bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caterpillar Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

Foliar applications of insecticides were evaluated for CEW control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston, NC, in 1993. Each plot was 50 feet × 2 rows (36 inch centers) of NC-7 variety peanuts, and plots were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by a 5-ft barren strip and on each side by 2 buffer rows. Peanuts were grown under standard production practices in a light sandy soil with pH of 5.7 and 0.8% humic matter. Treatments were applied on 18 Aug using a CO,- powered backpack sprayer delivering approx. 25 gal of water per acre operating at 40 psi and using 8003 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 88°F. Caterpillars were sampled on 20 Aug (2 DAT) by taking 4 standard 3-ft beat cloth counts per plot. Pretreatments counts determined the caterpillars population to be 12.0 per two 3 foot beat cloth samples. All instars were present at time of sampling. Only live caterpillars were counted for analysis. All data were transformed (square root of × + 0.5).
Apple, Phytotoxic Effects of M-Pede at Three Ph Levels, 1993
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, Ml at a rate of 125 gpa with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of nine tree blocks (including nine different varieties), replicated three times. Applications of all materials were made at petal fall and 4 and 8 cover, on 2 Jun, 20 Jul and 7 Sep. Imidan, Captan, Guthion, Nova, Thiodan, Rubigan, Bayleton, and Streptomycin were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluation of phytotoxicity was made on 22 Jun, 27 Jul, 5 Aug and 13 Sep by randomly selecting 25 leaves and fruit/tree rep. (75 leaves and fruit/variety/treatment). Leaves and fruit were rated on a 1-5 scale, for phytotoxicity where 1 = 0%, 2 = 1-25%, 3 = 26-50%, 4 = 51-75%, and 5 = 76-100% showing injury.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Velvetbean Caterpillar on Peanuts, 1993
Authors: Wolf S. P. , Mack T. P.
Published: December 2017

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled ‘Florunner’ peanuts at the Wiregrass Agricultural Experiment Substation of Auburn University at Headland, AL. Five treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 40 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 15 ft alley. Treatments were applied in water on 27 Aug using a boom sprayer equipped with one TX-3 nozzle per row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8.0 gal/acre. Insect populations were monitored with an 18 inch sweep net and taking 10 pendulum sweeps over the same row within each plot. Samples were taken 18 hrs before treatment and at 4 and 6 DAT.
Apple, Early Season European Red Mite Control, 1993
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Miticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Black - Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 30 Apr (1/2 Green), 4 May (Tight Cluster), 7 May (Tight Cluster), 10 May (Pink), 18 May (Bloom), 1 Jun (Petal Fall), and 10 Jun (1C). Rubigan, Bayleton, Nova, Captan and Streptomycin were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations were made on 25 May, 1, 7, 15 and 23 Jun by picking 50 randomly selected leaves per tree (total of 200 leaves per treatment). Mite counts were made by brushing leaves in a mite-brushing machine and counting eggs and motile forms of ERM, and adult predatory mites (AF and ZM), under a microscope.
Control of Soybean Looper and Beet Armyworm on Soybean in North Louisiana, 1993
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Boethel David J. , Thomas James D. , Leonard B. Roger , Burris Eugene
Published: December 2017

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate control of soybean looper and beet armyworm on soybean with several insecticides. In Test 1, insecticides were applied to plots measuring 15.2 m long × 8 rows (0.5 m spacing) located at the Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph (Tensas Parish), LA. Plots were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replication blocks. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 3.8 kg/cm2 through TX12 hollow cone nozzles (2 per row). Insecticides were applied on 24 Aug to ‘Davis’ soybeans in the R5 growth stage. In Test 2, experimental design, number of replications, nozzle size and type, and spray volume per hectare were identical to Test 1. Plots that measured 12.2 m long by 4 rows (1 m spacing) were located at the Macon Ridge Research Station near Winnsboro (Franklin Parish), LA. Sprayer pressure was 2.8 kg/cm2. Insecticides were applied on 25 Aug to ‘Buckshot 723’ soybeans in the R3 growth stage. Posttreatment samples consisted of one set of 25 sweeps per plot (0.38 m diam muslin net), taken 2 and 6 DAT, or 2 and 7 DAT in Tests 1 or 2, respectively. Precipitation did not occur throughout the duration of both tests and plots were not irrigated. Both test areas were treated with methyl parathion before the experiments. Test 1 was treated with 0.56 kg (AI)/ha 2 wk before experimental treatments were applied and Test 2 was treated with 0.28 kg (AI)/ha 3 wk before experimental treatments were applied.
Pear, Pink and Petal Fall Timing of Manzate, 1993
Authors: Hilton Richard , VanBuskirk Philip , Westigard Peter
Published: December 2017

