bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodization of the Armenian Language in Connection with the History of Its Native Speakers
Authors: Madoyan Vagharshak
Published: November 2024

Modern linguistics interprets the concept of language development as the development of its grammatical factors and lexical composition, which is actually characteristic of its literary version. The concept of language development in its dialects, which is studied in the courses of dialectology and historical dialectology, is interpreted as "gradual and consistent changes" occurring in dialects, which leads to their consistent death under the influence of literary language in connection with consolidating political and economic processes. The article shows that the development of a language as a set of its dialects occurs mainly outside of connection with the development of literary norms and the development of dialects does not lead to their disappearance. The development of the language in its dialects (not a literary language!) is the real history of the development of the national language in connection with the history of its native speakers, which is shown by the example of Armenian. The problem is being raised so fundamentally for the first time and may cause serious objections, as well as become the beginning of a new approach to the study of the history of the language.
Shedding Light on the Neurocognitive Explorations of Interpreting: What Do We Know from Brain-Based Research?
Authors: He Yan , Wang Yi
Published: November 2024

Interpreting is highly complex and cognitively demanding, arousing interest from the neuroimaging community. In the past three decades, dozens of investigations have been done to figure out how one language transfers into another in the brain. This article reviews the published studies concerning interpreting, shedding light on interpreting asymmetry effect, the neural plasticity and the brain regions activated during interpreting tasks. Based on the findings in previous studies, the article argues that interpreting training and practice might contribute to neuroplasticity both functionally and structurally. It also suggests that apart from traditional language areas, the prefrontal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus, the inferior parietal lobule and the anterior cingulate cortex also play a key role during the rendering process.
The Problems of Translating Classical Arabic Embedded in Saudi Novels from a Cultural Perspective
Authors: Ghassan Nawaf Jaber Alhomoud  , Sayed M. Ismail
Published: November 2024

This essay examines the problematic issues that arise when translating classical Arabic language embedded in contemporary Saudi literature, with a particular emphasis on Girls of Riyadh a modern Saudi novel written .The premise of the present study is that classical Arabic has undergone semantic change through pejoration amelioration, through which their original meanings have been either completely changed or different connotations have been added. When the classical Arabic terms are used in an informal context, they may acquire new connotations, the interpretation of which is totally different from their original meaning. In most cases, these classical lexical items have been transformed into dialectal lexical items. Therefore, the present study inquires whether the translation of the classical Arabic elements embedded in Girls of Riyadh effectively and comprehensively captures the impact, pragmatics, style, atmosphere, aesthetics, and culture shown in the novel. A methodology based on corpus linguistics has been employed. This study engages in descriptive research by analyzing source text-target text pairs. The corpus of the study was composed of 29 examples taken from Girls of Riyadh. The study involved categorizing selected classical Arabic phrases from the Saudi novel as cultural indicators and examining their translation using House's covert translation idea and criteria, as well as Dickins's levels of cultural transposition. The findings of this study indicate that the translators predominantly employed a communicative approach, omitting classical Arabic terms or rendering them into formal English instead of employing tactics of domestication or foreignization.
Exploring the Efficacy of the Production-Oriented Approach in Improving English Interpreting Skills—A Case Study
Authors: Wang Xiangjin , Subramaniam Ilangko
Published: November 2024

The demand for efficient English interpreters have been on a constant rise in the rapid evaluation of globalization—the skilled interpreters are a prerequisite for international interactions across diplomatic, business, and cultural domains. The traditional models in practice to train the interpreters are based on theoretical knowledge with less emphasis on practical skills required for effective real-world communication. In contrast, the Production-Oriented Approach (POA) focuses more on Practical Language Application (PLA), considered a better alternative to conventional training methodologies. This study challenges to analyze the effectiveness of the POA in improving English Interpreting Skills (EIS) by creating a case study at a top university in China. The work employed a quantitative research design on a study involving 47 students in pre-test/post-test experiments to measure the boosts achieved in EIS direct features to POA implementation. Results indicated significant improvements in the experimental groups, with undergraduates and graduates showing mean score increases of 13 and 12 points, respectively, after the implementation of POA.
Discourse Analysis of Conflict and Resolution in History Textbooks: Representations of the Referendum in Indonesia
Authors: Arif Saefudin  , Susilo Setyo Utomo  , Malkisedek Taneo  , I Made Ratih Rosanawati  , Loso Judijanto  , Ulyan Nasri  , Muhammad Zulkifli Amin  , Sudarto  , Siti Andini
Published: November 2024

