bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Modification in the Diabetic Patient
Authors: Manson JoAnn E , Spelsberg Angela
Published: November 2023

Among individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes (IOOM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIOOM), atherosclerotic complications, including coronary heart dis ease (CHO), stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, are major causes of morbidity and mortality (Krolewski 1985). Age-adjusted mortality rates for CHO in population-based studies in the United States are 2–3 times higher among diabetic men and 3 to 7 times higher among diabetic women than among persons without diabetes (Kannel 1979; Heyden 1980; Barrett-Connor 1983; Krolewski 1985; Pan 1986; Manson 1991a). The proportion of CHO attributable to NIDOM among women in the Framingham cohort was 7.7%, as compared with 3.8% among men (Kannel 1985). In the Nurses’ Health Study, 13.8% of coronary events in the cohort were attributed to diabetes (Manson 1991a).
Dietary Factors
Authors: Willett Walter C , Lenart Elizabeth B
Published: November 2023

Until quite recently, the topic of diet and heart disease was almost entirely dominated by discussions of the relationships of saturated and polyunsaturated fat and cholesterol with myocardial infarction (MI). These relationships, which became known as the diet-heart hypothesis, will be considered briefly here as the relevant literature is voluminous and has been discussed in detail elsewhere (Consensus Conference 1985; National Research Council 1989; Willett 1990). Some investigators have long suspected that other aspects of diet may also play an important role in the cause and prevention of coronary heart disease (CHO), in part because these dietary lipids and other established risk factors do not fully explain the international differences in CHO rates or individual differences in risk within populations. Recently, substantial evidence has accumulated, suggesting the importance of several other aspects of diet, some of which are potentially more easily modified than the amounts of dietary fat. These dietary factors are the focus of this chapter. One area of great interest, anti oxidant vitamins, is discussed in Chapter 13.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Manson JoAnn E , Gaziano J Michael , Ridker Paul M , Hennekens Charles H
Published: November 2023

The public health importance of the primary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI) is indisputable. During the past few decades, researchers have made great strides in identifying both lifestyle and genetic factors affecting the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHO), as discussed throughout this book. The process of disease prevention involves not only understanding disease mechanisms and identifying risk fac tors but also establishing intervention strategies that will reduce risk, weighing the benefits of any given intervention against the risks and costs, establishing guidelines for health providers and the general public, and finally, implementing these guidelines. The current epidemiologic data, outlined in previous chapters, strongly support a role of risk factor modification for the prevention of CHO. In this chapter we summarize data on the strength of the association with CHO and the size of the effect for each risk factor, as well as the anticipated reduction in risk attributable to intervention.
The Abandonment of Liberal Ownership
Authors: Christman John
Published: November 2023

The arguments of the last four chapters, incomplete and provisional as they are, support the conclusion that private liberal ownership should be rejected as the general pattern of property rights in a society. However, does the failure of those arguments imply that no aspect of liberal ownership can be maintained? As I claimed in the introduction, my purpose here is not merely to reiterate criticisms of private property per se but rather to analyze the complex structure of property rights. And as I mentioned at the end of chapter 6, there are elements of liberal ownership that were untouched by the arguments aimed at the entire package.
The Lining of the Patch Work Screen
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

You may please to remember, that when we left our Galecia, 1 it was with the good Lady, to partake of the Autumn Diversions in the Country; as Horse-Races, Dancings, Assemblees,2 Plays, Rafflings, and other Entertainments. These being over, some Business of consequence call’d her to London, whether Masquerading,3 or Tossing of Coffee-Grounds, I know not; but probably the latter; it being an Augury4 very much in vogue, and as true, as any by which Sidrophel 5 prognosticated, even when he took the Boy’s Kite for a blazing Comet6; and as useful too as Scates7 in Spain, or Fans in Moscovy,8 whatever was the Motive, our Galecia must needs ramble, like others, to take London-Air, when it is most substantially to be distinguished, in the midst of Winter.
Sovereign Lord
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

Which wisely he imploy’d to noble ends, lo serve his god, his country, and his friends. Patron toth’ poor, and the unfortunate, Councell toth’ rich, example to the great, An hospitable friend, a generous Lord, A chearfull welcome, waited his full board. Two seeming opposits he made agree The patriots care, the subjects Loyalty.
Nephew, Martius
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

For when he from his native land was gone, In every foreign heart, he found a throne, And mighty Lewis, shar’d with him his own. This Royal host, receiv’d this Royal gest, For which all former glories were increas’d, As AEgypts court, was for the patriarch bless’d. Of his lives travells, this was the last stage, And now in Heav’ n he ends his pilgrimage, Great in his life, but greater in his death, In both a true defender of the faith, His vertues future ages shall admire, Himself a saint, a Martyr was his sire.
On The Great Cares, and Small Injoyments of Parents
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

