bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
African nightshades (Solanum nigrum complex): The potential contribution to human nutrition and livelihoods in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Sangija Frank , Martin Haikael , Matemu Athanasia
Published: May 2021

Achieving zero hunger in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) without minimizing postharvest losses of agricultural products is impossible. Therefore, a holistic approach is vital to end hunger, simultaneously improving food security, diversity, and livelihoods. This review focuses on the African nightshades (ANS) Solanum spp. contribution to improving food and nutrition security in SSA. Different parts of ANS are utilized as food and medicine; however, pests and diseases hinder ANS utilization. African nightshade is rich in micronutrients such as β‐carotene, vitamins C and E, minerals (iron, calcium, and zinc), and dietary fiber. The leaves contain a high amount of nutrients than the berries. Proper utilization of ANS can contribute to ending hidden hunger, mainly in children and pregnant women. Literature shows that ANS contains antinutritional factors such as oxalate, phytate, nitrate, and alkaloids; however, their quantities are low to cause potential health effects. Several improved varieties with high yields, rich in nutrients, and low alkaloids have been developed in SSA. Various processing and preservation techniques such as cooking, drying, and fermentation are feasible techniques for value addition on ANS in SSA; moreover, most societies are yet to adopt them effectively. Furthermore, promoting value addition and commercialization of ANS is of importance and can create more jobs. Therefore, this review provides an overview of ANS production and challenges that hinder their utilization, possible solutions, and future research suggestions. This review concludes that ANS is an essential nutritious leafy vegetable for improving nutrition and livelihoods in SSA.
Phages and their lysins: Toolkits in the battle against foodborne pathogens in the postantibiotic era
Authors: Huang Zhenhua , Zhang Zhaohuan , Tong Jinrong , Malakar Pradeep K. , Chen Liangbiao , Liu Haiquan , Pan Yingjie , Zhao Yong
Published: May 2021

Worldwide, foods waste caused by putrefactive organisms and diseases caused by foodborne pathogens persist as public health problems even with a plethora of modern antimicrobials. Our over reliance on antimicrobials use in agriculture, medicine, and other fields will lead to a postantibiotic era where bacterial genotypic resistance, phenotypic adaptation, and other bacterial evolutionary strategies cause antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This AMR is evidenced by the emergence of multiple drug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria and pan‐resistant (PDR) bacteria, which produces cross‐contamination in multiple fields and poses a more serious threat to food safety. A “red queen premise” surmises that the coevolution of phages and bacteria results in an evolutionary arms race that compels phages to adapt and survive bacterial antiphage strategies. Phages and their lysins are therefore useful toolkits in the design of novel antimicrobials in food protection and foodborne pathogens control, and the modality of using phages as a targeted vector against foodborne pathogens is gaining momentum based on many encouraging research outcomes. In this review, we discuss the rationale of using phages and their lysins as weapons against spoilage organisms and foodborne pathogens, and outline the targeted conquest or dodge mechanism of phages and the development of novel phage prospects. We also highlight the implementation of phages and their lysins to control foodborne pathogens in a farm–table–hospital domain in the postantibiotic era.
Bovine γ‐globulin, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase are relevant bovine milk allergens in patients with α‐Gal syndrome
Authors: Perusko Marija , Apostolovic Danijela , Kiewiet Mensiena Berentje Geertje , Grundström Jeanette , Hamsten Carl , Starkhammar Maria , Cirkovic Velickovic Tanja , van Hage Marianne
Published: May 2021

Background

Mammalian meat is the most common trigger of the allergic reactions in patients with α‐Gal syndrome (AGS). Milk and dairy, although less often, also cause a significant number of allergic manifestations. The aim of this study was to identify α‐Gal‐containing bovine milk proteins with allergenic properties among AGS patients.

Methods

Thirty‐eight AGS patients with IgE to milk were included in the study. Milk proteins were analyzed for the presence of α‐Gal and for binding by patients’ IgE using immunoblot, ImmunoCAP, and inhibition ELISA. Allergenicity of milk and milk proteins was assessed by basophil activation test.

Results

More than half of the AGS patients reported allergic reactions to milk or dairy products. Bovine γ‐globulin (BGG), lactoferrin (LF), and lactoperoxidase (LPO) were identified as α‐Gal carrying proteins which were recognized by AGS patients’ IgE. Whey mirrored the anti‐α‐Gal and IgE reactivity of BGG, LF, and LPO. Eighty‐nine percent of the patients displayed IgE to BGG, 91% to LF, and 57% to LPO. Inhibition of α‐Gal‐specific IgE binding was achieved by BGG, LF, LPO, and whey. These proteins also activated AGS patients’ basophils. Interestingly, at lower concentrations, LF was the most potent inhibitor of IgE binding, and the most potent activator of basophils.

