bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Five-year experience of organized colorectal cancer screening in a Swedish population – increased compliance with age, female gender, and subsequent screening round
Authors: Blom Johannes , Kilpeläinen Sini , Hultcrantz Rolf , Törnberg Sven
Published: July 2014

Objective

To evaluate compliance by age, gender, and screening round in the population based Stockholm/Gotland colorectal cancer screening programme.

Methods

All individuals aged between 60 and 69 living in the counties of Stockholm and Gotland (Sweden) have, since 2008, successively been included in a colorectal cancer screening programme using biennial faecal occult blood tests (Hemoccult®). Personal invitations including test kits have been sent to home addresses, and individuals with a positive test result have been called to a defined clinic for an assessment colonoscopy. Descriptive statistics have been used to evaluate different aspects of compliance.

Results

Over the five-year period 2008–2012, more than 200,000 individuals from nine different birth cohorts have been invited, with a compliance rate of approximately 60%, which increased by age, female gender, and subsequent screening round. In total, 4,300 individuals (2.1%) with positive tests were referred to assessment colonoscopy, where 213 colorectal cancers were diagnosed. The compliance with the follow-up colonoscopies varied by year, and ranged from 85.6–92.4%.

Conclusion

The strong organization of the programme contributed to a high compliance rate, that increased by screening round. The lower participation rate among men and among individuals at younger ages needs further attention.
Factors Associated With Physical Inactivity Among School-Going Adolescents
Authors: Baharudin Azli , Zainuddin Ahmad Ali , Manickam Mala A. , Ambak Rashidah , Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan , Naidu Balkish Mahadir , Cheong Siew Man , Ying Chan Ying , Saad Hazizi Abu , Ahmad Noor Ani
Published: July 2014

The importance of physical activity to health is well recognized. Good health habits should begin from a young age. This article aims to explore physical activity among Malaysian school adolescents and factors associated with it. Data from the Malaysian School-Based Nutrition Survey (MSNS), comprising a nationally representative sample of school-going children aged 10 to 17 years, were used. The overall prevalence of physically inactive adolescents was 57.3%. Age in years (adjusted odds ratio = 1.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.16-1.23), gender - females (adjusted odds ratio = 2.9; 95% confidence interval = 2.66-3.10), afternoon school session, breakfast consumption (no breakfast and irregular breakfast), body mass index status (obese and underweight), and body weight perception (underweight perceivers) were significant factors associated with physical inactivity among Malaysian adolescents. Thus, there is evidence that programs to promote physical activity in this group should consider the combination of the aforementioned factors at the household, school, and community levels.
Sexual Activity Among Malaysian School-Going Adolescents
Authors: Ahmad NoorAni , Awaluddin S. Maria , Ismail Hasimah , Samad Rahama , NikAbdRashid NikRubiah
Published: July 2014

This study aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with sexual activity among Malaysian adolescents. Data from the World Health Organization Global School-based Student Health Survey 2012 were analyzed. A total of 23 645 students aged 12 to 17 years responded using self-administered validated questionnaire. The overall prevalence of reported ever-had sex was 8.3%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that ever-had sex was positively significantly associated with ever-used drugs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.51-9.13), and to a lesser extent, ever-smoked (aOR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.62-2.07) and ever-consumed alcohol (aOR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.15-2.53). Protective factors against ever-had sex were having a close friend (aOR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.50-0.81), parental bonding (aOR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.65-0.81), supportive peers (aOR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.69-0.86), and parental connectedness (aOR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.78-0.99). Although the prevalence of sexual activity among school-going adolescents in Malaysia is relatively low, identifying the risk and protective factors is crucial toward developing an integrated multiple approach to preventing sexual-related problems.
Ascorbate- and Zinc-Responsive Parkinsonism
Authors: Quiroga Martha J. , Carroll David W. , Brown Thomas M.
Published: July 2014

Objective: To report a case of Parkinsonism rapidly responsive to intravenous replacement of vitamin C and zinc. Case Summary: A 66-year-old man with Parkinsonism, pleural effusion, and bipolar disorder was found to have low serum vitamin C and zinc levels. Intravenous replacement of these micronutrients led to resolution of the movement disorder in less than 24 hours. Discussion: Parkinsonism has been associated with vitamin C deficiency, and recent cases of scurvy complicated by Parkinsonism have responded well to intravenous replacement of vitamin C. In this case, deficiency of zinc may have contributed to the development of a movement disorder. The likely pathophysiology of, and treatment recommendations for, Parkinsonism linked to deficiencies of vitamin C and zinc are reviewed. Conclusions: Whereas vitamin C has a strong link with Parkinsonism, the potential role of zinc has only been suspected. This case report highlights some of the potential links between zinc deficiency and Parkinsonism.
ADHD Among Rural Southeastern Nigerian Primary School Children: Prevalence and Psychosocial Factors
Authors: Ndukuba A. C. , Odinka P. C. , Muomah R. C. , Obindo J. T. , Omigbodun O. O.
Published: July 2014

