bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Dynamical Classification of Daily Traffic Patterns
Authors: García‐Ródenas Ricardo , López‐García María L. , Sánchez‐Rico María Teresa
Published: September 2016

This article proposes a prototype of an urban traffic control system based on a prediction‐after‐classification approach. In an off‐line phase, a repository of traffic control strategies for a set of (dynamic) traffic patterns is constructed. The core of this stage is the k‐means algorithm for daily traffic pattern identification. The clustering method uses the input attributes flow, speed, and occupancy and it transforms the dynamic traffic data at network level in a pseudo‐covariance matrix, which collects the dynamic correlations between the road links. A desirable number of traffic patterns is provided by Bayesian Information Criterion and the ratio of change in dispersion measurements. In an on‐line phase, the current daily traffic pattern is predicted within the repository and its associated control strategy is implemented in the traffic network. The dynamic prediction scheme is constructed on the basis of an existing static prediction method by accumulating the trials on set of patterns in the repository. This proposal has been assessed in synthetic and real networks testing its effectiveness as a data mining tool for the analysis of traffic patterns. The approach promises to effectively detect the current daily traffic pattern and is open to being used in intelligent traffic management systems.
Thiol‐based switch mechanism of virulence regulator AphB modulates oxidative stress response in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Liu Zhi , Wang Hui , Zhou Zhigang , Sheng Ying , Naseer Nawar , Kan Biao , Zhu Jun
Published: September 2016

Bacterial pathogens display versatile gene expression to adapt to changing surroundings. For example, Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, utilizes distinct genetic programs to combat reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aquatic environments or during host infection. We previously reported that the virulence activator AphB in V. cholerae is involved in ROS resistance. Here by performing a genetic screen, we show that AphB represses ROS resistance gene ohrA, which is also repressed by another regulator, OhrR. Reduced forms of both AphB and OhrR directly bind to the ohrA promoter and repress its expression, whereas organic hydroperoxides such as cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) deactivate AphB and OhrR. OhrA is critical for V. cholerae adult mouse colonization but is dispensable when the mice are treated with antioxidants. Furthermore, similar to our previous finding that AphB and OhrR exhibit different reduction rates during the shift from oxic to anoxic environments, we found that AphB is also oxidized more slowly than OhrR under peroxide stress or exposure to oxygen. This differential regulation optimizes the expression of ohrA and contributes to V. cholerae's ability to survive in a variety of environmental niches that contain different levels of ROS.
Off‐pathway assembly of fimbria subunits is prevented by chaperone CfaA of CFA/I fimbriae from enterotoxigenic E. coli
Authors: Bao Rui , Liu Yang , Savarino Stephen J. , Xia Di
Published: September 2016

The assembly of the class 5 colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae of enterotoxigenic E. coli was proposed to proceed via the alternate chaperone‐usher pathway. Here, we show that in the absence of the chaperone CfaA, CfaB, the major pilin subunit of CFA/I fimbriae, is able to spontaneously refold and polymerize into cyclic trimers. CfaA kinetically traps CfaB to form a metastable complex that can be stabilized by mutations. Crystal structure of the stabilized complex reveals distinctive interactions provided by CfaA to trap CfaB in an assembly competent state through donor‐strand complementation (DSC) and cleft‐mediated anchorage. Mutagenesis indicated that DSC controls the stability of the chaperone‐subunit complex and the cleft‐mediated anchorage of the subunit C‐terminus additionally assist in subunit refolding. Surprisingly, over‐stabilization of the chaperone‐subunit complex led to delayed fimbria assembly, whereas destabilizing the complex resulted in no fimbriation. Thus, CfaA acts predominantly as a kinetic trap by stabilizing subunit to avoid its off‐pathway self‐polymerization that results in energetically favorable trimers and could serve as a driving force for CFA/I pilus assembly, representing an energetic landscape unique to class 5 fimbria assembly.
Satellite telemetry reveals population specific winter ranges of beluga whales in the Bering Sea
Authors: Citta John J. , Richard Pierre , Lowry Lloyd F. , O'Corry‐Crowe Gregory , Marcoux Marianne , Suydam Robert , Quakenbush Lori T. , Hobbs Roderick C. , Litovka Denis I. , Frost Kathryn J. , Gray Tom , Orr Jack , Tinker Ben , Aderman Helen , Druckenmiller Matthew L.
Published: September 2016

At least five populations (stocks) of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) are thought to winter in the Being Sea, including the Bristol Bay, Eastern Bering Sea (Norton Sound), Anadyr, Eastern Chukchi Sea, and Eastern Beaufort Sea (Mackenzie) populations. Belugas from each population have been tagged with satellite‐linked transmitters, allowing us to describe their winter (January–March) distribution. The objectives of this paper were to determine: (1) If each population winters in the Bering Sea, and if so, where? (2) Do populations return to the same area each year (i.e., are wintering areas traditional)? (3) To what extent do the winter ranges of different populations overlap? Tagged belugas from all five populations either remained in, or moved into, the Bering Sea and spent the winter there. Each population wintered in a different part of the Bering Sea and populations with multiple years of data (four of five) returned to the same regions in multiple years. When data were available from two populations that overlapped in the same year, they did not occupy the shared area at the same time. Although our sample sizes were small, the evidence suggests belugas from different populations have traditional winter ranges that are mostly exclusive to each population.
Prevalence and lethality among patients with histoplasmosis and AIDS in the Midwest Region of Brazil
Authors: Silva Thaísa C. , Treméa Carolina M. , Zara Ana Laura S. A. , Mendonça Ana Flávia , Godoy Cássia S. M. , Costa Carolina R. , Souza Lúcia K. H. , Silva Maria R. R.
Published: September 2016

Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis that is considered an important public health problem. In this work, we performed a descriptive, observational, cross‐sectional and retrospective study with a secondary data analysis of medical records from 2000 to 2012 at a tertiary hospital. The study sample consisted of 275 patients with laboratory‐confirmed Disseminated Histoplasmosis (DH)/AIDS. The results showed that the prevalence of DH associated with AIDS was 4.4%. The majority of patients were young adult men with fever in 84.2%, cough in 63.4%, weight loss in 63.1%, diarrhoea in 44.8% and skin manifestations in 27.6% of patients. In the overall cohort, the CD4 counts were low, but not significantly different in survivors and non‐survivors. Higher levels of urea and lower levels of haemoglobin and platelets were observed in non‐survivor patients (<.05). The global lethality was 71.3% (196/275). The results with high prevalence and lethality highlight the need to adopt measures to facilitate early diagnosis, proper treatment and improved prognosis.
Machine learning approaches to personalize early prediction of asthma exacerbations
Authors: Finkelstein Joseph , Jeong In cheol
Published: September 2016

Patient telemonitoring results in an aggregation of significant amounts of information about patient disease trajectory. However, the potential use of this information for early prediction of exacerbations in adult asthma patients has not been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of telemonitoring data for building machine learning algorithms that predict asthma exacerbations before they occur. The study dataset comprised daily self‐monitoring reports consisting of 7001 records submitted by adult asthma patients during home telemonitoring. Predictive modeling included preparation of stratified training datasets, predictive feature selection, and evaluation of resulting classifiers. Using a 7‐day window, a naive Bayesian classifier, adaptive Bayesian network, and support vector machines were able to predict asthma exacerbation occurring on day 8, with sensitivity of 0.80, 1.00, and 0.84; specificity of 0.77, 1.00, and 0.80; and accuracy of 0.77, 1.00, and 0.80, respectively. Our study demonstrated that machine learning techniques have significant potential in developing personalized decision support for chronic disease telemonitoring systems. Future studies may benefit from a comprehensive predictive framework that combines telemonitoring data with other factors affecting the likelihood of developing acute exacerbation. Approaches implemented for advanced asthma exacerbation prediction may be extended to prediction of exacerbations in patients with other chronic health conditions.
Bilaterally Primary Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty for Severe Hip Ankylosis with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Feng Dong‐xu , Zhang Kun , Zhang Yu‐min , Nian Yue‐wen , Zhang Jun , Kang Xiao‐min , Wu Shu‐fang , Zhu Yang‐jun
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Total hip arthroplasty is a reliable therapeutic intervention in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, in whom the aims of surgery are to reduce pain, restore hip function and improve quality of life. The current study is a retrospective analysis of the clinical and radiographic findings in a consecutive series of patients with hip ankylosis associated with severe ankylosing spondylitis who underwent bilateral primary total hip arthroplasty using non‐cemented components.

Methods

From June 2008 to May 2012, total hip arthroplasty was performed on 34 hips in 17 patients with bilateral ankylosis caused by ankylosing spondylitis. The study patients included 13 men and 4 women with a mean age of 24.2 years. The mean duration of disease was 8.3 years and the average duration of hip involvement was 7.6 years. All patients had severe hip pain and dysfunction with bilateral bony ankylosis and no range of motion preoperatively and all underwent bilateral cementless total hip arthroplasty performed by a single surgeon. Joint pain, range of motion (ROM), and Harris hip scores were assessed to evaluate the postoperative results.

Results

At a mean follow‐up of 31.7 months, all patients had experienced significant clinical improvement in function, ROM, posture and ambulation. At the final follow‐up, the mean postoperative flexion ROM was 134.4° compared with 0° preoperatively. Similar improvements were seen in hip abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation. Postoperatively, 23 hips were completely pain‐free, six had only occasional discomfort, three mild to moderate pain and two severe pain. The average Harris Hip Score improved from 23.7 preoperatively to 65.8 postoperatively. No stems had loosened at the final follow‐up in any patient, nor had any revision surgery been required.

Conclusions

Bilateral severe hip ankylosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis can be treated with cementless bilateral synchronous total hip arthroplasty, which can greatly improve hip joint function and relieve pain without significant complications. Provided the overall physical condition of a patient and their economic situation make surgery a feasible option and the surgeon is experienced, this treatment is a worthwhile surgical intervention for bilateral hip bony ankylosis. However, the technically demanding nature of the procedure and potential pre‐ and post‐operative problems should not be underestimated.
Can an Endplate‐conformed Cervical Cage Provide a Better Biomechanical Environment than a Typical Non‐conformed Cage?
Authors: Zhang Fan , Xu Hao‐cheng , Yin Bo , Xia Xin‐lei , Ma Xiao‐sheng , Wang Hong‐li , Yin Jun , Shao Ming‐hao , Lyu Fei‐zhou , Jiang Jian‐yuan
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of endplate‐conformed cervical cages by finite element method (FEM) analysis and cadaver study.

