bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Start‐up Flow in the Entrance Region of a Circular Tube
Authors: Avula X. J. R. , Young D. F.
Published: May 2007

Es wird die im Einlaufbereich eines kreisförmigen Rohres unter konstanter Druckhöhe plötzlich angefachte Bewegung einer ursprünglich ruhenden zähen, inkompressiblen Flüssigkeit untersucht. Dabei wird ein auf der numerischen Lösung der Impuls‐Integralgleichung beruhendes Verfahren benutzt. Die für die Untersuchung benötigte Zeitabhängigkeit der Einlaufgeschwindigkeit wird aus der Lösung des dynamischen Gesamtproblems gewonnen, indem man den beim Ingangsetzen der Strömung auftretenden Anstieg des Axialdruckes experimentell bestimmt. Es werden die Zeitabhängigkeit der Grenzschichtdicke und des Geschwindigkeitsprofils für verschiedene Stellen der Rohrachse und die momentanen Einlaufstrecken berechnet.
On the Stability of Ordinary Differential Equations under Persistent Random Disturbances
Authors: Bunke H.
Published: May 2007

Es werden Stabilitätseigenschaften gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen bezüglich ständig wirkender zufälliger Störungen untersucht. Auf Grund einer Äquivalenz zwischen Realisierungslösungen und Lösungen im quadratischen Mittel von stochastischen Differentialgleichungen werden aus Resultaten über Differentialgleichungen in einem Banachraum hinreichende Bedingungen für die Stabilität im quadratischen Mittel abgeleitet. Die Differentialgleichung heißt‐ W‐stabil bezüglich ständig wirkender zufälliger Störungen, falls die Norm der Lösung der gestörten Gleichung in Wahrscheinlichkeit klein bleibt, wenn die Anfangsabweichung und die stochastische Störung im Mittel klein sind. Für die W‐Stabilität werden hinreichende Bedingungen abgeleitet, die die Existenz gewisser Ljapunowscher Funktionen beinhalten. Hieraus folgt die W‐Stabilität bezüglich ständig wirkender zufälliger Störungen für Differentialgleichungen, die exponentiell stabil im Ganzen sind und deren rechte Seite eine stetige beschränkte partielle Ableitung nach x besitzt.
Rekursive Erzeugung, Differentiation und Integration Hermitescher Interpolationspolynome nebst einem Anwendungsbeispiel
Authors: Schmieder L.
Published: May 2007

Die Hermiteschen Interpolationspolynome werden auf Basispolynome zurückgeführt, die zu einem Vektor zusammengefaßt werden, aus dem der Vektor der Hermitepolynome, ihrer Ableitungen und Integrale durch Matrizen‐Multiplikation hervorgehen. Zur Erläuterung wird die Biegelinie des homogenen Balkens nach diesem Verfahren berechnet. Für die Greensche Funktion wird eine neue Darstellung gegeben.
Plane Couette Flow with Suction or Injection over a Limited Portion of the Stationary Plane
Authors: Bhatnagar P. L.
Published: May 2007

The paper discusses the upstream and downstream effects of a uniform suction or injection applied over a finite length of the stationary plate in a plane Couette flow using the full Navier‐Stokes equations. The variation of the tangential stress along the length of the stationary plane and the disposition of streamlines are exhibited by means of graphs for a number of values of the Reynolds number, suction or injection velocity and the impressed pressure gradient. The use of finite‐difference method has enabled us to avoid the restriction of smallness of the Reynolds number or of the magnitude of suction or injection velocity which is usually imposed in such investigations.
Anwendung einer indirekten Methode zur Berechnung ebener Unterschallströmungen auf die Berechnung der ebenen, stationären, inkompressiblen Strömung durch Gitter starker Umlenkung
Authors: Markytan R. M.
Published: May 2007

Durch Beltrami‐Transformation der Koordinaten auf neue unabhängige Veränderliche geht das System der gasdynamischen Gleichung und der Gleichung der Drehungsfreiheit in ein Cauchy‐Riemann‐System über. Von diesem wird eine von den neuen Veränderlichen abhängige numerische Lösung für die Geschwindigkeiten und Strömungswinkel angegeben. Die Koordinaten der Strömungsbene ergeben sich aus einer Integration des Beltrami‐Systems. Ein dem gesamten Verfahren auferlegter Iterationsprozeß führt die bei dieser Darstellungsweise nicht selbstverständliche Schließung der Gitterprofile herbei.
Elastisches Mehrschichtsystem unter asymmetrischer Belastung
Authors: Bufler H.
Published: May 2007

Es wird ein systematischer Lösungsweg für den räumlichen Spannungs‐ und Verschiebungszustand eines aus elastisch‐isotropen, planparallelen Schichten bestehenden Verbundsystems in Zylinderkoordinaten entwickelt. Die Anwendung von Fourier‐ und Hankeltransformationen in Verbindung mit einer konsequenten matrizenmäßigen Aufbereitung erlaubt eine übersichtliche Darstellung der Ergebnisse.
Die Verdrängungsdicke bei Grenzschichten höherer Ordnung
Authors: Gersten K.
Published: May 2007