Objective: To determine the prevalence of ADHD among primary school pupils in a rural community in Southeastern Nigeria and to determine the psychosocial factors associated with the condition. Method: One hundred eighty-one randomly selected participants had their teachers complete the school version of ADHD Rating Scale–IV. Their parents also completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the clinical interview form for the child and adolescent ADHD patients, and home version of the ADHD Rating Scale–IV. Results: Twelve (6.6%) of the children met the criteria for diagnosis. A history of prolonged labor (odds ratio [OR] = 14.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.13, 93.1]), and parents’ negative assessment of their marriages (OR = 0.1; CI = [0.017, 0.567]) were the most predominant factors which independently associated with the ADHD in the children. Conclusion: There is, therefore, a need for the care of rural dwelling African children, who otherwise would have difficulties accessing health care that is concentrated in the cities.
Experimental investigation of wear behaviors of bronze and carbon-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene alloy pivot pin bearings
Authors: Imrek H , Demet SM
Published: July 2014

Due to their superior features, such as low coefficients of friction, resistance against chemical effects, and good strength-to-weight ratio, polymer-based composite bearings are widely used in industries. Polymer composite bearing calculations are made based on experimental study data. In this study, experimental investigations were conducted on polytetrafluoroethylene composite radial bearings reinforced with 35% carbon and 40% bronze material where bearing loads, sliding distances, and wear were taken into consideration. The results for both materials are given graphically and compared with each other. In accordance with the results, it was considered that polytetrafluoroethylene/bronze composite film thickness and film composition on the surfaces extensively affect wear rate. It was found that these films' thicknesses depends on adhesion between steel and composite surfaces, cohesive properties of composite, load, and sliding distance.
Progression rates and sample size estimates for PPMS based on the CLIMB study population
Authors: Raghavan Kesav , Healy Brian C , Carruthers Robert L , Chitnis Tanuja
Published: July 2014

Background:

The clinical trial design for primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) requires understanding of disability progression in modern patient cohorts.

Objective:

The objective of this paper is to characterize demographic and clinical characteristics of PPMS and assess rate of disability progression.

Methods:

We studied PPMS ( n = 73) and relapsing-onset MS (ROMS) patients ( n = 1541) enrolled in CLIMB, a longitudinal study of MS patients at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston, MA). Disability progression for each group was compared using interval-censored survival analysis and time to six-month sustained progression.

Results:

The PP group had a 1.09:1 male:female ratio compared to 1:2.89 for the RO group and greater mean age of onset (PP: 44.4±9.6; RO: 32.7±9.9; p < 0.0001). Motor symptoms at onset and first symptoms localized to spinal cord were each strongly associated with PPMS ( p < 0.001). Median time from onset to EDSS 6.0 was faster in PPMS ( p < 0.001). PPMS patients progressed faster to EDSS 3 ( p < 0.001) and from EDSS 3 to 6 ( p < 0.001). Median time to sustained progression in the PP group was 4.85 years (95% CI 2.83–8.35), significantly faster than the RO group ( p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Our modern PPMS cohort is demographically similar to previously studied cohorts. PPMS is associated with faster disability accrual than ROMS. Current real-world observations of time to sustained progression will inform design of new clinical trials for PPMS.
Peasant warriors in an electronic social-formation
Authors: Medina Rafael Alarcón
Published: July 2014

Based on ethnographic research among former Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front combatants, militia, and supporters, this article addresses the complex ways in which the incorporation of cell phones among rural populations in northern Morazán contributes to the reconfiguration of class in postwar El Salvador. Countering the dominant paradigm of the so-called digital divide as the new incarnation of the promise of development for the Third World, I propose that these societies are experiencing a process of subordinated digitization. Drawing on the Marxist analysis of the commodity form, I suggest that cell phone incorporation in the Latin American Third World is subordinated to the capitalistic logic of profit seeking.
Randomized trial of DVD, telephone, and usual care for increasing mammography adherence
Authors: Champion Victoria L , Rawl Susan M , Bourff Sara A , Champion Kristen M , Smith Lisa G , Buchanan Adam H , Fish Laura J , Monahan Patrick O , Stump Timothy E , Springston Jeffery K , Gathirua-Mwangi Wambui G , Skinner Celette Sugg
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to test an intervention to increase mammography screening in women 51–75 years of age who had not received a mammogram in the last 15 months. A total of 1681 women were randomized to (1) a mailed tailored interactive DVD, (2) a computer-tailored telephone counseling, or (3) usual care. Women with income below US$75,000 who were in the interactive DVD group had significantly more mammograms than women in usual care. Women with income above US$75,000 had significantly fewer mammograms than women with income less than US$75,000 regardless of group. Further investigation is needed to understand why women with income above US$75,000 did not show the same benefit of the intervention.
Exploring implicit ingroup and outgroup bias toward Hispanics
Authors: March David S. , Graham Reiko
Published: July 2014

