bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Typical Features of the Moscow Russia as Early-modern State in the Context of the Comparative and Legal Analysis
Authors: Borisov Gennady A. , Krikun Vladimir G. , Kutko Victoria V. , Penskoy Vitaly V. , Sherstobitova Svetlana V.
Published: June 2017

In this article features of political regime development in the Russian state of the Moscow era (the end of the XV-XVII centuries) are considered in the general context of the European early-modern states of the XVI-XVII centuries formation and evolution. Use of new methodological approaches and deeper and at the same time original approach to the analysis of both narrative, and assembly materials allow to conclude that, despite unusual, at first sight, features of development of the Russian state during the considered period (those natural and geographical conditions caused first of all by character it developed in), Russia can be put in one row with such early-modern states as France, Spain or the Ottoman Empire. For all of them who are not possessing the developed officialdom and so developed fiscal institutes and power tools (represented by regular army, police and so forth), the aspiration to find a certain balance of interests between raison d’État (understanding as it first of all interest dynastic) and bien public (that it is first of all interest of the most active and influential part of society, "the political nation" in the political plan) as it guaranteed the power necessary legitimacy, obedience and support from society as indispensable conditions of more or less effective functioning of power institutes is inherent.
Onherstelbaar onrecht
Authors: Pemberton Antony , Oudejans Nanda
Published: June 2017

Irreparable injustice An exploration of the relationship between justice and injustice

In this article the authors reflect upon Judith Shklar’s classic book The Faces of Injustice. They maintain that injustice is wrongly confined to the absence or counterpart of justice. The authors discuss the relationship between and the difference between injustice and justice. According to the authors, injustice has more intensity than justice. Legal rules have only limited power to fight extreme forms of injustice. They argue that there is an asymmetry between justice and injustice, also because the law introduces values as predictability and regularity that, in concrete situations, are badly equipped to eliminate injustice. They claim that injustice is rooted in the idiosyncratic perspectives of those who suffered harm and argue that injustice has a ‘playful’ character, while the law has the character of a game. Finally, they argue that injustice is at the core an intimate experience, whereas justice is primarily about relationships between people. The authors outline the implications of these points for thinking about restoration and the relationship between restoration processes and the law.
Female empowerment of Amazonian riverine beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família program
Authors: Santos Thamyris Maués dos , Nunes Brenda , Pontes Fernando Augusto Ramos , Silva Simone Souza da Costa
Published: June 2017

Today, policies of combat to poverty prioritize women as owners in programs of income transference, among them, Bolsa Família Program. Considering that women empowerment is influenced by this social policy, this research aimed to identify the dimensions of the process of empowerment achieved by riparian women, beneficiary of the program. The research was performed at Combú Island, Belém do Pará. Four riparian mothers took part in the study. For data collection, the Sociodemographic Inventory and semi structured interviews were used. As procedure of organization of information, content analysis was used. The categories, which appeared from the beneficiary perceptions were adapted from literature and defined as economic, family, social and psychological empowerment. The results showed that after the entrance in BFP the notion of a owned income and bigger control of resources were obtained by a parcel of the participants, providing a partial economic empowerment. The befit increased the purchase power, and gave to these women grater management over family decision-making. The ownership of the program’s card made them to feel benefited when following-up children, providing social visibility to these mothers, when not depending completely of the husbands’ intermediation. Lastly, the benefit generated in the participants a feeling of stability, for having money, security for the family monthly needs. The empowerment that riparian women achieved shows that they passed to interfere in the dynamics and providing of the family before the lack or not of their husbands’ income.
Marine redox stratification during the early Cambrian (ca. 529‐509 Ma) and its control on the development of organic‐rich shales in Yangtze Platform
Authors: Zhang Yuying , He Zhiliang , Jiang Shu , Gao Bo , Liu Zhongbao , Han Bo , Wang Hu
Published: June 2017

High resolution geochemical data from nine sections representing shelf to basinal environments in the Yangtze Platform were analyzed to reconstruct the marine redox environment during early Cambrian. Based on Fe species and Mo/TOC ratios, we have supplemented marine redox stratification during Stage 4 (late Canglangpuian‐Longwangmiaoan, ∼514‐509 Ma) on basis of the previously studied Stage 2‐Stage 3 (Meishucunian‐Qiongzhusian, ∼529‐514 Ma). A new proposed marine stratified redox model indicates that the middepth “euxinic wedge” developed at the base of slope during ∼514‐509 Ma in contrast to that the “euxinic wedge” prevailed at the shelf margin during ∼529‐514 Ma, even though these middepth euxinic waters both occurred between the oxic surface waters and ferruginous deep waters. This marine redox stratification resulted in high production and good preservation of organic matter during early Cambrian. TOC values in euxinic waters in the middle are generally higher than in ferruginous waters due to upwelling in slope. Therefore, the lower Cambrian organic‐rich shales in the Yangtze Platform are inferred to be deposited under the anoxic‐ferruginous and euxinic bottom waters with moderate‐strong restriction.
Radar observations of thermal plasma oscillations in the ionosphere
Authors: Vierinen Juha , Gustavsson Björn , Hysell David L. , Sulzer Michael P. , Perillat Phil , Kudeki Erhan
Published: June 2017

