bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trauma and psychosis: a qualitative study exploring the perspectives of people with psychosis on the influence of traumatic experiences on psychotic symptoms and quality of life
Authors: Campodonico Carolina , Varese Filippo , Berry Katherine
Published: March 2022

Background

Despite experiencing high rates of trauma and trauma-related conditions, people with psychosis are seldomly asked about possible traumatic events. While there are some barriers to discussing trauma in clinical services, research has shown that disclosure is not only possible but also beneficial to both psychotic and traumatic symptoms. The current study is the first to evaluate service users’ perception of the influence of trauma on the development and maintenance of their psychotic symptoms, as well as their views on how their life and mental health have been affected by traumatic events and their disclosure (or lack of).

Methods

Eleven participants with experiences of psychosis and trauma took part in semi-structured interviews.

Results

Consistently with previous literature, our participants reported high rates of interpersonal trauma, but had rarely had the opportunity to discuss any of these events. Using thematic analysis, we identified three major themes that have important implications for healthcare: factors that facilitate or hinder talking about trauma; consequences of talking or not; and relationship between trauma and psychosis. Participants generally benefited from talking about trauma and concerningly often associated the prolonged lack of opportunities to discuss traumatic events with negative feelings towards the self and with a deterioration of their mental health. Participants also recognised direct links between past traumas and the content and characteristics of their psychotic experiences.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the importance, as perceived by service users, of discussing trauma and looking at psychosis through a “trauma lens”. These results stress the need to systematically assess trauma history and traumatic symptoms in psychosis and might potentially help to overcome clinicians’ worries about discussing trauma with service users. Our findings underscore the need to change current practice and implement trauma-informed approaches to understand clients’ difficulties and provide support.
Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in distraction osteogenesis of the lower extremities: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Su Yu-Chi , Guo Yao-Hong , Hsieh Pei-Chun , Lin Yu-Ching
Published: March 2022

Background

To explore the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in patients who received distraction osteogenesis of the lower extremities.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for randomized controlled trials that administered botulinum toxin to individuals who underwent distraction osteogenesis of the lower limbs. The final search was conducted on July 6, 2021. Quality assessments were conducted using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Jadad scale. We performed random-effects meta-analysis to calculate the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of the pooled effect sizes, and subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed for potential moderators.

Results

Our analysis of four randomized controlled trials, which enrolled a total of 257 participants, revealed that the difference in pain during the distraction phase was not statistically significant between groups (SMD, − 0.165; 95% CI, − 0.379 to 0.050, p = 0.133, I2 = 0.0%). The meta-regression analyses did not find any influence on the effect size, considering age (β = − 0.0092; p = 0.61) and the amount of lengthening (β = 0.0023; p = 0.99). Subgroup analysis did not reveal difference between different doses of botulinum toxin and single or multi-site study design. An analysis of two randomized controlled trials enrolling a total of 177 individuals demonstrated a limited effect of botulinum toxin in reducing postoperative pain (SMD, − 0.239; 95% CI, − 0.641 to 0.162, p = 0.24, I2 = 37.6%), total adverse events (SMD, − 0.207; 95% CI, − 0.505 to 0.090, p = 0.17, I2 = 0.0%), and infection of pin site (SMD, − 0.131; 95% CI, − 0.428 to 0.165, p = 0.39, I2 = 0.0%). No botulinum toxin–related adverse events were reported.

Conclusions

The current evidence does not support the administration of botulinum toxin in patients who receive distraction osteogenesis of the lower limbs. However, we were unable to draw decisive conclusions because of the limitations of our meta-analysis. Future well-designed, large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm our conclusions.
Efficacy and safety of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) through mini-incision and posterior laminoplasty (LAMP) for treatment of long-level cervical spondylosis: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zhang Yingkai , Yang Guangling , Zhou Tianyao , Chen Yanchao , Gao Zhenchao , Zhou Weili , Gu Yutong
Published: March 2022

Background

The efficacy and safety of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) through mini-incision and posterior laminoplasty for long-level cervical spondylosis were investigated.

Method

From January 2018 to September 2019, clinical patients data with 3–4 segments (C3–7) cervical spondylotic radiculopathy, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, or mixed cervical spondylosis who received ACDF (42 cases) throughwith mini-incision or LAMP (36 cases) treatment were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The operative time, bleeding volume, incisive length, and hospital stay were recorded. Moreover, the intervertebral height, functional segment height, cervical lordosis, cervical hyperextension and hyperflexion range-of-motion (ROM) and ROM in all directions of the cervical spine before and after the operation were measured. Additionally, all relevant postoperative complications were also recorded. Then, the therapeutic effects of both surgical methods were investigated.

