bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is childhood asthma an inflammatory disease?
Authors: van Aalderen W. M. C. , Sprikkelman A. B. , Hoekstra M. O.
Published: October 2007

There is now extensive evidence that asthma results from inflammation in large and small airways, and that the degree of inflammation reflects the clinical severity of the disease. Most of this evidence, however, has come from studies in adult patients. Evidence in children comes largely from indirect studies such as measurements of peripheral blood cells and inflammatory markers, rather than from direct bronchoscopic examination. Studies in adults show that inflammation in asthma is characterized by eosinophilia, epithelial damage, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and that activation of allergen‐specific T cells plays an important role in orchestrating the inflammatory process. In children, indirect evidence of inflammation comes from the observation that anti‐inflammatory agents such as inhaled corticosteroids improve symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, reduce the number of asthma exacerbations, and limit the progressive decline in lung function. Further evidence comes from measurements of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide (potential inflammatory markers) in exhaled air, and of inflammatory mediators in plasma and urine. As in adults, there is evidence that lymphocytes play an important role in orchestrating the inflammatory process. The immunologic profile appears to shift from a Th1‐type cytokine profile to an allergenrelated Th2‐type profile prior to birth Such a Th2 predominance constitutes a risk factor for the subsequent development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in response to allergen.
Early treatment of asthma
Authors: Haahtela T.
Published: October 2007

The early treatment of asthma was not greatly studied before the 1990s. Subjects included in intervention trials have usually had persistent asthma with a long duration of symptoms. Only a few studies have been done on early intervention. It has also become obvious that eosinophilic airway inflammation is common and does not always significantly affect lung function. If patients do not fulfill the functional criteria for asthma, they may not receive specific diagnosis and effective treatment. I have suggested the term “asthma‐like inflammation” to describe the disorder of such patients. Bronchial obstruction and increased bronchial responsiveness are outcomes of the inflammatory process, and it may be argued that detection of eosinophilic inflammation is always late at the time asthma is diagnosed. The diagnosis of asthma is often severely delayed, a fact which influences the prognosis and efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The benefits of early treatment of symptomatic asthma have been shown, and several international guidelines recommend anti‐inflammatory medication, preferably with inhaled steroids as first‐line treatment to gain control of the disease as fast as possible. Very few studies, however, have addressed the long‐term influence of various therapeutic approaches. Usually, the beneficial effects gradually disappear when treatment is withdrawn. There is no convincing evidence that any of the current pharmacologic therapies can change the natural course of asthma. Nevertheless, inhaled steroids seem to have a disease‐modifying effect if started early enough, and there is a consensus that steroids abolish symptoms, improve lung function, and decrease the need for hospitalization and probably the mortality rate. In future, various combinations of immunologic and pharmacologic treatments may offer more permanent results in asthma therapy.
Anatomy and physiology in delivery: can we define our targets?
Authors: Chrystyn H.
Published: October 2007

Studies have shown that the receptors for β‐agonists, inflammatory markers, and mast cells are distributed throughout the airways. Thus topical delivery of drug for the management of asthma requires an even spread throughout the lungs. Particles of 2–5 μm in diameter have the greatest potential to be deposited throughout the lungs during inhalation, by impaction and sedimentation. Inhaled products, therefore, are formulated such that almost half of the dose emitted during inhalation contains particles less than 5 μm in diameter. This is known as the fine‐particle dose. Studies in adults (volunteers and asthmatic patients), using radiolabeling techniques, have shown that although the amount of drug deposited in the airways (total lung dose) from different inhaled products varies, the percentages of this amount distributed throughout the central, intermediate, and peripheral zones are fairly consistent. All that varies, therefore, is the density of the spread. Studies in children indicate that lung deposition is lower than in adults. Never‐theless, all factors which affect lung deposition in adults do so also in children. The lower lung deposition in children indicates the use of adult doses, and the importance of inhaler device and of inhalation technique. The even distribution of inhaled drug throughout the required therapeutic areas highlights the importance of the total lung dose.
The meaning of lung dose
Authors: Souëf P. Le
Published: October 2007

For a physician to understand how to prescribe appropriate doses of drugs via aerosol requires a basic understanding of the technical issues involved. Drugs are usually prescribed in terms of “nominal dose” (total dose of drug prescribed). This dose is device‐specific, as recommended doses are different for different devices. The effective component of the nominal dose is the “lung dose”, which is the mass of drug delivered to the lung. A given clinical effect should, in general, be produced by a given lung dose irrespective of the delivery device. However, the effect of a lung dose depends on several factors, including: 1) site of deposition 2) rate of clearance of the drug from airway 3) site of action of the drug.

Confirmation that a particular lung dose will produce a desired clinical effect usually requires that a clinical trial be performed. The lung dose should be reflected by data on lung deposition, but interpreting such data requires that the following are considered: 1) Lung deposition figures can be stated in different ways: a) percentage of the nominal dose b) percentage of the mass of drug leaving the aerosolgenerating device c) percentage of the mass of drug entering the mouth or nose. 2) The radiation from an inhaled aerosol is attenuated as it leaves the lung. Approaches vary as to how this correction is done, affecting the quoted data on percent deposition. 3) In children, lung deposition is age‐dependent, but the effect of age on delivery is different for different devices.

