bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maritime Historical Archaeology Research at Balok River, Belitung Island
Authors: Novita Aryandini , Wardoyo Adi Ari Mukti , Prasetyo Sigit Eko , Alnoza Muhamad , Atmodjo Junus Satrio , Wibisono Sonny Chr
Published: November 2021

Balok River is one of the rivers in the southern part of Belitung Island, which empties into Balok Bay. This bay forms wide and sheltered water in which it is directly connected to the Java Sea. This paper aims to provide an overview of the past maritime relationship pattern along the Balok River and the surrounding waterfront environment. This study examines existing data from archaeological research conducted by South Sumatra Archaeological Research Office and the National Archaeological Research Center from 2011 to 2021. Archaeological remains such as ceramic artifacts from China, Southeast Asia, and Europe showed that these regions had been involved in long-distance international trade networks. Regional contact with outsiders is also proved by findings of pottery shreds such as jug and roof tile fragments that were not produced locally in the Belitung area. Oral history reveals that there was once arouse a kingdom named the Balok Kingdom along this river. This kingdom raised in the sixteenth century. Nevertheless, dwellings from the period before the Balok Kingdom’s existence is unknown. The toponym along the Balok River also indicates topographical features associated with maritime culture, namely Pangkalan. This toponym probably refers to the docks in the past. At this time, places using pangkalan toponyms are still functioned as boat mooring places by Balok Villagers and its surroundings. Balok River is the main route for people to the sea for fishing
Formulation and Evaluation of Sunscreen Cream fromMoringa oleiferaandTurbinaria conoides
Authors: Yanuarti Rini , Nurfitriyana Nurfitriyana , Zuchryanto Muhammad , Pratama Ginanjar , Munandar Aris , Ilhamdy Aidil Fadli , Jumsurizal Jumsurizal , Kurniawan Itok Dwi
Published: November 2021

Research on the combination of natural ingredients from brown seaweed and Moringa, to be used as sunscreen has been nothing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the best formulation from sunscreen evaluation. In this study, the ratio ofMoringa oleiferaandTurbinaria conoideswas 1:1 (cream L), 2:1 (cream M), 1:2 (cream N), and control (no added both of natural ingredients) (cream K). The evaluation of sunscreen cream by Sun Protection Factor (SPF) activity, viscosity, pH, homogeneity, and microbial test. SPF values in this study from cream K, L, M, and N were 0.75±2.31, 17.80±0.97, 9.48±1.41, and 15.97±2.38, respectively. Viscosity values were 22,400 cPs for cream K; 32,400 cPs for cream L; 26,000 cPs for cream M; and 32,800 cPs for cream N. The pH value of sunscreen cream in cream K, L, M, N were 7.30±0.02, 6.51±0.02, 6.38±0.04, and 6.43±0.04, respectively. In all of the treatments of sunscreen cream, microbial tests are absent and have good homogeneity. The ratio of 1:1 (cream L) betweenM. oleiferaandT. conoideshas a good synergistic effect to ward off UV B light, therefore cream L is the best sunscreen cream in this study.
An Analysis on Wind Speed Forecasting Result with the Elman Recurrent Neural Network Method
Authors: Bettiza Martaleli
Published: November 2021

Weather factors in the archipelago have an important role in sea transportation. Weather factors, especially wind speed and wave height, become the determinants of sailing permits besides transportation’s availability, routes, and fuel. Wind speed is also a potential source of renewable energy in the archipelago. Accurate wind speed forecasting is very useful for marine transportation and development of wind power technology. One of the methods in the artificial neural network field, Elman Recurrent Neural Network (ERNN), is used in this study to forecast wind speed. Wind speed data in 2019 from measurements at the Badan Meteorolog Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG) at Hang Nadim Batam station were used in the training and testing process. The forecasting results showed an accuracy rate of 88.28% on training data and 71.38% on test data. The wide data range with the randomness and uncertainty of wind speed is the cause of low accuracy. The data set is divided into the training set and the testing set in several ratio schemas. The division of this data set considered to have contributed to the MAPE value. The observation data and data division carried out in different seasons, with varying types of wind cycles. Therefore, the forecasting results obtained in the training process are 17% better than the testing data.
Governing Archipelagos on Their Terms: a Case Study of the Riau Islands
Authors: Narotama Mohamad Rachmadian
Published: November 2021

