bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis on Carbon Emissions and Energy Efficiency of Small Heavy Industrial Enterprises in Shanghai
Authors: Zhang Jing Jing , Kang Jian Cheng , Zhang Hao
Published: December 2013

Based on the energy consumption and the output value data of the 6 small heavy industrial enterprises during 2007-2011 in Shanghai, we calculated comprehensive energy consumption, carbon emissions, carbon intensity and energy intensity of these enterprises. It been found that the comprehensive energy consumption and the carbon emissions of the 6 small enterprises are in a fluctuating growth trend but the energy intensity and the carbon intensity show a trend of fluctuating downward. The energy intensity and the carbon intensity of the small enterprises are much larger than the average of the two whole industries in Shanghai. We analyzed the correlation coefficients between the output value and the energy consumption as well as between the output value and the carbon emissions. The results show that the comprehensive energy consumption and the carbon emissions have positive correlation as well as the carbon emissions and the output value.
Controlled Crystallization Process of Phase Change Memory Device by a Separate Heater Structure
Authors: Alip Rosalena Irma , bin Mohamad Zulfakri , Yin You , Hosaka Sumio
Published: December 2013

A Phase change Memory (PCM) device with a separate heater structure was proposed in order to control the crystallization process of the device. Some experimental works have been done to investigate the possibility. A SET pulse with amplitude ranging from 0 V to 3 V and pulse width of 100 ns was applied to the separate-heater layer, TiSi3 for heating up the memory layer, Ge2Sb2Te5. From the experimental result, the resistance of the memory layer dropped gradually by more than two orders of magnitude. This will allow multilevel storage for the memory device.
Influence of Atmosphere on Photo-Assisted Atomic Switch Operations
Authors: Hino Takami , Hasegawa Tsuyoshi , Tanaka Hirofumi , Tsuruoka Tohru , Ogawa Takuji , Aono Masakazu
Published: December 2013

We conducted light irradiation experiments in air to clarify influence of atmosphere on the operation of a photo-assisted atomic switch. In air, Pt-Ag2S/Ag nanogap electrodes with a PTCDI thin layer in their nanogaps showed current fluctuations with an applied bias of from 1.5 V to 6 V regardless of the bias polarity and with or without light irradiation. This is in contrast to the fact that only two things cause an increase in current that result in the formation of a silver bridge and switching behavior under vacuum, namely, light irradiation and the application of positive bias to the Ag2S/Ag electrode [. In addition, photocurrent caused by irradiating a PTCDI thin layer was found to be sensitive to air and to N2. These results indicate that moisture or other gas molecules in air and in N2 have an influence on the photo-assisted atomic switching behavior.
TEM Observation and Ionic Conductivity Study of Li2SiO3 Thin-Film on Sapphire Substrate
Authors: Furusawa Shinichi , Tsurui Takao , Shimizu Kouhei
Published: December 2013

Thin-film samples of the lithium ionic conductor Li2SiO3(LSO) were deposited on an A-plane sapphire substrate via the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, and the irreversible temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity in the thin-film samples was studied. Via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of annealed LSO thin-film, it was found that the as-prepared LSO thin-film was amorphous over the temperature rangeT490 K, and that nanocrystals existed in the annealed LSO thin-film in the temperature rangeT550 K. Further more, it was clarified the irreversible temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity is due to the generation of nanocrystals.
Low Voltage and High Oscillation Frequency Gated Ring Oscillator Using Bootstrap Technique
Authors: Takai Nobukazu , Murakami Ken , Kobayashi Haruo
Published: December 2013

In this paper, a high frequency ring oscillator with low power consumption is proposed.The proposed ring oscillator is based on GRO by applying boot strap technique. Simulation resultsindicate that the FoM(Power Consumption/Oscillation Frequency) of the proposed ring oscillator isless than that of the conventional ring oscillator.
High-Speed Data Transmissions Using Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding
Authors: Iijima Yosuke , Yuminaka Yasushi
Published: December 2013

High-speed interfaces become an important role to achieve high performance VLSIsystems. This paper demonstrates a high-speed data transmission technique using Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding (THP). The THP can compensate for low-pass eﬀect of an interconnec-tion at a transmitter, and it can also limit peak and average power of a transmitted signal. Inthis paper, a 200Mbps 4-PAM(Pulse-amplitude modulation) transmitter is designed and simu-lated to demonstrate the THP performance. The experimental implementation using an FPGAdemonstrates high-speed transmission over a long 3D2V coaxial cable.
Coding Techniques for High-Speed Data Transmission Based on Spectrum Shaping
Authors: Yuminaka Yasushi , Takada Yuuki
Published: December 2013

The performance of advanced VLSI systems is limited by the interconnection bandwidthinside/between chips rather than individual performance of transistors. The attenuation or deteriorationof signals, arises from physical phenomena in transmission lines, restricts the maximum frequencyat which the signal can transmit. This paper investigates coding techniques that can modifysignal spectrum suited to channel frequency response based on the concept of spectrum shaping ofsignals. We discuss three types of coding techniques for high-speed serial links to evaluate their performanceas well as the feasibility for realizing efficient data transmission.
Electrical Properties of SnS Films Deposited by Thermal Evaporation of Sulfurized Sn Powder
Authors: Gotoh Tamihiro , Yazawa Kosuke , Imai Kento
Published: December 2013