This study explores how Indonesian history textbooks represent conflict and its resolution with a focus on the theme of East Timor. The research applies the methodology of Historical Discourse Analysis, examining various elements of representation, including nomination, predication, argumentation, perspective, and intensification. The primary objects of study are two Indonesian history textbooks that are currently used in schools. The results show that textbook I adopts a pragmatic and binary approach, framing the Indonesian government as the protagonist that seeks to include East Timor as part of its national territory. In this narrative, the East Timorese people are portrayed as the antagonists who resist the integration process with Indonesia. This approach reflects a polarized view of the conflict, emphasizing the roles of both parties in opposition. On the other hand, Textbook II takes a more constructive and reconciliation-oriented approach. It presents a vision for future cooperation and understanding between Indonesia and East Timor, highlighting possibilities for peaceful resolution and long-term collaboration between the two countries. Despite these different approaches, this study identifies an ongoing challenge in the writing of Indonesian history textbooks, which can be termed as "schizo-history." This concept refers to the paradox faced by historians in balancing efforts to reconstruct historical events with the anxiety surrounding the potential impact of those narratives on national unity. The study argues that Indonesian historians must continue to seek alternative methodologies that can address these tensions while providing more nuanced and balanced representations of historical events. This research contributes to broader discussions on the role of history textbooks in shaping national identity and calls for further investigation into the challenges and opportunities in writing history textbooks in post-conflict contexts.
Quality improvement of Tofu waste as the raw material of duck feed with fermentation of yeast culture
Authors: I Gusti Nyoman Gde Bidura  , Eny Puspani  , I Made Suasta
Published: November 2024

The use of fermented products from probiotic microbes as supplement feed is expected to stimulate the growth and biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria in ducks with high feed efficiency. Feed biotechnology products based on tofu waste fermented with yeast culture (TWF) contain high levels of protein and the amino acid lysine, and contain probiotic microbes (107cfu/g). This research aims to examine the effect of fermenting tofu waste with yeast culture on the quality of tofu waste as a feed ingredient and the performance of ducks. The fermented product was tested on 240 male Bali ducks aged 2 weeks in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications. Each replication used 60 male Balinese ducks with homogeneous body weight. The four treatments were ducks given rations without TWF supplements as control (TWF0); diet supplemented with 2% TWF (TWF1); diet fed 4% TWF (TWF2); and rations given 6% TWF (TWF3). The results showed that supplementation of 4-6 TWF in feed significantly (P<0.05) increased body weight gain and feed efficiency.It can be concluded that the growth performance and feed efficiency of ducks increased significantly with the supplement of tofu waste fermented by yeast culture.
Designing secure data pipelines for medical billing fraud detection using homomorphic encryption and federated learning
Authors: Ayinoluwa Feranmi Kolawole  , Shukurat Opeyemi Rahmon
Published: November 2024

Medical billing fraud imposes significant financial and operational challenges on healthcare systems, highlighting the need for robust, privacy-preserving fraud detection solutions. This study presents a secure data pipeline that integrates homomorphic encryption (HE) and federated learning (FL) to enable decentralized fraud detection while maintaining patient confidentiality. Homomorphic encryption ensures data remains protected throughout the analytical process, while federated learning facilitates collaborative model training across healthcare institutions without requiring data centralization. Key findings reveal that increasing privacy levels via differential privacy effectively reduces data leakage risks, though it introduces minor computational overhead and a slight reduction in model accuracy. Scalability tests show that larger datasets considerably increase encryption time and memory usage, underscoring the need for optimized encryption algorithms. Additionally, secure communication protocols, while essential for data integrity, result in increased latency, which may impact real-time detection capabilities. The proposed pipeline achieves a balance between security and fraud detection accuracy, demonstrating its potential for real-world applications. However, further optimization of encryption methods and secure communication protocols is essential for broader scalability. This work advances privacy-centric approaches in healthcare fraud detection, setting a foundation for developing secure, scalable fraud detection systems.
The intersection of digital safety and financial literacy: Mitigating financial risks in the digital economy
Authors: Amos Abidemi Ogunola  , Tobi Sonubi  , Rebecca Olubunmi Toromade  , Oluwatosin Omotola Ajayi  , Amarachi Helen Maduakor
Published: November 2024

As the digital economy continues to expand, individuals and businesses alike face an increasing range of financial risks, from cybercrime to online fraud. The intersection of digital safety and financial literacy is essential in addressing these risks and ensuring individuals can navigate the complexities of modern financial systems securely. This paper examines the growing need for financial literacy in the context of digital safety, focusing on how individuals can protect themselves from financial threats in the digital economy. It explores the role of digital security measures, such as encryption, secure payment systems, and multi-factor authentication, in safeguarding financial transactions and personal data. Simultaneously, it emphasizes the importance of financial education in equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills to recognize and mitigate online financial risks, such as phishing scams, identity theft, and fraudulent investment schemes. By analysing the current state of digital financial literacy, this paper highlights the gaps in knowledge that leave individuals vulnerable to financial exploitation in the digital space. It also discusses best practices for integrating digital safety education into financial literacy programs, both at the individual and policy levels. Furthermore, the paper outlines the responsibilities of financial institutions, tech companies, and governments in promoting digital safety and financial literacy. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the paper argues that fostering a comprehensive understanding of both digital security and financial management is crucial for mitigating financial risks and enhancing economic resilience in the digital economy.
A review on pharmacological studies of Clitoria ternatea
Authors: Pratik Deepak Salve  , Khedkar Sir  , Pansare Vikram J  , Sujata Veer
Published: November 2024

