bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AND METAPLASIA
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Benischek Maria
Published: June 2004

Of nineteen rats on a complete diet (Group III, Diet + C. L. O.), none showed foci of squamous keratinizing epithelium in abnormal situations.

Of twenty-six rats on a diet deficient in vitamins A and D (Group I, Diet—A–D), twenty-three showed metaplastic changes of varying degree in one or more organs; the metaplasia was of columnar, cuboidal, and transitional epithelium to the squamous keratinizing type.

Of eighteen rats on a diet deficient in vitamin A alone (Group II, Diet—A), seventeen showed epithelial metaplasia similar to that of Group I in one or more organs.

In Groups I (Diet—A–D) and II (Diet—A) the changes occurred in one or more of the following organs: trachea, large bronchi, small bronchi or bronchioles in lung, posterior nares, accessory salivary glands of base of tongue, paraocular, submaxillary, sublingual, and parotid glands, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder. The metaplastic changes were as extensive in the rats of Group II on a diet deficient in vitamin A alone as in those of Group I which received a diet deficient in vitamins A and D.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M. , Fleming William L. , Gaspari Emidio L.
Published: June 2004

The following modifications of the antigen (pneumococcus hemotoxin) were studied: (1) the hemolytically active (reduced) substance; (2) the hemolytically inactive, reversible oxidation product; (3) the inactive irreversible products formed by treatment With high concentrations of H2O2; (4) the inactive products formed by heat. The antibody-invoking property of the reversibly oxidized form seemed to be identical with that of the original, hemolytically active or reduced form; neither of the other two hemolytically inactive products invoked antibody production. The same modifications of the antigen which exhibited the antibody-invoking property in vivo possessed the antibody-combining property in vitro; and the modifications which lacked the one property also lacked the other. Evidence is presented that the groups of the hemotoxin molecule in which the true antigenic properties are resident are not necessarily altered by processes which inactivate the groupings responsible for the toxic (hemolytic) action of the original antigen. The lack of antigenic properties on the part of the other two hemolytically inactive modifications is evidence that the treatment employed to alter the toxic property of the molecule must be properly chosen to avoid profound changes which affect the antigenically effective groupings. From an immunological point of view, the reversibility of the antigenically effective oxidation product of pneumococcus hemotoxin is important as an index that the loss of toxicity (hemolysis) was accomplished without a profound change in the molecule.

The theoretical significance of the antigenicity of non-toxic modifications of toxic antigens is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Fleming William L. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

The investigation dealt particularly with the combination of pneumococcus hemotoxin with red blood cells. The reduced or hemolytically active form of the hemotoxin was known to possess the property of erythrocyte combination. The results obtained in this study indicate that the hemolytically inactive, reversibly oxidized form exists in two different modifications; one retains the property of erythrocyte combination while the other lacks this property.

The influence of the combining property of the hemotoxin upon the mechanism of hemolysis and upon the inhibition of the hemolytic reaction was also investigated.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M. , Fleming William L. , Gaspari Emidio L.
Published: June 2004

The investigation deals with the immunological differentiation of the hemotoxin and the "protein fraction" of Pneumococcus, and with a like differentiation of the antihemotoxin and the antiprotein precipitins. The distinction is made upon the basis of the following evidence: (1) The antigenic (antibody-invoking and antibody-combining) properties of the hemotoxin were destroyed by heat and oxidation treatments which did not cause the loss of the antigenic effectiveness of the "protein fraction." (2) The removal of the hemotoxin from pneumococcus solutions by combination with erythrocytes caused no loss in the capacity of the solution to invoke the production of antiprotein precipitins nor in its capacity to react with antiprotein immune serum.

Titrations of the antihemotoxin content of antipneumococcus horse serum (both diagnostic and therapeutic) indicated that the heating treatment of the immunization material is the most important factor in determining the antihemotoxin content of the immune sera obtained from horses, as well as of that from rabbits.

A distinction was also made between the hemotoxin and the toxic substances ("endotoxin") which cause the acute anaphylactoid death of rabbits.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SMOOTH AND ROUGH PNEUMOCOCCUS COLONIES
Authors: Paul John R.
Published: June 2004

The characteristic appearances exhibited by the surface colonies of both S and R pneumococci in 24 and 48 hour cultures upon rabbit blood agar have been reviewed. Emphasis has been laid upon the behavior and structure of the colonies formed by R pneumococci, their frequent similarity to the colonies formed by certain strains of Streptococcus viridans, and their failure to undergo rapid autolysis in the first 48–96 hours, a phenomenon which is highly characteristic of the S pneumococcus colonies. With the S pneumococci it has been shown that "pseudo rough" colonies may be immediately produced under certain unfavorable cultural conditions but such changes in colony morphology as these do not indicate that complete dissociation has taken place and that the organisms may be classified as true R pneumococci.
THE STRUCTURE OF B. ANTHRACIS AND REVERSAL OF THE GRAM REACTION
Authors: Churchman John W.
Published: June 2004

1. The addition of small amounts of aqueous gentian violet, acriflavine, or acriviolet to suspensions of young cultures of B. anthracis reverses their Gram reaction, and diminishes their diameter about 40 per cent.

