bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening of Silver-Tolerant Bacteria from a Major Philippine Landfill as Potential Bioremediation Agents
Authors: Adriano Joan S. , Oyong Glenn G. , Cabrera Esperanza C. , Janairo Jose Isagani B.
Published: October 2018

The field of microbial biotechnology has revolutionized the utilization of microorganisms to overcome the problems of environmental pollutions. The present study aimed to identify silver-tolerant isolates and screen their ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles for possible use as bioremediation agents. Seventeen bacterial isolates from soil collected from the Smokey Mountain landfill in Manila, Philippines, were found to tolerate 0.01 M AgNO3 in the culture medium. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the isolates as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus flexus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter sp. and Ochrobactrum sp. The formation of silver nanoparticles was evident in the change in color of the reaction mixtures, and was detected through UV-VIS spectroscopy with absorbance peaks at 250-300 nm and 400-450 nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the aggregation of diverse shapes of silver nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 70 to 200 nm. The best silver nanoparticle-synthesizing isolates were Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus cereus. The results denote the promising microbial technology application of the 17 silver-tolerant isolates in combating the adverse effects of metals and other pollutants in the environment.
Kinetics of Vinyl Acetate Biodegradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens PCM 2123
Authors: Gąszczak Agnieszka , Bartelmus Grażyna , Greń Izabela , Janecki Daniel
Published: October 2018

The microbial degradation of vinyl acetate (VA) by Pseudomonas fluorescens PCM 2123 strain was studied in both batch and continuous modes. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the kinetic model of the cell growth and biodegradation rate of vinyl acetate (VA), which was the sole carbon and energy source for tested microorganisms. The experiments, carried out in a batch reactor for several initial concentrations of growth substrate in the liquid phase ranging from 18.6 to 373 gsubstrate·m−3 (gs·m−3) made it possible to choose the kinetic model and to estimate its constants. The Haldane inhibitory model with the values of constants: μm
= 0.1202 h−1, KS
= 17.195 gs·m−3, Ki
= 166.88 gs·m−3 predicted the experimental data with the best accuracy. To set the parameters of maintenance metabolism it was necessary to carry out a series of continuous cultures at different dilution rates (0.05 to 0.072 h−1) and concentrations of VA in the liquid supplied to the chemostat ranging from 30.9 to 123.6 gs·m−3. The obtained data-base enabled to determine the coefficient for maintenance metabolism (me
= 0.0251 gsubstrate gcell dry weight
−1·h−1 (gs·gcdw
−1·h−1)) as well as the maximal and observed values of yield coefficients, Yxs M
= 0.463 gcdw·gs
−1 and (Yxs
)
obs
= 0.411 gcdw·gs
−1, respectively. The developed kinetics was verified by comparison of the computed and obtained in batch experiments profiles of changes in biomass and growth substrate concentrations.
Optimal Allocation of Resources at Risks Occurring in the Nodes of a Network
Authors: Sgurev V. , Drangajov S.
Published: October 2018

A linear programming model is proposed for interpretation of the problem for allocation of resources between a finite number of consumption stores at which the risks occurring are considered. At that linear constraints are imposed between the resources in the detached points and between the risks occurring at that. Results are obtained related to reducing this problem to a general Linear Programming (LP) program in which optimal solution is sought for minimization of the expenses for allocation of the resources as well as for taking the risks. A numerical realization of the linear model proposed is carried out that confirms the theoretical results received.
Wireless Kinect-NAO Framework Based on Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System
Authors: Lekova A. , Krastev A. , Chavdarov I.
Published: October 2018

In the context of learning new skills by imitation for children with special educational needs, we propose Wireless Kinect-NAO Framework (WKNF) for robot teleoperation in real time based on Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) Fuzzy Inference System. The new solutions here are related to complex whole-body motion retargeting, standing body stabilization, view invariance and smoothness of robot motions. The raw depth Kinect data are fuzzified and processed by median filter. The joint angles estimation for motion mapping of Human to NAO movements is based on fuzzy logic and featured angles rather than direct angles are calculated by Inverse Kinematics due to differences in the human and robot kinematics. During the joint angles calculation nonlinearities are observed as a result of ambiguity of Kinect 3D joint coordinates in different offsets. NAO kinematic limitations and nonlinearities in workspace are decomposed and linearly approximated by T-S fuzzy rules of zero and first order that have local support in 2D projections. To prevent the robot to fall down, the center of mass is considered in order NAO to stay within a support and safe polygon. The feasibility of the proposed framework has been proven by real experiments.
An Algorithm for Generating a Dispersed Population of Feasible Schedules for Flexible Job Shop Problems
Authors: Kirilov L. , Guliashki V.
Published: October 2018

The flexible job shop problems (FJSP) are an important class of scheduling problems and they have a significant practical value. Unfortunately it is not easy to solve job shop problems and in particular FJSPs because they are NP-hard problems. In this paper we propose a method for generating a set of feasible schedules for a given FJSP.
Interaction of a Humanoid Robot Nao with a Non-Humanoid Walking Robot
Authors: Krastev A. , Chavdarov I. , Dimitrova M.
Published: October 2018

