bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptual models of student attrition: How theory can help the institutional researcher
Authors: Bean John P.
Published: October 2006

In the 1960s, the lack of theoretical models of student attrition was loudly decried. In the 1970s, several were proposed, and now the institutional reseacher has the opportunity to choose from among them.
Resources for research on student attrition
Authors: Chapman David W.
Published: October 2006

Additional sources of information are presented for researchers in student attrition behavior.
The politics of comparing data with other institutions
Authors: Teeter Deborah J.
Published: October 2006

Success in exchanging data with other institutions depends on the purpose of the exchange, the complexity of the data involved, the effort required to participate, and the frequency with which responses are requested.
Faculty as a renewable resource
Authors: McKeachie Wilbert J.
Published: October 2006

Faculty members have the capacities for work and change that can contribute to maintaining institutional quality despite budget cuts. Together, faculty members and adminisrators can create environments that release energy.
Faculty who stay: Renewing our most important resource
Authors: Nelsen William C.
Published: October 2006

Even in a period of constraint, retrenchment, and adjustment, we must not forget the importance of ongoing renewal for our most important resource, the faculty who stay, most of whom will be part of the academy for many years to come.
Judicial and administrative enforcement of federal civil rights laws
Authors: Guthrie R. Claire
Published: October 2006

This chapter presents a review of some recent federal cases and administrative enforcement activities that may influence institutional research priorities.
Institutional research: An evolutionary perspective
Authors: Peterson Marvin W.
Published: October 2006

The growth and development of the practice, the profession, and the Association of Institutional Research have been closely intertwined. They have both responded to and been affected by conditions affecting institutions of higher education.
The art and science of institutional research
Authors: Fincher Cameron
Published: October 2006

Institutional research is not a science, and it does not need to be. It is a practicing art with commendable promise as a professional technical speciality in policy‐related research.
Using outcomes assessment: A case study in institutional change
Authors: McClain Charles J. , Krueger Darrell W.
Published: October 2006

At a critical point in one university's history, a value‐added student assessment model was developed. Data generated by the model have been used to improve student learning and development throughout the curriculum, and they have helped the university to clarify and revitalize its mission.
Changing conditions, changing responses: A case study of minority participation in indiana higher education
Authors: Muffo John A.
Published: October 2006

The underrepresentation of blacks in higher education in the state must be remedied by increasing the pool of potential colleagues, not by shifting hiring patterns.
Administrator and faculty views of scholarly performance
Authors: Stark Joan S.
Published: October 2006

Research on faculty scholarly performance should proceed from models of employee motivation and productivity and should be useful in reducing conflict, improving communication, and linking faculty and institutional goals.
Setting targets for a successful capital campaign
Authors: Bennett Richard L. , Hays John C.
Published: October 2006

Undertaking a capital campaign requires considerable planning and critical evaluation of both the need and the potential to obtain gift support for them.
Comparative studies of fund‐raising performance
Authors: Dunn John A. , Terkla Dawn Geronimo , Adam Audrey
Published: October 2006

Comparing your institution's fund‐raising cash proceeds with
those of other colleges and universities is straightfornard, given
CFAE data. Measuring fund‐raising productivity, however,
requires care in defining related expenses and resulting fund‐
raising achievements. Simplifying assumptions can be helpful.
Understanding and predicting alumni giving behavior
Authors: Connolly Michael S. , Blanchette Rene
Published: October 2006

Graphics, survey research, and multivariate statistical techniques were applied at a private liberal arts college to help development professionals better understand and predict alumni giving behavior, both on an aggregate and individual basis.
Examples of strategic planning at several levels
Authors: Pailthorp Keith G.
Published: October 2006

Environmental scanning efforts at three different levels of
seruice area—community, regional, statewide—illustrate its
utility for institutional and agency planning.
Institutional uses of comparative data
Authors: Whiteley Meredith A. , Stage Frances K.
Published: October 2006

The popularity of the peer comparison method as a tool for decision making at all levels of the college or university often raises a number of issues. This chapter presents a model that systematically incorporates peer comparisons throughout the institutional planning cycle, alleviating a number of problems and increasing the power of comparison as a higher education management tool.
Evaluating faculty development programs: Program goals first
Authors: Young Robert E.
Published: October 2006

The future of faculty development programs will benefit most from a systematic assessment of program goals.
Using log‐linear models in higher education research
Authors: Hinkle Dennis E. , McLaughlin Gerald W. , Austin James T.
Published: October 2006

The data collected in higher education research are not always quantitative or continuous. Until recently, the statistical methods available for analyzing associations among more than two categorical variables were extremely limited.
Causal modeling for institutional researchers
Authors: Moline Arlett E.
Published: October 2006

Causal modeling methods such as path analysis and linear structural relations (LISREL) can be useful to institutional researchers.
Costs and benefits of assessment: A paradigm
Authors: Lewis Darrell R.
Published: October 2006

To determine whether we are getting our money's worth from assessment efforts in higher education, costs must be linked more fully and accurately with their informational outcomes.
Alumni research: An introduction
Authors: Melchiori Gerlinda S.
Published: October 2006

Alumni research is proposed to focus on the role of alumni as providers of services to their alma maters in such areas as volunteering, donating, networking, lobbying, and mentoring.
An introduction to the draft code of ethics
Authors: Schiltz Michael E.
Published: October 2006

