bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eco‐friendly biodegradable film based on kombucha mushroom/corn starch/parsley extract: Physicochemical and antioxidant/antibacterial properties
Authors: Shiri Zahra , Pirsa Sajad , Farzi Jafar
Published: August 2024

The main purpose of this study was to produce biodegradable film based on kombucha mushroom (KM), so kombucha mushroom was grown and used to prepare biodegradable film. Glycerol (Gl), corn starch (St), and parsley extract (PE) were used to improve the characteristics of the kombucha mushroom‐based film. The physicochemical, thermal, and antibacterial properties of the films were investigated using different techniques. The obtained results showed that starch significantly increased the tensile strength of the film (3 Mpa) and glycerol improved the flexibility of the film (70%). Starch increased the film's resistance to dissolution in water, and parsley extract and starch improved water vapor permeability. The pure film of kombucha mushroom had good antioxidant (40% ± 2%) and antibacterial properties, and parsley extract significantly increased these properties of the film, so that the prepared film can be considered as an active film. Starch had no significant effect on antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The pure kombucha mushroom film had cracks on the surface, and the addition of starch removed these cracks and made the structure of the film more homogeneous. Electrostatic interactions between kombucha mushroom, glycerol, starch, and parsley extract were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. The pure film of kombucha mushroom was a completely amorphous film, which glycerol, parsley extract, and starch improved the crystallinity of the film. Glycerol and parsley extract decreased the thermal resistance of the film, but starch increased this property significantly (about 40°C), so that the kombucha mushroom/glycerol/starch/parsley extract composite film had the highest thermal resistance. In addition to having acceptable mechanical, thermal, and structural properties, the film based on kombucha mushroom can be used as an active film in the packaging of food products sensitive to microbial and oxidative spoilage due to having suitable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
Palliative care outcome measures used in head and neck cancer: A scoping review
Authors: Sriram Shreya , Xie Deborah , Gersten Rebecca A. , Gourin Christine G.
Published: August 2024

Background

The palliative care (PC) needs of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are complex, due to high and unique symptom burdens. Uniform outcome measures are critical to assessing the impact of PC interventions in HNC.

Methods

A scoping review of outcome measures used in patients with HNC receiving PC was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from 1980 to 2022.

Results

Of 20 eligible studies, 19 unique instruments were identified which assessed 22 physical, 5 mental, 4 social, 7 related quality of life, and 9 advanced care planning outcomes. Instruments were underutilized, with a larger number of outcomes measurable for instruments used than were reported. The average instrument assessed three domains whereas the average study only reported outcomes from two domains.

Conclusions

Comparison across studies is limited due to heterogeneity in outcome measures. Future work is needed to develop core PC outcome measures for use in HNC care.
Stomatogenesis in the leaves of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Rutaceae)
Authors: Karatela Y. Y. , Gill L. S.
Published: August 2024

Epidermal morphology and stomatal ontogeny of Murraya koenigii is described. Anomocytic, cyclocytic, polycytic and tetracytic stomata are found to be present only on the abaxial surface of the leaf and they follow euperigenous and hemiperigenous pattern of ontogeny.
Cytotaxonomic study of five West African species of Solanum L. (Solanaceae)
Authors: Okoli Bosa E.
Published: August 2024

The mitotic chromosomes of five West African species of Solanum are described for the first time. S. melongena, S. indicum, S. torvum and S. aethiopicum are all diploids with 2n = 24. S. nigrum is tetraploid with 4 × = 48 and hexaploid with 6 × = 71 Karyotypic studies show that marked interspecific differences exist in chromosome sizes while within the genome of each species continuous variation in size exists. The occurrence of imperfect homology of some chromosome pairs support the view that hybridisation and structural chromosomal changes have played some part in the evolution of S. melongena. The interspecific variation in sizes of chromosomes as well as the presence of conspicuous satellites in the genomes of S. melongena could be exploited for taxonomic purposes.
PGA: A new particle swarm optimization algorithm based on genetic operators for the global optimization of clusters
Authors: Wang Kai
Published: August 2024

We have developed a global optimization program named PGA based on particle swarm optimization algorithm coupled with genetic operators for the structures of atomic clusters. The effectiveness and efficiency of the PGA program can be demonstrated by efficiently obtaining the tetrahedral Au20 and double‐ring tubular B20, and identifying the ground state clusters through the comparison between the simulated and the experimental photoelectron spectra (PESs). Then, the PGA was applied to search for the global minimum structures of (n = 3–30) clusters, new structures have been found for sizes n = 6, 7, 12, 14, and medium‐sized 21–30 were first determined. The high consistency between the simulated spectra and the experimental ones once again demonstrates the efficiency of the PGA program. Based on the ground‐state structures of these (n = 3–30) clusters, their structural evolution and electronic properties were subsequently explored. The performance on Au20, B20, , and (n = 3–30) clusters indicates the promising potential of the PGA program for exploring the global minima of other clusters. The code is available for free upon request.
UV‐spectrophotometric and spectroscopic observed Vachellia nilotica and Nigella sativa formulations regularized the histopathological and biochemical parameters during wound contraction
Authors: Shahzad Hafsa , Ali Shaukat , Farooq Muhammad Adeel , Summer Muhammad , Hassan Ali , Sulayman Rida , Kanwal Lubna , Awan Uzma Azeem
Published: August 2024

