bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ERP Adoption
Authors: Romero Jorge A.
Published: July 2014

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has been a major investment for most companies since the early nineties. ERP is a type of investment that has an integrated approach, and has been widely adopted, but there is little empirical evidence about how ERP implementation affects company performance. This chapter begins with the discussion of ERP investment and its role as a commodity or as a strategic investment. Then follows a discussion of an industry in which companies have invested enormous amounts of money on ERP. Finally, in spite of the growing dominance of ERP systems, there is still little empirical evidence on the type of benefits that companies get from an ERP implementation. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of ERP in cross-functional systems.
Design, Development, and Implementation of an ERP Security Course
Authors: Tsiakis Theodosios , Kargidis Theodoros
Published: July 2014

Contemporary organizations rely on ERP systems to implement their business processes. Moreover, there is a high demand from companies for ERP systems because it is an effective management system that optimizes productivity. It is important for next generation managers to understand what ERP systems are as well as the impacts for an organisation to implement an ERP system. This reliance on ERP indicates the importance of studying security issues and requirements in an ERP Environment. Information Security is both a theoretical and practical discipline and can vary from a technical aspect to the management aspect. Educational institutions must educate students to concepts, strategies, and tools that promote security of ERP systems so that after studying the certain course students understand technical, technological, management, and human security problems, identify and respond to information security challenges in ERP systems, evaluate and implement security solutions and tools to protect ERP systems against risks, and finally design information security policies, and evaluate and apply organizational security objectives. This chapter examines how universities and educational institutions are responding to current educational needs by integrating an enterprise resource planning (ERP) security course to current curriculum programs and propose a course framework.
Training Emergency Medicine Residents—the Skill of Endotracheal Intubation: Comparison of Human Cadavers vs Mannequins
Authors: Rothstein Josh , Gullo Jennifer , Cuningham Lee , Murphy Peter , Sochor Mark
Published: July 2014

Introduction and objectives

There are multiple approaches to teach residents the skill of endotracheal intubation, including classroom teaching, cadaveric specimens, and simulation mannequins. The hypothesis of our study is training in the technique of intubation is equally mastered (resident confidence and competency) in training on human cadavers or simulation mannequins.

Materials and methods

Emergency medicine interns were asked to voluntarily enroll in the study prior to the beginning of intern year and randomized into two groups. The first group practiced intubation using mannequins. The second group practiced intubation using human cadavers. Both groups were given the same brief introductory lecture on the basics of endotracheal intubation. One week later, all the interns returned and attempted to intubate cadavers and mannequins. Competency assessment was based on the number of successful intubations, number of attempts, and use of adjunctive techniques. Interns were also surveyed after their anesthesia rotation with a Likert scale on confidence of being able to perform intubation.

Results

The overall average number of attempts was 1.67 in the mannequin group and 1.85 in the cadaver group. Mannequin trained interns had a total of 24 poor techniques noted over the 2 years. The cadaver trained group had a total of 35 poor techniques over the 2 years. Adjunct use was nearly identical in the two groups. Intubation success rate during anesthesia rotation and preparation ratings were nearly identical in the two groups. However, the cadaver-trained group reported feeling slightly more confident.

Conclusion

Overall, mannequins require fewer attempts to intubate and being mannequin trained results in fewer attempts. Adjunct use is independent of training type. The mannequintrained group had less episodes of poor technique than the cadaver-trained group. A mannequin training appears to be equivalent or better than cadaveric training for securing an airway, although cadaver trained interns reported slightly more confidence.

How to cite this article

Rothstein J, Gullo J, Cuningham L, Murphy P, Sochor M. Training Emergency Medicine Residents— the Skill of Endotracheal Intubation: Comparison of Human Cadavers vs Mannequins. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):8-10.
Epidemiología Del Trauma en Dos Hospitales de Primer Nivel de Atención Del Suroccidente de Colombia. Reporte Preliminar Del Registro Internacional de Trauma de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma
Authors: Badiel Marisol , Tejada Jorge W , Aboutanos Michael , Pino Luis F , Mata Lina , Rubiano Jaime , Miñan-Arana Fernando D , Morales Mónica , Vernaza Cristina
Published: July 2014

Antecedentes

En Colombia las causas externas y violentas son la primera causa de muerte en menores de 44 años. El propósito de este estudio fue describir mecanismo, severidad y los desenlaces del trauma atendido en dos hospitales de tercer nivel del suroccidente colombiano.

Métodos

Entre Enero-2012 y Agosto-2012 se implementó el Registro Internacional de Trauma de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma (ITR-SPT) en dos hospitales civiles Nivel I en Cali, Colombia; uno de ellos de carácter público (PUB) y el otro privado (PRI). El ITR-SPT contiene información sociodemográfica, mecanismo del trauma, etiología, severidad según índice ISS (Injury Severity Score) y el estatus al egreso hospitalario.

Resultados

En el periodo de estudio se registraron 9.927 pacientes; edad promedio de 30 ± 20,2 anos, el 67% fueron hombres. Las tres primeras causas de consulta fueron: caidas (29,7%, n = 2952), heridas penetrantes (19,3%, n = 1916) y accidentes de transito (11,5%, n = 1,142). Segun la severidad del trauma, el 86,4% (n = 8575) ingresaron con ISS <9; el 8% (n = 793) con ISS 9 to 14, y el 5,6% con ISS .15 (PUB 8,6% vs PRI 3,6%). La mortalidad general fue 3,4% (n = 339) [PUB 6,6% (n = 268) vs PRI 1,2% (n = 71), p < 0,001].

