bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association between diet of periurban wild dogs and zoonotic pathogen carriage
Authors: Harriott Lana , Gentle Matthew , Traub Rebecca , Soares Magalhães Ricardo J. , Cobbold Rowland
Published: January 2019

Established wildlife populations in periurban environments provide an opportunity to spread zoonotic pathogens within human-associated environments. Characteristics of prevalent pathogens harboured by periurban wild dogs suggest that dietary preference could influence their infection status; however, data comparing diet composition and pathogen presence are rarely available. We analysed the stomach contents of 170 periurban wild dogs (Canis familiaris) for the occurrence and biomass of prey items, and then associated this with their known infection status of key zoonotic pathogens. The staple prey items detected were mammalian prey species, most commonly swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) (20.6±6.1%), canines (C. familiaris) (prey) (10.6±4.6%), eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) (10.0±4.5%), and deer (various species) (10.0±4.5%). Unidentified bird species (10.0±4.5%) were also common. Wild dogs that were positive for Echinococcus granulosus were significantly more likely to have consumed swamp wallabies. These findings demonstrate the importance of managing both the definitive and intermediate stages of E. granulosus, and suggest that diet correlates with pathogen presence in some cases. This information may assist the development of specific strategies to manage zoonotic pathogens of wild dogs, which are currently lacking.
Prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in 35- to 44-year-old humanitarian arrivals to New South Wales (NSW), Australia
Authors: Chandra Meena , Duri Anthea , Smith Mitchell
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of chronic disease risk factors in humanitarian arrivals to Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) with the Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations aged 35–44 years. Data on risk factors collected from 237 refugees presenting to the NSW Refugee Health Service (RHS) from January 2015 to August 2016 were retrospectively analysed and compared with data from the Australian Health Surveys, 2011–13 for the Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian populations. This study found significantly higher levels of triglycerides (z=3; 95% CI, 0.16–0.26); hypertension (z=3.2; 95% CI, 0.17–0.29); and smoking (z=3.5; 95% CI, 0.27–0.33) in refugees compared with the general Australian population. The Indigenous population had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (z=4; 95% CI, 0.16–0.26); body mass indexes (BMIs) (z=3.3; 95% CI 0.58–0.72); and smoking (z=5.4; 95 CI 0.27–0.33) compared with refugees. Based on the study findings, screening for chronic disease risk factors from age 35 years may be warranted in all humanitarian arrivals to Australia, along with dietary and lifestyle advice.
Does French have verbal-nexus Noun+Noun compounds?
Authors: Radimský Jan
Published: January 2019

Though components of subordinate NN compounds may in principle display a wide variety of semantic relationships, data from Romance suggest that in languages where the NN pattern is still new and peripheral, the different subtypes of NN compounds do not necessarily emerge at the same rhythm. The aim of this article is to verify the assumption that French, unlike Italian, does not have an available word-formation pattern of verbal-nexus NN compounds (i.e. compounds in which the verb-argument relationship is featured). With reference to extensive corpus data, it will be demonstrated that in both languages many different subtypes of verbal-nexus NN compounds are attested, but Italian has already developed a consistent and regular word-formation paradigm based on one particular subtype of verbal-nexus NN compounds, while French data do not display such regularity, and the verbal-nexus pattern is much more peripheral in this language.
Word frequency counts
Authors: Brzoza Bartosz
Published: January 2019

Lexical frequency is one of the major variables involved in language processing. It constitutes a cornerstone of
psycholinguistic, corpus linguistic as well as applied research. Linguists take frequency counts from corpora and they started to
take them for granted. However, voices emerge that corpora may not always provide a comprehensive picture of how frequently
lexical items appear in a language. In the present contribution I compare corpus frequency counts for English and Polish words to
native speakers’ perception of frequency. The analysis shows that, while generally objective and subjective values are related,
there is a disparity between measures for frequent Polish words. The direction of the relationship, though positive, is also not
as strong as in previous studies. I suggest linking objective with subjective frequency measures in research.
A corpus-based study of the automatic extraction and validation ofV-NItalian oral academic collocations
Authors: Peppoloni Diana
Published: January 2019

This study describes the outcomes of a POS-based method for the automatic extraction ofV-NItalian oral academic collocations from an annotated corpus. A frequency statistical measure is applied to automatically extract the collocations from the POS-tagged corpus. The results reveal that frequency alone is not sufficient to measure the degree of association that connects the two elements of a word pair. In order to detect the real-attested Italian collocations, the data has been further evaluated by 50 Italian native speakers. The results indicate that these combinations are tightly linked to their context of usage. Thus, native speakers should be exposed to these phrasal contexts to activate their mechanisms of explicit reflection and assess the degree of collocativity of these combinations.
Les prépositions zéro en français
Authors: Mel’čuk Igor
Published: January 2019