Diabetes mellitus causes impaired diabetic wounds which is linked to a number of pathological alterations that impede the healing of wounds. In the current research, Swiss albino mice were given alloxan monohydrate to induce diabetes and excision wounds of approximately 6 mm using biopsy punch. The diabetic wounds were treated with various biomaterials including Vachellia nilotica extract (VN), Nigella sativa extract (NS), V. nilotica nanoparticles (VNNPs) and N. sativa nanoparticles (NSNPs). Their effects were determined by evaluating the percent wound contraction, healing time, and histopathological analysis. The serum level of various biochemical parameters that is, pro‐inflammatory cytokines,  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were also determined. VNNPs group provided the best outcomes, with wound contraction 100% on 12th day. According to histopathological examination, VNNPs group reduced inflammation and encouraged the formation of blood vessels, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. VNNPs group significantly alleviated the serum level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that are, TNF‐α (19.4 ± 1.5 pg/mL), IL‐6 (13.8 ± 0.6 pg/mL), and IL‐8 (24.8 ± 1.2 pg/mL) as compared with the diabetic mice. The serum level of MMP2 (248.2 ± 7.9 pg/mL), MMP7 (316 ± 5.2 pg/mL), and MMP9 (167.8 ± 12.1 pg/mL) in the same group VNNPs were also observed much less than the diabetic mice. The serum level of TIMPs (176.8 ± 2.9 pg/mL) in the VNNPs group was increased maximally with respect to diabetic mice. It is concluded that nanoparticles and biomaterials possess healing properties and have the ability to repair the chronic/diabetic wound.

Research Highlights

UV‐spectrophotometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy observation for functional group analysis and possible linkage between conjugates

Optimization of the histopathological and biochemical markers after application of the formulations

Microscopic analysis of epithelial tissues for evaluation of healing mechanisms

Speedy contraction of wounds as the alleviation of the inflammatory and necrotic factors
DIY adapting SEM for low‐voltage TEM imaging
Authors: Piero Antonio Zecca , Marina Protasoni , Marcella Reguzzoni , Mario Raspanti
Published: August 2024

Electron microscopy is essential for examining materials and biological samples at microscopic levels, providing detailed insights. Achieving high‐quality imaging is often challenged by the potential damage high‐energy beams can cause to sensitive samples. This study compares scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate image quality, noise levels, and the ability to preserve delicate specimens. We used a modified SEM system with a transmitted electrons conversion accessory, allowing it to operate like a TEM but at lower voltages, thereby reducing sample damage. Our analysis included quantitative assessments of noise levels and texture characteristics such as entropy, contrast, dissimilarity, homogeneity, energy, and correlation. This comprehensive evaluation directly compared traditional TEM and the adapted SEM system across various images. The results showed that TEM provided images with higher clarity and significantly lower noise levels, reinforcing its status as the preferred method for detailed studies. However, the modified SEM system also produced high‐quality images at very low acceleration voltages, which is crucial for imaging samples sensitive to high‐energy exposure. The texture metrics analysis highlighted the strengths and limitations of each method, with TEM images exhibiting lower entropy and higher homogeneity, indicating smoother and more uniform textures. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate electron microscopy method based on research needs, such as sample sensitivity and required detail level. With its conversion accessory, the modified SEM system is a versatile and valuable tool, offering a practical alternative to TEM for various applications. This research enhances our understanding of the capabilities and limitations of SEM and TEM. It paves the way for further innovations in electron microscopy techniques, improving their applicability for studying sensitive materials.

Research Highlights

Our study introduces a modified SEM adapter enabling TEM‐like imaging at reduced voltages, effectively minimizing sample damage without compromising image resolution.

Through comparative analysis, we found that images from the modified SEM closely match the quality of traditional TEM, showcasing significantly lower noise levels.

This advancement underscores the SEM's enhanced capability for detailed structural analysis of sensitive materials, broadening its utility across materials science and biology.
Mutuality in engaged North–South transnational higher education partnerships: The case of Kenya
Authors: Mule Lucy , Kamaara Eunice
Published: August 2024

The quality of transnational higher education partnerships (THEPs) has increasingly come under scrutiny with the growing role of higher education in development. Mutuality has emerged as a key focus of this examination. We seek to understand how mutuality is expressed within North–South THEPs that have a major focus on community engagement. We refer to THEPs with this focus as engaged transnational higher education partnerships (ETHEPs). This study is based on a secondary analysis of extant literature on one ETHEP based in Kenya. A thematic content analysis revealed that celebrated outcomes of mutuality included capacity building, institutionalization, collaborative relationships and solidarity around community engagement. Challenges to mutuality were related to structural and cultural differences, self‐sustainability and equity. A discussion of findings is followed by possible questions to guide inquiry toward strengthening mutuality in North–South ETHEPs.
Preparation and characterization of bovine serum albumin/chitosan composite nanoparticles for delivery of Antarctic krill peptide
Authors: Gao Yingying , Luo Dandan , Li Xiaohui , Xue Bin , Xie Jing , Sun Tao
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Antarctic krill peptide (AKP) has gained considerable interest because of its multiple biological functions. However, its application may be limited by its poor stability and susceptibility to degradation. Encapsulation of AKP using a nanoparticle delivery system is an effective way to overcome these problems. In the present study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chitosan (CS) were used as delivery vehicles to encapsulate AKP.

