bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Mental Health Conditions With Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Krishnamurthi Nirupama , Schopfer David W. , Shen Hui , Whooley Mary A.
Published: May 2019

Background

Mental health conditions are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ischemic heart disease, and much of this risk can be attributed to poor health behaviors. Although all patients with ischemic heart disease should be referred for cardiac rehabilitation (CR), whether patients with mental health conditions are willing to participate in CR programs is unknown. We sought to compare CR participation rates among patients with ischemic heart disease with versus without comorbid depression and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Methods and Results

We used national electronic health records to identify all patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization at Veterans Health Administration hospitals between 2010 and 2014. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine whether comorbid depression/PTSD was associated with CR participation during the 12 months after hospital discharge. Of the 86 537 patients hospitalized for ischemic heart disease between 2010 and 2014, 24% experienced PTSD and/or depression. Patients with PTSD and/or depression had higher CR participation rates than those without PTSD or depression (11% versus 8%;
P
<0.001). In comparison to patients without PTSD or depression, the odds of participation was 24% greater in patients with depression alone (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.15–1.34), 38% greater in patients with PTSD alone (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.24–1.54), and 57% greater in patients with both PTSD and depression (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.43–1.74).

Conclusions

Among patients with ischemic heart disease, the presence of comorbid depression and/or PTSD is associated with greater participation in CR, providing an important opportunity to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors and reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes among these patients.
A Review of Recurrent Neural Networks: LSTM Cells and Network Architectures
Authors: Yu Yong , Si Xiaosheng , Hu Changhua , Zhang Jianxun
Published: May 2019

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been widely adopted in research areas concerned with sequential data, such as text, audio, and video. However, RNNs consisting of sigma cells or tanh cells are unable to learn the relevant information of input data when the input gap is large. By introducing gate functions into the cell structure, the long short-term memory (LSTM) could handle the problem of long-term dependencies well. Since its introduction, almost all the exciting results based on RNNs have been achieved by the LSTM. The LSTM has become the focus of deep learning. We review the LSTM cell and its variants to explore the learning capacity of the LSTM cell. Furthermore, the LSTM networks are divided into two broad categories: LSTM-dominated networks and integrated LSTM networks. In addition, their various applications are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented for LSTM networks.
Relationship among the potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, densities in soil, root and garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs, and rot damage in stored garlic bulbs
Authors: Cheng Zejun , Toyota Koki , Aoyama Rie
Published: May 2019

The potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, threatens garlic production in Japan. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationships of D. destructor densities in soil, garlic roots and outer skins of garlic bulbs, and damage to bulbs that rot during storage. Ditylenchus destructor densities were evaluated with the real-time PCR method. There was a significant positive correlation between D. destructor densities in soil at planting and those in the outer skin of garlic bulbs at harvest in 2016, but not in 2017. Ditylenchus destructor densities in outer skins at harvest were consistently low when those in roots at harvest were lower than 80 ind. (0.05 g)−1. No damage to garlic bulbs after storage was observed when D. destructor densities in outer skins were lower than 300 ind. (0.05 g)−1. These results indicate that D. destructor densities in roots and outer skins may be a good indicator to estimate nematode damage to garlic bulbs after storage.
Ethical Obligations of Thinking in Dark Times: A Deweyan Reading of Hannah Arendt
Authors: Whipps Judy D.
Published: May 2019

The current global wave of nationalism threatens the process of shared critical reflection, driving many of us back to reading Hannah Arendt. These “dark times” are especially challenging from a Deweyan pragmatist perspective because critical and cooperative inquiry requires a free community of thinkers. Having lived in a near-fascist religious group for fifteen years, this essay brings personal experiences to the questions of how we think as well as create spaces for diverse yet shared realities to think and act in freedom. Drawing on Arendt as well as Dewey, Addams, and Minnich, this essay explores three necessities for integrity in dark times: (a) Radical honesty and reflection which requires facing up to reality and being mindful about events in our world; (b) Building communities: creating shared reality and public spaces to appear, (c) Developing the skills of engaged thinking and the capacity for deep reflection as a foundation for action together.
The Right to Belong and Immigration: A Feminist Pragmatist Analysis
Authors: Lowe Barbara J.
Published: May 2019

