bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collocation Method for the Time-Fractional Generalized Kawahara Equation Using a Certain Lucas Polynomial Sequence
Authors: Abd-Elhameed Waleed Mohamed , Al-Harbi Abdulrahman Khalid , Alqubori Omar Mazen , Alharbi Mohammed H. , Atta Ahmed Gamal
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes a numerical technique to solve the time-fractional generalized Kawahara differential equation (TFGKDE). Certain shifted Lucas polynomials are utilized as basis functions. We first establish some new formulas concerned with the introduced polynomials and then tackle the equation using a suitable collocation procedure. The integer and fractional derivatives of the shifted polynomials are used with the typical collocation method to convert the equation with its governing conditions into a system of algebraic equations. The convergence and error analysis of the proposed double expansion are rigorously investigated, demonstrating its accuracy and efficiency. Illustrative examples are provided to validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed algorithm.
Krein–Sobolev Orthogonal Polynomials II
Authors: Jones Alexander , Littlejohn Lance , Quintero Roba Alejandro
Published: February 2025

In a recent paper, Littlejohn and Quintero studied the orthogonal polynomials {Kn}n=0∞—which they named Krein–Sobolev polynomials—that are orthogonal in the classical Sobolev space H1[−1,1] with respect to the (positive-definite) inner product (f,g)1,c:=−f(1)−f(−1)g¯(1)−g¯(−1)2+∫−11(f′(x)g¯′(x)+cf(x)g¯(x))dx, where c is a fixed, positive constant. These polynomials generalize the Althammer (or Legendre–Sobolev) polynomials first studied by Althammer and Schäfke. The Krein–Sobolev polynomials were found as a result of a left-definite spectral study of the self-adjoint Krein Laplacian operator Kc(c>0) in L2(−1,1). Other than K0 and K1, these polynomials are not eigenfunctions of Kc. As shown by Littlejohn and Quintero, the sequence {Kn}n=0∞ forms a complete orthogonal set in the first left-definite space (H1[−1,1],(·,·)1,c) associated with (Kc,L2(−1,1)). Furthermore, they show that, for n≥1,Kn(x) has n distinct zeros in (−1,1). In this note, we find an explicit formula for Krein–Sobolev polynomials {Kn}n=0∞.
Inverse Problems of Recovering Lower-Order Coefficients from Boundary Integral Data
Authors: Pyatkov Sergey , Soldatov Oleg
Published: February 2025

We study inverse problems of identification of lower-order coefficients in a second-order parabolic equation. The coefficients are sought in the form of a finite series segment with unknown coefficients, depending on time. The linear case is also considered. Overdetermination conditions are the integrals over the boundary of a solution’s domain with weights. We focus on existence and uniqueness theorems and stability estimates for solutions to these inverse problems. An operator equation to which the problem is reduced is studied with the use of the contraction mapping principle. A solution belongs to some Sobolev space and has all generalized derivatives occurring into the equation summable to some power. The method of the proof is constructive, and it can be used for developing new numerical algorithms for solving the problem.
Investigating the Distribution of Intimin and Invasin in Aeromonas hydrophila and Their Role in Host Tissue Attachment
Authors: Bhattacharyya Agradip , Banerjee Goutam , Chattopadhyay Pritam
Published: February 2025

Background: Aeromonas hydrophila is a key pathogen affecting freshwater fish, including Labeo rohita (rohu), causing significant aquaculture losses. This study explores the role of intimin and invasin, known virulence factors, in A. hydrophila pathogenesis using in silico methods. Methods: We analyzed the distribution of invasin and intimin across 53 A. hydrophila genomes and examined their physicochemical properties, secondary structures, and 3D models. Since crystal structures were unavailable, homology-based modeling was employed to study the structure of rohu β-integrins. In silico docking was performed to explore the interactions between intimin/invasin and β-integrins. Results: Our findings revealed that intimin and invasin were present in only 6 out of the 53 A. hydrophila strains examined, which were designated as hypervirulent strains. The transmembrane regions of intimin and invasin were modeled as β-barrels, a common feature of porins. The in silico docking experiments indicated the significant binding affinity of invasin and intimin with all the β-integrins of rohu fish, suggesting a critical role in host attachment and cellular internalization. Conclusions: This in silico study highlights the pivotal role of invasin and intimin in host tissue’s binding efficacy, offering valuable insights into the binding potential of A. hydrophila across various organs in rohu fish.
Effects of Ultrasonic Pretreatment on the Discharge for Better Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Weichen , Tong Zheng , Wan Hezhan , Jiang Shuangyin , Bu Xiangning , Dong Lisha
Published: February 2025

