bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Model for the Phosphorus Dynamics of VPO Catalysts during the Selective Oxidation of n‐Butane to Maleic Anhydride in a Tubular Reactor
Authors: Diedenhoven Jelka , Reitzmann Andreas , Mestl Gerhard , Turek Thomas
Published: March 2012

A model for the phosphorus dynamics in vanadium‐phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts for the oxidation of n‐butane to maleic anhydride was developed. According to the model, reversible sorption processes determine the phosphorus content of the catalyst. Simulations reveal that several phenomena can be successfully described. If no phosphorus is added to the reactant feed, the catalytic activity increases until runaway occurs. With addition of a proper amount of phosphorus, the loss can be compensated while excessive phosphorus addition results in complete catalyst deactivation. Adjusting the model parameters to experimental data may result in a model that can be used to optimize the performance of maleic anhydride reactors.
MgCl2/Et3N Base System as a New Catalyst for the Synthesis of α‐Hydroxyphosphonate
Authors: Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Khaksar Samad , Tafazoli Zahra , Bekhradnia Ahmadreza
Published: March 2012

An efficient and simple synthesis of α‐hydroxyphosphonates via reaction of aldehydes and ketones with dimethylphosphite in the presence of MgCl2/Et3N base system is reported. The use of readily available and easy to handle reagent MgCl2/Et3N makes this method simple, convenient, and practical.
Ground State Structures, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of ScnFe (n=2–10) Clusters
Authors: Yao Jiangang , Xu Bin , Wang Yuanxu
Published: March 2012

The authors predict that the magnetic moment of the scandium clusters can not be efficiently enhanced with the encapsulation of Fe atom, which is different from previous works with Fe atom doped in Bn, Sin, and Gen clusters. It was found that starting from n=6, the growth patterns of the ground state structures of the ScnFe clusters are dominated by the octahedron structures with Fe atom falling into the center of the host framework. The calculated results manifest that doping of the Fe atom contributes to strengthening the stabilities of the scandium framework. Maximum peaks are observed for clusters of n=3, 6 and 8 on the size dependence of the second‐order energy differences, implying that these clusters possess relatively higher stability. The HOMO‐LUMO gap of the ScnFe clusters exhibits an oscillational odd‐even character with the local peaks of n=4, 6 and 8. Especially, there is the largest oscillation of the gap with n=4 and 5. Additionally, the doped Fe atom exhibits the antiferromagnetic alignment at n=4, 5, 7 and 9. Also, the quench of the magnetic moments as n=6, 8 and 10 may be ascribed to the model of close‐shell electrons.
Pd‐NHC‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles with Aryl Halides
Authors: He Tao , Wang Min , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: March 2012

A highly efficient method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical multi‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles via a direct Pd‐NHC system catalyzed C(5)‐arylation of 1,4‐disubstituted triazoles, which are readily accessible via "click" chemistry has been developed. It is important to note that CH bond functionalizations of 1,2,3‐triazoles with a variety of differently substituted aryl iodides and bromides as electrophiles can be conveniently achieved through this catalytic system at significantly milder reaction temperatures of 100°C under air.
Identification of the Most Stable Sc2C80 Isomers: Structure, Electronic Property, and Molecular Spectra Investigations
Authors: Wu Jingyi , Wang Taishan , Shu Chunying , Lü Xin , Wang Chunru
Published: March 2012

A systematic density functional theory investigation has been carried out to explore the possible structures of Sc2C80 at the BMK/6‐31G(d) level. The results clearly show that Sc2@C80‐Ih, Sc2@C80‐D5h, and Sc2C2@C78‐C2v can be identified as three isomers of Sc2C80 metallofullerene with the lowest energy. Frontier molecular orbital analysis indicates that the two Sc2@C80 isomers have a charge state as (Sc3+)2@C806−and the Sc2C2@C78 has a charge state of (Sc3+)2C22−@C784−. Moreover, the metal‐cage covalent interactions have been studied to reveal the dynamics of endohedral moiety. The vertical electron affinity, vertical ionization potential, infrared spectra and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been also computed to further disclose the molecular structures and properties.
Sodium Acetate‐catalyzed Regiospecific and High Stereoselective Aminobromination of β,β‐Dicyanostyrene Derivatives with NBS as Nitrogen/Bromine Source
Authors: Li Wenli , Chen Zhanguo , Zhou Jimei , Hu Junli , Xia Wei
Published: March 2012

An easy and efficient method for the aminobromination of β,β‐dicyanostyrene derivatives with NBS as the aminobrominating reagent in CH3CN catalyzed by NaOAc (10 mol%) is developed. This protocol provides convenient process to convert β,β‐dicyanostyrene derivatives into the vicinal haloamines with full regiospecificity and high stereoselectivety in the ice‐water bath in air. The reaction is high efficient in yielding the corresponding aminobrominated products in excellent yields (up to 95%) under these conditions. The outcome indicated that the reaction has an electrophilic addition feature. 12 Eexamples of β,β‐dicyanostyrene derivatives have been investigated.
A Novel and Facile Synthesis of 2‐(Benzofuran‐2‐yl)benzo[h]quinoline‐3‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Gao Wentao , Jiang Yun , Li Yang , Li Feng , Yan Yan
Published: March 2012

