bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The African Origin of Complex Projectile Technology: An Analysis Using Tip Cross-Sectional Area and Perimeter
Authors: Sisk Matthew L. , Shea John J.
Published: March 2011

Despite a body of literature focusing on the functionality of modern and stylistically distinct projectile points, comparatively little attention has been paid to quantifying the functionality of the early stages of projectile use. Previous work identified a simple ballistics measure, the Tip Cross-Sectional Area, as a way of determining if a given class of stone points could have served as effective projectile armatures. Here we use this in combination with an alternate measure, the Tip Cross-Sectional Perimeter, a more accurate proxy of the force needed to penetrate a target to a lethal depth. The current study discusses this measure and uses it to analyze a collection of measurements from African Middle Stone Age pointed stone artifacts. Several point types that were rejected in previous studies are statistically indistinguishable from ethnographic projectile points using this new measure. The ramifications of this finding for a Middle Stone Age origin of complex projectile technology is discussed.
ER81 Expression in Breast Cancers and Hyperplasia
Authors: Wang YuanYuan , Wang Li , Chen Yue , Li Lin , Yang XuanTao , Li BaoLin , Song ShuLing , Yang LiLin , Hao Yan , Yang JuLun
Published: March 2011

ER81 is a transcription factor that may contribute to breast cancer; however, little known about the role of ER81 in breast carcinogenesis. To investigate the role of ER81 in breast carcinogenesis, we examined ER81 expression in IDC, DCIS, ADH, HUT, and normal breast tissues by immunohistochemical staining. We found that ER81 overexpression was detected in 25.7% (9/35) of HUT, 41.2% (7/17) of ADH, 54.5% (12/22) of DCIS, and 63.0% (51/81) of IDC. In 20 of breast cancer tissues combined with DCIS, ADH, and HUT, ER81 expression was found in 14/20 (70%) IDC. In these 14 cases all cases were ER81 positive expression in DCIS, 13 of 14 cases were positively expressed of ER81 in ADH and 8 of 14 were positive for ER81 in HUT components. A statistical significance was found between NBT and HUT () and HUT and ADH (). Clinical-pathological features analysis of breast cancer revealed that ER81 expression was significantly associated with Her2 amplification and was negatively associated with ER and PR expression. Our results demonstrated that ER81 overexpression was present in the early stage of breast development that suggested that ER81 overexpression may play an important role in breast carcinogenesis.
Summary of a workshop on light-weight coring techniques and equipment used by Northern Canada Division, Geological Survey of Canada
Authors: Brooks G R
Published: March 2011

This Open File is the record of a workshop on light-weight coring techniques and equipment used by staff of Geological Survey of Canada-Northern Canada (GSC-NC) Division on November 15, 2010. It contains an overview of the rationale behind the workshop, abstracts
and pdf files of the nine presentations, and a list of current, in-house, light-weight coring equipment (as of December 1, 2010).
Kernel algebras and generalized Fourier–Mukai transforms
Authors: Polishchuk Alexander
Published: March 2011

We introduce and study
kernel algebras
, i.e., algebras in the category of sheaves on a square of a scheme, where the latter category is equipped with a monoidal structure via a natural convolution operation. We show that many interesting categories, such as D-modules, equivariant sheaves and their twisted versions, arise as categories of modules over kernel algebras. We develop the techniques of constructing derived equivalences between these module categories. As one application we generalize the results of [44] concerning modules over algebras of twisted differential operators on abelian varieties. As another application we recover and generalize the results of Laumon [33] concerning an analog of the Fourier transform for derived categories of quasi-coherent sheaves on a dual pair of generalized 1-motives.
Strongly self-absorbing C*-algebras are $\mathcal{Z}$-stable
Authors: Winter Wilhelm
Published: March 2011

We prove the title. This characterizes the Jiang–Su algebra

\mathcal{Z}

as the uniquely determined initial object in the category of strongly self-absorbing C*-algebras.
A noncommutative sigma-model
Authors: Mathai Varghese , Rosenberg Jonathan
Published: March 2011

We begin to study a sigma-model in which both the spacetime manifold and the two-dimensional string world-sheet are made noncommutative. We focus on the case where both the spacetime manifold and the two-dimensional string world-sheet are replaced by noncommutative 2-tori. In this situation, we are able to determine when maps between such noncommutative tori exist, to derive the Euler–Lagrange equations, to classify many of the critical points of the Lagrangian, and to study the associated partition function.
Appendix to V. Mathai and J. Rosenberg’s paper “A noncommutative sigma-model”
Authors: Li Hanfeng
Published: March 2011

Two problems posed in the paper [6] by V. Mathai and J. Rosenberg are resolved.
Unlocking Data for Clinical Research – The German i2b2 Experience
Authors: Mate S. , Helbing K , Sax U. , Prokosch H.U. , Ganslandt T.
Published: March 2011

Objective: Data from clinical care is increasingly being used for research purposes. The i2b2 platform has been introduced in some US research communities as a tool for data integration and querying by clinical users. The purpose of this project was to assess the applicability of i2b2 in Germany regarding use cases, functionality and integration with privacy enhancing tools.

