bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhinoplasty
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

The nose must be assessed with regard to the whole face including the brow and the chin.

Surgery to improve the appearance of the nose must preserve the function of the nose.

Modern rhinoplasty tends to modify existing structures rather than remove them.

Surgeon and patient must agree on realistic expectations of what can or cannot be achieved.

Rhinoplasty (a nose job) is a popular procedure. The nose is a prominent and highly visible feature of the face and has a powerful impact on our perception of attractiveness. If the nose appears to be to long, prominent, thick, thin, bulbous, wide, pointy, crooked, or droopy, surgery may be considered. The problem may be confined to one area such as the tip of the nose or a pronounced ‘hump’. If the problem is due to a bent or crooked nose, this may be due to previous trauma or injury. Often this may result in a variety of ‘functional’ problems, including breathing difficulty, snoring, excessive mucus, blockages, and allergic-type symptoms. The surgery for these problems may involve a ‘septoplasty’ and/or a ‘turbinectomy’, which may or may not normally be required as part of an operation to improve appearance.
Eyelid and brow surgery
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

Eyelid surgery is complex and demanding. The surgeon should be highly skilled and experienced in these techniques.

Lower eyelid surgery has the potential to cause a variety of problems that are difficult to correct.

The eyelid area must be treated in the context of the rest of the face.

Ageing in the upper third of the face affects the brow, upper and lower eyelids, and the cheek area. These structures are not improved by a traditional facelift, which is directed at the lower cheek, jowls, jaw line, and neck. This distinction is very important to understand for several reasons. As well as appreciating the scope of facelifting by itself, it also explains why the results of facelifting may be disappointing. A facelift may achieve its objectives but result in a imbalance or disharmony in the overall effect. The features of ageing in the upper face may even be accentuated.
Lip surgery
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

Full plump lips are a desirable feature of a youthful, attractive face.

Temporary fillers offer a safe, reliable and effective means of enhancing the lip volume.

Permanent fillers may produce significant complications, even after many years.

Full or plump lips are universally regarded as desirable, attractive, and youthful. They are perceived as sensual and feminine. They have erotic and sexual potential. Lips are enhanced with lipstick and adorned in many cultures, including piercing or stretching with weights.
Engaged Scholarship in a Professional School
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

Understanding how research can advance scientific and practical knowledge is an ongoing challenge for scholars who work in professional schools, such as business, engineering, social work, medicine, agriculture, education, public administration, journalism, and law. A central mission of scholars in professional schools is to conduct research that both advances a scientific discipline and enlightens practice in a professional domain (Simon 1976). Professional schools typically build their raison d’eˆtre on the mission of conducting research knowledge that advances both science and practice (Simon 1976; Kondrat 1992; TranWeld and Starkey 1998). But this mission remains an elusive ideal.
Formulating the Research Problem
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

Problem formulation is often the first—and most important—task of the engaged scholarship process. Problem formulation plays a crucial role in grounding the subject or problem in reality, and directly affects how theory building, research design, and problem solving tasks are performed. Yet, researchers often overlook or pay little attention to problem formulation. Witness, for example, the glib problem statements in the introduction of most research articles in social science journals. Like other human beings, researchers tend not to be ‘problem-minded,’ and prefer instead to be ‘solution-driven’ by focusing on developing and testing models or theories for problems that often remain unclear.
Variance and Process Models
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the research design activities illustrated in Figure 5.1 of the engaged scholarship process. It assumes that an empirical research study is being designed for the purpose of developing or testing a theory as discussed in Chapter 4 to examine a research problem and question as formulated in Chapter 3. Since a theory is not directly observable, it needs to be transformed into an operational research model. This chapter introduces two basic models—variance and process models—that are commonly used for designing social research to study different kinds of questions and propositions. The two models adopt different epistemological assumptions, hypotheses, and instruments for representing the theory and phenomenon being investigated. Following this overview, the next two chapters discuss operational steps and decisions in designing a variance model (Chapter 6) and process model (Chapter 7).
The Right of Resistance in Situations of Severe Deprivation
Authors: Gargarella Roberto
Published: November 2023

Since the end of the 1990s, and following a decade of severe economic programs of structural adjustment, Latin America has experienced numerous popular revolts. These revolts involved massive popular manifestations over a period, and high levels of verbal and physical aggression against politicians, judges, and public officers in general. The protests included, for example, picketers blocking the traffic on national or state highways demanding employment, food, or subsidies, and noisy demonstrations or ‘cacerolazos’ (pots and pans demonstrations). Aggressive action aimed at public authorities reached their homes and properties, and also the public buildings where they work (government offices, the legislatures, and the courts).
The Halcyon Years: Terms of Reference
Authors: Fletcher Winston
Published: November 2023

