bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alopecia Universalis in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Authors: Kiliç S. sebnem , Ersoy Fügen , Sanal Özden , Türkbay Dursun , Tezcan Ilhan
Published: March 2003

Abstract: A 12‐year‐old boy with common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) who developed severe alopecia is presented. His sister also had alopecia and recurrent infections and died of lung infection at the age of 7 years. The loss of hair in both children was total; the pathology of a scalp skin biopsy specimen was typical for alopecia areata. The boy was subjected to clinical and immunologic evaluation and the results were compatible with common variable immunodeficiency.
Diffuse Cutaneous Mastocytosis with Bone Marrow Infiltration in a Child: A Case Report
Authors: Waxtein León M. , Vega‐Memije MA. Elisa , Cortés‐Franco Roberto , Dominguez‐Soto Luciano
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Mastocytosis encompasses a range of disorders characterized by overproliferation and accumulation of tissue mast cells. Mast cell disease is most commonly seen in the skin, but the skeleton, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, and central nervous system may also be involved. We present a 10‐year‐old boy with diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis characterized by disseminated papular, nodular, and infiltrated leathery lesions. The patient presented with chronic diarrhea and malnutrition. Laboratory studies were normal except for an elevated urinary 1‐methylhistamine level. The bone marrow aspirate showed a dense mast cell infiltrate confirming systemic involvement.
Balloon Dilation of an Esophageal Stenosis in a Patient with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Naehrlich L. , Lang TH. , Schamberger U. , Behrens R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: We report a 13‐year‐old boy with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa who had dysphagia due to esophageal stenosis. A balloon dilation was successfully performed under flexible endoscopic and fluoroscopic control. The early and long‐term follow‐up was characterized by the disappearance of dysphagia, weight gain, and improvement of his skin lesions.
Allergic Reactions Due to Ibuprofen in Children
Authors: Jara M. Díaz , Montero A. Pérez , Bara M. T. Gracia , Cabrerizo S. , Zapatero L. , Molero M. I. Martínez
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Ibuprofen is 2‐(4‐isobutyl‐fenyl)‐propionic acid, which belongs to the same group of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as naproxen and ketoprofen. We present two instances of adverse reaction to pediatric ibuprofen, an acute urticaria and a fixed drug eruption, with tolerance to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and acetaminophen, in what seems to be hypersensitivity to the propionic acid group. Although these reactions are very rare and ibuprofen is still very safe, we think it is important to know about the possible side effects in order to recognize and treat them when they occur.
The Effectiveness of Wet Wrap Dressings Using 0.1% Mometasone Furoate and 0.005% Fluticasone Proprionate Ointments in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis in Children
Authors: Pei Ann Y. S. , Chan Henry H. L. , Ho K M
Published: March 2003

Various types of dressings have been used successfully in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. In this study we looked at the efficacy of two of the newer topical steroids when applied under wet wrap dressings for the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis in children. Forty children with moderate to severe disease were randomized to receive either one‐tenth‐strength diluted 0.1% mometasone furoate ointment or one‐tenth‐strength diluted 0.005% fluticasone proprionate ointment. These were applied once a day over a 4‐week period without wet wraps, or for 2 weeks without wet wraps followed by 2 weeks of application under wet wraps. There was a 2‐week period for all patients when the topical treatment was standardized. At weekly follow‐ups, patients were assessed by a single, blinded observer and objectively scored for disease extent and severity. A subjective score was also given for the impact of eczema on daily living. There was significant improvement in the disease severity from baseline during the first 2 weeks of the open application arm (p=0.043), however, additional beneficial effects were limited after week 2. Wet wraps further improved the disease severity and extent after week 2 (p < 0.05), and were well tolerated. We concluded that both 0.1% mometasone furoate and 0.005% fluticasone proprionate ointments are effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, and that wet wraps are useful in further improving refractory disease in children.
Parental Knowledge and Practice of Primary Skin Cancer Prevention: Gaps and Solutions
Authors: Weinstein J. M. , Yarnold P. R. , Hornung R. L.
Published: March 2003

Over the past two decades there have been significant efforts in the United States to heighten awareness about skin cancer. Our goal was to assess parental knowledge, practice, and source of information about sun protection for their children. A questionnaire was administered to 158 parents of children at a dermatology clinic and 96 parents of children at a pediatric clinic (n=254). The survey included four parts: demographics, knowledge about skin cancer, sun protection practices, and sources of sun protection information. The mean knowledge score was 61% correct. Independent predictors of a higher score were fewer children and being a health care or other professional (p < 0.03). Independent predictors of parental sunscreen use were higher knowledge score, younger age, and fewer lifetime sunburns (p < 0.03); predictors of sunscreen use for children were higher knowledge score and fairer skin (p < 0.03). The top sources of sun protection information ranked by respondents were television and magazines; the top desired sources were primary care physicians and dermatologists. The knowledge results suggest the need for increased education about skin cancer prevention. Because the media is a major information source, it is important to ensure that messages about sun risks/protection are correct. The respondents’ desire to learn more from primary care physicians emphasizes the need to educate physicians about sun protection.
Ulerythema Ophryogenes in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Authors: Flórez Ángeles , Fernández‐Redondo Virginia , Toribio Jaime
Published: March 2003

