bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invasive-Invaded Interaction Incorporating a Bramson Model with Density-Dependent Diffusion and a Non-Lipschitz Reaction
Authors: Luis Díaz Palencia José
Published: February 2024

The primary objective of the presented study is to investigate the pairwise interaction dynamics between invasive and invaded species, considering a model characterized by a non-regular, non-Lipschitz type reaction, as well as non-homogeneous diffusion. To achieve this, we begin with the foundational model proposed by Bramson in 1988 and tailor it to account for density-dependent diffusion and the non-Lipschitz type reaction, rendering it more applicable to our specific ecological scenario. Subsequently, our newly developed model is subjected to different analyses to ascertain the existence and uniqueness of positive weak solutions. It is noteworthy that density-dependent diffusive operators exhibit a property known as “finite propagation”, which manifests as the existence of a propagating front in the ecological system. Furthermore, we delve into the problem domain by employing the concept of traveling waves to identify specific solutions. A key outcome of our investigation is as follows: When both species propagate at significantly different speeds in the context of traveling waves, the interaction between them is deemed unstable, resulting in oscillations in the concentration of the invaded species. Conversely, when both species propagate within a similar range of speeds, the dynamics of the system are predominantly governed by the invasive species.

AMS Subject Classification: 35K55, 35K57, 35K59, 35K65
Identification of Variables Affecting Levels of Salt Concentrations in Shatt Al-Arab Water Using Modified Kernel Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Husham Mohammed Albasri Ahmed , Abdul Hameed Ashour Marwan
Published: February 2024

This study paper is an attempt to bring to light a new approach in the treatment of the Gaussian function. The Gaussian function is considered the basis for building the elements of the kernel matrix within the methodology of the kernel principal components that aims to reduce the dimensions and then determine the most influential variables. Besides, it works on reducing the mathematical complexity that can arise because of multidimensionality, especially if it is the data suffers from a non-linear problem in describing the relationships. This research paper has included processing the introductory parameter matrix (H) by adopting two types of matrices, namely (H
1 diagonal, and H
2 hybrid diagonal). For achieving the benefit of this paper, it has been applied to the phenomenon of salt concentrations in Shatt al-Arab water in Basra Governorate through a number of climatic variables for identification of the most influential variables. The modified Gaussian function (MGK) was used and compared with the traditional method (TGK) by adopting two methods of estimating the introductory parameter matrix H. The simulation results brought to light that the (MGK) could not achieve better results than the (TGK) for any type of matrices (H
1 & H
2), estimated by the two methods (NS-R, ROT). Despite this fact, the (MGK) and (TGK) were consistent in determining the climatic variables most affected by the rise in salt concentrations when adopting the (NS-R) method, which are (air temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and solar brightness). While when adopting the (ROT), the (MGK) determined other variables, while the traditional method identified the same variables mentioned above.
Unsupervised texture classification of 3D X-ray Micro-computed Tomography images
Authors: Almeghari Tamara A. I. , Soufiane Jouini Mohamed , Hjouj Fawaz
Published: February 2024

Characterizing rock proprieties is crucial in the oilfield to evaluate hydrocarbon reserves. Several studies showed a high correlation between rock properties and textures. Therefore, we propose integrating texture information in the images to identify precisely the most representative textures in highly heterogeneous rocks to estimate their properties. First, we implemented a steerable pyramid decomposition to extract the texture features. Then, those parameters were used as input for the Self-organizing map to classify the textures. Finally, by applying several models and comparing their results, we suggested the best approach to implement for texture classification.
Detailed Analysis of Energy Consumption for an Office Building
Authors: Bazenkov N , Petrov I
Published: February 2024

Modern buildings consume a significant share of global power production. The primary sources of the power consumption are heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), light, cooking equipment, technical equipment like elevators, office facilities. Optimization of the buildings power consumption requires real-life data both for strategic planing and operational control. Here we analyze detailed power consumption of a research institute campus which is a medium-sized office buildings. Our data contain detailed electric measurements of 100 three-phase power lines which power all facilities inside the building. Each line is associated with several power consumers like lights, HVAC and office equipment. We analyze weekly and monthly trends, typical patterns in power consumption, and provide rough analysis of what classes of power consumers are most active in specific periods of time.
40 MHz triggerless readout of the CMS Drift Tube muon detector
Authors: Migliorini M. , Pazzini J. , Triossi A. , Zanetti M. ,   the CMS Muon Group
Published: February 2024

The Level-1 trigger scouting system of the CMS experiment aims at intercepting the intermediate data produced by the L1 trigger processors before the final trigger decision. This system can be complemented by adding the raw stream of data collected from the detector front-end, whenever the throughput is manageable. In this work, the triggerless readout of the CMS Drift Tubes (DT) detector is presented. This is realized by reading a sector of the DT which has been equipped with the preproduction of Phase-2 upgrade front-end boards. A Xilinx VCU118 acts as a concentrator of the Phase-2 demonstrator lpGBT links and transmits data to a server via 100G TCP/IP. First results coming from a test-stand mimicking the sector demonstrator are shown.
Characterization of plasmas in negative ion sources using a Cs-H Collisional Radiative model
Authors: Pouradier Duteil B. , Barbisan M. , Milazzo R. , Poggi C. , Sartori E. , Spolaore M. , Ugoletti M. , Zaniol B.
Published: February 2024

