bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Preliminary Inquiry
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

“A crowd of solemn-faced African villagers sat on the stone benches around the whitewashed walls of the court, squatted on the concrete floor and stood four deep outside.” In early May, the magistrate holds a preliminary inquiry (PI) in Maswa. After a three-day hearing, the magistrate orders Bill to be held for trial in the High Court in Mwanza because the prosecution has presented a prima facie case. Several eyewitnesses are called to testify about the events on Impala Hill on March 27, 1966. Although the prosecution presents its entire case, the defense offers none of its evidence because under Tanzanian law it can be reserved for later. A strategic decision is made based on the assumption that the prosecution has adequate evidence to lead the magistrate to order Bill to trial; in this way, the prosecution will be unprepared and surprised by evidence put forward at the trial.
Trial Day One
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Judge Platt describes the trial procedure. Bill Kinsey enters his plea. Prosecutor Ededen Effiwat gives his opening statement. The prosecution’s medical expert Philip Mganga, the assistant medical officer in Maswa, describes Peppy’s many injuries based on his postmortem report and why he feels Peppy was killed with the alleged murder weapons. Defense attorney Byron Georgiadis challenges him aggressively on his medical qualifications and on errors in his understanding of anatomy. Dr. McHugh has been allowed to remain in court during the testimony, and later that day he supplies a detailed memo on the many medical errors in Mganga’s testimony. Apparently, McHugh and Georgiadis often play squash on Judge Platt’s court after the day’s proceedings end, which might be seen as a conflict of interest.
Trial Day Two
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

At the opening of the session, the judge informs counsel that the court might call its own expert witnesses if deemed necessary. He also asks the prosecution and defense to agree on medical sources that the judge and the assessors may consult. Inspector Martin Kifunta, the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) officer in charge of the investigation, testifies. He presents the entire chain of events, including his arrival at Impala Hill, the evidence found at the scene—iron bar and bloody rocks —as well as his search of the Kinsey home and the evidence found there—the diary and other tools. His examination by the prosecutor is set forth in some detail to demonstrate how the prosecution plans to prove its case.
Trial Day Seven
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Bill continues, relating in detail his version of the events on the day Peppy died. After the picnic, they climbed the rock for a better view. “While I was looking in the distance, I heard glass breaking. I turned around, and she was not there. When I crawled to the edge of the rock, I could see her below. I rushed down, she struggled to get up, and I needed to hold her down to prevent further injury.” When Georgiadis is finished, Prosecutor Effiwat begins his cross-examination, which lasts some two hours. Effiwat aggressively challenges Bill with the accounts by the eyewitnesses, who testified that Bill had struck, beat, and pushed Peppy down. Kinsey responds in an unruffled manner, denying these accounts and reiterating that everything he did was in an effort to help Peppy. Of course, we never hear Peppy’s version of the events.
Trial Day Nine
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

On Sunday, the hearing begins with a heated clash after Effiwat accuses Georgiadis of threatening and intimidating potential witnesses. The judge waives off the accusation, and the trial continues. However, before proceeding, he deals with a new volatile issue as several soldiers with submachine guns are stationed at the back of the courtroom. He orders them to leave. At this point, Dr. Gerald Dockeray, the eminent pathologist from Nairobi, begins his testimony, stating that he had performed a postmortem two days after Peppy’s death. Under Georgiadis’s questioning, Dockeray testifies that he did not believe the injuries could have been caused by either the pipe or the stones, as the prosecution alleged. It was more likely that when Peppy pitched forward, fallen, and a stone had caused the injuries.
Trial Day Twelve
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

On Wednesday, Maryanne Dunn, a volunteer who formerly taught school near the Kinseys and considered herself Peppy’s best friend, testifies that Peppy told her she had never been happier in her life. She is followed by the surprising and dramatic appearance of Peppy’s mother, who will testify for the defense. Charlotte Dennett reads a letter from Peppy mailed a few hours before her death and testifies that there had never been a hint of trouble in the marriage, a conclusion reinforced when Mrs. Dennett and her sister traveled around East Africa with Bill and Peppy the previous year. The prosecution struggles with how to cross-examine Mrs. Dennett.
Trial Day Thirteen
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Court personnel, the lawyers, and Bill travel the 80 miles to Maswa to examine the scene of Peppy’s death. The judge appears in “civilian” clothes, without his wig and red robe. The group climbs to the top of the hill and surveys the area. The height and denseness of the shrubbery at this time as opposed to the time of Peppy’s death will be an issue at the trial. Bill stands nearby surrounded by Tanzanian military men. The group also visits the site where witnesses said they had seen Bill beating his wife. Shards of a bottle are found at the scene, perhaps confirming Bill’s testimony that the bottle of beer Peppy had been drinking was broken as well as the failure by the police to properly secure the evidence.
Trial Day Fourteen
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

