bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An aspectual account of constructions headed by unergatives and unaccusatives
Authors: Zhou Xiaotao , Wang Jun
Published: November 2022

This article presents an aspectual account of the interface between lexicon and syntax. Following Tenny’s AIH (Aspectual Interface Hypothesis), we assume that only the aspectual property of lexical information is sensitive and predictive to argument structure. Based on this assumption, the article claims that aspectual roles associated with measuring-out and delimitedness offer a single and unified account of argument structure. To begin with, a peculiar focus is given to the direct internal argument which serves as the only measuring-out role and participates the measurement constraint in three verb types including the incremental-theme verbs, the change-of-state verbs and route verbs with path objects, Another aspectual property is delimitedenss that functions as the terminus role of event progression in the form of delimiting markers such as verb particles or resultative predicates.To better testify the claim, the article focuses on constructional variations derived from some typical unergatives and unaccusatives, because the semantic distinction between the two verb types is mainly reflected on the syntactic property that urergatives normally require an agent while unaccusatives ask for a compulsory theme or patient. Yet Constructional variations derived from unergatives and unaccusatives consistently instantiate the measuring-out constraint on direct internal argument. For unergatives, an undelimited event is converted into a delimited one by addition of measuring direct argument, while for unaccusatives, semantic differences arise from alternating arguments that go through changes. Hence constructional variations further prove that syntactic structure fundamentally operates over the aspectual roles rather than thematic roles.
Eye-safe photon counting LIDAR for magmatic aerosol detection
Authors: Zavozin Vladimir A , Grishin Mikhail Ya , Lednev Vasily N , Makarov Vladislav S , Pershin Sergey M
Published: November 2022

An eye-safe photon counting light detection and ranging (LIDAR) instrument has been developed for magmatic aerosol sensing in real time. The developed LIDAR was based on a pulsed diode laser (transmitter, 910 nm, 3 ns, <1 µJ cm−2) and a single-photon avalanche photodiode. The instrument was designed to fit the requirements of highly sensitive sensing of aerosol dynamics at distances up to 50 meters. The accuracy of the LIDAR instrument ranging was estimated as 18 cm. Field experiments inside the Baksan Neutrino Observatory tunnel above the volcano Elbrus chamber revealed a good correlation between the magmatic aerosol dynamics and the Earth’s crust deformation due to Moon and Sun tides quantified by a tiltmeter and a laser strainmeter.
Using Ammonia as Future Energy: Modelling of Reaction Mechanism for Ammonia/Hydrogen Blends
Authors: Xiao Hua , Chen Aiguo , Zhang Minghui , Guo Yanze , Ying Wenxuan
Published: November 2022

To utilize ammonia-based fuels, it is fundamental to understand chemical mechanisms of combustion process, in which reaction characteristics of such a chemical are described in detail. Detailed chemical-kinetics mechanism of ammonia was modelled by an automatic reaction mechanism generation program to investigate characteristics of premixed combustion for ammonia/hydrogen fuel mixture. To develop an accurate model for practical combustion applications, validation of the reaction mechanism was carried out in terms of laminar flame speed under different conditions. Results suggested that the established mechanism model has satisfying performance under different ammonia/hydrogen ratio conditions. Moreover, comparison with other mechanism models demonstrated that the developed model can be used to describe flame propagation of ammonia/hydrogen fuels. Then characteristics of laminar flame speed were predicted under various ammonia concentration and equivalence ratio conditions. Sensitivity analyses showed that ammonia mole fraction has a prominent impact on kinetics of flame speed for ammonia/hydrogen blends. Flame structure analyses showed that hydrogen can enhance ammonia flames with higher light radical concentrations whilst deteriorate NOx emission in exhaust gases.
Research on characteristic parameters for multi-factor aging of stator bar insulation of pumped storage generator
Authors: Liu Xiangdong , Han Jiaxuan , Nie Liangliang , Shao Xingxiao , Li Qing , Huang Xiaofeng , Li Penghu , Jin Haiyun
Published: November 2022

The real stator bars of an 18kV pumped storage generator were taken as research objects. The multi-factor sequential aging tests of thermal cycling, electrothermal and vibration were carried out. The dielectric loss angle tangent (tanδ), capacitance (C), Δtanδ, ΔC and maximum partial discharge of the samples at different aging periods were measured. The variation of these parameters with aging time was summarized, and the aging mechanism was analysed. The results show that tanδ, Δtanδ, and ΔC increase overall with aging time, while the capacitance decreases slightly with aging time. The maximum partial discharge decreases gradually at beginning of aging, and then increases after aging of 4 periods. All of tanδ, Δtanδ, ΔC and maximum partial discharge increase obviously in the later stages of aging. They can be used as characteristic parameters for multi-factor aging of stator bars insulation of pumped storage generators, to evaluate the aging state of the insulation with epoxy mica.
Parametric Research and Optimization of Ducted Propeller Aerodynamic Configuration
Authors: Li Zeyu , Wu Jianghao , Lin Haiying
Published: November 2022

