bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Remarkable Antitumor Properties of Fludelone: How We Got There
Authors: Rivkin Alexey , Chou Ting‐Chao , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: May 2005

Small‐molecule natural products are presumably often biosynthesized with a view to optimizing their ability to bind to strategic proteins or other biomolecular targets. Although the ultimate setting in which a drug must function may be very different, the use of such natural products as lead compounds can serve as a significant head start in the hunt for new agents of clinical value. Herein we reveal the synergistic relationship between chemical synthesis and drug optimization in the context of our research program around the epothilones: how synthesis led to the discovery of more‐potent epothilone derivatives, and discovery inspired the development of new synthetic routes, thus demonstrating the value of target‐directed total synthesis in the quest for new substances of material clinical benefit.
Membrantechnolgie in der Prozessindustrie – Polymere Membranwerkstoffe
Authors: Rösler H.‐W.
Published: May 2005

Der bei weitem größte Anteil von Membranen für die Prozessindustrie wird aus polymeren Werkstoffen hergestellt. In erste Linie werden die Polymere nach der Eignung für den angedachten Trennprozess ausgewählt. Insbesondere die Wechselwirkungen der zu separierenden Moleküle mit dem Membranpolymer sind entscheidend für die Stofftransportmechanismen. Nicht zuletzt bestimmen die auf verschiedene Arten verarbeiteten Polymere auch die chemische, thermische und mechanische Stabilität der technischen Membranen. Durch die Verfügbarkeit spezieller Membranen mit hohen Selektivitäten und Materialeigenschaften lassen sich Trennprozesse realisieren, die mit konventionellen Grundoperationen der Verfahrenstechnik wesentlich aufwendiger sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Entwicklung von Polymeren und deren Modifizierung auch zukünftig eine entscheidende Rolle spielen.
Entwicklungen und Perspektiven druckgetriebener Membranverfahren
Authors: Kraume M. , Peters T.
Published: May 2005

Auf dem Gebiet der Membrantechnik wurden in den letzten vierzig Jahren bedeutsame Innovationen hervorgebracht, die zur Realisierung vielfältiger industrieller Prozesse geführt haben. So werden heute Membranen zur Entsalzung von Meer‐ und Brackwasser sowie zur Behandlung kommunaler und industrieller Abwässer großtechnisch eingesetzt. Für die Reinigung und Aufkonzentrierung von Produkten finden Membranen in der Pharma‐ und der Lebensmittelindustrie ebenso Verwendung wie bei der Herstellung von Grundchemikalien. Gegenwärtig vollziehen sich bedeutende Entwicklungen industrieller Membrantechnik bei der Integration verschiedener Membranprozesse in thermische Trennverfahren und chemische bzw. biologische Umsetzungen. Auf diese Weise werden höhere Produktqualitäten, kompaktere Produktionsanlagen, umweltschonendere und energetisch effizientere Prozesse möglich. Der Beitrag betrachtet derzeit wesentliche, großtechnische Anwendungen der Membrantechnik und erläutert aktuelle Entwicklungen.
Evaluation of sample spin‐polarization from spin‐polarized scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments
Authors: Yamada T.K. , Vázquez de Parga A.L. , Bischoff M.M.J. , Mizoguchi T. , van Kempen H.
Published: May 2005

Spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy has produced a great amount of images presenting magnetic contrast between different magnetic domains with an unsurpassed spatial resolution but getting values like the surface polarization has proven to be a difficult task. We will discuss in detail how to extract this information for the case of manganese layers grown on Fe(001) whiskers. Mn layers adopt a body‐centered‐tetragonal (bct) structure when they are grown on the Fe(001) surface at room temperature. The Mn layers show an antiferromagnetic coupling between the layers. Comparing our spin‐polarized scanning tunneling spectra measured with Fe‐coated W tips with spin‐resolved band structure calculations, we are able to find the value of the sample surface polarization. Also discussed is a method to change the tip magnetization. Finally, the magnetic structure around a screw dislocation on the surface is reviewed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:93–104, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pododermal angiogenesis and angioadaptation in the bovine claw
Authors: Hirschberg Ruth M. , Plendl Johanna
Published: May 2005

Pododermal microvascularization has been suggested to play a key role in the physiological function of the bovine claw and in the pathogenesis of claw diseases. According to our working hypothesis, angiogenesis plays a central role in the physiological and pathological function of the claw and is induced by the pro‐angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As a basis for further research, the aim of the present study was to examine the mechanisms of pododermal angiogenesis in the functional adaptation of the microvasculature of the claw in histological serial sections and microcorrosion casts of healthy juvenile and adult claws as well as pathologically altered claws. Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts allowed assessment of the 3D aspect of pododermal angiogenesis and angioadaptation, and was substantiated by a concomitant examination of a 3D in vitro model of angiogenesis based on cultured bovine microvascular endothelial cells. Particularly in the juvenile, but also in the adult claw, sprouting and intussusceptive angioadaptation was demonstrated and resembled the respective stages of in vitro angiogenesis. Evidence of angiogenic processes was also detected in the pathologically altered claws displaying symptoms of subclinical laminitis and/or the digital dermatitis complex. The detected angioadaptation was visible expression of the increased metabolic demands of the claw caused by the growing body weight load. Angiogenic remodeling of the pododermal angioarchitecture was also the connectional reparative principle in pathologically altered claws. Related research perspectives for prophylaxis and therapy of claw diseases are discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:145–155, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Liquid Chromatography of Polymers under Limiting Conditions of Desorption, 3
Authors: Šnauko Marian , Berek Dušan
Published: May 2005

