bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abordagens sobre o terrorismo nas aulas de geografia: o cinema como possibilidade pedagógica
Authors: Galinari Tiago Nogueira
Published: November 2020

Este artigo aborda algumas possibilidades pedagógicas de discutir o tema terrorismo nas aulas de geografia. Por ser um tema que aparece constantemente na mídia e no cinema, os alunos acessam muitas informações sobre o assunto. Cabe à escola transformar estas informações em conhecimentos, através de uma abordagem crítica do mesmo. Fazendo uso de diferentes linguagens, as aulas de geografia podem contribuir significativamente para tal. Neste sentido, o cinema se torna uma interessante ferramenta nas aulas de geografia para abordar as diferentes dimensões terrorismo. Em nome do Pai, Um filme falado e Paradise Now são três filmes que, cada um ao seu modo, podem contribuir para a discussão do tema durante as aulas de geografia.
Como elaborar atlas escolares visando à educação inclusiva
Authors: Régis Tamara de Castro , Nogueira Ruth Emilia
Published: November 2020

Este artigo discorre acerca dos procedimentos metodológicos utilizados para elaborar um modelo de atlas municipal escolar adaptado, desenvolvido na perspectiva de uma Educação Geográfica Inclusiva, com o intuito de facilitar o acesso ao conhecimento geográfico por estudantes com e sem deficiência visual. Para tanto, foi elaborada uma proposta de confecção de atlas geográfico que leva em conta algumas diretrizes metodológicas apontadas por pesquisadores como Le Sann (2001), Lastória (2007), Fuckner (2009) complementadas pelos conhecimentos no campo da cartografia tátil, advindo da atuação das pesquisadoras em atividades desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Cartografia Tátil e Escolar (LabTATE). Como resultados deste trabalho destaca-se a sistematização de um referencial teórico metodológico que pode ser empregado para a elaboração de outros atlas escolares adaptados, além da confecção do modelo de atlas adaptado do município de Florianópolis com uma versão tátil e baixa visão, que também pode ser utilizado por pessoas sem deficiência visual e uma versão eletrônica acessível do atlas que está disponibilizada no website do LabTATE.
O conceito de paisagem na geografia de Delgado de Carvalho: entremeios de conhecimentos escolares e científicos
Authors: Pereira Diego Carlos , Menon Mariana Bernardo , Pezzato João Pedro
Published: November 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar e compreender as perspectivas teóricas e epistêmicas do conceito de paisagem contida na obra de Delgado de Carvalho (1884-1980), estabelecendo as suas relações entre os conhecimentos escolares e científicos. A partir de um denso estudo bibliográfico, identificamos que, para o geógrafo, a paisagem era, então, compreendida enquanto uma categoria para a composição de seu conceito central, a região. Constatamos que as suas concepções transitaram entre o possibilismo francês e a influência norte-americana, o que resultava em algumas oscilações de seu discurso ao longo do tempo. Do ponto de vista da constituição da Geografia Escolar, apontamos a influência dos ideários liberais escolanovistas na renovação e modernização do ensino frente a uma Geografia Escolar até então conservadora. Exemplificamos as “excursões geográficas” enquanto um aparato didático e curricular para o ensino de Geografia e a consequente valorização da realidade do aluno como potencializadora da leitura da paisagem.
O clima urbano no ensino de geografia: por uma climatologia geográfica significativa
Authors: Da Silva Michele Souza
Published: November 2020

O presente trabalho traz a discussão e os resultados acerca da climatologia na sala de aula, com foco no clima urbano, como forma de tornar os conteúdos da climatologia significativos para os alunos. As atividades foram realizadas com os alunos do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, do Colégio Pedro II, Campus Realengo II, como parte da pesquisa elaborada durante o Programa de Residência Docente, da referida instituição, um programa que é voltado para formação continuada dos professores que atuam na Educação Básica, na rede pública de ensino. Dessa forma, este artigo apresenta a discussão teórica em relação à climatologia geográfica e a climatologia urbana no Ensino de Geografia e, posteriormente, mostra os resultados obtidos em três aulas com as turmas do 6º ano: iniciando com os conceitos básicos sobre tempo e clima, elementos e fatores climáticos; perpassando na segunda aula para a compreensão de como os elementos do tempo são medidos, a partir da atividade de coleta de dados com os instrumentos meteorológicos, sistematizando-os em gráficos; e a terceira aula, quando foram abordados temas relacionados com o clima urbano, buscando sempre trabalhar e compreender a realidade do bairro da escola e os adjacentes, trazendo o tema para a realidade vivenciada pelos alunos.
O que está por vir na educação geográfica? Uma perspectiva da União Geográfica Internacional – Comissão para Educação Geográfica
Authors: Brooks Clare , Qian Gong , Salinas-Silva Victor
Published: November 2020

