bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the analysis and control of teacher‐student interaction in the foreign language classroom based on video‐tape recordings
Authors: Knapp Stephen F. , Dugas Donald , Geis George L.
Published: April 2007

Six one‐hour sections of an intensified first‐ and second‐year French course conducted by graduate‐student teaching fellows were video‐taped. These tapes were analyzed in order to determine teaching problems related to teacher‐student interactions. The analysis led to specific recommendations for more effective and efficient classroom teaching concerning specification of student terminal behavior, diagnostic testing, strategies of teaching, contingency management, and language skills. A filmed training program, based on the videotapes, was administered to the teaching fellows.
Vinyl copolymers containing pendant 1,3,4‐oxadiazole chromophores: Preparation and electrochemical and electroluminescent properties
Authors: Yeh Kun‐Ming , Chen Yun
Published: April 2007

Three vinyl copolymers (P1–P3) containing pendant aromatic 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives were prepared from their precursor poly(styrene‐ran‐4‐vinylbenzyl chloride) (weight‐average molecular weight = 11,400, polydispersity index = 1.18), which had been synthesized by controlled radical polymerization (reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer). The copolymers were readily soluble in common organic solvents and were basically amorphous materials with 5% weight loss temperatures higher than 360°C. The photoluminescence spectroscopy results revealed that the architectures of P2 and P3 suppressed aggregate formation in the solid state. The LUMO levels of P2 (−3.10 eV) and P3 (−3.09 eV), estimated from cyclic voltammetry data, were much higher than that of P1 (−3.81 eV). The HOMO levels were in the order of P3 (−5.37 eV) > P2 (−5.77 eV) > P1 (−5.96 eV). However, both the HOMO and LUMO levels of P1–P3 were much lower than that of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexoxy)‐p‐phenylenevinylene] (MEH‐PPV) because of the electron‐withdrawing characteristics of the pendant aromatic 1,3,4‐oxadiazole groups. The luminance (5860 cd/m2) and current efficiency (1.45 cd/A) of an electroluminescence device [indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene)/MEH‐PPV/Al] were improved significantly to 16,261 cd/m2 and 4.79 cd/A, respectively, through blending with P2 (50/50). This study suggests that copolymers P1–P3 are versatile materials for electron‐transport/injection applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2259–2272, 2007
Novel synthesis of biodegradable poly(lactide‐co‐ethylene glycol) block copolymers
Authors: Lemmouchi Yahia , Perry Michael C. , Amass Allan J. , Chakraborty Khirud , Schué Francois
Published: April 2007

Biodegradable and amphiphilic diblock copolymers [polylactide‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)] and triblock copolymers [polylactide‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐polylactide] were synthesized by the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of lactides in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether or poly(ethylene glycol) and potassium hexamethyldisilazide as a catalyst. The polymerization in toluene at room temperature was very fast, yielding copolymers of controlled molecular weights and tailored molecular architectures. The chemical structure of the copolymers was investigated with 1H and 13C NMR. The formation of block copolymers was confirmed by 13C NMR and differential scanning calorimetry investigations. The monomodal profile of the molecular weight distribution by gel permeation chromatography provided further evidence of block copolymer formation as well as the absence of cyclic species. Additional confirmation of the block copolymers was obtained by the substitution of 2‐butanol for poly(ethylene glycol); butyl groups were clearly identified by 1H NMR as polymer chain end groups. The effects of the copolymer composition and lactide stereochemistry on the copolymer properties were examined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2235–2245, 2007
Molecular motion of polycarbonate included in γ‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Paik Younkee , Poliks Barbara , Rusa Cristian C. , Tonelli Alan E. , Schaefer Jacob
Published: April 2007

Molecular motions of single polycarbonate (PC) chains threaded into crystalline γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) channels were examined using solid‐state 13C NMR and molecular dynamics simulations. The location of PC within the channels was confirmed by spin diffusion from a PC 13C label to natural‐abundance 13C of the γ‐CD. Rotor‐encoded longitudinal magnetization (RELM) (under 7‐kHz magic‐angle sample‐spinning conditions) was combined with multiple‐pulse 1H‐1H dipolar decoupling to detect large‐amplitude phenyl‐ring motion in both bulk PC and polycarbonate γ‐cyclodextrin inclusion compound (PC‐γ‐CD). The RELM results indicate that the phenyl rings in PC‐γ‐CD undergo 180° flips faster than 10 kHz just as in bulk PC. The molecular dynamics simulations show that the frequency of the phenyl‐ring flips depends on the cooperative motions of PC atoms and neighboring atoms of the γ‐CD channel. The distribution of protonated aromatic‐carbon laboratory and rotating‐frame 13C spin‐lattice relaxation rates for bulk PC and PC‐γ‐CD are similar but not identical. The distributions for both systems arise from site heterogeneities. For bulk PC, the heterogeneity is attributed to variations in local chain packing, and for PC‐γ‐CD the heterogeneity arises from variations in the location of the PC phenyl rings in the γ‐CD channel. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1271–1282, 2007
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and haplotypes, interactions with plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Mikhak Bahar , Hunter David J , Spiegelman Donna , Platz Elizabeth A. , Hollis Bruce W. , Giovannucci Edward
Published: April 2007

BACKGROUND

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is required for actions of vitamin D. The binding of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D to the VDR on prostatic epithelial cells prompts the regulation of cancer‐related genes.

