bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Options and Costs for Off-site Disposal of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Wastes
Authors: Puder M. G. , Veil J. A.
Published: July 2011

In the United States, most of the exploration and production (E&P) wastes generated at onshore oil and gas wells are disposed of or otherwise managed at the well site. Certain types of wastes are not suitable for onsite management, and some well locations in sensitive environments cannot be used for onsite management. In these situations, operators must transport the wastes offsite for disposal.

In 1997, Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) prepared a report that identified offsite commercial disposal facilities in the United States. This information has since become outdated. Over the past year, Argonne has updated the study through contacts with state oil and gas agencies and commercial disposal companies. The new report, including an extensive database for more than 200 disposal facilities, provides an excellent reference for information about commercial disposal operations.

This paper describes Argonne's report. The national study provides summaries of the types of offsite commercial disposal facilities found in each state. Data are presented by waste type and by disposal method. The categories of E&P wastes in the database include: contaminated soils, naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM), oil-based muds and cuttings, produced water, tank bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings. The different waste management or disposal methods in the database involve: bioremediation, burial, salt cavern, discharge, evaporation, injection, land application, recycling, thermal treatment, and treatment. The database includes disposal costs for each facility.
The Use of Contemporary Harvest Data as a Means of Thinking about Prehistoric Resource Depression
Authors: Smith Corrina I. , Bradbury Cynthia A. , Plew Mark G.
Published: July 2011

The presence/absence of faunal remains are often used to suggest that shifts in prey choice reflect resource intensification or depression. The archaeological record, however, is typically incomplete owing to issues of discovery, preservation, and data recovery. Though analysis of faunal assemblages provides some indication of diet breadth, they provide little insight as to the relationship between resource potentials and human population densities. We use contemporary/historic harvest data for southern Idaho to assess relative animal population densities, and to calculate potential return rates for deer that are well represented in the archaeological record of the Snake River Plain. In addition, we examine human population densities as the basis for relating possible resource potentials to return rates.
Making and Breaking Pots in a Late Prehistoric Village in the Midwest United States
Authors: Sunderhaus Ted S. , Cook Robert A.
Published: July 2011

This article presents pottery manufacturing data from the SunWatch site, a late prehistoric village in the Midwest United States. The SunWatch pottery assemblage is suitable for such a study as the sherds have been refitted to a large degree, resulting in numerous complete profiles that maximize data that can be derived regarding manufacture. Additionally, previous research has shown that this village was occupied once or few brief times when pottery vessel diversity was minimal and villages were not very large or complex in the region. There are two key results of the study. First, the assemblage is surprisingly homogenous in vessel form, particularly jars, with nearly perfect correlations between rim diameter and other vessel size measurements. This finding should prove to be useful for others to augment more fragmentary assemblages where overall vessel sizes are often rarely obtainable. Second, the breakage pattern, when compared to ethnographic data from comparable contexts, refines previous understanding of village occupation duration.
Rockshelter use during the “Late Woodland” Period in the Northeast: Increased use as an Aspect of the Pelt Trade
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: July 2011

A recent series of papers ( North American Archaeologist, 2010:255-479) relating to the archaeology of rockshelters assembled an important array of information that illustrates the importance of these locations to understanding the culture history of the greater Northeastern Woodlands region. Paul Raber's contribution specifically addressed the apparent increase in the use of these geological features during the Late Woodland period in Pennsylvania, about 900 to 1650 CE. In Ohio the “Late Woodland” period may be differently defined and assigned completely different dates. Raber suggests that rockshelters became important to aspects of foraging strategies that supplemented the horticultural systems of the village dwelling cultures in central and western Pennsylvania, particularly during the Little Ice Age. I suggest that after 1500 CE rockshelters became important in the temporary storage of peltry, the basis for a vast trading system. The European demand for peltry had rapidly changed traditional trading dynamics among Native Americans, leading to a focus on gaining European goods. The volume and perishable nature of peltry made dry storage an essential part of collecting and trade networks.
Comparison of Virtual Flow Approach with Proportional Sharing Methods for Tracing of Network Power Flows
Authors: S. Surendra , Dhadbanjan Thukaram
Published: July 2011

Fair allocation of charges based on transmission facility availed by the entities present in the open access system is the need of the hour. In order to achieve transparency and fairness from the point of participants involved, it is necessary to get contributions from each generator (source) to loads, flows in the network and losses for the system. This paper attempts to evaluate real power flow in the lines of the network due to individual sources and its contribution to each load using the virtual flow methodology which is fairly simple and straightforward. The proposed method is compared against two well known tracing techniques adapted from proportional sharing principle. Virtual tracing method involves the network topology, parameters and the voltage gradients between buses as determined from a solved power flow/on-line state estimator. It is believed that this is more realistic in nature. Counter flow components are easily determined and loop flows are handled without any difficulty. Case studies on a sample 5 bus and a practical 11 bus Indian southern grid equivalent 400kV networks are presented.
A Novel Approach to Tackle Miscoordination of Protective Device in Radial Distribution Network during DG Interconnections
Authors: Bhalja Bhavesh , Shah Pragnesh , Chothani Nilesh , Patel Ravi
Published: July 2011