The paper considers a novel algorithm for performing joint tasks between a humanoid robot NAO and a low-budget (Low-Cost) walking robot Big Foot. The specific construction of Big Foot allows movement by walking, change of direction and overcoming obstacles by using only two engines. The principle of movement of Big Foot is presented and the parameters, which determine the step and velocity of movement, are discussed. NAO robot sets the beginning of task execution and controls reaching the target position by the non-humanoid robot. NAO sonars are employed for this purpose. The non-humanoid robot Big Foot is controlled remotely by a human. The information on the timing of the executed movements and the reaching of the target is collected in several ways by using the sensors of NAO and Big Foot. The obtained results are analysed. Possibilities for application of the proposed algorithm are discussed.
CK1α Collaborates with DOUBLETIME to Regulate PERIOD Function in theDrosophilaCircadian Clock
Authors: Lam Vu H. , Li Ying H. , Liu Xianhui , Murphy Katherine A. , Diehl Jonathan S. , Kwok Rosanna S. , Chiu Joanna C.
Published: October 2018

The animal circadian timing system interprets environmental time cues and internal metabolic status to orchestrate circadian rhythms of physiology, allowing animals to perform necessary tasks in a time-of-day-dependent manner. Normal progression of circadian rhythms is dependent on the daily cycling of core transcriptional factors that make up cell-autonomous molecular oscillators. InDrosophila, PERIOD (PER), TIMELESS (TIM), CLOCK (CLK), and CYCLE (CYC) are core clock proteins that function in a transcriptional–translational feedback mechanism to regulate the circadian transcriptome. Posttranslational modifications of core clock proteins provide precise temporal control over when they are active as regulators of clock-controlled genes. In particular, phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism that dictates the subcellular localization, stability, and transcriptional activity of clock proteins. Previously, casein kinase 1α (CK1α) has been identified as a kinase that phosphorylates mammalian PER1 and modulates its stability, but the mechanisms by which it modulates PER protein stability is still unclear. UsingDrosophilaas a model, we show that CK1α has an overall function of speeding up PER metabolism and is required to maintain the 24 h period of circadian rhythms. Our results indicate that CK1α collaborates with the key clock kinase DOUBLETIME (DBT) in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus to regulate the timing of PER-dependent repression of the circadian transcriptome. Specifically, we observe that CK1α promotes PER nuclear localization by antagonizing the activity of DBT to inhibit PER nuclear translocation. Furthermore, CK1α enhances DBT-dependent PER phosphorylation and degradation once PER moves into the nucleus.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCircadian clocks are endogenous timers that integrate environmental signals to impose temporal control over organismal physiology over the 24 h day/night cycle. To maintain the 24 h period length of circadian clocks and to ensure that circadian rhythms are in synchrony with the external environment, key proteins that make up the molecular oscillator are extensively regulated by phosphorylation to ensure that they perform proper time-of-day-specific functions. Casein kinase 1α (CK1α) has previously been identified as a kinase that phosphorylates mammalian PERIOD (PER) proteins to promote their degradation, but the mechanism by which it modulates PER stability is unclear. In this study, we characterize the mechanisms by which CK1α interacts with DOUBLETIME (DBT) to achieve the overall function of speeding up PER metabolism and to ensure proper time-keeping.
Integration of Small- and Wide-Field Visual Features in Target-Selective Descending Neurons of both Predatory and Nonpredatory Dipterans
Authors: Nicholas Sarah , Supple Jack , Leibbrandt Richard , Gonzalez-Bellido Paloma T. , Nordström Karin
Published: October 2018

For many animals, target motion carries high ecological significance as this may be generated by a predator, prey, or potential mate. Indeed, animals whose survival depends on early target detection are often equipped with a sharply tuned visual system, yielding robust performance in challenging conditions. For example, many fast-flying insects use visual cues for identifying targets, such as prey (e.g., predatory dragonflies and robberflies) or conspecifics (e.g., nonpredatory hoverflies), and can often do so against self-generated background optic flow. Supporting these behaviors, the optic lobes of insects that pursue targets harbor neurons that respond robustly to the motion of small moving objects, even when displayed against syn-directional background clutter. However, in diptera, the encoding of target information by the descending neurons, which are more directly involved in generating the behavioral output, has received less attention. We characterized target-selective neurons by recording in the ventral nerve cord of male and female predatoryHolcocephala fuscarobberflies and of male nonpredatoryEristalis tenaxhoverflies. We show that both species have dipteran target-selective descending neurons that only respond to target motion if the background is stationary or moving slowly, moves in the opposite direction, or has un-naturalistic spatial characteristics. The response to the target is suppressed when background and target move at similar velocities, which is strikingly different to the response of target neurons in the optic lobes. As the neurons we recorded from are premotor, our findings affect our interpretation of the neurophysiology underlying target-tracking behaviors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany animals use sensory cues to detect moving targets that may represent predators, prey, or conspecifics. For example, birds of prey show superb sensitivity to the motion of small prey, and intercept these at high speeds. In a similar manner, predatory insects visually track moving prey, often against cluttered backgrounds. Accompanying this behavior, the brains of insects that pursue targets contain neurons that respond exclusively to target motion. We here show that dipteran insects also have target-selective descending neurons in the part of their nervous system that corresponds to the vertebrate spinal cord. Surprisingly, and in contrast to the neurons in the brain, these premotor neurons are inhibited by background patterns moving in the same direction as the target.
Gut Microbiome in Critical Illness (Review)
Authors: Chernevskaya E. A. , Beloborodova N. V.
Published: October 2018

