bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entdecken und Explorieren von Zusammenhängen im Semantic WebDiscovering and Exploring Relationships in the Semantic Web
Authors: Lohmann Steffen , Heim Philipp , Stegemann Timo , Tetzlaff Lena , Ziegler Jürgen
Published: November 2009

Auch wenn das heutige Web eine gewaltige Menge an Informationen bereithält, unterstützt es nur unzureichend die Entdeckung und Exploration von Zusammenhängen. Hier verspricht das Semantic Web durch eine Graphbasierte Informationsrepräsentation prinzipiell bessere Unterstützung. Allerdings müssen die im Semantic Web beschriebenen Zusammenhänge erst extrahiert und in eine für den Nutzer verständ liche Darstellung gebracht werden. Aus diesem Grund wurde der RelFinder entwickelt, der Zusammenhänge in Datenbeständen des Semantic Web auffindet, nachvollziehbar visualisiert und für den Nutzer erfahrbar macht. Um die interaktive Exploration zu unterstützen, wurden neuartige Visualisierungs- und Interak tionsformen umgesetzt, die erst durch die Repräsentationen des Semantic Web ermöglicht werden. Dieser Artikel zeigt anhand einer Nutzerstudie, welche Potenziale sich damit gegenüber den textbasierten Darstellungsformen des heutigen Web ergeben. Es wird deutlich, dass das Semantic Web in Kombination mit intuitiven Darstellungs- und Bedienkonzepten potenziell sehr geeignet ist, um einen schnellen Überblick über Zusammen hänge zwischen Informationsobjekten zu erhalten.
Sistema electoral y elites regionales: Elecciones municipales y de diputados en Cuernavaca y Cuautla de Amilpas, 1812–1835
Authors: Jaime Irving Reynoso
Published: November 2009

El sistema electoral que se introdujo al territorio novohispano con la Carta gaditana de 1812 fue la base de la legislación electoral que rigió en México al menos hasta 1835. Este trabajo analiza las formas históricas concretas que adquirió la práctica electoral en la región azucarera de Cuernavaca y Cuautla de Amilpas (caracterizada por la tensión entre pueblos y haciendas). Se trata de matizar la visión historiográfica que plantea una mejora sustancial de la vida de los pueblos a partir de la apertura política que significaron las elecciones gaditanas, mostrando cómo existieron casos en que las élites económicas regionales usaron los nuevos mecanismos políticos para proteger sus intereses.

The electoral system of the Constitution of Cádiz (1812) was the foundation of Mexican electoral legislation until 1835. This article analyzes the concrete historical forms and electoral practices under this electoral law in the sugar-producing region of Cuernavaca and Cuautla de Amilpas, characterized by tensions between pueblos and haciendas. By showing several cases of the new political mechanisms used by the regional economic elite to protect their interests, the article challenges the claim that the “political liberalization” entailed in the electoral system of the Cádiz Constitution meant a significant improvement in the political and socioeconomic situation of the pueblos of the region.
Influencia del orientalismo en la explicación del origen del pueblo y ruinas mayas: las tribus perdidas de Israel y el caso Waldeck
Authors: Depetris Carolina
Published: November 2009

Uno de los misterios más persistentes en América ha sido el origen de los pueblos vernáculos. En el siglo XIX, el viajero Frédéric de Waldeck propone una explicación del origen de los pueblos mayas en el primer testimonio escrito conocido sobre las ruinas de Uxmal. En el presente ensayo se analiza este intento a través de un modelo de explicación que la Europa decimonónica encuentra en Oriente y que Waldeck articula a través de uno de sus mitos fundamentales: las tribus perdidas de Israel.

One of the most persistent mysteries in America has been the origin of vernacular peoples. In the 19th century, the traveler Frédéric de Waldeck proposes an explanation of the origin of the Maya people in the first known written testimony about the Uxmal ruins. This essay analyzes this attempt through a model of explanation that the 19th century Europe finds in Orient, which Waldeck articulates by means of one of his fundamental myths: the lost tribes of Israel.
Imagining Mexico in 1921: Visions of the Revolutionary State and Society in the Centennial Celebration in Mexico City
Authors: Gonzales Michael J.
Published: November 2009

In September of 1921, the government of Alvaro Obregón organized a lavish commemoration of the centennial of Agustín de Iturbide's ouster of Spanish authority and the creation of Mexico. The occasion gave the administration the opportunity to present its image of the revolutionary state and society within the context of historical memory and public policy. The official program promoted economic and social programs rooted in nineteenth-century liberalism, as well as a new cultural vision that portrayed contemporary indigenous culture as integral to Mexican national identity. The occasion also gave conservatives the opportunity to present a counternarrative of Mexican history in newspaper articles and editorials that championed Iturbide, the Catholic Church, and Mexico's Spanish heritage. The organization of cultural and sporting events also showcased traditional and popular culture.