Deux prépositions zéro sont postulées pour le français : les lexèmesØ.LOC(prépos)(On s’est vuØ.LOC(prépos)rue de Rivoli.) etØ.TEMP(prépos)(On s’est vuØ.TEMP(prépos)jeudi.) L’article propose une brève discussion des signes zéro dans les langues du monde et une justification pour les lexèmes prépositionnels zéro français, ainsi que les entrées lexicographiques de ces prépositions. En même temps, pour la description des syntagmes circonstanciels dénotant les durées et les distances parcourues (On a travaillédeux semainesouOn a marchétrois kilomètres), les relations syntaxiques de surface spéciales sont introduites :circonstancielle-durativeetcirconstancielle-de-distance.
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Measures of Alcohol and other Drug Treatment Initiation and Engagement across 7 Health Care Systems
Authors: Loree Amy M. , Yeh Hsueh-Han , Satre Derek D. , Kline-Simon Andrea H. , Yarborough Bobbi Jo H. , Haller Irina V. , Campbell Cynthia I. , Lapham Gwen T. , Hechter Rulin C. , Binswanger Ingrid A. , Weisner Constance , Ahmedani Brian K.
Published: January 2019

Background

Psychiatric comorbidity is common among patients with alcohol and other drug (AOD) use disorders. To better understand how psychiatric comorbidity influences AOD treatment access in health care systems, the present study examined treatment initiation and engagement among a large, diverse sample of patients with comorbid psychiatric and AOD use disorders.

Methods

This study utilized data from a multisite observational study examining Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measures of initiation and engagement in treatment (IET) among patients with AOD use disorders from 7 health care systems. Participants were aged 18 or older with at least 1 AOD index diagnosis between October 1, 2014, and August 15, 2015. Data elements extracted from electronic health records and insurance claims data included patient demographic characteristics, ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) diagnostic codes, and procedure codes. Descriptive analyses and multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between patient-level factors and IET measures.

Results

Across health care systems, out of a total of 86,565 patients who had at least 1 AOD index diagnosis during the study period, 66.2% ( n = 57,335) patients also had a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Among patients with a comorbid psychiatric disorder, 34.9% ( n = 19,998) initiated AOD treatment, and of those, 10.3% ( n = 2,060) engaged in treatment. After adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders were more likely to initiate (odds ratio [OR] = 3.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.08, 3.32) but no more likely to engage (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.51, 0.61) in AOD treatment, compared with those without a comorbid psychiatric disorder.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that identification of comorbid psychiatric disorders may increase initiation in AOD treatment. However, innovative efforts are needed to enhance treatment engagement both generally and especially for individuals without diagnosed psychiatric conditions.
Multimodal Chronotopes: Embodying Ancestral Time on Quichua Morning Radio
Authors: Ennis Georgia
Published: January 2019

This article considers the multimodal enregisterment of an ancestral time-space in indigenous-language media production. Beginning from the insight that chronotopes engage semiotically mediated, subjective experiences of time, space, and social personhood (Wirtz 2016; Hartikainen 2017), I use ethnographic evidence from lowland Ecuadorian Quichua (Kichwa) radio production and reception to explore the semiotic recalibration of the wayusa upina, the guayusa-drinking hours as a register of media performance aimed at cultural revival. Identified as one of the most significant and endangered spaces for transmitting cultural and linguistic knowledge, the nondiscursive signs and material practices used in multimodal lowland Quichua radio productions reconstitute the ancestral guayusa-drinking hours, indexically linking it to the voices and knowledge of still living elders. In doing so, these programs attempt to establish a counterchronotope of remembering, which contrasts with a widely circulating chronotope of endangerment.
Decolonial Time in Bolivia’s Pachakuti
Authors: Swinehart Karl
Published: January 2019

Debates about cultural practices in Bolivia have increasingly unfolded around questions of which practices are deemed essentially indigenous or essentially Western and demands for decolonization, or the reestablishment of indigenous cultural hegemony. This article examines cases in which the construal of time (through calendars, clocks, and notions of the past and future) is depicted as being either essentially Andean or a colonial import and, thus, a target for reform. Advancing competing construals of time has become a feature of such contemporary state-led political interventions as reorienting clock faces on public buildings; reconciling the Gregorian calendar with an agricultural, Aymara one; replacing Spanish loanwords for the days of the week with neologisms; and framing the launching of a telecommunications satellite as the reconstitution of pre-Hispanic astronomical science. These debates draw on a salient difference in the space-time semantics of Andean languages. Aymara and Quechua are typologically unusual for linking front space with past time and anterior space with the futurity and for sharing a unified concept of “space-time,” or pacha, a term that has become popularized through the widespread use of pachakuti ‘the turning over of space-time’, to refer to what, in other contexts, might be called revolution.
When Time Matters
Authors: Swinehart Karl , Browne Ribeiro Anna
Published: January 2019

