bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Substantial Tissue Specificity in Human Aortic Valve
Authors: Wang Jun , Wang Ying , Gu Weidong , Ni Buqing , Sun Haoliang , Yu Tong , Gu Wanjun , Chen Liang , Shao Yongfeng
Published: July 2016

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has revolutionary roles in transcriptome identification and quantification of different types of tissues and cells in many organisms. Although numerous RNA-seq data derived from many types of human tissues and cell lines, little is known on the transcriptome repertoire of human aortic valve. In this study, we sequenced the total RNA prepared from two calcified human aortic valves and reported the whole transcriptome of human aortic valve. Integrating RNA-seq data of 13 human tissues from Human Body Map 2 Project, we constructed a transcriptome repertoire of human tissues, including 19,505 protein-coding genes and 4,948 long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs). Among them, 263 lincRNAs were identified as novel noncoding transcripts in our data. By comparing transcriptome data among different human tissues, we observed substantial tissue specificity of RNA transcripts, both protein-coding genes and lincRNAs, in human aortic valve. Further analysis revealed that aortic valve-specific lincRNAs were more likely to be recently derived from repetitive elements in the primate lineage, but were less likely to be conserved at the nucleotide level. Expression profiling analysis showed significant lower expression levels of aortic valve-specific protein-coding genes and lincRNA genes, when compared with genes that were universally expressed in various tissues. Isoform-level expression analysis also showed that a majority of mRNA genes had a major isoform expressed in the human aortic valve. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative transcriptome analysis between human aortic valve and other human tissues. Our results are helpful to understand the transcriptome diversity of human tissues and the underlying mechanisms that drive tissue specificity of protein-coding genes and lincRNAs in human aortic valve.
Явление Стокса для иррегулярной системы Гельфанда-Капранова-Зелевинского, связанной с решеткой ранга один
Authors: Artamonov Dmitrii Vyacheslavovich
Published: July 2016

В работе приводится явное описание многомерного явления Стокса для
иррегулярной системы Гельфанда-Капранова-Зелевинского, связанной с решеткой ранга один.
Библиография: 25 названий.
Весовые неравенства для квазилинейных интегральных операторов на полуоси и приложения к пространствам Лоренца
Authors: Prokhorov Dmitrii Vladimirovich , Stepanov Vladimir Dmitrievich
Published: July 2016

Дается точная характеризация неравенств в весовых пространствах Лебега на полуоси с положительными квазилинейными интегральными операторами итерационного типа. Рассмотрены все варианты положительных параметров суммирования, включая супремальный случай. Дано приложение к решению известной задачи об ограниченности максимального оператора Харди-Литтлвуда в весовых $\Gamma$-пространствах Лоренца.
Библиография: 41 название.
Вычисление констант Рисса и ортогонализация для неполных систем когерентных состояний с помощью тета-функций
Authors: Kiselev Evgenii Aleksandrovich , Minin Leonid Arkad'evich , Novikov Igor Yakovlevich
Published: July 2016

Для систем когерентных состояний, прореженных в кратное число раз относительно полной системы Неймана, с помощью тета-функций Якоби получены точные аналитические выражения для констант Рисса и изучено их поведение в зависимости от соотношения шагов в пространственной и частотной областях, построены биортогональные системы и реализована процедура ортогонализации с сохранением структуры оконного преобразования Фурье.
Библиография: 19 названий.
Длина минимального заполнения типа звезды
Authors: Bednov Borislav Borusovich
Published: July 2016

Длина минимального заполнения типа звезды для произвольного конечного метрического пространства выражена как функция попарных расстояний между точками этого пространства.
Библиография: 9 названий.
Группы диффеоморфизмов прямой и окружности. Критерии почти нильпотентности и структурные теоремы
Authors: Beklaryan Leva Andreevich
Published: July 2016

Для класса конечно порожденных групп диффеоморфизмов прямой и окружности с взаимно трансверсальными элементами приводятся критерии почти нильпотентности, а также структурные теоремы. При доказательстве структурных теорем ключевыми являются факт наличия, либо отсутствия инвариантной меры, ранее полученный критерий существования инвариантной меры, а также его переформулировки в терминах различных характеристик группы (топологических, алгебраических, комбинаторных). Обсуждается вопрос о типичности как ряда свойств отмеченных характеристик, так и факта существования инвариантной меры для групп диффеоморфизмов прямой и окружности.
Библиография: 34 названия.
Асимптотика решения сингулярно возмущенной частично диссипативной системы с кратным корнем вырожденного уравнения
Authors: Butuzov Valentin Fedorovich
Published: July 2016

Построена и обоснована асимптотика решения начально-краевой задачи
для сингулярно возмущенной частично диссипативной системы
типа реакция-диффузия, состоящей из параболического и
обыкновенного дифференциальных уравнений, в случае,
когда соответствующее вырожденное уравнение имеет двукратный корень.
Поведение пограничных функций и алгоритм их построения существенно отличаются
от случая простого (однократного) корня вырожденного уравнения.
Библиография: 8 названий.
О методе Карацубы оценок сумм Клоостермана
Authors: Korolev Maxim Aleksandrovich
Published: July 2016

