bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Through-Silicon-Via Thermal Stress on Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor Properties Under Cooling to Ultra-Low Temperatures
Authors: Xie Wenting , Chen Xiaoting , Zhang Liting , Lu Xiangjun , Ding Bing , Xie An
Published: February 2025

The thermal through-silicon-via (TTSV) has a serious thermal stress problem due to the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between the Si substrate and filler metal. At present, the thermal stress characteristics and strain mechanism of TTSV are mainly concerned with increases in temperature, and its temperature range is concentrated between 173 and 573 K. By employing finite element analysis and a device simulation method based on temperature-dependent material properties, the impact of TTSV thermal stress on metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) properties is investigated under cooling down from room temperature to the ultra-low temperature (20 mK), where the magnitude of thermal stress in TTSV is closely associated with the TTSV diameter and results in significant tension near the Cu-Si interface and consequently increasing the likelihood of delamination and cracking. Considering the piezoresistive effect of the Si substrate, both the TTSV diameter and the distance between TTSV and MOSFET are found to have more pronounced effects on electron mobility along [100] crystal orientation and hole mobility along [110] crystal orientation. Applying a gate voltage of 3 V, the saturation current for the 45 nm-NMOS transistor oriented along channel [100] experiences a variation as high as 34.3%. Moreover, the TTSV with a diameter of 25 μm generates a change in MOSFET threshold voltage up to −56.65 mV at a distance as short as 20 μm. The influences exerted by the diameter and distance are consistent across carrier mobility, saturation current, and threshold voltage parameters.
High-Pulse-Repetition-Rate Eye-Safe Raman Laser with Acousto-Optic Q-Switched Device
Authors: Hsu Yu-Hsin , Lin Song-Qing , Liu Dai-Jun , Liang Hsing-Chih , Chen Yung-Fu
Published: February 2025

The acousto-optic Q-switch is exploited to develop a high-repetition-rate eye-safe Raman laser at 1526 nm. The Nd:YVO4 and KGW crystals are employed as the fundamental laser and Stokes Raman gain materials, respectively. The influence of the gate-open time on the performance is systematically explored for the repetition rate between 80 and 150 kHz. The separate configuration is used to construct the resonant cavities for the fundamental and Stokes waves to achieve a pulse width that is as short as possible. Under the optimal alignment, the average output power can exceed 5.0 W at a pump power of 30 W for a repetition rate within 100–150 kHz with a gate-open time of 0.5 μs. In addition, the output peak power can be greater than 10 kW for a pulse repetition rate between 80 and 120 kHz. The optical-to-optical conversion efficiency is up to 16.7%, which is better than that obtained by the Nd:YVO4/YVO4 system.
Dynamic Performance Evaluation of Bidirectional Bridgeless Interleaved Totem-Pole Power Factor Correction Boost Converter
Authors: Cheng Hsien-Chie , Jhu Wen-You , Liu Yu-Cheng , Zheng Da-Wei , Liu Yan-Cheng , Chang Tao-Chih
Published: February 2025

This study aims to conduct an assessment of the dynamic characteristics of a proposed 6.6 kW bidirectional bridgeless three-leg interleaved totem-pole power factor correction (PFC) boost converter developed for the front-end stage of electric vehicle onboard charger applications during load cycles. This proposed PFC boost converter integrates the self-developed silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFET modules for achieving high efficiency and high power density. To assess the switching transient behavior, power loss, and efficiency of the SiC MOSFET power modules, a fully integrated electromagnetic-circuit coupled simulation (ECCS) model that incorporates an electromagnetic model, an equivalent circuit model, and an SiC MOSFET characterization model are used. In this simulation model, the impact of parasitic effects on the system’s performance is considered. The accuracy of the ECCS model is confirmed through comparing the calculated results with the experimental data obtained through the double pulse test and the closed-loop converter operation. Furthermore, a comparative study between the interleaved and non-interleaved topologies is also performed in terms of power loss and efficiency. Additionally, the performance of the SiC MOSFET-based PFC boost converter is further compared with that of the silicon (Si) insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based one. Finally, a parametric analysis is carried out to explore the impact of several operating conditions on the power loss of the proposed totem-pole PFC boost converter.
The Vaginal Virome in Women’s Health and Disease
Authors: Orton Kyra l’Cess , Monaco Cynthia L.
Published: February 2025

Most research on the vaginal microbiome has focused on bacterial communities (the bacteriome), but viruses, including eukaryotic viruses and bacteriophages, are also important players in vaginal health and disease states. In this review, we will briefly discuss the bacterial microbiome, delve into what is known about the vaginal virome and its impact on women’s health, and finish with novel vaginal microbial or microbial-derived therapeutics on the horizon. More studies on the vaginal virome and its impact on women’s health are needed to better prevent and treat gynecological, reproductive, and neonatal diseases.
Chemical and Bioreductive Leaching of Laterites and Serpentinite Waste with Possible Reuse of Solid Residues for CO2 Adsorption
Authors: Pawlowska Agnieszka , Sadowski Zygmunt , Winiarska Katarzyna
Published: February 2025