Indonesian geographic archipelago and its small islands’ characteristics or ‘Islandness’ is widely known factor that shape and contour every aspect of the island life, whether it is social, economic, political, or governance. This paper addressed the pursuit of understanding the archipelago way of local government by examining how Indonesian geographic archipelago influences different aspects of island life through the experience of the archipelago governance. This paper compiled based on a 6-month research conducted in 2018 in 4 districts of the Riau Island Province; Bintan, Lingga, Natuna, and Anambas Island. This paper provided interesting findings on how geography, contours and conditions of Riau Island shape different aspects of island life and governance, in both direct and indirect ways. Although Riau Islands’ government responds the situation by requesting more substantial autonomy and resource, which can contribute to more opportunities for the island development, the government misses the point of having a comprehensive way to govern the island that encompasses every aspect of governance; from public administration to political arrangements.
Environmental Awareness and Concern over Transboundary Oil Spill in Bintan Island: a Preliminary Analysis Results
Authors: Akbar Dhani , Setiawan Azhari , Mariani Mariani , Adhayanto Oksep , Okparizan Okparizan , Yudiatmaja Wayu Eko
Published: November 2021

Regarding its strategic position which also has environmental potential and actual threats, Kepulauan Riau Province (Riau Island) is facing some challenges. This study discussed the environmental awareness and concern over transboundary oil spills case in Bintan Island, Kepulauan Riau. This study organized a regional cross-sectional survey exploring: (1) knowledge, (2) attitudes, (3) political attitudes, and (4) political perception in relation to transboundary oil spills case. This finding has an important implication for developing a more significant information and socialization on environmental politics and governance towards people in Bintan Island. It also argued that Awareness violates voting process, while, Party Identification and Concern have a positive impact on voting probability. The relevance of Awareness is supported by the inclusion of variable control even though our variable control were not significant.
Religious Harmony Among Multi-Religious society in Perak, Malaysia: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Zulkefli Mohd Ikhwan Izzat , Endut Mohd Nuri Al-Amin , Abdullah Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim
Published: November 2021

Religious harmony between different religious adherents is important in determining social peace and harmony in a plural country like Malaysia. The failure to ensure religious harmony can disrupt political and national stability. Hence, all parties, including policy makers, religious leaders and society should work together to strengthen inter-religious relations. The purpose of this study is to measure the level of religious harmony in Perak. It used a survey questionnaire as an instrument for data collection in which data from a total of 44 respondents were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 software. The findings generally revealed that all dimensions of religious harmony were at a moderately high level. Surprisingly, the findings also showed that ‘Understanding’, ‘Cooperation’ and ‘Stable Conflict’ were recorded as the highest mean score for the Hindu group, while ‘Peacefulness’, Acceptance’, ‘Understanding’, and ‘Right and Justice’ were recorded as the lowest mean score for the Buddhist group. The study offers a valid measurement to determine the level of religious harmony that will advise the government to take appropriate measures to mitigate religious conflict and promote mutual understanding within multi-religious society.
Factors influencing community participation in Community-Based Ecotourism in Padawan, Sarawak
Authors: Rogos Emily , Ngui Kwang Sing , Jee Teck Weng
Published: November 2021

Community Based Ecotourism (CBE) has commonly practiced by the rural communities of Sarawak as poverty alleviation and local empowerment tool in conserving the natural resources in their livelihood. The community participation in the rural areas of Sarawak is essential in CBE sustainability. This study investigates the community participation in Community Based Ecotourism in Padawan, Sarawak. This study only applied for six selected villages in Kampung Sadir, Kampung Giam Danu, Kampung Annah Rais, Kampung Semadang and Kampung Benuk. These six villages are among the villages in Padawan that have ecotourism potential and availability. The application of the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) used to analyse the categories of contributing factors towards the community participation in CBE. Their CBE activities included Tourist Centre/Guide, homestays, heritage festivals and outdoor activities. The method used to accomplish this study is snowball sampling techniques to recruit the participants to be involved in focus group interviews. For this study, the Village Chiefs were requested to select the suitable participants (ecotourism business providers, village committee and common villagers) to participate in focus group interview. Throughout the focus group interview, the participants were required to discuss on the issues or factors influencing their participation in CBE. The findings reveal the factors that affecting motivation, opportunity and ability (MOA) of the community in involving in CBE.
An Evaluation of Corporate Governance Characteristics and Corporate Performance between Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) in Malaysia and Singapore: A Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Ching Yat David Ng , Teck Chai Lau , Peck Ling Tee , Siew Fong Lai
Published: November 2021

This research seeks to investigate whether corporate governance contributes to the Government-link public listed companies’ performance in Malaysia and Singapore. A sample consisting of 20 Malaysian Government-linked public listed companies and 20 Singaporean Government-linked public listed companies were selected. The research timeframe covers from 2012 to 2017. Findings revealed that except for board meetings and independent directors, 4 other independent variables were statistically significant in affecting the Malaysian and Singaporean government-link public listed companies’ performance. Directors’ ownership had a significant negative impact on ROA and ROE in Malaysia but had no impact in Singapore. Board meetings and independent directors had no impact towards firm performance in both countries. Board size had positive and significant impact on ROE in Singapore. Number of women directors was significantly negatively related to Tobin’s Q, ROA and ROE. Leverage level was significantly negatively related to all firm performance’s measures in Malaysia, while only significantly related to Tobin’s Q in Singapore.
Instrument Development to Review Factors for Research Commercialization Study in Universities
Authors: Ismail Nurshafiza , Afzan Abdul Aziz Nabilla , Hartono Arif
Published: November 2021