On Friday, September 9, the prosecutor and defense summarize the case. The judge is expected to instruct the assessors the next day. Georgiadis says the assessors must consider whether Bill caused Peppy’s death, whether it was an unlawful act or omission, and whether there was malice aforethought. Georgiadis hammers away at the inconsistencies in the prosecution’s case, the failure to show any motive, and the overbearing weight of the defense medical testimony. Prosecutor Effiwat argues that the diary demonstrates Bill’s morbid state of mind, the eyewitness accounts must be believed, Dr. Dockeray’s testimony must be discounted since he is unregistered in Tanzania, and there is no reasonable explanation for why Bill had brought the pipe to the picnic.
Trial Day Seventeen
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Judge Platt announces that he will not give his verdict on September 17, as originally planned. He gives no reason, but one might assume that he is still perhaps unsure of his decision or still writing up his decision. Peace Corps staff provide an updated estimate of the costs of the trial, which total some $23,000 (approximately $164,000 in today’s dollars). Although the Kinsey family originally agreed to cover the cost of the defense, by this time legislation has passed whereby the Peace Corps is enabled to pay these expenses. The increase in costs over earlier estimates seem commensurate with the length of the trial and the need for additional witnesses. In addition, Tanzania Peace Corps staff forward to Peace Corps Washington a nine-point comparison of Tanzanian law and U.S. law.
Prison or the Canadian Wilderness
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter Patrick struggles with his rage and PTSD. While a patient at Walter Reed he breaks his doctor’s jaw after punching him twice. He would have been in military prison if not for the intervention of his father and his psychiatrist. The doctor finds a research grant that would allow Patrick to count bald eagles in the wild for three years. Patrick receives a discharge from the Army, though he will never be able to receive VA benefits except for college under the GI Bill.
Survive or Die
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter Patrick begins counting bald eagles in the Canadian wilderness. He must survive on his own, except for occasional supply drops. Readers learn about his survival techniques such as his avoidance of dangerous animals and poisonous plants.
The Search for Peace and the Bald Eagle
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter Patrick details his time in the wilderness. He conquers his night terrors, becomes less anxious, and revels in the experience of nature and being alone. Patrick focuses on healing in the Canadian wilderness.
From Reptiles to Red-Tailed Hawks
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

This chapter follows Patrick from college to his first career working with wildlife. He and his mother move to Virginia. He begins working with Ross Allen, whose animal shows are very popular at the time. Patrick is the first college graduate to work with Ross, and he is soon doing turtle and alligator shows on his own.
Go West, Young Man
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter Patrick decides to move to Oregon with his wife, Janeas. He was working with Dave Siddon at the time with Dave’s company called, “Wildlife Images.” Patrick is hired to go around the country doing school programs as well as training wild animals for movies and television. He trains bears, mountain lions and other wildlife. This is the time that his son, Skyler was born. He moves with his wife to Oregon to continue doing the wildlife shows from there.
Carol
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

Patrick begins working in a theme park in Florida called the Lost River Ride where he not only helps rehab wild animals but also puts on shows for the visitors. Guests travel by boat and watch Patrick from the dock as he works with wild panthers, mountain lions and other animals. It was there that he meets a young woman, Carol, who also works at the park. After his divorce from two previous marriages, Patrick is committed to making their relationship work.
The Art of Training Wild Animals
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter Patrick and Carol are together as a couple and work together at the theme park. Patrick shows readers how he is trains wild animals for movies and other shows. There are some funny scenes as well as a few scary ones where Patrick’s life is in danger. He also goes into detail on a variety of animal species.
PTSD Diagnosis
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we get to know Patrick’s son, Skyler, now grown and in the US Army. After serving for over a decade, Skyler returns home and Patrick clearly sees he is suffering from PTSD just like him. He sees his son acting strangely and is worried about his disconcerting behaviors such. Patrick and Carol have a frightening incident with Skyler which prompts Patrick to seek an intervention.
Avian Veteran Alliance Takes Flight
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

After the success of the Bay Pines experiment, Patrick and Kaleigh Hoyt, a woman with PTSD who also comes to the park, decide to formalize the effort and start a non-profit called The Avian Veteran Alliance. They want to have as many people as possible take part including those who were not veterans but would benefit from the program. Kaleigh is getting her Ph.D. and becomes an expert in working with wounded birds including two vultures that she trains and cares for in her back yard. The program begins to blossom and receive attention from people around the world.
Telia’s Transformation
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