Results

Patients in the ACDF group had less bleeding, shorter incision, and fewer hospitalization days than the LAMP group. There was no significant difference in JOA, VAS score of the upper limb, NDI score after surgery between two groups. Postoperative intervertebral height and functional segment height in the ACDF group were significantly higher than those before the operation, and postoperative functional segment height of the ACDF group was significantly higher than that of the LAMP group. Moreover, the postoperative cervical lordosis angle in the ACDF group was significantly larger than the LAMP group. There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative ROM in all directions of the cervical spine for the two groups.

Conclusions

Both ACDF through mini-incision and LAMP are effective treatments for long-level cervical spondylosis. However, ACDF through mini-incision shows minor trauma, less bleeding, fast recovery, and it is beneficial for cervical lordosis reconstruction.
Cost-effectiveness of anti-retropulsive devices varies according to the locations of proximal ureteral stones: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wu Weisong , Zhang Jiaqiao , Yi Rixiati , Li Xianmiu , Yu Xiao
Published: March 2022

Background

Anti-retropulsive devices are often used to prevent stone migration in the treatment of proximal ureteral calculi. They are helpful. However, in the meantime, they also add extra expenses. This study was carried out to investigate the best criteria for treating proximal ureteral stones with anti-retropulsive devices.

Methods

Data from all patients who underwent ureteroscopic holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy for solitary upper ureteral stones in 2018 were collected. Patients who encountered stone retropulsion during the process of inserting the ureteroscope were excluded. Patients were divided into either group URS or group URS + ARD depending on whether the anti-retropulsive device was used. Then, the stone-free rate, expenses and other criteria were compared between groups according to stone location. Stone-free was defined as no stones present.

Results

For stones located ≤ 30 mm from the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), the stone-free rates for the URS group were 80% and 80% at one day and one month after the operation, respectively. Those for the URS + ARD group were 71.4% and 78.6% at one day and one month, respectively. For stones located 31–90 mm from the UPJ, the stone-free rates were 84.7% and 84.7% for the URS group and 89.6% and 95.5% for the URS + ARD group at one day and one month, respectively. A statistically significant difference occurred at one month. For stones located > 90 mm from the UPJ, the two groups were both stone free. In the URS + ARD group, expenses were higher. In addition, the mean diameter of residual stones derived from stones located at 31–90 mm from the UPJ was statistically smaller, and 4 of 7 residual stones passed spontaneously within one month, which was obviously more than that in other locations and the URS group. Other outcomes, including operation time and postoperative stay, showed no significant difference between the groups.

Conclusion

Anti-retropulsive devices are indeed helpful, but they might be cost-effective for stones located solely in the middle part of the upper ureter, not for those too close to or far from the ureteropelvic junction.
Metabolomic strategies and biochemical analysis of the effect of processed Rehmanniae radix extract on a blood-deficient rat model
Authors: Wang Yang-yang , Zhou Ning , Shan Zeng-fu , Ke Ying-ying , Liu Zhen , Liu Zhen-hui , Feng Wei-sheng , Zheng Xiao-ke
Published: March 2022

Background

Rehmanniae Radix(RR), an herb with numerous pharmacological effects, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of blood deficiency syndrome, either alone or in combination with other herbs. However, the mechanism by which processedRehmanniae Radix(PRR) improves blood enrichment efficacy has not been clearly defined.

Methods

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and biochemical methods were combined to explore the hematopoietic functional mechanisms of PRR on blood deficiency in a rat model, as well as the potential active ingredient for blood enrichment efficacy. The pharmacological effects of PRR were evaluated on a rat blood deficiency model induced by cyclophosphamide in combination with 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine. The blood routine index, including white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet (PLT) counts, as well as hemoglobin (HGB) level, and the changing metabolite profile based on urine and serum were assessed. Nontargeted metabolomic studies, combined with biochemical analyses, were employed to clarify pharmacological mechanisms.

Results

PRR significantly increased the blood routine index levels and reversed the levels of SOD, GSH, and ATP. The PRR group was similar to the control group, as determined from the metabolic profile. All of the 60 biomarkers, representing the typical metabolic characteristics of the blood-deficient rat model, mainly involved energy metabolism dysfunction, the peripheral circulation system, and oxidative damage in the body. This improvement may be attributed to changes in polysaccharide and sixteen non-polysaccharide compounds in PRR, which were caused by processing RR with rice wine.

Conclusions

The strategies of integrated metabolomic and biochemical analyses were combined, revealing the biological function and effective mechanism of PRR.
Retraction Note: A candidate Chinese medicine preparation-Fructus Viticis Total Flavonoids inhibits stem-like characteristics of lung cancer stem-like cells
Authors: Cao Xiaocheng , Zou Hui , Cao Jianguo , Cui Yinghong , Sun Shuwen , Ren Kaiqun , Song Zhenwei , Li Duo , Quan Meifang
Published: March 2022

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03569-2.
Business intelligence applied to the consumption of iodinated contrast agents in computed tomography scans
Authors: Andrade José Rodrigo M. , Blomberg Luciano Costa
Published: March 2022

Background

The management of the use of iodinated contrast agents (ICA) in the computed tomography (CT) has clinical and financial impacts; however, the approaches in the current research setting have limitations with regard to their exploration of the theme. This work describes the application of the stages of a process of business intelligence (BI), from the formulation of business questions, the building of a research database, and the adaptation of a multidimensional model, to the creation of dashboards to give support to the decision-making process in a hospital. This research aims to apply and document a BI process that provides support to the decision making of managers, so the use of ICA can be better managed, allowing for the identification of situations in which the material was wasted using a study applied to the hospital field.

