bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analgesic activity of Alpinia galanga extract in mice models and TNF-alpha receptor computational docking analysis on its leads with pharmacokinetics prediction
Authors: Subash K. R. , Britto G. Francis , Kumar Katari Sudheer , Umamaheshwari Amineni , Reddy Konda Vijaya Chandra , G. Bhanu Prakash
Published: February 2018

Background: Alpinia galanga is an ayurvedic herb recognized and used across many traditional medicine systems for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The present study scientifically validates the potential anti nociceptive action of ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga by chemical, neurogenic and inflammatory nociception model in mice followed by identification of potential lead compound by computational analysis.Methods: The assessment of anti nociceptive action is evaluated by Acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions and Formalin assay on ethonolic extract of Alpinia galanga, followed by 20 compounds with known chemical structure of Alpinia galanga is subjected to computational analysis to predict possible lead compound with desirable pharmacokinetic and drug like features.Results: The percentage inhibition rate of Aspirin (100mg/kg) was 82.15% compared to Alpinia galanga (100mg/kg) 19.63%, (200mg/kg) 33.02% and (400mg/kg) 57.13% by acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions antinociceptive mice model. Alpinia galanga 400mg/kg (71.70%) had comparable percentage inhibition of nociception to standard group indomethacin (88.71%) in formalin induced nociceptive mice model. Among 20 compounds screened for pharmacokinetic and drug like features, Galanal B had the binding free energy -56.664 when compared to control compound 2AZ5-56.000.Conclusions: The Alpinia galanga extract had significant anti nociceptive activity and followed by computational analysis of 20 compounds with known chemical structure predicted Galanal B as lead compound with best insilico pharmacokinetic and drug like features.
A prospective, double blind randomised controlled trial on efficacy of laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation as an alternative of pharmacotherapy in treatment of chronic pelvic pain
Authors: Kushwah Beenu , Kushwah Devendra Singh , Pandey Aparna
Published: February 2018

Background: Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP) is one of the commonest symptomatology in gynaecologist’s outpatient clinics. CPP has a profound impact on a woman's health and quality of life, including an economic impact through loss of working hours. Treatment for chronic pelvic pain is often unsatisfactory. Present study compares Laparoscopic Uterosacral Nerve Ablation (LUNA) with laparoscopy without pelvic denervation in patients presenting with chronic pelvic pain to our outpatient clinic.Methods: It was a Randomised Controlled Trial Study. After considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 120 patients were selected, out of which 60 (Group I) had undergone diagnostic laparoscopy and 60 (Group II) had undergone diagnostic laparoscopy with LUNA.Results: The overall success rate for group I and group II were 80%, 78.3% and 66.6% versus 85%, 81.6%, and 83.3% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. However, on subgroup analysis it was found that in patients suffering from Congestive Dysmenorrhoea, there was a significant difference in success rate of both the groups.Conclusions: It was found in present study that there was a benefit for patients with dysmenorrheal, further research in this area is desirable to reach towards a discrete conclusion regarding the benefits of LUNA in patients of CPP.
A study to evaluate compliance in patients of diabetes mellitus in a North-Indian tertiary care hospital
Authors: Shukla Prashant , Palta Shikha , Gupta Anita , Sehgal Vijay K.
Published: February 2018

Background: The objective of the study was to determine level of adherence and recognize various causative factors which can affect the compliance in the diabetic patients.Methods: This was an observational study. The study was conducted by enrolling patients of the outpatient department of Medicine of Rajindra Hospital, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab. To assess adherence, a questionnaire was administered to the patients - Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) -8 item questionnaire. The various factors affecting compliance was determined by a researcher made questionnaire.Results: Out of a total of 100 subjects, age range extended from 18 years to 80 years. The mean age was 57.52±12.33years. 51% of patients were females and 49% was males. Analysis of MMAS- 8 item scores of patients showed that 52% of patients had low adherence, 29% had medium while 19% had high adherence to the treatment. Only 30% patients were compliant i.e. with HbA1C value of 7 or less while 70% patients were non-compliant i.e. with HbA1C value of more than 7.Conclusions: Compliance to medical treatment is influenced by a myriad of factors. In order to promote compliance, it is necessary to increase awareness about the disease, possible complications and treatment guidelines among patients as well as their family members.
Undergraduate medical students’ perception regarding computer assisted learning in experimental pharmacology practical
Authors: Kumar Manish , Kumar Manish , Mishra Hitesh , Manjhi Pramod Kumar , Chandra Akash , Mohan Lalit , Dikshit Harihar
Published: February 2018

