bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes on Techno-Functional, Thermal, Rheological, and Microstructural Properties of Tef Flours Induced by Microwave Radiation—Development of New Improved Gluten-Free Ingredients
Authors: Calix-Rivera Caleb S. , Villanueva Marina , Náthia-Neves Grazielle , Ronda Felicidad
Published: March 2023

Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] flour is a gluten-free cereal rich in fiber, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants, which offers a promising alternative for new food development. This study investigated the effect of microwave radiation (MW) on the techno-functional, thermal, rheological and microstructural properties of tef flours. White and brown tef grains were milled and microwaved at different moisture contents (MC) (15%, 20% and 25%) for a total irradiation time of 480 s. The morphological structure of tef flours was affected by MW treatment, and its particle size and hydration properties increased after the treatment. Lower peak, breakdown, and setback viscosities, up to 45%, 96%, and 67% below those of the control (untreated) samples, and higher pasting temperature, up to 8 °C in the 25% MC samples, were observed. From FTIR analysis a disruption of short-range molecular order was concluded, while DSC confirmed an increased stability of starch crystallites. Rheological analysis of the gels made from the treated samples revealed that MW had a structuring and stabilizing effect on all samples, leading to higher viscoelastic moduli, G′ and G″, and the maximum stress the gels withstood before breaking their structure, τmax. The MC of the flours during the MWT drove the modification of the techno-functional properties of the tef flours and the gel rheological and thermal characteristics. These results suggest that MW-treated tef flours are potential ingredients for improving the technological, nutritional and sensory quality of food products.
Antimicrobial-Resistant Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Foods: Implications for Food Safety and Risk Assessment
Authors: Kayode Adeoye John , Okoh Anthony Ifeanyi
Published: March 2023

Antimicrobial resistance is an existential threat to the health sector, with far-reaching consequences in managing microbial infections. In this study, one hundred and ninety-four Listeria monocytogenes isolates were profiled for susceptibility using disc diffusion techniques. Possible foodborne listeriosis risk associated with ready-to-eat (RTE) foods (RTEF) and the risk of empirical treatment (EMPT) of L. monocytogenes infections, using multiple antimicrobial resistance indices (MARI) and antimicrobial resistance indices (ARI), respectively, were investigated. Twelve European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) prescribed/recommended antimicrobials (EPAS) for the treatment of listeriosis and ten non-prescribed antimicrobials (non-PAS)] were evaluated. Antimicrobial resistance > 50% against PAs including sulfamethoxazole (61.86%), trimethoprim (56.19%), amoxicillin (42.27%), penicillin (41.24%), and erythromycin (40.21%) was observed. Resistance > 50% against non-PAS, including oxytetracycline (60.89%), cefotetan (59.28%), ceftriaxone (53.09%), and streptomycin (40.21%) was also observed. About 55.67% and 65.46% of the isolates had MARI scores ranging from 0.25–0.92 and 0.30–0.70 for EPAs and non-PAs, respectively. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) between the MARI scores of the isolates for EPAs and non-PAs (means of 0.27 ± 0.21 and 0.31 ± 0.14, respectively). MARI/ARI scores above the Krumperman permissible threshold (>0.2) suggested a high risk/level of antimicrobial-resistant L. monocytogenes. The MARI risks of the non-success of empirical treatment (EMPT) attributed to EPAs and non-PAs were generally high (55.67% and 65.463%, respectively) due to the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. MARI-based estimated success and non-success of EMPT if EUCAST-prescribed antimicrobials were administered for the treatment of listeriosis were 44.329% and 55.67%, respectively. The EMPT if non-prescribed antimicrobials were administered for the treatment of listeriosis was 34.53% and 65.46%, respectively. This indicates a potentially high risk with PAs and non-PAs for the treatment of L. monocytogenes infection. Furthermore, ARI scores ≤ 0.2 for EPAs were observed in polony, potato chips, muffins, and assorted sandwiches, whereas ARI scores for non-PAs were >0.2 across all the RTE food types. The ARI-based estimate identified potential risks associated with some RTE foods, including fried fish, red Vienna sausage, Russian sausage, fruit salad, bread, meat pies, fried chicken, cupcakes, and vetkoek. This investigation identified a high risk of EMPT due to the presence of antimicrobial-resistant L. monocytogenes in RTE foods, which could result in severe health consequences.
Variability in ‘Capri’ Everbearing Strawberry Quality during a Harvest Season
Authors: Simkova Kristyna , Veberic Robert , Hudina Metka , Grohar Mariana Cecilia , Ivancic Tea , Smrke Tina , Pelacci Massimiliano , Jakopic Jerneja
Published: March 2023

