bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Structures in PEO-[C2mim]CF3SO3 Electrolytes Used in Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
Authors: Burba Christopher M.
Published: November 2008

Polymer electrolytes containing room-temperature ionic liquids have tremendous potential for use in electrochemical double-layer capacitors. In this report, the local structure of one family of ionic-liquid-based polymer electrolytes (PEO complexed with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, [C2mim]CF3SO3) is correlated to trends in the conductivity and thermal properties of the materials. Conductivities dramatically increase as the mole fraction of the ionic liquid is increased in the polymer electrolyte. Concomitantly, melting point onset temperatures for PEO decrease with increasing amounts of ionic liquid. IR and Raman spectroscopy suggest that the [C2mim]+ cations are weakly coordinated by oxygen atoms of the polymer backbone, and there is some degree of ionic association at higher mole fractions. The lack of strong PEO-[C2mim]+ interactions might explain, in part, why this system has much higher conductivities compared to other PEO-MCF3SO3 (M = Li, Na, K, etc.) polymer electrolytes at equivalent salt compositions.
Transient Multi-Scale Modeling of PtxCoy Catalysts Degradation in PEFC Environments
Authors: Franco Alejandro A. , Passot Sylvain , Fugier Pascal , Anglade Christelle , Billy Emmanuel , Guétaz Laure , Guillet Nicolas , De Vito Eric , Mailley Sophie
Published: November 2008

In this paper we focus on the understanding of the PtxCoy catalysts degradation in PEFC environments. A multiscale atomistic/kinetic model is derived providing new mechanistic insights on the impact of clusters nanostructure and operating conditions on PtxCoy materials durability. On the basis of ab initio (AI) data, we identify favorable pathways of the ORR on PtxCoy clusters and of the competitive Pt-Co dissolution in acidic media. The derived AI-kinetics is coupled to a description of the atomic reorganisation at the cluster level as function of the cumulated Pt and Co mass losses. This interfacial model is coupled with a transport microscale model of charges and O2 through the PEFC cathode, and simulation sensitivity studies to operating conditions and initial compositions/morphologies are performed. Experiments on DLIMOCVD-elaborated model electrodes are carried out by using RDE and half-cells: degradation structural changes are characterized by using TEM, XRD and XPS complementing the modeling studies.
Crucial Role of Low Coordination Sites in Oxygen Reduction, CO Stripping, and Size Effect for Nano-sized Pt Particles
Authors: Tsou Yu-Min , Cao Lixin , De Castro Emory
Published: November 2008

A series of nano-sized Pt particles with good crystallinity and small crystallite sizes were made with a new synthetic method. Analysis of cyclic voltammograms of them suggests that the weak hydrogen adsorption peak at -0.56 v can be assigned to defect sites in addition to edge/corner sites. A size effect theory consisting of two ORAs (oxygen reduction activity) size effects are proposed: the primary effect that becomes important only when the percentage of corner/edge/defect sites is dominant as in particles with sizes less than ~18 A. The secondary effect is associated with (111) terrace size. Experimental results are supplied to support the two-effect hypothesis. Several voltammetric peaks observed in H2SO4 and HClO4 for nano-sized Pt/C are assigned to Pt-OH formation/reduction on low coordination sites. These peaks are separated form main Pt-OH peaks by 180-280 mv and they are hypothesized to be related to primary ORA size effect. CO stripping on nano-sized Pt particles exhibits an onset potential close to the potential of hypothesized Pt-OH formation on low coordination sites. This supports the theory: adsorbed OH sites for CO stripping are related to low coordination Pt sites. Two distinct CO stripping peaks are observed for Pt particles with XRD sizes larger than 3.3 nm. They are assigned to different sites, terrace sites vs. other sites. The details of the CO stripping curves are discussed.
Electroless Metallization of Nano-Sized Particles, Composites Fabrication
Authors: Khoperia Teimuraz , Zedginidze Tinatin
Published: November 2008

New data on the competitive nanotechnologies for fabrication of fine-grained powder-like particles, films, bulk materials, nanocomposites, devices for microelectronics, nanoelectronics, photonics and photocatalysis are presented. The proposed nanotechnologies for electronics are much more advantageous and simpler than other expensive and complicated methods such as e-beam lithography, X-ray lithography or production of the devices using light phase shift photomasks. The mechanism of sensitization and activation was established. The proposed methods of metallization are widely used in electronics and instrument-making. As a result, Au, Ag and Pd were adequately replaced with the alloys of non-precious metals, the use of toxic substances was eliminated and the technology was significantly simplified.
Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanism of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite in Sulfuric Acid Solution
Authors: Kinumoto Taro , Toyoda Masahiro , Choo Hyun-Suk , Nose Masafumi , Iriyama Yasutoshi , Abe Takeshi , Ogumi Zempachi
Published: November 2008

The electrochemical oxidation of HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) was investigated in sulfuric acid solution at less than 1.0 V vs. NHE to clarify the oxidation mechanism of electrode material in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. It was found by surface analysis with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that several kinds of oxygenated functional groups were formed dependently on the potential. Furthermore, C-Br peaks were detected on the surface of HOPG after immersion in hydrobromic acid solution following holding at 1.0 V for 15 h. This suggests that lactones were formed in the course of electrochemical oxidation of HOPG.
Minimization of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells using in situ PROX Catalysts
Authors: Pari Narendhiran , Fergus Jeffrey , Tatarchuk Bruce
Published: November 2008