Background: Main objective of this study was to find out the students’ perception and to obtain feedback towards the use of Animal Simulator to demonstrate drug effects in terms of its acceptability, advantages and disadvantages of Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) in experimental pharmacology practical as an educational tool.Methods: Questionnaire based study, done on randomly and voluntarily selected ninety-six fourth and fifth semester MBBS Students. Divided into four groups and each group contained 24 students. Students were taught experimental pharmacology practical online using Animal simulator (CAL- Computer Assisted Learning) for 2 hours on different days in three sessions. Questions and their feedback was taken during these sessions and presented in tables. Statistical analysis of data was done using Graph Pad software.Results: Majority of students i.e. 64 (66.67%) agreed that in vitro and in vivo experiments on animals are essential for better understanding and learning of the biological process. Students were agreed to the majority of the statements for CAL like enjoyable and time saving, easy to perform, contributes more to understanding theoretical concepts, no experimental error seen, welcome change and best alternative to laboratory practical and many experiments can be demonstrated in a short time. Students were disagreed on statements like CAL is an effective method of teaching practical aspects and preferred experimentation than laboratory practical. Majority of students given yes/positive response to questions showing advantages of using CAL. Also, positive feedback was obtained regarding questions showing disadvantages of using CAL software.Conclusions: Students’ perception regarding practical with CAL laboratory using animal simulator was good. The overall view was expressed that they found the exercises interesting and educationally beneficial. Computer assisted learning is a feasible and very effective teaching and learning method in pharmacology with huge potential to change the way of learning as it meets the majority of the learning objectives.
A study on distribution pattern of lower respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years in a tertiary care centre
Authors: S. Srinivasa , Patel Shruthi
Published: February 2018

Background: Respiratory infections are the leading cause of mortality in children below 5 years in India as well as worldwide. 16% mortality in children below 5 years is attributed to lower respiratory tract infection. Various factors influence the occurrence of the disease like environmental factors, lack of immunization, malnutrition. Present study was conducted to know the distribution pattern of lower respiratory tract infections, common pathogens associated with respiratory infections and risk factors associated with it. Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, KIMS Bangalore for a period of 1 year from January 2016 to December 2016. Total of 172 children admitted to ward and ICU with history suggestive of respiratory infection were included in the study after excluding congenital heart problems, congenital lung problems and immunodeficiency state.Results: In the present study, male predominance (59.3%) was observed. The incidence of respiratory tract infection was 17.5%. The common pathogen isolated was streptococcus pneumoniae. Most common respiratory infections included bronchopneumonia followed by bronchiolitis, croup, and lobar pneumonia. The common symptoms were cough, fever and hurried breathing. Anemia was observed in majority of them. Conclusion: Respiratory infections if timely managed, the mortality associated with it can be reduced. Pneumonia is a major killer disease in children below 5 years in India. Understanding the symptoms and signs and time of referral to tertiary centre not only reduces the mortality but it also reduces morbidity. So, it is important to create awareness among the health care personnel regarding common age of presentation of various types of respiratory infection and warning sign.
Pattern of growth and neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm babies born ≤34 weeks of gestation in a South Indian tertiary care hospital
Authors: Nair Mohandas , S. Gireesh , Vijayakumar M. , B. Anjana
Published: February 2018

Background: Advances in neonatal care since the early days have led to an increase of survival in preterm infants. Developmental sequelae, however are still a major problem mostly because babies who would previously have been expected to die are now surviving due to neonatal intensive care. There is scarcity of data regarding the outcome of prematurity from low and middle-income countries like India in literature.Methods: 140 preterm babies born at or before 34 weeks of gestation were enrolled and followed up for 1 year. All babies were screened for retinopathy of prematurity and hearing impairment. Anthropometric measurements were taken at 40 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months of corrected age. Neurodevelopmental assessment was done using the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development III at 1 year of age.Results: Among 140 preterm babies, 6 babies expired before 1 year. Majority had catch up growth by 1 year of age. Growth and neurodevelopment were inversely proportional to birth weight and gestational age. Incidence of severe ROP requiring intervention was 8.6% and hearing aid was needed in 4%. At 1 year 24% had cognitive delay, 27% had language delay and 29% had motor delay. Intraventricular hemorrhage, culture proven sepsis, shock and DIC in newborn period were strong predictors of neurodevelopmental impairment.Conclusions: Majority of preterm babies showed catch up growth and had good neuro developmental outcome at 1 year of corrected age.
A prospective study of clinical profile of hypokalemic periodic paralysis in paediatric patients
Authors: Babu Payyavula Suresh , Rao Katada Narayan , Acharya Anand
Published: February 2018

Background: Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is not a frequent but a cause of weakness in paediatric age group patient and it is revised after treatment. If it is not diagnosed properly it could be life threatening but if it is treated properly recovery is good. It can be primary and secondary type and it can be localized or generalized. Present study has been designed with an aim to study the clinical profile, demography, and response to treatment of hypokalemic periodic paralysis in our region.Methods: This a prospective clinical study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine Konaseema Institute of Medical Science, Amalapuram, from November 2013 to March 2017. During this period around 42 patients with weakness and decrease serum potassium level was included in this study as per exclusion and inclusion criteria.Results: Out of 42 patients, 6 patients were between 1 to 6 years of age, 10 patients were between 6 to 12 years of age and 26 patients were 12 to 18 years of age. Sex distribution has male predominance that is 26/16. 26 patients presented with quadriperesis that is (61.9%) and 16 (38.10%) presented with paraparesis or plegia, eleven patients have serum potassium level below 2 meq/L, 26 patients having between 2-3 meq/L, 3 patients having serum potassium 3-4 meq/L and two patients having serum potassium above 4 meq/L.Conclusions: Male predominance and frequency of attack was more in second decade of life. Quadriparesis was the commonest mode of presentation. Most of the patient have had serum potassium level between 2 to 3 meq/L. ECG abnormalities has been observed in 85% of the patients most of these patients were treated with oral potassium chloride alone. Outcome was good in all patients.
Acute febrile encephalopathy and its outcome among children in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: C. H. Anusha Deepthi , Vasundhara Arigela , P. Sourika , G. S. Sravya
Published: February 2018

