bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An international auxiliary language
Authors: Semple Ian
Published: October 2008

In ET6, we reported that English may be superseding Latin as the language through which the Vatican talks to the world. To find out how it fares in one of the world's younger religions, English Today talks to IAN SEMPLE, at the World Centre of the Baha'i Faith in Haifa, Israel.
The Scots—Irish migrations
Authors: McCrum Robert , Cran William , MacNeil Robert
Published: October 2008

The following extract from The Story of English (BBC/Faber, 1986) takes us from the Scotland of James VI in the early 17th century through Northern Ireland to the Appalachians and beyond.
How dead is Orkney Norn?
Authors: Killick Joyce
Published: October 2008

Variants of Norse were at one time spoken in many parts of Britain and Ireland, their last remnants being the Norn of the Northern Isles. How well has that language fared in Orkney, and how has it blended with English?
Answering machines
Authors: Dubin Fraida
Published: October 2008

The telephone and the tape recorder have separately added new dimensions to the art of oral communication. Their coming together in the telephone answering machine, however, has produced a third dimension all of its own.
English as a decorative language
Authors: Dougill John
Published: October 2008

In ET6, Gillian Kay described how Japanese absorbs and re-shapes the words of English. There is, however, another trend in Japan, in which English is used as a social and commercial accessory.
Pop grammarians and the death of English
Authors: Boyd John
Published: October 2008

Is the language really in need of protection, anywhere in the world? If it is, who could be the protectors? A freelance journalist offers some comments on usage gurus and linguistic popes.
The BBC and English pronunciation
Authors: Pointon Graham
Published: October 2008

The Director of the BBC Pronunciation Unit follows our recent articles on RP and the Queen's English with a review of how his corporation has approached such thorny issues over the six decades of its existence
Let grammarians return to describing the language
Authors: Fairman Tony
Published: October 2008

A response to comments recently made by grammarians in ‘English Today’.
Still a deficient language?
Authors: Pemagbi Joe
Published: October 2008

A description and glossary of the ‘New English’ of Sierra Leone
The cohorts are coming
Authors: Christophersen Paul
Published: October 2008

Dorothy Sayers would surely have turned in her grave if she could have heard, as I did a few months ago, a BBC announcer introducing a dramatization of her story Gaudy Night by a few remarks about the heroine, Harriet Vane, and her ‘cohort’, Lord Peter Wimsey. Or perhaps she would have been convulsed with laughter at the absurd contrast between Lord Peter in his sober Savile Row suit and the cohorts in Byron's well-known lines:

The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold.
Trinbagonian
Authors: Winer Lise
Published: October 2008

Creating the first scholarly dictionary of the English of Trinidad and Tobago
Among the binomials
Authors: Lynch Lynn M.
Published: October 2008

A report on the history, formation and uses of such scientific terms as Homo sapiens and Hermerocallis aurantiaca.
French leave and Dutch courage
Authors: Lawson Christopher
Published: October 2008

An Englishman looks at what English idioms say about the nations of Europe and their citizens.
The subversion of Korean
Authors: Lee Sangsup
Published: October 2008

An account of the curious impact of the study of English on the use of Korean.
Fads and fashions in English language teaching
Authors: Alexander Louis
Published: October 2008

The evolution of the syllabus in teaching English as a foreign language.
Exiguities of pertaining criticism
Authors: Kingscott Geoffrey
Published: October 2008

GEOFFREY KINGSCOTT, editor of ‘Language International: The magazine for the language professions’, in his editorial of September/October 1989 expressed his concern about the spread of ‘Foreigners' English’ in recent years. We reproduce his comments here and both he and ET would be glad to have readers' views on this matter.
The Germanic heritage
Authors: Christophersen Paul
Published: October 2008

An assessment of what English has inherited from Anglo-Saxon, Low German and the Scandinavian languages
English in tiers
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

A look at the complex layering of the vocabulary that English has inherited from Germanic, Romance and Greek.
A coordinated president
Authors: McMannus E. Leo
Published: October 2008

A review of the style and usage of President George Bush
Gaijin revisited
Authors: Cervi David A
Published: October 2008

In response to reading Peter Duppenthaler's interesting article Gaijin (ET Jul 89), in which he explored the word gaijin and some of the meanings it has for Japanese, I conducted in Japanese a survey among 34 Japanese students studying English in Australia at Sydney English Language Centre.
What's your family?
Authors: Arthur Jay
Published: October 2008

A report on the language of kinship in Aboriginal English.
Aspects of English in Ghana
Authors: Gyasi Ibrahim K.
Published: October 2008

Do Ghanaians have, or even want, a distinctive ‘Ghanaian English’?
English across cultures: the Kachru Catch
Authors: Abbott Gerry
Published: October 2008

GERRY ABBOTT of the School of Education, the University of Manchester, replies to Braj Kachru's article ‘Liberation linguistics and the Quirk Concern’ (ET 25, Jan 91).
Standard English and the EFL classroom
Authors: Christensen Torkil
Published: October 2008

A reply from a Danish-born teacher of English in Japan to Sir Randolph Quirk's ‘Language varieties and standard language’ (ET 21)
‘Native’ models and foreign learners
Authors: Christophersen Paul
Published: October 2008

