bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Destination, Seen Unclearly: Relevance of Head-Up Display Information to Driving Is Unrelated to Its Processing
Authors: Sall Robert J , Wu Sijing , Spence Ian , Feng Jing
Published: October 2017

Studies have shown that secondary information presented in spatially commingled environments along with primary tasks can adversely affect the performance of that task, as might be the case for information delivered to drivers by a Heads-Up Display (HUD). However, it is unclear how that message’s relevance to the task at hand (e.g., driving) might impact either detection of that message, or performance of a primary task. In this study, participants were asked to enumerate cars on a screen in an experiment that sporadically presented them with semantically similar and dissimilar pieces of information in a spatially intermingled environment. The results indicate that when occupying the same spatial proximity as the primary stimuli, all secondary stimuli disrupt primary task performance, regardless of its relevance to the primary task.
Off-Road Glance Behavior, Response Time to a Forward Collision Hazard, and Engagement Strategy Effects in Automated Driving
Authors: Blommer Mike , Curry Reates , Kochhar Dev , Swaminathan Rads , Talamonti Walter , Tijerina Louis
Published: October 2017

Blommer et al. (2015) reported on a simulator study that investigated a driver engagement (DE) strategy designed to keep the driver-in-the-loop during automated driving in the face of two different types of secondary tasks. The method, first reported by Carsten et al. (2012), involved driving in fully automated driving mode for 6 minutes followed by 1 minute of manual driving, after which this fixed schedule was repeated several times throughout the drive. This scheduled strategy was compared to a reference condition in which different participants experienced continuous automated driving without interruptions. For each condition, some participants watched a video and others listened to the radio. All drives ended in automated driving mode with a surprise forward collision (FC) hazard to which the participant had to manually intervene. Compared to video watchers, radio listeners responded faster, looked to the road scene more, and they were more often looking forward at FC event onset. The DE strategy had no effect on radio listeners. In contrast, video watchers responded to the hazard more quickly with the scheduled strategy than without it. However, there was no reliable statistical difference between DE conditions in percent-eye-glance-time looking to the forward road scene during automated driving or in the number of drivers looking forward at FC event onset. This paper presents additional analyses of off-road eye glance behavior and finds no relationship between how long people were looking away prior to receiving a Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and driver response time (RT). About 95% of all video watching drivers glanced back to the road within 20 sec regardless of the automated driving condition. Approximately 85% of glances away from the road in the scheduled mitigation condition were 7 sec or less.
Multi-level Analysis of Distracted Drivers’ Glances: Enhancing the Robustness of the NHTSA Acceptance Criteria
Authors: Lee Ja Young , Lee John D.
Published: October 2017

The visual-manual distraction guidelines by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) provide a method to assess potential distraction of secondary tasks. According to the method, one instance of “testable task” is performed once by 24 participants, and three glance measures (i.e., mean duration of off-road glances, total eyes off road time, and proportion of long glances) are used to decide whether the task imposes acceptable demand on the driver. The current study investigates variability from both participants and task instances (e.g., different telephone numbers used for dialing telephone number task) reflected in these glance measures, with repeated sampling of participants and repeated sampling of task instances. While NHTSA test method is vulnerable to both sources of variability, multi-level statistical modeling and sampling task instances offers a promising approach to overcome this limitation.
Revisiting Radio Tuning: A Secondary Analysis Comparing Glance Behavior Across Five Vehicles
Authors: McWilliams Thomas , Lee Joonbum , Mehler Bruce , Reimer Bryan
Published: October 2017

Visual-manual demand placed on drivers through interactions with operational functions, embedded telematics, infotainment systems, and nomadic technologies has raised concerns associated with diverting attention from the roadway. This analysis draws on data from field studies of five different infotainment systems representing a range of screen placements and control characteristics that diverge in significant ways from the relatively standard car radio layout of previous generations. Participants performed a set of classic visual-manual radio tuning tasks under highway driving conditions. There were significant differences in task completion time, number of off-road glances, mean single off-road glance duration, and total off-road glance time across vehicles. These results highlight that the range of configurations appearing in modern infotainment systems have changed the extent to which they can be used in the classic radio tuning task to provide a standard demand benchmark.
Driver adaptation to lane keeping assistance systems: Do drivers become less vigilant?
Authors: Miller Erika E. , Boyle Linda Ng
Published: October 2017