Background: Acute febrile encephalopathy (AFE) is a common condition leading to hospitalization of children in India. Majority of the studies revealed etiology of AFE, but very few studies emphasized on predictors of mortality. This study was conducted to observe the outcome in relation to etiology and Glasgow coma score at admission.Methods: This prospective study was carried out on 84 children between 2 months to 14 years, with fever duration of <14 days, GCS ≤12 at the time of admission and altered sensorium in the pediatric intensive care unit over a period of 18 months (December 2011 to June 2013). Patients were evaluated daily till discharge/death. Outcome was evaluated in terms of complete recovery, morbidity and mortality.Results: In this study, AFE was higher among the age group of 6-14 years (54.7%) with most common cause being viral encephalitis (38%). Higher mortality rates were observed in CNS infections. Persistent seizures and hemiparesis were the most common causes of morbidity. GCS at initial presentation <7 was significantly associated with mortality, p value being 0.036.Conclusions: CNS infections are the leading cause of febrile encephalopathy and also associated with high mortality. Persistent seizures and hemiparesis being most common causes of morbidity. Low GCS at the time of admission and longer duration of coma are associated with higher risk of morality. Most of the morbidities were observed in CNS infections and as most of them were curable, early institution of appropriate treatment will decrease morbidity.
Maternal risk factors and early neonatal outcome among late preterm and term neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit in Punjab, India
Authors: T. Kambiakdik , Leelalanslat Anish D. , Sohi Inderpreet , Varkey Varughese P.
Published: February 2018

Background: Late preterm neonates (34 to 36 weeks 6/7 days) were considered as ‘near term’ as they appeared apparently mature and comparable to term neonates. Many studies have now reported significantly higher rates of morbidity and mortality among this group of neonates. This study aims to evaluate the maternal risk factors associated with and short-term outcome of late preterm neonates compared to term neonates.Methods: A Retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. All intramural late preterm neonates with gestational age of 34-36 weeks born during the study period were enrolled. The control group included term neonates (37-42 weeks) born during the study period. Data regarding the maternal risk factors and neonatal outcomes for both the late preterm and term neonates were collected from records maintained in the NICU. Results: There were 3275 deliveries during the study period, of which 2447 (74.8%) were term. Among the 828 preterm neonates, 500 (60.4%) were late preterms. The maternal risk factors significantly associated with late preterm neonates were PIH, eclampsia, APH, multiple gestation, PROM, oligohydramnios and abnormal dopplers. Incidence of Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), sepsis and hypoglycemia were higher among the late preterm group with an odd’s ratio of 56.01, 9.9 and 7.8 respectively. Incidence of hypocalcemia, seizures and Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension (PPHN) were also higher among this group. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality among the two groups.Conclusions: Late preterm neonates have a significantly higher neonatal morbidity compared to term neonates.
Study of the neonatal outcomes in babies born to elderly mothers and young mothers
Authors: Santappanavar Malavika P. , Khan Habeeb U. , M. D. Jaidev , Hegde Pavan
Published: February 2018

Background: More and more women are focusing on obtaining higher education and reaching career objectives. This has in turn, lead to delayed marriage and child birth at a later age. Advanced maternal age at birth has been found to be associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight, intrauterine fetal death and increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to know the neonatal outcome in elderly mothers and young mothers, and to compare the neonatal outcome of these two groups. Methods: Present study was a cross sectional, analytical case control study, done in babies delivered to mothers >35 years and <35 years. Information like period of gestation, birth weight, APGAR at 1 minute and 5 minutes, NICU admissions, neonatal outcome like respiratory distress, jaundice, convulsion, etc. were recorded in a proforma. Collected data was analysed using appropriate statistical tests.Results: In the present study, total sample size was 460 (230 cases and 230 controls). Incidence of preterm deliveries, Low birth weight, NICU admissions were significantly more in case group (babies born to mothers >35 years) than the control group (babies born to mothers between 19 to 35 years).Conclusions: It was observed that low birth weight, prematurity and NICU admissions were more common in babies born to elderly mothers.
Formative assessment and documentation of history taking in pediatrics: a comparative study
Authors: T. Arun Kumar , A. Sangeeta , R. Rashmi , S. Jyothi , Aravazhi Anbu N. , . Rajeswari
Published: February 2018

