bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Galactic structure and turbulence, pulsar distances, and the intergalactic medium
Authors: Cordes J. M.
Published: March 2013

This paper summarizes how multi-wavelength measurements will be aggregated to determine Galactic structure in the interstellar medium (ISM) and produce the next-generation electron density model. Fluctuations in density and magnetic field from parsec scales down to about 1000 km cause a number of propagation effects in both radio waves and cosmic rays. Density microstructure appears to include Kolmogorov-like turbulence. The next generation electron-density model, NE2012, will include about double the number of lines of sight with dispersion and scattering measurements and it will be anchored with a much larger number of pulsar parallax distances. The foreground Galactic model is crucial for inferring similar ionized structures in the intergalactic medium (IGM) from scattering measurements on high-z objects. Intergalactic scattering is discussed with reference to distant sources of radio bursts. In particular, the cosmological radio scattering horizon is defined along with its analog for the ISM.
Modeling of pulsar magnetospheres
Authors: Spitkovsky Anatoly
Published: March 2013

The inner workings of pulsar magnetospheres have fascinated and confused researchers since the discovery of pulsars. I will review the status of magnetospheric models, including vacuum, space-charge-limited and resistive force-free MHD. I will highlight model predictions for the integrated pulsar quantities (such as spin down and torques) and the observational consequences of calculated magnetic field structure. Particularly, high-energy emission from pulsars allows putting new constraints on the geometry of the emission region and the physics of particle acceleration in the magnetosphere.
High magnetic field pulsars with magnetar-like activity
Authors: Aoki Yuta
Published: March 2013

To study the origin of magnetars, a unique opportunity is provided by detecting an excess of X-ray thermal radiation of the radio pulsars (rotation powered pulsars) with dipolar magnetic fields as high as magnetars. The excess is probably caused by decay of the magnetic field as seen in magnetars. In order to investigate whether the rotation powered pulsars have the excess flux and the hard-tail component similar to magnetars, we observed PSR J0726-2612 which has a 3.44 s period and a 3 × 1013 G inferred dipolar magnetic field, with Suzaku for 44 ks on 2011 November 16-17. We report this observational result. We also compare with other observations and discuss a decaying of the magnetic field for normal radio pulsars.
Does a hadron-quark phase transition in dense matter preclude the existence of massive neutron stars?
Authors: Chamel N. , Fantina A. F. , Pearson J. M. , Goriely S.
Published: March 2013

We study the impact of a hadron-quark phase transition on the maximum neutron-star mass. The hadronic part of the equation of state relies on the most up-to-date Skyrme nuclear energy density functionals, fitted to essentially all experimental nuclear mass data and constrained to reproduce the properties of infinite nuclear matter as obtained from microscopic calculations using realistic forces. We show that the softening of the dense matter equation of state due to the phase transition is not necessarily incompatible with the existence of massive neutron stars like PSR J1614–2230.
Microlensing pulsars
Authors: Dai Shi , Xu Renxin
Published: March 2013

We propose to determine the mass of isolated neutron stars through gravitational microlensing. We show that the all-sky microlensing pulsar event rate is ~2.8 × 10−10 per year per background source (/yr/source). Microlensing neutron star event rate would contribute ~20% to the total Galactic event rate at time-scale of ~15 days. We also present catalogue comparisons between known pulsars and background stars. We find that several pulsars would pass by background stars closely and may cause observable astrometric microlensing phenomenon. According to our covariance analysis, the uncertainty of masses determined through astrometric microlensing could be ~20%. Therefore, gravitational microlensing is a promising way to determine the mass of isolated neutron stars with future advanced radio and optical telescopes.
SPAN512: A new mid-latitude pulsar survey with the Nançay Radio Telescope
Authors: Desvignes Gregory , Cognard Ismaël , Champion David , Lazarus Patrick , Lespagnol Patrice , Smith David A. , Theureau Gilles
Published: March 2013

We present an ongoing survey with the Nançay Radio Telescope at L-band. The targeted area is 74° ≲ l < 150° and 3.5° < |b| < 5°. This survey is characterized by a long integration time (18 min), large bandwidth (512 MHz) and high time and frequency resolution (64 μs and 0.5 MHz) giving a nominal sensitivity limit of 0.055 mJy for long period pulsars. This is about 2 times better than the mid-latitude HTRU survey, and is designed to be complementary with current large scale surveys. This survey will be more sensitive to transients (RRATs, intermittent pulsars), distant and faint millisecond pulsars as well as scintillating sources (or any other kind of radio faint sources) than all previous short-integration surveys.
Spin rotation, Chandler wobble and free core nutation of isolated multi-layer pulsars
Authors: Gusev Alexander , Kitiashvili Irina
Published: March 2013

