bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on Perception of Mean Size from Normal and Rectangular Distributions of Sizes
Authors: Lubow Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Estimation of the average size of texture elements in a visual pattern is necessary for the calculation of the slant of a static surface when a texture gradient is used as the stimulus for slant. This study concerned Ss' ability to estimate the mean size of elements composing two visual patterns where these patterns have the same mean size but the distributions of sizes are different, i.e., normal and rectangular. It was found that type of distribution did not affect the estimate of mean size. Results were discussed in relation to predicting slant estimates.
Depth Discrimination in Rats on Visual Cliffs
Authors: Dehardt Doris C. , Whitney David L.
Published: September 2011

On an open visual cliff rats significantly preferred the shallow side while on an otherwise comparable closed cliff they did not, suggesting either that depth discrimination is enhanced by the additional information provided by the deep side of the open model, or that animals merely avoided the large open area of the deep side. The latter suggests that side preferences in open model cliffs are not necessarily valid indicators of visual depth discriminability in rats. Texture density was not a sufficient cue for depth discriminability as indicated by the preference of Ss for 1-in. checks in both 3-in. vs 1-in. and 1-in. vs ¼-in. comparison tests.
Effects of Delay of Knowledge of Results in a Line-Drawing Task
Authors: Dyal James A.
Published: September 2011

Previous experimentation has yielded contradictory results regarding the effects of delay of knowledge of results (KR) on the acquisition of a simple motor skill. The present experiment used 3 KR conditions: immediate KR, 30-sec. delay of KR, and no KR in a simple line-drawing task. The results confirmed the previous conclusion of Greenspoon and Foreman that delay of KR interferes with the acquisition of a line-drawing response.
An Eye Movement Phenomenon Relating to Attention, Thought and Anxiety
Authors: Day Merle E.
Published: September 2011

An eye movement phenomenon, which is thought to be related to the shifting of attention and personal ways of handling anxiety, is described and discussed in relation to certain research hypotheses.
The Marianne Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception, 1963 Standardization
Authors: Maslow Phyllis , Frostig Marianne , Lefever D. Welty , Whittlesey John R. B.
Published: September 2011

This monograph summarizes statistical data on the 1963 standardization sample of over 2100 unselected nursery school and public school children between the ages of 3 and 9 yr. who were tested with the Marianne Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception. The test contains five subtests, assessing relatively distinct functions. It may be administered either individually or to groups. Reliability and validity studies support use of the test as the basis for remedial training programs in visual perception.
Visual Deprivation and Hypothesis Behavior in Rats
Authors: Gamboni William R.
Published: September 2011

Dark-reared rats were found to be more spatially oriented than light-reared controls when tested in the Krech Hypothesis Apparatus. Determinable neurological changes in the somesthetic cortex may provide a basis for this finding.
Some Attributive Characteristics of Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Meredith Connie G. W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of two binocular visual fields upon the tendency to employ certain artributive terms. 62 Ss described their “subjective” impressions of a fused (Ganzfeld) and rivalry field along 30 bipolar rating dimensions, and 24 (80%) of the scales significantly differentiated the fields ( p < .01). Thus, reversibility experiences, such as binocular rivalry and figure reversal, may be understood in terms of Osgood's semantic framework.
The Approval Motive, Vicarious Reinforcement and Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Marlowe David , Beecher Russell S. , Cook Jonathan B. , Doob Anthony N.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship of approval motivation to verbal conditioning under vicarious reinforcement. Fifteen college students completed 20 operant trials in a sentence construction task. They then observed E reinforce a “programmed” confederate who emitted critical responses according to a typical acquisition curve. Fifteen control Ss observed identical confederate behavior with the reinforcements omitted. An additional 15 control Ss did not receive the observation phase. All Ss then were given 40 nonreinforced trials. A significant conditioning effect occurred only for Ss with high need for approval in the vicarious reinforcement condition. Results were related to previous verbal conditioning research.
Changes in Self-Perception of Positive and Negative Characteristics
Authors: Papageorgis Demetrios , McCann Brian M. , Gowdey Caroline
Published: September 2011

A purported individual “personality” assessment of male and female college students resulted in communications that showed standings on either a positive (masculinity or femininity) or a negative (hostility) personality characteristic that were discrepant from Ss' initial self-ratings. Post-communication self-ratings showed acceptance of the negative communication, and failure of the positive communication to have an effect. Degree of communication discrepancy did not affect the results. Two replications of the study, one with a male and the other with a female communicator, were carried out.
Psychological Effects of Hypoxia: Review of Certain Literature from the Period 1950 to 1963
Authors: Tune G. S.
Published: September 2011

The effects of hypoxia (oxygen lack) on human behavior are reviewed under the headings, sensory function, performance, and cognitive and other effects. It is noted that there is some conflicting experimental evidence and that investigators have tended to disregard contemporary developments in psychology. Suggestions for ameliorating this situation are made along with a plea for more rigorous experimentation.
Effect of High and Low Motivation on Two Aspects of Attention
Authors: McNamara H. J. , Fisch R. I.
Published: September 2011

