bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behavior among urban youths in Zambia
Authors: Slonim-Nevo Vered , Mukuka Lawrence , Tembo Robert
Published: April 2009

This exploratory study examines AIDS-related knowledge, attitude and behavior among 89 youths residing in Lusaka, Zambia. The results show that AIDS is a well-known disease in the lives of the participants. and suggest that Zambian youths who live in a major urban area tend to be knowledgeable about AIDS and hold positive attitudes towards prevention. The main behavior that puts Zambian young adults at risk is sexual intercourse.
Participatory developmental research
Authors: Coughlan F. J. , Collins K. J.
Published: April 2009

The article reports on the development of a new model for carrying out participatory research and is based on work done at a children’s home in South Africa. The model is a development and synthesis of participatory work and of the developmental research models and seeks to provide a step-by-step framework in four stages for the implementation of participatory research designed to develop effective social services. The model is aimed at the novice researcher-practitioner and is intended as a guide for facilitating collaborative work within social service contexts that meets the aims of generating new knowledge and developing more effective practice.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: treatment outcomes for a Kuwaiti child
Authors: Soliman Hussein H.
Published: April 2009

Children who experience political violence and wars are vulnerable to different sorts of psychological reactions. Unfortunately, cultural constraints and the stigma attached to therapy may prevent these children from receiving needed treatment. This study presents a case of a child with PTSD where a single subject design was used to measure treatment outcomes. The design enabled the social worker to assess, monitor and measure the course of treatment. The advantages of applying the design in clinical intervention in other cultures are highlighted.
Community development in South Africa
Authors: Travis Raphael , McFarlin Natalie , van Rooyen Colin A. J. , Gray Mel
Published: April 2009

This paper describes a study which examined community development projects in three communities in the greater Durban area of South Africa. The research indicated a range of outlooks on the concept of community development across three major participant groups: social work academics, community development workers and members of community-based development committees.
World mental health
Authors: Seipel Michael M. O.
Published: April 2009

Although improved medical technologies, economic developments and social transformations have produced many positive health outcomes, they have also created troubling mental disorders such as depression, dementia, and suicide tendencies. Mental disorders are increasingly of concern to individuals and society; therefore, they must be viewed as a major public health issue. This article examines this health problem and considers strategies world communities can use to deal with mental illnesses.
A Field Manual for the Cradle of Civilization
Authors: Myerson Roger B.
Published: April 2009

The U.S. Army's Counterinsurgency Field Manual, Bremer's My Year in Iraq, and Xenophon's Education of Cyrus all consider problems of establishing a state. Bremer sees constitutions as fundamental, and the Field Manual emphasizes local security operations and effective governance to establish legitimacy. But Xenophon shows how states are founded by leaders with reputations for reliably rewarding supporters. Agency incentive problems in government make patronage an essential aspect of state-building, and political leaders become fundamentally constrained by their reputations. Democratic competition requires many leaders to develop independent reputations for exercising power and patronage responsibly, which can be encouraged by political decentralization.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ernst ‘Putzi’ Hanfstaengl and the ‘S-Project’, June 1942–June 1944
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: April 2009

Between June 1942 and September 1944, Ernst ‘Putzi’ Hanfstaengl was employed by the Roosevelt administration as an intelligence analyst and psychological warfare adviser. This article not only explores the President's exact motivations for bringing a former confidant of Hitler to Washington in the midst of war, but also uses this curious episode to highlight some broader, and frequently neglected, themes of American wartime diplomacy, including: Roosevelt's unconventional and idiosyncratic attitude towards intelligence material, the President's belief in the efficacy of psychological warfare, and the often strained relations between the administration and the British embassy in Washington on matters relating to the German problem.
Divinely Sanctioned: The Anglo-American Cold War Alliance and the Defence of Western Civilization and Christianity, 1945–48
Authors: Kirby Dianne
Published: April 2009

In the rhetoric of the Cold War, Christianity became a means of distinguishing between socialism and communism, of dramatizing and publicizing the Soviet regime as an evil power and the Cold War as a Manichean conflict and of consolidating the western alliance, the ‘special relationship’ in particular. Harry Truman's increasing tendency, and that of his administration, to view opposition to the Soviet Union from an ideological perspective is the key to understanding Ernest Bevin's now well-known series of papers to the Cabinet, beginning with ‘The First Aim of British Foreign Policy’ in early January 1948 and ending with ‘The Threat to Western Civilisation’ in early March, which outlined his ‘spiritual concept of Western Union’ and officially established IRD (Information Research Department). It is also a means of gaining insight into the tacit understandings and nuanced relationship that existed between the USA and Britain in the immediate postwar period in the joint implementation of containment. This article explores Bevin's plan for ‘a sort of spiritual federation of the West’, intended to overcome potential opposition in the USA from Labour backbenchers and from within the Cabinet to closer Anglo-American relations, to suggest that the only real importance Bevin attached to ideological aspects was as a way to consolidate Anglo-American relations. His actions contributed to an intensification of the Cold War, the transformation of Christian leaders into Cold War warriors and the transmogrification of Christianity into a politicized doctrine.
The Vietnam War, 1962–64: The Vietnamese Communist Perspective
Authors: Guan Ang Cheng
Published: April 2009

