bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pure-Tone Frequency Discrimination in Preschoolers, Young School-Age Children, and Adults
Authors: Rose Jane , Flaherty Mary , Browning Jenna , Leibold Lori J. , Buss Emily
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Published data indicate nearly adultlike frequency discrimination in infants but large child–adult differences for school-age children. This study evaluated the role that differences in measurement procedures and stimuli may have played in the apparent nonmonotonicity. Frequency discrimination was assessed in preschoolers, young school-age children, and adults using stimuli and procedures that have previously been used to test infants.

Method

Listeners were preschoolers (3–4 years), young school-age children (5–6 years), and adults (19–38 years). Performance was assessed using a single-interval, observer-based method and a continuous train of stimuli, similar to that previously used to evaluate infants. Testing was completed using 500- and 5000-Hz standard tones, fixed within a set of trials. Thresholds for frequency discrimination were obtained using an adaptive, two-down one-up procedure. Adults and most school-age children responded by raising their hands. An observer-based, conditioned-play response was used to test preschoolers and those school-age children for whom the hand-raise procedure was not effective for conditioning.

Results

Results suggest an effect of age and frequency on thresholds but no interaction between these 2 factors. A lower proportion of preschoolers completed training compared with young school-age children. For those children who completed training, however, thresholds did not improve significantly with age; both groups of children performed more poorly than adults. Performance was better for the 500-Hz standard frequency compared with the 5000-Hz standard frequency.

Conclusions

Thresholds for school-age children were broadly similar to those previously observed using a forced-choice procedure. Although there was a trend for improved performance with increasing age, no significant age effect was observed between preschoolers and school-age children. The practice of excluding participants based on failure to meet conditioning criteria in an observer-based task could contribute to the relatively good performance observed for preschoolers in this study and the adultlike performance previously observed in infants.
Incentive‐based RTP model for balanced and cost‐effective smart grid
Authors: Seok Hyesung , Kim Sang Phil
Published: August 2018

The authors propose an intelligent real‐time pricing (RTP)‐based energy consumption scheduling model, which is especially applicable to more active and balanced demand management in a smart grid. Most previous research studies have not considered the incentive for subscribers who are more likely to move their consumption schedule to the off‐peak period. Therefore, they considered the degree of the sacrifice made by each subscriber to determine an individualised price. As a result, the electricity unit price charged to each subscriber is different. An appropriate incentive coefficient is identified using a genetic algorithm and applied to the RTP model. This approach draws more active rescheduling of the energy consumption and enhances the fairness of a network. Compared with non‐scheduling and day‐ahead scheduling, the authors algorithm reduces the subscribers’ total cost by an average of 24.9 and 15.9%, and increases the corresponding average fairness of the network by 16.7 and 5.4%, respectively. Moreover, they achieved a significant reduction in the peak‐to‐average‐ratio.
Improved synchrophasor measurement to capture sub/super‐synchronous dynamics in power systems with renewable generation
Authors: Xie Xiaorong , Zhan Ying , Liu Huakun , Liu Chun
Published: August 2018

The existing phasor‐measurement unit (PMU) and wide‐area measurement system (WAMS) based on thefundamental synchrophasors are insufficient to accurately capture the dynamicsof sub/super‐synchronous resonance or oscillation (SSR/SSO). To address thisissue, this study proposes a new method for the simultaneous and precisemeasurement of the fundamental and multiple sub/super‐synchronous harmonicphasors. It improves the classic discrete Fourier transform (DFT)‐based methodby adding adaptive frequency detection, modal filtration and phasor correctionand compensation. Thus, in the context of SSR/SSO, the phasors of bothfundamental and interharmonic components can be precisely obtained at local PMUsand the control/data centre of WAMS. The basic procedures and the prototypeimplementation of the method have been elaborated, and the performance has beenexamined with simulation signals as well as the field data recorded from anactual SSO incident. The results have verified its high precision, noiseimmunity and fast response.
Bayesian parameter constraints for neutron star masses and radii using X-ray timing observations of accretion-powered millisecond pulsars
Authors: Salmi T. , Nättilä J. , Poutanen J.
Published: August 2018

