bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isocyanate‐chitin modified microspheres for chiral drug separation in high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wang Yue , Lv Shuai , Cong Hailin , Shen Youqing , Yu Bing
Published: April 2024

In this work, a two‐step activated swelling technique was effectively employed to successfully synthesize monodisperse porous poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) (PS‐DVB) particles. Diazoresin (DR) transform an ionic bond into a covalent bond by photoreaction. Under ultraviolet irradiation, DR was used to covalently attach dichlorophenyl isocyanate to sulfonated PS‐DVB microspheres. The novel photo‐crosslinking reaction effectively overcomes the toxicity issues associated with conventional coupling agents and enables green production of chromatographic fillers. Modified PS‐DVB particles were indeed commonly used as filler material for the separation of chiral compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The porous modified microspheres designed effectively separate benzoone, DL‐mandelic acid, 2‐phenylcyclohexanone, ibuprofen, 2‐hydroxyl flavone, DL‐cysteine, chloraniline maleate, hesperidin, and other chiral compounds by 100 mm column. It is noteworthy that the isocyanate‐chitin modified microspheres are effective in separating chiral drugs (1000 μg/mL) within 5 min. Compared with ordinary microspheres, porous isocyanate‐chitin modified microspheres showed better separation efficiency under the same conditions. The enhancement is attributed to the increase in their specific surface area. Consequently, they are a better choice of chromatographic packing matrix.
Unique Interplay Between Antinuclear Antibodies and Nuclear Molecules in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Pisetsky David S.
Published: April 2024

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease that primarily affects young women and causes a wide range of inflammatory manifestations. The hallmark of SLE is the production of antibodies to components of the cell nucleus (antinuclear antibodies [ANAs]). These antibodies can bind to DNA, RNA, and protein complexes with nucleic acids. Among ANAs, antibodies to DNA (anti‐DNA) are markers for classification and disease activity, waxing and waning disease activity in many patients. In the blood, anti‐DNA antibodies can bind to DNA to form immune complexes with two distinct roles in pathogenesis: (1) renal deposition to provoke nephritis and (2) stimulation of cytokine production following uptake into innate immune cells and interaction with internal nucleic acid sensors. These sensors are part of an internal host defense system in the cell cytoplasm that can respond to DNA from infecting organisms; during cell stress, DNA from nuclear and mitochondrial sources can also trigger these sensors. The formation of immune complexes requires a source of extracellular DNA in an immunologically accessible form. As shown in in vivo and in vitro systems, extracellular DNA can emerge from dead and dying cells in both a free and a particulate form. Neutrophils undergoing the process of NETosis can release DNA in mesh‐like structures called neutrophil extracellular traps. In SLE, therefore, the combination of ANAs and immunologically active DNA can create new structures that can promote inflammation throughout the body as well as drive organ inflammation and damage.
American College of Rheumatology and Food and Drug Administration Summit: Summary of the Meeting, May 17–18, 2022
Authors: Kay Jonathan , Nikolov Nikolay P. , Weisman Michael H. ,   for the American College of Rheumatology Committee on Research
Published: April 2024

The American College of Rheumatology and the US Food and Drug Administration co‐sponsored a public meeting in May 2022 about challenges in the clinical development of drugs for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), focusing on innovative clinical trial designs, outcome measures, and data collection methods. Recommendations include early dose‐ranging studies and use of active comparators. Challenges and opportunities in assessing long‐term safety by leveraging real‐world data from electronic health records (EHRs) and claims data are discussed, along with insights from European registries and the evolving role of real‐world evidence and artificial intelligence in regulatory evaluations. Endpoints for assessing disease activity and outcome measures used in RA and PsA trials are explored, emphasizing challenges in defining remission, assessing clinical response, and evaluating structural progression. The need for outcome measures that better reflect treatment targets and the potential of advanced imaging in future trials are highlighted. Challenges with placebo‐controlled trials in RA are discussed and use of non‐inferiority clinical trial design, in which new drugs are evaluated with active comparators, is proposed. Pragmatic trials in RA and PsA, employing decentralized approaches, are highlighted for their real‐world relevance and administrative efficiencies. Strategies for identifying at‐risk populations for RA and the challenges of using EHRs and insurance claims data in drug development are discussed. Registry data and digital health technologies show promise in bridging the gap between clinical trials and real‐world effectiveness.
Nerolidol rescues hippocampal injury of diabetic rats through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and regulation of MAPK/AKT pathway
Authors: Lei Yining , Li Manqin , Liu Xinran , Zhang Lu , Zhang Ruyi , Cai Fei
Published: April 2024

