bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of a class of nonlinear consensus protocols for multi‐agent systems
Authors: Xu Yaojin , Tian Yu‐Ping
Published: May 2012

This paper investigates the consensus problem for multi‐agent systems and presents a class of nonlinear consensus protocols. First, we reveal some structure property of the corresponding Laplacian matrix by decomposing the interaction graph into strongly connected components. Then, by means of the input‐to‐state stability and algebraic graph theory, we propose a framework to prove consensus for multi‐agent systems with nonlinear protocols. In particular, we prove that consensus can be always reached in systems of single‐integrator agents with a directed communication topology containing a spanning tree, provided the nonlinear protocol is an odd and increasing function. The nonlinear consensus protocols proposed in this paper include the classical linear consensus protocol as a special case, and may have a wide range of applications, including consensus with faster convergence rates and with bounded control inputs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Tribological Behavior of Al‐Co‐Cr‐Fe‐Ni High Entropy Alloy Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Huang Jen‐Ching
Published: May 2012

High‐entropy alloys have been studied extensively for their excellent properties and performance, including outstanding strength and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. This study employed molecular dynamics simulation to produce a high‐entropy alloy containing an equal molar ratio of Al, Co, Cr, Fe, and Ni and investigated the tribological behavior of the material using a diamond tool in a vacuum environment. We also simulated a AlCoCrFeNi high‐entropy alloy cooled from a high temperature molten state to 300 K in a high‐speed quenching process to produce an amorphous microstructure.

In a simulation of nanoscratching, the cutting force–distance curve of high‐entropy alloys was used to evaluate work hardening and stick–slip. An increase in temperature was shown to reduce the scratching force and scratching resistance. Nanoscratching the high‐entropy alloy at elevated temperatures provided evidence of work hardening; however, the degree of work hardening decreased with an increase in temperature. And it can also be found that when the temperature is higher, the fluctuation of the cutting force curve is greater. SCANNING 34: 325–331, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micro‐Raman Spectroscopy Study of Human Pterygium and Conjunctival Melanocytic Nevi
Authors: Zhuang Zhengfei , Ke Xiong , Guo Zhouyi , Chen Sijin , Li Ning
Published: May 2012

Pterygium, a common ophthalmic disease that is caused by fibrovascular growth of conjunctiva and conjunctival melanocytic nevi that is another conjunctival disease, are detected by Raman spectroscopy in the present study. We find that there is an obvious increase in the intensity at the peak of 1,583 cm−1 that is assigned to C=C unsaturated fatty acids stretch of lipids in the pterygium tissue, and 1,639 cm−1 also increased which belongs to amide I. Also, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) was used to classify the normal conjunctiva from the pterygium tissue. For the conjunctival melanocytic nevi, the intensity of Raman spectrum region between 1,550 cm−1 and 1,650 cm−1 that belong to protein has increased, which indicates that the content of protein in conjunctival melanocytic nevi is more richer than the normal ones. SCANNING 34: 395–398, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fractal Analysis of Two‐Photon Microscopic Images for Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Huang Zufang , Pan Jianji , Chen Guannan , Li Zuanfang , Chen Xiwen , Li Yongzeng , Wang Jing , Chen Rong
Published: May 2012

In this study, two‐photon microscopy (TPM) was applied to obtain high‐resolution, optically sectioned images with cellular morphology information from normal and cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue. Notable difference of nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio was found between these two groups. In particular, fractal dimension (FD) analysis based on TPM images showed good differentiation between normal and cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues. Our results indicate that TPM coupled with FD analysis methods has the potential to extract diagnostic features for label‐free histological diagnosis. SCANNING 34: 399‐403, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of Thermal Oxidation on the Luminescence Properties of Nanostructured Silicon
Authors: Liu Lijia , Sham Tsun‐Kong
Published: May 2012

Herein is reported a detailed study of the luminescence properties of nanostructured Si using X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) in combination with X‐ray absorption near‐edge structures (XANES). P‐type Si nanowires synthesized via electroless chemical etching from Si wafers of different doping levels and porous Si synthesized using electrochemical method are examined under X‐ray excitation across the Si K‐, L3,2‐, and O K‐edges. It is found that while as‐prepared Si nanostructures are weak light emitters, intense visible luminescence is observed from thermally oxidized Si nanowires and porous Si. The luminescence mechanism of Si upon oxidation is investigated by oxidizing nanostructured Si at different temperatures. Interestingly, the two luminescence bands observed show different response with the variation of absorption coefficient upon Si and O core‐electron excitation in elemental silicon and silicon oxide. A correlation between luminescence properties and electronic structures is thus established. The implications of the finding are discussed in terms of the behavior of the oxygen deficient center (OCD) and non‐bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC).
MASH: tool integration made easy
Authors: Mariani L. , Pastore F.
Published: May 2012

Integrating tools implemented as plug‐ins is a complex and time‐consuming activity that requires good programming skills and a deep understanding of the underlying plug‐in architecture for successful completion. Even when tools are implemented as plug‐ins for a same integrated development environment (IDE), users frequently prefer to manually perform the same inefficient operations every time they use the tools rather than implementing automated tool integration.

In our vision, IDE users must be able to flexibly execute plug‐ins and easily integrate their results by designing workflows that can be persisted, automatically executed, and reused in other workflows.