The “right to belong” is a human right in two ways. First, there is the right to belong in a limited sense, i.e., to the extent necessary for individuals to secure all other human rights, such as those recognized by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Second, there is a deeper aspect of the right to belong, that which is necessary to flourish as a human being. To establish, first, that the right to belong in a limited sense should be a human right, I draw upon Hannah Arendt’s claim that stateless persons are without rights, as only communities can grant them. I argue that this limited level of belonging is a necessary but insufficient condition for human flourishing. Full human flourishing requires belonging on a deeper level. To articulate the nature of this deeper level of belonging I draw on Simone Weil’s definition of the “need for roots” and John Dewey and Jane Addams’ constructions of the self as social. I then show how “belonging” in a deeper sense necessarily connects with how a person is perceived and received by individuals and institutions in a community and argue that full perception by and participation in a community is necessary for humans to flourish. Thus, the right to belong imposes an ethical obligation on other members of the community to perceive undocumented immigrants as full human persons with the potential to lead flourishing lives.
WILAMOWITZ'S CORRESPONDENCE WITH BRITISH COLLEAGUES
Authors: Calder William M.
Published: May 2019

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848–1931) wrote surprisingly often to British colleagues. Usually it was a matter of a letter or two. The prolonged exchange with Gilbert Murray is the exception. More typical is the brief but important one with Sir James George Frazer. Extant evidence attests that he corresponded with some forty Englishmen and Scots. I omit Anglo-Irish: J.B. Bury, J.P. Mahaffy, L.C. Purser and the papyrologist, J.G. Smyly. The evidence is incomplete because most letters after the letter N were stolen and burned in the Berlin winter 1945–6. A first catalogue of his British correspondents is assembled. Because of the remoteness of much published biographical material, I include references to the important published sources and occasionally publish a document which otherwise would be forgotten. For the first time Wilamowitz's influence on the English scholars of his time is precisely documented.
The South China Sea Award: Prompting a Revived Interest in the Validity of Canada’s Historic Internal Waters Claim?
Authors: Singh Krittika , Koivurova Timo
Published: May 2019

In the South China Sea Arbitration 2016, the Tribunal ruled on the criteria to determine the historic status of waters. Historic title claims are exceptional as they create rights and obligations outside the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This article examines the Canadian historic title claim to the Northwest Passage in light of the ruling. First, the article will go into the Tribunal’s analysis of the criteria and standard of evidence required for establishing a historic rights/title claim (specifically, China’s claim in the South China Sea). Next, Canada’s claim will be tested against the three general criteria (effective exercise of jurisdiction, passage of time and acquiescence by foreign states). The goal of this article is to highlight the positive and negative aspects of Canada’s historic internal waters claim.
Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal’s Legal Opinions on the Fight against Bābak’s Uprising: “I don’t know of anyone who is more harmful to Islam than he, the evil wretch”
Authors: al-Sarhan Saud
Published: May 2019

In this article, Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal’s role in the fight against Bābak’s uprising and his legal opinions on the legitimacy and rules of this fight are presented. Normally reticent in all matters political, Ibn Ḥanbal took an uncharacteristically strong stance against Bābak, claiming he did not know of anything “more harmful to Islam” than Bābak and Khurramism. Focus in the article is on how Ibn Ḥanbal regarded Babāk’s revolt and why he took an active role against it despite what could be called his general attitude of political quietism.
Two new species of blind, forest litter-inhabiting ground beetles from the subtribe Anillina (Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini) from eastern U.S.A.
Authors: SOKOLOV IGOR M. , CARLTON CHRISTOPHER E.
Published: May 2019

Two new species of anilline ground beetles are described from the Appalachian Mountains of eastern United States. The description of Serranillus septentrionis n. sp. is based on specimens collected in montane areas of western Virginia (37°25.33’N, 79°45.43’W). This species extends the range of the genus approximately 200 km north of its closest known congeners, S. dunavani (Jeannel) and S. jeanneli Barr, and differs from them mainly in characters of the male genitalia. A key is provided that will allow separation of these three species without dissection. The description of Anillinus cherokee n. sp. is based on specimens collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and nearby areas of Nantahala National Forest, western North Carolina (35°21.33’N, 83°56.05’W). The species is externally similar to A. loweae Sokolov and Carlton and A. steevesi Barr, and differs from those species in characters of the male genitalia.
New species of grasshopper genus Aptoceras Bruner, 1908 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Ommatolampidinae, Ommtolampidiini) from Iguaçu National Park (Southern Brazil), including a taxonomic key and distribution data
Authors: DA COSTA MARIA KÁTIA MATIOTTI , PRASNIEWSKI VICTOR MATEUS , FIANCO MARCOS , MACARINI LEANNA CAMILA , BORILLE MARIA VITÓRIA ALVES , DE LIMA JÉSSICA RICCI , EGLI SARA GUILHERMINA SCHMIDT , MARTINS FERNANDO DE FARIAS , ZEFA EDISON , SZINWELSKI NEUCIR
Published: May 2019