Background: Medical educators have valid concerns over the deteriorating documentation skills of medical students after obtaining a pediatric history. Formative assessment enhances learning by providing feedback to the learners. Though formative assessments are popular in medical education, data to establish their educational benefits are lacking. This study was conducted to assess the areas of concern in pediatric history taking and to determine the effect of formative assessment on documentation skills.Methods: This comparative study involved 80 MBBS students of eighth semester during pediatric clinical postings of one-month duration. At the end of first session, students interviewed a standardized patient and documented the history in a case record. Marks were awarded based on the check list. Feedback was imparted based on the case record. Students’ perception was collected through the questionnaire. The same teaching learning methodology was carried out in the second session. Data obtained from the questionnaire and marks scored was analysed.Results: Documentation of growth and development (1.89 + 0.59), immunization history (2.01 + 0.53) were the concern areas identified in our study. Among 80 students, the low achievers in the first and second session was 66 and 13 respectively. The perception of students about their repertoire of interviewing skills was statistically significant (p <0.05). Formative evaluation had a statistically significant effect on the knowledge and performance of students, particularly low achievers (p <0.05).Conclusions: Formative assessment process identified the areas of concern in pediatric history taking and enhanced the documentation skills following immediate feedback. It had a beneficial effect on the students’ confidence, enthusiasm, learning and performance.
Anthropometric measurements of a neonate vis-a-vis maternal nutritional status
Authors: Singh Surinder , Kumar Pancham , Thakur B. R.
Published: February 2018

Background: The incidence of low birth weight i.e. <2500gm babies in India is 30-40% as compared to 7.5% in the developed world. The objective of this study was to find correlation between neonatal anthropometric indices and maternal nutritional status.Methods:Out of one thousand twelve live births during the study period 529 newborns which were fulfilling the required criteria were enrolled in the study. All the enrolled newborns were assessed for weight, length, OFC, MAC, MAC/OFC and Ponderal index. Maternal nutritional status was assessed by maternal weight, maternal height and BMI. Maternal data also comprised of demographic and social factors viz. maternal age, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, maternal education, occupation, parity, residence, altitude and antenatal care. The correlation between neonatal anthropometric indices and maternal nutritional status was studied using appropriate statistical methods.Results: The study population had mean maternal weight 50.0593±7.97, mean maternal height 154.148±9.0388 and mean body mass index 21.5871±10.458 which were significantly higher than national figure (NFHS 2 data). The mean birth weight was 2822.80±447.64, mean length 48.0319±2.1963, mean OFC 33.6866±1.3510, mean MAC 8.8866±0.8349,MAC/OFC 0.2636±2.039 E-02 .The study showed 29% LBW babies. The study showed highly significant positive relationship between maternal nutritional status assessed by maternal weight, height and BMI; and neonatal anthropometry i.e. birth weight length, OFC MAC, and MAC/OFC ratio.Conclusions:Maternal nutritional status has strong linear correlation with neonatal anthropometry. Shorter and lighter mothers tend to give birth to small babies with lower anthropometric measurements. Improvement in the maternal nutritional status can lead to better neonatal anthropometric indices which can be helpful in decreasing the neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Newborn with spontaneous rupture of an infected cephalohematorma
Authors: Shorofsky Michael J. , Bhatia Darshita
Published: February 2018

Cephalohematomas present in approximately 2% of newborns and rarely become infected. In this case we present a newborn who presented with spontaneous rupture of an infected cephalohematoma with E. Coli. The patient subsequently developed scalp osteomyelitis secondary to the infected cephalohematom. In this case report we will go over the presentation and the mamangement of the case.
Childhood pyoderma gangrenosum: diagnosis often missed
Authors: Magar Suvarna , Siddiquie Saeed , Kale Anjali , Valecha Aashna
Published: February 2018

We present a 10-year-old male child who presented with 2 months history of fever and extensive ulceration over both lower limbs and buttocks. The new lesions were bullous and pustular, so working diagnosis of bullous impetigo was considered. WBC count showed mild anemia and neutrophilic leucocytosis. Peripheral smear showed neutrophilia, adequate platelets and normal lymphocytes. Blood culture and pus culture were sterile. Stool for occult blood was negative, liver function tests were normal. Mantoux test was negative. Serum immunoglobulins were normal and HIV, HBsAg tested negative. Skin biopsy showed foci of granulomatous inflammation with neutrophilic infiltration. With persistent neutrophilia and neutrophilic infiltration of ulcers, pyoderma gangrenosum was kept as diagnosis. The child was started on local steroid application and oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day. Wthin 2 days of oral steroids child became afebrile. Ulcers started healing and neutrophila also normalized. In view of reappearance of fever, immunosuppressive, closporin was started, after which child responded well and ulcers healed completely. So, in conclusion, we report a paediatric case of pyoderma gangrenosum which poses diagnostic difficulty, particularly to non-dermatologists. The dramatic response to steroid and cyclosporine helped cure the ulcers and remit the disease and sufferings.
Hafnia alvei causing late onset sepsis in neonates: report of two cases and review of literature
Authors: Basani Laxman , Aepala Roja
Published: February 2018

