bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield response of potatoes to variable nitrogen management by landform element and in relation to petiole nitrogen – A case study
Authors: Moulin A. P. , Cohen Y. , Alchanatis V. , Tremblay N. , Volkmar K.
Published: June 2012

Moulin, A. P., Cohen, Y., Alchanatis, V., Tremblay, N. and Volkmar, K. 2012. Yield response of potatoes to variable nitrogen management by landform element and in relation to petiole nitrogen – A case study. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 771–781. Recent increases in the cost of fertilizer N have prompted producers to assess the potential to vary inputs within fields and during the growing season to produce the highest marketable yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). A study was conducted from 2005 to 2007 near Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, to assess the spatial variability of potato yield in upper, middle and lower landform elements on a sandy loam soil in response to a range of N fertilizer rates applied in the spring or in combination with an application during the growing season. There was no clear trend with respect to the effect of landform on potato yield. Nitrogen fertilizer increased total and marketable yield relative to the control at rates from 75 to 225 kg ha−1in split applications or applied at seeding. No significant interaction between landform and fertilizer treatment was observed. Petiole N concentration, determined late in the growing season, was correlated with potato yield though the correlation varied considerably between years. Petiole leaflet N concentration was affected by fertilizer on most sampling dates, but decreased with time during the growing season. We conclude that although N fertilizer could be applied during the growing season based on petiole leaflet N concentration deficiencies in mid-July, there is no clear difference in potato yield due to split application relative to spring applications of N fertilizer at rates of 75 kg ha−1or greater based on landform elements for potato production, likely due to the short growing season in western Canada.
Short Communication: First report of outcrossing rates in camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz], a potential platform for bioindustrial oils
Authors: Walsh Kimberly D. , Puttick Debra M. , Hills Melissa J. , Yang Rong-Cai , Topinka Keith C. , Hall Linda M.
Published: June 2012

Walsh, K. D., Puttick, D. M., Hills M. J., Yang R.-C., Topinka, K. C. and Hall, L. M. 2012. Short Communication: First report of outcrossing rates in camelina [ Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz], a potential platform for bioindustrial oils. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 681–685. Outcrossing rates in camelina were low (0.09–0.28%), suggesting camelina is a primarily self-pollinated species. Outcrossing was affected by flowering synchrony influenced by planting date as well as direction and distance (20, 40 or 60 cm) from the pollen source. Pollen-mediated intra-specific gene flow is unlikely to prohibit the development of camelina as a bioindustrial platform. Short distance outcrossing results will be used to design experiments to evaluate outcrossing rates at a field scale.
Berry unexpected: Nocturnal pollination of lowbush blueberry
Authors: Cutler G. Christopher , Reeh Kevin W. , Sproule Jason M. , Ramanaidu Krilen
Published: June 2012

Cutler, C. G., Reeh, K. W., Sproule, J. M. and Ramanaidu, K. 2012. Berry unexpected: Nocturnal pollination of lowbush blueberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 707–711. Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, is an economically important crop of eastern North America that is critically dependent on insect-mediated cross-pollination for successful fruit set and high yields. It is generally assumed that bees are responsible for the vast majority of lowbush blueberry pollination, and producers usually augment the natural pollination force with managed bees. Little is known, however, of the potential role of nocturnal pollinators in lowbush blueberry production. We conducted a field experiment where patches of blooming blueberry were exposed to flying insects 24 h a day, only during the day (sunrise to sunset), only at night (sunset to sunrise), or 0 h a day. We found that significant fruit set occurred on blueberry stems that were exposed only at night, although it was higher on stems exposed during the day or 24 h a day. However, ripe fruit produced on stems exposed only at night weighed just as much as those exposed 24 h. Captures with Malaise traps activated only at night consisted mainly of several families of Lepidoptera and Diptera, although we do not know if these taxa pollinated blueberries. We conclude that nocturnal pollination may contribute significantly to lowbush blueberry fruit set.
Discrete Dirac operators on Riemann surfaces and Kasteleyn matrices
Authors: Cimasoni David
Published: June 2012

Let

\Sigma

be a flat surface of genus

g

with cone type singularities. Given a bipartite graph

\Gamma

isoradially embedded in

\Sigma

, we define discrete analogs of the

2^{2g}

Dirac operators on

\Sigma

. These discrete objects are then shown to converge to the continuous ones, in some appropriate sense. Finally, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions on the pair

\Gamma\subset\Sigma

for these discrete Dirac operators to be Kasteleyn matrices of the graph

\Gamma

. As a consequence, if these conditions are met, the partition function of the dimer model on

\Gamma

can be explicitly written as an alternating sum of the determinants of these

2^{2g}

discrete Dirac operators.
Metal Dusting Resistant Copper-Based Materials
Authors: Chun C.M. , Desai S. , Ramanarayanan T.A.
Published: June 2012