There are major differences in the efficiency of delivery for different devices with a range of 6–60%. When “adaptive aerosol delivery” nebulizers become available, they should provide an accurate dose of drug to the lung with very low variability. In summary, the concept of lung dose is useful in understanding the related technical aspects, and it has the potential to allow drugs to be prescribed more accurately.
Allergic inflammation: cellular aspects
Authors: Durham S. R.
Published: October 2007

Tissue eosinophilia and IgE production during allergic inflammation are under the regulation of Th2‐type T cells. In addition, mast cells, basophils, and possibly eosinophils represent alternative sources of these cytokines, particularly UL‐4, which augments Th2 T‐cell development and local IgE production by B cells.

Corticosteroids act by downregulating Th2 responses, whereas immunotherapy acts either by inhibiting immune deviation in favour of Th1 responses with augmentation of IgG production by B cells, Tho/Thou by inducing T‐cell anergy with downregulation of Tho/Th2 responses. The role of the antigen‐presenting cell is pivotal in determining T‐cell differentiation. Th2 development is favoured by low‐antigen‐concentration presentation by B cells and/or dendritic cells, in the presence of IL‐4. Novel strategies directed against IL‐4, IL‐5, and IgE are currently under investigation.
Changes in airway inflammation following nasal allergic challenge in patients with seasonal rhinitis
Authors: Bonay M. , Neukirch C. , Grandsaigne M. , Leçon‐Malas V. , Ravaud P. , Dehoux M. , Aubier M.
Published: October 2007

Background:  Seasonal allergic rhinitis could predispose to the development of chronic bronchial inflammation as observed in asthma. However, direct links between nasal inflammation, bronchial inflammation and airway responsiveness in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and without asthma are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyse the changes induced by allergic nasal challenge outside the pollen season in airway responsiveness and bronchial inflammation of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Methods:  Nine patients were evaluated after either grass pollens or placebo nasal challenge in a randomized cross‐over double‐blinded trial. Nasal parameters were recorded hourly and airway responsiveness was assessed by methacholine challenge. Cytological examinations and cytokine measurements were performed in nasal lavage and induced sputum. Eosinophil activation was investigated by eosinophil‐cationic protein expression and secretion.

Results:  Airway responsiveness was increased after allergic nasal challenge. Total eosinophils and eosinophils expressing eosinophil‐cationic protein were increased in induced sputum after allergic nasal challenge. Both eosinophil number and eosinophil‐cationic protein concentration in induced sputum were correlated to methacholine responsiveness.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that eosinophils participate to the bronchial inflammation in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis following allergic nasal challenge outside the pollen season and might explain changes in airway responsiveness.
Sensitization to blackgram in patients with bronchial asthma and rhinitis: clinical evaluation and characterization of allergens
Authors: Kumari D. , Kumar R. , Sridhara S. , Arora N. , Gaur S. N. , Singh B. P.
Published: October 2007

Background:  Legumes are important causative agents of type I hypersensitivity in south Asia and Europe but such studies are lacking in Indian population. The present study investigates blackgram sensitization in asthma and rhinitis patients and identifies immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐binding proteins.

Methods:  Respiratory allergy patients were evaluated using standard questionnaire and skin prick tests (SPT) with common foods and aeroallergens. Blackgram‐specific IgE level was estimated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sensitization was established by a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). The cross‐reactivity of blackgram with other legumes was studied by immunobiochemical methods.

Result:  Of 816 patients, 35 gave history of blackgram hypersensitivity. From these, 16 patients were SPT positive and 14 showed elevated specific IgE (three times of negative control) to blackgram. DBPCFC established blackgram sensitivity in four of 14 patients. Immunoblotting with individual patient's sera recognized eight most prevalent allergens of 78, 56, 47, 43, 40, 30, 28 and 16 kDa. Roasted blackgram showed six major allergens whereas 47, 43 and 28 kDa proteins retained IgE reactivity upon boiling. Blackgram extract required 14 ng of self protein for 50% ELISA inhibition whereas roasted and boiled blackgram required 16 and 120 ng protein. ELISA and immunoblot inhibition show partial inhibition to blackgram proteins by lentil, limabean and pea.