Incoherent scatter radar observations of ionospheric plasmas rely on echoes from electron density fluctuations with properties governed by the dispersion relations for ion acoustic and Langmuir waves. Radar observations of echoes associated with Langmuir waves (plasma lines) from thermal plasma are weak, and only a few near‐thermal level measurements have been reported. Plasma line echoes are typically only observed with existing radars only when the Langmuir waves are enhanced by suprathermal electrons. A new observation technique has been developed which is sensitive enough to allow observations of these echoes without the presence of suprathermal electrons up to at least 1000 km. This paper presents recent observations from the Arecibo Observatory 430 MHz incoherent scatter radar which show plasma line echoes during the night when no suprathermal enhancement is expected to be present. The observations are compared with theory, and the results are found to be in agreement with classical incoherent scatter theory for thermal plasmas. The theoretical ratio of the ion line and plasma line power spectral density is within approximately 3 dB of the predicted value. The finding adds a new observational capability, allowing electron density to also be observed at night using the plasma line well into the top side of the ionosphere, increasing the accuracy of the electron density measurement.
The mechanisms behind Jakobshavn Isbræ's acceleration and mass loss: A 3‐D thermomechanical model study
Authors: Bondzio Johannes H. , Morlighem Mathieu , Seroussi Hélène , Kleiner Thomas , Rückamp Martin , Mouginot Jeremie , Moon Twila , Larour Eric Y. , Humbert Angelika
Published: June 2017

The mechanisms causing widespread flow acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland, remain unclear despite an abundance of observations and modeling studies. Here we simulate the glacier's evolution from 1985 to 2016 using a three‐dimensional thermomechanical ice flow model. The model captures the timing and 90% of the observed changes by forcing the calving front. Basal drag in the trough is low, and lateral drag balances the ice stream's driving stress. The calving front position is the dominant control on changes of Jakobshavn Isbræ since the ice viscosity in the shear margins instantaneously drops in response to the stress perturbation caused by calving front retreat, which allows for widespread flow acceleration. Gradual shear margin warming contributes 5 to 10% to the total acceleration. Our simulations suggest that the glacier will contribute to eustatic sea level rise at a rate comparable to or higher than at present.
Bounds on geologically current rates of motion of groups of hot spots
Authors: Wang Chengzu , Gordon Richard G. , Zhang Tuo
Published: June 2017

It is widely believed that groups of hot spots in different regions of the world are in relative motion at rates of 10 to 30 mm a−1 or more. Here we present a new method for analyzing geologically current motion between groups of hot spots beneath different plates. In an inversion of 56 globally distributed, equally weighted trends of hot spot tracks, the dispersion is dominated by differences in trend between different plates rather than differences within plates. Nonetheless the rate of hot spot motion perpendicular to the direction of absolute plate motion, vperp, differs significantly from zero for only 3 of 10 plates and then by merely 0.3 to 1.4 mm a−1. The global mean upper bound on |vperp| is 3.2 ± 2.7 mm a−1. Therefore, hot spots move slowly and can be used to define a global reference frame for plate motions.
Sensitivity of tropospheric ozone to chemical kinetic uncertainties in air masses influenced by anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions
Authors: Ridley D. A. , Cain M. , Methven J. , Arnold S. R.
Published: June 2017

We use a Lagrangian chemical transport model with a Monte Carlo approach to determine impacts of kinetic rate uncertainties on simulated concentrations of ozone, NOy and OH in a high‐altitude biomass burning plume and a low‐level industrial pollution plume undergoing long‐range transport. Uncertainties in kinetic rate constants yield 10–12 ppbv (5th to 95th percentile) uncertainty in the ozone concentration, dominated by reactions that cycle NO and NO2, control NOx conversion to NOy reservoir species, and key reactions contributing to O3 loss (O(1D) + H2O, HO2 + O3). Our results imply that better understanding of the peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) thermal decomposition constant is key to predicting large‐scale O3 production from fire emissions and uncertainty in the reaction of NO + O3 at low temperatures is particularly important for both the anthropogenic and biomass burning plumes. The highlighted reactions serve as a useful template for targeting new laboratory experiments aimed at reducing uncertainties in our understanding of tropospheric O3 photochemistry.
Land use change impacts on floods at the catchment scale: Challenges and opportunities for future research
Authors: Rogger M. , Agnoletti M. , Alaoui A. , Bathurst J. C. , Bodner G. , Borga M. , Chaplot V. , Gallart F. , Glatzel G. , Hall J. , Holden J. , Holko L. , Horn R. , Kiss A. , Kohnová S. , Leitinger G. , Lennartz B. , Parajka J. , Perdigão R. , Peth S. , Plavcová L. , Quinton J. N. , Robinson M. , Salinas J. L. , Santoro A. , Szolgay J. , Tron S. , van den Akker J. J. H. , Viglione A. , Blöschl G.
Published: June 2017

Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest management, agricultural practices, artificial drainage, and terracing are identified. Potential strategies in addressing these gaps are proposed, such as complex systems approaches to link processes across time scales, long‐term experiments on physical‐chemical‐biological process interactions, and a focus on connectivity and patterns across spatial scales. It is suggested that these strategies will stimulate new research that coherently addresses the issues across hydrology, soil and agricultural sciences, forest engineering, forest ecology, and geomorphology.
Determination of hyporheic travel time distributions and other parameters from concurrent conservative and reactive tracer tests by local‐in‐global optimization
Authors: Knapp Julia L. A. , Cirpka Olaf A.
Published: June 2017