Conclusión

En 7 meses, de medición ininterrumpida, en cerca de 10.000 pacientes, se identifica la tendencia real de la atención del trauma en hospitales de primer nivel. Las causas de consulta por trauma fueron similares en los dos hospitales. Parece ser más alta la mortalidad por el impacto de las heridas por armas de fuego en el hospital público luego del ajuste por severidad.

How to cite this article

Ordonez C, Rubiano J, Badiel M, Pino LF, Miñan-Arana FD, Tejada JW, Morales M, Puyana JC, Mata L, Aboutanos M, Vernaza C, Ivatury RR. Epidemiología Del Trauma en Dos Hospitales de Primer Nivel de Atención Del Suroccidente de Colombia. Reporte Preliminar Del Registro Internacional de Trauma de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1): 11-15.
Epidemiología de Lesiones Relacionadas con Colisiones de Vehículos Motorizados en dos Centros de Referencia del Suroccidente Colombiano. Reporte del Registro Internacional de Trauma de la Sociedad P
Authors: Badiel Marisol , Aboutanos Michael , Sánchez Álvaro I , Calle-Toro Juan Sebastian , Pino Luis
Published: July 2014

Introducción

Dado que las lesiones relacionadas con colisiones de vehículos motorizados son una causa de morbimortalidad prevenible y evitable, generan costos económicos y afectan calidad de vida, se justifica evaluar esta problemática en términos de resultados clínicos. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar la población de Cali con lesiones relacionadas con colisiones de vehículos motorizados que fueron atendidos en los servicios de urgencias de dos centros de alta complejidad de la ciudad.

Materiales y métodos

Estudio observacional descriptivo, utilizando un registro de trauma en dos hospitales de alta complejidad de Cali, Colombia.

Resultados

En un periodo de 8 meses 11889 atenciones secundarias a lesiones de causas externas intencionales y no intencionales fueron registradas. Del total de pacientes, 1395 (11,6%) tenían lesión de tránsito, y de estos el 86% (n = 1200) ingresaron con escala de severidad de trauma (ISS) <9. El 48,4% (n = 675) de las atenciones estuvieron relacionadas con el uso de motocicletas, e l 2 6,8% ( n = 3 74), c on u so de b icicletas y 1 0,3% ( n = 1 44) c on v ehículos l ivianos. E l mecanismo de trauma contuso fue el más observado (93,5%, n = 1304). Estratificando los hallazgos por grupos de edad, que la motocicleta es el vehículo más relacionado, excepto en el grupo de edad de 5-14 años. Del total de pacientes, 777 (55,7%) fueron hospitalizados y de ellos 114 (14,7%) requirieron unidad de cuidado intensivo. La mortalidad global fue de 2,7% (53 pacientes).

Conclusiones

En Cali, las personas que sufren más frecuentemente lesiones relacionadas con colisiones de vehículos motorizados son hombres jóvenes, económicamente activos, que usan motocicleta como medio de transporte, con sospecha de ingesta alcohol. Esperamos contribuir con próximas medidas y estudios.

How to cite this article

Calle-Toro JS, Ordonez C, Sánchez ÁI, Sanjuan J, Badiel M, Pino L, Ivatury RR, Aboutanos M. Epidemiología de Lesiones Relacionadas con Colisiones de Vehículos Motorizados en dos Centros de Referencia del Suroccidente Colombiano. Reporte del Registro Internacional de Trauma de la Sociedad P. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):16-22.
Trends in Neurosurgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury in Colombia
Authors: Puyana Juan Carlos , Moscote Luis Rafael , Lugo Claudia Marcela Restrepo , Castellar Sandra , Alcala Gabriel , Rubiano Andres Mariano
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health problem with higher impact in low and middle income countries. Surgical management of TBI in Colombia is a common intervention performed by neurosurgeons but there is little knowledge about their preferences and trends during the care.

Materials and methods

We designed a 19 questions survey based on previous studies in high income settings. Through the Colombian Association of Neurosurgery website contact list, we submit the survey to 324 registered neurosurgeons. Statistical analysis was performed using frequencies of nominal and quantitative data.

Results

The response number was 47 (14.8%). Around 97.8% were males and 66% have more than 5 years in practice. Thirty percent operate between 50 and 100 cases of TBI and 65.9% work in at least two facilities. The 95.74% consider that trauma surgery is not well paid by the system. Only 12.5% of the neurosurgeons are more devoted to neurotrauma and 20.8% are practicing more spine surgery. The 36.1% will choose not to do trauma neurosurgery if they have the opportunity. Resources for emergency craniotomies in their facilities were considered adequate by 93.6% of the responders.

Conclusion

Caring for patients with neurotrauma is not an attractive option for some practicing neurosurgeons in Colombia. Traumatic brain injury cases are frequent in daily practice but some neurosurgeons prefer not to do trauma surgery if they have the option. Institutions have basic resources to perform trauma neurosurgery but the surgery is not well paid by the health system according to the neurosurgeons perspective.

