bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance appraisal justice and employees' work engagement in the public sector: Making the most of performance appraisal design
Authors: Micacchi Lorenza , Vidé Francesco , Giacomelli Giorgio , Barbieri Marta
Published: July 2023

Regarding organizational justice, performance appraisal (PA) systems are among the most crucial mechanisms shaping the employee work experience. Nonetheless, research has mostly neglected to explain the relationship between the characteristics of PA systems, employees' perceptions of PA justice, and work engagement in the public sector. Based on a combination of observational and experimental data from 11 public sector organizations in Italy, this article aims to unfold the nature of these relationships. Following the recent calls for diversified methodological designs, a combination of structural equation modeling with a discrete choice experiment is provided. The results show that designing PA systems with rater–ratee feedback sessions and calibration mechanisms leads to fairer perceived PAs, with PA justice being associated with public employees' work engagement.
Pathways from trauma to unusual perceptual experiences: Modelling the roles of insecure attachment, negative affect, emotion regulation and dissociation
Authors: Strachan Laura P. , Paulik Georgie , Preece David A. , McEvoy Peter M.
Published: July 2023

Background

A range of traumas have been linked to voices (auditory verbal hallucinations) and unusual perceptual experiences (UPEs) in other perceptual‐sensory domains. Models of PTSD and positive symptoms of psychosis are insufficient in explaining the relationship between trauma and voices. The trauma‐related voices (TRV) model was developed to generate novel research in this area.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate pathways from trauma to the frequency of UPEs based on a subset of hypothesised relationships in the TRV model.

Materials

The PTSD Diagnostic Scale for DSM‐5, State Adult Attachment Measure, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales‐21, Perth Emotion and Regulation Competency Inventory, Dissociative Experiences Measure Oxford, and Multi‐modality Unusual Perceptual Experiences Questionnaire.

Methods

We used path analysis in a non‐clinical sample (N = 528) to model indirect effects from diverse trauma experiences to the frequency of multi‐sensory UPEs via a subset of mediators within the TRV model: insecure attachment, emotion regulation deficits, negative affect and dissociation.

Results

Our model was an excellent fit to the data and accounted for 37.1% of variance in UPE frequency, and all direct (βs = .14–.61) and indirect pathways (βs = .01–.08) were significant (ps < .001).

Discussion

Our findings suggest that insecure attachment may link diverse trauma experiences to emotion regulation deficits and negative affect, which are linked to UPE frequency via dissociation.

Conclusion

Our findings provide preliminary evidence for a subset of relationships within the TRV model. Future studies are needed to gather stronger evidence of temporality and causation between these factors, and to test broader pathways within the TRV model.
PhyB‐dependent phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade MKK2‐MPK2 positively regulates red light‐induced stomatal opening
Authors: Li Yuzhen , Hui Shimiao , Yuan Yaxin , Ye Yahong , Ma Xiaohan , Zhang Xiaolu , Zhang Shasha , Zhang Chunguang , Chen Yuling
Published: July 2023

Red light induces stomatal opening by affecting photosynthesis, metabolism and triggering signal transductions in guard cells. Phytochrome B (phyB) plays a positive role in mediating red light‐induced stomatal opening. However, phyB‐mediated red light guard cell signalling is poorly understood. Here, we found that phyB‐mediated sequential phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MAPKK2, MKK2) and MPK2 in guard cells is essential for red light‐induced stomatal opening. Mutations in MKK2 and MPK2 led to reduced stomatal opening in response to white light, and these phenotypes could be observed under red light, not blue light. MKK2 interacted with MPK2 in vitro and in plants. MPK2 was directly phosphorylated by MKK2 in vitro. Red light triggered the phosphorylation of MKK2 in guard cells, and MKK2 phosphorylation was greatly reduced in phyB mutant. Simultaneously, red light‐stimulated MPK2 phosphorylation in guard cells was inhibited in mkk2 mutant. Furthermore, mkk2 and mpk2 mutants exhibit significantly smaller stomatal apertures than that of wild type during the stomatal opening stage in the diurnal stomatal movements. Our results indicate that red light‐promoted phyB‐dependent phosphorylation of MKK2‐MPK2 cascade in guard cells is essential for stomatal opening, which contributes to the fine‐tuning of stomatal opening apertures under light.
Physical function in children and adolescents pre‐ and 1‐year post‐liver transplant
Authors: Patterson Catherine , So Stephanie , Shipley Kaitie , Shivgulam Madeline E. , Avitzur Yaron , Ng Vicky Lee
Published: July 2023

Background

Several studies describe poorer motor developmental motor outcomes post‐liver transplant (LT) in younger children. Limited studies examine physical function in older children and adolescents pre‐ and post‐LT.

Methods

Retrospective review of standard of care physical function outcome measures pre‐ and 1‐year post‐LT in children ≥6 years at LT. Measures include: 6‐minute walk test (6MWT), grip strength, Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency‐2 (BOT‐2) components, Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ), and Paediatric Quality of Life Multidimensional Fatigue Scale. Association of medical variables with outcomes was explored.