Conclusion:  Blackgram induces IgE‐mediated reactions in 1.7% of asthma and rhinitis patients and contains eight major IgE‐binding components, of which six retained IgE reactivity after roasting. Blackgram shares allergenicity with lentil and limabean.
CD28/CTLA‐4–CD80/CD86 and ICOS–B7RP‐1 costimulatory pathway in bronchial asthma
Authors: Chen Y.‐Q. , Shi H.‐Z.
Published: October 2007

Costimulatory molecules are cell surface glycoproteins that can direct, modulate and fine‐tune T‐cell receptor signals. The B7‐1/B7‐2–CD28/CTLA‐4 and ICOS–B7RP‐1 pathway provides key second signals that can regulate the activation, inhibition and fine‐tuning of T‐lymphocyte responses. The expression of B7‐1/B7‐2–CD28/CTLA‐4 molecules on clinical samples from patients with asthma have been well studied, and the results indicate that different extents of these molecules are expressed on the surface of various cells, and that the concentrations of soluble form of these molecules are elevated in the sera of patients with asthma. There is a burst of papers describing an important role for B7‐1/B7‐2–CD28/CTLA‐4 pathway in the Th1/Th2 balance. Similarly, ICOS stimulates both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production but may have a preferential role in Th2 cell development. Moreover, The B7‐1/B7‐2–CD28/CTLA‐4 and ICOS–B7RP‐1 pathway has been suggested of being involved in the development of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Further study of the functions of the pathways within the CD28/CTLA‐4–CD80/CD86 and ICOS–B7RP‐1 superfamily individually and their interplay should provide insights into the pathogenesis of asthma, and has great therapeutic potential for treatment of asthma.
Role of TLR4 in allergic sensitization to food proteins in mice
Authors: Berin M. C. , Zheng Y. , Domaradzki M. , Li X.‐M. , Sampson H. A.
Published: October 2007

Allergic sensitization to food proteins and other allergens is increasing in prevalence. One hypothesis for this increase is that the decreased rate of infections or exposure to microbial products leaves the immune system susceptible to inappropriate reactivity to innocuous antigens through the lack of development of regulatory cells. We hypothesized that constitutive Toll‐like receptor (TLR)4 signaling (presumably via the commensal flora) could inhibit the development of allergic sensitization to food proteins. We tested this hypothesis by sensitizing TLR4+ and TLR4− mice on two genetic backgrounds, C3H and BALB/c, to two common food allergens [β‐lactoglobulin (βLG) and peanut (PN)]. B‐cell responses were not significantly influenced by TLR4 status. T‐cell responses were Th2 skewed in TLR4‐deficient C3H mice compared with TLR4 sufficient C3H mice, but this pattern of Th2 skewing was not observed in TLR4‐deficient mice on a BALB/c background. In anaphylaxis‐susceptible C3H mice, TLR4 deficiency was associated with increased severity of anaphylaxis to PN, and decreased severity of anaphylaxis to βLG. In anaphylaxis‐resistant BALB/c mice, TLR4 deficiency was not sufficient to render mice susceptible to PN‐induced anaphylaxis. We conclude that although TLR4 status can influence T‐cell responses and anaphylaxis severity, the nature of the influence is highly antigen‐ and strain‐dependent.
The Feline Dorsal Nerve of the Penis Arises from the Deep Perineal Nerve and Not the Sensory Afferent Branch
Authors: Mariano T. Y. , Boger A. S. , Gustafson K. J.
Published: October 2007

The cat has been used extensively as an animal model for urogenital studies involving the pudendal nerve. However, discrepancies persist in the literature regarding the origin of the dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP). This study used gross dissections and serial histological cross sections to demonstrate that the DNP arises from the deep perineal nerve and not the sensory afferent branch as previously reported. This finding indicates a better than previously appreciated neuroanatomical homology between the cat and human.
Third Degree Atrioventricular Block and Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm Associated with A Heart Base Chemodectoma in A Syncopal Rottweiler
Authors: Schuller S. , Van Israël N. , Else R. W.
Published: October 2007

A 7‐year‐old male intact Rottweiler was presented with a 1‐week history of lethargy, anorexia, vomiting and multiple syncopal events. The results of the clinical examination and electrocardiography were consistent with a third degree atrioventricular block and an intermittent accelerated idioventricular rhythm. Haematology, serum biochemistry, serology forBorrelia burgdorferi, blood culture, total T4, thoracic radiography and echocardiography did not reveal the cause of the arrhythmia. Response to medical treatment with isoproterenol was poor. Pacemaker placement was declined by the owners and the dog was euthanized at their request. Histopathological examination of the heart revealed a chemodectoma at the base of the heart. There was no neoplastic infiltration of the conduction tissue. Potential mechanisms explaining the association of the arrhythmias and the tumour, such as vagal stimulation and neuroendocrine factors are discussed.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Porcine Teschovirus Antigen in the Formalin‐fixed Paraffin‐embedded Specimens from Pigs Experimentally Infected with Porcine Teschovirus
Authors: Yamada M. , Kaku Y. , Nakamura K. , Yoshii M. , Yamamoto Y. , Miyazaki A. , Tsunemitsu H. , Narita M.
Published: October 2007