In this paper, the ducted propeller configuration is optimized using the geometry parameterization method and proposed Newton method with the total system thrust as the optimization objective and the maximum torque as the constraint. Based on the initial model, the propeller geometry is optimized by decoupling the ducted propeller, and iterations are carried out until the optimization converges. The propeller optimization primarily consists of an increase in the thickness of the propeller root wing and the torsion angle of the middle wing, and a reduction in the curvature of the propeller tip. The ducted propeller system has a 6.29% improvement in thrust after aerodynamic optimization.
Single Crystal Perovskite MAPbBr3Prepared by Using Anti-solvent Vapor-assisted Crystallization Method
Authors: Muslimawati R M , Manawan M , Takahashi K , Furukawa Y , Bahtiar A
Published: November 2022

Perovskite methylammonium lead tri-bromide (MAPbBr3) material has gained a lot of attention in the past few years due to its impressive optoelectronic properties, which is suitable for high efficiency and sensitivity X-ray photodetector. Compared to polycrystalline crystal structure, MAPbBr3single crystal is more ideal for X-ray photodetector because lack of grain boundary therefore produce more sensitive photodetector. However, a cubic structure and large crystal dimension is highly required to adjust into the flat-panel detector configuration. In this research, MAPbBr3perovskite crystals were synthesized by using Anti-solvent Vapor-assisted Crystallization (AVC) at room temperature using dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent and Dichloromethane (DCM) as antisolvent. The precursors for the MAPbBr3solution were prepared by varying the molar ratio of MABr:PbBr2as precursor solution. The crystal growth rate was controlled by varying the volume ratio of DCM and MAPbBr3precursor solution. The obtained largest crystal size of 10 mm × 10 mm was prepared with a volume ratio of DCM and precursor is 3 and a volume of precursor solution is 6 ml. The XRD of large cubic MAPbBr3crystal showed a peak of (100) plane, which indicates a single crystal oriented ina-axisdirection. The Raman spectra peaks of perovskite MAPbBr3crystals showed organic (MA+) and inorganic (PbBr2−) bonds in a cubic phase of single crystal MAPbBr3. All samples that were prepared with different ratios of DCM and precursor solution have the same Raman spectra, which confirm that all MAPbBr3crystals have cubic crystal structure.
Investigation of the hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) electronic and structural parameters and its dependency on the known semi-local functionals
Authors: Tiana W R , Ramadhan M R , Astuti F
Published: November 2022

Known as the next wonder material after graphene, hexagonal form of Boron-Nitride (hBN) attracts a lot of interest due to its capabilities to be utilized in wide range of applications. Here we investigate bilayer structure of hBN using density functional theory (DFT) techniques. In pristine case, we observed that the SCAN functional gives a significantly better estimation of inter-layer distance compared to the PBE functional. Furthermore, we also modelled the hBN structure with a single oxygen molecule sandwiched in between of B-N layer, and conclude that the most probable sites for oxygen molecule to be trapped is at the exact center of the bilayer hBN structure.
Ground Surface and Building Settlement Monitoring using Internet of Things (IoT) Approach
Authors: Razip N A Mohd , Daud N N Nik
Published: November 2022

The ground settlement caused big concern to the engineers and the residents as the settlement can cause dangers and lead to building failure if no remedial actions are done. This paper aims to monitor building settlement related to the ground surface behavior by using the Internet of Things (IoT) approach. Two phases of laboratory works were outlined; Phase 1 – Geotechnical properties of sample collected at the site and Phase 2 – Develop a monitoring system using Arduino incorporating ultrasonic and tilt sensors for checking ground settlement and building tilt movement. All data collected using sensors will analyze based on ground settlement and building tilt behavior of the fabricated physical model. Blynk application was used to create a warning system for the user when there is settlement detected. Geotechnical properties showed that soil consists of coarse and fine particles which are 64% and 36%, respectively, and was classified as low clay (CL). The Arduino system showing the reading on tilt and ultrasonic sensors set on a fabricated model on the ground surface near to a slope under vibration condition had recorded a movement and showed the highest percentage of settlement which is 20%, respectively. In conclusion, both ultrasonic and tilt sensors have proved system ability in monitoring the building and ground surface settlement.
Strategic framework of using drone in cities disaster response
Authors: Zahir H. , Fathi M.S. , Tharima A.F.
Published: November 2022

Drone technology has been around the world more than a decade and the application has becomes more vital, especially, during the disaster event such as COVID-19 pandemic. However, some of the countries were not ready in implementating the technology due to various reasons. Thus, this study intended to identify the technological and legislative aspects of drone application for disaster response in cities environment and to propose strategic framework on optimization of drone capabilities in cities disaster response. The literature search has been conducted in order to explore the applicability of drone technology in disaster management and disaster response. Later, further investigations were carried out using the Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. In the PAR method, the data were collected in two phases; 1) observation and discussions and 2) interview sessions. The observation and discussions were conducted to obtain the implementation process of using the drone during the disaster event by the rescue team via recorded video. To triangulate the information gathered from the discussion, a series of interview had been made. Where, six selected stakeholders from end-user, regulatory agency and supplier were interviewed. It is found that the implementation of drone technology framework in disaster consists of six perspectives, namely; actions, internal organization, external environment, needs specification and feasibility analysis. To make the framework works, stakeholders are required to function in a cohesive and collaborative manner as illustrated in the Harmonization Triangle. The strength of cohesion and collaboration has also opened up future study for a full scope disaster management cycle phases, known as response, recovery, mitigation and preparedness.
Development of Fragility Curves for the Underground PVC Water Distribution Pipes in Quezon City and Damage Estimation under a Magnitude 7.2 Scenario Earthquake
Authors: Soriano C M , Quinay P E
Published: November 2022