Applications were made to 20 year-old Bosc and Cornice pear trees using a commercial air-carrier sprayer set to deliver 200 gpa. Each treatment was composed of 5, 20-tree replicates. Manzate 200 DF at either 6 or 8 lb formulated/acre was applied at pink bud (5 Apr), petal fall (28 Apr) or at both timings. Morestan 25 WP (5 lb/ac) was applied at the pink stage and used as the standard treatment. Estimates of PP nymphal densities were made by counts on 20 fruit cluster leaves/rep. Adult PP were recorded from 3 beating tray samples per replication.
Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Control on Typical Course Putting Green Turf, Franklin County, Oh, 1993
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Williamson R. C. , Richmond D. , Niemczyk H. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on range 1 and 2 of the The Ohio State University Turfgrass Research Center, Columbus, OH. Insecticides were applied 12 Aug to plots 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 3 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet RX8004VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.11 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Treatments were not irrigated but the entire plot received approximately ¼ inch (6 mm) of irrigation between 4:00 and 5:00 AM each day. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. Turf: level, 0.5 inch (13 mm) height, light dew present. Thatch: loose, moist, ¼ inch (6.4 mm) or less. Soil: very moist, 78°F (25.6°C) at 1 inch (2.5 cm), 73°F (22.8°C) at 3 inch (7.6 cm), sandy clay. Weather: sunny, 79°F (26.1°C), 5-10 mph (8-16 km/ h) wind. Efficacy data taken 16 Aug (4 DAT) and 26 Aug (14 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed in a 1 yd2 (0.84 m2) area using a soap irritant of 15 ml Joy dishwashing detergent in 2 gal (7.6 liter) water.
Apple Aphid Control on Crabapples, 1993
Authors: Miller Fredric
Published: December 2017

Forty-eight aphid infested crabapple understock seedlings growing outside in one qt pots were selected for study. Treatments were randomly assigned to each of four single plant replications. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 3, 7 and 14 DAT, a two inch segment of the growing terminal was examined and the total number of live aphids recorded. Treatments of chlorpyrifos, M-pede, and Talstar were applied until drip using a one qt capacity, hand-held Polysprayer. Aphids that were shriveled and that failed to exhibit movement after repeated proddings were considered dead. Temperature at the time of application was approximately 80°F with approximately 50% RH.
Knockdown Activity of Insecticide Formulations, 1990-1991
Authors: Reid Byron L. , Dryden Michael W.
Published: December 2017

Contact action against cat flea adults was examined for 3 ready-to-use veterinary products: Duratrol Household Flea Spray (0.5% chlorpyrifos), 3M-89226 (0.5% chlorpyrifos and 0.2% esbiothrin), and Siphotrol Plus II House Treatment (0.007% methoprene, 0.225% chlorpyrifos, 0.5% pyrethrins, 0.1% piperonyl butoxide, 0.165% MGK 264). White, 100% nylon carpet (medium pile) was cut to 28-cm diam disks and placed at the bottom of a metal can (35 cm high); carpets were acclimated in environmental cabinets (25°C, 80% RH) 24 h before treatment. Twenty-five adult fleas (<5 d old) were released onto carpets 30 min before treatment. Insecticide dilutions were applied with a mechanized sprayer according to label directions, with an 800IE (flat-fan) nozzle at a constant 25 psi from a nozzle height of 45 cm. At 6 intervals after treatment (range: 0.5 to 12 h), knockdown was assessed by aspirating live fleas (crawling or jumping). These were transferred to petri dishes lined with filter paper, held overnight (at 25°C and 80% RH), and assessed 1 DAT to determine mortality. At 1 DAT, mortality in fleas knocked down at the initial inspection was confirmed. Observations are reported as: 1) knockdown at intervals after treatment and 2) overall mortality at 1 DAT. Three replicates were conducted in a randomized complete block design and ANOVA, followed by a LSD test (P = 0.05), evaluated comparative efficacy among products
Residual Activity of Insecticides on Dendrobium for Control of Orchid Weevils, 1993
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y.
Published: December 2017