Conclusion

BGG, LF, and LPO were all found to be relevant milk α‐Gal‐containing glycoproteins that bound AGS patients’ IgE antibodies and activated their basophils. These proteins are probably involved in the allergic reactions to milk in AGS patients. LPO was for the first time shown to be an allergen.
Thoracoscopic intraoperative esophageal close technique for long‐gap esophageal atresia
Authors: Ieiri Satoshi , Kai Hiroki , Hirose Ryuichiro
Published: May 2021

Long‐gap esophageal atresia (EA) remains a challenging operative procedure. Several techniques have been reported to resolve the problem of distance between the proximal and distal esophagus. We report a thoracoscopic intraoperative esophageal close technique for long‐gap EA. A female neonate was born at 39 weeks of gestation with long‐gap EA (five vertebrae). The patient underwent thoracoscopic esophageal anastomosis after esophageal elongation. Careful dissection of the proximal and distal esophagus was performed; however, the distance between them was still long. Extra‐thoracic traction sutures were placed at the upper esophagus. Then, a Neraton catheter was inserted trans‐orally and the upper esophagus was pushed and opened. An internal traction suture was placed between the Neraton catheter and lower esophagus. The gap between the proximal and distal esophagus could be approximated by pulling the Neraton catheter. Esophageal anastomosis was performed successfully. Our thoracoscopic intraoperative esophageal close technique was simple and useful.
Prospective associations between social status and social anxiety in early adolescence
Authors: Henricks Lisan A. , Pouwels J. Loes , Lansu Tessa A. M. , Lange Wolf‐Gero , Becker Eni S. , Klein Anke M.
Published: May 2021

This study examined the transactional longitudinal association between social status (likeability and popularity) and social anxiety symptoms (fear of negative evaluation and social avoidance and distress), and explored gender differences in this association. Participants included 274 adolescents (136 boys, Mage = 12.55). Data were collected at two waves with a 6‐month interval. Likeability and popularity were measured with peer nominations and social anxiety symptoms with self‐reports. Autoregressive cross‐lagged path models showed relative stability of social status and social anxiety. Girls who were seen as less popular by their classmates avoided social situations more frequently and experienced more distress during such situations over time. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between different social status components and social anxiety symptoms and to take gender into account. Early support for less popular girls seems important to prevent more severe consequences of avoidance and distress, such as social exclusion and victimization.
cGMP signalling in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord: Various functions in development and adulthood
Authors: Schmidt Hannes , Böttcher Alexandra , Gross Tilman , Schmidtko Achim
Published: May 2021

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is a second messenger that regulates numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. In recent years, more and more studies have uncovered multiple roles of cGMP signalling pathways in the somatosensory system. Accumulating evidence suggests that cGMP regulates different cellular processes from embryonic development through to adulthood. During embryonic development, a cGMP‐dependent signalling cascade in the trunk sensory system is essential for axon bifurcation, a specific form of branching of somatosensory axons. In adulthood, various cGMP signalling pathways in distinct cell populations of sensory neurons and dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord play an important role in the processing of pain and itch. Some of the involved enzymes might serve as a target for future therapies. In this review, we summarise the knowledge regarding cGMP‐dependent signalling pathways in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord during embryonic development and adulthood, and the potential of targeting these pathways.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on cGMP Signalling in Cell Growth and Survival. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.11/issuetoc
The role of staging laparoscopy in complex bariatric surgery
Authors: Sudlow Alexis C. , le Roux Carel W. , Hardwick Richard , Pournaras Dimitri J.
Published: May 2021

Determining which patients will benefit from bariatric surgery is complex; however, in those who have had previous bariatric surgery or extensive abdominal surgery, this can be particularly challenging. Decisions are often made based on assumptions rather than a complete assessment of all the anatomical and physiological factors. Adopting the approach utilised in gastrointestinal surgery with a diagnostic or staging laparoscopy, it may be possible to more accurately stage disease and determine fitness bariatric surgery. Laparoscopy is relatively low risk and contributes critical information with regard to access, post‐operative anatomical changes and response to anaesthetic. Additionally, it allows surgeons to accurately determine the feasibility of undertaking a procedure and facilitates a more precise discussion with patients regarding suitability for surgery. Denying patients bariatric procedures based on an incomplete assessment of risk is unfair. Scenarios in which patients have had previous surgery, particularly bariatric surgery are increasingly common with the numbers requiring revisional surgery steadily rising. Although only applicable in highly selected, very complex cases, diagnostic laparoscopy adds critical information in the preoperative assessment of patients, not only improving care but potentially widening the numbers considered eligible for bariatric surgery. Our limited experience with staging laparoscopy in patients with previous complex abdominal surgery requiring revisional surgery illustrates the potential benefit it offers in determining patient suitability for further bariatric procedures. The adoption of an established technique, applied in a novel setting offers surgeons the opportunity to more thoroughly assess potentially high risk patients as well as the ability to offer personalised care
Predictors of fatal outcomes among hospitalized COVID‐19 patients with pre‐existing hypertension in China
Authors: Wang Tao , Tang Ruidi , Ruan Honglian , Chen Ruchong , Zhang Zili , Sang Ling , Su Xi , Yi Shuting , Ni Zhengyi , Hu Yu , Liu Lei , Shan Hong , Lei Chunliang , Peng Yixiang , Liu Chunli , Li Jing , Hong Cheng , Zhang Nuofu , Zhong Nanshan , Li Shiyue ,   China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID‐19
Published: May 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is an emerging, rapidly evolving pandemic, hypertension is one of the most common co‐existing chronic conditions and a risk factor for mortality. Nearly one‐third of the adult population is hypertensive worldwide, it is urgent to identify the factors that determine the clinical course and outcomes of COVID‐19 patients with hypertension.