A brief history of the development of the draft code and key concepts in its structure are described.
Commentary on the draft code of ethics
Authors: Grose Robert F. , Lauroesch William , Schiltz Michael E.
Published: October 2006

Members of the committee elaborate on the draft code.
Making an ethical decision: A utilitarian strategy
Authors: Price Sandra J.
Published: October 2006

By identifying and weighting the effects of an act on each constituency, a matrix based on John Stuart Mill's actutilitarianism illuminates and helps resolve complex ethical dilemmas.
A summary and view of the future
Authors: Torrence Lois E.
Published: October 2006

A former president of the Association for Institutional Research and member of the drafting committee reflects on issues in the code and future steps in support of the code and of practitioners who seek to follow it.
Academic reporting in athletics. A small‐college case study
Authors: Smith Linda F.
Published: October 2006

The small college often has the same academic reporting demands as a large institution. However, the nature of the small campus makes the data challenge different.
Evaluating academics in intercollegiate athletics: Methodological issues
Authors: Mallette Bruce I.
Published: October 2006

The study of academics and athletics presents several methodological problems. The challenge for researchers is to know how these issues may have an impact on and shape research outcomes.
Institutional research: Offense, defense, coach, or referee
Authors: Howard Richard D.
Published: October 2006

This volume reflects a range of perspectives on intercollegiate athletics. An informed and campus‐wise institutional research function is critical in the development and interpretation of student‐athlete academic information.
Editor's notes
Authors: Hollins Carol S.
Published: October 2006

Escalating college costs, decreased productivity, and a perceived decline in the quality of undergraduate instruction represent grave concerns for federal and state officials, governing and coordinating boards, the media, and the public community. Not only are external audiences questioning institutional viability but persons within the academy are inquiring about rising costs and acknowledging difficulty in assessing institutional impact. Critics charge that although college costs have skyrocketed, students are being shortchanged by faculty who savor research and publication more than quality teaching.
Retrench or else: Public and private institutional responses
Authors: Dunn John A.
Published: October 2006

Colleges and universities have no built‐in incentives to control costs, but external constraints outside academe will continue to force difficult decisions.
Factors that influence costs in higher education
Authors: Brinkman Paul T.
Published: October 2006

A multitude of cost factors in higher education is cause for dismay and reason for hope.
Evaluating academic productivity and quality
Authors: Gilmore Jeffrey L. , To Duc‐Le
Published: October 2006

Evaluation of academic productivity is a complex undertaking and often a taboo subject in higher education. The authors investigate factors that increase or restrict academic productivity through a review of recent studies and their own empirical research.
Examining academic and administrative productivity measures
Authors: Middaugh Michael F. , Hollowell David E.
Published: October 2006

Appropriate indicators for determining academic and administrative costs at a college or university can be useful tools for developing strategies to contain those costs.
Renewal in the 1990s: The university of Michigan initiatives
Authors: Knepp Marilyn G.
Published: October 2006

The University of Michigan's initiatives for improvement in the 1990s build on its strengthening efforts of the 1980s. The changes made in both decades are intended to ensure that the university continues its tradition of academic excellence and leadership as it moves into the twenty‐first century.
Total quality management: Increasing productivity and decreasing costs
Authors: Heverly Mary Ann , Cornesky Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Total Quality Management teaches how to study and improve an institution's processes, thereby improving both quality and productivity.
Conducting policy analysis in higher education
Authors: Gill Judith I. , Saunders Laura
Published: October 2006

What does an institutional researcher do when assigned a policy analysis?
Policy analysis: Neither institutional research nor planning
Authors: Saunders Laura
Published: October 2006

Institutional researchers and planners inform policy analysis through their data analyses, methodologies, and comparative institutional data.
Enrollment demand in Arizona: Policy choices and social consequences
Authors: Jordan Stephen M.
Published: October 2006

Policy analysis provided the framework for enrollment planning in the Arizona University System. An initial statement, developed by an analyst and approved by policymakers, serves as a guide for the new planning paradigm. Independent environmental factors are the foundation of the planning paradigm.
Reassessing effective procedures in cases of sexual harassment
Authors: Olswang Steven G.
Published: October 2006

Sexual harassment raises new and challenging policy issues.
Facing realities: Planning for faculty needs in a major research university
Authors: Elms Roslyn R.
Published: October 2006

The University of California at Berkeley will need to appoint 1,543 new faculty between 1987 and 2006. A potential shortage of faculty and scarce resources led to policy analysis of the management of faculty positions. The Berkeley culture of decentralized decision making and significant faculty involvement led to the development of a new model of management.
An analysis of three case studies
Authors: Saunders Laura , Gill Judith I.
Published: October 2006

The case studies in the preceding three chapters show how complex policy analysis can be.
Confessions of a researcher turned policymaker
Authors: Mortimer Kenneth P.
Published: October 2006

A university president provides advice to policy analysts. He emphasizes that the successful analyst understands administrative realities.
Strategic planning and management in a competitive environment
Authors: Keller George
Published: October 2006

Challenges and opportunities facing American higher education are forcing transformations in leadership and management.
Executive information systems for total quality management: Balancing quality improvement and cost containment
Authors: Glover Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Through effective integration of strategic planning, action research, and financial management and timely delivery of relevant information, colleges and universities can learn how to improve quality and contain costs to gain a competitive advantage.
Distributing executive information systems through networks
Authors: Penrod James I. , Quan Peter P. , Rapp Christopher
Published: October 2006