The butterfly pea, a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, is found extensively globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Locals often utilize butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) as a medicinal resource due to its flavonoid compounds, predominantly present in its roots, leaves, and flowers. Flavonoids, which are phenolic compounds, possess antioxidant properties that safeguard against cell damage caused by free radicals. This review of the literature aims to explore the various health benefits associated with the butterfly pea. The approach conducted in writing this article involves sourcing information from diverse journal articles available online, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Based on the review, butterfly pea flowers are recognized for their advantageous qualities, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, hypoallergenic, antitussive, anti-aging, and antidepressant properties.
Suture-less closure for the management socket preservation
Authors: Ernie Maduratna Setiawatie  , Nabila  , Ika Febryana  , Esi Yuniza Fitrina
Published: November 2024

Introduction: After tooth loss, the new edentulous area of the ridge will undergo some adaptive modifications due to changes in function in and around the socket. Socket preservation can reduce and eliminate the need for additional augmentation procedures by preventing hard and soft tissue collapse after tooth extraction. Periodontal surgical procedures that are in the aesthetic zone, sutureless can be an alternative to closing the flap. The objective of this case report is to describe socket preservation using cyanoacrylate material for flap fixation. Case report: A 65-year-old man came to the Periodontics Specialist Clinic in Dental Hospital Universitas Airlangga with a complaint of wanting to remove the left front of the mandible. Case management: The first step was to perform extraoral and intraoral asepsis with povidone-iodine 10% before local anesthesia. Local anesthesia with infiltration technique, followed by atraumatic extraction of tooth 33 using a periotome and luxator, curettage of tooth 33 sockets. Then a sulcular incision was made with blade number 15c on tooth 33 by full-thickness until there was no tension on the flap, application of PRF on the pericardium membrane containing bone graft to be applied in the socket of tooth 33. Reposition the tensionless flap until the entire surgical area is closed and then fixed using cyanoacrylate material (no suturing). Conclusion: Sutureless closure using cyanoacrylate material can be used as an alternative to suturing for flap repositioning in socket preservation.
Green infrastructure and sustainability initiatives in the construction industry: A review of current practices and future directions
Authors: Muritala Omeiza Umar  , Andikan Udofot Umana  , Baalah Matthew Patrick Garba  , Bamidele Michael Omowole  , Amarachi Queen Olufemi-Phillips
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive review of current practices and future directions regarding the integration of green infrastructure and sustainability initiatives within the construction industry. With the growing concern over environmental degradation and the need for sustainable development, there has been an increasing emphasis on adopting eco-friendly practices in construction processes. The primary objective of this review is to explore the role of green infrastructure and sustainability initiatives in transforming traditional construction practices towards more environmentally responsible and resource-efficient approaches. Through a systematic literature review, this paper examines various aspects including the adoption of green building standards, implementation of renewable energy technologies, utilization of eco-friendly materials, and incorporation of nature-based solutions in construction projects. Additionally, the research methodology involves analyzing case studies, industry reports, and governmental policies to provide a comprehensive understanding of current practices and emerging trends in the field. Key findings indicate a growing awareness and adoption of green infrastructure and sustainability initiatives within the construction industry, driven by regulatory requirements, economic incentives, and shifting societal values. Moreover, successful implementation of these initiatives has been shown to yield numerous benefits such as reduced environmental impact, improved energy efficiency, enhanced occupant health and wellbeing, and long-term cost savings. This review underscores the significant role of green infrastructure and sustainability initiatives in reshaping the construction industry towards a more sustainable future. However, it also highlights the need for further research, technological innovation, and policy support to overcome existing challenges and accelerate the transition towards truly sustainable construction practices
Action research practices, challenges and quality implications
Authors: Firdissa Jebessa Aga
Published: November 2024

This study dealt with investigating the existing practices and challenges to sustain quality of education through action research at the College of Education and Behavioral Studies (CEBS) of the Addis Ababa University (AAU). Data were collected from 76 staffs and 194 students at the College using questionnaires and by conducting interviews with 5 and 3 officials at the Ministry of Education and at AAU respectively. The findings have shown that teaching staffs at AAU conduct action research only to a limited extent. This was regardless of the widespread belief in the positive effects of action research to enhance education quality. Among the reasons for this were lack of staff empowerment, support, clear policies to link teaching with research, top-down prescriptions and staff members’ low commitment and conviction to assertively strive to improve their professional practices through action research which is entrusted with sustaining quality.
Psychosentheorien in der Psychoanalyse
Authors: Möller Anatol
Published: November 2024