Methods

An applied exploratory research with a quantitative approach in a database made up by 24 variables and 35,388 records extracted from the RIS (Radiology Information System) that is used by the General Hospital of Porto Alegre—HCPA. The software used, supplied by AGFA Healthcare, were the Qdoc system (version 6.2.0) and the Impax BI (Version 11.1.1) for, respectively, data entry and data exploration. At the end of the process, a total of 48 variables was considered.

Results

The BI process applied allowed for the identification of situations in which ICA was being wasted during the operationalization of the volume/mass ratio of the agent injected in the patient. It also offered the necessary substantiation for the managers to formulate plans, actions, and controls associated to the use of the material. This work made it possible to diminish in 15.65% the total consumption of ICA injected in the patients who underwent the CTAB1 exam (full CT scan of the abdomen), with a projected economy of US$ 10,039.95, for the performance of this exam from 2020 on. The measuring of the impact and the relevance of the process was 99.6% positive, according to the evaluation of the managers.

Conclusions

This research generated clinical and financial benefits for the HCPA, a positive evaluation by the managers and the generation of new knowledge, which can be shared with other public or private health organizations.
A multi-country survey on the impact of COVID-19 on dental practice and dentists’ feelings in Latin America
Authors: Moraes Rafael R. , Cuevas-Suárez Carlos E. , Escalante-Otárola Wilfredo G. , Fernández María R. , Dávila-Sánchez Andrés , Grau-Grullon Patricia , Fernández Eduardo , López Tania M. , Grazioli Guillermo , Arana Luis A. , Rondón Luis F. , Torrez Willy B. , Lima Giana S. , Schuch Helena S. , Correa Marcos B. , Demarco Flavio F.
Published: March 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced the routine of healthcare workers. This study investigated the impact of the pandemic on dental practice and dentists’ feelings in Latin America.

Methods: A survey was conducted with dentists from 11 Spanish-speaking Latin American countries in September–December 2020. Professionals were invited by email and via an open campaign promoted on social media. The questions investigated dental care routines, practice changes, and feelings about the pandemic. Descriptive statistics were used to identify frequencies and distributions of variables. Proportions were compared using chi-square tests.

Results

A total of 2127 responses were collected from a sample with diverse demographic, sex, work, and education characteristics. The impact of COVID-19 was considered high/very high by 60% of respondents. The volume of patients assisted weekly was lower compared with the pre-pandemic period (mean reduction = 14 ± 15 patients). A high rate of fear to contracting the COVID-19 at work was observed (85%); 4.9% of participants had a positive COVID-19 test. The main professional challenges faced by respondents were reduction in the number of patients or financial gain (35%), fear of contracting COVID-19 (34%), and burden with or difficulty in purchasing new personal protective equipment (22%). The fear to contracting COVID-19 was influenced by the number of weekly appointments. A positive test by the dentists was associated with their reports of having assisted COVID-19 patients. The most cited feelings about the pandemic were uncertainty, fear, worry, anxiety, and stress. Negative feelings were more prevalent for professionals who did not receive training for COVID-19 preventive measures and those reporting higher levels of fear to contract the disease.

Conclusion

This multi-country survey indicated a high impact of the pandemic on dental care routines in Latin America. A massive prevalence of bad feelings was associated with the pandemic.
A survey on the orthopedic and functional assessment in a Portuguese population of police working dogs
Authors: Alves João Carlos Agostinho , Jorge Patrícia Isabel Figueiredo , dos Santos Ana Margarida Moniz Pereira
Published: March 2022

Background

Working dogs are at an increased risk of developing an orthopedic disease compared to companion dogs. This study aimed to evaluate functional and orthopedic index fitness in a Portuguese population of police working dogs.

In an observational, prospective study, information on 165 dogs was collected. The age, sex, breed, specific work, and history of previous diagnosis of orthopedic disease were recorded for each patient. A copy of the Canine Orthopedic Index (COI), Hudson Visual Analogue Scale (HVAS), and Functional Assessment (FA) was collected for all dogs. COI, HVAS, and FA scores between breeds, work, age, sex, and history of a previous diagnosis of orthopedic disease were compared. Multiple regression was run to predict COI, HVAS, and FA scores from breeds, work, age, sex, and history of orthopedic disease. Correlations between items were determined with Pearson's correlation. A p < 0.05 was set.