Methods

Twelve specimens (C2–C7) and a finite element model (C3–C7) were subjected to biomechanical evaluations. In the cadaver study, specimens were randomly assigned to intact (I), endplate‐conformed (C) and non‐conformed (N) groups with C4–5 discs as the treated segments. The morphologies of the endplate‐conformed cages were individualized according to CT images of group C and the cages fabricated with a 3‐D printer. The non‐conformed cages were wedge‐shaped and similar to commercially available grafts. Axial pre‐compression loads of 73.6 N and moment of 1.8 Nm were used to simulate flexion (FLE), extension (EXT), lateral bending (LB) and axial rotation (AR). Range of motion (ROM) at C4–5 of each specimen was recorded and film sensors fixed between the cages and C5 superior endplates were used to detect interface stress. A finite element model was built based on the CT data of a healthy male volunteer. The morphologies of the endplate‐conformed and wedge‐shaped, non‐conformed cervical cages were both simulated by a reverse engineering technique and implanted at the segment of C4–5 in the finite element model for biomechanical evaluation. Force loading and grouping were similar to those applied in the cadaver study. ROM of C4–5 in group I were recorded to validate the finite element model. Additionally, maximum cage‐endplate interface stresses, stress distribution contours on adjoining endplates, intra‐disc stresses and facet loadings at adjacent segments were measured and compared between groups.

Results

In the cadaver study, Group C showed a much lower interface stress in all directions of motion (all P < 0.05) and the ROM of C4–5 was smaller in FLE‐EXT (P = 0.001) but larger in AR (P = 0.017). FEM analysis produced similar results: the model implanted with an endplate‐conformed cage presented a lower interface stress with a more uniform stress distribution than that implanted with a non‐conformed cage. Additionally, intra‐disc stress and facet loading at the adjacent segments were obviously increased in both groups C and N, especially those at the supra‐jacent segments. However, stress increase was milder in group C than in group N for all directions of motion.

Conclusions

Endplate‐conformed cages can decrease cage‐endplate interface stress in all directions of motion and increase cervical stability in FLE–EXT. Additionally, adjacent segments are possibly protected because intra‐disc stress and facet loading are smaller after endplate‐conformed cage implantation. However, axial stability was reduced in group C, indicating that endplate‐conformed cage should not be used alone and an anterior plate system is still important in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.
F11 rs2289252T and rs2036914C Polymorphisms Increase the Activity of Factor XI in Post‐trauma Patients with Fractures Despite Thromboprophylaxis
Authors: Song Nan , Tian Ai‐xian , Zhang Jian‐min , Jiang Hong‐qiang , Zang Jia‐cheng , Ma Xin‐long
Published: September 2016

Objective

To evaluate the association between F11 rs2289252, rs2036914 polymorphisms and the activity of clotting factor XI in post‐trauma patients with fractures receiving routine anticoagulation therapy for deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Methods

A case‐control study involving 110 consecutive post‐trauma patients with fractures and DVT in our hospital was conducted from April 2014 to October 2015; these patients comprised a DVT group. Another 40 sex‐ and age‐matched patients with fractures but without DVT served as controls. Additionally, 40 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy people were chosen as a normal group. Venous blood samples (2 mL) were drawn from all participants and genomic DNA extracted from the leukocytes of the patients with fracture‐related DVT, whose genotype and allele frequency distribution of F11 gene rs2089252 and rs2036914 single nucleotide polymorphism were then assessed by a sequencing method. The activity of factor XI was measured by a solidification method in all participants, including those in control and normal groups.

Results

The activity of factor XI in patients with fracture‐related DVT and F11 rs2089252 CT was 1.16 times that of those with CC genotypes (P < 0.0001), whereas in patients with fracture‐related DVT and F11 rs2089252 TT genotypes it was 1.32 times that of those with CC genotypes (P < 0.0001), in patients with fracture‐related DVT and F11 rs2089252 T allele it was 1.24 times that of those with C allele (P < 0.05), in patients with fracture‐related DVT and F11 rs2036914 CC it was 1.35 times that of those with TT genotypes, in patients with fracture‐related DVT and F11 rs2036914 CT genotypes it was 1.12 times that of those with TT genotypes (P < 0.05), and in patients with fracture‐related DVT F11 and rs2036914 C allele it was 1.22 times that of those with T allele (P < 0.05). The activity of factor XI was significantly higher in the control than in the normal group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