We present a Bayesian method to constrain the masses and radii of neutron stars (NSs) using the information encoded in the X-ray pulse profiles of accreting millisecond pulsars. We model the shape of the pulses using “oblate Schwarzschild” approximation, which takes into account the deformed shape of the star together with the special and general relativistic corrections to the photon trajectories and angles. The spectrum of the radiation is obtained from an empirical model of Comptonization in a hot slab in which a fraction of seed black-body photons is scattered into a power-law component. By using an affine-invariant Markov chain Monte Carlo ensemble sampling method, we obtain posterior probability distributions for the different model parameters, especially for the mass and the radius. To test the robustness of our method, we first analysed self-generated synthetic data with known model parameters. Similar analysis was then applied for the observations of SAX J1808.4−3658 by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The results show that our method can reproduce the model parameters of the synthetic data, and that accurate constraints for the radius can be obtained using the RXTE pulse profile observations if the mass is a priori known. For a mass in the range 1.5–1.8 M⊙, the radius of the NS in SAX J1808.4−3658 is constrained between 9 and 13 km. If the mass is accurately known, the radius can be determined with an accuracy of 5% (68% credibility). For example, for the mass of 1.7 M⊙ the equatorial radius is Req = 11.9+0.5−0.4 km. Finally, we show that further improvements can be obtained when the X-ray polarization data from the Imaging X-ray Polarimeter Explorer will become available.
Distributed prediction of solar farm status by probabilistic fuzzy opinion formation model
Authors: Bashari Masoud , Akbarzadeh-Totonchi Mohammad-Reza
Published: August 2018

Although photovoltaic arrays are a highly reliable solution to generating energy, the full scale use of these integrated arrays presents formidable challenges since their future generation carries high uncertainty. In this paper, the success of a large-scale solar farm in generating different percentages of its committed value is forecasted by a new opinion formation model. In the proposed model, each node uses local generation data, transforms them to a fuzzy set called perception, and evolves its fuzzy opinion about the entire farm's future generation by using this perception and negotiating with other nodes. As a result, the fuzzy predictions, which can be used in fuzzy energy management systems, are achieved with simple, distributed, and scalable computations. As a case study, Belgium is considered here as the entire solar farm with its provinces as the local generation units. To evaluate the predicted fuzzy opinions, we extract the lower/upper and point-wise predictions from them and compare these extracted values with the outputs of central data-driven forecasting algorithms. Furthermore, to evaluate the proposed aggregation mechanism, the obtained opinions are compared with the fusion of perceptions by conventional fusion algorithms. The results show that in both experiments, the proposed strategy performs better than its competitors in the sense of maximum absolute percentage error and mean-squared error.
Double-split labyrinth resonator with defective ground system for wide-band band-stop filter application
Authors: Alam Md. Jubaer , Faruque Mohammad Rashed Iqbal , Abdullah Sabirin , Islam Mohammad Tariqul
Published: August 2018

A labyrinth resonator with defective ground structure (DGS) is introduced for designing a wide-band band-stop filter in order to adjust the resonating characteristics by varying the dimension of the structure to cover 2.75 – 10.30 GHz. A series of modified double-split ring resonators (DSRRs) are embedded into a 50Ω microstrip framework to attain a labyrinth structure. The Rogers RO- 3010, which has a succinct structure, is used as the substrate in the proposed wide-band band-stop filter. The realization of the architecture is explored both integrally and experimentally, and a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is introduced in the ground layer. The level of rejection of the filter in the stop-band region increases with the introduction of the CSRR. In addition, the filter is evaluated by applying the Nicolson-Ross-Weir approach at the filtering frequency. The effective electromagnetic parameters retrieved from the simulation of the S-parameters imply that the metamaterial structure exhibits negative refraction bands. With a promising design and wide range of double-negative characteristics, we propose a new type of filter which is suitable for a wide-band band-stop application.
Synthesis of β-FeSi2 nanowires by using silicon nanowire templates
Authors: Ishiyama Takeshi , Nakagawa Shuhei , Wakamatsu Toshiki , Fujiwara Naoya
Published: August 2018

Si nanowires templates were grown by a Cu-catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid process and used for the preparation of β-FeSi2 nanowires on a Si substrate. The silicon nanowires were transformed into β-FeSi2 nanowires by annealing with additional source material containing FeCl2 and Si powder. In contrast to uniform Si nanowire templates along the <111> direction, the synthesized nanowires were deformed irregularly. The electron diffraction pattern of the nanowires synthesized from the template corresponded to that of single-crystalline β-FeSi2 and the longitudinal direction of the nanowire was along the <104> direction. The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that the nanowire contained Fe and Si in an atomic ratio of approximately 1:2. The results confirmed that β-FeSi2 nanowires on a Si substrate were synthesized from the Si nanowire templates.
Quaternary alkylammonium salt incorporated 2D/3D mixed halide perovskite with highly enhanced photoluminescence and arrested iodide/bromide phase segregation
Authors: Kour Prachi , Chenna Reddy Mallu , Naphade Rounak , Ogale Satishchandra
Published: August 2018

