bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basic Structures Of Winds And Windblown Bubbles
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

To understand winds, explosions, and the bubbles they blow, one must first possess a command of a number of simple concepts of the theory of hydrodynamics. This theory is used to describe flows in nonmagnetized liquids and gases in which ions, electrons, atoms, and molecules collide with each other on length scales that are short compared to length scales associated with structures in the flows. The flows that we observe as part of our ordinary experience (e.g. waves on lakes, brisk winds on early winter days, and flames on gas stoves) all obey the laws of hydrodynamics. The ways in which pressure differences affect flows, sound waves, and shocks are addressed in this chapter.
Star Formation And Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

Rotation, in conjunction with a magnetic field, drives the outflow of a low mass young stellar object (LMYSO), a young star with a mass a few times that of the Sun or less. The star formation process determines how a LMYSO rotates. Consequently, the nature of the outflow is intimately connected with the entire history of the LMYSO’s formation. Therefore, in this chapter we begin with a review of observations of giant molecular clouds (GMCs), which are the sites of most stellar birth in the Galaxy, and also provide an over view of the standard picture of the formation of a LMYSO.
Supernovae And Their Remnants
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

An explosion eventually occurs in a highly evolved single star of sufficient mass or in a white dwarf that has accreted enough material from its companion in a binary system. Explosions give some individual stars optical luminosities that for a couple of months are more than a billion times that of the Sun. These sources, when in our Galaxy, have appeared suddenly as very bright, new objects in the sky. They are called supernovae because of their power and because the Latin word for new is nova, as mentioned in section 1.3. (Supernovae differ from novae, which are introduced in that section and are treated more fully in section 11.3.) Supernovae within the Milky Way have been rare during historical times. The last one was observed in 1604 and is named after Kepler.
Self-Deception in Service of Deceit
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

I was interested in self-deception well before I became interested in evolutionary biology, and I was conscious of deception as a problem from a very early age. At the end of my freshman year at Harvard in 1962, when I left mathematics in despair and disrepute (stripped of my scholarships, placed on academic probation, etc.), I decided to devote my life—not to science— but to fighting the good fights in society, toward justice instead of truth.
Hot Spots in the Genome
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

While the members of Ana’s extended family were being evaluated clinically, great strides were being made in mapping human chromosomes. The starting material for this work was a set of standard DNA samples from several dozen families that had been collected in the 1980s at the Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) in Paris and distributed to geneticists around the world. Using the CEPH samples facilitated the relative positioning of newly discovered markers-mostly short tandem repeat polymorphisms (stirps)-on the emerging chromosome maps. These maps are continually updated through an international cooperative effort, as part of the Human Genome Project. Much of the mapping is being done in France at a foundation called Genethon (the name-derived from “gene telethon”-reflects its support by the French equivalent of the Jerry Lewis telethons that helped fund the discovery of the gene responsible for muscular dystrophy); Another major mapper of stirps is a consortium of American scientists, many of whom are organized as the Cooperative Human Linkage Center.
Introduction
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

The theoretical views about the adult that Erik Erikson spent a great portion of his own adult life developing represent essential knowledge. In the entire twentieth century, he stands alone as the one thinker who changed our minds about what it means to live as a person who has arrived at a chronologically mature position and yet continues to grow, to change, and to develop.
Introduction
Authors: Camie Andrew , Guilfoyle Eithne
Published: November 2023

Until quite recently, the study of basic word order and correlates of ‘basic’ word order was limited to typological studies of language. The issue was either ignored by generative grammar or assumed to have no theoretical basis. Recent work in the minimalist approaches to principles and parameter syntax, however, has opened up the study of word orders, their derivations, and the correlates of those orders. Influential papers by Pollock (1989) and Chomsky (1991) provided a framework in which to develop a constrained view of phrase structure and predicate-argument placement. Kayne’s (1994) antisymmetric approach to phrase structure further constrains the possible word orders of language. In his view, the only underlying word order is subject-verb-object; all other word orders are derived from this order by one means or another. In this volume, we consider one subset of word orders—those that are verb initial; whether these orders are derived or not; whether there is a uniform derivation of the word orders; and whether there are any putative universal correlates of these orders.
VSO and VOS
Authors: Massam Diane
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the verb initial theme through an examination of predicate fronting in the Polynesian language Niuean. Beginning with the V-fronting analysis advanced by Emonds (1980) and Sproat (1983), among others, two questions are addressed: Where does the Niuean fronted element land? And what sort of constituent undergoes fronting? In answering the first question in section 1, it is shown that the Niuean verb does not front to C or T, since another head, namely NEG, can appear between the complementizer/tense morpheme and the verb. This necessitates positing an additional functional head between C and VP, which, following convention, I label Infl Section 1 serves largely to describe Niuean fronting so as to place it in a typology of VSO languages. In sections 2 and 3, related issues are raised which have broader cross-linguistic and theoretical implications. In section 2, a brief examination of non-verbal predicate sentences, and of noun incorporation structures, leads to the conclusion that Niuean is not a verb-fronting language, but rather a predicate-fronting language.
V-Initial Languages
Authors: Rackowski Andrea , Travis Lisa
Published: November 2023