The effects of a preferential oxidation (PROX) catalyst introduced inside a single cell PEFC are analyzed in this work. The purpose of introducing the PROX catalyst on the anode side is to create an environment conducive for the CO oxidation. The PROX catalyst investigated in this work is platinum on alumina that employs cobalt as a promoter. The PROX catalyst was introduced as a coating on the anode fuel flow channels and the change in cell performance was examined by comparing the polarization curves. Different concentrations of CO were fed to determine the CO tolerance of the cell in the presence of the PROX catalyst. The cell was also tested in the presence of the oxygen-bleed operation where oxygen was fed in front of the anode fuel stream. The results indicate an increase in the cell performance which is attributed to the presence of the PROX catalyst.
Preparation and Structural Analysis of Heat Treated Co-and Fe-porphyrines as Cathode Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Herrmann Iris , Koslowski Ulrike , Radnik Jörg , Fiechter Sebastian , Bogdanoff Peter
Published: November 2008

The following work presents the preparation and investigation of pyrolysed Co-porphyrine as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid media. A new preparation method which needs no addition of carbon supports, allows the structural investigation of the pyrolysis products by XPS, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry without any interferences. Rotating Disc Electrode measurements reveal the high ORR activity which is mainly caused by a well developed porosity and a suitable molecular structure of the formed carbon. Thermogravimetric investigation of the pyrolysis process shows that the addition of sulphur influences the carbonization of the porphyrine in a favorable way. It has been found that extended graphene layers present a particularly suitable matrix for highly active catalytic centers.
19.52%-Efficient CIGS Photovoltaic Cells using a Cd-Zn-S Buffer Layer
Authors: Bhattacharya Raghu N.
Published: November 2008

CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) solar cell junctions prepared by chemical-bath-deposited (CBD) Zn1-xCdxS (CdZnS), ZnS, and CdS buffer layers are discussed. A 19.52%-efficient, CIGS-based, thin-film photovoltaic device has been fabricated using a single-layer CBD CdZnS buffer layer. The mechanism that creates extensive hydroxide and oxide impurities in CBD-ZnS and CBD-CdZnS thin films (compared to CBD-CdS thin film) is presented.
Photoelectrochemical H2 Gas Generation Improvement with Thin p-Type GaN Layer on n-Type GaN
Authors: Fujii Katsushi , Ono Masato , Iwaki Yasuhiro , Yao Takafumi , Ohkawa Kazuhiro
Published: November 2008

Existence of a p-n junction in a depletion layer is expected to change band energy distribution. The structures of thin p-type GaN on n-type GaN were investigated for the working electrode of the photoelectrochemical reactions. When the p-type layer thickness was thinner than the depletion layer, lower flatband potential was observed. The photocurrent density and the H2 gas generation also increased when the n-type GaN working electrode with thin p-type layer was used.
Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotube Networked Films with Au Nanoclusters for Enhanced NO2 Gas Sensing Applications
Authors: Penza M. , Rossi R. , Alvisi M. , Cassano G. , Signore M. A. , Serra E. , Giorgi R.
Published: November 2008

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) films have been deposited by using plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system onto alumina substrates, provided with 6 nm thick cobalt (Co) growth catalyst for remarkably improved NO2 gas sensing, at working temperature in the range of 100–250∘C. Functionalization of the MWCNTs with nanoclusters of gold (Au) sputtering has been performed to modify the surface of carbon nanotube networked films for enhanced and specific NO2 gas detection up to sub‐ppm level. It is demonstrated that the NO2 gas sensitivity of the MWCNT‐based sensors depends on Au‐loading used as surface‐catalyst. The gas response of MWCNT‐based chemiresistor is attributed to p-type conductivity in the Au‐modified semiconducting MWCNTs with a very good short‐term repeatability and faster recovery. The sensor temperature of maximum NO2 sensitivity of the Au‐functionalized MWCNTs is found to decrease with increasing Au‐loading on their surface, and continuous gas monitoring at ppb level of NO2 is effectively performed with Au‐modified MWCNT chemiresistors.
Kleinberg Navigation on Anisotropic Lattices
Authors: Campuzano J. M. , Bagrow J. P. , ben-Avraham D.
Published: November 2008

We study the Kleinberg problem of navigation in small‐world networks when the underlying
lattice is stretched along a preferred direction. Extensive simulations confirm that maximally efficient navigation is attained when the length r of long‐range links is taken from the distribution P(r) ~ r−α, when the exponent α is equal to 2, the dimension of the underlying lattice, regardless of the amount of anisotropy, but only in the limit of infinite lattice size, L → ∞. For finite size
lattices we find an optimal α(L) that depends strongly on L. The convergence to α = 2 as L → ∞ shows interesting power‐law dependence on the anisotropy strength.
The Role of -Containing Kainate Receptors in Entorhinal Cortex Gamma Frequency Oscillations
Authors: Stanger Heather L. , Alford Rebekah , Jane David E. , Cunningham Mark O.
Published: November 2008