En Septiembre de 1921, el gobierno de Alvaro Obregón organizó una celebración para conmemorar el centenario de la expulsión de la monarquía española por parte de Agustín de Iturbide y del nacimiento del Estado mexicano. La ocasión permitió al régimen presentar su imagen como Estado revolucionario dentro del contexto de la memoria histórica y política pública. La agenda oficial promovía programas económicos y sociales basados en el liberalismo del siglo diecinueve, y en una política nueva que presentaba a las culturas indígenas contemporáneas como parte integral de la identidad mexicana. La celebración también dio a los conservadores la oportunidad de presentar una interpretación de la historia mexicana que iba en contra de la oficial. Ésta fue presentada en artículos y editoriales de periódicos que celebraban a Iturbide, la iglesia católica y la herencia española en México. La organización de eventos culturales y deportivos también reveló aspectos centrales de la cultura tradicional y popular.
Mexican Nicodemus: The Apostleship of Refugio Padilla, Cristero, on the Islas Marías
Authors: Butler Matthew
Published: November 2009

This article explores lay responses to religious persecution during Mexico's cristero rebellion (1926–1929), using devotional testimonies produced by Catholic deportees to the Islas Marías penal colony, Nayarit. Faced with the Calles regime's anticlericalism, the article argues that Mexico's episcopate developed an alternative religious model premised on a revitalized lay apostolate; the article then considers how lay actors enacted this identity in practice, through white masses, lay sermons, and clandestine communions. The article concludes that religious persecution, if intended to promote a secular revolutionary culture, also opened new spaces for popular religious participation.

Este artículo explora respuestas a la persecución religiosa durante la rebelión cristera de México (1926–1929), usando testimonios devotos producidos por deportados católicos a la colonia penal de las Islas Marías, Nayarit. Frente al anticlericalismo del régimen de Calles, el artículo sostiene que el episcopado de México desarrolló un modelo religioso alternativo a través de un apostolado revitalizado, pero no profesional; el artículo entonces considera cómo se adoptó esta identidad en la práctica, a través de misas blancas, sermones de no expertos, y comuniones clandestinas. El artículo concluye que la persecución religiosa, al haber intentado promover una cultura revolucionaria secular, también abrió nuevos espacios para la participación religiosa popular.
Combating Co‐witness contamination: Attempting to decrease the negative effects of discussion on eyewitness memory
Authors: Paterson Helen M. , Kemp Richard I. , Ng Jodie R.
Published: November 2009

Witnesses who discuss an event with others often incorporate misinformation encountered during the discussion into their memory of the event. Two experiments were conducted to establish whether this memory conformity also occurs in the context of an interview and whether it is possible to reduce the effect. Participants viewed a crime‐video which they then discussed with a co‐witness. Some participants were warned they may have been exposed to misinformation during the discussion before all were interviewed individually. In Experiment 1, participants made remember/know judgments about each component of their free recall, and in Experiment 2 they were asked to indicate the source of their memories. Co‐witness information was incorporated into participants' testimony, and this effect could not be significantly reduced using warnings and source‐monitoring instructions. Remember/know judgments may be useful in distinguishing ‘real’ memories from false memories. We make some recommendations regarding the interviewing of witnesses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Alkylation of Sulfonamides with Benzylic Alcohols: Catalysis and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Cui Xinjiang , Shi Feng , Tse Man Kin , Gördes Dirk , Thurow Kerstin , Beller Matthias , Deng Youquan
Published: November 2009

The N‐alkylation of sulfonamides with alcohols is efficiently performed in the presence of easily available copper catalysts via hydrogen borrowing methodology. Applying a copper acetate/potassium carbonate system the reaction of sulfonamides and alcohols gave the corresponding secondary amines in excellent yield. In situ HR‐MS analysis indicated that bissulfonylated amines are formed under air atmosphere, which act as self‐stabilizing ligands for the catalytic system. UV‐visible measurements suggest the interaction between the copper centre and the bissulfonylated amine. Reactions of benzyl alcohol‐d7 with p‐toluenesulfonamide, N‐benzyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide or N‐benzylidenetoluenesulfonamide revealed that the reaction proceeds via a transfer hydrogenation mechanism and the whole process is micro‐reversible. Competitive reactions of benzyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol‐d7 with p‐toluenesulfonamide revealed a kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD) of 3.287 (0.192) for the dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol and 0.611 (0.033) for the hydrogenation of the N‐benzylidene‐p‐toluenesulfonamide intermediate, which suggests that dehydrogenation of the alcohol is the rate‐determining step.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Mediated Enantioselective Addition of Phenols to Unsymmetrical Alkylarylketenes
Authors: Concellón Carmen , Duguet Nicolas , Smith Andrew D.
Published: November 2009

Chiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) mediate the enantioselective addition of 2‐phenylphenol to unsymmetrical alkylarylketenes, delivering α‐alkyl‐α‐arylacetic acid derivatives with good levels of enantiocontrol (up to 84% ee). Enantiodivergent stereochemical outcomes are observed using 2‐phenylphenol and benzhydrol in the NHC‐promoted esterification reaction using a triazolium precatalyst derived from pyroglutamic acid, consistent with distinct mechanistic pathways operating within these processes.
Efficient Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Indolation of Allylic Compounds with DDQ via sp3 CH Bond Activation and Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formation Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Mo Hanjie , Bao Weiliang
Published: November 2009

