bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TOTALLY SECURE CLASSICAL NETWORKS WITH MULTIPOINT TELECLONING (TELEPORTATION) OF CLASSICAL BITS THROUGH LOOPS WITH JOHNSON-LIKE NOISE
Authors: KISH LASZLO B. , MINGESZ ROBERT
Published: April 2006

First, we show a new inexpensive defense against intruders and the man-in-the-middle attack in the Kirchhoff's-loop-Johnson-like-noise (KLJN) cipher. Then instead of point-to-point communication, we propose a high efficiency, secure network. The (in the idealistic case totally secure) classical network is based on an improved version of the KLJN cipher. The network consists of two parallel networks: i) a chain-like network of securely communicating, electrically isolated Kirchhoff-loops with Johnson-like noise and driven by a specific switching process of the resistances; ii) and a regular non-secure data network with a Coordinator-server. If the classical network is fast enough, the chain-like network of N communicators can generate and share an N bit long secret key within a single clock period of the ciphers and that implies a significant speed-up compared to the point-to-point key exchanges used by quantum communication or RSA-like key exchange methods. This is a teleportation-type multiple telecloning of the classical information bit because the information transfer can take place without the actual presence of the information bit at the intermediate points of the network. At the point of the telecloning, the clone is created by the product of a bit coming from the regular network and a secure bit from the local KLJN ciphers. The same idea could be implemented with quantum communicator pairs producing entangled secure bit at the two ends. This is the telecloning of classical bits via quantum communicator networks without telecloning the quantum states.
Transduction mechanisms in airway sensory nerves
Authors: Taylor-Clark Thomas , Undem Bradley J.
Published: April 2006

The induction of action potentials in airway sensory nerves relies on events leading to the opening of cation channels in the nerve terminal membrane and subsequent membrane depolarization. If the membrane depolarization is of sufficient rate and amplitude, action potential initiation will occur. The action potentials are then conducted to the central nervous system, leading to the initiation of various sensations and cardiorespiratory reflexes. Triggering events in airway sensory nerves include mechanical perturbation, inflammatory mediators, pH, temperature, and osmolarity acting through a variety of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Action potential initiation can be modulated (positively or negatively) through independent mechanisms caused mainly by autacoids and other metabotropic receptor ligands. Finally, gene expression of sensory nerves can be altered in adult mammals. This neuroplasticity can change the function of sensory nerves and likely involve both neurotrophin and use-dependent mechanisms. Here we provide a brief overview of some of the transduction mechanisms underlying these events.
Less Effect of Intranasal Than Oral Hormone Therapy on Factors Associated With Venous Thrombosis Risk in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Hemelaar Majoie , Rosing Jan , Kenemans Peter , Thomassen M. Christella L.G.D. , Braat Didi D.M. , van der Mooren Marius J.
Published: April 2006

Objective—

To compare the effects of intranasal and oral administration of 17β-estradiol (E
2
) and norethisterone(acetate) [NET(A)] in healthy postmenopausal women on activated protein C (APC) resistance and other hemostatic parameters associated with venous thrombosis.

Methods and Results—

In this 2-center, randomized, double-blind, 1-year trial, 90 postmenopausal women (56.6±4.7 years of age) received daily either an intranasal spray with 175 μg/275 μg E
2
/NET (n=47) or 1 mg/0.5 mg oral E
2
/NETA (n=43). Normalized APC sensitivity ratios (nAPCsr) were determined with a thrombin generation-based APC resistance test. After 1 year, the increase in nAPCsr was smaller in the intranasal than in the oral group: 11% (95% CI, 1% to 22%) versus 53% (95% CI, 37% to 72%). Overall, the decrease in antithrombin and increase in prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) were smaller and the decrease in free protein S larger in the intranasal compared with the oral group after 1 year. In both groups, the decreases in protein C and prothrombin, and the increase in
d
-dimer were similar.

Conclusion—

Compared with oral E
2
/NETA therapy, intranasal administration of E
2
/NET had less effect on APC resistance and on a number of other parameters associated with venous thrombosis. This observation suggests the possibility of a lower venous thrombosis risk for intranasal E
2
/NET compared with oral therapy.
Increased Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 Mediates Enhanced Contraction to Endothelin ET
A
Receptor Stimulation in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Mice
Authors: Zhou Yingbi , Mitra Srabani , Varadharaj Saradhadevi , Parinandi Narasimham , Zweier Jay L. , Flavahan Nicholas A.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to determine whether prolonged loss of NO activity, in endothelial NO synthase knockout (eNOS
−/−
) mice, influences endothelin (ET) ET
A
receptor-mediated smooth muscle contraction and, if so, to define the underlying mechanism(s). In isolated endothelium-denuded abdominal aortas, contractions to the selective ET
A
receptor agonist ET-1(1-31) were significantly increased in aortas from eNOS
−/−
compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, contractions to the α
1
-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine or the thromboxane (TX) A
2
analog U-46619 were similar between eNOS
−/−
and WT mice. Immunofluorescent and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the aortic expression of ET
A
receptors was decreased in eNOS
−/−
compared with WT mice. Contractions evoked by ET-1(1-31), but not phenylephrine, were reduced by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (indomethacin or celecoxib) or of TXA
2
/prostaglandin H
2
receptors (SQ-29548). After COX inhibition, contractions to ET-1(1-31) were no longer increased and were actually decreased in eNOS
−/−
compared with WT aortas. Western blot analysis revealed that endothelium-denuded abdominal aortas express COX-2, but not COX-1, and that expression of COX-2 was significantly increased in eNOS
−/−
compared with WT mice. Contractions to the COX substrate arachidonic acid were also increased in eNOS
−/−
aortas. Furthermore, ET-1(1-31) but not phenylephrine stimulated production of the TXA
2
metabolite TXB
2
, which was increased in eNOS
−/−
compared with WT aortas. Therefore, COX-2 plays a crucial and selective role in ET
A
-mediated smooth muscle contraction. Furthermore, COX-2 expression is increased in eNOS
−/−
mice, which overcomes a reduced expression of ET
A
receptors and enables a selective increase in contraction to ET
A
receptor stimulation.
Stroke Rehabilitation in Europe
Authors: De Wit Liesbet , Putman Koen , Lincoln Nadina , Baert Ilse , Berman Peter , Beyens Hilde , Bogaerts Kris , Brinkmann Nadine , Connell Louise , Dejaeger Eddy , De Weerdt Willy , Jenni Walter , Lesaffre Emmanuel , Leys Mark , Louckx Fred , Schuback Birgit , Schupp Wilfried , Smith Bozena , Feys Hilde
Published: April 2006