This essay introduces a collection of five research articles that address how time becomes materialized, regimented, politicized, and phenomenologically experienced in diverse ethnographic settings. Against notions of time’s uniformity, we explore considerations of its relational nature in physics, linguistics, and anthropology. Temporal frameworks are not given but created, not unitary but multiple, and operate in degrees of lamination, synchrony, or dissonance. In colonial Papua New Guinea, the Ecuadorian and Brazilian Amazon, highland Bolivia, and South Korea, temporal frameworks serve as anchors to diverse social and political projects. These ethnographic accounts illuminate the dynamic and consequential nature of temporal semiosis.
Albendazole Sulfoxide Plasma Levels and Efficacy of Antiparasitic Treatment in Patients With Parenchymal Neurocysticercosis
Authors: Arroyo Gianfranco , Bustos Javier A , Lescano Andres G , Gonzales Isidro , Saavedra Herbert , Rodriguez Silvia , Pretell E Javier , Bonato Pierina S , Lanchote Vera L , Takayanagui Osvaldo M , Horton John , Gonzalez Armando E , Gilman Robert H , Garcia Hector H ,   Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru, Tsang Victor C W , O’Neal Seth , Martinez Manuel , Zimic Mirko , Verastegui Manuela , Mayta Holger , Castillo Yesenia , Lopez-Urbina Maria T , Gavidia Cesar M , Gomez-Puerta Luis A , Moyano Luz M , Gamboa Ricardo , Vilchez Percy , Muro Claudio , Nash Theodore , Mahanty Siddartha , Noh John , Handali Sukwan , Friedland Jon
Published: January 2019

Background

The efficacy of albendazole therapy in patients with parenchymal neurocysticercosis (NCC) is suboptimal. Plasma levels of albendazole sulfoxide (ASOX), the active metabolite of albendazole, are highly variable among patients. We hypothesized that high ASOX plasma levels during albendazole therapy may be associated with an increased antiparasitic efficacy.

Methods

ASOX plasma levels were measured at treatment day 7 in 118 patients with parenchymal NCC enrolled in a treatment trial. The relationships between increasing ASOX plasma levels with the proportion of cysts resolved and the proportion of patients with complete cyst resolution (evaluated by 6-month brain magnetic resonance) were assessed.

Results

There was a trend toward a higher proportion of cysts resolved and a higher proportion of patients cured with increasing quartiles of ASOX plasma levels. In patients with 3 or more brain cysts, the regression analysis adjusted by the concomitant administration of praziquantel (PZQ) showed a 2-fold increase in the proportion of cysts resolved (risk ratio [RR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–3.89; P = .048) and 2.5-fold increase in the proportion of patients cured (RR, 2.45; 95% CI, .94–6.36; P = .067) when ASOX levels in the highest vs the lowest quartile were compared. No association was found in patients with 1–2 brain cysts.

Conclusions

We suggest an association between high ASOX plasma levels and increased antiparasitic efficacy in patients with parenchymal NCC. Nonetheless, this association is also influenced by other factors including parasite burden and concomitant administration of PZQ. These findings may serve to individualize and/or adjust therapy schemes to avoid treatment failure.
Push and pull factors driving movement in a social mammal: context dependent behavioral plasticity at the landscape scale
Authors: Byrne Andrew W , O’Keeffe James , Buesching Christina D , Newman Chris
Published: January 2019

Understanding how key parameters (e.g., density, range-size, and configuration) can affect animal movement remains a major goal of population ecology. This is particularly important for wildlife disease hosts, such as the European badger Meles meles, a reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis. Here we show how movements of 463 individuals among 223 inferred group territories across 755 km2 in Ireland were affected by sex, age, past-movement history, group composition, and group size index from 2009 to 2012. Females exhibited a greater probability of moving into groups with a male-biased composition, but male movements into groups were not associated with group composition. Male badgers were, however, more likely to make visits into territories than females. Animals that had immigrated into a territory previously were more likely to emigrate in the future. Animals exhibiting such “itinerant” movement patterns were more likely to belong to younger age classes. Inter-territorial movement propensity was negatively associated with group size, indicating that larger groups were more stable and less attractive (or permeable) to immigrants. Across the landscape, there was substantial variation in inferred territory-size and movement dynamics, which was related to group size. This represents behavioral plasticity previously only reported at the scale of the species’ biogeographical range. Our results highlight how a “one-size-fits-all” explanation of badger movement is likely to fail under varying ecological contexts and scales, with implications for bovine tuberculosis management.
Carbohydrate Monotony as Protection and Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Britto Savini , Kellermayer Richard
Published: January 2019

