bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Counseling for a Prenatal Diagnosis of Structural Chromosomal Abnormality with High-Resolution Analysis Using a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Microarray
Authors: Takashima Akiko , Takeshita Naoki , Kinoshita Toshihiko
Published: August 2016

A 41-year old pregnant woman underwent amniocentesis to conduct a conventional karyotyping analysis; the analysis reported an abnormal karyotype: 46,XY,add(9)(p24). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is utilized in prenatal diagnoses. A single nucleotide polymorphism microarray revealed a male fetus with balanced chromosomal translocations on 9p and balanced chromosomal rearrangements, but another chromosomal abnormality was detected. The fetus had microduplication. The child was born as a phenotypically normal male. CMA is a simple and informative procedure for prenatal genetic diagnosis. CMA is the detection of chromosomal variants of unknown clinical significance; therefore, genetic counseling is important during prenatal genetic testing.
A NEW METHOD OF TRACKING THE GULF STREAM1
Authors: Fuglister F. C. , Voorhis A. D.
Published: August 2016

It has been found possible to map the path of the Gulf Stream rapidly over long distances by towing a temperature sensor at a depth of 200 m. The strategy is to steer the ship along the 15C‐isotherm, which approximates the middle of the horizontal temperature gradient characteristic of the Gulf Stream at 200 m and represents a position close to the maximum surface current. Various positions of the stream as observed in the summer and fall of 1964 are discussed. Meanders were seen to shift toward the east with translational speeds of 5–6 cm/sec. It is suggested that the deep and bottom currents of the Gulf Stream must occasionally follow a path different from that of the surface current.
PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF COLOR CHANGE IN THE SAND FLOUNDER SCOPTHALAMUS AQUOSUS1
Authors: Scott George T.
Published: August 2016

An elucidation of the mechanisms of chromatophore control in teleost fishes involves consideration of the participation of the nervous system (pigment concentrating and dispersing fibers) and an evaluation of influences mediated by pituitary hormones. The sand flounder, Scopthalamus aquasus Norman (Lophosetta muculatu Gill) was investigated by neurological and pharmacological methods.

Nerve cutting, blocking and stimulation experiments revealed unequivocally functional pigment aggregating but not dispersing fibers.

Acetyl choline and eserine when injected into the spinal cord bring about excitation of pigment concentrating nerve fibers but have no local effect on melanocytes. Drugs causing local pigment aggregation are aromatic ethyl amines or hydrazines. Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine are extremely active. The most potent pigment dispersing drugs were certain phenothiazine tranquilizers.

Pretreatment with pyrogallol markedly potentiated epinephrine and norepinephrine but raised the effective dose of five of the drugs having pigment dispersing properties.

The pharmacological data suggest a catechol amine as the transmitter at concentrating nerve fiber endings, and that the enzyme catechol‐o‐methyl transferase is involved in the physiology of color change in the sand flounder.
NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FRESHWATER MUSSEL ANODONTA IMPLICATA SAY AND THE ALEWIFE POMOLBUS PSEUDOHARENGUS (WILSON)1
Authors: Dawnport Demorest , Warmuth Maryanna
Published: August 2016

“Were there more connections between us that needed exploration?”—John Hay: The Run.

An ecological relationship between the freshwater mussel Anodonta implicata Say and the alewife Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson) is described. Evidence is presented that the parasitic larvae (glochidia) of A. implicata cannot, in the process of attachment, “discriminate” between the tissues of P. pseudoharengus and those of other fishes that may move with the alewives during the run but have a much wider distribution. The conclusion is reached that if, as most evidence appears to indicate, the relationship between the two animals is nevertheless a species‐specific one, the parasitic stage of A. implicata cannot complete its development on the tissues of other fishes to which it can be caused to attach experimentally and, further, that this stage can be of no greater duration than the time spent in freshwater by an individual alewife.
Seasonal fluctuations of ionic copper in Knights Pond, Massachusetts
Authors: KIMBALL KENNETH D.
Published: August 2016

Ionic copper concentrations in Knights Pond ranged from below detectability to 105 µg liter−1 over an 11‐month period. Values were low from summer through late fall when they ascended to the highest levels in midwinter. The chemical characteristics of the watershed were unable to completely complex or precipitate the additional copper.
Ammonium uptake and synthesis of cellular nitrogenous macromolecules in phytoplankton
Authors: Kanda Jota , Hattori Akihiko
Published: August 2016

Time‐courses of uptake and subsequent partitioning of 15NH4+‐N into cellular components were investigated with six strains of phytoplankton grown in the laboratory. The potential capacity for ammonium uptake of nitrogen‐starved cells was similar to that of exponentially growing cells, but incorporation of 15N into macromolecules was reduced. The rate of ammonium uptake by N‐starved cells observed over an incubation period of several hours exceeded the rate of macromolecular synthesis, and 15N accumulated in ethanol‐extractable components. Phytoplankton grown in continuous culture under nitrogen limitation exhibited similar trends. Synthesis of nitrogenous macromolecules decreased with decrease in growth rate. In exponentially growing cells, ammonium uptake was coupled with growth and balanced the synthesis of cellular macromolecules.
Improved methods for the measurement of 21Po. 21Pb, and 226Ra
Authors: Benoit Gaboury , Hemond Harold F.
Published: August 2016

