bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Only People and Apes are Ill with Common Cold? The Possible Role of Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin Variability
Authors: Ibraimov A. I.
Published: January 2016

Common cold (CC) is referred to the most widespread human illnesses and affects people all over the globe. Till now there is no standard theory explaining the development mechanism(s) of СС. The etiology of the CC is known - over 200 virus strains are implicated in the cause of the common cold; the rhinoviruses are the most common. As for pathogenesis, it is conventional, that cold plays the important role in development of СС. It is believed that cooling causes blood circulatory disturbance and permeability of vessels that consequently deteriorates the tissue nutrition and its resistance against infectious agents, and its resistibility in relation to infection. It is also known that the CC sickness rate is affected by the age (children get sick more often than adults) and gender (male individuals are more susceptible to CC than females, regardless of their age). Among the issues that have not received an answer is another question: why CC affects only upon humans and apes? It is hypothesized that the cause of these higher primates susceptibility to CC is the highest level of their body heat conductivity in the animal world. Just this circumstance contributes to the rapid and deep cooling of the bodies of people and apes when it is cold, with all the ensuing negative consequences for the organism.
Cadernos de História PUC Minas: vinte anos de um projeto em construção (Cadernos de História PUC Minas: twenty years of a project under construction)
Authors: Machado Heloisa Guaracy , Mourão Rafael Pacheco
Published: January 2016

A presente nota histórica realiza um relato sobre os vinte anos da revista Cadernos de História PUC Minas, abordando a sua criação, as fases de estruturação e sua contribuição para a área da História. 

 

This historical note carries an account of the twenty years of the magazine Cadernos de História PUC Minas, addressing its inception, the stages of structuring and his contribution to the field of history.
Os legados pios perpétuos confraternais na cidade de Braga no século XVIII (The legacy pious perpetual confraternais in the city of Braga in the eighteenth century)
Authors: Ferraz Norberto Tiago Gonçalves
Published: January 2016

Neste artigo pretendemos analisar os legados pios perpétuos instituídos nas confrarias bracarenses no século XVIII, em especial a sua periodicidade, quais as intenções neles contidas e o perfil dos seus instituidores. Este trabalho inseriu-se na nossa investigação de doutoramento sobre a temática da vivência da morte e da salvação da alma na Braga setecentista. Através dos legados pios perpétuos pretendia-se, sobretudo, sufragar perpetuamente as almas dos defuntos. Para atingirem esse objetivo, os legatários doavam propriedades ou fundos monetários. As confrarias constituíram-se como instituições privilegiadas de receção desses legados perpétuos pelas intenções das almas dos defuntos que os legatários queriam sufragar. A nossa investigação centrou-se, desse modo, no levantamento e análise arquivístico das fontes documentais setecentistas de 34 confrarias locais (entre 40% e 50% do total de irmandades existentes à época). Nem todas receberam legados, mas os dados recolhidos e analisados permitiram estabelecer padrões relativamente ao tema em questão.

 

Abstract

In this article we want to analise the perpetual pious legacies instituded in the confraternities of Braga in the XVIII century, in particular their periodicity, what were their intentions and the profile of their institutors. This work comes from our doctoral investigation about the more wide thematic of the experience of death and the soul salvation on the Braga of XVIII century. Throughout the perpetual pious legacies there was na intention, mainly, to defray perpetually the souls of the dead. To achieve that purpose, the legataries donated proprieties and budget funds. The confraternities established themselves as priviliged institutions that received these perpetual legacies for the intentions of souls that the legataires wanted to defray. Our investigation focused in the study and analisis of the XVIII century documental sources contained in the archives of 34 local confraternites, corresponding to between 40% and 50%, of all brotherhoods that existed at that time. Not all of them received legacies, but the data that was took over and analised allowed to establish patterns relatively to the subject in question.

Keywords: Legacie; Confraternitie; Braga; Soul.
O parentesco escravo nas terras da família Maia: Sul de Minas, 1811 a 1860 (The slave parentage in the lands of the Maia family: southern Minas Gerais, 1811-1860)
Authors: Rodrigues João Lucas
Published: January 2016

Durante o século XIX, a família Maia construiu um patrimônio avultado na localidade de Camanducaia, no Sul de Minas Gerais. Na montagem do empreendimento agrícola, como em outras grandes propriedades da região, um número expressivo de escravos foi adquirido. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as relações parentais construídas por esses cativos no decorrer do século XIX, especificamente, no período de 1811 a 1860. Cruzando informações provenientes de fontes diversas, analisamos a formação das uniões conjugais, as alianças tecidas mediante as relações de compadrio e, ainda, a estabilidade dos núcleos familiares ao longo do tempo. Desse modo, pudemos acompanhar a trama das relações de parentesco construídas na senzala da família Maia durante quase meio século, identificando parentelas extensas que tiveram considerável estabilidade no tempo.

 

Abstract

During the nineteenth century, the Maia family built a substantial heritage in the locality of Camanducaia, southern Minas Gerais. When mounting the agricultural enterprise, as in other large properties in the region, a significant number of slaves was purchased. This study aims to examine parental relationships built by these captives during the nineteenth century, specifically in the period from 1811 to 1860. Crossing information from various sources, analyze the formation of marital unions, alliances woven through relationships patronage and also the stability of the family nucleus over the years. Thus we could follow the plot of kinship relations in the slave huts built the Maia family for nearly half a century, identifying extensive kinsfolk who had considerable stability over time.

