bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Love It or Leave It: A Look at Women in Clerical Occupations1
Authors: Beaton Ann M. , Tougas Francine , Laplante Joelle
Published: November 2007

This study was conducted among female clerical workers to examine factors associated with attitudes toward bridging programs. These programs facilitate women's transition from traditional to nontraditional careers. In a proposed model, 2 paths linking masculine and feminine traits of the self‐concept to personal relative deprivation were tested. Whereas feminine traits were expected to correlate with masculine traits, the former was predicted to yield feelings of relative satisfaction and the latter to evoke relative deprivation. Relative deprivation was predicted to increase intention to endorse bridging program activities. Results support the model, albeit analyses suggested an additional path from masculine traits to bridging program activities. Implications of this reality test of the relations between self‐concept, relative deprivation, and career mobility are discussed.
Determinants of Depression Severity and Duration in Canadian Adults: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Social Support
Authors: Wareham Stacey , Fowler Ken , Pike Andrea
Published: November 2007

This study examined the effects of 4 subtypes of social support (tangible, affective, positive social interaction, and emotional/informational) and gender on the severity and duration of depressive symptoms within the general adult Canadian population. Data were collected from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS; Statistics Canada, 2002). Upon meeting predetermined criteria, 6,316 participants were included in the study. The findings suggest that, overall, positive social interaction was significantly associated with decreases in depression severity; while emotional/informational support was significantly associated with increases in depression severity. Positive social interaction and emotional/informational support appeared to significantly decrease the duration of depression. Interesting gender differences also emerged among the 4 subtypes of social support. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Examining Potential Differences Between Men and Women in the Impact of Treatment Discrimination
Authors: Cunningham George B. , Sagas Michael
Published: November 2007

In drawing from the nonsymmetry hypothesis, the purpose of this study was to examine the possible differential effects of treatment discrimination on the career satisfaction and occupational turnover intentions of male and female head coaches of NCAA athletic teams. Data were gathered from 200 coaches. While there were no mean differences in the extent to which treatment discrimination was experienced, results from competing structural equation models demonstrated that treatment discrimination more adversely affected the work outcomes of men than women, thereby supporting the primary study hypothesis. Results demonstrate the need to not only examine mean differences in treatment discrimination, but also the potential for differential impact among members of various social categories.
Responses of the 27‐kDa heat shock protein to UVB irradiation in human epidermal melanocytes
Authors: Shi Biao , Grahn Jennifer C. , Reilly Debra A. , Dizon Theresa C. , Isseroff R. Rivkah
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental hazard for the skin, and UVB (280–320 nm) has been proposed to be a main factor for melanoma development. In response to sunlight exposure, the skin has adapted a number of innate resistance mechanisms. Among them is the small heat shock protein of 27 kDa (HSP27) known to play a role in the protection of cells from variety of environmental insults including UV irradiation. In this study, we demonstrated that UVB irradiation of cultured normal epidermal melanocytes initiates changes in HSP27 phosphorylation and localization. In unstressed melanocytes, HSP27 was present as the non‐phosphorylated isoform. UVB irradiation with a physiological dose (7–25 mJ/cm2) resulted in the formation of a mono‐phosphorylated isoform and sometimes a bi‐phosphorylated isoform. The UVB‐induced HSP27 phosphorylation was inhibited when melanocytes were treated with the antioxidant N‐acetyl cysteine or inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase prior to UVB exposure, suggesting that UVB induced HSP27 phosphorylation through reactive oxygen species/p38 MAP kinase pathway. In response to UBV irradiation, HSP27 in melanocytes translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The HSP27 responses may provide some protective role against UVB‐induced cell damage in the skin.
Melatonin antagonizes the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via mitochondrial targeting of Bcl‐2
Authors: Radogna Flavia , Cristofanon Silvia , Paternoster Laura , D’Alessio Maria , De Nicola Milena , Cerella Claudia , Dicato Mario , Diederich Marc , Ghibelli Lina
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  We have recently shown that melatonin antagonizes damage‐induced apoptosis by interaction with the MT‐1/MT‐2 plasma membrane receptors. Here, we show that melatonin interferes with the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. In response to an apoptogenic stimulus, melatonin allows mitochondrial translocation of the pro‐apoptotic protein Bax, but it impairs its activation/dimerization The downstream apoptotic events, i.e. cytochrome c release, caspase 9 and 3 activation and nuclear vesiculation are equally impaired, indicating that melatonin interferes with Bax activation within mitochondria. Interestingly, we found that melatonin induces a strong re‐localization of Bcl‐2, the main Bax antagonist to mitochondria, suggesting that Bax activation may in fact be antagonized by Bcl‐2 at the mitochondrial level. Indeed, we inhibit the melatonin anti‐apoptotic effect (i) by silencing Bcl‐2 with small interfering RNAs, or with small‐molecular inhibitors targeted at the BH3 binding pocket in Bcl‐2 (i.e. the one interacting with Bax); and (ii) by inhibiting melatonin‐induced Bcl‐2 mitochondrial re‐localization with the MT1/MT2 receptor antagonist luzindole. This evidence provides a mechanism that may explain how melatonin through interaction with the MT1/MT2 receptors, elicits a pathway that interferes with the Bcl‐2 family, thus modulating the cell life/death balance.
Photo‐degradation of melatonin: influence of argon, hydrogen peroxide, and ethanol
Authors: Brömme Hans‐Jürgen , Peschke Elmar , Israel Gunter
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  When organic compounds are irradiated with UV light at 254 nm, part of their covalent bonds can dissociate if the compound absorbs light at that wavelength. Therefore, photo‐degradation depends strongly on the wavelength used. The energy of a light quanta at 254 nm amounts to approximately 110 kcal/mol quanta, which is in many cases higher than the binding energy of a variety of covalent bonds. As a consequence, the absorbing molecule is degraded. As melatonin absorbs light at 254 nm, this compound is vulnerable to UV light. In order to minimize undesired effects of other absorbing substances, we used as solvent mostly pure water and analyzed the influence of λirr = 254 nm on the disappearance of the educt (melatonin) as well as on the appearance of products derived from melatonin in the presence of oxygen, argon, hydrogen peroxide, and ethanol by UV–VIS spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AFMK) appears to be the main, but obviously not the only product of photo‐degradation of melatonin, independently of whether the system contains oxygen or not. If the system contains additionally hydrogen peroxide, a very strong oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (•OH), is formed. Under such conditions, melatonin is not solely photo‐degraded but also attacked by the formed •OH which interact similarly with the formed main photo‐product AFMK. Ethanol, as a potent scavenger of •OH, efficiently blocks the effect of this aggressive radical even at low concentrations of that scavenger (0.1% v/v) but is less effective in preventing photo‐degradation of melatonin.
Auricular Rehabilitation by Means of Bone Grafting from the Iliac Crest in Combination with Porous Extraoral Implants: A Case Report
Authors: Dib Luciano Lauria , De Oliveira Joaquim Augusto Piras , Neves Rogerio Izar , Sandoval Renata Lazari , Nannmark Ulf
Published: November 2007