At present time there are investigations of precession and nutation for very different celestial multi-layer bodies: the Earth (Getino 1995), Moon (Gusev 2010), planets of Solar system (Gusev 2010) and pulsars (Link et al. 2007). The long-periodic precession phenomenon was detected for few pulsars: PSR B1828-11, PSR B1557-50, PSR 2217+47, PSR 0531+21, PSR B0833-45, and PSR B1642-03. Stairs, Lyne & Shemar (2000) have found that the arrival-time residuals from PSR B1828-11 vary periodically with a different periods. According to our model, the neutron star has the rigid crust (RC), the fluid outer core (FOC) and the solid inner core (SIC). The model explains generation of four modes in the rotation of the pulsar: two modes of Chandler wobble (CW, ICW) and two modes connecting with free core nutation (FCN, FICN) (Gusev & Kitiashvili 2008). We are propose the explanation for all harmonics of Time of Arrival (TOA) pulses variations as precession of a neutron star owing to differential rotation of RC, FOC and crystal SIC of the pulsar PSR B1828-11: 250, 500, 1000 days. We used canonical method for interpretation TOA variations by Chandler Wobble (CW) and Free Core Nutation (FCN) of pulsar.

The two - layer model can explain occurrence twin additional fashions in rotation pole motion of a NS: CW and FCN. In the frame of the three-layer model we investigate the free rotation of dynamically-symmetrical PSR by Hamilton methods. Correctly extending theory of SIC-FOC-RC differential rotation for neutron star, we investigated dependence CW, ICW, FCN and FICN periods from flatness of different layers of pulsar.

Our investigation showed that interaction between rigid crust, RIC and LOC can be characterized by four modes of periodic variations of rotation pole: CW, retrograde Free Core Nutation (FCN), prograde Free Inner Core Nutation (FICN) and Inner Core Wobble (ICW). In the frame of the three-layer model we proposed the explanation for all pulse fluctuations by differential rotation crust, outer core and inner core of the neutron star and received estimations of dynamical flattening of the pulsar inner and outer cores, including the heat dissipation. We have offered the realistic model of the dynamical pulsar structure and two explanations of the feature of flattened of the crust, the outer core and the inner core of the pulsar.
Infrared AKARI observations of magnetars 4U 0142+61 and 1E 2259+586
Authors: Kohmura Takayoshi , Kaneko Kenta , Ikeda Shoma , Morii Mikio , Asano Katsuaki , Shirahara Mai , Shibazaki Noriaki
Published: March 2013

We observed two magnetars, 4U 0142+61 and 1E2259+568, with the Japanese infrared satellite AKARI to search for the time variability at wavelengths between 2-4 μm. We significantly detected 4U0142+61 in the 4μm band, and determined flux upper limits in the other two bands. We did not detect 1E 2259+586 in any of the bands, and determined upper limits. Comparing the detection of 4U 0142+61 in the 4μm band with the Spitzer observation from 2005, we found the flux was reduced to be 64%. We interpret this time variability in the infrared band as an increase of the inner radius of the dust disk around the neutron star, where the increase is due to the sublimation of the dust by the large flare of neutron star itself.
Broadband spectral investigations of SGR J1550–5418 bursts
Authors: Lin Lin , Göğüş Ersin
Published: March 2013

We present the results of our broadband (0.5 − 200 keV) spectral analysis of 42 SGR J1550–5418 bursts simultaneously detected with the Swift/X-ray Telescope (XRT) and the Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), during the 2009 January active episode of the source. We find that, on average, the burst spectra are better described with two blackbody functions than with the Comptonized model. Thus, our joint XRT/GBM analysis clearly shows for the first time that the SGR J1550–5418 burst spectra might naturally be expected to exhibit a more truly thermalized character, such as a two-blackbody or even a multi-blackbody signal. We also studied the spin phase of the XRT burst emission, which indicate that the burst emitting sites on the neutron star need not to be co-located with hot spots emitting the bulk of the persistent X-ray emission and the surface magnetic field of SGR J1550–5418 is likely non-uniform over the emission zone.
Seven pulsars in binary systems above the spin-up line
Authors: Pan Y. Y. , Wang N.
Published: March 2013

Using data from the ATNF pulsar catalogue, 186 binary pulsars are shown in the magnetic field versus spin period (B-P) diagram, and their relationship to the spin-up line is investigated. Generally speaking, pulsars in binary systems should be below the spin-up line when they get enough accretion mass from their companions. It is found that there are seven binary pulsars above the spin-up line. Based on the parameters of these seven binary systems, we describe possible reasons why they are above the spin-up line.
The distance indicators in gamma-ray pulsars
Authors: Wang Wei
Published: March 2013