Discharge treatment is a vital process in the pretreatment of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This paper focuses on the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on the discharge of spent LIBs from the perspective of electrolyte concentration and ultrasonic power. By integrating characterizations such as pH measurement and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the discharge of spent LIBs is evaluated. Experimental results show that sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and potassium chloride (KCl) solution have a more significant and better discharge efficiency (DE) under ultrasonic treatment, while organic electrolyte solutions which mainly contain formate and acetate generally show a less ideal DE. Under experimental conditions of using electrolyte discharge solutions with various electrolyte concentrations with the same ultrasonic power of 300 W, the DE generated from the experimental condition with KCl solution in 30 g/200 mL deionized water is the highest, 64.9%; under different ultrasonic powers in the same electrolyte solutions, the DE of 10 wt.% HCOONa solution is the highest at ultrasonic power of 500 W, at 4.7%. This work provides a reference for the efficient and cost-effective pretreatment of spent LIBs and the discharge mechanism in different electrolyte solutions with ultrasonic treatment is also explored to support the recycling of spent LIBs.
Seasonal Dynamics of Benthic Infauna Communities in Zostera marina Meadows: Effects of Plant Density Gradients
Authors: Gintowt Natalia Anna , Kendzierska Halina , Janas Urszula
Published: February 2025

Zostera marina meadows play a key role in the Baltic Sea ecosystem. They are characterized by high primary production and provide feeding and reproduction grounds for organisms. These characteristics vary due to year-round environmental changes and may be due to the characteristics of the meadows themselves. Organisms inhabiting seagrass meadows are involved in the transformation of substances from terrestrial runoff, and, through bioturbation and bioirrigation, affect biogeochemical processes in the sediments. This study aimed to determine the structure of benthic communities inhabiting Z. marina meadows and their bioturbation (BPC) and bioirrigation (IPC) potential as affected by seagrass density and seasonal changes. This study shows a positive correlation between the density of Z. marina and the structure of macrozoobenthos, as well as the bioturbation and bioirrigation potential of the studied communities. The autumn season stimulated the density of macrofauna and recorded the highest values of their potential activities indices. The presence of Z. marina positively affects macrozoobenthic communities and their functioning regardless of seagrass density, indicating that seagrass meadows inhabited by macrofauna are key biotopes that can support biogeochemical processes in the coastal zone more effectively than bare sand.
Autophagy and Cancer: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Kausar Mohd Adnan , Anwar Sadaf , Khan Yusuf Saleem , Saleh Ayman A. , Ahmed Mai Ali Abdelfattah , Kaur Simran , Iqbal Naveed , Siddiqui Waseem Ahmad , Najm Mohammad Zeeshan
Published: February 2025

Autophagy is a critical cellular process that maintains homeostasis by recycling damaged or aberrant components. This process is orchestrated by a network of proteins that form autophagosomes, which engulf and degrade intracellular material. In cancer, autophagy plays a dual role: it suppresses tumor initiation in the early stages but supports tumor growth and survival in advanced stages. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a hematological malignancy, is characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome, a chromosomal abnormality resulting from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Autophagy has emerged as a key factor in CML pathogenesis, promoting cancer cell survival and contributing to resistance against tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the primary treatment for CML. Targeting autophagic pathways is being actively explored as a therapeutic approach to overcome drug resistance and enhance cancer cell death. Recent research highlights the intricate interplay between autophagy and CML progression, underscoring its role in disease biology and treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying CML, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of targeting autophagy.
Computational Elucidation of a Monobody Targeting the Phosphatase Domain of SHP2
Authors: Wang Yang , Qiao Xin , Zhu Ruidi , Zhou Linxuan , Zhang Quan , Lu Shaoyong , Chai Zongtao
Published: February 2025

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a key regulator in cellular signaling pathways because its dysregulation has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancers and developmental disorders. Despite its importance, the molecular basis of SHP2’s regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood, hindering the development of effective targeted therapies. In this study, we utilized the high-specificity monobody Mb11 to investigate its interaction with the SHP2 phosphatase domain (PTP) using multiple replica molecular dynamics simulations. Our analyses elucidate the precise mechanisms through which Mb11 achieves selective recognition and stabilization of the SHP2-PTP domain, identifying key residues and interaction networks essential for its high binding specificity and regulatory dynamics. Furthermore, the study highlights the pivotal role of residue C459 in preserving the structural integrity and functional coherence of the complex, acting as a central node within the interaction network and underpinning its stability and efficiency. These findings have significantly advanced the understanding of the mechanisms underlying SHP2’s involvement in disease-related signaling and pathology while simultaneously paving the way for the rational design of targeted inhibitors, offering significant implications for therapeutic strategies in SHP2-associated diseases and contributing to the broader scope of precision medicine.
Improving Identification of Drug-Target Binding Sites Based on Structures of Targets Using Residual Graph Transformer Network
Authors: Lv Shuang-Qing , Zeng Xin , Su Guang-Peng , Du Wen-Feng , Li Yi , Wen Meng-Liang
Published: February 2025

