policy, it is argued that a focus on hard-core anticompetitive constraints such as price fixing would mitigate the potential for a strategic use of antitrust litigation and reduce the likelihood that the reform of European antitrust damages actions will lead to negative outcomes.
STATUTES OF LIMITATION BETWEEN CLASSIFICATION AND RENVOI—AUSTRALIAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN APPROACHES COMPARED
Authors: Harder Sirko
Published: August 2011

This article compares the ways in which Australian and South African courts have approached issues of classification and renvoi where a defendant argues that the action is time-barred. There are two differences in approach. First, Australian courts classify all statutes of limitation as substantive, whereas South African courts distinguish between right-extinguishing statutes (substantive) and merely remedy-barring statutes (procedural). Second, the High Court of Australia has used renvoi in the context of the limitation of actions whereas South African courts have yet to decide on whether to use renvoi. This article assesses the impact of those differences in various situations.
I. DE-RECOGNITION OF COLONEL QADDAFI AS HEAD OF STATE OF LIBYA?
Authors: Talmon Stefan
Published: August 2011

On 27 February 2011, it was reported in the media that the United Kingdom had revoked the diplomatic immunity of Libyan leader Mu'ammar Qaddafi and his family.1 Earlier that day, the British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, told BBC1's Andrew Marr Show:

[…] the people of Libya have risen up against Colonel Gaddafi. We have here a country descending in to [sic] civil war with atrocious scenes of killing of protestors and a Government actually making war on its own people so, of course, it is time for Colonel Gaddafi to go. That is the best hope for Libya and last night I signed a directive revoking his diplomatic immunity in the United Kingdom but also the diplomatic immunity of his sons, his family, his household so it's very clear where we stand on, on his status as a Head of State.2

Although Colonel Qaddafi claimed not to have any ‘official position’ in the Libyan State apparatus,3 he has been widely regarded as the Head of State of Libya. The French Court of Cassation held in March 2001 that, as the serving Head of State of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, he was completely immune in respect of alleged complicity in acts of terrorism.4 William Hague's statement seemed to give the impression that the United Kingdom no longer recognized Colonel Qaddafi as ‘Head of State’ and thus denied him diplomatic immunity, despite the fact that he was still being listed as such on the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's website ‘Country Profile: Libya’.5 This impression was reinforced by his statement that a British special forces operation the night before which rescued some 150 oil workers from remote desert camps in Libya had been carried out without the ‘official permission’ of the Qaddafi Government.6
II. INTERNATIONAL MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS IN LIBYA AND CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Authors: Henderson Christian
Published: August 2011

The interpretation of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter has been the elephant in the room, or more accurately the chamber of the Council, since the bitter divisions over the ‘revival argument’ and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.1 Although there has been some evidence of an increase in the specificity of UNSC resolutions in an effort to avoid the same difficulties reoccurring,2 the margin of appreciation provided to States in interpreting the mandates provided to them has recently come into focus again.
IV. CHINA AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: THE FIRST DECADE
Authors: Toohey Lisa
Published: August 2011

By the end of 2011, China will have been a member of the World Trade Organization (the WTO) for a decade. While China has undergone dramatic changes to implement commitments contained in its Protocol of Accession,1debate continues as to whether China has adequately complied with its obligations under the WTO Agreements in both letter and spirit. Some of this debate remains in the political arena, where China is censured over such issues as currency controls and or equality of access for foreign firms like Google; however, it is in the legal arena, and specifically within the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body, that some of the most controversial issues are raised, both against and by China.
I. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, ACCORDANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE UNILATERAL DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN RESPECT OF KOSOVO, ADVISORY OPINION OF 22 JULY 2010
Authors: Jacobs Dov
Published: August 2011

‘Is the unilateral declaration of independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo in accordance with international law?’ It is to answer this question that the General Assembly of the United Nations (‘UNGA’) requested an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (‘ICJ’). The request, adopted in October 20081 and initially sponsored by Serbia, was triggered by the declaration of independence of Kosovo issued on the 17 February 2008.2 Some two years later, on the 22 July 2010, the ICJ delivered its Advisory Opinion.3 By a 10–4 vote, the ICJ found that the declaration of independence of Kosovo did not violate international law.
II. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, CASE CONCERNING AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO (REPUBLIC OF GUINEA V DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO) JUDGEMENT OF 30 NOVEMBER 2010
Authors: Andenas Mads
Published: August 2011

This is the first time in its history, to the best of my knowledge, that the International Court of Justice has established violations of the two human rights treaties at issue, together, namely, at universal level, the 1966 UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and, at regional level, the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, both in the framework of the universality of human rights.