Driver adaptation to semi-autonomous vehicles is examined in this study using a longitudinal driving simulator study with 18 subjects randomly assigned to a control (n = 9) and treatment (n = 9) group. A Tactile Detection Response Task (TDRT) was used to measure cognitive workload while drivers engaged in visual-manual distracting tasks using an in-vehicle information system, with and without a lane-keeping assistance system (baseline, intervention, and withdrawal period). Measures of miss rate and reaction time to the TDRT stimuli suggest that drivers in both groups showed decreases in cognitive workload as they gained experience. Participants in the treatment group experienced higher cognitive workload when the lane keeping assistance system was withdrawn. On average, there were greater decreases in cognitive workload over time for the difficult tasks as compared to the easy tasks for both the control and treatment groups. The effect was more pronounced in the control group with larger decreases in cognitive workload. The NASA TLX was also comparable to the task accuracy. These results suggest that adaptations in driver behavior due to exposure to automation may have transfer effects on cognitive workload and thus may lead to safety implications.
Drivers’ Avoidance Strategies When Using a Forward Collision Warning (FCW) System
Authors: Wu Xingwei , Boyle Linda Ng , Marshall Dawn
Published: October 2017

Forward collision warning (FCW) systems help prevent rear-end collisions by identifying and alerting drivers of threats ahead. Understanding drivers’ avoidance strategies i.e. the tendency to brake or steer is important for the design and effectiveness of these systems. A driving simulator study was performed across five US locations to examine three driver avoidance maneuvers: braking only, steering only and combined braking and steering. A log-linear analysis was used to investigate the likelihood of an avoidance maneuver given the driver characteristics (age, gender) and study location. Findings showed that drivers aged 40 years and older were more likely to use a combined braking and steering maneuver to avoid a rearend collision. Drivers from two coastal urban areas (Washington, D.C. and Seattle, WA) were less likely to choose braking only in response to FCW alerts. Younger drivers and drivers that live in more rural areas (Clemson, SC and Iowa City, IA) were more likely to select braking only to avoid a crash, which could be due to their experience in less congested traffic environment. The findings of this study provide some insights on the factors associated with various avoidance strategies among drivers. This understanding can help guide the design of future in-vehicle collision warning systems.
Driver Acceptance of Adaptive Cruise Control and Active Lane Keeping in Five Production Vehicles
Authors: Reagan Ian J. , Kidd David G. , Cicchino Jessica B.
Published: October 2017

Little is known about how consumers interact with driving automation technology that controls steering, speed, or headway in production vehicles. Forty-eight Insurance Institute for Highway Safety employees used a Honda Civic, Infiniti QX60, Toyota Prius, or Audi A4 or Q7 as a personal vehicle for up to several weeks and completed surveys about their experiences. Agreement about whether adaptive cruise control (ACC) or active lane keeping (ALK) improved driving experience varied significantly among vehicles. The Q7’s ACC improved the driving experience significantly more than its ALK. The Civic’s ALK improved the driving experience more than the Q7’s system, but this effect only approached significance. Drivers were most comfortable using systems on free-flowing interstates and least comfortable using ACC in stop-and-go traffic and ALK on curvy roads. The findings show a range of qualitative differences in driving automation technologies and that use of current technologies likely is limited to low-demand conditions.
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): A Consideration of Driver Perceptions on Training, Usage & Implementation
Authors: Abraham Hillary , Reimer Bryan , Mehler Bruce
Published: October 2017

As the first phase of a larger project, drivers were recruited to drive for a month one of two different vehicles with a range of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Training methods for introducing the systems and questionnaire and structured interview methods were tested for collecting driver perceptions and understanding of the technologies. Participant perceptions and selected observations are detailed.
Simulator-Based Investigations of Human Error Potential with Railroad Automation in the Locomotive Cab
Authors: Sebok Angelia , Walters Brett , Wickens Christopher
Published: October 2017

Automation is being developed and implemented in a variety of industries with the goals of improving overall system performance and reducing the probability and impact of human or operator error. However, as automation is introduced, it changes the role of the operator and creates new opportunities for different and unanticipated types of errors. In the rail industry, automated safety protection and optimization systems are being introduced into the locomotive cab. This paper describes a simulator-based investigation of human-automation interaction in the locomotive cab. Three scenarios were conducted in a dynamic and realistic rail simulator with three professional locomotive engineers. This preliminary study identified three distinct errors related to failing to appropriately monitor automation, and suggested potential opportunities for design improvements.
Human Systems Integration Stakeholders: Successes, Challenges, and Lessons Learned Across Government and Industry
Authors: Alfred Petra , Kosnik Bill , Lacson Frank , Merriman Stephen C. , O’Neil CDR Michael , Seely Owen , Thomas Jeffrey
Published: October 2017

Human systems integration (HSI) ensures human strengths and limitations are taken into consideration throughout the system design, development, and acquisition process. Regardless of the organization in which HSI practitioners work, the nature of their work involves interfacing with various organizational, system, and user stakeholders. The cross-service DoD and industry panelists will briefly discuss their diverse experiences and perspectives regarding human systems integration, working with various HSI stakeholders, and personal lessons learned (i.e., successes and challenges). The sharing of cross-service and industry lessons learned aims to prepare other HSI practitioners to effectively work and interact with various stakeholders. This knowledge exchange also encourages continued collaboration between HSI practitioners and aims to expand HSI across contexts, environments, and system stakeholders.
Data Properties Underlying Human Monitoring Performance
Authors: Rantanen Esa M. , Fokoué Ernest , Gegner Kathleen , Haut Jacob , Overbye Thomas J.
Published: October 2017

