bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on the Growth and Mortality of Rohu fish, Labeo rohita of the Halda River (Wild) and Induced Hatchery (Artificial) Sources
Authors: Kibria Md Manzoorul , Sara Sabira Ahmed , Newaj AHM Shihar , Santo Md Kamrul Hasan , Kawsar Ibn Ansar Chowdhury , Al Asek Abdullah , Suhag Md Badruzzaman , Siam M A Habib , Arafeen Mohammad Shamsil
Published: December 2024

The growth and mortality rates of Labeo rohitaom the Halda River strain and the hatchery strain were studied under identical water quality and environmental conditions to identify the better performer. 250 Rohu fish fries from the Halda River and the hatchery were reared for this experiment. The rearing trial was performed for 14 weeks in 12 m3 net cages, each with three replica sets in an earthen pond. Fishes were sampled weekly for measuring body weight and length.  The final mean weight was significantly higher in the Halda strain (57.46 ± 22.91 g) compared to the hatchery strain (24.20 ± 7.61 g) (p < 0.05), with weight gain in the Halda strain more than twice that of the hatchery strain. In most sampling stages, the growth rate of Labeo rohita was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the Halda strain. The final mean length was also greater in the Halda strain (13.07 ± 1.63 cm) compared to the hatchery strain (10 ± 1.08 cm). Mortality rates were lower in the Halda strain (15.60%) than that of the hatchery strain (31.20%) over the 14 weeks. These findings suggest that the Halda strain significantly outperforms the hatchery strain in growth and survival under controlled conditions.
Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci. Vol. 12 (1 & 2): 83-90, 2024
Analysis of ‘Kums’ depth: Impacts on the natural carp spawning habitat of the Halda River of Bangladesh
Authors: Arafeen Mohammad Shamsil , Al Asek Abdullah , Siam M A Habib , Owaresat J K , Suhag Md Badruzzaman , Saha Moitree , Newaj AHM Shihar , Kibria Md Manzoorul
Published: December 2024

The Halda River, one of the major natural spawning areas for Indian Major Carps (IMCs), is in danger due to some infrastructure development. This research identified 22 biologically important deeper areas or Kums (locally called) of the river that harbours more fish than other areas. The study was initially started in 2019, and with the follow-up study in 2022 and 2023, the reduction in 17 and 18 Kum’s depth was determined respectively. The study also found a significant reduction in fish numbers at a 5% level of significance, stating that, if the depth of Kum decreases by 1 meter, about 3 fish will be lost per 10000 m2. The reduction of Kum’s depth most affects fish between 85 and 100 cm long. The study identified 8 significant reasons for the destruction of Kums, among which geobags and cemented blocks were the deadliest ones.
Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci. Vol. 12 (1 & 2): 103-114, 2024
Occupational Health Risks in Savar’s BSCIC Zone: The Dark Side of Tannery Industry
Authors: Jaman Fahmida , Sultana Fahmida , Sharmin Ifat , Koley Nusrat Jahan , Paul Alak
Published: December 2024

The tannery industry in Bangladesh, particularly at the Savar Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) Tannery Estate, presents significant occupational health risks due to hazardous chemicals and outdated processes. Despite relocation from Hazaribagh and efforts to improve occupational health and safety (OHS) standards, compliance remains insufficient, leading to chronic health issues such as respiratory disorders, skin conditions, and increased risk of cancer. This study investigates these health risks, particularly exposure to heavy metals like chromium, as well as biological agents, dust, and high noise levels from machinery. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected through participatory observation, interviews and questionnaire survey from 205 tannery workers. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis reveal a high prevalence of skin diseases (48.78%) and respiratory problems (44.39%), exacerbated by poor ventilation (66.7%), minimal personal protective equipment (PPE) usage (46.3%), and inadequate healthcare access. Although 85.9% of workers are aware of chemical hazards, only 39.5% received formal training, highlighting gaps in safety education. The regression analysis showed a positive relationship between the number of years worked and the years of health problems, with the equation y=0.31x+1.38, indicating that for every additional year worked, health issues increase by 0.31 years. The R2 value of 0.44 suggests that 44% of the variation in health problems is explained by work duration, with other factors likely contributing. The findings underscore the urgent need for stricter enforcement of national regulations, such as the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006, and international frameworks, including ILO conventions, to improve workplace conditions. Improved environmental management, enhanced safety training, and better healthcare provisions are essential to protect workers' health. The study also stresses aligning tannery practices with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to good health, decent work, and responsible production, calling for immediate action from authorities to safeguard worker well-being.
Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci. Vol. 12 (1 & 2): 115-129, 2024
Combined Effectiveness of Nortriptyline and Topiramate in Comparison to Nortriptyline Alone as Migraine Prophylaxis
Authors: Akter Nargis , Imran Ahmed , Tanjum Sumaiya , Sultana Papiya , Afroz Rozina , Parvin Shahina , Sultana Masuma , Hossain Abul , Biswas Ripa , Gulshan Masrufa , Jahan Israt , Adhikari Santa
Published: December 2024

