bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADVANTAGES OF MONOPOLE TRANSMISSION TOWER WITH NEW GENERATION CONDUCTORS
Authors: Bantupalli Ramesh , Potireddy Sharon , K.V.G.D Baljai , B Santhosh Kumar
Published: May 2020

This paper made an attempt to enlighten the safety parameter of monopole withthe Lattice tower transmission line design in urban areas, where required right of wayis constraint. Pipe section for monopole and a four-legged section for lattice towerhave been chosen as tower profiles. The new generation composite conductors andSteel Reinforced conductors’ properties have been examined for an integral approach.The analysis is carried out with IS 802 (Part-1/Sec-1): 2015 and IS 875(Part3)-2015revised code versions for 60 m height and 250 m span. It is concluded that theMonopole pipe sections are 6.7% less in weight than the four-legged lattice tower withcomposite conductors. While comparing the design philosophy of IS 802:2015 codeand IS 875-2015 versions, former code contributed an economic design whencompared to IS 875-2015 loading procedure. It is further extended that in terms ofweight comparison, monopole and four-legged towers have illustrated as 30% &9.18% less in comparison with IS 875 Code procedure.
Non-compliance with COVID-19-related public health measures among young adults: Insights from a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Nivette Amy , Ribeaud Denis , Murray Aja Louise , Steinhoff Annekatrin , Bechtiger Laura , Hepp Urs , Shanahan Lilly , Eisner Manuel
Published: May 2020

Background: Do young adults have low compliance rates with public health measures aimed at curbing the spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? This paper leverages a prospective-longitudinal cohort study with data before and during the pandemic to examine this question.Methods: Data came from an ongoing cohort study (n=737). Non-compliance with public health measures and concurrent correlates were measured at age 22. Antecedent sociodemographic, social, and psychological factors were measured at ages 15-20.Findings: Young adults generally complied with COVID-19 public health measures, although compliance with some measures (e.g., cleaning/disinfecting mobile phones, standing 1.5-2 meters apart) was relatively lower. Non-compliance, especially with hygiene-related measures, was more prevalent in males, and in individuals with higher education, higher SES, and a non- migrant background. Non-compliance was associated with “antisocial potential,” including pre-pandemic low acceptance of moral rules, legal cynicism, low shame/guilt, low self-control, engagement in delinquent behaviors, and association with delinquent peers. Young adults with low trust, including in the government’s measures for fighting the virus, also complied less.Interpretation: In order to increase voluntary compliance with COVID-19 measures, public health campaigns should implement strategies that foster moral obligation and trust in authorities, or leverage trustworthy individuals in the community to disseminate information. For young adults with low self-control, self-monitoring, environmental restructuring, or nudging may increase compliance. Long-term investments into integrating antisocial youth into society may decrease rule-breaking behaviors, including during pandemics when compliance saves lives.
Priorytety programowe kandydatów na urząd prezydenta Ukrainy w 2019 roku
Authors: Pietnoczka Paweł
Published: May 2020

The aim of the article is to present the proposals of candidates running for the office of President of Ukraine in 2019. It has been shown what issues they paid closest attention to in their election programmes, how they intended to ensure national security, restore territorial integrity, fight corruption, and improve the socio-economic and political situation in Ukraine. Attention was brought to the proposals of those candidates who received at least 10% support in the election. Therefore, the election programmes of Volodymyr Zelensky, Petro Poroshenko, Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Boyko were analysed
ANALISIS KANDUNGAN NUTRISI BUAH RENGGA (Amomum dealbatum Roxb)
Authors: Muliasari Handa , Dwi Ananto Agus , Ihsan Muhsinul
Published: May 2020

Tanaman rengga (Amomum dealbatum Roxb) tergolong family Zingiberaceae. Tanaman ini merupakan tanaman khas Pulau Lombok yang masih jarang dimanfaatkan potensinya. Buah tanaman rengga biasa dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat setempat, namun kandungan nutrisinya belum dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan nutrisi pada buah rengga yang terdapat di Pulau Lombok. Kandungan nutrisi meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, kadar serat, lemak, protein dan karbohidrat menggunakan analisis proksimat mengikuti metode AOAC 2005. Hasil analisis proksimat menunjukkan kandungan nutrisi buah rengga yaitu kadar air 55,19±0,27%; kadar abu 3,72±0,10%; kadar karbohidrat 34,51±0,03%; serat 6,46±0,57%; lemak 2,87±0,05%; dan protein 3,13±0,09%.
Transferencia de conocimiento e investigación formativa : lecciones aprendidas y desafíos para los semilleros de investigación.
Authors: Gómez Miranda Oscar Mauricio , Morales Rubiano Maria Eugenia , Plata Pacheco Paola Andrea
Published: May 2020

