bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sleep disruption and domestic violence: exploring the interconnections between mothers and children
Authors: Humphreys Cathy , Lowe Pam , Williams Simon
Published: September 2008

This paper argues that sleep disruption is both a strategy and an effect of violence and abuse which profoundly affects the lives of women and children. This paper traces the interconnections between the patterns of sleeping (not sleeping) for women and children living with and recovering from the effects of violence and abuse. It highlights the threat to the emotional and physical well‐being of children and women and provides a non‐pathologizing route into an exploration of one of the symptoms of trauma. It is based on a pilot study which interviewed 17 women, 14 of whom were mothers to 28 children. Mothers reported that many of their children experienced nightmares, bed‐wetting, night panics and disrupted sleep patterns. Recovery of the ability to sleep was often slow and uneven with interactive effects between women and children slowing progress.
Trends in water quality and discharge confound long‐term warming effects on river macroinvertebrates
Authors: DURANCE ISABELLE , ORMEROD S. J.
Published: September 2008

1. Climate‐change effects on rivers and streams might interact with other pressures, such as pollution, but long‐term investigations are scarce. We assessed trends among macroinvertebrates in 50 southern English streams in relation to temperature, discharge and water quality over 18 years (1989–2007).

2. Long‐term records, coupled with estimates from inter‐site calibrations of 3–4 years, showed that mean stream temperatures in the study area had increased by 2.1–2.9 °C in winter and 1.1–1.5 °C in summer over the 26 year period from 1980 to 2006, with trends in winter strongest.

3. While invertebrate assemblages in surface‐fed streams were constant, those in chalk‐streams changed significantly during 1989–2007. Invertebrate trends correlated significantly with temperature, but effects were spurious because (i) assemblages gained taxa typical of faster flow or well‐oxygenated conditions, contrary to expectations from warming; (ii) more invertebrate families increased in abundance than declined and (iii) concomitant changes in water quality (e.g. declining orthophosphate, ammonia and biochemical oxygen demand), or at some sites changes in discharge, explained more variation in invertebrate abundance and composition than did temperature.

4. These patterns were reconfirmed in both group‐ and site‐specific analyses.

5. We conclude that recent winter‐biased warming in southern English chalk‐streams has been insufficient to affect invertebrates negatively over a period of improving water quality. This implies that positive management can minimize some climate‐change impacts on stream ecosystems. Chalk‐stream invertebrates are sensitive, nevertheless, to variations in discharge, and detectable changes could occur if climate change alters flow pattern.

6. Because climatic trends now characterize many inter‐annual time‐series, we caution other investigators to examine whether putative effects on ecological systems are real or linked spuriously to other causes of change.
Regulation of macrophage nitric oxide production by the protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP‐1)
Authors: Blanchette Julie , Abu‐Dayyeh Issa , Hassani Kasra , Whitcombe Lorie , Olivier Martin
Published: September 2008

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent molecule involved in the cytotoxic effects mediated by macrophages (MØ) against microorganisms. We previously reported that Src homology 2 domain phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP‐1)‐deficient cells generate a greater amount of NO than wild‐type cells in response to interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). We also reported that theLeishmania‐induced MØ SHP‐1 activity is needed for the survival of the parasite within phagocytes through the attenuation of NO‐dependent and NO‐independent mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the role of SHP‐1 in regulating key signalling molecules important in MØ NO generation. Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2), mitogen‐activated extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase kinase (MEK), extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/Erk2) mitogen‐activated protein kinases, p38 and stress‐activated mitogen‐activated protein kinases/c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) were examined in immortalized bone marrow‐derived MØ (BMDM) from both SHP‐1‐deficient motheaten mice (me‐3) and their respective littermates (LM‐1). The results indicated that Erk1/Erk2 and SAPK/JNK are the main kinases regulated by SHP‐1 because the absence of SHP‐1 caused an increase in their phosphorylation. Moreover, only Apigenin, the specific inhibitor of Erk1/Erk2, was able to block IFN‐γ‐induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription and translation in me‐3 cells. Transcription factor analyses revealed that in the absence of SHP‐1, activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) was activated. The activation of AP‐1, and not nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) or signal transducer and activator of transcription‐1α (STAT‐1α), may explain the enhanced NO generation in SHP‐1‐deficent cells. These observations emphasize the involvement of the MAPKs Erk1/Erk2 and SAPK/JNK in NO generation via AP‐1 activation. Collectively, our findings suggest that SHP‐1 plays a pivotal role in the negative regulation of signalling events leading to iNOS expression and NO generation. Furthermore, our observations underline the importance of SHP‐1‐mediated negative regulation in maintaining NO homeostasis and thus preventing the abnormal generation of NO that can be detrimental to the host.
Effect of canal preparation and residual root filling material on root impedance
Authors: Al‐bulushi A. , Levinkind M. , Flanagan M. , Ng Y.‐L. , Gulabivala K
Published: September 2008

Aim  To investigate the effect of root canal preparation and residual root filling material on the impedance characteristics of extracted human roots.