Electrical properties of SnS films deposited by a thermal evaporation method have been investigated using the resistivity and thermopower measurements. The SnS films show p-type conduction at room temperature, and electrical activation energy of ~0.3 eV. Resistivity and Seebeck coefficient at room temperature were ~4×101 Ωm and +0.2 mV/K for as-deposited sample. The resistivity decreased ~1×100 Ω·m and the Seebeck coefficient increased +0.27 mV/K when the sample was annealed at 400 °C. Crystallization and structural change cause the improvement of electronic transport with annealing treatment.
Immobilization of His-Tagged Proteins through Interaction with L-Cysteine Electrodeposited on Modified Gold Surfaces
Authors: Miyata Hidefumi , Yumoto Kazuhiro , Itoh Kanako , Sasahara Miki , Kawaura Hiroki , Oshima Nobuyuki , Shuzuki Taiho , Takahashi Shunsuke , Oshige Masahiko , Katsura Shinji
Published: December 2013

A method for preparing a high-density His-tagged protein array was developed. The method is based on specific binding between His-tags and Ni ions chelated with the carboxyl groups of L-cysteine applied to the substrate surface by electrodeposition. About 13 ng/mm2 of His-tagged green fluorescent protein (His-GFP) could be immobilized on the substrate. The immobilized His-GFP could be subsequently released by washing with imidazole, suggesting that immobilization involves specific binding between the His-tag and the Ni ion complex.
Growth of La1-xBaxCoO3 Single Crystals and their Structural and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Kyomen Toru , Nozawa Takumi , Hanaya Minoru
Published: December 2013

La1-xBaxCoO3single crystals were grown from KOH melt at 873 K under H2O/O2mixed gas flow. The grown crystals had a parallelepiped form with the edges of about 60 μm. Streaks indicating twin boundaries were observed on the surface planes of the crystals. The crystals showed magnetic anisotropy and anomalousMHhysteresis loops. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy and coupling of ferroelasticity and ferromagnetism were discussed based on the magnetic properties.
Sintering of Copper Sub-Micron Particles by Heat and Atmospheric Pressure Non-Equilibrium Plasma Treatments
Authors: Fei Xiao Meng , Kuroda Shin-ichi , Zhang Gui Ling , Mori Tamio , Hosoi Katsuhiko
Published: December 2013

In this study, a 35-μm-thick copper sub-micron paste (particle diameter of 700 - 900 nm) was printed on an alumina substrate, and then sintered by conventional heating treatment and by atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) treatment, respectively. Surface micro-structures of the printed films sintered by both methods were observed by SEM. As a result, copper sub-micron particles were successfully sintered at a relatively low temperature by APP treatment. Through the SEM micrographs we suppose that the sintering processes by both methods are quite different.
Estimation of HSQ Resist Profile by Using High Contrast Developement Model for High Resolution EB Lithography
Authors: Zhang Hui , Komori Takuya , Liu Jing , Zhang Yu Long , bin Mohamad Zulfakri , Yin You , Hosaka Sumio
Published: December 2013

We calculated thehydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resistprofiles with different contrast developers (γ from 1.9 to 8.1) to reveal the effect of resist contrast on pattern resolution performance. Based on our home-made development modeling, the suitable energy deposition distribution (EDD) regions for various developers were determined by evaluating the quality of simulated patterns. High contrast TMAH 2.3 wt%/NaCl 4 wt% developer was demonstrated that it is suitable to form very fine dot arrays with a size of 7 nm. Low contrast developer has the limitation of forming fine pattern with sufficient height. The simulation results indicated that increasing developer contrast is benefit to improve pattern resolution.
Investigations into Fundamentals and Forming System Design for Micro-Tube Expansion with Pressurized Media
Authors: Anyasodor Gerald , Hartl Christoph
Published: December 2013

This paper presents investigations of an expansion process for the manufacturing of hollow shaped polymeric micro-components and provides first fundamentals for applications. The forming principle of the developed process is based on the inner pressurization of a heated micro-tube within a die cavity. In a first step, experimental trials were conducted with a test device for free expansion to investigate the formability of polymeric micro tubes. PA6 and PET with an outer diameter 630-1340 μm were investigated. Based on the free expansion results obtained, demonstrator micro-components were designed to investigate the requirements for suitable tool design in the manufacture of polymeric micro hollow components. The demonstrators were of polymeric micro tubes, PA6 and PET with outer diameter of 1340 μm and wall thickness of 170 μm
Generative Process Planning with Reasoning Based on Geometrical Product Specification
Authors: Deja Mariusz , Siemiatkowski Mieczyslaw
Published: December 2013