Quezon City is traversed by the West Valley Fault System (WVFS) that has the capability of generating a magnitude 7.2 earthquake known as “The Big One”. It has an extensive water distribution network that is very susceptible to damages that will be caused by the ground shaking component of the M 7.2 earthquake. This study focuses on determining the behavior and estimating the damage of underground polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water pipes due to the M 7.2 earthquake by using appropriate empirical repair rates (RR) and developing fragility curves. The appropriate empirical RR equation was determined by comparing the results of selected PVC RR equations and the simulation using line-element modeling. The PGV ranges from 23.10 cm/s to 64.49 cm/s as determined using the Boore and Atkinson (2008) ground motion prediction equation. Using the results from the empirical and simulations methods, the equation by the American Lifelines Alliance (2001) was determined to be the appropriate empirical RR equation for the study area. The expected average repair rate of PVC is 0.05 repairs/km length of pipe or an estimated 84 total PVC pipe repairs in the city. Three fragility curves were generated showing the relationship of PGV and RR which is an important tool in estimating the underground pipe damages with respect to the M 7.2 earthquake and other future earthquakes of similar properties.
Communicating landslide risks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A baseline study for PHIVOLCS-Dynaslope stakeholders
Authors: Decena Eunice R. , Domingo Heinrich Joyce S. , Maligon Ardeth Joy E. , Daag Arturo S. , Solidum Renato U.
Published: November 2022

Dynaslope Project, a government-funded program implemented by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), develops and deploys an early warning system (EWS) for deep-seated landslides. It uses landslide sensor technology and community involvement in its EWS implementation in 50 sites all over the country. As the pandemic altered people’s modes of communication, it is important to understand how these changes relate to communicating landslide early warning information (LEWI). This research answered: How can the Dynaslope Project effectively communicate landslide risk during the COVID-19 pandemic? Specifically, it a) identified their preferred communication channels and tools during the pandemic, b) enumerated the stakeholders’ perceived participation and communication barriers, and c) measured the degree of trust of the stakeholders in the Project, the LEWI it released, and other key messages. This research was guided by the Actor-Network Theory and the concept of co-orientation which posited that, instead of a single entity defining a network or a system, it was the interactions between people, objects, and institutions that created a collective network and continuously negotiated a coherent understanding. The study employed a descriptive quantitative methodology. It used stratified random sampling to select the participants. Among the major findings include the stakeholders’ preference for offline communication like SMS and calls, the presence of communication and participation barriers including weak or no phone reception and limited access to up-to-date communication devices and the internet, and a high level of trust in the Dynaslope Project because it was implemented by a science-based national agency PHIVOLCS.
Numerical simulation of the 1994 tsunami in Calapan, Mindoro, Philippines using Delft3D
Authors: David Marjorie , Allan Christian Paul , Cruz Eric
Published: November 2022

A tsunami is a long-period sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance such as meteor impact. A 7.1-magnitude earthquake on November 15, 1994 caused a tsunami that hit the coastal areas of Batangas, Quezon, and Mindoro in the Philippines, resulting to 78 deaths. In this study, the 1994 Mindoro tsunami was numerically simulated by modelling of the initial water surface generated by the ground rupture and propagating the tsunami wave towards the coastal areas. Based on the simulations, the generated tsunami wave has a height not exceeding 1.5 m above mean sea level and caused water runup heights in the coast of Calapan, Mindoro reaching 2.6 m. The results of the numerical simulation locally agree with the post-disaster measurements of Imamura et al. (1995) for the coast of Calapan, Mindoro, but the maximum runup levels recorded in the nearby Baco Islands were not obtained with acceptable accuracy. Further calibration of the numerical model is underway to improve the performance of the model.
Alternative Design of Post-Earthquake Permanent Housing in Indonesia using Cold Formed Steel
Authors: Alghiffary R. , Iranata Data , Irawan D. , Suswanto B. , Kristijanto H.
Published: November 2022