В работе с помощью метода Карацубы получены оценки сумм Клоостермана по простому модулю,
число слагаемых в которых меньше любой сколь угодно малой фиксированной степени модуля.
Эти оценки уточняют аналогичные результаты, полученные ранее Ж. Бургейном и М. З. Гараевым.
Библиография: 16 наименований.
Politics, Policies and Public Procurement Efficiency: A Quantitative Study of 25 European Countries
Authors: Milosavljevic Milos , Milanović Nemanja , Benković Slađana
Published: August 2016

Public procurements are accounted for nearly one fifth of Gross Domestic Product in the European Union. Accordingly, the efficiency of public procurements has received immense attention of scholars and practitioners in the last few decades, particularly in the field of measuring a cross-country efficiency among the EU Member States. Nevertheless, the extant matrix is based solely on the outputs, thus capturing only a portion of determinants affecting the efficiency. Up to date, very little has been done in comparing the input-output efficiency. This paper aims to develop a set of input and output determinants of public procurement efficiency and compare the efficiency of public procurements of EU Member States. The results indicate that the efficiency based on input-output analysis significantly differs from any current analysis of procurement efficiency.
Deportation as an Urban Stray Dogs Management Policy: Forest Dogs of Istanbul
Authors: Alkan Ayten
Published: August 2016

The modern city, differing from other human settlements, moreover from all other habitats, is wholly organized in order to response to only one species’ -homo sapiens’- needs and desires. This exceptional habitat has also been a socio-spatial organization (re)stabilizing upon mechanisms of discipline, order, inclusion / exclusion, and clearance. The safety and security polity of the modern city, which serves to its imagined, conceived and desired - yet formal and shallow - sterility, dispatches systematically the excommunicated to the margins and / or to camps. Other animals are obviously the most invisible, most disposable and marginalized, and most silenced subjects of those mechanisms. This paper deals with one of those disposable subjects, stray dogs, in the context of a relatively new exclusion / clearance policy of urban municipalities in İstanbul -that is deportation and dumping of stray dogs to the surrounding forests. Considering the more recent local governmental projects to establish huge “concentration camps” at the outskirts of the metropolitan area, the study consequently tries to reexamine this policy of deportation as an undeclared provisional practice for an ultimate total displacement, relocation, and absolute insulation of stray animals.
Particulate emissions from large North American wildfires estimated using a new top-down method
Authors: Nikonovas T. , North P. R. J. , Doerr S. H.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Particulate matter emissions from wildfires affect climate, weather and air quality. However, existing global and regional aerosol emission estimates differ by a factor of up to 4 between different methods. Using a novel approach, we estimate daily total particular matter (TPM) emissions from large wildfires in North American boreal and temper ate regions. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire location and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) datasets are coupled with HYSPLIT atmospheric dispersion simulations, attributing identified smoke plumes to sources. Unlike previous approaches, the method (i) combines information from both satellite and AERONET observations to take into account aerosol water uptake and plume specific mass extinction efficiency in converting smoke AOT to TPM, and (ii) does not depend on instantaneous emission rates observed during individual satellite overpasses, which do not sample night-time emissions. The method also allows multiple independent estimates for the same emission period from imagery taken on consecutive days. Repeated fire-emitted AOT estimates for the same emission period over two to three days of plume evolution show increases in plume optical thickness by approximately 10 % for boreal events, and by 40 % for temperate emissions. Inferred median water volume fractions for aged boreal and temperate smoke observations are 0.15 and 0.47 respectively, indicating that the increased AOT is partly explained by aerosol water uptake. TPM emission estimates for boreal events, which predominantly burn during daytime, agree closely with bottom-up Global Fire Emission Database (GFEDv4) and Global Fire Assimilation System (GFASv1.0) inventories, but are lower by approximately 30 % compared to Quick Fire Emission Dataset (QFEDv2) PM2.5, and are higher by approximately a factor of 2 compared to Fire Energetics and Emissions Research (FEERv1) TPM estimates. The discrepancies are larger for temperate fires, which are characterised by lower median FRP values and more significant night-time combustion. The TPM estimates for this study for the biome are lower than QFED PM2.5 by 35 %, and are larger by factors of 2.4, 3.2 and 4 compared with FEER, GFED and GFAS inventories respectively. Large underestimation of TPM emission by bottom-up GFED and GFAS indicates low biases in emission factors or consumed biomass estimates for temperate fires.
Satellite observation of atmospheric methane: intercomparison between AIRS
and GOSAT TANSO-FTS retrievals
Authors: Zou Mingmin , Xiong Xiaozhen , Saitoh Naoko , Warner Juying , Zhang Ying , Chen Liangfu , Weng Fuzhong , Fan Meng
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Space-borne observations of atmospheric methane (CH4) have been made using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS/Aqua satellite since August 2002 and the Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) since April 2009. This study compared the GOSAT TANSO-FTS thermal infrared (TIR) version 1.0 CH4 product with the collocated AIRS version 6 CH4 product using data from 1 August 2010 to 30 June 2012, including the CH4 mixing ratios and the total column amounts. The results show that at 300–600 hPa, where both AIRS and GOSAT-TIR CH4 have peak sensitivities, they agree very well, but GOSAT-TIR retrievals tend to be higher than AIRS in layer 200–300 hPa. At 300 hPa the CH4 mixing ratio from GOSAT-TIR is, on average, 10.3 ± 31.8 ppbv higher than that from AIRS, and at 600 hPa GOSAT-TIR retrieved CH4 is −16.2 ± 25.7 ppbv lower than AIRS CH4. Comparison of the total column amount of CH4 shows that GOSAT-TIR agrees with AIRS to within 1 % in the mid-latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere and in the tropics. In the mid to high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, comparison shows that GOSAT-TIR is  ∼  1–2 % lower than AIRS, and in the high-latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere the difference of GOSAT from AIRS varies from −3 % in October to +2 % in July. The difference between AIRS and GOSAT TANSO-FTS retrievals is mainly due to the difference in retrieval algorithms and instruments themselves, and the larger difference in the high-latitude regions is associated with the low information content and small degrees of freedom of the retrieval. The degrees of freedom of GOSAT-TIR retrievals are lower than that of AIRS, which also indicates that the constraint in GOSAT-TIR retrievals may be too strong. From the good correlation between AIRS and GOSAT-TIR retrievals and the seasonal variation they observed, we are confident that the thermal infrared measurements from AIRS and GOSAT-TIR can provide valuable information to capture the spatial and temporal variation of CH4, especially in the mid-upper troposphere, in most periods and regions.
How to reliably detect molecular clusters and nucleation mode particles with
Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS)
Authors: Manninen Hanna E. , Mirme Sander , Mirme Aadu , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku
Published: August 2016

