bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unidades fraseológicas especializadas eventivas en el Subtitulado para Sordos (SpS) de un producto audiovisual colombiano
Authors: Ríos Cardona Carmenza , Bevilacqua Cleci , Montenegro Castillo Luisa Fernanda
Published: October 2020

Este trabajo parte de las diferencias culturales entre emisor y receptor y su incidencia en el acto comunicativo de la traducción. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados del análisis de las Unidades Fraseológicas Especializadas (UFE) eventivas relacionadas con la temática del proceso de paz en Colombia en el SpS del documental “El fin de la guerra”. A partir de ahí, se exploró el documental para identificar y analizar las UFE eventivas partiendo del concepto de Bevilacqua (2004) para quien estas describen procesos y acciones propias de un área de conocimiento. Con las UFE definitivas, se realizó el análisis de su frecuencia de aparición en SpS, características y clasificaciones desde la teoría de Bevilacqua (2004), entre otros. Los resultados de la investigación permitieron concluir que las UFE eventivas describen etapas del proceso de paz en Colombia y la literalidad en SpS predominó.
Tesis doctorales y estudios de traducción en España. Un análisis bibliométrico basado en BITRA
Authors: Franco Aixela Javier
Published: October 2020

En este artículo se presenta un análisis sobre la naturaleza y evolución de las tesis doctorales que abordan los estudios traducción e interpretación (ETI) en España. Con una metodología mixta, esencialmente cuantitativa pero también cualitativa en el apartado interpretativo, se lleva a cabo un repaso crítico de la producción doctoral sobre los ETI en España, contextualizándola en los ETI globales. Los principales indicadores estudiados son el diacrónico, la productividad por universidades, la extensión, las lenguas vehiculares, el tipo de acceso a las tesis, la distribución temática y el impacto causado por las tesis. La principal fuente de datos es BITRA (Bibliografía de Interpretación y Traducción), una base de datos de ETI holística que a fecha de agosto de 2019 recogía más de 77.000 entradas. Entre los resultados cabe destacar una intensa productividad de tesis doctorales españolas en ETI, que se sitúan a la cabeza de la disciplina en el mundo, una distribución abierta de la lengua vehicular y su publicación casi sistemática en acceso abierto en la actualidad.
La traducción audiovisual en Venezuela: aspectos históricos, técnicos y profesionales
Authors: Fuentes-Luque Adrián
Published: October 2020

La investigación sobre traducción audiovisual (TAV) ha estado hasta ahora restringida básicamente al contexto europeo, ignorando casi por completo el ámbito hispanoamericano. Además, tampoco se han estudiado el trasfondo y los factores que influyeron en la aparición y el desarrollo de las modalidades de traducción audiovisual en América Latina. El presente artículo muestra un recorrido por los aspectos históricos, sociales, políticos, técnicos y profesionales que han ido conformando hasta la actualidad la traducción audiovisual en Venezuela, país clave en la evolución de la TAV en Hispanoamérica y en la influencia del denominado “español neutro”. La investigación se basa, en parte, en los testimonios nucleares de algunos de los principales traductores, correctores y gestores de la TAV en Venezuela.
Working Memory and Note Quantity: Their Relationship with Consecutive Interpreting in Proficient Bilinguals. Implications for Aptitude Tests of Interpreting
Authors: Amini Mojtaba , Dabaghi Azizollah , Nejadansari Dariush
Published: October 2020

The present study examined the association between working memory (WM) and note quantity and their relationship with consecutive interpreting (CI) performance in order to evaluate their predictive efficiency for aptitude tests in CI. To follow the objectives of the study, two WM tests and one CI task were administered to 30 MA translation students. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between one of the WM measures (Reading Span) and note quantity. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between both measures of WM and CI performance, and also between note quantity and CI performance. Furthermore, the results of the regression analysis indicated that both measures of WM were predictors of CI performance while the variable ‘note quantity’ failed to be a predictor. Based on the results, it was further proved that WM is an efficient component in aptitude tests whereas note quantity did not completely comply with the criteria and was rejected as a reliable criterion and could not be included as a subcomponent in the aptitude tests.
La creación de mapas conceptuales como herramienta de apoyo al proceso de documentación en la traducción de los estatutos sociales
Authors: Ait Saadi Zakia , Carmona Sandoval Alejandro
Published: October 2020

Los mapas conceptuales pueden ser de gran ayuda para los traductores, en tanto en cuanto permiten visualizar y representar, de manera clara, las relaciones conceptuales extraídas de un texto. Asimismo, su utilidad queda manifiesta para aquellos textos que, como los estatutos sociales, destacan por su hibridez temática, su complejidad funcional, su extensión y, por tanto, su imprevisibilidad. En este trabajo, proponemos ahondar en la utilidad de los mapas conceptuales para la búsqueda de soluciones de traducción. Con este propósito, presentamos tres ejemplos a partir de una sección extraída de los estatutos sociales de Bankia S.A. Detallamos cómo su explotación permite al usuario identificar los elementos clave de organización textual y, gracias a ello, mejorar la eficacia de la búsqueda de soluciones lingüísticas (mediante el buscador Google).
La variación dialectal en el doblaje al español de la saga Hotel Transylvania
Authors: García Luque Francisca
Published: October 2020