Bioassay tests were conducted from 10 Mar through 8 Apr (study 1) and 31 Aug through 22 Sep (study 2) at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, HI. Established plants ‘Uniwai Supreme’ (study 1), and ‘Uniwai Pearl’ (study 2) growing in 0.5 inch crushed basalt rock under a Conley cold frame greenhouse (6 mil. clear FVG 3HLFI polyethylene film covering) were used in this study. Insecticides were applied once at 1,375 liters/ha using a compressed air sprayer with a 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Sixteen leaves per treatment, 4 leaves per replicate, were removed weekly from the plant and placed into 12.0 × 10.5 cm unwaxed paper containers. Ten orchid weevils, field collected on bamboo orchids, Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr., were added to each container and covered with organdy. In study 1, leaf residues were assayed 7, 14, and 21 d after treatment. Weevil mortality and the number of feeding marks (injury) were assessed using a 5d exposure period. In study 2, residues were bioassayed 7 and 14 d after treatment and mortality and injury were assessed after a 2 d exposure period.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1992
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. E.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied to randomized 0.66 acre plots replicated 3 times. Applications were made with an FMC 1090 Crop Care System air blast sprayer on 15-16 Jul 1992 in 250 gal/acre. Temperatures during spraying ranged from 83° to 94°F and the RH was 65% to 70%. Winds were less than 3 mph with no significant rainfall during application. The trees were mature ‘Valencia’, planted at 12.5 × 30 ft spacing (116 trees/acre). Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of the 3 replications, for a total of 6 trees per treatment. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Control of Pepper Weevil with Azadirachtin and Synthetic Insecticides on Bell Pepper, Spring 1994
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse raised bell pepper seedlings were transplanted on 7 Feb, 12 inches apart between plants in single rows on raised beds covered with black polyethylene film mulch. Beds were prepared by fumigation with 33/67 chloropicrin/methyl bromide at 220 lbs/acre and fertilized with a bottom mix of 800 lbs/acre of 5-16-8 and a top mix of 1000 lbs/acre of 19-0-30. Rows were 240 feet long on 12 foot centers and watered by subirrigation. Two rows were divided into 4 blocks of 120 feet, each block consisting of 6, 20-ft plots. Plants were sprayed weekly with a fungicide rotating between a mix of 3.0 lbs Kocide DF plus 1.0 lb/acre Maneb 80 W and Bravo applied at 32 oz/acre. Six treatments were assigned to each block in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Applications were made on 9 consecutive weeks starting 14 Mar using a 12 tank sprayer equipped with a diaphragm pump powered by a gasoline engine. The sprayer was mounted on a small trailer pulled by a 4-wheel drive Suzuki ATV at 2 MPH. Spray was distributed by a single row boom consisting of 2 side drops with 2 nozzles each and one over the row nozzle for a total of 5 nozzles. Albuz ATR® “red” ceramic tipped nozzles were used at 80 PSI of pump pressure for a delivery rate of 35 gal/acre. An adjuvant, ASPA 80® (Amway Corp.), was added to treatments containing Lorsban, Vydate and Karate at 0.05% v/v and NeemGuard® at 0.14% v/v for the Azadirachtin 4.5%. Following a pretreatment count which yielded an average of 0.13 weevils per 10 plant sample per block, adult weevils were counted weekly on 10 randomly selected plants per plot and bud and fruit drop caused by weevils was evaluated. Aphid infestations on these plants were evaluated by visually rating on a scale of 1 to 5 beginning 5 Apr. Aphid parasitism was evaluated beginning on 25 Apr by counting mummies and nonparasitized apterous aphids from 9 leaves per plot treated with Lorsban and control. Ten plants from each plot were harvested and graded for marketability on 9 May. Nonmarketable fruit was further graded into 3 categories based on type of damage.
Comparison of Admire Application Methods, 1994
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Gemchip’ potatoes were planted 8 Jun at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants. Fertilizer was applied at planting (1750 lb/acre 10-20-20). The Admire 2F soil treatment was applied at planting using a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi with a 8004 flat fan nozzle delivering the insecticide into the seed furrow. The field was treated on 7 Jun with 0.75 lb/acre of Sencor DF. Fungicide, Dithane at 2.0 lb/acre, was applied 12, 19, 26 Jul, 3, 18, 26 Aug, 2 Sep, and Penncozeb at 2.0 lb/acre was applied 10 Aug. Paraquat, lpt/acre, was applied 21 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were two rows wide and 50 ft in length, with 12 ft alleys separating plots and 6 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments initiated when the first generation larvae were increasing in the plots were applied 12 and 26 Jul with a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Number of eggs, small (instar 1-2), large (instar 3-4) larvae, and adults were counted and percent defoliation was visually estimated in five 1-m lengths of row per plot weekly. PLH nymphs were sampled by visually inspecting 5 compound leaves per plot. Potatoes were harvested 10 Oct with all grading finished by 12 Oct.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with Microbial Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 11 Apr, ‘94. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 31 May, and 8 Jun. Plots were treated with Asana XL 0.05 lb Al/A and PBO 8EC 0.375 lb Al/acre on 21 and 28 Jun to control Colorado potato beetle adults. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 8 Jul from 20 feet of row.
Control of Melon Thrips in Squash, 1994
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