Cu and Cu-based alloy coatings suppress carbon transfer to the metal surface from carbon-supersaturated gaseous environments. The metal dusting resistance of such coatings has been investigated in CO-H2 gas mixtures at temperatures ranging from 450°C to 700°C. Conventional plating and cladding methods have been used to deposit Cu-based materials on the surfaces of commercial materials such as 2.25Cr-0.5Mo steel and carbon steel. In addition to the performance of Cu-based materials under laboratory conditions, the effect of alloying elements such as Sn, Zn, Ni, Si, and Al in Cu on the corrosion process and the coating/substrate interface stability are discussed with particular attention to commercial scale applications.
Effect of Chloride Ions on Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Duplex Stainless Steels in Hot Alkaline-Sulfide Solutions
Authors: Chasse K.R. , Raji S. , Singh P.M.
Published: June 2012

The resistance of commercial duplex stainless steels (DSS) UNS S32205 and UNS S32101 to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been studied using immersion tests and slow strain rate tests (SSRT) in hot alkaline-sulfide solution, with and without chloride ions, at 170°C. Weight-loss coupons of austenitic, superferritic, and DSS alloys were used to study the influence of alloy composition. SCC susceptibility of UNS S32205 and S32101 was evaluated in 150 g/L sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 3.75 M) and 50 g/L sodium sulfide (Na2S, 0.64 M) with 0 to 100 g/L sodium chloride (NaCl, 0 to 1.7 M) at 170°C, using SSRT at an initial strain rate of 2 × 10−6 s−1. The results indicate that there is a complex relationship among the chloride concentration, alkalinity, and percent sulfidity of the solution and behavior of the stainless steels. Corrosion resistance of the ferrite phase of DSS was superior to the austenite phase in chloride-containing solutions, which had an important role in SCC initiation. Crack initiation in the austenite phase and at austenite-ferrite phase boundaries of DSS was enhanced by the presence of chlorides. These findings demonstrate that chloride ions have an important role in the corrosion and SCC susceptibility of DSS in hot alkaline-sulfide solutions.
An Exploration of Graduate Student Satisfaction with Advising in Departments of Agricultural Education, Leadership, Communications, and Extension
Authors: Gill Bart E. , Russell Mark , Rayfield John
Published: June 2012

Graduate students depend on their advisors to assist them in accomplishing their career goals and ambitions. According to the mentoring–empowered model, as proposed by Selke and Wong (1993), the roles that an advisor plays are: teacher, encourager, role model, counselor, and sponsor–socializer. The purpose of this study was to determine the satisfaction of graduate students in a department of agricultural education, leadership, communications, and extension with their advisors in terms of communication, trust, openness, acceptance, and growth as illustrated in Selke and Wong (1993). The following research objectives were derived from the mentoring constructs found in the mentoring– empowered model (Selke & Wong, 1993). Overall agricultural education graduate students (N = 274) are satisfied with their advisor. Agricultural education graduate advisors are knowledgeable in the areas of: (a) research; (b) university and departmental policies and procedures; (c) funding opportunities; and 4) available coursework. Agricultural education advisors are student–oriented and care about their advisees’ well–being, both academically and personally.
Measuring the Relationship between Agriculture Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Outcome Expectation, Interest, and their use of Interactive Whiteboards
Authors: Bunch J. C. , Robinson J. Shane , Edwards M. Craig
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to examine the level of self-efficacy of Oklahoma secondary agricultural education teachers regarding their use of the interactive whiteboard (IWB) in classroom teaching. The study also sought to determine if relationships existed between teachers’ IWB self-efficacy scores, outcome expectation scores, interest scores, and selected personal and professional characteristics. The findings of this study revealed that as age and years of teaching experience increased, levels of self-efficacy and outcome expectations decreased. Therefore, younger and less experienced teachers were more efficacious and had higher expectations regarding the use of IWBs. Further, this study showed that teachers who perceived they used IWBs more frequently demonstrated higher levels of self-efficacy and outcome expectation. Recommendations and implications point to the creation of professional development opportunities for digital immigrant teachers to learn how to use IWBs more effectively and engage students better. In addition, future research should examine how digital native teachers are using IWBs as well as other interactive technologies they may be using in their classrooms.
Resilient Agricultural Educators: Taking Stress to the Next Level
Authors: Thieman Erica B. , Henry Anna L. , Kitchel Tracy
Published: June 2012

The goal for this research synthesis was to introduce the concept of resilience to agricultural education and determine if further research is warranted on resilience and positive psychology as they relate to the agricultural educator. The current environment of public schools coupled with the ever-burgeoning responsibilities placed upon the shoulders of educators makes resilience an increasingly vital characteristic to the classroom teacher. Teachers who are resilient are able to persevere through adversity and overcome stress to find success. The study of resilience has a theoretical base in positive psychology (Snyder & Lopez, 2009). Effective coping behaviors used to manage daily stress are essential to teacher retention and job satisfaction for teachers (Carmona, Buunk, Peiro, Rodriguez, & Bravo, 2006). Based on this synthesis of research, a conceptual framework visualizing the relationship between teacher resilience and agricultural educator stress and burnout was developed as well as a list of recommendations for further research.
Mentoring Abilities and Beliefs of Ohio Secondary Agricultural Education Mentor Teachers
Authors: Foor Ryan M. , Cano Jamie
Published: June 2012

