bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of shear rate, temperature, and salts on the viscosity and viscoelasticity of semi‐dilute and entangled xanthan gum
Authors: Kummar Samietha , Dull Noah R. , Helsper Sedi , Liberatore Matthew W.
Published: October 2024

Xanthan gum, a naturally‐occurring, high‐molecular‐weight, anionic polyelectrolyte, exhibits significant drag‐reducing properties at low concentrations in water, suggesting promising applications in geothermal networks. The flow behavior of xanthan solutions are explored, specifically at concentrations in the semi‐dilute (1000 ppm by mass) and entangled (4000 ppm) regimes as well as in both water and various salt solutions across a temperature range of 5–85°C. The viscosity and viscoelastic properties of xanthan solutions examine relationships between polyelectrolyte concentration, temperature, and salt concentration. Viscosity decreases by two orders of magnitude in 4000 ppm xanthan solutions in deionized water and with 50 mM NaCl (in the high salt limit) as the temperature increases from 5 to 85°C. Next, the addition of salts affects viscosity differently in the two concentration regimes. Specifically, at 25°C, the zero‐shear rate viscosity upon salt addition decreases by 63% for 1000 ppm solutions (from 0.54 to 0.2 Pa s) but increases by 280% for 4000 ppm solutions (from 28 to 107 Pa s). At 1000 ppm, salt ions cause chain collapse, reducing viscosity; At 4000 ppm, entanglements led to structural changes, resulting in higher viscosity. Furthermore, three salts commonly found in geothermal waters, namely NaCl, Na2CO3, and NaHCO3, exhibited similar changes in viscosity and shear thinning behavior in the entangled regime across temperatures from 5 to 85°C.
Sodium and Potassium Storage Behaviour in AgNbO3 Perovskite
Authors: Orbay Metin , Khan Abbas , Crosnier Olivier , Brousse Thierry , Balducci Andrea
Published: October 2024

In this work, we report on the investigation the perovskite‐type AgNbO3 as a model negative electrode for sodium and potassium systems. We demonstrated that during the initial discharge, regardless of the inserted cation, the material undergoes an activation mechanism that induces a crystalline‐to‐amorphous transition. This transition, in turn, leads to an enhancement of the electrode capacity. At 5 A g−1 sodium‐ion AgNbO3 and Potassium‐ion AgNbO3 display capacities of 81 mAh g−1 and 60 mAh g−1, respectively. Furthermore, both electrodes display good cycling stability and efficiency over 350 cycles at 1 A g−1.
Exploring strategies to mitigate Internet's environmental damage: An investigation of intrinsic, extrinsic, and price‐based strategies
Authors: Wathuge Ayodhya , Sedera Darshana
Published: October 2024

The internet infrastructure, for example, the data centers, is purported to be making substantial damage to the environment. While there are many studies on the national or global interventions and technology developments to minimize environmental damage from the internet, very few have investigated the individual level strategies. This study examines individual‐level strategies, including intrinsic motivation (IM), extrinsic motivation, and price‐based interventions, that internet‐based organizations can implement to minimize the environmental impact of internet usage. The research aims to identify the most effective strategy for reducing individual internet usage after individuals become aware of the environmental consequences. The survey experiment results demonstrate that combining all three strategies proves most effective in mitigating the environmental damage caused by internet usage. Extrinsic motivation is particularly effective, both in combination with other strategies and when utilized independently after raising awareness. The results also depict that when taken individually, price‐based strategies (PPSs) show a lower impact, while IM exhibits the lowest impact on behavior change. Additionally, males exhibit a higher inclination towards extrinsic motivation strategies based on the multi‐group analysis. Remarkably, individuals, regardless of gender, age, income, or level of internet activity, show a willingness to adopt PPSs to decrease internet usage after exposure to an informational video. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of strategies to minimize the environmental impact of individual internet usage.
Common ownership and investor‐focused disclosure: Evidence from ESG financial materiality
Authors: Schiehll Eduardo , Kolahgar Sam
Published: October 2024

In this study, we investigate whether information demands made by common agents, specifically common institutional owners, drive firms to adopt a reporting framework that enhances the comparability and financial materiality of environmental, social, and governance information. Using a sample of 3659 unique US firms from 2015 to 2021, we collected data on the adoption of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board's reporting framework—identifying first movers, followers, and non‐adopting firms—and their levels of common institutional ownership. Our results are robust across changes in the levels of common institutional ownership, various combinations of fixed effects, and the application of an instrumental variable approach. Our findings support the idea that investors' demand drives comparability and financial materiality in sustainability reporting and that common ownership enhances such disclosure by alleviating the concern over the proprietary costs of revealing sensitive information. Our study offers new insights into patterns of intra‐industry disclosure behavior and a better understanding of how a group of increasingly significant market participants (i.e., common institutional owners) influences firms' commitment to investor‐focused disclosure.
Impact of articles written in non‐alphabet languages
Authors: Iwanaga Joe , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: October 2024