Nos últimos dois anos a Comissão para Educação Geográfica da União Geográfica Internacional (UGI-CEG) esteve envolvida na declaração de dois documentos chave: o estatuto internacional de 2016, apresentado em Beijing, e a Declaração Internacional de Educação Geográfica, aprensentada em Moscou em 2015. Ambas as declarações enfatizam a importância da colaboração internacional particularmente sobre o compartilhamento de descobertas provenientes de pesquisas e entendimentos na área da educação geográfica. Um dos desafios enfrentados pela comissão para atingir esses objetivos é a grande variedade no status e abrangência da educação geográfica em diferentes países. Baseados na premissa de que a o status da educação geográfica nos currículos nacionais aponta um possível investimento e pesquisa e seus resultados, este artigo baseia-se em dados de prevalência da educação geográfica no mundo, para analisar os diferentes níveis de importância destinados à disciplina. Os resultados indicam que uma aproximação internacional entre professores de geografia nunca foi tão oportuna, uma vez que a geografia floresce e esmaece de forma significativa em diferentes lugares. Este artigo ressalta o importante papel de organizações como a UGI-CEG ao oferecer suporte político para a educação geográfica tanto nos currículos nacionais como no campo de pesquisa acadêmica.
Gestão de riscos de desastres e participação popular: lições aprendidas e a relevância da educação para a consolidação da Rede de Gestão de Riscos da Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego d’Antas (Reger-CD), Nova Friburgo/RJ
Authors: Freitas Leonardo Esteves de , Coelho Netto Ana Luiza
Published: November 2020

Desastres socioambientais relacionados a deslizamentos e inundações impulsionados por chuvas extremas são recorrentes na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, gerando mortes frequentes. Porém, não há uma cultura de gestão de riscos na região. Em janeiro de 2011, houve um desastre de grandes proporções que fomentou a implantação de políticas públicas voltadas para a temática. Segundo a legislação que embasa essas políticas as ações de gestão devem ser realizadas em diálogo com as comunidades expostas ao risco. Todavia, a implantação dessas políticas geralmente ocorre de forma pouco participativa, normalmente em função das práticas arraigadas nos órgãos gestores. Ademais, via de regra, os moradores das comunidades que vivem nas áreas de risco não se envolvem nos processos de gestão relacionados à gestão de risco, seja em função das práticas políticas autoritárias dos órgãos públicos, por questões psicológicas desses moradores, ou por desagregação dessas comunidades. Esta situação é observada na Reger-CD, uma rede interinstitucional e comunitária que vem promovendo a discussão de gestão de riscos de desastres na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego d’Antas (54 km2), Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, área intensamente afetada pelo desastre de 2011. Essa rede conta com a participação de diversos membros de comunidades, porém tem dificuldades de ampliar a participação para algumas localidades situadas na bacia hidrográfica. Como forma de enfrentar essa questão, a Reger-CD está realizando processos educativos participativos, o que têm gerado importantes resultados em termos de mobilização. O aprofundamento desses processos e a realização de estudos sobre mobilização comunitária são os desafios futuros dessa rede para avançar nos processos de mobilização comunitária.
O fenômeno inundação como eixo norteador de práticas educativas: uma experiência com alunos da rede pública em Ururaí, Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ)
Authors: Souza Almeida Carolina Vieira Caldeira de Lima de , Leite Adriana Filgueira
Published: November 2020

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com alunos da rede pública de ensino no bairro Ururaí situado na cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, no período de 2015 – 2018. O objetivo central deste estudo foi trazer uma contribuição para o Ensino de Geografia por meio da proposta de atividades práticas a serem implementadas em sala de aula que tanto fossem condizentes com a realidade escolar pública, quanto levassem em consideração as interações estabelecidas ao longo do processo de aprendizagem, o conhecimento empírico do aluno e a sua vivência. Para que o objetivo em questão fosse alcançado, optou-se por trabalhar um viés socioambiental sobre a perspectiva das inundações, já que esses eventos remetem a realidade dos estudantes. Para tanto, foram selecionados alunos do 1º ano do Ensino Médio de duas escolas públicas do bairro Ururaí, situado na cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, ao longo do ano de 2016. O referencial teórico que fundamentou esse estudo foi a literatura pertinente à geografia escolar que engloba temas como: práticas de ensino, currículo, processo de ensino e aprendizagem, competências, temáticas físico-naturais, inundação, vulnerabilidade, entre outros. Diversos procedimentos metodológicos foram utilizados com os alunos como a técnica da investigação-ação, a aplicação de questionários com perguntas abertas e fechadas, a realização de entrevistas, a análise de mapas temáticos de Ururaí, aulas de campo, pesquisa do meio, apresentação de seminário, análise de grupo focal, além de diferentes tipos de jogos. Por fim, os resultados alcançados por esse estudo mostram que as diversas práticas realizadas sob a perspectiva socioconstrutivista, mostraram-se ferramentas eficazes na construção de diferentes competências geográficas, na medida em que propiciaram o desenvolvimento de uma percepção crítica pelo alunado, tanto a respeito do ambiente vivido, quanto no que se refere aos desastres relacionados à agua.
CARTOGRAFIA E O PAPEL DOS MUNDOS FICTÍCIOS: estudantes como mapeadores
Authors: Brito Fabrício Deyse Cristina
Published: November 2020

