bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Workflow for Systematic Design of Electrochemical In Operando NMR Cells by Matching B0 and B1 Field Simulations with Experiments
Authors: Schatz Michael , Streun Matthias , Jovanovic Sven , Eichel Rüdiger-A. , Josef Granwehr
Published: August 2024

Abstract. Combining electrochemistry (EC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques has evolved from a challenging concept to an adaptable and versatile method for battery and electrolysis research. Continuous advancements in NMR hardware have fostered improved homogeneity of static magnetic field, B0, and radio frequency field, B1, yet fundamental challenges caused by introducing essential conductive components into the NMR sensitive volume remain. Cell designs in EC-NMR have largely been improved empirically, at times supported by magnetic field simulations. To propel systematic improvements of cell concepts, a workflow for a qualitative and semi-quantitative description of both B0 and B1 distortions is provided in this study. Three-dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations of both B0 and B1 fields were employed to investigate cell structures with electrodes oriented perpendicular to B0, which allow realistic EC-NMR measurements for battery as well as electrolysis applications. Particular attention is paid to field distributions in the immediate vicinity of electrodes, which is of prime interest for electrochemical processes. Using a cell with a small void outside the electrochemical active region, the relevance of design details and bubble formation is demonstrated. Moreover, B1 amplifications in coin cells provide an explanation for unexpectedly high sensitivity in previous EC-NMR studies, implying the potential for selective excitation of spins close to electrode surfaces. The correlation of this amplification effect with coin geometry is described by empirical expressions. The simulations were validated experimentally utilising frequency encoded 1H profile imaging and chemical shift imaging of 1H, 13C, and 23Na resonances of NaHCO3 electrolyte. Finally, the theoretical and experimental results are distilled into design guidelines for EC-NMR cells.
A Semantic Analysis of Sylvia Plath's Poems “Ariel” and “Lady Lazarus” through Leech’s Model of Semantics (1981)
Authors: Shaikh Iram Munawar , Hussain Imtiaz
Published: August 2024

The research paper aims to conduct a semantic analysis of Sylvia Plath's poems "Ariel" (1965) and Lady Lazarus (1965) by employing Leech's Model of Semantics (1981). Semantics is the study of the investigation of meaning communicated through language. The study intends to investigate the intricate layers of meaning in the selected poems. Therefore, the study deals with certain research questions based on How does the study of meaning help the readers to understand the contextual background of Plath’s selected poems “Ariel” and “Lady Lazarus” and How does Leech’s Model of Semantics facilitate seven layers of meaning and complexities inherent in Plath's poetic expression? The study utilizes a non-empirical research method with a descriptive approach to interpret the data; the researchers used content analysis technique to address the research objectives. The results and findings are based on seven layers of meanings including, denotative, connotative, collocative, affective, social, thematic, and reflected dimensions in Plath’s selected poems and confirms the credibility and applicability of Leech’s Model of semantics (1981). Lastly, this research enriches the multilayered meanings of Plath’s artistic language and contributes to a deeper understanding of Plath's struggle and conflict by tracing her poetry as evidence for the study. The study invites the readers and future researchers to explore Plath’s poetic expression and language within the broader framework through understanding the deeper social and cultural contexts.
The Influence of Despotic Leadership on Counterproductive Work Behavior: The Role of Follower’s Dispositional Characteristics
Authors: Mahmood Saira , Mehmood Hassan , Waheed Khawaja Zeeshan
Published: August 2024

Public sector organizations are considered to be more vulnerable to exhibit bad management practices in Pakistan due to despotic leadership styles. This study investigates the link among despotic leaders and the counter productive work behavior of followers. The study examines the emotional attitude as the outcome of despotic leadership and predictor of deviant behavior in a parallel manner and psychological capital as boundary condition that mitigate the indirect relationship of despotic leadership and the counter productive work behaviors. Data was gathered through two-wave research design from 326 employees of Pakistan’s public sector organizations through questionnaire and Google forms. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to examine relationships, such as mediations and moderation effects between the contextual variables. The results established that the followers of despotic leadership felt disgusted, frustrated, and behaved deviant in the organization. Moreover, we found psychological capital behavior as moderator in the relationship. Authoritative behaviors, poor communications, unethical conducts and deprived managerial skills produce emotionally exhausted followers. The study suggests formal training of leaders and followers concurrently. Based on Social exchange theory, this research might be the foremost study that has examined the emotional attitudes and in parallel, underlying mechanism to explain leader-follower give-and-take relations. Moreover, psychological capital as an important key personal resource that mitigate this relationship theoretically by integrating conversion of resources theory.
'Introduction'
Authors: Mann Jatinder
Published: August 2024

