bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Endocarditis-Specific Risk Scores in Surgery for Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Pemberton James , Wang Tom
Published: April 2017

Background Risk models can play an important part in the decision-making of surgery for infective endocarditis, but they remain underutilized. Several endocarditis-specific risk models have been recently published with the aim to improve on existing general cardiac surgery scores such as EuroSCORE. We compared their prognostic utility of mortality and morbidities for infective endocarditis surgery.

Methods The additive Society of Thoracic Surgeon's (STS) Endocarditis score, Costa score, De Feo-Cotrufo score, and Pulsuse score were calculated for consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery for active infective endocarditis during 2005 to 2011 at Auckland City Hospital and their discriminative value for adverse outcomes assessed.

Results Mean scores for 146 endocarditis surgery patients with operative mortality 6.8% (10) were additive STS score: 32.2 ± 13.5, Costa score: 12.0 ± 6.8, De Feo-Cotrufo score: 14.6 ± 9.2, and Pulsuse score 2.2 ± 1.3. Areas under curve and 95% confidence intervals for operative mortality were 0.699 (0.534–0.865), 0.596 (0.426–0.765), 0.744 (0.590–0.899), and 0.673 (0.510–0.836), respectively. All four scores could also discriminate mortality during follow-up and composite morbidity, with the De Feo-Cotrufo score having the best overall performance.

Conclusion Endocarditis-specific risk models had moderate discrimination of operative mortality and most postoperative complications, and the De Feo-Cotrufo score is the preferred score to advise clinical decisions in this setting.
The Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitor FAD286 is Suitable for Lowering Aldosterone Levels in ZDF Rats but not in db/db Mice
Authors: Hofmann Anja , Brunssen Coy , Peitzsch Mirko , Balyura Mariya , Mittag Jennifer , Frenzel Annika , Jannasch Anett. , Brown Nicholas , Weldon Steven , Gueneva-Boucheva Kristina , Eisenhofer Graeme , Bornstein Stefan , Morawietz Henning
Published: April 2017

Inhibition of aldosterone synthase is an alternative treatment option to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism to prevent harmful aldosterone actions. FAD286 is one of the best characterized aldosterone synthase inhibitors to date. FAD286 improves glucose tolerance and increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in obese and diabetic ZDF rats. However, there is limited knowledge about the dose-dependent effects of FAD286 on plasma aldosterone, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone in ZDF rats and in db/db mice, a second important rodent model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In addition, effects of FAD286 on plasma steroids in mice and rats are controversial. Therefore, obese Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and db/db mice were treated with FAD286 for up to 15 weeks and plasma steroids were evaluated using highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In ZDF rats, FAD286 (10 mg/kg/d) treatment resulted in nearly complete disappearance of plasma aldosterone while corticosterone levels remained unaffected and those of 11-deoxycorticosterone were increased ~4-fold compared to vehicle control. A lower dose of FAD286 (3 mg/kg/d) showed no effect on plasma aldosterone or corticosterone, but 11-deoxycorticosterone was again increased ~4-fold compared to control. In contrast to ZDF rats, a high dose of FAD286 (40 mg/kg/d) did not affect plasma aldosterone levels in db/db mice although 11-deoxycorticosterone increased ~2.5-fold. A low dose of FAD286 (10 mg/kg/d) increased plasma aldosterone without affecting corticosterone or 11-deoxycorticosterone. In conclusion, the aldosterone synthase inhibitor, FAD286, lowers plasma aldosterone in obese ZDF rats, but not in obese db/db mice.
Substantiation of buried two dimensional hole gas (2DHG) existence in GaN-on-Si epitaxial heterostructure
Authors: Sun Jinming , Longobardi Giorgia , Udrea Florin , Zhu Congyong , Camuso Gianluca , Yang Shu , Garg Reenu , Imam Mohamed , Charles Alain
Published: April 2017

Gallium Nitride on Silicon (GaN-on-Si) devices feature a relatively thick epi buffer layer to release the stress related to the lattice constant mismatch between GaN and Si. The buffer layer is formed by several AlGaN-based transition layers with different Al contents. This work addresses the fundamental question of whether two-dimensional hole gases (2DHGs) exist at those interfaces where the theory predicts a high concentration of a negative fixed charge as a consequence of the discontinuity in polarization between the layers. In this study, we demonstrate that the presence of such 2DHGs is consistent with the measured vertical Capacitance-Votage Profiling (CV) and Technology Caomputer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulation in the whole range of measurable frequencies (10 mHz–1 MHz). N-type compensating background donor included in the epi structure in the simulation deck proves to be crucial to explain the depletion region extension consistent with the CV experimental data. For the standard range of frequencies (1 kHz–1 MHz), there was no indication of the presence of 2DHGs. A set of ultra-low frequency (10 mHz–10 Hz) measurements performed were able to reveal the existence of 2DHGs. The outcome of these ultra-low frequency experiments was matched with TCAD simulations which validated our theory.
2. Rebellion in the colonies
Authors: Allison Robert J.
Published: April 2017