Results

The study cohort included 23 (8 male, median (interquartile range) age 11.67 (8.25, 13.92) years at LT) participants. Top two primary diagnoses included biliary atresia (30.4%) and fulminant hepatic failure (21.7%). At 1‐year post‐LT, over one‐third (36%) were overweight or obese. Compared with healthy norms, children had significantly lower pre‐LT PAQ scores (p = .002), pre‐ and post‐6MWT scores (p < .001) and post‐LT BOT‐2 strength and agility scores (p < .001). Pre‐LT, lower balance scores were associated with abdominal distention/ascites (p = .009) and splenomegaly (p = .017). Lower pre‐LT platelet count correlated with poorer balance (r = .532, p = .017) and lower strength and agility scores (r = .446, p = .043). Significant moderate inverse correlations were found between weight/body mass index z‐scores and BOT‐2 components. Post‐LT children continue to demonstrate decreased levels of motor proficiency and functional capacity but report less fatigue and increased physical activity.

Conclusions

Older children and adolescents undergoing LT are at risk of decreased physical function, highlighting the need for pre‐ and post‐LT rehabilitation to optimize long term outcomes.
Holistic similarities between Quine and Wittgenstein
Authors: Goldstein Rena Beatrice
Published: July 2023

W.V. Quine and Ludwig Wittgenstein have been compared with regard to the analytic/synthetic distinction, propositions known a priori or a posteriori, mathematical and logical necessity and naturalism, amongst other topics. Following Pieranna Garavaso and Danièle Moyal‐Sharrock, I compare how Quine and Wittgenstein conceptualize a system of beliefs. Overlooked is Wittgenstein's description of the role of propositions and Quine's description of the location of propositions. The difference between the role and location signals a difference in how these frameworks conceptualize the boundary between empirical and logical propositions, and in particular the justificatory status of propositions in the system. The Wittgensteinian framework accommodates a change in the justificatory status of propositions: propositions can play at one time a rule‐like role and at another time an empirical role. For Quine, change in status refers to revising the proposition (or not) in the light of recalcitrant evidence.
Linguistic racism towards internationally educated nurses in Finland: Critical reflective analysis
Authors: Cubelo Floro
Published: July 2023

Background

The shortage of nurses in Finland has prompted the recruitment of Internationally Educated Nurses (IENs) from developing countries mostly with fragile health systems. However, linguistic racism has emerged as a growing threat to the safety and well‐being of IENs in the country.

Aim

To discuss the consequences of linguistic racism directed towards IENs and to propose solutions to address this issue.

Method

This discussion employed self‐reflection as a means of engaging in critically reflective analysis.

Discussion

The discussion highlighted the factors contributing to linguistic racism, including poor language proficiency, misrepresentation of the nursing profession due to skin color, and political tensions. The phenomenon of linguistic racism affects IENs' communication with patients and colleagues and has a detrimental impact on the mental health and overall health of IENs.

Conclusion

To address the issue of linguistic racism, this discussion proposed a comprehensive strategy that includes anti‐racism training for healthcare personnel, the establishment of a conducive workplace culture that fosters diversity and inclusivity, and the provision of adequate assistance and support for IENs.
KED gene expression in early response to wounding stress in tomato plants
Authors: Zhang Xing‐Hai , Vichyavichien Paveena , Nifakos Nicholas , Kaplan Noah , Jin Xiao‐Lu , Wellman Annalise , Spanoudis Alexander , Klingler Marcos
Published: July 2023

The wounding‐responsive KED gene, named for its coding for a lysine (K), glutamic acid (E), and aspartic acid (D)‐rich protein, is widely present among land plants. However, little is known about its regulation or function. In this study, we found that transcription of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) KED gene, SlKED, was rapidly and transiently elevated by wounding or ethephon treatment. Compared to the wild‐type plants, the CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated SlKED knockout plants did not exhibit altered expression patterns for genes involved in hormone biosynthesis or stress signaling, suggesting a lack of pleiotropic effect on other stress‐responsive genes. Conversely, jasmonic acid did not appear to directly regulate SlKED expression. Wounded leaves of the KED‐lacking plants exhibited higher binding of Evans blue dye than the wild‐type, indicating a possible role for KED in healing damaged tissues. The SlKED knockout plants showed a similar dietary effect as the wild‐type on the larval growth of tobacco hornworm. But a higher frequency of larval mandible (mouth) movement was recorded during the first 2 minutes of feeding on the wounded KED‐lacking SlKED knockout plants than on the wounded KED‐producing wild‐type plants, probably reflecting an initial differential response by the feeding larvae to the SlKED knockout plants. Our findings suggest that SlKED may be an ethylene‐mediated early responder to mechanical stress in tomato, acting downstream of the wound stress response pathways. Although its possible involvement in response to other biotic and abiotic stresses is still unclear, we propose that SlKED may play a role in plant's rapid, short‐term, early wounding responses, such as in cellular damage healing.
Sanctions and their impacts on medical trade and health outcomes
Authors: Miromanova Anna
Published: July 2023

Despite the intention that sanctions, by design, should not harm civilians' welfare, evidence shows that they can negatively affect health outcomes. In this study, I measure the impact of sanctions on international trade in medical supplies and cross‐country mortality rates. I find that sanctions, particularly those imposed by the United States, decrease the volume of medical exports to targeted countries, potentially leading to worse health outcomes. I also discover that sanctions increase mortality rates in the targeted countries, particularly for women with HIV/AIDS infections. Termination of foreign aid, blockades, and partial embargoes have the most damaging effect on mortality.
Long‐term nutrient management effects on organic carbon fractions and carbon sequestration in Typic Haplusterts soils of Central India
Authors: Ramteke Pratik , Gabhane Vijay , Kadu Prakash , Kharche Vilas , Jadhao Shyam , Turkhede Anil , Gajjala Ravindra Chary
Published: July 2023