Los semilleros como estrategia pedagógica para la formación en investigación son espacios eficaces para el fomento de la cultura de la ciencia y la investigación en estudiantes universitarios, que logran en estos complementar los conocimientos y habilidades de sus estudios profesionales. El objetivo del artículo es identificar las lecciones aprendidas y desafíos en los procesos de transferencia de conocimiento y formación de capacidades a partir de la experiencia de un semillero de investigación de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Se desarrolló una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, a partir de entrevistas realizadas a docentes involucrados en el semillero y la aplicación de cuestionarios a estudiantes que han estado vinculados. Se encontró que es necesario fomentar el uso de una segunda lengua y de herramientas tecnológicas para trabajo colaborativo. Se concluye que la propuesta pedagógica del semillero estudiado facilita la formación en investigación, pero la Universidad no tiene una política de retención.
Rozmawiając, by wygrać. Dialog Macro Game Theory jako rama do analizy dialogu w konkursach radiowych
Authors: Stachyra Grażyna
Published: May 2020

Artykuł podejmuje próbę analizy radiowego game show (konkursu radiowego) w oparciu o formułę dialogue macro game (dialogowej makrogry). Teoretyczne ramy ujęcia tworzy Dialogue Macro Game Theory (teoria dialogowej makrogry) Williama C. Manna. Analizowany materiał pochodzi z audycji zatytułowanej Szczęśliwa trzynastka, emitowanej w najpopularniejszej polskiej stacji radiowej RFM FM. Głównym celem pracy jest zbadanie wzorców struktury celów w radiowym dialogu konkursowym. Analiza jakościowa pokazuje ponadto obecność ukrytej dialogowej metaintencji, która wpływa na intencje indywidualne oraz dyskursywne zobowiązania uczestników dialogu.
Aktivitas Antimikroba dan Skrining Fitokimia Beberapa Tanaman Berkhasiat Obat di Kota Kendari
Authors: Mappasomba Musadar , Malaka Muhammad Hajrul , Hamsidi Rini , Zulbayu La Ode Muhammad Andi , Sahidin S
Published: May 2020

Penapisan fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan terhadap beberapa tanaman berkhasiat obat yaitu ekstrak metanol tanaman asam (Tamarindus indica L.), paria (Momordica charantia L.), belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L), jambu bol (Syzygium malaccense L. Merr), dan seledri (Apium graveolens L) yang ada di Kota Kendari Sulawesi Tenggara. Bagian tanaman berupa akar, batang, kulit batang, daun, maupun buah dipreparasi dan dimaserasi menggunakan metanol. Penapisan fitokimia dilakukan dengan metode KLT untuk mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, saponin dan triterpenoid, sedangkan uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 35219 dan Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592 dengan kloramfenikol sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil skrining fitokimia terhadap beberapa tanaman obat menunjukan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, dan saponin terkandung pada bagian akar, batang, maupun daun. Hasil pengukuran zona hambat ekstrak tanaman yang diuji menunjukan aktivitas antibakteri sangat aktif terhadap E. coli yaitu ekstrak akar belimbing wuluh, akar jambu bol, dan batang jambu bol. Selain itu, aktivitas antibakteri yang paling aktif terhadap S. aureus adalah ekstrak dan akar jambu bol.Kata kunci: fitokimia, antibakteri, obat tradisional, Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara
Modifikasi Penggunaan Subsoil Melalui Penambahan Bahan Organik Untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Arabika (Coffea Arabica L.)
Authors: Rosniawaty Santi , Maulina Asmi , Suherman Cucu , Soleh Mochamad Arief , Sudirja Rija
Published: May 2020

Sub soil is soil under the top soil layer, with low fertility. The use of sub soil as an Arabica coffee seedling planting media needs to be considered because the top soil layer has been much reduced by erosion or run off. Needs modification in sub-soil soils to increase fertility. Increased sub soil fertility can be done using organic materials, both solid and liquid. Coffee seedling using the right planting media will determine the growth and production of coffee in the field later. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of subsoil growing media with the addition of organic material for the growth of Arabica coffee seeds. The experiment was conducted at the Ciparanje Experimental Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang Regency, in March to June 2019 with altitude of ± 780 meters above sea level. The experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) with 9 treatments repeated three times. The treatments are as follows: 100% topsoil; subsoil 100%; topsoil: chicken manure (2: 1); subsoil: chicken manure (1: 1); subsoil: chicken manure (2: 1); subsoil: chicken manure (3: 1); subsoil + 25% coconut water; subsoil + 50% coconut water; subsoil + 75% coconut water. The results showed that the modification of subsoil with the addition of organic matter affected the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings on stem diameter variables of 8 MST and leaf chlorophyll index of 16 MST. Subsoil media with the addition of chicken manure (3: 1) had a good effect on leaf chlorophyll index and subsoil media with 25% coconut water had a good effect on the diameter of Arabica coffee seedling stems. Subsoil can replace topsoil by adding organic matter.
The object-tool duality in mathematical modelling. A framework to analyze students’ appropriation of Sankey diagrams to model dynamic processes
Authors: Vos Pauline , Frejd Peter
Published: May 2020