A consideration of ‘nativeness’, ‘foreignness’, expertise and language allegiance
America's usage gurus
Authors: Morrow Duncan
Published: October 2008

An informal survey of language advice in American journalism
Kaleidoscope
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

THOMAS M. PAIKEDAY lists some more neologisms that do not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries.
Language change, usage and drift
Authors: Gorrell Robert
Published: October 2008

A consideration of semantic change in a wide range of English words and usages
What shall we call the decades of the twenty-first century?
Authors: Algeo John
Published: October 2008

JOHN ALGEO asks some awkward but highly pertinent questions about tomorrow's dates
The new icons – icons of change?
Authors: Beniger James R.
Published: October 2008

An examination of a new sense of the word ‘icon’ and the changes it might foreshadow in everyday thought and language
Kaleidoscope
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

TOM McARTHUR looks at some creative developments among phrasal verbs, novelty in Japanese car names and a sample of translation from American into Australian
What on earth are collocations?
Authors: Fontenelle Thierry
Published: October 2008

An assessment of the ways in which certain words co-occur and others do not
A(n)-dropping
Authors: Ilson Robert
Published: October 2008

ROBERT ILSON takes up the issue of possible missing indefinite articles in phrases such as ‘He's nice man’, raised by Tom McArthur in ‘Is it new way of speaking?’ (Comment, ET40, Oct 94)
A response to David Jowitt's response…
Authors: Wales Katie
Published: October 2008

I must apologise to David Jowitt for having so clearly upset him by an article that was so clearly meant to be light-hearted. It was also oriented towards the stereotypical portrayals of the language of royalty, and the ways myth and reality frequently coincide. If I did not make the distinction clear enough, I apologise; but in places I did not really intend a distinction. Moreover, it was the editor himself, Tom McArthur, who suggested I extend the term ‘royalese’ to the (alleged) features of royal speech (and also the speech of the aristocracy), instead of restricting it just to the literary or satirical representations. I decided this would indeed be an apt way of suggesting the blur between fact and fiction, between dialect and stage-dialect, as it were : hence my inevitable use of the phrase ‘literary royalese’, which still seems perfectly clear to me, despite David Jowitt's stricture.
Kaleidoscope
Authors: Roberts Dale
Published: October 2008

In this issue, DALE ROBERTS considers a range of recent, especially American, usages
Is English a Swiss language?
Authors: Davidson Keith
Published: October 2008

Following on from Virginia Pulcini's article on English in Italy (ET40, Oct 94), an account of English in Switzerland
Using Arabic and English in science lectures
Authors: Mustafa Zahra
Published: October 2008

A description and discussion of the routine mixing of Arabic and English in lectures at Jordan University of Science and Technology
Kachru revisits contrasts
Authors: Kachru Yamuna
Published: October 2008

YAMUNA KACHRU published the article “Contrastive rhetoric in world Englishes” in ET41 (Jan 95), prompting a letter from Reinhard Hartmann that appeared in ET42 (Apr 95). The following is Kachru's reply to Hartmann.
Just how innovative are the ‘New Englishes’?
Authors: Ahulu Samuel
Published: October 2008

SAMUEL AHULU raises some points relating to Edmund O. Bamiro's ‘Innovation in Nigerian English’ (ET39, Jul 94)
Second-language learners and taboo words in American English
Authors: Register Norma A.
Published: October 2008

A review of the problems learners of English can have with actual and borderline taboo usages in the United States
English in the Maghreb
Authors: Battenburg John D.
Published: October 2008

A survey of the expansion of English teaching, learning and use in the Arab West, with particular regard to Tunisia
Jamaica and the economics of English
Authors: Taylor Monica E.
Published: October 2008

From the purely economic point of view, is Standard English in this Caribbean nation just so much dead stock on dusty shelves?
General English
Authors: Ahulu Samuel
Published: October 2008

A consideration of the nature of English as an international medium
Moral English
Authors: Gupta Anthea Fraser
Published: October 2008

ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA considers changing attitudes in Asia, and particularly Singapore, regarding the virtues and vices of the English language.
Please Drop Your R's at the Door Your Grace
Authors: MacQueen Donald
Published: October 2008

DONALD MacQUEEN flies a linguistic kite regarding how the rhotic/non-rhotic division might have arisen in the English of Restoration London in the seventeenth century.
T-time in New Zealand
Authors: Holmes Janet
Published: October 2008

A report on developments in pronunciation in the English of New Zealand
Mil(l)en(n)ium
Authors: Newman Barry
Published: October 2008

The American journalist BARRY NEWMAN asks some apocalyptic questions about spelling.
Langscape 3: Surveying contemporary English usage
Authors: Peters Pam
Published: October 2008

LANGSCAPE is a Cambridge University Press project associated with both ‘English Today’ and a new international usage guide for the year 2000 by Pam Peters, author of the ‘Cambridge Australian English Style Guide’ (1995). Like the Australian publication, the international work will be distinctive in its use of empirical evidence from computer corpora as well as data elicited from surveys of users of English round the world. Because English is a world language, any account of usage that is limited to one person's views and resources is inadequate. The first topic and questionnaire (‘The ubiquitous letter e’) appeared in ET53 (Jan 98) and the second (‘To capitalize or not to capitalize’) in ET54 (Apr 98). See the accompanying box for further information on the Survey. See also p.25.
Guides to tomorrow's English
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