Methods: A set of four research usage scenarios was chosen, including the transformation and import of ontology and fact data from existing clinical data collections into i2b2 v1.4 instances. Query performance was measured in comparison to native SQL queries. A setup and administration tool for i2b2 was developed. An extraction tool for CDISC ODM data was programmed. Interfaces for the TMF privacy enhancing tools (PID Generator, Pseudonymization Service) were implemented.

Results: Data could be imported in all tested scenarios from various source systems, including the generation of i2b2 ontology definitions. The integration of TMF privacy enhancing tools was possible without modification of the platform. Limitations were found regarding query performance in comparison to native SQL and certain temporal queries.

Conclusions: i2b2 is a viable platform for data query tasks in use cases typical for networked medical research in Germany. The integration of privacy enhancing tools facilitates the use of i2b2 within established data protection concepts. Entry barriers should be lowered by providing tools for simplified setup and import of medical standard formats like CDISC ODM.
Determining the spatial and seasonal variability in OM/OC ratios across the US using multiple regression
Authors: Simon H. , Bhave P. V. , Swall J. L. , Frank N. H. , Malm W. C.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network are used to estimate organic mass to organic carbon (OM/OC) ratios across the United States by extending previously published multiple regression techniques. Our new methodology addresses common pitfalls of multiple regression including measurement uncertainty, colinearity of covariates, dataset selection, and model selection. As expected, summertime OM/OC ratios are larger than wintertime values across the US with all regional median OM/OC values tightly confined between 1.80 and 1.95. Further, we find that OM/OC ratios during the winter are distinctly larger in the eastern US than in the West (regional medians are 1.58, 1.64, and 1.85 in the great lakes, southeast, and northeast regions, versus 1.29 and 1.32 in the western and central states). We find less spatial variability in long-term averaged OM/OC ratios across the US (90% of our multiyear regressions estimate OM/OC ratios between 1.37 and 1.94) than previous studies (90% fell between 1.30 and 2.10). We attribute this difference largely to the inclusion of EC as a covariate in previous regression studies. Due to the colinearity of EC and OC, we find that up to one-quarter of the OM/OC estimates in a previous study are biased low. Assumptions about OC measurement artifacts add uncertainty to our estimates of OM/OC. In addition to estimating OM/OC ratios, our technique reveals trends that may be contrasted with conventional assumptions regarding nitrate, sulfate, and soil across the IMPROVE network. For example, our regressions show pronounced seasonal and spatial variability in both nitrate volatilization and sulfate neutralization and hydration.
Reanalysis of tropospheric sulphate aerosol and ozone for the period 1980–2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ
Authors: Pozzoli L. , Janssens-Maenhout G. , Diehl T. , Bey I. , Schultz M. G. , Feichter J. , Vignati E. , Dentener F.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Understanding historical trends of trace gas and aerosol distributions in the troposphere is essential to evaluate the efficiency of the existing strategies to reduce air pollution and to design more efficient future air quality and climate policies. We performed coupled photochemistry and aerosol microphysics simulations for the period 1980–2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ, to assess our understanding of long term changes and inter-annual variability of the chemical composition of the troposphere, and in particular of O3 and sulphate concentrations, for which long-term surface observations are available. In order to separate the impact of the anthropogenic emissions and meteorology on atmospheric chemistry, we compare two model experiments, driven by the same ECMWF re-analysis data, but with varying and constant anthropogenic emissions, respectively. Our model analysis indicates an average increase of 1 ppbv (corresponding to 0.04 ppbv yr−1) in global average surface O3 concentrations due to anthropogenic emissions, but this trend is largely masked by natural variability (0.63 ppbv), corresponding to 75% of the total variability (0.83 ppbv). Regionally, annual mean surface O3 concentrations increased by 1.3 and 1.6 ppbv over Europe and North America, respectively, despite the large anthropogenic emission reductions between 1980 and 2005. A comparison of winter and summer O3 trends with measurements shows a qualitative agreement, except in North America, where our model erroneously computed a positive trend. O3 increases of more than 4 ppbv in East Asia and 5 ppbv in South Asia can not be corroborated with long-term observations. Global average sulphate surface concentrations are largely controlled by anthropogenic emissions. Globally natural emissions are an important driver determining AOD variations, regionally AOD decreased by 28% over Europe, while it increased by 19% and 26% in East and South Asia. The global radiative perturbation calculated in our model for the period 1980–2005 was rather small (0.05 W m−2 for O3 and 0.02 W m−2 for total aerosol direct effect), but larger perturbations ranging from −0.54 to 1.26 W m−2 are estimated in those regions where anthropogenic emissions largely varied.
Sensitivity of Dobson and Brewer Umkehr ozone profile retrievals to ozone cross-sections and stray light effects
Authors: Petropavlovskikh I. , Evans R. , Mcconville G. , Oltmans S. , Quincy D. , Lantz K. , Disterhoft P. , Stanek M. , Flynn L.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Remote sounding methods are used to derive ozone profile and column information from various ground-based and satellite measurements. Vertical ozone profiles measured in Dobson units (DU) are currently retrieved based on laboratory measurements of the ozone absorption cross-section spectrum between 270 and 400 nm published in 1985 by Bass and Paur (BP). Recently, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) proposed using the set of ozone cross-section measurements made at the Daumont laboratory in 1992 (BDM) for revising the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite ozone profiles and total ozone column retrievals. Dobson Umkehr zenith sky data have been collected by NOAA ground-based stations at Boulder, CO (BDR) and Mauna Loa Observatory, HI (MLO) since the 1980s. The UMK04 algorithm is based on the BP ozone cross-section data. It is currently used for all Dobson Umkehr data processing submitted to the World Ozone and Ultraviolet radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) under the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Ozone profiles are also retrieved from measurements by the Mark IV Brewers operated by the NOAA-EPA Brewer Spectrophotometer UV and Ozone Network (NEUBrew) using a modified UMK04 algorithm (O3BUmkehr v.2.6, Martin Stanek). Records from Dobson and Brewer instruments located at MLO and BDR were used to produce Umkehr ozone retrievals using BDM ozone cross-sections and compared to profiles produced using the BP ozone cross sections. Additional effects of the out-of-band stray light and stratospheric temperature variability on Umkehr profile retrievals are also discussed in this paper. This paper describes the sensitivity of the Umkehr retrievals with respect to the proposed ozone cross-section changes.
Effect of Rosmarinic and Caffeic Acids on Inflammatory and Nociception Process in Rats
Authors: Gamaro Giovana Duzzo , Suyenaga Edna , Borsoi Milene , Lermen Joice , Pereira Patrícia , Ardenghi Patrícia
Published: March 2011