Students often do not experience the relevance of learning mathematics. This paper reports on an exploratory case study, in which a class of grade 8 students (n=35) was introduced to Sankey diagrams. The aim was to explore to what extent these students could appropriate Sankey diagrams, meaning: they could describe these as objects in themselves and they could use them to model and visualize phenomena relevant to them. Based on Cultural-Historical Activity Theory, we developed an analytical construct defined as the object-tool duality, coordinating mathematics as a set of objects and as a set of tools. The analysis of students’ answers showed that they could use these diagrams as tools to visualize phenomena. When asked to describe the object, all mentioned the tool-side. So, in their appropriation the tool-side came before the object-side. Our contribution is that teaching the tool-side of mathematicsbefore the object-side may increase students’ sense of the relevance of mathematics, which is a topic to develop for future research.
Impact of theoretical perspectives on the design of mathematical modelling tasks
Authors: Barquero Berta , Jessen Britta Eyrich
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we discuss how the adoption of a particular theoretical framework affects task design in the research field of modelling and applications. With this purpose, we start by referring to the existence of different reference epistemological models about mathematical modelling to analyse better the consequences they have for decision making concerning designing modelling tasks and their implementation. In particular, we present the analysis of three case studies, which have been selected as representatives of different theoretical perspectives to modelling. We discuss the impact of the chosen reference epistemological model on the task design process of mathematical modelling and the local ecologies suited for their implementation.
PERAN PROFITABILITAS DALAM MEMODERASI PENGARUH STRUKTUR MODAL DAN KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN
Authors: Sari Mislia Ambar , Wati Lela Nurlaela , Rahardjo Bambang
Published: May 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of capital structure and dividend policy on firm value by moderating profitability in food beverages companies. Samples are Food Beverages Sub Sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2014-2018 period, which were taken using purposive sampling technique. The analysis technique used is a moderation regression analysis (MRA) using eviews 9. The results of hypothesis testing show that the capital structure variable (DER) has a positive and significant effect on firm value (PBV), dividend policy (EPS) has a positive and significant effect on firm value ( PBV), profitability (ROA) strengthens the effect of capital structure (DER) on firm value (PBV), but profitability (ROA) does not strengthen the effect of dividend policy (EPS) on firm value (PBV). These results indicate that the higher the capital structure financed by debt and the greater the dividends distributed to investors, the higher the firm value.Keywords: Capital Structure, Dividend Policy, Profitability, Firm Value
Is Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (COVID-19) From Mother To Baby Possible?
Authors: Chakravorty Triya , Memtsa Maria , Khan Rehan
Published: May 2020

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has serious health implications. The potential risk to pregnant women and neonates must be explored. Controversy exists regarding whether Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be transmitted vertically via antenatal or intrapartum transmission from an infected mother to her child. Emerging case reports and cohort studies suggest that vertical transmission is likely. However, the data is limited and contradictory, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. The continued collection and analysis of data on pregnant women and neonates is necessary.
Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemical Study Comparing the Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Acini of the Sublingual and Submandibular Salivary Glands of Albino Rats
Authors: Yasser Sarah , Shon Ahmed
Published: May 2020

AIM: This study was designed to compare the effect of diabetes on the mucous and seromucous acini of the sublingual (SLG) and the submandibular (SMG) salivary glands of albino rats, respectively.
METHODS: Twenty male albino rats were assigned into two groups; control and diabetic. Three months following the induction of diabetes mellitus (DM), both the SMG and the SLG glands were removed, randomly sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to estimate the volume-weighted mean volume of the acini of both glands together with examining their morphology. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was done to examine the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in both of them.
RESULTS: We found that, unlike the SMG acinar cells, diabetes appeared not to affect both the morphology and the volume of the SLG acini. Interestingly, PCNA expression in diabetic SMG glands acini was significantly higher than diabetic SLG glands acini. Furthermore, we found that the expression pattern of PCNA was significantly higher between the control and diabetic groups in both glands.
CONCLUSION: We concluded that the mucous acini of the SLG glands are less affected by the oxidative damage induced by DM.
Élisée Reclus e a Guerra do Paraguai
Authors: Théry Hervé , Velut Sébastien
Published: May 2020

Lendo o artigo de Élisée Reclus "A Guerra do Paraguai", que ele publicou na Revue des Deux Mondes no dia 15 de dezembro de 1867, mostra-se que apesar de sua vista a priori favorável ao Paraguai (que ele compara a França revolucionária)ele faz uma análise penetrante de relações de poder entre os beligerantes e antecipa as consequências do conflito.
Effects of Some Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) Concentration on Qualitative Traits of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Authors: Amir RAHİMİ  , Gülen ÖZYAZICI  , Fatemeh AHMADİ
Published: May 2020

Soil pollution is a global concern from past to recent. Toxic and high resistance nature of chemical pollutants, such as heavy metals show their important as environmental risk and a serious problem for human health, because they can introduce to the food chain from contaminated environments. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn on qualitative parameters of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in polluted soil environment. Heavy metals concentration, total phenol and flavonoid, essential oil percentage, DPPH radical scavenging activity, super and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity in leave and stem parts of the plants were analysed in this study according to standard methods. According to results, Cu was the dominant heavy metal in leave and stem of both studied plants, followed by Pb, Zn, and Cd. The concentration of various heavy metals in dill was more than two times higher than basil. Total phenol and flavonoids showed significant differences in leave and stem in both plants. DPPH, super oxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity showed significant higher values in leave than stem in both plants.
Yazlık Ekmeklik Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotiplerinin Tarımsal Özellikler Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Mehmet KARAMAN
Published: May 2020