This article informs about permanent housing 2-story necessity for the Earthquake victim’s refugees in Indonesia. Continuing about the temporary housing (Huntara 1.0) which has been studied previously. In this article, an alternative earthquake resistant design of permanent housing using Cold-Formed Steel is proposed. Same as previous research, the loading estimation used assumption that the buildings are located in Yogyakarta as one of the cities that has the highest value of PGA. Another assumption of loading is based on available Indonesia Building Code, including the calculation of structural ability and design. Stress ratio check is automatically done using AISI LRFD 96, then manually checked using Indonesia’s code. The model also accommodates stiffness of masonry panel using Holmes equation. Overall, a new alternative design of post-earthquake permanent housing is presented in this article with relatively economic in budget and rapid construction method.
Finding an Optimal Use of Tides for Leaching of Pond Waters in Channel Networks with Various Size and Simultaneous Opening Number of Gates, Case Study of Sei Teras Fishpond Irrigation Area, Central Kalimantan
Authors: Ciptadi R , Rahardjo A P , Kamulyan B
Published: November 2022

Sei Teras Village has been developing aquaculture since 2006 and has fresh and saltwater sources. Recently, there has been a plan for upgrading the traditional extensive ponds to intensive ones. It is expected to cultivate vannamei shrimp, which delivers a better return. An average of 5-15% of the total water volume in the ponds is recommended to be replaced every day to keep the water quality within the range of the requirements. This study aims to find an alternative design and operation of pond gates for better use of tides for fishpond water leaching. Measurements were carried out for topography, tides, and current boundary conditions for calibration. The flow simulations on the fishpond irrigation network are modeled with two scenarios of pond water gate size and variations in the number of fishpond gates operated simultaneously using HEC-RAS software. Flow simulation is carried out to determine the process of entering and leaving water into ponds. The results of the simulations are evaluated based on their water replacement capacity and changes of discharge and water level at the control point. The initial results show that wider gate opening increases the capacity of water replacement and simultaneous opening operation gives the maximum result.
Application of Delft3D-WAVE in the investigation of the typhoon-induced high wave in Central Vietnam
Authors: Anh L T , Trang D D T , Thao N D , Kiet N
Published: November 2022

With a long coastline of around 3260 km, tropical typhoons induce the deadliest disasters in Central Vietnam’s highly populated coastal area. The focus of this paper is two-fold. The first objective is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing Delft3D-WAVE in forecasting typhoon-induced high wave events in Central Vietnam. By running a WRF model simultaneously in multiple domains with different grid resolutions, wind field distribution data during typhoon events were reproduced. Using the generated wind field data, typhoon Kaemi (2000) was employed as the case study to calibrate and validate the wave models. Comparisons between simulated results and observed data showed a good agreement, especially during peak wave height. The combined wind-wave model was applied to estimate the temporal and spatial impacts of high waves caused by the typhoon Ketsana (2009). The second objective is to assess the potetial risk from typhoon-induced wave in Central Vietnam based on the models output. From these results, this study recommends the application of Delft3D-WAVE to investigate high waves induced by typhoon events in Vietnam’s coastal areas.
Hydrological Drought Responding to Meteorological Drought in Prek Thnot River Basin
Authors: Hen Chhordaneath , Sok Ty , Try Sophal , Chan Ratboren , Ich Ilan , Chum Kimleang , Oeurng Chantha
Published: November 2022

Drought is an inevitable consequence of climate variability and is pervasive across many regions all over the globe. This study aims to explore the relationship of drought and to evaluate the adaptivity and sensitivity in the Prek Thnot River Basin, Cambodia. The drought indicators were used between the occurrence of droughts based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) to assess the impact in 8 stations in its base months (June, August, and November) for each time scale (1-month, 3-month, and 9-month). The results indicated that 1998 and 2005 were the most critical years. Furthermore, the dry event could be seen in each basin mostly in June and August as a state in drought frequency as in all stations. The outcomes indicated that most stations experienced drought conditions. The small amount of rainfall occurs over these stations during the year indicated, and they had a high frequency of drought. The drought conditions during the period could have many impacts on population living livelihood, especially on sanitation, economy while the most damaging negative impact is on crop production in the regions, given Cambodians’ dependence on agricultural resources.
Behavior of Flow of Channel Network of Dadahup Swampy Irrigation Area
Authors: Arif M Ihsan , Legono Djoko , Luknanto Djoko , Wignyosukarto Budi , Marpaung Maruddin F
Published: November 2022

Dadahup is a swampy irrigation area that belongs to the Indonesian national development program, namely the food estate project. The food estate project is a revitalization program for the former peatland development to increase national food security. Peatlands located in lowlands (less than +2.00 m above mean sea level) were a significant problem in their land development activities; besides, the land is generally infertile. The peatland development has been discontinuing, and farmers shifted the jobs to another job for a living. In terms of the water-related problems, The Dadahup swampy irrigation area development faces various challenges, some of which are flood inundation during the rainy season and difficulty in irrigating the land during the dry season. This paper evaluates the behavior flow of the channel network using the HEC-RAS software. The irrigation area has a channel network comprising a primary channel, a perimeter channel, and several secondary channels. It also has connections with three main rivers, i.e., the Barito, Mangkatip, and Kapuas Murung Rivers. The simulation results with several scenarios have contributed better understanding of the flow behavior. Further discussion has promoted a proper water management implementation strategy to overcome the inundation issue.
Review of flood prediction hybrid machine learning models using datasets
Authors: Zuhairi Ainaa Hanis , Yakub Fitri , Zaki Sheikh Ahmad , Ali Mohamed Sukri Mat
Published: November 2022