METHODS

We conducted a nested case‐control study in the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study to investigate the role of the VDR Cdx2, Fok1, and Bsm1 gene polymorphisms and associated haplotypes and their interaction with plasma vitamin D metabolites in relation to prostate cancer (PC) risk.

RESULTS

No association was found between these SNPs or their associated haplotypes and all PC subtypes except that haplotype 2 (A‐f‐b) with Cdx2 A, Fok1 f, and Bsm1 b alleles and haplotype 3 (A‐F‐B) with Cdx2 A, Fok1 F and Bsm1 B alleles compared to the most common haplotype (A‐F‐b), were associated with reduced risk of aggressive PC (high stage or Gleason sum ≥7; P = 0.02), both with two alleles suspected of being low risk. Carriers of the variant Cdx2 A allele who were deficient in plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (≤15 ng/ml) compared to non‐carriers with normal 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, had a lower risk of total and poorly differentiated PCs (Gleason sum ≥7) (P for interaction = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Plasma 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency (≤26 pg/ml) was associated with a threefold risk of poorly differentiated PC (P for interaction = 0.01) when comparing carriers of the Cdx2 A allele to non‐carriers with normal 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D.

CONCLUSION

In this population of men, none of the VDR polymorphisms studied was associated with susceptibility to PC. Prostate 67: 911–923, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periodane: A wealth of structural possibilities revealed by the Kick procedure
Authors: Bera Partha P. , Schleyer Paul v. R. , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: April 2007

Twenty seven new isomers, considerably lower in energy than the two previously reported structures of the novel molecule periodane, LiBeBCNOF, are found theoretically using a stochastic search methodology at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level of theory. The global minimum is predicted to lie 122 kcal/mol lower in energy than the previously claimed lowest energy structure. The importance of an automated isomer search method to help find isomers on the potential energy surface of molecules in the gas phase is emphasized. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Data‐driven implementation of layer 2/3 interface without bottlenecks: Description and experimental study
Authors: Aoki Kazuhiro , Kudo Shinya , Nishikawa Hiroaki
Published: April 2007

Enabling real‐time media communications processing is a requisite for the networking environment in its role as the information communications infrastructure. The authors examine a data‐driven implementation for TCP/IP protocol handling in order to enable real‐time multiprocessing of the protocol in the networking environment without the overhead associated with multiprocessing. CUE‐v1 is a data‐driven processor based on a data‐driven processor for high‐precision moving picture processing which adds commands for TCP/IP handling, and wherein multiple processors are integrated on a single chip, including a processor for memory processing. This paper describes the data‐driven implementation of the layer 2/3 interface, including protocol handling and using CUE‐v1 and ATM/FastEthernet networking chips as part of a data‐driven implementation of the networking environment. This type of network interface requires that the transmission capacity of the network be used to its utmost limit. Communications processing between the network chips, assuming a self‐synchronizing processor CUE‐v1 and a clock‐synchronized processor, is the bottleneck at this time. Through the construction of a board using an FPGA and dual port memory for connecting the CUE‐v1 and the networking chips, this implementation demonstrates that communication is possible without harming the transmission capacity of the network. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(6): 62–69, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20286 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hidden surface removal in full‐parallax CGHs by silhouette approximation
Authors: Kondoh Akinobu , Matsushima Kyoji
Published: April 2007

In this paper we report a method of removing hidden surfaces in full‐parallax computer‐generated holograms. First, we examine the handling of light shielding by tilted patches in terms of wave optics, and then propose a silhouette approximation. In addition, we derive a recurrence formula to synthesize object light waves with hidden surface removal by the proposed method. We show that appearance of optically reconstructed surface object of the full‐parallax holograms generated by the proposed method varies in a natural manner as the observation point is changed. This study achieves hidden surface removal in full‐parallax holograms, which was believed to be possible only if vertical parallax is ignored. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(6): 53–61, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20345 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast line detection by the local polar coordinates using a window
Authors: Murakami Kenji , Maekawa Yuji , Izumida Masanori , Kinoshita Koji
Published: April 2007

