bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The D blood group system of the horse1
Authors: Sandberg Kaj
Published: August 2010

Three new horse blood group factors designated E2, E' and Y were described. Evidence was presented that these three factors as well as the factors D, J and E1 known before, belong to the D system established by Stormont & Suzuki (1964). That system was thus extended from being a two factor, three allele system, to the most complex system known in the horse so far. It was demonstrated that the D system is closed through the factors E2 and E'. However a few exceptions to that rule were encountered.

A minimum of 10 alleles, two of which were extremely rare seemed to control the system. Frequencies of the factors and the genes of the system were given for the Swedish Trotter breed and the North‐Swedish Horse breed.
Serological techniques for the detection of antibodies to porcine thrombocytes. 2. The complement fixation and antiglobulin consumption techniques
Authors: Linklater K. A. , Imlah P.
Published: August 2010

Attempts were made to detect antibodies to porcine thrombocytes by two indirect techniques. Only hetero‐antibodies were detected by complement fixation; iso‐antibodies were detected by the antiglobulin consumption technique. The latter gave consistent reliable results, the difference between positive and negative results being clear‐cut, but was found to be laborious.

The problems of porcine thrombocyte serology are discussed.
Genetic control of serum esterases in day‐old pigs1
Authors: Grunder A. A. , Kristjansson F. K.
Published: August 2010

A new polymorphic system of serum esterases was revealed in day‐old pigs by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Esterase zones of this system were not observed in newborn pigs before suckling or in adult pigs. What appeared to be a system controlled by two alleles was shown to be controlled by three alleles after treatment of sera with neuraminidase originating from Vibrio cholerae. The three alleles, EsIIO, EsIIE, and EsIIF, control six phenotypes.
A relationship between wool quality and blood potassium type in sneep
Authors: Kalla S. D. , Ghosh P. K.
Published: August 2010

Fibre diameter and medullation percentage in the wool of 474 adult ewes of 3 breeds, belonging to high (HK) and low (LK) blood potassium type have been determined (Marwari 78 LK/198 HK; Chokla 42 LK/56 HK and Russian Merino × Marwari 66 LK/34 HK). No significant difference between potassium types within any of the breeds was observed in medullation percentage. While no significant relationship between potassium type and fibre diameter was observed in individual breeds, least square analysis of the pooled data for the three breeds indicated that there is a possibility of such an association approaching significance, the LK type animal having the potentiality of yielding finer wool than the HK.
An additional serum albumin type in the Romanov breed of sheep
Authors: Fésüs L.
Published: August 2010

29 imported rams and 26 imported ewes (2 to 4 years old), belonging to the native Russian Romanov breed, and their offspring from two subsequent lambings in 1973 and 1974 were tested for serum albumin types.

Four albumin types (D, F, S and W) have been found, with frequencies of 0.18, 0.16, 0.55 and 0.11, respectively.

AID, being the fastest moving albumin type known, has never been found before, and therefore it is considered as a ‘new’ type.

Available family data support the hypothesis that the synthesis of AID is controlled by a codominant and autosomal allele: AID.
Comparative study of red‐cell enzyme polymorphism in the pika and the rabbit
Authors: Vergnes Henri , Puget Alain , Gouarderes Christine
Published: August 2010

The variants of seven red‐cell enzyme systems of two families of Lagomorphae (rabbit and pika) are studied by enzymoelectrophoretic determination of isoenzyme distribution.

Polymorphism appears in five different enzymes (PGM, AK, G6PD, 6PGD and NADH diaphorase) in the pika and in one system (NADH diaphorase) in the rabbit. The electropherograms of acid phosphatase and LDH do not show any variability in either pikas or rabbits. In the pika, red‐cell enzyme polymorphism is as intense as it is in man.
Agglutinability of cattle red cells. 2. Agglutination by isologous and heterologous sera of enzyme‐treated red cells
Authors: Sellei J.
Published: August 2010

Neuraminidase treatment made cattle red cells (CRC) agglutinable by the agglutinins of the different heterologous but not of the homologous sera. These agglutinins were, however, absorbed by both the nauraminidase‐treated and the intact CRC.

Proteolytic treatment made CRC agglutinable also by the normal cattle, isoimmune and autologous sera. Agglutination titres of the CRC ranged from 1: 2 to 1: 256, but the variation between CRC from members of monozygous (MZ) pairs was not greater than ± 2 agglutination score units the range of experimental error.

Treatment with trypsin made the A1, A2 factors more emergent on the surface of CRC for agglutination by anti‐A2, while pronase treatment had a similar effect upon agglutination of Z‐positive cells by anti‐Z.
Agglutinability of cattle red cells. 3. Conlutination
Authors: Sellei J.
Published: August 2010

Addition of both complement and conglutinin was necessary to conglutinate the cattle red cells (CRC) when they were sensitized by different blood typing reagents. Although the degree of conglutinability of the CRC was influenced by the particular blood factor‐reagent combination the average conglutinability (i.e. average titre scores) of CRC from different MZ pairs varied from 1.9 to 16.2.