Background:  Maxillofacial defects caused by cancer treatment are a huge problem affecting the quality of life of patients. Some of these deformities are minimized using facial epitheses, which need some additional retention devices like glasses or skin adhesives. The use of extraoral fixtures as bone anchorage was introduced many years ago and since then many patients were rehabilitated with better results.

Purpose:  Because of poor bone conditions, for example, irradiated bone, the success rate of extraoral implants is less than in the oral cavity, causing difficulties to rehabilitation. One possible cause of fixture failure could be the poor primary stability achieved in some cases, hence, with an increased bone contact implant stability and survival could be improved. The present report discusses possibilities to use extraoral fixtures with a modified surface structure.

Materials and Methods:  A new porous surfaced Brazilian extraoral implant (MasterExtra®, Conexão, Sistema de Próteses, São Paulo, Brazil) was used. A bone transplant from the iliac crest was taken to make it possible to insert at least three extraoral implants for an auricle epithesis. Clinical evaluation and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measurements were performed during the course of the treatment.

Results:  Eight months after grafting, four fixtures were inserted. Three fixtures were used for connection of an auricular epithesis. RFA measurements did show high initial values and the values remained stable during the course of the treatment and at later checkups.

Conclusion:  Porous fixture is a good option in areas where the bone is compromised. RFA is a good tool also in the clinical setting to evaluate immediate and long‐term stability of extraoral fixtures.
Osteotome Sinus Floor Elevation and Simultaneous Placement of Implants – A 1‐Year Retrospective Study with Astra Tech Implants
Authors: Fermergård Robert , Åstrand Per
Published: November 2007

Background: The bone support for implants in the posterior part of the maxilla is often poor. This condition may be treated with augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor. The most common technique used is to elevate the sinus floor by inserting a bone graft through a window opened in the lateral antral wall, although less invasive techniques with osteotomes have been used since 1994.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of implants placed in the posterior maxilla with the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) technique without grafting.

Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 36 consecutive patients in whom 53 implants were inserted with the OSFE technique. The indication for sinus floor elevation was that the bone height below the maxillary sinus was considered to be 10 mm or less.

Results: The mean height of the alveolar process in the intended implant sites was 6.3 ± 0.3 mm, and the mean elevation of the sinus floor was 4.4 ± 0.2 mm. At the 1‐year follow‐up, two implants had been lost, both in edentulous patients. The remaining 51 implants inserted were in function, giving a 1‐year cumulative survival rate of 96%. Implants used in single‐tooth replacements and in partially edentulous cases had a 100% survival rate. The mean marginal bone level at the time of loading of the implants was 0.1 ± 0.04 mm below the reference point. One year later, the corresponding value was 0.5 ± 0.06 mm. The mean bone loss between the two examinations was 0.4 ± 0.05 mm.

