bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monumentalizing landscape: From present perception to the past meaning of Galician megalithism (north-west Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: Boado Felipe Criado , Vázquez Victoria Villoch
Published: January 2014

The study of landscape as social construction implies considering its economic and territorial dimensions, as much as its symbolic ones. A major topic in such kinds of studies is the reconstruction of the ways in which natural and social space was perceived by past societies. We ought to approach the project of building an archaeology of perception. One of the aims of such a research programme would be the evaluation of the effects of natural and artificial landscape features on past human observers. This paper will argue that a possible strategy for studying these dimensions of past landscapes could be based on the systematic analysis of the visual features of prehistoric monuments and in the characterization of the scenic effects and vistas related to them. A detailed analysis of the pattern of location of megalithic monuments and of their visibility and intervisibility allows us to recognize certain regularities which display an intention to take account of monuments by provoking dramatic artificial effects. In such a way, we could approach a phenomenology of prehistoric perception without falling into merely subjective solutions. This study is based on a systematic review of the megalithic monuments from Sierra de Barbanza (north-west Iberia). Its main aims are: (1) the proposal for a theoretical and methodological study of these phenomena, combined with; (2) a case-study to reconstruct those monumental strategies used to shape cultural landscapes in Neolithic Europe, and; (3) the explanation of continuities and changes of these traditions.
Landscapes of memory: The nineteenth-century garden cemetery
Authors: Tarlow Sarah
Published: January 2014

During the 1820s, 1830s and 1840s, garden cemeteries were founded in most cities in Britain. Their characteristic appearance owes much to a British tradition of naturalistic landscape design but has particular resonances in the context of death and mourning in the nineteenth century. This article considers some of the factors that have been significant in the development of the British landscape cemetery, including public health, class relationships and foreign influences (particularly that of Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris). It is argued that none of these things explains the popularity of this particular form of cemetery in Britain; rather, the garden cemetery offered an appealing and appropriate landscape for remembering the dead and mediating the relationship between the dead and the bereaved.
The Jettböle middle Neolithic site on the Åland Islands – human remains, ancient DNA and pottery
Authors: Götherström Anders , Stenbäck Niklas , Storå Jan
Published: January 2014

The article focuses on problems in making generalizations about the character of Stone Age sites and the difficulties of separating sacred and secular remains. Like many other Pitted Ware sites, the middle Neolithic site of Jettböle on the Åland Islands has been characterized as a settlement site despite finds of a ritual character. This study investigates the spatial relationships and depositional patterns of different find categories, with a special focus on human remains, including DNA analysis and the ornamentation of pottery from one of the larger excavation units from the site. The character and meaning of the site seem to be more complex than previously considered. The results of the study stress the need for careful investigation of the contextual circumstances of finds before making general interpretations.
Grain boundary discontinuous precipitation reactions
Authors: Williams D. B. , Butler E. P.
Published: January 2014

Discontinuous precipitation results in the formation of a two-phase lamellar structure behind moving grain-boundaries. The reaction is of interest because it generally has a deleterious effect on the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of many commercial alloys. The combination of heterogeneous boundary precipitation and concurrent migration is complex and has resulted in a diverse range of proposed reaction mechanisms, several models of the growth kinetics, and many empirical observations of the effects of ternary additions and lattice strain. This review summarizes existing theories and attempts to reconcile them with the latest experimental data for reactions which take place from supersaturated solid solutions (eutectoid decomposition is specifically excluded). It is considered that fuller understanding requires increased application of the latest electron -optical techniques such as high-resolution microanalysis and in situ experiments in the high-voltage microscope. Furthermore, to understand the effects of grain-boundary structure on initiation and growth kinetics “investigations should be confined to well characterized boundaries, such as bicrystals.
The Alexandrian Library and its Aftermath
Authors: Jochum Uwe
Published: January 2014

The library of the Museion in Alexandria is generally regarded as the first universal library. However, a look at the few authenticated facts will show how questionable such a characterization is. The universality of the library of the Museion seems to have its roots in the stories that are told about it, most famously about its destruction. The fact that this story, as well as others, hardly stands up to close examination is to be seen rather as a peculiar characteristic than as a defect. Ever since philology emerged at the Alexandrian LibrarY, we communicate by our history and our stories, by doing philology (or by having to do philology). Therefore the universality of the library of the Museion might be based on the fact that it has to be viewed as a library phenomenon which was preserved in the collections of many libraries. This paper was delivered at the library history seminar held in London in 1996 on the theme of the ‘Universal Library’.
Angry Sentinels and Businesslike Women: Identity and Marital Status in 1950s English Library Career
Authors: Kerslake Evelyn , Liladhar Janine
Published: January 2014

