bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tampa Bay Sporting Goods Inc. Case
Authors: Krause Michael J.
Published: March 2016

Providing accounting services is a business. Since business functions in a world of competition and opportunities, accountants must be willing to compete and to seize opportunities. Wrapped around a traditional core of year-end accrual accounting issues and procedures, Tampa Bay Sporting Goods Inc. case makes students experience accounting as a people business. Accounting firm partners compete for clients. Staff accountants compete to get noticed by partners. When a retail business booms so rapidly that it outgrows current accounting services, an opportunity exists for an aggressive accounting firm to prove the value that it can provide to its clients. Accounting firms must foster professional relationships both at the management and staff levels of a client's business in order to deliver successfully its services. And as the firm prospers so does the individual professional who facilitated the accomplishment. As a result of this dynamic, tasks such as preparing adjusting entries and relevant financial statements take on a new importance and urgency.
The Impact Of Consolidation And Strategic Considerations In The Motorcoach Industry
Authors: Ready Kathryn J.
Published: March 2016

Little has been written about the motorcoach industry, an industry that is largely comprised of small family-run businesses, and an industry that has witnessed a changed competitive environment during the late 1990s and early 2000s due to the impact of consolidation. In this paper, the author (an insider to the industry) discusses the motorcoach industry and the effect of consolidators. Using survey data drawn from163 motorcoach owner/operators from across the country in early 2002, the author discusses the rising insurance cost crisis as the major concern by many operators in the industry. The link between consolidation effects and insurance costs are examined. From this analysis, strategic considerations for motorcoach owner/operators to ensure future viability are provided.
A Digital Analysis Of The Reported Earnings Of Asian Firms
Authors: Hsu Kathy H.Y. , Wilson, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: March 2016

Prior research (Carslaw, 1988; Thomas, 1989) has noted unusual patterns in the frequency of occurrence of certain digits contained in reported earnings. Employing digital analysis, studies have found that managers in the U.S. and Australia may round reported earnings numbers to achieve income-smoothing objectives. This study extends prior literature by examining whether reported earnings of firms from six Asian countries: South Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and China follow similar patterns.
Cross-Border Arbitrage And Free Trade
Authors: Trecartin Ralph R. , Strieter Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2016

The following study presents a theory of cross-border arbitrage by consumers. Competitive forces should explain how equilibrium prices would be set on each side of a border. Various trading partners have ratified numerous free-trade pacts. There is a need to investigate the success or failure of these agreements. Because of the many non-tariff trade barriers, it is sometimes difficult to construct meaningful tests of the free-trade issues for products on an individualized basis. Our comprehensive model of cross-border price variation develops an appropriate test. A series of hypotheses on geographical arbitrage are presented. We also explain why some products may have larger price differences than others based on price sensitive arbitrage. Our model may be used to measure the likelihood of undermining influences to free trade from any non-tariff barriers that continue to plague relations between trading partners.
Estate Tax Planning And Marketing Oppor-tunities Of The Economic Growth And Tax Relief Reconciliation Act Of 2001
Authors: Bradley Cassie F. , Coleman James E.
Published: March 2016

The best advice tax practitioners can give clients after the 2001 Tax Relief Act, is that the optimal time to die in the next decade will be 2010! What has been touted as a repeal of the Federal estate tax, has actually resulted in increasing the importance of estate tax planning. This is due to several factors. First, the rate reduction is phased in so slowly that in 2009, the top estate rate will still be 45% and the exemption amount only $3.5 million. In 2010, repeal is actually achieved, but for one year only. The repeal sunsets in 2011 when the estate tax comes back in full, using a maximum 55% rate and a $1 million exemption. Basis of inherited property may prove to be a nightmare. Some property will get a stepped up basis, other property will not. Further complicating the picture is that the gift tax has not been repealed.The estate tax planner will be faced with a host of issues to consider. Which estate planning strategies are still valid? What new planning tools will be developed? Many wills will include obsolete provisions and will need to be redrafted. Health of the client will become more important in the planning process. Marketing issues of planning under such uncertainty abound. This paper examines the new estate and gift tax provisions; offers strategies for navigating the sea of complexity and uncertainty; and explores the marketing opportunities for financial planners created by the new law.
Integrating Career Development Techniques Into The Business School Curriculum: Tools For Better Preparing Our Graduates For Successful Careers
Authors: Hansen Randall S.
Published: March 2016