Background and Purpose—

Physiotherapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) are key components of stroke rehabilitation. Little is known about their content. This study aimed to define and compare the content of PT and OT for stroke patients between 4 European rehabilitation centers.

Methods—

In each center, 15 individual PT and 15 OT sessions of patients fitting predetermined criteria were videotaped. The content was recorded using a list comprising 12 therapeutic categories. A generalized estimating equation model was fitted to the relative frequency of each category resulting in odds ratios.

Results—

Comparison of PT and OT between centers revealed significant differences for only 2 of the 12 categories: ambulatory exercises and selective movements. Comparison of the 2 therapeutic disciplines on the pooled data of the 4 centers revealed that ambulatory exercises, transfers, exercises, and balance in standing and lying occurred significantly more often in PT sessions. Activities of daily living, domestic activities, leisure activities, and sensory, perceptual training, and cognition occurred significantly more often in OT sessions.

Conclusion—

This study revealed that the content of each therapeutic discipline was consistent between the 4 centers. PT and OT proved to be distinct professions with clear demarcation of roles.
Cilostazol Protects Against Brain White Matter Damage and Cognitive Impairment in a Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Authors: Watanabe Terubumi , Zhang Ning , Liu Meizi , Tanaka Ryota , Mizuno Yoshikuni , Urabe Takao
Published: April 2006

Background and Purpose—

White matter lesions contribute to cognitive impairment in poststroke patients. The present study was designed to assess the neuroprotective mechanisms of cilostazol, a potent inhibitor of type III phosphodiesterase, through signaling pathways that lead to activation of transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation using rat chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model.

Methods—

Rats underwent bilateral common carotid artery ligation. They were divided into the cilostazol group (n=80) and the vehicle (control) group (n=80). Performance at the Morris water maze task and immunohistochemistry for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), glutathione-
S
-transferase-pi (GST-pi), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), Bcl-2, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed at baseline and at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after hypoperfusion.

Result—

Cilostazol significantly improved spatial learning memory (6.8±2.3 seconds;
P
<0.05) at 7 days after hypoperfusion. Cilostazol markedly suppressed accumulation of HNE-modified protein and loss of GST-pi–positive oligodendrocytes in the cerebral white matter during the early period after hypoperfusion (
P
<0.05). Cilostazol upregulated p-CREB and Bcl-2 (
P
<0.05), increased COX-2 expression, and reduced microglial activation in the early period of hypoperfusion.

Conclusion—

Our results indicate that cilostazol exerts a brain-protective effect through the CREB phosphorylation pathway leading to upregulation of Bcl-2 and COX-2 expressions and suggest that cilostazol is potentially useful for the treatment of cognitive impairment in poststroke patients.
Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption By Low-Frequency Ultrasound
Authors: Reinhard Matthias , Hetzel Andreas , Krüger Sebastian , Kretzer Stefan , Talazko Jochen , Ziyeh Sargon , Weber Johannes , Els Thomas
Published: April 2006

Background and Purpose—

A recent study showed a dramatic increase in cerebral hemorrhage comprising atypical locations with low-frequency ultrasound–mediated recombinant tissue plasminogen activator–thrombolysis in humans. Here, we provide a possible explanation for this phenomenon by a side effect observed in a study using the similar ultrasound device.

Methods—

The study was originally undertaken to investigate by transcranial Doppler sonography, positron emission tomography and perfusion MRI whether transcranial application of wide-field low-frequency ultrasound (300 kHz) improves cerebral hemodynamics in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.

Results—

Showing no clear positive effect on cerebral hemodynamics in 4 patients and on cerebral perfusion (positron emission tomography) in 2 patients, the study has been terminated early because of a remarkable side effect in the first patient (a 62 year-old man) undergoing perfusion-MRI: detection of frontoparietal extravasation of Gadolinium contrast agent (applied during MRI perfusion imaging preinsonation) on MRI immediately postinsonation.