Racial and ethnic biases often manifest without awareness. The underlying causes of these attitudes are not fully understood. While outgroup bias is well studied, ingroup bias has received far less attention. We examined ingroup biases among Hispanic women and outgroup biases toward Hispanics among White (Caucasian non-Hispanic) females using the startle eyeblink paradigm, the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and an explicit self-report measure. Hispanic and White male faces were used as exemplars during both the startle task and the IAT. A similar pattern of results were observed for indirect measures: both groups displayed startle and IAT responses indicative of negative attitudes toward Hispanic male faces relative to White male faces, although less so for Hispanic participants. Combined groups correlational analyses revealed a significant positive relationship between startle eyeblink amplitude and subtle subscale bias scores. However, no relationships were found between any measures when groups were examined separately. The comparable pattern of startle and IAT results suggests that in spite of the likelihood that these measures index different aspects of attitudes and tap into different processes, inter and intragroup biases are manifested similarly. The finding of negative ingroup biases among Hispanic females is consistent with system justification theory, which posits that members of devalued groups internalize negative stereotypes about their ingroup. This study extends startle eyeblink research of intergroup racial biases, while also expanding this line of research to intragroup biases. In doing so, these results add to our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the persistent nature of stereotypes.
Befriending the enemy: Outgroup friendship longitudinally predicts intergroup attitudes in a coexistence program for Israelis and Palestinians
Authors: Schroeder Juliana , Risen Jane L.
Published: July 2014

One of the largest Middle East coexistence programs annually brings together Israeli and Palestinian teenagers for a 3-week camp in the United States. For 3 years, we longitudinally tracked how this intervention affected Israelis’ and Palestinians’ relationships with, and attitudes toward, each other. Specifically, we measured participants’ outgroup attitudes immediately before and after camp, and, for 2 years, 9 months following “reentry” to their home countries. In all 3 years, participants’ attitudes toward the outgroup improved from precamp to postcamp. Participants who formed an outgroup friendship during camp developed more positive feelings toward outgroup campers, which generalized to an increase in positivity toward all outgroup members. Although the positivity faded upon campers’ reentry, there was significant residual positivity after reentry compared to precamp. Finally, positivity toward the outgroup after reentry was also predicted by outgroup friendships. Future contact interventions may profit from encouraging individuals to make and maintain outgroup friendships.
Aliskiren inhibits prorenin-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell migration
Authors: Ferri Nicola , Panariti Federica , Ricci Chiara , Maiocchi Giuseppe , Corsini Alberto
Published: July 2014

Background:

In the present study, we investigated the potential effect of aliskiren on smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration in response to prorenin.

Methods:

Cultured human SMCs were incubated with angiotensinogen (ANG) (1.5 × 10−7M) and increasing concentrations of aliskiren (10−6−10−5M). After 24 h, SMC migration was assessed by Boyden’s chamber chemotactic assay using prorenin as chemotactic factor (10−8M). The effect of aliskiren on RhoA and Rac activity was also determined by G-LISA assay and the lamellipodia formation by rhodamine–phalloidin staining. Changes in cell morphology were recorded in real-time using the iCelligence system.

Results:

Aliskiren determined, at 10−5M, a significant inhibition of SMC migration induced by prorenin (−66.4±18.1%; p < 0.05), while no significant effect was observed when PDGF-BB was utilized as chemotactic agent. Aliskiren also reduced Rac-GTP levels in response to prorenin (−54.2±5.4%) without affecting the RhoA-GTP levels. Finally, aliskiren inhibited both the lamellipodia formation and morphological changes induced by prorenin with no significant effect on PDGF-BB activity.

Conclusions:

Taken together, we provide the first evidence of the inhibitory action of aliskiren on SMC migration induced by prorenin.
Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade on cerebral, cardiovascular, counter-regulatory, and symptomatic responses during hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Færch Louise H , Thorsteinsson Birger , Tarnow Lise , Holst Jens Juul , Kjær Troels , Kanters Jørgen , Larroude Charlotte , Dela Flemming , Pedersen-Bjergaard Ulrik
Published: July 2014

Introduction:

High spontaneous activity of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) results in more pronounced cognitive impairment and more prolonged QTc interval during hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. We tested whether angiotensin II receptor blockade improves cerebral and cardiovascular function during hypoglycaemia.

Methods:

Nine patients with type 1 diabetes and high spontaneous RAS activity were included in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over study on the effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonist (candesartan 32 mg) or placebo for one week on cognitive function, cardiovascular parameters, hormonal counter-regulatory response, substrate mobilisation, and symptoms during hypoglycaemia induced by two hyperinsulinaemic, hypoglycaemic clamps.

Results:

Compared to placebo, candesartan did neither change performance of the cognitive tests nor the EEG at a plasma glucose concentration of 2.6±0.2 mmol/l. During candesartan treatment, the QT interval in the ECG was not affected. No effect of candesartan was observed in the hormonal counter-regulatory responses, in substrate concentrations, or in symptom scores. A 36% reduced glucose infusion rate during hypoglycaemia with candesartan was observed.