Strawberries are appreciated by consumers for their characteristic taste and health benefits, which enhance their demand throughout the year. Everbearing strawberries can produce fruits for a longer period and could thus meet this demand, but the fruit quality depends on environmental factors and the cultivar. This study focused on the effect of environmental conditions on the physical attributes and the composition of everbearing Capri cultivar fruit harvested from the end of June to the end of October. A positive correlation was observed between temperature and organic acid content (r = 0.87), and a positive correlation was observed between sunshine duration, anthocyanin (r = 0.87) and phenolic compound contents (r = 0.89). Additionally, the composition of sugars was affected by the environmental conditions. While strawberries harvested towards the end of October, when lower temperatures predominated, were larger in size and had a higher sugar/acid ratio, fruit harvested in the middle of August, when there were longer periods of sunshine, had higher anthocyanin and phenolic compound contents. In conclusion, strawberries with higher sugar/acid ratios are obtained when temperatures are lower, while strawberries exposed to longer periods of sunshine are richer in health-promoting compounds.
The Formalism of Milky-Way Antimatter-Domains Evolution
Authors: Khlopov Maxim Yu. , Lecian Orchidea Maria
Published: March 2023

If baryosynthesis is strongly nonhomogeneous, macroscopic regions with antibaryon excess can be created in the same process from which the baryonic matter is originated. This exotic possibility can become real, if the hints to the existence of antihelium component in cosmic rays are confirmed in the AMS02 experiment, indicating the existence of primordial antimatter objects in our Galaxy. Possible forms of such objects depend on the parameters of models of baryosynthesis and evolution of antimatter domains. We elaborate the formalism of analysis of evolution of antibaryon domain with the account for baryon-antibaryon annihilation at the domain borders and possible “Swiss cheese” structure of the domain structure. We pay special attention to evolution of various forms of high, very high and ultrahigh density antibaryon domains and deduce equations of their evolution in the expanding Universe. The proposed formalism will provide the creation of evolutionary scenarios, linking the possible forms and properties of antimatter bodies in our Galaxy to the mechanisms of nonhomogeneous baryosynthesis.
Development and Evaluation of Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulgel Formulation for the Treatment of Oral Bacterial Infections
Authors: Ullah Niamat , Amin Adnan , Farid Arshad , Selim Samy , Rashid Sheikh Abdur , Aziz Muhammad Imran , Kamran Sairah Hafeez , Khan Muzammil Ahmad , Rahim Khan Nauman , Mashal Saima , Mohtasheemul Hasan Muhammad
Published: March 2023

Prevalence of oral infections in diabetic patients is a health challenge due to persistent hyperglycemia. However, despite great concerns, limited treatment options are available. We therefore aimed to develop nanoemulsion gel (NEG) for oral bacterial infections based on essential oils. Clove and cinnamon essential oils based nanoemulgel were prepared and characterized. Various physicochemical parameters of optimized formulation including viscosity (65311 mPa·S), spreadability (36 g·cm/s), and mucoadhesive strength 42.87 N/cm2) were within prescribed limits. The drug contents of the NEG were 94.38 ± 1.12% (cinnamaldehyde) and 92.96 ± 2.08% (clove oil). A significant concentration of clove (73.9%) and cinnamon essential oil (71.2 %) was released from a polymer matrix of the NEG till 24 h. The ex vivo goat buccal mucosa permeation profile revealed a significant (52.7–54.2%) permeation of major constituents which occurred after 24 h. When subjected to antimicrobial testing, significant inhibition was observed for several clinical strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus (19 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (19 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 mm), as well as against Bacillus chungangensis (2 mm), whereas no inhibition was detected for Bacillus paramycoides and Paenibacillus dendritiformis when NEG was utilized. Likewise promising antifungal (Candida albicans) and antiquorum sensing activities were observed. It was therefore concluded that cinnamon and clove oil-based NEG formulation presented significant antibacterial-, antifungal, and antiquorum sensing activities.
Microencapsulation of a Pickering Oil/Water Emulsion Loaded with Vitamin D3
Authors: Candiani Alessandro , Diana Giada , Martoccia Manuel , Travaglia Fabiano , Giovannelli Lorella , Coïsson Jean Daniel , Segale Lorena
Published: March 2023

The ionotropic gelation technique was chosen to produce vitamin D3-loaded microparticles starting from oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion stabilized by flaxseed flour: the hydrophobic phase was a solution of vitamin D3 in a blend of vegetable oils (ω6:ω3, 4:1) composed of extra virgin olive oil (90%) and hemp oil (10%); the hydrophilic phase was a sodium alginate aqueous solution. The most adequate emulsion was selected carrying out a preliminary study on five placebo formulations which differed in the qualitative and quantitative polymeric composition (concentration and type of alginate selected). Vitamin D3-loaded microparticles in the dried state had a particle size of about 1 mm, 6% of residual water content and excellent flowability thanks to their rounded shape and smooth surface. The polymeric structure of microparticles demonstrated to preserve the vegetable oil blend from oxidation and the integrity of vitamin D3, confirming this product as an innovative ingredient for pharmaceutical and food/nutraceutical purposes.
Ca-Alginate Hydrogel with Immobilized Callus Cells as a New Delivery System of Grape Seed Extract
Authors: Günter Elena , Popeyko Oxana , Popov Sergey
Published: March 2023

