bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Problem for Intuitionism
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

Intuitionism in the philosophy of mathematics, which is the position adopted by Brouwer, is founded on the conviction that the subject matter of mathematics is something that each of us can construct. One conclusion that intuitionists draw from this conviction is that, because construction takes time, there cannot be any mathematical structure whose construction would be infinite. Other positions in the philosophy of mathematics are considered whose advocates likewise repudiate any such structure, albeit for loosely related reasons rather than for exactly the same reasons. But there is a problem for intuitionists, which is that their reasons for repudiating any such structure seem to be undermined by the apparent possibility of completing an infinite construction in a finite time. This essay explores various ways of addressing this problem, drawing on the work of Aristotle and above all Wittgenstein. It is argued that a Wittgensteinian critique of the grammar of ‘infinity’ gives us a way of dismissing any story that appears to involve the possibility of completing an infinite construction in a finite time as strictly nonsensical.
More on ‘The Philosophical Significance of Gödel’s Theorem’
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

The starting point for this essay, which originally appeared in a volume of essays in honour of Michael Dummett, is provided by Dummett’s discussion of Gödel’s theorem. In his discussion Dummett considers the threat posed by Gödel’s theorem to the idea that meaning is use and argues that this threat can be annulled. In this essay an attempt is made to show that the threat is even less serious than Dummett makes it out to be. Where Dummett’s argument is in effect that Gödel’s theorem does not prevent us from capturing the truths of arithmetic, the argument of this essay is that the idea that meaning is use does not require that we be able to capture these truths anyway. Towards the end of the essay this argument is related first to Dummett’s concept of indefinite extensibility and then to some of Wittgenstein’s (notorious) remarks on Gödel’s theorem.
The Proliferation of Scribes, I
Authors: Johnston Michael
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 argues that a comprehensive examination of dialectal and provenance evidence shows that most Middle English manuscripts were made in relative proximity to their first owners. The chapter begins by considering dialectal evidence of multi-scribe manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales, the English works of Richard Rolle, Speculum vitae, The Prick of Conscience, and Piers Plowman. When scribes collaborate, dialectal evidence shows that they tend to come from the same region as one another. The chapter then considers provenance evidence from the same group of manuscripts, arguing that, when such evidence survives, it most often points to the same region as the manuscript’s dialect.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnston Michael
Published: August 2023

The Conclusion puts the foregoing discussion in dialogue with debates about the transition from manuscript to print. Most recent analyses of this transition argue that manuscript evolved into print, thus moving away from older models of a revolutionary break. But this conclusion suggests that, if manuscripts are viewed from the perspective of the relationship between users and producers, then print truly does represent a break from manuscript culture. In short, manuscripts exist at the nexus of producers and users, a point of intersection that shifts with each manuscript. Print, on the other hand, is produced under a centralized set of economic decisions that do not take the specific owner of each copy into mind.
Hamiltonian systems and applications
Authors: Yang Yisong
Published: August 2023

