bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel game architectures with tardiness policy and workload balance
Authors: Zamith Marcelo , Valente Luis , Feijó Bruno , Joselli Mark , Clua Esteban
Published: November 2020

Computer games are real-time applications that create interactive virtual environments, usually as discrete time-stepped simulations. These simulations may have predefined time step sizes or may use variable time step sizes. These approaches are common in games, but not flexible. In the first approach, when the game runs on a machine with abundant resources, the game does not use the extra capacity to improve simulation quality (task results or presentation). The second approach usually runs the simulation as fast as possible, using the time elapsed between consecutive time steps to scale all computations, so as the simulation runs in real-time. However, this approach wastes processor time and energy and in multi-core hardware scenarios (e.g., GPUs and clusters), the problem of wasting computing resources becomes more severe. In this paper, we propose a parallel and adaptive architecture that employs workload balance, precedence of game tasks and tardiness policy in multi-core hardware to handle the aforementioned issues. The architecture uses tardiness policy to monitor and change task behavior according to the current conditions of he host hardware. On more powerful computers, the architecture is able to improve task quality if there is spare time available. On less powerful computers, the architecture restricts task functionality so that tasks are able to complete on time. We provide two examples to demonstrate how the architecture works.
An exploratory study on prejudice based on gender identity or sexual orientation perceived by users in social networks
Authors: Pereira Guilherme Colucci , Baranauskas Maria Cecília Calani
Published: November 2020

Although research in HCI has been increasingly covering gender and sexuality, the experience of lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender (LGBT) people is still underexplored. We aimed to inquiry whether digital systems user interfaces reproduce or not oppressions based on gender identity or sexual orientation. By conducting a survey, we gathered some oppressive situations that LGBT people have faced online. Our results suggest that not only the user interfaces reproduce such prejudice, but that the LGBT community perceives it in the social network interfaces and content there posted. Also, current tools fail fighting and preventing oppressions, which impacts the decision of using a network and users’ comfort.
A modular framework for performance-based facial animation
Authors: Cubas Carlos , Sementille Antonio Carlos
Published: November 2020

In recent decades, interest in capturing human face movements and identifying expressions for the purpose of generating realistic facial animations has increased in both the scientific community and the entertainment industry. We present a modular framework for testing algorithms used in performance-based facial animation. The framework includes the modules used in pipelines found in the literature as a module for creating datasets of blendshapes which are, facial models, where the vectors represent individual facial expressions, an algorithm processing module for identification of weights and, finally, a redirection module that creates a virtual face based on blendshapes. The framework uses a RGB-D camera, the RealSense F200 camera from Intel.
Using Visualization Techniques for Supporting Interaction with the TaxonomyBrowser Database
Authors: Rey Marina Fortes , Freitas Carla Maria Dal Sasso
Published: November 2020

TaxonomyBrowser is a biodiversity information system developed to manage data collected by biologists during field work as well as data resulting from further analyses. It was developed as a web application and stores data on a database organized according to the taxonomic tree of leaving species, i.e., specimens collected or observed during field work are recorded in the database classified as pertaining to some level in the taxonomic tree. In its first version, TaxonomyBrowser had a common, form-based user interface for managing the database. This work presents the new visualization-based interface of the system, describing the features that are available for entering data from collected specimens as well as accessing data through different visualization techniques. The interface was assessed by means of a survey with remote users in order to evaluate the provided features and validate the concept of a visualization-based interface for such kind of system. Participants considered the application to be intuitive, and most of them provided positive feedback.
Universal Participatory Design: Achievements and Challenges
Authors: Bonacin Rodrigo , Dos Reis Julio Cesar , Baranauskas Maria Cecília Calani
Published: November 2020

According to the principles of participatory design, a genuine democratic process requires effective participation of all affected people in the design process; this must include affected disabled users. However, user participation entails complex problems, which are aggravated by conditions of illiteracy and/or aging. This article presents the concept of Universal Participatory Design, a design philosophy and practice that aims to be inclusive during the design process, and which has a positive result for all. We first conducted a review of the literature to understand the limits of the relationships between participatory design and universal design. This paper then addresses some of the challenges to achieve Universal Participatory Design (UPD) by juxtaposing deficits observed in the literature with issues we experienced during two research projects. We discuss the key components of Participatory Design and its relationship to UPD, and establish a research agenda that aims to conceptualize and investigate participatory design with universal access. Our findings indicate the need for flexible design methods, adaptable artifacts, and positive designers’ attitudes when encountering unexpected situations.
Edirnekapı Martyrs’ Cemetery: Towards a Therapeutic Forgetting
Authors: Üngür Erdem
Published: November 2020

