bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water Penetration of Cladding Components—Results from Laboratory Tests on Simulated Sealed Vertical and Horizontal Joints of Wall Cladding
Authors: Lacasse Michael A. , Miyauchi Hiroyuki , Hiemstra J.
Published: June 2009

Considerable work has focused on the deterioration of jointing compounds used to seal building joints; less emphasis has been placed on understanding the consequences of seal failure, particularly in respect to watertightness. Jointing products are subjected to different climate effects; some induce aging in the sealant that in time leads to deficiencies. Deficiencies may also come about from design faults or improper installation. Water entry at deficiencies may lead to a number of different deteriorating effects on the building fabric that may induce failure of other envelope components or premature failure of the joint sealant. Joints are also subjected to substantial wind driven rain loads, in particular atop multi-story buildings. The approach taken in this study focuses on determining the fault tolerance of joint systems of a simulated wall panel when subjected to watertightness tests that emulate heightened wind-driven rain loads. Vertical and horizontal joints of 20 mm width and sealed with a one-component polyurethane product were subjected to water spray rates ranging between 1.6 and 6 L/(min-m2) and pressures of up to 2 kPa. Faults introduced to the sealed joint and representative of deficiencies through which water could penetrate consisted of cracks of 2 to 16 mm long introduced along the sealant to substrate interface. For specific crack lengths, the crack size related to the degree of joint extension, the extension reaching a maximum of 10 % of joint width. Rates of water entry across the joint were determined for cracks of different lengths and size and the nature of water entry at deficient joints in which cracks were introduced was also examined. Results on vertical joints indicated that water readily enters open cracks in relation to the crack size, quantity of water present at the crack, and pressure across the opening. Water may also penetrate cracks of nonextended “closed” joints.
Assessing and Classifying the Fire-Resistance of Industrial Hydraulic Fluids: The Way Ahead?
Authors: Phillips W. D.
Published: June 2009

The combustion behavior of hydraulic fluids can vary significantly but many types are currently labeled as “fire-resistant.” This lack of discrimination cannot only be confusing to the user, but may result in incorrect fluid selection with potentially dangerous consequences. The paper therefore suggests an alternative way of classifying 'fire resistant' fluids. However, for acceptance, the methods used to measure “fire resistance” have to be agreed. The paper therefore examines the principal methods in current use for determining this property and proposes a test regime to help define the levels of performance.
An Unladylike Strike Fashionably Clothed: Mexicana and Anglo Women Garment Workers Against Tex-Son, 1959–1963
Authors: Flores Lori A.
Published: June 2009

A conflict that rocked San Antonio from 1959 to 1963, the Tex-Son garment workers' strike was the first International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) struggle led by a Mexican American woman and the first strike in which Mexican-origin and Anglo women picketed together in Texas. Responding to the city press's focus on the violence of the strike, the women of Tex-Son strategically used Cold War-era ideologies of femininity and domesticity to revise public notions of their "unladylike" struggle. By literally refashioning themselves through their physical appearance and emphasizing their dual role as mothers and workers, the mostly Mexicana Tex-Son strikers gained tremendous support in the traditionally anti-union city of San Antonio. Situated between the end of World War II and the Chicano movement, the Tex-Son strike represents an important, transitional form of Mexican and Mexican American women's activism not yet fully explored by historians.
Darwin's Saussure: Biosemiotics and Race in Expression
Authors: Winter Sarah
Published: June 2009

Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) theorizes expressions as biological signs based on the physiological signifier's arbitrary nature as an outcome of natural selection. Darwin's biosemiotic thinking in advance of Saussurian linguistics produces a correlated reading of race as a biologically incoherent sign. While Darwin's methodological modernism remains implicit in his writings, the Darwinian biosemiotics that emerges in Expression offers a promising means to bridge the natural and human sciences.
Orwell and the Obvious
Authors: Clune Michael
Published: June 2009

This article explores the perceptual vividness that characterizes both the fictional experience of 1984's characters and the sentences with which Orwell artistically renders that experience. I read these features in relation to the development of a set of techniques for renewing the perception of the world's surface in the work of Orwell and the critic Viktor Shklovsky, and I examine the problem that arises as these techniques move between artistic and political realms.
With Hegel to Salvation: Bukharin's Other Trial
Authors: Hellbeck Jochen
Published: June 2009

This article explores the mystery of Nikolai Bukharin's confession in the Moscow show trial of 1938. If read in the context of Bukharin's prison writings as well as the intimate notes of other Communists who were embattled in the Great Terror, the public confession resonates with intense personal meaning. At its core were pressing historical and philosophical questions that the Bolshevik Party theoretician struggled through during the months and years of his life.
Gentlemen's Agreement, 1908: Fragments for a Pacific History
Authors: Sand Jordan
Published: June 2009