SPIDER, hosted at the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) in Padova, Italy, is the full scale prototype for the ITER Heating Neutral Beam (HNB) source. Another smaller compact RF ion source, NIO1, hosted by Consorzio RFX, was built to study the production and acceleration of H- ions in continuous operation. Both machines operate with the evaporation of caesium in order to enhance the production of negative ions.

A collisional radiative model for caesium-hydrogen plasmas was recently developed. When used in conjunction with measurements from Optical Emission Spectroscopy, Laser Absorption Spectroscopy and electrostatic probes, the model can provide estimates of the plasma parameters with a good spatial resolution thanks to the many lines of sight available.

This work presents a characterization of the plasma in SPIDER and NIO1 using this method. In particular, we investigate the influence of the RF power and the magnetic filter field on the plasma properties, and compare the results with those of other source and beam diagnostics.
Feasibility study of one-dimensional imaging with an optical fiber for radiation dose-rate monitoring system in the decommissioning process
Authors: Matsukura Daisuke , Kurosawa Shunsuke , Fujiwara Chihaya , Yamaji Akihiro , Ohashi Yuji , Yokota Yuui , Kamada Kei , Sato Hiroki , Masao Yoshino , Hanada Takashi , Murakami Rikito , Horiai Takahiko , Yoshikawa Akira , Takata Takushi , Tanaka Hiroki
Published: February 2024

Real-time dose-rate monitoring system under the high dose-rate situation is required for the decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plants to remove the debris remaining inside the plants. We have proposed a dose-rate monitor consisting of a scintillator, over 100-m long optical fiber and CCD spectrometer. Some noises with a dominant emission wavelength of below 550 nm originating from the optical fiber itself must be separated from the signal from the scintillator, and the signal region has been defined as 650–1000 nm to use significant data, up to now. In this paper, we investigated if the noise region defined as below 550 nm can be supporting data for the monitoring system, because such noises are expected to include position information through the fiber. In the emission spectrum, the intensities of the noise emission or absorption band are expected to depend on the position of the fiber, and we demonstrated such dependence, “one-dimensional dose-rate distribution”, with 20 m-long optical fiber and CCD spectrometer. Optical fiber was placed around a 60Co source with an activity of approximately 60 TBq, and emission spectra of the fiber were acquired with different dose-rate conditions from 10 to 700 Gy/h. The noise intensities were well fitted with the power function as a function of the product of fiber length and dose rate, and we found that fiber noise has rate information in one-dimensional imaging.
Ultra-Fast Energy Resolved Imager for `Pseudo' Laue diffraction experiments at synchrotron facilities
Authors: Orsini F. , Dawiec A. , Kanoute B. , Grybos P. , Kleczek R. , Kmon P. , Otfinowski P.
Published: February 2024

`Pseudo' Laue diffraction experiments, with multi pink beam, is being considered as an option for the upgrade of SOLEIL for fast time resolved crystallographic applications in the energy range from 5 to 30 keV. An important requirement for the detector of such experiments is to increase the readout speed and the capability to discriminate between several energies.
For this purpose, a new project has been launched in 2021 through a collaboration between SOLEIL and AGH, starting with a feasibility phase with the design and realization of a new photon counting ASIC prototype, named UFERI (Ultra-Fast Energy Resolved Imager). After a short description of the ASIC requirements and main architecture, first results of the ASIC prototypes are presented, as well as preliminary results of the first hybrid pixel modules illuminated with X-rays in our laboratory.
New electronics for the HADES MDC drift chambers
Authors: Michel J. , Gniazdowski T. , Guzmán A. , Matejcek F. , Müntz C. , Svintozelskyi V. , Wendisch C. , Stroth J. ,   the HADES collaboration
Published: February 2024

The drift chambers of the HADES experiment at SIS-18 at GSI, Darmstadt/Germany, form the main tracking system of the spectrometer. Designed more than twenty years ago, the whole front-end electronics chain is being replaced with state-of-the-art electronics to cope with the increasing failure rate of the old electronics and with advanced requirements of the experiment, e.g. the trigger rate.

The new analog signal processing is based on the PASTTREC ASIC, developed for the Straw Tube Tracker of the PANDA Experiment. The digitization of data happens in FPGA-based TDCs.