A simple and concise approach for the synthesis of a series of new heterocyclic systems of 2‐(benzofuran‐2‐yl)benzo[h]quinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid derivatives (3a–3g) is described. The synthetic strategy features the one‐pot reaction of ethyl 2‐(chloromethyl)benzo[h]quinoline‐3‐carboxylate (2) with various substituted salicylaldehydes as well as 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde as a key step. The substrate 2 was prepared in good yield by a mild, efficient and direct reaction of 1‐naphthylamine (1) with Vilsmeier‐Haack reagent. The structures of all the new compounds were identified by spectral data and elemental analysis.
Michael Addition Reaction of Fluorinated Nitro Compounds
Authors: Huan Feng , Hu Huawei , Huang Yangen , Chen Qingyun , Guo Yong
Published: March 2012

The Michael addition reactions of fluorinated nitro compounds with electron deficient olefins to give γ‐fluoro‐γ‐nitro‐esters, nitriles and ketones which bear a fluorinated quaternary carbon center were reported. The reactions were promoted by TMG, affording the desired adducts in acceptable to good yields.
Water‐Promoted Kinetic Separation of trans‐ and cis‐Limonene Oxides
Authors: Xu Zhao‐Bing , Qu Jin
Published: March 2012

The efficient hydrolytic kinetic separation of trans/cis‐(R)‐(+)‐limonene oxides was realized in a 1:1 mixed solvent of water and 1,4‐dioxane without additional catalyst. Optically pure trans‐(R)‐(+)‐limonene oxide was recovered in high yield (77%).
Synthesis, Characterization and Ethylene Oligomerization Behavior of Neutral Nickel Complexes Bearing N‐Fluorinated Phenyl Salicylaldiminato Chelate Ligands
Authors: Song Liping , Song Shaodi , Huang Jiling
Published: March 2012

A series of neutral nickel complexes featuring N‐fluorinated phenyl salicylaldiminato chelate ligands was synthesized, and the novel molecular structure of complex C14 was further confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The neutral nickel complexes showed high activity up to 9.96×105 g oligomers/(mol Ni·h) and high selectivity of C6 in catalyzing ethylene oligomerization using methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst. It was observed that the strong electron‐withdrawing effect of the fluorinated salicylaldiminato ligand was able to significantly increase the catalytic activity for oligomerization of ethylene. In addition, the influence of reaction parameters such as Al/Ni molar ratio, reaction temperature, a variety of cocatalyst and ethylene pressure on catalytic activity was investigated.
Determination of Uric Acid in Human Urine by Ion‐exclusion Chromatography with UV Detection Using Pure Water as Mobile Phase
Authors: Hou Shengjie , Yang Chengdui , Wang Hui , Tanaka Kazuhiko , Ding Mingyu
Published: March 2012

A simple, rapid and accurate ion‐exclusion chromatographic method coupled with a UV detector for the determination of uric acid in human urine samples has been developed. The separation was carried out on an ion‐exclusion column using only pure water as mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 254 nm and urine sample was injected directly without any pretreatment. Furthermore, the retention behavior of uric acid on the ion‐exclusion column was researched when pure water and 1 mmol·L−1 HCl were used as mobile phase, respectively. The stability of uric acid was also further investigated within 28 days. In this method, the linear range of the calibration curve for uric acid was 0.25–100 mg·L−1, and the detection limit calculated at S/N=3 was 0.02 mg·L−1. The proposed ion‐exclusion chromatographic method has been used for the determination of uric acid in human urine.
The microtubule cytoskeleton is required for a G2 cell cycle delay in cancer cells lacking stathmin and p53
Authors: Carney Bruce K. , Caruso Silva Victoria , Cassimeris Lynne
Published: March 2012

In several cancer cell lines, depleting the microtubule (MT)‐destabilizing protein stathmin/oncoprotein18 leads to a G2 cell cycle delay and apoptosis. These phenotypes are observed only in synergy with low levels of p53, but the pathway(s) activated by stathmin depletion to delay the cell cycle are unknown. We found that stathmin depletion caused greater MT stability in synergy with loss of p53, measured by the levels of acetylated α‐tubulin and the rate of centrosomal MT nucleation. Nocodazole or vinblastine‐induced MT depolymerization abrogated the stathmin‐depletion induced G2 delay, measured by the percentage of cells staining positive for several markers (TPX2, CDK1 with inhibitory phosphorylation), indicating that MTs are required to lengthen G2. Live cell imaging showed that stathmin depletion increased time in G2 without an impact on the duration of mitosis, indicating that the longer interphase duration is not simply a consequence of a previous slowed mitosis. In contrast, stabilization of MTs with paclitaxel (8 nM) slowed mitosis without lengthening the duration of interphase, demonstrating that increased MT stability alone is not sufficient to delay cells in G2. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Structural and Pharmacological Characterization of Phenylalanine‐Based AMPA Receptor Antagonists at Kainate Receptors
Authors: Venskutonytė Raminta , Frydenvang Karla , Valadés Elena Antón , Szymańska Ewa , Johansen Tommy N. , Kastrup Jette S. , Pickering Darryl S.
Published: March 2012

Continued efforts into the discovery of ligands that target ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are important for studies of the physiological roles of the various iGluR subtypes as well as for the search for drugs that can be used in the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system. A new series of phenylalanine derivatives that target iGluRs was reported to bind AMPA receptors. Herein we report our studies of these compounds at the kainate receptors GluK1–3. Several compounds bind with micromolar affinity at GluK1 and GluK3, but do not bind GluK2. The crystal structure of the most potent compound in the ligand binding domain of GluK1 revealed different modes of binding to GluK1 and GluA2, due primarily to residues Ser741 (GluK1) and Met729 (GluA2). The compound was shown to be slightly more potent at GluK1 than at AMPA receptors and to induce a domain closure similar to that observed in GluK1 structures with partial agonists.
Neuronal clustering and fasciculation phenotype in Dscam‐ and Bax‐deficient mouse retinas
Authors: Keeley Patrick W. , Sliff Buranee J. , Lee Sammy C.S. , Fuerst Peter G. , Burgess Robert W. , Eglen Stephen J. , Reese Benjamin E.
Published: March 2012