Es werden die von Lighthill stammenden vier Definitionen der Verdrängungsdicke auf kompressible ebene und axialsymmetrische Grenzschichten höherer Ordnung erweitert. Drei Definitionen sind gleichwertig und liefern nur für inkompressible Strömung an undurchlässigen Körpern gleiche Ergebnisse wie die vierte Definition. Für die asymptotische Entwicklung der Verdrängungsdicke bei großen Reynoldszahlen werden die ersten beiden Glieder, also insbesondere die Verdrängungsdicke zweiter Ordnung, berechnet.
Bloch Electrons in The Electric Field: Existence and Properties of the Solutions of the Auxiliary Equation Stated by Wannier
Authors: Röseler Jörg , Henneberger K.
Published: May 2007

Unter Verwendung des Konzepts der temperierten Distributionen kann die Existenz von Lösungen der Wannierschen Hilfsgleichung nachgewiesen werden, die vom Blochtyp sind. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, daß dieser Satz von Blochfunktionen vollständig im Sinne der quantentheoretischen Axiomatik ist und daß diese Lösungen glatte und periodische Funktionen bezüglich ihrer k‐Abhängigkeit sind.
Invariant Surfaces for Rotor Controlled Satellites in Highly Elliptical Orbits
Authors: Whisnant J. M. , Anand D. K.
Published: May 2007

Für elliptische Umlaufbahnen mit Exzentrizitäten nahe eins ist es möglich, mit Hilfe eines kontinuierlich verstellbaren Steuerrads Schwerkraft‐Stabilisierung anzuwenden. Das Radsteuergesetz sowie die sich daraus ergebenden stabilen Gebiete sind in einer früheren Arbeit beschrieben worden, und zwar für den Fall eines Rads, dessen Geschwindigkeit phasenmäßig mit der wirklichen Anomalie genau übereinstimmt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die sich für verschiedene Werte der Phasenverschiebung ergebenden invarianten Flächen untersucht.
Axial Flow Past a Cylinder with Suction
Authors: Crane L. J.
Published: May 2007

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Entwicklung der laminaren Grenzschicht in einer Axialströmung um einen langen dünnen Zylinder bei gleichförmiger Absaugung. Es wird eine Pohlhausen‐Lösung gefunden und ihre Genauigkeit mit derjenigen einer exakten Reihenlösung verglichen.
A Generalized Hypo‐Elasticity and Derived Failure Condition
Authors: Tokuoka T.
Published: May 2007

Es wird eine verallgemeinerte Hypoelastizität vorgeschlagen. Die maßgebende Relation hat die folgende Gestalt: die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich die Spannung ändert, wird als eine Funktion definiert, welche die Spannung und die Streckungsgeschwindigkeit enthält und in der letzteren linear ist bzw. als Funktional für die Verformungsgeschichte unter Bezugnahme auf die vorhandene Konfiguration. Diese maßgebende Relation wird also eine lineare Transformation zwischen der Spannungsänderungs‐ und der Streckungsgeschwindigkeit betrachtet. Das Versagenskriterium und die Streckungsgeschwindigkeit im Versagensfalle werden durch die Bedingung für die Singularität des linearen Operators bzw. durch seinen Nullraum definiert. Die Form der Darstellung des Funktionals wird angegeben und der Fall der retardierten Geschichte diskutiert. Die Approximation erster Ordnung bezüglich der Verformungsgeschichte wird untersucht und durch ein inneres Produkt in Integralform ausgedrückt. Ein Sonderfall des charakteristischen Funktionals wird vorgeschlagen, und es werden die modifizierten Fließkriterien nach v. Mises und Huber/Tresca vorgestellt.
Einfache Wellen in wärmeleitenden und relaxierenden Gasen
Authors: Becker E. , Böhme G. , Bürger W.
Published: May 2007

Das Auftreten einfacher Wellen bei eindimensionaler Bewegung eines thermodynamisch relaxierenden Gases wird studiert. Es zeigt sich, daß nur stationäre Verdichtungswellen möglich sind. Die Struktur solcher Wellen wird im Grenzfall verschwindender Zähigkeit, aber endlicher Wärmeleitfähigkeit und Relaxationszeit untersucht, Vor allem werden die Bedingungen für das Auftreten von „Sub‐Shocks”︁ angegeben. Die gleichzeitige Wirkung von Relaxation und Wärmeleitung erzeugt Phänomene, die bei alleiniger Wirkung von Relaxation oder Wärmeleitung in dieser Form nicht auftreten.
On Yielding of Hyperelastic Solids
Authors: Sawczuk A. , Mielniczuk J.
Published: May 2007

Transition of hyperelastic materials into the plastic state is discussed. A condition of yielding is specified and the form of elastic potential is derived for the case of instantaneous yielding of a sphere. The outset of yielding is examined for Huber‐Mises and Tresca yield criteria. Elastic‐plastic bending of a plate strip is considered.
Zur ersten Randwertaufgabe in der nichtlinearen Elastizitätstheorie
Authors: Beckert Herbert
Published: May 2007

In der Arbeit wird eine neue konstruktive Methode zur mathematischen Beschreibung endlicher Deformationen eines elastischen Körpers in der nichtlinearen Elastizitätstheorie entwickelt. Ausgangspunkt ist die Kenntnis eines analytischen Ausdrucks für die zweite Variation des elastischen Potentials im verallgemeinerten Sinne von E. Trefftz. Zunächst wird die Deformation approximativ über ein Differenzenverfahren entlang der Datenkette über stabile Zustände beschrieben und anschließend ein strenger Konvergenzbeweis erbracht, dessen Gültigkeitsbereich im Großen durch natürliche Schrankenbedingungen eingegrenzt wird.
Über höhere Näherungen in der Theorie des elastischen Pendels mit innerer Resonanz
Authors: Mettler E.
Published: May 2007