Distance measurements of gamma-ray pulsars are challenging questions in present pulsar studies. The Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard the Fermi gamma-ray observatory discovered more than 100 gamma-ray pulsars, including 34 new gamma-selected pulsars which nearly have no distance information. We study the relation between gamma-ray emission efficiency (η=Lγ/Ė) and pulsar parameters, for young radio-selected gamma-ray pulsars with known distance information. We have introduced three generation order parameters to describe gamma-ray emission properties of pulsars, and find a strong correlation between η and ζ3, the generation order parameter which reflects γ-ray photon generations in pair cascade processes induced by magnetic field absorption in pulsar magnetosphere. A good correlation between η and BLC, the magnetic field at the light cylinder radius, is also found. These correlations can serve as distance indicators in gamma-ray pulsars, to evaluate distances for gamma-selected pulsars. Distances of 35 gamma-selected pulsars are estimated, which could be tested by other distance measurement methods. The physical origin of the correlations may be also interesting for pulsar studies.
VLBI astrometry of two millisecond pulsars
Authors: Yan Zhen , Shen Zhi-qiang , Yuan Jian-ping , Wang Na , Rottmann Helge , Alef Walter
Published: March 2013

We present astrometric results on two millisecond pulsars, PSR B1257+12 and PSR J1022+1001, as carried out through VLBI. For PSR B1257+12, a model-independent distance of 710−38+43 pc and proper motion of (μα = 46.44 ± 0.08 mas/yr, μδ=−84.87 ± 0.32 mas/yr) were obtained from 5 epochs of VLBA and 4 epochs of EVN observations, spanning about 2 years. The two dimensional proper motion of PSR J1022+1001 (μα~−10.13 mas/yr, μδ~16.89 mas/yr) was also estimated, using 3 epochs of EVN observations. Based on our results, the X-ray efficiency of PSR B1257+12 should be in the same range as other millisecond pulsars, and not as low as previously thought.
Pulsar timing with the DFB at Nanshan
Authors: Yuan J. P. , Wang N. , Liu Z. Y. , Wang J. B.
Published: March 2013

Pulsar timing observations are being carried out with the Nanshan 25-metre radio telescope since 2000. We observe about 300 pulsars, including nine millisecond pulsars, at 1.5 GHz with a cryogenic receiver and digital filterbank. Frequent observations at Nanshan revealed 50 glitches. We detect nine more glitches in the past two years. Timing solutions obtained with the Nanshan telescope for eight radio loud Gamma ray pulsars are presented.
A new generation of pragmatic trials of psychosocial interventions is needed
Authors: Ruggeri M. , Lasalvia A. , Bonetto C.
Published: March 2013

This Editorial addresses the crucial issue of which research methodology is most suited for capturing the complexity of psychosocial interventions conducted in ‘real world’ mental health settings. It first examines conventional randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology and critically appraises its strengths and weaknesses. It then considers the specificity of mental health care treatments and defines the term ‘complex’ intervention and its implications for RCT design. The salient features of pragmatic RCTs aimed at generating evidence of psychosocial intervention effectiveness are then described. Subsequently, the conceptualization of pragmatic RCTs, and of their further developments – which we propose to call ‘new generation’ pragmatic trials – in the broader routine mental health service context, is explored. Helpful tools for planning pragmatic RCTs, such as the CONSORT extension for pragmatic trials, and the PRECIS tool are also examined. We then discuss some practical challenges that are involved in the design and implementation of pragmatic trials based on our own experience in conducting the GET UP PIANO Trial. Lastly, we speculate on the ways in which current ideas on the purpose, scope and ethics of mental health care research may determine further challenges for clinical research and evidence-based practice.
Erfassung negativer Antwortverzerrungen mit der deutschen Fassung des „Personality Assessment Inventory”, dem „Verhaltens- und Erlebensinventar”
Authors: Vossler-Thies Elisabeth , Stevens Andreas , Engel Rolf R. , Licha Christina
Published: March 2013

Selbstbeschreibungsinstrumente sind anfällig für Antwortverzerrungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schätzt die Sensitivität und Spezifität des Verhaltens- und Erlebensinventars (VEI), der deutschen Fassung des Personality Assessment Inventory, in der Erkennung negativer Antwortverzerrungen. Es werden die Ergebnisse von zwei Stichproben berichtet: (a) 25 experimentelle Simulanten bearbeiteten das VEI, das Beck Depressions-Inventar II (BDI-II) und den Strukturierten Fragebogen Simulierter Symptome (SFSS). (b) 95 Probanden, die wegen psychiatrischer und neurologischer Störungen begutachtet wurden, bearbeiteten den Word Memory Test (WMT), den SFSS, das VEI und in 44 Fällen auch das BDI-II. Die Validitätsskalen des VEI identifizierten 72 % der experimentellen Simulanten, der SFSS sogar 92 %. Bei der Gutachtenpopulation wurden 62 % der nach den Kriterien von Slick, Sherman & Iverson (1999) als wahrscheinlich simulierend klassifizierten Personen entdeckt. Nach diesen Befunden bedürfen die Validitätsskalen des VEI im deutschen Sprachraum weiterer Untersuchungen.
Cell type‐specific nuclear pores: a case in point for context‐dependent stoichiometry of molecular machines
Authors: Ori Alessandro , Banterle Niccolò , Iskar Murat , Andrés‐Pons Amparo , Escher Claudia , Khanh Bui Huy , Sparks Lenore , Solis‐Mezarino Victor , Rinner Oliver , Bork Peer , Lemke Edward A , Beck Martin
Published: March 2013