The complexity of hyporheic flow paths requires reach‐scale models of solute transport in streams that are flexible in their representation of the hyporheic passage. We use a model that couples advective‐dispersive in‐stream transport to hyporheic exchange with a shape‐free distribution of hyporheic travel times. The model also accounts for two‐site sorption and transformation of reactive solutes. The coefficients of the model are determined by fitting concurrent stream‐tracer tests of conservative (fluorescein) and reactive (resazurin/resorufin) compounds. The flexibility of the shape‐free models give rise to multiple local minima of the objective function in parameter estimation, thus requiring global‐search algorithms, which is hindered by the large number of parameter values to be estimated. We present a local‐in‐global optimization approach, in which we use a Markov‐Chain Monte Carlo method as global‐search method to estimate a set of in‐stream and hyporheic parameters. Nested therein, we infer the shape‐free distribution of hyporheic travel times by a local Gauss‐Newton method. The overall approach is independent of the initial guess and provides the joint posterior distribution of all parameters. We apply the described local‐in‐global optimization method to recorded tracer breakthrough curves of three consecutive stream sections, and infer section‐wise hydraulic parameter distributions to analyze how hyporheic exchange processes differ between the stream sections.
Improving Adherence to Exercise: Do People With Knee Osteoarthritis and Physical Therapists Agree on the Behavioral Approaches Likely to Succeed?
Authors: Nicolson Philippa J. A. , Hinman Rana S. , French Simon D. , Lonsdale Chris , Bennell Kim L.
Published: June 2017

Objective

To describe which behavior change techniques (BCTs) to promote adherence to exercise have been experienced by people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) or used by physical therapists, and to describe patient‐ and physical therapist–perceived effectiveness of a range of BCTs derived from behavioral theory.

Methods

Two versions of a custom‐designed survey were administered in Australia and New Zealand, one completed by adults with symptomatic knee OA and the second by physical therapists who had treated people with knee OA in the past 6 months. Survey questions ascertained the frequency of receiving/prescribing exercise for knee OA, BCTs received/used targeting adherence to exercise, and perceived effectiveness of 36 BCTs to improve adherence to prescribed exercise.

Results

A total of 230 people with knee OA and 143 physical therapists completed the survey. Education about the benefits of exercise was the most commonly received/used technique by both groups. People with knee OA rated the perceived effectiveness of all BCTs significantly lower than the physical therapists (mean difference 1.9 [95% confidence interval 1.8–2.0]). When ranked by group mean agreement score, 2 BCTs were among the top 5 for both groups: development of specific goals related to knee pain and function; and review, supervision, and correction of exercise technique at subsequent treatment sessions.

Conclusion

Goal‐setting techniques related to outcomes were considered to be effective by both respondent groups, and testing of interventions incorporating these strategies should be a research priority.
Valuing Treatment With Infliximab for Ankylosing Spondylitis Using a Willingness‐to‐Pay Approach
Authors: Webers Casper , Essers Ivette , van Tubergen Astrid , Braun Jürgen , Heldmann Frank , Baraliakos Xenofon , Boonen Annelies
Published: June 2017

Objective

To investigate willingness to pay (WTP) for treatment with infliximab by patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and explore factors associated with WTP.

Methods

Data from 85 patients participating in the European AS Infliximab Cohort (EASIC) open‐label extension of the AS Study for the Evaluation of Recombinant Infliximab Therapy (ASSERT) were used. WTP was included at baseline in EASIC and comprised a hypothetical scenario exploring whether the patient would be willing to pay for beneficial effects of infliximab and, if so, what amount they would be willing to pay per administration. Factors associated with WTP were explored using zero‐inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regressions.

Results

Of the 85 patients, 63 (74.1%) were willing to pay, and among these, the mean amount they were willing to pay per administration was €275 (median €100 [interquartile range €50–200]). Multivariable ZINB analysis showed that Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society criteria for 20% improvement (ASAS20) response was associated with a 7‐fold lower likelihood to pay 0 euros (odds ratio [OR] 0.14 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.03–0.71]) and a 3‐fold increase in the amount willing to pay (exp(β) = 3.32 [95% CI 1.44–7.69]). In addition, the country of residence was associated with a lower likelihood to pay 0 euros (OR 0.07 [95% CI 0.02–0.36]), while increased age was associated with the amount willing to pay (exp(β) = 1.05 [95% CI 1.01–1.09]).

Conclusion

In a hypothetical scenario, three‐quarters of patients with AS receiving long‐term infliximab stated that they were willing to pay an out‐of‐pocket contribution for this treatment. Treatment response contributed to the willingness as well as to the amount patients were willing to pay.
Quantifying Digital Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis: Reliability of Computer‐Assisted Planimetry in Measuring Lesion Size
Authors: Simpson V. , Hughes M. , Wilkinson J. , Herrick A. L. , Dinsdale G.
Published: June 2017

Objective

Digital ulcers are a major problem in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), causing severe pain and impairment of hand function. In addition, digital ulcers heal slowly and sometimes become infected, which can lead to gangrene and necessitate amputation if appropriate intervention is not taken. A reliable, objective method for assessing digital ulcer healing or progression is needed in both the clinical and research arenas. This study was undertaken to compare 2 computer‐assisted planimetry methods of measurement of digital ulcer area on photographs (ellipse and freehand regions of interest [ROIs]), and to assess the reliability of photographic calibration and the 2 methods of area measurement.