A mixed-halide (I/Br) 2D/3D perovskite is formed by incorporating bromide via quaternary alkylammonium salt and iodide via methylammonium iodide. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the 2D/3D mixed constitution, with both components having mixed halide stoichiometry. Importantly, this tetrabutylammonium incorporated material not only exhibits almost two orders of magnitude enhancement of photoluminescence intensity but concurrently a higher photo-stability (at the desirable bandgap of 1.77 eV) than the pure 3D mixed halide case. Moreover, a significant increase (from 8.8 ns to 63 ns) is observed in the lifetime of the photo-generated carriers in the mixed halide 2D/3D material.
Ground state with nonzero spontaneous magnetization of the two-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet with frustration
Authors: Sakai Toru , Nakano Hiroki
Published: August 2018

The S = 1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the two-dimensional pyramid lattice is studied by the numerical-diagonalization method. This lattice is obtained by the combination of the Lieb lattice and the square lattice. It is known that when interaction on the square lattice is increased from the ferrimagnetic limit of strong interaction on the Lieb lattice, this system shows gradual decrease and disappearance of spontaneous magnetization in the ground state. The present study treats the region near the case of the square-lattice antiferromagnet accompanied by isolated spins by numerical-diagonalization calculations of finite-size clusters with the maximum size of 39 sites. Our numerical results suggest the existence of a new phase with small but nonzero spontaneous magnetization between two zero-spontaneous-magnetization phases.
Effect of inclined transverse jets on trailing-edge noise generation
Authors: Szőke Máté , Fiscaletti Daniele , Azarpeyvand Mahdi
Published: August 2018

In this work, the effect of multiple transverse jets on the turbulent boundary layer developing over a flat plate is experimentally investigated for aeroacoustic purposes. A single line of jet nozzles with different spanwise spacings is located parallel to the trailing-edge of the plate, at approximately 30 jet diameters upstream of the trailing-edge. The axes of the jet nozzles have an inclination of 15° with respect to the streamwise direction. Two values of the jet velocity ratio (r = ujet/u∞) are considered, r = 1 and r = 2. The simultaneous measurement of streamwise velocity and surface pressure fluctuations is performed with hot-wire anemometry and flush-mounted microphones, respectively. The mean velocity profiles show that the low inclination angle of the multiple jets prevents the formation of adverse pressure gradients, and therefore, the multiple jets injection does not lead to flow separation, at least at the range of downstream locations under investigation. From the velocity measurements, the jets merge downstream of the jet nozzles and form a layer of jet fluid characterized by a low energy content. The estimates of the far-field noise show that jets injection at a velocity ratio of r = 1 leads to noise attenuation over the whole range of frequencies under analysis. At a velocity ratio of r = 2, jets injection enables to gain a larger noise reduction than at r = 1 at low frequencies, but the estimated far-field noise is expected to increase at high frequencies.
Deep levels induced optical memory effect in thin InGaN film
Authors: Wang B. B. , Zhu J. J. , Zhao D. G. , Jiang D. S. , Chen P. , Liu Z. S. , Yang J. , Liu W. , Liang F. , Liu S. T. , Xing Y. , Zhang L. Q. , Li M.
Published: August 2018

An optical memory effect is found in a 20 nm InGaN film. With increasing illumination time, photoluminescence (PL) intensity of InGaN rises at first and then falls. We present that this effect is caused by carriers capture in deep levels near interfaces between GaN and InGaN. Firstly, carriers captured by deep levels near the interfaces reduces the band inclination in InGaN. This cause the rise of PL intensity. Secondly, more and more captured carriers may form anti-shielding, which enhances band inclination and results in the decrease of PL intensity. Carriers captured in previous illumination can remain for a long time after illumination is blocked, which make InGaN show an optical memory effect.
Multi-scale simulations of polymeric nanoparticle aggregation during rapid solvent exchange
Authors: Li Nannan , Nikoubashman Arash , Panagiotopoulos Athanassios Z.
Published: August 2018

Using a multi-scale approach which combines both molecular dynamics (MD) and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, we study a simple and scalable method for fabricating charge-stabilized nanoparticles through a rapid solvent exchange, i.e., Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP). This multi-scale approach is based on microscopic information from MD simulations and uses a KMC algorithm to access macroscopic length- and time scales, which allows direct comparison with experiments and quantitative predictions. We find good agreement of our simulation results with the experiments. In addition, the model allows us to understand the aggregation mechanism on both microscopic and macroscopic levels and determine dependence of nanoparticle size on processing parameters such as the mixing rate and the polymer feed concentration. It also provides an estimate for the characteristic growth time of nanoparticles in the FNP process. Our results thus give useful insights into tailoring the FNP technique for fabricating nanoparticles with a specific set of desirable properties for various applications.
Universal quantum Hamiltonians
Authors: Cubitt Toby S. , Montanaro Ashley , Piddock Stephen
Published: August 2018