An efficient oxidative cross‐coupling reaction between 1,3‐diarylpropenes and indoles in the presence of palladium chloride was achieved with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanoquinone (DDQ) as oxidant. The reaction afforded 1,3‐diphenylallylindoles in moderate to high yields under mild conditions, thus providing a novel methodology to synthesize the respective products.
Free radical scavenging abilities of flavonyl‐thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds
Authors: Bozdağ‐Dündar Oya , Ertan Rahmiye , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Kładna Aleksandra , Kruk Irena
Published: November 2009

Free radical scavenging activity of flavonyl‐thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds has been evaluated using chemiluminescence, electron spin resonance spectroscopy with 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐1‐oxide as spin trap and DPPH (2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) method. The examined compounds exhibited 28–50% scavenging superoxide anion radical (${\rm{O}}_2^{\bar\bullet}$), 16.7–76.7% hydroxyl radical (HO•) and 9–40% DPPH radical. Compounds containing carbonyl group in their structure can be considered as antioxidants with high relevance and great biological importance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a novel fluorometric assay for nitric oxide utilizing sesamol and its application to analysis of nitric oxide‐releasing drugs
Authors: Abe Seiji , Nakabayashi Shigeo , Murayama Jun‐Ichiro , Sano Yoshihiro , Ohno Ken‐Ichi , Maeda Masako , Arakawa Hidetoshi
Published: November 2009

Nitric oxide (NO) is related to various physiological effects as well as to numerous diseases caused by accentuation of NO production. Measurement of NO in cells and tissues is difficult as NO readily reacts with other molecules; furthermore, its half‐life as a radical is fleeting. Currently, many NO pharmaceuticals are marketed as therapeutic agents for ischemic disease. Consequently, the identification of NO radicals and determination of generation rate from pharmaceuticals is very important when the effect of the medicinal supply is estimated. In this study, we developed a fluorometric assay for NO employing sesamol (3,4‐methylenedioxyphenol) as a fluorometric substrate. Sesamol is converted to a fluorescent derivative (ex. 365 nm, em. 447 nm), which is dimmer in the presence of NO. The detection limit of NO with this method is 400 fmol; moreover, NO generated from drugs can be measured. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐related effects of DHEA on peripheral markers of oxidative stress
Authors: Jacob Maria Helena Vianna Metello , da R. Janner Daiane , Jahn Matheus Parmegiani , Kucharski Luiz Carlos , Belló‐Klein Adriane , Ribeiro Maria Flavia Marques
Published: November 2009

Ageing is an inevitable biological process characterized by a general decline in various physiological functions. DHEA and DHEAS levels are maximal between the second and third life decades, then start to decline 2% per year, leaving a residual of 10–20% of the peak production by the eighth decade. Erythrocytes are exposed to frequent oxidative stress due to the oxygen radicals continuously generated by haemoglobin auto‐oxidation. We investigated DHEA chronic (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously, for 5 weeks) effects over oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes of male Wistar rats of 3, 13 and 18 month‐old. In the 13 month‐old group, we found increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione‐S‐transferase and catalase activities when compared to the other age groups. DHEA produced a marked increase in LPO of 13 month‐old group when compared to its control. DHEA exerted this pro‐oxidant effects in all ages studied, especially in age 13 month‐old. It seems that at 13 month‐old there would be an important depletion of some specific anti‐oxidant in order to determine such susceptibility to DHEA effects. Since this approach allows a minimally invasive assessment, it would be useful as a routine method in human clinical studies investigating DHEA effects during the ageing process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualization of the distant dipolar field: A numerical study
Authors: Kirsch Stefan , Bachert Peter
Published: November 2009

The magnetization of liquid water in an external field generates an intrinsic magnetic field in the sample called the distant dipolar field (DDF). To visualize the spatial distribution of the DDF a numerical study was performed for the case of liquid–state 1H NMR at 7 T. 2D maps of the frequency offset caused by the DDF in pure water were calculated for homogenously magnetized spherical and cylindrical samples as well as for the case of a spatially modulated magnetization distribution occurring e.g., in CRAZED (Cosy Revamped by Asymmetric Z‐Gradient Echo Detection) experiments. The calculation yielded DDF induced frequency offsets in the range of 0.58 Hz to 10.24 Hz inside the homogeneously magnetized cylinders, while DDF‐induced frequency offsets ≤10−5 Hz were obtained inside the sphere. The calculated frequency offsets were in good agreement with analytical results available for a sphere and an infinitely long cylinder. In the case of a spatially modulated magnetization distribution, DDF‐induced frequency offsets with maximum values of +0.83 Hz were obtained inside the sphere. The presented 2D maps of the DDF‐induced frequency offset have tutorial character and may help to visualize this phenomenon in a direct manner. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A:357–364, 2009.
Quantitative F18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography accurately characterizes peripheral nerve sheath tumors as malignant or benign
Authors: Benz Matthias R. , Czernin Johannes , Dry Sarah M. , Tap William D. , Allen‐Auerbach Martin S. , Elashoff David , Phelps Michael E. , Weber Wolfgang A. , Eilber Fritz C.
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

Correct pretreatment classification is critical for optimizing diagnosis and treatment of patients with peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether F18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) can differentiate malignant (MPNST) from benign PNSTs.