‘Rebellion in the colonies’ begins with the destruction of 92,586 pounds of tea in 1773—later knows as the Boston Tea Party—to prevent a payment of tax to the British Government. A Contintental Congress was called in 1774 with all colonies except Georgia in attendance. Would the colonies side with Boston? Or would they advise the Bostonians to pay for the tea and to stop being so troublesome? By the end of 1775, British authority in America had crumbled. During the fighting, neither side, rebel or British, had a clear end in sight. Was the aim reconciliation? Or subjugation? Or was it independence?
3. Independence
Authors: Allison Robert J.
Published: April 2017

By spring 1776 British authority had collapsed in the colonies. Congress appointed John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston to draft a declaration of independence. ‘Independence’ describes this declaration and reveals how complex declaring independence would be. Americans were redefining their relationship with the British Empire, but also the basis of government and the nature of their society. The declaration was adopted by Congress on July 4, 1776, but fighting continued. Richard Howe and Henry Clinton had been sent to achieve a political end—reconciliation—through military means, but George Washington was securing a military end—victory—through the political means of cultivating support from the people the army protected.
5. Presidential elections: Nominating campaigns and general elections
Authors: Maisel L. Sandy
Published: April 2017

‘Presidential elections: Nominating campaigns and general elections’ explores the complexities of how candidates for president are chosen and how they are elected. The nominating campaign is to many Americans confusing and opaque. The lengthy timescale of primary and caucus elections means that some states have a disproportionate influence on the outcome. Two factors have even greater influence in the election process: the funding of campaigns, which can cost tens of millions of dollars, and the nature of the Electoral College system, which means that much of the debate will be conducted in a few battleground states where a few votes can make a difference to the Electoral College.
2. The presidency finds its place
Authors: Jones Charles O.
Published: April 2017

An important issue with respect to setting up the new system of government was where to put the presidency. The capital city, it was decided, would be central between North and South. Congress and the presidency would be in the same city, separated by a swamp. “The presidency finds its place” looks at how the location was decided and evolved over time. Presidential candidates were not required to go through Congress to win. They were to be independently elected. Three governing centers were established in the new capital: one each for the Congress, the presidency, and the courts. The President’s House was designed to be both a residence and a workplace.
5. Connecting to and leading the government
Authors: Jones Charles O.
Published: April 2017

Presidents face numerous challenges as they endeavor to meet expectations of leadership beyond given powers. “Connecting to and leading the government” shows how the presidency manages the many organizations and expenditures of government, a task that has grown in size, complexity, and intensity over time. To whom or what must presidents connect? The many cabinet departments and major agencies are described along with the roles of the inner circle—key advisers and assistants, the vice president, and the first spouse. The federal government is intricately connected to governance in the fifty states and thousands of localities. The challenge for presidents is to take advantage of bureaucratic experience in formulating and promoting their programs.
7. African American Islam
Authors: Glaude Eddie S.
Published: April 2017

In some ways, Islam best represents the idea of African American religion as a practice of freedom and a sign of difference. For those African Americans who embraced Islam during the modern phase, their conversion was as much an expression of skepticism about Christianity and the United States as it was an acceptance of Islam. ‘African American Islam’ situates African American Islam within a broader global religious imagination that seeks to expand how African Americans understand themselves as members of a global community, an understanding that has shifted and morphed in light of the pressures of Muslim immigration to the United States. Those pressures have involved an insistence on decoupling Islam from the particulars of African American racial experience.
4. Odds, evens, and shells
Authors: Close Frank
Published: April 2017

‘Odds, evens, and shells’ considers the fundamental property laws governing nuclear structure. It explains element stability and abundance, as well as the quantum rules, magic numbers, shells, and binding energy that explain atomic and element structure. An effective guide to stability, and the pattern of radioactive decays, is given by the semi-empirical mass formula. As nature seeks stability by minimising energy, a nucleus seeks to lower the total mass or increase the binding energy by emitting an alpha particle cluster, by beta decay, or by splitting in two, as in uranium fission. Alpha decay and technetium, the lightest element that is totally radioactive, and thus without any stable isotopes, are also described.
2. Late colonial India
Authors: Rajadhyaksha Ashish
Published: April 2017

Between 1920 and 1931 India saw its first boom in indigenous film production. Indian cinema was clearly set to take-off, but where to? Both the boom in production, as well as the kind of money flowing into studios and into movie theatres, sent deeply conflicting messages. India’s movie economy found itself, not for the first time, speaking for a larger economic sector of which it would be both a symbol and an anomaly. ‘Late colonial India’ outlines colonial ambitions for Indian cinema; the Lahore Anarkali effect on the Mughal epic; the reform of the industry with the introduction of sound in 1931; and the impact of the Second World War on Indian film-making.
5. Character
Authors: van Es Bart
Published: April 2017