Despite the observation of diabetes‐induced brain tissue damage and impaired learning and memory, the underlying mechanism of damage remains elusive, and effective, targeted therapeutics are lacking. Notably, the NLRP3 inflammasome is highly expressed in the hippocampus of diabetic individuals. Nerolidol, a naturally occurring compound with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been identified as a potential therapeutic option for metabolic disorders. However, the ameliorative capacity of nerolidol on diabetic hippocampal injury and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. Network pharmacology and molecular docking was used to predict the signaling pathways and therapeutic targets of nerolidol for the treatment of diabetes. Then established a diabetic rat model using streptozotocin (STZ) combined with a high‐fat diet and nerolidol was administered. Morris water maze to assess spatial learning memory capacity. Hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining was used to detect neuronal damage in the diabetic hippocampus. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the extent of damage to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and synapses. Immunofluorescence was used to detect GFAP, IBA1, and NLRP3 expression in the hippocampus. Western blot was used to detect apoptosis (Bcl‐2, BAX, and Cleaved‐Caspase‐3); synapses (postsynaptic densifying protein 95, SYN1, and Synaptophysin); mitochondria (DRP1, OPA1, MFN1, and MFN2); ER (GRP78, ATF6, CHOP, and caspase‐12); NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC, and caspase‐1); inflammatory cytokines (IL‐18, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α); AKT (P‐AKT); and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (P‐ERK, P‐p38, and P‐JNK) related protein expression. Network pharmacology showed that nerolidol's possible mechanisms for treating diabetes are the MAPK/AKT pathway and anti‐inflammatory effects. Animal experiments demonstrated that nerolidol could improve blood glucose, blood lipids, and hippocampal neuronal damage in diabetic rats. Furthermore, nerolidol could improve synaptic, mitochondrial, and ER damage in the hippocampal ultrastructure of diabetic rats by potentially affecting synaptic, mitochondrial, and ER‐related proteins. Further studies revealed that nerolidol decreased neuroinflammation, NLRP3 and inflammatory factor expression in hippocampal tissue while also decreasing MAPK pathway expression and enhancing AKT pathway expression. However, nerolidol improves hippocampal damage in diabetic rats cannot be shown to improve cognitive function. In conclusion, our study reveals for the first time that nerolidol can ameliorate hippocampal damage, neuroinflammation, synaptic, ER, and mitochondrial damage in diabetic rats. Furthermore, we suggest that nerolidol may inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and affected the expression of MAPK and AKT. These findings provide a new experimental basis for the use of nerolidol to ameliorate diabetes‐induced brain tissue damage and the associated disease.
Rainbow screening: Chromoproteins enable visualized molecular cloning
Authors: Ba Fang , Zhang Yufei , Liu Wan‐Qiu , Li Jian
Published: April 2024

Molecular cloning facilitates the assembly of heterologous DNA fragments with vectors, resulting in the generation of plasmids that can steadily replicate in host cells. To efficiently and accurately screen out the expected plasmid candidates, various methods, such as blue‐white screening, have been developed for visualization. However, these methods typically require additional genetic manipulations and costs. To simplify the process of visualized molecular cloning, here we report Rainbow Screening, a method that combines Gibson Assembly with chromoproteins to distinguish Escherichia coli (E. coli) colonies by naked eyes, eliminating the need for additional genetic manipulations or costs. To illustrate the design, we select both E. coli 16s rRNA and sfGFP expression module as two inserted fragments. Using Rainbow Screening, false positive colonies can be easily distinguished on LB‐agar plates. Moreover, both the assembly efficiency and the construct accuracy can exceed 80%. We anticipate that Rainbow Screening will enrich the molecular cloning methodology and expand the application of chromoproteins in biotechnology and synthetic biology.
State diagrams of green peas (Pisum sativum L.) powders with different maltodextrin additions
Authors: Stępień Anna , Witczak Mariusz
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of maltodextrin addition on the physical stability of powdered green peas. The evaluation of the physical state of the material was based on the equilibrium water content of the monolayer (Xm) and the glass transition temperatures of the powders at room temperature (Tg) and in the frozen state (Tg'). Graphical sorption characteristic at 25°C was determined using static—gravimetric method while capacity of the monolayer values was calculated from the mathematical GAB model. Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out in order to determine glass transition lines and freezing curves which combine together were used to plot state diagrams. Relationship between Tg and solid content were shown by using Gordon–Taylor model. Freezing data were modeled employing the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and its development—Chen model. Sorption isotherms showed sigmoidal shape characteristic for high‐molecular weight materials. Monolayer moisture content varied between 0.047 and 0.106 g water/g solids. The glass transition temperature of anhydrous green peas increased in from 89.9 to 175.6°C while Tg′ value changed from −43.4 to −26.6°C to as a result of 75% polysaccharide addition. The ultimate maximum‐freeze‐concentration conditions of the powders were observed in range from 0.783 to 0.814 g solids/g sample. Monolayer capacity, Tg and Tg′ values increased with increasing maltodextrin amount in the sample which indicates that the addition of starch hydrolysate has a beneficial effect on the stability of powders stored frozen and at room temperature.
Multicenter registry study of cerebral venous thrombosis in china (RETAIN‐CH): Rationale and design
Authors: Bian Hetao , Wang Xia , Liu Lan , Yan Feng , Lu Shan , Hui Wen , Zhou Chen , Duan Jiangang , Li Min , Chen Jian , Meng Ran , Cao Lei , Wang Longde , Ji Xunming
Published: April 2024

Background and rationale

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare cerebrovascular disorder that mainly affects young and middle‐aged adults. Epidemiological data on the incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CVT are lacking in China. In addition, there is a lack of evidence from large, multicenter, real‐world studies on the efficacy and safety of endovascular.