This is the opening paragraph of Judge Cançado Trindade's Separate Opinion in the Diallo case. The ICJ's judgment is a remarkable decision contributing to the widening and deepening of international law and has consequences for several fundamental questions, including the role of the ICJ and international law in making human rights effective, erga omnes and jus cogens rules, customary law, evidence, and several substantive rules. In bringing the transformation of international law one step further, the Diallo judgment develops the ICJ as ‘the principal judicial organ of the United Nations’1 at the top of an open international law system. To achieve this, the Court had to overcome a series of jurisdictional and procedural hurdles.2 All the permanent judges of the ICJ agreed that Congo had violated the prohibition on arbitrary detention and expulsion and that the violations gave rise to a right of compensation. The ICJ's use of sources from other international and regional bodies as sources of authority, indicates solutions to fragmentation problems.
A Sentimental Journey: Mapping the Interior Frontier of Japanese Settlers in Colonial Korea
Authors: Uchida Jun
Published: August 2011

This article explores the role of affect and sentiment in shaping cross-cultural encounters in late colonial Korea, as seen and experienced through the eyes of Japanese men and women who grew up in Seoul. By interweaving the oral and written testimonies of former settlers who came of age on the peninsula between the late 1920s and the end of colonial rule in 1945, the paper attempts to reconstruct their emotional journey into adulthood as young offspring of empire: specifically, how they apprehended colonialism, what they felt when encountering different segments of the Korean population, and in what ways their understanding of the world and themselves changed as a result of these interactions. Focusing on the intimate and everyday zones of contact in family and school life, this study more broadly offers a way to understand colonialism without reducing complex local interactions to abstract mechanisms of capital and bureaucratic rule.
Performing the Village Square in Interwar Japan: Toward a Hidden History of Public Space
Authors: Long Hoyt
Published: August 2011

Histories of public space generally assume a strong correlation between the health of a nation's civil society and the vibrancy of its public sites, in so much as the latter provide an observable venue for free assembly and popular protest. This essay, while not opposing such a view, offers a corrective to the kind of history it encourages, wherein public space appears politically relevant only at its most visible moments. Framing the analysis is Japanese provincial writer Miyazawa Kenji (1896–1933) and his “Poran no hiroba” (Poran's Square), which survives as a piece of school theater and an evolving prose narrative about a rural youth who reclaims for his agrarian community a site of shared assembly. By interrogating public space as an object of the literary and theatrical imagination, specifically in the context of interwar rural Japan, the author argues that its less visible aspects have much to tell us about its relation to civil society, both perceived and actual, in the waning years of “Imperial Democracy.”
Do-it-yourself grommets
Authors: Maung K H , Tun T , Stafford N D
Published: August 2011

In the absence of a healthcare budget enabling the import of ready-made aural grommets, Myanmar ENT surgeons have devised an ingenious ‘home-grown’ solution. We describe how grommets are made from raw materials bought from the local market.
Chinese Temples and Philanthropic Associations in Thailand
Authors: Formoso Bernard
Published: August 2011

Among the Chinese associations in Thailand which who have shown the highest rate of expansion the last decades have a philanthropic aim. This paper places such associations in their social, historical, and religious context, and describes their multifarious activities, showing that they play an important role in the persistence of Chinese identity in Thailand.
Rumours of Sorcery at an Indonesian University
Authors: Wessing Robert
Published: August 2011

Recently the Indonesian press has paid increased attention to reports or rumours of the use of sorcery by various people in order to gain or to hold onto official positions, or to influence others who hold such positions. This paper examines rumours concerning these practices in an Indonesian university, considering them both in the context of Javanese cosmological and magical beliefs, and within the social and economic realities of the university community. The conclusion is that whether or not magical attacks actually take place, preventative measures give people a feeling of safety and perhaps smooth the path to success.
Being Protestant Christians in Southeast Asian Worlds
Authors: Keyes Charles F.
Published: August 2011