Nowadays, English is the lingua franca of science, and the reference lists in most English articles are dominated by other English articles. Publications in languages other than English are most often in French, Italian, Spanish, or German. The minority written languages, that is, non‐alphabet languages, have often not been included in reference lists in the scientific literature. However, to accord with the “diversity, equity, and inclusion” concept, non‐alphabet languages should be included and discussed. Failure to cite articles in non‐alphabet or non‐standard languages ignores knowledge that could be useful to both the author and the reader. We hope the present article will promote more discussion of this often‐overlooked topic.
Preferences of patients and physicians in the United States for relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma treatments
Authors: Thomas Caitlin , Marsh Kevin , Trapali Myrto , Krucien Nicolas , Worth Gavin , Cockrum Paul , Lycett Debra
Published: October 2024

Background

Patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) often relapse or become refractory to treatment (R/R). While the R/R FL treatment landscape evolves, little is known about the priorities of patients and physicians. This discrete‐choice experiment (DCE) study assessed patients' and physicians' treatment preferences, and the trade‐offs they would be willing to make between efficacy, tolerability, and administration.

Methods

An online survey was conducted in US‐based patients (≥18 years) with R/R FL and FL‐treating physicians. The DCE was informed by a targeted literature review, clinical data, expert oncologist input, and pilot interviews. Participants completed eight experimental choice tasks where they chose between two hypothetical treatment profiles defined by six attributes: progression‐free survival (PFS), administration/monitoring, risks of laboratory abnormalities requiring intervention, severe infections, diarrhea, and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Relative attribute importance (RAI) and willingness to trade‐off between PFS and other attributes were estimated.

Results

Two‐hundred patients (mean age 63.5 years; median three prior lines of therapy) and 151 FL‐treating physicians participated. Increasing PFS was most important for both groups, although it was relatively less important to patients than physicians (RAI 35.2% vs. 45.7%). Administration/monitoring was three times more important to patients than physicians (RAI 28.8% vs. 9.5%); patients preferred oral treatment and would be willing to tolerate a significant reduction in PFS for oral administration over weekly intravenous infusions. Avoiding CRS was less important to patients than to physicians (RAI 7.7% vs. 15.8%). Both groups would accept shorter PFS for reduced risks of side effects (especially of laboratory abnormalities for patients and of CRS for physicians).

Conclusion

Although PFS was the most important attribute to patients and physicians, both would tolerate lower PFS for reduced side effects. Patients would also accept a substantial reduction in PFS for oral administration. Differences between the preferences/priorities of patients and physicians highlight the importance of shared decision‐making.
Dihydroartemisinin Sensitizes Lung Cancer Cells to Cisplatin Treatment by Upregulating ZIP14 Expression and Inducing Ferroptosis
Authors: Yang Zhuoying , Zhou Zehao , Meng Qingyu , Chen Zhijie , Yun Liang , Jiang Jianjun , He Yujing , Dian Meijuan , Zhang Ruihao , Ge Haotian , Yan Tianbao , Men Biying , Li Zichao , Wu Xu , He Junming , Rao Shuan
Published: October 2024

Background

Despite significant advances in lung cancer treatment, cisplatin (DDP)‐based chemotherapy remains a cornerstone for managing the disease. However, the prevalence of chemoresistance presents a major challenge, limiting its effectiveness and contributing to poor outcomes. This underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies to overcome chemoresistance and improve chemotherapy efficacy in lung cancer patients. Exploring approaches to sensitize tumors to cisplatin could enhance treatment responses and overall survival rates.

Methods and Results

Our study utilized a variety of lung cancer models, including cell lines, mouse models, and patient‐derived organoids, to validate the synergistic cytotoxic effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and cisplatin (DDP). When combined with DDP, we demonstrate that DHA is a promising therapeutic agent that effectively triggers ferroptosis in lung cancer cells, offering a potential strategy for overcoming chemoresistance. Mechanistically, the combination of DHA and DDP synergistically enhances ZIP14 expression, modulating iron homeostasis and upregulating oxidative stress, leading to both in vitro and in vivo ferroptosis. Notably, our findings revealed that the sequential administration of DDP followed by DHA significantly increases ZIP14 expression and induces superior therapeutic outcomes compared to the simultaneous administration or DHA followed by DDP. This observation underscores the importance of the drug administration order in optimizing treatment efficacy, providing new insights into enhancing chemotherapy response in lung cancer.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that combining dihydroartemisinin (DHA) with cisplatin (DDP) presents a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance in lung cancer patients. Importantly, administering DHA during chemotherapy intervals could further optimize treatment outcomes, enhancing the overall efficacy of lung cancer chemotherapy.
Upfront Management of Blastoid Variant Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Making the Case for 2nd/3rd‐Generation Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor‐Based Therapies
Authors: Lee Benjamin J. , Liu Jenny , Griffin Shawn P. , Doh Jean , Ciurea Stefan O. , Kongtim Piyanuch , Brem Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Blastoid variant‐mantle cell lymphoma (BV‐MCL) represents an aggressive subset of patients with no established standard of care treatment approach.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 17 de novo BV‐MCL patients treated at our institution between May 2009 and September 2023. In addition, we reviewed the literature supporting 2nd/3rd generation Bruton's Tyrosine‐kinase (BTKi)‐based therapies for upfront management.