Results

The sample was composed of 92 males and 73 females, with a mean age of 5.2 ± 3.2 years. Four main dog breeds were represented, 60 Belgian Malinois Shepherd Dogs, 52 German Shepherd Dogs, 29 Labrador Retrievers, and 14 Dutch Shepherd Dog. A prevalence of diarrhea of 10.6% was determined, with 4% of dogs having liquid diarrhea. German Shepherd Dogs had significantly higher FA scores (p = 0.03). Dogs with a history of previous veterinary assistance due to orthopedic issues had significantly lower HVAS scores and higher scores with all remaining questionnaires (p < 0.01 for all). No differences were found between sexes or specific work. Age and a history of orthopedic disease contributed to the prediction of all scores. FA scores had a good correlation with COI and HVAS.

Conclusion

This population of police working dogs has a good to excellent level of physical fitness. There was a relationship between increasing age, history of orthopedic disease, and worse scores with all questionnaires. All considered questionnaires could differentiate between animals with a previous history of orthopedic disease and sound dogs.
“In starvation, a bone can also be meat”: a mixed methods evaluation of factors associated with discarding of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Bagamoyo, Tanzania
Authors: Madumla Edith P. , Moore Sarah J. , Moore Jason , Mbuba Emmanuel , Mbeyela Edgar M. , Kibondo Ummi A. , C Selemani , Mmbaga  , Kobe Dickson , Baraka Jitihada , Msellemu Daniel , Swai Johnson K. , Mboma Zawadi M. , Odufuwa Olukayode G.
Published: March 2022

Background

Between 2000 and 2019, more than 1.8 billion long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed in Africa. While the insecticidal durability of LLINs is around 3 years, nets are commonly discarded 2 years post distribution. This study investigated the factors associated with the decision of users to discard LLINs.

Methods

A mixed-method sequential explanatory approach using a structured questionnaire followed by focus group discussions (FGDs) to collect information on experiences, views, reasons, how and when LLINs are discarded. Out of 6,526 households that responded to the questionnaire of LLINs durability trial, 160 households were randomly selected from the households in four villages in Bagamoyo Tanzania for FGDs but only 155 households participated in the FGDs. Five of the household representatives couldn’t participate due to unexpected circumstances. A total of sixteen FGDs each comprising of 8–10 adults were conducted; older women (40–60 years), older men (40–60 years), younger women (18–39 years), younger men (18–39 years). During the FGDs, participants visually inspected seven samples of LLINs that were “too-torn” based on Proportionate Hole Index recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on LLIN testing, the nets were brought to the discussion and participants had to determine if such LLINs were to be kept or discarded. The study assessed responses from the same participants that attended FGD and also responded to the structured questionnaire, 117 participants fulfilled the criteria, thus data from only 117 participants are analysed in this study.

Results

In FGDs, integrity of LLIN influenced the decision to discard or keep a net. Those of older age, women, and householders with lower income were more likely to classify a WHO “too-torn” net as “good”. The common methods used to discard LLINs were burning and burying. The findings were seen in the quantitative analysis. For every additional hole, the odds of discarding a WHO “too-torn” LLIN increased [OR = 1.05 (95%CI (1.04–1.07)), p < 0.001]. Younger age group [OR = 4.97 (95%CI (3.25–7.32)), p < 0.001], male-headed households [OR = 6.85 (95%CI (4.44 –10.59)), p < 0.001], and wealthy households [OR = 3.88 (95%CI (2.33–6.46)), p < 0.001] were more likely to discard LLINs.

Conclusion

Integrity of LLIN was the main determinant for discarding or keeping LLINs and the decision to discard the net is associated with socioeconomic status of the household, and the age and gender of respondents. WHO “too torn” nets are encouraged to be used instead of none until replacement, and disposal of nets should be based on recommendation.
Magnetic, biocompatible FeCO3 nanoparticles for T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of in vivo lung tumors
Authors: Thangudu Suresh , Yu Chun-Chieh , Lee Chin-Lai , Liao Min-Chiao , Su Chia-Hao
Published: March 2022

Background

Late diagnosis of lung cancer is one of the leading causes of higher mortality in lung cancer patients worldwide. Significant research attention has focused on the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based nano contrast agents to efficiently locate cancer tumors for surgical removal or disease diagnostics. Although contrast agents offer significant advantages, further clinical applications require improvements in biocompatibility, biosafety and efficacy.

Results

To address these challenges, we fabricated ultra-fine Iron Carbonate Nanoparticles (FeCO3 NPs) for the first time via modified literature method. Synthesized NPs exhibit ultra-fine size (~ 17 nm), good dispersibility and excellent stability in both aqueous and biological media. We evaluated the MR contrast abilities of FeCO3 NPs and observed remarkable T2 weighted MRI contrast in a concentration dependent manner, with a transverse relaxivity (r2) value of 730.9 ± 4.8 mM−1 S−1at 9.4 T. Moreover, the r2 values of present FeCO3 NPs are respectively 1.95 and 2.3 times higher than the clinically approved contrast agents Resovist® and Friedx at same 9.4 T MR scanner. FeCO3 NPs demonstrate an enhanced T2 weighted contrast for in vivo lung tumors within 5 h of post intravenous administration with no apparent systemic toxicity or induction of inflammation observed in in vivo mice models.