The titres of complement varied from zero to 1:32, while the litres of conglutinin ranged from 1:8 to 1:1024 in the different sera from MZ cattle twins. The variance due to differences in the titre scores between MZ pairs was 82.2 % for conglutinin and 68.3 % for complement. There was no evident association between the titres of conglutinin and complement.
A genetic role of isozyme types in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in the young chicken
Authors: Tamaki Yoshinori , Watanabe Shozo , Yamada Yukio
Published: August 2010

A genetic role of isozyme types in plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity within dam families in the young chicken was investigated in a White Plymouth Rock strain kept in our laboratory since 1961. Plasma samples were obtained at 32 and 56 days of age and subjected to horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two methods of analysis.

A higher level of plasma AP activity of the fast (F) type relative to that of slow (S) type was re‐confirmed. The F types of full‐sib chicks had distinctly higher AP activity than the S types. Also within isozyme types, family differences were significant in the F type but not in the S type. The correlation of AP activities between 32 and 56 days of age was significant in the F type but not in the S type, which could be attributed to the effect of aging. The genetic control of plasma AP activity in young chickens were discussed under a hypothesis of two independent genetic systems, i.e. major genie and polygenic.
Esterase polymorphism in the Adriatic sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walb.). 1 Electrophoretic and biochemical properties of the serum and tissue esterases
Authors: Krajnović‐Ozretić M. , Žikić R.
Published: August 2010

At least four zones of esterase activity designated I, II, III and IV were found after electrophoretic separation of sera and soluble extracts of sardine tissues on starch gel.

Each zone consisted of one or more bands that were distinguishable from other zones by electrophoretic mobility, substrate specificity and sensitivity to various inhibitors. Polymorphism was noted in zones I, II and III, while zone IV consisted of a single band. A genetic interpretation of the polymorphism was given for zone I esterases in the tissue, which appears to be controlled by four codominant alleles.

The zones designated I, II and IV in the sera and II, III and IV in the liver were characterized as carboxylesterases, zone II in the sera was the only one with cholinesterase activity, while zone I in the liver tissue was unclassifiable.
The use of carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), instead of rabbit as antibody donor in immunological research on fishes
Authors: Herzberg A.
Published: August 2010

Antisera produced by carp were tested in the differentiation between two cyprinid fishes, bream and roach, and between the lipovitellins of two grey mullets, Mugil cephalus and Liza ramada. These antisera were more specific in the recognition o! different fish species than those produced by rabbits.

An antiserum against carp lipovitellin was produced with male carp as antibody donor.
Allozymic variation as an estimate of heterozygosity in Belgian pig breeds
Authors: Widar J. , Ansay M. , Hanset R.
Published: August 2010

An electrophoretic survey of 13 enzymes corresponding to 19 loci has been carried out in Belgian Landrace and Pietrain pig breeds. Four of these enzymes have been shown to exhibit electrophoretically detectable polymorphism. The average heterozygosity per locus was found to be 0.066 in the Belgian Landrace and 0.028 in the Pietrain pigs.
Removal of blood group determinants from bovine erythrocyte membranes. 2. Degradation of ghosts by butanol and pyridine
Authors: Zink G. L. , Hines H. C.
Published: August 2010

Ghosts produced from erythrocytes collected from six different cattle were degraded with butanol and pyridine. Of a total of 38 different antigenic determinants available for investigation among the six cows, F, V, J and L were the only speci‐ficties detected in the subtractions resulting from either method of degradation. After butanol degradation V, J and L antigens were found in the soluble protein fraction, while F was found in the insoluble protein. Pyridine digestion resulted in all four determinants being detected in the sialoprotein layer, while J was found in the lipoprotein as well. All antigens were relatively weak, being detected in inhibition strengths of 10.0 to 1.25 mg/ml.
Polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase in cattle leucocytes
Authors: Probeck D. , Geldermann H.
Published: August 2010

By means of starch gel electrophoresis the polymorphism of the phospoglucomutase isozymes PGMi has been investigated in cattle leucocytes. The phenotypes and allele frequencies of PGMi are demonstrated in a series of 106 complete and 221 incomplete families of ‘Deutsche Schwarzbunte’. The segregation of the 327 daughters' phenotypes agree with the formal genetic model of 2 codominant autosomal alleles. The observed heterozygous PGMi type is more frequent in mating types and progenies as expected under equilibrium.
Removal of blood group determinants from bovine erythrocyte membranes. 3. Action of proteolytic enzymes on intact cells
Authors: Hines H. C. , Trowbridge C. L. , Zink G. L.
Published: August 2010

Bovine erythrocyte treatment with chymotrypsin, trypsin, pronase, papain, or ficin eliminated or weakened the reactivity of 18 of the 47 blood group factors which were examined. Thirteen of the affected factors were from the B system, and one each was from the C, FV, L, M, and R'S' systems. Variation attributable to pheno‐group (allele) or genotype influences was observed in the effects upon six of the factors. Ficin‐treated V/V, but not F/V or F/F, cells were rapidly lysed by normal rabbit serum (complement control). Absorptions with pronase‐treated V positive cells indicated that essentially all V antigenicity was removed. However, immunizations with pronase‐treated V positive cells elicited V antibody production in one of two recipient cows. The numbers of antigens removed by different enzymes did not appear to be closely related to the amount of protein removed.
A note on serological interpretations1
Authors: Denniston Carter
Published: August 2010