El trabajo que a continuación presentamos responde al interés de la TAV por los estudios descriptivos sobre el tratamiento de las películas multilingües y multiculturales. Partiendo del concepto de L3, analizamos el papel desempeñado por la variación dialectal en la traducción al español de la saga Hotel Transylvania, cuya versión doblada está fuertemente marcada por la presencia de varias L3, algunas de las cuales no se hallaban en el texto original. Esta opción de traducción, no exenta de controversia, supone abrir el abanico de posibilidades que se ofrecen al traductor a la hora de trasladar la idiosincrasia de unos personajes o incluso de caracterizarlos y distinguirlos dentro de una obra audiovisual.
Estudio cualitativo sobre preferencias de los usuarios en la audiodescripción de referentes culturales
Authors: Sanz-Moreno Raquel
Published: October 2020

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio cualitativo llevado a cabo con espectadores ciegos o con baja visión en España cuya finalidad consiste en determinar sus preferencias respecto a dos versiones distintas de audiodescripción de referentes culturales. Después de repasar brevemente algunos trabajos previos relevantes sobre referentes culturales y estudios de recepción en audiodescripción, explicaremos la metodología que hemos seguido (caracterización de la muestra, corpus, instrumento de recolección de datos) y presentaremos los resultados obtenidos. Del estudio se desprende que el receptor español manifiesta una preferencia por la amplificación como técnica de audiodescripción cuando el referente se encuentra alejado de la cultura meta, mientras que la generalización o la explicitación se prefieren para referentes culturales que carecen de importancia para la trama.
La voz del traductor en las novelas cultas o eruditas: El campesino de París (1979) frente a El aldeano de París (2016) de Louis Aragon
Authors: Panchón Hidalgo Marian
Published: October 2020

El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar las notas de traducción de El campesino de París (1979) con las de El aldeano de París (2016) del escritor surrealista francés Louis Aragon, publicadas por Bruguera y Errata Naturae. Con ello, pretendemos confirmar el cambio que se ha experimentado en España a la hora de visibilizar al traductor en las novelas dirigidas a un público culto o erudito. Para llevar a cabo dicho análisis, nos hemos basado en la división realizada por Donaire Fernández (1991) entre notas lingüísticas y culturales. Gracias a él, hemos comprobado que ambas editoriales otorgan un papel importante a las traductoras, aunque es Errata Naturae, la de El aldeano de París (2016), la que más ha dejado oír la voz de la trujamana. Esto corrobora la evolución de la industria editorial actual, que, a través de las notas, visibiliza cada vez más la labor del traductor en las novelas de este tipo.
Pertinencia de la retraducción de La Chatte de Colette
Authors: Álvarez Jurado Manuela , Torronteras Calmaestra Inés
Published: October 2020

La retraducción (una nueva traducción a la misma lengua del mismo texto) se hace posible cuando ha transcurrido el tiempo suficiente para considerar inaceptable la traducción precedente. La presente investigación se basa en un corpus compuesto por La Chatte (1933) de Colette y sus dos traducciones al español (1976 y 2008). Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio basado en un equilibrio entre lo teórico y lo empírico que engloba todo el proceso de retraducción de la obra. Asimismo, hemos marcado como objetivos constatar la relación entre ambos textos meta, dilucidar las causas que motivan una nueva traducción, examinar las diferentes interpretaciones que ofrece un texto literario y, finalmente, juzgar la pertinencia de una segunda traducción. Tras un análisis comparativo, cualitativo y cuantitativo, concluimos que la retraducción supone una mejora con respecto a la primera traducción, pues moderniza el lenguaje y resuelve errores existentes.  Palabras clave: hermenéutica, traducción literaria, intertextualidad, retraducción.
Экспериментальная фармакокинетика новых нейротропных пептидных лекарственных средств
Authors: Бойко Светлана Семёновна , Шевченко Роман Владимирович , Жердев Владимир Павлович
Published: October 2020

Представлены результаты исследований сравнительной экспериментальной фармакокинетики и метаболизма 3 новых нейротропных пептидных лекарственных препаратов: аналогов природных нейропептидов — ноотропного препарата ноопепт, антипсихотического средства — дилепт и селективного анксиолитика — соединения ГБ-115 у 2 видов животных (крыс и кроликов). Установлено, что эфирные производные нейропептидов ноопепт и дилепт, в отличие от анксиолитика ГБ-115, являющегося амидом, подвергаются интенсивной биотрансформации у крыс с образованием активного метаболита ноопепта — циклопролил-L-глицина (ЦПГ) и активного метаболита дилепта — капроил-L-пролил-L-тирозина (М-1). Фармакокинетические параметры, характеризующие распределение анксиолитика ГБ-115 у крыс, свидетельствуют о его возможном накоплении во внутренних органах и тканях, что следует учитывать при его повторном введении. Установлено, что изучаемые соединения в организме кроликов в меньшей степени подвергаются энзиматическому воздействию и более продолжительное время определяются в плазме крови в неизмененном виде, что связано не только со структурными особенностями изучаемых дипептидов, но и с различиями активности энзиматических систем ЖКТ, принимающих участие в их пресистемном метаболизме, а также с различиями в скорости печеночного и почечного кровотока у крыс и кроликов.
Модификация метода «Чужак — резидент» для изучения побочного эффекта агрессии в доклинических исследованиях нейротропных лекарственных средств
Authors: Вахвияйнен Мария Сергеевна , Чепур С. В. , Юдин М. А. , Кряжевских А. А. , Цепкова Г. А. , Колесников А. М.
Published: October 2020