The focus of this paper is on CAPP for parts manufacture in systems of definite process capabilities, involving the use of multi-axis machining centers for parts shaping and grinding machines for finishing. It presents in particular a decision making scheme for setup determination as a part of generative process planning. The planning procedure consists of two stages. The first stage is associated with generic setup determination applying tool accessibility analysis to machined features and reasoning based on geometrical product specification (GPS). The second stage involves machine specific setup planning considering the availability and capability of machines on a shop floor through setup merging. The impact of dimensional and geometric tolerance as well as the surface roughness of relatively complex mechanical element on the generated process plan with several setups was presented. The relevant reasoning mechanism within a decision making scheme on generated process alternatives is shown based on a numeric case.
The Structure of Coatings Obtained in the Zn-31Al-3Mg Bath on High-Silicon Steel
Authors: Kania Henryk
Published: December 2013

Coatings obtained in Zn-Al-Mg baths on steel plates by using the continuous method provide effective protection against corrosion. They have greater corrosion resistance than traditional zinc coatings. Even though Zn-Al-Mg coatings have many advantages, they are not made on galvanized products by use of the batch hot dip method. For products galvanized by use of the batch hot dip method coating growth mainly depends on the content of silicon in the steel. An increase in coating thickness is particularly intense in the case of high-silicon steel. In the paper the results of tests on obtaining Zn-Al-Mg coatings on high-silicon steel by use of the batch hot dip method have been presented. The growth kinetics of coatings obtained in the Zn-31Al-3Mg bath on steel with Si content of 0.27% has been defined. The structure has been developed and the chemical composition of particular structural components of the coating has be established. It has been determined that coatings obtained in the Zn-31Al-3Mg bath are continuous and they have uniform thickness. The structure of the coating is compact and the chemical composition points to the presence of phases of the Fe-Al system. The presence of silicon in the steel limits steel reactivity in the tested bath. The course of growth kinetics of the coating is close to parabolic.
Utilization of Metallurgical Waste in Non-Metallurgical Industry
Authors: Lis Teresa , Nowacki Krzysztof , Małysa Tomasz
Published: December 2013

The iron and steel industry is one of the largest sources of waste materials, primarily in the form of steelmaking dusts, sludge and slag. Those wastes are a serious threat to the environment. Main precondition for the protection of natural resources in the environment is to recover raw material and energy from waste. The use of waste as raw materials does not involve the storage and creates the possibility of closure of the existing landfill. The article presented utilization of same metallurgical waste containing 4-20 wt. % zinc in non-metallurgical industry. Performed chemical analyzes of pollutants contained in waste tested (dusts, sludge and slag) and in manufactured products (cement bricks, ceramic construction materials, colored glass products and slag for road construction). Aqueous extracts analysis results were compared with the maximum values for the sewage entering into water and soil. The performed research proves that proposed technologies (production of cement clinker, construction bricks, hollow glass, decorated glass) do not pose threat to environment. Harmful impurities are eluted from the products – clinker, constructions bricks and slag after the recovery of zinc recovery. Proposed technologies substitution of primary raw materials recyclable materials can reduce environmental degradation.
Non-Metallic Inclusions in Castings Made of Nickel-Base Superalloys
Authors: Chmiela Bartosz , Roskosz Stanisław
Published: December 2013

The paper presents investigations concerning causes of non-metallic inclusions forming in castings made of nickel-base superalloys. The most common reason of inclusions forming is erosion and thermal decomposition of crucibles and molds by the action of liquid alloy. In case of superalloys containing reactive elements (Hf), many reactions at the alloy-crucible and alloy-mold interfaces take place.
Analysis of the Cracking Processes of Jointing Components Used in Turbine Valve Chest
Authors: Cieśla Marek , Mutwil Kazimierz
Published: December 2013

Root causes of premature breakage of the bolts fastening the connection members of shut-off valves in valve chests for secondary superheated steam. The experiments showed that the cracking of bolts had been caused by the process of accelerated creeping under high tensile stresses. The obtained results may constitute the basis for formulation of operating guidelines and recommendations, resulting in extended life of the components under consideration.
Dissolution of Carbide Isolates in Acids Using Microwave Technique
Authors: Wyciślik Andrzej , Richter Janusz
Published: December 2013

The paper presents results of the investigation of SM5Ti3Nb2 steel carbide isolates. The acids and acid mixtures for dissolution of selected carbides phase isolates, using microwave technique were specified. This way of dissolution of carbide isolates reduced the time of mineralization to about 10-15 minutes. Presented methods of dissolution can be applied in the chemical analysis of carbide isolates, using atomic absorption spectrometry and optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma. It is indicated the acids, using to removal of noncarbide metallic residue in isolates.
Characteristics of the Structure of Welded Joints in Sanicro 25 Steel
Authors: Jamrozik Przemysław , Sozańska Maria
Published: December 2013

Sanicro 25 stainless steel (X7NiCrWCuCoNbNB25-23-3-3-2) is a preferred material for structural elements of boilers with supercritical and ultracritical parameters. Welded joints are critical sites that are vulnerable to failure. Hand-welded and automatically uniform welds of Sanicro 25 are evaluated in material studies, and the structure and basic mechanical properties of welded joints are examined. The proposed welding technology for Sanicro 25 ensures proper microstructure, and has obtained quality class B certification.
The Repair Welding Technology of Casts Magnesium Alloy QE22
Authors: Kocurek Robert , Adamiec Janusz
Published: December 2013