This paper deals with the interpretation of binary serological data. It attempts to render exact and answer two questions: 1) What are all the serological interpretations of a given set of data? 2) How can different interpretations be distinguished serologically? It is hoped that the formal analysis of serology presented herein will prove to be helpful to those working with complex immunological systems.
Characterization of chicken plasma alkaline phosphatase isozymes by urea and heat treatments
Authors: Tamaki Yoshinori , Morichi Toshiki
Published: August 2010

The effects of urea and heat treatments on electrophoretic pattern and activity were investigated in chicken plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP). The B band, which had a slower migrating rate to the F or S band irrespective of isozyme types, was labile to urea (4M) and heat treatments (60 oC, 10 min), while the F and S bands were stable to the same treatments. From these results, the genetic control of the three chicken plasma AP isozymes, i.e., F, S and B bands, was discussed.

The total AP activity of the F or S type was little affected by urea treatment in spite of the unstableness of the B band. It is considered that the B band inactivated by urea restores the activity when the urea concentration was reduced. The AP activity was reduced by the heat treatment. The reduction may be primarily due to the loss of the activity of the B band.
Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. 8. A new reagent of the G blood group system and an example of the founder principle
Authors: Sullivan P. T. , Blystad C. , Stone W. H.
Published: August 2010

A new reagent called G‐3′ has been discovered which detects the product of the G3allele, regardless of the other G allele in the genotype. With this new reagent we can delineate nine of 10 genotypes of the G blood group system. The explicit detection of G3revealed an example of the founder principle in that the frequency of this allele between the feral and laboratory‐reared monkeys was significantly different.
Genetic markers in Herd wick sheep: no correlation with succeptibility or resistance to experimental scrapie
Authors: Collis Susan C. , Millson G. C. , Kimberlin R. H.
Published: August 2010

Genetic markers were studied in Herdwick sheep, bred at Compton, with special reference to genetically selected lines which differ in susceptibility or resistance to experimentally produced scrapie. There were no correlations between susceptibility to the disease and albumin, pre‐albumin, esterase and haemoglobin phenotypes, and between reduced glutathione levels and α‐mannosidase isoenzymes, the latter possibly representing a previously undescribed genetic marker in sheep.
Presence of soluble SLA histocompatibility antigen in pig plasma
Authors: Chardon P. , Vaiman M. , Renard Ch. , Arnoux B.
Published: August 2010

The major histocompatibility antigens of the pigs (SLA 1 and SLA 15) were solubilized by papain and then iodinated according to Greenwood's chloramine T method. These antigen preparations were used in radioimmunoassays for the detection of soluble inhibitors in pig plasma. Specific soluble substances were demonstrated in addition to a certain amount of cross‐reactivity with other so far unidentified antigens.
Genetic variants of glucose phosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.9) in canine erythrocytes*
Authors: Tanabe Yuichi , Omi Tokiyoshi , Ota Katuaki
Published: August 2010

Genetic polymorphism of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) was found in the erythrocytes of dogs of six Japanese breeds by using starch gel electrophoresis. Analysis of parentage records of dogs revealed that the phenotypic variation of erythrocyte glucose phosphate isomerase was controlled by one autosomal locus with two codominant alleles, GPIAand GPIB. The allele GPIBwas observed in the following breeds: San'in‐Shiba, Shinshu‐Shiba, Shikoku, Kai and Kishu, but not in Hokkaidoes and Akitas. All the dogs belonging to 25 European breeds, 5 oriental or China‐origin (except Japan) breeds examined in this experiments had the genotype constitution GPIA/GPIA, whereas one Dalmation dog was heterozygous GPIA/GPIB.
Genetic polymorphism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in tench (Tinea tinea), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Valenta M. , Slechta V. , Šlechtová V. , Kálal L.
Published: August 2010

Isoenzyme patterns and the polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated in 3 fish species of family Cyprinidae, i.e. tench (Tinea tinea), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). The isoenzyme patterns were tissue and species specific. In crucian carp subunits with different electro‐phoretic mobility are present, which are genetically controlled from the B1, B2, A1, A2and C loci, while the set of loci in carp is B1, B2, A, C1and C2and in tench B, A, C. The locus B of LDH in tench, the locus B2in crucian carp, and the loci B1, C1and C2in carp are polymorphic and have two different alleles in each case. The polymorphism did not affect the total LDH activity in the tissues. All the populations investigated were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic control of the polymorphism in B1and C1loci in carp was proved by test matings. The polymorphism in B loci tested in erythrocytes may be utilized as genetic markers in the fish breeding.
Gene clusters in the blood group system B of cattle
Authors: Ruiterkamp W. A. , Spek C. M. , Bouw J.
Published: August 2010

In this report the linear order of genetic determinants for the blood group system B of cattle has been worked out in more detail. Two groups of antigenic specificities — inclusion groups — showing serologic relationship are described. Recombination frequencies do suggest that these specificities are controlled by two clusters of genetic determinants. The structures of these inclusion groups and clusters are compared with those of antigenic complexes in other species, especially in mice. Several similarities and also dissimilarities between the blood group system B of cattle and the H‐2 system in mice are described.
The major histocompatibility complex of sheep (OLA) and two minor loci
Authors: Millot P.
Published: August 2010

Among 11 lymphocyte factors defined in sheep, 9 are the products of multiple alleles at 2 closely linked loci: OLA‐A and OLA‐B. A tenth factor is the product of a gene at a third locus: OL‐X probably on the same chromosome, but in this case very distant from OLA. The last factor is the product of a gene at a fourth locus: OL‐Z, independent of OLA‐A and B.
Polymorphism of 14C vitamin D3 binding protein in cattle and water buffalo serum
Authors: Masina P. , Ramunno L. , Iannelli D.
Published: August 2010

Cattle and water buffalo sera labelled with vitamin D3[14C] (300 and 480 individual samples respectively) were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography in an attempt to identify a possible polymorphism of the proteins capable of binding this vitamin.