Much energy has been exerted on the ‘image problem’ in librarianship, and negative representations of library spinsters. This paper outlines a different formulation of these issues by focusing on identity and constructions of marital status. It is argued that marital status was critical for women workers in this sector due to the widespread use of the marriage bar which curtailed women's employment on marriage. Yet we illustrate that women's identity cannot be assumed to be constructed within normative discourses of heterosexuality, and an alternative discursive approach to identity formation is outlined. The exemplars used are from library career novels published in the 1950s and 1960s. This paper was delivered at the Library History Group's ‘Libraries and Identity’ Conference, held at the Library Association's Under-One-Umbrella 5 meeting at UMIST, 1-3 July 1999·
Books and Readers in Eighteenth-Century Westmorland: The Brownes of Townend
Authors: Purcell Mark
Published: January 2014

When the National Trust acquired Townend in Troutbeck in the Lake District, they acquired not only a house but also the papers and, more significantly, the library of the Brownes, the family who had lived there for over four centuries. This family was not part of the aristocracy nor did its members belong to the landed gentry, but lived on a much lower rung of the social ladder. That is what makes their collection of books so fascinating; their owners were not intellectuals or county leaders, but modest provincials. Their well-documented and (most important of all) still extant library is perhaps the oldest surviving yeoman's library in England.
The Development of Public Libraries in Cuba Since 1959
Authors: Pateman John
Published: January 2014

Public libraries in Cuba have increased and improved dramatically since Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, aided by successful literacy campaigns and the growth of the publishing industry. Despite the economic effects of the blockade, the future of the public library service is encouraging, and far more books per person are now available than in 1959 for a population anxious for information.
The Usual Delay: Public Libraries in Nineteenth Century Germany
Authors: Vodosek Peter
Published: January 2014

The title of my paper — The Usual Delay — requires some explanation. It refers to the notion that the development of a modern public library system in the nineteenth century in Germany was delayed for about one generation compared to Great Britain and the USA. This delay was the result of political, social and economic factors.
Proto-Bibliophiles Amongst The English Aristocracy, 1500-1700
Authors: Reid By Peter H.
Published: January 2014

The idea of aristocratic book collecting in Great Britain tends to conjure up images of great bibliophiles like Sunderland, Roxburghe and Spencer or of the benign neglect of country house libraries. Yet the origins of aristocratic bibliophilia — which in time gave rise to country house libraries — lie much further back in history with a handful of important English collectors who led the way in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This article presents an overview of some of these early collectors, their position in the society of the time and the influences which made them purchase books.
Country House Libraries in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Ciro Jennifer
Published: January 2014

In the nineteenth century, aristocrats lived mainly in the country, where they often maintained substantial libraries. But the library often existed for a variety of social reasons other than purely for reading. The social life of the aristocratic library changed completely during the course of the century, from male sanctuary to public reception room. A number of well-documented libraries are examined here.
‘Librarianship's A Fraud — That's Clear; For Africa I'll Volunteer’: Public Libraries and the Boer War
Authors: Baggs Chris
Published: January 2014

This article examines the response — or lack of response — to the Boer War from public libraries in Great Britain. Although there was an understandable surge in demand for associated literature, many libraries actually reported an overall decline in issues. This may be a counterpoint to a rapid increase in readership of newspapers. Although the professional press was largely silent over the conflict, most libraries responded to events in a positive manner. Annual reports were the prime source of information for this study. The paper was originally read at the Library History Group's conference on “Libraries and War’ held at UMIST in Manchester as part of the Library Association's conference, UmbrelLA 6, in July 2001.
The Country House Library Reassess'd: or, Did The ‘Country House Library’ Ever Really Exist?
Authors: Purcell Mark
Published: January 2014

Most of us think we know a country house library when we see one, but in reality surprisingly little work has actually been done on them. As the Trust's collection-level survey programme is starting to show, many of the favourite commonplaces are misleading or entirely mythical. If we are to get to grips with country house libraries, we must recognize them for what they were — just one sort of private library. But above all we must look at their books.
The English Country House Library: An Architectural History
Authors: Jervis Simon
Published: January 2014

Beginning with Henry VIII's little study, the architectural history of the private library is examined. In the eighteenth century, the library often appears as a counterpoint to the chapel, a more popular choice than awarding a central position to the library, though the latter is found in a number of instances. The influence of Gothic commences in the eighteenth century. Library rooms become more sociable and are often used to display portraits and sculpture. In Victorian times, the library was often a family living room.
Sir Ralph Bankes (?1631–1677) and the Origins of the Library at Kingston Hall
Authors: Lewis Yvonne
Published: January 2014

Kingston Hall in Dorset — subsequently re-named Kingston Lacy — was the home of the Bankes family for over 200 years from the 1660s. Surviving records and the books themselves reveal how the library was built up during its early years. Sir Ralph Bankes himself collected around 2000 volumes, of which about one half are still extant.
Scottish Circulating and Subscription Libraries as Community Libraries
Authors: Manley K. A.
Published: January 2014