Edirnekapı Martyrs’ Cemetery (Edirnekapı Şehitliği, 1926), which is located in one of the oldest and largest cemeteries of Istanbul, contains the graves of mainly Muslim soldiers who died during the Balkan War and WWI, especially those wounded in the Çanakkale War (Gallipoli Campaign), which is considered the forerunner of the Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı, 1919-1923) and one of the influential founding myths of the Turkish Republic. The soldiers who have lost their lives in the war against the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party) since the end of the 1980s are also buried here, creating a continuum of historical enemies. In addition, civilians killed during the 15 July coup attempt in 2016 are buried in a separate section next to the Edirnekapı Cemetery, adding another internal enemy - the Gülen Movement - to the official history. The physical correspondence of this mnemonical expansion is also visible in the expansion of the cemetery area, which has been gradually transformed into a public transportation hub since 2008. This article examines how the cemetery reproduces the myth of martyrdom and shapes the social frameworks of memory in favour of nationalism on the D-100 highway. The intersectionality of collective memory and urban infrastructure is analysed through the history and spatial formation of the cemetery, as a part of the greater mnemonic constellation on the D-100 highway.
Evolutions of Growing Waves in Complex Plasma Medium
Authors: Singh Sukhmander
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this chapter to discuss the waves and turbulence (instabilities) supported by dusty plasma. Plasmas support many growing modes and instabilities. Wave phenomena are important in heating plasmas, instabilities, diagnostics, etc. Waves in dusty plasma are governed by the dynamics of electrons, ions and dust particles. Disturbances in solar wind, shocks and magnetospheres are the sources of generation of plasma waves. The strong interest in complex plasma provides us better understanding of physics of dusty universe, solar winds, shocks, magnetospheres, dust control in plasma processing units and surface modifications of materials. The theory of linearization of fluid equation for small oscillation has been introduced. The concept of fine particles in complex plasma and its importance is also explained. The expressions for the growth rate of the instabilities in turbulence plasma have been derived.
A New Concept of the Mechanism of Variation of Tribological Properties of the Machine Elements Interacting Surfaces
Authors: Tumanishvili George , Nadiradze Tengiz , Tumanishvili Giorgi
Published: November 2020

The methods of estimation and prediction of tribological properties of the contact zone of interacting elements of machines are characterized by the low informativeness and accuracy that complicates provision of the proper tribological properties and hinders reliable and effective operation of machines. For obtaining more wide information about factors influencing tribological properties of the interacting surfaces, the experimental researches on the high speed (up to 70-m/s) and serial twin-disk machines were carried out. Our researches have shown that with different properties and degrees of destruction of the third body, the coefficient of friction can change up to 10 times or more, the wear rate up to 102-104 times, etc. This was the basis for a new concept of the mechanism of variation of tribological properties of interacting surfaces. The researches have shown a dependence of tribological properties of the contact zone on the properties and destruction degree of the third body that was assumed as a basis of new concept of the mechanism of variation of tribological properties of these surfaces. The monitoring of the third body destruction onset and development was carried out in the laboratory conditions and a criterion of the third body destruction was developed. The reasons of the negative, neutral and positive friction and mild, severe and catastrophic wear are shown.
A Wavelet Threshold Function for Treatment of Partial Discharge Measurements
Authors: F.F.C. Cunha Caio , R. Petraglia Mariane , T. Carvalho André , C.S. Lima Antonio
Published: November 2020

Based on the wavelet transform filtering theory, the chapter will describe the elaboration of a wavelet threshold function intended for the denoising of the partial discharge phenomenon measurements. This new function, conveniently named Fleming threshold, is based on the logistic function, which is well known for its utility in several important areas. In the development is shown some variations in the application of the Fleming function, in an attempt to identify the decomposition levels where the thresholding process must be more stringent and those where it can be more lenient, which increases its effectiveness in the removal of noisy coefficients. The proposed function and its variants demonstrate excellent results compared to other wavelet thresholding methods already described in the literature, including the famous Hard and Soft functions.
Adsorption Processes in the Removal of Organic Dyes from Wastewaters: Very Recent Developments
Authors: Jose Alguacil Francisco , A. Lopez Felix
Published: November 2020

The problem of the treatment of contaminated wastewaters is of the upmost worldwide interest. This contamination occurs via the presence of inorganic or organic contaminants of different nature in relation with the industry they come from. In the case of organic dyes, their environmental impact, and thus, their toxicity come from the air (releasing of dust and particulate matter), solid (scrap of textile fabrics, sludges), though the great pollution, caused from dyes, comes from the discharge of untreated effluents into waters, contributing to increase the level of BOD and COD in these liquid streams; this discharge is normally accompanied by water coloration, which low the water quality, and caused a secondary issue in the wastewater treatment. Among separation technologies, adsorption processing is one of the most popular, due to its versatility, easiness of work, and possibility of scaling-up in the eve of the treatment of large wastewater volumes. Within a miriade of potential adsorbents for the removal of organic dyes, this work presented the most recent advances in the topic.
Turbulent Flow Fluid in the Hydrodynamic Plain Bearing to a Non-Textured and Textured Surface
Authors: Nadia Bendaoud , Kadda Mehala
Published: November 2020

