bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mood disturbance and neurosteroids in women with breast cancer
Authors: Kagaya Ariyuki , Okamura Hitoshi , Takebayashi Minoru , Akechi Tatsuo , Morinobu Shigeru , Yamawaki Shigeto , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: September 2003

We studied the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in breast cancer women and the neurosteroid concentrations in those subjects during cancer treatment to examine whether some biological factors change during psychiatric morbidity. Of the 49 eligible women, four were diagnosed with major depression and 16 with an adjustment disorder. Patients with an adjustment disorder had a significantly lower mean age than those with no psychiatric morbidity. Measurements of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), estradiol and cortisol did not reveal significant differences among the three groups. We also did not find a significant correlation between any subscale of the Profile of Mood States and concentration of any of the steroids measured. Plasma DHEA, DHEAS, estradiol or cortisol values did not differ among women treated with tamoxifen alone, with chemotherapy alone or with both of these therapies. These results indicate that psychiatric morbidity is very high in women with breast cancer, but do not suggest that plasma neurosteroid levels are associated with psychiatric morbidity or with treatment of breast cancer. It is difficult to predict psychiatric morbidity in women with breast cancer from the viewpoint of biological measurements because the relationship between biological factors and psychiatric factors is complicated in these patients. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute psychotic episodes as a reaction to severe trauma in a population of Ethiopian immigrants to Israel
Authors: Grisaru Nimrod , Irwin Martin , Kaplan Zeev
Published: September 2003

The Ethiopian immigrant community in Israel numbers over 50 000 people. Many arrived in Israel after serious trauma that can be compared to an Holocaust experience. Thousands experienced long treks by foot through desert areas where children and elders died of starvation and fatigue, spouses were separated or lost, and robbery and rape were common. Thirty‐six psychiatric admissions of Ethiopian immigrants to the Beersheva Mental Health Center were reviewed. We suggest that in this population, severe stress and traumatic experience take the form of a brief reactive psychosis and not the form of the ‘classical’ post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Familiarity with the phenomena may be useful to Western psychiatrists to give the right diagnosis and treatment and to avoid unnecessary hospitalization or neuroleptic treatment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional intelligence training and its implications for stress, health and performance
Authors: Slaski Mark , Cartwright Susan
Published: September 2003

This study builds on earlier work (Slaski & Cartwright, 2002), examining the role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) as a moderator in the stress process. A sample of UK managers (n = 60) were given training in emotional intelligence. Pre and post measures were taken relating to EI, stress and health and management performance. The study also incorporated a matched control group. It was found that training resulted in increased EI and improved health and well being. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizational learning and strategic renewal
Authors: Crossan Mary M. , Berdrow Iris
Published: September 2003

This paper attempts to fill an important gap in the integration of strategy and organizational learning through empirical research that examines the process of strategic renewal using a comprehensive framework of organizational learning. The 4I framework of organizational learning is used to examine the phenomenon of strategic renewal at Canada Post Corporation (CPC). The study illustrates the underlying processes that form the tension between exploration and exploitation, demonstrating why strategic renewal is so challenging. Furthermore, it challenges assumptions about organizational learning, suggesting that we need to demystify organizational learning by removing the halo that surrounds it. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic decision speed and firm performance
Authors: Robert Baum J. , Wally Stefan
Published: September 2003

This 4‐year study examines the effect of strategic decision speed upon subsequent firm performance and identifies environmental and organizational characteristics that relate to decision speed. We draw upon strategic decision‐making theory and organization theory to propose that strategic decision speed mediates the relation between environmental and organizational characteristics and performance. Measures of business environment, organization structure, strategic decision speed, and firm performance (growth and profitability) were collected from 318 CEOs from 1996 to 2000. Structural equation modeling confirmed that fast strategic decision‐making predicts subsequent firm growth and profit and mediates the relation of dynamism, munificence, centralization, and formalization with firm performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A bargaining perspective on resource advantage
Authors: Lippman Steven A. , Rumelt Richard P.
Published: September 2003

Whereas prices serve to allocate many resources in market economies, there remain vast reservoirs of unpriced resources to be managed. Business management and strategy concerns the creation, evaluation, manipulation, administration, and deployment of unpriced specialized scarce resource combinations. This paper applies the formalism of cooperative game theory to these concerns. In cooperative game theory, rents appear as the negotiated payments for the services of scarce valuable resources. The division of surplus is determined by the relative values created by different use combinations of resources. Within this framework, the strategy problem is clearly seen as one of discovering or estimating the value of various resource combinations. New wealth can be created by trade in resources as long as there are hitherto unexamined combinations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizational structure, context, customer orientation, and performance: lessons from Chinese state‐owned enterprises
Authors: Lin Xiaohua , Germain Richard
Published: September 2003

