bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crafting Ceramics through the Use of Virtual Reality
Authors: Hansen Flemming Tvede
Published: May 2021

This paper reflects ongoing research about how new technology creates new possibilities within crafting and how it can build on traditional techniques within the field of ceramics. The research explores how virtual reality (VR), using Oculus Rift and 3D-printing in clay is suitable to link to the process of throwing vessels within ceramic crafts. The quality of the crafted objects in question is based on the ability of the presented technique to combine throwing and pattern-making as an integrated process while building up the thrown object, here named virtual pattern-throwing. Furthermore, it is argued that this use of VR for throwing makes it possible to recall a hands-on experience and thus weave the quality of the traditional craftsmanship with the virtual within the process of making vessels.
Learning everyday technologies through playful experimenting and cooperative making in pre-primary education
Authors: Yliverronen Virpi , Rönkkö Marja-Leena , Kangas Kaiju
Published: May 2021

The Finnish National Core Curriculum for pre-primary education (FNBE, 2014) emphasizes the promotion of children’s interests in science and technology, as well as in creative designing and making. The integrative STEAM approach is seen as promising for fostering students’ creative competencies starting from early education stages. In pre-primary education, the STEAM framework has received little research interest; the empirical evidence of its implementation is especially limited. The objective of this present study is to explore pre-primary students’ designing and making processes involving both traditional and digital craft elements, and how their learning of everyday technologies can be supported. The data consists of video recorded sessions, where pre-primary students (n=19, aged 5–6 years) were creating felted “Power Creatures” with soft circuits. The results indicate that with adult and peer student cooperation, pre-primary students are able to create original creatures and use digital elements as a part of their craft product. Playing is endorsed as a learning method to support pre-primary education in both tangible and abstract elements of technology
A role for industrial looms in craft research
Authors: Walters Kathryn
Published: May 2021

As a definition of craft practice, the workmanship of risk emphasises the judgement and skill of the crafter, as they engage with materials, tools, and techniques to produce artefacts. Through experimental design research methods, self-forming three-dimensional textiles were created with the aim to develop both the use of digital and automated tools for weaving, and language to describe the process of textural forming in weaving when hand and machine meet. Examples of experimental work illustrate the potential of industrial looms as tools for crafting complex textile systems and expressions. The results include a method for crafting at the intersection of the workmanship of risk and CAD/CAM, providing a framework for this hybrid practice, while a new language of textile forming for craft including industrial and CAD/CAM tools emerges.
Craft as More-Than-Human
Authors: Vennatrø Ragnar , Høgseth Harald Bentz
Published: May 2021

This article considers craft science and practice-led research in light of more-than-human approaches to practice under the heading posthumanism, as found within humanities and social sciences in recent years. Practice-led research within craft science, represents a vital and ground-breaking field of inquiry, as an embodied subjective field of examination with an impressive ability to gain deep knowledge of various forms of skilled and/or natural practices. One aspect of practice that this research seems less able to grasp, is a broader practical connection between multiple ontologies of human and non-human practice. Going beyond a purely human phenomenology of craft, this article seeks a more symmetrical and post-anthropocentric approach to knowledge and materiality, as practice in multiple ontologies. This would mean a shift in how craft science view practice, from being a strictly operational aspect adhering to human practitioners, to practice as an ongoing more-than-human process by which phenomena (and practitioners) are brought into being and are maintained.
Crafting short films
Authors: Fernström Päivi , Dahlberg Mikaela , Sirviö Eeva-Leena , Lahti Henna
Published: May 2021

In this article, we focus on film making as a part of craft studies and narrative inquiry. Short films were created in a course in the craft teacher master’s degree at the University of Helsinki. The aim of the course was to serve several purposes such as 1) to enable students to become familiar with a new way of deepening conceptual thinking through making, 2) to apply and develop craft skills in working on a selected concept or theme, and 3) to understand the dialogue between conceptual and material artefacts. We explore the opportunities to transmit multisensory experiences via short films. For illustration, we introduce two short films created during the course. Using the deliberative interviewing method, we have broadened the perspective on reflective and analytical level.
Between Hemse and Mästermyr
Authors: Almevik Gunnar , Pärmsten Bertil , Sjöholm Magnus
Published: May 2021

The distance between Hemse church and the fields of Mästermyr on the Swedish Island of Gotland is about eight kilometers. The distance or rather the proximity between these two places is given importance in this filmed research article. In the 1930s, a farmer found a wooden chest in Mästermyr containing hundreds of forged tools and other artefacts. During a restoration of the Romanesque Hemse church in the 1890s, reused parts of a stave church were discovered in the wooden floor. The hypothetical question that is investigated in this study is whether the tools from Mästermyr were used in the construction of Hemse stave church in the early 1100’s? This filmed article analyzes and compares the traces of toolmarks in Hemse stave church and the woodworking tools from the Märstermyr finding. Through a forensic examination involving 3D scanning with structured light, 3D printing and reconstruction of tools and woodworking procedures, it is revealed that several toolmarks in the stave church correspond to the characteristics of woodworking tools in the Mästermyr find. The tool's shape, dimensions and mode of operation are traced in its negative imprint in the stave church’s oak wood.
Ways of Tacit Knowing
Authors: Seiler Joakim , Eriksson Lars , Westerlund Tina , Almevik Gunnar
Published: May 2021

