bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
London and urban culture in eighteenth‐century literature
Authors: O'Byrne Alison
Published: January 2018

This essay provides an overview of some of the key critical approaches to the literature of eighteenth‐century London over the last two decades, before going on to explore a series of examples of the figure of the new arrival in London from the literature of the period. The outsider or new arrival became, for eighteenth‐century writers, something to think with and offered an opportunity to examine London's sense of its own modernity, and interrogate the ways in which commerce might be reshaping social interactions in the city.
How sea level change mediates genetic divergence in coastal species across regions with varying tectonic and sediment processes
Authors: Dolby Greer A. , Ellingson Ryan A. , Findley Lloyd T. , Jacobs David K.
Published: January 2018

Plate tectonics and sediment processes control regional continental shelf topography. We examine the genetic consequences of how glacial‐associated sea level change interacted with variable nearshore topography since the last glaciation. We reconstructed the size and distribution of areas suitable for tidal estuary formation from the last glacial maximum, ~20 thousand years ago, to present from San Francisco, California,USA(~38°N) to Reforma, Sinaloa, Mexico (~25°N). We assessed range‐wide genetic structure and diversity of three codistributed tidal estuarine fishes (California Killifish, Shadow Goby, Longjaw Mudsucker) along ~4,600 km using mitochondrial control region andcytB sequence, and 16–20 microsatellite loci from a total of 524 individuals. Results show that glacial‐associated sea level change limited estuarine habitat to few, widely separated refugia at glacial lowstand, and present‐day genetic clades were sourced from specific refugia. Habitat increased during postglacial sea level rise and refugial populations admixed in newly formed habitats. Continental shelves with active tectonics and/or low sediment supply were steep and hosted fewer, smaller refugia with more genetically differentiated populations than on broader shelves. Approximate Bayesian computation favoured the refuge–recolonization scenarios from habitat models over isolation by distance and seaway alternatives, indicating isolation at lowstand is a major diversification mechanism among these estuarine (and perhaps other) coastal species. Because sea level change is a global phenomenon, we suggest this top‐down physical control of extirpation–isolation–recolonization may be an important driver of genetic diversification in coastal taxa inhabiting other topographically complex coasts globally during the Mid‐ to Late Pleistocene and deeper timescales.
Centrality of spirituality/religion in the culture of palliative care service in Indonesia: An ethnographic study
Authors: Rochmawati Erna , Wiechula Rick , Cameron Kate
Published: January 2018

Experiencing life‐threatening illness could impact on an individual’s spirituality or religious beliefs. In this paper, we report on a study which explored cultural elements that influence the provision of palliative care for people with cancer. A contemporary ethnographic approach was adopted. Observations and interviews were undertaken over 3 months with 48 participants, including palliative care staff, patients, and their families. An ethnographic data analysis framework was adopted to assist in the analysis of data at item, pattern, and structural levels. Religion was identified as central to everyday life, with all participants reporting being affiliated to particular religions and performing their religious practices in their daily lives. Patients’ relatives acknowledged and addressed patients’ needs for these practices. Staff provided spiritual care for the patients and their relatives in the form of religious discussion and conducting prayers together. An understanding that religious and spiritual practices are integral cultural elements and of fundamental importance to the holistic health of their patients is necessary if health‐care professionals are to support patients and their families in end‐of‐life care.
Time to re‐think fungal ecology? Fungal ecological niches are often prejudged
Authors: Selosse Marc‐André , Schneider‐Maunoury Laure , Martos Florent
Published: January 2018

This article is a Commentary on Lofgren et al., 217: 1203–1212 and Martino et al., 217: 1213–1229.
Carolibrandtia nom. nov. as a replacement name for Brandtia Hoshina (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae)
Authors: Hoshina Ryo , Nakada Takashi
Published: January 2018

Recently, the genus name Brandtia Hoshina was given for a chlorellacean symbiotic alga residing in some ciliate species. However, it was found that Brandtia Hoshina 2017 is an illegitimate later homonym of Brandtia Kunth 1831. Therefore, a replacement name, Carolibrandtia nom. nov., for Brandtia Hoshina is here proposed.
The role of digital technologies in open innovation processes: an exploratory multiple case study analysis
Authors: Urbinati Andrea , Chiaroni Davide , Chiesa Vittorio , Frattini Federico
Published: January 2018

Digital transformation has undoubtedly become a key enabler of innovation as evidenced by the numerous firms that use digital technologies to manage their innovation processes. This issue is even more relevant today when innovation processes have become more open and require greater resources in the different implementation phases to capture and transfer knowledge within and outside the firm's boundaries. This implies additional challenges in managing the increasing amount of knowledge and information flows. Accordingly, digital technologies can be used and implemented to manage open innovation processes through easier access and sharing the knowledge created and transferred. Nevertheless, literature in these fields does not provide a structured view of how and why digital technologies are used to manage innovation processes in an open perspective. This paper aims to bridge this gap by adopting the theoretical lenses of change management to identify the managerial actions at organizational and process level that companies perform to implement digital technologies in their open innovation processes. Accordingly, the paper investigates how and why these managerial actions required for and enabled by digital technologies help firms to develop and nurture open innovation. From an empirical point of view, the exploratory multiple case study analyzes nine firms operating in different industries and varying in size, market share, and organizational structure.
Human Agency in Disaster Planning: A Systems Approach
Authors: Powell John Hamer , Hammond Michael , Chen Albert , Mustafee Navonil
Published: January 2018