Bu çalışma, 2011-2012 üretim sezonunda Diyarbakır Merkezde yürütülmüştür. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Deneme materyalini 25 genotip oluşturmuştur. İncele-nen tüm özellikler yönünden, genotipler arasında p≤0.01 düzeyinde önemli farklılıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir. GGE biplot ve korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre; tane verimi (TV) ile hektolitre (HL) ve bin tane ağırlığı (BT) arasında pozitif ve önemli, protein (PR) ve yaş guluten (YG) oranı ile negatif ve önemli ilişki olduğu gö-rülmüştür. Ayrıca, tane sertliği (SRT) ile TV, HL ve BT arasında negatif korelasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Biplot modeline göre; PC1 %36.39, PC2 %26.80, PC1+PC2 toplamda %63.19 oranında genotipler arasındaki varyasyonu açıklamıştır. TV’de G8, G11 ve G22,  PR ve YG için G17 ve Sagittario en iyi hatlar olarak belir-lenmiştir. Özellikle, öne çıkan hatların takip edilerek çalışmanın bir yıl daha tekrarlanmasına ve G2, G4, G17, Sagittario çeşidinin kalite odaklı ıslah programlarında ebeveyn olarak kullanılmasına karar verilmiştir.
Muslim Ethics Emerging Vistas
Authors: Sajoo Amyn B.
Published: May 2020

This open access books looks at recent political and social events as well as advances in science and technology have posed challenges to the traditional Muslim discourse on ethics. In this book Amyn B. Sajoo examines these challenges and critically analyses the implications of emerging initiatives in political pluralism and civic culture as well as moves in bio-medicine and environmental conservation. He considers how the contours of public ethics in Islam may be redefined to provide shared conceptions of the good and the practically useful in pluralist societies.

The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by The Institute of Ismaili Studies LTD.
Censorship in Czech and Hungarian Academic Publishing, 1969–89
Authors: Oates-Indruchová Libora
Published: May 2020

How did writers convey ideas under the politically repressive conditions of state socialism? Did the perennial strategies to outwit the censors foster creativity or did unintentional self-censorship lead to the detriment of thought? Drawing on oral history and primary source material from the Editorial Board of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and state science policy documents, Libora Oates-Indruchová explores to what extent scholarly publishing in state-socialist Czechoslovakia and Hungary was affected by censorship and how writers responded to intellectual un-freedom.

Divided into four main parts looking at the institutional context of censorship, the full trajectory of a manuscript from idea to publication, the author and their relationship to the text and language, this book provides a fascinating insight into the ambivalent beneficial and detrimental effects of censorship on scholarly work from the Prague Spring of 1968 to the Velvet Revolution of 1989.

Censorship in Czech and Hungarian Academic Publishing, 1969-89 also brings the historical censorship of state-socialism into the present, reflecting on the cultural significance of scholarly publishing in the light of current debates on the neoliberal academia and the future of the humanities.
Haemostatic Alterations after Sildenafil and Tramadol Administration in Rats
Authors: Eze Evelyn Mgbeoma , Jacob Ransom Baribefii
Published: May 2020

Haemostatic parameters constitute measurable indices in the haemostatic system used to assess the functionality of the coagulation system of an individual to establish a state of health or disorder. This study evaluated haemostatic parameter such as platelets count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelets distribution width (PDW), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in 22 Male Albino Rats grouped and orally treated daily for three weeks with Sildenafil (4 mg/200 g.bwt), Tramadol(6 mg/200 g.bwt) and Sildenafil/Tramadol combination (4+6 mg/220 g.bwt). Rats were sacrificed by cardiac puncture and 5 mls of blood collected for the analysis of the parameters using Sysmex haematology analyser and Agape Diagnostic reagents kits. Results obtained shows a statistically significant increase in platelet count, PT and APTT compared with control across the various groups (p<0.05). A statistically significant decrease was observed in MPV, PDW in Sildenafil+tramadol group, significant decrease in platelets distribution width for Tramadol group when compared with control (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the mean platelets volume and platelet distribution width in Sildenafil group. A comparison of Sildenafil+tramadol and Sildenafil groups shows no statistically significant difference in all the parameters analysed. There was also no significant difference in the mean platelets count, PDW, PT and APTT when Sildenafil+tramadol and Tramadol groups were compared (p<0.05). However, a statistically significant increase was seen in platelets count when Sildenafil+tramadol and tramadol were compared (p<0.05). Sildenafil and tramadol causes significant increase in platelets count, prolonged PT and APTT following single/combined daily administration in rats. Further research on these parameters, assessment of liver function, and measurement of intrinsic and extrinsic pathway coagulation factors in human taking this medication is recommended.
Upregulation of cell surface GD3 ganglioside phenotype is associated with human melanoma brain metastasis
Authors: Ramos Romela Irene , Bustos Matias A. , Wu Jinfeng , Jones Peter , Chang Shu Ching , Kiyohara Eiji , Tran Kevin , Zhang Xiaoqing , Stern Stacey L. , Izraely Sivan , Sagi‐Assif Orit , Witz Isaac P. , Davies Michael A. , Mills Gordon B. , Kelly Daniel F. , Irie Reiko F. , Hoon Dave S. B.
Published: May 2020