A new species of the Neotropical grasshopper genus Aptoceras Bruner, 1908 is described from individuals collected in the Iguaçu National Park, Paraná State, Brazil. Aptoceras iguassuensis n. sp. inhabits in shrubs in the Atlantic Forest. The species belongs to the genus group Nicarchae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893. Descriptions, photographs, and illustrations of the male and female, as well as photographs of the male phallic sclerites are presented. An identification key for the five species of Aptoceras from Brazil and a distribution map are also given.
An Idealized Numerical Study of Shear-Relative Low-Level Mean Flow on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Size
Authors: Chen Buo-Fu , Davis Christopher A. , Kuo Ying-Hwa
Published: May 2019

Given comparable background vertical wind shear (VWS) magnitudes, the initially imposed shear-relative low-level mean flow (LMF) is hypothesized to modify the structure and convective features of a tropical cyclone (TC). This study uses idealized Weather Research and Forecasting Model simulations to examine TC structure and convection affected by various LMFs directed toward eight shear-relative orientations. The simulated TC affected by an initially imposed LMF directed toward downshear left yields an anomalously high intensification rate, while an upshear-right LMF yields a relatively high expansion rate. These two shear-relative LMF orientations affect the asymmetry of both surface fluxes and frictional inflow in the boundary layer and thus modify the TC convection. During the early development stage, the initially imposed downshear-left LMF promotes inner-core convection because of high boundary layer moisture fluxes into the inner core and is thus favorable for TC intensification because of large radial fluxes of azimuthal mean vorticity near the radius of maximum wind in the boundary layer. However, TCs affected by various LMFs may modify the near-TC VWS differently, making the intensity evolution afterward more complicated. The TC with a fast-established eyewall in response to the downshear-left LMF further reduces the near-TC VWS, maintaining a relatively high intensification rate. For the upshear-right LMF that leads to active and sustained rainbands in the downshear quadrants, TC size expansion is promoted by a positive radial flux of eddy vorticity near the radius of 34-kt wind (1 kt ≈ 0.51 m s−1) because the vorticity associated with the rainbands is in phase with the storm-motion-relative inflow.
The clinical utility of structural neuroimaging in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review
Authors: Forbes Malcolm , Stefler Denes , Velakoulis Dennis , Stuckey Stephen , Trudel Jean-Francois , Eyre Harris , Boyd Melinda , Kisely Steve
Published: May 2019

Background:

Australian and US guidelines recommend routine brain imaging, either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, to exclude structural lesions in presentations for first-episode psychosis. The aim of this review was to examine the evidence for the appropriateness and clinical utility of this recommendation by assessing the frequency of abnormal radiological findings in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans among patients with first-episode psychosis.

Methods:

PubMed and Embase database were searched from inception to April 2018 using appropriate MeSH or Emtree terms. Studies were included in the review if they reported data on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan findings of individuals with first-episode psychosis. No restriction on the geographical location of the study or the age of participants was applied. We calculated the percentage of abnormal radiological findings in each study, separately by the two diagnostic methods.

Results:

There were 16 suitable studies published between 1988 and 2017, reporting data on an overall 2312 patients with first-episode psychosis. Most were observational studies with a retrospective design and the majority examined patients with computed tomography. While structural abnormalities were a relatively common finding, these rarely required clinical intervention (range across studies: 0–60.7%; median: 3.5%) and were very rarely the cause of the psychotic symptoms (range: 0–3.3%; median: 0%). Only 2 of the 16 studies concluded that brain imaging should be routinely ordered in first-episode psychosis.

Conclusion:

There is insufficient evidence to suggest that brain imaging should be routinely ordered for patients presenting with first-episode psychosis without associated neurological or cognitive impairment. The appropriate screening procedure for structural brain lesions is conventional history-taking, mental status and neurological examination. If intracranial pathology is suspected clinically, a magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan should be performed depending on the clinical signs, the acuity and the suspected pathology. National guidelines should reflect evidence-based data.
A Note on the Presence of Spurious Pseudo-Guessing Parameters for Three-Parameter Logistic Models in Heterogeneous Populations
Authors: Raykov Tenko , Marcoulides George A.
Published: May 2019

This note raises caution that a finding of a marked pseudo-guessing parameter for an item within a three-parameter item response model could be spurious in a population with substantial unobserved heterogeneity. A numerical example is presented wherein each of two classes the two-parameter logistic model is used to generate the data on a multi-item measuring instrument, while the three-parameter logistic model is found to be associated with a considerable pseudo-guessing parameter estimate on an item. The implications of the reported results for empirical educational research are subsequently discussed.
Feasibility and efficacy of an educational programme to increase awareness of stroke and heart attack in children
Authors: Mikulik Robert , Vondráčková Lucie , Pokorná Hana , Svobodová Veronika , Grecu Andreea Madalina , Vítovec Jiří , Neumann Jiří , Suchý Ondřej
Published: May 2019

Objective:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an innovative school stroke and heart attack educational programme for children.