METHODS:

Thirty‐four adult patients presenting with PNST who underwent a presurgical FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) scan between February 2005 and November 2008 were included in the study. Tumors were characterized histologically, by FDG maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax [g/mL]), and by CT size (tumor maximal diameter [cm]). The accuracy of FDG PET for differentiating MPNSTs from benign PNSTs (neurofibroma and schwannoma) was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS:

SUVmax was measured in 34 patients with 40 tumors (MPNSTs: n = 17; neurofibromas: n = 9; schwannomas: n = 14). SUVmax was significantly higher in MPNST compared with benign PNST (12.0 ± 7.1 vs 3.4 ± 1.8; P < .001). An SUVmax cutoff point of ≥6.1 separated MPNSTs from BPSNTs with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 91% (P < .001). By ROC curve analysis, SUVmax reliably differentiated between benign and malignant PNSTs (area under the ROC curve of 0.97). Interestingly, the difference between MPNSTs and schwannomas was less prominent than that between MPNSTs and neurofibromas.

CONCLUSIONS:

Quantitative FDG PET imaging distinguished between MPNSTs and neurofibromas with high accuracy. In contrast, MPNSTs and schwannomas were less reliably distinguished. Given the difficulties in clinically evaluating PNST and in distinguishing benign PNST from MPNST, FDG PET imaging should be used for diagnostic intervention planning and for optimizing treatment strategies. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Addressing cancer health disparities using a global biopsychosocial approach
Authors: King Denae , Miranda Patricia , Gor Beverly , Fuchs‐Young Robin , Chilton Janice , Hajek Richard , Torres‐Vigil Isabel , Hernández‐Valero Mariá A. , Snipes S. Amy , Jones Lovell
Published: November 2009

The Center for Research on Minority Health has translated the biopsychosocial framework to address global cancer health disparities through the integration of biological (eg, endogenous steroids, genetic susceptibility, and pesticide levels) and behavioral (eg, dietary interventions) determinants, along with community‐based research (eg, comprehensive involvement of community advisory boards) and educational approaches (eg, kindergarten through postgraduate training). Evidence of successful implementation of this framework includes health disparities training for >2000 individuals ranging from elementary to the postgraduate level, and conducting transdisciplinary projects that incorporate traditional and nontraditional health professionals to examine associations between biological and nonbiological determinants of health. Examples and recommendations for implementation of the biopsychosocial approach as it applies to cancer health disparities research are described. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Chemotherapy intensity and toxicity among black and white women with advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer
Authors: Farley John H. , Tian Chunqiao , Rose G. Scott , Brown Carol L. , Birrer Michael , Risinger John I. , Thigpen J. Tate , Fleming Gini F. , Gallion Holly H. , Maxwell G. Larry
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

The purpose of this study was to confirm whether black and white women with endometrial cancer are equally tolerant of chemotherapy and identify factors that impact survival.

METHODS:

A retrospective review of 169 black women and 982 white women with the International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians stage III, stage IV, or recurrent endometrial carcinoma was performed. All patients received doxorubicin combined with cisplatin. Chemotherapy parameters that were reviewed included relative dose, relative time, and relative dose intensity. Treatment cycles ≥7 were defined as treatment completion.

RESULTS:

Although black patients were more likely to experience grades 3‐4 anemia (20% vs 14%) and genitourinary (5% vs 1%) toxicity, and less likely to experience severe gastrointestinal toxicity (10% vs 17%), the overall incidence of grades 3‐4 treatment‐related chemotoxicity was the same between the 2 groups (82% vs 82%). There were no differences in the number of cycles received, relative dose (0.57 vs 0.58), relative time (0.77 vs 0.78), or relative dose intensity (0.76 vs 0.76) for black and white patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

Black patients with advanced stage or recurrent endometrial cancer, treated on 4 Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) protocols, had similar dose intensity and severe chemotherapy‐related toxicity compared with white patients, suggesting that previously described racial disparities in survival among patients in GOG trials may have an novel etiology. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Petrography and geochemistry of the late Eocene–early Oligocene submarine fans and shelf deposits on Lemnos Island, NE Greece. Implications for provenance and tectonic setting
Authors: Maravelis A. , Zelilidis A.
Published: November 2009