Konzepte zu den Psychosen spielten in der Psychoanalyse von Beginn an eine wichtige Rolle – und tun es bis heute. Das Fach verfügt über ein umfangreiches und fundamentales Theoriegebäude in Bezug auf Psychosen und leistet damit einen wesentlichen Beitrag sowohl zur theoretischen Konzeption als auch zur praktischen Behandlung. Anatol Möller untersucht die Bedeutung der Psychosen innerhalb der psychoanalytischen Theorie mit besonderem Fokus auf die Werke Sigmund Freuds und Jacques Lacans. Dabei bezieht er auch bislang wenig rezipierte Werke mit ein und legt so einen umfassenden Überblick über die psychoanalytischen Beiträge zum Thema der Psychosen der letzten 120 Jahre vor.
CARBON REDUCTION STRATEGIES BY THE HOSPITALITY SECTOR: A GLOBAL SOUTH PERSPECTIVE
Authors:   School of Tourism and Hospitality, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa, SHERENI Ngoni C.
Published: November 2024

Climate change is an imminent crisis faced by the global community and tourism is identified as a significant sectoral contributor. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to investigate the carbon reduction strategies of the hospitality sector in Zimbabwe. A survey was done with 165 randomly selected accommodation establishments in Zimbabwe. Descriptive analysis was done with the aid of SPSS version 29. The results reveal that the major source of GHG emissions comes from diesel/petrol-powered generators, transport and electricity usage. The findings also disclose that energy management strategies are seen as important in the reduction of GHG.
Augmented Reality sebagai Inovasi Teknologi dalam Pengajaran Kimia di Tingkat Universitas : Tinjauan Literatur
Authors: Rahmi Fadhila , Guspatni Guspatni
Published: November 2024

Teknologi Augmented Reality (AR) telah berkembang pesat dalam beberapa dekade terakhir dan menunjukkan potensi besar sebagai alat inovatif dalam pendidikan, terutama dalam bidang kimia di lingkungan kampus. AR menawarkan pengalaman pembelajaran yang interaktif dan visualisasi konsep-konsep kimia yang abstrak, seperti struktur molekul dan reaksi kimia, yang sulit dijelaskan melalui metode konvensional. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau literatur yang ada mengenai penerapan AR dalam pengajaran kimia, menyoroti keunggulan, tantangan, dan arah pengembangannya di masa depan. Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa AR meningkatkan pemahaman siswa, motivasi belajar, serta keterlibatan mereka dalam proses pembelajaran. Namun, kendala seperti keterbatasan infrastruktur, biaya pengembangan, dan kurangnya keterampilan teknis masih menjadi hambatan yang signifikan. Dengan semakin berkembangnya teknologi AR dan meningkatnya minat dalam penggunaannya di bidang pendidikan, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengoptimalkan penerapan AR dan mengatasi tantangan yang ada.
THE ROLE OF BANKING SERVICES IN SHAPING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Authors: Urunbaeva Yulduz Pirnazarovna
Published: November 2024

the article considers the role of banking services in the context of the development of digital economy and financial technologies. Ways to implement the digital economy based on blockchain technologies were also seen. Management processes of "Electronic Government" are also expressed.
The Role of Oil Industry in The Socioeconomic Status in Iraq
Authors: Rasheed Suhad A.
Published: November 2024

This research is aimed at clarefying the role of oil industries in supporting the socioeconomical life in Iraq. The oil industry plays a vital role in the socioeconomic fabric of oil-producing countries like Iraq, where its dominance in the economy is driven by oil exports and associated industries. This study spotted the light on the influence of the oil industry on Iraq's socioeconomic landscape, specifically its impact on unemployment, poverty, education, and health sectors. By analyzing the data collected from reputable sources, such as the World Bank and official government reports, spanning the period from 2003 to 2021, this research conducted a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the proportion of the oil industry in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its effects on these key indicators. The findings of this study is presenting the overall analysis of the role of oil industry in enhancing the socioeconomic life in Iraq, and preparing valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in making informed decisions, promoting sustainable economic growth, and enhancing the overall quality of life for the people of Iraq.
CURRENT LEVEL OF INVESTMENT POLICY AND STATE ENCOURAGEMENT IN THE MARKET OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS OF UZBEKISTAN
Authors: Kurbonov Jasurbek Pozilovich
Published: November 2024

This in the article in Uzbekistan fruits and vegetables products to the market foreign investments attraction to do about done being increased to reforms about issues statement done
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF ORGANIZING QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN SECONDARY EDUCATION SYSTEM
Authors: Shahobinnova Malohat
Published: November 2024