Methods and results

148 COVID‐19 patients with pre‐existing hypertension with clarified outcomes (discharge or deceased) from a national cohort in China were included in this study, of whom 103 were discharged and 45 died in hospital. Multivariate regression showed higher odds of in‐hospital death associated with high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs‐cTn) > 28 pg/ml (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55–6.91) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) > 7 pg/ml (HR: 3.63, 95% CI:1.54–8.55) at admission. Patients with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) (n = 52) which were defined as systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg for more than once (≥2 times) during hospitalization, were more likely to have ICU admission (p = 0.037), invasive mechanical ventilation (p = 0.028), and renal injury (p = 0.005). A stricter BP control with the threshold of 130/80 mm Hg was associated with lower mortality. Treatment with renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) suppressors, including angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), and spironolactone, was associated with a lower rate of ICU admission compared to other types of anti‐hypertensive medications (8 (22.9%) vs. 25 (43.1%), p = 0.048).

Conclusion

Among COVID‐19 patients with pre‐existing hypertension, elevated hs‐cTn and IL‐6 could help clinicians to identify patients with fatal outcomes at an early stage, blood pressure control is associated with better clinical outcomes, and RAAS suppressors do not increase mortality and may decrease the need for ICU admission.
Are eastern and western monarch butterflies distinct populations? A review of evidence for ecological, phenotypic, and genetic differentiation and implications for conservation
Authors: Freedman Micah G. , de Roode Jacobus C. , Forister Matthew L. , Kronforst Marcus R. , Pierce Amanda A. , Schultz Cheryl B. , Taylor Orley R. , Crone Elizabeth E.
Published: May 2021

Monarch butterflies are a species of conservation priority due to declining overwintering populations in both eastern and western North America. Declines in western overwintering monarchs—more than 99.9% since monitoring began—are especially acute. However, the degree to which western monarchs are a distinct biological entity is uncertain. In this review, we focus on phenotypic and genetic differentiation between eastern and western monarchs, with the goal of informing researchers and policy‐makers who are interested in monarch conservation. Eastern and western monarchs occupy distinct environments and show some evidence for phenotypic differentiation, particularly for migration‐associated traits, though population genetic and genomic studies suggest that they are indistinguishable from one another. We suggest future studies that could improve our understanding of differences between eastern and western monarchs. We also discuss the concept of adaptive capacity in eastern and western monarchs as well as non‐migratory populations outside of the monarch's primary North American range. Finally, we discuss the prospect of completely losing migratory monarchs from western North America and what this entails for monarch conservation.
Re‐examining critiques of resilience policy: evidence from Barpak after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal
Authors: Rushton Simon , Balen Julie , Crane Olivia , Devkota Bhimsen , Ghimire Sudha
Published: May 2021

This paper examines three common critiques of ‘resilience’: (i) that it is a ‘top‐down’ policy discourse that pays too little regard to local specificities; (ii) that resilience policy represents a neoliberal shift towards the responsibilisation of communities and a retreat of the state from its role in providing protection; and (iii) that the focus on resilience tends to divert attention from the underlying causes of vulnerability. Using data collected after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, the paper argues that these critiques have mixed salience in this context, but that (i) and (iii) in particular point to important problems in how the central government and its international partners have approached enhancing the resilience of communities. While there are benefits to considering resilience at the local level, it is important to recognise the inequalities within communities, how these might be reflected in differential degrees of vulnerability, and how they might be reinforced through resilience‐building programmes.
The interaction between strain and food type influences biological parameters of Tribolium castaneum and its susceptibility to Dennettia tripetala extract
Authors: Oyeniyi Emmanuel A. , Adeyemi Joseph A. , Omotoso Olumuyiwa T.
Published: May 2021

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a cosmopolitan insect pest that infests a wide range of milled cereal flours. In this study, the main and interactive effects of geographic origin and food type on the biological response of T. castaneum, and its susceptibility to the fumigant toxicity of sub‐lethal concentrations of Dennettia tripetala (G Baker) (Annonaceae) extract were investigated. The Nigeria and America (USA) strains of T. castaneum, used in this study, were maintained on corn (= maize) and wheat flours for four generations. This study was done under ambient laboratory conditions (23–35 °C and 65–85% r.h.). Irrespective of the food type, the larval, pupal, and adult stages were generally bigger in the America strain than in the Nigeria strain. The interaction of strain with food significantly affected the larval weight of T. castaneum. The larval periods and total developmental periods were significantly higher in both strains reared on corn than on wheat flour. However, only the food type significantly affected the pupal developmental periods. The insecticide susceptibility of larvae and adults of T. castaneum to D. tripetala extract was significantly higher in the strain from America than in the strain from Nigeria. Also, there were significant effects of food type and experimental concentration on the response of larvae and adults to D. tripetala extract. The extract was more toxic to adults than to larvae. Various results obtained in this study could provide data that are needed for the development of accurate phenology models for T. castaneum in Nigeria. Our study also underscores the significance of geographical strain and food type when managing T. castaneum with a plant‐based insecticide.
Seasonal patterns of greenhouse gas emissions from a forest‐to‐bog restored site in northern Scotland: Influence of microtopography and vegetation on carbon dioxide and methane dynamics
Authors: Mazzola Valeria , Perks Mike P. , Smith Jo , Yeluripati Jagadeesh , Xenakis Georgios
Published: May 2021