Design:

Non-randomised controlled trial with intervention and control group conducted in set time periods. Results were compared among time periods in both groups and also between both groups.

Setting:

The study included children from 47 schools in Czech Republic. Children from 37 schools in one county ( N = 2,436) participated as the target population. The control group involved 900 pupils from 10 schools in another county.

Methods:

The 45-minute multimedia Web-based video programme was designed to teach the appropriate response to stroke and heart attack symptoms. The target population received education and testing. The control population received only testing and no education.

Results:

Baseline knowledge assessment was identical across the target and the control populations. After education, knowledge in the target population had improved significantly. After 3 months, knowledge assessment scored 65% in the target population and 66% in the control population (intergroup difference p = .75).

Conclusion:

The educational programme increased response to stroke and heart attack symptoms compared to the control group, although in the target group comprehension improved only in short term when compared to the baseline. Knowledge for heart attack was better than for stroke.
Blood Donation across the Life Course: The Influence of Life Events on Donor Lapse
Authors: Piersma Tjeerd W. , Bekkers René , de Kort Wim , Merz Eva-Maria
Published: May 2019

This article examines how blood donation loyalty changes across the life course as a result of life events. Previous studies have shown that life events affect involvement in prosocial behavior, possibly as a result of loss of human and social capital. Using registry data from the blood collection agency in the Netherlands, linked to longitudinal survey data from the Donor InSight study (N = 20,560), we examined whether life events are related to blood donor lapse. Childbirth, losing a job, and starting a job increase the likelihood of donor lapse, while health-related events (i.e., blood transfusion in a family member, death of a family member) decrease the likelihood of donor lapse. Moreover, results showed how social and practical concerns explain donors’ decisions to donate blood after the occurrence of life events. We discuss theoretical implications for further studies on prosocial and health-related behavior.
Paddy in saline water: Analysing variety-specific effects of saline water intrusion on the technical efficiency of rice production in Vietnam
Authors: Dam Thi Huyen Trang , Amjath-Babu TS , Zander Peter , Müller Klaus
Published: May 2019

The purpose of our study is to evaluate the impact of saltwater intrusion on the productivity and technical efficiency (TE) of rice farms in Central Vietnam using the stochastic frontier (SF) production function. In contrast to existing studies, this research quantitatively analyses rice variety and season-differentiated impact of soil salinity (as measured by electrical conductivity (EC)) on the TE of rice production. The empirical results indicate that salinity induces significantly varying negative impacts on yield and technical inefficiency of rice farms depending on the salinity class, variety planted and the season. TE begins to sharply decline after reaching salinity class 3 (EC = 4–8 dS/m) and drops to zero under salinity class 4 (EC = 8–16 dS/m) unless salt-tolerant (ST) varieties are planted. A 1% increase in the EC level decreases rice yields by 0.24% in various SF models, while TE shows a cubic relationship with EC, with negative coefficients for linear and quadratic terms. A combination of farm plots consolidation, irrigation, integrated pest management, input optimisation and shifts in varietal selection can potentially offset the yield decline caused by saline intrusion for salinity classes 1 to 4, while adoption of ST varieties seems to be the best option for higher salinity classes over 4. These adaptation measures could also help farmers to avoid maladaptive options such as increased use of pesticide sprays to offset the yield losses due to soil salinity resulting from saline water intrusion. The insights offered by the study is applicable to coastal delta regions cultivating rice in whole of Asia and in other continents.
Diversity in the Dismal Science: The Stanford Experience
Authors: Simms Margaret C. , Conrad Cecilia A.
Published: May 2019

Efforts to diversify the economics profession have included increasing the number of African Americans and other people of color who enroll in and complete the PhD degree in economics. This article recounts the experiences of African Americans who entered graduate study at Stanford University between 1967 and 1984 and the university’s record of adding to the pool of African American PhD economists.
Time-varying spillovers among first-tier housing markets in China
Authors: Chen Chien-Fu , Chiang Shu-hen
Published: May 2019