This experimental essay takes the form of a series of episodes related to immigration, race, empire, radical politics, family norms, disease and health, expositions, houses, furnishings, dress, hairstyle, and bodily comportment among Japanese, Koreans, Australians, and North Americans in the year 1908. I have eschewed conventional methods of historical argumentation so that the connections between seemingly disparate events and utterances may emerge elliptically, evoking a historical milieu through their resonance with one another. Interpretive summaries appear in italics. A wiki version of the essay and an apologia for historical montage can be found at www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/sandj/. Japanese and Korean names appear in their original order, with family name first.
Placental and Embryonic Growth Restriction in Mice With Reduced Function Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Alleles
Authors: Dackor Jennifer , Caron Kathleen M , Threadgill David W
Published: June 2009

Embryos lacking an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exhibit strain-specific defects in placental development that can result in mid-gestational embryonic lethality. To determine the level of EGFR signaling required for normal placental development, we characterized congenic strains homozygous for the hypomorphic Egfrwa2 allele or heterozygous for the antimorphic EgfrWa5 allele. Egfrwa2 homozygous embryos and placentas exhibit strain-dependent growth restriction at 15.5 days post-coitus while EgfrWa5 heterozygous placentas are only slightly reduced in size with no effect on embryonic growth. Egfrwa2 homozygous placentas have a reduced spongiotrophoblast layer in some strains, while spongiotrophoblasts and glycogen cells are almost completely absent in others. Our results demonstrate that more EGFR signaling occurs in EgfrWa5 heterozygotes than in Egfrwa2 homozygotes and suggest that Egfrwa2 homozygous embryos model EGFR-mediated intrauterine growth restriction in humans. We also consistently observed differences between strains in wild-type placenta and embryo size as well as in the cellular composition and expression of trophoblast cell subtype markers and propose that differential expression in the placenta of Glut3, a glucose transporter essential for normal embryonic growth, may contribute to strain-dependent differences in intrauterine growth restriction caused by reduced EGFR activity.
Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange Provides a Versatile Platform for Gene Targeting: Knockout of miR-31b
Authors: Weng Ruifen , Chen Ya-Wen , Bushati Natascha , Cliffe Adam , Cohen Stephen M
Published: June 2009

A series of vectors has been designed to enhance the versatility of targeted homologous recombination. Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange permits sequential targeting at any locus and improves flexibility in making user-defined mutations. Application of RMCE to delete an intronic microRNA gene is described.
Systems-Level Engineering of Nonfermentative Metabolism in Yeast
Authors: Kennedy Caleb J , Boyle Patrick M , Waks Zeev , Silver Pamela A
Published: June 2009

We designed and experimentally validated an in silico gene deletion strategy for engineering endogenous one-carbon (C1) metabolism in yeast. We used constraint-based metabolic modeling and computer-aided gene knockout simulations to identify five genes (ALT2, FDH1, FDH2, FUM1, and ZWF1), which, when deleted in combination, predicted formic acid secretion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under aerobic growth conditions. Once constructed, the quintuple mutant strain showed the predicted increase in formic acid secretion relative to a formate dehydrogenase mutant (fdh1 fdh2), while formic acid secretion in wild-type yeast was undetectable. Gene expression and physiological data generated post hoc identified a retrograde response to mitochondrial deficiency, which was confirmed by showing Rtg1-dependent NADH accumulation in the engineered yeast strain. Formal pathway analysis combined with gene expression data suggested specific modes of regulation that govern C1 metabolic flux in yeast. Specifically, we identified coordinated transcriptional regulation of C1 pathway enzymes and a positive flux control coefficient for the branch point enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH). Together, these results demonstrate that constraint-based models can identify seemingly unrelated mutations, which interact at a systems level across subcellular compartments to modulate flux through nonfermentative metabolic pathways.
GOVERNMENT OFFICES, WHITEHALL GARDENS. THE SPECIAL PROBLEM OF THE RE-SITING OF AN HISTORIC BUILDING. (INCLUDES PLATES).
Authors: SCOTT WHITE L , GARDNER G A
Published: June 2009

Synopsis.

The Paper describes in some detail the operation of underpinning and lowering a mediaeval building, constructed of masonry and vaulted brickwork, which was part of the Tudor Palace of Whitehall and used by Henry VIII as a wine cellar. The structure, which is 62 feet long, 32 feet wide, and 20 feet high, and which weighs approximately 1,000 tons, was moved 43 feet 6 inches laterally on to a staging; it was then lowered by screw-jacks through a height of 18 feet 9 inches and rolled back to a position beneath its original site. The building as it stood was in the way of the construction of important new government offices, but was of such historic interest that it was decided to preserve it intact. The task of lowering it into the basement of the new building was carried through within scheduled time without damaging the irreplaceable brick vaulting or extending any of the cracks in the old walls. This operation, although not new in kind, is probably unique in reapect of the age, nature, and size of the structure involved.
THIRD MAIN DRAIN, ICI, BILLINGHAM. (INCLUDES PHOTOGRAPHS AND PLATES).
Authors: SMITH L G , SHEPHERD B L
Published: June 2009

Synopsis.