Alloys from group Mg-Ag-RE-Zr are characterized by creep resistance up to 200°C, good casting and mechanical properties. Defects of magnesium alloys are propensity to cracks and deformations during heat treatment, low corrosion resistance. Welding technologies are most often use to repair of casts, mainly nonconsumable electrode welding in inert gas cover. About possibility repair or regeneration of magnesium alloy castings by welding depends on their weldability. Weldability of most magnesium alloys is good however, welding and surfacing cast elements create many problems.
The purpose of this research work was develop a repair welding technology of casts magnesium alloy. Research project consisted of weldings and padding trials, microstructure and mechanical properties tests. Presented research results in this paper support conclusion that casts alloy QE22 reveal susceptibility to stable connection.
The Potential and Application Areas of Forging Aided by Shear Stress
Authors: Tkocz Marek , Cyganek Zdzisław , Grosman Franciszek
Published: December 2013

The paper demonstrates the potential of unconventional metal forming method that consists in introducing shear stress at the die/workpiece interface during compression. In practice it can be realized by induction of reciprocating, vertical motion of a punch that adheres strongly to a workpiece. To estimate an effect of the method on the material flow, a relevant finite element model has been developed and the selected results of numerical simulations are presented in the paper. In comparison to the conventional forging, forming aided by shear stress is able to provide a number of benefits such as significant increase of local strains, lower press loads and the opportunity to control the strain distribution in the workpiece volume. Perspectives for continuation of the studies as well as possible application areas of forging aided by shear stress are discussed in the summary.
Analyzing experimental data and model parameters: implications for predictions of SOA using chemical transport models
Authors: Barsanti K. C. , Carlton A. G. , Chung S. H.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Despite critical importance for air quality and climate predictions, accurate representation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation remains elusive. An essential addition to the ongoing discussion of improving model predictions is an acknowledgement of the linkages between experimental conditions, parameter optimization and model output, as well as the linkage between empirically-derived partitioning parameters and the physicochemical properties of SOA they represent in models. In this work, a "best available" set of SOA modeling parameters is selected by comparing predicted SOA yields and mass concentrations with observed yields and mass concentrations from a comprehensive list of published smog chamber studies. Evaluated SOA model parameters include existing parameters for two product (2p) and volatility basis set (VBS) modeling frameworks, and new 2p-VBS parameters; 2p-VBS parameters are developed to exploit advantages of the VBS approach within the computationally-economical and widely-used 2p framework. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and SOA mass concentrations are simulated for the continental United States using CMAQv.4.7.1; results are compared for a base case (with default CMAQ parameters) and two best available parameter cases to illustrate the high- and low-NOx limits of biogenic SOA formation from monoterpenes. Results are discussed in terms of implications for current chemical transport model simulations and recommendations are provided for future modeling and measurement efforts. The comparisons of SOA yield predictions with data from 22 published chamber studies illustrate that: (1) SOA yields for naphthalene, and cyclic and > C5 straight-chain/branched alkanes are not well represented using either the newly developed or existing parameters for low-yield aromatics and lumped alkanes, respectively; and (2) for four of seven volatile organic compound+oxidant systems, the 2p-VBS parameters better represent chamber data than do the default CMAQ v.4.7.1 parameters. Using the "best available" parameters (combination of published 2p and newly derived 2p-VBS), predicted SOA mass and PM2.5 concentrations increase by up to 15% and 7%, respectively, for the high-NOx case and up to 215% (~3 μg m−3) and 55%, respectively, for the low-NOx case. Percent bias between model-based and observationally-based secondary organic carbon (SOC) improved from −63% for the base case to −15% for the low-NOx case. The ability to robustly assign "best available" parameters in all volatile organic compound+oxidant systems, however, is critically limited due to insufficient data; particularly for photo-oxidation of diverse monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and alkanes under a range of atmospherically relevant conditions.
Vegetation and climate development on the North American Atlantic Coastal Plain from 33 to 13 million years ago (IODP Expedition 313)
Authors: Kotthoff U. , Greenwood D. R. , McCarthy F. M. G. , Müller-Navarra K. , Hesselbo S. P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. We have investigated the palynology of sediment cores from Sites M0027 and M0029 of IODP Expedition 313 on the New Jersey shallow shelf, east coast of North America, spanning an age range of 33 to 13 million years before present. Additionally, a pollen assemblage from the Pleistocene was examined. The palynological results were statistically analyzed and complemented with pollen-based quantitative climate reconstructions. Transport-related bias of the pollen assemblages was identified via analysis of the ratio of terrestrial to marine palynomorphs, and considered when interpreting palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate from the pollen data. Results indicate that from the early Oligocene to the middle Miocene, the hinterland vegetation of the New Jersey shelf was characterized by oak-hickory forests in the lowlands and conifer-dominated vegetation in the highlands. The Oligocene witnessed several expansions of conifer forest, probably related to cooling events. The pollen-based climate data imply an increase in annual temperatures from ~12 °C to more than 15 °C during the Oligocene. The Mi-1 cooling event at the onset of the Miocene is reflected by an expansion of conifers and an annual temperature decrease by almost 3 °C, from 15 °C to 12.5 °C around 23 million years before present. Particularly low annual temperatures are also recorded for an interval around ~20 million years before present, which probably reflects the Mi-1aa cooling event. Generally, the Miocene ecosystem and climate conditions were very similar to those of the Oligocene in the hinterland of the New Jersey shelf. Miocene grasslands, as known from other areas in the USA during that time period, are not evident for the hinterland of the New Jersey shelf. Surprisingly, the palaeovegetation data for the hinterland of the New Jersey shelf do not show extraordinary changes during the Mid-Miocene climatic optimum at ~15 million years before present, except for a minor increase in deciduous-evergreen mixed forest taxa and a decrease in swamp forest taxa. Pollen-based annual temperature reconstructions show average annual temperatures of ~14 °C during the Mid-Miocene climatic optimum. We conclude that vegetation and regional climate in the hinterland of the New Jersey shelf did not react as sensitively to Oligocene and Miocene climate changes as other regions in North America or Europe. An additional explanation for the relatively low regional temperatures reconstructed for the Mid-Miocene climatic optimum could be an uplift of the Appalachian Mountains during the Miocene. The Pleistocene pollen assemblage probably derives from the Marine Isotope Chron 7 or 5e and shows climate conditions similar to present-day.