Squash (‘Dixie’) was planted in Homestead on 31 Mar 1992. Plant spacing was 0.3 m in the row and 0.9 m between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1890 kg/ha with granular fertilizer (8:16:16) on two dates at planting and 2 wk after planting. Plots were four rows, 12 m long. Eight treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with four replications. All treatments were compared with a nontreated check. Dilution of all foliar sprays were at the rate of 100 gpa. Foliar application of insecticides were made using a backpack sprayer at 30 psi. Payload was applied in furrow by the seed row two weeks after planting. Insecticides were evaluated by collecting samples consisting of five matured leaves (one/plant) from the center of two middle rows of each treatment plot on each of three sampling dates 26 Apr, 1 and 6 May 1994. Leaves were washed with 70% alcohol and numbers of thrips adults and larvae in each sample were recorded using a stereo microscope.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1993
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 10 Sep, 18 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 29 Sep, 8, 12, 20, 27 Oct, 5, 12, 17 Nov, 1, 8, and 18 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gpa for the first two applications, 90 gpa the next four applications, and 120 gpa for the remaining applications using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 7 Dec, the numbers of leafmines and leaf rolls of the tomato pinworm were counted by two persons in a 2 min. whole plant search. On 14-15 Dec, the numbers of small (<0.5 inch long) and large leafmines (>0.5 inch long) were counted by two trained observers in a 1 minute whole plant search. Pinworm and leafminer damage counts of both persons were totalled. Fruit were harvested on 22 Nov, 3, 14, and 28 Dec. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by armyworm and tomato pinworm larvae were determined.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1994A
Authors: Bragg D. E. , Mayer D.
Published: December 2017

Plots were planted 6 May near Pomeroy, WA, at a rate of 6 lb/acre in rows 7 inches apart. Plots were 20 × 2 ft, replicated 4 times with a RCBD, and were situated with replicates perpendicular to a grass field. Precounts (PrCt) of plant stand per 6.6 ft row, and damage on 20 randomly selected plants on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 = no damage and 6 = total destruction, were made 22 May. Five insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 20 gpa and 20 psi on 23 May. Conditions at treatment were 80 F° with no wind at 4 pm. Plants were in the cotyledon stage with meristem visible. Evaluations of stand reduction and plant damage were made on 2, 5, 7, and 10 DAT. All surviving plants were in the 7-leaf rosette stage at 10 DAT.
Cabbage Aphid Control in Canola, 1994
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Murray Todd A.
Published: December 2017

Plots were planted 9 May on the Washington State University campus, Pullman, WA. with a small plot drill at a seeding rate of 6 lb/acre in 7 rows 6 inches apart. Plots were 20 × 20 ft, replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Seven insecticides were applied on 8 Jul to water stressed plants in the budding stage, with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. It was equipped with a 6.75 ft boom and 6 XR Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles with 100 mesh screen on 19 inch spacing and calibrated to deliver 21.3 gpa at 30 psi. Treatments were evaluated at 3, 7, and 14 DAT with 2 (180°) sweeps with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated by Fisher’s LSD.
First Generation European Corn Borer Larvicide Trial, 1994
Authors: Haas Mike , Landis Doug
Published: December 2017

