bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triple‐positive pathologic findings in oral cavity cancer are related to a dismal prognosis
Authors: Lin Yu‐Tsai , Chien Chih‐Yen , Lu Cheng‐Tung , Lou Sheng‐Dean , Lu Hui , Huang Chao‐Cheng , Fang Fu‐Min , Li Shau‐Hsuan , Huang Tai‐Lin , Chuang Hui‐Ching
Published: July 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Perineural invasion (PNI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and extracapsular spread (ECS) of lymph nodes are adverse histopathologic factors among patients with oral cancer. We analyzed the clinical impact of the combination of PNI, LVI, and ECS among patients with oral cancer.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of patients with oral cancer that was treated primarily with surgery with at least 5 years of follow‐up data in a tertiary referral center.

Methods

In total, 554 patients diagnosed with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma who underwent operations consecutively between 2006 and 2008 in our hospital were enrolled. Clinical characteristics, 5‐year survival rates, and local/regional control rates were analyzed.

Results

There were 41 females and 513 males. Patients with PNI, LVI, or ECS presented pathologically had 5‐year overall survival rates of 58.4%, 50.4%, and 31.4%, respectively. Patients with both ECS and PNI or both ECS and LVI presented had 5‐year overall survival rates of 31.5% and 22.2%, respectively. Patients presenting with triple‐positive status (PNI, LVI, and ECS) had only a 20.0% 5‐year overall survival rate. The 5‐year local/regional control rate for patients with both ECS and PNI or both ECS and LVI was 26% and 44.4%, respectively; for all three factors, it was 26.7%.

Conclusion

Patients with triple‐positive status (PNI, LVI, ECS), ECS and PNI, or ECS and LVI experienced very low 5‐year local/regional control rates, 5‐year overall, and disease‐specific survival rates. Novel interventions are necessary to improve these clinical outcomes.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:E300–E305, 2015
Mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in human immunodeficiency virus–infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy initiation
Authors: Ablanedo‐Terrazas Yuria , Alvarado‐de la Barrera Claudia , Ruiz‐Cruz Matilde , Reyes‐Terán Gustavo
Published: July 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Mycobacterial infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals worldwide. Cervical lymph nodes are the most frequently affected extrapulmonary sites. Despite the substantial reduction in complications of HIV–tuberculosis coinfection, a proportion of individuals develop immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), a term used for a clinical deterioration following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The objective of this study was to describe mycobacterial‐associated IRIS in cervical lymph nodes of HIV‐infected individuals receiving ART.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study, set in a tertiary referral center in Mexico City.

Methods

We included ART‐naive subjects who had at least one follow‐up ear, nose, and throat examination, and were diagnosed with lymph node mycobacterial infection before or during the first 3 months of ART initiation. Mycobacterial‐associated IRIS in cervical lymph nodes was determined retrospectively through clinical case definition and medical chart review.

Results

Thirty‐three subjects who initiated ART were diagnosed with cervical lymph node mycobacteriosis; 24 had Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and nine had nontuberculous disease.

Conclusions

M. tuberculosis was the most common pathogen isolated from cervical lymph nodes. The only factor associated with IRIS was infection with a nontuberculous mycobacteria. The unexpectedly high incidence of mycobacterial‐associated IRIS underlines the relevance of head and neck examination before ART initiation.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:2498–2502, 2015
Aging and Degradation of LDPE by Compact NMR
Authors: Teymouri Yadollah , Kwamen Rance , Blümich Bernhard
Published: July 2015

Morphological and structural changes of commercial‐brand low‐density polyethylene induced by thermal aging for different times at different temperatures are studied by compact 1H NMR relaxation, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEC including the impact of wax content. Two regimes were observed. The changes in phase composition and relaxation time suggest that thermally induced crystallization is predominant during aging and oxidation of LDPE below 100 °C while, after 28 d aging at 100 °C, oxidative degradation is predominant. This is in good agreement with carbonyl index and molecular weight variations evaluated by FTIR and SEC, respectively, which indicate multi‐stage oxidation during aging.
Anticounterfeiting Strategies and Their Influence on Attitudes of Different Counterfeit Consumer Types
Authors: Herstein Ram , Drori Netanel , Berger Ron , Barnes Bradley R.
Published: July 2015

This article reports the findings of two studies that were designed to determine the effectiveness of several anticounterfeiting strategies on the counterfeit purchasing behavior of the participants, through a mixed methods research approach. In Study 1, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 50 consumers of counterfeit brands in order to investigate their attitudes. Drawing on the results, which revealed four different consumer types (struggle, spurious, indifferent, and liberated), Study 2 was undertaken with a further 128 consumers (32 from each type) to further define each group's type and identify the best anticounterfeit strategies suited to each. The findings suggest that counterfeit purchasing may be reduced if a specific strategy is adapted to suit each typology. Overall, positive rather than negative strategies were found to be more effective for the struggle and spurious consumers compared with indifferent and liberated consumers. The findings also reveal that the acquisition of affordable genuine merchandise may be the key to preventing counterfeit purchasing.
Toward Understanding Persuasion Expressions: The Activation of Attitudes
Authors: Whittler Tommy E. , Manolis Chris
Published: July 2015