How short and transient joys of parents are, And those too, mix’d, with anxius pains and care, No sooner is the infant from the pap Teeth, slabbering-bib, the nursses armes and lap, The cradle, going-stool, and all the noys That rise from needfull, and from needless crys, But from its parents armes it must be took And put where it may learn to hate its book. Sent here and there to colledges and schools, To learn to be irreguler by rules.
The Lovers Elesium
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

Whether the pritty windings of the stream, Or love or youth, presented me this dream, Or my good genius shew’d me here my fate, How my lives steps, shou’d be all introcate. Or what original it matters not, But for a while, I all my griefs forgot.
Introduction
Authors: Greenspan P S
Published: November 2023

In what follows I deal with a number of diverse issues of interest to philosophers (and others) in several areas and of different intellectual bent. I explain the connections among these topics in chapter 1, but since my discussion quickly enters the thick of metaethical debate, it might be helpful at this point to present an overall map of my argument so that readers may chart alternative paths through it.
Unavoidable Guilt
Authors: Greenspan P S
Published: November 2023

Several recent authors on guilt and related notions apparently allow for the rationality of guilt feelings in at least some cases of unavoidable wrong. Their views yield different decisions on some troubling real-life cases ranging from the case of an unavoidable car accident that, without any fault on the part of the driver, results in the death of a child to cases of survivor’s guilt and vicarious or collective guilt. I now want to take a new look at these cases and oth ers-and a critical look at some of the views of guilt proposed-in an attempt to work out an understanding of the content of guilt and the grounds for its appropriateness that will better support the general conclusion that detaches grounds for guilt from grounds for blame.
Basing Ethics on Emotion
Authors: Greenspan P S
Published: November 2023

My argument in chapters 4 and 5 was needed to dispel certain initial objections to understanding dilemmas in terms of emotional guilt. A more fundamental question now remains to be considered, if we widen our focus beyond guilt, which was picked out for central treatment here because of its disputed status in cases of dilemma and its special motivational significance. This is the question of how the acceptance of dilemmas ties ethics to emotions in general terms. An argument to dilemmas from the reactions expected of agents like Agamemnon as suggested by Williams’s treatment might seem to take moral judgments as simply serving to record moral emotions.
The Chemistry of Love
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

Remember Henry Higgins, the exasperated professor in My Fair Lady? Amused and mystified by Eliza Doolittle, he considered the many differences between the sexes and wondered, “Why can’t a woman be more like a man?” For centuries men have entertained similar thoughts in their attempts to understand female behavior and physiology. Most have reasoned from Henry’s point of view and unsuccessfully attempted to rationalize women in terms of male emotions and behavior. Why are women so soft and shapely? How can creatures so appealing at times be so confounding and perplexing to the male members of the species? What are little girls made of that enables them to grow into women who are wonder fully different from men? The puzzling contrasts between women and men are due to the unique blend of a woman’s hormones.
Menopause Before Your Time
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

Lynn and her husband, Jake, had put off having a family so Lynn could get her career on solid ground. By the time she turned 30, they were anxious to have their first child. Instead of signs of pregnancy, Lynn was startled by irregular menstrual periods, hot flashes, night sweats, and nausea. The symptoms were those expected at menopause, but Lynn was much too young for that-or was she? With great concern, she described the peculiar changes to her physician.
The Heart of the Motter
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

Most women shudder when they hear the words “one in nine women,” and the fear of breast cancer immediately leaps to mind. Did you know, however, that with the decline in estrogen levels during the years preceding and following menopause the risk of cardiovascular disease meets and exceeds the risk of breast cancer? According to recent statistics from the American Heart Association, one in nine women between the ages of 45 and 64 has some form of cardiovascular disease. After the age of 65, a woman’s risk of heart disease jumps to one in three. Each year approximately 2.5 million American women are hospitalized for cardiovascular illness. It is the leading cause of death among women in the United States, killing 500,000 women annually.
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

“I’m too old to be young and too young to be old” was the tearful lament of Evelyn Couch in the movie Fried Green Tomatoes. Through her sobs, she acknowledged breaking into sweats with her heart pounding, bursting into tears for no reason at all, and having a voracious appetite for candy bars. Chuckling with the wisdom of one who knew the symptoms, Ninny Thread good offered an explanation and suggested a cure, “Honey, you’re going through the change You get yourself some hor-mones.”
Up in Smoke
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

In 1990, tobacco was singled out as the most prominent contributor to mortality in the United States. It was the underlying cause of anesti mated 430,000 deaths. Yet about 46 million Americans continue to smoke. In 1985, 25 percent of all female deaths in America were related to smoking, and the numbers are rising. In 1995, smoking will contribute to 3 7 percent of the deaths among American women.
Skepticism Romanticism, And Faith
Authors: Wainwright William J
Published: November 2023