In the scientific article, the scientific research conducted in the practice of the educational system in developed foreign countries, the cases of differences in content and essence of the microfields used in general secondary education are analyzed. At the third stage of the education system in foreign countries, the aspects of operation of each educational institution based on its own democratic principles were studied and suggestions for implementation in our country were developed based on foreign experiences.
The Current Consolidated Financial Statements Need to be Revised
Authors: Misirov Komoliddin Mamasabirovich  , Ganiev Shahriddin Vohidovich
Published: November 2024

This article covers aspects related to increasing investment attractiveness and reporting transparency in the preparation of consolidated financial statements in joint-stock companies based on international standards of financial statements. The organizational and methodological aspects of the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with the international standards of financial statements are revealed, paying attention to the elements of the report on the statement of financial position, profit and loss and cash flow.
Formation of the Digital Economy in Uzbekistan and its Indicators
Authors: Saatova L. E.
Published: November 2024

This article is about the digital economy, which is the most hot topic today. The signs, indicators, and assessment of the digital economy, as well as its share in GDP are also cited.
Perceptions of Anomie in Society Shape Support for Wealth Redistribution
Authors: Kirkland Kelly , Klebl Christoph , Elbaek Christian T. , Jetten Jolanda
Published: November 2024

Understanding the factors that influence support for wealth redistribution is essential to address growing economic divides around the world. We propose that perceptions of anomie—the belief that society’s social and political fabric is crumbling—can influence support for redistribution in opposing ways. When people see society as deteriorating, they may seek drastic change, increasing support for redistribution. Conversely, viewing society as descending into anomie may foster distrust in the government’s capacity to manage redistribution, thereby reducing support. Study 1 examined these relationships in a U.S. sample, confirming these two opposing pathways, and Study 2 then replicated the findings in the UK. Study 3 tested this model experimentally, introducing the novel ‘anomie paradigm’ to explore how perceptions of anomie cause shifts in psychology. Here, participants were exposed to a fictitious society characterized by high or low anomie. The high (relative to low) anomie condition increased support for redistribution through a desire for change but simultaneously decreased support via concerns over government misuse. As societal fragmentation and a sense of disintegration become the zeitgeist of our time, understanding the broader psychological impacts of these perceptions may be critical for navigating an increasingly uncertain future.
Affect dynamics in adolescent depression: Are all equilibria worth returning to?
Authors: Fisher Hadar , Fatimah Haya , Pidvirny Kristina , Brown Hallie , Balkind Emma , Webb Christian A. , Pastro Brianna
Published: November 2024

Objective: Difficulties in emotion regulation during adolescence—a critical period for the development of these abilities—have been linked to depression. Early identification of deficits in emotion regulation may help prevent the onset of depression. This study investigated whether emotion regulation dynamics, particularly the speed of regulation to one’s affective equilibrium (damping) inferred from the Damped Oscillator Model (DOM), could predict future depressive symptoms in adolescents. We hypothesized that the relationship between damping and long-term outcomes would depend on the position of an individual's equilibrium. Methods: Participants (N = 115) aged 12-15 completed smartphone-based EMA for 30 days, rating six emotions four times daily. The DOM was applied to each participant's time series data, yielding person-specific frequency of oscillations (η) and damping (ζ) parameters. These parameters were then used to predict depressive symptoms at 6- and 12-month follow-ups controlling for baseline levels of depression. Results: Results revealed that the interaction between the damping parameter and the equilibrium position significantly predicted depressive symptoms for sadness, but not for other emotions. For individuals with higher equilibrium levels of sadness, stronger damping predicted higher follow-up depressive symptoms. Additionally, higher frequency of oscillation around the equilibrium – representing greater elasticity and less rigidity – of two emotions (interest and happiness) predicted fewer depressive symptoms. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the adaptive value of rapid emotional recovery depends on one's baseline emotional state. Tracking emotion regulation dynamics of both positive and negative emotions may improve our ability to identify adolescents at risk for depression before symptoms emerge, thereby informing targeted intervention and prevention efforts.
Determining the object of investigation in psychology
Authors: Witte Erich H.
Published: November 2024

Abstract: If one considers psychology as a scientific discipline and wants to gain insights into human behavior, one must be clear about the objectives. They limit the desired findings and thus make scientific access possible in the first place. In a conventional description of psychology, neither the objective nor the subject matter is sufficiently specified. The object of investigation of psychology is limited here to the average human individual system. If this conception is chosen, then the scientific methods must be adapted to it. At the same time, this specification enables a common consideration of the content of psychological phenomena in all areas with different focal points. Due to the lack of isolation of individual areas in a systemic approach, this can lead to certain interactions that are regarded as distortions in research. By taking a targeted look at certain interactions of varying quality, it is possible to identify key research areas that need to be tackled separately or that have so far remained hidden. The efficiency of this approach to theoretical penetration is demonstrated using classic phenomena from a social psychology textbook. In this way, different phenomena gain a common theoretical background on the surface, which must then also be empirically substantiated. In this way, the scientific claim of conceptual validation of theories can be met, in contrast to a replication of effects. This is the only way to bring about a positive development in psychology, which has so far failed to materialize.
Popular Vote and Voter Turnout in the 2016, 2020, and 2024 US Presidential Elections
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: November 2024