In his 1927 study, Aspects of the Novel, E.M. Forster divided characters into two categories: ‘flat’ and ‘round’. Shakespeare’s ability to create distinct, memorable characters has long been singled out for praise. Shakespeare’s most memorable creations—such as Bottom, Falstaff, and Malvolio—tend to have a complicating element of sadness, which can knock comedy off course: there is always an element of unease. How does Shakespeare combine complexity with laughter? And make pathos compatible with farce? One answer is that his characters are shape-shifters. Shakespeare adapts their level of self-awareness to the moment so that, dependant on the requirements of the drama, they can be both ‘flat’ and ‘round’.
7. Reconstructing the past and weathering the future
Authors: Ellam Rob
Published: April 2017

Tiny microfossils called Foraminifera form calcium carbonate shells that record the δ18O composition of the seawater in which they grew. These microfossils are found in sea bed sediment cores, and a lot of information from these oxygen isotope records can be extracted. ‘Reconstructing the past and weathering the future’ looks at the methodology used in palaeoclimate studies and explains gain and phase modelling and Milankovitch orbital cycles. Similar isotope temperature records have been constructed from polar ice cores. Atmospheric CO2 composition can be reconstructed from the amount of CO2 dissolved in the ice. A new sub-discipline of clumped isotope geochemistry—‘isotomics’—will have applications far beyond carbonate palaeothermometry.
3. RNA
Authors: Divan Aysha , Royds Janice A.
Published: April 2017

The first RNA molecules to be discovered were those involved in protein synthesis, mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In recent years, a vast number of additional RNA molecules have been identified. ‘RNA’ explains that these are non-coding RNAs that are not involved in protein synthesis, but influence many normal cellular and disease processes by regulating gene expression. RNA interference (RNAi) as one of the main ways in which gene expression is regulated is described with applications to therapy. Classes of RNA, including long non-coding RNAs and catalytic RNAs, are explained along with RNA techniques used to study RNA molecule and gene function.
4. The rise of the modern welfare state
Authors: Theodoulou Stella Z. , Roy Ravi K.
Published: April 2017

The Great Depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s compelled policymakers in Western democracies to develop new administrative systems and governing approaches. Leaders in the industrialized countries watched helplessly as the value of their country’s assets plummeted. Meanwhile, national industries collapsed and millions of citizens found themselves unemployed and destitute. ‘The rise of the modern welfare state’ considers the conditions that influenced the rise of modern welfare states in Germany, Sweden, the United States, and Great Britain. Widespread application of Keynesian economic concepts by various governments across the industrialized world led many to refer to the period from 1945 to the 1970s as ‘the golden age of managed capitalism’.
5. Myth and literature
Authors: Segal Robert A.
Published: April 2017

The relationship between myth and literature has taken varying forms, the most obvious being the use of myth in works of literature. ‘Myth and literature’ explores mythic themes in literature and the mythic origin of literature. Common plots have been proposed for specific kinds of myths, most often for hero myths. It discusses the Viennese psychoanalyst Otto Rank (1884–1939), the American mythographer Joseph Campbell (1904–87), and the English folklorist Lord Raglan (1885–1964) who have theorized about the patterns that they have delineated in hero myths. Other categories of myths, such as creation myths, flood myths, myths of paradise, and myths of the future, have proved too disparate for all but the broadest commonalities.
Conclusion. bringing myth back to the world
Authors: Segal Robert A.
Published: April 2017

The ‘Conclusion’ uses the myth of Gaia and scientist James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis to ask: given that present-day theories have not challenged the supremacy of science, why bother trying to reconcile myth with science? Why not simply accept the nineteenth-century view and dispense with myth in favour of science? The present-day answer has been that the restriction of myth to either a literal explanation or a symbolic description of physical events fails to account for the array of other functions and meanings that myth harbours. In the twenty-first century the question is whether myth can be brought back to the external world—without facilely dismissing the authority of science.
4. Privacy and freedom of expression
Authors: Wacks Raymond
Published: April 2017

The genesis of the American law’s protection of privacy was its concern to limit or control the extent to which an individual’s private life is subjected to unauthorized publicity conducted by the media. The tabloid press in Britain has been embroiled in a number of cases involving royalty, pop stars, film stars, fashion models, and the like. The telephone hacking scandal in the United Kingdom led to the the Leveson Inquiry Report of 2012—the most comprehensive investigation into the ethics and practice of the media, with a significant section devoted to privacy and media intrusion. Its recommendations relating to media self-regulation continue to engender heated debate in Britain. The Internet raises new, intractable problems that surface almost daily. The extent to which privacy is voluntarily relinquished by users of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube is examined, and proposals for reform are considered.
1. Early navigational cultures
Authors: Bennett Jim
Published: April 2017