210Pb and 210Po have been measured by alpha spectrometry following room‐temperature plating in ordinary widemouthed sample jars. Use of two different isotopes of polonium (208Po and 209Po) as yield monitors facilitates measurement of 210Pb and 210Po when both must be determined on the same samples. Hot HCl leaching and plating improves the resolution of alpha spectra for samples high in interfering iron. 226Ra can be quantitatively electrodeposited from aqueous solution onto steel disks in disposable plating cells with an inexpensive 9‐V “battery eliminator” as a power supply. The resulting source can be measured directly by alpha spectrometry, eliminating the need for a separate detector system when determining supported 210Pb activity.
Zeaxanthin and ß‐carotene in Synechococcus WH7803 respond differently to irradiance
Authors: Kana Todd M. , Glibert Patricia M. , Goericke Ralf , Welschmeyer Nicholas A.
Published: August 2016

Synechococcus WH7803 responded to growth irradiance between 30 and 2,000 µEinst m‒2 s‒1 by adjusting the cellular concentration of β‐carotene but not zeaxanthin, β‐carotene decreased from 0.68 to 0.15 fg cell‒1 with increasing light intensity and maintained a constant molar ratio with Chl a (0.24 β‐carotene: 1 Chl a). The zeaxanthin concentration remained at 1.8 fg cell‒1. The responses of the two carotenoids are consistent with previous evidence that zeaxanthin and β‐carotene are embedded in different membranes of the cell and that the bulk of carotenoids in cyanobacteria do not serve as photosynthetic light‐harvesting pigments. In cells grown in high light, the concentration of zeaxanthin was significantly higher than either Chl a or phycoerythrin, indicating that a significant percentage of absorbed light was not photosynthetically active. The constant amount of zeaxanthin per cell may serve as a useful tool in quantifying Synechococcus abundance and growth in natural waters.
Internal wave weather in a stratified lake
Authors: Saggio Angelo , Imberger Jörg
Published: August 2016

Thermistor chain data collected in Lake Biwa (Japan) during a period of strong stratification were used to determine the nature of the water column response to wind forcing. The evolution of the basin‐scale waves in the lake were reproduced in three‐dimensional numerical simulations and the time variability of the internal wave spectrum is discussed based on spectral analysis of the thermistor chain records. Severe winds associated with the passage of three typhoons during the sampling period excited basin‐scale Kelvin and Poincaré waves, which, by interaction with the topography of the lake and non‐linear effects, generate trains of high‐frequency internal waves. Time‐frequency analysis of the temperature signals suggests that the ω−2 slope of the internal wave spectrum is probably the result of the composition of groups of waves with high intermittence travelling through the wave guide. The observed rapid decay of internal wave energy after severe wind events seemed to be due mostly to high dissipation at the sloping boundaries of the lake.
Carbon flux by suspended and sinking particles around the barrier reef of Palau, western Pacific
Authors: Hata Hiroshi , Suzuki Atsushi , Maruyama Tadashi , Kurano Norihide , Miyachi Sigetoh , Ikeda Yutaka , Kayanne Hajime
Published: August 2016

Suspended and sinking particles were studied around a barrier reef of the Palau Islands in the western Pacific. Concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and chlorophyll a were high in reef waters and decreased toward the open ocean. At the reef edge, concentrations of organic particles in outgoing waters were higher than those in incoming waters, indicating net export of organic matter. Sediment trap observations conducted off the barrier reef showed a larger vertical flux of POC at an inshore station (2.5 km off the reef edge) than that at an offshore station (20 km), attributable to the net export of organic particles. Organic/inorganic carbon ratios of particles trapped at a depth of 45 m in the lagoon were smaller than those of suspended particles in surface water, suggesting a rapid decomposition of organic matter during sedimentation and a resuspension of carbonate‐dominant bottom sediments.

We estimate that 7% of the gross community production in the reef is deposited in the lagoon zone, 4% is exported to the open ocean, and 0.6% is transferred below the thermocline (150 m depth) in the ocean.
Transitions between Auhcoseira and Anabaena dominance in a turbid river weir pool
Authors: Sherman Bradford S. , Webster Ian T. , Jones Gary J. , Oliver Rod L.
Published: August 2016

The transitions between the diatoms Aulacoseira spp. (Melosira) and the cyanobacteria Anabaena spp. as dominant phytoplankton species in a turbid‐river weir pool are shown to depend directly on the establishment or destruction of persistent thermal stratification. A transition from high to low flow through the pool resulted in the establishment of persistent thermal stratification, causing Aulacoseira to sink out of the euphotic zone at a speed of 0.95 m d−1. Concurrently, the slightly buoyant Anabaena grew within the euphotic zone with a specific growth rate of 0.37 d−1, climaxing after approximately 14 d at a population of 20,000–30,000 cells ml−1, at which point its biomass may have been limited by the availability of phosphorus. The stratification thus caused the phytoplankton population to separate into two distinct layers, with Anabaena occupying the illuminated surface layer and Aulacoseira found only in the lower layer below the euphotic depth. Under stratified conditions, the ratio of the surface layer depth to euphotic depth, zsl:zeu, was approximately 1, whereas for a mixed water column that ratio was >3. Access to light appeared to be the main factor determining the dominant phytoplankton species.
Predicting the signal of O2 microsensors from physical dimensions, temperature, salinity, and O2 concentration
Authors: Gundersen Jens Kristian , Ramsing Niels Birger , Glud Ronnie Nøhr
Published: August 2016