A general framework for understanding the response of the water cycle to global warming over land and ocean
Authors: Roderick M. L. , Sun F. , Lim W. H. , Farquhar G. D.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Climate models project increases in globally averaged atmospheric specific humidity at the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) value of around 7% K−1 whilst projections for precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) are somewhat muted at around 2% K−1. Such global projections are useful summaries but do not provide guidance at local (grid box) scales where impacts occur. To bridge that gap in spatial scale, previous research has shown that the following relation, Δ(P − E) ∝ P − E, holds for zonal averages in climate model projections. In this paper we first test whether that relation holds at grid box scales over ocean and over land. We find that the zonally averaged relation does not hold at grid box scales. We further find that the zonally averaged relation does not hold over land – it is specific to zonal averages over the ocean. As an alternative we tested whether the long-standing Budyko framework of catchment hydrology could be used to synthesise climate model projections over land. We find that climate model projections of Δ(P − E) out to the year 2100 conform closely to the Budyko framework. The analysis also revealed that climate models project little change in the net irradiance at the surface. To understand that result we examined projections of the key surface energy balance terms. In terms of global averages, we find the climate model projections are dominated by changes in only three terms of the surface energy balance; an increase in the incoming longwave irradiance while the responses are (mostly) restricted to the outgoing longwave irradiance with a small change in the evaporative flux. Because the change in outgoing longwave irradiance is a function of the change in surface temperature, we show that the precipitation sensitivity (i.e. 2% K−1) is an accurate summary of the partitioning of the greenhouse-induced surface forcing. With that we demonstrate that the precipitation sensitivity (2% K−1) is less than the CC value (7% K−1) because most of the greenhouse-induced surface forcing is partitioned into outgoing longwave irradiance (instead of evaporation). In essence, the models respond to elevated [CO2] by an increase in atmospheric water vapour content that increases the incoming long-wave irradiance at the surface. The surface response is dominated by a near equal increase in outgoing long-wave irradiance with only minor changes in other terms of the surface energy balance.
Effects of land-conversion in a biosphere–atmosphere model of Northern South America – Part 1: Regional differences in hydrometeorology
Authors: Knox R. G. , Longo M. , Swann A. L. S. , Zhang K. , Levine N. M. , Moorcroft P. R. , Bras R. L.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. This work investigates how landuse changes over northern South America, driven by human interventions, have affected the regional patterns of hydrology. Comparisons are made to scenarios where no human disturbance of the regional vegetation is assumed. A numerical model of the terrestrial biosphere (Ecosystem Demography Model 2 – ED2) is combined with an atmospheric model (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System – BRAMS) to investigate how land conversion in the Amazon and Northern South America have changed the hydrology of the region. Two numerical realizations of the structure and composition of terrestrial vegetation are used as boundary conditions in a simulation of the regional land surface and atmosphere. One realization seeks to capture the present day vegetation condition that includes deforestation and land-conversion, the other is an estimate of the potential structure and composition of the region without human influence. Model output is assessed for consistent and significant pattern differences in hydrometeorology. Results show that South American land conversion has a consistent impact on the regional patterning of precipitation. Land-conversion was not associated with a significant bias in continental mean precipitation, but was associated with a negative bias in mean continental evaporation and a positive bias in continental runoff. A companion paper continues this analysis, with case studies that focus on specific areas that show significant differential hydrologic response.
Arctic Ocean sea ice snow depth evaluation and bias sensitivity in CCSM
Authors: Blazey B. A. , Holland M. M. , Hunke E. C.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean is a continued focus of attention. This study investigates the impact of the snow overlying the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. The impact of snow depth biases in the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) is shown to impact not only the sea ice, but also the overall Arctic climate. Following the identification of seasonal biases produced in CCSM simulations, the thermodynamic transfer through the snow–ice column is perturbed to determine model sensitivity to these biases. This study concludes that perturbations on the order of the observed biases result in modification of the annual mean conductive flux through the snow–ice column of 0.5 W m2 relative to an unmodified simulation. The results suggest that the ice has a complex response to snow characteristics, with ice of different thicknesses producing distinct reactions. Our results indicate the importance of an accurate simulation of snow on the Arctic sea ice. Consequently, future work investigating the impact of current precipitation biases and missing snow processes, such as blowing snow, densification, and seasonal changes, is warranted.
A 10 yr record of black carbon and dust from Mera Peak ice core (Nepal): variability and potential impact on Himalayan glacier melting
Authors: Ginot P. , Dumont M. , Lim S. , Patris N. , Taupin J.-D. , Wagnon P. , Gilbert A. , Arnaud Y. , Marinoni A. , Bonasoni P. , Laj P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. A shallow ice core of the southern flank of Nepalese Himalaya range was extracted from the summit of Mera Peak at 6376 m a.s.l. in Nepal. From this core, we have reconstructed the seasonal deposition fluxes of dust and refractory black carbon (rBC) since 1999. This archive presents well preserved seasonal cycles based on monsoonal precipitation pattern. According to the seasonal precipitation regime, 80% of the annual precipitation between June and September, we estimated the surface snow concentrations evolution for these aerosols. The analyzes reveals that mass fluxes are a few orders of magnitude higher for dust (10.2±2.5 g m−2 yr−1) that for rBC (3.2±1.2 mg m−2 yr−1).These data were used to simulate the surface snow albedo changes with time and the induced potential melting related to these impurities. The potential melting associated to joint dust and rBC can reach 660 kg m−2 yr−1, and 220 kg m−2 yr−1 for rBC only under some assumptions. Compared to the melting rate measured by mass and energy balance at 5400 m a.s.l. on Mera glacier, close to the equilibrium altitude, the impact of rBC represents less than 7% of annual potential melting while the joint contribution of dust and rBC of the surface melting represents a maximum 18%. Furthermore, over this 10 yr time span, the fluxes variability in the ice core signal is rather reflecting the variability of the monsoon signal than that of emission intensity.
Pressurization effects on methane hydrate dissociation
Authors: Kida Masato , Watanabe Mizuho , Jin Yusuke , Nagao Jiro
Published: December 2013