Improving identification of drug-target binding sites can significantly aid in drug screening and design, thereby accelerating the drug development process. However, due to challenges such as insufficient fusion of multimodal information from targets and imbalanced datasets, enhancing the performance of drug-target binding sites prediction models remains exceptionally difficult. Leveraging structures of targets, we proposed a novel deep learning framework, RGTsite, which employed a Residual Graph Transformer Network to improve the identification of drug-target binding sites. First, a residual 1D convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and the pre-trained model ProtT5 were employed to extract the local and global sequence features from the target, respectively. These features were then combined with the physicochemical properties of amino acid residues to serve as the vertex features in graph. Next, the edge features were incorporated, and the residual graph transformer network (GTN) was applied to extract the more comprehensive vertex features. Finally, a fully connected network was used to classify whether the vertex was a binding site. Experimental results showed that RGTsite outperformed the existing state-of-the-art methods in key evaluation metrics, such as F1-score (F1) and Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), across multiple benchmark datasets. Additionally, we conducted interpretability analysis for RGTsite through the real-world cases, and the results confirmed that RGTsite can effectively identify drug-target binding sites in practical applications.
Differential Oral Microbiota and Serum Cytokine Signatures in Age-Grouped Patients with Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Ordaz-Robles Erick Ricardo , Soto María Elena , Hernández-Ruiz Paulina , Escalona-Montaño Alma Reyna , Constantino-Jonapa Luis Alejandro , Amedei Amedeo , Aguirre-García María Magdalena
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, caused by a mutation in the FBN-1 gene, affecting the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, ocular, and central nervous systems. Cardiovascular abnormalities associated with MFS lead to different pathological conditions, such as cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, and aortic dilatation. The latter are the primary causes of mortality in MFS patients. To date, the role of altered oral microbiota (OM) in MFS is unknown, and so the aim of our study was to determine whether there are differences in the oral microbiota of MFS patients with aortic dilatation and non-dilatation. Methods: We enrolled 36 MFS patients, who were divided into groups with aortic non-dilatation (n = 12) and with aortic dilatation (n = 24). Dental plaque samples were used for OM analysis, and serum was used for cytokine evaluation. Results: The main genera were compared between patients with aortic dilatation and non-dilatation, revealing three genera with significant differences: Actinomyces (p = 0.007) and Rothia (p = 0.002) were more abundant in those with aortic dilatation, while Fusobacterium (p = 0.044) was more abundant in non-dilatation patients. However, no significant differences in cytokine levels were observed between the presence and absence of aortic dilatation, except that the IL-1β levels were higher in non-dilatation patients (165.09 pg/mL) than in those with dilatation (117.15 pg/mL), with a significance of p = 0.057. Conclusions: This study represents the initial, tentative pilot study to understand the relationship between oral health and systemic conditions in patients with Marfan syndrome.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a Marker of Physical Exercise or Activity Effectiveness in Fatigue, Pain, Depression, and Sleep Disturbances: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lukkahatai Nada , Ong Irvin L. , Benjasirisan Chitchanok , Saligan Leorey N.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been investigated as a potential mechanistic marker or therapeutic target to manage symptoms such as fatigue, pain, depression, and sleep disturbances. However, the variability in BDNF response to exercise or physical activity (exercise/PA) and its clinical relevance in symptom management remains unclear. This scoping review assesses existing studies exploring the relationships between exercise/PA, symptoms, and BDNF levels, specifically focusing on fatigue, pain, depression, and sleep disturbances in adults. Methods: Relevant studies indexed in PubMed and CINAHL were identified. Using systematic review software, two reviewers independently screened and evaluated full texts, based on the following criteria: human studies reporting BDNF levels in adults, using exercise/PA interventions, assessing symptoms (pain, fatigue, depression, and/or sleep disturbance) as outcomes, and published in English. Results: Of 950 records, 35 records met the inclusion criteria. While exercise/PA is broadly supported for managing symptoms, 74.3% (n = 26) of studies reported increased BDNF levels, and only 40% (n = 14) showed significant increases following exercise/PA. Only 14% (n = 5) of studies demonstrated a significant relationship between changes in BDNF and symptoms. No significant differences in BDNF levels and symptoms were observed between different types of exercise (e.g., aerobic vs. strength vs. flexibility/stretching) and PA. Conclusions: The current literature provides insufficient evidence to confirm BDNF as a marker for exercise/PA effectiveness on symptoms. Further clinical investigations are needed to validate its potential as a therapeutic target.
The Interplay Between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Selected Serum Biomarkers in Various Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Twardawa Mateusz , Formanowicz Piotr , Formanowicz Dorota