Für die Differentialgleichungen des elastischen Pendels mit dem Eigenfrequenzverhältnis 1:2 wird mittels einer Erweiterung der asymptotischen Methode eine Folge von Näherungslösungen steigender Ordnung konstruiert. Die zweite Näherung wird explizit in verschiedenen Formen berechnet, deren einfachste durch elliptische Funktionen darstellbar ist.
Eine durch Dichteunterschiede erzeugte Strömung
Authors: Förste J.
Published: May 2007

In einem ebenen Gebiet befinde sich eine zähe Flüssigkeit mit linearer Dichteschichtung; in einem Teilgebiet sei zur Zeit t = 0 die Dichte konstant. Für die entstehende Strömung wird die Frage nach der Existenz und Einzigkeit von Lösungen der Bewegungsgleichungen behandelt.
An Operator Theory for a Class of Linear Fractional Programming Problems — I
Authors: Lata M.
Published: May 2007

In this paper we study the problem of modifying the optimal solution to a class of transportation problems with linear fractional objective function when the rim conditions are varied parametrically. The variation is assumed to be such that the optimal basis structure is preserved. We develop algorithms for finding the optimal solution to the transformed problem and the maximum extent to which a basis preserving rim operator may be applied. Finally, we solve a numerical example to illustrate the various results.
Jets of conductive fluids in the presence of a transverse magnetic field
Authors: Bansal J. L.
Published: May 2007

The velocity and temperature distributions in a laminar incompressible plane jet of an electrically conducting fluid, issuing into a medium at rest, in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field are studied. The second and first order perturbation solutions, on the Schlichting model, for the velocity and temperature are obtained respectively. The numerical values of the loss in velocity and rise in temperature, for negligible and for significant Joule heating and viscous dissipation, at the axis of the jet are reported.
Some Two‐Field Variational Principles for Nonlinear Deformation Analysis of Shells
Authors: Gass N.
Published: May 2007

Some two‐field variational principles for nonlinear deflection analysis are formulated. Based on a specific mixed variational principle, a rectangular finite element model has been developed. The variables employed are the out of plane displacement and a stress function. The former satisfies out of plane compatibility requirements of the element, while the latter ensures the equilibrium of the in‐plane stresses. The efficiency of this method is illustrated on two examples.
Higher Order Difference Schemes for the First and Third Boundary Value Problem to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{1}{r}\;\frac{{\rm d}}{{{\rm d}r}}\left({r\frac{{{\rm d}u}}{{{\rm d}r}}} \right)\; + \;f\left( r\right) \; = \;0 $\end{document}
Authors: Stoyan Gisbert
Published: May 2007

Firstly, the exact difference scheme is constructed for the problem posed in [0, R1]. Then, this is used to get a third order difference scheme. For the problem considered in [R0, R1], R0 > 0, the accuracy of the scheme is also O(h3) (without assumptions on R0/h). In the case of 0 < R0 = O(1) and the first boundary value problem, accuracy increases to be O(h4). The paper contains an ALGOL program implementing the described scheme and some numerical results.
Lineare konstitutive Gleichungen der viskoelastischen Cosseratfläche
Authors: Rothert H.
Published: May 2007

Bei der Untersuchung des physikalischen Verhaltens deformierbarer Werkstoffe hat sich in letzter Zeit das lebhafte Interesse für Stoffe mit wirklichkeitsnahem rheologischem Verhalten in einer Vielzahl von Veröffentlichungen dokumentiert. Hier wird erstmals der Versuch unternommen, konstitutive Gleichungen für anisotrope zweidimensionale Kontinua aus linear viskoelastischem Werkstoff im Rahmen einer nicht‐isothermen Cosserattheorie anzugeben. In einer geschlossenen Ableitungskette wird ein Weg aufgezeigt, der von einer geeigneten Repräsentation der freien Helmholtzschen Energie und des Wärmeflusses unter Berücksichtigung der Hauptsätze der Thermodynamik bis zu numerisch auswertbaren Gleichungssystemen reicht.
Representations and Fundamental Singular Solutions in Micropolar Fluid
Authors: Ramkissoon H. , Majumdar S. R.
Published: May 2007

With the aid of elementary matrix operations, simple representations are obtained for the equations governing the slow, steady motion of micropolar fluids. These representations lead to the construction of the fundamental solutions for a concentrated force as well as a concentrated couple in both a planar domain and three dimensional space. The basic solutions and the reciprocity theorem yield integral representations for the velocity and rotation vectors.
Theory of Flat Slabs with Edges Free or Supported by Walls
Authors: Ono K.
Published: May 2007

Assuming that uniformly distributed load or horizontal forces are applied, the bending of a long plate or flat slab which is supported by several or many rows of equidistant columns is studied. As for the boundary conditions the following two cases are considered. (1) The opposite two edges are free, (2) The opposite two edges are supported and clamped to the walls. The capitals of the columns are assumed to be clamped to the slab and the resisting couples applied to the slab from the columns are also considered.
Numerical Solutions and Mathematical Theorems for Divergent, Compressible Plasma Flows
Authors: Liron N. , Wilhelm H. E.
Published: May 2007