In response to sales representatives’ closing expressions, consumers’ stored attitudes are activated spontaneously from memory and influence product evaluations. Studies 1a and 1b examined the levels of favorability associated with several persuasive expressions. Study 2 then examined whether a sales representative's use of a more (Authority) or a less (Scarcity) favorable persuasive expression would affect consumers’ subsequent product and advertisement evaluations. The expressions were found to work differently depending upon two moderator variables: Need for Cognition and argument quality. The effect of Scarcity heightened subsequent product evaluation as Need for Cognition decreased, whereas the effect of Authority heightened subsequent product evaluation as Need for Cognition increased. The Scarcity statement did not affect product evaluations given strong or weak message claims in the advertisement, whereas the Authority statement produced more favorable product evaluations given strong versus weak messages claims. Cognitive response analyses and mediation patterns also indicated that the two persuasive expressions were distinct based upon individuals’ Need for Cognition. Implications for both sales representatives and consumers are drawn from these findings.
Mind the Gap: Crowdfunding and the Role of Seed Money
Authors: Deutsch Joseph , Epstein Gil S. , Nir Alon
Published: July 2015

We analyze voluntary private contributions to public goods and the role seed money plays in signaling the public good's quality to potential subsequent contributors. We present a theoretical model and analyze two sets of naturally occurring data from crowdfunding platforms. After developing the theoretical background, we find statistically significant switch points that distinguish between seed contributions and subsequent contributions. A positive change in contribution behavior after the switch suggests an increase in the perceived value of the public good. We find that the signal comprises the number of contributors and the average contribution (as a proportion of the targeted goal). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why Do Board Members Receive Excess Compensation?
Authors: Ting Hsiu‐I
Published: July 2015

This paper examines compensation to the boards of directors and supervisors for a sample of 656 firms over the period 1999–2008. I find in Taiwan that about 53.21% of firms pay excess compensation to their boards and 13.72% of the boards are overpaid by more than 50%. This paper conjectures that firms reward directors and supervisors in order to retain their valuable human capital and notes a robust positive effect of excess compensation on future firm performance. Because directors and supervisors are rewarded for future success, their excess pay may not be considered all that bad. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arsenic‐containing hydrocarbons and arsenic‐containing fatty acids: Transfer across and presystemic metabolism in the Caco‐2 intestinal barrier model
Authors: Meyer Sören , Raber Georg , Ebert Franziska , Taleshi Mojtaba S , Francesconi Kevin A , Schwerdtle Tanja
Published: July 2015

Scope

Arsenic‐containing hydrocarbons (AsHCs) and arsenic‐containing fatty acids (AsFAs) represent two classes of arsenolipids occurring naturally in marine food. Toxicological data are yet scarce and an assessment regarding the risk to human health has not been possible. Here, we investigated the transfer and presystemic metabolism of five arsenolipids in an intestinal barrier model.

Methods and results

Three AsHCs and two AsFAs were applied to the Caco‐2 intestinal barrier model. Thereby, the short‐chain AsHCs reached up to 50% permeability. Transport is likely to occur via passive diffusion. The AsFAs showed lower intestinal bioavailability, but respective permeabilities were still two to five times higher as compared to arsenobetaine or arsenosugars. Interestingly, AsFAs were effectively biotransformed while passing the in vitro intestinal barrier, whereas AsHCs were transported to the blood‐facing compartment essentially unchanged.

Conclusion

AsFAs can be presystemically metabolised and the amount of transferred arsenic is lower than that for AsHCs. In contrast, AsHCs are likely to be highly intestinally bioavailable to humans. Since AsHCs exert strong toxicity in vitro and in vivo, toxicity studies with experimental animals as well as a human exposure assessment are needed to assess the risk to human health related to the presence of AsHCs in seafood.
Continuous Tanks‐in‐Series Process for Free‐Radical Polymerization with Long‐Chain Branching and Scission: Effect of the Order of a Large Tank
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: July 2015

Tanks‐in‐series model for free‐radical polymerization that involves the polymer transfer reactions, leading to both long‐chain branching and scission, is extended to account for different for each tank, where the subscript i represents each value for the ith tank. Illustrative calculations are conducted for the cases with one large ξn for the nth tank and the same ξi for all i's with i ≠ n. The effect of the order of a large ξn was investigated, by keeping the final conversion xN, average branch density , and scission density the same, to find that the largest weight‐average degree of polymerization, is obtained for n = 1. The full distributions of MW, the branching density, and the radii of gyration are also investigated to propose a novel reactor design strategy for the tower‐type multi‐zone reactors.
Golden ratio sparse MRI using tiny golden angles
Authors: Wundrak Stefan , Paul Jan , Ulrici Johannes , Hell Erich , Geibel Margrit‐Ann , Bernhardt Peter , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Rasche Volker
Published: July 2015

Purpose

The combination of fully balanced SSFP sequences with iterative golden angle radial sparse parallel (iGRASP) MRI leads to strong image artifacts due to eddy currents caused by the large angular increment of the golden angle ordering. The purpose of this work is to enable the combination of iterative golden angle radial sparse parallel MRI with balanced SSFP using the recently presented tiny golden angles.