The nutritional developmental origins of inflammatory bowel disease[s] (IBDs: Crohn’s disease or Crohn disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]) and their diet-based treatments continue to receive increasing attention. There is growing evidence for the success of nutrition-based treatments, such as exclusive enteral nutrition [EEN] and the specific carbohydrate diet [SCD], in both paediatric and adult patients. Beyond these two dietary interventions, symptomatic benefit in IBD has also been shown from a gluten-free diet [GFD] and paleolithic diet [PALEO], among others. These nutritional therapies may point to critical factors in not only the pathology, but also the pathogenesis of the disease group. It is difficult, however, to discern a common element within the large number of diet-based causation theories [e.g. emulsifiers, processed foods, refrigeration, increased total fat intake, low fibre intake, carbohydrate dominant food, etc.] and the varied dietary treatments of IBD. This Viewpoint article highlights that carbohydrate variation links diet-based causation theories, and that carbohydrate monotony or persistence is the commonly shared characteristic of diet-based IBD therapy. Further research directed towards carbohydrate monotony may critically advance the prevention and treatment of these highly morbid conditions.
Facial attractiveness of cleft patients: a direct comparison between artificial-intelligence-based scoring and conventional rater groups
Authors: Patcas Raphael , Timofte Radu , Volokitin Anna , Agustsson Eirikur , Eliades Theodore , Eichenberger Martina , Bornstein Michael Marc
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To evaluate facial attractiveness of treated cleft patients and controls by artificial intelligence (AI) and to compare these results with panel ratings performed by laypeople, orthodontists, and oral surgeons.

Materials and methods

Frontal and profile images of 20 treated left-sided cleft patients (10 males, mean age: 20.5 years) and 10 controls (5 males, mean age: 22.1 years) were evaluated for facial attractiveness with dedicated convolutional neural networks trained on >17 million ratings for attractiveness and compared to the assessments of 15 laypeople, 14 orthodontists, and 10 oral surgeons performed on a visual analogue scale (n = 2323 scorings).

Results

AI evaluation of cleft patients (mean score: 4.75 ± 1.27) was comparable to human ratings (laypeople: 4.24 ± 0.81, orthodontists: 4.82 ± 0.94, oral surgeons: 4.74 ± 0.83) and was not statistically different (all Ps ≥ 0.19). Facial attractiveness of controls was rated significantly higher by humans than AI (all Ps ≤ 0.02), which yielded lower scores than in cleft subjects. Variance was considerably large in all human rating groups when considering cases separately, and especially accentuated in the assessment of cleft patients (coefficient of variance—laypeople: 38.73 ± 9.64, orthodontists: 32.56 ± 8.21, oral surgeons: 42.19 ± 9.80).

Conclusions

AI-based results were comparable with the average scores of cleft patients seen in all three rating groups (with especially strong agreement to both professional panels) but overall lower for control cases. The variance observed in panel ratings revealed a large imprecision based on a problematic absence of unity.

Implication

Current panel-based evaluations of facial attractiveness suffer from dispersion-related issues and remain practically unavailable for patients. AI could become a helpful tool to describe facial attractiveness, but the present results indicate that important adjustments are needed on AI models, to improve the interpretation of the impact of cleft features on facial attractiveness.
Systematic Review: Cost-effective Strategies of Optimizing Anti-tumor Necrosis and Immunomodulators in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Vasudevan Abhinav , Gibson Peter R , Van Langenberg Daniel R
Published: January 2019

Background

Medication costs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are now the principal driver of health care costs. Cost-effective strategies to optimize and rationalize treatment are therefore necessary.

Methods

A systematic review until April 30, 2018, was performed to identify economic evaluations of strategies to optimize infliximab, adalimumab, and immunomodulators for the treatment of IBD in adults. A qualitative synthesis of the identified studies was performed.

Results

Seventy articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Adalimumab seems cost-effective compared with infliximab as maintenance therapy for moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD). Infusion costs are a significant additional treatment cost with infliximab. However, other studies found biosimilar infliximab more cost-effective than alternative biologics in fistulizing and moderate-severe luminal CD—although the latter did not reach a willingness-to-pay threshold of <$50,000. In moderate-severe ulcerative colitis, infliximab seems more cost-effective than adalimumab. Multiple tailored approaches to treatment based on objective markers of disease activity or efficacy have been shown to be cost-effective in CD, including following secondary loss of response to anti-TNF therapy for postoperative recurrence and in escalating treatment. For immunomodulator treatment, both thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) testing before commencing thiopurines and thiopurine metabolite testing for dose optimization seem cost-effective.