The development of new delivery systems for polyphenols is necessary to maintain their antioxidant activity and targeted delivery. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain alginate hydrogels with immobilized callus cells, in order to study the interaction between the physicochemical properties of hydrogels, texture, swelling behaviour, and grape seed extract (GSE) release in vitro. The inclusion of duckweed (LMC) and campion (SVC) callus cells in hydrogels led to a decrease in their porosity, gel strength, adhesiveness, and thermal stability, and an increase in the encapsulation efficiency compared with alginate hydrogel. The incorporation of LMC cells (0.17 g/mL), which were smaller, resulted in the formation of a stronger gel. The Fourier transform infrared analyses indicated the entrapment of GSE in the alginate hydrogel. Alginate/callus hydrogels had reduced swelling and GSE release in the simulated intestinal (SIF) and colonic (SCF) fluids due to their less porous structure and the retention of GSE in cells. Alginate/callus hydrogels gradually released GSE in SIF and SCF. The faster GSE release in SIF and SCF was associated with reduced gel strength and increased swelling of the hydrogels. LMC-1.0Alginate hydrogels with lower swelling, higher initial gel strength, and thermal stability released GSE more slowly in SIF and SCF. The GSE release was dependent on the content of SVC cells in 1.0% alginate hydrogels. The data obtained show that the addition of callus cells to the hydrogel provides them with physicochemical and textural properties that are useful for the development of drug delivery systems in the colon.
Recent Development of Self-Powered Tactile Sensors Based on Ionic Hydrogels
Authors: Zhao Zhen , Hu Yong-Peng , Liu Kai-Yang , Yu Wei , Li Guo-Xian , Meng Chui-Zhou , Guo Shi-Jie
Published: March 2023

Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymer networks with excellent flexibility. In recent years, ionic hydrogels have attracted extensive attention in the development of tactile sensors owing to their unique properties, such as ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. These features enable ionic hydrogel-based tactile sensors with exceptional performance in detecting human body movement and identifying external stimuli. Currently, there is a pressing demand for the development of self-powered tactile sensors that integrate ionic conductors and portable power sources into a single device for practical applications. In this paper, we introduce the basic properties of ionic hydrogels and highlight their application in self-powered sensors working in triboelectric, piezoionic, ionic diode, battery, and thermoelectric modes. We also summarize the current difficulty and prospect the future development of ionic hydrogel self-powered sensors.
Hydrogels—A Promising Materials for 3D Printing Technology
Authors: Kaliaraj Gobi , Shanmugam Dilip , Dasan Arish , Mosas Kamalan
Published: March 2023

Hydrogels are a promising material for a variety of applications after appropriate functional and structural design, which alters the physicochemical properties and cell signaling pathways of the hydrogels. Over the past few decades, considerable scientific research has made breakthroughs in a variety of applications such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, biosensors, bioseparation, defense, and cosmetics. In the present review, different classifications of hydrogels and their limitations have been discussed. In addition, techniques involved in improving the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of hydrogels by admixing various organic and inorganic materials are explored. Future 3D printing technology will substantially advance the ability to pattern molecules, cells, and organs. With significant potential for producing living tissue structures or organs, hydrogels can successfully print mammalian cells and retain their functionalities. Furthermore, recent advances in functional hydrogels such as photo- and pH-responsive hydrogels and drug-delivery hydrogels are discussed in detail for biomedical applications.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Analysis Illustrates the Phenotypic Variability of Collagen Type IV Nephropathies
Authors: Zacchia Miriam , Capolongo Giovanna , Del Vecchio Blanco Francesca , Secondulfo Floriana , Gupta Neha , Blasio Giancarlo , Pollastro Rosa Maria , Cervesato Angela , Piluso Giulio , Gigliotti Giuseppe , Torella Annalaura , Nigro Vincenzo , Perna Alessandra F. , Capasso Giovambattista , Trepiccione Francesco
Published: March 2023

Mutations in COL4A3-A5 cause a spectrum of glomerular disorders, including thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) and Alport syndrome (AS). The wide application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the last few years has revealed that mutations in these genes are not limited to these clinical entities. In this study, 176 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of inherited kidney disorders underwent an NGS-based analysis to address the underlying cause; those who changed or perfected the clinical diagnosis after molecular analysis were selected. In 5 out of 83 individuals reaching a molecular diagnosis, the genetic result was unexpected: three individuals showed mutations in collagen type IV genes. These patients showed the following clinical pictures: (1) familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; (2) end-stage renal disease (ESRD) diagnosed incidentally in a 49-year-old man, with diffuse cortical calcifications on renal imaging; and (3) dysmorphic and asymmetric kidneys with multiple cysts and signs of tubule–interstitial defects. Genetic analysis revealed rare heterozygote/compound heterozygote COL4A4-A5 variants. Our study highlights the key role of NGS in the diagnosis of inherited renal disorders and shows the phenotype variability in patients carrying mutations in collagen type IV genes.
Genetic Characterization and Insular Habitat Enveloping of Endangered Leaf-Nosed Bat, Hipposideros nicobarulae (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in India: Phylogenetic Inference and Conservation Implication
Authors: Kundu Shantanu , Kamalakannan Manokaran , Mukherjee Tanoy , Banerjee Dhriti , Kim Hyun-Woo
Published: March 2023