Melanoma metastasis to the brain is one of the most frequent extracranial brain tumors. Cell surface gangliosides are elevated in melanoma metastasis; however, the metabolic regulatory mechanisms that govern these specific changes are poorly understood in melanoma particularly brain metastases (MBM) development. We found ganglioside GD3 levels significantly upregulated in MBM compared to lymph node metastasis (LNM) but not for other melanoma gangliosides. Moreover, we demonstrated an upregulation of ST8SIA1 (GD3 synthase) as melanoma progresses from melanocytes to MBM cells. Using RNA‐ISH on FFPE specimens, we evaluated ST8SIA1 expression in primary melanomas (PRM) (n = 23), LNM and visceral metastasis (n = 45), and MBM (n = 39). ST8SIA1 was significantly enhanced in MBM compared to all other specimens. ST8SIA1 expression was assessed in clinically well‐annotated melanoma patients from multicenters with AJCC stage III B‐D LNM (n = 58) with 14‐year follow‐up. High ST8SIA1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 3.24; 95% CI, 1.19–8.86, P = 0.02). In a nude mouse human xenograft melanoma brain metastasis model, MBM variants had higher ST8SIA1 expression than their respective cutaneous melanoma variants. Elevated ST8SIA1 expression enhances levels of cell surface GD3, a phenotype that favors MBM development, hence associated with very poor prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that ST8SIA1 overexpression enhanced cell proliferation and colony formation, whereby ST8SIA1 knockdown had opposite effects. Icaritin a plant‐derived phytoestrogen treatment significantly inhibited cell growth in high GD3‐positive MBM cells through targeting the canonical NFκB pathway. The study demonstrates GD3 phenotype associates with melanoma progression and poor outcome.
The effect of viewing distance on empirical discriminability and the confidence–accuracy relationship for eyewitness identification
Authors: Lockamyeir Robert F. , Carlson Curt A. , Jones Alyssa R. , Carlson Maria A. , Weatherford Dawn R.
Published: May 2020

The distance from which an eyewitness views a perpetrator is a critical factor for eyewitness identification, but has received little research attention. We presented three mock‐crime videos to participants, varying distance to three perpetrators (3, 10, or 20 m). Across two experiments, increased distance reduced empirical discriminability in the form of a mirror effect, such that correct identifications decreased while false identifications increased. Moreover, high confidence identifications were associated with high accuracy at 3 m (Experiment 1 and 2) and 10 m (Experiment 2), but not at 20 m. We conclude that eyewitnesses may be less likely to identify a perpetrator viewed at a distance, and also more likely to falsely identify an innocent suspect. Furthermore, there may be certain boundary conditions associated with distance and the impact it has on the confidence–accuracy relationship. More research is needed to elucidate the effect of estimator variable manipulations on the confidence–accuracy relationship.
Yield and quality of intercropped wheat in jujube‐ and walnut‐based agroforestry systems in southern Xinjiang Province, China
Authors: Qiao Xu , Xiao Li , Gao Yonghong , Zhang Wen , Chen Xingwu , Sai Lihan , Lei Junjie , Xue Lihua , Zhang Yongqiang , Li Ailian
Published: May 2020

Agroforestry is widely practiced in China and has the benefit of diversifying agricultural production and enhancing natural resource utilization; however, these systems create competition for light between trees and understory crops. We investigated the effects of shading by jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees on the yield and quality of intercropped wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in agroforestry systems in southern Xinjiang Province, China. In the walnut–wheat intercropping system, mean daily photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and net photosynthetic rates (Pn) in the understory were reduced by 72.4–79.7% and 45.8–49.6%, respectively, at the grain‐filling stage as compared to wheat grown in monoculture. Relative to monoculture wheat, the walnut‐based system resulted in significant reductions in the number of florets and spikelets per spike, grain‐filling rate, and grain yield and its components in intercropped wheat. In contrast, N and P concentrations, and protein and wet gluten contents of intercropped wheat were significantly increase. In the jujube–wheat intercropping system, mean daily PAR and Pn in the understory were reduced by 23.2–25.5% and 27.2–34.3% at the grain‐filling stage compared to monoculture wheat, but grain yield and its components, the number of florets and spikelets, N and P concentrations, and protein and wet gluten contents of wheat did not differ between the two systems. The jujube‐based agroforestry system was more sustainable than the walnut‐based system in our study region, but competition for light between walnut trees and intercrops may be alleviated by selective felling, pruning, and wider tree spacing.
Tailoring Component Interaction for Air‐Processed Efficient and Stable All‐Inorganic Perovskite Photovoltaic
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Ran Xueqin , Liu Xiaotao , Gu Hao , Zuo Shouwei , Hui Wei , Lu Hui , Sun Bo , Gao Xingyu , Zhang Jing , Xia Yingdong , Chen Yonghua , Huang Wei
Published: May 2020