Conclusion:

In conclusion candesartan has no effect on cerebral function during mild experimental hypoglycaemia in subjects with type 1 diabetes and high RAS activity. Candesartan may reduce glucose utilisation or increase endogenous glucose production during hypoglycaemia.
Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and pancreatitis risk: A meta-analysis
Authors: Fang Fang , Pan Jian , Xu Lixiao , Su Guanghao , Li Gang , Wang Jian
Published: July 2014

Objective:

Many studies have focused on the relationship between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ( ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and pancreatitis risk, but the results remain inconsistent. Thus, a meta-analysis was carried out to derive a more precise estimation of the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk.

Methods:

Relevant publications were searched in several widely used databases and seven studies from six eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk.

Results:

Significant associations between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk were observed in both overall meta-analysis for DI versus II (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.67–0.96) and DD + DI versus II (OR=0.83, 95% CI=0.70–0.98), and acute pancreatitis subgroup for DI versus II (OR=0.65, 95% CI=0.44–0.95). However, no significant pancreatitis risk variation was detected for all genetic models in the subgroup meta-analysis based on ethnicity.

Conclusions:

According to the results of our meta-analysis, the ACE I/D polymorphism probably associates with pancreatitis risk, especially acute pancreatitis risk, with the I allele acting as a risk factor.
Music and landscape: two tales of borehole drilling in the Karoo
Authors: Froneman Willemien
Published: July 2014

In this contribution I juxtapose two tales of borehole drilling in the Karoo in order to reflect on the relationship between music, landscape, history and everyday life. The first narrative is based on British colonial hydraulic engineering in the Karoo, and the second is an ethnographic portrait of borehole driller and concertinist Theo Slabbert. When landscape is considered vertically, different categories emerge for delving into the unruly, omnidirectional correlation between music and landscape. Here I focus on ‘residue’, ‘grain’, and, when the two narratives collide, ‘reverberation’.
Criticality in Practice
Authors: Collins Joshua C. , Chlup Dominique T.
Published: July 2014

The Problem

The connection between human resource development (HRD) and the practice of being an ally of social justice in the workplace seems worthy of meaningful dialogue, yet few publications have addressed this vital workplace need.

The Solution

The purpose of this article is to explore the importance of social justice allies’ critical perspectives regarding climates of inclusion in the workplace, and HRD’s role in facilitating the development of social justice allies. We envision the ally development process as cyclical, and we offer suggestions for HRD practitioners and organizations on how to foster environments of inclusion by allowing allies to grow and openly vocalize their convictions.

The Stakeholders

Viewing HRD as a mechanism for advancing and understanding the development of social justice allies in the workplace has the potential to impact both research and practice, for those deemed to possess privilege and for those deemed to be oppressed, and across many levels of hierarchy in organizations—from investors, to executives, to managers, to employees, and even to consumers/customers.
Understanding School Effects on Students’ Willingness to Report Peer Weapon Carrying
Authors: Connell Nadine M. , Barbieri Nina , Reingle Gonzalez Jennifer M.
Published: July 2014

Research on student willingness to report peer weapon carrying points to the importance of school climate and contributions favorable to reporting. This study fills a gap by examining the etiology of willingness to report weapons on campus using predictors at the individual- and school levels. We utilize data from high school student self-reporting; results suggest that 34% of students reported having seen or having personal knowledge of a weapon in school in the prior 3 months. Students who report higher levels of school attachment, seeing or knowing of a weapon, have higher grades, and know about security measures were significantly more likely to report seeing weapons. Implications are discussed.
Could Transformative Learning be Appreciated in Europe?
Authors: Kokkos Alexis
Published: July 2014

This article attempts to examine the views of European adult educators toward transformative learning (TL) theory. First, I explore the relevant attitudes of my colleagues in Greece, which appear to be quite positive. Then, through a literature review, I assume that the scholars in other European countries have a limited interest and a quite critical disposition regarding TL. I develop interpretative hypotheses, by correlating these findings to the way in which TL theory has been formulated and has evolved, particularly after 2010, when it seems to have entered a critical standpoint. Finally, I put forward a series of suggestions and refer to new trends that could contribute to the development of a renewed and expanded TL theoretical framework.
Children living with chronic disability
Authors: Simon Chantal , McNicholas Natalie
Published: July 2014

Around seven in every hundred children in the UK has a chronic disability of some sort. Disabilities may arise from a huge variety of causes. They also vary enormously in severity, from children requiring just a little support for specific tasks, to children with multiple problems requiring round-the-clock total care. This article explores how to support children with chronic disability in the community, taking views both from the GP’s and the parent’s perspective.
Regorafenib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: clinical evidence and place in therapy
Authors: Ferraro Danielle , Zalcberg John
Published: July 2014