Three phenotypes controlled by two codominant autosomal alleles were identified in cattle while in water buffalo six phenotypes controlled by three codominant autosomal alleles were observed.
Isoelectric focusing of horse serum esterase isozymes and detection of new phenotypes
Authors: Fisher R. A. , Scott A. M.
Published: August 2010

A new method for separating the isozymes of horse serum esterase is described. The improved resolution has enabled us to detect several previously undescribed phenotypes. This method has also been used to detect two different apparently ‘silent’ alleles.
Protein variation in the marine bivalve Scrobicularia plana
Authors: Skibinski D. O. F. , McNee A. R. , Beardmore J. A.
Published: August 2010

Seventeen enzyme loci have been assayed for electrophoretically detectable variation in a population of the marine bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Mean heterozygosity is 0.120 ± 0.033. In a comparison involving thirteen enzymes there is a significant correlation between heterozygosity in S. plana and Mytilus edulis and a suggestion of lower mean heterozygosity in S. plana. These findings are discussed in relation to current theories concerning the selective significance of protein variation.
Further studies on bovine serum amylase ‐ the effect of gel buffer pH
Authors: Archibald A. L. , Spooner R. L.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the effect of gel buffer pH on the resolution of bovine serum amylase (Amylase I) isozymes in starch gel and the consequences for the understanding of the genetics of this locus. The two main findings are: (1) the existence of a satellite isozyme E to isozyme C which at pH 7.3 has the same mobility as the B isozyme but which at pH 8.0 migrates slower than B, and (2) the finding of three alleles AmI A, AmI B and AmI C in British cattle populations previously reported as having only AmI B and AmI C.
Studies on the chemical nature of the lipidic J blood‐group substance of cattle
Authors: Thiele Otto Wolfgang , Oulevey Jacques , Hennemuth Kurt , Koch Johannes
Published: August 2010

Total lipids extracted from J‐positive cattle serum, erythrocytes or spleen exhibit J blood‐group activity. The J subsance is concentrated in a lipid fraction obtained by column chromatography. Following mild alkaline hydrolysis or reduction with complex hydrides (LiAlH4, LiBH4), the J activity remains detectable in this lipid fraction even though all acyl ester groups have been destroyed as revealed by ester group determination. This disagrees with the suggestion that fatty acyl esters are essential for J activity. This was confirmed by experiments with a water‐soluble J‐active product prepared by ozone treatment of glycosphingolipids from bovine spleen. The results of these experiments are in favour of a glycosphingolipid containing an unusually lang oligosaccharide chain. Furthermore, it appears that the terminal moiety of the J determinant is not necessarily an N‐acetyl galactos‐amine unit as suggested previously.
Genetic relationships between breeds of horses and ponies in the Netherlands
Authors: Blokhuis H. J. , Buis R. C.
Published: August 2010

An investigation on the genetic relationships between 12 horse and pony breeds was performed, using blood protein variants as genetic markers. The relationships were established by the use of 5 different numerical taxonomic methods, 4 of which yielded very similar results. The relationships as estimated were evaluated on the basis of the breeds' historical development.
Genetic tags applied to the European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.)
Authors: Mangaly George , Jamieson Alan
Published: August 2010

Three biochemical gene markers test the hypothesis that the European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), along the west European continental shelf are one race. The three polymorphic loci were serum transferrin (Tf), eye vitreous fluid butyric esterase (Es) and liver superoxide dismutase (Sod). Five transferrin alleles, three esterase alleles and two superoxide dismutase alleles were identified. Heterogeneity tests on genotype frequency distribution for twelve areas ranging from Norway to Biscay revealed no significant variation. The results using these genetic tags are consistent with the unit race hypothesis for hake throughout the sea areas sampled.
Biochemical genetic comparison of the Chinese and European races of the common carp
Authors: Brody T. , Kirsht D. , Parag G. , Wohlfarth G. , Hulata G. , Moav R.
Published: August 2010

An electrophoretic survey of the common carp revealed 33 loci. Nine were found to be polymorphic including two phosphoglucose isomerase loci, a phosphoglucomutase locus, three esterase loci, a lactate dehydrogenase locus, a malate dehydrogenase locus, and transferrin. Five of these polymorphic loci are reported for the first time, the two phosphoglucose isomerase loci, a phosphoglucomutase locus and two of the three esterase loci. Differences in allele frequencies between the European and Chinese races were found at most loci.
Polymorphism of the serum proteins of wild pigs
Authors: Skladanowski Elżbieta , Żurkowski Maciej , Wiatroszak Ignacy , Filipiak Wieslaw
Published: August 2010