Mentoring and induction programs are popular within the public school system in the United States. Additionally, content–based mentoring programs exist, such as those within agricultural education. A number of studies yielded results that showed a relationship between mentoring/induction participation and teacher retention. The importance of the abilities and beliefs the mentor teacher contributes to the mentoring process cannot be neglected. An understanding of how mentor teachers perceive themselves in their abilities and beliefs is critical in the selection and training of mentor teachers. The purpose of the study was to describe mentor teachers’ abilities and beliefs related to the mentor – novice teacher relationship. The design of the study was descriptive in nature. Survey research methods were utilized in the data collection process among cooperating (mentor) teachers for the student teaching experience of an agricultural education teacher preparation program. Data were collected on participants’ perceptions of their abilities and beliefs related to the mentoring relationship. Overall, mentor teachers strongly agree with the statements related to their abilities and beliefs. A substantial relationship emerged between the two variables. The items utilized in the instrument can be used to guide the selection and training of mentor teachers, hopefully resulting in positive mentoring relationships.
Global stratospheric hydrogen peroxide distribution from MIPAS-Envisat full resolution spectra compared to KASIMA model results
Authors: Versick S. , Stiller G. P. , von Clarmann T. , Reddmann T. , Glatthor N. , Grabowski U. , Höpfner M. , Kellmann S. , Kiefer M. , Linden A. , Ruhnke R. , Fischer H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. MIPAS-ENVISAT full resolution spectra were analyzed to obtain a global distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the stratosphere. H2O2 acts as reservoir gas for the HOx family (= H+OH+HO2) and thus, observations of H2O2 provide a better understanding of the HOx chemistry in the atmosphere. A retrieval approach based on constrained least squares fitting was developed and applied to small dedicated spectral analysis windows with maximum H2O2 information and minimum contribution of interfering gases. Due to a low signal to noise ratio in the measured spectra single profiles cannot be used for scientific interpretation and about 100 profiles have to be averaged temporally or spatially. Our retrievals of H2O2 from MIPAS measurements provide meaningful results between approximately 20 and 60 km. A possible impact by the high uncertainty of the reaction rate constant for HO2 + HO2→H2O2 + O2 in our 3D-CTM KASIMA is discussed. We find best agreement between model and observations for applying rate constants according to Christensen et al. (2002) however, a mismatch in vertical profile shape remains. The observations were compared to the model results of KASIMA focusing on low to mid latitudes. Good agreement in spatial distribution and in temporal evolution was found. Highest vmr of H2O2 in the stratosphere were observed and modeled in low latitudes shortly after equinox at about 30 km. The modelled diurnal cycle with lowest vmr shortly after sunrise and highest vmr in the afternoon is confirmed by the MIPAS observations.
Particle size distribution of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) on traffic and suburban sites of a European megacity: Paris (France)
Authors: Ringuet J. , Leoz-Garziandia E. , Budzinski H. , Villenave E. , Albinet A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The size distribution of particulate nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) was determined during two field campaigns at a traffic site in summer 2010 and at a suburban site during the MEGAPOLI (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) experiment in summer 2009. Both, OPAHs and NPAHs were strongly associated (>85%) to fines particles (Dp < 2.5 μm) increasing the interest of their study on a sanitary point of view. Results showed really different NPAH and OPAH particle size distributions between both sites. At traffic site, clearly bimodal (notably for NPAHs) particle size distributions (Dp = 0.14 and 1.4 μm) were observed, while the particle size distributions were more scattered at the suburban site, especially for OPAHs. Bimodal particle size distribution observed at traffic site for the NPAH could be assigned to the vehicle emissions and the particle resuspension. Broadest distribution observed at the suburban site could be attributed to the mass transfer of compounds by volatilization/sorption processes during the transport of particles in the atmosphere. Results also showed that the combination of the study of particle size distributions applied to marker compounds (primary: 1-nitropyrene; secondary: 2-nitrofluoranthene) and to NPAH or OPAH chemical profiles bring some indications on their primary and/or secondary origin. Indeed, 1,4-anthraquinone seemed only primary emitted by vehicles while 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, benz[a]antracen7,12-dione and benzo[b]fluorenone seemed secondarily formed in the atmosphere.
Characterisation and airborne deployment of a new counterflow virtual impactor inlet
Authors: Shingler T. , Dey S. , Sorooshian A. , Brechtel F. J. , Wang Z. , Metcalf A. , Coggon M. , Mülmenstädt J. , Russell L. M. , Jonsson H. H. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. A new counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) inlet is introduced with details of its design, laboratory characterisation tests and deployment on an aircraft during the 2011 Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE). The CVI inlet addresses three key issues in previous designs; in particular, the inlet operates with: (i) negligible organic contamination; (ii) a significant sample flow rate to downstream instruments (∼15 l min−1) that reduces the need for dilution; and (iii) a high level of accessibility to the probe interior for cleaning. Wind tunnel experiments characterised the cut size of sampled droplets and the particle size-dependent transmission efficiency in various parts of the probe. For a range of counter-flow rates and air velocities, the measured cut size was between 8.7–13.1 μm. The mean percentage error between cut size measurements and predictions from aerodynamic drag theory is 1.7%. The CVI was deployed on the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter for thirty flights during E-PEACE to study aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions off the central coast of California in July and August 2011. Results are reported to assess the performance of the inlet including comparisons of particle number concentration downstream of the CVI and cloud drop number concentration measured by two independent aircraft probes. Measurements downstream of the CVI are also examined from one representative case flight coordinated with shipboard-emitted smoke that was intercepted in cloud by the Twin Otter.
Trend analysis of aerosol optical thickness and Ångström exponent derived from the global AERONET spectral observations
Authors: Yoon J. , von Hoyningen-Huene W. , Kokhanovsky A. A. , Vountas M. , Burrows J. P.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Regular aerosol observations based on well-calibrated instruments have led to a better understanding of the aerosol radiative budget on Earth. In recent years, these instruments have played an important role in the determination of the increase of anthropogenic aerosols by means of long-term studies. Only few investigations regarding long-term trends of aerosol optical characteristics (e.g. aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and Ångström exponent (ÅE)) have been derived from ground-based observations. This paper aims to derive and discuss linear trends of AOT (440, 675, 870, and 1020 nm) and ÅE (440–870 nm) using AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) level 2.0 spectral observations. Additionally, temporal trends of coarse- and fine-mode dominant AOTs (CdAOT and FdAOT) have been estimated by applying an aerosol classification based on accurate ÅE and Ångström exponent difference (ÅED). In order to take into account the fact that cloud disturbance is having a significant influence on the trend analysis of aerosols, we introduce a weighted least squares regression depending on two weights: (1) monthly standard deviation (σt) and (2) number of observations per month (nt). Temporal increase of FdAOTs (440 nm) prevails over newly industrializing countries in East Asia (weighted trends; +6.23% yr−1 at Beijing) and active agricultural burning regions in South Africa (+1.89% yr−1 at Mongu). On the other hand, insignificant or negative trends for FdAOTs are detected over Western Europe (+0.25% yr−1 at Avignon and −2.29% yr−1 at Ispra) and North America (−0.52% yr−1 for GSFC and −0.01% yr−1 at MD_Science_Center). Over desert regions, both increase and decrease of CdAOTs (+3.37% yr−1 at Solar_Village and −1.18% yr−1 at Ouagadougou) are observed depending on meteorological conditions.