A 17‐year‐old woman with Cornelia de Lange syndrome had asymptomatic skin lesions since the age of 4 years. These were multiple, follicular, horny papules, present on both cheeks, and surrounded by erythematous skin. Similar lesions were present on the external aspect of the arms, but amidst skin of normal coloration. Keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei (ulerythema ophryogenes) has been described as a cutaneous marker for several congenital syndromes. To our knowledge, its possible association with Cornelia de Lange syndrome has never been reported.
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain in Four Related Saudi Families
Authors: Karkashan Eman M. , Joharji Hanan S. , Al‐Harbi Naffaa N.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Congenital insensitivity to pain (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy [HSAN] type V) is a rare disorder of pain perception in which pain sensation is absent from birth, with no other neurologic deficits. We report five Saudi patients (three male and two female) age 10 months to 23 years who lacked pain sensation from birth but have normal appreciation of other sensory modalities. They are from four related families who are descended from one grandfather. The patients had sustained many painless injuries resulting in fractures and disfigurement, but otherwise are completely normal.
Successful Surgical Excision of a Complex Vascular Lesion in an Infant with Kasabach–Merritt Syndrome
Authors: George Manju , Singhal Virender , Sharma Vidya , Nopper Amy Jo
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Kasabach–Merritt syndrome, the association of a vascular lesion and consumptive coagulopathy, can represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to clinicians. We describe an infant with a large complex vascular lesion of the left forearm that was successfully surgically excised. We propose surgical excision as an appropriate therapeutic option for some cases of Kasabach–Merritt syndrome.
Rosacea‐Like Demodicidosis in an Immunocompromised Child
Authors: Morrás Patricia García , Santos Susana Pérez , Imedio Isabel Longo , Echeverría Manuel Lecona , Hermosa José Manuel Hernanz
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Demodex folliculorum is a saprophytic mite of the human pilosebaceous unit. It is rarely found in children. It has been implicated in the development of follicular pityriasis, rosacea‐like demodicidosis, pustular folliculitis, blepharitis, and granulomatous rosacea. We describe a 4‐year‐old boy who developed asymptomatic facial lesions that histologically corresponded to demodicidosis. He was in clinical remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and currently receiving maintenance chemotherapy. Exanthems related to D. folliculorum are rare in children. Most cases occur in immunocompromised patients and the clinical and histologic findings are diverse. A differential diagnosis should be established with rosacea and perioral dermatitis. The role of Demodex in the pathogenesis of these disorders is controversial. Immunosuppression might increase the number of mites, favoring an inflammatory reaction, or there could exist an impaired cutaneous immunologic response to the parasites.
Therapeutic Apheresis in Myasthenia Gravis Patients: A Six Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Schneidewind J.M. , Zettl U.K. , Winkler R.E. , Ramlow W. , Tiess M. , Hofmann D. , Michelsen A. , Weber G. , Kinze E.M. , Adam U. , Hauk L. , Behnecke R. , Klinkmann H.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Six years ago 4 patients suffering from myasthenia gravis (MG) types C and E according to Compston with failed drug therapy were initially treated 3 times (1 patient, a total of 11 times) by protein A immunoadsorption (Immunosorba, Excorim AB, Lund, Sweden). No further immunoadsorption treatments have been carried out. In addition, 3 patients were given a thymectomy. The present status of the patients was checked. We could see a beneficial effect in all MG patients. The patients are fit for work; each has an improved Besinger index. The patients were used as their own controls. A higher anti‐AChRAb level 6 years after protein A immunoadsorption than at the beginning was seen in all patients, combined with less serious MG. In addition, their immunomodulation could be induced as seen in lymphocyte and inflammatory protein changes during the first 36 days after beginning immunoadsorption treatment. A larger population has to be investigated to verify these results.
New Technique of Leukocytapheresis by the Use of Nonwoven Polyester Fiber Filter for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Kawamura Akio , Saitoh Masao , Yonekawa Motoki , Horie Takashi , Ohizumi Hiroko , Tamaki Tohru , Kukita Kazutaka , Meguro Jun‐ichi
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) is widely used for the treatment of immunological diseases. We studied a new treatment of LCAP using a nonwoven polyester fiber filter. In a basic study, 30–70% of leukocytes were removed. Also, 30–68% of the leukocyte subsets were removed. Sixteen inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, mainly with ulcerative colitis (UC), were treated by this method. Their cytokine activity was normalized in the filter and in the peripheral blood. Eleven of 12 patients with UC were induced to remission. Four patients with Crohn's disease (CD) exhibited improvement. The LCAP using a nonwoven polyester fiber filter was very efficient for treating the patients with IBD. Also, it will be a very useful treatment for immunological diseases and extracorporeal immunomodulation.
A New Treatment for Endotoxemia with Direct Hemoperfusion by Polymyxin Immobilized Fiber
Authors: Hanasawa Kazuyoshi , Tani Tohru , Oka Totaro , Yoshioka Toyakazu , Endo Yoshihiro , Horisawa Masahiro , Nakane Yoshihiro , Kodama Masahi , Teramoto Kazuo , Nishiumi Shiro
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Guest Editor's Introduction: Endotoxins, which consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are known to be a pathogenic substance in patients with septic shock. Since Nolan reported endotoxin adsorption by ion exchange resin and activated charcoal, the search for more effective adsorbents were continued and have lead to the development of polymyxin B immobilized fibers. Polymyxin B is a cationic antibiotic agent which interacts with acidic phospholipids and LPL by electrostatic force. This paper was the first report written in English regarding polymixin B immobilized fibers. The adsorbent is now known as Toraymyxin PMX‐20R and manufactured by Toray Co. This paper was published in Therapeutic Apheresis: A Critical Look, Y. Nosé, P.S. Malchesky, and J,W. Smith eds., ISAO Press, page 167–170 (1984).