Before the advent of public libraries, people who wished to borrow books for home reading frequented circulating and subscription libraries . These libraries were run on commercial principles but can be regarded as community libraries, providing cultural and educational reading material to a predominantly local community. Private subscription libraries were favoured in Scotland before they multiplied in England, while commercial circulating libraries owe much to Alan Ramsay's famous library in Edinburgh.
From Village Hall to Global Village: Community Libraries in England's Largest County
Authors: Duckett Bob
Published: January 2014

As a large, and largely rural, county, Yorkshire has a long tradition of providing community libraries. It has also provided some of the formative thinking that went into developing the services that we see today. In the course of a project in which all public library buildings in the county (and the former 'Humberside') are being visited and photographed, I have become ever more aware of the rich library heritage of the area. In addition to giving some background to the development of community libraries, an attempt is made to provide a classification of surviving library buildings according to their place in this history. I owe thanks to many people, some of whom are credited in the illustrations, and also to the financial support of CILIP in Yorkshire and Humberside and the enthusiasm of my colleagues in the Library History Group. I hope other CILIP branches will record the living heritage of their libraries.
Saved from 'Oblivion': The Organization and Management of the Douce Collection at the Bodleian Library and the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, 1834–1934
Authors: Topper Joby
Published: January 2014

This paper is an historical survey of the organization and management of the Francis Douce Collection at the Bodleian Library and the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, from its bequest in 1834 to the Douce Centenary Exhibition. Though certain portions of the bequest were overlooked during the first Douce catalogue project, Bodleian and Ashmolean administrators and staff brought this large, diverse collection into order by 1934 with invaluable assistance from local and visiting scholars, both paid and volunteer, from undergraduate assistants, and from their counterparts at the British Museum. They laid a broad foundation for subsequent catalogue-projects and management decisions involving the Douce bequest. In the absence of a comprehensive digital library and online-catalogue for the Douce Collection, knowledge of its physical arrangement and catalogue accessibility remains essential to researchers and research facilitators.
Symbolic Interactionist Sociology and Onomastics
Authors: Darden Donna K.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study demonstrates that personal names present an excellent opportunity for symbolic interaction sociologists to engage in research devoted to determining the nature and structure of their key variable, meaning. Using the technique of multidimensional scaling, ten men's names are mapped in 3- and 4 dimensional space. The four dimensions are identified as Character, Maturity, Sociability and Virility. The three dimensions are identified as Activity, Evaluation and Potency combined with Age. Both solutions are acceptable using standard criteria. Nicknames are shown to be a composite of the other dimen.sions, rather than a separate dimension.
Nickname Usage in an American High School
Authors: Busse Thomas V.
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn reply to a questionnaire, 114 boys and 149 girls in a suburban, public high school in the northeastern United States reported on their nicknames. Of the boys, 55% reported having nicknames; of the girls, 40%. The largest category for boys was variations or short forms of the surname, as Mort, for Moriarty. The next category was nicknames based upon physical characteristics, as Torch (for red hair) and Shorty. The remaining boys had nicknames of varied origins. For girls, physical characteristics ranked first, last name variations next. Thirteen percent of the boys and six percent of the girls did not know why they received their nicknames. A number of examples of nicknames in the different categories are given.
Cultural-Geographical Aspects of Street Names in the Towns of Israel
Authors: Bar-Gal Yoram
Published: January 2014

AbstractA comparative analysis of the street names of many towns in Israel shows the importance of Zionist ideology in the process of naming, although there is apparently a central core of names boasting a national consensus. As a result of the War of Independence (1948), most of the Arab and English street names were changed, an act symbolic of the Jewish and Zionist nature of the urban environment.
The History and Nature of Irish Street Names
Authors: Aodha Breandán S. Mac
Published: January 2014

AbstractStreet names in Irish towns and cities reflect the historical periods in which those names were given, medieval through the twentieth century. The majority of these names can be traced to English words, although many streets have English-sounding names which can be traced to Irish words. Classifying these names reveals the many reasons for name origins, from descriptive through destination to commemorative.
The Many Faces of Nicknames
Authors: Holland Theodore J.
Published: January 2014

AbstractDespite a vast scholarly literature on general naming practices, the serious investigation of nicknaming has barely begun. Pertinent literature lies thinly and sporadically scattered throughout the journals of social science disciplines, with most studies of nicknames assuming a structural, functional, psychodynamic, or socio-historical perspective. Taken as a whole, this body of literature is suggestive of the true dimensions of nicknaming.
The Influence of English on Female Names in Brazil
Authors: Thonus Terese
Published: January 2014

