bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract WP422: Mechanisms of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke Under Medical versus Device Therapy: Long Term Follow-up in the RESPECT PFO Trial
Authors: Thaler David E , Carroll John , Saver Jeffrey , Smalling Richard , Book Diane , Goldstein Larry , MacDonald Lee A , Marks David S , Tirschwell David L
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
The RESPECT trial evaluated the superiority of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure over standard-of-care medical management (MM) in patients with PFO and cryptogenic stroke (CS).

Hypothesis:
Analysis of stroke mechanisms and topography of recurrent events will provide insight into the clinical efficacy of PFO closure.

Methods:
RESPECT is a prospective, multicenter, randomized event-driven trial of PFO closure vs. MM in patients with CS and PFO. Patients were randomized to treatment in a 1:1 ratio. The primary results were analyzed and reported when the target of 25 events were adjudicated (NEJM 2013; 368:1092-100). At that time, mean follow-up was 2.6 years, range 0-8.1 years. Prospective follow-up has continued. Recurrent strokes were assigned phenotypes using the ASCOD system by investigators blinded to treatment assignment.

Results:
980 subjects were randomized to PFO closure (n=499) or MM (n=481). The primary analysis in the intention-to-treat population after a mean follow-up of 2.6 years exhibited a hazard ratio of 0.49 favoring closure that did not reach statistical significance (p=0.08). The per-protocol cohort demonstrated a significant reduction in the primary endpoint in favor of closure (HR 0.37, p=0.03). Among the initial 25 recurrent ischemic strokes, MM patients more often had superficial or multiple-penetrator territory infarcts (12 vs 4) and infarcts of larger size (69% vs 14%, p=0.06). Since the primary results report, follow-up has continued for an additional 3.5 years and additional recurrent infarcts have been observed. Long-term stroke rates, phenotyping, and topography will be presented.

Conclusions:
Our prior reports suggest that PFO closure was associated with prevention of stroke subtypes particularly associated with PFO, including superficial and larger infarcts. Long-term safety, efficacy, and stroke mechanisms, with >4000 patient-years of follow-up will be presented.
Abstract WP426: Early Non-white Matter Changes in Cerebrovascular Integrity in Mouse Brain Following Bilateral Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Roberts Jill , Maniskas Michael , Bix Gregory J
Published: July 2021

Bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) is an experimental model of vascular dementia which leads to white matter lesions and cognitive dysfunction in mice. Unfortunately, with time the white matter pathology worsens and spreads to the hippocampus and cortex. While some variability in the temporal and spatial distribution of brain injury may result from inter-mouse strain differences in cerebrovascular anatomy, coil size employed to constrict the carotids and surgical technique, it is generally accepted that hippocampal, striatal and cortical pathology is not significantly present prior to 30 days. However, as changes in cerebrovascular integrity, i.e. blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, are known to precede more overt brain pathology in stroke, we hypothesized that BBB changes could occur earlier after BCAS in the hippocampus, striatum and cortex and be a precursor of longer term pathology in these regions. In our study, 3 month old male C57/Bl6 mice underwent BCAS with 0.18 mm coils or sham surgery control and cerebrovascular integrity was analyzed by collagen IV (vascular basement membrane component), tomato-lectin (marker of endothelial cells) and Ki-67 (marker of cell proliferation) immunohistochemistry after 7, 14, or 21 days (n=4 animals per group per day). By day 14 we noted that collagen IV staining density was significantly less in the hippocampus compared to sham controls. Surprisingly, both collagen IV and tomato-lectin staining pattern indicate blood vessel disruption in not only the hippocampus but the striatum as well. Expression of Ki-67 increased in both of these regions, and further co-labeling studies will shed light on cell specificity. Similar differences were noted at all days tested, with few changes observed in the cortex. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that changes in cerebrovascular integrity occur earlier than expected after BCAS and suggests that such changes might underlie the gradual development of BCAS non-white matter pathology.
Abstract WP437: Shear-activated Nanoparticle Aggregate Lysis Combined With Temporary Stent-bypass to Treat Emergent Large Vessel Occlusions (ELVO)
Authors: Marosfoi Miklos G , Korin Netanel , Gounis Matthew J , Uzun Oktay , Vedantham Srinivasan , Langan Erin T , Papa Anne-Laure , Brooks Olivia W , Johnson Chris , Puri Ajit S , Bhatta Deen , Kanapathipillai Mathumai , Bronstein Ben R , Chueh Ju-Yu , Ingber Donald E , Wakhoo Ajay K
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Despite the high effectiveness of stent-retrievers in ELVO, half of the patients remained functionally dependent (mRS≥3) after 90-days. Beyond futile recanalizations, variable endoluminal damage caused by stent-retrievers may contribute to reperfusion injury, and recruit iniflammatory cell infiltration. The goal of this study was to assess a less traumatic endovascular approach in combination with a novel shear activated-nanotherapeutic (SA-NT) that releases r-tPA when exposed to high levels of hemodynamic stress.

Hypothesis:
SA-NT treatment coupled with temporary endovascular bypass provides high recanalization rates while reducing vascular injury.