Floods are among the most destructive natural disasters, and they are extremely difficult to model. Over the last two decades, machine learning (ML) methods have made significant contributions to the advancement of prediction systems that provide better performance and cost-effective solutions by mimicking the complex mathematical expressions of physical flood processes. Because of the numerous benefits and potential of ML, its popularity has skyrocketed. Researchers hope to discover more accurate and efficient prediction models by introducing novel ML methods and hybridising existing ones. The main focus of this paper is to show the state of the art of hybridising ML models in flood prediction. The most effective strategies for improving ML methods are hybridization, data decomposition, algorithm ensemble, and model optimization.
Lightweight deep CNN models for identifying drought stressed plant
Authors: Kamarudin MH. , Ismail Zool H.
Published: November 2022

Drought is one of the most severe climatological disasters that has negative impact on agricultural production around the world. Over the years, computer vision technology has been used in conjunction with machine learning applications to replace traditional destructive and time-consuming methods for real-time monitoring of drought-affected plant. Deep learning (DL) techniques have gained a stellar reputation in image classification recently, with convolutional neural network (CNN) emerging as the industry standard. However, the size of deep CNN models is frequently large due to massive number of parameters and field application is often not feasible due to limited storage and computational resources. Several lightweight CNN models have been selected based on the number of network parameters of less than 6M and were trained and tested. The EfficientNet model has achieved a classification accuracy of 88.12 and 88.97 percent for identifying severe drought, mild drought, and no drought plants on visible and near-infrared images respectively. The findings of this study can be used to assist in the development of automated early detection of drought stressed plant with model sizes suitable for real-time plant diagnosis on mobile or embedded devices.
High cadmium tolerance in Stichoccocus-like microalgae (Tetratostichoccocus sp. P1) from Malaysia
Authors: Sahabudin E , Othman N , Suzuki I
Published: November 2022

Cadmium (Cd) is a common industrial pollutant that has become a global issue due to its toxicity to living creatures, particularly aquatic organisms. Algal-based treatment offers cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions for heavy metal removal. In this work, we studied the acid-tolerant microalgae Tetratostichoccocus sp. P1 isolated from a tropical peatland in Malaysia for its potential for Cd removal. The objective was to study the growth of Tetratostichoccocus sp. P1 strain cultivated in high-level Cd concentrations at pH 3.0. Tetratostichoccocus sp. P1 grew best in 20 μM and could survive in a concentration up to 100 M, according to the specific growth rate (μ = 0.36 ± 0.05 d−1) and the chlorophyll content (28.24 μg mL−1). This strain was also highly resistant to Cd, evidenced by its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, which was determined at 125 μM (14.8 mg L−1 Cd). This is the first study of its kind to demonstrate Tetratostichoccocus sp. P1’s ability to absorb Cd at elevated concentrations under acidic conditions.
Rapid method of aerobic granular sludge bioreactor start-up for domestic wastewater treatment
Authors: Tanavarotai Karn , Anuar Aznah Nor , Aris Alijah Mohd , Lei Zhongfang , Ab Halim Mohd Hakim
Published: November 2022

This study presents a rapid method on how to speed up aerobic granular sludge (AGS) cultivation and ensure excellent and stable removal performance during bioreactor operation for domestic wastewater treatment. This new strategy consists of start-up the bioreactor using only anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) as a seed and feeding with crude sewage extracted from a full-scale Extended Aeration Plant. This experiment used a 2.5 L lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The bioreactor operated at low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration controlled at the value of 2.0 mg/L and below. After 60 days of operation, it clearly showed that almost 90% of AnGS seeds turned from black color to brown. The physical characterization analysis showed that the average sizes were unchanged, and the granules remained compact. Also, the SBR operation monitored with brown granules showed stable removal performance. Average removal efficiencies during steady-state cycles at room temperature of COD, ammoniacal nitrogen, and phosphate reached 84%, 92%, and 100%, respectively.
The applications of aerobic granular sludge for leachate treatment: A review
Authors: Ilmasari D , Yuzir A
Published: November 2022

The vast majority of the world’s daily municipal solid waste (MSW) is dumped in landfills without being treated first. Leachate generated from these landfills is defined as dark-coloured, highly contaminated wastewater that has become a problem for the environment, posing a threat to soil, surface water, and groundwater quality and having a detrimental influence on human health. Thus, leachate treatment is strongly recommended prior to final discharge. The application of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology for wastewater treatment has increased in recent years, especially for industrial wastewater such as leachate. Due to its significant advantages over conventional activated sludge technology, such as denser structure, improved settleability, faster effluent separation, higher biomass content, and improved shock loading resistance, AGS is a viable option for leachate treatment. This article provides detailed discussions of the leachate characteristics along with the available treatment systems, focusing on the AGS system. The efficacy of AGS technology in the treatment of landfill leachate was elucidated by highlighting its benefits, governing factors affecting its performance, and limitations. Based on the latest literature, this paper attempts to identify the research gaps and obstacles in using AGS technology for landfill leachate treatment.
Development and characteristics of microalgae-bacteria aerobic granules treating low strength municipal wastewater
Authors: Zahra S A , Purba L D A , Abdullah N
Published: November 2022

