bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of Acetone Processing of Castor Bean Mash for Forensic Investigation of Ricin Preparation Methods*
Authors: Kreuzer Helen W. , Wahl Jon H. , Metoyer Candace N. , Colburn Heather A. , Wahl Karen L.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Samples containing the toxic castor bean protein ricin have been recently seized in connection with biocriminal activity. Analytical methods that enable investigators to determine how the samples were prepared and to match seized samples to potential source materials are needed. One commonly described crude ricin preparation method is acetone extraction of crushed castor beans. Here, we describe the use of solid‐phase microextraction and headspace analysis to determine whether castor beans were processed by acetone extraction. We prepared acetone‐extracted castor bean mash, along with controls of unextracted mash and mash extracted with nonacetone organic solvents. Samples of acetone‐extracted mash and unextracted mash were stored in closed containers for up to 109 days at both room temperature and −20°C, and in open containers at room temperature for up to 94 days. Acetone‐extracted bean mash could consistently be statistically distinguished from controls, even after storage in open containers for 94 days.
Fatal Drowning Accident and Undiagnosed Hydrocephalus
Authors: Cecchetto Giovanni , Feletti Alberto , Montisci Massimo , Fais Paolo , Cecchetto Attilio , Viel Guido
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Bodies found in water present several diagnostic challenges for the forensic examiner, such as the identification of the time and mechanism of death, the postmortem submersion time, and above all the circumstances of drowning. We report the case of a 33‐year‐old security guard found dead in Venice, in the water of the lagoon, who at autopsy presented a previously undiagnosed hydrocephalus with macrocephaly. The victim remained asymptomatic until 2 months before death and had never undergone a neurological or radiological examination. In the article, we emphasize the need to perform a thorough autopsy in all suspected drownings, discuss the etiopathogenesis of the neurological disease and hypothesize a possible relationship between the hydrocephalus and the drowning accident. Finally, we discuss the major clinical and forensic implications of macrocephaly and hydrocephalus in adults.
Missing in Amazonian Jungle: A Case Report of Skeletal Evidence for Dismemberment*
Authors: Delabarde Tania , Ludes Bertrand
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  This case study presents the results of the recovery and analysis of three sets of disarticulated and incomplete human remains found in Ecuador, within the Amazonian jungle. Recovered body parts sustained extensive sharp force trauma situated on different aspect of the skeleton. The anthropological examination (bone reassembly, biological profile) was followed by a detailed analysis of cut marks, including a basic experimental study on pig bones to demonstrate that dismemberment may have occurred within a certain amount of time after death. Despite the location (deep into the Amazonian jungle) and the perpetrator’s actions (dismemberment and dispersion of body parts in a river), forensic work both on the field and in laboratory allowed identification of the victims and the reconstruction of the sequence of events.
Segmental bone defects: from cellular and molecular pathways to the development of novel biological treatments
Authors: Pneumaticos Spyros G. , Triantafyllopoulos Georgios K. , Basdra Efthimia K. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: March 2010

Clinical background

Bone physiology – molecular cues and cellular responses

Standard treatment of segmental bone defects

Tissue engineering

The challenge of angiogenesis

Conclusions

Several conditions in clinical orthopaedic practice can lead to the development of a diaphyseal segmental bone defect, which cannot heal without intervention. Segmental bone defects have been traditionally treated with bone grafting and/or distraction osteogenesis, methods that have many advantages, but also major drawbacks, such as limited availability, risk of disease transmission and prolonged treatment. In order to overcome such limitations, biological treatments have been developed based on specific pathways of bone physiology and healing. Bone tissue engineering is a dynamic field of research, combining osteogenic cells, osteoinductive factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins, and scaffolds with osteoconductive and osteoinductive attributes, to produce constructs that could be used as bone graft substitutes for the treatment of segmental bone defects. Scaffolds are usually made of ceramic or polymeric biomaterials, or combinations of both in composite materials. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the molecular and cellular basis for the development of bone tissue engineering constructs.
Apoptosis of Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma revisited
Authors: BENHARROCH DANIEL , EINAV INBAL , FELDMAN ALEXANDRA , LEVY AMALIA , ARIAD SAMUEL , GOPAS JACOB
Published: March 2010

Benharroch D, Einav I, Feldman A, Levy A, Ariad S, Gopas J. Apoptosis of Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma revisited. APMIS 2010; 118: 339–45.