Results

The complete response rate to frontline and salvage therapy was 66.7% and 25%, respectively. Two‐year overall survival (OS) was low at 62.5% (95% CI, 34.7%–81.1%). Variables associated with higher OS included receipt of consolidative HSCT (p = 0.017), TP53‐wild type (p = 0.031), intermediate‐ versus high‐risk Mantle Cell Lymphoma Prognostic Index score (p = 0.026), and achieving complete response with induction therapy (p = 0.027).

Discussion

Treatment outcomes with chemo‐immunotherapy in BV‐MCL patients are poor, especially among TP53‐mutated patients. Recent findings describing positive outcomes with novel BTKi‐based therapies are encouraging and should be considered in this high‐risk population.
Resistance and resilience to tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease: Effects of age, sex, and APOE alleles
Authors: Loika Yury , Webster Stephanie , Loiko Elena , Kulminski Alexander M.
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a hallmark of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD), accumulate in the aging brain. However, some individuals remain cognitively intact despite high Braak (III–VI) stages, which characterize NFTs’ accumulation.

METHODS

We studied resistance and resilience to tau pathology by assessing Braak stages based on apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles, sex, and age in a sample of 1932 cognitively intact individuals of European ancestry from the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP).

RESULTS

Resistance, characterized by low (0–II) Braak stages, was observed in men and women younger than 85 years of age. Resilience, indicated by high (III–VI) Braak stages, increased significantly with age in both men and women for each APOE allele. It became more pronounced, with the proportion of high Braak stages exceeding 50% at 85 years and older in women, irrespective of the APOE allele.

DISCUSSION

The identification of factors underlying resistance and resilience against AD‐related pathologies is essential for promoting cognitively healthy aging.

Highlights

We investigated cognitive resistance and resilience to tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

This study included individuals who were not diagnosed with AD.

Braak stages 0–II and III–VI were considered as a measure of resistance and resilience, respectively.

Resistance was stronger at ages younger than 85 years in non‐carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele.

Resilience increased with age for each APOE allele independently of sex.

At age 85 years and older, high resilience (>50%) was observed in women regardless of the APOE allele.
Value of image enhancement of endoscopic ultrasound for diagnosis of gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions
Authors: Yamazaki Hirofumi , Yamashita Yasunobu , Tamura Takaaki , Kawaji Yuki , Tamura Takashi , Itonaga Masahiro , Ashida Reiko , Shimokawa Toshio , Kojima Fumiyoshi , Hayata Keiji , Maekita Takao , Iguchi Mikitaka , Kitano Masayuki
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Among subepithelial lesions (SELs), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) should be identified and surgically treated at an early stage. However, it is difficult to diagnose SELs smaller than 20 mm. In recent years, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) elastography (EUS‐EG) and contrast‐enhanced harmonic EUS (CH‐EUS) have been reported to be useful for the diagnosis of SELs, although the diagnostic accuracy of a combination of EUS techniques with image enhancement is unknown.

Methods

Patients with SELs who underwent EUS‐guided tissue acquisition, EUS shear‐wave elastography (EUS‐SWE), EUS strain elastography (EUS‐SE), and CH‐EUS from January 2019 to June 2023 were enrolled. To assess the diagnostic accuracy for differentiating GISTs from other SELs, shear‐wave velocity on EUS‐SWE, the strain ratio on EUS‐SE, and vascularity on CH‐EUS were determined and their diagnostic accuracies were compared.

Results

Forty‐three patients were enrolled. When the cut‐off value was set at 3.27 m/s, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of shear‐wave velocity were 28.6%, 86.2%, and 34.9%, respectively. When the cut‐off value was set at 3.79, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the strain ratio were 93.1%, 64.3%, and 83.7%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of CH‐EUS were 79.3%, 92.3%, and 83.7%, respectively. When EUS‐SE was combined with CH‐EUS, the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy were the highest among binary combinations of image enhancement modalities.

Conclusions

EUS‐SE and CH‐EUS are useful for differentiating GISTs from other SELs. Furthermore, the use of both modalities may further improve the identification of GISTs.
Demonstration of an End‐To‐End Workflow Using Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe–Mass Spectrometry (ASAP‐MS) With Real‐Time Sample Recognition Software for the Identification of Falsified and Substandard Pharmaceutical Tablets
Authors: Smillie Fiona , Glinka Weronika , Henry Christopher , McCudden Adam , Thorpe Jennifer , Holman Stephen W.
Published: October 2024

Counterfeit pharmaceuticals are a subclass of falsified and substandard medicines. They are illicit products, purporting to be genuine medicines, that are made and sold by criminal organisations. They represent a significant risk to patient safety, as well as a financial and reputational threat to the companies who make the genuine medicines. It is essential to have analytical methods to determine if suspect samples seized by law enforcement agencies are counterfeit, with mass spectrometry (MS) being a commonly used technique in forensic cases. Speed‐to‐answer is vital to enable law enforcement agencies to progress investigations, as well as for pharmaceutical companies so that they can notify health authorities of the circulation of counterfeit medicines. In this work, an atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP)–MS was assessed as a fast and simple‐to‐use approach to analyse tablets on a commercially available instrument. Complementing the analytics with real‐time sample recognition software demonstrated that the classification of tablets as authentic or counterfeit could be achieved quickly (< 2 min) and without the need for MS interpretation skills. Authentication of five tablets (two authentic pharmaceuticals, one placebo and two counterfeits containing the correct active pharmaceutical ingredient [API] but at lower quantities than in the genuine medicine and with different excipient contents) of unknown origin was achieved with 100% success. This creates the opportunity to deploy the end‐to‐end workflow as a tool for non‐scientists, such as law enforcement officers and border control staff, for use in‐territory to obtain fast answers and make data‐led decisions to control the illegal trading of medicines.
The Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Five Nivanini Species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Evacanthinae) With Phylogenetic Analysis
Authors: Wang Wei , Jiang Lina , Li Ran , Jiang Sai , Liu Yongcheng , Xing Jichun , Li Yujian
Published: October 2024