RESULTS

The results revealed that the particle size (83.3 ± 4.4–222.4 ± 32.7 nm) and zeta‐potential (35.1 ± 0.7–45.0 ± 2.7 mV) of nanoparticles (NPs) increased with the increasing content of BSA, but the polydispersity index decreased (1.000 ± 0.002 to 0.306 ± 0.011). Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were the main forces to form BSA/CS‐AKP NPs. X‐ray diffraction revealed that AKP was encapsulated by BSA/CS. Scanning electron microscopy images exhibited that the NPs were spherical in shape, uniform in size and tightly bound. BSA/CS‐AKP NPs exhibited excellent stability in the pH range (2–5) and after 15 days of storage, and could hinder the release of AKP in simulated gastric environment and promote the release of AKP in simulated intestinal environment. After simulated digestion, the hypoglycemic activity of encapsulated AKP was better than that of unencapsulated AKP.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed that the BSA/CS showed great potential for protecting and delivering AKP. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ten‐Year Outcome After Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy in cT3M0 Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A STROBE Analysis
Authors: Laccourreye Ollivier , Garcia Dominique , Holsinger F. Christopher , Weinstein Gregory Steven
Published: August 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study was to document 10‐year outcomes after supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) in selected cT3M0 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients.

Methods

This real‐life retrospective observational study analyzed an inception cohort of 168 patients with isolated, untreated, selected cT3M0 laryngeal SCC, that were consecutively managed by SCPL during the period 1973–2013, and followed up until death or for a minimum of 10 years in 92% of cases at a single French academic and tertiary referral care center. Prior induction chemotherapy, arytenoid cartilage removal, level II–IV neck dissection, and postoperative radiation therapy were performed on 148, 77, 136, and 27 patients, respectively. The main objective was to determine 10‐year actuarial local control and laryngeal preservation estimates. Secondary objectives included 10‐year actuarial survival and cause‐of‐death analysis, and assessment of correlations between endpoints and clinical variables. The significance threshold was set at p < 0.005.

Results

Ten‐year actuarial local control, laryngeal preservation, and survival estimates were 90%, 85%, and 52%, respectively. Salvage treatment resulted in an overall 99% local control rate. Metachronous second primary cancer, intercurrent disease without evidence of SCC, SCPL‐related death, and uncontrolled local recurrence accounted for 31%, 26%, 7%, and 2% of causes of death. On univariate analysis, overall local recurrence and laryngeal preservation rates varied significantly, from 5% to 54% and 90% to 46% when resection margins were R0 and R1, respectively.

Conclusion

The present study highlighted successful 10‐year outcomes after SCPL, providing further evidence in favor of its integration into the conservative armamentarium for endolaryngeal cT3 SCC.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:4557–4563, 2024
A Pervasive Approach for Determining the Optimal Tissue Windows for Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Wu Tianxiang , Wang Yiwen , Lin Hui , Qian Jun
Published: August 2024

The near‐infrared (NIR) tissue window is widely recognized for its exceptional potential in fluorescence bioimaging. Through theoretical simulations utilizing the Monte Carlo (MC) method, coupled with fluorescence imaging through phantoms, the Peak Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (PSNR) for imaging through scattering media within the spectral range of 900–2500 nm is investigated. The findings confirm that under specific conditions, the light absorption of water can enhance the quality of fluorescence imaging, although the imaging depth must be judiciously trade‐off. Additionally, the brightness of fluorescent probes plays a significant role in influencing the imaging PSNR, particularly in tissues that exhibit high levels of photon scattering and light absorption. Indiscriminately increasing the brightness may lead to a reduction in image PSNR. The light absorption of water at wavelengths 1450 and 2200 nm can optimize the clarity of fluorescence images at shallower depths. Meanwhile, the tissue window 1700 nm can facilitate greater imaging depths while maintaining an acceptable PSNR.
Observation of Photonic Chern Metal With Bi‐Chiral Edge Propagation
Authors: Zhou Yan‐Chen , Sun Ze‐Qun , Lai Hua‐Shan , Sun Xiao‐Chen , He Cheng , Chen Yan‐Feng
Published: August 2024