We scrutinized the role of apoptosis of the Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and critically reviewed its features in the light of conflicting evidence. In this study, we found that tumor cells in this neoplasm showed inhibition of apoptosis in 55% of the 217 cHL cases only. It is also suggested that the two factors considered responsible for apoptosis inhibition in HRS cells, nuclear factor‐κB and the latent membrane protein‐1 of the Epstein–Barr virus, do not correlate with apoptosis inhibition, in contrast with the findings in the consensual pathogenetic scheme. The most significant association of HRS cell apoptosis was with p53, the negative expression of which related with a high apoptotic index (p = 0.001). These findings support our contention that the role of apoptosis in the HRS cells of Hodgkin lymphoma has not been completely elucidated and is at variance with that in the consensus.
Alveolar ridge augmentation using implants coated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (rhBMP‐7/rhOP‐1): histological observations
Authors: Susin Cristiano , Qahash Mohammed , Polimeni Giuseppe , Lu Ping Hung , Prasad Hari S. , Rohrer Michael D. , Hall Jan , Wikesjö Ulf M. E.
Published: March 2010

Susin C, Qahash M, Polimeni G, Lu PH, Prasad HS, Rohrer MD, Hall J, Wikesjö UME. Alveolar ridge augmentation using implants coated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (rhBMP‐7/rhOP‐1): histological observations. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 574–581. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01554.x.

Background: Pre‐clinical studies have shown that recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) coated onto purpose‐designed titanium porous‐oxide surface implants induces clinically relevant bone formation and osseointegration. The objective of this study was to examine the potential of rhBMP‐7, also known as recombinant human osteogenic protein‐1 (rhOP‐1), coated onto titanium porous‐oxide surface implants to support vertical alveolar ridge augmentation and implant osseointegration.

Materials and Methods: Bilateral, critical‐size, 5 mm, supraalveolar peri‐implant defects were created in six young adult Hound Labrador mongrel dogs. The animals received implants coated with rhBMP‐7 at 1.5 or 3.0 mg/ml randomized to contra‐lateral jaw quadrants. The mucoperiosteal flaps were advanced, adapted, and sutured to submerge the implants for primary intention healing. The animals received fluorescent bone markers at 3, 4, 7, and 8 weeks post‐surgery when they were euthanized for histological evaluation.

Results: Without striking differences between treatments, the implant sites exhibited a swelling that gradually regressed to become hard to palpation disguising the implant contours. The histological evaluation showed robust bone formation; the newly formed bone assuming characteristics of the contiguous resident bone, bone formation (height and area) averaging 4.1±1.0 versus 3.6±1.7 mm and 3.6±1.9 versus 3.1±1.8 mm2; and bone density 56%versus 50% for implants coated with rhBMP‐7 at 1.5 and 3.0 mg/ml, respectively. Both treatments exhibited clinically relevant osseointegration, the corresponding bone–implant contact values averaging 51% and 47%. Notable peri‐implant resident bone remodelling was observed for implants coated with rhBMP‐7 at 3.0 mg/ml.

Conclusions: rhBMP‐7 coated onto titanium porous‐oxide surface implants induces clinically relevant local bone formation including osseointegration and vertical augmentation of the alveolar ridge, the higher concentration/dose associated with some local side effects.
Evaluation of implants coated with rhBMP‐2 using two different coating strategies: a critical‐size supraalveolar peri‐implant defect study in dogs
Authors: Lee Jaebum , Decker John F. , Polimeni Giuseppe , Cortella Carlo Alberto , Rohrer Michael D. , Wozney John M. , Hall Jan , Susin Cristiano , Wikesjö Ulf M. E.
Published: March 2010

Lee J, Decker JF, Polimeni G, Cortella CA, Rohrer MD, Wozney JM, Hall J, Susin C, Wikesjö UME. Evaluation of implants coated with rhBMP‐2 using two different coating strategies: a critical‐size supraalveolar peri‐implant defect study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 582–590. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01557.x.

Background: Implants coated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) induce relevant bone formation but also resident bone remodelling.

Objectives: To compare the effect of implants fully or partially coated with rhBMP‐2 on new bone formation and resident bone remodelling.

Materials and Methods: Twelve, male, adult, Hound Labrador mongrel dogs were used. Critical‐size, supraalveolar, peri‐implant defects received titanium porous oxide surface implants coated in their most coronal aspect with rhBMP‐2 (coronal‐load/six animals) or by immersion of the entire implant in an rhBMP‐2 solution (soak‐load/six animals) for a total of 30 μg rhBMP‐2/implant. All implants were air‐dried. The animals were euthanized at 8 weeks for histometric evaluation.

Results: Clinical healing was uneventful. Supraalveolar bone formation was not significantly affected by the rhBMP‐2 application protocol. New bone height and area averaged (± SE) 3.4 ± 0.2 versus 3.5 ± 0.4 mm and 2.6 ± 0.4 versus 2.5 ± 0.7 mm2 for coronal‐load and soak‐load implants, respectively (p>0.05). The corresponding bone density and bone–implant contact (BIC) recordings averaged 38.0 ± 3.8%versus 34.4 ± 5.6% and 25.0 ± 3.8%versus 31.2 ± 3.3% (p>0.05). In contrast, resident bone remodelling was significantly influenced by the rhBMP‐2 application protocol. Bone density outside the implants threads averaged 74.7 ± 3.8% and 50.8 ± 4.1% for coronal‐load and soak‐load implants, respectively (p<0.05); bone density within the thread area averaged 51.8 ± 1.2% and 37.8 ± 2.9%, and BIC 70.1 ± 6.7% and 43.3 ± 3.9% (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Local application of rhBMP‐2 appears to be a viable technology to support local bone formation and osseointegration. Coronal‐load implants obviate resident bone remodelling without compromising new bone formation.
Phylogenetic analysis for the Seoul National University (Minnesota) miniature pig by mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphism
Authors: YEOM Su‐Cheong , KONG Dae‐Young , PARK Chung‐Gyu , LEE Byeong‐Chun , LEE Wang‐Jae
Published: March 2010