Methods

Photographs were taken of 107 digital ulcers in 36 patients with SSc spectrum disease. Three raters assessed the photographs. Custom software allowed raters to calibrate photograph dimensions and draw ellipse or freehand ROIs. The shapes and dimensions of the ROIs were saved for further analysis.

Results

Calibration (by a single rater performing 5 repeats per image) produced an intraclass correlation coefficient (intrarater reliability) of 0.99. The mean ± SD areas of digital ulcers assessed using ellipse and freehand ROIs were 18.7 ± 20.2 mm2 and 17.6 ± 19.3 mm2, respectively. Intrarater and interrater reliability of the ellipse ROI were 0.97 and 0.77, respectively. For the freehand ROI, the intrarater and interrater reliability were 0.98 and 0.76, respectively.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that computer‐assisted planimetry methods applied to SSc‐related digital ulcers can be extremely reliable. Further work is needed to move toward applying these methods as outcome measures for clinical trials and in clinical settings.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients’ Motivations for Accepting or Resisting Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Treatment Regimens
Authors: Shaw Yomei , Metes Ilinca D. , Michaud Kaleb , Donohue Julie M. , Roberts Mark S. , Levesque Marc C. , Chang Judy C.
Published: June 2017

Objective

Patient refusal of and nonadherence to treatment with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) can adversely affect disease outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This qualitative study describes how RA patients’ feelings in response to experiences and information affected their decisions to accept (agree to adopt, initiate, and implement) or resist (refuse, avoid, and discontinue) DMARD treatment regimens.

Methods

A total of 48 RA patients were interviewed about their experiences making decisions about DMARDs. The interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes related to their internal motivations for accepting or resisting treatment regimens, using a narrative analysis approach.

Results

In addition to feelings about the necessity and dangers of medications, patients’ feelings towards their identity as an ill person, the act of taking medication, and the decision process itself were important drivers of patient's decisions. For patients’ motivations to accept treatment regimens, 2 themes emerged: a desire to return to a normal life, and fear of future disability due to RA. For motivations to resist treatment regimens, 5 themes emerged: fear of medications, maintaining control over health, denial of sick identity, disappointment with treatment, and feeling overwhelmed by the cognitive burden of deciding.

Conclusion

Feelings in response to experiences and information played a major role in how patients weighed the benefits and costs of treatment options, suggesting that addressing patients’ feelings may be important when rheumatologists counsel about therapeutic options. Further research is needed to learn how best to address patients’ feelings throughout the treatment decision‐making process.
Effects of mixing di‐ and tri‐functional epoxy monomers on epoxy/thermoplastic blends
Authors: Cicala Gianluca , Mannino Salvatore , Latteri Alberta , Ognibene Giulia , Saccullo Giuseppe
Published: June 2017

Two different epoxy monomers, based on the diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and triglycidyl‐p‐aminophenol (TGAP), which are di‐ and tri‐functional, respectively, were mixed in varying proportions and cured with bis(2,6‐diethylaniline) (MDEA). Toughened epoxy resins were prepared by adding a coPolyethersulfone (coPES) to the resin mixture. The dynamic mechanical and morphological properties of the cured materials were measured. It was found that the blends based on TGAP presented different viscoelastic and morphological behavior compared to DGEBA‐based formulations. Mixing TGAP with DGEBA resulted in increased glass transition temperature and homogeneous phase morphology distribution.
Electrospinning and crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan composite nanofiber for transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Cui Zhixiang , Zheng Zifeng , Lin Luyin , Si Junhui , Wang Qianting , Peng Xiangfang , Chen Wenzhe
Published: June 2017

The drug‐loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS) composite nanofibers intended to be used as matrix for transdermal drug delivery were fabricated by electrospinning, and then crosslinked through glulataraldehyde (GA). The morphology, chemical structure, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity and drug release properties of drug‐loaded PVA/CS composite nanofibers before and after crosslinking were characterized. The results showed that the morphology of PVA/CS composite nanofibers was not been destroyed in both crosslinking and in vitro drug release process. The Young's modulus, tensile strength, thermal properties and hydrophobicity of crosslinked PVA/CS composite nanofibers significantly increased in comparison with those of PVA/CS (without crosslinking) due to the formation of crosslinking network structure. In vitro release studies showed that crosslinked PVA/CS composite nanofibers had lower drug release rate and smaller amount of drug burst release than that of PVA/CS. According to release exponent “n”, the release of ampicillin sodium from crosslinked PVA/CS composite nanofibers fit to the Fickian diffusion mechanism. Those results demonstrate the potential utilization of crosslinked PVA/CS composite nanofibers as a transdermal drug delivery system.
Pipe flow of a dense emulsion: Homogeneous shear‐thinning or shear‐induced migration?
Authors: Abbas Micheline , Pouplin Amélie , Masbernat Olivier , Liné Alain , Décarre Sandrine
Published: June 2017