AbstractFirst names given to Brazilian females between 1967 and 1987 show considerable influence of English. A descriptive analysis classifies the names and compares orthographic and phonological versions with names in English-speaking countries as well as those within the sample. Although English has had little effect on the Portuguese language, results demonstrate that its influence on the naming system is significant.
TWO NOTES ON SHAKESPEARE: The Codification of Cordelia's Name
Authors: Fleissner Robert F.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlthough etymologically Cordelia's name relates to cor de ilia ‘ with, or from, the heart’ and the name in King Lear suggests an anagram of ideal heart, such sentiment is at variance with her failure to communicate with the king and her self-willed behavior. Thus, it may be helpful to see in her name another anagram, cord and a lie, suggesting that her response to Lear, despite her good intentions, is a breaking of her bond to him.
A Note of Names and Censors
Authors: Cassidy Frederic G.
Published: January 2014

AbstractDivagations of an old Onomastician on this and that, with a kindly thought for Len Ashley.
Calling the Dog: The Sources of AKC Breed Names
Authors: Ray Angela G.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe official names of the 136 dog breeds currently recognized by the American Kennel Club reflect the role of the canine in human civilization. Some names are exotic, but most are practical. Most names derive from sources pertaining to geography, appearance, and behavior.
The GNIS and the PC: Two Tools for Today's Toponymic Research
Authors: McArthur Lewis L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe personal computer has revolutionized geographic name research through its ability to store and manipulate vast quantities of data. Oregon has made considerable use of the information made available through the Geographic Names Information System and has combined the basic data with a program designed to aid in researching the origins and history of Oregon names. Procedures have been developed which allow the display of various types of names and naming patterns tailored to specific onomastic interests or the interests of researchers in other disciplines.
Naming Practices in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: De Klerk Vivian , Bosch Barbara
Published: January 2014

AbstractA survey of the naming practices of the three main linguistic groups of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Xhosa, Afrikaans and English) showed clear differences among the groups regarding the naming of babies and the namegivers, and also provided evidence of ongoing change and cross-cultural influence among the groups. From these patterns we suggest that in a post-apartheid South Africa, which offers increasing opportunity for interaction across cultures and languages, naming patterns are in a process of change, the directions of which are only beginning to be determined.'n Ondersoek van die naamgee-praktyke van die drie hooftaalgroepe in, die Oos-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika (Xhosa, Afrikaans en Engels) het duidelike verskille vir die onderskeie groepe openbaar: die name wat vir babas gekies word en wie die naamgewers is, verskil. Hierdie verskille dui op 'n proses van verandering en inter-kulturele beïnvloeding tussen die groepe onderling. Uit hierdie naamgeepatrone word afgelei dat in postapartheid Suid-Afrika, waar daar toenemende geleenthede vir interaksie tussen tale en kulture bestaan, mlamgeepatrone besig is om te verander. Dit het pas moontlik geword om die rigting van die veranderingsproses te begin vasstel.
Impressions Created by Given Names
Authors: Mehrabian Albert
Published: January 2014

AbstractDesirability is an important factor in assigning and evaluating names. The Name Connotation Profile (NCP) characterizes name desirability by six factors that are implied by names: Success, Morality, Popularity, Warmth, Cheerfulness, and Masculine-Feminine. Representative findings obtained with the Name Connotation Profile differentiate the connotations between, e.g., nicknames versus given names, conventionally versus unconventionally-spelled names, long versus short names, and men's versus women's names. A number of applications of the Name Connotation Profile are noted.
The Geographic Names of AKC Dog Breeds
Authors: Ray Angela G.
Published: January 2014

AbstractEighty-five of the 138 dog breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club through September 1995 have names with geographic elements. An analysis of the geographic extent of these names emphasizes the importance of Western Europe, especially Great Britain, in American dog breeding. An exploration of the scale of the names reveals a preference for national designations.
Nicknames of Female Felons
Authors: Zaitzow Barbara H. , Skipper James K. , Bryant Claudia
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn investigation of nicknaming among 113 female prisoners showed that nearly two-thirds of the women had a nickname. The nicknames were almost always accorded by family or peer group members, referred to physical or behavioral characteristics or were variations of given names, and were rarely negative. These findings differ sharply from earlier reports of nicknames of male criminals and male inmates. Several explanations for the findings are offered.
Unreal Estate: Words, Names and Allusions in Suburban Home Advertising
Authors: Norris Darrell A.
Published: January 2014

AbstractSuburban subdivision naming practices are a revealing branch of toponymic study. However, cultural geographers have neither fully tapped these names in the landscape nor explored the parallel vocabulary of expression and emphasis in real estate advertising. Here I consider the allusions conveyed by the names of residential developments advertised in metropolitan Rochester, New York. A taxonomy of allusions shows how nomenclature had come to transcend the pastoral gentry theme typical of previous and mostly impressionistic writing on expressions of the suburban ideal. Selling this ideal goes beyond the charm of subdivision names. Classified advertising of resale homes fixes them in social and lifestyle space. The undercurrents of meaning of advertised features of lots and yards are also investigated. Subdivision names may and often do fade from general usage. In their absence, real estate advertising furnishes a kind of place identity and context for suburban settings.
Women Naming Women: The Use of Sobriquets by Aphra Behn, Anne Finch, and Katherine Philips
Authors: Rainbolt Martha
Published: January 2014

