bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fur Traders in Conversation
Authors: Murray Laura J.
Published: December 2005

Firsthand accounts of fur trade life often express frustration at the lack of conversation in fur trade country. By conversation, partners, clerks, and bourgeois had in mind a particular mode of talk associated with a particular cultural world; they often did not acknowledge the presence of other modes of talk around them. This article pursues the example of Daniel Harmon, a Vermonter who served with the North West Company (nwc) from 1800 to 1819, arguing that attention to Harmon's expectations about conversation can permit us to use him more effectively as an ethnographic source both for his home cultural formation and for the Native and Canadian cultures within which he worked, lived, and married.
Tourists and Tribes in the “New” South Africa
Authors: Schutte Gerhard
Published: December 2005

During the apartheid years in South Africa, traditional African cultures were mostly hidden from the public, except for museum displays and governmentally supervised presentations. Since the abolition of apartheid, the“cultural village” as a display of “authentic” tribal life has become increasingly popular. This essay examines the progressive commodification of culture now occurring in these representations and analyzes their popularity among foreign and South African tourists.
Two Kwakwaka'wakw Museums: Heritage and Politics
Authors: Mauzé Marie
Published: December 2005

Two Kwakwaka'wakw museums were created in the late 1970s. Both of these native museums have set an example for other, similar institutions. This article focuses on the differences between the two museums with similar goals but different approaches in dealing with members of the Kwakwaka'wakw community and with a larger public, sometimes referred to as“outsiders” or tourists. I will attempt to account for some of these differences by drawing on a long-term field-work experience.
Sources of Rebellion: Indian Testimony and the Mission San Gabriel Uprising of 1785
Authors: Hackel Steven W.
Published: December 2005

This article reinterprets the 1785 Indian rebellion at Mission San Gabriel in Alta California by reexamining the testimony of the Indians accused of leading this uprising. For decades, scholarly and popular discussions of this event have focused on the role of Toypurina, an Indian woman implicated in the rebellion. This essay, however, clarifies the roles played by Toypurina,Nicolás José, and others in the rebellion and emphasizes the importance of eyewitness native accounts to early California history. Through a careful use of the mission's birth, marriage, and burial records, this study also uncovers key moments in the lives of the rebels. These two sources—Indian testimony and mission registers—help to suggest the rebellion's diverse origins: the mission Indians' anger at the Spaniards for the suppression of their ceremonies and the frustration among some Gabrielinos that the creation of the mission and the congregation of hundreds of Indians at that one location constituted a threat to existing Gabrielino boundaries of land use and settlement. The article concludes that an understanding of colonial California rests not only upon a study of Indian-Spanish relations but on an examination of the interactions between individuals and among groups of Indians as well.
Alcohol and Politics in the Cherokee Nation before Removal
Authors: Ishii Izumi
Published: December 2005

In the early-nineteenth-century Cherokee Nation, alcohol and politics inextricably intertwined. In defiance of the federal government's attempts to regulate alcohol in Indian country, some Cherokee headmen encouraged the liquor traffic within the Nation and personally profited from its operation. In 1819, the Cherokee National Council passed a law to control spirituous liquors, but this action inflamed the federal government which recognized tribal alcohol regulation as an expression of Cherokee nationalism. As a bone of contention between the Cherokee Nation and the United States, the regulation of alcohol in the 1820s reflected larger struggles over sovereignty.
Thinking Outside the Billiard Ball: Cognatic Nationalism and Performing a Maori Public Sphere
Authors: Rosenblatt Daniel
Published: December 2005

Over the course of the twentieth century, the marae plaza in New Zealand (a ceremonial courtyard in front of a traditional carved meeting house) has become an arena in which the relationship between Maori and the settler government can be contested, constructed, and legitimized. It thus functions in ways similar to the Habermasian “public sphere,” with the crucial difference that it presupposes a different kind of polity, made up of different kinds of agents.
Beyond the Horizon? Nationalisms, Feminisms, and Globalization in the Pacific
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: December 2005

This paper situates the fraught relation of nationalisms and feminisms in the context of wider debates about globalization in the Pacific. Through a reading of the poetry and prose of the late Grace Mera Molisa of Vanuatu and Haunani-Kay Trask of Hawai`i, it raises questions about what might be considered “indigenous” and “foreign” in their different locations. Over several decades of intensive and reflective political practice, their respective positions on the relation between nationalisms and feminisms took divergent trajectories. Yet their corpus of poetry, written primarily in English, raises similar questions about what has been described by Wilson and Hereniko as the “inside-out” cultural politics of the contemporary Pacific.
The Unintended Consequences of Clarification: Development, Disputing, and the Dynamics of Community in Ranongga, Solomon Islands
Authors: McDougall Debra
Published: December 2005