Проведено исследование, связанное с моделированием естественной агрессии у мелких лабораторных животных, которое необходимо для оценки эффекта агрессии в доклинических исследованиях нейротропных средств. Предложена модель для оценки естественной агрессии, вызванной изоляцией в тесте «Чужак — резидент» на мышах, а также установлен оптимальный срок изоляции, при котором животные демонстрируют поведение «защиты территории» при отсутствии нарушений ориентировочно-исследовательского рефлекса на фоне социальной депривации (изоляции). Указанная модель апробирована в условиях применения разных нейротропных средств. Проведен сравнительный анализ усиления/уменьшения агрессивного поведения на фоне применения нейротропных препаратов мелким лабораторным животным в естественных условиях.
Ritual Impurity in Tannaitic Literature: Two Opposing Perspectives
Authors: Noam Vered
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the rabbinic concept of impurity in terms of the essence of the reality that this term implies. Did the Rabbis consider impurity to be a force of nature, or rather an abstract formalistic structure devoid of any actual existence? A review of rabbinic sources regarding corpse impurity reveals that the essential structures of tannaitic halakhah are grounded in a natural, immanent perception of impurity, which gave rise to an entire system, intricate and coherent, of “natural laws of impurity.”

Layered onto this system, as a secondary stratum of sorts comprising exceptions and “addenda,” is a more subtle halakhic tapestry woven from a diametrically opposed perception. This view subjects the concept of impurity to human awareness and intention, severing it from reality and, in so doing, also stripping it of its “natural” substance.
Reading and Dating the Halbturn Amulet
Authors: Taeuber Hans
Published: October 2020

A golden leaf with a Jewish inscription was found in the grave of a small child in a graveyard in Halbturn at the Austro-Hungarian border. It can be classified as a phylakterion, i. e. an amulet with magic spells or quotations from Scriptures intended to protect its bearer. The article presents an edition of the amulet’s inscriptions and dates it paleographically to the second half of the second or to the third century C. E.
Notes on the “Jewish” Inscriptions in Pannonia
Authors: Kovács Péter
Published: October 2020

The Jewish inscriptions of Pannonia from the Roman period have been collected and edited several times but the identification and the interpretation of these inscriptions are heavily disputed. A new interpretation of this epigraphic material shows that only a portion of the inscriptions can be considered as Jewish monuments.
A Jewish Magic Device in Pannonia Superior?
Authors: Davidowicz Klaus , Lange Armin
Published: October 2020

A comparison with Jewish magic as well as Jewish and non-Jewish amulets shows that the exclusive use of Deut 6:4 in the Halbturn amulet for apotropaic purposes points to its Jewish origin. A Jewish oil lamp found in Carnutum, the capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Superior, demonstrates that Jews lived not far away from Halbturn and poses the question of whether the amulet was produced in Carnuntum. While the magician who produced the Halbturn amulet was most probably a Jew, the archaeological evidence of the grave in which the Halbturn amulet was found is inconclusive with regard to the background of the child buried in it. The Carnuntum oil lamp, however, points to the possibility of a Jewish grave.
Towards a Theology of Qumran: The “Theological Dictionary of the Qumran Texts” (Theologisches Wörterbuch zu den Qumranschriften, ThWQ)
Authors: Schäfers Kirsten
Published: October 2020

This overview of the “Theological Dictionary of the Qumran Texts” Project lays out its organizational framework and agenda, while explaining why it is necessary and desirable to address theological questions with respect to the Qumran texts. The intellectual framing of the project and its expectations, as well as the ongoing progress of the project are described. A sample entry, on the word אב ’ab “Father” follows.
Aufsummierte Tora
Authors: Finsterbusch Karin
Published: October 2020

This article studies how the word Torah is used in the Pentateuch to designate a collection of laws. In Deuteronomy – originally an independent composition – “Torah” is used for the first time as a designation of a substantial collection of laws. When Deuteronomy was integrated into the Pentateuch this deuteronomic signification of “Torah” changed: According to Exod 24:12, God gives on Mt. Sinai to Moses. Based on the key terms and , the adressees of the Pentateuch could only understand this Sinai-Torah as refering to Exod 25:1–31:17; Lev 1–27; Deut 5:1b–26:16; the blessings and curses of Deut 28; and the song of Deut 32. The Torah containing these passages forms the basis of the covenant in Moab (Deuteronomy 29–30) and is written down by Moses according to Deut 31:9, 24. This “Moabite” Torah Book is placed in the Pentateuch next to the “Book of the Covenant” which is written down by Moses as well (Exod 24:7) and which provides the basis for the covenant formed on Mt. Sinai.
From Leviticus to Joshua: The Old Greek Text in Light of Two Septuagint Manuscripts from the Schøyen Collection
Authors: De Troyer Kristin
Published: October 2020