My religious and intellectual life has been devoid of dramatic incident and radical change; looking back, I dearly see that the boy I was is indeed the father of the man. I therefore propose to address the task Tom Morris has set us by speaking of features of my life and thought that have remained fairly constant and have shaped the way I look at things.
Faith Has Its Reasons
Authors: Layman C Stephen
Published: November 2023

Early in life, I displayed an interest in religion. By the fourth grade, I was listening carefully to sermons and taking them to heart. Our minister said to read the Bible every day, so I began to do so. By the end of the fifth grade, I had read the New Testament from start to finish. Of course, I hadn’t understood much of it, but I had made an honest effort. Unfortunately, it wasn’t long before I found out that some people thought it was remarkable that a fifth grader had read the entire New Testament. I immediately took the opportunity to indulge in self-congratulation.
Philosophy and Faith
Authors: Garcia Laura L
Published: November 2023

Peter Geach entitles one of his essays “Can a Catholic Be a Philosopher?”, and that is the question that has played a central role in my thinking and that in many ways has defined my intellectual life to this point. One could put the same question more generally, as in “Can a committed religious believer be a scholar?”, and in this form I think it must be answered by any believer who pursues the life of the mind. Geach puts the question in the order he does, rather than the other way around, because he rightly sees that one is not first committed to the academic life and only secondarily to Christianity; rather, one is first a believer, and the question is whether the scholarly profession fits with that more fundamental commitment. If I had found the answer to Geach’s question to be in the negative, I think I
There Was A Wind Blowing
Authors: Mavrodes George I
Published: November 2023

Tom Morris invited me to write an essay “from the heart,” something about my own life as a Christian and an academician in the field of philosophy, perhaps a “spiritual-intellectual autobiography,” as he put it. I can try.
Still Beckett
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

Let us begin not with a recently published Beckett work, or even with what has been elsewhere explored in the later Beckett oeuvre, but rather with the sound of that vintage Beckett of the much-traveled “Molloy country”:1 She had a somewhat hairy face, or am I imagining it, in the interests of the narrative? The poor woman, I saw her so little, so little looked at her. And was not her voice suspiciously deep? So she appears to me today. Don’t be tormenting yourself, Molloy, man or woman, what does it matter? But I cannot help asking myself the following question. Could a woman have stopped me as I swept towards mother? Probably. Better still, was such an encounter possible, I mean between me and a woman? Now men, I have rubbed up against a few men in my time, but women? Oh well, I may as well confess it now, yes, I once rubbed up against one. I don’t mean my mother, I did more than rub up against her. And if you don’t mind we’ll leave my mother out of all this. But another who might have been my mother, and even I think my grandmother, if chance had not willed otherwise. Listen to him now talking about chance. It was she made me acquainted with love. She went by the peaceful name of Ruth I think, but I can’t say for certain. Perhaps the name was Edith. She had a hole between her legs, oh not the bunghole I had always imagined, but a slit, and in this I put, or rather she put, my so-called virile member, not without difficulty, and I toiled and moiled until I discharged or gave up trying or was begged by her to stop. A mug’s game in my opinion and tiring on top of that, in the long run. But I lent myself to it with a good enough grace, knowing it was love, for she had told me so. She bent over the couch, because of her rheumatism, and in I went from behind.
Acts of Enunciation
Authors: Brater Enoch
Published: November 2023

Maddy Rooney, nee Dunne, “the big pale blur,” exists only as an articulation in sound, more real because so singularly imagined. In the radio play All That Fall,  1 Beckett’s first work originally conceived as a score for the human voice in fierce competition with other sounds, to be is quite literally to be heard. In this electronic medium, sound makes all the sense there is: voice is presence, presence is voice. ‘‘Never thought about a radio technique,” Beckett wrote in 1956 in his famous letter to Nancy Cunard, ‘‘ but in the dead oft’other night got a nice gruesome idea full of cartwheels and dragging feet and puffing and panting which may or may not lead to something.’ ‘2 What it led to, of course, is the kind of Beckett that goes “straight into your head,” through “the sound of a human voice and its power to evoke an entire world. “3 Beckett’s score for the human voice in the radio play All That Fall is both a celebration and a discovery of the medium. A symphony of pace, pitch, pause, and projection, the piece creates enormous tension in physical and textual dynamics by juxtaposing movement and stillness, speech and silence, and movement and silence, thus blending kinetic and linguistic properties.
Research Involving Vulnerable Subjects
Authors: Brody Baruch A
Published: November 2023