Elucidating the mechanisms of self-preservation and control of dissociation of gas hydrates is crucial for developing technologies facilitating high-stability and long-term storage of natural gas using gas hydrate crystals. Direct measurements of the dissociation behavior of pressurized and nonpressurized methane hydrate grains in a temperature ramping test were conducted. We revealed that a pressurized process is effective for enhancing self-preservation and that it is useful to store methane gas while maintaining a submillimeter-sized hydrate material under high temperature conditions.
STRAP PTM: Software Tool for Rapid Annotation and Differential Comparison of Protein Post‐Translational Modifications
Authors: Spencer Jean L. , Bhatia Vivek N. , Whelan Stephen A. , Costello Catherine E. , McComb Mark E.
Published: December 2013

The identification of protein post‐translational modifications (PTMs) is an increasingly important component of proteomics and biomarker discovery, but very few tools exist for performing fast and easy characterization of global PTM changes and differential comparison of PTMs across groups of data obtained from liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry experiments. STRAP PTM (Software Tool for Rapid Annotation of Proteins: Post‐Translational Modification edition) is a program that was developed to facilitate the characterization of PTMs using spectral counting and a novel scoring algorithm to accelerate the identification of differential PTMs from complex data sets. The software facilitates multi‐sample comparison by collating, scoring, and ranking PTMs, and by summarizing data visually. The freely available software (beta release) installs on a PC and processes data in protXML format obtained from files parsed through the Trans‐Proteomic Pipeline. The easy‐to‐use interface allows examination of results at protein, peptide, and PTM levels, and the overall design offers tremendous flexibility that provides proteomics insight beyond simple assignment and counting. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 44:13.22.1‐13.22.36. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shock Propagation Model version 2 and its application in predicting the arrivals at Earth of interplanetary shocks during Solar Cycle 23
Authors: Zhao X. H. , Feng X. S.
Published: December 2013