Kayne (1994) proposes a restrictive view of phrase structure which derives many aspects of X’-theory and also derives a universal underlying order of SVO. Cinque (1999) proposes an account of adverb ordering which includes a universal hierarchy of functional categories which introduce adverbial expressions into the syntax. In this chapter we investigate two verb initial languages within the context of Kayne’s view of phrase structure and Cinque’s view of adverbs. Given the restrictiveness of both these systems, we are forced to posit what would otherwise be very controversial structures to account for the word order of these languages (see, for example, the discussion in Freeze and Georgopoulos, this volume). However, we believe that these controversial structures lead us to questions that would not have otherwise been asked and to generalizations that would not have otherwise been observed.
Animacy Hierarchies and Sentence Processing
Authors: Minkoff Seth
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers an explanation for the well-known observation that, in certain languages but not in others, the acceptability of any particular subject-object pairing in an unmarked transitive active declarative clause is determined according to a criterion along the lines of (1), by which an argument’s degree of animacy is determined by an animacy hierarchy minimally along the lines of (2), (See, for example, Hale 1973, Creamer 1974, and Witherspoon 1977.)
A Republican Artisan in the Court of King Capital: Mark Twain and Commerce
Authors: Camfield Gregg
Published: November 2023

The term “venture capitalist” had not yet been coined, but Mark Twain played the role for James W. Paige, a mechanic and inventor who held patents for a typesetting machine. Twain was spellbound by the machine's potential.
Mark Twain and Imperialism
Authors: Zwick Jim
Published: November 2023

Mark Twain had direct experience with two major periods in the history of imperialism. He was born on the frontier in 1835, ten years before the phrase "manifest destiny” was used to claim that "Providence” gave the United States a right to spread across the continent.
In a Casino
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Some individuals have extraordinary memories when it comes to memorizing cards in a standard playing-card deck. For example, Dominic O’Brien from Great Britain memorized, on a single sighting, a random sequence of 40 separate decks of cards (2,080 cards in all) that had been shuffled together, with only one mistake! The fastest time on record for memorizing a single deck of shuffled cards is 42 seconds.

Dr. Googol was interested in similar feats of mental agility and was attending a card-memorization contest at the largest casino in the world—the Foxwoods Resort Casino in Ledyard, Connecticut. One of the casino’s employees, dressed as a Roman gladiator, came to him and slammed a deck of cards (Figure 3.1) on the table.
Where are the Ants?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

As a child, Dr. Googol had an “ant farm” consisting of sand sandwiched between 2 plates of glass separated by several millimeters. When ants were added to the enclosure, they would soon tunnel into the sand, creating a maze of intricate paths and chambers. Since the space between the glass plates was very thin, confining the ants to a 2-dimensional world, it was always easy to observe the ants and their constructions. Every day, Dr. Googol added a little food and water to the enclosure.
A Ranking of the 10 Most influential Mathematicians
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Of the thousands of famous and important mathematicians who have affected the course of human history, which have most influenced our lives and our thoughts? Here is a ranking of the 10 most influential mathematicians who ever lived, starting with the most influential, Isaac Newton. (Anonymous persons, such as the first cave person to scratch numerical representations on cave walls, were disqualified from the list.)
A Ranking of the 10 Most influential Mathematicians Alive Today
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