Methodology  Thirty extracted, human single‐rooted teeth were mounted in a custom‐made apparatus that allowed strict temperature control. Impedance measurements of the roots were made with a file acting as the internal electrode, using a frequency response analyser. The measurements were made under three canal conditions: (i) before chemo‐mechanical preparation; (ii) after chemo‐mechanical preparation; (iii) after root filling removal to re‐establish patency (following placement of root filling). The measurements were taken at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 mm coronal to the apical terminus and also at 0.5 and 1 mm past the apical terminus. Impedance values were viewed using Nyquist plots and comparisons made within each tooth, between measurement points along the length of the canal, as well as under the different canal conditions. Equivalent circuits were modelled for different test conditions.

Results  The impedance decreased from the coronal to the apical levels in all canal conditions in a characteristic way, with an exaggerated drop at the apical terminus. Impedance decreased after chemo‐mechanical preparation, but gave higher values compared with before or after instrumentation, once canal filling had been removed. Equivalent circuits remained consistent at the tested positions within the canal, regardless of canal condition, but the circuit component values changed with the impedance.

Conclusions  Impedance was influenced by corono‐apical position, chemo‐mechanical preparation and residual root canal filling material.
Ultrafiltration‐modified chicken egg white lysozyme and its antibacterial action
Authors: Lesnierowski Grzegorz , Kijowski Jacek , Cegielska‐Radziejewska Renata
Published: September 2008

The aim of the study was to produce a lysozyme preparation with an increased content of enzyme polymeric forms using the ultrafiltration (UF) technique. The effect of selected parameters of the membrane process on the extent of enzyme modification was examined. The study showed that the membrane technique, developed for the production of lysozyme monomer, could also be used in the direct production of a preparation containing enzyme polymers. Under optimal conditions of the modification procedure, the obtained preparation contained 53.3% of lysozyme polymeric forms. The effectiveness of the antibacterial action of UF‐modified lysozyme against selected strains of bacteria was determined. Its bacteriostatic activity depended on the applied modification conditions. Among lysozyme preparations modified by UF, the highest bacteriostatic activity against selected strains of bacteria was recorded in the preparation containing 53.3% polymeric forms. The modification procedure facilitates the extension of the antibacterial spectrum of lysozyme against Gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens).
Effects of pulsed electric fields on bioactive components, colour and flavour of green tea infusions
Authors: Zhao Wei , Yang Ruijin , Wang Mo , Lu Rongrong
Published: September 2008

Green tea is an unfermented tea containing a higher quantity of bioactive components. In this paper, the effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments on the bioactive components (polyphenols, catechins and free amino acids), colour and flavour of green tea infusions were studied. PEF as a promising non‐thermal sterilisation technology could efficiently retain polyphenols, catechins and original colour of green tea infusions with electric field strength from 20 to 40 kV cm−1 for 200 μs. PEF treatments caused a significant increase in the total free amino acids of green tea infusions. The total free amino acids increased by 7.5% after PEF treatment at 40 kV cm−1. The increase in total amino acids induced by PEF treatment, especially to theanine, is beneficial for the quality of commercial ready‐to‐drink green tea infusion products. There was no significant effect of PEF treatment at 20 or 30 kV cm−1 on flavour compounds of green tea infusions. However, PEF treatment caused losses of volatiles in green tea infusions to different extents when PEF dosage was higher than a critical level. The total concentration of volatiles lost was approximately 10% after PEF treatment at 40 kV cm−1 for 200 μs.
Antimicrobial activity of nisin incorporated in pectin and polylactic acid composite films against Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Jin Tony , Liu LinShu , Zhang Howard , Hicks Kevin
Published: September 2008

An extruded composite food packaging film containing pectin, polylactic acids (PLAs) and nisin was developed to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes. The mechanical properties and surface structure of the film were also examined. Cells of L. monocytogenes were reduced by 2.1, 4.5 and 3.7 log units mL−1 by the pectin plus PLA (pectin/PLA) film containing nisin (1000 IU mL−1 of tested liquid) in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, liquid egg white and orange juice, respectively, after 48 h at 24 °C. Pectin played an important roll in embedding nisin into the film. The pectin/PLA film had a similar stiffness but lower tensile strength, elongation and fracture energy than the pure PLA film. These data suggested that nisin incorporated into the pectin/PLA film was an effective approach to reducing L. monocytogenes in a typical growth medium (e.g. BHI broth) as well as in foods (e.g. orange juice and liquid egg).
Reducing salt intake from meat products by combined use of lactate and diacetate salts without affecting microbial stability
Authors: Devlieghere Frank , Vermeiren Lieve , Bontenbal Erwin , Lamers Pieter‐Paul , Debevere Johan
Published: September 2008

In the framework of the trend towards lowering the salt content in meat products, an experiment was set up to determine combined effect of reducing the salt content with 20% or 40% and adding 2% or 3% Purasal® Opti.Form PD 4 (a mixture of potassium lactate and sodium diacetate) on the shelf‐life of a pre‐packaged cooked meat product. By means of a challenge test with a mixture of two Lactobacillus sakei strains and a Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain, it was observed that use of lactate/diacetate mixture enabled a 40% reduction of the salt content in this cooked meat product, whereas the microbial shelf‐life was significantly increased.
The performance of several oxygen scavengers in varying oxygen environments at refrigerated temperatures: implications for low‐oxygen modified atmosphere packaging of meat
Authors: Brandon Karen , Beggan Michelle , Allen Paul , Butler Francis
Published: September 2008