Current analyses of the 2024 U.S. Presidential Election have tended to: (1) overlook the potential impact of lower voter turnout among Democratic candidates due to their gender and race; (2) blame (or credit) African American, Hispanic, and female voters for increasing their support for Trump; and (3) focus on overall turnout rather than examining turnout rates. I provide some thoughts for this debate, based on overall election results and voter registration information from the 2016, 2020, and 2024 elections.
A physics perspective on trial and error evolution and intelligence
Authors: Lavi Eran Magshim
Published: November 2024

This article investigates the pivotal role of Energy in trial-and-error evolution (TAEE). I commence by discussing the Uncertainty principle, which introduces fundamental randomness to physical phenomena and imparts random variability to the TAEE (trial and error evolution). As Energy is the sole component of our Cosmos, the TAEE reflects in Energy and its changes: its exertion capabilities, storage, and ad hoc planning (of Energy exertion.) I then investigated TAEE as reflected in the emergence of intelligence. The Least action principle controls Energy movement in space-time; thus, intelligence emergence directly connects to structures' ability to use the Least action principle. For example, first-level nonintelligent structures (e.g., elementary particles, simple replicating molecules) cannot plan a path, and the Least action principle completely predetermines their infinitesimal movements. They cannot control their Energy exertion, store Energy, or plan ad hoc. After a long process of TAEE, intelligent structures emerged with advanced Energy control, robust Energy storage, and ad hoc planning, allowing complete ad hoc path planning and the ability to make unrestricted mid-course path adjustments. This progression underscores the intricate relationship between Energy dynamics, trial and error evolution, and intelligence evolution.
Autistic Traits Relate to Speed/Accuracy Trade-off but not Statistical Learning and Updating
Authors: Hann Flóra , Pesthy Orsolya , Brezóczki Bianka , Vékony Teodóra , Nagy Cintia Anna , Sapey-Triomphe Laurie-Anne , Tóth-Fáber Eszter , Farkas Bence Csaba , Farkas Kinga , Nemeth Dezso
Published: November 2024

Cognitive and social alterations characterize Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), yet comprehensive explanations are challenged by ASD's heterogeneity. One candidate framework is predictive processing, which posits that predictive processes are altered in ASD (e.g., slower internal model updating). We tested this framework using the spectrum approach, which suggests that subclinical autistic traits are continuously distributed in the general population, with most diagnosed individuals above a threshold. We recruited neurotypical adults (N = 296) to examine the relationship between autistic traits and predictive processing. Using an implicit statistical learning task, we tested model updating in an unsupervised, ecologically valid manner, and assessed speed/accuracy trade-off to control for potential visuomotor performance confounds in ASD. We found no difference in model updating rate along autistic traits, suggesting no relationship between these traits and model updating in the general population, contrary to the slow updating hypothesis. However, our results reveal a difference in the evolution of speed/accuracy trade-off along the degree of autistic traits, potentially indicating a shift in the balance of goal-directed and habitual systems related to autistic traits. These findings set the stage for further research on the interaction between executive functions and predictive, habitual processes related to autistic symptoms.
Communicating Tail-Risk Credibly
Authors: Neto Maria Leonor , Lewis Joshua , Caviola Lucius
Published: November 2024

Effectively communicating tail-risk can inform climate change preparation, but doing so crediblyis challenging––people find risk statements less credible when they include low probabilities.Across five experiments with lay people, elected policymakers, and legal experts, we explore theperceived credibility of tail-risk communication. First, we show that including tail-riskinformation reduces the perceived credibility of messages about global temperature change.Second, we show that this credibility penalty applies even when the audience agrees with thecommunicator’s probability estimates. Third, we identify low probabilities as contributors to tailrisk’slower credibility. Finally, we show that reframing tail-risk information in terms of highprobabilities boosts credibility (e.g., instead of indicating a 5% chance of more than 3.5ºCwarming, indicating a 95% chance of 3.5ºC warming or less), even when the communicator isadvocating for tail-risk mitigation. Overall, while it is hard to communicate tail-risk credibly, thecredibility cost can be reduced.
Knowledge and Attitude Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Lactating Mothers, Balancing Feeding and their Effect on Children’s Health Status in District Area, Western Kordofan: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Elmanssury Ahmed Elnadif , Dafaallah Safa Abdaalla
Published: November 2024