2. The time required for these changes varies with the strain of B. anthracis examined.

3. These changes are accompanied by a loss of weight.

4. Ninhydrin-positive substances are demonstrable in the filtrate from suspensions of B. anthracis to which dyes have been added.

5. Similar changes are produced by these dyes in many, but not in all, of the sporogenic aerobes.

6. Non-spore bearers are for the most part unaffected in these ways by the dyes, although to this statement there are a number of exceptions.

7. The change in size produced by the dyes is demonstrable in hanging drop specimens as well as in stained smears, but not with equal constancy.

8. Partial decolorizations of B. anthracis are described, which are produced by modifications of the Burke technic in which time of exposure to dye is shortened and time of exposure to decolorizer lengthened.

9. The explanation for these phenomena which accords with all the known facts is that they depend on the existence in B. anthracis of a Gram-positive cortex and a Gram-negative medulla. Positive proof of the correctness of this explanation must await the evidence furnished by cross-sections of bacteria.
FURTHER STUDIES CONCERNING THE FILTRABLE VIRUS PRESENT IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Kuttner Ann G.
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that the guinea pig virus localizes in the submaxillary glands of young guinea pigs following subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous injection of active material, and that the specific lesion is demonstrable in the glands in 12 to 15 days. When an active infection of the gland has been produced in this way, the guinea pigs are refractory to intracerebral inoculation of the virus.

2. No lesion develops in the submaxillary glands of young guinea pigs injected subcutaneously with guinea pig virus which has been inactivated by heat. Young guinea pigs which have received injections of heat-killed virus do not become refractory to intracerebral inoculation of the virus.

3. When young guinea pigs from which both submaxillary glands have been removed are injected subcutaneously with active virus, the virus localizes in the parotid gland, and the animals become refractory to intracerebral inoculation.

4. It has been impossible to demonstrate virucidal properties in the sera of adult guinea pigs which have become spontaneously infected with the virus, or in the sera of young guinea pigs which have been artificially rendered refractory to intracerebral inoculation.

5. It has been possible to transmit the virus from guinea pig to guinea pig continuously in series through seven animals by direct inoculation from submaxillary gland to submaxillary gland.

6. The fact that the virus regularly localizes in the submaxillary glands following subcutaneous inoculation has been utilized in passing the virus from guinea pig to guinea pig. 2 weeks after the subcutaneous inoculation of the virus into young guinea pigs, the active agent was present in the submaxillary glands. Emulsions of the submaxillary glands of these animals were then used for the subcutaneous injection of another group of young guinea pigs. In this way the virus was transmitted continuously from skin to submaxillary gland through a series of seven animals.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Shionoya Takuji
Published: June 2004

1. Distilled water dialyzes through the collodion tube and causes hemolysis. Clotting of the hemolyzed blood in the collodion tube occurs later.

2. Bile salts accelerate the appearance and development of white thrombi in the heparinized animal. The masses of white thrombi are very loose, soft, fragile and easily broken into clumps of platelets. They are poor in fibrin or the fibrin is abnormal, since they have less retractility than those obtained from the use of physiologic sodium chloride solution or calcium chloride or serum. Despite the increase in number and size of white thrombi, normal clotting does not occur.

3. When the collodion tube is surrounded by 1 or 2 per cent d-glucose solution, tiny and numerous white thrombi appear as radiating figures. The masses of white thrombi are rather loose and fragile. The clotting time of the heparinized blood does not appear to be shortened.

4. When a 1 to 2 per cent solution of calcium chloride is used as the dialyzing fluid outside the collodion tube, or when it is injected into the circulation, the formation of white thrombi is accelerated. They grow very rapidly. In spite of the action of heparin, the white thrombi formed are not so fragile as when bile salts are placed outside of the collodion tube. Fibrin seems to form easily. Obstruction of venous cannula takes place speedily and if the clots in the cannula are not removed, the white thrombi in the collodion tube remain small and become red by sedimentation of red cells.

5. Intravenous use of 10 per cent solution of magnesium sulfate without heparin retards the coagulation of circulating blood and permits the blood to flow through the extracorporeal loop from three to four times as long as normal. The formation of white thrombi, as well as red, is retarded. Magnesium sulfate (1 per cent) in physiologic sodium chloride solution placed outside the collodion tube markedly retards the formation of white and red thrombi in the heparinized animal. Magnesium sulfate (10 per cent), 50 mg. for each kilo of body weight each hour, administered intravascularly in the heparinized animal definitely prevents the first stages of thrombosis, and consequently prevents clotting.