Provenance and tectonic history of the late Eocene‐early Oligocene submarine fans and shelf deposits on Lemnos Island, NE Greece, were studied using sandstone framework composition, sedimentological data and sandstone and mudstone geochemistry. The resulting tectonic–sedimentological model is based on the late Eocene–early Oligocene Lemnos Island being in a forearc basin with the outer arc ridge as a major sediment source. Modal petrographic analysis of the studied sandstones shows that the source area comprises sedimentary, metamorphic and plutonic igneous rocks deposited in the studied area in a recycled orogenic environment. Moreover, within the above sediments, the minor occurrence of volcanic fragments suggests little or no influence of a volcanic source. Provenance results, based on major, trace and rare earth element (REE) data, suggest an active continental margin/continental island arc signature. All the samples are LREE, enriched relative to HREE, with a flat HREE pattern and positive Eu anomalies, suggesting that the processes of intracrustal differentiation (involving plagioclase fractionation) were not of great importance. Results derived from the multi‐element diagrams also suggest an active margin character, and a mafic/ultramafic source rock composition, while the positive anomaly of Zr that can be attributed to a passive continental margin source, is most likely associated with reworking and sorting during sediment transfer. Palaeocurrents, with a NE–NNE direction, indicate a northeast flow, towards the location of the late Eocene–early Oligocene magmatic belt in the north‐east Aegean region. Conglomerates are composed of chert, gneiss and igneous fragments, such as basalts and gabbros, suggesting this outer arc ridge as a likely source area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Choosability of toroidal graphs without short cycles
Authors: Cai Leizhen , Wang Weifan , Zhu Xuding
Published: November 2009

Let G be a toroidal graph without cycles of a fixed length k, and χl(G) the list chromatic number of G. We establish tight upper bounds of χl(G) for the following values of k:

© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 65: 1–15, 2010.
On Ramsey‐type positional games
Authors: Nešetřil Jaroslav , Valla Tomáš
Published: November 2009

Beck introduced the concept of Ramsey games by studying the game versions of Ramsey and van der Waerden theorems. We contribute to this topic by investigating games corresponding to structural extensions of Ramsey and van der Waerden theorems—the theorem of Brauer, structural and restricted Ramsey theorems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 64: 330–342, 2010
In situ detection of cocaine hydrochloride in clothing impregnated with the drug using benchtop and portable Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ali Esam M. A. , Edwards Howell G. M. , Hargreaves Michael D. , Scowen Ian J.
Published: November 2009

This study describes the application of benchtop and portable Raman spectroscopy for the in situ detection of cocaine hydrochloride in clothing impregnated with the drug. Raman spectra were obtained from a set of undyed natural and synthetic fibres and dyed textiles impregnated with the drug. The spectra were collected using three Raman spectrometers: one benchtop dispersive spectrometer coupled to a fibre‐optic probe and two portable spectrometers. Despite the presence of some spectral bands arising from the natural and synthetic polymer and dyed textiles, the drug could be identified by its characteristic Raman bands. High‐quality spectra of the drug could be acquired in situ within seconds and without any sample preparation or alteration of the evidential material. A field‐portable Raman spectrometer is a reliable technique that can be used by emergency response teams to rapidly identify unknown samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of prebiotics on viability and growth characteristics of probiotics in soymilk
Authors: Yeo Siok‐Koon , Liong Min‐Tze
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Soy products have attracted much attention lately as carriers for probiotics. This study was aimed at enhancing the growth of probiotics in soymilk via supplementation with prebiotics.

RESULTS: Lactobacillus sp. FTDC 2113, Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 8033, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, Bifidobacterium FTDC 8943 and Bifidobacterium longum FTDC 8643 were evaluated for their viability and growth characteristics in prebiotic‐supplemented soymilk. In the presence of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulin, mannitol, maltodextrin and pectin, all strains showed viability exceeding 7 log10 colony‐forming units mL−1 after 24 h. Their growth was significantly (P < 0.05) increased on supplementation with maltodextrin, pectin, mannitol and FOS. Additionally, supplementation with FOS, mannitol and maltodextrin increased (P < 0.05) the production of lactic acid. Supplementation with FOS and maltodextrin also increased the α‐galactosidase activity of probiotics, leading to enhanced hydrolysis and utilisation of soy oligosaccharides. Finally, prebiotic supplementation enhanced the utilisation of simpler sugars such as fructose and glucose in soymilk.

CONCLUSION: Supplementation with prebiotics enhances the potential of soymilk as a carrier for probiotics. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of Sudan IV in hot chilli powder with luminol/dissolved oxygen chemiluminescence system
Authors: Niu Lichuan , Song Zhenghua , Chen Donghua
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: A green, simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) procedure is proposed for the determination of Sudan dyes. The method is based on the finding that Sudan I, II, III and IV markedly enhance the CL intensity of the luminol/dissolved oxygen reaction.

RESULTS: The increment in CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of Sudan I, II, III and IV, giving calibration graphs linear over the ranges 0.007–1, 0.5–30, 1–10 and 0.7–300 ng mL−1 respectively (R2 ≥ 0.9981), with limits of detection of 0.002, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.2 ng mL−1 respectively. At a flow rate of 2 mL min−1, complete determination of Sudan dyes, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 40 s, with relative standard deviations of less than 5% (n = 7).