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare malignancies, and historically had a poor prognosis, with little benefit from traditional anticancer therapies. The management of GISTs has undergone a paradigm change in recent years with the detection of activating mutations in the majority of these tumors. This knowledge has led to the development of targeted treatments which have dramatically improved benefit rates and survival. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, has become the standard of care for both those with high-risk resected GIST, and as first-line therapy in metastatic GIST. However, some patients demonstrate innate resistance to imatinib or, for many, resistance develops despite an initial response. Other tyrosine kinase inhibitors with a broader spectrum of action, such as sunitinib and sorafenib, have been investigated and show some benefit after the use of imatinib. Regorafenib, an orally available multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic activity, has also demonstrated preclinical evidence of activity against a number of solid tumors and further studies have proven it to be effective in GISTs following failure of standard therapy, with manageable toxicity profile. It has now received licensing approval in a number of countries both for the treatment of GISTs and for colorectal cancer, and further research is ongoing. With a number of potential agents now available to treat this disease, clinicians must now consider questions of timing and sequencing to maximize the benefit from these treatments, and the role that new agents such as regorafenib could play in further advancing changes.
Prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain in a UK prison environment
Authors: Croft Michael , Mayhew Rachel
Published: July 2014

Chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is significant global health issue, accounting for a substantial increase in prescription analgesics worldwide, in recent decades. This clinical burden is evident in the UK prison population, where the prevalence of CNCP has never previously been determined. This study, conducted in June/July 2013, used prescribing data and a systematic review of clinical records from two UK prison establishments to derive a figure for point-prevalence of CNCP. Results showed that 20% of the total aggregated prisoner rolls (N = 1944) described CNCP and had been in receipt of treatment with daily analgesia, for a period of at least 3 months prior to observation date. This prevalence of CNCP was related to increasing age group (Spearman’s rank correlation 0.94). Of those on continuous analgesic therapy (CAT), 44% were taking continuous opioid therapy (COT) of any sort. Prisoners with a diagnosis of opioid-type drug dependence (OTDD) were more than twice as likely to complain of CNCP and be on continuous medication for it (odds ratio 2.3). The issues relating to CNCP in prisons are discussed. Further research is recommended, identifying factors influencing CNCP prevalence in prisons, and enabling comparisons to CNCP prevalence in the UK general population.
Permanent Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Francis Jacquelyn K. , Higgins Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

The health risks and side effects of fluoroquinolone use include the risk of tendon rupture and myasthenia gravis exacerbation, and on August 15, 2013, the Food and Drug Administration updated its warning to include the risk of permanent peripheral neuropathy. We present a case of fluoroquinolone-induced peripheral neuropathy in a patient treated for clinically diagnosed urinary tract infection with ciprofloxacin antibiotic.
Synovial Fluid Lubricant Properties Are Transiently Deficient After Arthroscopic Articular Cartilage Defect Repair With Platelet-Enriched Fibrin Alone and With Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Grissom Murray J. , Temple-Wong Michele M. , Adams Matthew S. , Tom Matthew , Schumacher Barbara L. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Goodrich Laurie R. , Chu Constance R. , Sah Robert L.
Published: July 2014

Background:

Following various types of naturally occurring traumatic injury to an articular joint, the lubricating ability of synovial fluid is impaired, with a correlated alteration in the concentration and/or structure of lubricant molecules, hyaluronan, and proteoglycan-4 (PRG4). However, the effect of arthroscopic cartilage repair surgery on synovial fluid lubricant function and composition is unknown.

Hypothesis:

Arthroscopic treatment of full-thickness chondral defects in horses with (1) platelet-enriched fibrin or (2) platelet-enriched fibrin + mesenchymal stem cells leads to equine synovial fluid with impaired lubricant function and hyaluronan and PRG4 composition.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Equine synovial fluid was aspirated from normal joints at a preinjury state (0 days) and at 10 days and 3 months following fibrin or fibrin + mesenchymal stem cell repair of full-thickness chondral defects. Equine synovial fluid samples were analyzed for friction-lowering boundary lubrication of normal articular cartilage (static and kinetic friction coefficients) and concentrations of hyaluronan and PRG4, as well as molecular weight distribution of hyaluronan. Experimental groups deficient in lubrication function were also tested for the ability of exogenous high–molecular weight hyaluronan to restore lubrication function.

Results:

Lubrication and biochemical data varied with time after surgery but generally not between repair groups. Relative to preinjury, kinetic friction was higher (+94%) at 10 days but returned to baseline levels at 3 months, while static friction was not altered. Correspondingly, hyaluronan concentration was transiently lower (−64%) and shifted toward lower molecular weight forms, while PRG4 concentration was increased (+210%) in 10-day samples relative to preinjury levels. Regression analysis revealed that kinetic friction decreased with increasing total and high–molecular weight hyaluronan. Addition of high–molecular weight hyaluronan to bring 10-day hyaluronan levels to 2.0 mg/mL restored kinetic friction to preinjury levels.

Conclusion:

Following arthroscopic surgery for cartilage defect repair, synovial fluid lubrication function is transiently impaired, in association with decreased hyaluronan concentration. This functional deficiency in synovial fluid lubrication can be counteracted in vitro by addition of high–molecular weight hyaluronan.