This article describes the Vietnamese communists' decision-making process, in the period between the conclusion of the International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian Crisis in July 1962 and July 1965 when American troops landed at Danang. Using old and recent Vietnamese communist sources, research based on Chinese and Russian documents, and non-communist materials, this article puts the major events of those years in context and shows how Hanoi had hoped to unify the country without having to engage the USA militarily but without success.
SOE and Repatriation
Authors: Murphy Christopher J.
Published: April 2009

This article uses the recently released files of the Russian (D/P) Section of the Special Operations Executive to examine the tension between repatriation and subversion in the second world war. When information reached the D/P Section that Russian POWs were fighting for the Germans in France, plans were formulated to attempt to turn them against the Germans. Interrogations of a number of these Russian POWs, taken prisoner by the Allies, revealed that some kind of guarantee of immunity from repatriation would be necessary in order to gain their support. As such, D/P's plan collided with the views of the British government on repatriation. The article continues to examine the correspondence which took place on the issue between Selborne and Eden, and argues that the existing context in which this discussion is placed needs to be revised in the light of Selborne's knowledge of D/P's plans in his capacity of Minister of Economic Warfare.
Lord Vansittart, Sir Walford Selby and the Debate about Treasury Interference in the Conduct of British Foreign Policy in the 1930s
Authors: Neville Peter
Published: April 2009

This article examines whether Sir Walford Selby's assertion, made in the 1950s, that there was undue Treasury interference in the conduct of British foreign policy in the 1930s was true. In particular, it focuses on Selby's accusation that the former Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, Lord Vansittart, failed to resist such interference.
Persistent Australian Gender Wage Inequality 1990 to 2003: Stakeholders' Views of Why and How
Authors: Short Christine , Nowak Margaret
Published: April 2009

Qualitative research on the perceptions of industrial relations stakeholders of the persistence of gender wage inequality during the period 1990 to 2003 is reported. During this period the gap between the average weekly ordinary time earnings of women and men working full time in Australia decreased by only one and a half percentage points, from 17 percent in 1990, to 15.5 percent in 2003 and the gap in Western Australia widened by 5 percentage points. Interviewees and the literature indicated that gender wage inequality was greatest within occupations whilst also occurring between occupations. Stakeholders interviewed felt that gender-related social/cultural values pervade the formal system of industrial relations as well as the wider society. These social/cultural values, changing slower than economic and industrial relations factors, result in persistent gender wage inequality as these values affect occupational choice before the market, the availability of jobs and training in the market and thus wages. Stakeholders showed that they believed that their gender-related values affected actions taken to, and decisions made in, industrial tribunals. Remedies for gender wage inequality thus must address not only action within the formal industrial relations system, but also perceptions and values in the wider society.
Fear of Gang Crime: A Qualitative Examination of the Four Perspectives
Authors: Lane Jodi
Published: April 2009

Crime has gone down, but fear remains high. This high fear level indicates that the recent hard-hitting policy focus on crime and gang suppression is not sufficient to calm public fears. Fear-of-crime researchers have developed four theoretical perspectives grounded in social disorganization theory to explain fear on the basis of environmental factors other than crime. These perspectives are similar in their focuses on urban community factors as key elements, but they differ in how they construct the thought processes of individuals who are afraid. This study uses qualitative data from focus groups conducted in 1997 in Santa Ana, California, to describe in residents’own words how they think about gang crime and their reasons for being afraid. It confirms that each theoretical perspective on fear of crime is important and shows how each of them is connected to the others in the thoughts of these residents.
Childhood Predictors of Offense Trajectories
Authors: Chung Ick-Joong , Hill Karl G. , Hawkins J. David , Gilchrist Lewayne D. , Nagin Daniel S.
Published: April 2009

Previous research has shown heterogeneity in offense trajectories. Using data from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study of 808 youths followed since 1985, this study seeks to identify childhood predictors of different offense trajectories. Five offense trajectories were identified using semiparametric, group-based modeling: nonoffenders, late onsetters, desisters, escalators, and chronic offenders. Multinomial logistic regressions were then employed to examine childhood predictors measured at ages 10 to 12 that distinguish these five groups. Results indicated that among initial nonoffenders at age 13, late onsetters were distinguished from nonoffenders by individual factors. Among youth already delinquent at age 13, escalators were distinguished from desisters by peer, school, and neighborhood factors.
The Baltimore City Drug Treatment Court: One-Year Results from a Randomized Study
Authors: Gottfredson Denise C. , Exum M. Lyn
Published: April 2009