Methods

The tiny golden angle trajectories are analyzed for their incoherence properties in relation to sparse imaging using the time‐resolved point‐spread functions. Tiny golden angle radial sparse parallel (tyGRASP) MRI is introduced and evaluated with applications in cardiac imaging and dynamic imaging of the temporomandibular joint. The results are analyzed in detail for 3 T and verified for 1.5 T.

Results

The incoherence properties of the tiny golden angle trajectory are comparable to the incoherence properties of the golden angle trajectory and are well suited for sparse MRI reconstruction. The proposed tiny golden angle radial sparse parallel MRI method strongly reduces eddy current related artifacts for both applications.

Conclusion

This work enables sparse, golden‐ratio‐based imaging with balanced SSFP sequences. Magn Reson Med 75:2372–2378, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Additive electrospraying: a route to process electrospun scaffolds for controlled molecular release
Authors: Guarino Vincenzo , Altobelli Rosaria , Cirillo Valentina , Cummaro Annunziata , Ambrosio Luigi
Published: July 2015

Electrohydrodynamics—i.e. electrospinning, electrospraying and atomization—are gaining a growing interest in drug delivery applications, because of a large number of advantages including improved therapeutic index, localized delivery/targeting and controlled drugs toxicity level. In the past, microstructured platforms fabricated by the assembly of electrospun fibers have demonstrated to exhibit interesting features as bioactive carriers including extended surface area and high molecular permeability because of fully interconnected pore architecture, thus making the opportunity to incorporate a wide range of actives/drugs for different use. In these systems, molecular release occurs via various molecular transport pathways namely diffusion, desorption and scaffold degradation which may be tuned through a careful control of fiber morphology and composition. However, several shortcomings still concern the possibility to incorporate bioactive species, not exposing molecules to fast and/or uncontrolled denaturation, thus preserving biochemical and biological fiber functionalities. In this context, additive electro spraying (AES)—i.e. integration of electrosprayed nanoparticles into electrospun fiber network—is emerging as interesting route to control “separately” release and functional properties of the scaffolds in order to support cell activities by independent cues, during the tissue formation. Here, we describe the current advances on the use of electrospraying and/or electrospinning until more innovative integrated AES approaches to design molecularly loaded platforms able to spatially and timely release active molecules for different use in tissue engineering and molecular targeting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inpatient versus outpatient vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide for pediatric cancers: Quality and cost implications
Authors: Beaty Rachel S. , Bernhardt M. Brooke , Berger Amanda H. , Hesselgrave Joy E. , Russell Heidi V. , Okcu M. Fatih
Published: July 2015

Background

Approximately 18% of the United States' gross domestic product is attributed to healthcare expenditures. Several studies have illustrated that shifting healthcare from the inpatient to the outpatient setting is more cost effective, in addition to improving patient satisfaction. Vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) are used together to treat children with solid tumors. Our traditional treatment approach included a two day inpatient admission. The purpose of this project was to establish a process for the administration of VAC in the outpatient setting to improve satisfaction, and reduce costs.

Procedure

We aimed to benchmark practice standards with other institutions, revised our treatment approach to permit outpatient administration, and implemented the new protocol in a stepwise manner. We collected caregiver satisfaction metrics through the use of surveys. Costs of encounters were obtained from administrative data. Total costs and costs by service type were compared using descriptive and mean comparisons.

Results

Seven patients received a total of 31 cycles of VAC in the outpatient setting. The time to achieve an appropriate pre‐chemotherapy specific gravity was reduced by a median of 120 min. In addition, time spent in the hospital setting was reduced by a mean of 27.2 hr. Adverse effects were minimal and all caregivers reported greater satisfaction with the outpatient regimen. Outpatient administration of VAC was $3,300 less on average compared to the inpatient administration.

Conclusion

Outpatient VAC provides a safe alternative for administration that reduces healthcare costs, reduces healthcare utilization, and improves patient satisfaction. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of compaction treatment on laminated CFRP composites fabricated by vacuum‐assisted resin‐transfer molding
Authors: Yoon Sang‐Jae , Arakawa Kazuo , Han Seung‐Wook , Chen Dingding , Choi Nak‐Sam
Published: July 2015

Carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites were fabricated using ordinary and compaction setups (OS and CS, respectively) in the vacuum‐assisted resin‐transfer molding (VARTM) process. The mechanical properties and acoustic emission (AE) spectra of the CFRP composites were compared among fabricated samples. The CFRP plates with sequences of [+30/−30]6 were sectioned to make specimens for Mode I interlaminar fracture tests and three‐point bending tests. The difference between the material properties and AE characteristics of the OS and CS specimens were statistically compared using one‐way analysis of variance. The OS specimens had a thicker resin layer, a higher resin fraction, larger average fracture toughness, and AE energy corresponding to the Mode I fracture, whereas the CS specimens had more macro‐scale voids and higher bending strength. AE analysis showed that frequency bands in the interlaminar fracture tests corresponding to matrix‐related fracture were dominant for the OS specimens, whereas those corresponding to the mixed fracture mode of the fiber and matrix fracture were dominant for the CS specimens. In the bending tests, mixed fiber‐matrix fractures were dominant for the OS specimens, and fiber‐related fractures were dominant for the CS specimens. In conclusion, the compaction treatment diminished interlaminar fracture toughness, due to the enhanced formation of macro‐scale voids around the fiber bundles during the resin impregnation stage. However, the bending strength improved with an increased fiber volume fraction. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:217–226, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Strukturaufklärung von Kristallpulver
Authors: Kasten Peter
Published: July 2015