Na atualidade verifica-se um aumento de livros e jogos com mapas de mundos fictícios. Muitos desses mapas estão no cotidiano dos estudantes e podem entrar em contexto escolar. Este texto consiste na apresentação de atividades educativas para o Ensino Médio, por meio da criação de mapas de mundos fictícios nas aulas de Geografia. As atividades foram realizadas numa escola pública do município de Campinas-SP, com o objetivo de implicar alunos e alunas para a temática da cartografia e suas reverberações no cotidiano. Após as atividades, os estudantes foram entrevistados, contando as histórias que levaram à criação de seus próprios mapas. Escolhemos alguns desses mapas para a discussão da inserção dos estudantes no ciberespaço e as formas de narrativas dele derivadas.
Hortas escolares na educação geográfica: reflexões sobre um modo de fazer
Authors: Marchesan Larissa , Selhane Lívia de Souza C. , Preve Ana Maria Hoepers
Published: November 2020

O presente texto resulta de uma metodologia com horta numa escola pública estadual em Florianópolis (Santa Catarina). Por aproximadamente três anos exercitamos um trabalho com a geografia e com as hortas nesta escola com o objetivo de refletir sobre a ocupação das plantas e de nossas práticas dada a imagem que tínhamos de hortas. Descreveremos o que acontece quando canteiros ordenados não sustentam mais uma ideia, uma imagem. Em nossas narrativas aparecem os momentos desse processo, inclusive o que está no meio, uma zona de fronteira. Utilizamos da prática das oficinas para pouco a pouco transformar uma horta escolar em uma hortajardim. Vemos a hortajardim como uma possibilidade para a construção de saberes geográficos tanto para os estudantes como para os professores. Este espaço nos permitiu refletir sobre o estudar, preparar aulas de geografia, exercitar aulas, brincar com os alunos em contato direto com a terra. A atenção a este procedimento nos permitiu relacionar as hortas escolares a uma série de outros procedimentos e funcionamentos escolares.O presente texto resulta de uma metodologia com horta numa escola pública estadual em Florianópolis (Santa Catarina). Por aproximadamente três anos exercitamos um trabalho com a geografia e com as hortas nesta escola com o objetivo de refletir sobre a ocupação das plantas e de nossas práticas dada a imagem que tínhamos de hortas. Descreveremos o que acontece quando canteiros ordenados não sustentam mais uma ideia, uma imagem. Em nossas narrativas aparecem os momentos desse processo, inclusive o que está no meio, uma zona de fronteira. Utilizamos da prática das oficinas para pouco a pouco transformar uma horta escolar em uma hortajardim. Vemos a hortajardim como uma possibilidade para a construção de saberes geográficos tanto para os estudantes como para os professores. Este espaço nos permitiu refletir sobre o estudar, preparar aulas de geografia, exercitar aulas, brincar com os alunos em contato direto com a terra. A atenção a este procedimento nos permitiu relacionar as hortas escolares a uma série de outros procedimentos e funcionamentos escolares.
La salida de campo y la cartografía social en la escuela, potenciadoras del saber geográfico e histórico
Authors: Mallungo Julio Cesar Guasca
Published: November 2020

Las salidas de campo en las instituciones educativas se convierten en una herramienta pedagógica potencial que fundamenta los saberes construidos en el aula, por tal razón, es importante promover actividades que den la posibilidad al estudiante de abordar saberes verdaderamente significativos y aplicables al contexto en el cual está inserto para que así halle sentido algunas concepciones esenciales del pensamiento geográfico, mismo que lamentablemente en la actualidad y en lo que respecta al campo escolar, no despiertan mayor interés. Una forma de lograr sintetizar los conocimientos aprendidos en el marco de las salidas de campo es el desarrollo de algunos ejercicios lúdicos por parte de los estudiantes, en especial, con la elaboración de cartografías sociales, técnica de realización grupal que da cuenta de lo aprendido y que a su vez es de gran utilidad para apoyar procesos investigativos si el docente así lo requiere. Dichas experiencias (salida de campo y diseño de cartografías sociales) paulatinamente se han ido posicionado en el campo de la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales en lo que respecta a las universidades, no obstante, son poco valoradas en el ámbito escolar. Sin embargo, todo lo anterio puede ser muy potencial para fortalecer procesos pedagógicos asociados al ambito geográfico en la escuela.
Entrevista com a professora Gisele Girardi
Authors: Galinari Tiago Nogueira
Published: November 2020

Geógrafa, mestre e doutora em Geografia pela USP, com pós-doutorado em Educação pela Unicamp e professora do Departamento de Geografia da UFES, Gisele Girardi é uma importante referência para a Geografia e cartografia escolar. Com mais de duas décadas de experiência no magistério do ensino superior, a professora participou da formulação da primeira e segunda versões da BNCC, sendo também autora de muitos artigos, além de livros, atlas e outras produções bibliográficas. Na entrevista discutiu-se desde a cartografia ensinada nas licenciaturas de Geografia até, com mais profundidade, a cartografia ensinada nas escolas. A professora abordou importantes temas da Geografia escolar, entre os quais: o currículo na escola básica; as possibilidades do uso da cartografia social no contexto escolar; e o papel das geotecnologias nas aulas de Geografia. Através de suas respostas, a professora Gisele Girardi revelou o acúmulo de leituras, experiências e reflexões sobre as Ciências, a Geografia, a Cartografia e, mais especificamente, sobre a cartografia escolar. O tom professoral transformou a entrevista numa verdadeira aula. Suas provocações convidam os professores e professoras de Geografia a refletirem sobre a própria prática e aos educadores e educadoras, de modo geral, a repensarem a escola.
Resenha do filme Todo mapa tem um discurso
Authors: Guimarães Renato Cosentino Vianna
Published: November 2020

