bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Academic Discipline on Student’s Engagement in Online Learning: An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model
Authors: Long Chan Ka , Kam Roy , Sing Wong Man
Published: February 2022

Tertiary education has dramatically changed after the outbreak of COVID-19. The use of the Learning Management System (LMS) in online learning has become popular. Many researchers are trying to investigate its features that influence the degree of acceptance and usage of learners among those techniques. However, some of their acceptance is not behavioral, but more on mental and abstract, which would be considered as engagement. In addition, academic disciplines would have a different focus on the integration of technology into their teaching and learning, thus, it would influence students\' acceptance of the technology. This research addressed this gap by studying university students in Hong Kong about the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and behavioral, agentic, cognitive, and emotional engagement. The findings extended the previous literature of TAM by adding engagement and academic discipline into the model. The current study demonstrates that LMS displays the potential of delivering learning and teaching materials amid the pandemic.
Magnesium in Synthesis of Porous and Biofunctionalized Metallic Materials
Authors: Correa Rossi Mariana , Romero Resendiz Liliana , Amigó Borrás Vicente
Published: February 2022

Magnesium particles are used in metallurgic routes, where it can be total or partially evaporated creating pores for ingrowth bone tissue. This book chapter contains the latest findings on the microstructural physical and mechanical properties of β-Ti alloys with Mg additions designed and obtained by the authors. As well as the main new techniques used to fabricate Ti-Mg alloys. An especial emphasis on the microstructure-properties relationship was made to assist on the guide for future efforts of the scientific community towards developing more efficient biomaterials. The β % were related to the low elastic modulus which were in the range of 31–49 GPa close to cortical bone and hardness close to commercial Ti grade 2. The compressive strength was greater than the value of cortical bone. Pore size were in the range of 5–100 μm depending on the sintering temperature, with higher wettability the samples with more porosity. These findings were promising to application of β titanium alloys containing Mg for orthopedic application.
Frozen Shoulder: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Maria Carmignano Simona
Published: February 2022

Frozen shoulder, or adhesive capsulitis, is a condition caused by impaired soft tissues and the articular capsule of the shoulder. Although the precise etiology remains unclear, recent evidence identifies elevated serum cytokine levels as part of the process. It is characterized by an insidious and progressive loss of active and passive mobility in the glenohumeral joint presumably due to capsular contracture. Several treatments are recognized and utilized to reduce pain and improve range-of-motion faster than the disease’s natural history course. The chapter aims to spread knowledge about this often-misunderstood pathology and to highlight the role of the rehabilitative therapeutic approach.
Leaching Technology for Precious Heavy Metal Recapture through (HCI + HNO3) and (HCI + H2SO4) from E-Waste
Authors: Manikkampatti Palanisamy Murugesan , Palaniappan Akilamudhan , Myneni VenkataRatnam , Veerappan Padmapriya , Mohamed Lebba Minar
Published: February 2022

The rapid growth of information technology and industrialization are the key components for the development of electronic equipment, and their inevitable role in human day-to-day life has an important stint in the generation of electronic waste (e-waste). This waste has far-reaching environmental and health consequences. One such e-waste printed circuit board (PCB) contains significant amounts of valuable heavy metals such as copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and others that can be extracted through various metallurgical routes. Recovery and recycle of heavy metal ions is a major challenge to prevent environmental contamination. The present study discusses the current e-waste scenario, health impacts and treatment methods in detail, and also presents experimental results of recovery of heavy metals from printed circuit boards (PCBs) by leaching using aqua regia (HCI + HNO3 and HCI + H2SO4). Under varying conditions such as specified conditions of 80°C, 0.05 mm of thickness, 3 hrs of contacttime, 80rpm shaking speed, and concentration of PCB sample of 0.5 g ml−1, it results in the composition of extracted heavy metal ions in such a way that 97.59% of copper, 96.59% of lead, 94.66% of tin, and 96.64% of zinc, respectively. The recovery of heavy metal ions from PCBs has an important leading contribution in electronic waste management and the result shows a higher rate.
Role of the Transplant Pharmacist
Authors: Ikura Megumi , Nakagita Kazuki , Uno Takaya , Takenaka Hiromi , Matsuda Sachi , Yoshii Miho , Nagata Rikako , Nakakura Ichiro , Hayakawa Naoki , Nakamura Tsutomu , Wada Kyoichi , Seguchi Osamu
Published: February 2022