Methods:
a rabbit carotid vessel occlusion model was used. We evaluated angiographic recanalization with stent-bypass alone, intra-arterial delivery of soluble r-tPA alone, or stent-bypass combined with two doses (2 and 20 mg r-tPA) of intra-arterial infusion of either the SA-NT or soluble r-tPA. Vascular injury was compared against stent-retriever thrombectomy by assessing the level of damage on histology.

Results:
Shear-targeted delivery of r-tPA using the SA-NT resulted in the highest rate of complete recanalization when compared to controls (p=0.0011). SA-NT (20mg) had a higher likelihood of obtaining complete recanalization (mTICI:3) as compared to stent-bypass alone (OR: 65.019,95%CI:[1.77,>1000], p=0.0231), intra-arterial r-tPA alone (OR: 65.019, 95% CI [1.77,>1000], p=0.0231), or stent-bypass with soluble r-tPA (2 mg) (OR: 18.78, 95%CI [1.28,275.05], p=0.0322) (Figure). Histologically, there was significantly less vascular injury using a stent-bypass as compared to stent-retriever procedure (OR 12.97, 95%CI [8.01,21.02], p<0.0001).

Conclusion:
Nanoparticle-based thrombolytic therapy combined with stent-bypass achieves high rates of complete (mTICI:3) recanalization. This technology reduces vascular trauma as compared to stent-retriever thrombectomy
Abstract WP438: The Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS) is a Validated and Robust Tool for Paramedic Assessment of Stroke Severity in the Field
Authors: Kim Joon-Tae , Chung Pil-Wook , Starkman Sidney , Sanossian Nerses , Stratton Samuel , Eckstein Marc , Pratt Frank , Conwit Robin , Hamilton Scott , Saver Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
A simple, validated paramedic assessment of prehospital stroke severity would permit selective routing of more severe patients to Comprehensive Stroke Centers and a critical pretreatment deficit score in RCTs of prehospital intervention. The Los Angeles Motor Scale is a 3-item, 0-10 point motor stroke deficit scale developed for prehospital and ED use.

Hypothesis:
We assessed the hypothesis that the LAMS could be a valid tool for assessment of stroke severity on hospital arrival (HA) and prediction of 90D functional outcome.

Methods:
Among consecutive patients in the multi-ambulance, multi-hospital FAST-MAG trial, we assessed the predictive validity, concurrent, and divergent validity of the LAMS.

Results:
Among all 1,632 acute cerebrovascular disease patients in FAST-MAG, time from last known well (LKW) to prehospital LAMS exam was 30 mins (IQR 20 to 50), and from LKW to HA exam 147 mins (119-180). Median prehospital LAMS score was 4 (IQR 3 to 5). Concurrently performed HA LAMS and HA NIHSS correlated strongly, r=0.85, HA LAMS and GCS less so, r=0.62, as expected. Predictive validity of the prehospital LAMS was excellent. LAMS scores were higher in patients with dependency or death (mRS 0-3) at 90D, 4.2 vs 3.4, p <0.0001, and in patients with death by 90D, 4.3 vs 3.7, p<0.0001. The HA LAMS correlated with 90D mRS nearly as well as the concurrent HA NIHSS, r=0.55 vs 0.62. Each step on the LAMS scale was associated with a substantial shift to a worse distribution (Figure).

Conclusion:
The LAMS scale is a valid measure for paramedic use, permitting rapid quantification of prehospital stroke severity and predicting functional outcomes with accuracy comparable to the full NIH Stroke Scale.
Abstract WP51: Quantification of the Time of Flight (TOF) Angiography Signal to Predict Grade of Stenosis and Hypoperfusion
Authors: Mutke Matthias A , Madai Vince I , Martin Steve , von Samson-Himmelsternja Federico , Herzig Cornelius , Zweynert Sarah , Thamm Thoralf , Hetzer Stefan , Sobesky Jan
Published: July 2021

Introduction and hypothesis:
MR-TOF angiography (magnetic resonance time of flight) offers a rapid, non-invasive assessment of the intracranial vessel status in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. As the signal of the MR-TOF is flow-dependent, we hypothesized that a quantification can predict perfusion of the respective flow territory as well as degree of proximal stenosis.

Methods:
Within the PEGASUS study (WHO REG-NR DRKS00003198) we performed intracranial TOF angiography and perfusion imaging with a contrast agent (DSC, dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced) in patients with chronic unilateral stenosis (>70%) or occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Images were acquired on a 3 Tesla MRI (TimTrio, Siemens). The TOF signal was quantified on 2D maximal intensity projections (MIPs): Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed into the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). A TOF ratio was calculated: relTOF[%]=ROIipsi/ROIcontra. The relative cerebral blood flow (relCBF) in the MCA territory was calculated in %. RelCBF and relTOF were correlated (Spearman). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis defined the performance of the TOF ratio to assess cortical hypoperfusion (defined as relCBF <90%) and vessel pathology (occlusion vs stenosis).

Results:
In 40 patients (median 57yrs), we found a moderate correlation for relCBF and relTOF (rho: 0.52, p<0.05). Patients with an occlusion (19/40) showed a significantly lower TOF ratio compared to patients with a stenosis (70% vs. 93%, p<.001). Also, perfusion was significantly reduced in patients with occlusions (median relCBF 89% vs. 95%, p<.05).

The ROC analysis identified a TOF ratio <78% as the best predictor for (i) cortical hypoperfusion (sensitivity/specificity 73%/72%, area under the curve 0.75) and (ii) for an occlusion of the ACI (sens./spec. 79%/86%, area under the curve 0.85).