This study develops a model grounded in the contingency theory (i.e., context–structure–performance) applicable to Chinese state‐owned enterprises (SOEs). Using data from a sample of 205 industrial SOEs, the study shows that SOE growth performance relative to the industry is positively predicted by formal control, inversely predicted by decentralization, and positively predicted by the interaction of the two. Customer product knowledge utilization, unrelated to growth performance relative to the industry, is positively predicted by formal control and the interaction of formal control with decentralization. Foreign induced industry competitiveness, technological turbulence, size, and production technology routineness are treated as context variables and modeled accordingly. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political hazards, experience, and sequential entry strategies: the international expansion of Japanese firms, 1980–1998
Authors: Delios Andrew , Henisz Witold J.
Published: September 2003

We find support for the role of experiential learning in the international expansion process by extending the stages model of internationalization to incorporate a sophisticated consideration of temporal and cross‐national variation in the credibility of the policy environment. Using a sample of 3857 international expansions of 665 Japanese manufacturing firms, we build on the concepts of uncertainty and experiential learning, to show that firms that had gathered relevant types of international experience were less sensitive to the deterring effect of uncertain policy environments on investment. One implication of our results is that research on international strategy should emphasize understanding the political institutions that constrain or enable political actors, just as entry mode research has done. A second implication is that research in the stages model of internationalization should give the same weight to the policy environment as a source of uncertainty to a firm, as it has given to cultural, social and market institutions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general purpose adaptivity driver for FE software
Authors: Müller Jens , Korvink Jan G.
Published: September 2003

This paper describes a tool that serves as an automatic mesh adaptivity driver program for general purpose finite element (FE) software packages. Many commercially available FE programs lack a feature to control the numerical solution's accuracy properly. Our tool implements a mesh adaptive method that, in conjunction with separate finite element software, allows one to fully automatically improve the quality of the numerical solution up to a user specified accuracy. We demonstrate the use of the package with selected computational examples performed with a commercial FE package, ANSYS, and with our FE program FEMEngine. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Horizontal communication: a style to compose control software
Authors: van Ommering Rob
Published: September 2003

Consumer products become more complex and diverse, integrating functions that were previously available only in separate products. We believe that to build such products efficiently, a compositional approach is required. While this is quite feasible in hardware, we would like to achieve the same in software, especially in the low‐level software that drives the hardware. We found this to be possible, but only if we let software components communicate horizontally, exchanging information along software channels that mirror the hardware signal topology. In this paper a concrete protocol implementing this style of control is described and many examples are given of its use. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of control system design and implementation over the internet using the Jini technology
Authors: Yang S. H. , Chen X. , Yang L.
Published: September 2003

This paper describes an approach for the integration of control system software design, testing, and implementation over the Internet using the Java and Jini technologies. Process models and control systems are remotely designed and tested in a virtual laboratory (also called the virtual world), and then implemented in a physical plant (also called the real world) through an integrated environment. Although control system and process model designers and real‐site operators are geographically dispersed they work together as a team over the Internet to provide the maintenance support to all the authorized industrial processes. As a consequence, time and money can both be saved because there is no need for an expert of the control software supplier to travel to the site of the real plant and conduct on‐site implementation. A generic control system life cycle model is presented first in this paper. Then three enabling technologies including Java, Jini and WWW are briefly introduced. Taking advantage of the Java, Jini and WWW technologies, an Internet‐based general infrastructure is proposed to remotely facilitate process modelling, control system design, simulation, validation and on‐site implementation. An integrated environment is established to implement the infrastructure. A water tank with a liquid level control system is refereed as a case study to illustrate how the prototype of the integrated environment works over the Internet. Further work and the conclusions are given at the end. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ESA/NASA SOHO mission interruption: using the STAMP accident analysis technique for a software related ‘mishap’
Authors: Johnson C. W. , Holloway C. M.
Published: September 2003

Mishap investigations provide important information about adverse events and are intended to help avoid any recurrence of previous failures. However, the complexity of many safety critical systems poses new challenges for mishap analysis. Similarly, the recognition that many failures have complex, systemic causes has helped to widen the scope of many mishap investigations. A new generation of mishap analysis techniques has been proposed to help investigators address these problems. For instance, Leveson has recently developed the Systems Theory Accident Modelling and Process (STAMP) approach to address some of the weaknesses associated with previous ‘chain of event’ approaches that can miss the systemic causes of adverse events. There are relatively few examples of the STAMP approach. This paper, therefore, presents the results obtained when two analysts performed an independent application of this technique to analyse the causes, including software problems, which led to the mission interruption of the joint European Space Agency (ESA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Solar and Heliocentric Observatory (SOHO). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value of an emergent notion of authenticity: Examples from two student/teacher–scientist partnership programs
Authors: Rahm Jrene , Miller Heather C. , Hartley Laurel , Moore John C.
Published: September 2003