At the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Japan, pharmacists have been involved in drug treatment management and patient care as members of multidisciplinary heart transplant teams that include surgeons, physicians, recipient transplant coordinators, and nurses during the waiting period for heart transplantation (HTx), HTx surgery, and post-HTx. During the waiting period, pharmacists play an important role in adjusting the use of antibiotics, anticoagulants, and antiarrhythmics by patients receiving a ventricular assist device (VAD). During HTx surgery and post-HTx, pharmacists advise physicians regarding the individualized medication protocol for immunosuppression and infection prevention to be used for each patient based on the patient’s pre-HTx characteristics as well as gene polymorphisms. They thus contribute to reducing the burden on the physician through the sharing of tasks. Throughout all three phases of HTx, pharmacists repeatedly provide medication and adherence education to the patients and caregivers. It is hoped that an academic society-led training protocol as well as transplant pharmacists will be established in Japan and other developed countries, and that these specialized transplant pharmacists would then provide individualized pharmacotherapy for the use of various antibiotics, anticoagulants, and immunosuppressive agents that have a narrow range of treatment in VAD and HTx patients.
Nitrogen Supersaturation of AISI316 Base Stainless Steels at 673 K and 623 K for Hardening and Microstructure Control
Authors: Aizawa Tatsuhiko , Shiratori Tomomi , Yoshino Tomoaki , Suzuki Yohei , Komatsu Takafumi
Published: February 2022

The high-density plasma nitriding at 673 K and 623 K was employed to make 10% of nitrogen supersaturation on AISI316 base austenitic stainless steels. The processing parameters and nitrogen-hydrogen gas flow ratio were optimized to increase the yield of N2+ ion and NH-radical for efficient nitriding. The nitrided AISI316 specimens were prepared for multidimensional analysis to describe the fundamental features of low-temperature plasma nitriding. First, macroscopic evaluation revealed that nitrogen supersaturation induced the γ-lattice expansion and the higher nitrogen content than 4% of mass in depth. The mesoscopic analysis describes the holding temperature and initial grain-size effects on the microstructure changes. Plastic straining, grain-size refinement, and nitrogen zone-boundary diffusion processes advance with nitrogen supersaturation to drive the inner nitriding behavior. The microscopic analysis explains the microstructure refinement, the two-phase structuring, and the microstructure modification. Through this multi-dimensional analysis, the essential characteristics of the low-temperature plasma nitriding of 316 austenitic stainless steels were precisely understood to extend the engineering treatise on the bulk nitrogen stainless steels for surface modification and treatment of stainless steels by nitriding. This plasma nitriding was applied to strengthen and harden the AISI316 wire surfaces toward its application on surgery wires.
Enabling a 3-D Cyberspace Experience Online
Authors: Campbell Bruce
Published: February 2022

The allure of a 3-D cyberspace grows again as communication channels connect a growing number of virtual reality (VR) head mounted displays and interaction-enabling controllers. Computer graphics enable 3-D cyberspace as much as any component critical to providing satisfactory experiences. Historically, the usefulness of 2-D interfaces entrenched when developers demonstrated the feasibility of 3-D cyberspace. Now a certain amount of prolonged inertia seems necessary to promote 3-D graphics to the participation level of 2-D graphics. The HTML 5 stack and other technologies enable 3-D integration into our planetary shared cyberspace. This chapter provides a historical perspective of one researcher’s methods used to provide 3-D web experiences, the lack of critical mass for their use in the past, and how the latest virtual reality integration trajectories will bring a critical mass to the 3-D cyberspace of the future.
Epoxy as Filler or Matrix for Polymer Composites
Authors: Zhao Xianhui , Lu Shun , Li Wei , Zhang Shuyang , Li Kai , Nawaz Kashif , Wang Peter , Yang Guang , Ragauskas Arthur , Ozcan Soydan , Webb Erin
Published: February 2022

Epoxy is a widely used polymer because of its ease of processing, high adhesiveness, and high chemical resistance. Epoxy-based composites are commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and marine applications. The epoxy type, function, curing agent, and curing process are discussed in this chapter. Epoxy is used as either a filler or polymer matrix in composite applications. As a filler, the epoxy modification on the fiber is discussed. As a polymer matrix, the epoxy is reinforced by natural and synthetic fibers. The manufacturing process and the fabricated epoxy-based composites’ performance (e.g., mechanical and thermal properties) are investigated. The advantages and disadvantages of epoxy’s function are discussed and summarized. Epoxy modification is an effective approach to improve the composites’ performance.
Gastroesophageal Reflux and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Kumar Jain Nitesh , Khedr Anwar , Ahmed Mushtaq Hisham , Bartlett Brian , Lanz April , Zoesch Greta , Welle Stephanie , Yadav Sumeet , Koritala Thoyaja , Jain Shikha , Tekin Aysun , Adhikari Ramesh , Reddy Korsapati Aishwarya , Chand Mool , Pattan Vishwanath , Bansal Vikas , Rabaan Ali , Lal Amos , Saifee Bawaadam Hasnain , Sethi Aman , Dondapati Lavanya , Tirupathi Raghavendra , Sheraton Mack , Muigai Maureen , Rokser David , Dengri Chetna , Trivedi Kovid , Chandra Gautam Samir , Zec Simon , Rauf Ibtisam , Srinivasa Chandramouli Mantravadi , Kashyap Rahul , Anjum Khan Syed
Published: February 2022