This study aims to assess the feasibility of cultivating microalgae-bacteria aerobic granular sludge using low-strength municipal wastewater (<200 mg COD/L) as a substrate. A laboratory-scale photo-sequencing batch reactor was inoculated with activated sludge and fed with municipal wastewater. The development and characteristics of microalgae-bacteria aerobic granular sludge were observed for 90 days. The average COD removal efficiency of this system was 71%. The granulation process was observed to occur on day 28, indicated by a high biomass accumulation and decreasing sludge volume index (SVI). After 90 days of cultivation, MLSS value was found to be 3.7 g/L and SVI30 at 18.9 mL/g. In addition, the diameter of the granules was significantly increased. Mature microalgae-bacteria aerobic granules were developed with an average and a maximum diameter of 0.65 mm and 6 mm, respectively. Moreover, cocci-shaped bacteria and microalgae cells were observed to reside on the granular surface during observation using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The granules exhibited an excellent settling velocity at 80 m/h. The findings suggest the possibility of using low-strength wastewater to develop microalgae-bacteria aerobic granular sludge.
Physical Characteristics and Removal Performance of Aerobic Granular Sludge in Biological Treatment of Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Ab Halim Mohd Hakim , Anuar Aznah , Jamal Nur Syahida Abdul , Azmi Siti Izaidah , Hassan Wan Nur Atiqah Wan , Ujang Zaini , Bob Mustafa M
Published: November 2022

This study aims to demonstrate the formation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for domestic wastewater treatment applications in hot climate and low humidity conditions (e.g. Saudi Arabia) as well as to characterize and examine the bioreactor performance in removing organic matter and nutrients. Based on the study, aerobic granular sludge (seeded with domestic activated sludge from Al-Madina Wastewater Treatment Plant and fed with synthetic wastewater with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.6 kg COD m−3d−1) was successfully cultivated with average size ranging from 1 to 2 mm in a laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system operated at 30 days with a complete cycle time of 3 h and at the working temperature of 30 ± 1°C. Results also showed that the aerobic granular sludge formed had excellent settling ability (settling velocity, 38.98 mh−1 and MLSS, 7.8 gL−1) and great removal performance of COD and nutrient (i.e. more than 90%).
Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes from Thermophilic Bacterial Strains Isolated from Palm Oil Wastes
Authors: Riyadi F A , Azman N F , Yusof N , Akhir F N M
Published: November 2022

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol or biochemical products requires a crucial pre-treatment process to break down the recalcitrant lignin structure. Biological depolymerization of lignin using microbial enzyme appeared to be a promising pre-treatment alternative as it offers environmentally friendly treatment with lower energy requirements. In this study, three (3) thermophilic bacterial strains (S2, S11Y, S23) with lignin-degrading potential were previously isolated from palm oil wastes and identified as Stenotrophomonas sp., Bacillus subtilis, and Aeribacillus sp., respectively. These isolates demonstrated the capability to grow in a medium containing AL as the sole carbon source. Most isolates also demonstrated enzymatic activities toward lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and laccase (Lac) enzymes within a short period of 72 h. The highest LiP was secreted by strain S2 (70.97 ± 0.059 U/L), followed by S11Y (63.570 ± 0.021 U/L) and S23 (60.880 ± 0.042 U/L). MnP was generated with low activities of approximately 1.313 ± 0.037 U/L by S11Y, 0.364 ± 0.004 U/L by S2, and 0.215 ± 0.021 U/L by S23. For the Lac enzyme, low activities were detected only in S2 and S11Y, with 2.075 ± 0.612 U/L and 1.463 ± 0.116 U/L, respectively. This preliminary study appeared to show that the isolated thermophilic bacteria have the potential to be applied for lignin degradation application.
Effect of Planting Distance and Bulb Size on Growth and Production of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Authors: Murti Afifati Cahya , Al Machfudz WDP , Prihatiningrum Andriani Eko , Arifin Saiful
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of spacing and tuber size on the growth and production of shallot (Allium ascalonium L). The research was carried out from April to June 2021 in. This research method uses a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the spacing, which consists of 3 levels, namely 10 x 10, 10 x 15, and 10 x 20 cm, while the second factor is the size of the tubers which consists of 3 levels, namely small tubers, medium tubers, and large tubers. Observation variables consisted of plant length, number of leaves, number of tillers per clump, number of tubers per clump, wet weight per plot and dry weight per plot. Data were analyzed by 5% ANOVA followed by Honest Significant Difference (BNJ) at 5% level. The combination of 10 x 20 spacing treatment with large tubers resulted in the highest growth and production of shallots with variable length of shallots at 23.00 cm, wet weight of bulbs per plot of 45.89 g and dry weight per plot of 28.89 g. There was no significant effect on the variables observed for the number of leaves, the number of tillers per clump and the number of tubers per clump.
Application of Biological Agents of Trichoderma and Aspergillus on Cayenne Chilli Plants in Endemic Land with Fusarium Wilt
Authors: Farihadina Afiva Arida , Sutarman
Published: November 2022