Rosmarinic acid is commonly found in species of the Boraginaceae and the subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae). It has a number of interesting biological activities, for example, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the i.p. administration of caffeic and rosmarinic acid (5 and 10 mg/kg) on anti-inflammatory and nociceptive response using carrageenan-induced pleurisy model and tail-flick assay in rats. The analysis of cells in the pleural exudates revealed a reduction of 66% of the number of leukocytes that migrated to the pleural cavity in the animals treated with 5 mg/kg caffeic acid, and of 92.9% for the animals treated with 10 mg/kg in comparison with the control group. These exudates showed a balanced distribution of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) cells, differently from the control group, in which PMN cells were predominant. The analysis to tail-flick latency was increased in the group treated with 10 mg/kg caffeic acid characterizing a nociceptive response. While there was no difference between control group and animals treated with rosmarinic.
Control of robots using radial basis function neural networks with dead‐zone
Authors: Ishihara Abraham K. , van Doornik Johan , Ben‐Menahem Shahar
Published: March 2011

In this paper, we examine the control of robot manipulators utilizing a Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. We are able to remove the typical requirement of Persistence of Excitation (PE) for the desired trajectory by introducing an error minimizing dead‐zone in the learning dynamics of the neural network. The dead‐zone freezes the evolution of the RBF weights when the performance error is within a bounded region about the origin. This guarantees that the weights do not go unbounded even if the PE condition is not imposed. Utilizing protection ellipsoids we derive conditions on the feedback gain matrices that guarantee that the origin of the closed loop system is semi‐globally uniformly bounded. Simulations are provided illustrating the techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oils and Fats as Renewable Raw Materials in Chemistry
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Bornscheuer Uwe , Meier Michael A. R. , Metzger Jürgen O. , Schäfer Hans J.
Published: March 2011

Oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin have been the most important renewable feedstock of the chemical industry in the past and in the present. A tremendous geographical and feedstock shift of oleochemical production has taken place from North America and Europe to southeast Asia and from tallow to palm oil. It will be important to introduce and to cultivate more and new oil plants containing fatty acids with interesting and desired properties for chemical utilization while simultaneously increasing the agricultural biodiversity. The problem of the industrial utilization of food plant oils has become more urgent with the development of the global biodiesel production. The remarkable advances made during the last decade in organic synthesis, catalysis, and biotechnology using plant oils and the basic oleochemicals derived from them will be reported, including, for example, ω‐functionalization of fatty acids containing internal double bonds, application of the olefin metathesis reaction, and de novo synthesis of fatty acids from abundantly available renewable carbon sources.
Synthesis of medically important ethyl cinnamate ester by porcine pancreatic lipase immobilized on poly(AAc‐co‐HPMA‐cl‐EGDMA) hydrogel
Authors: Sharma Chander K. , Chauhan Ghanshyam S. , Kanwar Shamsher S.
Published: March 2011

Ethyl cinnamate was synthesized by the reaction of ethyl alcohol with cinnamic acid using hydrogel immobilized porcein pancreatic lipase (PPL). The PPL was immobilized on to a formalin (2%, v/v) activated poly(AAc‐co‐HPMA‐cl‐EGDMA) hydrogel. The hydrogel‐bound PPL was used to perform esterification of ethanol with cinnamic acid in equimolar ratio (100 mM each) in dimethyl sulfoxide. Various kinetic parameters were optimized to produce ethyl cinnamate using immobilized lipase. The maximum conversion (55 mM) was achieved at temperature 65°C in 27 h under continuous shaking. The hydrogel‐bound PPL retained more than 50% of its original activity up to second cycle of repetitive esterification under optimized conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A study on the effects of SEBS‐g‐MAH on the phase morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/polycarbonate/SEBS ternary polymer blends
Authors: Jazani O. Moini , Arefazar A. , Jafari S. H. , Beheshty M. H. , Ghaemi A.
Published: March 2011