Many institutions will adopt distributed systems for executive information and decision support during the next decade. Distributed systems using networks can dramatically improve decision‐making processes on a campus.
Six foundations of total quality management
Authors: Lozier G. Gregory , Teeter Deborah J.
Published: October 2006

Understanding the underlying principles of Total Quality Management is a necessary foundation for pursuing quality.
Building on external quality assessment to achieve continuous improvement
Authors: Acherman Hans A. , van Welie Liesbeth A. A. M. , Laan Carla T. M.
Published: October 2006

Quality management staff help academic departments to initiate quality improvement in response to self‐study reports and external peer reviews.
Improvements in introductory physics courses
Authors: Sokol P. E.
Published: October 2006

The plan‐do‐check‐act cycle is used to design and evaluate course improvement experiments.
Revitalization of library service
Authors: Thomason Jean
Published: October 2006

A focus on customer needs and organizational processes led to a complete reorganization and redefinition of all library service positions.
Realizing financial savings through total quality management
Authors: Miselis Karen Archambault
Published: October 2006

At the University of Pennsylvania, potential savings are one criterion for selecting pilot projects in Total Quality Management.
Teamwork improves office climate
Authors: Winck Susan K.
Published: October 2006

A quality improvement culture evolves when team practices are carried into the everyday office environment.
Total quality management is total at Fox Valley Technical College
Authors: Tyler Carol R.
Published: October 2006

Perseverance pays off with measurable improvements.
Hoshin planning applies total quality management to the planning process
Authors: Heverly Mary Ann , Parker Jerome S.
Published: October 2006

Through Hoshin planning, individual units discover that they can integrate planning and Total Quality Management into their daily work.
When is a problem not a problem?
Authors: Walter Pam
Published: October 2006

Preassessment of an issue may help to determine whether a problem warrants a continuous improvement team.
Confluence between standard operating paradigms and total quality management
Authors: Broughton Valerie J.
Published: October 2006

Tools alone will not produce desired changes if we do not also account for variation among team members' management styles.
Evaluating the increased use of technology in instruction and administration
Authors: Norris William C. , MacDonald Geraldine
Published: October 2006

Transforming the role of faculty member from one of lecturer to learning facilitator and increasing the student's own responsibility for learning—changes facilitated by increased use of technology—are at the heart of productivity improvement in instruction. Use of technology in administration should emphasize decentralized systems and more sophisticated campus data networks.
Research universities face difficult choices
Authors: Froomkin Joseph
Published: October 2006

Small increases in R&D funding and the state, of the economy pose serious challenges to research universities. It is unlikely that the financial pressures on these institutions will moderate in the future. Research universities will be challenged to downsize without compromising their quality.
Participants in decisions about scarce resources
Authors: Gappa Judith M.
Published: October 2006

Decisions about scarce resources affect people most of all. This chapter discusses who should make these decisions and how they should be made.
Examining graduate education through structural modeling
Authors: Nora Amaury , Cabrera Alberto F.
Published: October 2006

The use of structural modeling to study graduate education and address policy questions is discussed. The method is illustrated in a step‐by‐step example.
The use of retrospective national data for institutional evaluation
Authors: Ploskonka James
Published: October 2006

Since 1958, the National Research Council has gathered information on doctoral recipients. This information, which is available annually in data tape form to supplying institutions, gives these institutions an opportunity to improve their understanding of their doctoral recipients.
Assessing campus climate: Implications for diversity
Authors: Edgert Penny
Published: October 2006

This chapter addresses the importance of assessing the campus climate for diversity and the methodological issues associated with this assessment effort.
Data, indicators, and the national center for higher education management systems
Authors: Ewell Peter T. , Jones Dennis P.
Published: October 2006

To be useful for policy and decision making, indicators should be developed around sound conceptual frameworks and should encompass multiple aspects of institutional or system performance.
Total quality management perspective on assessing institutional performance
Authors: Dooris Michael J. , Teeter Deborah J.
Published: October 2006

Total Quality Management's approaches to the assessment of performance can extend and build upon the ways in which indicators have long been used by planners and institutional researchers.
Using key performance indicators to drive strategic decision making
Authors: Dolence Michael G. , Norris Donald M.
Published: October 2006

Key performance indicators are the steering force behind the strategic decision engine methodology described in this chapter, which has been successfully employed at a number of colleges and universities.
Performance indicators for accountability and improvement
Authors: Banta Trudy W. , Borden Victor M. H.
Published: October 2006

Performance indicators can be developed at any level of academic administration, but the college or university level is the optimal starting point. This chapter describes five standards for developing PIs that will guide strategic decision making.
Campus culture and faculty perceptions of time
Authors: Lawrence Janet H.
Published: October 2006

The literature on organizational culture frames a discussion of time‐related demands on faculty and explains why it is difficult to segment faculty work into standardized temporal units.
Information for strategic decision making
Authors: Jones Dennis P.
Published: October 2006

Recommendations and a rationale for the contents of a management data base about an institution's human assets are presented.
Practical considerations and suggestions for measuring faculty workload
Authors: Byrd Lloyd
Published: October 2006

Examples of how to define, collect, and report data on faculty workload are provided from published reports of various institutions.
Beyond faculty workload: External forces affecting the future of the professoriat
Authors: Mingle James R. , Heydinger Richard B.
Published: October 2006