How to cite this article

Moscote LR, Lugo CMR, Castellar S, Alcala G, Puyana JC, Rubiano AM. Trends in Neurosurgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury in Colombia. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):23-28.
The Burden of Trauma in Kosova: A Post Card Report from Prishtina
Authors: Latifi Rifat , Mora Fransisco , Lenjani Basri , Osmani Kalterina L , Beqiri Lirije , Hoxha Zana , Hajdari Fatmir
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Kosova, an independent country since 2008 in Southern Europe, has experienced increased urbanization and development. Despite this young country's advances, its healthcare infrastructure has progressed at a much slower rate and limitations are particularly notable in trauma care. This combination has made trauma a major public health issue in Kosova. The University Clinic Center of Kosova (UCCK) in Prishtina is the only tertiary center that serves the entire country.

Materials and methods

A retrospective review of data collected from a combination of local sources, as there is no one agency or department that has all the data. These sources include: (1) the emergency department (ED) of UCCK (data from 2007-2012), admissions hospital data from UCCK (2004- 2009), and motor vehicle collisions (MVC) data provided by the Prishtina police department (2008-2012). However, the main source of patients data analyzed in this study was provided from the ED. Throughout this study rate calculations are based on the population of Prishtina (198,330 inhabitants as reported in the last national census).

Results

Twenty-four thousand one hundred and ninety-nine trauma patients were treated at UCCK ED between 2007 and 2012, of which 93.5% were blunt trauma and 6.3% penetrating trauma. There were 285 fatalities with a mortality rate varying between 16.6 and 37.3 for 100,000 inhabitants. UCCK in-patient data from 2004 to 2009 reported 193 fatalities due to MVC, with a mortality rate between 10.08 and 23.1 per 100,000 inhabitants. Prishtina police reported 214 MVC-related deaths on the streets of Prishtina, with a mortality injury rate between 16.13 and 27.22 per 100,000 inhabitants from 2008 to 2012. However, combined mortality data for 2009 yields an MVC mortality rate of 61 per 100,000 inhabitants, the highest in the world.

Conclusion

Trauma burden remains a substantial public problem in Kosova, and needs to be addressed acutely. Furthermore, there is urgent need for a nationwide trauma registry, in order for policymakers to be able to recognize the gravity of the situation and to design and implement appropriate interventions and allocate already limited funding.

How to cite this article

Mora F, Lenjani B, Osmani KL, Beqiri L, Hoxha Z, Hajdari F, Latifi R. The Burden of Trauma in Kosova: A Post Card Report from Prishtina. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):29-32.
Unusual Occurrence of Inguinal Hernia in Raw Area Postdebridement for Fournier Gangrene
Authors: Patel Rajesh , Paryani Jeetendar , Rathod Gunvant , Makwana Rakesh , Gadani Ravi
Published: July 2014

Fournier gangrene (FG) is an idiopathic spreading necrosis of the scrotum surrounding perineum which may even spread to anterior abdominal wall. The development and fast progression of gangrene can rapidly cause multiple organ failure and death. Because of potential complications, it is important to diagnose the disease process as early as possible.

Management of the condition includes initial resuscitation, combined with broad spectrum intravenous (IV) antibiotics and aggressive debridement, followed by dressing and local management. Once the bed of the wound is prepared, the wound may be covered with split thickness grafts or testicular repositions.

Fournier gangrene is rare but life-threatening disease. Nonetheless, occurrence of another surgically correctable emergency in the same patient can complicate the course of disease and alter the management strategy. The identification and management of such a condition in an open wound pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

Here, we would like to describe the case, we encountered in our ward (Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad), which developed hernia postdebridement for FG. It presented as swelling in the raw area. The diagnosis was confirmed by investigations and managed with herniorrhaphy as the wound was contaminated. Daily dressing was continued for the raw area. The raw area developed healthy granulation tissue and there were no complications related to hernia surgery during the postoperative course. Patient then underwent testis reposition in the thigh pouch as well as coverage of raw area with split thickness graft. The uptake was healthy, and patient was discharged without any complication.

How to cite this article

Paryani J, Rathod G, Makwana R, Gadani R, Patel R. Unusual Occurrence of Inguinal Hernia in Raw Area Postdebridement for Fournier Gangrene. J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):33-36.
Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Abdominal Wall in a Patient with Diverticulitis
Authors: Shah Shinil K , Walker Peter A , Jacquez Ricardo A , Fischer Uwe M , Yaakovian Michael D
Published: July 2014

Intra-abdominal infections, such as diverticulitis causing necrotizing fasciitis of the abdominal wall or extremities, are extremely rare and carry a high mortality rate. We present the case of a 52-year-old man with multiple medical comorbidities and diverticulitis who presented to our service with necrotizing fasciitis of the left lateral and posterior abdominal wall. The relevant literature is discussed.

