bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elements of Nordic Practice 1997: Sweden
Authors: Magnuson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
W(h)ither the Human Rights of Indigenous Australians (From Wik to Wickedness?)
Authors: Hocking  , Stern
Published: November 2003

The international community is increasingly concerned with indigenous rights. The essence of the claims that international law seeks to accommodate involves the ability of indigenous people to make decisions about social, cultural, economic and environmental matters in their region. This paper looks at some aspects of the human rights of indigenous Australians from that perspective. It contains three interlocking sections. The first section outlines the background to the Australian High Court decision in Wik Peoples v. Queensland in which the majority of the Court said that aboriginal native title to land could co-exist with pastoral lease activity. The second part looks at the furore provoked by this decision, advancing arguments about the media and political treatment of the issue. Here we contend, doubtless rhetorically ourselves, that the Australian government has moved from Wik to Wickedness in dealing with this issue. The third part looks at recent developments and offers some conclusions as to where the legal resolution of native title to land in Australia might have emerged. In our conclusion we also consider the direction of the political and legal debate since the Australian Labor Party led by Paul Keating lost the 1996 election in a landslide, and the increasing narrowness of an economically conservative political agenda. Our overall theme, which stems directly from that, is the paucity of the political debate over Australian indigenous human rights. Rhetoric has abounded and could prompt many questions about the political debate in Australia over this issue, and the obligations of politicians. Law has formed a vital background to this: at time lauded, at times rejected vehemently by the Government.
Torkel Opsahl, Law and Equality – Selected Articles on Human Rights
Authors: Arbardóttir
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Emergent EU Policy on Asylum and Refugees
Authors: Bank
Published: November 2003

The Treaty of Amsterdam situates European asylum policy within a new institutional framework which is analysed with regard to the question how much progress has been achieved in this policy area. The assessment is based on an examination of asylum policy under the Maastricht Treaty and an analysis of its deficiencies. The output produced during the Maastricht era is evaluated by applying a measuring scale consisting of criteria such as efficiency, impact, democratic and judicial control, inner consistency, and respect for international obligations of member States. The analysis shows that the Maastricht Treaty neither provided a functioning nor an adequate framework for asylum policy on the European level. Instead of cautious cooperation of national approaches the policy area requires European harmonisation by issuing binding common texts which are interpreted in a unified manner. An important step in this direction will be taken by virtue of the Amsterdam Treaty which, however, also contains several potential obstacles to the harmonisation process. Furthermore, the increased access to binding legal instruments is not accompanied by an appropriate increase of democratic participation.
``Downtown, Midtown, Uptown'', Review of Louis Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995) and Thomas M. Franck, Fairness in International Law and Institutions (Oxford University Press, 1995)
Authors: Wrange
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Gudmundur Alfredsson and Peter Macalister-Smith (eds.), The Living Law of Nations. Essays on Refugees, Minorities, Indigenous Peoples and the Human Rights of Other Vulnerable Groups in Memory of Atle Grahl-Madsen
Authors: Folkelius
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Completeness of International Law and Hamlet's Dilemma
Authors: dekker  , Werner
Published: November 2003

The aim of this paper is to examine whether the possibility of a genuine non liquet is ruled out by a so-called ‘closing rule’underlying public international law. The answer to this question largely determines the relevance of the debate on the legality and legitimacy of the pronouncement of a non liquet by an international court. This debate was recently provoked by the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat and Use of Nuclear Weapons. In this opinion, the Court held that it could not definitively conclude whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons was contrary to international law in an extreme circumstance of self-defence in which the survival of a state is at stake. Nevertheless, some authors have argued that, since international law contains a closing rule stating that the absence of a prohibition is equivalent to the existence of a permission (or vice versa), the Court had in fact decided the legality of nuclear weapons. By virtue of this closing rule, the pronouncement of a non liquet would be impossible. In our analysis, we have taken issue with this view and claim that there are no a priori reasons for the acceptance of a closing rule underlying international law. It is possible indeed that a legal system is simply indifferent towards a certain type of conduct. Moreover, even if a closing rule would be assumed, this rule would be of no help in determining the legality or illegality of the threat and use of nuclear weapons, since the Court asserted that the current state of international law and the facts at its disposal were insufficient to enable it to reach a definitive conclusion. Nothing follows from this assertion, except the assurance that international law cannot definitively settle the question of the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons: to be permitted or not to be permitted, that is still the question. Hamlet's dilemma precisely.
Minimum Requirements for a New Nordic Sami Convention
Authors: Alfredsson
Published: November 2003

Discussions are underway for a new Nordic Sami convention. A number of human rights issues of both substance and form need to be considered in the course of preparations for such a treaty. On substantive issues, a new convention must not fall below existing minimum human rights standards under international law, including ILO Convention No. 169 and other indigenous and minority-specific rights in treaties, customary law and case-law. Access to procedural and other monitoring avenues at the national and international levels must also be guaranteed. Furthermore, it is suggested that the Sami should be a party/parties to an eventual convention because their participation is closely related to equal rights, dignity, identity and the justice to which indigenous peoples aspire.
P. Cumper, S. Wheatley (eds.), Minority Rights in the ’New’; Europe, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1999. ISBN: 90–411–1124–7; ix and 385 pages;index; price: USD 135; GBP 79; NLG 225
Authors: Vierdag
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Role of the Organization of American States in Conflict Prevention
Authors: Spehar
Published: November 2003