Wild‐type mouse retina immunofluorescently labeled to reveal the populations of melanopsin‐positive ganglion cells (green) and dopaminergic amacrine cells (magenta). Each cell type shows abnormal clustering and fasciculation in both Dscam‐ and Bax‐ deficient mice, though the profile of these features is distinct in the two mutants. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 520, Number 7, pages 1349–1364.
Helical structure of complementary colors' relative spectral distribution function
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W.
Published: March 2012

I report a curious double helix in psychophysical data. As recently reported, color complementarism structures at least 40 functional roles in vision including all Red‐, Green‐, Blue‐peaked functions (e.g., color matching functions, Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect, saturation discrimination, lightness discrimination, and wavelength discrimination). These can be modeled from the relative spectral power distribution (SPD) function of complementary colors (at requisite power ratios to neutralize complements). So, the SPDs three‐dimensional (3D) structure is of interest. Extended to the hue cycle, the SPD is plotted in a rectilinear graph of wavelength versus wavelength with radiance vertical to the plane. In this rectilinear color mixture space, the white locus representing the illuminant chromaticity is not a single point (representing the junction of complementary pairs of wavelengths) but a sinusoidal curve whose 3D structure is a double helix, representing an SPD and its complementary SPD. The structure's purpose is possibly to store and access global complementary colors data across illuminants. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 292–296, 2013
Selective Production of 1,2‐Propylene Glycol from Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber using Ni–W2C/AC Catalysts
Authors: Zhou Likun , Wang Aiqin , Li Changzhi , Zheng Mingyuan , Zhang Tao
Published: March 2012

A series of Ni‐promoted W2C/activated carbon (AC) catalysts were investigated for the catalytic conversion of Jerusalem artichoke tuber (JAT) under hydrothermal conditions and hydrogen pressure. Even a small amount of Ni could greatly promote the conversion of JAT to 1,2‐propylene glycol (1,2‐PG), whereas the pure W2C/AC catalyst resulted in the selective formation of acetol. The product distribution profiles involving the reaction temperature, time, and H2 pressure indicated that 1,2‐PG formed as a result of acetol hydrogenation, which was catalyzed by Ni. Thus, there was a synergy between W2C and Ni, and the best performance yielded 38.5 % of 1,2‐PG over a 4 % Ni–20 % W2C/AC catalyst at 245 °C, 6 MPa H2, and 80 min. To understand the reaction process, some important intermediates, such as inulin, fructose, acetol, glyceraldehyde, and 1,3‐dihydroxyacetone, were used as the feedstock. Based on the product distributions derived from these intermediates, a reaction pathway was proposed, where JAT was first hydrolyzed into a mixture of fructose and glucose under the catalysis of H+, then the sugars underwent a retro‐aldol reaction followed by hydrogenation catalyzed by Ni–W2C.
A novel and rapid apoptosis assay based on thiol redox status
Authors: Skindersoe Mette E. , Rohde Mikkel , Kjaerulff Soeren
Published: March 2012

We present here a novel probe, VitaBright‐48, for the evaluation of the cellular level of reduced thiols. Using different cell lines and apoptogenic agents we show that a decrease in the level of reduced thiols correlates with well‐known apoptotic markers such as phosphatidylserine translocation and caspase activity. The cell population to be investigated is added to the nonfluorescent stain VitaBright‐48, which immediately permeates the cell membrane and reacts with intracellular thiols, forming a fluorescent compound. Quantification of the cell fluorescence directly after staining (without washing) can then be used to determine the population's cellular thiol level at the single cell level. Based on the results presented here, we suggest that measurement of changes in the level of free thiols should be added to the list of phenotypes which may be investigated in order to detect apoptosis. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Maternal care in the African striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio: A behaviorally flexible phenotype that is modified by experience
Authors: Rymer Tasmin L. , Pillay Neville
Published: March 2012

The development of maternal care in mammals can be influenced by the type and quality of maternal care received. Using biparental striped mice Rhabdomys pumilio, we investigated whether development of maternal care is influenced by the mother during early rearing and by an adult female's experience and that of her mate. Offspring were raised in one of three treatments, by: both parents; mothers alone; and mothers separated from the father with a barrier. Since female striped mice increase their care when raising litters alone, which influences expression of parental care of their adult sons, we expected daughters to respond like sons. However, there was no treatment effect in the development of maternal care in daughters. In subsequent experiments, experienced and inexperienced females decreased care when raising their offspring with experienced but not inexperienced males. Therefore, maternal care in striped mice is modulated in response to prevailing environmental and social conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 265–274, 2013
Size distributions and dispersions along a 485‐year chronosequence for sand dune vegetation
Authors: Waugh Jennifer M. , Aarssen Lonnie W.
Published: March 2012