During the second half of the twentieth century British advertising led the world, and Powers of Persuasion unashamedly bangs this British drum. As it happens Britain also led the world during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which is counter-intuitive because America is widely thought to be the heartland of advertising. Well, the United States is much the largest advertising market in the world, accounting for about 45 per cent of all global expenditure, and the level of advertising expenditure per capita there hovers around 60 per cent above the level in Britain. But from the late 1950s, and particularly from the early 1970s onwards, the British advertising industry not only produced innovative and brilliant advertisements, it also led the field in other important and influential ways—a surge which continued until the end of the century.
Antecedents: Look Back in Wonder
Authors: Fletcher Winston
Published: November 2023

Shop signs existed in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, but the Athenians can probably lay claim to the invention of modern commercial advertising as we know it. In Athens there were town criers, chosen for their mellifluous voices and clear elocution, who interrupted their proclamations with paid-for advertisements (just as advertisements interrupt television newscasts today). Aesclyptoe, an early Athenian cosmetician, promoted his lotions and potions with consummate professionalism:
The Nineteen-Eighties: Brits Buy Up the Business
Authors: Fletcher Winston
Published: November 2023

If the 1970s particularly celebrated British creative triumphs, the 1980s particularly celebrated British financial triumphs. On 2 July 1989 the New York Times Magazine devoted its front page to an 8-page feature titled ‘BRITS BUY UP THE AD BUSINESS ’. The Saatchis and Martin Sorrell ’s WPP had taken large bites out of the Big Apple. True, Britain ’s creativity continued to flower, and much of the 1970s impetus surged on into the 1980s. The first half of the decade introduced the public to Tosh, as in ‘Hello Tosh, Gotta Toshiba? ’; to J R Hartley endlessly scouring the Yellow Pages for his fishing book; to Lego ’s muchgarlanded Lego ‘Kipper ‘ commercial; and to Arkwright, the flat-capped, phlegmatic hero of the John Smith Bitter campaign which ran for nine years.
Foundations of Operative Surgery — An Introduction to Surgical Techniques
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

Technical expertise in the operating theatre remains a hallmark of surgical practice. Theatre etiquette and instrument handling skills are highly specific to the specialty of surgery, and trainees need to quickly become familiar with them. This book introduces operative technique in an original way. It first discusses the roles and responsibilities of the surgical trainee and explains some the unwritten rules of behaviour in the operating theatre. It then brings a unique approach to teaching operative surgery by describing operations as a series of generic manoeuvres which, when mastered and put together in the correct order, will allow any procedure to be performed - and prove useful across subspecialty boundaries. This approach is illustrated using clear diagrams and full colour photographs. It is further enhanced through a free DVD comprising 55 high quality video clips taken from live operating sessions which illustrate the various techniques described inside.
Organizational Learning and Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Easterby-Smith Mark , Antonacopoulou Elena , Graça Manuel , Ferdinand Jason
Published: November 2023

Two external dynamics have impacted on us within the last 12 or 18 months quite dramatically. We had two major customers, big customers that were both our competitors and in the space of 18 months they’ve practically stopped buying from us. One of them because they’ve got their own internal capacity for production so they’re doing that internally. The other main competitor has got associated with the other dynamic, which is cheap imports from Asia. So these customers have changed their strategy and they’re pretty well sourcing from Asia as quickly as they possibly could.
Managing Knowledge Representation in Design
Authors: Whyte Jennifer , Ewenstein Boris , Hales Mike , Tidd Joe
Published: November 2023

Today’s companies have extensive data sets at their fingertips, but face problems making sense of and using them in their knowledge work. In board rooms, executives are seen wracking their memories and jotting fragmented ideas on whiteboards. Yet in much of the literature, knowledge is seen as something that organizations can capture, codify, and transfer. From the perspective taken in this literature, digital and physical archives are seen as good and sufficient mechanisms for collecting, storing, and accessing knowledge within organizations. The limitation to such a perspective is highlighted both by empirical observations of practice in organizations and by theoretical work on organizational knowledge and learning.
The Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and New Principles of International Law
Authors: Glaser Stefan
Published: November 2023