Background: Migraine is a chronic neurological illness characterized by recurrent episodes of headache and other related symptoms. Patients who experience severe headaches frequently need to use both acute and preventive medication treatments for migraine. Prophylactic treatment is intended to improve the patient's capacity to function normally, to increase the benefits of acute treatments, and to lessen the frequency, duration, or severity of attacks. 
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the combined effectiveness of Nortriptyline and Topiramate in comparison to Nortriptyline alone as migraine prophylaxis.
Methods: The Randomized controlled trail was conducted in the department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2022 to December 2022. A total of 42 patients were enrolled by block random sampling block of 3, 1:1 design. The Participants were divided into two groups. The 21 patients treated with Nortriptyline were in group A and the 21 patients treated with Nortriptyline-Topiramate were in group B.
Results: In this study, in both Group, highest patients in age group 20-29 years. Male: Female ratio was 1:4 and 1:3 respectively in Group A and Group B. At the end of 3rd month, headache frequency was same between two groups (0.0day/month). Median duration of headache and VAS score significantly decreased in two groups. Maximum decreased in Group B compared to Group A. There was the highest reduction of HIT-6 score in Group B (64.3±5.2 to 45.0±5.2).
Conclusion: Both drugs were effective in reducing headache. Between them, Nortriptyline-Topiramate provided the best improvement.
J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2): 48-52
Left ventricular Dysfunction in Normotensive Diabetic Patients
Authors: Ali Mohammad , Rahman Md Hafizur , Khokan Muhammad Kamruzzaman , Rahman Md Helalur , Rahman Mohammad Haresur , Islam Md Belalul
Published: December 2024

Background: Diabetes is a major risk factor for impaired left ventricular function independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is demonstrated in diabetic patients who are normotensive and have no symptoms of cardiac disease. Increased mortality is evident among type II diabetic patients with left ventricular failure with preserved ejection fraction also suggests its causative role diastolic dysfunction.
Objective: To describe Left ventricular dysfunction in normotensive diabetic patients.
Method: A Cross Sectional Study was undertaken in Comilla Medical College Hospital in 51 patients .29 diabetic patients with normal blood pressure (blood pressure ≤140/90 mmHg) who are not on anti-hypertensive medications and 22 healthy controls enrolled into the study. All patients and control subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation using GE LOGIQ V2 machine. The categorical variables described as frequencies and percentages, while continuous variables presented as medians and interquartile range (IQR) values and means and standard deviations. Continuous variables were compared using the Student’s t- test, while categorical parameters were analyzed with the Chi-square test or two tailed Fischer’s exact test as appropriate. A P-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant.
Result: Among 51 patients, 29 were cases and 22 were control. Male to female ratio was 1:1.7. The mean ages were 50.03±12.75 and 41.59±11.25 in case and control group respectively. The body mass index in two groups did not showed any significant difference (21.12±4.1 versus 20.91±3.60: P=0.374). The cases had a normal but significantly lower mean ejection fraction than controls (56.98±13.06 versus 62.48±7.73, respectively: P=0.033). Left ventricular diastolic filling pattern was abnormal in 17 (59%) cases and 6 (28%) in control group. The mean relative wall thickness (RWT) was higher in cases than controls. (0.47±0.11 versus .42±0.08; P= 0.014). Also the same difference observed in case of left ventricular mass index. (101.55±35.45 versus 86.98±28.01; P=0.053). The respondents were normotensive but abnormal filling pattern was observed in 17 (59%) and 6 (28%) in cases and control groups respectively which was significant. (P= 0.00018).
Conclusion: Normotensive diabetic patients have asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction.
J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2): 53-57
A Comparative Study Between Amniotic Membrane and Hydrocolloid in the Healing of Partial Thickness Burn Wounds
Authors: Farhana Fatima , Majumder Sharif Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan
Published: December 2024

Background: Management of partial thickness burn wounds is mostly conservative, and rapid wound healing is desirable to obtain a good functional and cosmetic outcome. Wound dressing materials play an important role in maintaining an optimal wound milieu and avoiding complications from delayed healing.
Methods: From January 2018 to December 2018, the study was conducted as a clinical trial over 100 patients at Dhaka Medical College Hospital. The patients who sustained partial thickness burn < 15% TBSA were included in the study, equally allocated between two (2) comparison groups (Group A: amniotic membrane and Group B: hydrocolloid), and the clinical efficacy and functionality of the two groups regarding the rapidity of wound healing, frequency of dressing changes, requirement of analgesics, rate of infections, and need for a skin graft were assessed.
Results: Hydrocolloid dressing showed a shorter healing time (p<0.002), less frequent dressing change (p<0.001), lower requirements of pain medication (p<0.001), and improved patients comfort which were statistically significant. 
Conclusion: Amniotic membrane showed comparable clinical and functional efficacy with hydrocolloid in burn wound healing, with superior healing time and comfort in favor of the later.
J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2): 58-64
The Pattern of Hematological Abnormalities in NS1 Positive Dengue Patients: A Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Md Helalur , Patwary Mohammad Kamal Hossain , Kabir Md Anwarul , Younus Sayed , Rubbi Nafe Ahmed Noor E , Ali Mohammad
Published: December 2024