Hydrodynamic bearing are components that provide the guiding in rotation of rotating machines, such as turbines, the reactors. This equipment works under very severe operating conditions: high rotational speed and high radial load. In order to improve the hydrodynamic performance of these rotating machines, the industrialists specialized in the manufacture of hydrodynamic journal bearings, have designed a bearing model with its textured interior surface. The present work is a numerical analysis, carried out to observe the effect of a turbulent fluid flow in a non-textured and textured plain bearing and to thus to see the improvement of the hydrodynamic and tribological performances to a non- textured and textured surface of the plain bearing, under severe operating parameters. The rotational velocity varies from 11,000 to 21,000 rpm and radial load ranging from 2000 N to 9000 N. The numerical analysis is performed by solving the continuity equation of Navier-Stocks, using the finite volume method. The numerical results show that the most important hydrodynamic characteristics such as pressure, flow velocity of the fluid, friction torque, are significant for the textured plain bearing under rotational velocity of 21,000 rpm and radial load 10,000 N compared to obtained for a non-textured plain bearing.
The Application of Solid State Fermentation for Obtaining Substances Useful in Healthcare
Authors: Wajda Łukasz , Januszek Magdalena
Published: November 2020

In the current review we summarised the research involving solid state fermentation (SSF) for the production of compounds that could be used in healthcare (terpenoids, polyphenols, fibrinolytic enzymes, mycophenolic acid and others). We described several groups of obtained agents which hold various activity: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anticoagulant and others (e.g. anticancer or anti-diabetic). It seems that especially terpenoids and polyphenols could be useful in that field, however, other substances such as enzymes and fatty acids play important role as well. We described main groups of microorganisms that are applied in SSF of those compounds, particularly Bacillus genus and fungi, and where possible provided information regarding genes involved in those processes. We also compared various approaches toward optimisation of SSF.
Analysis of Energy Transfer among Stokes Components in Raman Fiber Lasers
Authors: de la Cruz-May Lelio , Mejía Beltrán Efraín , Benavides Olena , Sanchez Lara Rafael
Published: November 2020

This work presents a methodology to estimate the pumping power required for the first Stokes to reach its maximum stored energy level, before it generates the next Stokes. These estimates are achieved by experimentally measuring the critical power and the relationship between the pumping power (PP0) and the small signal of the stimulated Raman spread (PF0). For our study we used 1 km of 1060-XP fiber, experimentally obtaining Pcr = 6.693 W, PF0/PP0 = 6.759x10−6. With these experimental data, the pump power required for the first Stokes to reach its maximum stored energy level was 13.39 W, and the stored energy in the first Stokes was 9.88 W. It is important to note that the Raman threshold ln(PP0/PF0) = 11.9 is smaller than the initially reported ∼16.
In silico Techniques for Prospecting and Characterizing Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: M. Manieri Tania , G. Magalhaes Carolina , Y. Takata Daniela , V. Batalha-Carvalho João , M. Moro Ana
Published: November 2020

In the past few years, improvement in computational approaches provided faster and less expensive outcomes on the identification, development, and optimization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In silico methods, such as homology modeling, to predict antibody structures, identification of epitope-paratope interactions, and molecular docking are useful to generate 3D structures of the antibody–antigen complexes. It helps identify the key residues involved in the antigen–antibody complex and enable modifications to enhance the antibody binding affinity. Recent advances in computational tools for redesigning antibodies are significant resources to improve antibody biophysical properties, such as binding affinity, solubility, stability, decreasing the timeframe and costs during antibody engineering. The immunobiological market grows continuously with new molecules, both natural and new molecular formats, such as bispecific antibodies, Fc-antibody fusion proteins, and mAb fragments, requiring novel methods for designing, screening, and analyzing. Algorithms and software set the in silico techniques on the innovation frontier.
Are African Stock Markets Inefficient or Adaptive? Empirical Literature
Authors: A. Obalade Adefemi , Muzindutsi Paul-Francois
Published: November 2020

This chapter reviews empirical studies on weak form of efficiency with the aim of establishing whether the African market is inefficient or adaptive. The reviewed studies are categorised based on their methodological approaches to compare the power of linear and non-linear models in testing for weak-form efficiency. The studies on calendar anomalies, an indication of weak-form inefficiency, are reviewed to assess whether these anomalies are adaptive as portrayed by the relatively recent theory of adaptive market hypothesis (AMH). The scope of reviewed studies is also extended to developed and emerging markets to gain a broad comparison of the findings. This review revealed that non-linear dependence has been revealed in stock returns suggesting that non-linear models are best fit to test for the stock market efficiency. Reviewed studies produced contradictory findings with some supporting and others rejecting weak-form efficiency. Thus, most studies support the AMH, which suggests that market efficiencies and anomalies are time changing. This chapter concludes that most of the existing studies on AMH have been carried out in markets other than Africa, and hence, further empirical studies on the evolving and changing nature of efficiency in African stock markets are recommended.
Some aspects of understanding women in Radmila Lazić's folk balads and poetry
Authors: Milikić Magda
Published: November 2020

