bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kerkwees in veranderde tye: Die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk teen die agtergrond van verskuiwende paradigmas
Authors: Van Wyk D. J.C.
Published: January 2013

Being church in times of change: The Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerkagainst the background of shifting paradigms. Against the background of the turn of the millenium, humanity finds itself in a stage of transition. Not only are the church and theology fully aware of this, but they are directly afected. This study is an endeavour to assess where the church, theology and believing community in South Africa, and particularly the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, finds themselves against the background of a world-wide shit in paradigms. The study concludes with a few remarks regarding statements, positive and negative, which are being voiced by leaders in the church and by theologians within the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk. These remarks focus on how the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk should meet the approaching millenium. It is obvious that the church is nearing a very exiting, but crucial time in its vocation as church.
Die invloed van die Mediterreense tydsbegrip op die betekenis van die dag van die Here in 2 Petrus
Authors: Malan Gert
Published: January 2013

The day of the Lord in 2 Peter in the light of the first-century Mediterranean concept of time. In this aricle the apocalyptic expression 'the day of the Lord' in 2 Peteris understood in the light of the first-century Mediterranean concept of time. Unlike modern Western societies, Mediterranean peasant societies had the present as first-order temporary preference. Secondary preference is past, and the future comes as third choice. According to a social-scientiic model of Mediterranean time, the present and past can be understood as expeienced time, as well as cyclical and processual time. The future is viewed as imaginary time. These insights are especially crucial for understanding the day of the Lord in 2 Peter within the context of the delay of the parousia, winch is of primary concern to the author of 2 Peter. The author advocates the shiting of the parousia from the present to the far-of future of an imaginary time of God's control. As a result, his ethics for the present was sill strongly influenced by the day of the Lord. In contrast, the author's opponents' untidyethics reflected their rejecion of the relevancy of the future parousia fortheir present lives.
Willem Christiaan van Manen: A Dutch Radical New Testament scholar
Authors: Verhoef E.
Published: January 2013

W C van Manen is the most fascinating representative of the 'Dutch Radicals'. In his opus magnum, (1890-1895), Paulus, he argued that we do not have any authentic Pauline epistles. Earlier, in 1865, he had defended the thesis that Paul was the author of 1 Thessalonians. Ater his appointment as a professor in Leiden we can see his growing doubt about the authenticity of even the four main epistles: Romans, 1 and 2Corinthians and Galatians. In 1889 Van Manen said for the first time that, in his opinion, we do not have any authentic Pauline epistles. The importance of Van Manen is that he compels us to account for ouropinions regarding the authorship of the thirteen 'Pauline' epistles.
The influences on Calvin's hermeneutics and the development of his method
Authors: Myung Jun Ahn
Published: January 2013

The article deals with Chrysostom and the humanists Valla, Budi and Erasmus who influenced Calvin's hermeneutics. Calvin appreciated Chrysostom's rejection of the allegorical interpretation and his emphasison the 'simple sense of the text'. The article aims at showing how Chrysostom and the humanists afected Calvin's hermeneutics of interpreting the 'intention of the author of Scripture' (mens scriptoris) and seeing the 'true meaning' of the text as, simply and briefly, (brevitas etfacilitas) as possible.
Were women, too, allowed to offer sacrifice in Israel? Observations on the meaning and festive form of sacrifice in Deuteronomy1
Authors: Braulik Georg
Published: January 2013

Although the question whether women in Israel were also allowed to present offerings stands in accordance with modern ways of thought and speech, it is not self-evident at all. This is immediately proved in the example of the sacrificial hermeneutics of the early church and of a precise semantics of biblical statements on sacrifice. The view on sacrifices and their presenters thus gained, is then illustrated by means of the pilgrimage feast which was conducted by the family of Elkanah at the sanctuary in Shiloh (1 Sm 1). The function which was given to women in the ancient Israelite sacrificial cult was also taken up by the centralisation of the cult by king Josiah and by Deuteronomy. It is now to be found in the pilgrimage schema of the Deuteronomic festal theory. Moreover, the meal proves itself to be the structure of meaning of the sacrifice. The right of women, too, can only be determined within the framework of this liturgical communal meal.
Refleksie op twee pastorale modelle, Deel 1: Die pastor as vertolker - die ontmoetingsmodel
Authors: Dreyer Yolanda
Published: January 2013

Relection on two models in pastoral theology, Part 1: The pas-tor as interpreter - a model of encountering. This article focuses on models for pastoral care. Two aspects of the so-called "model of encountering" are discussed, namely the role of the pastor in pastoral interaction, and Scripture as the basis for pastoral care and counselling. The article concludes with a critical reflection on pastoral care in a postmodern society. The method known as the hermeneutical model ("vertolkingsmodel") is evaluated in the light of pastoral care and counselling with women. Daniel J Louw's "Pastoraat asontmoeing: Ontwerp vir 'n basis teorie, antropologie, metode en terapie", is used as basis for this reflection.
"Homo reciprocusSeneka, Paulus en weldoenerskap1
Authors: Joubert Stephan
Published: January 2013