The Nicobar leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros nicobarulae) was described in the early 20th century; however, its systematic classification has been debated for over 100 years. This endangered and endemic species has achieved species status through morphological data in the last 10 years. However, the genetic information and phylogenetic relationships of H. nicobarulae remain neglected. The generated mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (mtCytb) sequences (438 bp) of H. nicobarulae contains 53.42–53.65% AT composition and 1.82% variable sites. The studied species, H. nicobarulae maintains an 8.1% to 22.6% genetic distance from other Hipposideros species. The genetic divergence estimated in this study is congruent with the concept of gene speciation in bats. The Bayesian and Maximum-Likelihood phylogenies clearly discriminated all Hipposideros species and showed a sister relationship between H. nicobarulae and H. cf. antricola. Current mtCytb-based investigations of H. nicobarulae have confirmed the species status at the molecular level. Further, the MaxEnt-based species distribution modelling illustrates the most suitable habitat of H. nicobarulae (294 km2), of which the majority (171 km2) is located on Great Nicobar Island. The present study suggests rigorous sampling across the range, taxonomic coverage, the generation of multiple molecular markers (mitochondrial and nuclear), as well as more ecological information, which will help in understanding population genetic structure, habitat suitability, and the implementation of appropriate conservation action plans for H. nicobarulae and other Hipposideros species.
Two Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Leptobrachium (Anura: Megophryidae: Leptobrachiinae): Characteristics, Population Divergences, and Phylogenetic Implications
Authors: Zhou Qiang , Xiang Hong-Mei , Zhang Ming-Yao , Liu Ying , Gu Zhi-Rong , Lan Xiang-Ying , Wang Jin-Xiu , Jiang Wan-Sheng
Published: March 2023

The mustache toads Leptobrachium boringii and Leptobrachium liui are two attractive species in Megophryidae, in which adult males have mustache-like keratinized nuptial spines on their upper lip. However, both are under threat due to multiple factors, of which scientific studies are still very limited. In this study, two new complete mitochondrial genomes of L. boringii and L. liui were sequenced, assembled, and annotated based on next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome lengths of L. boringii and L. liui were found to be 17,100 and 17,501 bp, respectively, with both containing 13 protein coding genes, 23 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 1 non-coding control region. Nucleotide diversity analyses indicate that atp8, atp6, and nad2 showed higher nucleotide diversity than cox1, cox3, and cytb. The intraspecific genetic distances among three different populations of L. boringii exceed 4%, and those between two populations of L. liui reach 7%. Phylogenetic relationships support their division into two subfamilies of Megophryidae (Leptobrachiinae and Megophryinae) as well as two species groups within Leptobrachium, corresponding to the number of keratinized nuptial spines (10–48 in the L. boringii species group vs. 2–6 in the L. liui species group). The two new mitogenomes reported in this study provide valuable data for future molecular evolutionary and conservation studies of the genus Leptobrachium and other Megophryidae toads.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of TPS Gene Family in Liriodendron chinense
Authors: Cao Zijian , Ma Qianxi , Weng Yuhao , Shi Jisen , Chen Jinhui , Hao Zhaodong
Published: March 2023

Terpenoids play a key role in plant growth and development, supporting resistance regulation and terpene synthase (TPS), which is the last link in the synthesis process of terpenoids. Liriodendron chinense, commonly called the Chinese tulip tree, is a rare and endangered tree species of the family Magnoliaceae. However, the genome-wide identification of the TPS gene family and its transcriptional responses to development and abiotic stress are still unclear. In the present study, we identified a total of 58 TPS genes throughout the L. chinense genome. A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that they were clustered into five subfamilies and unevenly distributed across six chromosomes. A cis-acting element analysis indicated that LcTPSs were assumed to be highly responsive to stress hormones, such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Consistent with this, transcriptome data showed that most LcTPS genes responded to abiotic stress, such as cold, drought, and hot stress, at the transcriptional level. Further analysis showed that LcTPS genes were expressed in a tissue-dependent manner, especially in buds, leaves, and bark. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that LcTPS expression was significantly higher in mature leaves compared to young leaves. These results provide a reference for understanding the function and role of the TPS family, laying a foundation for further study of the regulation of TPS in terpenoid biosynthesis in L. chinense.
Long-Term Effects of Subthalamic Stimulation on Motor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Jiang Jiin-Ling , Chen Shin-Yuan , Tsai Sheng-Tzung , Ma Yu-Chin , Wang Jen-Hung
Published: March 2023

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting both motor functions and quality of life (QoL). This study compared motor symptoms and QoL in patients with PD before and at 1 and 5 years after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) surgery in Taiwan. This study included 53 patients with PD undergoing STN-DBS. The motor symptoms improved by 39.71 ± 26.52% and 18.83 ± 37.15% in the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part II and by 36.83 ± 22.51% and 22.75 ± 36.32% in the UPDRS part III at 1 and 5 years after STN-DBS in the off-medication/on-stimulation state, respectively. The Hoehn and Yahr stage significantly improved at the 1-year follow-up but declined progressively and returned to the baseline stage 5 years post-surgery. The Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living improved and sustained for 5 years following STN-DBS. Levodopa equivalent daily dose decreased by 35.32 ± 35.87% and 15.26 ± 65.76% at 1 and 5 years post-surgery, respectively. The QoL revealed significant improvement at 1 year post-surgery; however, patients regressed to near baseline levels 5 years post-surgery. The long-term effects of STN-DBS on motor symptoms were maintained over 5 years after STN-DBS surgery. At the same time, STN-DBS had no long-lasting effect on QoL. The study findings will enable clinicians to become more aware of visible and invisible manifestations of PD.
Effects of LED Lights and New Long-Term-Release Fertilizers on Lettuce Growth: A Contribution for Sustainable Horticulture
Authors: Sgarbi Elisabetta , Santunione Giulia , Barbieri Francesco , Montorsi Monia , Lancellotti Isabella , Barbieri Luisa
Published: March 2023