A common way to describe craft knowledge is through the figure of speech it's in your hands. With this description, there is no attempt made to explain the complex knowledge which is present in craft. One reason why these explanations are rarely articulated is that they consist of sensory judgments. With this film, Ways of Tacit Knowing, we argue that, with the help of film media, it is possible to decode and articulate some of the knowledge content embodied in craft that is often described as tacit knowledge. We, the producers of this film, are experienced craftspeople, which makes us at once both subjects and objects of the research—a methodology akin to auto-ethnography. In the film, we present examples of situations from practice in our different craft fields: the practice in cultivation and management in gardening and the practice of culinary crafts situated in the kitchen and in the dining room. This film presents a dialogue of knowledge in action with craftspeople who discuss their sensory-based judgments in crafts
Three Observations on Filming Tactility and Movement in Crafts-based Practice
Authors: Ho Wuon-Gean
Published: May 2021

This film makes three observations on the filming of tactility and movement in order to adequately convey tacit knowledge in embodied ways. The author, Wuon-Gean Ho, studied the craft of traditional woodblock printmaking in Japan, and demonstrates planning, carving and printing of a woodblock print.

The first observation is that an alteration of the time-base of the film and subsequent manipulation of the soundscape can provide embodied affects. Secondly the film refers to the effect of mirror-touch-synaesthesia with close macro shots and intimate angles. Thirdly, the use of a birds’ eye point of view, with the hands of the artist in the same anatomical position as the viewers’ hands, enables the gaze of the viewer to mimic that of the maker, conveying haptic knowledge through poetic means.The voiceover to the film is made with deliberate reference to ASMR videos that engender a sense of intimacy. The non-objectivity of the recording process is commented upon. The conclusion is that constructed scenarios might convey more than real-time truthful indexical footage.
Landmark-free, parametric hypothesis tests regarding two-dimensional contour shapes using coherent point drift registration and statistical parametric mapping
Authors: Pataky Todd C. , Yagi Masahide , Ichihashi Noriaki , Cox Philip G.
Published: May 2021

This paper proposes a computational framework for automated, landmark-free hypothesis testing of 2D contour shapes (i.e., shape outlines), and implements one realization of that framework. The proposed framework consists of point set registration, point correspondence determination, and parametric full-shape hypothesis testing. The results are calculated quickly (<2 s), yield morphologically rich detail in an easy-to-understand visualization, and are complimented by parametrically (or nonparametrically) calculated probability values. These probability values represent the likelihood that, in the absence of a true shape effect, smooth, random Gaussian shape changes would yield an effect as large as the observed one. This proposed framework nevertheless possesses a number of limitations, including sensitivity to algorithm parameters. As a number of algorithms and algorithm parameters could be substituted at each stage in the proposed data processing chain, sensitivity analysis would be necessary for robust statistical conclusions. In this paper, the proposed technique is applied to nine public datasets using a two-sample design, and an ANCOVA design is then applied to a synthetic dataset to demonstrate how the proposed method generalizes to the family of classical hypothesis tests. Extension to the analysis of 3D shapes is discussed.
Prediction and injury risk based on movement patterns and flexibility in a 6-month prospective study among physically active adults
Authors: Koźlenia Dawid , Domaradzki Jarosław
Published: May 2021

Background

Physical activity has many health benefits but also carries a risk of injury. Some universal factors are connected with an increased risk regardless of the type of sport. Identifying these factors may help predict injuries and aid in their prevention.

Aim

The aim of this study is to determine the level of injury risk and the accuracy of injury prediction during a prospective 6-month period based on the quality of movement patterns and level of flexibility among average physically active young adults.

Material and Methods

A group of 123 young, physically active adults were recruited for this study. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to determine their level of physical activity. The author’s own Injury History Questionnaire (IHQ) was used to retrospectively collect injury data from the 12 months before the study and prospectively collect data during the six month observation period. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) test was conducted to assess the movement patterns quality and a sit-and-reach test was conducted to measure lower back and hamstrings flexibility.

Results

Low-quaility movement patterns (14≥ FMS) increased the injury risk level sevenfold. A level of flexibility reduced by one cm increased the risk of injury by 6%. Previous injuries also increased the risk of injury reccurence 6.4 times. Predicting injury occurrence based on the quality of movement patterns allows for an accuracy of 73%, whereas flexibility allows for a 41% accuracy. The simultaneous use of these two factors did not improve injury prediction accuracy.