We make the case for an emergent notion of authenticity of science based on systems theory and neo‐Piagetian thought. We propose that authentic science is an emergent property of a dynamic system of learning precipitated by the interactions among students, teachers, and scientists that occur within the contexts defined by the internal and external constraints of the cultures of the schools and communities within which they operate. Authenticity as an emergent property of the learning process challenges the basis for many science curricula and current pedagogical practices that take scientists' science as their norm and that assume a priori that such is authentic, i.e., it practices preauthentication. We argue that what constitutes authentic science can be taught neither in the traditional didactic modes nor through simulations of scientists' science in the classroom. Instead, authenticity needs to be seen as emergent and as diverse in meaning. To illustrate this point, we draw from two different face‐to‐face, teacher/student–scientist partnership programs. Both studies support a notion of authenticity that emerges as teachers, students, and scientists come to interact, make meaning of, and come to own the activities they engage in collaboratively. We conclude by considering the implications of such an analysis for science education. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 737–756, 2003
Developing the changes in attitude about the relevance of science (CARS) questionnaire and assessing two high school science classes
Authors: Siegel Marcelle A. , Ranney Michael A.
Published: September 2003

This study has two purposes: (a) methodological—to design and test a new instrument able to reflect changes in attitudes toward science over time, and (b) investigative—to find out the effect of two similar curricular treatments on the attitudes of two classes. Items about the relevance of science to students' lives were developed, pilot‐tested, and analyzed using Rasch modeling. We then divided reliable items into three equivalent questionnaire forms. The final three forms of the questionnaire were used to assess high school students' attitudes. Over 18 weeks, one class used a core curriculum (Science and Sustainability) to learn science in the context of making decisions about societal issues. A second class used the same core curriculum, but with parts replaced by computer‐based activities (Convince Me) designed to enhance the coherence of students' arguments. Using traditional and Rasch modeling techniques, we assessed the degrees to which such instructional activities promoted students' beliefs that science is relevant to them. Both classes tended to agree more, over time, that science is relevant to their lives, and the increases were statistically equivalent between classes. This study suggests that, by using innovative, issue‐based activities, it is possible to enhance students' attitudes about the relevance of science. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 757–775, 2003
Beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of science teachers regarding the educational use of computer simulations and inquiry‐based experiments in physics
Authors: Zacharia Zacharias
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) what effect the use of interactive computer‐based simulations (ICBSs), the use of laboratory inquiry‐based experiments (LIBEs), and the use of combinations of an ICBS and a LIBE, in a conceptually oriented physics course, have on science teachers' beliefs about and attitudes toward the use of these learning and teaching tools, as well as the effect on their intentions to incorporate these tools in their own future teaching practices, (b) science teachers' attitudes toward physics and the effect that the use of ICBSs and/or LIBEs have on teachers' attitudes toward physics, and (c) whether teachers' beliefs have an effect on their attitudes and whether their attitudes have an effect on their intentions. A pre–post comparison study and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) were used for this purpose. Results confirmed the TRA model that beliefs affect attitudes and these attitudes then affect intentions, and showed that science teachers' attitudes toward physics, the use of an ICBS, the use of a LIBE, and the use of a combination of an ICBS and an LIBE were highly positive at the end of the study. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 792–823, 2003
The bristle theory and traction experiment of a brush based

rescue robot
Authors: Wang Zhelong , Appleton Ernest
Published: September 2003

This work introduces the concept of a brush-based tractor used for rescue

in collapsed buildings or tunnels. The paper presents the bristle theory and traction experiments relating to a robot, which uses a sensor system for detecting the shapes of pipes or tunnel like voids within rubble. Traction experiments in the laboratory were used to investigate the characteristics of bristles and the

performance of the brush units of different shapes. The experimental results are discussed in the paper and related to a single bristle theory with a view to giving guidance for the design of a future brush based rescue robot in debris.
Roles and functions of robots in human society: implications from
research in autism therapy
Authors: Dautenhahn Kerstin
Published: September 2003

This paper discusses robots that are operational within a human-inhabited environment. Specifically, we identify different roles that such robots can adopt, reflecting different
human-robot relationships. We discuss three different roles of robots in a project where we develop a robot as a therapeutic tool for children with autism: the robot as a therapeutic playmate, the robot as a social mediator, and the robot as a model social agent. Implications of these roles that go beyond this particular project are discussed.
The design of a robotic predator: The SlugBot
Authors: Kelly Ian
Published: September 2003

Two key aspects of most living organisms is their ability to detect and exploit natural sources of energy within their environment. We are currently developing a robotic system that will
attempt to sustain itself by hunting and catching slugs on agricultural land. A microbial fuel cell will be used to convert the slug bio-mass to electricity thus providing the robot's energy supply. This paper outlines the requirements for such a predator and describes the entire robot. Data is also presented
from trials of the robot hunting and catching slugs in a situation similar to that found in agricultural fields.
Swarm robotic odor localization: Off-line optimization and validation with real
robots
Authors: Hayes Adam T. , Martinoli Alcherio , Goodman Rodney M.
Published: September 2003