Background: Dengue fever, caused by a mosquito-borne arbovirus, is characterized by painful febrile symptoms. Hematological abnormalities are frequently observed, especially in patients testing positive for NS1 antigen. NS1 antigen, a protein generated by the dengue virus during acute infection, is detectable in the blood of infected individuals. This study aimed to assess the pattern of hematological abnormalities in NS1-positive dengue patients.
Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Comilla Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh from July 2022 to June 2023. A total of 137 dengue patients who tested positive for NS1 were included as study subjects, selected through purposive sampling. Data processing and analysis were conducted using Office tools.
Results: In this study, among our total participants, the mean ±SD hemoglobin was 13.2±1.8 g/dl, hematocrit was 39.4±5.4%, leucocyte count was 7.7±5.8 x109/L, neutrophil count was 5.5±1.3 x109/L, and lymphocyte count was 3.7±1.2 x109/L, all of which were within normal ranges. However, the mean ±SD platelet level was found to be 98.1±58.1 x109/L, which was abnormally lower.
Conclusion: Among NS1-positive dengue patients, hematological assessment reveals normal levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Although the mean hematocrit value is typically normal, a significant number of cases show values either higher or lower than the normal range. However, platelet levels are notably lower.
J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2): 82-86
Association between Serum Calcium Level and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) Stages in Term Neonate with Perinatal Asphyxia
Authors: Jahan Ishrat , Akter Hazera , Hossain Md Azizul , Najnin Rezoana , Islam Md Ashraful , Mannan Kazi Abdul
Published: December 2024

Background: Perinatal asphyxia (PNA) is a devastating clinical condition because it causes permanent brain damage, even death of the newborn. Perinatal asphyxia is a common neonatal problem in our context.  There is a need to identify neonates with PNA who will be at high risk for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and multi-organ dysfunction.
Objective: To evaluate the association between serum calcium level and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) stages in term neonate with perinatal asphyxia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Comilla Medical College Hospital, Comilla from January 2016 to July 2016. A total of 60 neonates of perinatal asphyxia with HIE of different stages were selected as cases.  The gestational age was determined by regular last maternal menstrual date and New Ballard Scoring System. The perinatal asphyxia was diagnosed by using APGAR score and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was defined by Sarnat and Sarnat staging. Serum calcium was measured by photometric colorimetric test (OCPC method, orthocresol-phthalacin-complex) using Anatron Analyte 100 Electrolyte Analyzer. Chi-square test and ANOVA test was used to see the correlation between serum calcium and different stages of HIE.
Results:  Total 60 patients were included in this study, out of  them 13.3 %  had HIE stage I, 75% HIE stage II , 11.7% HIE stage III. Among the pt. with HIE staging in stage I, stage II and stage III had 37.5%, 71.1% and 100% of low calcium level respectively which was statistically significant. The study also showed mean ± SD serum calcium level was 9.17 ± 1.04; 8.32 ± 1.09 and 7.73 ± 0.86 in stage I, stage II and stage III respectively. There was statistically significant lower mean level of serum calcium levels observed with severity of different HIE stages (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: The degree of  lower serum calcium is associated with the severity of the  Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) stages in neonates with perinatal asphyxia and may be used as a good, simple screening test for the early assessment of HIE stages.
J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2): 87-91
Falling Sperm Counts in the Past 40 Years among Western Men: A Review Article
Authors: Hasan Mohammad Masum , Begum Taslima , Amin Mohammad Ruhul , Majumder Sharif Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan
Published: December 2024

Background: Recently so many studies have documented a concerning decline in semen quality among men in Western countries over the past few decades. This decline, characterized by reduced sperm concentration, motility and morphology, has been linked to a range of potential factors. Lifestyle changes, such as increased obesity rates, sedentary lifestyle and exposure to environmental pollutants are believed to contribute significantly. Additionally, factors such as poor diet, high levels of stress and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemical may also play a role. This deterioration in semen quality raises a concern about male infertility. The purpose of this review is to address the main disorders of semen quality, its aetiologies and steps which are essential to overcome the issues. Further research is crucial to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop strategies to mitigate the impact of low quality semen on the reproductive health.
J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2): 96-99
Management and Counselling of Patients with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Presenting to an Infertility Specialist – A Review Article
Authors: Begum Taslima , Hasan Mohammad Masum , Amin Mohammad Ruhul , Majumder Sharif Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan
Published: December 2024

Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks of gestation. It affects approximately 1-2 % of couples trying to conceive and be a devastating experience for those affected. The etiology of RPL is multifactorial, encompassing genetic, anatomical, hormonal, immunological and environmental factors. Genetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal rearrangement, are implicated in a significant proportion of cases. Uterine anomalies and hormonal imbalances also contribute to pregnancy loss, while autoimmune disorders and blood clotting abnormalities play a role in some cases. Diagnostic approaches involve a comprehensive evaluation including karyotyping, imaging studies and screening for autoimmune disorders. Management strategies are tailored to the underlying causes when identified and may include surgical interventions, medical therapies and lifestyle modifications. Despite advancements in understanding the causes and treatment of RPL, the condition remains a challenging area of reproductive medicine. This purpose of this review study is to address the etiology and pathology of RPL in women presenting with sub fertility and infertility in an infertility clinic which will encourage other researchers. Early detection and intervention of the factors responsible of RPL will help the patient suffering from RPL and will achieved a successful reproductive life.
J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2):100-104
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility with Emergence of Multidrug Resistance of Salmonella SEROVARS Isolated from Blood in Bangladesh
Authors: Mawla Nurun Nahar , Sultana Shahin , Hassan Munir
Published: December 2024

Enteric fever continues to remain a health problem as the causative organisms Salmonella has developed resistance to many of the antibiotics used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns with special reference to multidrug resistance (MDR) of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, isolated from blood culture done in private hospitals, Dhaka, Bangladesh during November 2012 to January 2014. In total, 31 strains of S. typhi and 10 strains of S. paratyphi A, isolated and identified by standard microbiological procedures from 917 blood culture samples collected from suspected enteric fever cases, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc-diffusion method using 08 different antibiotics. All S. typhi and paratyphi A isolates were 90% sensitive to Ceftriaxone followed by Cefixime 84%. There were 35% S. typhi and 60% S. paratyphi A multidrug-resistant strains. Decreased susceptibility of S. typhi and S. paratyphi A was observed to Ciprofloxacin 48% and 80% respectively. All Salmonella isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid (100%). This study concludes that precise information on antibiotic susceptibility pattern should be available to the clinician for optimal patients care. Ceftriaxone and Cefixime can be used as alternative anti-typhoidal treatment. Indiscriminate use of Ciprofloxacin should be strongly discouraged. Presence of MDR and quinolone resistance is concern and requires further study.
J.Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2014;20(01): 3-8
Red Cell Indices In Beta Thalassaemia Trait In Adult
Authors: Rahman Md  Maruf Ur , Nayem Mohammad , Ahmed Mohammad Nesar Uddin , Ahmed Afsana , Aktar Farjana , Sultana Nasima
Published: December 2024

Hypochromic & microcytic blood picture  is one of the commonest abnormalities that a clinician come across in Bangladesh. A vast majority of such cases have iron deficiency. In Bangladesh about 3% of total population with a hypochromic and microcytic blood picture is beta thalassaemia trait. In areas where thalassaemia is common, differentiation between iron deficiency anaemia and the carriers of beta thalassaemia trait becomes problem. The uncomplicated beta thalassaemia trait usually have normal iron stores. Though they have microcytic hypocromic blood picture but they are resistant to iron therapy. With the presumption of iron deficiency, supplementation of iron to that cases produce iron overload and may produce organ dysfunction. So it is very important to distinguish between these two entities. Apart from estimation of Hb-A2, iron deficiency and beta thalassaemia trait can be differentiated on the basis of red cell count and  red cell indices like MCV, MCH & MCHC. In this study 50 confirmed cases of beta thalassaemia trait aged 18 to 60 years of both male & female were included as cases & 50 cases of  age & sex matched iron deficiency subjects were included as controls. RBC count, MCV, MCH & MCHC were measured by an electronic cell counter device. The present study revealed that RBC counts were higher in beta thalassaemia trait than in iron deficiency subjects and MCV, MCH & MCHC were significantly lower in iron deficiency subjects than in beta thalassaemia trait.
J.Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2014;20(01):21-24
Study of sex ratio of head injury cases autopsied at Mortuary, Dinajpur Medical College
Authors: Rahman Kazi Golam Moakhlesur , Rahman Md  Mizanur , Hossain Md Gissan
Published: December 2024

With greater mechanization in industry and an increasing in high velocity transport the incidence of head injury is increasing. The head injuries are most common and account for about one fourth of all deaths due to violence and responsible for 60% of fatal road accident. Head injury adds complexity to the problems because of the facts that in can not be completely evaluated until some times has elapsed after the alleged injury. The often , ill defined clinical manifestation , the issue of settlement of claims and deliberate malingering  pose further difficulties to the aspects of fair decision . It was a retrospective study of 36 cases of head injury in 13 thanas of Dinajpur District during 1st January to December 2006. Among them 24 cases were due to Road Traffic accident, 6 cases were due to fire arms injury and 6 cases were due to assault. All the cases were autopsied in the mortuary of Dinajpur Medical College. The number of head injury due to Road Traffic accident were more about 17.64%, this was mostly due to accident , property dispute and dowry system.
J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2014;20(01):35-36
Lipid Pattern and atherogenic index among medicalstudents
Authors: Ahmed Afsana , Ara Shamim , Nahar Lutfun , Kabir Md Shahjahan , Sharmin Shafia
Published: December 2024