This Paper describes the design and construction of a large brick-lined reinforced-concrete drainage culvert for conveying cooling water and effluents from the I.C.I. factory at Billingham, Co. Durham, to the River Tees. Important features are the special arrangements made to enable the new drain to be connected into existing cast-iron drains with the minimum interruption to the running of the factory, and to enable sections of main drain to be readily isolated for subsequent inspection and maintenance. The design conditions, the types of culvert, and the outfall are deecribed, together with the method of construction, and an example is given of the flow conditions, cross-connexions, and penstock control required to effect one of the major isolations. The main control chambers are fully described and the various stages of the programme for putting the new drain into commission are outlined.

The special conditions associated with the drainage of cooling water from factories with a continuous process, and the advisability of providing in the early stages of design for the isolation of sections of drain for inspection and repair, will be apparent.
ABSTRACT. ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION FROM HYDRO-ELECTRIC GENERATING STATIONS: SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
Authors: MOUNTAIN R W , RATCLIFFE M V
Published: June 2009

THE Paper outlines the more important considerations which influence the economics of electric transmission, more particularly long-distance transmission which may be associated with hydro-electric generation. The Authors consider that, although direct current may become competitive for transmission over particularly long distances, it is not practicable at the present stage of development to include reliable data concerning costs; the Paper is confined to consideration of overhead transmission of power at 50 cycles per second, alternating current.
Semilunar Coronally Positioned Flap or Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft for the Treatment of Gingival Recession: A 30‐Month Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Bittencourt Sandro , Ribeiro Érica Del Peloso , Sallum Enilson A. , Sallum Antônio W. , Nociti Francisco H. , Casati Márcio Zaffalon
Published: June 2009

Background: The objective of this prospective, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the long‐term outcomes of subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) or semilunar coronally positioned flap (SCPF) for the treatment of Miller Class I gingival recession defects.

Methods: Seventeen patients with bilateral Miller Class I gingival recessions (≤4.0 mm) in maxillary canines or premolars were selected. The recessions were randomly assigned to receive SCPF or SCTG. Recession height (RH), recession width (RW), width of keratinized tissue (WKT), thickness of keratinized tissue (TKT), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured at baseline and at 6 and 30 months post‐surgery. Patient satisfaction with esthetics and root sensitivity was also evaluated.

Results: The root‐coverage outcomes obtained at 6 months were maintained throughout the study. At the 30‐month examination, the average percentage of root coverage was 89.25% for SCPF and 96.83% for SCTG (P >0.05); complete root coverage was observed in 58.82% and 88.24% of patients, respectively. SCTG maintained a statistically significant increase in TKT (P <0.05) at 30 months. At this time, there were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to RH, RW, WKT, PD, and CAL. The evaluation of the esthetic outcome by the patient showed a preference for the SCTG treatment. Furthermore, in this group, no patient complained of residual or additional root hypersensitivity. In the SCPF group, three patients had this complaint at 30 months.

Conclusions: SCPF and SCTG can be successfully used to treat Class I gingival recession, presenting outcomes with long‐term stability. However, patient‐oriented outcomes, such as esthetics and root sensitivity, favor SCTG therapy.
Guided Tissue Regeneration–Based Root Coverage With a Platelet Concentrate Graft: A 3‐Year Follow‐Up Case Series
Authors: Griffin Terrence J. , Cheung Wai S.
Published: June 2009

Background: A platelet concentrate graft (PCG) was applied underneath the barrier membrane in guided tissue regeneration (GTR)–based root coverage procedures. The purpose of this case study was to assess the effectiveness of the technique and the long‐term outcomes.

Methods: Thirty‐seven Miller Class I or II recession defects in six patients were treated using the PCG and a collagen membrane covered by an advanced mucogingival flap. Clinical parameters, such as vertical gingival recession depth (VRD), clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), and width of keratinized tissue (WKT), were recorded presurgery (at baseline [BL]) and at 6 and 36 months of follow‐up. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and the Mann‐Whitney test were used to assess statistical significance (α = 0.05).

Results: Between BL and 6 months, there was a statistically significant reduction in VRD (from 2.81 ± 0.88 mm to 0.30 ± 0.48 mm) and PD (from 2.59 ± 0.50 mm to 1.14 ± 0.35 mm), as well as an improvement in CAL (from 5.41 ± 0.86 mm to 1.43 ± 0.66 mm). These results remained stable over the following 30 months. There was no statistically significant change in WKT during the initial 6 months; however, the increase in WKT was statistically significant at the 36‐month follow‐up. When comparing the healing between the maxillary and mandibular teeth at 6 months, the VRD reduction was statistically significantly greater in the maxillary teeth, but the difference was not statistically significant 30 months later. The average root coverage at 6 and 36 months was 89.86% ± 15.85% and 85.86% ± 18.16%, respectively, with complete root coverage in 24 (64.86%) and 21 (56.76%) of the 37 teeth.