Woman in folk ballads has numerous roles and functions, so her character in this songs in divergent and complex. She is often forced to choose between her own feelings and obeying rules of patriarchal society. Woman in this folk genre in general has traditional beliefs, unlike the lyric subject in Radmila Lazić's poetry, which tends to become modern - to emancipate itself. In accordance to this, the lyric subject in poetry of the contemporary poet tries to reevaluate patriarchal code. In the paper we analysed these "two" women, the one from folk ballads and the one from Radmila Lazić's songs. We showed that they are not as different as we thought at first.
EFFECT OF BASTI AND NASYA IN HEMORRHAGIC STROKE SPECIFICALLY ON BARTHEL INDEX, GRIP POWER AND NIH STROKE SCALE: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Gundo Jui V , Thatere Ashish A , Gajbhiye Vaishali K , Deolekar Shweta P , Kabra Prakash R
Published: November 2020

Cerebrovascular diseases include some of the most common and devastating disorders; ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Intracranial hemorrhage usually results from rupture of blood vessel within the brain parenchyma but may also occur in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage, if the artery ruptures into the brain substance as well as into the subarachnoid space. It produces neurological symptoms by producing mass effect on neural structures, from the toxic effects of blood itself or by increasing intracranial pressure. According to Ayurved hemorrhagic stroke can be linked with Urdhva Raktapitta. Chikitsa of Urdhva Raktapitta was Virechana and Adho Raktapitta was Vamana as stated by Charak. So initial management was planned to stabilize Prakupit Dosha and hence Basti and Nasya were selected in these 5 patients of pilot study. Observations and results obtained were encouraging and assessed on different parameters which are presented in full paper. The patients of acute hemorrhagic stroke (not less than 1yr) were selected on the basis of CT/ MRI of brain and sign- symptoms of stroke. Observation and results are mention by applying appropriate statistical tests. Clinically encouraging results were observed on signs and symptoms. Statistically significant results were observed on parameters. These results are presented in full paper in details. Combination of this Ayurvedic treatment can be helpful in treating the cases of hemorrhagic stroke however the study on the larger compound will be helpful to validate its effect on hemorrhagic stroke.
Potentiality of Fractionated Extracts from Hemizygia welwitschii Rolfe-Ashby (Lamiaceae) Leaf to Protect Maize against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Storage
Authors: Fotso T. G. , Gangue T. , Langsi D. J. , Lakane M. N. , Zourmba M. C. , Tchao N. , Kapche W. F. G. D. , Nukenine E. N.
Published: November 2020

Laboratory tests were conducted in order to assess the potential insecticidal effect of hexane, acetone and methanol fractionated extracts from Hemizygia welwitschii leaves against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, important stored maize pest. The three extracts used individually were applied at four different concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 10 g/kg of maize) against the weevil. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by recording adult mortality after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days of infestation, and the F1 progeny emergence. Population increase, grain damage, and seeds germination were also assessed after three months of storage. The results showed that, among the three fractionated extracts, hexane extract was the most effective with 100% mortality recorded within 14 days after infestation at the concentration of 10 g/kg of maize, followed by acetone extract with 83.75% and methanol extract with 79.21% of mortality. The LC50 values decrease with the increase of exposure periods. The 14-day LC50 values were 0.78 g/kg, 1.58 g/kg and 3.10 g/kg respectively for hexane, acetone and methanol extract. The three extracts achieved significant inhibition of F1 progeny at all the concentrations. Among them, the hexane and methanol extracts induced complete inhibition of F1 progeny emergence at 10 g/kg of maize, acetone extract recorded 82.33% of inhibition. Significant reductions of insect population growth and percentage of seed damage were recorded after three months of storage on the maize treated with each extract at all the concentrations compared to negative control. Furthermore, no alive insects was recorded in maize seeds treated with the three extracts at the concentration of 10 g/kg. It is noticed that, percentage of gain damage were similar (0.15%) in maize treated with hexane and methanol extracts at 10 g/kg, while acetone extract recorded 0.76% of grain damage. In general, these extracts had no negative effect on the germination capacity of maize grains at the end of storage. Overall, the results obtained indicate that the use of these fractionated extracts could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
Checking Correctness of a Symbolic Reliability Expression for a Capacitated Network
Authors: Alsalami Omar Mutab , Rushdi Ali Muhammad Ali
Published: November 2020