Summary: Liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption (LC LCD) enables the elution of adsorbing macromolecules independent of their size in solution. In this way, polymer species with different adsorptivities can be separated without mutual interference. It is shown on systems of bare silica gel, a tetrahydrofuran/toluene‐mixed eluent and poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMA) that LC LCD produces narrow, focused peaks with retention volumes independent of not only polymer molar mass but also, to a large extent, the concentration and volume of the injected sample. Sample capacity of LC LCD is very high, and sample volume can reach as much as 80% of the column pore volume. Reduced sample dilution or even its re‐concentration within the column is important for two‐dimensional separations. Changes in temperature as large as 40 °C only slightly affected retention volumes of the LC LCD‐eluted PMMA. Consequently, the LC LCD method is rather robust and user‐friendly. A practical application of LC LCD for the separation of model polymer blends has been demonstrated. Polystyrene and PMMA of similar molar masses were easily separated in less than four minutes using a small LC LCD column of low efficiency. The LC LCD fractions were successively transported into an on‐line SEC column either directly or after storage in the LC LCD column. The SEC system was equipped with a refractive index detector and a multi‐angle light scattering (MALS) detector. The MALS detector proved a good reproducibility of the molar masses for polymer blend components determined with a combination of LC LCD and SEC. Storage of the fractions within the LC LCD column even for several hours exhibited only a negligible effect on the determined molar mass averages.

Scheme of the two‐dimensional chromatograph used. The capillary resistor had a flow resistance similar to that of the SEC column. For further details, see text.

image

Scheme of the two‐dimensional chromatograph used. The capillary resistor had a flow resistance similar to that of the SEC column. For further details, see text.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 9/2005
Authors: Dubovik Alexander S. , Makhaeva Elena E. , Grinberg Valerij Ya. , Khokhlov Alexei R.
Published: May 2005

Cover: A “macroglobule” formed spontaneously as a result of the phase separation of a poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) solution, the two peaks of the excess heat capacity function corresponding to the folding of cooperative and non‐cooperative polymer‐surfactant complexes, and the partial heat capacity function with progress base line. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by A. S. Dubovik,* E. E. Makhaeva, V. Ya. Grinberg, and A. R. Khokhlov on page 915.
N‐Carbamylglutamate protects patients with decompensated propionicaciduria from hyperammonaemia
Authors: Gebhardt B. , Dittrich S. , Parbel S. , Vlaho S. , Matsika O. , Bohles H.
Published: May 2005

In patients with propionic aciduria, the accumulating metabolite propionyl‐CoA causes a disturbance of the urea cycle via the inhibition of N‐acetylglutamate synthesis. Lack of this allosteric activator results in an inhibition of carbamoylphosphate synthase (CPS). This finally leads to hyperammonaemia. In two patients with decompensated propionic aciduria the CPS activator carbamylglutamate was tested for its ability to antagonize the propionyl‐CoA associated hyperammonaemia. Oral carbamyl glutamate administration resulted in a significant increase in ammonia detoxification and could avoid further dialysis therapy. Safe, fast and easy to administer, carbamyl glutamate improves the acute therapy of decompensated propionic aciduria by increasing ammonia detoxification and avoiding hyperammonaemia.
A newborn with severe liver failure, cardiomyopathy and transaldolase deficiency
Authors: Verhoeven N. M. , Wallot M. , Huck J. H. J. , Dirsch O. , Ballauf A. , Neudorf U. , Salomons G. S. , van der Knaap M. S. , Voit T. , Jakobs C.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes the second patient found to be affected with a deficiency of transaldolase (TALDO1; EC 2.2.1.2). Clinically, this patient presented in the neonatal period with several signs of severe liver failure: severe coagulopathy, low serum protein, elevated blood ammonia, and hypoglycaemia. She had generalized oedema, moderate muscular hypotonia, and dysmorphic signs. Liver size was decreased, and the spleen was moderately enlarged. There was severe cardiomegaly. The clinical course was characterized by intractable liver failure and progressive myocardial hypertrophy. The child died at the age of 18 days from respiratory failure. In urine, elevations of erythritol, arabitol and ribitol were found, suggesting a deficiency of transaldolase. Enzyme studies in cultured fibroblasts showed undetectable transaldolase activity. DNA sequence analysis of the TALDO1 gene showed a homozygous missense mutation (575G>A), resulting in an amino acid alteration at position 192 (arginine to histidine, R192H). This amino acid is part of the catalytic site of the transaldolase protein. Discovery of this second patient affected with transaldolase deficiency and liver failure suggests that this disorder has a heterogenous clinical presentation with highly variable severity.
L‐Carnitine and exercise tolerance in medium‐chain acyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency: A pilot study
Authors: Lee P. J. , Harrison E. L. , Jones M. G. , Jones S. , Leonard J. V. , Chalmers R. A.
Published: May 2005