Conclusion:
The intracranial TOF ratio is an easily accessible clinical measure to estimate distal brain perfusion and proximal vessel pathology in patients with chronic stenosis of the internal carotid artery.
Abstract WP65: Relationship Between Neurological Severity and CBF Grade of Mr Perfusion in Acute Stroke Patients With the Carotid Artery Occlusion
Authors: Takahashi Yuji , Yoshioka Kazuhiro , Kasakura Shigen , Tanno Yuhei , Iwata Tomonori , Mori Takahisa
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
It remains unclear how strongly perfusion findings are related to neurological severity (NS) and MR-DW images (DWI).

Hypothesis:
CBF grade based on MR perfusion (MRp) is related to NS or DWI and can identify candidates for endovascular therapy (ET).

Methods:
Included in our retrospective analysis were acute ischemic stroke patients 1) who were admitted to our stroke center within 24 hours of the onset between Jan 2004 and May 2015, 2) who presented NIHSS as NS of 0 or more, 3) who underwent MRA, displaying complete occlusion of the affected carotid artery. We evaluated patients’ baseline features, NIHSS, DWI-ASPECTS (ACT) at arrival and CBF grade, which was calculated by using bilateral time-intensity curves (TICs) of MR perfusion. According to the time to peak (TP) and the peak signal (PS) comparing the affected side (a) with the contralateral side (c), we regarded the affected-sided PSa divided by TPa as possible CBFa and the contralateral-sided PSc divided by TPc as possible CBFc. CBF grade 1 was defined as CBFa divided by CBFc (CBF%) less than 0.2, grade 2 as CBF% of 0.2 or more and CBF% less than 0.7 and grade 3 as CBF% of 0.7 or more.

Results:
During the study period, 176 patients matched our criteria for analysis. Median NIHSS was 18, and median ACT was 6. There were 30 patients with CBF grade1, 81 with grade2 and 65 with grade3. Median NIHSS in grade1, 2, and 3 patients was 23, 19, and 7 (p<0.0001), respectively, and there was a statistical significant difference between any grade groups (p<0.016). Median ACT in grade1, 2, and 3 was 1, 5, and 8 (p<0.0001), respectively, and there was a statistical significant difference between any grade groups (p<0.016).

Among 32 patients with NIHSS of 7 or less and ACT of 8 or more, there were 28 (87.5%) in grade3. Among 10 patients with NIHSS of 23 or more and ACT of 1 or less, there were 9 (90%) in grade1. Among 40 patients with NIHSS of 8 or more and ACT of 8 or more, there was 22 (55%) in grade2 and 18 (45%) in grade3.

Conclusion:
CBF grade defined by MRp had strong relation to NIHSS and ACT. Patients with lower NIHSS score but higher ACT score were probable candidates for ET and many among them belonged to CBF grade2.
Abstract WP89: Hemodynamic Differences Found Between Growing and Stable Aneurysms of Comparable Dome and Neck Sizes
Authors: Lau Vicki , Yu Qianyi , Liang Feng , Qi Tiewei , Villablanca Pablo , Chien Aichi
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Reports have suggested that high blood flow pulsatility in aneurysms may predict a higher risk of rupture, however, it is unclear whether similar flow dynamics also predict aneurysm growth. The objective of this study is to investigate differences in shape and blood flow characteristics between unruptured growing and stable aneurysms of comparable sizes.

Hypothesis:
Growing and stable aneurysms of comparable sizes exhibit different flow characteristics across different aneurysm regions.

Method:
We studied 4 growing aneurysms located at the posterior communicating artery (size ranged from 1.8mm to 11.4mm). Patient-specific aneurysm flow analysis and 3D aneurysm shape analysis were performed to investigate the flow changes during follow-up imaging. Specifically, we compared the shape parameters including aneurysm size, volume, and surface changes. We also compared the aneurysm flow properties including flow velocity, wall shear stress, pulsatility, and flow oscillatory characteristics. The growing aneurysms were analyzed against stable-matching aneurysms which were selected based on similar dome and neck size to find the predictive factors for aneurysm growth. These stable-matching aneurysms exhibiting no size changes for 2 years during follow-up were analyzed as a baseline.

Results:
We found that blood flow pulsatility through the parent artery was similar across all growing and stable aneurysms, averaging 0.58±0.003. Regardless of aneurysm size, blood flow pulsatility through the aneurysm neck was at the level of 0.66 (0.66±0.06) for growing aneurysms. We also found a clear trend of that blood flow pulsatility increased from the neck to dome in growing aneurysms. Blood flow pulsatility, however, decreased from the aneurysm neck to dome in the stable aneurysms (P<0.05). The rate of increase of blood flow pulsatility through the dome also appears to have an exponential correspondence with the aneurysm volume increase, with a R^2 value of 0.94.

Conclusion:
We found that increasing blood flow pulsatility from the aneurysm neck to dome may be indicative of aneurysm growth, which may be useful in identifying aneurysms that will potentially grow into high-risk aneurysms.
Abstract WP92: Neutrophil-lymphocyte Ratio in Cerebral Aneurysm
Authors: Lee Kee Ook , Lee Kyung-Yul , Kim Jae-Youn , Lee Cheol-Young , Na Sang-Jun , Heo Ji Hoe
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Blood neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a simple marker of subclinical inflammation that can be easily obtained. The NLR has recently emerged as a prognostic marker in patients with cancer and coronary artery disease. However, little is known about the role of NLR in patients with intracranial aneurysm (IA).