The signal of Clark‐type oxygen sensors is controlled not only by the oxygen concentration but also by sensor dimensions, temperature, and salinity. We have developed a mathematical model that predicts the O2 microsensor signal as a function of these parameters. The only model variable, membrane permeability, can be determined by a one‐point calibration; hence, the model can be used for calibrating the signal measured under any temperature and salinity. The model describes the oxygen concentration profile through the sensor and thus allows optimization of sensor construction with respect to stirring sensitivity, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and response time. The model is demonstrated using oxygen water column profiles off the coast of central Chile.
Metal accumulation by heterotrophic marine bacterioplankton
Authors: Vogel Catherine , Fisher Nicholas S.
Published: August 2016

Radioisotopes of six metals (54Mn, 55Fe, 65Zn, 109Cd, 137Cs, and 241Am) were used to assess the accumulation of these metals by five species of heterotrophic marine bacteria in laboratory cultures exposed to environmentally realistic metal concentrations in natural seawater. Typically, uptake proceeded rapidly for the first 24 h and slowed down over the following 72‐96 h. At steady state, the bioconcentration of metals in cells was Fe > Am ≃ Mn ≃ Cd > Zn > Cs. Concentration factors were 0.6–2.8 × 106 for Fe, 0.6–3.5 × 104 for Mn and Am, 0.2–4.8 × 104 for Cd, 0.5–1.6 × 103 for Zn, and 1.9 × 102 for Cs. Rinsing with oxalate did not result in significantly lower Fe concentrations, but rinsing the cells with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid resulted in significantly lower concentration factors for Mn and Am in one species. Interspecific differences in metal uptake were small under the conditions tested and were proportional to surface : volume ratios of the cells. The Q10 of Zn uptake in two bacterial species examined was about 1, suggesting passive uptake. The Q10 of Mn uptake was in the range of 1.8–3.6, indicating active uptake and transport into the cells. Given typical bacterial biomass in surface waters, we calculate that < 1% of most metals, but ~ 20% of Fe, should be associated with bacterial cells; they may serve as enriched sources of some metals for those organisms that consume them.
Potential carbon fixation via methane oxidation in well‐oxygenated river bed gravels
Authors: Trimmer Mark , Maanoja Susanna , Hildrew Alan G. , Pretty James L. , Grey Jonathan
Published: August 2016

Due to a combination of local methanogenesis and high background concentrations in the groundwater, water in the River Lambourn is 51 times supersaturated with methane (162 nmol CH4 L−1). Pore‐water concentrations of methane in the gravels of the riverbed were much lower throughout the year (71 nmol CH4 L−1), suggesting significant methane oxidation. To investigate the potential for methane oxidation as a novel chemosynthetic source of carbon to the food web, we made simultaneous measurements, in laboratory chambers, of primary production, respiration, and methane oxidation associated with the gravels. Biomass‐specific net primary production was up to 2.7 µmol O2 mg−1 chlorophyll (Chl) h−1 and was similarly high for respiration (2.7 µmmol O2 mg−1 Chl h−1). We also found active methane (CH4) oxidation with the rate increasing in proportion to concentration. At the maximum rate of 0.18 µmol CH4 mg−1 Chl h−1 and a growth efficiency of 0.8, net carbon fixation via methane oxidation was equivalent to 6% of the carbon fixed via net photosynthetic primary production. However, production via methane oxidation could be proportionately much greater under the shade of the profuse instream or riparian vegetation, deep in the gravels, and especially during winter, when light is limiting (< 25 µmol quanta m−2 s−1).
Particle dispersal due to interplay of motions in the surface layer of a small reservoir
Authors: Okely Patricia , Imberger Jörg , Shimizu Kenji
Published: August 2016

Horizontal dispersion mechanisms must be well defined in order to determine the origin and fate of heterogeneous distributions of biogeochemical material. Here data from an intensive field campaign in Valle de Bravo Reservoir, Mexico, was used to run a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, and the simulated flow field was used to characterize the horizontal motions and investigate the dispersal of waterborne particles driven by the dominant circulation patterns. The surface layer horizontal motions included an oscillatory component associated with two basin‐scale internal wave modes and a spatially and temporally complex flow field associated mostly with topographic circulation. Modeling of particle advection by the horizontal motions led to areal dispersal rates of O(1) to O(10) m2 s−1, comparable with bulk dispersion rates observed in other surface layer studies. The aperiodic topographic component of the horizontal flow field, not the oscillatory motion or a combination of both, sustained most of the particle dispersal. In particular, local flow features, such as stagnation points, were shown to be a significant driver for horizontal dispersion and should be taken into consideration when analyzing horizontal distributions of waterborne material.
Dispersion of freshwater mussel larvae in a lowland river
Authors: Schwalb Astrid Nadine , Garvie Marcus , Ackerman Josef Daniel
Published: August 2016