With shortening semesters, longer textbooks, and new information and business techniques being published, business school faculty face a constant pressure to find the time to teach all the hard skills our disciplines require. At the same time, our graduates need certain career development skills to succeed. This paper proposes an inventory of career development techniques, the Career Development Inventory (CDI), that business school faculty could incorporate into their classes to help students develop, evaluate, and achieve their career goals. These exercises have time requirements that range from 10 minutes of class time to projects completed by the students outside of class, thus offering business school faculty a wide range of options.
A Proposition For Effective Integration Of Ethics Across The Business Curriculum
Authors: Boose Mary Ann , Dean F. Peter
Published: March 2016

This paper proposes a model for providing business students with a rigorous, well-integrated, complete, and systematic approach to ethics that is grounded in critical thinking and presented in a progressive series of modules that are related to each other and to the specific business discipline of each business core course. Using this model, colleges and schools of business can take positive, cutting-edge steps toward developing a high quality, meaningful business ethics program. Companion studies examine two pilot initiatives. The first is an application of this model in core business classes and the second is an application in an upper level course that is an elective in a business major.
The Influence Of Prospect Theory And Psychological Commitment On The Tax-Reporting Aggressiveness Of Professional Tax Return Preparers
Authors: Koski Timothy R. , Ehlen Craig R.
Published: March 2016

According to prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky 1979), decision makers perceive outcomes as gains or losses from a reference point and behave differently depending on how the outcome is framed. Decision makers will be risk-averse if the perceived outcome is viewed as a gain and risk-seeking if it is perceived as a loss. Research applying prospect theory to the decision-making of tax preparers by using their clients year-end payment status as the reference point has not been successful (see e.g., Duncan et al. 1988; Sanders and Wyndelts 1989; LaRue and Reckers 1989). One possible explanation for the lack of consistent results in this area is that tax preparers do not internalize the framing of their clients payment status and thus do not have a psychological commitment to the decision outcome. It is the client who is in a gain or loss position, not the tax preparer.This paper reports the results of an experiment applying prospect theory and psychological commitment to tax preparer decision-making. We hypothesized that tax preparers personal involvement in placing their client in a particular year-end tax situation (payment due or refund) will cause them to use the clients year-end payment status as the reference point and to behave in a manner consistent with the predictions of prospect theory. In particular, we hypothesized that personal involvement in placing their client in a year-end payment due situation will cause tax preparers to frame the decision as a loss and thus behave in a risk-seeking manner. We also hypothesized that personal involvement in placing their client in a year-end refund situation will cause tax preparers to frame the decision as a gain and engage in more risk-averse behavior than tax preparers not so involved.Using a sample of 104 professional tax return preparers, we found no evidence that psychological commitment to their clients year-end payment status caused tax preparers to behave in a manner consistent with prospect theory. We did, however, find evidence that more experienced tax preparers took more aggressive tax-reporting positions than those with less experience. We also found that males took more aggressive tax-reporting positions than females.
An Exploration Of Values And Ethical Choices Of Accounting Students
Authors: Koeplin John P.
Published: March 2016

An individuals ethical and economic values impact his decision processes when faced with resolving certain dilemmas. The primary issue of this research is to examine the relationship between accounting students ethical and economic values and their responses to business dilemmas. Additionally, this study attempted to see if senior accounting students responded with more ethical responses to the dilemmas than did lower-division accounting students.A measure of ethicality proposed by McCarthy (1997) was compared with subjects ethical responses to the business dilemmas. No correlation between the students measure of ethicality and the number of ethical responses to business dilemmas was found. Results did indicate that senior students exhibited a greater ethicality measure than lower-division accounting students. Additionally, senior-accounting students respond with marginally more ethical responses than lower-division accounting students.These findings indicate that, analogously to cognitive moral development, ethical value development arguably is occurring in accounting students. A contribution of this study is the use of the Rokeach value survey and eight business dilemmas to assess accounting students ethical value development. The Rokeach measures the students relative ranking of eighteen different values, including ethical and economic values. The business dilemmas measure the students ethical and economic responses to situations they could face in their lives. These instruments could shed additional light on accounting students ethical development.
An Econometric Analysis Of Aging And Alumni/ae Altruism
Authors: Steinnes Donald N.
Published: March 2016