During his 8-year search for a proof, Wiles had brought together most of the breakthroughs in 20th-century number theory and incorporated them in one stupendous proof. Along the way, he created completely new mathematical methods and combined them with traditional ones in novel ways. In doing this, Wiles opened up novel lines of attack on many other mathematical problems and made tremendous contributions toward the resolution of long-standing fundamental problems in number theory. The problems that he has addressed on his own and jointly with others include the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectures, the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory, and the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture. Wiles has been awarded the Schock Prize in Mathematics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Prix Fermat from the Universite Paul Sabatier.
The 10 Mathematical Formulas That Changed the Face of the World
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol is not sure how the Nicaraguan government determined which particular formulas should be elevated to so high a status. Perhaps a survey was conducted among the mathematicians in the country. In addition to scientific merit, perhaps such practical issues as space limitations were considered so as to avoid long formulas on small stamps.
The 10 Strangest Mathematical Titles Ever Published
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Strange. Weird. Intriguing. The following is a list of 10 serious mathematical papers with strange, indecipherable, and/or amusing titles. Candidates for this list were nominated by students, educators, and researchers around the world.
Creator Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol collaborated with Ken Shirriff of the University of California for much of the analysis of this problem. Ken wrote a computer program in C that not only searches for the minimal solutions for the first 1,500 integers but also searches for the number of minimal ways to construct a number. For example, without allowing concatenation (multidigit numbers), he finds that there are 208 different ways to write the number 20, and 1,128 different ways to write the number 21! Even more exciting is the fact that these 208 and 1,128 different ways to write minimal solutions change to just 2 ways and 1 way if concatenation is allowed. (After all, there is just 1 way to minimally write 21 by concatenating 2 and 1.)
The abcdefghij Problem
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Using the program code at we can compute values for the variables that satisfy the equation (ab)c = def X ghij. Here are some possibilities: (a = 4, b= 8, c = 3, d- 1, e = 9,/ = 2, g = 0, 5, i = 7, j = 6); Gz = 4, b = 8, c= 3, d = 5, e = 7,f= 6, g = 0, h= 1, i = 9,j = 2); (a = 8, b = 4, c= 3, d = 5, e= 7, f= 6, g- 1, h = 0, i-2,j = 9). Dr. Googol does not know if there are any solutions to a related problem: (ab)c = def X ghij.
Doughnut Loops
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol believes the solution in Table F98.1 is the best solution for the doughnut puzzle. Can you find equally long or longer solutions? The maximal path length seems to be 70. In the schematic illustration of the path, the first position of the sequence is marked 1, the second 2, and so on, and the last is marked 70. Assuming the upper left corner to be (1,1) and the lower right (20,15), then this sequence starts at (6,14) and ends at (20,15). The first few numbers on the path are 6 — 34 — 37 — 25 — 15 — 70 — 26 — 20 — 43 — 60 — 9 — 54 —. . . . Since the 54 is the twelfth number in this sequence, its position (1,10) is marked 12 in the solution diagram.
Everything You Wanted to Know about Triangles but Were Afraid to Ask
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Pythagorean triangles with integral sides have been the subject of a huge amount of mathematical inquiry. For example, Albert Beiler, author of Recreations in the Theory of Numbers, has been interested in Pythagorean triangles with large consecutive leg values. These triangles are as rare as diamonds for small legs. Triangle 3-4-5 is the first of these exotic gems. The next such one is 21-20-29. The tenth such triangle is quite large: 27304197-27304196-38613965.
Faberge Eggs Synthesis
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Have you ever noticed that many of our ancient designs consist of symmetrical and repeating patterns? For example, consider the beautiful Moorish, Persian, and other motifs in tiled floors and cloths. Among Dr. Googol’s favorite ornamental patterns are those found on century-old Russian Easter eggs that wealthy individuals and members of the royal family gave to one another. Some of these eggs were made of gold and silver and decorated with enamel, precious stones, and miniature paintings. The most splendid were commissioned by the czar from Faberge, the leading firm of Russian jewelers at the turn of the 20th century.
Peruvian Laser Battle
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“Have you ever heard of Peruvian Laser Battle?” Monica asked Dr. Googol as their canoe floated down the Amazon River, ten miles north of Iquitos, Peru. Dr. Googol shook his head. “Please tell me more.” “Peruvians love science fiction, and Laser Battle is the hottest new game in Iquitos. Imagine yourself leading a battle on the Peruvian plains. Your attackers are a horde of alien robots.”
Anchovy Marriage Test
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Monica responded first by throwing her pizza at Dr. Googol. Then she gave him the answers. 9 + 9 + 999 = 1,000, and 646 + 20 = 666 (the small stroke is applied to the first + symbol). A less creative solution is 6 + 6 + 20 ± 666. For the last problem, (666/6) X (66-65) = 111.
Introduction
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to investigate the syntax of the upper portion of the functional sentence structure on the basis of comparative data collected from the domain of a hundred Romance varieties in northern Italy. This geographical choice is justified by the fact that the dialects spoken in this area are quite homogeneous from a lexical, morphological, and syntactic point of view. They represent an ideal ground for analyzing microvariations in syntax, as the grammatical systems compared do not differ very much from one another. Thus, this is as near as we can get to a controlled scientific experiment, in which grammatical systems that differ only on the basis of a single feature are compared. In this manner, the single varying feature may be isolated and studied through controlled experiments, as there are no other factors to interfere with the definition of the phenomenon under investigation, while the rest of the grammar remains constant. This book is not intended as a typological study, describing the simple distribution facts of a given phenomenon, but rather it aims to determine which phenomena are correlated and in what way these relationships can be encoded into syntax. Therefore, this book does not report all varieties of the data investigated but focuses only on those data that are relevant to the analysis of the empirical domain mentioned above.
Rhaetoromance Verb Second
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on a number of Central Rhaetoromance varieties that have maintained a V2 structure similar to that present in Old Romance texts (cf. Benincà 1995b for a detailed analysis of this phenomenon in Old French and in the medieval stage of northern Italian dialects; see Roberts 1993c for a proposal about Old French). An analysis of these very conservative dialects enables investigation into several interesting properties in the higher part of the CP field. Chapter 3 describes the variation shown by interrogative structures within the northern Italian domain. I propose that the comparative data about interrogative structures can be accounted for only by a split-CP perspective. Only one portion of the structure in Rizzi’s (1997) hypothesis of a split CP in a language like standard Italian is examined here, namely the subfield that is activated in interrogative structures. Rhaeto romance verb second will help us to focus on the higher portion of the CP domain.
Subjunctive Clauses
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I consider several cases of complementizer deletion in subjunctive selected and nonselected clauses. I show that the inflected V raises higher in subjunctive than in indicative clauses. Moreover, the position of the verb varies, depending on the modal feature that the verb has to check: in optative and counter factual clauses, the verb moves higher than in suppletive imperatives. The syntactic space-encoding modal distinction is higher than TP and (the set of projections corresponding to) AgrS. Cinque (1999) provides arguments for five distinct modal FPs, each encoding a distinct modal feature and hosting a different type of adverb in its specifier position. The structure he proposes for the modal FPs is the following (see section 5.4.3.2 for discussion):