The Hough transform is known as a technique for detecting image components (primitives) such as lines or circles. We previously proposed a “primitive detection method using local polar coordinates,” which can quickly detect primitives by reducing the dimensionality of the vote array of this Hough transform. However, this method has the property that the primitive detection speed is affected by the position and quantity of noise that is contained in the image (this property is called “noise dependency”), and this property had become a problem when the method was actually used. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a solution for this noise dependency problem. The proposed method sets a window in the vicinity of a local pole origin and determines whether or not a local pole can be set according to an operation (multiple votes per pixel) within this window. From various types of experimental results, we show that the proposed method is highly effective even though it is simple. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(6): 43– 52, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20359 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Algorithm to detect abnormal states of elderly persons for home monitoring
Authors: Sawai Kazuyoshi , Yoshida Masaki
Published: April 2007

With the advance of an elderly‐dominated society, the population of elderly persons who live alone is increasing. To allow health checking of the solitary elderly when at home, it is planned to install sensors in houses for long‐term monitoring. The purpose of this is to detect abnormal states of solitary elderly persons in daily life (such as staying immobile due to bad physical condition or inability to move as a result of falling or sudden change of physical condition). An algorithm was developed to detect abnormal states of the subject (an elderly person) by using data on the operating times of various sensors installed in an actual home. An algorithm based on the simple logical operation of ORing all sensor output signals is considered, following the idea that the sensors will not respond for a long time if an abnormality occurs in the subject. The effect of the setting of the no‐response time of the sensors on the detection rate is investigated. It is concluded that abnormalities can be satisfactorily detected, if a sensor response is absent for 2 hours and 15 minutes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(6): 34–42, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20411 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of an information retrieval system of video‐based learning materials and a method to attach timecode information to speech data
Authors: Morimoto Yousuke , Murota Masao , Shimizu Yasutaka
Published: April 2007

A system that can retrieve video‐based learning materials using Japanese language (SEMP: Search Engine for Motion Pictures) was developed in this research. SEMP allows full text retrieval of motion pictures using transcribed text within motion pictures and can also play back only portions that include the retrieved words. In order to provide accurate retrieval results, the required transcribed text of a motion picture is generated into text and prepared using a manual procedure by SEMP. Further, in order to play back portions that include the retrieved words, a program was developed to automatically execute an operation that attaches timecode information to the transcribed text. This program to attach timecode information uses speech recognition technology to attach timecode information to the transcribed text. We confirmed that the results of evaluation tests of the program to attach timecode information and the practical application were at high levels. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(7): 53–64, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20639
A reinforcement learning method using a dynamic reinforcement function based on action selection probability
Authors: Hasegawa Yugo , Takada Satoko , Nakano Hidehiro , Arai Shuichi , Miyauchi Arata
Published: April 2007

In this paper, the authors propose Dynamic Profit Sharing as a reinforcement learning method in which a reinforcement function in Profit Sharing (PS) is dynamically changed based on action selection probabilities. While the rationality theorem in Profit Sharing gives a necessary and sufficient condition for obtaining rational solutions [1], the proposed method gives a condition for improving the learning efficiency while stochastically maintaining sufficient rationality. By dynamically determining the reinforcement function that satisfies this condition, the reward distribution efficiency can be increased and learning can be accomplished quickly even for an environment in which a great many actions are required until the goal state is reached. The authors perform experiments using maze and pursuit problems as examples to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(7): 1– 11, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20738
Salicylic acid‐induced taxol production and isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. mairei
Authors: Wang Yan‐Dong , Wu Jin‐Chuan , Yuan Ying‐Jin
Published: April 2007

The influences of salicylic acid (SA) on taxol production and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) biosynthesis pathways in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis var. mairei were investigated by adding SA and mevastatin (MVS), a highly specific inhibitor of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase in the mevalonate pathway for IPP biosynthesis, into the culture systems. The cell death and taxol production were induced upon the introduction of SA, and 20 mg/l was proved to be the optimal SA concentration in terms of the less damage to Taxus cells and marked activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). In the coexistence of SA (20 mg/l) and MVS (100 nmol/l), the taxol content (1.626 mg/g dry wt) was higher than that (0.252 mg/g dry wt) of the MVS‐treated system but almost equal to that (1.581 mg/g dry wt) of the SA‐treated system. It is thus inferred that the activated non‐mevalonate pathway should be responsible for the formation of IPP in taxol biosynthesis in the presence of SA.
Caregiver psychoeducation for schizophrenia: Is gender important?
Authors: McWilliams Stephen , Hill Shane , Mannion Nora , Kinsella Anthony , O'Callaghan Eadbhard
Published: April 2007

Introduction

Females care for individuals with chronic illness more commonly than males and have different attitudes to illness. Additionally, they experience greater burden and reduced quality of life, when compared to their male counterparts. Since knowledge has been shown to be related to burden, we sought to determine whether there were gender differences in knowledge acquisition during a six-week caregiver psychoeducation programme (CPP).