This paper presents an investigation of odor localization by groups of autonomous mobile robots using principles of Swarm Intelligence. First, we describe a distributed algorithm by which groups of agents can solve the full odor localization task more efficiently than a single agent. Next, we demonstrate that a group of real robots under fully distributed control can successfully traverse a real odor plume, and that an embodied simulator can faithfully reproduce these real robots experiments. Finally, we use the embodied simulator combined with a reinforcement learning algorithm to optimize performance across group size, showing that it can be useful not only for improving real world odor localization, but also for quantitatively characterizing the influence of group size on task performance.
Flock distortion: A new approach in mapping environmental variables in
deep water
Authors: McFarland David , Honary Ehsan
Published: September 2003

This paper demonstrates a new method in sampling environmental variables and underwater currents using special devices with a particular technique. The project involves developing a
set of robots as the tools for data collection, and developing a system that can interpret the data collected. The ‘ocean' currents can be mapped using a flock of robots by dropping them into the ocean. As they descend, they record the desired sensory information such as salinity, temperature, pressure, the presence of specific chemicals, etc., along with other variables required for the system to function. Once at a predefined depth the robots start ascending and still continue collecting data
until they reach the surface. Back on the surface, they communicate the collected data to a base computer in a ship or on land, through satellite or other means. The base computer collects the data from every recovered member of the flock and reconstructs the path they took underwater. Then
using this path, it estimates the vectors of the oceanic currents. The environmental variables can be displayed in 3D for the sampled area.
DIVEBOT: A diving robot with a whale-like buoyancy mechanism
Authors: McFarland David , Gilhespy Ian , Honary Ehsan
Published: September 2003

In this paper we describe a prototype underwater robot capable of altering its density by heating oil. It is designed to gather information in the ocean, as a member of a flock of such robots. We also describe the forces acting on the robot, and suggest a preliminary control model.
The first biologically inspired robots
Authors: Holland Owen
Published: September 2003

Thie first biologically inspired robots, the famous electromechanical tortoises, were designed and built in 1949 by W. Grey Walter. This paper reviews their origins in Walter's theories of the brain and the nature of life, and uses contemporary unpublished notes and photographs to assess their significance then and now.
Navigation in desert ants: the robotic solution
Authors: Lambrinos Dimitrios
Published: September 2003

The desert ant Cataglyphis is able to explore its desert habitat for hundreds of meters while foraging and return back to its nest precisely and in a straight line. With a body of less than 10 mm and a brain of less than one cubic millimeter they provide a challenge
for hi-tech engineers. In this article, we give an overview of our attempts to model parts of its navigation behavior using robots and computer simulations. Inspired by the insect's navigation system we have developed mechanisms for path integration and visual piloting that were successfully employed on the mobile robot Sahabot 2.
Introduction (special issue on biological robotics)
Authors: McFarland David
Published: September 2003

Biological Robotics covers the interface between robotics and behavioural
biology. The first international conference in this area took place in Paris in 1990. This meeting led to the development of what is now called the Society for Adaptive Behaviour (SAB), which holds an international meeting every two years.
Laryngeal licensing and laryngeal neutralization in Faroese and Icelandic
Authors: Hansson Gunnar Ólafur
Published: September 2003

In Icelandic, and in most dialects of Faroese, the fundamental laryngeal stop contrast is one of aspiration. This contrast is neutralized in certain positions, following patterns which appear problematic for perceptually-based theories (licensing by cue). In postvocalic onset position, a cue-rich environment, the contrast is absent in Icelandic. Most dialects neutralize to unaspirated [p, t, k], whereas others have postaspirated [ph, th, kh] instead. In the latter case, the appearance of loanwords with intervocalic [p, t, k] is now creating an incipient aspiration contrast, undoing the previous neutralization pattern. The implications of these facts for Optimality Theory (Richness of the Base) are discussed. In certain dialects of Faroese, such postvocalic singleton onsets are realized as PREaspirated [hp, ht, hk]. Curiously, this preaspiration is suppressed in precisely the contexts where it ought to be most salient. An OT analysis is developed to account for this distribution.
Prosody, productivity and word structure: the stød pattern of Modern Danish
Authors: Basbøll Hans
Published: September 2003