Seoul National University (SNU) miniature pigs are originated from the Minnesota miniature pig. This study was conducted to investigate the maternal origin of SNU (Minnesota) miniature pigs and their phylogenetic relationships by analyzing the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D‐loop (control region) sequence. Two mtDNA D‐loop sequences of the SNU miniature pigs were identified. On an unweighted pair‐group method with an arithmetic mean (UPGMA) phylogenetic tree analysis, the large white was the pig breed closest to the SNU miniature pig, and the pairwise distance analysis showed the same result. While mtDNA sequences of 4 pig breeds which were used to establish Minnesota miniature pig were not known, our result might be different from the history of the Minnesota miniature pig development. In conclusion, we thought that some haplotypes of the Minnesota miniature pig maternally were originated from the Large white pig, or that wild pigs had similar mtDNA sequences to the Large white pig, and all SNU miniature pigs were derived from this colony.
Effects of misty‐fan cooling and supplemental rbST on rumen function and milk production of crossbred Holstein cattle during early, mid and late lactation in a tropical environment
Authors: CHANCHAI Wilaiporn , CHANPONGSANG Somchai , CHAIYABUTR Narongsak
Published: March 2010

Two groups of five crossbred 87.5% Holstein cattle were housed in normal shade only (NS) as non‐cooled cows and in shaded housing with misty‐fan cooling (MF) as cooled cows. The cows were treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in early, mid and late lactation with three consecutive injections of rbST in every 14 days. Ambient temperatures and the temperature humidity index in the NS barn were significantly higher than those of the MF barn, whereas relative humidity in MF was higher than that of NS barn. The DMI of cooled cows were higher than those of non‐cooled cows, and cooled cows exhibited more response to rbST treatment. Exogenous rbST significantly increased milk yield throughout lactation. The rbST‐treated cows had higher total ruminal fermentation products as volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen than the non‐rbST treated cows and associated changes were greater in cooled animals in all stages of lactation. Exogenous rbST increased the concentrations of milk urea nitrogen in both groups. These results suggest that the changes in ruminal fermentation with greater production of total VFA and NH3N in response to rbST in crossbred cows whether under misty‐fan cooling or not, is in part through an increase in feed intake, thereby making more substrate available to the mammary gland for milk synthesis.
In vitro measurement of post‐natal changes in proliferating satellite cell frequency during rat muscle growth
Authors: SUZUKI Takahiro , TAKAISHI Hideyuki , SAKATA Tomowa , DO Mai‐Khoi Q. , HARA Minako , SATO Akiko , MIZUNOYA Wataru , NISHIMURA Takanori , HATTORI Akihito , IKEUCHI Yoshihide , TATSUMI Ryuichi
Published: March 2010

Satellite cells, resident myogenic stem cells found in postnatal skeletal muscle, are most abundant during early postnatal development and sharply decline in frequency thereafter to adult levels in mice and rats. Therefore, postnatal changes in satellite cell mitotic activities are important aspects for further understanding a muscle growth strategy. In large meat‐production animals, however, the traditional in vivo proliferation assay may be less realistic because it requires intra‐peritoneal (ip) injection of huge dosage of mutagenic nucleosides, 3H‐labeled thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), at each age‐time of sacrifice. We report in the present pilot study using rats that in vivo proliferation activity of satellite cells can be evaluated by an in vitro BrdU‐incorporation assay in early cultures. Briefly, satellite cells were prepared from upper hind‐limb and back muscles and maintained for 24 h with imposing by BrdU addition for the last 2 h, followed by the regular immunocytochemistry for determining BrdU‐incorporated cell percentage. This in vitro assay demonstrated a rapid decrease in proliferating satellite cell frequency to the adult level during about 3‐month period after birth, and yielded a high correlation to the measurements by the in vivo BrdU ip‐injection method during the postnatal period examined from day‐2 to month‐11. The in vitro proliferation assay may be further adaptable for large domestic animals by the combination with a muscle biopsy technique that enables age‐interval sampling from the same growing animals.
Effect of polyphenols extracted from Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed coat on physiological changes, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, oxidative stress and body weight of broilers (Gallus domesticus) under chronic heat stress
Authors: AENGWANICH Worapol , SUTTAJIT Maitree
Published: March 2010

