bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ligand Binding and Conformational Change Coupling in the HAD Superfamily
Authors: Saltzberg Daniel , Ovchinnikov Victor , Dunaway‐Mariano Debra , Karplus Martin , Allen Karen
Published: June 2021

We aim to find for a representative member of the Haloalkanoate Dehalogenase Superfamily (HADSF) of phosphotransferases, β‐phosphoglucomutase (βPGM), how conformational changes are coupled to ligand binding. Most HADSF members, including βPGM, consist of a catalytic core Rossman fold and cap domain insert that folds over the substrate upon binding. The binding cavity between the two domains contains a site for two phosphoryl moieties, the “transferring” and “distal” sites. Solution X‐ray scattering studies, combined with molecular dynamics of βPGM in complex with ligands representing various substrate moieties show that occupation of the distal site is required for closure of the enzyme complex. Kclose values of these ligands were also determined via solution scattering data from ligand titrations and global fitting. These results show a large synergistic contribution (ΔG = 1.6 kcal/mol) to the conformational change between the two phosphate sites. However, covalent connection via the sugar ring has little energetic benefit indicating that this does not optimally align the ligand in the binding site (ground‐state destabilization), which contributes to the favorable energy of catalysis.
Bundled workflow of Predictive Soft‐wares for Biomarker Identification and cross‐validation
Authors: Muhie Seid , Hammamieh Rasha , Jett Marti
Published: June 2021

Choosing the right predictive tool for identification of molecular biomarkers from noisy high throughput data is a challenge and often leads to unstable predictive features which may be no better than random selection. The use of an ensemble of predictors (such as random forest) has led to an improvement of the likelihood of a hit to be truly predictive. We bundled together different ensembles of prediction and classification tools (including random forest) for both identification and cross‐validation of predictors or classifiers. Our tool is assembled and implemented in R programming language. The user has the option to choose the number and combination of ensembles to identify cross‐validated potential biomarkers along with appropriate scores. Using our tool, we have identified Staphylococcal enterotoxin B‐exposure predictors (transcripts) from publicly available gene expression omnibus data sets (GDS 3399, GSE 4478, GSE 13738, and GSE 15571). Indentified transcripts were cross‐validated and found to be specific to SEB exposure under different pathophysiologic conditions.
Prediction of new genes involved in selenium metabolic network in bacteria
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: June 2021

Selenium (Se) is a trace element that mainly occurs in proteins in the form of selenocysteine and in tRNAs in the form of selenouridine. In the past twenty years, several genes that are essential for Se metabolism have been characterized in a variety of organisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, the complete Se metabolism and homeostasis network is not fully understood. In this study, we conducted comparative analyses to identify novel genes involved in Se utilization in bacteria. Investigation of genomic context of known Se‐related genes in different organisms revealed several candidate genes that were strongly linked to the Se metabolism. Among them, a membrane protein which contains eight transmembrane domains and shows distant homology to sulfur transporter, is exclusively found in Se‐utilizing organisms, implying that it may be a potential Se transporter (most likely exporter). A small protein family was widespread in Se‐utilizing organisms, and might serve as an important chaperon involved in Se trafficking within the cells. In addition, a LysR‐like transcription factor subfamily may be also important for the regulation of Sec biosynthesis and/or other Se‐related genes in many organisms. In conclusion, our results suggested novel genes involved in Se metabolism in bacteria and should be useful for further understanding the complex metabolism and the roles of Se in biology.
Protective effect of olive oil against benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)‐ induced colon tumor development and BaP biotransformation in ApcMin mice
Authors: Banks Leah Danielle , Niaz Mohammed , Washington M. Kay , Ramesh Aramandla
Published: June 2021

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a widely distributed environmental toxicant. Since sporadic colon cancers are triggered by diet and environment, our studies were aimed at understanding the role of BaP in the development of colon cancer. In this study we investigated the effect of olive oil on BaP‐induced colon carcinogenesis in male ApcMin mice. Mice were assigned to a control (n =7) or treatment group (n =7). Treatment consisted of 50 and 100 μg BaP/kg body weight dissolved in tricaprylin (BaP‐only group) or olive oil administered daily via oral gavage for sixty days. Post exposure, mice were sacrificed; colon and liver tissues were retrieved and preserved for evaluation of pathological changes and further analyzed for the induction of cytochrome 1A1 and 1B1 drug metabolizing enzymes. A reduced incidence of adenomas in colons of mice that ingested BaP through olive oil compared to controls (p < 0.05) was seen. In addition, CYP protein expression was reduced in the colon and liver tissues of olive oil treated mice compared to BaP‐treated mice. In summary, our studies suggest that olive oil exerts a protective effect against BaPinduced colon cancer (funded by NIH grants 5R25GM059994–11 and 5R01CA142845–01A1).
VSMC Ca2+ Signaling in Diabetes Associated Vascular Dysfunction
Authors: EL‐Najjar Nahed , Machacca Khaled
Published: June 2021