High activity of factor XI indicates a risk of occurrence of DVT in post‐trauma patients with fractures. F11 rs2089252 and rs2036914 (single nucleotide polymorphisms) are associated with activity of factors XI in such patients despite prophylaxis.
Posterior Double Vertebral Column Resections Combined with Satellite Rod Technique to Correct Severe Congenital Angular Kyphosis
Authors: Sun Xu , Zhu Ze‐zhang , Chen Xi , Liu Zhen , Wang Bin , Qiu Yong
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a highly challenging technique involving posterior double vertebral column resections (VCRs) and satellite rods placement. This was a young adult case with severe angular thoracolumbar kyphosis of 101 degrees, secondary to anterior segmentation failure from T11 to L1. There were hemivertebrae at T11 and T12, and a wedged vertebra at L1. He received double VCRs at T12 and T11 and instrumented fusion from T6 to L4 via a posterior only approach. Autologous grafts and a cage were placed between the bony surfaces of the osteotomy gap. Once closure of osteotomy was achieved, bilateral permanent CoCr rods were placed with addition of satellite rods. Postoperative X‐ray demonstrated marked correction of kyphosis. On the 10th days after surgery, the patient was able to walk without assistance. In conclusion, double VCRs are effective to correct severe angular kyphosis, and addition of satellite rods may be imperative to enhance instrumentation strength and thus prevent correction loss.
An Alternative Intraoperative Radiographic Method for Optimizing Cup Inclination during Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Huang Gang‐yong , Zhao Guang‐lei , Xia Jun , Wei Yi‐bing , Wang Si‐qun , Wu Jian‐guo
Published: September 2016

Objective

During total hip arthroplasty (THA), the location of the acetabular prosthesis is very important for guaranteeing successful surgery. However, this remains a challenge for many surgeons. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using the intraoperative fluoroscopic iliopubic tangential angle (IPTA) to determine the valgus angles of acetabular prostheses.

Methods

In the first stage, the IPTA and valgus angles of native acetabula were defined and measured in 102 THAs obtained from the picture archiving and communication systems of our hospital. Obturator foramen morphology was also measured and divided into groups according to the axial length ratio. Correlations between obturator foramen morphology and IPTA and valgus angles of native acetabula were then determined. In the second stage, angular differences (angle θ) between the IPTA and valgus angles of native acetabula were measured during unilateral THA in 136 patients to determine whether this is a stable value that could be used as a reference for placement of acetabular prostheses. Postoperative data such as Harris Hip Score (HHS) scores and complications were collected and evaluated.

Results

The average IPTA at the apex of the true acetabulum was 58.8° ± 4.1°. The average valgus angle of native acetabula was 43.1° ± 3.9° and angle θ was 15.7° ± 1.3°. Obturator foramen morphology was divided into five groups according to the axial length ratio. IPTA was closely related to obturator foramen morphology (Pearson r = 0.489, P ≈ 0.000). Angle θ was stable and independent of obturator foramen morphology. When the IPTA and angle θ were used as references for placing acetabular prostheses in 136 THAs, the average postoperative valgus angles of acetabular prostheses was 45.13° ± 4.07° and the good‐to‐excellent rate was 97.05%. There were no short‐term complications such as fracture, dislocation or infection. The average HHS score 6 months after surgery was 37.2 higher than the preoperative score, this difference being significant (P < 0.01). Neither infection nor dislocation was found 6 months after surgery.

Conclusions

The IPTA (at the apex of the true acetabulum) and angle θ (obtained by intraoperative fluoroscopy) are consistent in determining the postoperative valgus angle of acetabular prosthesis during THA. Thus, IPTA and angle θ are of value in guiding placement of acetabular prostheses; in particular, this method can facilitate the learning of young surgeons.
Investigations into Encephalartos insect pests and diseases in South Africa and identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi as a pathogen of the Modjadji cycad
Authors: Nesamari R. , Coutinho T. A. , Roux J.
Published: September 2016

South Africa holds the greatest diversity of Encephalartos species globally. In recent years several reports have been received of Encephalartos species in the country dying of unknown causes. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of, and identify the causal agents of, diseases of Encephalartos species in the Gauteng and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa. Plant material with symptoms and insects were collected from diseased plants in private gardens, commercial nurseries and conservation areas in these regions. Insects collected were identified based on morphology, and microbial isolates based on morphology and DNA sequence data. Insect species identified infesting cultivated cycads included the beetle Amorphocerus talpa, and the scale insects Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus capensis, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Lindingaspis rossi, Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and Pseudococcus longispinus. Fungal species isolated from diseased plants included species of Diaporthe, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum, Peyronellaea, Phoma, Pseudocercospora and Toxicocladosporium. The plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi was identified from E. transvenosus plants in the Modjadji Nature Reserve. Artificial inoculation studies fulfilled Koch's postulates, strongly suggesting that P. cinnamomi is responsible for the deaths of these plants under field conditions.
Assessing feasibility in invasive plant management: a retrospective analysis of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) control
Authors: Corbin Jeffrey D. , Wolford Matthew , Zimmerman Christopher L. , Quirion Brendan
Published: September 2016