The main challenges of the project are the strict spatial constraints given by the experiment setup to place the front-end boards and the noise sensitivity of the large area gas detectors. In addition, the power consumption needed to be kept low due to thermal constraints.
Electronics design for a muon imaging system using triangular plastic scintillators with WLS fiber readouts
Authors: Wang Z.Y. , Wang Y.G. , Li X. , Zhao Y.X. , Liang Y.T. , Liang Z. , Zhang Y.S. , Tang Z.B. , Li C.
Published: February 2024

Muon imaging technology has developed rapidly over the past
decades with extensive applications. In many cases, plastic
scintillator detectors are preferred because of their high cost
performance, ease of processing and robustness in harsh
environments. To reduce imaging time and improve imaging quality,
detectors tend to have large areas and high position
resolutions. The challenge to the electronics for such detectors is
to maintain the scale of electronics acceptable while improving the
high position resolution of the detector. In this paper, the basic
detector unit is a triangular strip of plastic scintillator, each
embedded with two wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers read out by the
silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Since the hit position of muon on
the detector is determined by the splitting ratio of the
scintillation light on two adjacent scintillator strips, it is
necessary the readout electronics has high linearity and low
noise. The possibility of the electronics channel multiplexing on
the same detector plane is fully explored so that four WLS fibers
can be read out by one SiPM realizing 2:1 readout channel
compression. Furthermore, since multiple electronics modules are
connected by a daisy chain structure, the electronics system is very
scalable with its data acquisition system (DAQ) independent of
detector size. In addition to detailing the position encoding
readout scheme, the design of electronics module and the DAQ system,
the electronics system has been implemented and applied to a
prototype detector for performance evaluation. Using scintillator
strips with 11 mm pitch size, the position resolution of the
detector reaches 1.49 mm, which demonstrates that the designed
electronics is suitable for the new detector structure, and the
combination of the two has a good application prospect in muon
imaging.
Bioenergy in Europe is unlikely to make a timely contribution to climate change targets
Authors: Seo Bumsuk , Brown Calum , Lee Heera , Rounsevell Mark
Published: February 2024

Increasing bioenergy production is a significant component of European efforts to mitigate climate change, but has contested potential for reducing emissions. We use an integrated land system model to explore the effects of large-scale bioenergy production within the European Union on carbon balances. We find that increased bioenergy crop production is likely to cause substantial deforestation and a commensurate loss of associated carbon stocks largely due to displacement of food production from other areas. Deforestation would occur either within the EU if European forests were not protected, or in other parts of the world arising from indirect land use change if European forests were protected. The net carbon benefit of bioenergy production is largely negative, or uncertain, even under the most optimistic levels of fossil fuel replacement, and will not offset initial carbon losses over the coming 50 yr. The growth of intensive agriculture required to satisfy the demand for bioenergy and food will have negative impacts on crucial ecosystem services. Overall, we identify substantial disadvantages to increasing bioenergy production relative to freeing land for natural succession. At best, large-scale bioenergy production is likely to be irrelevant to time-sensitive climate targets.
How well do multi-fire danger rating indices represent China forest fire variations across multi-time scales?
Authors: Pan Yuxian , Yang Jing , Yao Qichao , New Stacey , Bao Qing , Chen Deliang , Shi Chunming
Published: February 2024

To better support wildfire predictions and risk assessment, multiple fire danger rating indices (FDRIs) have been developed but their credibility in China remains obscure. Compared with the satellite fire observations, 13 FDRIs are evaluated for the historical (2003–2021) forest fire frequency in China from four different time scales: active seasons, trends, interannual variations (IAVs) and discrimination of fire/non-fire days (DFDs). Most FDRIs effectively capture the double active seasons over Southwest China and the dominant active season over Northeast and South China but fail over the other regions. FDRIs with cloud cover perform better in capturing climatological fire seasonality. All FDRIs fail to reproduce the significant decreasing trend of forest fires speculatively due to local fire management and discordant changes in meteorological elements. Most FDRIs have the advantages of the IAVs and DFDs over Southwest China but exhibit deficiencies over the other regions. FDRIs incorporating wind speed perform best in representing both IAVs and DFDs, indicating the indispensable effect of surface wind on the interannual/daily variation of fire danger. This study provides a credible reference for utilizing FDRIs in China, as well as offers insights for developing better regional FDRIs to represent different time-scale variations.
Using Gradiometric Technique to Prospect Archaeological Features in Tell Al-Deylam, South of Babylon City, Middle of Iraq
Authors: Khawaja Ahmed Muslim , Ahmed Omar Qadir , Alkhalidy Amer A. L. , Alzubaydi Jaffar hussain Ali , Manii Jwad K. , Almamori Haider Oraibi , Salman Kadhim Jabur
Published: February 2024