CONCLUSION: The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Sudan IV in contaminated hot chilli powder, with recoveries ranging from 89.3 to 108.4%. The possible mechanism of enhancement of the lumininol/dissolved oxygen CL reaction by Sudan IV can be attributed to the acceleration of electron transfer. Compared with other procedures, the proposed CL method offers the highest sensitivity and the least reagent consumption for the determination of Sudan IV. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic animal tissue using cleanup by freezing‐dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with GC‐MS
Authors: Liu Xiujuan , Hu Jia , Huang Changjiang , Wang Huili , Wang Xuedong
Published: November 2009

A method for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic animal tissue was developed, and it is based on cleanup by freezing‐dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) for the pretreatment of samples with fat content. Aquatic animal tissue homogenate was extracted with acetone, and then frozen in a freezer at −80°C. Fat in aquatic animal tissue was isolated from the analytes, i.e. PBDE congeners dissolved in acetone and fat formed floccules at low temperature. The supernatant was extracted using the DLLME technique. Under the optimum DLLME conditions, 0.75 mL supernatant with 33 μL chlorobenzene was added into 5.0 mL pure water, and subsequently cloudy solution was formed. After centrifuging, 1.0 μL lower phase was subjected to GC‐MS analysis. Recovery test was performed at fortified concentrations of 5.0–2500 μg/kg. The detection results showed that the recoveries for each target analyte ranged from 75.3 to 127.8%. The repeatability of the proposed method by spiking aquatic animal samples at 10 μg/kg for PBDEs, expressed as RSD, n=5, varied between 4.3 and 10.3% (n=5). LOD of the proposed method for aquatic animal tissue samples were between 2.4 and 4.9 μg/kg for all the analytes.
Synthesis of Cationic Polyelectrolytes by Inverse Microemulsion Polymerization
Authors: González Gemma , Ugalde Jesus M. , de la Cal José C. , Asua José M.
Published: November 2009

The inverse microemulsion copolymerization of acrylamide and [2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]‐ trimethylammonium chloride (Adamquat) was investigated using different reactors (batch, semicontinuous, and CSTR). It was found that formation of long branches through extensive intermolecular chain transfer occurred at low temperature (35 °C). Molecular weights and long branching levels were correlated and decreased as batch > semicontinuous > CSTR. These differences affected the performance of the copolymers as flocculants. Results indicated that successful flocculant should contain a good balance between short and long chains.

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Regional development of uterine decidualization: Molecular signaling by Hoxa‐10
Authors: Das Sanjoy K.
Published: November 2009

Uterine decidualization, a key event in implantation, is critically controlled by stromal cell proliferation and differentiation. Although the molecular mechanism that controls this event is not well understood, the general consensus is that the factors derived locally at the site of implantation influence aspects of decidualization. Hoxa‐10, a developmentally regulated homeobox transcription factor, is highly expressed in decidualizing stromal cells, and targeted deletion of Hoxa‐10 in mice shows severe decidualization defects, primarily due to the reduced stromal cell responsiveness to progesterone (P4). While the increased stromal cell proliferation is considered to be an initiator of decidualization, the establishment of a full‐grown functional decidua appears to depend on the aspects of regional proliferation and differentiation. In this regard, this article provides an overview of potential signaling mechanisms mediated by Hoxa‐10 that can influence a host of genes and cell functions necessary for propagating regional decidual development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 387–396, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of clay modification on the reinforcement of vinyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane networks
Authors: Kim Eung Soo , Shim Jae Hun , Jung Sung Hun , Joo Jung Hiuk , Yoon Jin‐San , Lee Seong Hoon
Published: November 2009

A novel method was attempted to reinforce a vinyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with two commercially available clays, sodium montmorillonite and Cloisite® 25A. The two clays were functionalized with bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) to prepare Na+MMTS4 and C25AS4, respectively. Incorporation of the tetrasulfide group‐containing clays, especially Na+MMTS4, was found to be effective for the enhancement of the interfacial interaction between PDMS and the clays by way of a plausible chemical reaction between the tetrasulfide groups (TSS) and the vinyl‐terminated PDMS. Compounding of PDMS with the TESPT‐modified clays improved the mechanical properties significantly. In particular, the elongation at break of PDMS/Na+MMTS4 composite was almost twice as high as that of neat PDMS, even if the silicate layers were not fully exfoliated in the PDMS matrix. The tear strength of PDMS was also improved greatly as a result of the incorporation of Na+MMTS4. According to toluene swelling test results, the crosslinking density of the composites was lower than that of neat PDMS, indicating that the improved mechanical properties of the composites arise from enhanced compatibility between the constituents and not from increased crosslinking density. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced performance of a CuPc: PCBM based solar cell using bathocuproine BCP or nanostructured TiO2 as hole‐blocking layer
Authors: Derouiche Hassen , Miled Hatem Ben , Mohamed Abdelatif Belhadj
Published: November 2009

The roles played by a hole‐blocking layer, TiO2 or BCP are investigated for heterojunction photovoltaic devices based on CuPc and the fullerene derivative PCBM. The insertion of TiO2 or BCP thin films in the CuPc:PCBM based solar cells resulted in a higher open circuit voltage (VOC) and a higher fill factor which is due to the increase in the shunt resistance as well as to the improved collection of the electrons at the aluminum (Al) cathode. The energy conversion efficiency of the device having TiO2 hole‐blocking layer is two times greater than that having BCP.
A facial approach to fabricate superhydrophobic aluminum surface
Authors: Chen Zhijun , Guo Yabing , Fang Shaoming
Published: November 2009