The texts of papyrus Schøyen MS 2648 (a Joshua codex) and MS 2649 (a Leviticus codex) belong to the Old Greek text tradition of the books of Joshua and Leviticus. But both codices attest not purely to the Old Greek text, but to an already slightly altered text. The Old Greek text of the two codices was already revised towards a Hebrew text, most often the Masoretic text. The two papyri are thus not witnesses for the Old Greek text as it left the hands of the first translators, but for an Old Greek text that was beginning to be revised towards the Hebrew text.
Between the Covenant Code and Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaty
Authors: Levinson Bernard M. , Stackert Jeffrey
Published: October 2020

The authors are preparing a volume for the Yale Anchor Bible Reference Library, Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch, which will examine the following key questions: (1) What is the date and historical context for the composition of Deuteronomy? (2) What is Deuteronomy’s method of composition? (3) What is the relationship between law and narrative in Deuteronomy? (4) What is the intent of Deuteronomy vis-à-vis its Israelite sources? (5) What is the influence of cuneiform legal and treaty traditions upon Deuteronomy and its Israelite forebears? (6) What is Deuteronomy’s status within the compiled Pentateuch (and the larger biblical canon)? In this article, the authors summarize these issues and then examine Deut 13 and its relevance for dealing with each of them.
Deuteronomy and Joshua
Authors: Finsterbusch Karin
Published: October 2020

This article studies the relationship of Deuteronomy and Joshua on the subject of Torah, one of the main topics and themes of Deuteronomy. Four major conclusions are reached. First, the Torah was not part of a (hypothetically independent, pre-exilic) Deuteronomy–Joshua conquest story of the land. Second, exilic/early post-exilic redactors tried to link Joshua with Deuteronomy (still an independent composition) and to support the authority of the Torah (i. e., Deuteronomy) and especially the Deuteronomic law, through the insertion of the Ebal-Gerizim episode and the addition of Josh 22:5, with the related narrative of Josh 22:9–34. Third, a “Pentateuchoriented redaction,” reflected by Josh 1:7–8 and 23:6, emphasizes that the book of Joshua is not part of the Torah, in the sense of a (proto-) Pentateuch, containing at least Exodus–Deuteronomy. Finally, a “Hexateuch-oriented redaction” tried to redefine Torah as Hexateuch by adding a last chapter, Josh 24. Joshua wrote “Joshua,” and “Joshua” became Torah: “The book of the Torah of Moses” (Josh 23:6) metamorphosed at the very end of this process into “the book of the Torah of God” (Josh 24:26). However, this expression became as under-used as the Hexateuch itself: Joshua became part of the Prophets, and Deuteronomy became the “fifth book of Moses.”
Textual Fluidity and Rewriting in Parallel Traditions
Authors: Nihan Christophe
Published: October 2020

This article addresses some key aspects of the relation between textual fluidity and rewriting in the Second temple period on the basis of the comparison between the David traditions in Samuel and in Chronicles. While the discovery of Sam manuscripts in Cave 4 of Khirbet Qumran (especially 4QSama) has made likely that Chr used a source distinct from Sam MT, recent debates about the character of 4QSama and literary revisions in Sam MT and LXX suggest that the fluidity of the David traditions at the time of Chr’s composition may in fact have been even more significant than previously assumed. Building on this, the article compares the rewriting of these David traditions in Sam and Chr; in particular, it argues that although the scope of such rewriting is usually much more significant in Chr, there are several passages where Chr preserves an account of David which is less expansionist than Sam MT, and sometimes even than any other ancient version of Sam, as already observed by S. L. McKenzie and others. The implications of this finding for the characterization of Chr as rewritten composition are explored in the last part of the article. Chr’s relation to Sam emerges as a paradigmatic – albeit by no means unique – example of the complex dynamics that unite a rewritten composition to its source; this finding questions any simple, straightforward relation between the development of rewritten compositions and the textual stabilization of the source(s) on which these compositions are based. Furthermore, while it is possible to understand what features, precisely, would have led the ancient audience of Chr to see that work as a new composition, rather than as a variant edition of its source, it is dubious that such features may be used to define a literary genre proper.
Some Remarks on the So-Called Synagogue in Limyra
Authors: Pülz Andreas
Published: October 2020

This article represents a second response to the preliminary excavation report by Seyer and Lotz. It offers a short overview of the history and architecture of Limyra in late antique and Byzantine times with a special focus on early Christian monuments. Pülz regards the time from the 5th through the 6th cent. as a more likely date for the phase in which Seyer and Lotz situate the use of the Limyra building as a synagogue and asks whether the water basin could not point to a Christian church instead of a synagogue.
The Jewish Communities in Eastern Rough Cilicia
Authors: Fairchild Mark R.
Published: October 2020

This article discusses Jewish communities and their material remains in Eastern Rough Cilicia mainly during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. After mentioning some written sources about the Jewish presence in western Anatolia, the general paucity of testimonies about Jewish communities in central and eastern Anatolia is emphasized. This lack of evidence might be due to the fact, that both areas are not as well explored and researched as Western Anatolia. The focus of the paper lies on the eastern most region of Rough Cilicia. It discusses rock inscriptions, rock carvings, and (decorated) architectural remains which bear witness to a strong Jewish presence in many cities of this region.
The Shema in the Second Temple Period
Authors: Gribetz Sarit Kattan
Published: October 2020