All‐inorganic lead halide perovskites are promising candidates for optoelectronic applications. However, fundamental questions remain over the component interaction in the perovskite precursor solution due to the limitation of the most commonly used solvents of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Here, we report an interaction tailoring strategy for all‐inorganic CsPbI3−xBrx perovskites by involving the ionic liquid solvent methylammonium acetate (MAAc). C=O shows strong interaction with lead (Pb2+) and N−H⋅⋅⋅I hydrogen bond formation is observed. The interactions stabilize the perovskite precursor solution and allow production of the high‐quality perovskite films by retarding the crystallization. Without the necessity for antisolvent treatment, the one‐step air‐processing approach delivers photovoltaic cells regardless of humidity, with a high efficiency of 17.10 % along with long operation stability over 1500 h under continuous light illumination.
Tailor‐Made Amino Acids and Fluorinated Motifs as Prominent Traits in Modern Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Mei Haibo , Han Jianlin , White Sarah , Graham Daniel J. , Izawa Kunisuke , Sato Tatsunori , Fustero Santos , Meanwell Nicholas A. , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: May 2020

Structural analysis of modern pharmaceutical practices allows for the identification of two rapidly growing trends: the introduction of tailor‐made amino acids and the exploitation of fluorinated motifs. Curiously, the former represents one of the most ubiquitous classes of naturally occurring compounds, whereas the latter is the most xenobiotic and comprised virtually entirely of man‐made derivatives. Herein, 39 selected compounds, featuring both of these traits in the same molecule, are profiled. The total synthesis, source of the corresponding amino acids and fluorinated residues, and medicinal chemistry aspects and biological properties of the molecules are discussed.
Targeting the Water Network in Cyclin G‐Associated Kinase (GAK) with 4‐Anilino‐quin(az)oline Inhibitors
Authors: Asquith Christopher R. M. , Tizzard Graham J. , Bennett James M. , Wells Carrow I. , Elkins Jonathan M. , Willson Timothy M. , Poso Antti , Laitinen Tuomo
Published: May 2020

Water networks within kinase inhibitor design and more widely within drug discovery are generally poorly understood. The successful targeting of these networks prospectively has great promise for all facets of inhibitor design, including potency and selectivity for the target. Herein, we describe the design and testing of a targeted library of 4‐anilinoquin(az)olines for use as inhibitors of cyclin G‐associated kinase (GAK). GAK cellular target engagement assays, ATP binding‐site modelling and extensive water mapping provide a clear route to access potent inhibitors for GAK and beyond.
Surface‐Initiated Redox Route to Hollow MnO2 Nanostructures
Authors: Bai Yaocai , Yao Xiaxi , Wang Xiaojing , Yin Yadong
Published: May 2020

Nanostructured MnO2 are gaining great research interest because of their wide applications ranging from optical and electronic devices to energy storage and catalysis. However, the formation of a well‐defined MnO2 coating on the surface of various colloidal objects has been challenging due to surface incompatibility. Here, we report a unique and robust surface‐initiated redox route to the controlled deposition of MnO2 on colloidal particles, which can be employed to produce high‐quality hollow MnO2 nanoshells and a variety of MnO2 coated nanocomposites. Colloidal resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) resin spheres serve as both reducing agents and sacrificial templates to initiate the controlled deposition of MnO2 on their surfaces. Further, the RF resin can also be coated on the surface of other colloidal nanostructures to allow overcoating of MnO2 through the redox reaction and produce nanocomposites such as SiO2@MnO2 and Au@MnO2. The size and thickness of the MnO2 nanoshells can be tuned precisely to induce resonant Mie scattering, leading to bright colorations that can shift reversibly in response to the changes in the refractive index of the surroundings.
Early maladaptive schemas and their relation to personality disorders: A correlational examination in a clinical population
Authors: Kunst Hannah , Lobbestael Jill , Candel Ingrid , Batink Tim
Published: May 2020

Personality disorder (PD) pathology has been linked to early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). Because of a large heterogeneity in study populations, sample size, statistical analyses and conceptualizations in the literature, the exact relationships between PDs and EMSs are still unclear. The current study examined the relationship between borderline, dependent, avoidant and obsessive–compulsive PDs, represented dimensionally as number of traits, and 15 different EMSs as measured by the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). A total of N = 130 inpatients took part in the study (Mage = 43.6, gender = 51.5% female). Stepwise regressions indicated that borderline, dependent, avoidant and obsessive–compulsive PD traits were partly characterized by specific EMSs and EMSs grouped as domains (i.e., other‐directedness domain for dependent PD and overvigilance for obsessive–compulsive PD) and that relations with a variety of domains and EMSs were overlapping for the PD dimensions (i.e., disconnection and rejection for both borderline and avoidant PDs). This suggests that PDs are reflected by a hybrid model of EMSs, with some EMSs and domains that relate to a broader vulnerability factor for PDs, and other domains that differentially relate to the independent PDs. Findings are informative for clinicians, as various EMSs per PD may be targeted in therapy.
Rare species of wood‐inhabiting fungi are not local
Authors: Dickie Ian A. , Wakelin Angela , Richardson Sarah J.
Published: May 2020