Conclusions: The OSFE technique, without bone grafts, was found to produce predictable results in the treatment of 36 patients with restricted bone volume in the posterior part of the maxilla.
Skills Diagnosis Using IRT‐Based Continuous Latent Trait Models
Authors: Stout William
Published: November 2007

This article summarizes the continuous latent trait IRT approach to skills diagnosis as particularized by a representative variety of continuous latent trait models using item response functions (IRFs). First, several basic IRT‐based continuous latent trait approaches are presented in some detail. Then a brief summary of estimation, model checking, and assessment scoring aspects are discussed. Finally, the University of California at Berkeley multidimensional Rasch‐model‐grounded SEPUP middle school science‐focused embedded assessment project is briefly described as one significant illustrative application.
Making Diagnostic Inferences About Cognitive Attributes Using the Rule‐Space Model and Attribute Hierarchy Method
Authors: Gierl Mark J.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this paper is to describe the logic and identify key assumptions associated with making cognitive inferences using two attribute‐based psychometric methods. The first method is Kikumi Tatsuoka's rule‐space model. This model provides a strong point of reference for studying the nature of diagnostic inferences because it is important in the evolution of skills diagnostic testing and it is well documented. The second method is a new procedure called the attribute hierarchy method that was developed from the rule‐space approach. Although the attribute hierarchy method shares many commonalities with rule space, it represents an extension by including an attribute hierarchy that serves as an explicit cognitive model of task performance designed to link psychometric practices with contemporary cognitive theories. In this paper, we describe and compare these two attribute‐based psychometric methods and identify new directions for research and practice in skills diagnostic testing.
SOLUBILITY OF TOCOPHEROL AND TOCOTRIENOLS FROM PALM OIL IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: PUAH CHIEW WEI , CHOO YUEN MAY , MA AH NGAN , CHUAH CHENG HOCK
Published: November 2007

The supercritical fluid extraction of tocols (tocopherol and tocotrienols) from palm oil was carried out in a dynamic (flow‐through) system. The experiments were carried out in a 3 × 3 factorial design with three equally spaced pressures (14, 22 and 30 MPa) and three equally spaced temperatures (40, 60 and 80C). The tocols obtained were quantified using off‐line high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. The effects of operating pressure and temperature on the extraction and solubility of tocols in supercritical carbon dioxide were investigated. The results showed that tocols have solubility in the range of 0.94 × 10−3 to 0.018 mg/g CO2 for the conditions investigated in this study. The concentration of tocols was optimized at 22 MPa and 40C for palm oil. The selectivity of tocols follows the preference of δ‐tocotrienol > γ‐tocotrienol > α‐tocotrienol > α‐tocopherol .

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Crude palm oil (CPO) is unique among the common vegetable oils because of its high content of tocotrienols. Tocotrienols are more powerful antioxidants than tocopherols. Thus, CPO provides a good source for the production of tocols (tocopherol and tocotrienols) from a natural plant source. The solubility data obtained in the present study are important for the design and optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction of tocols because complex mixtures can lead to changes in solubility and mass transfer behavior. This study demonstrated that individual tocols have different maximum solubility and thus provide an alternative method for selective extraction of individual tocols.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYME‐ASSISTED COLD‐PRESSED COTTONSEED OIL
Authors: LATIF SAJID , ANWAR FAROOQ , ASHRAF MUHAMMAD
Published: November 2007

Physicochemical properties of enzyme‐assisted cold‐pressed oils from seeds of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), using five commercial enzymes (Phytezyme, Allzyme, Natuzyme, Kemzyme and Feedzyme), were compared with those of the control (without enzyme) and solvent‐extracted oils. Enzyme‐extracted cottonseed oil yield ranged from 9.70 to 12.89%, which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the control (8.50%). No significant (P > 0.05) variation in the protein, fiber and ash contents was observed in all extracted oilseed residues. The saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acid content, specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm, and peroxide and p‐anisidine values of the enzyme‐extracted oils were lower than those of solvent‐extracted oils but comparable with those of the control. The fatty acid composition of the control, enzyme‐ and solvent‐extracted cottonseed oils revealed no significant (P > 0.05) variation with regard to the constituent fatty acid contents. However, the enzyme‐extracted oils had relatively lower levels of stearic acid. When compared with the control, the α‐tocopherol content was high in the Phytezyme‐, Natuzyme‐ and Feedzyme‐extracted oils; nevertheless, it was comparable with those in solvent‐extracted oils. The level of γ‐tocopherol in enzyme‐extracted oils was comparable with the control, but generally higher than that in the solvent‐extracted oils.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Enzyme‐assisted cold pressing is very effective in enhancing the oil yield, with better quality of end‐use products and involves lower capital investment than that of solvent extraction. Commercial enzymes were used in this study and the proposed enzyme‐assisted extraction method will be beneficial for the local vegetable oilseed extraction sector and may offer valuable by‐products for food and feed applications.
EFFECT OF CHITOSAN COATING ON SHELF LIFE AND QUALITY OF FRESH‐CUT MUSHROOM
Authors: EISSA HESHAM A.A.
Published: November 2007