How to cite this article

Jacquez RA, Fischer UM, Yaakovian MD, Walker PA, Shah SK. Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Abdominal Wall in a Patient with Diverticulitis. J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):37-38.
Pneumoperitoneum Secondary to Emphysematous Cholecystitis: An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Singh Shailender , Surendra KL
Published: July 2014

We herein report a case of emphysematous cholecystitis (EC) causing pneumoperitoneum with gross ascites, which is a very rare entity. A 64-year-old diabetic man was admitted with diffuse abdominal pain, abdominal distension and fever of 1 week duration. On examination, patient was febrile (38.7oC) and abdominal guarding noted. Laboratory investigations revealed total leukocyte count of 16000/ƒÊl with 90% neutrophils, total bilirubin level of 2 mg/dl (direct 0.60 mg/dl). In erect X-ray abdomen, there was no significant finding. Ultrasonography (USG) abdomen showed cholelithiasis with thickened edematous gallbladder (GB) wall and few reflective echoes in GB fossa. Computed tomography (CT) axial sections revealed the presence of small stones in the gallbladder neck and small amount of intraluminal as well as intramural air. Tiny pockets of free intraperitoneal air was also noted. On intravenous (IV) contrast, there was minimal wall enhancement. Preoperative diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis with pneumoperitoneum was made and the same was confirmed in the intraoperative findings. Patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy with cholecystectomy and was given required medical management, the postoperative course was uneventful.

How to cite this article

Singh S, Surendra KL. Pneumoperitoneum Secondary to Emphysematous Cholecystitis: An Unusual Presentation. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2014;3(1):39-41.
An Analysis of the Value Chain for Indigenous Chickens in Zambia’s Lusaka and Central Provinces
Authors: Bwalya Richard , Kalinda Thomson
Published: July 2014

Despite the enormous potential that indigenous chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) have for sustaining livelihoods, their production and marketing has been mostly neglected resulting in the sub-sector being highly underdeveloped with poor linkages between producers and consumers. The main objective of this study was to map and analyze the value chain for indigenous chickens in Lusaka and Central Provinces of Zambia. The study also analyzes the value added and the associated costs in the chain. Findings show that although almost all (99 percent) of smallholder households keep indigenous poultry, productivity and production is very low leading to low and unplanned sales. Low production is due to high mortality of indigenous chickens mainly as a result of limited producer knowledge of methods of disease prevention and breeding practices. The absence of processing along the value chain means that chickens are sold live (in open markets) and consequently cannot be retailed through formal channels like supermarkets leading to exclusion of potential middle and high income consumers. Although the value chain for indigenous chicken shows positive gross margins for all the players along the chain, there is need to address the various constraints affecting the value chain in order to improve the operation of the chain and hence lead to increased incomes for the value chain actors and at the same time ensuring cheap delivery of indigenous chicken in a more convenient form and in formal outlets.
A Model of Market Positioning Based on Value Creation and Service Quality in the Lodging Industry: An Empirical Application of Online Customer Reviews
Authors: Díaz Manuel Rodríguez , Rodríguez Tomás F. E spino , Díaz Rosa Rodríguez
Published: July 2014

The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology to analyse and position tourism firms based on the value creation concept. An empirical study was carried out using customer evaluations of lodging companies available on the website of Booking.com . Based on this information, three new variables were created to analyse the competitive positioning of firms in a specific tourism destination: ‘quality’, ‘value’ and ‘added value’; and a measurement method was proposed. The result is a manageable methodology that can be used by practitioners and researchers to analyse the lodging market and companies' positioning. The findings show that value is a subjective concept that depends on customers' expectations. Finally, the methodology was implemented in a specific case to show its capacity to analyse market positioning.
USPTO Guidance On Patentable Subject Matter: Impediment to Biotech Innovation?
Authors: Brougher Joanna T. , Fazzolare David A.
Published: July 2014

In June 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision upending more than three decades worth of established patent practice when it ruled that isolated gene sequences are no longer patentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. Section 101.While many practitioners in the field believed that the USPTO would interpret the decision narrowly, the USPTO actually expanded the scope of the decision when it issued its guidelines for determining whether an invention satisfies Section 101. The guidelines were met with intense backlash with many arguing that they unnecessarily expanded the scope of the Supreme Court cases in a way that could unduly restrict the scope of patentable subject matter, weaken the U.S. patent system, and create a disincentive to innovation. By undermining patentable subject matter in this way, the guidelines may end up harming not only the companies that patent medical innovations, but also the patients who need medical care.Â  This article examines the guidelines and their impact on various technologies.
The carbon budget in the northern Adriatic Sea, a winter case study
Authors: Catalano G. , Azzaro M. , Bastianini M. , Bellucci L. G. , Bernardi Aubry F. , Bianchi F. , Burca M. , Cantoni C. , Caruso G. , Casotti R. , Cozzi S. , Del Negro P. , Fonda Umani S. , Giani M. , Giuliani S. , Kovacevic V. , La Ferla R. , Langone L. , Luchetta A. , Monticelli L. S. , Piacentino S. , Pugnetti A. , Ravaioli M. , Socal G. , Spagnoli F. , Ursella L.
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a winter carbon budget for the northern Adriatic Sea, obtained through direct measurements during two multidisciplinary cruises and literature data. A box model approach was adopted to integrate estimates of stocks and fluxes of carbon species over the total area. The oligotrophy at the basin scale and the start of primary productivity well before the onset of spring stratification were observed. In winter, the system underwent a complete reset, as the mixing of water masses erased any signal of previous hypoxia or anoxia episodes. The northern Adriatic Sea was phosphorus depleted with respect to C and N availability. This fact confirms the importance of mixing with deep‐sea water for P supply to biological processes on the whole. Despite the abundant prokaryotic biomass, the microbial food web was less efficient in organic C production than phytoplankton. In the upper layer, the carbon produced by primary production exceeded the fraction respired by planktonic community smaller than 200 µm. On the contrary, respiration processes prevailed in the water column below the pycnocline. The carbon budget also proved that the northern Adriatic Sea can be an effective sink for atmospheric CO2 throughout the entire winter season.
Modeling hydrologic and ecologic responses using a new eco‐hydrological model for identification of droughts
Authors: Sawada Yohei , Koike Toshio , Jaranilla‐Sanchez Patricia Ann
Published: July 2014