The Shock Propagation Model (SPM) based on an analytic solution of blast waves has been proposed to predict shock arrival times at Earth. Here to reduce the limitations of the SPM theoretical model in real applications and optimize its input parameters, a new version (called SPM2) is presented in order to enhance prediction performance. First, an empirical relationship is established to adjust the initial shock speed, which, as computed from the Type II burst drift rate, often contains observational uncertainties. Second, an additional acceleration/deceleration relation is added to the model to eliminate inherent prediction bias. Third, the propagation direction is derived in order to mitigate the isotropy limitation of blast wave theory in real predictions. Finally, an equivalent shock strength index at the Earth's location to judge whether or not an interplanetary shock will encounter the Earth is implemented in SPM2. The prediction results of SPM2 for 551 solar disturbance events of Solar Cycle 23 demonstrate that the success rate of SPM2 for both shock (W‐shock) and nonshock (W/O‐shock) events at Earth is ∼ 60%. The prediction error for the W‐shock events is less than 12 h (root‐mean‐square) and 10 h (mean‐absolute). Comparisons between the predicted results of SPM2 and those of Shock Time of Arrival (STOA), Interplanetary Shock Propagation (ISPM), and Hakamada‐Akasofu‐Fry version 2 (HAFv.2) based on similar data samples reveal that the SPM2 model offers generally equivalent prediction accuracy and reliability compared to the existing Fearless Forecast models (STOA, ISPM, and HAFv.2).
Geothermobarometric history of subduction recorded by quartz inclusions in garnet
Authors: Ashley Kyle T. , Caddick Mark J. , Steele‐MacInnis Matthew J. , Bodnar Robert J. , Dragovic Besim
Published: December 2013

Burial histories of subduction zone rocks are often difficult to accurately constrain, owing to a lack of robust mineral geobarometers applicable to high pressure mineral assemblages. Knowledge of the depth‐histories of subduction is, however, required for our understanding of global geochemical cycles, subduction‐related seismicity, and the evolution of destructive tectonic boundaries. The high spatial resolution of quartz inclusion geobarometry can be used to determine pressure evolution during metamorphic growth of individual garnet crystals. Quartz inclusions in garnet from Sifnos, Greece, preserve such a record of the pressure of garnet growth, allowing detailed reconstruction of the metamorphic evolution of these rocks. Pressure‐dependent Raman spectra of quartz inclusions were combined with elastic modeling to infer the conditions at which they were trapped during garnet growth. All measured inclusions suggest that garnet growth occurred between 19 and 20.5 kbars, with little evidence for significant pressure variation during the garnet growth interval, which is interpreted to record ∼100°C of heating. Coupled with thermometry and geochronology, these results show that early, cold burial was followed by a phase of rapid heating, which immediately preceded exhumation. Garnet growth occurred primarily during this heating phase.
Modeling shock waves generated by explosive volcanic eruptions
Authors: Medici E. F. , Allen J. S. , Waite G. P.
Published: December 2013

Atmospheric shock waves induced by explosive volcanic eruptions can provide valuable information about eruption characteristics. Shock waves are manifested as pressure‐density gradients that can be remotely observed with relatively little noise. Field measurements of expanding shock waves can be directly recorded by pressure transducers or imaged under the proper illumination and atmospheric conditions. In this paper, an open‐ended shock tube was used to generate weak shock waves in the laboratory that are representative of explosive volcanic eruptions. They indicate that strong shock wave theory can be used for modeling moderate volcanic eruptions. Based on that finding, we use strong shock theory to estimate the sudden explosive energy released from several explosive eruptions. Our energy calculations are well correlated with total energy estimates derived from plume height or erupted mass.
Influence of dust loading on atmospheric ionizing radiation on Mars
Authors: Norman Ryan B. , Gronoff Guillaume , Mertens Christopher J.
Published: December 2013

Measuring the radiation environment at the surface of Mars is the primary goal of the Radiation Assessment Detector on the NASA Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover. One of the conditions that Curiosity will likely encounter is a dust storm. The objective of this paper is to compute the cosmic ray ionization in different conditions, including dust storms, as these various conditions are likely to be encountered by Curiosity at some point. In the present work, the Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety model, recently modified for Mars, was used along with the Badhwar & O'Neill 2010 galactic cosmic ray model. In addition to galactic cosmic rays, five different solar energetic particle event spectra were considered. For all input radiation environments, radiation dose throughout the atmosphere and at the surface was investigated as a function of atmospheric dust loading. It is demonstrated that for galactic cosmic rays, the ionization depends strongly on the atmosphere profile. Moreover, it is shown that solar energetic particle events strongly increase the ionization throughout the atmosphere, including ground level, and can account for the radio blackout conditions observed by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument on the Mars Express spacecraft. These results demonstrate that the cosmic rays' influence on the Martian surface chemistry is strongly dependent on solar and atmospheric conditions that should be taken into account for future studies.
Modeling solar wind mass‐loading in the vicinity of the Sun using 3‐D MHD simulations
Authors: Rasca A. P. , Horányi M. , Oran R. , van der Holst B.
Published: December 2013

Collisionless shocks due to mass‐loading were first discussed to describe the solar wind flow around a cometary atmosphere, showing its choking effects on the flow. Recent observations have led to an increased interest in mass‐loading occurring in the solar corona due to both sungrazing comets and collisional debris production by sunward migrating interplanetary dust particles. The 1‐D simulations with a hydrodynamic model have illustrated the impact on the solar wind from abrupt mass‐loading in the coronal region. Full 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations using a solar corona model based on the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree‐Solarwind‐Roe‐Upwind‐Scheme code provide a more realistic coronal environment for modeling specific events applicable to modeling the mass‐loaded coronal wind. A specific application is introduced modeling the mass‐loading effects from a sungrazing comet.
Land‐atmosphere coupling manifested in warm‐season observations on the U.S. southern great plains
Authors: Phillips Thomas J. , Klein Stephen A.
Published: December 2013