The effect of chitosan coating in fresh‐cut mushroom preservation, including microbiological, enzyme activities, color characteristics and chemical quality attributes, was examined. However, application of chitosan coating to enzyme activity control and quality maintenance of fresh‐cut mushroom was investigated. Fresh‐cut mushrooms were treated with aqueous solution of 0.5, 1 and 2 g chitosan/100 mL, placed in polyethylene bags, and then stored at 4C. Application of chitosan coating delayed discoloration associated with reduced enzyme activities of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase, catalase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and laccase, as well as lower total phenolic content. Also, it reduced enzyme activities of cellulase, total amylase andα‐amylase. Microbiological development of the fresh‐cut mushroom treated with chitosan coating was also inhibited compared to the control. The results showed that increasing the concentration of chitosan coating enhanced the beneficial effects of chitosan on extended shelf life and maintained quality of fresh‐cut mushroom.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In general, the results showed that the application of chitosan coating (with optimum concentration of 2%) of oyster mushroom was observed to greatly inhibit the enzyme activities and lowest microbial count (Y, M and B) during storage at 4C for 15 days. Recommendations for selection of an appropriate chitosan concentration with refrigeration at 4C were given to be a potentially useful tool for extending the shelf life of fresh oyster mushroom. Furthermore, from a technological point of view, it would be conceivable to use chitosan coating in processed mushrooms provided that their safety is assessed and their commercial feasibility is demonstrated. It is concluded that the technique used produced good results; the product showed good quality during processing and storage with respect to microbiological, physical and chemical properties. Also, this technique is important to prevent the decrease in market value and the concomitant economic losses.
OPTIMIZATION OF CORNSTARCH/XANTHAN GUM CONTENT FOR THICKENING OF COCOA SYRUPS
Authors: SIKORA MAREK , KOWALSKI STANISŁAW , KRYSTYJAN MAGDALENA , KRAWONTKA JAN , SADY MAREK
Published: November 2007

Blended cornstarch–xanthan gum systems were optimized for thickening of cocoa syrups. For this purpose the sensory (whole and partial), textural (force of penetration, adhesiveness and stringiness) and rheological properties (flow curves as well as viscosity/time and viscosity/temperature relationships) of cocoa syrups were studied.

Flow curves were described by rheological model of Casson, which accounted syrups under study for non‐Newtonian, pseudoplastic and thixotropic fluids. Also models of Weltman and Arrhenius were applied for comparison of obtained data. The areas of thixotropy hysteresis loops were also calculated.

Obtained data (sensory, textural and rheological) were used as a base for mathematical calculations. The results were presented in the tables to enable their easier understanding. As a result, optimization of thickeners was achieved – the best ranges of cornstarch (0.45–0.49%) as well as xanthan gum (0.15–0.17%) concentrations in cocoa syrups were selected.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

The result of this study could be used as a guide for thickening of cocoa syrups by the application of cornstarch–xanthan gum combination, chemically nonmodified thickeners. Mathematical method tried in this study for optimization of thickeners addition could be useful for optimization of the other thickeners and additives employed for different sauces, syrups, dressings, ketchups, mayonnaises, etc.
CHANGES IN SOYMILK QUALITY AS A FUNCTION OF COMPOSITION AND STORAGE
Authors: ACHOURI ALLAOUA , BOYE JOYCE IRENE , ZAMANI YOUNESS
Published: November 2007

Three soymilk products formulated with different concentrations of fat, sugar and starch were evaluated for changes in their physical properties and volatiles profile over time (3 months) under different temperatures (4, 22 and 38C) of storage. Samples were tested for pH, color, viscosity and volatile flavor changes. The pH and color of the soymilks decreased significantly during the first month of storage and then remained stable over time. Color and viscosity of the soymilk products were affected by both the soymilk composition and storage treatment. The high‐fat soymilk sample (product C) had the whitest color (lower ΔE) and the lowest viscosity. Storage at 38C negatively affected the color. The viscosities of the soymilk products stored at 4C were the lowest among the treatments. The major volatiles identified in all soymilk products were hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, hexanol, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, benzaldehyde, 2‐pentyl furan and 2‐ethyl furan. The intensities of the volatile compounds in the soymilk products increased during the first weeks of storage, particularly when stored at 38C. The intensities, however, decreased gradually over time. Among the three formulated soymilk products, the sweetened sample (product B) gave the lowest flavor intensities under all three temperatures of storage. Overall, storage at 4C and addition of sugar preserve best the soymilk quality.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Soy products are well appreciated for their nutritional and potential health benefits. Soy beverage consumption is increasing among North American consumers because of improvements in soy beverage quality and processing technologies. There is, however, a demand for new value‐added soy‐based drinks with improved “functional” (health‐benefiting) properties. Soy beverage could be an excellent carrier for “functional” or “nutritive” ingredients such as minerals, vitamins and omega 3 oils; however, addition of such ingredients may affect the stability of the product and requires the development appropriate of technologies for their incorporation. Results from this project provide new knowledge on the storage stability and quality of three different soy product formulations. The information could be useful in the establishment of optimal conditions for processing of functional soy beverages, for use by the food industry.
EFFECT OF CANDELILLA WAX WITH NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE SHELF LIFE QUALITY OF FRESH‐CUT FRUITS
Authors: SAUCEDO‐POMPA SAUL , JASSO‐CANTU DIANA , VENTURA‐SOBREVILLA JANETH , SÁENZ‐GALINDO AIDÉ , RODRÍGUEZ‐HERRERA RAUL , AGUILAR CRISTÓBAL N.
Published: November 2007

