bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production Horticulture: the Primary Mission of Horticultural Science
Authors: Hertogh A. A. De
Published: September 2022

This column has had articles on many subjects that need to be addressed, e.g., funding research (4), horticultural education (2), professions in horticulture (5), and interdisciplinary research (3). After reading these articles, and I encourage all members to do so, I came to the conclusion that they tend to concentrate on only one point. The question remains: what is the primary mission of horticultural science? I believe that the answer is simple and straightforward: to service production horticulture. This was the original purpose of establishing the land-grant university system and the USDA-Agricultural Research Service. It remains our primary mission and horticultural scientists must not lose sight of it.
Guidelines for the Preparation and Presentation of Posters at Scientific Meetings
Authors: McCown Brent H.
Published: September 2022

ASHS has markedly increased emphasis on poster presentations of scientific papers at its Annual Meetings. An attempt will be made by the meeting organizers to have 50% of the contributed papers presented as posters at the 1981 Annual Meeting. Since many of our members have not previously presented papers in this form, a discussion of poster preparation and presentation techniques is appropriate.
Phloem Zinc Accumulation in Citrus Trees Affected with Blight1
Authors: Albrigo L. G. , Young R. H.
Published: September 2022

Zn content was higher in trunk bark (cambium to outer scrapings) than in the adjacent wood in healthy and blight-affected sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) and grapefruit (C. paradisi MacF.) trees. Zn levels were elevated in trunk bark and wood of blight-affected trees on rough lemon (C. limon (L.) Burnt, f.) rootstock, whereas affected seedling trees or trees on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) rootstock that were tested had high Zn levels only in the bark. Bark Zn content was much higher above the bud union than below in blight affected trees on rough lemon or trifoliate (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) rootstocks, but Zn content was high above the bud union in healthy trees only on rough lemon rootstock. The inner half of the bark, an area representative of the active secondary phloem, had much more Zn than the outer half of the bark or the most recently developed xylem. The outer half of the bark served as a barrier against outside contamination. Accumulation of Zn in wood occurred only when the phloem Zn was high.
Application of a Simplified Evapotranspiration Model for Predicting Irrigation Requirements of Peach1
Authors: Tan C. S. , Layne R. E. C.
Published: September 2022

A 2-year study was made of 2 methods of scheduling irrigation of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harken/Siberian C). In each year, irrigation schedules necessary to prevent the available soil moisture (ASM) from falling below 50% level in the top 30 cm were essentially the same, whether determined from direct measurement of soil moisture or predicted from a simplified Priestley and Taylor évapotranspiration model.
Leaf Anatomy and Water Stress of Aseptically Cultured ‘Pixy’ Plum Grown under Different Environments1
Authors: Brainerd K. E. , Fuchigami L. H. , Kwiatkowski S. , Clark C. S.
Published: September 2022

This study examined the leaf anatomy and water stress of Prunus insititia L. cv. Pixy grown in aseptic culture before and after transfer to the greenhouse and grown in a layerage bed in the field. The depth of palisade cells was significantly less in aseptically cultured plantlets than in greenhouse transfererred plants, and less in greenhouse transferred than in field-grown plants. Percent mesophyll air space was greater in plantlet than in plant leaves. Upper or lower leaf epidermal cell length of plantlets of field grown plants was not significantly different. Stomatal frequency for plantlet leaves was significantly less about 150 stornata per mm2) than that of plant leaves (300 stornata per mm2). Excised plantlet leaves lost greater than 50% of total leaf water content within 30 min; excised greenhouse leaves lost 50% after 90 minutes.
Application of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Allozymes in Testing the Genetic Purity of F1 Hybrids of Tomato1
Authors: Tanksley S. D. , Jones R. A.
Published: September 2022

Seed extracts of a number of fresh market cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculen-tum Mill.) were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and stained for alcohol dehydrogenase activity to investigate the possibility of utilizing allozymic variation to determine genetic purity of F1 hybrids. Of the varieties tested 46% proved amenable to the test. This method offers a practical and rapid means of estimating seed contamination frequencies in commercial seed lots as well as distinguishing hybrids from parental lines in the field.
Flowering and Adventitious Root Growth of Tomato Cultivars as Influenced by Ethephon1
Authors: Phatak S. C. , Jaworski C. A. , Liptay A.
Published: September 2022

Ethephon at 300 μg/liter when applied at the transplant stage (5 to 7 leaves) abscised and/or aborted flowers of 20 tomato cultivars studied. However, differential cultivar response was observed when adventitious root proliferation and regeneration were studied. ‘Ohio 7663’, ‘Campbell 28’, ‘Libby 7241’, and ‘Heinz 1706’ showed extensive stem root growth, whereas ‘Heinz 727’, ‘Peto 80’ and ‘Libby 8990-A’ had small amounts of stem roots. Ethephon treatment increased stem-root regeneration from 17.9 to 40.2 roots/plant, root length from 5.2 cm to 9.4 cm and length of the stem with roots from 7.7 to 11.0 cm; whereas, ethephon reduced flowers/plant from 1.3 to 0.6 and fruit/plant from 0.5 to 0.0.
Compensation for Missing Plants in Field Experiments with the Common Bean1
Authors: Sullivan Joseph G. , Bliss Fredrick A.
Published: September 2022