6. It is possible by the combined use of adequate amounts of magnesium sulfate and of heparin intravenously to prevent all stages of thrombus formation for from 1 to 3 hours.
CHANGES IN THE PERCENTAGE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING SECTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND VAGUS NERVES
Authors: Berg Benjamin N. , Hess Alfred F. , Sherman Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

When a splanchnic nerve or the celiac plexus was severed a definite fall in serum calcium resulted, the level falling to 6 mg. per cent and remaining low for 1 or 2 weeks. Tetany, however, did not develop. The inorganic phosphate was slightly altered.

On the other hand, when the vagi nerves were severed, the serum calcium rose.

The equilibrium of both calcium and phosphorus was rendered less stable by the division of the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nerves.
RECENT STUDIES ON METHODS OF ISOLATING A BACTERIOPHAGE FOR BACILLUS DIPHTHERIÆ
Authors: Klosterman Julius A. , Small Kathryn W.
Published: June 2004

Of the attempts to isolate an antidiphtheria phage (1) from stools collected daily during the course of a case of the disease, (2) from a 33 day old broth culture of B. diphtheriæ, (3) from intestinal contents and peritoneal washings of guinea pigs inoculated with three different toxic strains of B. diphtheriæ, none yielded an antidiphtheria phage. However of eleven specimens of feces collected from eleven antitoxin horses one was found to contain a bacteriophage active against B. diphtheriæ. This phage was not observed in the first generation and did not show up until transferred the second time. Had the results of the first transfer been regarded as final in all certainty the existence of a phage would not have been recognized. Two additional specimens of feces from the positive horse (No. 156) were later tested to determine whether this bacteriophage was continually present in the intestinal tract of this animal. Both of these feces filtrates failed to yield a phage. Later a sample of freshly collected blood serum from the same horse was tested and found not to contain a phage.

The antidiphtheria phage was tested against eighteen non-diphtheria strains of microorganisms to determine whether it would show lytic activity for related or unrelated bacteria. There was no evidence of lysis in any of these types. The specificity of this phage was also tested on nine strains of B. diphtheriæ and found to be active on three heterologous strains (Strain M 1314, Strain F and Strain G). These incidentally were all recently isolated. It failed to lyse the remaining six strains of which five were recently isolated.

B. diphtheriæ Strain M 1314 was used in combination with nine heterologous bacteriophages isolated from various sources, to determine if any of these phages would by chance lyse this culture. The results were all negative.

To date this phage fails to show complete lysis although the twenty-second generation has a titer of 1 x 10–9.

Additional proposed experiments involving this phage are being planned and will be undertaken in the near future.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

A minute, pleomorphic, motile, Gram-negative bacterium has been isolated from two specimens of nodular tissue from human verruga. In films and sections of the original tissues the organism in question is difficult to distinguish from Bartonella bacilliformis, with which it was associated, and even in pure culture it has a number of properties in common with that parasite. No sugars are fermented by it, it is an obligate aerobe, the optimum temperature for its growth is 25°C., and it has two to four spiral flagella attached to one end of the body. It is, however, readily cultivated on any ordinary culture medium. Broth cultures contain much mucin, but no hydrogen sulfide is formed. Coagulated serum is liquefied by its growth, and the red corpuscles in a blood agar plate are hemolyzed.

Rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice develop acute, fatal septicemia as a result of intravenous or intratesticular inoculation of young cultures. The liver is characteristically affected and shows a general parenchymatous degeneration and necrosis; the entire gastrointestinal tract is intensely congested, and numerous hemorrhagic areas are present; the spleen, dark and soft, is rarely much enlarged; the kidneys are swollen and congested; the adrenals are much swollen and intensely red; the lungs are sometimes congested but otherwise normal. In the case of intratesticular inoculation the scrotum and testicle both undergo rapid gangrene. In monkeys no septicemia has been observed, but a violent local reaction—swelling, congestion, sometimes necrosis—follows intradermal inoculation.

Since no microorganism corresponding in character with this one has previously been described, it is regarded as a new species, and because of its presence in material obtained from Peru it has been given the name Bacterium peruvianum. The significance of the association of B. peruvianum with Bartonella bacilliformis deserves further investigation; it is not impossible that the two organisms are introduced into the human body by the same blood-sucking insect.
ON PRECIPITABLE SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM BACILLUS TYPHOSUS AND BACILLUS PARATYPHOSUS B
Authors: Furth J. , Landsteiner K.
Published: June 2004

Attempts to confirm certain statements that ether-soluble specific substances can be obtained from B. typhosus have lead to negative results.