Films formulated with edible natural waxes extracted from Euphorbia antisyphilitica, and additives Aloe vera (4%), ellagic acid (0.01%) and gallic acid (0.01%) were applied to evaluate their effects on the quality of fresh‐cut fruits stored at 5C and at room temperature (21C) for 6 days. The evaluated characteristics were changes in appearance, weight loss, firmness, color, solid content, pH and water activity (Aw). The additives, combined with the natural wax, demonstrated not to cause apparent damage to the fruits. Generally speaking, the films showed better results in comparison with the control. The treatment with A. vera showed the lowest values in weight loss, water migration, Aw, change in pH and firmness. The ellagic acid coating reduced the color change in a greater proportion. The application of these new edible films to fruits extends their shelf life and increases their antioxidant potential, as well as their nutritional quality.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Edible films elaborated with a natural wax extracted from Euphorbia antisyphilitica complemented with a potent antioxidant ellagic and gallic acids, and Aloe vera extend the shelf life quality and increase the antioxidant potential, as well as the nutritional quality of fresh‐cut fruits and vegetables, giving way to the possibility of producing nutraceutical products in the form of edible biofilms. Potential applications of these films are very attractive because the components are natural and nontoxic, and they are recommended by their low cost, availability and ease of handling. The possibility of using these films on other food products, not necessarily vegetal in origin, could be assayed.
BIOFILM FORMATION BY ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII GROWN IN ARTIFICIAL BROTH AND INFANT MILK FORMULA ON PLASTIC SURFACE
Authors: OH SE‐WOOK , CHEN PEI‐CHUN , KANG DONG‐HYUN
Published: November 2007

Biofilm‐forming characteristics of 72 different Enterobacter sakazakii strains on plastic surface were tested. And the influence of the artificial growth medium and infant milk formula (IMF) was also determined. Quantification of biofilm formation was performed with medium including brain heart infusion broth, nutrient broth, tryptic soy broth, 1/20 diluted tryptic soy broth (1/20‐TSB) and differently diluted IMF on plastic microtiter plates. According to the result, reconstituted IMF was the more effective medium for biofilm formation than artificial medium. At normal IMF concentration, 56 strains produced biofilm (77.8%) but most suitable artificial medium and 1/20‐TSB; 12 strains produced biofilm (16.7%). These results indicated that the IMF offers more opportunities of biofilm formation on plastic surface. Therefore, all bottles and equipment should be effectively cleaned for preventing biofilm formation by IMF and E. sakazakii.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

E. sakazakii could produce biofilm and protect the cells from being affected by disinfectants. It is also more difficult to wash such bacteria off from the surface they attached with biofilm and the chance of cross‐contamination could increase. The ability of biofilm formation could be influenced by different strains and also the growing media. By this study, we observed that IMF is the most effective media for biofilm formation among all the other media tested. Since IMF is the most important vehicle and source of E. sakazakii, it is important to surely clean and disinfect all the processing facilities in the factory and all the utensils, bottles, or teats used for IMF preparation. As biofilm would be formed when contact time increased, it is recommended not to sit the feeding bottles with IMF for a prolonged time to prevent biofilm formation and therefore minimize the opportunity of E. sakazakii infection.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS TO MICROAEROPHILIC INCUBATION AND ADDITION OF REDUCTANTS IN A RIBOFLAVIN MICROTITER PLATE ASSAY
Authors: GOLBACH J.L. , CHALOVA V.I. , KIM W.K. , WOODWARD C.L. , RICKE S.C.
Published: November 2007