Leaving an extra plant in the space adjacent to a missing plant at the time of thinning provided better compensation for missing plants within plots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with respect to seed yield and percentage protein than transplanting seedlings grown from remnant seed.
Influence of Cultivar and Maturity on Pod Wall Strength in the Southernpea1
Authors: Rymal K. S. , Chambliss O. L.
Published: September 2022

The force necessary to puncture pods of southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp) was measured with a Model 1122 Instron fitted with a 1 mm diameter stainless steel probe. ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ and the breeding lines CR 22-2-21 and Ala 963.8 represented types with low, intermediate and high pod factor resistance, respectively, to the cowpea curculio, Chal-codermus aeneus (Boh.). Pods were selected at 7 stages of maturity for each type. There were no consistent differences in pod puncture force at the 3 immature stages, but at the 4 mature stages pod puncture forces for the resistant lines were significantly higher than for the susceptible cultivar.
Measuring Dormancy: the Rise and Fall of Square Waves1,2
Authors: Timmis K. A. , Fuchigami L. H. , Timmis R.
Published: September 2022

Attempts to measure and interpret the attenuation of electrical square waves in red-osier dogwood (Cornus series L.) and apple (Malus sp.) indicate that the difficulties of interpreting and obtaining reproducible quantitative data makes them of little value as criteria of dormancy in woody plants.
Response of Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Helleri to Superphosphate-incorporated Pine Bark1
Authors: Yeager T. H. , Wright R. D.
Published: September 2022

Incorporation of superphosphate into a pine bark growing medium did not increase growth of ‘Hellen’ holly if the plants were subsequently fertilized with slow-release granular or a water soluble fertilizer. Tissue P levels, except for the water soluble fertilizer treatment, and medium P levels were higher as a result of superphosphate incorporation.
Herbicidal Response of Container-grown Rhododendron Species1
Authors: Singh Megh , Glaze N. C. , Phatak S. C.
Published: September 2022

Alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy-N,N-diethylpropionamide], oryzalin [3,5-dinitro-N4, N4-dipropylsulfanilamide], oxa-diazon [2-terr-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-∆2-l,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one], each at 2.2, 4.5, 9.0 and 17.9 kg/ha, oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoro-methyl) benzene] at 1.1, 2.2, 4.5 and 9.0 kg/ha and prodiamine [2,4-dinitro-N3, N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-l,3-benzenediamine] at 4.5, 9.0 and 13.4 kg/ha were evaluated for weed control and phytotoxicity in container-grown azaleas, Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet. ‘Formosa’ and Rhododendron obtusion (Lindl.) Planch. ‘Coral Bells’. All herbicides at all but the lowest rates effectively controlled grasses and broadleaved weeds. All herbicides at 9.0 kg/ha or higher rates were phytotoxic to these azaleas and restricted growth, root development and marketability. ‘Coral Bells’ was more susceptible to herbicide treatments than ‘Formosa’. Both azaleas were highly susceptible to oxyfluorfen.
Development of Growth Media for Poinsettias1
Authors: Pertuit A. J. , Mazur A. R.
Published: September 2022

Rooted cuttings of ‘Annette Hegg Lady’ poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) were planted in growing media of equal volumes clay loam and sand or ash with 30 or 60% (by volume) pine bark, sphagnum moss peat, perlite, or rubber. Media physical measurements revealed better drainage with 60% perlite during maximum vegetative growth resulted in plants of highest quality: greater aerial fresh weight, increased height, greater inflorescence diameter, and higher grade.
‘Dakota Sunrise’ Cinquefoil1
Authors: Cunningham Richard A. , George Ernest J.
Published: September 2022

Shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa L.) is native in scattered areas of North America and Asia. Many cultivars have been selected for ornamental uses, especially for foundation or border plantings. The popularity of cinquefoil is based on its compact growth form, hardiness and abundant flowers produced throughout the summer. The drought tolerance and winter-hardiness of ‘Dakota Sunrise’ makes it a promising cinquefoil for the Northern Great Plains.
‘Helene’ Rose of Sharon (Althea)1
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

Hibiscus syriacus L., commonly known as rose of sharon or althea, is a plant which can endure extreme heat, drought, and poor soil to provide a freeflowering summer shrub. The landscape qualities of the species have been enhanced by the development of triploid cultivars with compact growth habit; leathery, dark green leaves; sterility; and abundant, continuous flowering throughout the summer. In 10 years ‘Diana’ (1), the first introduced triploid cultivar, has become highly esteemed and is now the leading cultivar grown by nurserymen.
‘Oregon 91’ Green Bean1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A. , Varseveld G. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Oregon 91’ is a bush green bean developed for commercial processing in western Oregon. It results from 22 years of breeding to develop bush bean cultivars with pod characteristics of ‘Blue Lake’ pole bean and an acceptable growth habit. ‘Oregon 91’ should complement or partially replace ‘Oregon 1604’, a bush green bean of ‘Blue Lake’ type which has been important to Oregon processors because of its earliness and dependable production. Compared to ‘Oregon 1604’, ‘Oregon 91’ is slightly later in maturity and slightly less productive, but has a better growth habit and straighter pods. It should be most useful to processors who need pods of smaller diameter than those of ‘Orergon 1604’.
‘Derby’ Peach1
Authors: Werner D. J. , Correll F. E. , Ballington J. R. , Clayton C. N. , Ritchie D. F.
Published: September 2022