In this work, five ternary blends based on 70% by weight (wt %) of polypropylene (PP) with 30% wt of polycarbonate (PC)/poly(styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene)(SEBS) dispersed phase consists of 15 wt % PC and 15 wt % reactive (maleic anhydride grafted) and nonreactive SEBS mixtures at various ratios were prepared in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder. scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the blends containing only nonreactive SEBS exhibited a fine dispersion of core‐shell particles. With decreasing the SEBS/SEBS‐g‐Maleic Anhydride (MAH) weight ratio, the morphology changed from the core‐shell particles to a mixed of core‐shell, rod‐like and individual particles. This variation in phase morphology affected the thermal and mechanical properties of the blends. DSC results showed that the blends containing only nonreactive SEBS exhibited a minimum in degree of crystallinity due to the homogeneous nucleation of core‐shell particles. Mechanical testing showed that in the SEBS/SEBS‐g‐MAH weight ratio of 50/50, the modulus and impact strength increased compared with the PP matrix while the yield stress had minimum difference with that of PP matrix. These effects could be attributed to the formation of those especial microstructures revealed by the SEM studies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of bisphenol a diphthalimide bisbenzoxazine monomers and the properties of their polybenzoxazines
Authors: Yan Chun , Fan Xinyu , Li Juan , Shen Shirley Zhiqi
Published: March 2011

Three bisphenol A diphthalimide bisbenzoxazine monomers were successfully synthesized through a two‐step procedure. First, a new bihydric phenol, bishydroxyphenyl bisphenol A diphthalimide, was prepared from bisphenol A dianhydride and 4‐aminophenol. Then, different bisphenol A diphthalimide bisbenzoxazine monomers were synthesized from bishydroxyphenyl bisphenol A diphthalimide, paraformaldehyde, and various amines, such as aniline, allylamine, and 3‐aminophenylacetylene. The chemical structures and compositions of the novel monomers were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The curing behavior of the three monomers after various thermal treatments was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The polybenzoxazines from the three monomers had excellent high‐temperature properties demonstrated by dynamic mechanical analysis. The thermal stabilities of the three polybenzoxazines were also studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that the 5 and 10% weight loss temperatures were as high as over 360 and 405°C, respectively, and the char yields at 800°C were 41 to 61%, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Relationship between the gas transport properties and the refractive index in high‐free‐volume fluorine‐containing polyimide membranes
Authors: Sato Shuichi , Ose Takamasa , Miyata Sou , Kanehashi Shinji , Ito Hiroto , Matsumoto Setsuko , Iwai Yuki , Matsumoto Hironaga , Nagai Kazukiyo
Published: March 2011

The refractive index and gas transport properties (i.e., permeability, diffusivity, and solubility) in the 2,2′‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA)‐based polyimides were systematically investigated in terms of their polymer fractional free volumes (FFVs). The permeability and diffusion coefficients of the 6FDA‐based polyimide membranes to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide were correlated with their FFVs, which were estimated with van Krevelen's group contribution method. Linear correlations were also observed between the gas transport properties and the refractive index of these polyimides. We described FFV as a function of the refractive index based on the Lorentz–Lorenz equation. Linear correlations were observed between their refractive‐index‐based FFVs and the gas permeability, diffusivity, and solubility coefficients of these 6FDA‐based polyimides membranes. However, the FFVs of the 6FDA‐based polyimides calculated from refractive index were 1.16–1.37 times larger than their FFV values. This FFV was dependent on the free‐volume space and optical factors, such as the refractive index and molar refraction, which affected the electronic structure and the interactions between the gas molecules and the polymer segments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Influence of the die configuration on the gross melt fracture of linear polyethylene
Authors: Son Younggon
Published: March 2011

In this study, capillary extrusion experiments and rupture visualization experiments were carried out with a combined die configuration where two different dies were attached in a capillary rheometer. We observed that the gross melt fracture (GMF) and rupture of the melt occurred simultaneously when the diameter of the die located at the upstream position was larger than that of the die located downstream. However, when the location of the dies were interchanged, that is, the diameter of the upstream die was smaller than that of the downstream die, the upstream rupture did not accompany GMF up to a certain extent of shear rate. From these observations, we present a new theory on the origin of GMF. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Surface modification of armos fibers with oxygen plasma treatment for improving interfacial adhesion with poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) resin
Authors: Wang Jing , Chen Ping , Liu Wei , Li Hong , Jia Caixia , Lu Chun , Wang Baichen
Published: March 2011