When we examined the ethical questions raised by research on human subjects in Chapter Two, we noted a special set of concerns raised by research involving members of certain vulnerable classes of human subjects. On the one hand, we want to provide them with special protection from abuse and exploitation. On the other hand, we recognize that there may be a social need for research on these subjects and that they may personally benefit from participation, and we need to make sure that the special protections are not excessively onerous. How can these competing demands be met? This chapter will explore this issue in reference to three classes of vulnerable subjects: children, mentally infirm adults, and prisoners. We will see, at least in connection with the first two classes, a growing recognition of the need to support research involving such subjects.
The Boy from Cheraw
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

From his first visit to France with Teddy Hill as a gauche nineteen-year-old to overseas tours with his own band in the 1950s, Dizzy became an indefatigable musical ambassador, a passion that never left him right up until the days of his United Nation Orchestra in the late 1980s. When Dizzy died in January 1993, the world lost the man who had taken over Louis Armstrong’s role as the father figure of the music; it also lost one of the major innovators in what became known as the modern jazz or “bebop” revolution of the 1940s.
The Big Band Records
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Also, the 1946-50 big band tended to play a repertoire so similar from one live session to the next that it was hardly more varied than that which straitjacketed Louis Armstrong’s All Stars for over twenty years. Dizzy’s commercial discs of some of his core arrangements are not necessarily his best, and many highlights of the band’s work can be found by sifting through its impressive legacy of live recordings.
Dee Gee, Paris, and Massey Hall
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Dizzy’s cheerfulness was the more remarkable since he was suffering the after effects of a fall from his bicycle in New York. A car had hit him, scarring his arms and affecting his ability to play high notes. A meager compensation award eventually arrived, but meanwhile, not long after the Apollo week, the big band finally broke up, having played the Silhouette Club in Chicago.
The l 950s Bi Bands
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Arturo “Chico” O’Farrill was a trumpeter himself, born in Havana in 1921, who had studied composition as a young man in Cuba, where he also dabbled in band leading. He came to the United States in the 1940s and studied composition with Bernard Wagenaar, Stefan Wolpe, and Hall Overton. Wagenaar was a Dutch composer who taught his students the elements of neoclassical style at the Juilliard School for many years from the 1920s to the 1960s, but both the other men were more directly involved in jazz.
Conclusion
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: November 2023

I shall conclude by reviewing the main conclusions for which I have argued in the course of this book, as well as the main lines of argument on which I have sought to rest these conclusions. I shall begin this review with a summary account of Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property, confining myself to a positive statement of my own interpretation. I shall then pass to a recapitulation of the principal arguments I have adduced in defence of this interpretation. Here I shall concentrate on the defence of the more novel or controversial aspects of the interpretation I have presented. Finally, I shall end by cataloguing the limits that inhere in Lockean property and by retracing the argument that establishes these limits as consequences of the logic of the Lockean argument itself.
Reliable Inquiry
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

The scientist starts out with some assumptions. Officially speaking, learning theory is not in the business of challenging these assumptions, though it might very well play a role in such a challenge should it turn out that assumptions nobody wants to grant are required for reliable inquiry. The scientist inquires because his assumptions are incomplete. We will employ a standard device and represent the scientist’s background assumptions as the set K of all possible ways the world could be that would make them true (Fig. 2.1). This is essentially what a probabilist does when he chooses a sample space. So far as the scientist is concerned, the actual world is in K If his assumptions are true, it really is.
The Demons of Passive Observation
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, several notions of logical reliability were introduced. It was proposed that degrees of underdetermination be defined as the impossibility of reliability in various different senses. In this chapter, I will categorize some inductive problems by their degrees of underdetermination. Thus, we will be engaged in questions of the third level, which demand that inductive problems be shown unsolvable by all possible methods.
So Much Time, Such Little Brains
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, we saw that recommendations that make perfect sense for ideal agents can be disastrous for Turing machines, and it was concluded that when computational agents cannot possibly satisfy a methodologist’s recommendations, it is the methodologist rather than the agent who is at fault. But this moral might very well be tossed back at me, for Turing computability is itself highly idealized. Turing machines have infinite tapes. Of course, the tape doesn’t have to exist all at once. The intention is that whenever the read-write head is about to fall off the end, a paper factory can glue on an extension just in time. When all the forests are used up, we have to start making paper out of the earth itself. When the earth is used up, neighboring planets are made into paper, and then neighboring solar systems, and so forth (Fig. 8.1). If there is finitely much matter in the universe, then we simply cannot implement all possible Turing computations.
Experiment and Causal Inferenee
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