A review of the kinds of dictionaries now being created to cope with English as a universal language
What hope for a trilingual Hong Kong?
Authors: Boyle Joseph
Published: October 2008

An assessment of the language prospects in China's new Special Administrative Region (SAR)
English in the world, in Africa, and in South Africa
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

Some observations relating to the development of a South African model for teaching, learning, using, and identifying with the language
English and the culture of the Yoruba
Authors: Dare Adeyeye Samson
Published: October 2008

Some aspects of the sociocultural and linguistic problems of teaching English to students of one of Nigeria's major language groups
In versus On: A losing battle?
Authors: Connell Tim
Published: October 2008

TIM CONNELL considers some cases of particle abuse in British English
English everywhere in China
Authors: Jianxiu Kang
Published: October 2008

Complementing Yingquan Wang's account (ET57, Jan 99) of the significance of College English courses and examinations in China, a description of how English is on the move throughout the People's Republic
Some geopolitical changes
Authors: Connell Tim
Published: October 2008

In usage matters, everything is open to change. TIM CONNELL looks at some alterations in the geography of English
A response to Langscape 6
Authors: Upward Christopher
Published: October 2008

CHRISTOPHER UPWARD, Editor-in-Chief of the Simplified Spelling Society, in consultation with Society members around the world, responds to Langscape 6.
The people and the language engineers
Authors: Parrott Fred
Published: October 2008

FRED PARROTT considers some twists, turns, and manoeuvres/ maneuvers in the on-going usage wars
ICT teaching
Authors: Burke Sheila
Published: October 2008

SHEILA BURKE, a primary school teacher in England, describes how she came to terms with information and communication technology in the classroom (first of two articles)
How Many Millions? The Statistics of English Today
Authors: Crystal David
Published: October 2008

In the reign of Queen Elizabeth – the first, that is, from 1558 to 1603 – the number of English speakers in the world is thought to have been between 5 and 7 million. At the beginning of the reign of the second Queen Elizabeth in 1952, the figure had increased almost fiftyfold. In 1962, Randolph Quirk estimated in The Use of English that 250 millions had English as a mother tongue, with a further 100 million using it as a second or foreign language.
An ABC of World English America to Australia
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

The first part of a four-part gazetteer of the basic geopolitical vocabulary of the English language, dealing with the facts, fancies, fallacies, ambiguities and subtle implications in such words. For convenience of presentation, the material is not in strict alphabetical order.
English Language Teaching dictionaries: past, present, and future
Authors: Summers Della
Published: October 2008

The director of Longman dictionaries looks at a unique and profitable species of wordbook, the ELT or EFL dictionary.
A sheepish tongue
Authors: Noble W. Vernon
Published: October 2008

A veteran writer argues that the English language owes ‘a linguistic debt to the docile sheep and its wool’.
Fair Billis Yuccas
Authors: Pitt Arnold
Published: October 2008

A wide range of newsletters, clippings and cuttings, catalogues and correspondence arrives (and is welcomed) on ET's editorial desk. From the mass that goes into our files comes this mix of curious usages, neologisms and nonce forms.
Underwriting whole lives
Authors: Taylor M Ean
Published: October 2008

In ET8, October 1986, EAN TAYLOR wrote about arcane expressions used by banks and building societies in England. Now he considers the phraseology of British life insurance/assurance, its euphemisms and jargon, and would welcome information about parallel usages elsewhere.
Language skills in shy and non-shy preschoolers and the effects of assessment context
Authors: SPERE KATHERINE A. , EVANS MARY ANN , HENDRY CAROL-ANNE , MANSELL JUBILEA
Published: October 2008

Nineteen shy, twenty-three middle and twenty-five non-shy junior kindergarten children were assessed at school by an unfamiliar examiner, and at home where their parents administered a parallel form of the expressive and receptive vocabulary tests given at school. A speech sample between the child and parent was also collected at home. Shy children spoke less than non-shy and middle children at home. Additionally, the parents of shy children spoke less than parents of non-shy children. Although there were no language differences between the groups, results showed a context effect for expressive vocabulary, in that all groups of children scored higher at school. The pattern of results suggests that previously observed language differences found between shy and non-shy children are not robust, and that testing children at school does not negatively impact their performance.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Steel Craig
Published: October 2008

The past decade has seen considerable growth in the evidence base of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis. Consistent reports of moderate effect sizes have led to such interventions being recommended as part of routine clinical practice. Most of this evidence is based on a generic form of CBT for psychosis applied to a heterogeneous group. An increase in the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural interventions may require new protocols. Such therapeutic developments should be based on the theoretical understanding of the psychological processes associated with specific forms of psychotic presentation. The current evidence base of CBT for psychosis is reviewed, and barriers that have held back the development of this research are discussed.
Anti-(apolipoprotein A-1) IgGs are associated with high levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Vuilleumier Nicolas , Charbonney Emmanuel , Fontao Lionel , Alvarez Montserrat , Turck Natacha , Sanchez Jean-Charles , Burkhard Pierre R. , Mensi Noury , Righini Marc , Reber Guido , James Richard , Mach François , Chevrolet Jean-Claude , Dayer Jean-Michel , Frostegard Johan , Roux-Lombard Pascale
Published: October 2008