Porcine teschovirus (PTV) antigens were detected by a streptavidin‐biotin complex method in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues of 3‐week‐old pigs that had been inoculated intravenously with PTV Talfan strain. PTV antigens were detected in cytoplasm of nerve cells, glial cells and endothelial cells in the cerebellar nuclei, the grey matter of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata and the ventral horn of the spinal cord and of ganglion cells in the spinal ganglion corresponding to those lesions characterized as non‐suppurative encephalomyelitis and ganglionitis. The results of this study suggest that nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord and ganglion cells of the spinal ganglion permit PTV replication and represent the main target cell population of PTV. This is the first study to demonstrate PTV antigen by immunohistochemistry in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens from pigs infected with PTV.
Insulin‐like Growth Factor I Concentration in Dogs with Inflammatory and Neoplastic Liver Diseases
Authors: Neumann S. , Welling H. , Thuere S.
Published: October 2007

Liver diseases are known to influence the serum concentration of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) in humans, but such an effect has rarely been investigated in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate serum IGF‐I concentrations in dogs with primary liver diseases, in comparison with levels in healthy dogs and dogs with non‐hepatic diseases. For this purpose, IGF‐I serum concentrations were measured (DSL‐5600 kit) in 36 dogs with various liver diseases and compared with 22 healthy controls and 20 dogs with non‐hepatic diseases. The results showed that dogs with liver diseases had significantly lower IGF‐I serum concentrations (P < 0.001) than clinical healthy dogs or dogs with non‐hepatic diseases. But the results also indicate that the aetiology of liver disease has no influence on IGF‐I serum concentration.
Impacts of national surveillance for uncommon conditions in childhood
Authors: Zurynski Yvonne A , Peadon Elizabeth , Bower Carol , Elliott Elizabeth J
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) facilitates the conduct of national collaborative research that is consistent with national health priorities, has potential to impact on public health, and addresses gaps in knowledge. Since 1993 paediatricians and other child health specialists have contributed monthly data on rare childhood conditions to the APSU. Over 40 conditions, including infectious diseases, injuries, vaccine‐preventable diseases and genetic disorders have been studied. Information on epidemiology, frequency, diagnosis, management and short‐term outcomes of these conditions is collected and provides evidence to support changes to clinical practice, prevention policy and allocation of health resources. In this review we give examples of the value of information gathered through the APSU surveillance system in the last 14 years.
‘Red as a beet and blind as a bat’ Anticholinergic delirium in adolescents: Lessons for the paediatrician
Authors: Ramjan Kim A , Williams Alison J , Isbister Geoffrey K , Elliott Elizabeth J
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Anticholinergic syndrome has been widely documented in the literature but is uncommon in paediatric medicine. Teenage boys are most at risk of self‐induced anticholinergic syndrome through intentional ingestion of plants. We report on a 14 year old boy who presented to our hospital with clinical signs of anticholinergic toxicity and who was discharged 36 hours after admission with no major residual effects. Classical anticholinergic syndrome should be readily diagnosed by the experienced clinician (‘hot as a hare, red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat and mad as a hatter’). Acute presentations should be treated with benzodiazepines and supportive care. Treatment of the delirium with haloperidol may be harmful. Lack of familiarity with anticholinergic syndrome may also delay the diagnosis or result in potentially harmful treatments. A high index of suspicion is often required in the paediatric setting due to infrequent acute hospital presentation.
Community‐wide screening for cystic fibrosis carriers could replace newborn screening for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Massie John , Forbes Robin , DuSart Desiree , Bankier Agnes , Delatycki Martin B
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Most babies with cystic fibrosis (CF) are born to parents who did not know they were carriers until their baby was diagnosed with CF, usually by newborn screening. It is only after the birth of their first child with CF that couples are offered genetic counselling and reproductive choices. Most use this information for prenatal testing of subsequent pregnancies. With the high uptake of first trimester screening for Down syndrome (80% in Victoria) most couples have had screening during the CF affected pregnancy. Yet screening for CF carrier status is available, costs are similar to that for Down syndrome screening and CF carrier screening only ever needs to be done once. Waiting for couples to have a baby with CF before they are identified as carriers denies them choice. A national policy on CF carrier screening in Australia, and determination to equitably fund such a programme, is required.
Expression of connective tissue growth factor is in agreement with the expression of VEGF, VEGF‐C, ‐D and associated with shorter survival in gastric cancer
Authors: Liu Luying , Li Zhongwu , Feng Guoshuang , You Weicheng , Li Jiyou
Published: October 2007

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is believed to be a multifunctional signaling modulator involved in a wide variety of biological or pathological processes including carcinogenesis. The role of CTGF in gastric cancer (GC) has not been reported so far. In the present study the expression of CTGF, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D on immunohistochemistry in GC and the correlation between the expression of CTGF and VEGF, VEGF‐C, VEGF‐D were examined, along with the correlation between the expression of CTGF and clinicopathological parameters, as well as survival of the patients with GC. The expression of CTGF was significantly in agreement with expression of VEGF, VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D (κ and P, respectively: 0.538, P < 0.001; 0.502, P < 0.001; 0.558, P < 0.001). High CTGF expression was significantly associated with lymph nodes metastasis (P = 0.038) and lower postoperative 5 year overall survival rates (23.9%) compared with those patients with low CTGF expression (48.4%, P = 0.0035). The present findings suggest that CTGF is a useful prognostic marker for GC. High CTGF expression is associated with the risk of lymph nodes metastasis and a poor survival time in GC.
Intraductal carcinoma with complex fusion of tubular glands without macroscopic mucus in main pancreatic duct: Dilemma in classification
Authors: Hisa Takeshi , Nobukawa Bunsei , Suda Koichi , Ohkubo Hiroki , Shiozawa Satoshi , Ishigame Hiroki , Takamatsu Masato , Furutake Masayuki
Published: October 2007