As I begin my presentation, I must make a remark right at the outset which will simultaneously be a clarification and an excuse. As you know, the issue of the legal nature of war crimes is so vast and complex that in a one-hour presentation, I will only be able to touch upon a few questions, and those only in a most superficial manner. And so, pardon me in advance if, in this brief exploration, you hear nothing revealing or new. ;is whole issue has been, especially in these recent days, considered under all of its aspects.
The Nürnberg Trial
Authors: Biddle Francis
Published: November 2023

More than six months have now elapsed since the International Military Tribunal rendered its judgment in Nürnberg. It has been widely discussed, and although public opinion is by no means unanimous, approval, with some reservations, is general; much of the early criticism, necessarily theoretical since the trial had not yet taken place, has disappeared; and some of the most sincere and intelligent critics have, with unusual courage and honesty, taken the trouble to state their change in point of view, giving their reasons. I refer particularly to Mr. Sheldon Glueck, professor of criminal law at Harvard, who, in his book The Nuremberg Trial and Aggressive War, explains why he now believes that the trial of these war criminals on the charges brought against them was clearly justifi ed; and to Judge Charles E. Wyzanski’s article, in the Atlantic Monthly for December, 1946.
Will the Judgment in the Nuremberg Trial Constitute a Precedent in International Law
Authors: Kelsen Hans
Published: November 2023

In his report to the President of the U.S. of October 15, 1946, on the Nuremberg Trial, Mr. Justice Jackson said that the rules of law applied by the International Military Tribunal in the trial of the German war criminals have been ‘incorporated’ into a ‘judicial precedent’. ‘A judgment such as has been rendered shifts the power of the precedent to the support of these rules of law. No one can hereafter deny or fail to know that the principles on which the Nazi leaders are adjudged to forfeit their lives constitute law—law with a sanction’.¹ ;e correctness of this statement is doubtful.
The Issues of the Nuremberg Trial
Authors: Wechsler Herbert
Published: November 2023

One may say without impertinence to historians that the judgment that history will render upon a legal proceeding is not usually a matter of acute concern either to counsel or to the court. In this respect, at least, the Nuremberg trial was a highly exceptional affair; for the perspective of most of the participants, and even that of the defendants, was focused very much on the future, distant and problematical as it is. ;e dominant mood was put in words by Justice Jackson, in opening the case for the prosecution: ‘We must never forget that the record on which we judge these defendants to-day is the record on which history will judge us to-morrow.
The Law of the Nuremberg Trial
Authors: Wright Quincy
Published: November 2023

On the afternoon of October 1, 1946, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg sentenced twelve of the twenty-two Nazi defendants to death by hanging and seven to imprisonment for terms ranging from ten years to life. Three were acquitted. Three of the six accused organizations were found to be criminal. reading of these sentences was preceded by the reading, through the whole of September 30, of the general opinion of the Tribunal on the four counts of the indictment and, on the morning of October 1, of the opinion on the charges against each defendant.
Nuremberg in Retrospect: Legal Answer to International Lawlessness
Authors: Jackson Robert H
Published: November 2023

The Nuremberg Trial of the major Nazi war criminals was an attempt to answer in terms of the law the most serious challenge that faces modern civilization— war and international lawlessness. The legal profession, by most countries, has been conceded leadership in working out rules of law which will keep their peace, security and liberty. As the lawyer is the most frequently chosen legislator, diplomat, executive and political leader, the intellectual discipline which we call ‘the law’ saturates Western World statesmanship and diplomacy.
The Nuremberg Trials
Authors: Taylor Telford
Published: November 2023

In Justice Jackson’s own estimation, his service at Nuremberg was ‘the most important, enduring, and constructive work of my life.’e man who wrote these words was looking back on twenty-one fruitful years at the bar in western New York State, seven phenomenally successful years as legal spokesman of the Executive branch, culminating in his achievements as Solicitor General and Attorney General, and twelve years of outstanding service on the nation’s supreme bench. Yet in final retrospect, the Justice saw as the climax of this richly varied and distinguished career of forty-odd years, his eighteen months as Representative and Chief of Counsel of the United States ‘in preparing and prosecuting charges of atrocities and war crimes against the Leaders of the European Axis Powers and their Principal Agents and Accessories.
Down syndrome
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: November 2023