"Homo reciprocus": Seneca, Paul and benefaction Reciprocity was basic to most forms of social interaction in the ancient Mediterranean world. Any exchange of services/gits was based on the principle that the obligations incurred between two parties required an adequate response. In his ethical treatise on beneit exchange, "De beneficiis,"Seneca presents an idealistic reinterpretation of the basic tenets of benefaction by providing a "lex vitae", a law of conduct, according to which the giving of beneits becomes an intrinsically rewarding experience in itself. On his part, the apostle Paul conceptualises his "ecumenical" collecion for the Jerusalem church in terms of the principles inherent to beneit exchange in the Graeco-Roman world. He involves his communities as beneiciaries in the reciprocal relationship between himself and Jerusalem. In Romans 15:25-31, when the acceptance of the collecion hangs in the balance, Paul reinterprets the reciprocal relationship with Jerusalem in terms of altruistic Christian principles. From this new angle of incidence his churches are presented as having successfully completed the collection since they unselishly fulilled their moral duies towards the latter.
'n Kerklik-akademiese portret van B J van der Merwe (1926-1968): Deel Twee - Predikant en dosent
Authors: Venter P. M.
Published: January 2013

A pastoral-academic portrait of B J van der Merwe (1926-1968): Part two - minister and lecturer. This second part deals with Van der Merwe's years as minister in Johannesburg and Magaliesburg (1956-1964) and his years as lecturer at Unisa (1964-1968).The socio-historic conditions in the country as well as in the church during this time are sketched. Van der Merwe's publications are also discussed.
Sun and moon grinding to a halt: Exegetical remarks on Joshua 10:9-14 and related texts in Judges
Authors: Kruger H. J.A.
Published: January 2013

Attempts to solve the enigma of the extended day may be classified into two groups. Several interpretations are based on the natural sciences. Recently, however, as far as the construction of the passage is concerned, renewed attention has been given to the possible role of religious customs, mythology and omens in connection with ancient military strategy. Against this background, the sun and moon are viewed as deities and told to remain passive in the battle. Omen texts from Mesopotamia related to warfare, and based on the "favourable" or "unfavourable" position of the sun and moon, seem to have impacted on the passage as well. Others have interpreted the sun in terms of mythical and/or theological categories. This paper avers that an interpretaion in terms of the mythical millwheel may help to explain the meaning ofthe passage.
The sword motif 'n Matthew 10:34
Authors: Sim David C.
Published: January 2013

'n Mathew 10:34 Jesus uters a very dificult saying. He claims that he has not come to bring peace, but a sword. The form of this saying does not trace back to the historical Jesus; it is the product of Matthew's redaction of a Q passage which is found 'n a more original form 'n Luke 12:51. What did the evangelist mean when he wrote that Jesus brought a sword? 'n the Hebrew scriptures the sword was acommon symbol for the judgement and punishment of God, and 'n later times it represented a number of themes associated with the eschaton. It is argued 'n this study that Mathew, who was fully immersed 'n the apocalyptic-eschatological traditions of his day, probably used the sword motif 'n Matthew 10:34 to symbolise anumber of important eschatological events.
'n Nuwe psalmomdigting in Afrikaans Uitgangspunte, beleid, probleme
Authors: Kloppers Elsabè
Published: January 2013

A new Metrical Psalter in Afrikaans: Premises, policy, problems. For almost twenty years a commission of the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch Reformed churches has been working on a new metrical Psalter. The policy of versifying the Biblical texts is rigid and in many instances theologically outdated. The primary problems are the principle of a reproductive versification, a versification in one form and style, the lack of a hermeneutical approach, the question whether all 150 Psalms need to be reproduced anew and the lack of a proper liturgical function of many of the texts.
Die redekritiese aansprake van 'n negatief- dialektiese teologie1
Authors: Beukes C. J.
Published: January 2013

Negative-dialectical theology: Critical claims. From the premise of a critique of instrumental rationality, this article explores some consequences of such a critique for church and theology. The author finds an intimate relation between the philosophical critiques of Nietzsche, Adorno and Foucault and his own theological position which may be described as a negative dialectical theology. The article proceeds to show how negative dialectics could provide an alternative to  some aspects of dialectical theology, especially with regard to its relation to the ethical and confessional traditions.
Die unieke nuansering van die dag van die Here in 2 Petrus en die eskatologiese gerigtheid van die dokument1
Authors: Malan Gert
Published: January 2013

Eschatology and "the day of the Lord" in 2 Peter. The aim of this study is to show the eschatological focus of 2 Peter, which is of primary importance for understanding the contents of the document. Specifically, the unique understanding of the day of the Lord enhances the eschatological focus of the author. By discussing the issues of the possible opponents of the author, the literary form, as well as authorship, the document is placed in a specific historical phase within the development of eschatological thought within the church, namely a time of scepticism about the delay of the parousia and consequent ethical decay.
Historiese agtergrond en ontwikkeling van die Proponentsondertekeningsformule in die Reformatoriese tradisie
Authors: Botha S. J.
Published: January 2013