The application of phasor measurement unit (PMU) data in the power industry is currently an area of intense interest. The key driver for PMU technology is to use the precise time sources provided by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites to accurately measure the relative voltage and current phase angles at buses across an interconnect at a very high sampling rate. Presenting PMU data to power system operators in a format that is truly useful for them and that affords improved situation awareness (SA) and fast and accurate decision making is a particular challenge to display design. This paper described development of prototype displays of PMU data where the design criteria were derived from characteristics of the data as well as the situation awareness requirements of power system dispatchers. A prototype display that meets all these design criteria is described.
Analysis and Design of Interface for a Bio-Inspired Underwater Vehicle (BUV): Toward an Optimized Blend of Knowledge-driven and Intuitive Control
Authors: Zhu Ruijie , Deshpande Abhiraj , Lockhart Marisa , Bart-Smith Hilary , Kim Inki
Published: October 2017

The supervisory control of unmanned vehicles is likely to be an important form of next-generation human-machine interaction. Although the effective design of control interface is critical for high-performance human-robot teams, there is little framework beyond general design principles in the Human Factors discipline. The main challenge is to find an optimal balance between knowledge-driven control functions and intuitive maneuvers. In general, the supervisory control of unmanned vehicles requires its operator to map the vehicle’s motion parameters with the set of control functions implemented in an interface. Due to the complexity of the control functions and underlying domain-specific knowledge, it usually takes significant time and efforts to learn the mapping relationship and familiarize oneself with the interface. In this regard, intuitive control interface is an obvious virtue that can save the cost of learning the interface, as well as acceptance by a larger group of users. With increasing types and numbers of unmanned vehicles/robots, a lack of intuitiveness can bring about substantial usability issues, including the cost of learning how to control a new vehicle, and the cost of switching to different types of vehicles. Despite the needs, the notion of intuitive control has little theoretical foundation, thus, difficult to implement through design practices. It is the ultimate goal of the current research to generate design principles that balance between knowledge-driven control and intuitive control by establishing an analytic framework of cognitive task monitoring. The analytic framework intends to estimate the cognitive processing underlying a sequence of control actions, thereby, provides empirical evidence of intuitiveness versus knowledge-dependency in control. The current research uses a Bio-inspired Underwater Vehicles (BUV) to apply the analytic framework under a variety of operational scenarios to monitor the operator interaction. To evaluate the degree of intuitiveness versus knowledge-dependency, the existent interface built in LabVIEW (Ver. 2017, National Instruments, Corp., Austin, TX) is being tested on a group of experts and novices under a variety of task scenarios. As a result, the current interface is evaluated regarding the cost of learning, i.e. the degree of reliance on knowledge, and the cost of switching to different control functions, i.e. the degree of counter-intuitiveness. Finally, the analytic outcomes lead to the redesign of the interface.
Designing an Automated Agent to Encourage Human Reliance
Authors: Garnick Christopher J. , Bindewald Jason M. , Rusnock Christina F.
Published: October 2017

Human reliance on automated agents can be critically important, as exemplified by a pilot relying on an automated ground collision avoidance system. While it is important that the automated agent perform a task well, thus promoting reliance on the automation, it is difficult to test human reliance on automated agents in safety-critical systems. This paper presents an automated agent designed to enable testing of human reliance on automation in the Space Navigator environment. The automated agent performs collision detection and avoidance tasks in the environment, aiding the human participant in real-time. We present a collision detection and avoidance model, comparing three potential methods for collision avoidance. Analysis shows that the new agent’s performance when teamed with another simulated agent improves upon previous individual human and human-agent team performances in the same environment, thus making it logical for humans to rely upon it. A human-subjects study confirms that the resulting automated agent/environment pairing enables human reliance studies in a low-states automation environment.
Development of a Usability and Functionality Assessment Tool for Riding Lawn Equipment
Authors: Deng Yulin , Shirley James , Rose Tyler , Feltner David , Chen Karen B. , Hoyle Jeffrey , Dutt Mohini , Kaber David
Published: October 2017