Northern peatlands play an important role in the regulation of the atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) balance, functioning as a net carbon sink with low rates of organic decomposition. However, perturbations such as drainage increase peat oxidation, which may lead to enhanced gaseous release of carbon. For this reason, the number of restoration projects that aim to rewet blanket bogs has increased in the last few years, but there is still a lack of understanding of the impact of restoration on emissions of greenhouse gases, such as methane, particularly in sites restored from forestry. In this paper, we investigate the seasonal greenhouse gas dynamics in a forest‐to‐bog restoration site in Scotland. We analyse the effects of restoration on both carbon dioxide and methane fluxes, and investigate which site factors (microtopography, vegetation type, soil moisture and temperature) drive the processes of gaseous exchange between the bog surface and the atmosphere. Our results show that the original surface is near greenhouse gase equilibrium at −0.28 gCO2eq m2·day−1 and that microtopographic features act as a net greenhouse gas sink (ridges = −0.94 gCO2eq m2·day−1 and furrows = −0.86 gCO2eq m2·day−1), whereas the bog pool is a net source of greenhouse gases (0.98 gCO2eq m2·day−1). We found different vegetation species play a key role in greenhouse gas flux dynamics, especially in forestry‐derived microtopographical features, and their presence and influence on greenhouse gas dynamics should be accounted for to provide a more comprehensive understanding of emissions associated with restoration management practices.

Highlights

GHG (CO2 and CH4) dynamics in a boreal peatland restored from forestry are mainly affected by microtopography and vegetation.

Forestry‐derived microforms (ridges and furrows) are better GHG sinks than pools (GHG emitters) and original surfaces (near GHG equilibrium).

The presence of Trichophorum cespitosum leads to higher CH4 emissions.

Restoration practices like terraforming may create a short‐term pulse net GHG emission due to an increase of both CH4 and CO2 fluxes.
Change the way of working. Ways into self‐organization with the use of Holacracy: An empirical investigation
Authors: Schell Sabrina , Bischof Nicole
Published: May 2021

Holacracy, a self‐managing design for organizations, uses the radical decentralization of authority and a lack of a manager‐subordinate relationship. It differs significantly from traditional organizational forms, and in particular, the transformation of the organization from a traditional to a holacratic system brings with it various challenges, especially for employees and teams that need to be resolved, so organizations can realize their potential. This study uses an explorative case study design with 43 qualitative interviews in Swiss holacratic organizations to gain deeper insights into the organizational system itself and especially the path into the holacratic system. We conclude by presenting an overarching model and identifying four different ways to handle the change into the self‐managing organizational design.
Seizures after decompressive hemicraniectomy for large middle cerebral artery territory infarcts: Incidence, associated factors, and impact on long‐term outcomes
Authors: Masheka‐Cishesa Olivier , Kyheng Maéva , Cordonnier Charlotte , Kuchcinski Grégory , Chochoi Maxime , Lejeune Jean Paul , Hénon Hilde , Casolla Barbara
Published: May 2021

Background and purpose

Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DH) reduces mortality of large middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarcts. Survivors are at high risk of poststroke seizures (PSSs). This study aims to describe the incidence of PSSs, to identify associated factors, and to assess their impact on long‐term outcomes.

Methods

We included consecutive patients who underwent DH for large MCA infarcts from May 2005 to December 2019 at Lille University Hospital. Patients were followed up at 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years. We analysed (i) the incidence and associated factors of early onset PSSs (EPSSs) with logistic regression models; (ii) the incidence and associated factors of late onset PSSs (LPSSs) in survivors at 7 days with a univariate Cox proportional hazard regression model for interval‐censored data; and (iii) the impact of PSSs (EPSSs and LPSSs) on mortality with univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models and modified Rankin Scale at 1 and 3 years, with univariate and adjusted multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses.

Results

Of 248 patients (150 men, 60.5%; mean age = 50.4 ± 9.6 years), 106 (42.7%) presented PSSs (six inaugural seizures, 22 EPSSs, 78 LPSSs) during follow‐up. The PSS cumulative incidence was 12.3% at 7 days, 24.9% at 3 months, 49.8% at 1 years, and 54.8% at 3 years. No predictor was significantly associated with either EPSSs or LPSSs. PSSs did not significantly impact mortality and long‐term functional outcome.