This initial chapter starts with an investigation and discussion of Hamiltonian systems and applications. The chapter then continues with a canonical formulation of classical mechanics. The chapter then examines and elaborates on the classical many-body problems. Next, the chapter focuses on Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion, which is followed by a discussion of Newton’s law of gravitation. The chapter also studies the Kirchhoff point vortices as well as the thermodynamics of a DNA double-helix chain. It also covers the topics of the motion of a massive particle, the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff vortex model, partition function, and the dynamic modeling of DNA denaturation
Egypt: A Coup against Democracy
Authors: Grewal Sharan
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores why the Egyptian military staged a coup to end the country’s democratic transition in 2013. It shows how the military legacies built up under Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak created a military with much to lose from democratization. It therefore took an active role, not only in running the transition, but in polarizing and dividing the revolutionary forces. The Muslim Brotherhood and its elected president, Mohamed Morsi, attempted to bargain with the military, preserving some of its interests while encroaching on others, but ultimately miscalculated, moving too quickly against the military than the conditions allowed. General Abdelfattah al-Sisi in turn actively organized counter-revolutionary protests and staged a coup to abort the transition.
Tunisia: Shirking in the Revolution
Authors: Grewal Sharan
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the Tunisian military’s behavior during the 2011 Arab Spring revolution that toppled President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. It disputes the conventional narrative that the military defected from Ben Ali, noting that the military was never ordered to repress protesters and thus it did not refuse. At the same time, it counters a revisionist reading arguing that the military exhibited loyalty to Ben Ali. Instead, it argues that the Tunisian military’s behavior is best described as shirking: complying with orders to deploy to defend vital institutions, but ultimately stepping aside to allow protesters to attack government buildings and police stations rather than using force to defend them. It locates the source of this shirking in the coup-proofing strategies described in the previous chapter. Finally, it argues that these acts of shirking helped to overextend and hollow out Ben Ali’s internal security forces, in turn leading to his ouster.
Tunisia: Supporting the Transition
Authors: Grewal Sharan
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines why Tunisia’s military did not stage a coup in 2013 against President Moncef Marzouki or the Ennahda-led government. I argue that the transition had bred goodwill towards democracy by beginning to reverse both of Ben Ali’s coup-proofing strategies. Once marginalized politically and materially, the military began to enjoy newfound influence over security policy, a budget growing faster than any other ministry, and a rebalancing relative to the Ministry of Interior. Likewise, once dominated by a minority of officers hailing from the coast, officers from the interior regions were finally elevated, lifting decades of discrimination. These gains wedded the military to the transition and led them to ignore the public’s calls for a coup. Finally, the apolitical professionalism the military had developed under autocracy similarly led it to shy away from a coup. The legacies of how Bourguiba and Ben Ali had treated the military thus allowed Tunisia’s democracy to survive its volatile transitional years.
Surveying the Military
Authors: Grewal Sharan
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents the results of three original surveys of military personnel in Egypt and Tunisia. The surveys show how each military’s corporate interests, composition, and professionalism shaped their attitudes towards democracy. In Tunisia, majorities felt that Ben Ali had neglected and counterbalanced them, leaving him with their support in the 2011 Arab Spring revolution. The Tunisian military’s gains during under democracy then bred goodwill towards the transitional government. In Egypt, by contrast, majorities saw the military’s interests encroached upon by democracy, fueling support for the 2013 coup. Priming experiments embedded in each survey confirm that the military’s gains and losses from the transition had a causal effect on their support for democracy. Beyond corporate interests, the surveys also show how each country’s coup-proofing strategies altered the military’s composition and professionalism in ways that likewise shaped their responses to the 2011 revolution and crises of 2013.
Why the Special Treatment for Financial Institutions
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains why financial institutions deserve distinctive treatment upon distress and failure. It introduces the role of the financial sector in the economy—namely, financial intermediation and financial asset creation—and maps the global financial sector landscape. The chapter introduces micro- and macroprudential approaches to conceptualizing and responding to systemic risk, and contrasts the ‘domino’ model of systemic risk and crisis with the ‘risk amplification’ model. The chapter analyses the sources of risk in the financial sector, the mechanisms which tend to amplify it, and the channels through which such risk travels between different parts of the financial sector, between the financial sector and the ‘real economy’, and between the ‘private’ sector and the sovereign. It shows that some of the standard responses to the fragility of the financial sector, including lender of last resort mechanisms and deposit insurance, may themselves exacerbate risk at both micro and macro levels. The chapter explains how well-designed recovery, resolution, and liquidation processes can mitigate both the risk of and harm from financial institution failures. This discussion sets the scene for the discussion in the subsequent chapter of specialized tools for recovery, resolution, and liquidation.
The Regulatory Landscape of Supervision and Resolution of Financial Institutions: A Cross-border Perspective
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the evolution of the regulatory landscape in which financial institutions operate, with a focus on the new normative approach that has emerged as a result of the global crisis. It offers an overview of the Basel Accords and other soft law initiatives undertaken by international regulators to preserve financial stability in situations of distress. These initiatives include the Financial Stability Board’s Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions, which identify minimum standards for sound prudential regulation and supervision of financial institutions and various cooperation mechanisms. It examines the major coordination challenges that have to be addressed in the failure of cross-border institutions and describes how regulatory options and outcomes may vary depending on the linkages and possible degree of integration among jurisdictions as well as the cross-jurisdictional resolution strategies pursued under multiple points of entry or a single point of entry.
Principles and Theoretical Foundations of an Effective Financial Institution Resolution Regime
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers principles that can helpfully inform the design of a cross-border resolution framework. It also discusses some theoretical foundations that can undergird design of such a framework. For more than twenty years, there has been a growing legislative framework for dealing with the insolvency of corporations and other business entities, both domestically and internationally. Yet there is a significant gap in tools available to deal with cross-border insolvency of financially distressed banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions. Cross-border resolution of financial institutions relies on informal agreements or pre-existing cross-border financial relationships as the only features of effective cross-border resolution of financial institutions. Given the unique features that justify special treatment of financially distressed and insolvent financial institutions, there is need to consider the principles that should inform design of cooperative mechanisms for resolution. Design of a framework needs to embed the fundamental principle of fairness, and under that overarching principle, the principles of timeliness, due process, transparency, and certainty. The resolution regime needs to be guided by a theoretical framework that recognizes procedural and substantive efficiency, informed by the fairness principle, and a framework that recognizes the need for an approach based on modified universalism.
The Necessity of Platonism for Christian Theology
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