Until now, I have represented the scientist as a passive observer who watches the world pass before his fixed and undirectable gaze. But in fact, an experiment is not just a question put to nature, it is an act that changes the state of the world under study in some way. This chapter examines active, experimental science from a logical reliabilist point of view. Since the issues that arise are more complex, the development will be correspondingly more heuristic and suggestive than in the preceding chapters. What follows may be thought of more as an outline than as a fully articulated theory.
The Emergence of Man
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

Darwin’s theory of evolution propounded an answer to one major mystery about our species, namely, why we bear such a powerful physiological resemblance to the African apes — the gorilla and the chimpanzee. He argued that it was because we and they share a common ancestor.
The Cost of Walking Erect
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

Walking on two legs does not seem by any means a difficult trick to perform when you belong to a species that has been practising it for a few million years. Unless, that is, you are fourteen months old and have just tumbled down for the 65th time; or unless you have broken a leg and, not having three others to fall back on, are reduced to hopping or hobbling with a stick; or unless you are drunk, or suffering from backache, or growing old.
Solutions (Ionic Relations)
Authors: Dainty Jack
Published: November 2023

Many events in plants involve movements of substances as gases or as solutes, molecular or ionic, dissolved in liquids, typically water. The following are recommended symbols and units to be used in discussion of these movements.
Conflicts of Rights
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

The subject of the previous chapter was the practical import of rights; more specifically, the duties implied by any given right. We have seen how these duties can be classified by the various ways they follow from an interpretation of some assumed right; accordingly, we have distinguished between correlative duties, associated duties, new duties, and supplementary duties. Recognizing the plurality of rights and the various duties implied by each, one may wonder whether all of these duties are compatible in practice. If not, what are the practical implications of rights when not all of the duties they imply can be real?
The Essence Requirement on Representation
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

Although the causal requirement reveals a great deal about Spinoza’s theory of representation, we can and should dig deeper. Commentators have not appreciated the significance of a further requirement Spinoza places on representation, which I will call the essence requirement. According to this requirement, in order for an unconfused idea to be about an object x, the idea must involve the idea of x’s essence in a way I will explain presently. This requirement is significant because it can explain why Spinoza holds the causal requirement, and it can, indeed, shed light on all the questions about Spinoza’s theory of representation I identified in the previous two chapters.
Spinoza, Opacity, and the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

At the beginning and again at the end of this chapter, I develop some of the ramifications of my interpretation in chapter 7 for our understanding of the relations between Spinoza’s position on the mind-body problem and certain other important positions. In the first section, Spinoza’s position will encounter essentialism and an essentialist argument for dualism. The last section reveals the deep affinities between Spinoza’s view, as I have interpreted it, and Donald Davidson’s influential thesis of anomalous monism. Placed between these comparisons is my investigation of the extent to which Spinoza can justify acceptance of the wide range of intensional properties that is so crucial to his defense of and argument for the claim of mode identity. Spinoza does, I will argue, have a deep, revealing, and, unfortunately, ultimately unsatisfying reason for espousing this intensionality. His reason here will help prepare the way for my comparison of Spinoza and Davidson in the final section.
Introduction
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

In the past two or three decades, studies of “compositional process “ have become a familiar staple of musicology. In a paper entitled “Sketch Studies, “ presented at the American Musicological Society meeting in I 98I ,Joseph Kerman traced the development of this sub-discipline within musicology.1 Listing some twenty composers whose sketches had received scholarly attention none earlier than Bach-he noted, “Then there wasJessie Ann Owens’s paper last year about Cipriano de Rore.Who would have thought of sketches surviving from that period? It just goes to show that if you know what you are looking for, you may find it. “2 Kerman’s remark reflects the view that prevailed until recently that none of the manuscripts actually used in composition of music from before I 600 had survived. Some composer autographs, of course, were known.3 During the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, autographs had become valuable objects, desired by collectors. Peter Jeffery, in his study of Francesco Cavalli’s autographs, traced the emergence of this phenomenon, and offered a useful overview of autographs or manuscripts alleged to be autograph from Cavalli’s period or earlier.
Prologue
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

On May 10, 1981, a quiet, overcast spring afternoon, a score or more of the friends and admirers of American composer Alec Wilder gathered in Saint Agnes Cemetery in the small upstate New York village of Avon, not far from Wilder’s hometown of Rochester. They had come to honor a man with a song in his heart, a maverick who valued nothing so much as his independence, an old-fashioned knight who lived and died with his lance leveled against the tumultuous modem world. It happened to be Mother’s Day, and Wilder would have seen the irony of that.
His Mentor
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

It was also during the Eastman years that Wilder found a substitute for the father he never had, James Sibley Watson Jr., and through him would gain his first exposure to filmmaking and film scoring. Watson was a true renaissance figure: physician, major influence in American literature in the 1920s, translator of French poetry, pioneer in radiology and in amateur filmmaking, artist, flyer, expert marksman, inventor, millionaire philanthropist. This man of many brilliances would become mentor, father confessor, and financial backer to Wilder.
Homage in a Supper Club
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