Historical background and development of the formula which must be signed by candidate ministers in the Reformed tradition. The origin and the development of the tradition in the Reformed churches of binding all candidates for the ministry to the confession of faith as it is expressed in both the ecumenical and reformed confessions, by expecting them to sign a specific formula, and how this tradition was kept up in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Church, is researched.
Die Proponentsondertekeningsformule van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika
Authors: Botha S. J.
Published: January 2013

The formula which must be signed by candidate ministers of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika. This article presents research on the way the tradition of the Reformed Churches according to which candidate ministers have to sign a formula, found its way into the Nederduitsch Hervormde Church, and on the degree to which this tradition was upheld in the Church. Although the Church recently accepted a totally rewritten Church Order, the existing formula was maintained with only minor and non-essential changes.
Die kerke in Rwanda: Skandes en uitdagings - en lesse vir Suid-Afrika 1
Authors: Meiring P. G.R.
Published: January 2013

The churches in Rwanda: Disappointments and challenges -and lessons for South Africa. The author, one of a team of South Africans invited to Rwanda to advise the newly appointed Unity and Reconciliation Commission, gives an overview of the political developments that led to the bloody genocide (February-April 1994) during which more than a million Rwandans died at the hands of their compatriots. The role that the churches played during the crisis was a disappointment to many; the conduct of many of the clergy - who not only condoned what was happening but actively took part in the events - is nothing less than shameful in view of the Gospel. If the churches want to regain their integity, five challenges should be taken seriously: the churches should lead the country in a sincere confession of guilt; the churches should regain their prophetic witness in the country; they should contribute to leadership development and training; the churches shouldplay their part in ministering to the poor and needy, to the traumatized in Rwanda; and, lastly, the churches should act as servants of reconciliation.
The complete gospel: Jesus and women via the Jesus Seminar
Authors: Jackson Glenna S.
Published: January 2013

Playing on the title of the Jesus Seminar's first major publication, The Complete Gospels, this study uses the database of the Jesus Seminar to stitch together the story of Jesus as it appears in the gospel narratives that include women as major characters.
Bultmann se ontmitologiseringsprogram herwaardeer
Authors: Malan Gert
Published: January 2013

Bultmann's demythologising program reevaluated. The kerygma of the New Testament is depicted in the mythological language of a bygone mythological world-view. Bultmann suggested that demythologisation is necessary in order to explore the true Existenzverstandniss contained in the mythological concepts. Reaction to his program of demythologising was mostly negative, especially in South Africa. This article focuses on the necessity for demythologisation as well as Bultmann's definition of myth, in order to re-evaluate his program of demythologisation. Bultmann's demythologising program is considered as a responsible method for interpreting the texts of the New Testament.
Hermeneutiese uitgangspunte in historiese Jesus navorsing: Metodologiese vooronderstellings
Authors: Geyser P. A.
Published: January 2013

Hermeneutical premises in historical Jesus research: Methodological presuppositions. The focus of this article is the presuppositions concerning the interpretation of the New Testament with reference to historical Jesus studies. Regarding the rhetorics of a text, communication conventions are discussed and applied to the concept "Kingdom of God". The concepts "situation" and "strategy" are investigated. "Situation" refers to the circumstances and aims of a writing. "Strategy" refers to the writer's persuasive techniques to bring the audience to appropriate action. The following social institutions of the audience should be taken into consideration: kinship, economy, politics and religion. Social-scientific criticism presupposes that both the social and historical disciplines are necessary for an adequate interpretation of ancient texts and their social contexts. The socio-historical approach investigates the intended meaning of texts, their Wirkungsgeschichte and relevance for the present-day reader.
Twee onversoenbare konstrukte 'n resente historiese Jesus-navorsing: R W Funk en W Schmithals1
Authors: Van Wyk D. J.C.
Published: January 2013

Two Incompatible constructs in recent historical Jesus research: R W Funk and W Schmithals. The article discusses the similarities and differences between the work of Robert Funk and Walter Schmithals w'th regard to the discontinuity between the pre-Easter Jesus of history and the post-Easter Jesus of faith. The article focuses on the 1994 publication of Schmithals, Theologiegeschichte des Urchristentums, and the 1996 pubilcation of Funk, Honest to Jesus. According to Schmithals, Jesus was embedded in apocalypticism, while h's post-Easter followers projected wisdom teaching into his message. According to Funk, the pre-Easter Jesus was a sub-versive wisdom teacher, while his post-Easter followers interpreted his vision on the Kingdom of God from an apocalyptic perspective. Funk's emphasis criticizesthe kerygma as an alienation from Jesus. Schmithals, emphas's is a critical endorsement of the kerygma.
Is the woman in the Song of Songs really that free?1
Authors: Ndoga S. S. , Viviers H.
Published: January 2013