Hypothesis:
The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of NLR in patients with IA.

Methods:
The study group consisted of patients with IA who had been admitted to the neurology department from January 2008 to December 2014. A total of 362 patients including 176 patients with unruptured IA, 186 patient with ruptured IA were enrolled in this study. The control group consisted of 178 age, sex-matched healthy adults who had not harbor IA by CTA, MRA, DSA. The baseline NLR was calculated as the ratio of neutrophil count to lymphocyte count. WBC count>12.000 cells per μL or <4.000 cells per μL and high body temperature>38 ° are excluded from the study.

Results:
The Mean NLR was significantly higher among persons with cerebral aneurysm compared with controls (P < 0.001). The level of NLR in ruptured IA group were found higher compared to unruptured IA and control group (7.0 ± 6.6 vs 2.5 ± 1.5 vs 1.6 ± 0.5, P < 0.001). Other comorbid conditions were balanced between these three groups.

Conclusions:
Higher NLR is associated with cerebral aneurysm. Unlike many other inflammatory markers and bioassays, NLR are inexpensive and readily available biomarkers that may be useful for risk stratification in patients with cerebral aneurysm.
“A Winged but Grounded Bird”: Morrison’s Mixed Treatment of Animality in The Bluest Eye
Authors: Warner Rachel
Published: July 2021

This literary analysis of Toni Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), answers the call issued by scholars in the growing interdisciplinary field of animal studies to privilege nonhuman animal others as its central analytical focus. It thus examines the productive and harmful overlaps between Black subjects and animality and determines how Morrison speaks to both a history of racist dehumanization as well as manners of ameliorating such oppression. In prioritizing the intersection of human subjectivity and nonhuman others, the article explores new models for human-animal relationships, including animals as sensual partners and animals as looking subjects. Ultimately, this article looks to Morrison’s canonical novel portraying the scapegoating practices that can destroy Black girlhood to unearth the profound significance of nonhuman others to language, history, and communities.
Use of landmarks for nest site choice and small-scale navigation to the nest in birds
Authors: Slagsvold Tore , Wiebe Karen L.
Published: July 2021

Nest sites of animals are often concealed to keep vulnerable offspring from being detected by predators. Parents may use landmarks near the nest to relocate it quickly. We allowed blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to choose between two nest boxes fixed on the same tree with either none, the same, or different white painted markings. Surprisingly, the female brought material to both boxes and sometimes laid eggs in both. In a second experiment, we let pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) and great tits (Parus major) become familiar with a marking on the initial nest box and then let them choose between two new nest boxes erected on different, nearby trees. Neither species preferred the box with the matching mark. In nature, the birds may locate the correct entrance of a cavity using other landmarks near the nest opening, like branches and the height of the cavity opening above the ground.
The development of the Imperfect in Ancient Greek from simple past to imperfective as a blocking phenomenon
Authors: Hollenbaugh Ian
Published: July 2021

This article seeks to combine the viewpoints of formal semantics and pragmatics, typology, historical linguistics, and philology, in order to give a diachronic overview of the semantic and pragmatic changes observable for the Imperfect indicative within the recorded history Greek. Since its development does not adhere to typologically expected stages of semantic change, I provide a pragmatic account by taking into consideration not only the Imperfect but also the rest of the past-tense system of Greek, namely the Aorist and Perfect. With this holistic approach, I am able to motivate a development that is otherwise typologically anomalous.
Exceptional Papers for Exceptional Needs: Travel Patents, Identification, and Mobility in the Early Modern Mediterranean
Authors: Hathaway Ian F.
Published: July 2021

This essay explores a collection of over two thousand “travel patents” issued during the sixteenth century by the chanceries of the Republic of Venice and the Order of St. John of Rhodes and Malta. Far from being the equivalent of modern passports, these papers were ad hoc concessions of exceptional travel rights. The article’s systematic comparative approach shows that magistrates in Venice and Malta used travel patents to promote the circulation of valuable people and goods in response to both exceptional and recurring mobility needs. However, these letters were not only an expression of princely desire to “control the legitimate means of movement,” but also tokens of a convergence of administrative and individual interests that worked together, from above and from below, to address contingent mobility challenges.
Culpa Levissima and the Eclipse of Strict Liability
Authors: Gordley James
Published: July 2021

In Roman law, as interpreted by the medieval jurists, in a gratuitous loan (commodatum), the borrower was liable for culpa levissima, failure to use be as diligent as “most diligent” (diligentissimus). It would seem, then, that a person could be liable for conduct that he could not help. That consequence troubled the medieval canonists a person would then be liable who had not sinned. It troubled the late scholastics because a person would then be liable for an accident, which was not a violation of commutative justice. Some concluded that liability for culpa levissima was a creature of positive law, based on pragmatic considerations but with no grounding in principle. There was another explanation glimpsed by the late scholastics and by Hugo Grotius: commutative justice requires that one who borrows gratuitously indemnify the lender against any loss. Unfortunately, in the following centuries, that explanation was lost from sight.
Grotius’s Position on Implied Servitudes by Means of Destinatione Patris Familias
Authors: van Hoof Vincent
Published: July 2021