Using a sand dune chronosequence that spans 485 years of primary succession, we collected nearest‐neighbor vegetation data to test two predictions associated with the traditional “size‐advantage” hypothesis for plant competitive ability: (1) the relative representation of larger species should increase in later stages of succession; and (2) resident species that are near neighbors should, over successional time, become more similar in plant body size and/or seed size than expected by random assembly. The first prediction was supported over the time period between mid to later succession, but the second prediction was not; that is, there was no temporal pattern across the chronosequence indicating that either larger resident species, or larger seeded resident species, increasingly exclude smaller ones from local neighborhoods over time. Rather, neighboring species were generally more different from each other in seed sizes than expected by random assembly. As larger species accumulate over time, some relatively small species are lost from later stages of succession, but species size distributions nevertheless remain strongly right‐skewed—even in late succession—and species of disparate sizes are just as likely as in early succession to coexist as immediate neighbors. This local‐scale coexistence of disparate sized neighbors might be accounted for—as in traditional interpretations—in terms of species differences in “physical‐space‐niches” (e.g., involving different rooting depths), combined with possible facilitation effects. We propose, however, that this coexistence may also occur because competitive ability involves more than just a size advantage, with traits associated with survival (tolerance of intense competition) and fecundity (offspring production despite intense competition) being at least equally important.
Efficient Synthesis of Maxonine Analogues from N‐Substituted Benzyl‐1‐formyl‐9H‐β‐carbolines
Authors: Hutait Samiran , Biswas Subhasish , Batra Sanjay
Published: March 2012

Acid‐catalyzed Pomeranz–Fritsch‐type reaction between the acetal group at C‐1 and the arene unit of the benzyl group at N‐9 in 9‐substituted benzyl‐1‐(dimethoxymethyl)‐9H‐β‐carboline affords fused‐β‐carbolines that can be readily oxidized to furnish a maxonine‐type framework. Mechanistically, the reaction proceeds via a protonated aldehyde as the intermediate, which undergoes attack by the activated arene subunit of the benzyl moiety. On the other hand, the Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts of 1‐formyl‐N‐substituted benzyl‐9H‐β‐carbolines undergo an efficient P2O5‐mediated intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction between the secondary hydroxy group and the activated phenyl group of the benzyl subunit to yield fused‐β‐carbolines. Investigations into the scope of the substrates reveal that the success of the methodology relies on the degree of activation of the phenyl ring. For substrates having less‐activated phenyl groups, indolizinoindole derivatives were isolated in moderate yields only.
Electrochemical Detection of Metals Using Thick Nanofibrous Nafion Web Modified Electrodes
Authors: Musameh Mustafa M. , Klink Daniela , Choi Jonghyun , Truong Yen Bach , Kyratzis Ilias Louis
Published: March 2012

In this work, GC electrodes modified with thick electrospun nanofibrous Nafion webs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and used for the extraction and electrochemical detection of cadmium by differential pulse voltammetry. Cadmium was detected after 10 min incubation at open circuit followed by anodic stripping using 60 s reduction at −1.4 V. The electrode yielded well‐defined, undistorted and reproducible (RSD of 7.0 % based on 10 measurements) voltammetric response with two linear ranges from 0.1 to 3 µM (R2=0.994 ) and from 3 to 10 µM (R2=0.977) and a detection limit and sensitivity of 0.01 µM and 32 and 7.725 µA/µM for both linear portions of the curve respectively.
Thin‐Layer Spectroelectrochemistry on an Aqueous Microdrop
Authors: Schroll Cynthia A. , Chatterjee Sayandev , Heineman William R. , Bryan Samuel A.
Published: March 2012

Here we report a technique to perform thin layer spectroelectrochemistry using an aqueous microdrop. The chemical systems used to demonstrate the aqueous microdrop technique were an absorption based ionic probe [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− and an emission based ionic probe [Ru(bpy)3]3+/2+. The ability of the technique to perform semi‐infinite linear diffusion spectroelectrochemistry on an aqueous microdrop has been previously demonstrated; in this work we were able to demonstrate spectroelectrochemical behavior consistent with the restricted diffusion in a thin layer cell by reducing the analyte volume and the optical path length. The thin‐layer diffusion behavior was illustrated by substantial reduction in peak‐to‐peak separations of the cyclic voltammograms and the significant decrease in electrolysis time compared to the semi‐infinite linear diffusion behavior.
Lifetime Obesity in Patients with Eating Disorders: Increasing Prevalence, Clinical and Personality Correlates
Authors: Villarejo Cynthia , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Peñas‐Lledó Eva , Granero Roser , Penelo Eva , Tinahones Francisco J. , Sancho Carolina , Vilarrasa Nuria , Montserrat‐Gil de Bernabé Mónica , Casanueva Felipe F. , Fernández‐Real Jose Manuel , Frühbeck Gema , De la Torre Rafael , Treasure Janet , Botella Cristina , Menchón José Manuel
Published: March 2012

Objectives: The aims of our study were to examine the lifetime prevalence of obesity rate in eating disorders (ED) subtypes and to examine whether there have been temporal changes among the last 10 years and to explore clinical differences between ED with and without lifetime obesity.

Methods: Participants were 1383 ED female patients (DSM‐IV criteria) consecutively admitted, between 2001 and 2010, to Bellvitge University Hospital. They were assessed by means of the Eating Disorders Inventory‐2, the Symptom Checklist‐90—Revised, the Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh and the Temperament and Character Inventory—Revised.