To delve deeper into the phylogenetic relationships within Cicadellidae and the taxonomic arrangement of Evacanthinae, our study focuses on the mitochondrial genome sequencing of five Nivanini species: Extensus latus, Concavepiana hamulusa, Sophonia nigrilineata, Sophonia microstaina, and Sophonia fuscomarginata. The results showed that the length of the five mitochondrial genomes ranged from 15,610 to 16,032 bp and included 37 typical genes. The A + T content of Nivanini ranged from 72.5% to 78.7%, which is consistent with that of other sequenced Evacanthinae species. All transfer RNAs (tRNAs) exhibit the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except for trnS (AGY), which lacks the dihydrouracil (DHU) arm. With regard to protein‐coding genes, all started with ATN codons, except for atp8, and most of them use TAA or TAG as termination codons. Using the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, a phylogenetic tree based on all 37 genes was constructed, with a total of 57 Cicadellidae species and two outgroups included as research objects. The analyses confirmed the monophyletic nature of each subfamily, highlighting Deltocephalinae as the oldest, distinctively parallel to the others.
Metabolic profile in elite badminton match play and training drills
Authors: Edel Antonia , Vuong Jo‐Lâm , Kaufmann Sebastian , Hoos Olaf , Wiewelhove Thimo , Ferrauti Alexander
Published: October 2024

Aim of the study was to analyze the metabolic profile of badminton matches and training drills. Therefore, 11 male (23.2 ± 3.8 years, 182 ± 7 cm, 74.4 ± 8.4 kg) and five female (19.3 ± 1.5 years, 170 ± 6 cm, 62.6 ± 9.2 kg) elite badminton players participated in either a training match (TM; n = 7) and/or three protocols of multifeeding drills (T10, T30, T50; n = 13), that varied in interval and rest durations (10 s/10 s, 30 s/30 s, 50 s/50 s). Absolute and relative energetic costs (Wtot and Etot) and contribution to oxidative (WOxid), phosphagen (WPCr), and anaerobic glycolytic (WLa) metabolism were calculated by the three‐component PCr‐La‐O2‐method based on an indirect calorimetric approach from oxygen consumption during exercise, post exercise, and net blood lactate concentration. A novel intermittent approach was used to consider replenishment of phosphocreatine during each resting phase. Results show that during TM, Etot was 676 ± 98J·kg−1 min−1, while metabolic pathways contributed by 56.9 ± 8.6% (WOxid), 42.7 ± 8.7% (WPCr), and 0.4 ± 0.6% (WLa). In the multifeeding drills Etot was comparable between T10 (1020 ± 160J·kg−1 min−1) and T30 (985 ± 173 J·kg−1 min−1) but higher in T50 (1266 ± 194J·kg−1 min−1) (p < 0.001). Relative contribution of WOxid was lower in T10 (47.3 ± 7.7%) but similar in T30 (56.5 ± 6.2%) and T50 (57.3 ± 6.0%) (p < 0.001). WPCr was highest in T10 (51.1 ± 8.3%) followed by T30 (42.2 ± 6.9%) and lowest in T50 (31.2 ± 7.7%) (p < 0.001). WLa was similar between T10 (1.6 ± 1.0%) and T30 (2.1 ± 1.0%) but higher in T50 (11.6 ± 4.8%) (p < 0.001). Concludingly, metabolic costs in badminton are predominantly covered by oxidative and phosphagen energetic pathways. Metabolic profiles of the multifeeding drills differ depending on rally/interval duration, with increasing contribution of anaerobic glycolysis and decreasing phosphagen contribution in case of longer intervals.
Device Model for a Solid‐State Barocaloric Refrigerator
Authors: Weerasekera Naveen , Jiang Huan , Chen Yanyu , Sumanasekera Gamini , Bhatia Bikram
Published: October 2024