Productivity of agricultural soils, particularly in India's rainfed tropics, has rigorously fallen because of increased losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) during the last decades; consequently, sustaining crop productivity through the maintenance of SOC level is difficult for dryland farmers. Moreover, systematic research on carbon (C) sequestration, SOC pools, their sensitivity to management change and critical C input level for zero change in SOC, especially under cotton–greengram intercropping in Vertisols of semi‐arid climates, is limited. Therefore, we studied cotton–greengram intercropping after 35 years (1987–2022) under continuous application of organics (farmyard manure/gliricidia), chemical fertilizers and substitution of 50% or 100% fertilizer nitrogen (N) through farmyard manure/gliricidia (integrated nutrient management) (INM). The INM treatments recorded significantly higher cotton–greengram system productivity and sustainable yield index. Continuous cropping without an external nutrient source decreased the soil C, while cropping with INM resulted in a positive build‐up of C in both labile and stable pools. On average, about 62% of total organic carbon was stabilized in the passive pool (CLL, Less Labile C + CRC, Recalcitrant C) of SOC. The increment in SOC stock was linearly (y = 0.0767x – 0.2248; R2 = 0.87, p < .001) related to the system productivity. The very labile C, potassium permanganate oxidizable C and microbial biomass C fractions were the most sensitive to nutrient management. A threshold C input of 0.71 Mg C ha−1 year−1 is required to maintain antecedent SOC, which is readily supplied to the soil using the region's current cotton–greengram intercropping system. Thus, this cropping system is quite capable to maintain antecedent SOC. We conclude that, in the context of changing climates, promoting cotton–legume intercropping using locally available farmyard manure/gliricidia as a substitute for 50%‐‐Fertilizer N is a viable strategy for enhancing SOC storage while achieving sustainable productivity in semi‐arid Vertisols of Central India.
Discovery of the novel HLA‐C*07:1052 allele, a variant of HLA‐C*07:02:01:01, in a Greek individual
Authors: Kouniaki Diamanto , Athanassiades Theofilos , Fotopoulos Konstantinos , Tarassi Katerina , Tsirogianni Alexandra
Published: July 2023

Characterization of the novel HLA‐C*07:1052 allele in a Greek individual using next‐generation sequencing.
Deep learning‐enabled discovery and characterization of HKT genes in Spartina alterniflora
Authors: Yang Maogeng , Chen Shoukun , Huang Zhangping , Gao Shang , Yu Tingxi , Du Tingting , Zhang Hao , Li Xiang , Liu Chun‐Ming , Chen Shihua , Li Huihui
Published: July 2023

Spartina alterniflora is a halophyte that can survive in high‐salinity environments, and it is phylogenetically close to important cereal crops, such as maize and rice. It is of scientific interest to understand why S. alterniflora can live under such extremely stressful conditions. The molecular mechanism underlying its high‐saline tolerance is still largely unknown. Here we investigated the possibility that high‐affinity K+ transporters (HKTs), which function in salt tolerance and maintenance of ion homeostasis in plants, are responsible for salt tolerance in S. alterniflora. To overcome the imprecision and unstable of the gene screening method caused by the conventional sequence alignment, we used a deep learning method, DeepGOPlus, to automatically extract sequence and protein characteristics from our newly assemble S. alterniflora genome to identify SaHKTs. Results showed that a total of 16 HKT genes were identified. The number of S. alterniflora HKTs (SaHKTs) is larger than that in all other investigated plant species except wheat. Phylogenetically related SaHKT members had similar gene structures, conserved protein domains and cis‐elements. Expression profiling showed that most SaHKT genes are expressed in specific tissues and are differentially expressed under salt stress. Yeast complementation expression analysis showed that type I members SaHKT1;2, SaHKT1;3 and SaHKT1;8 and type II members SaHKT2;1, SaHKT2;3 and SaHKT2;4 had low‐affinity K+ uptake ability and that type II members showed stronger K+ affinity than rice and Arabidopsis HKTs, as well as most SaHKTs showed preference for Na+ transport. We believe the deep learning‐based methods are powerful approaches to uncovering new functional genes, and the SaHKT genes identified are important resources for breeding new varieties of salt‐tolerant crops.
Anterograde trafficking of Toll‐like receptors requires the cargo sorting adaptors TMED‐2 and 7
Authors: Holm Julia E. J. , Soares Sandro G. , Symmons Martyn F. , Huddin Afiqah Saleh , Moncrieffe Martin C. , Gay Nicholas J.
Published: July 2023