Parts of a new model of phonology-morphology-lexicon interplay is presented to account for the complex distribution of the Modern Danish stød (a syllabic prosody). Stød, which is sometimes productive for speakers, is analysed as a signal of the second mora of bimoraic syllables not subject to the Non-Stød Principle (NSP). The author's cross-language model for Systematically Graded Productivity of Endings (section 3) is shown to account for the application of NSP (section 4), and a detailed typology of lexemes with respect to stød-alternations, derived from the model, is presented in section 5. In section 6, a simple case of stød-alternations in inflection, viz. regular plurals of nouns, is given, and section 7 exemplifies stød and non-stød as a key to morphology for the addressee.
Word order in wh-questions in a North Norwegian dialect: some evidence from an acquisition study
Authors: Westergaard Marit Richardsen
Published: September 2003

While standard Norwegian is a V2 language, some Norwegian dialects exhibit V3 in certain types of wh-questions. In some previous work on the Tromsø dialect, V3 has been considered the ‘true’ dialect and speakers' acceptance of V2 simply a result of the influence from the standard language. Based on child and adult data from a study of the acquisition of word order in the Tromsø dialect, I will argue that both V2 and V3 orders are part of the dialect – used by adult speakers and acquired (more or less) simultaneously by children. It will further be argued that the choice between the two depends on the information structure of the sentence, more specifically, on the interpretation of the subject as given or new information.
Calculation of UV attenuation and colored dissolved organic matter absorption spectra from measurements of ocean color
Authors: Johannessen S. C. , Miller W. L. , Cullen J. J.
Published: September 2003

The absorption of ultraviolet and visible radiation by colored or chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) drives much of marine photochemistry. It also affects the penetration of ultraviolet radiation (UV) into the water column and can confound remote estimates of chlorophyll concentration. Measurements of ocean color from satellites can be used to predict UV attenuation and CDOM absorption spectra from relationships between visible reflectance, UV attenuation, and absorption by CDOM. Samples were taken from the Bering Sea and from the Mid‐Atlantic Bight, and water types ranged from turbid, inshore waters to the Gulf Stream. We determined the following relationships between in situ visible radiance reflectance, Lu/Ed (λ) (sr−1), and diffuse attenuation of UV, Kd(λ) (m−1): Kd(323nm) = 0.781[Lu/Ed(412)/Lu/Ed(555)]−1.07; Kd(338nm) = 0.604[Lu/Ed(412)/Lu/Ed(555)]−1.12; Kd(380 nm) = 0.302[Lu/Ed(412)/Lu/Ed(555)]−1.24. Consistent with published observations, these empirical relationships predict that the spectral slope coefficient of CDOM absorption increases as diffuse attenuation of UV decreases. Excluding samples from turbid bays, the ratio of the CDOM absorption coefficient to Kd is 0.90 at 323 nm, 0.86 at 338 nm, and 0.97 at 380 nm. We applied these relationships to SeaWiFS images of normalized water‐leaving radiance to calculate the CDOM absorption and UV attenuation in the Mid‐Atlantic Bight in May, July, and August 1998. The images showed a decrease in UV attenuation from May to August of approximately 50%. We also produced images of the areal distribution of the spectral slope coefficient of CDOM absorption in the Georgia Bight. The spectral slope coefficient increased offshore and changed with season.
Seasonal characteristics of the hydrology and circulation in the northwest Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean): Observations and modeling
Authors: Kontoyiannis H. , Kourafalou V. H. , Papadopoulos V.
Published: September 2003

During four seasonal surveys in 1997–1998 the shelf circulation is dominated by a semipermanent cyclone originating in the higher‐salinity waters from lower Aegean latitudes. Another cyclone in the Sporades Basin has the same origin and has a semipermanent nature in the upper ∼200 m, while it is robust in all deeper layers. The variability in the upper ∼200 m depends strongly on the local river discharge and on the inflow of Black Sea Water (BSW) (evident in summer and autumn). Consequently, the shelf cyclone coexists with anticyclones in the vicinity of the river mouths (February 1998 and May 1997) or coexists with an anticyclone due to BSW (September 1997). In July 1997 the upper ∼20 m of the entire shelf is occupied by an anticyclone of BSW. The deep part of the Sporades Basin cyclone has possibly originated by deep water formation and spreading in the central north Aegean in the early 90s. In the numerical experiments the northern rivers form one plume that tends to occupy the northernmost part of the shelf due to the smaller domain scales therein. The western river (Pinios) plume expands north of the discharge site due to the abrupt shelf slope near the river mouth. Northerly winds can merge the northern and western river plumes, as in February 1998, while southerly winds can restrict the southward coastal current, thus separating northern and western river plumes, as in May 1997. A northward momentum imposed by an external Aegean flow along the east coast influences the spreading of north and west plumes.
Model of anomalous electron heating in the E region: 1. Basic theory
Authors: Dimant Y. S. , Milikh G. M.
Published: September 2003