Given the difficulty that habitat managers face in controlling invasive species, assessing a project's feasibility before implementation can be a useful exercise. We describe efforts to eradicate a population of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) from an area of the Adirondack Park, United States. We applied a retrospective assessment of the feasibility of the project using 2 different decision support tools, the Invasive Plant Management Decision Analysis Tool (IPMDAT) and WeedSearch. We modeled several scenarios in each tool by varying parameters related to the effectiveness of control in order to test the sensitivity of project success to particular assumptions. Except for a small decline between 2007 and 2009, the population increased during the control period. The number of surveyed transects with at least one garlic mustard individual increased, as did plant density within transects. IPMDAT and WeedSearch analysis confirmed that eradication of the garlic mustard population at this site was unlikely. IPMDAT discouraged proceeding with the goal of eradication, and only recommended containment if control of seed production could be effective and subpopulations (e.g. transects) could be eliminated. WeedSearch estimated that time required to achieve eradication would range from 11 years if control was 100% effective to more than 50 years if control was only 90% effective. The application of tools such as IPMDAT or WeedSearch can aid project planning by giving invasive species managers a more realistic picture of the commitment that may be required in order to achieve specific restoration goals.
Can computed tomography and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient diagnose an asthma‐like phenotype in COPD?
Authors: Al‐Kassimi Feisal A. , Alhamad Esam H. , Al‐Hajjaj Mohammed S. , Raddaoui Emad , Alzeer Abdulaziz H. , Alboukai Ahmad A. , Somily Ali M. , Cal Joseph G. , Ibrahim Abdalla F. , Shaik Shaffi A.
Published: September 2016

Background and objective

Post‐mortem and computed tomography (CT) studies indicated that emphysema is a feature of COPD even in the ‘blue bloater/chronic bronchitis’ type. We aim to test the hypothesis that the non‐emphysematous patients are distinct from the main body of COPD and are more akin to asthmatic patients.

Methods

We studied 54 patients with COPD. Emphysema was measured by Goddard's visual scoring of CT scan and the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO). Bronchial biopsy was offered for thickness of basement membrane (BM) (≥7 µm) as a marker of remodelling in irreversible asthma. Spirometry was repeated after therapy with Budesonide/Formoterol for 1 year.

Results

The non‐emphysematous phenotype were 24 of 54 patients (44%) by CT scan and 23 of 54 patients (43%) by KCO, showing agreement in 53 out of 54 patients. The non‐emphysematous patients were younger, had higher forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1
) (median 61% vs 49.7%), greater prevalence of hypertrophy of nasal turbinates and higher serum IgE. The emphysematous phenotype had lower BMI and greater dyspnoea score. The BM was thickened in 11 of 14 and 0 of 10 patients in the non‐emphysematous and emphysematous groups, respectively. Three patients without emphysema and a normal BM normalized their FEV1
upon receiving inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long‐acting β2 agonist (LABA). All the non‐emphysematous improved their FEV1
after ICS/LABA (median = 215 mL). The median decline in the emphysematous was −65 mL.

Conclusion

The non‐emphysematous phenotype of COPD displays important features of asthma: clinical picture, histology and response to ICS. CT and KCO can predict spirometric response to ICS/LABA.
Canine ocular onchocerciasis: a retrospective review of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of 16 cases in New Mexico (2011–2015)
Authors: McLean Nancy Johnstone , Newkirk Kimberly , Adema Coenraad M
Published: September 2016

Objective

To describe the clinical exam findings, treatment and outcomes of 16 dogs diagnosed with ocular onchocerciasis in New Mexico.

Materials and Methods

Records of dogs diagnosed by the primary author were reviewed (2011–2015). Records that were accessible and included a diagnosis ofOnchocerca lupiby histopathologic or molecular identification of the nematode were included.

Results

Sixteen cases were included. 3/16 dogs were treated with year‐round heartworm prophylaxis prior to infection. Clinical exam findings included conjunctival hyperemia and/or episcleral injection (16/16), focal subconjunctival mass(es) (14/16), retinal detachment (7/16), corneal edema (4/16), chemosis (3/16), corneal opacity (2/16), exophthalmia (1/16), glaucoma (1/16), strabismus (1/16), blepharospasm (1/16), and vitreal degeneration (1/16). Ocular involvement was unilateral in 7/16 dogs and bilateral in 9/16 dogs. The diagnosis was confirmed via histologic identification of the nematodes and/orPCR. Treatment consisted of medical management or a combination medical and surgical management. Known or suspected recurrence of disease was documented in 10 dogs.

Conclusions

Canine ocular onchocerciasis is endemic in New Mexico. Histopathology and molecular identification are useful diagnostic tools. Medical management alone was successful in many cases.
Intraocular pressure in the smallest primate aging model: the gray mouse lemur
Authors: Dubicanac Marko , Joly Marine , Strüve Julia , Nolte Ingo , Mestre‐Francés Nadine , Verdier Jean‐Michel , Zimmermann Elke
Published: September 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the practicability of common tonometers used in veterinary medicine for rapid intraocular pressure (IOP) screening, to calibrate IOP values gained by the tonometers, and to define a reference IOP value for the healthy eye in a new primate model for aging research, the gray mouse lemur.

Studied animals and procedures

TonoVet® and the TonoPen™ measurements were calibrated manometrically in healthy enucleated eyes of mouse lemurs euthanized for veterinary reasons. For comparison of the practicability of both tonometers as a rapid IOP assessment tool for living mouse lemurs, the IOP of 24 eyes of 12 animals held in the hand was measured. To define a standard reference value for IOP in mouse lemurs, 258 healthy animals were measured using the TonoVet®.