Riding lawn equipment (RLE) is a common household appliance. Methods are needed for systematic evaluation of RLEs in order to promote usability and safety for users. Current RLE research and guidelines were used as a basis for developing a new tool for scoring modern RLEs in terms of a range of design features. In this paper, we outline the development and application of the riding lawn equipment evaluation tool (RLEval) for measuring and reporting RLE conformance with existing ISO and ANSI safety, usability, and functionality standards. Additionally, recommendations are made for RLE guideline enhancements and guideline literature limitations are identified. Preliminary evaluations of multiple RLE models were conducted to assess the utility and reliability of the RLEval and to compare tractors.
Autonomy Requirements Tester (ART): Assisting Clear Communications among Stakeholders
Authors: Thronesbery Carroll , Qaddumi Ayman , Merta Michael , McMahon Eugene , Monahan Mike
Published: October 2017

Autonomy Requirements Tester (ART) is a software tool designed and prototyped in a NASA Phase I Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) project to address the difficulties of testing autonomy requirements. It supports clear communications among engineers with different by translating requirements terms into software behavioral expectations, which can be used to drive test specifications and the reporting of test results. Also, because it helps translate the requirements into software behavior terms, it addresses some of the difficulties of testing autonomy requirements. Innovations in ART include a clear linking of requirements, expected software behavior, test plans, and test results. They also include the immersion of the Test Runner portion of the ART design within the Core Flight System (cFS) architecture, so that the application under test can be tested as it is intended to fly, even before the remainder of the flight software has been developed. ART also includes a reusable test specification for regression testing and employs a test plan template to ease the specification of multiple, detailed test plans for similarly formatted autonomy requirements.
Avatar Administered Neuropsychological Testing (AVANT): Stroop Interference Task
Authors: Parsons Thomas D. , Russo Nicole , Schermerhorn Paul
Published: October 2017

The current project is a preliminary attempt to compare an avatar administered virtual reality Stroop task (VRST) to standard (human) administration of the Stroop task. The avatar administered Stroop is part of a larger battery of tests aimed at proffering a cognitive screening battery that can be used in teleneuropsychology. The three versions of the Stroop task were administered to a sample of 66 healthy university students (64% female), between the ages of 19 and 27 years, which included equivalent distributions of men and women from ethnically-diverse populations. No significant differences were found for age, gender, or education. Results indicated that the typical Stroop effect pattern found in the human administered Delis– Kaplan Executive Function System and Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics occurs in the avatar administered Stroop. We conclude that while the avatar administered Stroop has the potential to offer a novel approach to assessment of supervisory attentional processing, there are human factors issues that need to be addressed.
Gaze Supported Gestural Computer Interaction: Performance Implications of Training
Authors: Keller M. David , Mead Patrick , Kozub Megan
Published: October 2017

Gaze supported non-tactile gestural control uses a combination of gestures based body movements with eye gaze positioning to provide an input source for a user’s control with a system. Combining body gestures with eye movements allows for unique computer control methods other than the traditional mouse. However, research is mixed on the effectiveness of emerging control types, such as gestures and eye-tracking, with some showing positive performance outcomes for one or more control aspects but performance detriments in other areas that would prohibit the use of such novel control methods. One important aspect that is often ignored is familiarity with the control method. Unlike the mouse, users are typically unfamiliar with eye and gestures based control methods. In order to truly understand the benefit of new concepts like gaze supported gestural controls, testing experienced users is necessary. In the current experiment, participants were trained on the gaze supported gestures system in order to become “experts” and achieve similar levels of proficiency with the different control methods to be assessed, to include mouse, non-gaze and gaze supported gestural controls. Results showed that after as few as five practice sessions participants were able to perform a simple point and click task as well or even better than mouse control when using gaze supported gestures.
Advanced Virtual Reality Based Training to Improve Young Drivers’ Latent Hazard Anticipation Ability
Authors: Agrawal Ravi , Knodler Michael , Fisher Donald L. , Samuel Siby
Published: October 2017

The crash rate for young novice drivers is at least eight times higher than that of their experienced counterparts. Literature shows that the young novice drivers are not careless drivers but they are clueless drivers’ - clueless because of their inability to predict the risk ahead of time that might materialize on the forward roadway. Other error-feedback training programs exist that emphasize the teaching of risk awareness and perception skills to young drivers. In the current study, a Virtual reality based risk awareness and perception training program (V-RAPT) was developed on the Oculus Rift and evaluated on a driving simulator. The training program provides 360 degrees’ views of 6 high risk driving scenarios towards training the young driver to anticipate and mitigate latent hazards. Twenty-four participants in three experiment groups were trained on one of 3 training programs- VRAPT, RAPT and Control, and were evaluated on a driving simulator. Eye movements were collected throughout the experiment. The simulator evaluation drives included six near-transfer scenarios used in the training and four far-transfer scenarios not used in the training but validated previously in other similar studies. The young drivers trained on the V-RAPT were found to anticipate a significantly greater proportion (86.25%) of the potential latent hazards as compared to the RAPT trained young drivers (62.36%) and control trained drivers (30.97%). The VR-based training program is shown to be effective in improving young drivers’ ability to anticipate latent threats.
Combat Identification in Mixed Gender Teams
Authors: Baker Anthony L. , Keebler Joseph R. , Rarick Christopher T. , Williams Chris N. , Fahey Christopher S. , Wolowicz Tyler J.
Published: October 2017

