bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTATUTOS DO CORPO
Authors: Bruhns Heloisa Turini
Published: January 2022

Tomando como obra de apoio o poema de THIAGO DE MELLO "Os ESTATUTOS DO HOMEM", SURGIU A IDEIA DE ESCREVER OS "ESTATUTOS DO COR PO" NA TENTATIVA DE REUNIR ALGUNS ASPECTOS POLÊMICOS QUE ESTAO SEN DO COLOCADOS EM DEBATE NO QUE SE REFERE AO TRABALHO CORPORAL. SaBE" MOS QUE PARTE DOS PROFISSIONAIS ENVOLVIDOS NA AREA ESTAO PREOCUPA DOS NUMA MELHOR DEFINIÇÃO DO SEU CAMPO DE AÇAO, NA REESTRUTURAÇAO CUR RUCULAR E EM OBJETIVOS MA IS_PRECI SOS EM RELAÇAO Ã PROPOSTA DE TRABAlho, Temas como a competição, produtividade, mecanizaçao,_estereo- TIPAÇÃO, DICOTOMIZAÇAO, ETC., CONSTITUEM-SE NUMAPREOCUPAÇÃO CRES­CENTE DAQUELES PROFISSIONAIS QUE POSSUEM UMA VISAO MAIS ABRANGENTE E CONSCIENTE DAS ATIVIDADES CORPORAIS. ESSÉ TRABALHO TENTA REUNIR ESSES ASPECTOS MAIS OU MENOS NA FORMA DE DISCURSO-POEMA, POR ACRED^ TAR QUE O CORPO TEM SEU PROPRIO DISCURSO, MAS PRECISAMOS DESENVOL- VERMUITO A NOSSA SENSIBILIDADE SE QUISERMOS APRENDER A OUVI-LO, AO CONTRARIO, NUNCA HAVERÁ UM DISCURSO DO CORPO, MAS SEMPRE UM DISCUR­SO SOBRE O CORPO.
FORÇA MÁXIMA DINÂMICA: UMA PROPOSTA METODOLÓGICA PARA VALIDAÇÃO DO TESTE DE PESO MÁXIMO EM APARELHOS DE MUSCULAÇÃO.
Authors: MOURA João Augusto Reis de
Published: January 2022

O objetivo deste estudo foi validar um teste de força máxima dinâmica (FMD) em aparelhos de musculação, e propor uma metodologia científica viável ao cotidiano dos profissionais que trabalham com grandes grupos de pessoas. A amostra foi composta de 80 indivíduos na faixa etária de 17 a 30 anos, divididos em dois grupos: treinados (GA) n = 40 e destreinados (GB) n = 40, freqüentadores de academias, pertencentes a ambos os sexos, com prática de musculação de no mínimo três semanas, e no máximo seis meses. Para o estudo da fidedignidade utilizou-se 40 indivíduos; com média de peso 62.566.73, idade 21.463.18 e estatura 1700.54; para validade e objetividade mais 40 indivíduos com média de peso 62.596.31, idade 21.812.72, estatura 1700.64; sendo que cada um dos grupos foi constituído de 20 homens (50%) e 20 mulheres (50%). Os procedimentos para validação científica do testes (FMD) foi para: fidedignidade - os indivíduos foram testados em duas ocasiões, pelo mesmo avaliador, e correlacionados os seus resultados. Para o estudo da objetividade outro grupo de indivíduos foi testado em duas ocasiões distintas, por avaüadores diferentes e seus resultados também foram correlacionados. Para o estudo da validade o mesmo avaliador mediu os indivíduos em toda a bateria, e também nos testes de agachar-se no banco (AB) e supino com peso livre (SL), que já possuem seus critérios científicos de validade estabelecidos por Johnsone Nelson (1979), sendo posteriormente os resultados correlacionados com estes dois testes usados para a vaüdação. Encontrou-se coeficientes extremamente altos, para a fidedignidade e objetividade (todos acima de r = .90), nos testes tanto de membros inferiores (MI) quanto de braço/tronco (BT) em ambos os sexos. O teste “t” de Student não revelou diferenças significativas a p<.05 entre as médias nos dois momentos de testagem. Os coeficientes de validade tiveram uma maior variabilidade, e esta variação ocorreu em função dos grupos musculares medidos durante a testagem serem ou não, os mesmos dos testes usados para validar (AB) e (SL). Mesmo assim todos os coeficientes foram significativos p<0.05. Os testes quando correlacionados entre si, apresentaram apresentaram uma significância de p< 0.05, mostrando medirem a mesma variável física (FMD), em grupos musculares distintos. A metodologia de aplicação dos testes foi fundamentada em conhecimentos científicos e consideram, os autores, pertinente ao tipo de testagem a que se propos validar.
Tecnologia digital na primeira infância? Investigando o uso do Youtube no contexto de uma creche
Authors: Silva Ana Carla Clemente da , Cordeiro Adriana Tenório
Published: January 2022