Conclusion

In a win-win for patients and payers, several potential avenues to achieve cost-effectiveness—but also therapeutic optimization of anti-TNF therapies—were elucidated in this review with comparatively sparse data for immunomodulators. Optimizing immunomodulator and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy to achieve objective disease control seems to be cost-effective at conventional willingness-to-pay thresholds in a number of clinical settings.
Splitting schemes and unfitted-mesh methods for the coupling of an incompressible fluid with a thin-walled structure
Authors: Fernández Miguel A , Landajuela Mikel
Published: January 2019

Two unfitted-mesh methods for a linear incompressible fluid/thin-walled structure interaction problem are introduced and analyzed. The spatial discretization is based on different variants of Nitsche’s method with cut elements. The degree of fluid–solid splitting (semi-implicit or explicit) is given by the order in which the space and time discretizations are performed. The a priori stability and error analysis shows that strong coupling is avoided without compromising stability and accuracy. Numerical experiments with a benchmark illustrate the accuracy of the different methods proposed.
Kin States in Sub-state Diplomacy Conflict Dynamics
Authors: Cantir Cristian
Published: January 2019

How and why do diplomatic activities by sub-state units produce conflict with the central government? To answer this question, scholars have focused on multinational states in which at least one administrative unit—Catalonia, for instance—has an identity that is different from the rest of the country. Such noncentral governments (NCGs), the argument goes, are more likely to engage in uncoordinated bypassing activities and in the international projection of their specific identity in a manner that antagonizes central decision makers. That is especially the case if local elites are dissatisfied with the amount of local autonomy and the institutional tools available for identity protection. This article uses insights from the ethnic conflict and nationalism literature to advance sub-state diplomacy scholarship by adding a transnational dimension to the analysis. Three illustrative case studies—France-Canada-Quebec, Austria-Italy–South Tyrol, and Sweden-Finland–the Åland Islands—reveal that kin states can play a variety of roles in the triangular relationship with the kin NCG and the host state and can either exacerbate or dampen conflictual paradiplomacy. More broadly, the article is an effort to conceptualize the role of sovereign states in sub-state diplomacy.
Disrupting Our Academic Communication Style
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

As scientists and clinicians, we have grown up in an academic tradition that tells us to communicate with jargon-filled, technical language and to be so fearful of making an error that reading from slides verbatim at a conference appears to be a sane communication choice. Our years of scientific training may actually result in a net loss of our ability to communicate clearly and simply about the neuroscience we love. Use of an academic communication style interferes with jurors’ ability to access our messages and also reduces our credibility, as we may unwittingly appear distant and condescending. This chapter shares how principles of improvisation can help us disrupt the inaccessible academic communication style we all learned in graduate school. Shedding jargon, giving ourselves permission to allow emotion to creep back into our language, freeing up our body language, and using vivid, clear language allows us to create moments of genuine, productive communication with jurors and other triers of fact. At its heart, improv challenges us to be human, connect with others in ways that are meaningful to others, not take ourselves so seriously, and share the joy/fun we experience in the field we chose.
Relationship with the Jury
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

Because attorneys are asking the questions, expert witnesses might believe that attorneys are their communication partners during testimony. They might also think that communication flows only one way: from the expert and attorney “speakers” toward the jurors. This chapter challenges both of those ideas. Experts should recognize that jurors are their actual communication “partners” and should respect the difficult role of jurors in accessing expert information so they can make a decision. Experts should ask and answer two questions: “What do the jurors need from me?” and “How can I share tools in a way that they can use them in order to do their job?” Experts can invite the jurors to actively engage with their testimony by posing questions and using examples that jurors can relate to and therefore actively imagine. When experts include examples in testimony that jurors can relate to their personal experience, jurors can make their own judgments about the case based on their experience. A productive relationship between the expert and the jury sets the stage for accessible, engaging testimony.
Visuals
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

The goal of direct testimony is to present the narrative of our opinions in an engaging, accessible, and vivid manner. Visual aids are one of our most powerful tools to do this. Pictures, charts, graphs, videos, and other visual media invite our listeners to actively engage with the material we are sharing. Creating the visuals also forces us to summarize our findings. Neuropsychologists and psychologists often like to “hang out in the trees”; we are detail-oriented in our work and often in our testimony. Visual aids help describe the forest; they force us to synthesize and describe the big picture. This chapter is about the use of visuals in testimony and discusses strategies for using visuals in specific testifying circumstances as well as offering some cautionary tales.
Cognitive Development, Premorbid Function, and Intellectual Function
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