The aim and scope of the Journal of Australian, Canadian, and Aotearoa New Zealand Studies (JACANZS) is to publish articles in various disciplines (history, politics, literature, law, anthropology, and Indigenous studies) on one or more of the the following countries: Australia, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand, with a core focus on articles that are comparative in their geographic remit, for example Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand, or Australia and Canada. The creation of the journal responds to a lack of journals that collectively publish across the fields of Australian, Canadian, and Aotearoa New Zealand Studies from multi and interdisciplinary perspectives. It also followed the creation of the Australian, Canadian, and New Zealand Studies Network (ACNZSN) to reflect the work and membership of the network.
Қазақстандағы бағалы қағаздар нарығын цифрлық трансформациялау процестері
Authors: Сәлімова Ж.
Published: August 2024

В Казахстане в последние годы наблюдается значительный рост количества инвестиционных держателей ценных бумаг, что является весомым событием для финансового сектора Республики Казахстан. Целью статьи было изучение факторов и предпосылок, повлекших небывалый рост инвестиционной активности частных и институциональных инвесторов на фондовом рынке. Приводится аналитика цифровых брокерско-дилерских услуг на казахстанском рынке за последние годы, а также причины выявленных изменений. Ожидается, что в ближайшем будущем вероятна дальнейшая нагрузка на инфраструктуру рынка ценных бумаг с учетом повышения активности в этом секторе экономики через трансформацию бизнес-процессов и информационных систем финтехкомпаний, а также решение серьезных задач, которые потребуют использования значительных финансовых ресурсов.

Қазақстанда соңғы жылдары бағалы қағаздарды инвестициялық ұстаушылар санының айтарлықтай өсуі байқалады, бұл Қазақстан Республикасының қаржы секторы үшін маңызды болып табылады. Мақаланың мақсаты қор нарығындағы жеке және институционалдық инвесторлардың инвестициялық белсенділігінің бұрын-соңды болмаған өсуіне әкеп соққан факторлар мен алғышарттарды зерттеу болды. Соңғы жылдардағы қазақстандық нарықтағы цифрлық брокерлік-дилерлік қызметтерді талдау, сондай-ақ анықталған өзгерістердің себептері көрсетіледі. Жақын болашақта финтехкомпаниялардың бизнес-процестері мен ақпараттық жүйелерін трансформациялау, сондай-ақ елеулі қаржы ресурстарын пайдалануды талап ететін елеулі міндеттерді шешу арқылы экономиканың осы секторындағы белсенділіктің артуын ескере отырып, бағалы қағаздар нарығының инфрақұрылымына одан әрі жүктеме болуы мүмкін деп күтілуде.

Kazakhstan has seen a significant increase in the number of investment holders of securities in recent years, which is a significant event for the financial sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article examines the prerequisites for the growth of investment activity of private and institutional investors in the stock market. The analysis of digital broker-dealer services in the Kazakhstan market in recent years, as well as the reasons for the changes, is given. It is expected that in the near future a further burden on the infrastructure of the securities market is likely, taking into account the increase in activity in this sector of the economy through the transformation of business processes and information systems of fintech companies, as well as the solution of serious tasks requiring the use of significant financial resources.
Поэмы Иманжана Жилкайдарулы
Authors: Топашов М.
Published: August 2024

Мақалада Иманжан Жылқайдарұлының жыр-дастандарына әдеби талдаулар жасалады. Өзіндік ерекшеліктері көрсетіліп, дастан жанрын игерудегі ізденістері айқындалады. Оның қоғам шындығын байыптауы, заман көріністеріне зер салуы, тақырыпты игерудегі ұстанымы да зерттеу барысында анықталады. Сонымен қатар оның жыр-дастандарының көркемдік деңгейі анықталып, сапалық белгілері ажыратылады.

В статье произведен литературный анализ стихотворений и поэм Иманжана Жылкайдарулы, выделены индивидуальные особенности, определены его поиски овладения жанром поэмы. В ходе исследования также будут определены его серьезность социальной реальности, его внимание к современным сценам, его позиция в освоении темы. При этом определяется художественный уровень его стихов и былин, выделяются качественные различия.