Drought severely damages water and agricultural resources, and both hydrological and ecological responses are important for its understanding. First, precipitation deficit induces soil moisture deficiency and high plant water stress causing agricultural droughts. Second, hydrological drought characterized by deficit of river discharge and groundwater follows agricultural drought. However, contributions of vegetation dynamics to these processes at basin scale have not been quantified. To address this issue, we develop an eco‐hydrological model that can calculate river discharge, groundwater, energy flux, and vegetation dynamics as diagnostic variables at basin scale within a distributed hydrological modeling framework. The model is applied to drought analysis in the Medjerda River basin. From model inputs and outputs, we calculate drought indices for different drought types. The model shows reliable accuracy in reproducing observed river discharge in long‐term (19 year) simulation. Moreover, the drought index calculated from the model‐estimated annual peak of leaf area index correlates well (correlation coefficient r = 0.89) with the drought index from nationwide annual crop production, which demonstrates that the modeled leaf area index is capable of representing agricultural droughts related to historical food shortages. We show that vegetation dynamics have a more rapid response to meteorological droughts than river discharge and groundwater dynamics in the Medjerda basin because vegetation dynamics are sensitive to soil moisture in surface layers, whereas soil moisture in deeper layers strongly contributes to streamflow and groundwater level. Our modeling framework can contribute to analyze drought progress, although analyses for other climate conditions are needed.
Environmental determinants of tropical forest and savanna distribution: A quantitative model evaluation and its implication
Authors: Zeng Zhenzhong , Chen Anping , Piao Shilong , Rabin Sam , Shen Zehao
Published: July 2014

The distributions of tropical ecosystems are rapidly being altered by climate change and anthropogenic activities. One possible trend—the loss of tropical forests and replacement by savannas—could result in significant shifts in ecosystem services and biodiversity loss. However, the influence and the relative importance of environmental factors in regulating the distribution of tropical forest and savanna biomes are still poorly understood, which makes it difficult to predict future tropical forest and savanna distributions in the context of climate change. Here we use boosted regression trees to quantitatively evaluate the importance of environmental predictors—mainly climatic, edaphic, and fire factors—for the tropical forest‐savanna distribution at a mesoscale across the tropics (between 15°N and 35°S). Our results demonstrate that climate alone can explain most of the distribution of tropical forest and savanna at the scale considered; dry season average precipitation is the single most important determinant across tropical Asia‐Australia, Africa, and South America. Given the strong tendency of increased seasonality and decreased dry season precipitation predicted by global climate models, we estimate that about 28% of what is now tropical forest would likely be lost to savanna by the late 21st century under the future scenario considered. This study highlights the importance of climate seasonality and interannual variability in predicting the distribution of tropical forest and savanna, supporting the climate as the primary driver in the savanna biogeography.
Tungsten (W) Laminate Pipes for Innovative High Temperature Energy Conversion Systems
Authors: Reiser Jens , Rieth Michael , Möslang Anton , Greuner Henri , Armstrong David E. J. , Denk Thorsten , Gräning Tim , Hering Wolfgang , Hoffmann Andreas , Hoffmann Jan , Leiste Harald , Mrotzek Tobias , Pippan Reinhard , Schulmeyer Werner , Weingärtner Tobias , Zabernig Anton
Published: July 2014

The aim of this paper is to present the mechanical properties of tungsten laminate pipes made of tungsten foil and to discuss their use in innovative high temperature energy conversion systems. Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point of all metals and would therefore be an excellent fit for high temperature applications. But tungsten has one major drawback which is its low fracture toughness at room temperature (RT) or its high brittle‐to‐ductile transition temperature (BDTT). However, one of the extraordinary properties of tungsten is that by cold working the BDTT can be shifted to lower temperatures. At the extreme, these results in a tungsten foil with a BDTT below −120 °C combined with an RT fracture toughness of 70 MPa m1/2. By rolling up and joining a tungsten foil, tungsten laminate pipes can be synthesized that can dissipate at least 20 J in a Charpy impact test at RT and survive a burst test at RT at 1000 bar without any residual damage. The technical maturity of these W laminate pipes is approved by high heat flux tests performed at the Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain, as well as at the Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics, Garching, Germany.
Protease‐Activatable Hybrid Nanoprobe for Tumor Imaging
Authors: Wang Yaping , Jiang Yifan , Zhang Meng , Tan Jiao , Liang Jianming , Wang Huixin , Li Yaping , He Huining , Yang Victor C. , Huang Yongzhuo
Published: July 2014