One of the people who has seen dramatic results from AVA was Telia Hann. He suffered from extreme PTSD after his military career. He is an in-patient at Bay Pines, and begins coming to the park to walk with the wounded birds of prey. For eight years, he had been suicidal and didn’t leave his apartment except to buy food. After about a year working with AVA, he grows close to Patrick and finds peace by working with birds including Sarge, the wounded bald eagle. Telia did so well that he went back to college, earned a BA Degree, and now has his dream job as a teacher.
Wild Birds of Prey in Captivity
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we begin to get to know some of the wounded birds of prey at the Narrows and those that are part of the AVA program. We meet Rigby, an injured barred owl that came to the Narrows from the Owl’s Nest. She fell out of her nest as a baby and could not survive in the wild. Rigby and a super volunteer, Ria, fell in love and this chapter details their relationship. They have an incredible bond and we see how the pair relate to each other. We also learn about Rigby’s death and the heartbreaking effect it had on Ria, Patrick, and all of AVA.
Epilogue
Authors: Guerin Dava , Bivens Terry
Published: January 2021

SITTING BULL, THE Hunkpapa Lakota leader and holy man, once said: “It is through … mysterious power that we too have our being, and we therefore yield to our neighbors, even to our animal neighbors, the same right as ourselves to inhabit this vast land.” Very few people live their lives according to Sitting Bull’s belief that we must respect and protect our animal family’s right to live and thrive on planet Earth....
Political Discussions, Round 1
Authors: Trifković Gaj
Published: January 2021

After the downfall of the Užice Republic in late November 1941, the focus of the war was transferred from occupied Serbia to the neighboring Independent State of Croatia. Unlike in Serbia, there were comparatively few encounters between the Partisans and the Germans west of the Drina River for the better part of 1942. Nevertheless, the Partisans in the NDH made several local attempts to exchange prisoners. After a group of German civilians was captured in Livno in August 1942, the exchange of prisoners was increasingly negotiated between the highest commands of both sides. These talks were perceived by all as a means to sound out the enemy's intentions and political aims. Consequently, both the Partisans and the Germans were keen to continue them into 1943.
Mycophenolic Acid Concentration on Vietnamese Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Do Dung Thi Mai , Ha An Phan Hai , Le Dong Van , Dam Lan Thi Phuong , Huynh Thuan Quang
Published: January 2021

Background: Kidney recipients often use a calcineurin inhibitor and a proliferation inhibitor after transplantation. The therapeutic drug monitoring for calcineurin inhibitor is more simple and feasible in clinical than proliferation inhibitor. In Vietnam, mycophenolic acid is a popular proliferation inhibitor used for transplantation patients. Although therapeutic mycophenolic acid monitoring is so important in treating kidney transplantation, the monitoring is still difficult to execute in Vietnam. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the MPA concentration on Vietnamese renal transplant recipients. Methods: This observational study was conducted on 35 adult kidney recipients to evaluate the MPA concentration at five sampling time points (predose, 1, 2, 3, and 6 hours) on day 3, day 10, and month 6 after transplantation. Results: Plasma MPA trough levels (C0) were 2.32 ± 1.47;1.58 ± 1.39; 2.29 ± 1.4 mg/L and the MPA-AUC0-12 h values were 50.1 ± 20.4; 41.9 ± 14.5; 60.3 ± 25.9 mg.h/L on day 3, day 10, and month 6. The number of patients who reached MPA-AUC0-12 h values of 30 - 60 mg.h/L was 18 (51.4%), 23 (65.7%) and 17 (51.5%) on day 3, day 10, and month 6, respectively. The number of patients who achieved the MPA C0 values of 1.5 - 2.5 mg/L was 15 (42.9 %), 14 (40%), and 10 (30.3%) on day 3, day 10, and month 6, respectively; and the linear correlation coefficients between AUC0-12 h and C0 were 0.652, 0.415, and 0.752, respectively. Conclusions: In renal transplant patients, the MPA-AUC0-12 h was lower on day 3 and day 10 post-transplantation than month 6 for the half dose of MMF or MPS. Therefore, MPA therapeutic drug level should be monitored usually in transplantation patients who use MPA.
Considering Finite Provinces of Meaning
Authors: Williams Jerry ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

This essay considers social science as a finite province of meaning. It is argued that teasing out common-sense meanings from social scientific conceptions is difficult because the meanings of scientific concepts are often veiled in life-worldly taken-for-grantedness. If social scientists have successfully created a scientific province of meaning, attempts to communicate findings outside of this reduced sphere of science should be somewhat problematic.
Western Imaginary of Jihadism
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