Conclusions—

Abnormal permeability of the human blood-brain barrier can be induced by wide-field low-frequency insonation. The observed excessive bleeding rate with low-frequency sonothrombolysis might thus be attributable to primary blood-brain barrier disruption by ultrasound.
Satisfaction With General Practitioner Treatment of Depression Among Residents of Aged Care Facilities
Authors: Mellor David , Davison Tanya , McCabe Marita , George Kuruvilla , Moore Kathleen , Ski Chantal
Published: April 2006

Objective: This article investigates consumer perspectives on the treatment for depression among older people in residential facilities. Method: Aged care residents who were aware of being treated for depression in the past 6 months (24 women and 7 men, mean age = 83 years) participated in an interview that assessed their perspective on treatments. Results: Although more than half of the participants in the sample reported overall satisfaction with the medical treatments received for depression, qualitative data provided indications of unsatisfactory service delivery, including perceptions of low treatment efficacy, short consultation times, the failure to assess affective symptomatology, and negative responses to residents’ disclosure of symptoms. Discussion: The findings are discussed in relation to previous research on consumer satisfaction with health services and issues that may be pertinent to the elderly depressed. Training for general practitioners providing treatment in aged care is indicated.
Metabolomic database annotations via query of elemental compositions: Mass accuracy is insufficient even at less than 1 ppm
Authors: Kind Tobias , Fiehn Oliver
Published: April 2006

Background

Metabolomic studies are targeted at identifying and quantifying all metabolites in a given biological context. Among the tools used for metabolomic research, mass spectrometry is one of the most powerful tools. However, metabolomics by mass spectrometry always reveals a high number of unknown compounds which complicate in depth mechanistic or biochemical understanding. In principle, mass spectrometry can be utilized within strategies of de novo structure elucidation of small molecules, starting with the computation of the elemental composition of an unknown metabolite using accurate masses with errors <5 ppm (parts per million). However even with very high mass accuracy (<1 ppm) many chemically possible formulae are obtained in higher mass regions. In automatic routines an additional orthogonal filter therefore needs to be applied in order to reduce the number of potential elemental compositions. This report demonstrates the necessity of isotope abundance information by mathematical confirmation of the concept.

Results

High mass accuracy (<1 ppm) alone is not enough to exclude enough candidates with complex elemental compositions (C, H, N, S, O, P, and potentially F, Cl, Br and Si). Use of isotopic abundance patterns as a single further constraint removes >95% of false candidates. This orthogonal filter can condense several thousand candidates down to only a small number of molecular formulas. Example calculations for 10, 5, 3, 1 and 0.1 ppm mass accuracy are given. Corresponding software scripts can be downloaded from http://fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu. A comparison of eight chemical databases revealed that PubChem and the Dictionary of Natural Products can be recommended for automatic queries using molecular formulae.

Conclusion

More than 1.6 million molecular formulae in the range 0–500 Da were generated in an exhaustive manner under strict observation of mathematical and chemical rules. Assuming that ion species are fully resolved (either by chromatography or by high resolution mass spectrometry), we conclude that a mass spectrometer capable of 3 ppm mass accuracy and 2% error for isotopic abundance patterns outperforms mass spectrometers with less than 1 ppm mass accuracy or even hypothetical mass spectrometers with 0.1 ppm mass accuracy that do not include isotope information in the calculation of molecular formulae.
A genetic dissection of the LlaJI restriction cassette reveals insights on a novel bacteriophage resistance system
Authors: O'Driscoll Jonathan , Heiter Daniel F , Wilson Geoffrey G , Fitzgerald Gerald F , Roberts Richard , Sinderen Douwe van
Published: April 2006

Background

Restriction/modification systems provide the dual function of protecting host DNA against restriction by methylation of appropriate bases within their recognition sequences, and restriction of foreign invading un-methylated DNA, such as promiscuous plasmids or infecting bacteriphage. The plasmid-encoded LlaJI restriction/modification system from Lactococcus lactis recognizes an asymmetric, complementary DNA sequence, consisting of 5'GACGC'3 in one strand and 5'GCGTC'3 in the other and provides a prodigious barrier to bacteriophage infection. LlaJI is comprised of four similarly oriented genes, encoding two 5mC-MTases (M1.LlaJI and M2.LlaJI) and two subunits responsible for restriction activity (R1.LlaJI and R2.LlaJI). Here we employ a detailed genetic analysis of the LlaJI restriction determinants in an attempt to characterize mechanistic features of this unusual hetero-oligomeric endonuclease.

Results

Detailed bioinformatics analysis confirmed the presence of a conserved GTP binding and hydrolysis domain within the C-terminal half of the R1.LlaJI amino acid sequence whilst the N-terminal half appeared to be entirely unique. This domain architecture was homologous with that of the "B" subunit of the GTP-dependent, methyl-specific McrBC endonuclease from E.coli K-12. R1.LlaJI did not appear to contain a catalytic centre, whereas this conserved motif; PD....D/EXK, was clearly identified within the amino acid sequence for R2.LlaJI. Both R1.LlaJI and R2.LlaJI were found to be absolutely required for detectable LlaJI activity in vivo. The LlaJI restriction subunits were purified and examined in vitro, which allowed the assignment of R1.LlaJI as the sole specificity determining subunit, whilst R2.LlaJI is believed to mediate DNA cleavage.