‘Derby’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was released in 1978 to fill the need for an early, large, fresh-market peach. Derby is the name of a town in the North Carolina sandhills.
‘Remaily Seedless’ Grape1
Authors: Pool R. M. , Remaily George , Reisch B. I. , Watson J. P. , Kimball K. H.
Published: September 2022

Since the late 19th century when grape breeding began at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, a major goal has been to combine certain fruit attributes of Vitis vinifera L. table grapes, such as seedlessness, crisp texture and adherent skin, with some of the vegetative characters of native American hybrid (V. labruscana, Bailey) grape cultivars such as disease resistance and winter cold hardiness. Crisp texture has been one of the more elusive goals. Of the 42 table grape cultivars released by the Experiment Station (2), only one seeded cultivar, ‘Alden’, combines an adherent skin and crisp texture. ‘Remaily Seedless’ combines seedlessness (stenospermocarpy), an adherent skin and crisp berry texture with adaptive traits favorable to northeastern North American viticulture.
The ASHS Tropical Region: Necessary Steps to Make a Viable Regional Group
Authors: Martin Franklin W.
Published: September 2022

Diversity. It’s the quality that brings zest to life.
Introduction To the Symposium
Authors: Krizek Donald T.
Published: September 2022

The human needs for food, fiber, and raw materials rapidly are outstripping supply (10). Worldwide losses of crops from plant diseases, insect pests, and adverse weather conditions total billions of dollars annually. It is axiomatic that improvements in crop productivity can be made only through 2 basic approaches: 1) by modifying plant genotypes to fit their environment better; and 2) by changing the environment to ameliorate the effects of environmental stresses.
Cellular Mechanisms Of Tolerance To Water Stress
Authors: Hasegawa Paul M. , Bressan Ray A. , Sangita Handa , Handa Avtar K.
Published: September 2022

Water availability is one of the principal environmental limitations of crop productivity throughout the world. The water deficits, which are a consequence of either continuous or transitory periods of drought, cause significant yield reductions on presently cultivated land, and greatly restrict the cultivation of crops on over one-third of the earth’s land surface considered to be arid or semiarid (25). These restrictions on yield potential are rapidly becom ing of great concern in the face of the food demands of an ever increasing world population. The problem becomes complicated further by the fact that supplies of suitable irrigation water are dwindling rapidly, and that the costs of irrigation are becoming prohibitive. As a result, studies on the effects of water stress on plant survival and yield are attracting added interest in plant science research.
A Cell Culture Approach For The Development Of Disease Resistance: Studies On The Phytotoxin Cercosporin
Authors: Daub Margaret E.
Published: September 2022

The use of cell culture techniques for the development of diseaseresistant plants has centered around 3 basic approaches. First of all, pathogen toxins and pathogens themselves have been used to select novel, resistant variants in culture, and such selections have resulted in the isolation of phenotypically and genetically altered plants. Second, cell culture techniques have allowed for the transfer of resistance genes from wild species to agronomically important crops. This approach is limited presently to transfer by protoplast fusion or by ovule and embryo culture, but recent advances in plant transformation techniques may allow for the transfer of genetic information through a suitable vector or through the uptake of isolated DNA some time in the near future. Finally, there is growing evidence that plant cell culture itself can generate stable, heritable variations which are useful for crop improvement.
In Vitro Vegetative Propagation of Cape Primrose Using the Corolla of the Flower
Authors: Peck Deborah E. , Cumming Bruce G.
Published: September 2022

Disinfected corollas of cape primrose flowers (Streptocarpus Xhybridus Voss.) placed on a nutrient medium containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, vitamins, sucrose, adenine, L-tyrosine, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and benzylamino purine (BA), produce areas of green callus in about 5 weeks. Buds arise from these areas within another 3 weeks. When tissues are subcultured to the same medium, rooted shoots are obtained within 12 to 16 weeks after the initial culture. These young plantlets then can be grown satisfactorily in vivo.
Chemical Control of Thrips on Cultured Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) Shoots
Authors: Klocke James A. , Myers Pamela
Published: September 2022

A phytophagous insect, Allothrips species, was found to be a contaminant in cultures of proliferating shoots of Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider (jojoba). Incorporation of the insecticide, acephate (Orthene), into the culture medium at concentrations of 10 and 100 ppm eradicated the thrips. Orthene retained insecticidal activity through autoclaving and proved to be nonphytotoxic to jojoba in culture.
Interplanting Susceptible and Resistant Radish Cultivars Reduces Colonization by Plasmodiophora brassicae
Authors: Kroll T. K. , Moore L. D. , Lacy G. H.
Published: September 2022

Clubroot-susceptible ‘Scarlet Knight’ radish plants grown with resistant ‘Saxafire’ radish plants, in a Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.-infested growth medium, had significantly lower incidence of colonization and club formation than susceptible plants grown alone. This decrease in disease development was due to a reduction in the rate and, consequently, the amount of colonization of the root cortex, medullary rays, and stele. A similar response occurred whether a susceptible plant was grown in the presence of 2, 4, or 7 resistant plants.
The Effects of Trickle Irrigation and Plastic Mulch on Zucchini
Authors: Bhella H. S. , Kwolek W. F.
Published: September 2022