Aim

To understand the incidence, diagnosis and treatment status of CVT in China and to estimate the effectiveness and safety of endovascular treatment in the real‐world.

Methods

A multicenter, retrospective observational cohort study will be conducted on CVT patient records from 104 hospitals, between January 1, 2018 and June 30, 2022, identified using a 2‐stage cluster sampling design based on per capita gross domestic product. Each enrolled participant is required to complete a further follow‐up, which includes the current situation and the assessment at 3 and 12 months after discharge.

Study outcomes

The outcomes of this study will include the current status of the incidence, pathogenesis, etiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of CVT in China, as well as the effectiveness and safety of endovascular treatment in the real‐world.

Discussion

Results from this study will provide evidence on the incidence, specific risk factors, symptomatic and imaging features, and clinical outcomes of CVT in China as well as indicate whether endovascular treatment is superior to medical management alone for patients with acute CVT in the real‐world.

Trial registration

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Identifier

NCT05448248
Prognostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in immune checkpoint inhibitor‐associated myocarditis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Song Wenhua , Zhang Nan , Lv Tonglian , Zhao Yang , Li Guangping , Tse Gary , Liu Tong
Published: April 2024

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are increasingly used in the first‐line treatment of malignant tumors. There is increasing recognition of their cardiotoxicity and, in particular, their potential to lead to myocarditis. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can quantify pathological changes, such as myocardial edema and fibrosis. The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to examine the evidence for the roles of CMR in predicting prognosis in ICI‐associated myocarditis.

Methods

PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched until October 2023 for published works investigating the relationship between CMR parameters and adverse events in patients with ICI‐associated myocarditis. The analysis included studies reporting the incidence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), T1 values, T2 values, and CMR‐derived left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Odds ratios (OR) and weighted mean differences (WMD) were combined for binary and continuous data, respectively. Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies.

Results

Five cohort studies were included (average age 65–68 years; 25.4% female). Of these, four studies were included in the meta‐analysis of LGE‐related findings. Patients with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) had a higher incidence of LGE compared with patients without MACE (OR = 4.18, 95% CI: 1.72–10.19, p = 0.002). A meta‐analysis, incorporating data from two studies, showed that patients who developed MACE exhibited significantly higher T1 value (WMD = 36.16 ms, 95% CI: 21.43–50.89, p < 0.001) and lower LVEF (WMD = − 8.00%, 95% CI: −13.60 to −2.40, p = 0.005). Notably, T2 value (WMD = −0.23 ms, 95% CI: −1.86 to −1.39, p = 0.779) was not associated with MACE in patients with ICI‐related myocarditis.

Conclusions

LGE, T1 value, and LVEF measured by CMR imaging have potential prognostic value for long‐term adverse events in patients with ICI‐related myocarditis.
Know how to respond to concerns student‐athletes have about coaches
Authors: O’Brien Timothy
Published: April 2024

Whether players are ultimately considered student‐athletes or employees, a recent lawsuit filed by a member of the University of Mississippi's football team illustrates the types of claims that may be brought in response to a typical personnel decision made by coaches.
The Capacity of Alkali‐Activated Industrial Wastes in Novel Sustainable Ceramic Membranes
Authors: Shiwa Sina , Khosravi Arash , Mohammadi Farzaneh , Abbasi Mohsen , Sillanpää Mika
Published: April 2024

Novel ceramic membranes present unquestionable potential in wastewater treatment among the emerging technologies, while a few challenges such as cost, energy consumption, durability, and resistance in harsh mediums still limit their commercialization. Here, we review the capability of available industrial aluminosilicate waste materials in the fabrication of novel ceramic membranes using green and economical alkali‐activation synthesis method. The different sources of alkali‐activated aluminosilicate wastes including ashes, mining wastes, glass and ceramic wastes, slags, construction wastes, industrial byproducts, and agricultural wastes are introduced and the chemistry of geopolymers is reviewed. In this review, the major points are the following. 1) The alkali‐activated structures present reasonable chemical, frost, carbonation, and mechanical resistance as well as the ability to immobilize the toxic materials. 2) The synthesis aspects of porous and nonporous alkali‐activated ceramic membranes are explored by characterization methods. Furthermore, the durability analysis in harsh environments reveals that alkali‐activated ceramic membranes possess high resistance against acidic, alkaline, and other antifouling chemical washing methods. In summary, it is demonstrated that the studied membranes have an undeniable capability in the separation of organic solvents in the pervaporation process as well as toxic material removal from water with high ion‐exchange capacity.
Developments, Novel Concepts, and Challenges of Current Collectors: From Conventional Lithium Batteries to All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Zhang Ying , Jing Shenghao , Shen Huaqing , Li Sijia , Huang Yuting , Shen Yuxing , Liu Siliang , Zhang Zongliang , Liu Fangyang
Published: April 2024