Conclusions

The incidence of PSSs after DH is high, reaching more than 50% 3 years after stroke, but PSSs did not influence long‐term mortality or functional outcome.
Deconstructing borders: Mobility strategies of South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda
Authors: Vancluysen Sarah
Published: May 2021

Taking the current presence of South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda as a case‐study, this paper explores how different forms of mobility enable them to better cope with the harsh conditions caused by their displacement. Based on extensive field research, the results of this article show how for South Sudanese refugees, crossing borders can be empowering, although these complex strategies do not fit within the mutually exclusive ‘durable solutions’ proposed by the international refugee regime. Looking through a transnational lens, it is illustrated how different forms of movement enable the refugees to hold on to certain aspects of ‘normal life’, such as being employed, enacting customs and visiting loved ones, blurring the distinction between voluntary and forced migration. This results in a deepening of transnational networks as the generally large South Sudanese families find their members dispersed across Ugandan and South Sudanese town centres, villages, refugee settlements and third countries in Africa and elsewhere.
Protective effects of non‐thermal plasma on triethylene glycol dimethacrylate‐induced damage in odontoblast‐like MDPC‐23 cells
Authors: Choi Byul Bo ra , Choi Jeong Hae , Lee Hyun Young , Lee Hae‐June , Song Ki Won , Kim Gyoo‐Cheon
Published: May 2021

Aim

To evaluate whether the use of non‐thermal plasma (NTP) could reduce triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)‐mediated damage in MDPC‐23 cells.

Methodology

The effects of NTP and TEGDMA on MDPC‐23 cell proliferation were tested using WST‐1 assays after pretreatment with NTP for 1 min and exposure to TEGDMA. Live/Dead assays were used to visualize cell death. To monitor the effects of NTP and TEGDMA on the cell cycle and apoptotic cell death, flow cytometry was performed. Western blotting was used to assess changes in protein levels mediated by NTP and TEGDMA treatment, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed to evaluate the effects of NTP and TEGDMA on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression. One‐way analysis of variance and Duncan's post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

NTP treatment effectively protected cells from TEGDMA‐mediated cell damage and blocked TEGDMA‐mediated cell growth inhibition (p < .05). NTP appeared to protect cells from death (p < .05) and blocked TEGDMA‐mediated apoptotic cell death. Additionally, NTP reduced TEGDMA‐mediated apoptotic activation of poly (ADP) ribose polymerase‐1 and caspase‐3 (p < .05). Furthermore, NTP effectively reduced TEGDMA‐mediated expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 and PGE2 proteins by inhibiting nuclear factor‐κB protein expression (p < .05).

Conclusions

NTP alleviated TEGDMA‐mediated adverse effects by reducing cytotoxicity and inflammatory reactions in cells exposed to TEGDMA.
Evaluating the potential effects of capturing and handling on subsequent observations of a migratory passerine through individual acoustic monitoring
Authors: Petrusková Tereza , Kahounová Hana , Pišvejcová Iveta , Čermáková Anna , Brinke Tomáš , Burton Niall H. K. , Petrusek Adam
Published: May 2021

Ringing is the most common technique used for individual marking of passerine birds, informing understanding of many aspects of their behaviour and ecology. Birds caught for ringing may also be substantially handled before release (e.g. to obtain biometric data, blood or feather samples), and all such procedures may affect the subsequent behaviour of a captured individual. Previous field studies that have assessed the potential effects of capturing and handling birds have nevertheless, to date, lacked an entirely independent unhandled control. In this study, we used individual acoustic monitoring to compare the apparent survival and re‐encounter probabilities of male tree pipitsAnthus trivialisthat were captured with mist nets and intensively handled (measured, blood‐sampled and ringed) with those of a control group of unhandled birds tracked solely by their vocalization. There were no differences between handled and unhandled birds in apparent survival rates, either in simple annual estimates, or in jointly estimated within‐ and between‐breeding season survival estimates. Re‐encounter probabilities in the latter analysis peaked at the start of the breeding season, when song activity would be expected to be greatest, but were higher for handled than unhandled birds in mid‐ to late May. Apart from demonstrating that tree pipits were not affected in the long‐term by capture and associated handling, our study confirms that individual acoustic monitoring is a valuable non‐intrusive method for long‐term monitoring studies.
Factors associated with incidence of stroke and heart failure among people living with HIV in Ghana: Evaluating Vascular Event Risk while on Long‐Term Antiretroviral Suppressive Therapy (EVERLAST) Study
Authors: Sarfo Fred Stephen , Norman Betty , Appiah Lambert , Ovbiagele Bruce
Published: May 2021

People living with HIV (PLWH) have a two‐fold higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) compared with HIV‐negative populations. Although 70% of the global HIV population reside in Africa, data on CVD outcomes among PLWH are scarce. We seek to evaluate factors associated with incidence of stroke and heart failure in a prospective cohort of Ghanaian PLWH. We followed up a cohort of PLWH on antiretroviral therapy for 12 months to assess rates of clinically adjudicated stroke, and heart failure. We calculated incidence rates of events/1000 person‐years and fitted Cox proportional hazards regression models to identify factors associated with incident stroke and heart failure as a combined outcome measure and as separate outcome measures. Among 255 participants, the mean age was 46 years and 211 (82.7%) were female. The participants contributed 245 years of follow‐up data with mean follow‐up duration of 11.5 months. There were three incident strokes giving an incidence rate of 12.24 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI: 3.13–33.33) and two heart failure events with an incidence rate of 8.16 (95%CI: 1.37–26.97) per 1000 py. The combined event rate was 20.41 (95% CI: 7.48–45.24) per 1000 py. Being hypertensive was associated with aHR of 8.61 (1.32–56.04) of the combined outcome while each 100 cells/mm3 rise in CD4 count was associated with aHR of 0.56 (0.35–0.88). Carotid bulb intimal media thickness was independently associated with stroke occurrence with aHR of 12.23 (1.28–117.07). People living with HIV on long‐term cART in this Ghanaian sample have high rates of clinically adjudicated cardiovascular diseases driven by uncontrolled hypertension and persisting immunosuppression. Integration of CVD care into routine HIV management may help alleviate this untoward confluence of rising CVDs among PLWH.
Effect of the drying process on the color change, fissure development, and morphology of fortified rice kernels
Authors: Dalbhagat Chandrakant Genu , Mishra Hari Niwas
Published: May 2021