A facial chemical etching method was developed for fabricating superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces. The resultant surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle (WCA) measurement, and optical methods. The surfaces of the modified aluminum substrates exhibit superhydrophobicity, with a WCA of 154.8° ± 1.6° and a water sliding angle of about 5°. The etched surfaces have binary structure consisting of the irregular microscale plateaus and caves in which there are the nanoscale block‐like convexes and hollows. The superhydrophobicity of aluminum substrates occurs only in some structures in which the plateaus and caves are appropriately ordered. The resulted surfaces have good self‐cleaning properties. The results demonstrate that it is possible to construct superhydrophobic surface on hydrophilic substrates by tailoring the surface structure to providing more spaces to trap air. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A conceptual guide to natural history museum visitors' understanding of evolution
Authors: Evans E. Margaret , Spiegel Amy N. , Gram Wendy , Frazier Brandy N. , Tare Medha , Thompson Sarah , Diamond Judy
Published: November 2009

Museum visitors are an ideal population for assessing the persistence of the conceptual barriers that make it difficult to grasp Darwinian evolutionary theory. In comparison with other members of the public, they are more likely to be interested in natural history, have higher education levels, and be exposed to the relevant content. If museum visitors do not grasp evolutionary principles, it seems unlikely that other members of the general public would do so. In the current study, 32 systematically selected visitors to three Midwest museums of natural history provided detailed open‐ended explanations of biological change in seven diverse organisms. They were not told that these were evolutionary problems. Responses were coded as: informed naturalistic reasoning, featuring some understanding of key evolutionary concepts, novice naturalistic reasoning, featuring intuitive explanations that are also present in childhood, and creationist reasoning, featuring supernatural explanations. All visitors were mixed reasoners, using one or more of these patterns in different permutations across the seven organisms: 72% used a combination of informed naturalistic reasoning and novice naturalistic reasoning, while a further 28% added creationist reasoning to this mix. Correlational analyses indicated that for many visitors these reasoning patterns were coherent rather than fragmented. The theoretical model presented in this article contributes to an analysis of the developmental and cultural factors associated with these patterns. This could help educators working in diverse educational settings understand how to move visitors and students toward more informed reasoning patterns. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47:326–353, 2010
Surgical technique: new advances for expanding indications and increasing safety in liver resection for HCC
Authors: Ishizawa Takeaki , Mise Yoshihiro , Aoki Taku , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Beck Yoshifumi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Kokudo Norihiro
Published: November 2009

Purpose

We introduce recent advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management in liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Our approaches to further enhancing the efficacy of resection for HCC, based on our presentation at “The 6th International Meeting of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Eastern and Western Experiences” held in Seoul in December 2008, are presented, along with a review of recent advances in this field reported from eastern Asia.

Results

In our series, liver resection enabled a 5‐year overall survival rate of close to 60%, even among patients with multiple HCCs and those with portal hypertension in a background of Child‐Pugh class A cirrhosis. Favorable long‐term results were obtained by the precise evaluation of liver function using the indocyanine green (ICG) test and the application of perioperative treatments for gastroesophageal varices and severe thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, promising novel techniques have been applied to increase the efficacy of HCC resection, including the preoperative simulation of liver resection, using three‐dimensional computed tomography, a “peeling‐off” technique for resecting HCC with macroscopic portal venous tumor thrombus, ICG‐fluorescent imaging, predeposit autologous plasma transfusion, and laparoscopic liver resection.

Conclusions

The safety and accuracy of liver resection for HCC has been continuously enhanced by advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care. Given that the resection of HCC offers a satisfactory overall survival rate for patients with portal hypertension and those with oligonodular multiple tumors, the surgical indications can now be expanded to include such second‐best candidates.
Antioxidant Effects of Berry Phenolics Incorporated in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions with Continuous Phase β‐Lactoglobulin
Authors: Salminen Hanna , Heinonen Marina , Decker Eric A.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of berry phenolics, in this case, black currant (Ribes nigrum) anthocyanins and raspberry (Rubus idaeus) ellagitannins, in the presence of continuous phase β‐lactoglobulin (β‐Lg), on the oxidative stability of Brij 35‐stabilized corn oil‐in‐water emulsions. The extent of lipid oxidation in emulsions was measured by determining the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and hexanal, and extent of protein oxidation by monitoring the loss of tryptophan and cysteine residues in the continuous phase β‐Lg. Berry phenolics at concentration levels of 20 and 50 μM were able to prevent lipid oxidation with and without β‐Lg in the aqueous phase. The results show that a combination of β‐Lg and berry phenolics was more efficient in inhibiting hexanal formation than either component alone. Synergistic effects on antioxidant activity toward hexanal were observed only at the 20 μM levels of berry phenolics in combination with continuous phase β‐Lg. The berry phenolics were also able to inhibit the oxidation of tryptophan and cysteine residues of β‐Lg. The results show that the amino acid residues were oxidized prior to the propagation of lipid oxidation. This suggests that these amino acids were able to inhibit fatty acid scission. The information gained from this study would be useful in protecting emulsion‐based food products from oxidative deterioration.
Timing and extent of early marine oxygen isotope stage 2 alpine glaciation in Skagit Valley, Washington
Authors: Riedel Jon L. , Clague John J. , Ward Brent C.
Published: November 2009