Ca2+ signaling plays a key role in regulating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) contractility and as vascular tone. Hyperglycemia (HG)‐induced vascular dysfunction (VD) (i.e hypertension) is often manifested through alteration of VSMC function. Complex interactions affect vascular tone in diabetes, a fact that makes it difficult to dissect out the specific effect of HG on VSMC contractility. Here we use A7r5 rat aortic VSMC to test the effect of long term exposure to HG on Ca2+ signaling and VSMC contractility. We test the activity and expression levels of all the primary Ca2+ influx and release pathways in these cells, and show that culturing of A7r5 cells in 5mM (low glucose) or 25mM (high glucose, HG) for more than 4 weeks results in significant difference in Ca2+ signaling pathways. While several alterations were noted, one of the most dramatic was the inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase. This inhibition seems to be due to ROS production as evidenced by the reversal of the effect when the cells were cultured for 2 weeks in HG in the presence of the strong antioxidant N‐acetyl‐cysteine. The differential effect of glucose on Ca2+ signaling was also observed on the activity of the plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase, while no effect was found on the Na‐Ca2+ exchanger. In summary, this study offers a relevant model for the study of Ca2+ signaling in diabetes associated‐VD using physiological glucose concentration.
CT‐SCAN of an osseous head in a ram: cross‐sections and reconstruction
Authors: LE FLOCH‐PRIGENT Patrice Pierre , VERDEILLE Stephane
Published: June 2021

An osseous head of a ram with horizontal horns of unknown age and origin was CT‐scanned (CIMOP, Siemens 64 bars) in a systematical manner. The encumbrancy measurements were 25,5 cm long, 13 cm width and 15 cm deep. The horn's lengths were 47 cm. The para‐sagittal cross‐sections (476) were these of the plane of acquisition. The cross‐sections in the two other perpendicular planes were reconstructed ones. They were 402 for the frontal ones. The horizontal plane of reference had been chosen as the orbito‐meatal one. The views were interesting on the descriptive and topographical aspects. The nine reconstructions brougth interesting details and also the possibility to move the sample without any hand manipulation. Two measurements of density on the horn gave 177 Hounsfield Unities near the bone (1490 UH) and 219 HU more distally on the horn.
Development of a microparticulate HPV vaccine for oral delivery
Authors: PANICKER GITIKA , VO TRINH , RAJBHANDARI IRA , UDDIN NASIR , MANGALATHU RAJEEVAN , UNGER ELIZABETH R. , D'sOUZA MARTIN
Published: June 2021

Current HPV vaccines are effective in preventing infection with the vaccine types. However, the cost of the vaccine, infrastructure for cold chain and trained personnel, is a major barrier to its introduction in low resource settings. An oral microparticulate vaccine could reduce programmatic costs of HPV vaccine implementation. Our aim was to develop a formulation for oral delivery using HPV16 virus like particles (VLPs), and conduct preclinical tests of immunogenicity.

Purified VLPs were incorporated into β‐cyclodextrin microparticles using Buchi B191 spray dryer. 3 doses of the vaccine were administered orally to female BALB/c mice at 2 week intervals. Blood samples were collected prior to inoculation and 1 week after each inoculation for up to 7 weeks. Antibody response was determined using direct HPV16 VLP IgG ELISA.

Average size of the microparticles was 3.5± 0.6 μm, with encapsulation efficiency of 60% of VLPs. Electron micrographs confirmed the conformational integrity of the VLPs released from the microparticles. Antibody response was observed in 1/6 mice by week 3 which gradually increased to 4/6 mice by week 7. Current formulation shows promise for development of an effective oral vaccine with modifications to boost the positive response observed in this study.

“The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the funding agency.”
Age and Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Expression and Functionality in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC)
Authors: Coleman Laura A , Mishina Margarita , Thompson Mark , Spencer Sarah , Cheng Po‐Yung , Talbot H. Keipp , Sundaram Maria E , Griffin Marie , Sambhara Suryaprakash
Published: June 2021

Objective

Characterize PBMC VDR expression and functionality by age and serum 25(OH) D.

Methods

40 adults ≥ 50 yrs provided pre‐influenza vaccination blood for PBMC isolation in fall 2009. Serum 25(OH) D was measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Gene expression of VDR, 1α‐hydroxylase (1αOHase), cathelicidin, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1), retinoic acid‐inducible gene 1 (RIG1), and interferon β (IFNβ) was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vitamin D‐treated PBMC.

Results

Mean ± SD serum 25(OH) D was 30 ± 4 ng/mL and not associated with age. Unstimulated mRNA expression of VDR, 1αOHase, TREM1, and RIG1 did not differ by age. IFNβ mRNA expression was higher in subjects ≥ 80 vs. <70 yrs (p<0.05). LPS stimulation upregulated expression of VDR (p<0.01) and 1αOHase (p<0.05). 25(OH) D and 1, 25(OH)2 D added in vitro upregulated TREM1 and cathelicidin. Serum 25(OH) D was inversely associated with unstimulated (r = −0.31) and LPS‐stimulated (r = −0.41) TREM1 expression, and LPS‐stimulated VDR expression (r = −0.33), adjusting for age, self‐rated health, and functional status.

Conclusion

Age had no consistent association with expression or functionality of the VDR or 1αOHase genes. 25(OH) D levels were inversely associated with TREM1 and LPS‐stimulated VDR expression. This project has been funded by CDC grants 5 U18 IP000183–02 and 1 U18 IP000184–01.
Mechanisms for Higher Ca Retention in Adolescent Boys than Girls Identified though Kinetic Studies
Authors: Wastney Meryl E , McCabe George , McCabe Linda , Martin Berdine , Peacock Munro , Weaver Connie
Published: June 2021