Outside agencies working in the Solomon Islands—whether a postwar land commission or a late-twentieth-century global environmental organization—have consistently called for the clarification of property rights as the necessary starting point for any form of economic development. Many residents of Ranongga, a small mountainous island in the Western Solomons, are eager to have their territorial rights recognized by national and international organizations and by other islanders. Yet transforming complex, crosscutting, localized relationships into abstract rights that are commensurable, predictable, and knowable to outsiders raises major political and ethical dilemmas for Ranonggan leaders. As in other Oceanic polities, the true people of the land are supposed to generously welcome foreigners. Aggressively claiming exclusive rights for oneself or one's group would effectively alienate those others who are necessary for a properly functioning polity. Clarification—however necessary for the workings of a capitalist economy—thus threatens to undermine the tenuous achievement of unity that Ranonggans see as the prerequisite to peace, prosperity, and (as they understand it) development.
Cofitachequi: A Distinctive Culture, Its Identity, and Its Location
Authors: Waddell Gene
Published: December 2005

In the 1540s, one of the highest levels of material culture encountered in the Southeast by the de Soto expedition was in a province called Cofitachequi. For two centuries, Cofitachequi was mentioned frequently in Spanish and English documents. The location of the main town was shown on maps as being near the center of South Carolina. In the 1680s, the references to Cofitachequi ceased without explanation. There have been numerous attempts to determine who the Indians of Cofitachequi were and why they seem to have disappeared, and different sets of assumptions have produced different interpretations of the evidence. Theories have sometimes been used to discount inconvenient facts, but the available information can be reconciled. This article summarizes the evidence available on the material culture, language,identity, and location. The evidence as a whole indicates that the Cofitachequi were one of a number of tribes that spoke Catawban, and that the Catawba were an equal and integral part of a linguistic community rather than a subject people.
Diagnosing the Discursive Indian: Medicine, Gender, and the “Dying Race”
Authors: Kelm Mary Ellen
Published: December 2005

At the turn of the twentieth century, social medicine was emerging as a key contributor to the production of racial hierarchies. At this time, the North American medical community expanded its interest and involvement with native people and applied its beliefs about race and disease to this population. In the process, a new knowledge about native health was created that saw disease as both a racialized and a gendered phenomenon. Hoping to apply these linkages to a broader population, the medical community advanced assimilative and hybridizing strategies to improve native health by eradicating perceived racial difference.
Historical Mourning Practices Observed among the Cree and Ojibway Indians of the Central Subarctic
Authors: Hackett Paul
Published: December 2005

Until the mid-nineteenth century the Indians of the Central Subarctic consistently observed two mourning customs upon the passing of a close relative. The first was to destroy or dispose of the personal belongings of the deceased and those of the mourners while providing the corpse with necessary items for the spirit's journey to the afterlife. The second was to cease hunting for one year. In 1846 some fur traders observed unprecedented departures from these customs, due perhaps to the influence of the fur trade,missionaries, or repeated epidemics. Although conditions seem to have favored abandonment, it was not complete. Even into the twentieth century some groups mourned in the traditional way, while others abandoned or modified these practices.
An Exploration of Navajo-Anasazi Relationships
Authors: Warburton Miranda , Begay Richard M.
Published: December 2005

Through a rich body of traditional Navajo narrative, poetry, and song we examine the relationship of Navajo people to the Anasazi. This corpus includes descriptions of initial interactions and of intermarriage between ancestral Navajos and Anasazis and illustrations of complex economic, social, and ceremonial relationships between Navajos and Anasazis. We discuss standard methods of archaeological inference, historical documents, traditional Navajo history as told by contemporary hataałii, and traditional Navajo history recorded by anthropologists and others in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We present an example of how information from a Navajo ceremonial narrative, the Wind Chant, enhances interpretations of a protohistoric Navajo site, LA55979. Finally, we argue for the inclusion of pertinent traditional history in reconstructing a more ethnically complex and intricate past.
Slavery in the Greater Lower Columbia Region
Authors: Hajda Yvonne P.
Published: December 2005

During the early contact period (1792-1830), distinct patterns of social organization made slavery in the region centered on the lower Columbia River somewhat different from slavery found farther north along the Northwest Coast. The maximal Northwest Coast culture area was a two-hundred-mile-wide strip bordering the Pacific, extending over fifteen hundred miles from the Copper River delta in Alaska to Cape Mendocino in California. This diverse area can be subdivided into the matrilineal north, the bilateral central portion, and the patrifocal south. Along the lower Columbia, marriage ties created a region marked, in particular, by a distinctive type of head deformation. While conflicts within the region were limited, raids on people to the south and east, who did not practice head deformation, yielded captives and other booty. Goods were classed into two spheres of exchange: wealth (including slaves) and subsistence goods. The advent of the fur trade expanded slavery and added foreign goods to the sphere of wealth, but like other social arrangements exchange spheres were altered considerably. Records from the fur trade era show interrelationships among slavery, warfare, and the economy.
William Thomas Thornton's Career at East India House: 1836-1880
Authors: Donoghue Mark
Published: December 2005