Qual é a relação dos mapas com identidade, pertencimento, comunicação, narrativa e poder? O documentário “Todo mapa tem um discurso” (2014), produzido pela organização não governamental Rede Jovem e dirigido por Francine Albernaz e Thaís Inácio, vai a fundo nestes temas para demonstrar que a ausência de favelas e comunidades pobres nos mapas oficiais é apenas a ponta do iceberg de uma tentativa de invisibilização das pessoas que vivem nestes territórios. Invisibilização que passa pelo não reconhecimento legal do direito à moradia em bairros populares e favelas ao assassinato da juventude periférica, majoritariamente negra, com o intuito de manter a desigualdade e afirmar a dominação.
Investigating Career Intentions of Undergraduate Paramedic Students Studying in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Devenish Scott , Rolley Adam , Long David
Published: November 2020

Introduction

This study explores the career intentions of undergraduate university paramedic students. Other like studies have been completed before paramedicine registration, and this is the first career intentions study to focus on the Queensland perspective.

Methods

Second year Queensland University of Technology (QUT) undergraduate paramedic students (n=182) were invited to participate. Ethics approval was gained and consent to participate was implied by the completion of a mixed methods questionnaire developed from the extant literature. Data were coded and analysed using Stata 15.1 and NVIVO 12.

Results

The response rate was 47.3% (n=86). Findings indicated 82.35% of participants intend to pursue paramedic employment after graduating. Queensland Ambulance Service is the preferred choice of employer (78.05%), however 67.07% intended to apply to multiple services for employment, 62.2% are considering private industry employment and 59.76% are contemplating overseas work. Intended paramedicine career length revealed 39.5% of participants plan to work for 20 years or more, 29% for 6–10 years and 18.4% for 11–15 years. Qualitative findings suggest students are concerned about employment opportunities, dislocation from support networks, and feeling unprepared to work in other paramedic jurisdictions. Furthermore, the employer's reputation, culture, internship program and career development opportunities impact on employment decisions.

Conclusion

The paramedic landscape in Australia appears to be changing. Although the majority of participants intend to work for jurisdictional ambulance services, students are exploring a range of employment opportunities. Understanding the career intentions of undergraduate paramedic students is essential for universities when preparing students for the transition to a globally evolving profession.
The Effect of Role-Play Learning Strategy and Self-Concept on Social Skills of Children Age 5-6 Years Old in Aisyah Az-Zahra Medan
Authors: Nahar Syamsu , Nasution Wahyuddin Nur , Sari Sunita
Published: November 2020

This study aims to determine: (1) differences in the social skills of children who carry out learning activities using macro role playing strategies and those using micro role playing, (2) differences in social skills of children who have high self-concept and children who have low self-concept, and (3) the interaction between role playing strategies and self-concept on social skills. The populations in this study were children aged 5-6 years. This research was conducted at PAUD Aisyah Az-zahra Medan. The research method used was quasi-experimental. The collection technique was a questionnaire and a test, then the data analysis technique was a two-way analysis of variance. The results showed (1). the average social skills of children who learn to use macro role playing strategies are higher, namely = 8.80 compared to those who use micro role playing strategies = 6.50, with f-count = 9.096 > f-table = 3.48, with a level significant 0.05, (2) the average social skills of children who have high self-concept is higher with an average = 9.15 while the average social skills of children who have low self-concept = 7.96 with f-count = 5,967> f-table = 3.48 with a significant level of 0.05, and (3) there is an interaction between playing with self-concept on children's social skills with f-count = 4.591> f-table = 3.48 at a significant level of 0, 05.
Detection of Myxobolus cerebralis (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) in two non-Tubifex tubifex oligochaetes in the southeastern USA
Authors: Ksepka SP , Rash JM , Cai W , Bullard SA
Published: November 2020

Myxobolus cerebralis (Hofer, 1903), the etiological agent of salmonid whirling disease, reportedly matures in only the oligochaete ‘Tubifex tubifex’. The concept of ‘T. tubifex’ is problematic because it is renowned as a species complex (or having ‘strains’), and many sequences ascribed to this taxon in GenBank are misidentified or indicate several cryptic species. These facts cast doubt on the long-held notion that M. cerebralis is strictly host-specific to the single definitive host, T. tubifex. Herein, as part of an ongoing regional whirling disease monitoring project, oligochaetes (452 specimens) were collected from 31 riverine sites in western North Carolina (August through September 2015) and screened for infection by M. cerebralis. The species-specific nested PCR for M. cerebralis was positive for 8 oligochaete specimens from the French Broad River Basin (Mill Creek and Watauga River) and New River Basin (Big Horse Creek). We individually barcoded these M. cerebralis-positive oligochaete specimens using cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) primers and then conducted a Bayesian inference phylogenetic analysis. We identified 2 oligochaete genotypes: one sister to a clade comprising Limnodrilus udekemianus (Haplotaxida: Naididae) and another sister to Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. This is the first detection of M. cerebralis from an oligochaete in the SE USA and the first detection of M. cerebralis from an oligochaete other than T. tubifex. These results suggest that other non-T. tubifex definitive hosts can harbor the pathogen and should be considered in the context of fish hatchery biosecurity and monitoring wild trout streams for M. cerebralis and whirling disease in the southeastern USA.
Gastrointestinal entamoebiasis in captive anurans in North America
Authors: Weisbrod TC , Jeon AB , Childress A , Pouder DB , Castellanos-Gell J , Stacy NI , Walden HDS , Garner MM , Yanong RPE , Ossiboff RJ
Published: November 2020