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), the most common cause of which is hypertension and diabetes, is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study investigated the association between selected serum biomarkers in the context of intima-media thickness (IMT) changes, a common predictor of subsequent cardiovascular (CV) events. Methods: A total of 251 individuals were enrolled in the study, divided into groups based on the severity of CKD, the presence of CVD, and healthy controls. For this purpose, the data from the following groups of participants were analyzed: (1) end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (n = 106), (2) pre-dialyzed (PRE) (n = 48), (3) patients at stages 1 and 2 of CKD (CKD1-2) (n = 37), (4) patients with CVD and no kidney disease (CARD) (n = 28), and (5) healthy controls (HV) (n = 31). To find markers associated with elevated IMT, the each group with CVD (ESRD, PRE and CARD) was separated into two subgroups with normal and elevated IMT and compared in the relation of the studied serum biomarkers. Results: The findings identified glucose as the only marker exclusively associated with CVD. Markers uniquely linked to CKD included urea, creatinine, eGFR, total protein, CEL, neopterin, total calcium, phosphates, iPTH, sodium, iron, ferritin, and AST. All other markers reflected a combined influence of both CKD and CVD. By comparing patients with normal and elevated IMT, distinct types of CKD–CVD interactions were observed, i.e., independent (additive effects of CKD and CVD) for MPO, ALP, MMP-9, and MMP-9/TIMP-1; combined (enhanced effect due to interactions) for AOPPs and TIMP-1; and conditional (CVD impact specific to CKD patients) for AGEs, 3-NT, magnesium, UIBC, TIBC, ALT, and TIMP-1/MMP-9. However, certain markers, i.e., CML, sRAGEs, carbamylated protein groups, protein carbamylation, hsCRP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, IL-18, klotho, FGF-23, klotho/FGF-23 ratio, potassium, NT-proBNP, and AIP were associated with both CKD and CVD, though the exact nature of their interaction could not be determined using IMT as a distinguishing factor. Conclusions: The results showed that relations between IMT and the remaining studied factors were not trivial, and most of the analyzed parameters were altered in CKD patients, especially if compared to patients with CVD but without CKD. IMT cannot be used as a universal CVD marker.
Quantifying Cognitive Function in Diabetes: Relationships Between AD8 Scores, HbA1c Levels, and Other Diabetic Comorbidities
Authors: Chao Hsin-Yu , Lin Ming-Chieh , Fang Tzu-Jung , Hsu Man-Chia , Liang Ching-Chao , Lee Mei-Yueh
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Dementia associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) has been well documented in the literature, but studies utilizing early screening tools to target populations with mild cognitive dysfunction remain limited. This study aimed to investigate early cognitive decline by studying the relationships between “Ascertain Dementia 8” (AD8) questionnaire scores and glycemic control, lipid profiles, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the complications of diabetes. Methods: This case–control, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted at a medical center and an affiliated regional hospital in southern Taiwan from 30 June 2021 to 30 June 2023. Patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged ≥40 years were recruited. Their past medical history, biochemical data, and AD8 score were collected at the same time. Results: The patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of ≥7% had a higher risk of cognitive impairment than those with HbA1c levels of <7% (p < 0.001). The participants whose eGFR was <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 had a higher mean AD8 score compared to those with an eGFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.008). The patients with a medical history of peripheral artery disease and diabetic neuropathy were also associated with a higher mean AD8 score (p < 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively). Conclusions: By employing the AD8 questionnaire as a sensitive screening tool, our study suggests that early cognitive decline is significantly associated with poorer glycemic control, a lower glomerular filtration rate, peripheral artery disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Early detection of these risk factors may facilitate timely interventions and tailored treatment strategies to treat or prevent cognitive dysfunction.
Effects of Teriparatide and Alendronate on Functional Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury and Postinjury Bone Loss
Authors: Wang Shuai , Zhu Jingliang , Feng Yuping , Hua Yuchen , You Gangjun , Su Jahui , Shi Benchao
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This study evaluated the efficacy of teriparatide (TPTD) and alendronate (ALN) in mitigating bone loss, enhancing bone structure, and facilitating motor function recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: All the rats were allocated into four groups: a sham surgery group (SHAM group), a normal saline group (SCI + NS group), a TPTD treatment group after SCI (SCI + TPTD group), and an ALN treatment group after SCI (SCI + ALN group). The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores and gait analyses were used to assess the motor abilities of rats following SCI and the effects of treatment. HE staining, Masson’s trichrome staining, and LFB staining were performed to evaluate the extent of spinal cord tissue damage. Micro-CT was used to measure 12 bone-related parameters of the proximal tibia and create 3D images, and structural changes in the proximal tibial bone tissue were observed under a light microscope after HE staining. Results: After 12 weeks of treatment, the micro-CT data indicated that TPTD significantly increased key bone indicators, such as bone mineral density, after SCI (p < 0.01), whereas ALN did not significantly improve these indicators (p > 0.05). Compared with the SCI + NS group, the SCI + TPTD group presented significantly greater BBB scores and near-normal gait parameters (p < 0.05). Analyses of pathological sections revealed that TPTD significantly reduced the cavity area in the spinal cord after SCI, decreased the proportion of scar tissue, and increased the retention of neural myelin (p < 0.05). However, ALN had no significant effect on these indicators (p > 0.05). Conclusions: TPTD was more effective than ALN at mitigating bone loss and promoting motor function recovery after SCI, and it demonstrated significant advantages in reducing spinal cord damage and improving tissue structure.
A Protein Kinase Cε/Protein Kinase D3 Signalling Axis Modulates RhoA Activity During Cytokinesis
Authors: Braun Ursula , Leitges Michael
Published: February 2025