Adolescent boys retain ~170 mg Ca/d more than girls on the same Ca intake. To identify mechanisms we performed kinetic studies in boys (n=16, aged 12–14 yr) while on two Ca intakes ranging from 670–1974 mg/d and compared results to girls (JCEM, 2000). Boys were studied on controlled diets during two 3‐wk camps, 2 wk apart. After 1 wk adjustment to diet boys were given 35 mg 44Ca with breakfast and 1 hr later 7 mg 43Ca IV. Blood samples, and total urine and feces were collected for 2 wk. Samples were analyzed by ICP‐MS for stable isotope enrichment. Data were analyzed by a 3‐compartment model using WinSAAM. Although fractional absorption decreased from 0.6±0.2 to 0.4±0.1 on 800 vs. 1900 mg/d intake, boys on 1300 vs. 800 mg/d absorbed more Ca (695±250 vs. 509±145 mg/d) and had higher balance (476±241 vs. 290±171 mg/d). No further increase occurred in either parameter at 1900 mg/d intake. Compared to girls on 800 mg/d (n=9), boys had higher Ca absorption (509±145 vs. 321±101 mg/d), bone deposition (2965±1181 vs. 1533±577 mg/d), bone resorption (2675±1122 vs. 1403±563 mg/d) and balance (290±171 vs. 130±144 mg/d). Movement from the third pool back to the second pool was lower in boys (0.32±0.18 vs. 0.68±0.55/d) which resulted in the third pool being 2.5 times larger in boys than girls. We conclude that higher Ca retention in boys is explained by higher absorption and retention of Ca in the pool that is the source of Ca for bone deposition. Funded by NICHD RO1 HD 061908.
Antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in edible sprouts
Authors: Lim Jeong‐Ho , Park Kee‐Jai , Jeong Jin‐Woong , Park Jin‐Ju , Kim Bum‐Keun , Kim Jong‐Chan , Jeong Seong‐Weon
Published: June 2021

The consumption of sprouts has been growing worldwide, they are a natural healthy food, and were considered as a valuable dietary supplement by richer health‐promoting phytochemicals. The broccoli, cabbage, tah tasai, rape, radish, red radish and Kohlrabi sprouts were freeze‐dried, and then analyzed for antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds including ferric reducing activity power (FRAP), DPPH radical scavenging activity, total glucosinolate content, total phenolics and carotenoid. The FRAP of dried broccoli, cabbage, Tah Tasai, rape, radish, red radish and Kohlrabi sprouts were 93.44, 93.61, 94.81, 98.99, 100.88, 103.45 and 108.24 Fe2+ mM/g, respectively. Among seven edible sprouts, IC50 value of the DPPH radical scavenging activity in radish and rape sprouts were excellent, and were 3.08 and 3.18 mg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic content of sprouts species decreased in in the order of radish >; kohlarbi >; rape >; red radish >; tah tasai >; cabbage >; broccoli sprouts. Radish sprouts had higher total glucosinolate content than other sprouts, and the carotenoid of various sprouts showed beta‐carotene values between 12 and 15 mg/g. In this study it was indicate that the sprouts are a good source of phytochemical for our health‐promoting.
Iron absorption from bananas with and without added iron in Mexican women
Authors: Garcia Olga Patricia , Martinez Mara , Romano Diana , Camacho Mariela , de Moura Fabiana F , Abrams Steve A , Khanna Harjeet K , Dale James L , Rosado Jorge L
Published: June 2021

Banana is a staple food in many regions with a high prevalence of iron (Fe) deficiency and may be a potential vehicle for Fe fortification. The effect the banana matrix has on Fe absorption is not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate Fe absorption from raw and cooked banana with and without added Fe using stable isotopes. Sixty Mexican women (33.4±7.1y) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: 1) 480 g of raw banana (N=15), 2) 360 g of raw banana with 2 mg of encapsulated FeSO4/100 g (N=15), 3) 500 g of cooked banana (N=15), or 4) 360 g of cooked banana with 2 mg of encapsulated FeSO4/100 g (N=15). Absorption of Fe was measured using ICP‐MS after extrinsically labeling with 58Fe and a reference dose of 57Fe. Percent Fe absorption was not different from cooked banana with (43.6±21.5%) or without added Fe (30.8±11.0%). Absorption from raw bananas with added Fe was lower (17.9 ± 9.3%) than without added Fe (49.3 ± 21.3%) (p<0.001). Total amount of Fe absorbed from raw and cooked banana increased 2‐fold and 5‐fold, respectively, when Fe was added (p<0.001). Thus, the banana matrix may be used as a potential target for genetic modification to increase Fe content. Supported by Harvest Plus.
Sulforaphane and trichostatin A histone deacetylase inhibitors increase vitamin D‐induced CYP24 expression in intestinal cells
Authors: Muriithi Caroline , Larnard Jeffrey , Wood Richard J
Published: June 2021

Epigenetic changes, such as acetylation of nuclear histone proteins, can be induced by bioactive food components and alter chromatin structure and the expression of certain genes. Sulforaphane (SFN) and trichostatin A (TSA) have histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) activity. We hypothesized that HDACI treatment would increase vitamin D‐induced CYP24 and TRPV6 gene expression. We tested the effect of four dosages of SFN (1, 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L) and one dose of TSA (1 μmol/L) with and without the presence of 10 nmol/L 1, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1, 25 (OH)2D) for 24h on the expression of CYP24 and TRPV6 in the Caco‐2 human intestinal cell model. Western blot analysis showed an increase in the protein expression levels of CYP24 with SFN and 1,25 (OH)2D. Realtime qPCR was used to calculate the relative change in mRNA expression of CYP24 and TRPV6. TSA alone increased (p<.05) CYP24 mRNA expression. 1,25 (OH)2D increased CYP24 and TRPV6 mRNA expression in Caco‐2 cells. TSA also increased vitamin D‐induced CYP24 mRNA expression, but vitamin D‐induced TRPV6 expression was not affected by HDACI treatment. Our results demonstrate that HDACIs can differentially affect the expression of certain vitamin D‐dependent genes in Caco‐2 intestinal cells. Additional studies are needed to determine HDACI effects on vitamin D‐related functions in vivo. This work was supported by a Massachusetts Experiment Station HATCH grant MAS000902
Investigation of free amino acid concentration in Japanese mother fs breast milk at 4–5 days after giving birth
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki , Mitsubuchi Hiroshi , Matsumoto Shirou , Nakamura Kenji , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Fukuda Shigeru , Endo Fumio
Published: June 2021