While many have studied the motivations for altruism, this paper analyzes the link between aging and alumni/ae giving and, in particular, the changes in donations that are associated with retirement. An econometric methodology is provided that can be used to predict changes in giving based on the aging process. The empirical results, based on the giving of several classes of a small liberal arts college, demonstrate that giving variations (between classes) can be largely explained by age/retirement variables. In addition, possible cohort effects are introduced by adding variables pertaining to the economic conditions for the year in which a class graduated. It is found that starting out (graduating) in poor economic conditions will curtail giving throughout ones life.
Restraining The Dissolution Of Faltering Exchange Relationships: The Influence Of Relationship Trust And Switching Barriers On Customer Complaining, Loyalty, And Defection
Authors: Manfred F. Maute Manfred F. Maute
Published: March 2016

Notwithstanding the advantages conferred by relational exchange, few buyer-seller relationships survive changes in the needs, expectations, or satisfaction levels of exchange partners indefinitely. In order to investigate the role that barriers play in restraining relationship dissolution after a service failure, a relationship dissolution model in which relationship trust and switching barriers are represented as exogenous predictors of relationship dissolution behaviors was developed and tested. Results suggest that switching barriers, and to a lesser extent relationship trust, influenced customer complaining, loyalty, and defection following a core service failure. However, when sellers restrained relationship dissolution by imposing economic costs on buyers, longer-term customer loyalty was reduced. Theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
The Strategic Imperative For An Integrated Enterprise
Authors: Guan Jian , Barker Robert M.
Published: March 2016

Most large organizations today have invested heavily in business software applications over the past few decades. These applications support key elements of sales, manufacturing, customer service, financial operations and have reaped tremendous rewards in productivity gains and competitive advantage. However, these individual applications were often not built or purchased with interoperability in mind. Rather, they evolved over time as a result of the latest technological innovation or hasty business need, leading to extremely complex, incompatible systems. As a result in many large organizations today the IT infrastructure often consists of many islands of automation, characterized by heterogeneous computing platforms, various proprietary information formats and diverse programming models. Against this backdrop competitive pressures are forcing large organizations to improve efficiency through integrating key business operations. E-commerce initiatives are also calling for a more integrated enterprise. This paper first examines the problem of poorly integrated business applications and the inadequacy of the traditional point-to-point integration approach. The paper then presents todays enterprise application technology and discusses the advantages of enterprise application integration and e-commerce or B2B application integration.
A Comprehensive Model Of Customer Satisfaction In Hospitality And Tourism: Strategic Implications For Management
Authors: Mill Robert Christie
Published: March 2016

Providing and maintaining customer satisfaction is one of the most important challenges facing business today. Although this is a relatively new concept, research into this area has grown since the early 1980s.One ongoing debate in consumer satisfaction circles is the extent to which it is a cognitive process or an emotional state. The two theories that best explain customer satisfaction are disconfirmation paradigm and expectancy-value concept. Disconfirmation theory postulates that customers compare a new service experience with a standard they have developed. Their belief about the service is determined by how well it measures up to this standard. According to expectancy-value theory customers often make some judgment about a product, its benefits, and the likely outcomes of using the product. People will learn to perform behavior that they expect will lead to positive outcomes.There remains a need to provide a direct link between satisfaction and purchase. Some models indicate a link between satisfaction and repeat purchase intention but not yet to actual purchase. The most widely used model to translate theories of customer satisfaction into management practice is that of SERVQUAL. In this model service quality is defined as the difference between customer expectations and customer perception of service received.It is proposed that, at this time, the SERVQUAL model presents the best mechanism to explain customer satisfaction in hospitality and tourism. A detailed examination of the model is provided together with suggested areas for further research to improve its applicability to hospitality and tourism.
Multidisciplinary Practices: Reality Or Illusion
Authors: Seganish W. Michael , Holter Norma C.
Published: March 2016

A Multi-disciplinary practice is a practice or partnership formed between a lawyer and a non-lawyer, usually between a lawyer and an accountant. As the lines blur between many of the services rendered by an attorney and an accountant, the multi-disciplinary practice becomes appealing. Common ground has been found in tax matters, financial planning, elder law, and employment matters. However, many impediments must be overcome to enable this form of practice to flourish. These impediments, from both the legal and accounting profession, are discussed. Analysis of the Codes of Professional Conduct and state statutes suggests that the challenges may be difficult to overcome.
Initial Public Offerings: The Case Of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
Authors: Strange Martha , Ezzell John R. , Dajani Aref N.
Published: March 2016