Conclusion

The excellent biocompatibility and T2 weighted contrast abilities of FeCO3 NPs suggest potential for future clinical use in early diagnosis of lung tumors.

Graphical Abstract
Explaining chemical clues of metal organic framework-nanozyme nano-/micro-motors in targeted treatment of cancers: benchmarks and challenges
Authors: Falahati Mojtaba , Sharifi Majid , Hagen Timo L. M. Ten
Published: March 2022

Nowadays, nano-/micro-motors are considered as powerful tools in different areas ranging from cleaning all types of contaminants, to development of Targeted drug delivery systems and diagnostic activities. Therefore, the development and application of nano-/micro-motors based on metal–organic frameworks with nanozyme activity (abbreviated as: MOF-NZs) in biomedical activities have received much interest recently. Therefore, after investigating the catalytic properties and applications of MOF-NZs in the treatment of cancer, this study intends to point out their key role in the production of biocompatible nano-/micro-motors. Since reducing the toxicity of MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors can pave the way for medical activities, this article examines the methods of making biocompatible nanomotors to address the benefits and drawbacks of the required propellants. In the following, an analysis of the amplified directional motion of MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors under physiological conditions is presented, which can improve the motor behaviors in the propulsion function, conductivity, targeting, drug release, and possible elimination. Meanwhile, by explaining the use of MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors in the treatment of cancer through the possible synergy of nanomotors with different therapies, it was revealed that MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors can be effective in the treatment of cancer. Ultimately, by analyzing the potential challenges of MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors in the treatment of cancers, we hope to encourage researchers to develop MOF-NZs-based nanomotors, in addition to opening up new ideas to address ongoing problems.

Graphical Abstract
Targeted-detection and sequential-treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in the complex liver environment by GPC-3-targeted nanoparticles
Authors: Deng Han , Shang Wenting , Wang Kun , Guo Kunxiong , Liu Yu , Tian Jie , Fang Chihua
Published: March 2022

Despite advancements in diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies, the mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains as high as its incidence rate. Most liver cancers are detected in the advanced stages, when treatment options are limited. Small HCC is difficult to diagnose and is often overlooked by current imaging methods because of the complexity of the liver environment, especially in cirrhotic livers. In the present study, we developed a tumor “cruise missile”, mesoporous Fe3O4-containing glucose oxidase-conjugated GPC3 peptide nanoparticles (FGP NPs). It was designed to enhance the accuracy of small HCC visualization to 85.7% using combined ultrasound/photoacoustic imaging in complex liver environment, which facilitated sequential catalytic targeted therapy for small HCC. In a carcinogen-induced mouse HCC model, FGP NPs could be used to accurately diagnose HCC in a liver cirrhosis background as well as distinguish HCC nodules from other abnormal liver nodules, such as cirrhosis nodules and necrotic nodules, by dynamic contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging. In a mouse xenograft HCC model, highly reactive oxygen species were formed by sequential catalytic reactions, which promoted HCC cell apoptosis, significantly increasing the survival of the model mice. The present study provides a basis for the precise detection and elimination of small HCCs in the complex liver environment.

Graphical Abstract
Ethnomycological study of wild edible and medicinal mushrooms in district Jammu, J&K (UT), India
Authors: Sharma Roshi , Sharma Yash Pal , Hashmi Sayed Azhar Jawad , Kumar Sanjeev , Manhas Rajesh Kumar
Published: March 2022

Background

Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has a rich tradition of usage of wild edible mushrooms (WEMs) for culinary and medicinal purposes. But very few studies, restricted to some regions of the Union Territory, have been conducted to enlist the WEM. District Jammu has never been explored for WEM. Moreover, the quantification of the traditional knowledge of WEM has not been carried out as yet in J&K. Therefore, the present study was conducted in the Jammu district with the aims of enlisting the WEM and its usage, finding the most used WEM, and enumerating the consensus of usage for a species and associated knowledge.

Methods

A total of 192 informants between the age of 25 and 87 years were interviewed. The collected information was organized and arranged based on use reports for quantitative analysis. The cultural importance index (CI) and factor informant consensus (Fic) were calculated to estimate the cultural importance and to test homogeneity of information and knowledge sharing about WEM, respectively. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the significance of differences in the usage of WEM among different informant categories.