Aim

Breast milk contains numerous nutrients such as carbohydrate dominated by lactose, lipids, proteins and free amino acids (FAAs). The non‐protein nitrogen fraction that includes FAAs has been studied extensively and their important physiological roles in infant nutrition and development have been elucidated. However, the knowledge of FAAs in the milk and supports data for its physiological levels are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of FFAs and influence of food intake on FAAs in breast milk of Japanese women.

Methods

Subjects, 12 mothers, living in Kumamoto were recruited to supply breast milk samples. Approximately 15 mL of breast milk was obtained at a time by assistance of maternity nurses, collecting in propylene tube, immediate placed in ice and stored in deep freezer until analysis. The FAAs in respective samples were carried out by deproteinization with 0.3% (w/v) sulfosalicylic acid solution, filtration with 0.45 um pore size filter, ultrafiltration with 10K filter, and amino acid contents analysis by Hitachi L‐8900 amino acid analyzer.

Results and Conclusions

Breast milk contained high concentrations of glutamic acid (Glu), which was over 20% of total FFAs. Furthermore, Glu concentrations increased at 1 and 2.5 hours after the meal, but other FAAs are not changed by eating a meal. The FAAs concentration in breast milk seems well maintained with the exception of Glu.
Novel explant culture model for evaluation of oxygen signaling during mammalian digit regeneration
Authors: Simkin Jennifer , Sammarco Mimi , Fassler Danielle , Cammack Alex , Muneoka Ken
Published: June 2021

One in 200 people in the U.S. is a survivor of a limb amputation. The ideal replacement for an amputated limb would be the regrowth of the patient's own limb. Mammals have the prominent ability to regenerate the digit tip (P3) including bone, surrounding connective tissue and epithelia. Bone fracture studies show that fluctuations in oxygen tension can trigger bone repair cascades such as osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activation. Therefore, we hypothesize that changes in oxygen tension will facilitate the regenerative process of the digit tip. Because the ability to both control and measure oxygen tension in vivo presents an impediment to studying the influence of oxygen on a cellular level, the objective of this study was first to develop a reliable explant culture model that would simulate P3 regenerative bone formation, and second to evaluate the influence of oxygen on bone regeneration with this model. Characterization of the explant model revealed a stable population of active osteoblasts up to two weeks in culture. Our studies also reveal that a temporal hypoxic event prior to bone mineralization and an increase in oxygen tension following this hypoxic event can promote bone regeneration in our explant slice model. These findings show the oxygen profile of the microenvironment during regeneration is dynamic and that oxygen can be influential in enhancing bone regeneration.
Adding access to online meal plans and monitoring improves success to a structured weight loss program with resistance‐exercise in women
Authors: Baetge C , Lockard B , Levers K , Galvan E , Jagim A , Simbo S , Byrd M , Jung YP , Oliver JM , Koozehchian M , Dalton R , Khanna D , Sanchez B , Kresta JY , Horrell K , Leopold T , Cho M , Springer S , Rivera A , Cerda C , Rasmussen C , Kreider R
Published: June 2021

51 sedentary women (44.5±10 yr, 44.9±4% body fat, 34.0±6 kg/m2) were randomized to participate in the Curves Complete® weight loss and exercise program for 12‐wks with (CC‐OS) and without (CC‐NS) online support that provided access to meal plans and progress monitoring. Body mass, DEXA body composition, and resting energy expenditure (REE) measurements were obtained at 0, 4, 8, & 12 wks and analyzed by MANOVA. Data are presented as changes from baseline after 4, 8, and 12 wks for the CC‐OS and CC‐NS groups, respectively. Overall MANOVA revealed that both groups experienced improvements in body composition with minimal effects on REE. An overall significant interaction was observed among groups (p=0.02). Participants in the CC‐OS group tended to experience more favorable changes in body mass (CC‐OS − 2.6±1.3, −4.8±2.3, −6.2±3.3; CC‐NS −2.2±1.9, −3.5±3.1, −4.3±4.3 kg, p=0.08) and fat mass (CC‐OS −1.8±1.8, −3.5±2.3, −5.2±2.9; CC‐NS −2.0±2.4, −3.4±2.8, −3.8±4.0 kg, p=0.11), while FFM was preserved to a greater degree in the CC‐NS group (CC‐OS − 0.8±1.6, −1.2±2.1, −0.8±2.5; CC‐NS 0.0±1.5, 0.2±1.6, −0.2±2.0 kg, p=0.05). No significant differences were seen among groups in percent body fat (CC‐OS −0.9±1.8, −1.9±2.4, −3.3±2.3; CC‐NS − 1.5±2.3, −2.5±2.5, −2.7±3.4 %, p=0.21) or REE (CC‐OS −47±144, − 23±176, 0.4±154; CC‐NS −83±174, −65±184, −102±170 kcals/d, p=0.16). Results indicate that adding online access to meal plans and monitoring can promote more favorable changes in body composition while maintaining REE.
Sarcopenia and functional status in overweight patients with cancer
Authors: Prado Carla M. M. , Lieffers Jessica R. , Bowthorpe Lindsay , Baracos Vickie E. , Mourtzakis Marina , McCargar Linda J.
Published: June 2021