One hunderd and ninety five wild pigs from two different regions of Poland were investigated for transferrin, amylase and ceruloplasmin polymorphism. A new transferrin phenotype Tf PB was detected. This phenotype differed from Tf AB in the electrophoretic mobility of the more anodal transferrin. Tf P is assumed to be the product of a new allele Tf P at the Tf locus. Two amylase phenotypes Am 1–2 and Am 2 were observed. The Am 1 allele was absent from the pigs in the Poznan region. Only one ceruloplasmin phenotype, Cp B, was found.
Irregular transmissions in the acidic prealbumin (Pr) system of the horse
Authors: Braend M.
Published: August 2010

During the routine parentage control of Norwegian Trotter horses with 10 000 parent offspring combinations two irregular transmissions of Pr alleles were found. The allele products were provisionally named D1 and D2. They appeared in two stallions which were typed as D1I and D2N respectively. The first stallion transmitted PrD2 to seven out of 10 offspring and the second stallion PrD2 to two of four offspring. Photographs of seven new Pr phenotypes are presented.
Protease inhibitor system in horses: classification and detection of a new allele
Authors: Pollitt C. C. , Bell K.
Published: August 2010

A method of horizontal thin layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at acid pH has been developed for the separation of the prealbumins in equine plasma. Using this method, it has been possible to split the S allele into two, S1 and S2, bringing the total number of prealbumin alleles in Thoroughbred horses to eight. The gene frequencies of these eight alleles in Australian Thoroughbreds are presented. All eight prealbumin types exhibit antiprotease activity and therefore, it is suggested that the name prealbumin (Pr) should be abandoned in favour of protease inhibitor (Pi) although at this stage it is not known whether this incorporates the Pi1 and Pi2 described by Juneja et al. (1979).
The C system of cattle blood groups. 1. Additional factors in the system
Authors: Grosclaude F. , Alaux M. T. , Houlier G. , Guerin G.
Published: August 2010

Four additional cattle blood group antigenic factors, provisionally termed Fl, F6, F10 and F15, were shown to belong to the C system. Factor Fl appears to be a linear subtype of C“(initially designated F2, or P1B1). It is suggested that future international nomenclature should adopt C”, and C“2 in place of Fl and C. No phenogroup was found to include C” together with C2 or C1, but a few phenogroups lack the three factors. Thus C1, C2 and C“do not form a closed system within the C system as concluded by Duniec et al. (1973). The effectiveness of the additional factors to uncover the genetic variability of the C system, and to translate phenotypes into genotypes is exemplified in the Charolais breed.
The C system of cattle blood groups. 2. Partial genetic map of the system
Authors: Guérin G. , Grosclaude F. , Houlier G.
Published: August 2010

20 cases of irregular inheritance of phenogroups in the C system of cattle blood groups were used to deduce a partial genetic map of this system, taking into consideration the 11 internationally recognized antigenic factors and the 4 additional factors recently described by Grosclaude et al. (1980). This partial map bears resemblance to that established by Bouw et al. (1974) in Dutch cattle.

The operational length of the DNA sequence coding for the C system was estimated to be 0.3 centimorgan, a value which is approximately half of that obtained for the B system by Grosclaude et al. (1979). It is concluded that the phenogroups of the C system, like those of the B system, are controlled by a cluster of loci.
Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus Arnee) allotypes: Identification of two specificities controlled by independent genes
Authors: Iannelli Domenico , Capparelli Rosanna
Published: August 2010

Two water buffalo allotypes (Bl and CI) are described, which are located on distinct low molecular weight molecules. Bl is common to water buffalo and cattle. These two markers are inherited in a simple Mendelian manner and controlled by two independent genes.
A previously described serum protein polymorphism in the rat identified as Gc (‘vitamin D‐binding protein’)
Authors: Bender Klaus , Cleve Hartwig , Gunther Eberhard
Published: August 2010

The previously published serum protein polymorphisms Gl‐1 (Moutier, Toyama & Charrier, 1973) and tf (Bender & Gunther, 1978) are identical and represent genetic variation at the locus of the vitamin D‐binding arglobulin, also known as Gc or group‐specific component. The identity was established by comparative protein staining, by functional tests with ;4C‐vitamin D3, by immunological studies with specific anti‐Gc sera and by the strain distribution patterns. The Gc polymorphism in the rat may initiate interesting physiological and genetical studies.
Polymorphic serum prealbumin (Pa) of pig, identified as an a!‐protease inhibitor
Authors: Juneja R. Kumar , Gahne Bo
Published: August 2010

Pig serum proteins were analysed by horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with a discontinuous buffer system (pH 9.0). A 12 % acrylamide concentration in the separation gel was used. Each of the two prealbumin (Pa) alleles gave rise to two closely migrating fractions. The polymorhic Pa was identified as an a,‐protease inhibitor as the Pa fractions inhibited the esterolytic activity of both bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin. Therefore, it has been proposed that the locus symbol for this prealbumin be changed to Pi‐1. The protease inhibitory spectra and electrophoretic mobility of the Pa (Pi‐1) fractions suggested that this protein was probably the same as the pig serum a,‐protease inhibitor described in some earlier studies and that it corresponds to human serum a,‐protease inhibitor (Pi).
Characterization of class II histocompatibility antigens in pigs
Authors: Chardon Patrick , Renard Christine , Vaiman Marcel
Published: August 2010