The Song of Songs has often been treated as a platform for feminist liberationist causes. This study aims to re-examine some feminist ideological readings of the Song of Songs. Although feminist scholars insist thal the female "voice" is very conspicuous in the Song, the male voice is also constantly ''there'' and equally strong. Thus, the Song does not celebrate the supremacy of either gender, but praises mutuality and equality. As analysis of a sample text, 1:2-4, is carried out, using a "newcomer" approach (at least to Old Testament studies), namely socio-rhetorical criticism. This approach allows an integrated scientific approach to the reading and rereading of texts from various angles. Ideological questions come into focus, such as: What exactly does an ideology involve or imply? Whose ideological reading is the best reading of the text? Is there such a thing as a best reading of a text? Does the Song of Songs itself prescribe a particular ideological reading? Finally, applications and principles as derived from the exegetical findings are summarised to encourage a wider readership and use for the Song of Songs.
The importance of executive leadership in creating a post-merged organisational culture conducive to effective performance management
Authors: Paul Gary W. , Berry David M.
Published: January 2013

Orientation: Focus was placed on the important role of executive management in creating a post-merged organisational culture conducive to effective performance management.Research purpose: To develop a theoretical model from the insights gleaned from the literature study, interviews with senior human resource (HR) practitioners at participating institutions and the empirical study. Based on the empirical findings, this model was refined and resulted in the eight-step integrated post-merged organisational culture creation model.Motivation for the study: The negligible attention given to the design of mechanisms supportive of post-merged organisational culture creation emphasised the need for this study. The high percentage of merger failures attributable to ineffective post-merged organisational culture integration further contributed.Research design, approach and method: A quantitative study was conducted at three merged South African higher education institutions, namely Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Cape Peninsula University of Technology and Durban University of Technology. Respondents occupied the following functional categories: executive management, senior and line management, HR practitioners and non-HR or non-management.Main findings: Respondents perceived the role of executive management to be the most important step of the theoretical model which formed the basis for the empirical survey questionnaire. This step, which obtained the highest summated mean score in all three institutions and across all functional categories, was depicted as Step 5 of the model.Practical/managerial implications: The refined eight-step integrated post-merged organisational culture creation model will significantly enhance the creation of a post-merged organisational culture conducive to effective performance management.Contribution/value-add: This study addressed the void regarding a model to guide the creation of a post-merged organisational culture conducive to effective performance management in higher education institutions as well as merged corporate organisations.
Beltrami Equation with Coefficient in Sobolev and Besov Spaces
Authors: Cruz Victor , Mateu Joan , Orobitg Joan
Published: January 2013

Our goal in this work is to present some function spaces on the complex plane ℂ, X(ℂ), for which the quasiregular solutions of the Beltrami equation, ∂̄ f (z) = μ(z)∂ f (z), have first derivatives locally in X(ℂ), provided that the Beltrami coefficient μ belongs to X(ℂ).
Composition of Inner Functions
Authors: Mashreghi J. , Shabankhah M.
Published: January 2013

We study the image of the model subspace Kθ under the composition operator C, where and θ are inner functions, and find the smallest model subspace which contains the linear manifold CKθ. Then we characterize the case when C maps Kθ into itself. This case leads to the study of the inner functions and ψ such that the composition ψ ∘ is a divisor of ψ in the family of inner functions.
Galois actions on regular dessins of small genera
Authors: Conder Marston D. E. , Jones Gareth A. , Streit Manfred , Wolfart Jürgen
Published: January 2013

Dessins d'enfants can be regarded as bipartite graphs embedded in compact orientable surfaces. According to Grothendieck and others, a dessin uniquely determines a complex structure on the surface, and even an algebraic structure (as a projective algebraic curve defined over a number field). The general problem of how to determine all properties of the curve from the combinatorics of the dessin is far from being solved. For regular dessins, which are those having an edge-transitive automorphism group, the situation is easier: currently available methods in combinatorial and computational group theory allow the determination of the fields of definition for all curves with regular dessins of genus 2 to 18.
Hardy spaces and regularity for the inhomogeneous Dirichlet and Neumann problems
Authors: Duong Xuan Thinh , Hofmann Steve , Mitrea Dorina , Mitrea Marius , Yan Lixin
Published: January 2013

This article has three aims. First, we study Hardy spaces,

h^p_L(\Omega)

, associated with an operator

L

which is either the Dirichlet Laplacian

\Delta_{D}

or the Neumann Laplacian

\Delta_{N}

on a bounded Lipschitz domain

\Omega

in

{\mathbb{R}}^n

, for

0 < p \leq 1

. We obtain equivalent characterizations of these function spaces in terms of maximal functions and atomic decompositions. Second, we establish regularity results for the Green operators, regarded as the inverses of the Dirichlet and Neumann Laplacians, in the context of Hardy spaces associated with these operators on a bounded semiconvex domain

\Omega

in

{\mathbb{R}}^n

. Third, we study relations between the Hardy spaces associated with operators and the standard Hardy spaces

h^p_r(\Omega)

and

h^p_z(\Omega)

, then establish regularity of the Green operators for the Dirichlet problem on a bounded semiconvex domain