We introduce in this article oxygen plasma treatment as a convenient and effective method for the surface modification of Armos fibers. The effects of oxygen‐plasma‐treatment power on both the Armos fiber surface properties and Armos‐fiber‐reinforced poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) composite interfacial adhesion were investigated. The Armos fiber surface chemical composition, surface morphology and roughness, and surface wettability as a function of oxygen‐plasma‐treatment power were measured by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic contact angle analysis. The results show that oxygen plasma treatment introduced a lot of reactive functional groups onto the fiber surface, changed the surface morphology, increased the surface roughness, and enhanced the surface wettability. Additionally, the effect of the oxygen‐plasma‐treatment power on the composite interfacial adhesion was measured by interlaminar shear strength with a short‐beam bending test. Oxygen plasma treatment was an effective method for improving the composite interfacial properties by both chemical bonding and physical effects. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of novel heat resistance poly(amide‐imide)s from N,N′‐[2,5‐bis(4‐aminobenzylidene) cyclopentanone] bistrimellitimide acid and various aromatic diamines
Authors: Hajibeygi Mohsen , Faghihi Khalil , Shabanian Meisam
Published: March 2011

A new‐type of dicarboxylic acid was synthesized from the reaction of 2,5‐bis(4‐aminobenzylidene)cyclopentanone with trimellitic anhydride in a solution of glacial acetic acid/pyridine (Py) at refluxing temperature. Six novel heat resistance poly(amide‐imide)s (PAIs) with good inherent viscosities were synthesized, from the direct polycondensation reaction of N,N′‐[2,5‐bis(4‐aminobenzylidene)cyclopentanone]bistrimellitimide acid with several aromatic diamines, by two different methods such as direct polycondensation in a medium consisting of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP)/triphenyl phosphite (TPP)/calcium chloride (CaCl2)/pyridine (Py) and direct polycondensation in a p‐toluene sulfonyl chloride (tosyl chloride, TsCl)/pyridine (Py)/N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) system. All of the above polymers were fully characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, elemental analysis, inherent viscosity, solubility tests, UV‐vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative of thermaogravimetric (DTG). The resulted poly(amide‐imide)s (PAIs) have showed admirable good inherent viscosities, thermal stability, and solubility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Experimental determination of concentration dependence of nitrogen diffusivity in polypropylene
Authors: Kundra P. , Upreti S. R. , Lohi A. , Wu J.
Published: March 2011

This study determines the diffusivity of nitrogen as a function of its concentration in polypropylene at 170, 180, and 190°C in the range, 0.99–6.75 MPa. Isothermal pressure decay experiments are utilized to obtain the uptake of nitrogen by polypropylene with time. These data when used with a detailed mass transfer model, and the principles of variational calculus allow the determination of the nitrogen diffusivity. It is found to be a peak function with values in the range of 3.88 × 10−9 to 12.94 × 10−9 m2 s−1. Suitable correlations are found to represent the diffusivity in terms of pressure and nitrogen concentration at the three temperatures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Plexiform Lesions in the Lungs of Domestic Fowl Selected for Susceptibility to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Incidence and Histology
Authors: Wideman Robert F. , Hamal Krishna R. , Bayona Michael T. , Lorenzoni Alberto G. , Cross David , Khajali Fariborz , Rhoads Douglas D. , Erf Gisela F. , Anthony Nicholas B.
Published: March 2011

Plexiform lesions develop in the pulmonary arteries of humans suffering from idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Plexogenic arteriopathy rarely develops in existing animal models of IPAH. In this study, plexiform lesions developed in the lungs of rapidly growing meat‐type chickens (broiler chickens) that had been genetically selected for susceptibility to IPAH. Plexiform lesions developed spontaneously in: 42% of females and 40% of males; 35% of right lungs, and 45% of left lungs; and, at 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 52 weeks of age the plexiform lesion incidences averaged 52%, 50%, 51%, 40%, 36%, and 22%, respectively. Plexiform lesions formed distal to branch points in muscular interparabronchial pulmonary arteries exhibiting intimal proliferation. Perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates consistently surrounded the affected arteries. Proliferating intimal cells fully or partially occluded the arterial lumen adjacent to plexiform lesions. Broilers reared in clean stainless steel cages exhibited a 50% lesion incidence that did not differ from the 64% incidence in flock mates grown on dusty floor litter. Microparticles (30 μm diameter) were injected to determine if physical occlusion and focal inflammation within distal pulmonary arteries might initiate plexiform lesion development. Three months postinjection no plexiform lesions were observed in the vicinity of persisting microparticles. Broiler chickens selected for innate susceptibility to IPAH represent a new animal model for investigating the mechanisms responsible for spontaneous plexogenic arteriopathy. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Based on a review of the data, use of the term ‘cypridinid’ solves the Cypridina/Vargula dilemma for naming the constituents of the luminescent system of ostracods in the family Cypridinidae
Authors: Morin James G.
Published: March 2011

This issue's featured article; Based on a review of the data, use of the term ‘cypridinid’ solves the Cypridina/Vargula dilemma for naming the constituents of the luminescent system of ostracods in the family Cypridinidae is authored by Jim Morin of Cornell University.