Skeletal muscle function may be impaired in patients with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency, but the value of L‐carnitine in their long‐term management is not clear. This study was designed as a pilot to examine the effects of L‐carnitine on exercise tolerance in patients with MCAD deficiency. Four clinically asymoptomatic MCAD‐deficient patients, aged 8 to 20 years, were studied. Incremental ramp exercise tests were carried out before and after 4 weeks’ treatment with oral L‐carnitine (100 mg/kg per day). During exercise without L‐carnitine supplementation, plasma carnitine concentrations fell, associated with an increased excretion of urinary acylcarnitines, notably acetylcarnitine, hexanoylcarnitine and octanoylcarnitine. L‐Carnitine treatment prevented this fall in plasma carnitine and resulted in greater increases in excretion of acylcarnitines. All four patients showed biologically significant improvement in peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2, 18–32% improvement), VO2 at a heart rate of 170 beats/min (15–23% improvement), VO2 at anaerobic threshold (27–42% improvement), and/or oxygen pulse (10–32% improvement). Exercise tolerance in MCAD‐deficient patients may be improved by short‐term L‐carnitine supplementation. This may be the direct result of improved intramitochondrial homeostasis induced by L‐carnitine in removing accumulating acyl moieties.
Selective antibody immune deficiency in a patient with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Authors: Babovic‐Vuksanovic D. , Jacobson R. M. , Lindor N. M. , Weiler C. R.
Published: May 2005

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and various degrees of cognitive deficits. This condition results from a deficiency of 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase, a critical step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Children with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome have frequent infections, particularly of the respiratory tract. Immunodeficiency, however, is not recognized as a part of this metabolic condition. Frequent infections are usually attributed to a decreased patient mobility and reduced respiratory effort secondary to muscular hypotonia and mental retardation, which are often present in affected individuals. We describe a patient with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome and recurrent respiratory infections who was found to have a selective antibody deficiency. The immunological diagnosis was based on an absent immune response to Pneumovax. She also had no immunological response to hepatitis B vaccine and was unable to break down red cells with isoagglutinin B. Therapy with intravenous IgG (IVIG) was initiated. Infections were less severe, although they still occurred in a high frequency after initiation of the IVIG therapy. This finding prompts the need for a higher index of suspicion for an underlying immune deficiency in patients with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome who present with recurrent and chronic infections. Early recognition and appropriate therapeutic interventions may decrease the severity of infections, prevent potentially fatal infections, and eventually improve the quality of life in these patients.
Cerebral ketone body metabolism
Authors: Morris A. A. M.
Published: May 2005

Ketone bodies (KBs) are an important source of energy for the brain. During the neonatal period, they are also precursors for the synthesis of lipids (especially cholesterol) and amino acids. The rate of cerebral KB metabolism depends primarily on the concentration in blood; high concentrations occur during fasting and on a high‐fat diet. Cerebral KB metabolism is also regulated by the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which depends on the abundance of monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCT1). The BBB's permeability to KBs increases with fasting in humans. In rats, permeability increases during the suckling period, but human neonates have not been studied. Monocarboxylic acid transporters are also present in the plasma membranes of neurons and glia but their role in regulating KB metabolism is uncertain. Finally, the rate of cerebral KB metabolism depends on the activities of the relevant enzymes in brain. The activities vary with age in rats, but reliable results are not available for humans. Cerebral KB metabolism in humans differs from that in the rat in several respects. During fasting, for example, KBs supply more of the brain's energy in humans than in the rat. Conversely, KBs are probably used more extensively in the brain of suckling rats than in human neonates. These differences complicate the interpretation of rodent studies. Most patients with inborn errors of ketogenesis develop normally, suggesting that the only essential role for KBs is as an alternative fuel during illness or prolonged fasting. On the other hand, in HMG‐CoA lyase deficiency, imaging generally shows asymptomatic white‐matter abnormalities. The ability of KBs to act as an alternative fuel explains the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in GLUT1 deficiency, but its effectiveness in epilepsy remains unexplained.
Keratan sulphate levels in mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses
Authors: Tomatsu S. , Okamura K. , Maeda H. , Taketani T. , Castrillon S. V. , Gutierrez M. A. , Nishioka T. , Fachel A. A. , Orii K. O. , Grubb J. H. , Cooper A. , Thornley M. , Wraith E. , Barrera L. A. , Laybauer L. S. , Giugliani R. , Schwartz I. V. , Frenking G. Schulze , Beck M. , Kircher S. G. , Paschke E. , Yamaguchi S. , Ullrich K. , Haskins M. , Isogai K. , Suzuki Y. , Orii T. , Kondo N. , Creer M. , Okuyama T. , Tanaka A. , Noguchi A.
Published: May 2005