Using in vitro brain slices of hippocampus and cortex, neuronal oscillations in the frequency range of 30–80 Hz (gamma frequency oscillations) can be induced by a number of pharmacological manipulations. The most routinely used is the bath application of the broad-spectrum glutamate receptor agonist, kainic acid. In the hippocampus, work using transgenic kainate receptor knockout mice have revealed information about the specific subunit composition of the kainate receptor implicated in the generation and maintenance of the gamma frequency oscillation. However, there is a paucity of such detail regarding gamma frequency oscillation in the cortex. Using specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists for the kainate receptor, we have set out to examine the contribution of kainate receptor subtypes to gamma frequency oscillation in the entorhinal cortex. The findings presented demonstrate that in contrast to the hippocampus, kainate receptors containing the subunit are critically important for the generation and maintenance of gamma frequency oscillation in the entorhinal cortex. Future work will concentrate on determining the exact nature of the cellular expression of kainate receptors in the entorhinal cortex.
Comparison of the Solid Solution Properties of Mg‐RE (Gd, Dy, Y) Alloys with Atomistic Simulation
Authors: Wu Yurong , Hu Wangyu
Published: November 2008

Molecular dynamic simulations have been performed to study the solid solution mechanism of Mg100‐xREx (RE = Gd, Dy, Y, x = 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4  at.%). The obtained results reveal that the additions of Gd, Dy and Y increase the lattice constants of Mg‐RE alloys. Also the axis ratio c/a remains unchanged with increase in temperature, restraining the occurrence of nonbasal slip and twinning. Furthermore, it is confirmed that bulk modulus of Mg alloys can be increased remarkably by adding the Gd, Dy, Y, especially Gd, because the solid solubility of Gd in Mg decrease sharply with temperature in comparison with Dy and Y. Consequently, the addition of the RE can enhance the strength of Mg‐based alloys, which is in agreement with the experimental results.
A Preliminary Report on Combined Penoscrotal and Perineal Approach for Placement of Penile Prosthesis with Corporal Fibrosis
Authors: Brusky John P. , Tran Viet Q. , Rieder Jocelyn M. , Aboseif Sherif R.
Published: November 2008

Purpose. This paper aims at describing the combined penoscrotal and perineal approach for placement of penile prosthesis in cases of severe corporal fibrosis and scarring.Materials and methods. Three patients with extensive corporal fibrosis underwent penile prosthesis placement via combined penoscrotal and perineal approach from 1997 to 2006. Follow-up ranged from 15 to 129 months.Results. All patients underwent successful implantation of semirigid penile prosthesis. There were no short- or long-term complications.Conclusions. Results on combined penoscrotal and perineal approach to penile prosthetic surgery in this preliminary series of patients suggest that it is a safe technique and increases the chance of successful outcome in the surgical management of severe corporal fibrosis.
Serum Amyloid A, Procalcitonin, Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α, and Interleukin‐1β Levels in Neonatal Late‐Onset Sepsis
Authors: Ucar Birsen , Yildiz Bilal , Aksit M. Arif , Yarar Coskun , Colak Omer , Akbay Yildiz , Colak Ertugrul
Published: November 2008

Background. Sepsis is an important cause of mortality in newborns. However, a single reliable marker is not available for the diagnosis of neonatal late‐onset sepsis (NLS). The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of serum amyloid A (SAA) and procalcitonin (PCT) in the diagnosis and follow‐up of NLS.
Methods. 36 septic and healthy newborns were included in the study. However,
SAA, PCT, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and CRP were serially measured on days 0, 4, and 8 in the patients and once in the controls.
Töllner′s sepsis score (TSS) was calculated for each patient. Results. CRP, PCT, and
TNF‐α levels in septic neonates at each study day were significantly higher than in the controls (P = .001).
SAA and IL‐1β
levels did not differ from healthy neonates. The sensitivity and specificity were
86.8% and 97.2% for PCT, 83.3% and 80.6% for
TNF‐α, 75% and 44.4%
for SAA on day 0. Conclusion. Present study suggests that CRP seems to be the most helpful indicator and PCT and
TNF‐α may be useful markers for the early diagnosis of NLS. However, SAA, IL‐1β, and TSS are not reliable markers for the diagnosis and follow‐up of NLS.
DFT Calculation on 76 Polychlorophenazines: Their Thermodynamic Function and Implication of Cl Substituted Position
Authors: Yu Hong-Xia , Liu Hui , Wang Zun-Yao , Wang Lian-Sheng
Published: November 2008

Thermodynamic functions, including enthalpy (Hθ) and entropy (Sθ) for 76 polychlorophenazines (PCPZs) in the gas state at 298.15 K and 101.325 kPa, have been calculated using the B3LYP/6-31G∗level with Gaussian 03 program, and considered on solvation affects. Total free energy in water (Gw) was calculated with the same program. Based on these data, the isodesmic reactions were designed to calculate the standard formation heat (ΔfHθ) and standard free energy of formation in water(ΔfGwθ). The dependences of these thermodynamic parameters on the numbers and positions of chlorine substitution (NPCS) were discussed. It is suggested thatSθ,  ΔfHθ, andΔfGwθof PCPZs varied greatly withNPCS. Moreover, the values of molar heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp,m) from 200 to 1800 K for PCPZ congeners were calculated using a statistical thermodynamics calculation program based on Gaussian output files, and the temperature-dependence relation ofCp,mwas obtained using the least-squares method. In addition, according to the relative magnitude of theirΔfGwθ, the relative stability order of PCPZ congeners was theoretically proposed.
Does Hypomania Distinguish Bipolar II Disorder from Major Depressive Disorder?
Authors: Benazzi Franco
Published: November 2008