The precise historical moment when Deut 6 (Shema Israel) was transformed into a prayer ritual is uncertain and a matter of scholarly debate. It is generally assumed that by the time of the Mishnah’s redaction (ca. 200 C. E.), the recitation of the Shema was already a standardized ritual because the Mishnah refers to it as a well-known practice. Indeed, the Mishnah takes for granted that its audience is so familiar with the prayer that it does not define it at all, but rather delves immediately into detailed discussions of its timing and exceptions that might arise in everyday life. Other sources from the Second Temple period, however, challenge the idea of the antiquity and ubiquity of such a standard prayer ritual composed of biblical verses from Deuteronomy and Numbers. This paper examines a number of key texts from the Second Temple period that seemingly refer to the recitation of the Shema prayer and that have been used by scholars to reconstruct the origins of this liturgical ritual. Through a close reading of four of these sources (the Letter of Aristeas, Philo, the Community Rule, and Josephus), I argue that they might not refer to the practice of the Shema recitation that we know from later rabbinic literature. Rather, they provide us with a lens into the diversity of ways that Deut 6:6–7 – “take to heart these instructions… impress them on your children… recite them when you stay at home and when you are away, when you lie down and when you get up” – was understood and fulfilled in the Second Temple period. The Letter of Aristeas describes an act of meditating on God’s works of creation; the Community Rule prescribes daily recitation of laws; Philo emphasizes the instruction of justice; and Josephus frames the obligation as a commandment to commemorate the deliverance out of Egypt twice daily. The particular framing of the Shema ritual that we come to know in the Mishnah might have appropriated and extended the practice of reciting the Shema in the temple (some evidence suggests that the Shema was recited in the temple), but this was only one of the ways in which Deut 6:7 was enacted and fulfilled in the pre-destruction period.
Josephus’s Ambivalent Attitude towards Women and Power
Authors: Liebowitz Etka
Published: October 2020

Scholars have long been bewildered by Josephus’s contradictory accounts of the reign of Queen Alexandra (76–67 B. C. E.), the only independent female Hasmonean ruler. While portraying her as a wise, skillful, and beloved ruler, Josephus also harshly criticizes her reign, holding her responsible for the downfall of Judea. A critical feminist historiographic approach to philological and textual analyses of Alexandra’s portrayal in Judean War and Judean Antiquities allows us to resolve this tension, by situating the case of Queen Alexandra within the context of Jewish history, Greco-Roman history, and gender discourse. Additional factors impacting upon Josephus’s differing evaluations of Queen Alexandra in War and Antiquities include cultural conditions, in particular the different attitudes of Roman and Hellenistic society toward women in power, and the challenge presented to traditional male political structures by the transfer of power to a female monarch. This finding may also contribute to a better understanding of portrayals of other leading women in antiquity.
A Tertiary Level of Understanding in Qumran Interpretive Texts Discoverable Through Cascading Stichwörter
Authors: Katzin David
Published: October 2020

This study is premised on the understanding that the authors of the Qumran Pesharim believed that rare words and word combinations held special-contextual meaning when found in sacred texts. In support of this concept it is shown that Pesher uses an exegetical technique in which scriptural verses identified through rare words contained within them, and which are lexically associated with the lemma through Stichworter, are themselves used to provide additional keywords. Through these keywords subsequent verses containing other rare or conspicuous words are identified which, although not directly associated with the lemma, are incorporated into the interpretation. This process could be repeated multiple times, i. e., cascading Stichworter, in order to “reveal” a desired interpretation. In the cases presented, this very elegant hermeneutical method has the key benefit of explaining in an objective way not only the relationship between the lemma and the gloss but also the narrative flow of the gloss itself. Most importantly, it also provides a third level of understanding to the text: 1) lemma 2) gloss and 3) a newly revealed level consisting of the community’s dogma, theological underpinnings, and kerygma. Further, this hermeneutical method allows for the understanding that the interpretation promulgated was revealed through the “Word (davar) of God,” based on divinely placed markers which would alert the inspired-understanding reader to pay attention to their surrounding context and then make the required connections. This method is illustrated first in its simplest form with the use of the basic building blocks of this technique to contemporize scripture. Ultimately, it is shown that Pesher carries this technique a step further by using these units of hermeneutics to build on one another into what can be understood as a cascade of Stichworter and word crafting which is presented in increasing levels of intricacy.
The Seducer and the Rapist
Authors: Heger Paul
Published: October 2020

The rule of Exod 22:15–16 refers unequivocally to an act of seduction and its legal ramifications. Its cognate rule in Deut 22:28–29 is regularly interpreted as referring to an act of rape and its legal ramifications. 11Q19 (11QTa) LXVI:8–11, however, integrates the two biblical decrees, applying the legal implications from Deuteronomy to the seducer. This paper examines the terms in the deuteronomic decree, demonstrating that they do not absolutely indicate violent rape; this, in turn, explains the Temple Scroll’s treatment of the text as referring to an act of seduction. A variety of practical differences result from the two disparate interpretations. Finally, the paper examines the conceptual distinctions between modern criminal law and ancient Israelite divine law.
Jew, Judean, Judaism in the Ancient Period: An Alternative Argument
Authors: Wills Lawrence M.
Published: October 2020