Nutritive and photosynthetic ecology of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Canadian Arctic waters
Authors: Martin J. , Tremblay J.-É. , Price N. M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Assessments of carbon and nitrogen (N) assimilation in Canadian Arctic waters confirmed the large contribution of subsurface chlorophyll maxima (SCM) to total water-column production from spring to late fall. Although SCM communities showed acclimation to low irradiance and greater nitrate (NO3−) availability, their productivity was generally limited by light and temperature. During spring-early summer, most of the primary production at the SCM was sustained by NO3−, with a f-ratio (i.e. relative contribution of NO3− uptake to total N uptake) of 0.74 ± 0.26 on average. The seasonal decrease in NO3− availability and irradiance, coupled to the build up of ammonium (NH4+), favoured a transition toward a predominantly regenerative system (f-ratio = 0.37 ± 0.20). Results emphasize the need to include SCM in remote-sensing algorithms and to revisit ecosystem model parameters in highly stratified environments such as the Canadian Arctic waters.
Occurrence of benthic microbial nitrogen fixation coupled to sulfate reduction in the seasonally hypoxic Eckernförde Bay, Baltic Sea
Authors: Bertics V. J. , Löscher C. R. , Salonen I. , Dale A. W. , Schmitz R. A. , Treude T.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Despite the worldwide occurrence of marine hypoxic regions, benthic nitrogen (N) cycling within these areas is poorly understood and it is generally assumed that these areas represent zones of intense fixed N loss from the marine system. Sulfate reduction can be an important process for organic matter degradation in sediments beneath hypoxic waters and many sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have the genetic potential to fix molecular N (N2). Therefore, SRB may supply fixed N to these systems, countering some of the N lost via microbial processes such as denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. The objective of this study was to evaluate if N2-fixation, possibly by SRB, plays a role in N cycling within the seasonally hypoxic sediments from Eckernförde Bay, Baltic Sea. Monthly samplings were performed over the course of one year to measure N2-fixation and sulfate reduction rates, to determine the seasonal variations in bioturbation (bioirrigation) activity and important benthic geochemical profiles, such as sulfur and N compounds, and to monitor changes in water column temperature and oxygen concentrations. Additionally, at several time points, rates of benthic denitrification were also measured and the active N-fixing community was examined via molecular tools. Integrated rates of N2-fixation and sulfate reduction showed a similar seasonality pattern, with highest rates occurring in August (approx. 22 and 880 nmol cm−3 d−1 of N and SO42−, respectively) and October (approx. 22 and 1300 nmol cm−3 d−1 of N and SO42−, respectively), and lowest rates occurring in February (approx. 8 and 32 nmol cm−3 d−1 of N and SO42−, respectively). These rate changes were positively correlated with bottom water temperatures and previous reported plankton bloom activities, and negatively correlated with bottom water oxygen concentrations. Other variables that also appeared to play a role in rate determination were bioturbation, bubble irrigation and winter storm events. Molecular analysis demonstrated the presence of nifH sequences related to two known N2-fixing SRB, namely Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfonema limicola, supporting the hypothesis that some of the nitrogenase activity detected may be attributed to SRB. Denitrification appeared to follow a similar trend as the other microbial processes and the ratio of denitrification to N2-fixation ranged from 6.8 in August to 1.1 in February, indicating that in February, the two processes are close to being in balance in terms of N loss and N gain. Overall, our data show that Eckernförde Bay represents a complex ecosystem where numerous environmental variables combine to influence benthic microbial activities involving N and sulfur cycling.
An estimate of the terrestrial carbon budget of Russia using inventory based, eddy covariance and inversion methods
Authors: Dolman A. J. , Shvidenko A. , Schepaschenko D. , Ciais P. , Tchebakova N. , Chen T. , van der Molen M. K. , Belelli Marchesini L. , Maximov T. C. , Maksyutov S. , Schulze E.-D.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. We determine the carbon balance of Russia, including Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan using inventory based, eddy covariance, Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVM), and inversion methods. Our current best estimate of the net biosphere to atmosphere flux is −0.66 Pg C yr−1. This sink is primarily caused by forests that using two independent methods are estimated to take up −0.69 Pg C yr−1. Using inverse models yields an average net biopshere to atmosphere flux of the same value with a interannual variability of 35 % (1σ). The total estimated biosphere to atmosphere flux from eddy covariance observations over a limited number of sites amounts to −1 Pg C yr−1. Fires emit 137 to 121 Tg C yr−1 using two different methods. The interannual variability of fire emissions is large, up to a factor 0.5 to 3. Smaller fluxes to the ocean and inland lakes, trade are also accounted for. Our best estimate for the Russian net biosphere to atmosphere flux then amounts to −659 Tg C yr−1 as the average of the inverse models of −653 Tg C yr−1, bottom up −563 Tg C yr−1 and the independent landscape approach of −761 Tg C yr−1. These three methods agree well within their error bounds, so there is good consistency between bottom up and top down methods. The best estimate of the net land to atmosphere flux, including the fossil fuel emissions is −145 to −73 Tg C yr−1. Estimated methane emissions vary considerably with one inventory-based estimate providing a net land to atmosphere flux of 12.6 Tg C-CH4yr −1 and an independent model estimate for the boreal and Arctic zones of Eurasia of 27.6 Tg C-CH4 yr−1.
Satellite remote sensing of water turbidity in Alqueva reservoir and implications on lake modelling
Authors: Potes M. , Costa M. J. , Salgado R.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The quality control and monitoring of surface freshwaters is crucial, since some of these water masses constitute essential renewable water resources for a variety of purposes. In addition, changes in the surface water composition may affect the physical properties of lake water, such as temperature, which in turn may impact the interactions of the water surface with the lower atmosphere. The use of satellite remote sensing to estimate the water turbidity of Alqueva reservoir, located in the south of Portugal, is explored. A validation study of the satellite derived water leaving spectral reflectance is firstly presented, using data taken during three field campaigns carried out during 2010 and early 2011. Secondly, an empirical algorithm to estimate lake water surface turbidity from the combination of in situ and satellite measurements is proposed. Finally, the importance of water turbidity on the surface energy balance is tested in the form of a study of the sensitivity of a lake model to the extinction coefficient of water (estimated from turbidity), showing that this is an important parameter that affects the lake surface temperature.
Particle Beam Therapy for Cancer of the Skull Base, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinus
Authors: Fukumitsu Nobuyoshi
Published: June 2012