Methods

Caregivers of people with schizophrenia completed a 23-item adapted version of the self-report Family Questionnaire (FQ) before and after the six-week CPP. Using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model, we studied the differences in proportions of correct answers before and after the programme by gender.

Results

Over a 46-month study period, 115 caregivers (58% female) participated in the programme. There was an overall improvement in knowledge with an effect size of 1.12. The improvement was statistically significant (P < 0.001) within each of six specific areas of knowledge. However, female caregivers gained more knowledge overall and specifically regarding signs and symptoms, recovery and especially caregiver support. Knowledge gains regarding medication were roughly equal, while male caregivers gained more knowledge about risk factors.

Discussion

Our findings indicate that there are gender differences in the amount and type of knowledge gained during a CPP, with female caregivers showing greater knowledge acquisition than their male counterparts in most areas. Interventions designed to assist caregivers may be improved by targeting areas of knowledge specific to each gender. Such an approach might further reduce burden and improve the outcome for their relatives affected by schizophrenia.
Dissecting subsecond cadherin bound states reveals an efficient way for cells to achieve ultrafast probing of their environment
Authors: Pierres Anne , Prakasam Anil , Touchard Dominique , Benoliel Anne-Marie , Bongrand Pierre , Leckband Deborah
Published: April 2007

Cells continuously probe their environment with membrane receptors, achieving subsecond adaptation of their behaviour [Diez, G., Gerisch, G., Anderson, K., Müller‐Taubenberger, A. and Bretschneider, T. (2006) Subsecond reorganization of the actin network in cell motility and chemotaxis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 7601–7606, Shamri, R., Grabovsky, V., Gauguet, J.M., Feigelson, S., Manevich, E., Kolanus, W., Robinson, M.K., Staunton, D.E., von Andrian, U.H. and Alon, R. (2005) Lymphocyte arrest requires instantaneous induction of an extended LFA‐1 conformation mediated by endothelium‐bound chemokines. Nat. Immunol. 6, 497–606, Jiang, G., Huang, A.H., Cai, Y., Tanase, M. and Sheetz, M.P. (2006) Rigidity sensing at the leading edge through αVβ3 integrins and RPTPα. Biophys. J. 90, 1804–2006]. Recently, several receptors, including cadherins, were found to bind ligands with a lifetime of order of one second. Here we show at the single molecule level that homotypic C‐cadherin association involves transient intermediates lasting less than a few tens of milliseconds. Further, these intermediates transitionned towards more stable states with a kinetic rate displaying exponential decrease with piconewton forces. These features enable cells to detect ligands or measure surrounding mechanical behaviour within a fraction of a second, much more rapidly than was previously thought.
Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive function
Authors: Grodstein Francine
Published: April 2007

Modifiable factors related to lifestyle have been extensively studied in terms of their effects on the vascular system, particularly the risk of heart disease. In recent years, however, it has become increasingly evident that many of these coronary risk factors also account for a large proportion of strokes, as well as cognitive impairment, dementia, and even Alzheimer's disease occurring in the absence of a clinically recognized vascular “event.” Observational studies support a role for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for cognitive decline in late life, although there are conflicting results from some studies. Available evidence, although limited, also supports a role for some medical therapies targeting risk factors as a means to reduce the risk of subsequent cognitive decline. In many instances, however, basic lifestyle interventions show great promise for ameliorating the risk of cognitive decline. Such interventions include regular physical exercise or moderate alcohol consumption.
Do we know enough to begin prevention interventions for dementia?
Authors: Rabins Peter V.
Published: April 2007

This article reviews prior examples of successful prevention interventions and reviews whether comparable data are available to support a prevention campaign targeting later life cognitive decline and dementia. The evidence that risk factors for vascular disease—hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus—increase the incidence of dementia supports a prevention campaign now.
Can we save the brain? A public health question
Authors: Labarthe Darwin R.
Published: April 2007

The environmental, behavioral, and lifestyle factors that contribute to increases in the risk for cognitive decline and dementia are also factors known to be associated with increases in the risk for heart disease and stroke. The analogies between these chronic diseases go deeper. For example, public health programs designed to reduce the risks for heart disease and stroke, as well as their associated disability and mortality, can serve as valuable models for development of public health programs addressing brain health. We can save the brain by using public health approaches, but the effort will require new approaches and strong collaborative efforts across a diverse array of individuals and organizations.
A survey of the problems of normal 15‐year‐olds
Authors: Porteous Murray A.
Published: April 2007

The problems experienced by “normal” adolescents are described and some indication given of the range and seriousness of problems from the adolescent viewpoint. Seven hundred and seventy‐five 15‐year‐olds from comprehensive schools in the North of England completed two questionnaires and a sub‐sample of these adolescents were interviewed in detail about their problem experiences, who they confided in and what they thought could be done about problems.