A new method of preparing polymyxin B fixed to insoluble fiber (PMX‐F) was developed. PMX‐F (1 g) was detoxified with 0.5–4.8 mg of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as endotoxin (ET) in a batch system. Fixed polymyxin B(PX) was found to be firmly attached to fiber even after washing with isotonic saline or endotoxin solution. Toxicological study of the mortality of mice after injection of PMX‐F‐treated ET indicated that 24% (5 of 21) of the treated group survived, whereas 100% (21 of 21) of the untreated group died. In ex vivo experiments, direct hemoperfusion (DHP) by PMX‐F was performed for ET‐injected canine. Only 12.5% (1 of 8) survived in the control group, but 83% (10 of 12) survived in the group receiving DHP with PMX‐F. Mortality in the treated group decreased remarkably. The results thus indicate the efficacy of PMX‐F in neutralizing ET.
DALI Low‐Density Lipoprotein Apheresis in Homozygous and Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemic Patients Using Low‐Dose Citrate Anticoagulation
Authors: Stefanutti C. , Di Giacomo S. , Di Caro M. , Vivenzio A. , Musca A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to clarify the efficacy and safety of direct adsorption of lipoprotein low‐density lipoprotein apheresis (DALI LDL apheresis) in patients with severe homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia who showed minor adverse effects during treatment with the usual DALI configuration (AC 1:20) through the use of a new system with low‐dose citrate anticoagulation (AC 1:40) developed in order to minimize citrate‐related adverse effects. Serum total cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) showed a decrease of 57% to 61%, and 62 % to 67%, respectively, in the 2 patients. Serum lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) was higher in the homozygous patient (Patient 1: MD) and within the normal range in the heterozygous patient (Patient 2: ES). In the former, Lp(a) was reduced by 52%. Serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) showed a statistically insignificant acute reduction: 15% to 19%. The observed reduction is mainly related to the well‐known effect of hemodilution. The cardiovascular risk (total cholesterol/HDL‐C) was reduced in both patients (46% to 54%) as expected. Serum triglycerides were reduced by 33% to 49%. The mean blood volume processed per session was 7,600 ml. Fifteen treatments for each patient have successfully been completed without the appearance of any clinically significant subjective and objective symptoms related to treatment with the new system.
Calcium Supplement Increase on the Second Day of Sequential Two Day Leukapheresis
Authors: Asai Takayoshi , Shimizu Naomi , Narita Mitsuro , Kobayashi Mieko
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Peripheral blood progenitor cells are collected effectively by leukapheresis of a large volume of peripheral blood. However, protection must be taken for patients or donors from hypocalcemia due to continuous infusion of citric acid. We found a tendency for hypocalcemic symptoms in patients or donors to occur more often on the second day than the first day of the sequential 2 days of leukapheresis. The doses of calcium gluconate supplement and the acid citrate dextrose‐A solution administration significantly increased on the second day compared to that of the first day. The blood levels of c‐terminal parathormone (PTH), phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase did not show remarkably abnormal change. However, urine calcium excretion just after leukapheresis was higher than in the period before or after leukapheresis compared to the phosphorus or creatinine excretion. These findings indicate that the cause of a higher tendency to hypocalcemic symptoms on the second day of the sequential 2 days of leukapheresis is due to the higher metabolism of calcium being excreted in the urine during leukapheresis.
Immunoglobulin Binding Properties of the Prosorba Immunadsorption Column in Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Sasso Eric H. , Merrill Cynthia , Furst Daniel E.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Studies of the humoral effects of the Prosorba column were conducted in conjunction with the Phase 3 trial of Prosorba versus sham therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). When perfused with normal human plasma in vitro, Prosorba bound predominantly IgG with a maximal capacity of approximately 462 g of Ig per Prosorba column, equal to about 1.5% of circulating IgG. Prosorba treatment did not alter the concentrations of albumin, IgG, IgM, and IgA in 3 RA patients, except for a small dilutional effect. Kinetic studies demonstrated that Prosorba removed IgG > IgM, IgA, and IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) during the initial moments of apheresis and almost exclusively IgM RF after 15 min. No net protein removal occurred at 60 min. Mean values of circulating immune complexes (CICs) were not significantly decreased by 12 weekly treatments. Complement was activated by the apheresis system upstream of the Prosorba column without changing C3 or C4 levels. We conclude that the Prosorba mechanism of action in RA is not bulk removal of Ig, but might involve modification of the CIC repertoire and could include, but not be limited to, effects related to complement activation.
Apheresis for Renal Disease