Response of hybrid summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cvs. Seneca Zucchini and Zucchini Elite to trickle irrigation and black plastic mulch was evaluated in field studies conducted on a southwestern Indiana loamy sand soil during 1982 and 1983. Trickle irrigation and plastic mulch each increased plant growth, early bloom, and yield. Trickle irrigation reduced percentage of culls. Plant growth was correlated negatively with days to bloom after planting. Days to bloom were correlated negatively with yield; the early-blooming plants tending to yield more than the late-blooming plants. Significantly higher yields are possible with current cultivars using trickle irrigation and plastic mulch.
Split-root Fertilizer Application to Highbush Blueberry Plants
Authors: Gough R. E.
Published: September 2022

Fertilized portions of 1-year-old plants of ‘Berkeley’ blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) displayed significantly greater shoot dry weight, shoot thickness, leaf dry weight, and mean number of shoots than unfertilized portions. Fertilized portions blossomed and produced fruit while flower buds on the unfertilized portions died.
An Observation of Nutrient Levels in Old, Unfertilized Rabbiteye Blueberry Plants
Authors: Austin Max E. , Gaines T. Powell
Published: September 2022

Rabbiteye blueberry plants (Vaccinium ashei, Reade) which had been planted in 1947 and fertilized with complete fertilizers until 1962 were neglected for 14 years. Because of the vigorous growth, good foliage color, and quality fruit production of these unfertilized plants, soil and leaf nutrient levels were examined 20 and 21 years after the last fertilization. Whereas the soil pH was optimum at 4.5 both years, the soil P was very high in 1982 and medium in 1983. The soil K was medium in 1982 and low in 1983; the soil Ca and Mg were low both years. Soil micronutrients were low and typical for unfertilized Coastal Plain soils. Generally, all leaf nutrient constituents were on the low end of the ranges reported in the literature. Nonetheless the plants continued to grow and produce well, indicating that some old, deep-rooted rabbiteye blueberry plants require less fertilizer than had been thought previously.
Market Quality of Eastern-grown ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples after Prestorage CO2 Treatment and Controlled-atmosphere Storage
Authors: Tietjen W. H. , Hudson D. E.
Published: September 2022

Freshly harvested, eastern-grown ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), were treated with 10%, 15%, and 20% CO2 for 13 days at 0°C prior to controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage. CO2-treated fruit was significantly firmer than the untreated fruit. Soluble solids and titratable acidity were not affected by the high CO2 prestorage treatment. During the 20% CO2 prestorage treatment, fruit from 1 orchard developed severe CO2 injury. Panelists rated fruit from the 10% and 15% CO2 treatments significantly better for flavor and texture than the untreated CA control and 20% CO2-treated fruit.
Nitrate Distribution in Mature Citrus Trees
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: September 2022

NO3-N concentrations in 35-year-old ‘Hamlin’ orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.) trees on rough lemon (C. limon Burm. f.) rootstock were highest in the feeder roots (212-962 ppm), followed by the leaves (160-300 ppm) and trunk wood (0-304 ppm). Only in 3 of 10 orange trees and in 1 of 10 grapefruit trees was NO3-N detected in the bark. Nitrate-N concentration in the leaves and the wood and the percentage of NO3-N in total N in the wood were higher in orange than in grapefruit trees.
Internal Porosity, Water Availability, and Root Penetration of Pine Bark Particles
Authors: Pokorny F. A. , Wetzstein Hazel Y.
Published: September 2022

Internal porosity, availability of internally adsorbed water, and root growth within a pine bark particle were studied. Internal pore spaces comprised about 43% to 44% of the volume of a pine bark particle. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Coleus blumei Benth. and Vaccinium ashei Reade showed roots anchored on the exterior surface and developing within the bark particle. Seedling development (Raphanus sativus L.) in water-saturated pieces indicated that internally adsorbed water was available provided that roots developed within the bark particle. The quantity of available water remains to be determined.
‘Tillikum’ Day-neutral Strawberry
Authors: Sjulin Thomas M. , Barritt Bruce H.
Published: September 2022

‘Tillikum’ is a day-neutral (everbearing) strawberry cultivar jointly released by Wash. State Univ., Univ. of Idaho, Ore. State Univ., and the USDA. ‘Tillikum’ means “friend” in the language of the Chinook Indians. Its virus tolerance and high yields of quality fruit make it a promising candidate for home garden use in the Pacific Northwest.
‘Española Improved’ Chile Pepper
Authors: Matta Frank B. , Nakayama Roy M.
Published: September 2022

‘Española Improved’ chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) has been released for early production in areas characterized by a short growing season (155 days), relatively cool nights, and mild day temperatures. ‘Española Improved’ is highly adaptable to northerncentral New Mexico. It is suggested for home and commercial production of pungent green and red chile for short growing season areas of New Mexico.
Antinepotism: An Obstacle for Career-bound Couples?
Authors: Paparozzi Ellen T. , Lamberts Mary
Published: September 2022

How many people do you know that have met their prospective husband or wife in college? Just as frequently as this occurs, many prospective mates also meet while pursuing graduate studies. While love and school often mix, career and marriage often do not. While most professional women are aware of potential career problems which they face (particularly if they are married to professionals in the same field), acknowledgement of the problem is not the same as dealing with it.
Variations Among Gas Chromatographic Measurements of Ethylene Standards
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: September 2022