Results: The prevalence of lifetime obesity in ED cases was 28.8% (ranging from 5% in anorexia nervosa to 87% in binge‐eating disorders). Over the last 10 years, there has been a threefold increase in lifetime obesity in ED patients (p < .001). People with an ED and obesity had higher levels of childhood and family obesity (p < .001), a later age of onset and longer ED duration; and had higher levels of eating, general and personality symptomatology.

Conclusions: Over the last 10 years, the prevalence of obesity associated with disorders characterized by the presence of binge episodes, namely bulimic disorders, is increasing, and this is linked with greater clinical severity and a poorer prognosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Vulnerability analysis of elliptic curve cryptography‐based RFID authentication protocols
Authors: Lv Chao , Li Hui , Ma Jianfeng , Zhang Yaoyu
Published: March 2012

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), we show that three recently proposed RFID authentication protocols which rely exclusively on the used of Elliptic Curve Cryptography are not secure against the tracking attack. To make this attack successfully, the adversary needs to execute three phases. Firstly, the attacker just eavesdrops on the messages exchanged between Server and Tag. Secondly, the attacker impersonates Server to reply with the same random number that is obtained from previous phase. Finally, the adversary acts as a man in the middle to tamper the exchanged messages. Then, we propose enhancements and prove that the revisions are secure against the tracking attack that keep other security properties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A globalization‐oriented perspective on health, inequality and socio‐economic development
Authors: Tausch Arno
Published: March 2012

Objectives

There has been an attention to inequality as a causal factor for deficient health in the medical journals over the last decades (Richard G. Wilkinson et al. and Schnell et al.); however, the reasons for inequality and the interactions of the underlying causes of inequality at the level of the world economy have not yet been properly explored in this kind of literature. The aim of this article is to provide a new, globalization‐oriented, multi‐disciplinary perspective on life expectancy, under‐five mortality, inequality and socio‐economic development in the world system, compatible with the advances in international sociological research on the subject over the last three decades.

Design

Taking up the traditions of quantitative sociology to study the effects of multinational corporation (MNC) penetration as a key determining variable for development outcomes such as socio‐economic inequality and infant mortality, this article analyzes from the perspective of quantitative political science and economics this particular role of MNC penetration as the key variable for the determination of health, inequality and socio‐economic development in 183 countries of the world system, using international social science standard data.

Main outcomes

As correctly predicted by quantitative sociology, but largely overlooked by the medical profession, the development style, implied by a high MNC penetration of their host countries, reflects the oligopolistic power, which transnational corporations wield over local economies. We took up an idea from Austro‐American economist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883–1950), which states that the long‐term effects of oligopolistic power are negative and lead toward economic and social stagnation. Our data show that although MNC penetration indeed led to certain short‐term growth effects after 1990, today, social polarization and stagnation increase as a consequence of the development model, based on high MNC penetration. There is a negative trade‐off between MNC penetration and health, both in terms of life expectancy and avoiding under‐five mortality. But it can be shown for the 115 countries with complete data that Richard G. Wilkinson's hypothesis still plays an important role in explaining deficient health development in the world system, once we control for the effects of MNC penetration‐driven globalization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is choice of care compatible with integrated health care? An exploratory study in Sweden
Authors: Ahgren Bengt , Nordgren Lars
Published: March 2012

Competitive and integrative policy actions are simultaneously being promoted in Swedish primary care; citizens' choice of care is launched while primary care is expected to integrate its activities with other providers for the creation of ‘local health care’. Competition tends, however, to fragment the provision of services. The aim of this study is, accordingly, to explore whether or not these policies are compatible in practice. For this purpose, strategically designed group interviews were conducted with citizens. When citizens make active choices, they are under the influence of self‐perceived conditions: that is, the accessibility of the care, its continuity and the treatment offered by the care provider, conditions which, in turn, have a lot in common with the guiding principles of local health care. On the other hand, citizens who choose passively, because of not being in contact with primary care, have no difficulties in being disloyal to the chosen unit when becoming patients. In doing so, they also contribute to the fragmentation of local health care. Making entirely free choices when it comes to primary care seems to be incompatible with local health care. However, choice of care only partly equals the conditions of free choice. Choice of care and local health care would thus seem to be compatible, in practice, for the majority of patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of human papillomavirus type 31 variants with risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2–3
Authors: Xi Long Fu , Schiffman Mark , Koutsky Laura A. , Hulbert Ayaka , Lee Shu‐Kuang , DeFilippis Victor , Shen Zhenping , Kiviat Nancy B.
Published: March 2012

Although the lineages of human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV31) variants are recognized, their clinical relevance is unknown. The purpose of our study was to examine risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grades 2–3 (CIN2/3) by HPV31 variants. Study subjects were women who participated in the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Triage Study and who had HPV31 infections detected at one or more visits. They were followed semi‐annually over 2 years for detection of HPV DNA and cervical lesion. HPV31 isolates were characterized by DNA sequencing and assigned into 1 of 3 variant lineages. CIN2/3 was histologically confirmed in 127 (27.0%) of the 470 HPV31‐positive women, 83 diagnosed at the first HPV31‐positive visit and 44 thereafter. The odds ratio for the association of 2‐year cumulative risk of CIN2/3 was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.0–2.9) for infections with A variants and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2–3.9) for infections with B variants as compared to those with C variants. Among women without CIN2/3 at the first HPV31‐positive visit, the risk of subsequent CIN2/3 was 2.2‐fold greater for those with A variants (95% CI: 1.0–4.8) and 2.0‐fold greater for those with B variants (95% CI: 0.9–4.9) as compared to those with C variants. Similar associations were observed when CIN3 was used as the endpoint. The findings from our study help to tag HPV31 variants that differ in risk of CIN2/3 and to explain in part why some HPV31 infections regress spontaneously and others lead to disease progression.
The architecture of fibroblast monolayers of different origin differentially influences tumor cell growth
Authors: Flaberg Emilie , Guven Hayrettin , Savchenko Andrii , Pavlova Tatiana , Kashuba Vladimir , Szekely Laszlo , Klein George
Published: March 2012