Conclusion

The hetero-subunit structure of LlaJI, wherein one subunit mediates DNA binding whilst the other subunit is predicted to catalyze strand hydrolysis distinguishes LlaJI from previously characterized restriction-modification systems. Furthermore, this distinction is accentuated by the fact that whilst LlaJI behaves as a conventional Type IIA system in vivo, in that it restricts un-methylated DNA, it resembles the Type IV McrBC endonuclease, an enzyme specific for methylated DNA. A number of similar restriction determinants were identified in the database and it is likely LlaJI together with these homologous systems, comprise a new subtype of the Type II class incorporating features of Type II and Type IV systems.
Assessment of the potential impact of a reminder system on the reduction of diagnostic errors: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Ramnarayan Padmanabhan , Roberts Graham C , Coren Michael , Nanduri Vasantha , Tomlinson Amanda , Taylor Paul M , Wyatt Jeremy C , Britto Joseph F
Published: April 2006

Background

Computerized decision support systems (DSS) have mainly focused on improving clinicians' diagnostic accuracy in unusual and challenging cases. However, since diagnostic omission errors may predominantly result from incomplete workup in routine clinical practice, the provision of appropriate patient- and context-specific reminders may result in greater impact on patient safety. In this experimental study, a mix of easy and difficult simulated cases were used to assess the impact of a novel diagnostic reminder system (ISABEL) on the quality of clinical decisions made by various grades of clinicians during acute assessment.

Methods

Subjects of different grades (consultants, registrars, senior house officers and medical students), assessed a balanced set of 24 simulated cases on a trial website. Subjects recorded their clinical decisions for the cases (differential diagnosis, test-ordering and treatment), before and after system consultation. A panel of two pediatric consultants independently provided gold standard responses for each case, against which subjects' quality of decisions was measured. The primary outcome measure was change in the count of diagnostic errors of omission (DEO). A more sensitive assessment of the system's impact was achieved using specific quality scores; additional consultation time resulting from DSS use was also calculated.

Results

76 subjects (18 consultants, 24 registrars, 19 senior house officers and 15 students) completed a total of 751 case episodes. The mean count of DEO fell from 5.5 to 5.0 across all subjects (repeated measures ANOVA, p < 0.001); no significant interaction was seen with subject grade. Mean diagnostic quality score increased after system consultation (0.044; 95% confidence interval 0.032, 0.054). ISABEL reminded subjects to consider at least one clinically important diagnosis in 1 in 8 case episodes, and prompted them to order an important test in 1 in 10 case episodes. Median extra time taken for DSS consultation was 1 min (IQR: 30 sec to 2 min).

Conclusion

The provision of patient- and context-specific reminders has the potential to reduce diagnostic omissions across all subject grades for a range of cases. This study suggests a promising role for the use of future reminder-based DSS in the reduction of diagnostic error.
Identification, cloning and functional characterization of novel sperm associated antigen 11 (SPAG11) isoforms in the rat
Authors: Yenugu Suresh , Hamil Katherine G , Grossman Gail , Petrusz Peter , French Frank S , Hall Susan H
Published: April 2006

Background

Sperm binding proteins and their C-terminal peptides of the Sperm Associated Antigen 11 (SPAG11) family were found to play an important role in epididymal innate immunity in addition to their role in sperm maturation. However, the expression of Spag11 transcripts in rodents is not well documented.

Methods

Computational analysis was employed to identify novel Spag11 isoforms in the rat. RT-PCR analyses were carried out on RNAs isolated from the male reproductive tract tissues of rat using gene specific primers for Spag11c and Spag11t. The identities of PCR products were confirmed by sequencing. Tissue distribution, developmental expression and androgen regulation of Spag11t and Spag11c were studied using RT-PCR. The antimicrobial activities of recombinant Spag11t and Spag11c were tested against E coli in a colony forming unit assay.

Results

In this study, we identified two novel Spag11 transcripts, namely, Spag11t and Spag11c derived from the long arm of chromosome 16 in the rat (Rattus norvegicus), using both in silico and molecular biology approaches. Spag11c is expressed in all three regions of the epididymis, in testis and in ovary but is absent from the seminal vesicle. Spag11t expression is confined to the caput and it is not expressed in the testis, seminal vesicle or ovary. Age dependent expression of Spag11t and Spag11c was observed in the epididymides of rats (10–60 day old). Their expression was found to be most abundant in the adult rat (60 day) suggesting roles in mature reproductive function. Further, both Spag11t and Spag11c expression was down regulated in castrated rat epididymides and the expression was maintained in the testosterone replaced castrated rats. SPAG11C is a potent antibacterial agent. SPAG11T also displayed bactericidal capacity although weaker than SPAG11C and SPAG11E.

Conclusion

The abundant expression of Spag11t and Spag11c in the male reproductive tract suggests an important role in male reproductive tract immunity. Their expression is developmentally regulated and androgen dependent. Characterization of novel SPAG11 isoforms will contribute to our understanding of the role of epididymal proteins in sperm maturation and innate immunity.
Modification of Cul1 regulates its association with proteasomal subunits
Authors: Bloom Joanna , Peschiaroli Angelo , DeMartino George , Pagano Michele
Published: April 2006

Background

Ubiquitylation targets proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Some yeast and plant ubiquitin ligases, including the highly conserved SCF (S kp1/C ul1/F-box protein) complex, have been shown to associate with proteasomes. We sought to characterize interactions between SCF complexes and proteasomes in mammalian cells.

Results

We found that the binding of SCF complexes to proteasomes is conserved in higher eukaryotes. The Cul1 subunit associated with both sub-complexes of the proteasome, and high molecular weight forms of Cul1 bound to the 19S proteasome. Cul1 is ubiquitylated in vivo. Ubiquitylation of Cul1 promotes its binding to the S5a subunit of the 19S sub-complex without affecting Cul1 stability.