Numerous efforts have over the last few years been devoted to studying spillovers (ripple effects) among cities as a means of evaluating overheated housing markets. What seems to be lacking, however, is the application of a rolling-window approach to further explore time-varying spillovers in a timely manner in order to look more closely at a housing market with Chinese characteristics; for example, a market with rapidly increasing prices and a sequence of policy recommendations. By focusing on total, directional and net spillovers, and using 2000–2017 monthly housing price data across six Chinese cities, this study’s results indicate that time-varying spillovers provide a better understanding of the interactions among first-tier cities. It is interesting to note that, following the downside risk faced by the economy in 2014, the spillovers among cities have been abruptly transformed into those exhibiting bilateral co-movements based on high total spillovers and low net spillovers, and these results are also confirmed by the frequency dynamics of spillovers. Based on the above, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the housing frenzies in China, which have become a national-level issue, deserve a more explicit macro-control policy in relation to real estate assets.
Effective elongation properties of cellulose–natural rubber composite hydrogels having interconnected domain
Authors: Srirachya Nuttida , Boonkerd Kanoktip , Kobayashi Takaomi
Published: May 2019

This report describes progress in the development of cellulose hydrogel by blending with natural rubber (NR). Cellulose regenerated from the bagasse sugarcane was used for this study. Although cellulose and NR have a considerably low mutual affinity, composite hydrogels with various cellulose and NR contents were prepared using a wet-phase inversion method. The maximum amount of NR that can be loaded into the cellulose hydrogel was about 30% vol. Once NR is introduced into the cellulose hydrogels, the obtained hydrogel became translucent and eventually opaque with increasing NR loading. Measurements of water absorption, the water contact angle, and evaluation of fourier-transform infrared spectroscopoy (FTIR) spectra revealed that the presence of NR decreases the water affinity of the hydrogels. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the composite hydrogels had higher tensile strength and better elastic properties than the pristine hydrogel. The results showed that the obtained composite hydrogels can be elongated several times to their original length. The enhancement of both properties was proportional to the amount of NR included. Results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed NR present inside the hollow of the cellulose hydrogel, forming interconnected domains. One can infer that the increase of mechanical and elastic properties is attributable to the presence of these interconnected structures.
Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Bone Graft Options for Tunnel Augmentation
Authors: Salem Hytham S. , Axibal Derek P. , Wolcott Michelle L. , Vidal Armando F. , McCarty Eric C. , Bravman Jonathan T. , Frank Rachel M.
Published: May 2019

Background:

No consensus is available regarding the optimal choice of bone graft material for bone tunnel augmentation in revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery.

Purpose:

To compare the outcomes of different bone graft materials for staged revision ACL reconstruction.

Study design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

A systematic review using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines was performed. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were queried through use of the terms anterior cruciate ligament and revision to identify all studies reporting outcomes of bone tunnel grafting in 2-stage revision ACL reconstruction. Data extracted included indications for 2-stage surgery, surgical technique, graft material, time between surgeries, rehabilitation protocols, physical examination findings, patient-reported outcomes, and radiographic and histologic findings.

Results:

The analysis included 7 studies with a total of 234 patients. The primary outcome in 2 studies was graft incorporation (mean follow-up, 8.8 months), whereas the other 5 studies reported clinical outcomes with follow-up mean ± SD of 4.2 ± 2.1 years. The indication for bone grafting and between-stage protocol varied among studies. Autograft was used in 4 studies: iliac crest bone autograft (ICBG, n = 3) and tibial bone autograft (TBA, n = 1). In 2 studies, the authors investigated the outcomes of allograft: allograft bone matrix (ABM) and allograft bone chips (AC). Finally, 1 study compared ICBG to a synthetic bone substitute. Radiographic evaluation of bone graft integration after the first stage was reported in 4 studies, with an average duration of 4.9 months. In 4 studies, the authors reported the time interval between first and second surgeries, with an average of 6.1 months for ICBG compared with 8.7 months for allogenic and synthetic grafts. Revision ACL graft failure rates were reported by 5 studies, including 1 study with ABM (6.1%), 1 study with AC (8.3%), 1 study with TBA (0%), and 2 studies with ICBG (0% and 2%).

Conclusion:

The indications for staged ACL reconstruction and the rehabilitation protocol between stages need to be clearly established. The available data indicate that autograft for bone tunnel grafting in 2-stage ACL revision may be associated with a lower risk of revision ACL reconstruction graft failure compared with allograft bone.
Effectiveness of Levetiracetam Monotherapy in Pediatric Patients With Epilepsy
Authors: Mazur Rafal D. , Wang, BA Qianyu , Kato, BS Kenneth , Buchsbaum, BS Richard , Bonito, BS Jennifer , Choi Hyunmi , Hirsch Lawrence , Detyniecki Kamil
Published: May 2019