Toll‐Like Receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in immunity by recognising conserved structural features of pathogens and initiating the innate immune response. TLR signalling is subject to complex regulation that remains poorly understood. Here we show that two small type I transmembrane receptors, TMED2 and 7, that function as cargo sorting adaptors in the early secretory pathway are required for transport of TLRs from the ER to Golgi. Protein interaction studies reveal that TMED7 interacts with TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 but not with TLR3 and TLR9. On the other hand, TMED2 interacts with TLR2, TLR4 and TLR3. Dominant negative forms of TMED7 suppress the export of cell surface TLRs from the ER to the Golgi. By contrast TMED2 is required for the ER‐export of both plasma membrane and endosomal TLRs. Together, these findings suggest that association of TMED2 and TMED7 with TLRs facilitates anterograde transport from the ER to the Golgi.
Super‐massive transfusion during liver transplantation
Authors: Lapisatepun Warangkana , Ma Christina , Lapisatepun Worakitti , Agopian Vatche , Wray Christopher , Xia Victor W.
Published: July 2023

Background

Massive hemorrhage and transfusion during liver transplantation (LT) present great challenges. We aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors for super‐massive transfusion (SMT) and survival outcome and factors that negatively affect survival in patients who received SMT during LT.

Study Design and Methods

We included adult patients undergoing LT from 2004 to 2019. SMT was defined as transfusion of ≥50 units of red blood cells (RBC) during LT. Independent risk factors were identified by multivariable logistic regression. Ninety‐day survival was recorded and factors that negatively affected survival were analyzed by the Cox survival test.

Results

Of 2772 patients, 158 (5.6%) received SMT during LT. Mean RBC transfusion was 72.6 (±23.4) units with a maximum of 168 units. Four variables (MELD‐Na score, previous upper abdominal surgery, portal vein thrombosis, and remote retransplant) were independent risk factors for SMT (odds ratio 1.800–8.274, 95% CI 1.008–16.685, all p < .005). The 90‐day survival rate in SMT patients was 81.6%. Preoperative pulmonary hypertension and massive postreperfusion transfusion negatively affected 90‐day survival (hazard ratio 2.658–4.633, 95% CI 1.144–10.130, and all p < .05).

Conclusions

In this large retrospective study, we found that SMT occurred in a small percentage of patients and was associated with relatively satisfactory short‐term survival. Identification of preoperative risk factors for SMT and factors that negatively affect survival improve our understanding of this unique LT patient population.
Assessing the Fundamental Movement Skills of Children With Intellectual Disabilities in the Special Olympics Young Athletes Program
Authors: Kavanagh Hayley , Manninen Mika , Meegan Sarah , Issartel Johann
Published: July 2023

Mastering the ability to move proficiently from a young age is an important contributor to lifelong physical activity participation. This study examined fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency in children with intellectual disabilities (n = 96, 60% boys, age 5–12 years) and typically developing children (n = 96, 60% boys, age 5–12 years). Participants were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development–3rd edition and balance subtest from the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2. The FMS proficiency of typically developing children including mastery/near mastery level (combined variable representing mastery, which is achieving all criteria for the skill, over both trials and near mastery, wherein a participant performs all but one of the components of the skill correctly) was significantly higher than for children with intellectual disabilities. A similar observation was made with multiple linear regression analysis testing the interaction effect of participant group and age/gender on all three FMS subcomponents. The results presented will help establish a baseline of FMS proficiency and guidelines for future intervention for children with intellectual disabilities.
Sports Coaching in an Online Space: What Can We Learn From Endurance Sport Coaches?
Authors: Blanchfield Jamie , McArdle Jean , Haughey Tandy
Published: July 2023

Within endurance sports (ES), a practice exists in which online remote coaching (RC) is a necessary construct. This study aimed to examine the processes of ES coaches to gain insight into the experiences of coaches engaging in RC before COVID-19 forced others to do the same. To achieve this aim, semistructured interviews were conducted with ES coaches (N = 7; M = 6, F = 1). Transcripts were subject to thematic analysis, with three dimensions (a) remote coach and ES, (b) process of remote coaching, and (c) delivery of training online being identified. An additional 17 higher and 79 lower order themes were found. Results found that to be effective online, ES coaches utilised technology such as instant messaging and online software to increase presence and decrease the perceived distance from athletes. They aimed to create autonomous athletes both by choice and by necessity. The ease of access through technology had a negative and positive impact on work–life balance. A process was developed whereby only technology that served a purpose to further athlete outcomes was used and balanced with subjective feedback. Further research is needed to garner athlete expectations and experiences of RC.
CO electroreduction on single-atom copper
Authors: Wang Yuxuan , Li Boyang , Xue Bin , Libretto Nicole , Xie Zhenhua , Shen Hao , Wang Canhui , Raciti David , Marinkovic Nebojsa , Zong Han , Xie Wenjun , Li Ziyuan , Zhou Guangye , Vitek Jeff , Chen Jingguang G. , Miller Jeffery , Wang Guofeng , Wang Chao
Published: July 2023

Electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) or carbon monoxide (CO) toward C
2+
hydrocarbons such as ethylene, ethanol, acetate and propanol represents a promising approach toward carbon-negative electrosynthesis of chemicals. Fundamental understanding of the carbon─carbon (C-C) coupling mechanisms in these electrocatalytic processes is the key to the design and development of electrochemical systems at high energy and carbon conversion efficiencies. Here, we report the investigation of CO electreduction on single-atom copper (Cu) electrocatalysts. Atomically dispersed Cu is coordinated on a carbon nitride substrate to form high-density copper─nitrogen moieties. Chemisorption, electrocatalytic, and computational studies are combined to probe the catalytic mechanisms. Unlike the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism known for copper metal surfaces, the confinement of CO adsorption on the single-copper-atom sites enables an Eley-Rideal type of C-C coupling between adsorbed (*CO) and gaseous [CO(g)] carbon moxide molecules. The isolated Cu sites also selectively stabilize the key reaction intermediates determining the bifurcation of reaction pathways toward different C
2+
products.
Effects of phytoplankton physiology on global ocean biogeochemistry and climate
Authors: Chien Chia-Te , Pahlow Markus , Schartau Markus , Li Na , Oschlies Andreas
Published: July 2023