Keywords: Slavery; Family Slave; Southern Minas.
Preparation of Low Friction MoSex/nc-Mo Coatings Containing Spherical Mo Nanoparticles
Authors: Grigoriev S. , Romanov R. , Volosova M. , Matsnev N. , Fominski V.
Published: January 2016

The possibility of preparation of nanocomposite coatings consisting of a solid lubricant matrix (MoSex) and nanocrystalline metal particles (nc-Mo) was demonstrated using pulsed laser deposition from synthesized target MoSe2.The particles had spherical shapes and their sizes were about 5 - 50 nm. The content of the nc-Mo nanoparticles in the MoSex/nc-Mo coatings was varied by changing the laser irradiation regimes and the conditions of expansion of the laser plume from the target to substrate. It was established that the tribological properties of the nanocomposite coatings MoSex/nc-Mo are depended on the concentration of nanoparticles in the bulk of the coatings as well as on the structure of the coating matrix. The MoSex/nc-Mo coating with increased crystalline order of matrix obtained on a steel substrate reduced the friction coefficient to ~0.04 during steel ball sliding in air of laboratory humidity. Probable mechanisms of nanoparticle formation were proposed and a role of these particles in the wear of the nanocomposite MoSex/nc-Mo coatings was discussed.
The Formation of Carbon Microcoils Having the Coil-Type Overall Geometry
Authors: Kang Gi-Hwan , Kim Sung-Hoon
Published: January 2016

Carbon microcoils could be synthesized using a thermal chemical vapor deposition process in which C2H2/H2 is used as the source gas and SF6 as an additive gas. We investigated the formation of carbon microcoils as a function of reaction time to study the growth mechanism of coil-type carbon microcoils, particularly under long reaction time. After the first 5 min of the reaction, wave-like carbon nanocoils were formed along with carbon microcoils at certain positions on the sample. An increase in reaction time (60 min) led to the formation of double helix-type carbon microcoils. Further increase in the reaction time (120 min) led to the formation of twist-type carbon microcoils with occasional growth of the coil-type carbon microcoils on the sample. However, at the longest reaction time (180 min) investigated in this work, we observed a decrease in the density of the carbon microcoils. Based on these results, we determine the optimal reaction time for the growth of double helix-type carbon microcoils and suggest the growth mechanism of the coil-type carbon microcoils with a focus on long reaction time.
Arf6 regulates the cycling and the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles at hippocampal synapse
Authors: Tagliatti Erica , Fadda Manuela , Falace Antonio , Benfenati Fabio , Fassio Anna
Published: January 2016

Recycling of synaptic vesicles (SVs) is a fundamental step in the process of neurotransmission. Endocytosed SV can travel directly into the recycling pool or recycle through endosomes but little is known about the molecular actors regulating the switch between these SV recycling routes. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase known to participate in constitutive trafficking between plasma membrane and early endosomes. Here, we have morphologically and functionally investigated Arf6-silenced hippocampal synapses and found an activity dependent accumulation of synaptic endosome-like organelles and increased release-competent docked SVs. These features were phenocopied by pharmacological blockage of Arf6 activation. The data reveal an unexpected role for this small GTPase in reducing the size of the readily releasable pool of SVs and in channeling retrieved SVs toward direct recycling rather than endosomal sorting. We propose that Arf6 acts at the presynapse to define the fate of an endocytosed SV.
Assessing conservation status of resident and migrant birds on Hispaniola with mist-netting
Authors: Lloyd John D. , Rimmer Christopher C. , McFarland Kent P.
Published: January 2016

We analyzed temporal trends in mist-net capture rates of resident (n= 8) and overwintering Nearctic-Neotropical migrant (n= 3) bird species at two sites in montane broadleaf forest of the Sierra de Bahoruco, Dominican Republic, with the goal of providing quantitative information on population trends that could inform conservation assessments. We conducted sampling at least once annually during the winter months of January–March from 1997 to 2010. We found evidence of declines in capture rates for three resident species, including one species endemic to Hispaniola. Capture rate of Rufous-throated Solitaire (Myadestes genibarbis) declined by 3.9% per year (95% CL = 0%, 7.3%), Green-tailed Ground-Tanager (Microligea palustris) by 6.8% (95% CL = 3.9%, 8.8%), and Greater Antillean Bullfinch (Loxigilla violacea) by 4.9% (95% CL = 0.9%, 9.2%). Two rare and threatened endemics, Hispaniolan Highland-Tanager (Xenoligea montana) and Western Chat-Tanager (Calyptophilus tertius), showed statistically significant declines, but we have low confidence in these findings because trends were driven by exceptionally high capture rates in 1997 and varied between sites. Analyses that excluded data from 1997 revealed no trend in capture rate over the course of the study. We found no evidence of temporal trends in capture rates for any other residents or Nearctic-Neotropical migrants. We do not know the causes of the observed declines, nor can we conclude that these declines are not a purely local phenomenon. However, our findings, along with other recent reports of declines in these same species, suggest that a closer examination of their conservation status is warranted. Given the difficulty in obtaining spatially extensive, long-term estimates of population change for Hispaniolan birds, we suggest focusing on other metrics of vulnerability that are more easily quantified yet remain poorly described, such as extent of occurrence.
Extra-pair paternity in the long-tailed finchPoephila acuticauda
Authors: van Rooij Erica P. , Rollins Lee A. , Holleley Clare E. , Griffith Simon C.
Published: January 2016