To understand the structure and function of large molecular machines, accurate knowledge of their stoichiometry is essential. In this study, we developed an integrated targeted proteomics and super‐resolution microscopy approach to determine the absolute stoichiometry of the human nuclear pore complex (NPC), possibly the largest eukaryotic protein complex. We show that the human NPC has a previously unanticipated stoichiometry that varies across cancer cell types, tissues and in disease. Using large‐scale proteomics, we provide evidence that more than one third of the known, well‐defined nuclear protein complexes display a similar cell type‐specific variation of their subunit stoichiometry. Our data point to compositional rearrangement as a widespread mechanism for adapting the functions of molecular machines toward cell type‐specific constraints and context‐dependent needs, and highlight the need of deeper investigation of such structural variants.
Dynamic Changes of the Ligamentum Flavum in the Cervical Spine Assessed with Kinetic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Sayit E. , Daubs M. D. , Aghdasi B. , Montgomery S. R. , Inoue H. , Wang C. J. , Wang B. J. , Phan K. H. , Scott T. P.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this article is to quantify changes in thickness of the ligamentum flavum (LF) associated with motion of the cervical spine and to compare the thickness of the LF at each cervical level using kinetic magnetic resonance imaging (kMRI). Two hundred fifty-seven symptomatic patients (129 men; 128 women) underwent kMRI in neutral, flexion, and extension positions. Midsagittal images were digitally marked and electronically analyzed by spine surgeons. Thickness of LF in the cervical region from C2–3 to C7–T1 was measured in all three positions. LF at C7–T1 was significantly thicker than C2–3 to C6–7 in neutral, flexion, and extension positions (p < 0.05). LF was significantly thicker in extension than in flexion at C3–4 to C6–7. LF thickness increases with extension and decreases with flexion. LF is uniquely thick at C6–7 and at C7–T1 in the extension position, which may predispose these levels to cord compression syndromes and associated neuropathies.
Non-additivity of polarizabilities and van der Waals C6 coefficients of fullerenes
Authors: Kauczor Joanna , Norman Patrick , Saidi Wissam A.
Published: March 2013

We present frequency-dependent polarizabilities and C6 dipole-dipole dispersion coefficients for a wide range of fullerene molecules including C60, C70, C78, C80, C82, and C84. The static and dynamic polarizabilities at imaginary frequencies are computed using time-dependent Hartree-Fock, B3LYP, and CAM-B3LYP ab initio methods by employing the complex linear polarization propagator and are subsequently utilized to determine the C6 coefficients using the Casimir-Polder relation. Overall, the C60 and C70 average static polarizabilities \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\bar{\alpha }(0)$\end{document}α¯(0) agree to better than 2% with linear-response coupled-cluster single double and experimental benchmark results, and the C6 coefficient of C60 agrees to better than 1% with the best accepted value. B3LYP provides the best agreement with benchmark results with deviations less than 0.1% in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\bar{\alpha }(0)$\end{document}α¯(0) and C6. We find that the static polarizabilities and the C6 coefficients are non-additive, and scale, respectively, as N1.2 and N2.2 with the number of carbon atoms in the fullerene molecule. The exponent for C6 power-dependence on N is much smaller than the value predicted recently based on a classical-metallic spherical-shell approximation of the fullerenes.
Self-assembled growth and magnetic properties of a BiFeO3-MgFe2O4 nanocomposite prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Kim Dong Hun , Aimon Nicolas M. , Ross Caroline A.
Published: March 2013

The fabrication and magnetic properties are described for a nano-composite epitaxial thin film system consisting of perovskite phase BiFeO3 and spinel phase MgFe2O4 grown on a (001) SrTiO3 substrate by combinatorial pulsed laser deposition. The MgFe2O4 phase formed well-defined vertical pillars in a BiFeO3 matrix, and both phases were epitaxial with the substrate. The BiFeO3-MgFe2O4 composite films showed soft magnetic behavior and magnetically isotropic properties which is explained by the weak magnetoelastic effects in MgFe2O4.
Theoretical study on the tungsten-induced reduction of transition temperature and the degradation of optical properties for VO2
Authors: Zhang Jiajia , He Haiyan , Xie Yi , Pan Bicai
Published: March 2013

We have studied the effect of the doped tungsten on the phase transition temperature and the optical properties between the monoclinic phase and the rutile phase of VO2 by performing first-principles calculations. It is found that the introduction of tungsten (W) significantly decreases the transition temperature between the rutile VO2 and the monoclinic VO2, with reducing the energy difference between the two phases. Meanwhile, our calculations indicate that the doped W lowers the infrared light transmittance of the monoclinic VO2, being consistent with the experimental observations. The nature about the reduction of the transition temperature and the change of the optical properties arising from the W dopants is revealed. Our results are valuable for application of VO2 as an optical energy material in future.
Magnetic compensation effect and phase reversal of exchange bias field across compensation temperature in multiferroic Co(Cr0.95Fe0.05)2O4
Authors: Padam R. , Pandya Swati , Ravi S. , Nigam A. K. , Ramakrishnan S. , Grover A. K. , Pal D.
Published: March 2013