Conclusions: The GTR–based technique using PCG was effective in reducing gingival recession. The outcomes remained stable for 3 years.
Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Determine the Prevalence and Copy Number of Epstein‐Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus DNA in Subgingival Plaque at Individual Healthy and Periodontal Disease Sites
Authors: Dawson Dolphus R. , Wang Chunmei , Danaher Robert J. , Lin Yushun , Kryscio Richard J. , Jacob Robert J. , Miller Craig S.
Published: June 2009

Background: Detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in plaque from patients with periodontal disease provides support for the theory that these viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study sought to further define this relationship by determining the prevalence of these viruses at individual disease and healthy sites of patients with periodontal disease and to determine whether the presence and amount of viral DNA correlate with disease severity.

Methods: Subgingival plaque from three healthy and three disease sites of 65 patients who had chronic periodontitis were evaluated for the presence and amount of EBV, CMV, and Fusobacterium nucleatum DNA using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Patient serum was evaluated for antibodies against EBV and CMV using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results: EBV DNA was detected in 18.5% of subgingival plaque samples (72/390) and in at least one of the six plaque samples in 44.6% (29/65) of the patients. CMV DNA was detected in one plaque sample (0.3%). EBV was significantly more prevalent in disease sites (28.2%; 55/195) than in healthy sites (8.7%; 17/195; P = 0.002). However, neither EBV prevalence nor its amount correlated with increased probing depth >5 mm or attachment loss >2 mm, whereas the amount of F. nucleatum DNA did. Sites positive for EBV had a median copy number of eight. Antibodies against EBV and CMV were detected in 85.7% and 78.6% of persons evaluated, respectively.

Conclusion: EBV was infrequent and CMV was rarely present in individual subgingival sites affected by chronic periodontitis.
Within‐Subject Variability in Repeated Measures of Salivary Analytes in Healthy Adults
Authors: Thomas Mark V. , Branscum Adam , Miller Craig S. , Ebersole Jeffrey , Al‐Sabbagh Mohanad , Schuster Julie L.
Published: June 2009

Background: Saliva contains a large number of biomolecules, some of which have putative diagnostic usefulness. A potential problem with the use of biomolecules in diagnosis is day‐to‐day fluctuation due to within‐subject variability. This study evaluated the intraindividual variability of six salivary analytes in healthy adults and determined their normal range.

Methods: Unstimulated whole saliva (5 ml) was collected every 2 to 3 days on six occasions from 30 subjects in good oral and systemic health. Four of the samples were collected in the clinic, and two were collected by the subject at home. The concentration ranges of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, matrix metalloproteinase‐8, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interferon‐alpha, and albumin were examined. Descriptive statistics were computed, and a one‐way random‐effects model was used to quantify within‐ and between‐subject components of variability. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for each subject/analyte combination.

Results: Within‐subject coefficients of variation for these analytes ranged from 67.6% to 172.1% for the in‐clinic samples and from 111.9% to 201.0% for the at‐home samples. The ICC for the various analytes ranged from 41% to 61% for the in‐clinic samples. The at‐home samples exhibited significantly more variability than did those obtained in the clinic under supervision.

Conclusions: There was marked within‐subject variation in the salivary concentrations of these analytes. With increased interest in salivary diagnostics, the within‐subject variability, normal range, and threshold levels for abnormal levels of individual salivary analytes need to be determined if these diagnostics tests are to have clinical usefulness.
B‐1a Cells in Experimental Gingivitis in Humans
Authors: Donati Mauro , Liljenberg Birgitta , Zitzmann Nicola U. , Berglundh Tord
Published: June 2009

Background: Although previous studies revealed the presence of autoreactive B cells (B‐1a cells) in periodontitis lesions, no evidence was provided for an active role of such cells in the host response to microbial challenge. The aim of the present investigation was to study the reaction of B‐1a cells to de novo plaque formation in subjects who were treated for severe chronic periodontitis.

Methods: Fifteen white subjects with generalized, severe chronic periodontitis volunteered. Surgical periodontal therapy was performed in all quadrants of each subject after a period of infection control. After 6 months of healing (baseline), two gingival biopsies were harvested from each patient (probing depth <4 mm and no bleeding on probing; healed sites). The experimental gingivitis model was applied, and plaque accumulation was allowed for 3 weeks. Two additional biopsies were collected and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis on day 21.

Results: The biopsies retrieved after 3 weeks of plaque accumulation contained larger proportions of CD19+ and CD5+ cells (B‐1a cells) than biopsies representing baseline (healed sites) (7.38% ± 2.80% versus 5.96% ± 2.48%). The tissue fraction of cells carrying the markers for CD3 (T cells), CD19 (B cells), and Bcl2 (apoptosis‐associated marker) were significantly larger in tissue samples collected after 3 weeks of plaque accumulation than in specimens from baseline (healed sites).

Conclusion: Autoreactive B cells (B‐1a cells) are involved in the host response to microbial challenge in subjects with chronic periodontitis.
Bone Strain and Interfacial Sliding Analyses of Platform Switching and Implant Diameter on an Immediately Loaded Implant: Experimental and Three‐Dimensional Finite Element Analyses
Authors: Hsu Jui‐Ting , Fuh Lih‐Jyh , Lin Dan‐Jae , Shen Yen‐Wen , Huang Heng‐Li
Published: June 2009

Background: Strain gauge analysis and finite element (FE) simulations were used to estimate the bone strain and micromovement at the bone–implant interface (BII) for platform switching and different diameters of a single, immediately loaded mandibular implant.