Although the majority of passerine birds are socially monogamous, true genetic monogamy is rare, with extra-pair paternity (EPP) occurring in almost 90% of surveyed socially monogamous species. We present the first molecular data on the genetic breeding system of the long-tailed finch,Poephila acuticauda, a grass finch endemic to the tropical northern savannah of Australia. Although the species forms socially monogamous pair bonds during the breeding season, we found that extra-pair males sired 12.8% of 391 offspring, in 25.7% of 101 broods. Our findings provide only the second estimate of extra-pair paternity in the estrildid finch family.
Determination of focal mechanisms of nonvolcanic tremor using S wave polarization data corrected for the effects of anisotropy
Authors: Imanishi Kazutoshi , Uchide Takahiko , Takeda Naoto
Published: January 2016

We propose a method to determine the focal mechanisms of nonvolcanic tremors using anisotropy‐corrected S polarizations measured directly from noisy tremor signals. The successful retrieval of polarization angles in noisy signals owes much to the observation that, in general, tremors propagate slowly and therefore do not change their location immediately. This feature of tremors enables us to use longer time windows to compute polarization angles (e.g., 1 min or longer), resulting in a stack of particle motions. We applied the method to a tremor episode that occurred beneath the Kii Peninsula in April 2013. Although the majority of inferred focal mechanisms suggested that tremors manifest shear slip on the plate interface, some events with strike‐slip components were also found to have occurred. The proposed method provides us with a tool for investigating smaller‐scale spatial distributions and temporal variations of focal mechanisms throughout tremor zones.
An automatically updated S‐wave model of the upper mantle and the depth extent of azimuthal anisotropy
Authors: Debayle Eric , Dubuffet Fabien , Durand Stéphanie
Published: January 2016

We present 3D2015_07Sv, an S wave model of the upper mantle based on the waveform modeling of 1,359,470 Rayleigh waves recorded since 1976. The use of approximate forward theory and modeling allows updating the model with new data on a regular basis. 3D2015_07Sv contains azimuthal anisotropy, achieves a lateral resolution of ∼600 km, and is consistent with other recent models up to degree 60 in the uppermost 200 km and degree 15 in the transition zone. Although radial anisotropy has been found to extend deeper beneath continents than beneath oceans, we find no such difference for azimuthal anisotropy, suggesting that beneath most continents, the alignment of olivine crystal is preferentially horizontal and azimuthally random at large scale. As most continents are located on slow moving plates, this supports the idea that azimuthal anisotropy aligns at large scale with the present plate motion only for plates faster than ∼4 cm yr−1.
The Nine Lives of Buildings
Authors: Stoner Jill
Published: January 2016

Like cats being gifted with a new life every time they just miss their demise, buildings are constantly propelled towards change and reinvention in order to sustain their existence. Here Jill Stoner, Director of the Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism at Carleton University in Ottawa, and Professor of Architecture at the University of California, Berkeley, for 28 years, identifies and reflects upon nine possible future lives for buildings.
Visiting Karsten Harries and Revisiting his ‘Building and the Terror of Time’
Authors: Franck Karen A
Published: January 2016

Karsten Harries, Howard H Newman Professor of Philosophy at Yale University, has written one of the most influential essays reflecting on the relationship between time and architecture, ‘Building and the Terror of Time’ (1982). For Harries, architecture is a means of resisting mortality and coping with the fear of human transience. In order to reassess those ideas in the current context of this issue, guest‐editor Karen A Franck interviewed Harries in the spring of 2015.
Biomimetic and Bioinspired Synthesis of Nanomaterials/Nanostructures
Authors: Zan Guangtao , Wu Qingsheng
Published: January 2016

In recent years, due to its unparalleled advantages, the biomimetic and bioinspired synthesis of nanomaterials/nanostructures has drawn increasing interest and attention. Generally, biomimetic synthesis can be conducted either by mimicking the functions of natural materials/structures or by mimicking the biological processes that organisms employ to produce substances or materials. Biomimetic synthesis is therefore divided here into “functional biomimetic synthesis” and “process biomimetic synthesis”. Process biomimetic synthesis is the focus of this review. First, the above two terms are defined and their relationship is discussed. Next different levels of biological processes that can be used for process biomimetic synthesis are compiled. Then the current progress of process biomimetic synthesis is systematically summarized and reviewed from the following five perspectives: i) elementary biomimetic system via biomass templates, ii) high‐level biomimetic system via soft/hard‐combined films, iii) intelligent biomimetic systems via liquid membranes, iv) living‐organism biomimetic systems, and v) macromolecular bioinspired systems. Moreover, for these five biomimetic systems, the synthesis procedures, basic principles, and relationships are discussed, and the challenges that are encountered and directions for further development are considered.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydrocoumarins Containing Contiguous Quaternary and Tertiary Stereogenic Centers Catalyzed by a Cinchona‐Alkaloid‐Based Bifunctional Thiourea Derivative
Authors: Zhang Shao‐Yun , Lv Ming , Yin Shao‐Jie , Li Nai‐Kai , Zhang Jun‐Qi , Wang Xing‐Wang
Published: January 2016