This study aims to determine the inhibitory power of the biological agent Trichoderma sp. Tc-Sb-11 and Aspergillus sp. As-Sb-15 in vitro against Fusarium oxysporum Fo-Sl-02 and the effect of its application by soil treatment and apical treatment on cayenne pepper grown on fusarium wilt endemic land. Inhibition research was carried out by placing each biological agent propagule in front of the pathogenic propagule in dual culture and measuring the percentage of inhibition against the pathogen. Experimental application of biological agents was carried out in Seloliman village (Trawas, Mojokerto) with each treatment applied by soil treatment and apical treatment and without application of biological agents (control). The variables observed were the percentage of disease incidence, flower growing time, fruit growing time, and fruit weight. All data were analyzed by ANOVA at the 5% level followed by a DMRT test to determine the difference in the effect of treatment. The results showed that the application of Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. in vitro inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum colonies 95.6 ± 0.8 and 30.7 ± 4.5%, respectively. Trichoderma which was applied by soil treatment could reduce the incidence of the highest disease up to 58.7%, accelerate the breeding age up to 4.93%, and accelerate fruit growth up to 5.21%. The application of Trichoderma and Aspergillus by apical treatment increased fruit weight per plant by 58.36 and 49.34%, respectively.
Effectiveness of Manganese (Mn) on Growth, Production and Chlorophyll Content of Mustard Greens (Brasica rapa L.) With Wick System Hydroponic
Authors: Jannah Alfianita Febri Roudhotul , Abror M. , Arifin Saiful
Published: November 2022

This study aims to find out the effectiveness of manganese fertilizer (Mn) on the growth, production and chlorophyll content of mustard pakcoy plants with wicksyhydroponic stem. This study uses a randomized group design (RAK) single factor, namely the dose of Manganese fertilizer with 4 repeats so as to produce 16 units consisting of 4 levels, namely tanpa pupuk Mn; concentration 50 ppm; 100 ppm; and 150 ppm. The observation variable consists of plant height, stem diameter, wet weight, dry weight and chlorophyll content. Dianalis data using variant analysis (ANOVA) then continued with the tukey range test at the level of 5%. The results showed a noticeable response to observations of plant height at ages 14, 28 and 35 hst and stem diameters at ages 21 and 35 hst. The provision of Mn fertilizer is also able to increase the chlorophyll content of pakcoy plants by 29.18%, chlorophyll b by 20.29% and total chlorophyll by 21.68%.
Effect of Types and Concentration of Liquid Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Production of Pakcoy Plants (Brassica Rapa L.)
Authors: Mustofa Muchammad Joko , Prihatiningrum Andriani Eko , Nurmalasari Intan Rohma
Published: November 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of the type and concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) on the growth and production of pakcoy plants. The experiment was carried out in Jiken village, Tulangan sub-district, Sidoarjo regency, from June to August 2020. The experiment was arranged in a factorial manner using a randomized block design (RAK) with several factors. The first factor is the type of liquid organic fertilizer, consisting of POC-1 and POC-2. The second factor is concentration, consisting of 0, 10, 20, and 30 ml/liter. From these two factors, 8 treatment combinations were obtained; The experiment was repeated 3 times so that there were 24 experimental units. The results showed that there was an interaction effect between the type and concentration of POC on the fresh weight of pakcoy per plant; POC fermented using effective microorganisms (EM) which was applied with a concentration of 30 ml/liter gave the highest harvest weight of 83.33 g per plant. Different types of POC have no effect on plant growth and production. POC concentration significantly affected plant height and stem diameter and fresh weight of pakcoy plants.
The Ability of Lactobacillus Plantarum to Produce Exopolysaccharides with Additional Nutrients
Authors: Puspadewi Ririn , Gumilar Anggi , Kartikasari Tiara Damara
Published: November 2022

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are polysaccharides secreted by microbes out of cells. EPS has potential in the pharmaceutical industry as a texture and rheological agent. EPS was produced by lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum using a substrate that containing glucose. The purpose of the study was to determine the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum to produce exopolysaccharides with the addition of nutrients, namely (NH4)2HPO4 and raspberry juice as a source of sugar. A fermentation process carried out the EPS production based on a growth curve for 15, 21, and 27 hours with nutrients and without adding nutrients. The additional sugar came from raspberries with concentrations of 25%, 30%, and 35%. EPS levels without the addition of (NH4)2HPO4 with a raspberry concentration of 35% at 15, 21, and 27 hours resulted in 2624, 3704, and 3928 mg/L. The results showed that EPS levels with the addition of (NH4)2HPO4 with a raspberry concentration of 35% at 15, 21, and 27 hours resulted in EPS levels of 3374, 4072, and 4792 mg/L.
Assessment of the Health of Community Forests Based on Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Tulang Bawang Regency
Authors: Selvira  , Safe’i Rahmat , Yuwono Slamet Budi
Published: November 2022