Normal human and murine fibroblasts can inhibit proliferation of tumor cells when co‐cultured in vitro. The inhibitory capacity varies depending on the donor and the site of origin of the fibroblast. It requires direct cell‐to‐cell contact and is not transferable with supernatant. Here, we show that effective inhibition also requires the formation of a morphologically intact fibroblast monolayer before the seeding of the tumor cells. Interference with the formation of the monolayer impairs the inhibition. Subclones of TERT‐immortalized fibroblasts were selected on the basis of differences in the growth pattern and related inhibitory activity. Whereas the well‐organized “whirly” (WH) growth pattern was associated with strong inhibition, the disorganized “crossy” (CR) growth pattern was linked to reduced inhibition. Time lapse imaging of tumor‐fibroblast co‐cultures using extended field live cell microscopy revealed that fibroblast monolayers with growth inhibitory capacity also reduced the motility of the tumor cells whereas noninhibitory monolayers had no effect on tumor cell motility. Gene expression pattern of two isogenic pairs of fibroblasts, WH and CR subclones of the TERT immortalized line (inhibitory, and less inhibitory subsequently) and freshly explanted skin (inhibitory) and hernia (noninhibitory) fibroblasts derived from the same patient, identified a set of genes that co‐segregated with the inhibitory phenotype. This suggests that our model system may reveal molecular mechanisms involved in contact‐mediated microenvironmental surveillance that may protect the organism from the outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells.
Extracting Information from Adaptive Control Experiments
Authors: White James L. , Carroll Elizabeth C. , Spears Kenneth G. , Sension Roseanne J.
Published: March 2012

Optical control of chemical reactivity is achieved through the use of photonic reagents, that is, “shaped” ultrafast optical pulses created using a pulse shaper. It has been demonstrated in a number of molecular systems that these pulses can effectively guide the system into a desired final state. Effective pulses are often found through an experimental search involving thousands of individual measurements. An examination of the pulses tested in these experiments can reveal the pulse features responsible for control and also the underlying molecular dynamics. In this article we review attempts to extract information from optical control experiments using adaptive learning algorithms to search the available parameter space, and we discuss how these kinds of experiments can be used to achieve and understand multiphoton optical control.
Der Schweizer Rechtsextremismus im internationalen Vergleich
Authors: Armingeon Klaus
Published: March 2012

Der Gegenstand des Beitrags ist der schweizerische Rechtsextremismus im internationalen Vergleich. Auf breiter Datenbasis wird gezeigt, dass der Umfang des rechtsextremen Potentials in der Schweiz bestenfalls nur geringfügig unter dem Durchschnitt anderer westeuropäischer Länder liegt. Für die geringe Grösse des rechtsextremen Potentials und das Fehlen einer starken und stabilen rechtsextremen Partei oder Organisation lassen sich mindestens fünf Gründe angeben: Die bisherige Vermeidung von Verunsicherungen durch schwere Wirtschafts‐ und Beschäftigungskrisen und durch Globalisierungsprozesse; die politische Kultur der Schweiz, die sich anderen Ländern gegenüber besonders durch die breite Unterstützung der Grundrechte auf eigene Sprache und Kultur auszeichnet; die direkte Demokratie, in der rechtsextreme Einstellungen temporär politisch relevant werden können, ohne dass sie institutionell stabilisiert würden; das System der etablierten bürgerlichen Parteien, die den grössten Teil des rechtsextremen Potentials politisch integrieren; die programmatische Ausrichtung der potentiell rechtsextremen Parteien, die sie daran hindert, zum zeitlich stabilen organisatorischen Zentrum eines starken schweizerischen Rechtsextremismus zu werden.
Parabens detection in different zones of the human breast: consideration of source and implications of findings
Authors: Harvey Philip W. , Everett David J.
Published: March 2012

This article is a discussion of the recent study by Barr, Metaxas, Harbach, Savoy and Darbre (2012; J. Appl. Toxicol. 32; doi: 10.1002/jat.1786) reporting residues of five paraben esters in the human breast, at concentrations up to the microgram per gram tissue range and with highest concentrations in the axilla area (closest to the underarm). The conclusion is that the detection of intact esters that have escaped the action of esterases is consistent with a local (dermal) exposure source since the metabolic capacity of the gut and liver would produce p‐hydroxybenzoic acid as the common metabolite. Whereas the zone concentration differences (propylparaben was found at highest concentrations in the axilla) support an underarm exposure model, seven subjects reportedly never used underarm cosmetics, and other exposure sources, including other cosmetic product types, are discussed. The findings are placed into context with the limited regulatory toxicology database on parabens, oestrogenic action of the parabens, and status of the parabens, cosmetics and human health debate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacterial adhesion on biomedical surfaces covered by micrometric silver Islands
Authors: Pérez‐Tanoira R. , Pérez‐Jorge C. , Endrino J. L. , Gómez‐Barrena E. , Horwat D. , Pierson J. F. , Esteban J.
Published: March 2012