A series of enantiomerically enriched 3,4‐dihydrocoumarins containing contiguous quaternary and tertiary stereogenic centers has been efficiently constructed via domino asymmetric Michael addition/transesterification reactions of azlactones with o‐hydroxychalcones using a quinine‐derived thiourea as bifunctional organocatalyst. Under mild reaction conditions, the optically active 3,4‐dihydrocoumarins were generally obtained in 63–96% yields with >20:1 dr and 81–96% ee.

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Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Carbenoid Insertion of N‐Tosylhydrazones into Amide NH Bonds: An Efficient Approach to N3‐Benzyl/Alkyl‐2‐arylquinazolinones
Authors: Lingayya Rajaka , Vellakkaran Mari , Nagaiah Kommu , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu
Published: January 2016

Dirhodium(II) acetate‐catalyzed reactions of N‐tosylhydrazones with dihydroquinazolinones bearing different types of NH bonds that give N3‐benzyl/alkyl‐2‐arylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones through Csp3N bond formation by oxidative dehydrogenation and insertion of rhodium‐carbenoid into amide NH bond are reported for the first time. This method features good to excellent yields, good functional group tolerance, high regioselectivity and readily available starting materials.

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Multiple Roles of the Pyrimidyl Group in the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis and Functionalization of Indole‐3‐carboxylic Acid Esters
Authors: Jiang Hui , Gao Shang , Xu Jinyi , Wu Xiaoming , Lin Aijun , Yao Hequan
Published: January 2016

A regioselective synthesis of indole‐3‐carboxylic acid esters from anilines and diazo compounds has been realized by making use of the pyrimidyl group‐assisted rhodium‐catalyzed CH activation and CN bond formation. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, exhibits good functional group tolerance and scalability. Reutilization of the pyrimidyl directing group in the resulting products provided an efficient strategy for further C‐7 functionalization of indoles. Moreover, the pyrimidyl moiety could be readily removed as a leaving group to offer various free NH indoles.

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Efficient and Flexible Synthesis of Highly Functionalised 4‐Aminooxazoles by a Gold‐Catalysed Intermolecular Formal [3+2] Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Gillie Andrew D. , Jannapu Reddy Raju , Davies Paul W.
Published: January 2016

Oxazoles are important motifs within bioactive and functional materials. Complex, fully substituted and functionalised 4‐aminooxazoles are accessed by an efficient intermolecular reaction between an ynamide and an N‐acylpyridinium N‐aminide in the presence of a gold catalyst. The formal [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition employs a nucleophilic nitrenoid approach to access the 1,3‐N,O‐dipole character in a controllable fashion. The selectivity for a cycloaddition pathway provides a stark contrast against the indiscriminate reactivity of electrophilic acyl nitrenes. Protocols for the formation of acyl‐functionalised aminides are reported from accessible precursors including carboxylic esters and acids. The function of these aminides in the oxazole‐forming reaction has been explored and it is shown that substantial elaboration is accommodated despite proximity to the reactive centre. As a result functional oxazole‐based motifs, such as chiral oxazoles with biologically pertinent substitution patterns, are readily accessible. The use of ynamide types that are unexplored or little used in gold catalysis has been evaluated. Unusual all‐heteroatom substitution patterns around the oxazole are shown to be accessible using thio‐ynamides. The study shows that a close stoichiometry of reactants is suitable alongside relatively low loadings of the bench‐stable precatalysts in practically straightforward multi‐mmol scale reactions. The efficiency and flexibility of this regioselective intermolecular preparation is demonstrated in the ready synthesis of oxazoles with substantial structural and functional group variation.

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Late Stage CH Activation of a Privileged Scaffold; Synthesis of a Library of Benzodiazepines
Authors: Khan Raysa , Felix Robert , Kemmitt Paul D. , Coles Simon J. , Day Iain J. , Tizzard Graham J. , Spencer John
Published: January 2016

A library of over twenty 5‐(2‐arylphenyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones has been formed by a microwave‐mediated late‐stage palladium‐catalysed arylation of 1,4‐benzodiazepines using diaryliodonium salts. This can also be applied to nordazepam (7‐chloro‐5‐phenyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one), the active metabolite of diazepam, and subsequent N‐alkylation and/or H/D exchange allows further diversification towards elaborated pharmaceuticals and their 3,3′‐deuterated analogues.

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Hydrological and substrate requirements of the thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus (Philipsson 1788)
Authors: Stoeckl Katharina , Geist Juergen
Published: January 2016

Conservation and restoration strategies require knowledge of the autecology of target species. The thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus is an endangered freshwater bivalve with largely unknown habitat preferences. In this study, hydrological and substrate parameters including shear stress, flow velocity and penetration resistance of substrate were examined in relation to mussel presence/absence data in six streams with recruiting and self‐sustaining populations to derive information on the hydrological and substrate habitat requirements of the species.