Radical changes in the composition, diversity and metabolic activity of gut microbiome in critically ill patients most probably affect adversely the outcome of treatment. Microbiota dysfunction may be a predictor and presumably the main cause of infectious complications and sepsis. Clinicists use objective scales for evaluation of patient condition severity including specific parameters of disorders of organs and systems; however, microbiota function is not considered specific and, hence, not evaluated. Technical capabilities of the recent decade have allowed characterizing the intestinal microbiota and that helped understanding the ongoing processes. The authors have analyzed data about the role of intestinal microbiota as a metabolic 'reactor' during critical states, possible complications related to misbalance of 'harmful' and 'beneficial' bacteria, and examined potential of a targeted therapy aimed directly at correction of intestinal microbiota. Search for papers was carried out using Scopus and Web of Science databases 2001 to 2018 years: (Gut Microbiota) AND (Critically ill OR Intensive care unit), key words taken for the search were: intestinal microbiota, metabolism, sepsis, antibiotics, critically ill patients, multiple organ failure. A number of questions in understanding of the interaction between gut microbiome and host remain open. It is necessary to take into account interference of microbial metabolism while assessing metabolome of patients with sepsis. Among low-molecular compounds found in blood of sepsis patients, special attention should be paid to molecules that can be classified as ‘common metabolites’ of humans and bacteria, for example, degradation products of aromatic compounds, which many-fold rise in blood of septic patients. It is necessary to take into consideration and experimentally model changes in the human internal environment, which occur during radical transformation of microbiome in critically ill patients. Such approach brings in new prospects for objective monitoring of diseases by evaluating metabolic profile at a particular moment of time based on integral indices reflecting the status of microbiome/metabolome system, which will supply new targets for therapeutic intervention in future.
Efficacy of adding Luvos® Healing Earth supplementation to mebeverine in improving symptoms and quality of life of patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Mokhtare Marjan , Asadipanah Mohammadreza , Bahardoust Mansour , Chaharmahali Arezoo , Sikaroudi Masoomeh Khalighi , Khoshdelnezamiha Mohammad , Davanloo Farbod Abbaskhani , Masoodi Mohsen , Bahadorizadeh Leyla
Published: October 2018

Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. Treatment can improve symptoms and social functioning in the patients. This study was designed to assess the effect of adding Luvos supplementation to mebeverine on improving symptoms and quality of life (QOL) in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

Methods: Eighty patients with diarrhea-predominant IB, ages 18-65, were diagnosed by the Rome IV criteria and randomly assigned to the study. Forty patients (group A) received mebeverine (135 mg) twice a day (bid) plus Luvos®Healing Earth (1 sachet, bid). The other 41 patients (group B) received mebeverine (135 mg) bid for 4 weeks. Basic demographic data, Bristol score, symptom severity score, and QOL questionnaire were recorded at the start and completion of treatment. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 22.

Results: Seventy one of the patients (35 and 36 patients in groups A and B, respectively) completed the study. The majority of the patients were young males, unmarried and highly educated. Diarrhea and QOL were both significantly improved in group A when compared to group B (P=0.036 and P=0.028, respectively). We did not find a significant difference (improvement) in abdominal pain or overall symptom score between group A (mebeverine + Luvos) compared to group B (mebeverine alone) (P=0.096 and P=0.071, respectively). Mild and tolerable adverse effects were observed in 2.8% (2/71) of the patients.

Conclusion: According to our results, Luvos supplementation is safe, effective and well-tolerated in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients. Further study with a larger sample size is recommended to evaluate the efficacy of this natural clay-like medicine.
Economía Ecológica y la construcción epistemológica de una ciencia revolucionaria para la sostenibilidad y la transformación del mundo
Authors: Lizarazo Jerson S.
Published: October 2018

La Economía Ecológica surge como un nuevo campo que estudia las relaciones entre los ecosistemas y los sistemas económicos en el sentido más amplio. Para ello, busca partir de bases epistemológicas diferentes a las de la ciencia convencional determinista y, particularmente, de la Economía Neoclásica. El reto de construir una ciencia de la sostenibilidad ha llevado a la apertura de un pluralismo metodológico y a la integración de propuestas interdisciplinares, transdisciplinares, y al nacimiento de una nueva ciencia “posnormal” o “tipo 2”, en contraposición del monismo epistemológico tradicional. Sin embargo, en su evolución, la Economía Ecológica no ha logrado desmarcarse de las suposiciones epistemológicas ni de las omisiones ontológicas de la ciencia determinista y corre el riesgo de ser asimilada de nuevo como un simple soporte teórico de la Economía Ambiental, a pesar de su gran potencial revolucionario. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de una revisión bibliográfica sobre las bases epistemológicas y conceptuales de la Economía Ecológica, su evolución en los últimos 30 años y sus perspectivas de futuro en el tránsito de una ciencia normal e institucionalizada hacia la construcción de nuevas formas de entender el conocimiento y las relaciones entre las sociedades humanas y los ecosistemas.
Biodiversidad, servicios ecosistémicos y el reto de la inclusión
Authors: Rincón-Ruiz Alexander
Published: October 2018