Changes in government financing of social programs, global economic and social developments, changes in attitudes, and developments in information technology may well transform the role of faculty in the next century.
Assessing and monitoring changing student needs
Authors: McMillan Virginia K.
Published: October 2006

Deans and department chairs need to know about their current and future students if they are to assess and monitor student needs and facilitate student learning.
Refocusing the academic program review on student learning: The role of assessment
Authors: Gentemann Karen M. , Fletcher James J. , Potter David L.
Published: October 2006

Assessment principles and methodologies are applied to a framework for implementing a learner‐focused internal program review process.
Understanding and assessing faculty cultures and climates
Authors: Austin Ann E.
Published: October 2006

Exploration of the culture and climate experienced by faculty in a department or unit can be useful to deans and department chairpersons committed to understanding, supporting, and leading the faculty of their unit.
Assigning and assessing faculty work
Authors: Gray Peter J. , Adam Bronwyn E. , Froh Robert C. , Yonai Barbara A.
Published: October 2006

Using the professional portfolio as a structure, faculty and administrators can work together to assign and assess faculty work in ways that meet the needs of faculty members, their unit, the students, the institution, and society.
Postsecondary education and society: The broader context
Authors: Scully Malcolm G.
Published: October 2006

Social change is a constant these days and the consequences for our colleges and universities will be both profound and surprising as we enter the next century.
Harnessing information technology in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Thomas Charles R.
Published: October 2006

A look at the advances in computing hardware and software, communications, electronic mail, and the information highway reveals their effects on the work environment for institutional researchers.
Higher education and institutional research: What lies ahead
Authors: Sanford Timothy R.
Published: October 2006

Institutional research will come of age in the twenty‐first century.
Tracking in multi‐institutional contexts
Authors: Chisholm Mark P. , Russell Alene Bycer
Published: October 2006

The ability of states to track students from one institution to another has markedly enhanced researchers' ability to examine complex educational career paths for different kinds of students.
Tracking students who transfer: Electronic transcript exchange
Authors: Green Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Electronic transcripts constitute a rich source of data and, if used effectively, can add substantially to an institution's evaluation toolbox.
Reducing the noise in the college choice process: The use of college guidebooks and ratings
Authors: Hossler Don , Foley Erin M.
Published: October 2006

The limited research available and the observations and experiences of admissions officers suggest that guidebooks and ratings have a small to negligible impact on most students considering colleges and universities.
Validity issues for reputational studies
Authors: McGuire Michael D.
Published: October 2006

Validity criteria can and should be applied to reputational study models, and research that tests their validity and reliability should be conducted. Such concerns, while weighing heavily on the minds of institutional researchers and others on campus, have typically not been raised by consumers and publishers. Two studies of U.S. News & World Report's “America's Best Colleges” suggest that this guide's validity may be suspect and that systematic research and development are long overdue.
To share and share alike: The basic ground rules for inter‐institutional data sharing
Authors: Trainer James F.
Published: October 2006

This chapter proposes a set of general policies or ground rules that data exchanges may want to consider in establishing and guiding their activities.
Benefits and potential problems associated with effective data‐sharing consortia
Authors: Sapp Mary M.
Published: October 2006

This chapter investigates the benefits and potential problems associated with participating in formal inter‐institutional data‐sharing organizations.
Creating a cost‐effective data exchange
Authors: Hackett E. Raymond
Published: October 2006

This chapter examines the cost of establishing a data‐sharing exchange and argues that the cost involved in doing so is minimal when compared to the potential cost involved in making decisions without access to good comparative information.
Data sharing and keeping pace with changing technologies
Authors: Fergerson James C.
Published: October 2006

Effective data sharing depends on the proper management and use of technology. This chapter provides a retrospective on the role technology played in the development of a data‐sharing organization and describes the types of technologies that are currently emerging and the potential impact these may have on data sharing both within and across institutions.
Research activity and the support of undergraduate education
Authors: Bray Nathaniel J. , Braxton John M. , Smart John C.
Published: October 2006

The level of faculty research activity is widely believed to have a detrimental effect on faculty attitudes toward the improvement of undergraduate education. The authors report findings to the contrary.
Toward a new breed of fact book
Authors: Marks Joseph L.
Published: October 2006

Fact books can evolve into a new generation of quintessential institutional research reports offering more of the comparative and unit‐ or topic‐specific focus that better serves today's decision‐making climate.
Producing an institutional fact book: Layout and design for a user‐friendly product
Authors: Thompson James A.
Published: October 2006

This chapter offers advice on making a fact book not only more readable and appealing, but also more user‐friendly.
Electronic fact books: Turning atoms into bits
Authors: Daly Robert F. , Viehland Dennis W.
Published: October 2006

Electronic fact books have been produced by institutional research offices with varying success. This chapter illustrates what is required and a process for creating a successful electronic fact book.
The fact book: A tool for institutional improvement
Authors: Jones Larry G.
Published: October 2006

The fact book is a tool for improving the processes and products of higher education.
Increasing student retention in graduate and professional programs
Authors: Nerad Maresi , Miller Debra Sands
Published: October 2006

An institutional perspective on doctoral student attrition is provided, demonstrating how Berkeley's graduate school went about investigating doctoral student attrition in order to increase student retention.
Protection against thallium hepatotoxicity by Silymarin
Authors: Mourelle Marisabel , Favari Liliana , Amezcua José Luis
Published: October 2006