Nachdem der Nachweis einer Beugung von Röntgenstrahlen an Kristallen gelungen war, entwickelten Peter Debye und Paul Scherrer 1915 in Göttingen ein Verfahren zur Strukturanalyse von Kristallpulver. Mit einer neuen Zylinderkamera und einer verbesserten Röntgenröhre erzielten sie ihren Erfolg. Damit legten sie den Grundstein für weitere Schritte – die Analyse der Kolloide und Faserstoffe mit weiterentwickelten Versuchsaufbauten und Auswertemethoden. Bis heute ist das Debye‐Scherrer‐Verfahren eine Standardmethode zur Strukturaufklärung. Ihr anfängliches Ziel, den inneren Aufbau des Atoms zu klären, erreichten sie damit nicht.
Kühlen von großen Objekten mit Laserlicht
Authors: Sawadsky Andreas , Hammerer Klemens , Schnabel Roman
Published: July 2015

Die Kopplung eines Lichtfeldes an die Bewegung eines mechanischen Oszillators über Strahlungsdruck ist ein wichtiger Ansatz für die Erforschung von quantenmechanischen Eigenschaften großer Objekte. Unsere Gruppe am Institut für Gravitationsphysik der Leibniz Universität Hannover und am Albert‐Einstein‐Institut hat mit Licht eine makroskopische Membran bis auf 126 mK gekühlt. Dabei wurde neben der üblichen “dispersiven” Kopplung auch erstmals eine neue “dissipative” Kopplung angewandt.
Heiße Ionen kaltgestellt
Authors: Schmöger Lisa , López‐Urrutia José R. Crespo
Published: July 2015

Ultrapräzise Spektroskopie kalter, einfach geladener Ionen ist seit einiger Zeit möglich.Unserer Kollaboration vom Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kernphysik in Heidelberg und der PTB in Braunschweig ist nun erstmalig die Präparation ultrakalter hochgeladener Ionen in einer Radiofrequenz‐Falle gelungen. Diese neue Technik erlaubt die Anwendung hochpräziser Laserspektroskopie auf diese interessante, artenreiche Klasse atomarer Systeme, die bisher gängigen Untersuchungsmethoden nicht zugänglich war.
Der Trick mit der Tischdecke
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: July 2015

Eine Tischdecke unter einem Service feinsten Porzellans wegzuziehen ohne dass etwas vom Tisch fällt und zerbricht ist sicher eine Herausforderung. Aber viele Vorführungen, auch in Experimentalphysik‐Vorlesungen beweisen: es funktioniert. Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Videos können diesen heiklen Experimenten physikalische Details entlocken.
Die App Physics Toolbox Light Sensor
Authors: Schulz Michaela , Wilhelm Thomas , Kuhn Jochen
Published: July 2015

Die App Physics Toolbox Light Sensor misst mit Hilfe des integrierten Lichtsensors die Beleuchtungsstärke. Damit können beispielsweise unterschiedliche Kompaktleuchtstoffröhren, auch bekannt als Energiesparlampen, genauer untersucht werden.
Lichtwellen und Linsen für Leuchttürme
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: July 2015

Kein Tageslichtprojektor kommt ohne sie aus: spezielle Linsen, die dank einer genialen Idee des Gesuchten leicht und dünn sind. Der Trick besteht darin, die bauchige Linse in feine Ringe zu zerlegen. Mit der entstehenden konzentrischen Treppenstruktur lässt sich nicht nur Material und Masse sparen, man kann auf diese Weise sogar Linsen aus Kunststoff pressen – zum Beispiel zu billigen Lupen, die so flach sind, dass man sie zwischen Buchseiten packen kann.
Joghurt – faszinierend saure Partikelgele
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: July 2015

Joghurt lässt sich leicht selbst herstellen: Frische Milch, ein Esslöffel Naturjoghurt, alternativ Milchsäurebakterien als Starterkultur dazu und über Nacht bei Temperaturen von 36 °C bis 42 °C im Backofen temperieren – fertig ist der Joghurt. Die Physik dazu ist anspruchsvoller. Es entstehen dabei Partikelgele, deren irreguläre Struktur für die weiche und doch feste Textur des Milchprodukts verantwortlich ist.
Identification of extracellularly phosphorylated membrane proteins
Authors: Burghoff Sandra , Willberg Wibke , Schrader Jürgen
Published: July 2015

Ecto‐protein kinases phosphorylate extracellular membrane proteins and exhibit similarities to casein kinases and protein kinases A and C. However, the identification of their protein substrates still remains a challenge because a clear separation from intracellular phosphoproteins is difficult. Here, we describe a straightforward method for the identification of extracellularly phosphorylated membrane proteins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and K562 cells which used the protease bromelain to selectively remove ectoproteins from intact cells and combined this with the subsequent analysis using IMAC and LC‐MS/MS. A “false‐positive” strategy in which cells without protease treatment served as controls was applied. Using this approach we identified novel phosphorylation sites on five ectophosphoproteins (NOTCH1, otopetrin 1, regulator of G‐protein signalling 13 (RGS13), protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D isoform 3 (PTPRD), usherin isoform B (USH2A)). Use of bromelain appears to be a reliable technique for the further identification of phosphorylated surface‐exposed peptides when extracellular adenosine‐5'‐triphosphate is elevated during purinergic signalling.
FunRich proteomics software analysis, let the fun begin!
Authors: Benito‐Martin Alberto , Peinado Héctor
Published: July 2015