This paper therefore presents MASH, a framework that extends IDEs with task‐based plug‐ins (TB‐plug‐ins) and workflows. A TB‐plug‐in is a plug‐in that exposes its functionalities as executable tasks in a workflow. TB‐plug‐in workflows are processes that automatically execute multiple tools and integrate their results. IDE users can turn regular plug‐ins into TB‐plug‐ins by writing simple scripts or using the GUI capturing feature that MASH offers.

We validated our idea with two case studies examining the design of two data‐driven analyses as tool integration. We discovered that workflows can be easily designed by knowing little about the IDE or plug‐ins API, saving significant effort otherwise devoted to implementing additional plug‐ins and glue code, and they produce analyses that can be quickly modified and reused. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Tissues Following Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Humans Indicates Limited Long-Term Engraftment and No Ectopic Tissue Formation
Authors: von Bahr L. , Batsis I. , Moll G. , Hägg M. , Szakos A. , Sundberg B. , Uzunel M. , Ringden O. , Le Blanc K.
Published: May 2012

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are explored as a novel treatment for a variety of medical conditions. Their fate after infusion is unclear, and long-term safety regarding malignant transformation and ectopic tissue formation has not been addressed in patients. We examined autopsy material from 18 patients who had received human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched MSCs, and 108 tissue samples from 15 patients were examined by PCR. No signs of ectopic tissue formation or malignant tumors of MSC-donor origin were found on macroscopic or histological examination. MSC donor DNA was detected in one or several tissues including lungs, lymph nodes, and intestine in eight patients at levels from 1/100 to <1/1,000. Detection of MSC donor DNA was negatively correlated with time from infusion to sample collection, as DNA was detected from nine of 13 MSC infusions given within 50 days before sampling but from only two of eight infusions given earlier. There was no correlation between MSC engraftment and treatment response. We conclude that MSCs appear to mediate their function through a “hit and run” mechanism. The lack of sustained engraftment limits the long-term risks of MSC therapy.
Dual Inhibition of Src and GSK3 Maintains Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells, Whose Differentiation Is Mechanically Regulated by Src Signaling
Authors: Shimizu Takeshi , Ueda Jun , Ho Jolene Caifeng , Iwasaki Katsuhiko , Poellinger Lorenz , Harada Ichiro , Sawada Yasuhiro
Published: May 2012

Recent studies reveal that the mechanical environment influences the behavior and function of various types of cells, including stem cells. However, signaling pathways involved in the mechanical regulation of stem cell properties remain largely unknown. Using polyacrylamide gels with varying Young's moduli as substrates, we demonstrate that mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are induced to differentiate on substrates with defined elasticity, involving the Src-ShcA-MAP kinase pathway. While the dual inhibition of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), termed “2i,” was reported to sustain the pluripotency of mESCs, we find it to be substrate elasticity dependent. In contrast, Src inhibition in addition to 2i allows mESCs to retain their pluripotency independent of substrate elasticity. The alternative dual inhibition of Src and GSK3 (“alternative 2i”) retains the pluripotency and self-renewal of mESCs in vitro and is instrumental in efficiently deriving mESCs from preimplantation mouse embryos. In addition, the transplantation of mESCs, maintained under the alternative 2i condition, to immunodeficient mice leads to the formation of teratomas that include differentiation into three germ layers. Furthermore, mESCs established with alternative 2i contributed to chimeric mice production and transmitted to the germline. These results reveal a role for Src-ShcA-MAP kinase signaling in the mechanical regulation of mESC properties and indicate that alternative 2i is a versatile tool for the maintenance of mESCs in serum-free conditions as well as for the derivation of mESCs.
Numb Regulates Glioma Stem Cell Fate and Growth by Altering Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Skp1-Cullin-F-Box Ubiquitin Ligase Activity
Authors: Jiang Xiuli , Xing Hongyan , Kim Tae-Min , Jung Yuchae , Huang Wei , Yang Hong Wei , Song Shengye , Park Peter J. , Carroll Rona S. , Johnson Mark D.
Published: May 2012

Glioblastoma contains a hierarchy of stem-like cancer cells, but how this hierarchy is established is unclear. Here, we show that asymmetric Numb localization specifies glioblastoma stem-like cell (GSC) fate in a manner that does not require Notch inhibition. Numb is asymmetrically localized to CD133-hi GSCs. The predominant Numb isoform, Numb4, decreases Notch and promotes a CD133-hi, radial glial-like phenotype. However, upregulation of a novel Numb isoform, Numb4 delta 7 (Numb4d7), increases Notch and AKT activation while nevertheless maintaining CD133-hi fate specification. Numb knockdown increases Notch and promotes growth while favoring a CD133-lo, glial progenitor-like phenotype. We report the novel finding that Numb4 (but not Numb4d7) promotes SCFFbw7 ubiquitin ligase assembly and activation to increase Notch degradation. However, both Numb isoforms decrease epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, thereby regulating GSC fate. Small molecule inhibition of EGFR activity phenocopies the effect of Numb on CD133 and Pax6. Clinically, homozygous NUMB deletions and low Numb mRNA expression occur primarily in a subgroup of proneural glioblastomas. Higher Numb expression is found in classical and mesenchymal glioblastomas and correlates with decreased survival. Thus, decreased Numb promotes glioblastoma growth, but the remaining Numb establishes a phenotypically diverse stem-like cell hierarchy that increases tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance.
p53-Facilitated miR-199a-3p Regulates Somatic Cell Reprogramming
Authors: Wang Jiaxu , He Qianqian , Han Chuanchun , Gu Hao , Jin Lei , Li Qun , Mei Yide , Wu Mian
Published: May 2012