I thank William Coleman, Tony Endres, Keith Forster, Peter Groenewegen,Jeff Lipkes, David Reisman, John Whitaker, Mike White, and two anonymous referees for extremely useful comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this article. I retain full responsibility for any remaining shortcomings. I am also grateful to the librarians and archivists at Hatfield House, the National Library of Scotland, and the Central Liverpool Library for granting me permission to reproduce extracts from, respectively, the Marquis of Salisbury papers, the Sir Robert Liston papers, and the Thornton letters preserved in the Derby Collection. Finally, I record my gratitude to the staff of the Oriental and India Office Collections for their friendly and unfaltering assistance during the course of many years of research there.
Thunder from a Clear Sky: On Lessing's Redemption of Horace
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: December 2005

John T. Hamilton is assistant professor of comparative literature at Harvard University. He has published articles on ancient lyric and its reception history as well as translations of contemporary German drama and poetry. His book Soliciting Darkness, on the Pindaric tradition, is forthcoming.
Politics: Divide and Rule
Authors: Berman Russell A.
Published: December 2005

Russell A. Berman is Walter A. Haas Professor in the Humanities at Stanford University. His most recent book is Enlightenment or Empire:Colonial Discourse in German Culture (1998). He is now working on a book on literary history.
Hamlet before Its Time
Authors: de Grazia Margreta
Published: December 2005

Margreta de Grazia is Clara M. Clendenen Term Professor of English at the University of Pennsylvania. She is author of Shakespeare Verbatim(1991) and has edited, with Stanley Wells, The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare (2001). Her book Unmodernizing Shakespeare is forthcoming.
Were Women Writers “Romantics”?
Authors: Mellor Anne K.
Published: December 2005

Anne K. Mellor is Professor Above Scale of English and Women's Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is author of Blake's Human Form Divine (1974), English Romantic Irony (1980),Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters (1988),Romanticism and Gender (1993), and Mothers of the Nation: Women's Political Writing in England, 1780-1830 (2000).
Virtual Histories: The Year as Literary Period
Authors: North Michael
Published: December 2005

Michael North is professor of English at the University of California,Los Angeles. He is author, most recently, of Reading 1922: A Return to the Scene of the Modern (1999). He has completed a Norton Critical Edition of T. S. Eliot's Waste Land (2001) and is at work on a study of the visual arts, spectatorship, and modern literature.
Periodization and Politics: The Case of the Missing Twelfth Century in English Literary History
Authors: Georgianna Linda
Published: December 2005

Linda Georgianna is professor of English and comparative literature at the University of California, Irvine. She is author of The Solitary Self:Individuality in the Ancrene Wisse (1981) and coauthor, with Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe, of the first volume of the new Oxford English Literary History (forthcoming).
The Same People Living in Different Places: Allen Curnow's Anthology and New Zealand Literary History
Authors: Roberts Hugh
Published: December 2005

Hugh Roberts is associate professor of English and comparative literature at the University of California, Irvine. He is author ofShelley and the Chaos of History: A New Politics of Poetry (1997) and writes on English Romantic literature and New Zealand film, culture, and literature.
The Myth of the Fixed-Form Villanelle
Authors: Kane Julie
Published: December 2005

Julie Kane is assistant professor of English at Northwestern State University of Louisiana. Her most recent book is Rhythm & Booze(2003), selected by Maxine Kumin as a winner in the National Poetry Series. She is associate editor for twentieth-century poetry of the forthcoming Longman anthology of southern literature, Voices of the American South.
“Feminism in Time”: A Response
Authors: Culler Jonathan
Published: December 2005

Jonathan Culler is Class of 1916 Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Cornell University and author of Flaubert: The Uses of Uncertainty (1974), Structuralist Poetics (1975), On Deconstruction(1982), Framing the Sign (1988), Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction (1997), and other works of literary theory and criticism. He is at work on books on Baudelaire and on the theory of the lyric.
Material Cavendish: Paper, Performance, “Sociable Virginity”
Authors: Masten Jeffrey
Published: December 2005

Jeffrey Masten is associate professor of English and gender studies at Northwestern University. He is author of Textual Intercourse:Collaboration, Authorship, and Sexualities in Renaissance Drama (1997) and coeditor of Language Machines: Technologies of Literary and Cultural Production (1997) and the journal Renaissance Drama. He is at work on a project titled Spelling Shakespeare and Other Essays in Queer Philology.
Other Hands in Pepys's Diary
Authors: Kunin Aaron
Published: December 2005