This lecture argues that, if one is to think through what is involved in Christian theology, one will find oneself drawn inexorably towards essential features of Platonism. It is not an argument for ‘Christian Platonism’, which confuses the issue, which is not that Christian theology is a form of Platonism, but rather for ‘Platonic Christianity’, viz., that Plato’s insights are valuable, indeed essential for Christian thinking, a Christian philosophy. Drawing on Balthasar’s treatment of Plato, the essence of the argument is that Plato—and even more clearly Plotinus—saw truth as something revealed, as a gift, not something acquired, as an achievement.
St Maximus the Confessor between East and West
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Maximos the Confessor has been claimed by many as an ‘ecumenical’ theologian, belonging both to Eastern and Western Christendom. Hans Urs von Balthasar, in the second edition of his epoch-making Kosmische Liturgie, claimed for Maximos the role of mediator between Asia and das Abendland. Such Western claims for Maximos sometimes seem to claim him for the West, making him a Byzantine Thomist (Garrigues), or the last real Eastern theologian before its decline into ‘decadence and sterility’. This lecture seeks to see Maximos as he was, identifying anacronisms that cloud scholarly judgement, and to set him in his historical context, in which his appeal to Rome is less an anticipation of later papal claims than an acknowledgement of the already fragile unity of the Mediterranean world, presenting him the first theologian to anticipate the real heart of Byzantine theology as manifest through the liturgy in song and celebration.
From the Doctrine of Christ to Person of Christ
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Interpretation of the Transfiguration of Christ has already a long tradition by the time of Maximos, heir to this tradition, conscious of Origen’s own interpretation. Maximos discusses the Transfiguration several times in his works, but in his extended interpretation in Ambiguum 10 he takes interpretation of the episode on to another level. The appearance of the transfigured Christ is interpreted by way of an original take on Dionysios’ distinction between apophatic and kataphatic theology: the manifestation of Christ through his clothing signifies his kataphatic revelation through creation and the Scriptures, the dazzling face of Christ an apophatic manifestation of the person (prosopon, the same word as ‘face’) of Christ. The true revelation of Christ occurs in a face-to-face encounter with Christ in which the Word becomes a ‘type and symbol of himself’. The doctrine of Christ passes over to contemplation of the image, or icon, of Christ.
Virtue Ethics
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

In recent years, the notion of virtue ethics has regained ascendance. This essay claims that virtue ethics, understood as seeing the goal of ethics as less to provide a moral calculus than to nurture a habit of virtue that will issue in good actions, has been the predominant approach of the Christian tradition, East and West, until modern times. Maximos and Aquinas are both concerned with ethics in terms of virtue, and in modern times this tendency can be seen in their interpreters: Stăniloae for Maximos and Josef Pieper for Aquinas: all of them focusing their teaching on the virtues, but with significant differences. Whereas Stăniloae, following Maximos, is concerned with the personal nurturing of the virtues, pre-eminently love; Pieper, following Aquinas, is more concerned with promoting a society in which virtues can flourish.
Mystagogy in Saint Maximus
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Mystagogy—initiation into the Christian mysteries, or sacraments—is the express subject of his Mystagogia. This essay focuses on how Maximos inherited and developed a rich tradition of mystagogical discourse, classic examples of which are found in the latter half of the fourth century. Central to Maximos’ mystagogy is initiation into the Lord’s Prayer, on which he wrote a separate, though closely related, treatise. Christian initiation is to be introduced into the Son’s relation to the Father, made accessible to us through the Incarnation of the Word, his kenosis, death, and resurrection. This involves the restoration of natural human virtue and apprehension of the mystery of the Trinity through baptism and participation in the Eucharist: entailing a transformation that resonates throughout the cosmos and to the depths of the human soul.
Sophia, the Wisdom of God, in St Maximos the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Sophiology was central to the Russian tradition stemming from Solov′ev, central to Florensky and Bulgakov, and the subject of intense controversy in the last century. It might be thought that such reflection would find intimations in Maximos. Not so, however, not that Maximos does not refer to Sophia, but it is as a pre-eminent virtue, intrinsic to his doctrine of deification, where it loses any architectonic metaphysical role and becomes a matter of (ineffable) experience. It is only in its use in Maximos’ Mystagogia, where its role in human spiritual development seems to acquire cosmic and most intimately personal entailments. Sophia revealed herself to Bulgakov in the Church of the Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, a building in which Maximos himself almost certainly stood. This building informs Maximos’ reflection in the Mystagogia, where wisdom is most deeply implicated in his theological understanding.
John of Damascus on the Mother of God as a Link between Humanity and God
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Introducing the Rabbinic distinction between aggadah and halakhah, both terms for exegesis, the former elaboration in the form of stories, the latter detailing moral commands from the Torah, a parallel is drawn in Christian theology between apocryphal stories and dogmatic definitions: in both cases the latter is imperative or binding, the former providing an imaginative entry into the biblical story. In relation to the Virgin Mary, dogmatic definitions are rare and often implicit, rather than explicit; apocryphal stories—such as the Protevangelium of James and accounts of the Dormition—abundant and heavy with meaning. The latter depict the Virgin as the link between humanity and God. Cultic images are frequent, associating Mary with Temple, the sacred items in the Holy of Holies, the Burning Bush as the place where Moses worshipped God—and occasioning liturgical Feasts of the Virgin—to all of which the Damascene is heir.
The Greatest Fantasy
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