Esta presentación parte de la necesidad de reflexionar sobre el estudio de los servicios ecosistémicos y sus avances en temas asociados a la inclusión, valoración, límites y asimetrías de poder. Este debate es el punto de partida de un recorrido en el que se tienen cuenta las problemáticas inherentes al paradigma del crecimiento económico y la evolución de las crisis ambientales y sociales. Desde la comprensión de la complejidad de la naturaleza se avanza hacia una propuesta de valoración integral que permite la visibilización de conflictos ambientales, el aporte de nuevas visiones de entender el mundo y de elementos para toma de decisiones más incluyentes y justas.
The influence of foundation mass on dynamic response of track-vehicle interaction
Authors: Nguyen Phuoc T. , Pham Trung D. , Hoang Hoa P.
Published: October 2018

The influence of foundation mass on the dynamic response of track-vehicle interaction is studied in this paper. The moving vehicle is modeled as a two-axle mass-spring-damper four-degrees-of-freedom system. A new dynamic foundation model, called "Dynamic foundation model" including linear elastic spring, shear layer, viscous damping and foundation mass parameter, is used to analyze the dynamic response of the track-vehicle interaction. The railway track on the new dynamic foundation model subjected to a moving vehicle is regarded as an integrated system. By means of the finite element method and dynamic balance principle, the governing equation of motion for railway track-vehicle-foundation interaction is derived and solved by the step-by-step integration method. The accuracy of the algorithm is verified by comparing the numerical results with the other numerical results in the literature. The influence of foundation mass parameter on the dynamic response of railway track-vehicle interaction is investigated. The numerical results show that with the new dynamic foundation model the foundation mass effects more significantly on the dynamic response of track-vehicle interaction. The study shows that the new dynamic foundation model describes the true behavior of soil in the analysis of dynamic response of structures on the foundation.
Effective conductivity of isotropic composite with Kapitza thermal resistance
Authors: Kien Nguyen Trung , Luat Nguyen Van , Chinh Pham Duc
Published: October 2018

A simple method is introduced for computing the effective conductivity of isotropic composite with imperfect interface. Based on the doubly-coated circle assemblage model, one can determine the effective thermal conductivity of the composite. The application of this model to the composite with imperfect interface of the Kapitza's type is proposed. The results obtained were compared with the Fast Fourier Transform simulation and the equivalent inclusion approximation in 2D show the effectiveness of the methods.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO PADRÃO DAS CHUVAS OCORRENTES EM LAVRAS, MG
Authors: Evangelista Adão Wagner Pêgo , Carvalho Luiz Gonzaga de , Bernardinho Daniel Teixeira
Published: October 2018

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO PADRÃO DAS CHUVAS OCORRENTES EM LAVRAS, MG  Adão Wagner Pêgo Evangelista; Luiz Gonsaga de Carvalho; Daniel Teixeira BernardinoDepartamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, awpego@ufla.br  1 RESUMO Em razão da variação da intensidade da precipitação pluvial durante a sua ocorrência, desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de estudar os padrões de chuvas erosivas naturais verificadas em Lavras, MG, e estimar o período de retorno das chuvas em três padrões propostos. Para isto utilizou-se uma série histórica de dados pluviográficos para o período de 1987 a 1989 e 1992 a 2003, correspondente à Estação Climatológica Principal 83687 (INMET). As chuvas foram classificadas em padrão avançado, intermediário e atrasado, de acordo com a posição do pico de máxima intensidade e, posteriormente, foram calculadas as intensidades máximas de chuva para várias durações e períodos de retorno. Também foram construídas curvas de intensidade, duração e freqüência para os padrões de chuva supracitados. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que o padrão de chuvas avançado se destacou em todos os parâmetros analisados, seguido em ordem decrescente pelo padrão de chuvas intermediário e atrasado. O padrão avançado correspondeu a 68% do total de chuvas analisadas, o intermediário com 22% e o atrasado com 10%. UNITERMOS: período de retorno, intensidade de chuva, perfil de precipitação.  EVANGELISTA, A.W.P.; CARVALHO, L.G. de; BERNARDINO, D.T. RAINFALL PATTERN CHARACTERIZATION IN LAVRAS, MG  2 ABSTRACT Due to rainfall intensity variation during its occurrence, this experiment was carried out in order to study the natural erosive rainfall patterns, in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and estimate the rainfall return period for the three proposed patterns. Climatic historic pluviograph data from 1987 to 1989 and from 1992 to 2003 were used. Rainfall events were classified as advanced, intermediate and delayed, according to their maximum intensity peak position and afterwards, the maximum rainfall intensity was calculated for several durations and return periods. Intensity, duration and frequency curves for the three above mentioned patterns were also calculated. It was concluded that the advanced pattern of rainfall was more significant than all the analyzed parameters, followed by the intermediate one and the delayed pattern. The advanced pattern corresponded to 68% of the total analyzed rainfall, the intermediate one to 22% and the delayed pattern to 10% KEYWORDS: return period, rainfall intensity, precipitation profile.
ANÁLISE DAS EFICIÊNCIAS DE APLICAÇÃO E DE USO DA ÁGUA EM CULTIVO DE ARROZ NO PERÍMETRO IRRIGADO MORADA NOVA, CE
Authors: Costa Raimundo Nonato Távora , Colares Daniel Santana , Saunders Luís Carlos Uchôa , Souza Francisco De
Published: October 2018