A survey was conducted to measure the variability among gas chromatographic analyses of ethylene and the variability among the ethylene gas standards used in 22 laboratories in the United States and Canada. The linearity of gas chromatographic responses to injections of 10.0, 1.0, and 0.1 μl/l ethylene in air mixtures had an average coefficient of linear determination (R2) of 0.9984, with a SD among the R2 values of only 0.33%. The ethylene concentrations calculated for the laboratory standards varied from 11.3% higher to 21.7% lower than the value assumed by the participant; with an average variance of about 6% lower.
Photodegradable Plastic Mulch in Central New York
Authors: Chang-chi Chu , Matthews David L.
Published: September 2022

A “sandwich technique” was designed to study the degradation of plastic mulch film in the soil. Polyethylene films, formulated to several levels of photodegradability, and regular (nonphotodegradable) films were exposed to natural solar radiation (sunlight) for 30 days, removed, buried and covered with 6 inches of soil. No significant amount of degradation was found when retrieved 32 months after burial. When exposed to sunlight, the photodegradable plastic mulch films degraded either much faster or much slower than described by the supplier.
Accumulation of Alanine in Chilling-sensitive Crops
Authors: Kozukue Nobuyuki , Kozukue Etsuko , Hirose Tomohisa , Mizuno Susumu
Published: September 2022

This study investigated some common factors which might exist in chillingsensitive crops. It was revealed that the concentration of alanine and the percentage of alanine to the total free amino acids increased rapidly during storage of these crops at 1°C, whereas in sensitive crops stored at 20°, or in chilling-resistant crops stored at 1°, these increases were not found. An abnormal utilization of alanine seemed to occur with the advance of chilling injury. We suggest that the accumulation of alanine might be a common factor in chilling-sensitive crops.
Herbicide Systems for Nursery Plantings
Authors: Akers M. S. , Carpenter P. L. , Weller S. C.
Published: September 2022

Field studies conducted for 2 years showed that glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] or mixtures of glyphosate and preemergence herbicides applied as preplant and directed postplant sprays were effective in providing season-long weed control in commercial nurseries. Oryzalin [3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide] at 2.2 or 4.5 kg ai/ha, and mixtures of simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] at 1.1 kg ai/ha with diphenamid [N,N dimethyl-2,-2-diphenylacetamide] at 6.7 kg ai/ha, napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxyl)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] at 2.2 kg ai/ha, alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] at 2.2 kg ai/ha or oryzalin at 4.5 kg ai/ha were effective treatments when used after preplant application of glyphosate (2.2 kg ai/ha) or when combined with glyphosate (2.2 kg ai/ha). None of the herbicide treatments reduced growth of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), Norway maple (A. platanoides L.), or creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench). Japanese spurge (Packysandra terminalis Sieb. and Zucc.) survival was reduced by treatments containing oryzalin.
The Effects of Growth Regulators on Development of Nicotiana affinis Flowers In Vitro
Authors: Deaton M. H. , Buxton J. W. , Hamilton-Kemp T. R.
Published: September 2022

Excised flower buds of Nicotiana affinis were grown to maturity in media in which growth regulators were added to evaluate their effects on growth and development. As the concentration of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was increased from 10-7 to 10-4 m, the number of days required for the buds to open decreased, and the number of days required for the corolla tubes to turn brown increased. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) did not affect the rate of bud opening. As the concentration of IBA was increased, however, the days required for the corolla tubes to turn brown increased, but not as much as for buds in media with NAA. IAA had no effect on browning of corolla tubes. At high concentrations of NAA and kinetin the corolla tubes were shortened. Kinetin did not affect the rate of bud opening or days till the corolla tubes turned brown.
In Vitro Propagation of Prayer Plants
Authors: Dunston Sheryl , Sutter Ellen
Published: September 2022

Lateral buds excised from unrooted cuttings of Maranta leuconeura E. Moor. ‘Kerchoviana’, prayer plant, were cultured on Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium supplemented with various combinations of N6-benzylaminopurine (BA), kinetin, α-anaphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) for the production of multiple shoots and complete plants. Of 48 combinations of growth regulators, 4 produced the most vigorous, well-formed shoots after a culture period of 6 weeks: 2.0 mg·liter-1 kinetin, 0.2 mg·liter-1 BA, 0.2 mg·liter-1 BA plus 0.1 mg·liter-1 NAA, and 2.0 mg·liter-1 kinetin plus 1.0 mg·liter-1 IAA. Enhanced shoot production occurred when shoots were transferred at 12-week intervals and when they were maintained on 0.2 mg liter-1 BA. Complete plants with strong, fibrous root systems were produced after the shoots were transferred to basal medium lacking growth regulators for 3-4 weeks.
Response of White Oak Seedlings to Foliar Applications of Fertilizer and Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Dixon R. K. , Garrett H. E. , Cox G. S.
Published: September 2022