Western jihadism is a complex phenomenon in which the imaginary dimension, the subjectivity of the actors linked to their socio-economic condition but also to their ethnicity, and beyond that, what I call their subjectivation (the ability to empower oneself as a social actor), play a significant role. In Europe, among the Muslim offshoots of migrant workers, most of the psychological developments associated with Jihadism occurs in very specific urban structures, the poor districts or suburbs, where a high concentration of urban poor live with a burden of social stigma linked to the high criminality rate. These settings are often de facto ghettoes. The development of a specific urban imagination often gives meaning to the jihadist commitment among young people living in this type of settlement. This imaginary often feeds on a feeling of stigmatization among these people. Jihadism is not a quest for meaning, but its discovery, the wielding of it through embracing death and inflicting it on the ‘infidels’. It is, in another way, a punishment of society, an act of vengeance against it, be it due to personal reasons (mainly for the young downtrodden of the immigrant origin who feel stigmatized by the society) or due to the lack of ideal, utopia and social justice in society (the case of the young middle class people). This study aims at underlining the fact that social imaginaries should be at the root of socio-anthropological analysis and without understanding the meaning of social action, quantitative views give us at best a unilateral, at most a distorted view of social action and social behavior.
Public perceptions of undercover investigations in livestock farming: An end that justifies the means?
Authors: Schulze M , Risius A , Spiller A
Published: January 2021

Secretly taken photographs of livestock production systems, representing animal welfare violations, regularly appear in the media and initiate discussions as to the legitimacy of overriding legal regulations in order to document animal welfare standards. This paper focuses on the public perspective and compares different forms of undercover investigation, weighing animal welfare against the invasion of farmers’ privacy. For this purpose, an exploratory online survey was conducted in Germany (n = 292). Participants were carefully selected to ensure that age range, education level and sex reflected the distribution of the society as a whole. In a split-sample survey, each participant was confronted with three scenarios. The scenarios were mapped using pictures showing various levels of farm conditions combined with small information segments describing the invasion of farmers’ privacy. Participants evaluated the scenarios for their perceived legitimacy and whether entering the premises should be punished. All forms of undercover investigation were perceived as legitimate by most respondents. Perceived legitimacy was considerably higher when obvious animal abuse was uncovered. Apart from where damage to property was involved, which was mostly considered as unacceptable, harsher punishment for animal welfare organisations generally obtained little social approval. The public's increasing awareness of farm animal welfare overruled social norms regarding farmers’ privacy, and thereby demonstrated the importance of animal welfare in society. Approval of undercover investigations indicated that changes in housing and handling conditions as well as improvement in control mechanisms are necessary to increase animal welfare and thus public acceptance of livestock production.
Donkey welfare assessment in north-east Portugal
Authors: Cruz Z , Nóvoa M , Leiva B , Andrade D , Quaresma M
Published: January 2021

The well-documented versatility of donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) means that issues concerning their welfare can vary depending on how they are mainly used and their geographic location. The present study is the first assessment of donkey welfare to be systematically conducted in the Iberian Peninsula. This area is characterised by the coexistence of high levels of mechanisation and industrialisation, and human populations with low levels of formal education, still making use of donkeys in their daily work. This study aims to evaluate the main welfare problems affecting donkeys within this context. The welfare assessment was carried out in accordance with the first level of the AWIN protocol for donkeys. Only 37.6% of the animals evaluated showed all positive indicators, with no physical problem detected while the remaining 62.4% revealed at least one negative health indicator. Body Condition Score (BCS) was one of the main concerns, with around half of the donkeys exhibiting an inadequate body condition. Dental evaluation revealed similarly concerning results, with 62.8% of the animals assessed requiring treatment. Indications of hoof neglect were noted in 39.5% of the animals evaluated with a 9.84% incidence of lameness. Skin problems affected 26.7% of individuals. Only 41% of the animals displayed positive results for all behavioural indicators. Aside from BCS, the most prevalent problems were sub-optimal behaviour, pain reaction to cheek palpation, hoof disease and integument alterations. These issues should be prioritised, both as regards this specific donkey population and the education of their caretakers.
Evaluation of consistency over time of the use of the Animal Welfare Indicators protocol for horses
Authors: Czycholl I , Büttner K , Klingbeil P , Krieter J
Published: January 2021

Consistency over time is a basic requirement for welfare assessment schemes since consistency must not depend, for example, on the day it is carried out. This study analysed the consistency of the indicators of the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) protocol for horses (Equus caballus) over time. Given the multi-dimensionality of animal welfare, the AWIN protocol includes a variety of indicators evaluating, eg the health status or the behaviour of the animals. Fourteen establishments keeping horses in Germany were visited four times each (day 0, day 3, day 42, day 90). For the evaluation of reliability and agreement between the different visits, ie across time, the reference visit on day 0 was compared to the other visits via calculation of Spearman's rank correlation (RS), intra-class correlation (ICC), smallest detectable change (SDC) and limits of agreement (LoA). The indicator, Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) was analysed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Most of the indicators demonstrated sufficient consistency over time. Indicators that were inconsistent included parts of the Horse Grimace Scale, outcomes of behavioural tests, the presence of swollen joints as well as the indicators hoof neglect, alopecia on the legs and water cleanliness. The QBA was consistent for the period of 42 days, but not for 90 days. Overall, those indicators with insufficient consistency over time require to be revised or replaced in future welfare assessment schemes.
Sorrowful processions Peter the Great: principles of decoration and their evolution in the imperial funeral ceremonies of the XVIII century
Authors: Tyukhmeneva Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Published: January 2021