We examined the dispersal of larvae (glochidia) of a common unionid mussel species, Actinonaias ligamentina, which need to attach to a host fish in order to develop into juveniles, in a lowland river (Sydenham River, Ontario, Canada). Generally, the decline in the number of glochidia captured with distance from release was best described by an inverse power function. The highest proportion was found in the first net 4 m downstream (range 0.1–3.6%), but a small proportion of glochidia was captured 96 m downstream (0–0.03%). This indicates that infestation of host fish may occur several tens to hundreds of meters downstream of the adults’ location, even at relatively low flow conditions (mean velocity, 15 cm s−1). Dispersal distances increased with velocity, but the number of glochidia sampled at a given location can vary considerably due to stochastic effects of turbulence, especially at shorter distances. Individual trials could, therefore, deviate considerably from the predictions of an existing turbulent transport model (local exchange model), but overall there was a good correlation between measured data and model prediction. However, model predictions were quantitatively much higher than measured values (i.e., > 50 fold in some cases), which could be in part due to several simplifying assumptions of the model.
Photoprotection mechanisms against ultraviolet radiation in Heterocapsa sp. (Dinophyceae) are influenced by nitrogen availability: Mycosporine‐like amino acids vs. xanthophyll cycle
Authors: Korbee Nathalie , Teresa Mata M. , Figueroa Félix L.
Published: August 2016

The photoprotective and acclimation capacity against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was assessed for the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa sp. We examined the effect of UVR and N availability on photosynthetic activity and on the accumulation of photoprotective substances such as mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) and xanthophyll cycle pigments. Cells were cultivated under two different light treatments, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and PAR + UVR, and at two NaNO3 concentrations, mid nitrogen (MN, 0.1 mmol L−1) and high nitrogen (HN, 1 mmol L−1) for 6 d. MAA and photosynthetic pigment contents as well as maximum quantum yield of fluorescence (Fv : Fm) and electron transport rate were analyzed at the initial time and after 3 and 6 d of experimentation. Fv : Fm decreased because of UVR and N limitation. N enrichment reduced the deleterious effect of UVR on photosynthesis. The content of photosynthetic pigments and MAAs was higher at HN than at MN supply and a positive effect of UVR on MAA and pigment accumulation was observed, suggesting that under HN conditions the deleterious UVR effect is counteracted by MAAs. Under N limitation thermal energy dissipation takes place by the xanthophyll cycle, i.e., an increase of the de‐epoxidation degree was observed under these culture conditions. However, UVR seems to favor diadinoxanthin accumulation; thus, no photoprotection through the xanthophyll cycle seems available in cells exposed to PAR + UVR and MN. We conclude that not only MAA accumulation but also N availability is very important to determine the photoprotective capacity against UVR of Heterocapsa sp.
Large variation in vulnerability to grazing within a population of the colonial phytoplankter, Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: White Jeffrey D. , Kaul RajReni B. , Knoll Lesley B. , Wilson Alan E. , Sarnelle Orlando
Published: August 2016

We asked if intraspecific variation within a population of the toxic, bloom‐forming phytoplankter, Microcystis aeruginosa, leads to differential vulnerability to grazing by the invasive, filter‐feeding zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). We performed two series of laboratory feeding experiments in which D. polymorpha were presented with several different sympatric M. aeruginosa clones in a two‐species mixture with the high‐quality, nutritious alga, Ankistrodesmus falcatus. Mean selectivity across M. aeruginosa clones ranged from near zero (i.e., no feeding on M. aeruginosa) to near one (equal feeding on the two algal species), evidence of maximal variation in grazing vulnerability across twenty clones of M. aeruginosa—a species assumed to be largely ‘inedible’ to grazers—from the same population. This range of vulnerability is essentially equal to that typically measured across all phytoplankton species. Large intraspecific variation in grazing vulnerability, and its ecological consequences, could influence the promotion or control of noxious blooms of toxigenic cyanobacteria.
Pleistocene‐driven diversification in freshwater zooplankton: Genetic patterns of refugial isolation and postglacial recolonization in Leptodora kindtii (Crustacea, Cladocera)
Authors: Millette Katie L. , Xu Sen , Witt Jonathan D. S. , Cristescu Melania E.
Published: August 2016