The five cases of Protestant Christian practice in Indonesia and Thailand presented in this symposium are used to develop a sociology of Protestantism in Southeast Asia. A review is first undertaken of the history of Protestant missionary activity in Southeast Asia. Protestantism, it is observed, insists on the ultimate authority of the Bible. This authority has not been accepted by Southeast Asians until they have access to the Christian message in their own languages and they are motivated to adopt Christian practices as a means to confront deep crises in their lives. The establishment of Protestant Christianity has entailed the interpreting of the Christian message with reference to the non-Christian contexts in which Protestants in Southeast Asia live.
Discarding the Basket: The Reinterpretation of Tradition by Akha Christians of Northern Thailand
Authors: Kammerer Cornelia Ann
Published: August 2011

Protestant Akha highlanders of Northern Thailand held a Silver Jubilee in 1987 celebrating the initial conversions to Christianity twenty-five years earlier. The Akha-language translation of the passage from the Gospel of Matthew selected as the Jubilee's theme evokes the image of a laden basket from a pre-Christian folktale accounting for the differentiation of Akha from other ethnic groups, and the Protestant Akha used this traditional image to separate themselves from non-Christian Akha. This paper explores the transformation of a symbolic vehicle for interethnic differentiation into a vehicle for intraethnic differentiation. Use of this laden basket image is viewed as part of intraethnic dialogues of identity, which are themselves embedded in dialogues of identity between Christian as well as traditionalist members of the Akha tribal minority and Buddhist Thai, who are Thailand's dominant majority both politically and culturally.
Reading the Bible in a Javanese Village
Authors: Morris Leslie A.
Published: August 2011

Reading the Bible is the principal religious practice of many Javanese Protestants. It is here compared to Javanese interpretive approaches to other texts, such as the Qur'an, magical formulae, and schoolbooks. While many aspects of the format of the village Bible study group constitute a break with conventional Javanese interpretive practices, the interpretive discourse of a Bible study meeting is still constrained by long-standing status and gender distinctions. Nevertheless, the innovative format of Bible study opens some room for interpretations that undercut more authoritative and conservative readings.
The Colonial Office and Governor Ord
Authors: Legge John
Published: August 2011

Sir Harry Ord, first Governor of the Straits Settlements after their transfer from the Government of India to the Colonial Office in 1867, found himself continually at odds with the Colonial Office. The irritable exchanges between Singapore and London throw light on Colonial Office perceptions of the procedures appropriate to Crown Colony government in a new imperial age.
Japanese Economic Activities in Sabah from the 1890s until 1941
Authors: Osman Sabihah
Published: August 2011

Most writings on Sabah's socio-economic development tend to focus on the roles by the British and other Europeans but neglect contributions by the Japanese, who were at least equally important to Sabah's economic growth. This article provides a study of Japanese economic activity in Sabah, focusing on immigrant workers and highlighting the policies of successive Japanese governments toward emigration to Sabah.
Communal Irrigation, State, and Capital in the Chiang Mai Valley (Northern Thailand): Twentieth-Century Transformations
Authors: Cohen Paul T. , Pearson Ross E.
Published: August 2011

Transformations this century in communal irrigation in the Chiang Mai Valley, northern Thailand, are examined under the impact of political and economic changes such as state centralization, the intensification of capitalist agriculture, and urbanization. An anthropological political economy perspective is applied in placing anthropological subjects (irrigation weir communities and their leaders) at the intersection of local, national and global processes which allows scope for the agency of these subjects within the structural constraints imposed by political economy changes.
Regionalism and the Nature of Nguyen Rule in Seventeenth-Century Dang Trong (Cochinchina)
Authors: Cooke Nola
Published: August 2011

Analyses of regionalism in the Vietnamese past usually adopt a north-south dichotomy. This essay presents a more nuanced approach to one case, Nguyen rule in Cochinchina (Dang Trong), by arguing it was initially a form of Thanh Hoa colonialism, rather than colonization, and only developed a truly southern focus after Nguyen rulers failed to regain their family's ascendancy at the Restored Le court.
Drug resistance maps to guide intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in African infants
Authors: NAIDOO INBARANI , ROPER CALLY
Published: August 2011