This evaluation of the Baltimore City Drug Treatment Court randomly assigned 235 eligible clients to either drug treatment court or “treatment as usual.” The program provides an alternative to incarceration for drug-involved, nonviolent offenders. Drug court judges imposed harsher sentences but suspended these sentences conditional on compliance with the drug court regimen. Drug court clients were more likely than controls to participate in drug testing and treatment and to attend status hearings. During the 12 months following the date of randomization into the study, 48 percent of drug treatment court clients and 64 percent of controls were arrested for new offenses. Among the more serious cases heard in the circuit court, 32 percent of drug court clients versus 57 percent of controls were rearrested. When differences in the opportunity to reoffend are taken into consideration, controls were arrested at a rate nearly three times that of drug treatment court clients.
Frameworks of Caring and Helping in Adolescence: Are Empathy, Religiosity, and Spirituality Related Constructs?
Authors: Markstrom Carol A. , Huey Erron , Stiles Bethanie Morris , Krause Amanda L.
Published: April 2009

Caring and helping are suggested as mechanisms that link empathy to religiosity and spirituality. To test this assertion, 428 adolescents completed self-report measures of religious attendance, importance of spiritual or religious beliefs, care, volunteerism, and affective and cognitive subscales of empathy. Sex differences also were examined. Importance of beliefs was associated with empathic concern and perspective-taking forms of empathy. Unexpectedly, religious attendance was not related to either subscale of empathy. Through a series of regressions, care was shown to mediate the relations between importance of beliefs and empathic concern and perspective taking, and volunteerism mediated the relation between importance of beliefs and perspective taking. Care, especially, should continue to be examined for its bridging function between empathy and religiosity and spirituality. Gender role and biological sex distinctions should also be examined in future studies.
Population Aging and Japanese International Travel in the 21st Century
Authors: Sakai Marcia , Brown Jeffrey , Mak James
Published: April 2009

Given Japan's role as one of the world's leading touristgenerating countries and its relatively low overseas travel propensities, travel forecasters believe that significant potential remains for increases in Japanese overseas travel. Yet, Japan's demographic transition into the world's fastest aging country could spell an end to the postwar boom in Japanese overseas travel. This article extends the research on the economic determinants of travel demand to explore the effects of demographic change. The authors, using pooled cross-section time-series data (1968-1995), show that age and cohort membership are significant determinants of Japanese international travel demand. Given reasonable assumptions about future real wage growth, labor force participation, and currency exchange rates, they demonstrate that increasing numbers of Japanese will travel abroad in the 21st century, although at a much slower pace. They also demonstrate the benefit of analyzing travel propensities for men and women separately.
Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Industry
Authors: Hassan Salah S.
Published: April 2009

This article introduces a detailed new model of competitiveness that focuses on environmental sustainability factors associated with travel destinations. The multiplicity of industries involved in destinations' planning and development requires the use of a competitiveness model that examines the relationships among all stakeholders involved in creating and integrating value-added products to sustain resources while maintaining market position relative to other competitors. The development of future destinations must be guided by effective and efficient management with a focus on sustainable customer base. Thus, destination management should focus on a systematic examination of unique comparative advantages that provide a special long-term appeal to the target travel customer segments. Therefore, sustaining the longevity of a given destination becomes a function of responding to market demand and competitive challenges. It is critical for future destination development plans to be compatible with market needs and environment integrity for the industry to maintain its economic viability.
An Examination of the Role of Beneficial Image in Tourist Destination Selection
Authors: Tapachai Nirundon , Waryszak Robert
Published: April 2009

This article outlines the use of the so-called beneficial image as a framework for the analysis of destination image for decision to visit a country for a vacation. The beneficial image is conceptualized as the image characteristics of a destination that subsequently influence tourists’ decision to visit particular vacation destinations. The beneficial image characteristics are conceptualized under five value dimensions—functional, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional—which are a part of consumption value theory. In addition, the development of measurement in destination image via a category-based approach is outlined. The proposed framework and method are used to assess the destination images of both Thailand and the United States. The findings of the study have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed conceptual and methodological frameworks, both at theoretical and practical levels.
Important Factors Affecting Hong Kong Consumers’ Choice of a Travel Agency for All-Inclusive Package Tours
Authors: Heung Vincent C. S. , Chu Raymond
Published: April 2009