Particle beam therapy has been rapidly developed in these several decades. Proton and carbon ion beams are most frequently used in particle beam therapy. Proton and carbon ion beam radiotherapy have physical and biological advantage to the conventional photon radiotherapy. Cancers of the skull base, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus are rare; however these diseases can receive the benefits of particle beam radiotherapy. This paper describes the clinical review of the cancer of the skull base, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus treated with proton and carbon ion beams, adding some information of feature and future direction of proton and carbon ion beam radiotherapy.
Posttraumatic Epilepsy: What's Contusion Got to Do with It?
Authors: Willmore L. James
Published: June 2012

Text of Abstract Liability to develop posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) correlates in a general way with trauma dose. While contusion of the brain produces an admixture of extravasated blood, edema fluid and necrotic tissue at the site of skull trauma and in regions remote from the direct force, an unpredictable cascade of shearing injury, torsion and rotation and a myriad of physiological changes occur in structures subject to the mechanical pressure wave. Animal models mimic components of injury, some more thoroughly than others. Designing a treatment that is a prophylaxis for the development of PTE awaits understanding the mechanisms of epileptogenesis initiated by trauma.
Management of Rhinophyma
Authors: Nuveen Erik J. , Banki Mohammad , Ferneini Elie , Augter Gary
Published: June 2012

Cosmetic surgeons are often asked to evaluate and treat a host of different dermatologic diseases. Some conditions may fall outside the realm of what they see daily in their practice, as they are not very common. We were recently presented with a patient with rhinophyma, which is considered the most severe expression of acne rosacea. In its severe form, rhinophyma is quite disfiguring and can lead to significant mental anguish, depression, and social reclusive-ness. The condition is stigmatized by such lay terms as whisky nose, rum nose, or potato nose. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and medical and surgical management of rhinophyma.
Vaginal Reconstruction and Rejuvenation Surgery: Is There Data to Support Improved Sexual Function?
Authors: Moore Robert D. , Miklos John R.
Published: June 2012

Introduction:

Vaginal rejuvenation and cosmetic vaginal surgery is one of the latest trends in urogynecology, gynecology, and plastic surgery. There is some confusion regarding what the term “vaginal rejuvenation” means, the surgical techniques and indications for this type of procedure, and how it may or may not differ from standard vaginal reconstructive techniques. There are also questions whether any scientific data are available to support the use of these procedures to enhance sexual function.