Hafnia alvei, a Gram negative motile bacillus that belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family is rarely associated with infection in pediatric patients and is exceptionally rare in the neonatal period. H. alvei is ubiquitous in the environment, causing infections in debilitated and immuno-compromised patients with few cases being reported in neonates. We report two cases of late onset sepsis in term neonates caused by H. alvei that were successfully treated in our unit. To the best of our knowledge, infection due to H. alvei has not been reported in neonates from India. Hafnia alvei causes infection rarely in neonates. Because it can cause nosocomial outbreaks, awareness regarding this uncommon pathogen and initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy improves the outcome and prevents mortality.
Bedtime levothyroxine administration is an attractive option for children with hypothyroidism
Authors: Dayal Devi
Published: February 2018

Levothyroxine is traditionally administered before breakfast in the morning as its absorption is greater on an empty stomach as compared to a non fasting state. Current recommendations suggest that levothyroxine should be taken one half to one hour before breakfast and at least four hours before or after taking drugs that are known to interfere with absorption. However, distancing the administration of levothyroxine from food intake or interacting drugs may be inconvenient for patients with unpredictable or variable morning schedules and hence compliance with standard recommendations may be problematic. The morning schedules are even tighter in children due to the school timings with most schools beginning at 8 AM and children often having to leave for school by 7.30 AM. Thus maintaining the desired time gap between morning levothyroxine intake and the breakfast meal is often difficult for parents of children with hypothyroidism. In this regard, an alternative schedule for levothyroxine administration that avoids the morning hours is desirable for children with hypothyroidism. The study by Radhakrishnan et al, in the November-December issue of IJCP is therefore an interesting read.
Comparative study of hearing level pre and post ossiculoplasty in Aseer Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Assiri Abdullah , Al-Qannass Ali M. , Khurayzi Tawfiq A. , Alardi Talat E.
Published: February 2018

Background: Achieving successful hearing outcomes following ossiculoplasty in patients with middle ear diseases depend on several factors. Unfortunately, the literature is confusing concerning the middle ear factors and types of pathologic process that are most important in predicting hearing outcome. The objective of the study was to investigate the improvement or deterioration of hearing after ossiculoplasty and identify the possible prognostic factors.

Methods: Between January, 2012 and December, 2014, 30 ossiculoplasties were performed and followed up by the first author with the help of other authors in Otolaryngology department, Aseer Ceneral hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The patients were followed up at 6 months, 9 months after the operation and then on a yearly basis. Postoperative hearing outcomes were considered successful if the postoperative air-bone gap was within 20 dB while it was considered not successful if it exceeds 20 dB.  

Results: The study included 30patients. Their age ranged between 18 and 61 years with a mean of 37.4±10.7 years. Sixty percent of them (n=18) were females and forty percent (n=12) were males. Pre-operative PTA was 37.83±8.97 dB and it decreased to 23.0±12.57 dB postoperatively. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001) with an average change in ABG of 150 dB across the 30 patients. The successful rate was 50%. the only factor proved to be significantly associated with successful ossiculoplasty was the male gender as 75% of makes compared to 33.3% of females patients reported postoperative air-bone gap within 20 dB, p=0.030.

Conclusions: Successful rate of ossiculoplasty in Asser central hospital is within the globally reported rates. However, further larger prospective study is recommended for better understanding of predictive factors for hearing improvement after ossiculoplasty that may contribute to the surgeon’s judgment and the information given to patients.
Bacteriological profile of suppurative cervico-facial cellulitis of dental origin at the Lomé-CHU campus
Authors: Agoda Palakina P. , Adam Saliou , Sama Hamza D. , Bissa Harétfetéguina , Guiguimde Windpouiré  P. , Hemou Pidem , Betenora Bina , Amana Bathokedeou , Kpemissi Eyawelohn
Published: February 2018

Background: Cervico facial cellulitis is mainly complications of oral infections. A better knowledge of the main germs involved and their susceptibility to antibiotics is necessary for their treatment.

Methods: Three-year prospective study, carried out in the odontostomatology department of the CHU-Campus of Lome, fifty-five patients were included. The pus was taken by suction in a sterile single-use syringe and then directly seeded on agar. The incubation was carried out for 48 h.  

Results: The sample consisted of 28 men and 27 women. Fifty-four point fifty percent of patients were between 14 and 40 years of age. Forty-four cultures (80%) were positive. The main germs isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The study showed good susceptibility of staphylococcus to quinolones, from streptococcus to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and Enterobacteria to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and quinolones. In the same way, the total resistance of all these germs to tetracyclines was proved.