Numerous radar observations demonstrate anomalously strong electron heating in polar electrojets during magnetic storms. The effect often correlates with the onset of the Farley‐Buneman instability caused by strong convection electric field. Anomalous heating of electrons is usually attributed to turbulent electric fields developing in the E region due to that instability. We propose a theoretical model of the effect based on heuristic assumptions on nonlinearly saturated turbulence and equations of the electron and ion energy budget. The model has been quantitatively tested in the companion paper by Milikh and Dimant [2003]. Good agreement with observations supports the implied physical mechanism.
Model of anomalous electron heating in the E region: 2. Detailed numerical modeling
Authors: Milikh G. M. , Dimant Y. S.
Published: September 2003

A numerical model of electron energization in the high‐latitude electrojet due to Farley‐Buneman instability is presented. The model is based on a set of coupled equations describing the energy balance of electrons and ions combined with a heuristic model of the turbulent electric field, obtained in the companion paper. The electron‐neutral collision frequency and cooling rate used in the equations, which are affected by non‐Maxwellian deviations of the electron energy distribution, are calculated by a special kinetic code. A good agreement of the model results with the existing observations supports the physical ideas underlying the model.
Three‐dimensional gravity inversion model of the deep crustal structure of the central Drake Passage (Shackleton Fracture Zone and West Scotia Ridge, Antarctica)
Authors: Flores‐Márquez E. Leticia , Suriñach Emma , Galindo‐Zaldívar Jesús , Maldonado A.
Published: September 2003

Gravity and bathymetric data collected by the Spanish R/V Hespérides over the Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ) and the West Scotia Ridge (WSR) were used to invert for the three‐dimensional (3‐D) structure of the deep crust. Data from the Global Gravity Grid and Global Seafloor Topography (GGSFT) were also employed to enlarge the cruise area. The merged data were analyzed to determine 3‐D deep structure by numerical inversion. Water layer contribution to the gravity anomaly was eliminated, taking into account the bathymetry. Spectral analysis of the reduced data yielded mean crust‐mantle interface (CMI) depths of 10.5 ± 1.2 km. Inversion of the regional anomaly gave a 3‐D detailed geometry of the CMI, which generally agrees with the 2‐D models established along profiles where gravity data and multichannel seismic lines are available. The WSR shows an asymmetrical structure with a reverse fault located southeastward to the central valley. This fault was developed, probably, as a consequence of the NW‐SE compressive deformations, which occurred following the spreading. The 3‐D view shows that the SW end of the spreading axis was affected more intensely by the compression. The SFZ represents an active sinistral transpressive fault zone of the Scotia‐Antarctica plate boundary and shows crustal thickening related to bathymetric highs. The crustal thinning detected at the intersection with the inactive WSR suggests a complex interaction between these two structures.
Three‐dimensional velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in southwestern China and its tectonic implications
Authors: Wang Chun‐Yong , Chan W. Winston , Mooney Walter D.
Published: September 2003

Using P and S arrival times from 4625 local and regional earthquakes recorded at 174 seismic stations and associated geophysical investigations, this paper presents a three‐dimensional crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of southwestern China (21°–34°N, 97°–105°E). Southwestern China lies in the transition zone between the uplifted Tibetan plateau to the west and the Yangtze continental platform to the east. In the upper crust a positive velocity anomaly exists in the Sichuan Basin, whereas a large‐scale negative velocity anomaly exists in the western Sichuan Plateau, consistent with the upper crustal structure under the southern Tibetan plateau. The boundary between these two anomaly zones is the Longmen Shan Fault. The negative velocity anomalies at 50‐km depth in the Tengchong volcanic area and the Panxi tectonic zone appear to be associated with temperature and composition variations in the upper mantle. The Red River Fault is the boundary between the positive and negative velocity anomalies at 50‐km depth. The overall features of the crustal and the upper mantle structures in southwestern China are a low average velocity, large crustal thickness variations, the existence of a high‐conductivity layer in the crust or/and upper mantle, and a high heat flow value. All these features are closely related to the collision between the Indian and the Asian plates.
Dislocation modeling of blind thrusts in the eastern Los Angeles basin, California
Authors: Myers Daniel J. , Nabelek John L. , Yeats Robert S.
Published: September 2003