Distinct geographies, where areas of sea were demarcated not only by land, but also by climate and current, helped to create different cultures of navigation that for centuries followed individual trajectories. ‘Early navigational cultures’ explains that the sky was one thing that was shared by ancient navigational cultures. It describes the techniques used by seamen in the Mediterranean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and North Atlantic to register direction and position—the two fundamental variables of navigation. Before the use of a magnetic compass, navigation was also possible using other techniques such as coastal navigation (or pilotage), and a good understanding of tides, currents, swells, and behaviour of seabirds.
2. Guru Nanak and his first successors
Authors: Nesbitt Eleanor
Published: April 2017

In Sikh belief, there are ten human Gurus all of whom are physical embodiments of the same Guru. Sikh religious images portray two figures most frequently: Guru Nanak, the first human Guru, and Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth. ‘Guru Nanak and his first successors’ focuses mainly on the first Guru, who lived 1469‐1539, but also looks at the four Gurus who followed him. What do Sikhs today know about Guru Nanak? Most of what they are familiar with comes from religious depictions of the Guru. Narratives of the first Guru’s life exist in the form of the janam-sakhi. Janam means ‘birth’ and sakhi means ‘witness’, ‘testimony’, or ‘evidence’.
8. Sikhism and the third millennium
Authors: Nesbitt Eleanor
Published: April 2017

How is Sikhism viewed today, both within and outside the religion? Terrorism these days is closely associated with religion in popular consciousness. The notion of ‘fundamentalism’ is especially emotive. Alongside a rise in fundamentalist feelings, a growing disregard for religion in the late 20th century and beyond has been observed. This apparent contradiction poses challenges to the world’s religions. ‘Sikhism and the third millennium’ examines the many issues facing contemporary Sikhs. These are of faith and the place of Sikhism, issues that will continue to need intellectual and spiritual examination in the future.
8. The future of international migration
Authors: Koser Khalid
Published: April 2017

The evidence on the positive economic impact of migration has become stronger; yet anti-immigration politics and sentiments have increased. ‘The future of international migration’ explores the coming challenges for migrants, citizens, and policymakers in light of the current trends in migration patterns and processes as well as policies. It considers the changes in Asian migration; the growing issue of increased internal migration; the impact of climate change on migration; temporary migration which combats brain drain and fills specific short-term gaps in employment; the shifting policies on irregular migration from control to management; the reform of the international refugee regime; and the challenges of integration and the need for respect of migrants.
1. Introduction
Authors: Pick Daniel
Published: April 2017

The ‘Introduction’ provides an overview of psychoanalysis, its history, and its development. Psychoanalysis is an original method of therapy that is a form of inquiry, a theory of mind, and a mode of treatment concerned, above all, with the unconscious mind. Founded by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), it became a movement and set of institutions, inspiring many, but also galvanizing numerous opponents. Freud’s method of free association involves allowing the patient to discuss anything that comes into their mind. The analyst is tasked with attending to possible unconscious meaning in what the patient brings. Critique of psychoanalysis has taken many forms. Sometimes disagreements spurred new ideas and modified techniques within the mainstream tradition.
6. War, politics, and ideas
Authors: Pick Daniel
Published: April 2017

‘War, politics, and ideas’ outlines Freud’s later ideas and refers to the political circumstances prevailing between 1914 and 1945. Early analysts endured the rise of anti-Semitism in Vienna, shrill nationalism and militarism, and the devastation of World War I. This was followed by a terrible flu epidemic, years of economic crisis, the rise of fascism, the breakdown of peace, Hitler’s seizure of power, and ever-intensifying racial persecution. A new world order emerged after 1945, swiftly shadowed by the prospect of an all-annihilating nuclear exchange. Psychoanalysis was profoundly affected by the century in which it developed, and in turn provided a language that many people thought useful to think about politics and society in the ‘age of extremes’.
5. Command influence, lawful and unlawful
Authors: Fidell Eugene R.
Published: April 2017

The military is a hierarchical and pervasively regulated society in which individuals can exert tremendous influence over subordinates. Military codes in the United States and elsewhere vest tremendous discretionary power in commanders. “Command influence” occurs whenever a superior influences the action of some participant in the military justice process and may be lawful or unlawful. The US Congress has put in place a variety of protections against unlawful commander influence, but the issue remains. ‘Command influence, lawful and unlawful’ suggests that even with structural changes that reduce the power of commanders, there will inevitably be room for overreaching, and vigilance will continue to be required to keep it in check.
3. Global weather systems
Authors: Dunlop Storm
Published: April 2017

Air may seem hot and humid, hot and dry, damp and cold, or freezing cold. Vigorous weather systems may create abrupt changes when one air mass replaces another with distinct properties. ‘Global weather systems’ explains that air masses can be classified into categories based on the humidity and temperature of their source region: arctic or antarctic continental, polar continental, tropical continental, arctic maritime, polar maritime, tropical maritime, and equatorial maritime. The boundary between two air masses with differing temperatures and humidities is known as a front and there are three forms: cold, warm, and occluded. Jet streams, including Polar jets, Subtropical jets, and the Equatorial Jet Stream, are also discussed.
5. Weather systems
Authors: Dunlop Storm
Published: April 2017