The horticulture sector has been directed by European guidelines to improve its practices related to environmental sustainability. Moreover, the practice of horticulture in urban areas is increasing since it provides fresh products that are locally produced. At the same time, horticulture needs to implement circular economy approaches and energy-efficient models. Therefore, to address these issues, this study investigated the effects of an integrated fertilizer-box-based cultivation system equipped with LED lights and coated porous inorganic materials (C-PIMs), which was applied as fertilizer, on Lactuca sativa L. growth. Two different types of lightweight aggregates were formulated considering agri-food and post-consumer waste, and they were enriched with potassium and phosphorus. Involving waste in the process was part of their valorization in the circular economy. Using PIMs as fertilizers enabled the controlled release of nutrients over time. The tests were carried out in controlled conditions using two LED lighting systems capable of changing their light spectrum according to the growth phases of the plants. The effects of two different lighting schemes on the growth of lettuce plants, in combination with different amounts of aggregates, were studied. The results showed that increasing the amount of C-PIMs statistically improved the lettuce growth in terms of dry biomass production (+60% and +34% for two different types of PIM application) when the plants were exposed to the first LED scheme (LED-1). Plant height and leaf areas significantly increased when exposed to the second LED scheme (LED-2), in combination with the presence of C-PIMs in the soil. The analysis of the heavy metal contents in the lettuce leaves and the soil at the end of the test revealed that these elements remained significantly below the legislated thresholds. The experimental achievements of this study identified a new approach to improve the environmental sustainability of horticulture, especially in an urban/domestic context.
An Optimized Protocol for In Vitro Regeneration of Ocimum basilicum cv. FT Italiko
Authors: Barberini Sara , Forti Chiara , Laura Marina , Ciorba Roberto , Mascarello Carlo , Giovannini Annalisa , Ruffoni Barbara , Savona Marco
Published: March 2023

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.; Fam. Lamiaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant with a high economic value used in folk medicine, pharmacology, and food production. In Italy, most of the varieties are used to produce the famous “pesto” sauce; however, almost all of them are susceptible to basil downy mildew (BDM) disease, strongly decreasing the growth of the fresh leaves and the survival of the whole plant. Nowadays, CRISPR/Cas9 technology is recognized to be a prominent way to enhance basil genetic breeding. In this work, we present an optimized protocol for in vitro direct regeneration of an elite cultivar, which is the major limiting factor for the transformation of O. basilicum. Regeneration has been obtained from different explants (leaves, cotyledons, cotyledonary nodes); the highest frequency has been obtained from cotyledonary nodes of seedlings germinated on MS medium containing TDZ. This protocol may be used for biotechnological applications as genome editing techniques to obtain basil-downy-mildew-disease-resistant clones.
Lignification in Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) Stem Sections of Different Age: Biochemical and Molecular Genetic Traits
Authors: Tugbaeva Anastasia S. , Ermoshin Alexander A. , Wuriyanghan Hada , Kiseleva Irina S.
Published: March 2023

Lignification of the stem in zinnia provides its mechanical properties due to xylem formation, which depends on the stage of plant development and is responsible for the transport of water and minerals. The study was aimed at the lignin deposition, anatomical traits, biochemical markers of lignification, as well as the genetic regulation of this process in zinnia stem cross sections of different age during their radial growth. The anatomical traits were assessed on cross sections. The content of lignin (Cysteine-assisted sulfuric method (CASA) and the thioglycolic acid (TGA) methods), the spectrum of phenolics (by thin layer chromatography (TLC)), the total activity and the variety of class III peroxidases were determined. The expression level of genes regulating phenylpropanoids and lignin biosynthesis were assessed. We suggest that time-specific and organ-specific lignification is determined by the metabolism of phenolic compounds and depends on the expression of genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway. It was shown that in the hypocotyl, during xylem ring formation, lignification was associated with increased expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes responsible for the early stages of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and with the rise of class III peroxidases activity, including cationic isoforms. This caused increased content and diversity of phenolics in mature hypocotyl. In epicotyl, which is younger than the hypocotyl, the proportion of ferulic acid among phenolics increased, which could be considered as a marker of lignification in it. The high expression level of CAD and the activity of peroxidases, including anionic isoforms, led to accumulation of lignin. Thus, the hypocotyl and epicotyl, being characterized by different ages, differed in spectrum of phenolics, isoforms of class III peroxidases, expression of the PAL, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), peroxidases III class (PRX), and laccase (LAC) genes, and lignin content.
Wastewater Levels of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Associated with Influenza-like Illness Rates in Children—A Case Study in Larissa, Greece (October 2022–January 2023)
Authors: Koureas Michalis , Mellou Kassiani , Vontas Alexandros , Kyritsi Maria , Panagoulias Ioannis , Koutsolioutsou Anastasia , Mouchtouri Varvara A. , Speletas Matthaios , Paraskevis Dimitrios , Hadjichristodoulou Christos
Published: March 2023