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of polyphenols extracted from tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed coat on physiological changes, oxidative stress and production of male broilers maintained at high environmental temperatures. The results found that body temperature and respiratory rate of broilers maintained at 38 ± 2°C was higher than broilers maintained at 26 ± 2°C (P < 0.05). On day 1, the heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio of broilers maintained at 38 ± 2°C and received polyphenols at 300 and 400 mg/kg in diets was lower than broilers that received polyphenols at 0 and 200 mg/kg in diets (P < 0.05). At week 1, the malondialdehyde of the broilers maintained at 38 ± 2°C who received polyphenols at 400 mg/ kg in their diet was lower than broilers that received polyphenols at 100 and 200 mg/kg in diets (P < 0.05). At week 1, the body weights of broilers that were maintained at 38 ± 2°C who received polyphenols at 100–500 mg/ kg in diets, and broilers maintained at 26 ± 2°C were higher than that of the control group which had not been treated with a polyphenol diet (P < 0.05). This study indicated that polyphenols could reduce heat stress, oxidative stress and improve the growth rate of heat‐stressed broilers.
To Love the World Most Deeply: The Phenomenology of the World as Gift in Augustine's Confessions
Authors: McCurry Jeffrey
Published: March 2010

While there is a tradition in western religious thought of “contemptus mundi”–hating the world–there is also a tradition of loving the world. Figures as diverse as Augustine, Nietzsche, and Freud have queried whether and how we can love the world: how we can enjoy it for its value. Whereas Nietzsche and Freud thought that a Christian theistic framework prevented us from loving the world, a close reading of Augustine's Confessions shows that this is not true, at least in one sense. For Augustine, this article tries to show, theorizes how it is precisely within a Christian theistic framework that we can love the world most deeply and take the most delight in the world. This vision of Augustine's is not without its own challenges, but it offers at the least a significant “response” to claims by those like Nietzsche and Freud who believe that Christian theism and loving the world are irreconcilable.
Providence and Predestination in Al‐Ghazali
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: March 2010

This essay seeks to show that contemporary interreligious dialogue, like contemporary theology, best proceeds by way of philosophically erudite ressourcement. As regards Christian‐Muslim dialogue, this requires tapping into the major classical exponents of Muslim philosophy and theology, as exemplified in the work of David Burrell. Inspired by Burrell, the present essay focuses on the contribution of al‐Ghazali to Muslim thinking about predestination, a central theme in the Qur’an and arguably in the Bible as well. In order to set the stage for the engagement with al‐Ghazali, the essay begins by comparing Joseph Ratzinger's concerns that predestination as commonly understood implies a ready‐made web according to which God saves some and damns others, with ‘Umar al‐Ashqar's interpretation of the Qur’an along these lines. Al‐Ghazali's view, while advocating a strong version of predestination, is more philosophically and theologically nuanced, and it provides a basis for Christian and Muslim dialogue about how to characterize the relationships between divine and human agency, faith and reason, and divine wisdom and will. This ongoing dialogue will find in classical Christian theology valuable ways of addressing, with contemporary import, the same problems that concern al‐Ghazali.
A Man Loses His Faith
Authors: Ramsay Hayden
Published: March 2010

‘Losing one's faith’ usually refers to ceasing to believe in God and in doctrines. But what changes—and losses—are experienced in the moral life when there is loss of faith? With reference to Aquinas, changes in moral understanding related to the loss of faith are discussed. Next, changes in the life of virtue and so in moral knowledge are examined, and finally changes in the inner moral life—particularly, the loss of moral certainty. The paper suggests that when they experience loss of faith Christian societies can suffer the same sorts of moral losses as Christian individuals. Such loss has inevitable effects upon identity, happiness and capacity to communicate with others.
Performance indicators to measure dementia risk reduction activities in primary care
Authors: Travers Catherine , Martin‐Khan Melinda , Lie David
Published: March 2010

The increasing burden of chronic diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and dementia has led to greater emphasis on health promotion, prevention and early intervention (PPEI) activities within primary care. At the same time, there is growing recognition of the importance of measuring and benchmarking health‐care system performance. This includes the measurement of PPEI activities. This paper considers the issue of measuring PPEI activities that are relevant to reducing the risk of dementia within the Australian primary care system. Although Australia does not currently have a comprehensive data collection regarding primary health‐care services, there are a number of national, state and other data sources. These sources could be utilised, either in their current format or modified to provide data regarding PPEI activities in primary care that may reduce the risk of dementia and we have made recommendations regarding the development of such indicators.
Association Between Indoxyl Sulfate and Skeletal Resistance in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Goto Shunsuke , Fujii Hideki , Hamada Yasuhiro , Yoshiya Kunihiko , Fukagawa Masafumi
Published: March 2010

Skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) in uremia is known, although the mechanism of resistance is not fully elucidated. To clarify the roles of indoxyl sulfate, which is a uremic toxin, in skeletal resistance, we examined the relationship between indoxyl sulfate and biochemical markers of bone turnover in hemodialysis patients. We obtained blood samples from 47 hemodialysis patients and measured serum indoxyl sulfate, intact PTH, oxidative stress marker 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), and various biochemical markers. The serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were used as bone formation markers, and the concentration of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP‐5b) was used as a bone resorption marker. Serum indoxyl sulfate levels were much higher in hemodialysis patients than healthy subjects. Multiple regression analysis shows that indoxyl sulfate correlated negatively with ALP (β = −1.897, P = 0.042) and BAP (β = −0.310, P = 0.029), independent of intact PTH; however, indoxyl sulfate did not correlate with TRACP‐5b or 8‐OHdG. These findings suggest that indoxyl sulfate may relate skeletal resistance to PTH in uremia.
Association Between Body Mass and Mortality in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Yen Tzung‐Hai , Lin Ja‐Liang , Lin‐Tan Dan‐Tzu , Hsu Ching‐Wei
Published: March 2010

A total of 959 Taiwanese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis—102 underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), 492 normal weight (BMI 18.5–22.9 kg/m2), 187 overweight (BMI 23.0–24.9 kg/m2), and 178 obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were recruited into this three‐year, multicenter longitudinal study. It was found initially that the underweight group had more females, longer hemodialysis durations, less use of a biocompatible membrane (BCM) dialyzer, higher erythropoietin doses and Kt/Vurea, and lower white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, serum creatinine and phosphate, and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) than other groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a χ2‐test demonstrated that underweight patients had poorer nutrition (P = 0.023), but less systemic inflammation (P < 0.001) than other groups. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis established that age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hemodialysis duration, use of BCM dialyzer, Kt/Vurea, creatinine, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hsCRP were significant risk factors associated with BMI (P < 0.001–0.002). After three years, 149 (15.5%) patients had died, including 22 of 102 (21.6%) underweight patients, 64 of 492 (13.0%) normal weight patients, 38 of 187 (20.3%) overweight patients, and 25 of 178 (15.5%) obese patients. The primary causes of mortality were cardiovascular (52.3%) and infection (39.6%). A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that age, diabetes mellitus, BMI, albumin, hsCRP, and cardiothoracic ratio were significant risk factors associated with all‐cause mortality over three years (P < 0.001–0.022). Finally, Kaplan–Meier analysis confirmed that underweight patients suffer higher mortality than other groups (Log rank, P = 0.0392); therefore, the data have demonstrated a survival disadvantage of low BMI in Taiwanese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
EFFECT OF ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE TREATMENT ON VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN GARLIC
Authors: MA YONGKUN , SONG DANDAN , WANG ZHENGFU , JIANG JIAKUI , JIANG TING , CUI FENGJIE , FAN XIAOBO
Published: March 2010

The intact garlic samples were treated, respectively, at ambient temperature under 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 20 min, and then crushed. Their volatile compounds were extracted by solid phase microextraction and were analyzed by GC‐MS and GC‐olfactometry. 29, 19 and 12 kinds of volatile compounds were identified in the mentioned samples, respectively, in which alkyl sulfides accounted for 61.04%, 41.38% and 22.73% in relative peak area, while 23 kinds of volatiles in the untreated sample, 60.01% of which were alkyl sulfides. The flavor intensity of odor‐active compounds decreased with the pressure increasing. The alliinase activity increased by 2.89% after treatment of 200 MPa, but decreased by 37.19% and 59.18% after treatment of 400 and 600 MPa, resulting in different flavor intensities of garlic. Therefore, it is possible to adjust formation and degradation of the volatile compounds in garlic by pressurization in order to produce garlic products with different flavor.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The flavor intensity of garlic has a direct correlation with the volatile compounds and alliinase activity. UHP treatment has a great effect on content, category and intensity of the volatile compounds in garlic through adjustment of alliinase activity. With the increase in pressure, the alliinase activity decreased, which greatly influenced the formation of allicin in enzymatic reaction, and then reduced the content and flavor intensity of its degradation products. Our results proved UHP treatments are useful for producing the garlic products with different flavor intensities.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LOCUST BEAN SEED (PARKIA FILLICOIDEA L.)
Authors: SOBUKOLA O.P. , ONWUKA V.I.
Published: March 2010