The oxygen scavenging capacity of four commercially available iron‐based oxygen scavengers was studied. Individual oxygen scavenger sachets were placed in pouches and filled with 1%, 2%, 6%, 12% or 22% oxygen, 40% carbon dioxide and balance nitrogen, and stored at 3 °C or 10 °C, with or without a drip pad infused with water and monitored over 24 h. The four scavengers all reduced oxygen from the packs at the oxygen concentrations and temperatures tested. However, for all of the conditions measured, the scavengers did not absorb their nominal capacity in the 24‐h period. In anoxic modified atmosphere packaging of beef steaks, it is essential to reduce residual oxygen levels to below 0.05% as quickly as possible to minimise the formation of metmyoglobin. While the scavengers tested were effective in removing oxygen, the rate of removal would appear not to be fast enough to create the anoxic conditions required to prevent metmyoglobin formation in beef steaks, particularly in those cuts, which are highly susceptible to metmyoglobin formation. Reproducibility was also a critical issue for the scavengers, particularly at low oxygen concentrations. None of the scavengers had a coefficient of variation of less than 20% at the low oxygen concentrations. Therefore, to obtain consistent results, it is recommended that multiple scavengers be used.
Biological activity and composition of extract from aerial root of Ficus microcarpa L. fil.
Authors: Ao Changwei , Deba Farah , Tako Masakuni , Tawata Shinkichi
Published: September 2008

Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ficus microcarpa aerial roots were determined on methanol extract and its sub‐fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, n‐butanol and water). The ethyl acetate fraction possessed the highest amount of phenolic compounds evaluated by Folin‐Ciocalteu reagent method. It also showed the highest antioxidant activity when tested the following methods: DPPH, ABTS+ radical‐scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, reducing power and β‐carotene linoleic acid bleaching. On the other hand, high phenolics content extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol and n‐butanol) showed significantly higher inhibitory activity than low phenolics content extracts (water and hexane) against five tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Protocatechuic acid, catechol, p‐vinylguaiacol, syringol, p‐propylphenol, vanillin, p‐propylguaiacol, isovanillic acid, 4‐n‐Propylresorcinol, syringaldehyde and oleanolic acid contained in ethyl acetate fraction were identified by GC‐MS and HPLC based on their cochromatography with standard compounds. Protocatechuic acid, catechol and syringol exhibited nearly same antioxidant activity as did by positive control Trolox using the mentioned assays. Results here showed that the ethyl acetate fraction has strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities, which are correlated with its high level of phenolic compounds.
Optimising conditions for enzymatic extraction of edible gelatin from the cattle bones using response surface methodology
Authors: Hosseini‐Parvar Seyed H. , Keramat Javad , Kadivar Mahdi , Khanipour Elham , Motamedzadegan Ali
Published: September 2008

This work was initiated to optimise the factors affecting the enzymatic extraction of edible gelatin from the cattle bones using response surface methodology. A central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the effects of the enzyme concentration, time of enzymatic treatment and extraction temperature on the yield of extraction, gel strength, apparent viscosity and absorption at 420 nm. The R2 values of regression models for all the response variables were higher than 0.9. Data analysis showed that all the process variables significantly (P < 0.01) affected the gel strength and apparent viscosity of extracted gelatin, whereas the effect of extraction temperature on both yield of extraction and absorption at 420 nm was not significant (P > 0.05). Graphical optimum conditions for the extraction yield, gel strength, apparent viscosity and absorption at 420 nm were determined as 6.1 ppm, 15.6 h, 70 °C; 9.1 ppm, 11.9 h, 70.3 °C; 7.86 ppm, 14.9 h, 77.5 °C and 2.8 ppm, 10 h, 60 °C, respectively. For all the response variables, the experimental values were very close to the predicted values and were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
Rapid and sensitive determination of formaldehyde in some beverages and foods by flow‐injection fluorimetric analysis
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Qing , Zhang Zhi‐Qi
Published: September 2008

A simple and sensitive flow‐injection (FI) method for rapid determination of formaldehyde in beverage and food products has been developed. Adopting stop‐flow technique, the proposed method distinctly improved the sensitivity of FI fluorimetric method for the determination of formaldehyde based on Hantzsch reaction with cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione. The fluorescent intensity was proportional to formaldehyde concentrations ranging 0.1 ng mL−1 to 1.000 μg mL−1, and the detection limit (S/N = 3) was 0.04 ng mL−1 of formaldehyde. The relative standard deviations (n = 11) for determination of 0.100 and 0.005 μg mL−1 of formaldehyde were 1.3% and 2.1%, respectively. The analytical frequency was 18 samples per hour. This method was applied directly for the determination of formaldehyde in diluted beverages and extraction solutions of foods, and the results obtained correlated well with those obtained by the standard method in which a sample pretreatment of steam distillation was required.
UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry: diagnosis, prevention and management of dental erosion
Authors: O’SULLIVAN E , MILOSEVIC A
Published: September 2008