The cover graphic indicates the evolutionary relationships among the luminescent and non‐luminescent species within the well‐known cypridinid ostracods including the Japanese species Vargula hilgendorfii, formerly known as Cypridina hilgendorfii, from which the components of this luminescent system were identified, including the cypridinid luciferin shown in the upper left. Because all luminescent members of the clade use the same basic components, to avoid confusion, it is most parsimonious to use the term ‘cypridinid’ rather than generic designations. Based on the phylogeny it can be inferred that luminescence first evolved as a predator deterrent and secondarily, but only in the Caribbean, as courtship signals. Only about half the species in the family are luminescent. Of the luminescent species, all probably use their light to deter predators while about half (the Caribbean species) also use their light in sexual reproduction. The family includes three recently described new luminescent genera and at least four undescribed luminescent genera (and probably several more). Several species (A‐F) are shown on the right including: A: Kornickeria n. sp.; B. H‐Group (new undescribed genus) n. sp.; C. Photeros morini; D. ‘Vargula’ hilgendorfii (note: this species belongs in a new undescribed genus separate from both Vargula and Cypridina); E. Cypridina dentata and F. Skogsbergia lerneri (a non‐luminescent species). See cited references 11–13 and references therein for details.
What are we studying? Student jurors, community jurors, and construct validity
Authors: Keller Stacie R. , Wiener Richard L.
Published: March 2011

Jury researchers have long been concerned about the generalizability of results from experiments that utilize undergraduate students as mock jurors. The current experiment examined the differences between 120 students (55 males and 65 females, mean age = 20 years) and 99 community members (49 males and 50 females, mean age = 42 years) in culpability evaluations for homicide and sexual assault cases. Explicit attitude measures served as indicators of bias for sexual assault, defendant, and homicide adjudication. Results revealed that student and community participants showed different biases on these general explicit attitude measures and these differences manifested in judgments of culpability (guilt likelihood, convincingness of state's arguments, convincingness of defendant's arguments, and the defendants' criminal intentions) in sexual assault and homicide case scenarios. The results also showed that student mock jurors were more lenient when assigning guilt in homicide cases than were community members. The implications for future mock jury research are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Java software platform for the development of advanced robotic virtual laboratories
Authors: Jara Carlos A. , Candelas Francisco A. , Pomares Jorge , Torres Fernando
Published: March 2011

This article presents an interactive Java software platform which enables any user to easily create advanced virtual laboratories (VLs) for Robotics. This novel tool provides both support for developing applications with full 3D interactive graphical interface and a complete functional framework for modelling and simulation of arbitrary serial‐link manipulators. In addition, its software architecture contains a high number of functionalities included as high‐level tools, with the advantage of allowing any user to easily develop complex interactive robotic simulations with a minimum of programming. In order to show the features of the platform, the article describes, step‐by‐step, the implementation methodology of a complete VL for Robotics education using the presented approach. Finally, some educational results about the experience of implementing this approach are reported. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21:E14–E30, 2013
Ion‐Exchange Equilibria of Nitrates on a Strongly Basic Resin
Authors: Chabani M. , Akhrib K. , Ait Ouaissa Y. , Amrane A. , Bensmaili A.
Published: March 2011

Adsorption isotherms of nitrates on the resin Amberlite IRA 410 at various pH values (6.8–12) were experimentally determined by batch tests. Six models involving two or three parameters are discussed. Concerning the Langmuir equation, the linear method had no significant effect on the estimation of isotherm parameters and simulation precision. Irrespective of the pH, the Sips model was found to give the best fit of the adsorption isotherm data. The maximum adsorption capacity decreased with increasing pH values and could be predicted by the correlation equations obtained in this study.
Functionally significant nicotine acetylcholine receptor subunit α5 promoter haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to lung cancer in Chinese
Authors: Zheng Xia , Duan Wenyuan , Xu Jing , Nie Chenxia , Yang Zhangmin , Wang Hongyan , Wang Weimin , Lu Daru
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Although recent genome‐wide association studies have been conducted to reveal the relation between variations in the α5 nicotinic receptor subunit and lung cancer in European and American populations, to the authors' knowledge, no definite information on the role of nicotine acetylcholine receptor subunit α5 (CHRNA5) in lung cancer risk has been obtained in a Chinese population.

METHODS:

To test this possible association, a case‐control study was conducted in 505 patients with lung cancer (cases) and a control group of 498 cancer‐free individuals.