Methods: Four models were created, including 5‐mm‐diameter implants assembled with abutments that were 5 or 4 mm in diameter on bonded (delay‐loading treatment) and contact (immediate‐loading treatment) BIIs; a model with an implant diameter of 3.75 mm was also analyzed. Vertical and lateral loads of 130 N were applied to all models.

Results: During lateral loading, the strains were highly concentrated on one side of the mandible in the experimental and validation FE models. Bone strains were reduced by <10% when platform switching was used compared to no platform switching. However, increasing implant diameter decreased the surrounding bone strain significantly. The sliding and gap distances at the BII did not differ significantly among all models considered.

Conclusions: Bone strain was reduced more by increasing the diameter of the implant than by using platform switching in the immediately loaded implant. However, neither a wide implant nor platform switching reduced micromotion at the BII for enhancing implant stability.
The Influence of Atopy in the Prognosis of the Replantation of Avulsed Teeth
Authors: Roskamp Liliane , Westphalen Vânia P.D. , Lima José H.C. , Carneiro Everdan , Fariniuk Luiz F. , Silva Neto Ulisses X. , Westphalen Fernando H.
Published: June 2009

Background: Replantation is the most indicated procedure for traumatic dental avulsion, but it invariably results in a greater or lower degree of root resorption. The outcomes of these cases can be affected by some well‐known factors. Because studies have shown the importance of the innate and acquired immune response in the mechanisms involved in the resorption of bone tissues, an endeavor was made to verify if such an influence applies to dental resorption.

Methods: Fifty‐seven avulsed, endodontically treated teeth were assessed in the Endodontics Clinic, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná. Follow‐up of the replanted teeth included periodical clinical examinations and radiographs, in accordance with the control rules of the International Association of Dental Traumatology. The evaluation of atopy was based on the patient's personal and family history in conjunction with the skin‐prick test for five allergen extracts.

Results: Of the 46 teeth with a favorable outcome, 33 (71.74%) were in atopic patients, and 13 (28.26%) were in non‐atopic patients. Of the 11 teeth with an unfavorable outcome, four (36.36%) were in atopic patients, and seven (63.64%) were in non‐atopic patients; a greater prevalence of unfavorable prognoses occurred in non‐atopic patients.

Conclusion: The outcome after 1 year for avulsed and replanted teeth is more favorable in atopic patients.
Coronally Advanced Flap With and Without Vertical Releasing Incisions for the Treatment of Multiple Gingival Recessions: A Comparative Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Zucchelli G. , Mele M. , Mazzotti C. , Marzadori M. , Montebugnoli L. , De Sanctis M.
Published: June 2009

Background: Vertical releasing incisions might damage the blood supply to the flap and result in unesthetic visible white scars. The aim of the present study was to compare root coverage and esthetic outcomes of the coronally advanced flap (CAF) with and without vertical releasing incisions in the treatment of multiple gingival recessions.

Methods: Thirty‐two systemically and periodontally healthy subjects with esthetic complaints due to the exposure of Miller Class I and II multiple (at least two) gingival recession defects (≥1 mm) affecting adjacent teeth of the same quadrant of the upper jaw were enrolled in the study. Sixteen patients (with 45 gingival recessions) were randomly assigned to the control group, and the other 16 patients (with 47 recession defects) were assigned to the test group. All recessions were treated with a CAF; vertical releasing incisions were performed in the control group, whereas an envelope‐type flap was used in the test group. The patient's postoperative morbidity was assessed 1 week after the surgery, whereas the esthetic evaluation, made by the patient and independent periodontist, and the clinical evaluation were made 1 year later.

Results: Surgical time was significantly shorter in the envelope‐type CAF group. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated between the two groups in terms of recession reduction and clinical attachment level gain. A statistically greater probability of complete root coverage (adjusted odds ratio, 3.76; 95% confidence interval: 0.92 to 15.33; P <0.05) and a greater increase in buccal keratinized tissue height were observed with the envelope type of CAF. Patient satisfaction with esthetics was very high in both treatment groups, with no statistically significant differences between them. A better postoperative course and better results in the esthetic evaluation made by an independent periodontist were demonstrated in patients treated with the envelope type of CAF.

Conclusions: Both CAF techniques were effective in reducing recession depth. The envelope type of CAF was associated with an increased probability of achieving complete root coverage and with a better postoperative course. Keloid formation along the vertical releasing incisions was responsible for the worst esthetic evaluation made by an independent expert periodontist.
Fusobacterium nucleatum Enters Normal Human Oral Fibroblasts In Vitro
Authors: Dabija‐Wolter Gabriela , Cimpan Mihaela‐Roxana , Costea Daniela E. , Johannessen Anne Christine , Sørnes Steinar , Neppelberg Evelyn , Al‐Haroni Mohammed , Skaug Nils , Bakken Vidar
Published: June 2009

Background: Fusobacterium nucleatum, a commensal opportunistic oral bacterium, is capable of invading gingival epithelial cells, but the entrance into human primary oral fibroblast cells has not been documented. This study evaluated the ability of three strains of F. nucleatum (F. nucleatum ssp. nucleatum, F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum, and F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii) to enter gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLFs).