Applying the terms “Jew” and “Judaism” in the ancient period has recently been challenged by a number of scholars. First, the terms translated as Jew and Judaism are rare in the ancient period, and second, it is argued that these terms retroject later understandings of Judaism as a religion back into a period when Israelites and Yehudim/Ioudaioi are rather understood as an ethnic group. “Judeans” is preferable as a designation to “Jews.” Two challenges have arisen. Some argue that the ethnic meaning of Yehudim/Ioudaioi changed to a more religious meaning in about 100 B. C. E.. Others insist that “Jew” and “Judaism” have always communicated both an ethnic and religious meaning – and still do – and so to insist on an ethnic-only meaning (“Judeans”) in the ancient period is misleading. Here I take up a number of the previous arguments and modify them to form an alternative proposal: Yehudi (feminine Yehudiyah) and related terms arose as assertive, emotive identity terms to reflect a strong affirmation of identity in an international situation. Much as “Quaker” or “American” can be assertive, emotive identity terms relative to the default Society of Friends or United States respectively, so Yehudi/Yehudiyah was used occasionally, then more often, as a strong identity term relative to the default Israel/Israelite.
The Two Messiahs and Melchizedek in 11QMelchizedek
Authors: Flowers Michael
Published: October 2020

11QMelch identifies several eschatological figures in Isa 52:7: prophets, a first and second herald, the community, and (probably) Melchizedek. The heralds are differentiated from one another, something that has been largely overlooked in discussions of 11QMelch. They are also differentiated from the “mountains”/“prophets,” another significant point that is rarely emphasized. That the first herald is a Davidic Messiah is suggested by the author’s apparent quote from the “seventy weeks” prophecy in Dan 9:24–27, a passage that was often used to calculate the advent of the Davidic Messiah. If the lacuna in line 18 contained a clause from Dan 9:25 this would provide further support for interpreting the first herald as the Davidic Messiah since this verse refers to “the prince Messiah.” Moreover, in the history of interpretation, Isa 52:7 was understood, at least by some Christians and Jews, as referring to the Davidic Messiah. Hence, there are grounds for seeing the first herald not as an angel or a Prophet-Messiah but as a royal Messiah. Melchizedek – who goes by the aliases “the Prince of lights” and “Michael” in other works – is distinguished from the two heralds. He is not a Messiah but a chief patron angel who fights on behalf of the sons of light against Belial in the great eschatological war. The second herald is described as a teacher and may therefore be the “Messiah of Aaron”/“Interpreter of the Law” found in other sectarian works. The interpretation proposed in this article allows for parallels to be drawn between 11QMelch and other sectarian works. Against what is commonly supposed, 11QMelch does not seem to reflect a form of messianism that is notably distinctive but one that conforms to the diarchic messianism found in other sectarian writings.
Between Priestly Cult and Common Culture:
Authors: Adler Yonatan
Published: October 2020

Although miqwa’ot and chalkstone vessels have been found throughout Israel, the unparalleled number of such finds at Jerusalem has conventionally been explained in terms of the special demands of the Temple cult and of the city’s priestly residents. In light of a growing number of archaeological discoveries from the past number of years, however, the conception that Jerusalem and its Temple served as focal points of ritual purity observance deserves to be significantly reevaluated. The new data indicate that regular, widespread use of ritual baths and chalkstone vessels was not at all unique to Jerusalem or the priesthood, but rather was commonplace to a comparable degree in Jewish society throughout early Roman Judea. Jews everywhere throughout the country strove on a regular basis to maintain the purity of their bodies, clothing, utensils, food, and drink, and there is no reason to suppose that in doing so they somehow had the Temple in mind. Most Jews living at this time would probably have understood the pentateuchal purity regulations as prescribing that ritual purity be maintained on a regular basis in ordinary, everyday life – without specific regard to the Temple or its cult. This new understanding encourages us to reinterpret the archaeological finds from Jerusalem as reflecting an important facet of prevailing common culture rather than as stemming from the unique sanctity of Jerusalem, the Temple, or its priests.
Forever Let it Be Said
Authors: Lieber Laura S.
Published: October 2020

Abstract: In this article, an exploration of the performative phenomenon labeled here as “multi-authorial vocality” will serve to highlight both the richness of the Samaritan poetic tradition on its own terms and to suggest significant future directions for comparative study that can integrate Samaritan hymnography and the Samaritan liturgy into their works. This analysis primarily underscores how scholars need to address the essential complexity of liturgical poetry as a performed genre. “Multi-authorial vocality” refers to the process by which multiple authors shape the received experience and significance of the composition as a whole. A single Samaritan hymn by Marqa, “This is His Great Writing,” provides a subject for the analysis, and a translation of the hymn is provided as an appendix. The rhetorical-performative dynamic examined here is not in any way unique to this poem, nor is it distinctive to Samaritans; it is precisely this more “universal” element of liturgical poetry that enables comparative (beyond noting parallel or divergent motifs, themes, and intertextual allusions) to be done. In Marqa’s poem, some figures are explicitly identified as authors or tradents, while others assume that role implicitly. The approach to liturgical texts modeled here does not deny the importance of the author to our text but raises our awareness of how complicated his role is. The poet is, to use an analogy, as much a conductor as a composer; he orchestrates the liturgical experience, but relies on other participants to complete it. Subsequent performers create their own arrangements of the existing words on the page but likewise need the involvement – physical, conceptual, and psychological – of the other participants for the liturgy to “work.” At the same time, it also argues for the importance of integrating Samaritan liturgical traditions into the larger comparative hymnography discussions now underway.
Josephus and the Signifying Body
Authors: Lincicum David
Published: October 2020