Foi realizado um estudo de caso para investigar como se dá a relação entre crianças e uma creche no interior do Estado de Pernambuco no contexto de consumo de vídeos disponíveis no Youtube. Realizamos entrevista em profundidade com Diretora, grupo focal com professoras e coleta de diários virtuais escritos por mães das crianças. O estudo apontou que o Youtube é percebido como algo muito próximo ao cotidiano doméstico das crianças, podendo assim ser ferramenta de apoio pedagógico, não-substituto do ensino-aprendizagem presencial, como recurso que requer planejamento e uso acompanhado, à medida que, na visão das mães, a exposição excessiva ao Youtube pode oferecer riscos.
A utilização de instrumentos globais para a avaliação da resiliência a desastres na área da comunicação de risco
Authors: Ferentz Larissa Maria da Silva , Fonseca Murilo Noli da , Pinheiro Eduardo Gomes , Garcias Carlos Mello
Published: January 2022

Este artigo busca compreender como a aplicação do instrumento global de resiliência, Disaster Resilience Scorecard for cities, pode ser utilizado para a comunicação de risco e desastres locais no Brasil. Para isso, o estudo é aplicado em três municípios paranaenses, sendo União da Vitória, Campo Largo e Primeiro de Maio.
Wall shear stress on vascular smooth muscle cells exerts angiogenic effects on extracranial arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Ryu Jeong Yeop , Park Tae Hyun , Lee Joon Seok , Oh Eun Jung , Kim Hyun Mi , Lee Seok-Jong , Lee Jongmin , Lee Sang Yub , Huh Seung , Kim Ji Yoon , Im Saewon , Chung Ho Yun
Published: January 2022

Background In addition to vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are subject to continuous shear stress because of blood circulation. The angiogenic properties of VSMCs in extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may exceed those of normal blood vessels if the body responds more sensitively to mechanical stimuli. This study was performed to investigate the hypothesis that rapid angiogenesis may be achieved by mechanical shear stress.

Methods VSMCs were obtained from six patients who had AVMs and six normal controls. The target genes were set to angiopoietin-2 (AGP2), aquaporin-1 (AQP1), and transforming growth factor-beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR were implemented to identify the expression levels for target genes. Immunofluorescence was also conducted.

Results Under the shear stress condition, mean relative quantity values of AGP2, AQP1, and TGFBR1 in AVM tissues were 1.927±0.528, 1.291±0.031, and 2.284±1.461 when compared with neutral conditions. The expression levels of all three genes in AVMs were higher than those in normal tissue except for AQP1 under shear stress conditions. Immunofluorescence also revealed increased staining of shear stress-induced genes in the normal tissue and in AVM tissue.

Conclusions Shear stress made the VSMCs of AVMs more sensitive. Although the pathogenesis of AVMs remains unclear, our study showed that biomechanical stimulation imposed by shear stress may aggravate angiogenesis in AVMs.
Fingertip reconstruction with a subcutaneous flap and composite graft composed of nail bed and volar pulp skin
Authors: Koh Sung Hoon , Park Ilou , Kim Jin Soo , Lee Dong Chul , Roh Si Young , Lee Kyung Jin , Hong Min Ki
Published: January 2022

Background Fingertip injuries are very common; however, the reconstruction of volar pulp defects with nail bed defects is challenging in the absence of the amputated segment. We reconstructed fingertip amputations with nail bed defects using a new surgical approach: a subcutaneous flap and composite graft.

Methods We treated 10 fingertip amputation patients without an amputated segment, with exposed distal phalangeal bone and full-thickness nail bed defects between February 2018 and December 2020. All patients underwent two-stage surgery: in the first stage, a subcutaneous flap was performed to cover the exposed distal phalanx, and in the second stage, a composite graft, consisting of nail bed, hyponychium, and volar pulp skin, was applied over the subcutaneous flap.

Results All flaps survived and all composite grafts were successful. The wounds healed without any significant complications, including the donor site. The average follow-up duration was 11.2 months (range, 3–27 months). The new nail and the shape of the volar pulp were evaluated during follow-up. All patients were satisfied with their natural fingertip shapes and the new nails did not have any serious deformities.

Conclusions A subcutaneous flap in combination with a composite graft fitting the shape of the defect could be another option for fingertip injuries without amputated segments.
Division of a single free flap in multiple digit reconstruction
Authors: Kim Jin Soo , Song Cheon Ho , Roh Si Young , Koh Sung Hoon , Lee Dong Chul , Lee Kyung Jin
Published: January 2022

Background Single free flaps are a commonly used reconstructive method for multiple soft tissue defects in digits. We analyzed the flap size, division timing, and degree of necrosis in cases with various types of flap division.

Methods We conducted a retrospective review of the medical charts of patients who had undergone single free flap reconstruction for multiple soft tissue defects across their digits from 2011 to 2020. The flap types included were the lateral arm free flap, venous forearm free flap, thenar free flap, hypothenar free flap, anterolateral thigh free flap, medial plantar free flap, and second toe pulp free flap. Flap size, anastomosed vessels, division timing, and occurrence of flap necrosis were retrospectively investigated and then analyzed using the t-test.

Results In total, 75 patients were included in the analysis. The success rate of the free flaps was 97.3%. All flaps were successfully divided after at least 17 days, with a mean of 47.17 days (range, 17–243 days) for large flaps and 42.81 days (range, 20–130 days) for the medium and small flaps (P=0.596). The mean area of flap necrosis was 2.38% in the large flaps and 2.58% in the medium and small flaps (P=0.935). Severe necrosis of the divided flap developed in two patients who had undergone flap division at week 6 and week 34.