According to Grotius in his Inleiding (2.36.6), the actual use of two houses by the same owner could lead to the implied grant of a servitude if he transferred one of the houses to someone else, ‘without any mention either the one way or the other’. Various interpretations of this text exist, but the consensus is lacking. In this article, the author investigates the meaning and influence of Grotius’s position on implied servitudes in both his time and the following centuries. This research shows how Grotius’s opinion progressed from Bartolus’s approach to implied servitudes and sheds new light on the creation of servitudes by means of destinatione patris familias in the Netherlands.
Replacing Sharīʿa, Ṭarīqa and Ḥaqīqa with Fiqh, Akhlāq and Tawḥīd
Authors: Asghari Seyed Amir Hossein
Published: July 2021

Shaykh Muḥammad Bahārī (1265/1849–1325/1907), aside from being a Shīʿite cleric (mujtahid), was a scholar and follower of Sufism. He was a disciple of Mullā Ḥusayn-Qulī Hamadānī (1239/1824–1311/1894) in ʿirfān (gnosis) in the Shīʿī seminary. In his treatise on spiritual wayfaring, Tadhkirat al-muttaqīn, Bahārī represents a triad of jurisprudence (fiqh), ethics (akhlāq) and monotheism (tawhīd). In his terms, fiqh is an introduction to ʿamal (practice), practice is an introduction to the refinement of character (tahdhīb akhlāq), and akhlāq is an initial step to tawḥīd (the assertion of God’s unity). This paper examines the intersection of Shīʿī and Sufi spiritual movements within the Shīʿī seminary. It demonstrates that Bahārī sought to reframe mystical thought to present it as more acceptable to the Shīʿī seminary, which was characterized by rigid interpretations of Islamic law. This paper also studies the development of the Ẕahabiyya esoteric school within the Shīʿī seminary by tracing the Sufi chain of Bahārī and his masters.
Walāya between Lettrism and Astrology
Authors: Mansouri Mohammad Amin
Published: July 2021

This article examines Sayyid Ḥaydar Āmulī’s occult narratives of sainthood (al-walāya) with a focus on his Naṣṣ al-nuṣūṣ fī sharḥ al-fuṣūṣ, a voluminous commentary on Ibn al-ʿArabī’s (d. 638/1240) Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. I argue that Āmulī uses lettrism, astrology, and alchemy to construct occult narratives that advocate for the supremacy of sainthood over prophecy (al-nubuwwa). I first examine the relation between Āmulī’s lettrism and Shiʿism by concentrating on Shiʿi narratives about the mysterious occult books, Jafr and Jāmiʿa, that are transformed into the macrocosmic and microcosmic books in Āmulī’s work. The focus then shifts to Āmulī’s analysis of the complex relation between alif, bāʾ, and the dot written under bāʾ as the first three components of the basmala formula. As will be seen, Āmulī uses astrology in a similar fashion to illustrate the supremacy of sainthood by associating the heavenly planets with prophecy and the zodiacal signs with sainthood. He also draws on alchemy, or what he identifies as “spiritual alchemy (al-kīmiyāʾ al-maʿnawī),” to argue for the supremacy of sainthood.
Exploring Parental Identities: How Single Black Males Understand Fatherhood in the Absence of Their Fathers
Authors: Robinson Quintin Leon
Published: July 2021

This qualitative study was exploratory in nature and involved the collection and analysis of data from Single Black fathers in Northern California raised without a father in the home. Fathers in our study shared that they navigate their roles as single fathers through trial and error and by making a personal commitment to do what is necessary for the well-being of their children; they refuse to allow obstacle to get in their way of their effort to be a responsible, caring father. The absence of their fathers was a prevalent factor that increased the devotion they have for their children.
“We’re Silent Heroes”: Inmate Firefighters’ Experiences with Dignity and Shame in a Prison Labor Program
Authors: VanderPyl Taryn
Published: July 2021

Adults in custody (AICs) in a prison labor program experience conflicting messages and feelings of shame and dignity. Despite the program’s mission to help ease reentry, experiences of shame and shaming from correctional officers (COs) and the community may be setting AICs up for an increased likelihood of reoffending upon release. Using the concepts of shame and dignity, 21 program interviewee narratives were explored for their insights. Program improvements and recommendations for interventions with correctional officers, AICs, and the community are offered.
Strain During Reentry: A Test of General Strain Theory Using a Sample of Adult Former Prisoners
Authors: Liu Lin , Visher Christy A. , O’Connell Daniel J.
Published: July 2021

The majority of reentry studies focus on identifying different dimensions of reentry needs among released prisoners. Less explored is the mechanism by which unfulfilled reentry needs cause reentry failure. Applying the general strain theoretical perspective, this study aims to use an emotional and psychological prism to explain why released prisoners are likely to experience reentry failure when their reentry needs are not met. Findings demonstrate that the strains from financial difficulty and family neglect are positively associated with post-release criminal propensity, and depression noticeably mediated the effects of strains. Implications for correctional policymaking and future research are discussed.
“Saving Trees, Land, and Boys”: Juveniles, Environment, and “the Unfinished City”
Authors: Sanders Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2021