Some physical properties of locust bean seeds were evaluated as a function of moisture content varying from 7.37% to 28.09% (db). The length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter increased linearly from 10.00 to 11.72 mm; 7.80 to 9.22 mm; 4.00 to 4.85 mm; and 6.78 to 8.06 mm, respectively. The sphericity index, seed volume, seed surface area and thousand‐seed mass also increased linearly from 67.82 to 68.79, 96.09 to 157.39 mm3, 121.75 to 177.24 mm2 and 245.24 to 300.67 g, respectively. Bulk density, true density and porosity decreased linearly from 996 to 799 kg/m3; 1,500 to 1,071 kg/m3; and 33.60 to 25.39%, respectively. Static coefficient of friction was found to increase on plywood, galvanized iron, aluminum and stainless‐steel surfaces. It increased linearly from 0.47 to 1.00; 0.41 to 0.89; 0.39 to 0.78; and 0.34 to 0.69, respectively. Angle of repose increased linearly on plywood, galvanized iron, aluminum and stainless‐steel surfaces from 21.43 to 37.46°; 17.43 to 35.61°; 16.44 to 32.82°; and 15.23 to 27.06°, respectively. The highest static coefficient of friction and angle of repose was found on plywood surface.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The production of LBS is on the increase because of its importance as a source of important nutrients for local consumers and its importance as a commercial exploitation in the food industry. The method of its processing is still largely traditional, laborious and time consuming, resulting in products of low quality. Detailed information about the physical properties reported in this work will be very useful in the design of equipment for harvesting, storing, cleaning, sorting, grading, packaging and processing, thus enhancing process and quality control.
The birth and postnatal development of purinergic signalling
Authors: Burnstock G. , Fredholm B. B. , North R. A. , Verkhratsky A.
Published: March 2010

The purinergic signalling system is one of the most ancient and arguably the most widespread intercellular signalling system in living tissues. In this review we present a detailed account of the early developments and current status of purinergic signalling. We summarize the current knowledge on purinoceptors, their distribution and role in signal transduction in various tissues in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Signalling and pharmacological properties of the P2Y14receptor
Authors: Harden T. K. , Sesma J. I. , Fricks I. P. , Lazarowski E. R.
Published: March 2010

The P2Y14receptor is a relatively broadly expressed G protein‐coupled receptor that is prominently associated with immune and inflammatory cells as well as with many epithelia. This receptor historically was thought to be activated selectively by UDP‐glucose and other UDP‐sugars. However, UDP is also a very potent agonist of this receptor, and may prove to be one of its most important cognate activators.
Cardiovascular function in the heat‐stressed human
Authors: Crandall C. G. , González‐Alonso J.
Published: March 2010

Heat stress, whether passive (i.e. exposure to elevated environmental temperatures) or via exercise, results in pronounced cardiovascular adjustments that are necessary for adequate temperature regulation as well as perfusion of the exercising muscle, heart and brain. The available data suggest that generally during passive heat stress baroreflex control of heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity are unchanged, while baroreflex control of systemic vascular resistance may be impaired perhaps due to attenuated vasoconstrictor responsiveness of the cutaneous circulation. Heat stress improves left ventricular systolic function, evidenced by increased cardiac contractility, thereby maintaining stroke volume despite large reductions in ventricular filling pressures. Heat stress‐induced reductions in cerebral perfusion likely contribute to the recognized effect of this thermal condition in reducing orthostatic tolerance, although the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is not completely understood. The combination of intense whole‐body exercise and environmental heat stress or dehydration‐induced hyperthermia results in significant cardiovascular strain prior to exhaustion, which is characterized by reductions in cardiac output, stroke volume, arterial pressure and blood flow to the brain, skin and exercising muscle. These alterations in cardiovascular function and regulation late in heat stress/dehydration exercise might involve the interplay of both local and central reflexes, the contribution of which is presently unresolved.
Lactate kinetics in human tissues at rest and during exercise
Authors: van Hall Gerrit
Published: March 2010

Lactate production in skeletal muscle has now been studied for nearly two centuries and still its production and functional role at rest and during exercise is much debated. In the early days skeletal muscle was mainly seen as the site of lactate production during contraction and lactate production associated with a lack of muscle oxygenation and fatigue. Later it was recognized that skeletal muscle not only played an important role in lactate production but also in lactate clearance and this led to a renewed interest, not the least from the Copenhagen School in the 1930s, in the metabolic role of lactate in skeletal muscle. With the introduction of lactate isotopes muscle lactate kinetics and oxidation could be studied and a simultaneous lactate uptake and release was observed, not only in muscle but also in other tissues. Therefore, this review will discuss in vivo human: (1) skeletal muscle lactate metabolism at rest and during exercise and suggestions are put forward to explain the simultaneous lactate uptake and release; and (2) lactate metabolism in the heart, liver, kidneys, brain, adipose tissue and lungs will be discussed and its potential importance in these tissues.
Arm and leg substrate utilization and muscle adaptation after prolonged low‐intensity training
Authors: Helge J. W.
Published: March 2010

This review will focus on current data where substrate metabolism in arm and leg muscle is investigated and discuss the presence of higher carbohydrate oxidation and lactate release observed during arm compared with leg exercise. Furthermore, a basis for a possible difference in substrate partitioning between endogenous and exogenous substrate during arm and leg exercise will be debated. Moreover the review will probe if differences between arm and leg muscle are merely a result of different training status rather than a qualitative difference in limb substrate regulation. Along this line the review will address the available studies on low‐intensity training performed separately with arm or legs or as whole‐body training to evaluate if this leads to different adaptations in arm and leg muscle resulting in different substrate utilization patterns during separate arm or leg exercise at comparable workloads. Finally, the influence and capacity of low‐intensity training to influence metabolic fitness in the face of a limited effect on aerobic fitness will be challenged.
Relationship between breathing and cardiovascular function at rest: sex‐related differences
Authors: Wallin B. G. , Hart E. C. , Wehrwein E. A. , Charkoudian N. , Joyner M. J.
Published: March 2010

Aim: To compare relationships at rest between breathing rate, levels of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, total peripheral resistance and cardiac output among young men and women.