Abstract. To understand the very first steps of atmospheric particle formation and growth processes, information on the size where the atmospheric nucleation and cluster activation occurs, is crucially needed. The current understanding of the concentrations and dynamics of charged and neutral clusters and particles is based on theoretical predictions and experimental observations. This paper gives a standard operation procedure (SOP) for Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS) measurements and data processing. With the NAIS data, we have improved the scientific understanding by (1) direct detection of freshly formed atmospheric clusters and particles, (2) linking experimental observations and theoretical framework to understand the formation and growth mechanisms of aerosol particles, and (3) parameterizing formation and growth mechanisms for atmospheric models. The SOP provides tools to harmonize the world-wide measurements of small clusters and nucleation mode particles and to verify consistent results measured by the NAIS users. The work is based on discussions and interactions between the NAIS users and the NAIS manufacturer.
Modeling liquid water transport in snow under rain-on-snow conditions – considering preferential flow
Authors: Würzer Sebastian , Wever Nander , Juras Roman , Lehning Michael , Jonas Tobias
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Rain-on-snow (ROS) has the potential to generate severe floods. Thus, precisely predicting the effect of an approaching ROS event on runoff formation is very important. Data analyses from past ROS events have shown that a snowpack experiencing ROS can either release runoff immediately or delay it considerably. This delay is a result of refreeze of liquid water and water transport mechanisms in the snowpack. Water percolation is depending on snow grain properties but also on the presence of structures such as ice layers or capillary barriers. During sprinkling experiments, preferential flow was found to be a process that critically impacted the timing of snowpack runoff. However, current one-dimensional snowpack models are not capable of addressing this phenomenon correctly. For this study, the detailed physics-based snowpack model SNOWPACK is extended with a water transport scheme accounting for preferential flow. The implemented Richards' Equation solver is modified using a dual-domain approach to simulate water transport under preferential flow conditions. To validate the presented approach, we used an extensive dataset of over 100 ROS events from several locations in the European Alps, comprising meteorological and snowpack measurements as well as snow lysimeter runoff data. The model was tested under a variety of initial snowpack conditions, including cold, ripe, stratified and homogeneous snow. Results show that the model accounting for preferential flow (PF) demonstrated an improved overall and in particular more balanced performance. While the improvements were small for experiments on isothermal wet snow, they were pronounced for experiments on cold snowpacks, where field experiments found preferential flow to be especially prevalent.
Upper Airway Injury in Dogs Secondary to Trauma: 10 Dogs (2000–2011)
Authors: Basdani Eleni , Papazoglou Lysimachos G. , Patsikas Michail N. , Kazakos Georgios M. , Adamama-Moraitou Katerina K. , Tsokataridis Ioannis
Published: August 2016