This research reveals the basic principles of the mourning decorations created for the burial of Peter the Great, and traces their fate in the Russian imperial sorrowful processions throughout the XVIII century. Decorative arrangement of state ceremonies is viewed in the context of the panegyric culture of that time. Ceremonial decoration was of temporary (occasional) nature and have been scarcely preserved; other than certain artifacts. The research is based on examination of a wide variety of written and graphic sources that allow reconstructing the image of funeral processions of that time. It is demonstrated that that in preparation for the funerals of Peter the Great, were developed certain patterns of mourning decoration preserved throughout the entire XVIII century. The principles of decorative arrangement of Russian imperial sorrowful processions were based on the European examples, and in many ways by inviting the foreign inventors and masters. The system of creation of mourning ensembles (as well as festive) obeyed the general laws inherent to the court ceremonial culture of Modern Age. The artistic solution of memorial halls and hearses corresponded to the stylistic evolution of art. The author introduces new materials and previously unknown facts into the scientific discourse, as well as clarifies the questions of terminology.
To the question of modernity and associated representations on subjectivity
Authors: Belonogov Ivan Nikolaevich
Published: January 2021

This article is dedicated to the question of interpretation of modernity. The author uses the groundwork of postmodern philosophy as a new optics and method that touch upon underpinnings of the approach towards analysis. It is also essential to examine the impact of distribution of the ideas of “French post-structuralism” upon future theories. It is demonstrated that through the prism of virologic approach, modernity is characterized by irreducible multiplicity of views contesting with each other for being distributed. At the same time, various concepts of modernity can be viewed as actualization of deconstructivist project, which defines the key vector of this research. Moreover, modernity itself is such research. The novelty consists in the fact that the question on the form of interpretation of modernity has not been previously raised within the framework of the Russian academic philosophical community. Although relevance of this question stems from such methodological and ideological transformations that took place in the late XX century. The conclusion is made that the philosophies united under “postmodern” have heuristic value, allowing to see that in fact postmodernism was related to “superficial” point of view and represented articulation of the problem – deconstructions of andro-logo-theo-teleo-anthropo-onto-phono-centrism. Post-poistmodernism, in turn, is the actualization of postmodernism as a multivariate comparative analysis, conducted by different research programs that exist as viral methods and contest with each other for being distributed.
The Shifting Contours of the German Homeland
Authors: Shelef Nadav G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the transformations in the area that counted as part of the homeland in post-World War II Germany. The West German setting is especially useful because it features the simultaneous loss of territories that differ in their ethnic composition; in economic value; whether they came to be excluded from the homeland, and, if they did, when this redefinition of the homeland occurred. Political movements in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) also differed in when, and even whether, they withdrew homeland territoriality from the various parts of the homeland Germany lost. The chapter then traces the withdrawal of homeland territoriality from Germany's lost lands and, leveraging the internal variation that characterizes the German experience, explains the timing of the changes that took place, and accounts for the absence of change where one might have expected it to occur. This historical process tracing shows that different logics of legitimation and domestic political mechanisms played a crucial role in explaining the pattern of stability and change in conceptions of the German homeland.
Conclusion
Authors: Shelef Nadav G.
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter highlights the lessons from the empirical exploration of homelands and their contraction. It reevaluates how one identifies territorial partitions and reassesses the question of whether partitions can be used to resolve conflict. Partitions can succeed in resolving nationalist conflicts where beliefs about the homeland's extent change. While drawing a new border is usually not enough on its own, contexts in which evolutionary dynamics operate on homelands are more likely to experience such transformations. Partitions may therefore be more likely to contribute to peace where the society that lost access to part of its homeland is characterized by long-lasting domestic political contestation. To be successful, in other words, policy makers advocating partitions need to pay as much attention to creating or maintaining domestic political institutions that foster such contestation within the states on either side of the border as to where the particular line is drawn.
Getting Started
Authors: Rabe Stephen G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the state of inter-American relations in the middle of the Cold War. President Richard Nixon came to office in 1969 in the aftermath of the Alliance for Progress, the ambitious ten-year, $20 billion economic aid program announced by President John F. Kennedy in March of 1961. Nixon had strong views about the shortcomings of the Alliance for Progress. Unlike Henry Kissinger, who had limited familiarity with Latin American thought, culture, and society, Nixon judged himself knowledgeable about Latin America. Nixon directed Kissinger to develop a comprehensive review of the U.S. policies toward Latin America. Kissinger then threw himself into the exercise with enthusiasm, perceiving the review of trade, investment, aid, and security issues as a learning experience. Nixon also dispatched his political rival and Kissinger's mentor, Governor Nelson Rockefeller (R-NY), on a fact-finding mission to Latin America.