Wood‐inhabiting fungal communities are a diverse and ecologically critical part of forest ecosystems, yet the spatial structure of fungal biodiversity in these ecosystems is largely unknown. Legislation allowed harvesting of deadwood from temperate rainforests on conservation lands in New Zealand following Cyclone Ita in 2014. Harvesting guidelines specified widely spread harvesting, on the assumption that rare fungal species may be highly spatially restricted, but were not based on quantitative assessment. We sampled fungi in and on logs of Dacrydium cupressinum (Podocarpaceae) a long‐lived, common, canopy tree in lowland New Zealand forests. DNA was extracted from 81 logs varying in decay state across a 40 km long region of West Coast (South Island) forests, and sequenced using general fungal primers for metabarcoding to identify OTUs (operational taxonomic units). We examined three axes of rarity: occupancy, dominance when present, and niche breadth (as spatial extent and decay state specialization). Low‐occupancy fungi were common, including a group of infrequently occurring but dominant when present fungi, the majority of which were Ascomycota. Despite this, there was an overall positive relationship between occupancy and dominance. Widespread, dominant fungi were most commonly Basidiomycota. Testing all fungal OTUs, there were no more fungi with maximum range sizes < 4 km than would be expected at random. Of the 351 low‐occupancy OTUs found two to four times, only 12 had maximum range sizes < 900 m, and there was no more spatial restriction at scales < 900 m than would be expected by random chance, although there was some evidence of niche breadth restriction based on decay state similarity. The results show that fungal communities in deadwood are highly diverse, and include many rare taxa. Nonetheless, the lack of fungal OTUs with spatial restriction at scales < 900 m suggests that spatially dispersed timber harvesting will not mitigate risks of harvesting to rare fungal biodiversity.
Habitat heterogeneity captured by 30‐m resolution satellite image texture predicts bird richness across the United States
Authors: Farwell Laura S. , Elsen Paul R. , Razenkova Elena , Pidgeon Anna M. , Radeloff Volker C.
Published: May 2020

Species loss is occurring globally at unprecedented rates, and effective conservation planning requires an understanding of landscape characteristics that determine biodiversity patterns. Habitat heterogeneity is an important determinant of species diversity, but is difficult to measure across large areas using field‐based methods that are costly and logistically challenging. Satellite image texture analysis offers a cost‐effective alternative for quantifying habitat heterogeneity across broad spatial scales. We tested the ability of texture measures derived from 30‐m resolution Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data to capture habitat heterogeneity and predict bird species richness across the conterminous United States. We used Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2013–2017 to derive a suite of texture measures characterizing vegetation heterogeneity. Individual texture measures explained up to 21% of the variance in bird richness patterns in North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data during the same time period. Texture measures were positively related to total breeding bird richness, but this relationship varied among forest, grassland, and shrubland habitat specialists. Multiple texture measures combined with mean EVI explained up to 41% of the variance in total bird richness, and models including EVI‐based texture measures explained up to 10% more variance than those that included only EVI. Models that also incorporated topographic and land cover metrics further improved predictive performance, explaining up to 51% of the variance in total bird richness. A texture measure contributed predictive power and characterized landscape features that EVI and forest cover alone could not, even though the latter two were overall more important variables. Our results highlight the potential of texture measures for mapping habitat heterogeneity and species richness patterns across broad spatial extents, especially when used in conjunction with vegetation indices or land cover data. By generating 30‐m resolution texture maps and modeling bird richness at a near‐continental scale, we expand on previous applications of image texture measures for modeling biodiversity that were either limited in spatial extent or based on coarse‐resolution imagery. Incorporating texture measures into broad‐scale biodiversity models may advance our understanding of mechanisms underlying species richness patterns and improve predictions of species responses to rapid global change.
The relationship between trophic level and body size in fishes depends on functional traits
Authors: Keppeler Friedrich W. , Montaña Carmen G. , Winemiller Kirk O.
Published: May 2020