Due to incorporation of Distributed Generation (DG), the traditional protection scheme for electric power distribution system lost its radial nature and behaves more like multifeed transmission system. Hence, there is a need to develop a new protection scheme for electric power distribution system which remains stable in all conditions. This paper presents a new directional protection scheme for distribution system containing DG. Authors have developed a laboratory prototype of the three-phase radial distribution system containing DG. The proposed scheme has also been simulated using the PSCAD/EMTDC software package with fault data generated by modeling the distribution systems. The proposed directional protection scheme has been tested for various types of faults in different sections of radial distribution network along with DG. At the end, a comparative evaluation of the results obtained using the developed laboratory prototype has been carried out with the simulation results obtained using PSCAD. It has been observed that the proposed scheme has the ability to isolate the faulted section without disturbing the healthy section in the presence of DG.
28 Months Later: How Inflation Targeters Outperformed Their Peers in the Great Recession
Authors: de Carvalho Filho Irineu E
Published: July 2011

Twenty-eight months after the onset of the global financial crisis of August 2008, the evidence on post-crisis GDP growth emerging from a sample of 51 advanced and emerging countries is flattering for inflation targeting countries relative to their peers. The positive effect of IT is not explained away by plausible pre-crisis determinants of post-crisis performance, such as growth in private credit, ratios of short-term debt to GDP, reserves to short-term debt and reserves to GDP, capital account restrictions, total capital inflows, trade openness, current account balance and exchange rate flexibility, or post-crisis drivers such as the growth performance of trading partners and changes in terms of trade. We find that inflation targeting countries lowered nominal and real interest rates more sharply than other countries; were less likely to face deflation scares; and had sharp real depreciations without a relative deterioration in their risk assessment by markets. While the task of establishing causal relationships from cross-sectional macroeconomics series is daunting, our reading of this evidence is consistent with the resilience of IT countries being related to their ability to loosen their monetary policy when most needed, thereby avoiding deflation scares and the zero lower bound on interest rates.
Influence of nickel speciation on electrokinetic sediment remediation efficiency
Authors: Rajic Ljiljana , Dalmacija Bozo , Ugarcina-Perovic Svetlana , Watson Malcolm , Dalmacija Milena
Published: July 2011

This article presents a bench-scale investigation of nickel removal during
electrokinetic (EK) remediation of sediment, and the dependency of removal
efficacies upon the speciation of the metal, as influenced by the duration of
the nickel-sediment interaction. The sediment used in this study was from the
Grand Backa canal (Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia). The sediment used is
anaerobic and the nickel pollution has been aged for several years, so it is
mostly sorbed by sulphides and organic mater (57%). In EXP I, conventional EK
remediation was conducted on this sediment for 7 days, but was ineffective
(0% removal). EXP II investigated the influence of the duration of nickel
sorption onto the sediment, by contaminating the sediment with additional
nickel. In this sediment, nickel appeared mainly in the most mobile,
acid-soluble fraction, and was thus available for migration towards the
cathode. Consequently, conventional EK remediation of this sediment resulted
in significantly better nickel removal (23%) than EXP I. During EXP III, the
same spiked sediment was investigated using an increased applied current
density, with no significant increase in removal efficacy. This study
demonstrates that metal-sediment interaction duration affects efficacy of
metal removal during EK remediation.
Suppress flashover of GRP fire with water mist inside ISO 9705 Room
Authors: Xu Qiang , Griffin Gregory , Que Xinggui , Cao Liying , Yong Jiang , Preston Christopher , Bicknell Ashley , Bradbury Glenn , White Nathan
Published: July 2011

Water mist suppression tests for glass-reinforced polyester (GRP) panels were
conducted in ISO 9705 Room. GRP panels covered part of the room and a wood
crib fire was used as fire source to ignite GRP fire. A four-nozzle water
mist suppression equipment was used inside test room on the time of
flashover. Heat release rate of the combustion inside the room, room
temperature, surface temperature of GRP panels, total heat flux to wall,
ceiling and floor in specific positions were measured. Gas concentration of
O2, CO, and CO2 was also measured in the corner of the room at two different
levels. A thermal image video was used to record the suppression procedure
inside room. Test results show that the water mist system is efficient in
suppressing the flashover of GRP fire and cooling the room within short time.
Numerical prediction of heat transfer phenomena from a chip assembly for low Reynolds number
Authors: Bhatta Srinivas , Ramarao Seetharam , Seetharamuω Kankanhalli
Published: July 2011

A three dimensional study of heat transfer from three heated blocks in a
square channel at a Reynolds number of 108 with height of the chip assembly
as the characteristic length is presented. Heated blocks affixed to the
bottom plate represent electronic chips mounted on horizontal circuit board.
A hexahedron block is affixed on to the top shrouding wall over the heated
section. Thickness of this block is varied to study the effect on heat
transfer from the chip assembly. A block of thickness equal to the passage
between substrates produces maximum heat transfer enhancement. A block over
the first passage enhances heat transfer from both immediate upstream and
downstream chips considerably. A block over each recirculation zone produces
moderate heat transfer from all the chips for a moderate pressure-drop. It is
also observed that addition of blocks in the top plate does not add much to
the pressure-drop in the duct.
Experimental study of centrifugal humidifier fitted in an industrial shed located in tropical climates
Authors: Senthilkumar K. , Srinivasan P.S.S.
Published: July 2011