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) is characterized by accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and mucolipidosis (ML) by accumulation of GAGs and sphingolipids. Each type of MPS accumulates specific GAGs. The lysosomal enzymes N‐acetylgalactosamine‐6‐sulphate sulphatase and β‐galactosidase involve the stepwise degradation of keratan sulphate (KS). Deficiency of these enzymes results in elevation of KS levels in the body fluids and in tissues, leading to MPS IV disease. In this study, we evaluated blood and urine KS levels in types of MPS and ML other than MPS IV. Eighty‐five plasma samples came from MPS I (n=18), MPS II (n=28), MPS III (n=20), MPS VI (n=3), MPS VII (n=5) and ML (n=11) patients while 127 urine samples came from MPS I (n=34), MPS II (n=34), MPS III (n=32), MPS VI (n=7), MPS VII (n=9) and ML (n=11) patients. KS levels were determined using the ELISA method. Plasma KS levels varied with age in both control and patient populations. In all age groups, the mean values of plasma KS in MPS and ML patients were significantly higher than those in the age‐matched controls. Plasma KS values in four newborn patients were above the mean + 2SD of the age‐matched controls (mean, 41 ng/ml). Overall, 85.9% of individual values in non‐type IV MPS and ML patients were above the mean + 2SD of the age‐matched controls. For urine KS levels, 24.4% of individual values in patients were above the mean + 2SD of the age‐matched controls. In conclusion, KS in blood is elevated in each type of non‐type IV MPS examined, in contrast to the conventional understanding. This finding suggests that measurement of KS level provides a new diagnostic biomarker in a wide variety of mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses in addition to MPS IV.
Increased NO production in lysinuric protein intolerance
Authors: Mannucci L. , Emma F. , Markert M. , Bachmann C. , Boulat O. , Carrozzo R. , Rizzoni G. , Dionisi‐Vici C.
Published: May 2005

Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a disorder of dibasic amino acid transport secondary to mutation of the SLC7A7 gene characterized by renal failure, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, lupus‐like autoimmune symptoms and usually increased plasma citrulline. In order to better understand the underlying mechanism, we studied the plasma and urinary nitrite/nitrate (NO2‐/NO3‐) concentrations in three LPI patients and the in vitro NO2‐ production in cultured fibroblasts. Our data show that NO3‐ levels are increased in the plasma of patients with LPI. Similarly, NO2‐ release in the medium of cultured fibroblasts was increased. On this basis, we hypothesize that some of the poorly understood clinical signs of LPI could be related to the activation of the NO‐citrulline pathway.
Two novel mutations in mitochondrial acetoacetyl‐CoA thiolase deficiency
Authors: Mrázová L. , Fukao T. , Hálovd K. , Gregová E. , Kohút V. , Přibyl D. , Chrastina P. , Kondo N. , Pospišilová E.
Published: May 2005

We report a new patient with acetoacetyl‐CoA thiolase deficiency in whom we found two new missense mutations.
ASSIMILATE STORAGE IN VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF COCONUT (Cocos nucifera)
Authors: MIALET-SERRA I. , CLEMENT A. , SONDEREGGER N. , ROUPSARD O. , JOURDAN C. , LABOUISSE J.-P. , DINGKUHN M.
Published: May 2005

Assimilate storage in vegetative organs is an essential buffer for the source–sink imbalances that inevitably occur in perennial plants. In contrast to temperate trees, little information is available on such storage in tropical perennials, and almost none for Cocos nucifera. This paper describes the chemical nature, quantity and distribution of carbohydrate reserves in coconut plants grown in an environment favourable to production. The study was carried out on the island of Santo (Republic of Vanuatu, Southern Pacific) on twelve 17-year-old adult plants, representative of a large population, which were felled and characterized for root, trunk and crown dry matter, and contents of soluble sugars and starch. Roots were divided into three diameter classes and distal/proximal portions, the trunk into three axial and three or four radial zones, and the crown into petiole, rachis and leaflets for various leaf ages. The aggregate reserve pool size was compared with estimates of incremental demand for assimilates for growth and fruit production. Plants contained little starch but large quantities of sucrose were found, mainly located in the trunk. Less sucrose was present in roots and little in leaf blades. Large glucose and fructose pools were found in leaves, near the apex of the trunk and in the terminal portions of large roots. Aggregate soluble and non-soluble sugar pools were about equivalent to six months of copra production or 51 days of crop growth. More studies are needed on the dynamics of these sugars to evaluate their physiological role, particularly with regards to stress periods and fluctuating demand for fruit filling.
STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE ANALYSIS OF SOIL FERTILITY RESTORATION OPTIONS ON SANDY SAHELIAN SOILS IN SOUTHWEST NIGER
Authors: NDJEUNGA J. , BATIONO A.
Published: May 2005

The poor fertility of sandy Sahelian soils remains one of the major constraints to pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) production in West Africa. On-farm trials under farmers' management were conducted in two rainfall zones of Niger in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the risk characteristics of six soil fertility restoration options. Stochastic dominance analysis was used to compare the fertilizer treatments tested. Results showed that the farmers' traditional method (no fertilizer control), Tahoua phosphate rock (PRT) alone applied at 13 kg P ha−1 broadcast, and a combination of PRT broadcast at 13 kg P ha−1 and single super phosphate (SSP) hill-placed at 4 kg P ha−1 had the most desirable risk characteristics and were acceptable to risk averse decision-makers in both rainfall zones. At current input–output price ratios, most fertilizer-using farmers would choose the combination of PRT broadcast and SSP hill-placed. If the availability of SSP was limited, some farmers would use PRT alone. The demand for risk efficient alternatives could significantly increase if farmers could bear less than half the fertilizer costs at the current output price, although further research is required to say if a fertilizer subsidy could be justified on broader economic or social grounds.
Is the deficit in phonological awareness better explained in terms of task differences or effects of syllable structure?
Authors: JIMÉNEZ JUAN E. , GARCÍA EDUARDO , ORTIZ ROSARIO , HERNÁNDEZ–VALLE ISABEL , GUZMÁN REMEDIOS , RODRIGO MERCEDES , ESTÉVEZ ADELINA , DÍAZ ALICIA , HERNÁNDEZ SERGIO
Published: May 2005