Results

Results of the present study show that the locals were having knowledge of fourteen fleshy fungi that are mainly utilized for culinary purposes. They also stated various medicinal values of some of these fungi. Agaricaceae and Lyophyllaceae were the most used families, and Termitomyces (5 species) was the most represented genus. Based on CI values, Termitomyces sp. (CI 0.57) was the most important and diversely used species. Termitomyces heimii, Termitomyces clypeatus, and Termitomyces striatus var. annulatus were the other culturally important and frequently consumed species by the locals. More than 78.6% of these WEM were new records as culinary and medicinal for J&K (UT). The values of factor informant consensus (Fic) varied between 0.98 (culinary) and 0.76 (skin diseases). Females, elders, and informants who have not attended schools were having significantly (P < 0.05) higher information regarding WEM.

Conclusion

The inhabitants of district Jammu had good knowledge of WEM, but no documentation, lying of most of the information with elders and uneducated people, and destruction of forests and other natural habitats of WEM pose a serious threat of losing this valuable information in near future. An ardent need is to educate locals regarding regionally available WEM. Further studies are recommended for developing protocols of cultivation of these WEM so that their future availability is ascertained along with creating income resources for the local population.
Incidence and risk factors for postoperative pneumonia following surgically treated hip fracture in geriatric patients: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tian Yunxu , Zhu Yanbin , Zhang Kexin , Tian Miao , Qin Shuhui , Li Xiuting , Zhang Yingze
Published: March 2022

Objective

Large sample investigations for risk factors for pneumonia in elderly patients after hip fracture surgeries are lacking. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence and risk factors for postoperative pneumonia in geriatric patients following hip fracture operations.

Methods

A retrospective study of incidence and risk factors in a tertiary referral center between 2016 and 2020 was conducted. Geriatric patients who developed postoperative pneumonia after surgeries of hip fracture during hospitalization stay were defined as cases and those without as controls. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to evaluate risk factors for postoperative pneumonia.

Results

This study included 3147 patients, and 182 developed postoperative pneumonia, denoting the rate of 5.8%. In the multivariate analyses, age (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02–1.06), sex (males) (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.64–3.13), respiratory disease (OR 3.74; 95% CI 2.32–6.04), heart disease (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.14–2.47), cerebrovascular disease (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.11–2.27), liver disease (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.33–5.15), preoperative stay (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.05–1.11) and general anesthesia (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.15–2.27) were identified as independent risk factors for postoperative pneumonia.

Conclusions

This study identified several risk factors for pneumonia in geriatric patients after hip fracture operations, providing a viable preventive strategy for optimizing clinical conditions for reduction of postoperative pneumonia.
Case of a 6-year-old boy with anaphylaxis induced by erythritol with positive skin prick test and negative basophil activation test
Authors: Mori Satomi , Kurihara Kazuyuki , Inuo Chisato
Published: March 2022

Erythritol is widely used as an additive in foods and pharmaceuticals. We present the case of a 6-year-old boy who developed an allergy to erythritol. He showed a positive skin prick test result and a negative basophil activation test result. In cases involving allergens with low molecular weights, the test results should be carefully interpreted.
Population distribution by ethnicities and the disparities in health risk and coping in the United States during the pandemic: the spatial and time dynamics
Authors: Li Jiannan , Wang Xinmeng , Yuan Bocong
Published: March 2022

Background

As a multi-ethnic country, the US is increasingly concerned about ethnic minorities facing disproportionate health risks of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study attempted to provide a macro picture of the associations between population distribution by ethnicity and the vulnerability to COVID-19 in terms of infection risk and vaccination coverage in the US.

Methods

This study used multi-source data from New York Times, County Health Rankings & Roadmap Program (2020), and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Multiple linear regressions were performed at equidistant time points (May 2020-Jan 2021, with one-month interval between each time point) to reveal the association between population distribution by ethnicities and the infection risk and the dynamics over time. Besides, multiple linear regressions were also conducted at equidistant time points (Jan 2021-Aug 2021) to reveal whether health disparities between ethnicities would hold true for the COVID-19 vaccination coverage (in total population, and among those > 12, > 18, and > 65 years of age).

Results

Both the COVID-19 confirmed cases (population standardized) and the vaccination coverage (in total population, and among those > 12, > 18, and > 65 years of age) were significantly associated with the population distribution by ethnicity (e.g., population percentage of ethnic minorities). Above associations were statistically significant for non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics, but not for Asian Americans.

Conclusions

A proportion of socioeconomically-disadvantageous population could be a key intuitive reflection of the risk level of this public health crisis. The policy focusing on the vulnerable population is important in this pandemic.
Spatial organization of the kelp microbiome at micron scales
Authors: Ramírez-Puebla S. Tabita , Weigel Brooke L. , Jack Loretha , Schlundt Cathleen , Pfister Catherine A. , Mark Welch Jessica L.
Published: March 2022

Background

Elucidating the spatial structure of host-associated microbial communities is essential for understanding taxon-taxon interactions within the microbiota and between microbiota and host. Macroalgae are colonized by complex microbial communities, suggesting intimate symbioses that likely play key roles in both macroalgal and bacterial biology, yet little is known about the spatial organization of microbes associated with macroalgae. Canopy-forming kelp are ecologically significant, fixing teragrams of carbon per year in coastal kelp forest ecosystems. We characterized the micron-scale spatial organization of bacterial communities on blades of the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana using fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral imaging with a probe set combining phylum-, class-, and genus-level probes to localize and identify > 90% of the microbial community.