Infections with Entamoeba spp. are recognized as a cause of clinical disease in many species including humans and reptiles; however, cases in amphibians are under-reported. Investigation of a mortality event among a captive population of Cranwell’s horned frogs Ceratophrys cranwelli at a production facility in Florida, USA, revealed that deaths were due to the newly described Entamoeba species CT1. Infection caused severe necroulcerative gastroenterocolitis with a predilection for the colon. To date, this Entamoeba species has only been described in invasive cane toads Rhinella marina in Australia. Retrospective screening of archived anuran cases from a zoological pathology service identified 8 cases from captive populations that had histological evidence of gastrointestinal entamoebiasis. Molecular characterization was positive in 3 cases. Two cases, 1 in a Puerto Rican crested toad Peltophryne lemur and 1 in an Amazon milk frog Trachycephalus resinifictrix, showed 100% homology to E. ranarum and 1 case in a White’s tree frog Litoria caerulea showed 100% homology to Entamoeba sp. CT1. This is the first report of novel Entamoeba sp. CT1 being associated with clinical disease in anurans within North America and also the first report of this Entamoeba species causing disease within managed collections as far back as 2003.
Ecology of Moroteuthopsis longimana at the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands, revealed through stable isotope analysis of squid beaks
Authors: van Tonder A , Lübcker N , Guerreiro M , Xavier JC , Cherel Y , de Bruyn PJN
Published: November 2020

Understanding the underlying ecological factors that affect the distribution patterns of organisms is vital for their conservation. Cephalopods such as giant warty squids Moroteuthopsis longimana are important in the diets of marine predators, including grey-headed albatrosses Thalassarche chrysostoma, yet our understanding of their habitat and trophic ecology remains limited. We investigated the habitat and trophic niche utilised by M. longimana through the δ13C and δ15N profiles captured in their beaks. M. longimana beaks were collected around grey-headed albatross nests at the Prince Edward Islands during 2004 and 2013 (n = 40 beaks). The results showed distinctly Antarctic distributions (δ13C = -24.0 ± 1.0‰, mean ± SD) for M. longimana, consistent with albatrosses foraging at the Southwest Indian Ridge, as opposed to broader foraging zones utilised by albatrosses from Îles Crozet and Îles Kerguelen. Slightly lower δ15N values (5.4 ± 0.7‰) were found compared to other islands in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean, which may indicate more crustaceans in the squid diets. Sequential sampling along the lateral walls of individual beaks (n = 4) revealed ontogenetic shifts in δ13C and δ15N values, but individual variation in these shifts requires further investigation.
Climate change winner in the deep sea? Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of the glass sponge Vazella pourtalesii
Authors: Beazley L , Kenchington E , Murillo FJ , Brickman D , Wang Z , Davies AJ , Roberts EM , Rapp HT
Published: November 2020

Shallow-water sponges are often cited as being ‘climate change winners’ due to their resiliency against climate change effects compared to other benthic taxa. However, little is known of the impacts of climate change on deep-water sponges. The deep-water glass sponge Vazella pourtalesii is distributed off eastern North America, forming dense sponge grounds with enhanced biodiversity on the Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia, Canada. While the strong natural environmental variability that characterizes these sponge grounds suggests this species is resilient to a changing environment, its physiological limitations remain unknown, and the impact of more persistent anthropogenic climate change on its distribution has never been assessed. We used Random Forest and generalized additive models to project the distribution of V. pourtalesii in the northwest Atlantic using environmental conditions simulated under moderate and worst-case CO2 emission scenarios. Under future (2046-2065) climate change, the suitable habitat of V. pourtalesii will increase up to 4 times its present-day size and shift into deeper waters and higher latitudes, particularly in its northern range where ocean warming will serve to improve the habitat surrounding this originally sub-tropical species. However, not all areas projected as suitable habitat in the future will realistically be populated, and the reduced likelihood of occurrence in its core habitat on the Scotian Shelf suggests that the existing Vazella sponge grounds may be negatively impacted. An effective monitoring programme will require tracking changes in the density and distribution of V. pourtalesii at the margins between core habitat and where losses and gains were projected.
Transmission of Renaissance herbal images to China: the Beitang copy of Mattioli’s commentaries on Dioscorides and its annotations
Authors: Huiyi Wu , Cheng Zheng
Published: November 2020