Breastfeeding is important to infant health and survival in Sudan. Exclusive breastfeeding is considered an important criterion when practicing child nutrition, as infants consume only breast milk deprived of introducing any additional food or drink, not even water, and the child continues in this state for six months after birth. To effectively implement and promote breastfeeding in communities, it is necessary to understand the social and demographic factors relevant to infant feeding choices. This study examined cognitive trends regarding breastfeeding in a sample of mothers from the West Kordofan community. Methodology: About 576 housewives participated in descriptive cross-sectional study of children aged 59-60 months. The chosen structured questionnaire was used as the data collection method. The likelihood ratio with a confidence rate of 95% was also used to measure the strength of the association, and the statistical significance was determined at P-value <0:05. Result: The study showed that most of the responding mothers are aware of absolute breastfeeding. Nearly (80%) of the mothers are aware that breast milk alone is sufficient in the first six months. The research also explained that more than half of the study population (55%) have poor general knowledge, while (45%) of them have good knowledge. The analysis showed that the information of respondents from the study population has a significant relationship with the occurrence of diarrhea cases, vitamin A intake, and low birth weight. The analysis also shows the possibility of lower rates of diarrhea in children whose mothers have excellent knowledge of food and nutritional practices. [(95% CI: 0.492-0.874) p-v=0.004)]. Conclusion: Housewives' knowledge of breastfeeding has a significant relationship with the health status of children. Mothers' prior knowledge of vitamin A and its benefits contributed clearly and logically to eating foods rich in vitamins. p-v=0.000].
Intra-couple gaps in retirees’ financial resources: Their extent and predictors across Eastern and Western Germany
Authors: Weiland Andreas P. , Kapelle Nicole
Published: November 2024

Intra-couple disparities in economic resources are often downplayed, yet they substantially affect power dynamics, marital satisfaction, and financial well-being during the marriage and have lasting economic consequences in the event of separation. With the growing privatization of old-age security amidst population aging and welfare cuts, understanding economic intra-couple disparities among retired couples and their life-course drivers is increasingly important. Expanding on previous research that predominantly focused on either singular economic resources or life-course contexts, we use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (2002-2017) to examine intra-couple gaps in both pension wealth and personal net wealth between older spouses in Eastern (n=846) and Western Germany (n=2331). We find pronounced regional disparities: Pension wealth gaps of 12% in Eastern and 53% in Western Germany, contrasted with net wealth gaps of 21% and 8%, respectively. Regression analyses reveal that differences in spouses’ employment histories primarily account for pension wealth disparities within couples, but do not explain net wealth inequalities. This suggests that couples may view net wealth, particularly housing wealth, as a shared asset. Our findings underscore the need for continued monitoring of intra-couple economic inequalities, especially as evolving marital norms and increasing individualization may reshape financial dynamics within marriages.
Causal Claims in Economics
Authors: Garg Prashant , Fetzer Thiemo
Published: November 2024

We analyze over 44,000 economics working papers from 1980--2023 using a custom language model to construct knowledge graphs mapping economic concepts and their relationships, distinguishing between general claims and those supported by causal inference methods. The share of causal claims within papers rose from about 4\% in 1990 to 28\% in 2020, reflecting the ``credibility revolution.'' Our findings reveal a trade-off between factors enhancing publication in top journals and those driving citation impact. While employing causal inference methods, introducing novel causal relationships, and engaging with less central, specialized concepts increase the likelihood of publication in top 5 journals, these features do not necessarily lead to higher citation counts. Instead, papers focusing on central concepts tend to receive more citations once published. However, papers with intricate, interconnected causal narratives—measured by the complexity and depth of causal channels—are more likely to be both published in top journals and receive more citations. Finally, we observe a decline in reporting null results and increased use of private data, which may hinder transparency and replicability of economics research, highlighting the need for research practices that enhance both credibility and accessibility.
Positive Role of Adversity and Suffering in The Relationship Between Spirituality and Flourishing
Authors: Maturlu Noel Danford
Published: November 2024