An evaporative cooling system based on centrifugal humidification technique
is proposed for large industrial spaces. In this system, the evaporation rate
is improved by splitting the water into fine micronisers by impinging it onto
the stationery strips. The various parameters influencing the rate of
evaporation are identified. The effect of mass flow rate of water, disc speed
and mass flow rate of air on space cooling and humidifier efficiency is
studied experimentally and plotted with respect to time. The studies indicate
that medium mass flow rate of water, higher disc speed and medium mass flow
rate of air are preferable in reducing the dry bulb temperature of room and
for increasing humidifier efficiency.
Thermal instability of compressible Walters’ (Model B′) fluid in the presence of Hall currents and suspended particles
Authors: Gupta Urvashi , Aggarwal Parul
Published: July 2011

Effect of Hall currents and suspended particles is considered on the
hydromagnetic stability of a compressible, electrically conducting Walters?
(Model B?) elastico-viscous fluid. After linearizing the relevant
hydromagnetic equations, the perturbation equations are analyzed in terms of
normal modes. A dispersion relation governing the effects of
visco-elasticity, magnetic field, Hall currents and suspended particles is
derived. It has been found that for stationary convection, the Walters?
(Model B?) fluid behaves like an ordinary Newtonian fluid due to the
vanishing of the visco-elastic parameter. The compressibility and magnetic
field have a stabilizing effect on the system, as such their effect is to
postpone the onset of thermal instability whereas Hall currents and suspended
particles are found to hasten the onset of thermal instability for
permissible range of values of various parameters. Also, the dispersion
relation is analyzed numerically and the results shown graphically. The
critical Rayleigh numbers and the wavenumbers of the associated disturbances
for the onset of instability as stationary convection are obtained and the
behavior of various parameters on critical thermal Rayleigh numbers has been
depicted graphically. The visco-elasticity, suspended particles and Hall
currents (hence magnetic field) introduce oscillatory modes in the system
which were non-existent in their absence.
Influence of slip condition on peristaltic transport of a viscoelastic fluid with fractional Burger’s model
Authors: Tripathi Dharmendra , Gupta Praveen , Das Subir
Published: July 2011

The investigation is to explore the transportation of a viscoelastic fluid
with fractional Burgers? model by peristalsis through a channel under the
influence of wall slip condition. This analysis has been carried out under
the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. An approximate
analytical solution of the problem is obtained by using Homotopy Analysis
method (HAM). It is assumed that the cross-section of the channel varies
sinusoidally along the length of channel. The expressions for axial velocity,
volume flow rate and pressure gradient are obtained. The effects of
fractional parameters ? and ?, material constants ?1,?2,?3, slip parameter k
and amplitude ? on the pressure difference and friction force across one
wavelength are discussed numerically and with the help of illustrations.
Effect of radiation and porosity parameter on magnetohydrodynamic flow due to stretching sheet in porous media
Authors: Singh Phool , Singh Tomer , Kumar Sandeep , Sinha Deepa
Published: July 2011

An analysis is made for the steady two-dimensional flow of a viscous
incompressible electrically conducting fluid in the vicinity of a stagnation
point on a stretching sheet. Fluid is considered in a porous medium under the
influence of (i)transverse magnetic field, (ii)volumetric rate of heat
generation/absorption in the presence of radiation effect. Rosseland
approximation is used to model the radiative heat transfer. The governing
boundary layer equations are transformed to ordinary differential equations
by taking suitable similarity variables. In the present reported work the
effect of porosity parameter, radiation parameter, magnetic field parameter
and the Prandtl number on flow and heat transfer characteristics have been
discussed. Variation of above discussed parameters with the ratio of free
stream velocity parameter to stretching sheet parameter have been graphically
represented.
Thermal stress analysis of a hybride structure with cracks in the matrix (resin) composite material
Authors: Tomic Radoljub , Sedmak Aleksandar , Catic Dobrivoje , Milos Marko , Stefanovic Zoran
Published: July 2011

This paper presents numerical stress calculation in the stationary
temperature domain for a hybride structure with fiber composite (for example,
based on the epoxy risen as matrice of prepreg) and metalic part (other part
of structure or metalic mould), as different material according to their own
thermical behaviour. The thermal stress analysis is based on the finite
element method. A sample problem involving such a composite plate and metalic
part of structure or mould at two different temperature levels, corresponding
to curing process (co-curing) and operating temperatures respectively, is
calculated and discussed. The specifics of composite are emphasized
particularly for thermal coefficients (especially shear coefficient is
different than zero, there are situations when some of coefficients could be
less then zero). This composites as generalized orthotropic material are
completelly different than isotropic material (for isotropic material shear
coefficient is always equal zero). It was pointed out also that the
calculation for the initial crack to appear in the lamellae (the most common
occurrence of cracks in the matrix) can be set with a reserve of elasticity
or without reserve.
Quantitative and dynamic expression profile of premature and active forms of the regional ADAM proteins during chicken brain development
Authors: Markus Annett , Yan Xin , Rolfs Arndt , Luo Jiankai
Published: July 2011