Authors: Kaplan Andre A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Many primary renal diseases are associated with either antibody deposition within the glomerulus or an antibody associated autoimmunity, as may be seen with certain vasculitidies. Examples of these diseases include Goodpasture's syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive syndromes, and other forms of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Immunoglobulins also may be nephrotoxic to the tubules such as is the case with myeloma related light chains. Given the rapid removal of immunoglobulins by therapeutic plasma exchange, this modality has been considered an appealing management option in the treatment of these renal diseases. Although not classically considered as autoimmune diseases, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome are related syndromes which often involve the kidneys. Although previously unexplained, it has been long appreciated that therapeutic plasma exchange (PE) can be a useful treatment for these microangiopathic hemolytic anemias, but the most recent insights into their pathogenesis suggest that PE may be beneficial by replacing a missing enzyme or removing pathogenic autoantibodies.
Removal of Endotoxin in Blood by Polymyxin B Immobilized Polystyrene‐Derivative Fiber
Authors: Teramoto Kazuo , Nakamoto Yoshiaki , Kunitomo Tetsunosuke , Shoji Hisataka , Tani Toru , Hanazawa Kazuyoshi , Kodama Masashi
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Polymyxin B, a cationic cyclic decapeptide antibiotic, is well known to bind endotoxin and to neutralize its toxicity. Based on this principle, polymyxin B was immobilized on the chloroacetamidomethylated polystyrene fiber that is reinforced by polypropylene. The adsorbing capacity of the obtained fibers (polymyxin B immobilized fiber [PMX‐F]) was evaluated on endotoxin and other serum components in serum and on heparin in phosphate‐buffered saline. Fluorescein isothiocyanate–labeled or tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate–labeled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as endotoxin. The measurement of the fluorescence intensity showed that PMX‐F adsorbed these LPSs depending on their concentration and on amount. The adsorption of endotoxin was confirmed by desorption of LPS from PMX‐F as well. PMX‐F adsorbed serum amyloid protein A besides LPS, but neither C‐reactive protein nor low‐density lipoprotein. The adsorbing property of heparin was low.
The Present Status and the Recent Development of the Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Desirable Effect of Extracorporeal Immunomodulation
Authors: Takazoe Masakazu , Tanaka Torao , Kondo Kenji , Ichimori Toshiki , Shinoda Toshio
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The immunological and genetic pathogeneses of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been well elucidated in the recent years. The pharmacologic treatment of IBDs accordingly becomes to focus upon the individual pathologic step (targeting therapy), whereas the therapeutic action is not yet a pinpoint one. It has been known recently that new drugs such as biological immunomodulating agents and anti‐inflammatory cytokines have better short‐term effects in some respects than the conventional drugs, and they might alter the treatment strategy of IBDs in the near future. The limitation of pharmacologic treatments mainly results from adverse effects of the drugs, i.e. infection susceptibility, oncogenesis, teratogenesis and so forth. The extracorporeal therapy such as leukocytapheresis and photopheresis is reportedly effective for IBDs probably through immunomodulation such as decrease in circulating activated T‐lymphocytes and activated granulocytes that play a central role in the pathogenesis of IBD. It can be said that these extracorporeal treatment methods have advantage of rapid action and lack of serious adverse effects to drug therapy.
Mobilization Factors of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells in Healthy Donors
Authors: Shimizu N. , Asai T. , Hashimoto S. , Narita M. , Kobayashi M. , Ito M. , Onoda M. , Yokota A. , Cho R. , Nakaseko C. , Nishimura M. , Saito Y.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: As a source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation, the use of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) has become routine and comparable to that of the use of bone marrow. Recently, elderly patients with hematological malignancies also have been allowed to receive minitransplantations with nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens under sufficient PBSC infusion. As a result of these minitransplantations, elderly donors have been chosen increasingly from the siblings of elderly patients. We analyzed factors influencing the condition of CD34+ cells in the first days of collection in 49 healthy donors from July 1995 to January 2001. The median dose of recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor was 8 μg/kg/day (range 8 ∼ 10) over 3 days. The target number of CD34+ cells used in this study was ≧ 3 × 106 cells/kg of recipient body weight. The median apheresis volume was 12 L. Except for one 60 year old man, we obtained an adequate number of stem cells. In the regression analysis, a negative correlation was seen between donor age and the number of CD34+ cells/kg of recipient body weight per 12 L volume (Y = aX + b; a = −0.07507; b = 6.629996; r = −0.50985; p = 0.000252). Significantly higher apheresis results were obtained in donors younger than 45 years compared with donors 45 years old and older (p < 0.0227). There were no correlations among the number of CD34+ cells, donor body weight, and the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood on the first day of apheresis.
Effect of Filgrastim Administration for Steady‐State Mobilization of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
Authors: Hashimoto Shinichiro , Itoh Michihiro , Nishimura Miki , Asai Takayoshi
Published: March 2003