Conclusions In cases where blood flow to the flap has been stable for more than 3 weeks, flap division can be safely attempted regardless of the flap size.
Evaluation and treatment of facial feminization surgery: part II. lips, midface, mandible, chin, and laryngeal prominence
Authors: Dang Brian N. , Hu Allison C. , Bertrand Anthony A. , Chan Candace H. , Jain Nirbhay S. , Pfaff Miles J. , Lee James C. , Lee Justine C.
Published: January 2022

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) refers to a set of procedures aimed at altering the features of a masculine face to achieve a more feminine appearance. In the second part of this twopart series, assessment and operations involving the midface, mandible, and chin, as well as soft tissue modification of the nasolabial complex and chondrolaryngoplasty, are discussed. Finally, we provide a review of the literature on patient-reported outcomes in this population following FFS and suggest a path forward to optimize care for FFS patients.
Sposoby konstruowania medialnych obrazów pierwszej fali epidemii koronawirusa w Polsce na przykładzie wybranych telewizyjnych programów specjalnych (Koronawirus. Poradnik vs Wszystko o koronawirusie)
Authors: Ciesek-Ślizowska Bernadetta
Published: January 2022

W artykule omówiono medialne obrazy pierwszej fali pandemii koronawirusa w Polsce konstruowane w programach specjalnych nadawcy publicznego i komercyjnego. Zaplecze teoretyczne i metodologiczne stanowią zintegrowane koncepcje lingwistyki dyskursu oraz lingwistyki mediów. W przekazie publicznym eksponowane są pozytywne obrazy działań rządu i instytucji państwowych, unika się też podsycania negatywnych emocji, by uspokoić nastroje społeczne. Nadawca komercyjny posługuje się dramatyzacją i emocjonalizacją przekazywanych treści w celu uatrakcyjnienia programu.
A qnr-plasmid allows aminoglycosides to induce SOS in Escherichia coli
Authors: Babosan Anamaria , Skurnik David , Muggeo Anaëlle , Pier Gerald B , Baharoglu Zeynep , Jové Thomas , Ploy Marie-Cécile , Griveau Sophie , Bedioui Fethi , Vergnolle Sébastien , Moussalih Sophie , de Champs Christophe , Mazel Didier , Guillard Thomas
Published: January 2022

The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes have been shown to promote high-level bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics, potentially leading to clinical treatment failures. In Escherichia coli, sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of the widely used fluoroquinolones are known to induce the SOS response. Interestingly, the expression of several PMQR qnr genes is controlled by the SOS master regulator, LexA. During the characterization of a small qnrD-plasmid carried in E. coli, we observed that the aminoglycosides become able to induce the SOS response in this species, thus leading to the elevated transcription of qnrD. Our findings show that the induction of the SOS response is due to nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in the presence of sub-MIC of aminoglycosides. We demonstrated that the NO accumulation is driven by two plasmid genes, ORF3 and ORF4, whose products act at two levels. ORF3 encodes a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding oxidoreductase which helps NO synthesis, while ORF4 codes for a putative fumarate and nitrate reductase (FNR)-type transcription factor, related to an O2-responsive regulator of hmp expression, able to repress the Hmp-mediated NO detoxification pathway of E. coli. Thus, this discovery, that other major classes of antibiotics may induce the SOS response could have worthwhile implications for antibiotic stewardship efforts in preventing the emergence of resistance.
Systematic analysis of naturally occurring insertions and deletions that alter transcription factor spacing identifies tolerant and sensitive transcription factor pairs
Authors: Shen Zeyang , Li Rick Z , Prohaska Thomas A , Hoeksema Marten A , Spann Nathan J , Tao Jenhan , Fonseca Gregory J , Le Thomas , Stolze Lindsey K , Sakai Mashito , Romanoski Casey E , Glass Christopher K
Published: January 2022

Regulation of gene expression requires the combinatorial binding of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) at promoters and enhancers. Prior studies showed that alterations in the spacing between TF binding sites can influence promoter and enhancer activity. However, the relative importance of TF spacing alterations resulting from naturally occurring insertions and deletions (InDels) has not been systematically analyzed. To address this question, we first characterized the genome-wide spacing relationships of 73 TFs in human K562 cells as determined by ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing). We found a dominant pattern of a relaxed range of spacing between collaborative factors, including 45 TFs exclusively exhibiting relaxed spacing with their binding partners. Next, we exploited millions of InDels provided by genetically diverse mouse strains and human individuals to investigate the effects of altered spacing on TF binding and local histone acetylation. These analyses suggested that spacing alterations resulting from naturally occurring InDels are generally tolerated in comparison to genetic variants directly affecting TF binding sites. To experimentally validate this prediction, we introduced synthetic spacing alterations between PU.1 and C/EBPβ binding sites at six endogenous genomic loci in a macrophage cell line. Remarkably, collaborative binding of PU.1 and C/EBPβ at these locations tolerated changes in spacing ranging from 5 bp increase to >30 bp decrease. Collectively, these findings have implications for understanding mechanisms underlying enhancer selection and for the interpretation of non-coding genetic variation.
Women Entrepreneurships’ Development in Imo State, Nigeria, Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Ofomata Chikodiri Festa
Published: January 2022