Down syndrome is a genetic condition which causes varying degrees of learning disability as well as other health problems. Nearly one baby in every 1000 born in the UK has the condition. Parents are often frightened and confused by the birth of a baby with Down syndrome, and they need reassurance as well as up-to-date information regarding the condition. The new edition of this highly regarded book for parents of children with Down syndrome covers a number of important new developments in research and clinical practice that have occurred in the field in recent years. These include several newly recognised medical conditions that are known to occur more commonly in patients with Down syndrome, for example, glaucoma, gastrointestinal malformations, feeding difficulties, gastro-oesophageal reflux, coeliac disease, and diabetes. This expanded edition also includes new recommendations regarding routine health checks in line with those of the UK Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group (UKDSMIG). Additionally the book covers new prenatal screening methods which have been developed to identify Down syndrome during pregnancy.
Case in Africa
Authors: könig Christa
Published: November 2023

This book provides a typological overview of the different manifestations of grammaticalized case systems in African languages. After defining and distinguishing case systems, Christa König begins a thorough analysis of case in roughly 100 African languages and reveals several features, such as tone as a marker for case and the marked-nominative system, which are rare phenomena in other languages of the world. Wherever possible, the author takes into account data from her own substantial and highly regarded field research. The book provides answers to questions such as the following: What is the relationship between definiteness and case. Are case phenomena areally or genetically motivated? Why are case distinctions neutralized in nearly all case languages with verb initial or verb medial word order? Which grammaticalizations appear with case? What is the relationship between topics and nominative cases, or focus and accusative cases?
Antecedents and Correlates of Public Service Motivation
Authors: Pandey Sanjay K , Stazyk Edmund C
Published: November 2023

Systematic research, especially empirical research, on public service motivation is of recent vintage and grows out of a recognition that the public sector motivational terrain differs from the private sector (Perry & Porter, 1982; Perry & Rainey, 1988). Early work recognized that these sector-based differences were related to both organizational and individual circumstances (Perry & Porter, 1982). Put another way, individual proclivities to derive fulfillment and satisfaction from public sector work were expected to vary on the basis of formal and informal aspects of the work environment as well as individual attributes. This belief is the product of a rich tradition in public administration scholarship that has long recognized the presence of an ethic grounded uniquely in public service, which has been expected to lead to the pursuit of government careers and also predispose individuals to derive satisfaction from public sector work (Horton, this volume; Mosher, 1982; Perry & Wise, 1990; Rainey, 1982). It is only in the last 20 years or so that this tradition has given rise to empirical research on public service motivation.
Organizational Dynamics
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A
Published: November 2023

Many of the deWnitions of organization developed during the last sixty years assume, explicitly or implicitly, that organizations can be deemed as ‘systems’. We can deWne a system as a group of independent but interrelated elements (in our context, departments, divisions, functional areas or teams) comprising a uniWed whole (the organization). It is worth at this point remarking that our understanding of the dynamics of organizations varies signiWcantly according to whether we consider them to be as closed or open systems.
Why So Few and Why So Slow? Women as Parliamentary Representatives in Europe from a Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Christmas-Best Verona , Kjær Ulrik
Published: November 2023

In the push towards gender equality that characterized much of the social level opment in Europe during the twentieth century, and in spite of women making significant gains in areas such as education and employment, the realm of political representation, especially at national level, has proved particularly resistant to change. So much so that despite increased success in some Scandinavian countries it has been labelled as “the last bastion of masculinity”, with women”s level of political representation best described as “stagnation” (Janova and Sineau 1992: 118).
Harassment
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard
Published: November 2023

Harassment on one of the prohibited grounds is one of the most problematic 11.01 diversity issues in the workplace: it is distressing for employees, difficult for managers to address, and yet, if left unchecked, can have a wide range of damaging and expensive consequences. In this chapter we discuss the nature, extent and effects of harassment in the workplace, set out the relevant legal provisions and consider practical steps employers can take to prevent, identify and respond to allegations of harassment in the most fair and effective way.
Managing Litigation
Authors: Hill Henrietta , Kenyon Richard
Published: November 2023

The intention of this book is to encourage employers to take a proactive and positive approach to equality and diversity issues, so that decisions can be made throughout the employment process which strike the correct balance between the employer’s needs and those of their employees. We hope that one consequence of such an approach is that the risk of litigation is avoided, or at least minimised. However, we recognise the reality that in some cases, and sometimes despite the best efforts of both employers and their employees, equality and diversity issues do end in litigation, and that this can be a hugely distressing, damaging and expensive experience for all concerned. In this, the last substantive chapter of this book, we therefore try and give practical advice to employers about how best to manage litigation when it occurs.
The Anatomy of Serious Further Offending
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy
Published: November 2023