Tumor‐associated proteases (TAPs), such as legumain, are actively involved in cancer progression; they have been used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and drug targeting. As a result, in‐vivo detection and trafficking of TAPs have attracted a great deal of attention. TAP‐specific probes for in‐vivo imaging, however, remain rare. A TAP‐responsive hybrid nanoprobe system based on quantum dots (QD) and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect is presented for the detection of legumain (asparaginyl endopeptidase), which is overexpressed in many tumors. A novel hybrid construction method is developed for fabricating the nanoprobe, by which the strong heparin–protamine affinity is used for conjugation. The hybrid comprises two components: 1) low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LH)‐modified QD, and 2) low‐molecular‐weight protamine (LMWP)‐conjugated fluorescence quencher QSY21, through a legumain‐cleavable linker. The hybrid nanoprobe (i.e., a FRET system) is self‐assembled via the LH–LMWP affinity. The linker between LMWP and QSY21 is selectively cleaved by legumain, leading to QSY21 detachment and fluorescence recovery in the tumor. In‐vivo imaging is successfully achieved in the colon tumor mouse model. Importantly, such a hybrid nanoprobe system is adaptable for the detection of other TAPs (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase ‐2) by using an established, corresponding substrate–peptide linker, thereby offering a universal platform for TAP detection and tumor imaging.
Whole ARX gene duplication is compatible with normal intellectual development
Authors: Popovici Cornel , Busa Tiffany , Boute Odile , Thuresson Ann‐Charlotte , Perret Odile , Sigaudy Sabine , Södergren Tommy , Andrieux Joris , Moncla Anne , Philip Nicole
Published: July 2014

We report here on four males from three families carrying de novo or inherited small Xp22.13 duplications including the ARX gene detected by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). Two of these males had normal intelligence. Our report suggests that, unlike other XLMR genes like MECP2 and FMR1, the presence of an extra copy of the ARX gene may not be sufficient to perturb its developmental functions. ARX duplication does not inevitably have detrimental effects on brain development, in contrast with the effects of ARX haploinsufficiency. The abnormal phenotype ascribed to the presence of an extra copy in some male patients may have resulted from the effect of another, not yet identified, chromosomal or molecular anomaly, alone or in association with ARX duplication. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Insulating and cooling effects of nasal endoscope sheaths and irrigation
Authors: Craig John , Goyal Parul
Published: July 2014

Background

Heat generated at the tips of nasal endoscopes have been shown to reach temperatures high enough to cause thermal tissue injury. Endoscope sheaths have the potential to minimize the risk of thermal tissue injury. The purpose of this study was to assess the abilities of plastic and metal endoscope sheaths and sheath irrigation to insulate against dangerous scope tip temperatures.

Methods

A 4‐mm 0‐degree rigid nasal endoscope was used with light‐emitting diode (LED) and xenon light sources (400‐W LED, 300‐W, and 175‐W xenon) to assess scope tip temperature before and after endoscope sheath placement. Temperatures were assessed again after placement of each sheath, both before and after active saline irrigation. Scope tip temperature was measured using a noncontact infrared thermometer.

Results

The unsheathed rigid scope tip reached a maximal temperature after 10 minutes at 100% light source intensity. The 400‐W LED and 300‐W xenon sources generated potentially dangerous scope tip temperatures exceeding 42°C, whereas the 175‐W xenon source never generated a maximal temperature over 32.6°C. After placement of plastic and metal sheaths, mean scope tip temperatures were decreased by 2°C (4.8%) and 2.2°C (5.5%), respectively. After active saline irrigation, mean scope tip temperatures were decreased by 5.1°C (12.6%) and 5.2°C (12.8%), respectively.

Conclusion

With modern light sources, nasal endoscopes have the potential to reach temperatures that may cause thermal tissue injury. Endoscope sheaths lead to decreases in scope temperatures, and the effect is greater with active irrigation. In addition to improving visualization, endoscope sheaths may decrease the risk of thermal tissue injury.
An All‐Halogen Bonding Rotaxane for Selective Sensing of Halides in Aqueous Media
Authors: Mullaney Benjamin R. , Thompson Amber L. , Beer Paul D.
Published: July 2014

The synthesis and anion binding properties of the first rotaxane host system to bind and sense anions purely through halogen bonding, is described. Through a combination of polarized iodotriazole and iodotriazolium halogen bond donors, a three‐dimensional cavity is created for anion binding. This rotaxane incorporates a luminescent rhenium(I) bipyridyl metal sensor motif within the macrocycle component, thus enabling optical study of the anion binding properties. The rotaxane topology was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis, demonstrating halogen bonding between the electrophilic iodine atoms and chloride anions. In 50 % H2O/CH3CN solvent mixtures the rotaxane host exhibits strong binding affinity and selectivity for chloride, bromide, and iodide over a range of oxoanions.
Three‐Dimensional Scaffolds of Carbonized Polyacrylonitrile for Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Ryu Seungmi , Lee Choonghyeon , Park Jooyeon , Lee Jun Seop , Kang Seokyung , Seo Young Deok , Jang Jyongsik , Kim Byung‐Soo
Published: July 2014

Carbon‐based materials have been extensively studied for stem cell culture. However, difficulties associated with engineering pure carbon materials into 3D scaffolds have hampered applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Carbonized polyacrylonitrile (cPAN) could be a promising alternative, as cPAN is a highly ordered carbon isomorph that resembles the graphitic structure and can be easily processed into 3D scaffolds. Despite the notable features of cPAN, application of cPAN in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have not been explored. This study, for the first time, demonstrates the fabrication of microporous 3D scaffolds of cPAN and excellent osteoinductivity of cPAN, suggesting utility of 3D cPAN scaffolds as synthetic bone graft materials. The combination of excellent processability and unique bioactive properties of cPAN may lead to future applications in orthopedic regenerative medicine.
N‐Trifluoromethylthiosaccharin: An Easily Accessible, Shelf‐Stable, Broadly Applicable Trifluoromethylthiolating Reagent
Authors: Xu Chunfa , Ma Bingqing , Shen Qilong
Published: July 2014