Ten dogs that presented with trauma-induced upper airway rupture or stenosis were reviewed. Tracheal rupture was seen in seven dogs, tracheal stenosis in one dog, and laryngeal rupture in two dogs. Clinical abnormalities included respiratory distress in five dogs, subcutaneous emphysema in eight, air leakage through the cervical wound in seven, stridor in three dogs, pneumomediastinum in four and pneumothorax in one dog. Reconstruction with simple interrupted sutures was performed in four dogs, tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis in five dogs, and one dog was euthanized intraoperatively. Complications were seen in three dogs including aspiration pneumonia in one and vocalization alterations in two dogs.
La investigación jurídica como un instrumento de mejoramiento del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje del Derecho
Authors: Álvarez Undurraga Gabriel
Published: August 2016

La enseñanza del derecho es un área de la educación universitaria que se ha mantenido relativamente uniforme en el tiempo, a pesar de los cambios sociales y educativos que ha vivido la sociedad actual; cambios que se deben a la irrupción de los medios digitales y al cambio de paradigma con respecto a la relación profesor-alumno. El autor plantea la necesidad de que la enseñanza del derecho se modernice, para lo cual debe incorporar los cambios mencionados y, especialmente, considerar la investigación jurídica como una actividad permanente dentro del ámbito académico, y, además, colaborativa entre el docente y los estudiantes.
Verification of human-level proof steps in mathematics education
Authors: Dietrich Dominik , Buckley Mark
Published: August 2016

Automated mathematics tutorial systems need support from a reasoning module which can verify the correctness of students' contributions. However, current systems typically do not reason at a level similar to the student's reasoning level, and do not fully account for underspecified or ambiguous inputs. We present a domain-independent method for automatically verifying correct proof steps and detecting standard reasoning errors. We use a depth limited BFS proof search to determine and maintain multiple possible interpretations consistent with the given proof step, we are able to resolve or otherwise propagate underspecification and ambiguity which occurs due to unrestricted user input. Our approach has been implemented in ΩmegaCoRe.
ICT methodology
Authors: Zsakó László , Juhász Katalin , Kátai Zoltán
Published: August 2016

This article is an overview discussing what ICT subject methodology, ICT didactics and ICT methodology are, what the philosophy of ICT is, and finally what ICT pedagogy is.
Teaching graph algorithms with Visage
Authors: Fest Andreas , Kortenkamp Ulrich
Published: August 2016

Combinatorial optimization is a substantial pool for teaching authentic mathematics. Studying topics in combinatorial optimization practice different mathematical skills, and because of this have been integrated into the new Berlin curriculum for secondary schools. In addition, teachers are encouraged to use adequate teaching software. The presented software package "Visage" is a visualization tool for graph algorithms. Using the intuitive user interface of an interactive geometry system (Cinderella), graphs and networks can be drawn very easily and different textbook algorithms can be visualized on the graphs. An authoring tool for interactive worksheets and the usage of the build-in programming interface offer new ways for teaching graphs and algorithms in a classroom.
Apollonius' problems in grammar school
Authors: Ripco Sipos Elvira
Published: August 2016

In this work there are ten problems of Apollonius listed with illustrations and solution possibilities including students' solutions, too. Usually, it is rather difficult for students to grasp the essence of these problems with the use of traditional means, bows and rulers, but the use of computers offers higher accuracy.
Derivation of the Multimoment Hydrodynamics Equations for a Gas Mixture
Authors: Lebed Igor V.
Published: July 2016

The equations for pair distribution functions are used to derive the multimoment hydrodynamics equations for gas mixture. The gas mixture pair distribution functions are specified. The equations for pair functions are derived directly from the general statistical mechanics concepts. The basic property of the pair functions is established. In conformity with basic property, these functions remain unchanged in time along the trajectory of the center of inertia of a pair. The basic property of the pair distribution functions reveals the existence of an infinite number of principle hydrodynamic values. Multimoment hydrodynamics equations are constructed using 3L+4 principle hydrodynamic values, where  is the number of gas mixture components. Just these principle values specify measurable moments. The measurable moments are represented by linear combination of principle and non-principle hydrodynamic values. The general structure of constructed multimoment conservation laws is identical to the structure of appropriate   multimoment conservation laws in a gas of identical particles. Each of the multimoment conservation laws is divided into two separate equations. The first group of conservation equations corresponds to convective phenomena. The second group of conservation equations corresponds to dissipative phenomena. Derived multimoment hydrodynamics equations are designed for interpreting the behavior of unstable systems. As is shown previously, classic hydrodynamics equations are incapable of reproducing flows after they lose stability. That is, the solutions to the classic hydrodynamics equations do not find the direction of instability development correctly. The possibility of improvement of classic hydrodynamics equations for a gas mixture is sought on the way toward an increase in the number of principle hydrodynamic values.
On the Trigonometric Description of the Michelson-Morley Experiment
Authors: Stavek Jiri
Published: July 2016