Two procedures were carried out to evaluate the effect of motivational intensity and relevance on attention. The experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that intense motivation acts consistently to reduce the number of cues utilized in a learning and/or performance task when these cues are relevant to the completion of a task. The results of the present study point to the existence of two functionally independent processes: (1) a span of attention process, concerned with the extent and breadth of attentional activity directed to stimuli which are relevant to a task; and (2) a scanning process, related to the fixation and recall of specific cue stimuli relevant to a task. It is this latter process which was postulated to be disrupted by high motivation.
Directional Set in Serial, Perceptual-Motor Tasks
Authors: Regan J. O. , Cropley A. J.
Published: September 2011

Three serial, perceptual-motor tasks were administered to experimental groups representing three different levels of training in the reading and writing (formographic) skills of our culture, and responses scored in such a way as to indicate the degree of left-to-right set in each S's manipulation of task materials. Results indicated that there was a highly significant relationship between Ss' level of literacy and their preference for left-to-right manipulation of the serial materials. This preference was related to the hypothesis that formographic skills may well actually impose, rather than merely reflect, a directional set on perceptual-motor operations.
Simple Motor Performance under Positive and Negative Approval Motivation
Authors: Strickland Bonnie R. , Jenkins Orvin
Published: September 2011

40 male college students (10 high need-for-approval and 10 low need-for-approval Ss after positive approval conditions, and 10 high need-for-approval and 10 low need-for-approval Ss after negative approval conditions) completed 5 60-sec. trials on the pursuit rotor. High need-for-approval Ss, regardless of conditions, showed a significantly higher rate of performance than did low need-for-approval Ss. Low need-for-approval Ss showed some effect of positive and negative conditions but this difference did not reach significance. Indications for further research with regard to methodological problems of assessing performance, the stability of the need for approval and pursuit rotor performance relationship over extended practice and the investigation of the relationship of need for approval and pursuit rotor performance of female Ss were suggested.
Alterations of Defensive-Aggressive Patterns in the Descented Mephitis Mephitis
Authors: Heckel R. V.
Published: September 2011

The results of this study suggest modifiability of the defensive-aggressive response patterns of the Mephitis mephitis. It also suggests that foot tapping, one of the most characteristic preliminary defensive responses of the skunk, is difficult to extinguish and appears to reinstate itself rapidly following experimental extinction.
Reliability of the Graphoanalytic Approach to Handwriting Analysis
Authors: Galbraith Dorothy , Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

Three graphoanalysts judged specimens of handwriting for five personality traits: attention to detail, domineeringness, persistence, self-consciousness, and stubbornness. The average inter-judge correlation was .78. Reliability is, therefore, established. Advantages of handwriting analysis that enhance its potential validity are pointed out, especially its vulnerability to faking and artifactual changes.
Structural Advantage of the Mechanism of Spoken Expression as a Factor in Differences in Spoken and Written Expression
Authors: Horowitz Milton W. , Berkowitz Alan
Published: September 2011

Spoken expression produces significantly more cognitive and linguistic material than written expression. This experiment tested whether the facility of the organ of use was, in part, responsible by examining different, and more facile writing techniques (writing, typing, stenotyping) on the same variables. As facility increases in the writing mode, cognitive and linguistic indices do approach those previously found in spoken expression, but still differ significantly from them. Speaking, although an overlaid function, is favored over any mode of writing by a smaller musculature (in the larynx) a lesser energy commitment, greater practice, and earlier (ontogenetic) use. More fundamentally, it appears to be a “natural” function biologically.
Modality of Stimulus Presentation in Serial Learning for Retarded and Normal Readers
Authors: Katz Phyllis A. , Deutsch Martin
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between modality functioning and reading achievement. Auditory, visual and combined auditory-visual serial learning tasks were administered to normal and retarded readers at three grade levels ( N = 48). The data indicated that retarded readers exhibited a markedly uneven pattern of learning efficiency. Their performance was especially poor with regard to auditory tasks, whereas their visual learning skills were almost equivalent to those of the normal reader group.
Phenomenal Time as a Determinant of CFF
Authors: Denner Bruce , Wapner Seymour
Published: September 2011

Experimental manipulation of phenomenal time for 24 Ss was associated with increased sensitivity to the temporal discreteness of successive stimuli. Data were related to earlier findings from this laboratory.
Authoritarianism and the Closure Phenomenon
Authors: Duncan Frances M. , Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

Mooney's Closure Test and the Pensacola Z Scale were given to 50 university students in order to test the relationship between authoritarianism, as measured by the Pensacola Scale, and closure ability, as measured by Mooney's Closure Test. There was a significant relationship between authoritarianism and closure ability, although only two of the four subscales of the Pensacola Scale produced significant relationships with closure when analyzed separately.
Thermal Stimulation of Experimentally Vasoconstricted Human Skin
Authors: Dawson William W.
Published: September 2011