The multiferroic compound, Co(Cr0.95Fe0.05)2O4, displays reversal in the orientation of magnetic moments along with negative magnetization due to an underlying magnetic compensation phenomenon, which was earlier not noticed in the parent compound of CoCr2O4. This is one of the compounds with spinel structure where the exchange bias field changes sign across the compensation temperature and therefore has the potential attribute to get tuned in a preselected manner. In this letter, we shall elucidate the sign reversal of the exchange bias on the premise of the sign reversal of the magnetic moments, which is confirmed by the specific heat measurements.
Electrocaloric effect on graphenes
Authors: Reis M. S. , Soriano S.
Published: March 2013

The present Letter explores the electrocaloric effect of graphene nano-ribbons, with a longitudinal electric field and transversal magnetic field. Special features of the effect can be ruled and tuned by the applied fields as, for instance, the unusual inverse effect, created by the Landau levels. These results open doors to enhance electrocaloric utility of materials.
Vacuum ultraviolet emission from microwave Ar-H2 plasmas
Authors: Espinho S. , Felizardo E. , Tatarova E. , Dias F. M. , Ferreira C. M.
Published: March 2013

Vacuum ultraviolet emission from Ar-H2 wave driven microwave (2.45 GHz) plasmas operating at low pressures (0.1–1 mbar) has been investigated. The emitted spectra show the presence of the Ar resonance lines at 104.8 and 106.7 nm and of the Lyman-α,β atomic lines at 121.6 nm and 102.6 nm, respectively. The increase of the hydrogen amount in the mixture results in an abrupt increase of the Werner and Lyman molecular bands intensity. The Lyman-β intensity shows little changes in the range of 5%–30% of hydrogen in the mixture while the Lyman-α intensity tends to decrease as the percentage of hydrogen increases.
Temporal changes in an alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) population
Authors: East Mitchell B. , Riedle J. Daren , Ligon Day B.
Published: March 2013

Context
Monitoring populations of long-lived species requires continuous long-term efforts. This is especially applicable for species that have experienced declines range-wide.

Aims
Our study assessed the current status of a population of wild Macrochelys temminckii and compared the present results to those from a survey conducted nearly a decade ago.

Methods
Trapping in 2010–2011 was conducted on two creeks within the refuge, during the months of May–July. Capture data were compared with data collected by similar methods in 1997–2001.

Key results
The population structure of M. temminckii was dominated by juveniles, with few large adults or small juveniles detected and a missing size class was evident. Retrospective analysis of 1997–2001 data revealed that the population was likely to be in decline even then, despite high capture rates.

Conclusions
The M. temminckii population showed significant declines that indicated that the population had experienced stressors of unknown origin. The status of M. temminckii at the refuge is concerning, given the protection afforded this remnant population.

Implications
Short-term data from 1997–2001 indicated a healthy M. temminckii population, whereas longer-term data showed that the population has declined, resulting in significant demographic changes. Continued monitoring will be necessary to develop management recommendations and track the impact of implemented management practices. Longer-term monitoring of long-lived vertebrates is required to identify population trends.
Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis
Authors: Chandriani Sanjay , Skewes-Cox Peter , Zhong Weidong , Ganem Donald E. , Divers Thomas J. , Van Blaricum Anita J. , Tennant Bud C. , Kistler Amy L.
Published: March 2013

Theiler's disease is an acute hepatitis in horses that is associated with the administration of equine blood products; its etiologic agent has remained unknown for nearly a century. Here, we used massively parallel sequencing to explore samples from a recent Theiler's disease outbreak. Metatranscriptomic analysis of the short sequence reads identified a 10.5-kb sequence from a previously undescribed virus of the Flaviviridae family, which we designate “Theiler's disease-associated virus” (TDAV). Phylogenetic analysis clusters TDAV with GB viruses of the recently proposedPegivirusgenus, although it shares only 35.3% amino acid identity with its closest relative, GB virus D. An epidemiological survey of additional horses from three separate locations supports an association between TDAV infection and acute serum hepatitis. Experimental inoculation of horses with TDAV-positive plasma provides evidence that several weeks of viremia preceded liver injury and that liver disease may not be directly related to the level of viremia. Like hepatitis C virus, the best characterized Flaviviridae species known to cause hepatitis, we find TDAV is capable of efficient parenteral transmission, engendering acute and chronic infections associated with a diversity of clinical presentations ranging from subclinical infection to clinical hepatitis.
Effects of Depletion Sampling by Standard Three-Pass Pulsed DC Electrofishing on Blood Chemistry Parameters of Fishes from Appalachian Streams
Authors: Densmore Christine L. , Panek Frank M.
Published: March 2013