Results

Intraocular pressure measurements for the TonoVet® can be corrected using the formula: y = 0.981 + (1.962*TonoVet® value), and those for the TonoPen™ using that of y = 5.38 + (1.426*TonoPen™ value). The calibrated IOP for a healthy mouse lemur eye was 20.3 ± 2.8 mmHg. The TonoVet® showed advantages in practicability, for example, small corneal contact area, short and painless corneal contact, shortened total time spent on investigation, as well as the more accurate measured values. IOP measurements of healthy mouse lemur eyes were not affected by age, sex, eye side, or colony.

Conclusion

Tonometry using TonoVet® is the more practicable assessment tool for IOP measurement of the tiny eyes of living mouse lemurs. Pathological deviations can be identified based on the described reference value.
Investigating a single sensor ability in the characterisation of drinkable water: a pilot study
Authors: Santonico Marco , Parente Francesca Romana , Grasso Simone , Zompanti Alessandro , Ferri Giuseppe , D'Amico Arnaldo , Pennazza Giorgio
Published: September 2016

Physical and chemical characterization of Bottled water is certified on the bottle‐label, which reports the analysis performed by a qualified laboratory. All these data can be suitable treated via multidimensional evaluation and the value of certain parameters against a specific threshold, can address some of these water samples to the treatment of specific medical issues or more in general for dietary options. These thresholds are often referred only to two or three of the listed parameters. In this work, a single voltammetric sensor has been used to characterize 14 different species of bottled water, after a calibration procedure with saline matrices. The sensor has the capability to discriminate among water samples with different dry residue and it is also able to predict the parameters reported on the bottle‐label with an acceptable resolution. Considering the portability of the device and its satisfactory repeatability, the sensor could perform a water quality characterisation, synthesizing bottle‐water characteristic in a reproducible and characteristic profile. The device, when fully integrated and calibrated, can support bottled water monitoring in different steps of the production‐distribution‐utilization chain by means of real‐time measurements.
Fan–Intake Interaction Under High Incidence
Authors: Cao Teng , Vadlamani Nagabhushana Rao , Tucker Paul G. , Smith Angus R. , Slaby Michal , Sheaf Christopher T. J.
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we present an extensive numerical study on the interaction between the downstream fan and the flow separating over an intake under high incidence. The objectives of this investigation are twofold: (a) to gain qualitative insight into the mechanism of fan–intake interaction and (b) to quantitatively examine the effect of the proximity of the fan on the inlet distortion. The fan proximity is altered using the key design parameter, L/D, where D is the diameter of the intake, and L is the distance of the fan from the intake lip. Both steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged numerical simulations (RANS) were carried out. For the steady calculations, a low-order fan model has been used, while a full 3D geometry has been used for the unsteady RANS. The numerical methodology is also thoroughly validated against the measurements for the intake-only and fan-only configurations on a high bypass ratio turbofan intake and fan, respectively. To systematically study the effect of fan on the intake separation and explore the design criteria, a simplified intake–fan configuration has been considered. In this fan–intake model, the proximity of the fan to the intake separation (L/D) can be conveniently altered without affecting other parameters. The key results indicate that, depending on L/D, the fan has either suppressed the level of the postseparation distortion or increased the separation-free operating range. At the lowest L/D (∼0.17), around a 5 deg increase in the separation-free angle of incidence was achieved. This delay in the separation-free angle of incidence decreased with increasing L/D. At the largest L/D (∼0.44), the fan was effective in suppressing the postseparation distortion rather than entirely eliminating the separation. Isentropic Mach number distribution over the intake lip for different L/D's revealed that the fan accelerates the flow near the casing upstream of the fan face, thereby decreasing the distortion level in the immediate vicinity. However, this acceleration effect decayed rapidly with increasing upstream distance from the fan-face.
Introduction of a New Numerical Simulation Tool to Analyze Micro Gas Turbine Cycle Dynamics
Authors: Henke Martin , Monz Thomas , Aigner Manfred
Published: September 2016

Micro gas turbine (MGT) technology is evolving toward a large variety of novel applications, such as weak gas electrification, inverted Brayton cycles, and fuel cell hybrid cycles; however, many of these systems show very different dynamic behaviors compared to conventional MGTs. In addition, some applications impose more stringent requirements on transient maneuvers, e.g., to limit temperature and pressure gradients in a fuel cell hybrid cycle. Besides providing operational safety, optimizing system dynamics to meet the variable power demand of modern energy markets is also of increasing significance. Numerical cycle simulation programs are crucial tools to analyze these dynamics without endangering the machines, and to meet the challenges of automatic control design. For these tasks, complete cycle simulations of transient maneuvers lasting several minutes need to be calculated. Moreover, sensitivity analysis and optimization of dynamic properties like automatic control systems require many simulation runs. To perform these calculations in an acceptable timeframe, simplified component models based on lumped volume or one-dimensional discretization schemes are necessary. The accuracy of these models can be further improved by parameter identification, as most novel applications are modifications of well-known MGT systems and rely on proven, characterized components. This paper introduces a modular in-house simulation tool written in fortran to simulate the dynamic behavior of conventional and novel gas turbine cycles. Thermodynamics, gas composition, heat transfer to the casing and surroundings, shaft rotation and control system dynamics as well as mass and heat storage are simulated together to account for their interactions. While the presented models preserve a high level of detail, they also enable calculation speeds up to five times faster than real-time. The simulation tool is explained in detail, including a description of all component models, coupling of the elements and the ODE solver. Finally, validation results of the simulator based on measurement data from the DLR Turbec T100 recuperated MGT test rig are presented, including cold start-up and shutdown maneuvers.
Influence of Pleat Deformation on Pressure Drop for a High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter: A Small-Scale Experimental Approach
Authors: Bourrous S. , Bouilloux L. , Nerisson P. , Thomas D. , Appert-Collin J. C.
Published: September 2016