Muscle loss or sarcopenia is a common condition observed in patients with cancer and it has been associated with poor clinical outcomes, including poor functional status. Accurate tools to assess muscle loss in cancer are expensive and not readily available in clinical settings. This study investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with different portable/low‐cost functional status measurement tools (i.e., handgrip strength, walking test, self‐reported questionnaires) in overweight/obese (BMI≥25kg/m2) patients with advanced cancer. Twenty‐eight patients (68% males) aged 64.5±9.5y with advanced lung or colorectal cancer were included. Sarcopenia was assessed by measuring appendicular skeletal muscle adjusted by height (ASM index) using Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, DXA. Approximately 40% of the patients were sarcopenic. Average handgrip strength was higher in non‐sarcopenic males compared to sarcopenic males (p=0.035). In males, ASM index was positively correlated with average (r=0.535; p=0.018) and peak handgrip strength (r=0.457; p=0.049). No differences were observed among female patients. Handgrip strength was associated with sarcopenia in male patients with advanced cancer and may be used as a portable and simple nutritional screening tool.
Replacing beverages with Vita Coco coconut water can decrease dietary intake of sugars and increase vitamin C, magnesium and potassium intakes by children aged 9–18 years: What We Eat in America (WWEIA/NHANES 2007–2010)
Authors: Keast Debra R , Kapica Cathy M , Hoerr Sharon M
Published: June 2021

Dietary modeling was conducted to examine the nutritional impact of replacing beverages with coconut water. Nutrient intake from beverages consumed by WWEIA/NHANES 2007–2010 participants aged 9–18 y (n=3,252) were determined using combination codes to classify beverages and account for additions. Categories included milk & milk drinks; fruit/vegetable juices; carbonated soft drinks (CSD) & fruit/sports/energy drinks; coffee/tea & misc. beverages; water; and alcohol. Vita Coco nutrient composition analyses (n=155) were averaged and used to determine energy, fat, carbohydrate (CHO), sugars, protein, vitamin C, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intakes if Vita Coco replaced CSD & fruit/sports/energy drinks. Modeled nutrient intakes from replaced beverages were all significantly different than baseline intakes. Energy (−87 kcal), total fat (−0.1 g), CHO (−25 g) and total sugars (−27 g) were reduced (p<0.01). Protein (+2 g), vitamin C (+191 mg), Ca (+52 mg), P (+19 mg), Mg (+54 mg), Fe (+0.5 mg), Na (+111 mg) and K (+826 mg) were increased (p<0.01). After beverage replacement, total dietary intakes of CHO and sugars were lower (p<0.01), while vitamin C, Mg and K intakes were higher (p<0.01) than baseline. Replacing non‐nutritional beverages with Vita Coco coconut water can improve the diets of preteens and teens by reducing sugars, and increasing key nutrients such as Mg and K. (Research funded by Vita Coco coconut water.)
A comparative study evaluating raisins versus granola bars on feelings of energy in healthy mothers.
Authors: Kalman Douglas , Feldman Samantha , Samson Adam , Krieger Diane R
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of snacking on California Raisins™ vs. Quaker® Chewy Granola Bars on perceived energy level in mothers, 25–50 y.o., over a 14 day period. The study utilized a randomized, open‐label, crossover, active‐comparator design. 40 healthy females, 35.1 ± 5.9 yrs, BMI of 24.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2, consumed raisins (90 kcal/svg) & granola bars (90 kcal/svg), 3× per day (mid‐morning, mid‐afternoon & evening), for 14‐days, in random order. At baseline & after each 14‐d snack period, subjects completed the Profile of Mood States subset for Vigor Activity (POMS‐VA) & throughout each snack period, before & after snacks, subjects completed the Daily Energy Diary/Scores (DED/S) using a 5‐point anchored Likert Scale. Statistical analysis included the paired Student t test (or Wilcoxon test if non‐parametric). Of the 40 subjects enrolled, 3 were excluded from the efficacy analysis due to insufficient compliance (n=37). In paired comparisons of the DES between raisins & granola bars, raisins had higher cumulative energy scores on 13 of the 14 test days as compared to granola bars which was of statistical significance (p=0.002). When analyzing DES by time of day, the difference for afternoon energy ratings trended greater for raisins over granola bars (0.50±0.49 vs. 0.40±0.48; p=0.088), however there were no b/w group differences for morning & evening ratings. There was a significant ↑ from baseline in the POMS‐VA scores for both snacks (19.6±4.1 to 23.5±4.9;p<0.001 for raisins & 19.6±4.1 to 23.7±5.0;p<0.001 for granola bars) with no significant b/w group differences. In conclusion, the study found a significant increase in energy when healthy mothers consumed raisins & granola bars between meals with no change in weight & a statistically significant effect for raisins over granola bars via paired comparisons of the DES.
DASH accordance of breast cancer survivors in the Diet, Activity and Lifestyle (DiAL) study
Authors: Tangney Christy C , Winston Rachel , Piazza Cristina , Rasmussen Heather , Bacon Cheryl A , Scala Celina , Gauthier Janine
Published: June 2021