The Beitang Collection, heritage of a seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Jesuit library in Beijing now housed in the National Library of China, contains an incomplete copy of Pietro Andrea Mattioli’s commentary on an Italian edition of Pedanius Dioscorides's De materia medica (1568) bearing extensive annotations in Chinese. Two hundred odd plant and animal names in a northern Chinese patois were recorded alongside illustrations, creating a rare record of seventeenth-century Chinese folk knowledge and of Sino-Western interaction in the field of natural history. Based on close analysis of the annotations and other contemporary sources, we argue that the annotations were probably made in Beijing by one or more Chinese low-level literati and Jesuit missionaries during the first two decades of the seventeenth century. We also conclude that the annotations were most likely directed at a Chinese audience, to whom the Jesuits intended to illustrate European craftsmanship using Mattioli’s images. This document probably constitutes the earliest known evidence of Jesuits' attempts at transmitting the art of European natural history drawings to China.
A recently discovered hand-coloured geological map of Norfolk and Suffolk attributed to Richard Cowling Taylor (1789–1851)
Authors: Riches Peter F.
Published: November 2020

A recently discovered hand-coloured geological map of Norfolk and Suffolk is probably the work of Richard Cowling Taylor (1789–1851). It was originally published by Laurie & Whittle in 1811 and later hand coloured to show the geological strata of the two English counties. The colouration was based on William Smith's 1815 geological map A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales, with Part of Scotland, but with significant modifications. It appears to have been hand-coloured between 1816 and 1819 and is a very early example of the adoption of Smith's methodology of using colour to represent the different layers of strata on a geological map.
Robert McCormick and the circumstances of his Arctic fossil collection, 1852–1853
Authors: Stone Philip
Published: November 2020

The Royal Navy surgeon Robert McCormick (1800–1890) took part in three mid-nineteenth century British Polar expeditions, two to the Arctic and one to the Antarctic. Of the two Arctic voyages, the first was to Spitsbergen (in today's Svalbard) in 1827; the second from 1852 to 1853, was one of the expeditions dispatched to search for the missing ships commanded by Sir John Franklin that had set out in 1845 to navigate a “Northwest Passage” through the islands of the Canadian Arctic. The Svalbard expedition was formative in developing McCormick's interest in the Polar regions, with the likely highlight of his career being his subsequent participation in the Antarctic expedition of 1839–1843 led by James Clark Ross. Throughout these expeditions, McCormick collected natural history specimens, principally in the fields of ornithology and geology. Many of the geological specimens he retained in a personal collection which passed to what is now the Natural History Museum, London, on his death in 1890. This collection includes rock specimens from Svalbard and Baffin Bay, and a substantial number of Silurian fossils (mostly brachiopods) from Beechey Island and Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic. The fossil collection was the largest of several assembled during the successive expeditions sent out in search of Franklin, but is one of those that has received no subsequent attention. That omission was largely due to McCormick's own scientific shortcomings and persisted despite his determined efforts to promote himself as a serious scientific naturalist and Arctic authority.
Restoration of two great auk (Pinguinus impennis) eggs: Bourman Labrey's egg and the Scarborough egg
Authors: Birkhead T. R. , Axon G. , Middleton J. R.
Published: November 2020

Most of the approximately 75 known eggs of the extinct great auk ( Pinguinus impennis) are in public museums, with a few in private collections. A small number of these eggs has sustained damage, either at the time of collection or subsequently, and two of these eggs are known to have been repaired. The two eggs suffered rather different types of damage and were subsequently restored using different techniques. The first, known as Bourman Labrey's egg, sustained extensive damage sometime prior to the 1840s, when the shell was broken into numerous pieces. This egg was repaired by William Yarrell in the 1840s, and when it was restored again in 2018, it was discovered that Yarrell's restoration had involved the use of an elaborate cardboard armature. This egg is currently in a private collection. The second egg, known as the Scarborough egg, bequeathed to the Scarborough Museum in 1877, was damaged (by unknown causes) and repaired, probably by the then curator at Scarborough, W. J. Clarke, in 1906. This egg was damaged when one or more pieces were broken adjacent to the blowhole at the narrow end (where there was some pre-existing damage). The media reports at the time exaggerated the extent of the damage, suggesting that the egg was broken almost in two. Possible reasons for this exaggeration are discussed. Recent examination using a black light and ultraviolet (UV) revealed that the eggshell had once borne the words, “a Penguin's Egg”, that were subsequently removed by scraping.
Fanon/Lacan: Sites of Intersection
Authors: Hook Derek
Published: November 2020

Three questions motivate this paper's investigation of various intersections between the work of Frantz Fanon and Jacques Lacan. First, what hitherto under-explored references to Lacan's work are to be found in Fanon's earliest (recently translated) psychiatric work? Second, moving beyond the remit of explicit citation: what subtle conceptual parallels and affinities exist between the work of these two theorists? Third, what contemporary rearticulations of Fanon's thought and political agendas are made possible via Lacanian theory? Exploring Fanon's earliest work shows that a number of Lacanian postulates exercised an influence on the young Martinican, including, amongst others: ideas of imaginary misrecognition, the paranoiac ego, the role of the image, and the notion of a historically founded logic of madness. Reviewing the literature on Fanon–Lacan helps, furthermore, in foregrounding a series of often understated conceptual parallels between the two theorists, including the priority afforded language and speech, the question of sociogeny, the role of social (or symbolic) structure, the notions of fantasy (Fanon's ‘Negro myth’) and of a social (or trans-individual) unconscious (as in Fanon's ‘European collective unconscious’). A notable finding regards how contemporary theorists have applied Lacanian ideas in rearticulations of Fanon's thought concerning the predominance of the topic of racist temporality. There are thus greater possibilities for critical analysis to be found in conjoining Fanonian and Lacanian theory than has generally been acknowledged by Fanon scholars.
Neutron scattering in studies of Fe-based functional alloys (Fe–Ga, Fe–Al)
Authors: Balagurov A M , Golovin I S
Published: November 2020