This revised Clinical Guideline in Paediatric Dentistry replaces the previously published ninth guideline (Shaw L, O’Sullivan E. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000; 10: 356–365). The process of guideline production began in 1994, resulting in first publication in 1997. Each guideline has been circulated widely for consultation to all UK consultants in paediatric dentistry, council members of the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry (BSPD), and to people of related specialities recognized to have expertise in the subject. The final version of this guideline is produced from a combination of this input and thorough review of the published literature. In the case of the present guideline, an internationally recognized expert in the field was invited to be a co‐author (AM). The intention is to encourage improvement in clinical practice and to stimulate research and clinical audit in areas where scientific evidence is inadequate. Evidence underlying recommendations is scored according to the SIGN classification and guidelines should be read in this context. Further details regarding the process of paediatric dentistry guideline production in the UK is described in the Int J Paediatr Dent 1997; 7: 267–268.
Enrichment of land‐cover polygons with eco‐climatic information derived from MODIS NDVI imagery
Authors: Maselli Fabio , Di Gregorio Antonio , Capecchi Valerio , Breda Federico
Published: September 2008

Aim  The FAO land‐cover classification system (LCCS) represents an innovative approach to standardizing and harmonizing land‐cover classifications based on remote sensing data. The thematic information considered by the LCCS, however, is intrinsically related to vegetation physiognomy and does not report important eco‐climatic features. Our aim is to develop a methodology to enrich LCCS maps with information on vegetation productivity and phenology derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data.

Location  The LCCS has recently been applied in East Africa by the Africover project. The proposed methodology is developed and tested in Tanzania using MODIS NDVI data for a 5‐year period (2001–05).

Methods  Annual NDVI profiles of Africover polygons were extracted from MODIS imagery. These profiles, composed of 23 NDVI values per year, were averaged over the study period, purified for possible land‐cover errors and converted into a more manageable format composed of 24 half‐month values. The resulting NDVI profiles were first analysed visually and then evaluated statistically against rainfall measurements taken at 12 Tanzanian stations. The steps involved were as follows: NDVI values were aggregated on a monthly basis and represented with a one‐digit integer to obtain an extended code; a subset of parameters describing vegetation development and phenology was identified, thus obtaining a restricted codification; and finally, the information loss resulting from both the extended and restricted codification was evaluated with respect to the original NDVI profiles.

Results  NDVI profiles of different Africover classes can differ in mean values but tend to have a similar shape, linked to the seasonality of local vegetation. Both NDVI annual averages and seasonal variations are strictly dependent on rainfall patterns, particularly in arid zones. The tested codifications effectively summarize the eco‐climatic information contained in the polygon NDVI profiles, with the extended and restricted codifications retaining > 90% and 80% of such information, respectively.

Main conclusions  The proposed methodology is capable of enriching LCCS polygons with eco‐climatic information derived from MODIS NDVI data. Such information is related to vegetation development and seasonality, and can be efficiently condensed at various levels of detail.
Exercise workload, cardiovascular risk factor evaluation and the risk of stroke in middle‐aged men
Authors: Kurl S. , Sivenius J. , Mäkikallio T. H. , Rauramaa R. , Laukkanen J. A.
Published: September 2008

Objective.  We investigated the prognostic significance of risk scores and exercise workload with respect to stroke.

Background.  There are no data on exercise workload combined with European Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) in the prediction of stroke.

Methods.  Exercise workload was measured by exercise test with an electrically braked cycle ergometer performed at baseline. The study is based on a random population‐based sample of 1639 men (42–60 years) without history of type 2 diabetes or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease, stroke or claudication.

Results.  During an average follow‐up of 16 years, a total of 97 strokes occurred, of which 71 were ischaemic strokes. Independent predictors for all strokes were European SCORE [for 1% increment, relative risk (RR): 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.22, P = 0.017), maximal workload (for 20 W increment, RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80 to 0.95, P = 0.003) and body mass index (for 5 kg m−2 increment, RR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.14, P = 0.004), when adjusted for serum HDL, alcohol consumption, C‐reactive protein, family history of coronary heart disease, exercise‐induced ST changes and the use of medications for hypertension, dyslipidaemia or aspirin. The risk was 2.54‐fold (95% CI: 1.27–5.09, P = 0.008) for any strokes and 4.43‐fold (95% CI 1.69–11.78, P = 0.003) for ischaemic strokes amongst men with exercise capacity less than 162 W when compared with those with high exercise capacity over 230 W, after adjustment for risk factors.

Conclusions.  Low exercise workload predicts an especially high risk for stroke in the presence of high risk SCORE.
Circulating serum adiponectin levels in patients with coronary artery disease: relationship to atherosclerotic burden and cardiac function
Authors: Patel J. V. , Abraheem A. , Dotsenko O. , Creamer J. , Gunning M. , Hughes E. A. , Lip G. Y. H.
Published: September 2008

Background.  Abnormal adipocyte function is implicated in both the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiac function, where adiponectin provides a putative link. However, the utility of adiponectin as a discriminator of CHD severity is unclear and may be confounded by cardiac function. We hypothesized that plasma adiponectin would relate to indices of coronary artery disease severity (coronary atheroma scores, CAS), ejection fraction (EF) and regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) therein.

Method.  We measured adiponectin using a cross‐sectional approach, we measured plasma adiponectin enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 204 consecutive patients (aged 34–81 years) undergoing elective coronary angiography.

Results.  Levels of adiponectin decreased in an ordinal fashion across tertiles of increasing CAS (P = 0.047), but were nonsignificantly correlated to absolute values of CAS (P = 0.06). Adiponectin levels were unrelated to left ventricular dysfunction related measures of RWMA or EF. On multivariate analysis, (including factors relating to CHD risk, history and medication) adiponectin levels were independently inversely associated with triglycerides (P = 0.001), CAS tertiles (P = 0.01) and positively with age (P < 0.001).