This study examines several observational aspects of land‐atmosphere coupling on daily average time scales during warm seasons of the years 1997 to 2008 at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility site near Lamont, Oklahoma. Characteristics of the local land‐atmosphere coupling are inferred by analyzing the covariability of selected land and atmospheric variables that include precipitation and soil moisture, surface air temperature, relative humidity, radiant and turbulent fluxes, as well as low‐level cloud base height and fractional coverage. For both the energetic and hydrological aspects of this coupling, it is found that large‐scale atmospheric forcings predominate, with local feedbacks of the land on the atmosphere being comparatively small much of the time. The relatively weak land feedbacks are manifested especially by (1) the inability of soil moisture to comprehensively impact the coupled land‐atmosphere energetics and (2) the limited recycling of local surface moisture under conditions where most of the rainfall derives from convective cells that originate at remote locations. There is some evidence, nevertheless, that the local land feedback becomes stronger as the soil dries out in the aftermath of precipitation events, or on days when the local boundary layer clouds are influenced by thermal updrafts associated with convection that originates at the surface. Potential implications of these results for climate‐model representation of regional land‐atmosphere coupling also are discussed.
Improving the Quality of Higher Education: The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L.
Published: December 2013

A discussion on the importance of shifting our ideas about the nature of academic research.
Adaptive air–fuel ratio control scheme and its experimental validations for port‐injected spark ignition engines
Authors: Jiao Xiaohong , Zhang Jiangyan , Shen Tielong , Kako Junichi
Published: December 2013

To maintain the stoichiometric air–fuel ratio (AFR), this paper presents a model‐based adaptive AFR control scheme for port‐injected spark ignition engines. The utilized mean‐value model in control design accounts for the impingement and the evaporation process of the injected fuel on the walls and calculates on the uncertainties in the dynamics of the intake manifold and crankshaft rotation. A fueling controller with adaptive update laws is derived for estimating the uncertain parameters related to inaccuracies in air flow and fuel delivery into the cylinders and engine torque production, which is implemented by utilizing engine speed, manifold pressure and temperature, air mass flow rate at the throttle, and the universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensor information, without knowledge of the fuel flow mass. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed strategy is able to regulate the AFR against the parameter uncertainties. Moreover, both simulation and experiment on an engine test bench demonstrate the capability of the adaptive controller to recover the performance and robustness properties of the control system in the presence of various operating conditions and uncertainties including air path and fuel path perturbations and load torque disturbance as well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equiaxed and Porous Thermal Barrier Coatings Deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spray Using a Nanoparticles Powder
Authors: Gao Yang , Gao Jianyi , Yang Deming
Published: December 2013

A novel coating with microstructure comprise equiaxed grains and multitudinous pores applied to thermal barrier coatings are developed by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) using spherical agglomerated and sintered powder made from nano‐particles of partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The coatings were then heated to 1100–1200 °C for thermal evaluation tests. Field emission scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction were applied to analyze the nanostructured powder feedstocks and coatings. The results demonstrated that the coatings consisted of integrated fine equiaxed grains and multitudinous pores but not lamellar structure like conventional plasma sprayed ceramics. The size of equiaxed grain in the coatings varied in a large range and grain size slightly increased along with the rise of testing temperature and time. Moreover, the nanostructural equiaxed grains with the similar size of original nanoparticle, which surrounded the pores in the coatings undergoing solidification during plasma spraying were observed. The results of phase composition showed that the metastable tetragonal phase was the primary phase in nano YSZ coatings and does not change with the working environment. Furthermore, high temperature contributed to the increase of the microhardness of the coating.
Highly Efficient Polymer Tandem Cells and Semitransparent Cells for Solar Energy
Authors: Chang Chih‐Yu , Zuo Lijian , Yip Hin‐Lap , Li Chang‐Zhi , Li Yongxi , Hsu Chain‐Shu , Cheng Yen‐Ju , Chen Hongzheng , Jen Alex K‐Y.
Published: December 2013

Highly efficient tandem and semitransparent (ST) polymer solar cells utilizing the same donor polymer blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as active layers are demonstrated. A high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.5% and a record high open‐circuit voltage of 1.71 V are achieved for a tandem cell based on a medium bandgap polymer poly(indacenodithiophene‐co‐phananthrene‐quinoxaline) (PIDT‐phanQ). In addition, this approach can also be applied to a low bandgap polymer poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7‐(5‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzothia‐diazole)] (PCPDTFBT), and PCEs up to 7.9% are achieved. Due to the very thin total active layer thickness, a highly efficient ST tandem cell based on PIDT‐phanQ exhibits a high PCE of 7.4%, which is the highest value reported to date for a ST solar cell. The ST device also possesses a desirable average visible transmittance (≈40%) and an excellent color rendering index (≈100), permitting its use in power‐generating window applications.