The boundary‐value problem for the ordinary nonlinear differential equation of second order, resulting from the self‐similar transformation of the partial differential equations for a polytropic, compressible plasma flow in a diffuser with azimuthal magnetic field, is integrated rigorously by numerical methods. Typical velocity profiles of symmetrical outflows are given for various Reynolds, Hartmann, and polytropic numbers. Mathematical theorems are derived which prove that the selfsimilar transformation of the plasma fields of the form F(r, θ) = (r)G(θ) cannot represent pure inflows, mixed in‐ and outflows and asymmetrical flows, i.e., is applicable exclusively to symmetrical outflows without backflow regions (within the polytropic approximation).
Über die Stabilisierung von freien leitenden Grenzschichten im transversalen Magnetfeld
Authors: Plaschko P.
Published: May 2007

Es wurde eine theoretische Untersuchung der MHD‐Stabilität von freien Grenzschichten im transversalen Magnetfeld durchgeführt. Die linearisierten MHD‐Stabilitätsgleichungen werden im Grenzfalle sehr kleiner magnetischer Reynolds‐zahlen und unter Beschränkung auf ebene Störungen aufgestellt und aus ihnen eine neue Art von Übergangsbedingung, die die Stetigkeit eines aus hydrodynamischen und magnetischen Zusatzdruck gebildeten Druckes fordert, gewonnen. Für transversale Magnetfelder ist die Verwendung beliebiger Geschwindigkeitsprofile nur für sehr kleine Wechselwirkungsparameter gestattet. Für größere Werte des Wechselwirkungsparameters wird ein mit dem nichtmagnetischen Grenzfall konsistentes Geschwindigkeitsprofil angegeben und die ihm entsprechende Eigenwertgleichung einer Isolator‐Leiter‐Sprung Schicht aufgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, daß sich die Instabilitäten im Pumpen‐ bzw. Generatorbetrieb besser stabilisieren lassen als im Leerlaufbetrieb, dessen Verhalten dem in einem longitudinalen Feld entspricht.
Ein Beulproblem für die eingespannte Kreisplatte mit Unterstützungen
Authors: Miersemann E.
Published: May 2007

Das unten beschriebene Beulproblem für die eingespannte Kreisplatte führt auf eine Variationsungleichung mit einem Eigenwertparameter. Unter gewissen Voraussetzungen für die Unterstützungen existieren höhere Eigenwerte dieser Ungleichung.
Comments on an Exact Solution of the FALKNER‐SKAN Equation
Authors: Moulden T. H.
Published: May 2007

This note discusses the entire solution space for the Falkner‐Skan equation when the pressure gradient parameter takes the value β = ‐1. In this sense, the work is a direct extension of the results of Yang and Chien [11]. Various solution branches resulting from the non‐uniqueness of the boundary value problem are examined in detail. Wake type solutions of the equation are not discussed.
The preparation and purification of monoglycerides. II. Direct esterification of fatty acids with glycerol
Authors: Choudhury R. Basu Roy
Published: May 2007

Studies have been made on the direct esterification reaction with various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids using more than theoretical concentration of glycerol (for maximum monoglyceride production) at 180C reaction temperature and in presence and absence of alkaline catalyst. The results show that the maximum monoglyceride formed is in the range of 55舑60% of the fatty product at equilibrium stage of the reaction. The alkaline catalyst substantially increases the initial rate of reaction without appreciably lowering the time required for reaching the equilibrium concentration of monoglyceride in the resulting reaction mixture. Catalyst helps in depressing diglyceride formation.
Limitations of the periodate oxidation method for the determination of monoglycerides in fats and oils
Authors: Kummerow F. A. , Daubert B. F.
Published: May 2007

Periodate values were determined on a variety of fats and oils before and after saponification by the periodic acid oxidation method of Handschumaker and Linteris.

The values obtained indicate that the method is not specific for monoglycerides in natural fats and oils. Therefore previous reports of the natural occurrence of monoglycerides in fats and oils, where the periodate method has been used, may be open to question.
Polyphosphates as synergistic antioxidants
Authors: Watts Betty M.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

The antioxidant activities of a number of synergists were measured in aqueous fat systems at several pH values. A group of polyphosphates not previously investigated was most promising of the synergists tried. Orthophosphates were ineffective but antioxidant activity increased from pyrophosphate through tri and “heptaphosphate” and finally to the most active “hexametaphosphate” and Maddrell's salt. Citrate compared with triphosphate and pyrophosphate in antioxidant activity; all other synergists tried were less effective than pyrophosphate.

Relatively large molar concentrations of orthophosphates interfered markedly with the antioxidant activity of citrate and the higher polyphosphates.

The polyphosphates also inhibited rancidity in the presence of added copper and iron but did not eliminate the catalytic effect of the metals.

Antioxidant activity of the phosphates in dry fats did not parallel their activity in aqueous fat systems.

Properties of polyphosphates which might affect their use as antioxidants in foods are discussed.
Germination and free fatty acids in seed stock lots of cottonseed
Authors: Hoffpauir Carroll L. , Poe Sam E. , Wiles L. U. , Hicks Martha
Published: May 2007

The relationship of the free fatty acid content in the oil to the percentage germination for 254 samples of cottonseed of different varieties indicates that the free fatty acid content may be used as a practical screening index for use in selecting lots of cottonseed to be reserved for seeding purposes and subsequent testing for germination. The percentage germination decreases in general with increasing free fatty acid content. The mathematical probability that a given lot of seed will exceed a specified minimum germination value decreases markedly as the free fatty acid content of the oil increases. Insofar as practical, it is suggested that cottonseed reserved for seeding have a low free fatty acid content, less than 0.75% in the oil if at all possible.
The raw linseed oil acetone foots test. I. A centrifuge tube and method for rapid determination
Authors: Freyer Egbert , Shelburne Victor B.
Published: May 2007