Glasshouse-grown seedlings of white oak (Quercus alba L.) received foliar applications of 3 concentrations of 6-benzylamino-purine (BA), 3 of gibberellic acid (GA), and 2 concentrations of an NPK solution (750 and 1500 ppm). The 1500 ppm NPK treatment significantly stimulated seedling dry weight when applied in combination with 50 ppm BA or GA, with BA producing the greater treatment effect. Application of 50 ppm BA or GA also stimulated significant increases in seedling root system length, root collar diameter, and total leaf area. The results suggest that foliar mist applications of plant growth regulators in combination with foliar fertilizer solutions promote oak seedling root and shoot growth.
Cutting Grafts as a Technique for Producing Started-eye Rose Bushes Outdoors
Authors: Ohkawa K.
Published: September 2022

A technique for producing started-eye rose bushes outdoors using cutting grafts was examined. R. multiflora gave the best percentage of successful grafts unions, followed by R. ‘Manetti’. R. indica ‘Major’ gave the poorest result.
Mode of Leaf Shedding from Avocado Cuttings and the Effect of its Delay on Rooting
Authors: Raviv M. , Reuveni O.
Published: September 2022

Leaf shedding (LS) of 3 avocado (Persea americana Mill.) clones (‘Northrop 28/5’, ‘Fuchs 20’ and ‘Nahlat 7’) differing in rooting ability was studied. Two distinct processes, leaf blade senescence and formation of the abscission layer, were found to be associated with LS. The rate of these processes differs among the 3 clones, and their combination determines the speed of LS. Leaf senescence was simulated by measuring chlorophyll destruction over time in leaf discs incubated in the light. The speed of abscission layer formation was estimated by measuring the time required for petioles to shed from incubated internodes. The results obtained in these tests were in agreement with the behavior of LS from cuttings of the 3 clones under mist. Auxin and cytokinin alone, or in combination, as measured in the 2 test systems, affected these leaf blade senescence and abscission layer formations at different rates. Six cuttings of the clone ‘Fuchs 20’ were sprayed weekly with combinations of NAA and BA. The optimal combination (1.10-4 m NAA + 5.10-4 m BA) caused a significant delay in LS and improvement in rooting. Relatively simple tests of leaf senescence and petiole abscission are discussed as potential methods for predicting rooting ability of leafy cuttings.
Micropropagation of ‘Stanley’ Plum
Authors: Pietropaolo P. A. , Reisch B. I.
Published: September 2022

Shoot tips of ‘Stanley’ plum were multiplied 10 times per month on MS inorganic salts with (in mg/liter) thiamine-HCl (1.0), nicotinic acid (1.0), pyridoxine-HC1 (1.0), myo-inositol (10.0), sucrose (30,000), agar (7,000), and BA (1.1). Sufficient rooting response occurred on this medium (altered by deleting BA and lowering sucrose to 15 g/liter) with 0.5-2.5 mg/liter IBA for 5 weeks or 2.0-6.1 mg/liter IBA for 3 weeks. Plant survival ranged from 57 to 93% 10 weeks after removal from in vitro culture conditions.
Increased Growth Responses of Citrus by Several Species of Mycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Edriss M. H. , Davis R. M. , Burger D. W.
Published: September 2022

Growth responses of ‘sour orange’ (Citrus aurantium L.), ‘Swingle citrumelo’ [C. paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], ‘Cleopatra mandarin’ (C. reticulata Blanco), ‘Volkamer lemon’ (C. volkameriana Pasq.), and ‘Troyer citrange’ [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck x P. trifoliata], infected by the mycorrhizal fungi Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerd., G. microcarpum (Tul. and Tul.) Tul. and Tul., or 2 isolates of G. fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. and Trappe, were compared. Overall, G. fasciculatum 92 caused the greatest growth responses and G. microcarpum the least. ‘Cleopatra mandarin’, the slowest growing cultivar, was the most mycorrhizal dependent cultivar while ‘sour orange’ and ‘Volkamer lemon’, which exhibited the greatest growth, were the least dependent. The greatest growth responses were usually associated with high concentration of phosphorus in leaf tissue, but phosphorus concentrations were not always related to mycorrhizal dependency. Rarely did mycorrhizal species affect different cultivars in dissimilar ways.
Flower Thinning of Peach with Desiccating Chemicals
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G.
Published: September 2022

Airblast applications of ammonium nitrate, ammonium thiosulfate, an oxylated alcohol surfactant (SN-50), or 7-oxabicyclo-(2,2,1) heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall) to peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] in bloom reduced fruit set and increased fruit size on several cultivars. Foliage injury was minimal when applied at bloom. Applications of these chemicals 6 days post-bloom to ‘Redhaven’ trees caused unacceptable foliage injury and did not cause fruit abscission. Several other surfactants and fertilizers were found to have caustic action in laboratory trials, but fruit set on ‘Redhaven’ was not reduced in field airblast trials.
Effects of Temperature on Firmness and Bruising of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: September 2022

Firmness of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was not significantly different when tested at 0° and 20°C after 26 weeks of storage at 0°. The volume of bruises produced in these cultivars by mechanical impact injury increased with increasing temperature (0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°) when injured, and with increasing holding temperature (0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°) during bruise development.
Effect of Soil Moisture Tension on Pod Retention and Seed Yield of Beans
Authors: Weaver M. L. , Ng H. , Burke D. W. , Silbernagel M. J. , Foster K. , Timm H.
Published: September 2022