First of all, I would like to sincerely thank the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Sweden and the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law for the opportunity to speak with you today about the role of the Organization of American States in conflict prevention. I would also like to congratulate both institutions for the undertaking of this event.
Maivân Clech Lâm, At the Edge of the State: Indigenous Peoples and Self-Determination
Authors: Carey
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
On Saami Claims to Land and Water
Authors: Føllesdal
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editorial Note
Authors: Hannikainen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Exclusion by Definition: Access to International Tribunals for the Enforcement of the Collective Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Ketley
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Zelim Skurbaty, As if Peoples Mattered. A Critical Appraisal of 'Peoples' and 'Minorities' from the International Human Rights Perspective and Beyond
Authors: Klabbers
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editorial Note
Authors: Alfredsson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Transcending Territory: Towards an Agreed Northern Ireland?
Authors: Thompson
Published: November 2003

The 1998 Belfast Agreement concluded by most of the political parties in Northern Ireland and the British and Irish Governments is a very sophisticated blueprint, which attempts to deal with the various facets of a political entity in which a sizeable minority of the population wish to belong to another state. The structures and processes devised in the Belfast Agreement must cope with the so-called 'double minority' problem, ensuring that while Northern Ireland remains in the UK, it is on terms which respect and safeguard the members of the nationalist community who wish to be in a united Ireland, but also provide for the change in constitutional status from the UK to Irish unification in a manner which respects and safeguards the members of the unionist community who are opposed to that change. The Belfast Agreement, particularly in the reformulated Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish constitution, would appear to place primacy upon people and their diversity of identities and trad itions over territory. The Belfast Agreement also operates within a special framework which accommodates national identities through sub-state and inter-state relationships in which law seeks to protect human rights, both individual and collective.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Rehman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editor's Note
Authors: Tierney
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Rights of Ethnic Minorities in Pakistan: A Legal Analysis
Authors: Sardar Ali
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Monitoring Minority Rights in Europe: The Implementation Machinery of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities - With Special Reference to the Role of the Advisory Committee
Authors: Pentassuglia
Published: November 2003