Abstract: To obtain a better (optimal) schedule of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection by steady‐state granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor administrations for autologous or allogeneic transplantations, we compared the effect of doses of filgrastim (8 μg/kg/day versus 16 μg/kg/day) for the steady‐state mobilization of PBSCs. The effects of a filgrastim dose of 8 μg/kg/day were not significantly different from those of a dose of 16 μg/kg/day. In the group of patients receiving 8 μg/kg/day, the CD34+ cells over 3 × 106/kg donor body weight were harvested in 3 patients who did not have a long history of receiving combination chemotherapy. The administration of 8 μg/kg filgrastim was adopted also for allogeneic PBSC mobilization for 24 healthy donors. All healthy donors donated an adequate number of PBSCs (CD34+ cells over 4 × 106/kg of recipient body weight) and tolerated this mobilization well with no serious complications. In PBSC mobilization with healthy donors, the maximal yields of CD34+ cells from Day 4 to Day 6 were seen on the fifth day in most cases.
Vertical Growth and Mycorrhizal Infection of Woody Plant Roots as Potential Limits to the Restoration of Woodlands on Landfills
Authors: Parsons William F. J. , Ehrenfeld Joan G. , Handel Steven N.
Published: March 2003

We assessed the vertical growth and mycorrhizal infection of woody plant roots on a closed landfill, using tree and shrub clusters that had been previously installed in patches of increasing size to establish protocols for woodland restoration. The density of the fine roots of shrubs, which had poor‐to‐moderate mycorrhizal infection, decreased strongly with increasing depth. Oak (Quercus) seedlings planted within and outside patches were assessed for ectomycorrhizal infection. Oak root systems were mycorrhizal, but root‐tip proliferation was improved and ectomycorrhizal composition was influenced by woody debris in the mineral soil. Most surviving oaks were found within patches, but all seedlings showed poor growth: most taproots were deflected horizontally above the boundary between surface soil and subsoil layers (−15 cm). Abrupt decreases in pH between surface and subsurface horizons (6.9 versus 5.3), together with poor drainage and aeration of the latter soil, were probably responsible for poor root growth. Root growth of greenhouse‐grown pine and maple seedlings was similarly restricted in pots packed with topsoil over subsoil material. Our results suggest that many current specifications for the cover of closed landfills will not permit restoration of native woody plant communities because of physical limitations to root growth and infectivity. The structure of the engineered soil must address basic plant growth requirements as well as traditional concerns of drainage and barrier protection.
Population Growth, Fecundity, and Survivorship in Recovering Populations of Bighorn Sheep
Authors: Singer Francis J. , Williams Elizabeth , Miller Michael W. , Zeigenfuss Linda C.
Published: March 2003

The single greatest obstacle to the restoration of large, healthy, populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the western United States is epizootic outbreaks of bronchopneumonia that may kill 20–100% of the animals in populations. Although the species is capable of rapid initial growth rates following restoration into new habitat (λ = 1.23–1.30 have been observed), these rates of increase are typical only a few years following the release of a population, and then most populations either decline to extirpation or remnant status (<30 animals) or remain at <100 individuals. We studied the fecundity and survivorship of three increasing, and three declining and suspected diseased, populations of bighorn sheep (the latter were subjected to outbreaks of bronchopneumonia) located in or near several large national parks in the western United States from 1991 to 1996. Titers verified both population categories were exposed to the bacteria Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes 3; 4; and 3, 4, 10; Moraxella sp., and parainfluenza‐3 and bluetongue (BT) viruses. Pregnancy rates of adult ewes were not different in increasing or decreasing populations (pooled rate = 0.93; p = 0.57), but pregnancy rates of yearlings were lower (0.00 for decreasing vs. 0.33 for increasing populations), initial production of lambs and annual recruitment of lambs was lower (0.14, decreasing vs. 0.66, p < 0.05). Adult survival was lower during the first year of an epizootic, 0.62, in one population, but recovered to 0.85 by the second and subsequent years. Survival of adult rams was variable in diseased populations; in two populations rams appeared to be disproportionately impacted, but in a third population rams survived better during the epizootic. In all the increasing park (unhunted) populations, adult ram survival (0.94 ± 0.01) was higher than adult ewe survival (0.89 ± 0.02) (p = 0.10), in contrast to published information from hunted populations where ram survival was lower. Removal of about 20% of one population for restorations severely impacted one declining population. Removals of 12–20% appeared to be excessive and were not readily compensated for in the Canyonlands National Park desert bighorn population. Disease was a significant limiting factor to restoration of bighorn sheep in the study areas; six of 11 total recovering populations we monitored closely were negatively influenced by apparent disease at some time during our observations.
Valuation of Nature in Conservation and Restoration
Authors: Swart Jacques A. A. , Van Der Windt Henny J. , Keulartz Jozef
Published: March 2003

Valuation of nature is an important aspect of nature conservation and restoration. Understanding valuation in a broad sense may contribute to conservation strategies since it may lead to better support from society. In this article we propose a model of valuation with respect to conservation and restoration of nature. According to the model, valuation of nature can be characterized by a “valuation approach,” consisting of ecological, ethical and aesthetic perspectives. Such an approach includes scientific and normative aspects and leads to a particular claim of conservation. In this paper we discuss different perspectives, and accordingly, we sketch three main types of these valuation approaches. Political and policy issues with respect to nature conservation and restoration are considered in terms of this model.
Spatial and Temporal Considerations in Restoring Habitat for Wildlife
Authors: George T. Luke , Zack Steve
Published: March 2003