The trial was planted on 13 May at the Entomology Farm in East Lansing, Ml. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were 1 row × 50 ft long and spaced 30 inches apart for all treatments except the Furadan broadcast treatment, which was 3 rows wide. Corn rootworm insecticides were included in the test to address a question asked by growers concerning whether or not control of ECB larvae is gained from a rootworm insecticide application. Five registered granular rootworm insecticides and 2 experimentals were applied at planting. Furadan 4F was applied for corn rootworm control using the guideline of spraying 10 to 20 d before rootworm egg hatch. Furadan was applied on 3 Jun as a broadcast treatment, and a band directed at the base of the plant at 20 gpa. A blackheadstage ECB egg mass was placed in the whorl of 10 consecutive plants in each plot on 27 Jun. Whorl treatments were applied on 30 Jun at the rate of 22.0 gpa. Granular materials were applied in band over the whorls. Plots were evaluated on 28 July. The number of plants with ECB tunnel damage, cavities per 10 plants, and the cm of tunneling for each treatment were recorded as a measure of the severity of the ECB damage. Means were analyzed with ANOVA and separated using DMRT.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected At-Planting Insecticide and Starter Fertilizer Treatments, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) and in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) were compared to that of an untreated check. Native winter vegetation was allowed to cover the area in the test. Gramoxone X-tra (1.5 pt/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant to terminate all vegetation. All plots also received atrazine 4L (3.0 pt/acre) + Roundup D-pak (3.0 pt/acre) at planting. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.1% organic matter) on 3 Mar with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments for Furadan 4F mixed with the starter fertilizer (11-37-0) or starter fertilizer alone were applied with a CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 48 psi. IFSAP treatments for Furadan 4F without fertilizer were applied with a CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Numbers of chinch bugs were recorded on 22, 28 Apr and 2 May by sampling 10 plants in each plot. Armyworm damage to plants was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot 1 wk after plant emergence. Cutworm damage to plants was recorded weekly for 4 wk after emergence and was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was measured on 19 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 18 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final seed yields.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum, 1994
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: December 2017

Selected insecticides were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Hybrid grain sorghum (ATx399 × RTx430) was planted 20 May in rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 8 rows × 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots. Insecticides were applied between 0800 and 0900 hours CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 5.6 gpa. Application began when 10-30% of the panicles were flowering; insecticides were applied 10, 13, and 16 Jul. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application by counting the number of sorghum midges on 10 individual sorghum panicles enclosed in clear plastic bags. The panicles were cut from the plant and returned to the laboratory for examination and sorghum midge counts. Grain yield data were collected from the 2 middle rows per plot. Panicles were hand harvested from selected 8.75 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD.
Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Larval Control on Golf Course Turfgrass Nursery, Medina County, Oh, 1994
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Belcher M. , Niemczyk H. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on the Westfield Country Club bentgrass nursery. Insecticides and nematodes were applied 11 Jul to plots 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) arranged in a RCB with the blocks separated by 3 ft (0.91 m) and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied using a CO2 sprayer with TeeJet® XR8006VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.11 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1.0 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Treatments were not irrigated after application. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. Turf: level, dense, 7/,6 inch (11 mm) height, heavy dew present. Thatch: loose, moist, V* to 3/s inch (6-9 mm) or less. Soil: moist, 76°F (24.4°C) at 1.0 inch (2.5 cm), 75°F (23.9°C) at 3.0 inch (7.6 cm), sandy loam. Weather: mostly sunny, 76 to 82°F (24.4-27.8°C), 0 to 7 mph (0-11.7 km/h) wind. Efficacy data taken 15 Jul (4 DAT) and 25 Jul (14 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed to the surface in a 1.0 yd2 (0.84 m2) area using a soap irritant drench of 15 ml Joy®1 dishwashing detergent in 2.0 gal (7.6 liter) water.
Evaluation of Merit Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Wayne, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCBD, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with topdressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 80°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 76°F; RH, 78%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 24.5% sand, 60.6% silt, 14.9% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.8%; organic matter, 8.0%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 4.8; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Counts were made 118 DAT (20 Sep). The total number of new freshly constructed green June beetle burrows were recorded from each replicate (54 ft2).
Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Experimental and Conventional Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Centre County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO, compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 64°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 64°F; RH, 95%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inches; soil type, loam to clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.3% sand, 36.9% silt, 26.8% clay; organic matter, 4.2%; soil moisture (oven baked), 22.0%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.1; and heavily overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area received 0.3 inches natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 15 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Thrips on Dendrobium, Hi, 1994
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu Ben K. S.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted from 14 Jul through 8 Sep 1994 on 8 year old orchid plants at a commercial dendrobium farm in Kailua-Kona. Plants were growing in 1.3 cm crushed basaltic rock under 30% polypropylene shade using standard cultural practices. Experimental plots measured 40 ft2 with 58 plants per plot arranged in a RCB with four blocks. Four weekly applications of insecticides were applied beginning 14 Jul and ending 4 Aug. A spreader-sticker (Ad-here, J. R. Simplot, Lanthrop, CA) was added to all foliar treatments, including the control, at a rate of 0.5 ml per liter solution. Insecticides were applied at 1,345 liters/ha using a backpack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle (Spraying systems Co. Wheaton, IL) at 276 KPa. The control was sprayed with water. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by randomly harvesting 5 inflorescences weekly from each block. Blossoms were removed from the inflorescences, counted, and placed in Berlese funnels heated with a 60 watt incandescent light bulb. Thrips were collected in an 8:2:1:1 solution of ethanol, distilled H20, acetic acid and glycerin, and the number of nymphs and adults counted. Because the number of blossoms per inflorescences varied, thrips counts were adjusted to the number of thrips per blossom by dividing the total number of thrips recovered by the total number of blossoms. Data were transformed to log,0(x + 1) and analyzed by ANOVA.
Response of Mexican Corn Rootworm to Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Guerrero-Rodriguez E. , Davalos-Luna S. , Corrales-Reynaga J.
Published: December 2017