The knowledge and awareness of community forest managers about the importance of forest health are still relatively low, especially in community forests based on rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations. Whereas through forest health measurement, reliable data and information will be obtained that can be used to ensure the quantity and quality of community forests as a form of management decisions for community forest managers. This study aimed to determine the health status of rubber plantation-based community forests in Ujung Gunung Village, Menggala District, Tulang Bawang Regency. The stages of implementing this research include: determining the number of clusters based on management prescriptions (planting year and spacing), making cluster plots based on the design of Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) clusters, collecting data by measuring forest health indicators (productivity, vitality and site quality) based on the FHM technique, data processing and analysis were carried out by calculating forest health values. The results showed that the health status of rubber community forests had a range of values from 3.97 to 7.03. The average value of forest health based on rubber plants in Ujung Gunung Village, Menggala District, Tulang Bawang Regency is 5.59, which is included in the medium value range. Thus, the value of community forest health status is moderate.
Effect of Worm Fertilizer and Em4 on the Growth and Production of Red Spinach (Amaranthus Tricolor L.)
Authors: Wardhana Teguh Eka , Miftakhurrohmat A , Nurmalasari Intan Rohma
Published: November 2022

This study aims to determine the influence of kascing fertilizer and EM4 (Effective Microorganism 4) on the growth and production of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.). This research was conducted at the Agricultural Extension Center of Sukodono Village, Sukodono Subdistrict, Sidoarjo Regency and observations continued in the agrotechnology laboratory of Muhammadiyah University sidoarjo. From February 2021 to March 2021. This study used a Randomized Group Design (RAK) with 11 treatments, namely control, chemical fertilizer, kascing 100 grams/tile + EM4 10ml/tile, kascing 100 gram/tile + EM4 15ml/tile, 100 gram/tile kascing + EM4 20ml/tile, 200 gram/tile + EM4 10ml/tile, 200 gram/tile kascing + EM4 15ml/tile, kascing 200 grams/tile + EM4 20ml/tile, 300 gram/tile kascing + EM4 10ml/tile, 300 gram/tile kascing + EM4 15ml/tile, 300 gram/tile kascing + EM4 20ml/tile, and repeated 3 times to get 33 units of experiment satian. The observed variables are: plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), leaf area (cm2), number of leaves (strands), plant weight (grams), plant index (grams). The data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by BNJ test at 5% test level. The results showed that the combination of kascing fertilizer and EM4 had a real effect on the height of the plant, the diameter of the stem, the area of the leaves, and the number of leaves, and had no noticeable effect on the weight of the crop and the harvest index, the best results were shown in the treatment of kascing 300 grams /tile + EM4 20ml / tile, while the less maximum results were shown in the treatment of control on all observation parameters.
The Lethality Dose and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract
Authors: Pradana Dhigna Luthfiyani Citra , Rahmi Eldiza Puji , Muti Annisa Farida
Published: November 2022

Moringa oleifera leaves for traditional medicinal plants and as food has been widely used in Indonesia and several regions in the world by boiling Moringa oleifera leaves using water as a solvent before consumption. Moringa oleifera leaves contain active compounds such as phenols,flavonoids and tannins. These active compounds can be helpful as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and lethality dose of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. The method used to obtain the LC50 value is using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The final concentration tested Moringa oleifera leaves were 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm. Antioxidant activity test using UV-Visible spectrophotometric method with DPPH to obtain the IC50 value of Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract. The results of the LC50 of Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract were 475.15 ppm, and the IC50 value of Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract was 217.21 mg/g with a moderate antioxidant value. This study concludes that the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves is medium toxic based on Clarkson's toxicity criterion with moderate antioxidant value.
Earthquake monitoring system based on Wemos D1 Mini with notification via WhatsApp
Authors: Wisaksono Arief , Nur Novian Moh.
Published: November 2022

This prototype is a development from previous research with notification via WhatsApp on earthquake vibration detectors. This prototype consists of a power supply circuit as a voltage source and a voltage converter from AC to DC voltage, the Wemos D1 Mini microcontroller as the control center for all the components contained in the prototype, the SW-420 vibration sensor functions to convert the vibration source into a digital signal. Wemos D1 Mini is already equipped with wifi in it so that it can connect to the internet. If the sensor detects vibration, it will be sent directly to the microcontroller in the form of a digital signal and then send a WhatsApp notification to an Android smartphone in the form of a message. Earthquake monitoring system based on Wemos D1 Mini with notification via WhatsApp and using the SW-420 vibration sensor can detect small vibrations to large scale vibrations and immediately sound an alarm horn. With the Wemos D1 module which is directly connected to the internet, this tool can send notifications via WhatsApp with the help of the platform from Twilio. This prototype is also equipped with an LED as an indicator. Hopefully this tool can help the community a lot, especially in earthquake-prone areas.