AbstractSobriquets were commonly used by British writers of the late 16th and 17th centuries. The sobriquets chosen by Aphra Behn, Anne Finch, and Katherine Philips, the three central women poets of the period, their literary sources, and their associations and significance are discussed. Each of the three writers names herself and her friends and in so doing transcends the alternatives of invisibility or notoriety, apparently the only choices available to women writers of the time. By using sobriquets, the writers identify themselves and their friends as inhabitants of a different and unorthodox world, but one which includes recognition as writers and as members of a community of writers.
Aspects of Nicknames Among the Tumbuka
Authors: Moyo Themba
Published: January 2014

AbstractNicknames generally show closer relationships to their users' subculture than do more fixed parts of language. This study looks at nicknames and nickname use among the Tumbuka of southern Africa-how they are formed and how they function in Tumbuka society. More males ,than females have nicknames and male nicknames suggest power and dominance while female nicknames suggest conciliation and cooperation.
Proper Names and Improper Meanings in Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd
Authors: Petit Susan
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy gave his characters names which strengthen the novel's implicit challenge to Victorian morality. In particular, the names Bathsheba Everdene, Francis Troy, and Fanny Robin make multiple references to people, places, objects, and events in pagan Britain, ancient Greece, and Old Testament Israel, raising the Wessex characters to the level of the figures to whom their names allude and tending to make readers judge them by the standards they would use for characters in folk, classical, or biblical narratives. The names Hardy chose help to make Wessex seem not only a part of the world stage rather than a backwater but to turn it into a pagan country, despite its veneer of Christianity.
On the Birthday and Etymology of the Placename Missouri
Authors: McCafferty Michael
Published: January 2014

AbstractOnly in the last twenty-five years have linguists taken a serious look at the Miami-Illinois language, and only in the last twelve years has the nature of the language come into excellent focus with the work of David J. Costa. This growth in understanding, enhanced by the Miami's own language revitalization program, naturally spills over into areas such as the Midwestern onomastic on, which, because of the caprice of history, is strewn with Miami-Illinois names. These include such notables as Illinois, Chicago, Wabash, Kankakee, and the name of the big river itself, Mississippi. The author of the present article, an Algonquian linguist, has completed a comprehensive historical and linguistic study of American Indian placenames in Indiana and is currently working on a similar study of those in Illinois. This paper is a fresh look at “Missouri,” that beloved old Miami-Illinois language placename for the state just across the big river. It is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Donald M. Lance, the Missouri placename specialist, for whom I served as an Algonquian language consultant starting in the year 2000.
Affirmative Naming in No Name
Authors: Leal Amy
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the Victorian novel No Name, Wilkie Collins uses naming and unnaming to show the powerless state of women under English common law. When Magdalen Vanstone discovers she is both illegitimate and disinherited after her parents’ sudden death, she loses her wealth, social identity, and name in one. Deprived of her family name, Magdalen begins to embody the sinful (and ultimately repentant) associations of her Christian name as she plots to win back her wealth by marrying her cousin under a false identity. Yet when she succeeds in her plan and is once again reduced to namelessness and powerlessness by her husband, she becomes emblematic of all Victorian women under the doctrine of coverture who lost both their independent social identities and control over their wealth when they married and gave up their family names.
The Power of Names: Place–Making and People–Making in the Riojan Wine Region
Authors: Hendry Barbara
Published: January 2014

AbstractBased on longitudinal ethnographic research in the Riojan wine region of northern Spain, this article describes how naming has been used over the past two and a half decades to distinguish people in the wine region. An ecological zone long associated with its most famous product, the wine region straddles three of the country's seventeen autonomous communities, regional political units established since Spain's 1978 democratization. Leaders of the Basque and non-Basque autonomous communities whose territories include portions of the wine zone employ nation-building strategies, including the strategic use of names for place, wine and people, in promoting distinctive cultural identities for their communities. The case illustrates the impacts of competing regional power holders, national and supranational policies, and the global economy on the use of naming in constructing and contesting cultural identities; and calls attention to interrelationships of placenames and product names in shaping ideas and debates about affiliations and name-use rights.
The Changing Role of Nicknames: A Study of Politicians
Authors: Lieberson Stanley , Kenny Cathy
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecent decades have witnessed a remarkable expansion in the usage of informal forms of people's names (Marty for Martin, Viki for Victoria). After analyzing the likely social causes for this change, we evaluate our theory by studying the naming practices of politicians over the past 100 years.
Clarification on development of skeletal and lathy ferrite morphologies in stainless steel welds
Authors: Brooks J.A. , Yang N.C.Y. , Krafcik J.S.
Published: January 2014