Aaron Kunin is visiting assistant professor of English at Wesleyan University. His current projects include essays on literary knowledge and an edition of the plays of Jack Spicer.
Literary Historicism: Romanticism, Philologists, and the Presence of the Past
Authors: Leerssen Joep
Published: December 2005

Joep Leerssen is chair of modern European literature at the University of Amsterdam and is director of the Huizinga Institute (the Dutch Research Institute for Cultural History). His work on the links between literature and nationalism includes Remembrance and Imagination: Patterns in the Historical and Literary Representation of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century (1997), Nationaal Denken in Europa: Een cultuurhistorische schets (1999), and Hidden Ireland, Public Space (2002). He is currently coordinating a large comparative project on philologists and national thought in nineteenth-century Europe.
War in the Air
Authors: Favret Mary A.
Published: December 2005

Mary A. Favret is associate professor of English at Indiana University. She is author of Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics, and the Fiction of Letters (1993) and coeditor of At the Limits of Romanticism (1994). She is currently working on a book about the wartime that is Romanticism.
Elizabeth Spencer, the White Civil Rights Novel, and the Postsouthern
Authors: Haddox Thomas F.
Published: December 2005

Thomas F. Haddox is assistant professor of English at the University of Tennessee. He has published articles in American Literature,Mosaic, and the Southern Quarterly. He is completing a book titled Fears and Fascinations: Representing Catholicism in Southern Literature and working on an examination of Flannery O'Connor's critique of Enlightenment philosophy.
Child-Killers and the Competition between Late Victorian Theater and the Novel
Authors: Miller Renata Kobetts
Published: December 2005

Renata Kobetts Miller is assistant professor of English at the City College of the City University of New York. Her essay is part of a book-length project, Setting the Stage: The Victorian Novel, Theater, and the Suffragettes.
John Philips, Pope, and Political Georgic
Authors: Rogers Pat
Published: December 2005

Pat Rogers holds the DeBartolo Chair in the Liberal Arts at the University of South Florida. His recent publications include The Symbolic Design of “Windsor-Forest”: Iconography, Pageant, and Prophecy in Pope's Early Work (2004), The Alexander Pope Encyclopedia(2004), and Pope and the Destiny of the Stuarts: History, Politics, and Mythology in the Age of Queen Anne (2005). His works in progress includeEdmund Curll, Bookseller, with Paul Baines; The Cambridge Companion to Alexander Pope; and Alexander Pope: A Political Biography.
Media Metaphorology: Irritations in the Epistemic Field of Media Studies
Authors: Tholen Georg Christoph
Published: December 2005

Translated by Peter Krapp
The Island, the Map, the Travelers: Notes on Recent Developments in Cuban Art
Authors: Fernández (Tonel) Antonio Eligio
Published: December 2005

Translated by Kenya Dworkin
The Rhetoric of National Character: A Programmatic Survey
Authors: Leerssen Joep
Published: December 2005

This article studies the notion of “national character” as it is formulated in literature and as it influences literary praxis. Starting from the insights of image studies or “imagology” (a comparatist specialism developed over the last five decades, mainly in France and Germany), national thought, as one of the most pervasive and enduring cultural ideologies, should be critically and systematically studied in its literary manifestation. In order to propose an agenda for such a study, I survey the existing constructivist and structuralist literary practice, drawing two general conclusions: (1) It is possible to make an analytical distinction,based on cogent textual observation, between the discursive registers of factual reporting and stereotyping. That distinction revolves not only around the commonplace nature and intertextual dissemination of certain characterizations but also around the individual text's strategies of characterization: the quasi-psychological (“character”-based)motivation that a given text may adduce for cultural patterns, and the way a text constructs salient features concerning a given nation as“typical” or “characteristic.” (2) “Deep structures” in national stereotyping, involving the construction of binaries around oppositional pairs such as North/South, strong/weak, and central/peripheral, should be addressed diachronically and historically. The end result of such (historically variable but unfalsifiable) stereotypical oppositions is that most imputed national characteristics will exhibit a binary nature, capable of attributing strongly contradictory characteristics to any given national group (“is a nation of contrasts”). I propose that national stereotyping be studied at a more fundamental level as a pattern of Janus-faced “imagemes,” stereotypical schemata characterized by their inherent temperamental ambivalence and capable of being triggered into different actual manifestations.