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by ectopic expression of defined transcriptional factors. The efficiency of this process, however, is extremely low. Although inactivation of p53 has been recently shown to greatly enhance reprogramming efficiency, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Here, we report that miR-199a-3p is upregulated by p53 at the post-transcriptional level. Induction of miR-199a-3p significantly decreases reprogramming efficiency, whereas miR-199a-3p inhibition greatly enhances it. Mechanistically, miR-199a-3p overexpression inhibits cell proliferation by imposing G1 cell cycle arrest. Conversely, miR-199a-3p inhibition results in a pronounced increase in cell proliferation. Furthermore, the enhancement in reprogramming of p53 knockdown cells is almost completely reversed with replacement of miR-199a-3p. Also, miR-199a-3p inhibition partially rescues iPS generation impaired by p53. These findings suggest miR-199a-3p as a novel p53 target that negatively regulates somatic cell reprogramming.
A New Look for The Reading Teacher
Authors: Mallette Marla H. , Barone Diane M.
Published: May 2012

In this editorial, we reflect on the changes to The Reading Teacher in Volume 65. Although we focus on aesthetics, rather than the content, we do so to provide an overview of the changes, offer context for the cover photographs, and recognize the work of the photographers. However, as noted in the editorial, these changes to the appearance would be of little consequence without compelling and quality content. We are grateful to the authors, reviewers, section editors, IRA staff, and Wiley Publications, for their dedication and thoughtful work.
Why Reading Fluency Should Be Hot!
Authors: Rasinski Timothy V.
Published: May 2012

This article explores problems that have surfaced in the teaching of reading fluency and how teachers and reading coaches can resolve those problems. Specific issues addressed include reading fluency being defined as reading fast and instruction that is focused on having students read fast, reading fluency viewed as solely and oral reading activity, reading fluency seen as an issue only for the primary grades, and reading fluency instruction viewed as a distinct form of reading instruction not integral to authentic reading that focuses on meaning. The author makes the case for an authentic, meaning‐based, and comprehensive approach to fluency instruction that is integral part of the core reading program.
For Young Children, Pictures in Storybooks Are Rarely Worth a Thousand Words
Authors: Schickedanz Judith A. , Collins Molly F.
Published: May 2012

This article focuses on young children's misinterpretations of storybook illustrations. Examples of misinterpretations drawn from preschool classrooms are presented and analyzed to explain four kinds of confusion that are typically involved. Based on these analyses, the authors argue that young children are capable of the reasoning required to understand storybook illustrations, but need specific information and guidance to reason well in these complex contexts. The authors present strategies that teachers in preschool, kindergarten, and first grade can use to provide children with support. These strategies include explaining to children how illustrations work, bringing text information to children's attention, helping children use or acquire relevant background knowledge, and modeling the strategic use of personal experiences and background knowledge.
Summer Reading Dilemma Solved!
Authors: Kutsch Diane
Published: May 2012

View From the Chalkboard essays share readers' reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
The Power and Potential of Primary Sources
Authors: Morgan Denise N. , Rasinski Timothy V.
Published: May 2012

Using primary sources with students has untapped potential for expanding and deepening the reading experiences of elementary and middle grade students. Primary sources expands teachers’ palette of reading materials, allows students to connect more closely to topics for learning, and deepens their understanding of the past. This article argues for the inclusion of more primary sources as a way to expand students’ world knowledge and develop their critical thinking skills. In addition, using primary sources is one way to support teachers in meeting the new common core state standards. Benefits of using primary sources and how to analyze primary documents are highlighted. Ideas for primary source collections and working with students are shared.
An improved location service scheme in urban environments with the combination of GPS and mobile stations
Authors: Huang Pengda , Pi Yiming
Published: May 2012

Satellite‐based apositioning and navigation technology in urban environments is widely studied. As a solution to GPS signal degradation in urban environment, the wireless network‐aided location scheme has been put into practice, which benefits our everyday life. However, there still exist many potential advantageous points that can be exploited to improve the performance of the location service especially in urban environments. This paper proposes a GPS‐based positioning and navigation with the aid of wireless network (GPONAWIN) positioning scheme that utilizes the existing resources of wireless communication networks to provide cheaper and more accurate urban positioning service with higher survivability. After the proposed scheme is described in detail, outperformances over the existing scheme are also analyzed. The GPONAWIN scheme can achieve higher information utilization efficiency, less wireless channel expenditure, more accurate positioning, better expandability to the multiple satellite positioning and navigation systems, and lower cost. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing, catalytic polypeptide cytidine deaminases and retroviral restriction
Authors: Koito Atsushi , Ikeda Terumasa
Published: May 2012