In this study we investigate the extent to which successive range fragmentations, postglacial expansions, and recolonizations influenced intraspecific genetic diversity and patterns of diversification in freshwater zooplankton. Specifically, we explore the global phylogeography of the Holarctic predatory cladoceran Leptodora kindtii Focke, 1844. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I recover seven deeply divergent lineages (11.8–20.0%) comprising two sister clades within the Nearctic and east Palearctic and three related clades within the west Palearctic. Strong continental endemism was also supported by the nuclear 18S ribosomal gene. Intra‐continental divergence levels (< 6%) suggest that many speciation events in Leptodora were initiated by glacial isolation. Demographic and network analyses indicate that in the Nearctic and west Palearctic, regions heavily affected by the Pleistocene glaciations, Leptodora persisted in both classic (e.g., Cascadia, Mississippi, southern Europe) and cryptic refugia (e.g., northeastern Europe, Carpathian basin). Strong signatures of late Pleistocene range expansions and secondary contact were observed in most clades. Deeper intraspecific phylogeographic structure occurs across much finer geographic scales in unglaciated regions of the east Palearctic than across glaciated Nearctic and west Palearctic regions. Leptodora's ecological and biological characteristics, such as a reliance on temperate, permanent lakes, weak dispersal ability, and specific geological settings likely shaped the complex pattern of diversification in this important planktonic predator. Our data suggest the Pleistocene glaciations were important in the diversification of Holarctic freshwater zooplankton.
Disentangling food quantity and quality effects in zooplankton response to P‐enrichment and UV radiation
Authors: Villar-Argaiz Manuel , Bullejos Francisco José , Medina-Sánchez Juan Manuel , Ramos-Rodríguez Eloísa , Delgado-Molina José Antonio , Carrillo Presentación
Published: August 2016

In a 32‐yr record in oligotrophic Lake La Caldera (Sierra Nevada, Spain) biomass of zooplankton was strongly correlated with precipitation, aerosol deposition intensity, and ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The food associated‐effects of these factors for zooplankton growth were tested in field‐laboratory experiments with the aim of separating the effects of food quantity from those of food quality at low food conditions, where there is good evidence to support the existence of food quality effects. Manipulation of nutrients generated a large food quantity gradient that exerted the strongest effect on zooplankton growth, with no significant role of UVR. Growth curves were fitted to a saturation function that reached a plateau at increasing seston levels of ca. 250, 500, and 1000 µg C L−1 for the rotifer Keratella cochlearis, the copepod Mixodiaptomus laciniatus, and the cladoceran Daphnia pulicaria, respectively, and after which growth decreased in M. laciniatus. Nutrients and to a lesser extent UVR also affected seston quality, which had a minor effect on zooplankton growth. K. cochlearis growth was strongly related to the P content of seston, whereas M. laciniatus and D. pulicaria growth were positively correlated with a P‐normalized ω3‐polyunsaturated fatty acid index (ω3‐PUFA:P). The increase in seston associated with more intense and frequent atmospheric depositions would adversely affect copepods, but improve growth of C‐limited cladocerans and P‐limited rotifers in pristine ecosystems of the Mediterranean region.
Interaction of changes in food quality and temperature reveals maternal effects on fitness parameters of a keystone aquatic herbivore
Authors: Pajk Franja , von Elert Eric , Fink Patrick
Published: August 2016

We investigated the interaction of intergenerational temperature and food quality change on the fitness of two species of Daphnia, a freshwater keystone herbivore. The effect of a change in temperature (15°C vs. 20°C) and food quality (Cryptomonas sp. as high‐quality food vs. Chlamydomonas sp. as relatively low‐quality food) on juvenile growth rate and clutch size of Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex was measured in 16 combinations of maternal and offspring environments in standardized growth assays. Both species showed similar responses. The positive effect of food quality on growth rate and clutch size was stronger if the maternal diet was of low quality. High maternal diet quality generally increased growth rate and reproduction, especially if the offspring diet was of low quality. The maximum fitness was attained by animals acclimated at 15°C and growing at 20°C, combining the faster growth rate at warm assay temperature and bigger clutch size of cold‐acclimated animals. Intergenerational temperature regime had a strong influence on the effects of maternal and offspring food quality. Good maternal food quality was more important for fitness under less favorable temperature conditions. Low offspring food quality was more detrimental to fitness in animals experiencing temperature change between maternal acclimation and growth assay and less so under constant temperature conditions. Intergenerational changes in temperature and the maternal effects of food quality strongly affect the dietary requirements of these organisms. Hence, extrapolation from studies conducted under constant temperature conditions may seriously underestimate dietary constraints in natural environments.
Seasonal and interannual variations of community metabolism rates of a Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadow
Authors: Champenois W. , Borges A. V.
Published: August 2016

We report gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and net community production (NCP) over a Posidonia oceanica meadow at 10 m in Corsica (Bay of Revellata) based on the open water O2 mass balance from a data set of hourly measurements with an array of three O2 optodes deployed from August 2006 to October 2009. The method was checked by comparison with discrete measurements of metabolic rates derived from benthic chamber incubations also based on the diel change of O2. This comparison was satisfactory and actually highlights the potential caveats of benthic incubation measurements related to O2 accumulation in small chambers leading to photorespiration and an underestimation of GPP. Our data confirmed previous P. oceanica meadows GPP and CR values, strong seasonal variations, and net autotrophy. High‐resolution data revealed strong interannual variability, with a decrease of GPP by 35% and NCP by 87% during 2006–2007 characterized by a mild and less stormy winter compared with 2007–2008 and 2008–2009. P. oceanica meadows are then expected to decrease export of organic carbon to adjacent communities (decrease of NCP), since a decrease in frequency and intensity of marine storms is expected in the future in the Mediterranean Sea as a result of a northward shift of the Atlantic storm track.
Response of phytoplankton in an alpine lake to inputs of dissolved organic matter through nutrient enrichment and trophic forcing
Authors: Kissman Carrie E. H. , Williamson Craig E. , Rose Kevin C. , Saros Jasmine E.
Published: August 2016