Objective: To determine whether the returns of initial public offerings (IPOs) of HMOs in the days following issue are similar to the return behavior of IPOs in previous studies.Data Source: The Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) tapes compiled by the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago provides daily stock prices, holding period returns, and other data pertinent to research in traded securities.Study Design: The hypothesis to be tested is whether the mean excess return surrounding the offer date is equal to zero. To adjust the initial returns of the IPOs for overall market movements, Standard & Poors Composite Index (S&P 500) was selected as the proxy for the market in general. We compute the long-run performance for the HMOs and compare that return to the S&P 500 and the CRSP AMEX/NYSE equally-weighted and value-weighted indices.Data Collection/Extraction Method: We matched for-profit HMOs listed in the National Directory of Managed & Integrated Care Organizations to the commitment offerings reported by Securities Data Corporation to the same firms on the daily CRSP tapes. This left 49 firms that went public between 1971 through 1997. The Wharton Research and Data Services External (WRDSX) was used for data extraction and SAS was used for statistical analysis.Principal Findings: IPOs of HMOs are underpriced and demonstrate abnormal returns. The average initial return on these IPOs is less than that of the average in the United States. On a long-run performance basis, they performed better than the broad market indices.Conclusions: Returns follow a similar pattern as do IPOs in general except for the long-run performance. This needs further research as well as a comparison of performance before and after going public in cases where accounting data is available.
Adventures In Cyberspace: The Status Of Cybersquatting And ADR
Authors: Ropp Donavan , McNamara Brian
Published: March 2016

The University of Nowhere owns a trademark for the University of Nowhere and for the University of Nowhere Winners, the universitys sports teams. It also owns the domain name www.un.edu. The University uses its Internet site to inform the public about its academic programs as well as its accomplishments on the sports fields. The University has been recognized as one of the top universities in the United States for many years. The University has also competed successfully for numerous NCAA titles over the years. The University discovers that Mr. First, owner of Fast Services of America, Inc., registered and is using the Internet domain name university of nowhere.com and universityofnowherewinners.com on a continuing basis. The University contacts Mr. First, who informs the University that he has no intention of relinquishing the domain names unless the University pays him $10,000 and gives him two lifetime passes to all Winner games. The University declines the offer and writes a letter to Mr. First informing him that he must stop using the University domain names immediately. Mr. First responds by sending the University an invoice for $10,000 and two lifetime tickets to Winner events. The cover letter to the invoice states that he will not stop using the domain names until the invoice is paid. This is now a dispute. It is going to cost money for both parties, regardless of the outcome. Additionally, there is the new area of law to contend with that relates to alleged cybersquatting and the improper use of domain names. This paper will explore and review approaches for resolving this dispute through negotiation, mediation, and arbitration.
The Impacts Of The War On Terrorism On Maritime Shipping
Authors: James Arthur P. , Van Dell H.G.
Published: March 2016

The terrorist acts that destroyed the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon have, of course, changed much of the world in many ways since September 2001. Among those effects has been a pronounced and noticeable shift in airport and aircraft security. Much less noticeable to most Americans has been the impact of added security and changed priorities on maritime transportation systems. But maritime security actually has a far greater impact on commerce than does air security because most cargo moves worldwide via commercial ocean-going vessels. Security requirements and wartime priorities are compelling the worlds governments to more closely monitor and inspect all vessels and cargo entering their nations ports. The US Coast Guards inspections are forcing tremendous delays upon entering vessels. The consequences of losing millions of dollars daily both for shipping companies and cargo interests create severe economic and logistical problems that impact all transportation modes. The new US embargo on 24 small countries may force them into bankruptcy unless they comply with US requests to end terrorism. These countries depend on exports and imports for a large portion of their GDP, which will be dramatically reduced unless they join the war against terrorism. This paper examines five impacts on the US and world shipping industry caused by the war on terrorism--those on: 1) vessel and port security; 2) transportation- and trade-related communications; 3) trade levels; 4) marine insurance; and 5) maritime and related freight rates. Then the authors draw some conclusions regarding possibilities of reflagging of ships and effects on the status of the US merchant marine industry.
Beyond Vodka Reciprocity In International Business
Authors: Weigand Robert E.
Published: March 2016

Perhaps as much as one-quarter of todays international trade involves some form of transnational countertrade, i.e., barter.
Degree Of Internationalization A Multidimensional Challenge
Authors: Sommer Lutz
Published: March 2016