A new, electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent, N‐trifluoromethylthiosaccharin, was developed and can be synthesized in two steps from saccharin within 30 minutes. N‐trifluoromethylthiosaccharin is a powerful trifluoromethylthiolating reagent and allows the trifluoromethylthiolation of a variety of nucleophiles such as alcohols, amines, thiols, electron‐rich arenes, aldehydes, ketones, acyclic β‐ketoesters, and alkynes under mild reaction conditions.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Sulfides with Anilines
Authors: Sugahara Tomohiro , Murakami Kei , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: July 2014

A combination of a palladium–NHC catalyst and potassium hexamethyldisilazide enables the amination of aryl sulfides with anilines to afford a wide variety of diarylamines. The reaction conditions are versatile enough for the reaction of even bulky ortho‐substituted aryl sulfides. This amination can be applied to the modular synthesis of N‐aryl carbazoles from the corresponding ortho‐bromothioanisoles. As aryl sulfoxides undergo extended Pummerer reactions to afford ortho‐substituted aryl sulfides, the Pummerer products are thus useful substrates for the amination to culminate in efficient syntheses of a 2‐anilinobenzothiophene and an indole as proof‐of‐principle of the utility of the extended Pummerer reaction/amination cascade.
Membrane Deformation by Neolectins with Engineered Glycolipid Binding Sites
Authors: Arnaud Julie , Tröndle Kevin , Claudinon Julie , Audfray Aymeric , Varrot Annabelle , Römer Winfried , Imberty Anne
Published: July 2014

Lectins are glycan‐binding proteins that are involved in the recognition of glycoconjugates at the cell surface. When binding to glycolipids, multivalent lectins can affect their distribution and alter membrane shapes. Neolectins have now been designed with controlled number and position of binding sites to decipher the role of multivalency on avidity to a glycosylated surface and on membrane dynamics of glycolipids. A monomeric hexavalent neolectin has been first engineered from a trimeric hexavalent bacterial lectin, From this neolectin template, 13 different neolectins with a valency ranging from 0 to 6 were designed, produced, and analyzed for their ability to bind fucose in solution, to attach to a glycosylated surface and to invaginate glycolipid‐containing giant liposomes. Whereas the avidity only depends on the presence of at least two binding sites, the ability to bend and invaginate membranes critically depends on the distance between two adjacent binding sites.
Selection of DNA‐Encoded Small Molecule Libraries Against Unmodified and Non‐Immobilized Protein Targets
Authors: Zhao Peng , Chen Zitian , Li Yizhou , Sun Dawei , Gao Yuan , Huang Yanyi , Li Xiaoyu
Published: July 2014

The selection of DNA‐encoded libraries against biological targets has become an important discovery method in chemical biology and drug discovery, but the requirement of modified and immobilized targets remains a significant disadvantage. With a terminal protection strategy and ligand‐induced photo‐crosslinking, we show that iterated selections of DNA‐encoded libraries can be realized with unmodified and non‐immobilized protein targets.
Total Synthesis of Gracilamine
Authors: Shi Yingbo , Yang Baochao , Cai Shujun , Gao Shuanhu
Published: July 2014

The total synthesis of gracilamine, a pentacyclic Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, was achieved from simple building blocks. The synthesis features a mild photo‐Nazarov reaction, intramolecular 1,4‐addition, and an intramolecular Mannich reaction. This approach not only confirms the C6 stereochemistry of natural gracilamine, and also provides a novel solution to prepare its derivatives and structurally related natural products.
Practical Aerobic Oxidations of Alcohols and Amines with Homogeneous Copper/TEMPO and Related Catalyst Systems
Authors: Ryland Bradford L. , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: July 2014

Oxidations of alcohols and amines are common reactions in the synthesis of organic molecules in the laboratory and industry. Aerobic oxidation methods have long been sought for these transformations, but few practical methods exist that offer advantages over traditional oxidation methods. Recently developed homogeneous Cu/TEMPO (TEMPO=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl) and related catalyst systems appear to fill this void. The reactions exhibit high levels of chemoselectivity and broad functional‐group tolerance, and they often operate efficiently at room temperature with ambient air as the oxidant. These advances, together with their historical context and recent applications, are highlighted in this Minireview.
A Cyclization–Rearrangement Cascade for the Synthesis of Structurally Complex Chiral Gold(I)–Aminocarbene Complexes
Authors: Kolundžić Filip , Murali Annamalai , Pérez‐Galán Patricia , Bauer Jonathan O. , Strohmann Carsten , Kumar Kamal , Waldmann Herbert
Published: July 2014

A facile synthesis of chiral cyclic alkyl aminocarbene–gold(I) complexes from gold‐free 1,7‐enyne substrates was developed. The novel cyclization–rearrangement reaction sequence is triggered by the addition of (Me2S)AuCl to different 1,7‐enynes and leads to structurally unique carbene–gold(I) complexes in high yields. These novel complexes are catalytically active and inhibit the proliferation of different human cancer cell lines.
Nanoparticle Growth in Supported Nickel Catalysts during Methanation Reaction—Larger is Better
Authors: Munnik Peter , Velthoen Marjolein E. Z. , de Jongh Petra E. , de Jong Krijn P. , Gommes Cedric J.
Published: July 2014