Recently, university commercialization has drawn growing attention to the role of the university as one of the drivers to local economic growth. Majority universities and other research institutes in Malaysia has established Technology Transfer Offices (TTO) to give support and guidance to the researchers in the bid to commercialize Research and Development (R&D) activities. The issues that are faced by current researchers are progressing and adapting to the role of developing and commercialising products while having lack of business acumen that hinders success in commercialization among the researchers. The objective of this study is to create a research model for commercialization study in universities and developing questionnaire to assess the issue in a holistic view. This study reviews the role of TTO, lists of incentives from the government to the researchers and factors that impedes the researchers’ output to the commercial bench. Contextual factor, Process factors and Organizational factors lead to the successful commercialization in the research institutes. A research model for impediment in commercialization is created and questionnaire for TTO and survey for researchers, are developed to investigate on the impediment factors that hinder success in the research commercialization among universities. The in-house developed instruments are modified based on massive literatures on commercialization to stimulate strategies and improvement of units from Planning to Execution role in the TTO. On another hand, researchers in the university will be able to plan and execute their research that will deliver scientific, technological, cultural and economic developments in addressing industrial, culture and social issues.
Information technology literacy: the crucial factor in aged second-career academics’ sustainability
Authors: Ong Liap-Teck
Published: November 2021

This study addresses the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4’s objective to increase the number of adults with relevant skills for employment and decent jobs by looking at the context of aged academics in the domain of digital academia. The literature review reveals that there is a scarcity of research studies related to aged second-career academics. Previous studies which have been carried out on second-career academics in business schools did not address the issue of information technology (IT) literacy. Therefore, this exploratory study aims to contribute to the conversation of increasing and sustaining the number of professionally and capably enriched aged second-career academics in digital academia. A hermeneutic interpretive approach is adopted, covering eight aged second-career academics from various types of higher education institutions across Malaysia. The findings from this study suggest that significant support, appropriate IT development and training programs in enhancing their information technology proficiency and literacy is crucial. The finding suggests that this is particularly pertinent for sustainability with respect to aged second-career academics. The study is expected to enhance the governance of universities with regard to introducing proper orientation and training for supporting and improving the information literacy of aged second-career academics in business schools especially for blended delivery of business education.
Consumer Motivation to Enhance Purchase Intention Towards Electric Vehicles in Malaysia
Authors: Abbasi Haider Ali , Shaari Zullina Hussain , Moughal Wajiha
Published: November 2021

Transportation is extremely important in contributing to the life quality development of urban areas. However, it has influenced negatively on individuals and the environment due to carbon emissions and gases. Worldwide, organizations and countries are exploring a solution and have developed Electric Vehicles (EVs) as the best possible solution. Electric vehicles emit no exhaust emissions and are powered by batteries. The adoption rate of EVs in rich countries is increasing year after year, while consumer adoption intention of EVs in poor countries is quite low, particularly in Malaysia. The ownership percentage of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEs) in Malaysia is 93 percent, placing it near the top of the globe, but EV adoption is just about 3.5 percent. Consumer awareness of EVs is quite low, which is why consumer adoption intentions toward EVs are not increasing. Malaysia is the world's 26th highest emitter of carbon and greenhouse gases (GHG). This study will assist in identifying the characteristics that can maximize consumer interest in EVs and will be beneficial to the government and industry in developing the market as stated in the Paris accord and achieving the Carbon Neutral Nation 2050 aim. The study will go through the motivators that lead consumers to purchase EVs. These characteristics will provide transportation sectors insights on bridging the demand and supply of sustainable vehicles.
Art Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Omar Nurul Nisa
Published: November 2021

Through the process of visual analysis of an artwork called ‘Hidden’, this research article explores the relevance of art and design projects for the development of AESD - Art Education for Sustainable Development. ‘Hidden’ is the name of one of the paintings produced in an art project by the Faculty of Communication, Arts and Media at the International University of Malaya-Wales, Malaysia. The concept of the project is for lecturers and students to produce artwork that revolves around the message of sustainability and 90% of the artwork must use recycled waste materials. The visual analysis of ‘Hidden’ covers five aspects of visual elements which are composition, focal point, colour, form, and symbolic value. It was found that there are multiple deepening sustainability messages within the artwork through the analysis of the actual meaning of the image, the estimate changes in meaning over time, and the student's reflection and reaction. The main questions addressed by this article are: What are the complex ‘pool’ of sustainability messages generated through a single image? How producing art can stimulate students’ consciousness on the importance of sustainable living? In conclusion, this article proposes that AESD is a positive and useful approach for students to embrace the sustainability culture.
Dialysepatienten womöglich unterbehandelt
Authors: van der Giet Markus
Published: November 2021