The most common worries for the adolescents were concerned with Employment, Self‐Confidence and Adequacy and the Academic aspects of School. Least mentioned problems were in the areas of Material Deprivation, Physical Inadequacy and Home. The latter problems however affect a minority of adolescents (10–30 per cent) and appeared more difficult for them to solve. Peer acceptance was an area of worry which affected a considerable number, but problems regarding authority and control, etc. were less prevalent.
Werbewirkung ohne Erinnerungseffekte?
Authors: Schemer Christian , Matthes Jörg , Wirth Werner
Published: April 2007

Zusammenfassung. In der Forschung zur Wirkung von Product Placements wird zumeist davon ausgegangen, dass Placements erinnert werden müssen, um eine Wirkung auf die Einstellung gegenüber der Marke entfalten zu können. Allerdings zeigen empirische Studien, dass Placements auf Grund ihrer kurzzeitigen Einblendung oft nicht bewusst wahrgenommen und damit auch nicht erinnert werden. Auf Basis des Mere Exposure-Effektes kann dennoch davon ausgegangen werden, dass diese nicht explizit erinnerten Placements eine Wirkung auf Einstellungen haben können. Dieser Wirkmechanismus wird in einem 3×2×2-faktoriellen Experiment demonstriert. Versuchspersonen sahen einen TV-Magazinbeitrag, in dem ein Placement einer unbekannten Marke mit unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit integriert wurde. Die Ergebnisse lassen deutlich auf einen Mere Exposure-Effekt schließen: Ein mehrfach visuell dargebotenes Markenlogo führt zu einer positiveren Einstellung gegenüber der Marke trotz niedriger Erinnerung. Dieser Effekt ist allerdings an zwei für die Werbewirkungsforschung zentrale Bedingungen geknüpft: Ein hohes Beitragsinvolvement und niedriges Persuasionswissen. Gleichzeitig wird experimentell nachgewiesen, unter welchen Bedingungen sich die Erinnerung an die Marke zwar erhöht, aber die Einstellung gegenüber der Marke verschlechtert (Reaktanzeffekt). Die Ergebnisse werden in ihrer Bedeutung für die Werbepraxis und für die zukünftige Forschung diskutiert.
Contribution of gas phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds to atmospheric carbon monoxide levels in two areas of the United States
Authors: Griffin Robert J. , Chen Jianjun , Carmody Kevin , Vutukuru Satish , Dabdub Donald
Published: April 2007

Three‐dimensional modeling studies have been performed to investigate the short‐timescale photochemical generation of carbon monoxide (CO) on a regional basis in two very distinct areas of the United States: New England (mixed biogenic and anthropogenic influence) and the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB, dominated by anthropogenic influence) of California. For the New England study, the Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (CACM) was incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality model and applied to 3–4 August 2004. For the SoCAB, CACM was applied to 8–9 September 1993 using the California Institute of Technology three‐dimensional regional atmospheric model. Results indicate that in each location, on a relative scale, the photochemical generation of CO is responsible for less than 10% (3–9% for the eastern United States and approximately 1% in the SoCAB) of the total simulated mixing ratio for the respective dates based on domain‐wide, calendar‐based 24‐hour averages. In the eastern United States, simulations indicate that isoprene is the major volatile organic compound (VOC) source for CO and that VOC oxidation can lead to up to approximately 20 parts per billion by volume (ppb) of CO in New England. In the SoCAB, anthropogenic short‐chain alkenes lead to the greatest amount of photochemical CO generation; VOC oxidation in its entirety can lead to up to approximately 45 ppb of photochemically generated CO in the SoCAB. Therefore studies on the regional scale that use CO as a marker of primary combustion emissions may overestimate the importance of primary emissions, depending on location and time.
The evolution of Eos
Authors: Spilhaus Fred
Published: April 2007

As you hold in your hands, or perhaps read on a screen, the first 2007 issue of Eos, I would like to tell you a bit about how this, AGU's first publication, got to be what it is today. It is and has always been a publication for all the members.

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, at the top of the front page of your newspaper, is both a short pedigree and a formal title. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, first published in 1920, contained the proceedings of the first annual meeting of AGU and reports of the then seven sections. Transactions continued as an annual volume through 1944, frequently in multiple parts, and a few times in the 1920s did not appear at all. In its first 25 years it covered an increasing suite of AGU‐related meetings.
Surface albedo response to sahel precipitation changes
Authors: Govaerts Yves , Lattanzio Alessio
Published: April 2007

The Sahel is a narrow region in West Africa, lying between the Sahara desert at 18°N and savannah and equatorial forest at about 15°N. The climate and atmospheric dynamics of this region are determined by the West African monsoon resulting from the alternating southwesterly and northwesterly winds, corresponding to a north‐south migration of the Intertropical convergence Zone (ITCZ). during the northward shift of the ITCZ, rainfall occurs over Sahel during a short but intense wet season, between late June and mid‐September, which induces fast vegetation growth. The dry season that follows this rainy period produces a rapid drying the vegetation.
Knauss receives 2006 Waldo E. Smith Medal
Authors: Spinrad Richard W. , Knauss John A.
Published: April 2007

John A. Knauss was awarded the Waldo E. Smith Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting honors ceremony, which was held on 13 December 2006 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal recognizes extraordinary service to geophysics.