Intermittent preventive treatment of infants (IPTi) with sulphadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended as an additional malaria control intervention in high transmission areas of sub-Saharan Africa, provided its protective efficacy is not compromised by SP resistance. A significant obstacle in implementing SP-IPTi, is in establishing the degree of resistance in an area. Since SP monotherapy is discontinued, no contemporary measures of in vivo efficacy can be made, so the World Health Organisation has recommended a cut-off based upon molecular markers, stating that SP-IPTi should not be implemented when the prevalence of the dhps 540E mutation among infections exceeds 50%. We created a geo-referenced database of SP resistance markers in Africa from published literature. By selecting surveys of malaria infected blood samples conducted since 2004 we have mapped the contemporary prevalence of dhps 540E. Additional maps are freely available in interactive form at http://www.drugresistancemaps.org/ipti/. Eight countries in East Africa are classified as unsuitable for SP-IPTi when data are considered at a national level. Fourteen countries in Central and West Africa were classified as suitable while seven countries had no available contemporary data to guide policy. There are clear deficiencies in molecular surveillance data coverage. We discuss requirements for ongoing surveillance of SP resistance markers in support of the use of SP-IPTi.
Location and progression of cerebral small-vessel disease and atrophy, and depressive symptom profiles: The Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART)-Medea study
Authors: Grool A. M. , van der Graaf Y. , Mali W. P. Th. M. , Witkamp Th. D. , Vincken K. L. , Geerlings M. I.
Published: August 2011

Background

The ‘vascular depression’ hypothesis states that brain changes located in frontal-subcortical pathways increase vulnerability for specific depressive symptom profiles, but studies examining locations of small-vessel and degenerative changes with individual symptoms are scarce. We examined whether location and progression of white-matter lesions (WMLs), lacunar infarcts and atrophy were associated with motivational and mood symptoms in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease.

Method

In 578 patients [63 (s.d.=8) years] of the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART)-Medea study, volumes of WMLs and atrophy and visually rated infarcts were obtained with 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and after 3.9 (s.d.=0.4) years' follow-up. Depressive symptoms were assessed with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 at follow-up and categorized into motivational and mood symptoms.

Results

Regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, education, Mini-Mental State Examination, physical functioning, antidepressant use and vascular risk factors showed that location in mainly deep white-matter tracts and progression of WMLs were associated with symptoms of anhedonia, concentration problems, psychomotor retardation and appetite disturbance. Lacunar infarcts in deep white matter were associated with greater motivational [Incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–2.4] and mood (IRR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.6) sumscores, and with symptoms of psychomotor retardation, energy loss and depressed mood; lacunar infarcts in the thalamus were associated with psychomotor retardation only. Cortical atrophy was associated with symptoms of anhedonia and appetite disturbance. Excluding patients with major depression did not materially change the results.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that disruption of frontal-subcortical pathways by small-vessel lesions leads to a symptom profile that is mainly characteristic of motivational problems, also in the absence of major depression.
Emotion recognition and oxytocin in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Averbeck B. B. , Bobin T. , Evans S. , Shergill S. S.
Published: August 2011

Background

Studies have suggested that patients with schizophrenia are impaired at recognizing emotions. Recently, it has been shown that the neuropeptide oxytocin can have beneficial effects on social behaviors.

Method

To examine emotion recognition deficits in patients and see whether oxytocin could improve these deficits, we carried out two experiments. In the first experiment we recruited 30 patients with schizophrenia and 29 age- and IQ-matched control subjects, and gave them an emotion recognition task. Following this, we carried out a second experiment in which we recruited 21 patients with schizophrenia for a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of the effects of oxytocin on the same emotion recognition task.

Results

In the first experiment we found that patients with schizophrenia had a deficit relative to controls in recognizing emotions. In the second experiment we found that administration of oxytocin improved the ability of patients to recognize emotions. The improvement was consistent and occurred for most emotions, and was present whether patients were identifying morphed or non-morphed faces.

Conclusions

These data add to a growing literature showing beneficial effects of oxytocin on social–behavioral tasks, as well as clinical symptoms.