Empirical studies have found that developing countries are mostly affected by the whims of gender discrimination particularly against the women in their quest to be involveld in entrepreneurship activities and other economic ventures. Hence , the need to study Women Entrepreneurships’ Development in Imo State, Nigeria; Challenges and Prospects. Four hundred and fifty (450) women entrepreneurs from Imo State Nigeria were randomly selected from the list of registered women entrepreneurs in the three geopolitical zones of Imo State. A likert scale responses on questionnaire and rating scales were used to obtain the required data for the study. It deployed descriptive statistics and regression analysis for hypotheses testing. Findings reveal that, challenges (CHA) exerted significant negative influence on the women entrepreneurship development (WED) in Imo State, Nigeria. On the other hand, prospects (PRO) is a positive and significant function of WED. Results also reveal that, discriminatory laws and regulations (DLR) (with mean rank of 5.21) happens to be the highest challenge to women entrepreneurship in Imo State. While innovation (INNO) (with mean rank of 7.49) represents the highest Prospects for women entrepreneurship in Imo State. The study concluded that, the strength in the identified prospects will help curtail the gender biases in favour of the women. In all, dismantling of the discriminatory laws and regulations against women will produce the ultimate objective of economic growth and development. Consequently, the future of women entrepreneurship in Imo State, lies in those identified prospects. It recommended that government deliberate support programmes targeting the female folk will aid women entrepreneurship development. Thus, the more increase in participation by females in entrepreneurial activity will provide the required trajectory for development.
Photo‐Induced Dynamic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Based on Triphenyl Phosphonium Containing Polymers
Authors: Wang Chang , Zhang Yongfeng , Wang Zhonghao , Zheng Yan , Zheng Xian , Gao Liang , Zhou Qian , Hao Jinqiu , Pi Bingxue , Li Qiankun , Yang Chaolong , Li Youbing , Wang Kaiti , Zhao Yanli
Published: January 2022

Long‐lived room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) systems have become a research focus in the field of functional materials due to their fascinating luminescence properties. However, it is still an enormous challenge to realize RTP under ambient conditions, since RTP can be quenched easily by molecular oxygen. Herein, two polymer acceptors containing triphenyl phosphonium bromide salt are designed and synthesized successfully. They are then doped into a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix with donor molecules to form flexible films with long‐lived RTP. Interestingly, the long‐lived RTP performance is highly dependent on the grafting rate of the polymers. Upon increasing the grafting rate, the aggregation degree of polymer acceptors increases, further inhibiting the molecular movement in the aggregates and reducing nonradiative vibration deactivation of triplet excitons for achieving green long‐lived RTP. Meanwhile, the visualization of real information and complete pattern after 365 nm UV irradiation is demonstrated based on these long‐lived RTP systems, presenting application potential toward dynamic multilevel information encryption and display devices. This work provides an innovative principle for the activation of long‐lived RTP in the polymeric systems under ambient conditions.
Regional Pulsewidth and Delay Nonuniformity of Modulated 940 nm Vertical‐Cavity Surface‐Emitting Laser Array
Authors: Lo Wei-Chi , Wu Wei-Li , Cheng Chih-Hsien , Tsai Cheng-Ting , Kuo Hao-Chung , Lin Gong-Ru
Published: January 2022

Under pulsed modulation, the emission uniformity in terms of pulsewidth and delay of a 940 nm multimode vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (MM‐VCSEL) array is characterized by analyzing the position‐dependent pulsating and chirping dynamics among localized 600 VCSEL elements. In addition, the MM‐VCSEL array biased nearly threshold current (Ith) of 350 mA with a low resistance of 0.72 Ω reveals serious impedance mismatching with a high reflection coefficient (Γ) of −0.97. The MM‐VCSEL array biased below threshold (at Idc: ≈0.9 Ith) reveals low‐impedance and high‐capacitance behavior to result in large modulation reflection with allowable −3 dB bandwidth of 0.8 GHz. The nonuniform optical intensity and delay distribution among all MM‐VCSEL elements corroborate that the gradually enlarged inductance attenuates the modulation current away from bond wires. By modulating the 0.9Ith‐biased MM‐VCSEL array with an 127 ps‐wide electrical pulse with a peak amplitude of 15.3 V, a multimode fiber probe collects the single MM‐VCSEL output with average power, peak voltage, and pulsewidth of 0.08 mW, 25.1 mV, and 602 ps. The delay time as large as 273.4 ps between the nearest and farthest parts of local MM‐VCSEL elements in the array determines its impulse response and uniformity for applications.
Magnetoresponsive Optical Fiber with Fuse‐Effect‐Induced Fluorinated Graphene Oxide Core
Authors: Paixão Tiago , Belo João H. , Carvalho Alexandre F. , Amaral Vitor S. , Araújo João P. , Lee Heeyoung , Nakamura Kentaro , Mizuno Yosuke , André Paulo , Antunes Paulo
Published: January 2022

Optical fibers have been used massively in communications, specifically silica fibers for long‐distance communications and polymer optical fibers (POFs) for household use. Despite their numerous advantages, the use of optical fibers with high power signals can result in their permanent damage. In recent years, researchers have been studying this undesirable effect in order to develop optical fiber sensors for temperature and strain, but without fully understanding the fused material characteristics. Herein, the fused material in the POF is exhaustively studied by performing material and magnetic characterizations. The thorough material characterization allows to conclude that the fused fiber core is actually a fluorinated graphene oxide. Consequently, the POF fuse is revealed as an extremely easy and straightforward method to fabricate this material. It is also found that the fuse effect in POFs increases the magnetic susceptibility by almost 10 times, presenting a similar behavior to those of other fluorographene materials. Finally, a magnetic field sensor using the fused POF is developed, and a maximum sensitivity of 4.66 pm Oe−1 (for the range of 0–400 Oe) is obtained, which is one of the top records among the previous literature.
Handover management in software‐defined 5G small cell networks via long short‐term memory
Authors: Cicioğlu Murtaza , Çalhan Ali
Published: January 2022