More than Peggy Lee, more even than Mildred Bailey, Wilder worshipped Mabel Mercer and her exquisite artistry. She was, for him, “the guardian of the tenuous dreams created by the writers of songs.” It was a mutual love affair, and two Wilder songs from the second half of the 1940s would become particularly associated with her: Did You Ever Cross Over to Sneden’ s? with lyrics by Wilder, and Goodbye, John, lyrics by Edward Eager. As a supper-club or cabaret singer, Mercer had no peer, and many were the artists who sat at her feet and learned from her style, her taste, her phrasing.
The Letter Writer
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

The letters of Alec Wilder to his friends are legion and legendary. Reading them is sometimes like walking into a confessional, sometimes like listening to an orator on a soapbox, sometimes like sitting in the shade of a tree whispering with the wind. Whatever the circumstances, whatever the tone-fiercely denunciatory or warm and tender-they arenearly always evocative and entertaining. The best of them are the stuff of autobiography. And the habit of sharing even his intimate thoughts was formed early. In March 1939, Wilder was writing from the Algonquin to tell Sibley Watson: “The phone rings with crazy persistence. People burst in and out of the room like drunken impulses. Appointments are so many and involved that long lists must be kept, daily.
The Young Believers
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

In the 1960s and 1970s, Wilder became an important generative force in the lives of many young American musicians he knew both professionally and personally. He was their conscience artistically, and sometimes their father confessor too. The striking thing about that conscience was the range of it: from formal music to jazz, and through the great middle ground of popular music. Always urging them on to higher endeavor, Wilder had a profound impact on these talented young men and women.
Defender of the Faith
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

The days had to be affirmed, never just marked off on the calendar. In the course of a radio interview with Marian McPartland, Wilder cited singer Ray Charles as an example of a special human being. The man, he said, had everything wrong in his background-”enough to make him a basket case”-and yet he had come out of it smiling and happy. “He’s constantly affirming the glory of life.” Later in the same interview, McPartland noted that Wilder’s tastes ran from Ray Charles to Gunther Schuller to George Barnes. “That’s what I love about you. Your tastes go in every direction.” Responded Wilder: “Wherever there’s the sound of life.”
Beauties and Blemishes: David Hume
Authors: Dickie George
Published: November 2023

Hume’s “Of the Standard of Taste” (1757) brought the theory of taste closer to success than any other attempt before or after. Hume’s essay was published at almost the exact midpoint of the period during which the theory of taste flourished—thirty-two years after the 1725 publication of Hutche son’s An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue got the theory of taste off to a philosophical start and thirty-three years before the 1790 publications of Alison’s Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste and Kant’s third Critique derailed the theory of taste as a philosophical enterprise.

In his essay, Hume, on the one hand, finesses the difficulties of Hutche son’s less sophisticated theory and, on the other hand, avoids the obscurity and wrongheadedness of the third Critique and the bloated misdirectedness of associationism. It should be noted that Hume, well known for his use of the association of ideas, does not use or even mention this notion in “Of the Standard of Taste.”
Self-Expression in Sleep: Neuroscience and Dreams
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

Many think that neuroscientific accounts of mental phenomena destroy meaning or significance. There are several different kinds of meaning or significance thought to be at stake, ranging from the meaning or significance of life itself to the meaningfulness of particular kinds of mentation. The basic idea is an old one: the scientific image of humanity is the adversary of the manifest image of human personhood, the image that involves meaning, possibly transcendent meaning-meaning that matters beyond this world, this life, and my particular embodiment.
Identity and Reflection
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

What is the connection between identity and reflection, between possession of an integrated, motivationally effective self and articulate self-comprehension? To what extent is ethical self-evaluation necessary for personhood and for ethical goodness itself? I want to discuss these fundamental questions of philosophical psychology by exploring a provocative and influential attempt to answer them. This influential answer goes wrong in certain subtle but consistent ways. It overstates the degree to which rich and effective identity, as well as moral decency, are tied to articulate selfcomprehension and evaluation. And it overstates the centrality of ethical identifications in human life.
Admirable Immorality and Admirable Imperfection
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

The belief that moral considerations override all other considerations is a central assumption of secular, post-Enlightenment moral theory. Recently, several widely respected philosophers have questioned this assumption of the sovereignty of the moral good. One of the more interesting recent arguments in this regard involves the attempt to tap intuitions that support the existence of the phenomena of admirable immorality and admirable moral imperfection.
Palestrina as Reader: Motets from the Song of Songs
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