Frühere Studien an Patienten mit dauerhafter Dialysetherapie haben gezeigt, dass der Blutdruck vor der Dialyse höher ist als der zu Hause gemessene. Die Autoren der Studie stellten nun die Hypothese auf, dass bei einer Untergruppe der Hämodialysepatienten der Blutdruck zu Hause höher ist als vor der Dialyse und dass diese Patienten eine höhere Prävalenz für eine linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie aufweisen.
Infranuclear Eye Movement Disorders
Authors: Mehlan Juliane , Schüttauf Frank
Published: November 2021

Infranuclear motility disorders are such of the cranial nerves, the extraocular muscles or changes in the orbit but definitely peripheral to the nuclei of the cranial nerves. Characteristic are movement deficits, a compensatory head posture and the pattern of incomitancy. The secondary angle of deviation is usually larger than the primary. Combined pareses suggest a lesion in the cavernous sinus, orbital apex or a multilocular event. It is essential to rule out supranuclear disorders, especially if the motility deficit is atypical. For clarification, an individual risk assessment is recommended, paying particular attention to risk factors.
High Injury and Concussion Rates in Female Youth Team Sport: An
Opportunity for Prevention
Authors: Cairo Alexis L. , Räisänen Anu M. , Shill Isla J. , Black Amanda M. , Emery Carolyn A.
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate sport-related injury rates, types,
locations, and mechanisms in female youth team sports. This was a secondary
analysis of a cross-sectional study. An anonymous online survey was administered
to high school students (ages 14-19) in Alberta, Canada. The survey included
questions regarding demographic information, sport participation and
self-reported injuries sustained in the past year. Results were analyzed for
girls who reported playing a top ten team sports for female participation. For
girls participating in team sports, the overall injury rate was 55.5
injuries/100 participants/year. The rate of at least one
concussion was 9.4 concussions/100 participants/year. Injury and
concussion rates were highest in ringette (Injury rate=42.9
injuries/100 participants/year, Concussion rate=19.0
concussions/100 participants/year) and rugby (Injury
rate=40.0, Concussion rate=15.3). The top three most serious
injury locations were the knee (24.7%), ankle (21.6%) and head
(16.1%). The most common injury types were joint/ligament sprain
(26.71%), fracture (13.0%) and concussion (11.8%).
Contact mechanisms accounted for 73.4% of all serious injuries reported
in girls team sports. Team sport injury rates are high in female youth team
sports. Specific consideration of sport-specific injury rates, types and
mechanisms in girls’ team sports will inform development and evaluation
of targeted sport-specific prevention strategies.
Optimized Intraoperative Imaging for Stereotactic Planning with a Multiaxial Robotic C-arm System: Technical Note and Case Series
Authors: Enders Frederik , Rothfuss Andreas , Brehmer Stefanie , Stallkamp Jan , Schulte Dirk Michael , Hänggi Daniel
Published: November 2021

Background The preoperative preparation of the planning dataset for frame-based stereotactic brain biopsy is often associated with logistical effort and burden on the patient. Intraoperative imaging modalities need to be investigated to overcome these limitations.

Objective The objective of the study was to develop and apply a new method for the intraoperative acquisition of the planning dataset with the multiaxial robotic C-arm system Artis zeego.

Methods An indication-customized dose-reduced protocol for Artis zeego was developed and implemented into the workflow. A sample of 14 patients who had undergone intraoperative imaging with Artis zeego was analyzed. A sample of 10 patients with conventional preoperative imaging by cranial computed tomography (CT) was used as a control group. Outcomes were compared with regard to target deviation, diagnostic value of the biopsies, complications, and procedure time.

Results In all patients, a suitable intraoperative planning dataset could be acquired with Artis zeego. Total procedure time was shorter for the Artis zeego group (p = 0.01), whereas time in the operating room area was longer in the Artis zeego group (p = 0.04). Biopsy results were diagnostic in 12 patients (86%) in the Artis zeego group and in 8 patients (80%) in the control group. There were no significant differences in target size, trajectory length, or target deviation.

Conclusion Intraoperative imaging for frame-based stereotactic brain biopsy with Artis zeego is an easy and feasible method. Accuracy is comparable to conventional CT, whereas radiation exposure could be additionally reduced. It allows a significant reduction of the total procedure length and improves the comfort for the patient and staff.
Respiratory Tract Pathogens in the COVID-19 Era: Data from a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Akcan Yildiz Leman , Unal Bahri , Aydin Orkun , Oygar Pembe Derin , Lacinel Gurlevic Sibel , Gungor Emre , Kaynak Mustafa Oguz , Korgal Nilay , Kukul Musa Gurel , Ilbay Sare , Alp Alpaslan , Ozsurekci Yasemin , Teksam Ozlem
Published: November 2021

Objective The frequency of coinfections in pediatric Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and their impact on the clinical course are not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens in children admitted to the pediatric emergency department (PED), their clinical course, and the presence of coinfections during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods Clinical, laboratory and radiological findings, viral and bacterial pathogens detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests in nasopharyngeal swabs, clinical course, and treatments of all children who were tested for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the PED between March 16 and May 15, 2020, were recorded. SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive and negative groups were compared.