ANÁLISE DAS EFICIÊNCIAS DE APLICAÇÃO E DE USO DA ÁGUA EM CULTIVO DE ARROZ NO PERÍMETRO IRRIGADO MORADA NOVA, CE  Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa1; Daniel Santana Colares1; Luís Carlos Uchôa Saunders1; Francisco de Souza21Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, rntcosta@fortalnet.com.br2Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas, Fortaleza, CE  1 RESUMO Os objetivos da pesquisa foram estudar a eficiência de aplicação e do uso da água do cultivo do arroz no perímetro irrigado Morada Nova, Ceará, no período de julho a dezembro de 2003. Estabeleceu-se a cultivar EPAGRI 109 em unidades de solo com texturas areia-franca, franca e argilo-siltosa. Utilizaram-se calhas Parshall e sifões de plástico como instrumentos para medição e aplicação de água aos tabuleiros. O período de irrigação do cultivo de arroz para as condições de solo e clima no perímetro irrigado Morada Nova situa-se em torno de 120 dias, período este que deve ser tomado como referência para o planejamento da irrigação. A eficiência de uso da água para os solos de textura leve apresentou valor médio de 0,2 kg.m-3; já para os solos de textura pesada, de 0,43 kg.m-3. A eficiência de aplicação de água na unidade textural argilo-siltosa, solo adequado ao cultivo de arroz apresentou um valor médio de 77%. Na unidade textural areia franca, porém, solo não recomendado para o cultivo do arroz, a eficiência de aplicação foi apenas de 38%. UNITERMOS: (Oryza sativa, L., irrigação, eficiência de aplicação.  COSTA, R. N.T., COLARES, D.S., SAUNDERS, L.C.U., SOUZA, F.; EFFICIENCY OF WATER APLICATION AND USE FOR RICE IN MORADA NOVA IRRIGATION DISTRICT, CEARÁ   2 ABSTRACT Efficiency of water application and use for rice, cultivated from July to December 2003, was analyzed in Morada Nova Irrigation District, in Ceará – Brazil. Cultivar EPAGRI 109 was established in sandy-loan, loam and clay-loam soil units. Applied water was measured using Parshall flumes and sipluon tubes. Rice irrigation period for local climate and soil conditions was 120 days, also used for irrigation planning. Water use efficiency for sandy soils presented 0.2 kg.m-3 average values, while 0.43 kg.m-3 was the value for heavy soils. Application water efficiency for clay-loam soils, appropriate for rice, was 77%. However, for sandy soils – not recommended for rice – the water application efficiency was only 38%. KEYWORDS: (Oryza sativa, L.), irrigation, application efficiency
Rede de mentiras: a propagação de fake news na pré-campanha presidencial brasileira
Authors: Ribeiro Ferreira Ricardo
Published: October 2018

A disseminação de conteúdo falso ou fora de contexto e seu impacto em processos de decisão das democracias ocidentais ganharam nova força com as redes sociais e voltaram a ser objeto de muitas análises, em especial depois dos resultados do referendo do Brexit e de eleições nos EUA e na Europa, em 2016 e 2017. Revisando estudos sobre estes acontecimentos e discutindo em bases teóricas e empíricas as causas e efeitos das fake news na Web 2.0, este artigo identifica a quantidade e a distribuição deste tipo de conteúdo no cenário pré-eleitoral brasileiro. Foram rastreados os links que continham os nomes dos principais possíveis candidatos à Presidência do Brasil em 2018 com o maior engajamento (compartilhamento e interações) nas redes sociais em 2017 e, após classificação utilizando critérios definidos, o desempenho das fake news foi comparado com o das notícias da mídia mainstream. Dois dados se destacam: o engajamento das fake news foi até três vezes maior que o engajamento em conteúdos de veículos de comunicação tradicionais e, nos casos dos dois melhores colocados nas pesquisas de intenção de voto até o momento da coleta de dados, situados em lados opostos do espectro ideológico, os conteúdos falsos respondem por mais da metade dos engajamentos.
A construção viral da realidade: ciberpopulismos e polarização dos públicos em rede
Authors: Baldi Vania
Published: October 2018

O presente artigo visa analisar os desafios sociotécnicos e políticos representados pela fragmentação e polarização dos discursos públicos que atravessam os diferentes espaços info-comunicacionais. A opinião pública perspetiva-se como balcanizada por conflitos permanentes entre interpretações e tomadas de posição que dizem respeito a temas de relevância pública. Destaca-se como o intuito desses discursos não é o de gerar um diálogo entre interlocutores para chegar a uma plausível interpretação da realidade, mas o de tornar virais convicções preestabelecidas e assim acentuar o afastamento entre os grupos intervenientes.