One formula with two trigonometric corrections describing the round trip of the beams in the Michelson-Morley experiment is presented. The first trigonometric correction describes the round trip path of those beams, while the second trigonometric correction describes the trigonometric geometric mean of the two-way speed of those beams. This formula gives the null fringe shift result for the first order experiments (Fizeau experiment, Hoek experiment), the null fringe shift result for the second order experiment (Michelson-Morley experiment), and predicts a measurable fringe shift result for the fourth order experiment. This trigonometric model can be tested experimentaly by the advanced LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Waves Observatory) technology with three arms separated by the angle π/4 and the longitudinal arm directed to the CMB rest frame in the direction to the constellation Crater (known in the Greek mythology as the Cup of the god Apollo). This proposed fourth order experiment can be named as the advanced LIFE (Laser Interferometer Fringe Enigma) experiment. The published predictions before the arrival of experimental data from the advanced LIFE experiment can estimate the power of our models.
A Classical and a Relativistic Law of Motion for SN1987A
Authors: Zaninetti Lorenzo
Published: July 2016

In this paper we derive some first order differential equations which model the classical and the relativistic thin layer approximations in the presence of a circumstellar medium with a density which is decreasing in the distance z from the equatorial plane. The circumstellar medium is assumed to follow a density profile with z of hyperbolic type, power law type, exponential type or Gaussian type. The first order differential equations are solved analytically, or numerically, or by a series expansion, or by Pad´e approximants. The initial conditions are chosen in order to model the temporal evolution of SN 1987A over 23 years. The free parameters of the theory are found by maximizing the observational reliability which is based on an observed section of SN 1987A.
Defects and Correction Theories of Electromagnetics
Authors: Yao Kexin
Published: July 2016

Experiments show that, there is the electrostatic field around the permanent magnet; since the electromagnetics can not explain this phenomenon, it can be concluded that there are some defects in electromagnetics. This paper makes an analysis of the defects of electromagnetics from fourteen aspects. It is noted that, the basic defect of electromagnetics is that there is no explanation of any inherent causes and physical processes of electromagnetic induction, displacement current, Lorentz force and other surface phenomena. Moreover, it may also lead us to make incorrect inferences in the theoretical analysis of electromagnetics, e.g. the same direction of action and reaction, infinitely high kinematic velocity of magnetic field, etc. It can be seen from analysis of all electromagnetic phenomena that, all the electromagnetic phenomena will be inevitably accompanied by an electron motion; and the electron motion is bound to take effect through an electric field; therefore, the analysis of motion in an electric field is the basis for analysis of all electromagnetic phenomena. This paper proposes seven rules for analysis of motion in an electric field, analyzes the uniform motion and variable motion in an electric field on the basis of such rules, clarifies the inherent causes of Lorentz force, theoretically qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrates why there exists the electrostatic field at some locations around the permanent magnet, and considers that all the magnetic phenomena are resulted from the contraction of electric field in the direction of motion, which is derived from the natural law of constant velocity of light, and therefore all the electromagnetic phenomena is rooted in the constant velocity of light. Through the analysis of variable motion in an electric field, this paper proves the law of displacement current and electromagnetic induction, clarifies the physical processes of such phenomena, deduces the law of total current, explains why electric field strength and magnetic field strength of electromagnetic wave must be in same phase and why a plane wave has the electric and magnetic fields only with a certain length but no source, and considers that neither fast nor slow propagation velocity of electromagnetic wave is good and that the actual velocity of light is the ideal velocity of light.
Geographical Location Estimation based on An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Chen Zhuojie , Deng Lang , Zhang Yuanbiao
Published: July 2016

This study presents a strategy for determining the relatively accurate geographical location of an object based on a video or a sequence of images taken at regular intervals. On the basis of a series of solar formulas, a precise object’s shadow length model that includes the latitude and longitude of the photographer is built to describe how the shadow changes. Inputting the shadow length of the object and the creation time of the image into the built model, parameters like the latitude or longitude can be estimated by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). To solve the problem that PSO is easy to get stuck into local optima, a compression factor and mutation operation are introduced to the algorithm. Through analyzing the instance, the improved PSO algorithm has demonstrated itself with enhancement in convergence and accuracy. In conclusion, the improved PSO is an effective and precise tool to estimate the geographical location of video or images.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Applied Physics Research, Vol. 8, No. 4
Authors: Green Lily
Published: July 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Applied Physics Research, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2016
Numerical Investigation of Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation in GeAsSe Based Chalcogenide Photonic Crystal Fiber Using Low Peak Power
Authors: Karim M. R. , Rahman B. M. A.
Published: July 2016