Background & Objective: In Bangladesh young age group has received little attention in relation to lipid profile & atherogenic index. For this purpose we decided to see lipid pattern & atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) among medical students. Method: In a cross sectional approach, 90 apparently healthy medical students voluntarily recruited from Ist year of Dhaka National Medical college during the period of June,2013 to December,2013. Height, weight, BMI, blood pressure were measured. Total cholesterol (TC), and the various sub fractions; high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were determined. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP); log (TG/HDL-C) was calculated, in accordance with the most recent guidelines issued by the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Results: Among the total students 56.66% had normal BMI, 13.33% were found to be underweight. 23.33% & 6.66% were overweight & obese respectively. Out of 90 students, 22 had low HDL (<40 mg/dl), 11 had increased TG (>150 mg/dl), 5 had increased Cholesterol (>200 mg/dl), 3 had increased LDL (>130mg/dl). Among the students 41 had low cardiovascular risk which represents 45.5%, 45 had increased cardiovascular risk which represents 50%, & 4 had intermediate cardiovascular risk which represents 4.44%. Conclusion:  By assessing AIP we found that 41 subjects had low cardiovascular risk which represents 45.5%, 45 had increased cardiovascular risk which represents 50%, & 4 had intermediate cardiovascular risk which represents 4.44%, A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors; family history of elevated blood pressure was present.
J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2014;20(01):37-40
Survey of Risk Factors among the Female Patients of Coronary Heart Diseases Attending in Dhaka National Medical Institute Hospital
Authors: Jahan Sharmin , Uddin Md  Mesbah , Bari A  K  Shamsul
Published: December 2024

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the presence of risk factors among the female patients of a tertiary care hospital in old Dhaka city.  Study design: Cross sectional study. Place and duration of the study: From February 2011 to January 2012 in Cardiology In-Patient Department in Dhaka National Medical Institute Hospital. Sampling technique with sample size: Convenient sampling technique was adopted with the sample size 201. Methodology: Written pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaires, stethoscope, sphygmomanometer; measuring tape and weight measuring machine were used as data collection tools. Data were collected by face to face interview, from the records of reports and physical examinations.
Results: Higher portion of respondents (31.8%) were in 51-60 years of age. More than two-thirds (70%) of the respondents were menopausal and one-tenth were taking hormone replacement therapies. Almost all of the fertile female respondents were taking oral contraceptive pills.  More than  two-third of the respondents (74.1%) were hypertensive. Only one-third (32.8%) exercised regularly and more than half of the respondents (51.8%) had more than normal BMI.
Conclusion and recommendation: The study findings suggested the vulnerability of female to coronary heart diseases. Therefore, steps should be taken in increasing the awareness about coronary heart diseases among the female.
J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2014;20(01):50-53
Medical Ethics
Authors: Rahman Md  Mazibur , Rahman Shafiqur
Published: December 2024

Abstract not available
J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2014;20(01):64
Immune system of our body - Working 24  7 365. Do we think about it when we are prescribing antibiotics to patients?
Authors: Hassan Munir
Published: December 2024

Abstract Not Available
J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2014 ; 20 (01) : 2
Role Strain in Foreign Policy: Analyzing the Carter Doctrine
Authors: Altiparmak Suleyman O. , Thies Cameron G.
Published: December 2024

This study employs role theory to examine the complexities of foreign policy decision-making, focusing on the Carter Doctrine as a case study in United States (US) hegemony and great power dynamics. By analyzing the historical precedents, geopolitical shifts, and domestic political pressures, the concept of role strain, the conditions that led to it and its implications for US foreign policy are investigated. We uncover the tensions between promoting liberal internationalism and prioritizing domestic concerns within the context of the Carter Doctrine. Our findings underscore the nuanced interplay between hegemonic aspirations and pragmatic political imperatives, shedding light on the challenges of balancing competing role expectations in foreign policy decision-making. In essence, this interplay brings together conflict, overload, ambiguity and lack of influence, rendering the existing inter-status conflict unmanageable.
Evaluation of forest areas and land use/cover (LULC) changes with a combination of remote sensing, intensity analysis and CA-Markov modelling
Authors: Aksoy Hasan
Published: December 2024