Few groups have investigated whether diets of breast cancer survivors comply with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) guidelines. In a cross‐sectional study, 58 female breast cancer survivors (aged 53 ± 8 years) completed a 45‐ item questionnaire on knowledge of American Cancer Society dietary guidelines, risk perception for recurrence, and physical activity and an online food frequency questionnaire (Vioscreen, version 2.5, Viocare, Inc., Princeton, NJ) A 10‐item modified DASH score was calculated. Average DASH score was 4.1 ±1.5 with a range from 2 to 7. Vegetable (60%) and sweets (63%) had the highest proportion of perfect scores; legumes and nuts(10%) had the lowest. Those who were DASH accordant were more likely to report more vegetable servings/day (2.7 ±1.5 vs 1.6 ±1.3, p=0.01, accordant vs. non‐accordant), more fruit servings/day (3.1 ±1.1 vs 1.3 ±1.0, p<0.0001), more dietary fiber/day (28.4±10.1 vs 22.4 ±1.1 vs 9.9 g, p=0.05) and lower BMI (24.1±1.1 vs 29.2 ±7.1 kg/m2, p=0.01). Those with higher perceived risk for recurrence were less likely to be DASH accordant (p=0.004). Greater efforts to increase compliance to the DASH dietary guidelines are needed.
Multivitamin/mineral usage, body mass index, and exercise among college students
Authors: Mastriano Christie Marie , Morrell Jesse Stabile , Tully Leah Rose
Published: June 2021

Studies have shown that multivitamin/mineral (MVM) usage has risen over the past decade in the United States and that MVM users have healthier BMIs and exercise more. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between supplement usage, BMI, and exercise among college students (18–24) participating in the ongoing College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey (CHANAS) at the University of New Hampshire (n=5119; 73% female). MVM usage and amount of exercise were determined via questionnaire. BMI was determined via measured height and weight following standard protocols. MVM usage was reported in 33% of participants. Mean BMI (kg/m2) was higher among men than women (24.9 vs. 23.3, p <.05) but did not differ between MVM users and non‐users (p=.73). Thirty‐seven percent of participants reported exercising ≥ 5x/wk. MVM users were more likely than non‐users to exercise ≥5x/wk (44% vs. 34%, p<.05). These findings show that MVM usage may be related to increased amounts of exercise among college students. Supported by NHAES grant NH00541.
Effects of raisins on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy individuals
Authors: Kendall Cyril WC , Esfahani Amin , Lam Joanne
Published: June 2021

Background

In light of evidence demonstrating improvements in glycemic control with moderate fructose intake and low glycemic index fruits, our aim was to determine the glycemic and insulinemic indices and postprandial responses to raisins in an acute‐feed setting.

Methods

10 healthy participants (4M, 6F) consumed breakfast study meals on four occasions over a 2–8wk period: Meal 1, white bread [WB] (108g WB; 50g available CHO) served as the control and was consumed on two separate occasions; Meal 2, Raisins [R50] (69g raisins; 50g available CHO); and Meal 3, Raisins [R20] (1 serving, 28g raisins; 20g available carbohydrate). Postprandial glucose and insulin was measured over a 2hr period for the determination of glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and insulin index (II).

Results

The raisin meals, R50 and R20, resulted in significantly reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses when compared to WB (P<0.05). Furthermore, raisins were determined to be low GI, GL and II foods.

Conclusions

The favorable effect of raisins on postprandial glycemic response, their insulin‐sparing effect, low GI combined with their other metabolic benefits may indicate that raisins are a healthy choice not only for the general population but also for individuals with diabetes or insulin resistance.
A healthy dietary pattern is protective against non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in centrally obese adolescents
Authors: Black Lucinda J , Oddy Wendy H , Jacoby Peter , Ambrosini Gina L , Ayonrinde Oyekoya T , Olynyk John K , Beilin Lawrence J , Mori Trevor A , Adams Leon A
Published: June 2021

Objective

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly associated with obesity; however, not all obese individuals develop NAFLD. We examined prospective associations between dietary patterns and NAFLD in a population‐based cohort of adolescents with central obesity.

Methods

Participants in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study completed a food frequency questionnaire at 14 years and underwent liver ultrasound at 17 years. Healthy and Western dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis, resulting in z‐scores for both patterns. Prospective associations between dietary patterns and risk of NAFLD in centrally obese adolescents were explored using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders (n = 193).

Results

A healthy dietary pattern was significantly associated with reduced risk of NAFLD (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39, 0.92; p = 0.018) and this trend was seen in both males and females. A Western dietary pattern was significantly associated with increased risk of NAFLD in females only (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.05, 3.66; p = 0.034).

Conclusions

A healthy dietary pattern may protect against NAFLD in centrally obese adolescents. This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Project #353514, 403981 and 634445.
Inhibitory effects of polymethoxyflavones on colon cancer stem cells
Authors: Xu Fei , Charoensinphon Noppawat , Zheng Jinkai , Xiao Hang
Published: June 2021

Increasing evidence suggests cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be responsible for occurrence of malignant tumors. Our previous studies showed that 5‐hydroxylnobiletin (5HN), a polymethoxyflavone found in citrus fruits had potent inhibitory effects on cancer cells, and 5HN was metabolized to 5,3′‐dihydroxylnobiletin (M1), 5,4′‐dihydroxylnobiletin (M2) and 5,3′4′‐trihydroxylnobiletin (M3) in rodents. Herein, we investigated the inhibitory effects of 5HN and its metabolites on human colon cancer stem cells. CSCs‐associated tumor spheres were obtained from human colon cancer cells. 5HN and its metabolites showed potent inhibition on the formation of both first and second generation tumor spheres. The inhibitory effects of M1 and M2 were similar to those of 5HN, while M3 showed much stronger activities than 5HN. For example, 5HN at 12.5 μM caused 70% inhibition on tumor sphere formation of HCT116 cells, while M3 at only 0.2 μM resulted in similar magnitude of inhibition. Overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) was considered as one of marker for stemness of CSCs. We quantified ALDH+ colon cancer cells after the treatments with 5HN and M3, and found that 5HN and M3 at 25 μM and 5 μM caused 60% and 40% inhibition on the abundance of ALDH+ cells, respectively. Overall, our study for the first time demonstrated the inhibitory effects of 5HN and its metabolites, especially M3 on human colon CSCs.
Study of Allergenicity of 10 Common Fish Species with Human Immunoglobulin E
Authors: Keshavarz Behnam , Hsieh Yun‐Hwa Peggy
Published: June 2021