Mean flow velocities between 0.11 and 0.31 m s−1 and absolute maximum values in the study streams ranging from 0.22 to 0.95 m s−1 indicate that the species is tolerant of a wide range of hydrological conditions.

Areas with high mussel densities were characterized by low flow velocities (<0.3 m s−1), low mean penetration resistances (0.36 ± 0.52 kg cm−2) as well as by low near‐bed shear stress (1.06 ± 0.33 x 10−6 N cm−2) compared with non‐colonized sites.

Maximum near‐bed flow velocity at mussel beds was 0.33 m s−1 and 0.35 m s−1 at 60% depth. Higher flows with maximum velocities of 0.52 m s−1 and 0.95 m s−1 at 60% depth were measured at non‐colonized sites. Mussel density was significantly negatively correlated with near‐bed shear forces.

The results indicate that the hydrological and substrate characteristics of U. crassus habitat are broader than expected. In contrast to the assumption that it depends on moderate to high flows (>0.3 m s−1), streams with low water flow and soft substrate were also identified as suitable habitats.

Functional characteristics of the substrate, especially stability and areas with low shear stress (<1.5 N cm−2), seem to be of great importance for the persistence of the species, and monitoring protocols used at present for habitat assessment of U. crassus should be updated.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PHARMACOLOGICAL REGULATION OF DIGESTION IN THE ANAUTOGENOUS FLESH FLY, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, BY SIMPLE INJECTION OF 6‐HYDROXYDOPAMINE
Authors: Bil Magdalena , Huybrechts Roger
Published: January 2016

Female anautogenous Sarcophaga flesh flies need a protein meal to start large‐scale yolk polypeptides (YPs) production and oocyte maturation. Protein meal rapidly elicits a brain‐dependent increase in midgut proteolytic activity. Trypsin and chymotrypsin together represent over 80% of protease activity in liver‐fed flies. Abdominal injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) dose‐dependently prohibits this increase in proteolytic activity at translational level in a similar way as post liver feeding decapitation. Delayed injection of 6‐OHDA later than 6 h post liver meal has no effect. In flesh flies, chemical decapitation by 6‐OHDA, by interrupting the brain‐gut dopaminergic signaling, can be used as tool for the controlled inhibition of midgut proteolytic activity and subsequent ovarial development. Inhibition of ovarial development is probably indirect due to a deficit in circulating amino acids needed for YPs synthesis.
Nostalgia's fulfillment of agentic and communal needs: How different types of self‐concepts shape consumer attitudes toward nostalgia
Authors: Nam Jiyeon , Lee Yun , Youn Nara , Kwon Kyoung‐Min
Published: January 2016

This research investigates how consumers' different types of self‐concepts (agentic vs. communal) shape their attitudes toward nostalgia. Experiment 1, using a two (self‐concept: agentic vs. communal) by two (nostalgia: nostalgic vs. non‐nostalgic) between‐subjects design and a series of multivariate analysis of variance and Hayes's PROCESS Model 8, showed that agentic and communal participants' preference was not increased in the non‐nostalgic condition but was increased in the nostalgic condition. Self‐concept indirectly influenced participants' preference for the nostalgic product through different functions of nostalgia; Agentic participants' likelihood of buying a nostalgic product and recommending it to others increased through enhanced self‐positivity, whereas communal participants' likelihood of buying a nostalgic product and recommending it to others increased through enhanced social connectedness. In Experiment 2, these results were replicated in the context of a public education campaign, and participants' chronic self‐concepts were measured. Participants with different chronic self‐concept tendencies were randomly assigned to nostalgic or non‐nostalgic conditions and were asked to indicate their attitudes toward the campaign. As in Experiment 1, a series of regression and Hayes' PROCESS Model 8 revealed that agentic and communal participants' attitudes were not enhanced in the non‐nostalgic condition but were enhanced in the nostalgic condition. Agentic (communal) individuals' favorability toward the nostalgic message about advocacy increased through enhanced self‐positivity (social connectedness). It appears that consumers with different self‐concepts (agentic vs. communal) experience enhanced feelings relevant to their self‐concepts (self‐positivity vs. social connectedness) when presented with nostalgic appeals for an object, and these heightened feelings drive an increased preference for it. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occurrence of Enantioselectivity in Nature: The Case of (S)‐Norcoclaurine
Authors: Ghirga Francesca , Quaglio Deborah , Ghirga Patrizio , Berardozzi Simone , Zappia Giovanni , Botta Bruno , Mori Mattia , D'Acquarica Ilaria
Published: January 2016

This review article is aimed at providing a monographic overview on (S)‐norcoclaurine (NC) alkaloid from three diverse points of view, collected all together for the first time: 1) the synthetic one, where the compound is seen as a target chiral molecule to be obtained in the highest optical purity and as a starting point for the development of biocatalytic asymmetric syntheses of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids; 2) the chromatographic one, which addresses the HPLC separation of the two NC enantiomers; and 3) the biochemical one, for which a thorough understanding of the topology and mechanism of action of norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) enzyme is still a matter of debate. Special emphasis on the most recent studies in the field is given by discussing the results published by the main research groups who are working on NC and NCS. Chirality 28:169–180, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical simulation of transient dynamic behavior of healthy and hardened red blood cells in microcapillary flow
Authors: Hashemi Z. , Rahnama M.
Published: January 2016