ApoA-1 (apolipoprotein A-1) is the main component of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and stabilizes PON-1 (paraoxonase-1), which prevents lipid peroxidation and oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) formation. Autoantibodies against apoA-1 [anti-(apoA-1) IgG] have been found in antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosous, two diseases with an increased risk of thrombotic events, as well as in ACS (acute coronary syndrome). OxLDL levels are also elevated in these diseases. Whether anti-(apoA-1) IgGs exist in other prothrombotic conditions, such as APE (acute pulmonary embolism) and stroke, has not been studied and their potential association with oxLDL and PON-1 activity is not known. In the present study, we determined prospectively the prevalence of anti-(apoA-1) IgG in patients with ACS (n=127), APE (n=58) and stroke (n=34), and, when present, we tested their association with oxLDL levels. The prevalance of anti-(apoA-1) IgG was 11% in the ACS group, 2% in the control group and 0% in the APE and stroke groups. The ACS group had significantly higher median anti-(apoA-1) IgG titres than the other groups of patients. Patients with ACS positive for anti-(apoA-1) IgG had significantly higher median oxLDL values than those who tested negative (226.5 compared with 47.7 units/l; P<0.00001) and controls. The Spearman ranked test revealed a significant correlation between anti-(apoA-1) IgG titres and serum oxLDL levels (r=0.28, P<0.05). No association was found between PON-1 activity and oxLDL or anti-(apoA-1) IgG levels. In conclusion, anti-(apoA-1) IgG levels are positive in ACS, but not in stroke or APE. In ACS, their presence is associated with higher levels of oxLDL and is directly proportional to the serum concentration of oxLDL. These results emphasize the role of humoral autoimmunity as a mediator of inflammation and coronary atherogenesis.
Strong frequency dependence of dynamical coupling between protein and water
Authors: Shenogina Natalia , Keblinski Pawel , Garde Shekhar
Published: October 2008

We use molecular dynamics simulations to study thermal energy flow between a green fluorescent protein and surrounding water to unravel the nature of dynamical coupling between biomolecules and their aqueous environment. We find that low-frequency vibrations in protein, which are thought to be critical for the protein function, are strongly coupled with water, whereas intermediate- and high-frequency vibrations are essentially decoupled with water except for those present at the surface of the protein. Our studies shed a new light on the physical mechanism underlying the dynamical slaving of proteins to water.
Rovibronic bands of the Ã B22←X̃ B21 transition of C6H5O and C6D5O detected with cavity ringdown absorption near 1.2 μm
Authors: Cheng Chi-Wen , Witek Henryk , Lee Yuan-Pern
Published: October 2008

We recorded several rovibronic bands of C6H5O and C6D5O in their Ã B22←X̃ B21 transitions in the range 1.14–1.31 μm with the cavity ringdown technique. While the electronic transition is forbidden, several vibronic bands are observed. By comparison of rovibronic contours of observed and simulated bands to determine their types of transition, and by consideration of vibrational wavenumbers of the upper state based on quantum-chemical calculations, we were able to provide vibronic assignments of observed bands and derive several experimental vibrational wavenumbers (given as ν in unit of cm−1 in this paper) for the Ã B22 state, namely, ν12=947, ν13=793, ν14=417, ν15=964, ν16=866, ν17=723, ν18=680, and ν19=499 for C6H5O, and ν12=772, ν13=626, ν14=365, ν15=812, ν17=599, ν18=532, and ν19=436 for C6D5O. Transitions involving vibrationally excited levels of ν20 were also observed; ν20 of the Ã state is greater by 50 cm−1 than the X̃ state of C6H5O. A weak origin at 7681 cm−1 for the Ã←X̃ transition of C6H5O (7661 cm−1 for C6D5O) with a c-type contour was observed. Observed isotopic ratios of vibrational wavenumbers for the Ã state of C6H5O to those of C6D5O are in good agreement with the predictions from quantum-chemical calculations at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level.
Metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy of crystallographically oriented MnP magnetic nanoclusters embedded in GaP(001)
Authors: Lambert-Milot S. , Lacroix C. , Ménard D. , Masut R. A. , Desjardins P. , Garcia-Hernandez M. , de Andres A.
Published: October 2008

Hybrid ferromagnetic-semiconductor GaP:MnP thin films were grown at 650 °C by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on GaP(001) using trimethylgallium, tertiarybutylphosphine, and methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MCTMn). Overall Mn concentrations in the hybrid films, determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, were found to be nearly proportional to the MCTMn precursor gas flow rate and ranged from 2 to 3.5 at. %. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed the presence of a homogeneous distribution of 15–30 nm wide nanoclusters in a dislocation-free GaP matrix that is fully coherent with the substrate. The nanocluster facets are predominantly aligned along the (220) planes of the GaP matrix and selected-area electron diffraction patterns in TEM indicate that the nanoclusters are coherent (or semicoherent) with the single-crystal GaP matrix. The Mn:P composition ratio in the nanoclusters was determined to be 1.00±0.05 from parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy analyses. Increasing the MCTMn flow rate during film growth resulted in an increased concentration of MnP nanoclusters in the epilayer while their dimensions remained virtually unchanged. Magnetometric characterization indicates a ferromagnetic order, with a Curie temperature of about 294 K, originating from the MnP clusters.
Control of broad-area vertical-cavity surface emitting laser emission by optically induced photonic crystals
Authors: Terhalle Bernd , Radwell Neal , Rose Patrick , Denz Cornelia , Ackemann Thorsten
Published: October 2008