Measures of cutaneous thermal threshold were made at several adapting temperatures above and below normal surface temperature under control and conditions of superficial vasoconstriction by adrenaline chloride. Three practiced Ss reported thresholds which varied systematically from control thresholds although the resting temperature of the vasoconstricted area was maintained at the level of adjacent surface by artificial means. The thermal threshold varied with the degree of vasoconstriction and the adapting temperature. High negative correlations were found between the empirically determined warm thresholds in normal skin, and the degree of vasomobility was calculated from data which treated cutaneous microcirculation. The paucity of knowledge of histology of the innervation of the microcirculatory systems prevented a complete integration of data and theory.
Sequential Order and Perceived Frequency of Occurrence of Equally Frequent Stimuli
Authors: Strickland Lloyd H. , Katz Arnold E. , Stifler Lawrence T. P.
Published: September 2011

A series of experiments were performed to explore a possible phenomenon whereby Ss when forced to state an opinion, reported that the first of two equally frequent, generally sequential stimuli, occurred more often than the second. A learning theory basis for such a phenomenon was offered, and suggestions for additional systematic examination of it were made.
Button-Pressing for a Time-off Reward during Sensory Deprivation: V. Effects of Relatively Comfortable and Uncomfortable Sessions
Authors: Rossi Ascanio M. , Solomon Philip
Published: September 2011

10 Ss underwent two 3-hr. sensory deprivation (S-D) sessions exactly 1 wk. apart. One session was designed to be potentially more discomforting for Ss and was termed the uncomfortable session. The other session was termed the comfortable session. The orders of sessions were counterbalanced with 5 Ss used for each of the 2 orders. During both sessions Ss were given the opportunity to button-press for a promised time-off reward. Before and after each session Ss rated their state of well-being. Analyses of the results indicated that Ss engaged in significantly more button-pressing for the promised time-off reward during the uncomfortable session than during the comfortable session.
Changes in Performance as Related to Verbal Conditioning of Attitudes toward the Examiner
Authors: Krasner Leonard , Ullmann Leonard P. , Fisher David
Published: September 2011

In social influence situations such as psychotherapy, hypnosis, and placebo, the individual's attitude toward his role of S or patient is an important variable. The 20 experimental and 19 control Ss were mothers of nursery school children who participated in this “medical research.” After completing two questionnaires, all Ss completed six dynamometer trials. A 54-item Medical Science Questionnaire (MSQ) was then administered. After 24 non-reinforced “operant” items, experimental Ss were reinforced for responses favorable to medical science, while control Ss received no reinforcement for their responses to all 54 items. After this experimental manipulation, all Ss repeated the dynamometer measure. Compared to the control group, the experimental Ss increased significantly in both their favorability of responses to medical science and dynamometer effort. The results indicate that attitudes toward medical science may be significantly influenced by verbal conditioning and that improvement of such attitudes is associated with improved performance on a task identified with and requested by the examiner.
Spatial Discrimination Reversal and Overtraining in Ferrets
Authors: Hughes R. N.
Published: September 2011

Eight ferrets were trained on a spatial discrimination problem and then on its reversal. Four Ss received 80 overtraining trials prior to reversal, and 4 began reversal the day after reaching criterion. There was no significant difference in trials to reversal criterion, errors, or latencies between the two groups, which supports recent studies with rats.
Age and Perceptual-Motor Transfer of Training
Authors: Clarke A. D. B. , Cooper G. M.
Published: September 2011

Experiments suggest that task complexity may be a major variable in learning transfer. Hebb's view that adults will have already gained maximum benefit from transfer early in life may only hold for simple or oft-used processes. Transfer seems to be indirectly rather than directly a function of early development, for to the young organism all experiences tend to be complex and unfamiliar.
Comment on the “Positive Feedback” Method of Time Estimation
Authors: White Helen L.
Published: September 2011

Certain conclusions drawn by Llewellyn-Thomas (1959) regarding Ss giving successively longer or successively shorter reproductions of time intervals when their judgments were used as the standards for each succeeding trial are proposed here to be based on differences in curve forms which were an artifact of the plotting method. His data were replotted, and rather than showing great differences between two Ss whom he selected as representative of two types of responders, indicated a great deal of similarity between them. Judgment drift, the tendency to give successively longer judgments as a function of repeated estimates, is discussed as an alternative hypothesis to account for his data.
Correlation of Pulse and Time Judgment
Authors: Ochberg Frank M. , Pollack Irwin W. , Meyer Eugene
Published: September 2011

20 hospitalized Ss were ranked according to mean pulse rate over a 5-day period and according to variability of pulse. There was no correlation between these rank orders and results on time judgment tests.
Rorschach Movement and Bleuler's Three Kinds of Thinking: A Contribution to the Psychology of Creativity
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