An extensive vertical magnetic gradiometry survey was carried out over an area spanning 1,188 square meters in the northwestern section of Dilbat; a recently discovered archaeological city within Tell Al-Deylam located approximately 20 km south of Babylon city, so as to reveal the real image of the archaeological features hidden beneath the earth’s surface. The vertical gradiometric survey was done by the Geometrics-G-858 Cesium magnetometer. The gradiometric results showed three clear longitudinal magnetic anomalies in different places on the magnetic contour map. The main anomaly is located on the edge of the northern part of the study area and extends longitudinally in the northwest and southeast direction. This may indicate the presence of the main outer wall, as it extends lengthwise about 30 m, with a width of 3-4 m, and a depth of about 1 m below the surface of the ground, and may contain the main northern gate of the Dilbat Temple. Besides that, this anomaly displayed approximately a high magnetic value of about + 60 nT, which indicates that the wall was built from baked brick composed of clay minerals rich in iron oxides. Furthermore, the magnetic contour map showed two other magnetic anomalies. The first one is located in the western part of the study area and appears perpendicular to the main magnetic anomaly. Meanwhile, the second anomaly occupied the southern part of the study area and is parallel to the main anomaly. The two anomalies showed approximately lower magnetic strength than the outer wall. So, they may represent the remains of the inner room walls built from mud bricks. The thickness of the two supposed walls is about 2.5 m and they are at a depth one meter from the ground. The findings of this method have been a good guide for new excavation, which led to finding the main wall built from fired bricks.
Applying geographic information systems (GIS) techniques to estimate surface area of Al-Razzaza Lake, Karbala province, Iraq
Authors: Rashed Afrah Medhat , alhadithi Mufid , Alattar Fareed M.
Published: February 2024

Countries with dry and semi-arid climates, like Iraq, employ manmade or natural water bodies to regulate river levels and store water during flood seasons, preserving the ecosystem’s equilibrium. The goal of the current study was to determine the surface area of Lake Al-Razzaza, which is situated in the Karbala Governorate of Iraq, using an integrated approach based on geographic information systems and remote sensing. Landsat satellite images taken in October 2015, 2019 and 2023 were used as a source of data to monitor the changing area covered by the lake. The results showed that the surface area of the Al-Razzaza Lake was 363 km2, 316 km2, and 221 km2 for the years 2015, 2019, and 2023, respectively. It was observed that there was a slight difference in the surface water area of Al-Razzaza Lake between 2015 and 2023, estimated at 47 km2, while there was a decrease in the area of the lake in 2019, estimated at 142 km2. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS technology and Landsat satellite images in topographical analysis of water bodies and monitoring water bodies over large areas in a short time and at a low cost.
Climate Change and its Potential Impacts on Iraqi Environment: Overview
Authors: Ali Sabah Hussein , Qubaa Abdalrahman R. , Al-Khayat Amina Basil Mohammad
Published: February 2024

Deforestation, agricultural practices, and greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels have all contributed to global warming and climate change since the Industrial Revolution. Observed and predicted climate changes include rising sea levels, altered rainfall patterns, altered frequency and distribution of weather events like heat waves, storms, floods, and droughts, as well as the effects on natural and human systems.. Iraq, in particular, is experiencing the full range of climate change effects, which is exacerbated by the country’s precarious state and dilapidated infrastructure. Iraq has been listed as the fifth worst-affected country to climate change due to variables such as rising temperatures, less and erratic rainfall, increased droughts and water scarcity, frequent sand and dust storms, and flooding. In addition, neighbouring countries’ water policies have reduced vital water sources, while rapid population growth, urbanization, and inefficient water use by the agricultural and industrial sectors are driving a demand for more water. The objective of the current study is to focus on Iraq’s major climate change issues, which include: Growing Desertification, Drought, and scarcity of water.
Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and water accumulated by effects shipwrecks in Shatt Al-Arab River, southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Ahmed A. , Kadhim Hamzah A , Al-Mosawi Walaa M.
Published: February 2024

In this study, the total concentration of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn) in sediment and water was taken to determine how much the environment is impacted by rising levels of heavy metals that are not naturally occurring in five stations representing the large shipwrecks in Shatt Al-Arab River in Basra South Iraq by using atomic absorption. The heavy metals concentration in the five sediment stations is ordered as follows: Fe>Mn>Ni>Zn>Cu>Cd> Pb. While, the heavy metals concentration in the five water stations is ordered as follows: Fe>Ni>Mn>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd. The current results of the study indicate that the concentrations of Cd, Fe, and Pb (slightly contaminated) metals in water are higher than the Iraqi standards (Iraqi standards for drinking water) and international standards (WHO, U.S. EPA, E.U.). An increase in heavy metal concentrations is attributed to the raw materials from which sunken ships are made near stations and these ships being exposed to military bombardment. The level of pollution in the sediment was assessed by employing the Geo accumulation index (I-geo), Contamination factor (CF), and Enrichment factor (EF). The calculated results of I-geo indicate that Cd can be considered to be moderate – strongly polluted except S5 considered strong to extremely polluted. However, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn showed almost unpolluted levels across all stations. The CF values indicate that this environment is very highly contaminated with Cd, while CF values for Cu, Fe, Pb, and Mn display low contamination. while CF values for Ni are moderate contamination except for S1 is low contamination. The pollution level for Zn is S1and S5 is low contamination and S2,3,4 is moderate contamination. The EF values refer to Cd at S5 indicating extremely severe enrichment and other stations refer to severe enrichment and minor enrichment for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Copper (Cu) has minor enrichment at S2 but no enrichment at the other stations. Conversely, Lead (Pb) shows no enrichment at any of the stations.
Environmental assessment of Heavy Metals in Sedi - ments of Tigris, Euphrates, Shatt Al-Arab rivers and northern west of Arabian Gulf.
Authors: Karem Duha S , Al-Shamsi Zahra’a S , Saleh Salah M , Mohammed Abbas H , Al-saad Hamid T
Published: February 2024