Pediatric trauma, medical malpractice, teen criminal cases and capital cases often require explanations of normal and abnormal cognitive development; and almost any case we see as forensic neuropsychologists requires some level of communication about how we assess “premorbid” intellectual or cognitive function. This chapter shares clear, vivid strategies to explain concepts of cognitive development, premorbid intellectual function, and current intellectual abilities. Topics covered include the developing brain, problems that might emerge later in a child’s development, prenatal injuries, and intellectual disability. Because in many forensic contexts, a defendant/plaintiff’s IQ number can have very profound consequences, experts should be prepared when IQ is discussed in court.
Reports
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

Many neuropsychologists, attorneys, and judges see report writing as an important foundation for productive expert testimony. This chapter addresses ways in which our reports affect our testimony, and conversely, how experience testifying transforms the way we write our reports. As emphasized throughout this book, we can create access to our expert knowledge by using clear, vivid, jargon-free language on the witness stand when we communicate with attorneys from the first contacts in the case. This chapter extends that recommendation to our reports as well. Using clear, accessible language can make a difference in the impact of our reports in forensic settings.
Explaining Statistics
Authors: Postal Karen
Published: January 2019

This chapter is a compilation of clear, succinct strategies for explaining difficult-to-understand concepts for jurors when statistical issues are raised in the courtroom. Think of this as a “back pocket” chapter: strategies to have if you need to use them, but not typically anything you would bring up on your own. Many experts starting out in the forensic arena assume that they will be asked to demonstrate their command of statistical minutiae every time they are cross-examined. Statistics, however, are not often brought up because most attorneys do not have the depth of knowledge required to ask the appropriate follow-up questions. They will also avoid an area that they consider to be boring to jurors.
Child Custody in the Context of LGBTQ Relationship Dissolution and Divorce
Authors: Pearson Kim H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses how families headed by LGBTQ people can engage in transformative advocacy during child custody disputes. It presents cases that demonstrate how parental sexual orientation identity can be used to bolster parental claims of fitness and bids for more custodial time with a child. It discusses how advocacy efforts for same-sex marriage and equal treatment of LGBTQ parents have often used assimilative strategies to gain legal protection. Now that many state jurisdictions expand and align their marriage-related rules to include child custody decisions, it is likely that courts will rely on assimilative narratives when making custody decisions for children of LGBTQ parents. As a result, LGBTQ families that fall outside of the stereotypical monogamous, white, wealthy, family configuration may find themselves precluded from legal protection. Deploying a wider range of LGBTQ-positive arguments in child custody cases could help courts recognize ongoing forms of bias against LGBTQ families.
From Conflict to Co-Parenting
Authors: Gianino Mark , Sackton Elisabeth
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines important dimensions of assessment and intervention with same-sex parent couples who choose to dissolve their relationship during the course of treatment, or seek therapy after having made the decision to end their relationship. Unique aspects of therapy with same-sex separated parent couples are illustrated through case examples, and multicultural dimensions of the therapeutic work are emphasized. Special attention is paid to the impact of various forms of oppression on same-sex parenting couples who are separating in the context of societal homophobia and heterosexism. Recommendations for how to facilitate resiliency with these couples are offered. Specific areas of focus include (1) establishing goals for treatment; (2) determining whether the parents can work together on parenting issues; (3) structuring conjoint therapy or referral to a parenting coordinator with medium- and high-conflict couples; (4) establishing a therapist orientation and position that facilitates progress; and (5) the role of individual therapy.
Ethical Issues in Genetic Research with Infants
Authors: Rothwell Erin , Botkin Jeffrey R.
Published: January 2019

There are a number of ethical issues raised when newborns participate in research. Two examples include genetic testing, and the storage and research use of biospecimens collected from newborns. This chapter highlights a range of ethical, legal, and social implications with these practices. Examples from retention of residual newborn screening bloodspots, use of biospecimens collected from infants in biomedical research, concerns with the use of whole genome sequencing, and challenges of consent during the newborn period are discussed. These issues are explored within the context of newborns who are healthy or newborns faced with an undiagnosed condition. At this time, more research is needed to understand the impact of genomics on newborn health care, the storage and use of data generated from biospecimens, and how genetic results from newborns impact families. Further challenges around consent and parental permission are also discussed.
Involving Parents and Children in Community-Engaged Research
Authors: Paquette Erin Talati , Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: January 2019