We control the emission properties of a broad-area vertical-cavity surface emitting laser by coupling it to an external feedback cavity containing a photorefractive crystal with an optically induced photonic lattice. The periodic modulation of the refractive index serves as a tunable filter and enables the dynamic suppression of unwanted spatial instabilities and modes, as originally suggested by Gomila et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 253904 (2004)].
Generalized procedure to determine the dependence of steady-state photoconductance lifetime on the occupation of multiple defects
Authors: McIntosh Keith R. , Paudyal Bijaya B. , Macdonald Daniel H.
Published: October 2008

We present a procedure to determine the dependence of photoconductance lifetime on the occupation of multiple defects. The procedure requires numerical iteration, making it more cumbersome than the analytical equations available for single-defect and simplified two-defect cases, but enabling the following features: (i) it accounts for the defect concentration when calculating the equilibrium carrier concentrations, (ii) it permits recombination through any number of defects, (iii) it calculates the occupation fraction of all defects at any injection, and (iv) it promotes a good understanding of the role of defect occupation in photoconductance measurements. The utility of the numerical procedure is demonstrated on an experimental sample containing multiple defects. The dependence of the sample’s photoconductance on carrier concentration and temperature can be qualitatively described by the generalized procedure but not by either analytical model. The example also demonstrates that the influence of defect occupation on photoconductance lifetime measurements is mitigated at elevated temperatures—a conclusion of particular worth to the study of multicrystalline silicon.
Thin films of pentacene formed by transferring crystals dispersed in liquid media
Authors: Minakata Takashi , Natsume Yutaka
Published: October 2008

We fabricate thin films of pentacene by coating flake crystals dispersed in a liquid media. The films are structured with oriented crystals and have a well-defined grain structure obtained from the source crystals. The films assembled with large or small crystals show the carrier mobility of 1 cm2/V s and above 0.01 cm2/V s, respectively. Small electrode contact resistance of the films and transport barrier heights below 56 meV were confirmed from the temperature dependence of the mobility.
Charge ordering transition near the interface of the (011)-oriented La1−xSrxMnO3 (x∼1/8) films
Authors: Chen Y. Z. , Sun J. R. , Wei A. D. , Lu W. M. , Liang S. , Shen B. G.
Published: October 2008

Two clear phase transitions, an insulator to metal transition followed by a metal to insulator transition on cooling, were realized in La1−xSrxMnO3 (x∼1/8) (LSMO) thin films grown on (011) SrTiO3 substrates due to the substrate-imposed anisotropic stain. Effects of phase transitions on the rectifying behavior of the corresponding junction LSMO/Nb:SrTiO3 were further investigated. The paramagnetic/insulator to ferromagnetic/metal transition led to a decrease in built-in potential of the junction, while the metallic to charge/orbital ordering transition results in a growth of interfacial barrier, which could be explained by Fermi-level shifts and the gap opening/closing in LSMO films. These results indicate the occurrence of clear phase transitions in the vicinity of interface in (011)-LSMO films.
Facilitation, complexity growth, mode coupling, and activated dynamics in supercooled liquids
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sarika Maitra , Bagchi Biman , Wolynes Peter G.
Published: October 2008

In low-temperature-supercooled liquids, below the ideal mode-coupling theory transition temperature, hopping and continuous diffusion are seen to coexist. Here, we present a theory that shows explicitly the interplay between the two processes and shows that activated hopping facilitates continuous diffusion in the otherwise frozen liquid. Several universal features arise from nonlinear interactions between the continuous diffusive dynamics described here by the mode coupling theory (MCT)] and the activated hopping (described here by the random first-order transition theory). We apply the theory to a specific system, Salol, to show that the theory correctly predicts the temperature dependence of the nonexponential stretching parameter, β, and the primary α relaxation timescale, τ. The study explains why, even below the mean field ergodic to nonergodic transition, the dynamics is well described by MCT. The nonlinear coupling between the two dynamical processes modifies the relaxation behavior of the structural relaxation from what would be predicted by a theory with a complete static Gaussian barrier distribution in a manner that may be described as a facilitation effect. Furthermore, the theory correctly predicts the observed variation of the stretching exponent β with the fragility parameter,
D
. These two predictions also allow the complexity growth to be predicted, in good agreement with the results of Capaccioli
et al.
[Capaccioli S, Ruocco G, Zamponi F (2008)
J Phys Chem B
112:10652-10658].
Food Allergy as Seen by a Paediatric Gastroenterologist
Authors: Husby Steffen
Published: October 2008