Conclusion.  Levels of adiponectin decreased with coronary artery disease severity, without impact from systolic dysfunction, but levels may be moderated through established CHD risk factors such as smoking and triglycerides. Further work is warranted as to the clinical prognostic utility of this marker amongst CHD patients.
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial
Authors: Jorde R. , Sneve M. , Figenschau Y. , Svartberg J. , Waterloo K.
Published: September 2008

Objectives.  The objective of the present study was to examine the cross‐sectional relation between serum 25‐hydoxyvitamin D [25‐(OH) D] levels and depression in overweight and obese subjects and to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms.

Design.  Cross‐sectional study and randomized double blind controlled trial of 20.000 or 40.000 IU vitamin D per week versus placebo for 1 year.

Setting.  A total of 441 subjects (body mass index 28–47 kg m−2, 159 men and 282 women, aged 21–70 years) recruited by advertisements or from the out‐patient clinic at the University Hospital of North Norway.

Main outcome measures.  Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score with subscales 1–13 and 14–21.

Results.  Subjects with serum 25(OH)D levels <40 nmol L−1 scored significantly higher (more depressive traits) than those with serum 25(OH)D levels ≥40 nmol L−1 on the BDI total [6.0 (0–23) versus 4.5 (0–28) (median and range)] and the BDI subscale 1–13 [2.0 (0–15) versus 1.0 (0–29.5)] (P < 0.05). In the two groups given vitamin D, but not in the placebo group, there was a significant improvement in BDI scores after 1 year. There was a significant decrease in serum parathyroid hormone in the two vitamin D groups without a concomitant increase in serum calcium.

Conclusions.  It appears to be a relation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and symptoms of depression. Supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to ameliorate these symptoms indicating a possible causal relationship.
Blood p50 evaluation enhances diagnostic definition of isolated erythrocytosis
Authors: Rumi E. , Passamonti F. , Pagano L. , Ammirabile M. , Arcaini L. , Elena C. , Flagiello A. , Tedesco R. , Vercellati C. , Marcello A. P. , Pietra D. , Moratti R. , Cazzola M. , Lazzarino M.
Published: September 2008

Background.  High oxygen‐affinity haemoglobin variants and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) deficiency are inherited diseases generating low tissue oxygen tension and erythropoietin‐driven erythrocytosis, that characterizes the clinical phenotype of patients. Level of blood p50 (the oxygen tension at which haemoglobin is 50% saturated) is used to recognize these conditions.

Objectives.  To define the clinical utility of blood p50 measurement in the diagnosis of isolated erythrocytosis.

Subjects and design.  Venous blood p50 measurement was included in the diagnostic work‐up of 102 consecutive patients with isolated erythrocytosis besides blood cell count, arterial oxygen saturation, serum erythropoietin measurement and screening for JAK2 mutations.

Setting.  Haematological Outpatient Section at University Hospital.

Results.  Seven patients had relative erythrocytosis. Among 95 patients with absolute erythrocytosis, 4 (4.2%) had decreased p50 level. The extended study of family members revealed a familial inheritance. Two families had haemoglobin variants already described as Haemoglobin Malmö and Haemoglobin San Diego. In one family, the proband had a new high oxygen‐affinity haemoglobin variant (Haemoglobin Safi) resulting from the transversion C→A at codon 81 of the α2‐globin gene. In the last family, a deficiency of 2,3‐DPG was found. Within the 91 patients with normal p50 values, 46 (51%) had secondary erythrocytosis, 13 (14%) polycythemia vera and 32 (35%) idiopathic erythrocytosis.

Conclusions.  This study suggests that the investigation of blood p50 level may be useful to define diagnosis in patients with isolated erythrocytosis.
Localization of PBP3 in Caulobacter crescentus is highly dynamic and largely relies on its functional transpeptidase domain
Authors: Costa Teresa , Priyadarshini Richa , Jacobs‐Wagner Christine
Published: September 2008

In rod‐shaped bacteria, septal peptidoglycan synthesis involves the late recruitment of the ftsI gene product (PBP3 in Escherichia coli) to the FtsZ ring. We show that in Caulobacter crescentus, PBP3 accumulates at the new pole at the beginning of the cell cycle. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments reveal that polar PBP3 molecules are, constantly and independently of FtsZ, replaced by those present in the cellular pool, implying that polar PBP3 is not a remnant of the previous division. By the time cell constriction is initiated, all PBP3 polar accumulation has disappeared in favour of an FtsZ‐dependent localization near midcell, consistent with PBP3 function in cell division. Kymograph analysis of time‐lapse experiments shows that the recruitment of PBP3 to the FtsZ ring is progressive and initiated very early on, shortly after FtsZ ring formation and well before cell constriction starts. Accumulation of PBP3 near midcell is also highly dynamic with a rapid exchange of PBP3 molecules between midcell and cellular pools. Localization of PBP3 at both midcell and pole appears multifactorial, primarily requiring the catalytic site of PBP3. Collectively, our results suggest a role for PBP3 in pole morphogenesis and provide new insights into the process of peptidoglycan assembly during division.
Origin and function of the two major tail proteins of bacteriophage SPP1
Authors: Auzat Isabelle , Dröge Anja , Weise Frank , Lurz Rudi , Tavares Paulo
Published: September 2008