Significance

Quantum many-body systems exhibit a bewilderingly diverse range of behavior, which forms the central object of study in many areas of physics and beyond. Our work reveals that, in fact, the entire physics of every other quantum many-body system is replicated in certain simple, universal quantum spin-lattice models. A key application is to the field of analogue simulation of quantum systems, which has long been seen as one of the most promising near-term applications of quantum information technology. We put this field on a rigorous footing, give some rigorous justification for why it may not require error correction, and show that simple families of systems can be used as universal quantum simulators.
A frame-based approach to the source-goal asymmetry
Authors: Georgakopoulos Thanasis
Published: August 2018

This paper investigates the asymmetrical behavior of Sources and Goals of motion in Homeric and Classical Greek within the frame semantics paradigm. In particular, based on a corpus of 26 works covering four text types, it is shown that (a) regardless of their semantic class, motion verbs display preference for Goalpathscompared to Source ones; (b) the frame that a verb belongs to affects the type ofpathchosen only to a certain degree that does not change the Source-Goal imbalance; (c) semantically incongruent motion verb –pathcombinations are naturally less frequent than congruent combinations, but within the category of incongruent combinations the tokens are distributed in a way that reflects the prevalence of Goals; (d) the number of markers for the encoding of Goal is higher than that of Source; and (e) Source and Goal markers interact with Place ones in an asymmetrical way: Goal markers come to encode Place and, similarly, Place markers come to express Goal. Conversely, the interaction of markers exhibiting Source-Place polysemy is unidirectional, in the sense that none of these markers was originally used to encode Place alone. Theoretical implications of the study are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.
Transcategoriality and isolating languages
Authors: Do-Hurinville Danh Thành , Dao Huy Linh
Published: August 2018

In the first part, we show that the notion of transcategoriality, which is present in several types of languages (inflectional, isolating, agglutinative), serves to reconcile two antinomic forces of human linguistic activity: to satisfy cognitive-communicative needs and to limit the effort/to optimise linguistic systems. In the second part, we first examine our triangular dynamic model which comprises three macro-categories, namely lexeme, grammeme, pragmateme, and then, we discuss the differences between these three macro-categories. In the third and last part, we argue for the existence of transcategoriality in Vietnamese, an isolating language without inflectional morphology. We will discuss this issue by analyzing some markers such as: thành công, đẹp, mới, thì, and mà.
Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0738 on miRNA expression in in vitro and in vivo models of β-lactoglobulin allergy
Authors: Wang Jun-juan , Li Si-han , Li Ai-li , Zhang Qi-min , Ni Wei-wei , Li Mei-na , Meng Xiang-chen , Li Chun , Jiang Shi-long , Pan Jian-cun , Li Yuan-yuan
Published: August 2018

This study aims to investigate the correlation between the ability of L. acidophilus to modulate miRNA expression and prevent Th17-dominated β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) allergy. In vitro immunomodulation was evaluated by measuring splenocyte proliferation, Th17-related immune response and miRNA expression in β-Lg-sensitized splenocytes cultured with live L. acidophilus. Next, the allergic mouse model was used to evaluate anti-allergy capability of lactobacilli. The β-Lg challenge led to induction of up-regulation of miR-146a, miR-155, miR-21 and miR-9 expression in both in vivo and in vitro, along with increased Th17-related cytokine levels and mRNA expression of RORγt and IL-17. However, treatment of live L. acidophilus significantly suppressed hypersensitivity responses and Th17 cell differentiation. Moreover, administration of live L. acidophilus reduced expression of four miRNAs, especially miR-146a and miR-155. In addition, the decreased expression of the miRNAs in the spleen of the L. acidophilus-treated group was closely associated with decrease of IL-17 and RORγt mRNA expression.
Cinchona cells performance in in vitro culture: quinine alkaloid production with application of different elicitors
Authors: Pratiwi D R , Sumaryono  , Sari P T , Ratnadewi D
Published: August 2018

Quinine is a dominant alkaloid inCinchona ledgeriana. It is widely used in anti-malaria, anti-cramping, and anti-arrhythmia medication. In addition, it is commercially demanded for its bitter taste in certain soft drinks. The main source of quinine is the bark of Cinchona plant, which consists of 4-7% of the alkaloid. Land use shifting from perennial trees to cash-crops has resulted in a shortage of the plant material for quinine extraction. Plant cell culture has proven its success in producing secondary metabolites, including alkaloids. In principle, plant cells synthesize secondary metabolites when they are exposed to stress conditions. Therefore, in cell culture ofC. ledgeriana, two stress-inducing agents i.e. abscisic acid (ABA) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) in combination with mannitol or sorbitol were applied to increase quinine yield. ABA and PBZ depressed the cells growth. Sorbitol caused more stress to cells than mannitol. Its combination with ABA 3 mgL−1or with PBZ 7 mgL−1, mixed three weeks after culture, produced the highest concentration of quinine followed by mannitol with ABA 3 mgL−1or PBZ 7 mgL−1combined at the third week after culture. Cultured cells showed three different shapes: round, oval, and elongated. The elongated shape pre-dominated in the mature cells culture, while round cells pre-dominated in young cells culture. Those mature cells were found to contain alkaloids.
Contemporary Latinx Literature in the Midwest
Authors: Delgadillo Theresa , Vieira Leila
Published: August 2018