Results

We show that kelp blades host a dense microbial biofilm composed of disparate microbial taxa in close contact with one another. The biofilm is spatially differentiated, with clustered cells of the dominant symbiont Granulosicoccus sp. (Gammaproteobacteria) close to the kelp surface and filamentous Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria relatively more abundant near the biofilm-seawater interface. A community rich in Bacteroidetes colonized the interior of kelp tissues. Microbial cell density increased markedly along the length of the kelp blade, from sparse microbial colonization of newly produced tissues at the meristematic base of the blade to an abundant microbial biofilm on older tissues at the blade tip. Kelp from a declining population hosted fewer microbial cells compared to kelp from a stable population.

Conclusions

Imaging revealed close association, at micrometer scales, of different microbial taxa with one another and with the host. This spatial organization creates the conditions necessary for metabolic exchange among microbes and between host and microbiota, such as provisioning of organic carbon to the microbiota and impacts of microbial nitrogen metabolisms on host kelp. The biofilm coating the surface of the kelp blade is well-positioned to mediate interactions between the host and surrounding organisms and to modulate the chemistry of the surrounding water column. The high density of microbial cells on kelp blades (105–107 cells/cm2), combined with the immense surface area of kelp forests, indicates that biogeochemical functions of the kelp microbiome may play an important role in coastal ecosystems.
Beautiful Pietàs in South Tyrol (Northern Italy): local or imported works of art?
Authors: Dariz Petra , Wortmann Ulrich G. , Vogl Jochen , Schmid Thomas
Published: March 2022

The study, dedicated to Beautiful Pietàs conserved in South Tyrol (Northern Italy), aims to establish, for the first time, a connection between Austroalpine raw materials and the high-fired gypsum mortars constituting the Gothic figure groups in question. The origin and chronology of this stylistically and qualitatively differing ensemble have been subject of art historical debate for nearly a century. The discourse is dominated by three main hypotheses: itinerary of an Austrian artist versus itinerary of the work of art created in an artist’s workshop in Austria versus itinerary of the stylistic vocabulary via graphical or three-dimensional models. The comparison of the δ34S values and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the gypsum mortars and Austroalpine sulphate deposits (in a compilation of own reference samples and literature data) points to the exploitation of sediments in the Salzkammergut and possibly also in the evaporite district of the Eastern Calcareous Alps, thus evidencing the import of the sculptures and not the activities of local South Tyrolean or itinerant artists. Two geochronological units are distinguishable: The Pietà in the Church St. Martin in Göflan can be assigned to Upper Permian raw material, whereas the metrologically consistent sculptures in the Church of Our Lady of the Benedictine Abbey Marienberg and in the Chapel St. Ann in Mölten correlate with deposits of the Early Triassic (or the Lower-Middle Triassic transition). The medieval gypsum mortars also differ in their mineralogical characteristics, i.e. in their geologically related minor components, as in the first case, characterised by a significant proportion of primary anhydrite, natural carbonate impurities mainly consist of calcite (partly converted to lime-lump-like aggregates), whereas in the second group dolomite (or rather its hydration products after pyrometamorphic decomposition) predominates, accompanied by celestine, quartz and potassium feldspar. The Pietà in the Cathedral Maria Himmelfahrt in Bozen turned out to be made of Breitenbrunn calcareous sandstone (Leitha Mountains, Burgenland, Austria), which is why the sample is not considered in the geochemical analysis.

Graphical Abstract
Engineering pedagogical content knowledge: examining correlations with formal and informal preparation experiences
Authors: Love Tyler S. , Hughes Andrew J.
Published: March 2022

Background

Developing pre-service educators’ content and pedagogical knowledge is critical for providing high-quality instruction in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Specifically, pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) has been identified as one of the most critically needed research areas within engineering education. However, limited research exists on PCK in engineering education contexts. Therefore, this study investigated whether specific teacher preparation coursework and informal educational experiences influenced high school instructors’ teaching of engineering content and practices.