We numerically investigate the use of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) through dispersion engineering of its cladding containing air-holes for supercontinuum (SC) generation in the mid-infrared region using low peak power. A 3.6-cm-long PCF made using Ge11.5As24Se64.5 chalcogenide (ChG) glass with a hexagonal array of air-holes was optimized for obtaining zero-dispersion wavelength through dispersion tailoring around the pump wavelength of 4 μm. We have performed numerical simulations for such dispersion tailored ChG PCF with the peak power range between 0.25 kW and 2 kW. It was found through rigorous numerical simulations that an ultrabroadband mid-infrared SC spectra covering the wavelength range 2-8 μm which is equivalent to 2 octaves could be generated using pump pulses of 320 fs duration at a wavelength of 4 μm with a relatively low peak power of 2 kW by using our proposed ChG PCF design.
Generalization of the Particle Spin as it Ensues from the Ether Theory
Authors: Zareski David
Published: July 2016

In previous papers we generalized the ether waves associated to photons, to waves generally denoted  , associated to Par(m,e)s, (particles of mass m and electric charge e), and demonstrated that a Par(m,e)s is a superposition   of such waves that forms a small globule moving with the velocity   of this  . That, at a point near to a moving  , the ether velocity  , i.e., the magnetic field H, is of the same form as that of a point of a rotating solid. This is the spin of the Par(m,e)s, in particular, of the electron. Then, we considered the case where e=0 and showed that the perturbation caused by the motion of a Par(m,e)s is also propagated in the ether, and is a propagating gravitational field such that the Newton approximation (NA) is a tensor  Guobtained by applying the Lorenz transformation for Vm,o on the NA of the static gravitational potential of forces Gu,s. It appeared that Gu is also of the form of a Lienard-Wiechert potential tensor Au created by an electric charge.
In the present paper, we generalized the above results regarding the spin by showing that the ether elasticity theory implies also that like the electron, the massive neutral particle possesses a spin but much smaller than that of the electron, and that the photon can possess also a spin, when for example it is circularly polarized. In fact, we show that the spin associated to a particle is a vortex in ether which in closed trajectories will take only quantized values.
Characterization of Water and Nitrogen Stress of Maize by Laser Induced Fluorescence
Authors: SORO Adama Penetjiligue , ZORO-DIAMA Emma Georgina , DIOMANDE Kedro Sidiki , BANY Guy Euloge , BIBILA MAYAYA BISSEYOU Yvon , ADOHI-KROU Adjo Viviane
Published: July 2016

Water and nitrogen are essential for the optimal development of corn plants. A deficiency of these elements leads to lower crop production. Also, the health status of a plant influences the photosynthesis process. The photosynthetic diagnosis of a plant from the chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum induced by laser is non-destructive to the sample, reliable and fast method. As part of this work, we showed that it is possible to detect the nitrogen and water deficiencies of corn from the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio at 690 nm and 740 nm, when the measurements are performed before the senescence phase.

Indeed, we found that the R fluorescence ratio increases over time, for any stress on the plant. However, R decreases with the nitrogen stress and increases with increasing water loss.

The measures should be performed 51 Days After Planting (DAP) to detect water deficiency and the suitable date for nitrogen deficiency detection is 61 DAP.

Before each of these dates, the plants will be considered water deficient if the fluorescence ratio R ≤ 1.34 and will be nitrogen stressed if R > 1.36.
The Ground State Electronic Properties of Two Electron Quantum Dot in External Magnetic and Electric Fields
Authors: Al-Hayek I.
Published: July 2016

The ground state energies of two interacting electrons in two dimensions are studied within the framework of shifted 1/N expansion. The effect of external uniform magnetic and electric have been studied. Energies of the relative part of the Hamiltonian of the system are calculated for both weak and strong field regimes. Our results show a very good agreement with those obtained by other computational methods like asymptotic integration (AIM) and exact diagonalizaion methods.
X-ray Attenuation and Reduction of Backscattered Radiation
Authors: Naji A. T. , Jaafar M. S. , Ali E. A. , Al-Ani S. K. J.
Published: July 2016

This paper reports the comparative study of X-ray attenuation using different materials which can be utilized to design anti-backscattered grids and radiation protection shields. The characteristics of X-ray attenuation in several materials, namely, lead, copper, iron steel, and aluminum, are investigated under diverse exposure parameters to measure their ability to attenuate incident X-ray and their capability to reduce backscattered X-ray. Lead and iron steel shields exhibit the best abilities in attenuating X-ray, whereas aluminum shield shows the least attenuation ability. This study proposes a design of a unique method for assessing the backscatter X-ray dose. The iron steel grid based on iron steel plate provides the best value in reducing backscattered radiation (up to 34.78%) compared with other conventional plate materials.
Improving Academic Writing Skills through Online Mode of Task-Based Assignments
Authors: Purwanto Sugeng
Published: July 2016