With the innovation and evolution of lithium batteries, different active materials are loaded onto the current collectors, leading to remarkable changes in the components that directly interact with the current collectors. The surface/interface of current collectors in lithium batteries is gradually becoming one of the key factors to improve the overall performance. The thickness, material composition, surface morphology, and intrinsic properties of current collectors are crucial for understanding chemo‐mechanical changes during electrochemical reactions. Despite the widely acknowledged importance of highly efficient electron transportation and improved interfacial performance of current collectors as one of the determinants of exceptional lithium battery performance, insufficient attention has been given to exploring targeted design strategies for current collectors used in various lithium batteries. Particularly, as the development of solid‐state lithium batteries in full swing, there are limited studies focused on current collectors in all‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). This review introduces recent advancements in current collector technology, while highlighting both similarities and differences between negative current collectors applied in conventional lithium batteries and ASSLBs. Furthermore, we propose promising prospects for utilization of alloy materials as next‐generation negative current collectors.
Classification and Identification of Perfume Scents by an Enantioselective Colorimetric Sensor Array of Chiral Metal‐Organic‐Framework‐Based Fabry‐Pérot Films
Authors: Zhan Kuo , Kanj Anemar Bruno , Heinke Lars
Published: April 2024

Many odors, like perfumes, are complex mixtures of chiral and achiral molecules where the cost‐efficient (enantio−)selective sensing represents a major technical challenge. Here, we present a colorimetric sensor array of surface‐mounted metal‐organic‐framework (SURMOF) films in Fabry‐Pérot (FP) cavities. The optical properties of the FP‐SURMOF films with different chiral and achiral structures are affected by the (enantio−)selective adsorption of the analytes in the SURMOF pores, resulting in different responses to the analyte molecules. The read‐out of the sensor array is performed by the digital camera of a common smartphone, where the RGB values are determined. By analyzing the sensor array data with simple machine learning algorithms, the analytes are discriminated. After demonstrating the enantioselective response for a pair of pure chiral odor molecules, we apply the sensor array to detect and discriminate a large number (16) of common commercial perfumes and eau de toilettes. While our untrained human nose is not able to discriminate all perfumes, the presented colorimetric sensor array can classify all perfumes with great classification accuracy. Moreover, the sensor array was used to identify unlabeled samples correctly. We foresee such an FP‐chiral‐SURMOF‐based sensor array as a powerful approach toward inexpensive selective odors sensing applications.
Thiourea‐Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrochemical Biosensor for Ultra‐Precise Detection of Dopamine
Authors: Jaryal Vishal Bharati , Kumar Sachin , Singh Dilbag , Gupta Neeraj
Published: April 2024

Functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have enticed remarkable attention in the field of electrochemical sensing applications. Dopamine (DA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter released in the brain acting as a chemical messenger that communicates messages between nerve cells and rest of the body. Therefore, there is a significant technological urge for the development of electrochemical sensors for DA in body fluids. In this context, nitrogen‐functionalized MWCNTs (TM‐CNT600) were fabricated by thermal annealing of carboxylic acid functionalized MWCNTs with thiourea at 600 °C under N2 atmosphere. The XPS spectrum reveals the presence of nitrogen‐containing functionalities in the as‐prepared TM‐CNT600. FTIR results show the presence of −OH, C−N and C−S functional groups. XPS further corroborates the FTIR results and quantifies the predominant functional groups in as‐prepared material. The material was investigated as a potential electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine (DA). In the case of TM‐CNT600/GCE, a linear relationship for DA concentration was observed in the range of 10.7–24.2 μM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.42 μM using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). These results highlight the potential of TM‐CNT600 modified GCE as an efficient sensor for the electrochemical detection of DA in body fluids.
The Effect of Lipopolysaccharides on the Electrostatic Properties of Gram‐Negative General Porins from Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Ceccarelli Matteo , Milenkovic Stefan , Bodrenko Igor V.
Published: April 2024

We investigated, by using all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations, the effect of the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria, composed in the outer leaflet by polar/charged lipopolysaccharides (LPS), on the electrostatic properties of general porins from the Enterobacteriaceae family. General porins constitute the main path for the facilitated diffusion of polar antibiotics through the outer membrane. As model system we selected OmpK36 from Klebsiella pneumoniae, the ortholog of OmpC from Escherichia coli. This species presents high variability of amino acid composition of porins, with the effect to increase its resistance to the penetration of antibiotics. The various properties we analyzed seem to indicate that LPS acts as an independent layer without affecting the internal electrostatic properties of OmpK36. The only apparent effect on the microsecond time scale we sampled is the appearance of calcium ions, when present at moderate concentration in solution, inside the pore. However, we noticed increased fluctuations of the polarization density and only minor changes on its average value.
Hierarchical Ni3V2O8@N‐Doped Carbon Hollow Double‐Shell Microspheres for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Zhao Yu , Li Xiaobin , Li Ning , Zhang Dongqiang , Ma Haowen , Zhan Xuecheng , Zhao Shiling
Published: April 2024