A rapid method, requiring less than one hour to apply, has been developed for determining the acetone foots content of linseed oils using centrifugal force to compact the foots layer instead of the force of gravity. Application of the method requires the use of a centrifuge tube of novel design. Conditions known to affect the results obtained by the A.S.T.M. gravity test have been investigated as they apply to the centrifuge test and found to have little or no effect on the results of the latter test. Correlation of the percentage of centrifugal foots under stated conditions with percentage of foots by the gravity method has been determined for both the heated and chilled tests. Under the conditions chosen for the centrifugal test the magnitude of the heated test result is about the same as the processing shrink sustained when these foots are removed in practice. The reproducibility of the method, based on this work, is equal to or better than the gravity test now in use for trading linseed oil.
Density‐composition data for cottonseed oil‐solvent mixtures
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Hughes Edwin J. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

Complete density‐composition‐temperature data have been reported for binary systems of a refined cottonseed oil with methyl pentane, diethyl ether, trichloro‐ethylene, and tetrachloroethylene from the point of incipient phase separation to within 10° to 15°C. of the boiling point of the solvent. These data can be used to calculate the density knowing the composition and temperature or, conversely, the composition knowing the density and temperature.

An equation has been derived which makes it possible to adjust these data so that they apply with reasonable accuracy to other refined and crude cottonseed oils and even to soybean or peanut oil systems with the same solvents.
The utilization of the seeds of the wild perennial gourds
Authors: Bolley Don S. , McCormack Ralph H. , Curtis Laurence C.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The experiments described above indicate that the seeds from three species of wild perennial gourds,Cucurbita foetidissima, C. digitata, andC. palmata, have a potential value. Drying oils, high protein flour, and chemically purified protein may easily be obtained from the seeds by standard procedures used for other oil seeds. While theC. digitata andC. palmata oils are different than other natural drying oils, their evaluation would place them in the class with linseed oil for general use in protective coatings.C. foetidissima lacks the conjugated triene component so is a somewhat “softer” drying oil, more smilar to soybean. The wild gourds should continue to receive serious consideration as an oil seed crop, particularly for arid and semi‐arid land.
A soluble, magnesium‐independent prenyltransferase catalyzes reverse and regular C‐prenylations and O‐prenylations of aromatic substrates
Authors: Haagen Yvonne , Unsöld Inge , Westrich Lucia , Gust Bertolt , Richard Stéphane B. , Noel Joseph P. , Heide Lutz
Published: May 2007

Fnq26 from Streptomyces cinnamonensis DSM 1042 is a new member of the recently identified CloQ/Orf2 class of prenyltransferases. The enzyme was overexpressed in E. coli and purified to apparent homogeneity, resulting in a soluble, monomeric protein of 33.2 kDa. The catalytic activity of Fnq26 is independent of the presence of Mg2+ or other divalent metal ions. With flaviolin (2,5,7‐trihydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone) as substrate, Fnq26 catalyzes the formation of a carbon–carbon‐bond between C‐3 (rather than C‐1) of geranyl diphosphate and C‐3 of flaviolin, i.e. an unusual “reverse” prenylation. With 1,3‐dihydroxynaphthalene and 4‐hydroxybenzoate as substrates Fnq26 catalyzes O‐prenylations.
Pregnancy‐induced hypertension and infant mortality in triplets
Authors: Chen X.K. , Wen S.W. , Smith G.N. , Yang Q. , Walker M.C.
Published: May 2007

Objective: To assess the effects of pregnancy‐induced hypertension on infant mortality in triplets stratified by gestational age at birth. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the linked 1995–2000 US birth/infant death database. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the observed association. Results: Pregnancy‐induced hypertension was associated with lesser neonatal mortality (odds ration [OR]: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.54), postneonatal mortality (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.99) and infant mortality (OR, 0.37, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.55) in triplets. It was also associated with a decreased risk of neonatal death (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.21–0.67), postneonatal death (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21–0.97), and infant death (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24–0.64) in early preterm triplets, whereas the association was not significant in late preterm or in full‐term triplets. Conclusion: Pregnancy‐induced hypertension is associated with a decreased risk of infant mortality in triplets. This effect varies with gestational age at birth.
Arthroscopic Thermal Capsulorrhaphy for Palmar Midcarpal Instability
Authors: MASON W. T. M. , HARGREAVES D. G.
Published: May 2007

Midcarpal instability is an uncommon problem in which deficient static and dynamic wrist stabilisers cause sudden, uncontrolled movement of the proximal carpal row. We studied 15 wrists prospectively in 13 patients who underwent arthroscopic thermal capsulorrhaphy for palmar midcarpal instability. Capsulorrhaphy was performed using standard wrist arthroscopic techniques and a small diameter monopolar radiofrequency probe. One hundred percent follow-up was achieved at a mean of 42 (range 14 – 67) months. With regards to instability, all wrists showed improvement or resolution of instability. Functional improvement was confirmed by an improvement in the mean DASH score from 38 pre-operatively to 17 at final follow-up. Our early results show that thermal capsulorrhaphy is effective in reducing the instability symptoms of palmar midcarpal instability.
Geriatric Otorhinolaryngology
Authors: Danser Vicki
Published: May 2007

Geriatric Otorhinolaryngology Edited by Jerome C. Goldstein, Haskins K. Kashima, Charles F. Koopman, Jr 1989, 195 pp $50 clothbound
Perceptions of nurses' uniforms
Authors: Mangum S , Killen Alleen R.
Published: May 2007