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant progress in the field of wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) of respiratory pathogens and highlighted its potential for a wider application in public health surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate whether monitoring of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in wastewater can provide a comprehensive picture of disease transmission at the community level. The study was conducted in Larissa (Central Greece) between October 2022 and January 2023. Forty-six wastewater samples were collected from the inlet of the wastewater treatment plant of Larissa and analyzed with a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based method. RSV and SARS-CoV-2 wastewater viral loads (genome copies/100,000 inhabitants) were analyzed against sentinel surveillance data on influenza-like illness (ILI) to identify potential associations. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that RSV wastewater viral load (lagged by one week) and ILI notification rates in children up to 14 years old were strongly associated (std. Beta: 0.73 (95% CI: 0.31–1.14), p = 0.002, R2 = 0.308). A weaker association was found between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and ILI rates in the 15+ age group (std. Beta: 0.56 (95% CI: 0.06–1.05), p = 0.032, R2 = 0.527). The results support the incorporation of RSV monitoring into existing wastewater-based surveillance systems.
Assessing the Social and Environmental Impact of Healthcare Technologies: Towards an Extended Social Return on Investment
Authors: Pinelli Maria , Manetti Stefania , Lettieri Emanuele
Published: March 2023

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability overall worldwide. Upper limb impairment is a common consequence for stroke survivors, having negative impact on their quality of life. Robotic rehabilitation, through repetitive and monitored movements, can improve their status. Developed by a team of researchers at Politecnico di Milano, AGREE is an exoskeleton for upper limb rehabilitation at the stage gate between translational research and clinical validation. Since the cost of this device is particularly high, the present study aimed to provide a framework for assessing its value. The Social Return on Investment (SROI) method, able to grasp the economic, social and environmental impact of an activity, was applied, using expert opinions of a pool of clinical engineers and healthcare professionals from different Italian hospitals to obtain information. Environmental impacts were estimated through Life Cycle Assessment in terms of CO2 emissions and incorporated in the analysis. Considering a 5-year period, the SROI for a single exoskeleton was 3.75:1, and the SROI for the number of exoskeletons projected to be sold was 2.868:1, thus resulting largely in value for money. This study provides a model for combining economic, social and environmental outcomes that, besides contributing to theory, could be useful for decision-making.
Methodological Critique of Concussive and Non-Concussive Dual Task Walking Assessments: A Scoping Review
Authors: Mitchell Courtney Jade , Cronin John
Published: March 2023

Objective: To understand the methodological approaches taken by various research groups and determine the kinematic variables that could consistently and reliably differentiate between concussed and non-concussed individuals. Methods: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL Complete via EBSCO, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were searched from inception until 31 December 2021, using key terms related to concussion, mild traumatic brain injury, gait, cognition and dual task. Studies that reported spatiotemporal kinematic outcomes were included. Data were extracted using a customised spreadsheet, including detailed information on participant characteristics, assessment protocols, equipment used, and outcomes. Results: Twenty-three studies involving 1030 participants met the inclusion criteria. Ten outcome measures were reported across these articles. Some metrics such as gait velocity and stride length may be promising but are limited by the status of the current research; the majority of the reported variables were not sensitive enough across technologies to consistently differentiate between concussed and non-concussed individuals. Understanding variable sensitivity was made more difficult given the absence of any reporting of reliability of the protocols and variables in the respective studies. Conclusion: Given the current status of the literature and the methodologies reviewed, there would seem little consensus on which gait parameters are best to determine return to play readiness after concussion. There is potential in this area for such technologies and protocols to be utilised as a tool for identifying and monitoring concussion; however, improving understanding of the variability and validity of technologies and protocols underpins the suggested directions of future research. Inertial measurement units appear to be the most promising technology in this aspect and should guide the focus of future research. Impact: Results of this study may have an impact on what technology is chosen and may be utilised to assist with concussion diagnosis and return to play protocols.
Measuring and Mapping Physical Activity Disparity (PAD) Index Based on Physical Activity Environment for Children
Authors: Yang Jue , Mu Lan , Rajbhandari-Thapa Janani
Published: March 2023

Physical activity (PA) plays a vital role in children’s physical and mental health. The built, natural, and socio-demographic environmental variables affect children’s PA behaviors in various ways. However, few studies focus on systematically measuring the environmental spatiality to enhance PA research. We propose a Physical activity Access Disparity (PAD) index for children. This study aims to design, test, and apply an integrated approach to the children’s PAD index. We adopt five dimensions of “access” to healthcare to measure the children’s PAD index for the United States (US) and the state of Georgia at the county level. The PAD index sorts 18 environmental measures with 23 variables into accessibility, availability, accommodation, affordability, and acceptability (5 As) for children’s PA. We use the self-organizing map (SOM) method to measure how the 5 As affect the PAD index values. According to the result, the children’s PAD index’s ranking normalizes from 0 to 1 and identifies “play oases” to “play deserts” in the US and Georgia using diverse 5 As combinations. The children’s PAD index shows Low disparity in the north and coastal region and High disparity in Deep South states in the US. Moreover, the PAD index shows Low disparity and High disparity in the north and south of Georgia. The PAD index provides a valuable tool for researchers and policymakers to analyze disparity in children’s “access” to the PA environment. The flexible parameters and the weighing scheme also extend the method’s generality and allow users to customize the PAD index based on local preferences and conditions.
Research on Urban Fire Station Layout Planning Based on a Combined Model Method
Authors: Yu Zhijin , Xu Lan , Chen Shuangshuang , Jin Ce
Published: March 2023