The primary purpose of the study reported here was to explore the effects of the complexity of syllable structure and the effects of task differences in the explanation of deficit in phonological awareness (PA). A sample of 97 subjects was selected and organized into three different groups: 29 reading-disabled (RD) children, 41 normal readers matched in age with the former, and 27 younger normal readers at the same reading level as those with reading disabilities. We administered PA tasks which included items with different complexity of syllable structure. The results showed that the complexity of syllable structure had no particularly marked effect on the dyslexic children. Rather, the isolation task revealed the phonological deficit across all syllable structures.
Priestly Men and Invisible Women: Male Appropriation of the Feminine and the Exemption of Women from Positive Time-Bound Commandments
Authors: Margalit Natan
Published: May 2005

In this paper I will examine the rabbinic exemption of women from the obligation to perform any “positive time-bound commandment” (), as it appears in M. Kiddushin 1:7. This rule states that women are exempt from the obligation to perform those commandments, such as, for example, sitting in a Sukkah on the Feast of Tabernacles, or saying the kriءat shemעa, the declaration of God's Oneness, morning and evening, in which the requirement for the mandated action comes about with the arrival of a specific time. I offer this analysis of a particular rabbinic ruling, in its literary context in the Mishnah, as a case study in what I claim to be a major component of the rabbinic discourse of gender: the male appropriation of the “feminine” into their own identities, and the resultant exclusion of women from those areas of appropriation. In this paper I will employ a literary/anthropological approach to reading the Mishnah, which I believe is very useful in uncovering such underlying cultural patterns within its succinct, legal writing style.
Kabbalistic Physiology: Isaac the Blind, Nahmanides, and Moses de Leon on Menstruation
Authors: Koren Sharon
Published: May 2005

Science and faith were inextricably intertwined in the Latin Middle Ages. Clerics would attend to both spiritual and physical needs because the need to care for the body coincided with the need to care for the soul. Until the rise of universities in the twelfth century, monasteries were the centers of scientific knowledge. And, even after the professionalization of medicine in the thirteenth century, Christian physicians continued to look to the Bible, in addition to their license, as the source of their authority. Indeed, many Christian physicians who received medical degrees went on to pursue higher degrees in theology. It is therefore not surprising that several Christian theologians used medical theories in the service of theology.
Michael L. Satlow. Jewish Marriage in Antiquity. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001. xxvi, 431 pp.
Authors: Ilan Tal
Published: May 2005

This book contains a full review of Jewish marriage in antiquity, beginning with biblical injunctions, but focusing primarily on postbiblical material and specifically on rabbinic literature. It is divided into three parts: 1. Thinking about Marriage, in which Satlow describes how and why Jewish marriages were planned, 2. Marrying, in which he describes the process of marriage itself, and 3. Staying Married, in which married life and its consequences are at issue. In each of these parts Satlow correctly attempts to draw a line between the ideals of marriage as portrayed in the sources and what actually went on, as far as these allow us a glimpse of reality.
Alexander Samely. The Rabbinic Interpretation of Scripture in Mishnah. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 498 pp.
Authors: Chernick Michael
Published: May 2005

Alexander Samely, Senior Lecturer in Hebrew and Jewish Studies at Manchester University, has written what I would describe as one of the most detailed and precise descriptions of the Mishnah's use of scriptural sources. His book, The Rabbinic Interpretation of Scripture in the Mishnah, a fifteen-chapter work with a glossary of important rabbinic and linguistic terms, two appendices, an excellent bibliography, and thorough indices shows the work of a meticulous scholar and incisive and insightful reader of the Bible and mishnaic corpus.
Shimon Redlich. Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919–1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. xi, 202 pp.; Rosa Lehman. Symbiosis and Ambivalence: Poles and Jews in a Small Galician Town. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. xxii, 217 pp.
Authors: Manekin Rachel
Published: May 2005

The books under review deal with two towns in Galicia, territory that was part of the Habsburg Empire from 1772 until 1918. The first town, Brzezany, is located today in the Ukraine; the second, Jaśliska, a small town, is now in Poland. Despite different starting points, both books attempt to solve the riddle of the past and present relations between Jews and their neighbors, relations that are noted for their ambivalence and complexity.
‘Domestic Bank-Centered’ Financial Liberalization: Origin, Crisis, and Response
Authors: HOROWITZ SHALE
Published: May 2005