Methods: Recordings were made of respiratory movements, sympathetic nerve activity (peroneal microneurography), intra‐arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, cardiac output (open‐circuit acetylene uptake technique) in 19 healthy men (age 27 ± 2 years, mean ± SEM) and 17 healthy women (age 25 ± 1 years). Total peripheral resistance and stroke volume were calculated. Four minutes epochs of data were analysed.

Results: Breathing rates and sympathetic activity were similar in men and women but compared to men, women had significantly lower blood pressures, cardiac output and stroke volume. In men breathing rate correlated positively with sympathetic activity (r = 0.58,P < 0.05) but not in women (r = 0.12,P > 0.05). Furthermore, in men, respiratory rate correlated positively with total peripheral resistance (r = 0.65,P < 0.05) and inversely with cardiac output (r = −0.84,P < 0.05) and heart rate (r = −0.60,P < 0.05) but there were no such relationships in women (P > 0.05 for all).

Conclusions: The positive relationship between breathing and sympathetic activity in men, and the inverse coupling of breathing to cardiac output and heart rate suggest that influences of respiration may be important not only for dynamic but also for ‘tonic’ cardiovascular function. The lack of relationships among these variables in women shows that there are fundamental differences in basic blood pressure regulation between the sexes.
Peanuts, Peanut Oil, and Fat Free Peanut Flour Reduced Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and the Development of Atherosclerosis in Syrian Golden Hamsters
Authors: Stephens Amanda M. , Dean Lisa L. , Davis Jack P. , Osborne Jason A. , Sanders Timothy H.
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT:  Human clinical trials have demonstrated the cardiovascular protective properties of peanuts and peanut oil in decreasing total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) without reducing high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). The cardiovascular effects of the nonlipid portion of peanuts has not been evaluated even though that fraction contains arginine, flavonoids, folates, and other compounds that have been linked to cardiovascular health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fat free peanut flour (FFPF), peanuts, and peanut oil on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and the development of atherosclerosis in male Syrian golden hamsters. Each experimental diet group was fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet with various peanut components (FFPF, peanut oil, or peanuts) substituted for similar metabolic components in the control diet. Tissues were collected at week 0, 12, 18, and 24. Total plasma cholesterol (TPC), LDL‐C, and HDL‐C distributions were determined by high‐performance gel filtration chromatography, while aortic total cholesterol (TC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Peanuts, peanut oil, and FFPF diet groups had significantly (P < 0.05) lower TPC, non‐HDL‐C than the control group beginning at about 12 wk and continuing through the 24‐wk study. HDL‐C was not significantly different among the diet groups. Peanut and peanut component diets retarded an increase in TC and CE. Because CE is an indicator of the development of atherosclerosis this study demonstrated that peanuts, peanut oil, and FFPF retarded the development of atherosclerosis in animals consuming an atherosclerosis inducing diet.
Flood hazard awareness and hydrologic modelling at Ambos Nogales, United States–Mexico border
Authors: Norman L.M. , Huth H. , Levick L. , Shea Burns I. , Phillip Guertin D. , Lara‐Valencia F. , Semmens D.
Published: March 2010

Appropriate land‐use, watershed‐management, and flood‐attenuation plans are critical in the cross‐border urban environment known collectively as Ambos Nogales. This paper summarizes methodologies for predicting the watershed response associated with land‐use change within a spatial and temporal context through the use of a hydrological model in a cross‐border setting. The KINEROS2 model is implemented via the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment 2.0 geographic information system interface to evaluate the watershed of Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, to assess flood vulnerability by quantifying volumes of runoff and peak flow, based on alternative land‐use scenarios. Cross‐border geospatial data acquisition and input to models are described. Discussions about the KINEROS2 model results identify flood‐prone areas, simulate the impact of land‐use change, and evaluate the impact of potential flood‐control interventions in the Ambos Nogales watershed. Products from this research are being used in a comprehensive plan for sustainable development in Ambos Nogales.
Supply Chain Sourcing Under Asymmetric Information
Authors: Özer Özalp , Raz Gal
Published: March 2010

We study a supply chain with two suppliers competing over a contract to supply components to a manufacturer. One of the suppliers is a big company for whom the manufacturer's business constitutes a small part of his business. The other supplier is a small company for whom the manufacturer's business constitutes a large portion of his business. We analyze the problem from the perspective of the big supplier and address the following questions: What is the optimal contracting strategy that the big supplier should follow? How does the information about the small supplier's production cost affect the profits and contracting decision? How does the existence of the small supplier affect profits? By studying various information scenarios regarding the small supplier's and the manufacturer's production cost, we show, for example, that the big supplier benefits when the small supplier keeps its production cost private. We quantify the value of information for the big supplier and the manufacturer. We also quantify the cost (value) of the alternative‐sourcing option for the big supplier (the manufacturer). We determine when an alternative‐sourcing option has more impact on profits than information. We conclude with extensions and numerical examples to shed light on how system parameters affect this supply chain.
The Impact of Study Abroad on the Professional Lives of World Language Teachers
Authors: Allen Linda Quinn
Published: March 2010