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) commonly co-exist. Pathophysiological mechanisms causing IPF are still not well understood, and GERD has been implicated in both as a probable causative and disease-promoting entity. Although not conclusively proven, this relationship has been the subject of several studies, including therapeutic interventions aimed at treating GERD and its resultant effect on IPF and related outcomes. Our review aims to present the current concepts and understanding of these two disease processes, which are multifaceted. Their complex interaction includes epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, review of research studies conducted to date, and future directions for research.
N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: A Powerful Catalyst for Polymerization
Authors: A. Ali Eman
Published: February 2022

As much of the concern is being placed on metal-free polymerization, carbenes are attracting researcher attention. Besides their impact on organic synthesis, they played an integral role in several types of polymerization. This unique class of organocatalyst revives the preparation of polymeric materials that possess functional groups at each carbon atom on the polymer chain, which was hardly reached by conventional methods. This chapter will concern with the contribution of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in the preparation of functional polymers from diversified monomers. Also, will discuss the advantages of N-heterocyclic carbenes in some conventional polymerization such as ring-opening and step-growth polymerizations along with the direct zwitterionic polymerization.
The Role of Socio-Economic Factors and Indigenous Knowledge Practices on the Mycotoxigenic Fungi Contamination of Food
Authors: Daniel Ofeoritse Esiegbuya , Amarachi Ojieabu
Published: February 2022

Indigenous methods of food processing in Nigeria are influenced by a wide range of socioeconomic factors and indigenous knowledge practices which support mycotoxingenic fungal contamination of processed food. Some of the socioeconomic factors include level of education, methods of skill acquisition, methods of food vending in market places, methods of food handling and storage, hygienic practices and poor water supply. The uses of indigenous knowledge in food processing are important because its application serve as a source of livelihood improvements, sustainability of indigenous food and eradication of food shortage. The limitation of the application of indigenous knowledge in food processing encourages mycotoxins contamination of foods. This is as a result of the poor hygienic conditions of the processing utensils, processing environments and methods of packaging the processed food. Due to the absence of policies in monitoring the quality of indigenously processed foods in market places and the risk associated with indigenous methods of food processing, there is the need for government agencies to address these issues through policy assessment in the areas of operations, inspection and enforcement and training so as to effectively harness the benefits of indigenous knowledge in food processing for national development.
Food Health with Increased Probiotic Survival During Storage
Authors: Shoaei Fatemeh
Published: February 2022

In recent years, due to the increasing concern of consumers about their food health. Pay attention to foods not only as a source of nutrients but also as promoters of health and wellness-hence the increase in demand for foods that have active or functional ingredients (especially natural ingredients). They increase nutritional value and nutritional health. Changes in food consumption, disorder the intestinal microbial system. Maintaining the health benefits of consuming beneficial bacteria that are present in the intestinal system. Probiotics are essential for improving intestinal microbial homeostasis. Probiotics are living microorganisms that, if recommended in sufficient quantities, can have positive effects on human health. Lowers cholesterol, improves lactose intolerance, increases nutritional value and prevents cancer. Probiotics are unstable during storage and the gastrointestinal tract (pH and bile salts). For this reason, the survival of probiotic cells and the absence of changes in the sensory properties of the product during storage are of have fundamental importance. Encapsulation and co-encapsulation with prebiotics are often a good way to increase the resistance of probiotic bacteria to difficult conditions and their survival. This leads to improved production of probiotic products and increased food health in the world.
Dental Students’ Satisfaction with Academic Advisors: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Golshah Amin , Sadegh Solmaz , Rezaie Leeba
Published: February 2022

Background: Academic counseling is a relationship between academic advisors and students and an effective approach to preventing students’ academic failure and improve the educational system at the university level. Students' satisfaction with academic advisors could affect the quality of academic counseling. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the influential factors in dental students’ satisfaction with academic advisors. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis on 17 students of the School of Dentistry of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran who were selected by purposive sampling in 2019. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, which were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Results: Two main themes were extracted, which were the academic advisor’s image and students’ expectations. Four main categories and 12 subcategories were also obtained. The main categories were the academic advisor’s characteristics, academic advisor’s position, student-advisor communication, and students’ needs. Conclusions: According to the results, several factors may affect the satisfaction of dental students with academic advisors, such as the advisor’s characteristics, communication between advisors and students, and general attitudes toward academic advisors in the educational system. These findings should be addressed in strategy planning in order to increase students’ satisfaction with academic advisors.
Molecular docking and GC-MS data for the inhibition of RAD51 expression by a compound from Clerodendrum inerme L.
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Sri Meenakshi Government Arts College for Women, Madurai-625002, Tamil Nadu, India, Ganesan Sasireka
Published: February 2022