Background: Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) is a member of the PKD family that has been implicated in many intracellular signalling pathways. However, defined statements regarding PKD isoform specificity and in vivo functions are rare. Methods: Here, we use PKD3-depleted mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and employ various cell culture-based assays and fluorescence microscopy. Results: We show that PKD3 is involved in the regulation of cytokinesis after immortalisation by modulating RhoA activity through a PKCε/PKD3 signalling axis. Conclusions: PKD3 depletion leads to prolonged RhoA activity during cytokinesis, resulting in failed abscission and an increase in the number of multinucleated cells. This identifies a novel, previously unrecognised PKCε/PKD3 pathway involved in the modulation of cytokinesis.
Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Improves Cognitive Function in Rat Offspring Born to Protein-Deficient Mothers
Authors: Kambuno Norma Tiku , Putra Achmad Gigih Andy , Louisa Melva , Wuyung Puspita Eka , Timan Ina Susianti , Silaen Otto Sahat Martua , Sukria Heri Ahmad , Supali Taniawati
Published: February 2025

Background: Malnutrition during pregnancy and the first 1000 days of life can impair brain function and hippocampus development. Research has shown that protein deficiency (PD) in pregnant and lactating mothers can lead to neurocognitive issues from early life into adulthood. Moringa oleifera has been used as a dietary supplement for malnutrition; however, its neuroprotective effects on offspring with PD are unclear. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera (EEMO) on rat offspring born to mothers who experienced protein deficiency during pregnancy and lactation. Methods: Female Sprague Dawley rats were given low (9% protein) or normal protein diets (18% protein) during pregnancy and lactation. Afterward, EEMO was administered to the offspring starting from the end of lactation for 5 weeks. Results: Offspring from mothers with protein deficiency showed low birth weight, slow weight gain, low BMI, low albumin levels, and anemia compared to those born with mothers fed with a standard protein diet. However, pups treated with EEMO showed higher cognitive improvement and a decrease in the ratio of abnormal to normal cells in the cornu ammoni (CA) CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 regions of the hippocampus. Conclusions: The present study suggests that EEMO supplementation could improve conditions of protein deficiency and cognitive function, making it a cost-effective dietary supplement for addressing these issues.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adverse Family Experiences: A Qualitative Exploration of Sibling Resilience
Authors: Nichol Miriam Riaz , Curley Lee John , Sime Pamela Jane
Published: February 2025

The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Adverse Family Experiences (AFEs) frameworks have been employed extensively in research. However, to date, no such studies have considered both frameworks concurrently, nor have they explored the similarities and differences in resilience between siblings with ACE- and AFE-exposed parent(s). Doing so could, perhaps, establish the ways in which adversity is transmitted through generations and subsequently identify what trajectories to address in potential interventions. Thus, the objectives of this study were to examine the experiences of families with intergenerational ACE and AFE trauma, and to ascertain what influences similarities and differences in sibling resilience. The thematic analysis of two family case studies (n = 6) proposed a narrative encompassing fear, relationships and challenging trauma. Findings demonstrated the influence of neighbourhood violence which appeared to initiate this narrative. The fear associated with neighbourhood violence and maltreatment in early childhood appeared to influence both the parent–child bond and intimate relationships. Finally, participants demonstrated the protective properties of dissociation and sibling parentification, exhibiting their relationship with resilience. Investigators suggested neighbourhood violence be considered in the ACE questionnaire to inform current and future policies, and to safeguard the needs of families affected by intergenerational trauma.
Effects of Closed Mouth vs. Exposed Teeth on Facial Expression Processing: An ERP Study
Authors: Brunet Nicolas M. , Ackerman Alexandra R.
Published: February 2025