All-inclusive package tours contribute significantly to the success of travel agencies in Hong Kong. It is the major source of revenue for most travel agencies, and success or failure in the market determines the long-term prosperity or closure of the business. This study aims to identify the important travel agency selection factors in relation to choosing a travel agency for all-inclusive package tours, as perceived by Hong Kong consumers. A total of 183 Hong Kong consumers were surveyed and were asked to rate 29 attributes that might affect their choice of travel agency for all-inclusive package tours. Results showed that of the 29 attributes, “agency reputation” was rated as the most important attribute in travel agency selection, followed by “word-of-mouth communication” and “staff attitude.” Using factor analysis, six factors were derived, namely, Interactive Agent Quality, Formal Communication, Overall Convenience, Pricing, Product Features, and Image. Results of independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA revealed that the Interactive Agent Quality, Formal Communication, and Pricing factors varied significantly by gender, and the Formal Communication and Pricing factors varied significantly by income level. Implications for future studies are given at the end of this article.
The Application of Rough Sets to Sightseeing Expenditures
Authors: Au Norman , Law Rob
Published: April 2009

The existing tourism demand forecasting models in tourism are unable to capture useful information from a database with numeric and nonnumeric data. This article presents a new approach that applies the rough set theory to form a forecasting model for sightseeing expenditures in Hong Kong. The rough set theory deals with the classificatory analysis of imprecise, uncertain, or incomplete knowledge (data) by incorporating the classical set theory. Based on officially published tourist sightseeing data, decision rules are generated to represent the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Experimental results revealed that the forecasting model can classify 94.1% of the testing cases, and that 87.5% of the classified cases were identical to their actual counterparts. There was no significant difference between the actual values and the forecast values. The advantages of using decision rules induced by rough set to forecast sightseeing expenditure were also offered.
Discovering Next Generation Tourism Information Systems: A Tour on TIScover
Authors: Pröll Birgit , Retschitzegger Werner
Published: April 2009

Information technology has been playing a fundamental role in the tourism industry for a long time. The Internet particularly is increasingly emerging as a perfect platform to bring tourism products direct to the customer. Web-based tourism information systems, however, are required not only to offer online brochures but also to provide both value and service. The Austrian tourism information system, TIScover, meets this challenge by focusing on three crucial points. First, high-quality access is provided, both by supporting e-commerce transactions and by allowing access to the system via the World Wide Web, info kiosks, and cellular phones. Second, the content is of a high quality that is achieved by enabling tourism information providers to maintain their products directly, as well as by integrating external tourism information sources. Finally, the system is designed in such a way that it is easy to customize. This facilitates employment of the system by the various kinds of tourism information providers, as well as by different regions and even countries.
A Study of Airlines’ Online Reservation Services on the Internet
Authors: Law Rob , Leung Rita
Published: April 2009

This article reports on a study about examining airlines’ Web-based online reservation services. Thirty airlines from three regions (North America, Europe and Middle East, and Asia and Australia) were assessed to determine whether there were any significant differences between the three regions, in terms of the Web site attributes and services provided to travelers. In this research, the attributes selected for examination included (1) components of online reservation services, (2) provision of extra benefits, (3) factors affecting reservation time, and (4) provision of additional services/facilities. Empirical results indicated that some airlines did not provide all components in the chosen attributes and that airlines in these three regions differed significantly in certain dimensions of the chosen attributes. In particular, airlines in North America were found to have the most comprehensive Web-based reservation services.
Research Note to “Incidence of the Impacts of Room Taxes on the Lodging Industry”: Revision to Article Published in Spring 1993 Issue of JTR
Authors: Hiemstra Stephen J. , Ismail Joseph A.
Published: April 2009

The corrected data in this note measure the price elasticity of supply for lodging services to be about 0.11 based on time-series data. This level compared with the elasticity of demand was calculated at the time by the same authors at -0.44. The two elasticities taken together indicate that the incidence of room taxes falls most heavily on the lodging industry, which reverses the conclusion from the original article.
A Travel Balance Approach for Examining Tourism Area Life Cycles: The Case of Singapore
Authors: Toh Rex S. , Khan Habibullah , Koh Ai-Jin
Published: April 2009

This article reviews the product life cycle and its extension to the tourist area life cycle (TALC) concept and its operationalization, proposes an alternative travel balance approach (TBA) based on changes in net travel balances, and then calibrates the TALC and TBA models with tourism statistics from Singapore. Using the TBA as a preferred alternative to the TALC, the proposed model suggests that Singapore is about to enter the decline stage, based on computations of income and price elasticities of demand, as well as the level of economic development. The authors then outline the advantages of the TBA model over the TALC and conclude with the hope that their model will be empirically validated with tourism statistics from other countries.
Why Do People Attend Events: A Comparative Analysis of Visitor Motivations at Four South Island Events
Authors: Nicholson Rachael E. , Pearce Douglas G.
Published: April 2009