Studies dealing with the internationality of executive boards of large enterprises show that their internationality as measured by share of foreign sales differs significantly from the internationality of the enterprise activities. This was confirmed by the present survey on medium-sized enterprises from Singapore. Furthermore, it could be noticed that on the one hand that in order to explain exeutive board internationality, the internationality indicator International work experience of the executive board members has a high importance compared to the three other indicators examined, i.e. multinationality expressed as the board members nationality, international education, and international relations. On the other hand this indicator is the only one that has a measurable influence on the internationality of the enterprise activities the latter being measured by the companys share of foreign sales. This lets indicator multi-nationality that is frequently used in literature as a key-indicator of the internationality of an executive board appear to be overrated compared to other indicators generally used in studies on internationality. Thus, future studies in the field should consider its rather limited explanatory value.
Accountants Awareness And Perceptions About Assurance On XBRL Financial Statements
Authors: Venkatesh Roopa , Armitage Jack
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study is to gather information about accountants and auditors level of knowledge of XBRL and their perceptions about the importance of providing assurance and the level of assurance needed. An online survey questionnaire was used to gather data from CPAs at all levels of experience and was open from December 2009 through February 2010. The survey gathered information about the participants level of knowledge and awareness about XBRL, and their perceptions about the importance, relevance, and need for assurance on XBRL financial information. The results suggest that accountants and auditors believe that assurance on XBRL financial statements is important and will improve the accuracy and reliability of the XBRL tagged financial statements. Participants were also asked to rank the importance of assurance criteria on XBRL financial statements such as assurance on the accuracy, completeness, existence, proper taxonomies, proper extensions, valid extensions and validity and well-formedness. The results show that participants ranked assurance on the accuracy and completeness assertions as being most important and assurance on validity and well-formedness being the least important. The findings have important implications for the audit profession, as the implementation of XBRL has the potential to not only expand the role of the auditor to include auditing their clients application of XBRL tags, but might also influence the cost and time involved to conduct audit services.
Its Called Fruit Juice So Its Good For Me Right?: An Exploratory Study Of Childrens Fruit Content Inferences Made From Food Brand Names And Packaging
Authors: Maher Jill K.
Published: March 2016

Food and beverage marketing to children has come under extreme scrutiny in the past several years as it has been recognized as a potential contributor to the childhood obesity epidemic. It is not the purpose of this research to make the connection between food marketing and childhood obesity. However, an important aspect in fighting this epidemic is corporate responsibility in conveying clear brand information. From an information processing framework, this research examines the inferences made by children about fruit content in childrens food and beverage products. It focuses on food products that are linked to fruit through signals of fruit in the brand name or packaging. Broadly speaking, this research examines the question, when exposed to food product brand names and packaging with fruit-like cues, what do children infer about the amount of fruit found in these products? Findings illustrate extreme confusion in the marketplace. Research addressing how children perceive brand names and other elements of food packaging is important for brand strategy and public policy.
The Decline In Matching And Earnings Ability To Forecast Operating Cash Flows
Authors: Murdoch Brock , Krause Paul
Published: March 2016

Recent research has documented the decline of matching in financial reporting during the last few decades. The FASB has argued that earnings should provide investors and creditors with an ability to assess the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows to the organization (1978). This research investigates whether the decline in matching has affected the ability of earnings to forecast operating cash flows. Results indicate that earnings from earlier periods in which matching was better can be used to make more accurate predictions of operating cash flows than can earnings from later periods with poorer matching. Additionally, the more frequent recognition of special items in later periods also damages the ability of earnings to predict operating cash flows.
Islamic Banking And Economic Growth: A Review
Authors: El-Galfy Ahmed , Khiyar Khiyar Abdalla
Published: March 2016

Many previous studies have focused on the impact of finance on economic growth. However, few studies have examined the impact of Islamic banking on economic growth. To fill this gap in literature, this paper investigates the potential effects of Islamic banking on economic growth. The paper has two main results. The first result is that previous studies show mixed support for the hypothesis that Islamic banking is a main channel of economic growth. The second result is that previous studies on the impact of Islamic banking on growth are single-country studies and their findings are difficult to generalize. In addition, the results of this paper point to several implications for policy. One of its implications for policy is that Islamic banking positively contributes to countrys macroeconomic stability.
Leader Personality Characteristics And Upward Trust: A Study Of Employee-Supervisor Dyads In China
Authors: Ping Han , Mujtaba Bahaudin G. , Whetten David A. , Wei Yan
Published: March 2016

Scholars have researched trust for many decades and almost the entire body of empirical research on how personality traits affect upward trust is based on studies conducted in countries other than China. Taking an inductive approach, we examined the relationship between the leaders big five personality traits and upward trust with 274 respondents in Chinese culture. The empirical results confirm that Extraversion and Neuroticism have negative influence on upward trust, Agreeableness impact is insignificant, Conscientiousness has a positive influence and Openness to experience has a negative impact on affect-based trust. Results suggested that the degree to which the leaders big five personality traits affect upward trust differs from that of the West.
Financial Reporting Impact Of The Operating Lease Classification
Authors: Kostolansky John , Altschuler Dora , Stanko Brian B.
Published: March 2016