Existing explanations of international financial liberalization tend to understate the economic and political importance of related policies governing domestic financial markets. Further, these approaches often fail to specify fully the links between the international economy and domestic politics. Initial financial liberalization is often ‘domestic bank-centered’, i.e. it preserves a privileged position for weakly regulated domestic banks as the capital account is opened. On the other hand, there is much greater variation in later-stage financial policy developments, particularly following banking or currency crises. Adequate explanations should be able to explain, not just the initial pattern of financial liberalization, but also subsequent policy developments. This paper's main refinement is to explore the nature and implications of ‘dispersed’ interest group preferences. Initially more passive, poorly organized dispersed groups are viewed as the key link between the economic effects of crisis and variation in crisis-response policies. The explanatory value-added is explored through case studies of financial sector policy change in South Korea, Mexico, and Hungary.
EDITORIAL
Authors: CHRISTENSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2005

In the inaugural issue of this journal James Webster offered us a thoughtful meditation on the hoary, and seemingly intractable, problem of configuring the eighteenth century so that it might constitute an intelligible subject of musicological research (‘The Eighteenth Century as a Music-Historical Period?’, Eighteenth-Century Music 1/1 (2004), 47–60). Clearly, we have come a long way from the time when eighteenth-century music was oriented almost exclusively around the grand Olympian peaks of High Baroque and Viennese Classical styles. If these dominating polarities have not entirely disappeared from our view, they certainly seem to loom far less large in our remapped musical landscape. Indeed, I can think of no other century in music history whose stylistic contours have been so dramatically redrawn as those of the eighteenth century. Of course we would err in the other direction by depicting – to continue my geographical metaphor – only a flattened, homogeneous musical landscape in the eighteenth century, covered with galant-type foliage nurtured in the hothouse of Italian opera buffa. As Webster has convincingly argued, there are still major protruberances jutting out from the first and final thirds of the century that need somehow to be taken into account in our surveys. Still, there is no question that the revised topographies little resemble the one we learned (and still might teach) from our textbooks. Some major tectonic shifts have taken place in eighteenth-century musical studies, even if those shifts have yet to settle down fully into any figuration that enjoys consensus among music historians.
Rapid Quantitative Measurement of CMRO2 and CBF by Dual Administration of 15O-Labeled Oxygen and Water During a Single PET Scan—a Validation Study and Error Analysis in Anesthetized Monkeys
Authors: Kudomi Nobuyuki , Hayashi Takuya , Teramoto Noboru , Watabe Hiroshi , Kawachi Naoki , Ohta Youichirou , Kim Kyeong Min , Iida Hidehiro
Published: May 2005

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and rate of oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) may be quantified using positron emission tomography (PET) with 15O-tracers, but the conventional three-step technique requires a relatively long study period, attributed to the need for separate acquisition for each of 15O2, H215O, and C15O tracers, which makes the multiple measurements at different physiologic conditions difficult. In this study, we present a novel, faster technique that provides a pixel-by-pixel calculation of CBF and CMRO2 from a single PET acquisition with a sequential administration of 15O2 and H215O. Experiments were performed on six anesthetized monkeys to validate this technique. The global CBF, oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and CMRO2 obtained by the present technique at rest were not significantly different from those obtained with three-step method. The global OEF (gOEF) also agreed with that determined by simultaneous arterio-sinus blood sampling (gOEFA–V) for a physiologically wide range when changing the arterial PaCO2 ( gOEF = 1.03 gOEFA–V +0.01, P<0.001). The regional values, as well as the image quality were identical between the present technique and three-step method for CBF, OEF, and CMRO2. In addition, a simulation study showed that error sensitivity of the present technique to delay or dispersion of the input function, and the error in the partition coefficient was equivalent to that observed for three-step method. Error sensitivity to cerebral blood volume (CBV) was also identical to that in the three-step and reasonably small, suggesting that a single CBV assessment is sufficient for repeated measures of CBF/CMRO2. These results show that this fast technique has an ability for accurate assessment of CBF/CMRO2 and also allows multiple assessment at different physiologic conditions.
Actin Redistribution Underlies the Sparing Effect of Mild Hypothermia on Dendritic Spine Morphology after in Vitro Ischemia
Authors: Gisselsson L Lennart , Matus Andrew , Wieloch Tadeusz
Published: May 2005

Brain hypothermia is at present the most effective neuroprotective treatment against brain ischemia in man. Ischemia induces a redistribution of proteins involved in synaptic functions, which is markedly diminished by therapeutic hypothermia (33°C). Dendritic spines at excitatory synapses are motile and show both shape changes and rearrangement of synaptic proteins as a consequence of neuronal activity. We investigated the effect of reduced temperature (33°C and 27°C compared with 37°C), on spine motility, length and morphology by studying the distribution of GFP-actin before, during and after induction of in vitro ischemia. Because high-concentration actin filaments are located inside spines, dissociated hippocampal neurons (7-11DIV) from transgenic mice expressing GFP-actin were used in this study. The movement of the spines and the distribution of GFP-actin were recorded using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. Under normal conditions rapid rearrangement of GFP-actin was seen in dendritic spines, indicating highly motile spines at 37°C. Decreasing the incubation temperature to 33°C or 27°C, dramatically reduces actin dynamics (spine motility) by approximately 50% and 70%, respectively. In addition, the length of the spine shaft was reduced by 20%. We propose that decreasing the temperature from 37°C to 33°C during ischemia decreases the neuronal actin polymerization rate, which reduces spine calcium kinetics, disrupts detrimental cell signaling and protects neurons against damage.
Cardiac Arrest/Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Augments Cell-Mediated Immune Function and Transiently Suppresses Humoral Immune Function
Authors: Neigh Gretchen N , Glasper Erica R , Bilbo Staci D , Traystman Richard J , DeVries A Courtney
Published: May 2005