Clinical Relevance:

Synovial fluid lubrication is deficient shortly after arthroscopic cartilage repair surgery, and supplementation with high–molecular weight hyaluronan may be beneficial.
Injuries in Elite Men’s Lacrosse
Authors: Webb Mark , Davis Caroline , Westacott Daniel , Webb Robin , Price Jessica
Published: July 2014

Background:

There are limited data on injuries sustained during men’s lacrosse. As the sport gains popularity, practitioners will be more likely to treat lacrosse players.

Purpose:

To analyze data from the 2010 World Lacrosse Championships.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

This was a prospective observational study of injuries reported during the 2010 World Lacrosse Championships. An injury surveillance questionnaire was completed, and data were categorized into body part injured, diagnosis, mechanism, and time of injury.

Results:

Over 9 days, 667 players from 29 countries competed in 105 games. A total of 150 injuries were sustained by 129 individuals aged 16 to 46 years. Five times more injuries occurred during games than in training (69.3% [n = 104] vs 13.3% [n = 20]; rate ratio [95% CI] = 5.2 [4.9-5.5]), resulting in 39.5 injuries per 1000 hours played. The most frequent mechanism was contact (53.3%; n = 80), including direct impact with another player (30%; n = 45), with a stick (16.7%; n = 25), or with a ball (5.3%; n = 8). Change of direction and/or speed were the most common noncontact mechanisms (27.3%; n = 41). The most frequently reported injuries were contusions (32.0%; n = 48), sprains (22.7%; n = 34), and strains (22.7%; n = 34). The lower limb was the most injured body part (50.7%; n = 76) compared with the upper limb (23.3%; n = 35; rate ratio [95% CI] = 2.2 [2.1-2.3]). The ankle was the most injured joint (14.0%; n = 21), followed by the shoulder (10.0%; n = 15).

Conclusion:

As participation expands, health professionals may become more responsible for treating lacrosse players. Players are susceptible to a range of injuries. Familiarity with the common injury patterns could help treatment and prevention. Despite differences in rules during international competition, this study corroborates reports from North America.

Clinical Relevance:

The epidemiology of men’s lacrosse injuries needs to be documented and understood to effectively prevent injuries. The 2014 World Championships are to be held in Denver, Colorado (July 10-19, 2014), and it is important that practitioners treating players are aware of the differences in the international game. Publication of these data will allow for those planning lacrosse tournaments to do so more effectively.
Mutational Analysis of PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational Pathology Study
Authors: Sabine Vicky S. , Crozier Cheryl , Brookes Cassandra L. , Drake Camilla , Piper Tammy , van de Velde Cornelis J.H. , Hasenburg Annette , Kieback Dirk G. , Markopoulos Christos , Dirix Luc , Seynaeve Caroline , Rea Daniel W. , Bartlett John M.S.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

Deregulation of key PI3K/AKT pathway genes may contribute to endocrine resistance in breast cancer (BC). PIK3CA is the most frequently mutated gene in luminal BC (∼ 35%); however, the effect of mutations in helical versus kinase domains remains controversial. We hypothesize that improved outcomes occur in patients with estrogen receptor–positive (ER positive) BC receiving endocrine therapy and possessing PIK3CA mutations.

Materials and Methods

DNA was extracted from 4,540 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded BC samples from the Exemestane Versus Tamoxifen-Exemestane pathology study. Mutational analyses were performed for 25 mutations (PIK3CAx10, AKT1x1, KRASx5, HRASx3, NRASx2 and BRAFx4).

Results

PIK3CA mutations were frequent (39.8%), whereas RAS/RAF mutations were rare (< 1%). In univariable analyses PIK3CA mutations were associated with significantly improved 5-year distant relapse-free survival (DRFS; HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.91; P = .003). However, a multivariable analysis correcting for known clinical and biologic prognostic factors failed to demonstrate that PIK3CA mutation status is an independent prognostic marker for DRFS (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.12; P = .4012). PIK3CA mutations were more frequent in low-risk luminal BCs (eg, grade 1 node v 3, node-negative v -positive), confounding the relationship between mutations and outcome.

Conclusion

PIK3CA mutations are present in approximately 40% of luminal BCs but are not an independent predictor of outcome in the context of endocrine therapy, whereas RAS/RAF mutations are rare in luminal BC. A complex relationship between low-risk cancers and PIK3CA mutations was identified. Although the PI3K/AKT pathway remains a viable therapeutic target as the result of a high mutation frequency, PIK3CA mutations do not seem to affect residual risk following treatment with endocrine therapy.
Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes for Patients With ALK-Positive Resected Stage I to III Adenocarcinoma: Results From the European Thoracic Oncology Platform Lungscape Project
Authors: Blackhall Fiona H. , Peters Solange , Bubendorf Lukas , Dafni Urania , Kerr Keith M. , Hager Henrik , Soltermann Alex , O'Byrne Kenneth J. , Dooms Christoph , Sejda Aleksandra , Hernández-Losa Javier , Marchetti Antonio , Savic Spasenija , Tan Qiang , Thunnissen Erik , Speel Ernst-Jan M. , Cheney Richard , Nonaka Daisuke , de Jong Jeroen , Martorell Miguel , Letovanec Igor , Rosell Rafael , Stahel Rolf A.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

The prevalence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusion (ALK positivity) in early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) varies by population examined and detection method used. The Lungscape ALK project was designed to address the prevalence and prognostic impact of ALK positivity in resected lung adenocarcinoma in a primarily European population.