This article examines juvenile delinquency, environment, and race in the War on Poverty’s approach to urban poverty—especially in Los Angles—during the 1960s. It focuses on the role played by the Youth Conservation Corps program that sent “at-risk” youth into western public lands to be reformed and, ostensibly, to be trained as future breadwinners.
The Trade-Off Between Mandatory and Voluntary Disclosure: Evidence From Oil Companies’ Risk Reporting
Authors: Arena Claudia , Bozzolan Saverio , Imperatore Claudia
Published: July 2021

Theoretical propositions suggest that mandatory and voluntary disclosures are related. Empirical studies focusing on this relationship provide mixed evidence as they found that mandatory and voluntary disclosures are either complements or substitutes. Relying on a proprietary, hand-collected database about the risk disclosure of oil companies, we find that voluntary risk disclosure increases with the level of mandatory risk disclosure up to a threshold above which companies reduce their voluntary disclosures. We also find that this relationship depends on the firm-level uncertainty, and it is sharpened in the presence of high exposure to liquidity risk. Overall, our results contribute to the debate on whether and on which level disclosure should be regulated.

JEL Classification: M41, G14
In the Case of Union Dissolution of Couples with Children. Who Decides to Avoid the Courts and Why?
Authors: Gómez-Casillas Amalia , Ajenjo Marc , Solsona Montserrat
Published: July 2021

Thoroughgoing changes in western countries over the last decades have led to increased self-regulation of intimacy, thus avoiding judicialization of union formation or dissolution. However, when children were born to a couple, legal proceedings would seem to be crucial in reaching or formalizing agreements between parents regarding custody and alimony, among other aspects. Despite these benefits, almost 20% of couples with children avoid resorting to legal proceedings, according to the results of a survey conducted in six Spanish Autonomous Communities. The article analyses this data with the aim of addressing a gap in the literature on the determinants of reaching out-of-court agreements. The results indicate that upper-class individuals, immigrants in cohabiting relationships, and couples with just one child and currently not in a relationship are more likely to reach out-of-court agreements. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Search and Communication About Origins in Internationally Adopted Young Adults in Spain: A Phenomenological Perspective
Authors: Martín Nerea , Corral Susana
Published: July 2021

Adoption is considered a lifelong process for those involved in it. In this vein, adoptees’ lives seem to be impacted by their origins and every experience that occurred before their adoption. The aim of this study is to explore adult adoptees’ experience with respect to their adoptive condition, communication about origins, and search for their origins. In this study, 11 adult adoptees took part, 10 women and one man aged between 18 and 26 years. Interviews were conducted to examine participants’ experiences, which were subsequently analyzed following interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results showed that most of the participants experience an open communication about origins and adoption with their parents and their environment. However, participants pointed to the existence of some limits in such communication. Participants noted a similar experience with respect to search. Based on the results, future studies should focus on the study of adoption in different stages of adulthood.
Transitioning From Victim to Perpetrator: Testing Direct and Mediation Effects
Authors: Boateng Francis D. , Campbell Christina
Published: July 2021

Some criminologists have focused on understanding the role of childhood experiences on an individual’s likelihood of offending during adulthood. Although research has consistently linked these two phenomena, little is known about the extent to which childhood victimization influences later criminal behavior. The current study analyzed self-reported data to examine the abused–abuser relationship in the context of intimate relationships. Specifically, the study examined the direct effects of victimization across three types of offending, and whether or not individual characteristics in such a relationship were significant mediators. Using a multivariate OLS regression, a significant relationship was observed between childhood victimization and adulthood offending. Likewise, results revealed that individual characteristics significantly mediated this relationship. Policy implications of these observations are discussed.
Influence of pore shape on impact dynamics characteristics of functionally graded brittle materials
Authors: Li Yongqiang , Wang Nianzhu , Yao Wenkai , Wang Tao , Zhou Mao
Published: July 2021

Improving the impact energy dissipation capacity of functionally graded brittle materials through pore design will help avoid or delay failure. In order to improve the impact energy dissipation capacity of functionally graded brittle materials, pores with specific shapes can be implanted inside them. The effect of pore shape on the impact properties of functionally graded brittle materials was investigated using a lattice-spring model that can quantitatively represent the mechanical properties of functionally graded brittle materials. The calculated results show that the pores with negative Poisson’s ratio such as inner-concave triangle, fourth-order star, and inner-concave hexagon are easy to collapse under the impact, while the square and square-hexagon pores have the strongest resistance to deformation. For all seven pore shapes, the Hugoniot elastic limit of the samples decreased gradually with increasing porosity, and the Hugoniot elastic limit did not change with the change of piston velocity. The propagation velocity of the deformation wave increases with the piston velocity and the velocity of the particle corresponding to the Hugoniot state behind the deformation wave increases accordingly. The principle that pores can enhance the macroscopic impact energy dissipation capacity of functionally graded brittle material samples revealed in this paper will contribute to the prevention of sample impact failure and provide guidance for the optimal design of impact kinetic properties of samples.
How to Be an Antiracist: Youth of Color’s Critical Perspectives on Antiracism in a Youth Participatory Action Research Context
Authors: Toraif Noor , Augsberger Astraea , Young Adrienne , Murillo Homar , Bautista Rosaylin , Garcia Scania , Sprague Martinez Linda , Gergen Barnett Katherine
Published: July 2021