The similarity of the average ratios of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in marine dissolved inorganic and particulate organic matter, dN:P and pN:P, respectively, indicates tight links between those pools in the world ocean. Here, we analyze this linkage by varying phytoplankton N and P subsistence quotas in an optimality-based ecosystem model coupled to an Earth system model. The analysis of our ensemble of simulations discloses various feedbacks between changes in the N and P quotas, N
2
fixation, and denitrification that weaken the often-hypothesized tight coupling between dN:P and pN:P. We demonstrate the importance of particulate N:C and P:C ratios for regulating dN:P on the global scale, with marine oxygen level being an important control. Our analysis provides further insight into the potential interdependence of phytoplankton physiology and global climate conditions.
Spatial and temporal regulation of Wnt signaling pathway members in the development of butterfly wing patterns
Authors: Banerjee Tirtha Das , Murugesan Suriya Narayanan , Connahs Heidi , Monteiro Antόnia
Published: July 2023

Wnt signaling members are involved in the differentiation of cells associated with eyespot and band color patterns on the wings of butterflies, but the identity and spatio-temporal regulation of specific Wnt pathway members remains unclear. Here, we explore the localization and function of Armadillo/β-catenin dependent (canonical) and Armadillo/β-catenin independent (noncanonical) Wnt signaling in eyespot and band development in
Bicyclus anynana
by localizing Armadillo (Arm), the expression of all eight
Wnt
ligand and four
frizzled
receptor transcripts present in the genome of this species and testing the function of some of the ligands and receptors using CRISPR-Cas9. We show that distinct Wnt signaling pathways are essential for eyespot and band patterning in butterflies and are likely interacting to control their active domains.
Proton-conductive aromatic membranes reinforced with poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers for high-performance durable fuel cells
Authors: Liu Fanghua , Kim Ick S. , Miyatake Kenji
Published: July 2023

Durability and ion conductivity are counteracting properties of proton-conductive membranes that are challenging to achieve simultaneously and determine the lifetime and performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Here, we developed aromatic ionomers reinforced with nonwoven poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibers. Because of the right combination of an isotropic nonwoven PVDF with high porosity (78%) and partially fluorinated aromatic ionomers (SPP-TFP-4.0), the resulting composite membrane (SPP-TFP-4.0-PVDF) outperformed state-of-the-art chemically stabilized and physically reinforced perfluorinated Nafion XL membrane, in terms of fuel cell operation and in situ chemical stability at a high temperature (120°C) and low relative humidity (30%). The SPP-TFP-4.0-PVDF membrane exhibited excellent chemical stability and stable rupture energy at high and low RH levels, allowing it to be an alternative proton-conductive membrane to meet the U.S. Department of Energy target to be used in automobile fuel cells in 2025.
Plant electrophysiology with conformable organic electronics: Deciphering the propagation of Venus flytrap action potentials
Authors: Armada-Moreira Adam , Dar Abdul Manan , Zhao Zifang , Cea Claudia , Gelinas Jennifer , Berggren Magnus , Costa Alex , Khodagholy Dion , Stavrinidou Eleni
Published: July 2023

Electrical signals in plants are mediators of long-distance signaling and correlate with plant movements and responses to stress. These signals are studied with single surface electrodes that cannot resolve signal propagation and integration, thus impeding their decoding and link to function. Here, we developed a conformable multielectrode array based on organic electronics for large-scale and high-resolution plant electrophysiology. We performed precise spatiotemporal mapping of the action potential (AP) in Venus flytrap and found that the AP actively propagates through the tissue with constant speed and without strong directionality. We also found that spontaneously generated APs can originate from unstimulated hairs and that they correlate with trap movement. Last, we demonstrate that the Venus flytrap circuitry can be activated by cells other than the sensory hairs. Our work reveals key properties of the AP and establishes the capacity of organic bioelectronics for resolving electrical signaling in plants contributing to the mechanistic understanding of long-distance responses in plants.
Functional soft materials from blue phase liquid crystals
Authors: Bagchi Kushal , Emeršič Tadej , Martínez-González José A. , de Pablo Juan J. , Nealey Paul F.
Published: July 2023

Blue phase (BP) liquid crystals are chiral fluids wherein millions of molecules self-assemble into cubic lattices that are on the order of hundred nanometers. As the unit cell sizes of BPs are comparable to the wavelength of light, they exhibit selective Bragg reflections in the visible. The exploitation of the photonic properties of BPs for technological applications is made possible through photopolymerization, a process that renders mechanical robustness and thermal stability. We review here the preparation and characterization of stimuli-responsive, polymeric photonic crystals based on BPs. We highlight recent studies that demonstrate the promise that polymerized BP photonic crystals hold for colorimetric sensing and dynamic light control. We review using Landau–de Gennes simulations for predicting the self-assembly of BPs and the potential for using theory to guide experimental design. Finally, opportunities for using BPs to synthesize new soft materials, such as highly structured polymer meshes, are discussed.
Harnessing AI and robotics in humanitarian assistance and disaster response
Authors: Manzini Thomas , Murphy Robin R. , Heim Eric , Robinson Caleb , Zarrella Guido , Gupta Ritwik
Published: July 2023