Predators typically are larger than their prey, and consequently, trophic level should increase with body size. Whereas this relationship has helped in developing predictions about food web structure and dynamics in mesocosms and simple communities, a trophic‐level–body‐size relationship may not exist for all kinds of communities or taxa, especially those with many non‐carnivorous species. Moreover, functional traits associated with trophic level generally have not been considered. Herein, we examine the correlation between trophic level and body size in fishes and how this relationship may vary in relation to functional traits (body dimensions, mouth size and orientation, tooth shape, gill rakers, and gut length) and trophic guilds (carnivorous vs. non‐carnivorous). We analyzed data from morphological measurements and dietary analyses performed on thousands of specimens from freshwater and estuarine habitats across three zoogeographic regions (Neartic, Neotropical, and Afrotropical). A positive relationship between trophic level and body size was only found for carnivorous fishes. No relationship was found when all species were analyzed together, rejecting the idea that trophic level is positively related with body size in fishes generally. This result was consistent even when using either body mass or standard length as the measure of body size, and trophic level for either species (average values) or individual specimens as the response variable. At the intraspecific level, trophic level varied consistently with size for one third of the species, among which only 40% had positive relationships. Body depth, tooth shape, and mouth width were all associated with the trophic‐level–body‐size relationship. Overall, predators with conical or triangular serrated teeth, large mouths, and elongated/and/or fusiform bodies tend to have positive trophic‐level–body‐size relationships, whereas primarily non‐carnivorous species with unicuspid or multicuspid teeth, deep bodies and small to medium sized mouth gapes tended to have negative relationships. Given the diverse ecological strategies encompassed by fishes, trophic level and food web patterns and processes should not be inferred based solely on body size. Research that integrates multiple functional traits with trophic ecology will improve understanding and predictions about food web structure and dynamics.
Formation of Polar Compounds During Deep‐frying—Determination by 1H NMR and ESR
Authors: Li Xiaodan , Li Jinwei , Wang Yong , Liu Yuanfa
Published: May 2020

The present study aims to elucidate the factors influencing the generation of polar compounds in oils during deep‐frying. Oils with different fatty acid compositions, including palm oil (PO), refined palm kernel oil (RPKO), and refined coconut oil (RCO), are applied in successive frying processes. 1H NMR spectra reveal that heated PO has a higher percentage of allyl acyl group and is more prone to formation of non‐polar dimeric triglycerides as compared to other types of oils. In addition, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra indicate that alkyl radicals are more predominant than alkoxy radicals in heated PO. In contrast, RPKO and RCO are inclined to generation of alkoxy radicals during the thermal treatment. The results reveal that oils with high unsaturated fatty acid content are more prone to generation and oxidation of non‐polar dimeric triglycerides.

Practical Applications: The change in free radical profile and concentration is one of the indicators of lipid oxidation and polymerization. Alterations in the levels of alkyl and alkoxyl radicals, revealed by ESR, can be used to illustrate the formation of polar compounds in deep‐fried oils with different fatty acid compositions. The percentage of allyl acyl group, revealed by 1H NMR, can be used to predict the generation of polar compounds. Therefore, this study provides useful information for the development of different methods to reduce polar compound formation in oils during thermal processing depending on the fatty acid composition of different deep‐fried oils.
Performance of laterally elongated pillar array columns in capillary electrochromatography mode
Authors: Baca Martyna , Kryj Agata , Naghdi Elahe , Gelin Pierre , Sukas Sertan , Laha Priya , Terryn Herman , Ottevaere Heidi , De Malsche Wim
Published: May 2020

In the present study, cylindrical and laterally elongated pillar array columns were investigated for use in capillary electrochromatography. Minimal theoretical plate heights of H = 1.90 and 1.46 μm (in absence of sidewall effect) were obtained for coumarin C440 under unretained conditions for cylindrical and rectangular (laterally elongated, aspect ratio 4) pillar array columns, respectively. By comparing dispersion at the entire channel width to that at the central zone only, it appears that sidewall related dispersion significantly contributes to overall dispersion. A 40% reduction of the plate height was observed by taking into account only the central channel zone.

A kinetic plot analysis was performed to evaluate the potential of the studied geometries by considering a maximum operating voltage of 20 kV as limiting parameter. It was demonstrated that rectangular radially elongated pillars produce a higher efficiency than cylindrical pillars and other microfabricated column structures for microchip capillary electrochromatography previously studied.
Miniaturized liquid chromatography applied to the analysis of residues and contaminants in food: A review
Authors: Mejía‐Carmona Karen , Maciel Edvaldo Vasconcelos Soares , Lanças Fernando Mauro
Published: May 2020

The humankind is pretty dependent on food to control several biological processes into the organism. As the world population increases, the demand for foodstuffs follows the same trend claiming for a high food production situation. For this reason, a substantial amount of chemicals is used in agriculture and livestock husbandries every year, enhancing the likelihood of contaminated foodstuffs being commercialized. This outlook becomes a public health concern; thus, the governmental regulatory agencies impose laws to control the residues and contaminants in food matrices. Currently, one of the most important analytical techniques to perform it is LC. Despite its already recognized effectiveness, it is often time consuming and requires significant volumes of reagents, which are transformed into toxic waste. In this context, miniaturized LC modes emerge as a greener and more effective analytical technique. They have remarkable advantages, including higher sensitivity, lower sample amount, solvent and stationary phase requirements, and more natural coupling to MS. In this review, most of the critical characteristics of them are discussed, focusing on the benchtop instruments and their related analytical columns. Additionally, a discussion regarding the last 10 years of publications reporting miniaturized LC application for the analysis of natural and industrial food samples is categorized. The main chemical classes as applied in the crops are highlighted, including pesticides, veterinary drugs, and mycotoxins.