Apolipoprotein B (apo B) messenger RNA (mRNA)‐editing, catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) cytidine deaminases (CDAs), which can insert mutations into DNA and/or RNA as a result of their ability to deaminate cytidine (C) to uridine (U), originated from a branch of the zinc‐dependent deaminase superfamily at the beginning of vertebrate radiation. The ability of mammalian CDAs encoded by the APOBEC3 genes to restrict a broad number of endogenous retroelements and exogenous retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus‐1, is well established. Furthermore, APOBEC1 from a variety of mammalian species, which mediates the C‐to‐U deamination of apo B mRNA, a protein involved in lipid transport, also has a role in controlling mobile elements. A large portion of the mammalian genome is derived from ancient transposable elements. Retroelements, transported by an intracellular copy‐and‐paste process involving an RNA intermediate, constitute the majority of these mobile genetic elements. Endogenous retroviruses are long‐terminal repeat (LTR)‐type retroelements that account for approximately 10% of human and murine genomic DNA. Non‐LTR members are present in extremely high copy numbers, with approximately 40% of the human and murine genomes consisting of long‐interspersed nuclear element‐1 (L1). These L1 elements modify mammalian genomes not only through insertions but also by the indirect replication of non‐autonomous retrotransposons. As expected, vertebrate intrinsic immunity has evolved to support a balance between retroelement insertions that cause deleterious gene disruptions and those that confer beneficial genetic diversity. This review discusses the current understanding of the mechanism of action of APOBEC CDAs and their role in controlling retroviruses and retroelements. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:529–541. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1117

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Hydrate Isomerism in Coordination Polymers of Bismuth and Acetylenedicarboxylate
Authors: Busch Stefanie , Stein Irena , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: May 2012

Single crystals of $\rm^{2}_{\infty}$[Bi(ADC)2/4(ADC)3/3(H2O)2]·2H2O (P$\bar{1}$, Z = 2) and $\rm^{3}_{\infty}$[Bi(ADC)2/4(ADC)3/3(H2O)3]·H2O (P$\bar{1}$, Z = 2) were obtained by isothermal evaporation of aqueous solutions containing acetylenedicarboxylic acid (H2ADC) and Bi(NO3)3·5H2O. Their crystal structures were solved and refined from X‐ray single crystal data. They are hydrate isomers with respect to the central Bi3+ ion, which leads to completely different topologies of the resulting coordination polymers.
Distinct Chain/Layer Structures in Silver(I) Compounds: Synthesis, Structures, and Photoluminescent Properties
Authors: Zhang Xin , Huang Yuan‐Yuan , Liu Zi‐Sheng , Yao Yuan‐Gen
Published: May 2012

Two new hybrid inorganic‐organic compounds with different chain/layer structures, [Ag(bipy)]n·n(Hdpa)·n(DMF)·n(H2O) (1) and [Ag(dpa)0.5(bix)0.5]n (2) [H2dpa = diphenic acid, bipy = 4, 4′‐bipyridine, bix = 4, 4′‐bis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene, DMF = N,N′‐dimethylformamide] were successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. Single X‐ray analysis reveals that compound 1 is a one‐dimensional (1D) supramolecular double chain structure constructed by the combination of coordination bonds, hydrogen bonds, weak Ag···O and argentophilic interactions, compound 2 is a two‐dimensional (2D) undulated layer structure constructed by coordination bonds, weak Ag···O and argentophilic interactions. Moreover, the photoluminescent properties of the two compounds were also investigated in the solid state at room temperature.
Ca[PO2(NH)3(CO)2]2 – The First Biuretooxophosphate with a Divalent Cation
Authors: Wirnhier Eva , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: May 2012

Calcium biuretooxophosphate Ca[PO2(NH)3(CO)2]2 was synthesized by ion exchange reaction in aqueous solution. The crystal structure of the salt was elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Anionic 1‐phospha‐2, 4, 6‐s‐triazine rings exhibiting a half‐chair conformation act as monodentate ligands for the calcium ions. A 3D network is formed by the resulting CaO6 octahedrons together with the anionic rings interconnected by hydrogen bonds. Beside the crystal structure, FTIR and photoluminescence spectra of calcium biuretooxophosphate are discussed. The thermal behavior of the salt is examined by means of temperature‐dependent powder X‐ray diffraction measurements and combined TG and DTA analyses.
Establishment of a Captive All‐male Group of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) at the Singapore Zoo
Authors: Sha John Chih Mun , Alagappasamy Sam , Chandran Subash , Cho Khin Maung , Guha Biswajit
Published: May 2012