Latinx literature in the Midwest encompasses work created by authors from a variety of backgrounds, with authors of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban descent predominating in literature that takes locations throughout the region as its settings. Although much work focuses on Chicago, the multiple Latinidades of the region appear in fiction and poetry from across the region. Regarding genre, most of this literature falls into the categories of novel, short story, and poetry; however, works such as prose poems, novels in verse, heavily footnoted fiction, or metaliterary texts challenge genre boundaries and reveal Latinx literary innovation. This literature emerges from the history and experience of Latinx migration to the region, which dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, and, not surprisingly, that history often figures in the literature. Spanish-language Latinx literature about the Midwest also exists, and like its English-language counterpart, often addresses transnational experiences. Major publishers have made the work of Latinx authors in the Midwest well-known, yet there are also vibrant cultures of small press, community, and collective publishing, and self-publishing, through which Latinx authors have shared their talents with wider audiences in and beyond the region.

Some of the themes addressed by Latinx literature in the Midwest are migration, with characters coming both from other regions of the United States and directly from Latin America; labor, mostly industrial and agricultural work, but also involving characters in the service sector and professionals; belonging and the question of what and where home is and how to create this space in the Midwest; environment and gentrification; transnationalism, often evoking different ethnic backgrounds from the present; family relationships; gender and sexuality, focusing on what it means to be Latinx and part of the LGBTQ community and situations of discrimination with families and workplaces; race, including Afro-Latinx characters; and religion and spirituality, looking not only to Catholicism, but also to Judaism and African diaspora–inspired systems of Orisha worship.
Governance of Financial Institutions
Authors: Aras Guler
Published: August 2018

Corporate governance is a central issue in business and economics. However, governance in financial institutions is more complicated than in other fields because of the nature of financial services and instruments. Financial organizations are similar to other businesses in terms of their purposes of establishment, but confidence in management and complex risk structures are more important in financial organizations than in other businesses. In financial institutions, there are various areas in which problems arise that are related to corporate governance, including the agency problem and stakeholder protection. The importance of good governance for sound performance of financial institutions was reconfirmed during the 2008 financial crisis, raising the need to understand the agency problems and the efficiency of various corporate governance mechanisms in mitigating them. International organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Basel Committee, the International Finance Corporation, and the International Organization of Securities Commissions, have been working with regulators and policy makers to improve corporate governance practices both in nonfinancial and financial institutions. Corporate governance, especially in financial institutions, is essential in guaranteeing a sound financial system, capital markets, and sustainable economic growth. Governance weaknesses at financial institutions can result in the transmission of problems across the finance sector and the economy. Consequently, the effectiveness of governance mechanisms of financial institutions and capital markets after financial crises had significant importance in a period that witnessed an intensive discussion of corporate governance issues with new regulations and the related academic works.
Rhetoric and Social Movements
Authors: Foust Christina R. , Alvarado Raisa
Published: August 2018

What moves the social? And what is rhetoric’s relationship to social movement? Since 1950, scholars studying the art of public persuasion have offered different answers to these questions. Early approaches to social movements defined them as out-groups that made use of persuasion to achieve goals and meet persistent challenges. However, protest tactics that flaunted the body and spectacle (e.g., 1960s-era dissent) challenged early emphasis on social movements as nouns or “things” that used rhetoric. Influenced by intersectional feminist theories and movements that featured identity transformations (along with ending oppression) as political, rhetoric scholars began to view “a social movement” as an outcome or effect of rhetoric. Scholars treated movements as “fictions,” identifying the ways in which these collective subjects did not empirically exist—but were nonetheless significant, as people came to invest their identities and desires for a new order into social movements. Scholars argued that people manifested “a social movement’s” presence by identifying themselves as representatives of it. More recently, though, rhetoric scholars emphasize what is moving in the social, by following the circulation of rhetoric across nodes and pathways in networks, as well as bodies in protest. Inspired by social media activism, as well as theories of performance and the body, scholars concentrate on how symbolic action (or the affects it helps create) interrupts business as usual in everyday life. To study rhetoric and social movement is to study how dissent from poor and working-class people, women, people of color, LGBTQ activists, the disabled, immigrants, and other non-normative, incongruous voices and bodies coalesce in myriad ways, helping move humanity along the long arc of the moral universe that bends toward justice.
Paywalls and Payment Systems
Authors: Myllylahti Merja
Published: August 2018