The current study examines the neural mechanisms underlying facial recognition, focusing on how emotional expression and mouth display modulate event-related potential (ERP) waveforms. 42 participants categorized faces by gender in one of two experimental setups: one featuring full-face images and another with cropped faces presented against neutral gray backgrounds. The stimuli included 288 images balanced across gender, race/ethnicity, emotional expression (“Fearful”, “Happy”, “Neutral”), and mouth display (“closed mouth” vs. “open mouth with exposed teeth”). Results revealed that N170 amplitude was significantly greater for open-mouth (exposed teeth) conditions (p < 0.01), independent of emotional expression, and no interaction between emotional expression and mouth display was found. However, the P100 amplitude exhibited a significant interaction between these variables (p < 0.05). Monte Carlo simulations analyzing N170 latency differences showed that fearful faces elicited a faster response than happy and neutral faces, with a 2 ms delay unlikely to occur by chance (p < 0.01). While these findings challenge prior research suggesting that N170 is directly influenced by emotional expression, they also highlight the potential role of emotional intensity as an alternative explanation. This underscores the importance of further studies to disentangle these effects. This study highlights the critical need to control for mouth display when investigating emotional face processing. The results not only refine our understanding of the neural dynamics of face perception but also confirm that the brain processes fearful expressions more rapidly than happy or neutral ones. These insights offer valuable methodological considerations for future neuroimaging research on emotion perception.
Crosstalk Between nNOS/NO and COX-2 Enhances Interferon-Gamma-Stimulated Melanoma Progression
Authors: Patel Anika , Tong Shirley , Roosan Moom R. , Syed Basir , Awasthi Amardeep , Silverman Richard B. , Yang Sun
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in the melanoma tumor microenvironment plays opposing roles, orchestrating both pro-tumorigenic activity and anticancer immune responses. Our previous studies demonstrated the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in IFN-γ-stimulated melanoma progression. However, the underlying mechanism has not been well defined. This study determined whether the nNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathways crosstalk and augment the pro-tumorigenic effects of IFN-γ in melanoma. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis of patient and cellular proteomic data was conducted to identify proteins of interest associated with IFN-γ treatment in melanoma. Changes in protein expression were determined using various analytical techniques including western blot, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. The levels of PGE2 and nitric oxide (NO) were analyzed by HPLC chromatography and flow cytometry. In vivo antitumor efficacy was determined utilizing a human melanoma xenograft mouse model. Results: Our omics analyses revealed that the induction of COX-2 was significantly predictive of IFN-γ treatment in melanoma cells. In the presence of IFN-γ, PGE2 further enhanced PD-L1 expression and amplified the induction of nNOS, which increased intracellular NO levels. Cotreatment with celecoxib effectively diminished these changes induced by PGE2. In addition, nNOS blockade using a selective small molecule inhibitor (HH044), efficiently inhibited IFN-γ-induced PGE2 and COX-2 expression levels in melanoma cells. STAT3 inhibitor napabucasin also inhibited COX-2 expression both in the presence and absence of IFN-γ. Furthermore, celecoxib was shown to enhance HH044 cytotoxicity in vitro and effectively inhibit human melanoma tumor growth in vivo. HH044 treatment also significantly reduced tumor PGE2 levels in vivo. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the positive feedback loop linking nNOS-mediated NO signaling to the COX-2/PGE2 signaling axis in melanoma, which further potentiates the pro-tumorigenic activity of IFN-γ.
Diagnostic Challenges in the Pathological Approach to Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Lucà Stefano , Pignata Giovanna , Cioce Alessandro , Salzillo Cecilia , De Cecio Rossella , Ferrara Gerardo , Della Corte Carminia Maria , Morgillo Floriana , Fiorelli Alfonso , Montella Marco , Franco Renato
Published: February 2025

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) still represents a complex diagnostic challenge for pathologists in routine practice. This diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, and pathological evaluation is mandatory. The histopathological diagnosis is stepwise and should be based on morphological and immunohistochemical assessment, sometimes associated with molecular tests, and supported by clinical and radiological findings. A correct morphological approach aims to exclude pleural metastasis or benign mesothelial proliferations, which are the main differential diagnoses. While certain histological features are diagnostic of MPM, others are highly suggestive but not definitive. Immunohistochemistry plays a pivotal role, with a panel of both traditional and newer markers being used to assess mesothelial differentiation and to differentiate malignant from benign proliferations. In more challenging cases, molecular tests, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect CDKN2A deletion, can be helpful in distinguishing malignant from benign pleural lesions. This review summarizes the key morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features that should be considered when pleural biopsy samples are examined, with the aim of improving diagnostic accuracy in this complex area.
A Prognostic Symptom Model Incorporating Patient-Reported Symptoms for Transplant-Ineligible Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Balitsky Amaris K. , Sutradhar Rinku , Seow Hsien , Gayowsky Anastasia , Visram Alissa , Tay Jason , Sandhu Irwindeep , Mian Hira
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Patients with transplant-ineligible (TIE) multiple myeloma (MM) have high rates of symptom burden. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a prognostic model to predict symptoms in patients with TIE MM. Methods: In this population-based, retrospective cohort study, using multiple administrative health care databases linked using a unique encrypted patient identifier in Ontario, Canada, symptoms were identified using the patient self-reported Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) at each clinic visit. The primary outcome was the presence of moderate-to-severe (ESAS score 4–10) symptoms (specifically symptoms of pain, tiredness, depression, and impaired well-being) within one year from the index date. Using the entire cohort, a multivariable logistic regression model with baseline covariates was developed to predict the risk of experiencing each of the above symptoms, categorized as moderate to severe within 1 year post-index date. Internal validation of the model was assessed via bootstrap validation methods. Results: A total of 1535 TIE adults with MM met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 75, with 25.2% of patients aged 80 years or older. In the multivariate analysis, baseline symptoms continued to be most associated with future symptom burden. Baseline severe pain (OR 9.84, 95% CI 6.29–15.7) was most associated with patients experiencing moderate–severe pain one year post-index date. Similarly, baseline severe tiredness (OR 17.34, 95% CI 9.00–33.42), baseline severe depression (OR 28.07, 95% CI 15.96–49.38), and baseline severely impaired well-being (OR 4.12, 95% CI 2.30–7.37) were the biggest predictors of patients experiencing moderate–severe tiredness, depression, and impaired well-being, respectively, at one year after the index date. Conclusions: Patients with MM experience persisting symptoms of pain, tiredness, depression, and impaired well-being, with baseline symptoms being the biggest predictor of future symptom burden.
Split-Dose Cisplatin Use, Eligibility Criteria, and Drivers for Treatment Choice in Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Results of a Large International Physician Survey
Authors: O’Dwyer Richard , Junker Sophia , Szulkin Robert , Kienzle Scarlette , Kearney Mairead , Sridhar Srikala S.
Published: February 2025