Checking a symbolic reliability expression for a flow network is useful for detecting faults in hand derivations and for debugging computer programs. This checking can be achieved in a systematic way, though it may be a formidable task. Three exhaustive tests are given when a reliability system or network has a flow constraint. These tests apply to unreliability and reliability expressions for non-coherent as well as coherent systems, and to cases when both nodes and branches are unreliable. Further properties of reliability expressions derived through various methods are discussed. All the tests and other pertinent results are proved and illustrated by examples.
Assessment of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Incidences with Causes, Mortality and Morbidity in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Baloch Kanwal , Mugheri Delijan , Soomro Abdul Majeed , Bhatti Wasim Sarwar , Khan Muhammad , Wassan Shafi Muhammad , Usman Shumaila , Nisar Uzair , Malhani Waseem Abbas , Baloch Nadeem , Mangi Altaf Ali , Lashari Saika , Arbani Rashid Ali , Alolyan Sultan Othman , Arain Shumaila Parveen , Alshahrani Sultan M
Published: November 2020

Background: The objective of this study conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital Larkana was to check the prevalence of respiratory distress in neonates and their morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory distress.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of neonates with the respiratory distress syndrome during the period of one year was evaluated. The prevalence, risk factors related with respiratory distress syndrome were compared on the basis of neonatal and maternal factors.

Results: The Majority of respiratory distress in our study, were due to Transient Tachypnea of newborn (TTN) 29.8%, RDS 22.1%, birth asphyxia 17%, and Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) 15.7%.  Overall outcome of Neonatal Respiratory Distress was cure rate in 65.4%, Neonatal mortality rate 26.84% with highest mortality due to RDS and Sepsis and the morbidity rate is 7.7%. Conclusion: The TTN was the most common cause of respiratory distress in neonates. Mortality rate was 26.84% and was highest among the neonates with respiratory distress syndrome.
Body, Embodiment
Authors: Farnell Brenda
Published: November 2020

This entry outlines disembodied language ideology inherited from Western philosophy and the effects of mind–body, verbal/nonverbal dualisms on anthropological and linguistic thought. It summarizes theoretical moves away from language as self‐contained vocal‐auditory code toward language as interactive, multimodal, and therefore embodied.
Deaf Language
Authors: Hoffmann‐Dilloway Erika
Published: November 2020

Scholarly and popular perspectives concerning both the nature of deafness and of language vary across social and cultural contexts. The situated, contingent, and mutually constitutive nature of such concepts are consequential for the lived experience of deaf persons and for theories of language broadly. Linguistic anthropologists have focused on ethnographically detailing how deaf people navigate and generate such language ideologies.
Ethnography of Speaking and Communication
Authors: Nevins M. ELEANOR
Published: November 2020

Ethnography of communication, formerly ethnography of speaking, is the founding theory and method of linguistic anthropology. It was launched in the 1960s by Dell Hymes and John Gumperz, in collaboration with a cohort of linguists, sociologists, ordinary language philosophers, and anthropologists. The ethnography of communication adapts key ideas and methods from Boasian anthropology, from structural linguistics and from conversation analysis to the study of speech in sociocultural context. Early studies developed accounts of coherence, conventionality, and particularity in the local organization of speech practices for a given community. Comparison between studies, and the study of disjuncture between communities in contact, helped establish expectations of diversity and variation of communicative norms across different speech communities. Subsequent works have incorporated elements of practice theory and dialogism, and have addressed trans‐local social relations, including globalization and colonialism.
Gaze
Authors: Hoey Elliott
Published: November 2020

Gaze is a visible index of attention and therefore serves critical functions for language users in social interaction. Though gaze behavior necessarily interlocks with other conduct like concurrently produced speech, gestural movements, and the arrangement of bodies, research on gaze as a topic in itself is robust, especially within conversation analysis. This entry provides a brief history of gaze research as it emerged from work on nonverbal communication. It then gives an overview of how gaze operates in social interactions, focusing in particular on entering interaction, regulating participation, and gaze as social action. It concludes with observations on current trends in research on gaze in interaction.
Media Representation of Language and Writing Systems
Authors: Miller Laura
Published: November 2020

This entry will survey research that explores how language ideology, folk linguistics, and bias shape media representations of language. Examples will be shared of news stories about language and writing systems from science journalism and mainstream English language media that encode formulaic themes such as discovery, decipherment, secrecy, and ancientness.
Medical Discourse
Authors: Wilce James
Published: November 2020