A set of Cu‐Mn‐O and Ag‐Cu‐Mn‐O films were sputter‐deposited onto polished Ti‐6Al‐4V coupons and the microbiological adherence of Staphylococcus sp. was studied in these biomedical surfaces modified by using advanced ternary and quaternary oxides, these latter incorporated micrometric silver islands. Silver is known to have a natural biocidal character and its presence in the surface of Ti‐6Al‐4V forming large micrometric islands. In principle, predicted to enhance the antimicrobial properties of biomedical surfaces. Microbial adhesion tests were performed using collection strains and six clinical Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. The adherence study was performed using a previously published protocol by Kinnari et al. Collection strains and clinical strains showed decreased adherence to modified materials; however, only on the clinical strains were there statistically significant differences between Cu‐Mn‐O and Ag‐Cu‐Mn‐O containing silver islands. Nanocrystalline silver dissolves and releases both Ag+ and Ag0 whereas other silver sources release only Ag+. We can conclude that nanocrystalline silver coating, confirmed by XRD, appears to alter the biological properties of the solution, particularly antimicrobial activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Temperature dependence of vibrational modes of CH3CC(ads) and I(ads) coadsorbed on Ag(111): Ab initio molecular dynamics approach
Authors: Lin Jyh Shing , Lu Shao‐Yu , Tseng Po‐Jung , Chou Wen‐Chi
Published: March 2012

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations accompanied by a Fourier transform of the dipole moment (aligned perpendicular to the surface) autocorrelation function are implemented to investigate the temperature‐dependent infrared (IR) active vibrational modes of CH3C(β)C(α)(ads) and I(ads) when coadsorbed on an Ag(111) surface at 200 and 400 K, respectively. The analytic scheme of the Fourier transform of a structural coordinate autocorrelation function is used to identify two distinguishable IR active peaks of C(β)C(α) stretching, which are characterized by two types of dynamic motion of adsorbed CH3C(β)C(α)(ads) at 200 K, namely, the motion of the tilted CC(β)C(α) axis and the motion of the stand‐up CC(β)C(α) axis. These two recognisable IR active peaks of C(β)C(α) stretching are gradually merged into one peak as a result of the dominant motion of the stand‐up CC(β)C(α) axis as the temperature increases from 200 to 400 K. The calculated intensities of the IR active peaks of the asymmetrical deformation mode of CH3 and the asymmetrical stretching mode of CH3, with their dynamic dipole moments nearly perpendicular to the CC(β)C(α) axis, become relatively weak; however, the symmetrical deformation mode of CH3 and the symmetrical stretching mode of CH3, with their dynamic dipole moments randomly directed away from the CC(β)C(α) axis, will not have direct correspondence between the intensities of their IR active peaks and the angle between the Ag(111) surface and the CC(β)C(α) axis as the temperature increases from 200 to 400 K. Finally, the increased flipping from the motion of the tilted CC(β)C(α) axis to the motion of the stand‐up CC(β)C(α) axis followed by its diffusion, resulting from the increasing temperature from 200 to 400 K or even higher, seems to be the initial event that initiates the alkyne self‐coupling reaction that leads to the final production of H3CCCCCCH3. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal‐to‐Crystal Transformation of a Molecular Rectangle Containing Zinc(II) and N,N′‐Bis‐4‐methyl‐pyridyl Oxalamide
Authors: Tzeng Biing‐Chiau , Chen Bo‐So , Chang Tsung‐Yi
Published: March 2012

We report here the crystal‐to‐crystal transformation process from a molecular rectangle [ZnI2(L)]2 (L = N,N′‐bis‐4‐methyl‐pyridyl oxalamide) to its supramolecular isomer, a one‐dimensional chain [ZnI2(L)]n, upon heating solid samples of [ZnI2(L)]2 up to 250 °C for three hours. Moreover, the transformation process can be experimentally proven by powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Condensation‐ring Expansion Reaction of Formyl[2.2.1]bicyclic Carbinols with Para‐substituted Phenyl Amines: Application to the Preparation of [3.2.1]bicyclic N‐aryl‐1,2,3‐oxathiazolidine‐2‐oxide Agents
Authors: Yang Te‐Fang , Chen Li‐Hsun , Kao Li‐Ta , Chuang Chih‐Hsiang , Chen Yong‐Yen
Published: March 2012

Individual reaction of camphene‐derived endo‐formyl[2.2.1]bicyclic carbinol and that of camphor‐derived exo‐formyl[2.2.1]bicyclic carbinol with parent and para‐substituted phenyl amines gave regio‐ and stereospecific corresponding [3.2.1]bicyclic (para‐substituted) phenyl amino ketones. Mechanism of each reaction was discussed. Some camphor‐derived [3.2.1]bicyclic amino ketones were reduced to [3.2.1]bicyclic (para‐substituted) phenyl amino alcohols, which were then treated with mesyl chloride to provide [3.2.1]bicyclic N‐phenyl/aryl‐1,2,3‐oxathiazolidine‐2‐oxide agents. The mechanism of this final reaction was discussed as well.
Influence of Hyaluronan Environments on the Stereoselectivity of an Aldol Reaction
Authors: Ishikawa Takashi , Noritake Hiroto , Totani Kiichiro
Published: March 2012