Funding of journalism has become a critical part of journalism and digital journalism studies because no single business model has emerged to solve revenue problems for print and digital news outlets. Despite newspapers’ efforts to expand their income sources, they have remained print reliant in terms of revenue. In 2017, approximately 80% of global news publishers’ revenue still came from print products. While some large news corporations such as The New York Times Co. and News Corp have reported substantial increases in their digital subscription numbers, revenue from subscriptions and digital advertising has not been substantial enough to fund their newsroom structures and journalism. In this context, academia has started to produce more research on news payment systems. Recent studies of payment systems have largely concentrated on people’s willingness to pay for news. Academic researchers have also studied paywall models, content, and revenue. Additionally, crowdfunding as a source of revenue for news has been investigated, and the research on membership models is expanding. Most of the studies about news payment systems have concluded that none of the news payment systems—including paywalls, micropayments, donations, and memberships—is (on its own) sustainable for funding future journalism. Paywall can be understood as a subscription model that limits the public’s access to all or to some digital news content without a payment. Micropayments allow readers to pay per article or per view. Memberships allow the public to access certain content (premium content) or extra services such as events for a fee. Donations refer to the public’s voluntary monetary contributions to produce news articles or projects to the news sites. News publishers have become increasingly dependent on social media platforms such as Facebook for their content distribution. However, there is still very little academic research about news payment systems related to Facebook or other social media companies. This may well be because there is no transparent information about this kind of revenue as the news industry itself is not reporting on it.
The Personalization of Campaigns: Nonverbal Cues in Presidential Debates
Authors: Bucy Erik P. , Stewart Patrick
Published: August 2018

Nonverbal cues are important elements of persuasive communication whose influence in political debates are receiving renewed attention. Recent advances in political debate research have been driven by biologically grounded explanations of behavior that draw on evolutionary theory and view televised debates as contests for social dominance. The application of biobehavioral coding to televised presidential debates opens new vistas for investigating this time-honored campaign tradition by introducing a systematic and readily replicated analytical framework for documenting the unspoken signals that are a continuous feature of competitive candidate encounters. As research utilizing biobehavioral measures of presidential debates and other political communication progresses, studies are becoming increasingly characterized by the use of multiple methodologies and merging of disparate data into combined systems of coding that support predictive modeling.

Key elements of nonverbal persuasion include candidate appearance, communication style and behavior, as well as gender dynamics that regulate candidate interactions. Together, the use of facial expressions, voice tone, and bodily gestures form uniquely identifiable display repertoires that candidates perform within televised debate settings. Also at play are social and political norms that govern candidate encounters. From an evaluative standpoint, the visual equivalent of a verbal gaffe is the commission of a nonverbal expectancy violation, which draws viewer attention and interferes with information intake. Through second screens, viewers are able to register their reactions to candidate behavior in real time, and merging biobehavioral and social media approaches to debate effects is showing how such activity can be used as an outcome measure to assess the efficacy of candidate nonverbal communication during televised presidential debates.

Methodological approaches employed to investigate nonverbal cues in presidential debates have expanded well beyond the time-honored technique of content analysis to include lab experiments, focus groups, continuous response measurement, eye tracking, vocalic analysis, biobehavioral coding, and use of the Facial Action Coding System to document the muscle movements that comprise leader expressions. Given the tradeoffs and myriad considerations involved in analyzing nonverbal cues, critical issues in measurement and methodology must be addressed when conducting research in this evolving area. With automated coding of nonverbal behavior just around the corner, future research should be designed to take advantage of the growing number of methodological advances in this rapidly evolving area of political communication research.
Taxation and Spending in Latin America
Authors: Doyle David
Published: August 2018

The battle over state redistribution, and the means to pay for welfare transfers, lies at the heart of contemporary political economy. This has been one of the central plinths of political science research on the advanced industrial democracies, and we now have a good understanding of the dynamics of spending and taxation in these countries, rooted in the power of the left and labor movements, together with the embedded liberal compromise. These explanations, however, struggle to explain tax and spending outcomes across Latin America. This is largely because the pressures of globalization, rather than embedded liberalism, drive efficiency concerns in Latin America; across the region, the left often behaves in unanticipated ways, and redistribution comes in many forms. These effects are compounded by the power of business interests across the region and the heterogeneity of voter preferences when it comes to spending and taxation. More research is needed on both the macro and micro level dynamics of taxation and social spending in Latin America.
Attitudes Toward Women and the Influence of Gender on Political Decision Making
Authors: Lizotte Mary-Kate
Published: August 2018