The ADAM (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease) family of transmembrane proteins plays important roles in embryogenesis and tissue formation based on their multiple functional domains. In the present study, for the first time, the expression patterns of the premature and the active forms of six members of the ADAM proteins — ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM12, ADAM17, ADAM22 and ADAM23 — in distinct parts of the developing chicken brain were investigated by quantitative Western blot analysis from embryonic incubation day (E) 10 to E20. The results show that the premature and the active forms of various ADAM proteins are spatiotemporally regulated in different parts of the brain during development, suggesting that the ADAMs play a very important role during embryonic development.
Protective effect of intermedin on myocardial cell in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Du Xiaodong , Cao Yu , Xue Ping , Lin Ziqi , Zeng Zhi , Xia Qing
Published: July 2011

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a common disease with a poor prognosis. Heart failure is one cause of SAP patient death. Intermedin (IMD) is a potent endogenous cardio-protective substance. Administration of exogenous IMD showed beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the myocardial damage in SAP and to determine the therapeutic potential of IMD for SAP. Using an SAP rat model, we examined endogenous IMD expression following SAP induction, and determined the effect of IMD on myocardial function, histological morphology, apoptosis-related gene expression, and prognosis. Our results indicated that the cardiac function and histological structure were significantly disrupted in SAP rats. Infusion of exogenous IMD significantly preserved cardiac function and ameliorated myocardial damage. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) revealed that myocardial apoptosis was extensively present in SAP rats, and IMD infusion led to increased expression of the prosurvival factor Bcl-2, but decreased pro-apoptotic factors Bax and caspase-3. In addition, IMD infusion also reversed the change of IMD receptor systems in SAP rat heart tissue. Furthermore, we found that IMD infusion greatly decreased mortality of SAP rats. In conclusion, administration of SAP produced therapeutic effects in SAP through modulating apoptotic and pro-survival gene expression, inhibiting myocardial apoptosis, preserving cardiac function, and a useful therapeutic agent for SAP, and provides us an insight for a clinical trial of IMD for treating human severe acute pancreatitis.
Reverse engineering of AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs structures composition by reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Wośko M. , Paszkiewicz B. , Tarnowski K. , Ściana B. , Radziewicz D. , Salejda W. , Paszkiewicz R. , Tłaczała M.
Published: July 2011

The paper presents the application of non-modulation reflectance method for composition profiling of epitaxial AlxGa−xAs/GaAs structures. This non-destructive method is based on spectral measurements and theoretical reflectance spectrum matching. This is a very accurate and sensitive method of determining the Al composition in AlxGa1−xAs layers and structures with resolution down to 1 nm. In this work, the authors describe theoretic principles of this method and present experimental results of characterization of different AlGaAs structures to prove the potential of the worked out method.
Research on camera calibration using new optimization strategy
Authors: Li L.
Published: July 2011

An important task for stereo vision is camera calibration, whose goal is to obtain the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of each camera. This paper proposes a new accurate calibration method with multilevel process of camera parameters. In order to improve the calibration accuracy, a sub-pixel corner detection method is presented. We start with several views of a planar calibration to obtain some intrinsic camera parameters and to build an accurate model with lens distortion on a planar calibration target. Flexibly making use of geometry imaging theory, our algorithm obtains all the parameters through logical organization of solving order, accordingly avoids obtaining possible local optimized problem when solving the non-linear equation, gets over the relativity influence of every unknown parameters of traditional calibration way, and makes the error distributed among the constraint relation of parameters. Experiments with real images are carried out to verify the image correction effect and numerical robustness of our results. Compared with classical calibration techniques, that use expensive equipment and complicated mathematical computation, the proposed technique, which was verified by experiment, achieves high accuracy and reliable parameters.
Wavelet analysis of polarization maps of polycrystalline biological fluids networks
Authors: Ushenko Y.
Published: July 2011

The optical model of human joints synovial fluid is proposed. The statistic (statistic moments), correlation (autocorrelation function) and self-similar (Log-Log dependencies of power spectrum) structure of polarization two-dimensional distributions (polarization maps) of synovial fluid has been analyzed. It has been shown that differentiation of polarization maps of joint synovial fluid with different physiological state samples is expected of scale-discriminative analysis. To mark out of small-scale domain structure of synovial fluid polarization maps, the wavelet analysis has been used. The set of parameters, which characterize statistic, correlation and self-similar structure of wavelet coefficients’ distributions of different scales of polarization domains for diagnostics and differentiation of polycrystalline network transformation connected with the pathological processes, has been determined.
Cyclodehydration of Diols in Acidic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ausekle E. , Priksane A. , Zicmanis A.
Published: July 2011