This study examined the effects of team gender composition on combat identification ability. We investigated the relationship between gender composition and team success in decision making during combat identification scenarios. Participants were shown images and videos of various armored vehicles in both daytime and nighttime environments in order to elicit team decisions on how to identify each vehicle. Measures were taken to determine an individual’s potential role in the team and success of identification when presented with tanks at different angles. Results showed that male-male teams scored significantly higher on combat identification than male-female teams, and males outperformed females on spatial visualization. In addition, spatial visualization ability was a strong predictor of combat identification success. These findings lay a foundation for optimizing team performance in combat identification tasks when teams with different genders are utilized, and this study further supports future research into mixed-gender teams in combat roles.
Measuring User Experience With Postural Sway and Performance in a Head-Mounted Display
Authors: Kinsella Amelia , Beadle Sarah , Wilson Michael , Smart L. James , Muth Eric
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in performance and postural sway among individuals performing a task when using and not using a head-mounted display (HMD). Twenty participants completed a repeated measures study in which they performed a simple object location targeting task while using and not using an HMD. Accuracy, time-to-hit, and postural sway were measured. Significant differences in accuracy and time-to-hit were found, indicating participants’ task performance was worse while using the HMD. Significant differences in magnitude of postural sway were found in elliptical area and path length, showing more sway when using the HMD than when not using it. These methods can be used to objectively measure user differences in response to wearing and using an HMD that can result in negative effects for users.
Heuristic Evaluation for Virtual Reality Systems
Authors: Murtza Rabia , Monroe Stephen , Youmans Robert J.
Published: October 2017

The advent of Virtual Reality (VR) has created new user-interaction paradigms that VR designers need to attend to in order to avoid usability issues. Currently, there are few formal methods for evaluating the usability of VR interfaces. In this paper, we introduce a new set of heuristics that can be used to carry out usability inspections of VR systems via the Heuristic Evaluation method. The heuristics were developed to identify usability problems in both developing and currently-existing VR hardware and software. The heuristics reported here were developed by surveying VR users, and then using their data to identify nine classes of usability problems common to VR systems. The result is a new resource for UXRs who are seeking to use Heuristic Review to assess VR products.
Gaming on the Rift: How Virtual Reality Affects Game User Satisfaction
Authors: Shelstad William J. , Smith Dustin C. , Chaparro Barbara S.
Published: October 2017

Virtual reality (VR) headsets like the Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, and PlayStation VR can provide a unique experience different from traditional computer monitors. Research demonstrates some support for VR resulting in more immersive gaming than traditional games using a computer or TV monitor. This study investigates how VR technology impacts game user satisfaction. Participants played the same strategy video game using the Oculus Rift, a VR headset, and a computer monitor. Game user satisfaction was measured by the psychometrically validated Game User Experience Satisfaction Scale (GUESS) which consists of nine constructs. Results from this study showed that VR enhanced overall satisfaction, enjoyment, engrossment, creativity, sound, and graphics quality.
Investigating the Influence of Agency on Trust in a Collaborative Game-Based Scenario
Authors: Proaps Alexandra B. , Long Shelby K. , Liechty Molly , Bliss James P.
Published: October 2017

This study is part of an ongoing investigation into the ways in which individual differences may interact with game characteristics to impact performance and subjective trust outcomes within virtual environments. In this study, researchers investigated the impact of team leader agency on trust and performance. Forty college students were told they were working alongside a computer-programmed team leader or a human team leader who provided instructions for twelve tasks in a first-person shooter game, Arma 3™. Results indicate that team leader agency may not impact subjective trust using this type of experimental manipulation, but that intrinsic motivation is related to trust outcomes. Results also indicate differences in the number of times participants reviewed the team leader’s task instructions as a function of agency. Implications for future research include measuring trust behaviorally and investigating whether game-based intrinsic motivation may mediate the relation between trust and performance.
Trust of Simulated Robotic Peacekeepers among Resident and Expatriate Americans
Authors: Long Shelby K. , Karpinsky Nicole D. , Bliss James P.
Published: October 2017

Researchers have heavily debated the definition and role of trust in human behavior over the past few decades. As robots begin to be used more often, particularly in international military applications, understanding human-robot trust becomes increasingly important. The current study aims to investigate trust differences in robotic peacekeepers between Americans living in the United States, China, and Japan using a simulated environment. We predicted that trust in robots would differ as a function of culture. Results showed that Americans residing in Japan were significantly more trusting than Americans in the United States or China overall. Further, Americans living in America trusted robotic peacekeepers significantly more than Americans residing in China. This suggests that people who adopt a certain trust framework are those who have chosen to live abroad, but more research is needed to understand the differences between resident and expatriate Americans.
Task Performance and Situation Awareness with a Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Display
Authors: Read Jacob M. , Saleem Jason J.
Published: October 2017