Two serologically active protein substances and another that was non-protein have been separated from B. typhosus. The first two are not resistant to tryptic digestion or to treatment with alkaline hypochlorite solution whereas the third resists both. One of the proteins could be extracted with 75 per cent alcohol.

Specific precipitable substances reacting like the non-protein substance of B. typhosus and containing large amounts of carbohydrates have been prepared from B. paratyphosus B, B. enteritidis, and Proteus HX19 and OX19. Observations on the serological behaviour of these preparations are described.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon
Published: June 2004

The guinea pig is subject to cerebral and corneal inoculation of the herpes virus.

The effects of the inoculations vary with the strength or degree of virulence of the virus.

Weak strains of the virus are implanted on the cerebrum with difficulty and strong strains with ease.

Weak strains are quickly suppressed by the brain and strong strains may be passed indefinitely from brain to brain of the guinea pig. Strains of intermediate potency can be passed for a limited number of times only.

Weak strains induce keratoconjunctivitis without brain involvement, while strong strains invade the brain from the eye and produce fatal encephalitis. In the latter case, the brain contains active virus inoculable upon the cornea and into the brain of rabbits and guinea pigs. Strains of intermediate potency produce keratoconjunctivitis accompanied by mild symptoms of encephalitis, from which recovery results.

The guinea pig serves even more definitely than the rabbit to distinguish grades of virus according to strength or virulence. There is no difference of kind but only of degree of response to inoculation of herpes virus in the rabbit and the guinea pig.

The etiology of epidemic encephalitis has not, therefore, been brought appreciably nearer solution by experiments with herpes virus carried out in guinea pigs.
ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT AND VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Stevens Henry , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

Rabbit skin treated for a few minutes with ultra-violet light and then inoculated at once with vaccine virus is less susceptible to the action of the virus than is untreated skin. If 24, 48, or 72 hours elapse between the time of irradiation and inoculation, the treated skin appears to be more susceptible than is untreated skin. Skin repeatedly exposed to ultra-violet light is less susceptible to the action of vaccine virus than is non-irradiated skin.
ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT AND VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

Under the experimental conditions described in the present paper, it was found that the amount of energy required to kill staphylococci at single wave-lengths in the active ultra-violet region was approximately the same as that necessary to inactivate vaccine virus.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon
Published: June 2004

In this paper, three strains of the herpes virus have been dealt with. The H.F. II strain was obtained from the subject H.F. 4 years after the H.F. I strain was secured. H.F. is a victim of recurrent herpes. If the subject is also a chronic carrier of the herpes virus, then it is not one, but two or more strains which are persistently carried. The H.F. II strain is of mitigated pathogenic action for the rabbit, as compared with the H.F. I strain; it is to be classed as dermatotropic rather than neurotropic. And yet, in the subject there was no indication that the attack of herpes provoked was different from the other attacks associated with the H.F. I virus.

The other two herpes strains derive their interest from the fact that they came also from persons who suffer from repeated attacks of labial herpes. One strain proved highly neurotropic, resembling in this respect the H.F. I strain; the other was hardly neurotropic at all, but was none the less definitely dermatotropic. It may be possible at a later date to secure other samples of virus from these individuals for comparison. The dermatotropic F. strain penetrates to the central nervous system far more readily and certainly from the skin than from corneal surfaces.

The recovered inoculated rabbits showed only relative protection to reinoculation of the herpes virus. A notable difference appeared in the degree of protection acquired, on the one hand by the cornea and on the other by the brain. While the one was partial, the other was complete. The complete resistance of the brain was shown (a) by the complete failure of the intracerebral inoculation, and (b) by the absence of circling movements following corneal inoculation.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. Hydrochloric acid extracts of Streptococcus hæmolyticus contain type-specific, as well as non-type-specific, substances. The precipitates formed by these crude extracts with homologous antibacterial serum are flocculent, while those obtained with heterologous serum are usually disc-like.

2. The type-specific substance may be detected by the use of anti-bacterial sera absorbed with heterologous strains of hemolytic streptococci. Such absorbed sera are type-specific: they are precipitated only by extracts of strains of the homologous type.

3. Any heterologous strain of hemolytic streptococcus absorbs the antibodies for all other heterologous strains, but homologous strains absorb type-specific antibodies as well. Numerous repeated absorptions with heterologous hemolytic streptococci tend to lower the titer of the type-specific antibody. A possible explanation of this fact is suggested.

4. Three strains did not yield a type-specific substance; and it seems probable that they had lost this function because of long continued cultivation in artificial media.

5. Classification based on the precipitin test with absorbed serum agrees with that previously determined by agglutination and protection tests. The method is, therefore, applicable to the problem of classification of the hemolytic streptococci.
STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

The course is considered of a second type of Salmonella infection naturally appearing in a guinea pig population during the endemic stage of an earlier outbreak. After a quiescent period of 5 months the percentage mortality increased abruptly; fluctuated, with a second rise during the 9th month; and then declined. With the exception of a high rate during the 2nd month the percentage mortality from the initial infection tended to remain on a low level.