Two bean cultivars and one breeding selection with different pod-retention characteristics were grown at mean soil moisture tension (MSMT) of 0.05 and 0.1 MPa in 2 separate plantings. In the 5 May planting, flower buds developed during the 1st 3½ weeks of flowering, were dated and counted, and those developing mature pods were identified. Sixty-five percent to 90% of all pods that reached full maturity were from floral buds that reached anthesis during the 1st 2 weeks of flowering. The percentage of pods reaching maturity varied among cultivars. About 40% of the floral buds that developed on the determinate bean selection were retained to full pod maturity. Only 20% to 25% of the floral buds developed on each of the indeterminate cultivars were retained to full pod maturity. An increase in the MSMT from 0.05 to 0.1 MPa in the 23 June planting reduced the number of pods and seeds/plant and total seed weight/plant by 20% to 40%, but the number of seeds/pod and weight/seed was not influenced by MSMT or by number of pods produced on either of the dry bean cultivars or the breeding selection.
Yield and Quality of Processing Fieldgrown Tomatoes as Influenced by Inhibitors of Ethylene Biosynthesis
Authors: Edwards Julie I. , Henderson Warren R. , Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: September 2022

Preharvest foliar applications of ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors (aminooxyacetic acid and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) to ‘Dorchester’ and ‘Campbell 37’ processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) did not adversely affect fresh fruit quality (i.e.)pH, soluble solids, color, core length, core diameter, and pigmentation) or canned quality (i.e.; color, wholeness, vascularization, and acceptability). Neither total marketable yields, nor the percentage of mature green fruit were increased over untreated controls by any of the inhibitors.
High Rates of Cross-pollination in Chile Pepper
Authors: Tanksley Steven D.
Published: September 2022

The natural cross-pollination (NCP) rate was determined for chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) utilizing isozyme variation in tester lines. Experiments were conducted over a 2 year period in a total of 5 commercial fields in southern New Mexico. The average NCP for both years was 42% with the rate for individual plants as high as 91%. Such high rates of cross-pollination indicate the need for the strictest precautions in the production of commercial seed, and in the design and execution of breeding procedures.
Influence of Plant Growth Stage and Concentration of Cytex and Kinetin Applications on Tuber Yields of two Potato Cultivars
Authors: Lang David J. , Langille Alan R.
Published: September 2022

The effects of foliarly applied Cytex (an aqueous seaweed extract) and kinetin on the tuberization process of potato plants were investigated under field conditions. Tuber number was not influenced by foliar applications of Cytex or kinetin, but total yield of ‘Kennebec’ was increased when Cytex (15 ml/liter) was applied during the initial stages of tuberization. This yield advantage was due to an increase in the number of defective tubers. Since sunburn was the dominant defect, improved yields might be possible through the use of Cytex coupled with modified cultural practices. Neither Cytex nor kinetin had any effect on total yield of ‘Russet Burbank’.
‘Veeblue’ Plum
Authors: Tehrani G.
Published: September 2022

‘Veeblue’ is an attractive, productive, fair quality, medium-sized, semi-freestone, early, blue European plum (Prunus domestica L.). ‘Veeblue’ matures during the 1st week of September, about the same season of ripening as ‘Iroquois’ and ‘Early Italian’ (Demaris strain). It was introduced primarily for fresh market consumption and for planting in areas where European plums are grown.
UC1, Fusarium Yellows-Resistant Celery Breeding Line
Authors: Orton T. J. , Hulbert S. H. , Durgan M. E. , Quiros C. F.
Published: September 2022

UC1 is a celery, Apium graveolens L., breeding line segregating for resistance to Fusarium yellows, a disease caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht., f. sp. apii, race 2, prevalent in the soils of California. The inheritance of the disease reaction has been studied by Orton et al. (1). Resistance seems to be dominant over susceptibility and highly heritable under greenhouse screening conditions. The segregation ratios observed, however, were not consistent enough to determine the number of genes involved. The principal value of the line should be as a source of resistant plants that can be obtained by making single plant selections in areas where the disease is present, or by screening procedures in the greenhouse. The resistant plants derived from UC1 will need further improvement for hoticultural type in order to obtain Fusarium yellows resistant commercial cultivars.
‘Irene Doyle’ Lavender
Authors: Tucker Arthur O. , De Baggio Thomas
Published: September 2022

‘Irene Doyle’ lavender was selected for its tendency to flower twice a year. Its oil also falls within the range reported for commercial lavender oils.
Survey of Vietnamese Students' Mistakes When Using Quantities in Chinese
Authors: Nga Le Thi Hong
Published: September 2022

The article comes from the writer's actual teaching experience. Through experience, homeworks, and tests, the writer realizes that mistakes in beginners in the early stages (1-2 year) are usually influenced by the mother tongue while mistakes of a person in years 3-4 often arise due to confusion between one formula and another. In this article, we apply mistake analysis and "intermediate language" reasoning to make statistics and classify and analyze the causes of students' mistakes, hoping to help learners to overcome the difficult points in the expression of multiples increased by N times in Chinese. On the other hand, we can provide for the teaching and learning of Chinese by Vietnamese people as well as the teaching and learning of Vietnamese by the fact that the Chinese people have some useful materials.
A Study on the use of Technology in Translation by HUFI English-majored Students
Authors: Truc Nguyen Thụy Ngọc
Published: September 2022