Conclusion

The association of ubiquitylating enzymes with proteasomes may be an additional means to target ubiquitylated substrates for degradation.
Upregulation of ADAM-17 expression in active lesions in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Plumb J , McQuaid S , Cross A K , Surr J , Haddock G , Bunning R AD , Woodroofe M N
Published: April 2006

ADAM-17, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase, is the major proteinase responsible for the cleavage of membrane-bound tumour necrosis factor (TNF) as well as being an active sheddase of other cytokines, cytokine receptors, growth factors and adhesion molecules. TNF is a major proinflammatory cytokine that has been identified as having a pathogenic role in inflammatory diseases within the CNS including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we report the cellular origin and distribution of ADAM- 17 expression within clinically and neuropathologically confirmed MS and normal control white matter, assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and PCR. ADAM-17 expression was associated with the blood vessel endothelium, activated macrophages/microglia and parenchymal astrocytes in MS white matter. Increased levels of ADAM-17 immunoreactivity were displayed in active lesions with evidence of recent myelin breakdown. Further studies into the functional role of ADAM-17 in the pathogenesis of MS and other inflammatory conditions are required.
Increasing psychosocial assessment by introducing a self-harm pathway
Authors: Lepping Peter , Woodworth Barbara , Roberts Lucy , Turner Jim
Published: April 2006

Aims and Method

To audit whether the introduction of a self-harm pathway and protocol increases the number of psychosocial assessments. All episodes of self-harm in a defined period during 2002 (n=335) and 2004 (n=390) were reviewed before and after the introduction of a self-harm pathway and protocol. Adherence to the protocol was also investigated.

Results

After the introduction of the self-harm pathway and protocol, the proportion of psychosocial assessments requested had risen from 57% (2002) to 85% (2004). The proportion of psychosocial assessments completed had risen from 47% to 70%. Over the 2 years, the overall number of self-harm presentations was reduced by 27%.

Clinical Implications

The introduction of a self-harm pathway and protocol through a self-harm steering group is feasible, was well accepted and increased the number of psychosocial assessments after self-harm. It may also contribute to a reduction in the number of overall presentations with self-harm to the accident and emergency department.
Managing patients' information in a community mental health team
Authors: Uher Rudolf , Timehin Clive
Published: April 2006

Aims and Method

To explore current practice in offering patients copies of correspondence, we audited the documentation of 422 patients of a community mental health team.

Results

Discussion about copying letters was documented in 194 case notes (46%); older patients and those with medically unexplained physical symptoms were less likely to be offered copies. There were 159 patients (82%) that wanted to receive copies of letters; male gender was associated with declining this option. In 167 (87%) instances the professional completing the form was a psychiatrist.

Clinical Implications

Older patients need to be offered the opportunity to receive correspondence. Clinicians should record and substantiate their decision not to offer copies of letters to some patients. Professionals other than psychiatrists should be encouraged to discuss copying letters with patients.
Support workers' attitudes to mental illness: implications for reducing stigma
Authors: Tipper Rfebecca , Mountain Deborah , Lorimer Stuart , McIntosh Andrew
Published: April 2006

Aims and Method

We conducted an anonymous survey of support workers to examine attitudes to people with different types of mental illness. Scores were based on a previously demonstrated stigmatisation score.

Results

A total of 133 questionnaires were returned, representing 27% of all possible recipients. Fewer than 20% of respondents considered people with schizophrenia to be dangerous, although nearly half thought that they would never fully recover. More stigmatising responses were demonstrated to alcohol and drug addiction than to other disorders.

Clinical Implications

Support workers who spend large amounts of time with people with mental illness, in particular schizophrenia, have a low perception of their dangerousness. This may have implications for planning further measures to reduce stigmatisation.
An audit of waiting times at a specialist psychotherapy service
Authors: Garry Ged , Paley Graham
Published: April 2006

Aims and Method

Referrals to a specialist psychotherapy service were audited to measure the average waiting time for a first appointment and the proportion of patients waiting longer than 13 weeks. Recommendations for improving service delivery were made, an action plan implemented and the audit repeated.

Results

In 2003, an initial audit of 355 referrals was completed using data from 2002. This found a mean waiting time to first appointment of 11.5 weeks with 30% of patients waiting longer than 13 weeks. In 2004, following implementation of the action plan, a re-audit of 200 patients found that the mean waiting time from receipt of referral to first appointment had reduced to 6.7 weeks with only 2.3% waiting more than 13 weeks.

Clinical Implications

Audit can improve the efficiency of service delivery in a specialist psychotherapy service. However, this may require that psychotherapists review traditional ways of working. Also, it is important that they feel personally involved in the audit process.
Childhood Injuries Caused by Falling Televisions
Authors: Ota Floyd S. , Maxson R. Todd , Okada Pamela J.
Published: April 2006

Objectives:
To obtain a detailed description of the injury scene in an attempt to identify methods for prevention and to describe the morbidity and mortality of children who present to an urban pediatric emergency department (ED) with an injury caused by a falling television.

Methods:
A retrospective descriptive study from a prospectively created database was conducted over one year. All adults accompanying a child younger than 13 years of age who was injured by a falling television were directly interviewed, and the patient medical charts were reviewed.