Nesta perspetiva, afirma-se como os fenómenos sociais ficam transfigurados e pulverizados em micronarrativas radicais, abstratas e incoerentes, deturpando as noções de realidade e verdade. Dentro deste cenário é analisado como os media digitais, através dos seus diferentes filtros, algoritmos, affordances, bots, trolls etc., proporcionam uma intensificação e uma expansão da desordem informacional, que por sua vez se reflete numa ameaça para a vida democrática. Nesse sentido, a distorção dos conteúdos e das formas comunicativas são consideradas como emblemáticas e reforçativas das caraterísticas e tendências principais dos atuais movimentos populistas.

Comparando e articulando um conjunto de investigações, dados, hábitos e acontecimentos relativos ao fenómeno sociopolítico do populismo e ao tipo de literacia tecno-cultural predominante na infoesfera pretende-se enquadrar e analisar, através dum prisma interdisciplinar, os desafios societais representados pela emergente sobreposição de questões políticas, tecnológicas e culturais. Se apresentam no fim do texto iniciativas culturais, tecnológicas, jornalísticas e jurídicas que apontam para uma resposta construtiva e criativa à tendência sociotécnica e sociopolítica analisada ao longo do artigo.
Evaluation of Maxillary Permanent Molars in Patients with Syndromic Craniosynostosis after Monobloc Osteotomy and Midface Advancement with Rigid External Distraction (RED)
Authors: Sant'anna Eduardo F. , Cury-Saramago Adriana De A. , Figueroa Alvaro A. , Polley John W.
Published: October 2018

Objective

This retrospective study was conducted to analyze changes in the maxillary permanent molars after monobloc advancement with rigid external distraction (RED).

Setting

University hospital–based craniofacial center.

Materials and Methods

Fourteen patients, three in primary, eight in mixed, and three in permanent dentition underwent monobloc advancement with RED. After a latency period of 6 days, distraction was carried out for 18 days. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before surgery (T1) and an average of 3.72 months after the removal of the distractor (T2). Panoramic radiographs were taken at T1, T2, and T3 (an average of 14.87 months after RED removal), to search for surgical tooth trauma, arrested crown/root development, impaction, tooth germ displacement, dilacerations, and other possible dental abnormalities. Vertical and horizontal displacement and angulations of the permanent maxillary molars were evaluated before and after surgery.

Statistics

A paired t test was used to analyze significant changes in molar position after distraction.

Results and Conclusions

Distraction created posterior arch length with significant horizontal forward movement of the first and second molars ( p < .05) and minimal vertical displacement ( p > .05). The procedure disrupted the development of one of the first molars, three of the second molars, and two of the third molars. Incidence of molar damage was increased in patients operated on during primary dentition. Careful surgical technique during pterygomaxillary disjunction, especially in young children, and long-term radiographic follow-up of maxillary molars is strongly recommended.
Strategies for the Advancement of Surgical Methods in Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Roberts Christopher T. , Semb Gunvor , Shaw William C.
Published: October 2018

This paper examines the clinical research methodologies used for the evaluation of cleft lip and palate therapies. A survey of clinical reports in the Cleft Palate Journal between 1964 and 1988 revealed that almost all used retrospective methods (96%). The authors examine the merits and biases associated with retrospective evaluation of therapies and compare these to prospective randomized clinical trials. The strengths and weaknesses of clinical trials are discussed in relation to the long-term evaluation of primary surgery in cleft patients. For these to be successful, further work is needed to investigate questions such as sample size, possible predictors of long-term outcome, and improved methods of presurgical assessment. The authors conclude that if the uncertainties associated with the choice of primary cleft surgery are to be resolved, the challenge of multicenter prospective clinical trials must be faced by the various disciplines involved in cleft palate clinical research.
Effects of Extended Speaking on Resonance of Patients with Cleft Palate
Authors: Webb Mary , Starr Clark D. , Moller Karlind
Published: October 2018

Groups of listeners and rating scales were used to study the effects of extended speaking on resonance and voice quality in eight adults with cleft palate and mild to moderate hypernasality and a matched group of noncleft adults, with normal resonance and voice quality. Authors interpret their findings as indicating that resonance changes were greater and vocal quality changes less, for the cleft group, but that changes were not extensive nor always in the direction of increased hypernasality or decreased vocal quality.
Comparison of Nasometer and Listener Judgments of Nasality in the Assessment of Velopharyngeal Function after Pharyngeal Flap Surgery
Authors: Nellis Janet L. , Neiman Gary S. , Lehman James A.
Published: October 2018

This study examined the relationship between nasalance scores as derived from the Model 6200 Nasometer and listener judgments of perceived nasality for individuals with pharyngeal flaps. Sixteen Individuals with pharyngeal flaps read a speech sample consisting of seven sentences for which associated nasalance scores were obtained. In addition, 10 trained listeners were asked to judge the subjects' audiorecorded speech samples for the degree of both hypernasality and hyponasality using two 6-point scales. The mean judges' ratings of hypernasality did not increase systematically with increasing nasalance scores or with decreasing hyponasality ratings. However, as the nasalance scores associated with nasal loaded sentences increased, a systematic decrease in listener perception of hyponasality occurred.
Robin Sequence: Changes in Thinking Leading to Changes in Patient Care
Authors: Sadewitz Vicki L.
Published: October 2018