The recent discovery of anti‐chiral edge states in magnetic semimetals linking two unequal‐frequency bulk Dirac nodes manifests a paradoxical picture in contrast to the chiral behavior in Chern insulators, implying an untapped phase may exist. Here, a unique Chern metal, exhibiting a nontrivial Chern number but without a complete bandgap is proposed, and the complete topological phase diagram in the modified Haldane model is obtained. Subsequently, the Chern metal in a 2D honeycomb‐lattice gyromagnetic photonic crystal by simultaneously breaking parity and time‐reversal symmetries with opposite and unequal magnetic biases at different sublattices is realized. For the paired complementary‐shape boundaries, such as zigzag/bearded, it is experimentally revealed that either clockwise or counter‐clockwise chiral character is switchable in Chern metals relying on different boundary choices, a remarkable property deemed as bi‐chiral edge propagation. The topological Chern metal with hidden bulk‐boundary correspondence is articulated to bridge the chiral and anti‐chiral paradox gap between Chern insulators and magnetic semimetals. These results enrich the family of Chern materials and highlight the previously untapped on‐demand control of topological edge states.
Investigating the art‐infusion effects of vintage products
Authors: Schibik Aaron , Spears Nancy , Strutton David
Published: August 2024

Art has been successfully positioned as a promotional tool inside marketing settings. This research examines various relationships between vintage products and art. Three studies investigated whether (a) consumers perceived vintage products as more art‐like than modern versions of the same products; (b) vintage products positively affected consumers' evaluations of nearby products by inducing art‐infusion‐like spillover effects; and (c) the observed effects emerged from the ability of vintage products to engage consumers' social‐self perceptions. This research extended the theoretical and practical utility of art‐infusion effects to a new product type (vintage) and marketing function (promotions). Consumers were more likely to view vintage products, as opposed to contemporary goods, as works of art. This research was the first to position vintage products as art, to elicit art‐like infusion effects from vintage products, and to reveal positional consequences ensuing from art‐infusion effects without utilizing art as a promotional tool. Positioning value instead emerged from placing contemporary offerings physically near vintage products in promotional contexts.
Carbon Fibers Precursors from Lignin and Cellulose Acetate via Melt‐Spinning
Authors: Vignali Adriano , Palucci Benedetta , Zoli Luca , Servadei Francesca , Iannace Salvatore , Bertini Fabio
Published: August 2024

The work describes the preparation of bio‐based precursor carbon fibers (CFs) by a solvent‐free process. Fibers from lignin, cellulose acetate, and triacetin as plasticizer are successfully obtained by melt‐spinning showing a potential alternative to traditional precursor fibers from petroleum produced by wet‐spinning. Thermal, morphological, and structural properties of precursor fibers are studied. In particular, precursor fibers present glass transition temperatures lower than neat polymers, indicating the feasibility of using melt‐spinning due to an enhanced softening. Two stabilization thermal treatments with fast or slow heating are adopted to prepare the precursor fibers for carbonization. The CF yield achieves 32% for the materials at high lignin content.
Valorization of Plastic HDPE and Cork Wastes in the Design of Composite Materials
Authors: Petlitckaia Svetlana , Barboni Toussaint , Quilichini Yann , Tihay‐Felicelli Virginie , Santoni Paul‐Antoine
Published: August 2024

Plastic is a revolutionary material. However, pollution caused by plastic damages the environment, human health, and economy of different countries. It is important to find the new methods for recycling and reusing plastic materials. In this present study, plastic waste coming from high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) cups (called HDPEr in the following) are used together with virgin cork for production of composite materials. Different fractions of virgin cork with HDPEr are tested and allow to obtain successfully composite materials. The properties of HDPEr and composite are compared. The morphology of elaborated composite is studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thermal properties are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis; the flammability study is performed using a cone calorimeter. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the samples stored under different conditions are studied by tensile strength experiments. The results show that the cork content has an effect on the mechanical and thermal properties. The feasibility of the composites based on cork and HDPEr wastes opens the way of reusing of these wastes. The formulation of HDPEr composites must be optimized by adding a flame retardant and a coupling agent.
Microstructure Analysis Based on Gas Isotherms of N2, H2O and CO2 and 3D Imaging Using X‐Ray CT into Extruded Polystyrene foam Adding Graphite
Authors: Leem Yoobin , Kitagaki Ryoma , Takahashi Daishi , Kaneshika Wataru
Published: August 2024

A type of foamed plastic insulation that improves thermal performance while maintaining the original durability by adding fillers with low radiation rates in foamed plastic insulation is investigated. The thermal conductivity of extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) adding graphite is reduced by 14% compared to without graphite additives. The study investigates that mechanism by comparing the properties of XPS and XPS containing graphite (graph XPS) through the gas isotherm method and 3D imaging analysis by X‐ray CT. First, the specific surface area of the insulation's resin is examined through the gas isotherm method using N2, H2O, and CO2. The results confirmed that graph XPS has a more increased specific surface area than XPS. Second, the internal structure of the insulation and its strut/pore distribution is confirmed through X‐ray CT, which showed an increase in surface area with a thinning of the strut. The improved thermal performance due to the addition of graphite may contribute to an increase in the surface area of the insulation.
Milling‐Driven Volumetric Nanostructurization in Glassy‐Crystalline As70Se30 Characterized in Terms of Modified Positronics Approach
Authors: Shpotyuk Oleh , Ingram Adam , Shpotyuk Yaroslav , Lukáčová Bujňáková Zdenka , Baláž Peter
Published: August 2024