Methods

Analysis of ALK status was performed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in tissue sections of 1,281 patients with adenocarcinoma in the European Thoracic Oncology Platform Lungscape iBiobank. Positive patients were matched with negative patients in a 1:2 ratio, both for IHC and for FISH testing. Testing was performed in 16 participating centers, using the same protocol after passing external quality assessment.

Results

Positive ALK IHC staining was present in 80 patients (prevalence of 6.2%; 95% CI, 4.9% to 7.6%). Of these, 28 patients were ALK FISH positive, corresponding to a lower bound for the prevalence of FISH positivity of 2.2%. FISH specificity was 100%, and FISH sensitivity was 35.0% (95% CI, 24.7% to 46.5%), with a sensitivity value of 81.3% (95% CI, 63.6% to 92.8%) for IHC 2+/3+ patients. The hazard of death for FISH-positive patients was lower than for IHC-negative patients (P = .022). Multivariable models, adjusted for patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics, and matched cohort analysis confirmed that ALK FISH positivity is a predictor for better overall survival (OS).

Conclusion

In this large cohort of surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas, the prevalence of ALK positivity was 6.2% using IHC and at least 2.2% using FISH. A screening strategy based on IHC or H-score could be envisaged. ALK positivity (by either IHC or FISH) was related to better OS.
Cardiac Effects of Anticancer Therapy in the Elderly
Authors: Accordino Melissa K. , Neugut Alfred I. , Hershman Dawn L.
Published: July 2014

Cancer incidence increases with age, and as life expectancy increases, the number of elderly patients with cancer is increasing. Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have significant short- and long-term effects on cardiovascular function. These cardiotoxic effects can be acute, such as changes in electrocardiogram (ECG), arrhythmias, ischemia, and pericarditis and/or myocarditis-like syndromes, or they can be chronic, such as ventricular dysfunction. Anticancer therapies can also have indirect effects, such as alterations in blood pressure, or can cause metabolic abnormalities that subsequently increase risk for cardiac events. In this review, we explore both observational and clinical trial evidence of cardiac risk in the elderly. In both observational and clinical trial data, risk of cardiotoxicity with anthracycline-based chemotherapy increases with age. However, it is less clear whether the association between age and cardiotoxicity exists for newer treatments. The association may not be well demonstrated as a result of under-representation of elderly patients in clinical trials and avoidance of these therapies in this population. In addition, we discuss strategies for surveillance and prevention of cardiotoxicity in the elderly. In the elderly, it is important to be aware of the potential for cardiotoxicity during long-term follow-up and to consider both prevention and surveillance of these late effects.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Older Adults
Authors: Klepin Heidi D. , Rao Arati V. , Pardee Timothy S.
Published: July 2014

Treatment of older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is challenging because of disease morbidity and associated treatments. Both diseases represent a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders primarily affecting older adults, with treatment strategies ranging from supportive care to hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Although selected older adults can benefit from intensive therapies, as a group they experience increased treatment-related morbidity, are more likely to relapse, and have decreased survival. Age-related outcome disparities are attributed to both tumor and patient characteristics, requiring an individualized approach to treatment decision making beyond consideration of chronologic age alone. Selection of therapy for any individual requires consideration of both disease-specific risk factors and estimates of treatment tolerance and life expectancy derived from evaluation of functional status and comorbidity. Although treatment options for older adults are expanding, clinical trials accounting for the heterogeneity of tumor biology and aging are needed to define standard-of-care treatments for both disease groups. In addition, trials should include outcomes addressing quality of life, maintenance of independence, and use of health care services to assist in patient-centered decision making. This review will highlight available evidence in treatment of older adults with AML or MDS and unanswered clinical questions for older adults with these diseases.
Regulation of Human Growth Hormone Receptor Expression by MicroRNAs
Authors: Elzein Samar , Goodyer Cynthia Gates
Published: July 2014