The D region of the SLA complex in the pig has been studied by immunochemical and sequential immunoprecipitation techniques as well as the redistribution of membranous antigens (capping). The molecules identified by the anti‐la sera were solubilized by NP 40, purified on lectin and precipitated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under dissociating conditions shows that these molecules are made up of two chains whose molecular weights are 32 000 and 26 000 daltons respectively. Sequential immunoprecipitation and capping experiments indicate that two distinct types of la molecules exist. At least a part of the nylon‐wood‐adherent lymphocyte population expresses both types of molecules.
Partial characterization of horse transferrin heterogeneity with respect to the atypical type, Tf C
Authors: Stratil A. , Glasnak V.
Published: August 2010

In starch gel electrophoresis of horse sera each transferrin variant is formed by a strong anodal band and a weaker cathodal band. An ‘atypical’ variant, Tf C, has two zones of about equal intensity. Family data show that Tf C is genetically controlled by an allele Tf C at the Tf locus. Frequencies of transferrin alleles in various horse breeds are also presented.

After isolation and fractionation of individual transferrin variants (Tf O, Tf D, Tf C) on DEAE‐Sephad Summary ex, additional weak bands were detected. The two main zones of each variant were isolated in a pure state and treated with neuraminidase. In all three variants studied the electrophoretic mobility of the slower band (2a) was decreased in two steps, and the faster band (4b) in four steps. The mobilities of bands derived from the fast zone (4b) were slower than mobilities of corresponding bands derived from the slow zone (2a). These results suggest the presence of two sialic acid residues in the slow zone, and of four residues in the fast zone. Residual heterogeneity was independent of sialic acid.
Exclusion probabilities obtainable by biochemical polymorphisms in dogs
Authors: Gundel H. , Reetz I.
Published: August 2010

General formulae are given to calculate the exclusion probabilities in false paternity and parentage cases by means of gene loci with an arbitrary number of alleles whereas in paternity cases an arbitrary number of offspring per litter is considered additionally.

By aid of these formulae and on the basis of the allele frequencies of four blood protein and enzyme systems the probabilities of excluding incorrect paternity and parentage are calculated in seven German dog breeds. The results are tabulated and discussed.

It can be shown that the exclusion probability in false paternity cases increases distinctly with an increasing number of offspring per litter and its maximum is nearly attained if 5 offspring are examined. Therefore it is of value to consider entire litters in paternity controls in dogs.
Polymorphism of alkaline ribonuclease in the leucocytes of Black‐and‐White cattle
Authors: Walawski K. , Prusinowska I.
Published: August 2010

Studies were carried out on the polymorphism of alkaline ribonuclease in Black‐and‐White cattle in the north‐eastern region of Poland. Leucocytes isolated from peripheral blood were used. Three phenotypes were defined, consisting of the combination of two alleles. The gene frequency was: q4= 0,7082, qB= 0,2918. In calves the frequency of allele RNA‐aseB and number of RNA‐aseA/ RNA ‐aseB heterozygotes were higher than in adult animals.
A polymorphic antigen displaying different molecular weights in sheep and cattle sera
Authors: De Benedictis Giovanna
Published: August 2010

The polymorphic antigen Bl is present, exhibiting different molecular weights, in both sheep and cattle sera. The molecular weight of the antigen, purified from both sera by a specific immunoabsorbent, was analysed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and calibrated gel filtration. Results indicate that only one subunit, 35 000 MW, forms cattle Bl while a further subunit, 60 000 MW, is present in sheep Bl. The antigen activity is localized on the 35 000 MW subunit, which appears to be the same in both species.
Confirmation of the F2 allele in the bovine F blood group system
Authors: Ross D. S. , Larsen B.
Published: August 2010

Serological evidence is presented to prove the presence of an F2 allele in the F system of British Friesian cattle.
Further studies on bovine serum amylase. 2. Affinity electrophoresis
Authors: Archibald A. L.
Published: August 2010

The polymorphism of bovine serum amylase, which is controlled by the Ami locus, has previously only been demonstrated by starch gel electrophoresis. The addition of maltose to starch gels has been demonstrated to inhibit any subsequent separation of the Ami isozymes by starch gel electrophoresis. When electrophoresis was conducted in a support medium in the absence of starch no polymorphic variation was detected amongst samples from animals of different Ami phenotypes. The addition of starch to agarose gels has been shown to facilitate the subsequent detection of the Ami polymorphism by agarose/starch gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic resolution of the Ami isozymes has been demonstrated to depend upon differences in affinity for starch rather than differences in net charge. The starch gel electrophoretic separation of the Ami isozymes is. therefore, another example of affinity electrophoresis. All the Ami amylases have been shown to share a common isoelectric point of pH 3.5.
Lymphocyte antigens in sheep
Authors: Stear M. J. , Spooner R. L.
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the detection of 13 lymphocyte antigens in sheep. The results obtained from family studies are consistent with the hypothesis that at least 12 antigens are under the control of a single genetic system. The distribution of antigens in the population suggests that the system contains two loci. The 13 antigens were compared with those previously reported. Only one additional specificity was found.
Trends in heterozygosity in the process of producing inbred strains of Japanese quail
Authors: Maeda Y. , Hashiguchi T.
Published: August 2010