Robin sequence is now understood to be a grouping of clinical findings that does not represent a distinct multiple anomaly syndrome. Previously known as the “Pierre Robin syndrome,” this fairly common association of micrognathia with cleft palate and upper airway obstruction was Initially thought to be a specific disease, and entire treatment regimens were established to deal with presumed problems. Until recently, the management of Robin has not been excellent and mortality has been high. It is only a better understanding of the basic mechanisms leading to this sequence that has resulted In better care. This article reviews the history of the delineation of Robin sequence and how the perception of Robin has led directly to management decisions.
Ethical and Health Policy Issues in the Treatment of Children with Major Craniofacial Deformities
Authors: Strauss Ronald P.
Published: October 2018

The advent of craniofacial surgery and neonatal intensive care has made it possible for children with serious craniofacial deformities to live and possibly to experience effective habilitation. These therapeutic innovations also raise important social and ethical issues that are rarely examined. This paper reviews the dilemmas that relate to the gatekeeper role for physicians, the impact of prenatal diagnosis, and the allocation of scarce fiscal and health resources to craniofacial care. The high degree of cost, the intense investment of medical resources, and the uncertain outcomes in the care of children with major craniofacial deformities, must be considered in the distribution of resources within a health system. The rationing of health resources is discussed as a future determinant of how care for major craniofacial deformities may be delivered in the United States.
Ear Malformation and Hearing Loss in Patients with Treacher Collins Syndrome
Authors: Pron Gaylene , Galloway Cheryl , Armstrong Derek , Posnick Jeffrey
Published: October 2018

Although the hearing loss of patients with Treacher Collins syndrome is well documented, few studies have reported jointly on their hearing loss and ear pathology. This paper reports on the hearing loss and computerized tomography (CT) assessments of ear malformations in a large pediatric series of patients with Treacher Collins. Of the 29 subjects assessed by the Craniofacial Program between 1986 and 1990, paired audiologic and complete CT assessments were available for 23 subjects. The external ear canal abnormalities were largely symmetric, either bilaterally stenotic or atretic. In most cases, the middle ear cavity was bilaterally hypoplastic and dysmorphic, and ossicles were symmetrically dysmorphic or missing. Inner ear structures were normal in all patients. The majority of patients had a unilateral or bilateral moderate or greater degree of hearing loss and almost half had an asymmetric hearing loss. The hearing loss of all subjects was conductive, except for three whose loss was bilateral mixed. Two types of bilaterally symmetric hearing loss configurations, flat and reverse sloping, were noted. Conductive hearing loss in patients with Treacher Collins is mainly attributable to their middle ear malformations, which are similar for those of patients with malformed or missing ossicles.
Experimental Effects of Bone Plating in Infancy on Craniomaxillofacial Skeletal Growth
Authors: Eppley Barry L. , Platis James M. , Sadove A. Michael
Published: October 2018

The potential effects of mini- and microfixation on craniofacial development was investigated in an animal model. Twenty-four rabbits had amalgam markers placed bilaterally at the lambdoid, coronal, and frontonasal sutures at 28 days of age. In group 1, plating was not done and served as controls. In groups 2 to 4, single 2- and 4-hole microplates and 4-hole miniplates were fixed across the left coronal suture. The right suture was not plated. After 6 months, intermarker distances and craniofacial angles were measured radiographically. Coronal sutures underneath the plates were also histologically evaluated. Plating across the coronal suture resulted in local anteroposterior constriction of marker distances that did not differ with the type of fixation used. More distant markers, however, were increased in all specimens as a compensation and, as a result, the cranionasal length of all groups were similar. No change in craniofacial angles was observed from that of the controls. Sutural morphology on the side of fixation was altered with decreased widths, cellular numbers, and bone deposition. These experimental results demonstrate that early plate application in a normal calvarium results in local growth restriction that can be overcome by regional bone growth compensation.
Orthopedic Protraction of the Upper Jaw in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients during the Deciduous and Mixed Dentition Periods in Comparison with Normal Growth and Development
Authors: Tindlund Rolf S. , Rygh Per , Bøe Olav E.
Published: October 2018

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients often develop maxillary retrusion after cleft repair. Since 1977, a group of 98 cases with negative overjet (anterior crossbite) during the period of deciduous dentition has been treated by the Bergen CLP team. The purpose of treatment has been to achieve favorable occlusion with positive overjet and overbite by means of anterior orthopedic traction (protraction). The average age at start of treatment was 6 years 11 months, and mean treatment duration was 13 months. The protraction force was 700 g. The serial lateral cephalograms of the treated CLP group were compared with those of a noncleft group with normal growth. Normalization of the sagittal maxillomandibular relationship (ANB angle) was achieved. Significant changes were a more anterior position of the upper jaw, and a more posterior position of the lower jaw, due to mandibular clockwise rotation. The variation was considerable. This paper reports the overall changes in the whole CLP group (ALL-C group).
Craniofacial Growth in Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Ages Six Years to Adulthood
Authors: Trotman Carroll-Ann , Ross R. Bruce
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the study was to localize the characteristic craniofacial abnormalities in young children with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate, to average their growth changes, and to compare all these to observations from a normative sample. A longitudinal sample of 30 males with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate was obtained from the files of the Craniofacial Center at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. An age-matched noncleft control sample was selected from the Burlington Orthodontic Research Center. All individuals had lateral cephalometric radiographs at approximately 6 years, 12 years, and as adults. These were analyzed by cephalometrics and by tensor biometrics. The results of the two methods of analysis were in agreement and tended to complement each other. In the cleft sample, there was little cleftinig effect on the midline structures of the cranial base; the premaxilla was initially protruded but became normal in the adult; the nasal bone was longer and more protruded; the posterior maxillary segments were hypoplastic and the bony pharynx narrower; there was overeruption of the posterior teeth; and the mandibular gonial area was smaller.
Image Corrected Cephalometric Analysis (ICCA): Design and Evaluation
Authors: Spolyar John L. , Vasileff William , Macintosh Robert B. , Rune Bodil , Spolyar John L.
Published: October 2018