Cinque (1999) does not debate the question of whether this set of modal FPs is located in IP or in the CP layer.
The Foramen Of Monro
Authors: Jellinek Ernest H
Published: November 2023

Alexander Monro “Secundus” (1733-1817) was, according to Guthrie, born to greatness. His grandfather John Monro (1670-1740), who had studied medicine at Leyden under his fellow Scot Archibald Pitcairne (1652-1713), became one of the protagonists of the foundation of a medical school at Edinburgh. John Monro trained his son Alexander Monro “Primus” (1697-1767) to become the first professor of anatomy at Edinburgh at the age of 22 in 1719, after periods with Hermann Boerhaave (1668-1753) in Leyden and with William Cheselden (1688-1752) in London. Monro Primus was joined in the chair by his son Alexander Secundus in 1768. Secundus later also occupied chairs in medicine and surgery, passing on his chair in anatomy in 1798 to his son Alexander Monro “Tertius” (1773-1859), who occupied the chair until 1846, keeping it a “family chair” for 126 years.
The Cushing Reflex
Authors: August H , Alphen M van
Published: November 2023

During his life, Harvey Williams Cushing (1869-1939) was considered the undisputed founder of modern neurosurgery.1-5 It is not easy, however, to assess what this image was based on. Even as a boy, he was unbearable. His hotheadedness led his <PP - ) family to nickname him Pepper Pot. During his time at Yale University (1887-1891), his mother wrote to him: “Here is a little private word for my darling boy. May I say it without offence? You know that you have propensity to scold. Watch against it, my dear.”5 25 25 During his stay in Europe as a junior surgeon (1900), his parochial haughtiness coaxed a smile from his hosts and teachers on several occasions. After returning to America, while at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, he soon (1902) received a handwritten note from William Osler (1849-1919), to whom Cushing was very close, bearing the following text: You will not mind a reference to one point.
The Hoffmann-Tinel Sign
Authors: Spaans Frank
Published: November 2023

Paul Hoffmann was born on 1July 1884 in Dorpat, Estonia, where his father was a professor of internal medicine.1 He studied medicine at the universities of Leipzig, Marburg, and Berlin, and in 1911 he was appointed assistant to Max von Frey (1852-1932) at the physiology institute ofWiirzburg University, where he mostly investigated muscle potentials and reflexes. During World War I he worked in several German field hospitals in France and later at a military hospital in Wurzburg,, where he wrote the reports about the sign that was later named after him.2•3 In 1920 he was the first to describe the reflex which can be obtained by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, the so-called H (or Hoffmann) reflex. He can be regarded as the founder of modern German neurophysiology.
The Test Of Lasegue
Authors: Oosterhuis Hans J G H
Published: November 2023

Ernest-Charles Lasegue was born on 5 September 1816 in Paris. His father Antoine, a botanist, served as librarian of the Delessert family. He was soon aware of the extraordinary intelligence and capacities of his son and placed him at the prestigious Lycee Louis-le Grand for the completion of his scientific education. The young Lasegue studied philosophy and retoric, spoke fluent Latin, and was able to translate Greek philosophical texts at first reading. In 1838, at the age of 22, he was appointed teacher to the school he had just left; there Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) became one of his pupils. At that time he became a friend of Claude Bernard (1813-1878), whom he assisted in animal experiments and by whom he was persuaded to study medicine.
Acalculia and Disturbances of the Body Schema
Authors: Denburg Natalie L , Tranel Daniel
Published: November 2023