Populations of MCR of commercial field corn from Arenal, Jalisco were exposed to nine insecticides of organophosphorous (OP), cabamate, organo chlorinated and pyrethroid groups. Larvae were collected from the roots of corn plants daily, and confined in polyethylene black bags of two kg capacity with humidity and germinated corn as food for larvae. Insects were taken to the laboratory of Sanidad Vegetal in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Dilutions of the insecticides tested were prepared using acetone from 500 to 5000 ppm (6 to 9 dosage/product). For this study 20 larvae of last instar were selected and 1 u, liter of the solution was placed topically on the thorax, after this, each larva was placed in a petri dish with a moistened paper towel and the petri dishes confined in a cardboard box to eliminate light. Mortality counts were carried out at 24 hours. Percent mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula. The mortality data were analyzed by probit to obtain LC50 and LC,5 values for each insecticide.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doer M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Using a leaf-disk bioassay, B. thuringiensis products (Dipel and Troy Bt), and B. thuringiensis with feeding stimulants (Konsume and Coax) were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 8 Sep at the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 6 and 8 (OBLR) DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each replicate and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Apple, Acaricides Test, 1994
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted, high pressure (450 psi) handgun sprayer dilute to singletree plots of ‘Empire’ apples that were 10.5 ft high and planted 14 by 21 ft apart. Treatments were in a RCB design, replicated three times. Plots were separated by an unsprayed buffer tree. This test was designed to compare the effectiveness of acaricides against high summer mite populations. The first spray was applied on 18 Jul, when mite populations in the orchard exceeded recommended threshold levels of 5.0 mites per leaf. All plots were retreated on 28 Jul. ERM were counted on 25 randomly selected intermediate-aged fruit cluster or spur leaves in the laboratory using a dissecting microscope at zero, three and seven days after the first treatment. After the second spray, mites were counted on 25 randomly selected leaves/tree at weekly intervals. Mites were removed from leaves of samples after the second spray with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine.
Effect of Surfactants on Beet Armyworm and Fall Armyworm Larvae, 1994
Authors: Chandler L. D.
Published: December 2017