At temperate latitudes, such as those of the British Isles, the most significant changes in the weather, with major changes in wind strength and direction, as well as rainfall, are associated with the passage of depressions (low-pressure systems), more formally known as extratropical cyclones. ‘Weather systems’ describes the development of depressions, the different features within them (the warm front, the warm sector, the cold front, and the occluded front), and the likely weather produced. It also looks at isolated fronts, the sudden deepening of depressions, thermal and polar lows, atmospheric rivers, and the much quieter weather of high-pressure systems.
2. Learning about the outside world
Authors: Goswami Usha
Published: April 2017

‘Learning about the outside world’ looks at the nature versus nurture debate and asks: how do infants and toddlers learn about their world? Babies learn a vast amount from observation. Research shows that the observations that babies make are organized mentally into certain types of knowledge. ‘Naive psychology’ is about how they learn how to behave. Observing objects teachers babies how the external world works. This is ‘naive physics’. ‘Naive biology’ refers to how they learn about the natural world. Studies have shown that although babies appear to be fairly unaware of the world around them, both memory and attention function from an early age.
3. Learning language
Authors: Goswami Usha
Published: April 2017

‘Learning language’ considers how babies and toddlers develop language skills by looking at the role of Parentese, otherwise known as infant-directed speech, the importance of sound cues, and the role of gestures. Babies’ brains seem to be primed to pick up language with immense speed. Why do babies appear to have a language learning growth ‘spurt’ at 18 months? How can we explain similiarities of language development across cultures? One reason that babies learn words with apparent ease is that they have conceptual expectations about what people are using certain words for.
4. Friendships, families, pretend play, and the imagination
Authors: Goswami Usha
Published: April 2017

‘Friendships, families, pretend play, and the imagination’ examines the influence of the people around infants as well as their imaginative games on cognitive and social/emotional development. How important is the presence of siblings to a child’s cognitive development? Research suggests having siblings is beneficial for social cognition, and even sibling disputes play a vital role. The way in which parents deal with their own emotions influences how a child learns to manage their feelings. Observing pretend play, with adults, siblings, or alone, provides a way to understand the development of mental states and is an important aspect of child development.
1. Realism, naturalism, and symbolism
Authors: Shepherd-Barr Kirsten E.
Published: April 2017

The two decades from 1880 to 1900 are astonishing not just for the new ideas about drama and the radical changes in theatre practice and playwriting, but for the pace of those developments. ‘Realism, naturalism, and symbolism’ considers the realism of Ibsen’s plays; the naturalism inspired by the increasingly scientific context of late 19th-century Europe; the comedies of Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw; the controversial works of Elizabeth Robins and Alfred Jarry’s Ubu Roi (1896); the symbolism of Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck; and the tragic-comedy of Anton Chekhov. The common features running through these radically different new tendencies were experimentation, innovation, and language.
2. Sex, suffrage, and scandal
Authors: Shepherd-Barr Kirsten E.
Published: April 2017

‘Sex, suffrage, and scandal’ gives a sense of the turbulence and experimentation marking the drama across Europe and America in the early 20th century. There was no single tendency, as this was one of the most vibrant and varied periods of modern drama. The radically different expressionist theatre of Strindberg’s A Dream Play (1901) is discussed alongside the ‘intimate theatre’ or ‘art theatre’ movement and the Stanislavski acting revolution. The emphasis of repertory and ensemble acting; the Irish dramatic movement; the return of verse drama through Yeats, Synge, and Galsworthy; the one-act play; the impact of World War I; and theatre censorship are also considered.
6. Bearing witness: drama since 1980
Authors: Shepherd-Barr Kirsten E.
Published: April 2017

Theatre since 1980 is marked by a number of striking new forms, movements, and innovations, ushered in by a plethora of fresh new playwrights bursting on to the scene as well as the ongoing work of long-established playwrights. Through developments like verbatim theatre—a renewal of documentary drama—‘in-yer-face’ theatre, and postmodern theatre, drama in recent decades has been breaking taboos and fundamentally challenging what is acceptable for theatrical representation. ‘Bearing witness: drama since 1980’ describes some of the plays that define these innovations and goes on to discuss the introduction of science to the stage and the increasing adaptation and reimagining of older works.
4. The analysis of knowledge
Authors: Nagel Jennifer
Published: April 2017

‘The analysis of knowledge’ begins with Edmund Gettier who challenged the ‘classical analysis of knowledge’ that equates knowledge with justified true belief. His no-false-belief proposal had some flaws. Alvin Goldman then proposed the causal theory of knowledge: experience-based knowledge that requires the knower to be appropriately causally connected to a fact. Goldman went on to launch a fresh analysis of knowledge, focused on reliability. Reliabilism is when knowledge is true belief that is produced by a mechanism likely to produce true belief. But can knowing be analysed at all? The relationship between knowing and believing is considered in the knowledge-first and belief-first movements of epistemology.
3. A map of later medieval philosophy
Authors: Marenbon John
Published: April 2017