Given the importance of riboflavin in human diets, a rapid riboflavin assay is needed by the food industry to allow simultaneous determination of riboflavin in numerous food sources. The growth responses of Lactobacillus rhamnosus to microaerophilic conditions and three reducing agents were examined as an attempt to reduce riboflavin assay time. Ascorbic acid, dithiothreitol and thioglycollate were applied at three concentrations. None of the concentrations of reducing agents caused a further increase of bacterial optical density (OD) or had a significant effect on the growth rates. More optimal microaerophilic conditions were achieved through the use of an anaerobic chamber. The growth rate of L. rhamnosus under microaerophilic conditions (0.30 ± 0.05/h) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the growth rate of the bacteria under aerobic conditions (0.34 ± 0.07/h). However, after 14 h of bacterial growth, the OD of the bacterial culture under anaerobic hood incubation (0.71 ± 0.09) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than under aerobic incubation conditions (0.58 ± 0.05). Additional research is needed involving more controlled atmospheres for incubation during growth and a wider range of reductants to optimize and shorten the time required for riboflavin microtiter plate assay.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Quantifying riboflavin in foods and food ingredients is important to the food industry. Lactobacillus rhamnosus growth response to varying levels of riboflavin is used to estimate the amount of this vitamin. In an effort to optimize growth on microtiter plates and decrease assay time, microaerophilic conditions were examined. Although rate of growth was not altered, cell concentration measured as optical density (OD) did increase. Microaerophilic incubation of microtiter plates represents a potential approach to decrease assay time and provide the food industry with more timely results.
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ASSESSMENT OF THE CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF ORAL VISCOSITY
Authors: DE CELIS ALONSO BENITO , MARCIANI LUCA , HEAD KAY , CLARK PAUL , SPILLER ROBIN C. , RAYMENT PIP , ABLETT STEVE , FRANCIS SUE , GOWLAND PENNY A.
Published: November 2007

Viscosity, taste and aroma are key attributes of food. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used to investigate the cortical brain response to taste and aroma; however hitherto, the response to food viscosity has been the subject of only one fMRI study. This study aims to investigate the cortical response to oral viscosity in humans using wide brain coverage and multi‐echo acquisition techniques to improve sensitivity across a range of brain regions to confirm and extend previous findings. The stimulus used was an alginate gel compared to a water control. Activation was detected by group analysis in the right postcentral gyrus/somatosensory cortex, in the right rolandic operculum/parietal operculum cortex and in a more anterior part of the left insula. No activation was detected in the orbitofrontal cortex.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Recent neuroimaging studies have begun to unravel the cortical representation of taste and aroma stimuli, detecting brain activation in primary sensory and secondary association areas, as well as those cortical areas associated with reward and emotional behavior. Functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques, as shown here, can be easily extended to the study of the cortical response to oral viscosity, thus adding a unique tool to the field of texture studies.
The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes
Authors: Roberts Brent W. , Kuncel Nathan R. , Shiner Rebecca , Caspi Avshalom , Goldberg Lewis R.
Published: November 2007

The ability of personality traits to predict important life outcomes has traditionally been questioned because of the putative small effects of personality. In this article, we compare the predictive validity of personality traits with that of socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive ability to test the relative contribution of personality traits to predictions of three critical outcomes: mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment. Only evidence from prospective longitudinal studies was considered. In addition, an attempt was made to limit the review to studies that controlled for important background factors. Results showed that the magnitude of the effects of personality traits on mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment was indistinguishable from the effects of SES and cognitive ability on these outcomes. These results demonstrate the influence of personality traits on important life outcomes, highlight the need to more routinely incorporate measures of personality into quality of life surveys, and encourage further research about the developmental origins of personality traits and the processes by which these traits influence diverse life outcomes.
The Optimum Level of Well-Being: Can People Be Too Happy?
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro , Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E.
Published: November 2007

Psychologists, self-help gurus, and parents all work to make their clients, friends, and children happier. Recent research indicates that happiness is functional and generally leads to success. However, most people are already above neutral in happiness, which raises the question of whether higher levels of happiness facilitate more effective functioning than do lower levels. Our analyses of large survey data and longitudinal data show that people who experience the highest levels of happiness are the most successful in terms of close relationships and volunteer work, but that those who experience slightly lower levels of happiness are the most successful in terms of income, education, and political participation. Once people are moderately happy, the most effective level of happiness appears to depend on the specific outcomes used to define success, as well as the resources that are available.
A Trio of Concerns
Authors: Kagan Jerome
Published: November 2007

This essay assesses the two most significant changes in psychology over the past century: the attempt to localize psychological phenomena in restricted brain sites and the search for genetic contributions to behavior and psychopathology. Although there are advantages to these new developments, they are accompanied by some questionable assumptions. Because the investigators in these domains often relate variation in their biological measures to variation in personality traits evaluated with questionnaires, an analysis of the unique properties of the verbalreport questionnaires is presented. It is suggested that future research on human personality should try to combine semantic reports with behaviors and biological data in order to arrive at more fruitful constructs.
Meaning and Interpretation: Can Brandomian Scorekeepers be Gadamerian Hermeneuts?
Authors: Lafont Cristina
Published: November 2007

In his bookTales of the Mighty DeadBrandom engages Gadamer's hermeneutic conception of interpretation in order to show that his inferentialist approach to understanding conceptual content can explain and underwrite the main theses of Gadamer's hermeneutics which he calls ‘the gadamerian hermeneutic platitudes’. In order to assess whether this claim is sound, I analyze the three types of philosophical interpretations that Brandom discusses:de re,de dicto, andde traditione, and argue that they commit him to an ‘ecumenical historicism’ that is directly at odds with the hermeneutic approach. Although the variety ofde reinterpretation that Brandom denominatesde traditionecomes indeed very close to the Gadamerian approach, I conclude that if Brandomian scorekeepers were to adopt it, they could become Gadamerian hermeneuts, but once they did, they would not be able to go back to their scorekeeping practices as described by Brandom.
The Rise of the Non‐Metaphysical Hegel
Authors: Lumsden Simon
Published: November 2007