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are highly dense in energy and considered as promising anode materials for a new generation of alkaline ion batteries. However, their electrode structure is disrupted due to significant volume changes during charging and discharging, resulting in the short cycle life of batteries. In this paper, the hierarchical Ni3V2O8@N‐doped carbon (Ni3V2O8@NC) hollow double‐shell microspheres were prepared and used as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The utilization efficiency and ion transfer rate of Ni3V2O8 were improved by the hollow microsphere structure formed through nanoparticle self‐assembly. Furthermore, the uniform N‐doped carbon layer not only enhanced the structural stability of Ni3V2O8, but also improved the overall electrical conductivity of the composite. The Ni3V2O8@NC electrode has an initial discharge capacity of up to 1167.3 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.3 A g−1, a reversible capacity of up to 726.5 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles, and still has a capacity of 567.6 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1, indicating that the material has good cycle stability and high‐rate capability. This work presents new findings on the design and fabrication of complex porous double‐shell nanostructures.
An optimized meta‐heuristic clustering‐based routing scheme for secured wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kiran Kumar G , K Prashanth S , Padmalatha E , Venkata Krishna Reddy M , Rama Devi N , Abualigah Laith , Chithaluru Premkumar , Kumar Manoj
Published: April 2024

Privacy and security present significant challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In order to enhance security, the sensor network is equipped with high throughput. While the importance of both source node (SN) and base station (BS) location privacy and security is acknowledged, recent research has predominantly focused on location privacy. Addressing this gap, the geometric zigzag bidirectional tree effectively tackles privacy and security threats at both the SN and BS locations. Future iterations of WSN are anticipated to integrate additional functionalities to meet diverse requirements in real‐world applications. The absence of robust security constraints leads to an unpredictable sensor network setup. This article aims to reduce energy consumption (EC) while simultaneously enhancing network security and connectivity. To address security challenges in WSN, we propose an optimized meta‐heuristic clustering‐based privacy key‐agreement routing technique. In the suggested system, a gateway‐based network is constructed to devise a key arrangement protocol that promotes privacy during communication. The proposed routing strategy involves forming clusters of sensor nodes (
), facilitating the efficient selection of cluster heads (CHs) that prioritize nodes with the least modification. This effectively addresses the EC problem. A comprehensive performance evaluation is conducted, considering improvements in energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end‐to‐end delay (
delay), and EC.
Patterns of avian tree usage in the primeval temperate forests of Białowieża National Park
Authors: Karpińska Oliwia , Kamionka‐Kanclerska Katarzyna , Czortek Patryk , Dyderski Marcin K. , Czeszczewik Dorota
Published: April 2024

Species distribution and resource utilization are a fundamental aspect of ecology. By analyzing the tree space usage by birds and determining the species composition of birds across different parts of trees, our study could shed light on the mechanisms shaping co‐occurrence patterns in bird communities. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the species composition of birds across different parts of trees. We investigated whether species richness differs between positions on a tree and how these positions influence the probability of occurrence of the 10 most frequently observed bird species. To achieve this, we observed birds within permanent plots in Białowieża National Park (BNP) and analyzed the distribution patterns of birds within six vertical and three horizontal sectors of trees. The compositional dissimilarity between tree sectors was assessed using detrended correspondence analysis. We employed generalized linear mixed‐effects models to examine differences in species richness. The majority of the BNP bird community was associated with the branches, while other birds occupied the tree crown trunks and the understory trunks. Species richness was the highest on branches in the crown part of trees, followed by lower species richness on trunks associated with crowns, and the lowest richness was observed on branches and trunks in the understory. These results indicate that branches in the middle and lower parts of the crown serve as avian diversity hotspots on trees, likely due to the abundance of various food sources. The differing patterns of tree usage by specific bird species may suggest the avoidance of interspecific competition for resources. The study results of tree usage by bird species obtained in the primeval forest provides a reference point for studies conducted in human‐altered woods.
Short‐wavelength‐sensitive 1 (SWS1) opsin gene duplications and parallel visual pigment tuning support ultraviolet communication in damselfishes (Pomacentridae)
Authors: Stieb Sara M. , Cortesi Fabio , Mitchell Laurie , Jardim de Queiroz Luiz , Marshall N. Justin , Seehausen Ole
Published: April 2024

Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) are one of the most behaviourally diverse, colourful and species‐rich reef fish families. One remarkable characteristic of damselfishes is their communication in ultraviolet (UV) light. Not only are they sensitive to UV, they are also prone to have UV‐reflective colours and patterns enabling social signalling. Using more than 50 species, we aimed to uncover the evolutionary history of UV colour and UV vision in damselfishes. All damselfishes had UV‐transmitting lenses, expressed the UV‐sensitive SWS1 opsin gene, and most displayed UV‐reflective patterns and colours. We find evidence for several tuning events across the radiation, and while SWS1 gene duplications are generally very rare among teleosts, our phylogenetic reconstructions uncovered two independent duplication events: one close to the base of the most species‐rich clade in the subfamily Pomacentrinae, and one in a single Chromis species. Using amino acid comparisons, we found that known spectral tuning sites were altered several times in parallel across the damselfish radiation (through sequence change and duplication followed by sequence change), causing repeated shifts in peak spectral absorbance of around 10 nm. Pomacentrinae damselfishes expressed either one or both copies of SWS1, likely to further finetune UV‐signal detection and differentiation. This highly advanced and modified UV vision among damselfishes, in particular the duplication of SWS1 among Pomacentrinae, might be seen as a key evolutionary innovation that facilitated the evolution of the exuberant variety of UV‐reflectance traits and the diversification of this coral reef fish lineage.
Surviving at the highest and coldest: Nutritional and chemical components of fallback foods for Yunnan snub‐nosed monkeys
Authors: Pan Hao , Hou Rong , Zhang He , Li Yanpeng , Huang Zhipang , Cui Liangwei , Xiao Wen
Published: April 2024

Fallback foods (FBF), categorized into staple and filler types, are suboptimal food sources chosen by animals in response to a scarcity of preferred food items during specific periods. Using lichens as FBF by Yunnan snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) represents a distinctive ecological adaptation and evolutionary development within nonhuman primates. This study delves into the annual dietary choices of the species to address issues, elucidate the nutritional value, and understand the ecological significance of lichens for this primate species, which resides at the highest altitudes and experiences the coldest weather among global primates. The findings reveal that the lichens consumed by the monkeys serve as the staple FBF, with Bryoria spp. and Usnea longissima being the primary dietary species. The former is the preferred choice, providing higher digestible fiber (neutral detergent fiber) levels but lower tannin, fat, ADF, and energy levels. During the dry season, lichens dominate as the monkeys' primary food and nutritional resources. In the wet season, they act as a fundamental food selection rather than an ideal dietary choice, substituting nutrients from fruits, seeds, and leaves. Compared to other Asian colobine counterparts, this species exhibits the highest lichen consumption but the lowest proportions of leaves, flowers, and seeds. This study provides valuable evidence and information for developing or amending conservation strategies and guidelines for the dietary management of captive breeding of monkeys, one of the world's critically endangered primate species.
Larval swimming in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is sensitive to a broad light spectrum and exhibits a wavelength‐dependent behavioral switch
Authors: Lilly Emma , Muscala Meghan , Sharkey Camilla R. , McCulloch Kyle J.
Published: April 2024

In nearly all animals, light‐sensing mediated by opsin visual pigments is important for survival and reproduction. Eyeless light‐sensing systems, though vital for many animals, have received relatively less attention than forms with charismatic or complex eyes. Despite no single light‐sensing organ, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis has 29 opsin genes and multiple light‐mediated behaviors throughout development and reproduction, suggesting a deceptively complex light‐sensing system. To characterize one aspect of this light‐sensing system, we analyzed larval swimming behavior at high wavelength resolution across the ultraviolet and visual spectrum. N. vectensis larvae respond to light at least from 315 to 650 nm, which is a broad sensitivity range even compared to many animals with complex eyes. Planktonic swimming is induced by ultraviolet (UV) and violet wavelengths until 420 nm. Between 420 and 430 nm a behavioral switch occurs where at wavelengths longer than 430 nm, larvae respond to light by swimming down. Swimming down toward the substrate is distinct from light avoidance, as animals do not exhibit positive or negative phototaxis at any wavelength tested. At wavelengths longer than 575 nm, animals in the water column take increasingly longer to respond and this behavior is more variable until 650 nm where larval response is no different from the dark, suggesting these longer wavelengths lie outside of their sensitivity range. Larval swimming is the only motile stage in the life history of N. vectensis, and increased planktonic swimming could lead to greater dispersal range in potentially damaging shallow environments with short‐wavelength light exposure. Longer wavelength environments may indicate more suitable substrates for metamorphosis into the polyp stage, where the individual will remain for the rest of its life. Future work will test whether this robust behavior is mediated by multiple opsins.
Enhanced fingerprint pattern classification: Integrating attention modules with lightweight deep learning models
Authors: Mukoya Esther , Rimiru Richard , Kimwele Michael
Published: April 2024