Further serious offences committed by those released early from custody is the subject of intense media scrutiny . This accessible text examines the subject of further serious offending through the medium of major inquiries, inspections and reports. Inquiries discussed include the Clunis Inquiry, the Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry, the Marchioness Inquiry and the Anthony Rice Inquiry. This book explores the extent to which recommendations are implemented and their impact on the development of public protection policy. Reviewing all the major inquiries relating to further serious offending, the authors highlight commonalities that emerge from these reports, such as the nature of the offence and the type of response, as well as organisational and individual failures. By identifying similarities and themes across a range of agencies, the authors explore the nature of organisational and personal failure and blame. Whilst most responses to further serious offending are organisationally based, they rarely refer to personal failings on the part of agency workers. This title does both, whilst providing an outline of the constitution and culture of inquiries and the development of the multi-agency approach. This book also argues that the public protection edifice is built upon perceptions of danger which rarely reflect the true nature of dangerous behaviour. The authors propose that many inquiries refer to incidents that do not meet the stereotypical profile of a dangerous predator; subsequently the construction of dangerousness is re-examined in the light of Inquiry findings and recommendations. This title is a thought-provoking and topical book of great interest to probation practitioners and students alike.
Introduction
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy
Published: November 2023

On 21 November 2007 newspapers and television reports screamed out the latest government catastrophe. It appeared as if a fairly low grade civil servant in HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) had downloaded to disc the data of over seven million persons claiming child benefit and posted them in the ‘ordinary ‘ post to the National Audit Office in London. The two compact discs containing the data appeared to have been lost and there were claims that the personal and banking details of up to 25 million people had been breached. The head of the HMRC resigned immediately and both the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister were forced into humiliating apologies in the House of Com- mons. The shadow chancellor described the breach as a catastrophe.
Back to Basics— Understanding Offending Behaviour
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we plan to provide an overview of understanding offending behaviour. What will become apparent as the rest of the book unfolds is that in reviews and inquiries into cases of serious further offending, organizational failures in the management and supervision of the offender are often highlighted. We spend a great deal of time examining such failures in later chapters. What management reviews and independent inquiries fail to consider in any detail is the offending behaviour itself. This must be highlighted and remembered; regardless of whether there are clear identifiable failures in the offender management system, the one factor that is constant in all cases of SFOs is that there is a motivated offender who has committed a serious crime.
Inquiry Culture— Moving Forward or Process Compliance
Authors: Nash Mike , Williams Andy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we plan to provide background and context to what is the primary subject of the book itself—inquiries into serious further offending by known and currently supervised offenders. These inquiries, or more accurately reviews, continue a long tradition of investigating matters of public interest and where governments or agencies are perceived to be seriously at fault. Inquiring into serious events which impact upon the public has been a feature of life since at least the times of Henry VII. Although mostly focused around major tragedies involving substantial loss of life, inquiries may also be invoked when confidence in government is called into question. They will now be used routinely to investigate issues of public concern, for example, in local planning and environmental matters.
Communication skills
Authors: Cooper Simon , Lewy Lisa
Published: November 2023

Communication is the two-way process of giving and receiving information, both verbally and non-verbally. It is a key and essential aspect of nursing care. Communication is a core dimension in the NHS Knowledge and Skills Framework (Department of Health 2004) and within the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Standards (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008). Both refer to the requirements for communication with a range of people (colleagues, external agencies, and patients) on a variety of simple and complex matters.
Prologue
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: November 2023

In a brief letter written to his devoted mother in 1900, the French novelist Marcel Proust complained that the previous day he had suffered from an ‘attack of asthma of unbelievable violence and tenacity’, which had obliged him to spend all night on his feet in spite of extreme tiredness. Such episodes of acutely debilitating asthma were not unusual for Proust during this period of his life. In another intimate note to his mother, dated 26 August 1901, Proust described how, having travelled to Versailles to visit some distant relatives, he had been ‘seized with a horrifying attack of asthma, so that I didn’t know what to do or where to hide myself’.
A International Courts An Overview
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh
Published: November 2023

The expansion of the number and power of international courts since the end of the Cold War seems to point toward an increasing role not only for law in general but for judges in particular. The process is not a recent one, however; it has a history of more than three hundred years. Its development is, furthermore, neither linear nor inevitable. There are essentially three milestones in the history of international courts.
The Triangular Trade
Authors: Morgan Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The ships involved in the slave trade followed a triangular route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Generations of historians have there- fore referred to transatlantic slaving by its geometrical shape, as a triangular trade. The first leg of the triangle was the outward voyage from the English home port—usually London, Bristol, or Liverpool—to the West African coast. Ships sailed laden with manufactured goods that could be exchanged for slaves in Africa.
Slave Emancipation
Authors: Morgan Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Be it therefore enacted … that from and after the 1st day of May 1807, the African slave trade, and all manner of dealing and trading in the purchase, sale, barter or transfer of slaves, or of persons intended to be sold, transferred, used or dealt with as slaves, practised or carried on in, at, to or from any part of the coast or countries of Africa, shall be … utterly abolished, prohibited and declared to be unlawful.
The Modern Sciences As Reputational Work Organizations
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