Background: Land use and land cover change (LULC) is crucial for maintaining the integrity of ecosystems’ structure and function, and thus regular measurement and monitoring of LULC are necessary.
Methods: In this study, the temporal and spatial changes in forest areas and land cover in the province of Sinop, located in the north of Turkey, were analysed by intensity analysis for two 10-year periods from 2002-2012 to 2022, and 2032 and 2042 forecast LULC maps were generated using the cellular automata CA-Markov model. In the study, datasets were prepared using forest type maps and Landsat images, and the images were classified using various classification techniques.
Results: The results indicated that forest areas increased by 23% (37,823.38 ha) from 2002 to 2022, with the mixed forest category showing a decrease of 22% (12,245.43 ha) within this. In non-forest areas, a significant increase of 72% was observed in the settlement category, while a decrease of 63% was noted in the agricultural category. According to the intensity analysis, the rate of change in LULC is faster from 2002 to 2012 than from 2012 to 2022. In both periods, the settlement and agricultural categories have predominantly targeted each other’s losses. According to the simulation results of land use/cover from 2022 to 2042, a 0.50% increase in total forest area, a 2.87% increase in settlements, and a decrease of 2.65% and 0.71% in agriculture and water classes, respectively, are anticipated.
Conclusions: The overall results suggest that it can contribute to setting an appropriate development goal, especially for forest planners and policymakers, to regulate land use changes to achieve higher carbon stocks and maintain balance in global climate scenarios.
Conjunction Problems for a Pseudo-hyperbolic Equation of the Fourth Order with Discontinuous Coefficients
Authors: Pirmatov A. , Isakov T. , Saktanov U.
Published: December 2024

The relevance of the study is justified by proving the correctness of the conjugation problem for a pseudo-hyperbolic fourth-order equation with discontinuous coefficients. In this work, the methods of Green's function and integral equations are employed to demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the first boundary value problem of the pseudo-hyperbolic fourth-order partial differential equation. The obtained results can be applied in the education of students and graduate students in mathematical disciplines.
Relapse Modeling Cancer
Authors: Goncharova A. , Kolpak E.
Published: December 2024

The treatment of oncological diseases is one of the most difficult tasks of clinical medicine. Successful treatment is accompanied in some cases by a relapse followed by a sharp exacerbation of the disease. One of the causes of relapse may be the stimulation of the growth of a pool of dormant cells under the action of drugs. The paper develops a model of tumor cell growth, their destruction due to chemotherapy, and the growth of a pool of cells that are not susceptible to drugs. An assessment of the probability distribution of the moments of initiation of treatment and the moments of recurrence after the end of treatment is given.
Water Activation: The Effect of an Electric Field on the Properties of a Liquid
Authors: Erkinova K. , Tolobaeva K. , Tashpolotov Y.
Published: December 2024

The article discusses the process of obtaining activated water based on an electric field. Activated water obtained as a result of electrolysis demonstrates unique physico-chemical properties that differ from ordinary water, which opens up new possibilities for use in various sectors of the national economy. The mechanisms of water activation and their effect on the acid-base balance, as well as the stability of activated properties, have been studied. The experimental part presents data on the dependence of the pH of the water on the activation time and the voltage between the electrodes. The results show that an increase in activation time and voltage leads to significant pH changes near the anode and cathode. The problems related to the instability of activated properties and the influence of the composition of the source water are discussed. The work highlights the need for further research to optimize activated water production technology and develop standards for its application.
Bioecological Characteristics of Species of the Pimpinella L. Genus in Flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Authors: Babayeva S. , Guliyeva N. , Salmanova R. , Huseynov H. , Novruzov H.
Published: December 2024

In the presented article, the species included in the Pimpinella L. genus, common in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, were studied, and it was found that 11 species of the genus were found in the study area. P. anisum L., one of these species, is cultivated. The article also reflects the bioecological characteristics and areas of use of species belonging to the genus. According to the literature and our research, species belonging to the genus are valuable spices and are used in medicine, perfumery, cosmetics, food, and confectionery industries. The studied species are widespread in the types of vegetation of the foothills, plains, and lower, middle, and upper mountain belts of the region.
Rare and Endangered Species of the Ranunculaceae Family in Nakhchivan
Authors: Safarova F.
Published: December 2024

Examined annual and perennial herbaceous plants belonging to the Ranunculus L. genus of the Ranunculaceae family, and found that 103 of the 2000 species of the family are common in Azerbaijan, and many of them are poisonous. In the taxonomic spectrum of the Nakhchivan flora, 55 species belonging to 14 genera of the Ranunculaceae family were identified, of which 5 species belonging to 3 genera are rare and are included in the Red Book of the Nakhchivan AR. Therefore, it is very important to survey the distribution areas of species belonging to the Ranunculus L. genus, especially poisonous species, and improve the quality of pastures and pastures. The ecological and biological characteristics of the breed also allow it to be used in medicine. Based on the research, Aconitum nasutum Fisch., Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bosch, Delphinium foetidum Lomak.,Delphinium flexuosum M. Bieb., and Pulsatilla violacea Rupr. have been identified as rare and endangered species in the vegetation of Nakhchivan.
Taxonomic Composition of the Tragopogon L. Genus in Nakhchivan and Prospects for Using Species
Authors: Ganbarov D. , Guliyeva N. , Babayeva S.
Published: December 2024