Adverse effects on fishes captured by electrofishing techniques have long been recognized, although the extent of associated physical injury and behavioral alterations are highly variable and dependent on a number of factors. We examined the effects of three-pass pulsed DC (PDC) electrofishing on two salmonid species (Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis) and five other genera (Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus, Potomac Sculpin Cottus girardi, Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas, Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, and Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus) common to Appalachian streams. We examined the corresponding effects of PDC electroshock on the following physiological indicators of stress and trauma: blood glucose and serum lactate, as well as on other blood chemistry, namely, enzymes, electrolytes, minerals, and proteins. All species demonstrated physiological responses to PDC electroshock, indicated by the biochemical differences in blood parameters in unshocked and shocked groups of fish with or without gross evidence of hemorrhagic trauma. Serum lactate was the most consistent indicator of these effects. Significant differences in whole blood glucose levels were also noted in treatment groups in all species except Green Sunfish, although the patterns observed were not as consistent as for serum lactate. Elevations in the serum enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase, in the electroshocked fish occurred only in the two salmonid species. In many instances, although blood parameters were elevated in electroshocked fish compared with the unshocked controls for a given species, there were no differences in those levels in electroshocked fish based on the presence of gross hemorrhagic trauma to axial musculature. While some of the blood parameters examined correlated with both the occurrence of electroshock and the resultant tissue injury, there was no apparent link between the altered blood chemistry and increased mortality 30 d after electrofishing.

Received June 27, 2012; accepted December 7, 2012
FunFrame: functional gene ecological analysis pipeline
Authors: Weisman David , Yasuda Michie , Bowen Jennifer L.
Published: March 2013

Summary: Pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA is widely used to study microbial communities, and a rich set of software tools support this analysis. Pyrosequencing of protein-coding genes, which can help elucidate functional differences among microbial communities, significantly lags behind 16S rDNA in availability of sequence analysis software. In both settings, frequent homopolymer read errors inflate the estimation of microbial diversity, and de-noising is required to reduce that bias. Here we describe FunFrame, an R-based data-analysis pipeline that uses recently described algorithms to de-noise functional gene pyrosequences and performs ecological analysis on de-noised sequence data. The novelty of this pipeline is that it provides users a unified set of tools, adapted from disparate sources and designed for different applications, that can be used to examine a particular protein coding gene of interest. We evaluated FunFrame on functional genes from four PCR-amplified clones with sequence depths ranging from 9084 to 14494 sequences. FunFrame produced from one to nine Operational Taxanomic Units for each clone, resulting in an error rate ranging from 0 to 0.18%. Importantly, FunFrame reduced spurious diversity while retaining more sequences than a commonly used de-noising method that discards sequences with frameshift errors.

Availability: Software, documentation and a complete set of sample data files are available at http://faculty.www.umb.edu/jennifer.bowen/software/FunFrame.zip.

Contact:  Jennifer.Bowen@umb.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SRV: an open-source toolbox to accelerate the recovery of metabolic biomarkers and correlations from metabolic phenotyping datasets
Authors: Navratil Vincent , Pontoizeau Clément , Billoir Elise , Blaise Benjamin J.
Published: March 2013

Motivation: Supervised multivariate statistical analyses are often required to analyze the high-density spectral information in metabolic datasets acquired from complex mixtures in metabolic phenotyping studies. Here we present an implementation of the SRV—Statistical Recoupling of Variables—algorithm as an open-source Matlab and GNU Octave toolbox. SRV allows the identification of similarity between consecutive variables resulting from the high-resolution bucketing. Similar variables are gathered to restore the spectral dependency within the datasets and identify metabolic NMR signals. The correlation and significance of these new NMR variables for a given effect under study can then be measured and represented on a loading plot to allow a visual and efficient identification of candidate biomarkers. Further on, correlations between these candidate biomarkers can be visualized on a two-dimensional pseudospectrum, representing a correlation map, helping to understand the modifications of the underlying metabolic network.

Availability: SRV toolbox is encoded in MATLAB R2008A (Mathworks, Natick, MA) and in GNU Octave. It is available free of charge at http://www.prabi.fr/redmine/projects/srv/repository with a tutorial.

Contact:  benjamin.blaise@chu-lyon.fr or vincent.navratil@univ-lyon1.fr
Greek Slavery
Authors: Zelnick-Abramovitz Rachel
Published: March 2013

The earliest Greek texts known to us already attest to the existence of unfree labor. Despite being widespread and considered essential for the well-being of the dominant elite, even in Antiquity slavery in its various forms sparked debates, and writers speculated about its origins, nature, and justification. The theme gained new impetus in modern times with the transatlantic slave trade and later with the abolitionist movements. But even after slavery was formally abolished, the subject never ceased to engage the minds of historians, sociologists, archaeologists, and philosophers. Writing about slavery has always been affected by contemporary ideologies and their underlying values, as well as by historiographical trends. Thus, in the twentieth century, one of the central issues of debate was the question whether, as Marxists believed, slaves comprised an economic class, or, as Neo-Marxists and others have argued, slavery should rather be seen as a social status. In modern times, studies tended initially to be historical and general, but from the mid-twentieth century monographs on various aspects of slavery have been written by scholars from various disciplines. This article cannot cover all the thousands of publications on slavery or all the trends and approaches, but must be selective. It focuses on the main issues raised by the subject and is meant to provide tools to navigate through the vast scholarship in this area, but also to point to controversies. Some old publications are also cited because they echo the ideologies and concerns of their time. Here, “Greek slavery” means slavery in all areas of Greek settlement and culture, including Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt.
Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Kritsiotis Dino
Published: March 2013