The modern sciences have become increasingly important parts of the cultural systems of industrialized societies as producers and validators of knowledge claims about their natural and social environments. They dominate the construction of cognitive orders which serve as means of orientation and attempt to monopolize the production of true knowledge about the world. From being subsidiary to theology and philosophy as systems of understanding, the modern sciences have become the major knowledge-producing social institution in societies where scientific knowledge is highly regarded and its production strongly supported. As such they have been the object of considerable discussion by philosophers, historians and, more recently, social scientists who have usually sought to understand their distinctive nature, patterns of development, and conditions of progress.
The Organizational Structures Of Scientific Fields
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

IN the previous two chapters I have discussed two major dimensions of organizational structure which are related to major differences in how scientific work is organized and controlled in different fields, and to variations in the context of different sciences. Essentially, these dimensions summarize some of the critical features of heterogenous scientific fields considered as distinct reputational organizations, and enable us to explore relationships between these features and the environments of reputational organizations. They thus pro¬ vide a connection between certain general aspects of the social contexts- of scientific fields, and their dominant patterns of knowledge production and validation.
Relationships Between Scientific Fields And changes In The Organization Of The Sciences
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

So far I have largely focussed on the structure of scientific fields considered as distinct organizational entities in particular environments. In this concluding chapter I shall discuss relations of dependence between fields and how the:::e form a distinct level of organization, that of science in general, as a particular system of generating and co-ordinating intellectual innovations about a broad range of topics. As mentioned in the last chapter, a major part of the environment of any scientific field is the set of immediately adjacent fields and their interconnections constitute an important component of its context. Similarly, once science has become established as a major, if not the dominant, system of knowledge production and validation, the particular location of a field within that system is a major factor in determining its autonomy, coherence, and direction.
Politics and Industrial Relations
Authors: Martin Roderick
Published: November 2023

This chapter seeks to build upon the classic pluralist tradition of British industrial relations research. In this chapter industrial relations is conceived, following Flanders, as the ‘study of the institutions of job regulation’ (Flanders 1970: 86; for a discussion of alternative definitions see, for example Blyton and Turnbull 1998: ch. 2). Here (although not in Flanders’ original paper) the concept of ‘institutions’ is used in the broad sense adopted by ‘modern’ institutional theory: ‘institutions consist of cognitive, normative, and regulative structures and activities that provide stability and meaning to social behaviour. Institutions are transported by various carriers-cultures, structures, and routines-and they operate at multiple levels of jurisdiction’ (Scott 1995: 33).
Industrial Relations in North America
Authors: Kaufman Bruce E
Published: November 2023

As we enter a new century, it seems particularly appropriate to take stock of the past accomplishments, current status, and future prospects of the field of industrial relations. In this chapter, I review these themes as they pertain to the North American situation. The origins of industrial relations (IR) in North America are identified and the evolution of the field is followed over the course of the twentieth century, with a focus primarily on developments in the United States. Central to this story is the changing definition and intellectual domain of industrial relations, particularly vis-a-vis the closely allied field of human resource management (HRM) —a subject that forms the core of this chapter. At the end, I offer an assessment of the current status of IR in North America and a forecast of the field’s near-term future.
Marxism and Industrial Relations
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: November 2023

Until the later part of the 1990s, a sense pervaded the field of industrial relations (IR)1 in Britain that Marxism as a serious intellectual worldview and current within the subject area, when compared to its high mark of the 1970s, was a spent, if interesting, force. Throughout the western economies, the decline in union presence and collective mobilizations since the 1970s, the defeat of many of the strongest sections of organized labour, the hegemony of the neoliberal project (in various guises) and the implosion of ‘actually existing socialism’ all created pressures on many Marxists and those influenced by Marxism within the field of IR. These pressures led to the abandonment of Marxist ideas or the downgrading of Marxism as a central concern within their work.
National Identity and Citizenship: The Cases of Germany and France
Authors: Giesen Bernhard
Published: November 2023