Fortified rice kernels (FRK) were manufactured using extrusion technology and dried in a hot air tray dryer. The present study was aimed to find the effect of air temperature (40, 50, 60, and 70°C) and the drying time (0–160 min) at 1.0 m/s air velocity on color attributes of FRK. The increase in temperature and time decreased the L* and WI and increased the a*, b*, and ΔE values of FRK. The kinetic modeling suggested a fairly good fitting of the quadratic model for ΔE and WI. The Page model (R2 ≥ 0.9512, RMSE ≤ 0.0556, and χ2 ≤ 0.0037), as an alternate approach, showed the best fitting to predict the color change ratio of FRK. For fissure and morphological analysis, the FRK were dried to a final moisture content of 12–13 %wb at each drying temperature. The results revealed that the drying at 50–70°C formed fissure inside the FRK and was confirmed by the X‐ray CT scan images. However, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis did not show any fissure at the surface of FRK. Thus, the lower temperature (40°C and 120 min) drying resulted in better color attributes with no fissure inside the FRK.

Practical applications

FRK are being used to blend in the normal rice in the 1:100 ratio to prepare micronutrient fortified rice. It is expected that the FRK should be indistinguishable in normal rice after blending. Color is an important parameter that could make easy detection of FRK in normal rice. This makes it necessary to match the characteristics of FRK with normal rice in terms of color, physical dimensions, and density. Moreover, fissure formation in FRK leads to disintegration during cooking. Therefore, the study's findings will help to get an idea about the color change during the commercial drying of FRK and decide the drying conditions that will not develop fissure inside the FRK.
A prospective multicenter study of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle biopsy using a 22‐gauge Franseen needle for pancreatic solid lesions
Authors: Ishigaki Kazunaga , Nakai Yousuke , Sasahira Naoki , Sugimori Kazuya , Kitamura Katsuya , Iwai Tomohisa , Matsubara Saburo , Shimura Kenji , Itoi Takao , Ryozawa Shomei , Ushio Jun , Doi Shinpei , Imazu Hiroo , Maetani Iruru , Isayama Hiroyuki ,   Acquire Study Group
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim

While encouraging data of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine‐needle biopsy (EUS‐FNB) using a 22‐gauge Franseen needle have been reported, large‐scale data of per pass and quantitative analyses are still lacking.

Methods

This was a multicenter prospective study of EUS‐FNB using the 22‐gauge Franseen needle for a pancreatic solid lesion. Cytological and histological analyses per pass were evaluated and semi‐quantitative analyses were performed on core tissue and blood contamination. Primary end‐point was diagnostic accuracy per session. Prognostic factors were analyzed for diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, core tissue, and blood contamination.

Results

A total of 629 passes were performed in 244 cases at 14 centers between 2018 and 2019. The median tumor size was 29 mm, and the puncture was transduodenal in 43%. The median pass number was 2. Diagnostic accuracy per session, at a first pass, and per pass were 93%, 90%, and 88%. In 198 cases with pancreatic cancer, diagnostic sensitivity per session, at a first pass, and per pass were 94%, 89%, and 89%. The rates of core tissue score of 4 and blood contamination score of 3 were 50% and 47%. The adverse event rate was 1.6%. In the multivariate analysis, tumor size ≤20 mm (odds ratio [OR] of 0.46, P = 0.03), transduodenal puncture (OR of 0.53, P = 0.04), and suction (OR of 0.16, P = 0.01) were associated with lower diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions

The EUS‐FNB using the 22‐gauge Franseen needle for pancreatic solid lesions showed high per pass and overall diagnostic accuracy.
Risk factors for laminitis and nonsurvival in acute colitis: Retrospective study of 85 hospitalized horses (2011‐2019)
Authors: Luethy Daniela , Feldman Rose , Stefanovski Darko , Aitken Maia R.
Published: May 2021

Background

Acute colitis is a serious cause of morbidity and death in horses. Recent studies have compared clinical features of coronavirus and salmonellosis, but no study has compared clinical features of enteric salmonellosis, coronavirus, and neorickettsiosis.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To identify risk factors for laminitis and nonsurvival to discharge in horses with enteric salmonellosis, coronavirus, or neorickettsiosis.

Animals

Eighty‐five horses hospitalized for acute colitis from 2011 to 2019.

Methods

Retrospective case series. Medical record review (2011‐2019) of adult (≥2 years) horses with colitis. Primary outcomes were laminitis and survival to discharge. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess association between variables and the development of laminitis. Stepwise Cox regression was performed to assess association between variables and survival.