An 84‐year‐old man, who was being followed up after lobectomy for lung carcinoma, was referred for evaluation of a dilated main pancreatic duct (MPD) from the body to the tail. Endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated a low‐echo mass occupying the MPD from the body to the tail. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography showed an occlusion of the MPD in the body, and brush cytology indicated malignant cells. Distal pancreatectomy was performed. Grossly, a white–yellow, irregular‐shaped solid mass without macroscopic mucus filled the lumen of the MPD. Histologically, the mass consisted of a complex fusion of tubular glands with atypical nuclei, which did not have intracellular mucus and oncocytic cytoplasm. The tumor mass showed abrupt transition to the normal epithelium. Immunohistochemically the tumor cells were partially positive for mucin 1 (MUC1) and MUC6, and negative for MUC2, MUC5AC, and lipase. Unfortunately the patient died of brain metastasis from lung carcinoma 15 months later. A review of reported cases of intraductal tubular tumors of the pancreas showed that the present case involved characteristics and immunohistochemical staining pattern similar to those of intraductal tubular carcinoma, although it might not be described as a typical intraductal tubular carcinoma under the existing Japanese rules.
Amyloid deposition in primary pulmonary marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue
Authors: Satani Tetsuo , Yokose Tomoyuki , Kaburagi Takayuki , Asato Yuji , Itabashi Masayuki , Amemiya Ryuta
Published: October 2007

A rare association between primary pulmonary marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma), and pulmonary immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is described in a 65‐year‐old woman suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). All four nodules in the resected upper lobe of the lung had a similar histological appearance. They were composed of small–medium‐sized atypical lymphocytes. Centrocyte‐like cells had lymphoepithelial lesions. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells clonally expressed B‐cell markers, and demonstrated clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene on polymerase chain reaction. Based on these findings the diagnosis of primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma was made. In addition, uniform eosinophilic material deposition was identified randomly within the tumor. It was Congophilic and exhibited apple‐green birefringence on polarizing microscopy, and remained unaffected by potassium permanganate digestion. Deposited material was immunoreactive to lambda light chain. It was concluded that this material was AL amyloid in primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma. Plasma cells with mRNA of lambda chain was found infiltrated along the border of amyloid deposition. Finally, it is speculated that primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma developing in an autoimmune setting, RA in the present case, is associated with overproduction and abnormal clearance of immunoglobulin by the tumor cells, resulting in AL amyloidosis within the tumor.
Adrenal lipomas: Incidental autopsy findings
Authors: Rodríguez‐Calvo María S. , Suárez‐Peñaranda José M. , Álvarez María T. , Muñoz José I. , Ortiz‐Rey José A. , Concheiro Luis
Published: October 2007

Two rare cases of lipomas of the adrenal gland are reported. In both cases the tumor was found incidentally at autopsy, in the course of the medicolegal investigation of death. The first case involved a small tumor of the left adrenal gland in a 70‐year‐old man who died by drowning. In the second case, a previously healthy 45‐year‐old man died suddenly. At autopsy a lipoma of the right adrenal gland was associated with a pheochromocytoma in the contralateral gland.
High‐level expression of CD109 is frequently detected in lung squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Sato Tomoko , Murakumo Yoshiki , Hagiwara Sumitaka , Jijiwa Mayumi , Suzuki Chikage , Yatabe Yasushi , Takahashi Masahide
Published: October 2007

CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored cell surface protein, which is a member of the α2‐macroglobulin/C3, C4, C5 family of thioester‐containing proteins. It has been reported that CD109 is expressed in a subset of hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells and several kinds of human tumors. Herein it is reported that the CD109 protein is preferentially expressed in lung squamous cell carcinomas compared with other types of lung carcinoma including adenocarcinomas, large cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining of surgically resected lung specimens using an anti‐CD109 antibody detected CD109 expression in basal cells of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia and myoepithelial cells of bronchial secretary glands, but not in bronchial and bronchiolar apical epithelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, the CD109 immunoreactivity was observed in squamous cell carcinomas at a high frequency compared with other types of lung carcinoma. Although the detailed function of CD109 protein is unclear, these results suggest that CD109 expression may play a role in the development of lung squamous cell carcinoma.
Decreased expression of RIZ1 and its clinicopathological significance in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: Correlation with epigenetic inactivation by aberrant DNA methylation
Authors: Akahira Jun‐ichi , Suzuki Fumihiko , Suzuki Takashi , Miura Ikumi , Kamogawa Noriko , Miki Yasuhiro , Ito Kiyoshi , Yaegashi Nobuo , Sasano Hironobu
Published: October 2007