The melt‐quenched glassy‐crystalline As70Se30 alloys subjected to nanomilling in dry and combined dry‐wet modes are probed by positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy. Modified Positronics approach parameterizing conversion of Ps‐hosting holes in positron trapping sites is applied to identify volumetric changes in the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized alloys in respect to dry‐milled ones. Under transition from wet‐ to dry‐milled arsenoselenide probes, positron traps with defect‐specific lifetime ascribed to multiatomic vacancies in As–Se network appear instead of Ps‐decaying sites preferentially in PVP environment, these changes occurring in the oxidized arsenoselenide matrix.
Eco‐Friendly Chemical Modification of Agave Americana Fibers for Biocomposite Properties Enhancement
Authors: Idres Celia , Kaci Mustapha , Dehouche Nadjet , Bruzaud Stéphane
Published: August 2024

Chemical treatments are used to remove hydrophilic OH groups and surface particles from the fiber surface for increasing aspect ratio of fibers and subsequently, mechanical properties. In this paper, the effect of two eco‐friendly chemical treatments on morphology, chemical structure, and thermal stability of Agave Americana fibers (AAFs) is investigated. The first chemical treatment of AAF is based on citric acid (C6H8O7) to substitute OH groups contained in AAF by ester groups, while the second one involves sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to remove the lignin and hemicellulose components with the aim to promote good fiber‐matrix adhesion. Attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) data shows that both treatments are efficient to remove hemicelluloses and a part of lignin contained in AAF resulting in a rough and clean fiber surface. Thermal stability of AAF has clearly increased by NaHCO3 treatment compared to untreated one, unlike C6H8O7, which reduces this property. The study highlights the possibility of substituting conventional polluting chemical treatments with environmentally friendly ones to modify the surface of plant fibers for polymer composites reinforcement.
Nanocomposites for Load‐Bearing Structures Heatable Through Joule Heating
Authors: Guadagno Liberata , Longo Raffaele , Aliberti Francesca , Pantani Roberto , Lamberti Patrizia , Tucci Vincenzo , Spinelli Giovanni , Catauro Michelina , Vertuccio Luigi
Published: August 2024

Epoxy resin based on carbon nanotubes with heating properties is studied to tune its heating performance by changing the applied voltage value. The developed self‐heating device, able to heat to high temperatures in a short time, can be applied in various areas. The electro‐thermal investigation shows the presence of both positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behaviors with a predominance of NTC trend neat to the glass transition temperature of the epoxy matrix.
Effect of Preparation Parameters on the Structure of PVDF Hollow Fiber Membranes
Authors: Pagliero Marcello , Rubattu Tommaso , Comite Antonio , Costa Camilla
Published: August 2024

Hollow fibers (HFs) provide a number of advantages in comparison with traditional flat sheet (FS) membranes. The ability to pack them closely enables the creation of modules with a large specific surface area. Furthermore, this geometry does not require any support material and offers excellent mechanical properties. Nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) is the most used method for HF spinning. However, the parameters commonly used for FS manufacturing cannot be simply translated to HF production since there is a far greater number of factors that may be adjusted to produce membranes with the desired properties. In this study, HFs are prepared by means of the NIPS technology using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as polymer and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent. The surface and cross‐section characteristics are tailored by tuning the nonsolvent strength (i.e., by using pure water or water/ethanol solutions). Nearly dense selective skins, suitable for gas separation processes, can be obtained when harsh nonsolvents are used, whereas porous and more symmetric structures, suitable for membrane filtration systems, are formed with weaker nonsolvents. Finally, the effect of the dope solution concentration is evaluated, registering a decrease of the membrane porosity as the polymer amount is increased.
Influence of Green Chemical Treatments on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐Hydroxyhexanoate)–Agave Americana Fibers Biocomposites
Authors: Idres Celia , Kaci Mustapha , Dehouche Nadjet , Bruzaud Stéphane
Published: August 2024

This work aims at investigating the effect of two eco‐friendly chemical treatments of Agave Americana fibers (AAFs) on morphology and mechanical properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) biocomposites prepared by melt compounding. Acid citric and sodium bicarbonate treatments are used separately to modify the fiber surface before their incorporation into PHBHHx matrix at 30 wt%. The study reveals through SEM observations that the fracture surface of untreated PHBHHx biocomposite shows a poor fiber‐matrix adhesion with the presence of many microvoids at interface and also some fibers pullout. However, less surface defects with a finer morphology are observed on the treated biocomposite samples resulting in improved tensile and flexural properties compared with neat polymer, being however, more pronounced for those modified with sodium bicarbonate. The study highlights the beneficial effect of the green treatments investigated to enhance the mechanical properties of PHBHHx biocomposites.
Processability Characteristics of Biocomposite from Recycled High‐Density Polyethylene and Brewers’ Spent Grain
Authors: Cabrera‐Álava Demis , Lazo Miriam , Adrián Estephany , Rigail‐Cedeño Andrés F.
Published: August 2024