Results Out of 570 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period, 43 were found positive (7.5%). Non-SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogens were more common in the SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative group than the SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive group (13.2%, n = 68 versus 4.7%, n = 2), but this result was not statistically significant. Leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet counts were lower in SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive group. Bacterial panel positivity was significantly higher in the SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive group compared with the SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative group (52%, n = 12 versus 28%, n = 91; p < 0.05). The presence of coinfection did not alter the course of therapy in SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive cases.

Conclusion While viral coinfections were rare, bacterial panel positivity was common in children with COVID-19, but this had not influenced management decisions. The limitations of the tests should be kept in mind while interpreting the results.
Large Bowel Obstruction Caused by Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Case Report
Authors: Almujarkesh Mohamad Khaled , Ismayl Mahmoud , Ismayl Ahmad , Alsayid Muhammad , Hiba Muhammed Rodwan
Published: November 2021

Bowel obstruction is a frequently encountered condition worldwide that causes numerous admissions to hospitals. Metastatic carcinoma has been identified as one of the infrequently encountered causes of bowel obstruction. Prostate cancer typically metastasizes to lymph nodes, bone, lungs, liver, and brain. In this article, we reported the case of a 75-year-old man who presented with bowel obstruction due to narrowing and stricture of the rectum. Primary rectal mass was initially diagnosed, but upon further investigation, it was found that the mass resembled prostate tissue. The bowel obstruction was managed surgically with a colostomy. The patient was later referred to oncology for chemotherapy and hormonal therapy.
Initial Validation of a Modified MRI Scoring System for Assessing Outcomes after Single-Surface Osteochondral Shell Allograft Transplantation in the Knee
Authors: Wissman Robert , Cook Cristi , Cook James L. , Okoye Munachukwudi , Rucisnki Kylee , Stannard James P.
Published: November 2021

The Osteochondral Allograft Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring System (OCAMRISS) provides a reproducible method for imaging-based grading for osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplants. However, the OCAMRISS does not account for larger whole-surface OCA shell grafts, and has not been validated for assessing outcomes after shell OCA transplantation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a modified OCAMRISS for assessing single-surface shell OCAs in the knee based on strength of correlations for a modified OCAMRISS score with graft success and patient-reported outcomes for pain and function. With institutional review board approval and informed patient consent, patients who underwent large single-surface shell OCA transplantation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams at 1-year postsurgery were identified from a prospectively enrolled registry. All patients with a minimum of 2 years of clinical follow-up were included in the present study. A modified OCAMRISS, as well as assessment of the percentage of OCA bone incorporation, was used to score each knee. Two radiologists, blinded to patient demographics and outcomes, reviewed all MRIs together to determine a consensus score for each category and %-incorporation for each OCA. Thirteen patients (7 F, 6 M; mean age = 29.8 ± 9.4; mean body mass index = 27.1 ± 5.8); 8 medial femoral condyle, 4 patella, and 1 medial tibial plateau shell OCAs were evaluated. Mean modified OCAMRISS score was 5.2 ± 2.8, range (2–12) and %-integration was 72.7 ± 33.8, range (0–100). Moderate to strong correlations were noted for 1-year modified OCAMRISS total score with final follow-up (FFU) visual analog scale (VAS) pain (r = +0.58) and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) function (r = −0.7) scores, and for 1-year %-incorporation with FFU VAS pain (r = −0.76) and SANE function (r = +0.83) scores. The modified OCAMRISS total score and %-incorporation assessments determined at 1 year following single-surface shell OCA transplantation correlate well with initial patient outcomes and have clinical applicability for monitoring patients after large-shell OCA transplants in the knee.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Visiting Policies: A Worldwide Survey
Authors: Camporesi Anna , Zanin Anna , Kanaris Constantinos , Gemma Marco , Soares Lanziotti Vanessa
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) visiting policies around the world and how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected these policies, due to concerns relating to a viral transmission. A web-based international survey was designed and disseminated through social networks, emails, or direct messages. Two hundred forty-one answers were received. From these, 26 were excluded (13 due to missing location and 13 duplicated answers), resulting in a final number of 215 answers. Europe accounted for 35% of responses (n = 77), South America 22.4% (n = 49), North America 19% (n = 41), Asia 16.5% (n = 36), Central America 2.7% (n = 6), Oceania, and Africa 2.2% each (n = 5 each). Before the pandemic, reported admission/visiting policies already varied between continents. Family time schedules remained similar to the prepandemic period in half of European, Central, and South American units and have changed in 60% of Asian, African, North American, and Oceanian units. Access to PICUs has been granted for patients and caregivers tested negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS COV-2) in only part of studied PICUs. Isolation precautions for the visitors were intensified at the onset of the pandemic. Changes in visiting policies were observed in most PICUs worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, with some PICUs prohibiting any visitation by families. These changes can decrease possibilities of parental participation in emotional support and reduction of sedation needs, early mobility, and shared decision-making process and impact negatively both children and parental well-being and even patients' outcomes.
A Possible Mechanism of Action of 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Enhanced IL-10 Production
Authors: Megli Christina J. , Hauspurg Alisse , Venkataramanan Raman , Caritis Steve N.
Published: November 2021