Surplus male proboscis monkeys at the Singapore Zoo pose a considerable problem for maintenance and maximizing of exhibition potential. In 2008, a new exhibit was constructed to house and display a group of six proboscis monkey males born in Singapore Zoo. To document and monitor the all‐male group establishment in the new exhibit, we conducted observations on intragroup interactions between the monkeys, spatial use of their new exhibit, and visitor effects on their behavior. We found contact aggressive interactions between the monkeys to be consistently lower than noncontact aggressive interactions and by week six of introduction to the new exhibit, contact aggression was almost nonevident. Affiliative interactions also developed between individuals in the group, with an interface of aggressive and socioreconcilatory behavior influenced by food competition and a dominance hierarchy. This was evident from significantly higher overall aggression and affiliation during feeding times compared to nonfeeding times, and this was reduced when food competition was mitigated by modifying the feeding regime. We measured the groups’ spatial use of the exhibit and the relation to behavior, crowd size, and density. Our results showed that the proboscis monkeys utilized the available exhibit space, were largely unaffected by visitor crowd size and density, and were able to exhibit a variety of natural behaviors, including swimming. Our accomplishment in maintaining and displaying an all‐male group of proboscis monkeys in captivity provides viable options for more comprehensive captive management and breeding programs for this endangered species. Zoo Biol. 32:281‐290, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is Intravenous Iron Useful for Reducing Transfusions in Surgically Treated Colorectal Cancer Patients?
Authors: Titos‐Arcos José Carlos , Soria‐Aledo Victoriano , Carrillo‐Alcaraz Andrés , Ventura‐López María , Palacios‐Muñoz Sonsoles , Pellicer‐Franco Enrique
Published: May 2012

Background

The goal of the present study was to determine whether the intravenous administration of iron in the postoperative period of colon cancer surgical patients suffices to reduce the number of transfusions necessary.

Method

The study was designed as a retrospective observational study conducted over a three‐year period. A paired case‐control design was used to analyze the effect of postoperative iron on patients’ blood transfusion needs. Two groups were established (the case group, which received postoperative iron and the control group, which did not) and matched for age (±3 years), gender, type of operation, tumor stage, and surgical approach. Of 342 patients who underwent operation, 104 paired patients were obtained for inclusion in this study (52 in each group). A second analysis was made to assess the effect of intravenous iron on the evolution of hemoglobin between the first postoperative day and hospital discharge in the subgroup of patients with reduction in hemoglobin, in subjects without preoperative or postoperative transfusions. Finally, a total of 71 patients were paired in two groups: 37 and 31 patients in case and control, respectively.

Results

The mean hemoglobin concentration at discharge for the case group was 10 ± 1.1 g/dl, vs. 10.6 ± 1.2 in the controls (P = 0.012). The number of transfusions in the case group was 3 ± 1.6, vs. 3.3 ± 3 in the control group (P = 0.682). Thus, 28.8 % of the patients in the case group received transfusions, versus 30.8 % of those in the control group (P = 0.830). In the second analysis, the decrease in hemoglobin concentration was 0.88 g/dl and 0.82 g/dl in case and control, respectively.

Conclusions

Intravenous iron does not appear to reduce the blood transfusion requirements in the postoperative period of colorectal surgery patients with anemia. We consider that further studies are needed to more clearly define the usefulness of intravenous iron in reducing the transfusion needs in such patients.
Prospective Evaluation of a Single‐sided Innervated Gluteal Artery Perforator Flap for Reconstruction for Extensive and Recurrent Pilonidal Sinus Disease: Functional, Aesthetic, and Patient‐reported Long‐term Outcomes
Authors: Schrögendorfer Klaus F. , Haslik Werner , Aszmann Oskar C. , Vierhapper Martin , Frey Manfred , Lumenta David B.
Published: May 2012

Background

Treating large and extensive pilonidal sinus disease is a challenging task. Long‐term reports on flaps suitable for coverage of large, wide, local‐excision defects are sparse. We prospectively evaluated data with a minimum 1‐year follow‐up of the use of a single‐sided, innervated, superior gluteal artery perforator flap.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients (1 woman, 20 men) with a median age of 26 years (min − max = 18 − 46) were included in the study period from September 2005 to April 2010. We recorded flap size, major and minor complications, hospital length of stay, impairment in activities of daily living, pain, aesthetic outcomes, and sensibility in the gluteal region (PSSD, pressure‐specified sensory device) at 6 and 12 months postoperatively.

Results

The mean defect size (±SD) was 13.0 ± 1.9 × 8.6 ± 1.3 × 5.5 ± 1.2 cm (height × width × depth), and median length of hospital stay was 9 days (range = 7–11). Only two patients developed minor wound‐healing complications. Visual analog pain scales significantly improved, with no pain detectable at 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.0001). The aesthetic appearance of the results was good in the majority of patients (61.9–85.7 %). PSSD showed gradual normalization, with retained sensibility in the flap area over 12 months postoperatively (p = 0.0232). During the median 36‐month (range = 20–60) follow‐up, we have not observed any recurrence in the operated area.

Conclusions

The innervated superior gluteal artery perforator flap is a useful technique for covering large and recurrent pilonidal sinus defects following wide local excision and represents an excellent tool in the surgical armamentarium for achieving long‐lasting outcomes in this young group of patients.
Vaginal cuff dehiscence in laparoscopic hysterectomy: influence of various suturing methods of the vaginal vault
Authors: Blikkendaal M. D. , Twijnstra A. R. H. , Pacquee S. C. L. , Rhemrev J. P. T. , Smeets M. J. G. H. , de Kroon C. D. , Jansen F. W.
Published: May 2012