Results:
Twenty‐eight children were eligible, and 26 children were analyzed. The median age was 40 months (25th and 75th quartiles: 31, 51 months). None of the televisions, or the furniture that they were placed on, were secured. Most parents (85%) reported that they were unaware that injuries could occur by this mechanism. Fourteen children suffered head injuries, and nine children injured an extremity. Nine children were hospitalized, including two patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Conclusions:
Children may present to the ED with injuries caused by falling televisions. These injuries are usually not severe; however, the potential for severe injury exists, and some children may require ICU monitoring. Our data indicate a lack of parental awareness and an absence of primary prevention as a root cause for this problem. Thus, more aggressive education to warn parents about the risk of injury must be implemented so that more families will take the time to place their televisions safely.
Response of Asymptomatic Brain Metastases From Small-Cell Lung Cancer to Systemic First-Line Chemotherapy
Authors: Seute Tatjana , Leffers Pieter , Wilmink Jan T. , ten Velde Guul P.M. , Twijnstra Albert
Published: April 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the radiologic response of asymptomatic brain metastases (BM) from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) to first-line systemic chemotherapy.

Patients and Methods

From 1990 to 2003, 181 consecutive patients with SCLC were enrolled onto this study. Patients were examined by a neurologist on a regular basis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed routinely before (at diagnosis of SCLC) and after first-line systemic chemotherapy. Patients were treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide. Clinically manifest BM were treated with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). The response rate (RR) of BM was assessed by changes in the size or the number of enhanced lesions on MRI using standard criteria.

Results

Synchronous asymptomatic BM were found in 24 SCLC patients (13%). In six (27%) of the 22 assessable patients, the asymptomatic BM responded to systemic chemotherapy. A systemic response was found in 16 patients (73%). All patients became symptomatic during follow-up. The symptom-free survival did not differ between cranial responders and cranial nonresponders.

Conclusion

The RR of asymptomatic BM from SCLC to systemic chemotherapy is 27% and evidently lower than the systemic RR. Future studies should focus on the possible beneficial effect of WBRT for patients with asymptomatic synchronous BM.
Open-Label, Multicenter, Randomized, Phase III Study Comparing Oral Topotecan/Cisplatin Versus Etoposide/Cisplatin As Treatment for Chemotherapy-Naive Patients With Extensive-Disease Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Eckardt John R. , von Pawel Joachim , Papai Zsolt , Tomova Antoaneta , Tzekova Valentina , Crofts Theresa E. , Brannon Sarah , Wissel Paul , Ross Graham
Published: April 2006

Purpose

This open-label, randomized, multicenter phase III study compared oral topotecan/intravenous cisplatin (TC) with intravenous (IV) etoposide/cisplatin (PE) in patients with untreated extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC).

Patients and Methods

A total of 784 patients were randomly assigned to either oral topotecan 1.7 mg/m2/d × 5 with IV cisplatin 60 mg/m2 on day 5 (n = 389) or IV etoposide 100 mg/m2/d × 3 with IV cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day 1 (n = 395) every 21 days.

Results

Overall survival (primary end point) was similar between groups (P = .48; median: TC, 39.3 weeks v PE, 40.3 weeks). One-year survival was 31% (95% CI, 27% to 36%) in both groups and the difference of −0.03 (95% CI, −6.53 to 6.47) met the predefined criteria of ≤ 10% absolute difference for noninferiority of TC relative to PE. Response rates were similar between groups (TC, 63% v PE, 69%). Time to progression was slightly but statistically longer with PE (log-rank P = .02; median: TC, 24.1 weeks v PE, 25.1 weeks). The regimens were similarly tolerable. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred more frequently with PE (84% v 59%), whereas grade 3/4 anemia and thrombocytopenia occurred more frequently with TC (38% v 21% and 38% v 23%, respectively). Lung Cancer Symptom Scale scores were statistically better with PE, but the differences were small and of debatable clinical significance.

Conclusion

Oral topotecan with cisplatin provides similar efficacy and tolerability to the standard (etoposide with cisplatin) in untreated ED-SCLC and may provide greater patient convenience compared with intravenous etoposide and cisplatin.
Prognosis After Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence and Locoregional Recurrences in Five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Node-Positive Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trials
Authors: Wapnir Irene L. , Anderson Stewart J. , Mamounas Eleftherios P. , Geyer Charles E. , Jeong Jong-Hyeon , Tan-Chiu Elizabeth , Fisher Bernard , Wolmark Norman
Published: April 2006

Purpose

Locoregional failure after breast-conserving surgery is associated with increased risk of distant disease and death. The magnitude of this risk in patients receiving chemotherapy has not been adequately characterized.

Patients and Methods

Our study population included 2,669 women randomly assigned onto five National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project node-positive protocols (B-15, B-16, B-18, B-22, and B-25), who were treated with lumpectomy, whole-breast irradiation, and adjuvant systemic therapy. Cumulative incidences of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) and other locoregional recurrence (oLRR) were calculated. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate distant–disease-free survival (DDFS) and overall survival (OS) after IBTR or oLRR. Cox models were used to model survival using clinical and pathologic factors jointly with IBTR or oLRR as time-varying predictors.