Protein MS analysis is the preferred method for unbiased protein identification. It is normally applied to a large number of both small‐scale and high‐throughput studies. However, user‐friendly computational tools for protein analysis are still needed. In this issue, Mathivanan and colleagues (Proteomics 2015, 15, 2597–2601) report the development of FunRich software, an open‐access software that facilitates the analysis of proteomics data, providing tools for functional enrichment and interaction network analysis of genes and proteins. FunRich is a reinterpretation of proteomic software, a standalone tool combining ease of use with customizable databases, free access, and graphical representations.
Energy of Reactions in Atmospheric‐Pressure Plasma Polymerization with Inert Carrier Gas
Authors: Nisol Bernard , Gagnon Hervé , Lerouge Sophie , Wertheimer Michael R.
Published: July 2015

A large reactor for performing dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) experiments at atmospheric pressure (AP) has been built and tested. The area of electrodes is more than 40 times greater than that of a small DBD cell, in which we have perfected a method formeasuring Eg, the energy dissipated per cycle of the applied a.c. high voltage, Va(f). This methodology has been successfully applied to plasma polymerization experiments on the larger system, using volatile organic precursors (dopants) at ‰ concentrations in 10 standard liters per minute of argon (Ar). We measured ΔEg, the energy difference with and without dopant, for Va(f) ∼ 3 kVrms (20 ≤ f ≤ 40 kHz). From ΔEg we then derived Etot/N, the energy per molecule, and observed surprisingly good agreement with data published in the literature relating to low‐pressure (LP) plasmas.
Mid‐Wisconsin to Holocene Permafrost and Landscape Dynamics based on a Drained Lake Basin Core from the Northern Seward Peninsula, Northwest Alaska
Authors: Lenz Josefine , Grosse Guido , Jones Benjamin M. , Walter Anthony Katey M. , Bobrov Anatoly , Wulf Sabine , Wetterich Sebastian
Published: July 2015

Permafrost‐related processes drive regional landscape dynamics in the Arctic terrestrial system. A better understanding of past periods indicative of permafrost degradation and aggradation is important for predicting the future response of Arctic landscapes to climate change. Here, we used a multi‐proxy approach to analyse a ~ 4 m long sediment core from a drained thermokarst lake basin on the northern Seward Peninsula in western Arctic Alaska (USA). Sedimentological, biogeochemical, geochronological, micropalaeontological (ostracoda, testate amoebae) and tephra analyses were used to determine the long‐term environmental Early‐Wisconsin to Holocene history preserved in our core for central Beringia. Yedoma accumulation dominated throughout the Early to Late‐Wisconsin but was interrupted by wetland formation from 44.5 to 41.5 ka BP. The latter was terminated by the deposition of 1 m of volcanic tephra, most likely originating from the South Killeak Maar eruption at about 42 ka BP. Yedoma deposition continued until 22.5 ka BP and was followed by a depositional hiatus in the sediment core between 22.5 and 0.23 ka BP. We interpret this hiatus as due to intense thermokarst activity in the areas surrounding the site, which served as a sediment source during the Late‐Wisconsin to Holocene climate transition. The lake forming the modern basin on the upland initiated around 0.23 ka BP and drained catastrophically in spring 2005. The present study emphasises that Arctic lake systems and periglacial landscapes are highly dynamic and that permafrost formation as well as degradation in central Beringia was controlled by regional to global climate patterns as well as by local disturbances. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GIS‐based Maps and Area Estimates of Northern Hemisphere Permafrost Extent during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Lindgren Amelie , Hugelius Gustaf , Kuhry Peter , Christensen Torben R. , Vandenberghe Jef
Published: July 2015

This study presents GIS‐based estimates of permafrost extent in the northern circumpolar region during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), based on a review of previously published maps and compilations of field evidence in the form of ice‐wedge pseudomorphs and relict sand wedges. We focus on field evidence localities in areas thought to have been located along the past southern border of permafrost. We present different reconstructions of permafrost extent, with areal estimates of exposed sea shelf, ice sheets and glaciers, to assess areas of minimum, likely and maximum permafrost extents. The GIS‐based mapping of these empirical reconstructions allows us to estimate the likely area of northern permafrost during the LGM as 34.5 million km2 (which includes 4.7 million km2 of permafrost on exposed coastal sea shelves). The minimum estimate is 32.7 million km2 and the maximum estimate is 35.3 million km2. The extent of LGM permafrost is estimated to have been between c. 9.1 to 11.7 million km2 larger than its current extent on land (23.6 million km2). However, 2.4 million km2 of the lost land area currently remains as subsea permafrost on the submerged coastal shelves. The LGM permafrost extent in the northern circumpolar region during the LGM was therefore about 33 percent larger than at present. The net loss of northern permafrost since the LGM is due to its disappearance in large parts of Eurasia, which is not compensated for by gains in North America in areas formerly covered by the Laurentide ice sheet. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution and clearance of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine, an active ketamine metabolite, in Wistar rats
Authors: Moaddel Ruin , Sanghvi Mitesh , Dossou Katina Sourou Sylvestre , Ramamoorthy Anuradha , Green Carol , Bupp James , Swezey Robert , O'Loughlin Kathleen , Wainer Irving W.
Published: July 2015