There is a great deal of research, spanning social psychology, sociology, and political science, on politically relevant attitudes toward women and the influence of gender on individual’s political decision making. First, there are several measures of attitudes toward women, including measures of sexism and gender role attitudes, such as the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, the Old-Fashioned Sexism Scale, the Modern Sexism Scale, and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. There are advantages and disadvantages of these existing measures. Moreover, there are important correlates and consequences of these attitudes. Correlates include education level and the labor force participation of one’s mother or spouse. The consequences of sexist and non-egalitarian gender role attitudes include negative evaluations of female candidates for political office and lower levels of gender equality at the state level. Understanding the sources and effects of attitudes toward women is relevant to public policy and electoral scholars.

Second, gender appears to have a strong effect on shaping men’s and women’s attitudes and political decisions. Gender differences in public opinion consistently arise across several issue areas, and there are consistent gender differences in vote choice and party identification. Various issues produce gender gaps, including the domestic and international use of force, compassion issues such as social welfare spending, equal rights, and government spending more broadly. Women are consistently more liberal on all of these policies. On average, women are more likely than men to vote for a Democratic Party candidate and identify as a Democrat. There is also a great deal of research investigating various origins of these gender differences. Comprehending when and why gender differences in political decision making emerge is important to policymakers, politicians, the political parties, and scholars.
Heritage and the Use of the Past in East Africa
Authors: Giblin John
Published: August 2018

This article outlines historical and ongoing uses of the past and academic heritage research into those activities within eastern Africa. The use of the past will be discussed as a deep historical practice in the area that is the EAC in the 21st century, demonstrating how political elites have constructed versions of the past to suit contemporary and future aims for hundreds of years. Then there is an outline of the colonial introduction of formalized Western heritage institutions and legislation in the early 20th century, the subsequent nationalization of these in the mid-20th century, and the late-20th- and early-21st-century internationalization of heritage. These overviews are followed by a discussion of different approaches to heritage research including early studies of museums, traditions, heritage management, archaeological introspections, and more recent “critical heritage studies,” which interrogate the use of the past as a form of cultural production.
Archaeozoology: Methods
Authors: Linseele Veerle
Published: August 2018

Archaeozoology is the study of animal remains, mainly bones and other hard parts, from archaeological sites. It contributes to a more complete understanding of various aspects of human life in the past. Ideally, archaeozoologists, like other specialists, should be involved in the entire process of an archaeological research project, from its design, to fieldwork and data collecting, to final reporting and publication. For efficient communication and fruitful collaboration, the archaeologists involved in this process need to understand the basics of archaeozoological methodology and the range of questions that the discipline can answer. Methods vary among archaeozoologists—not least with regard to quantification—and it is important to be aware of these differences and their possible impact on results when comparing data for different sites. While the actual analysis of animal remains is done by the archaeozoologists, preferably in circumstances where they have access to a comparative collection of recent animal skeletons, the excavation and collection of remains is often the responsibility of the archaeologists. Animal remains are affected by a host of taphonomic processes of loss that are beyond our control. To avoid additional loss of information at the fieldwork stage, appropriate methods are particularly important. The use of sieves with a mesh size no greater than 2 mm is essential in order not to miss the smaller, but no less informative, animal remains. Project leaders play an important role in providing good storage facilities for archaeozoological remains after excavation and after study. With the rapid development in analytical methods, it can be extremely interesting to return to previously studied remains and sample them.
Economics and Genetics
Authors: Fletcher Jason M.
Published: August 2018

Two interrelated advances in genetics have occurred which have ushered in the growing field of genoeconomics. The first is a rapid expansion of so-called big data featuring genetic information collected from large population–based samples. The second is enhancements to computational and predictive power to aggregate small genetic effects across the genome into single summary measures called polygenic scores (PGSs). Together, these advances will be incorporated broadly with economic research, with strong possibilities for new insights and methodological techniques.
The Economics of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Hauck Katharina
Published: August 2018