Training can be expensive, dangerous, or impractical for certain situations. Virtual reality (VR) technology could be utilized to reduce the negative aspects of real-life training and the consequences incurred from inadequate training. However, for VR to be an effective training method, it must reflect reality to a certain extent. We measured task performance and situation awareness for parking situations with 15 participants in a real-world environment, and in a virtual environment using a VR headset and a flat screen computer monitor separately. Results revealed no significant difference in driver situation awareness between the reality, VR, and flat screen conditions. Performance in terms of task time was significantly less with the reality condition compared to the others. Therefore, the VR device was not equivalent to the real-world environment for training purposes. We discuss ways in which improvements to the VR training condition may increase the effectiveness of VR-based training.
Effects of HoloLens in Collaboration: A Case in Navigation Tasks
Authors: Velamkayala Eswara Rao , Zambrano Manuel V. , Li Huiyang
Published: October 2017

The objective of this project is to study the effects of HoloLens™ and companion devices in collaboration. We designed an experiment to test the impact of HoloLens™ in support of collaboration in navigation tasks while the users used Skype™ with and without the video in a university library. Results showed that the HoloLens™ system led to improved performance (smaller number of errors, shorter completion time of one subtask) and lower workload (mental demand, temporal demand, and effort). However, the task completion time of two other subtasks became longer while using HoloLens. In addition, the users gave negative comments on the HoloLens, such as “uncomfortable to wear”, “eyestrain”, “heavy”, “blurred view”, and “inaccurate pointer”.
The Effects of 3D Audio on Hologram Localization in Augmented Reality Environments
Authors: Arce Terek , Fuchs Henry , McMullen Kyla
Published: October 2017

Currently available augmented reality systems have a narrow field of view, giving users only a small window to look through to find holograms in the environment. The challenge for developers is to direct users’ attention to holograms outside this window. To alleviate this field of view constraint, most research has focused on hardware improvements to the head mounted display. However, incorporating 3D audio cues into programs could also aid users in this localization task. This paper investigates the effectiveness of 3D audio on hologram localization. A comparison of 3D audio, visual, and mixed-mode stimuli shows that users are able to localize holograms significantly faster under conditions that include 3D audio. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the use of 3D audio in localization tasks using augmented reality systems. The results provide a basis for the incorporation of 3D audio in augmented reality applications.
Characterization of a hepatic haemangioma with contrast-enhanced ultrasound in an infant
Authors: Piorkowska Marta Anna , Dezman Rok , Sellars Maria E , Deganello Annamaria , Sidhu Paul S
Published: October 2017

Focal liver lesions are uncommon in the paediatric population, majority are benign but need to be clearly identified as benign. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound has recently received approval for paediatric hepatic use and represents an inexpensive and safe alternative to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for focal liver lesion characterization. We report a case of an incidental focal liver lesion in a four-month-old infant, indeterminate on B-mode ultrasound but successfully characterized with contrast-enhanced ultrasound as a haemangioma, without recourse to other imaging techniques, and with minimal patient discomfort.
Toxic Affect: Are Anger, Anxiety, and Depression Independent Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease?
Authors: Suls Jerry
Published: October 2017

Three negative affective dispositions—anger, anxiety, and depression—are hypothesized to increase physical disease risk and have been the subject of epidemiological studies. However, the overlap among the major negative affective dispositions, and the superordinate construct of trait negative affectivity (NA) are only beginning to be tested. Presented here is a narrative review of recent prospective studies that simultaneously tested anger, anxiety, depression, and trait NA as risk factors for cardiac outcomes. Anxiety and depression emerged as independent risk factors for premature heart disease in population studies of persons nominally healthy at baseline, and for recurrence/mortality among patients with existing heart disease. General trait NA also was a cardiac risk factor in population samples.
Decentring Emotion Regulation: From Emotion Regulation to Relational Emotion
Authors: Burkitt Ian
Published: October 2017

This article takes a critical approach to emotion regulation suggesting that the concept needs supplementing with a relational position on the generation and restraint of emotion. I chart the relational approach to emotion, challenging the “two-step” model of emotion regulation. From this, a more interdisciplinary approach to emotion is developed using concepts from social science to show the limits of instrumental, individualistic, and cognitivist orientations in the psychology of emotion regulation, centred on appraisal theory. Using a social interactionist approach I develop an ontological position in which social relations form the fundamental contexts in which emotions are generated, toned, and restrained, so that regulation is decentred and seen as just one moment or aspect in the relational patterning of emotion.
Comment on Jamieson, Hangen, Lee, and Yaeager: What Should We Regulate to Promote Adaptive Functioning and How?
Authors: Tamir Maya
Published: October 2017