The main objective of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety, and retention rates of levetiracetam monotherapy in children with epilepsy. A retrospective review of pediatric patients receiving levetiracetam monotherapy at 2 large tertiary epilepsy centers over an 11-year period was conducted. One hundred two patients using levetiracetam monotherapy with a mean age of 13.1 years were identified. For the entire cohort, a 6-month retention rate was 61.1% and a 12-month retention rate 53.1%. With regard to seizure freedom, 46.8% of those patients that remained on monotherapy for at least 6 months became seizure free. Twelve-month seizure freedom was reached by 41.2%. About one-third (32.4%) of patients reported adverse effects, with irritability, moodiness, and depression being the most common. Despite a number of patients that reported adverse events, levetiracetam monotherapy was found to be potentially effective in this cohort of children with epilepsy and warrants further, prospective studies.
The effect of radial rake angle on chip thickness in the case of face milling
Authors: Póka György , Németh István
Published: May 2019

The existing models of undeformed chip thickness for face milling found in the literature neglect the radial rake angle of the tool, and they assume that its value is zero. The effect of the variation of the radial rake angle has not yet been discussed in the literature. As a novelty, this article investigates such an effect, especially the effect on chip thickness. A new tool model is proposed that takes into account the radial rake angle. A new method to calculate the chip thickness has been developed that uses the new tool model and is based on several existing numerical and approximation methods. It is analytically proved that the effect of the radial rake angle must be taken into account for calculating accurate results; however, in the case of lower feed rates, that effect is insignificant. The presented procedures are evaluated with respect to their accuracy and computing requirements. The proposed new methods have been verified by cutting experiments.
Constrained Choices? Menstrual Health and Hygiene Needs Among Adolescents in Mumbai Slums
Authors: Muralidharan Arundati
Published: May 2019

Menstruation, an essential and healthy biological function, is cloaked in a culture of silence. Sociocultural norms at the family and community level play a pivotal role in shaping how young unmarried women understand and manage their monthly period. Less is known about how unmarried young women living in low-income urban areas in India seek help for their menstrual needs. This qualitative study seeks to understand how young unmarried women (aged 15–24) living in a slum settlement understand menstruation and perceive menstrual problems, and identifies factors that influence their help-seeking behaviour for menstrual needs and problems. It also proposes recommendations for national health programmes addressing menstrual health and hygiene.

The findings echo previous research findings emphasising young unmarried women’s low levels of awareness and misconceptions about menstruation. These girls perceived menstrual problems as a key concern, as it significantly interfered with their daily routine and caused emotional distress. Young women’s ability and willingness to seek help to address menstrual needs is influenced by a culture of silence that surrounds menstruation, excessive scrutiny and blaming by the community, and restrictions on their mobility and interactions with peers. The findings underscore the role of mothers as gatekeepers who greatly influence young women’s perceptions of menstruation and menstrual problems and their ability to seek help.

Existing interventions need to be expanded to address young women’s need for emotional and social support, and to involve significant gatekeepers such as mothers in promoting the health and well-being of young unmarried women in slum communities. Intervention strategies should be expanded to enhance the capacity of mothers to recognise, understand and address their teenage daughters’ needs for information, emotional support and access to essential clinical and social services.
Fatal Aspergillus flavus rhinitis with gastrointestinal gaseous distension in a Cape porcupine
Authors: Jalenques Marion D. , Ferrell Shannon T. , Limoges Marie-Josée , Lair Stéphane
Published: May 2019

An adult female Cape porcupine ( Hystrix africaeaustralis) was presented because of marked abdominal distension, acute dyspnea, and lethargy. Physical examination and standard radiographs revealed marked and diffuse gaseous dilation of the stomach and intestines of undetermined origin. The porcupine died despite medical therapy and surgical intervention. Postmortem examination revealed chronic fungal ( Aspergillus flavus) rhinitis. Given that rodents are obligate nasal breathers, the rhinitis likely resulted in substantial upper airway obstruction leading to aerophagia.
A comparison of activity levels of girls in single-gender and mixed-gender physical education
Authors: Wallace Laura , Buchan Duncan , Sculthorpe Nicholas
Published: May 2019

This study examined whether single-gender or mixed-gender PE lessons were more conducive to increasing the physical activity levels of girls. One hundred and twenty girls (12–15 years) wore a wGT3x+ActiGraph accelerometer while participating in basketball games. Time spent in low (LPA), moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were compared between a single-gender and mixed-gender PE lesson. Perceived effort and enjoyment of each lesson were also captured using a three-point scale following the intervention. Girls were found to spend significantly more time in MVPA ( p = 0.01) and VPA ( p = 0.006) in the single-gender environment. Furthermore, girls spent significantly less time in LPA ( p = 0.014). Although girls believed that their effort did not alter with the addition of boys, they did show a preference for taking part in a single-gender environment. Results of this study suggest that segregating PE classes for game-based activities could lead girls to achieve greater health benefits through a higher level of activity.
Similarity of split-injected fuel sprays for different size diesel engines
Authors: Zhou Xinyi , Li Tie , Lai Zheyuan , Huang Shuai
Published: May 2019