A major cause of supported metal catalyst deactivation is particle growth by Ostwald ripening. Nickel catalysts, used in the methanation reaction, may suffer greatly from this through the formation of [Ni(CO)4]. By analyzing catalysts with various particle sizes and spatial distributions, the interparticle distance was found to have little effect on the stability, because formation and decomposition of nickel carbonyl rather than diffusion was rate limiting. Small particles (3–4 nm) were found to grow very large (20–200 nm), involving local destruction of the support, which was detrimental to the catalyst stability. However, medium sized particles (8 nm) remained confined by the pores of the support displaying enhanced stability, and an activity 3 times higher than initially small particles after 150 h. Physical modeling suggests that the higher [Ni(CO)4] supersaturation in catalysts with smaller particles enabled them to overcome the mechanical resistance of the support. Understanding the interplay of particle size and support properties related to the stability of nanoparticles offers the prospect of novel strategies to develop more stable nanostructured materials, also for applications beyond catalysis.
Rationalization of an Unusual Solvent‐Induced Inversion of Enantiomeric Excess in Organocatalytic Selenylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Burés Jordi , Dingwall Paul , Armstrong Alan , Blackmond Donna G.
Published: July 2014

An unusual solvent‐induced inversion of the sense of enantioselectivity observed in the α‐selenylation of aldehydes catalyzed by a diphenylprolinol silyl ether catalyst is correlated to the presence of intermediates formed subsequent to the highly selective CSe bond‐forming step in the catalytic cycle. This work provides support for a mechanistic concept for enamine catalysis and includes a general role for “downstream intermediates” in selectivity outcomes in organocatalysis.
Synthesis of (±)‐Tetrapetalone A‐Me Aglycon
Authors: Carlsen Peter N. , Mann Tyler J. , Hoveyda Amir H. , Frontier Alison J.
Published: July 2014

The first synthesis of (±)‐tetrapetalone A‐Me aglycon is described. Key bond‐forming reactions include Nazarov cyclization, a ring‐closing metathesis promoted with complete diastereoselectivity by a chiral molybdenum‐based complex, tandem conjugate reduction/intramolecular aldol cyclization, and oxidative dearomatization.
Enantioselective Assembly of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex into a Double Helix
Authors: Van Hecke Kristof , Cardinaels Thomas , Nockemann Peter , Jacobs Jeroen , Vanpraet Louis , Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. , Van Deun Rik , Binnemans Koen , Van Meervelt Luc
Published: July 2014

Evolution can increase the complexity of matter by self‐organization into helical architectures, the best example being the DNA double helix. One common aspect, apparently shared by most of these architectures, is the presence of covalent bonds within the helix backbone. Here, we report the unprecedented crystal structures of a metal complex that self‐organizes into a continuous double helical structure, assembled by non‐covalent building blocks. Built up solely by weak stacking interactions, this alternating tread stairs‐like double helical assembly mimics the DNA double helix structure. Starting from a racemic mixture in aqueous solution, the ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex forms two polymorphic structures of a left‐handed double helical assembly of only the Λ‐enantiomer. The stacking of the helices is different in both polymorphs: a crossed woodpile structure versus a parallel columnar stacking.
Enzymetically Regulating the Self‐Healing of Protein Hydrogels with High Healing Efficiency
Authors: Gao Yuzhou , Luo Quan , Qiao Shanpeng , Wang Liang , Dong Zeyuan , Xu Jiayun , Liu Junqiu
Published: July 2014

Enzyme‐mediated self‐healing of dynamic covalent bond‐driven protein hydrogels was realized by the synergy of two enzymes, glucose oxidase (GOX) and catalase (CAT). The reversible covalent attachment of glutaraldehyde to lysine residues of GOX, CAT, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) led to the formation and functionalization of the self‐healing protein hydrogel system. The enzyme‐mediated protein hydrogels exhibit excellent self‐healing properties with 100 % recovery. The self‐healing process was reversible and effective with an external glucose stimulus at room temperature.
Syntheses, Structures, and Reactivities of Two Chalcogen‐Stabilized Carbones
Authors: Morosaki Tomohito , Suzuki Tsubasa , Wang Wei‐Wei , Nagase Shigeru , Fujii Takayoshi
Published: July 2014

Electronic effects on the central carbon atom of carbone, generated by the replacement of the SIV ligand of carbodisulfane (CDS) with other chalcogen ligands (Ph2E, E=S or Se), were investigated. The carbones Ph2E→C←SPh2(NMe) [E=S(1) or Se(2)] were synthesized from the corresponding salts, and their molecular structures and electronic properties were characterized. The carbone 2 is the first carbone containing selenium as the coordinated atom. DFT calculations revealed the electronic structures of 1 and 2, which have two lone pairs of electrons at the carbon center. The trend in HOMO energy levels, estimated by cyclic voltammetry measurements, for the carbones and CDS follows the order of 2>1>CDS. Analysis of a doubly protonated dication and trication complex revealed that the central carbon atom of 2 behaves as a four‐electron donor.