We review in this chapter the recent literature on acalculia and body schema disturbances. Neither of these conditions is common in clinical neuropsychology, although interestingly, both have attracted a considerable amount of research attention. Both conditions have been inconsistently defined, and not surprisingly, this has contributed to a tremendous confusion in the literature as to their specific neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates. Moreover, the disorders of acalculia, finger agnosia, and right–left disorientation have the (mis)fortune of being part of the tetrad of manifestations which comprise the Gerstmann syndrome (the other being agraphia), the reality and significance of which has been repeatedly and forcefully questioned (e.g., Benton, 1961, 1977, 1992; Critchley, 1966). Thus, a review of the literature on the topics of acalculia and body schema disturbances immediately encounters some major obstacles: neither condition has a consensual set of neuroanatomical correlates, which means the “localizing” value of these signs in clinical neuropsychology is fairly weak; moreover, both conditions are relatively infrequent, at least in terms of being the nuclear component of a neuropsychological presentation, and, thus, both are frequently neglected in the clinical training of neuropsychologists, and both have suffered from a lack of availability of well-standardized and validated assessment procedures.
Apraxia
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Rothi Leslie J Gonzalez
Published: November 2023

The motor systems are capable of directing muscles to make an almost infinite number of movements. In order to perform purposeful skilled movements, the brain must acquire the knowledge to program motor systems appropriately. Apraxia is a cognitive motor disorder that entails the loss or impairment of the ability to program motor systems to perform purposeful skilled movements. Because apraxia is a cognitive motor disorder, abnormal movements should not be called apraxic if they can be attributed to weakness, dystonia, tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballismus, seizures, myoclo- nus, ataxia, defects of sensory feedback, or if they result from non-motor cognitive disorders such as poor comprehension, agnosia, or inattention. Although apraxia is in part defined by exclusion, a variety of errors may characterize the apraxic patient’s performance and these errors help define the variety of apraxias seen in the clinic. This chapter will be limited to descriptions of apraxias that are associated with forelimb and buccofacial movements. The forms of limb apraxia we will discuss include limb-kinetic, ideomotor, disassociation, conduction, ideational, and conceptual apraxias. We will also briefly discuss buccofacial apraxia.
Neglect and Related Disorders
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Watson, Robert T , Valenstein Edward
Published: November 2023

Neglect is the failure to report, respond, or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented to the side opposite a brain lesion, when this failure cannot be attributed to either sensory or motor defects (Heilman, 1979). Neglect may be spatial or personal. Spatial neglect may occur in three reference frames: body centered, environmentally centered, and object centered. One may be inattentive to stimuli in space or on the person (attentional or sensory neglect) and one may fail to act in a portion of space, in a spatial direction, or to use a portion of one’s body (intentional or motor neglect). Many specific disorders have been described, distinguished by their presumed underlying mechanisms, the distribution of the abnormal behavior, and the means of eliciting the behavior. Different behavioral manifestations may occur at different times, and in some patients certain manifestations are never seen.

The major behavioral manifestations that we will discuss in this chapter include (1) inattention or sensory neglect, (2) extinction to simultaneous stimuli, (3) motor neglect, (4) spatial neglect, (5) personal neglect, (6) allesthesia and allokinesia, and (7) anosognosia (unawareness of illness). The first section of this chapter will define specific disorders and describe clinical tests that may be used to assess them.
Amnesic Disorders
Authors: Bauer Russell M , Grande, Laura , Valenstein Edward
Published: November 2023

During the past five decades, our understanding of disorders of memory and of normal memory processes has increased dramatically. In 1950, very little was known about the localization of brain lesions causing amnesia. Despite a few clues in earlier literature, it came as a complete surprise in the early 1950s that bilateral medial temporal resection caused amnesia. The importance of the thalamus in memory was hardly suspected until the 1970s and the basal forebrain was an area virtually unknown to clinicians before the 1980s. An animal model of the amnesic syndrome was not developed until the 1970s.

During this same period, neuropsychological characteristics of amnesia were being un- covered through intense research efforts with clinical populations. The amnesic syndrome has been a topic of fundamental interest to neuropsychologists, neuroscientists, and cognitive psychologists (Baddeley, 1982); the resulting literature in many respects reflects a model system for the interdisciplinary activity that some refer to as “cognitive neuropsychology” (Caramazza, 1992; Kosslyn and Intriligator, 1992) or “cognitive neuroscience” (Kosslyn and Koenig, 1992; Schacter et al., 1998). As a result of this explosion of activity, we no longer consider memory to be a unitary phenomenon.
The Dissolution of the Monarchy and the Crisis of Jewish Identity, October 1918–June 1919
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L
Published: November 2023