This review article of Leszek Kołakowski’s Main Currents of Marxism suggests that in its three volumes—the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown—we have an account of the history of Marxism that bears comparison with what might had transpired, had the Emperor Julian the Apostate been spared to write a history of the Christian Church in which he had been brought up. A first volume, corresponding to the Founders, would have treated Jesus and Paul; the middle volume, the Golden Age, in this case the second century of Gnosticism; and the final volume, the Breakdown, the Christian Church after the end of persecution, telling of the great Fathers of the Church, including Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus, fellow students with the young Emperor-to-be Julian. And like Julian, Kołakowski was an apostate—from Marxism.
The Image of Heloise in English Literature
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

This essay takes its cue from Gilson’s remark, having summarized the retelling of the story of Heloise and Abelard in French literature, that the English do it better, citing Alexander Pope, George Moore, and Helen Waddell—and proceeds to discuss the three writers in English, after briefly giving an account of the pair. Pope depicts the grieving Heloise; Moore, in a long novel, weaves a detailed story, drawing them, somewhat anachronistically into the world of the trouvères. Waddell, who knew the Latin correspondence well and its medieval context, does something more remarkable: reading Heloise in the light of Abelard’s theory of the atonement, and herself seeking to enter into the heart and soul of Heloise.
Νά εὔχεσαι νά ᾽ναι μακρύς ὁ δρόμος
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Pilgrimage quickly became a feature of Christian devotion: the journey to, first of all, the Holy Land and the sites associated with Christ, or to places where saints had been martyred or made themselves manifest through miracles. Such sites were Jerusalem, Rome, and later Constantinople, New Rome; other centres of pilgrimage housed the relics of a saint or, like Thessaloniki, possessed a revered icon of their saint. Evidence for pilgrimage survives in pilgrims’ accounts of their journeys, as well as in tokens—oil lamps and pendants—purchased by the pilgrims. The words for pilgrimage in Greek and Latin—προσκύνημα, peregrinatio—highlight different aspects of pilgrimage: the veneration of relic or icon that constituted the goal, or the journey itself, in which one became a stranger, peregrinus, in the regions one passed through and even the place of destination. Between these aspects there existed a certain tension.
Father Sergii Bulgakov on the Mother of God
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Bulgakov’s theology was rooted in his life experience; this essay begins by tracing significant features of the recovery of his faith as recounted in his Autobiographical Sketches, bringing out two points especially: his sense, while still a Marxist, that he could not be reconciled to nature without God, to be expressed in his intuition of God’s Wisdom, Sophia. His first theological treatise, written in the West, The Burning Bush, was explicitly directed against Catholic Mariology and the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. He rejects this by directly criticizing the doctrine, characteristic of the Catholic theology he encountered, of natura pura, nature on its own, untouched by God—for Bulgakov self-contradictory. His own development of Marian theology is drawn from liturgical texts, rather than theological argument; Mary’s sinlessness comes from her faithfulness to divine grace and calling. She is closely associated with Sophia and with the Holy Spirit.
What Is Theology? What Is Orthodox Theology?
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Simply linguistically, it is easy for theology to be classified among other -ologies—biology, geology, sociology …—as the study of God, risking reducing ‘God’ to a human concept. Orthodox theology has often avoided this, not least by the fortuitous fact that in the diaspora few ‘theologians’ initially had a professional ‘theological’ training (though soon put ‘right’). Philokalia introduced caution by seeing theology as a way of life. What could characterize Orthodox theology? Focus on the Paschal Mystery of the Death and Resurrection of Christ, a sense of the importance of the apophatic … but academic theology? theology in the academy? If theology has a place there, that place will not be justified by assimilation to other academic subjects, which will only emasculate it. Perhaps most fundamental is the cultivating of an attitude of thanksgiving, eucharistia, in a world that is God’s, created, guided, and redeemed by Him.
Space, Time, and the Liturgy