John Knauss has served as a leader and key decision‐maker in the scientific community and the public sector for nearly six decades. From the start of his career he focused on the most fundamental elements of the physical dynamics of the ocean, developing the seminal thinking in topics as diverse as turbulence effects on acoustics and deep ocean current observations. His early work on the Cromwell current established John as a leading researcher in the geophysics community. He quickly established a global reputation for his seminal work on the current structure of many major ocean circulation features. By the mid 1960s, Knauss had already established his scientific credentials and leadership role, with a robust bibliography of technical papers in the most prestigious scientific journals. Notably, in the years leading to this position, John also worked as a naval officer at the newly formed U.S. Office of Naval Research and as a staff member of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (La Jolla, Calif.).
Nuclear test illuminates US array data quality
Authors: Ammon Charles J. , Lay Thorne
Published: April 2007

The seismographic stations deployed as part of USArray are one component of the U.S. National Science Foundation‐funded major research equipment facility Earth‐Scope. When fully operational, USArray will include 400 broadband stations in a Transportable Array (TA) that will be deployed over a regular grid of sites with approximately 70 kilometer spacing. The TA will migrate across the United States over the next decade, ultimately occupying about 2000 sites in the conterminous United States and Alaska.

While USArray's primary objective is to record seismic signals for research applications addressing the structure, evolution, and seismicity of North America, the high quality seismic recording capabilities of the TA installations allow data from small, distant events to be acquired and analyzed for other purposes, such as deep mantle studies, earthquake rupture investigations, and analysis of unusual seismic sources, such as underground nuclear explosions. The TA currently is undergoing its initial deployment in the western United States, and about 240 stations were operational at the time of the underground nuclear explosion detonated by North Korea on 9 October 2006 (Figure 1).
U.S. government, business make climate change proposals
Authors: Zielinski Sarah , Kumar Mohi
Published: April 2007

Global climate change became a key topic of discussion Washington, D.C., in mid‐January as the president, Congress, and business leaders proposed some solutions to the problem.

In his 23 January State of the Union address, President George W. Bush proposed reducing U.S. oil imports, particularly by reducing gasoline usage by 20% in 10 years and increasing the use of renewable and alternative fuels to 35 billion gallons by 2017.
New Madrid strain and postseismic transients
Authors: Rydelek Paul
Published: April 2007

A crucial issue for the assessment of earthquake hazard in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) of the central United States is whether the small motions inferred from geodetic measurements are actually the result of strain accumulation that will eventually be released in damaging earthquakes. The interpretation of these measurements has led to an ongoing debate over the associated seismic risk and hazard assessment in the NMSZ [Zoback, 1999; Schweig et al., 1999; Newman et al., 1999a, 1999b; Stein et al., 2003]. The gist of the debate is whether or not models of high seismic hazard in this region are supported by the geodetic data and historic earthquake data.

A recent report by Smalley et al. [2005] on GPS measurements across the Reelfoot fault suggested a relatively high strain rate, of the order of 10−7 per year, comparable to that normally associated with convergence at plate boundaries. To some, these measurements seemingly ended the debate since they were taken to be the result of rapid strain accumulation that could unleash a large, devastating earthquake, which in turn prompted a general public warning from a top U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) official [Brown, 2005]. Others, however, believe that the debate is not yet settled [Calais et al., 2005]; it has been argued that these GPS measurements show no statistically significant motion and instead reveal a puzzling offset in one of the GPS time series [Calais et al., 2006].
Banerjee awarded 2006 John Adam Fleming Medal
Authors: Hoffman Kenneth A. , Banerjee Subir
Published: April 2007

Subir Kumar Banerjee was awarded the John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting honors ceremony, which was held on 13 December 2006, in San Francisco, Calif. The medal recognizes original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, space physics, and related sciences.

Since his arrival in the early 1960s—holding degrees in physics and exploration geophysics from Indian universities, and a Cambridge University (U.K.) Ph.D. in geophysics—Subir Banerjee has maintained an eminent position in the world community of rock magnetists and paleomagnetists. His unique role began with seminal works on the physics of magnetism in natural and synthetic materials, revealing an uncanny insight into the nature of magnetic materials. These early works were instrumental in creating a greater understanding and appreciation of the importance of rock magnetism to problems in paleomagnetism. Over subsequent decades Subir has instilled in all of us who research the records gleaned from rocks of Earth's past magnetic field a fundamental awareness, namely, the need for any solid paleomagnetic conclusion to be anchored in a thorough understanding of the relevant rock magnetic conditions both at the time of and subsequent to the acquisition of remanence.
Committee plans for next decade of U.S. Earth observations
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: April 2007

A U.S. National Academies committee has created a comprehensive plan for Earth observations for the next decade, but the U.S. government will need to renew its investment in these satellite systems to accomplish the plan, according to the committee's 16 January report.