The most prevalent environmental contaminants found in sediments that suggest the presence of effluents from both home and industrial sources are thought to be heavy metals. The aim of this study was to assess the accumulation of heavy metals at surface sediment samples that were collected in order to measure the amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Fe., to re-evaluate the environmental conditions and concentration of the analyzed elements in the sediment to detect any pollution of heavy metals in the studied area by using contamination factors (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF) and geo accumulation index (I-geo). To ascertain the connection between the sediment’s total organic carbon (TOC) level and heavy metal pollution, measurements were taken in addition of it. Using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer, studies were conducted., The mean values of the element in the sediments ranged as: Cu (13.45 μg/g at location 2 to 32.44 μg/g at location 9), Zn (20.76 μg/g at location 1 to 42.49 μg/g at location 10), Pb (9.78 μg/g at location 2 to 30.04 μg/g at location 9 and 10), Cd (7.89 μg/g at location 2 to 18.72 μg/g at location 7) and Fe (459.89 μg/g at location 1 to 833.83 μg/g at location 7) dry weight. The geochemical results show that the distribution and concentration of the heavy metals in the studied sediments is within the average concentration given for the FAO/WHO reported, and the sediment of the studied area is still free from pollution, except Pb and Cd in some local areas, which shows higher concentrations than those reported for world sediments.
Microfacies Analysis and Paleoenvironment of Baba Formation, Anah Area Westren Iraq
Authors: Al-Hetty Salam O. , mohammad Osama J. , Al-Jibouri Amer S. , Adnan Aseel
Published: February 2024

Microfacies analysis and Paleoenvironment of Baba Formation were investigated in Anah area, Anbar Governorate, Western Iraq. Baba Formation was cropped out in Wadi Al-Khazgah section with 9 meters thick, consisting of white to creamy, chalky, coralline, high fracture Limestone. Five Microfacies types were recognized Coral Lime Boundstone, Lepidocyclina Lime Packstone, Nummulitids Lime Packstone, Miliolids Lime Packstone - Grainstone, and Coraline Algae Lime Wackestone described in 10 samples collected from one section (Wadi Al-Khazgah Al-Gharbi section). These Microfacies described on the basis of the presence of the Benthic Large Foraminifera (BLF) as Miliolids, Lepidocyclinide, Rotalide and skeletal fragments of brachiopod, coral, and algae shell. The paleoenvironment of Baba Formation was determined fore-Reef and Reef environments.
Reservoir Evaluation Model of the Khasib Formation in Halfaya Oil Field, Mesan Governorate, Southern Iraq.
Authors: Ahmed Hajer W. , Al-kubaisi Basim F.
Published: February 2024

Evaluating the reservoir characteristics of a formation or geological unit constitutes an essential element and an effective tool in leading the successful exploration project currently prevailing. The Khasib Formation, which belongs to the secondary depositional cycle (Turonian - Lower Campanian) in the study area within Mesan governorate southern Iraq, was chosen as a study site, as the Khasib is one of the main reservoirs within the Mesan oil fields. Seven wells were selected distributed over the field area, which structurally, is represented by two domes oriented from NW to SE, in addition to a thin dome with a length of 38000 m. and a width of 12000 m. The corrected well logs were used as input by creating an Excel sheet and then processing that data through the Petrel Software to prepare maps, sections and Three dimensional diagrams. The Cross-plot diagrams showed that the limestone (calcite) is a main lithology of Khasib with some dolomite. 3-dimensional petrophysical models were prepared, through which identified three reservoir units: (Khasib-A, Khasib-B and Khasib-C). The porosity model shows that there is a good percentage of porosity within the Khasib-A unit, with a low percentage in unit-B. As for unit-C, it was characterized by the best porosity percentages. The water saturation model showed a high percentage at Khasib-A unit, reaching 80%, and it increased at unit-B, reaching 90%, while unit-C was characterized by the lowest percentage of water saturation. The volume of shale model indicates low to moderate rates in the Khasib-A unit, and a slight increase in unit-B, while unit-C showed a low rate of shale volume within the three units with very low values in most of the study wells, which confirms the superior quality of this reservoir unit, which can be considered the main productive reservoir unit of the Khasib Formation in the Halfaya oil field.
Morphotectonic of Euphrates River between Al-Qaim and Haditha cities, western Iraq
Authors: Thamer Firdous M. , Alhadithi Abdulkhaleq A. , Alaraji Ammar A
Published: February 2024