The retinoblastoma protein‐interacting zinc finger gene (RIZ1) is considered a tumor suppressor gene. The purpose of the present study was to examine the expression of RIZ1 and evaluate its clinicopathological significance in ovarian carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was performed for RIZ1 and its clinicopathological significance was examined. DNA methylation status of RIZ1 was also studied. All (6/6) of the normal, 5/9 of benign, and 4/9 of borderline tissues were positive for RIZ1 protein. In ovarian cancer tissues 32.9% (54/164) were positive for RIZ1. Decreased expression of RIZ1 was significantly correlated with histological subtypes (P < 0.0001), high tumor grade (P = 0.0153) and advanced clinical stage (P = 0.0345), and high Ki67 index (P = 0.0117) but was not associated with the overall prognoses of the patients (P = 0.519). The presence of methylated band was detected in 2/9 cell lines, and 5/69 ovarian cancer tissues. Median values of relative RIZ1 expression in cell lines with methylation were significantly lower than those without methylation (P = 0.0404), and treatment of 5‐aza‐2′deoxycitidine resulted in demethylation and re‐expression of RIZ1. Reduced expression of RIZ1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or development of epithelial ovarian carcinoma, and is considered to be caused in part by aberrant DNA methylation.
Redescription of Closterocerus cruy (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae), with new geographical and host records
Authors: Berry Jocelyn A
Published: October 2007

Abstract  Closterocerus cruy (Girault) is newly recorded, both from New Zealand and as a parasitoid of lepidopteran leafminers. The species is redescribed from the Girault type and from New Zealand material. Diagnostic character states are provided for the separation of C. cruy from the closely related Australian agromyzid parasitoid C. mirabilis Edwards and LaSalle.
Arthropod prey of shelterbelt‐associated birds: linking faecal samples with biological control of agricultural pests
Authors: Gámez‐Virués Sagrario , Bonifacio Ronald S , Gurr Geoff M , Kinross Cilla , Raman Anantanarayanan , Nicol Helen I
Published: October 2007

Abstract  The value of insectivorous birds as agents for biological control of arthropod pests has been little studied, especially in Australia. This paper reports on the extent to which arthropods from various pest and non‐pest taxa feature in the diets of birds captured in farm shelterbelts in central western New South Wales. The parameters examined were the types of arthropod fragments in bird faeces and percentage volume and frequency of occurrence of each component. The faecal data were compared with samples of the arthropod fauna trapped in shelterbelts during the period the birds were captured. In 26 of 29 faecal samples, arthropod fragments were the predominant components, the most common being from Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (especially Formicidae), Orthoptera and Araneae. The recognisable pest taxa in faecal samples were Scarabaeidae and wingless grasshopper Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The results indicate that the native bird species common in farm shelterbelts preyed on a range of arthropod taxa including several that are pests of crops and pastures. Accordingly, conservation of birds in farmlands could contribute to suppression of arthropod pests.
Evaluating new insecticides for the control of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on capsicum and zucchini
Authors: Kay Iain R
Published: October 2007

Abstract  The efficacy of insecticides in controlling Helicoverpa spp., predominantly H. armigera (Hübner), on capsicum and zucchini was tested in small plot trials. Indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and novaluron provided control, as measured by the percentage of damaged fruit, equal to or better than standard treatments of methomyl or methomyl alternated with methamidophos on capsicum. The Helicoverpa nucleopolyhedrovirus gave control equivalent to the standard treatment, as did Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai, but B. thuringiensis kurstaki was ineffective. Helicoverpa armigera larvae were present in zucchini flowers but did little damage to the fruit. None of the insecticides significantly reduced the percentage of damaged zucchini fruit compared with the untreated control. Bifenthrin, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and methoxyfenozide were effective in controlling larvae in flowers, while methomyl, B. thuringiensis aizawai, B. thuringiensis kurstaki and novaluron were not effective. Data indicated that all the insecticides effectively controlled larvae of Diaphania indica (Saunders), cucumber moth, in the zucchini flowers. There has been a limited range of insecticides available to manage Helicoverpa spp. in these vegetable crops, but these trials demonstrate the effectiveness of a number of newer insecticides that could be used and that would be compatible with integrated pest management programs in the crops.
Habitat preferences of the urban wall spider Oecobius navus (Araneae, Oecobiidae)
Authors: Voss Sasha C , Main Barbara Y , Dadour Ian R
Published: October 2007