Stakeholder engagement in research is increasingly relied upon for its potential to increase the relevance of research, improve transparency of the research process, and translate evidence into practice. Engaging communities in research provides research teams with unique views into the needs, interests, and skills of public stakeholders including healthy volunteers, advocacy groups, patient groups, and their families and/or caregivers. This chapter considers key ethical considerations for researchers contemplating community-engaged research, including how to think about protection of human subjects and privacy, concerns regarding conflicts of interest and group harms, and compensation in community-engaged research. These concerns are heightened and further complicated in community-engaged pediatric research because of the additional vulnerabilities of children. In the pediatric setting, the scope of child participation, consent, and compensation deserve special attention, with respect to and for the evolving but not yet fully developed moral agency of children.
Being Known as a Generalist Will Position My Practice Well in the Community
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Although mental health clinicians share a range of general clinical skills, and although each of these skills is important to providing excellent clinical care, such skills are not sufficient for success in the business of private practice. This chapter addresses this myth and shares how mental health clinicians must position themselves in their local market in order to be successful. Specific guidance is provided on how to develop specialty areas and niche areas of practice. It is made clear how these will assist private practitioners to differentiate themselves from local competitors and to better meet the treatment needs of their local community. Concrete steps for developing and building a successful niche practice are provided along with useful resources that may be consulted and utilized to help ensure success in developing and running a niche or specialty practice.
Insurance Companies Just Care About Profits and I Care About My Patients, So It Is OK to Bend the Rules to Get Paid
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

It may be easy to think that because insurance companies are so profitable it is acceptable to engage in ethically or legally questionable practices to ensure that clients receive needed treatment services and that one is paid at the level one thinks appropriate. Mental health clinicians should remember the ethics of their profession and always act in keeping with this. Further, it is important to fulfill all contractual obligations agreed to with insurance companies. This chapter explains these obligations, the challenges and dilemmas that commonly arise, and ways to respond to them in an ethically appropriate manner. The ethical pitfalls that commonly arise when working with insurance companies are explained, and specific recommendations for avoiding these pitfalls are provided. Further, guidance is offered on how to assess key elements of contracts with insurance companies so that thoughtful and informed decisions can be made about participation with these companies before difficulties are experienced.
Keeping Clients in Treatment as Long as Possible Is an Effective Practice-Building Strategy
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Some mental health clinicians may think that it is best to keep clients in treatment as long as possible. After all, this might be seen as an effective way to ensure the stability of one’s private practice, especially for those who are not familiar with how to market their practice effectively. This chapter illustrates how this practice is actually counterproductive to the goal of maintaining a steady client base. It likely will alienate and displease clients and referral sources alike, discourage potential future clients from seeking treatment, place the clinician at risk ethically and legally, and not be a sustainable business practice. This chapter illustrates how meeting each client’s clinical needs appropriately, and helping them toward independent functioning as quickly as is reasonably possible, will actually be a practice-building strategy that will encourage more referrals and a more financially successful practice.
Video Conferencing and Tele-Mental Health Technologies Are Easy Ways to Build My Practice
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

The use of video conferencing and other tele-mental health technologies may seem like an easy way to build one’s private mental health practice. Many individuals around the world do not have ready access to qualified mental health clinicians in their local area, but they do have access to the Internet. This may then seem like an obvious way to build one’s practice. But, as this chapter explains, myriad clinical, ethical, and legal issues and challenges must be considered before providing mental health assessment and treatment services across distances utilizing these technologies. Specific recommendations and key resources are offered to prepare mental health clinicians for the ethical, legal, and clinically appropriate provision of clinical services through the use of these various tele-mental health technologies.
There Is No Need to Have a Budget or Business Plan
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

The business of mental health practice may be quite complex and for those without education and training in the business of practice, it may seem quite daunting. Failure to approach the private practice of mental health from a business perspective may doom one’s practice to failure. This chapter addresses the role of a business plan, explains how it is used, and describes the essential elements that guide practitioners in making decisions relevant to the structuring and running of their practice. The importance of preparation and a detailed business plan, as well as an accompanying budget, is explained. The ways in which such tools can assist mental health clinicians to appropriately plan for and address the many structural, financial, and other challenges that commonly arise in the course of running a business are discussed. Practical strategies and concrete suggestions are offered to help mental health practitioners develop and maintain a financially viable private practice.
Being a Good Caring Person Is All I Need in Order to Practice Ethically and Reduce My Risk of a Malpractice Claim
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. , Zimmerman Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