Six commercially-available surfactants/ wetting agents were compared to determine their toxic effects on beet armyworm and fall armyworm larvae. Larvae used in this study were obtained from the USDA-ARS Insect Biology and Population Management Research Lab in Tifton, GA, and were 4-days-old on the day of treatment. Surfactants were mixed in water at the rates of 0, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15% of the total volume. Larvae (10 of each species/surfactant rate) were placed individually into 30 ml plastic cups containing 10 ml of bean diet. Surfactant/water mixes were then applied to the dorsal surface of each larva at the rate of 10 u,l/larva. Diet cups were capped and placed in an environmental chamber at 24° ± 2°C, 50 ± 5% RH, and 12:12 (light-dark) photoperiod. After 24 h the number of live and dead larvae were counted for each surfactant rate. These experiments were repeated three times. Data were analyzed using the POLO-PC Probit procedure (LeOra Software, 1987).
Chemical Control of Citrus Leafminer in Lime, 1994
Authors: Peña J. E.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides for the control of CLM were evaluated from 9 Jun through 14 Jul 1994 on 15 yr old trees 2.5 m tall on 21 × 21 ft spacing in Homestead, FL. A randomized complete block design was used with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each replication consisted of 3 trees. Treatments were sprayed with a handgun at 350 PSI with complete coverage using approximately 200 gpa. Samples consisted of 1 flush from each tree, from which 7 to 20 consecutive leaves were observed which represented 84—80 leaves per treatment. Samples were examined with a dissecting microscope to determine larvae (alive or dead), pupae, number of mines per leaf and percent surface damage per leaf.
Ear Infesting Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1994
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Butterfruit’ sweet corn was planted 11 Jul on the Fry Farm at the OARDC, Wooster, Ohio. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 6-8 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 1 row, 50 ft in length, with one untreated guard row between plots and 8 ft of untreated corn at either end of each plot. Treatments were applied during the silking period on 2, 6, and 14 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle directed at the ear zone. Plots were evaluated 20 Sep by examining 30 ears per plot for any lepidopteran pests infesting the ears and for feeding damage to the kernels.
Foliar Sprays to Control European Corn Borer and Fall Armyworm on Sweet Corn, 1994
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 5 Jul at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of 4 rows, 50 ft long on 3 ft centers with 9 inches between plants. Buffers were 12 ft driveways, two additional rows between adjacent plots, and 5 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 4, 11, and 16 Aug with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 78.7 gal/acre at 60 psi in a 12 inch band over the row. Nozzle was held six inches from the top of the plants with the spray being directed to the interior area of the whorl. At the time of the first application, plants were approximately 10 inches high in the early whorl stage. During the test period ECB and FAW populations were moderate and low, respectively. A preapplication evaluation showed that 54% of the plants were infested with either larvae. Plots were evaluated on 23 Aug by examining 25 plants randomly harvested from the middle 35 ft of the middle 2 rows of each replicate. All ECB and FAW larvae in the whorl were identified and counted.
Control of Fall Armyworm in Whorl-Stage Sweet Corn Using Botanical Foliar Sprays, 1994
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 4 Aug at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of 5 rows, 27 ft long on 3 ft centers with 9 inches between plants. Buffers were 12 ft driveways, two additional rows between adjacent plots, and 3 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 8 Aug, 6, 12, and 19 Sep with a CO2-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 78.7 gal/acre at 60 psi in a 12 inch band over the row. Nozzle was held six inches from the top of the plants with the spray being directed to the interior area of the whorl. At the time of the first application, plants were approximately 4 inches high in the early whorl stage. During the test period FAW populations were heavy. Plots were evaluated on 22 Sep by examining 10 plants randomly harvested from the middle 20 ft of the middle 3 rows of each replicate. All FAW larvae in the whorl were identified and counted.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller in Summer with RH-5992, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

An experimental insecticide, RH-5992, was evaluated for its ability to control PLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard located near Wenatchee. Trees were 10-yr-old spur-type ‘Oregon Spur II’ on seedling roots. The orchard was irrigated by undertree sprinklers on a weekly 12-h set. Treatments were applied to three-tree plots replicated five times in a RCBD, with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Treatments were applied on 19 Jul at the beginning of the egg hatch period. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 5 Aug when surviving larvae could be easily located in growing shoots. Each tree was sampled and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded.
Onion Maggot Control with Seed Furrow Treatments, 1994
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: December 2017

Seeds were planted 27 Jun, excepting the Stalker treatment planted 9 May, in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York, on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Germination and damage counts were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were planted using a hand-pushed cone seeder at the rate of 9 seeds/ft delivering 75 gal of water/acre. In-furrow insecticide treatments were based on a 15 inch row width with Dithane F-45 applied in the furrow at 2 qts formulation/acre to minimize onion smut (Urocystis cepulae). Final stand counts were made on 1 Jun with the exception of the Stalker treatment where final counts were made 6 Jun. Damage readings were made from 3 Jun through 7 Jul.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Carrot Aphid and Green Peach Aphid on Seedling Carrots, 1995
Authors: Butler Marvin D. , Fisher Glenn
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of carrot aphid and green peach aphid in a commercial field of ‘Nantes O.P.’ seed carrots planted September 1 on 30 inch beds near Madras, Oregon. The 10 ft X 20 ft plots were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. A four-row strip, one plot wide, was planted with Admire-treated seed. Foliar insecticide applications were made on 9 Oct using TeeJet XR8002 nozzles on a 9 ft CO2 pressurized, hand-held, boom sprayer at 30 psi and 20 gal/acre of water. Silgard at 1.5 pt/100 gal was applied in combination with foliar insecticide applications. Counts were made 8 DAT and 18 DAT on 17 Oct and 27 Oct. Efficacy was determined by placing fifteen randomly collect carrot seedlings per plot in a Schun Shaker with methyl ethyl ketone. Aphids were collected in a jar at the base of the funnel, and transferred into vials of ethanol for identification.
Fall Armyworm Control in Sweet Corn, 1995
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