Abstract  To assess the relative impact of a range of habitat variables on spider abundance, field and laboratory experiments were conducted on populations of the urban wall spider Oecobius navus in suburban Perth, Western Australia. Habitat characteristics investigated were: substrate type, wind speed, rainfall, sunlight exposure, relative humidity, air temperature, substrate temperature, artificial lighting and prey type/abundance. In the field, O. navus was found to be associated with high humidity, low air temperature and shelter from sunlight and rainfall. Oecobius navus was more abundant at sites with greater prey abundance. The most common prey item was the red meat ant Iridomyrmex chasei. Juvenile spiders were more abundant than adult spiders; however, patterns between spider abundance and habitat variables were similar for both adults and juveniles. Laboratory experiments showed that O. navus preferred to build webs on wooden substrates, and pitted limestone walls. These findings indicate that O. navus may be vulnerable to desiccation and/or thermal stress, and thus survives better on sheltered walls.
The origin of soldiers in the gall‐inducing thrips of Australia (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
Authors: McLeish Michael J , Chapman Thomas W
Published: October 2007

Abstract For 7 of the 23 described species of Australian gall‐inducing thrips, the first individuals of the foundress' brood to eclose are gall‐bound soldiers, which are morphologically and behaviourally specialised for defending the fully winged dispersing brood. Additional support is provided for the hypothesis that these self‐sacrificing soldiers evolved only once and that there have been two subsequent reversions to a solitary life. Furthermore, this single origin of eusociality took place approximately six million years ago and perhaps four million years after the origin of gall induction in theAcaciathrips. The two losses of the soldier caste may have happened at very different times. One loss may have occurred very soon after the origin of soldiers (approximately 300 000 years later), and the other may have occurred another three million years after that.
New developments in external beam radiotherapy for retinoblastoma: from lens to normal tissue‐sparing techniques
Authors: Munier Francis L , Verwey Jorn , Pica Alessia , Balmer Aubin , Zografos Leonidas , Abouzeid Hana , Timmerman Beate , Goitein Gudrun , Moeckli Raphaël
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Historically, retinoblastoma was treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBR) and for many years this was the accepted standard of care. With greater knowledge of radiation‐induced morbidity and mortality, the trend over the past decade has shifted towards primary chemotherapy for most globe conservative treatments. Such a radical change in treatment modalities has restrained EBR to second‐line and salvage indications with little consensus regarding dose, timing and techniques. New radiotherapy options now allow for more focused radiation to the globe with further sparing of adjacent structures in such a way that their role in the management of retinoblastoma need to be reappraised. In this perspective paper, first the historical techniques of using EBR primarily with linear accelerated photons are reviewed. Then modern approaches are described, such as stereotactic conformal radiotherapy using a micromultileaf collimator, and proton therapy using a fixed horizontal beam and tantalum localization, or a rotating ganthry with spot scanning. For the first time, to the authors' knowledge, the benefits of these new irradiation modalities over conventional EBR are illustrated with six successfully treated pilot cases. Finally, some guidelines are provided regarding indications to modern radiation therapy in patients requiring second‐line or salvage treatment for intraocular retinoblastoma, as well as adjuvant therapy for orbital involvement.
When Past Reforms Open New Opportunities: Comparing Old‐age Insurance Reforms in Bismarckian Welfare Systems
Authors: Bonoli Giuliano , Palier Bruno
Published: October 2007

France, Italy, Germany, Austria and Spain have all gone through several waves of pension reforms both in the 1990s and in the early 2000s. Comparing the politics of these reforms shows some similar trends: reforms were usually postponed until European integration and/or economic recession forced governments to act. Before the first wave of reforms, the main form of ‘action’ had been to increase payroll taxes to finance pensions. In the 1990s, reforms were usually negotiated on the basis of a quid pro quo: benefits were intended progressively to decrease in exchange for non‐contributory pensions being financed from general tax revenues instead of through the insurance schemes. The second wave of reforms (during the 2000s) seems to have brought more innovation, with new goals such as the development of voluntary private pension funds and the need to increase employment rates among the elderly and to stop early retirement. The article aims, first, to trace the political processes leading to these reforms; second, to reveal the commonalities in these processes between the various cases; and third, to highlight the differences between the first and second waves of pension reform. It will emphasize the role of ‘sequencing’ and demonstrate how each pension reform facilitates the adoption of the next one.
Towards Neo‐Bismarckian Health Care States? Comparing Health Insurance Reforms in Bismarckian Welfare Systems
Authors: Hassenteufel Patrick , Palier Bruno
Published: October 2007

Germany, France and the Netherlands all have specific ‘Bismarckian’ health insurance systems, which encounter different and specific problems (and solutions) from those of national health systems. Following a relatively similar trajectory, the three systems have gone through important changes: they now combine universalization through the state and marketization based on regulated competition; they associate more state control (directly or through agencies) and more competition and market mechanisms. Competition between insurers has gained importance in Germany and the Netherlands and the state is reinforcing its controlling capacities in France and Germany. Up to now, continental health insurance systems have remained, however, Bismarckian (they are still mainly financed by social contribution, managed by health insurance funds, they deliver public and private health care, and freedom is still higher than in national health systems), but a new ‘regulatory health care state’ is emerging. Those changes are embedded in the existing institutions since the aim of the reforms is more to change the logic of institutions than to change the institutions themselves. Hence, structural changes occur without revolution in the system.
Activation as a Common Framework for Social Policies towards Lone Parents
Authors: Knijn Trudie , Martin Claude , Millar Jane
Published: October 2007