Perceptions of nurses' uniforms, S Mangum et a1 Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship Vol23 (Summer 1991) 127–130
Nurses' risk taking regarding HIV transmission in the workplace
Authors: McNabb K , Keller ML , Markey Bernadine T. ,   Nursing Research Committee
Published: May 2007

Nurses' risk taking regarding HIV transmission in the workplace K McNabb, M L Keller Western Jouirnal of Nursing Research Vol 13 (December 1991) 732–745
Nursing Professionalism: A behavioral inventory for professionalism in nursing
Authors: GABERSON KATHLEEN B. ,   Nursing Research Committee
Published: May 2007

A behavioral inventory for professionalism in nursing, B. K. Miller, D. Adams, L. Beck Journal of Professional Nursing Vol 9 (September/October 1993) 290–295
Effect of venous support on edema and leg pain in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Abbott Cynthia A. ,   Nursing Research Committee
Published: May 2007

Effect of venous support on edema and leg pain in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery P. Liehr et al Heart & Lung Vol 21 (January 1992) 6–11
On the Sociology of World War
Authors: Lederer Emil
Published: May 2007

This article was originally published in 1915; it stands out as a rare example of an attempt to sociologically understand the main features of the war conducted with universal conscription. The process in which the machinery of war made itself more and more autonomous is analysed. The same process made the nations at war more and more similar, despite the ideological claims of radical differences.
Organized Crime and Social Transformation in Bulgaria
Authors: Petrunov Georgi
Published: May 2007

The article is focused on one specific aspect of organized crime during the period of social transformation of Bulgarian society. It views the capacity of organized crime to offer additional power resources and encouragement for the political elite, whose power and domination have been threatened by the changes. The analysis is based on the thesis that to sustain and to strengthen their power and domination the elites have applied the strategy of increased secrecy and informality of power sources and of the means of their exertion via the establishment and control of criminal structures. The applied research methods include participant observation, in-depth interviews and document analysis.
Psyttalia ponerophaga (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a potential biological control agent of olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in California
Authors: Sime K.R. , Daane K.M. , Kirk A. , Andrews J.W. , Johnson M.W. , Messing R.H.
Published: May 2007

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is a newly invasive, significant threat to California's olive industry. As part of a classical biological control programme, Psyttalia ponerophaga (Silvestri) was imported to California from Pakistan and evaluated in quarantine. Biological parameters that would improve rearing and field-release protocols and permit comparisons to other olive fruit fly biological control agents were measured. Potential barriers to the successful establishment of P. ponerophaga, including the geographic origins of parasitoid and pest populations and constraints imposed by fruit size, were also evaluated as part of this investigation. Under insectary conditions, all larval stages except neonates were acceptable hosts. Provided a choice of host ages, the parasitoids' host-searching and oviposition preferences were a positive function of host age, with most offspring reared from hosts attacked as third instars. Immature developmental time was a negative function of tested temperatures, ranging from 25.5 to 12.4 days at 22 and 30°C, respectively. Evaluation of adult longevity, at constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 34°C, showed that P. ponerophaga had a broad tolerance of temperature, living from 3 to 34 days at 34 and 15°C, respectively. Lifetime fecundity was 18.7±2.8 adult offspring per female, with most eggs deposited within 12 days after adult eclosion. Olive size affected parasitoid performance, with lower parasitism levels on hosts feeding in larger olives. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to field manipulation and selection of parasitoid species for olive fruit fly biological control in California and worldwide.
Genetic structure and molecular variability ofSpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in maize and cotton fields in Brazil
Authors: Martinelli S. , Clark P.L. , Zucchi M.I. , Silva-Filho M.C. , Foster J.E. , Omoto C.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the genetic similarity and structure of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith), populations associated with maize and cotton crops in Brazil using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Mean genetic similarity among populations was 0.45. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis dendrograms did not separate populations ofS. frugiperdainto clusters related to the host plant in which the insects were collected. No genetic variation was observed among maize and cotton populations ofS. frugiperda, suggesting that the same populations are injuring both crops in Brazil. This research validates the need for stewardship of crop-protection methods for managingS. frugiperdato reduce the incidence of pesticide resistance, due to the spatial and temporal overlapping of maize and cotton crops in some regions in Brazil.
Genetic differentiation ofCulex pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae) in China
Authors: Cui F. , Qiao C.-L. , Shen B.-C. , Marquine M. , Weill M. , Raymond M.
Published: May 2007

The population genetic structures ofCulex pipiensLinnaeus were evaluated in China over a 2000 km transect that encompasses the two subspecies,C. p. pallensandC. p. quinquefasciatus. Four polymorphic allozyme loci were investigated in 1376 mosquitoes sampled from 20 populations across four provinces. These loci were not statistically dependent with no apparent heterozygote deficit or excess. On a regional scale (intra-province), a low (Fst=0.007–0.016) and significant genetic differentiation was found, with no clear geographical pattern. On a wider scale (inter-province), the genetic differentiation was higher (Fst=0.059), and an isolation by distance emerged. The results are compared with previous population genetic surveys of this mosquito species in different geographic areas over the world. The overall pattern suggests thatCulex pipiensrequires considerable distance (500–1000 km) to show isolation by distance, irrespective of the subspecies (C. p. pipiens,C. p. quinquefasciatusandC. p. pallens) or the geographic location.
Identification of priority areas for plant conservation in Madagascar using Red List criteria: rare and threatened Pandanaceae indicate sites in need of protection
Authors: Callmander Martin W. , Schatz George E. , Lowry II Porter P. , Laivao Michel O. , Raharimampionona Jeannie , Andriambololonera Sylvie , Raminosoa Tantely , Consiglio Trisha K.
Published: May 2007