Citizenship has become one of the central issues of contemporary debates where politics, public law, and social science meet. The controversial character of these debates not only is a matter of conceptual diversity but results from the nature of the issue itself. Regardless whether we conceive of citizenship as a legal status or as a practice, as a foundation in a communitarian perspective or as rights in a liberal perspective, as a matter of welfare entitlements or of political participation, it is publicly debated, claimed, and challenged. It requires justification. These public debates are engendered by the tension between the inclusive thrust of universalism and the fact that citizenship can never avoid exclusion.
Decentralizing Development
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary
Published: November 2023

Decentralization has become a fashionable policy prescription among reformers in Latin America. But how does it work in practice? Are the claims that it promotes efficiency, participation, and fiscal responsibility justified? Does the process improve the delivery of social services at the local level and encourage the participation of local communities? What conditions allow a positive response to the challenges of decentralization? This book seeks to explore these questions by examining the experience of seven medium sized provincial towns in Colombia and Chile. The overall national context is analyzed and the differences between the two countries emphasized. Colombia embarked on a process of radical decentralization, largely because of perceived failures of the state at the central level, while in Chile the process of change was much more cautious, since a relatively efficient central state wished to maintain tight control over reform. The effect on the development and politics of the seven cities is also described, and the reasons for the very different outcomes assessed. Particular attention is paid to the role of the mayor and the ability to construct a local coalition for reform. Three thematic chapters further explore the impact of decentralization on the local economy and the role of the private sector in fostering development; the way in which educational reform has been advanced by local authority and community involvement; and the manner in which the new institutional structures affect the development of policies for local poverty alleviation. The authors draw on extensive fieldwork involving numerous interviews with actors at all levels and from all sectors. The result is a unique test, at the local level in Latin America, of the outcome of reforms to the institutional structure of government.
Conclusions
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary
Published: November 2023

In the context of the political and economic hyberalization that has been implemented in our two countries, under what conditions can decentralization become a catalyst for development? Our initial framework postulated that much of the secret of success or failure would he in the interactions of economic and political processes. We also suggested that the nature of interactions in a different sense, between the different levels of government, would be crucial, and that central government would need to continue to play a strong role, particularly in the social sector. We argued that these issues had to be explored through detailed observation of empirical processes, which makes generalization a matter to be handled with care. But we have found it possible to draw general conclusions.
Legitimacy
Authors: Estella Antonio
Published: November 2023

The principle of subsidiarity was incorporated into the ECT through the Maastricht Treaty, signed by the representatives of the Member States on 7 February 1992. The incorporation of subsidiarity within the Treaty followed the debate on the Community’s Legitimacy between the Member States from the end of the 1980s onwards. This debate was prompted by the overall awareness of the dimensions that the process of growth had by then taken place. As shown in the previous Chapter, the Community experienced a dramatic expansion of its regulatory activities during the SEA period. By itself, this fact would be almost irrelevant. However, as noted above, this expansion took place in a procedural context dominated, if not by the reality of majority voting, then at least by the real threats by Member States to implement the principle. In the period prior to the SEA, Member States had the guarantee that Community powers would not develop if a single Member State opposed it. Before 1966, unanimity was established by the Treaty for almost all cases of Community intervention. After 1966, the Luxembourg compromise came to mean that this institutional status quo was to be maintained. However, the Single European Act dramatically changed this state of affairs. Member States, prompted by the European Commission,1 decided to re-incorporate and even extend majority voting.
Subsidiarity in Maastricht
Authors: Estella Antonio
Published: November 2023

In the reform of the Treaties that took place in Maastricht, the Member States decided to introduce into the Community legal order a new Article (Article 3b, now Article 5) of the ECT, whose second paragraph reads as follows: In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community.
Animals
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

Nuisances caused by animals were common before and during the Industrial Revolution. They were one of the first kinds of statutory nuisance, the wording in its present form being changed only slightly from that used in the J 855 Nuisances Removal Act. Nuisance from animals became particularly acute in towns and cities from the l 840s. An influx of unskilled labourers and service workers who brought pigs, fowl, donkeys and horses with them caused nuisances where humans and animals shared the same domestic space. This added to the over crowding already prevalent in urban environments and was seen as a health risk as well as a nuisance.
Italy: Economic Development through Local Economies
Authors: Burronl Luigi , Trigilia Carlo
Published: November 2023