Solid‐state refrigeration represents a promising alternative to vapor compression cooling systems. Solid‐state devices based on magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, and elastocaloric effects have demonstrated the ability to achieve high‐efficiency, reliable, and environment‐friendly refrigeration. Cooling devices based on the barocaloric (BC) effect—entropy change due to applied hydrostatic pressure, however, has not yet been realized despite the significant promise shown in material‐level studies. As a step toward demonstrating a practical cooling system, this work presents a thermodynamic and heat transfer model for a BC refrigerator The model simulates transient thermal transport within the solid refrigerant and heat exchange with hot and cold thermal reservoirs during reversed Brayton refrigeration cycle operation. The model is used to evaluate the specific cooling power (SCP) and coefficient of performance (COP) of the device comprising nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) as a representative BC refrigerant. Experimentally validated BC properties of NBR are used to quantify the contribution of different operating parameters including cycle frequency, applied pressure, operating temperatures, and heat transfer coefficient. The results show that a BC refrigerator operating with a temperature span of 2.4 K and 0.1 GPa applied pressure can achieve an SCP of 0.024 W g−1 at 10 mHz cycle frequency and a COP as high as 5.5 at 1 mHz cycle frequency—exceeding that of conventional vapor compression refrigerators. In addition, to identify key refrigerant properties, the effect of bulk modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity on device performance are quantified. The results highlight the trade‐off between different material properties to maximize the BC response, while minimizing mechanical work and improving thermal transport. This work demonstrates the promise of solid‐state cooling devices based on soft BC materials and provides a framework to quantify its performance at the device‐level.
Evaluation of segmentation and semi‐supervised learning for spotted spurge recognition in bermudagrass turf
Authors: Joseph Mikerly M. , Gawron Katarzyna A. , Zhao Chang , MacDonald Gregory E. , Schumann Arnold W. , Boyd Nathan S. , Petelewicz Pawel
Published: October 2024

Diverse datasets are crucial for training machine learning‐based weed recognition models. However, annotating (i.e., labeling) images can be laborious and time‐consuming. Choice of annotation method and training approach not only affects the overall model effectiveness but also its minimum training data requirements and development pace. Segmentation and semi‐supervised learning (SSL) may offer performance or training enhancements. This study evaluated (1) segmentation against object detection in spotted spurge [Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small] recognition in Latitude 36 hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] maintained as a golf course fairway and (2) the potential of two‐step SSL‐based training procedure using data labeled both manually and automatically with a pre‐trained model to expedite the model development. The architecture used across this research was You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8) employing nano, small, and medium variants. All models were trained with a dataset restricted to 1200 training and 300 validation images. Both annotation methods resulted in adequate spotted spurge identification, as evidenced with >0.60 (>0.50 acceptability threshold) medium average precision at intersection over union threshold of 0.50 (mAP@50). Although the difference was minimal, object detection performed superior to segmentation. The two‐step training effectively accelerated image annotation while preserving or improving (with 8:4 and 6:6 splits between manually and auto‐labeled data) object detection performance. Segmentation tolerated only 10:2 split and exhibited increased sensitivity to declining dataset quality proportionally to the increase in auto‐labeled images in the final training dataset. Findings show a two‐step SSL‐based training procedure expedites annotation, enhancing model development efficiency.
High‐Resolution Terahertz Spectroscopy for Medical Diagnostics
Authors: Vaks Vladimir , Domracheva Elena , Chernyaeva Maria , Anfertev Vladimir , Ayzenshtadt Andrey , Glushkova Kseniya , Cherniaeva Aleksandra
Published: October 2024

The metabolomics‐based approach to diagnostics and therapy monitoring is a fast‐emerging trend in modern medicine. Terahertz nonstationary spectroscopy based on the induction and disintegration of freely decaying polarization in the gas mixture during the interaction of radiation with molecules at resonance frequencies is a high‐sensitivity method for studying multicomponent gas mixtures, which is promising for identifying metabolites in the thermal decomposition products of biological samples. The paper presents the results of the application of high‐resolution terahertz spectroscopy to the study of biological samples taken from patients with certain diseases (pathologically changed tissues of ear‐nose‐throat organs and similar pathologic tissues formed in other life support systems) to search for characteristic sets of metabolites characterizing the pathology. The world's first measurements of the spectra of pathologic samples of cysts, formed in different life support systems, were carried out, which made it possible to identify similar substances in tissues having the same pathology.
A Novel Ultrasound Finding for the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis: Comparison With Temporal Artery Biopsy Findings
Authors: Kudo Yusuke , Hara Karin , Murayama Michito , Kaga Sanae , Omotehara Satomi , Iwai Takahito , Kato Masaru , Tomaru Utano , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Ishizu Akihiro
Published: October 2024

Hypoechoic halo is a typical ultrasound finding in giant cell arteritis (GCA), but it may be a false positive due to arteriosclerosis. Therefore, we focused on the segmental distribution of GCA lesions, defined the luminal irregularity in long‐axis images as the string of beads sign, and examined its diagnostic ability. As a result, the C‐statistic of hypoechoic halo and string of beads sign was better than that of hypoechoic halo alone (1.00 vs. 0.89). Based on the above, the diagnostic ability of GCA can be improved by adding the string of beads sign to the conventional hypoechoic halo.
Toward Understanding the Mechanism of Client‐Selective Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Sec61 Translocon
Authors: Sorout Nidhi , Helms Volkhard
Published: October 2024

The Sec61 translocon mediates the translocation of numerous, newly synthesized precursor proteins into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum or their integration into its membrane. Recently, structural biology revealed conformations of idle or substrate‐engaged Sec61, and likewise its interactions with the accessory membrane proteins Sec62, Sec63, and TRAP, respectively. Several natural and synthetic small molecules have been shown to block Sec61‐mediated protein translocation. Since this is a key step in protein biogenesis, broad inhibition is generally cytotoxic, which may be problematic for a putative drug target. Interestingly, several compounds exhibit client‐selective modes of action, such that only translocation of certain precursor proteins was affected. Here, we discuss recent advances of structural biology, molecular modelling, and molecular screening that aim to use Sec61 as feasible drug target.
Perilymphatic enhancement and endolymphatic hydrops: MRI findings and clinical associations
Authors: Kobayashi Masumi , Yoshida Tadao , Fukunaga Yukari , Hara Daisuke , Naganawa Shinji , Sone Michihiko
Published: October 2024

Objective

In this study, we aimed to summarize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of perilymphatic enhancement (PE) and endolymphatic hydrops (EH) of the inner ear, which are associated with vestibular and cochlear symptoms.