We have suggested that Rorschach's concept of inner creation operationalizes Bleuler's concept of autistic thinking. If we are correct, then Rorschach movement production should correlate with those phenomena Bleuler subsumed under his concept. Just as autistic and careless thought are non-overlapping, so are the tendencies to produce movement and poor form. If we are correct, then form-level should not distinguish high movement producers from low. If there is a close relation between autistic thinking and inner creation, on the one hand, and Werner's physiognomic perception on the other, Rorschach movement production should be higher in those “especially gifted in susceptibility to physiognomic experience” than in those who are not. Likewise, those especially gifted should score higher in measures of the phenomena Bleuler subsumed under autistic thinking. If autistic thinking, inner creation, and physiognomic perception have nothing as such to do with discovery and invention in science, etc., Rorschach movement and other measures of such cognition should not be higher in such discoverers and inventors than in their less creative colleagues. These measures should be higher, however, in all people demonstrated to be creative experiencers, i.e., who are known for their unusual ability to experience imaginatively. More specifically, they should be higher in people uncommonly prone to “Autistic thinking: thinking which is dominated by processes of the fantasy kind, rather than geared to reality, e.g., hallucination, hypnagogic imagery, etc.” (McKellar, 1957, p. 199).
Two Experiments in Visual and Auditory Reaction Time in Children at a School for the Deaf
Authors: Costa Louis D. , Rapin Isabelle , Mandel Irwin J.
Published: September 2011

In an experiment testing RT to visual, auditory, and paired visual and auditory stimuli, 28 normal Ss showed more rapid responses to paired stimulation than to stimulation in either modality alone. A group of 30 children with communication disorders at a school for the deaf failed to respond more rapidly to paired stimulation. Positive reinforcement improved RT in both groups. In a second experiment, threshold of response to white noise was approximated by an RT technique with control and selected clinical Ss.
Presleep Determinants of Dream Content: Effects of Two Films
Authors: Foulkes David , Rechtschaffen Allan
Published: September 2011

Twenty-four Ss were exposed to controlled presleep stimuli. On one experimental night, they saw a violent episode, on the other, a nonviolent episode, from a TV western series. Dreams were collected using Dement and Kleitman's electrophysiological methods, by means of which rapid eye movement (REM) periods were used to identify “dream” periods. REM reports following the violent episode were longer, and more imaginative, vivid, and emotional, but neither more unpleasant nor more violent, than those following the nonviolent film. Direct incorporation of the content of either film was very infrequent. It was also shown that MMPI clinical scales correlated positively with ratings of many “dream-like” features of sleep mentation, and that, although there were stylistic similarities between waking and sleeping fantasy, there was little similarity in instinctual content. Finally, recent findings on the extent and nature of sleep mentation occurring outside REM periods were almost totally confirmed.
Laterality of Subcortical Involvement and Cognitive Performance: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Levita Eric , Riklan Manuel
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to clarify the nature of factors underlying verbal and perceptual performance as a function of lateralized subcortical involvement, i.e., parkinsonism. Tests requiring overt verbalization, visual and visuospatial discrimination were given to 50 Ss. Primary right or left cerebral impairment was found in 24 and 26 Ss, respectively. Two centroid factor analyses and varimax rotations yielded two major almost identical factors in both instances, specifically, visual spatial and verbal discrimination. It was concluded that laterality of subcortical impairment does not differentially affect verbal and visual spatial functions. Discussion centered on the meaning of this finding for concepts of interhemispheric duplication. Implications resulting from a postulated bilaterally distributed subcortical zone of behavioral integration were emphasized.
Hospitalization and Simple Reaction Time
Authors: Resnick Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have raised the question of the validity of using only hospitalized Ss as controls when the results are generalized to a non-hospitalized population. Twelve male hospitalized Ss and 12 male non-hospitalized Ss participated in a reaction time study using the visual and auditory modalities under constant 6-, 9-, and 15-sec. foreperiod conditions. The data showed significant differences between groups in all foreperiods with the auditory stimuli and the 15-sec. foreperiod with the visual stimulus. Results are discussed in terms of the use of hospitalized patients as controls in research and the differential effect of foreperiod and modality on the two groups studied.
Sex of Examiner as a Variable in IES Test Performance of College Males
Authors: Walker Ronald E. , Farrell Gary E. , McCarthy Winifred J. , Baur Lynne M.
Published: September 2011

Thirty-two male Ss were tested by a male E and 30 males were tested by a female E on the IES Test. The hypothesis was that the male examiner would obtain significantly higher impulse scores and significantly lower superego scores on the IES subtests than would the female. The hypothesis was not supported. The normative value of the data was discussed. Comparisons were made between the subtest scores obtained by the male Ss in this study and those of female Ss in a previous investigation.
Some Phenomena Affecting Handwriting Analysis
Authors: Frederick Calvin J.
Published: September 2011