Experiments were conducted to evaluate domestic low-grade laterites and serpentinite waste as potential secondary sources of nickel and magnesium and to assess leaching residues for carbon dioxide adsorption. Solids were leached chemically using sulfuric acid, while bioreductive dissolution under anoxic conditions employed a consortium of microorganisms dominated by Sulfobacillus. The efficiency of laterite bioreduction was 26.81% for Ni and 63.92% for Mg. In the case of serpentinite, 20.54% Ni and 92.88% Mg were extracted. The chemical dissolution yielded 26.73% Ni and 61.37% Mg in the case of laterites and 16.20% Ni and 77.49% Mg for serpentinite waste. Specific surface area was analyzed during the processes, showing a systematic increase over time. Based on the changes in this parameter, a mathematical description of the process was proposed using a shrinking particle model (SPM). Except for laterite bioreduction, leaching was shown to be a two-stage process controlled by a chemical reaction. The serpentinite solid processed in the presence of microorganisms exhibited the highest surface area (267 m2/g) and a CO2 adsorption capacity of 19.9 cm3/g.
An Exploratory Study of Quartz Grain Surface Microtextures in Dam-Break Flood Deposits from the Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Tsangbo River
Authors: Lu Zhihang , He Mengying , Xu Jinying , Cao Xilin , Zhang Jingran , Zhang Zhigang , Kong Xinggong , Zhao Zhijun
Published: February 2025

This study focused on the surface microtextures of quartz grains deposited by dam-break floods in Jiacha Gorge, situated in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Utilizing a scanning electron microscope (SEM), 200 quartz grains were observed and analyzed based on their microtextural features. Our findings reveal specific microtextures—such as angular outlines, high relief, flat cleavage surfaces, conchoidal fractures, and steps—that serve as clear indicators of the extreme energy associated with dam-break floods in Jiacha Gorge, distinguishing them from meteorological floods and smaller-scale dam-break events. These features also facilitate the differentiation of dam-break flood deposits from those of other sedimentary environments. This research demonstrates that quartz microtextures are a valuable tool for reconstructing sediment transport processes during extreme flood events. We recommend integrating microtextural analysis with complementary methods to refine interpretations and address methodological uncertainties in future studies.
Male-Specific Effects of β-Carotene Supplementation on Lipid Metabolism in the Liver and Gonadal Adipose Tissue of Healthy Mice
Authors: Oh Yeonsoo , Kim Jinsol , Park Yoon Jung , Kim Yuri
Published: February 2025

Biological sex is a fundamental determinant of physiological differences, including metabolic processes and disease susceptibility. β-carotene (BC), a provitamin A carotenoid, is known for its health benefits, but its sex-specific effects on its metabolism remain largely unexplored. This study investigated male and female BALB/c mice receiving BC or vehicle control via oral gavage for 11 weeks. Hepatic and circulating lipid levels, serum retinol, and the expression of BC cleavage enzymes (Bco1 and Bco2) and estrogen receptors (Esr1 and Esr2) in the liver and gonadal fat were analyzed. BC supplementation increased the hepatic Bco1 and Bco2 expression in males, accompanied by higher serum retinol, while downregulating expressions of these enzymes in male gonadal fat. Additionally, BC supplementation significantly reduced gonadal fat mass and adipogenic gene expression in males, with Cebpa and Esr1/Esr2 positively correlated, suggesting a role for estrogen receptor signaling in adipogenesis. These findings demonstrate that BC exerts sex- and tissue-specific effects on lipid metabolism, with strong regulatory interactions between BC metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and sex hormone signaling in males. The results provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying sex-dependent differences in lipid metabolism following BC supplementation, with potential implications for metabolic health and disease prevention.
Triacylglycerol Composition of Seed Oil from Corema album Berries
Authors: Martín-Cordero Carmen , Martinez-Force Enrique , Acero de Mesa Nuria , Muñoz-Mingarro Dolores , León-González Antonio J.
Published: February 2025

The seeds of Corema album are considered a by-product in fruit processing. This study aimed to determine the oil contents in seeds and characterize their triacylglycerol contents through a comparative analysis using three extraction solvent systems: hexane (Soxhlet method), hexane–isopropanol (Hara–Radin method), and methanol–chloroform–water (Bligh–Dyer method). The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and HPLC. The composition of fatty acids and triacylglycerols was determined, as were the allocation of fatty acids across the sn-2 and sn-1,3 positions, tocopherol and tocotrienol profile, and melting behavior through differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, the atherogenicity (IA) and thrombogenicity (IT) cardiovascular health indices were also calculated. The oil predominantly contained unsaturated fatty acids, and α-linolenic acid made up 45.8% of the total, along with a reduced n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio (0.75). The α-linolenoyl chain primarily occupied the sn-1,3 (45.9%) and sn-2 (39.1%) positions. γ-tocotrienol was the most abundant tocochromanol. The melting curve of oil suggests the presence of fractions with a low melting point, composed of triacylglycerols containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. The oil exhibits low values for IA and IT of 0.05 and 0.04, respectively. Corema seed oil has potential health benefits thanks to its rich composition in the essential fatty acid, α-linolenic acid, the low proportion of n-6/n-3 fatty acids, and the low values of IA and IT.
Identification of the Cellular Tipping Point in the Inflammation Model of LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages Through Raman Spectroscopy and the Dynamical Network Biomarker Theory
Authors: Taketani Akinori , Koshiyama Shota , Haruki Takayuki , Yonezawa Shota , Tahara Jun , Yamazaki Moe , Oshima Yusuke , Wada Akinori , Sato Tsutomu , Koizumi Keiichi , Kitajima Isao , Saito Shigeru
Published: February 2025

Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive spectroscopic technique that provides complex molecular information. It is used to examine the physiological and pathological responses of living cells, such as differentiation, malignancy, and inflammation. The responses of two cellular states, initial and full-blown inflammation, have mainly been investigated using a comparative analysis with Raman spectra. However, the tipping point of the inflammatory state transition remains unclear. Therefore, the present study attempted to identify the tipping point of inflammation using a cell model. We stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and continuously collected Raman spectra every 2 h for 24 h from the initial and full-blown inflammation states. A Partial Least Squares analysis and Principal Component Analysis—Linear Discriminant Analysis predicted the tipping point as 14 h after the LPS stimulation. In addition, a Dynamical Network Biomarker (DNB) analysis, identifying the tipping point of a state transition in various phenomena, indicated that the tipping point was 14 h and identified tryptophan as a biomarker. The results of a multivariate analysis and DNB analysis show the cellular tipping point.
Comparison of the Immune Enhancing Activity and Chemical Constituents Between Imitation Wild and Cultivated Astragali Radix
Authors: Zhao Shuo , Li Xueting , Wang Yumeng , Xu Rui , Li Xu , Liu Jiushi , Hou Xiaolin , Liu Haitao
Published: February 2025

Astragali Radix (AR), a traditional food and medicinal herb used for thousands of years, is widely recognized for its role in enhancing immunity, particularly when combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. The two primary types of AR available in the market are imitation wild AR (grown for seven years) and cultivated AR (grown for two years). However, whether differences exist in their immune-enhancing effects and chemical constituents remains unclear. In this study, a comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the immune activity and chemical composition of cultivated and imitation wild AR. Immune activity was assessed through in vivo animal studies, while metabolomic analysis was used to characterize their chemical profiles. The results demonstrate that AR possesses significant antitumor and immune-enhancing activities, with imitation wild AR showing superior efficacy compared with cultivated AR. Following 16 days of daily AR treatment, both the thymus and spleen coefficients were significantly increased, effectively reversing the immune dysfunction induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Moreover, the administration of AR showed no significant toxicity, as evidenced by the stable liver and kidney function indicators, including ALT, UREA, and CRE levels. To investigate chemical differences, a customized chemotaxonomic-based in-house library containing 215 compounds was developed and integrated with the Progenesis QI informatics platform for metabolite annotation. Using multivariate analysis, 48 constituents were identified in total: 46 unique to the imitation wild AR and 45 specific to the cultivated AR. The correlation between chemical constituents and the pharmacological effects of AR was evaluated. Based on orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and S-plot analysis, five potential biomarkers were identified, including Calycosin-7-glucoside, Rhamnocitrin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Ononin, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, and Acetylastragaloside I. These biomarkers likely account for the differences in immune-enhancing effects between the two AR types. This study provides a scientific foundation for the rational use of Astragali Radix.
Beyond Thermal Conductivity: A Review of Nanofluids for Enhanced Energy Storage and Heat Transfer
Authors: Mirahmad Ali , Shankar Kumar Ravi , Pato Doldán Breogán , Prieto Rios Cristina , Díez-Sierra Javier
Published: February 2025

The development of nanofluids (NFs) has significantly advanced the thermal performance of heat transfer fluids (HTFs) in heating and cooling applications. This review examines the synergistic effects of different nanoparticles (NPs)—including metallic, metallic oxide, and carbonaceous types—on the thermal conductivity (TC) and specific heat capacity (SHC) of base fluids like molecular, molten salts and ionic liquids. While adding NPs typically enhances TC and heat transfer, it can reduce SHC, posing challenges for energy storage and sustainable thermal management. Key factors such as NP composition, shape, size, concentration, and base fluid selection are analyzed to understand the mechanisms driving these improvements. The review also emphasizes the importance of interfacial interactions and proper NP dispersion for fluid stability. Strategies like optimizing NP formulations and utilizing solid–solid phase transitions are proposed to enhance both TC and SHC without significantly increasing viscosity, a common drawback in NFs. By balancing these properties, NFs hold great potential for renewable energy systems, particularly in improving energy storage efficiency. The review also outlines future research directions to overcome current challenges and expand the application of NFs in sustainable energy solutions, contributing to reduced carbon emissions.
GAOR: Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization for Machine Learning Robustness in Communication Networks
Authors: Thompson Aderonke , Suomalainen Jani
Published: February 2025