Conclusions: The resistance of Staphylococci and Streptococcus to betalactamins is a real public health problem.
Pure tone hearing threshold of patients with cleft palate anomaly in Kaduna, Nigeria
Authors: Musa Emmanuel , Kodiya Aliyu Mohammed , Kirfi Abdullahi Musa , Nwaorgu Onyekwere George B.
Published: February 2018

Background: Hearing loss is common in people with isolated cleft palate (ICP) or cleft lip and palate (CLP). There is renewed hope for surgical repair for people with cleft deformity in Nigeria today due to serious commitment in offering them free surgeries by Smile Train and other non-governmental organizations. While effort at corrective surgery is very commendable, the need for proper diagnosis and management of hearing loss among the cleft population cannot be overemphasized. The aim of this study was to assess the pure tone hearing threshold of patients with cleft palate anomaly at Smile Train Centre Kaduna, Nigeria.

Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional case controlled study to assess the pure tone hearing threshold of consecutive adults and children not less than 5 years of age with repaired or unrepaired cleft lip and cleft palate attending Etomie Smile Train Centre in Kaduna, Nigeria compared with a control group of non-cleft volunteers matched for age and sex. Ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained. History, ear examination and pure tone audiometry were performed. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Simple statistical parameters, Chi - Square and paired-samples T-test were used as appropriate. The level of statistical significance was set at p<­­0.05.  

Results: The prevalence of hearing loss was 59.4% in patients with CLP and ICP and 12% among the control group.

Conclusions: There is high prevalence of conductive hearing loss among patients with cleft palate anomaly at Etomie Smile Train Centre Kaduna.
Clinicopathological, microbiological and radiological evaluation of deep neck spaces infections
Authors: Santhosh Reddy M. , Vijay Bharath Reddy C. R.
Published: February 2018

Background: More and more use of antibiotics and development of new antibiotics have helped in reducing the morbidity associated with “deep neck infections”, but still their incidence is found in the general populations. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment are key. The objective of the study was to study deep neck infections regarding etiological factors, micro-biological features.

Methods: A total of 24 patients were identified and diagnosed at S.V.S Medical College and Hospital Mahabubnagar over a period of 3 years, among them 12 patients were picked up at random basis for detailed study.  

Results: It has been observed that the incidence of deep neck space infection was 3% till June 2010 and then it reduced to 1.76% by June 2011 and remained constant till October 2011. Sub-mandibular abscess was the most common in 58.3% of the cases. The most common source of infection of deep neck space infections was odontogenic in 45.8% of the cases. Airway obstruction was seen in 29% of the cases and mediastinitis was seen in only two patients. The most commonly observed organism involved in the deep neck space infections was streptococcus pyogenes in 75% of the cases.

Conclusions: Deep neck space infections though rare, are associated with complications and most importantly antimicrobial resistance. Hence it is very important that these must not be neglected.
Incidence of accessory ostia in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis
Authors: Ghosh Puja , Kumarasekaran Pragadeeswaran , Sriraman Gurumani
Published: February 2018

Background: Chronic maxillary sinusitisis is one of the most frequent diseases presenting in ENT out patient department seeking medical attention. Defects in the fontanelle region of the lateral nasal wall have been described as accessory ostia. The presence of AMO in both pre and post operated cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis can cause recirculation of mucus leading to recurrences. In the present study we will investigate the incidence of accessory ostia in patients with clinical and radiological signs of chronic maxillary sinusitis.

Methods: The study included 100 patients visiting the out patient department of Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute selected according to inclusion criteria with a clinical diagnosis of chronic rhino sinusitis which was confirmed by high resolution CT scan and those patients were subjected to diagnostic nasal endoscopy under local anesthesia.  

Results: The study group consisted of total 100 patients among whom 56 were male patients and 44 were female patients. Accessory maxillary ostia were detected in 23% of the cases and in rest of the 77% cases it was absent. Among the 23 cases in 35% cases accessory ostia were found to be bilateral and in 65% cases it was found to be unilateral. Among the cases where accessory ostia were seen, in 39% cases only accessory ostia were found. Where as in 17.39% cases it was associated with concha bullosa, in 65.2% cases there was deviated nasal septum and in 8.7% cases paradoxical middle turbinate were found to be present.

Conclusions: To conclude, the present study revealed close association of accessory ostia with chronic maxillary rhino sinusitis. It was also found that majority of the cases accessory ostia were found to be unilateral and were frequently found in the posterior fontanelle region.
Phantom ringing syndrome: an Indian perspective
Authors: Khilnani Ajeet Kumar , Thaddanee Rekha , Khilnani Gurudas
Published: February 2018

Background: Use of smart phone, which has become an integral activity of daily life now, has begun to show subtle untoward effects on health. Various health related problems associated with electronic devices, especially smart phones, use are being studied. Phantom ringing syndrome (PRS) is one such adverse effect, which is an auditory hallucination seen in mobile phone users when they feel that their phone is ringing when it is actually not. To the best of our knowledge and literature search, we could not find any Indian study on PRS. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of PRS and to find the factors associated with it.

Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional online questionnaire based study, conducted in western Gujarat from July 2017 to October 2017. A 7-item validated questionnaire was sent to 800 participants, through e-mail or WhatsApp, and the responses received were analyzed using MS excel.  