Results

Four hundred twenty-four patients (15.9%) experienced locoregional failure; 259 (9.7%) experienced IBTR, and 165 (6.2%) experienced oLRR. The 10-year cumulative incidence of IBTR and oLRR was 8.7% and 6.0%, respectively. Most locoregional failures occurred within 5 years (62.2% for IBTR and 80.6% for oLRR). Age, tumor size, and estrogen receptor status were significantly associated with IBTR. Nodal status and estrogen and progesterone receptor status were significantly associated with oLRR. The 5-year DDFS rates after IBTR and oLRR were 51.4% and 18.8%, respectively. The 5-year OS rates after IBTR and oLRR were 59.9% and 24.1%, respectively. Hazard ratios for mortality associated with IBTR and oLRR were 2.58 (95% CI, 2.11 to 3.15) and 5.85 (95% CI, 4.80 to 7.13), respectively.

Conclusion

Node-positive breast cancer patients who developed IBTR or oLRR had significantly poorer prognoses than patients who did not experience these events.
Principles of Object Perception
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S.
Published: April 2006

Research on human infants has begun to shed light on early‐developing processes for segmenting perceptual arrays into objects. Infants appear to perceive objects by analyzing three‐dimensional surface arrangements and motions. Their perception does not accord with a general tendency to maximize figural goodness or to attend to nonaccidental geometric relations in visual arrays. Object perception does accord with principles governing the motions of material bodies: Infants divide perceptual arrays into units that move as connected wholes, that move separately from one another, that tend to maintain their size and shape over motion, and that tend to act upon each other only on contact. These findings suggest that o general representation of object unity and boundaries is interposed between representations of surfaces and representations of objects of familiar kinds. The processes that construct this representation may be related to processes of physical reasoning.
Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Causation
Authors: Shoham Yoav
Published: April 2006

It is suggested that taking into account considerations that traditionally fall within the scope of computer science in general, and artificial intelligence in particular, sheds new light on the subject of causation. It is argued that adopting causal notions con be viewed as filling a computational need: They allow reasoning with incomplete information, facilitate economical representations, and afford relatively efficient methods for reasoning about those representations. Specifically, it is proposed that causal reasoning is intimately bound to nonmonotonic reasoning. An account of causation is offered that relies upon this connection, and compares this proposal to previous accounts within philosophy and artificial intelligence.
Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1 Mediates Liver X Receptor-β-Induced Increases in Insulin Secretion and Insulin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels
Authors: Zitzer Heike , Wente Wolf , Brenner Martin B. , Sewing Sabine , Buschard Karsten , Gromada Jesper , Efanov Alexander M.
Published: April 2006

Liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Pancreatic β-cells and INS-1E insulinoma cells express only the LXRβ isoform. Activation of LXRβ with the synthetic agonist T0901317 increased glucose-induced insulin secretion and insulin content, whereas deletion of the receptor in LXRβ knockout mice severely blunted insulin secretion. Analysis of gene expression in LXR agonist-treated INS-1E cells and islets from LXRβ-deficient mice revealed that LXRβ positively regulated expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), insulin, PDX-1, glucokinase, and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2). Down-regulation of SREBP-1 expression with the specific small interfering RNA blocked basal and LXRβ-induced expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1), insulin, and Glut2 genes. SREBP-1 small interfering RNA also prevented an increase in insulin secretion and insulin content induced by T0901317. Moreover, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid, an inhibitor of the SREBP-1 target gene acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, blocked T0901317-induced stimulation of insulin secretion. In conclusion, activation of LXRβ in pancreatic β-cells increases insulin secretion and insulin mRNA expression via SREBP-1-regulated pathway. These data support the role of LXRβ, SREBP-1, and cataplerosis/anaplerosis pathways in the control of insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells.
Simplification of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Using Partial Oxidation of Methane
Authors: Hibino Takashi , Iwahara Hiroyasu
Published: April 2006

The solid oxide fuel cell, Ni–YSZ cermet |YSZ| Au, could supply the stable electric power in an uniform atmosphere, namely, a methane + air mixture. At operating temperature of 950 °C, the electromotive force (EMF) was 350 mV, and the terminal voltage was 159 mV at 14.7 mA cm−2 with 2.36 mW cm−2. The working mechanism of the fuel cell was based on the difference in catalytic activity for partial oxidation of methane between Ni–YSZ cermet and Au electrode materials.
Rate of Exchange of NH Hydrogen of Polyaniline, Poly(1-naphthylamine), and Diphenylamine with H2O Hydrogen on NMR Time Scale
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: April 2006

NH hydrogen of polyaniline, poly(1-naphthylamine), and diphenylamine undergoes rapid exchange with H2O hydrogen in dimethyl sulfoxide on NMR time scale with life time of H2O hydrogen of about 0.04–0.30 s at 70 °C and activation energy of 13–35 kJ mol−1.
Photochemical Hole Burning of Tetraphenylporphine Glycosides
Authors: Suzuki Taro , Horie Kazuyuki , Yamashita Takashi , Bitoh Masami , Konishi Satoshi , Kishimoto Masanari
Published: April 2006

Glycosilated tetraphenylporphine (TPP) were studied by photochemical hole burning (PHB) spectroscopy. A lactosylated TPP / poly(vinyl alcohol) shows excellent thermal stability against cyclic annealing, suggesting that the interaction between the lactosylated TPP and the matrix suppresses irreversible structural relaxation by forming hydrogen bonds.
N2-Binding Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Tertiary Polyamine Complex by Direct Action of Gaseous Nitrogen in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Takahashi Toshikazu , Hiratani Kazuhisa , Kimura Eiichi
Published: April 2006