Conclusion

The risk of an injury increases with low-quality movement patterns, a low level of flexibility, and previous injuries. Preventative strategies should include shaping high-quality movement patterns, the right level of flexibility, and the full healing of injuries before resuming activities. The quality of movement patterns is an accurate predictor of injury risk, but lower back and hamstrings flexibility is not a reliable predictor of injury.
Field and laboratory metabolism and thermoregulation in rhinoceros auklets
Authors: Umeyama Aika , Niizuma Yasuaki , Shirai Masaki
Published: May 2021

Seabirds spend most of their lives at sea, except when visiting their breeding sites. Since the thermal conductivity of water is 25 times higher than that of air, seabirds resting on water lose heat and expend a considerable amount of energy for thermoregulation. For example, rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), a medium-sized (480–620 g) alcid, spends most of its time floating on the sea. In order to estimate the cost of this behavior in terms of their daily energy expenditure (DEE), we studied rhinoceros auklets breeding on Teuri Island, Hokkaido Japan. We measured their resting metabolic rate (RMR) in air and on water by respirometry, and estimated their DEE by the doubly labeled water method. While RMR on water did not vary significantly between 10 °C and 15 °C, it was significantly higher at 5 °C. Air temperature (5.0–20.0 °C) had no effect on RMR. The DEE of free-ranging auklets averaged 1,005.5 kJ day−1(±130.2,n = 3). Our results indicate that RMRs are elevated for auklets resting on water, particularly below their lower critical temperature (LCT), compared with in air. Accordingly, spending time above their LCT on water at any time of year will provide enhanced benefits, particularly to seabirds such as rhinoceros auklets which rest a considerable amount of time on water.
ECC Based Defense Scheme for Selective Drop Attack in Wireless Ad Hoc Network
Authors: V Sangeetha , Umamaheswari Dr. G.
Published: May 2021

Performance and security are two critical functions of wireless ad-hoc networks (WANETs). Network security ensures the integrity, availability, and performance of WANETs. It helps to prevent critical service interruptions and increases economic productivity by keeping networks functioning properly. Since there is no centralized network management in WANETs, these networks are susceptible to packet drop attacks. In selective drop attack, the neighbouring nodes are not loyal in forwarding the messages to the next node. It is critical to identify the illegitimate node, which overloads the host node and isolating them from the network is also a complicated task. Resistive to selective drop attack (RSDA) scheme is proposed to provide effective security against selective drop attack. A lightweight RSDA protocol is proposed for detecting malicious nodes in the network under a particular drop attack. The RSDA protocol can be integrated with the many existing routing protocols for WANETs such as AODV and DSR. It accomplishes reliability in routing by disabling the link with the highest weight and authenticate the nodes using the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm. In the proposed methodology, the packet drop rate, throughput and end to end delay are analysed.
Functional and Sensory Evaluation of Enriched Weaning Food Produced from Cereal, Legume and Vegetable
Authors: Izuwa Iwanegbe
Published: May 2021

This study examined the functional and sensory properties of enriched weaning food produced from cereal, legume and vegetable. Maize, soybean and carrot were formulated into blends. Sensory evaluation, proximate and functional properties were determined. The data generated were analyzed. The results obtained showed that at 2 weeks, Samples D and F had the highest score (5.00) for colour quality while least score was recorded in sample E (2.00). At 4 weeks, Samples D and F had the same score (5.00) and Sample E also had the least colour score (2.00). At 0 week, there were no significant (p>0.05) change in the texture among Samples A (4.00), B (5.00), C (5.00), D (5.00), and F (5.00). At 0 week, Samples C (5.00) and D (5.00) had the highest score for overall acceptability. The least moisture was seen in defatted soybean (5.07%), this was followed by fermented maize (9.71%) and the highest moisture content was observed in carrot (12.91%). Defatted soybean had the highest (41.2%) protein content next was carrot (10.63%) and the least was maize (6.14%) in that decreasing order. The highest (270%) water holding capacity  was observed in Sample E, this was followed by Samples D (240%), C (240%), B (166%) and A (140%) in that decreasing order. The highest value for oil absorption was seen in Sample C (144%), this was followed by Sample A (121%), D (120%), B (105%) and E (90%) in that order. In this study products C and D were preferred as they were able to compete favourably with the commercial diet (F=control). However, product D was more preferred having the best color quality, texture quality as well as good functional properties. This study recommends the complementary of maize flour by the supplementation of carrot at 15% and soybean 20% inclusion level for better sensory and functional characteristics.
A Study on Extent of Adoption of Agri Waste Management Practices by the Farmers of Medak District of Telangana, India
Authors: Ravi G. , Savitha B. , Sreenivasulu M. , Vidyasagar Ch. G. E.
Published: May 2021

Agricultural waste refers to waste produced from agricultural operations, including waste from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses. The present study was focused on, to study the extent of adoption of agri waste management practices and its relationship with the profile of the farmers. The Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study with a sample of 120, covering Medak district of Telangana state. From the analysis, it was found that majority of the farmers (45.80%) fall under the category of medium adoption, followed by low (27.50%) and high (26.70%) adoption categories with regards to the adoption of agri waste management practices. Correlation analysis between extent of adoption of agri waste management practices and profile characteristics of respondents revealed that, information seeking behavior had positive and significant relationship with adoption at one percent level of significance. The variables education, cropping pattern, infrastructure facilities, innovativeness, achievement motivation, training undergone had positive and farming experience had negative significant relationship with adoption at five per cent level of significance. The remaining variables, age, cropping intensity had negatively and farm size, level of aspiration had positively non-significant relationship with extent of adoption of agri waste management practices.
Application of Phosphorus and Calcium to Improve Physiological Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Nyuma Henry Tamba , Kollie William S. , Rweyemamu Cornel. L. , Fayiah John S.
Published: May 2021