The flow field of a 70% concentrated noncolloidal o/w emulsion in a pipe has been investigated by means of Particle Image Velocimetry in a matched refractive index medium. At steady state and in laminar regime, the shape of axial velocity profiles is not parabolic and exhibits a shear‐thinning behavior of the dense emulsion, with a flow index of 0.5 and a negligible yield stress (less than 1 Pa). However, instead of a square root law, the pressure drop increases linearly with Um. To explain this apparent inconsistency, two mechanisms of different nature are considered. The first originates from a possible relation between the consistency factor and the drop mean diameter. The second mechanism is shear‐induced migration and leads to the development of a concentration gradient in the pipe cross section. Both mechanisms considered reconcile the experimental data, the apparent local shear‐thinning behavior and the linear evolution of the pressure drop with the flow rate. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017
Intra‐individual metameric variation expressed at the enamel‐dentine junction of lower post‐canine dentition of South African fossil hominins and modern humans
Authors: Pan Lei , Thackeray John Francis , Dumoncel Jean , Zanolli Clément , Oettlé Anna , de Beer Frikkie , Hoffman Jakobus , Duployer Benjamin , Tenailleau Christophe , Braga José
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study is to compare the degree and patterning of inter‐ and intra‐individual metameric variation in South African australopiths, early Homo and modern humans. Metameric variation likely reflects developmental and taxonomical issues, and could also be used to infer ecological and functional adaptations. However, its patterning along the early hominin postcanine dentition, particularly among South African fossil hominins, remains unexplored.

Materials and Methods

Using microfocus X‐ray computed tomography (µXCT) and geometric morphometric tools, we studied the enamel‐dentine junction (EDJ) morphology and we investigated the intra‐ and inter‐individual EDJ metameric variation among eight australopiths and two early Homo specimens from South Africa, as well as 32 modern humans.

Results

Along post‐canine dentition, shape changes between metameres represented by relative positions and height of dentine horns, outlines of the EDJ occlusal table are reported in modern and fossil taxa. Comparisons of EDJ mean shapes and multivariate analyses reveal substantial variation in the direction and magnitude of metameric shape changes among taxa, but some common trends can be found. In modern humans, both the direction and magnitude of metameric shape change show increased variability in M2‐M3 compared to M1‐M2. Fossil specimens are clustered together showing similar magnitudes of shape change. Along M2‐M3, the lengths of their metameric vectors are not as variable as those of modern humans, but they display considerable variability in the direction of shape change.

Conclusion

The distalward increase of metameric variation along the modern human molar row is consistent with the odontogenetic models of molar row structure (inhibitory cascade model). Though much remains to be tested, the variable trends and magnitudes in metamerism in fossil hominins reported here, together with differences in the scale of shape change between modern humans and fossil hominins may provide valuable information regarding functional morphology and developmental processes in fossil species.
Impact of tobacco smoke on upper airway dendritic cell accumulation and regulation by sinonasal epithelial cells
Authors: Mulligan Jennifer K. , O'Connell Brendan P. , Pasquini Whitney , Mulligan Ryan M. , Smith Sarah , Soler Zachary M. , Atkinson Carl , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: June 2017

Background

In these studies we examined the impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and active smoking on sinonasal dendritic cell (DC) subsets in controls or patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). In subsequent in‐vitro investigations, we examined the influence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on human sinonasal epithelial cells’ (HSNECs) ability to regulate DC functions.

Methods

Sinonasal tissue, blood, and hair were collected from patients undergoing sinus surgery. Smoking status and ETS exposure were determined by hair nicotine. DC subsets were examined by flow cytometric analysis. Monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were treated with conditioned medium from non‐smoked‐exposed HSNECs (NS‐HSNECs) or cigarette‐smoke‐extract‐exposed HSNECs (CSE‐HSNECs) to assess the impact of CSE exposure on HSNEC regulation of moDC functions.

Results

Control subjects who were active smokers displayed increased sinonasal moDC and myeloid dendritic 1 (mDC1) cells and reduced mDC2 cells, whereas, in CRSwNP patients, only moDC and mDC2 cells were altered. ETS was found to increase only moDCs in the CRSwNP patients. In vitro, CSE stimulated HSNEC secretion of the moDC regulatory products chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 20, prostaglandin E2, and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor. CSE exposure also promoted HSNECs to stimulate monocyte and moDC migration. moDCs treated with CSE‐HSNEC media stimulated an increase in antigen uptake and expression of CD80 and CD86. Last, CSE‐HSNEC‐treated moDCs secreted increased levels of interleukin‐10, interferon‐γ, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin.

Conclusion

Active smoking, and to a lesser degree ETS, alters the sinonasal composition of DCs. A potential mechanism to account for this is that cigarette smoke stimulates HSNECs to induce moDC migration, maturation, and activation.
Low‐Dimensional Organic Tin Bromide Perovskites and Their Photoinduced Structural Transformation
Authors: Zhou Chenkun , Tian Yu , Wang Mingchao , Rose Alyssa , Besara Tiglet , Doyle Nicholas K. , Yuan Zhao , Wang Jamie C. , Clark Ronald , Hu Yanyan , Siegrist Theo , Lin Shangchao , Ma Biwu
Published: June 2017