Background: For many decades, gemcitabine + cisplatin has been a preferred and accepted treatment option for patients with urothelial cancer (UC). In patients ineligible for standard-dose cisplatin, split-dose cisplatin is a promising alternative. This study aimed to provide insights into the use of split-dose cisplatin and factors influencing treatment choice. Methods: Between January and March 2024, an international cross-sectional survey was carried out, which involved oncologists and urologists treating patients with locally advanced/metastatic UC (la/mUC) in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Spain, the UK, and the USA. Demographics, practice patterns, and clinical parameters influencing treatment choice were collected. Results: Of the 791 respondents, most were male (73%), the mean age was 43 years, and the mean time spent in clinical practice was 13 years. In total, 85% reported using split-dose cisplatin in UC, ranging from 97% in Canada to 67% in Brazil. The preferred schedule in la/mUC was gemcitabine + cisplatin 35 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 of 21-day cycles (57%). Most respondents (64%) were comfortable prescribing split-dose cisplatin to otherwise fit patients with a creatinine clearance ≥40 mL/min. Standard- and split-dose cisplatin were preferred regimens for otherwise fit patients with creatinine clearance of 45–60 mL/min. Conclusions: This large international survey demonstrates the extensive use of split-dose cisplatin in patients with la/mUC. Responses indicate that split-dose cisplatin is administered to patients in clinical practice with a wider range of creatinine clearance, performance status, and comorbidities than suggested for standard-dose cisplatin. Results highlight the need to evaluate split-dose cisplatin prospectively and establish consensus guidelines for its use, especially in patients unfit for standard-dose cisplatin.
Oxides and Metal Oxide/Carbon Hybrid Materials for Efficient Photocatalytic Organic Pollutant Removal
Authors: Ansari Abu Saad , Azzahra Griszha , Nugroho Fairuz Gianirfan , Mujtaba Momin M. , Ahmed Abu Talha Aqueel
Published: February 2025

Pharmaceuticals are increasingly significant contaminants in the environmental ecosystem, prompting the exploration of photocatalysis as a promising method for removing their pollutants. However, the application of semiconductor metal oxides as photocatalysts has been limited by issues such as rapid photocarrier recombination and high band gap energy. One emerging strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance of metal oxides involves integrating them with carbon dots, which offer advantages including low toxicity, aqueous stability, increased surface area, cost effectiveness, biocompatibility, and chemical inertness. In this study, we conducted a critical review focusing on the nanocomposite development of metal oxide/carbon dots for the photocatalytic removal of pharmaceutical pollutants. Our study highlights that carbon dots can significantly enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of these metal oxides as photocatalytic materials by improving the adsorption of organic pollutants and enhancing light absorption in the visible spectrum. This review aims to provide insights for future research aimed at advancing the development of enhanced photocatalytic metal oxide/carbon dot nanocomposites.
Lactoferrin-Derived Peptide Chimera Induces Caspase-Independent Cell Death in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Jang Young-Saeng , Dehkohneh Shima Barati , Lim Jaewon , Kim Jaehui , Ahn Donghwan , Choi Sun Shim , Kang Seung Goo
Published: February 2025

Lactoferrin-derived peptide chimera is a synthetic peptide that mimics the functional unit of lactoferrin with antibacterial activity. Although LF has anticancer effects, to the best of our knowledge, its effects on multiple myeloma have not yet been studied. We explored the potential of a lactoferrin-derived chimera for multiple myeloma treatment, a malignant clonal plasma cell bone marrow disease. The lactoferrin-derived chimera effectively inhibited MM1S, MM1R, and RPMI8226 multiple myeloma cell growth, and induced the early and late phases of apoptosis, but not in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, the lactoferrin-derived chimera modulates the relative expression of genes involved in survival, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction at the transcriptional level. Mitochondrial analysis revealed that lactoferrin-derived chimera triggered oxidative stress in multiple myeloma cells, leading to reactive oxygen species generation and a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. Although lactoferrin-derived chimera did not cause caspase-dependent cell death, it induced nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G, indicating the initiation of caspase-independent apoptosis. Overall, the lactoferrin-derived chimera induces caspase-independent programmed cell death in multiple myeloma cell lines by increasing the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor/endonuclease G. Therefore, it has potential for multiple myeloma cancer therapies.
Graphene-Modified Electrode for Linear Sweep Voltammetric Sensing of Catechol
Authors: Pogăcean Florina , Măgeruşan Lidia , Turza Alexandru , Pruneanu Stela
Published: February 2025