This article begins with an assessment of the conceptual parameters of “humanitarian intervention” that occur and recur within the literature. It will be apparent that there are various meanings attached to the concept of humanitarian intervention, and that it is critical to understand what particular proposition authors are addressing when they invoke the term. The issue has become especially pronounced in view of the UN Security Council and its powers under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, by which, historically, humanitarian intervention has been treated as a “right” or entitlement of states to go to war (or, as would be said today, to threaten or use force) independent of any institutional authorization. This explains the itemization of humanitarian intervention under the classic rubric of the jus ad bellum. Once the various conceptual parameters have been canvassed, the historical treatments of humanitarian intervention shall be considered, taking on some of the iconic representations of humanitarian intervention in the literature; this is then followed by general works on the concept, setting it in the much more contemporary context of the Cold War, but also after the Cold War. Critical approaches have developed, too, and these shall be analyzed alongside the rather limited jurisprudence that has emerged on humanitarian intervention from the International Court of Justice. In the penultimate section, the main representations of humanitarian intervention after the Cold War are assessed, before the article concludes with a sense of the turn to regulation—the arguments and efforts that have been made to not only recognize a “right” of humanitarian intervention but to set down predicates for its exercise in practice.
Global Teams
Authors: Kirkman Bradley L. , Mistry Sal
Published: March 2013

Globalization continues to occupy headlines, and thus the minds of business professionals throughout the world. As a consequence of globalization, organizations have increasingly expanded the markets they serve while simultaneously relying on diverse labor pools to exceed both current and future customer needs. Accordingly, global teams (GTs) have proliferated, relying on the diverse talents within each of these teams to meet organizational goals of reaching overseas markets and to execute and implement complex business strategies. GTs, also called multinational work teams, are defined as a specific type of work team in which members come from two or more national or cultural backgrounds. While the definition we adopt for GTs does not necessarily imply that members are geographically distributed (i.e., working virtually), we do acknowledge that most of today’s GTs do work primarily virtually, and thus our review includes research both on GTs and on global virtual teams (GVTs).
Validity
Authors: Schmitt Neal
Published: March 2013

Validity in management research often refers to the use of tests or other selection devices (e.g., interviews, simulations, background data) to make employment or promotion decisions. In this context, validity refers to the accuracy of the inferences we draw from test scores. For example, a manager might infer from a person’s undergraduate GPA of 4.0 that he or she would perform well as a new design engineer. Or, we might infer that a high score on a word-processing exam would mean that an applicant would do well in some secretarial jobs. In contexts other than selection, the degree to which a measure provides appropriate inferences about some behavior also reflects concern about the validity of a measure. For example, we may be concerned with the measurement of commitment to an organization and what implications scores on the commitment measure relate to other aspects of organizational behavior. Validity also refers to the conclusions we draw from various research designs. In this bibliography, we first treat the validity of selection decisions and then, at the end of it, discuss the broader treatment of validity in experimental, quasi-experimental, and observational social science research.
Reporting Research Findings
Authors: Austin James T.
Published: March 2013

Not all research culminates in publication. This updated article surveys themes in reporting research findings for scholars and students. As context, consider that investigations of organizational phenomena require a series of choices that are cast here as craft. Choices span primary, secondary, and synthesis designs across qualitative and quantitative traditions. Primary research is the traditional design, measurement, and analysis of collected data, while secondary research involves reanalysis of existing data sets (obtained from peers or repositories), and research synthesis involves narrative or quantitative aggregation of studies. This distinction also holds for the qualitative mode. Reporting research findings is important for dissemination and for synthesis and evidence-based management (EBM). Primarily, the importance lies in dissemination across conferences, journals, books, and increasingly digital media. Understanding and replication by outside scholars depend on complete and accurate reporting; this centrality to the research craft commands a learning-development focus. Within a communications paradigm, individuals or teams create or send a persuasive message and the reader or listener receives (or may choose not to receive) the message. Persuasion is targeted via rhetoric across writing and graphics. Although oral and written forms of dissemination dominate, data repositories are emerging. Two additional reasons for importance pertain to the accumulation of knowledge. One is research synthesis. Structuring knowledge through synthesis uses the results of individual studies as data, and the audience is scientists. Narrative and quantitative reviews depend on the completeness and accuracy of reported findings. A related source of importance pertains to evidence-based management at the interface of research and practice—translation of research findings into practices and bundles of practices that can be used by managers. Given that practicing managers appear to rely on obsolete knowledge (aka “fads, fashions, and folderol” as used by Dunnette), proponents of evidence-based management advocate that firms consider the adoption of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Communicating clearly and establishing a context of implementation to assist practitioners are essential for EBM (in parallel to research synthesis, for an audience of practitioners). This article organizes a range of resources on writing and reviewing articles across the taxonomy above. For completeness, this article includes citations for scientific graphics (tables, charts, figures, etc.) organized around conceptualizations of graphics and related guidance, research on perception of scientific graphics, and recent developments in computing technology. Especially relevant are software routines for interactive graphics based on “grammars.” While this article draws on work in management studies (organizational behavior and human resources), it necessarily searches beyond traditional boundaries for relevant insights.
Global and Comparative Leadership
Authors: Von Glinow Mary Ann , Schneper William D.
Published: March 2013