The distribution, clearance, and bioavailability of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine has been studied in the Wistar rat. The plasma and brain tissue concentrations over time of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine were determined after intravenous (20 mg/kg) and oral (20 mg/kg) administration of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine (n = 3). After intravenous administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis and the half‐life of drug elimination during the terminal phase (t1/2) was 8.0 ± 4.0 h and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 7352 ± 736 mL/kg, clearance (Cl) was 704 ± 139 mL/h per kg, and the bioavailability was 46.3%. Significant concentrations of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine were measured in brain tissues at 10 min after intravenous administration, ~30 μg/mL per g tissue which decreased to 6 μg/mL per g tissue at 60 min. The plasma and brain concentrations of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine were also determined after the intravenous administration of (S)‐ketamine, where significant plasma and brain tissue concentrations of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine were observed 10 min after administration. The (S)‐ketamine metabolites (S)‐norketamine, (S)‐dehydronorketamine, (2S,6R)‐hydroxynorketamine, (2S,5S)‐hydroxynorketamine and (2S,4S)‐hydroxynorketamine were also detected in both plasma and brain tissue. The enantioselectivity of the conversion of (S)‐ketamine and (R)‐ketamine to the respective (2,6)‐hydroxynorketamine metabolites was also investigated over the first 60 min after intravenous administration. (S)‐Ketamine produced significantly greater plasma and brain tissue concentrations of (2S,6S)‐hydroxynorketamine relative to the (2R,6R)‐hydroxynorketamine observed after the administration of (R)‐ketamine. However, the relative brain tissue: plasma concentrations of the enantiomeric (2,6)‐hydroxynorketamine metabolites were not significantly different indicating that the penetration of the metabolite is not enantioselective.
Structure and dislocation development in mono‐like silicon
Authors: Ekstrøm K. E. , Stokkan G. , Søndenå R. , Dalaker H. , Lehmann T. , Arnberg L. , Di Sabatino M.
Published: July 2015

The current paper investigates the structure of low‐lifetime areas observed in a <110>‐oriented mono‐like silicon ingot grown from monocrystalline seeds. These areas are related to dislocation clusters forming at seed junctions and several generation mechanisms are discussed. Dislocations generated due to physical contact between seeds could only be completely avoided by introducing gaps between the seeds. Large gaps were, however, found to suffer from alternative generation processes not found in small gaps. Dislocations generated in the seeds and in peripheral grains does not necessarily move in to the main crystal and low‐lifetime areas are mainly related to dislocations generated above the seeding structure. Dislocations are found to form clusters aligning along <111>‐directions and are proposed to happen by glide on {111}‐planes from the boundary plane between two seed crystals. The extent of low‐lifetime areas and corresponding dislocation clusters, for junctions containing no or small gaps, appear to mainly depend on the misorientation between seeds and by attaining sufficiently low misorientation the high bulk lifetime can be retained also at the junctions. Analysis of the misorientations along principal axes indicates that larger misorientations can be tolerated if the misorientation is limited to a single tilt axis.
Simultaneous Optimization of Multiple Correlated Responses with Application to a Thermal Spraying Process
Authors: Rudak Nikolaus , Hussong Birger , Kuhnt Sonja
Published: July 2015

In industrial applications, it is often desired to find settings of process parameters, which lead to pre‐specified target values of multiple quality characteristics with minimal variance. One approach to solve this problem is to minimize an estimated risk function depending on a cost matrix. The joint optimization (JOP) method follows this general strategy using a sequence of diagonal cost matrices and requires estimated models for the expectation and the variance of the responses. However, if the quality characteristics might be correlated, this should be considered at the model or optimization stage in order to find a realistic solution. In this contribution, we extend the JOP method to the simultaneous optimization of correlated multiple responses. We also introduce a new approach for the choice of non‐diagonal cost matrices. The resulting JOP method for correlated responses is illustrated on an application arising in the field of thermal spraying. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On giant components and treewidth in the layers model
Authors: Feige Uriel , Hermon Jonathan , Reichman Daniel
Published: July 2015