\Omega

in

{\mathbb{R}}^n

, and for the Neumann problem on a bounded convex domain

\Omega

in

{\mathbb{R}}^n

, in the context of the standard Hardy spaces

h^p_r(\Omega)

and

h^p_z(\Omega)

. This gives a new solution to the conjecture made by D.-C. Chang, S. Krantz and E. M. Stein regarding the regularity of Green operators for the Dirichlet and Neumann problems on

h^p_r(\Omega)

and

h^p_z(\Omega)

, respectively, for all

\frac{n}{n+1} < p\leq 1

.
Real-variable characterizations of Orlicz–Hardy spaces on strongly Lipschitz domains of $\mathbb{R}^n$
Authors: Yang Dachun , Yang Sibei
Published: January 2013

Let

\Omega

be a strongly Lipschitz domain of

\mathbb{R}^n

, whose complement in

\mathbb{R}^n

is unbounded. Let

L

be a second order divergence form elliptic operator on

L^2 (\Omega)

with the Dirichlet boundary condition, and the heat semigroup generated by

L

having the Gaussian property

(G_{\mathrm{diam}(\Omega)})

with the regularity of its kernels measured by

\mu\in(0,1]

, where

\mathrm{diam}(\Omega)

denotes the diameter of

\Omega

. Let

\Phi

be a continuous, strictly increasing, subadditive and positive function on

(0,\infty)

of upper type 1 and of strictly critical lower type

p_{\Phi}\in(n/(n+\mu),1]

. In this paper, the authors introduce the Orlicz–Hardy space

H_{\Phi,\,r}(\Omega)

by restricting arbitrary elements of the Orlicz–Hardy space

H_{\Phi}(\mathbb{R}^n)

to

\Omega

and establish its atomic decomposition by means of the Lusin area function associated with

\{e^{-tL}\}_{t\ge0}

. Applying this, the authors obtain two equivalent characterizations of

H_{\Phi,\,r}(\Omega)

in terms of the nontangential maximal function and the Lusin area function associated with the heat semigroup generated by