The study area is located between Haditha and Al-Qaim cities, western Iraq. The research aims to demonstrate the effects of tectonic activity and structural features on the course of the Euphrates River by using field studies and remote sensing techniques to know the structures, hydrological indicators and morphometric properties which affected upon river course. Two main software, ArcGIS 10.8 and EARDAS Imagine, are used. The extension phases during Late Cretaceous develop Anah Graben and Abu Jir normal fault that delineate the course of the Euphrates River whereas the positive inversion of Anah Graben and the dextral movement along of the Abu Jir fault zone formed Anan Anticline and pressure ridges during the E-M Miocene respectively, determine the river course along both structures, many indications of hydrological and morphometric properties reflect the impact of the last activities that prevent it to creep or change the direction of its course.
Wellness in urban environments: Empathetic architecture in the era of changes
Authors: Stamenovic R B
Published: February 2024

The XXI century as the era of changes, implies transformation of environments and societies on a global level. Driven by IT as tools conducive for generating novel solutions, it triggered creative rethinking of architecture in order to overcome the stiff dogmatic grip of the twentieth century Modernism. Within these frames we discuss architecture for wellness as the answer to rising resentments regarding living environments. The chronological line-up of theories and ideas regarding architecture for wellness reveals the importance of Men as the ultimate measure of designers’ accomplishments. Architecture is analysed as a catalyst for channelling empathetic feelings and support. Through design examples grouped in three distinct categories ranging from randomly observed details, to nature and IT driven cases, we explain the sensorial and cognitive mechanisms that make them empathetic to human conditions and resourceful as endorsement and promoter of positive changes on personal and societal levels.
Importance of children’s recess play exploration within school outdoor environment
Authors: Mahfuzhoh E , Marcillia S R
Published: February 2024

Playing at recess time in school gives a lot of benefits for children in both physical and social aspects, such as supporting physical, health, and cognitive improvement, and enhancing their learning motivation. Moreover, the outdoor school environment helps to bring back the children’s health condition after the pandemic event that has led to health problems such as obesity and screen fatigue. The physical layout of Indonesian public elementary schools is intended to offer children a learning and playing environment. However, many outdoor school environments are not specifically designed to facilitate children’s play. This study was undertaken at SDN Mendungan 2 to determine how children use outdoor areas in public elementary schools as play spaces during recess time using behavior mapping approach. The results demonstrate that boys tend towards being more active than girls and children with younger age demonstrate play more than the older. Furthermore, results show characteristics of outdoor play spatial characteristics areas used by children in specific play types and are important toward children’s health, growth, and development.
Smart Energy Public Street Lighting System
Authors: Masri Mahrizal , Liestyowati Dwi , Andiyan Andiyan , Husolihah Anisa
Published: February 2024

Public street lighting illuminates roadways for two, three, and four-wheeled vehicles. Most roads have street lighting for safety and aesthetics. The security feature improves nighttime driver sight. Motorists need appropriate illumination to reduce accidents and crime. Lighting design and placement affect the street’s and city’s nighttime attractiveness. Public street lighting lights utilize uncontrolled electricity, resulting in excessive expenditures. We need a design that effectively manages and uses electrical energy. The IoT-based Public Street Lighting system employing solar panels as battery chargers may be utilized for electrical energy planning. The ESP8266 module provides control, a Wi-Fi module provides Wi-Fi, the relay module provides an electric switch to turn on or off public street lighting lights using the intelligent energy public street lighting application, and solar panels charge the batteries. The system has LDR sensor monitoring, ultrasonic sensors, and a Nodemcu ESP8266 microprocessor. The light sensor module detects light intensity. The Smart Energy, Public Street Lighting app lets officers monitor the process in real time. This program will monitor public street lighting and analyze and graph the data.
Perception Study on Kinetic Recycled Compact Disc Facade in Tourism Hall, Jarak - Wonosalam
Authors: Dharmatanna S W , Wijaya E S , Juniwati A , Sutejo M S
Published: February 2024

Indonesia is a country, rich with culture and natural resources that brings high tourism potential. Jarak village in Wonosalam is one of the villages in East Java that has these tourism potential, besides the religious harmony between the dwellers that initiates the construction of a tourism hall with the concept of sustainability. The hall reflects the harmony between man and nature. The tourism hall uses the kinetic panels from recycled compact discs as the facade, which is rotatable when blown by the wind. This research is meant to study people’s perception of the installed kinetic facade panel. Here, we divide the respondents into two groups, professionals (academician and architects), and non professionals (Jarak dwellers, visitors and general). The aspects observed are psychology, aesthetics, flexibility, impact to the environment and economics. The result is that there is a difference in perception regarding the flexibility, and also, the colour aspect of the installed kinetic facade is the most memorable aspect of the installed kinetic facade.
A four-band coherent perfect absorber of borophene metamaterial operating in the communication band
Authors: Sun Zhe , Xiang Ting , Wang Lingling , Lin Qi
Published: February 2024