In this investigation designed to explore some of the phenomenological aspects of the present status of handwriting analysis, as an expressive technique largely, the results indicate that the technique is of value although it needs considerable refinement. The significant clues which one uses at this stage in analyzing the handwriting are apt to be something in the content, rather than the actual handwriting itself. Many handwriting specialists may be laboring under a false impression that they are picking up cues from the handwriting which really stem from other sources, principally the content of the material. The most significant results thus far seem to depend on clinical skill stemming from assaying content of the writing productions, more than the handwriting itself. The results cannot be said to rule out the value of cues from the handwriting per se, but at the present state of refinement, handwriting is largely still in the realm of many projective techniques in that objective and measurable clues currently employed for handwriting analysis do not seem reliable.
A Developmental Study of Retinal Rivalry
Authors: Goldstein Alvin G. , Cofoid Dianne
Published: September 2011

In a developmental study of retinal rivalry, 141 Ss were each tested for 3 consecutive minutes. Male and female Ss were selected from kindergarten, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th grades, and college students. The rivalry stimulus was a monocular horizontal line and a monocular vertical line (approximately 1 mm. retinal size). Reliability of Ss' report was checked using a simulated rivalry technique. Rivalry rate increased significantly as a function of age, and females' rates were higher at every age tested.
A Discriminated-Operant Baseline Procedure for Analysis of Stimulus Generalization in Individuals
Authors: Orlando Robert
Published: September 2011

A multiple schedule baseline method for obtaining gradients of stimulus generalization in individual Ss is described. The procedure is illustrated with brightness generalization in a rat as a function of level of deprivation and body weight. Gradients are shown to be lower toward the end of the test sessions, although over-all response rate remains relatively constant. With appropriate adjustments, the procedure should be applicable with a wide variety of Ss and stimulus dimensions.
Metacontrast Interference as Determined by a Method of Comparisons
Authors: Schiller Peter H.
Published: September 2011

Interaction between successively presented visual stimuli with adjacent contours was investigated in order to see whether maximal metacontrast which appears typically at intermediate interstimulus intervals (ISI) is also obtainable when a method of comparisons is employed where several interference stimuli are shown, only one of which is preceded by a test stimulus. When such a method is used, for the two highly practiced Ss employed in this study data showed that the first stimulus was nearly always detectable at intermediate ISIs (50 to 100 msec.). However, when the duration of the test stimulus was very short, its detectability decreased as the interstimulus interval decreased, becoming maximal at the shortest interstimulus interval. Similar findings were obtained with the method of comparisons when the successively presented stimuli overlapped.
A Direct Scale of Attitude toward the Church
Authors: Jones F. Nowell , Korr Anne Storer , Humphrey Gordon
Published: September 2011

The 44 items of the Thurstone and Chave scale of attitude toward the church were rescaled both by category judgment and magnitude estimation. All resulting scales correlated very highly. The relation between the category and magnitude estimate scales showed some curvilinearity, but not such as to characterize a “prothetic” scale. Two primary points are discussed: (1) the effect of bipolarity of the dimension scaled and (2) the feasibility of constructing scales by means of magnitude estimation.
Pacing and Anxiety Level on the Pursuit Rotor
Authors: Nance R. Dale
Published: September 2011

The relationship of manifest anxiety to performance level on both the unpaced and the paced pursuit rotor, as well as to transfer between the two kinds of practice, was investigated. Ss were 40 university men and women with no previous experience. The most obvious relationship with anxiety was obtained in the case of the highly anxious male Ss.
Perceptual Deprivation Tolerance and Adequacy of Defenses
Authors: Wright Nancy A. , Abbey David S.
Published: September 2011

The Rorschach test was administered to 14 Ss who had endured a week of perceptual deprivation and to 7 Ss who had terminated isolation prematurely. An Index of Control, equivalent to the proportion of Defense Demand to Effectiveness of Defense, was derived for each S. Groups with High- and Mid-control Indices tended to be composed of successful Ss whereas the group with a Low-control Index tended to be composed of unsuccessful isolation Ss.
Effect of Arousal and Intelligence on Binocular Rivalry Rate
Authors: Hodges William F. , Fox Robert
Published: September 2011

Variation in rate of binocular rivalry alternation was measured in 40 undergraduate males as a function of physiological arousal induced by threat of shock and as a function of differences in verbal intelligence. Neither variable was related to changes in rate. Visual acuity and phoria were not correlated with rate. Temporal reliability of rate was on the order of .90. For all Ss rate increased significantly over trials ( p < .01). Interpretations of these data are discussed.
A Factor Analytically Derived Classification System for Psychological Reports
Authors: Borko Harold
Published: September 2011