Results

Seventeen of 85 (20%) horses developed laminitis during hospitalization. Neorickettsiosis cases (11/26, 42%) were more likely to develop laminitis than coronavirus (0/16, 0%) cases (odds ratio [OR] 24.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33‐451.74, P = .03). There was no significant difference in laminitis between salmonellosis and neorickettsiosis cases (OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.07‐1.07, P = .06). Admission heart rate (OR 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02‐1.15, P = .01), total solids (OR 0.17; 95% CI: 0.06‐0.54, P = .003), band neutrophils (OR 1248.47; 95% CI: 6.62‐235 540, P = .008), and bicarbonate concentration (OR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.5‐0.92, P = .01) were predictive of development of laminitis during hospitalization. Sixty‐three of 85 (74%) horses survived to discharge: 16/16 (100%) coronavirus cases, 17/26 (65%) neorickettsiosis cases, 14/20 (70%) salmonellosis cases, and 16/23 (70%) unknown cases. Packed cell volume (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09‐1.26, P < .001), L‐lactate concentration (HR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.14‐1.55, P < .001), and development of laminitis (HR 7.07; 95% CI: 1.67‐29.95, P = .008) were retained in the final multivariable model for prediction of nonsurvival to discharge.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Nonsurvival and laminitis rates were high, likely related to the presence of neorickettsiosis in the region.
Effects of intragastric balloon in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis
Authors: Salomone Federico , Currenti Walter , Magrì Giovanni , Boškoski Ivo , Zelber‐Sagi Shira , Galvano Fabio
Published: May 2021

Background and aims

Effective therapy for clinically significant fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an unmet need. Data on the effectiveness of endoscopic placement of intragastric balloon (IGB) in patients with NAFLD are limited. In this study, we evaluated the impact of IGB placement in NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis.

Methods

We retrospectively assessed the effects of the Orbera™ fluid‐filled IGB in a cohort of obese patients with liver stiffness ≥9.7 kPa (corresponding to F3‐F4). Patients with endoscopic signs of portal hypertension were excluded. Changes in metabolic and liver parameters from baseline to follow‐up (6 mo) were assessed.

Results

A total of 26 obese patients, aged 53 [44 ‐ 62] years, with BMI 35.1 ± 4.7 kg/m2 were included. All patients achieved a significant body weight loss (106 ± 19.7 vs. 92 ± 18.3 kg, P < .001) and waist circumference reduction (116 ± 13.3 vs. 104 ± 13.4 kg, P < .001) at 6‐month follow‐up after IGB placement. Weight loss induced by IGB lowered blood glucose (140 [112; 169] vs. 118 [94; 144] mg/dl, P < .01), glycated hemoglobin (7.5 ± 1.3 vs. 6.6 ± 1.2%, P < .001), FIB‐4 (3.2 ± 0.7 vs. 2.7 ± 0.8, P < .001), liver stiffness (13.3 ± 3.2 vs. 11.3 ± 2.8 kPa, P < .001) and controlled attenuation parameter (355 [298‐400] vs. 296 [255‐352] dB/m, P < .01). Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms were common, but no severe adverse event was observed.

Conclusion

Obese patients with advanced liver fibrosis, treated with 6‐month IGB, can achieve regression of fibrosis as assessed by reduction of liver stiffness and FIB‐4. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Whistle characteristics of a newly recorded Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) population in waters southwest of Hainan Island, China, differ from other humpback dolphin populations
Authors: Dong Lijun , Caruso Francesco , Dong Jianchen , Liu Mingming , Lin Mingli , Li Songhai
Published: May 2021

Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) use whistles to communicate with their conspecifics. Little is known about the acoustic repertoire of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins in waters southwest of Hainan Island, a newly recorded population in 2014. In this study, whistles of Hainan humpback dolphin population were collected by using autonomous acoustic recorders. The fundamental frequencies and durations of whistles were in ranges of 0.71–21.35 kHz and 0.06–2.22 s, respectively. Significant intraspecific differences in duration and frequency of whistles were found between the Hainan population and the other geographically neighboring populations (in Chinese waters) or the population in Malaysia waters. Compared with other Sousa species, significant interspecific differences were also observed. Based on clustering analysis, the whistle parameters of neighboring populations were likely similar to each other. Significant differences were found between humpback dolphins in waters southwest of Hainan Island and those dolphins in the neighboring areas, supporting the hypothesis that this population may be independent. Ambient noise measurements in waters of Hainan Island, Zhanjiang, and Sanniang Bay showed that humpback dolphin populations may use whistles with longer duration, lower frequency, and fewer inflection points for more effective communication to adapt to a noisier environment.
Is paediatric endotracheal suctioning by nurses evidence based? An International Survey
Authors: Rad Laura L. , Carter Bernie , Curley Martha A. Q. , Copnell Beverley , Tume Lyvonne N.
Published: May 2021

Background

Endotracheal suction (ETS) is essential in intubated patients to prevent tube occlusion and is one of the most common nursing interventions performed in intensive care.

Aims and objectives

To explore how paediatric ETS practices reflect evidence‐based practice (EBP) recommendations in paediatric intensive care units (PICU) worldwide.

Study design and methods

A cross‐sectional electronic survey linked to a real patient suction episode. Nurses completed the survey following a recent ETS episode. Evidence‐based practice (EBP) was defined based on four of the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) best evidence recommendations: pre‐oxygenation before suction, use of a suction catheter no more than half the diameter of the tracheal tube, shallow depth of suction, and the continuous suction applied upon withdrawal of the catheter. Participants included PICU nurses who performed ETS in children (0‐17 years) excluding preterm neonates.