The effect of silymarin (100 mg/kg i.p.) on the biochemical indicators of liver damage induced by thallium (10 mg/kg p.o.) was studied in rats. The production of malondialdehyde and the content of reduced glutathione in the liver were measured as indicators of lipid peroxidation. Thallium intoxication increased the serum activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and the liver concentration of triglycerides. Thallium decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and increased that of gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase in the liver cell membrane. It also abolished the membrane activity of Na+/K+ ATPase. Lipid peroxidation was enhanced by thallium as malondialdehyde production was increased and the content of reduced glutathione was decreased in the liver. Silymarin completely prevented all these changes. It is suggested that thallium toxicity is due, at least in part, to the promotion of lipid peroxidation. The membrane stabilizing effect of silymarin observed in this and in other models of liver toxicity is due to some antioxidant property, possibly related to its ability to scavenge free oxygen radicals.
A scheme for the prediction and ranking of relative potencies of dermal sensitizers based on data from several systems
Authors: Gad Shayne C.
Published: October 2006

A highly desirable use of delayed contact dermal hypersensitivity data from animal tests is an accurate prediction of the relative potency of positive agents in humans. Because of the manner in which all such animal tests are performed, the wide variety of exposure conditions and concentrations (which are generally more severe than human exposure conditions) have traditionally made prediction of potency (and therefore the extent of hazard) in humans either impossible or extremely crude. A numerical/graphical method has been developed to adjust results from suitable animal studies of all sorts for exposure conditions and allow for ranking of agents for potency and classification of relative hazards. Results from four animal test systems (MEST, EMT, GPMT and Buehler) are compared with results from human studies to show that all four test systems can generate data that are usable for a relative hazard classification process, though they may vary in their performance characteristics as screens.
Studies on the effect of ethanol and/or toluene on rat erythrocytes
Authors: Rosin Janusz , Bartosz Grzegorz , Wrońska‐Nofer Teresa
Published: October 2006

Rats were subjected to a chronic ethanol exposure in their drinking water for 8 months and then a short subacute toluene exposure to 12 000 mg/m3 for 5 h/day for nine days. Combined exposure increased the reticulocyte count and the concentration of haemoglobin, and changed the biochemical/biophysical properties of red blood cells. Macrocytosis and a decrease in erythrocyte membrane lipid fluidity in the middle zone of the lipid bilayer were the most useful indices of exposure.
Synthesis of tritium labeled zomepirac
Authors: Hoerr David C. , Scharf Ann T. , Carson John R. , Weaner Larry E.
Published: October 2006

Tritium labeled zomepirac with a specific activity of 85 Ci/mol was prepared by selective alkylation of the penultimate desmethyl precursor using methyl iodide‐3H3. The alkylation reaction was explored using various bases and solvent media.
Relations between tryptophan configuration and actinomycin biosynthesis
Authors: Albertini A. , Tiboni O. , Ciferri O.
Published: October 2006

Addition of D‐tryptophan to the growth media of Streptomyces V‐187 results in an inhibition of actinomycin production, while growth of the microorganism appears to be unaffected. L‐tryptophan overcomes the inhibition brought about by the D‐stereoisomer.

D‐[benzene ring‐14C]‐tryptophan is taken up by the cells of Streptomyces V‐187 and incorporated into proteins and actinomycin almost to the same extent of L‐[benzene ring‐14C]‐tryptophan, though at a slower rate. The benzene ring of both stereoisomers contributes only to the phenoxazinone residue of the actinomycin molecule. Indeed, D, L‐[methylene‐14C]‐tryptophan is incorporated into actinomycin only to a very small extent. Other possible precursors of the chromophoric residue of actinomycin, [benzene ring‐14C]‐indolepyruvic acid, [benzene ring‐14C]‐benzoic acid and [uniformly‐14C]‐shikimic acid, were not taken up by the cells in significant amounts.
Synthèse de L'acide p‐butoxyphénylacéthydroxamique et du p‐butoxyphénylacétamide marqués au 14C
Authors: Gillet C. , Thiriaux J. , Buu‐Hoi N. P. , Lambelin G. , Roncucci R. , Simon M. J.
Published: October 2006

On décrit la préparation de L' acide p‐butoxyphénylacéthydroxamique et du p‐butoxyphénylacétamide marqués par le carbone‐14 enposition α par rapport au groupement p‐butoxyphényl; ces deux composés radioactifs sont destinés à L' étude du métabolisme de L' acide p‐butoxyphénylacéthydroxamique, qui est un médicament anti‐inflammatoire puissant, et du p‐butoxyphénylacétamide, qui est un agent analgésique.
The synthesis of tritium‐labelled tetrahydrocortexolone and tetrahydrocortexone
Authors: Deconinck J. M. , Osinski P. A.
Published: October 2006

Cortexolone‐1, 2‐3 H (17α, 21‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnene‐3,20‐dione) has been used as the starting point for the preparation of tetrahydrocortexolone‐1, 2‐3 H and of tetrahydrocortexone‐1, 2‐3 H (3α, 17α, 21‐trihydroxy‐5β‐pregnane‐20‐one and 3α, 21‐dihydroxy‐5β‐pregnane‐20‐one). The method used involved the catalytic and LiAlH4 reduction of a derivative whose side‐chain was protected by bismethylene‐dioxy groups. The structural proof and radiochemical purity were determined by the radiochromatography of various derivatives and degradation products in several solvent systems.
Synthèse de quatre méthyl (D3) phénanthrènes et des dix diméthyl (D3) naphtalènes
Authors: Dizabo P. , Mouneyrac M. F. , Pasquier‐Chenon B. , Leitch L. C.
Published: October 2006