A graphene sample (EGr) was obtained in a single-step synthesis by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite rods. A combination of 0.05 M ammonium sulfate and 0.05 M ammonium thiocyanate was employed, leading to a graphene sample composed of few-layer, multi-layer and graphene oxide flakes. Due to the mild exfoliation conditions, large sheets with linear sizes in the range of tens to hundreds of micrometers were produced. The LSV technique gave information about the effect of catechol concentration on the electrochemical signal of bare and graphene-modified electrodes. Based on the resulting calibration plots, the corresponding analytical parameters (linear range, sensitivity, limit of quantification and limit of detection) were calculated for each electrode. In the case of the EGr/GC electrode the linear range was from 6 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−4 M catechol. The detection limit was low (1.82 × 10−7 M) while the quantification limit was 6 × 10−7 M. The sensitivity was five times higher than that corresponding to bare GC, proving the excellent electro-catalytic properties of the graphene-modified electrode. The practical applicability of the graphene-modified electrode was tested in tap water, obtaining an excellent recovery of 102%.
Advances in Biosensor Applications of Metal/Metal-Oxide Nanoscale Materials
Authors: Subhan Md Abdus , Neogi Newton , Choudhury Kristi Priya , Rahman Mohammed M.
Published: February 2025

Biosensing shows promise in detecting cancer, renal disease, and other illnesses. Depending on their transducing processes, varieties of biosensors can be divided into electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal biosensors. Advancements in material production techniques, enzyme/protein designing, and immobilization/conjugation approaches can yield novel nanoparticles with further developed functionality. Research in cutting-edge biosensing with multifunctional nanomaterials, and the advancement of practical biochip plans utilizing nano-based sensing material, are of current interest. The miniaturization of electronic devices has enabled the growth of ultracompact, compassionate, rapid, and low-cost sensing technologies. Some sensors can recognize analytes at the molecule, particle, and single biological cell levels. Nanomaterial-based sensors, which can be used for biosensing quickly and precisely, can replace toxic materials in real-time diagnostics. Many metal-based NPs and nanocomposites are favorable for biosensing. Through direct and indirect labeling, metal-oxide NPs are extensively employed in detecting metabolic disorders, such as cancer, diabetes, and kidney-disease biomarkers based on electrochemical, optical, and magnetic readouts. The present review focused on recent developments across multiple biosensing modalities using metal/metal-oxide-based NPs; in particular, we highlighted the specific advancements of biosensing of key nanomaterials like ZnO, CeO2, and TiO2 and their applications in disease diagnostics and environmental monitoring. For example, ZnO-based biosensors recognize uric acid, glucose, cholesterol, dopamine, and DNA; TiO2 is utilized for SARS-CoV-19; and CeO2 for glucose detection.
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Subsequent Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Following an Infant RSV Hospitalization
Authors: Lee Rees , Ding Tan , Riddell Corinne A. , Hartert Tina , Wu Pingsheng
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the U.S. and worldwide. The risk of experiencing at least one other medically attended lower respiratory tract infection (MA LRTI) following an infant RSV hospitalization is less studied. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of infants who experienced an RSV hospitalization (index hospitalization) during infancy. The incidence rate of having a subsequent MA LRTI was reported. The association between a priori selected maternal and infant risk factors and subsequent MA LRTI was determined. Results: Of the 20,181 children who experienced an RSV hospitalization in infancy, 15% had at least one subsequent MA LRTI within the same RSV season. The incidence rates (95% confidence interval) of having a subsequent MA LRTI hospitalization, emergency department visit, or physician office visit in the same RSV season were 0.27 (0.26, 0.29), 0.16 (0.15, 0.17), and 0.46 (0.44, 0.48) per infant-year, respectively. Factors associated with an increased risk of subsequent MA-LRTI include younger maternal age, fewer years of maternal education, smoking during pregnancy, cesarean delivery, male infant sex, White race, siblings at home, urban residence, lower birth weight, lower gestational age, eligibility for and/or ever receiving palivizumab, longer birth hospitalization length of stay, longer index RSV hospitalization length of stay, intensive care unit admission for the index hospitalization, and summer-to-fall births. Conclusions: The burden of clinically significant subsequent MA-LRTI following an RSV hospitalization can be substantial. Our results highlight the importance of increasing accessible RSV LRTI preventive interventions.
Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon Materials for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Battery
Authors: Chen Yixing , Cui Jiaming , Wang Sheng , Xu Wentao , Guo Ruoqi
Published: February 2025

Using biomass-derived hard carbon materials as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries has facilitated resource recycling and brought significant economic benefits. However, the main obstacles to the large-scale application of these materials are the low Coulombic efficiency and high irreversible capacity of hard carbon materials. This study used waste moso bamboo as a carbon source to prepare and pre-oxidize hard carbon through a stepped temperature sintering process. The introduction of oxygen atoms into the carbon layers has been shown to increase the spacing between the carbon layers, which facilitates the insertion of sodium-ions into them. Moreover, the presence of oxygen-containing groups increases the number of edge and vacancy defects in the carbon skeleton, thereby enhancing the actual capacity of the material. Studies have indicated that different pre-oxidation times have varying impacts on the electrochemical properties of hard carbon materials. This study used discarded moso bamboo as the raw material, and the optimal pre-oxidation duration of bamboo-based hard carbon was determined to be 4.5 h through a series of comparative experiments. A high-performance biomass-derived hard carbon material was prepared via a stepwise sintering process. It exhibited a specific capacity of 301.4 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C and a first-cycle Coulombic efficiency of 87%.