Inoue and co-workers have quoted the present authors as reporting that lacy (or lathy) ferrite in austenitic stainless steel welds forms only during single phase ferrite solidification (F). It was actually reported that both lathy and skeletal ferrite morphologies had been observed in single phase ferrite solidified welds. However, it was also reported that these two ferrite morphologies were observed in F/A (primary ferrite with secondary solidification as austenite) solidified welds. The aim of this letter is to clarify that both ferrite morphologies were observed in both F and F/A solidification modes.
Nitriding of Stainless Steelin Ammonia: I Phase Distribution and Microstructure
Authors: Billon B. , Hendry A.
Published: January 2014

The compound layer of iron nitrides (white layer) and the diffusion layer formed during the nitriding of an austenitic stainless steel have been investigated by a combination of optical and electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The mechanical behaviour of the nitrided surface is controlled by the microstructure, which is shown to be dictated by the nitriding temperature and cooling rate from that temperature. The results provide a complete description of the phase distribution in the nitrided case and indicate the nitriding conditions required to achieve a wide range of properties, from surface hardening to deliberate embrittlement.
Surface Engineering of Titanium with Nitrogen
Authors: Bell T. , Bergmann H. W. , Lanagan J. , Morton P. H. , Staines A. M.
Published: January 2014

The possibilities for surface hardening of titanium alloys by alloying with nitrogen are reviewed. Alloying has been carried out in the solid state by plasma nitriding and in the liquid state by laser melting in nitrogen. Microstructure, hardness profiles, and fatigue and wear properties have been examined. Wear resistance was found to be greatly improved by both techniques, although at the expense of a drop in fatigue properties. Case depths of 0.1 mm were produced by plasma nitriding, while 0.5 mm case depths and a maximum hardness of 1400 HV0.1 were achieved by laser alloying.
Evaluation of Failure Mechanisms of Ceramics and Coated Carbides Used for Machining Stainless Steels
Authors: Dearnley P. A. , Thompson V.
Published: January 2014

It is generally agreed by the manufacturing sector that stainless steels are among the. most difficult materials to machine, since they severely limit tool life. In the present study the failure mechanisms of ceramic and coated carbide cutting tool materials used for turning austenitic and martensitic stainless steels were investigated. In several cases the life of coated carbides was prematurely curtailed by tearing and/or fracture of the coating, which lead to localized spalling. However, in situations where the coatings were evenly worn TiN–Ti(C, N) appeared to be the best coating, while Al2O3 was the worst. At a cutting speed of 350 m min −1, coated carbide life was limited by rapid wear and plastic deformation of the cutting edge. Under these conditions Al2O3 based ceramic tools offered the most potential, often lasting 5-10 times longer than coated carbides.
Electrocleaning of Cold Rolled Steel Sheets
Authors: Augustsson P. -E. , Olefjord I. , Olefjord Y.
Published: January 2014

Electrodegreasing of cold rolled steel sheets in an alkaline solution containing silicate was investigated by surface sensitive techniques. The influence of the contamination levels of the sheets and the solutions was studied. A model for the electrodegreasing mechanism is given: desorption of hydrocarbons from the surface occurs at polarization of the surface; readsorption is prevented by formation of microemulsions in the solution. Anodic electrocleaning gives a more efficient cleaning than cathodic degreasing. It is suggested that the number of bonds is reduced and the desorption from the surface is facilitated by oxidation of double bonds in the hydrocarbons adsorbed on the surface of the anode. Sodium silicate, Na2SiO2(OH)2, is deposited on the surface during electrodegreasing. More silicate is found after cathodic polarization than after anodic polarization. The precipitation at the cathode is explained by an increase in the pH value at the surface.
Atomic Layer Epitaxy
Authors: Simpson M. , Smith P. , Dederski G. A.
Published: January 2014

Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) is a relatively new and generally poorly understood thin film growth technique which is likely to find application in high technology industries during the next decade. It can be used to grow high quality thin solid films with specific crystal structures or orientations and with very fine control of filn1 thicknesses to one atomic layer. Most thin film deposition techniques have, so far, simply involved material transfer from a suitable source to a suitable substrate via the vapour phase, e.g. vacuum evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapour deposition. Nucleation takes place on the substrate surface, the molecules seeking the most energetically favourable position relative to one another and fonning n1icrocrystals that in later phases control thin film growth. This results in uncontrolled crystal boundaries, producing films whose average density can be considerably below that of the bulk crystal. Annealing is often employed to improve the quality of the deposited film. In ALE the compound thin film immediately achieves its final crystal form through sequential surface reactions in which one element of the con1pound reacts with the growing surface. This n1ethod is a self controlled process that automatically accepts only one atomic layer at a time.
Infiltration of Copper into Titanium – Molybdenum Spray Coatings
Authors: Ito H. , Nakamura R. , Shiroyama M.
Published: January 2014