Current approaches to risk management place insufficient emphasis on the system knowledge available to the assessor, particularly in respect of the dynamic behavior of the system under threat, the role of human agents (HAs), and the knowledge available to those agents. In this article, we address the second of these issues. We are concerned with a class of systems containing HAs playing a variety of roles as significant system elements—as decisionmakers, cognitive agents, or implementers—that is, human activity systems. Within this family of HAS, we focus on safety and mission‐critical systems, referring to this subclass as critical human activity systems (CHASs). Identification of the role and contribution of these human elements to a system is a nontrivial problem whether in an engineering context, or, as is the case here, in a wider social and public context. Frequently, they are treated as standing apart from the system in design or policy terms. Regardless of the process of policy definition followed, analysis of the risk and threats to such a CHAS requires a holistic approach, since the effect of undesirable, uninformed, or erroneous actions on the part of the human elements is both potentially significant to the system output and inextricably bound together with the nonhuman elements of the system. We present a procedure for identifying the potential threats and risks emerging from the roles and activity of those HAs, using the 2014 flooding in southwestern England and the Thames Valley as a contemporary example.
Risk Assessment of Salmonellosis from Consumption of Alfalfa Sprouts and Evaluation of the Public Health Impact of Sprout Seed Treatment and Spent Irrigation Water Testing
Authors: Chen Yuhuan , Pouillot Régis , Santillana Farakos Sofia M. , Duret Steven , Spungen Judith , Fu Tong‐Jen , Shakir Fazila , Homola Patricia A. , Dennis Sherri , Van Doren Jane M.
Published: January 2018

We developed a risk assessment of human salmonellosis associated with consumption of alfalfa sprouts in the United States to evaluate the public health impact of applying treatments to seeds (0–5‐log10 reduction in Salmonella) and testing spent irrigation water (SIW) during production. The risk model considered variability and uncertainty in Salmonella contamination in seeds, Salmonella growth and spread during sprout production, sprout consumption, and Salmonella dose response. Based on an estimated prevalence of 2.35% for 6.8 kg seed batches and without interventions, the model predicted 76,600 (95% confidence interval (CI) 15,400–248,000) cases/year. Risk reduction (by 5‐ to 7‐fold) predicted from a 1‐log10 seed treatment alone was comparable to SIW testing alone, and each additional 1‐log10 seed treatment was predicted to provide a greater risk reduction than SIW testing. A 3‐log10 or a 5‐log10 seed treatment reduced the predicted cases/year to 139 (95% CI 33–448) or 1.4 (95% CI <1–4.5), respectively. Combined with SIW testing, a 3‐log10 or 5‐log10 seed treatment reduced the cases/year to 45 (95% CI 10–146) or <1 (95% CI <1–1.5), respectively. If the SIW coverage was less complete (i.e., less representative), a smaller risk reduction was predicted, e.g., a combined 3‐log10 seed treatment and SIW testing with 20% coverage resulted in an estimated 92 (95% CI 22–298) cases/year. Analysis of alternative scenarios using different assumptions for key model inputs showed that the predicted relative risk reductions are robust. This risk assessment provides a comprehensive approach for evaluating the public health impact of various interventions in a sprout production system.
Random Networks, Graphical Models and Exchangeability
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen , Rinaldo Alessandro , Sadeghi Kayvan
Published: January 2018

We study conditional independence relationships for random networks and their interplay with exchangeability. We show that, for finitely exchangeable network models, the empirical subgraph densities are maximum likelihood estimates of their theoretical counterparts. We then characterize all possible Markov structures for finitely exchangeable random graphs, thereby identifying a new class of Markov network models corresponding to bidirected Kneser graphs. In particular, we demonstrate that the fundamental property of dissociatedness corresponds to a Markov property for exchangeable networks described by bidirected line graphs. Finally we study those exchangeable models that are also summarized in the sense that the probability of a network depends only on the degree distribution, and we identify a class of models that is dual to the Markov graphs of Frank and Strauss. Particular emphasis is placed on studying consistency properties of network models under the process of forming subnetworks and we show that the only consistent systems of Markov properties correspond to the empty graph, the bidirected line graph of the complete graph and the complete graph.
CMV Biorthogonal Laurent Polynomials: Perturbations and Christoffel Formulas
Authors: Ariznabarreta Gerardo , Mañas Manuel , Toledano Alfredo
Published: January 2018