Large fingerprint databases can make the automated search process tedious and time‐consuming. Fingerprint pattern classification is a significant step in the identification system's complexity in terms of time and speed. Although several fingerprint algorithms have been developed for classification tasks, further improvements in performance and efficiency are still required. Most of the fingerprint algorithms use deep learning techniques. However, some deep learning techniques can be resource‐intensive and computationally expensive, while others can disregard the spatial relationships between the features used in classifying fingerprint patterns. This study proposes using lightweight deep learning models (i.e., MobileNet and EfficientNet‐B0) integrated with attention modules to classify fingerprint patterns. The two lightweight models are modified, yielding MobileNet+ and EfficientNet‐B0+ models. The lightweight deep learning models can help achieve optimal performance and reduce computational complexity. The attention modules focus on distinctive features for classification. Our proposed approach integrates four attention modules for fingerprint pattern classification into two lightweight deep learning models, that is, MobileNet+ and EfficientNet‐B0+. To evaluate our approach, we use two publicly available fingerprint datasets, that is, the NIST special database 301 dataset and the LivDet dataset. The evaluation results show that the EfficientNet‐B0+ model achieves the highest classification accuracy of 97% with only 854,086 training parameters. As a conclusion, we consider the training parameters small enough for the EfficientNet‐B0+ model to be deployed on low‐resource devices.
Inferring channel incision in gravel‐bed rivers: Integrating LiDAR data, historical aerial photographs and drone‐based SfM topo‐bathymetry
Authors: Rusnák Miloš , Kaňuk Ján , Kidová Anna , Lehotský Milan , Piégay Hervé , Sládek Ján , Michaleje Lukáš
Published: April 2024

Channel incision is an evident trend for river evolution in many European rivers and notably the Western Carpathians, whose former braided and multichannel wandering river system is transforming into a single‐thread channel, but it is often difficult to separate drivers and determine if incision is finished or is still ongoing. To overpass these research gaps, this paper presents an innovative approach to assess the multidecadal incision of the Belá River in the Western Carpathians since 1949 by LiDAR‐based analyses of floodplain surfaces above the river channel dated from historical aerial images. Detailed analyses of ongoing incision were also calculated based on DEM of differences (DoD) using Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) photogrammetry‐derived topo‐bathymetric models. The study applied the BACI (Before‐After‐Control‐Impact) approach that compared pre‐state (Before), post‐state (After) and reach (Control) that is not affected by potential external effects with degraded (impacted) reach to be able to distinguish the driver effects. Floodplain channel surface analyses indicate the maximum incision up to 4 m and incision rate of 5.7 cm/year that occurred in the most degraded reach. Moreover, cross‐section profiles point to accelerated incision of 24.5 cm/year in the last 10 years (2011–2021) by the propagation of incision upstream. Overall, the net changes from the UAV survey pointed to 22 759 m3 of gravel sediments, constituting outwash from the 1.6 km long channel system (2015–2022) by incision, whereas analyses of historical channel surfaces estimated erosion of 573 303 m3 from impacted reaches between 1949 and 2020. Incision evidence is only observed in the downstream part below the control section due to local drivers (channel regulation, comprising embankment and gravel mining that activated a backward erosion of the system with knickpoint migration upstream). This analysis shows the benefits of combining different sources of data to separate long‐term and ongoing channel responses and the BACI‐approach to better target cause–effect relationships in space and time.
Losing flow in free‐flowing Mediterranean‐climate streams
Authors: Carlson Stephanie M , Ruhí Albert , Bogan Michael T , Hazard Cleo Wölfle , Ayers Jessica , Grantham Theodore E , Batalla Ramon J , Garcia Celso
Published: April 2024

Stream drying is happening globally, with important ecological and social consequences. Most examples of stream drying come from systems influenced by dam operations or those with highly exploited aquifers. Stream drying is also thought to be driven by anthropogenic climate change; however, examples are surprisingly limited. We explored flow trends from the five recognized Mediterranean‐climate regions of the world with a focus on unregulated (non‐dammed or non‐diverted) streams with long‐term gauge records. We found consistent evidence of decreasing discharge trends, increasing zero‐flow days, and steeper downward discharge trends in smaller basins. Beyond directional trends, many systems have recently undergone shifts in flow state, including some streams that have transitioned from perennial to intermittent flow states. Our analyses provide evidence of stream drying consistent with climate change but also highlight knowledge gaps and challenges in empirically and statistically documenting flow regime shifts. We discuss the myriad consequences of losing flow and propose strategies for improving detection of and adapting to flow change.
Unraveling the longitudinal relationships between connectedness to nature, depressive symptoms, and learning burnout in adolescents
Authors: Zhang Rentao , Chen Hui , Liu Li , Wang Fuming , Yang Zhihui
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Following the conservation of resource theory and natural stress reduction theory, the current study investigated mediated pathways, reverse mediated pathways, and reciprocal pathways between connectedness to nature, depressive symptoms, and adolescent learning burnout via a half‐longitudinal analysis, and discussed gender differences in the three models.

Methods

Two waves of data were collected in December 2022 (T1) and June 2023 (T2) for this study. The sample consisted of 1092 Chinese adolescents (52.20% girls, Mage = 13.03, SD = 1.43). Semi‐longitudinal analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between connectedness to nature, depressive symptoms, and adolescent academic burnout.