The current awareness of the environmental impact of the massive consumption of fossil fuel‐based resources has prompted the development of biocomposites based on plastic and agro‐industrial waste instead of virgin raw materials, promoting the new circular economy trend. This study uses a torque rheometer to analyze the effect of brewers’ spent grain (BSG) on processing a postconsumer high‐density polyethylene (rHDPE)‐based biocomposite. Processing parameters are measured to contrast the effect of BSG (20 and 40 wt%) and the addition of a coupling agent at low (10 rpm) and high speed (90 rpm). This work allows determining the viability of manufacturing recycled plastic biocomposite with agro‐industrial waste at an industrial scale.
Fabrication of Customized Filaments for FFF Using Phase Inversion Technology
Authors: Parnian Pooyan , D'Amore Alberto
Published: August 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) has significant potential to create sustainable, lightweight, multifunctional material systems in a single step. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most commonly used AM technology, which involves the deposition of thermoplastic polymer filament layers. Phase inversion is one method that can be used to produce filaments for FFF. In this process, a polymer solution is prepared and then extruded into a coagulation bath. By applying a unidirectional casting direction to the composite solution, the orientation of the reinforcements can be optimized to achieve superior mechanical performance. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of the phase inversion technique, combined with the controlled alignment of reinforcements within a polymeric matrix, to improve the mechanical properties of the resulting composite films. The results may prove promising for the development of unidirectional reinforcing filaments commonly used in FFF processes.
Investigation and Optimization of CFRP Recycling by Pyrogasification Process
Authors: Amadori Tommaso , Maccaferri Emanuele , Ortolani Jacopo , Mazzocchetti Laura , Benelli Tiziana , Minosi Stefania , Corvaglia Stefano , Giorgini Loris
Published: August 2024

Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRC) are remarkably replacing conventional materials in application requiring high mechanical performance thanks to their light weight and outstanding mechanical properties. Due to the massive increase in their production and application, one of the main drawbacks resides in their disposal, both at the end of their life and as scraps and offcuts. Furthermore, the production of carbon fiber (CFs) requires high energy demand (183–286 MJ kg−1), hence the recovery of composites to reuse CF seems to be a promising option in terms of sustainability and circular economy. With the aim of identifying a methodology to recover and recycle these materials, through this work a case study is shown for optimization of the pyrogasification process.
The Effect of Crosslinking Density on the Dynamic Behavior of Thermo‐Responsive Poly(N‐Isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels
Authors: Toto Elisa , Franco Eleonora , Ciarleglio Gianluca , Santonicola Maria Gabriella
Published: August 2024

Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels are of great interest in many biomedical applications, from drug delivery to tissue engineering. In this work, thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogels are prepared by adding different amounts of crosslinking agent (N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide, BIS) in a two‐step‐freezing polymerization method, which is simple and potentially able to reduce fabrication times and costs. The hydrogel swelling behavior and the temporal evolution of the volume variation in response to temperature changes are investigated. Results demonstrate how the thermo‐responsive behavior of these materials is related to the content of the BIS crosslinking agent, which is helpful to guide the synthesis of dynamic hydrogels with tunable functional properties.
Physico‐Chemical and Antimicrobial Features of Magnesium Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrix
Authors: Ciobanu Steluta Carmen , Iconaru Simona Liliana , Predoi Mihai‐Valentin , Ghegoiu Liliana , Badea Monica Luminita , Predoi Daniela , Jiga Gabriel
Published: August 2024

Magnesium doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in dextran matrix (7MgHApDx) with average size diameter of 18.2 ± 0.5 nm are synthesized by co‐precipitation. The surface morphology and shape of 7MgHApDx particles are established by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stability that is evaluated by ultrasound measurements and zeta potential reveals a good stability. More than that, the functional groups present in the studied samples are identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. The antimicrobial properties of 7MgHApDx suspensions are determined against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 microbial strains.
Development and Characterization of Silver Doped Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Nanobiocomposites
Authors: Iconaru Simona Liliana , Ciobanu Steluta Carmen , Predoi Mihai‐Valentin , Ghegoiu Liliana , Badea Monica Luminita , Trusca Roxana , Predoi Daniela , Jiga Gabriel
Published: August 2024

The aim of this study is to develop a new nanobiocomposite based on silver doped hydroxyapatite (AgHAp)/chitosan (CH), AgHAp‐CH (xAg = 0.15) by an adapted method. The obtained nanobiocomposites are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The good stability of AgHAp‐CH suspension is established by ultrasound and zeta potential measurements. More than that, the antimicrobial activity of AgHAp‐CH nanobiocomposites against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 microbial strains is evaluated. AgHAp‐CH nanobiocomposites demonstrate an effective antibacterial effect against the studied microbial strains. Considering the facile method involved in the development of these nanobiomaterials and their excellent properties, it is suggested that they can be suitable candidates for applications in the biomedical field.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Graphene–Polymer Composite as Bipolar Plates in Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Lorente‐López Víctor , Pérez‐Feito Ricardo , Montero Álvaro , García‐Bernabé Abel
Published: August 2024