Human GH binds to its receptor (GHR) on target cells and activates multiple intracellular pathways, leading to changes in gene expression, differentiation, and metabolism. GHR deficiency is associated with growth and metabolic disorders whereas increased GHR expression has been reported in certain cancers, suggesting that the GHR gene requires tight controls. Several regulatory mechanisms have been found within its 5′-untranslated region (UTR) promoter and coding regions. However, the 3′-UTR has not been previously examined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (19–22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs that downregulate gene expression mainly through targeting the 3′-UTR of mRNAs and enhancing their degradation or inhibiting translation. In the present study, we investigated whether miRNAs regulate GHR expression. To define putative miRNA binding sites in the GHR 3′-UTR, we used multiple in silico prediction tools, analyzed conservation across species and the presence of parallel sites in GH/IGF axis-related genes, and searched for reports linking miRNAs to GHR-related physiological or pathophysiological activities. To test prioritized sites, we cotransfected a wild-type GHR 3′-UTR luciferase reporter vector as well as miRNA binding site mutants into HEK293 cells with miRNA mimics. Furthermore, we tested whether the miRNAs altered endogenous GHR mRNA and protein levels in HEK293 cells and in 2 cancer cell lines (MCF7 and LNCaP). Our experiments have identified miRNA (miR)-129–5p, miR-142–3p, miR-202, and miR-16 as potent inhibitors of human GHR expression in normal (HEK293) and cancer (MCF7 and LNCaP) cells. This study paves the way for the development of miRNA inhibitors as therapeutic agents in GH/GHR-related pathophysiologies, including cancer.
Basis for Classification, Typologization, and Identification of Factors that Create Working Conditions (general principles and approaches)
Authors: Файнбург  , Faynburg Grigoriy
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to system description of dangerous and harmful factors, deals with the

problems of its classification, typologization and identification. A new principle is suggested to classify workplace factors

considering all aspects of harmful impact. Advocated approach to classification of harmful workplace factors promotes a

more precise identification, analysis and assessment of professional risks.
If you can't beat them, join them
Authors: Cook Debbie
Published: July 2014

In light of the rising prevalence of obesity in the UK, Debbie Cook argues that the far-reaching influence of social media among children and adolescents can be harnessed to manage obesity in this patient group
Currying a solution to educational support
Authors: O'Connell Mary
Published: July 2014

When practice nurses lost the support of a PCT lead in northwest London, Mary O'Connell met colleagues over a Thai curry to find a solution
A study of relationship between multicultural education professional development and educational support of teacher
Authors: Oh Sung Bae , Kang Chungseo
Published: July 2014

This study analyzes the relationship between multicultural education professional development and educational support of teacher. We focused on the individual academic support to student and counseling for parent with reference to educational support of teacher. The analysis drew on the sample of 649 cases from the dataset which consists primary and secondary school teachers who are class teachers of multicultural students in Incheon, and we utilized logistic regression analysis. The result shows that there is no significant relationship between participation to multicultural education professional development and individual academic support to student. Only teachers who participated in 15 hours over multicultural education professional development tend to do individual academic support to their student more than the teachers who did not take part in the multicultural education professional development. In the analysis of counseling for parent, the teachers who participated in multicultural education professional development are not only more likely to do counselling for parents, but also the participation to 15 hours over multicultural education professional development shows a strong positive relationship to a counselling for parents. Based on the results, policy implications are discussed.
A study on multicultural fantasy in Korean society reflected on the novel 『Wandeuky』: Focusing on Slavoj Zizek’s ideology theory
Authors: Jung Sun Joo
Published: July 2014

This study is the qualitative research investigated by Slavoj Zizek’s ideology theory for multicultural phenomenon of Korean society which changes into a multicultural society. This study analyzes the text novel『Wandeuky』to an analyze the multiculturalism working as a fantasy in the point of Zizek’s. The result of analysis of ‘Multicultural fantasy’ through text analysis in the novel『Wandeuky』are as following: First, Korean people look down on and have antipathy for people who have relatively dark or black skin according to the skin color. Korean people face people friendly who have relatively white skin. Secondly, when marriage migrant women become a family member as a wife, mother, and other roles, there is a duplex recognition of multicultural fantasy for marriage migrant women who complies with traditional gender as a daughter in law, wife and mother etc, as distinct from multicultural fantasy for other races. Thirdly, despite of the written clause of Multicultural Families Support act, a ‘multicultural family’in Korea has a multicultural fantasy that the family is regarded as a combination with women from developing countries and Korean men who do not have economic power in the marriage market. Fourth, Korean society has a fantasy that children from multicultural families are confused about their identities and have lower grade due to the passive behaviour. But it is also shown that Korean society has a fantasy that the children will grow up to be the class who prevent population decrease with the help from government and society.
Research on the life experiences of foreign graduate students in regards to limited Korean language proficiency
Authors: Min Jin-young
Published: July 2014

The aim of this research is to conduct an in-depth analysis of life experiences of foreign graduate students in regards to limited Korean language proficiency. Narrative inquiry was employed to elicit how the students’ Korean proficiency level is affecting their life throughout graduate school. The analysis of data is divided into two parts; domain analysis and taxonomic analysis. That is, analyzing the field text which is within the background of the whole text. As a result, the students had the following common experience: difficulties due to insufficient Korean proficiency, confusion between Korean and English, inefficiency of Test of Proficiency in Korean and efficiency of Korean language courses. This research is useful and helpful for the graduate international students who will be studying in Korea and for management and support in order to establish strategy for attracting more international students in the future.