This study explores the role of adversity and suffering, specifically operationalised as stress, in the relationship between spirituality and flourishing. The investigation focuses on both the mediating and moderating effects of stress in this context. The sample comprises 468 participants aged 17 to 34 years (mean age = 21.55, SD = 1.99), predominantly Christian (n = 314) and Muslim (n = 152). Gender distribution includes 213 females and 271 males. Most participants (n = 409) reported similarity to their religious group, with varied educational backgrounds for their parents and themselves. Descriptive statistics provided an overview of central tendencies and dispersions of the key variables. A correlation matrix assessed the relationships between spirituality, stress, and flourishing, revealing a weak but significant negative correlation between spirituality and stress, a weak but significant positive correlation between spirituality and flourishing, and a moderate, highly significant negative correlation between stress and flourishing.The mediation analysis demonstrated that stress partially mediates the relationship between spirituality and flourishing. Higher levels of spirituality were associated with lower stress, which in turn was linked to higher flourishing. Moderation analysis indicated that stress does not significantly moderate the overall relationship between spirituality and flourishing. However, subgroup analysis showed a significant and positive interaction between spirituality and stress on flourishing in the highspirituality, high-stress subgroup. This finding implies that for individuals with high spirituality, increased stress levels may enhance their sense of flourishing. These nuanced effects were further substantiated by 3D visualisation and robust bootstrapping estimates.The results suggest that while spirituality generally reduces suffering and promotes flourishing, highly spiritual individuals might derive additional flourishing benefits under intense suffering. These insights have practical implications for integrating spiritual practices into stress management and therapeutic interventions, and they underscore the need for future research to explore these dynamics in diverse populations and longitudinal studies.Keywords: Spirituality, Stress, Suffering, Adversity, Flourishing, Mediation, Moderation
Poisonings by alcohol-containing liquids in Russia and overtreatment of supposed alcoholics
Authors: Jargin Sergei V.
Published: November 2024

During the anti-alcohol campaign in the former Soviet Union (1985-1989), consumption of inexpensive colognes and technical alcohol-containing liquids was widespread. Drinking of non-beverage alcohol decreased abruptly after the campaign, when vodka and beer became readily available and inexpensive. Alcohol consumption predictably increased after the campaign. The upsurge in alcohol consumption facilitated economical reforms of the early 1990s: workers did not oppose privatization of factories partly thanks to their drunkenness. Following abolition of the state alcohol monopoly in 1992, the country was flooded by beverages of poor quality, sold through legally operating shops and kiosks, which caused severe poisonings. Thereafter, the quality of beverages has improved while the consumption tended to decrease. Besides, several aspects of treatment including invasive procedures applied with questionable indications are discussed here. A concluding point is that the society should care of its weaker members, including those suffering of alcohol use disorder and alcohol-related dementia, because they can be maltreated, abused and expropriated. In regard to the future research, toxicity of some alcoholic beverages sold in Russia is of particular importance. Of note, the military and medical ethics are not the same. The comparatively short life expectancy in Russia is a strategic advantage as it necessitates less healthcare investments and pensions. Apparently, this has been a motive of the unethical attitude to persons supposed to have alcohol use disorder, discussed in this chapter.
How well do Large Language Models perform as team members? Testing teamwork capabilities of LLMs
Authors: Cooper Patrick , Irons Jessica L. , McGrath Melanie J , Duenser Andreas
Published: November 2024

We employed a modified battery of cognitive and social tests from psychological sciences intended to reflect key components of teamwork. These tests were given to five instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) to examine the capabilities of LLMs to contribute to teamwork. Our results revealed concrete strengths and shortcomings of LLMs to engage in teaming behaviours. Language models performed well on action phases of teamwork, where a team engages in specific work tasks such as monitoring and coordination to meet team goals. In contrast, LLMs lacked the abstract reasoning and planning required to meet transition phases of teamwork. These moments are critical for self-reflection of past performance and planning for upcoming tasks in teams. Finally, LLMs had unique behaviours for interpersonal aspects of teamwork, predominately applying an integrating motivational style but failing to acknowledge negative emotional states of teammates. These findings reveal how ‘off-the-shelf’ LLMs may contribute to contemporary human-AI teams and highlight the utility of experimental psychology in elucidating behaviours of non-embodied agents.
Towards Psychometric Learning Analytics: Augmenting the Urnings Algorithm with Response Times
Authors: Gergely Bence , Bolsinova Maria
Published: November 2024

Adaptive learning systems (ALS) aim to tailor the educational material to match the student's needs, ultimately improving the learning outcomes. An ALS dynamically adjust the level of practice based on the student's ability, therefore obtaining accurate ability estimates is crucial. Since the amount of responses in a timeframe is limited, high measurement precision is unattainable using only accuracies, which calls for the inclusion of other data sources into the measurement. Here, we propose algorithms that can estimate the abilities on-the-fly based on both accuracy and response times (RT). These are extensions of a rating system called the Urnings algorithm. Since the Urnings algorithm uses discrete updates, building on the difference between a single observed and simulated response, we combined accuracy and RT into a continuous score using a discretised version of the Signed Residual Time (SRT) scoring rule. Through simulation studies, we showed that by augmenting the algorithm with RT, a reliable ability measure and better ability tracking can be obtained by administering fewer items. By reanalysing data from an existing ALS we showed that the algorithms can be utilised even if the SRT scoring rule is not explicitly used during measurement, providing better ability estimates and smaller prediction errors.