Quasidefinite sesquilinear forms for Laurent polynomials in the complex plane and corresponding CMV biorthogonal Laurent polynomial families are studied. Bivariate linear functionals encompass large families of orthogonalities such as Sobolev and discrete Sobolev types. Two possible Christoffel transformations of these linear functionals are discussed. Either the linear functionals are multiplied by a Laurent polynomial, or are multiplied by the complex conjugate of a Laurent polynomial. For the Geronimus transformation, the linear functional is perturbed in two possible manners as well, by a division by a Laurent polynomial or by a complex conjugate of a Laurent polynomial, in both cases the addition of appropriate masses (linear functionals supported on the zeros of the perturbing Laurent polynomial) is considered. The connection formulas for the CMV biorthogonal Laurent polynomials, its norms, and Christoffel–Darboux kernels, in all the four cases, are given. For the Geronimus transformation, the connection formulas for the second kind functions and mixed Christoffel–Darboux kernels are also given in the two possible cases. For prepared Laurent polynomials, i.e., of the form , , these connection formulas lead to quasideterminantal (quotient of determinants) Christoffel formulas for all the four transformations, expressing an arbitrary degree perturbed biorthogonal Laurent polynomial in terms of 2n unperturbed biorthogonal Laurent polynomials, their second kind functions or Christoffel–Darboux kernels and its mixed versions. Different curves are presented as examples, such as the real line, the circle, the Cassini oval, and the cardioid. The unit circle case, given its exceptional properties, is discussed in more detail. In this case, a particularly relevant role is played by the reciprocal polynomial, and the Christoffel formulas provide now with two possible ways of expressing the same perturbed quantities in terms of the original ones, one using only the nonperturbed biorthogonal family of Laurent polynomials, and the other using the Christoffel–Darboux kernels and its mixed versions, as well. Two examples are discussed in detail.
Effect of length of dental resident clinical rotations on patient behavior
Authors: Lau Agnes
Published: January 2018

Aim

The purpose of this retrospective chart review study was to determine if the length of residents’ comprehensive dental care rotations in a general practice residency affected late cancellations, broken appointments, completion of treatment, timeliness of recall visits, emergency visits, and the need for redo of restorations and prostheses.

Methods

Patients who presented for comprehensive care from 2010 to 2013, during which residents had 3‐ to 4‐month dental clinic rotations, comprised Group 1, and patients who presented for comprehensive care from 2013 to 2016, during which residents had 11‐month dental clinic rotations, comprised Group 2. Subjects were excluded if they only presented for emergency care, they had only one visit, or their care was delivered in both time periods. There were 105 patients in Group 1 and 55 patients in Group 2.

Results

The statistically significant results were that Group 1 patients had more late cancellations and broken appointments and failed to reach recall status more often than Group 2 patients, and that Group 1 patients had fewer emergency visits.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this retrospective study, the results suggest that short block rotations have an adverse effect on resident experience and outcomes of patient care in a hospital outpatient setting.
Home hemodialysis education during postdoctoral training: Challenges and innovations
Authors: Glickman Joel D. , Seshasai Rebecca Kurnik
Published: January 2018

Inadequate education in home hemodialysis (HHD) fellowship training might contribute to underutilization of this modality in the United States. Most graduates of nephrology fellowships do not grade themselves as competent in HHD suggesting that fellowship training in HHD is inadequate. An essential component for fellow education is at least one faculty member with expertise in HHD who is passionate about promoting the use of this modality. At a minimum, fellow training should utilize a curriculum that includes both lectures about HHD and outpatient clinical exposure to this modality over a period of at least 6‐12 months. Fellows benefit from the opportunity to transition at least three patients to a home modality to gain experience with modality education, access placement, initial prescriptions, and home dialysis training. They should spend time with HHD training nurses to learn more about modality education, observe nurse intake interviews with patients in order to learn the criteria for entrance into the home dialysis program as well as recognize how to identify potential barriers to successful home dialysis therapy. To expose fellows to problems that do not occur during clinic visits fellows are encouraged to take first call during the day for HHD patients. There are many opportunities to do research and quality improvement projects which might also propel some fellows into an academic career as a home dialysis nephrologist.
Down‐slope facies variability within deep‐water channel systems: Insights from the Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation, southern Patagonia
Authors: Malkowski Matthew A. , Jobe Zane R. , Sharman Glenn R. , Graham Stephan A.
Published: January 2018