This study is part of a larger Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) project engaging youth of color (YOC; aged 16–24 years) in a planning a multilevel health promotion campaign for a large safety net hospital. Analyses focus on youths’ conceptualizations of antiracism, and their recommendations on how to facilitate an intentionally antiracist YPAR. We answer the following questions: (a) How do YOC engaged in a YPAR project conceptualize and define antiracism? and (b) How do youth and adult allies conceptualize an antiracist YPAR project and what strategies do they use and/or recommend to this end? We employed instrumental case study methods and thematic analyses to code project data sources. Findings indicate that youths’ definitions of antiracism include elevating marginalized voices, actively resisting racism, incorporating an intersectional approach, and examining privilege, power, and positionality. YPAR members recommended strategies for creating an antiracist YPAR including prioritizing people of color in YPAR processes, creating space to acknowledge and process positionality and racialized dynamics, and engaging in ongoing education and dialogue. Moreover, both youth members and adult allies recognized that antiracist YPAR projects require time and resources to remain consistently antiracist, and such a goal can only be accomplished through a reiterative and reflexive process.
Assessing Polyvictimization in a Family Justice Center: Lessons Learned From a Demonstration Project
Authors: Dagenhardt Danielle M. Romain , Mersky Joshua , Topitzes James “Dimitri” , Schubert Erin , Krushas Amber E.
Published: July 2021

There is a growing interest in developing comprehensive assessments that measure intimate partner violence (IPV) alongside other adverse events that correlate with IPV and compound its effects. One promising line of research in this area has focused on the impact of exposure to multiple types of victimization, i.e., polyvictimization. The purpose of this study is to examine the experience of administration of a polyvictimization tool from staff and client perspectives in order to inform future tool developments and assessment procedures. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with clients and staff from a family justice center who had experience with the assessment tool were used to identify strengths and challenges of the assessment too and inform future tool development. Findings demonstrate that an assessment tool provides the space for clients to talk about trauma and facilitate empowerment, while providing the opportunity for psychoeducation and service referrals. Concerns about the assessment tool included adverse reactions without proper framing and language, as well as shifting the emphasis from screening for adversities toward strengths, coping skills, and resilience. Implications for future measurement development and establishing best practices in polyvictimization assessment are discussed, with an emphasis on the benefits of social service agencies utilizing assessment tools.
Is This WhatsApp Conversation Aggressive? Adolescents’ Perception of Cyber Dating Aggression
Authors: Sánchez-Jiménez Virginia , Rodríguez-deArriba María-Luisa , Muñoz-Fernández Noelia
Published: July 2021

This study investigated adolescents’ understanding of cyber dating aggression in terms of frequency and aggressiveness: how prevalent they perceived cyber dating aggression among adolescents and how aggressive they perceived such behaviors to be. To do so, different WhatsApp scenarios were presented to adolescents, controlling for the typology of cyber dating aggression (verbal/emotional, controlling, or sexual) and its publicity (public or private cyber dating aggression). The moderating effect of gender and moral disengagement (MD) was also analyzed. A total of 262 adolescents (56.5% girls; mean age of 14.46 years) participated in the study and answered a computer-based questionnaire. General linear models revealed that adolescents consider cyber dating aggression to be present in most adolescent romantic relationships. Controlling online behavior was perceived as the most frequent and the least aggressive behavior. Adolescents rated private cyber aggression as more frequent and less aggressive than public cyber aggressions. Controlling for gender, girls reported that cyber dating aggression was more common and more severe than boys. Moreover, participants with high levels of MD perceived cyber dating aggressions to be less aggressive than participants with medium-low MD. This study reveals the significance of the type of cyber dating aggression, the public/private dimension, gender, and MD as variables that influence adolescent understanding of cyber dating aggression. These results have implications not only for the design of cyber dating aggression prevention programs but also for future research on cyber dating aggression.
Improved AEB algorithm combined with estimating the adhesion coefficient of road ahead and considering the performance of EHB
Authors: Zeng Dequan , Yu Zhuoping , Xiong Lu , Zhao Junqiao , Zhang Peizhi , Li Zhiqiang , Fu Zhiqiang , Xia Lang , Wei Ye , Yan Senwei , Deng Zhengwen , Xia Xin , Yang Xing , Gao Letian , Han Wei
Published: July 2021

This paper proposes an improved autonomous emergency braking (AEB) algorithm intended for intelligent vehicle. Featuring a combination with the estimation of road adhesion coefficient, the proposed approach takes into account the performance of electronic hydraulic brake. In order for the accurate yet fast estimate of road ahead adhesion coefficient, the expectation maximization framework is applied depending on the reflectivity of ground extracted by multiple beams lidar in four major steps, which are the rough extraction of ground points based on 3 σ criterion, the accurate extraction of ground points through principal component analysis (PCA), the main distribution characteristics of ground as extracted using the expectation maximum method (EM) and the estimation of road adhesion coefficient via joint probability. In order to describe the performance of EHB, the response characteristics, as well as the forward and adverse models of both braking pressure and acceleration are obtained. Then, with two typical roads including single homogeneous road and fragment pavement, the safe distance of improved AEB is modeled. To validate the algorithm developed in this paper, various tests have been conducted. According to the test results, the reflectivity of laser point cloud is effective in estimating the road adhesion coefficient. Moreover, considering the performance of EHB system, the improved AEB algorithm is deemed more consistent with the practicalities.
Variable universe fuzzy control of the lateral stability of forklift trucks based on roll grading
Authors: Zhang Yang , Xia Guang , Tang Xiwen , Zhao Linfeng , Sun Baoqun
Published: July 2021