The majority of bacteriophages have a long non‐contractile tail (Siphoviridae) that serves as a conduit for viral DNA traffic from the phage capsid to the host cell at the beginning of infection. The 160‐nm‐long tail tube of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1 is shown to be composed of two major tail proteins (MTPs), gp17.1 and gp17.1*, at a ratio of about 3:1. They share a common amino‐terminus, but the latter species has ∼10 kDa more than gp17.1. A CCC.UAA sequence with overlapping proline codons at the 3′ end of gene 17.1 drives a programmed translational frameshift to another open reading frame. The recoding event generates gp17.1*. Phages carrying exclusively gp17.1 or gp17.1* are viable, but tails are structurally distinct. gp17.1 and the carboxyl‐terminus of gp17.1* have a distinct evolutionary history correlating with different functions: the polypeptide sequence identical in the two proteins is responsible for assembly of the tail tube while the additional module of gp17.1* shields the structure exterior exposed to the environment. The carboxyl‐terminal extension is an elaboration present in some tailed bacteriophages. Different extensions were found to combine in a mosaic fashion with the MTP essential module in a subset of Siphoviridae genomes.
An antioxidant redox system in the nucleus of wheat seed cells suffering oxidative stress
Authors: Pulido Pablo , Cazalis Roland , Cejudo Francisco Javier
Published: September 2008

Cereal seed cells contain different mechanisms for protection against the oxidative stress that occurs during maturation and germination. One such mechanism is based on the antioxidant activity of a 1‐Cys peroxiredoxin (1‐Cys Prx) localized in the nuclei of aleurone and scutellum cells. However, nothing is known about the mechanism of activation of this enzyme. Here, we describe the pattern of localization of NADPH thioredoxin reductase (NTR) in developing and germinating wheat seeds using an immunocytochemical analysis. The presence of NTR in transfer cells, vascular tissue, developing embryo and root meristematic cells, agrees with the localization of thioredoxin h (Trx h), and supports the important function of the NTR/Trx system in cell proliferation and communication. Interestingly, NTR is found in the nuclei of seed cells suffering oxidative stress, thus showing co‐localization with Trx h and 1‐Cys Prx. To test whether the NTR/Trx system serves as a reductant of the 1‐Cys Prx, we cloned a full‐length cDNA encoding 1‐Cys Prx from wheat, and expressed the recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Using the purified components, we show NTR‐dependent activity of the 1‐Cys Prx. Mutants of the 1‐Cys Prx allowed us to demonstrate that the peroxidatic residue of the wheat enzyme is Cys46, which is overoxidized in vitro under oxidant conditions. Analysis of extracts from developing and germinating seeds confirmed 1‐Cys Prx overoxidation in vivo. Based on these results, we propose that NADPH is the source of the reducing power to regenerate 1‐Cys Prx in the nuclei of seed cells suffering oxidative stress, in a process that is catalyzed by NTR.
A conserved mechanism for nitrile metabolism in bacteria and plants
Authors: Howden Andrew J. M. , Jill Harrison C. , Preston Gail M.
Published: September 2008

Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 is a plant growth‐promoting bacterium that efficiently colonises the leaf surfaces and rhizosphere of a range of plants. Previous studies have identified a putative plant‐induced nitrilase gene (pinA) in P. fluorescens SBW25 that is expressed in the rhizosphere of sugar beet plants. Nitrilase enzymes have been characterised in plants, bacteria and fungi and are thought to be important in detoxification of nitriles, utilisation of nitrogen and synthesis of plant hormones. We reveal that pinA is a NIT4‐type nitrilase that catalyses the hydrolysis of β‐cyano‐l‐alanine, a nitrile common in the plant environment and an intermediate in the cyanide detoxification pathway in plants. In plants cyanide is converted to β‐cyano‐l‐alanine, which is subsequently detoxified to aspartic acid and ammonia by NIT4. In P. fluorescens SBW25 pinA is induced in the presence of β‐cyano‐l‐alanine, and the β‐cyano‐l‐alanine precursors cyanide and cysteine. pinA allows P. fluorescens SBW25 to use β‐cyano‐l‐alanine as a nitrogen source and to tolerate toxic concentrations of this nitrile. In addition, pinA is shown to complement a NIT4 mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana, enabling plants to grow in concentrations of β‐cyano‐l‐alanine that would otherwise prove lethal. Interestingly, over‐expression of pinA in wild‐type A. thaliana not only resulted in increased growth in high concentrations of β‐cyano‐l‐alanine, but also resulted in increased root elongation in the absence of exogenous β‐cyano‐l‐alanine, demonstrating that β‐cyano‐l‐alanine nitrilase activity can have a significant effect on root physiology and root development.
Sequential administration of sargramostim and filgrastim in pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients undergoing myeloablative conditioning†
Authors: Waxman Ian M. , Militano Olga , Baldinger Leah , Roman Elizabeth , Qualter Erin , Morris Erin , Garvin James , Bradley Mary Brigid , Bhatia Monica , Satwani Prakash , George Diane , Del Toro Gustavo , Hawks Ria , Wolownik Karen , Foley Sandra , Cheung Ying‐Kuen , Schwartz Joseph , Van De Ven Carmella , Baxter‐Lowe Lee Ann , Cairo Mitchell S.
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  G‐CSF and GM‐CSF both hasten myeloid engraftment post‐MA‐alloSCT; however, GM‐CSF is earlier acting and less expensive. The objective was to evaluate efficacy/safety of sequential administration of GM‐CSF followed by G‐CSF in children post‐MA‐alloSCT. From January 2001 to June 2005, 31 children received 32 MA‐alloSCT: mean age 6.65 yr; MRD BM or PBSC vs. related or unrelated UCB 11:21; malignant vs. non‐malignant disorders 22:10. GM‐CSF (250 μg/m2 IV QD) began on day of stem cell infusion. GM‐CSF was switched to G‐CSF (10 μg/kg IV QD) when WBC ≥ 300/mm3 × 2 days. G‐CSF continued until ANC ≥ 2500/mm3 × 2 days, then tapered to maintain ANC ≥ 1000/mm3. Median time to myeloid engraftment (ANC ≥ 500/mm3 × 3 days) was 17 days [13 days vs. 24 days, MRD BM/PBSC vs. UCB (p < 0.0001)], occurring at a median time of two days after switch to G‐CSF. Clinically relevant adverse events were bone pain (n = 8) and large pleural effusion (n = 1). It was estimated that sequential GM‐CSF/G‐CSF was cost‐effective compared with G‐CSF alone [cost‐savings of $1311/patient ($41,952/study), 2007 Red Book™ Average Wholesale Price]. In summary, it was demonstrated that sequential administration of GM‐CSF/G‐CSF post‐MA‐alloSCT was safe, cost‐effective and resulted in prompt myeloid engraftment.
Extensive clonality of the endemic Calamagrostis pseudopurpurea Gerstl. ex O.R. Heine in central Germany revealed by RAPD markers
Authors: Schiebold S. , Hensen I. , Wesche K. , Röser M.
Published: September 2008