When World War I ended and the Habsburg Monarchy collapsed, Erna Segal, a young Viennese woman born in Galicia, was “deeply shocked.” As she remembered:

We were raised with deep reverence for the imperial family, we loved Austria and its rulers and now with one blow everything had come to an end. What now? I asked myself.
Personal Resources and Organizational Well-Being
Authors: Klonowicz Tatiana
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the joint contribution that intelligence, reactivity, and mobility as determinants of personal resources make to the regulation of subjective well-being in a new organization. I have assumed that a new organizational environment forces newcomers to adapt themselves to it. The adaptive process enables an individual to achieve “congruence” or “fit” to the organizational requirements and variably engages his or her personal resources. Resources are viewed here as instrumental to achieving a person-organization fit: Individuals feel less distress if their personal resources enable them to manage the situation, that is, when they fit the requirements of a situation.
Time Sampling of Unemployment Experiences by Slovak Youth
Authors: Dzˇuka Jozef
Published: November 2023

Unemployment has been marking the life of many young people in industrialized Western countries (Roth, 1989; Kirchler, 1993). With an unemployment rate of more than 11% in 1996, Slovakia, though still at a lower level of industrial development than the industrialized Western nations, for some time now has had to struggle with the problem, too.
Positive Emotions
Authors: Fredrickson Barbara L
Published: November 2023

At first blush, it might appear that positive emotions are important to the field of positive psychology simply because they are markers of optimal well-being. Certainly moments in our lives characterized by experiences of positive emotions (such as joy, interest, contentment, love, and the like) are moments in which we are not plagued by negative emotions (such as anxiety, sadness, and anger). Consistent with this intuition, the overall balance of people’s positive and negative emotions has been shown to contribute to their subjective well-being (Diener, Sandvik, & Pavot, 1991).
The Truth About Illusions Authenticity and Positivity in Social Relationships
Authors: Swann William B , Pelham Brett W
Published: November 2023

In the centuries-old struggle between advocates of truth and illusion, the illusionists seem to have gained the upper hand of late. In fact, illusion has emerged as the darling of the age, the source of a wide array of benefits including success, creativity, and even longevity. Truth, in contrast, has fallen into disfavor, the alleged origin of failure, rigidity, and even morbidity (e.g., Peterson & Seligman, 1987; Taylor & Brown, 1988). Curiously, some of the most ardent advocates of illusion and wishful thinking have been behavioral scientists—the same group who championed truth and realism only a few decades ago. Proponents of positive thinking have buttressed their claims with mountains of empirical support.
Authenticity
Authors: Harter Susan
Published: November 2023

The history of the concept of personal authenticity can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy as revealed in injunctions such as “Know thyself” and “To thine own self be true.” However, there is no single, coherent body of literature on authentic-self behavior, no bedrock of knowledge. Rather, there are unconnected islands that address different aspects of authenticity in rather piecemeal fashion, including historical analyses, clinical treatments, social-psychological perspectives, and developmental formulations.
Uniqueness Seeking
Authors: Lynn Michael , Snyder C R
Published: November 2023

Similar to the character in Shakespeare’s play whose lines open this chapter, people have a need to be distinctive and special. Interpersonal difference, or uniqueness, contributes to self-identity, attracts attention, and enhances self-esteem and social status (see Codol, 1984; Maslach, 1974; Tesser, 1988). On the other hand, people also have a need for similarity. Interpersonal similarity begets affiliation, belief validation, emotional security, empathy, helping, liking, and social influence (see Brock, 1965; Byrne, 1971; Schachter, 1959). These needs for distinctiveness and similarity oppose one another in the sense that the satisfaction of one enhances the potency of the other. Accordingly, people find a compromise position of intermediate levels of selfdistinctiveness more satisfying than either extreme similarity or extreme dissimilarity relative to other persons (Brewer, 1991; Fromkin, 1968, 1970; Snyder & Fromkin, 1980).
The Pursuit of Meaningfulness in Life
Authors: Vohs Roy F Baumeister & Kathleen D
Published: November 2023

Human beings begin life as animals and remain tied throughout life to natural cyles of birth and death, eating and sleeping, reproduction, danger and safety, and more. Yet to this natural dimension of human life must be added a cultural one. Humans use their thinking capacity to transcend their immediate environment and their natural urges and responses. Thinking usually involves meaning, as in the use of language, symbols, and connections between concepts. Whereas natural law depends on the principles of physics, chemistry, and biology, culture rests on language and meaning.
Humor
Authors: Lefcourt Herbert M
Published: November 2023