With the rapid development of urbanization, fire risk factors have increased greatly, indicating a higher requirement for urban firefighting security. Fire rescue capabilities can be effectively improved by the scientific layout of fire stations, and therefore, the optimal spatial arrangement of fire stations has practical implications for urban safety. In this paper, a method for planning the locations of urban fire stations is presented, taking into account the fire risk points of interest (POIs) data, road networks and fire station planning principles. The combined model method is validated against the nearest facility point model, and the service area model is proposed for the coverage of POIs and regional areas of planned new sites. The efficacy of the model is demonstrated through an improvement in the coverage of crosspoints of the regional area and points of interest (POIs), with increases of 10.20% and 12.43%, respectively. We applied the combined model method to Fengdong New Town, Shaanxi Province, China. A total of 11 new potential sites were proposed to improve the efficiency of spatial coverage, and subsequently, the coverage rate of the POIs and regional area reached 97.66% and 84.80%, respectively. This study provides application guidelines for the decision-making of fire services and the allocation of firefighting resources.
Inflammatory Skin Disease Causes Anxiety Symptoms Leading to an Irreversible Course
Authors: Iida Shohei , Shoji Hirotaka , Kawakita Fumihiro , Nakanishi Takehisa , Matsushima Yoshiaki , Kondo Makoto , Habe Koji , Suzuki Hidenori , Miyakawa Tsuyoshi , Yamanaka Keiichi
Published: March 2023

Intense itching significantly reduces the quality of life, and atopic dermatitis is associated with psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and depression. Psoriasis, another inflammatory skin disease, is often complicated by psychiatric symptoms, including depression; however, the pathogenesis of these mediating factors is poorly understood. This study used a spontaneous dermatitis mouse model (KCASP1Tg) and evaluated the psychiatric symptoms. We also used Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors to manage the behaviors. Gene expression analysis and RT-PCR of the cerebral cortex of KCASP1Tg and wild-type (WT) mice were performed to examine differences in mRNA expression. KCASP1Tg mice had lower activity, higher anxiety-like behavior, and abnormal behavior. The mRNA expression of S100a8 and Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) in the brain regions was higher in KCASP1Tg mice. Furthermore, IL-1β stimulation increased Lcn2 mRNA expression in astrocyte cultures. KCASP1Tg mice had predominantly elevated plasma Lcn2 compared to WT mice, which improved with JAK inhibition, but behavioral abnormalities in KCASP1Tg mice did not improve, despite JAK inhibition. In summary, our data revealed that Lcn2 is closely associated with anxiety symptoms, but the anxiety and depression symptoms caused by chronic skin inflammation may be irreversible. This study demonstrated that active control of skin inflammation is essential for preventing anxiety.
Canonical and Non-Canonical Antipsychotics’ Dopamine-Related Mechanisms of Present and Next Generation Molecules: A Systematic Review on Translational Highlights for Treatment Response and Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Authors: de Bartolomeis Andrea , Ciccarelli Mariateresa , De Simone Giuseppe , Mazza Benedetta , Barone Annarita , Vellucci Licia
Published: March 2023

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness affecting almost 25 million people worldwide and is conceptualized as a disorder of synaptic plasticity and brain connectivity. Antipsychotics are the primary pharmacological treatment after more than sixty years after their introduction in therapy. Two findings hold true for all presently available antipsychotics. First, all antipsychotics occupy the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) as an antagonist or partial agonist, even if with different affinity; second, D2R occupancy is the necessary and probably the sufficient mechanism for antipsychotic effect despite the complexity of antipsychotics’ receptor profile. D2R occupancy is followed by coincident or divergent intracellular mechanisms, implying the contribution of cAMP regulation, β-arrestin recruitment, and phospholipase A activation, to quote some of the mechanisms considered canonical. However, in recent years, novel mechanisms related to dopamine function beyond or together with D2R occupancy have emerged. Among these potentially non-canonical mechanisms, the role of Na2+ channels at the dopamine at the presynaptic site, dopamine transporter (DAT) involvement as the main regulator of dopamine concentration at synaptic clefts, and the putative role of antipsychotics as chaperones for intracellular D2R sequestration, should be included. These mechanisms expand the fundamental role of dopamine in schizophrenia therapy and may have relevance to considering putatively new strategies for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), an extremely severe condition epidemiologically relevant and affecting almost 30% of schizophrenia patients. Here, we performed a critical evaluation of the role of antipsychotics in synaptic plasticity, focusing on their canonical and non-canonical mechanisms of action relevant to the treatment of schizophrenia and their subsequent implication for the pathophysiology and potential therapy of TRS.
Comparing Vaginal and Endometrial Microbiota Using Culturomics: Proof of Concept
Authors: Vanstokstraeten Robin , Callewaert Ellen , Blotwijk Susanne , Rombauts Eleni , Crombé Florence , Emmerechts Kristof , Soetens Oriane , Vandoorslaer Kristof , De Geyter Deborah , Allonsius Camille , Vander Donck Leonore , Blockeel Christophe , Wybo Ingrid , Piérard Denis , Demuyser Thomas , Mackens Shari
Published: March 2023