Results

Using methods similar to a previous study examining technology and engineering educators’ teaching of science content and practices (Love & Wells in International Journal of Technology and Design Education 28:395–416, 2018), this study utilized a random sample of 55 Foundations of Technology and Engineering (FoTE) educators from 12 county school systems in the United States. The participants completed the TEES-PCK survey (Love in The Journal of Technology Studies 41: 58–71, 2015), which collected data about their formal and informal preparation experiences. Based on participant responses, eight educators were purposefully selected to be observed while teaching the same FoTE lesson. The observed teaching of engineering content and practices for these eight educators were assigned a rating using the reliable and validated RTOP instrument modified by Love et al. (Journal of Technology Education 29: 45–66, 2017). The TEES-PCK survey data and teaching observation ratings for the eight educators were analyzed using an exploratory correlational design. Spearman’s rho tests were used to examine the strength of the relationship between specific formal or informal preparation experiences and their teaching of engineering content and practices. The data were validated through corroboration with FoTE curriculum content analyses, classroom audio recordings and notes, and interviews. The analyses found several formal and informal preparation experiences significantly correlated with participants’ teaching of engineering content and practices.

Conclusions

This study presents recommendations for informing the preparation of educators to teach engineering content and practices in greater depth. The findings provide implications for educational researchers, teacher preparation programs, and in-service professional development efforts. This study contributes to the limited yet essential research area of engineering PCK.
Process institutionalism: toward an action-centric approach to state extraction
Authors: Chen Zetao
Published: March 2022

What is the relationship between actions and institutions in state extraction? State extraction is the process whereby revenue is extracted from constituents to the state. Studies on state extraction in the early modern era mostly adopt the institution-centric approach, which perceives actions as manifestations of institutional and structural characteristics in a social context. However, it does not explain the varying actions and the resultant diversified institutional changes beyond the behavioral and institutional repertoires determined by these characteristics. This article proposes the process institutionalism model as a new paradigm for understanding the relationship between actions and institutions in state extraction. This model employs an action-centric approach, which maintains that actions lead to changes in institutions and the actors’ consciousness. It also demonstrates the qualitative contradictions among the incentives in the efficiency and legitimacy dimensions of an action and adopts an eventful explanation of actors’ understandings of and selections among the contradictory incentives during the temporal process of actions. Process institutionalism engages theoretical and empirical research on the relationship between actions and institutions by reviewing existing literature on state extraction in history, especially the history of the early modern period, the critical juncture whereby states and other related institutions experienced dramatic changes and displayed regional diversity.
Gorlin Syndrome: Assessing Genotype-Phenotype Correlations and Analysis of Early Clinical Characteristics as Risk Factors for Disease Severity
Authors: Betancourt Nicolas J. , Qian Mollie F. , Pickford Jean R. , Bailey-Healy Irene , Tang Jean Y. , Teng Joyce M.C.
Published: March 2022

PURPOSE

Gorlin syndrome (GS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by lifetime risk of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), skeletal anomalies (SAs), and other extracutaneous neoplasms. There is great variation in disease severity, and a genotype-phenotype correlation has not been well established. Here, we investigate whether patients' clinical characteristics predict disease severity to inform clinical decision making.

METHODS

Data of 248 patients with GS were collected between 2014 and 2021 from three institutions. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to investigate whether clinical characteristics predicted disease burden. Genotype-phenotype correlations were investigated in 40 patients.

RESULTS

Patients with SAs had a mean increase of 120 lifetime BCCs (95% CI, 27.1 to 213) relative to patients without SAs. Those with ≥ 2 SAs had 2.45 increased odds (95% CI, 1.01 to 5.91) of advanced or metastatic BCCs. Moreover, the presence of multiple SAs was associated with 5.00 increased odds of having a keratocystic odontogenic tumor (95% CI, 2.22 to 11.3) and 2.79 increased odds of an ovarian fibroma (95% CI, 1.05 to 7.40). Genotype-phenotype analyses showed that missense/in-frame mutations were more likely to be hereditary compared with severe deleterious mutation types (100% v 27%; P = .004). In addition, heat map visualization illustrated that those with more deleterious variants, like large deletions, trended toward increased burden of SAs and BCCs per year.

CONCLUSION

GS patients with SAs may be at greater risk for developing more numerous and severe BCCs and other neoplastic growths including keratocystic odontogenic tumors and ovarian fibromas. Current clinical guidelines suggest yearly follow-up in individuals with GS. Since SAs are usually recognized at the time of diagnosis, our results suggest that more vigilant lifetime multidisciplinary surveillance should be considered for these patients starting in childhood.
Transnational Anti-Muslim Racism
Authors: Bakht Natasha
Published: March 2022

Bans or attempts to ban the niqab have traveled global circuits, with disastrous consequences for Muslim women who wear the face veil. These women have evoked a repugnance that insists on erasing them from public spaces. An analysis of niqab bans reveals that: (1) a transnational proliferation of racist methods of regulating Muslim women’s dress occurs through law; (2) they have been initiated by politicians to protect majoritarian values; (3) justifications for bans are based on specious logic; and (4) some are defended using gender equality on the erroneous assumption that women are universally coerced into wearing this garment despite empirical research noting that women wear the niqab as an expression of faith. The treatment of niqab-wearing women requires close attention to the transnational routes of legalized anti-Muslim racism.