In southern Patagonia, outcrops of the Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation preserve a >150 km long deep‐water axial channel belt in the Magallanes–Austral Basin, providing a unique opportunity to investigate longitudinal variations in the depositional characteristics of a deep‐water channel system. This study documents sedimentological, stratigraphical and geochronological data from the Cerro Toro Formation in the Argentine sector of the basin. New results are integrated with previous work from the Chilean basin sector to conduct a basin‐scale comparison of the timing of deposition, provenance and lithofacies proportions. The Cerro Toro channel belt includes a nearly 1000 m thick section characterized by high‐density turbidites and mass‐wasting deposits. Two ash beds from the base of the section yield U–Pb zircon ages of 90·4 ± 2 Ma and 88·0 ± 3 Ma, indicating similar initiation ages as documented in the Chilean sector. The U–Pb detrital zircon age spectra from samples in the study area reveal similar provenance trends to samples from the Chilean basin sector, with peak age populations at 310 to 260 Ma, 160 to 135 Ma and 110 to 82 Ma. The maximum depositional age of the channel belt in the Argentine sector is 87·8 ± 1·5 Ma and all new geochronology data corroborate an 86 to 80 Ma depositional age for the main Cerro Toro channel belt. Statistical analyses of 7370 beds from nearly 8000 m of new and previously published stratigraphic sections along the entire outcrop belt suggest progressive variations in the down‐system proportion of lithofacies. In the up‐slope region, lithofacies representing mass wasting processes (for example, debris‐flow and mass‐transport deposits) account for ca 29% of the stratigraphic thickness, as opposed to 5% in the down‐slope region of the channel belt, where turbidity current deposits are more prevalent. The proportion of beds >1 m thick also decreases systematically down slope, particularly for conglomeratic turbidite deposits. This work highlights that: (i) the proportion of thick beds and distribution of lithofacies are key down‐system changes in the stratigraphic fill of this deep‐water channel belt; (ii) detrital zircon trends suggest a relatively well‐mixed longitudinal depositional system; and (iii) geochronology of the main Cerro Toro outcrop belt supports but does not necessitate the model of a single, roughly age‐equivalent, channel system. This study has implications for understanding the downslope variability in depositional processes, stratigraphic architecture and reservoir quality of submarine channel systems.
Assessment of fog collection as a sustainable water resource in the southwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Algarni Salem
Published: January 2018

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is an arid dessert with less than 100 mm yearly rainfall in addition to a high‐water consumption per capita. The collection of fog water is a simple and sustainable technology and may offer a supplementary water supply. Data were collected for a whole year from the Rayda reserve weather station, and two standard fog collectors (SFCs) were installed near the weather station. The results indicated that the average water collected by the local mesh was 6.7 L/m2/day, compared with 5.5 L/m2/day collected by the imported mesh. The highest quantity of water was collected in March by the local mesh, at 22 L/m2/day. The effectiveness of the fog collection was calculated and compared with the international standards. The obtained results indicate that fog can be utilized as a supplementary water source for the agriculture sector in the southwest KSA.
Response of a Circular Cylinder Wake to Periodic Wave Excitations
Authors: Lee Sang Bong
Published: January 2018

Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations of multiphase flows past a circular cylinder close to free surface waves were performed to investigate an interaction of vortex formation around a cylinder with periodic waves by utilizing waves2Foam. The lock-on responses of lift coefficient at low frequencies were lower than those of the natural response due to the existence of “out-of-phase” between the fluctuations of lift coefficient by vortex formation and the vertical force fluctuations by wave motions. The resonant effect of an external excitation by the periodic waves on the lift coefficient fluctuations was not significant despite the occurrence of lock-on.
Visualizing Sound Directivity via Smartphone Sensors
Authors: Hawley Scott H. , McClain Robert E.
Published: January 2018

When Yang-Hann Kim received the Rossing Prize in Acoustics Education at the 2015 meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, he stressed the importance of offering visual depictions of sound fields when teaching acoustics. Often visualization methods require specialized equipment such as microphone arrays or scanning apparatus. We present a simple method for visualizing angular dependence in sound fields, made possible via the confluence of sensors available via a new smartphone app that the authors have developed.
A Fan-tastic Quantitative Exploration of Ohm’s Law
Authors: Mitchell Brandon , Ekey Robert , McCullough Roy , Reitz William
Published: January 2018

Teaching simple circuits and Ohm’s law to students in the introductory classroom has been extensively investigated through the common practice of using incandescent light bulbs to help students develop a conceptual foundation before moving on to quantitative analysis. However, the bulb filaments’ resistance has a large temperature dependence, which makes them less suitable as a tool for quantitative analysis. Some instructors show that light bulbs do not obey Ohm’s law either outright or through inquiry-based laboratory experiments. Others avoid the subject altogether by using bulbs strictly for qualitative purposes and then later switching to resistors for a numerical analysis, or by changing the operating conditions of the bulb so that it is “barely” glowing. It seems incongruous to develop a conceptual basis for the behavior of simple circuits using bulbs only to later reveal that they do not follow Ohm’s law. Recently, small computer fans were proposed as a suitable replacement of bulbs for qualitative analysis of simple circuits where the current is related to the rotational speed of the fans. In this contribution, we demonstrate that fans can also be used for quantitative measurements and provide suggestions for successful classroom implementation.
Emotional Component in Teaching and Learning
Authors: Ponnambalam Michael
Published: January 2018