A graphene–polymer composite is used in the manufacture by 3D printing of bipolar plates for fuel cells. This composite is formed by a PVDF matrix with graphene. The thermal and dynamic mechanical characterization of this composite is studied, as well as the density of printed composite. The study finds that the material studied is a semicrystal polymer and is thermally stable. Density depends on filler in 3D printing, decreasing with fill percentage. The mechanical properties of these materials are good for fuel cell applications.
NBR‐Rich Nanofibrous Membranes for Hindering Composite Delamination: Comparison of the Performance Obtained Using Liquid and Photocrosslinked Rubber
Authors: Donne Matteo Dalle , Ortolani Jacopo , Maccaferri Emanuele , Mazzocchetti Laura , Benelli Tiziana , Brugo Tommaso Maria , Zucchelli Andrea , Giorgini Loris
Published: August 2024

This work compares the delamination behavior of epoxy CFRPs nano‐modified with nitrile butadiene rubber/polyethylene oxide (NBR/PEO) blend nanofibrous membranes with a rubber content of 70 wt%. While the electrospun mat is able to retain the nanofibrous structure even without crosslinking, photocrosslinking is also carried to evaluate the potential different efficacy on the delamination hindering. Double cantilever beam (DCB) and end‐notched flexure (ENF) tests show significant improvements of the energy release rates (G) both in Mode I (up to ≈4 times) and Mode II (up to ≈1.5 times). In particular, the presence of “liquid” rubber (uncrosslinked mat) leads to the best reinforcing action in Mode I, while the crosslinked membrane gives the highest delamination hindering in Mode II.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)‐Based Gels with Boric Acid as Crosslinker
Authors: Lambertini Lucia , Laurenzi Susanna , Santonicola Maria Gabriella
Published: August 2024

Gels are soft materials made of a crosslinked polymer network immersed in a fluid. When water is the main component, these materials (hydrogels) find extensive use in the medical and pharmaceutical fields due to the high biocompatibility given by their high water content. The hydrogel ability to absorb water also makes it interesting for radiation shielding applications in space, since a high hydrogen content is helpful to reduce the damage caused by ionizing radiation on astronauts and electronic devices. In this work, crosslinked hydrogels are prepared using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with boric acid (BA) as crosslinking agent. Results in terms of chemical composition from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical properties from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and swelling behavior are used to assess the BA capacity to form hydrogen and chemical bonds with the PVA macromolecules.
Numerical Relaxation Analysis of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers
Authors: Palmeri Flavia , Lambertini Lucia , Laurenzi Susanna
Published: August 2024

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers are widely used to manufacture aerospace deployable structures. These structures are folded in launch configuration and then deployed in space for operational activities. Since the stowage of deployable structures in folded configuration occurs for long time, the understanding of the viscoelastic properties of the material is essential to predict the structural behavior during both the deployment phase and the operational life. In this work, numerical relaxation analysis is performed on the representative volume element (RVE) of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer using a homogenization approach at the microscale. This aims to predict the effects of matrix viscoelasticity on the structural performance of a deployable structure.
Preliminary Design of a Lightweight Composite Backing Structure for a Satellite Antenna
Authors: Nutu Emil , Vintila Ionut Sebastian , Stuparu Florin , Pelin George , Jiga Gabriel Gheorghe
Published: August 2024

The paper consists of a preliminary design and analysis of a lightweight composite backing structure for a side deployable solid mesh reflector intended for telecom application in the Ka‐Band. As the entire antenna reflector must withstand the forces related to the launching loads, the focus is addressed to the stiffness of the composite backing structure, so that the reflective metallic mesh will not be affected during launching phase, thus with no influence over the possible deformation of the mesh and on its radio frequency performance. It is shown that the proposed concept withstands the imposed launching requirements with a compromise on mass properties.
Thermoforming of Printed Conductive Silver on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Imparato Antonio , Mauro Anna De Girolamo Del , Ricciardi Maria Rosaria , Antonucci Vincenza
Published: August 2024

Screen printing is an interesting technique for the high‐volume production of printed conductive electronic devices on flexible substrates. In this study, silver conductive lines have been produced by screen‐printing technique on flexible PEN substrates and optimized in order to provide maximum electrical conduction. The geometry of the obtained conductive samples has been modified by performing thermoforming tests in a mold with complex geometry, replicating a significant section of dashboard coating. The functionality of the shape‐deformed substrates has been assessed.
Biopolymer‐Based Nanogels Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability for Doxorubicin Encapsulation and Delivery
Authors: Fernández‐Solís Karla Gricelda , González Guillermo Toriz , Ochoa Edgar Benjamín Figueroa , Rosselgong Julien , Mijares Eduardo Mendizabal , Bravo‐Anaya Lourdes Mónica
Published: August 2024