The comparative analysis of the motivations of visitors at four South Island, New Zealand, events—two food and beverage festivals, an air show, and a country and music festival—highlights the diversity in motives that are to be found from event to event. Event-specific factors are especially important; there is little evidence yet of generic event motivations. In contrast to earlier case studies, the comparative approach employed here gives more weight and greater visibility to events per se as a distinctive phenomenon.
Agritourism: Motivations behind Farm/Ranch Business Diversification
Authors: Nickerson Norma Polovitz , Black Rita J. , McCool Stephen F.
Published: April 2009

Increasing financial strains on family farms/ranches have put pressure on these businesses to look outside agriculture as a means to sustain the operation. One option has been to offer farm/ranch recreation to visitors (i.e., agritourism). Eleven reasons for diversifying were tested while controlling for various demographic variables. Principal components analysis resulted in three factors: social reasons, economic reasons, and external influences. A cluster analysis identified 61% of the respondents who diversified for economic reasons, 23% who diversified due to reasons external to the operation, and 16% who diversified for social, economic, and external reasons.
Overview of Panama’s Tourism in the Aftermath of the Turnover of the Canal Zone
Authors: Casado Matt A.
Published: April 2009

This study investigates Panama’s tourism at the time of the takeover of the Canal Zone by the Republic of Panama. This strip of land, which has been under the aegis of the United States since 1903, offers great opportunities for tourism development. The article describes Panama’s goals to redirect the country’s economy to one that relies substantially on revenues from tourism while preserving the isthmus’ exceptional biodiversity.
Segmentation of Senior Motorcoach Travelers
Authors: Hsu Cathy H. C. , Lee Eun-Joo
Published: April 2009

This study was designed to identify distinct segments within the senior motorcoach traveler market. Data were collected from 817 motorcoach travelers aged 55 and older. A questionnaire containing 55 motorcoach tour selection attributes was used. Market segments were derived from factor and cluster analyses and verified by PC plots and discriminant analysis. Respondents were successfully divided into three groups based on motorcoach tour selection attributes. The dependents, sociables, and independents represented 51%, 19%, and 30% of the respondents, respectively. Thirteen tour selection attributes were identified as the discriminating characteristics among groups. The three market segments also had significantly different age, retirement status, education, and income. Appropriate marketing strategies were recommended for tour operators to target each segment effectively.
Profiling the Senior Traveler: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Horneman Louise , Carter R. W. , Wei Sherrie , Ruys Hein
Published: April 2009

Recently, the behavior of senior travelers has become an important area of interest because of its market size and potential for growth. This study describes a study profiling senior travelers according to their demographic and psychographic characteristics. Six market segments were used to highlight the differences that exist in terms of holiday attractions, travel motivations, and information sources used among senior travelers when planning and choosing a holiday. Seniors are shown not to be a uniform conservative market, which has implications for marketing and product development.
A Meta-Analytic Review of International Tourism Demand
Authors: Lim Christine
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this article is to review a large number of published empirical studies on modeling international tourism demand and to integrate their findings according to the important explanatory variables used (income, transportation costs, and tourism prices), the proportion of significant findings, and the effect sizes of these major explanatory variables. A meta-analysis of 70 articles is provided, the articles being selected on the basis of their t-statistics, standard errors, F -statistics, and sample sizes. The primary purpose of the meta-analysis is to enable general conclusions to be drawn from the major published empirical studies regarding the relationships between international tourism demand and income, transportation costs, and tourism prices.
Profiling People Searching for and Purchasing Travel Products on the World Wide Web
Authors: Weber Karin , Roehl Wesley S.
Published: April 2009

This study provides a profile of people who use the Internet to gather travel information or to purchase travel arrangements. Compared to other World Wide Web users, those who search for or purchase travel on-line are more likely to be 26 to 55 years of age; to have higher incomes; to be employed in management, professional, or computer-related occupations; and to have more years of experience on-line. Concerns about credit card security, evaluation of product quality, and privacy issues are problems that on-line retailers of travel products must overcome.
Developing a Revised Competitive Position for Sun/Lost City, South Africa
Authors: Botha Christel , Crompton John L. , Kim Seong-Seop
Published: April 2009

The study tested the efficacy of a positioning model for tourists engaged in a high-involved destination selection process in the context of Sun/Lost City, South Africa. Data were collected by personal interviews with a convenience sample of 302 visitors at the resort. The data were used to identify Sun/Lost City’s strengths compared to its main competitors in meeting visitors’ push factor needs, in the destinations’ attributes, and in surmounting visitors’ situational inhibitors. Key differentiating attributes from each of these three sets of variables were used to formulate a suggested position for Sun/Lost City. Data confirmed both the funneling effects of choice sets and the roles of passive and active information search that were postulated in the model.
Segmenting Tourism in Rural Areas: The Case of North and Central Portugal
Authors: Kastenholz Elisabeth , Davis Duane , Paul Gordon
Published: April 2009