Trends in heterozygosity in the process of producing inbred strains of Japanese quail were examined through the characterization of protein polymorphisms based on gene frequencies of 7 polymorphic loci. The average heterozygosity (Ho) at generation 1 was 0.472 and it decreased with increasing inbreeding coefficient (F) to 0.214 at generation 5 when F was 0.594. In all generations, the observed heterozygosities of the surviving families tended to be higher than those of the families that did not survive. The frequency of heterozygotes of the Es‐4 locus in surviving families was higher than that of the extinct families in each generation and the difference became conspisuous in generation 4. These results suggests that a heterozygote advantage of Es‐4 locus is revealed by inbreeding.
Biochemical polymorphisms in South African freshwater fish. Isoenzyme patterns in fish of the families Cyprinidae and Salmonidae
Authors: Hof J. Op't , Schoeman S. M. , le Grange L. , Osterhoff D. R.
Published: August 2010

Isoenzyme patterns were studied in local populations of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the bream (Sarotherodon mossambicus) of the Cyprinid family. and in the trout (Sabno giardneri) of the family Salmonidae. Homogenates of heart muscle extracts were used in the identification of PGI. NADP‐IDH. PGM and 6‐PGD.

Polymorphisms found and gene frequencies obtained are discussed separately for each enzyme and species or population.

In the bream, variation was found only at the PGI locus. In the carp only the PGM locus was polymorphic whereas both PGM and IDH showed variation in the trout. The variation at the PGM locus in the trout cannot support the three locus model suggested elsewhere and clearly indicates a single locus for the mo‐nomeric enzyme.

The large variety of NADP‐IDH types in trout not only illucidates the complexity of this locus but confirms a disomic mode of inheritance. Genetic differences in the trout populations could be related to possible advantages for management purposes.
Electrophoretic analysis of Antarctic fish from South Georgia
Authors: Anderson R. C.
Published: August 2010

White muscle samples of Antarctic fish (Notothenia rossii, N., neglecta. N. gibbe‐rifrons and Chaenocephalus (aceratus) were subjected to electrophoretic tests. lsoelectric focusing of general muscle proteins provides a quick method of iden‐tyfying species. Six muscle enzymes were resolved by horizontal starch gel clectrophoresis. These are presumed to be the products of ten independent gene loci. Coefficients of genetic distance were calculated and substantially agree with the conventional taxnomy. Levels of genetic variability are within the normal range for marine teleosts. Two polymorphic enzymes. GPI and PGM. might prove useful as ‘genetic tags’ for stock identification.
Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the mouse: Genetic regulation, allelic variation among inbred strains and sex differences of liver and kidney A2 isozyme activity
Authors: Holmes Roger S. , Duley John A. , Imai S.
Published: August 2010

Genetic analysis of a proposed cis‐acting temporal locus (Adh‐3t), which regulates alcohol dehydrogenase C2 (ADH‐C2) acitivity in mouse epididymis extracts, among F1 (ddN × BALB/c) × ddN male backcross progeny provided evidence for genetic distinctness between the structural (Adh‐3) and temporal (Adh‐3t) loci on chromosome 3. Genetic analysis also confirmed the close, linkage of Adh‐1 (encoding liver and kidney ADH‐A2) and Adh‐3 (encoding stomach ADH‐C2) to within 0.3 centimorgans on the mouse genome. Evidence is presented for a proposed closely linked cis‐acting temporal locus (designated Adh‐1t) for the A2 isozyme (encoded by Adh‐1) controlling the activity of this enzyme in mouse kidney extracts, but having no apparent affect on liver and intestine ADH‐A2 activities. An extensive survey of the distribution ofAdh‐1, Adh‐3 and Adh‐3t alleles among 65 strains of mice is reported — with the exception of two Japanese strains (ddN and KF), linkage disequilibrium between Adh‐3 and Adh‐3t was observed. Sex differences in mouse liver and kidney ADH‐A2 activities were observed, with male/female ratios of approximately 0.6 and 3 respectively for these tissue extracts.
On the bovine F blood group system
Authors: Larsen Bent
Published: August 2010

The F system of three Danish cattle breeds as determined by four specific anti‐sera is described. In the Jersey breed three alleles are recognised. In the Danish cattle breeds there was no indication of a null allele. However, the phenotypes observed in zebu cattle by means of four reagents suggest the presence of at least six alleles in the bovine F system. Furthermore, the data show that the factors V1 and V2 do not form a linear subtype system in all cattle breeds.
Genetic variation of the sixth component of complement (C6) in the Manx shearwater (Puffinus p. puffinus)
Authors: Whitehouse D. B.
Published: August 2010

A polymorphism in the sixth complement component (C6) has been investigated by isoelectric focusing. The results indicate that C6 is coded by genes at a single autosomal locus. Six structural alleles have been identified, a null allele is also postulated. Five island colonies of Shearwater were investigated, two alleles C6 A and C6 B predominate in all sites.