Vaginal cuff dehiscence (VCD) is a severe adverse event and occurs more frequently after total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) compared with abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy. The aim of this study is to compare the incidence of VCD after various suturing methods to close the vaginal vault. We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Patients who underwent TLH between January 2004 and May 2011 were enrolled. We compared the incidence of VCD after closure with transvaginal interrupted sutures versus laparoscopic interrupted sutures versus a laparoscopic single-layer running suture. The latter was either bidirectional barbed or a running vicryl suture with clips placed at each end commonly used in transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Three hundred thirty-one TLHs were included. In 75 (22.7 %), the vaginal vault was closed by transvaginal approach; in 90 (27.2 %), by laparoscopic interrupted sutures; and in 166 (50.2 %), by a laparoscopic running suture. Eight VCDs occurred: one (1.3 %) after transvaginal interrupted closure, three (3.3 %) after laparoscopic interrupted suturing and four (2.4 %) after a laparoscopic running suture was used (p = .707). With regard to the incidence of VCD, based on our data, neither a superiority of single-layer laparoscopic closure of the vaginal cuff with an unknotted running suture nor of the transvaginal and the laparoscopic interrupted suturing techniques could be demonstrated. We hypothesise that besides the suturing technique, other causes, such as the type and amount of coagulation used for colpotomy, may play a role in the increased risk of VCD after TLH.
Newborn screening programmes in Europe; arguments and efforts regarding harmonization. Part 1 – From blood spot to screening result
Authors: Loeber J. Gerard , Burgard Peter , Cornel Martina C. , Rigter Tessel , Weinreich Stephanie S. , Rupp Kathrin , Hoffmann Georg F. , Vittozzi Luciano
Published: May 2012

In many European countries neonatal screening has been introduced over the last 50 years as an important public health programme. Depending on health care structure, available funds, local politics, input from professional groups, parent groups, and the general public this introduction has led to different approaches in the way the screening programmes have been set up, financed and governed. To get some insight about the current situation, in 2009 the European Union, via its EAHC agency, put out a call for a tender that was acquired by our project group. An online survey was compiled in which the whole screening programme was covered by a questionnaire. This survey covered the EU member states, (potential) candidate member states and EFTA countries, in total 40 countries. Results showed little consensus concerning 1. information of parents including informed consent; 2. which conditions are screened for, ranging from 1 to around 30 conditions; 3. sampling time post partum; 4. screening methodology including cut‐offs values even between screening laboratories within countries.; 5. storage of residual specimens, varying from 3 months to 1000 years. In addition, confirmatory diagnostics and follow‐up also show large discrepancies (Burgard et al. http://www.iss.it/cnmr/prog/cont.php?id=1621&lang=1&tipo=64 2011). In addition to the current practices report an expert opinion document has been produced with recommendations to the EU Commission for future improvements, e.g. in parallel to the way the USA has harmonized its practices based on recommendations by the American College of Medical Genetics (Watson et al., Pediatrics 117: S296‐S307, 2006).
Settlement Behavior of Zoospores of Ulva linza During Surface Selection Studied by Digital Holographic Microscopy
Authors: Heydt M. , Pettitt M. E. , Cao X. , Callow M. E. , Callow J. A. , Grunze M. , Rosenhahn A.
Published: May 2012

Settlement of the planktonic dispersal stages of marine organisms is the crucial step for the development of marine biofouling. Four-dimensional holographic tracking reveals the mechanism by which algal spores select surfaces suitable for colonization. Quantitative analysis of the three dimensional swimming trajectories of motile spores of a macroalga (Ulva linza) in the vicinity of surfaces functionalized with different chemistries reveals that their search strategy and swimming behavior is correlated to the number of settled spores found in spore settlement bioassays conducted over 45 min. The spore motility and exploration behavior can be classified into different motion patterns, with their relative occurrence changing with the surface chemistry. Based on the detailed motility analysis we derived a model for the surface selection and settlement process of Ulva zoospores.
Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program: role of the ER chaperone GRP78
Authors: Rao Rammohan V. , Peel Alyson , Logvinova Anna , del Rio Gabriel , Hermel Evan , Yokota Takanori , Goldsmith Paul C. , Ellerby Lisa M. , Ellerby H.Michael , Bredesen Dale E.
Published: May 2012

Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lead to an ER stress response. Prolonged ER stress may lead to cell death. Glucose‐regulated protein (GRP) 78 (Bip) is an ER lumen protein whose expression is induced during ER stress. GRP78 is involved in polypeptide translocation across the ER membrane, and also acts as an apoptotic regulator by protecting the host cell against ER stress‐induced cell death, although the mechanism by which GRP78 exerts its cytoprotective effect is not understood. The present study was carried out to determine whether one of the mechanisms of cell death inhibition by GRP78 involves inhibition of caspase activation. Our studies indicate that treatment of cells with ER stress inducers causes GRP78 to redistribute from the ER lumen with subpopulations existing in the cytosol and as an ER transmembrane protein. GRP78 inhibits cytochrome c‐mediated caspase activation in a cell‐free system, and expression of GRP78 blocks both caspase activation and caspase‐mediated cell death. GRP78 forms a complex with caspase‐7 and ‐12 and prevents release of caspase‐12 from the ER. Addition of (d)ATP dissociates this complex and may facilitate movement of caspase‐12 into the cytoplasm to set in motion the cytosolic component of the ER stress‐induced apoptotic cascade. These results define a novel protective role for GRP78 in preventing ER stress‐induced cell death.
Growing Skull Fracture Following Monkey Bite
Authors: Deginal Amaresh , Rao Naveen , Balasubramanyam K. , Changty Siddaling
Published: May 2012