Genotype, environment and agronomic practices are key determinants of crop   growth and productivity which are important to provide food, feed, raw materials and income to small holder farmers in Africa. The study was conducted at Crop museum, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania to investigate physiological response of groundnut to calcium and phosphorus nutrition among three improved groundnut genotypes Mangaka (G1), Masasi (G2) and Pendo (G3) with three levels of phosphorus and at calcium control (T0), 125 kg/ha (T1) and 55 kg/ha (T2) supplied from Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Minjingu mazao, respectively.  Significant (P< 0.05) influence of calcium was observed on leaf area index (LAI) 4.03; crop biomass 88.79 g/plant; number of nodules 66.22, and crop growth rate (CGR) 15.05 g m2/day. Whereas phosphorus had significant influence on net assimilation rate (NAR) 10.84 g m2/day. Similarly, groundnut genotype (Masasi) had significant influence on LAI (3.95); CGR (13.04 g m2/day); NAR (12.36 g m2/day) and number of nodes (64.93). However, there was no significant effect of genotype on crop biomass recorded from the investigation. Growth  parameters were significant influenced by genotype and fertilizer interactions with Significant (P=0.2) interaction effect for crop biomass observed between G3 x T1, whileG3 x T2 significantly affected number of nodules and G2 x T1 had Significant interaction effects on CGR and NAR. This is an indication that investment in improved genotype and appropriate application rate of fertilizers has the potential to enhance yield and income of smallholder farmers.
Agromorphological Determinants Favoring the Spread of Anthracnose Disease in Cashew Agroforestry Farms in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Guy Brou Kouassi , Souleymane Silue , Dabé Doga , Franck Oro Zokou , François N’goran Yao Claude , Nazaire Kouassi Koffi II , Odette Dogbo Denezon
Published: May 2021

Cashew cultivation faces several health problems. Among these problems, anthracnose causes extensive damage to twigs, leaves and fruits and causes loss of yield. The spread of this disease is thought to be determined by certain agromorphological features of the cashew tree. The objective of this study was to search for these agro-morphological determinants that influence the spread of anthracnose disease in agroforestry systems in Côte d'Ivoire. To achieve this objective, 30 cashew trees spread across 26 agroforestry cashew orchards in the Korhogo, Sinématiali and Boundiali departments were chosen and geolocated. The factor studied was the clone, consisting of 30 cashew genotypes, with 15 modalities. The collected data was subjected to descriptive analysis, correlation test, PCA and hierarchical ascending classification (CAH). The results showed that the wingspan, leaf area and size of cashew trees are determinants that promote the spread of anthracnose disease. Following this result, the CAH made it possible to screen the genotypes into three groups. These results could contribute to management of anthracnose disease in agroforestry, to enhance and intensify this cropping systems.
Full-annealing and its effect on the Mechanical Properties of Alloy 304H Stainless Steel
Authors: Onwudili Anthony Edozie , Iweka Sunday Chukwuka
Published: May 2021

Stainless steel is an alloy of steel which contains at least 10.5% chromium, less than 1.2% carbon, and other alloying elements and it is widely used in many industries globally and their properties are highly influenced by their microstructure, heat treatment or by plastic deformation. But due to hardness, poor wear, and corrosion resistance, leading to short service life, there is need to investigate the effect of annealing on the mechanical properties of alloy 304H stainless steel and how the mechanical properties can be improved with a view of improving its service life and optimizing engineering usage. Sixteen (16) samples of the alloy were used. Twelve (12) samples were annealed at three different temperatures of 950oC, 1000oC and 1050oC inside a muffle furnace. At each temperature four samples were heat-treated inside the muffle furnace for 30 minutes. The result showed that the yield strength decreased from un-annealed sample to annealed samples at 950oC with a value of 504.8MPa and increased at 1000oC with a value of 610MPa and a decrease of 323.8 MPa was obtained at 1050oC. Also, the ultimate tensile strength showed an increase from   950oC with a value of 826.3MPa to 1000oC with a value of 930MPa but there was a slight decrease at 1050oC for all samples. The ultimate tensile strength at 1000oC with a value of 930MPa was the highest in all the samples. The annealed samples at 1000oC had the highest percentage elongation of 13.57% which shows an increase in the ductility of the material. The hardness of the material decreased from 157.25 BHN at 950oC to 134.00BHN at 1000oC. An increase to 169.50BHN was however obtained at 1050oC. Thus, full-annealing of alloy 304H stainless steel at 1000oC increases in ductility as hardness decreases.
A Review on Heavy Metal Contamination in Herbals
Authors: Shelar Maruti , Gawade Vaibhav , Bhujbal Santosh
Published: May 2021