The body of research related to global leadership is both vast and confounding. Some observers trace the field’s domain back thousands of years to the first rulers and military commanders with worldwide aspirations or to religious and spiritual figures such as Abraham, Laozi, Gautama Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad. Within the business context, the literature is considerably younger but still includes some of the earliest international management classics, such as Perlmutter 1969 (cited under Global Mindset) and Levitt 1983 (cited under Globalization). Despite the accomplishments of past research, critics contend that our understanding of global leadership has progressed too slowly. Joyce Osland, in Osland 2008 (cited under Developing Global Leaders and Ensuring Effectiveness), compares the state of the field to the earliest phases of domestic leadership scholarship. Indeed, the bulk of the literature remains conceptual, normative, and prescriptive. There is a scarcity of rigorous ethnographic work, and quantitative studies often focus more on measuring and comparing rather than developing and testing complex theory. Even the definition of global leadership is uncertain. This is partially due to the breadth and diversity of leadership research in general. As Ralph Stogdill noted as far back as 1974, “there are almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept” (Handbook of Leadership, New York: Free Press, p. 259). Hollenbeck 2009 (cited under Traditional Leadership Theories) finds global leadership to be “even more mysterious, with something about the term that beckons interested writers and researchers to offer their own definitions. There is a temptation to dance on the head of a definitional pin” (p. 5). In other words, the definition of global leadership depends on one’s personal inclinations and theoretical starting point. Global leadership means something different to managers and policymakers, as it does for scholars in organizational behavior, strategy, or psychology. To encompass such diverse perspectives, we define global leadership broadly as the capacity to bring about change and enhance organizational performance across national borders. This capacity in turn requires the skills and acumen to influence and energize employees, business partners, and other organizational stakeholders. Closely related and overlapping with the study of global leadership, the cross-country or comparative leadership field explores the similarities and differences in leadership traits and practices across countries, which helps explain the aspects of leadership that are generally universal across countries, or largely dependent upon the unique institutional and country context.
Identification of Eighteen Berberis Species as Alternate Hosts of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Virulence Variation in the Pathogen Isolates from Natural Infection of Barberry Plants in China
Authors: Zhao Jie , Wang Long , Wang Zhiyan , Chen Xianming , Zhang Hongchang , Yao Juanni , Zhan Gangming , Chen Wen , Huang Lili , Kang Zhensheng
Published: March 2013

The wheat stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) population in China has been reported to be a distinct genetic group with higher diversity than those in many other countries. Genetic recombination in the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population has been identified with molecular markers but whether sexual reproduction occurs in China is unknown. In this study, we surveyed barberry plants for infection by rust fungi in the stripe rust “hotspot” regions in Gansu, Sichuan, and Shaanxi provinces; collected barberry plants and inoculated plants of 20 Berberis spp. with germinated teliospores under controlled greenhouse conditions for susceptibility to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici; and tested P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates obtained from aecia on naturally infected barberry plants on the wheat genotypes used to differentiate Chinese P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races to determine virulence variations. Different Berberis spp. were widely distributed and most surveyed plants had pycnia and aecia of rust fungi throughout the surveyed regions. In total, 28 Berberis spp. were identified during our study. From 20 Berberis spp. tested with teliospores of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici from wheat plants, 18 species were susceptible under greenhouse conditions. Among 3,703 aecia sampled from barberry plants of three species (Berberis shensiana, B. brachypoda, and B. soulieana) under natural infections in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces, four produced P. striiformis f. sp. tritici uredinia on susceptible wheat ‘Mingxian 169’. Sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the four isolates from barberry shared 99% identity with the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. The four isolates had virulence patterns different from all previously reported races collected from wheat plants. Furthermore, 82 single-uredinium isolates obtained from the four barberry isolates had high virulence diversity rates of 9.0 to 28.1%, indicating that the diverse isolates were produced through sexual reproduction on barberry plants under natural conditions. In addition to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction products of the ITS regions and inoculation tests on wheat identified P. graminis (the stem rust pathogen). Our results indicated that P. striiformis f. sp. tritici can infect some Berberis spp. under natural conditions, and the sexual cycle of the fungus may contribute to the diversity of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in China.