The East and West Coyote Hills in the eastern Los Angeles Basin are the surface expression of uplift accompanying blind reverse faulting. Folded Quaternary strata indicate that the hills are growing and that the faults underlying them are active. Detailed subsurface mapping in the East Coyote Oil Field shows that a previously mapped, reverse separation fault is predominantly an inactive, left‐lateral, strike‐slip fault that is not responsible for the uplift of the East Coyote Hills. The fault responsible for folding and uplift of the Coyote Hills does not cut wells in either the East or West Coyote Oil Fields. To characterize the geometry of the blind fault responsible for folding, we employ dislocation modeling. The dip and upper fault tip depths obtained from modeling suggest that the thrust fault beneath the Coyote Hills may be an extension of the Puente Hills blind thrust fault that continues westward beneath the Santa Fe Springs Oil Field. Modeling results suggest that the segment of the thrust fault responsible for folding the Coyote Hills would have accumulated 1500 m of reverse displacement over the last 1.2 Myr, yielding an average slip rate of 1.3 ± 0.5 mm/yr. The Santa Fe Springs segment of the fault has a slip rate of 1.5 ± 0.4 mm/yr for the last 1.2 Myr. The estimated moment magnitude for a reverse displacement earthquake on the Puente Hills blind thrust ranges from 6.6 to 7.2, depending on the length of the rupture. The estimated average recurrence interval for these earthquakes is 1700–3200 years.
Crustal velocity field of Mexico from continuous GPS measurements, 1993 to June 2001: Implications for the neotectonics of Mexico
Authors: Márquez‐Azúa Bertha , DeMets Charles
Published: September 2003

We combine velocities for 14 continuous GPS stations spanning Mexico and 173 additional continuous GPS sites on the North American and Pacific plates to study the large‐scale deformation of Mexico. The new station velocities, which are derived from more than 6000 days of previously unused GPS data, provide the first ever view of the crustal velocity field of Mexico. Key results are as follows: (1) Areas north of the Mexican Volcanic Belt, not including Baja California, move with the North American plate interior within the 1–2 mm yr−1 station velocity uncertainties. Station velocities for the Mexican Basin and Range are consistent with no present‐day extension and yield an upper 95% limit of 1–3 mm yr−1 for any regional extension. (2) South of the Mexican Volcanic Belt, five of the six sites move significantly relative to the North American plate. All sites in the Yucatan Peninsula move toward the east at 3–4 mm yr−1, possibly defining an independent Yucatan block. (3) Site velocities are consistent with limits of 0–4 mm yr−1 for present slip across the Mexican Volcanic Belt. (4) Tampico, on the gulf coast, exhibits eastward motion consistent with gravity sliding known to occur in the adjacent Mexican Ridges fold belt. (5) Southeastward motion of La Paz relative to the Pacific plate is consistent with the hypothesis that the Baja Peninsula is not fully attached to the Pacific plate. (6) Residual velocities for 160 North American plate GPS stations outside of Mexico exhibit no coherent regional patterns indicative of internal plate deformation.
Resolution of the slow earthquake/high apparent stress paradox for oceanic transform fault earthquakes
Authors: Pérez‐Campos X. , McGuire J. J. , Beroza G. C.
Published: September 2003

Oceanic transform fault earthquakes exhibit some interesting and apparently contradictory properties. A number of earthquakes on oceanic transforms have been identified as slow on the basis of their weak seismic radiation at high frequencies. On the other hand, transform fault events as a population have been found to have high apparent stress, indicating strong high‐frequency radiation since the seismic energy is concentrated at and above the corner frequency. In an attempt to reconcile these observations, we analyze seventy 5.8 ≤ Mw ≤ 8.3, strike‐slip earthquakes from around the world. Four of these earthquakes have both exceptionally low apparent stress and large centroid time shifts for their seismic moment. All four of them are located on oceanic transform faults. If we include these events in the population, we find that continental and oceanic strike‐slip earthquakes are not significantly different in their mean apparent stress but that there is greater variation for oceanic events. We also find that in contrast to the low correlation between centroid time shift and apparent stress for continental earthquakes, the oceanic ridge transform earthquakes have a high correlation between these two parameters. We also observe cases of both ordinary and slow earthquakes on adjacent sections of the same transform. These characteristics suggest significant differences in the faulting process between oceanic transforms and continental faults.
Relationships between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and water mass structures in the Ionian Sea (winter 1999)
Authors: Seritti Alfredo , Manca Beniamino B. , Santinelli Chiara , Murru Ester , Boldrin Alfredo , Nannicini Luciano
Published: September 2003

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) distribution in the water column were investigated at eight hydrological stations, located in the Ionian Sea, during January 1999. DOC and POC exhibited values in the range 50–73 μM and 0.7–2.7 μM, respectively, in the surface waters, and 31–62 μM and 0.2–0.8 μM in the intermediate and deep waters. The main water masses circulating in the Ionian were identified through potential temperature (θ) versus salinity (S) diagrams and their distribution patterns were verified in the cross‐basin longitudinal sections of temperature and salinity. In particular, the water masses formed in the Cretan Sea (southern Aegean), specifically the Cretan Intermediate Water (CIW) and the Cretan Deep Water (CDW), outflowing through the Cretan straits, occupy similar deep horizons as the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water (EMDW) of Adriatic origin, respectively. DOC exhibited different concentrations in each water mass; its range was 39–42 μM in the LIW, 54–62 μM in the CIW, 31–36 μM in the EMDW of Adriatic origin, 43–47 μM in the CDW, and 44–48 μM in the EMDW of the western‐central Ionian. The highest DOC concentrations were found in the water masses originated in the Aegean Sea and in the EMDW of the western‐central Ionian. Further, DOC versus apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) relationships were investigated within each water mass. In both intermediate and deep waters the results showed linear correlations between DOC and AOU, although with a different sign and slope.
Data‐driven simulations of synoptic circulation and transports in the Tunisia‐Sardinia‐Sicily region
Authors: Onken Reiner , Robinson Allan R. , Lermusiaux Pierre F. J. , Haley Patrick J. , Anderson Larry A.
Published: September 2003