Palestrina’s fourth book of five-voice motets, Motettorum quinque vocibus fiber quartus (Rome, 1584), was one of his most unusual and interesting publications. The little information that has survived about its genesis can be quickly recounted. The book must have been in production by the end of 1583 because two of the five partbooks (tenor and bassus) bear this date. The printing was complete by 27 April 1584, the date when Palestrina sent “un libbro nuovo de Mottetti della Cantica” to Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga in Mantua. The volume was printed in Rome by Alessandro Gardano, heir with his brother Angelo of the firm established in Venice by Antonio Gardano. Gardano may have been working on commission from two Roman bookmen, the printer Giacomo Tornieri and the bookseller Giacomo Berichia. On 13 April 1584 Tornieri and Berichia received a privilege (a form of copyright) from Pope Gregory XIII; from this document it is reasonable to infer that they financed the print. Clearly it was a venture worth protecting: the Liber quartus achieved extraordi nary popularity even by Palestrina’s standards, being reprinted possibly as many as 15 times, in Milan, Venice, and Antwerp, as late as 1650.
On William Byrd’s: Emendemus in melius
Authors: Kerman Joseph
Published: November 2023

Two texts, rather different in nature, may serve as prologue: the celebrated apologia from William Byrd’s dedicatory letter in the Gradualia: In Sacred sentences (as I have learned from experience) there is such hidden and concealed power that to a man thinking about divine things and turning them over attentively and earnestly in his mind, the most appropriate measures come, I know not how, as if by their own free will, and freely offer themselves to his mind if it is neither idle nor inert. and a sorrowful, true confession by a reviewer, Imogene Horsley, of Wolfgang Boetticher’s massive Lassus monograph: [we lack] analytical vocabulary in dealing with 16th-century music. We have analyzed closely the melodic and rhythmic structure of the single lines, the dissonance treatment in the combination of these lines, and the modal-tonal structure. But we have no way of summarizing in a few words the total poly phonic construction. It is in the small details, in the subtle and intricate combinations of the parts, that one finds the essence of the style and perceives the skill of the composer.
Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Dynamic Light Scattering
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

The methods described in this book are primarily concerned with the measurement of the microstructure of complex fluids subject to the application of external, orienting fields. In the case of flow, it is also of interest to measure the kinematics of the fluid motion. This chapter describes two experimental techniques that can be used for this purpose: laser Doppler velocimetry for the measurement of fluid velocities, and dynamic light scattering (or photon correlation spectroscopy) for the determination of velocity gradients.
Design of Optical Instruments
Authors: Fuller Gerald G
Published: November 2023

The design of an optical instrument begins with a consideration of the structural and dynamic information that is desired from a sample, and their relationship to its optical properties. This information must be combined with the particular flow or sample geometry that will be probed and the timescales of the dynamics to be monitored.
The Rise of the Western AIDS Epidemic
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

When AIDS emerged as an epidemic in the early 1980s, researchers scrambled to identify the virus and develop tests to diagnose infection and monitor world blood supplies. They also scrambled to trace the disease to its probable source by combing earlier medical literature and investigating old cases. Some brilliant work was done, but mistakes were made because of pressure, new techniques, and some prejudices. A crucial error in identification would go undiscovered for years, causing confusion and hampering progress.

The story of this error begins at the Institute Pasteur, where Frans;oise Barre-Sinoussi, Jean-Claude Chermann, and Luc Montagnier found the first AIDS virus. Its activity was detected in the lymph node of a young gay man who was given the code name “Bru.” He was infected but had not yet developed AIDS, a point that turned out to be very important.

The Pasteur group ran into trouble when it tried to grow and isolate the virus. Some organisms grow like weeds, but others must be coaxed like or­chids. The process can be especially tricky with a little-known organism, but a standard procedure is followed. On nutrient medium, a bit of fluid or tissue thought to contain the organism is grown, or cultured, with live cells
Searching for SIV in Monkey Mummies
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

To trace genetic changes that could have made SIV into a harmless virus of African green monkeys and sooty mangabeys, we needed to find SIV in an ancient and possibly harmful form. How can we do this?

When SIV infects white blood cells, its RNA converts to DNA and moves into the host cell genome. There it stays-harmless or not-for the life of the host, and sometimes in postmortem remains. Since SIV infects monkeys at reproductive age, its presence in host cells should persist as the animal ages, reaching a high level by the end of a typical life span. So our best chance to find ancient SIV was to find SIV-infected adult monkeys that died in ancient times but retained tissue that might contain white blood cells. In the DNA of such monkey cells we might find some integrated stretches of SIV DNA.