L

.
Continuous monitoring of summer surface water vapour isotopic composition above the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Steen-Larsen H. C. , Johnsen S. J. , Masson-Delmotte V. , Stenni B. , Risi C. , Sodemann H. , Balslev-Clausen D. , Blunier T. , Dahl-Jensen D. , Ellehøj M. D. , Falourd S. , Gkinis V. , Grindsted A. , Jouzel J. , Popp T. , Sheldon S. , Simonsen S. B. , Sjolte J. , Steffensen J. P. , Sperlich P. , Sveinbjörnsdóttir A. E. , Vinther B. M. , White J. W. C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. We present here surface water vapor isotopic measurements conducted from June to August~2010 at the NEEM camp, NW-Greenland (77.45° N 51.05° W, 2484 m a.s.l.). Measurements were conducted at 9 different heights from 0.1 m to 13.5 m above the snow surface using two different types of cavity-enhanced near infrared absorption spectroscopy analyzers. For each instrument specific protocols were developed for calibration and drift corrections. The inter-comparison of corrected results from different instruments reveals excellent reproducibility, stability, and precision with a standard deviation of ~ 0.23‰ for δ18O and ~ 1.4‰ for δD. Diurnal and intra-seasonal variations show strong relationships between changes in local surface humidity and water vapor isotopic composition, and with local and synoptic weather conditions. This variability probably results from the interplay between local moisture fluxes, linked with firn-air exchanges, boundary layer dynamics, and large-scale moisture advection. Particularly remarkable are several episodes characterized by high (> 40‰) surface water vapor deuterium excess. Air mass back-trajectory calculations from atmospheric analyses and water tagging in the LMDZiso atmospheric model reveal that these events are associated with predominant Arctic air mass origin. The analysis suggests that high deuterium excess levels are a result of strong kinetic fractionation during evaporation at the sea ice margin.
Improving Langley calibrations by reducing diurnal variations of aerosol Ångström parameters
Authors: Kreuter A. , Wuttke S. , Blumthaler M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Errors in the sun photometer calibration constant lead to artificial diurnal variations, symmetric around solar noon, of the retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the associated Ångström exponent α and its curvature γ. We show in simulations that within the uncertainty of state-of-the-art Langley calibrations, these diurnal variations of α and γ can be significant in low AOD conditions, while those of AOD are negligible. We implement a weighted Monte Carlo method of finding an improved calibration constant by minimizing the diurnal variations in α and γ and apply the method to sun photometer data of a clear day in Innsbruck, Austria. The results show that our method can be used to improve the calibrations in two of the four wavelength channels by up to a factor of 3.6.
Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California Current System
Authors: Hauri C. , Gruber N. , Vogt M. , Doney S. C. , Feely R. A. , Lachkar Z. , Leinweber A. , McDonnell A. M. P. , Munnich M. , Plattner G.-K.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Due to seasonal upwelling, the upper ocean waters of the California Current System (CCS) have a naturally low pH and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), making this region particularly prone to the effects of ocean acidification. Here, we use the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) to conduct preindustrial and transient (1995–2050) simulations of ocean biogeochemistry in the CCS. The transient simulations were forced with increasing atmospheric pCO2 and increasing oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations at the lateral boundaries, as projected by the NCAR CSM 1.4 model for the IPCC SRES A2 scenario. Our results show a large seasonal variability in pH (range of ~ 0.14) and Ωarag (~ 0.2) for the nearshore areas (50 km from shore). This variability is created by the interplay of physical and biogeochemical processes. Despite this large variability, we find that present-day pH and Ωarag have already moved outside of their simulated preindustrial variability envelopes (defined by ±1 temporal standard deviation) due to the rapidly increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2. The nearshore surface pH of the northern and central CCS are simulated to move outside of their present-day variability envelopes by the mid-2040s and late 2030s, respectively. This transition may occur even earlier for nearshore surface Ωarag, which is projected to depart from its present-day variability envelope by the early- to mid-2030s. The aragonite saturation horizon of the central CCS is projected to shoal into the upper 75 m within the next 25 yr, causing near-permanent undersaturation in subsurface waters. Due to the model's overestimation of Ωarag, this transition may occur even earlier than simulated by the model. Overall, our study shows that the CCS joins the Arctic and Southern oceans as one of only a few known ocean regions presently approaching the dual threshold of widespread and near-permanent undersaturation with respect to aragonite and a departure from its variability envelope. In these regions, organisms may be forced to rapidly adjust to conditions that are both inherently chemically challenging and also substantially different from past conditions.
A meta-analysis on the impacts of partial cutting on forest structure and carbon storage
Authors: Zhou D. , Zhao S. Q. , Liu S. , Oeding J.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Partial cutting, which removes some individual trees from a forest, is one of the major and widespread forest management practices that can significantly alter both forest structure and carbon (C) storage. Using 746 observations from 82 publications, we synthesized the impacts of partial cutting on three variables associated with forest structure (i.e. mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area (BA), and volume) and four variables related to various C stock components (i.e. aboveground biomass C (AGBC), understory C, forest floor C, and mineral soil C). Results shows that the growth of DBH elevated by 112% after partial cutting, compared to the uncut control, while stand BA and volume reduced immediately by 34% and 29%, respectively. On average, partial cutting reduced AGBC by 43%, increased understory C storage by 392%, but did not show significant effects on C storages on forest floor and in mineral soil. All the effects on DBH growth, stand BA, volume, and AGBC intensified linearly with cutting intensity (CI) and decreased linearly with the number of recovery years (RY). In addition to the strong impacts of CI and RY, other factors such as climate zone and forest type also affected forest responses to partial cutting. The data assembled in this synthesis were not sufficient to determine how long it would take for a complete recovery after cutting because long-term experiments were rare. Future efforts should be tailored to increase the duration of the experiments and balance geographic locations of field studies.
An underestimated record breaking event – why summer 1540 was likely warmer than 2003