Results

Four hundred forty‐six complete surveys were received from 20 countries. Most nurses (80%, 367/446) reported that their units had local guidelines for ETS. The most common reason for suctioning (44%) was audible/visible secretions. Over half of ETS episodes (57%) used closed suction. When exploring the individual components of suction, 63% (282/446) of nurses pre‐oxygenated their patient prior to suction, 71% (319/446) suctioned no further than 0.5 cm past end of the endotracheal tube (ETT), 59% (261/446) used a catheter no more than half the diameter of the ETT, and 78% (348/446) used continuous negative pressure. 24% of nurses gave patients an additional bolus of sedative, analgesic, and/or muscle‐relaxant medication prior to suction; this decision was not related to the child's history of instability with suction, as there was no significant difference in those who reported patients had a history of being unstable with suction (P = .80). 26% (117/446) of nurses complied with all four EBP components in the reported suctioning episode.

Conclusions

Considerable variation in paediatric endotracheal suctioning practices exists internationally. Although most nurses applied single components of evidence‐based recommendations during ETT suctioning, just a quarter applied all four elements.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses need to consider and strive to apply EBP principles to common nursing interventions such as ETS.
Expression of Myosin 5a splice variants in murine stomach
Authors: Carew Josephine A. , Cristofaro Vivian , Siegelman Nicolas A. , Goyal Raj K. , Sullivan Maryrose P.
Published: May 2021

Background

The motor protein, Myosin 5a (Myo5a) is known to play a role in inhibitory neurotransmission in gastric fundus. However, there is no information regarding the relative expression of total Myo5a, or of its alternative exon splice variants, across the stomach. This study investigated the differential distribution of Myo5a variants expressed within distinct anatomical regions of murine stomach.

Methods

The distribution of Myo5a protein and mRNA in the stomach was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Quantitative PCR, restriction enzyme analysis, and electrophoresis were used to identify Myo5a splice variants and quantify their expression levels in the fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus.

Key Results

Myo5a protein colocalized with βIII‐Tubulin in the myenteric plexus, and with synaptophysin in nerve fibers. Total Myo5a mRNA expression was lower in pylorus than in antrum, body, or fundus (p < 0.001), which expressed equivalent amounts of Myo5a. However, Myo5a splice variants were differentially expressed across the stomach. While the ABCE splice variant predominated in the antrum and body regions, the ACEF/ACDEF variants were enriched in fundus and pylorus.

Conclusions and Inferences

Myo5a splice variants varied in their relative expression across anatomically distinguishable stomach regions and might mediate distinct physiological functions in gastric neurotransmission.
HPV vaccine promotion: Snapshot of two health departments during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Kovar Cheryl L. , Pestaner Mitzi , Webb Corbett Robin , Rose Carol Lynn
Published: May 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted routine health care services including immunization delivery. The most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States is the human papillomavirus (HPV), and its sequelae may be prevented by vaccination. Sequelae that can develop if one's immune system is not able to clear the infection include warts, precancerous lesions, and cancer. The American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists (ACOG) reports almost everyone who is sexually active will encounter the virus at some time during their life. Most of the estimated 79 million infections occur among people who are in their late teens or early 20s. Since 2006, there has been a vaccine available to prevent HPV infections in both males and females; however, administration of this vaccine has only been about half the rate of other vaccines and vaccine hesitancy may play a role. Public health nurses are vital in providing accurate and nonjudgmental vaccine education to their clients, especially unaccompanied minors seeking care in public health department clinics. This paper will explore the recommendations for providing this vaccine as well as a snapshot of current practice in two health departments in the Southeast region of the United States during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Structural basis for positive allosteric modulation of AMPA and kainate receptors
Authors: Frydenvang Karla , Pickering Darryl S. , Kastrup Jette Sandholm
Published: May 2021

This paper summarizes the present knowledge on how positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) interact with the ligand‐binding domain (LBD) of AMPA and kainate receptors, based on structure determinations. AMPA and kainate receptors belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that are responsible for mediating the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission. These receptors have been related to brain disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PAMs are small molecules that potentiate AMPA and kainate receptor currents by interfering with receptor desensitization. Therefore, PAMs are considered to be of interest for the development of pharmacological tools. Whereas PAMs for AMPA receptors have been known for several years, only recently have PAMs for kainate receptors been reported. Today, >80 structures are available for AMPA receptors with PAMs. These PAMs bind at the interface between two LBD subunits in the vicinity of residue 775, which is important for functional differences between flip and flop isoforms of AMPA receptors. PAMs can be divided into five classes based on their binding mode. The most potent PAM reported to date belongs to class 3, which comprises dimerized PAMs. Three structures of the kainate receptor GluK1 were determined with PAMs belonging to class 2. One PAM enhances kainate receptor currents 5‐ to 59‐fold but shows 100‐fold lower potency compared to AMPA receptors. Selective PAMs for kainate receptors will be of great use as pharmacological tools for functional investigations in vivo and might potentially prove useful as drugs in controlling the activity of neuronal networks.

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