Establishment of a scaling relationship between small and large bore diesel engines is useful for saving energy, cost and time in a new engine development. Split-injection strategies, which are deemed effective to reduce simultaneously the engine noise and fuel consumption as well as soot and NOx emissions, have been commonly used in modern diesel engines. Thus, far knowledge about scaling the split-injected sprays is however still absent. In this article, the similarity of spray characteristics including the spray tip and tail penetrations as well as the averaged equivalence ratio is theoretically analyzed. With two nozzles of 0.11 and 0.14 mm hole diameters, the similarity of fuel injection rate and non-evaporating spray mixture formation processes with the main-post and pilot-main injection strategies is studied for the three scaling rules, via the Bosch long tube method and high-speed shadowgraphy, respectively. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical analyses. All the three scaling rules can scale the injection rate and injection mass very well with the split-injection strategies under the varied injection pressures. The pressure rule is better to scale the spray tip and tail penetrations, while the lift-off rule and speed rule lead to relatively longer spray tip and tail penetration lengths. The spray lengths of the small-type nozzles with the lift-off rule and speed rule are longer than those of the small-type nozzle with the pressure rule and the large-type nozzle, resulting in a decreased averaged equivalence ratio for the former cases. These results are valuable for evaluating the scaling rules for different size diesel engines with a wide range of operation conditions and guiding new diesel engine development.
Prison law and human rights in post-communist Romania: Staff attitudes toward change
Authors: Dâmboeanu Cristina , Pricopie Valentina , Thiemann Alina
Published: May 2019

Previous research has documented the crucial role that the perceptions and attitudes of prison staff play in everyday prison practice and the treatment of prisoners. The current study follows this contention in order to investigate how prison staff in Romania perceive the outcomes of the recently adopted prison law advocating the principle of humanization and the protection of prisoners’ rights. Specifically, drawing from Jacobs’ (1980) early study on the impact of the prisoners’ rights movement, the effects of the prison law on: (1) prisoners; (2) prison practice and management; and (3) prison staff are investigated from the perspective of a sample of approximately 300 staff members. Whether these perceptions vary across specific socio-demographic groups, occupational categories and groups defined by their level of job satisfaction, punitive attitudes and commitment to custodial role is also examined. We conclude by arguing that, although time is needed to thoroughly assess the prison law’s effects, surveying prison staff’s opinions and perceptions about its outcomes is nevertheless legitimate, because how staff members feel, experience and perceive these outcomes and whether the balance inclines toward the positive aspects or toward the negative ones are crucial for the success or, on the contrary, the failure of an ongoing implementation of those reforms.
Advancing our futures – Educational potential of interdisciplinary artistic projects to children ‘at risk’ in Denmark and South Africa
Authors: Nielsen Charlotte Svendler , Hartman Liesl
Published: May 2019

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Seoul Agenda for Arts Education (2010) calls for ensuring equitable access to arts education for all, strengthening the quality of arts education and harnessing its potential to contribute to resolving social and cultural challenges. In both South Africa and Denmark, a practice–policy gap exists between what the curricula prescribe in the area of arts education and what is experienced to be happening in the everyday life at schools. This gap contributes to creating inequality in terms of access to arts education. It is therefore important to find ways that might give access to arts education to a broader range of children, and to find out how their participation might contribute to advancing their future opportunities. This paper explores how arts education policies can be enacted within schools in both Denmark and South Africa. It takes as its point of departure a project that investigates the potential of an educational practice that integrates dance with visual arts and involves multicultural groups of children, teachers and artists in two school classes in South Africa and Denmark. It focuses on what importance arts education might have, especially to those children in the two classes who are ‘at risk’, by illuminating their experiences and opportunities for learning through integration of dance and visual arts. In this study, a phenomenologically inspired concept of learning, which includes enhanced awareness, theories of multi-modal experience in the arts and Todres’ concept of ‘soulful space’ contribute to illuminate educational potential of the artistic-educational approaches that were developed in the project. Through a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology, children’s experiences were elicited through reflective group dialogues involving ‘stimulated recall’ based on photographs of them engaged in different activities and drawings that they had created, which reflected their experiences.
Optimization design of pushing distance estimation of hydraulic support using the Kalman filter with the covariance improvement
Authors: Lu Xuliang , Wang Zhongbin , Yan Haifeng , Si Lei , Tan Chao
Published: May 2019