The ability of rabbit C5 and C7 to combine successfully with avian C6 indicates the functional sites of these molecules are highly conserved.
Quantification of antigens with haemolysing antibodies exemplified by the bovine J blood group system*
Authors: Oulevey Jacques , Wagner Rolf , Thiele Otto Wolfgang
Published: August 2010

The J blood group activity of red cells is measured in terms of 50 % haemolysis (‘direct test’), that of dissolved or suspended samples in terms of 50 % haemolysis inhibition (‘indirect test’) in a standardized bovine J system.

 The volume of J‐containing sample required for a 50% haemolysis inhibition decreases with increasing J activity.

 The volume of anti‐J required for a 50% haemolysis of J‐positive erythrocytes also decreases with increasing J activity.

 The use of antigen units (UAg) was introduced to serve as a measure of J activity of dissolved or suspended samples.

 Antigen units were also used to characterize J‐containing red cells. This was made possible by measuring the relation of the direct test (on red cells). Thus, a relatively simple method of determination of red cell UAg is obtained.

 It was confirmed by absorption experiments that erythrocytes containing high concentrations of antigen require relatively low amounts of antibody to bring about a 50 % haemolysis, but are able to bind a relatively high excess of antibody.
The inactivation of the bovine J blood group substance by the periodate ion
Authors: Oulevey Jacques , Thiele Otto Wolfgang
Published: August 2010

Treatment of J‐positive (JR) bovine erythrocytes with periodate (0.25 mmol/1 final concentration, 1 hour, room temperature) has no effect on the J activity. Higher periodate concentrations cause spontaneous haemolyses.

 Treatment of the lipids extracted from (and containing all J activity of) Jcs erythrocytes with periodate leads to a decrease of J activity even with lower periodate concentrations.

 Treatment of the stroma prepared from Jcs erythrocytes with periodate demonstrated the relative stability of the J antigen up to 0.25 mmol/l periodate. At the same time the sialic acid concentration of stroma is reduced to about 13 % of the initial concentration.

 Desialylation of Jcs erythrocytes or Jcs stroma with sialidase does not affect the J activity thus confirming previous findings. On the other hand, the J activity of desialylated Jcs stroma is much more susceptible to periodate.

 It is concluded that membrane‐bound sialic acid shields the membrane‐bound J antigen from being attacked by periodate.
Preparation and properties of monoclonal antibodies against cell surface polymorphic or allelic determinants: Their use in blood typing and the study of cell differentiation1
Authors: Longenecker B. Michael
Published: August 2010

B‐G alloantigens are encoded by a sublocus of the chicken MHC, are highly polymorphic, and restricted in their expression to the erythroid line of differentiation. B‐G antigens are highly immunogenic in both chickens and mice in which a ‘pre‐existing’ high background response against polymorphic determinants on B‐G exists. B‐G antigens represent a strong barrier to the maintenance of erythrocytic chimaerism unless tolerance is induced early in embryonic development. Chimaeras established during later embryonic development break tolerance, produce anti‐donor B‐G antibodies followed by autoimmunity, lymphomas and death. The early murine immune response is directed preferentially against polymorphic determinants of B‐G antigens as well as polymorphic determinants of several other antigenic systems. ‘Natural’ antibody and background antibody producing clones mostly recognize polymorphic determinants. Mice produce a strong, specific response against ‘Private’ polymorphic. determinants 3 days after immunization with a bacterium against which they have no background immunity. The amount of ‘crossreactivity’ increased with increased background immunity as well as with hyperimmunization. An awareness of the level of pre‐existing, background immunity is essential when designing immunization protocols for the production of monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to polymorphic determinants. MCA can serve as ‘ideal’ typing reagents but great care should be taken in defining the assay conditions for each MCA, as the apparent specificity of MCA can change with changes in assay conditions.

MCA can also be used as powerful probes for the identification and purification of specific subpopulations of cells and for the study of their role in cell differentiation.

In this review I will first describe an interesting genetic locus, called B‐G, which is part of the chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and some interesting immunological characteristics of the antigens specified by this locus. I will then discuss some interesting and unusual aspects of the immune response in the mouse to these antigens as well as to other polymorphic antigen systems. This will lead into a description of our experiences of making monoclonal antibodies (MCA) against polymorphic antigen systems and their use as typing reagents. Finally, I will illustrate how MCA to polymorphic determinants can be used as powerful probes to identify specific subpopulations of cells bearing these determinants and to study cell differentiation.
The genetic influence on serum haemolytic complement levels in cattle
Authors: Lie Ø. , Syed M. , Solbu H.
Published: August 2010

Total serum haemolytic complement (HC) activity has been determined in 130 young bulls of the Norwegian Red Cattle Breed (NRF). A highly significant sire effect (p < 0.01) on HC with a corresponding heritability of about 0.75 was estimated. Evidence of any simple mode of inheritance is not produced but the distribution patterns of HC indicate influences of relatively few genes.
Genetic polymorphism in Spanish Merino sheep
Authors: Morera L. , Llanes D. , Barbancho M. , Rodero A.
Published: August 2010

A Spanish Merino sheep population is characterized, for the first time, according to its frequencies for a total of nine polymorphic loci: three blood group factor systems, A, B and C, and the following red cell or serum polymorphisms: haemoglobin (Hb), carbonic anhydrase (CA), ‘X protein’, transferrin (Tf), arylesterase (EsA) and albumin (Al). Another locus, amylase (Am), did not show polymorphism.