A major problem in establishing effective protocols for conserving Madagascar's biodiversity is the lack of reliable information for the identification of priority sites in need of protection. Analyses of field data and information from herbarium collections for members of the plant family Pandanaceae (85 spp. of Pandanus; 6 spp. of Martellidendron) showed how risk of extinction assessments can inform conservation planning. Application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria showed that 91% of the species are threatened. Mapping occurrence revealed centres of richness and rarity as well as gaps in Madagascar's existing protected area network. Protection of 10 additional sites would be required to encompass the 19 species currently lacking representation in the reserve network, within which east coast littoral forests are particularly under represented and important. The effect of scale on assessments of risk of extinction was explored by applying different grid cell sizes to estimate area of occupancy. Using a grid cell size within the range suggested by IUCN overestimates threatened status if based solely upon specimen data. For poorly inventoried countries such as Madagascar measures of range size based on such data should be complemented with field observations to determine population size, sensitivity to disturbance, and specific threats to habitat and therefore potential population decline. The analysis of such data can make an important contribution to the conservation planning process by identifying threatened species and revealing the highest priority sites for their conservation.
Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys
Authors: Forboseh P. F. , Sunderland T. C. H. , Eno-Nku M.
Published: May 2007

The forests of the Cameroon-Nigeria transboundary region have been highlighted as a high conservation priority, yet many of the extant forest remnants remain relatively unknown, particularly with regard to the occurrence of large mammals. Between 2002 and 2004 we surveyed the large mammal fauna of the Mone and Ejagham Forest Reserves and the Upper Banyang, Nkwende Hills and Etinde forests of south-west Cameroon. Our objective was to document the extant large mammal species as an important step in the review of government priorities to identify key sites within the region for conservation and management. We reviewed the available literature on mammal distribution and then surveyed the forests for mammal and human signs. Despite a growing illegal commercial trade in wildlife, particularly for bushmeat, many sites retain populations of one or more threatened and locally rare large mammal species of significant conservation importance. Moreover, the sites collectively complement each other in terms of their representation of the threatened large mammal fauna. An emphasis on the enforcement of wildlife legislation and minimizing logging impact are of primary importance for the conservation of large mammals in these and other forest remnants in south-west Cameroon. In addition, at some sites, there already exists community interest in active wildlife management.
Not rare, but threatened: the endemic Madagascar flying fox Pteropus rufus in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Jenkins Richard K. B. , Racey Paul A. , Andriafidison Daudet , Razafindrakoto Noromampiandra , Razafimahatratra Emilienne , Rabearivelo Andriamanana , Ratsimandresy Zo , Andrianandrasana Rabe H. , Razafimanahaka H. Julie
Published: May 2007

The endemic Madagascar flying fox Pteropus
rufus is threatened by habitat loss at roost sites and hunting for
bushmeat. There is no conservation plan for this species, even though it is
categorized on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable and plays an important role as a
seed disperser. In the Mangoro valley of central eastern Madagascar we monitored
roost occupancy and abundance of P. rufus on
15 occasions at six sites over a 12-month period and conducted a detailed
assessment of eight roosts during July 2004. There was considerable monthly
variation in bat abundance and only two sites contained bats during every visit.
Three sites were occupied only between September and March and may act as
maternity or nursery roosts. Evidence of hunting was found at three roosts, and
fire and forest clearance are ubiquitous threats. Two roosts were in Eucalyptus plantations and six were in small (2.2 -
28.7 ha) isolated fragments of degraded, mid elevation dense humid forest. All
roosts were outside protected areas but were within 20 km of relatively intact
forest. Faecal analysis revealed a diet of native forest tree species,
cultivated fruits and Eucalyptus flowers.
P. rufus in the Mangoro valley, and
elsewhere in Madagascar, appears to survive in human-impacted environments by
the inclusion of exotic plants in its diet and the ability to move between
roosts. We provide conservation recommendations for P.
rufus at both local and national levels.
The importance of north-west Madagascar for marine turtle conservation
Authors: Metcalf Jessica , Hampson Katie , Andriamizava Alain , Andrianirina Rivo , Ramiarisoa Claudine , Sondotra Henriot , Cairnes Tom , Gray Anna
Published: May 2007

The coast of north-west Madagascar is an important nesting and feeding ground for marine turtles, but little is known about populations in this area. From July to December 2000 we documented nesting activity of, and investigated threats to, green Chelonia mydas and hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata turtles at three sites along this coast: Nosy Iranja, the Radama Islands, and the Nosy Hara archipelago. Levels of nesting activity varied between sites, with green and hawksbill turtle nesting concentrated in different areas. The principal threats identified were opportunistic exploitation of nesting females and incidental capture in fishing nets. Commercial importance of marine turtles was negligible, suggesting conservation measures such as targeted environmental education could have beneficial impacts on these populations. Evidence for high levels of nesting activity reported here indicate that education efforts in these areas should be a conservation priority.
Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity and Degree of nilpotency
Authors: LINH CAO HUY
Published: May 2007