On the basis of these insights, it must be possible to move from textual analysis and intertextual inventory to a pragmatic/rhetorical study of national characterization and national stereotyping, taking into account a text's audience function. This ambition (i.e., to address the dynamics of national stereotyping as a historical, audience-oriented praxis rather than as a textual feature) raises a challenge of its own, largely revolving around the hermeneutic and/or historical distance between a text's provenance and its audience; but some possible ways to address that challenge are also indicated.
From Dr. Moreau to Dr. Mengele: The Biological Sublime
Authors: Gomel Elana
Published: December 2005

This article discusses the cultural genealogy of the image of Dr. Death:the godlike surgeon with power over life and death, who uses this power to torture and mutilate. First appearing in H. G. Wells's The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), this image has become firmly associated with Nazi medicine, as demonstrated by Lucius Shepard's short story“Mengele” (1989). This association accurately reflects the ideological trajectory, which involves the transformation of social Darwinism and eugenics, reflected in Wells's novel, into the“bio-ideologies” of fascism and National Socialism. The essay argues that Dr. Death is a variant of the fascist New Man, a new modality of corporeal subjectivity, produced through the utilization of the sublime experience of violence for ideological ends. Rooted in the aftershocks of the Darwinian revolution, the new perception of nature as cruel and rapacious fueled a desire to “naturalize” society by rejecting traditional morality. In parallel, there arose a dream of new subjectivity of the scientific Übermensch, whose imitation of the cruelty of nature would elevate him above ordinary humanity. Science became a source of a sublime experi-ence based on violence and pain that promised to transform the torturer-physician into a New Man without bodily weakness and psychological self-division. The essay combines a theoretical argument on the connection between sublimity and pain with a historical overview of the rise of bio-ideologies. It ends with an analysis of The Island of Doctor Moreau, pointing out parallels between the novel and contemporary representations of Mengele.
Philosophy and Literature: The Fortunes of the Performative
Authors: Culler Jonathan
Published: December 2005

The notion of the performative—an utterance that accomplishes the act that it designates—was proposed by the philosopher J. L. Austin to describe a type of utterance neglected by philosophers. This article follows the vicissitudes of the concept in literary and cultural theory to show (1)why it appeared useful for literary theory and what happens when literature is construed as fundamentally performative; (2) how it functions in theory and criticism associated with deconstruction, and (3) what role it plays in recent work in gender studies and queer theory, where Judith Butler has developed a performative theory of gender. The shifts in this concept pose questions about how to think about the constitutive force of language, the nature of discursive events, and literature as an act.
Ethos at the Crossroads of Disciplines: Rhetoric, Pragmatics, Sociology
Authors: Amossy Ruth
Published: December 2005

Examining the rhetorical notion of ethos at the crossroads of disciplines,this article builds up an integrated model attempting to reconcile Bourdieu's theory of language and power with pragmatic views of illocutionary force. For the sociologist, the authority of the orator depends on his institutional position; for Ducrot or Maingueneau, drawing on Aristotle, the image of the orator is built by the discourse itself. Analyzing political as well as literary texts, this essay takes into account the institutional position of the speaker; his “prior ethos” (the image his audience has of him before he takes the floor); the distribution of roles inherent in the selected genre and the stereotypes attached to these roles; and the verbal strategies through which the speaker builds an image of self in his discourse.“Argumentative analysis” thus explores a dynamic process in which social, institutional, and linguistic elements are closely connected.
Parody and Style
Authors: Chatman Seymour
Published: December 2005

This article questions recent arguments that “parody” is the prototypical postmodern genre, an argument which not only goes needlessly beyond the traditional definition of the term but handicaps stylisticians from distinguishing between it and its neighboring kinds of texts. Citing a variety of examples, I repeat Genette's traditional discrimination among strict parody, travesty, satiric pastiche, and pure (or nonsatiric) pastiche. I also urge the importance of distinguishing between these forms and that of satire in general, agreeing with the oft-expressed view that parody often constitutes praise for the original (in Hutcheon's phrase, parody “authorizes”the original). I am concerned that an overly expansive definition of parody may lose the crucial distinction that makes parody so important to stylisticians, namely that well-done parodies (like Beerbohm's of Henry James)are extremely informative about the features that characterize individual styles. I also question whether equating parody with “irony” or“difference” (themselves such problematic terms) helps much in our understanding of it. Finally, I propose that stylistics should not limit itself unduly to the study of forms. Often the most telling clue in a parody is the imitation of subject matter, but subject matter so handled as to point to the preoccupations of the author of the original.
“A Primary Need as Strong as Hunger”: The Rhetoric of Urgency in South African Literary Culture under Apartheid
Authors: Bethlehem Louise
Published: December 2005

Under apartheid, discussions of literary function and value in South African literature in English are refracted through an elaborate rhetoric that posits “urgency” as the necessary correlative and consequence of political commitment. My essay examines this “rhetoric of urgency”in the context of the overwhelmingly realist dominant of South African literary culture in English. I suggest that South African literary critics of both liberal and radical orientations have been unwitting partners in a commonly held instrumentalist concept of language. A clear regime of meaning may be discerned in literary studies in English which seeks to effect closure between the word and the world in order to safeguard the ethical claims of South African literary culture.
Sitting for the Civilization Test: The Making(s) of a Civil Imaginary in Colonial South Africa
Authors: de Kock Leon
Published: December 2005