Nearly 70-80% of the world's population relies on non-conventional medicines, often derived from herbal plants, according to World Health Organization (WHO) figure. Medicinal plants are starting material for any herbal preparation such as herbal medicines, herbal teas, herbal oil etc. These preparations are being used worldwide due to their therapeutic potential and as they are considered to be safe as compared to allopathic medicines. Lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic and mercury are the most common toxic metals that have become a matter of concern due to the reports of their contamination in various herbal preparations and herbal ingredients .Although the minimum acceptable limits have been laid out as safety concern. Heavy metal are evaluated by AAS, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, XRFS, HPLC, DPP, NAA, ASV and disposable sensor applications for achieving therapeutic efficacy and evolutions of heavy metal in herbals.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Different Leaf Extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (L) Poit
Authors: Erinle B. A. , Ajayi A. O. , Osuntokun O. T.
Published: May 2021

Aim: Hyptis suaveolens is well known for its immense medicinal properties and are beneficial as folk medicine. The objective of the study is to investigate the efficacy of the leaves for it antimicrobial activity.

Material and Methods: The leaves of Hyptis suaveolens was  subjected to extraction process using n-hexane, ethanol and distilled water as solvents and the antimicrobial activity was analyzed against different bacterial strains viz.; Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis by agar well diffusion method.

Results: Aqueous extracts showed inhibitory effect against the different tested bacteria organisms with variable zone of inhibitory range 6 -21 mm.

Conclusion: The aqueous extracts of Hyptis suaveolens exhibited the presence of highly effective bio-active compounds in these extracts. These can further be evaluated and characterize to improve upon what has been done to create a novel compound that can be useful for various medicinal purposes.
Lived Experiences of Persons under Investigation and Persons under Monitoring During General Community Quarantine
Authors: Arellano Josefine R. , Delgado Jenelyn E.
Published: May 2021

The lived experiences of Persons Under Investigation (PUIs) and Person Under Monitoring are examined in this study. The eleven Persons Under Investigation (PUIs) and fourteen Persons Under Monitoring (PUMs) were interviewed via messenger to solicit their struggles and sufferings during General Community Quarantine (GCQ). The data gathered from the identified respondents were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. In the analysis, the major themes identified were Initial Reaction, Discrimination, Life During 14-day Quarantine or Isolation, Challenges Experienced as 1.) Persons Under Investigation and 2.) Persons Under Monitoring. Extreme discrimination for the entire family were the initial reactions of all respondents upon classifying them as Persons Under Investigation and Persons Under Monitoring. Getting insane is also one of the challenges being experienced by a person identified as Persons Under Investigation. For them to cope up with this crisis of COVID-19, they resorted to focus on their strengths and seek support systems.
Selection and Validation of Response Scales
Authors: Ograjenšek Irena
Published: May 2021

Measurement is defined as a set of rules for assigning either numbers or numerals to empirical properties of a concept under consideration. Complex concepts, which cannot be measured directly, can be operationalized and measured indirectly with the help of variables (often combined in what we refer to as composite indicators). Variables can have different properties of measurement scale: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. The level of measurement determines which mathematical operations are possible on a variable. Those, in turn, define the tools of statistical analysis at researchers' disposal.

Specific measurement tools applicable for indirect measurement of concepts in the survey setting include list questions, category questions, ranking questions, and rating or scale questions. We want them to be reliable and valid, capturing what they are supposed to capture, and, if necessary, also functioning in a cross‐cultural setting.

In the process of survey measurement, data can be obtained either in formal or informal settings and can represent verbal (oral and written) as well as nonverbal acts and/or responses. In order to minimize the possible effect of the chosen data collection method on the validity and/or scope of the research findings, researchers can use two or more methods of data collection to test hypotheses and measure variables; this is the essence of the so‐called triangulation.
Resampling Procedures for Sample Surveys
Authors: Cocchi Daniela , Ievoli Riccardo
Published: May 2021

This article discusses some resampling techniques that have found widespread application in survey sampling, especially when inference is conducted on the variance of parameter estimates. The following methods are illustrated in a complex survey perspective: random group, balanced repeated replications (or balanced half‐samples), jackknife, and the bootstrap.
Seemingly Unrelated Regressions
Authors: Naji Zahra
Published: May 2021

To explain the behavior of a whole system, we may need more than one multiple regression with its own set of explanatory variables. Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) is a way to model these equations simultaneously. In this approach, the cross‐correlation between equations will be accounted in the estimation of regression coefficients. SUR has been used in many different areas such as econometrics, environmetrics, and social science. In this article, we discuss SUR model and some of its extensions, along with some of its applications.
Social Deprivation
Authors: Ivaldi Enrico , Ciacci Andrea
Published: May 2021

Descending from the definition provided by Townsend in 1987, it is possible to divide deprivation, a broad and complex concept, into two main constitutive dimensions, namely material and social deprivation. Social deprivation emphasizes the scarcity and quantity of social relationships that characterize an individual, as well as their poor quality. The importance of deprivation understood from the social point of view can be expressed by referring to the network of relationships that is formed in a certain community, access to services, family composition, and other numerous aspects that affect daily reality.