Fish, plays an important role in human diet due to its high nutritional values. According to the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act, fish is also among the 8 major allergenic foods which cause immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated hypersensitivity in sensitized individuals. In this study, the allergenicity between common food fish species and human IgE was investigated. An indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) was used to examine the allergenicity of ten different fish species (salmon, cod, tuna, swordfish, catfish, tilapia, whiting, Red grouper, trout, and Red snapper) against three human sera who were allergic to fish. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and Western Blot (WB) were used to separate extracted proteins and determine their allergenic components, respectively. iELISA results showed cross‐reactivity among 8 of the ten fish species tested against IgE in three patient's sera. Lack of immunoreactivity for tuna and sword fish was observed, suggesting their hypoallergic nature. Results from WB revealed different IgE‐binding pattern of each serum to fish samples. A 12 kDa protein which was observed as a major thermal‐stable protein in all 8 fish species showing positive results, is likely to be the major fish allergen, parvalbumin. Further studies will explore possible ways to reduce fish allergenicity.
Effect of Bifidobacterium isolates from discordant obesity twin pairs on obesity‐induced inflammation and composition of cecal microbiota
Authors: You Hyun Ju , Hong Sungho , Kwon Bomi , Si Jiyeon , Ko GwangPyo
Published: June 2021

In this study, we identified different strains of Bifidobacterium isolates from ten set of discordant monozygotic twin pairs who has more than 10% of differential BMI index and compared their strain‐specific anti‐obesity activities by using high‐fat diet‐induced obesity mouse model. C57BL/6 mice (n=13 per group) were orally administered with human‐derived bifidobacterial mixture (109 cfu/mouse, everyday) for 16 weeks. The changes in body weight, visceral fat mass, and insulin resistance showed no significant difference between the group fed with bifidobacteria from obesetwin and that from normal‐twin. The concentrations of circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), serum triglycerides, HDL/LDL cholesterol, and fecal bile acids, and the modulation of intestinal permeability and inflammatory response in visceral fat tissues were also investigated in relation to the modification of cecal microbiome using metagenomic analysis. This research was supported by R&D Convergence Center Support Program, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.
Bone Mineral Density in Relation to Type of Dairy Consumed within Older Puerto Ricans
Authors: Wurth Renee , Jamal‐Allial Aziza , Tucker Katherine
Published: June 2021

Bone mineral density (BMD) is of great concern within the aging population, as it is associated with increased fracture risk, which can lead to disability and excess mortality. The dietary focus has been on increased calcium and vitamin D intakes, which has led to use of supplements rather than whole foods. In the US, dairy products are the major source of dietary calcium and vitamin D. We examined, cross‐sectionally the relationship between type of dairy consumed and BMD in 973 Puerto Rican men and women, aged 45–75 years, who participated in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. The model, with bone mineral density as the outcome variable, was adjusted for age, gender, tobacco use, physical activity, total energy intake, calcium supplement use, vitamin D supplement use, alcohol use, height and BMI. Dairy variables included milk (both whole and lowfat), cheese, dairy dessert, milk plus yogurt (milk and yogurt intake combined), and total dairy. Total body and trochanter BMD measures were significantly associated with total milk, milk plus yogurt, and total dairy (each P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between BMD and dairy dessert, yogurt alone, or cheese intake. The association was strongest for milk plus yogurt (P<0.01) in relation to total body BMD, suggesting that these dairy foods may be protective of BMD and, thus, may protect against fracture risk in this understudied population.
Expression of neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK‐1R), cyclooxygenase‐ 2 (Cox‐2), phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in colitis‐associated cancer (CAC)
Authors: Isidro Raymond A , Cruz Myrella L , Isidro Angel A , Ramírez Antonio , Hernández Siomara , González‐Marqués William A , González‐Keelan Carmen , Torres Esther A , Appleyard Caroline B
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have implicated NK‐1R, Cox‐2, pEGFR, and VDR in the development of sporadic dysplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of these proteins in CAC remains unclear.

AIM

Determine the expression of NK‐1R, Cox‐2, pEGFR, and VDR in tissue from patients with CAC.

METHODS

Tissue samples from 6 patients with CAC were stained by immunohistochemistry. Areas of cancer were photographed and scored based on staining intensity. Scores were compared to those previously reported for normal, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), sporadic dysplasia, and sporadic CRC patients.