Objective The rate of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) was reduced by 33% in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit (MFMU) Network trial of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC), but the mechanism of action, 17 years later, remains elusive. The robustness of the interleukin-10 (IL-10) response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of leukocytes in pregnant women with a prior PTB correlates with gestational age at delivery. This study sought to determine if there is a relationship between the concentration of 17-OHPC and response to LPS stimulation.

Study Design We performed a secondary analysis of data from the Omega-3 MFMU trial which evaluated the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in reducing recurrent PTB. We utilized previously characterized data from a subanalyses of the Omega-3 trial of IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels from peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with LPS. Blood was obtained from enrolled women at 16 to 22 weeks' gestation (baseline) and 25 to 28 weeks' gestation (posttreatment). All women received 17-OHPC and plasma 17-OHPC concentrations were measured at 25 to 28 weeks' gestation. We analyzed these data to determine if there was a relationship between 17-OHPC concentration and cytokine production. We then performed an in vitro study to determine if 17-OHPC could directly alter cytokine production by THP-1-derived macrophages.

Results In the clinical samples, we found that 17-OHPC plasma concentrations were correlated with the quantity of the LPS-stimulated production of IL-10. TNF-α production after LPS stimulation was unrelated to 17-OHPC concentration. In the in vitro study, we demonstrate a 17-OHPC concentration dependent increase in IL-10 production.

Conclusion In women receiving 17-OHPC for PTB prevention, we demonstrate a relationship between plasma 17-OHPC and LPS-stimulated IL-10 production by circulating leukocytes. We also demonstrate that, in vitro, 17-OHPC treatment affects IL-10 production by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Collectively, these findings support an immunomodulatory mechanism of action of 17-OHPC in the prevention of recurrent PTB.

Key Points
Fabrication of externally wetted emitter for ionic liquid electrospray thruster by low-speed wire cutting combined with electrochemical etching
Authors: Xue Senwen , Duan Li , Kang Qi
Published: November 2021

The micro-newton thrust generated by an ionic liquid electrospray thruster (ILET) can be used for drag-free control, attitude precise control, networking, and formation flight of micro-nano-satellites or spacecraft. Fabrication of high-quality emitters is one of the key technologies for the application of ILETs. A new method for fabricating externally wetted emitters is presented in this article. This method uses low-speed wire cutting (LSWC) combined with electrochemical etching, and the externally wetted emitter is fabricated in three steps. First, the tungsten cuboid is shaped by LSWC to get the geometry of the emitter. Second, the emitter is cleaned by superacid to remove the oxide layer that critically prevents the ionic liquid from wetting the emitter. Finally, microchannels are etched on the emitter surface by electrochemical etching. The tungsten emitter fabricated by the above-mentioned steps can obtain excellent wettability, and its microchannel can reduce the contact angle between the wall and the ionic liquid and enhance the capillary force that promotes the ionic liquid to climb along the emitter. The ionic liquid is spread into a uniform liquid film on the emitter surface to ensure a stable and continuous flow supply so that the thruster can work in pure ionic emission mode for a long time with low noise, high resolution, and a high thrust power ratio. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of all elements before and after the pickling emitter proves the feasibility of removing the oxide layer. The morphology features of the emitter are measured and observed using a metallographic microscope and profilometer, including the microchannel structure and its size and tip size and the thickness of the liquid film. Through repeated observation and evaluation, the etching parameters are recorded, including the amplitude and frequency of AC voltage, the etching time, the depth of emitter immersion in the solution, and the concentration of NaOH solution. In order to compare the performance of an externally wetted emitter and a porous emitter, the same process is used to fabricate two kinds of emitters. The conclusions on beam current, the resolution and noise of beam current, ignition reliability, and emission time are summarized during the emission testing. The emission tests indicate that the externally wetted emitter exhibits outstanding performance, which depends on its better wettability and the fact that the microchannels are not easily blocked by the products of electrochemical reaction.
Quantitative Imaging in Ultrasound
Authors: Rosado-Mendez Ivan M. , Hall Timothy J.
Published: November 2021