The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FC), adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 1994, is the first multilateral treaty focused on the protection of minorities. Despite the importance of the FC within the process of codification and development of legally binding minority rights standards, the bearing of its obligations is 'softened' by many limitation clauses relating to both the general structure of the provisions as well as their specific content. To a degree, this may be seen as inherent in a convention providing a framework for case-specific solutions to be found at the domestic level. It is also true, however, that domestic measures directed at implementing the FC might reflect so wide a measure of discretion or self-understanding as to be heardly compatible with the purpose of elaborating a set of core European standards protecting minorities, 'essential to stability, democratic security and peace' (fifth preambular paragraph), and as such falling 'within the scope of co-operation' on human rights matters (Article 1). It follows that the key to making the FC a truly fruitful step lies no doubt in a satisfactory monitoring of its implementation. The Committee of Ministers is entrusted with the task of monitoring the implementation of the FC by the States parties. It is assisted by an Advisory Committee (AC), whose members have recognised expertise in the field of the protection of national minorities. On 17 September 1997, the Committee of Ministers adopted a Resolution concerning the rules on the monitoring arrangements under Articles 24 to 26 of the FC (Resolution (97)10). It determines the role of the AC and, therefore, its relation with the Committee of Ministers. The aim of this article is to examine the monitoring procedure of the FC, with special reference to the impact of the AC on the profile and effectiveness of the mechanism. It sketches out the main general issues and briefly discusses some proposals put forward on the role of the AC; then, it moves on to the analysis of the FC implementation mechanism as resulting from Resolution (97)10 of the Committee of Ministers, within the broader context of the international monitoring of minority rights compliance.
Minority Rights in Croatia
Authors: Trifunovska
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comfort women – Shifting shame and stigma from victims to victimizers
Authors: Askin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Case Note
Authors: Jia
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Current Developments in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Authors: Boed
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Martin Hummrich, Der völkerrechtliche Straftatbestand der Aggression: Historische Entwicklung, Geltung und Definition im Hinblick auf das Statut des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft
Authors: Lüder
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Europe's Other Market
Authors: Twomey
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
James C. Hathaway (ed.), Reconceiving International Refugee Law
Authors: van Selm
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Significance of the Transborder Utilisation of Health Care Benefits for Migrants
Authors: Sieveking
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Regularisation of Clandestine Immigrants in France
Authors: Poelemans  , de Sèze
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Temporarily Protecting Displaced Persons or Offering the Possibility to Start a New Life in the European Union
Authors:   van Selm
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Directive on Family Reunification: Are the Dilemmas Resolved?
Authors:   Boeles
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
News From the Council of Europe
Authors:   Ochoa-Llido,   Nachilo
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Immigration, Asylum and the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights
Authors:   Peers
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comments on Ferlini (Case C-411/98 of 3 October 2000), Elsen (Case C-135/99 of 23 November 2000), Österreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund (Case C-195/98 of 30 November 2000), Borawitz (Case C-124/99 of 21 September 2000) and Hocsman (Case C-238/98 of 14 September 2000)
Authors:   Martin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
British Nationals under Community Law: The Kaur Case
Authors:   Shah
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Protecting Children? The European Convention on Human Rights and Child Asylum Seekers
Authors:   Nykänen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Intergovernmental Sector: Migration and Community Relations in the Council of Europe
Authors:   Koprolin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The New Portuguese Immigration Act
Authors:   de Sousa
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comments on Mazzoleni (ex parte Guillaume) (Case C-165/98 of 15 March 2001), Leclere (Case C-43/99 of 31 May 2001) and Grzelczyk (Case C-184/99 of 20 September 2001)
Authors:   Martin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Case Reports of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors:   Boeles,   Schild
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
For the Record or Off the Record: Comments About the Incorporation of Schengen into the EU
Authors: Boer  , Corrado
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Adjudicating Schengen:National Judicial Control in France
Authors: Guild
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
International Migration on the EU Foreign Policy Agenda
Authors: Niessen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
R. Huubrecht, S. Scheffers [en] J. Scheffers-Hofman, Album advocatorum – De advocaten van het Hof van Holland, 1560–1811. [Algemeen Rijksarchief Publikatiereeks, 3]. Algemeen Rijksarchief, Den Haag [z.j.]. VIII + 454 blz.
Authors:   Hempenius - van Dijk
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
C. Ramos Núñez, El código napoleónico y su recepción en América Latina. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, [Lima] 1997. 480 p.
Authors:   Tau Anzoátegui
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Politie en Justitie te Nijmegen in 1653
Authors:   Moorman van Kappen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
`Ons Tegenwoordig Sukkelproces': Nederlandse Opvattingen over de Toekomst van het Burgerlijk Procesrecht rond 1920
Authors:   van Rhee
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
J. Harries, Law and Empire in Late Antiquity
Authors:   Waelkens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
M. Lupoi, The Origins of the European Legal Order
Authors:   Heirbaut
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Claudia Storti Storchi, Intorno ai Costituti Pisani della Legge e dell'Uso
Authors:   Gouron
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
M.J. Perry, We the People: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Supreme Court
Authors:   Heirbaut
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
L. Chiappelli, Cino da Pistoia Giurista, Gli Scritti del 1881 e del 1910-1911
Authors:   Bezemer
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
J. de Bie Leuveling Tjeenk, Gerechtigden tot Schadevergoeding bij Zaakschade, Voorafgegaan door Beschouwingen omtrent de Positie van de Houder en de Bailee in het Romeinse Recht en in de Common Law
Authors:   Winkel
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
L.P.W. van Vliet, Transfer of Movables in German, French, English and Dutch Law
Authors:   Nève
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
B. Sirks, Food for Rome: The Legal Structure of the Transportation and Processing of Supplies for the Imperial Distributions in Rome and Constantinople
Authors:   Liebs
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
R. Gamauf, Ad Statuam Licet Confugere: Untersuchungen zum Asylrecht im Römischen Prinzipat
Authors:   Robinson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
E. Conte, Servi medievali, Dinamiche del diritto comune
Authors:   Bezemer
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Table des Matières
Authors:   Duynstee
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Chr.H.F. Meyer, Die Distinktionstechnik in der Kanonistik des 12. Jahrhunderts
Authors:   Bauer
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Repertorium der Policeyordnungen der Frühen Neuzeit
Authors:   van Peteghem
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Grosse Prozesse im antiken Athen
Authors:   Wallinga
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A. Masferrer Domingo, La Pena de Infamia en el Derecho Histórico Español, Contribución al Estudio de la Tradición Penal Europea en el Marco del Ius Commune
Authors:   Hallebeek
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
J.H. Baker, The Law's Two Bodies, Some Evidential Problems in English Legal History
Authors:   Hudson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
J. Finlay, Men of Law in Pre-Reformation Scotland
Authors:   van Rhee
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A. Errera, Processus in Causa Fidei, L'Evoluzione Dei Manuali Inquisitoriali Nei Secoli XVI–XVIII e Il Manuale Inedito di un Inquisitore Perugino
Authors:   Minnucci
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Die Zahlung bei der Sachmiete (Vor oder Nach Ablauf der Mietzeit) im Römischen Recht
Authors:   Litewski
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Débat sur la Contre-Lettre dans l'Ancien Droit Français aux Origines des Articles 1321, 1396 et 1397 du Code Civil
Authors:   Tufféry-Andrieu
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: Knothe
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: Sirks
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: Mirow
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: van Peteghem
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: Wesener
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: von Bóné
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Lenel's Palingenesia Iuris Civilis: Four Questions and an Answer
Authors: Johnston
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Le droit romain et la philosophie grecque, quelques problèmes de méthode
Authors: Winkel
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
R. Ferrante, La difesa della legalità: I sindacatori della Repubblica di Genova. [Analisi e diritto, Serie storica, 3]. Giappichelli, [Torino 1995]. XII + 358 p.
Authors: Mestre
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Urkundenregesten zur Tätigkeit des deutschen Königs- und Hofgerichts bis 1451, hrsg. v. B. Diestelkamp, Band 8: Die Zeit Karls IV., 1360–1364, bearb. v. R. Neumann. [Quellen und Forschungen zur höchsten Gerichtsbarkeit im Alten Reich, Sonderreihe, 8]. Böhlau, Köln–Weimar–Wien 1996. LVII + 439 S.
Authors: Nève
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, hrsg. von A. Erler, E. Kaufmann und D. Werkmüller, unter philologischer Mitarbeit von Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand. 40. Lieferung: Zunft-Zycha; Register. Schmidt, [Berlin 1997]. Sp. 1793-2086
Authors: van Dievoet
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Les Rapports De Subordination Entre Rome Et Les Confederations Latine Et Italique
Authors: Plancherel-Bongard
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Aengaende Den Houwelicken State: Huwelijk En Strafrecht in De Stedelijke Rechtspraak Van Delft, 1550-1700
Authors: van der Heijden
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Iuliani Epitome Latina Novellarum Iustiniani, secondo l'edizione di Gustavo Hänel e col glossario d'Antonio Agustín, Testo indici concordanze a cura di P. Fiorelli e Anna Maria Bartoletti Colombo. [Legum Iustiniani Imperatoris Vocabularium]. Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di teoria e storia del diritto, [Firenze] 1996. 475 p. + diskette
Authors: Stolte
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Year Books of Richard II, 6 Richard II, 1382–1383, ed. for the Ames Foundation by the late S.E. Thorne, in collaboration with M.E. Hager and Margaret MacVeagh Thorne, with a commentary upon the cases by C. Donahue, Jr. [The Ames Foundation Year Books Series, II]. The Ames Foundation, [Cambridge, Mass.] 1996. CCXIII + 344 p.
Authors: Seipp
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
K. Weidenfeld, La police de la petite voirie à Paris à la fin du Moyen Âge. [Travaux et Recherches de l'Université de Panthéon-Assas (Paris II), Série Histoire du Droit]. L.G.D.J., [Paris 1996]. IX + 233 p.
Authors: Thireau
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A. Weiss, Die Entscheidungen des Reichsoberhandelsgerichts in Strafsachen. [Kriminalwissenschaftliche Studien, 22]. Elwert Verlag, Marburg 1997. XXII + 300 S.
Authors: Brand
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
M. Amelotti, Scritti giuridici, a cura di Livia Migliardi Zingale. Giappicchelli, Torino 1996. VIII + 1109 p.
Authors: Hengstl
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
M. Amelotti, Scritti giuridici, a cura di Livia Migliardi Zingale. Giappicchelli, Torino 1996. VIII + 1109 p.
Authors: Simshäuser
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
J.-F. Gerkens, "Aeque perituris ...": Une approche de la causalité dépassante en droit romain classique. Editions de la Collection Scientifique de la Faculté de droit de Liège, [Liège] 1997. 377 p.
Authors: Gordon
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
F. Mercogliano, Tituli ex corpore Ulpiani, Storia di un testo. [Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell'Università di Camerino, 44]. Jovene, [Neapel] 1997. XII + 121 p.
Authors: Nelson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
H. Kiefner, Ideal wird, was Natur war: Abhandlungen zur Privatrechtsgeschichte des späten 18. und des 19. Jahrhunderts. [Bibliotheca Eruditorum, 21]. Keip, Goldbach [1997]. XXIII + 523 p.
Authors: Waelkens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Ph. Nélidoff, La municipalité de Toulouse au début de la Révolution. [Centre toulousain d'histoire du droit, des institutions et des idées politiques]. Presses de l'Université des sciences sociales de Toulouse, Toulouse 1996. 291 p.
Authors: Cauchies
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Legal History and Economic History: The Case of the Actiones Adiecticiae Qualitatis
Authors: de Ligt
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
IL-3 expression by myeloma cells increases both osteoclast formation and growth of myeloma cells
Authors: Lee Jun Won , Chung Ho Yeon , Ehrlich Lori A. , Jelinek Diane F. , Callander Natalie S. , Roodman G. David , Choi Sun Jin
Published: November 2003