AI and robotics can facilitate humanitarian assistance and disaster response, but partnerships with practitioners are crucial.
Signatures of AAV-2 immunity are enriched in children with severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology
Authors: Mitchell Moriah M. , Leng Yumei , Boppana Suresh , Britt William J. , Gutierrez Sanchez Luz Helena , Elledge Stephen J.
Published: July 2023

Severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children is under investigation in 35 countries. Although several potential etiologic agents have been investigated, a clear cause for the liver damage observed in these cases remains to be identified. Using VirScan, a high-throughput antibody profiling technology, we probed the antibody repertoires of nine cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology treated at Children’s of Alabama and compared their antibody responses with 38 pediatric and 470 adult controls. We report increased adeno-associated dependoparvovirus A (AAV-A) breadth in cases relative to controls and adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV-2) peptide responses that were conserved in seven of nine cases but rarely observed in pediatric and adult controls. These findings suggest that AAV-2 is a likely etiologic agent of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology.
Molecular determinants of avoidance and inhibition of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MexB efflux pump
Authors: Gervasoni Silvia , Mehla Jitender , Bergen Charles R. , Leus Inga V. , Margiotta Enrico , Malloci Giuliano , Bosin Andrea , Vargiu Attilio V. , Lomovskaya Olga , Rybenkov Valentin V. , Ruggerone Paolo , Zgurskaya Helen I.
Published: July 2023

Transporters of the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily of proteins are the dominant multidrug efflux power of Gram-negative bacteria. The major RND efflux pump of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is MexAB-OprM, in which the inner membrane transporter MexB is responsible for the recognition and binding of compounds. The high importance of this pump in clinical antibiotic resistance made it a subject of intense investigations and a promising target for the discovery of efflux pump inhibitors. This study is focused on a series of peptidomimetic compounds developed as effective inhibitors of MexAB-OprM. We performed multi-copy molecular dynamics simulations, machine-learning (ML) analyses, and site-directed mutagenesis of MexB to investigate interactions of MexB with representatives of efflux avoiders, substrates, and inhibitors. The analysis of both direct and water-mediated protein-ligand interactions revealed characteristic patterns for each class, highlighting significant differences between them. We found that efflux avoiders poorly interact with the access binding site of MexB, and inhibition engages amino acid residues that are not directly involved in binding and transport of substrates. In agreement, machine-learning models selected different residues predictive of MexB substrates and inhibitors. The differences in interactions were further validated by site-directed mutagenesis. We conclude that the substrate translocation and inhibition pathways of MexB split at the interface (between the main putative binding sites) and at the deep binding pocket and that interactions outside of the hydrophobic patch contribute to the inhibition of MexB. This molecular-level information could help in the rational design of new inhibitors and antibiotics less susceptible to the efflux mechanism.

IMPORTANCE

Multidrug transporters recognize and expel from cells a broad range of ligands including their own inhibitors. The difference between the substrate translocation and inhibition routes remains unclear. In this study, machine learning and computational and experimental approaches were used to understand dynamics of MexB interactions with its ligands. Our results show that some ligands engage a certain combination of polar and charged residues in MexB binding sites to be effectively expelled into the exit funnel, whereas others engage aromatic and hydrophobic residues that slow down or hinder the next step in the transporter cycle. These findings suggest that all MexB ligands fit into this substrate-inhibitor spectrum depending on their physico-chemical structures and properties.
Draft genome sequences of
Pantoea
sp. strains QMID1-QMID4 isolated from the midgut of Japanese honey bee (
Apis cerana japonica
)
Authors: Suzuki Akihiko , Nakajima Nobuyoshi , Sakamoto Yoshiko
Published: July 2023

We report the draft genome sequences of
Pantoea
sp. strains QMID1-QMID4 that were recovered from the midgut of Japanese honey bee (
Apis cerana japonica
). The strains possess the carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster. The genome information expands our knowledge of their potential use as probiotics and/or prebiotics in honey bees.
Crystalline lens nuclear age prediction as a new biomarker of nucleus degeneration
Authors: Guo Mengjie , Higashita Risa , Lin Chen , Hu Lingxi , Chen Wan , Li Fei , Lai Gilda Wing Ki , Nguyen Anwell , Sakata Rei , Okamoto Keiichiro , Tang Bo , Xu Yanwu , Fu Huazhu , Gao Fei , Aihara Makoto , Zhang Xiulan , Yuan Jin , Lin Shan , Leung Christopher Kai-Shun , Liu Jiang
Published: July 2023

Background

The crystalline lens is a transparent structure of the eye to focus light on the retina. It becomes muddy, hard and dense with increasing age, which makes the crystalline lens gradually lose its function. We aim to develop a nuclear age predictor to reflect the degeneration of the crystalline lens nucleus.