The role of small-firm systems-especially in the form of industrial districts-has attracted attention as a distinctive feature of Italian economic development. The aim of this chapter is to analyse the most recent changes in local economies. Are these productive structures still growing? Or are they facing a decline? Has there been a change in the organization of production and in governance models? We shall show that local production systems continued to grow in the 1990s and increased their role in the Italian economy. However, this process has entailed an increasing variety of organizational models. Traditional industrial districts are still important, especially in the regions of the Third Italy (central and north-east Italy). At the same time new models of networks have grown: local production systems based on the role of a leading large firm (networked firm) or of a few medium-sized firms.
Introduction: Management Consulting as a Knowledge Industry
Authors: Engwall Lars , Kipping Matthias
Published: November 2023

Over recent years interest in management consultancy has grown rapidly. Most of the relevant literature has focused on the expansion or, as some say, explosion of the consulting industry during the last decade of the twentieth century, and has tried to identify the reasons behind this development. Authors contributing to this literature come from a variety of backgrounds. They include academics and journalists as well as practitioners and their associations. Their contributions cover a wide range of issues. Some make attempts to quantify the consulting markets, the major service providers, and their growth rates. Others examine consultancy interventions in particular organizations, or try to provide a general overview of how consultants work-or recipes for how they should work (see details in Kipping and Armbruster (1998), who structure the literature according to the cognitive interests of the authors).
Taxation Research as Political Science Research
Authors: Radaelli Claudio M
Published: November 2023

Taxation is politics. Taxes are an essential component of the budget, affect the distribution of income across social groups, and hit the voter’s pocket- book. The link between taxation and representation is an inherent aspect of democracy. The structure of the tax system reveals the preferences of the government for redistribution and equity. It also shapes the size of the welfare state and the amount of resources available for social protection. Taxes have an impact on economic decisions, and governments may try to use tax policy to encourage certain types of economic behaviour.
Taxation Research as Social Policy Research
Authors: Boden Rebecca
Published: November 2023

This book is a paradigm example of the fact that, to be sensitively understood, taxation must be viewed and researched in its social and organizational contexts. Taxation systems will always be sets of rules and tools that impact upon and are shaped by policies, socioeconomic objectives, and politics. As such, and again as this book explicates, researching taxation is best approached through the medium of a base discipline. In this chapter, I attempt to view taxation through the lens of social policy research. This chapter does four things.
Taxation and Business Strategy
Authors: James Simon
Published: November 2023

‘It is not economical to go to bed early to save candles if the results are twins’ runs an old Chinese proverb. Saving tax can also come at a price. Minimizing tax liability is not an end in its own right and sometimes can have disadvantages in other respects. After discussing some introductory matters, this chapter deals in turn with the ‘textbook approach’ to these issues, developing business strategy including the taxation, ‘the future’, and ﬁnally draws some conclusions.
Microeconomic Approaches to Tax Research
Authors: Macnaughton Alan , Mawani Amin
Published: November 2023

A major reason for this failing in the literature has been the interdisciplinary nature of the problem. Economists and ﬁnance researchers have had a traditional aversion to institutional detail and cannot easily read articles by tax practitioners, while academic accountants and lawyers have until recently not had the graduate-level economics training required to produce the required theoretical and empirical studies.
International Transfer Pricing
Authors: Elliott Jamie
Published: November 2023

Transfer prices represent the prices at which goods, services, or intangibles are transferred/provided by one enterprise to an associated enterprise. International Transfer Pricing (ITP) concerns cross-border intragroup transfers. The magnitude of these transfers is apparent when considering the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the world economy.
Producing Good Taxation Research
Authors: Lamb Margaret , Lymer Andrew
Published: November 2023

The main objective of this book is ‘to guide and encourage readers to produce more good taxation research’ (Section 1.2). We have made clear our view, shared with our co-authors, that ‘taxation research will be enriched if multidisciplinary perspectives are complemented by interdisciplinary perspectives’ (Section 1.5).
Recognising the Foreign Judgment and Verifying its Status as a Res Judicata
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

In Part A we introduced the generic concept of a res judicata—a final and 2.01 conclusive judicial decision on the merits by a judicial tribunal having competent jurisdiction over the matter in dispute and the parties. We also saw that verifying the res judicata status of a judgment is essential if it is sought to rely upon the judgment for preclusive purposes. However, peculiar to foreign judgments (as opposed to locally obtained judicial decisions) is the requirement that a foreign judgment must first be recognised before it can take effect within the local forum.

In this chapter we will examine the rules for the recognition or registration in England of foreign judgments as supplied by the common law and the common law inspired statutory registration schemes.