Titanium-molybdenum spray coatings were obtained by a plasma spraying process and upgraded by infiltration of copper into the coatings. Dense coatings were obtained by infiltration from a copper foil. Adhesion of the coatings to the substrate was markedly improved compared with the as sprayed. condition. The coatings also showed high corrosion resistance to 10%HCl and 10%H2SO4 solutions. The results of wear tests indicated that the coating retains excellent wear resistance, since the bond strength between sprayed particles was increased by the infiltration of copper into the spray coatings.
High Stress Abrasion of Carbidic Hardfacing Alloys
Authors: Leech P. W.
Published: January 2014

The abrasion properties of a series of hardfacing deposits of chromium carbide alloys and tungsten carbide composites have been examined using the laboratory pin test. Corrt;lation between the abrasion resistance and variation in microstructural parameters of the deposited layers was determined for both 120 j1m garnet and 80 j1m alumina abrasives. The effects of alloy hardness (Hv) and volume fraction of primary carbide (Vc) on abrasion characteristics are shown to depend in a critical manner on abrasive type.
Influence of Tin Coating on Wear of High Speed Steel Tools as Studied by New Laboratory Wear Test
Authors: Hedenqvist P. , Olsson M. , Söderberg S.
Published: January 2014

A new laboratory wear test for simulating cutting tool wear is proposed in which the contact conditions in machining are reproduced by letting a tool material pin slide continuously against a fresh countermaterial surface. Wear tests with high speed steel (HSS) pins in the uncoated and TiN coated conditions have been performed. A wear mechanism analysis demonstrates that the simulated tool wear test is able to reproduce closely the major wear mechanisms operating when machining with HSS tools. The advantage of laboratory testing over machining is that the continuous tool wear processes can be studied without the overlapping effects from edge deterioration by plastic deformation and chipping. The new test setup has been used to study the effects of TiN coating on the wear processes on HSS cutting tools. The TiN coating was found to enhance tool wear resistance greatly when sliding against plain carbon steel or quenched and tempered steel. This is due to the superior resistance to both abrasive and adhesive wear of TiN compared to HSS and the fact that TiN promotes the formation of protective glassy layers on the pin surface. Eventually, cracks develop on the TiN surface due to thermal softening of the underlying HSS and segments of the coating are plucked from the surface. Glassy layer formation was not observed when sliding against austenitic stainless steel, and the TiN coating was removed rapidly by interfacial spalling.
Durability of Metallised Pin-Rolling Bearing Joints
Authors: Czachor G.
Published: January 2014

The results of durability tests on metallised pin-rolling bearing interference joints are presented. Rolling bearing tests have been applied since the complexity of the stresses in the metallised layer and of the influence of layer parameters on fretting corrosion resistance render theoretical models for durability impractical. After 900 h (518 × 106 cycle) tests no diminution in operating properties was observed, confirming the effectiveness of metalUsed layers in regenerating interference joints. Further confirmation was obtained from static tests.
Load Bearing Capacity of Plasma Nitrided Steelunder Rolling–Sliding Contact
Authors: Bell T. , Sun Y.
Published: January 2014

The wear behaviour of plasma nitrided low alloy steel has been investigated under dry rolling contact with sliding traction. Particular attention was paid to subsurface shear behaviour during the wear process, and to prediction of the load bearing capacity of the nitrided specimens. A simple model has been developed to describe the influence of hardened depth, strength and residual stresses of the nitrided case, and coefficient of friction on the initiation of shear deformation in the contact bodies during the wear process. Experimental results and the model show that a relatively thick and strong nitrided case is required for the specimens to bear high loads without severe wear. The model also indicates the complex effect of compressive residual stresses on the maximum shear stress distribution in the subsurface induced by the applied forces.
Environmentally Harmless Plasma Thermochemical Processes
Authors: Hornbeck F. , Bell T.
Published: January 2014

The industrial benefits of plasma nitriding and nitrocarburising over conventional processes are reviewed with particular emphasis on environmental benefits. The cost savings and improved quality control obtainable using plasma nitriding are demonstrated with examples drawn mainly from the automotive sector, including gears and injection nozzles; comparisons between different processing conditions are also drawn. Industrial applications of plasma carburising are given and discussed.
Plasma Nitriding with Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Argon Gas Mixtures: Structure and Composition of Coatings on Titanium
Authors: Brading H. J. , Morton P. H. , Bell T. , Earwaker L. G.
Published: January 2014