The widespread use, safety, and practicality of ultrasound imaging makes it a great candidate to develop quantitative imaging methods that can be extensively used in different clinical settings. This chapter will present an introductory description of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) strategies that have long been investigated, are in the process of clinical implementation, or have been used clinically for a long time. This chapter is divided into five sections. Section 4.1 presents the motivation and the overall feature estimation strategy followed in QUS. Sections 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 summarize the physical background and technical aspects of three QUS approaches: pulse-echo techniques to estimate scattering and attenuation properties of tissue, elasticity techniques designed to measure tissue stiffness, and flow estimation techniques focused on quantifying blood flow-related features. Finally, Section 4.5 closes the chapter with two examples of current applications in QUS: the assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and of cervical remodeling during pregnancy.
Quantitative Imaging of Breast Cancer: Screening, Staging, and Monitoring
Authors: Jones Ella F. , Hathi Deep K. , Hylton Nola M.
Published: November 2021

Quantitative imaging (QI) plays a vital role in identifying biomarkers describing the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity underpinning breast cancer through screening, diagnosis, and treatment assessment in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Changes to the structural biology of the breast tumor microenvironment are reflected in morphologic and functional imaging. They may serve as surrogate markers for identifying disease burden or therapeutic effect, which may provide valuable information on subsequent clinical decision making. In breast cancer, mammography is the primary tool for screening and initial evaluation, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are used in diagnosis, staging, and treatment response assessment. In the past decade, advances in ultrafast sequence design in MRI, targeted PET tracers, and the adoption of new mammographic technology hold promise for rapid screening, more accurate diagnosis, and personalized treatment. In this chapter, the application of current QI technologies at each stage of breast cancer management is summarized, and advances in each modality for informing early diagnosis and therapy interventions to improve patient outcomes are highlighted.
Clinical Translation and Adaption
Authors: Mankoff David , Schwartz Lawrence H.
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews the approach to translating new quantitative imaging (QI) methods to clinical trials, and ultimately to clinical practice. Starting from a review of requirements for new QI tools to be ready for translation, the steps involved in clinical translation are presented. This is followed by a discussion of the type of clinical trials used to test new QI tools. Quantitative imaging biomarkers have been discussed in several chapters of this book. Here, a discussion of the cancer biomarker applications to which QI tools can be applied is presented, and specific examples of QI tools brought to clinical trials are provided. Moving tools from advanced clinical trials to clinical practice has its own challenges. Several needs and requirements for this transition are presented, followed by a summary and future directions for QI method translation.
Organic farming does not increase soil organic carbon compared to conventional farming if there is no carbon transfer from other agroecosystems. A meta-analysis
Authors: Alvarez Roberto
Published: November 2021

Context Organic farming is based on the non-use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides. Nitrogen inputs are derived from symbiotic fixation and organic fertilisers, which also contribute carbon to the agroecosystem. Soil organic carbon (SOC) generally increases in organically managed soils, but it is unclear whether the increase is due to carbon transfer from off-site or can be achieved without carbon transfer from other production systems. Aims This study aims to determine how carbon transfer is achieved to increase SOC under organic farming systems. Methods A meta-analysis was conducted to answer this question using articles published in peer-reviewed journals in which the results of randomised and replicated experiments were available. Data were collected from 66 experiments that generated 83 direct comparisons of organic vs conventional management. The data were divided into three groups: no carbon transfer between agroecosystems (no off-site effects, n = 15), with carbon transfer (off-site effects, n = 43), and undefined carbon management (n = 25). The response ratio was used as the effect size and the 95% confidence interval was calculated. Key results In experiments with no off-site effects, SOC did not differ between organic and conventional systems. In contrast, in experiments where manure-compost was transferred to organic systems from off-site or crop residues were harvested in conventional treatment, SOC was 22% higher in organic system. Conclusions These results indicate that organic farming increases SOC only when carbon is transferred between agroecosystems. Implications Off-site effects should be considered when addressing the carbon sequestration potential of organic farming.
Microbial community composition and activity in paired irrigated and non-irrigated pastures in New Zealand
Authors: Lambie Suzanne M. , Mudge Paul L. , Stevenson Bryan A.
Published: November 2021