Inputs of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) are increasing in alpine lakes due to multiple drivers such as climate change, tree line advancement, and insect epidemics. A 21 d microcosm experiment investigated three potential mechanisms by which increased inputs of terrestrial DOM subsidies might affect phytoplankton density, growth, and species assemblage: (1) directly, by providing nutrients enhancing growth of select phytoplankton species (nutrient stimulation hypothesis); (2) indirectly, through trophic forcing of zooplankton uniformly increasing the total biomass of all zooplankton that selectively graze on phytoplankton (trophic intensity hypothesis); and (3) indirectly, through trophic forcing of zooplankton by favoring zooplankton species that selectively graze on phytoplankton (trophic shift hypothesis). We manipulated DOM (terrestrial DOM additions vs. unmanipulated control), zooplankton (presence vs. absence), and incubation depth (epilimnion vs. hypolimnion) in a full 3 × 3 factorial design. Phytoplankton density and growth increased substantially and species assemblage shifted to near dominance by Asterionella formosa in the presence of DOM. Zooplankton biomass and growth increased with the addition of DOM, yet the species assemblage remained stable across treatments, and contributed to selective grazing effects on phytoplankton. Our data support the nutrient stimulation and trophic intensity hypotheses. While DOM effects have been classically attributed to stimulation by addition of fixed carbon, our experiments indicate that nutrient stimulation is also important. Additionally, the indirect DOM effect of trophic forcing can occur in the absence of selective effects of DOM on zooplankton.
Estimating photosynthetic activity in microbial mats in an ice‐covered Antarctic lake using automated oxygen microelectrode profiling and variable chlorophyll fluorescence
Authors: Hawes Ian , Giles Hilke , Doran Peter T.
Published: August 2016