Materials and Methods:

The current paper attempts to answer these questions and reviews the literature regarding this topic. The worldwide literature was searched using PubMed database and reviewed for relevant studies on the effect of prolapse and/or vaginal relaxation on sexual function and whether repair improves any dysfunction present.

Results:

It is well documented in the literature that pelvic organ prolapse affects sexual function and that when repaired, sexual function improves as confirmed by validated sexual-function questionnaires. Damage to the vaginal walls and pelvic floor following traumatic childbirth may result in vaginal relaxation that may affect sexual function. The damage may not be severe enough to cause true prolapse or incontinence, but it may affect sensation and ultimately female sexual function. Vaginal reconstructive techniques that are designed to repair the caliber of the vagina are termed “vaginal rejuvenation” surgery. Repair of any anatomic changes affecting the caliber of the vaginal canal and perineum have been shown in recent studies to improve sexual function as well. Many women with complaints of vaginal relaxation are also found to have various stages of prolapse, and it is very important to recognize and repair these defects simultaneously as well.

Conclusions:

Prolapse, albeit a more severe form of vaginal relaxation, when repaired, seems to improve sexual function in many studies. Recent studies also show that vaginal rejuvenation or repair/tightening of the caliber of the vagina prior to the development of prolapse may improve female sexual function. Further studies are warranted in this field.
Observation of Magnetic‐Switching and Multiferroic‐Like Behavior of Co Nanoparticles in a C60 Matrix
Authors: Sakai Yutaka , Tamura Eiiti , Toyokawa Shuhei , Shikoh Eiji , Lazarov Vlado K. , Hirohata Atsufumi , Shinjo Teruya , Suzuki Yoshishige , Shiraishi Masashi
Published: June 2012

A novel magnetoelectric effect is found to appear in a C60‐Co nanocomposite. Although Co is well‐known as a ferromagnet, its nanoparticles embedded in a C60 matrix can exhibit multiferroic‐like behavior, i.e., an electric field controls magnetic alignment of the nanoparticles and a magnetic field controls their charged states. This novel effect enables a strong magnetic switching effect for which the on/off ratio is ca. 104. Such an effect has been expected to exist and these findings show this magnetoelectric coupling for the first time.
Preparation of novel nano/submicrofiber catalyst containing nano‐TiO2 particles
Authors: Liu Taiqi , Lv Dan , Cao Binbin , Wang Hongtao
Published: June 2012

A novel Nano/submicrofiber catalyst was prepared via electrospinning technology from poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and nano‐TiO2. First, nano‐TiO2 particles were added into the mixture of ethanol and deionized water, the mass ratio of ethanol and deionized water was 1 : 1, the TiO2 suspension was obtained after 1 h with ultrasonic treatment and centrifugal effect, Then PVP was added into the above‐mentioned suspension and the content of PVP in the sol was 28%. The TiO2/PVP solution was electrospun with different voltage. The effects of the content of TiO2 and electrospinning voltage on diameter of nano/submicrofiber were studied. The nano/submicrofiber catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microcopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared. The results show that the diameter of nano/submicrofiber increases with an increase of the content of nano‐TiO2 and decreases with the increase of electrospinning voltage. The analytical result showed that the nano‐TiO2 particles were well dispersed in the matrix of PVP, moreover, the crystal type of nano‐TiO2 was a mixture of anatase and rutile and the diameter of nano‐TiO2 particles in the nano/submicrofiber is in the range of 20–60 nm and the nano‐TiO2 particle was monodisperse, and the nano‐TiO2 particle and PVP molecule was connected by a hydrogen bonding. This nano/submicrofiber catalyst has a high efficiency on degradation on CH2O. 56.8 percent of CH2O was degraded under ultraviolet radiation in 80 min when the content of nano‐TiO2 is 20% in nano/submicrofibers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Sorption of remazol brilliant blue R onto polyurethane‐type foam prepared from peanut shell
Authors: Bilir M. Hilal , Şakalar Neslihan , Acemioğlu Bilal , Baran Evrim , Alma M. Hakki
Published: June 2012