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Liturgical worship takes place in space and time; it is conditioned by the nature of space and time and how we perceive them. To understand a pre-modern liturgy, it is necessary to make sense of how space and time were understood. Nowadays, these are understood in terms of measurement; in Plato’s Timaeus that lies behind such notions in late antiquity space and time. For Plato space and time are more than measurable frameworks, but actually condition what they contain, which is all that partakes of change and movement, and do this in a largely qualitative way. Both are characterized by διάστημα, distance, as that which marks what becomes and moves. Furthermore, there is a fundamental analogy between the cosmos and the human being, extending to emotions and feelings. Space and time are fundamental aspects of beings in change and movement, lending them meaning, which is celebrated in the liturgy.
The Influence of the Philokalia in the Orthodox World
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The influence, in this case, of an anthology can be considered under two heads: material, traced through its various translations, and ‘noetic’, manifest in changing understanding theology and the Christian way of life. The origins of the Philokalia cannot be ignored, for the Philokalia itself was part of a wider movement, originating in Slav-Romanian monasticism in Moldovia, issuing in the Slavonic translation of Païssy Velichkovsky, an endeavour that anticipated the formation of the Greek Philokalia. Païssy’s Dobrotolyubie is parallel to, rather than dependent on, the Philokalia. The Dobrotolyubie also had the most immediate influence, bound up with a revival of monasticism and of spiritual fatherhood in nineteenth-century Russia—an influence that reached beyond monasticism, especially through The Way of a Pilgrim. The Romanian Filocalia, translated by Stăniloae, expands the scope of philokalic literature and provides commentary: pointing to a sense of the noetic influence uniting theology and prayer.
Theology of the ‘In-Between’
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Religious/philosophical understandings of the nature of reality often involve polarities: God and the world, the One and the many, the spiritual (or intellectual) and the material. The Christian doctrine of creation ex nihilo is often held to rule out any in-between, since there can be no tertium quid between the uncreated and the created. Creation ex nihilo is sometimes held to entail a world bereft of God; something heatedly disputed between Philip Sherrard and John Zizioulas, as well as between Florovsky and Bulgakov. There are many candidates for the ‘in-between’: Plato’s daimon, angels, saints, Mary, prayer and intercession, grace, sacraments, icons, together with philosophical notions such as analogia entis and the distinction between God’s essence and energies—all controversial. Could Christ underwrite the ‘in-between’ as the Incarnation of God’s creative word poised between the infinity of God and that of nothingness (Philaret)?
The Recovery of the Icon
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Icons nowadays are closely associated with Orthodoxy. Nevertheless the tradition of icon painting was virtually lost from the eighteenth century onwards, and only recovered in the twentieth. For Dostoevsky and Bulgakov religious art meant Western art. Although older traditions were preserved among the Old Believers, the recovery of the icon took place in various stages. Cleaning techniques first employed in the nineteenth century revealed icons as coloured, rather than gloomy objects of devotion. Art historians and connoisseurs, notably Shchukin and Morosov, became interested. Rublev was rediscovered. The exhibition, ‘Old Russian Art’, in Moscow in 1913, displayed icons in a new light. Trubetskoy and Florensky began to reflect on iconography. The recovery of actual icon painting was a matter of individuals: Uspensky, Krug, and in Greece, by a different route, Kontoglou. Others who began to paint icons included St Maria of Paris, Sister Joanna Reitlinger, and St Sophrony of Essex.
What Did Vladimir Lossky Mean by ‘Mystical Theology’?
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

What did Lossky expect his readers to understand by ‘mystical theology’? For when his Mystical Theology was published (in 1944), ‘mysticism’, or la mystique was very much in the air. Von Hügel had begun a trend, picked up by Heiler and Otto, and in Catholic circles by Bremond, Poulain, and Saudreau; Baruzi’s influential book on St John of the Cross discussed the problem of ‘mystical experience’. The ‘mystical’ was a category used by Balthasar and Daniélou; and then, just after Lossky’s book, Stolz, Gilson, and Bouyer wrote about it (Bouyer exploring its patristic origins). All this time Lossky was engaging with the mystical in his thesis on Eckhart, seeing in something beyond conceptualization, grasped by experience. In his Mystical Theology, Lossky expects such a pre-understanding of the mystical, but sees it as the deeper meaning of Church dogma, and associates it with sacramental experience.
The Slav Philokalia and The Way of a Pilgrim
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