The report, “Earth Science and Applications From Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond,” (available at http://books.nap.edU/catalog/l 1820.html) is the first ever ‘decadal survey’ for the Earth sciences. It is modeled after similar surveys from other scientific communities, such as astronomy. Around 100 Earth scientists and others from related fields were involved in the 2‐year process that created the report.
Political interference in climate science
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: April 2007

“All of us have a right to our own views about the seriousness of global warming,” U.S. Rep. Henry Waxman (D‐Calif.), chair of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, said at a 30 January committee hearing held to examine political interference in climate science. “But we don't have a right to our own science.”

Waxman added, “This hearing, and the committee's ongoing investigation into political interference, is aimed at ensuring the American people receive the best possible science.”
Most of NASA budget boost going to international space station
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: April 2007

NASA will focus on expanding support for a permanent human presence in space while maintaining level science funding for previously planned projects, said NASA Administrator Michael Griffin at a 5 February briefing regarding the agency's Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 budget request.

The proposed FY2008 budget allots $17.3 billion for NASA, an increase of 3.1% over the proposed budget for FY2007. Much of the additional funds would go to exploration capabilities and space operations—which would get an 11% increase in funding for a total of approximately $6.8 billion—primarily for shuttle missions to continue assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) and for station and flight maintenance.
Improved system for rating tornados
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: April 2007

The U.S. National Weather Service will now use an Enhanced Fujita scale to rate tornadoes, the agency announced on 2 February. The new scale, which replaces the original one developed in 1971, uses additional indicators and degrees of damage to provide a better correlation between damage and wind speed.
Funding slated to decrease for some U.S. science agencies
Authors: Kumar Mohi , Zielinski Sarah
Published: April 2007

Nearly five months into Fiscal Year 2007 (FY2007), U.S. President George W. Bush signed into law on 15 February legislation that sets funding for most of the federal government through 30 September. While funding for research and development at some science agencies—particularly those included in the American Competitiveness Initiative, such as the U.S. National Science Foundation—will increase over FY2006, R&D funding at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will decline.

Further, the funding situation for NOAA, USGS, and EPA is not likely to improve in FY2008. If the president's budget requests for these agencies, which was released on 5 February (see Eos 88(1') and 88(8), 2006), is passed, their R&D budgets would decline even more.
Comment on “Snowball Earth on trial”
Authors: Hoffman Paul F.
Published: April 2007

In his report of the Snowball Earth 2006 conference in Ascona, Switzerland, coconvenor Philip A. Allen described the ‘original pillars’ of the hypothesis as having “been discarded” [Allen, 2006].

From my reading of the hypothesis [Kirschvink, 1992a, 1992b; J.L. Kirschvink, personal communication, 1989], the original pillars are the following. Each is more strongly supported now than when the hypothesis was first proposed.
Sulfide Mineralogy and Geochemistry
Authors: Dilles John
Published: April 2007

Sulfide minerals as a class represent important minor rock‐forming minerals, but they are generally known as the chief sources of many economic metallic ores. In the past two decades, sulfide research has been extended to include important roles in environmental geology of sulfide weathering and resultant acid mine drainage, as well as in geomicrobiology in which bacteria make use of sulfides for metabolic energy sources. In the latter respect, sulfides played an important role in early evolution of life on Earth and in geochemical cycling of elements in the Earth's crust and hydrosphere.

This long‐awaited volume represents a modern and thorough treatment of sulfide minerals. The Mineralogical Society of America published the first volume of this review series as Sulfide Mineralogy, in 1974, and two other books of sulfide mineralogy appeared in 1978 and 1981. The popular and affordable Reviews series is softbound and represents the reference of choice for professional mineralogists and geochemists as well as students of Earth sciences. The present volume includes numerous illustrations of high quality and is accurately typeset with a small but very readable font.
Hearing examines climate change economics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2007