This work aims to identify the salient features of the concept of social deprivation. The theme has been developed by several authors over time, although it has often been integrated into the more general measures of deprivation.

Starting from a general literature review of social deprivation, the main methods of analysis applied to social deprivation are presented. In addition, an in‐depth analysis is proposed on the contributions focused on the link between social deprivation and health, in its various facets.
Penalized Regression
Authors: Shin Seung Jun , Wu Yichao
Published: May 2021

Penalized regression has gained a great popularity in contemporary applications in statistics and data sciences. There are two main domains in statistics where the penalized regression has been regarded as a canonical tool: nonparametric regressions to obtain smooth regression functions for better prediction accuracy and linear regressions with high‐dimensional predictors to have sparse regression coefficients to improve interpretability as well as the prediction accuracy.
Computational Statistics and Data Science in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Holbrook Andrew J. , Nishimura Akihiko , Ji Xiang , Suchard Marc A.
Published: May 2021

Data science has arrived, and computational statistics is its engine. As the scale and complexity of scientific and industrial data grow, the discipline of computational statistics assumes an increasingly central role among the statistical sciences. An explosion in the range of real‐world applications means the development of more and more specialized computational methods, but five Core Challenges remain. We provide a high‐level introduction to computational statistics by focusing on its central challenges, present recent model‐specific advances, and preach the ever‐increasing role of nonsequential computational paradigms such as multicore, many‐core, and quantum computing. Data science is bringing major changes to computational statistics, and these changes will shape the trajectory of the discipline in the twenty‐first century.
Salinivirgaceae
Authors: Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Spring Stefan
Published: May 2021

Sa.li.ni.vir.ga.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Salinivirga
type genus of the family; L. suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Salinivirgaceae
the family of the genus
Salinivirga
.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Marinilabiliales / Salinivirgaceae

The family
Salinivirgaceae
belongs to the order
Marinilabiliales
. It is currently represented by a single genus containing one species. The genus
Salinivirga
is phylogenetically distant to the genera
Marinilabilia
(86.2%),
Anaerophaga
(85.8%),
Alkaliflexus
(85.8%)
, Alkalitalea
(85.6%), and
Natronoflexus
(85.6%), within the family
Marinilabiliaceae
with sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA gene around 85–86%. The delineation of the family
Salinivirgaceae
was based on phenotypic, genomic, and ecological characteristics, with
Salinivirga
as the type genus of the family.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 39.

Type genus
:
Salinivirga
Ben Hania et al. 2017, VL176.
Methyloterricola
Authors: Knief Claudia
Published: May 2021

Me.thy.lo.ter.ri'co.la. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
the methyl group; N.L. pref.
methylo‐
pertaining to the methyl radical; L. fem. n.
terra
earth
;
L. Suff
. ‐cola
(from L. n.
incola
) inhabitant; N.L. fem. n.
Methyloterricola
a terrestrial methyl‐using bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methyloterricola

The genus
Methyloterricola
accommodates obligately methanotrophic bacteria that use methane or methanol as carbon source. Cells are Gram‐negative, aerobic, and motile cocci that occur singly and reproduce by binary fission. Colonies are white, small, circular, and smooth. Cells have an intracellular membrane system, similar to that in other methanotrophic
Gammaproteobacteria
, and accumulate polyphosphate granules. Members of the genus are mesophilic and neutrophilic bacteria. Methane oxidation is performed by the particulate methane monooxygenase, and carbon assimilated via the ribulose‐monophosphate pathway. Genome analysis indicates in addition the presence of a ribulose‐bisphosphate pathway for CO
2
assimilation. These methanotrophs are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
16:1
ω5
c
, and C
16:1
ω7
c
. The most characteristic habitat of this genus is paddy soil, where it has been frequently detected as rice paddy cluster 1.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 61.0 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Methyloterricola oryzae
Frindte et al. 2017a
VP
.
Pirellulales
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N.
Published: May 2021

Pi.rel.lu.la'les. N.L. fem. n.
Pirellula
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Pirellulales
the
Pirellula
order.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Pirellulales

The order
Pirellulales
accommodates Gram‐stain‐negative, budding, and chemoheterotrophic planctomycetes with ovoid, ellipsoidal, and pear‐ or teardrop‐shaped cells, which occur singly, in pairs, in aggregates, or are assembled in rosette‐like clusters. Cells do not possess a stalk but may form a fibrillar holdfast. Members of this order are aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, neutrophilic, or mildly acidophilic bacteria, which grow on various sugars and polysaccharides. These planctomycetes are most abundant in marine and freshwater environments but also occur in marine sediments, wetlands, activated sludge, and other habitats. The type genus is
Pirellula
. The order contains the families
Pirellulaceae
,
Lacipirellulaceae
, and
Thermoguttaceae
and belongs to the class
Planctomycetia
.
Dissipative Dynamics of Polymer Phononic Materials
Authors: Krushynska Anastasiia O. , Gliozzi Antonio S. , Fina Alberto , Krushinsky Dmitry , Battegazzore Daniele , Badillo‐Ávila Miguel A. , Acuautla Mónica , Stassi Stefano , Noè Camilla , Pugno Nicola M. , Bosia Federico
Published: May 2021