Machine learning (ML) promises advances in automation and threat detection for the future generations of communication networks. However, new threats are introduced, as adversaries target ML systems with malicious data. Adversarial attacks on tree-based ML models involve crafting input perturbations that exploit non-smooth decision boundaries, causing misclassifications. These so-called evasion attacks are imperceptible, as they do not significantly alter the input data distribution and have been shown to degrade the performance of tree-based models across various tasks. Adversarial training and genetic algorithms have been proposed as potential defenses against these attacks. In this paper, we explore the robustness of tree-based models for network intrusion detection systems. This study evaluates an optimization approach inspired by genetic algorithms to generate adversarial samples and studies the impact of adversarial training on the accuracy of attack detection. This paper exposed random forest and extreme gradient boosting classifiers to various adversarial samples generated from communication network-related CIC-IDS2019 and 5G-NIDD datasets. The results indicate that the improvements of robustness to adversarial attacks come with a cost to the accuracy of the network intrusion detection models. These costs can be optimized with intelligent, use case-specific feature engineering.
Two-Week Low-Salt Diet Improves Acetylcholine-Induced Microvascular Dilation in Biologically Naïve Psoriasis Patients
Authors: Krajina Ivana , Štefanić Mario , Drenjančević Ines , Milić Jakov , Kolobarić Nikolina , Plužarić Vera , Tokić Stana , Matijević Tatjana , Tolušić Levak Maja , Kožul Maja , Šola Marija , Stupin Ana , Mihalj Martina
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Patients with psoriasis exhibit endothelial dysfunction (EDy), which increases their cardiovascular risk. Excessive salt intake impairs endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity. However, research on EDy in psoriasis has focused primarily on larger vessels, leaving skin microcirculation unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a low-salt diet (LS diet, ~3.75 g/day) on microvascular reactivity in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Methods: Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to assess skin microcirculation blood flow in response to vascular occlusion (postocclusive reactive hyperemia, PORH), acetylcholine (acetylcholine-induced dilation, AChID), sodium nitroprusside (SNP-induced dilation, SNPID), and local heating (local thermal hyperemia, LTH). Blood and 24 h urine samples were collected for biochemical and inflammatory parameters and dietary adherence monitoring. Results: The results showed significant reductions in systolic (p = 0.021) and mean arterial blood pressure (p = 0.007) after the LS diet. AChID increased by 16% (p = 0.029) regardless of blood pressure changes, especially in normolipemic, normotensive patients without excess visceral fat. Importantly, significant sex differences were observed, with significant improvement in endothelial function observed only in women (p = 0.031 vs. p = 0.477). PORH did not change significantly; however, a Fourier transformation analysis revealed that the endothelial component of the PORH was significantly improved following the LS diet protocol. The duration of psoriasis negatively correlated with changes in AChID (R = −0.46, p = 0.036) and LTH (R = −0.45, p = 0.041) after the LS diet, indicating that prolonged low-grade inflammation reduced endothelial function reversibility. Additionally, lower triglyceride, uric acid, and BMI levels were significant predictors of better endothelial function improvement following the LS diet. Conclusions: This study supports the beneficial effect of the early introduction of an LS diet in the treatment protocols for patients with psoriasis.
Personalized Culinary Medicine: Qualitative Analyses of Perceptions from Participants in Action and Contemplation Stages of Change Through a One-Year Bi-Center Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Finkelstein Adi , Budd Maggi A. , Gray Brianna E. , Mirsky Jacob , Tirosh Amir , Polak Rani
Published: February 2025

Background: A high-quality diet is linked to cardiometabolic risk reduction. Culinary medicine interventions are effective in improving nutrition and health outcomes. While personalized nutrition is usually related to improving patient outcomes through knowledge about gene-nutrient interactions, tailoring interventions based on participant motivation and biopsychosocial environment may improve outcomes. The stage of change framework categorized participants based on current behaviors and intentions for future behaviors. Our goal was to assess participant perceptions regarding accomplishments, challenges, and needs up to one year following a culinary medicine program according to their stage of change at entry. Methods: Participant perceptions were collected at (1) the intervention end (open-ended questionnaire), (2) six months (semi-structured interview), and (3) twelve months (open-ended questionnaire). Analysis was performed inductively following a thematic analysis approach. Results: Twenty-four participants completed 70 perspectives (58/12 from participants who entered at a contemplation/action stage of change). Perceptions were related to (1) acquire culinary and nutritional knowledge: improve knowledge about healthy nutrition, use new recipes, and ask for hands-on cooking classes; (2) improve culinary and self-regulatory skills: improve confidence in the kitchen, expand cooking skills, organizing and planning, and creativity and pleasure; (3) adopt home cooking and healthy nutrition: adopt home-cooking habits, spreading home cooking to other family members, improve nutrition habits throughout the day, and decrease consumption of ultra-processed food; and (4) address the sustainability of health changes: achievements in maintaining long-term health changes, challenges in maintaining long-term health changes, and facilitators for a long-term change. Conclusions: These results provide one-year-long information about participant facilitators, barriers, and needs for making home-cooking changes categorized to the participant stage of change at program entry. This information can help reform effective personalized culinary medicine programs.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Probiotics on Disease Progression, Quality of Life, and Nutritional Status Among Patients with Crohn’s Disease: A Multicenter, Randomized, Single-Blinded Controlled Trial
Authors: Hoteit Maha , Hellani Mohamad , Karaja Mohamad , Zayour Nadeen , Sadek Zahra , Hotayt Bilal , Hallal Mahmoud
Published: February 2025