Cyclodehydration of Diols in Acidic Ionic Liquids

In the presence of sulfonic acid group functionalized Bronsted-acidic ionic liquids, cyclodehydration of 1,2-ethanediol and 1,4-butanediol is investigated. The role of structure and catalytic activity of ionic liquids on the formation of cyclic ethers: 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran - is determined.
Internal Regularity of D-Glyceraldehide-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes and Proteins
Authors: Chipens G. , Ievina N. , Kalvinsh I.
Published: July 2011

Internal Regularity ofD-Glyceraldehide-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes and Proteins

Data of analysis of some GAPDH family gene exon and intron length (nt) and intron position coordinates as a sum of preceeding exon dimensions) and their internal regularity were analyzed based on a working hypothesis that primieval gene precursors were regular and periodic polynucleotides formed from oligonucleotides identical in size. The number of nucleotides in a gene repeat unit was denoted by a specific term - gene quantum and symbolQ. The following genes were analyzed: the chicken GAPDH (12 exons/11 introns) gene, theChlamidomonas reinhardtii gapA(6 exons, 5 introns) andgapC(7 exons, 6 introns) genes. The determined value ofQfor all these genes was identical and constituted 9 nucleotides. The sum total of all above-mentioned gene intron dimensions, independently of intron number in a gene, could be precisely quantized - expressed as a product of a gene quantum and a whole number, e.g., for the chicken GAPDH 1628 nt = 9 nt x 292,0. The garden peaPissum sativumfragment (amino acids 167-219) was partially regular (the repeat unit size 9 aa) and showed translational symmetry. The obtained data supported the model that the precursors of the modern genes were originated by nucleotide multiplication reactions.
Evaluation of alternative management strategies of muskrat Ondatra zibethicus population control using a population model
Authors: Bos Daan , Ydenberg Ron
Published: July 2011

Muskrats Ondatra zibethicus are considered a pest species in the Netherlands, and a year‐round control programme is in effect. Currently, the agency responsible for the management of muskrat populations in the Netherlands (the LCCM) is preparing for field studies to compare alternative strategies of control. In order to decide on the specific design of such field studies, a population dynamic model was built. The model compares the current management strategy with alternatives in which the effort is focused in space or in time. The model allows us to prioritise future research questions. The major gaps in knowledge at this moment are: 1) insight into the costs of harvesting at different harvest rates, and 2) the relationship between population density on the one hand and (financial damage or) safety risk on the other hand. We suggest continuing the current management, and to test our hypothesis that intensifying harvest will lead to lower numbers of animals killed in the medium term than more extensive harvest rates. The muskrat control programme offers excellent opportunities for applied biological studies of which the benefits are likely to outweigh the costs.
Distribution of common eiders Somateria mollissima during the brood‐rearing and moulting periods in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada
Authors: Diéval Hélène , Giroux Jean‐François , Savard Jean‐Pierre L.
Published: July 2011

Common eiders Somateria mollissima nest in colonies on islands of the St. Lawrence Estuary in Quebec, Canada. After hatching, attending females must reach suitable brood‐rearing habitats while non‐attending females and adult males must find appropriate moulting sites. The aim of our study was to determine the biotic and abiotic factors that influence the distribution of common eiders during the brood‐rearing and moulting periods. We conducted biweekly surveys and recorded the number of ducks by age and sex in 2003 and 2004 at 68 sites along a 200‐km stretch of the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. We further classified adult females according to the presence or absence of young. We evaluated human disturbance during the surveys and developed a sinuosity index describing shoreline protection. We determined the nature of the substrate and an estimate of food abundance for a subsample of sites (N = 38). At the scale of the estuary, common eiders did not distribute randomly but used the same sites in both years. Broods preferred mainland sites near nesting islands. Non‐maternal females and males were located further east along the estuary, but their numbers were lower than expected based on the size of the breeding population, indicating that some birds undertake a moult migration outside of the area. In the eastern portion of our study area, densities of non‐maternal females increased significantly as summer progressed. The distribution of common eiders was influenced by food abundance and type but was not related to our indices of human disturbance and shoreline protection. Males were associated with mussels, non‐maternal females with both mussels and gammarids, while maternal females with ducklings were associated with periwinkles. Few of the sites used by common eiders along the south shore of the St. Lawrence Estuary are currently protected and measures should thus be taken to insure their conservation.
Survival and cause‐specific mortality of elk Cervus canadensis calves in a predator rich environment
Authors: DeVivo Melia T. , Cottrell Walter O. , DeBerti Jon M. , Duchamp Joseph E. , Heffernan Lindsey M. , Kougher Jason D. , Larkin Jeffery L.
Published: July 2011