The laws of physics are often seen as objective truth, pure and simple. Hence, they tend to appear cerebral and cold. However, their presentation is necessarily subjective and may vary from being boring to being exciting. A detailed analysis of physics education reform efforts over the last three decades finds that interactive instruction results in greater learning gains than the traditional lecture format. In interactive engagement, the emotional component plays a far greater role than acknowledged by many. As an experienced physics teacher [(i) Four decades of teaching and research in four continents (teaching all courses to undergraduate physics majors and algebra-based physics to high school seniors as well as college freshmen), (ii) 11 years of volunteer work in Physics Popularization in six countries to many thousands of students in elementary, middle, and high schools as well as colleges and universities, and (iii) eight years as a Master Teacher and mentor], I feel that the emotional component in teaching and learning physics has been neglected. This paper presents the role of the emotional component in transforming ordinary teaching and learning of physics into an enjoyable and exciting experience for students as well as teachers.
Periscope: Looking into Learning in Best-Practices Physics Classrooms
Authors: Scherr Rachel E. , Goertzen Renee Michelle
Published: January 2018

Periscope is a set of lessons to support learning assistants, teaching assistants, and faculty in learning to notice and interpret classroom events the way an accomplished teacher does. Periscope lessons are centered on video episodes from a variety of best-practices university physics classrooms. By observing, discussing, and reflecting on teaching situations similar to their own, instructors practice applying lessons learned about teaching to actual teaching situations and develop their pedagogical content knowledge. Instructors also get a view of other institutions’ transformed courses, which can support and expand the vision of their own instructional improvement and support the transfer of course developments among faculty. Periscope is available for free to educators at http://physport.org/periscope.
The Magnetic Field Along the Axis of a Short, Thick Solenoid
Authors: Hart Francis Xavier
Published: January 2018

We commonly ask students to compare the results of their experimental measurements with the predictions of a simple physical model that is well understood. However, in practice, physicists must compare their experimental measurements with the predictions of several models, none of which may work well over the entire range of measurements. The following describes an experiment we use in the second semester of a two-semester course designed for chemistry, biochemistry, and biology majors as an example of this situation. There are three parts to the experiment. In the first part the students, working in groups of two or three, calibrate a search coil. In the second part they position the coil at various distances from the center of a thick, finite solenoid and measure the field at each position. In the third part they use three models to predict the magnetic field at each of those positions. The students must then decide if one model best predicts the results of the measurements. If no single model can do so, they must decide which model works best over which range.
Measuring average angular velocity with a smartphone magnetic field sensor
Authors: Pili Unofre , Violanda Renante
Published: January 2018

The angular velocity of a spinning object is, by standard, measured using a device called a tachometer. However, by directly using it in a classroom setting, the activity is likely to appear as less instructive and less engaging. Indeed, some alternative classroom-suitable methods for measuring angular velocity have been presented. In this paper, we present a further alternative that is smartphone-based, making use of the real-time magnetic field (simply called B-field in what follows) data gathering capability of the B-field sensor of the smartphone device as the timer for measuring average rotational period and average angular velocity. The in-built B-field sensor in smartphones has already found a number of uses in undergraduate experimental physics. For instance, in elementary electrodynamics, it has been used to explore the well-known Bio-Savart law and in a measurement of the permeability of air.
Introducing the yellow laser
Authors: Lincoln James
Published: January 2018

The author has acquired a yellow laser with the specific wavelength of 589 nm. Because this is the first time such a laser has been discussed in this journal, I feel it is appropriate to provide a discussion of its function and capabilities. Normal laser safety should be employed, such as not pointing it into eyes or at people, and using eye protection for the young and inexperienced. It is important to note that 589 nm is the same wavelength as the Sodium-D line (doublet). This allows for the laser to serve as a replacement for sodium lamps, and, considering its rather high price, this added value should be balanced against its cost. What follows is a list of activities that showcase the yellow laser’s unique promise as an engaging piece of technology that can be used in the teaching of physics.
Chemical martyrs
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: January 2018

Three decades after Iraq unleashed chemical weapons on Iran, scientists there are unraveling the long-term effects.
The epigenetic control of stemness in CD8
+
T cell fate commitment
Authors: Pace Luigia , Goudot Christel , Zueva Elina , Gueguen Paul , Burgdorf Nina , Waterfall Joshua J. , Quivy Jean-Pierre , Almouzni Geneviève , Amigorena Sebastian
Published: January 2018

Epigenetic modulation of effector T cells

The epigenetic states and associated chromatin dynamics underlying the initiation and maintenance of memory and effector CD8
+
T cells are poorly understood. Pace
et al.
found that mice lacking the histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase Suv39h1 had markedly reduced antigen-specific effector CD8
+
T cell responses to
Listeria monocytogenes
infection (see the Perspective by Henning
et al.
). Instead, CD8
+
T cells in these mice were enriched for genes associated with naïve and memory signatures and showed enhanced memory potential and increased survival capacity. Thus, Suv39h1 marks chromatin through H3K9me3 deposition and silences memory and stem cell programs during the terminal differentiation of effector CD8
+
T cells.