Macrophage inflammatory protein–1α (MIP-1α) gene expression is abnormally regulated in multiple myeloma (MM) owing to imbalanced expression of the acute myeloid leukemia–1A (AML-1A) and AML-1B transcription factors. We hypothesized that the increased expression ratios of AML-1A to AML-1B also induced abnormal expression of other hematopoietic and bone-specific genes that contribute to the poor prognosis of MM patients with high levels of MIP-1α. We found that interleukin-3 (IL-3) was also induced by the imbalanced AML-1A and AML-1B expression in myeloma. IL-3 mRNA levels were increased in CD138+ purified myeloma cells with increased AML-1A–to–AML-1B expression from MM patients, and IL-3 protein levels were significantly increased in freshly isolated bone marrow plasma from MM patients (66.4 ± 12 versus 22.1 ± 8.2 pg/mL; P = .038). IL-3 in combination with MIP-1α or receptor activator of nuclear factor–kappa B ligand (RANKL) significantly enhanced human osteoclast (OCL) formation and bone resorption compared with MIP-1α or RANKL alone. IL-3 stimulated the growth of interleukin-6 (IL-6)–dependent and IL-6–independent myeloma cells in the absence of IL-6, even though IL-3 did not induce IL-6 expression by myeloma cells. These data suggest that increased IL-3 levels in the bone marrow microenvironment of MM patients with imbalanced AML-1A and AML-1B expression can increase bone destruction and tumor cell growth.
Plasmodium falciparum induces reorganization of host membrane proteins during intraerythrocytic growth
Authors: Parker Phillip D. , Tilley Leann , Klonis Nectarios
Published: November 2003