Les méthyl (D3)‐1, ‐2, ‐3, et ‐9 phénanthrènes, les diméthyl (D3)‐1,3 ‐1,4 ‐1,5 ‐1,6 ‐1,7 ‐1,8 et ‐2,6 naphtalènes, de haute pureté isotopique, ont été préparés à partir des bromophénantrènes ou des dibromonaphtalènes et du bromure de méthyl (D3) par L'intermédiaire du dérivé lithié. Les diméthyl (D3) ‐2,7 et ‐2,3 naphtalènessont obtenus par réduction du diester correspondant à L'aide du deutériure de lithium‐aluminium, chloruration du diol et réduction déshalogénante.
Preparation of formaldehyde by photochemical condensation of carbon monoxide and tritiated hydrogen, and the synthesis of a tritiated morphine derivative
Authors: Lane A. C. , McCoubrey A. , Peaker R.
Published: October 2006

Tritiated formaldehyde, required for labelling 6: 14‐endo‐etheno‐7‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐butyl)‐tetrahydro‐oripavine ( M99 ), was prepared by photochemical condensation of carbon monoxide and tritiated hydrogen. The specific activity of the M99 ( 48 C/mmole ) was about one half that of the source of isotope. The loss was traced to undefined secondary decompositions during the photochemical reaction.
Syntheses of tritium‐labeled surface‐active substances
Authors: Muramatsu M. , Tajima K.
Published: October 2006

Dodecanoic‐2,3‐3H, 3H acid was synthesized by addition of tritiated hydrogen to 2‐dodecenoic acid which was obtained by bromination and subsequent dehydrobromination of dodecanoic acid. Urushibara nickel has proven to be effective for the hydrogenation. Reduction of dodecanoic‐2,3‐3H, 3H acid with lithium aluminium hydride led with good yield to 1‐dodecanol‐2,3‐3H, 3H from which sodium dodecyl‐2,3‐3H, 3H sulfate was synthesized successfully. Advantage of the present method includes the easiness of separation of resultant from reactant mixture at each stage of the synthetic route. The method seems to assure the obtaining of the surface‐active substances whose purities are high enough to be used for determining the adsorbed amount by means of radiotracer method.
New possibilities to obtain 32P‐labelled inorganic compounds of high specific activity
Authors: Bebeşel P. I. , Turcanu C. N.
Published: October 2006

We found that inorganic compounds labelled with 32P such as P2S5, PCl3, PSCl3, POCl3, and H3PO4 can be obtained by a newsimple method, with good yields and a high specificactivity. The carrier free 32P resulting through the nuclear reaction 32S(n, p)32P from elementary sulphur was concentrated on red phosphorus and active carbon. Then, by chemical reactions with phosphorus pentachloride or elementary sulphur, PCl3, POCl3, PSCl3, and P2S5 labelled with 32P are obtained. Carrier free H332PO4 is obtained by desorption of radiophosphorus from active carbon with 2M HNO3 at 80 °C.
Synthesis of tributyltin‐113 benzoate
Authors: Otto P. Ph. H. L. , Creemers H. M. J. C. , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: October 2006

Tributyltin‐113 benzoate was prepared from tin metal labelled with tin‐113, by a three step synthesis, with a chemical yield of 37%. The radio‐chemical yield was 22%.

The amount of tributyltin‐113 benzoate prepared was 1.3 g, the specific activity 0.7 mC/gram, and the radiochemical purity 98.9%.

Apart from Sn‐113 no other gamma‐emitting tin isotopes were present, neither did antimony radio‐isotopes occur.
Synthesis of tritiated biphenyls, labelled at specific positions
Authors: Otto P. Ph. H. L. , Juppe G.
Published: October 2006

The tritiated compounds biphenyl‐2‐T, ‐3‐T and ‐4‐T have been synthesized by catalytic reduction of the corresponding bromobiphenyls with tritium gas under mild conditions. The specificity of labelling, expressed in % of total activity found at the desired position, and determined by degradation of the molecules, was 96.1 ± 1.5, 99.29 ± 0.01 and 98,68 ± 0.02, respectively.

Syntheses and degradations were similar to those described previously for tritiated p‐terphenyls(1). For biphenyl‐3‐T, a second degradation, giving more precise results, has been worked out.
Comparison of T‐recoil and Wilzbach labeling of methylamine (preparation of methylamine‐CH2T)
Authors: Cipollini R. , Stöcklin G.
Published: October 2006

Recoil labeling of methylamine via the 6Li(n,α) T‐reaction, using solutions of LiBr in liquid anhydrous methylamine, leads to a 10% radiochemical yield of methylamine‐CH2T. The yield is independent of the accompanying radiation dose within a wide range, thus allowing high‐dose pile irradiation. Specific activities up to 100 μC/mM can easily be obtained. For comparison Wilzbach labeling of gaseous methylamine has also been studied. Here, in contrast, poor tritium incorporation is observed, the L‐value for methylamine‐CH2T being 2.3 × 10−2.
The preparation of tritium labeled N‐nitrosamines
Authors: Lijinsky W.
Published: October 2006

Dimethylnitrosamine, nitrosomorpholine, nitrosopyrrolidine, nitrosopiperidine, nitrosoazetidine, hexamethylenenitrosamine, nitrosomethylcyclohexylamine, nitrosomethylaniline and dinitrosopiperazine have been prepared labeled with tritium by nitrosation of the corresponding amines which had been labeled by exposure to tritium gas. The nitrosamines were purified by distillation in aqueous solution and by extraction with ether or chloroform. The specific activities varied from 17 μc/mg for nitrosomorpholine to 540 μc/mg for nitrosomethylaniline.
L‐lysine 14C et L‐histidine 14C Séparation chromatographique préparative sur papier
Authors: Sala E. , Maier‐Hüser H. , Fromageot P.
Published: October 2006

On a examiné de façon critique les possibilités de séparation de la lysine 14C et de L'histidine 14C par chromatographie préparative sur papier ou sur couches minces, avec les solvants usuels.