Calamagrostis pseudopurpurea is one of only a few endemic species in Germany and is confined to the catchment area of the River Mulde in the states of Saxony and Saxony‐Anhalt. We studied the genetic structure and seed viability across its entire distribution area. Patterns of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation were analysed using 183 individuals from 43 stands in order to assess the overall genetic structure and the extent of clonality. In addition, four related Calamagrostis species (C. canescens, C. epigejos, C. phragmitoides and C. villosa) were included in our study to consider the probable phylogenetic origin of C. pseudopurpurea. We detected two clearly different RAPD phenotypes of C. pseudopurpurea, each distributed along the river banks of two spatially isolated stream courses. Both phenotypes are present downstream of the confluence. Our results indicate that C. pseudopurpurea originates from two distinct periods of hybridisation between the same parental taxa, and that clonal propagation is most likely the main reproduction method. In line with its hybrid origin, embryos of sampled C. pseudopurpurea caryopses were found to be mostly degraded or unviable over several years. Calamagrostis pseudopurpurea is genetically closer to C. canescens and C. phragmitoides than it is to other studied species, but C. canescens and C. phragmitoides have not been proven to be direct parental taxa of C. pseudopurpurea. Calamagrostis pseudopurpurea should therefore still be treated as a separate species that needs special attention from a conservation point of view.
Microspatial population genetic structure of the Mediterranean shrub Fumana thymifolia
Authors: Jump A. S. , Rico L. , Lloret F. , Peñuelas J.
Published: September 2008

Fumana thymifolia (Cistaceae) is an insect‐pollinated, gravity‐dispersed evergreen shrub, which is a common component of fire‐prone Mediterranean shrubland ecosystems. Despite the availability of basic knowledge on its ecology, little is known of its breeding system and no information is available on its population genetic structure. We explored the within‐population genetic structure of this species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers and related this to predictions based on its breeding system, pollen and seed dispersal. Existing information on the reproductive ecology of F. thymifolia was supplemented by artificial pollination experiments. We determined that self‐fertilisation can occur in F. thymifolia but results in reduced fruit set. Significant genetic structuring was detected within the population, a likely consequence of localised seed dispersal in combination with a mixed mating system. In a study site covering approximately 0.5 ha, amova revealed that approximately 9% of genetic variability was distributed among population subsamples. Significant spatial genetic structure was detected, with kinship coefficients being significantly elevated above the null expectation in the first six distance classes (maximum 5 m), and a value of Sp of up to 0.0342, comparable with species having similar ecological characteristics. Weak isolation by distance at the plot scale was detected, suggesting that insect‐mediated pollen flow is non‐random, despite being more extensive than seed dispersal. Fumana thymifolia provides a promising model for the investigation of both short‐ and long‐term population dynamics in relation to fire frequency within this plant community.
Energy balance and temperature relations of Azorella compacta, a high‐elevation cushion plant of the central Andes
Authors: Kleier C. , Rundel P.
Published: September 2008