The hyaluronan that is present in extracellular matrices forms chiral mesh‐like structures in aqueous media. To understand the influence of specific environments on the stereoselectivity of chemical reactions, organocatalysis‐mediated aldol reactions in the presence of hyaluronan were investigated in water. In these experiments, changes in the diastereomeric ratio were observed in an aldol reaction under hyaluronan conditions.
Synthesis of PS‐supported NHC‐Pd Catalyst Derived from Theobromine and its Applications in Suzuki‐Miyaura Reaction
Authors: Lo Hung‐Kun , Luo Fen‐Tair
Published: March 2012

The synthesis of the PS‐supported bis‐NHC‐palladium catalyst simply prepared from theobromine in four steps was reported. The air‐stable PS‐supported bis‐NHC‐Pd catalyst can be used as a good catalyst in running Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Aspicilin
Authors: Wang Chun‐Yi , Hou Duen‐Ren
Published: March 2012

Aspicilin (1), an eighteen membered macrolide with four stereocenters, was synthesized using (3R,4R)‐1,5‐hexadiene‐3,4‐diol and (S)‐propylene oxide as the starting materials. Sharpless epoxidation on the protected dienediol generated the required three consecutive stereocenters, and malonic ester synthesis added the acetyl unit. Yamaguchi protocol was applied to form the key ester with two terminal olefins ready for the ring‐closing metathesis. RCM, hydrogenation, selenylation, oxidation and deprotections gave aspicilin with 4.7% total yield.
Transformation of D‐Serine to Highly Functionalized Cyclohexenecarboxylates in Study of Oseltamivir Synthesis
Authors: Lai Joshua , Fang Jim‐Min
Published: March 2012

In an attempted synthesis of oseltamivir, D‐serine was used to prepare (R)‐Garner aldehyde, which reacted with vinylzinc reagent to give an alcohol product predominating in the (1′R,4S)‐isomer. After the alcohol was protected as p‐methoxybenzyl ether, the N,O‐acetal was hydrolyzed and oxidized to an aldehyde, which underwent Reformatsky‐type reaction with ethyl α‐(bromomethyl)acrylate by promotion of indium to give an addition product readily for ring‐closure metathesis to afford 3‐alkoxy‐4‐amido‐5‐hydroxy‐1‐cyclohexenecarboxylates. After activation of the 5‐hydroxy group as methanesulfonate, an attempted substitution reaction with sodium azide gave unexpectedly a cyclic carbamate via an intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the 4‐tert‐butoxycarbamate group.
SEYMOUR SARASON IN MEMORIAL: PROSPECTS FOR COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Authors: Maton Kenneth I.
Published: March 2012

Seymour Sarason passed away on January 10, 2010 at the age of 91. He was the author of more than 40 books, including The Culture of the School and the Problem of Change (1971), The Creation of Settings and the Future Societies (1972), and The Psychological Sense of Community: Prospects for a Community Psychology (1974). His groundbreaking ideas were major influences in the .elds of education, community psychology, mental retardation, and care of the aged. Seymour is a seminal figure in the development of community psychology, providing a paradigm for action research (Psychoeducational Clinic). He generated key ideas to guide the field, emphasized the importance of historical and cultural context, and developed intellectually and personally meaningful relationships with many of the field's leaders
THE ROLE OF FAMILY CONFLICT IN THE RELATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO COMMUNITY VIOLENCE AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS
Authors: Holtzman Rochelle J. , Roberts Michael C.
Published: March 2012

The current study examined the role of family conflict as a mediator in the relation between exposure to community violence and depressive symptoms. Two hundred thirty‐two early adolescents (aged 11–16 years) completed a demographics questionnaire, the Survey of Exposure to Community Violence, the 9‐item conflict subscale of the Family Environment Scale, and the Children's Depression Inventory. Family conflict was found to be a significant mediator of the relation between exposure to community violence via victimization and depressive symptoms. Clinical efforts should seek to prevent or reduce conflict in families of youth experiencing community violence victimization. Future research should continue to evaluate microsystem factors as mechanisms through which exposure to community violence affects the psychological well‐being of youth.
Iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions measured by susceptibility‐weighted imaging filtered phase: A case control study
Authors: Hagemeier Jesper , Heininen‐Brown Mari , Poloni Guy U. , Bergsland Niels , Magnano Christopher R. , Durfee Jacqueline , Kennedy Cheryl , Carl Ellen , Weinstock‐Guttman Bianca , Dwyer Michael G. , Zivadinov Robert
Published: March 2012

Purpose:

To investigate phase lesions identified on susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI)‐filtered phase images in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and healthy controls (HC). To relate phase lesion characteristics to other clinical and MRI outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

95 relapsing‐remitting (RR), 40 secondary‐progressive (SP) MS patients, as well as 19 CIS patients and 49 age‐ and sex‐matched HC, were scanned on a 3T scanner. Phase‐, T1‐, and T2‐lesion characteristics were determined. Overlap of T1‐ and T2‐weigthed imaging (WI) lesions with phase lesions (T1P and T2P), as well as brain atrophy outcomes, was assessed.

Results:

MS patients showed significantly greater numbers and larger volume of phase lesions, compared with HC (P < 0.001). 23.6% of T2 lesions overlapped with phase lesions, whereas the same figure for T1 lesions was 37.3%. Conversely, 33.4% and 69.7% of phase lesions were not visible on T2‐ or T1‐WI, respectively. Phase, T1P and T2P lesions were not related to clinical outcomes, but phase lesions were related to ventricular enlargement.

Conclusion:

Phase lesions were present in both MS and CIS patients, and showed partial overlap with lesions observed using conventional MRI. The role of phase lesions in clinical progression remains unclear and should be further explored. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:73–83. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.