Methods

We analyzed data on ears with definite Meniere's disease (MD), sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), vertigo, and listening difficulties (LiD) from 508 ears of 254 patients who underwent contrast‐enhanced 3‐Tesla MRI between April 2021 and March 2023. We evaluated the degree of endolymphatic hydrops (EH), signal intensity ratios (SIRs) between the basal turns of the cochlea and cerebellum, and hearing levels for all ears. Ears with definite MD were also assessed for changes in vestibular and cochlear symptoms within 6 months.

Results

Ears with definite MD exhibited significantly higher percentages of EH in both the vestibule and cochlea compared with ears with other diseases. Furthermore, ears with MD or sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) had significantly higher SIRs of PE compared with ears with other diseases or asymptomatic ears. Among patients with definite MD, those experiencing hearing fluctuations or vertigo attacks within the last 6 months had significantly higher SIRs of PE compared with those who did not experience any symptoms.

Conclusion

Significant EH in the vestibule and cochlea was a major finding for the imaging diagnosis of definite MD. A high SIR of PE was a good indicator for assessing MD activity, reflecting vestibular and cochlear symptoms and fluctuations.

Level of Evidence: 4.
Size distribution of aggregates across different aquatic systems around Japan shows that stronger aggregates are formed under turbulence
Authors: Takeuchi Marika , Giering Sarah L. C. , Yamazaki Hidekatsu
Published: October 2024

Marine aggregates, composed of various particles, play a crucial role in ocean carbon storage. The overall size distribution of the aggregates (number size spectra) is controlled by the balance between aggregation and disaggregation processes. Turbulence has been proposed to facilitate both aggregation and disaggregation by increasing the collision rate of aggregates or sometimes directly tearing them apart. Predominant processes driven by turbulence typically depend on the level of turbulence—relatively weak turbulence is associated with aggregation while stronger turbulence promotes disaggregation. Aggregate strength also plays a key role, as strongly bonded aggregates can withstand turbulence better, leading to lower disaggregation rates. While the relationship between turbulence and aggregate strength has been studied numerically and experimentally, field measurements remain limited. Here, we compare our number size spectra to turbulence intensity from the field measurements across different environmental settings around Japan to determine the effect of turbulence on aggregate strength. We combined measurements from 10 sites with different environmental settings and observed the flatter slopes (higher net aggregation rate) and shifts in the intersection lengths with an increase of turbulence, while strong turbulence is typically linked with disaggregation. Our findings suggested that stronger aggregates are formed under stronger turbulence and the overall population of strong aggregates also increases with an increase of turbulence intensity. We also compared our number size spectra with three other confounding factors (fluorescence, salinity, and aggregate compositions) to confirm the effects of turbulence are dominant in our aggregate dynamics.
Wavelet‐Forward Family Enabling Stitching‐Free Full‐Field Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy
Authors: Wu Hao , Wang Jiacheng , Pan Haoyu , Lyu Jifu , Zhang Shuhe , Zhou Jinhua
Published: October 2024

Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) breaks through the resolution limitations of conventional optical systems, which offer a full‐field view and high resolution without additional mechanical scanning. However, conventional image‐domain optimizations require trade‐offs between correction efficacy, data redundancy, and reconstruction accuracy. Furthermore, the existing linear time‐invariant model for actual nonlinear, time‐varying optical systems leads to forward model mismatch, complicating the corrections of the vignetting effect. To overcome these challenges and achieve stitching‐free FPM, a family of forward wavelet‐transform models (WL‐FPM) is proposed. WL‐FPM employs the reversibility of the wavelet transform for high‐fidelity reconstruction in the multiscale feature domain. The wavelet loss function is updated in each iteration, and non‐convex optimization is solved by complex back diffraction. WL‐FPM offers stitching‐free, high‐resolution, and robust reconstruction under various challenging conditions, including vignetting effects, LED position mismatch, intensity fluctuations, and high‐level noise environments, which outperform conventional FPM methods. Under a 4X objective with NA 0.1, WL‐FPM achieves a 435‐nm resolution and stitching‐free full‐field reconstruction of a 3.328 × 3.328 mm2 pathological section with distinct subcellular organelles. In live cell imaging, it provides a full‐field observation with distinct lipids in a single cell. A large number of simulation and experimental results demonstrate its potential for biomedical applications.
Prediction of MRI R2*$$ {\mathrm{R}}_2^{\ast } $$ relaxometry in the presence of hepatic steatosis by Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Ma Mengyuan , Cheng Junying , Li Xiaoben , Fan Zhuangzhuang , Wang Changqing , Reeder Scott B. , Hernando Diego
Published: October 2024