The spread of infection in the cages of the breeding stock is recorded from the time of the first fatal case. There was a slow but general dissemination of the second organism through the group. Fatal cases were confirmed solely to the sows. It is suggested that a lowered individual resistance occuring during pregnancy might be associated with the regular cage spread and with the apparent difference in susceptibility of the sexes.

Natural host resistance, virulence of the organisms and acquired host resistance are discussed from the standpoint of their bearing on the unequal distribution of deaths from the two infections.
THE EFFECT ON SUBSEQUENT AGGLUTINATION OF THE EXPOSURE OF BACTERIA TO HEATED ANTISERUM
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

It is shown that when dilute rabbit serum rich in agglutinin for the hog cholera bacillus is heated at 75°C. for 20 minutes and the bacilli incubated with the heated serum, agglutination fails to result on the addition of unheated immune serum. When the immune serum is first heated to 80°C., it no longer greatly inhibits secondary agglutination when the organisms are exposed to fresh agglutinin. The abortion bacillus agglutinin acts in a similar manner except that the immune serum must be heated above 80°C. for 20 minutes to prevent the second agglutination. The reactions are specific since control experiments with normal rabbit serum heated at various temperatures failed to influence further agglutination. It has also been shown by precipitation tests that there is definite fixation of serum proteins and bacterial cells with the heated sera which would prevent subsequent agglutination. Furthermore, heated antiserum which would prevent the secondary agglutination still possessed the property of deviating complement in a hemolytic series.
THE EFFECT OF DIGESTS OF PURE PROTEINS ON CELL PROLIFERATION
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

1. The pepsin hydrolytic products of the pure proteins, crystalline egg albumin, crystalline edestin, and purified fibrin, are utilized by fibroblasts for their proliferation. It appears, therefore, that the growth of fibroblasts in fibrin digests and in the proteose of Witte's peptone is due to the split products of the protein itself and not to accompanying cellular constituents or other impurities. Preliminary denaturation of the protein, as carried out in these experiments, does not alter the nutritive properties of the digest.

2. The digests of the pure proteins employed are deficient in certain substances and do not meet the entire nutritive requirement of the cells for an unlimited period of time. Some supplementary nutritive substances are present in fresh embryonic heart tissue. This circumstance explains the growth of fibroblasts from fresh embryonic heart in digests which do not promote the growth of a pure strain of fibroblasts.

3. Glycocoll and nucleic acid have been found to supplement the nutritive action of pure protein digests for sarcomatous fibroblasts, and to increase greatly the length of life of the tissues.

4. Vegetable proteins, as well as animal proteins, yield proteolytic products which promote the multiplication of fibroblasts.
ON THE RÔLE OF CARBOHYDRATE HAPTENS IN BACTERIAL ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: Tomcsik Joseph , Kurotchkin T. J.
Published: June 2004

1. In passively sensitized animals bacterial anaphylaxis has been produced, in vivo and in vitro, with haptens from B. lactis aerogenes, the pneumobacillus, and a yeast.

2. The smallest amount of hapten causing fatal anaphylaxis is less than the minimal amount of protein which will cause death in properly sensitized animals.

3. The haptens used were largely carbohydrates, and gave none of the protein reactions, but since they did contain a small amount of nitrogen we cannot yet assert positively that carbohydrate alone will produce shock.

4. Since haptens will not sensitize animals we must conclude that the anaphylactogenic and shock-producing parts of the antigen are not identical.

5. These experiments provide further evidence of the close relationship of precipitins to anaphylaxis.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

The chemical and immunological characteristics of the type-specific substance (M) of Streptococcus hæmolyticus are considered.

1. A summary of the evidence for the protein nature of this substance follows:

(a) It is precipiated by the usual protein precipitants such as, dilute alcohol, dilute acetic acid, and picric acid.

(b) It contains 14 per cent protein nitrogen after considerable purification.

(c) It is progressively destroyed by removal of the NH2 group by treatment with nitrous acid.

(d) It is completely and readily digested by trypsin and by pepsin.

2. "Purified" extracts react in relatively high dilution with homologous antibacterial sera, but do not precipitate most heterologous antibacterial sera or sera potent in non-type-specific antibodies for the group reactive nucleoprotein P or for the species-specific probable carbohydrate C. Attempts to immunize rabbits with the type-specific protein have been unsuccessful, with simple salt solution extracts of streptococci as well as with purified solutions. This protein seems, therefore, to have the characteristics of a haptene.