The primary purpose of this study was to segment and profile the needs of rural tourists so as to provide a better understanding of rural tourism in Portugal. A self-administered survey in four languages was obtained from 200 visitors in the study area. Four useful benefit segments were identified, and implications for market development are discussed.
Cycles of War, Terror, and Peace: Determinants and Management of Crisis and Recovery of the Israeli Tourism Industry
Authors: Mansfeld Yoel
Published: April 2009

This article discusses the management of tourism crises in the wake of security situations based on the Israeli experience. Using statistics of international tourist arrivals, the various security situations that have affected Israeli tourism are presented and their determinants analyzed. Subsequently, guidelines on how to manage crises of various types are presented.
Toward a United States Policy on Traveler Safety and Security: 1980-2000
Authors: Smith Ginger
Published: April 2009

Increasing travel is heightening government and industry awareness of the need for national and international health, safety, and security policies and employee education and training programs targeting the well-being of all travelers. This article summarizes cohesive measures and initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s developed by the United States, in concert with industry organizations and the international community. These activities underpinned the far-reaching work of the National Traveler Safety Team, a product of the White House Conference on Travel and Tourism, held in Washington, D.C., October 30-31, 1995, and helped place the issue of traveler health, safety, and security permanently on the international policy agenda.
Tourist Spending and Race of Visitors
Authors: Agarwal Vinod B. , Yochum Gilbert R.
Published: April 2009

This article investigates racial differences in the spending patterns of tourists. The article develops a deterministic model to explain expenditures by tourists who stay overnight at a destination. The model is then applied to survey data of tourist expenditures collected from overnight visitors to Virginia Beach during the summer of 1997. The study finds that ceteris paribus overnight visitors spend about the same regardless of their race, while the most important determinant of tourist spending is visitor income. The findings hold whether total party expenditures, party expenditures per day, or expenditures per person per day are examined.
Objectivism in Hermeneutics?
Authors: Harrington Austin
Published: April 2009

Gadamer and Habermas both argue that some earlier theorists of interpretation in the human sciences, despite recognizing the meaningful character of social reality, still succumb to objectivism because they fail to conceive the relation of interpreters to their subjects in terms of cross-cultural normative “dialogue.” In particular, Gadamer and Habermas claim that the most prominent nineteenth-century philosopher of the human sciences, Wilhelm Dilthey, fell prey to a misleading Cartesian outlook which sought to ground the objectivity of interpretation on complete transcendence of the interpreter’s present cultural and historical situation. This article challenges Gadamer’s and Habermas’s claim by arguing that new research on nineteenth-century hermeneutic thought reveals Dilthey to be much more aware of the reflexive, present-centered nature of historical research than they maintain and further that their own “dialogical” model of interpretation suffers from notable obscurities which Dilthey’s work itself helps expose.
The Problem of Race in Medicine
Authors: Root Michael
Published: April 2009

The biomedical sciences employ race as a descriptive and analytic category. They use race to describe differences in rates of morbidity and mortality and to explain variations in drug sensitivity and metabolism. But there are problems with the use of race in medicine. This article identifies a number of the problems and assesses some solutions. The first three sections consider how race is defined and whether the racial data used in biomedical research are reliable and valid. The next three sections explain why racial variation in disease, including genetic disease, is not evidence that race is biological. The final section explains how a proper understanding of the role of race in medicine bears on public policy.
On the Limits of Sociological Theory
Authors: Martin John Levi
Published: April 2009

Sociological Theory is an attempt to make sense of an intuited level of order transcending the level on which we as individuals live and think. This implies a dual explanatory task: on one hand, to provide a substantively meaningful third-person framework for the formation of theoretical statements, and, on the other, to provide an intuitively accessible answer to the question of why social order exists in the first place. A coherent linkage between these two forms of explanation, however, requires the introduction of undemonstrable but nonaxiomatic claims, which undermines the coherence of the Theory. Consequently, there is pressure upon Theorists either to completely jettison one of the two explanatory tasks, or to attempt to redefine them in a way more amenable to this linkage but substantively unsatisfying.
Mind-Forged Manacles and Habits of the Soul
Authors: Lucas Peter
Published: April 2009