Screening of potential inhibitors for RAD51 from petroleum ether extract of Clerodendrum inerme L. (C.inerme) is of interest. Presence of phytocompounds was identified using GC-MS analysis. Molecular docking and ADME properties were calculated for potential inhibitors for RAD51. A total of 25 phytocompounds were extracted from the petroleum ether extract of C.inerme. The compound 1,2,4- Trimethyl-3-nitrobicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-9-one shows binding features with the cancer target protein RAD51 similar to the FDA approved drug of 5-Flurouracil for further consideration in the context of pancreatic cancer drug discovery.
Zak phase induced interface states in two-dimensional phononic crystals
Authors: Gao Hui-Fen , Zhou Xiao-Fang , Huang Xue-Qin ,   Department of Physics, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China,   School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
Published: February 2022

Interface states have great practical applications, therefore, searching for the existence of interface states has both scientific significance and application prospects. In this work, we tilt the structure unite of two-dimensional phononic crystal with a square lattice to construct an oblique lattice possessing linear Dirac dispersion. The Dirac dispersion gives rise to a π jump of the Zak phases of the bulk bands, so that the projected band gaps at both sides of the Dirac cone have opposite signs of surface impedance, resulting in deterministic interface states at the interface formed by the phononic crystal with a square lattice and its tilted oblique lattice system.
Quantification of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes
Authors: Garcia Audrey , Le Tri , Jankowski Paul , Yanaç Kadir , Yuan Qiuyan , Uyaguari-Diaz Miguel I.
Published: February 2022

We investigated the potential use and quantification of human enteric viruses in municipal wastewater samples of Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) as alternative indicators of contamination and evaluated the processing stages of the wastewater treatment plant. During the fall 2019 and winter 2020 seasons, samples of raw sewage, activated sludge, effluents, and biosolids (sludge cake) were collected from the North End Sewage Treatment Plant (NESTP), which is the largest wastewater treatment plant in the City of Winnipeg. DNA (Adenovirus and crAssphage) and RNA enteric viruses (Pepper mild mottle virus, Norovirus genogroups GI and GII, Rotavirus Astrovirus, and Sapovirus) as well as the uidA gene found in Escherichia coli were targeted in the samples collected from the NESTP. Total nucleic acids from each wastewater treatment sample were extracted using a commercial spin-column kit. Enteric viruses were quantified in the extracted samples via quantitative PCR using TaqMan assays. Overall, the average gene copies assessed in the raw sewage were not significantly different (p-values ranged between 0.1023 and 0.9921) than the average gene copies assessed in the effluents for DNA and RNA viruses and uidA in terms of both volume and biomass. A significant reduction (p-value ≤ 0.0438) of Adenovirus and Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII was observed in activated sludge samples compared with those for raw sewage per volume. Higher GCNs of enteric viruses were observed in dewatered sludge samples compared to liquid samples in terms of volume (g of sample) and biomass (ng of nucleic acids). Enteric viruses found in gene copy numbers were at least one order of magnitude higher than the E. coli marker uidA, indicating that enteric viruses may survive the wastewater treatment process and viral-like particles are being released into the aquatic environment. Viruses such as Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII, and Rotavirus were detected during colder months. Our results suggest that Adenovirus, crAssphage, and Pepper mild mottle virus can be used confidently as complementary viral indicators of human fecal pollution.
A Comparative Study of Achievement Scores of Students in Economics after Three Objective Test Formats
Authors: Okoye Romy O. , Ojinnaka Kelechi J.
Published: February 2022

This is a comparative study of achievement scores of students in economics after three objective test formats. Two research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. A 2x3 mixed ANOVA design was used to carry out the study. The sample for the study comprised of 533 Senior Secondary II (SSII) students offering Economics drawn using multi-stage sampling procedure from public secondary schools in Anambra State. Economics Achievement Test in short-answer, true-false and multiple-choice formats were utilized in data collection. The reliability indices of the instruments were 0.76, 0.78 and 0.83 respectively for short-answer, multiple-choice and true-false item formats. Kuder-Richardson Formular 21 was employed to measure the internal consistency reliability of the test scores for the three objective tests. Each student took the three objective tests. The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and two-way ANOVA. The findings of the study showed that students performed better with multiple-choice format relative to other objective test formats. While the tested hypotheses revealed that a significant difference existed between the achievement scores of male and female SSII students exposed to short-answer test and multiple-choice formats, no significant difference existed between achievement scores of male and female SSII students exposed to true/false test format in economics. It was further revealed that there was no interaction effect between objective test formats and gender of secondary school students studying economics. It was recommended that examination bodies should keep relying on multiple-choice since it leads to higher achievement scores than others.
A Comparative Study of Personal Hygiene in Public and Private Schools in an Urban Local Government Area of Rivers State
Authors: Nwadiuto Ifeoma , Anyiam Felix Emeka , Babatunde Seye , Ordinioha Best
Published: February 2022

Background: Healthy and well-nourished children are better able to participate completely in school and hence profit from education. Poor hygiene habits contribute to the increasing burden of communicable diseases by causing days lost to illness. The study aims to compare the level of knowledge and practice of personal hygiene of pupils of public and private schools in an urban Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria.

Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in four public and private primary schools in Port Harcourt LGA, Rivers State. The sample size was calculated and 139 pupils were randomly selected, 75 in the public and 64 in the private schools. Data collection was done with the use of interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS Version 16. Differences in means were compared using Student’s t-test while association between categorical variables were examined with Chi-Square (X2) test. A probability value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Public and private school pupils had very good hygiene knowledge (Χ2=0.101; p=0.97). Assessment of the personal hygiene revealed that the proportion of pupils who were rated as ‘very clean’ was higher in the private schools than the public schools, although not statistically significant (Χ2=2.881; p=0.277). There were significant differences in favour of the private schools in the cleanliness of the nails, body (skin) and mouth/teeth with p-values of 0.027, 0.003 and 0.003 respectively.

Conclusions: Pupils in public and private schools have a very high level of hygiene knowledge but low hygiene practice. This could indicate that additional health personnel are needed in Nigeria and other poor nations to care for the health of schoolchildren.
Morphological, Anatomical, and Palynological Studies of Lasianthera africana P. Beauv (Stemonuraceae) from some Parts of Southern Nigeria
Authors: Regina Edet Okon, , Chimezie Ekeke, , Nora Opiah, Joy
Published: February 2022

This study examined Lasianthera africana P. Beauv based on, anatomical and palynological parameters. The anatomical studies were carried out with freehand sectioning. The species is hypostomatic, the epidermal cells are are irregular, with undulating anticlinal walls. The stomata types are anomocytic, and anisocytic. The midrib has bicollateral vascular bundles and the petiolar vascular bundle is arced with rib traces on both sides of the wings. Calcium oxalate and tannin occurred in the lamina, midrib, petiole and stem. The pollen grains are smooth, intectate, with thick exine, with tricolporate aperture, and with an equatorial diameter of 21.5-25.8 µm. These features are diagnostic and confirm the placement of this species in Stemonuraceae.
Effect of Drip Irrigation and Inter Cropping Systems on Growth Characters of Maize
Authors: Kumar C. Navin , Selvam S. Panneer , Ramanathan S. P. , Kalarani S. , Nagarajan G. , Duraisamy S.
Published: February 2022

Aims: The main aim of the study is to reduce the irrigation quantity for maize and intercrop adds extra value to the sole crop by generating additional income to the farmers.

Study Design: Factorial Randomised Block Design (FRBD).

Place and Duration of Study: Eastern block farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during summer and Kharif 2021.

Methodology: Maize as a sole crop and inter crop was grown under drip and flooded conditions. To quantify the irrigation with different set of irrigation as treatments (75% PE, 100% PE and 125% PE) was followed. Irrigation under flooded conditions was quantified using parshall flume. Different inter crops like Lab Lab, Green gram, Black Gram and Cow pea was raised within the rows of maize. The duration of inter crops was less than 60 days than that of maize.

Results: During its peak cob formation stage (61-90 days), the quantity of water applied to the plant was higher with 125 % PE (205858.8 l/day) followed by 100% PE (123515.3 l/day) and 75 % PE (164687.1 l/day). The higher plant height was observed with 280.5 cm in               Maize + Lab Lab followed by black gram, green gram and cowpea. Irrigation level varied significantly with 100% open pan evaporation on plant growth (254.8 cm) followed by 75% open pan evaporation. Interaction effect was significant in Maize + Lab Lab cropping system alone, irrespective of the irrigation treatments (75, 100, 125 % PE and flooding).

Conclusion: Water requirement with the month and stage wise during the crop growth clearly indicates that the minimum amount of water is required for the crop growth and development.
A Prospective Study on Clinical Efficacy of Intravitreal Bevacizumab and Macular Grid Laser in Patients with Macular Edema Secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Hazra Soumyadeep , Kanti Saha Tapes
Published: February 2022

Background: Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is the second most common cause of retinal vascular abnormality after diabetic retinopathy. Persistent macular edema develops in 60% of eyes with BRVO. Untreated, only 14% of eyes with chronic macular edema will have a visual acuity (VA) of 20/40 or better. If not resolved spontaneously, treatment is necessary in the form of intravitreal injection of Anti-VEGF followed by Macular Grid Laser. Bevacizumab is the Anti-VEGF of choice in developing countries because of its prolonged action and cheap price, which helps in preventing neovascularisation and thus further haemorrhages. Laser helps in stopping the leakage and thus helps in treating the macular edema.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal Bevacizumab and Macular grid laser in the management of macular edema secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion in patients attending the ophthalmology.