Given an undirected n‐vertex graph G(V, E) and an integer k, let Tk(G) denote the random vertex induced subgraph of G generated by ordering V according to a random permutation π and including in Tk(G) those vertices with at most k – 1 of their neighbors preceding them in this order. The distribution of subgraphs sampled in this manner is called the layers model with parameter k. The layers model has found applications in studying ℓ‐degenerate subgraphs, the design of algorithms for the maximum independent set problem, and in bootstrap percolation. In the current work we expand the study of structural properties of the layers model. We prove that there are 3‐regular graphs G for which with high probability T3(G) has a connected component of size , and moreover, T3(G) has treewidth . In contrast, T2(G) is known to be a forest (hence of treewidth 1), and we prove that if G is of bounded degree then with high probability the largest connected component in T2(G) is of size . We also consider the infinite grid , for which we prove that contains a unique infinite connected component with probability 1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 48, 524–545, 2016
A deep analysis on future web technologies and protocols over broadband GEO satellite networks
Authors: Caviglione Luca , Celandroni Nedo , Collina Matteo , Cruickshank Haitham , Fairhurst Gorry , Ferro Erina , Gotta Alberto , Luglio Michele , Roseti Cesare , Abdel Salam Ahmed , Secchi Raffaello , Sun Zhili , Vanelli Coralli Alessandro
Published: July 2015

The goal of this work was to understand the direction of the emerging web technologies and to evaluate their expected impact on satellite networking.

Different aspects have been analysed using both real satellite testbeds and emulation platforms in different test sites in Europe. This analysis included an evaluation of those HTTP/2.0 specifications, which were implemented and released as open‐source code in the experimental release of the SPDY protocol. SPDY performance was evaluated over satellite testbeds in order to understand the expected interaction with performance‐enhancing proxies (including scenarios with a SPDY proxy at a satellite gateway), the impact of security and the effect of satellite capacity allocation mechanisms. The analysis also considered the impact of application protocols and the delay induced by end‐system networks, such as a satellite‐connected WiFi network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of membrane lipid composition and antibacterial drugs on the rigidity of Escherichia coli: Different contributions of various bacterial substructures
Authors: Li Ming , Gan Chaoye , Shao Wenxiang , Yu Chuan , Wang Xingguo , Chen Yong
Published: July 2015

The rigidity/stiffness is an important biomechanical property of bacteria and potentially correlated with many bacterial activities. While the rigidity or fluidity of the bacterial membrane has been extensively studied, the contributions of different bacterial substructures to the bacterial rigidity are less investigated. Here, we utilized four Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains with different membrane lipid compositions and three antibacterial drugs (EDTA, lysozyme, and streptomycin) to specifically alter bacterial substructures. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that the average height and Young's modulus of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)‐deficient E. coli strains were larger than those of PE+ strains and that EDTA, EDTA plus lysozyme instead of lysozyme alone, and streptomycin all caused significant decreases in height and Young's modulus of the four E. coli strains. Our data imply that membrane lipid composition, the integrated outer membrane, the cell wall, and the cytoplasmic content are all responsible for bacterial rigidity but to different extents. SCANNING 38:70–79, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new authenticated key agreement scheme based on smart cards providing user anonymity with formal proof
Authors: Wu Fan , Xu Lili , Kumari Saru , Li Xiong , Alelaiwi Abdulhameed
Published: July 2015

Nowadays, smart‐card‐based user authentication becomes one of the most important security issues. But many schemes of that kind are under different attacks. Recently, Kumari et al. pointed that Chen et al.‘s scheme and Li et al.‘s scheme with the smart card were not secure. They proposed two improved schemes. Unfortunately, we find that the two schemes are not secure. The first scheme of Kumari et al. is under the de‐synchronization attack and lacks strong forward security. The second has the weaknesses including no user anonymity and password leaking. Also, it cannot withstand the user‐impersonation attack. We present a new scheme also based on the smart card overcoming common disadvantages and give a formal proof. We also use the tool ProVerif to verify the security of our scheme. Compared with some recent schemes, our scheme performs well, and it is fit for network applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Societal Ageing in the Netherlands: A Robust System Dynamics Approach
Authors: Auping Willem L. , Pruyt Erik , Kwakkel Jan H.
Published: July 2015

Societal ageing is a messy problem with diverging stakeholder views regarding the desirability of policy measures. In this paper, we use a System Dynamics model representing the Dutch demographic and social security system to investigate if and when Dutch governmental retirement and healthcare contributions become unaffordable. Following the Robust Decision Making approach, we then design and test policies for reducing the societal costs of ageing, taking into account societal support for these policies. We find that unaffordable societal ageing costs are mainly caused by declining productivity levels and increasing life expectancy: permanent increases in productivity are required to sustain the current social security level. We also find that the recently adopted Dutch retirement age policy is insufficiently robust and that focusing on increasing the actual instead of the formal retirement age may generate more public support. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Nepheline Syenite on Iron Losses in Slags during Desulphurization of Hot Metal
Authors: Yang Annika Fang , Karasev Andrey , Jönsson Pär Göran
Published: July 2015

The effect of injection of nepheline syenite (NS) together with CaC2 and C on the iron losses in form of metal droplets in a slag during desulphurization of hot metal is investigated in industrial trials. The characteristics of different metal droplets (such as morphology, number, size and composition) in slags of trials without and with injection of a NS are investigated using SEM. All metal droplets in the slag are classified into three groups according to morphology: Type A‐spherical/oval; Type B‐spherical/irregular; Type C‐irregular. It is found that the addition of NS influences the compositions of hot metal, slag and metal droplets in slag. As a result, the amount (area fraction) and size of metal droplets decreased for Type A and B and increased significantly for Type C droplets present in the slag.
Influence of the dietary fibre levels on faecal hair excretion after 14 days in short and long‐haired domestic cats
Authors: Weber Mickaël , Sams Laura , Feugier Alexandre , Michel Sandrine , Biourge Vincent
Published: July 2015