We propose a coherent perfect absorber based on a borophene metamaterial grating structure. Based on the theoretical analysis of the temporal coupled mode theory and the numerical results of the finite-difference time-domain simulations, the transmission characteristics of the system are investigated. The dynamic tunability of the absorption intensity and resonance wavelength is realized by adjusting the phase difference of the coherent incident beams and carrier density of borophene. Moreover, by optimizing the parameters, the coherent perfect absorption peak (99.99%) is obtained near the wavelength of 1550 nm, that is, the third communication window. Meanwhile, the structure can be operated in ultra-thin gratings as low as 6 nm and angle tolerances as large as 45°, which provides the possibility for applications in highly integrated and wide-angle tolerated devices.
First synthesis of 2D materials by hypergolic reactions and evaluation of their dispersions for ink formulation: hexagonal boron nitride and fluorinated carbon nanosheets
Authors: Chalmpes Nikolaos , Bourlinos Athanasios B , Alsmaeil Ahmed Wasel , Aljarrah Abdulaziz S , Salmas Constantinos E , Karakassides Michael A , Giannelis Emmanuel P
Published: February 2024

Hypergolic reactions have emerged as a new synthetic approach enabling the rapid production of a diverse set of materials at ambient conditions. While hypergolic reactions bear several similarities to the well-established flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), the former has only recently been demonstrated as a viable approach to materials synthesis. Here we demonstrate a new pathway to 2D materials using hypergolic reactions and expand the gallery of nanomaterials synthesized hypergolically. More specifically, we demonstrate that ammonia borane complex, NH3BH3, or 4-fluoroaniline can react hypergolically with fuming nitric acid to form hexagonal boron nitride/fluorinated carbon nanosheets, respectively. Structural and chemical features were confirmed with x-ray diffraction, infrared, Raman, XPS spectroscopies and N2 porosimetry measurements. Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) along with atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the morphology of the materials. Finally, we applied Hansen affinity parameters to quantify the surface/interfacial properties using their dispersibility in solvents. Of the solvents tested, ethylene glycol and ethanol exhibited the most stable dispersions of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). With respect to fluorinated carbon (FC) nanosheets, the suitable solvents for high stability dispersions were dimethylsulfoxide and 2-propanol. The dispersibility was quantified in terms of Hansen affinity parameters (δ
d, δ
p,δ
h) = (16.6, 8.2, 21.3) and (17.4, 10.1, 14.5) MPa1/2 for h-BN and FC, respectively.
Perceptual Content
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: February 2024

The book has three main topics or concerns. (1) The diversity of the senses. Though all perception represents, the similarity between sense modalities ends there. The senses’ respective representational modes, styles, and structures differ very strongly from each other. (2) The Layering thesis. A single sensory representation usually has more than one content; the perceptual state represents one object or property by representing a more primitive or less ambitious one. Though this “layering” is ubiquitous, its structure and range differs dramatically as between sense modalities, and in some modalities it works unexpectedly: for example, nearly all tactual representation derives from representation of conditions of or in the subject’s own skin, meaning that touch represents, e.g., the texture of a physical object by, and only by, representing stress within the skin; also the tactual layering is remarkably fine-grained and rich. (3) Aspect perception. Besides the intrinsic interest of “perceiving as”—even popular appeal, what with joke ambiguous figures such as the duck-rabbit and the old/young woman—it remains especially mysterious. Nearly all work on it has concerned vision only. But it is crucial for understanding auditory representation, which is one thing that distinguishes hearing from the other senses. Further, the auditory case greatly reinforces the idea that perceiving-as depends on expectations, it severely damages what we had thought was the best further approach to understanding aspect perception, in terms of attention.
Introduction to Perceptual Layering
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces the Layering thesis: that often a single perceptual representation has two or more intentional contents, representing one object or property by representing a more primitive or less ambitious one. The thesis is here motivated by two puzzles: Christopher Peacocke’s example of seeing trees lining a road that stretches into the distance, and the Ames chair demonstrations highlighted by Ernst Gombrich. In each case the puzzle is solved by pointing out that the visual representation at issue is in one way accurate (correct, truthful) while being at the same time incorrect, a misrepresentation. In previous works Lycan had put this by saying that the visual state represents external objects by representing more primitive entities called “shapes,” but this chapter replaces the ontology of shapes with Susanna Schellenberg’s “situation-dependent properties.”
What Does Vision Represent?
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: February 2024