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has released its summary report on the science of climate change and will release subsequent reports on impacts and response strategies in coming months (see Eos 88(7), 2007). With this as backdrop, attention to issues related to climate change policy has been growing, particularly within the U.S. government where House and Senate committees continue to hold hearings each week on various aspects of climate change. One of these hearings, held 28 February by the House Ways and Means Committee, focused on the economic issues related to strategies for reducing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Ronald Prinn, an atmospheric scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, testified about the state of climate science. Stephen Schneider, a climatologist at Stanford University in California, took the next step in his testimony, speaking about possible methods of adaptation and mitigation, and their subsequent effects. Eileen Claussen, president of the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, testified about the U.S. Climate Action Partnership and its proposed efforts for mitigation, which include limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The final witness, W. David Montgomery, an economist and vice president of CRA International, took the position that mandatory greenhouse gas controls would impose a significant cost on the U.S. economy, especially if leading developing nations such as China and India do not follow similar controls. He recommended instead that the government pursue new technologies to lower greenhouse gas emissions.
Benitez‐Nelson receives 2006 Ocean Sciences Early Career Award
Authors: Thunell Robert , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia
Published: April 2007

Claudia Benitez‐Nelson received the AGU Ocean Sciences Early Career Award at the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif, in recognition of significant contributions to and promise in the ocean sciences.

It gives me great pleasure to introduce the AGU Ocean Sciences Early Career Award winner, Claudia Benitez‐Nelson. Claudia grew up in Seattle and entered the University of Washington as a chemistry major at the age of 13. It was at UW that Claudia was introduced to oceanography, and by the time she finished, she had B.S. degrees in both physical chemistry and chemical oceanography. At UW, Claudia was a member of the women's soccer team, an interest she still pursues with great passion. Claudia went on to get a Ph.D. in 1999 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program where she studied phosphorus cycling under the tutelage of Ken Buesseler. Following a postdoc at the University of Hawaii, Claudia was hired as an assistant professor at University of South Carolina in 2002 and was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 2006.
Nerem receives 2006 geodesy section award
Authors: Born George , Nerem R. Steven
Published: April 2007

R. Steven Nerem received the Geodesy Section Award at the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given in recognition of major advances in geodesy.

Steve Nerem has been at the forefront of geodetic and oceanographic research since receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin, in 1989. He is currently professor of aerospace engineering sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and is a Fellow of the Colorado Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. He also serves as associate director of the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research.
Climate change effects on European seas and coasts
Authors: Zielinski Sarah
Published: April 2007

Greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere are likely to have persistent impacts in a range of areas, including on seas and coasts. A new report from a working group of the European Science Foundation's Marine Board has documented existing knowledge about climate change and its potential impacts on European seas and coasts. The report also makes several recommendations for future monitoring. These include a call for the research community to better predict and identify the nature and rate of the consequences of climate change on the marine environment, including marine organisms, as well as potential feedback mechanisms. The report also identifies future monitoring, modeling, and research needs.
Climate change impacts on soil and water conservation
Authors: Garbrecht Jurgen D. , Steiner Jean L. , Cox Craig A.
Published: April 2007

Climate change and particularly precipitation changes will affect water runoff and soil erosion from agricultural cropland, but will the change be large enough to warrant modifications in U.S. conservation policy or practice? In a 2003 report by the Soil and Water Conservation Society (SWCS), this question was answered with an emphatic yes [SWSC, 2003]. Impacts of projected precipitation changes on soil erosion and runoff are complex, display high regional and temporal variability, and depend on a number of nonclimatic factors, such as seasonal timing of agronomic practices and antecedent soil moisture conditions. Altogether, observed and projected changes in precipitation are believed to substantially heighten the risk of runoff, soil erosion, and related environmental consequences. This article reports on a follow‐up workshop that called for a review of current approaches to estimating soil erosion and runoff on agricultural lands, enhancements to soil and water planning tools, and strengthening of conservation practices and standards.
Mono Lake radiocarbon: The mystery deepens
Authors: Broecker Wallace S. , Wanninkhof Rik
Published: April 2007

The ratio of carbon‐14 (14C) to carbon in the dissolved inorganic carbon (ΣCO2) of California's Mono Lake has continued to rise at a rate far faster than expected from the invasion of bomb‐test14C‐labeled atmospheric CO2. Two explanations can be given. One is that the invasion rate of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is 5 or so times higher than that for chemically inert gases. The second is tha Mono Lake has been used as a site for clandestine disposal of radiocarbon.

In this paper, we attempt to reconstruct the radiocarbon history of the lake by invoking the addition of radiocarbon‐free CO2 from the volcanic center that lies beneath the lake and the invasion of bomb‐test tagged CO2 from above.
Meeting Ph.D. graduates' needs in a changing global environment
Authors: Weiler C. Susan
Published: April 2007

While the world is becoming smaller in some senses, the intellectual terrain is becoming ever more difficult to traverse. The physical world is changing at an accelerated pace because of human activities. New technologies and intellectual breakthroughs have profoundly changed our understanding of the environment but also have revealed vast chasms of ignorance at the boundaries between disciplines. Disciplines have fractured, multiplied, and coalesced like volcanic islands in a sea of turmoil. The net result is that interdisciplinary collaborations are increasingly needed to extend research frontiers and address issues at the interface of science and society.