Immune system activation has implications for cerebrovascular health, but little is known about the function of the immune system after a major cerebrovascular event, such as cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation damages the hippocampus, an important component of the hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal (HPA) axis, and alterations in HPA axis activity can affect immune function. We tested the hypothesis that CA/CPR (approximately 8mins) would cause HPA axis dysregulation and alter the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to antigenic challenge. We also assessed the primary and secondary antibody response of mice exposed to CA/CPR. Of the mice exposed to CA/CPR, half had brains protected by hypothermia to isolate the effects of the CA/CPR procedure from the effects of CA/CPR-induced neuronal damage. Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation-induced neuronal damage resulted in a persistent elevation of blood corticosterone concentration and a concomitant augmentation of the DTH response to antigenic challenge. Furthermore, immune activation before CA/CPR decreased survival after global ischemia. These data highlight the potential impact of neuronal damage on cell-mediated immune function and the role of humoral immune activation in outcome after global ischemia.
Etch Pits at Dislocations in Silver Single Crystals
Authors: Levinstein H. J. , Robinson W. H.
Published: May 2005

A chemical etching solution has been found which results in etch pit formation at dislocations in the (100)and (111) surfaces of silver single crystals. Etch pits as small as 500 to 2000 Å may be obtained in the (111)surface of silver permitting the observation of dislocation densities of as high as 1010 lines/cm2. The slip band structure of deformed silver has been examined by this technique and has been found to be cellular in appearance.
Light Scattering by Single Crystals of Potassium Chloride
Authors: Plint C. A. , Sibley W. A.
Published: May 2005

Light scattering by crystals of potassium chloride grown at the Harshaw Chemical Company and at the Naval Research Laboratory was measured. Scattering by the Harshaw crystals varies with crystal orientation while scattering from the NRL crystals does not. The major part of the Harshaw crystal scattering is attributed to vacancy-impurity clouds around dislocations which have the scattering pattern of cylinders with 5×105 Å length, radius 100–500 Å, and axis parallel to (100) directions. The major part of the NRL crystal scattering is attributed to impurity precipitates which have the scattering pattern of spheres 1400–1600Å in diameter. Air quenching of the crystals to room temperature from temperatures up to 650°C produced marked changes in the scattering. The results of the quench treatments are tentatively interpreted in terms of the migration of defects.
Optical Power Output in He-Ne and Pure Ne Maser
Authors: Patel C. K. N.
Published: May 2005

An experimental setup is described for measuring the variation of optical power output with gas mixtures in a gas maser oscillator. Experimental results are given for the case of the He-Ne maser. Optical gain in pure neon has been reported by Bennett. With the above setup a pure neon maser oscillator has been operated for the first time and the results are given. This setup is particularly convenient in investigating maser action in new gases.
Elliptical Dielectric Waveguides
Authors: Yeh C.
Published: May 2005

The problem of electromagnetic wave propagation along a dielectric cylinder of elliptical cross section is considered. Two infinite determinants representing the characteristic equations for the two types of hybrid waves (the HEmne, and the HEmn0 waves) are derived. It is found that there exists two dominant waves which possess zero cutoff frequencies. The characteristic roots of these two dominant waves are computed for various values of eccentricity and relative dielectric constant. Theoretical propagation constants for the dominant waves are verified by experiments.
Low-Temperature Elastic Moduli of Lead
Authors: Waldorf D. L. , Alers G. A.
Published: May 2005

The adiabatic elastic moduli of lead have been measured from 4.2° to 300°K using the ultrasonic pulse echo method. The Debye θn obtained from the 4.2° K modulus values is 105.3° K and is to be compared with the θn of 108° K obtained from specified heat measurements.
Crystallographic Imperfections in Epitaxially Grown Silicon
Authors: Booker G. R. , Stickler R.
Published: May 2005

Epitaxial Si layers grown on (111) Si substrates by vapor decomposition methods often exhibit a triangle and/or line type of surface defect. An investigation of such defects by optical microscopy and particularly transmission electron microscopy has shown the defects to be stacking faults. The stacking faults usually commence at certain points lying in or close to the substrate/layer interface, and develop in a regular manner along one or more of the three inclined {111} planes. As growth proceeds the stacking faults rapidly increase in area, spread laterally and eventually interact with one another. A simple growth mechanism is proposed based on the assumption that nucleation centers occasionally go down in incorrect sequence, i.e., small areas of stacking fault form on the (111) plane parallel to the substrate/layer interface. Many of the experimental observations can be explained using this model.
Fusion Energies of 60BeO-40CaO, 48CaO-52Al2O3, 75CaO-25B2O3, and 80BeO-20Li2O
Authors: Glascock Homer H.
Published: May 2005