Methods: GFs and PLFs were cocultured for various periods of time with different strains of F. nucleatum. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, together with confocal laser scanning microscopy, were used to visualize the entrance and presence of bacteria in host cells. Flow cytometry was performed to compare the load of internalized bacteria in GFs and PLFs exposed for 3 and 5 hours to live F. nucleatum labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate.

Results: All three strains of F. nucleatum were found entering and located in the cytoplasm of GFs and PLFs after 1 hour of exposure. Flow cytometry tests revealed a significant increase in the fluorescent signal, compared to baseline, derived from bacteria internalized in fibroblasts exposed for 3 hours (P <0.001); a further increase was found at 5 hours. The greatest bacterial mass in exposed fibroblasts of both types was of F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum; the smallest was of F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii. Although not statistically significant, PLFs had a higher bacterial load than corresponding GFs.

Conclusion: F. nucleatum was capable of entering GFs and PLFs in a manner that is dependent on the cell type and the bacterial strain.
The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology Editors' Consensus: Periodontitis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Friedewald Vincent E. , Kornman Kenneth S. , Beck James D. , Genco Robert , Goldfine Allison , Libby Peter , Offenbacher Steven , Ridker Paul M. , Van Dyke Thomas E. , Roberts William C.
Published: June 2009

Acknowledgment: This Editors' Consensus is supported by an educational grant from Colgate‐Palmolive, Inc., New York, New York, and is based on a meeting of the authors held in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 9, 2009.

Disclosure: Dr. Friedewald has received honoraria for speaking from Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey. Dr. Kornman is a full‐time employee and shareholder of Interleukin Genetics, Waltham, Massachusetts, which owns patents on genetic biomarkers for chronic inflammatory diseases. Dr. Genco is a consultant to Merck, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey. Dr. Ridker has received research support from AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware; Novartis; Pfizer, New York, New York; Roche, Nutley, New Jersey; Sanofi‐Aventis, Bridgewater, New Jersey; and Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois. Dr. Ridker has received non‐financial research support from Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California. Dr. Ridker is a co‐inventor on patents held by Brigham and Women's Hospital that relate to the use of inflammatory biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. Dr. Ridker is a research consultant for Schering‐Plough, Kenilworth, New Jersey; Sanofi‐Aventis; AstraZeneca; Isis, Carlsbad, California; Novartis; and Vascular Biogenics, Tel Aviv, Israel. Dr. Van Dyke is a co‐inventor on patents held by Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, that relate to inflammation control, including consulting fees. Dr. Roberts has received honoraria for speaking from Merck, Schering‐Plough, AstraZeneca, and Novartis. All other individuals in a position to control content disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Settling Velocity, Aggregate Stability, and Interrill Erodibility of Soils Varying in Clay Mineralogy
Authors: Reichert José Miguel , Norton L. Darrell , Favaretto Nerilde , Huang Chi-hua , Blume Elena
Published: June 2009

Mechanisms of aggregate disruption and the measurement techniques used to quantify them for different aggregate sizes affect the relation of aggregate stability to soil erodibility and to basic soil properties. We evaluated two different techniques of aggregate stability analysis that gave either a settling velocity or stability of aggregates parameter for different sized aggregates which we compared with interrill erodibility for 10 clay soils. We compared the differences in these parameters from slow wetting to reduce slaking to air‐dried aggregates and compared these differences to soil properties. Aggregate settling velocity and stability and soil interrill erodibility were strongly affected by clay mineralogy and physical–chemical properties. The mechanism of aggregate disruption was dependent on clay type. Slaking during fast wetting was important in kaolinitic/oxidic soils, whereas highly smectitic clay increased particle dispersion and slaking on swelling, with a consequent reduction in size and speed of settling aggregates. Swelling of clays may have overridden any reduction in slaking by slow capillary prewetting of illite or smectite (with no kaolinite) soils, causing aggregate instability with both slow and fast wetting procedures. Correlation analysis showed that 4.76‐ to 8‐mm aggregates with a high slaking index also demonstrated more slaking under wet sieving and slower fall velocity. Interrill erodibility had greater correlation with the mean weight diameter (MWD) of stable aggregates in the 1‐ to 2‐mm size class, than for the whole soil (aggregates < 8 mm), and no correlation was observed with any of the slaking indexes involving wet sieving or settling in water. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 89% of the variability in erodibility for prewetted soil was explained by MWD of prewetted 1‐ to 2‐mm stable aggregates (MWDW), available water content, and fall velocity of 1‐ to 2‐mm dry aggregates, while 96% of the variability in erodibility for dry soil was explained by MWDW for 1‐ to 2‐mm prewetted aggregates, water dispersible clay, and fall velocity for 1‐ to 2‐mm dry aggregates. The interrill erodibility, for dry and wet soil, was greatest for the highly smectitic and least for the high‐clay kaolinitic/oxidic, both under annual crops. The higher erodibility and lack of slaking reduction effect on our prewetted soil under simulated rainfall is explained by a confounding effect of high water table, high steady‐state runoff and slaking.
A Laboratory Rig and a Scale‐ and Energy‐Controlled Procedure for Tender Soil Fragmentation Test
Authors: Ding Qishuo , Pan Genxing , Ding Weimin , Ji Changying
Published: June 2009