There has been a resurgence of interest in Hegel's thought by Anglo‐American philosophers in the last 25 years. That expansion of interest was initiated with the publication of Charles Taylor's Hegel (1975). That work stills stands as one of7 the important branches of Hegel interpretation. However the dominance of the strongly metaphysical interpretation of Hegel, which dominated the understanding of Hegel until the 1980s, and of which Taylor's work represents the culmination, has now, at least among the major interpreters of Hegel, given way to what has come to be known as the non‐metaphysical reading of Hegel. This article charts the emergence and development of the non‐metaphysical Hegel, which takes his thought to be a continuation of the Kantian project of critically examining the presuppositions of any normative claim. This article provides an overview of the latest developments in Hegel research, primarily focusing on the English‐language literature. Recent research has placed Hegel's concerns at the centre of contemporary debates in analytic philosophy, particularly concerning the status of norms, the ‘space of reasons’ and the ‘myth of the given’. This research has in turn been influential on the two most important figures in English‐language Hegel scholarship (Robert Pippin and Terry Pinkard). The article will position this new wave of Hegel scholarship and its influence in relation to the metaphysical interpretation of Hegel and will also provide a brief overview of Hegel's reception in French post‐structuralism, which has largely accepted and promoted a view of Hegel as a metaphysician.
The theory of gerotranscendence as applied to gerontological nursing – Part I
Authors: Wadensten Barbro
Published: November 2007

Introduction. This article outlines the theory of gerotranscendence – a psychosocial theory of ageing developed by Lars Tornstam, a Swedish Sociology professor.

Description of the theory. Through his theory of gerotranscendence, Tornstam has introduced a new understanding of ageing, stating that human development is a life‐long process that continues into old age and that, when optimized, ends in a new perspective. The theory of gerotranscendence focuses on two phenomena: the old person and the ageing process itself. The theory describes both the experience of growing old and the characteristics of a normal and positive old age.

Foundation and empirical base of the theory. The theory is based on both the ideas and theories of others as well as on empirical studies.

Relevance of the theory and its application in nursing. The theory of gerotranscendence could provide new key concepts for understanding the developmental process of ageing and the transition into old age. This theory facilitates the possibility of structuring care for older people in addition to guiding it. Because the theory describes development and the meaning of development in older age, it is possible to discuss how care of older people could be structured as well as how staff caring for older people could promote the process of ageing.
Experiences of health and well‐being, a question of adjustment and compensation – views of older people dependent on community care
Authors: From Ingrid , Johansson Inger , Athlin Elsy
Published: November 2007

Most studies concerning older people’s health and well‐being have focused on their ill health, disease and complaints and have mainly been conducted with a quantitative design. Hence, there is still a need for qualitative studies in which these peoples’ own views on health and well‐being are shown, especially when they are dependent on health care in a community setting. A qualitative approach was used in the study reported here and aimed at obtaining a deeper understanding of older peoples’ own views about their health and well‐being. Interviews were carried out on two occasions with 19 older people living in their own homes and in sheltered accommodation. The data were analysed using content analysis. The findings suggested that the possibility to feel healthy was dependent both on the older person’s own ability to adjust or compensate to their situation, and on how their caregivers, relatives and friends could compensate for the obstacles the older person faced. The subcategories that captured the informants’ experiences of health and ill health were described as positive and negative poles of autonomy, togetherness, tranquillity and security in daily life. The significance of the caregivers was clearly evident. Their competence, commitment and treatment were prerequisites for the older person’s ability to experience health in spite of being dependent on care.
Priestly Sacrifice in the Hebrew Bible: A Summary of Recent Scholarship and a Narrative Reading
Authors: Janzen David
Published: November 2007