Background: Recent epidemiological/clinical studies have not found clear boundaries between bipolar II disorder (BP-II) and major depressive disorder (MDD), as subsyndromalhypomanic episodes were more common than syndromalhypomania. The aim of the study was to test if hypomania could still be used to split categorically BP-II and MDD. Methods: 274 consecutive remitted BP-II and 129 MDD outpatients were interviewed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV on the most common symptoms and duration of hypomanic episodes (lasting at least 2 days, having at least 2 symptoms), in a private practice. Results: As expected by definition, BP-II versus MDD had significantly more episodic hypomanic symptoms. However, MDD had episodes of subsyndromalhypomanic symptoms (median number of symptoms 3). In the entire sample, frequency of episodes of hypomanic symptoms, according to the number of symptoms per episode, was normally, not bimodally,distributed. A grading(r = 0.57, p < 0.001) of the number of episodic hypomanic symptoms was found. Discussion: Findings question the splitting of BP-II and MDD based on hypomania, as hypomania (at least as defined by DSM-IV) seems more a dimensional than a categorical disorder.
Amino Acid Substitutions in Leucine Zipper Motif in the F-Specific Domain of Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 HN Protein Play Important Roles in the Protein Function
Authors: Zhang Wenqiang , Ren Guijie , Wu Bing , Liu Xiaoli , Wang Guiting , Song Yanyan , Xu Hongzhi , Wen Hongling , Wang Zhiyu
Published: November 2008

Objectives: To explore the effects of leucine zipper motif in F-specificity domain of human parainfluenza virus 3 (hPIV3) HN protein on the membrane fusion promotion activity. Methods: Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to generate mutants in leucine zipper motif of hPIV3 HN protein. Combined mutants were obtained from individual mutants. Each mutant was co-expressed with the wild-type (wt) hPIV3 F gene in eukaryotes, using the vaccinia-T7 RNA polymerase expression system. Cell fusion functions were assayed with Giemsa staining and reporter gene method. The expression of HN protein on cell surface was analyzed with fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Hemadsorption assay was performed to determine the receptor-binding activity of HN mutants. Results: The conserved amino acids in the F-specificity domain of the hPIV3 HN protein were mutated and 9 single mutants were obtained. Based on the single mutants, 2 combined mutants were obtained. Compared to the wt HN protein, the membrane fusion promotion activity of each mutant HN protein was, to some extent, decreased. Among these single mutants, I125A showed the lowest fusion promotion activity, with 34.8% of fusion promotion activity compared to wt HN. In contrast, the fusion promotion activity of I128A was the highest, showing 90.9% of wt HN. In combined mutations, no cell fusion was observed, suggesting fusion promotion activity was negligible. All mutants had a limited effect on receptor-binding activity, and I125A showed the lowest activity, with 85.86% of wt HN. FACS analysis indicated that all mutants were expressed on the cell surface. Conclusions: Leucine zipper motif in the F-specificity domain had an important effect on the fusion promotion ability of hPIV3 HN protein. A mutation in the motif will diminish or abolish the fusion promotion activity of hPIV3 HN protein. A complete leucine zipper motif was prerequisite to the fusion promotion of HN protein.
Congenital Fibrosarcoma as Cause for Fetal Anemia: Prenatal Diagnosis and in utero Treatment
Authors: Scheier Matthias , Ramoni Angela , Alge Alexander , Brezinka Christoph , Reiter Gernot , Sergi Consolato , Hager Josef , Marth Christian
Published: November 2008

Objectives: To discuss diagnosis and management of a case of a rare fetal tumor complicated by fetal anemia due to intratumoral hemorrhage. Case Report: We report on a 29-week-old fetus with a tumor in the posterior left shoulder region. The morphologic aspect of the tumor, lack of fetal movements and an increased middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) were indicative of fetal anemia caused by intratumoral bleeding. Following intravascular blood transfusion the pregnancy was safely prolonged for 15 days, during which lung maturity was induced. After delivery the neonate underwent surgical excision. Histological examination revealed an infantile congenital fibrosarcoma. Conclusion: Anemia must be ruled out in cases with fetal tumors. MCA PSV is useful in diagnosis and surveillance in these fetuses.
Transient Hyperopia after Intensive Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Newly Diagnosed Diabetes
Authors: Lin Shu-Fang , Lin Po-Kang , Chang Fang-Ling , Tsai Rong-Kung
Published: November 2008

Purpose: Our aim was to observe the transient hyperopia during the intense glucose reduction in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes and severe hyperglycemia. Study Design: Consecutive cases were observed. Results: Totally 4 men and 1 woman with a mean age of 48 years were enrolled. In the 4 patients who received insulin, the hyperopia developed at 4.2 days after the initiation of treatment on average and reached a peak at 11.7 days; they recovered at 64.0 days. The other subject who received oral hypoglycemia agents revealed a peak change at 17 days and recovered at 70 days. A broader hyperopic change of 6.25 dpt was found in the patient with high myopia (–16 dpt). No significant difference was observed in the corneal curvature, axial length, lens thickness or depth of the anterior chamber during the course. The stable value of the accommodation amplitude and lens thickness may indicate that the cause of refraction change was due to the alteration in the reflection index of the lens. Conclusion: Intensive glucose reduction may cause transient hyperopia changes in newly diabetic patients and results in blurred vision.
Safety and Efficacy of Combined Chelation Therapy with Deferasirox and Deferoxamine in a Gerbil Model of Iron Overload
Authors: Otto-Duessel Maya , Brewer Casey , Gonzalez Ignacio , Nick Hanspeter , Wood John C.
Published: November 2008