Authors: Wetter O. , Pfister C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The heat of summer 2003 in Western and Central Europe was claimed to be unprecedented since the Middle Ages on the basis of grape harvest data (GHD) and late wood maximum density (MXD) data from trees in the Alps. This paper shows that the authors of these studies overlooked the fact that the heat and drought in Switzerland in 1540 likely exceeded the amplitude of the previous hottest summer of 2003, because the persistent temperature and precipitation anomaly in that year, described in an abundant and coherent body of documentary evidence, severely affected the reliability of GHD and tree-rings as proxy-indicators for temperature estimates. Spring–summer (AMJJ) temperature anomalies of 4.7 °C to 6.8 °C being significantly higher than in 2003 were assessed for 1540 from a new long Swiss GHD series (1444 to 2011). During the climax of the heat wave in early August the grapes desiccated on the vine, which caused many vine-growers to interrupt or postpone the harvest despite full grape maturity until after the next spell of rain. Likewise, the leaves of many trees withered and fell to the ground under extreme drought stress as would usually be expected in late autumn. It remains to be determined by further research whether and how far this result obtained from local analyses can be spatially extrapolated. Based on the temperature estimates for Switzerland it is assumed from a great number of coherent qualitative documentary evidence about the outstanding heat drought in 1540 that AMJJ temperatures were likely more extreme in neighbouring regions of Western and Central Europe than in 2003. Considering the significance of soil moisture deficits for record breaking heat waves, these results still need to be validated with estimated seasonal precipitation. It is concluded that biological proxy data may not properly reveal record breaking heat and drought events. Such assessments thus need to be complemented with the critical study of contemporary evidence from documentary sources which provide coherent and detailed data about weather extremes and related impacts on human, ecological and social systems.
Multivariate statistic and time series analyses of grain-size data in Quaternary sediments of Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Russia
Authors: Francke A. , Wennrich V. , Sauerbrey M. , Juschus O. , Melles M. , Brigham-Grette J.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Lake El'gygytgyn, located in the Far East Russian Arctic, was formed by a meteorite impact about 3.58 Ma ago. In 2009, the ICDP Lake El'gygytgyn Drilling Project obtained a continuous sediment sequence of the lacustrine deposits and the upper part of the impact breccia. Here, we present grain-size data of the past 2.6 Ma. General downcore grain-size variations yield coarser sediments during warm periods and finer ones during cold periods. According to Principal Component Analyses (PCA), the climate-dependent variations in grain-size distributions mainly occur in the coarse silt and very fine silt fraction. During interglacial periods, accumulation of coarser grain sizes in the lake center is supposed to be caused by redistribution of clastic material by a wind-induced current pattern during the ice-free period. Sediment supply to the lake is triggered by the thickness of the active layer in the catchment, and the availability of water as transport medium. During glacial periods, sedimentation at Lake El'gygytgyn is hampered by the occurrence of a perennial ice-cover with sedimentation being restricted to seasonal moats and vertical conducts through the ice. Thus, the summer temperature predominantly triggers transport of coarse material into the lake center. Time series analysis that was carried out to gain insight in the frequency of the grain-size data showed grain-size variations predominately on Milankovitch's eccentricity, obliquity and precession bands. Variations in the relative power of these three oscillation bands during the Quaternary imply that climate conditions at Lake El'gygytgyn are mainly triggered by global glacial/interglacial variations (eccentricity, obliquity) and local insolation forcing (precession), respectively.
Comparative assessment of predictions in ungauged basins – Part 2: Flood and low flow studies
Authors: Salinas J. L. , Laaha G. , Rogger M. , Parajka J. , Viglione A. , Sivapalan M. , Blöschl G.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to assess the performance of methods that predict low flows and flood runoff in ungauged catchments. The aim is to learn from the similarities and differences between catchments in different places, and to interpret the differences in performance in terms of the underlying climate-landscape controls. The assessment is performed at two levels. The Level 1 assessment is a meta-analysis of 14 low flow prediction studies reported in the literature involving 3112 catchments, and 20 flood prediction studies involving 3023 catchments. The Level 2 assessment consists of a more focused and detailed analysis of individual basins from selected studies from Level 1 in terms of how the leave-one-out cross-validation performance depends on climate and catchment characteristics as well as on the regionalisation method. The results indicate that both flood and low flow predictions in ungauged catchments tend to be less accurate in arid than in humid climates and more accurate in large than in small catchments. There is also a tendency towards a somewhat lower performance of regressions than other methods in those studies that apply different methods in the same region, while geostatistical methods tend to perform better than other methods. Of the various flood regionalisation approaches, index methods show significantly lower performances in arid catchments than regression methods or geostatistical methods. For low flow regionalisation, regional regressions are generally better than global regressions.
Disinformative data in large-scale hydrological modelling
Authors: Kauffeldt A. , Halldin S. , Rodhe A. , Xu C.-Y. , Westerberg I. K.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Large-scale hydrological modelling has become an important tool for the study of global and regional water resources, climate impacts, and water-resources management. However, modelling efforts over large spatial domains are fraught with problems of data scarcity, uncertainties and inconsistencies between forcing and evaluation data. Model-independent methods to screen and analyse data for such problems are needed. This study aims at identifying data inconsistencies in global datasets using a pre-modelling analysis, inconsistencies that can be disinformative for subsequent modelling. The consistency between different hydrographic datasets, and between climate data (precipitation and potential evaporation), and discharge data was examined in terms of how well basin areas were represented in the flow networks and the possibility of water-balance closure. It was found that: (i) most basins could be well represented in both gridded basin delineations and polygon-based ones, but some basins exhibited large area discrepancies between flow-network datasets and archived basin areas, (ii) basins exhibiting too-high runoff coefficients were abundant in areas where precipitation data were likely affected by snow undercatch, and (iii) the occurrence of basins exhibiting losses exceeding the energy limit was strongly dependent on the potential-evaporation data, both in terms of numbers and geographical distribution. These results emphasise the need for pre-modelling data analysis to identify dataset inconsistencies as an important first step in any large-scale study. Applying data-screening methods before modelling should also increase our chances to draw robust conclusions from subsequent simulations.
Cost Containment May Have a Price, But Is It a Crime? Analyzing the Basis for Criminalizing Managed Care Conduct
Authors: Snyder Courtney Lyons
Published: January 2013