The field of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament has come to no consensus on the meaning of sacrifice in ancient Israel. The most influential theory of the meaning of biblical sacrifice, at least in the Priestly Writing (P) of the Pentateuch, is that of Jacob Milgrom. Milgrom argues that the purification sacrifice, as presented by P in Leviticus 1–7, is key to understanding P's sacrificial system, as its blood provided a ritual detergent on the altar for Israel's unintentional sins and impurities, thus permitting the continued presence of God in the sanctuary. Milgrom's theory has recently come under challenge, and a reading of P's narrative throughout the entire Pentateuch, and not only in Leviticus 1–7, shows that, for the Priestly Writing, sacrifice seems to draw Israel's attention to the differences between the divine and human realms, and thus points to Israel's moral failings in relationship to the divine law, as well as to the punishment Israel will suffer for this failure.
Quality Changes during Refrigerated Storage of MA‐Packaged Pre‐rigor Fillets of Farmed Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.) Using Traditional MAP, CO2 Emitter, and Vacuum
Authors: Hansen A.Å. , Mørkøre T. , Rudi K. , Olsen E. , Eie T.
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT:  Quality changes during 3 wk of refrigerated storage (1.3 °C) were studied on pre‐rigor filleted farmed Atlantic cod packed in modified atmosphere (MAP, 60% CO2 and 40% O2) or vacuum. The packages of MAP contained either a CO2 emitter and low gas volume to product volume (g/p ratio) of 1.3, or a 3.9 g/p ratio and no emitter. The CO2 level remained stable or increased in the packages with CO2 emitter, whereas the CO2 level in the packages with no CO2 emitter decreased to 40% after 4 d of refrigerated storage. High levels of oxygen in the gas mixture prevented formation of trimethyl amine (TMA) during storage of the MA‐packed fish, whereas the TMA content increased significantly after 10‐d storage in vacuum. MA‐packed samples had the highest values of 1‐penten‐3‐ol. Sensory scores of sour, sulfur, and pungent odors were significantly higher for vacuum‐packed cod compared to the 2 MA‐packaging methods measured 14 d after slaughtering. No differences in sensory scores were observed between the 2 methods of MAP, and shelf life of these samples seemed to be 14 to 21 d. Cod samples packaged in vacuum packages had higher pH values compared to ordinary MAP and packages containing a CO2 emitter. Bacterial growth was inhibited by MAP and resulted at the end of the storage period in dominance of Carnobacterium and some Photobacterium. In MA packages with high O2 levels the Photobacterium was inhibited. It is concluded that CO2 emitters are well suited for reduction of transport volume for MA‐packaged farmed cod.
The Impact of Higher Education on Egalitarian Attitudes and Values: Contextual and Cultural Determinants
Authors: Chatard Armand , Selimbegovic Leila
Published: November 2007

In the present paper, we revisit the question of the impact of higher education on students’ egalitarian attitudes and values. Research in this domain indicates that students tend to become more egalitarian and tolerant with higher education, but there are also differences depending on academic disciplines. Two main hypotheses aiming to explain why students’ egalitarian attitudes differ as a function of academic disciplines are discussed: self‐selection and socialization. Previous research yielding results in support of each of these hypotheses is reviewed. After pointing to some inconsistencies in the results, we consider recent research suggesting that cultural norms, namely, individualism and collectivism, may moderate the impact of higher education on attitudes. Individual factors, such as self‐selection, seem to play a more prominent role than collective factors, such as socialization, in individualist cultures (e.g. North America, Australia), where most research has been conducted. In contrast, socialization appears to have a stronger impact than individual factors in collectivist cultures (e.g. Eastern Europe, Africa).
The Unnoticed Absence of Emotion in Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Beike Denise R.
Published: November 2007

Memory for one's own life experiences, or autobiographical memory, is impressive in its accuracy and flexibility. A memory is constructed anew at each recollection through a process of finding and temporarily joining together specific details about location, sensory experiences, and other details. Curiously missing, however, are emotional details. Although emotional experiences are well remembered, the emotional aspect of an experience is neither retained in its full intensity nor reexperienced during recollection. The adaptive benefits of omitting emotion from autobiographical memory include uninterrupted goal pursuit and emotional stability. But most people make metacognitive errors that convince them that autobiographical memories generally do contain emotion. Possible causes of these errors include naïve theories, motivation to believe that one is healthy, filling in current emotion for remembered emotion, and biased sampling of memories.
Faulty Self‐Assessment: Why Evaluating One's Own Competence Is an Intrinsically Difficult Task
Authors: Carter Travis J. , Dunning David
Published: November 2007

People's perception of their competence often diverges from their true level of competence. We argue that people have such erroneous view of their competence because self‐evaluation is an intrinsically difficult task. People live in an information environment that does not contain all the data they need for accurate self‐evaluation. The information environment is insufficient in two ways. First, when making self‐judgments, people lack crucial categories of information necessary to reach accurate evaluations. Second, although people receive feedback over time that could correct faulty self‐assessments, this feedback is often biased, difficult to recognize, or otherwise flawed. Because of the difficulty in making inferences based on such limited and misleading data, it is unreasonable to expect that people will prove accurate in judgments of their skills.
Notes for a Critical Personality Psychology: Making Room under the Critical Psychology Umbrella
Authors: Ouellette Suzanne C.
Published: November 2007

Inspired by the liberation psychologist Martin‐Baró who provocatively defined personality asthat of which individuals can be robbed in conditions of social injusticeand research psychologists in training whose appreciation of the possibilities of personality psychology has been limited by the dominance of trait approaches, this paper claims that we need and can practice acritical personality psychology. Conceptual and methodological tools for such an enterprise are identified in two arenas of current research: the study of narratives and new forms of history in personality psychology. Withincritical personality psychology, personality is understood to be an expression of (i) a multifaceted organization that includes individual, interpersonal, social, cultural, and political contexts; (ii) individual and social change; and (iii) the moral dimensions of human psychology. Notes on future directions draw on areas of inquiry within and outside personality psychology to insure a place under the critical psychology umbrella.