Overthrowing Governments
Authors: Rabe Stephen G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how the first crisis for the Nixon administration came with the news that leftist Salvador Allende had captured a plurality of the vote in the September 1970 presidential election. It reviews the U.S. role in destabilizing the Allende government. The historical literature tends to give scant attention to the United States and Chile after September 11, 1973. To recount the complete story about the U.S. role in Chile demands investigating not only the war against Allende but also the myriad of ways that the Nixon and Ford administrations and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger bolstered the Pinochet dictatorship. The chapter also analyzes Kissinger's lead role in encouraging the overthrow of President Juan José Torres (1970–1971), the socialist political and military leader of Bolivia.
Kissinger and Central America
Authors: Rabe Stephen G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores U.S. relations with Central America during the Kissinger years. In the 1980s, civil wars in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala frightened the Reagan administration into reasoning that the Cold War had come to the doorstep of the United States. The civil wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua erupted during Henry Kissinger's tenure (in 1972 and 1974, respectively). Wholesale political violence carried out by “death squads” continued to characterize life in Guatemala in the 1970s. Examining the U.S. response to the mounting right-wing oppression in Central America provides historical background to the crisis of the 1980s and deepens an understanding of Kissinger's worldviews. Whereas Kissinger may have been impervious to Central American violence, he acted boldly toward Panama, pushing both of his presidents to renegotiate U.S. control of the canal and the Canal Zone.
Diplomatic Solutions
Authors: Rabe Stephen G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter demonstrates how Henry Kissinger engaged in resolving inter-American trade, investment, and treaty disputes. When they recalled the history of inter-American relations between 1969 and 1976, State Department officials who worked in Washington and foreign service officers assigned to posts in Latin America habitually lamented that Henry Kissinger did not prioritize relations with Latin America. They further noted that he launched no grand initiatives for the region, such as the Good Neighbor Policy or the Alliance for Progress. Their assessments were accurate. Nonetheless, the energetic Kissinger devoted more of his time to Latin America than did the prominent Cold War leaders that he succeeded. When he left public service in January of 1977, Kissinger could point to solid achievements in inter-American affairs. He took the lead in resolving both old and new issues that marred relations with Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
The History of the Ahmadi-Caliph Relationship
Authors: Evans Nicholas H. A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the distinctive theology of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, before exploring the historical processes through which the Ahmadi–caliph relationship became the dominant mode by which members of today's Jamaʻat attempt to evidence their Muslimness. In the early twentieth century, the second caliph directed a series of massive expansions to the Jamaʻat system and institutionalized key relationships of devotion, including a new scheme in which Ahmadis were encouraged to give their lives in service as waqf, an Islamic term normally reserved for endowments of property. The chapter also explores the ambivalent political aspirations of the Ahmadiyya caliphate. Described by his followers as nonpolitical, the caliph nevertheless follows a Sufi tradition of exercising a spiritual sovereignty that overlaps with and potentially encompasses worldly power. The chapter then shows that the Ahmadi-caliph relationship is understood to have its own political trajectory leading to the establishment of a new world system in which conventional secular politics are rendered defunct.
Prayer Duels to the Death
Authors: Evans Nicholas H. A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes what appears to be a drastic last-resort attempt to prove Muslim identity in the form of an open challenge to all opponents issued by the fourth caliph in 1988. This was the mubahala, an ordeal that takes the form of a prayer duel to the death in which God is expected to smite the false party and thus make truth visible. Many Ahmadis believe that the 1988 death of the president of Pakistan, General Zia ul-Haq, was a direct result of this mubahala challenge. In spite of this seeming victory, however, it would appear that the fourth caliph actually challenged his opponents to this ordeal in order to let the ritual fail. The chapter assesses how an ordeal designed to produce testable and empirical proof of Muslimness ended up functioning through its failures rather than its successes. In issuing this challenge, the fourth caliph was ridiculing his opponents and mocking their claims to know the minds of the Ahmadis. In fact, the chapter shows that the call to mubahala was an argument for the demonstrability of Muslimness through the quality and nature of a person's social relations.
Televising Islam