The environmental relationships and ecophysiology of Azorella compacta, a giant cushion plant, were investigated in Parque Nacional Lauca, Chile (18°10′–18°25′ S and 69°16′ W, 4400 m asl). The diurnal temperature range can reach 42 °C on some days of the year. The surface temperature of A. compacta was 13 °C below that of the air temperature of −7 °C at dawn, but from midmorning to late afternoon, the plant surface temperature remained within a few degrees of the air temperature. Soil surface temperatures did not differ between north‐ and south‐facing slopes, but a model showed an increase in radiation reception by north‐facing slopes throughout most of the year. Gas exchange measurements of A. compacta measured at the onset of the wet season ranged from −0.6662 to 11.4 μmol·m−2·s−1, and maximum stomatal conductance (Gs) was 410 mmol·m−2·s−1. The estimated light compensation point was 89 μmol·m−2·s−1 and estimated light saturation occurred at about 1280 μmol·m−2·s−1. Diurnal water potential measurements for A. compacta ranged from −1.67 to −2.65 MPa. This is one of the first ecophysiological studies of a tropical alpine cushion plant.
Differential and interactive effects of temperature and photoperiod on budburst and carbon reserves in two co‐occurring Mediterranean oaks
Authors: Sanz‐Pérez V. , Castro‐Díez P. , Valladares F.
Published: September 2008

Effects of temperature and photoperiod and their interactions on budburst and on the use of carbon reserves were examined in two Mediterranean oaks differing in wood anatomy and leaf habit. Seedlings of Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (evergreen and diffuse‐porous wood) and Q. faginea (semi‐deciduous and ring‐porous wood) were grown under two temperatures (12 and 19 °C) and two photoperiods (10 and 16 h) in a factorial experiment. In the 16 h photoperiod at 19 °C, photosynthesis was suppressed in half of the seedlings by covering leaves with aluminium foil. The concentration of soluble sugars, starch and lipids in leaves, stems and roots was assessed before and after budburst. Under the 12 °C treatment (mean current temperature in early spring in the Iberian Peninsula), budburst in Q. faginea occurred earlier than in Q. ilex. Higher temperature promoted earlier budburst in both species, mostly under the 16 h photoperiod. This response was less pronounced in Q. faginea because its budburst was also controlled by photoperiod, and because this species needs to construct a new ring of xylem before budburst to supply its growth demands. Therefore, dates of budburst of the two species became closer to each other in the warmer treatment, which might alter competitive relations between the species with changing climate. While Q. ilex relied on carbon reserves for budburst, Q. faginea relied on both carbon reserves and current photoassimilates. The different responses of the two Quercus species to temperature and photoperiod related more to xylem structure than to the source of carbon used for budburst.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Low‐Temperature Methylmethacrylate Resin‐Embedded Goat Tissues
Authors: Vertenten G. , Vlaminck L. , Ducatelle R. , Lippens E. , Cornelissen M. , Gasthuys F.
Published: September 2008

Goats are frequently used as a suitable animal model for tissue engineering. Immunohistochemistry can be helpful in improving the understanding and evaluation of the in vivo tissue responses at a molecular level. Several commercially available antibodies (KI67, vimentin, CD31, core‐binding factor alpha‐1, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, MAC387, CD3, CD20, CD20cy, CD79 and CD45) were evaluated on Technovit 9100 New© embedded goat tissues. Only vimentin, osteocalcin, MAC387 and CD3 revealed positive staining. These antibodies can be routinely used to evaluate goat tissues at molecular level. The use and development of alternative antibodies might further supplement and complete the possibilities for immunohistochemical analysis of goat tissue samples.
Electron Microscopic Study of the Porcine Choroid Plexus Epithelium
Authors: De Spiegelaere W. , Casteleyn C. , Van Den Broeck W. , Simoens P.
Published: September 2008

The choroid plexus (CP) is a highly vascularized organ in the brain ventricles which acts as the main producer of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A study of the surface ultrastructure of the porcine CP was performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The vascular walls of the capillaries were fenestrated. Epiplexus cells of different morphology were abundant on top of the epithelial surface. Two types of epithelial cells were present, characterized by the presence or absence of microvilli. Some epithelial cells contained cilia while other cells had large secretory protrusions called blebs. In the choroid epithelium of the lateral ventricles, some cells with large depressions were present. Cells with peduncles, such as recently discovered in the buffalo, could not be recognized. The variability of the choroidal surface structures clearly indicates the active role of the CP in the formation and maintenance of the CSF and its components.
A Morphological Study of Skeletal Development in Turkey during the Pre‐Hatching Stage
Authors: Atalgin S. H. , Kürtül I.
Published: September 2008

Skeletal chondrofication, ossification and growth of turkey embryos were investigated and analysed to enable assessment of the developmental status and evaluation of the experimental effects on skeletal development, skeletal mutations and development of cultured embryos. Ten embryos were prepared every 24 h from 8 to 28 days of incubation. The fixed embryos were cleared and stainedin totowith Alcian blue & Alizarin red for cartilage and ossified components, respectively. Observation of the skeleton was performed under a stereoscopic microscopy, with special attention to the timing of chondrofication and ossification of the bones. The first occurrence of the primary ossification centres was observed in the femur, tibiotarsus, and the dentary and supra‐angular of the mandible on the 12th day, followed immediately by the other long bones. Skeletal features of the skull were determined to show the latest appearance of cartilage and ossification. Hence, all elements of the hyolingual apparatus remained cartilaginous until hatching took place except for the ceratobranchial. Even though the vertebral column chondrified earlier as compared with the ribs and sternum, they ossified later. While chondrofication was present in all the regions of the vertebral column at the same time, ossification progressed from the cervical through caudal regions. The growth rate of the femur was eminently higher than that of the humerus with increase in time, particularly after the 20th day of incubation. This seems to be obviously natural because the eggs used in the study are from the broiler turkey, which gains giant muscle mass at a very short period; precocity is probably at the expense of the bones of the leg rather than those of the wing.