5G and beyond communication technologies have started to spread around the world. Higher frequencies lead 5G base stations to have small coverage areas. Besides, the wireless network users have mobility and may move fast among the base stations. Software‐defined networking (SDN) is a promising network solution for dynamic and dense networks such as 5G networks. The handover process defines the transfer of mobile users' connections among the base stations and the handover has to happen frequently in ultra‐dense networks. In this study, we aim to construct a more robust handover based on long short‐term memory (LSTM) with SDN in terms of the number of handover and handover failures. LSTM, linear regression, support vector machine, and tree algorithms performances have been investigated for handover. According to the R2 values of LSTM, SVM, tree, linear regression results are obtained as 0.998, 0.980, 0.980, and 0.75, respectively. Root mean square error, coefficient of determination (R), mean squared error, and mean absolute deviation statistics prove the improvement of the handover mechanism. In the proposed approach, approximately 30% reduction in the HO failure ratio and 22.22% reduction number of handover have been observed.
Electro‐ and Photocatalytic Oxidative Upgrading of Bio‐based 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Meng Ye , Yang Song , Li Hu
Published: January 2022

Conversion of biomass into biofuels and high value‐added chemicals is a promising strategy to solve the increasingly deteriorating environmental problems caused by fossil energy consumption. The development of efficient technologies and methods is the premise and guarantee to realize the high‐value conversion of biomass. 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), as a versatile biomass platform compound, is generated via dehydration of hexoses (e. g., fructose and glucose) derived from cellulosic biomass. This Review gives an overview of the advances and challenges of electro‐ and photocatalytic oxidation of biomass‐derived HMF to high‐value chemicals such as 2,5‐formylfuran (DFF) and 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). These strategies and methods for the preparation of high‐value chemicals by electro‐ and photocatalytic oxidation of HMF, coupled with, for example, hydrogen evolution reaction, organic substrate reduction, CO2reduction reaction, or N2reduction reaction, were summarized and discussed. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency and mechanism of different types of catalysts were also introduced in these conversion systems.
Weight of evidence tools in the prediction of acute fish toxicity
Authors: Belanger Scott E. , Lillicrap Adam D. , Moe S. Jannicke , Wolf Raoul , Connors Kristin , Embry Michelle R.
Published: January 2022

Acute fish toxicity (AFT) is a key endpoint in nearly all regulatory implementations of environmental hazard assessments of chemicals globally. Although it is an early tier assay, the AFT assay is complex and uses many juvenile fish each year for the registration and assessment of chemicals. Thus, it is imperative to seek animal alternative approaches to replace or reduce animal use for environmental hazard assessments. A Bayesian Network (BN) model has been developed that brings together a suite of lines of evidence (LoEs) to produce a probabilistic estimate of AFT without the testing of additional juvenile fish. Lines of evidence include chemical descriptors, mode of action (MoA) assignment, knowledge of algal and daphnid acute toxicity, and animal alternative assays such as fish embryo tests and in vitro fish assays (e.g., gill cytotoxicity). The effort also includes retrieval, assessment, and curation of quality acute fish toxicity data because these act as the baseline of comparison with model outputs. An ideal outcome of this effort would be to have global applicability, acceptance and uptake, relevance to predominant fish species used in chemical assessments, be expandable to allow incorporation of future knowledge, and data to be publicly available. The BN model can be conceived as having incorporated principles of tiered assessment and whose outcomes will be directed by the available evidence in combination with prior information. We demonstrate that, as additional evidence is included in the prediction of a given chemical's ecotoxicity profile, both the accuracy and the precision of the predicted AFT can increase. Ultimately an improved environmental hazard assessment will be achieved. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1220–1234. © 2022 SETAC
Salinization of groundwater by irrigation return flows
Authors: Foster Stephen
Published: January 2022

Understanding and managing the impact of return flows to shallow groundwater from irrigated cultivation of permeable soils have been seriously neglected by agricultural researchers, advisors and water managers, and does not figure in practical guidance to farmers on soil and water management. An assessment of serious groundwater salinization by this mechanism is provided and illustrated by some researched examples. This assessment identifies the specific circumstances and key factors involved and makes suggestions on land and water management measures that can help to mitigate the problem.
Resolving issues related to target‐site resistance detection in Poa annua alpha‐tubulin
Authors: Rutland Claudia Ann , Russell Eli C. , Hall Nathan D. , Patel Jinesh , McElroy J. Scott
Published: January 2022