In general, mental health practitioners are very caring, compassionate, good people. Yet, even so, and even when working diligently to provide the best care possible to clients, it is possible to engage in unethical behaviors and be at risk of a malpractice claim. This chapter explains how ethical practice and effective risk management go far beyond being a nice and caring person. Specific guidance is provided on how to think and reason ethically, especially when confronted with ethical dilemmas and clinically complex and challenging situations. Specific risk management strategies that every mental health practitioner should engage in on an ongoing basis are explained. Guidance is provided on how to act in a manner consistent with one’s values to promote a good working relationship with clients, while ensuring ethical practice and active risk management.
The Power of Policy to Promote Health and Well-Being
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

Governing for health involves designing, crafting, drafting, and implementing policies that will result in healthy, equitable, and sustainable societies in which well-being is enhanced. These policies need to be present in every sector. They need to both direct government actions toward well-being and provide a regulatory framework for the private sector. This chapter examines the role of values and ideologies in policy, including the extent to which agency or structure determines health, describes policy processes, and finally outlines the important meta-policy messages required for good governance for health and well-being. It presents the Mandela of health and discusses the Raworth doughnut model of economics as a useful tool to understand the values that should underline healthy public policy.
Political Dimensions of Governing for Health
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

Politicians are central to governing for health, and this chapter is directed at persuading them to do so. It includes a well-being manifesto and provides evidence to support the value of adopting this manifesto in terms of individual, population, and planetary well-being. Further evidence is provided in terms of how more equitable societies are also more successful, and how pursuing equity can create political capital. The power of the various lobby groups the politicians will encounter and the need to privilege public interests above private profit when assessing the messages from this lobbying are considered. Concomitant to this is the importance of listening to public interest advocates. Civil society advocacy is vital to winning a constituency for the well-being manifesto. The chapter argues the need for global political governance in the face of waning power for nation-states and increasing power for transnational corporations.
Health Sectors as Actors and Advocates for Health and Health Equity
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

Many assume that the health sector is the central government agency for health. Yet very often, health sectors are actually “illness care” sectors that give little concern to the production or maintenance of health. This chapter argues that this state of affairs needs to change so that health sectors do become stewards of the health of the population they are established to serve. Achieving such a health sector will require strong and determined leadership that is able to ensure that curative functions are effective, while also ensuring that disease prevention and health promotion flourish. This is vital to governing for health. This chapter examines the importance of primary health care, disease prevention, and health promotion. The chapter plays particular attention to community strategies, including community ownership of health services, and public health functions, including health impact assessments and Health in All Policies.
Education
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

Education is a vital determinant of health. If you work in the education sector, you are likely to make a greater contributions to promoting population health than many other professionals, including doctors. This is because you have the opportunity to establish the building blocks for good health by encouraging children to maximize their social, emotional, and educational skills, each of which is vital to good health. You can both prevent problems before they occur and create the conditions for good health. This chapter demonstrates why education is so important to health and provides examples of public policies that enable education to maximize its health-promoting potential.
Urban Planning
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the symbiotic relationship between urban planning and public health, examines the features of healthy and sustainable urban environments, provides positive examples of healthy urban planning and the blocks to conducting such planning. Consideration is given to how urban planning can contain sprawl and can create cites that rely more on public transportation, cycling, and walking. Examples of good practice from New York, Zurich, and Bursa (Turkey) are provided. Issues of governance, including public participation in planning and the importance of visionary leadership, are discussed. A perspective of cities as contested ground in which developers seek to maximize profits, often at the expense of urban residents, is developed. Conflicts of interest that arise in development processes are examined.
Civil Society
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

Civil society has been vital to many measures that have improved governance for health. Advocates outside government have inspired many policy and law changes that have resulted in improved health and well-being. Examples include the abolition of slavery, women’s voting rights, and marriage equality. Civil society is also vital to maintain good governance through mechanisms including representative boards of management, watchdog functions, and formal processes of participation. This chapter reviews each of these to demonstrate that civil society is vital to good governance for health. The chapter argues that governance for health is much stronger and more likely to come about when there is top-down action from government, combined with bottom-up pressure for change that can force the hand of governments to act in favor of health, equity, and sustainability. Many examples of civil society action are provided.
Conclusion
Authors: Baum Fran
Published: January 2019

This chapter distills the contents of the book into six central messages: (1) reducing inequities is the central, vital mechanism for building population health; (2) human health is intimately connected to planetary health and needs to be viewed as part of the broader ecosystem; (3) how we govern is vitally important to how healthy, sustainable and equitable we are: good governance is centrally concerned with the involvement of all sectors to promote health and reduce inequities; (4) regulation is a powerful and essential tool for public health; (5) new ways of measuring progress are important; (6) ubiquitous leadership is required for health, equity, and well-being. The chapter elaborates on each of these and then ends with a consideration of the importance of maintaining hope and acting with courage.