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) are preparing to make changes to accounting standards for leasing that will have a significant impact on the financial statements of a large number of companies. The proposed standard will eliminate the operating lease classification, and if passed, companies using this classification will be required to report additional assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. This study estimates the impact of this change in accounting standards on the financial statements and several key financial ratios for an extensive sample of companies and industries from the Compustat North America database. It is important that users of financial statements understand and are prepared for these changes prior to implementation, particularly for industries in which operating leases are heavily utilized.
Firms Commitment And Brand Image And Their Impact On Experience Marketing: Developing Countrys Perspective
Authors: Rahman Muhammad Sabbir , Khan Abdul Highe , Moudud Hasan
Published: March 2016

This research applied exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to investigate the experience marketing philosophy on service providers within the context of Bangladeshi consumers. The findings confirmed that there is a strong relationship between brand images towards experience marketing when physical context of a firm plays a mediating role. This research opens up opportunities for managers to identify significant factors those are linked towards building experience marketing.
Manufacturing Small And Medium Size Enterprises Offshore Outsourcing And Competitive Advantage: An Exploratory Study On Canadian Offshoring Manufacturing SMEs
Authors: Mohiuddin Muhammad , Su Zhan
Published: March 2016

This paper explores whether and how theoffshore outsourcing of the manufacturing SMEs creates competitive advantagesfor these firms. The offshore outsourcing strategy is widely criticized in thedeveloped countries for allegedly reducing job opportunities, missing scaleeconomy, diminishing innovation potentialities and creating various socialproblems. The present article with empirical data from thirteen Canadianoffshoring manufacturing SMEs attempted to address that the world-widedistributed co-production network could instead increase profit and marketshare, boost investment in R&D, raise focus on core competency and enhancecompetitivity of offshoring SMEs. This strategy enables companies to enhancetheir competitiveness by allowing them to have access to the competitiveproduction factors and new markets for their products. This paper contributesto the existing body of knowledge by showing that not only the largemultinationals but also the SMEs can achieve competitive advantages fromoffshoring part of their activities to foreign firms where those tasks can beperformed more competitively.
Building A Long Term Relationship Between Manufacturers And Large Retailers: Does Commitment Matter In Morocco?
Authors: Abbad Hicham , Pache Gilles , Fernandez Dominique Bonet
Published: March 2016

This paper aims to investigate present evolution in terms of relationship governance between large retailers and manufacturers in distribution channels, with a specific focus on the viability of a shift from a transactional approach to a relational approach in business exchanges. To this end, we investigate the different partners commitment in the specific context of an emerging economy (Morocco). The findings indicate that retailers long term orientation depends far more on their satisfaction and their dependence with respect to their suppliers than on the trust that is built up in their business relationships. Satisfaction is mainly linked to financial gain (margins and turnover generated), but also to the suppliers marketing and logistical performance. Marketing performance concerns the quality of products, their degree of innovation, and the suppliers promotional activity (sales drive and conditions), whilst logistical satisfaction is based on respect for deadlines, regular deliveries and compliance with orders. Very few studies have focused on business relationships between manufacturers and retailers in the specific context of emerging countries like Morocco. The present study is designed to contribute to the debate on the issue via a representative illustration through the lens of an emerging economy with the same socio-cultural background.
The Effects Of Financial Drivers On Corporate Diversification: A Comparison Of Listed And Unlisted Italian Firms
Authors: Stagliano Raffaele , La Rocca Maurizio , Cariola Alfio
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between related and unrelated corporate diversification and financial drivers by comparing listed and unlisted Italian firms. The agency costs of free cash flow and the internal capital market perspective help to explain these relationships. This research study adopts a quantitative approach and uses a unique panel of hand-collected data on Italian firms for the period from 1980 to 2006. The results of the applied model used in this paper reveal the benefits which arise from an efficient internal capital market. These benefits are especially relevant for unrelated diversification decision-making and for unlisted firms. The findings of this paper are confirmed by an analysis of the performances of the sample firms.
Private And Public Sector Innovation And The Importance Of Cross-Sector Collaboration
Authors: Setnikar Cankar Stanka , Petkovsek Veronika
Published: March 2016