Quantification of basic demographic parameters such as survival rates and cause‐specific mortality is important for effective species management. We conducted a 4‐year study (during May 2005‐June 2009) of elk Cervus canadensis calf survival and cause‐specific mortality in Pennsylvania, USA. We captured and radio‐collared 93 elk calves ≤ 7 days old and monitored them weekly to detect mortality and cause of death. Of the 93 radio‐collared elk calves, 15 (16%) died during our study. Despite high black bear Ursus americanus and coyote Canis latrans densities, none of the mortalities were the result of predation. Causes of death included poaching (N = 3), legal harvest (N = 2), road kill (N = 2), pneumonia (N = 1) and rumen acidosis (N = 1). We were unable to determine the cause of mortality for six of the elk calves; however, predation was eliminated as a possible source of mortality in all unknown cases. Survival probabilities were similar between sexes and among years. Summer survival (birth‐31 October) was 0.92 (SE = 0.03, N = 93) and winter survival (1 November ‐ 1 April) was 0.90 (SE = 0.04, N = 79). Annual estimated elk calf survival was 0.82 (SE = 0.04, N = 93). Our findings suggest that Pennsylvania elk calves have a > 80% chance of survival to one‐year of age, despite high densities of predators known to influence elk calf survival elsewhere. The high calf survival rates that we observed indicate the availability of high quality habitat leading to excellent physical condition of elk.
"Uncle Sam Wants You ... to Go Shopping": A Consumer Society Responds to National Crisis, 1957-2001
Authors: Zieger Robert H.
Published: July 2011

In the spring of 2002, columnist William Pfaff contrasted what he saw as Americans' over-reaction to the events of September 11,2001, with their steadfast behaviour during the Cold War. Despite the Soviet challenge and the threat of thermonuclear war, he asserted, "There was never much anxiety in the United States about future events, or fear of enemy attack, during the Cold War ... ." But Pfaff s memory seemed to have failed him, for at least one major Cold War episode did evoke fear of physical attack and doubts about national survival. Ironically, it was not a military action that triggered it but rather an ostensibly peaceful, scientific demonstration. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first earth satellite, dubbed "Sputnik," and thereby aroused both an immediate panic and a longer-range reassessment of America's character, goals, and pur- poses, both reminiscent of and intriguingly different from the coun- try's reaction to the assaults on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
"Brewers and Distillers Paradise": American Views of Canadian Alcohol Policies, 1919 to 1935
Authors: Marquis Greg
Published: July 2011

In 1924, at Rest Cottage, Evanstown, Illinois, Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) President Anna A. Gordon marked an historic occasion. She gathered together WCTU workers and rang the "Jubilee Bell," announcing that "Ontario has gone dry." Accom- panied on the pianoforte, the women sang the doxology. Four years into American national prohibition, Gordon was celebrating the fact that dry sisters and brothers north of the border had beaten back an attempt to overturn provincial prohi- bition. Speaking at the Ontario WCTU convention weeks earlier, Gordon had reminded her audience that in the forthcoming pleb- iscite they would be voting "not only for Ontario, but for Can- ada, the Empire and the World as well" (CWRTNov. 1924).
The Poetics of Torture: The Spectacle of Sylvia Plath's Poetry
Authors: Narbeshuber Lisa
Published: July 2011

Sylvia Plath, in her most ambitious poems, tackles the problem of female selfhood. What is it? Within a world where women are con- tained by rigid scripts and relegated to silence, how can they revolt? On the one hand, she gives us poems like "The Applicant" and "The Munich Mannequins," where women, reduced to nothing more than commodities, appear robbed of their humanity. On the other hand, in poems such as "Lady Lazarus," she presents selves in revolt, resisting assimilation to patriarchal ideals. In both cases, Plath's poetry reacts against the absence, especially for women, of a public space, indeed a language for debate, wherein one might make visi- ble and deconstruct the given order of things. In the following, I argue that Plath deliberately blurs the borders between the public and the private in two of the most celebrated, controversial, and cri- tiqued of her poems: "Daddy" and "Lady Lazarus." Transforming the conventional female body of the 1950s into a kind of transgres- sive dialect, Plath makes her personae speak in and to a public realm dominated by male desires. Giving the female construct voice, so to speak, Plath prefigures recent trends in feminist criticism that read the female body as text. Susan Bordo, for example, sees in the emer- gence of agoraphobia in the 1950s and anorexia in the 1980s rebel- lious performances: The public wants to see the woman in the home, so the woman responds by fearing to go out (agoraphobia); the pub- lic wants to see the woman thin, so the woman starves herself (ano- rexia). Bordo summarizes her argument in a language that echoes Plath's poetic desires:
Management of Low Back Pain by Physical Therapists in Quebec: How Are We Doing?
Authors: Derghazarian Tamar , Simmonds Maureen J.
Published: July 2011

Purpose: In this study, we characterized physiotherapists' attitudes and beliefs about the bio-psychosocial problem of low back pain (LBP), their use of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), and the extent to which their advice and treatment is in line with best-evidence CPGs.

Methods: One hundred eight physiotherapists completed an online survey that included questionnaires exploring the strength of physiotherapists' biomedical and bio-psychosocial orientations toward the management of LBP: the Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists and the Attitudes to Back Pain Scale for musculoskeletal practitioners. In addition, participants responded to questions about treatment recommendations for patients in two vignettes.

Results: Only 12% of respondents were aware of CPGs. Physiotherapists with a stronger biomedical orientation scored the severity of spinal pathology higher in the patient vignettes. A stronger biomedical orientation was also associated with disagreement with recommendations to return to usual activity or work.