Introduction: Combined therapy with deferoxamine (DFO) and deferasirox (DFX) may be performed empirically when DFX monotherapy fails. Given the lack of published data on this therapy, the study goal was to assess the safety and efficacy of combined DFO/DFX therapy in a gerbil model. Methods: Thirty-two female Mongolian gerbils 8–10 weeks old were divided into 4 groups (sham chelated, DFO, DFX, DFO/DFX). Each received 10 weekly injections of 200 mg/kg iron dextran prior to initiation of 12 weeks of chelation. Experimental endpoints were heart and liver weights, iron concentration and histology. Results: In the heart, there was no significant difference among the treatment groups for wet-to-dry ratio, iron concentration and iron content. DFX-treated animals exhibited lower organ weights relative to sham-chelated animals (less iron-mediated hypertrophy). DFO-treated organs did not differ from sham-chelated organs in any aspects. DFX significantly cleared hepatic iron. No additive effects were observed in the organs of DFO/DFX-treated animals. Conclusions: Combined DFO/DFX therapy produced no detectable additive effect above DFX monotherapy in either the liver or heart, suggesting competition with spontaneous iron elimination mechanisms for chelatable iron. Combined therapy was well tolerated, but its efficacy could not be proven due to limitations in the animal model.
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy: An Underrecognized and Reversible Cause of Confusional State in Cancer Patients
Authors: Kuo Sheng-Han , Debnam J. Mathew , Fuller Gregory N. , de Groot John
Published: November 2008

Background: Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) is a neurological emergency which presents with symptoms of confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia. Cancer patients are at high risk of this acute encephalopathy due to chronic malnutrition, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and consumption of thiamine by rapidly growing tumors. A high index of suspicion is important as these critically ill patients may not present with the classic triad of symptoms. Methods: This study is a retrospective review of 5 patients with WE identified at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex., USA. Detailed clinical histories, risk factors, imaging, and histopathological characteristics are described. Results: Five WE patients were identified and all patients had rapidly growing cancers and were undergoing active treatment. All patients had poor nutritional status due to chronic nausea from chemotherapy. Three patients received bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Acute confusion was the most common symptom. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the brain revealed restricted diffusion and fluid attenuation inversion recovery sequence hyperintensity in the medial thalami and periaqueductal gray matter. In 2 cases, WE was considered antemortem, and only 1 was empirically treated with thiamine, which rapidly reversed the imaging findings within 7 days and led to clinical improvement. Other cases were diagnosed at autopsy. Conclusion: It is crucial to consider WE in the differential diagnosis for all cancer patients with confusion. Cancer patients with malnutrition and patients with BMT are at high risk of developing WE. To prevent this devastating and often fatal neurologic complication, all cancer patients with confusion should be empirically treated with thiamine.
Albumin Metabolism as a Function of Lean Body Mass
Authors: Kudlička V. , Rath R.
Published: November 2008

In 13 subjects with different body weight, the body density was assessed by hydrostatic weighing and the metabolism and distribution of albumin labelled with radioactive iodine. Between the amount of thus estimated lean body mass (LBM) and parameters of albumin metabolism, important correlations were found. The relationship of albumin catabolism and amount of LBM is significant (r = +0.6494; 0.05 > p > 0.01), similarly as the relationship between total albumin and LBM. It is of interest that between 20 and 40 years there is a continuous decline in the catabolic rate of albumin per unit of LBM and thus the decline of the metabolic rate is not mediated by the changing ratio of body fat. It was demonstrated that the lean body mass is also the most suitable reference standard for the evaluation of albumin metabolism.
Méthodes d’interprétation de ľenregistrement continu de la glycémie
Authors: Mejean L. , Drouin P. , Guisard D. , Debry G.
Published: November 2008

The authors describe and compare the methods of studying the curves of continuous recording of glycemia by quantification of the values given in the diagrams. The method using Schlichkrulls formula and the methods of integration of curves are described and analyzed: the limits providing correct glycemic equilibrium of diabetic subjects are proposed in each case. The results obtained with each method on 127 continuous recordings show the exactitude of the «compensated» integration.
Dietary and Nutritional Study on Aborigines in Taiwan
Authors: Chen M.L. , Huang C.S. , Chen J.S.
Published: November 2008

A dietary and nutritional survey of Taiwan aborigines, Atayals and Paiwans, as a follow-up study, and as a new survey on Yamis who live on an off-shore island, has been carried out recently. Great improvements in the nutritional status of the first two tribes during the last 15 years were observed. They may be attributed to a series of socio-economic reforms including education, sanitation, agriculture, and employment. The nutrient intake of the Atayals and the Paiwans appeared to be sufficient, except for riboflavin and niacin. This was indicated by a better physical growth in school children than ever before particularly at ages 11 and 12 for boys and girls alike. Their average heights and weights were all within the range of 91-95 and 78-87 % of the Iowa Standard, respectively. The nutritional status of Paiwans was better than that of Atayals. Though they are still living in a rather primitive life, Yamis showed a better supply in various nutrients than the other two tribes as a result of a high fish intake. There was almost no difference in physical growth of Yami children in comparison with the other tribes. Traditionally, Yami adults accept no other vegetables than taro and sweet potatoes. Raw fish livers and eyeballs are consumed in fair amounts as delicacies. Because of the topographic limitation of the small island and the traditional way of living of the Yamis, the authors have commented on the interrelationship between population growth and local food supply in the foreseeable future. The effects of the various programs implemented on the nutritional status of these people are discussed.
Thickness of Basal Laminas in Muscle Capillaries of Patients with Hyperlipidemias
Authors: Zöllner N. , Herrlinger H.
Published: November 2008