Based on the structural analysis and the roll mechanisms of counterbalanced forklift truck, a novel type of 3-link hydraulic supporting mechanism is designed as an actuator for forklift anti-rollover control. A rollover grading control strategy of the lateral stability of counterbalanced forklift truck is proposed, which is used to design a variable universe fuzzy controller. The variable universe fuzzy control of the first-order roll is utilized when the forklift is in the first-order roll, whereas the variable universe fuzzy control of the second-order is used when the forklift is in the second-order roll. A virtual prototype model of forklift is built in Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS). The co-simulations and vehicle tests are implemented, the results indicate that the lateral stability and active security of the forklift could be improved effectively by using the variable universe fuzzy control strategy of the lateral stability of forklift truck based on roll grading.
Finite element simulation and statistical investigation of an orthodontic mini-implant’s stability in a novel screw design
Authors: Pouyafar Vahid , Meshkabadi Ramin , Sadr Haghighi Amir Hooman , Navid Ali
Published: July 2021

One of the essential aspects of the mini-implant’s successful application is its stability after being installed in the bone. The stability of the mini-implant affected the most by its geometry. In the present research, the effect of the geometry-related parameters of the mini-implant on its lateral displacement is investigated by Finite Element (FE) modeling using ABAQUS software. The parameters studied include length, diameter, pitch, and depth of the screw threads; besides, length and angle of the conical section. The Taguchi method was used to prevent many experiments. The mesh convergence tests and experimental tests confirmed the FE model quantitatively and qualitatively. Mean of means and variance analysis determined the parameters significance and their contribution on the stability. The screw diameter and length have the most contribution to mini-implant’ displacement. The effect of screw pitch was less than that for length and diameter. The conical section improved the initial stability by creating compressive stress and additional friction in its surrounding bone. No significant effects on the stability of the mini-implant have been observed for the non-threaded part. By examining the effect of thread depth on its stability by defining the ratio of thread depth to the internal diameter and to maintain the strength of the screw the optimal value for internal to external ratio is set at about 0.7.
Do Entrepreneurship Skills Improve Project Performance? A Project-Based Learning Perspective
Authors: Shekarian Mansoor , Parast Mahour
Published: July 2021

This study examines the effect of entrepreneurship skillsets on project performance. Building upon the theory of planned behaviour, we examine the impact of individual entrepreneurship orientation (IEO) and entrepreneurship self-efficacy (ESE) on project performance, using a sample of 243 observations from students’ projects in areas of science, engineering and technology. We examine our research questions using a combination of multivariate regression analysis and robust regression. The results show that the survey is valid and reliable in measuring IEO and ESE, and the survey can be used to assess the relationship between IEO, ESE and project performance. In addition, the findings indicate that appearance self-efficacy is the variable that most significantly contributes to project performance, followed by social skills, then management skills. The study provides insights into how entrepreneurship skills can be viewed as important skillsets for success in projects and how operations and project managers can emphasise certain entrepreneurship skills to enhance project performance. At the individual level, entrepreneurship skills can be viewed as skillsets that improve project performance even in projects that are less entrepreneurial in nature. The improvement in performance is primarily in projects that are more structured, have a specific timeline and have defined objectives.
What Drives Creative Crowdsourcing? An Exploratory Study on the Persuasion of Digital Storytelling
Authors: Xiao Wei , Wang Xiaoling , Xia Senmao , Jones Paul
Published: July 2021

Crowdsourcing enterprises increasingly seek to attract and persuade makers to contribute their creativity and wisdom through digital storytelling, however, what are the effective components of digital storytelling and the persuasive effect of digital storytelling on creative crowdsourcing intention are still unclear. To fill this gap, this study explores how digital storytelling persuades makers to generate creative crowdsourcing behavioural intention by utilising Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Results reveal that the persuasion activity of digital storytelling has a positive effect on creative crowdsourcing intention. The effective components of digital storytelling are mainly composed of aesthetic perception, narrative structure and self-reference. UTAUT and its four core concepts (performance expectation, effort expectation, social influence and facilitating condition) mediate the impact of digital storytelling on the creative crowdsourcing intention, which reveals the persuasive source of digital storytelling. We highlight the theoretical implications as well as the practical applications in creative crowdsourcing.
Million Plus Population Cities of India: An Analysis of Economic Performance and Quality of Life
Authors: Kamdar Sangita
Published: July 2021

This article seeks to explore the performance of the million plus population cities in India in the economic dimensions. Forty-five such cities governed by municipal corporations were studied the data provided by the Census of India for the years 2001 and 2011. Two indices are constructed to examine the economic performance and the quality of life, Index of Economic Performance (IEP) and Quality of Life Index (QoLI), respectively. The analysis highlights the significant role played by small and medium cities in India in the generation of wealth and employment, while several large cities continue to have higher values for the IEP. However, the ancillary cities close to them emerge as better performers. Further, regression results show QoLI explains 26% of the variation in the IEP.