The virulence of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is due in large part to the way in which it modifies the membrane of its erythrocyte host. In this work we have used confocal microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching to examine the lateral mobility of host membrane proteins in erythrocytes infected with P falciparum at different stages of parasite growth. The erythrocyte membrane proteins band 3 and glycophorin show a marked decrease in mobility during the trophozoite stage of growth. Erythrocytes infected with a parasite strain that does not express the knob-associated histidine-rich protein show similar effects, indicating that this parasite protein does not contribute to the immobilization of the host proteins. Erythrocytes infected with ring-stage parasites exhibit intermediate mobility indicating that the parasite is able to modify its host prior to its active feeding stage.
A Potential Role for Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate in the Stimulation of Hepatic Glucokinase Gene Expression
Authors: Wu Chaodong , Okar David A. , Stoeckman Angela K. , Peng Li-Jen , Herrera Amy H. , Herrera Julio E. , Towle Howard C. , Lange Alex J.
Published: November 2003

The effects of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P2) on hepatic glucokinase (GK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) gene expression were investigated in streptozotocin-treated mice, which exhibited undetectable levels of insulin. Hepatic F-2,6-P2 levels were manipulated by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. Streptozotocin treatment alone or with infusion of control adenovirus leads to a dramatic decrease in hepatic F-2,6-P2 content compared with normal nondiabetic mice. This is accompanied by a 14-fold decrease in GK and a 3-fold increase in G-6-Pase protein levels, consistent with a diabetic phenotype. Streptozotocin-treated mice that were infused with adenovirus-overexpressing an engineered 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase with high kinase activity and little bisphosphatase activity showed high levels of hepatic F-2,6-P2. Surprisingly, these mice had a 13-fold increase in GK protein and a 2-fold decrease in G-6-Pase protein compared with diabetic controls. The restoration of GK is associated with increases in the phosphorylation of Akt upon increasing hepatic F-2,6-P2 content. Moreover, the changes in levels of F-2,6-P2 and Akt phosphorylation revealed a pattern similar to that of streptozotocin mice treated with insulin, indicating that increasing hepatic content of F-2,6-P2 mimics the action of insulin. Because G-6-Pase gene expression was down-regulated only after the restoration of euglycemia, the effect of F-2,6-P2 was indirect. Also, the lowering of blood glucose by high F-2,6-P2 was associated with an increase in hepatic nuclear factor 1-α protein, a transcription factor involved in G-6-Pase gene expression. In conclusion, F-2,6-P2 can stimulate hepatic GK gene expression in an insulin-independent manner and can secondarily affect G-6-Pase gene expression by lowering the level of plasma glucose.
Genetic dissection ofPitx2in craniofacial development uncovers new functions in branchial arch morphogenesis, late aspects of tooth morphogenesis and cell migration
Authors: Liu Wei , Selever Jennifer , Lu Mei-Fang , Martin James F.
Published: November 2003

Pitx2, a paired-related homeobox gene that encodes multiple isoforms, is the gene mutated in the haploinsufficient Rieger Syndrome type 1 that includes dental, ocular and abdominal wall anomalies as cardinal features. Previous analysis of the craniofacial phenotype of Pitx2-null mice revealed that Pitx2 was both a positive regulator of Fgf8 and a repressor of Bmp4-signaling,suggesting that Pitx2 may function as a coordinator of craniofacial signaling pathways. We show that Pitx2 isoforms have interchangeable functions in branchial arches and that Pitx2 target pathways respond to small changes in total Pitx2 dose. Analysis of Pitx2allelic combinations that encode varying levels of Pitx2 showed that repression of Bmp signaling requires high Pitx2 while maintenance of Fgf8 signaling requires only low Pitx2. Fate-mapping studies with a Pitx2 cre recombinase knock in allele revealed that Pitx2 daughter cells are migratory and move aberrantly in the craniofacial region of Pitx2 mutant embryos. Our data reveal that Pitx2 function depends on total Pitx2 dose and rule out the possibility that the differential sensitivity of target pathways was a consequence of isoform target specificity. Moreover, our results uncover a new function of Pitx2 in regulation of cell motility in craniofacial development.
Podosome formation in cultured A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells requires Arp2/3-dependent de-novo actin polymerization at discrete microdomains
Authors: Kaverina Irina , Stradal Theresia E. B. , Gimona Mario
Published: November 2003