Linguistic anthropology is uniquely suited to the anthropological study of medicine, health, and healing. It provides evidence of a crucial role that discourse plays in medicine, asserting that medical discourse in the broadest sense – i.e. discourse in and about healing, curing, or therapy; expressions of suffering; and relevant language ideologies – has great anthropological significance. As modes of social action, writing and speaking help constitute medical institutions, curative practices, and relations of authority in and beyond particular healing encounters. Linguistic anthropologists bring to the analysis of medical discourse a sophisticated set of analytic tools that address the role of communication in and around medicine in social reproduction and the reproduction of cultural sensibilities. Such analyses also diverge from the quantitative, self‐report‐oriented, studies of “practitioner–patient communication” in the medical literature.
Mental Opacity
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: November 2020

Mental opacity refers to the ideas, common in many Pacific Island societies but also elsewhere, that one cannot know what others think, feel, or intend, and that one should not make guesses about these things nor speak in ways that presume to know them. Given the centrality of practices of intention‐seeking and mindreading to widely accepted academic theories of linguistic meaning, people's strong claims that they cannot do these things, and their ability to craft social interactions in ways that do not involve them in publicly indicating that they do so, raise important questions for linguistic anthropologists. Research in this area has thus involved rethinking theories of linguistic meaning and researching the distinctive ways language is both structured and used in places where opacity ideas are prevalent. Work on opacity has also brought linguistic and cultural anthropologists together to study the role this phenomenon plays in shaping political structures and processes of cultural change. Debates about whether those who espouse opacity ideas do nonetheless guess at others' intentions have also put anthropologists in productive dialogue with developmental psychologists who study theory of mind.
Methods in Linguistic Anthropology: Experiments
Authors: Perrino Sabina
Published: November 2020

This entry explores the fundamental research methods and analytical tools used by linguistic anthropologists with a focus on: (i) how linguistic anthropologists create compelling
research questions
and plan their research; (ii) how they collect their data; (iii) how they practice
participant observation
and how they record their ethnographic
fieldnotes
; (iv) the key role of
qualitative research interviews
not only as ways to collect referential information but also as key interactional sites; (v) how researchers engage in
transcription
and
translation
of their collected data; and, finally, (vi) how they handle known and emergent
ethical issues
.
Modality, Multimodality
Authors: Sicoli Mark A.
Published: November 2020

Multimodality refers to a performative and interpretative order in which signs of different channels of communication, sensory perceptions, or modes of embodiment are integrated into emergent assemblages. In multimodal interactions, assemblages are built of multiple participants' talk, techniques of body motion, and actions with material objects. In a broader multimodal anthropology, assemblages may be built of multiple participants' uses of multimedia, social media, and print media. This entry reviews a turn to multimodality in both interaction studies and at the intersection of linguistic and visual anthropology, its historical development, and theoretical relationship to a processual and material understanding of semiosis.
Orthography
Authors: Cooke Gina
Published: November 2020

While all human cultures have spoken language, writing systems are not ubiquitous to all cultures or all individuals, and written language developed much later in human history than speech. It is a particularly human challenge to distill spoken language into aspects that can be captured with visual symbols; this challenge has been met in different ways across different periods and different cultures for different languages. This entry provides a description and examples of the major types of writing systems as well as a clear and compelling consideration of the categorization and development of both writing systems in general and of conventionalized orthographies specifically.
Psycholinguistics
Authors: Lin Chien‐Jer Charles
Published: November 2020

Language serves as the interface between code and message. This entry provides an overview of the psycholinguistic approach to this relation as it happens in the human mind. It provides an overview of psycholinguistic research, its interdisciplinary nature, common methods, and a sampler of main issues in different levels of language processing. It is suggested that future psycholinguistic research should continue to test processing theories and hypotheses using typologically distinct languages, pay attention to individual differences and the processing behaviors of diverse populations, consider both universal mechanisms and the specifics of individual languages in theorization, be ready to incorporate insights from both comprehension and production studies, and remain as a bridge between linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science.
Quine, W.V.O.
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

W.V.O. Quine (1908–2000) was an important American philosopher, mathematician, and logician, perhaps one of the most important of his generation. He revolutionized theories in epistemology, semantics and pragmatics, and the philosophy of language.
Skinner, B.F.
Authors: Khor Su Yin
Published: November 2020

B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) was an American psychologist and inventor whose research and work heavily influenced and shaped psychology, leading to the emergence of experimental psychology, which significantly changed the way psychology was studied at the time. Although his research centered on psychology, his behaviorist approach was used in other related fields, such as language learning and acquisition.
Stereotype
Authors: Managan Kathe
Published: November 2020

Stereotypes commonly refer to fixed images that members of society share, especially the prejudiced beliefs that community members hold about certain types of people, or in the case of linguistic stereotypes, the way they speak. A study of stereotypes in linguistic anthropology brings together the discipline's interest in society, culture, and language via ideologies, indexicality, enregisterment, and stance.
Style and Stylization
Authors: Gagné Isaac
Published: November 2020