A recent transplant case raises an interesting question: Should a managed care organization (“MCO”) face criminal prosecution when a patient dies after the MCO’s decision to deny payment for treatment? Is providing such a legal cause of action the solution, or does doing so just put money into the pockets of attorneys rather than into the hands of the injured health care consumer? As a recent case suggests, bad publicity could be as effective a deterrent as any criminal prosecution in changing an MCO’s behavior.
Is hosting the Games enough to win? A predictive model of medal wins at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Authors: Andreff Wladimir
Published: January 2013

Is hosting the Games enough to win? A predictive model of medal wins at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Infectivity of Giardia duodenalis Cysts from UV Light-Disinfected Wastewater Effluent Using a Nude BALB/c Mouse Model
Authors: Santos Luciana Urbano dos , Alves Delma Pegolo , Guaraldo Ana Maria Aparecida , Cantusio Neto Romeu , Durigan Mauricio , Franco Regina Maura Bueno
Published: January 2013

Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan of public health interest that causes gastroenteritis in humans and other animals. In the city of Campinas in southeast Brazil, giardiasis is endemic, and this pathogen is detected at high concentrations in wastewater effluents, which are potential reservoirs for transmission. The Samambaia wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the city of Campinas employs an activated sludge system for sewage treatment and ultraviolet (UV) light for disinfection of effluents. To evaluate this disinfection process with respect to inactivating G. duodenalis cysts, two sample types were investigated: (i) effluent without UV disinfection (EFL) and (ii) effluent with UV disinfection (EFL+UV). Nude immunodeficient BALB/c mice were intragastrically inoculated with a mean dose of 14 cysts of G. duodenalis recovered from effluent from this WWTP, EFL, or EFL+UV. All animals inoculated with G. duodenalis cysts developed the infection, but animals inoculated with UV-exposed cysts released a lower average concentration of cysts in their faeces than animals inoculated with cysts that were not UV disinfected. Trophozoites were also observed in both groups of animals. These findings suggest that G. duodenalis cysts exposed to UV light were damaged but were still able to cause infection.
Cardiac Effects of Exercise Training in Hypertension
Authors: Libonati Joseph R.
Published: January 2013

Hypertension is a significant health concern. Hypertension leads to compensatory pathologic hypertrophy and impaired cardiac function. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise are encouraged for hypertensive patients. Some studies have shown that exercise training can reverse pathological hypertrophy. Conversely, studies on animal models of hypertension have shown increased cardiac growth with exercise training. Despite the further induction of hypertrophy, exercise training seems protective against cell death and may increase cardiomyocyte proliferation, leading to a putative phenotype. One of the hallmark beneficial effects of exercise in hypertension is an improvement in myocardial β adrenergic responsiveness. The focus of this paper is to discuss how exercise training impacts cardiac remodeling and function in the hypertensive heart with specific reference to β adrenergic signaling.
Fatores responsáveis pelo turnover em uma empresa de fast food de Santa Maria – RS
Authors: Rosa Marian Dos Santos , Ibdaiwi Thiago Kader
Published: January 2013

In the current scene of the organizations, each time more, the collaborator comes conquering excellent space, where the good course of the functional activities depends on the motivation of each one of these members. Inside of this context, the present objective study to analyze the organizational climate, focusing in the motivation and the rotation of the collaborators of a great company of Fast Food of the city of Saint Maria- RS, known world-wide in this sort. Study of cases was carried through, using the Survey method, being the characterized research as exploratory, quantitative and descriptive, where 57 collaborators had answered to a questionnaire of 65 questions having aimed at to answer the problematic one of the study. The gotten results disclose that the collaborators correctly are trained and as consequence the quality is seen as a positive factor, however one has left of these collaborators if it showed not motivated, influenced for the half organizational not to be very healthful, had to the environment of extreme pressure that is part of the routine of this organization, beyond a sufficiently young team of collaborators, main factors of an index of turnover considerable, identified in this company.
Análise do conceito de sucesso aplicado ao gerenciamento de projetos de tecnologia da informação
Authors: Duarte Cassio C. Montenegro , Biancolino Cesar Augusto , Storopoli José Eduardo , Riccio Edson Luiz
Published: January 2013

This study evaluates the concept of success in project management that is applicable to the IT universe, from the classical theory associated with the techniques of project management. Therefore, it applies the theoretical analysis associated to the context of information technology in enterprises as well as the classic literature of traditional project management, focusing on its application in business information technology. From the literature developed in the first part of the study, four propositions were prepared for study which formed the basis for the development of the field research with three large companies that develop projects of Information Technology. The methodology used in the study predicted the development of the multiple case study. Empirical evidence suggests that the concept of success found in the classical literature in project management adjusts to the environment management of IT projects. Showed that it is possible to create the model of standard IT projects in order to replicate it in future derivatives projects, which depends on the learning acquired at the end of a long and continuous process and sponsorship of senior management, which ultimately results in its merger into the company culture.
Análise de eventos de riscos no negócio de manutenção de navios petroleiros
Authors: Rabechini Junior Roque , Modica José Eduardo
Published: January 2013

This work presents the results of an investigation into risk events and their respective causes, carried out in ship maintenance undertakings in the logistical sector of the Brazilian oil industry. Its theoretical, conceptual positioning lies in those aspects related to risk management of the undertakings as instruments of support in decision making by executives in the tanker-maintenance business. The case-study method was used as an alternative methodology with a qualitative approach of an exploratory nature and, for the presentation of data, a descriptive format was chosen. Through the analysis of 75 risk events in projects of tanker docking it was possible to extract eight of the greatest relevance. The risk analysis facilitated the identification of actions aimed at their mitigation. As a conclusion it was possible to propose a risk-framework model in four categories, HSE (health, safety and the environment), technicians, externalities and management, designed to provide tanker-docking business executives and administrators, with evidence of actions to assist in their decision-making processes. Finally, the authors identified proposals for further study as well as showing the principal limitations of the study.