To develop Monte Carlo simulations to predict the relationship of with liver fat content at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. For various fat fractions (FFs) from 1% to 25%, four types of virtual liver models were developed by incorporating the size and spatial distribution of fat droplets. Magnetic fields were then generated under different fat susceptibilities at 1.5 T and 3.0 T, and proton movement was simulated for phase accrual and MRI signal synthesis. The synthesized signal was fit to single‐peak and multi‐peak fat signal models for and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) predictions. In addition, the relationships between and PDFF predictions were compared with in vivo calibrations and Bland–Altman analysis was performed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of these components (type of virtual liver model, fat susceptibility, and fat signal model) on predictions. A virtual liver model with realistic morphology of fat droplets was demonstrated, and and PDFF values were predicted by Monte Carlo simulations at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. predictions were linearly correlated with PDFF, while the slope was unaffected by the type of virtual liver model and increased as fat susceptibility increased. Compared with in vivo calibrations, the multi‐peak fat signal model showed superior performance to the single‐peak fat signal model, which yielded an underestimation of liver fat. The ‐PDFF relationships by simulations with fat susceptibility of 0.6 ppm and the multi‐peak fat signal model were (, ) at 1.5 T and (, ) at 3.0 T. Monte Carlo simulations provide a new means for ‐PDFF prediction, which is primarily determined by fat susceptibility, fat signal model, and magnetic field strength. Accurate ‐PDFF calibration has the potential to correct the effect of fat on quantification, and may be helpful for accurate measurements in liver iron overload.
Bio‐inspired graphene oxide/epoxy coating with ordered stacking for anticorrosion/wear protection of Mg alloy
Authors: Ju Meng , Tong Libo , Li Miaomiao , Li Xiangjun , Wang Wei , Wang Kuaishe
Published: October 2024

The random arrangement of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets within the organic coating forms a conductive network, thereby accelerating galvanic corrosion and exacerbating metal deterioration. Inspired by ordered layered structure of natural nacre, this study has successfully fabricated a biomimetic GO/epoxy coating on Mg alloy to prevent corrosion and reduce wear. By polymerizing polyaniline (PANI) and dopamine (PDA) on the GO, GO/PANI/PDA sheets with good dispersibility and impermeability are obtained. Subsequently, the bio‐inspired coating (I‐GO/PANI/PDA‐WEP) with “nacre‐like” structure is prepared via alternately spraying GO/PANI/PDA layers with epoxy layers. The anisotropic electrical conductivity of the coating is derived from the ordered distribution of GO/PANI/PDA layers to the Mg substrate, which can conduct electricity more efficiently in‐plane while suppressing longitudinal electron transport. The enhanced physical barrier effect by the “nacre‐like” structure and the electron suppression effect can improve anticorrosion performance. The coating reduces the corrosion rate by 6.3 × 105 times in comparison to Mg alloy. Moreover, this coating shows excellent wear resistance, which protects Mg alloy from friction and wear with a reduction in wear rate by approximately 96%. This bio‐inspired approach offers a unique strategy for fabricating GO composite coatings with exceptional performance.

Highlights

The corrosion/wear resistance of I‐GO/PANI/PDA has greatly improved.

GO/PANI/PDA coating exhibits excellent anisotropic conductivity.

Galvanic corrosion is inhibited due to the addition of GO/PANI/PDA.

“Nacre‐like” structure shows high labyrinth effect.

The ordered orientation of GO/PANI/PDA suppresses out‐plane electron transport.
Surface treatment effects on morphological and property enhancements of poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)/Diss fibers (Ampelodesmos mauritanicus) biocomposites
Authors: Remila Brahim , Zembouai Idris , Zaidi Lynda , Kaci Mustapha , Kervoelen Antoine , Bruzaud Stéphane
Published: October 2024

The present research investigates the influence of chemical modifications on the surface of Diss fibers (Ampelodesmos mauritanicus) as an effective reinforcing agent for biocomposites based on poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). The Diss fiber surface underwent three different chemical treatments: alkaline, alkaline/peroxide, and alkaline/silane. Changes in morphology, mechanical properties, thermomechanical behavior, and contact angle measurements of the biocomposite materials were studied according to the following weight ratio PHBV/Diss fibers 80/20. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the fractured surface of the biocomposite samples revealed improved adhesion between Diss fibers and the PHBV matrix after surface modification, compared with the unmodified sample. The study demonstrated that the incorporation of Diss fibers leads to an enhancement in the mechanical performances of PHBV‐based biocomposites. The tensile properties of the modified biocomposites showed a significant increase in Young's modulus compared with the biocomposites with untreated fiber. Similar trends were observed in the data obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and contact angle measurement. Overall, the study highlights the beneficial effects of Diss fibers modification, particularly with the alkali–silane combination, in enhancing the properties of PHBV biocomposites, there by broadening their potential application fields.

Highlights

The study explores the potential of Diss fibers as an effective reinforcement for PHBV‐based biocomposites.

Fully biodegradable biocomposites based on PHBV/Diss fibers are melt‐compounded.