The type-specific substance (M) is contrasted with the so called nucleoprotein (P) which shows group relationships with nucleoproteins of related species and is the only fraction of hemolytic streptococcus extracts so far obtained which, after separation from the bacterial cell, is a true antigen leading to antibody production when injected into rabbits.

The occurrence of another non-type-specific protein (Y) is suggested by occasional cross-reactions of purified M with certain antibacterial sera. Since it has not been separated from extracts containing the type-specific M, little is known of it either chemically or serologically. The cross-reaction disappears on tryptic or peptic digestion of the extract. The fact that such extracts do not show cross-reactions with anti-P sera is evidence that this non-type-specific protein is not P.
THE USE OF HISTAMINE AS A STANDARD TEST FOR DIMINISHED RESISTANCE IN SUPRARENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

Of all the drugs thus far used in testing the resistance of suprarenalectomized rats, histamine has been found to be the most satisfactory. It is a readily obtainable and comparatively stable drug, producing characteristic symptoms. Its M.L.D. for a given strain of rats can be established within narrow limits, and the difference between the M.L.D. for normal and suprarenalectomized rats is comparatively great (1:20).
THE PRODUCTION OF SKIN NECROSIS BY CERTAIN AUTOLYSATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS (TYPES I AND II)
Authors: Parker Julia T.
Published: June 2004

1. Certain pneumococcus autolysates produce necrosis when injected into the skin of guinea pigs.

2. The necrosis-producing principle can be filtered through a Berkefeld N filter, is extremely thermolabile, and is very sensitive to oxidation.

3. The necrotizing poison can be separated from the pneumococcus hemotoxin by adsorption with red cells. This removes the hemotoxin and leaves the necrosis-producing principle unaffected.

4. The necrotizing substances obtained from Pneumococcus Types I and II are neutralized by the antiserum prepared with Pneumococcus I.
RECIPROCAL EFFECTS OF CONCOMITANT INFECTIONS
Authors: Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which was studied the effect of a concomitant infection, vaccinia, upon the syphilitic reaction of rabbits. Vaccine virus was inoculated intracutaneously on the side of the body at the time of intratesticular inoculation with Treponema pallidum.

The results showed clearly that the vaccination caused a profound disturbance in the syphilitic reaction, the ensuing syphilis being extremely severe. From an analysis of various features of the reaction, it appeared that the factor of host resistance was primarily concerned in the effects observed.
CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

Determinations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus were made on the blood of 5 groups of normal animals over periods of 4 to 8 months. The material included animals from recently acquired stocks as well as animals that had been living under laboratory conditions for long periods of time. The results were analyzed with especial reference to the occurrence of periodic and progressive variations in the absolute amounts of calcium and inorganic phosphorus and the relations between the two substances.

It was found that, among animals living in the laboratory, both calcium and inorganic phosphorus, as well as all expressions of the equilibrium between the two substances, exhibited a definite tendency to a progressive increase or decrease) as the case might be, and that clearly defined periodic variations occurred in all classes of animals. The progressive change was most marked in the case of inorganic phosphorus, the periodic change in the case of calcium, while both conditions were dearly shown by various expressions of the relation between calcium and inorganic phosphorus.
PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS AFTER THE INGESTION OF BUCKWHEAT
Authors: Sheard Charles , Caylor Harold D. , Schlotthauer Carl
Published: June 2004

The chief points presented in this paper are:

1. Following the ingestion of buckwheat (plant or seed) varicolored guinea pigs, white swine and goats exhibited symptoms of photosensitization, the degree of sensitization being in the order given.

2. Rabbits, dogs, white mice and rats did not manifest symptoms of photosensitization.

3. The symptoms and reactions were: agitation, itching, scratching of the ears, weakness, urticaria with sloughing and symptoms similar to those in anaphylaxis.

4. Microscopic examinations showed the lack of marked pathologic change. The lesions, such as petechial hemorrhage of the lungs, brain, liver, stomach and kidneys, suggest that profound toxemia has been present.

5. Lesions were not found which appeared to be suggestive of malignant neoplasms.

6. Irradiation by a quartz mercury vapor lamp apparently develops a resistance to photosensitization, probably because of increased pigmentation induced by ultra-violet light.

7. From the nature of the physiologic and pathologic reactions produced under various filters and from a consideration of the percentages of transmission of solar energy in the visible spectrum, it would seem that the region of photosensitization lies between 580 millimicrons (yellow) and the red end of the spectrum. This conclusion, moreover, is substantiated by the fact that irradiation by a quartz mercury vapor lamp (which radiates no energy in the visible spectrum at a wave-length greater than 579 millimicrons) produces no symptoms or reactions.

8. Spectrophotometric determinations of alcoholic extracts of grass (non-toxic) and of buckwheat (toxic) show the presence of two additional bands in the absorption spectrum of buckwheat with maxima at about 540 and 600 millimicrons, respectively, together with the common absorption zones at 430 to 490 millimicrons and 630 to 690 millimicrons.