Hybrid organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites possess exceptional structural tunability, with three‐ (3D), two‐ (2D), one‐ (1D), and zero‐dimensional (0D) structures on the molecular level all possible. While remarkable progress has been realized in perovskite research in recent years, the focus has been mainly on 3D and 2D structures, with 1D and 0D structures significantly underexplored. The synthesis and characterization of a series of low‐dimensional organic tin bromide perovskites with 1D and 0D structures is reported. Using the same organic and inorganic components, but at different ratios and reaction conditions, both 1D (C4N2H14)SnBr4 and 0D (C4N2H14Br)4SnBr6 can be prepared in high yields. Moreover, photoinduced structural transformation from 1D to 0D was investigated experimentally and theoretically in which photodissociation of 1D metal halide chains followed by structural reorganization leads to the formation of a more thermodynamically stable 0D structure.
Ein allgemeiner Mechanismus der Photokonvertierung von grün‐zu‐rot fluoreszierenden Proteinen unter blauem und infrarotem Licht reduziert Phototoxität in der Einzelmolekülmikroskopie von lebenden Zellen
Authors: Turkowyd Bartosz , Balinovic Alexander , Virant David , Gölz Carnero Haruko G. , Caldana Fabienne , Endesfelder Marc , Bourgeois Dominique , Endesfelder Ulrike
Published: June 2017

Photokonversion von fluoreszierenden Proteinen mithilfe von blauem und komplementärem nah‐infraroten Licht, genannt “Primed Conversion” (PC), ist ein kürzlich für Dendra2 entdeckter Mechanismus. Die Kontrolle über die Konformation von Arginin an Position 66 und Threonin an Position 69 fluoreszierender Proteine aus Anthozoa (Proteinfamilien Dendra2, mMaple, Eos, mKikGR, pcDronpa) ermöglicht in allgemeiner Weise PC. Mutationen von Alanin 159 oder Serin 173, die dafür bekannt sind, die Chromophorflexibilität zu beeinflussen und reversibles Photoschalten zu ermöglichen, verhindern PC. Eine verbesserte Photokonversion wurde für pcDronpa‐Varianten mit Asparagin 116 beobachtet. Die reduzierte Phototoxizität bei der Anwendung von PC in der Einzelmolekül‐Mikroskopie von lebenden Zellen wird demonstriert, und es werden Trajektorien der RNA‐Polymerase‐Dynamiken in Escherichia‐coli‐Zellen aufgezeichnet.
Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) vinyl acetate)s: A Versatile Class of Thermoresponsive and Biocompatible Polymers
Authors: Hedir Guillaume G. , Arno Maria C. , Langlais Marvin , Husband Jonathan T. , O'Reilly Rachel K. , Dove Andrew P.
Published: June 2017

Polymers with a thermally triggered phase transition are important in the design of materials for biological applications, where their behavior can be used to trigger release or (dis)assembly events. Despite their advantages, a system with tunable thermal response, end‐group reactive sites, low toxicity, and controlled main‐chain degradability has not been realized, yet this would be a significant advance. The versatile new poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) vinyl acetate)s are presented with excellent control over their molecular properties obtained through RAFT/MADIX polymerization. Furthermore, we demonstrate structure‐controlled thermal transitions, conjugation to human lysozyme through the retained end‐group, and moreover show that this class of polymers can uniquely be copolymerized with 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (MDO) to generate polymers in which the degradability and cloud point can be independently tuned to create materials that display the same cloud point but degrade differently.
Reversible Photothermal Isomerization of Carborane‐Fused Azaborole to Borirane: Synthesis and Reactivity of Carbene‐Stabilized Carborane‐Fused Borirane
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhang Jiji , Xie Zuowei
Published: June 2017

A fully reversible photothermal isomerization between carborane‐fused trigonal‐planar azaborole (dark‐purple) and tetrahedral borirane (pale‐yellow) has been observed, leading to the isolation and structural characterization of the first example of carborane‐fused borirane. DFT calculations indicate that the azaborole is thermodynamically more stable than the borirane by 11.2 kcal mol−1, and the energy barrier for the thermal conversion from azaborole to borirane is 35.5 kcal mol−1. The reactivity studies show that the B−C(cage) bond in borirane can be broken in the reaction with CuCl, HCl, or elemental sulfur.
Archipelago Los Roques: A potential baseline for reef fish assemblages in the southern Caribbean
Authors: Elise Simon , Urbina‐Barreto Isabel , Boadas‐Gil Hazael , Galindo‐Vivas Miguel , Arias‐González Jesús Ernesto , Floeter Sergio Ricardo , Friedlander Alan Marc , Nemeth Michael , Kulbicki Michel
Published: June 2017

1. Despite increasing policies of protection, few localities in the Caribbean remain spared from human impacts. These lightly affected areas can better reflect the past composition of reef fish assemblages and provide baseline information about the natural factors driving fish distributions in the region.

2. Reef fish assemblage structures were analysed in 21 Caribbean fished areas and marine protected areas (MPAs) along a gradient of distance to the nearest major market place. Assemblage structures by size and by trophic group were significantly related to the distance to market.

3. Relationships of reef fish life‐history traits, families, and vulnerability indicators were examined with the seascape and the benthic composition at Los Roques Archipelago, the most isolated MPA in the analysis. Factors linked to seascape features were more important than benthic composition or human activities in explaining fish assemblage structure.

4. Wave exposure was the most influential seascape metric. Exposed habitats were dominated by octocorals and sponges. More sheltered habitats were characterized by high coral cover, while leeward sites were characterized by steep slopes with close proximity to deeper water.