This study aims to investigate students’ use of technology for their translation needs and investigate which translation tools students use most often. The study is based on a survey of 50 students majoring in English Language in courses 09DHAV to courses 12DHAV of Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI). They are representative of each school year, covering a variety of levels, genders helping to identify any trends or differences among student translators at different educational levels. This article analyses by quantitative method with the results of 20 questions including multiple-choice and essay written in English. The results show that students use a lot of technology and prefer to use their phones to translate Vietnamese-English. The tool using Google Translate was voted as the most used by students, followed is TFlat, SmartCat. The preference for using a phone over using a computer increased after the first and final years of school. Students in the early years also show a significant preference for Google Translate as their most used tool, but this preference is much lower for seniors.
Looking for structure in the cobordism conjecture
Authors: Andriot David , Carqueville Nils , Cribiori Niccolò
Published: September 2022

The cobordism conjecture of the swampland program states that the bordism group of quantum gravity must be trivial. We investigate this statement in several directions, on both the mathematical and physical side. We consider the Whitehead tower construction as a possible organising principle for the topological structures entering the formulation of the conjecture. We discuss why and how to include geometric structures in bordism groups, such as higher U(1)-bundles with connection. The inclusion of magnetic defects is also addressed in some detail. We further elaborate on how the conjecture could predict Kaluza--Klein monopoles, and we study the gravity decoupling limit in the cobordism conjecture, with a few observations on NSNS string backgrounds. We end with comments in relation to T-duality, as well as the finiteness conjecture.
Sikuani indigenous women: ancestral practices and current ways of educational and social participation
Authors: Caviedes Cadena Deisy Lorena , Benavides Jiménez Fabian
Published: September 2022

Even though social participation of minorities has begun to take a more relevant role in Colombia, there are still some populations that struggle to be heard and considered socially, politically and economically; indigenous women being one of them. As a result, knowledge about indigenous women’s social participation in their territories is partial and limited, since most of it is derived from men’s voices and the official government perspective. Consequently, the present study takes into consideration the insights shared by three Sikuani indigenous women regarding their participation inside their community. Their narratives were collected through field notes and semi-structured interviews, which then were contrasted with existing theory; this allowed researchers to directly approach women’s feelings and perceptions regarding their involvement in different social processes. The results show that they hold in high regard their traditional labors concerning the care of their families, as well as their interest to educate themselves and become more active leaders for the sake of their people’s well-living.
Impact of design variables on hydrologic and thermal performance of green, blue-green and blue roofs
Authors: Almaaitah Tamer , Drake Jennifer , Joksimovic Darko
Published: September 2022

Blue-green and blue roofs are increasingly promoted to adapt to climate change by providing multiple benefits. However, uncertainties about their design and how they differ from conventional green roofs hinder their implementation. This study investigates the potential of green, blue-green, and blue roofs to control urban stormwater and improve microclimate by monitoring their performance in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Experimental setups were built and varied with the following design factors: substrate type and thickness, drainage layer thickness and orifice size. The results revealed that blue-green roofs with organic and FLL (blended according to the German Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentiwicklung Landschaftsbau) substrates significantly improved detention compared to green roofs with similar substrates. The organic blue-green roof achieved maximum retention, but FLL blue-green roof did not have higher retention than FLL green roof. The blue roof with smaller orifices had comparable hydrologic performance to vegetated roofs but suffered from long water standing durations. Organic substrates followed by FLL substrates result in the highest air cooling in the noon, but blue roofs had the highest air cooling in the evening. In-substrate temperatures in blue-green roofs were lower than those in green roofs. Trade-offs between the benefits and drawbacks need to be considered in future designs.
La posesión notoria del estado civil. Su origen, aspectos procesales, su relación con el principio de la identidad y constitucionalidad de sus disposiciones
Authors:   Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile, Jara Lara Rodrigo
Published: September 2022

En este artículo se aborda un tema de constante controversia en los tribunales de justicia, lo relativo a la posesión notoria del estado civil, analizando su origen y evolución, buscando determinar su naturaleza jurídica, si se trata de una institución o un medio de prueba, si su primacía por sobre las pruebas biológicas son acordes a nuestra Carta Fundamental, y la eventual colisión de derechos. Analizar las distintas Faz que comprende el derecho a la identidad y su relación con la posesión notoria del estado civil. Finalmente, se tratará la forma procesal de alegarla ¿Es posible alegar la posesión notoria del estado civil como fundamento de una acción de reclamación o impugnación?.
El fondo de utilidades tributables (FUT) y la reforma tributaria chilena
Authors:   Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile., Ochoa Sepúlveda Juan Carlos
Published: September 2022

La eliminación del Fondo de Utilidades Tributables como herramienta tributaria para los contribuyentes, es acorde con el principio de igualdad tributaria y con las necesidades del Estado de financiar diversas reformas estructurales de nuestro país. En específico se ha levantado la bandera de la educación gratuita, finalidad muy noble por cierto, pero de un gran gasto de recursos fiscales. Es con la eliminación de este registro que siempre habrá tributación de impuestos finales por las personas, toda vez que ya no se podrá postergar su pago a sola voluntad del contribuyente. Este trabajo pretende dejar al lector con una referencia a la tributación nacional, la tributación del FUT, las alternativas planteadas por el legislador para hacer menos gravosa la tributación del llamado FUT histórico, y en definitiva señalar que pasará en el futuro con los registros los registros que estructuraban su composición.