Style is an assemblage of sociolinguistic features used creatively and strategically to index and to create a social identity. Style both constructs and performs a social identity through mobilizing specific symbolic and material resources which may be both linguistic and non‐linguistic (or paralinguistic) features. These features index a particular kind of person or group – a social identity – within a given community of practice. Style is related to the indexing of gender, age, and ethnicity, as well as socioeconomic class, status, and subcultural groups. Style is a sociohistorical formation that both structures and is structured by its users, and is articulated within a broader linguistic market or markets in which various forms of symbolic capital are exchanged, in the process creating different and competing values. Style is thus a dynamic resource for the creation and articulation of the self in interactional contexts.
Voice, Grammatical
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Grammatical voice describes the relationship between the subject of a sentence and its verb. Active and passive voices are the most commonly discussed.
Immigration
Authors: Yeh Rihan
Published: November 2020

In recent years, linguistic anthropology has honed a powerful theoretical and ethnographic approach to social processes of immigration, with broad implications for interdisciplinary and public debates on the topic. After situating “immigration” as a highly particular lens onto human mobilities, this entry sketches the historical development of the subdiscipline's conceptual toolkit for grappling with the topic and reviews how current work is shifting wider theoretical understandings of citizenship, sovereignty, geopolitical borders, and the constitution of social inequalities on a global scale today.
Engineering Silk Fibroin‐Based Nerve Conduit with Neurotrophic Factors for Proximal Protection after Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Carvalho Cristiana R. , Chang Wei , Silva‐Correia Joana , Reis Rui L. , Oliveira Joaquim M. , Kohn Joachim
Published: November 2020

Artificial nerve conduits capable of adequately releasing neurotrophic factors are extensively studied to bridge nerve defects. However, the lack of neurotrophic factors in the proximal area and their visible effects in axonal retrograde transport following nerve injury is one of the factors causing an incomplete nerve regeneration. Herein, an advanced conduit made of silk fibroin is produced, which can incorporate growth factors and promote an effective regeneration after injury. For that, enzymatically crosslinked silk fibroin‐based conduits are developed to be used as a platform for the controlled delivery of neurotrophic factors. Nerve growth factor and glial‐cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are incorporated using two different methodologies: i) crosslinking and ii) absorption method. The release profile is measured by ELISA technique. The bioactivity of the neurotrophic factors is evaluated in vitro by using primary dorsal root ganglia. When implanted in a 10 mm sciatic nerve defect in rats, GDNF‐loaded silk fibroin conduits reveal retrograde neuroprotection as compared to autografts and plain silk fibroin conduit. Therefore, the novel design presents a substantial improvement of retrograde trafficking, neurons’ protection, and motor nerve reinnervation.
Copper Dimer Anchored in g‐CN Monolayer as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for CO2 Reduction Reaction: A Computational Study
Authors: Wang Cong , Zhu Changyan , Zhang Min , Geng Yun , Su Zhongmin
Published: November 2020

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) into value‐added energy carriers is of utmost importance due to rising emissions of CO2 and depleting energy resource. The search and design of effective, stable, and low‐cost electrocatalysts are crucial but face huge challenges. Here, the potential of copper dimer anchored in g‐CN (Cu2@CN) monolayer as electrocatalyst for CO2RR is systematically evaluated by means of density functional theory calculations. The computational results indicate that the Cu2@CN monolayer possesses superior catalytic activity for the conversion of CO2 to HCOOH and C2H4 with low limiting potential (−0.16 and −0.52 V, respectively), outperforming the corresponding single‐atom counterpart (Cu@CN). Considering the myriad of unexplored dimers anchored in/on g‐CN monolayer and their potential catalytic applications, this work provides a useful guidance for future studies.
2D Materials and Heterostructures at Extreme Pressure
Authors: Zhang Linglong , Tang Yilin , Khan Ahmed Raza , Hasan Md Mehedi , Wang Ping , Yan Han , Yildirim Tanju , Torres Juan Felipe , Neupane Guru Prakash , Zhang Yupeng , Li Quan , Lu Yuerui
Published: November 2020

2D materials possess wide‐tuning properties ranging from semiconducting and metallization to superconducting, etc., which are determined by their structure, empowering them to be appealing in optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Pressure is an effective and clean tool that allows modifications of the electronic structure, crystal structure, morphologies, and compositions of 2D materials through van der Waals (vdW) interaction engineering. This enables an insightful understanding of the variable vdW interaction induced structural changes, structure–property relations as well as contributes to the versatile implications of 2D materials. Here, the recent progress of high‐pressure research toward 2D materials and heterostructures, involving graphene, boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, 2D perovskites, black phosphorene, MXene, and covalent–organic frameworks, using diamond anvil cell is summarized. A detailed analysis of pressurized structure, phonon dynamics, superconducting, metallization, doping together with optical property is performed. Further, the pressure‐induced optimized properties and potential applications as well as the vision of engineering the vdW interactions in heterostructures are highlighted. Finally, conclusions and outlook are presented on the way forward.
Determinants affecting medication adherence in the elderly: A qualitative study
Authors: Bastani Peivand , Bikineh Parisa , Ravangard Ramin , Rezaee Rita , Kavosi Zahra
Published: November 2020

Objective

Due to high rates of irrational use of medicines and low rates of medication adherence among older Iranian patients, this study aimed to explore the determinants of medication adherence in the elderly.