Most of the skull fractures in childhood heal without sequelae. Rarely, however the fracture site starts widening with time and appears to be growing, and is thus called growing skull fracture. Its late complication is called leptomeningeal cyst, which is practically cerebromeningeal cicatrix with loculated CSF. All most all reported cases are due to head trauma resulting from road traffic accidents or fall. Here we report a case of leptomeningeal cyst occurring one year after having been bitten by a monkey over the site.
Craniovertebral junction injuries in children. A Review
Authors: Wani Abrar Ahad , Dar Tanveer A , Ramzan Altaf Umar , Kirmani Altaf Rehman , Bhatt Abdul Rasheed
Published: May 2012

The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is the most complex and dynamic region of the cervical spine. The wide range of movements possible at this region makes it vulnerable to injury and instability. The special anatomical features make children more prone to injuries of CVJ than adults where lower cervical spine is involved more frequently. The classical clinical manifestation in CVJ injury patients are pyramidal signs including weakness and spasticity, stigmata of CVJ anomalies (short neck, low hair line, facial or hand asymmetry, high arched palate, ), torticolis and neck movement restriction. The history of transient loss of consciousness or sudden neurological deterioration following minor trauma may be elicited. Most authors advocate conservative management (in form of immobilization) of CVJ injuries in children as is true in adults. Halo vest provides superior immobilization in upper cervical and CVJ injuries and can be used in a child as young as 1 year of age with minimal difficulty. Early surgical intervention, i.e. within 2 weeks of injury include is indicated in injuries that cannot be reduced and stabilized by external means, partial spinal cord injury with progressive neurological deficit and in children with extradural hematoma.
Trauma to the cranial nerves
Authors: Bhatoe Harjinder S
Published: May 2012

Cranial nerve injury is often an overlooked aspect of neurotrauma, which is diagnosed later in the course of recovery. Most of these injuries do not require active intervention in the acute stage. Cranial nerve injuries are important cause of morbidity, which requires long-term management, repeated surgical procedures or reconstructive measures. Management of optic nerve injury remains controversial, and injury to lower cranial nerves may influence the ultimate outcome due to paralysis of aerodigestive passage. Cranial nerve injury in the setting of head injury should be diagnosed early, so that appropriate treatment can be planned early.
Fatal penetrating orbitocerebral injury by bicycle brake handle
Authors: Gopalakrishnan MS , Indira Devi B
Published: May 2012

Accidental penetrating head injuries are rare but significant cause of morbidity in children. We report a case of a nine-year-old who sustained a fatal trans-orbital penetrating injury following a fall from bicycle. The plastic sheath of the metal brake handle was lodged intracranially, injuring the brainstem. The CT scan features and autopsy findings are described.
Traumatic orbitomaxillary encephalocele
Authors: Upadhyay PK , Sinha SK
Published: May 2012

A rare case of occult traumatic intramaxillary encephalocele and intraorbital encephalocele without obvious connection to exterior is described
Fatal road traffic accidents and their relationship with head injuries: An epidemiological survey of five years
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Lalwani Sanjeev , Agrawal Deepak , Rautji Ravi , Dogra TD
Published: May 2012

In depth studies of fatal vehicular accidents provide valuable data for implementing effective emergency services to reduce the trauma related mortality and strengthening legal measures in peak hours of fatal accidents. We aimed to study, pattern of injuries especially fatal traumatic brain injuries occurring in vehicular accidents. Postmortem reports and clinical records of victims of road traffic accident autopsied during the period of 2001–2005 at Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, were analyzed retrospectively. Out of total 7008 medico legal autopsies conducted during the study period, 2472 (35.27 %) were of vehicular accidents. The male/female ratio was 7.49:1. Commonest age group affected was between 21-40 years involving 1341 (54.24%) cases. Pre-hospital mortality was in 985 (39.84 %) cases. Fatal traumatic brain injuries were seen in 1699 (68.73%) cases. Skull fractures were found in 1183 (69.63%) cases of head injury; most common bone fractured was temporal bone (n=559, 47.25%). The commonest variety of intracranial hemorrhage was subdural hemorrhage (n=1514, 89.11%). The craniotomy was done in 297 (17.48%) cases; maximum mortality (41.07%) was seen within 4–ays. Most commonly injured abdominal organ was liver (n=532, 21.52%). No significant difference was evident in incidence of fatal vehicular accident on weekends and weekdays. However November month took maximum toll of deaths (n=273, 11.04%) of total vehicular accident fatalities in five year duration. 53.20% of fatal accident occurred between 6 PM and 6 AM. The results of study emphasize the need to improve the pre hospital care with provision of trauma services at site and to establish neurosurgical facilities with trauma registry.
Surgical management of traumatic extradural haematoma: Experiences with 610 patients and prospective analysis
Authors: Khaled Chowdhury Noman , Raihan MZ , Chowdhury FH , Ashadullah ATM , Sarkar MH , Hossain SS
Published: May 2012