RESULTS

The staining pattern observed for NK‐1R, Cox‐2, and pEGFR in tissue from patients with CAC was consistent with that of sporadic CRC. VDR staining in CAC tissue was similar to that of IBD and significantly higher than in tissue with sporadic dysplasia (p<0.0001) or cancer (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

The previously reported patterns of expression for NK‐1R, Cox‐2, and pEGFR in sporadic CRC were observed in tissue from patients with CAC, suggesting that these proteins might play similar roles in both CAC and sporadic CRC. The inflammation and vitamin D deficiency associated with IBD might lead to differences in the role played by the vitamin D‐VDR system in CAC and sporadic CRC. GM082406, CA126379
Imaging techniques enhance musculoskeletal safety and efficacy testing
Authors: Smith Susan Y , Samadfam Rana , Varela Aurore
Published: June 2021

The aim of this work was to establish in vivo imaging procedures to evaluate the effects of drugs on musculoskeletal development in non‐clinical studies with Sprague‐Dawley rats from preweaning to young adult using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and radiography. Radiographs were used to measure long bone (femur, tibia) and axial skeleton (L1–L6) length. DXA was used to measure bone area, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) at the femur and spine, and lean/fat mass of the whole body. pQCT was used to measure BMC and BMD of trabecular and cortical bone, bone geometry, and lean/fat area at the proximal tibia. Reproducible DXA and pQCT data were obtained with coefficients of variation <5% for most parameters. Radiographs and pQCT showed increases in bone length, diameter and BMC with age although increases in BMD were variable. Results indicate that radiography, DXA and pQCT provide safe, reproducible and repeated measures of musculoskeletal growth in rats at axial and appendicular sites and will serve as useful tools to enhance safety and efficacy testing in drug development.
Osteopontin immunodetection after lateral luxation of developing molars in young alendronate‐treated rats
Authors: Arana‐Chavez Victor E , Rothbarth Claudia Pires , Bradaschia‐Correa Vivian , Ferreira Lorraine Braga , Rezende Eloiza , Silva‐e‐Souza Patricia Almeida
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alendronate (ALN) on developing molars after lateral luxation. 21 day‐old rats had their second upper molars laterally luxated. Daily 2.5 mg/kg ALN injections started at the day of luxation; controls received sterile saline. After 7, 14 and 21 days of luxation, the maxillae were fixed, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained with H&E, incubated for TRAP histochemistry or immunolabeled for osteopontin (OPN). After 21 days, the root apex of the luxated molars without ALN was wide open, disorganized, and covered by an irregular layer of cellular cementum. The luxated molars from ALN‐treated rats presented some ankylosis sites, as well as some resorptive lacunae at their root surface. The TRAP positive osteoclasts were more numerous in the ALN group that in controls, despite their latent appearance. OPN immunolabeling revealed a thick immunopositive line in the dentin that must be resultant from the moment of the luxation; contrarily, the ALN treated specimens did not present alterations in dentin. The findings indicate that ALN prevents that alterations in dentin and in cementum formation may be induced by dental trauma. Supported by CAPES‐DINTER (Brazil).
TARGETS OF PROPRANOLOL IN INFANTILE HEMANGIOMA
Authors: Lee Daniel , Boscolo Elisa , Greenberger Shoshana , Durham Jennifer , Herman Ira , Zurakowski David , Mulliken John , Bischoff Joyce
Published: June 2021

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a vascular neoplasm that affects 4–10 percent of infants. Propranolol, a non‐selective β‐adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, was serendipitously discovered to accelerate regression of IH in 2008; however, its mechanism in IH is unclear. In this study, β1,2 ‐ARs were found expressed in IH tissues by qPCR. “Wrinkle assay” detected that wrinkles formed by hemangioma pericytes (Hem‐Pericytes) relaxed in response to epinephrine, but this was strongly inhibited if propranolol was added before epinephrine. These responses were blunted by silencing the β2‐AR with siRNA. Propranolol had no effect on the contractility of placental or retinal pericytes in this assay. Propranolol also blocked proliferation of Hem‐Pericytes, but not hemangioma‐derived endothelial (HemECs) or stem cells (HemSCs). HemECs and Hem‐Pericytes suspended in Matrigel were implanted in mice. At 7 days, vascular perfusion of the cell/Matrigel implants was verified; mice were divided into two groups and treated with vehicle or propranolol for 7 days. Contrast‐enhanced micro‐ultrasonography of the implants showed a significantly decreased blood flow in propranolol‐treated animals, but no reduction in those treated with vehicle. These experiments identified Hem‐Pericytes and β2‐AR as likely targets of propranolol. Supported by NIH P01 AR48564.
Urothelial‐Neural Responses to Chronic Bladder Ischemia
Authors: Sunagawa Masataka , Wolf‐Johnston Amanda , Nomiya Masanori , Sawada Norifumi , Andersson Kark‐Erik , Hisamitsu Tadashi , Birder Lori A
Published: June 2021

Reduction in urinary bladder blood flow (chronic bladder ischemia or CBI) may lead to oxidative damage and bladder dysfunction. The bladder urothelium (UT) plays an important role in urinary bladder barrier function and sensory outputs, but little is known about the impact of ischemia on UT structure/function. We investigated the impact of CBI on the expression of UT (structural/sensory) proteins and distribution of nearby lamina propria IC cells (LP‐IC; integrates signals within bladder wall). Urinary bladders (UB) were removed from Sprague‐Dawley rats that underwent a balloon endothelial injury of the iliac arteries (high cholesterol diet, 8 wks) versus sham control. The following antibodies were used for immunocytochemistry, western immunoblotting or ELISA: vimentin (LP‐IC), ZO‐1 (tight junction protein), UPIII (superficial UT cells), norepinephrine (NE) and NGF (nerve growth factor). Findings of an ischemia‐induced decrease in ZO‐1 and UPIII expression suggest a defect in UT integrity while a reduction in mucosal NE suggests increased sympathetic activity. NGF may protect against neural or epithelial deficits in hypoxic or ischemic conditions, as evidenced by decreased UT‐NGF. Our findings show that ischemia‐induced changes in UT‐cell interactions (with increased number of vimentin‐positive cells) may alter sensory mechanisms thus contributing to the pathophysiology of bladder disease.