Results

The results indicated that connectedness to nature can serve as a positive resource to alleviate the levels of depressive symptoms among adolescents and thereby decrease learning burnout. However, the protective effect of connectedness to nature was smaller, and the decreasing effect of learning burnout on connectedness to nature was stronger than the alleviating effect of connectedness to nature on learning burnout. Additionally, the study found that depressive symptoms and academic burnout have a mutually reinforcing effect over time and that the effects of this interaction are more pronounced in females.

Conclusions

The present study emphasizes the protective role of nature connectedness and the detrimental effects of learning burnout in adolescents.
Collagen‐polyurethane‐dextran hydrogels enhance wound healing by inhibiting inflammation and promoting collagen fibrillogenesis
Authors: Aguayo‐Morales Hilda , Cobos‐Puc Luis E. , Lopez‐Badillo Claudia M. , Oyervides‐Muñoz Ernesto , Ramírez‐García Gonzalo , Claudio‐Rizo Jesús A.
Published: April 2024

Diabetic foot ulcers are a serious complication of uncontrolled diabetes, emphasizing the need to develop wound healing strategies that are not only effective but also biocompatible, biodegradable, and safe. We aimed to create biomatrices composed of semi‐interpenetrated polymer networks of collagen, polyurethane, and dextran, to enhance the wound healing process. The hydrogels were extensively characterized by various analytical techniques, including analysis of their structure, crystallinity, thermal properties, gelation process, reticulation, degradation, cell proliferation, and healing properties, among others. Semi‐interpenetrated hydrogels containing dextran at levels of 10%, 20%, and 30% exhibited porous interconnections between collagen fibers and entrapped dextran granules, with a remarkable crosslinking index of up to 94% promoted by hydrogen bonds. These hydrogels showed significant improvements in mechanical properties, swelling, and resistance to proteolytic and hydrolytic degradation. After 24 h, there was a significant increase in the viability of several cell types, including RAW 264.7 cells, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and dermal fibroblasts. In addition, these hydrogels demonstrated an increased release of interleukin‐10 and transforming growth factor‐beta1 while inhibiting the release of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha after 72 h. Furthermore, these hydrogels accelerated the wound healing process in diabetic rats after topical application. Notably, the biomaterial with 20% dextran (D20) facilitated wound closure in only 21 days. These results highlight the potential of the D20 hydrogel, which exhibits physicochemical and biological properties that enhance wound healing by inhibiting inflammation and fibrillogenesis while remaining safe for application to the skin.
Modifying electronic and optical properties of violet phosphorus through variable fluorine coverage
Authors: Wang Suen , Liu Xiaoyu , Zhang Yang , Li Shasha , Bo Xiangyan , Wei Lujun , Niu Wei , Wu Hong , Pu Yong , Li Feng
Published: April 2024

We present a comprehensive investigation of the electronic properties of fluorinated monolayer violet phosphorus using first‐principles calculations. Our results reveal a strong dependence of the electronic properties on the different fluorine coverages of fluorination. As the fluorine coverage increases, monolayer violet phosphorus undergoes a significant transition from a wide direct bandgap semiconductor to a narrow indirect bandgap semiconductor. Moreover, both semi‐fluorinated and fully fluorinated monolayer violet phosphorus exhibit advantageous semiconducting characteristics, with a tunable bandgap of 0.50 ~ 1.04 eV under biaxial strain ranging from −6% to 6%. Notably, the fully fluorinated monolayer violet phosphorus demonstrates a higher coefficient of light absorption within the visible range. Therefore, our findings highlight the tunability of monolayer violet phosphorus properties through the absorption of various fluorine coverages, providing valuable insights for the design and development of novel semiconductor devices based on this material.
Hospitalizations and transgender patients in the United States
Authors: Khanijow Keshav , Wright Scott , Hedian Helene , Harris Che
Published: April 2024

It is known that transgender people experience health inequalities. Disparities in hospital outcomes impacting transgender individuals have been inadequately explored. We conducted this retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample (01/2018–12/2019) to compare in‐hospital mortality and utilization variables between cisgender and transgender individuals using regression analyses. Approximately two‐thirds of hospitalizations for transgender patients (n = 10,245) were for psychiatric diagnoses. Compared to cisgender patients, there were no significant differences in adjusted means differences (aMD) in length of stay (LOS) (aMD = −0.29; p = .16) or total charges (aMD = −$486; p = .56). An additional 4870 transgender patients were admitted for medical diagnoses. Transgender and cisgender individuals had similar adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for in‐hospital mortality (aOR = 0.96; p = .88) and total hospital charges (aMD = −$3118; p = .21). However, transgender individuals had longer LOS (aMD = +0.46 days; confidence interval [CI]: 0.15–0.90; p = .04). When comparing mortality and resource utilization between cisgender and transgender individuals, differences were negligible.