Approximately 7% to 8% of children are affected by food allergies, the most common being cow's milk allergy (CMA), and egg and peanut allergies. The occurrence of CMA decreases with age, but it is often replaced by other allergic manifestations. CMA affects mainly the skin and gastrointestinal tract, and reactions mediated via immunoglobulin E manifest differently to those that are not. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is frequently present in the first year of life and may be associated with CMA. Eosinophilic oesophagitis is related to food allergy and aeroallergens, less common than gastroesophageal reflux disease, and generally occurs in older children. Eosinophilic oesophagitis manifests as classic symptoms of reflux plus dysphagia. Treatment includes allergen avoidance and local steroid treatment. Other manifestations of CMA include eosinophilic gastroenteritis and proctocolitis. Accurate diagnosis of food allergy and the causative food is important because the condition is present in only about one third of patients with suspected food allergy, may be due to foods other than those originally suspected, and elimination diets may be detrimental to the child's health. Differential diagnosis is important to rule out upper and/or lower gastrointestinal disorders. Food allergy is generally treated with a hypoallergenic diet; antihistamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists may be used in specific conditions.
Is There a Consensus in Food Allergy Management?
Authors: Lifschitz Carlos
Published: October 2008

Approaches to the management of cow's milk allergy (CMA) include eliminating dairy products from the diet and delaying the introduction of solids until 6 months of age. In addition, because children on strict elimination diets often exhibit nutritional deficiencies that may lead to poor growth, some studies suggest that replacement rather than elimination diets may be more appropriate. Studies of amino acid–based formulas in children with CMA have shown them to be safe and as effective as extensively hydrolysed formulas (eHF) at relieving allergic symptoms. Certain subgroups, such as children with severe atopic eczema or exclusively breast‐fed children exhibiting allergic symptoms, may develop intolerance to eHF, and evidence suggests that the use of amino acid–based formulas in these populations relieves symptoms and encourages growth. Further studies are required to fully elucidate the benefits of amino acid–based formulas in children with CMA intolerant to eHF.
Does intra-individual major histocompatibility complex diversity keep a golden mean?
Authors: Woelfing Benno , Traulsen Arne , Milinski Manfred , Boehm Thomas
Published: October 2008

An adaptive immune response is usually initiated only if a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule presents pathogen-derived peptides to T-cells. Every MHC molecule can present only peptides that match its peptide-binding groove. Thus, it seems advantageous for an individual to express many different MHC molecules to be able to resist many different pathogens. However, although MHC genes are the most polymorphic genes of vertebrates, each individual has only a very small subset of the diversity at the population level. This is an evolutionary paradox. We provide an overview of the current data on infection studies and mate-choice experiments and conclude that overall evidence suggests that intermediate intra-individual MHC diversity is optimal. Selective forces that may set an upper limit to intra-individual MHC diversity are discussed. An updated mathematical model based on recent findings on T-cell selection can predict the natural range of intra-individual MHC diversity. Thus, the aim of our review is to evaluate whether the number of MHC alleles usually present in individuals may be optimal to balance the advantages of presenting an increased range of peptides versus the disadvantages of an increased loss of T-cells.
Stimulation of interleukin-13 expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax via a dually active promoter element responsive to NF-κB and NFAT
Authors: Silbermann Katrin , Schneider Grit , Grassmann Ralph
Published: October 2008

The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoprotein transforms human lymphocytes and is critical for the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-induced adult T-cell leukaemia. In HTLV-transformed cells, Tax upregulates interleukin (IL)-13, a cytokine with proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions that is linked to leukaemogenesis. Tax-stimulated IL-13 is thought to result in autocrine stimulation of HTLV-infected cells and thus may be relevant to their growth. The causal transactivation of theIL-13promoter by Tax is predominantly dependent on a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-binding P element. Here, it was shown that the isolated IL-13 Tax-responsive element (IL13TaxRE) was sufficient to mediate IL-13 transactivation by Tax and NFAT1. However, cyclosporin A, a specific NFAT inhibitor, revealed that Tax transactivation of IL13TaxRE or wild-typeIL-13promoter was independent of NFAT and that NFAT did not contribute toIL-13upregulation in HTLV-transformed cells. By contrast, Tax stimulation was repressible by an efficient nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor (IkBaDN), indicating the requirement for NF-κB. The capacity of NF-κB to stimulate IL13TaxRE was demonstrated by a strong response to NF-κB in reporter assays and by direct binding of NF-κB to IL13TaxRE. Thus, IL13TaxRE in theIL-13promoter represents a dually active promoter element responsive to NF-κB and NFAT. Together, these results indicate that Tax causes IL-13 upregulation in HTLV-1-infected cells via NF-κB.
Naturally occurring feline leukemia virus subgroup A and B infections in urban domestic cats
Authors: Coelho Fabiana Magalhães , Bomfim Maria Rosa Quaresma , de Andrade Caxito Fabíola , Ribeiro Natália Almeida , Luppi Marcela Miranda , Costa Érica Azevedo , Oliveira Maria Emilia , Da Fonseca Flávio Guimarães , Resende Mauricio
Published: October 2008