9. Spectrophotometric determinations of blood serums of sensitized animals show, besides the usual absorption bands peculiar to oxyhemoglobin (with maxima at 540 and 580 millimicrons respectively), two zones with maxima at 600 and 660 millimicrons respectively.

10. The fluorescence of chlorophyll per se, as suggested by previous investigators, is not, in all probability, the cause of the sensitization induced by buckwheat.

11. Hematoporphyrine is not the photodynamic substance in all probability.

12. Phylloporphyrine may be the photodynamic substance. In this regard, also, the possibility of cholehematin is not to be ruled out.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE VISIBILITY OF THE POLYHEDRAL VIRUSES
Authors: Glaser R. W. , Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

With the techniques employed we have not been able to detect any qualitative differences between the particles visible in normal blood and in blood from cases of wilt disease and grasserie. Of the two conditions we can speak more definitely in the case of grasserie, because this we have studied quantitatively as well, that is to say, the particles visible microscopically and ultramicroscopically have been counted without bringing to light any marked difference between normal and diseased blood. This leads us to believe that the virus of wilt disease is probably invisible, and the virus of grasserie almost certainly so, when studied with the optical equipment that we have used, and that further evidence will be necessary before one can accept the chlamydozoa or the Borrellina as the active etiological agents. Although these two polyhedral viruses do not appear to be visibly particulate, it does not follow that other alterable viruses are not organized in this way. Each should be considered on its own merits.
EFFECT OF FORMALIN ON THE VIRUS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Long Perrin H.
Published: June 2004

The virus of vesicular stomatitis is not readily killed by formalin. This chemical is one of a group which coagulates the proteins of the medium in which the virus is usually contained. It has already been found7 that other reagents of the protein-coagulating group are not actively virucidal) and the effect of formalin in this instance is therefore characteristic of the group.

The so called formalinized vaccines which give rise to immunity can be shown to have done so because of the presence of living virus. A single injection of such so called "vaccine," or of other material containing living virus, is capable of inducing immunity in guinea pigs. No protection, however, follows a single injection of dead virus. Furthermore, repeated inoculations of virus killed by formalin likewise fail to induce resistance against subsequent injections of the living virus.

It is concluded, with respect to the virus of vesicular stomatitis, that the use of formalin has failed to solve the problem of active immunization with dead virus.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

The anaphylactic reactions of two non-type-specific fractions of hemolytic streptococcus extracts parallel the precipitin reactions. The nucleoprotein, P, is a true antigen, in that it stimulates antibody production in rabbits, as shown before, and produces anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs actively as well as passively. The probable carbohydrate, C, on the other hand, does not induce antibody formation in rabbits, so far as known at present, but does produce typical anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antibacterial serum provided the serum shows a high titer of C precipitins. This is an instance of a hapten, probably carbohydrate in nature, causing anaphylactic shock in passively sensitized guinea pigs.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific anaphylactic shock was produced with HCI extracts of Streptococcus hæmolyticus in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antibacterial sera.

2. With occasional sera and certain HCl extracts, type-specific shock was not produced unless the serum was first absorbed with heterologous bacteria or unless the guinea pigs were desensitized with heterologous extracts before testing with the homologous extract. The findings indicated that this was due to the presence of the non-type-specific substance which has been provisionally designated as Y.

3. Tryptic digestion destroyed the ability of HCI extracts containing the type-specific M substance and the non-type-specific Y substance to produce anaphylactic shock in passively sensitized guinea pigs.

4. Active sensitization was not accomplished with the type-specific M. It seems probable, therefore, that this substance is a hapten, reacting with antibodies but not stimulating their production after separation from the bacterial cell.
THE REGENERATION OF AUTOPLASTIC LYMPH NODE TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Richter Maurice N.
Published: June 2004

The reticulum plays an important part in the regeneration of lymph nodes autoplastically transplanted into the abdominal wall of the albino rat. The necrosis which follows transplantation involves mainly the lymphocytes. A margin of lymphocytes is preserved only at the periphery. This may be due to early lymphatic connection with the marginal sinus of the node. The reticulum cells are apparently more resistant since for the most part they do not degenerate. There are three possible origins of the lymphocytes of the regenerated node. They may arise by proliferation of lymphocytes retained at the periphery of the plant. The presence of a few mitotic figures among lymphocytes in the marginal region confirms the possibility of this mode of origin. They may also be derived from lymphocytes brought into the transplant by the blood or lymph circulation. Though some lymphocytes are present in the marginal sinus, and an occasional lymphocyte is seen in the capillaries which enter at the hilus, we believe that this source of origin of the lymphocytes is negligible. On the other hand, the hyperplastic reticulum appears to be the important source of lymphocyte production. These may be derived from the reticulum directly as small lymphocytes, or may be formed through the intermediary stage of large lymphoid cells. This capacity is not limited to lymphatic reticulum, as small foci of lymphocyte formation are found in the connective tissue in the vicinity. of the transplants. The reticular origin of lymphoctes is most easily observed in the earlier stages of regeneration before the picture is obscured by the numerous small lymphocytes.