Phononic materials are artificial composites with unprecedented abilities to control acoustic waves in solids. Their performance is mainly governed by their architecture, determining frequency ranges in which wave propagation is inhibited. However, the dynamics of phononic materials also depends on the mechanical and material properties of their constituents. In the case of viscoelastic constituents, such as most polymers, it is challenging to correctly predict the actual dynamic behavior of real phononic structures. Existing studies on this topic either lack experimental evidence or are limited to specific materials and architectures in restricted frequency ranges. A general framework is developed and employed to characterize the dynamics of polymer phononic materials with different architectures made of both thermoset and thermoplastic polymers, presenting qualitatively different viscoelastic behaviors. Through a comparison of experimental results with numerical predictions, the reliability of commonly used elastic and viscoelastic material models is evaluated in broad frequency ranges. Correlations between viscous effects and the two main band‐gap formation mechanisms in phononic materials are revealed, and experimentally verified guidelines on how to correctly predict their dissipative response are proposed in a computationally efficient way. Overall, this work provides comprehensive guidelines for the extension of phononics modeling to applications involving dissipative viscoelastic materials.
Charge Pumping for Sliding‐mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Voltage Stabilization and Boosted Current
Authors: Yang Ze , Yang Yiyong , Wang Hao , Liu Fan , Lu Yijia , Ji Linhong , Wang Zhong Lin , Cheng Jia
Published: May 2021

As an emerging harvester for mechanical energy, the ultrahigh and unstable voltage and low surface charge density have limited the practical applications of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Herein, a charge pumping technology is demonstrated for sliding‐mode TENG with voltage stabilization and enhanced current by utilizing unfixed shuttling charges to generate electricity. A voltage booster circuit and a switch circuit are incorporated to elevate charge density and reduce high output voltage, respectively. With this technology, output electricity can be doubled owing to its two conduction domains and the voltage is outputted in an approximately direct‐current form. Moreover, a reduction of 63.9% in voltage fluctuation and an elevation of 43.4% in current are achieved, and an ultrahigh charge density is obtained up to 1328 µC m−2. This sliding charge pump technology is fundamentally different from traditional ones, providing insight into enhancing the output of TENG and offering a new high‐output energy harvesting strategy.
Using hydro‐thermal time for assessing rice blast risk in subtropical Brazil
Authors: Silva Michel Rocha da , Streck Nereu Augusto , Yang Haishun , Ogoshi Claudio , da Costa Ivan Francisco Dressler , Rossato Ioran Guedes , Pereira Vladison Fogliato , Meus Lorenzo Dalcin , Zanon Alencar Junior
Published: May 2021

In South Brazil, interannual variability leads to contrasting blast epidemics across years, varying from years when symptoms can barely be seen up to years with complete yield losses. To avoid yield losses, rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers apply more than two fungicide applications per rice growing season, even if weather conditions are not favorable for blast development. The objective in this study was to use accumulated hourly hydro‐thermal time (HTT) to assess interannual and regional weather variability for rice blast risk, using large data collected from multiple locations and years in southern Brazil. For each year × site × cultivar combination, HTT was calculated using hourly data of mean air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed collected from weather stations. The HTT was correlated with blast onset to define a threshold for blast onset. The seasonal HTT between years × sites ranged from 5.1 to 725.3 °C h−1 year−1. Blast risk started after accumulating HTT of 33.6, 66.8, and 75.6 °C h−1 from 1 June until rice emergence (EM) and after accumulating HTT of 12.5, 55.3, and 121.8 °C h−1 after EM for susceptible, medium‐resistant, and resistant rice cultivars, respectively. Our results strongly suggest that it is possible to improve fungicide management using the HTT approach over the calendar‐based approach, once we were able to discriminate the cultivar and year influence, the two most important factors on rice blast epidemics in southern Brazil.
Axisymmetric radiation intensity model for annular reactors
Authors: Deng Baoqing , Peng Shijian , Ye Kaiyang , Zhao Bensheng
Published: May 2021

Cylindrical lamps are usually equipped in the tubular UV reactor to offer UV radiation. This paper describes the axisymmetric characteristics of UV radiation from the cylindrical UV lamp. Axisymmetric lamp emission models are developed in a two‐dimensional axisymmetric space for the line source, the superficial source and the volumetric source. The present axisymmetric lamp emission models are easy to understand and of simple mathematical expressions. The experimental data in literature is used to validate the present axisymmetric lamp emission models. Good agreements have been obtained between the experimental data and the computations. A comparison show that the present models obtain the identical results as previous models.
Gelatin‐pyrolyzed mesoporous N‐doped carbon supported Pd as high‐performance catalysts for aqueous Heck reactions
Authors: Yang Shuai , Chen Yuli , Huang Shuaijian , Deng Lu , Wu Yuanyuan , Zheng Xiu , Omonov Shakhzodjon , Zeng Minfeng
Published: May 2021

Nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon‐supported Pd (Pd@N‐C) catalysts were prepared by pyrolyzing gelatin/templates/PdCl2 hydrogels under N2 atmosphere at 800°C. Using poly (ethylene glycol) block poly (propylene glycol) block poly (ethylene glycol) (P123) as soft template and/or colloidal SiO2 as hard templates can significantly improve the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area, porous structure, and pore volumes of the resultant Pd@N‐C catalysts. Pd nanoparticles sized from 10–20 nm can be well immobilized on the mesoporous carbon matrix by one‐pot carbonization (OC) and/or solution impregnation (SI) process. The resultant Pd@N‐C catalysts with best physical properties was found in the case of Pd@N‐C‐SiO2‐OC (1/1), exhibiting high BET surface area of 695.2 m2/g, large pore volume of 1.05 cm3/g, high mesoporous centered at 3.7 and 9.1 nm, rich N content of 7.7%, and high thermal stability with beginning decomposition temperature above 500°C. It showed excellent activities for aqueous Heck coupling reactions of aromatic iodides and butyl acrylates and can be recycled for at least eight times with yield still higher than 80%. This work might facilitate a versatile platform for green and functional utilization of nature‐rich biopolymer of gelatin.
Temperature and nutrient coupled stress on microalgal neutral lipids for low‐carbon fuels production
Authors: Anandraj Akash , White Sarah , Bwapwa Joseph K
Published: May 2021

A freshwater Chlorella sp. was cultured at temperatures from 10 to 45 °C and synergistic stress was employed by using selective and complete nutrient depleted growth media. Temperature fluctuations were found to have a significant effect on the microalgae physiology. The optimum temperature of 35 °C shows suitability for growth in a sub‐tropical climate. The fatty acid methyl esters’ (FAMEs') composition was significantly altered when cultures were incubated under various pre‐determined stress conditions. The effect of dual stress was found to have the greatest increase in the lipid yield, averaging 55% (w/w). The majority of the identified FAMEs (C16 and C18) showed the potential for quality biodiesel and aviation fuel due to the characteristics of FAME. This study is relevant for commercial‐scale biodiesel production and the technologies developed would improve the economic feasibility and potential of microalgal biomass feedstock for biodiesel production by transesterification. There is also high potential for low‐carbon jet fuel by thermal cracking or pyrolysis and fractionation of crude‐bio‐oil from Chlorella sp. These processes will convert carbon chains or FAMES in the C14 to C16 range, which is appropriate for low‐carbon jet fuel. It is therefore possible to generate biodiesel and aviation fuel from Chlorella sp. cultivated in freshwater at achievable temperatures in a sub‐tropical environment under total nutrient deprivation, aiming to stimulate a bio‐oil increase. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Theoretical Study on the Reaction of p‐Cymene with Ozone
Authors: Park Jiho , Kim Hahkjoon
Published: May 2021

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react with atmospheric OH, NO3, and O3 to form compounds having lower volatility, contributing to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Consequently, characterizing the reaction intermediate for this reaction is essential for modeling the formation of SOAs. Herein, we proposed a mechanism for the ozonolysis of p‐cymene and calculated the energies of the intermediates generated during each step by density functional theory (DFT). According to our calculation, high‐energy biradicals were produced in the ozonolysis of p‐cymene, which plays an important role in the formation of SOAs, thereby affecting the climate and air quality.
Impact of Alkali Cation Identity on the Conversion of HCO3− to CO in Bicarbonate Electrolyzers
Authors: Fink Arthur G. , Lees Eric W. , Zhang Zishuai , Ren Shaoxuan , Delima Roxanna S. , Berlinguette Curtis P.
Published: May 2021

The reduction of CO2 to CO from a bicarbonate feedstock offers an opportunity to directly use aqueous carbon capture solutions, while bypassing ex‐situ energy‐intensive gaseous CO2 regeneration. In this study, we resolved how the electrolyte cation identity (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) affects the two reactions that make bicarbonate electrolysis possible: (i) the production of in‐situ CO2 formed through reaction of HCO3− (from the catholyte) with H+ (sourced from the membrane); and (ii) the electroreduction of CO2 into CO. Our results show that cation identity does not change the rate of in‐situ CO2 formation, but it does enhance the rate of the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Electrolysis experiments performed with a constant [HCO3−] showed that CO selectivities progressively increased for the series Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+, respectively. Optimization of the electrolyte composition yielded a CO selectivity of ∼80 % during electrolysis of 1.5 M CsHCO3 solutions at 100 mA cm−2, while saturated LiHCO3 solutions (0.84 M) yielded CO selectivities values of merely 30 % at the same current density. This study demonstrates a quantitative relationship between CO product selectivity and the cation radius, which provides a pathway to integrate bicarbonate electrolysis to carbon capture.