This chapter addresses the dispute between conservative and liberal positions on its title question. Conservatives maintain that the human visual system, specifically the system’s outputs to general cognition, represents only a narrow range of sensible qualities such as color, shape, depth, and perhaps motion; liberals suggest that the visual system represents not only ordinary physical objects such as trees, animals, and people, but causal relations, social entities, linguistic objects such as words, and more. The chapter examines a number of arguments for conservative positions or for liberal positions, including Susanna Siegel’s argument from phenomenal contrast, and contends both that none succeeds and that further philosophical argument is unlikely to settle the matter. Fortunately, the Layering thesis is available: visual outputs do represent “higher-level” objects and properties, but only by representing the simpler properties and relations. The chapter goes on to discuss seeing by the use of devices such as telescopes, microscopes, television, and magnifying glasses.
Multimodality
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: February 2024

This chapter considers multimodality in Casey O’Callaghan’s strict sense of that term: a perceptual representation’s object is represented neither by a single sense modality nor merely as a collection of features each of which is represented by a single modality. By definition, multimodal representation cannot be simply a case of layering. So, to explain it, we must elaborate our teleosemantics. The chapter addresses several leading cases. First, that of gustatory flavor left over from Chapter 2; flavor is constituted by contributions from at least six senses and sub-senses besides taste proper. Our teleosemantics is complicated accordingly, based on the fact that biofunctions subserve more general biofunctions; a function can be subserved by multiple subsidiary and more specific functions. The same sort of analysis is then applied to further cases of multimodality: “temporal ventriloquism,” intermodal perception of causal relations as such, perceptual “capture” as in the rubber hand illusion, and multimodal proprioception.
The Role of Temperature Inversions in Air Pollution Episodes Demonstrated by Examples in the Eastern Alps (Austria)
Authors: Piringer Martin , Baumann-Stanzer Kathrin
Published: February 2024

Temperature inversions are layers near the Earth’s surface in which air temperature increases with height. They develop predominantly over rural areas during clear nights, caused by radiative cooling at the ground, and can extend a few decimeters to a few hundred meters in the vertical. Over cities, ground-based temperature inversions are rare because a city acts as an anthropogenic heat source creating a well-mixed layer of a few hundred meters depth. Above, an elevated inversion layer is often present during clear nights. Temperature inversions inhibit or strongly reduce vertical exchange because heavy cold air lies below lighter warmer air, a stable situation that can last until the early morning hours when the rising sun starts to warm the ground and radiative heating starts to dissolve the inversion from below. Air pollutants brought into an inversion layer accumulate. In winter, inversions are only partly removed during daytime, and air pollution episodes may last over several days.

In addition to radiosoundings conducted twice daily worldwide at selected locations, continuous vertical temperature profiles can be obtained from meteorological stations at different altitudes when a city is surrounded by hills or mountains. Such stations, however, can be subject to local conditions causing the course of air temperature to deviate strongly from that in the free atmosphere. In addition, vertical temperature measurements are undertaken in project-based campaigns—for example, using tethersondes, drones, or microwave radiometers—delivering exemplary profiles in specific settings. Sensors on aircraft and drones can be used to obtain vertical profiles of meteorological parameters (e.g., temperature). Routine meteorological networks usually cannot deliver information about vertical temperature gradients and thus inversions. In dispersion modeling, information on the state of the stability of the boundary layer is therefore obtained by parameters or parameterizations involving more easily obtainable data. Instead of the detailed vertical profile of air temperature, dispersion models use information on the atmospheric stability and the mixing height defining the volume available for the dilution of pollutants on an hourly basis.

During the early 21st century, there was a development from purely analog measurements such as tethersondes to the use of ground-based and other remote sensing devices, such as ceilometers, microwave radiometers, and drones, to detect the thermal structure of the atmospheric boundary layer.
The Politics of Prosecuting Genocide and War Crimes in Asia
Authors: Ciorciari John
Published: February 2024

Delivering justice for genocide, war crimes, and other mass atrocities inevitably presents steep political challenges. That has certainly been true in Asia, where relatively few such international crimes have been prosecuted. Many Japanese were tried for war crimes following the Second World War, but for decades thereafter, the region saw only a few ill-fated efforts to advance justice for mass crimes. Some political space for accountability opened after the Cold War, enabling the creation of tribunals in Timor-Leste, Cambodia, and Bangladesh to address some of the many instances of impunity in Asia. Some observers have welcomed these trials as important efforts to advance accountability in a region rife with impunity. Still, the design and performance of these tribunals have reflected the difficulty of subjecting politically empowered or protected actors to justice. In each instance, trials have focused on suspects defeated at the ballot box or on the battlefield, prompting charges of victor’s justice. In other cases, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar, even mounting an accountability process has proven a formidable challenge. In a region where Westphalian sovereignty and the norm of noninterference are strong, the will of incumbent domestic authorities remains the political linchpin for accountability efforts. In Asia as elsewhere, prosecuting international crimes requires exploiting windows of political possibility, although typically at the cost of accepting highly selective justice.