The species included in the Tragopogon L. genus, common in the flora of Nakhchivan, have been studied. 12 species of the genus have been described. A systematic analysis has been performed, and an ecological characteristic of the species has been given. For all the described species, a practical analysis of the possibility of using them in medicine, agriculture, etc., has been presented. The applied value is diverse—these are medicinal plants with a large number of biologically active substances (alkaloids, glycosides, organic acids, vitamins, saponins, tannins, phytoncides, mineral elements, etc.), spicy-aromatic, essential oil, food, fodder, and weed, as well as promising species for introduction into culture in the region.
Taxonomic Composition of the Orobanche L. Genus in the Nakhchivan and Prospects for Using Species
Authors: Guliyeva N. , Abbasov N. , Salmanova R. , Babayeva Z.
Published: December 2024

The article presents information on the taxonomic composition of the genus Orobanche L. The article provides information on the distribution of the genus species in the flora of Nakhchivan. A brief overview of practical use is given. Sixteen species of this genus have been found in the flora of Nakhchivan, including Orobanche sintenisiiBeck is present in the cultivated flora. The species of the genus are used as ornamental, fodder and food plants, as well as in medicine.
Biomorphological and Ecological Analysis of the Flora of the Caspian Coast
Authors: Gurbanov E. , Huseynova H. , Mammadova Z. , Rzayeva A.
Published: December 2024

The biomorphological and ecological structure of plant species on the coast of the Caspian Sea is presented. The coastal flora encompasses a range of life forms, with herbaceous plants (45.5%) being the most prevalent. Biomorphological classifications indicate that therophytes, hemicryptophytes, and cryptophytes are the dominant groups. Based on ecological grouping, most plants belong to mesophytes (40.7%) and psammophytes (23.0%), reflecting the adaptation of the local vegetation to the climate and soil characteristics of the area. This diversity underscores the unique botanical composition of the Caspian coast and its ecological adaptations. The study highlights the significance of biomorphological and ecological analyses for understanding the region’s biological diversity and ecosystem balance, providing valuable insights for sustainable ecosystem management.
Medicinal Plants Containing Anthracene
Authors: Gasimov H. , Seyidzade Z.
Published: December 2024

Various types of phytochemicals are present in plant parts such as bark, stem, roots, and other plant components. The distribution, chemical composition, and use of anthracene derivative-containing plants growing in Azerbaijan were investigated. Anthraquinones can be used as agents that have an active effect against malignant tumors and stimulate immunity against new malignant derivatives. Oxy- and oxymethylanthraquinones of fennel have antispasmodic and diuretic effects, and the content of calcium and magnesium phosphates in them ensures the fragmentation and removal of urinary stones from the body. Methyloxyanthraquinone derivatives are present in the bark, leaves, shoots, and fruits of Rhamnus cathartica. Freshly picked pods contain anthraglycoside frangulioriside, which oxidizes and turns into glucofrangulin when stored in pods for 1 year. Rhubarb root and its extracts have a laxative effect, increasing intestinal peristalsis. Aloe is used for skin care.
Study of Essential Oil Plants of Azerbaijan and the Importance of Their Extracts
Authors: Ibragimova A.
Published: December 2024

There are many valuable essential oil plants growing in Azerbaijan that can be used in all areas of the national economy. Growing conditions contribute to the accumulation of a large amount of essential oils in plants. Effective use of essential oil plants increases the production of feed, medicines, food products, leather, dyeing, etc., and ensures the development of industrial areas. Most essential oil plants are medicinal plants and are widely used in phytotherapy. The author suggests using various methods to obtain essential oil. Some methods of extracting oils from plants are considered, and their effectiveness is assessed.
Dominant Insect Pests of Green Plantations of Osh City and Its Countryside and Biological Justification of Protection Measures
Authors: Teshebaeva Z. , Aitieva T. , Erkinbay k.U. , Zhumakeeva A. , Toktoraliev B. , Sydykbaeva K.
Published: December 2024

The article presents data on the ecological and phytosanitary condition of green plantations of Osh city. The general reasons for the weakening, drying, and decrease of the decorativeness of green plantings of the city are the insufficiency of agrotechnical measures and watering in hot summer time, violation of rules of planting of plantations, outbreaks of mass reproduction of diseases and pests, and imperfection of protective measures against pests and diseases. The dominant insect pests of tree and shrub plantations of Osh city, including 56 species of insects, were identified. The overwhelming majority of pests belonged to the detachments: Lepidoptera—17 species, Hemiptera—12, Homoptera—11. In 2024, in Osh city and its countryside, an outbreak of mass reproduction of oak miner sawfly (Profenusa pygmaea Klug, 1816) on oak plantations and elm miner sawfly (Fenusa ulmiSandevall, 1844) on elm was observed; small mulberry firefly (Glyphodes pyloalis Walker, 1859) on mulberry, willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora Laicharting, 1781), willow leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola Statius Müller, 1766), and oriental leaf beetle (Agelastica orientalis Baly, 1878) on elm, willow, and poplar trees. The results of the application of the biological preparation Actorophyte 1.8 showed 93-100% biological efficiency in the control of oak and elm miner sawflies and small mulberry fireflies.
The Negative Impact of the Atlant LLC Enterprise on the Environment and the Promotion of Rational Nature Management.
Authors: Patrakova G. , Sagdeeva G.
Published: December 2024