Image corrected cephalometric analysis (ICCA) Is a method for eliminating serial image parallax error. In a radiographic survey, image parallax is an inherent and random property of the two-dimensional Image of the subject. Radiographs of the same subject taken at different times will be different in image parallax. This difference, parallax error, is routinely displayed between serial radiographic studies. Parallax error discourages the use of conventional serial cephalometric surveys for tracking and studying changes in discrete craniofacial structures lying outside the midsagittal plane, unilaterally disposed, or changing without bilateral symmetry. Anatomic outlines or discrete points of such structures would routinely display measurement perturbations caused by image parallax differences between surveys. The ICCA method eliminates this problem. Therefore, accurate serial measurements of bone marker point displacements are made possible with two-dimensional reconstructions of points lying in three-dimensional space. The method of ICCA was tested for accuracy by using zero time serial cephalometric surveys of five subjects. Mean implant error of 0.12 mm (SD = 0.1) was found between predicted (ICCA) and actual measured Implant movement caused by the image parallax error. After applying this method, bone marker movements are unlikely to be caused by parallax error between conventional serial cephalometric studies. Furthermore, displacement growth can be related to the relocation of composite growth outlines and midline anatomic landmarks. One plagiocephaly case and one hemifacial microsomia case were used to demonstrate ICCA for growth and treatment effect documentation.
Clefts of the Lip and Palate in Twins: Use of DNA Fingerprinting for Zygosity Determination
Authors: Eufing Harald , Rand Steven , Scholz Walter , Machtens Egbert
Published: October 2018

The study of twins is a well-established method for evaluating the relative roles of heredity and environmental factors in the etiology of diseases. Conclusions depend on zygosity determination and on the classification of minor forms of diseases. This paper reports on ten (5 mono- and 5 dizygotic) out of thirteen twin pairs among 1039 patients with cleft lip and palate (n = 677) or cleft palate (n = 362). Zygosity was determined using “DNA fingerprinting” on blood samples In all 10 pairs and on cleft-associated tissue in one pair. Including minor forms of clefting, two of five pairs of monozygotic and two of five pairs of dizygotic twins of the same sex showed concordance. “DNA fingerprinting” should be established as a definitive method for zygosity determination, and the calculation of concordance rates should always include minor forms of diseases.
Cleft Palate Rehabilitation: Interim Strategies in Indonesia
Authors: Willcox Doris Schreiber
Published: October 2018

The following is a discussion of the formidable obstacles to cleft palate rehabilitation in Indonesia, including frequent feeding deaths, lack of timely surgery, lack of speech therapists, and lack of follow-up opportunities. It describes the work of a remarkable group of Indonesian professionals who, along with a few interested Western associates, are searching for ways to provide treatment and care for needy patients with cleft lip and palate. It details the various strategies being attempted to overcome some of these obstacles.
Medieval Example of Cleft Lip and Palate from St. Gregory's Priory, Canterbury
Authors: Anderson Trevor
Published: October 2018

An archaeologically retrieved skeleton from medieval Canterbury possibly of the late eleventh or twelfth century, displays clear evidence of cleft lip and palate. A case of cleft palate dating from the seventh century, is known from an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Burwell. This is the first evidence for both cleft lip and palate in British archaeological material. The individual had survived into adulthood. Apart from an odontome, there was no osseous evidence of any other abnormalities. Artistic evidence of cleft lip dates to the fourth century b.c. and surgical intervention (a.d. 390) is known from China.
Neuroendocrine and Neurophysiologic Changes of Adolescence
Authors: Schaefer G. Bradley
Published: October 2018

This paper reviews the changes of adolescence that affect neuroendocrine and neurophysiologic functions. Normal variability in onset and progression of pubertal stages is discussed. The effects of hypothalamic and pituitary maturation and resulting changes in circulating hormone levels at the onset of secondary sexual characteristics are reviewed. Several theories and research data regarding the causes of the onset of puberty are identified. Abnormal symptoms of pubertal development are reviewed, and suggestions made for the Cleft Palate-Craniofacial team to monitor these symptoms.
Emotional Effects of Plastic Surgery on the Adolescent with a Cleft
Authors: Canady John W.
Published: October 2018

Issues related to the emotional effects of surgery on the adolescent are reviewed in this paper. Psychological aspects of the preoperative preparation of the adolescent and family are discussed. Caution is suggested regarding overgeneralizations from the sometimes conflicting data in the literature, reviewed here, on social aspects of physical appearance. An outline of a plan for the work-up of an adolescent undergoing appearance changing surgery is presented. The importance of communication and patience in approaching the adolescent is stressed.