Materials and Methods: In this research study, 32 patients presenting with macular edema secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion to ophthalmology OPD were included after taking their consent and the study was carried out for a period of 2 years. Detailed history taking, Visual acuity, slit lamp examination, Fundus examination and OCT were done for all before treatment and also during every follow ups. FFA was done before treatment and after 3 months of laser. As treatment, all of them were given intravitreal injection of bevacizumab followed by macular grid laser.Patients were followed up on Day 1, Day 4, Day 7 and 4 weeks after intravitreal injection and 3 months after grid laser.

Results: In our study out of 32 patients, 17 were male (52%) and 15 were females (48%). The average age of the patient was 59 (range 40-70). The commonest co-morbidities in the patients were either Diabetes or Hypertension or both. The commonest type of BRVO was superotemporal BRVO. The average visual gain was statistically significant. The average decrease in Central Macular Thickness was 383 microns and this was statistically significant (p<0.05). There was no serious ocular or systemic complications following intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab in our study

Conclusion: In the management of macular edema secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion Intravitreal Bevacizumab injections in combination with subsequent macular grid treatment significantly improves vision and reduces macular edema.
Study of Fissure Soles: Prevalence and Their Association with Various Dermatoses
Authors: Petkar Sunil , Waghmare Pratima , Sankhe Ketaki , Maheshawari Pravin
Published: February 2022

Heel ﬁssures are splits or cracks in the epidermis, which can manifest as a consequence of anhidrosis and may or may not present with hyperkeratosis. Epidermal ﬁssures are superﬁcial and not considered to be a wound at this early stage. However, with increased pressure these splits become deeper, involving the dermis so that they begin to bleed and result in pain on weight-bearing activities. These ﬁssures are regarded as partial-thickness skin wounds and are at increased risk of developing infection.

In Theory anyone can get a cracked heel or fissure soles but certain conditions predisposing to fissure soles are  Congenital causes - Juvenile Plantar Dermatosis

Acquired causes - Eczema, Atopic Dermatitis, Tinea pedis,Psoriasis especially Palmoplantar psoriasis, Palmoplantar Keratodermas, Leprosy, Systemic causes-Diabetes mellitus, Hypothyroidism, Scleroderma, Rheumatoid arthritis.
Case Report on Bipolar Affecting Disorder with Hypertension
Authors: Deotale Ishwari H. , Ankar Ruchira , Singh Seema , Raut Arti , Sakharkar Sheetal
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the foremost frequent chronic disorders in populations where depression is usually present; however, in chronic cases, it can raise the danger of death. Bipolar major Affective Disorder (BPAD) may be a common and recurrent psychiatric disorder that affects people everywhere on the planet. Tt's characterized by episodes of mania, hypomania, hyperactivity, and depression.

Findings of Clinical: A 45-year-old woman from Chandrapur is admitted to the (AVBRH) Archarya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital Sawangi Meghe (Wardha), in a mental health ward(Psychiatric ward) with a known case of Bipolar major Affective Disorder. Her relatives brought her to AVBRH, where she is admitted with the chief complaint of low mood, muttering to herself, violent and abusive behavior. A case of bipolar major affective disorder is been identified. Both manic and hypomanic episodes are feasible. Bouncy, jumpy, or wired unusually. Increased activity, excitement, or energy. Feelings of satisfaction and self-assurance that are exaggerated (euphoria). Thyroid function testing and urine analyses were done with a A/B testing A simple randomized controlled experiment was done. A variety of procedures is used, including (CBC) complete blood count, (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging, (CT) scan Computed Tomography, Mental Status Examination, and (ECT)Electroconvulsive Therapy with  Psychotherapy.

Therapeutic Intervention: Olanzapine, sodium valproate, capacitance, and cloze, chlorpromazine are examples of pharmacological therapy given. 

Conclusion: After treatment, the patient's manic episodes stop and her symptoms began to fade.
Branches of a Rotten Tree - Trending Variants of COVID-19 and their Oral Manifestations
Authors: Bhandwalkar Sakshi , Madhu Priyanka Paul , Chhabra Kumar Gaurav , Reche Amit
Published: February 2022

Coronavirus was first originated in the city of Wuhan, China, in late 2019 however the flare-up spread rapidly across the globe in the primary long stretches of 2020. It was announced a worldwide pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020.  WHO's present approaches and defends are as yet viable against viral strains found since the episode started. The Delta variety of the Covid, which causes COVID-19, causes a greater number of diseases and spreads speedier than prior variations of the infection. The Delta variation is profoundly infectious, over 2x as infectious as past variations. On November 24, 2021, another variation of COVID-19, B.1.1.529, was accounted for to the planet Health Organization (WHO). On November 26, 2021, WHO named the B.1.1.529 Omicron and arranged it as a Variant of Concern (VOC). The Omicron variation probably will spread more effectively than the primary SARS-CoV-2 infection and the way effectively Omicron spreads contrasted with Delta stays obscure. Acute Corona viral infection, along with related treatment approaches, might cause negative oral health effects. The spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms on the oral cavity has been deemed of broad and current interest since the prevalence of clinical manifestations is unclear. As well as establishing general wellbeing and contamination control measures to forestall or decrease SARS-CoV-2 transmission, inoculation to forestall SARS-CoV-2 disease in networks all through the world is basic to forestalling this worldwide pandemic [1].
Comparative Evaluation of Alpha-Amylase and Alpha- Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Aqueous Seed Extract of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum and Moringa Oleifera - An In vitro Study
Authors: Prithiksha N. , Gayathri R. , Priya V. Vishnu , Selvaraj J. , Kavitha S.
Published: February 2022

Background: Trigonella foenum-graecum is one of the commonly used herbs in food. Moringa oleifera is a source of food, accommodation and conventional medicine for many peoples in the developing countriesThe seeds of both the plants were explored for antidiabetic potential.