Jamieson, Hangen, Lee, and Yaeager (2018) present their empirical findings as evidence for the effects of reappraising arousal on affective responses. This comment highlights the important contribution of the research by Jamieson and colleagues, but offers alternative ways of conceptualizing it.
Author Reply: Illuminating the Health Benefits of Psychological Assets
Authors: Hernandez Rosalba , Bassett Sarah M. , Schuette Stephanie A. , Shiu Eva W. , Moskowitz Judith T.
Published: October 2017

This reply addresses observations of Drs. Larsen, Kruse, and Sweeny, and Scherer in their reviews of our published work on the link between positive psychological assets and outcomes of physical health. Inspired by Obama’s Precision Medicine Initiative we argue that the interplay between the emotion spectrum and health is likely a complex and heterogeneous amalgam of known and yet unidentified elements melding at the individual level. When exploring the emotion–health link, researchers are challenged to grapple with complex system models by considering multiple hierarchies of information that span individual-level factors, genetic blueprints, and cultural and environmental context. Research is needed to more fully elucidate the mechanism through which emotion influences health, with careful consideration of differences across race/ethnicity, culture, and context.
Familial Consent for Deceased Organ Donation Among Immigrants and Long-term Residents in Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Li Alvin Ho-ting , Al-Jaishi Ahmed A. , Weir Matthew , Lam Ngan N. , Maclean Janet , Dhanani Sonny , Kim S. Joseph , Knoll Greg , Garg Amit X.
Published: October 2017

Background:

Many families choose not to consent to organ donation at the time of their loved one’s death. In Ontario, Canada, whether these decisions vary by ethnicity remains unclear.

Objective:

To compare the proportion of families of immigrants who consented for deceased organ donation with families of long-term residents.

Design:

Population-based retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Potential donors in Ontario, Canada, between November 2008 and March 2013.

Methods:

We used linked administrative databases to study the proportion of families who consented for deceased organ donation.

Results:

Overall, of the 2873 families of potential donors approached, 1912 (67%) provided consent for deceased organ donation. Families of immigrants were less likely to provide consent compared with families of long-term residents (46% [135 of 291] vs 69% [1777 of 2582]; adjusted rate ratio (RR): 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63-0.81). When examined by the country of birth, families of immigrants from the following regions were less likely to consent to organ donation compared with long-term residents: South Asia (RR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55-0.91), East Asia and Pacific (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.53-0.88) and Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.37-0.91).

Limitations:

We could not determine why consent was not obtained. We had a small sample of immigrants. We only had access to the potential donors’ information and not the family member who was approached for consent. Many characteristics that we examined were nonmodifiable (eg, age, sex).

Conclusions:

In Ontario, families of immigrants are less likely to consent to deceased organ donation. There is an opportunity to better understand the reasons for lower consent among certain immigrant groups.
Can a Drill Guide Improve the Coracoid Graft Placement During the Latarjet Procedure? A Prospective Comparative Study With the Freehand Technique
Authors: Barth Johannes , Boutsiadis Achilleas , Neyton Lionel , Lafosse Laurent , Walch Gilles
Published: October 2017

Background:

One of the factors that can affect the success of the Latarjet procedure is accurate coracoid graft (CG) placement.

Hypothesis:

The use of a guide can improve placement of the CG and screw positioning in the sagittal and axial planes as compared with the classic open (“freehand”) technique.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 49 patients who underwent a Latarjet procedure for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability were prospectively included; the procedure was performed with the freehand technique in 22 patients (group 1) and with use of a parallel drill guide during screw placement in 27 patients (group 2). All patients underwent a postoperative computed tomography scan with the same established protocol. The scans were used to evaluate and compare the position of the CG in the sagittal and axial planes, the direction of the screws (α angle), and overall contact of the graft with the anterior surface of the glenoid after the 2 surgical techniques.

Results:

The CG was placed >60% below the native glenoid equator in 23 patients (85.2%) in group 2, compared with 14 patients (63.6%) in group 1 ( P = .004). In the axial plane, the position of the CG in group 2 patients was more accurate (85.2% and 88.9% flush) at the inferior and middle quartiles of the glenoid surface ( P = .012 and .009), respectively. Moreover, with the freehand technique (group 1), the graft was in a more lateral position in the inferior and middle quartiles ( P = .012 and .009, respectively). No differences were found between groups 1 and 2 regarding the mean α angle of the superior (9° ± 4.14° vs 11° ± 6.3°, P = .232) and inferior (9.5° ± 6° vs 10° ± 7.5°, P = .629) screws. However, the mean contact angle (angle between the posterior coracoid and the anterior glenoid surface) with the freehand technique (3.8° ± 6.8°) was better than that of the guide (8.55° ± 8°) ( P = .05).