Phorbol ester triggers the conversion of focal adhesions into podosomes in A7r5 smooth muscle cells. Here we followed the dynamics of podosome formation using dual fluorescence live video and confocal microscopy, as well as interference reflection and evanescent wave microscopy. We show that podosomes form at the outer region of stress fiber bundles, at specialized sites where they are embedded in adhesion plaques at the basal surface of the plasma membrane, and that cortactin resides constitutively at these microdomains. We further demonstrate that the formation of podosomes requires Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization at the stress fiber-focal adhesion interface. Concentration of Arp2/3 coincides with podosome formation and precedes the engagement of SM22 and alpha-actinin, while the focal adhesion components zyxin and vinculin redistribute only at later stages of podosome development. We thus suggest that the genesis of podosomes includes two steps, one requiring the early de novo polymerization of actin filaments, and a second, late phase characterized by the recruitment of focal adhesion components. Moreover, we provide evidence for the existence of an as yet unidentified region in close proximity to the focal adhesion-stress fiber interface, which marks the site of actin cytoskeleton remodeling and is a novel site of Arp2/3-dependent F-actin polymerization.
Exploring the mechanism of action of the sperm-triggered calcium-wave pacemaker in ascidian zygotes
Authors: Carroll Michael , Levasseur Mark , Wood Chris , Whitaker Michael , Jones Keith T. , McDougall Alex
Published: November 2003

In ascidians, as in mammals, sperm trigger repetitive Ca2+-waves that originate from cortical pacemakers situated in the vegetal hemisphere of the zygotes. In ascidians, a vegetal protrusion termed the contraction pole (CP) acts as the Ca2+-wave pacemaker, but the mechanism that underlies the generation of a Ca2+-wave pacemaker is not known. Here, we tested four hypotheses to determine which factors at the CP are involved in setting the pace of the ascidian Ca2+-wave pacemaker: (1) localized Ca2+ influx; (2) accumulation of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]; (3) accumulation of cortical endoplasmic reticulum (cER); and (4) enrichment of the sperm activating factor. We developed a method of dynamically monitoring the location of the CP during fertilization using a plekstrin homology (PH) domain from phospholipase Cδ1 coupled to green fluorescent protein (GFP) that binds PtdIns(4,5)P2. We found that eggs in Ca2+-free sea water displayed Ca2+ waves that originated from the CP, showing that enhanced CP Ca2+ influx does not determine the origin of the pacemaker. Also, disruption of the PH::GFP-labelled CP once it had formed did not dislodge the Ca2+-wave pacemaker from that site. Next, when we prevented the accumulation of cER at the CP, all of the Ca2+ waves came from the site of sperm-egg fusion and the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations was unaltered. These data show that local Ca2+ influx, the accumulation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and cER at the CP are not required for Ca2+-wave pacemaker function and instead suggest that a factor associated with the sperm determines the site of the Ca2+-wave pacemaker. Finally, when we injected ascidian sperm extract into the centre of unfertilized ascidian eggs that had been treated with microfilament- and microtubule-disrupting drugs, all the Ca2+ waves still originated from near the plasma membrane, showing that the sperm factor does not require an intact cortex if it is enriched near the plasma membrane (PM). We suggest that the Ca2+-releasing sperm factor might be tethered near or on the PM and that following the cortical contraction, it is translocated to the vegetal CP, thus making that site act as a Ca2+-wave pacemaker.
Mechanically induced axon reflex and hyperalgesia in human UV‐B burn are reduced by systemic lidocaine
Authors: Koppert Wolfgang , Brueckl Valeska , Weidner Christian , Schmelz Martin
Published: November 2003

The mechanisms for the induction of primary mechanical hyperalgesia are unclear. We analyzed the neurogenic axon reflex erythema (flare) following phasic mechanical stimulation in normal and in UV‐B irradiated skin. In a cross‐over double blind design (n=10), low dose of systemic lidocaine suppressed mechanical hyperalgesia in sunburned skin and in the mechanically induced flare. Phasic mechanical stimulation, even at painful intensities, did not evoke a flare reaction in normal skin. However, stimulation within the UV‐B burn dose‐dependently provoked an immediate flare reaction. Systemic lidocaine suppressed the mechanically induced flare as well as the mechanical hyperalgesia in sunburned skin, while leaving the impact‐induced ratings in normal skin unchanged. Systemic lidocaine reduced these effects of sensitization, but did not reduce ratings in normal skin. As mechanically insensitive (“sleeping”) nociceptors have been shown to mediate the axon‐reflex in human skin, sensitization of this class of nociceptors might contribute also to the UV‐B‐induced primary mechanical hyperalgesia.
Role of spinal 5‐HT1A receptors in morphine analgesia and tolerance in rats
Authors: Bardin Laurent , Colpaert Francis C.
Published: November 2003