Abstract: This article adds to the limited body of research on study abroad for experienced world/foreign language teachers. It describes a 3‐week institute sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities that took place in Lyon, France, during summer 2007. The study examines the institute's impact on a wide spectrum of the professional lives of the 30 teacher participants. Following a qualitative research paradigm, the study reports on the teachers' perspectives of further development of their proficiency in French and the expansion of their knowledge of cultural products, practices, and perspectives of France and Lyon. The study describes the curricular and instructional changes teachers made due to their participation and reports on the impact of the institute on their professional lives outside the classroom.
Making a Request for a Service in Spanish: Pragmatic Development in the Study Abroad Setting
Authors: Bataller Rebeca
Published: March 2010

Abstract: This study addresses the development of the request strategies used in two service encounter scenarios by 31 nonnative speakers of Spanish spending 4 months living and studying in Valencia, Spain. The main method of data collection was an open role‐play in which participants interacted with a Spanish native speaker. Results show that while there were some aspects of the learners' request production that changed after the study abroad experience, there were other aspects that remained unaffected. Knowing which aspects from the nonnative speakers' request production are acquired and which ones are not after a student has been immersed in the target culture for 4 months is relevant to informing second language acquisition, specifically the field of interlanguage pragmatics in the study abroad setting.
28‐week, randomized, multicenter, open‐label, parallel‐group phase III trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of biphasic insulin aspart 70 thrice‐daily injections vs twice‐daily injections of biphasic insulin aspart 30 in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kadowaki Takashi , Nishida Tomoyuki , Kaku Kohei
Published: March 2010

Aims/Introduction:  An insulin analogue formulation with a 7:3 ratio of rapid‐acting and intermediate‐acting fractions, biphasic insulin aspart 70 (BIAsp70) was developed to supplement basal insulin between meals and mimic the physiological pattern of postprandial insulin secretion.

Materials and Methods:  We carried out a randomized, open‐label study to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of BIAsp70 and an insulin analogue formulation with a 3:7 ratio of rapid‐acting and intermediate‐acting fractions (BIAsp30) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Patients were randomized and received either thrice‐daily BIAsp70 (n = 145) or twice‐daily BIAsp30 (n = 144) for 28 weeks. The primary end‐point was glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) after 16 weeks of treatment.

Results:  Non‐inferiority of BIAsp70 vs BIAsp30 was confirmed and superiority was established with a between‐group difference (BIAsp70–BIAsp30) in HbA1c after 16 weeks of treatment of −0.35% (95% CI: −0.51 to −0.19; P < 0.0001 for superiority). The mean postprandial glucose increment (19.96 vs 54.35 mg/dL; P < 0.0001) and M‐value (12.99 vs 17.94; P < 0.0001) at 16 weeks were smaller in the BIAsp70 group than in the BIAsp30 group, and were maintained at 28 weeks. Pre‐breakfast glucose (157.9 vs 140.7 mg/dL), total insulin dose (46.8 vs 38.1 U/day) and weight gain (+1.94 vs 1.23 kg) at week 28 were greater in the BIAsp70 group. Incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia was significantly lower with BIAsp70 vs BIAsp30 (1.23 vs 3.21 events/subject year; P = 0.0002) at week 28.

Conclusions:  Thrice‐daily BIAsp70 was superior to twice‐daily BIAsp30 in terms of HbA1c change, with less variation in daytime plasma glucose profiles. BIAsp70 was well tolerated, with a lower incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia vs BIAsp30. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrial.gov (no. NCT00318786). (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00015.x, 2010)
An islet in distress: β cell failure in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ogihara Takeshi , Mirmira Raghavendra G
Published: March 2010

Over 200 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, a disorder of glucose homeostasis. The majority of these individuals are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. It has traditionally been thought that tissue resistance to the action of insulin is the primary defect in type 2 diabetes. However, recent longitudinal and genome‐wide association studies have shown that insulin resistance is more likely to be a precondition, and that the failure of the pancreatic β cell to meet the increased insulin requirements is the triggering factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. A major emphasis in diabetes research has therefore shifted to understanding the causes of β cell failure. Collectively, these studies have implicated a complex network of triggers, which activate intersecting execution pathways leading to β cell dysfunction and death. In the present review, we discuss these triggers (glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, amyloid and cytokines) with respect to the pathways they activate (oxidative stress, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress) and propose a model for understanding β cell failure in type 2 diabetes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00021.x, 2010)