Advanced sequencing techniques have improved the ability to identify and understand target‐site resistance in herbicide‐resistant species. Despite innovations in sequencing, polyploid species can still face issues that are typically not seen in diploid species, often because of the presence of conflicting subgenomes. Further confounding the difficulties of polyploidy is the α‐tubulin gene, which has subgenomic duplication of gene family copies. Poa annua L., an allotetraploid, is a persistent weed in turfgrass that has developed resistance to multiple herbicide modes of action, including mitotic‐inhibiting herbicides. Sequencing α‐tubulin cannot be performed by simple Sanger sequencing to identify target‐site mutations because of frequent nucleotide conflictions between the numerous α‐tubulin copies present on both subgenomes, which was illustrated by vector cloning in combination with Sanger. Improved sequencing is needed to understand resistance to mitotic‐inhibiting herbicides. Amplicon sequencing via Illumina technology was used to identify target‐site mutations. Eighty‐two populations resistant to mitotic‐inhibiting herbicides were sequenced via next‐generation sequencing. Seventy‐five populations presented with the known single nucleotide polymorphism, Thr239Ile. The ability to successfully sequence and analyze α‐tubulin data provides a vehicle for further insight into herbicide resistance.
Pneumatosis intestinalis in abdominal CT: predictors of short-term mortality in patients with clinical suspicion of mesenteric ischemia
Authors: Graber Simon D. , Sinz Stefanie , Turina Matthias , Alkadhi Hatem
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) in the bowel wall demonstrated in computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen is unspecific and its prognostic relevance remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of short-term mortality in patients with suspected mesenteric ischemia who were referred to abdominal CT and showed PI.

Methods

In this retrospective, IRB-approved, single-centre study, CT scans and electronic medical records of 540 patients who were referred to abdominal CT with clinical suspicion of mesenteric ischemia were analysed. 109/540 (20%) patients (median age 66 years, 39 females) showed PI. CT findings were correlated with surgical and pathology reports (if available), with clinical and laboratory findings, and with patient history. Short-term outcome was defined as survival within 30 days after CT.

Results

PI was found in the stomach (n = 6), small bowel (n = 65), and colon (n = 85). Further gas was found in mesenteric (n = 54), portal (n = 19) and intrahepatic veins (n = 36). Multivariate analysis revealed that PI in the colon [odds ratio (OR) 2.86], elevated blood AST levels (OR 3.00), and presence of perfusion inhomogeneities in other abdominal organs (OR 3.38) were independent predictors of short-term mortality. Surgery had a positive effect on mortality (88% lower likelihood of mortality), similar to the presence of abdominal pain (65% lower likelihood).

Conclusions

Our study suggests that in patients referred for abdominal CT with clinical suspicion of mesenteric ischemia, location of PI in the colon, elevation of blood AST, and presence of perfusion inhomogeneities in parenchymatous organs are predictors of short-term mortality.

Graphical abstract
Occupational Therapy Interventions Using New Technologies in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review
Authors: Domínguez-Lucio S. , Compañ-Gabucio L. M. , Torres-Collado L. , de la Hera M. García
Published: January 2022

New technologies (NT) are increasingly used in Occupational Therapy (OT) interventions in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We conducted a scoping review to describe OT interventions investigated in scientific literature which use NT in children and adolescents with ASD. Two authors independently searched the scientific databases PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science, carried out a peer-review screening of articles and extracted data. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. OT interventions lasted between 1 week and 12 months, consisted of between 1 session per day and 5 sessions per week, were carried out exclusively by an occupational therapist, and the most used NT was the computer (n = 12). The duration of the interventions and assessment measures used varied greatly between studies.
Large-scale surgical workflow segmentation for laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy
Authors: Zhang Yitong , Bano Sophia , Page Ann-Sophie , Deprest Jan , Stoyanov Danail , Vasconcelos Francisco
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy is the gold standard procedure for the management of vaginal vault prolapse. Studying surgical skills and different approaches to this procedure requires an analysis at the level of each of its individual phases, thus motivating investigation of automated surgical workflow for expediting this research. Phase durations in this procedure are significantly larger and more variable than commonly available benchmarks such as Cholec80, and we assess these differences.

Methodology

We introduce sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models for coarse-level phase segmentation in order to deal with highly variable phase durations in Sacrocolpopexy. Multiple architectures (LSTM and transformer), configurations (time-shifted, time-synchronous), and training strategies are tested with this novel framework to explore its flexibility.

Results

We perform 7-fold cross-validation on a dataset with 14 complete videos of sacrocolpopexy. We perform both a frame-based (accuracy, F1-score) and an event-based (Ward metric) evaluation of our algorithms and show that different architectures present a trade-off between higher number of accurate frames (LSTM, Mode average) or more consistent ordering of phase transitions (Transformer). We compare the implementations on the widely used Cholec80 dataset and verify that relative performances are different to those in Sacrocolpopexy.

Conclusions

We show that workflow segmentation of Sacrocolpopexy videos has specific challenges that are different to the widely used benchmark Cholec80 and require dedicated approaches to deal with the significantly larger phase durations. We demonstrate the feasibility of seq2seq models in Sacrocolpopexy, a broad framework that can be further explored with new configurations. We show that an event-based evaluation metric is useful to evaluate workflow segmentation algorithms and provides complementary insight to the more commonly used metrics such as accuracy or F1-score.
A Combination of Aerobic Exercise at Fatmax and Low Resistance Training Increases Fat Oxidation and Maintains Muscle Mass, in Women Waiting for Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Picó-Sirvent Inés , Manresa-Rocamora Agustín , Aracil-Marco Adolfo , Moya-Ramón Manuel
Published: January 2022

Purpose

There is no consensus on the best exercise recommendation for women affected by severe obesity while they are waiting for bariatric surgery. For this reason, the effects of a combination of aerobic exercise performed at the intensity at which maximal fat oxidation is reached (Fatmax) with low-intensity resistance training were studied.