A sample of approximately 1,000 abstracts was obtained from Psychological Abstracts and keypunched for computer processing. Based upon a frequency distribution of words in these abstracts, 150 tag-terms were selected. These terms were intercorrelated on the basis of their co-occurrence in documents, and the resulting matrix was factor analyzed. The factors were interpreted as representing classification categories. These were compared with, and shown to be similar to, the APA classification system. The study demonstrates that it is possible to determine the basic dimensions of a collection of documents by an analysis of the words used in their abstracts.
Frequency Distribution Shape and Work Output
Authors: Applewhite Philip B. , Paulhe G. Peter , Thompson David A.
Published: September 2011

40 Ss were given a complex psychomotor assembly task under four different speed conditions. It was found the shape of their generated frequency distributions varied with changes in mean output.
The Question of Constitutional Influence on Perceptual Style
Authors: Stuart Irving R. , Breslow A. , Brechner S. , Ilyus Rosemary B. , Wolpoff M.
Published: September 2011

Questions concerning constitutional influence on perceptual style were answered in the affirmative by a comparative study of the field-dependency of identical and fraternal twins as measured by Witkin's Embedded Figures Test, Short Form. The results also contradicted previous findings that there is a significant sex difference in dependence upon the perceptual field.
Simultaneous Measure of General Activity and Exploratory Behavior
Authors: Foshee Donald P. , Vierck Charles J. , Meier Gilbert W. , Federspiel Charles
Published: September 2011

Housemice of five strains were tested repeatedly in a runway apparatus so arranged that both dimensions of gross activity could be measured. Exploratory performances showed the expected decline both within and among days of testing. On the other hand, general activity did not decrease among days. Moreover, the magnitude of correlation between the two behaviors was minimal except for one strain. These data are construed as definitive in establishing the separateness of the two categories of gross activity: general activity and exploratory behavior. Moreover, these data indicate that maze learning drug response differences reported for these strains cannot be explained by differences in activity variables.
Some Principles for Development of New Measures of Human Continuous Performance
Authors: Lathrop Richard G.
Published: September 2011

Four general criteria to guide the development of new measures of human continuous performance were outlined. These criteria were concerned with the new measure's theoretical implications, statistical adequacy, reliability and validity, and relationship to other measures of performance. The application of these four criteria was discussed in relation to a hypothetical measure of performance. Limitations of this approach for current experimental research were outlined.
Acquisition of Strategies in Gaming Situations
Authors: Payne William
Published: September 2011

8 Ss played each other on four 5 × 5 non-saddle-point games presented on color-coded apparatuses. Ss learned to approximate the minimax strategies for both sides of each of the 4 games. Differences in ease of learning among games were significant. No transfer of training from one game to another was obtained.
Dependence of Object Identification upon Edge and Surface
Authors: Nelson Thomas M. , Vasold Paul C.
Published: September 2011

The importance of characteristics of edge and surface to object recognition was investigated. Recognition times of 42 male Ss were established for samples of positive and negative prints made from photographs of 20 common items. Results show that identification depends upon the extent to which photic zones and gradients defining the surface maintain their inter-relationships. Dependence upon surface increases with the difficulty of identification.
Color Experiments with Modern Sources of Illumination
Authors: Fieandt K. V. , Ahonen Lea , Jaervinen J. , Lian A.
Published: September 2011

In chromaticity contrast experiments complementary colors were applied. When the surrounding field was blue, fluorescent illumination (FL) strengthened contrast induced on a surrounded yellow field. A red surrounding field yielded strongest contrast effect under incandescent light (IL). The perimetric thresholds of all colors were increased when changing from IL to FL, i.e., they could be recognized further out in the periphery. The rise was strongest for blue.
Effects of Size and Shape of Aperture upon Visual Exploration by Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Menzel Emil W. , Draper William A.
Published: September 2011

The amount of time that adult rhesus monkeys ( N = 10) looked out from an enclosed box through a circular peephole increased with diameter of aperture and decreased with thickness of aperture. Choices between two peepholes were similarly a function of differences in diameter. With rectangular apertures, the horizontal extent was more important than the vertical extent in maintaining looking. Throughout 5 experiments the crucial variable seemed to be the effective area of the available visual field or fields.
Conditioning of the Human Vestibular Sway Response
Authors: Revusky Bow Tong Lett , Moore John W. , Dzendolet Ernest
Published: September 2011

57 human Ss participated in a demonstration of conditioning of the postural sway response elicited by low current sinusoidal electrical stimulation of the vestibular apparatus. In addition to a conditioning group which received paired presentations of a tone CS and vestibular stimulation, there were three control groups: a group which received the CS alone, another which received the UCS alone, and a third which received random unpaired presentations of the CS and UCS. Comparison of vestibular sway within and between these groups indicated that conditioning did occur.
Reproduction and Estimation Methods of Time Judgment
Authors: Ochberg Frank M. , Pollack Irwin W. , Meyer Eugene
Published: September 2011