This essay presents the argument for a model of postcoloniality that disavows the axiomatic determinations of oppositionality. It presents a case,in the history of nascent African nationalism in South Africa, in which subject formation by Africans under late colonialism was framed in apparent complicity with prescribed forms of Western civility. The essay argues that conventional notions of postcolonial resistance are unable to provide an adequate explanation for identity politics which are based on thedesire for Western acculturation instead of resistance to it. By recourse to the idea of a “civil imaginary,” the essay offers an alternative framework for understanding the intermeshing processes of colonial subjectification and African nationalism in South Africa.
“Shoo—This Book Makes Me to Think!” Education, Entertainment, and “Life-Skills” Comics in South Africa
Authors: Kruger Loren , Shariff Patricia Watson
Published: December 2005

This article examines the ways comics contribute to nonformal education in contemporary South Africa, especially the Heart to Heart project,produced by the Storyteller Group, and Body and Soul, by the Soul City project. While Soul City follows the urban bias of many educational programs in its focus on urban stories and contexts, Heart to Heartis the result of a collaboration in which rural secondary school students produced and revised a graphic story using workshop performances to reenact and revise a story about lives similar to their own. The article shows how the comics critically engage with participants' desires for the modernity and success associated with urban lifestyles as well as life skills. It also highlights Heart to Heart's differences from many other rural culture-for-development projects elsewhere in southern Africa, including theater for development and literacy programs. It differs in its acknowledgment of the local impact of transnational cultural forms and social roles and of the appeal of texts and artifacts that represent urban success to local readers and in its effective appropriation of formal and affective features from mass-cultural entertainments like soap operas and comics for educational purposes.
The Music of Sympathy in the Arts of the Baroque; or, the Use of Difference to Overcome Indifference
Authors: HaCohen Ruth
Published: December 2005

Sympathy, in the sense of the ability to suffer with or for the other, entered English usage toward the end of the sixteenth century. This marks an important moment in Western culture, the birth of a new artistic sensibility nourished by the Aristotelian notion of poetic compassion. This article delineates strategic points in the emergence of this sensibility and the forms and contexts of its presence in art during the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century. The primary thesis is that sympathy thrived where mimetic illusion failed. In the figurative terms of the period, this amounted to the substitution of Echo, the compassionate nymph,for Narcissus, the self-centered deity. This analysis is informed by the fate of these cultural figures as well as by theoretical discussions of sympathy/compassion in antiquity (Plato and Aristotle) and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (primarily Descartes and Rousseau). Against this background the article examines certain artistic enactments of sympathy and tries to identify the values and beliefs that underlay them. Here music played a central role. The phenomenology of the auditory and of contemporary musical language in particular lent themselves to various manifestations of sympathy without trespassing on the domain of deceptive illusion. The wedding of music and sympathy opened up the possibility for musicians to re-cover faith in communication across differences and distances. Although the focus of this essay is primarily on music, related tendencies in the other arts (literature and painting) that contributed to a new awareness of the role of sympathy in the universes of the modern individual and society also are examined.
Of Heartache and Head Injury: Reading Minds in Persuasion
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: December 2005

The new intellectual climate inaugurated by the cognitive revolution can help elicit neglected contexts for literary historical study, to pose new questions for analysis and reopen old ones. The current challenge to social constructionist accounts of subjectivity, for example, can lead to a fundamentally new reading of Jane Austen's last novel, Persuasion(1818). Austen's was a period when a dominant constructionist psychology—associationism—vied with emergent brain-based,organicist, and nativist theories of mind. Austen pointedly contrasts a heroine seemingly formed by a history of erotic disappointment with an antiheroine, whose character is transformed instead by a severe blow to the head, at a time when brain injury featured centrally in debates on the materiality of mind. Moreover, the novel's innovative narrative style and approach to characterization take up and extend the embodied approach to subjectivity being worked out contemporaneously by Romantic poets and brain scientists alike.
Barthes and Doxa
Authors: Pierrot Anne Herschberg
Published: December 2005

This essay studies the uses and valuation of doxa in the work of Roland Barthes. Omnipresent and multiform, doxa appears there as a power informed by metaphors. The essay then focuses on the analysis of doxa in Barthes'sS/Z, on its relation to the Flaubertian problematics of“received ideas,” and on the impact of this problematics on literary story since the 1970s.
Cultural Study, Doxa, Dictionaries: The Case of Jewish Identity
Authors: Sarfati Georges-Elia
Published: December 2005