Context Microorganisms are key for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in soils supporting agricultural production. Aims We investigated the impacts of irrigation on microbial community structure and activity in New Zealand on 28 paired non-irrigated and irrigated grazed pasture sites where C and N had decreased under irrigation. Methods Microbial community structure and microbial biomass (phospholipid fatty acids) and activity (basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration (SIR), aerobically mineralisable N (AerMN)) were assessed. Key results Microbial biomass did not differ between irrigated and non-irrigated soils, but irrigated soils had increased gram-negative bacteria (P < 0.05), lower gram-positive:gram-negative ratio (P < 0.001) and lower fungal:bacterial ratio (P < 0.001) compared to non-irrigated soils. SIR and AerMN were greater in irrigated compared to non-irrigated soils. There were no differences in basal respiration between irrigation treatments. Greater prevalence of gram-negative bacteria (r-strategist) as well as decreases in actinomycetes and fungal to bacterial ratio, and increased SIR and AerMN suggest more rapid cycling of C and nutrients in irrigated systems where C had been lost. Conclusions We found clear evidence that irrigation alters microbial community structure and activity in New Zealand pasture systems. Implications Irrigation driven alteration of microbial populations may contribute to losses of soil SOM and soils’ ability to deliver ecosystem services.
On adverbial perfect participial clauses in Portuguese varieties and British English
Authors: Silvano Purificação , Leal António , Cordeiro João
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this paper is twofold: (i) to discuss the validity of Lobo’s proposal (2003) of distinguishing two types of adverbial perfect participial clauses (APC) in European Portuguese; and (ii) to ascertain the key factors behind their temporal interpretation. To achieve these aims, we compare and contrast patterns displayed by APC in European, Brazilian, Mozambican and Angolan Portuguese and British English across a corpus built from newspapers. Our research reveals that the data do not reflect the bipartite division argued for by Lobo and that, for Portuguese varieties, the position of APC in the sentence and the combinations of some aspectual classes are important to infer temporal relations, whereas, for British English, the anterior orientation/perfect aspect of the perfect participle imposes for most cases an anteriority temporal relation, surpassing the influence of any other factor.
Green and Lean? – Understanding ecological and environmental implications in the light of Industry 4.0
Authors: Veile Johannes W. , Birkel Hendrik S. , Schmidt Marie-Christin , Rücker Marc , Müller Julian M. , Hartmann Evi , Voigt Kai-Ingo
Published: November 2021

Research on Industry 4.0 has only begun to analyse its environmental and social impacts, while technological and economic analyses dominate the current academic debate. However, merging the current debate for a more sustainable industrial value creation with the developments in the context of Industry 4.0 is vital given its benefits beyond merely economic considerations. In response to the scarcity of extant research, this paper analyses research publications and gives insights using an empirical approach. Qualitative-empirical data from 33 expert interviews within German manufacturing enterprises are used to extend the current state of literature in this field. In particular, company-internal and company-external benefits from an environmental and ecological point of view are uncovered, along with drivers and requirements to approach the potentials. Further, the results are discussed against the background of extant publications in the field. The paper closes with recommendations for managerial practice and suggestions for future research.
Major Discussions on the Life Cycle Cost of Electricity Generation Systems
Authors: Bigarelli Ferreira Mariane , Mateus Kremer Guilherme , Silva Ribeiro Bruno , Vetroni Barros Murillo , Salvador Rodrigo , Carlos de Francisco Antonio , Moro Piekarski Cassiano
Published: November 2021

The aim of this paper was to discuss the use of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) in the assessment of electricity generation systems. To that end, it was conducted a systematic literature review. EndNote, Mendeley and Excel spreadsheets were used to manage references, while the VOSviewer and Microsoft Power Business Intelligence software tools were used to create visual maps. Europe seemed to stand out regarding the number of studies, while there was a lack of LCC studies in America, Asia and Oceania. Concerns seem to have switched from being only about the source for producing electricity to how to diversify the energy system including renewable energy in the energy mix. Overall, there seems to be a shortage of recent studies regarding the LCC of electricity generation systems, which requires further contributions to enable better decision-making.
Mineral carbonation as a design project for green chemical engineering education
Authors: Fantucci H , Santos R M
Published: November 2021

Accelerated mineral carbonation is a promising CO2 sequestration technology that is strongly linked to concepts of sustainability and Green Chemistry, and its process requirements apply principles of reaction kinetics, transport phenomena, and materials characterization. The present work aimed to develop educational tools for including accelerated mineral carbonation in chemical engineering curricula. To this end, an experimental investigation laboratory procedure and a design project outline have been conceived. As a way to further engage students in this learning experience, the process conditions for the laboratory work are varied between groups of students, and the experimental data obtained are pooled to be used by every group for the subsequent design exercise. This is meant to give students motivation to generate accurate data that they knew would be useful for the entire class and, at the same time, provide students with the opportunity to use data generated by colleagues, much in the same way the design work is done in the industry. In the design project, students use the experimental data obtained by themselves and classmates on the accelerated mineral carbonation of wollastonite, to determine if this is a feasible process for industry to sequester carbon dioxide, in view of mitigating climate change. Also, they use the experimental data, acquired using a range of process conditions, to study the effect of the process variables (CO2 pressure and mixing rate) on the carbonation kinetics and mass transfer rate. The focus of our previously published article was on the experimental investigation, while the focus of this conference paper is on the design project.