Background: There is growing interest in the role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn’s disease (CD). Probiotics have been proposed as a potential adjunct therapy for these conditions by altering the intestinal environment, although studies on their effectiveness have yielded mixed results. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the short-term (2 months) effects of a dietary supplement containing Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and Lactococcus bacillus on disease progression, remission, quality of life, and nutritional intake in Lebanese patients with CD. Method: A multicenter, randomized, single-blind controlled trial was conducted in 2 medical centers in Beirut from 1 April 2024 to 1 August 2024. Recruitment, prescreening, screening, enrollment, and protocol implementation were carried out at both centers. Data were collected from 21 patients with CD, who were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 10) and the intervention group (n = 11). At baseline and after two months, participants underwent clinical assessments, WHOQOL-BREF evaluation, and 24 h dietary recalls. Follow-up visits included surveys on disease progression, quality of life, adherence, and adverse events, along with repeat body composition and anthropometric measurements. Results: Probiotic supplementation over two months did not significantly alter symptoms, flares, or hospitalizations outcomes between the control and intervention groups. However, the intervention group experienced notable increases in body weight (p = 0.01), BMI (p = 0.01), body fat mass (p = 0.04), and arm muscle circumference (p = 0.01). Nutrient intake patterns differed, with the intervention group showing increased consumption of calcium, riboflavin, and folate compared to controls (p = 0.01, p = 0.04, p = 0.013, respectively). Probiotic supplementation led to significant within-group increases in dietary fiber (p = 0.01), total sugar (p = 0.02), and caffeine (p = 0.01) among the intervention participants. Adverse effects in the intervention group were mild, including nausea (18.2%) and abdominal discomfort (9.1%). QOL improved significantly in the intervention group, particularly in physical (p = 0.03), psychological (p = 0.04), and environmental domains (p = 0.003), while the control group exhibited improvements only in psychological health. Conclusions: Overall, the findings suggest that probiotics can enhance body composition, nutrient intake, and certain aspects of QOL among CD patients, despite minimal impact on disease symptoms or dietary patterns.
Beyond Tuberculosis: The Surprising Immunological Benefits of the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Vaccine in Infectious, Auto-Immune, and Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Jurczak Magdalena , Druszczynska Magdalena
Published: February 2025

The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, best known for its role in preventing tuberculosis, has recently garnered attention for its broader immunomodulatory effects. By inducing trained immunity, BCG reprograms innate immune cells, enhancing their responses to various pathogens. This process, driven by epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming, suggests that BCG may have therapeutic potential far beyond tuberculosis. Emerging evidence points to its potential benefits in conditions such as autoimmune diseases, cancer, and viral infections. Furthermore, by modulating immune activity, BCG has been proposed to reduce chronic inflammation and promote immune tolerance. This review delves into the multifaceted role of BCG, highlighting its potential as a versatile therapeutic tool for managing a wide range of diseases.
Evaluation of IgM, IgA, and IgG Antibody Responses Against PCV3 and PCV2 in Tissues of Aborted Fetuses from Late-Term Co-Infected Sows
Authors: Hernández Jesús , Henao-Díaz Alexandra , Reséndiz-Sandoval Mónica , Ramírez-Morán Joana , Cota-Valdez Angel , Mata-Haro Verónica , Giménez-Lirola Luis G.
Published: February 2025