In the midst of the recent resurgence of interest in ancient Jewish and Christian perceptions of the body, Josephus has not yet received sustained attention. This brief article redresses that lack, and argues that Josephus evinces a certain consciousness of the body as cultural signifier. While physiognomics per se are not a keen interest of Josephus, he does portray the bodily in such a way that he signifies to the audience the nobility or otherwise of the actor in his narrative. The topoi and strategies he employs work alongside his more explicit rhetorical strategies to saturate his history with evaluative language and lend eloquence to the corporeal.
Legal Justice or Social Justice?
Authors: Halberstam Chaya
Published: October 2020

This article aims to read closely the tannaitic material pertaining to judicial discretion and legal justice with the understanding that the rabbis are not simply clarifying certain specialized questions about courtroom procedure but are seriously engaging a core facet of Roman imperial and Hellenistic ideology: the benefits and deficits of the rule of law. It has been noted that as opposed to later, talmudic rabbis, the Tanaaim are particularly strict with regard to personal, judicial discretion – in other words, that rather than strike a balance between law and wisdom, they allow only for rule-based decision making. This article suggests that the Tanaaim not only opt for rule-bound decision making, but that they do so with a full awareness of what is lost from broader ideals of social justice when judges are required to abide, almost mechanically, by the rules. The Tanaaim thereby contributed to contemporary questions in political philosophy from the point of view of disempowered Roman provincials for whom the rule of law meant less as political propaganda and more as a measure of stability in uncertain times.
Virtue and Vice on Stage
Authors: Friesen Courtney J. P.
Published: October 2020

Philo’s claims to have attended the theater are well known; yet the extent to which dramatic themes inform his writings remains to be explored. This study juxtaposes two of Philo’s treatises that engage with drama in disparate ways. First, in the Legatio ad Gaium, drawing on contemporary disdain for acting, Philo criticizes the emperor’s theatrical pretentions. Coupled with his aspirations for divine honors, Philo depicts Gaius’ passion for performing as particularly contemptuous. More than mere personal folly, however, Gaius’ administration was an enactment of a tragic plot in which the Jews had become the dramatic victims. By contrast, in Quod omnis probus liber sit, Philo provides a string of exempla in support of the Stoic paradox that the virtuous person is truly free, even if enslaved; among these are two popular dramatic heroes: Polyxena and Heracles. The contrast between these two treatises foregrounds the complexity of Philo’s relationship with the stage: on the one hand, the bloody violence of tragedy is emblematic of Gaius’ policies toward the Jews; on the other, individual dramatis personae are evoked as embodying the ideals of virtue.
The Qumran Pesharim and Alexandrian Scholarship
Authors: Hartog Pieter B.
Published: October 2020

This article compares 4Q163/Pesher Isaiah C and Greek papyrus commentaries on the Iliad (hypomnemata). These Greek commentaries reflect the methods and assumptions of Alexandrian literary-critical scholarship. This comparison will demonstrate that the scribe or exegete responsible for 4Q163/Pesher Isaiah C was acquainted with Alexandrian textual scholarship. It is further argued that the familiarity of the Pesher commentator with Alexandrian scholarship is the result of ongoing exchanges of knowledge between Jewish intellectuals in Hellenistic- Roman Egypt and Palestine. Thus, this contribution proposes that Alexandrian commentary writing is one of the roots of the Pesher genre.
Beyond Encomium or Eulogy
Authors: Askin Lindsey A.
Published: October 2020

The relationship between Simon II (220–c. 195 B. C. E.) and Ben Sira bears much upon the context and dating of the Book of Ben Sira. The setting of patronage and reciprocity in the Mediterranean world raises problems with the common interpretation of Sir 50:1–24 as a eulogy for Simon II. The label of encomium for Sirach 44–50, and the identification of Simon the Righteous, are likewise considered. This article explores reciprocity in Ben Sira’s text, as well as Greek, Roman, and Second Temple examples of patronage, including Tobias in the Zenon archive, Jewish funerary inscriptions, Herod the Great, Aristeas, and 1 Maccabees 12. It is argued that a more fitting way of understanding Sir 50:1–24 and the importance of reciprocity in Ben Sira’s text is that Simon II might be considered as alive at the time of writing, and a probable patronage relationship can be posited. An earlier dating of around 198 B. C. E. is proposed for Sir 50:1–24, if not the entire Book of Ben Sira.
Revolution or Evolution
Authors: Kretzmer-Raziel Yoel
Published: October 2020

The Talmudic laws of handling objects on the Sabbath (referred to usually as muqṣe) relate to one’s mental state towards given objects as a criterion for determining the permissibility of handling them. Examination of the Mishnah and Tosefta in relation to the Talmuds reveals that this approach is an amoraic novelty, whereas the tannaitic sources base the law solely on physical criteria. This development is demonstrated through two main examples: Application of thought to set the status of an object and the consideration of one’s knowledge or awareness of the state of an object in determining its status. The emergence of this mental approach seems to have been deeply influenced, semantically and conceptually, by the tannaitc purity laws. Continuity, rather than revolution, appears to characterize this development, based in the tannaitic purity laws and applied in early and late amoraic discourse in the Yerushalmi and the Bavli.
The Chronography of Daniel 9 and Jubilees in the Shadow of the Seleucid Era
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan
Published: October 2020