Two methods of time judgment, the method of reproduction and the method of estimation, were compared. Ss were women blindfolded after ocular surgery, women not blindfolded after ocular surgery, and visually normal female employees of the hospital. The reproduction task was handled equally well by all groups, and time estimates were given with greater accuracy and reproducibility than for the estimation task. On the other hand, the method of estimation led to differential performance among groups, with greatest accuracy and least variance in the working group, and least accuracy with greatest variance in the blindfolded group.
Need Approval and Motor Steadiness under Positive and Negative Approval Conditions
Authors: Strickland Bonnie R.
Published: September 2011

In a previous study by Strickland and Jenkins (1964) high need-for-approval Ss showed a significantly higher rate of performance on the pursuit rotor than did low need-for-approval Ss regardless of prior positive and negative reinforcement conditions on a motor steadiness test. In examining the motor-steadiness data, for 46 male Ss, it was found that performance on the motor-steadiness task corresponded to performance on the pursuit rotor except for the high need-for-approval Ss under negative conditions who did not do as well. The discrepancy in performance on the two tasks was discussed.
Pseudo Significance in ESP Research
Authors: Nathanson James A.
Published: September 2011

An investigation was conducted that duplicated experimental procedures of the parapsychologists and ensured true randomness through a mechanical analogue of ESP card-matching experiments. Data similar to those in psychical research were obtained with inanimate Ss, indicating that some previous proofs of ESP may be attributed to improper experimental methods and not to non-random conditions.
An Apparatus for Injecting Planarians
Authors: Shinkman Paul G. , Vernon Leroy M.
Published: September 2011

An effective, inexpensive procedure is described for injecting planarians with approximately known quantities of a solution.
Content and Order in the Formation of Impressions
Authors: Mink Walter D. , Briggs Peter F.
Published: September 2011

Two contrasting character descriptions from each of three short stories were rated by Ss on a set of semantic differential scales and a set of descriptive statements. Ratings were obtained for two orders of presentation and in two conditions of judgment. In one condition, a rating was introduced after the reading of the first story section, as well as at the conclusion of reading the second section. In the other condition, the rating occurred only at the conclusion of reading the second section. The results indicate that some story sections dominate the final judgment regardless of order or interpolated judgment. When such a potency effect is not a factor, primacy (first impression) effects occur when intermediate judgment is not interpolated, and recency (last impression) effects are strengthened when intermediate judgment is interpolated. For two of the three characters the potency of one episode influenced final impressions. The design of the study permits an analysis of content effects in impression-formation and the results suggest the value of the further investigation of content variables which influence the judgment of characteristics of others.
Interaction of S-R Compatibility and the Rate of Gain of Information
Authors: Alluisi Earl A.
Published: September 2011

Four school children of different ages and grades responded vocally at three levels of stimulus uncertainty ( Hs) to visually presented Arabic numerals. S-R compatibility was greatest for the oldest child and least for the youngest. Reaction time ( RT) was influenced by both Hs and S-R compatibility; the effect of Hs on RT was greatest where S-R compatibility was lowest.
Aftereffects of Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Zalosh Susan , Salzman Leonard F.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to test whether there are aftereffects on speech to delayed auditory feedback and whether the aftereffects, if any, are a function of the severity of disruption of speech under the feedback condition. Fifty-seven Ss, divided into three equal groups, were exposed to various combinations of delay time and intensity of feedback. Comparisons of pre- and post-sidetone responses revealed no evidence of aftereffects on speech. No relationship to induced severity of speech disruption was found.
Effects of Reinforcement Value on Expectancy Statements in Skill and Chance Situations
Authors: Phares E. Jerry
Published: September 2011

Previous investigations have frequently noted that rewarding events tend to enhance Ss' stated expectations of achieving the goal. However, these results usually have been obtained in gambling situations. In this study, both skill and chance situations were studied. Four groups were run: skill-nonreward, skill-reward, chance-nonreward, and chance-reward. After 10 trials in which the reinforcement sequence was the same for all groups, a reward was introduced for successful performance for one skill group and one chance group. The prediction was that, following success in a skill situation, introduction of a reward will result in a decrement in expectancies, while in a nonreward skill situation, there will be a corresponding increment. In reward and nonreward chance situations, however, there will be no difference in expectancy behavior. Results indicated a significant difference in expectancy behavior from Trial 10 to Trial 11 between skill-reward and skill-nonreward groups in the expected direction. The corresponding chance groups, however, showed similar results. Thus, the predicted interaction did not occur. The tendency of chance Ss to show results similar to those of skill Ss was hypothesized to be a function of a failure on the part of chance Ss to categorize the experimental task as chance controlled.
Free-Hand Copying of a Geometric Pattern as a Test for Sensory-Motor Disturbance
Authors: Reed Charles F. , Witt Peter N. , Peakall David B.
Published: September 2011

Detailed measurements of freehand copies of a geometric figure were made in order to assess the utility of such drawings for reflecting changes in skilled manual performance. For normal Ss, reliability was satisfactory only for short time-intervals and for certain parameters. However, measures of size of drawings and the placement of spiral lines appeared to show differential sensitivity to stimulant, tranquilizer, and stress conditions.
Response Latency with Constant and Variable Interval Schedules
Authors: Bevan William , Hardesty Donald L. , Avant Lloyd L.
Published: September 2011