On décrit une technique plus satisfaisante que les méthodes antérieures, qui comporte une chromatographie sur papier Whatman 3 dans le solvant pyridine/n.butanol/eau/ammoniaque 14 N (5/3/3/1).

30 mg de chacun de ces deux amino‐acides peuvent ětre séparés.
Improvement of the method of synthesis of δ‐Aminolevulinic acid‐4‐14C hydrochloride
Authors: Mitta A. E. A. , Ferramola A. M. , Sancovich H. A. , Grinstein M.
Published: October 2006

δ‐aminolevulinic acid‐4‐14C was built up from phthalimide using K14CN as the radioactive starting material. This method avoids the less practical synthesis via glycine‐14C and its condensation with phthalic anhydride to afford phthalylglycine‐1‐14C whose yield, based on K14CN, is thus considerably improved.
Liquid scintillation counting with a single photomultiplier tube
Authors: Ayrey G. , Mazza R. J.
Published: October 2006

The channels ratio method of quench correction has been examined and found to be applicable when a single photomultiplier is used for liquid scintillation counting of carbon‐14 and tritium. The relatively simple equipment is also suitable for assay of doubly labelled compounds provided that quenching is not important.
Tritium labelling of 2‐(O‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(methylamino)‐Cyclohexanone (ketamine; CI‐581) by acid catalyzed exchange: An example of intramolecular competition for tritium between substituted aromatic and cyclohexanone rings
Authors: Blackburn C. E. , Ober R. E.
Published: October 2006

The preparation and characterization of tritium‐labelled 2‐(o‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(methylamino) cyclohexanone hydrochloride is described. Under the exchange conditions employed (CF3COOH, 10 c3H2O, Pt), it was expected that the tritium would be distributed between the phenyl and cyclohexanone rings. Our observations indicated that the major portion of the tritium was located in the cyclohexanone ring.
La thyroglobuline, protéine iodée naturelle
Authors: Nunez J.
Published: October 2006

Certain critical observations can be made with regard to the preparation and properties of artificially halogenated proteins on the basis of the study of the iodination and biosynthesis of thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland and its physico‐chemical properties. It appears that iodination causes two types of changes. The first has to do with halogenation method used. The damage is caused by the actual iodination conditions and can be avoided if the chemical iodination methods are replaced by enzymatic techniques. The second is an inevitable consequence of the introduction of the halogen (which is tantamount to changing the primary structure of the molecule). The physico‐chemical properties (probably the conformation of the protein) depend on the halogen content and its distribution. In the case of thyroglobulin, two types of change are observed. For fairly low halogen contents, each iodine atom introduced causes an increase in the sedimentation factor (from 17 to 20 S). When the iodine content is increased, the molecule, which has hitherto been broken down by the detergent into sub‐units of 12 S, develops a resistance to this treatment, so that iodination modifies the interaction between sub‐units.
A semimicro synthesis of Ferrocene (59Fe) and some derivatives useful as « tags » for proteins
Authors: Mann Lewis T.
Published: October 2006

Ferrocene‐59 Fe has been prepared with ferric chloride as the limiting reagent. Specific activities of five millicuries per millimole could be readily achieved. Ferrocene was converted to ferrocenylmethyl isothiocyanate and β‐ferrocenylpropionic acid and these compounds were used in metabolic studies as “tags” for a series of synthetic polypeptides with molecular weights in the range of 50‐100,000. Tagging at a level of about 5 microcuries per milligram of peptide obtained by direct reaction of the isothiocyanate with the ε‐amino groups of lysine in a glutamic acid‐lysine‐tyrosine copolymer or by an activated coupling of ferrocenylpropionic acid and the synthetic polypeptide with a carbodiimide derivative. Some observations on the mechanism of tagging are included.
Preparation of 3–5 dipropionilamino 2, 4, 6, triiodo benzoic acid I‐131
Authors: Mitta A. E. A. , Camin L. L. , Huala H. E.
Published: October 2006

A method is discussed for the labelling of Diprocon by interchange between 131I and inactive Diprocon, obtaining a radiochemical yield over 95% in only five minutes.