Economics can make immensely valuable contributions to our understanding of infectious disease transmission and the design of effective policy responses. The one unique characteristic of infectious diseases makes it also particularly complicated to analyze: the fact that it is transmitted from person to person. It explains why individuals’ behavior and externalities are a central topic for the economics of infectious diseases. Many public health interventions are built on the assumption that individuals are altruistic and consider the benefits and costs of their actions to others. This would imply that even infected individuals demand prevention, which stands in conflict with the economic theory of rational behavior. Empirical evidence is conflicting for infected individuals. For healthy individuals, evidence suggests that the demand for prevention is affected by real or perceived risk of infection. However, studies are plagued by underreporting of preventive behavior and non-random selection into testing. Some empirical studies have shown that the impact of prevention interventions could be far greater than one case prevented, resulting in significant externalities. Therefore, economic evaluations need to build on dynamic transmission models in order to correctly estimate these externalities. Future research needs are significant. Economic research needs to improve our understanding of the role of human behavior in disease transmission; support the better integration of economic and epidemiological modeling, evaluation of large-scale public health interventions with quasi-experimental methods, design of optimal subsidies for tackling the global threat of antimicrobial resistance, refocusing the research agenda toward underresearched diseases; and most importantly to assure that progress translates into saved lives on the ground by advising on effective health system strengthening.
Indigenous Societies in Brazil before the European Arrival
Authors: Gomes Denise Maria Cavalcante
Published: August 2018

Before the Portuguese arrived in Brazil at the beginning of the 16th century, the vast area that today constitutes the national territory was occupied by different indigenous groups, the native peoples of the land. The origins of human settlement in Brazil have been the subject of heated debates. Brazilian archaeology has long been dedicated to the issue, in conjunction with researchers from several countries, because the question holds implications for charting early human life across the Americas. Their findings have made it possible to better understand the long history of indigenous societies in what is today Brazil based on their material remains, because it is rarely possible to establish a correlation between one group or another based solely on ethno-historical sources. The archaeological research has also made meaningful progress on cultural history, addressing questions related to the way of life of hunter gathers and ceramist groups. The latter were numerous and diversified in the past, but the importance and wide distribution of the Tupi, the first indigenous group with whom Europeans came into contact, should be highlighted. Another issue of interest is the sociopolitical complexity and the material sophistication of late precolonial Amazon societies.
Natural Hazards Governance in China
Authors: Sim Timothy , Yu Jun Lei
Published: August 2018

China is a vast country frequently impacted by multiple natural hazards. All natural disasters have been reported in China, except volcanic eruptions. Almost every region in China is threatened by at least one type of natural hazard, and the rural areas are most vulnerable, with fewer resources and less developed disaster protective measures as well as lower levels of preparedness.

In the first 30 years since its establishment in 1949, the Chinese government, hindered by resource constraints, encouraged local communities to be responsible for disaster response. As the country’s economy grew exponentially, after it opened its doors to the world in the late 1970s, China’s natural hazard governance (NHG) system quickly became more top-down, with the government leading the way for planning, coordinating, directing, and allocating resources for natural disasters.

The development of China’s NHG is linked to the evolution of its ideologies, legislation system, and organizational structures for disaster management. Ancient China’s disaster management was undergirded by the ideology that one accepted one’s fate passively in the event of a disaster. In contemporary China, three ideologies guide the NHG: (a) passive disaster relief characterized by “help oneself by engaging in production”; (b) active disaster management characterized by “emergency management”; and (c) optimized disaster risk governance characterized by “multiple stakeholders working together.” Meanwhile, the NHG legislation and systems have become more open, transparent, and integrated one over time.

Evidenced by the unprecedented growth of social organizations and private companies that engaged in disaster-related activities during and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, discussions on integrating bottom-up capacities with the top-down system have increased recently. The Chinese government started purchasing services from social organizations and engaging them in building disaster model communities (officially known as “Comprehensive Disaster Reduction Demonstration Communities”) in recent years. These are, potentially, two specific ways for social organizations to contribute to China’s NHG system development.
Natural Hazards Governance in Turkey
Authors: Gülkan H. P.
Published: August 2018

The current outlook in disaster risk management in Turkey is examined in its historic context in this article. Policies, legislation, and specific responsive actions have culminated in 2009 in the formation of a nationwide Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (“Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı” or AFAD in Turkish) that reports directly to the prime minister. Earthquakes are the principal drivers for disaster management in Turkey. The assessment of the system in effect in Turkey from a management science viewpoint is summarized. The chronological description of the Turkish system has been linked to major disaster occurrences and consequent legislative changes.
Does Farm Size Matter? Distribution of Crop Insurance Subsidies and Government Program Payments across U.S. Farms
Authors: Bekkerman Anton , Belasco Eric J. , Smith Vincent H.
Published: August 2018

This study uses farm‐level information from the ARMS database to evaluate the distribution of payments from major 2014 Farm Bill safety net programs—federal crop insurance, Agricultural Risk Coverage, and Price Loss Coverage—across farm size. Results indicate that farms within the top decile for crop sales receive over two‐thirds of the total payments from these programs. Recent legislative proposals to implement payment caps on each farm are shown to impact a relatively small percentage of farms that are almost entirely within the top decile of crop sales. However, implementing these caps is likely to result in as much as $2.51 billion in taxpayer savings. These help provide direction for continued efforts to design cost‐effective, equitable agricultural safety net policies.