Materials and Methods

Twenty sedentary middle-aged Caucasian women (43.2 ± 7.5 years, BMI = 46.5 ± 5.9 kg·m−2) were allocated to a control group (CG, n = 10) that followed solely the conventional preoperative care or to an experimental group (EG, n = 10) that, in addition, performed a 12-week individualized and supervised physical activity program (PAP) that combined aerobic training at Fatmax with low-intensity resistance training.

Results

After the PAP, maximal fat oxidation during exercise increased in the EG (0.187 ± 0.068 vs 0.239 ± 0.080 g·min-1, p = 0.025, pre vs. post, respectively), but resting fat oxidation did not (0.088 ± 0.034 vs 0.092 ± 0.029 g·min-1, p = 0.685, pre vs. post, respectively). Additionally, the resting metabolic rate in the EG was also unchanged (1869 ± 406 vs. 1894 ± 336 kcal; p = 0.827, pre vs. post, respectively), probably because of the effects of resistance training on the maintenance of fat-free mass. No significant changes were observed in the CG.

Conclusion

A PAP that combines aerobic exercise at Fatmax with low resistance training may counteract some of the deleterious side effects of the standard presurgical care of women waiting for bariatric surgery and increase maximal fat oxidation during exercise.

Graphic Abstract
Molecular Biomarkers in Sinonasal Cancers: New Frontiers in Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Turri-Zanoni Mario , Gravante Giacomo , Castelnuovo Paolo
Published: January 2022

Purpose of Review

Sinonasal tumors are rare and heterogeneous diseases which pose challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Despite significant progress made in surgical, oncological, and radiotherapy fields, their prognosis still remains poor. Therefore, alternative strategies should be studied in order to refine diagnosis and improve patient care.

Recent Findings

In recent years, in-depth molecular studies have identified new biological markers, such as genetic abnormalities and epigenetic variations, which have allowed to refine diagnosis and predict prognosis. As a consequence, new histological entities have been described and specific subgroup stratifications within the well-known histotypes have been made possible. These discoveries have expanded indications for immunotherapy and targeted therapies in order to reduce tumor spread, thus representing a valuable implementation of standard treatments.

Recent findings in molecular biology have paved the way for better understanding and managing such rare and aggressive tumors. Although further efforts need to be made in this direction, expectations are promising.
Molecular Subgroups of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma: Biology and Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Weber Theresa , Schmitz Roland
Published: January 2022

Purpose of Review

Genomic analyses have immensely advanced our conception of the heterogeneity of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), resulting in subgroups with distinct molecular profiles. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the biology of DLBCL complexity and discuss the potential implications for precision medicine.

Recent Findings

During the last two decades, gene expression profiling, copy number analysis, and high throughput sequencing enabled the identification of molecular subclasses of DLBCL that are biologically and clinically meaningful. The resulting classifications provided novel prospects of diagnosis, prognostication, and therapeutic strategies for this aggressive disease.

The molecular characterization of DLBCL offers unprecedented insights into the biology of these lymphomas that can guide precision medicine. The knowledge of the molecular setup of an individual DLBCL patients enables prognostication of patients and will be useful to stratify patients in clinical trials. Future direction should focus to implement the molecular classifications of DLBCL in the clinical practice to evaluate their significance and scope using real-world data.
Assignment of Ala, Ile, LeuproS, Met, and ValproS methyl groups of the protruding domain of murine norovirus capsid protein VP1 using methyl–methyl NOEs, site directed mutagenesis, and pseudocontact shifts
Authors: Maass Thorben , Westermann Leon Torben , Creutznacher Robert , Mallagaray Alvaro , Dülfer Jasmin , Uetrecht Charlotte , Peters Thomas
Published: January 2022

The protruding domain (P-domain) of the murine norovirus (MNV) capsid protein VP1 is essential for infection. It mediates receptor binding and attachment of neutralizing antibodies. Protein NMR studies into interactions of the P-domain with ligands will yield insights not easily available from other biophysical techniques and will extend our understanding of MNV attachment to host cells. Such studies require at least partial NMR assignments. Here, we describe the assignment of about 70% of the Ala, Ile, LeuproS, Met, and ValproS methyl groups. An unfavorable distribution of methyl group resonance signals prevents complete assignment based exclusively on 4D HMQC-NOESY-HMQC experiments, yielding assignment of only 55 out of 100 methyl groups. Therefore, we created point mutants and measured pseudo contact shifts, extending and validating assignments based on methyl-methyl NOEs. Of note, the P-domains are present in two different forms caused by an approximate equal distribution of trans- and cis-configured proline residues in position 361.
Silicate minerals control the potential uses of phosphorus-laden mineral-engineered biochar as phosphorus fertilizers
Authors: Sornhiran Natcha , Aramrak Surachet , Prakongkep Nattaporn , Wisawapipat Worachart
Published: January 2022