This article interprets the state of “subjection,” which Foucault took to be characteristic of the modern subject of power/knowledge, as an abiding psychic disposition analogous to Heidegger’s “inauthentic self-understanding.” The author begins by arguing, against prevailing orthodoxy, that in Discipline and Punish, Foucault is already centrally concerned with the power effects of forms of psychic self-relation. He then argues that the psychic state of subjection should not be understood as a constellation of ideas, beliefs, or other “representations” but along de-essentialized Heideggerian/Aristotelian lines as a “habit” of the soul—the effect of training and technology rather than ideology.
The Rationalitätstreit Revisited: A Note on Roth’s “Methodological Pluralism”
Authors: Miller Steven I.
Published: April 2009

Roth’s analysis of the Rationalitätstreit (i.e., the debate[s] about rationality) stands as one of the major works on how the debate affects a wide range of issues in the philosophy of science and the social sciences. His principal thesis is that the debate may be seen as a series of Quine-type “translation manuals,” exhibiting characteristics of paradigms (following Kuhn 1970) that can be treated as testable scientific theories by adequate empirical tests. The author argues that Roth’s notion of empirically testing translation manuals is not possible given his criteria. He suggests a clearer definition of “methods” and develops a case whereby translation manuals can be adequately tested within an inductive model—but with rather severe restrictions. Implications are indicated.
Bad Apples: Feminist Politics and Feminist Scholarship
Authors: Soble Alan
Published: April 2009

Some exceptional and surprising mistakes of scholarship made in the writings of a number of feminist academics (Ruth Bleier, Ruth Hubbard, Susan Bordo, Sandra Harding, and Rae Langton) are examined in detail. This essay offers the psychological hypothesis that these mistakes were the result of political passion and concludes with some remarks about the ability of the social sciences to study the effect of the politics of the researcher on the quality of his or her research.
The Accuracy of Five Risk Appraisal Instruments in Predicting Institutional Misconduct and New Convictions
Authors: Kroner Daryl G. , Mills Jeremy F.
Published: April 2009

The predictive accuracy of the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised, Level of Service Inventory– Revised, HCR-20, Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, and the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form were compared in a sample of male offenders. Both correlations and receiver operating characteristics measured the relationship between the instruments and the predictive outcome criteria of institutional misconduct and release failure. Although some instruments performed better across the outcome measures, there were no statistical differences in predictive accuracy among the instruments.
Crime Victims with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Petersilia Joan R.
Published: April 2009

Rates of violence and abuse perpetrated on people with developmental disabilities (e.g., mental retardation, autism) appear significantly higher than for people without these disabilities. Few of these crimes get reported to police, and even fewer are prosecuted because officials hesitate to pursue cases that rely onthe testimony of a personwith a developmental disability. The author offers several conceptual models to explain their differential victimization risk, including routine activities theory, dependency-stress model, cultural stereotyping, and victim-learned compliance. This article summarizes the research evidence on crimes against children and adults with developmental disabilities. It is divided into four sections. The first section describes the nature and extent of crimes against individuals with developmental disabilities. The second reviews the literature onrisk factors associated with their victimization. The third discusses the manner in which justice agencies respond to these crimes. The final section enumerates what research and policy initiatives might address the problem.
Eating Jesus' Flesh and Drinking His Blood
Authors: Grassi Joseph A.
Published: April 2009

The centrality of the Johannine statement about consuming Jesus' flesh and blood is shown by literary interconnection between the central sign of the loaves (6:1-71), the first sign of Cana (2:1-12) and a suggested final sign on the cross: the flow of blood and water from Jesus' side. Questions posed about the nature of the bread in the loaves' sign and the statement about consuming Jesus' flesh and blood may be answered by interpretation of the first and last signs. Just as Jesus took the cup of bitter wine in the seventh sign, so must John's community take the cup of "good wine" as the chief steward did in obedience to Jesus word. There is no need to appeal to a hypothetically transferred institution narrative to establish the setting of chapter 6:51-58.
Unveiling of Equality: 1 Corinthians 11:2-16
Authors: Shoemaker Thomas R
Published: April 2009

Are Paul's writings regarding women helpful for people today who look to Scripture for guidance on issues involving human liberation? Efforts, both traditional and non-traditional, to interpret some key Pauline texts can be well served by the present author's proposal for the proper reading of 1 Cor 11:2-16 on the veiling of women. Supported by the passage's structural emphasis on verse 10 (which he translates "the woman ought to have liberty [ exousia] over her head" (based on the identification of a chiastic arrangement in verses 2-16, Shoemaker sees Paul's famous discussion of veiling as including a quote derived from those who would have women submit to veiling and accordingly to a hierarchical structure. To this Paul responds that liberty ought not thus to be taken back from women whose equality properly follows from their discipleship to Christ Jesus.
Luke, Stephen, and the Temple in Luke-Acts
Authors: Weinert Francis D.
Published: April 2009