Methods: The current work was designed to probe the in vitro anti diabetic potential of the aqueous seed elicit of trigonella foenum- graceus and Moringa oleifera using the enzymes alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase.Both the extracts were screened for their phytochemicals and antioxidant potential was also analysed.The data were examine statistically by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance in conjunction with groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant.

Result: Due to its chemical ingredient and active compounds like amino acids, alkaloids,  flavonoids, it proceeds as a good antioxidant. Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract exhibited comparatively higher antidiabetic potential with an IC50 of 300µg/ml than the Moringa oleifera extract. Results of the work designate that both extracts of the plant possessed by forbidding alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase show maximum inhibition. Hence concluded that, Trigonella foenum graecum leaves might be considered as herbal remedies for diabetes.

Conclusion: In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of seed elicit of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Moringa oleifera were analyzed and compared. This study shows that Trigonella foenum-graecum has higher antidiabetic potential than the Moringa oleifera extract.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Various Vitamin D Formulations after Treatment
Authors: Patil Bhushan , Ambatkar Suyash , Chhatbar Kuldeep , Ahmed Salahuddin , Vasavada Shrut
Published: February 2022

Background: Vitamin D hasa vital starring role in bone metabolism which also promotes the absorption of calcium in the intestine. Thus, adequate level of vitamin D is of critical importance. Methods:A prospective, randomized, comparative, parallel-group study evaluated the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of three Vitamin D3 products in patients with vitamin D3 deficiency or insufficiency. These products included soft gelatin capsule, granules, and chewable tablet. Thedosing regimen was once a week for eight weeks. Change in levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium were analyzed.results : The change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels from baseline to week 8, and the results of paired t-test indicated statistically significant rise in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in each group. The mean percentage improvement in 25-hydroxyvitamin D was in the order: chewable tablet>capsule>granules. The chewable tablet showed an additional important benefit of highest rise in calcium levels, and the rise was in the order: chewable tablet>capsule>granules. Furthermore, no adverse event was noted in any group. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the chewable tablet in improving both 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium levels along with the cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and palatability makes it an attractive choice over other oral formulations in treatment of patients with 25-hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Ethanolic Extracts of Cissus quadrangularis and Cinnamomum tamala - An in vitro Study
Authors: Priyadharshni R. , Kavitha S. , Gayathri R. , Vishnupriya V. , Selvaraj J.
Published: February 2022

Background: Diabetes is a rapidly growing metabolic disorder of the present generation. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to various complications which in turn affects the vascular system, neuropathy,and more. Medicinal plants are always a good source of drug equivalent  currently present. Antidiabetic drugs lead to a large amount of side effects. A comparative study was made between Cissus quadrangularis and Cinnamomum tamala for its antidiabetic potential.

Aim: To evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis and Cinnamomum tamala and to compare its efficacy.

Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extracts of Cissus quadrangularis and Cinnamomum tamala were tested for its phytoconstituents, antioxidant and antidiabetic potential.The data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and it was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant.

Results: Phytochemical screening  showed a strong  presence of flavonoids and terpenoids in both the plant extract. Results showed that plant extract had antidiabetic and antioxidant activity.  Among them Cissus quadrangularis exhibited significantly more antidiabetic and antioxidant activity.

Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Cissus and Cinnamomum tamala exhibits potent antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. With further invivo and invitro studies the plant extract can be formulated into a potent antidiabetic drug.
Effect of Strawberry Extract on Tooth Discoloration and Morphology- An in vitro Study
Authors: Neha R. , Priya V. Vishnu , Arthanari Abirami , Gayathri R. , Kavitha S. , Reshma P. K.
Published: February 2022

Background: Teeth whitening or dental bleaching is a procedure that is most often asked by patients because it is a very effective way to improve the appearance and aesthetics of a smile when compared with other invasive restorative treatments. Strawberry being a natural ingredient helps in the teeth whitening process.

Aim: The aim of the study is to find the effect of strawberry extract on tooth discoloration and morphology

Materials and Methods: Non- carious tooth samples were used for the experiment. Mandibular premolars were used as the samples, in which one tooth was immersed in strawberry extract and the other was in distilling water and kept for three days. The height and size of the tooth were measured to determine morphological changes before and after experiments. The results were compared between the dimensions of both the teeth for 72 hours and plotted into a bar graph.