Silicate minerals constitute the main components in silicon (Si)-rich biomass, affecting the phosphorus (P) adsorption and release competencies of mineral-engineered biochar; however, the mechanisms underlying their differences remain largely unresolved. To examine these interactions, we investigated the mineralogical compositions and quantified the P-adsorption capacities of Al-, Fe-, Mn-, Zn-, and Mg-engineered biochars from Si-rich rice husk material. The potential uses of P-laden mineral-engineered biochar for P fertilizers were assessed using citric acid extraction. The results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry revealed that mixed metal (oxyhydr)oxides and metal-silicate compounds precipitated in the biochar structure and acted as the main P adsorbents. Micro-crystalline silicates derived from the biomass-induced metal-silicate precipitates in all engineered biochars, which effectively retained the aqueous P with varying excellent capacities (25.6–46.5 mg/g) but relatively slow kinetics (48 h). The suitability of the Zn-, Mg-, Mn-, and Fe-biochars as P-recycled fertilizers was confirmed by the high amounts of citric acid extractable P (19–69% of the total P). Varying amounts of Zn, Mg, and Mn (34–47% of the total host metals) were also released from the engineered biochar through ligand-promoted dissolution. Our data shed light on the novel potential utilization of Mn-, Mg- and Zn-biochars from Si-rich biomass for P retrieval and their use for P, Mg, and micronutrient (Mn and Zn) fertilizers. Regarding the P removal capacity, the mineral-engineered biochar needed a longer adsorption period than conventional metal-engineered biochar.

Graphical Abstract
Communitarianism, Properly Understood
Authors: Chang Ya Lan
Published: January 2022

Communitarianism has been misunderstood. According to some of its proponents, it supports the ‘Asian values’ argument that rights are incompatible with communitarian Asia because it prioritises the collective interest over individual rights and interests. Similarly, its critics are sceptical of its normative appeal because they believe that communitarianism upholds the community’s wants and values at all costs. I dispel this misconception by providing an account of communitarianism, properly understood. It is premised on the idea that we are partially constituted by our communal attachments, or constitutive communities, which are a source of value to our lives. Given the partially constituted self, communitarianism advances the thin common good of inclusion. In this light, communitarianism, properly understood, is wholly compatible with rights, and is a potent source of solutions to controversial issues that plague liberal societies, such as the right of a religious minority to wear its religious garment in public.
Weight gain is associated with shorter lifespan: a longitudinal study of New Zealand soldiers serving in both world wars
Authors: Miecznikowski Monica , Roberts Evan
Published: January 2022

Obesity is an increasing public health concern with important mortality consequences. Weight gain or maximum adult BMI, not BMI at one point in time, has been shown to be an important risk factor in cohorts studied recently during an era of rapid increase in population levels of overweight and obesity. However, there is limited evidence on individual weight trajectories from cohorts born before the mid-twentieth century. Archival world war military personnel files from New Zealand are freely available online, and identify service in both wars. A pilot study of 316 soldiers confirmed the files contain sufficient information to examine health trajectories and lifespan. Because this cohort are now entirely deceased, nearly the entire sample can be found in death records to estimate the impact of weight increases on lifespan. Weight change over 20–30 years and its relationship with lifespan is examined using ordinary least squares regression. The study demonstrates that military records are a feasible source for collecting data on adult weight and health trajectories in the first half of the twentieth century. Although this sample is likely to be composed of men fitter than average, there is a clear pattern of increasing weight from early to mid-adulthood. Weight gain from early adulthood to middle-age was found to be more strongly associated with mortality than weight in early adulthood. A one unit increase in BMI over the inter-war period was found to be associated with an 8 month decline in lifespan. These results confirm that weight gain in adulthood has an important impact on mortality in an earlier birth cohort than previously studied, and that data exist to measure any changes more precisely over time.
A survey of the extraction and applications of causal relations
Authors: Drury Brett , Gonçalo Oliveira Hugo , de Andrade Lopes Alneu
Published: January 2022

Causationin written natural language can express a strong relationship between events and facts. Causation in the written form can be referred to as a causal relation where a cause event entails the occurrence of an effect event. A cause and effect relationship is stronger than a correlation between events, and therefore aggregated causal relations extracted from large corpora can be used in numerous applications such as question-answering and summarisation to produce superior results than traditional approaches. Techniques like logical consequence allow causal relations to be used in niche practical applications such as event prediction which is useful for diverse domains such as security and finance. Until recently, the use of causal relations was a relatively unpopular technique because the causal relation extraction techniques were problematic, and the relations returned were incomplete, error prone or simplistic. The recent adoption of language models and improved relation extractors for natural language such as Transformer-XL (Daiet al. (2019).Transformer-xl: Attentive language models beyond a fixed-length context. arXiv preprintarXiv:1901.02860) has seen a surge of research interest in the possibilities of using causal relations in practical applications. Until now, there has not been an extensive survey of the practical applications of causal relations; therefore, this survey is intended precisely to demonstrate the potential of causal relations. It is a comprehensive survey of the work on the extraction of causal relations and their applications, while also discussing the nature of causation and its representation in text.
China and Peacekeeping: Unfolding the Political and Legal Complexities of an Ambivalent Relationship
Authors: BARELLI Mauro
Published: January 2022

In the past decade China's engagement with UN peacekeeping has intensified. In particular, Beijing has supported and participated in peace operations that were not fully compatible with the consensual, impartial, and non-coercive models of peacekeeping traditionally employed by the United Nations. China's endorsement of offensive and intrusive missions is not inconsequential, given that it clashes with its professed adherence to rigid interpretations of the principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and the non-use of force in international relations. This article suggests that to make sense of China's involvement in unconventional peacekeeping operations one must examine the broader process of foreign policy recalibration that is redefining the interests and priorities of the country as a new great power. Furthermore, by examining China's ambivalent approach to the principles that have traditionally defined the legal framework of UN peacekeeping, this article highlights the opportunities and challenges that China will face as a provider of international security.