Innovation plays a very important role in the private sector in terms of competitiveness, and is the key to success for private businesses, helping to cut costs, improve products and open new markets. Nowadays, innovation is gaining in importance in the public sector as well, as it can improve the quality of service delivery as well as reduce costs. Innovation is an important driver of economic progress and competitiveness in all economies.Collaboration between public and private entities creates better and more effective public and private services and products. Collaboration enables the participants to exchange and share knowledge, experiences, know-how and expertise. Collaboration helps to bring a broader set of skills and talents and a more responsive work culture into public sector organisations, along with innovative thinking and creativity; it also helps private companies to innovate more effectively and to achieve their concrete goals in a more efficient way.The objective of this paper is to outline the differences and similarities between private and public sector innovation in terms of definition, driving factors, barriers and measurement; the paper also aims to examine the importance of cross-sector collaboration for private and public sector innovation, and demonstrate that collaboration can improve innovation.
Policy Constraints And Strategic Choices: MNE Subsidiaries Market Penetration In China
Authors: Wang Jifu , Salazar Ronald J. , Ben-Ur Joseph
Published: March 2016

This study describes how firm level decisions and capabilities correspond to policy conditions in a host country where local market access is constrained and success is contingent on compliance with cultural hegemony. Using data from surveys gathered from multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries operating in China, we describe the mode of entry the firms have used to penetrate and exploit markets in light of the constrained strategic choices open to their subsidiaries. We also expose the patterns of growth accomplished by the MNE and their underlying bases of competitive advantage. Finally, we relate the degree of centralization we observe among the respondents strategies.
Whos On Board? Influence Of Diversity And Network Of Thai Boards Of Directors On Firm Value
Authors: Sitthipongpanich Thitima , Polsiri Piruna
Published: March 2016

Using a large sample analysis of Thai listed firms, we address an important question. Do board diversity and network add value to firms? This article extends the debate on the benefits and costs of board diversity and network and their effect on the broader picture of corporate governance. The sample period straddles 2001 to 2005, which allows us to examine board characteristics in response to the Asian financial crisis. We find that diversity in age and study majors are positively related to Tobins Q ratio, while diversity in educational levels leads to lower firm value. Our results suggest that boards with diverse age groups and study areas might generate useful advice and complement each other; however, those with diverse educational levels might create costs due to possible conflicts and a lack of coordination and communication. In addition, the results show that alumni networks have a positive effect on Tobins Q ratio. The findings further suggest that board networks could bring benefits to firms. An alumni network is significant to firms because it could help firms obtain external resources. It also provides significant findings for policy makers to design best practices of directors in emerging countries.
The Impact Of Adjustment In Capital Structure In Mergers & Acquisitions On Us Acquirers Business Performance
Authors: Bouraoui Taoufik , Li Ting
Published: March 2016

This paper examines the impact of adjustment in capital structure on 850 US acquirers business performance, within five years after mergers. We consider both leverage changes and adjustment in leverage deficit as our independent variables, and use Return On Equity (ROE) and Return On Assets (ROA) to measure post-merger performance. We find that leverage changes have a negative impact on performance, in both the short and long run after Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A), indicating that financial flexibility contributes to acquirers post-merger performance. The results also show that acquirers with movement toward target leverage ratio enjoy better performance after M&A, but the correlation is not significant in the long run. Therefore, high financial flexibility created by low leverage is more essential to acquirers facing costly and sophisticated post-merger integration, than target leverage ratio that minimizes financing cost immediately.
Online Video Advertisement Avoidance: Can Interactivity Help?
Authors: Hussain Dildar , Lasage Helene
Published: March 2016

The objective of this research is to explain the factors contributing toward consumers online video advertisement (OVA) avoidance behavior. Empirical data from 207 online consumers in France supports the hypotheses concerning the effect of relevance of contents, perceived authenticity and interactivity of OVAs. The findings suggest that consumers avoid OVAs by using ad blocker software due to irrelevant advertisement contents, lack of perceived authenticity of advertisement contents and most importantly due to the lack of interactivity. We conclude the study by offering some suggestions for reducing consumers avoidance of OVAs by increasing interactivity.
Effects Of Risks On Online Consumers Purchasing Behavior: Are They Risk-Averse Or Risk-Taking?
Authors: Kim Seung Hwan , Byramjee Framarz
Published: March 2016