12 independent groups were used to examine the relationship between response latency and regularity of signal occurrence. In each of 6 groups 20 simple visual signals were presented sequentially at one of 6 constant intervals. Interval durations were 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 sec. For each constant-interval group tested, there was also a variable-interval group with intervals of the same average duration. For all intervals except one (40 sec.), the variable-interval groups had longer response latencies than the constant-interval groups, the difference in response latency between the constant- and variable-interval groups increasing as a function of the duration of the interval, up to intervals of 160 sec. For both constant- and variable-interval groups, response latency varied directly with interval duration.
Effect of Strychnine Sulfate on Locomotor Activity
Authors: Gibby Robert G. , Gibby Robert G. , Kish George B. , Theologus George C.
Published: September 2011

The effect of strychnine sulfate upon spontaneous locomotor activity in an open field was determined for 20 naive male Wistar rats. The experimental Ss were injected ip with 1.0 cc/kg of a 01% solution of strychnine sulfate in normal saline and the control Ss received a similar injection of 1.0 cc/kg of normal saline. All Ss were given 2 trials 7 days apart in the open field, with the injections preceding the second trial. The behavioral change from Trial 1 to Trial 2 for the control group was compared with that for the experimental group. Strychnine sulfate significantly reduced spontaneous locomotor activity in rats. A significant correlation was found between scores on the first and second trials of the experimental Ss. It was suggested that the concept of “orienting-exploratory behavior” could account for reduced locomotor activity.
Visual Recognition Thresholds for Narcotic Argot in Postaddicts
Authors: Jones B. E.
Published: September 2011

Visual recognition thresholds were determined for matched pairs of words. Each pair of words contained one which belonged to the argot of the narcotic addict and one word which did not. Thresholds obtained on 37 hospitalized postaddicts and 19 normals were significantly lower on argot words than on non-argot words for the postaddict group, while the normals showed no significant differences. Supplementary ratings on familiarity of the words showed a significant general relation between recognition thresholds and familiarity. In addition, the postaddicts rated argot words as significantly more familiar than non-argot words.
Technique for Monitoring Cardiac Function without Handling or Restraining the Animal
Authors: Eisman Eugene
Published: September 2011

The method presented in this paper allows the long-term recording of HR in an unrestrained animal, housed in the actual experimental cage, with permanently attached recording leads. Using this technique, it is possible to employ automated apparatus and programming equipment and to experiment with more than one animal at a time in a research area which has not been characterized by such procedures. Techniques for the construction of rat-proof leads, a terminal to which the leads are attached, a commutator, and the surgical procedure for implanting the terminal, were described.
Influence of Repeated Experience on Latency and Extent of Autokinetic Movement
Authors: Farrow Bobby J. , Santos John F. , Haines James R. , Solley Charles M.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to assess the influence of massed and spaced practice on the latency and extent of perceived autokinetic (AK) movement. Ss in the spaced group were tested on 5 separate occasions following a constant level of dark adaptation, while Ss in the massed group were tested in one session with an increasing level of dark adaptation. The log-latency scores (time from onset of AK light to onset of AK movement) decreased across trials for both groups, while the log-distance scores (verbal estimates of extent of AK movement) increased for the massed group across trials but not for the spaced group. These results suggest methodological precautions which should be observed in subsequent studies where autokinesis is used to measure isolation and sensory deprivation effects and in those studies involving repeated AK trials.
Pain Sensitivity and Ratings of Childhood Experience
Authors: Collins L. Glenn
Published: September 2011

Measures of pain threshold and pain tolerance were obtained on 62 Ss. Both measures were positively related to childhood protection and negatively related to childhood independence scores on a Childhood History Questionnaire.
Effects of Ambiguous Training Materials on Cue Discrimination
Authors: Klipple Alfred G. , Abrams Alvin J.
Published: September 2011

A test was made of the hypothesis that Ss who are required to discriminate highly ambiguous sonar pip shapes early in training will be less accurate in discriminating unambiguous pip shapes following training than will Ss who are not required to attempt these difficult discriminations. 28 male college students were used as Ss: 14 were trained on ambiguous materials and 14 were trained on unambiguous materials. Results indicate that Ss trained on ambiguous materials were less accurate in judging unambiguous pip shapes than Ss trained on unambiguous materials. There was no difference between groups in the judgment of ambiguous pip shapes.
Brightness Preference in the Frog
Authors: Spigel Irwin M. , Ellis Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

Using combinations of black with white and gray arms of a wide angle Y-maze, a preference by frogs ( Rana pipiens) for the black arm was demonstrated, the proportion favoring the reduced brightness level being .75 in both cases. The data further suggested that Ss may have been avoiding the maze arms of higher intensity.