This is to report a 2-Year Research Project (2015-2016) funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, which aims at justifying whether or not the online mode of task-based writing assignments (of various genres of English texts) could improve the writing skills of the students at higher education. An action research was conducted in College of Economics and Business Studies, Stikubank University (UNISBANK) Semarang, Central Java Indonesia in response to the lack of time allocated to students’ writing activities in their English class. Three cycles of treatments were employed—each with five phases, (1) identification of problem area, (2) collection and organization of data, (3) interpretation of data, (4) action based on data and (5) reflection of action. The findings showed that—compared with the initial condition— there was a mean increase of 31% and an increase of 121% in the students’ scores beyond the passing score of 61. Also, the students’ writing motivation increased considerably (>86% toward positive attitudes) as revealed in the survey at the end of the treatment program.
Internal Marketing Based on the Hierarchy of Effects Model for the Life Insurance Industry
Authors: Hsu Ker-Tah
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study is to identify the extent to which ethical climate, leader–member exchange, and role clarity can be employed as business levers in internal marketing; the relationships among them are investigated using a conceptual model based on the hierarchy of effects model. From several major life insurance firms in Taiwan, 644 life insurance salespeople formed the basis of the empirical analysis in this study. Ethical climate is not only a feasible business practice for implementing internal marketing but also a basis for other managerial activities concerning internal marketing. Managerial activities arousing salespeople's perceptions of ethical climate, leader-member exchange, and role clarity may be useful in enhancing their job satisfaction, and in strengthening the organizational identification and organizational commitment of their salespeople. This study extends the internal marketing literature both by applying the principles of the hierarchy of effects model to internal marketing, and by examining the effects of ethical climate, leader-member exchange, and role clarity on job outcomes within such a context.
Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Regions
Authors: Bbale John Mayanja , Nnyanzi John Bosco
Published: July 2016

The paper set out to investigate the nexus between institutional quality and inward FDI and how the presence of liberalization and financial development influence this linkage. We build on Dunning’s eclectic paradigm that focuses on locational advantages. A fixed effects approach is employed and the estimation results confirm the crucial role of institutional quality in attracting FDI inflows. However the impact varies with the particular group. In particular, apart from SADC, institutional quality seems to matter significantly in all the other groups especially in EAC and ECOWAS. Additional findings reveal a mixed impact regarding the presence of financial development and liberalization in the institution-FDI nexus: While Trade liberalization policies seem to be at the forefront in ECOWAS and SADC groups, it is credit depth and capital account openness that appear to matter most in EAC. We confirm the resilience of inward FDI during the global crisis and document a positive significant relationship between FDI inflows on the one hand and host market size and infrastructure development on the other. While a one-size-fits-all-policy should be discouraged due to the heterogeneous nature of SSA countries, overall, a comprehensive set of policies designed with caution to improve the institutional quality, the financial system, trade openness and capital account liberalization would be valuable for attracting FDI inflows to SSA.
International Migration, Livelihood Strategy, and Poverty Cycle
Authors: Sihaloho Martua , Wahyuni Ekawati Sri , Kinseng Rilus A. , Tjondronegoro Sediono M.P.
Published: July 2016

Poverty drove Indonesian poor households (e.g. their family members) to find other livelihoods. One popular choice is becoming an international migrant. This paper describes and analyzes the change in agrarian structure which causes dynamics in agrarian poverty. The study uses qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm. Research results showed that even if migration was dominated by farmer households from lower social class; it also served as livelihood strategy for middle and upper social classes. Improved economics brought dynamics on social reality. The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility (means that they stay in their previous social class); (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class. The dynamic in social classes indicates the presence of agrarian poverty cycle, they are social climbing and sinking.
Formulating a Long Term Strategy for Sustainable Palm Oil Biodiesel Development in Indonesia
Authors: Purwanto Beny A. , Hambali Erliza , Arkeman Yandra , Wijaya Hendri
Published: July 2016

Indonesia, the largest producer of palm oil, has been developed palm oil biodiesel as renewable energy in the last decade. Indonesia biodiesel development policies aim to increase domestic value added of palm oil product and reduce the reliance on fossil fuel. Indonesia has embarked on a comprehensive palm oil biodiesel program since 2006 and targeted the 20% biodiesel blend (B20) in 2016. This article explores the strategy formulation by accommodate the stakeholder perspective in the problems and the solutions. This research analyzes the information from in depth interview with biodiesel stakeholders (government, industry and researcher) in Indonesia by combine Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis with a Multi Actor Analysis approach. The results show the problems of biodiesel development are mainly on the high production cost due to high price of raw material, production technology and distribution infrastructure. The government policy, technology development and raw material supply are the driving forces of the biodiesel development in Indonesia. In the long term strategy, government of Indonesia should secure the biodiesel raw material, develop an environmental friendly technology in biodiesel processing, and accommodate any improvement idea from other stakeholders.
An Appropriate Technology Based Solution to Convert Waste Plastic into Fuel Oil in Underdeveloped Regions
Authors: Joshi Chandni A. , Seay Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2016