The Levitical jubilee cycle was originally a chronological structure for marking the progress of sabbatical and jubilee years. In the second century B.C.E., the writers of Daniel 9 and the book of Jubilees were among the first to transform the jubilee cycle into a mode of conceptualizing the pro¬gress of history and the place of the Judean people in that history. In this article, I examine their adaptations of this cycle as a way to structure time and reflect on the progress of history. I argue that they employed this structure as an epochal mode of chronicling history in imitation of the Seleucid Era. In this context, the Levitical jubilee emerges, alongside other chronographic strategies such as the Danielic four empires schema and the ten weeks of the Apocalypse of Weeks, in order to construct an alternative to the Seleucid Era for understanding the history of Judea and its people.
The Jewish Minority of Dura-Europos
Authors: Spigel Chad
Published: October 2020

This article accomplishes two goals. The first is to update Carl Kraeling’s seating capacities for the Dura Europos synagogue by applying the methodology from Ancient Synagogue Seating Capacities: Methodology, Analysis and Limits. Using the detailed methodology, this article shows that the synagogue in Dura Europos could have accommodated more worshippers than previously thought. The second goal is to analyze the resulting data in an effort to better locate the Jewish community within the city of Dura. The first part of the analysis focuses internally on the Jewish community, looking at the size of the worship community and the Jewish population of Dura. The second part considers the Jewish community within the wider local context in an effort to test Kraeling’s assertion that it was a “relatively small and unimportant” minority community. Although the updated seating capacities suggest that the Jewish community was only a small percentage of the total population of Dura, by comparing the seating capacity of the synagogue building with the seating capacities of the Christian building and Mithraeum, this article suggests that the Jewish community was more significant in terms of population than other minority religious groups in the city and that it experienced the most growth in the final decades of the city’s existence.
Lineage and Virtue in Josephus: The Respective Roles of Priestly Worldview and Roman Culture
Authors: Berthelot Katell
Published: October 2020

This article assesses the importance of lineage and virtue in Josephus’ notions of Jewish nobility and the Jewish people. Furthermore, it investigates the respective roles of Josephus’ priestly education and his exposition to Roman culture in his use of such concepts. I argue that while Josephus adopted some aspects of Roman or Greco-Roman discourses on nobility, such as the notion that true nobility goes along with virtue, he resisted the Roman sociopolitical view of nobility, because he tended to identify Jewish aristocracy with the priesthood and thus stuck to a genealogical model. By contrast, Josephus’ definition of the kinship (oikeiotēs) that unites the members of the Jewish people as based either on birth/common ancestors or on choice (the choice to live under Jewish laws, implicitly characterized as virtuous) in Against Apion reflects the impact on the Judean historian of Roman citizenship grants and the pro-Roman discourses that praised this policy.
A Polysystemic Perspective on Ancient Hebrew-Greek Translation
Authors: De Crom Dries
Published: October 2020

This article explores the limits and possibilities of a functional theory of systems, more specifically Polysystem Theory, in the context of ancient Hebrew-Greek translation. It describes the central ideas and concepts of Polysystem Theory, and explores how they might be applied to various forms of translation in the Hellenistic age. An attempt is then made to sketch the development of Hebrew-Greek translation from a systemic perspective, from its internal organization to its eventual fate in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
“The Rabbis Sought to Withdraw the Book of Ezekiel”: The Rabbinic Re-Authorization of the Book of Ezekiel
Authors: Ganzel Tova
Published: October 2020

Several Babylonian talmudic sources call for the withdrawal of the book of Ezekiel from circulation. This article examines the development of this tradition and demonstrates how later rabbis integrated early texts in its creation and also used exegetical means to address the contradictions between Ezekiel’s stipulations and pentateuchal law. Another area of concern was Ezekiel’s prophetic status: some rabbinic texts granted Ezekiel the power of a lawgiver; others framed him as transmitting Mosaic traditions; and still others lowered Ezekiel’s prophetic status.
A Correlational Study on Teacher Educators’ Assessment Literacy and Their Students’ Academic Achievement
Authors: Hussain Sajjad
Published: October 2020

The knowledge and skills of classroom assessment is one of the requirements which have been declared in National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan. Without the knowledge and skills of assessment teachers cannot effectively implement their instructional plan. This study investigated teacher educators’ assessment literacy and its relationship with the academic achievement of prospective teachers. The study was quantitative correlational and survey method was adopted for data collection. Teacher educators and prospective teachers of Government Colleges of Elementary Teachers and Regional Institute for Teacher Educators were included in the population. Data were collected through an assessment literacy test from the sample groups of the study which was analyzed through mean scores, Pearson correlation and linear regression. The results illustrated that the assessment literacy of teacher educators was of average level which was significantly co-related to the academic achievement of prospective teachers. To further enhance the assessment literacy in-service trainings/workshops were recommended. Further, an Assessment Wing at federal level for the development of assessment standards at different level was also recommended.