An automated oxygen microprofiler measured a positive flux of oxygen from microbial mats in ice‐covered Lake Hoare, Antarctica, from noon, at a photon flux of 20 µmol m−2 s−1, through to midnight (< 2 µmol photons m−2 s−1). Daily average oxygen flux was 200 µmol m−2 h−1; and, whereas it was maximal at noon, when a 10 mm broad concentration peak was observed 5 mm below the mat surface, flux correlated only weakly with irradiance. In contrast, relative electron transfer rate, estimated from variable chlorophyll fluorescence, suggested a linear relationship between photosystem activity and irradiance. This contradiction arose because of the conjunction of photosynthetic production of oxygen deep into these transparent, gelatinous mats (diel oxygen change was observed to 17 mm depth) and oxygen diffusion rates too slow to allow equilibration of oxygen concentration profiles with instantaneous production and consumption of oxygen. To confirm this, we developed a mathematical simulation of oxygen dynamics that included diffusion, photosynthesis, and respiration. The simulation further indicated that (1) net oxygen evolution is light limited is and confined to the upper few millimeters of the mat, (2) below 5–7 mm, respiration balanced photosynthesis, (3) below 17 mm, respiration and photosynthesis approached zero, even though organic carbon and dissolved oxygen were present, and (4) photosynthesis deep into the mat was dependent on high light transmission through the gelatinous matrix. These conclusions are consistent with current understanding of mat growth dynamics and point to approaches for long‐term analysis of microbial mat productivity.
The surface aerosol optical properties in urban areas of Nanjing,
west Yangtze River Delta of China
Authors: Zhuang B. L. , Wang T. J. , Liu J. , Li S. , Xie M. , Han Y. , Chen P. L. , Hu Q. D. , Yang X. Q. , Fu C. B. , Zhu J. L.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Observational studies of aerosol optical properties are useful to reducing uncertainties in estimating aerosol radiative forcing and forecasting visibility. In this study, the observed near-surface aerosol optical properties in urban Nanjing are analyzed from Mar 2014 to Feb 2016. Results show that near-surface urban aerosols in Nanjing are mainly from local emissions and the regions around. They have lower loadings but are more scattering than in most cities in China. The annual mean aerosol extinction coefficient (EC), single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry parameter (ASP) at 550 nm are 381.96 Mm−1, 0.9 and 0.57, respectively. The aerosol absorption coefficient (AAC) is about one order of magnitude smaller than its scattering coefficient (SC). However, the absorbing aerosol has larger Ångström exponent (AAE) value, 1.58 at 470/660 nm, about 0.2 larger than the scattering aerosols' (SAE). All the aerosol optical properties followed a near unimodal pattern, the ranges around their averages accounting for more than 60 % of the total samplings. Additionally, they have substantial seasonality and diurnal variations. High levels of SC and AAC all appear in winter due to higher aerosol and trace gas emissions. AAE (ASP) is the smallest (largest) in summer because of high relative humidity (RH) which also causes considerably larger SC and smaller SAE, although intensive gas-to-particle transformation could produce a large number of finer scattering aerosols in this season. Seasonality of EC is different from the columnar aerosol optical depth. Larger AACs appear at the rush hours of the day while SC and Bsp only peak in the early morning. Aerosols are fresher at daytime than at nighttime, leading to their larger AE and smaller ASP. Different temporal variations between AAC and SC cause the aerosols more absorbing (smaller SSA) in autumn and around rush hours. ASP has a good quasi-LogNormal growth trend with increasing SC when RH is below 60 %. The correlation between AAC and SC at the site is close but a little smaller than that in suburban Nanjing in spring. Atmospheric visibility decreases exponentially with increasing EC or SC, more sharply in spring and summer. It could be further deteriorated with increasing SSA and ASP.
Soil CO2 efflux from two mountain forests in the Eastern Himalayas Bhutan: components and controls
Authors: Wangdi Norbu , Nirola Mani Prasad , Mayer Mathias , Zangmo Norbu , Orong Karma , Ahmed Iftekhar Uddin , Darabant Andras , Jandl Robert , Gratzer Georg , Schindlbacher Andreas
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The biogeochemistry of mountain forests in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya range is poorly studied although climate change is expected to disproportionally affect the region. We measured the soil CO2 efflux (Rs) at a high elevation (3260 m) coniferous, and a lower elevation (2460 m) broadleaved forest in Bhutan, eastern Himalayas, during 2014 and 2015. Both sites experienced typical monsoon weather (cold-dry winters, warm-wet summers) during the study. Trenching was applied to estimate the contribution of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) soil respiration. The temperature (Q10) and the moisture sensitivities of Rh were determined under controlled laboratory conditions and were used to model Rh in the field. The higher elevation coniferous forest had a higher standing tree stock, reflected in higher soil C stocks and basal soil respiration (R10). Rs was similar between the two forests (2015: 14.5 ± 1.2 t C yr−1 broadleaved; 12.8 ± 1.0 t C yr−1 coniferous). Modelled annual contribution of Ra was ~ 45 % at both forests with a low autotrophic contribution during winter and high contribution during the monsoon season. Ra, estimated from trenching, was lower and highly variable, indicating that trenching poorly performed at these forests/soils. Rs neatly followed the annual course of soil temperature (field Q10 between 4 and 5) at both sites. Co-variation between soil temperature and moisture likely was the main cause for the high Q10 obtained from field Rs. Temperature sensitivity of Rh was lower (Q10 ~ 2.3 at both sites). Under the preceding weather conditions, a simple temperature-driven model was able to explain more than 90 % of the temporal variation in Rs. To predict and understand how Rs responds to infrequently occurring extreme climate conditions such as monsoon failures, however, longer Rs time series are required for a better integration of interactions between soil temperature, moisture, Ra and Rh.
Comparison of satellite-based evapotranspiration estimates over the Tibetan
Plateau
Authors: Peng Jian , Loew Alexander , Chen Xuelong , Ma Yaoming , Su Zhongbo
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a major role in regional and global climate. The understanding of latent heat (LE) flux can help to better describe the complex mechanisms and interactions between land and atmosphere. Despite its importance, accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) over the TP remains challenging. Satellite observations allow for ET estimation at high temporal and spatial scales. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed cross-comparison of existing ET products over the TP. Six available ET products based on different approaches are included for comparison. Results show that all products capture the seasonal variability well with minimum ET in the winter and maximum ET in the summer. Regarding the spatial pattern, the High resOlution Land Atmosphere surface Parameters from Space (HOLAPS) ET demonstrator dataset is very similar to the LandFlux-EVAL dataset (a benchmark ET product from the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment), with decreasing ET from the south-east to north-west over the TP. Further comparison against the LandFlux-EVAL over different sub-regions that are decided by different intervals of normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), precipitation, and elevation reveals that HOLAPS agrees best with LandFlux-EVAL having the highest correlation coefficient (R) and the lowest root mean square difference (RMSD). These results indicate the potential for the application of the HOLAPS demonstrator dataset in understanding the land–atmosphere–biosphere interactions over the TP. In order to provide more accurate ET over the TP, model calibration, high accuracy forcing dataset, appropriate in situ measurements as well as other hydrological data such as runoff measurements are still needed.
Erratum: Foster, J.A., Horowitz, S.M., & Allen, L. (2016). Changing the Subject: Archives, Technology, and Radical Counter-Narratives of Peace. Radical Teacher, 105, 11-22. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2016.280.
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: August 2016

An article in Radical Teacher 105: Archives and Radical Education included an incorrect version of Changing the Subject: Archives, Technology, and Radical Counter-Narratives of Peace by J. Ashley Foster, Sarah M. Horowitz, and Laurie Allen. The placement of two images was incorrect. A corrected version is included here. The editorial team apologizes for this error.
ATCI vs. BRICS: consecuencias sobre la geopolítica y las relaciones internacionales del siglo XXI
Authors: Armesilla Conde Santiago
Published: August 2016