‘A map of later medieval philosophy’ charts the development of medieval philosophy from the year 1200, which marks an important break across all four traditions, to the 17th century. Latin philosophy was transformed in the 13th century by the rise of the universities of Paris and Oxford. After Maimonides died in 1204, Jewish philosophy (previously written in Arabic) flourished among Jews living in Christian Europe writing in Hebrew. Also in 1204, the Crusaders took Constantinople, and Byzantine philosophy became heavily influenced by Latin writing. Averroes’ death in 1198 marked the end of the falsafa tradition. Philosophy continued to flourish in the Islamic East, but in a form that linked it much more closely to theology.
7. Mind, body, and mortality (Averroes and Pomponazzi)
Authors: Marenbon John
Published: April 2017

The contemporary problem of mind and body differs from the Aristotelian and medieval discussion because of the Aristotelian framework within which most medieval thinkers thought about mind and body, and the cosmological view of intellectual understanding developed by his interpreters. ‘Mind, body, and mortality (Averroes and Pomponazzi)’ begins with Aristotle’s thoughts on the soul, intellectual knowledge, and immortality. The Arabic Aristotelian tradition is then considered, followed by Averroes’ views on the intellect, mortality, and immortality; Thomas Aquinas and the reaction to Averroes’ theory; and finally the thoughts of Pomponazzi (who was seen by some as a precursor of the Enlightenment) on the mortality of the soul.
9. Society and the best life (Ibn Ṭufayl and Dante)
Authors: Marenbon John
Published: April 2017

Arguably, the fundamental question in ethics is: what is the best life in the sense of flourishing as a human being? This question leads to another: what is the relation between an individual leading this best human life and human society? ‘Society and the best life (Ibn Ṭufayl and Dante)’ considers two of the most distinctive medieval answers to these questions: from Ibn Ṭufayl in early 12th-century Islamic Spain, and then from Dante in Italy 200 years later. These authors developed their views in dialogue with a different strand of earlier writing, but the two are linked by an important thread of thinking that makes them both part of the same intellectual conversation.
5. Science
Authors: Sousa Ronald de
Published: April 2017

Scientific scrutiny of love cannot reduce it to mere physical processes. Other perspectives are needed to explain why these mechanisms exist in the first place and what role they play in our lives: evolutionary theory, anthropology, psychology, and sociology. ‘Science’ considers several observations and typologies, from sociologist John Alan Lee’s six basic styles or ‘colours of love’ and psychologist Robert Sternberg’s ‘triangular model’ of love to psychologist Helen Fisher’s three syndromes of love—lust, limerence, and attachment. Brain imaging technology and scientists studying neurotransmitters that are implicated in feelings of love and the molecules that are transmitted from one person to the other through taste and smell are expanding our understanding of love.
2. Religion and theatre
Authors: Carlson Marvin
Published: April 2017

‘Religion and theatre’ attempts to describe some general patterns and contrasts, and suggests some historical and geographical implications of the relationship between theatre and religion. Beginning with Western monotheistic religion—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—it shows that the condemnation of images, fundamental to Mosaic law, encouraged a deep suspicion of any form of mimesis, especially involving the body. Despite this, they all developed significant theatrical traditions with close ties to religious celebrations and ceremonies. Generally, non-Western performance has been tied to religious practice from the very beginning. In India, early theatre was intertwined with Hinduism and Buddhism, the two major religions of the subcontinent at the start of the common era.
4. Theatre and performance
Authors: Carlson Marvin
Published: April 2017

Modern interest in performance can be traced to several different developments from the 1950s to 1970s in the art world, in academic theatre, and in the social sciences, particularly sociology, anthropology, and linguistics. ‘Theatre and performance’ outlines the influence of this major shift in methodological orientation, which has become known as the ‘performative turn’, on Richard Schechner, in particular, who was editor of The Drama Review. His work with Victor Turner led to the first course on ‘performance theory’ at New York University. Courses on performance studies are now taught around the world. How has theatre changed as a result of the challenge of and gradual accommodation to performance and performance studies?
2. The liberal narrative
Authors: Freeden Michael
Published: April 2017

Liberalism began as a movement to release people from the social and political shackles that constrained and frequently exploited them. ‘The liberal narrative’ considers the story of liberalism and the convergence of different movements of thought—individualism, utilitarianism, free trade, liberal nationalism, and social liberalism—that have produced an array of ideas that served to consolidate liberalism. Human beings—rather than nature, God, hierarchical and hereditary rulership, or the weight of history—were now firmly placed at the centre of the social universe. For liberals, liberty—whether that of individuals, markets, or communities—was the engine that made a wholesome society possible and that could stretch human imagination and experience to their very limits.
3. Layers of liberalism
Authors: Freeden Michael
Published: April 2017