5. Exposed habitats were mostly occupied by unspecialized fish species. Piscivore densities were high at south and south‐west sites, and were likely related to the large concentrations of planktivorous fishes found there. South and south‐west sites experience full oceanic conditions, and supported the highest species richness and densities within the archipelago.

6. Los Roques National Park is one of the oldest and most remote Caribbean MPAs. Its fish assemblage structure is healthier than other fished or protected areas, with higher species richness, higher density of piscivores, and an abundance of large species. Predator–prey relationships provided additional evidence that Los Roques reef fish assemblage presented specific characteristics.

7. The main patterns observed in this study represent a baseline for assessing reef fish assemblages elsewhere in the southern Caribbean.
Kittiwake breeding success in the southern North Sea correlates with prior sandeel fishing mortality
Authors: Carroll Matthew J. , Bolton Mark , Owen Ellie , Anderson Guy Q.A. , Mackley Elizabeth K. , Dunn Euan K. , Furness Robert W.
Published: June 2017

In the North Sea, sandeels provide a vital food source for breeding seabirds, but are also the target of an industrial fishery. GPS tracking suggests that the most productive fishing grounds overlap with foraging areas of black‐legged kittiwakes from eastern England, raising the prospect that the fishery could affect the birds. Rising sea temperatures also threaten sandeels, so kittiwake food supplies could be affected by local and larger‐scale processes.

Drivers of kittiwake breeding success at Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs Special Protection Area, the UK's largest colony, and one of the closest to the sandeel fishing grounds, were examined. Relationships between sandeel stocks, sea surface temperature and kittiwake breeding success were analysed with generalized linear mixed models and generalized linear models, with model performance assessed using the Akaike Information Criterion and R2.

Higher kittiwake breeding success was associated with higher sandeel spawning stock biomass (SSB; biomass of sexually mature fish) the preceding winter (R2 = 21.5%) and lower sandeel fishing mortality two years previously (R2 = 22.3%). After temporal trends were removed, only the fishing mortality effect remained. Models with multiple predictors supported the importance of fishing mortality. Higher sandeel SSB was associated with lower temperatures (R2 = 15.2–38.6%) and lower sandeel fishing mortality (R2 = 24.2–26.1%).

Hence, lower temperatures and fishing mortality were positively associated with sandeel biomass, and higher sandeel biomass and lower fishing mortality were positively associated with kittiwake productivity. In light of worsening environmental conditions and declining sandeel and kittiwake populations, careful consideration should be given to the requirements of sandeel‐dependent predators when making fishery management decisions.
Cross‐site randomized control trial of the Social ABCs caregiver‐mediated intervention for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Brian Jessica A. , Smith Isabel M. , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Bryson Susan E.
Published: June 2017

To evaluate the efficacy of the Social ABCs parent‐mediated intervention for toddlers with suspected or confirmed autism spectrum disorder (ASD), through a cross‐site randomized control trial, sixty‐three parent–toddler dyads (toddler age: 16–30 months) were randomized into treatment (Social ABCs) or control (service‐as‐usual) conditions. Video data were obtained at three key time‐points: Baseline; Post‐training (PT; week 12); and Follow‐Up (week 24). Analyses included 62 dyads. Treatment allocation significantly accounted for PT gains, all favouring the Treatment group, in (1) child functional vocal responsiveness to parent prompts (R2 = 0.43, P < .001), (2) child vocal initiations (R2 = 0.28, P < .001), (3) parent smiling (R2 = 0.09, P = .017), and (4) fidelity of implementation (R2 = 0.71, P < .001). A trend was observed for increased social orienting (R2 = 0.06, P = 0.054); gains in parent smiling significantly predicted increases in child smiling and social orienting. Parents in the treatment condition reported significant gains in self‐efficacy following the intervention (P = 0.009). No differential effects emerged for performance on standardized measures. The Social ABCs is a relatively low‐resource, efficacious intervention, with potential to be a cost‐effective means of intervening at the first signs of possible ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1700–1711. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Clinical Trial Title: Social ABCs for Toddlers with Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder: RCT of a Parent‐Mediated Intervention http//ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02428452.
A novel protein‐engineered hepatocyte growth factor analog released via a shear‐thinning injectable hydrogel enhances post‐infarction ventricular function
Authors: Steele Amanda N. , Cai Lei , Truong Vi N. , Edwards Bryan B. , Goldstone Andrew B. , Eskandari Anahita , Mitchell Aaron C. , Marquardt Laura M. , Foster Abbygail A. , Cochran Jennifer R. , Heilshorn Sarah C. , Woo Y. Joseph
Published: June 2017