An accumulated body of theory and empirical evidence suggests that habitat selection by animals is a scale‐dependent, hierarchical process. Hierarchy theory predicts that habitat suitability is influenced by the interaction of factors at multiple spatial scales from the microsite to the landscape and that higher‐order factors impose constraints at lower levels. For instance, large‐scale factors such as landscape context may make a site unsuitable for a species even if the vegetation structure and composition are appropriate. In addition, the spatial arrangement of habitat elements at all scales must be considered when planning restoration efforts. For example, the presence of snags does not ensure that the site will be suitable for snag‐dependent species. The size, age, and spacing of snags and their juxtaposition to other habitat elements must also be considered. Finally, all habitats are dynamic, and therefore the ecological processes that contribute to those dynamics must be maintained or suitable substitutes included in the recovery plan. When considering restoring habitat for wildlife, we recommend that managers: (1) identify the wildlife species they want to target for restoration efforts, (2) consider the size and landscape context of the restoration site and whether it is appropriate for the target species, (3) identify the habitat elements that are necessary for the target species, (4) develop a strategy for restoring those elements and the ecological processes that maintain them, and (5) implement a long‐term monitoring program to gauge the success of the restoration efforts.
Herpetofaunal Responses to Restoration Treatments of Longleaf Pine Sandhills in Florida
Authors: Litt Andrea R. , Provencher Louis , Tanner George W. , Franz Richard
Published: March 2003

The hypothesis that habitat restoration will provide for community reestablishment and the creation of habitat heterogeneity was examined with regards to the herpetofauna of longleaf pine sandhills in northwest Florida. The herpetofaunal response to restoration was examined in fire‐suppressed, hardwood‐dominated areas treated with (1) spring fire; (2) felling or girdling; or (3) a granular form of the herbicide hexazinone. No‐treatment controls were also included. Felling or girdling and herbicide plots were burned for fuel reduction two dormant seasons after initial treatment application. Additionally, data were collected in frequently burned reference sandhills to establish the target condition or restoration goal. Vegetation variables and herpetofaunal capture rates were compared among control and treatment areas. Two similarity indices were utilized to compare treatments and controls with reference sites, to examine restoration success. Restoration treatment effects were observed through reduced hardwood densities. Litter composition varied among control and treatment plots, with leaf litter being highest in areas lacking recent fire. Capture rates of some herpetofaunal species varied significantly among treatment plots. In 1997 similarity indices showed that spring‐burned and felling or girdling plots were more similar to the reference sandhills than the other plots. Treated plots were not significantly different from controls in 1998, a year of a severe drought.
Nitrogen Farming: Harvesting a Different Crop
Authors: Hey Donald L.
Published: March 2003

The streams of North America convey excessive amounts of nitrate‐nitrogen, the effects of which range from eutrophication of local surface waters to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. The vast majority of the nitrate load can be attributed to agricultural sources. The diffuse nature of these sources defies the more traditional treatment strategies. The concrete and steel structures of point‐source control are impractical and economically unfeasible. An alternative solution is needed. One possibility is “nitrogen farming.” Nitrogen farms could employ restored wetlands in floodplains and on bottomlands to remove the excess nitrate‐nitrogen and, at the same time, provide the landowner an alternative crop. A means of buying and selling the harvest will be necessary to initiate nitrogen farming. The market could be similar to those for corn and soybeans. It would encourage landowners to enter or leave nitrogen farming depending on the price of nitrogen credits and the efficiency of their farm unit. The concept of nitrogen farming is applied to the Illinois River watershed.
Revegetation and its Effect on the Ground‐Dwelling Beetle Fauna of Matiu‐Somes Island, New Zealand
Authors: Watts Corinne H. , Gibbs George W.
Published: March 2003

A study of beetle (Coleoptera) communities was conducted in three revegetated sites of different ages (5, 17, and 100 years) and in a remnant coastal habitat dominated byMuehlenbeckia complexa(a liane) on Matiu‐Somes Island, Wellington Harbor, New Zealand. The 25‐ha island has had a 110‐year history as a pastoral agricultural quarantine station. Beetles were surveyed from May 1997 to April 1998 using pitfall traps. We collected a total of 3,430 adult beetles from 78 beetle species belonging to 22 families. Various environmental factors influencing the distribution of beetles in revegetated habitats were investigated. The most important factors were canopy height and canopy density (functions of vegetation age). Overall, results suggest that as habitat/vegetational heterogeneity increases at a site, beetle diversity and abundance also increase. Thus, older replanted sites contained a greater species richness and abundance of beetles than newly replanted sites. Revegetation is, thus, successfully facilitating the establishment and recolonization of the beetle fauna on Matiu‐Somes Island.
Rehabilitation of Acidified Floating Fens by Addition of Buffered Surface Water
Authors: Bootsma M. C. , Van Den Broek T. , Barendregt A. , Beltman B.
Published: March 2003