This essay tells a story that touches on the Greek Philokalia only tangentially. For the story of the Slav Dobrotolyubie, as it is properly called (a nod certainly to the Greek work, perhaps in justification of its publication). Païssy, who translated the texts in the Dobrotolyubie, spent much time in Romania, his visit to Mount Athos being largely a disappointment. His quest for ancient monastic texts was parallel to Nikodimos’, not inspired by it, and he focused more closely on the Jesus Prayer. Païssy’s Dobrotolyubie was later translated into Russian by Theophan the Recluse, who shared Païssy’s feel for the practical. Theophan is crucial for The Way of a Pilgrim, for it was his version that became so popular in translation in the twentieth century. The earlier history of the story/ies is complex, but Theophan drew it closer to Orthodoxy, not least through the introduction of the spiritual father.
Eucharistic Doctrine and Eucharistic Devotion
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Would agreement between Orthodox and Catholics over doctrinal matters lead to union? For there still might be differences of ethos, manifest, e.g., in different forms of Eucharistic devotion. Among Catholics the Eucharistic presence of Christ has led to various practices based on the enduring presence of Christ in the Eucharistic elements: from customary veneration of Christ’s presence on the altar to extra-liturgical services, such as Benediction. None of this is found among the Orthodox. It could be argued that the Lenten Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts forms a parallel, but there significant differences: it is liturgical, not extra-liturgical; it is not just the presence that is celebrated, but the completion of the Eucharistic sacrifice; nor is it a still presence that is contemplated, but the presence of one who comes—the procession is integral; and Christ comes to be received in Holy Communion. How much do these difference matter?
Introduction
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces readers to the history of interpreting Paul’s disabilities and a socio-cultural model of disability. While scholars have usually understood Paul to have been disabled, the specifics of his disability have evaded analysis. Interpreters have focused largely on conceptions of disability and bodily weakness more generally, with some noting whether knowledge of Paul’s physical body would be important at all. This chapter introduces a socio-cultural model of disability, a framework for understanding disability beyond medical and social models. It outlines the methodological approach of the book at hand. First Paul’s physical condition is analysed, followed by an examination of that condition in its ancient Jewish and/or Graeco-Roman context. Finally, Paul’s letters are reread in light of Paul’s physical condition.
Demons as Disability
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that demonic forces were not only impaired bodies but that they generated negative cultural effects that signal that they were disabilities. While illness and demonic oppression were synonymous, this chapter re-mythologizes ancient conceptions of demonic forces, arguing that we should not psychologize or metaphorize them for ancient authors like Paul. Demonic forces were debilitated human bodies and required a variety of technologies to manage the demonic, such as incantations, prayers, and apotropaic objects. This suggests that demons were impairments. The wider negative social and cultural effects they had on persons signalled their disability. They generated stigma, liminality, jeopardized masculinity, and stirred violence.
The Smallest of All Apostles
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that Paul uses his short stature for a variety of rhetorical ends in 1 Corinthians. One end is to highlight his least-among-the-apostle status, that he is an unlikely person in both body and reputation to serve the Messiah as a herald to the Gentiles. Another end is to depict his ministry as one of weakness in strength; he is a short-statured boxer punching himself in the face or a gladiator fighting beasts in Ephesus. While such mental images seem comical at first, especially given his short stature in an ancient context, the reality is that Paul portrays his ministry as a violent agonistic competition.
Care and Disposable Bodies
Authors: DeFalco Amelia
Published: August 2023

Waste is matter that does not seem to require care, except when it threatens the health or survival of “legitimate” humans. As a result, caring for discarded matter can be a form of resistance in the most basic sense, a refusal to abide by sociocultural norms of affective attention and ethical concern. Chapter 3 explores the ethical and political significance of disposable matter and what can happen when one treats waste as worthy of care. In dialogue with waste and discard studies, queer animacies, Indigenous and critical race studies, the chapter analyzes two novels—Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go and Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake—that imagine biotechnological bodies engineered for extraction and disposal. These texts explore the consequences of caring for and about discarded bodies, highlighting the political significance of posthuman care as a disturbance of the humanist valuations that perpetuate colonial hierarchies of matter.
Pricing Lives
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

This book discusses the equating of human lives with the material and argues that pricing lives lies at the core of the political. Indeed, as in Plato or Hobbes as well as in the Weberian ethics of responsibility, measurement is considered to be one of the central features of the political. This book argues that this measure relies primarily on two goods: human lives and interests. It also argues that the material equivalence to lives is twofold. Such equivalence is a double equation, as we pay for lives and we pay with lives. This double equation is constitutive of the measurement upon which the political equilibrium of a society depends and, as such, is constitutive of the political. The book adopts two approaches: one explanatory and the other normative. First, its purpose is to explain the nexus between existential goods and material goods and includes a thorough analysis of several case studies drawn from contemporary politics both domestic and international. Second, it discusses normatively the material valuation of human lives and the human value of material goods. The book relies upon interdisciplinary thinking as the material equivalent to lives is not only extremely relevant for political theory and philosophy, it is of great relevance for law. Great works of literature such as Shakespeare’s plays are also excellent political illustrations of the importance of pricing lives we can learn from. Value attribution is an important question in the social sciences, notably in sociology, history, and international relations.
A political theory of the victim
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