Conclusions: The results suggest limited awareness by physiotherapists of best-evidence CPGs and contemporary understandings of LBP that support early activation and self-management. Research to better understand and facilitate the implementation of best-evidence professional education and clinical practice is an urgent priority.
Effects of High-Impact Training and Detraining on Femoral Neck Structure in Premenopausal Women: A Hip Structural Analysis of an 18-Month Randomized Controlled Exercise Intervention with 3.5-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Heinonen Ari , Mäntynen Jyri , Kannus Pekka , Uusi-Rasi Kirsti , Nikander Riku , Kontulainen Saija , Sievänen Harri
Published: July 2011

Purpose: This study evaluated the training effects of an 18-month exercise intervention and subsequent 3.5-year follow-up on femoral neck structure in premenopausal women. Methods: Of 98 women who participated in this randomized controlled study, 84 (39 trainees and 45 controls) completed the 18-month intervention. At both 18 months and 3.5 years, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data on 22 trainees and 22 control participants (ages 35–45 y) were available for hip structural analysis. The section modulus (Z), cross-sectional area (CSA), and subperiosteal width at the femoral neck were analyzed. Lower-leg explosive power and estimated maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) were assessed by vertical countermovement jump and standardized 2 km walking test, respectively. Progressive supervised high-impact exercises were done three times per week for 18 months. Results: Significant between-group differences in favour of trainees were observed after the 18-month intervention in Z (3.2%, p=0.047) and CSA (2.8%, p=0.043). At the 3.5-year follow-up point, the exercise-induced benefits in Z and CSA had diminished and were statistically insignificant. A between-group difference in favour of trainees was observed in lower-limb power after intervention (4.2%, p=0.002) and at 3.5-year follow-up (5.1%, p=0.003). A similar difference was seen in estimated Vo2max (5.6% after intervention, p=0.002, and 4.6% at 3.5-y follow-up, p=0.005). Conclusion: The 18-month high-impact exercise intervention strengthened the femoral neck in premenopausal women by enhancing its structural properties; however, this benefit was not maintained at 3.5-year follow-up. In contrast, the exercise benefits on physical performance continued to be maintained 3.5 years after intervention.
Professional Satisfaction and Desire to Emigrate among Nigerian Physiotherapists
Authors: Oyeyemi Adetoyeje Y. , Oyeyemi Adewale L. , Maduagwu Stanley M. , Rufai Adamu A. , Aliyu Salamatu U.
Published: July 2011

Purpose: Physiotherapists from developing countries are attracted to developed countries, where health personnel are in high demand. We investigated Nigerian physiotherapists' desire to emigrate, explored the possible relationship between job satisfaction and emigration, and elucidated common reasons why physiotherapists emigrate to other countries. Methods: Nigerian physiotherapists (n=181) were surveyed using a three-part questionnaire. Part 1 elicited socio-demographic information; part 2 assessed satisfaction with work; and part 3 assessed the importance of some possible reasons that physiotherapists choose to emigrate. Results: Close to half of the physiotherapists surveyed have plans to emigrate, but no relationship exists between job satisfaction level and desire to emigrate. An overwhelming majority felt that better or more realistic remuneration was the most important reason for them to leave their country, whereas age and practice experience were inversely related to physiotherapists' desire to emigrate. Conclusion: Policies aimed at mediating “brain drain” should take age and experience into consideration and should be geared toward creating opportunities for career advancement and continuing education.
Genu of corpus callosum as a prognostic factor in diffuse axonal injury
Authors: Matsukawa Hidetoshi , Shinoda Masaki , Fujii Motoharu , Takahashi Osamu , Yamamoto Daisuke , Murakata Atsushi , Ishikawa Ryoichi
Published: July 2011

Object

Previous studies have shown a relationship between a patient's stage of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and outcome. However, few studies have assessed whether a specific lesion or type of corpus callosum injury (CCI) influences outcome in patients with DAI. The authors investigated the effect of various DAIs and CCIs on outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed 78 consecutive patients with DAI who were seen between May 2004 and March 2010. Outcome was evaluated using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (EGOS) 1 year after TBI. Patients with single DAIs had only 1 of the 3 lesions (lobar, CC, or brainstem). Patients with dual DAIs had 2 of these lesions, and those with triple DAIs had all of these lesions. Furthermore, the authors defined single, dual, and triple CCIs by using 3 lesions (genu, body, splenium) in the same way among patients with single (CC) DAIs. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between these lesions and outcome in patients with DAI.

Results

Fifty patients had single DAIs: 34 in the lobar area, 11 in the CC, and 5 in the brainstem. Twenty had dual DAIs, and 8 had triple DAIs. Of the 11 CCIs, 9 were single and 2 were dual CCIs. Among these lesions, only those in the genu were related to disability. The authors dichotomized patients into those with and without genu lesions, regardless of other injuries. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that a genu lesion (OR 18, 95% CI 2.2–32; p = 0.0021) and a pupillary abnormality (OR 14, 95% CI 1.6–24; p = 0.0068) were associated with disability (EGOS ≤ 6) in patients with DAI.