Floating fens are species‐rich succession stages in fen areas in the Netherlands. Many of these fens are deteriorating due to acidification; Sphagnum species and Polytrichum commune build 10–25 cm thick moss carpets, and the species diversity decreases. Earlier experiments in wet ecosystems indicate that successful restoration of circum‐neutral and mesotrophic conditions requires a combination of hydrological measures and sod removal. In an acidified fen recharged by rainwater in the nature reserve Ilperveld (The Netherlands), a ditch/trench system was dug for the purpose of creating a run‐off channel for acid rainwater in wet periods and to enable circum‐neutral surface water to enter the fen in dry periods. Moreover, the sod was removed in part of the fen. Ditch/trench creation or sod cutting had no effect individually, but a combination of the two measures led to a change in the abiotic conditions (higher pH and Ca), and in turn to an increase of species‐richness and the reestablishment of a number of characteristic species. Reestablishment of rare vascular plant species and characteristic bryophytes might be a long‐term process because of incomplete recovery of site conditions and constraints in seed dispersal.
Functional evaluation after rat sciatic nerve injury followed by hyperbaric oxygen treatment
Authors: Haapaniemi Tomas , Nishiura Yasumasa , Dahlin Lars B.
Published: March 2003

Abstract  Previous experimental studies have shown positive effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment in the early regeneration phase in the first few days following a nerve injury. In this study, functional effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment were studied in 2 series of rats after an injury to the sciatic nerve — a standardized crush injury and nerve transection and repair, respectively. Postoperatively the animals were treated with 100% oxygen at 2.5 atmospheres absolute pressure for 90 minutes and the treatment was employed twice daily for 7 days. The animals were evaluated with walking track analysis up to twice weekly. The experiments were terminated after 90 days when the tetanic force was measured in the tibial anterior and gastrocnemius muscles. No statistically significant differences were found in either of these tests. It is concluded that hyperbaric oxygen treatment, given in accordance with clinical protocols used in limb crush injuries and other peripheral conditions, was not effective in the restoration of gait or the muscular strength after 90 days in rats after these nerve injuries. This study does not support nerve crush injury or nerve transection and repair as indications for hyperbaric oxygen treatment.
A Family With Autosomal Dominant Mutilating Neuropathy Not Linked To Either Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Disease Type 2B (CMT2B) or Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type I (HSN I) LOCI
Authors: Bellone E , Rodolico C , Toscano A , Di Maria E , Cassandrini D , Pizzuti A , Pigullo S , Mazzeo A , Macaione V , Girlanda P , Vita G , Ajmar F , Mandich P.
Published: March 2003

Sensory loss and ulcero‐mutilating features have been observed in hereditary sensory neuropathy type I and in her‐ editary motor and sensory neuropathy type IIB, also referred as Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 2B. To date two loci associated with ulcero‐mutilating, neuropathy have been described: CMT2B at 3q13‐q22 and HSN I at 9q22.1‐q22.3. We performed linkage analysis with chromosomal markers representing the hereditary sensory neuropathy type I and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 213 loci on an Italian family with a severe distal sensory loss leading to an ulcero‐mutilating peripheral neuropathy. Negative likelihood‐of‐odds scores excluded any evidence of linkage to both chromosome 3q13 and chromosome 9q22 markers, confirming the genetic heterogeneity of this clinical entity and the presence of a third locus responsible for ulcero‐mutilating neuropathies.
Cryoglobulins
Authors: Ferri C , Zignego AL , Pileri SA.
Published: March 2003

Serum cryoglobulins are found in a wide spectrum of disorders but are often transient and without clinical implications. Monoclonal cryoglobulins are usually associated with haematological disorders, whereas mixed cryoglobulins are found in many infectious and systemic disorders. So called essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia shows a striking association with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (> 90%). It is a systemic vasculitis (leucocytoclastic vasculitis) with cutaneous and multiple visceral organ involvement. Chronic HCV infection can lead to a constellation of autoimmune and neoplastic disorders. In this review, the aetiology, diagnosis, disease heterogeneity, and treatment of cryoglobulinaemia are discussed.
REVIEW—CONTRASTING MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME ORGANIZATIONS AND SEQUENCE AFFILIATIONS AMONG GREEN ALGAE: POTENTIAL FACTORS, MECHANISMS, AND EVOLUTIONARY SCENARIOS
Authors: Nedelcu Aurora M.
Published: March 2003

The three green algal mitochondrial genomes completely sequenced to date—those of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard, Chlamydomonas eugametos Gerloff, and Prototheca wickerhamii Soneda & Tubaki—revealed very different mitochondrial genome organizations and sequence affiliations. The Chlamydomonas genomes resemble the ciliate/fungal/animal counterparts, and the Prototheca genome resembles land plant homologues. This review points out that all the green algal mitochondrial genomes examined to date resemble either the Chlamydomonas or the Prototheca mitochondrial genome; the Chlamydomonas‐like mitochondrial genomes are small and have a reduced gene content (no ribosomal protein or 5S rRNA genes and only a few protein‐coding and tRNA genes) and fragmented and scrambled rRNA coding regions, whereas the Prototheca‐like mitochondrial genomes are larger and have a larger set of protein‐coding genes (including ribosomal protein genes), more tRNA genes, and 5S rRNA and conventional continuous small‐subunit (SSU) and large‐subunit (LSU) rRNA coding regions. It appears, therefore, that the differences previously observed between the mitochondrial genomes of C. reinhardtii and P. wickerhamii extend to the two green algal mitochondrial lineages to which they belong and are significant enough to raise questions about the causes and mechanisms responsible for such contrasting evolutionary strategies among green algae. This review suggests an integrative approach in explaining the occurrence of distinct evolutionary strategies and apparent phylogenetic affiliations among the known green algal mitochondrial lineages. The observed differences could be the result of distinct genetic potentials differentiated during the previous evolutionary history of the flagellate ancestors and/or of subsequent changes in habitat and life history of the more advanced green algal lineages.
DIATOM EPIPHYTES ON ODONTHALIA FLOCCOSA: THE IMPORTANCE OF EXTENT AND TIMING
Authors: Ruesink Jennifer L.
Published: March 2003