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a ubiquitous pathogen, and co-infections with the emerging PCV3 are increasingly reported. Both PCV2 and PCV3 have been implicated in reproductive failure, yet the diagnostic criteria for PCV3 remain under development. While fetal or neonatal antibody detection is a recognized indicator of transplacental infection in multiple species, PCV2 appears to be an exception due to the possible transfer of maternal antibodies. This study evaluated IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies in the heart, kidney, lung, and spleen of aborted fetuses from sows co-infected with PCV2 and PCV3. PCR analysis revealed that all aborted fetuses were positive for both PCV2 and PCV3, with PCV3 Ct values being generally lower than those of PCV2, although this difference was not statistically significant. Antibody profiling showed a higher prevalence of anti-PCV3 IgM and IgA compared to anti-PCV2 IgM and IgA, particularly in the heart, kidney, and lung, while IgG responses against both viruses were similar. These findings suggest that the detection of anti-PCV3 antibodies in fetal tissues may provide supportive evidence of PCV2 and PCV3 infection and the possible involvement of these viruses in reproductive failure; however, further studies are needed to establish causation definitively.
The Effects of Echinacea (EP107TM) on Anxiety: A Comparison of Anxiety Measures in a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Haller József , Faludi Gábor , Kovacs Gábor , Purebl György , Füzesi Zoltán , Freund Tamás F.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Echinacea extracts with unique alkamide profiles (EP107™) have been shown to affect upper respiratory tract infections and reduce anxiety in both animals and humans. However, a recent study found that a similar extract did not reduce anxiety more than a placebo, although it did enhance well-being and produced antidepressant-like effects. We hypothesized that the discrepancy arose from the differences in the anxiety assessment methods used. The study that observed no effects used the Clinically Useful Anxiety Outcome Scale, which focuses on physical symptoms, while earlier studies used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, which focuses on psychic symptoms. Methods: To investigate the influence of the anxiety measure on the detectability of anxiolytic effects, we examined the effects of Echinacea EP107TM using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–anxiety subscale (HADS-A), which focuses on psychic symptoms, and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), most items of which involve physical symptoms. The study was placebo-controlled, double-blind, and multicenter. Results: The extract significantly alleviated anxiety compared to placebo when measured with HADS-A. HAM-A total scores did not show significant treatment effects. However, Echinacea was superior to placebo in three psychic anxiety items on the HAM-A. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Echinacea EP107TM reduces psychic anxiety without affecting somatic symptoms. This indicates that the extract may be useful in mild or early-phase anxiety when somatic symptoms are not prominent.
Rational Design and Synthesis of a Novel Series of Thiosemicarbazone-Containing Quinazoline Derivatives as Potential VEGFR2 Inhibitors
Authors: Șandor Alexandru , Crișan Ovidiu , Marc Gabriel , Fizeșan Ionel , Ionuț Ioana , Moldovan Cristina , Stana Anca , Oniga Ilioara , Pîrnău Adrian , Vlase Laurian , Petru Andreea-Elena , Creștin Ionuț-Valentin , Jîjie Alex-Robert , Tiperciuc Brîndușa , Oniga Ovidiu
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in tumor development and is a driving force for the aggressiveness of several types of cancer. Our team developed a novel series of thiosemicarbazone-containing quinazoline derivatives, TSC1-TSC10, as potential VEGFR2 inhibitors with proven anti-angiogenic and antiproliferative potential. Methods: The TSC1-TSC10 series was synthesized and characterized by spectral data. Extensive methodology was applied both in vitro (Alamar Blue assay, Scratch assay, CAM assay, and VEGFR2 kinase assay) and in silico (docking studies, MDs, and MM-PBSA) for the confirmation of the biological potential. Results: TSC10 emerged as the most promising compound, with a favorable cytotoxic potential across the cell panel (Ea.Hy296, HaCaT, and A375) in agreement with the in vitro VEGFR2 kinase assay (IC50 = 119 nM). A comparable motility reduction in the vascular endothelial cells to that of the reference drug sorafenib was provided by TSC10, with a similar anti-angiogenic potential in the more complex in ovo model of the CAM assay. The in silico experiments confirmed the successful accommodation of the active site of the kinase domain similar to sorafenib for the entire TSC1-TSC10 series, providing valuable key insight into the complex stability driving force for the evaluated compounds. Conclusions: The in vitro evaluations of the biological potential correlated with the in silico predictions by computer-aided complex simulations provided a solid confirmation of the initial hypothesis for the TSC1-TSC10 series.
Roles of Supersaturation and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation for Enhanced Oral Absorption of Poorly Soluble Drugs from Amorphous Solid Dispersions
Authors: Kawakami Kohsaku
Published: February 2025

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is one of the most important enabling formulation technologies for the development of poorly soluble drugs. Because of its thermodynamically unstable nature in both solid and wet states, the evaluation and optimization of the formulation performance involves some difficulties. The dissolution process is sensitively influenced by various factors, including the applied dose, medium composition, and pH. Supersaturated solutions can cause liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and/or crystallization, which complicates the comprehension of the dissolution process. However, LLPS should be evaluated carefully because it is closely related to oral absorption. As LLPS concentration is analogous to amorphous solubility, it can be a key factor in predicting oral absorption from ASDs, if absorption is limited by solubility. Moreover, LLPS droplets are expected to increase transmembrane flux by increasing the drug concentration near the epithelial cell membrane. In this review, recently updated knowledge on the dissolution, membrane permeation, and oral absorption behaviors of ASDs is discussed with an emphasis on LLPS behavior.
Behavior of Finite-Energy Fresnel–Bessel Beams in Long Free-Space Optical Communication Links
Authors: Akcan Cemre Irem , Bayraktar Mert , Chatzinotas Symeon , Elmabruk Kholoud
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we studied the propagation properties of a finite-energy Fresnel–Bessel beam (FEFBB) propagating in a turbulent atmosphere. We analyzed and investigated the system parameters’ impact on the kurtosis parameters and the beam size. The results show that the FEFBB profiles turn into Gaussian-like profiles as they propagate through longer links. In long links, higher-order FEFBBs are sharper than lower-order beams. However, FEFBBs with higher Fresnel numbers are flatter than those with lower Fresnel numbers. On the other hand, beams with higher orders and bigger radii spread less. Moreover, FEFBBs have the advantage of keeping the beam size smaller than that in other classical beams. We anticipate our results will be useful for free-space optics (FSO) designers.
Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of ZnO-Loaded Alginate/Hyaluronic Acid Aerogels for Wound Dressing Applications
Authors: Athamneh Tamara , Abuawad Alaa , Odat Tasneem , Alshweiat Areen , Obaidat Rana , Bani Yaseen Farah , Al-Najjar Mohammad A. , Garafat Raghad , Altarabeen Razan , Smirnova Irina , Gurikov Pavel
Published: February 2025