Authors: Evans Nicholas H. A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how Qadian's Ahmadis attempt to inscribe their Muslimness in the world through the cultivation of an exemplary aesthetic of universal devotion to the caliph. Since the creation of the community satellite television network Muslim Television Ahmadiyya (MTA) in 1994, Ahmadis have increasingly been placed in situations in which they are called on to witness the truth of Ahmadiyyat by watching images of themselves performing this exemplary aesthetic. The chapter asks what happens when Qadian's Ahmadis are presented to the world as “proof” even though they feel their actions to be imitative of genuine exemplarity. What happens, in other words, when they are called on to witness truth in their own “counterfeit proof”? In such moments, they are in fact able to achieve a certainty that otherwise eludes them, for in these broadcasts they are comforted by belonging to the only system capable of enforcing truth upon them. Being a witness to truth means opening up the self to this authority.
Conclusion
Authors: Evans Nicholas H. A.
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter presents the idea that Ahmadis' worries over manifesting and demonstrating truth often give rise to what can be described as counterfeit proofs, which simultaneously prove and undermine Ahmadiyya Muslimness. It studies how such counterfeit proofs might help one to rethink the place of religious doubt in anthropological theory, and it argues that anthropology's poverty of imagination regarding doubt has had two consequences. First, it has resulted in a situation in which much anthropological work is driven forward by a desire to discover doubting subjects that resemble us. Second, it has meant that when we encounter people (such as the Ahmadis) whose relationship to truth is foreign to us, we have often been unable to recognize them as holding very human forms of uncertainty. Moving forward requires that we provincialize our own celebration of an interior-orientated doubting subject to recognize the presence of other archetypal doubting subjects, such as the Ahmadis' heroic polemicist. Doing so will broaden our appreciation of the various kinds of trouble that people might have with truth.
World Pictures and World Models
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Hans Blumenberg's speech “World Pictures and World Models,” which he gave after he was appointed full professor at the University of Gießen in 1960. In the modern age, the scientific world model and the cultural self-understanding are no longer congruent. Philosophy's task is not just to explicate this divergence but also to dismantle remaining monist and exclusive world pictures. Blumenberg then locates philosophy's critical function in reducing total expectations of meaning — even if, as is true for his later works, modernity's loss of meaning may itself be mourned. He explains that the task that falls to philosophy within the association of academic fields can be traced back to its function in the spiritual economy of humans in general. The countless definitions that have been given for philosophy's achievements in its history have a basic formula at their core: philosophy is the emerging consciousness of humans about themselves.
“Secularization”
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates Hans Blumenberg's interpretation of the modern age, which is thrown into sharper relief in a text that would become the basis for his most famous book, The Legitimacy of the Modern Age. Presented in 1962 at the seventh German congress of philosophy, “'Secularization': Critique of a Category of Historical Illegitimacy” (1964) challenges the notion of modernity as the illegitimate appropriation of medieval theological patterns, concepts, and institutions. Against such a substantialist view of history, Blumenberg presents a functional model in which “positions” of past thought systems become vacant and are “reoccupied” with new but unrelated concepts. Eschatology, to give an example, is not secularized into the concept of progress. Instead, once it loses its status as an explanation for the course of history, this function is taken up by the entirely distinct concept of scientific progress.
The Concept of Reality and the Theory of the State
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Hans Blumenberg's text, “The Concept of Reality and the Theory of the State,” which applies the concept of reality to political theory. The relationship of the state to the norm of peace is conditioned by its reference to reality in a twofold sense: first, to that reality the state claims for itself and manifests in political actions, and second, to that reality it grants to that which it itself is not. The concept of reality is a contrastive concept; it evades definition, for “only that which has no history is definable.” How reality is understood is part of “what is involved in the notion of a form of life,” from which can be understood the complex of actions of an individual or a society — beyond the assumption that there are only responses to stimuli — as the unity of a behavior toward reality that gives itself rules or at least can be reduced to rules. It is the concept of reality toward which theoretical and practical attitudes converge.
An Anthropological Approach to the Contemporary Significance of Rhetoric
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes Hans Blumenberg's first tentative reflection on the topic of philosophical anthropology, which was “An Anthropological Approach to the Contemporary Significance of Rhetoric” (1971). This work was originally published in Italian, with its German version not appearing for another ten years. Here, Blumenberg extends his preoccupation with language by turning toward its role not just in historical systems of thought but in human behavior as such. Focusing in particular on rhetoric, that is, speech that aims to persuade rather than to express the truth, he understands it as one vital tool of existence among others for a being to whom any final truths are unavailable and whose mortality presses it to act. Ultimately, “Anthropological Approach” seeks to outline a “deep history” of rhetoric.
Theory of Nonconceptuality