The still widely held view that Luke takes an antagonistic position toward the Jerusalem Temple has little solid support in the text of Luke-Acts. The four texts from the Gospel usually cited in this vein all yield, on closer study, to a more nuanced interpretation; the three key similar texts from Acts also reveal Lucan emphases in which the Temple is not the direct object of criticism. Neither in Paul's speech on the Areopagus, nor in Stephen's trial and subsequent speech, does Luke deny the value of the Temple or of any shrine made by human hands. For Luke, the Temple stands as a time-honored, traditional place for teaching and prayer in Israel, which serves God's purpose but is not indispensable; the attitude with which worshipers use the Temple makes all the difference.
Women, Text and the Canon: the Strange Case of 1 Corinthians 14:33-35
Authors: Munro Winsome
Published: April 2009

Just when 1 Corinthians 14:33-35 could become the first passage in the Pauline collection to be assigned interpolation status by the common consent of Pauline scholars, certain feminist scholars have resisted this assignment as an apologetic strategem against the feminist critique of biblical religion. More recent developments either connect the passage with 1 Corinthians 11:2-16 as part of Pastoral-type editing, or read it as a citation of what Paul's opponents were saying to refute them. By contrast, in reconstructing the part of women in early Christian communities, Fiorenza assumes the Pauline origin of the material, arguing that Paul did not intend to limit the charismatic freedom of all women, but blaming him for introducing a patriarchalizing trend into the church. The present article prefers to recognize the full negative implications of the passage, and its close relation to the Pastoral epistles. If taken as an interpolation, its context in 1 Corinthians 14 emerges as a clue to the kind of egalitarian, charismatic community it opposes.
Fundamentalism and "Fullness of Christianity": Catholicism's Double Challenge
Authors: White Leland J.
Published: April 2009

As a socio-cultural phenomenon fundamentalism may be understood as ideological rigidity. Religious worldviews, characteristic of orally transmitted religious traditions, are reshaped as orthodoxies measured by written texts as religious traditions become literate. Ideology is a characteristic of literate religion in so far as literate religion is decontextualized, which means that it requires the justification provided by either the hermeneutics of sacred experts or the new perceptions of converts to overcome the gap between the written and everyday realities. Converts, those new to a religious tradition in its literate form, to overcome high levels of ambiguity use the religious text to establish boundaries between the "nominal" and the "true." Catholicism, which historically combined a great (literate) tradition with a little (nonliterate/folk) tradition, is being restructured by the advent of mass literacy. Biblical fundamentalism among the new readers (converts) in the catholic community is but one form of ideological rigidity, the other being doctrinal fundamentalism. Both threaten the "fullness of Christianity" to which historical catholicism witnesses. Consistent historical criticism of both the biblical and the post-biblical tradition is an antidote to ideological rigidity that encourages the "new readers" to move from text to text towards an ever more open pluralism that will encompass in spirit, if not in material content, the "fullness of Christianity."
Understanding Biblical Healing: Selecting the Appropriate Model
Authors: Pilch John J.
Published: April 2009

As all healing activity follows interpretive models, interpreters of the various healing stories in the Bible should clarify the model that lies behind their interpretion. Cures of people classified as "lepers" in the Bible are considered here using two models: the biomedical or empiricist, and the hermeneutic or cultural. Because the biomedical model depends heavily on modem, scientific understandings of human sickness as disease, it is less helpful in interpreting healing accounts from antiquity. The hermeneutic model, which holds that sickness becomes a human experience and an object of therapeutic attention when it becomes meaningful, is much better suited to analyzing human illness experiences across cultures, such as those portrayed in the Bible. Second Testament accounts of healing "lepers," which show none of the symptoms associated with the disease identified by modem medical science as Hansen's Disease, provide evidence that "lepers" were thought to be a source of pollution, not contagion, and that Jesus' "cure" invariably involved establishing new self-understandings so that those formerly "unclean" and excluded from the holy community now found themselves "clean" and within the holy community.
Characterization in Luke
Authors: Gowler David B.
Published: April 2009

Persons portrayed in Second Testament narratives have seldom been analyzed in a detailed and systematic fashion. Literary criticism offers a way to sift the evidence critically and to evaluate these characters carefully. Yet additional skills are needed for character analysis. Twentieth-century readers of the Second Testament are greatly removed from the cultural perspectives of the first century. Characters in ancient texts often appear inscrutable without a clear understanding of the cultural processes reflected by the text. Thus a study of characterization in the Second Testament needs to be integrated with the cultural scripts inherent in the text in order for modem readers to appreciate both the text and the characters portrayed in it. A socio-narratological approach seeks to collate literary sensitivities concerning characterization and the use of cultural scripts suggested by cultural anthropology. The Gospel of Luke is used as a testing ground in this article.