The fusion energies of several oxide mixtures were obtained by measuring the total radiant energy emitted during the solidification period. Values obtained for 60BeO-40CaO, 48CaO-52Al2O3, 75CaO-25B2O3, and 80BeO-20Li2O (mole %) were, respectively, 200, 85, 160, and 110 cal/g.
Velocity and Potential Distribution in a Linear, Smooth Anode Magnetron (Magnetic Diode)
Authors: Lindsay P. A.
Published: May 2005

The paper discusses the potential, space-charge and current density distribution in a “magnetic diode,”i.e., in a linear, smooth anode magnetron. The results of the investigations show that when the initial electron velocities are taken into account, the electron cloud extends much further into the interelectrode space than could be expected on the basis of a simple Brillouin flow. Furthermore, the density of the electron cloud decreases monotonically as we move away from the cathode. At the same time, the current flowing parallel to the electrodes has a pronounced peak which is situated half way between the edge of the cloud and the cathode. These results are not only of interest in the steady-state theory of linear magnetrons, but they also throw new light on the mode of operation of some thermionic power converters.
Silicon Diffused-Element Piezoresistive Diaphragms
Authors: Tufte O. N. , Chapman P. W. , Long Donald
Published: May 2005

The properties of a pressure transducer consisting of a single-crystal silicon diaphragm having stress-sensitive piezoresistive regions formed by the localized diffusion of impurities have been theoretically and experimentally investigated. The longitudinal and transverse piezoresistance effects are discussed and the results are applied to the stress pattern of a deformed diaphragm. The conditions under which the stress in the diaphragm varies linearly with applied pressure are discussed and good agreement between the predicted and measured sensitivity is found in both the linear and nonlinear cases.
Elastic Properties of Diamond-Type Semiconductors
Authors: Keyes Robert W.
Published: May 2005

The elastic moduli and characteristic lattice vibrational frequencies of semiconductors with diamond,zinc blende, and wurzite semiconductors are reduced to dimensionless parameters. The dimensionless elastic parameters exhibit a much smaller variation from compound to compound than the original parameters. Some generalizations can be made concerning the variation of the dimensionless parameters.
A Modified WKB Approximation for Phase Shifts
Authors: Rosen Mervine , Yennie Donald R.
Published: May 2005

Extending an idea of Good, a modified WKB approximation using radial wavefunctions having the form of free-particle solutions to the radial wave equation rather than an exponential form is developed. The lowest-order phase shifts are the same as those of the usual WKB approximation, but are improved by the contribution of the next order. The method is applied to two examples: the radial Dirac equation in the high-energy limit and the radial Schrödinger equation.
Some Remarks Concerning a Pathological Matrix of Interest in the Inverse-Scattering Problem
Authors: Redmond Peter J.
Published: May 2005

A Hermitian matrix which occurs in the theory of the quantum-mechanical inverse-scattering problem has apparently contradictory properties. It has a well-behaved inverse in spite of having zero as one of its eigenvalues. The properties of the matrix are investigated and the relevance of the results to the theory are discussed.
The Effective Resistance of Passive Networks
Authors: Montet George L.
Published: May 2005

A recently found solution to the problem of a random walk over a lattice with reflecting boundaries is used to evaluate the resistances of several passive electrical networks. The solutions are particularly simple for rectangular planar networks and various types are considered. The extension of the solution to the corresponding three-dimensional array, the simple cubic lattice, is given.
Kinetic Approach to Thermal Transport Phenomena. I. Classical Theory
Authors: Hashitsume N. , Fujita S.
Published: May 2005

Assuming noninteracting particles, which are scattered by randomly arranged static potentials,such as free electrons in a low-temperature semiconductor containing impurity atoms, the expressions of thermal transport coefficients are derived by means of the kinetic approach established by Prigogineet al. In this part, classical law of mechanics is assumed, and the case of zero magnetic field is discussed. It is shown that the thermal transport coefficients thus obtained can be expressed in the terms of the correlation functions of suitable currents in the same way as the Kubo formula for the electric conductivity.
Relativistic Coulomb Scattering of Electrons
Authors: Gluckstern R. L. , Lin Shin-R
Published: May 2005

A simple and useful relation between the Coulomb amplitudes F and G (in Mott's notation) is derived and F and G are evaluated analytically up to α4 terms for arbitrary q = α/β. These results are valid for all angles, but are particularly useful at small angles. The general analytic behavior of F and G in the variable x = sin 12θ is discussed. The method is applicable to higher-order terms (α6 and up). A double integral representation of F is also derived by using the Sommerfeld-Watson transformation. This integral representation exhibits the dependence on α, q, and θ separately.
Possible Relationship between Electric Charge and Dual Charge
Authors: Lubkin Elihu
Published: May 2005

Electric charge has no direct meaning for strong interactions, yet is involved in the octet model in such a way that the size of the elementary unit of electric charge becomes tied to the topology of the group of strong interaction symmetries. This tie may indicate a relationship of electric charge to another kind of charge got directly from topology of the group.
On the Construction of a Unitary Matrix with Elements of Given Moduli
Authors: Roos Matts
Published: May 2005

Given n2 nonnegative real numbers ujk which form a matrix with row and column vectors of unit magnitude, it is shown under what conditions there exists a unitary matrix (Ujk), such that |Ujk| = ujk. The results may be shown to contain a theorem on unitary matrices.