This study was carried out to find out the age, sex, mode of injury, localization, clinical presentation, CT findings, operative measures and outcome of extradural haematoma in the patient population at Dhaka Medical College. 610 consecutive patients with cranial extradural haematoma who underwent surgery in department of Neurosurgery from 1st January 2006 to 6th October 2008 were included in this prospective study. Each of the patients were evaluated in term of age, sex, mode of injury, localization of haematoma, clinical presentation, CT findings, operative measures and outcome. Out of 610 cases 86.32 % were male and 13.78 % were female. The male and female ratio was 6.27: 1. Age ranged from 2.5 to 83 years. Commonest age group was 21 to 30 years. Commonest mode of injury was Road traffic Accident 53.45%, followed by Assaults. Most common clinical presentation was headache / Vomiting 63.61 %, followed by altered sensorium 60.66 %. In this present prospective study of 610 cases of EDH, temporo parietal site was involved in 33.45 % followed by frontal region in 23.28 %. Sixty five patients (10.66 %) died; 19 of these had associated brain injuries and 28 cases were deeply unconscious. Extradural haematoma is a neurosurgical emergency where early surgical intervention is associated with the best prognosis. Many factors affects the outcome of extradural haematoma surgery and the most important one is the duration of time between incident/accident and operation in neurosurgical operation theater; mortality can be close to 0% if this time interval can be minimized.
Trephine craniotomy for evacuation of posterior fossa extradural hematoma
Authors: Singh Sunil Kumar , Ojha Bal Krishna , Rastogi Manu , Chandra Anil , Husain Mazhar
Published: May 2012

Extradural hematomas (EDH) commonly occur in the supratentorial region where these are evacuated by trephine or craniotomy. Posterior fossa EDH (PFEDH) account for 4% to 12.9% of all cranial EDH and the standard method for evacuation of PFEDH involves a suboccipital craniectomy. Use of a trephine craniotomy for evacuation of PFEDH has not yet been described. This is the first report describing our experience in 8 patients with PFEDH where a sub occipital trephine craniotomy was used for evacuation of PFEDH. Eight patients with PFEDH were operated at our institution using a trephine for making a sub occipital craniotomy. Park bench position was used in all patients. The procedure was safely and expeditiously completed with no significant peri-operative complications related to the procedure. Operative time was comparatively shorter than for traditionally described procedures. Replacing the bone flap also avoids any scope for the possibility of occurrence of the sinking skin flap syndrome. We think that using a trephine for making a sub occipital craniotomy for evacuation of PFEDH is a feasible and safe option. There is no added risk of venous sinus injury. Replacing the bone flap helps to restore the normal anatomy. Use of central and peripheral dural hitch sutures in patients of traumatic PFEDH is feasible and avoids any possible reaccumulation of hematoma.
Multiple nerve transfers for the reanimation of shoulder and elbow functions in irreparable C5, C6 and upper truncal lesions of the brachial plexus
Authors: Bhandari PS , Sadhotra LP , Bhargava P , Bath AS , Mukherjee MK , Bhatti TS , Maurya S
Published: May 2012

In irreparable C5, C6 spinal nerve and upper truncal injuries the proximal root stumps are not available for grafting, hence repair is based on nerve transfer or neurotization. Between Feb 2004 and May 2006, 23 patients with irreparable C5, C6 or upper truncal injuries of the Brachial Plexus underwent multiple nerve transfers to restore the shoulder and elbow functions. Most of them (16 patients) sustained injury following motor cycle accidents. The average denervation period was 5.3 months. Shoulder function was restored by transfer of distal part of spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve, and transfer of radial nerve branch to long head of triceps to the anterior branch of axillary nerve. Elbow function was restored by transfers of ulnar and median nerve fascicles to the biceps and brachialis motor branches of musculocutaneous nerve. All patients recovered shoulder abduction and external rotation; 7 scored M4 and 16 scored M3. Range of abduction averaged 1230(range, 800-1700). Full elbow flexion was restored in all 23 patients; 15 scored M4 and 8 scored M3. Patients with excellent results could lift 5 kgs of weight. Selective nerve transfers close to the target muscle provide an early and good return of functions. There is negligible morbidity in donor nerves. These intraplexal transfers are suitable in all cases of upper brachial plexus injuries.
Rapidly resolving acute subdural hematoma. A case report
Authors: Maqsood Ahmed
Published: May 2012

Rapidly resolving acute subdural hematoma is a rare condition reported infrequently in the literature. A 52 year old man presented with head injury following a road traffic accident. He was drowsy arousable with a GCS score of 13/15. His initial CT brain showed a 0.7mm thick right frontoparietal acute SDH which was managed conservatively. A repeat CT done after an interval of 48 hours showed complete resolution of the Acute SDH with bilateral subdural hypodense collections. He also had associated facial bone and ACF base fractures along with CSF rhinorrhea. Brief review of the literature and possible mechanisms of resolution are discussed.
Teeth in the brain: An unusual presentation of penetrating head injury
Authors: Singh Deepak Kumar , Gupta Vishnu , Chopra Sanjeev , Gupta Pankaj , Bagaria H
Published: May 2012

Penetrating injuries other than gunshot wounds or low-velocity wounds to the head are extremely rare. We report the case of a 19 year old male who sustained a penetrating craniocerebral trauma following a road traffic accident. Mechanism of injury seems to share characteristics of low velocity projectiles. We discuss the management of this unusual case reviewing the current literature on craniocerebral injuries caused by similar objects.