This article compares recent social policy reforms in respect of lone‐parent families in three different national contexts: France, the Netherlands and the UK. In all three countries there is an increasing focus on activation policies to promote employment among lone parents. The authors examine whether this common framework of activation has led to a policy convergence across these three countries.
Long‐term Care Policies in Italy, Austria and France: Variations in Cash‐for‐Care Schemes
Authors: Da Roit Barbara , Le Bihan Blanche , Österle August
Published: October 2007

Cash benefit provisions have been at the core of many recent reforms in the long‐term care sector in Europe. The respective schemes, however, vary widely in terms of the definition of entitlements, the level of benefits, and the ways in which benefits can be used by recipients. This article investigates cash‐for‐care schemes in three European social insurance countries. It asks whether the diversity of these schemes indicates different paths or just differences in the pace with which the respective policies address the risk of dependency. A characterization of the three schemes and a discussion of the implications for care work arrangements lead to the conclusion that the context and timing of long‐term care reform processes are in fact quite variegated. All three countries have histories of cash schemes and of applying the cash approach to support – and to some extent relieve – traditionally strong family obligations. Differences predominate in terms of linking cash to employment, although some convergence is apparent in the effects on qualifications, working conditions and wages in care work.
Family Policies in Germany and France: The Role of Enterprises and Social Partners
Authors: Klammer Ute , Letablier Marie‐Thérèse
Published: October 2007

Although France and Germany are commonly classified as Bismarckian welfare regimes, they differ significantly in terms of family policy. For a long time, social and family policy in (West) Germany was focused on the male‐breadwinner model of married couples. This was based on the expectation that women, in particular married women with children, would withdraw from the labour market permanently, or at least temporarily. Whereas care by mothers was massively subsidized by state family policy, the expansion of the childcare infrastructure was neglected and progressed only very slowly compared to the situation in many other countries of Europe. France, on the contrary, is one of the European countries where childcare services are particularly widespread, giving mothers the option to combine paid work and motherhood. Nevertheless, significant changes are happening in both countries. Concern over the demographic trends and low birth rates (in particular in Germany) have refocused attention on family policy in recent years. In Germany, it has now become a key field of debate and policy, and new actors have appeared on the scene. This article proposes to compare the latest developments in both countries, highlighting the contribution of enterprises and social partners to work–life balance, re‐analysing the different types of familialism characterizing both countries.
Seasonal Variation and Atypical Presentation of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Pre-Pubertal Children
Authors: Distelmaier F , Tibussek D , Schneider DT , Mayatepek E
Published: October 2007

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is an enigmatic disorder of elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. In adulthood, patients are typically obese women of childbearing age; however, in young children the clinical picture is strikingly different, indicating age-related differences in the aetiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. To investigate this phenomenon, we analysed the clinical details of 15 pre-pubertal children with the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Evaluating the date of initial presentation, we discovered a distinct seasonal variation. Ten patients presented between November and March, thus coinciding with the typical season of paediatric viral and bacterial infections in Germany. Therefore, we suggest an association between intracranial hypertension and possibly concurrent infections in these children. Moreover, eight children presented only with ophthalmologic findings without any other obvious symptoms, raising questions regarding the incidence of undetected cases, particularly in this age group.
Assessment of bronchial wall thickness and lumen diameter in human adults using multi‐detector computed tomography: comparison with theoretical models
Authors: Montaudon M. , Desbarats P. , Berger P. , De Dietrich G. , Marthan R. , Laurent F.
Published: October 2007

A thickened bronchial wall is the morphological substratum of most diseases of the airway. Theoretical and clinical models of bronchial morphometry have so far focused on bronchial lumen diameter, and bronchial length and angles, mainly assessed from bronchial casts. However, these models do not provide information on bronchial wall thickness. This paper reports in vivo values of cross‐sectional wall area, lumen area, wall thickness and lumen diameter in ten healthy subjects as assessed by multi‐detector computed tomography. A validated dedicated software package was used to measure these morphometric parameters up to the 14th bronchial generation, with respect to Weibel's model of bronchial morphometry, and up to the 12th according to Boyden's classification. Measured lumen diameters and homothety ratios were compared with theoretical values obtained from previously published studies, and no difference was found when considering dichotomic division of the bronchial tree. Mean wall area, lumen area, wall thickness and lumen diameter were then provided according to bronchial generation order, and mean homothety ratios were computed for wall area, lumen area and wall thickness as well as equations giving the mean value of each parameter for a given bronchial generation with respect to its value in generation 0 (trachea). Multi‐detector computed tomography measurements of bronchial morphometric parameters may help to improve our knowledge of bronchial anatomy in vivo, our understanding of the pathophysiology of bronchial diseases and the evaluation of pharmacological effects on the bronchial wall.