Conclusions

Regardless of the number of lesions, the existence of a genu lesion suggested disability 1 year after TBI in patients with DAI.
Risk of progression of degenerative lumbar scoliosis
Authors: Seo Jun-Yeong , Ha Kee-Yong , Hwang Tae-Hyok , Kim Ki-Won , Kim Young-Hoon
Published: July 2011

Object

In this paper the authors' goal was to determine the factors associated with the progression of degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS).

Methods

Twenty-seven patients (3 men and 24 women; mean age 64.9 years) with more than 10° of lumbar scoliosis at baseline were monitored for a mean period of 10 years. The radiological evaluation included measurement of the scoliosis angle using the Cobb method, the direction of the scoliosis, the relationship between the intercrest line and the L-5 vertebra, lateral listhesis, segmental angle, distance from the center of the sacral line to the apical vertebra, degenerative listhesis anteriorly or posteriorly or both, and lordosis angle. In addition, the lateral osteophyte difference, disc index, and severity of osteoporosis were measured. The pain and disability outcomes were assessed using the visual analog scale and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) relative to severity of the angle of scoliosis.

Results

The mean initial and final scoliosis angles were 14° ± 5.4° and 25° ± 8.5°, respectively. The initial disc index at the L-3 vertebra (Spearman ρ = 0.7, p < 0.001), the sum of the segmental wedging angles above and below the L-3 vertebra (ρ = 0.6, p < 0.001), and the initial disc index at the apical vertebra (ρ = 0.6, p < 0.001) were correlated with the last follow-up angle of the scoliosis. By contrast, there was no statistically significant correlation between the initial segmental angles at L2–3 and L3–4 and the final follow-up scoliosis angle (ρ = 0.2, p = 0.67; and ρ = 0.1, p = 0.22; respectively). When the authors separated the patients into 3 groups according to the sum of the segmental angles above and below L-3 (< 5°, 5° to 10°, and > 10°), they found that 3 (42.9%) of 7, 8 (66.7%) of 12, and 6 (75.0%) of 8 patients in the 3 groups showed increases of greater than 10° in scoliosis angle. The mean distance from the center of the sacral line to the apical vertebra was 36.0 ± 9.7 mm, and the distance correlated with the measurement of the last follow-up angle of the scoliosis (ρ = 0.6, p < 0.001). The mean angle of the scoliosis was significantly greater when the intercrest line passed through the L-5 or L4–5 disc space than when the line passed through the L-4 vertebral body (31.4° ± 7.9° vs 21.8° ± 6.7°, p = 0.01). The ODI correlated with the measurement of the angle of the scoliosis (ρ = 0.6, p < 0.001). Age, sex, osteoporosis, the direction of the scoliosis, listhesis of coronal and sagittal planes, the lateral osteophyte difference, and the vertebral body index did not correlate with curve progression.

Conclusions

The findings of this study demonstrated that the progression of DLS was affected by the relationship between the intercrest line and the L-5 vertebra. When L-5 was deep seated, progression of DLS was found. Asymmetrical change in the disc space above and below the L-3 or apical vertebra may also be an important predictor of curve progression.
Biomechanical comparison of lumbar total disc arthroplasty, discectomy, and fusion: effect on adjacent-level disc pressure and facet joint force
Authors: Gao Shu-Guang , Lei Guang-Hua , He Hong-Bo , Liu Hua , Xiao Wen-Feng , Wen Ting , Liang Jie-Yu , Li Kang-Hua
Published: July 2011

Object

With the increasing advocacy for total disc replacement (TDR) as a potential alternative to fusion in the management of lumbar degenerative disc disease, intradiscal pressures (IDPs) and facet joint stresses at the adjacent levels of spine have generated considerable interest. The purpose of this study was to compare adjacent-level IDPs and facet joint stresses among TDR, discectomy, and fusion.

Methods

Ten fresh human cadaveric lumbar specimens (L2–S1) were subjected to an unconstrained load in axial torsion, lateral bending, flexion, and extension by using multidirectional flexibility test. Four surgical treatment modes—control (disc intact), discectomy, TDR, and fusion—were tested in sequential order at L4–5. During testing, the IDPs and facet forces following each treatment were calculated at the adjacent vertebral levels (L3–4 and L5–S1).

Results

Intradiscal pressures and facet force pressures were similar between the intact condition and the TDR reconstruction at the L3–4 and L5–S1 levels under all loading conditions (p > 0.05). Compared with the intact and TDR groups, the discectomy and fusion groups had higher IDPs at the L3–4 and L5–S1 levels under all loading conditions (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the facet force pressure was noted among the intact, discectomy, and TDR groups at the L3–4 and L5–S1 levels under any loading conditions (p > 0.05). However, the facet force pressure produced for fusion was significantly higher than the mean values obtained for the intact, discectomy, and TDR groups at the L3–4 and L5–S1 levels under all loading conditions (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Lumbar TDR maintained adjacent-level IDPs and facet force pressures near the values for intact spines, whereas adjacent-level IDPs tended to increase after discectomy or fusion and facet forces tended to increase after fusion.