No difference in the thickness of capillary basal membrane from muscle of hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic subjects could be discerned.
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Heart, Diaphragm and Adipose Tissue in Rats Fed Various Carbohydrates
Authors: Vrána A. , Fábry P. , Kazdová L.
Published: November 2008

The lipoprotein lipase activities in the heart, diaphragm and adipose tissue were investigated in rats fed high-carbohydrate diets containing various carbohydrates. The ingestion of sucrose or fructose, as compared with ingestion of starch or glucose, increased significantly the lipoprotein lipase activity in the heart and diaphragm and slightly decreased the activity in adipose tissue. The relations of these changes with known metabolic effects of fructose or sucrose ingestion are discussed.
The Importance of Stimulated Immunoreactive-Insulin Levels to Early Results of Dietary Management in Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: Válek J. , Slabochová Z. , Grafnetter D. , Kohout M.
Published: November 2008

In a group of hyperlipoproteinemic subjects, stimulated insulin hypersecretion was found to be related to the early results of dietary treatment. The potential causes of this relationship are analyzed and attention is drawn to the secondary importance of stimulated blood glucose levels and overweight. In view of the clinical importance of lipid and insulin disturbances combined, the need to control insulin hypersecretion by a modified dietary regimen is stressed.
Thermic Effects of Ethanol in the Rat and Man
Authors: Stock M.J. , Stuart Jean A.
Published: November 2008

Evidence is presented to suggest that ethanol has a thermic effect (SDA). In a 10-day feeding trial, rats receiving 16 % of their energy intake as ethanol produced 15 % more thermic energy than control animals with an equal energy intake. Conflicting reports in the literature on the effect of alcohol on oxygen consumption in man have been resolved by taking into account the influence of food. Whisky (200 kcal) has no effect on fasting metabolic rate in man but when taken with a meal it produces a 22-percent increase in oxygen consumption, which is significantly greater than the 13-percent increase caused by consuming an iso-caloric, nonalcoholic meal.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation on the Humoral Immune Response of Malnourished Mice
Authors: Nasseri M. , Mohagheghpour N. , Khakpour M.
Published: November 2008

The effects of dietary supplementation on the humoral immune response were studied in a group of protein-calorie malnourished mice. The immune response, as assessed by the number of PFC and RFC as well as by serum anti-SRBC titer, was markedly impaired in the protein-calorie malnourished animals. However, this impairment was no longer apparent 14 days after the start of a ‘normal’ diet.
Effects of Pyridoxine on Mice after Immobilization Stress
Authors: Lindenbaum Ella S. , Mueller Joseph J.
Published: November 2008

A group of 28 female albino mice, CF-1 strain, 3–6 weeks old, were injected with 1.11mg/kg body weight pyridoxine, and subsequently were restrained for 24 h in individual restraining cages. One half was sacrificed immediately after release and the other half 24 h later. A control group of 28 mice were injected with an equal volume of distilled water and restrained and sacrificed in a similar manner. A third group of 14 untreated mice was also used as control. The pyridoxine groups exhibited an increase in blood glucose levels, in urinary N methylnicotinamide and in brain norepinephrine, while brain serotonin levels remained unchanged. In addition, pyridoxine was found to be protective against ulcers of stomach mucosa. Thus pyridoxine may have an antistress factor as manifested by its regulatory effect on methylation related to production of psychogenic substances such as dimethyloxyphenylethylamine. There is an indication of a possible action of pyridoxine in blocking symptoms of stress.
Utilization of Dietary Calcium by Iron-Deficient Rats
Authors: Mahoney Arthur W. , Hendricks Deloy G.
Published: November 2008

Iron deficiency causes cytological and enzymic changes in the gastrointestinal mucosa of animals and man that can be expected to impair the digestion and absorption of other nutrients. In experiment 1, healthy, weanling, female rats were grouped into pair-mates and pair-fed either an iron-deficient or an iron-supplemented diet for 19 weeks. In experiment 2, iron-deficient offspring reared by iron-deficient females were grouped into pair-mates and pair-fed either an iron-deficient or an iron-supplemented diet for 15 weeks. In experiment 1, apparent absorption of calcium was significantly depressed in week 9 (p < 0.001) and slightly depressed in weeks 10 and 11. In experiment 2, the apparent absorption of calcium was significantly (p < 0.001) depressed in weeks 6, 13, and 14. Absorption was not measured in other weeks in these experiments. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium were consistently higher in the fecal dry matter of the iron deficient rats in both experiments. It was concluded that any defects in digestion and absorption by the iron-deficient rats was confined primarily to the mineral nutrients because in both experiments apparent absorption of dry matter was consistently higher in these animals compared to their iron-supplemented pair-mates.
Action de la flore intestinale sur la sévérité des symptômes de carence en acides gras essentiels chez la caille (Coturnix cot. jap.)
Authors: Girard V. , Prabucki A.L.
Published: November 2008