In the last decade, numerous growth factors and biomaterials have been explored for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). While pre‐clinical studies have demonstrated promising results, clinical trials have been disappointing and inconsistent, likely due to poor translatability. In the present study, we investigate a potential myocardial regenerative therapy consisting of a protein‐engineered dimeric fragment of hepatocyte growth factor (HGFdf) encapsulated in a shear‐thinning, self‐healing, bioengineered hydrogel (SHIELD). We hypothesized that SHIELD would facilitate targeted, sustained intramyocardial delivery of HGFdf thereby attenuating myocardial injury and post‐infarction remodeling. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 45) underwent sham surgery or induction of MI followed by injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 10 μg HGFdf alone, SHIELD alone, or SHIELD encapsulating 10 μg HGFdf. Ventricular function, infarct size, and angiogenic response were assessed 4 weeks post‐infarction. Treatment with SHIELD + HGFdf significantly reduced infarct size and increased both ejection fraction and borderzone arteriole density compared to the controls. Thus, sustained delivery of HGFdf via SHIELD limits post‐infarction adverse ventricular remodeling by increasing angiogenesis and reducing fibrosis. Encapsulation of HGFdf in SHIELD improves clinical translatability by enabling minimally‐invasive delivery and subsequent retention and sustained administration of this novel, potent angiogenic protein analog. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2379–2389. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid Pharmacophoric Approach in the Design and Synthesis of Coumarin Linked Pyrazolinyl as Urease Inhibitors, Kinetic Mechanism and Molecular Docking
Authors: Saeed Aamer , Mahesar Parvez Ali , Channar Pervaiz Ali , Larik Fayaz Ali , Abbas Qamar , Hassan Mubashir , Raza Hussain , Seo Sung‐Yum
Published: June 2017

The current research article reports the synthesis of coumarinyl pyrazolinyl thioamide derivatives and their biological activity as inhibitors of jack bean urease. The coumarinyl pyrazolinyl thioamides were synthesized by reacting thiosemicarbazide with newly synthesized chalcones to afford the products in good yields and the synthesized compounds were purified by recrystallization. Coumarinyl pyrazolinyl thioamide derivatives 5a – 5q showed significant activity against Urease enzyme and also exhibited good antioxidant potential. The compound 3‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)‐5‐phenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazole‐1‐carbothioamide (5n) was found to be superior agent in the series with an IC50 = 0.358 ± 0.017 μm compared to standard thiourea with an IC50 = 4720 ± 174 μm. To undermine the binding mode of inhibition kinetic studies were performed for most potent derivative and it was found that compound 5n inhibits urease enzyme by non‐competitive mode of inhibition. Molecular docking studies were carried out to delineate the binding affinity of the synthesized derivatives.
A Boronic Acid Assay for the Detection of Mucin‐1 Glycoprotein from Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhang Shiqiang , Baek Seung Joon , Best Michael D.
Published: June 2017

Cell surface glycoproteins are commonly aberrant in disease and act as biomarkers that facilitate diagnostics. Mucin‐1 (MUC1) is a prominent example, exhibiting truncated glycosylation in cancer. We present herein a boronic acid microplate assay for sensitive and high‐throughput detection of such glycoproteins. The immobilization of biotin–boronic acid 1 onto streptavidin plates generated a multivalent surface for glycoprotein recruitment and detection. We first validated the binding properties of 1 in solution through titrations with alizarin dye. Next, the microplate assay was explored through horseradish peroxidase (HRP) analysis as a proof‐of‐concept glycoprotein with chemiluminescence detection. Finally, this platform was applied for the detection of MUC1 directly from MCF‐7 human breast cancer cell lysates by using an HRP‐tagged antibody that targets the cancerous form of this glycoprotein. Sensitive, dose‐dependent detection of MUC1 was observed, showcasing the efficacy of this platform for detecting disease‐associated glycoproteins.
Preparation of High‐Performance Membranes Derived from Poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene)/Zinc Oxide Particles
Authors: Saeedi Dehaghani Amir Hossein , Pirouzfar Vahid
Published: June 2017

The efficiency of gas separation by mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) derived from poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (PMP) filled by zinc oxide nanoparticles is investigated. The membranes are prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The zinc oxide nanoparticles are loaded at different weight percentages. The results reveal that adding zinc oxide nanoparticles at all loading percentages of the nanoparticles increases the selectivity of all gas pairs such as O2/N2, CO2/CH4, and CO2/N2. Furthermore, the CO2 permeability in PMP‐zinc oxide MMMs was significantly improved when increasing the feed pressure.
Ranking LGBT inclusion: Diversity ranking systems as institutional archetypes
Authors: Tayar Mark
Published: June 2017

This article discusses rankings that evaluate diversity and inclusion programs for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) employees. Rankings promote LGBT issues and reward organizations who work towards “best practice” with a high rating. However, rankings only legitimize one set of practices and often fail to give small organizations a clear path towards inclusion. Corporations are warned against checklist‐based diversity where rankings reward superficial rather than substantive change. Within new institutional theory, the concept of “distorted institutional fit” is introduced to explain distortions preventing “optimal institutional fit.” This article recommends a reprioritization of diversity program evaluations to reward only substantive change by evaluating the impact on the lived experiences of employees. Copyright © 2017 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Think leader, think heterosexual male? The perceived leadership effectiveness of gay male leaders
Authors: Morton John W.
Published: June 2017

Applying a framework of leadership categorization theory, I examined the leadership perceptions of heterosexual and gay male leaders. A significant interaction was found between participants' homonegativity and the sexual orientation of the target leader (heterosexual male or gay male) for the variable of leadership effectiveness. For participants who were less homonegative, there were no significant differences between evaluations of heterosexual and gay male leaders. However, individuals who were more homonegative evaluated the gay male leader more negatively than they did the heterosexual male leader. Implications of these findings for leaders with a minority sexual orientation and their organizations are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.