A laboratory rig was developed for a scale‐ and energy‐controlled tender soil fragmentation test, which required multiple impacts and step‐by‐step decomposition of the soil structure on a macroscale. Soil sample size classes were scaled down by a factor of two, giving ranges of 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 mm, respectively. These size classes were also used as control scales for respective fragmentation stages. Fragmentation tests were conducted to illustrate the possible influences from shape effects, falling weights, displacements, and fragmentation stages, and to investigate the relations among specific fragmentation energy, number of strokes per fragmentation stage, and fragmentation fractal dimension. Specific fragmentation energy was influenced by both the size and the shape of the soil samples. The cylindrical‐ and ball‐shaped soil samples behaved similarly. Thus ball samples were used for a benchmarking test on soil structural stabilities. Subsequent fragmentation on 60‐ and 80‐g ball samples with changed displacements from 5 to 45 cm yielded a decreased number of strokes from around 150 to 10. Whereas, their respective fragmentation fractal dimensions varied insignificantly, ranging from 1.52 to 1.64 for samples of 60‐g mass and 1.55 to 1.72 for 80 g, values much smaller than previously reported. Fragmentation fractal dimension appeared to be a nominal index for remolded soils under laboratory impacting actions. There was a slight increase in specific fragmentation energy as the number of impacts increased. But this increase was aggravated for a single or only few impacts. Thus 20 to 40 strokes was the appropriate stroke number to finish one fragmentation stage. A five‐stage fragmentation on a sample in the 32‐ to 64‐mm size range yielded fragmentation fractal dimensions of 1.29, 1.52, 1.45 and 1.61, for the first four stages, respectively, whereas their specific fragmentation energies increased linearly.
A New Splash and Sheet Erosion Equation for Rangelands
Authors: Wei H. , Nearing M.A. , Stone J.J. , Guertin D.P. , Spaeth K.E. , Pierson F.B. , Nichols M.H. , Moffet C.A.
Published: June 2009

Soil loss rates predicted from erosion models for rangelands have the potential to be important quantitative indicators for rangeland health and for assessing conservation practices. Splash and sheet erosion processes on rangelands differ from croplands, where the process is conceptualized in part as interrill erosion. Previous interrill equations were developed from cropland soils where interrill erosion was conceptualized and modeled for small plots, which are not generally large enough to encompass the relative high spatial heterogeneity of rangelands. Also, interrill erosion is usually modeled as a function of rainfall intensity (I) and runoff rate (q) such that I and q are independent of each other. Splash and sheet erosion is the dominant type of erosion on most undisturbed rangeland hillslopes where there is adequate vegetation, and these important erosion processes need to be addressed to develop an appropriate rangeland erosion model. In this study, we developed a new equation for calculating the combined rate of splash and sheet erosion (Dss) using a large set of rainfall simulation data from the western United States. The equation we propose: Dss = KssI1.052q0.592, where Kss is a splash and sheet erosion coefficient, takes into account a key interrelationship between I and q revealed in the data. This equation was successfully evaluated using independent sets of multiple‐intensity experimental data. The new equation should enable improved estimation of water erosion on rangelands in the western United States and in other parts of the world.
Varied Carbon Content of Organic Matter in Histosols, Spodosols, and Carbonatic Soils
Authors: Kasozi G. N. , Nkedi-Kizza P. , Harris W. G.
Published: June 2009

Soil organic carbon (OC) content is often estimated by determining organic matter (OM) content via mass loss on ignition (LOI) and assuming that there are 580 g OC kg−1 OM. We utilized thermogravimetry (TG), oven‐determined mass LOI, and the Walkley‐Black (WB) wet oxidation method to evaluate the relationship between OC and OM contents of carbonatic and organic soils from Florida and Puerto Rico and Spodosols from Florida. These soils have contrasting components and formed under different ecological settings. The OC content of OM, based on TG‐determined OM mass LOI (TG OM) and WB OC, was higher for Histosols and Spodosols than for carbonatic soils. Regression coefficients between WB OC and TG OM were high for all soils. The factor to convert OM to OC, based on TG OM and WB OC, was 0.56 ± 0.04 (±0.04 is the 95% confidence interval) (R2 = 0.93) for carbonatic soils, 0.67 ± 0.06 (R2 = 0.94) for Spodosols, and 0.69 ± 0.04 (R2 = 0.99) for Histosols. Results show that accuracy in estimating OC from OM content may be improved if the conversion equation is developed from soils within limited compositional and/or biogeochemical ranges. As such, there is no universal conversion factor between OM and OC for all soils. Loss on ignition is not a reliable OM measure if there are mass losses below 200°C that are mistakenly attributed to OM combustion, as in the case of reversible dehydration for Histosols of this study. However, TG enables detection of and accounting for such mass losses. Isothermal TG also confirmed that reversible mass loss between 105 and 200°C was energy—rather than time dependent.
Structural Stability of Humid Tropical Soils as Influenced by Manure Incorporation and Incubation Duration
Authors: Wuddivira Mark N. , Stone Reynold J. , Ekwue Edwin I.
Published: June 2009