The prevalence of bacterial infections in wounds is a significant challenge to successful wound healing. This study investigates the antibacterial effect of hyaluronic acid and alginate aerogel loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles as a potential dressing for wound healing. The aerogel composite was synthesized via supercritical gel drying and characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nitrogen porosimetry. The absorptivity of the prepared aerogel was evaluated, as well as the antibacterial activity, which was evaluated against common wound pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, using the agar diffusion method. The results show the effective antibacterial properties of the prepared hydrogel and aerogel. Furthermore, the results show water absorption ability of 5791 and 1585% for loaded and unloaded aerogels, respectively. The ZnO released from the aerogel exhibited a rapid release followed by a slow and sustained release. These findings highlight the potential of aerogels based on hyaluronic acid and alginate and loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles as an innovative antibacterial wound dressing material, which is expected to improve wound healing and reduce the risk of bacterial infections.
Quantitative Interpretation of Simulated Polymer Mean-Square Displacements
Authors: Phillies George D. J.
Published: February 2025

The time-dependencies of polymer mean-square displacements g(t) provide significant tests of some modern theories of polymer dynamics. Familiar models propose that g(t) is described by a series of power-law regimes g(t)∼tα, the models predicting values of α and time regimes within which those values will be found. g(t) has been obtained quantitatively over a wide range of times by means of computer simulations, permitting comparison of simulation measurements with these models. Here, we demonstrate a path for quantitatively analyzing g(t). We show that we can readily distinguish between regimes in which g(t) actually follows a power law in time, does not follow a power law in time, or has an inflection point. The method accurately determines local values of the exponent, without imposing any a priori assumption as to the exponent’s value.
Training Profiles, Efficacy Perceptions, and Outcomes of Non-Invasive Neuromodulation: An Exploratory Study Among Practitioners
Authors: Campos Laura Oliveira , Botim Bianca Rossi , Cunha Mayra Evelise , Campos Denys Batista , Barbosa Michelle Almeida , Gama Gabriela Lopes , Barbosa Alexandre Carvalho
Published: February 2025

Advances in non-invasive neuromodulation (NM) have enabled practitioners to modulate neural activity safely, offering a promising approach to treating neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions. This study aimed to analyze the training profiles of NM practitioners and assess their perceptions of NM’s clinical efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction. An online survey was conducted among 117 practitioners in various healthcare fields, using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale to gauge outcomes. The findings indicate that 99.13% of practitioners perceive NM as effective, with high rates of patient improvement in quality of life and symptom management. The study underscores the importance of standardized NM training protocols to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
A Fast and Efficient Response Surface Approach for the Optimization of the Gas-Phase Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide on Nickel-Based Catalysts
Authors: Szukiewicz Mirosław K. , Patulska Natalia , Chmiel-Szukiewicz Elżbieta
Published: February 2025

In this study, the application of the response surface method was used to determine the best reaction conditions of the gas-phase hydrogenation of carbon dioxide on a commercial nickel-based catalyst. The procedural goals included the choice and tests of the robustness of the statistical method that could improve the achievement of the goal of the process, first of all by reducing the number of necessary experiments. The outcome goal for the process under consideration was the optimization of reaction conditions for mild reaction conditions and the stoichiometric deficiency of hydrogen; these reaction conditions are rarely presented in the literature (despite their potential advantages). Both goals were achieved with a successful result. To find optimal reaction conditions, only 36 experiments were carried out. This is a very good result, taking into account the insufficient information in the literature, which means that it is a difficult task to deduce the region of the highest carbon dioxide conversion. The maximum carbon dioxide conversion was obtained for a temperature of 318 °C and a ratio of molar fluxes of H2 to CO2 equal to 3.5. It should be emphasized that this result was confirmed experimentally.
The Conversion of Heritage and the Heritage of Conversion: Two Case Studies from Trentino
Authors: Omenetto Silvia , Tateo Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

This article explores two cases of architectural conversion within the TESEO project: the transformation of a Catholic church into an Orthodox church in Trento and the adaptation of a farmstead into a Buddhist temple in the Molin Valley, Trentino. These cases show how conversion involves a negotiation of visual and spatial markers, redefining what is considered “heritage”. The article situates these experiences within broader global trends of growing religious diversity and migration, exploring how such transformations respond to the need for worship spaces for religious minorities. It also reflects on the temporariness of these solutions, often pending the creation of more permanent spaces. In conclusion, the article proposes an open, non-deterministic view of heritage, embracing the fluidity and transformability of contemporary religious spaces.
‘It’s Enough That the Goddess Knows’: About Vows and Spectacular Offerings in Popular South Indian Hinduism
Authors: Pasty-Abdul Wahid Marianne
Published: February 2025