The glow discharge plasma nitriding of titanium, like that of steels, is usually carried out in cracked ammonia or in a nitrogen-hydrogen gas mixture or, alternatively, in pure nitrogen. The nature of the nitride layers produced is dependent on the gas composition. A study has therefore been made of the effects of using a wide range of nitrogen, nitrogen-hydrogen, and nitrogen-argon mixtures on the structure and composition of the surface layers produced. The problems associated with light element analysis of the resulting titanium nitride coatings were overcome by the use of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), and nitrogen concentration depth profiles (4-5 üm depth) were obtained. The extent of oxygen contamination was measured using NRA and electron probe microanalysis. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the degree of preferred orientation in the coatings and also provided information on the amount of various nitride phases present in the coatings (TiN, Ti2N, (α- Ti). Evidence is presented which indicates that the outermost surface layer can consist of a hypernitride of composition TiNx’ where x is ∼ 1·5.
Valve materials and design
Authors: Beddoes G. N.
Published: January 2014

Materials for engine valves have been largely standardised throughout the world, not by force of international agreement, but because the most widely used alloys have presented an excellent balance of cost, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Although engine operating temperatures and pressures are increasing steadily, improvements in manufacturing processes and application engineering have more than kept pace, so that valve durability is at least equal to that of other mechanical components in the engine. Properties of valve steels are described and design details discussed. The practice of overlaying exhaust valve seat faces with Stellite or the newer iron based facing materials using the plasma transferred arc process is described. The development of cost effective methods for surfacing valve stems to minimise wear is considered.
Compound Layer Formation during Plasma Nitriding and Plasma Nitrocarburising
Authors: Lampe T. , Eisenberg S. , Laudien G.
Published: January 2014

The models described in the literature for compound layer formation during plasma nitriding and nitrocarburising are discussed with reference to the mechanisms and process steps involved (activation, implantation, sputtering, adsorption, etc.), which generally run in parallel to one another. Experimental results are presented for pure iron, plain carbon and low alloy steels, and ledeburitic cast iron. The flexibility of plasma processing allows the structure of the compound layer to be varied within broad limits, including complete suppression if the application demands. Pure γ’ phase layers with low porosity can be produced by plasma nitriding even on high carbon materials, owing to decarburisation of the layer. It is possible to obtain satisfactory compound layers in atmospheres containing oxygen, providing sufficient amounts of hydrogen are also present. During nitrocarburising, the addition of even small amounts of carbon to the treatment gas promotes formation of 8 rather than γ'; at contents > 3 at.-%C in the atmosphere absorption of nitrogen is completely suppressed, resulting in pure Fe3C layers being formed.
TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED TECHNIQUES IN CATALYSIS: STUDY OF FUEL CELL ANODES
Authors: Metcalfe I. S. , Baker R. T.
Published: January 2014

Temperature programmed (TP) experiments involve using small amounts of powdered catalyst (∼50–300 mg) in a microreactor. In the case of TP desorption (TPD), the catalyst is pretreated to obtain a particular state and then exposed to reactants. The reactor is then flushed with inert gas as the reactor temperature is linearly increased with time. Any species adsorbed on the catalyst surface are desorbed, at temperatures indicative of their strength of adsorption, and detected with a mass spectrometer. The theory and experimental procedure behind general TP techniquesare presented. The use of specific TP techniques, such as TPD, TPR (reduction), TPO (oxidation), and TP Rx (reaction), for the study of electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications are discussed and results presented.
OBSERVATIONS OF DEFORMATION AND FAILURE MECHANISMS IN TiN COATINGS AFTER HARDNESS INDENTATION AND SCRATCH TESTING
Authors: Ma K. J. , Bloyce A.
Published: January 2014

A technique for examining microstructure is described which enables observation of fracture sections through hardness indentations and scratch tracks on TiN coatings, thereby clarifying the nature of the deformation and fracture behaviour caused by these tests. Particular use is made of high resolution scanning electron microscopy to observe fine detail, with backscattered mode employed for maximum crack contrast.
JET VAPOR DEPOSITION™: AN ALTERNATIVE TO ELECTRODEPOSITION
Authors: Srivatsa A. R. , McAvoy D. T. , Johnson D. L. , Schmitt J. J. , Halpern B. L.
Published: January 2014

Electrodeposition is widely used to deposit a variety of metals and alloys. Although high rates can be achievedusing this technique, there is limited control over the microstructure of the deposits and in many instances the use of toxic precursors and disposal of toxic effluents has to be considered. This has spurred the development of alternative deposition processes. The Jet Vapor Deposition™ (JVD™) process is a rapidly emerging ‘green’ technology which allows control of microstructure at high deposition rates. A brief discussionof the principles of JVD and representative applications in the deposition of metals (such as copper and gold) and alloys (Cu–Ag and Ag–Sn) are presented.