Two groups of quails, one germ-free and one non-sterile, were fed the same diet free of essential fatty acids (EFA-deficient diet). Analyses of body fat at 4 weeks indicated that the ratio trienoic:tetraenoic acid was 1.9 times higher for germ-free than for non-sterile animals, due to the lower level of arachidonic acid.
Effects of Calcium Solubility on Absorption by Rats with Induced Achlorhydria
Authors: Mahoney Arthur W. , Holbrook Reid Scott , Hendricks Deloy G.
Published: November 2008

Gastric X-irradiated, achlorhydric rats and sham-operated controls were fed diets containing very soluble calcium chloride or calcium gluconate or slightly soluble calcium carbonate or tricalcium phosphate for 3 weeks. Calcium was absorbed more efficiently by achlorhydric rats from the very soluble salts than from the slightly soluble salts. The control rats absorbed calcium from the very soluble and slightly soluble calcium salts with similar efficiency. Achlorhydric rats fed slightly soluble calcium salts developed weaker bones with a lower mineral content than did those fed very soluble calcium. Apparently, the very soluble dietary calcium offset the impaired calcium absorption of achlorhydric rats. Calcium solubility had no signifcant effect on the bones of control animals.
Etude métabolique de trois émulsions lipidiques utilisées dans l’alimentation parentérale
Authors: Nouvelot A. , Dewailly P. , Fruchart J.C. , Jaillard J. , Sezille G.
Published: November 2008

The metabolism of three fat emulsions (Lipiphysan, Trive 1000, Intralipid) was compared when administered by intravenous route as complete parenteral nutrition in minipigs during 14 days. With Lipiphysan. an important accumulation of glycerides appeared in liver, spleen and lung whereas the phospholipids content of those tissues was unchanged. The three fat emulsions determined an increase of linoleic acid (18:2) percentages in glycerides and phospholipids of several tissues: liver, heart, lung, spleen and kidney. Moreover, at the level of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) in liver tissue, the three fat emulsions induced a decrease of some polyunsaturated fatty acids (C20 and C22) percentages. The observed differences in the amount of liver triglycerides between the three fat emulsions seem to be related with the removal mechanisms which appear to be dependent on each fat emulsion. In fact, all tissue lipid analyses showed an increase of 18:2 percentages which agree with an uptake of the different fat emulsions used. The decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids percentages in PE might be due to an inhibition of elongation-desaturation system or a degradation of those fatty acids.
The Influence of Interrupted Vitamin D Metabolism on Acute Low Calcium Adaptation in the Rat
Authors: Pento Thomas
Published: November 2008

The small intestine of animals placed on a low calcium diet adapts to the dietary restriction by transporting calcium more efficiently. Adaptation has been observed in most mammalian species; however, the mechanism of adaptation has not been well defined. Recent evidence indicates that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2-D3], the active metabolite of vitamin D, may be involved in the process of adaptation. The present study was designed to examine the influence of experimental interruption of vitamin D metabolism on acute low calcium adaptation. Partial hepatectomy, cortisone treatment and dietary strontium supplements were used to inhibit the production of 1,25(OH)2-D3. In separate experiments partial hepatectomy produced a 38 % reduction in adaptation; cortisone treatment (5 mg/day, s.c.) caused a 88 % reduction and dietary strontium abolished adaptation completely. The possible roles of parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)2-D3 and their relationships in the process of adaptation are discussed.
Feedback Regulation of Metabolism by Dietary Constituents: Lipids
Authors: Mancini M. , Postiglione A. , di Marino Lucrezia
Published: November 2008

Cholesterol is distributed in different body pools. Input in these pools takes place through absorption of dietary cholesterol and endogenous synthesis. Absorption is limited in man. Endogenous synthesis is under negative feedback control, but its physiological relevance in man is less well established. Recent studies in familial hypercholesterolemia have shown a slower catabolism of low density hpoproteins (LDL) and an overproduction of apoprotein B. It seems that also the synthesis of the apoprotein B is controlled by a feedback mechanism. Overall concentration of lipids and hpoproteins in plasma is determined by the interaction between several genetic and dietary feedback mechanisms.
Coeliac Disease
Authors: Booth C.C.
Published: November 2008

In coeliac disease there is an abnormality of the intestinal mucosa which is caused by ingesting gluten. The intestinal lesion affects predominantly the proximal small intestine and the ileum is either normal or less severely involved than the jejunum. In some cases adaptive changes occur in the ileum, producing enhanced absorption in that region when there is malabsorption in the jejunum. The characteristic absorptive abnormality in coeliac disease is therefore jejunal malabsorption and Heal hyperabsorption. When such a situation develops it is possible that an individual with a flat jejunal mucosa may develop no symptoms of the disease, since the adaptive changes in the ileum compensate for the jejunal lesion. This may explain why in Western society there are probably more cases of coeliac disease undiagnosed in the community than have been treated by their doctors. The basic lesion in coeliac disease appears to be genetically determined and it is likely to be a failure to clear antigen which normally enters the lamina propria of the gut resulting in the formation of immune complexes with complement fixation at gut level.
Metabolic Consequences of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: von Wartburg Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2008