Liberalism has undergone fits and bursts of change resulting both in convergences and separations of its key tenets. This is a consequence of liberal ideas having originated at different times, from diverse sources, and with varying aims in mind. ‘Layers of liberalism’ shows it is more helpful to approach liberalism as an ideology with complex, interacting layers in a constant state of mutual rearrangement. The so-called liberal tradition is a mixture of at least five different historical layers linked, if at all, in ill-fitting and patchy continuities. These layers often pull in irreconcilable directions. Some do indeed succeed others, but others exist in parallel, and others still disappear and then re-emerge.
4. The morphology of liberalism
Authors: Freeden Michael
Published: April 2017

‘The morphology of liberalism’ examines the detailed structure of liberalism in order to determine how its durable and more transient features can help us to identify it as a member of a distinctive ideological family. The morphological continuity of liberalism takes into account numerous permutations and decontestations within the liberal family. They allow for considerable internal flexibility among liberalisms and consequently for the resilience and adaptability of this ideology as a whole. That flexibility is attained through two features: first, the spatial arrangements between the concepts in an ideology; and, second, the variable weighting of the ideational components of an ideology.
7. Misappropriations, disparagements, and lapses
Authors: Freeden Michael
Published: April 2017

‘Misappropriations, disparagements, and lapses’ first considers one of the most prominent misrepresentations of liberalism: neoliberalism. In terms of liberal morphology, neoliberals confine the core liberal concept of rationality to maximizing economic advantage. It also discusses the rise of neoliberalism in Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union; pseudo liberals, such as the right-wing Austrian Freedom Party; the concept of liberal internationalism; the criticism of liberalism by Marxists; and the race, ethnicity, and gender discrimination issues of liberalism. It concludes with the emotional side of liberalism that is often overlooked. Liberals believe that liberalism’s rational ideas—at their best—inspire passion and commitment.
4. Understanding structure
Authors: Blockley David
Published: April 2017

‘Understanding structure’ considers the science of how structures work. How do structures resist all of the demands made on them by forces of self-weight, people moving about, or wind that may blow a hurricane? These forces have to ‘flow-though’ the components of the structure. Some simple structures are statically determinate so the internal forces can be calculated by just making sure all of the forces are in equilibrium. More complex structures have too many unknowns to be solved this way—they are statically indeterminate. The internal forces in these structures are found by satisfying the three conditions of equilibrium, constitutive relations, and compatibility of displacements when the total potential is a minimum.
6. Resilience
Authors: Blockley David
Published: April 2017

What are the risks? How big are they? ‘Resilience’ considers some central questions faced by structural engineers. Structures are safety critical—when they fail people may be killed—but no human activity is risk free, so how safe is safe enough? Scientific knowledge is necessary but not sufficient. Many assessments and assumptions have to be made about what may happen in the future. Risks can be predicted and controlled, but by their very nature the answers are partial because of system and human uncertainties. Systems-thinking provides a common language for hard and soft systems and examines how the most promising way of re-integrating those professions fragmented by specialisms.
2. Before the welfare state
Authors: Garland David
Published: April 2017

Welfare states emerged in western nations at the end of the 19th century and were fully established in the middle decades of the 20th. But collective social provision in one form or another has been characteristic of societies throughout human history. ‘Before the welfare state’ outlines pre-capitalist societies and explains the social roots of welfare, the expanding role of the state, the end of the old Poor Laws, and the reaction against laissez-faire. By the end of the 19th century, the question of social provision was caught up in a struggle between two opposing principles: the logic of free-market liberalism versus the logic of moral economy and social protection.
3. Birth of the welfare state
Authors: Garland David
Published: April 2017

‘Birth of the welfare state’ describes the embryonic version of the welfare state in Germany with Chancellor Bismarck’s social insurance laws in the 1880s. A decade later governments in Denmark, New Zealand, and Australia launched the first old age pension schemes. In the early 1900s Liberal governments in Britain introduced workmen’s compensation, old age pensions, labour exchanges, and a system of National Insurance for sickness, invalidity, and unemployment. In the 1930s President Roosevelt established the American welfare state with the ‘New Deal’ legislation. The new welfare states were expanded post-war and by 1960 every developed nation had a core of welfare state institutions and every government had accepted responsibility for managing its national economy.
7. Neoliberalism and WS 2.0
Authors: Garland David
Published: April 2017

The welfare states that enjoyed three decades of expansion after 1945 endured a challenging period in the following decades. From the late 1970s, in one country after another, opposition groups mounted a sustained attack on welfare states in the name of free markets and conservative family values. ‘Neoliberalism and WS 2.0’ describes the 1970s economic crisis and the neoliberal assault it unleashed. Despite their political dominance in the 1980s and 1990s, neoliberal reformers did not abolish the welfare state, but succeeded in changing its character, creating a less expansive, more austere version—‘WS 2.0’—based on a neoliberal style of economic government and a market-oriented reworking of social policy.
2. An intellectual poison?
Authors: Dodds Klaus
Published: April 2017