For industrial or domestic applications, the wide range of use of pleated filters makes the understanding of their airflow behavior a major issue for designer and users. In all industrial installations dealing with radioactive matter, the containment of pollutants must be ensured. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are used as the last purification stage before the air is rejected in the environment. These filters can be used either alone, in the case of nonsensible installation, or coupled with other filtration devices disposed before it where contamination level could be important. The prediction of their pressure drop is very important in nuclear safety to be able to anticipate any dysfunction or rupture of these devices. It has been observed that geometry of the medium has an influence on the pressure drop of a pleated filter. In the case of HEPA filters, no convincing explanation has been brought to explain their airflow behavior. The pressure drop evolution of the filter during the clogging remains difficult to explain by assuming constant pleat geometry. Some studies show that deformation occurs during the filter use, which could induce an increase of the available volume in the pleat and a reduction of the efficient filtration surface. The increase in computation capacity introduces nowadays the possibility to perform complex simulation, taking into account the effect of fluids on sensible devices. This can be the case for simple structural analysis or for more complex analysis such as vibration induced by gas or fluid flow. It is mostly applied to avoid breaking or deformation of safety devices, and this can also be applied to anticipate the fluid behavior of some special devices such as filters. In classical filtration application, properties of the filter are coupled with particle deposition (e.g., changes in geometry and permeability depend on the thickness of the deposit). The studies concerning mechanical properties of filters are mainly performed for liquid filtration and clean filters. For pleated filters, the complexity of this kind of analysis remains the modification of the link between geometry, pressure drop, mechanical strength, and particle transport and accumulation inside the pleat. As a first approach, it has been chosen to combine an experimental and a numerical approach to improve the understanding of filter behavior. In this paper, the pleat deformation will be investigated using a direct nonintrusive laser measurement performed on a single pleat experiment. The rate of filtration surface lost will be estimated using these data and taken into account to evaluate the pressure drop against the filtration velocity. Results obtained show that the pleat deformation is an important parameter, which influences the geometry of the pleat.
Aβ in the synapse: How much is just right?
Authors: Lucey Brendan P.
Published: September 2016

Synaptic plasticity and memory formation depend on duration of neuronal exposure to Aβ.
Novel Syntrophic Populations Dominate an Ammonia-Tolerant Methanogenic Microbiome
Authors: Frank J. A. , Arntzen M. Ø. , Sun L. , Hagen L. H. , McHardy A. C. , Horn S. J. , Eijsink V. G. H. , Schnürer A. , Pope P. B.
Published: September 2016

The microbial production of methane or “biogas” is an attractive renewable energy technology that can recycle organic waste into biofuel. Biogas reactors operating with protein-rich substrates such as household municipal or agricultural wastes have significant industrial and societal value; however, they are highly unstable and frequently collapse due to the accumulation of ammonia. We report the discovery of a novel uncultured phylotype (unFirm_1) that is highly detectable in metaproteomic data generated from an ammonia-tolerant commercial reactor. Importantly, unFirm_1 is proposed to perform a key metabolic step in biogas microbiomes, whereby it syntrophically oxidizes acetate to hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which methanogens then covert to methane. Only very few culturable syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria have been described, and all were detected at low
in situ
levels compared to unFirm_1. Broader comparisons produced the hypothesis that unFirm_1 is a key mediator toward the successful long-term stable operation of biogas production using protein-rich substrates.
Purtscher's-like retinopathy in acute alcoholic pancreatitis
Authors: Subudhi Praveen , Kanungo Sanghamitra , Rao Subudhi Nageswar
Published: September 2016

A 28-year-old man presented with a sudden onset of visual loss in both eyes (OU). He had a known history of acute pancreatitis and hepatitis following alcohol abuse. Examination of the anterior segment of the eye revealed non-sustained pupillary light reaction. The fundus showed typical Purtscher's flecken over the posterior pole with multiple cotton wool spots and retinal superficial haemorrhages in OU. Fundus fluorescein angiogram revealed abnormal hypofluorescence in both the posterior poles. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) for Purtscher's flecken showed abnormal retinal thickening with hyper-reflective areas in the inner neurosensory layers. The patient responded favourably to high-dose corticosteroid therapy (1.5 mg/kilogram per body weight) with a tapering dose. There was a mild reduction of the ischaemic areas with a corresponding improvement in visual acuity. This case has been presented owing to its rarity and under-reporting. Treatment with corticosteroids yielded favourable results.
Personalised Hip Therapy: development of a non-operative protocol to treat femoroacetabular impingement syndrome in the FASHIoN randomised controlled trial
Authors: Wall Peter DH , Dickenson Edward J , Robinson David , Hughes Ivor , Realpe Alba , Hobson Rachel , Griffin Damian R , Foster Nadine E
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome is increasingly recognised as a cause of hip pain. As part of the design of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of arthroscopic surgery for FAI syndrome, we developed a protocol for non-operative care and evaluated its feasibility.