Along with population and urbanization in developing countries, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is also increasing. Although programs and initiatives to recycle and manage waste can often be found in the major population centers, these technologies are slow to spread to or are not yet present in the rural areas. Heavily populated urban slums are also lacking in the infrastructure needed to collect and manage trash, particularly plastic packaging. To address this challenge, the University of Kentucky Appropriate Technology and Sustainability (UKATS) research team has developed an appropriate technology based, sustainable solution to convert plastic from Municipal Solid Waste, such as High/Low Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene and Polystyrene into a valuable hydrocarbon fuel, suitable for underdeveloped or poverty stricken communities. The UKATS Processor is designed as a waste minimization solution specifically for underdeveloped communities, comprised of a simple, non-automated, multifunctional processor built using a wood fueled rocket stove as the primary heat source. This processor is designed using the principles of appropriate technology and sustainability and can be constructed using non-standard materials commonly present in rural or underdeveloped areas. This research focuses on utilizing plastic waste to produce a fuel oil product similar to kerosene or diesel in composition.
Policy and Backwardness of Maritime Society Case Study on Community Maritime Affairs Bugis Makassar South Sulawesi
Authors: Demmallino Eymal B. , S. Ali M. Saleh , Gassing Abd. Qadir , Lampe Munsi , Nalefo La , Busthanul Nurbaya , Ibrahim Tamzil
Published: July 2016

This research is motivated by a concern to the maritime community in Indonesia and South Sulawesi in particular, which is still very behind compared with other communities on the mainland or degenerate far backward compared with the maritime community in the past royal era (VIII century - XVII century: Sriwidjaya, Majapahit, and Gowa-Makassar). This study aims to reveal the concern of the government on maritime development in the State Bugis Makassar of South Sulawesi. This study uses Verstehen method was conducted through "historical approach" since the period of the kingdom until the reform period. The results showed that the retardation of Bugis-Makassar Maritime Communities in the Bugis-Makassar State was started in inattention government or precisely turned attention both central and local governments from land to sea. Since independence era or period of the republic, government policy in general more focus on the continental policy (to the mainland) in terms of physical potential of this nation is dominant on the maritime potential and this nation has historically also known as the nation's oceans (maritime) than the nation's land. The study recommends to realize what has been painstakingly formulated in Repelita VII up to X, a formula that relies on modernization alignments according to the great potential of maritime nations.
A Dynamic Model to Assess Carrying Capacity of a Defined System
Authors: Jin Yongliang , Donovan Richard P. , Breffle William S.
Published: July 2016

A system dynamics method to assess carrying capacity of a defined natural environment is presented. The proposed method seeks to relate per capita resource usage to ranges of population and per capita consumption beyond which the system is not viable relative to population dependent resource constraints. It provides a platform to investigate system behavior through system dynamics simulations where populations change, natural resources decay due to stressor impacts, and feedback occurs via implementation of policy. Application of the model to a case study of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) of phosphorous in Bear Lake, a Lake Michigan estuary (USA), shows the major total phosphorous (P) loading contribution is anthropogenic land use development. Three scenarios are quantitatively explored by assuming changes in land use and/or loading rates. Simulation results show tradeoffs between reduction of total P and land use; economic development can be flexibly evaluated against targets of loading reduction trajectories.
Location, Ownership, Origin and the Spillover-Productivity Nexus. Evidence from Uganda Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Bbale John Mayanja , Nnyanzi John Bosco
Published: July 2016

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the drivers of labor productivity in the firms at the intra-industry level with focus on the spillover effects of FDI. Using a fixed effects approach, we estimate an expanded Cobb-Douglas production function in its intensive form to isolate the effects of increased capital intensity on labor productivity as well as the spillovers, using annual Private Sector Investment Survey data collected on the Ugandan manufacturing firms over the period 2007- 2010. Over all, there are significant negative horizontal spillovers for the domestic firms in Uganda, with OECD-originating FDI appearing to be the main source of such effects. By location, these are most adverse in the western and eastern regions and better spillovers can be traced in the central region. Additional findings point to firm size, labor quality and profit as positive contributors to labor productivity, whereas technology gap exhibits a detrimental impact just as we document no significant effect of capital intensity. Larger domestic firms appear to benefit significantly from spillovers in industries where foreign firms have a larger presence. The aforementioned findings reflect the need for well-designed policies to improve the competitiveness of local firms particularly via an incentive-equal opportunity-policy that captures both domestic and foreign investors and to improve infrastructure and other investor-friendly environment in the East and Western parts of Uganda. Similarly, our results suggest that the promotion of joint ventures (foreign) is likely to generate unequivocal benefits to the manufacturing sector in Uganda not only in terms of less negative horizontal spillovers but also from the labor quality, firm size and profit spillovers perspective. Finally, the finding of learning difficulties of domestic firms from foreign firms calls for programs in line with skill acquisition through job training and the review of the curriculum to focus on labor quality.