The notion of geopolitics has not always been well received. It has been accused of being intellectually fraudulent, ideologically suspect, and tainted with associations with Nazism and fascism. ‘An intellectual poison?’ charts a brief history of geopolitics from before the Second World War to the present day looking at its origins, development, and reception. What is critical geopolitics? Geopolitics has attracted a great deal of academic and popular attention, often with little appreciation of its controversial intellectual history. Presidents and political commentators seem to love using the term: they associate it with danger, threats, space, and power. It is often used to make predictions about the future direction of politics.
2. Hermeneutics: a brief history
Authors: Zimmermann Jens
Published: April 2017

The history of hermeneutics is a conversation about knowledge. ‘Hermeneutics: a brief history’ begins with knowledge in the ancient world, where not only mathematics and logic, but also poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy were counted as important sources of objective truth. This view of knowledge changed from the 14th century onwards. The ancients asked how knowledge could enable a virtuous life; moderns focus more on the epistemological question: ‘how we can know that something is true?’ But whose interpretation of truth was the right one? The thinking of René Descartes, Daniel Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger is explained before considering hermeneutics after Heidegger.
6. Making a Jewish home
Authors: Solomon Norman
Published: April 2017

What does a Jewish home look like? ‘Making a Jewish home’ looks at everyday Jewish life including objects in the home, books likely to be found in the home, education, kosher food, sexual and personal relationships, and family. Traditional Jewish communities emphasize the importance of family. Jewish sociologists identify seven life stages marked by rites of passage: birth, growing up, marriage, parenthood, mid-life, old age, and death. Do Jews belief in a life after death? There has been debate as to whether life after death involves some form of bodily resurrection, or only the perdurance of the ‘soul’. Some believe life after death is a metaphor for continuing repute or influence.
8. Epicurean ethics
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: April 2017

The Epicurean moral tenets concern living, loving, and dying. Their recommendations reflect the conviction that although pain and pleasure can be felt as either ‘psychological’ or ‘physical’, the mind is inseparable from the body, and ‘all good and bad consists in sense-experience’. The material nature of the body and mind makes suffering and death inevitable and the latter final and incontrovertible. Self-denial has no ethical importance for the Epicurean except as a means of preventing pain. ‘Epicurean ethics’ assesses Epicurean moral philosophy by considering desire and disappointment, the finality of death (mortalism), and the ethics associated with human welfare.
Functional effects of treadmill-based gait training at faster speeds in stroke survivors: a prospective, single-group study
Authors: Mohammadi Roghayeh , Ershad Navid , Rezayinejad Marziyeh , Fatemi Elham , Phadke Chetan P.
Published: April 2017

To examine the functional effects of walking retraining at faster than self-selected speed (SSS). Ten individuals with chronic stroke participated in a 4-week training over a treadmill at walking speeds 40% faster than SSS, three times per week, 30 min/session. Outcome measures assessed before, after, and 2 months after the end of intervention were the Timed Up and Go, the 6-Minute Walk, the 10-Meter Walk test, the Modified Ashworth Scale, SSS, and fastest comfortable speed. After 4 weeks of training, all outcome measures showed clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvements (P<0.05) that were maintained at 2 months after the end of the training. The results showed that a strategy of training at a speed 40% faster than SSS can improve functional activity in individuals with chronic stroke, with effects lasting up to 2 months after the intervention.
The Preliminary Effects of Massage and Inhalation Aromatherapy on Chemotherapy-Induced Acute Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Zorba Pinar , Ozdemir Leyla
Published: April 2017

Background:

Despite pharmacological treatment, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are observed in patients.

Objective:

This quasi-randomized controlled pilot study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary effects of massage and inhalation aromatherapies on chemotherapy-induced acute nausea/vomiting.

Methods:

Seventy-five patients with breast cancer were randomly grouped into 1 of 3 groups: massage (n = 25), inhalation (n = 25), and control (n = 25). The patients in the massage group received 20-minute aromatherapy foot massage, whereas those in the inhalation group received 3-minute inhalation aromatherapy before their second, third, and fourth chemotherapy cycles. The control group underwent only the routine treatment. A nausea, vomiting, and retching patient follow-up form was used to evaluate nausea severity by visual analog scale and frequency of vomiting and retching.

Results:

The incidence of nausea and retching was significantly higher in the control group than in the other groups in the third and fourth chemotherapy cycles (P < .001). Furthermore, in these 2 cycles, the incidence of nausea and retching was significantly lower in the massage group than in the inhalation group (P < .001). Nausea severity was significantly lower among patients in the massage and inhalation groups than in the control group in all 3 cycles (P < .001).

Conclusion:

Nausea severity was significantly lower in the massage and inhalation aromatherapy groups than in the control group. Nausea and retching incidence was reduced in the aromatherapy groups compared with that in the control group.

Implications for Practice:

Nonpharmacological approaches are recommended for managing CINV. Massage and inhalation aromatherapy seems promising regarding the management of CINV.