Data from a hydrographic survey of the Tunisia‐Sardinia‐Sicily region are assimilated into a primitive equations ocean model. The model simulation is then averaged in time over the short duration of the data survey. The corresponding results, consistent with data and dynamics, are providing new insight into the circulation of Modified Atlantic Water (MAW) and Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) in this region of the western Mediterranean. For MAW these insights include a southward jet off the east coast of Sardinia, anticyclonic recirculation cells on the Algerian and Tunisian shelves, and a secondary flow splitting in the Strait of Sicily. For the LIW regime a detailed view of the circulation in the Strait of Sicily is given, indicating that LIW proceeds from the strait to the Tyrrhenian Sea. No evidence is found for a direct current path to the Sardinia Channel. Complex circulation patterns are validated by two‐way nesting of critical regions. Volume transports are computed for the Strait of Sicily, the Sardinia Channel, and the passage between Sardinia and Sicily.
Continuing influence of the changed thermohaline circulation in the eastern Mediterranean on the distribution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients: Physical and chemical characterization of the water masses
Authors: Kress Nurit , Manca Beniamino B. , Klein Birgit , Deponte Davide
Published: September 2003

Changes in the vertical distribution of the physical and chemical parameters observed during this study point to the continuing spatial and temporal evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water (EMDW). These changes influenced primarily the water column below 800 m and confined the old EMDW of Adriatic origin to the 1000–2000 m in the Levantine, uplifting the minimum‐oxygen/maximum‐nutrient (MinOx/MaxNut) from 2500 m in 1995 to 1500 m in 1999. The denser and younger EMDW of Aegean origin (EMDWAeg) appeared at the bottom layer, more evident at the central eastern Mediterranean and moving prevalently into the Levantine basin. Younger water still intruded the central area at intermediate depths. In the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW) oxygen decreased and nutrients increased westward in agreement with its pathway across the basin. However, a temporal decrease in oxygen and concurrent increase in nutrient was found in the LIW because of its confinement in the Levantine by anticyclonic features. Temporal changes were also found in the EMDW at the western Ionian and eastern Cretan passage. The differences in the vertical placement of the MinOx/MaxNut layer among the different areas were explained by the physical processes, but the relative displacement of the extreme points within the same area were probably a result of oxidation of particulate matter poorer in nitrogen and phosphorus in the Levantine than in the Ionian. Maximal concentrations of silicic acid were located deeper than the other nutrients because of the slower chemical dissolution of silicious tests. The N:P molar ratios at the EMDW were high (26.2–30.7), highest in the younger EMDWAeg. These differences could not be explained by different dissolved inorganic nutrients concentration at the sources nor by the composition of particulate matter in the euphotic zone. It was suggested that DOM may have a significant role in determining those differences; however, data on DOM concentration and composition across the basin is lacking in order to test this hypothesis.
Distribution patterns of carbon oxidation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Evidence of changes in the remineralization processes
Authors: La Ferla Rosabruna , Azzaro Maurizio , Civitarese Giuseppe , Ribera d'Alcalà Maurizio
Published: September 2003

Deep remineralization patterns, as carbon dioxide production, were investigated in microplankton samples from several areas of eastern Mediterranean Sea. The respiration data, collected during six oceanographic surveys from 1993 through 1999, evidence biogeochemical peculiarities of the deep waters of Mediterranean as compared to the open ocean and allow drawing up an hypothesis on the possible impact of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) on remineralization processes. The temporal trend of the oxidative processes in the basin is tightly coupled with the main features of the circulation pattern. In the Mediterranean Sea, the convective processes and the consequent advection of dense waters assume a relevant role in sustaining the amount of remineralization in the deep layers and appear to be more important than the sinking of particulate matter from the upper layers. Respiration in the deepest Mediterranean waters accounts for a greater percentage of the upper aphotic zone respiration (over 45%) than that found in the open oceans (below 21%). In addition, the increase in respiratory rates in only a few years in the Ionian Basin could represent a signal of the changes induced by the EMT, which replaced the Adriatic deepwater supply with waters of Aegean origin. The ecological change induced by the EMT, negligible in the photic layers of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, seems to concern the impact of the continental shelf pump by advection of younger, less‐refractory organic matter utilizable by deep biota.