Although a sense of humor often is regarded as an asset today, this has not always been the case. In the early writings of Plato (in Philebus ), Aristotle (in Poetics ), Hobbes (in Leviathan ), and Rousseau (in Lettre à M. d’Alembert ), humor was characterized as a form of hostility. For these philosophers, the derisive qualities of laughter, most often directed at ugliness and deformities in others, made humor seem undesirable and cruel. Laughter was said to reflect the more unattractive aggressive qualities of humans that resulted in the victimization of others.
A Science of Couple Therapy: For What Should We Seek Empirical Support?
Authors: Christensen Andrew , Doss Brian D , Atkins David C
Published: November 2023

As scientist-practitioners, we want our clinical efforts to be supported by scientific evidence. Indeed, science can provide the most compelling evidence that our treatments are beneficial to our clients rather than ineffective or harmful for them. Not only does scientific evidence meet our own values and standards for the credibility of psychotherapeutic treatment, it provides accountability to our clients and to third-party payers, who increasingly want evidence that what they pay for is effective. Thus, the demand for scientific evidence is high, and many treatments and providers seek the mantle of scientific respectability.
Accuracies and Statistical Tests of Phylogenetic Trees
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

When a phylogenetic tree is constructed, it is important to know the reliability of the tree obtained. There are two types of errors in a phylogenetic tree: topological errors and branch length errors. The former errors are differences in branching pattern between an inferred tree and the true tree, and the latter are deviations of estimated branch lengths from the true (realized or expected) branch lengths. If the true topology is known, as in the case of computer simulation, it is possible to evaluate the extent of topological errors by the method described in chapter 5. In practice, however, the true topology is almost never known, and therefore the reliability of the topology obtained is usually tested by examining the statistical confidence of various parts (branching patterns) of the topology.
Introduction
Authors: Singley Carol J
Published: November 2023

Edith Wharton is by critical and popular acclaim one of the United States’ finest novelists and short story writers. A consummate stylist and astute critic of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American social life, Wharton often ridiculed the upper-class New York society of which she herself was a member. She also turned her sharp eye to New England and Europe, creating incisive portraits of characters deeply affected by their social and physical environments. Wharton’s ability to combine such cutting satire and irony with compassion for human suffering results in a unique American realism that elevates her characters’ struggles against restrictive conventions and circumstances beyond comedy of manners to pathos, and even tragedy. Today Wharton’s critical reputation has never been higher; indeed, her place in American letters as one of the premier practitioners of realism seems assured.
Wharton, Travel, and Modernity
Authors: Bentley Nancy
Published: November 2023

Edith Wharton loved the sensation of speed. In The Custom of the Country (1913), when Wharton writes of the “rush of physical joy” that comes from flying in an open car at twilight through the wintry boulevards of Central Park, the passage be speaks her own infatuation with motor cars and their mechanical power (N, 754). For Wharton, local motor-flights and transatlantic travel were fundamental conditions of living. Henry James always pictured her “wound up and going”; in alarm and bemusement his letters define her through “her dazzling, her incessant braveries of far excursionnism.” Edith Wharton loved speed, almost as much as she loved stillness—the contemplative space of gardens, the quiet stimulation of indoor conversation, the nearly motionless concentration necessary for the work of writing. These contraries—mobility and reflective stillness—inform Wharton’s complex stance as an observer of modern life. Her taste for speed and travel on the one hand, and the rooted critical focus she achieved in her writing on the other, reflect Wharton’s divided disposition about the kind of world she saw emerging in the first two decades of the twentieth century.
A World of Diversity
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

If asked to name as many languages as possible, the average person could probably easily name a dozen, but would certainly not come up with this list: Abenaki, Bella Coola, Rama, Guguu Yimidhirr, Kahana, Adzera, Boiken, Toba Batak, Fyem, Tzotzil, Cebuano, Mokilese. You have probably never heard of these languages, or thousands more like them. One of us asked some graduate students in linguistics at the University of Oxford to write down the names of as many languages as they could think of. The number ranged from 50 to 75.

Even professional linguists perhaps would not be able to name more than a hundred. A recent advertisement for “Teach yourself language courses” appearing in a popular magazine claimed to “offer introductory and advanced courses in most of the world’s languages.” To be precise, they boasted a total of 215 courses in 76 languages! However, this number represents but repercent of the total number of languages. Most ordinary readers are surprised to find that linguists estimate the number of languages in the world to be between 5,000 and 6,700.
Why Something Should Be Done
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

We have seen how the changing face of linguistic diversity in the modern world is the story of how a few metropolitan languages expanded very rapidly at the expense of the rest, as smaller communities have been pulled into the orbit of more powerful ones. Must we accept the demise of the world’s small languages? Or should we try to support them, and if so, what might really be achieved in practice?