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights Hans Blumenberg's lecture manuscript “Theory of Nonconceptuality” (circa 1975). For the benefit of concepts, there has to be a preliminary field of nonconceivability, even if, under the criteria of the possible perfected concept, one were inclined to cross this field disparagingly and let it be altogether forgotten in the state of perfection. Nonconceptuality in the service of concepts — that would be an option for taking a generous view of addressing this issue as a mere philosophical auxiliary discipline. Yet a more serious situation remains to be confronted, namely, that the work at the preliminary stage of concepts does not arrive at its goal, be it de facto or even out of the necessity of the subject matter. If the latter were the case, then it would be so in connection with the concept's dependency on intuition and the failure to meet this condition when it comes to the idea.
The Absolute Father
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses Hans Blumenberg's interpretation of Franz Kafka in “The Absolute Father.” It examines the “Letter to My Father,” written in November 1919, in which Kafka unfolds the central conflict of his life: his experience of his father. This father has all the properties assigned to anonymous powers in Kafka's novels and stories — the labyrinthine instances of the court in The Trial, the shady bureaucracy of The Castle. He is an “absolute” father, inaccessible in his distance, inescapable in his presence. Under his power, one can feel all otherwise reliable realities, as it were, “melt into air”; what remains is the awareness of an unfathomable nothingness. The son's efforts to assert himself against this father, indeed merely to be able to exist beside him, are as futile and hopeless as they are necessary. The “Letter to My Father” is the last of these attempts and at the same time the summary and account of all earlier ones. Kafka never delivered this quite respectful attempt at a reckoning to his father. That is almost symbolic: against this father there was no appeal.
Moments of Goethe
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies Hans Blumenberg's “Moments of Goethe” (1982). It focuses on Goethe, a writer Blumenberg especially cherished. In the genius period of Weimar, between Goethe's arrival and his clandestine departure for Italy, many things were possible, and “infinite” was a “universally recurring keyword.” Such insights into the jargon, into the contagiousness of the language of the avant-garde at the time, are granted to us only through rare and incidental sources. What came after infinity? It was recorded that Goethe's new favorite word is “clarity.” It is odd how little Goethe noticed in his old age that the activities of the Romantics around him, which he observed with contempt, were so similar to what he himself had practiced and spread during the genius period. He did not understand that “clarity” could not become the word of the youth because the surprising experience that “clarity” is necessary and exists presupposes an emergence from confusion and perplexity, and not the other way around.
Beyond the Edge of Reality
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights Hans Blumenberg's “Beyond the Edge of Reality: Three Short Essays” (1983). The first essay is “Gestures of a Loss of Reality,” which explains that philosophers have readers and listeners. They are not seen by their readers, who are, what is more, confronted with final products, from which all is deleted that might be taken as an involuntary trace of subjectivity. Although listeners perceive what is strange and curious about the speaker in front of them, they are subject to the expectation that what is important for them will be something audible. To others, only in memory does the association of this or that gesture to what was said appear meaningful: perhaps a gesture that gave the secret desire to communicate something yet unspoken — the last will, maybe, to express it — its almost unnoticeable place. Memory supplants what Nietzsche claimed to be able to do even as a reader: that he “cannot read a single word without seeing gestures.” Meanwhile, the second essay is “Contemplating a Sentence by Nietzsche” and the third is “The Dreamed.”
Of Nonunderstanding
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on Hans Blumenberg's “Of Nonunderstanding: Glosses on Three Fables” (1984). The first fable is “The Pauper's Coin.” Blumenberg read this fable as a hint about how important it is for the poor man, too, to carry at least a small coin about him. The second is a lyric fable of Babrios from the second century, in which Zeus, Poseidon, and Athena engage in an art competition. Meanwhile, the Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives recorded the fable of the peasant who killed a donkey because it swallowed the moon while drinking from a bucket, and because the world could sooner do without a donkey than without heaven's lamp. The chapter then considers the different ways that this fable can be read.
Unknown Aesopica
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews the production of fables in Hans Blumenberg's “Unknown Aesopica: From Newly Found Fables” (1985). Aesop was — if he ever really existed — a slave. Based on his origin, he is referred to as a Phrygian, in some sources as Lydian, in better ones as Thracian. By betraying the secret of Aesop, Socrates subtly implied how the fable — which he was the first to put into verse while in prison awaiting his death — arrived at the inexhaustibility of its wisdoms: the forefather of all philosophy was also that of all fables. Thus, the disconcerting problem that Aesop placed himself on rare occasions in his stories (which were therefore suspected to be apocryphal) is finally solved. The new findings, three of which are presented here, prove that intermediate forms between animal fable and anecdote belong to the original stock: Aesop with his talking animals.