Discovered in the early 2000s, giant magnetostriction prompted many experimental and theoretical studies. However, the physical mechanism underlying this important functional property has not been fully understood, despite 20 years of continuous effort. The models currently under discussion are based on the concept of specifically ordered microscopic regions that emerge in a disordered crystal matrix. Of special importance in detecting suchlike structural states are techniques that involve the scattering of X-ray (synchrotron), electron, and neutron radiation. The current state of structural studies of Fe–Ga and Fe–Al alloys is reviewed, with the focus on neutron diffraction.
The Research Advance of Cell Bridges in vitro
Authors: Zhang Qing
Published: November 2020

The microenvironment in which cells reside in vivo dictates their biological and mechanical functioning is associated with morphogenetic and regenerative processes and may find implications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The development of nano- and micro-fabricated technologies, three-dimensional (3D) printing technique, and biomimetic medical materials have enabled researchers to prepare novel advanced substrates mimicking the in vivo microenvironment. Most of the novel morphologies and behaviors of cells, including contact guidance and cell bridges which are observed in vivo but are not perceived in the traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture system, emerged on those novel substrates. Using cell bridges, cell can span over the surface of substrates to maintain mechanical stability and integrity of tissue, as observed in physiological processes, such as wound healing, regeneration and development. Compared to contact guidance, which has received increased attention and is investigated extensively, studies on cell bridges remain scarce. Therefore, in this mini-review, we have comprehensively summarized and classified different kinds of cell bridges formed on various substrates and highlighted possible biophysical mechanisms underlying cell bridge formation for their possible implication in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Application of Quantum Computing to Biochemical Systems: A Look to the Future
Authors: Cheng Hai-Ping , Deumens Erik , Freericks James K. , Li Chenglong , Sanders Beverly A.
Published: November 2020

Chemistry is considered as one of the more promising applications to science of near-term quantum computing. Recent work in transitioning classical algorithms to a quantum computer has led to great strides in improving quantum algorithms and illustrating their quantum advantage. Because of the limitations of near-term quantum computers, the most effective strategies split the work over classical and quantum computers. There is a proven set of methods in computational chemistry and materials physics that has used this same idea of splitting a complex physical system into parts that are treated at different levels of theory to obtain solutions for the complete physical system for which a brute force solution with a single method is not feasible. These methods are variously known as embedding, multi-scale, and fragment techniques and methods. We review these methods and then propose the embedding approach as a method for describing complex biochemical systems, with the parts not only treated with different levels of theory, but computed with hybrid classical and quantum algorithms. Such strategies are critical if one wants to expand the focus to biochemical molecules that contain active regions that cannot be properly explained with traditional algorithms on classical computers. While we do not solve this problem here, we provide an overview of where the field is going to enable such problems to be tackled in the future.
A Review of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in Chemo-Based Combination Cancer Therapies
Authors: Gao Ying , Gao Dongruo , Shen Jie , Wang Qiwen
Published: November 2020

Chemotherapy is an important anti-tumor treatment in clinic to date, however, the effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy is limited by its poor selectivity, high systemic toxicity, and multidrug resistance. In recent years, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have become exciting drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their unique advantages, such as easy large-scale production, adjustable uniform pore size, large surface area and pore volumes. While mesoporous silica-based DDS can improve chemotherapy to a certain extent, when used in combination with other cancer therapies MSN based chemotherapy exhibits a synergistic effect, greatly improving therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we discuss the applications of MSN DDS for a diverse range of chemotherapeutic combination anti-tumor therapies, including phototherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy and other less common modalities. Furthermore, we focus on the characteristics of each nanomaterial and the synergistic advantages of the combination therapies. Lastly, we examine the challenges and future prospects of MSN based chemotherapeutic combination therapies.
Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Understanding Avian Viruses and Developing Poultry Vaccines
Authors: Vilela Julianne , Rohaim Mohammed A. , Munir Muhammad
Published: November 2020

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein nuclease 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) technology offers novel approaches to precisely, cost-effectively, and user-friendly edit genomes for a wide array of applications and across multiple disciplines. This methodology can be leveraged to underpin host-virus interactions, elucidate viral gene functions, and to develop recombinant vaccines. The successful utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 in editing viral genomes has paved the way of developing novel and multiplex viral vectored poultry vaccines. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 can be exploited to rectify major limitations of conventional approaches including reversion to virulent form, recombination with field viruses and transgene, and genome instability. This review provides comprehensive analysis of the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique in understanding avian virus-host interactions and developing novel poultry vaccines. Finally, we discuss the simplest and practical aspects of genome editing approaches in generating multivalent recombinant poultry vaccines that conform simultaneous protection against major avian diseases.
Global Seismic Noise Entropy
Authors: Lyubushin Alexey
Published: November 2020