The accuracy of pushing displacement of hydraulic support determines the pushing ability, which is the key factor that affects the pushing straightness of the hydraulic support. In order to further improve the accuracy of pushing displacement, considering the inertial sensor as the tools for measuring the pushing distance, an improved filtering method is proposed based on the improved fruit fly optimization algorithm and Kalman filter. The parameters of the Kalman filter, processing noise covariance Q and observation noise covariance R, are optimally designed by the improved fruit fly optimization algorithm to accurately perceive the inertial data. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method with tuning the Q and R has been verified by comparing with the tuning results of other algorithms. An integrated filtering design method of pushing distance and key parameter analysis of algorithm in the pushing distance perception of hydraulic support are formed, which have theoretical and practical values, and improve the automation level of hydraulic support and the straightness of the fully mechanized coal mining working face.
Urinary markers in treatment monitoring of lung cancer patients with bone metastasis
Authors: Jin Pei Cheng , Gou Bo , Qian Wei
Published: May 2019

Background:

Bone metastasis remains critical for advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)—a disease that is challenging to manage. Urinary markers present opportunities for non-invasive testing.

Methods:

Urine specimens were collected from patients prior to treatment. Urinary cell-free DNA was subsequently purified from these samples. To address the specificity of the test, driver mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor L858R and L861Q were analyzed. Clinical specificity was established by comparison with healthy volunteers. Regular monitoring was established during treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The overall survival of patients was correlated with changes in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA).

Results:

Baseline clinical correlation of urinary ctDNA and matched tumor specimens achieved 89% concordance. The clinical specificity was 100%. The average background level of urinary ctDNA was 20.7 ng/mL. Comparing patients with and without bone metastasis, the latter had significantly lower baseline levels. During treatment, more pronounced decline in urinary ctDNA was observed in patients without bone metastasis. In our Kaplan–Meier estimator, we observed that patients with a more significant reduction in ctDNA had a better overall survival outcome.

Conclusion:

Our study demonstrates clear benefits and allows better risk profiling for NSCLC patients with bone metastasis. The non-invasive specimen collection is attractive and complements existing cancer management tools.
Memory in the shadow of a family history of resistance: A case study of the significance of collective memories for intergenerational memory in Austrian families
Authors: Pohn-Lauggas Maria
Published: May 2019

Collective references are of crucial significance for the individual memory. This article discusses the formation and transformation of intergenerational memory in situations where a hegemonic national memory discourse provides the only available reference point. On the basis of a biographical and multigenerational single case study of one family, the article traces the constitution of an intergenerational memory which is marked by the fact that, in their remembering, the family members’ only reference point is an Austrian national memory that disowns resistance to Nazism and downplays the role of Austrians in Nazi crimes. The fact that family members have no access to an alternative collective memory that acknowledges the resistance has a crucial influence on the intergenerational memory: the role of resistance in the family history is depoliticized and dehistoricized, and the Nazis are relieved of responsibility for their actions. Along this empirical finding, the article discusses the significance of the entanglement and figuration of collective reference, individual memory and intergenerational memory.
Management of metastatic cutaneous melanoma: updates in clinical practice
Authors: Schvartsman Gustavo , Taranto Patricia , Glitza Isabella C. , Agarwala Sanjiv S. , Atkins Michael B. , Buzaid Antonio C.
Published: May 2019

In recent years, several drugs have been approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma, completely reshaping the landscape of this aggressive disease. Immune therapy with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed cell death-1 inhibitors yielded significant and durable responses, achieving long-term disease control in up to 40% of the patients. BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), in combination with MEK inhibitors, also resulted in improved overall survival compared with single-agent BRAFi in patients with BRAFV600-mutated metastatic melanoma. The optimized sequencing and duration of treatment, however, is yet to be found. In this article, we thoroughly review current data and discuss how to best sequence the various treatment modalities available at present, based on four distinct clinical presentations commonly seen in clinic. In addition, we review treatment options beyond checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy, which may be required by patients failing such effective treatments.
Antiradical Activity of Naphthazarin-Carbohydrate Nonglycoside Conjugates
Authors: Utkina Natalia K. , Pokhilo Natalia D. , Atopkina Lyubov N.
Published: May 2019

The ABTS·+ scavenging activity of known (4, 6-8) and new (5, 9-12) naphthazarin-carbohydrate nonglycoside conjugates, and methoxynaphthazarins 1-3 was evaluated. The study of structure-activity relationships showed that the presence of carbohydrate fragments in the structure of naphthazarin-carbohydrate conjugates increased their antiradical activity compared with starting methoxynaphthazarins. Antiradical activity depends on the structure of carbohydrate fragments, their number, and position. Depending on the carbohydrate fragment the activity increased in the following order: methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside < d-glucofuranose < 1,2- O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose. The 2 sugar residues and their 3,7-position enhanced the activity of the conjugates.