Methods

This qualitative study was conducted in 2019 via 20 semi‐structured interviews with a purposeful sample of elderly people and health‐care personnel. Transcript data were analyzed applying thematic analysis. MAXQDA10 was used for thematic analysis and presenting a thematic map.

Results

Two main themes appeared as the main determinants of medication adherence: individual determinants and external determinants. Other results show that there were six sub‐themes and 23 main categories in this regard. The sub‐themes were as follows: consumption disorder, consumption acceptance, delinquency, forgetfulness, sociocultural factors, and others’ impacts.

Conclusions

Different individual and external factors can affect elderly people’s medication adherence. Considering the significance of this issue for the health of elderly people and the whole community, positive changes are needed to manage the medication‐adherence process. Basic and scientific planning, appropriate interventions, and comprehensive collaboration among all health‐system levels are required for implementing such changes.
Nondestructive estimation of leaf area for 15 species of vines with different leaf shapes
Authors: Yu Xiaojing , Shi Peijian , Schrader Julian , Niklas Karl J.
Published: November 2020

Premise

The nondestructive measurement of leaf area is important for expediting data acquisition in the field. The Montgomery equation (ME) assumes that leaf area (A) is a proportional function of the product of leaf length (L) and width (W), i.e., A = cLW, where c is called the Montgomery parameter. The ME has been successfully applied to calculate the surface area of many broad‐leaved species with simple leaf shapes. However, whether this equation is valid for more complex leaf shapes has not been verified.

Methods

Leaf A, L, and W were measured directly for each of 5601 leaves of 15 vine species, and ME and three other models were used to fit the data. All four models were compared based on their root mean square errors (RMSEs) to determine whether ME provided the best fit.

Results

The ME was a reliable method for estimating the A of all 15 species. In addition, the numerical values of 13 of the 15 values of c fell within a previously predicted numerical range (i.e., between 1/2 and π/4). The data show that the numerical values of c are largely affected by the value of W/L, the concavity of the leaf base, and the number of lobes on the lamina.

Conclusions

The Montgomery parameter can reflect the influence of leaf shape on leaf‐area calculations and can serve as an important tool for nondestructive measurements of leaf area for many broad‐leaved species and for the investigation of leaf morphology.
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) World Impact Survey (iWISh): Patient and physician perceptions of diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and treatment
Authors: Cooper Nichola , Kruse Alexandra , Kruse Caroline , Watson Shirley , Morgan Mervyn , Provan Drew , Ghanima Waleed , Arnold Donald M. , Tomiyama Yoshiaki , Santoro Cristina , Michel Marc , Laborde Serge , Lovrencic Barbara , Hou Ming , Bailey Tom , Taylor‐Stokes Gavin , Haenig Jens , Bussel James B.
Published: November 2020

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is now well‐known to reduce patients' health‐related quality of life. However, data describing which signs and symptoms patients and physicians perceive as having the greatest impact are limited, as is understanding the full effects of ITP treatments. I‐WISh (ITP World Impact Survey) was an exploratory, cross‐sectional survey designed to establish the multifaceted impact of ITP, and its treatments, on patients' lives. It focused on perceptions of 1507 patients and 472 physicians from 13 countries regarding diagnostic pathway, frequency and severity of signs and symptoms, and treatment use. Twenty‐two percent of patients experienced delayed diagnosis (caused by several factors), 73% of whom felt anxious as a result. Patients rated fatigue among the most frequent, severe symptom associated with ITP at diagnosis (58% most frequent; 73% most severe), although physicians assigned it lower priority (30%). Fatigue was one of the few symptoms persisting at survey completion (50% and 65%, respectively) and was the top symptom patients wanted resolved (46%). Participating physicians were experienced at treating ITP, thereby recognizing the need to limit corticosteroid use to newly‐diagnosed or first‐relapse patients and espoused increased use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists and anti‐CD20 after relapse in patients with persistent/chronic disease. Patient and physicians were largely aligned on diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment use. I‐WISh demonstrated that patients and physicians largely align on overall ITP symptom burden, with certain differences, for example, fatigue. Understanding the emotional and clinical toll of ITP on the patient will facilitate shared decision‐management, setting and establishment of treatment goals and disease stage‐appropriate treatment selection.