Soil erosion due to the impact of high‐intensity tropical rainfall is one of the important environmental problems in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Organic matter and incubation can increase soil cohesion after soil structure disruption and therefore influence aggregate stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), which are key properties in improving soil and water management. We examined the influence of manure incorporation and incubation duration on the structural stability of three tropical soils with different clay contents and mineralogies. Samples were treated with farmyard manure (FYM) at the rates of 0, 6, and 12% per dry mass of soil, brought to field capacity (FC), and incubated for 56 d at an average temperature and humidity of 26°C and 67.5%, respectively. Subsamples were taken at 14, 28, and 56 d for the determination of water‐stable aggregation (WSA) andKsatWe found an increase in WSA of 23 to 27% for the three soils studied when we compared the natural sample with no treatment to the largest treatment combination (12% FYM and 56‐d incubation). The higher the load of FYM incorporation, the more stable the soil became with incubation. Greater improvement was found inKsat, whose values increased between 50 and 700%. Also, both WSA andKsatincreased with incubation duration regardless of FYM level or clay content and mineralogy. This suggests that, by itself, soil incubation at FC after structural disturbance, with or without FYM incorporation, is a desirable practice that encourages particle bonding and structural improvement.
Boreal Mixed‐Wood Watershed Riparian Zone Cation Cycling during Two Contrasting Climatic Years
Authors: McLaughlin James
Published: June 2009

Riparian zones are key transfer points for water, alkalinity, and base cations from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. Base cation cycling in, and fluxes from, forested and alder swamp riparian zones were investigated for one climatically “normal” and one dry season. The soil extractable base cation pools and pH were higher in the alder riparian type. Combined measurements of litter, forest floor, mineral soil, and soil solution indicate that base cation uptake in both riparian zones occurs from the mineral soil. It is not known, however, whether uptake is from the upper (<20 cm) or deeper (>20 cm) mineral soil. Litter N, P, Ca, and Mg concentrations indicate that the forested riparian zone is more sensitive to base cation depletion than the alder riparian zone. Soil solution base cation concentrations in the forested riparian zone were attributed to Si mineral weathering and organic matter mineralization. In contrast, carbonate, probably calcite, weathering was more common in the alder riparian zone. Base cation stoichiometry was similar between years and riparian types, but the proportion of anions shifted to dominance by SO42−and organic acids during fall of the drier year, which resulted in higher fluxes of those anions. The anion shifts, however, were not reflected in base cation fluxes. Uncertainties in shifts in litter quality, mineralization, and hydrologic flux in response to temperature and moisture change require further documentation to adequately deduce the role of such changes, along with rainfall amounts, on base cation cycling in riparian zones.
Corn Response to Fluid Fertilizers Placed Near the Seed at Planting
Authors: Rehm George W. , Lamb John A.
Published: June 2009

As corn producers strive to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use in corn (Zea mays L) production, placement of fertilizer near the seed is a management option that should be given serious consideration. The positive effect of fertilizer placed in a band close to corn seed when soil test values for P and/or K are lower than in the high range has been frequently documented in the literature. Placement of fertilizer very near the seed at planting, frequently referred to as “pop‐up” is gaining in popularity. Rate of adoption of this practice by crop producers has accelerated in recent years raising several questions. To address these questions, this study was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the impact of three fluid fertilizers applied at two rates and placed near the seed at planting on corn emergence, early growth, P uptake, and yield. All combinations of three factors (fertilizer grade, rate of application, placement) were combined in a complete factorial in fields of six cooperating farmers. Three fluid fertilizers were applied at two rates either with the seed or in positions above or below the seed with a small amount of soil between seed and fertilizer. Use of 10–15–0 (10–34–0) near the seed at 93.5 L ha−1 in sandy soils reduced emergence. In the same sandy soils, application of 4–4.4–8.3 (4–10–10) and 3–8‐15 (3–18–18) had no impact on emergence. Placement of all grades near the seed had no effect on emergence in the fine‐textured soils. The data lead to the conclusion that the rate of N, rather than the rate of N plus K, in the fertilizer to be placed near the seed should be the major consideration. Early growth and P uptake by young corn plants was improved by fertilizer placed close to the seed in fine‐textured soils; but not sandy soils. Five of six sites selected had high or very high levels of soil test P. Therefore, fertilizer placed near the seed did not have a positive effect on yield. Measured reductions in yield paralleled reductions in emergence. Results of the study show that placement of fertilizer near the corn seed at planting can be an effective management practice with minimal risk if soils are not sandy.