This essay is a contribution to the theory as well as to the critical analysis of doxa. Analyzing French dictionaries of the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries, it shows how they organize, transform, and develop dominant reprensentations of Jewish identity. It thus studies doxa across historical, cultural, and ideological issues in discourse and more specifically discourse endowed with a legitimizing power and a pedagogical vocation. One of the objectives of this study is to show that the neutrality of dictionary is only apparent: self-evidence is a cultural construction that escapes the subjects' awareness. The analysis as a whole is based on a fundamental distinction between the (dominant) exogenous and (dominated)endogenous perspectives.
From “Under the Rose” toV.: A Linguistic Approach to Human Agency in Pynchon's Fiction
Authors: Martínez M. Angeles
Published: December 2005

This study investigates linguistic differences between two fictional narrative texts—one a revision of the other—by Thomas Pynchon. New syntactic and lexical choices made by Pynchon when rewriting his early short story “Under the Rose” as chapter 3 in the novel V. are analyzed in the light of the changes they bring about in the transitivity of the clause and consequently in the reader's conceptualizing of the fictional world, especially the characters. The analysis is grounded on cognitive theories of information processing, and on the assumption that language form is not fortuitous, but performs a communicative function.
Time Passes: Virginia Woolf, Post-Impressionism, and Cambridge Time
Authors: Banfield Ann
Published: December 2005

Virginia Woolf's experiments begin with Impressionism. But knowing Roger Fry's criticism of Impressionism as analyzing commonsense appearances but destroying design, she adopted Fry's dualist aesthetic. Paul Cézanne's“Post-Impressionism” constructed a geometry in Impressionism's sensible world, combining “vision” and “design.”Literature's counterpart to the geometry of spatial relations were the temporal relations of Cambridge time philosophy. Contrary to a common assumption, Woolf adopted not Henri Bergson's philosophy but G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell's realism. Time passes not as durée but as a series of still moments. Temporal relations connect moments as spatial ones unify Impressionism's atomized color, with the mathematical theory of continuity playing a crucial role. Woolf's literary impressionism developed through short story experiments, each a moment, an Impressionist canvas. Katherine Mansfield was the decisive influence yet exemplified Impressionism's limits. “The mere expression of things adequately and sensitively, is not enough,” Woolf quotes Mansfield. As the painter transformed vision into design, Woolf turned story into novel via continuity of moments through“the interlude.” According to this hypothesis, “The Window” and “The Lighthouse” in To the Lighthouseare short stories uncannily reminiscent of Mansfield's “Prelude”and “At the Bay.” The interlude “Time Passes”transforms story into novel by relating past to future in a time-series,creating a post-impressionist “modern fiction.”
Forms of Self-Implication in Literary Reading
Authors: Kuiken Don , Miall David S. , Sikora Shelley
Published: December 2005

Literary reading has the capacity to implicate the self and deepen self-understanding, but little is known about how and when these effects occur. The present article examines two forms of self-implication in literary reading. In one form, which functions like simile, there is explicitly recognized similarity between personal memories and some aspect of the world of the text (A is like B). In another form, which functions like metaphor, the reader becomes identified with some aspect of the world of the text, usually the narrator or a character (A is B). These forms of self-implication can be differentiated within readers' open-ended comments about their reading experiences. The results of a phenomenological study indicate that such metaphors of personal identification are a pivotal feature of expressive enactment, a type of reading experience marked by (1) explicit descriptions of feelings in response to situations and events in the text, (2) blurred boundaries between oneself and the narrator of the text, and (3) active and iterative modification of an emergent affective theme. The self-modifying feelings characteristic of expressive enactment give it a fugal form, manifest as thematic developments that move toward saturation, richness, and depth. The results of an experimental study suggest that expressive enactment occurs frequently among individuals who remain depressed about a significant loss that occurred some time ago. Together with the phenomenological study, this research suggests that expressive enactment is a form of reading that penetrates and alters a reader's understanding of everyday life, especially following a personal crisis.
The Interface between Fiction and Life: Patterns of Identification in Reading Autobiographies
Authors: Andringa Els
Published: December 2005

The aim of this study is to investigate how reading experiences intertwine fiction and life and how such experiences change over time. Twelve reading autobiographies of young, motivated readers (age range twenty-two to thirty-two; six men, six women) were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The theoretical framework that served as the point of departure for the content categories was a model of identification in which different types of wish identification, similarity identification, dissimilarity, and empathy were distinguished. Other content categories were derived from different objects of identification and from different kinds of cognitive and emotional effects. Three major results are presented and discussed. One outcome was the difference in autobiographical style between the two earliest periods of life(childhood and adolescence) and the last, most recent period (young adulthood).The readers described their reading experiences in the latter period in a more general and abstract way, whereas the earlier memories had a more “recollective” character. We discuss this finding in relation to general knowledge and theories about autobiographical memory. The second result was a difference in reported reading behavior and reading experience between female and male readers. Male readers tended to a certain favorite genre, such as, for example, science fiction, or to a favorite author throughout their lives, whereas female readers wrote more about their changing ways of reading. Also, the female readers reported more than twice as many identification experiences. In a third finding, we observed a developmental pattern in identification: the transition from childhood to puberty and adolescence manifested a shift from wish to similarity identification. This pattern matches earlier studies about the development of readers and can be understood in relation to general developmental characteristics. However,together with some additional observations about parallel shifts in the objects of identification from characters and events to abstract themes, a more detailed and complete picture of the changing functions of reading fiction can be drawn.
Literature as a Spur to Collective Action: The Diverse Perspectives of Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Reading Groups
Authors: Long Elizabeth
Published: December 2005