It is generally accepted that microorganisms can colonize a non-pathological endometrium. However, in a clinical setting, endometrial samples are always collected by passing through the vaginal–cervical route. As such, the vaginal and cervical microbiomes can easily cross-contaminate endometrial samples, resulting in a biased representation of the endometrial microbiome. This makes it difficult to demonstrate that the endometrial microbiome is not merely a reflection of contamination originating from sampling. Therefore, we investigated to what extent the endometrial microbiome corresponds to that of the vagina, applying culturomics on paired vaginal and endometrial samples. Culturomics could give novel insights into the microbiome of the female genital tract, as it overcomes sequencing-related bias. Ten subfertile women undergoing diagnostic hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy were included. An additional vaginal swab was taken from each participant right before hysteroscopy. Both endometrial biopsies and vaginal swabs were analyzed using our previously described WASPLab-assisted culturomics protocol. In total, 101 bacterial and two fungal species were identified among these 10 patients. Fifty-six species were found in endometrial biopsies and 90 were found in vaginal swabs. On average, 28 % of species were found in both the endometrial biopsy and vaginal swab of a given patient. Of the 56 species found in the endometrial biopsies, 13 were not found in the vaginal swabs. Of the 90 species found in vaginal swabs, 47 were not found in the endometrium. Our culturomics-based approach sheds a different light on the current understanding of the endometrial microbiome. The data suggest the potential existence of a unique endometrial microbiome that is not merely a presentation of cross-contamination derived from sampling. However, we cannot exclude cross-contamination completely. In addition, we observe that the microbiome of the vagina is richer in species than that of the endometrium, which contradicts the current sequence-based literature.
Expression of Gal-9 on Dendritic Cells and Soluble Forms of TIM-3/Gal-9 in Patients Suffering from Endometriosis
Authors: Suszczyk Dorota , Skiba Wiktoria , Pawłowska Anna , Polak Grzegorz , Tarkowski Rafał , Wertel Iwona
Published: March 2023

Immune system dysregulation is clinically evident in the pathogenesis of endometriosis (EMS). Changes in the dendritic cells (DCs) activity or phenotype may be involved in the implantation and growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus in the disease. The TIM-3/Gal-9 axis is implicated in the development of immune tolerance. However, the knowledge about the exact role of this pathway in the EMS is extremely poor. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of Gal-9 on myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in the peripheral blood (PB) and peritoneal fluid (PF) of both EMS patients (n = 82) and healthy subjects (n = 10) via flow cytometry. We also investigated the concentrations of soluble Gal-9 and TIM-3 in the plasma and PF of EMS patients and the control group using ELISA. We showed significantly elevated percentages of mDCs-Gal-9+ and pDCs-Gal-9+, and significantly higher concentrations of the soluble form of Gal-9 and TIM-3 in the PF of EMS patients than in circulation. Our results led us to conclude that the accumulation of Gal-9 expressing mDCs and pDCs in the PF and high sTIM-3/Gal-9 production in the peritoneal cavity could represent the hallmark of immune regulation in EMS patients, which may augment the inflammatory process and development/maintenance of local immunosuppression.
Treatment with the Glycosphingolipid Modulator THI Rescues Myelin Integrity in the Striatum of R6/2 HD Mice
Authors: Pepe Giuseppe , Lenzi Paola , Capocci Luca , Marracino Federico , Pizzati Ludovica , Scarselli Pamela , Di Pardo Alba , Fornai Francesco , Maglione Vittorio
Published: March 2023

Huntington’s disease is one of the most common dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders caused by an expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch in the N-terminal region of huntingtin (Htt). Among all the molecular mechanisms, affected by the mutation, emerging evidence proposes glycosphingolipid dysfunction as one of the major determinants. High levels of sphingolipids have been found to localize in the myelin sheaths of oligodendrocytes, where they play an important role in myelination stability and functions. In this study, we investigated any potential existing link between sphingolipid modulation and myelin structure by performing both ultrastructural and biochemical analyses. Our findings demonstrated that the treatment with the glycosphingolipid modulator THI preserved myelin thickness and the overall structure and reduced both area and diameter of pathologically giant axons in the striatum of HD mice. These ultrastructural findings were associated with restoration of different myelin marker protein, such as myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), myelin basic protein (MBP) and 2′, 3′ Cyclic Nucleotide 3′-Phosphodiesterase (CNP). Interestingly, the compound modulated the expression of glycosphingolipid biosynthetic enzymes and increased levels of GM1, whose elevation has been extensively reported to be associated with reduced toxicity of mutant Htt in different HD pre-clinical models. Our study further supports the evidence that the metabolism of glycosphingolipids may represent an effective therapeutic target for the disease.