In a number of human diseases such as diabetes mellitus and sickle cell anemia, variations in mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) occur and cause reduced deformability. Investigating the behavior of such abnormal, hardened RBCs in microcapillary flow is of prime importance because of their effects on oxygen transport process. In the present paper, dynamic response of a RBC to a microcapillary flow is numerically studied at steady and transient conditions, considering the effect of essential parameters including RBC deformability, its initial orientation, velocity, and flow pressure gradient. Simulations are performed using a three‐dimensional hybrid method, combining lattice Boltzmann method for plasma flow, finite element method for RBC membrane analysis, and immersed boundary method for their interaction. Quantitative and qualitative validations with the experimental data for different RBC velocities verify the accuracy of applied numerical method. Apart from the initial orientation, RBC experiences a complex shape deformation in which the biconcave discoid shape changes to a parachute‐like shape. While deformation index of RBC does not change considerably with RBC deformability at steady state condition, it plays an important role in its shape evolution under transient condition. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver cancer arterial perfusion modelling and CFD boundary conditions methodology: a case study of the haemodynamics of a patient‐specific hepatic artery in literature‐based healthy and tumour‐bearing liver scenarios
Authors: Aramburu Jorge , Antón Raúl , Rivas Alejandro , Ramos Juan Carlos , Sangro Bruno , Bilbao José Ignacio
Published: January 2016

Some of the latest treatments for unresectable liver malignancies (primary or metastatic tumours), which include bland embolisation, chemoembolisation, and radioembolisation, among others, take advantage of the increased arterial blood supply to the tumours to locally attack them. A better understanding of the factors that influence this transport may help improve the therapeutic procedures by taking advantage of flow patterns or by designing catheters and infusion systems that result in the injected beads having increased access to the tumour vasculature. Computational analyses may help understand the haemodynamic patterns and embolic‐microsphere transport through the hepatic arteries. In addition, physiological inflow and outflow boundary conditions are essential in order to reliably represent the blood flow through arteries. This study presents a liver cancer arterial perfusion model based on a literature review and derives boundary conditions for tumour‐bearing liver‐feeding hepatic arteries based on the arterial perfusion characteristics of normal and tumorous liver segment tissue masses and the hepatic artery branching configuration. Literature‐based healthy and tumour‐bearing realistic scenarios are created and haemodynamically analysed for the same patient‐specific hepatic artery. As a result, this study provides boundary conditions for computational fluid dynamics simulations that will allow researchers to numerically study, for example, various intravascular devices used for liver disease intra‐arterial treatments with different cancer scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employment of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers to High‐Throughput Screen nNOS‐PSD‐95 Interruptions: Structure and Dynamics Investigations on Monomer–Template Complexation
Authors: Wang Yongwei , Zhao Ting , Dai Peng , Jiang Nan , Li Fei
Published: January 2016

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are employed to screen nNOS‐PSD‐95 (neuronal nitric oxide synthase post‐synaptic density protein‐95) interruptions. 5‐(3,5‐Dichloro‐2‐hydroxybenzylamino)‐2‐hydroxybenzoic acid (ZL006; a potential drug candidate for the treatment of stroke, depression, and pain) is employed as a template. Four kinds of functional monomers (2‐VP: 2‐vinylpyridine; 4‐VP: 4‐vinylpyridine; MMA: methyl methacrylate; and MAAM: methacrylamide) are designed, and their complexation with ZL006 in various solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, toluene, chloroform) is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics calculations. Both 4‐VP and MAAM have stronger interactions with ZL006 than those of 2‐VP and MMA. The appropriate ratio of monomer to template is 3:1. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds play a dominant role in monomer–template complexation. Ideal solvents are toluene and chloroform, and the solvation effect on monomer–template complexation is revealed. Both molecular modeling and adsorption experiments demonstrate that as‐synthesized ZL006‐MIP with 4‐VP as a monomer has better selectivity than that employing MAAM to screen for nNOS‐PSD‐95 interruptions.
Pharmacologic effects of (2‐(2,6‐dimethylphenoxy) propyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride hydrate in hypertensive patients
Authors: Rosenfeld Joseph B. , Straughn Jane , Moyer John H.
Published: January 2016

The effect of SKF 6890 given intravenously was studied in 10 normotensive subjects and 10 hypertensive patients. It was found that both groups of patients were responsive and an effective dose was 2.5 mg. per kilogram. The drug blocks levarterenol effects (adrenergic blockade). Bioassay studies revealed that the average effective oral dose was around 800 mg.