Methods

First we trained and internally validated the nuclear age predictor with a deep-learning algorithm, using 12 904 anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images from four diverse Asian and American cohorts: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center with Machine0 (ZOM0), Tomey Corporation (TOMEY), University of California San Francisco and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. External testing was done on three independent datasets: Tokyo University (TU), ZOM1 and Shenzhen People’s Hospital (SPH). We also demonstrate the possibility of detecting nuclear cataracts (NCs) from the nuclear age gap.

Findings

In the internal validation dataset, the nuclear age could be predicted with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.570 years (95% CI 1.886 to 2.863). Across the three external testing datasets, the algorithm achieved MAEs of 4.261 years (95% CI 3.391 to 5.094) in TU, 3.920 years (95% CI 3.332 to 4.637) in ZOM1-NonCata and 4.380 years (95% CI 3.730 to 5.061) in SPH-NonCata. The MAEs for NC eyes were 8.490 years (95% CI 7.219 to 9.766) in ZOM1-NC and 9.998 years (95% CI 5.673 to 14.642) in SPH-NC. The nuclear age gap outperformed both ophthalmologists in detecting NCs, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.853 years (95% CI 0.787 to 0.917) in ZOM1 and 0.909 years (95% CI 0.828 to 0.978) in SPH.

Interpretation

The nuclear age predictor shows good performance, validating the feasibility of using AS-OCT images as an effective screening tool for nucleus degeneration. Our work also demonstrates the potential use of the nuclear age gap to detect NCs.
Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic during the 2020 and 2021 waves in Antananarivo, Madagascar
Authors: Rabarison Joelinotahiana Hasina , Rakotondramanga Jean Marius , Ratovoson Rila , Masquelier Bruno , Rasoanomenjanahary Anjaraso Maharavo , Dreyfus Anou , Garchitorena Andres , Rasambainarivo Fidisoa , Razanajatovo Norosoa Harline , Andriamandimby Soa Fy , Metcalf C Jessica , Lacoste Vincent , Heraud Jean-Michel , Dussart Philippe
Published: July 2023

Introduction

COVID-19-associated mortality remains difficult to estimate in sub-Saharan Africa because of the lack of comprehensive systems of death registration. Based on death registers referring to the capital city of Madagascar, we sought to estimate the excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and calculate the loss of life expectancy.

Methods

Death records between 2016 and 2021 were used to estimate weekly excess mortality during the pandemic period. To infer its synchrony with circulation of SARS-CoV-2, a cross-wavelet analysis was performed. Life expectancy loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic was calculated by projecting mortality rates using the Lee and Carter model and extrapolating the prepandemic trends (1990–2019). Differences in life expectancy at birth were disaggregated by cause of death.

Results

Peaks of excess mortality in 2020–21 were associated with waves of COVID-19. Estimates of all-cause excess mortality were 38.5 and 64.9 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2020 and 2021, respectively, with excess mortality reaching ≥50% over 6 weeks. In 2021, we quantified a drop of 0.8 and 1.0 years in the life expectancy for men and women, respectively attributable to increased risks of death beyond the age of 60 years.

Conclusion

We observed high excess mortality during the pandemic period, in particular around the peaks of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Antananarivo. Our study highlights the need to implement death registration systems in low-income countries to document true toll of a pandemic.
Parkrun as self-managed cardiac rehabilitation: secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey of parkrun in the UK
Authors: Haake Steve , Johnson Thomas W , Bourne Jessica , Quirk Helen , Bullas Alice
Published: July 2023

Objectives

Cardiac rehabilitation following a cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related illness has been shown to reduce the risk of heart attack and hospital admission. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends 3–5 days per week of moderate to vigorous exercise. Despite this, only 38% of those eligible complete rehabilitation programmes. Parkrun organises free, weekly, timed, 5 km running or walking events. The aim of this study was to investigate whether parkrun can support self-managed cardiac rehabilitation.

Methods

We undertook a secondary analysis of a survey of UK parkrunners, comparing responses of those reporting no health conditions (n=53 967) with those with one or more CVD-related conditions (n=404). Thematic analysis was used to analyse 53 open-ended text comments from the latter.

Results

Four hundred and four respondents (0.7% of the total) reported CVD-related conditions with the largest proportions among those walking the event (24% of male participants and 5% of female participants). For those doing <3 days per week of physical activity at registration, 47% increased activity to ≥3 days per week. Among those with CVD-related conditions, participation in parkrun led to perceived improvements in fitness (81% of participants), physical health (80% or participants) and happiness (74% of participants). Two thirds reported improvements to their ability to manage their condition(s) and half to their lifestyle choices. Analysis of 53 open-text comments revealed that those with CVD-related conditions used parkrun to monitor their condition and were motivated by encouragement from the parkrun community. Enjoyment and fun were important for engagement, although some individuals were dispirited by poor performance due to their conditions.

Conclusions

Individuals with CVD-related conditions used parkrun to self-manage their rehabilitation; this applied to those attending parkrun following disease onset as well as those engaged with parkrun prior to their condition. Parkrun, or events with similar characteristics, could support self-managed cardiac rehabilitation.
Gut microbiota composition and metabolite profiling in smokers: a comparative study between emphysema and asymptomatic individuals with therapeutic implications
Authors: Lee Se Hee , Kim Jiseon , Kim Na Hyun , Kim Ock-Hwa , Shon Chang-Ho , Kim Su Jung , Jang Youngwon , Yun Sunmi , Lim Se Eun , Jung So Yi , Yoo Hyun Ju , Heo Sun-Hee , Lee Sei Won
Published: July 2023

Background

Diet has a crucial role in the gut microbiota, and dysbiosis in the gut and lungs has been suggested to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We compared the diet, microbiome and metabolome between asymptomatic smokers and those with emphysema.