The effect of pH, temperature and molar relation between the reactants on the radiochemical yield is determined as well as the maximum sterilization time and the optimal storage conditions for the labelled molecule.
Steroids CCCI (1). Radiochemical syntheses. Part I. Preparation of tritiated 6α, 9α‐difluoro cortical hormones
Authors: Wren D. L. , Siddall J. B. , Edwards J. A.
Published: October 2006

A six‐step synthesis of tritiated 6α, 9α‐difluroro‐16α‐methy‐11β, 17 α.,21‐trihydroxypregna‐1,4‐diene‐3,20‐dione (5) and 6α.,9α‐difluro‐11β,16α.,17α.,21‐tetrahydroxypregna‐1,4‐diene‐3,20‐dione 16,17‐acetonide (7) from the appropriate Δ.l,4,9(11)‐3‐keto intermediates is described. Isotope incorporation was achieved by selectively reducing the 1,2 and 4,5‐double bonds with tritium gas followed by regeneration of the Δ.l,4‐3‐keto system by dehydrogenation with D.D.Q.
Formation de composés marqués à partir de méthane ‐14C sous l' effet de décharges électriqnes
Authors: Bertrand R. , Adloff J. P.
Published: October 2006

On décrit les effets d'une décharge électrique de haute fréquence dans le méthane ‐14C pur et en mélange avec les halogènes. Une fraction importante du radiocarbone est fixée dans des hydrocarbures de C2 à C4, ainsi que dans les halogénures substitués du méthane. L'activité spécifique des composés marqués est celle du méthane mis en æuvre.
Zur Synthese und Analyse deuterierter Bi‐und Terphenyle
Authors: Geiss F. , Sandroni S. , Blech G.
Published: October 2006

16 spezifisch deuteriummarkierte Bi‐ und Terphenyle wurden dargestellt. Die totaldeuterierten Verbindungen wurden durch Pt‐katalysierten Isotopenaustausch mit Schwerwasser bei Temperaturen über 200 °C erhalten. Auch die bei tieferen Temperaturen verlaufende Teildeuterierung sowie intra‐ und intermolekulare Isomerisierungen verlaufen unspezifisch. Die chemische Strukturanalyse und die Isotopenbestimmung wurden über MS‐, IR‐ und KMR‐Spektren ausgeführt.
Recoil labeling and selective radiation labeling a novel synthesis of propanol‐2,3‐14C1
Authors: Oae Shigeru , Redvanly Carol S. , Wolf Alfred P.
Published: October 2006

A recoil labeling method for the production of propanol‐2,3‐14C1 and other simple alcohols is described. In addition propanol‐2,3‐14C and 2‐methyl propanol‐3‐14C were prepared by the irradiation of methanol solutions of ethylene‐14C and propene‐1‐14C, respectively, in „scavenger”︁ concentration. This latter approach called selectiveradiation labeling is explored as a method for the preparation of specifically labeled compounds by „non‐synthetic”︁ methods. The advantages of selective radiation labeling are : 1. specificity of label; 2. ready control of desired specific activity; 3. efficient use of the labeling isotope in an appropriate precursor; 4. ease of purification and isolation of products; 5. minimum labor. Any source of penetrating radiation can be used in selective radiation labeling.
Zur Synthese 14C‐markierter Terphenyle
Authors: Hafferl W. , Juppe G.
Published: October 2006

Die Synthese von fünf spezifisch mit 14C markierten Terphenylen wird beschrieben. Brombenzol‐4‐14C und p‐Dibrombenzol‐1‐14C wurden aus Anilin‐1‐14C hergestellt. Aus Brornbenzol‐4‐14C konnte durch Umsetzung mit Butyllithium und 1‐ Phenylcyclohexanon‐2 und 1‐Phenylcyclohexanon‐4 und anschließende Dehydrierung o‐ und p‐Terphenyl‐4‐14C bereitet werden. p‐Dibrombenzol‐1‐14C ergab durch doppelte Umsetzung mit Cyclohexanon p‐Terphenyl‐1′‐14C. Entsprechend lieferte p‐ Dibrombenzol‐ U14C p‐Terphenyl‐(1′, 2′, 3′, 4′, 5 ′, 6′)‐14C. Aus Cyclohexanon‐1‐14C konnte über Phenylcyclohexanon und folgende Reaktion mit Phenylmagnesiumbromid o‐Terphenyl‐1‐′14C erhalten werden.
A study of the stability and radiochemical purity of some radiopharmaceuticals. 1. Calculations of absorbed radiation energy
Authors: Cífka J. , Buriánek J.
Published: October 2006

The radiation energy absorbed in solutions of phosphorus‐32, iodine‐125 and ‐131, mercury‐197 and ‐203 was calculated and tabulated for various time of storage. The influence of geometrical shape of solutions was also evaluated. An experimental verification of calculations was carried out for solutions of iodine‐131, the good agreement was obtained. The possibilities and limitations of the use of external gamma irradiation for estimating the self‐radiation effect were discussed.
Synthese von o‐Terphenyl‐2‐13C
Authors: Geiss F. , Blech G.
Published: October 2006

Die Synthese lief uber folgende Zwischenstufen : Umsetzung von Cyclopentanon mit KCN, Reduktion des gebildeten Cyanhydrins mil LiAlH4 zum Aminol, Demjanov‐Ringerweiterung zu 2‐markiertem Cyclohexanon, Reaktion desselben mit 2‐Diphenylyl‐magnesiumjodid, Dehydratisierung und Dehydrierung des gebildeten Carbinols zu o‐Terphenyl‐13C. Ausbeute 16 % bez. auf KCN. Die Reinigung erfolgte mit präparativer DC auf Kieselgel. Die wichtigsten Nebenprodukte des letzten Schrittes sind o‐Xneyl‐cyclohexan, das unbekannte Hexahydrotriphenylen, p‐Terphenyl, o‐Quatervhenvl und Trivhenvlen.