Science
, this issue p.
177
; see also p.
163
Genomic signals of selection predict climate-driven population declines in a migratory bird
Authors: Bay Rachael A. , Harrigan Ryan J. , Underwood Vinh Le , Gibbs H. Lisle , Smith Thomas B. , Ruegg Kristen
Published: January 2018

Yellow warblers already in decline

As the climate changes, species' ability to adapt to changing conditions may relate directly to their future persistence. Determining whether and when this will happen is challenging, however, because it is difficult to tease apart the causes of decline or maintenance. Bay
et al.
looked at the relationship between genomic variation and the environment in North American populations of the yellow warbler (see the Perspective by Fitzpatrick and Edelsparre). Genes linked to exploratory and migratory behavior were important for successful climate adaptation. Furthermore, populations identified as “genetically vulnerable” because of limited climate-associated genomic variation were already declining.

Science
, this issue p.
83
; see also p.
29
Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene
Authors: Hughes Terry P. , Anderson Kristen D. , Connolly Sean R. , Heron Scott F. , Kerry James T. , Lough Janice M. , Baird Andrew H. , Baum Julia K. , Berumen Michael L. , Bridge Tom C. , Claar Danielle C. , Eakin C. Mark , Gilmour James P. , Graham Nicholas A. J. , Harrison Hugo , Hobbs Jean-Paul A. , Hoey Andrew S. , Hoogenboom Mia , Lowe Ryan J. , McCulloch Malcolm T. , Pandolfi John M. , Pratchett Morgan , Schoepf Verena , Torda Gergely , Wilson Shaun K.
Published: January 2018

Not enough time for recovery

Coral bleaching occurs when stressful conditions result in the expulsion of the algal partner from the coral. Before anthropogenic climate warming, such events were relatively rare, allowing for recovery of the reef between events. Hughes
et al.
looked at 100 reefs globally and found that the average interval between bleaching events is now less than half what it was before. Such narrow recovery windows do not allow for full recovery. Furthermore, warming events such as El Niño are warmer than previously, as are general ocean conditions. Such changes are likely to make it more and more difficult for reefs to recover between stressful events.

Science
, this issue p.
80
Global science for city policy
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: January 2018

It is time for a global reform of science advice to cities
Spatial representations of self and other in the hippocampus
Authors: Danjo Teruko , Toyoizumi Taro , Fujisawa Shigeyoshi
Published: January 2018

The representation of others in space

Different sets of neurons encode the spatial position and orientation of an organism. However, social animals need to know the position of other individuals for social interactions, observational learning, and group navigation. Surprisingly, very little is known about how the position of other animals is represented in the brain. Danjo
et al.
and Omer
et al.
now report the discovery of a subgroup of neurons in hippocampal area CA1 that encodes the presence of conspecifics in rat and bat brains, respectively.

Science
, this issue p.
213
, p.
218
Mind the seafloor
Authors: Boetius Antje , Haeckel Matthias
Published: January 2018

Research and regulations must be integrated to protect seafloor biota from future mining impacts
Social science, today
Bit by Bit: Social Research in the Digital Age
Matthew J. Salganik
Princeton University Press, 2017. 445 pp.
Authors: Lazer David
Published: January 2018

A breezy, personal guide provides a road map to solid computational social science research
Lung inflammation originating in the gut
Authors: Mjösberg Jenny , Rao Anna
Published: January 2018

Parasite infection in the intestine can lead to inflammatory immune cells in the lung
Detecting the building blocks of aromatics
Authors: Joblin Christine , Cernicharo José
Published: January 2018

Detection of benzonitrile in an interstellar cloud helps to constrain interstellar chemistry
Learning-dependent chromatin remodeling highlights noncoding regulatory regions linked to autism
Authors: Koberstein John N. , Poplawski Shane G. , Wimmer Mathieu E. , Porcari Giulia , Kao Charlly , Gomes Bruce , Risso Davide , Hakonarson Hakon , Zhang Nancy R. , Schultz Robert T. , Abel Ted , Peixoto Lucia
Published: January 2018

High-throughput sequencing analysis of learning-induced epigenetic changes in the mouse hippocampus reveals regulatory regions relevant to autism.
Functional changes of AMPA responses in human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived neural progenitors in fragile X syndrome
Authors: Achuta Venkat Swaroop , Möykkynen Tommi , Peteri Ulla-Kaisa , Turconi Giorgio , Rivera Claudio , Keinänen Kari , Castrén Maija L.
Published: January 2018

Changes in AMPA receptor composition during neuronal development may underlie altered synaptic activity in fragile X syndrome.
Targeting Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus by Chemical Inhibition of the Accessory Gene Regulator System
In Vivo
Authors: Salam Akram M. , Quave Cassandra L.
Published: January 2018

Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) presents one of the most serious health concerns worldwide. The WHO labeled it as a “high-priority” pathogen in 2017, also citing the more recently emerged vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant strains.
Tailrace surge shaft optimization procedure for minimum downsurge
Authors: Sinha Satyajeet
Published: January 2018

Tailrace surge shafts are required in hydropower projects where the spent water is conveyed through a long tailrace tunnel under pressure to the recipient. Startup and shutdown of the turbine can cause sudden changes in water velocity and can develop dangerously high and low pressures. Surge shafts are provided in water conductor systems to significantly reduce these pressure surges. Based on numerous transient analyses carried out, it was observed that the cross-sectional area of the tailrace surge shaft can be optimized based on the relationship between the differences in the tailwater level and the minimum downsurge level at the tailrace surge shaft obtained with respect to the different lengths of the tailrace tunnel and different cross-sectional areas of the tailrace surge shaft. In this study, a procedure was proposed by which the tailrace surge shafts can be optimized and, hence, the cost of the hydropower projects with tailrace surge shafts can be minimized.
Pilot production of steel slag masonry blocks
Authors: Mahoutian Mehrdad , Chaallal Omar , Shao Yixin
Published: January 2018

Masonry blocks are usually made of Portland cement and cured by steam. This study explores the possibility of making masonry blocks using steel slag as binder and carbon dioxide as curing activator. By carbonation activation of steel slag blocks, carbon dioxide can be permanently sequestered in steel slag as calcium carbonates, leading to stronger and more durable construction blocks. In this paper, carbonated steel slag paste was first evaluated by thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, carbon uptake, strength development, and leaching tests. Based on the preliminary results, the full-size masonry blocks were fabricated using steel slag as the binder and granite as the aggregates. The physical properties and durability of full-size steel slag masonry blocks were then examined through their density, water absorption, moisture content, compressive strength, and fire resistance. An economic analysis was performed and a carbon dioxide utilization capacity was estimated. This study demonstrates that production of steel slag masonry blocks by carbonation is an economically feasible way to utilize carbon dioxide.
RNA sequencing on Amomum villosum Lour. induced by MeJA identifies the genes of WRKY and terpene synthases involved in terpene biosynthesis
Authors: He Xueying , Wang Huan , Yang Jinfen , Deng Ke , Wang Teng
Published: January 2018

Amomum villosum Lour. is an important Chinese medicinal plant that has diverse medicinal functions, and mainly contains volatile terpenes. This study aims to explore the WRKY transcription factors (TFs) and terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes that might be involved in terpene biosynthesis in A. villosum, and thus providing some new information on the regulation of terpenes in plants. RNA sequencing of A. villosum induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) revealed that the WRKY family was the second largest TF family in the transcriptome. Thirty-six complete WRKY domain sequences were expressed in response to MeJA. Further, six WRKY unigenes were highly correlated with eight deduced TPS unigenes. Ultimately, we combined the terpene abundance with the expression of candidate WRKY TFs and TPS unigenes to presume a possible model wherein AvWRKY61, AvWRKY28, and AvWRKY40 might coordinately trans-activate the AvNeoD promoter. We propose an approach to further investigate TF unigenes that might be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis, and identified four unigenes for further analyses.
Frequency Reference Stability and Coherence Loss in Radio Astronomy Interferometers Application to the SKA
Authors: Alachkar Bassem , Wilkinson Althea , Grainge Keith
Published: January 2018

The requirements on the stability of the frequency reference in the square Kilometer array (SKA), as a radio astronomy interferometer, are given in terms of the maximum accepted degree of coherence loss caused by the instability of the frequency reference. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the characterization of the instability of the frequency reference in the radio astronomy array and the coherence loss. The calculation of the coherence loss from the instability characterization given by the Allan deviation is reviewed. A model of a typical frequency distribution system is presented. The verification of the coherence and frequency reference stability requirements is discussed. Some practical aspects and limitations relevant to the SKA are analyzed.
Validating Data Quality Actions in Scoring Processes
Authors: Cappiello C. , Cerletti C. , Fratto C. , Pernici B.
Published: January 2018

Data quality has gained momentum among organizations upon the realization that poor data quality might cause failures and/or inefficiencies, thus compromising business processes and application results. However, enterprises often adopt data quality assessment and improvement methods based on practical and empirical approaches without conducting a rigorous analysis of the data quality issues and outcome of the enacted data quality improvement practices. In particular, data quality management, especially the identification of the data quality dimensions to be monitored and improved, is performed by knowledge workers on the basis of their skills and experience. Control methods are therefore designed on the basis of expected and evident quality problems; thus, these methods may not be effective in dealing with unknown and/or unexpected problems. This article aims to provide a methodology, based on fault injection, for validating the data quality actions used by organizations. We show how it is possible to check whether the adopted techniques properly monitor the real issues that may damage business processes. At this stage, we focus on scoring processes, i.e., those in which the output represents the evaluation or ranking of a specific object. We show the effectiveness of our proposal by means of a case study in the financial risk management area.
Jump, But Don't Run
Authors: Mandernach B. Jean
Published: January 2018