Two structures in the regenerating node are directly traceable to the same structures of the transplanrt. These are the marginal sinus and the hilus. The marginal sinus of thef transplant is preserved, and is probably an important means by which lymphatic communication is established with the surrounding tissue. The hilus is the site of entry of the blood vessels, and the hilus of the regenerated node is the same as that of the transplant.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM OF THE SENSITIZED GUINEA PIG
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith
Published: June 2004

The primary change in surface tension of serum incident to anaphylactic shock is probably due to a lowering of the surface tension of the serum by the addition of the antigen serum. But this may be followed by further decrease or by an increase depending on the intensity and duration of certain secondary tissue changes.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF EARLY OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
Authors: Barron E. S. Guzman , Bumstead John H.
Published: June 2004

1. After experimental ligation of the bile ducts in dogs, two distinct processes are clearly manifested: first, the accumulation of the normally circulating bilirubin in the blood with its characteristic indirect Van den Bergh reaction for a period of several hours, and second, the subsequent appearance of the bile bilirubin giving the direct Van den Bergh reaction. It is possible that the first process may be due to a temporary reflex inhibition of the function of the liver cells due to ligation of the duct and comparable to the same phenomenon which usually occurs in the kidney when the ureter is ligated. The second process begins before any rupture of the bile capillaries is visible. Liver sections made 6 to 7 hours after obstruction show these bile capillaries dilated and extending between the liver cells in small distended pouches the blind end of these lying in contact with the pericapillary spaces. It is possible that bile may diffuse from these thin walled pouches into the perivascular lymph spaces, this diffusion being favored by the mounting pressure inside the bile ducts.

2. In early obstructive jaundice bile first appears in the lymph, but exclusion of the thoracic duct from the circulation by drainage causes a delay of only a few hours in the appearance of bile bilirubin in the blood stream. We must therefore conclude that after biliary obstruction bile enters the circulation both by way of the blood capillarieś and the lymphatics, although the latter route is the more important.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

1. A pure strain of fibroblasts has been isolated from Sarcoma 10 of the Crocker Foundation. After about 16 months of life in vitro, the malignancy of the strain is as great as that of the original tumor.

2. The strain has been compared with a strain of normal rat fibroblasts. The malignant cells are generally larger, coarser, and more refringent than normal cells. They possess all the morphological characteristics of fibroblasts. They do not show any abnormalities and never degenerate and die. They are to all appearances healthy cells. Their mode of locomotion is identical with that of normal fibroblasts. Their colonies are larger, but the architecture is similar.

3. The residual activity of both cell types, the duration of their life, and their rate of growth in a nutrient medium are almost identical.

4. The sarcomatous fibroblasts liquefy a rat plasma coagulum while normal fibroblasts do not. They turn phenol red golden yellow whereas, under the same conditions, normal cells turn it pinkish orange.

5. Sarcomatous and normal fibroblasts of the rat multiply to an unlimited degree in chick embryo juice. They live for only a short time in rat serum and chick serum. Calf liver digest will suffice for an unlimited proliferation of sarcoma fibroblasts, but fails to support the life of normal fibroblasts for very long.

6. The presence of bone marrow greatly increases the rate of growth of sarcomatous fibroblasts cultivated in rat serum, while it only slightly affects that of the normal cells. The unlimited growth of the sarcomatous tissue in animals to which it is transplanted may be attributed to the presence of macrophages, which are a normal constituent of the tumor, and possibly are a necessary factor of its growth in vivo.
THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF YELLOW FEVER IN THE MOSQUITO
Authors: Bauer Johannes H. , Hudson N. Paul
Published: June 2004

1. The yellow fever virus was found in infectious form in Aedes ægypti throughout the entire period of the extrinsic incubation, as demonstrated by the injection of the bodies of mosquitoes into normal rhesus monkeys at daily intervals after the insects had fed on an infected animal.

2. The virus was transmitted through the bite of the mosquitoes, in one experiment on and after the 9th day, and in two experiments on the 12th day after the initial infecting feed.

3. The pathologic changes produced by the injection of the infected mosquitoes into normal monkeys during the extrinsic incubation were in every respect those of typical experimental yellow fever.

4. The monkeys withstand easily the subcutaneous injection of the mosquito emulsion. No acute inflammatory reaction was observed at the site of injection in any of the seventeen animals inoculated with this material in these three experiments.