The metabolic effects of alcohol are closely related to organic as well as societal aspects of alcoholism. Individual differences in the biologic sensitivity to ethanol are thought to represent important features underlying these afflictions. The results of recent biomedical research provide evidence for a biochemical individuality with respect to the enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism. Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase, the principle ethanol oxidizing enzyme in man, exists in multiple molecular forms (isoenzymes). In addition, a genetic polymorphism (‘atypical’ variant) is observed. Large racial differences are found for the prevalence of the variant enzyme, which is characterized by a high specific activity. Possible relationships of the individual isoenzyme pattern of alcohol dehydrogenase and of other alcohol metabolizing enzymes to the nature and extent of metabolic effects of ethanol are discussed.
Specificity of the Disaccharide Effect in the Rat
Authors: Michaelis, IV O.E. , Szepesi B.
Published: November 2008

Male rats were starved and refed diets containing 40% disaccharides (maltose, trehalose, sucrose, turanose), trisaccharide (melezitose), starch, or the monosaccharide equivalents. Responses of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), and total liver lipid (TLL) or changes in concentration of portal blood total carbohydrate and fructose were determined following refeeding of the different carbohydrate diets. Maltose, trehalose, sucrose, and turanose refeeding resulted in G6PD and ME responses which were higher than the responses to their component mono-saccharides (disaccharide effect). Starch refeeding decreased the responses of G6PD, ME, and FAS when compared to refeeding of glucose. Refeeding diets containing fructose (sucrose, turanose, melezitose, and monosaccharide equivalents containing fructose) increased the responses of G6PD, ME, FAS, and TLL. No correlation between portal blood carbohydrate concentration and hepatic enzyme levels could be demonstrated. It is concluded that readily digestible disaccharides produce an effect which is greater than the effect produced by their monosaccharide equivalents. If these disaccharide configurations are fed as part of a trisaccharide or polysaccharide, the disaccharide effect is no longer discernible.
Anorexia nervosa with Acute Tubular Necrosis Treated with Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Hirschman Gladys H. , Rao David D. , Chan James C.M.
Published: November 2008

A patient with nonoliguric acute renal failure secondary to acute tubular necrosis in conjunction with anorexia nervosa is described. Parenteral feeding at a critical time has salutory effects on the biosynthesis of new protein and thereby reduces many of the hazards of azotemia. The technique of estimating endogenous acid production is applied for the first time in a severely malnourished subject and documents the retention of dietary sulfur which presumably is retained in the formation of new tissue in the recovery phase.
Effects of Plant and Animal Lipids Rich in Docosenoic Acids on the Myocardium of Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Loew F.M. , Schiefer B. , Laxdal V.A. , Prasad K. , Forsyth G.W. , Ackman R.G. , Olfert E.D. , Bell J.M.
Published: November 2008

Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularÍs) were fed diets containing 25% rapeseed oil (RSO), partially-hydrogenated herring oil (PHHO) or a 3:1 mixture of lard/corn oil as control (CON) for 4 months. The RSO contained approximately 25% of the fatty acids as erucic acid (cis-docos-13-enoic, 22:lw9) while the PHHO contained a similar concentration of mainly cetoleic acid (cis-docos-11-enoic, 22:lwll). The CON contained no 22:1 acids. The monkeys developed the expected myocardial lipidosis, somewhat more pronounced in the RSO than the PHHO group, but small foci of mononuclear cell infiltration, while infrequent, occurred in all three groups. Significant intergroup differences in biochemical or hematologic measurements of serum constituents were an increase in serum cholesterol concentration in the RSO group and an increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in both RSO and PHHO groups at certain intervals. The shorter proportion of M. fascicularis life span represented by this experiment may account for the absence of clear intergroup differences such as are reported in rats used in similar studies.
Effect of a Dietary Rapeseed Protein Concentrate on the Contents of α-Tocopherol and Zinc in Serum, Liver and Tibia of Rats
Authors: Eklund Anders , Ågren Gunnar
Published: November 2008

In order to study the effects of a dietary rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) on tocopherol and zinc levels in serum, liver and tibia, female rats were fed a tocopherol-reduced diet for a 3-week period and were then transferred to either of a RPC diet or a control diet containing casein at 20% levels of protein. No unfavourable effects on food intakes or weight gains were recorded. The serum zinc content of the RPC group was slightly reduced and the serum tocopherol values significantly lowered in comparison to the control group. Zinc and tocopherol contents of the livers were not changed. Precipitation of sera by dextran sulphate in the presence of calcium ions indicated a reduced level of low density lipoproteins in rats fed RPC diet. In a second experiment, male and female rats were fed diets containing 10% of protein derived either from RPC or casein. Low zinc contents of tibiae indicated a low biological availability of the zinc present in the RPC diet. Rats on RPC diet also showed reduced levels of tocopherol in serum. Despite a lowered zinc status in rats fed RPC diet there was no reduction in food intake, weight gain or growth of tibia in these groups.
Influence of Lanthanum on Calcium Transport and Retention in the Rat Duodenum
Authors: Pento Thomas
Published: November 2008

The present study examined the effects of lanthanum on calcium retention and transport in rat duodenal segments in vitro. Increasing the concentration of lanthanum from 0.1 to 10 mM in both the serosal and mucosal media produced a progressive decrease in tissue calcium retention and calcium transport. The addition of 10 mM lanthanum to the mucosal media alone reduced both calcium retention and transport. The addition of 10 mM lanthanum to the serosal media alone decreased calcium transport but did not alter total calcium retention by the duodenal segments. The results of this study indicate that lanthanum at a concentration of 1–10 mM acts at calcium transport sites in rat duodenum to reduce both calcium uptake and extrusion, with the net result that the addition of lanthanum to either the mucosal media, serosal media or both significantly reduced calcium transport.