We here studied the involvement of spinally located 5‐HT1A and opioid receptors, in the paradoxical effects that their activation can produce on nociception. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐hydroxy‐2‐{di‐n‐propylamino} tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) (1–10 μg) induced analgesic effects in the formalin model of tonic pain whereas in the paw pressure test, it decreased the vocalization threshold. In this latter test, i.t. 8‐OH‐DPAT also markedly reduced the analgesic effect of systemic morphine (5–10 mg/kg, s.c.). At 10 μg, 8‐OH‐DPAT totally abolished the effect of 5 mg/kg of morphine; this inhibitory effect was antagonized by pre‐treatment with 0.63 mg/kg of the 5‐HT1A antagonist WAY‐100635 (N {2‐{4‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐1‐piperazinyl}‐ethyl}‐N‐(2‐pyridinyl)‐cyclohexanecarboxamide‐trihydrochloride). In contrast, the i.t. injection of WAY‐100635 (1–10 μg) dose‐dependently potentiated the antinociceptive activity of a dose of morphine (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.). Furthermore, WAY‐100635 (10 μg, i.t.) potentiated morphine analgesia in morphine‐tolerant rats. These findings demonstrate that 5‐HT1A receptor agonists can act in the spinal cord to produce both hyper‐ and hypo‐algesic effects and play a major role in the opioid analgesia and tolerance.
The Fear of Pain questionnaire: factor structure in samples of young, middle‐aged and elderly European people
Authors: Albaret Marie‐Christine , Sastre María Teresa Muñoz , Cottencin Audrey , Mullet Etienne
Published: November 2003

The present study examined the factor structure of the Fear of Pain questionnaire in three independent samples composed of European young adults, middle‐aged, and elderly people. Seven hundred and thirty one adults (426 females and 305 males) were presented with the French adaptation of the questionnaire (30 items) and with an Exposure to Painful Situations questionnaire that contained the same items as the Fear of Pain questionnaire and where participants were instructed to indicate all the painful situations they have experienced in the past. When tested on the whole set of 30 items, the correlated three‐factor model evidenced in previous studies—Severe pain, Minor pain and Medical pain—poorly fit the data. When tested on a set of 15 two‐item parcels, the fit of this model was much better but the correlations between factors were very high. When tested on a reduced set of 15 items, the model fit the data as well as when it was tested on the set of 15 parcels, and the correlations between the three factors were lower. The study also examined the link between previous exposure to pain and fear of pain. The hypothesis that previous “natural” exposure to pain should generally result in a decrease in fear of pain was supported by the data. For 14 items, the exposure effect was moderate to strong.
Migraine and tension headache in children under 6 years of age
Authors: Balottin Umberto , Nicoli Francesca , Pitillo Giovanni , Ginevra Oreste Ferrari , Borgatti Renato , Lanzi Giovanni
Published: November 2003

Objective. To investigate the clinical features of idiopathic headache with early onset, whose presence is probably underestimated by parents and physicians and the influence of environmental and psychological factors on headache in children.

Methods. We report on a prospective longitudinal evaluation of 35 consecutive children referred to the Neuropsychiatry Departments of the Universities of Varese and Pavia (mean age at the first observation: 4 years and 7 months, range: 12 months‐6 years; mean age at onset: 4 years and 2 months, range: 10 months‐6 years) presenting with headache symptomatology. Mean duration of clinical follow‐up: 9.5 months. The diagnosis based on the IHS criteria was then compared to the intuitive clinical diagnosis made in accordance with alternative case definitions. We examined our patients for the presence of early developmental disorders and interictal somatic disorders. We also studied the role of psychosocial factors at the onset and in the course of headache.

Results. Diagnosis: migraine without aura in two cases, episodic tension headache in four cases, migrainous disorders not fulfilling above criteria in eight cases, headache of the tension‐type not fulfilling above criteria in 12 cases and headache not classifiable in nine cases. Clinical features of headache are described in the text. Early developmental disorders (0–2 years), such as eating difficulties and sleep disorders, were detected in 18/35 children. Among patients older than 2 years, we also detected interictal somatic disorders (20 cases) such as sleep disorders, eating difficulties, enuresis and idiopathic vomiting. In 14/35 subjects, we identified psychosocial components playing a significant role at the onset of, and during, the headache.

Conclusions. A better clinical definition of the disorder would make it easier to identify very young affected children and consequently to plan more specific therapeutic interventions, taking into account environmental and psychological factors. A diagnosis of idiopathic headache becomes particularly significant: according to our cases, despite their being limited in number, migraine and tension headache can be considered also as indices of individual or family related problems requiring appropriate psychiatric or psychological intervention. This stresses the need for a multidisciplinary team of specialists that would include a psychologist/ psychiatrist or headache specialist with specific training in psychiatry.
Investigation of nasal disease in the cat—A retrospective study of 77 cases
Authors: Henderson S.M. , Bradley K. , Day M.J. , Tasker S. , Caney S.M.A. , Moore A. Hotston , Gruffydd-Jones T.J.
Published: November 2003