Data of continuous records of low-frequency (periods from 2 to 1,000 min) seismic noise on a global network of 229 broadband stations located around the world for 23 years, 1997–2019, are analyzed. The daily values of the entropy of the distribution of the squares of the orthogonal wavelet coefficients are considered as an informative characteristic of noise. An auxiliary network of 50 reference points is introduced, the positions of which are determined from the clustering of station positions. For each reference point, a time series is calculated, consisting of 8,400 samples with a time step of 1 day, the values of which are determined as the medians of the entropy values at the five nearest stations that are operable during the given day. The introduction of a system of reference points makes it possible to estimate temporal and spatial changes in the correlation of noise entropy values around the world. Estimation in an annual sliding time window revealed a time interval from mid-2002 to mid-2003, when there was an abrupt change in the properties of global noise and an intensive increase in both average entropy correlations and spatial correlation scales began. This trend continues until the end of 2019, and it is interpreted as a feature of seismic noise which is connected with an increase in the intensity of the strongest earthquakes, which began with the Sumatran mega-earthquake of December 26, 2004 (M = 9.3). The values of the correlation function between the logarithm of the released seismic energy and the bursts of coherence between length of day and the entropy of seismic noise in the annual time window indicate the delay in the release of seismic energy relative to the coherence maxima. This lag is interpreted as a manifestation of the triggering effect of the irregular rotation of the Earth on the increase in global seismic hazard.
Hepatic Transcriptome Analysis Revealing the Molecular Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
Authors: Xia Chengdong , Zhang Xiuli , Cao Tianshu , Wang Jiannong , Li Cuidan , Yue Liya , Niu Kaifeng , Shen Yicheng , Ma Guannan , Chen Fei
Published: November 2020

Around 9% of the adult population in the world (463 million) suffer from diabetes mellitus. Most of them (~90%) belong to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is a common chronic metabolic disorder, and the number of cases has been reported to increase each year. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat provides a successful animal model to study the pathogenesis of T2DM. Although previous hepatic transcriptome studies revealed some novel genes associated with the occurrence and development of T2DM, there still lacks the comprehensive transcriptomic analysis for the liver tissues of ZDF rats. We performed comparative transcriptome analyses between the liver tissues of ZDF rats and healthy ZCL rats and also evaluated several clinical indices. We could identify 214 and 104 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs in ZDF rats, respectively. Pathway and biofunction analyses showed a synergistic effect between mRNAs and lncRNAs. By comprehensively analyzing transcriptomic data and clinical indices, we detected some typical features of T2DM in ZDF rats, such as upregulated metabolism (significant increased lipid absorption/transport/utilization, gluconeogenesis, and protein hydrolysis), increased inflammation, liver injury and increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, of the 214 DEGs, 114 were known and 100 were putative T2DM-related genes, most of which have been associated with substance metabolism (particularly degradation), inflammation, liver injury and ER stress biofunctions. Our study provides an important reference and improves understanding of molecular pathogenesis of obesity-associated T2DM. Our data can also be used to identify potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets, which should strengthen the prevention and treatment of T2DM.
Tree Species Are Differently Impacted by Cumulative Drought Stress and Present Higher Growth Synchrony in Dry Places
Authors: Gazol Antonio , Camarero J. Julio , Sangüesa-Barreda Gabriel , Serra-Maluquer Xavier , Sánchez-Salguero Raúl , Coll Lluís , Casals Pere
Published: November 2020

The increase in frequency and intensity of droughts due to climate change might threaten forests under stress levels causing dieback and mortality episodes. Thus, deciphering how tree species from within a region respond to drought along environmental gradients should help us to understand forest vulnerability to climate change. To enlighten contrasting drought responses of dominant tree species, we reconstructed vegetation activity using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and radial growth using tree-ring width series. We studied six tree species, three angiosperms (Fagus sylvatica,Quercus humilis, andQuercus ilex) and three gymnosperms (Pinus sylvestris,Pinus nigra, andPinus halepensis), inhabiting a Mediterranean region in north-eastern Spain. We investigated if reduced growth resilience and increased growth synchrony after successive droughts (1986, 1989, 2005, and 2012): (i) were related to cumulative drought stress and (ii) preceded forest dieback in dry sites as compared to wet sites. In 2016, dieback affectedQ. ilexandP. sylvestrisstands in dry sites showing lower growth rates and NDVI. No dieback symptoms were observed in other species from dry (P. nigra,P. halepensis) or wet (F. sylvatica,Q. humilis,P. sylvestris) sites. Hot and dry summer conditions constrained growth and reduced NDVI. During 2005, a severe drought affected all species, but growth drops were more marked in dry places. All species were able to recover after extreme droughts, albeit angiosperms displayed lower than expected values of growth after the 2012 drought. Growth synchrony was higher in dry sites than in wet sites, and the differences were higher after the 2005 drought. This study reveals that the sensitivity of tree species to drought in species inhabiting the same region is species dependent, and it is contingent on local conditions with higher effects in dry sites than in wet sites. We describe how a cumulative impact of successive droughts increases growth synchrony and triggers the occurrence of dieback events in Mediterranean forests.