Votive offerings are one of the most common devotional practices in Hindu temples of Kerala and are today resorted to by an ever-growing number of worshippers seeking divine help in times of need. As this article will show, these offerings are deeply embedded in the logics of the hyper-personalized and unmediated devotion that characterizes popular Hinduism in this part of India. They are also markers of the recent opening of religion to individual contribution and intervention, as well as active tools for the intimate worshipper–deity relationship. Ritual arts conducted as votive offerings allow us to dive even deeper into these considerations and open up new alleys of analysis, for they connect public and private worlds in specific ways and introduce unique aesthetic and transactional dimensions. This article draws on extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the south Indian state of Kerala, with particular focus on the ritual performing art muṭiyēṯṯu’, which is mainly conducted as a votive offering in high-caste temples devoted to the goddess Bhadrakāḷi. It pulls together anthropology, performance, and religious studies to analyze the current grassroot-level realities of lived popular religion through the prism of votive offerings in general and of ritual performing arts conducted as votive offerings in particular.
Exploratory Homiletical Perspectives on the Influence of AI and GAI on People’s Cognition and Reasoning About Warfare in the Era of Homo Digitalis
Authors: Kruger Ferdi Petrus
Published: February 2025

Cognitive warfare is a matter of concern due to its impact on people’s minds and decision-making. The manifestation of wars and the deliberate attempts of nations to use AI technologies to their advantage in outsmarting people’s minds cannot be ignored from a homiletical perspective. This article argues that AI (Artificial Intelligence), GAI (Generative Artificial Intelligence), and ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) offer tremendous possibilities to enhance interplay with humans. Viewed through the lenses of philosophy and ethics, it becomes evident that people providing AI technologies with data engage with technology from an intrinsic worldview. The provision of information and decision-making through AI technologies prompts us to consider people’s reasoning and responsibility. The harmful consequences of killer robots and the use of facial recognition to reach human targets raise deep ethical questions. The author contends that listeners to sermons are exposed to the age of homo digitalis and are tasked with making sense of what is happening in the world. When homiletical praxeology remains silent on the injustices and undignified practices of cognitive warfare and drone use, without proclaiming the values of the gospel and the Kingdom, listeners become reliant on alternative sources of information. In the normative section of this article, the importance of demolishing arguments and pretensions that oppose the knowledge of God and taking every thought captive to make it obedient to God’s will is emphasised. The article concludes with a call for homiletics to engage with AI technologies rather than ignore them. By utilising technological advantages without undermining the paramount value of preaching within the unique contexts of faith communities, listeners may become more open to the gospel and experience transformation in their minds, particularly regarding warfare.
Emergency Position Recovery Using Forward Kinematics in Robotic Patient Positioning Systems for Radiosurgery
Authors: Saadah Alaa , Fadgyas Laszlo , Medlin Donald , Saud Jad , Henderson Jason , Koroknai Tibor , Koroknai Mate , Takacs David , Panko Peter , Zheng Xiaoran , Takacs Endre , Husi Géza
Published: February 2025

Precise patient positioning is paramount in radiosurgery to ensure the accurate targeting of tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This study focuses on the development and validation of a robust forward kinematics (FK) model for a robotic patient positioning system, specifically designed to handle emergency interruptions such as power loss or emergency stops. The FK model integrates data from high-resolution primary encoders within the actuators and secondary encoders post-load on each axis, providing real-time feedback and ensuring sub-millimeter positional accuracy. The control architecture leverages a dual-loop feedback system to enhance precision and stability during operation and recovery. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the FK model, combined with encoder feedback, reliably determines the patient bed’s exact position during interruptions and guides the system’s safe and accurate resumption of treatment. These findings underscore the critical role of FK and encoder integration in improving the safety, reliability, and precision of robotic radiosurgery systems, addressing key challenges in medical robotics for radiation therapy.
A Low-Voltage Low-Power Voltage-to-Current Converter with Low Temperature Coefficient Design Awareness
Authors: Chen Haoze , Chan Pak Kwong
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a low-voltage, low-power voltage-to-current converter (V-I Converter) implemented in TSMC 40 nm CMOS technology. Operating at a supply voltage of 0.45 V with an input range of 0.1 V to 0.3 V, the proposed circuit achieves a temperature coefficient of 54.68 ppm/°C, which is at least 2× better than prior works, ensuring stable performance across a wide temperature range (−20 °C to 80 °C). The design employs a three-stage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with a Q-reduction frequency compensation technique to produce programmable output currents while maintaining a power dissipation of less than 2.76 μW. With a bandwidth of 34.45 kHz and a total harmonic distortion (THD) of −56.66 dB at 1 kHz and 0.1 VPP input signal, the circuit demonstrates high linearity and low power consumption under ultra-low voltage design scenarios. These features make the proposed V-I Converter highly suitable for energy-constrained applications such as biomedical sensors, energy harvesting systems, and IoT nodes, where low power consumption and temperature stability are critical parameters.