In order to control and reduce the negative impact of emissions on the environment, the company needs to calculate payments for emissions of pollutants. These calculations can be based on various methodologies, including regulatory and reference data, emission monitoring results, as well as legislative requirements and standards for environmental protection. The fee for emissions can be calculated based on the volume of emissions, the concentration of pollutants, as well as their impact on the environment. Effective emission management and compliance with environmental requirements not onlycontributes to the preservation of nature and human health but can also increase the competitiveness of an enterprise in the market and improve its reputation among consumers and investors. Modernization of an enterprise in order to reduce the negative impact of economic activity on the environment is expensive,but it ist the most effective way from the point of view of environmental safety. It is recommended to install, at the enterprise, in addition to the exhaust hood, a tubular electrostatic precipitator of the JS-GD series with a cleaning efficiency of gaseous and dust impurities of 96% and higher. The work is aimed at studying effective methods of stimulating the enterprise to a more responsible attitude to the environment and the use of natural resources. The work will consider the basic principles of sustainable development and also propose specific measures to increase environmental awareness and the efficiency of nature management at the enterprise of OOO Atlant.
Ecological State of the Khaidarkan Mercury Plant, Industrial Waste
Authors: Anarbaykyzy S.
Published: December 2024

In the tailings of the Khaidarkan mercury plant, the average content of mercury and other elements is: As - 0.23%; Hg - 0.0046%; Sb - 0.36%. In the territory of the settlement of Chauvay, an excess of mercury concentration relative to the MAC (0.005 mg/l) and MACvr (0.0003 mg/l) was found in samples from the Chatmazar-Sai River (0.0008 mg/l). It is recommended to develop a program of work on the reclamation of the territory; therefore, an in-depth study is necessary to identify the most intensively contaminated areas, determine an appropriate concept and stages of work, and the tasks of environmental restoration. Chemical and biological methods can be used to restore the territory of Khaidarkan. It is necessary to prevent free access of the local population, as well as wild and farm animals, to hazardous areas.
Development and Launch of the Telegram Bot – Message Aggregator
Authors: Safina G. , Konyaev Yu.
Published: December 2024

Describes the process of creating a telegram bot for aggregating messages in order to simplify communication between local government and students of the university dormitory. The bot code is written in the Python programming language in the PyCharm programming environment. To launch the bot, hosting is used, specialized for Python projects: PythonAnywhere.
Creating an English Learning Game in the Unity Development Environment
Authors: Safina G. , Kirillova E.
Published: December 2024

Shows the step-by-step components and results of the process of developing a training game using the Unity cross-platform environment—an editor (engine) for developing computer games. The game is designed to help students in primary acquaintance and mastering the English language through interaction with the world and its study. The code part of the game is implemented using libraries and functionality of the C# programming language; 3D modeling capabilities are involved to visualize the project (game).
Combining Robustness and Explainability in Developing Safe Artificial Intelligence Systems
Authors: Zhalilov A. , Toktorbaev A.
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the critical challenges associated with ensuring the security and robustness of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, especially within high-stakes applications such as autonomous vehicles, healthcare, and financial technologies. The primary objective is to identify vulnerabilities in AI algorithms and propose effective mitigation strategies. The research emphasizes contemporary threats, including adversarial attacks, algorithmic opacity, data breaches, and the ethical ramifications of AI deployment. A review of current literature reveals that adversarial attacks, where subtle input perturbations cause significant misclassifications, present a considerable risk to AI reliability. Techniques such as robust training, involving training models on adversarial examples, have shown effectiveness in improving resilience, albeit with higher computational demands. The study also explores the importance of explainable AI (XAI) tools like LIME and SHAP, which enhance transparency by clarifying the decision-making processes of complex models. This transparency is vital for fostering user trust, especially in fields like medicine and finance, where understanding AI decisions is essential. XAI approaches enable better oversight and adherence to ethical standards. Data privacy concerns are addressed through methods such as differential privacy, which protects sensitive information by adding noise, and federated learning, which enables decentralized model training without exposing raw data. The findings indicate that these strategies secure data while maintaining model efficacy. By integrating robustness and explainability, this study contributes practical solutions to strengthen AI systems against evolving threats, advancing AI security and fostering trust in these technologies.
Performance Assessment of IPV4 and IPV6 Routing Protocols
Authors: Abdyraeva N. , Kuyumov U.
Published: December 2024

IPv6 is considered the most promising protocol for complex and distributed network applications in the IoT. However, its adoption in industry, especially in smart manufacturing, has been slower than expected. Although the benefits of IPv6 for industrial IoT technologies are widely recognized, its use in practice is associated with certain difficulties. This paper provides a qualitative assessment of IPv6 and the replacement of IPv4 with IPv6.