Five insecticide treatments were applied to control the fall armyworm in sweet corn. All insecticide treatments were compared with a nontreated check. Test plots measuring 2 rows by 25 ft were established in a commercial farm in Homestead, FL. Treatment plots were arranged in a RCBD with four replications. Treatments were applied weekly on 5 dates between 30 May and 29 June 1995 by a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 100 gals/acre at 40 psi. Effects of different treatments on the control of fall armyworm were determined by counting armyworms on randomly selected five plant/treatment plot 24 hours after each application.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers in Lettuce, 1995
Authors: Kerns D. L.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-rows on 40-in beds on 6 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots were four beds wide by 30 ft long. Each plot was bordered on each side by two blank beds. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted sprayer with three TX-6 hollow cone nozzles per bed, calibrated to deliver 40 gal/acre at 200 psi. All treatment applications included Kinetic spreader-sticker at 0.05% v/v. Treatments were applied on 21, 28 Sep, 6, 14, 19 and 26 Oct. Evaluations for lepidopterous larvae control were made four or five days after each treatment (26 Sep, 3, 11, 18, 24 and 31 Oct) by randomly selecting 25 plants per plot and counting the number of live small (1st and 2nd instar) and large (>2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae. Control of LM was evaluated by randomly collecting ten mid-plant leaves from each plot and placing them in leafminer emergence cages. Adult and pupae leafminers were removed from the emergence cages after three weeks and counted. L. sativae was the predominant species detected but data was pooled for analysis. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Control of Onion Thrips, Ft. Collins, Co 1995, Trial 2
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Aldosari Saleh , Sclar D. Casey , Bishop Jason , Spriggs Aaron
Published: December 2017

The experimental site was established at the Colorado State University, Department of Horticulture Field Research Center April 29 by seeding into double row beds. Individual plots consisted of single beds, 20-ft in length, arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Applications were applied 27 July and 10 August using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 10.7 gal/acre at 45 psi, making a single pass along both sides of the plot. Evaluations were made by counting thrips from 10 plants per plot.
Potato Insect Control, Ft. Collins, Co 1995
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Sclar D. Casey , Spriggs Aaron , Bishop Jason
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the Department of Horticulture Field Research Center; north of Ft. Collins, CO. Planting was done 12 May, establishing a series of 2-row plots, 30-ft in length. Plot design was a RCB with 4 replications. Admire applications were made to the soil along the sides of the hills and incorporated to a depth of 1-2 inches with a hand cultivator on 5 June, shortly after plant emergence. Soil applications of Granusol Magnesium were applied and incorporated into the hill on 24 June and 24 July. All foliar treatments were applied 27 June and 14 July (immediately after plot evaluations) using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with a single flat fan nozzle delivering 20 gal gal/acre at 45 psi in a series of passes that covered the top and both sides of each row. At the time of original treatment Colorado potato beetle mating and egg laying was common, with some recently hatched larvae present. Evaluations of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae were made 30 June and 13 July by counting all larvae on the center 20-ft of each row. Populations dropped sharply after this point, preventing subsequent sampling. Potato flea beetle samples were taken on 4 dates, making 6 sweeps row (12 sweeps/plot) on the first two samples and 8 sweeps/plot on the subsequent samples. Green peach aphid and potato/tomato psyllid were enumerated by counting insects on 35 leaves per plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Crookston, Mn, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

Certified B-size seed was planted on 26 May in a Bearden silt-loam dryland site. Soil moisture was considerably above normal. Plots were 4 40 inch rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Admire was applied at planting time. Foliar treatments were applied in approximately 20/gal/acre using a hand-held CO2 sprayer and 40 psi. Foliar treatment dates were 29 June, 9 and 20 July, and 4 and 23 August. The initial application was delayed and defoliation was in excess of that normally used to initiate treatment. CPB populations were able to completely defoliate plants by the third week in July. Larval ratings were 0=none and 5≥50 per plant. Potato leafhopper ratings (0=none 5 = severe) were taken but appear to be uniform where potato plants were present. Late blight began to appear in the plots the second week of August. CPB populations were high and have been resistant to Asana XL in recent growing seasons.