La ATCI es una propuesta en negociaciones entre la UE y EEUU para crear el más grande área de libre comercio internacional por extensión, población y volumen de intercambio comercial, de todas las existentes. A nuestro juicio, la ATCI sería la respuesta geoeconómica a los BRICS como espacio geopolítico, comercial y de cooperación en otros ámbitos como el militar en tanto que la ATCI reproduce a escala comercial la alianza político-militar ya existente entre buena parte de la UE y EEUU por la OTAN. En este artículo trataremos de exponer por qué la posible rivalidad ATCI vs. BRICS reproduciría en el siglo XXI los esquemas de “Guerra Fría” heredados del siglo XX, que a su vez reproducían los enfrentamientos geopolíticos derivados de la teoría del área pivote de Haltford McKinder y la tradicional contraposición entre imperialismos talasocráticos (gobierno sobre los mares y océanos) e imperialismos telurocráticos (gobierno sobre una extensísima porción de tierra emergida). Asímismo, trataremos de mostrar por qué a nivel de dialéctica de Estados aquellas sociedades políticas más pobladas, más extensas territorialmente y con mayor cantidad de recursos serán las que tengan mayor capacidad para imponer un determinado modelo de relaciones internacionales y de hegemonía geopolítica a escala universal atendiendo a este viable enfrentamiento ATCI, más ATCE, vs. BRICS.
Consumos de riesgo: menores y juegos de azar online. El problema del “juego responsable”.
Authors: García Ruiz Pablo , Buil Pilar , Solé Moratilla María José
Published: August 2016

Los juegos de azar online son una actividad muy popular entre los adolescentes. Sin embargo, desde hace un tiempo se ha observado un incremento notable del número de jóvenes que sufren o están al borde de la ludopatía. En este artículo revisamos el impacto de estas prácticas sobre los jóvenes y discutimos la conveniencia de promover un concepto de “juego responsable” que permita alertar de sus riesgos e impida eficazmente el acceso a los menores de edad. Los principales factores asociados al juego problemático son la edad de inicio, el entorno familiar, la influencia de la publicidad, el consumo de sustancias estimulantes y las actitudes del grupo de iguales. Los poderes públicos y la misma industria del juego deben considerar estos factores y concretar el desarrollo de planes que promuevan un modelo de juego seguro y controlado. La publicidad debe tener en cuenta criterios de protección de los consumidores sabiendo que, aun cuando les está prohibido, los menores acceden con facilidad al juego de azar online. Las Administraciones Públicas deben establecer políticas y sensibilizar a la sociedad. Los agentes sociales implicados deben aportar mecanismos de prevención y sensibilización hacia un problema del que existe aún poca conciencia social y una excesiva despreocupación.
De pro Franquista a anti Gobierno. La evolución de "Sur" con respecto a la política nacional durante la transición española (1975-1978)
Authors: Martínez Fábregas Jezabel
Published: August 2016

La transición española, el proceso político por el cual España dejó de ser una dictadura para pasar a ser una democracia, vino acompañada de la disolución del Movimiento Nacional en abril de 1977, soporte institucional de la cadena de Prensa del Movimiento desde sus inicios. Este hecho, entre otros, contribuyó a que /Sur/, diario de referencia regional de la cadena en Andalucía, evolucionara tanto estructural como ideológicamente para adaptarse al nuevo régimen político. El presente estudio, a través del análisis de contenido aplicado a editoriales, artículos y columnas de opinión publicados por el diario entre 1975 y 1978, explora el proceso por el cual la cabecera regional editada en Málaga abandonó su función propagandística con respecto al Gobierno, considerándolo antidemocrático, y apoyó al PSOE, presentándolo como la mejor alternativa a la UCD al frente del estado español, habiendo asumido así su rol como agente político.
A Corpus of Writing, Pronunciation, Reading, and Listening by Learners of English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Kotani Katsunori , Yoshimi Takehiko , Nanjo Hiroaki , Isahara Hitoshi
Published: August 2016

In order to develop effective teaching methods and computer-assisted language teaching systems for learners of English as a foreign language who need to study the basic linguistic competences for writing, pronunciation, reading, and listening, it is necessary to first investigate which vocabulary and grammar they have or have not yet learned. Identifying such vocabulary and grammar requires a learner corpus for analyzing the accuracy and fluency of learners’ linguistic competences. However, it is difficult to use previous learner corpora for this purpose because they have not compiled all the types of linguistic data that we need. Therefore, this study aimed to solve this problem by designing and developing a new learner corpus that compiles linguistic data regarding the accuracy and fluency of the four basic linguistic competences of writing, pronunciation, reading, and listening. The reliability and validity of the learner corpus were partially confirmed, and practical application of the learner corpus is reported here as case studies.
The Importance of Collaboration and Competition Within and Outside the OECD
Authors: Jackson Ian , McManus John
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to address the role of the OECD in the global marketplace. The paper highlights some current trends in the global market and the changing role of the OECD. In this context, the authors discuss various perspectives on the role of OECD in a globalized world. The authors focus on recent debates on the state of the global economy and the changing position of the OECD in the world market. The authors apply a conceptual approach combined with analyses of data and secondary material. The authors also put forward an argument for investigating what determines competition within and outside the OECD. In this context, creating markets within a global economy requires considerable stimulus on the part of national governments. This necessitates national governments working together in partnership with national and global firms to reduced bureaucracy and increase transparency to boost trade in a cost effective manner. This is seen by some economists to be a prerequisite to future competitiveness. Finally, the authors seek to demonstrate how leading countries within the OECD are building innovative capability to master the challenges and opportunities that the new emerging economies present (such as Brazil).