Results: Out of 319 respondents, 181 (67%) were males and 89 (33%) females. The mean age of males was 31.65 (9.65) years and females was 29.96 (11.19) years. PRS was present in 54.4% of respondents. There was no significant association between presence of PRS and age of participants (p=0.855), sex of participants (p=0.5232), profession (medical vs. non-medical) (p=0.498), physical location of mobile phone (p=0.829), mode of using mobile phone (p=0.718) and duration of mobile phone use (p=0.748).

Conclusions: The prevalence rate of PRS in our study was 54.4%. PRS occurs irrespective of gender, age, profession, and physical location, duration and mode of phone use. It would be interesting to find exact site of involvement, in auditory circuit, by BERA studies.
Analysis of type of tympanograms across different age groups in a tertiary care hospital: a retrospective study
Authors: M. Hanumantha Prasad , D. Ravi , N. K. Balaji , T. R. Sowmya , Puttaraju Sahana , Jagadish Nirmala
Published: February 2018

Background: Tympanometry is a non-invasive test clinical test for the assessment of middle ear status/functioning. Several studies over the past few years have produced conflicting results regarding changes in the middle ear function with advancing age. Hence, the present study is aimed to give evidences on distributions of type of tympanograms in males and females under various age groups.

Methods: The study followed retrospective design, where data collected from January 2017 to October 2017 were used. A total of 2,292 tympanograms of the 1146 patients were analysed. Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon’s signed rank test were used. A p-value <0.05 was considered as significant.  

Results: It was documented that higher occurrence of ‘B’ type and ‘Ad’ type of tympanogram in paediatric group and geriatric group respectively. As it is expected, ‘A’ type of tympanogram is predominant in adult and older adult group. Also, there was no gender difference seen in type of tympanograms.

Conclusions: Higher occurrence of ‘B’ type of tympanogram in paediatric group warrants medical line of treatment and educating on ear-hygiene in them.
Comparative study between result of temporalis muscle fascia and tragal cartilage perichondrium as a graft material in type 1 tympanoplasty
Authors: Kumar Abhay , Narayan Prabhu , Narain Prem , Singh Jaypal , Porwal Prateek Kumar , Sharma Sanjay , Shankar Daya
Published: February 2018

Background: Leading cause of deafness in India is chronic suppurative otitis media. Most common cause of TM perforation is chronic suppurative otitis media. With this background this study was to compare hearing results, as well as graft takes for commonly preferred reconstruction techniques of the TM (i.e., temporalis fascia vs. cartilage) in tympanoplasty.

Methods: The present study consists of 60 cases of C.S.O.M (TTD) which was divided into two groups with 30 cases in each group. In first group type1 tympanoplasty was done by Temporalis fascia technique. In second group type 1 tympanoplasty done by tragal cartilage with perichondrium technique. History and otoscopic examination along with pure tone audiometry was performed preoperatively. Postoperative hearing results and graft uptake were compared between two groups, all surgeries were performed through the post aural approach.  

Results: Graft uptake results are better with tragal cartilage with perichondrium technique. Hearing improved significantly in both groups. Though this was slightly better in TFT, but not significant statistically.

Conclusions: Graft uptake rates are better with the tragal cartilage with perichondrium technique in comparison of TFT and hearing results are almost equivalent with both techniques.
Temporal bone carcinoma in a 25 year old patient
Authors: Anchan Shibani V. , Myageri Aneel
Published: February 2018

A 25 year old female patient presented to us earache and ear discharge. She was diagnosed with moderately differentiated carcinoma of the temporal bone. The patient was treated with radical mastoidectomy and postoperative radiotherapy. A review of literature has been done.
Pill in the left bronchus-pediatric foreign body aspiration: a case report
Authors: Sekar Raghul , Ramasamy Karthikeyan , Jyotirmay Hegde , Alexander Arun , Saxena Sunil Kumar
Published: February 2018

Pediatric population is more prone for accidents such as foreign body aspiration. It is an important and preventable cause of mortality and morbidity in children. Pill aspiration is one of the rare causes foreign body aspiration in both children and adults. History is crucial and can guide treatment in case of foreign body aspiration. We present a 5 year old child who had history and examination suggestive of pneumonia which turned out to be a foreign body in left bronchus on computed tomography. The foreign body was a half broken tablet of Co-trimoxazole removed by rigid bronchoscopy without any complication. The child’s symptoms improved satisfactorily following removal. 
Evaluation of the Stress Phasei In Students of tThe Health Area
Authors: Dutra Danielle Lemes , Rosique André Abrantes , Dutra Asaphe Lemes , Candido Sarah Da Silva , Bachur Cynthia Kallás
Published: February 2018

Stress is a general wear and tear of the body, being responsible for changes in the state of health and well-being of the individual. The present study had as objective apply an Inventory of Stress Symptoms among both medical and physiotherapy students, compare and identify the stage of stress they encounter. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of students of the 4th year of both Medicine and Physiotherapy courses from Universidade de Franca- São Paulo, volunteers, regardless of sex or ethnicity. An inventory of Stress Symptoms I.S.S. Lipp to characterize the stress phase of students. A total of 70 students participated in the study, 25 of which were physiotherapists, 22 male and 48 female, 21.92 ± 1.57 years old, and 45 medical students, with a mean age of 24, 87 + 4.26 years. In both courses, the sample analyzed showed a predominance in the Resistance phase, corresponding to a score of 4.26 in relation to medical students and 1.57 in physiotherapy. Based on the data from the present study, it was possible to identify that the students of the health area are in a predominantly Exhaustion phase, according to the Lipp inventory.