The compound depresses glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow when the blood pressure decreases and this is followed by a slight increase of these parameters at the end of the second and third hours. The urinary volume and the sodium and potassium excretion are reduced as the glomerular filtration rate decreases. In long‐term experiments, it appears that patients develop tolerance to SKF 6890. After 6 weeks, less than one‐fourth of the patients continue to be responsive. The pharmacological observations indicate, however, that this is a new and effective antihypertensive agent which should be used as the basis for synthesizing new compounds of this type.
Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin) in the biliary tract
Authors: Feder Isidore A. , Kahn Alvin I. , Flores Angeles , Tager Bernard
Published: January 2016

Twiss and his co‐worker's reported that the oral administration of nitrofurantoin produced bactericidal levels of the drug in the bile. The organisms which infect the biliary tract are frequently the same as those which infeet the urinary tract. They therefore inferred that nitrofurantoin should be a valuable agent in treating infections of the biliary tract. We were unable to eradicate infections in the biliary tract even though the organisms isolated from culture of the bile were sensitive to the action of nitrofurantoin in vitro. Therefore we decided to repeat the studies of Twiss and his associates.

Following the oral administration of adequate doses of nitrofurantoin, the levels of this drug were studied in bile specimens obtained trom the gall bladder by T‐tube drainage and duodenal tube drainage. Blood levels were also determined. Nitrofurantoin levels were far below those obtained by Twiss. In no instance was there any bactericidal activity of nitrofurantoin observed at levels present in the bile during treatment. Nitrofurantoin is therefore ineffective in treatment oi infections of the biliary tract.
Abnormal symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests during treatment with phenothiazine derivatives
Authors: Hollister Leo E. , Caffey Eugene M. , Klett C. James
Published: January 2016

Complications were neither frequent nor severe in 599 newly admitted schizophrenie patients treated for 12 weeks with chlorpromazine, triflupromazine, mepazine, prochlorperazine, perphenazine, and phenobarbital. Twelve patients were dropped from treatment because of adverse symptoms or signs, 5 because of hematologic abnormalities, and 4 because of deviant hepatic tests.

Many abnormal symptoms and signs generally thought to be associated with phenothiazine drug therapy also occurred during treatment with phenobarbital. Leucopenia was not significantly more frequent from phenothiazines than from phenobarbital. No significant differences in abnormal hepatic tests were noted between the 6 agents. Most abnormal tests wem isolated alld spomdic. No frank case of intrahepatic obstructive jaundice was observed. Changes in body temperature, pulse rate, and blood pressure were uncommon, with no significant differences in frequency between the drug regimens.

Not all abnormalities in symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests which occurred during treatment can be attributed to it. At least some must be spontaneous fluctuations in the population studied.
A comparative study of optimal medical care with and without azaserine in multiple myeloma
Authors: Holland James F. , Gehan Edmund A. , Brindley Clyde O. , Dederick Marguerida M. , Owens Albert H. , Shnider Bruce I. , Taylor Robert , Frei Emil , Selawry Oleg S. , Regelson William , Hall Thomas C.
Published: January 2016

A comparative clinical study of optimal medical care plus azaserine versus optimal medical care plus a placebo was accomplished in 20 patients with multiple myeloma. Azaserine was originally studied in myeloma because of reported effects on a plasma cell neoplasm in mice. The controlled study was undertaken because suggestive activity in myeloma had previously been seen. The 9 azaserine‐treated patients sustained more toxicity than the 11 placebo‐treated patients. No important difference in tumor behavior was detectable between the azaserine and placebo‐treated groups as determined by physical examination or the several hematologic, biochemical, and roentgenologic measurements made.
Laboratory and clinical studies of penicillin X‐1497
Authors: Roberts C. Evans , Allen John D. , Kirby William M. M.
Published: January 2016

Laboratory and clinical studies of a new penicillinase‐resistant penicillin, X‐1497, showed it to be active against coagulase‐positive staphylococci resistant to penicillin G. All fifty strains tested were inhibited by 5 μg per milliliter or less of X‐1497. Staphylococcal killing with X‐1497 was comparable to that with vancomycin and bacitracin. Serum from sub;ects receiving X‐1497 was active against penicillinase‐producing staphylococci. Average peak serum levels were 9.6, 14.6, and 24 μg per milliliter after 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 Gm. intramuscular injections, respectively. The results of treatment in 23 patients were generally favorable, including 11 cases of staphylococcal infection. The drug was remarkably nontoxic. Although X‐1497 has the disadvantage of requiring frequent intramuscular in;ections to maintain adequate antibiotic blood levels, it promises to be a safe and highly effective antistaphylococcal agent.
VI. Comparative respiratory depressant activity of phenazocine and morphine
Authors: Papadopoulos C. N. , Keats Arthur S.
Published: January 2016

Phenazocine, the first benzomorphan compound to be used clinically, has been shown to be a potent analgesic in man. Early studies with this drug suggested that it possessed high analgesic potency, few respiratory or circulatory side effects, and low addiction liability In this study, the relative respiratory depressant activity of equivalent analgesic doses of phenazocine and morphine were determined in normal adult males. Although there was significantly less respiratory depression I hour after phenazocine than after morphine, this difference was small and probably not of clinical significance. Respiratory depression persisted 3 hours after phenazocine, whereas morphine depression was waning at this time. On the basis of respiratory effects, peak action of phenazocine occurred between 30 and 90 minutes after intramuscular administration, and it persisted longer than morphine.
Further studies on the action of chlorpropamide in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Beaser Samuel B.
Published: January 2016