Since the beginning of e-commerce, trustworthiness of commercial web sites has been a constant issue, and, very likely, it will continue to be. When an online shopper cannot trust a web site where he or she intends to make a purchase, the online shopper would perceive a risk of transactional security and a risk of privacy of personal information. In regard to this perceived risk in online transactions, this study is set out to find the change in the level of perceived risk in Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce and to test whether or not consumers trust a web-centric company at their first visit to the companys web site. Two major findings of this study are that about one third of those surveyed for the study feel an increased risk in B2C online transactions over the previous year, and that absolute majority of them have never or rarely shopped on a web site they are not familiar with. It is further found that even an attractive deal cannot affect the risk-averse behavior of online shopping. From the findings of the study, it is concluded that risk-averse online shopping behavior is a manifestation of increased perceived risk in B2C online transactions.
Audit Firm Rotation Concerns And Considerations
Authors: Chan Kam C. , Farrell Barbara , Healy Patricia
Published: March 2016

The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) issued a concept release in 2011 which proposes a mandatory audit firm rotation. However, PCAOB indicates that there is a limited amount of empirical data and research evidence on the potential costs and benefits of such mandatory audit firm rotation. This study provides some empirical evidences related to PCAOBs concerns. Specifically, we find that the largest clients audited by Big 4 accounting firms have few material internal control weaknesses and accounting restatements. In addition, accounting restatements are often reported within four years after the beginning of accounting errors and are reported by the same auditor during the restatement period. These findings cast doubt on the benefit of mandatory audit firm rotation. We also find that the largest audit clients on average represent over 20% of the audit revenues of local offices of Big 4 accounting firms. Thus, mandatory audit firm rotations could significantly disrupt the normal operations of public accounting firms if audit clients are required to change auditors periodically.
Risk Management In The Supply Chain: Characterization And Empirical Analysis
Authors: Ouabouch Lhoussaine , Pache Gilles
Published: March 2016

Along any supply chain, a multitude of more or less critical incidents may prevent a company from obtaining the expected level of logistical performance. Knowing how to anticipate and manage supply chain risks is therefore an important approach to maintain a competitive advantage. The target of this article is to evaluate the impact of the risks in relation to the functioning of a supply chain on its logistical performance. For such needs, a survey was administered with 158 Moroccan manufacturers. The data collected allows to successively measure the impacts of the risks linked to the management of the upstream supply chain, of operational risks and risks linked to the management of the downstream supply chain on the logistical performance.
Women On French Corporate Board Of Directors: How Do They Differ From Their Male Counterparts?
Authors: Dang Rey , Bender Anne-Francoise , Scotto Marie-Jose
Published: March 2016

Our research aims at exploring individuals characteristics of women on Boards in the French context. In the first part of our paper, we discuss the different theoretical frameworks which supported the business case of gender diversity on Boards of Directors and expose our hypothesis regarding differences in women and men characteristics. The second part presents our methods, measurements and data. Then, we focus on our empirical study. Our sample consists of the French Index SBF 120 companies. We studied the profile of 1,250 directors collecting information from the firms annual reports of year 2010, using various scales defined by previous research on that field in the AngloSaxon literature. Our findings confirm that integrating women on boards has an impact on the Human and Social Capital of Boards but not as much as might have been expected. It is worth noting that men and women board members seem to build their human and social capital through the same educational process in France. Nonetheless, our work shows significant differences between men and women regarding professional experience and board member status.
Does The Glass Ceiling Exist? A Longitudinal Study Of Womens Progress On French Corporate Boards
Authors: Dang Rey , Nguyen Duc Khuong , Vo Linh-Chi
Published: March 2016

n this article, we conduct a longitudinal study of womens progress on French corporate boards of directors. We particularly focus on the extent to which women directors have circumvented the glass ceiling. Using a sample of SBF 120 companies over a 10-year period from 2000 to 2009, our results provide evidence of a significant increase in the number of women on French corporate boards. However, the corporate glass ceiling hypothesis is consistently rejected whatever the considered measure of female directors; i.e., the number of board seats held by women, the number of firms with a critical mass of female directors, and the number of directorships held by each women director.
Perception Of Television Advertising From Chinas Young Generation
Authors: Li Lijie , Scaringella Laurent
Published: March 2016

This paper aims to examine the elements employed in television advertising, which affect consumer attitudes toward advertised products and brands. 384 young Chinese responded to a survey questionnaire. This paper finds that celebrity endorsement positively affects creativity in television advertising. The credibility of television advertisement positively affects the recall of products and brands. Celebrities in television advertising or people who have professional knowledge as endorsers decrease the credibility of television advertisements contrary to the results of previous research. Creativity in television advertising has a negative effect on the recalls of products and brands. This paper offers insight about the young generations perception of television advertising in China. It provides a debated perspective that creativity in television advertising negatively affects product and brand recalls.