We hope we have made clear that the reasons most non-Eurasian languages are in danger of dying out have nothing to do with the intrinsic properties of those languages—which are just as complex, expressive, and creative as any others—nor with the greater intelligence, virtue, or industry of their speakers compared to speakers of other languages. If the tale of the Eurasian rise to global dominance were told as a tale of human motives it would be a shabby one indeed, with more than its share of greed, dishonesty, cruelty, and sloth. But the rise to dominance cannot be explained at this level. It instead requires an understanding of the deeper, complex, structural conditions obtained in Eurasian societies and not elsewhere. Eurasia had by far the world’s most productive farming and livestock complex. This was no more than a fluke of biogeography, but it allowed Eurasians to boom in number and eventually expand beyond their shores. It also made them hosts to the great killer diseases, which, paradoxically, gave them an edge over other peoples when the continents collided. Finally, the dense population and the high agricultural productivity, in Europe at least, unleashed a process of diversification and specialization that set those economies on the path to industrialization. Thus, a world of small-scale societies more or less equal in wealth and power has become a world of nation-states, some far wealthier and stronger than others, with ruling classes and minorities within them.
The Constitution In The Courts
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In the modern period of American constitutional law—the period since the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed racially segregated public schooling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)—there has been a persistent and vigorous debate in the United States about whether the Court has merely been enforcing the Constitution or whether, instead, in the guise of enforcing the Constitution, the Court has really been usurping the legislative prerogative of making political choices about controversial issues. In this book, Professor Perry carefully disentangles and then thoughtfully addresses the various fundamental issues at the heart of the controversy: What is the argument for “judicial review”? What approach to constitutional interpretation should inform the practice of judicial review? How large or small a role should the Court play in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts? To what extent are the Court’s most controversial modern decisions—for example, decisions about racial segregation, discrimination based on sex, abortion, and homosexuality—sound; to what extent are they problematic? The Constitution in the Courts is a major contribution to one of the most fundamental controversies in modern American politics and law.
Among The Blackfeet: Walter McClintock and Mary Roberts Rinehart
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

George Bird Grinnell was not the only yale offspring to find his way to the Blackfeet of Montana at the close of the nineteenth century. Ten years after Grinnell’s interest in these Indians was ignited, Walter McClintock entered their world. The son of a wealthy Pittsburgh carpetmaker, McClintock graduated from Yale in 1891. Like Grinnell, McClintock returned home to take a place in the family business, but a severe bout of typhoid fever allowed him to escape the humdrum commercial world of his father and go west. In 1895, McClintock visited Eaton’s Cattle Ranch in North Dakota, the first dude ranch in the American West. It is a sign of the quickly changing times that a dude ranch even existed for such a comparatively tame option was unavailable to Grinnell in the 1870s. The trip apparently did the trick. McClintock recuperated but he traded one malady for another. He became addicted to the West.
Making Imperatives: Evidence from Central Rhaetoromance
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of the syntax of imperatives by analyzing the properties they exhibit in a Rhaetoromance variety spoken in northeastern Italy, in the Dolomites area, in a valley called Val Badia.1 This language, which we call Badiotto, exhibits properties typical of verb second languages, as discussed in Beninca (1985/1986) and Poletto (2000). For a positive imperative to be grammatical in this variety, one of the four particles ma, mo, pa,pö must be present, as exemplified in (1):2 This constraint does not stem from a phonological or prosodic restriction which makes sequences such as the ones in (2) and (3) ungrammatical in this language. Neither does it stem from a restriction against monosyllabic sequences, since bisyllabic verbs are as ungrammatical as monosyllabic ones in positive imperatives if they lack one of the particles.
Coherent Dynamics among Lakes
Authors: Magnuson John J , Kratz Timothy K , Benson Barbara J , Webster Katherine E
Published: November 2023

Historically, limnologists have analyzed and been concerned with lake status or condition; for example, classification by trophic status into eutrophic, oligotrophic, and dystrophic has allowed us to group lakes with similar properties and to study the causes and ramifications of those differences and similarities. However, in this era of awareness about global change, we have come to focus more on regional dynamics, particularly those that act at interannual or longer time scales. By combining spatial concepts that underlie differences between lakes with the time dimension, we can gain a better understanding of the determinants of lake dynamics that allow us to make more powerful predictions of trajectories into the future. Here we focus on the interannual time scale and explore how comparing similarities and differences in dynamics among years across lakes can enrich our understanding of lake dynamics and the processes that cause lakes to change. Many questions confront us in the quest to first describe and then understand long-term dynamics of suites of lakes. How should we characterize the coherent or shared dynamics of lakes? To what degree are interannual dynamics or long-term changes consistent among lakes? What determines how similarly or dissimilarly different lakes behave among years? Do adjacent lakes behave more similarly than more distant lakes? Do lakes of the same type or status, such as oligotrophic lakes, behave more similarly through time than different kinds of lakes, such as oligotrophic versus eutrophic? Are there common drivers of consistent dynamics among lakes such as dynamics in climate, land use, landform, or water flows? Are some types of lake parameters inherently more coherent than others?