Conclusion:

Compared with the classic freehand operative technique, the parallel drill guide can ensure more accurate placement of the CG in the axial and sagittal planes, although with inferior bone contact.
What is precision medicine?
Authors: König Inke R. , Fuchs Oliver , Hansen Gesine , von Mutius Erika , Kopp Matthias V.
Published: October 2017

The term “precision medicine” has become very popular over recent years, fuelled by scientific as well as political perspectives. Despite its popularity, its exact meaning, and how it is different from other popular terms such as “stratified medicine”, “targeted therapy” or “deep phenotyping” remains unclear. Commonly applied definitions focus on the stratification of patients, sometimes referred to as a novel taxonomy, and this is derived using large-scale data including clinical, lifestyle, genetic and further biomarker information, thus going beyond the classical “signs-and-symptoms” approach.

While these aspects are relevant, this description leaves open a number of questions. For example, when does precision medicine begin? In which way does the stratification of patients translate into better healthcare? And can precision medicine be viewed as the end-point of a novel stratification of patients, as implied, or is it rather a greater whole?

To clarify this, the aim of this paper is to provide a more comprehensive definition that focuses on precision medicine as a process. It will be shown that this proposed framework incorporates the derivation of novel taxonomies and their role in healthcare as part of the cycle, but also covers related terms.
Hypoxia-induced PD-L1/PD-1 crosstalk impairs T-cell function in sleep apnoea
Authors: Cubillos-Zapata Carolina , Avendaño-Ortiz Jose , Hernandez-Jimenez Enrique , Toledano Victor , Casas-Martin Jose , Varela-Serrano Anibal , Torres Marta , Almendros Isaac , Casitas Raquel , Fernández-Navarro Isabel , Garcia-Sanchez Aldara , Aguirre Luis A. , Farre Ramón , López-Collazo Eduardo , García-Rio Francisco
Published: October 2017

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with higher cancer incidence, tumour aggressiveness and cancer mortality, as well as greater severity of infections, which have been attributed to an immune deregulation. We studied the expression of programmed cell death (PD)-1 receptor and its ligand (PD-L1) on immune cells from patients with OSA, and its consequences on immune-suppressing activity. We report that PD-L1 was overexpressed on monocytes and PD-1 was overexpressed on CD8+T-cells in a severity-dependent manner. PD-L1 and PD-1 overexpression were induced in both the humanin vitroand murine models of intermittent hypoxia, as well as by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α transfection. PD-L1/PD-1 crosstalk suppressed T-cell proliferation and activation of autologous T-lymphocytes and impaired the cytotoxic activity of CD8+T-cells. In addition, monocytes from patients with OSA exhibited high levels of retinoic acid related orphan receptor, which might explain the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Intermittent hypoxia upregulated the PD-L1/PD-1 crosstalk in patients with OSA, resulting in a reduction in CD8+T-cell activation and cytotoxicity, providing biological plausibility to the increased incidence and aggressiveness of cancer and the higher risk of infections described in these patients.
Effect of morphine on breathlessness and exercise endurance in advanced COPD: a randomised crossover trial
Authors: Abdallah Sara J. , Wilkinson-Maitland Courtney , Saad Nathalie , Li Pei Zhi , Smith Benjamin M. , Bourbeau Jean , Jensen Dennis
Published: October 2017

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of morphine on exertional breathlessness and exercise endurance in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

In a randomised crossover trial, we compared the acute effect of immediate-release oral morphineversusplacebo on physiological and perceptual responses during constant-load cardiopulmonary cycle exercise testing (CPET) in 20 adults with advanced COPD and chronic breathlessness syndrome.

Compared with placebo, morphine reduced exertional breathlessness at isotime by 1.2±0.4 Borg units and increased exercise endurance time by 2.5±0.9 min (both p≤0.014). During exercise at isotime, morphine decreased ventilation by 1.3±0.5 L·min−1and breathing frequency by 2.0±0.9 breaths·min−1(both p≤0.041). Compared with placebo, morphine decreased exertional breathlessness at isotime by ≥1 Borg unit in 11 participants (responders) and by <1 Borg unit in nine participants (non-responders). Baseline participant characteristics, including pulmonary function and cardiorespiratory fitness, were similar between responders and non-responders. A higher percentage of respondersversusnon-responders stopped incremental CPET due to intolerable breathlessness: 82versus33% (p=0.028).

Immediate-release oral morphine improved exertional breathlessness and exercise endurance in some, but not all, adults with advanced COPD. The locus of symptom-limitation on laboratory-based CPET may help to identify patients most likely to benefit from morphine.