A nested-PCR (n-PCR) was used to detect feline leukemia virus (FeLV) proviral DNA in blood samples from 464 sick and 608 healthy domestic cats (Felis catus) selected by convenience, and a significantly high prevalence of FeLV infection was observed. n-PCR results revealed the presence of FeLV proviral DNA in 47.2 % of sick cats and 47.4 % of healthy cats. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FeLV samples from healthy or sick cats were grouped into separate clades. We determined FeLV subgroups by an n-PCR based on theenvelope(env) gene. The partialenvgene of FeLV Minas Gerais (MG) samples were compared to various exogenous FeLV isolates and endogenous (enFeLV) provirus from the same region. FeLV-B MG samples were more similar to endogenous sequences and to natural FeLV-B isolates than to either FeLV-A or FeLV-C. The results revealed the circulation of FeLV-B in large populations of urban domestic cats in Brazil.
Co-circulation of two sublineages of HPAI H5N1 virus in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with unique molecular signatures suggesting separate introductions into the commercial poultry and falconry sectors
Authors: Monne Isabella , Fusaro Alice , Al-Blowi Mohamed Hamad , Ismail Mahmoud Moussa , Khan Owais Ahmed , Dauphin Gwenaëlle , Tripodi Astrid , Salviato Annalisa , Marangon Stefano , Capua Ilaria , Cattoli Giovanni
Published: October 2008

Since early 2007, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has experienced several highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in the falconry and poultry sectors. The public health threat associated with peculiar husbandry systems, requiring close contact between humans and birds of prey, highlights the need of an improved understanding of the epidemiology and of the viral characteristics of H5N1 viruses circulating in the region. Here we report molecular and phylogenetic analyses of H5N1 viruses isolated in the KSA in 2007 in distinct compartments of avian husbandry. From the results of our investigation it appears that two separate introductions into the different sectors occurred. The identification of specific amino acid mutations, which are described as genetic signatures of human influenza A viruses or known to confer resistance to antiviral drugs, raises concerns for the possible human health implications of the KSA H5N1 viruses.
Corticosteroids modulate Seoul virus infection, regulatory T-cell responses and matrix metalloprotease 9 expression in male, but not female, Norway rats
Authors: Easterbrook Judith D. , Klein Sabra L.
Published: October 2008

Human hantaviral disease is mediated by excessive proinflammatory and CD8+T-cell responses, which can be alleviated by administration of corticosteroids. In contrast with humans, male rats that are infected with their species-specific hantavirus, Seoul virus (SEOV), have reduced proinflammatory and elevated regulatory T-cell responses in tissues where virus persists. To determine the effects of glucocorticoids on SEOV persistence and immune responses during infection, male and female Norway rats received sham surgeries (sham) or were adrenalectomized (ADX0), in some of which corticosterone was replaced at low (ADX10) or high (ADX80) doses. Rats were inoculated with SEOV and serum corticosterone, SEOV RNA, gene expression and protein production were measured at different time points post-inoculation. We observed that SEOV infection suppressed corticosterone in sham males to concentrations seen in ADX0 males. Furthermore, males with low corticosterone had more SEOV RNA in the lungs than either females or males with high corticosterone concentrations during peak infection. Although high concentrations of corticosterone suppressed the expression of innate antiviral and proinflammatory mediators to a greater extent in females than in males, these immunomodulatory effects did not correlate with SEOV load. Males with low corticosterone concentrations and high viral load had elevated regulatory T-cell responses and expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9. MMP-9 is a glycogenase that disrupts cellular matrices and may facilitate extravasation of SEOV-infected cells from circulation into lung tissue. Suppression of glucocorticoids may thus contribute to more efficient dissemination of SEOV in male than in female rats.
CARDIAC‐SPECIFIC OVEREXPRESSION OF THE HUMAN SHORT CLC‐3 CHLORIDE CHANNEL ISOFORM IN MICE
Authors: Xiong Dazhi , Wang Ge‐Xin , Burkin Dean J , Yamboliev Ilia A , Singer Cherie A , Rawat Shanti , Scowen Paul , Evans Rebecca , Ye Linda , Hatton William J , Tian Honglin , Keller Phillip S , McCloskey Diana T , Duan Dayue , Hume Joseph R
Published: October 2008

ClC‐3 has been proposed as a molecular candidate responsible for volume‐sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channels (VSOAC) in cardiac and smooth muscle cells. To further test this hypothesis, we produced a novel line of transgenic mice with cardiac‐specific overexpression of the human short ClC‐3 isoform (hsClC‐3).

Northern and western blot analyses demonstrated that mRNA and protein levels of the short isoform (sClC‐3) in the heart were significantly increased in hsClC‐3‐overexpressing (OE) mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice. Heart weight : bodyweight ratios for OE mice were significantly smaller compared with age‐matched WT mice.

Electrocardiogram recordings indicated no difference at rest, whereas echocardiographic recordings revealed consistent reductions in left ventricular diastolic diameter, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end of diastole and interventricular septum thickness in diastole in OE mice.

The VSOAC current densities in atrial cardiomyocytes were significantly increased by ClC‐3 overexpression compared with WT cells. No differences in VSOAC current properties in OE and WT atrial myocytes were observed in terms of outward rectification, anion permeability (I− > Cl− > Asp−) and inhibition by 4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2′‐disulphonic acid and glibenclamide. The VSOAC in atrial myocytes from both groups were totally abolished by phorbol‐12,13‐dibutyrate (a protein kinase C activator) and by intracellular dialysis of an N‐terminal anti‐ClC‐3 antibody.

Cardiac cell volume measurements revealed a significant acceleration of the rate of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in OE myocytes compared with WT.