Results: The results indicated that there were no significant morphological changes between the tooth immersed in strawberry extract and distilled water.

Conclusion: Fruits and leaves of strawberry plants are used to whiten teeth. Chewing strawberries every day can help to nourish the mouth, such as whitening of teeth and making breath more fresher. All these processes take place only if teeth are exposed to strawberry for a long period. Our study established the teeth whitening and anti-decay properties of strawberry extract in the teeth. Further research is required to observe the effect of strawberry extract on teeth in detail.
Lip Prints Analysis: An Observational Study
Authors: Samudhrasri S. , Priya V. Vishnu , Arthanari Abirami , Gayathri R. , Kavitha S. , Reshma P. K. , Dinesh Y.
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of the present study is to determine the lip prints among undergraduate dental students.

Introduction: Human identification is a universal process based on scientific principles mainly involving fingerprinting. Uniqueness is a strong point used in the analysis of fingerprints to convince the court of law. Even the lip prints are unique for an individual and can be used for identification purposes. Thus lip prints can be used to verify the presence or absence of a person at the scene of crime. The aim of this study is to analyse lip prints among undergraduate dental students.

Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 50 females. The materials used were lipstick, a brush for applying the lipstick, and magnifying lens. Lipstick was applied evenly on the vermilion border of the lips and the pattern was studied.

Results: This study of lip print pattern of 50 females revealed the following observation:

No two lip prints matched each other establishing the uniqueness of lip prints and type 2(branched Y shaped grooves) is most commonly seen.

Conclusion: This study showed that lip prints are unique for an individual and hold potential promise as a supplementary tool in forensic odontology.
Preliminary Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Ferula asafoetida-An in vitro Study
Authors: Asmidha T. , Gayathri R. , Priya V. Vishnu , Selvaraj J. , Kavitha S.
Published: February 2022

Aim: To analyse the preliminary phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-cholesterol potential of aqueous extract of Ferula asafoetida.

Background: Hyperlipidemia is considered as one of the leading causes behind the occurrence of deadly disorders like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis etc. It is characterised by elevated levels of plasma lipids, mainly total cholesterol. Antioxidants are compounds which can inhibit oxidative damage.  is the herbaceous plant belonging to the family Umbelliferae. It is used as spice in food and also used as digestive aid. It is used in the treatment of asthma and whooping cough and it also helps to reduce blood pressure.

Methods: Aqueous extract of Ferula asafoetida was prepared by hot percolation method. The screening of phytochemical constituents, assessment of in vitro antioxidant activity and anticholesterol activity were done using standard procedures and the data were analysed statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ONE-WAY ANOVA) and the significance was considered at the levels of p<0.05.

Results: Ferula asafoetida extract was rich in phytochemicals and possessed potent in vitro antioxidant activity. Anti-cholesterol activity of Ferula asafoetida extract was examined and it was observed   that the plant extract exhibited significant anti cholesterol potential in a dose dependent manner with an IC 50 value of 400 µg/ml.

Conclusion: The study established the in vitro antioxidant and hypolipidemic potential of aqueous extract of Ferula asafoetida.  It is concluded that the extract of Ferula asafoetida possesses potent antioxidant and anticholesterol activity.
Effect of Thermocycling on Colour Stability of Alkasite Restorative Material (Cention N) - An In Vitro Study
Authors: Kishore R. N. Arun , Ganesh S. Balaji , Jayalakshmi S.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Cention N is an alkasite based dental restorative material, it is far less expensive unlike composite materials, it has fluoride releasing property and the strength of cention N is comparable to that of dental amalgam restorations. Colour stability is one of the major and important characteristics in dentistry, dental restoration and esthetics. The aim of the study is to evaluate the colour stability of alkasite restorative material (Cention N) before and after thermocycling.

Materials and Methods: Eight disc shaped samples of alkasite restorative material Cention N with 2 mm of thickness were prepared using a customised mould. After the disc sample preparation, they were numbered for identification and color stability was measured by using Vita easy shade advance spectrophotometer. L, a and b values were obtained before the thermocycling procedure. 1000 cycles of thermocycling was done which is equal to 6 months. The thermocycler used was TC 4 SD Mechatronik. The colour stability value after thermocycling was again determined using the vita easy shade spectrophotometer. Control group samples were not subjected to thermocycling. The colour stability values prior and after thermocycling were obtained and tabulated.

Results: Thermocycled cention N samples had low delta E values when compared to that of non thermocycled samples. Statistical analysis was done using spss software and independent t test was done. P value was found to be 0.616, showing that it is statistically insignificant.

Conclusion: From this research we can conclude that thermocycling procedure has an effect on the colour stability of the cention N material. Thermocycled cention N samples had better color stability when compared to non thermocycled cention N samples.