Tertiary polyamine ruthenium(III) complex trans-[RuCl2(L)]+ (L = 2,5,9,12-tetramethyl-2,5,9,12-tetraazatridecane) has been prepared which can react with Mg and an atmospheric N2 gas in aqueous solution at room temperature to yield the first N2-binding ruthenium(II) tertiary polyamine complex trans-[RuCl(L)(N2)]+ that is converted into trans-[Ru(OH)(L)(N2)]+ and trans-[Ru(L)(N2)(OH2)]2+.
[2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement of Crotyl Picolyl Ethers. Evaluation of the Electronic Effect as a Stereo-Directing Factor
Authors: Fujimoto Katsuhiko , Sakai Hirokazu , Nakai Takeshi
Published: April 2006

The title rearrangement is shown to exhibit syn diastereoselectivity independent of the crotyl geometry, the degree decreasing in the order: 2- > 4- >3-picolyl ether for the E series and in the opposite order for the Z series. These trends suggest that the electronic effect plays a profound but not sole factor in governing the orientational preference of the pyridyl group in the transition states.
Practical Synthesis of Oxazoles Incorporated in α-Dehydroamino Acid and Dehydropeptide Structures
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Nakamura Yutaka , Okumura Kazuo
Published: April 2006

The practical syntheses of a few oxazole α-dehydroamino acids and their dehydrodi- and tripeptides, which are important moieties and segments of berninamycin A, macrocyclic peptide antibiotic, were first accomplished.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)-(1-Organo-1-alkenyl)boronic Esters by the Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of (Z)-(1-Iodo-1-alkenyl)boronic Esters with Organozinc Reagents
Authors: Moriya Tsukasa , Miyaura Norio , Suzuki Akira
Published: April 2006

The cross-coupling reaction of organozinc reagents with a pinacol ester of (Z)-(1-iodo-1-hexenyl)boronic acid in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 proceeded with complete retention of the configuration of the starting boronate. The reaction provided (E)-(1-organo-1-hexenyl)boronic esters which were not available by the conventional hydroboration technique. The utility of the reaction was demonstrated by stereoselective synthesis of an exocyclic alkene via the cross-coupling reaction with chloroenone.
A New and Convenient Wittig-type Reaction for the Preparation of Pyrromethenone Derivative
Authors: Kinoshita Hideki , Ngwe Hla , Kobori Kazuhiro , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: April 2006

The reaction of 5-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,4-disubstituted Δ3-pyrrolin-2-one with aldehydes in the presence of tributylphosphine and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.3.0]undec-7-ene gave the corresponding 5-exomethylene compounds in good yields. A pyrromethenone derivative as a potential equivalent to C/D ring component of phytochromobilin dimethyl ester was effectively prepared by means of the present method.
Oxidative Decomposition of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-115) in the Presence of Butane over γ-Alumina Catalysts
Authors: Nagata Hideo , Takakura Taijiro , Kishida Masahiro , Mizuno Koichi , Tamori Yukio , Wakabayashi Katsuhiko
Published: April 2006

The catalytic oxidative decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) was carried out in the presence of butane. The reactivity of CFC’s was the following order: CFC-113 > CFC-114 > CFC-115. The reactivity decreased as the content of fluorine in the CFC’s increased. γ-Alumina was an effective catalyst among silica and various acidic oxides. Vanadium(V) oxide and tungsten(VI) oxide were found to exhibit a higher activity than the other metals and metal oxides when supported on γ-alumma.
Preparation and Reactions of 1,2-Thiaphospholes
Authors: Motoki Shinichi , Sakai Takaya , Shinoda Ikuo , Saito Takao , Uchida Tokiko
Published: April 2006

Treatment of 2,9-dithia-1-phosphabicyclo[4.3.0]-nona-3,7-diene 1-sulfides with n-Bu3P afforded 1,2-thiaphospholes in good yields. The thiaphospholes reacted thermally with norbornene to produce 1 : 2 double Diels-Alder cycloadducts, whereas they reacted with acrylic esters in the presence of Lewis acid to give tandem Diels-Alder/β-addition adducts.
An Efficient Method for the Syntheses of Novel Amphiphilic Polysaccharides by Regio- and Thermoselective Modifications of Chitosan
Authors: Nishimura Shin-Ichiro , Miura Yoshiaki , Ren Longdi , Sato Manabu , Yamagishi Akihiko , Nishi Norio , Tokura Seiichi , Kurita Keisuke , Ishii Shigeru
Published: April 2006

The first example of an unique and efficient method for the preparation of amphiphilic polysaccharides having self-assembling nature is described. Regio- and thermospecific chemical manipulations of a standardized intermediate derived from chitosan markedly facilitated the synthetic procedures of novel types of polysaccharide architectures. Artificial glycolipid-type polymers showed excellent properties to form stable monolayer membranes at air/water interface.
Electron Transfer Oxygenation of Oxadisiliranes
Authors: Ando Wataru , Kako Masahiro , Akasaka Takeshi
Published: April 2006

Electron-transfer photooxygenation of oxadisiliranes afforded the corresponding 1,2,4,3,5-trioxadisilolanes as dioxygen insertion products in reasonable yields. Stereochemical aspects of the oxygenation suggested formation of a peroxidic open intermediate.
Synthesis of (±)-Arthrographol (Asperfuran)
Authors: Miyake Muneharu , Fujimoto Yasuo
Published: April 2006

Arthrographol, antifungal dihydrobenzofuran, have been synthesized starting from 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in 10 steps.