Paying for lives—i.e. making concessions with one’s own interests either short term or long term in order to save lives—is the main trait of a philanthropic order. It is a facet of the state that can coexist with patriarchal power within one single state unit. While doing so, in the context of philanthropism, the liberal state interacts with the community and the market when weighing lives. Philanthropy is often thought to be the domain of private institutions and individuals who ‘do good’. This chapter shows that this need not always be the case, as states may also decide to display ‘philanthropic power’ to which the material equivalence to lives lies at core. While discussing the issue of reparations and notably the case of the 9/11 reparations claims, this chapter addresses the issue of non-commensurability of goods and values.
Empty Places
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 examines Alan Hollinghurst’s The Swimming-Pool Library (1988), an example of a late twentieth-century phenomenon this chapter calls “the century novel”: a variation of the historical novel that often locates narrative conflict around the Second World War. Hollinghurst’s version encrypts the postwar period as its hidden source of narrative trauma, revealing the exclusionary power of postwar reconstruction and the institutionalized homophobia of the 1950s and 1960s. Though Hollinghurst counters this history by embracing mobile practices of queer intimacy, he also relies on the spatialized, welfarist logic of reconstruction to imagine a better life for queer people, turning to spaces such as gyms, prisons, and colonial outposts to facilitate alternative forms of community and caretaking. These sites promise a different orientation to historical trauma, working against a reparative mandate while suggesting a relationship to history that maintains queerness’s promise and precarity. The chapter then closes with a consideration of Hollinghurst’s other century novels: The Stranger’s Child (2011) and The Sparsholt Affair (2018).
Theoretical Perspectives on Interactions between Indigenous Peoples and Mining
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

This chapter critically reviews theoretical literature that offers understandings of, and explanations for, interactions between Indigenous peoples, the mining industry, and the state. It includes neo-Marxist theories positing the inevitability of state support for business in any contest over Indigenous resources and land; ‘modernization’ theories of development predicting that mining will generate economic and social opportunities and so over time transform Indigenous societies in a positive fashion; and regulation theory, which argues that both Marxist and modernization theories are flawed, that contemporary capitalism is fluid and dynamic, and that nations and communities can engage with the world capitalist economy in quite different ways depending on their ‘modes of social regulation’. It then discusses neo-liberal governance theory, which considers that the world is in a particular juncture in which Indigenous peoples are being offered the opportunity to engage with the mining industry, but that because the state is failing to protect the interest of its Indigenous peoples, this engagement is only available on terms deleterious to them.
Managing the Negative Impacts of Mining on Indigenous Lands and Peoples
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

The impact of mineral exploration and development on the lands and cultures that are at the heart of Indigenous existence is highly contentious and explains why Indigenous peoples frequently oppose mining. This chapter highlights the environmental and cultural issues involved throughout the mine life cycle, including the ‘legacy issues’ that often remain after mineral extraction ends. It notes the inadequacy of state regulation in dealing with threats to Indigenous lands and livelihoods, which provides a key part of the context for Indigenous initiatives aimed at preventing and managing negative impacts. These include the conduct of Indigenous social, cultural, and environmental impact assessments to identify expected impacts of mining and develop strategies to minimize them; and growing Indigenous involvement in impact monitoring and management, and in planning for mine closure.
Neopragmatism and Logic
Authors: Shapiro Lionel
Published: August 2023

Logical vocabulary can serve as a target for neopragmatist inquiry, and it has also posed obstacles to neopragmatist accounts of other vocabulary. This chapter argues that the obstacles can be addressed by adopting a neopragmatist perspective toward logical relations, such as logical consequence, and toward propositional content. Doing so calls into question two purported constraints on neopragmatist explanations of the functions of logical connectives. Rejecting the constraints, I sketch an account on which logical connectives express dialectical dispositions. The proposal is deflationary in two ways: it rests on an extension of deflationism from truth to logical relations, and it aims to deflate some of neopragmatists’ theoretical ambitions.
The Subject Matter of “Subject Matter” and General Jurisprudence
Authors: Sciaraffa Stefan
Published: August 2023