In conclusion, enhanced VSOAC currents and acceleration of the time‐course of RVD in atrial myocytes of OE mice is strong evidence supporting an essential role of sClC‐3 in native VSOAC function in mouse atrial myocytes.
STORING UP TROUBLE: DOES ACCUMULATION OF INTRAMYOCELLULAR TRIGLYCERIDE PROTECT SKELETAL MUSCLE FROM INSULIN RESISTANCE?
Authors: Watt Matthew J
Published: October 2008

Insulin resistance occurs when normal amounts of insulin are inadequate to produce a normal insulin response from cells. This is important in the context of whole‐body glucose homeostasis because skeletal muscle is the main tissue for insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal.

In obesity, lipid deposition in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle, is linked to the activation of stress kinases and the development of insulin resistance. Accumulation of intramyocellular triglyceride (IMTG) is positively associated with insulin resistance; however, it is unknown whether IMTG causes insulin resistance or protects cells from insulin resistance by preventing the accrual of bioactive lipid metabolites.

The role of IMTG in the development of insulin resistance is not resolved. Stable overexpression of the triglyceride lipase adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) reduced IMTG content in myotubes, but resulted in a concomitant increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramide and caused insulin resistance. Increasing TG content by muscle‐specific overexpression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 protected mice from insulin resistance. Conversely, overexpression of DGAT2 in glycolytic muscle resulted in accumulation of TG and ceramide and insulin resistance in these tissues. This was sufficient to induce whole‐body insulin and glucose insensitivity.

It is unlikely that IMTG causes cause insulin resistance directly. Instead, it appears as though TG accumulates in skeletal muscle to sequester fatty acids and to protect from the deleterious actions of lipids, such as ceramide and DAG. Whether lipase inhibitors are viable therapeutics to prevent obesity induced insulin resistance is unknown, but future studies examining tissue‐specific ATGL/hormone‐sensitive lipase knockouts will hopefully resolve this question.
Rethinking Security: Perspectives from Arab–American and British Arab Activists
Authors: Staeheli Lynn A , Nagel Caroline R
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  In this article, we analyse the experience of securitization from the perspective of Arab–American and British Arab activists. Based on interviews with over 100 activists in both countries, we explore the ways in which Arab immigrant communities have experienced the enhanced security measures taken by governments. Our respondents describe the ways in which these measures have increased feelings of fear and insecurity within their communities. They emphasized how immigration, border and surveillance technologies lent a pervasive sense of insecurity to daily life. At the same time, they argued for the importance of the legal rights of citizenship in anchoring a sense of security in and belonging to British and American society.
Capitalism's Anxious Whole: Fear, Capture and Escape in the Grundrisse
Authors: Gidwani Vinay
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  Two Hegels inhabit the Grundrisse. The first is conservative of the “selfsame” subject that continuously returns to itself as non‐identical identity and propels “history”. The other Hegel tarries with the “negative” he (which or variously calls “non‐being”, “otherness”“difference”) to disrupt this plenary subject to Marx's reading of a Hegel who is different‐in‐himself lends Grundrisse its electric buzz: seizing Hegel's “negative” as the not‐value of value, i.e. “labor”, Marx explains how capital must continuously enroll labor to its will in order to survive and expand. But this enrollment is never given; hence, despite its emergent structure of necessity, capital's return to itself as “self‐animating value” is never free of peril. The most speculative aspect of my argument is that the figure of “labor” in Grundrisse, because of its radically open formulation as not‐value, anticipates the elusive subject of difference in postcolonial theory, “the subaltern”—that figure which evades dialectical integration, and is in some ontological way inscrutable to the “master”. Unexpectedly, then Grundrisse gives us a way to think beyond the epistemic and geographic power of “Europe”.
The Unseamed Picture: Conflicting Narratives of Women in the Modern European Past
Authors: Abrams Lynn
Published: October 2008

This article is about the tension between the grand narrative of modern European women's history and the micro‐study of a particular place and experience. Adopting a perspective far removed from the metropolitan heart of Europe forces one to think differently about the prime motors of change and the chronology of that change. I ask how we can write meaningful and recognisable histories which simultaneously are recognisable to those whose voices are represented and which also contribute to the (re)writing of the bigger picture. I conclude that an alternative history can only emerge from a historical practice which privileges a social memory crafted around narratives of women whose sense of the past included themselves.
The Gendered Genealogy of Political Religions Theory
Authors: Passmore Kevin
Published: October 2008

This article explores the origins of certain theories of fascism, notably political religions theory, in the gendered intellectual milieu of the late nineteenth century. It suggests that political religions theory owes much to Gustave Le Bon's collective psychology (or crowd theory), a discipline that depended on a distinction between the feminised, racialised mass and the active male elite, and which saw women as trapped in the traditional phase of history. The article shows the influence of collective psychology in Durkheimian sociology and Freudian social psychology, and details its transmission to political theory via Talcott Parsons's account of the origins and nature of Nazism. The unacknowledged influence of collective psychology means that advocates of political religions theory either ignore women, or depict them as passive creatures defined by their need for the domination of a male elite.
Forgetting the Past
Authors: Bennett Judith M.
Published: October 2008

Based on arguments developed more fully in the author's History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism (2006), this article urges historians of women and gender to develop a richer appreciation of the distant past. The article uses data from recent conferences and journals to demonstrate that our field is now overly focused on the modern era, and especially the last century. Then, in the spirit of encouraging further discussion and debate, the article lays out some reasons for this contemporary tilt, some ways we might right the balance and some benefits of doing just that.