Reading groups provide a fruitful site for examining women's uses of literature in life, since discussing books with other women gives rise to insights that come with sharing perspectives on both literature and participants' lives. This research focuses on white women's reading groups in both nineteenth- and twentieth-century Houston, Texas. Nineteenth-century groups found in their literary and associational practices the warrant to embark on a broad program of collective action; twentieth-century groups, by and large, severed this link yet still met important needs for women, such as providing the occasion for reflective normative discussions. Comparing the continuities and disjunctures between women's reading groups over time demonstrates that broad social and cultural “frames” (to use Erving Goffman's [1974] term) strongly influence how literature enters our individual and collective lives.
Rhetorical Literary Ethics and Lyric Narrative: Robert Frost's“ Home Burial”
Authors: Phelan James
Published: December 2005

Rhetorical literary ethics are part and parcel of the larger rhetorical interchange between authors and audiences offered by literary texts; in this respect, ethics are an intrinsic part of (rhetorical) form. More specifically,this rhetorical ethics attends to the interactions among the ethical dimensions of the telling and those of the told as well as to the ethical positions the author invites the audience to adopt and those the audience brings with them. Demonstrating the usefulness of this approach to Robert Frost's wrenching lyric narrative “Home Burial” provides a response to Charles Altieri's challenge that the dominant approaches to literary ethics are limited because they privilege texts, especially narratives, ultimately committed to judicious rationality. The response offers an account of the rhetorical dynamics of lyric narrative in general and of the rhetorical and ethical dynamics of “Home Burial” in particular.
The Present Tense and Internal Focalization of Awareness
Authors: Damsteegt Theo
Published: December 2005

It is argued that in internal focalization (e.g., interior monologue or internal sensory perception), the present tense serves to establish a seemingly direct, unmediated link with a character's mind. In reports of actions, too, the present tense may have this effect of providing a link with a character's mind, in the sense that an action reported by the narrator in the present tense may be taken to be internally focalized by the character performing the action. Expressing awareness on the character's part of the action being performed, this type of internal focalization is called Internal Focalization of Awareness (IFA). IFA is found in homodiegetic as well as heterodiegetic texts, whether they feature the present tense throughout or exhibit tense alternation. It is further argued that in all forms of internal focalization, including IFA, the present tense tends to be used in situations that are emotionally important to the focalizing character.
Funny Fiction; Or, Jokes and Their Relation to the Humorous Novel
Authors: Galiñanes Cristina Larkin
Published: December 2005

This article aims to put forward some ideas as to the narrative characteristics of funny novels. Since the chief common denominator of this kind of work is the goal to make the reader laugh, one would suppose that these works have a lot in common with other forms of verbal humor, such as jokes. Here I look into incongruity-resolution theories of humor and certain linguistically based accounts of joking as well as the insights provided by Sperber and Wilson's theory of relevance into the type of pragmatic processing attendant on the appreciation of humor. Jokes appear to be characterized by an increased demand in processing effort for the attainment of maximum contextual effects, but this increase is limited to the resolution of incongruities typical of this sort of utterance. Also, social-behavioral theories of humor relate the effect of jokes to the establishment of a climate of normative sympathy between teller and receiver. Humorous novels, far longer and more complex than jokes, largely base the process of incongruity-resolution on an interplay of, on the one hand, text-internal coherence established by the persistent use of strong implicature in the creation of character and, on the other, text-external incongruity established by the narrator's appeal to the reader's encyclopedic knowledge. Although it is probably true of most novels, it seems particularly important for the humorous effect of “funny” novels that their discourse should be based on moral, social, cultural, aesthetic, and even generic assumptions shared with the reader: these allow the latter either to see the narrator as “reliable” and to develop a feeling of rapport with him or her or to easily assume the existence of an implied author who manipulates thenarrator for his or her own purposes. The use of strong implicature, which characterizes these works and seems necessary for the sustained creation of humor, explains the air of inevitability that permeates their plots and, finally, would also seem to explain the fact that they are intuitively and almost invariably considered low-class literature. For “good” literature, according to Relevance Theory, is characterized by a complexity and multiplicity of contextual effects produced fundamentally by way of weak implicature.