RESULTS:

Participants were screened for variations in the CHRNA5 promoter region by sequencing, and 2 common polymorphisms were selected at −1640 (reference single nucleotide polymorphism identifier rs3829787 cytosine to thymine [C→T]) and at −62 (rs3841324 insertion→deletion [ins→del]) from the transcription start site of the CHRNA5 gene. Haplotype analysis revealed that the 2 least frequent haplotypes (T/ins and C/del) were statistically protective against lung cancer (P = .0002 and P = .0094, respectively). Unexpectedly, the luciferase results indicated that these 2 protective haplotype constructs had the extremely opposite promoter activity in various cells: the T/ins haplotype had the highest activity and the C/del haplotype had the lowest activity. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that both minor alleles (T and del) decreased DNA binding affinity to nuclear extracts, which the authors presumed was responsible for the disparity in promoter activity.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that the CHRNA5 gene with under‐activated or over‐activated promoter activity may be protective against lung cancer. These results indicated a new associated risk pattern between CHRNA5 promoter activity and susceptibility to lung cancer that implies a complex role of the CHRNA5 gene in lung cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
High frequency of neurolymphomatosis as a relapse disease of intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Matsue Kosei , Hayama Brian Y. , Iwama Kan‐Ichi , Koyama Takafumi , Fujiwara Hideaki , Yamakura Masayuki , Takeuchi Masami , O'uchi Toshihiro
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma (IVL) is characterized by lymphoma cell proliferation in the lumina of small vessels in various organs. A high incidence of neurologic symptoms associated with the central nervous system has been reported, but peripheral nerve involvement (neurolymphomatosis [NL]) rarely has been described.

METHODS:

The medical records from patients who were diagnosed with IVL over the past 4 years were reviewed. A diagnosis of NL was made based on the combination of neurologic symptoms and their correspondence with imaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG)‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), and/or the histologic confirmation of lymphoma cells within the peripheral nerves, nerve root/plexuses, or cranial nerves.

RESULTS:

Four patients with NL were identified among 11 patients who had IVL. All cases of NL occurred as relapsed disease during or shortly after the completion of chemotherapy. Although MRI studies of the brains and whole spines revealed nerve infiltration by gadolinium enhancement in 2 patients, the technology was not sensitive enough to detect such infiltration in the remaining 2 patients. In contrast, FDG‐PET/CT studies successfully revealed cranial or peripheral nerve lesions in all 4 patients and was useful for evaluating therapeutic response. Patients received treatment with high‐dose methotrexate with or without other systemic chemotherapy, which achieved varied success. Further studies will be needed to determine the optimal treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering the rarity of IVL and NL, the current observations suggested that IVL may have a predilection not only for the vessels but also for both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society
Demonstration of true‐color high‐contrast microorganism imaging for terbium bioprobes
Authors: Jin Dayong
Published: March 2011

Lanthanide bioprobes offer a number of novel advantages for advanced cytometry, including the microsecond luminescence lifetime, sharp spectral emission, and large stokes shift. However, to date, only the europium‐based bioprobes have been broadly studied for time‐gated luminescence cell imaging, though a wide range of efficient terbium bioprobes have been synthesized and some of them are commercially available. We analyze that the bottleneck problem was due to the lack of an efficient microscope with pulsed excitation at wavelengths of 300–330 nm. We investigate a recently available 315 nm ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diode to excite an epifluorescence microscope. Substituting a commercial UV objective (40×), the 315 nm light efficiently delivered the excitation light onto the uncovered specimen. A novel pinhole‐assisted optical chopper unit was attached behind the eyepiece for direct lifetime‐gating to permit visual inspection of background‐free images. We demonstrate the use of a commercial terbium complex for high‐contrast imaging of an environmental pathogenic microorganism, Cryptosporidium parvum. As a result of effective autofluorescence suppression by a factor of 61.85 in the time domain, we achieved an enhanced signal‐to‐background ratio of 14.43. This type of time‐gating optics is easily adaptable to the use of routine epifluorescence microscopes, which provides an opportunity for high‐contrast imaging using multiplexed lanthanide bioprobes. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Evaluation of the interaction between tramadol and diclofenac in several models of nociception in the rat
Authors: Rodríguez‐Silverio Juan , Déciga‐Campos Myrna , Reyes‐García Gerardo , Carrasco‐Portugal Miriam del Carmen , Flores‐Murrieta Francisco J.
Published: March 2011

Diclofenac and tramadol are drugs widely used for the treatment of pain. However, side effects may limit their use. As both drugs produce side effects that are dose‐dependent, it seems appropriate to combine them in order to reduce the requirements for efficacy and, consequently, side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible synergistic effect of these drugs in three experimental models of nociception in the rat. Dose‐response curves for diclofenac and tramadol were constructed in three models, thermal hyperalgesia, formalin, and hot plate. From these curves, ED40 or ED30 (according to the model employed) values were obtained and isobolographic analyses were carried out based on 0.5:0.5 proportions. Synergistic interactions were observed in the thermal hyperalgesia and hot plate models and an additive interaction was obtained in the formalin test. These results suggest a good therapeutic potential of this combination in the treatment of pain. Drug Dev Res 72: 391–396, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heart chamber size in zebrafish is regulated redundantly by duplicated tbx2 genes
Authors: Sedletcaia Anya , Evans Todd
Published: March 2011