Hairballs are a common problem in cats and may result in intestinal obstruction. Dietary fibre has been recommended to stimulate hair faecal excretion. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of psyllium and different levels of total dietary fibre (6% vs. 11% vs. 15% TdF) on hair faecal excretion in short and long‐haired (LH) domestic cats. Twenty‐one adult cats were divided into three panels: shedding panel, short‐haired (SH) panel and LH panel. Shedding panel was used to assess shedding throughout the study with a normalized brushing. In parallel, SH panel and LH panel were used to evaluate the impact of the diets on faecal hair excretion. They were fed a low‐fibre diet during phase 1 (diet 6, 6.0% TdF). In phase 2, panels were fed either diet 11 (11% TdF) or diet 15 (15% TdF). In phase 3, cats returned to diet 6 before a crossover on the other diet in phase 4. Those diets were fed to cats for 14 days. Faecal hair excretion was quantified daily. Data were analysed using a generalized linear model procedure. The assessment of shedding showed that the study did not occur during moulting season. In the LH panel, diet 11 and diet 15 increased (P < 0.001) faecal hair excretion by 81% and 113% respectively, compared to the control diet. In the SH panel, no influence of the diets was observed. This study supports that fibre affects faecal hair excretion in LH cats, suggesting that a diet with psyllium and 11% or 15% TdF might minimize hairball formation in 14 days and between shedding periods. In SH cats, 11% and 15% fibre levels had no effect on faecal hair excretion. This could be explained by the low quantity of hair ingested outside the shedding season or by the short duration of the study.
Multi‐objective ensemble generation
Authors: Gu Shenkai , Cheng Ran , Jin Yaochu
Published: July 2015

Ensemble methods that combine a committee of machine‐learning models, each known as a member or base learner, have gained research interests in the past decade. One interest on ensemble generation involves the multi‐objective approach, which attempts to generate both accurate and diverse members that fulfill the theoretical requirements of good ensembles. These methods resolve common difficulties of balancing the trade‐off between accuracy and diversity and have been shown to be advantageous over single‐objective methods. This study presents an up‐to‐date survey on multi‐objective ensemble generation methods, including widely used diversity measures, member generation, selection, and integration techniques. Challenges and potential applications of multi‐objective ensemble generation are also discussed. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2015, 5:234–245. doi: 10.1002/widm.1158

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Ensemble Methods
Targeting cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment: opportunities and challenges in combinatorial nanomedicine
Authors: Linton Samuel S. , Sherwood Samantha G. , Drews Kelly C. , Kester Mark
Published: July 2015

Cancer therapies of the future will rely on synergy between drugs delivered in combination to achieve both maximum efficacy and decreased toxicity. Nanoscale drug delivery vehicles composed of highly tunable nanomaterials (‘nanocarriers’) represent the most promising approach to achieve simultaneous, cell‐selective delivery of synergistic ratios of combinations of drugs within solid tumors. Nanocarriers are currently being used to co‐encapsulate and deliver synergistic ratios of multiple anticancer drugs to target cells within solid tumors. Investigators exploit the unique environment associated with solid tumors, termed the tumor microenvironment (TME), to make ‘smart’ nanocarriers. These sophisticated nanocarriers exploit the pathological conditions in the TME, thereby creating highly targeted nanocarriers that release their drug payload in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. The translational and commercial potential of nanocarrier‐based combinatorial nanomedicines in cancer therapy is now a reality as several companies have initiated human clinical trials. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:208–222. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1358

This article is categorized under:

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Strategic Assessment of Trauma Care Capacity in Ghana
Authors: Stewart Barclay T. , Quansah Robert , Gyedu Adam , Ankomah James , Donkor Peter , Mock Charles
Published: July 2015

Background

This study aimed to assess availability of trauma care technology in Ghana. In addition, factors contributing to deficiencies were evaluated. By doing so, potential solutions to inefficient aspects of health systems management and maladapted technology for trauma care in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) could be identified.

Methods

Thirty‐two items were selected from the World Health Organization’s Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care. Direct inspection and structured interviews with administrative, clinical, and biomedical engineering staff were used to assess the challenges and successes of item availability at 40 purposively sampled district, regional, and tertiary hospitals.

Results

Hospital assessments demonstrated marked deficiencies. Some of these were low cost, such as basic airway supplies, chest tubes, and cervical collars. Item non‐availability resulted from several contributing factors, namely equipment absence, lack of training, frequent stock‐outs, and technology breakage. A number of root causes for these factors were identified, including ineffective healthcare financing by way of untimely national insurance reimbursements, procurement and stock‐management practices, and critical gaps in local biomedical engineering and trauma care training. Nonetheless, local examples of successfully overcoming deficiencies were identified (e.g., public–private partnering, ensuring company engineers trained technicians on‐the‐job during technology installation or servicing).

Conclusion

While availability of several low‐cost items could be better supplied by improvements in stock‐management and procurement policies, there is a critical need for redress of the national insurance reimbursement system and trauma care training of district hospital staff. Further, developing local service and technical support capabilities is more and more pressing as technology plays an increasingly important role in LMIC healthcare systems.