Diabetes mellitus of moderate severity in adult patients was regulated with chlorpropamide in decreasing dosage. The level of regulation of diabetes remained unchanged until the dosage was decreased below a critical minimum or was omitted entirely. After a period of elevation of blood sugar for from 23 to 63 days, regulation of diabetes was attempted with the lowest previously effective dosage, but it frequently failed. The significance of this observation is discussed.
Circulatory actions of general anesthetic agents and the homeostatic roles of epinephrine and norepinephrine in man
Authors: Price Henry L.
Published: January 2016

Circulatory actions of general anesthetic agents are viewed as resulting from three primary causes: (1) reduced metabolic demand resulting in turn from anesthetie depression of cellular activity throughout the body, (2) redueed functional ability of the heart and vasculature caused by direct anesthetic actions on these structures, and (3) autonomic nervous actions which modify cardiovascular regulation. Hemodynamic changes attributable to redueed metaholie demand represent normal homeostatie responses, but those caused by anesthetic depression of cardiovaseular struetures or reflexes tend to destroy homeostasis and are potentially lethal. It is signifieant that eaeh of the four general anestheties most eommonly used in man has been found to disturb cardiovascular regulation, and it may be assumed that all such drugs possess side effects of this type. However, it is important as well as interesting that eaeh of the drugs examined evokes a eharaeteristie mixture of hemodynamie and autonomic actions which is distinct trom that caused by any other. This suggests that circulatorY side actions may ultimately be predictable trom drug structure and that an ability to design anesthetics with desirable circulatory actions will prove worthy of cultivation.
Clinical pharmacology of digitalis materials
Authors: Modell Walter
Published: January 2016

The pharmacologic actions of digitalis which have been observed in the laboratory animal and in man are reviewed and correlated. It is shown how, in most instances, the findings in the former have a direct bearing on the application of digitalis materials in the clinic. An attempt is made to clarify some of the more poorly understood aspects of digitalis action.

Cardiac slowing by digitalis is explored and explained in some detail. The basis of digitalis dosage and cumulation is discussed. An attempt is made to indicate how knowledge of the pharmacologic actions of digitalis materials can be used to better exploit them therapeutically.
Clinical pharmacology of vasodilating drugs
Authors: Winsor Travis , Hyman Chester
Published: January 2016

The human pharmacology of vasodilaiors and their total cardiovascular effect are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the peripheral circulation through skin and muscle; cardiac output, blood pressure, and circulation through the lungs, kidneys, liver, eyes, and splanchnic areas are also surveyed. Objective methods for studying the vasodilators in man are described in sufficient detail to make objective evaluation understandable. Laboratory studies are examined in the light of clinical observations, and the combined information serves as a basis for establishing indications for the use of these drugs.
Effect of narcotic antagonists on the pupil diameter of nonaddicts
Authors: Elliott Henry W. , Way E. Leong
Published: January 2016

The ability of the narcotic antagonists nalorphine and levallorphan to dilate the pupils of narcotic users and constrict the pupils of nonusers has led to their extensive employment in parole and probation work to detect narcotic use by former addicts. Since the test has been performed under field conditions without control studies, this investigation was done to determine the accuracy of measurement of pupil diameter by various methods and the effects of nalorphine and levallorphan on pupil diameter of normal subjects. It is concluded that even though there may be an appreciable variation in pupil diameter on consecutive readings before drug administration, both nalorphine and levallorphan generally cause a measurable miosis in subjects who do not use morphine or similar drugs. However, no single measurement of pupil size other than by photographic procedures should be considered to be absolutely reliable, especially if the pupil test alone is used as legal evidence for indicating use of narcotics.
Clinical pharmacology of anticonvulsant compounds
Authors: Gunn C. G. , Gogerty John , Wolf Stewart
Published: January 2016

This review has integrated recent anticonvulsant pharmacologic data derived from both the clinical and experimental approaches in a way meaningful to the practicing physician, clinical investigator, or neuropharmacologist. It is hoped that if these groups use the same language, the epileptic patient may profit.
Clinical pharmacology of systemic antidotes
Authors: Done Alan K.
Published: January 2016

This review is restricted to those agents which are effective by systemic rather than local action. Thus, there are to be found discussions of chelating agents, narcotic antagonists, anticholinesterase antidotes, cyanide antidotes, fluoroacetate antidotes, bemegride, and agents useful in digitalis, methemoglobin, chlorpromazine, amphetamine, anticoagulant, and bromide poisonings.
Vitamin K1 and the vitamin K analogues
Authors: Finkel Marion J.
Published: January 2016

The use of vitamin K1 and various preparations with vitamin K activity in the treatment of hypoprothrombinemic states has long been a well‐established procedure. Because the K analogues have often been popularly referred to as vitamin K, confusion has arisen regarding the relationship between these compounds and the true vitamin K. Two types of vitamin K have been found in Nature: vitamin K1, present in various green vegetables, cereals, seeds, tomatoes, and liver, and vitamin K2 isolated from putrefied fish meal. The former has been synthesized and represents the commercially available form of the true vitamin. The K analogues were originally synthesized in an attempt to find compounds with more potent antihemorrhagic activity or substances which could be administered more easily than the early preparations of vitamin K1.

This article reviews pertinent aspects of the voluminous literature on vitamin K1 and the K analogues and presents the recorded differences (or similarities) in effectiveness and toxicity between the two types of compounds in various clinical states.