The Tbx2 transcription factor is implicated in growth control based on its association with human cancers. In the heart, Tbx2 represses cardiac differentiation to mediate development of the atrioventricular canal (AVC). The zebrafish genome retains two tbx2 genes, and both are required for formation of the AVC. Here, we show that both genes are also expressed earlier in the primitive heart tube, and we describe a previously unrecognized role for Tbx2 in promoting proliferation of presumptive myocardium at the heart tube stage. In contrast to single knockdowns, depletion of both gene products causes chamber defects, resulting in an expanded atrium and a smaller ventricle, associated with decreased proliferation of ventricular cardiomyocytes. The phenotype correlates with changes in the expression for known cardiac growth factors. Therefore, in zebrafish, two tbx2 genes are functionally redundant for regulating chamber development, while each gene is required independently for development of the AVC. Developmental Dynamics 240:1548–1557, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary energy density and diet variety as risk factors for relapse in anorexia nervosa: A replication
Authors: Schebendach Janet , Mayer Laurel E. S. , Devlin Michael J. , Attia Evelyn , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: March 2011

Objective:

To replicate our previous findings of an association between energy density and diet variety in recently weight‐restored patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and clinical outcome in the year following treatment.

Method:

Nineteen hospitalized, weight‐restored women with AN completed a food record, from which a diet energy density score (DEDS) and a diet variety score (DVS) were calculated. After hospital discharge, patients were contacted regularly; at the end of one year, clinical outcome was determined using modified Morgan‐Russell criteria. As in our previous study, outcome was dichotomized into “full, good, or fair” and “poor” groups.

Results:

Data from 16 subjects were available. The DEDS was significantly lower (p < .05) in the poor outcome group (0.7 ± 1) compared with the “full, good, or fair” outcome group (0.9 ± 1). Although the DVS was also lower in the poor outcome group (13.9 ± 2) compared with the “full, good or fair” outcome group (15.7 ± 1.8), this difference was not statistically significant.

Discussion:

In recently weight‐restored patients with AN, a lower DEDS, but not DVS, is associated with poor clinical outcome after inpatient treatment. This finding may be important in the assessment of risk for relapse in patients with AN. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:79–84)
An Extended Metal Chain with the 2,7‐Bis(dipyridyldiamino)‐1,8‐naphthyridine (H4bdpdany) Ligand – The Longest Even‐Numbered Metal Chain Complex
Authors: Kuo Jau‐Huei , Tsao Ting‐Bin , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Lee Hsuan‐Wei , Yeh Chen‐Yu , Peng Shie‐Ming
Published: March 2011

A decanickel extended metal atom chain (EMAC) complex with a new pyridyl‐ and naphthyridyl‐modulated ligand (H4bdpdany) was synthesized. Analysis of the crystal structure of complex [Ni10(μ10‐bdpdany)4(NCS)2](PF6)2 (1) shows that all of the bdpdany4– ligands bind the metal in an all‐syn conformation, and structural data reveals short Ni···Ni distances in the range 2.36–2.23 Å. Temperature‐dependent magnetic measurements performed on two independent high‐spin nickel(II) ions of complex [Ni10(μ10‐bdpdany)4(NCS)2](PF6)2 (1) demonstrate that the metal chain is antiferromagnetic. The longer distance between the two terminal high‐spin nickel(II) ions relative to those in tetranickel and hexanickel strings causes a decrease in the magnitude of the antiferromagnetic interaction.
Temperature‐Induced Enhancement of Catalytic Performance in Selective Hydrogen Generation from Hydrous Hydrazine with Ni‐Based Nanocatalysts for Chemical Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Singh Sanjay Kumar , Lu Zhang‐Hui , Xu Qiang
Published: March 2011

We demonstrate here that Ni nanoparticles, which are inactive for the decomposition of hydrous hydrazine at room temperature, can exhibit drastically enhanced catalytic performance with an increase in reaction temperature to 323 K. At this reaction temperature, complete conversion of hydrous hydrazine with 100 % H2 selectivity can be achieved by alloying Ni and Pt with a Pt content as low as 1 mol‐%. This significant temperature effect coupled with the uniform alloy composition of Ni–Pt nanocatalysts results in the observed enhanced catalytic performance of the Ni–Pt nanocatalyst for hydrogen generation from hydrous hydrazine. In addition, evidence suggests that the Ni‐based bimetallic catalysts can be used to release five equivalents of H2 and one equivalent of N2 from an aqueous solution of hydrazine borane N2H4BH3.
A Catalytic Application of Co/Zr Heterobimetallic Complexes: Kumada Coupling of Unactivated Alkyl Halides with Alkyl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Zhou Wen , Napoline Jonathan Wesley , Thomas Christine M.
Published: March 2011

Tris(phosphanylamide) early/late heterobimetallic Zr/Co complexes, ClZr(R′NPR2)3CoI [R′ = iPr, R = Ph (1), R′ = 2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl, R = iPr (2), R′ = R = iPr (3)], have been utilized as catalysts for the cross‐coupling of alkyl halides with n‐octylmagnesium bromide. While yields are consistently higher for alkyl bromide substrates, it is found that these unusual heterobimetallic complexes are also active towards more challenging alkyl chloride substrates. This is particularly interesting in light of the fact that monometallic cobalt complexes are inert towards these substrates, suggesting that Zr also plays a role in catalysis. Radical trapping studies suggest that a one‐electron transfer radical oxidative addition pathway is operative.