Avaliação da Fase de Estresse em Estudantes da Área da Saúde

O estresse é causado pelas alterações psicofisiológicas que ocorrem quando o indivíduo é forçado a enfrentar situações que o irritem. O presente estudo teve como objetivo aplicar um Inventário de Sintomas de estresse entre estudantes de medicina e fisioterapia, comparar e identificar a fase de estresse que eles se encontram. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo e transversal. A amostra foi composta por estudantes do 4º ano do curso de Medicina e de Fisioterapia da Universidade de Franca- São Paulo, voluntários,sem distinção de sexo ou etnia. Foi aplicado um Inventário de Sintomas de estresse I.S.S. Lipp para caracterizar a fase do estresse dos estudantes. Participaram deste estudo70 estudantes, 25 do curso de Fisioterapia, com idade 21,92 + 1,57 anos e 45 estudantes do curso de medicina, com idade média de 24,87 + 4,26 anos. A amostra analisada apresenta, em ambos os cursos, uma predominância na fase de Resistência, correspondendo um escore de 4,26 em relação aos estudantes de Medicina e 1,57 aos de Fisioterapia. Com base nos resultados dos dados do presente estudo, foi possível identificar que os estudantes da área de saúde encontram-se em uma fase predominantemente de Exaustão segundo o inventário de Lipp.
The Presence of the Bat’a Shoe Company in Central America and the Caribbean in the Interwar Period (1920-1930)
Authors: Perutka Lukas , Balaban Milan , Herman Jan
Published: February 2018

This article addresses the presence of the famous Czechoslovak shoe company Bat’a in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean during the 1920s and 1930s. It is a topic that has not yet been properly researched by historians; therefore this work can shed some light on the activity of Czechoslovak companies in Latin America. The objective is to compare Bat’a’s influence in the countries of the respective region and study where it was successful and why and where it was not. This comparative and quantitative analysis is based mainly on the unpublished archive material of Czech and Mexican origin. These sources are supplemented by memoirs of several Bat’a’s officials present in the region and published in some local Czechoslovak newspapers.
5 and 7 Year Old Childrenwith No English Background RespondToward Parents’ Stimulus Using the Comprehensible Inputs on Direct English Daily Conversations at Home
Authors: Rini Setia
Published: February 2018

This paper seeks to explorehow the comprehensible inputs are given by mother   responded by the children who have no English background and what are the discourse features which aid children’s comprehension and ability to maintain the conversation. This study is conducted in the writer’s home with her sons in order to apply the comprehensible inputs. The results shows that the children ages 5 and 7 years old who have no English background are able to give the responses unless the questions or the stimulus given must be followed by the non verbal language such as gesture and the body movements. In this case, the results can be varied. From the stimulus using the comprehensible inputs, the children are also giving different responses. It can be in the form of non-verbal language such as nodding or by repeating the last word said by their mother. It is suggested that parents should give encouragement to the children and help them in acquiring the second language at home. Keywords:  Parents’ stimulus; Comprehensible inputs; daily conversation with no English background.
The Application of Society Based School and Its Implication toward Self-Governance of the Second Year Students of “SMU ALTERNATIVE QARYAH THAYYIBAH” of Kalibening, Salatiga in the Academic Year of 2007/2008
Authors: Mardliyah Lina
Published: February 2018

This paper attempts to describe the application of society based school and the implication of such a system as well as to depict the relationship between them toward students’ self-governance at SMU Alternative QT in the academic year of 2007/2008. The respondents of the study are 20 students of the second grade and 9 teachers. By applying descriptive qualitative research. It found that there is relationship between the application and the implication of society based school toward the students’ self-governance where the students become more ready to live in the future, realize their own personalities better, and have many skills.Keywords: Society Based School; Self-Governance
The Influence of Reading Intensity toward Writing Skills
Authors: Mas’ud Ibnu
Published: February 2018

The aims of this research are to find of reading intensity, to examine the student’ writing skills, and to probe the influence of the students’ reading intensity toward the students’ writing skill. By applyingdescriptive quantitative approach and using correlation research, the subject of the study are the third year students of SMP N 1 Grabag, Kab. Magelang, in the academic year of 2008/2009. Meanwhile, the sample of the research are 40 students of two classes that are taken by applying stratified sampling technique. Furthermore, there are two variables that are analyzed. They are students’ reading intensity as independent variable and students’ writing skill as dependents variable. Based on the calculation of the critical r in the level of significant of 5%, the writer found that rxy aritmethical is higher than rxy table. Therefore, there is influence of reading intensity toward writing skill.Keywords: Reading; Intensity; Writing