Diss fibers are chemically modified by alkaline, alkaline/peroxide, and alkaline/silane.

The chemical treatment has considerably enhanced the properties and morphology of the biocomposites, being however much higher for alkaline/silane treatment.

The method can be used for specific applications and large‐scale production.
The preparation of polyaniline/graphene/polypropylene nanocomposite and its novel antibacterial activity
Authors: Ao Xaiofang , Liu Xue , Dai Zheyu , Zhu Aiping
Published: October 2024

The demand for polymers with antibacterial properties is increasing in food packaging industry and medical supplies. Antibacterial additives without toxic metal ion release are crucial for health and safety but still have challenges. Herein, polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite was prepared with polyaniline/graphene nanocomposite (PANI/GNP) as a green antibacterial additive due to its electrostatic, free radical, and nanoknife effect synergistic antibacterial mechanisms. To improve the dispersibility of PANI/GNP, nanosilica coating on PANI/GNP was constructed successfully with in situ condensation polymerization of epoxy functionalized ethyl orthosilicate to obtain EP‐nSiO2‐PANI/GNP. EP‐nSiO2‐PANI/GNP with a thin nanosilica coating has a significantly improved thermal stability as compared with that of PANI/GNP characterized by TGA. The EP‐nSiO2‐PANI/GNP presents a nanoscale disperse state in PP nanocomposite and thus enhances the melt viscosity and storage modulus accordingly characterized by TEM and Rheology. The EP‐nSiO2‐PANI/GNP/PP filled with 0.5 wt% of EP‐nSiO2‐PANI/GNP demonstrates antibacterial activity of 100% against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Highlights

In situ condensation polymerization to prepare EP‐nSiO2‐PANI/GNP.

EP‐nSiO2‐PANI/GNP has enhanced dispersion stability.

EP‐nSiO2‐PANI/GNP with a thin nanosilica coating has a good thermal stability.

PP nanocomposite with 0.5 wt% filler has excellent antibacterial activity.

The electrostatic, free radical, and nanoknife effect antibacterial mechanism.
Performance of glass epoxy composites under combined effect of in‐plane fiber waviness with circular cutout through tensile test, and image processing technique
Authors: Muddebihal Aravind , Gouda P. S. Shivakumar , Uppin Vinayak S. , Edacherian Abhilash , Patil Santosh , Joshi Prahlad , M A Somashekara
Published: October 2024

Present study comprehensively explores the phenomenon of in‐plane fiber waviness in glass/epoxy fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. Utilizing a pioneering technique that employs a semi‐circular bar to induce controlled fiber waviness, coupled with image processing using OpenCV library in Python coding for precise measurement and analysis of in‐plane fiber waviness. This defect is commonly found in components fabricated with fiber‐reinforced composites. During the process of manufacturing fibers may deviate from their intended orientation due to process variables or resin flow dynamics. Understanding in‐plane fiber waviness is crucial due to its impact on mechanical properties of composites. It is essential for optimizing manufacturing processes and ensuring enhanced structural performance in diverse engineering applications through analysis of strength and failure mechanism. A novel study was conducted by introducing a circular cutout within the fiber waviness region to investigate the combined effect of multiple defects. The experimental tensile test reveals that as waviness ratio (WR) increases a significant decrease in its tensile strength and vice versa. The study incorporates scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image analysis to examine composite failure. By advancing the understanding of in‐plane fiber waviness and its implications, this research significantly contributes to ongoing efforts in composite design and optimization.

Highlights

Adopting a cutting‐edge method to create controlled fiber waviness that makes use of a semi‐circular bar.

Image processing with Python code that makes use of the OpenCV package to precisely measure and analyze in‐plane fiber waviness.

A new investigation was carried out to examine the combined effect of multiple flaws by creating a circular cutout within the fiber waviness zone.
Investigation of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase‐inhibiting herbicides that exhibit soybean crop selectivity
Authors: Lee Stephanie , Payne China , Rees Shaun , Ahrens Hartmut , Arve Lars , Asmus Elisabeth , Bojack Guido , Arsequell Estel.la Buscató , Gatzweiler Elmar , Helmke Hendrik , Kallus Christopher , Laber Bernd , Lange Gudrun , Lehr Stefan , Menne Hubert , Rosinger Christopher H. , Schulte Wolfgang , Sommer Kai , Barber David M.
Published: October 2024

The sustainable control of weed populations, particularly resistant species, is a significant challenge in agriculture around the world. The α‐aryl‐keto‐enol (aryl‐KTE) class of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase)‐inhibiting herbicides represent a possible solution for the control of resistant grasses even though achieving crop selectivity remains a challenge. Herein, we present some of our investigations into identifying the most promising structural features within the aryl‐KTE class that give the highest chance of achieving soybean crop selectivity, whilst also maintaining strong and broad efficacy against problematic weed species. We further examined our results by preparing new aryl‐KTE molecules which were evaluated in glasshouse screening assays for their herbicidal efficacy as well as their soybean selectivity. We consider that uniting this approach with other optimization criteria, such as toxicological and environmental safety profiles, will enable the streamlining of crop protection optimizations programmes, ultimately delivering safer and more sustainable solutions to farmers and consumers. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.