For those new to teaching online, you need "Jump Start Your Online Classroom." True to its name, this practical, hands-on guide provides essential insights to kick off one's initial venture into online teaching. But be sure to jump early, while the guidance and resources provided are invaluable assets to help you begin teaching online, you will want to allow yourself plenty of time to prepare for the experience.
Recent Progress in Stem Cell Modification for Cardiac Regeneration
Authors: Lemcke Heiko , Voronina Natalia , Steinhoff Gustav , David Robert
Published: January 2018

During the past decades, stem cell-based therapy has acquired a promising role in regenerative medicine. The application of novel cell therapeutics for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases could potentially achieve the ambitious aim of effective cardiac regeneration. Despite the highly positive results from preclinical studies, data from phase I/II clinical trials are inconsistent and the improvement of cardiac remodeling and heart performance was found to be quite limited. The major issues which cardiac stem cell therapy is facing include inefficient cell delivery to the site of injury, accompanied by low cell retention and weak effectiveness of remaining stem cells in tissue regeneration. According to preclinical and clinical studies, various stem cells (adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells) represent the most promising cell types so far. Beside the selection of the appropriate cell type, researchers have developed several strategies to produce “second-generation” stem cell products with improved regenerative capacity. Genetic and nongenetic modifications, chemical and physical preconditioning, and the application of biomaterials were found to significantly enhance the regenerative capacity of transplanted stem cells. In this review, we will give an overview of the recent developments in stem cell engineering with the goal to facilitate stem cell delivery and to promote their cardiac regenerative activity.
Atmospheric Dynamics Leading to West European Summer Hot Temperatures Since 1851
Authors: Alvarez-Castro M. Carmen , Faranda Davide , Yiou Pascal
Published: January 2018

Summer hot temperatures have many impacts on health, economy (agriculture, energy, and transports), and ecosystems. In Western Europe, the recent summers of 2003 and 2015 were exceptionally warm. Many studies have shown that the genesis of the major heat events of the last decades was linked to anticyclonic atmospheric circulation and to spring precipitation deficit in Southern Europe. Such results were obtained for the second part of the 20th century and projections into the 21st century. In this paper, we challenge this vision by investigating the earlier part of the 20th century from an ensemble of 20CR reanalyses. We propose an innovative description of Western‐European heat events applying the dynamical system theory. We argue that the atmospheric circulation patterns leading to the most intense heat events have changed during the last century. We also show that the increasing temperature trend during major heatwaves is encountered during episodes of Scandinavian Blocking, while other circulation patterns do not yield temperature trends during extremes.
Two-Step Integral Imaging Coding Based Three-Dimensional Information Encryption Approach
Authors: Zhao Min , Xing Yan , Li Xiao-Wei , Wang Qiong-Hua
Published: January 2018

We propose a two-step integral imaging coding based three-dimensional (3D) information encryption approach in this paper. In this approach, a synthetic aperture integral imaging system is applied to acquire a set of parallax images including spatial and angular information of 3D scene. In the encryption process, two-step coding is performed. In the first step, the acquired parallax images are encrypted firstly by double random-phase coding in the Fresnel domain. In the second step, these encrypted parallax images are encoded into a cipher image by mapping algorithm which is used to generate elemental image array of integral imaging. In the decryption process, an inverse operation is performed. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility, security, and robustness of the proposed approach.
A Rare Case of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Associated with Cryoglobulinemia Presenting with a Bullous Skin Eruption of the Lower Limbs
Authors: Abeyaratne D. D. K. , Liyanapathirana C. , Fonseka C. L. , Wijekoon P. W. M. C. S. B.
Published: January 2018

Background. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- (ANCA-) associated small vessel vasculitis with multisystem involvement. It is characterized with asthma, eosinophilia, and renal and peripheral nervous system involvement. However, EGPA presenting with bullous skin eruption is an uncommon dermatological manifestation. We report a rare case of EGPA overlapped with mixed essential cryoglobulinemia presenting with a bullous skin eruption. Case Presentation. A 49-year-old female presented with bilateral lower limb erythematous bullous rash with bilateral lower limb numbness. She had bilateral ankle edema with frothyuria and a recent onset wheeze. Blood investigations revealed a marked peripheral eosinophilia with positive P-ANCA. Skin biopsy was suggestive of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. She also had positive cryoglobulins with a high rheumatoid factor titre. The patient was diagnosed of having EGPA with overlapping mixed essential cryoglobulinemia. Her skin eruptions and systemic manifestations improved with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide therapy. Conclusion. EGPA can rarely present with a bullous skin eruption and may rarely associate with secondary cryoglobulinemia. Early recognition of these rare manifestations and prompt treatment would prevent further complications and death.