Twenty-two new radiocarbon ages from Skagit valley provide a detailed chronology of alpine glaciation during the Evans Creek stade of the Fraser Glaciation (early marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2) in the Cascade Range, Washington State. Sediments at sites near Concrete, Washington, record two advances of the Baker valley glacier between ca. 30.3 and 19.5 cal ka BP, with an intervening period of glacier recession about 24.9 cal ka BP. The Baker valley glacier dammed lower Skagit valley, creating glacial Lake Concrete, which discharged around the ice dam along Finney Creek, or south into the Sauk valley. Sediments along the shores of Ross Lake in upper Skagit valley accumulated in glacial Lake Skymo after ca. 28.7 cal ka BP behind a glacier flowing out of Big Beaver valley. Horizontally laminated silt and bedded sand and gravel up to 20 m thick record as much as 8000 yr of deposition in these glacially dammed lakes. The data indicate that alpine glaciers in Skagit valley were far less extensive than previously thought. Alpine glaciers remained in advanced positions for much of the Evans Creek stade, which may have ended as early as 20.8 cal ka BP.
Cytotype regulation by telomericPelements inDrosophila melanogaster: variation in regulatory strength and maternal effects
Authors: THORP MICHAEL W. , CHAPMAN ERIC J. , SIMMONS MICHAEL J.
Published: November 2009

Strains carrying the X-linked telomericPelementsTP5orTP6varied in their ability to repress hybrid dysgenesis. The rank ordering of these strains was consistent across different genetic assays and was not related to the type of telomericPelement (TP5orTP6) present. Strong repression of dysgenesis was associated with weak expression of mRNA from the telomericPelement and also with a reduced amount of mRNA from a transposase-producingPelement contained within a transgene inserted on an autosome. A strictly maternal component of repression, transmitted independently of the telomericPelement, was detected in the daughters but not the sons of females from the strongest repressing strains. However, this effect was seen only when dysgenesis was induced by crossing these females to males from a P strain, not when it was induced by crossing them to males homozygous for a single transposase-producingPelement contained within a transgene. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the P cytotype, the condition that regulatesPelements, involves an RNA interference mechanism mediated by piRNAs produced by telomericPelements such asTP5andTP6and amplified by RNAs produced by otherPelements.
Accuracy of genomic selection using stochastic search variable selection in Australian Holstein Friesian dairy cattle
Authors: VERBYLA KLARA L. , HAYES BEN J. , BOWMAN PHILIP J. , GODDARD MICHAEL E.
Published: November 2009

Genomic selection describes a selection strategy based on genomic breeding values predicted from dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. Multiple methods have been proposed but the critical issue is how to decide whether an SNP should be included in the predictive set to estimate breeding values. One major disadvantage of the traditional Bayes B approach is its high computational demands caused by the changing dimensionality of the models. The use of stochastic search variable selection (SSVS) retains the same assumptions about the distribution of SNP effects as Bayes B, while maintaining constant dimensionality. When Bayesian SSVS was used to predict genomic breeding values for real dairy data over a range of traits it produced accuracies higher or equivalent to other genomic selection methods with significantly decreased computational and time demands than Bayes B.
Direct versus indirect effects of social rank, maternal weight, body condition and age on milk production in Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)
Authors: Landete-Castillejos Tomás , Ceacero Francisco , García Andrés J , Estevez Jose A. , Gallego Laureano
Published: November 2009

Social rank in cervids and other mammals is not entirely predicted by body weight, but in most cases influences access to food directly. Milk provisioning depends on maternal weight and on daily food intake. Usually, body weight, body condition, age and social rank are inter-correlated making it very difficult to discern the relative importance of each variable to milk production. This study used path analysis to assess direct versus indirect effects of these variables on milk production of 62 Iberian red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Once the known direct effects of body weight and body condition were set as fixed, hind age and social rank did not affect milk production directly. In contrast, they exerted an indirect influence through the correlation both with hind body weight and body condition. Body weight exerted an effect on milk production nearly twice as great as that of body condition. This study shows, for the first time in a wild mammal, the relative importance of social rank, body weight, body condition and age in affecting milk production ability.
On Arthrocephalus gambiensis n.g., n.sp., a new Ankylostome from an African Mongoose
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: November 2009

This small ankylostome was collected from the intestine of a Gambian mongoose which had arrived in England some eight months previously, and had died in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London.
Viannella viscaciæ n.sp., a Nematode Parasite of the South American rodent Viscacia viscacia
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Two members of a collection of the South American rodent Viscacia viscacia received by the Zoological Society of London, died early this year, one of them about 10 days after arrival at the Gardens. At the post-mortem examination both were found to have the alimentary canal heavily parasitized with Trichostrongylid nematodes. In the stomach there occurred Graphidioides rudicaudatus and Trichostrongylus retortæformis, whilst in the small intestine there were a few specimens of Trichostrongylus retortæformis and large numbers of the worm which forms the subject of the present paper. To naked eye examination of the intestinal wall the worms appeared as small bright red spots about the size of a pin's head and it could be seen that each was spirally coiled.