As this chapter will tell, monkey mummies twenty-five hundred to five thousand years old can be found and studied. Techniques exist to recover SIV DNA from the DNA of ancient monkeys, to amplify the viral material in the test tube, and to analyze its virulence and other characteristics. But before one can study ancient SIV DNA, one must find the right monkeys:
Human Survival: Vaccines to Disarm HIV
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

0nee upon a time, retroviruses invaded certain monkeys and apes of Africa. They came to these primates from rodents, cats, horses, or other ungulates, using viral sex to pick up fragments of envelope from primate viruses. These recombination events enabled them to enter and infect primate cells. In fact, their new envelope made them true monkey viruses, no longer able to infect their former hosts. Having jumped species, probably because of some environmental change, they could not go back because they had adapted too much. If some new conditions should force another jump, they might try the old host (if available), but the return would not be automatic. It would require adaptation all over again.

We have not yet seen a return or readaptation in the history of lenti viruses: no time when a virus moved to primates from another animal, then back again. The move from one host to another appears to be a one-way process if much adaptation is required. However, since viruses move by chance, they may jump just because a new host is handy. If little or no adaptation is necessary, viruses may not really leave the old host; they just add a new one and keep the old one too.
‘Solving’ the Problem
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

I propose a broadly ‘political’ solution to the problem of public justification—namely, of identifying a ‘dominant’ regime for a given community in the face of the variant conceptions of public justification likely to be current in that community (at least if it resembles ours). What does a ‘political’ solution look like in this case? That depends on what the problem looks like in this case.
Of Canons and Cultural Wars Southern Literature and Literary Scholarship after Midcentury
Authors: Hobson Fred
Published: November 2023

Acouple of decades ago, the boundaries of southern literature-and southern literary scholarship-appeared to be rather fixed and unchallenged. Simply stated, the major southern writers of this century were William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, Robert Penn Warren, Allen Tate, Eudora Welty, and perhaps Flannery O’Connor. The contemporary novelists to be reckoned with-besides Welty-were William Styron, Walker Percy, and perhaps John Barth. (One observed as well a number of southerners trying to write like Faulkner; they were said to be “in his shadow:’) The reigning interpreters and critics of southern literature-it is little exaggeration to say the founders of southern literature as a modern academic discipline-were such figures as Louis D. Rubin Jr., Lewis P. Simpson, C. Hugh Holman, and Thomas Daniel Young, with certain other scholars, such as Walter Sullivan, making occasional brilliant forays into the field. The genres worth pursuing academically were the novel, the short story, poetry, and perhaps-in the case of Tennessee Williams-drama. Those who did the pursuing were professors of English, and although Professors Rubin, Simpson, Holman, and certain others operated from a literary method that was also keenly aware of history, in general the scholarly approach to southern literature-or literature in general-was a sort of literary formalism inherited largely from the New Critics. The centers of publishing for southern literary scholarship were Chapel Hill and Baton Rouge; but the only places southern writers of fiction and poetry could be published were in New York or, occasionally, Boston. All creative writers from the hinterlands, south or west, were published in New York and Boston.
Autobiographical Traditions Black and White
Authors: Olney James
Published: November 2023

My first inclination when I undertook to think and write about a possible tradition of autobiography in southern literature (or at least a tradition of autobiographical writing: there is an important distinction to be drawn, I think, between the substantive “autobiography” and the adjective “autobiographical;’ which I will return to later)-my first inclination was to deny that any such tradition exists or has existed and that hence I had no subject to write about. But then on second thought I came to feel that this was not altogether accurate and was also not something that I really wanted to say, particularly in light of the fact that I have written more than one essay in which I argued for a very strong tradition of autobiography among southern writers-or at least a tradition that began with specifically southern writers and that then, but without ever ceasing to be a tradition of southern writing, reached out to inform the work of writers not of the South in any literal, geographical sense. Perhaps it was this regional dislocation that first caused me to respond (mentally) that no tradition of autobiography existed in southern literature.
The social insects: why help the queen?
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

In natural selection, “success” means success in reproduction. Out of tens of thousands of seedlings on a forest floor, only a handful survive to become fruit bearing trees; out of thousands of fish eggs, few develop into reproducing adults. Most individuals die before they ever have a chance to reproduce. This tiny survival rate does not conflict with the theory of natural selection but rather displays it in all its potency: failed seedlings, or fish that have not reached maturity, die and disappear.
Parasite And Host
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

When a parasite attaches itself to a new host species, both species rapidly develop new traits. The parasite tries to exploit the host as much as it can, and the host tries to protect itself against the parasite. Dawkins and Krebs compared this relationship to an arms race between two superpowers, with each manufacturing new and more sophisticated weapons to counter those the other develops,1 and it is common for scientists nowadays to portray hosts and parasites as being in the midst of such an arms race.