The powders of peanut shell is first liquefied with the mixture of polyethylene glycol‐400 and monoethylene glycol (MEG) using sulfuric acid at 160°C for 2 h. Polyurethane (PU)‐type rigid foam is prepared from the reaction between peanut shell liquefied with the MEG and diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Then the PU foam is used as a sorbent for the removal of the remazol brilliant blue R from aqueous solution. The sorption of the dye increases with increasing initial concentration, temperature, and ionic strength, while decreasing with increasing pH. From the isotherm and kinetic studies, it is seen that the sorption process is in the best agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo second‐order kinetic model. Desorption and FTIR studies show that a chemisorption process occurs between dye and foam, probably indicating electrostatic interactions. The thermodynamic parameters (i.e., standard free energy, standard enthalpy, and standard entropy) are determined, and the results obtained are discussed in detail. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 2013
Measuring the usage of e‐research infrastructure as an indicator of research activity
Authors: Jonkers Koen , de Moya Anegon Felix , Aguillo Isidro F.
Published: June 2012

This study combines Web usage mining, Web link analysis, and bibliometric methods for analyzing research activities in research organizations. It uses visits to the Expert Protein Analysis System (ExPASy) server—a virtual research infrastructure for bioinformatics—as a proxy for measuring bioinformatic research activity. The study finds that in the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, and Spain the number of visits to the ExPASy Web server made by research organizations is significantly positively correlated with research output in the field of biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Only in the UK do we find a significant positive correlation between ExPASy visits per publication and the normalized impact of an organization's publications. The type of indicator developed in this study can be used to measure research activity in fields in which e‐research has become important. In addition, it can be used for the evaluation of e‐research infrastructures.
Disturbance Observer Based Dynamic Output Feedback Controller Design for Linear Uncertain Systems
Authors: Chang Jeang‐Lin , Wu Tsui‐Chou
Published: June 2012

For linear multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems with mismatched parameter uncertainties and matched nonlinear perturbations, a compensator‐based controller based on the disturbance estimation algorithm is considered in this paper. We design a reduced‐order high‐gain observer to estimate the effect of matched perturbation, and introduce the estimation information into the controller design. Using singular perturbation theory, the proposed control law can guarantee robust stability of the closed‐loop system. Moreover, the peaking phenomenon in the control input during the transient time can be effectively avoided using our method. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example.
Neuron PID Control for a BPMSM Based on RBF Neural Network On‐Line Identification
Authors: Sun Xiaodong , Zhu Huangqiu
Published: June 2012

The ability to improve the dynamic performance and control accuracy of the bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BPMSM) is critical to developing and maintaining a high application. BPMSM, however, is a nonlinear system with unavoidable and unmeasured disturbances, in addition to having parameter variations. Traditional control strategies cannot attain good performance. Thus, it is important to propose a new design procedure in order to construct a robust controller with good closed‐loop capability. This paper presents a neuron proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller based on radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) on‐line identification to regulate optimal parameters using the approximated ability of RBFNN. Through the RBFNN algorithm, the current model of the system is automatically extracted for updating the PID controller parameters. This scheme can adjust the PID parameters in an on‐line manner even if the system has nonlinear properties. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the new method has better control system performance than conventional PID controllers.
Characteristics of black carbon over Delhi and Manora Peak—a comparative study
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Singh Sachchidanand , Pant P. , Dumka U. C.
Published: June 2012

The characteristics of aerosol black carbon (BC) were studied at two different climatic regimes, i.e. Delhi and Manora Peak during winter and spring of 2007. Spring BC was found to be ∼59% lower at Delhi and ∼23% higher at Manora Peak than their corresponding winter BC. Diurnal BC variation showed two enhanced peaks at Delhi (morning and night) whereas a single late afternoon peak at Manora Peak. Delhi BC showed a clear correlation with prevailing winds whereas no correlation was observed at Manora Peak. The major contribution of BC at Manora Peak can be expected from biomass burning while at Delhi fossil fuel dominates. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP): a control perspective
Authors: Jarvis Andrew , Leedal David
Published: June 2012

The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) has been designed as a method to compare a set of benchmark geoengineering interventions across modelling groups within the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). While we agree with the objectives of GeoMIP, this paper describes how the present experimental design could be extended by adding a simple control component. Using a model predictive control framework we show this control provides an automated solution for the problem of balancing radiative forcings within a climate model as required by the G1 and G2 GeoMIP scenarios. By automating this process, the control removes the need for trial‐and‐error model run iterations as suggested by the present guidelines. In addition, the control allows for some further standardization of the experimental conditions, potentially making inference of the side effects of geoengineering more straightforward. Finally, the control provides an interesting analogue for geoengineering deployment governed by a policy agent acting under conditions of uncertainty over the effectiveness of the technology. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Untersuchungen zur Wasseraufnahme von Vollholz und Holzwerkstoffen
Authors: Niemz Peter , Sonderegger Walter , Häring David , Joščák Matúš , Krackler Verena
Published: June 2012