Methods

In phase one, we developed a protocol for non-operative care for FAI in the UK National Health Service (NHS), through a process of systematic review and consensus gathering. In phase two, the protocol was tested in an internal pilot RCT for protocol adherence and adverse events.

Results

The final protocol, called Personalised Hip Therapy (PHT), consists of four core components led by physiotherapists: detailed patient assessment, education and advice, help with pain relief and an exercise-based programme that is individualised, supervised and progressed over time. PHT is delivered over 12–26 weeks in 6–10 physiotherapist-patient contacts, supplemented by a home exercise programme. In the pilot RCT, 42 patients were recruited and 21 randomised to PHT. Review of treatment case report forms, completed by physiotherapists, showed that 13 patients (62%) received treatment that had closely followed the PHT protocol. 13 patients reported some muscle soreness at 6 weeks, but there were no serious adverse events.

Conclusion

PHT provides a structure for the non-operative care of FAI and offers guidance to clinicians and researchers in an evolving area with limited evidence. PHT was deliverable within the National Health Service, is safe, and now forms the comparator to arthroscopic surgery in the UK FASHIoN trial (ISRCTN64081839).

Trial registration number

ISRCTN 09754699.
Determinants of general practitioner's cancer-related gut feelings—a prospective cohort study
Authors: Donker Gé A , Wiersma Eva , van der Hoek Lucas , Heins Marianne
Published: September 2016

Background

General practitioners (GPs) use gut feelings to diagnose cancer in an early stage, but little is known about its impact.

Method

Prospective cohort study of patients in 44 general practices throughout the Netherlands, from January 2010 until December 2013. GPs completed a questionnaire regarding gut feelings, patient and GP characteristics, if they noticed a cancer-related gut feeling during patient consultation. Follow-up questionnaires were sent 3 months later requesting information about the patient's diagnosis. χ2, univariate and multivariate logistic regression and multilevel analyses were performed.

Results

A gut feeling (N=366) is most often triggered by weight loss (24%, N=85) and rare GP visits (22%, N=76), but all triggers were not predictive of cancer in a multivariate analysis. Most GPs (95%) acted immediately on the gut feeling, either referring to a specialist or by performing additional medical tests. The average positive predictive value of cancer-related gut feeling was 35%, and it increased with 2% for every year a patient becomes older, and with 3% for every year a GP becomes older.

Conclusions

GP's gut feeling for cancer proves to be a useful tool in diagnosing cancer and its relative high predicting value increases if the GP is older or more experienced and when the patient is older. How can younger GPs be trained to increase the predictive value of their gut feeling?
Latest Cretaceous eggshell assemblage from the Willow Creek Formation (upper Maastrichtian – lower Paleocene) of Alberta, Canada, reveals higher dinosaur diversity than represented by skeletal remains
Authors: Zelenitsky Darla K. , Therrien François , Tanaka Kohei , Currie Philip J. , DeBuhr Christopher L.
Published: September 2016

The Willow Creek Formation (upper Maastrichtian – lower Paleocene) of southwestern Alberta is a poorly fossiliferous formation that preserves a low end-Cretaceous dinosaur diversity compared with most correlative terrestrial deposits in the North American Western Interior. Although only three dinosaur taxa are known from skeletal remains (Tyrannosaurus rex, Hadrosauridae indet., and Leptoceratopsidae indet.), study of hundreds of dinosaur eggshells recovered from several sites in the formation reveals the presence of a more diverse dinosaur assemblage. Morphological and histological analyses of the eggshells indicate the presence of at least seven dinosaur ootaxa (Continuoolithus, Montanoolithus, Porituberoolithus, Prismatoolithus spp., Spheroolithus spp.). These ootaxa are referable to at least two ornithopod and five small theropod species, likely including dromaeosaurids, oviraptorosaurs, and troodontids. When considering the taxonomic affinity of eggshells and skeletal remains, the present study triples the known dinosaur diversity of the Willow Creek Formation, increasing the number of dinosaurs from three to at least nine species. Probable ornithopod eggshells comprise most of the eggshells preserved, although small theropods were likely an important component of the Willow Creek ecosystem, as most ootaxa can be ascribed to these dinosaurs. Although fossil bones are rarely found in the Willow Creek Formation, fossil eggshells are common compared with most other dinosaur-bearing formations in Alberta. The caliche-bearing deposits, indicative of arid to semi-arid conditions, typical of the formation were likely conducive to the preservation of calcareous eggshells.