A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of different diseases in cats referred for investigation of chronic nasal disease, to identify historical, clinical and diagnostic features which may assist in making a diagnosis, and to provide information pertaining to outcome in these cats. Diagnoses included neoplasia (30 cases), chronic rhinitis (27), foreign body (8), nasopharyngeal stenosis (5), Actinomyces infection (2), nasal polyps (2), stenotic nares (2), and rhinitis subsequent to trauma (1). The most common neoplasia was lymphosarcoma (21 cases), with a median survival of 98 days for cats treated with multiagent chemotherapy. Cats with neoplasia were older on average than the other cats, and were more likely to be dyspnoeic and have a haemorrhagic and/or unilateral nasal discharge than cats with chronic rhinitis. Cats with neoplasia were more likely to have radiographic evidence of nasal turbinate destruction, septal changes, or severe increases in soft tissue density than cats with chronic rhinitis. It was unusual for cats with diseases other than neoplasia to be euthanased as a result of their nasal disease.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐I diminishes the activation status and expression of the small GTPase Cdc42 in articular chondrocytes
Authors: Fortier Lisa A. , Deak Molly M. , Semevolos Stacy A. , Cerione Richard A.
Published: November 2003

Insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) is an important anabolic growth factor in the maintenance of articular cartilage phenotypic expression. Chondrocyte morphology is also tightly linked to phenotype. The small G‐protein Cdc42 plays a key role in regulation of cell morphology and phenotypic expression in several cell types and, we show here, in articular chondrocytes. The purpose of these studies was to investigate possible links between the intracellular signaling pathways of IGF‐I and Cdc42 in articular chondrocytes. Treatment of chondrocytes with IGF‐I resulted in a rapid and sustained decrease in the activation state (decreased GTP‐bound) of Cdc42. Nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis experiments suggest that the decreased activation occurs through increased hydrolysis. Transient expression of dominant‐negative Cdc42(T17N) allowed for enhanced expression of normal chondrocyte phenotype as determined by increased mRNA expression of collagen type II (Coll II) with decreased matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3) expression. The results of these studies suggest a novel link between IGF‐I and Cdc42 signaling pathways. Further, an additional mechanism for the regulation of chondrocyte phenotype is defined through the IGF‐I induced down‐regulation of Cdc42 activation. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
NOS upregulation attenuates vascular endothelial dysfunction in the late phase of ischemic preconditioning in skeletal muscle
Authors: Wang Wei Z. , Fang Xin‐Hua , Stepheson Linda L. , Khiabani Kayvan T. , Zamboni Willarm A.
Published: November 2003

Previously, we have demonstrated a late phase protection of ischemic preconditioning in the microcirculation of cremaster muscle. This microvascular protection was blocked by a non‐specific NOS inhibitor. The purpose of present study was to evaluate endothelial function in the terminal arteriole of cremaster muscle after 24‐h of ischemic preconditioning followed by 4‐h warm ischemia and to evaluate eNOS and iNOS gene and protein expression at 24 h after ischemic preconditioning in the cremaster muscle. A vascular pedicle isolated cremaster muscle in male SD rats underwent 45‐min of ischemic preconditioning and 24 h later, 4‐h of warm ischemia followed by reperfusion. Endothelial‐dependent and ‐independent vasodilatation was evaluated on day 2 after 4‐h ischemia and 60‐min of reperfusion. Cremaster muscles were harvested at 24 h after ischemic preconditioning for measuring of eNOS and iNOS gene expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and protein expression by western blotting analysis. We found that IPC significantly attenuated endothelial dysfunction induced by 4‐h warm ischemia and reperfusion. The expression of eNOS and iNOS mRNA shown a 229% and 135% increase respectively in IPC treated cremaster muscles as compared to normal cremaster muscles (P < 0.05). The expression of eNOS and iNOS protein exhibited a 133% and 148% increase respectively in IPC treated cremaster muscles as compared to normal cremaster muscles (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between normal cremaster muscle and sham IPC treated cremaster muscle. The results suggest that IPC preventing vascular endothelial dysfunction from ischemia/reperfusion injury may be due to the enhanced NOS expression. These results combined with the results from our previous studies suggest that IPC‐induced microvascular protection in the skeletal muscle may act through a NOS‐dependent mechanism. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Catching up with the Americans
Authors: Smoluk H.J , VanderLinden David
Published: November 2003

This paper develops an international version of the consumption‐based capital asset pricing (CCAPM), which we refer to as “catching up with the Americans.” Previous CCAPM research develops the concept of “catching up with the Joneses,” where a representative economic agent exhibits higher marginal utility of consumption as a result of higher past per capita consumption in his own country. Catching up with the Americans, on the other hand, is an international habit‐preference hypothesis. It extends the idea of catching up with the Joneses by stating that consumers of non‐U.S. countries gain higher marginal utility of consumption as a result of higher past American consumption growth. Contrary to much of the CCAPM literature, we test this version of the model using long bond rates rather than equity returns. However, like most of the previous research on the CCAPM, the catching up with the Americans model fails to explain the relationship between consumption and asset returns.