Der Wasseraufnahmekoeffizient ist ein wichtiger Parameter bei der Berechnung des Wassertransports in der Bauphysik. Für Holz und Holzwerkstoffe liegen jedoch erst wenige Werte vor. An verschiedenen Holzarten (Fichte, Buche, Eiche, Esche) und Holzwerkstoffen (Massivholzplatte, Sperrholz, OSB, Spanplatte, MDF, Faserdämmstoff) wurde deshalb die Wasseraufnahme nach DIN EN ISO 15148 bei teilweisem Eintauchen untersucht. Dabei war die Wasseraufnahme im Allgemeinen in Faserrichtung bzw. Plattenebene deutlich höher als senkrecht dazu. Bei den Span‐ und Faserwerkstoffen zeigte sich aufgrund eines variierenden Dichteprofils im Gegensatz zu den übrigen untersuchten Werkstoffen und zu Vollholz kein linearer Verlauf der Wasseraufnahme quer zur Plattenebene. Bei den Dämmstoffen beeinflusste die Beigabe von Zusatzstoffen (Latex, Paraffin, Stärke, PUR‐Harz, feuerhemmende Salze, Polyolefinfasern) die Wasseraufnahme stark. So ergab z. B. die Zugabe von Polyolefinfasern und feuerhemmenden Salzen einen um ca. zwei Zehnerpotenzen höheren Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten gegenüber Dämmstoffen ohne Zusatzstoffe.

Investigations on the water absorption of solid wood and wood‐based materials. The water absorption coefficient is an important parameter for water transport calculations in building physics. However, only few values exist for wood and wood‐based materials. Therefore, the water absorption of different wood species (spruce, beech, oak, ash) and wood‐based materials (solid wood panel, plywood, OSB, particle board, MDF, insulating fibreboard) was tested by partial immersion according to DIN EN ISO 15148. In general, water absorption was clearly higher parallel to the fibre and in plane direction than perpendicular to the fibre and perpendicular to the plane. Particle board and fibre board showed in contrast to the other investigated wood‐based materials and to solid wood a non‐linear trend of water absorption perpendicular to the plane due to their density profile. The water absorption of insulating fibreboards was highly affected by additives (latex, paraffin, starch, PUR, flame retardants, polyolefin fibres). For example, the addition of polyolefin fibres and flame retardants results in a two orders of magnitude higher water absorption coefficient compared to insulating boards without additives.
Bauphysikalische Kennwerte für Balkonplattenanschlüsse
Authors: Füllsack‐Köditz Raimo , Helbig Stefan
Published: June 2012

Ein möglicher Weg um hohe pauschale Wärmebrückenzuschläge im EnEV‐Nachweis zu vermeiden, ist die Berücksichtigung der Wärmeverluste über Bauteilanschlüsse mit dem “detaillierten Verfahren“ durch den längenbezogenen Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten (y‐Wert). Immer dann, wenn nicht für alle Bauteilanschlüsse Regeldetails nach DIN 4108, Beiblatt 2 – oder gleichwertige Anschlüsse – verwendet werden können, ist das Verfahren mit y‐Werten die einzige Möglichkeit, den hohen pauschalen Zuschlag zu umgehen. y‐Werte von Iso‐Elementen sind nur durch eine dreidimensionale FEM‐Berechnung bestimmbar. Mit einem parametrisierten 3D‐Modell werden die y‐Werte und die für den Mindestwärmeschutz erforderlichen minimalen Oberflächentemperaturen für eine große Anzahl von Anwendungssituationen ermittelt. Diese Kennwerte haben Eingang in die bauaufsichtliche Zulassung für Halfen‐Iso‐Elemente gefunden. Damit sind Voraussetzungen geschaffen worden, um auch für Gebäude mit Plattenanschlüssen den detaillierten Nachweis des Wärmebrückeneinflusses im spezifischen Transmissionsverlust HT einfach, regelkonform und zuverlässig genau zu erbringen.
Gebäudeaerodynamische Untersuchungen einer Plusenergie‐Produktionsstätte mit passiven Lüftungstürmen in Sikonda (Südungarn)
Authors: Kistelegdi István , Háber István
Published: June 2012

Für das Konzept der ersten Plusenergie‐Produktionsstätte in Ungarn wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf die natürliche Lüftung des Gebäudes mit passiven Lüftungstürmen gelegt. Mit dem Ziel, die planerischen Ansätze nachvollziehbar prüfen zu können, wurde ein vierstufiger Algorithmus bestehend aus gebäudeaerodynamischen Untersuchungen in Form von Berechnungen, Windkanaltests, CFD‐Simulationen und Messdatenerfassung im Gebäude entwickelt. Durch diese “Validierungsplattform“ können nicht nur nachgewiesene Aussagen über den aerodynamischen Charakter eines Gebäudes getroffen, sondern auch der Einfluss von Änderungen während der Planung und Ausführung sicher quantifiziert und bewertet werden. Darüber hinaus bewirkt die aerodynamische Optimierung eine Verbesserung der Behaglichkeit und Verringerung des Energieverbrauchs.

Building aerodynamic investigations for an energy‐plus production facility in Sikonda (Hungary). The concept of the first energy‐plus production facility in Hungary, which was developed with Energy design method, consists in an essential design approach: the natural ventilation with passive ventilation towers. With the objective of generating comprehensible diagnosis to different design solutions, it was necessary to create a four‐level aerodynamic analysis algorithm consisting of calculations, wind tunnel tests, CFD simulations and measurements in buildings. This “validation platform” ensures not only proofed conclusions about the aerodynamic character of a project, but also quantifies in an accurate way the effect of modifications during planning and construction. In addition, the consequence of this aerodynamic optimization of the built environment is the improvement of the indoor comfort and well being as well as the reduction of energy consumption.