Nanogels are nanostructures with dimensions within the nanoscale, composed of crosslinked polymers through their functional groups. Nanogels can display sensitiveness to stimuli, such as pH or temperature. This characteristic has been used in the design of new platforms for the transport and release of active ingredients. Biopolymer‐based nanogels are of great interest due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and among others. In this project, pH‐responsive nanogels are synthesized through a novel methodology, using two polysaccharides classified as safe, biocompatible, and easily accessible materials, i.e., chitosan (CS) and maltodextrin (MD). A reductive amination reaction between CS and partially oxidized MDs allows to synthesized MD/CS nanogels with sizes ranging from 90 ± 5 to 194 ± 40 nm and with a colloidal stability up to 7 weeks. It is found that the variation of nanogels size and charge depends on CS concentration, molecular weight, and pH, as well as on the % oxidation of the MD. As evidence of nanogels pH‐responsiveness, an increase of size and ζ‐potential is observed by decreasing the pH. This size increase is attributed to the swelling of the nanogels upon a change in pH. Finally, doxorubicin is encapsulated in MD/CS nanogels, with a loading capacity up to 57%.
Recryopreservation impairs blastocyst implantation potential via activated endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway and induced apoptosis
Authors: Wang Meng , Zhou Juepu , Long Rui , Li Yuehan , Gao Limin , Mao Ruolin , Wang Xiangfei , Guo Na , Jin Lei , Zhu Lixia
Published: August 2024

Recryopreservation (recryo) is occasionally applied in clinical, while the underlying mechanism of impaired clinical outcomes after recryo remains unclear. In this study, frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles of single blastocyst transfer in an academic reproductive medicine center were enrolled. According to the number of times blastocysts experienced cryopreservation, they were divided into the cryopreservation (Cryo) group and the Recryo group. Donated human blastocysts were collected and detected for mechanism exploration. It was found that recryo procedure resulted in impaired blastocyst developmental potential, including decreased implantation rate, reduced biochemical pregnancy rate, declined clinical pregnancy rate, higher early miscarriage rate, and lower live birth rate. Moreover, recryo led to impaired trophectoderm (TE) function, exhibiting lower human chorionic gonadotropin levels 12 days after FET. In addition, single‐cell RNA sequencing showed that the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion and embryo development were altered. More specifically, activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway and induced apoptosis were further verified by immunofluorescence and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) assay involving in the recryo procedure. In conclusion, recryo could interfere with the process of blastocyst implantation by impairing TE function, affecting blastocyst adhesion, activating ER stress pathway and inducing apoptosis. It provides caution to embryologists about the potential risk of recryopreservation.
Prediction of CD8+T lymphocyte infiltration levels in gastric cancer from contrast‐enhanced CT and clinical factors using machine learning
Authors: Xie Wentao , Jiang Sheng , Xin Fangjie , Jiang Zinian , Pan Wenjun , Zhou Xiaoming , Xiang Shuai , Xu Zhenying , Lu Yun , Wang Dongsheng
Published: August 2024

Background

CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration is closely associated with the prognosis and immunotherapy response of gastric cancer (GC). For now, the examination of CD8 infiltration levels relies on endoscopic biopsy, which is invasive and unsuitable for longitude assessment during anti‐tumor therapy.

Purpose

This work aims to develop and validate a noninvasive workflow based on contrast‐enhanced CT (CECT) images to evaluate the CD8+ T‐cell infiltration profiles of GC.

Methods

GC patients were retrospectively and consecutively enrolled and randomly assigned to the training (validation) or test cohort at a 7:3 ratio. All patients were binary classified into the CD8‐high (infiltrated proportion ≥ 20%) or CD8‐low group (infiltrated proportion < 20%) group. A total of 1170 radiomics features were extracted from each presurgical CECT series. After feature selection, fifteen radiomics features were transmitted to three independent machine‐learning models for the computation of predictive radiological scores. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) was applied to merge the radiological scores with clinical factors. The predictive efficacy of the radiological scores and of the combined model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis in both the training and test cohorts.

Results

A total of 210 patients were enrolled in this study (mean age: 63.22 ± 8.74 years, 151 men), and were randomly assigned to the training set (n = 147) or the test set (n = 63). The merged radiological score was correlated with CD8 infiltration in both the training (p = 1.8e−10) and test cohorts (p = 0.00026). The combined model integrating the radiological scores and clinical features achieved an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.916 (95% CI: 0.872–0.960) in the training set and 0.844 (95% CI: 0.742–0.946) in the test set for classifying CD8‐high GCs. The model was well‐calibrated and exhibited net benefit over “treat‐all” and“treat‐none” strategies in decision curve analysis.

Conclusions

Artificial intelligent systems combining radiological features and clinical factors could accurately predict CD8 infiltration levels of GC, which may benefit personalized treatment of GC in the context of immunotherapy.