Methods

We enrolled 10 asymptomatic smokers with preserved lung function and 16 smokers with emphysema with severe airflow limitation. Dietary intake information was gathered by a self-reported questionnaire. Sputum and faecal samples were collected for microbial and metabolomics analysis. A murine model of emphysema was used to determine the effect of metabolite supplementation.

Results

Despite having a similar smoking history with emphysema patients, asymptomatic smokers had higher values of body mass index, fibre intake and faecal acetate level. Linear discriminant analysis identified 17 microbial taxonomic members that were relatively enriched in the faeces of asymptomatic smokers. Analysis of similarity results showed dissimilarity between the two groups (r=0.287, p=0.003). Higher acetate level was positively associated with forced expiratory volume in one second in the emphysema group (r=0.628, p=0.012). Asymptomatic smokers had a greater number of species associated with acetate and propionate (r>0.6) than did those with emphysema (30 vs 19). In an emphysema mouse model, supplementation of acetate and propionate reduced alveolar destruction and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and propionate decreased the CD3+CD4+IL-17+T-cell population in the lung and spleen.

Conclusion

Smokers with emphysema showed differences in diet, microbiome and short-chain fatty acids compared with asymptomatic smokers. Acetate and propionate showed therapeutic effects in a smoking-induced murine model of emphysema.
Estimating the attributable fraction of mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome to inform enrichment in future randomised clinical trials
Authors: Saha Rohit , Pham Tài , Sinha Pratik , Maddali Manoj V , Bellani Giacomo , Fan Eddy , Summers Charlotte , Douiri Abdel , Rubenfeld Gordon D , Calfee Carolyn S , Laffey John Gerard , McAuley Daniel Francis , Shankar-Hari Manu
Published: July 2023

Background

Efficiency of randomised clinical trials of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) depends on the fraction of deaths attributable to ARDS (AFARDS) to which interventions are targeted. Estimates of AFARDSin subpopulations of ARDS could improve design of ARDS trials.

Methods

We performed a matched case-control study using the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE cohort. Primary outcome was intensive care unit mortality. We used nearest neighbour propensity score matching without replacement to match ARDS to non-ARDS populations. We derived two separate AFARDSestimates by matching patients with ARDS to patients with non-acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (non-AHRF) and to patients with AHRF with unilateral infiltrates only (AHRF-UL). We also estimated AFARDSin subgroups based on severity of hypoxaemia, number of lung quadrants involved and hyperinflammatory versus hypoinflammatory phenotypes. Additionally, we derived AFAHRFestimates by matching patients with AHRF to non-AHRF controls, and AFAHRF-ULestimates by matching patients with AHRF-UL to non-AHRF controls.

Results

Estimated AFARDSwas 20.9% (95% CI 10.5% to 31.4%) when compared with AHRF-UL controls and 38.0% (95% CI 34.4% to 41.6%) compared with non-AHRF controls. Within subgroups, estimates for AFARDScompared with AHRF-UL controls were highest in patients with severe hypoxaemia (41.1% (95% CI 25.2% to 57.1%)), in those with four quadrant involvement on chest radiography (28.9% (95% CI 13.4% to 44.3%)) and in the hyperinflammatory subphenotype (26.8% (95% CI 6.9% to 46.7%)). Estimated AFAHRFwas 33.8% (95% CI 30.5% to 37.1%) compared with non-AHRF controls. Estimated AFAHRF-ULwas 21.3% (95% CI 312.8% to 29.7%) compared with non-AHRF controls.

Conclusions

Overall AFARDSmean values were between 20.9% and 38.0%, with higher AFARDSseen with severe hypoxaemia, four quadrant involvement on chest radiography and hyperinflammatory ARDS.
Effects of fine aggregate content on the unsaturated hydraulic characteristics of recycled concrete aggregate
Authors: Chen Rui , Wu Fan , Ng Charles W.W. , Tai Pei , Mei Dong-jie
Published: July 2023

Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) can be used in landfill and slope cover systems, where its unsaturated hydraulic properties play an important role. The hydraulic behavior of RCAs can be potentially controlled through mixing coarse and fine aggregates by a pre-determined proportion, which lacks experimental validation. In this study, water retention curve (WRC) and permeability function (PF) of RCAs with different fine aggregate contents ( fc) were investigated. Experiments on 9 RCAs with different gradations reveal that when fc is between 20% and 30%, a second air entry value appears, and the shape of both WRC and PF becomes bimodal, which is probably resulted from an uneven dual-peak pore size distribution. With an increasing fc, the first air entry value and the residual water content increases. The unsaturated coefficient of permeability decreases with the increasing fc for a low suction level (<0.1 kPa), but increases with the raise of fc for high suction (>10 kPa). Overall, adopting a properly mixed RCA with fc value of less than 10% or over 40%, instead of a narrowly graded RCA, is recommended for coarse- and fine-grained layers in a capillary barrier, respectively.