In this paper we show that the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of the associated graded module with respect to anm-primary idealIis effectively bounded by the degree of nilpotency ofI. From this it follows that there are only a finite number of Hilbert-Samuel functions for ideals with fixed degree of nilpotency.
Antarctic Marine Living Resources – exploitation and its management in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Kock Karl-Hermann
Published: May 2007

Man's activities have impacted on the Southern Ocean ecosystem for more than 200 years. The exploitation of Southern Ocean resources has followed the same pattern as in other parts of the World Ocean with exploitation starting at the highest trophic levels when seals and whales were taken in the 19th and 20th centuries. After serious over-exploitation of these groups attention moved down the food web to begin exploitation of fish and krill from the late 1960s onwards. The establishment of international management regimes for whales (International Whaling Convention) in 1948 and the remaining marine resources (Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources) in 1982 were based on different perceptions of management, the former only considering management by species whilst the latter adopted management at an ecosystem level. These fundamentally different approaches, together with major political interference, have resulted in very different outcomes for management. The Scientific Committee of the IWC developed a sustainable management system, the Revised Management Procedure, in the first half of the 1990s which, however, is still awaiting inclusion into an overall management regime, the Revised Management Scheme, and its acceptance by the Commission. The IWC is now paralysed by political agendas that have nothing to do with scientific management. In contrast, after an early period of slow progress, CCAMLR has improved its performance substantially from the beginning of the 1990s onwards and is now hailed worldwide for its ecosystem approach to sustainable management.
Validation of a diet history questionnaire for use with Costa Rican adults
Authors: Chinnock Anne
Published: May 2007

Objective

To validate a diet history questionnaire (DHQ) using a weighed food record (WFR) as the standard method in the estimation of food consumption and nutrient intake in a group of adults.

Design

WFR: all foods consumed by subjects during 7 consecutive days were weighed and recorded by nutrition students. Two DHQ interviews were carried out on days 1 (first diet history questionnaire, DHQ1) and 28 (second diet history questionnaire, DHQ2).

Setting

Costa Rica.

Subjects

Sixty adults: 30 men and 30 women; 30 living in urban and 30 in rural areas.

Results

In comparison to the WFR, the DHQ1 gave statistically significant higher estimates of the mean intake of 19 nutrients for men and of three nutrients for women. The uncorrected correlation coefficients for nutrient intake according to both methods ranged from 0.40 to 0.83 for males and from 0.22 to 0.62 for females. Percentage of subjects classified in the same quartiles of nutrient intake according to each method ranged from 33.3% to 63.3% for males and from 23.3% to 53.3% for females. Misclassification in extreme quartiles ranged from 0% to 13.3% for both sexes. The mean food group consumption, according to the DHQ1, when compared with the WFR, gave statistically significant differences for three of the 18 food groups for men and for two groups in the case of women. The two applications of the DHQ gave similar results.

Conclusion

Validation of a DHQ using a WFR as the standard method gave results that compare favourably with those reported by other authors. This study found important differences in the response of men and women to the DHQ: among men, the estimates of mean nutrient intake from DHQ1 were significantly greater than those of the WFR, while in the case of women, the mean nutrient intake estimates from both methods were not significantly different. There was a higher degree of correlation between the DHQ1 and the WFR mean nutrient intakes among men than among women. The DHQ showed good reproducibility.
Dietary behaviour of Tehranian adolescents does not accord with their nutritional knowledge
Authors: Mirmiran Parvin , Azadbakht Leila , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: May 2007

Objective

To determine the nutritional behaviour of Tehranian adolescents.

Subjects and methods

This study was undertaken on 7669 adolescents (4070 boys and 3599 girls) of 22 junior high schools and high schools as a representative sample of Tehranian adolescents. A validated knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) questionnaire and a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were used. Factor analysis was used to determine the key questions.

Results

The mean ( ± standard deviation) age and body mass index of the adolescents was 14 ± 1 years and 27.2 ± 11 kg m− 2. Although 82% of girls and 75% of boys had good nutritional knowledge, only 25% of boys and 15% of girls had good nutritional practice. Eighty-five per cent of adolescents knew that drinking too many soft beverages resulted in overweight or obesity, but only 4.5% of them did not drink soft beverages. Although 89% of adolescents knew that crisps and corn balls are not healthy snacks, 45% of them used such snacks during their break time. Thirty-seven per cent of adolescents preferred whole-grain biscuits to creamy wafer ones but only 10% of adolescents used whole-grain biscuits as a snack. The most frequently consumed snacks among Tehranian adolescents were sausage sandwiches, cocoa cola, crisps and corn balls, creamy wafers, cakes, chocolate and toffee.

Conclusion

A low percentage of Tehranian adolescents have good nutritional behaviour and in most of them their nutritional practice does not accord with their nutritional knowledge. These results indicate the necessity of nutritional intervention in Tehranian adolescents.
Improving precision of type analysis using non-discriminative union
Authors: LU LUNJIN
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a new type analysis for logic programs. The analysis is performed witha prioritype definitions; and type expressions are formed from a fixed alphabet of type constructors. Non-discriminative union is used to join type information from different sources without loss of precision. An operation that is performed repeatedly during an analysis is to detect if a fixpoint has been reached. This is reduced to checking the emptiness of types. Due to the use of non-discriminative union, the fundamental problem of checking the emptiness of types is more complex in the proposed type analysis than in other type analyses witha prioritype definitions. The experimental results, however, show that use of tabling reduces the effect to a small fraction of analysis time on a set of benchmarks.