A number of prominent legal theorists are committed or open to the following thesis (MD): (1) Dworkinian non-positivist and Hartian positivist legal theories traffic in shared legal terms, but they do not thereby address a shared subject matter; (2) Hartian and Dworkinian theorists disagree about how they ought to use legal terms. This chapter enlists a variant of neopragmatic theory, pragmatic inferentialism, in service of two main objectives. First, it defends the following metasemantic non-positivist thesis: in crucial contexts, the subject matter of an expression is determined by how speakers ought to use the expression. Second, the chapter argues that MD is false, for it speaks to a metasemantic non-positivist context and, yet, it presupposes the truth of metasemantic positivism. In this same vein, the chapter defends an alternative to MD’s characterization of the framing and stakes of the debate between Hartian and Dworkininan legal theorists.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Helena , Cox Fiona
Published: August 2023

The Introduction sets out the key aims of this book: to reveal lesser-known voices in Ovidian reception studies, particularly by shifting the focus onto French and francophone writing and culture, and to contribute a wider historical perspective to the complex question of Ovid and gender. It emphasizes the value of a historical and non-Anglophone perspective for understandings of both Ovid’s reception and (proto-)feminist writing, showing how a longer view allows us to explore and challenge the notion of a female tradition of Ovidian reception. The first half of the Introduction examines Ovid’s representations of women and gender and the divided scholarship on this topic, set against a broader survey of feminist responses to Classics. In the second half, the Introduction offers an overview of Ovid’s reception in French, situating the authors and texts studied in this volume in context, from the medieval Christine de Pizan’s criticisms of Ovidian misogyny to Céline Sciamma’s evocation of Ovid in her 2019 film Portrait de la jeune fille en feu. Finally, the Introduction reflects on new directions in Ovidian reception studies, as demonstrated by Marie Cosnay’s eco-critical response to the Metamorphoses in this volume’s epilogue.
Women’s Wit
Authors: Herdman Emma
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the challenges faced by early modern women wishing to engage with Ovid, whose licentious wit is often at their expense and whose tales were frequently interpreted in ways that are invidious to women. It takes Ovid’s tale of Envy and Aglaurus, in Metamorphoses 2, as an example both of the misogynist moralizing tradition that denied women easy access to Ovid, and of women’s resistance to that tradition. First, it analyses Ovid’s Aglaurus as a figure of opposition and of unlicensed knowledge, whose tale becomes an early modern fable about female curiosity and indiscretion, and the consequent need for women to be kept in silence and ignorance. It then focuses on Madeleine and Catherine des Roches, whose works (1578–86) resist this tradition and incorporate subtle, allusive references to Ovid into their sustained advocacy of women’s education and literary self-expression. The chapter argues that the Dames des Roches’s depictions of Aglaurus and Envy ally moral correction with wit: the Ovidian allusiveness with which Madeleine refers to Aglaurus demonstrates not female indiscretion but the learned reticence she advocates, while Catherine’s Ovidian itemizations of the female body make it enviable as a site not of eroticism but of chaste knowledge. The Dames des Roches’s playful engagement with Ovid thus opposes those who would deny women speech or knowledge, and who would use Ovid to do so: their alliance of womanly decorum with Ovidian wit reclaims women’s access both to Ovid and to the literary cachet that reference to his works brings.
Madeleine de L’Aubespine’s Translation of Heroides 2
Authors: DeVos Jessica
Published: August 2023

Praising his fille d’alliance, Pierre de Ronsard claims that Madeleine de L’Aubespine’s literary talents surpass those of her male contemporaries. Perhaps nowhere is this more evident than in her translation of Heroides 2. L’Aubespine’s version of Phyllis’ epistle to Demophoon showcases her skills as a Latinist, translator, and poet. Yet to date there have been no published studies analysing her translation. This essay aims to give long overdue critical attention to L’Aubespine’s version of Heroides 2, situating it within the French Renaissance project of literary nation building. The introduction presents an overview of the place of the Heroides in sixteenth-century French literary culture, and the remainder of the chapter is dedicated to a close analysis of key passages in L’Aubespine’s poem, examined alongside the work of her male contemporaries.
Belle and Fidèle? Women Translating Ovid in Early Modern France
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: August 2023

This essay offers a comparative analysis of three early modern versions of Laodamia’s letter to Protesilaus, Heroides 13. It places the versions by Marie de Gournay (1626), Madeleine de Scudéry and her brother, Georges (1642), and Marie-Jeanne L’Héritier (1732) in the context of significant cultural changes occurring in France at this time: in translation practice, with the emergence of the ‘belles infidèles’ (unfaithful beauties); in the reception of antiquity; and in the literary field, with the rise of salon culture. Focusing on the motif of faithfulness, as both a female virtue and (an unfashionable) translation practice, it argues that translations of Laodamia reveal the complex aesthetic and ethical demands placed on women in the public sphere. By examining how these authors responded to each other, it shows that while there is an alternative, non-male history of early modern Ovidian reception, it was not necessarily constructed as such at the time.