The interaction between the epiphytic diatom Isthmia nervosa Kütz and the red alga Odonthalia floccosa (Esp.) Falkenb. was examined in terms of host physiology (photosynthesis and growth), fitness (reproduction and survival), and population dynamics. Most of these characteristics were compared among plants that varied naturally in epiphyte load. Diatom cover was also manipulated in field‐deployed containers to study effects on host growth. Increasing levels of epiphytes were correlated with declines in host photosynthesis and growth, and experiments confirmed that reduced growth was directly caused by diatoms. Populations that hosted diatoms throughout the summer contained lower proportions of reproductive plants than did populations colonized in late summer or not epiphytized at all (60% vs. >80%, respectively). Odonthalia with epiphytes experienced greater biomechanical drag when submerged than did unepiphytized individuals of similar size. Despite differences in drag, epiphytized and unepiphytized hosts were equally susceptible to complete mortality (removed with holdfast) relative to partial mortality (shoots broken). In general, higher epiphytism was associated with reduced host performance, and this apparent damage was easier to detect at physiological levels than at population levels. In fact, negative effects of epiphytes were not evident at the population level, and host density and epiphyte load were positively correlated. Based on 4 years of monthly censuses of Odonthalia using marked plants and quadrats, the abundance of Isthmia varies spatially and temporally. Diatoms tend to colonize Odonthalia in late summer, after host growth has stopped and cystocarps and tetraspores have begun to develop. Subsequently, shoots break and plants persist through the winter as shorter perennating basal systems. Life spans were >4 years for some Odonthalia individuals. Many hosts may escape the effects of epiphytes by completing growth and reproduction before diatom colonization.
NOTE—THE STA‐1 MUTATION PREVENTS ASSEMBLY OF STARCH GRANULES IN NITROGEN‐STARVED CELLS AND SERVES AS A USEFUL MORPHOLOGICAL MARKER DURING SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)
Authors: Rickoll Wayne , Rehkopf David , Dunn Catherine , Malmberg Amy , VanWinkle‐Swift Karen
Published: March 2003

Iodine staining of clones of nitrogen‐starved Chlamydomonas cells was used to screen for mutants with altered levels or altered composition of storage starch. Mutations leading to defects in quantity or morphology of starch granules not only can provide information on storage starch biosynthesis and granule assembly but can also be used as morphological markers in genetic and cell biological studies. A mutant of Chlamydomonas monoica Strehlow devoid of starch granules was obtained following ultraviolet mutagenesis. Nitrogen‐starved cells of the sta‐1 strain lacked pyrenoidal starch granules and granules normally associated with thylakoid membranes. The mutant phenotype was the consequence of a single Mendelian mutation that appeared to affect granule assembly rather than starch biosynthesis per se and that had no effect on vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, or zygospore viability.
THE IMPACT OF FROND CROWDING ON FROND BLEACHING IN THE CLONAL INTERTIDAL ALGA MAZZAELLA CORNUCOPIAE (RHODOPHYTA, GIGARTINACEAE) FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
Authors: Scrosati Ricardo , DeWreede Robert E.
Published: March 2003

The importance that frond crowding represents for the survival of fronds of the clonal intertidal alga Mazzaella cornucopiae (Postels et Ruprecht) Hommersand (Rhodophyta, Gigartinaceae) was investigated in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Frond density is high for this species, up to 20 fronds·cm−2 in the most crowded stands. Frond crowding imposes a cost in the form of reduced net photosynthetic rates when fronds are fully hydrated as a result of reduced irradiance compared with experimental (not found naturally) low‐density stands. However, the interaction between desiccation and irradiance alters this relationship between net photosynthetic rates and frond density. During a typical daytime low tide in spring, irradiance is 10–30 μmol·m−2·s−1 below the canopy of fronds, and frond desiccation (relative to total water content) can reach 43% at the end of the low tide. In contrast to natural stands, fronds from experimentally thinned stands are subjected to irradiances up to 2000 μmol·m−2·s−1 because of the spatial separation among fronds and can desiccate up to 81% at the end of the same low tide. Laboratory experiments showed that negative net photosynthetic rates occur between 40% and 80% desiccation at an irradiance of 515 μmol·m−2·s−1, and the literature suggests that strong bleaching could occur as a result. At 20 μmol·m−2·s−1 of irradiance and desiccation levels up to 40%, simulating understory conditions of natural stands, net photosynthetic rates are never negative. Experimental thinning of stands of M. cornucopiae done during spring effectively resulted in a stronger extent of frond bleaching compared with natural stands. Therefore, the cost of reduced net photosynthetic rates at high frond densities when fronds are fully hydrated is counterbalanced by the protective effects of frond crowding against extensive bleaching, essential for survival at the intertidal zone. Future research will have to demonstrate the possible relationship between the frequency and duration of negative net photosynthetic rates and the extent of frond bleaching.