In the article, a literary analysis of the poems and stories of Imanjan Zylkaidaruly is made, individual features are highlighted, and his search for mastery of the genre is determined. In the course of the research, the seriousness of the social reality, the attention to modern scenes, and the position in mastering the topic will also be determined. At the same time, the artistic level of his verses and verses is determined, qualitative differences are highlighted.
Халықаралық сыбайлас жемқорлыққа қарсы стандарттар және оларды іске асыру механизмдері
Authors: Сералина А. , Умрихина М.
Published: August 2024

В данной научной статье рассматривается концепция международных антикоррупционных стандартов, включая их юридическую и политическую обязательность для государств, в частности Республики Казахстан. Анализируются механизмы мониторинга и исполнения этих стандартов на международном уровне, включая роль основных международных конвенций и организаций. Также подчеркивается влияние коррупции на социальные, экономические и политические аспекты жизни общества, и необходимость соблюдения международных норм в борьбе с коррупцией.

Бұл ғылыми мақалада халықаралық сыбайлас жемқорлыққа қарсы стандарттардың тұжырымдамасы, оның ішінде мемлекеттер, атап айтқанда Қазақстан Республикасы үшін олардың заңды және саяси міндеттілігі қарастырылады. Негізгі халықаралық конвенциялар мен ұйымдардың рөлін қоса алғанда, осы стандарттардың халықаралық деңгейде мониторингі мен орындалу механизмдері талданады. Сондай-ақ сыбайлас жемқорлықтың қоғам өмірінің әлеуметтік, экономикалық және саяси аспектілеріне әсері және сыбайлас жемқорлыққа қарсы күресте халықаралық нормаларды сақтау қажеттілігі атап өтіледі.

This scientific article examines the concept of international anti-corruption standards, including their legal and political binding on states, in particular the Republic of Kazakhstan. The mechanisms for monitoring and implementing these standards at the international level are analyzed, including the role of the main international conventions and organizations. It also highlights the impact of corruption on the social, economic and political aspects of society, and the need to comply with international standards in the fight against corruption.
P PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS BAHAN BAKAR JENIS PERTAMAX DI SPBU DAN PERTAMAX DI PERTASHOP DENGAN PARAMETER UJI DISTILASI, REID VAPOUR PRESSURE, DOCTOR TEST, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, OCTANE NUMBER, DAN COOPER STRIP
Authors: Nuryanti Rahma , Sari Dian Kurnia , Octavia Friska
Published: August 2024

Pertamax merupakan jenis bahan bakar dengan angka oktan 92 yang biasa digunakan untuk kendaraan bermesin mogas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas bahan bakar pertamax yang dijual di SPBU dan Pertashop yang seharusnya memiliki kualitas baik serta memenuhi spesifikasi persyaratan bahan bakar yang sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku sesuai parameter uji Spesific Gravity (SG) ASTM D-1298, Distilasi ASTM D-86, Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) ASTM D-323, Doctor Test IP-30, Cooper Strip ASTM D-130, dan Octane Number ASTM D-2699. Dari hasil penelitian sampel yang dianalisa menunjukkan tiga diantaranya sesuai kriteria bahan bakar untuk mesin kendaraan (on spec) yaitu sampel dari SJ dengan angka octane number 92, nilai SG 60/60 °F yaitu 0,729, nilai distilasi diperoleh hasil end point 207 °C, % recovery 98% disuhu 180 °C, % residu 0,2%, untuk nilai RVP yaitu 7,3 psig, pengujian doctor test diperoleh hasil negatif, dan untuk pengujian copper strip test berada dikelas 1b. Sampel dari SP dengan angka octane number 92, nilai SG 60/60 °F yaitu 0,729, nilai distilasi diperoleh hasil end point 198 ℃, % recovery 98% disuhu 180 °C, % residu 0,2%, untuk nilai RVP yaitu 7,1 psig, pengujian doctor test diperoleh hasil negatif, dan untuk pengujian copper strip test berada dikelas 1b. Sampel dari PP dengan angka octane number 92, sedangkan nilai SG 60/60 °F yaitu 0,730, nilai distilasi diperoleh hasil end point 202 °C, % recovery 98% disuhu 180 °F, % residu 0,2%, untuk nilai RVP yaitu 7,0 psig, pengujian doctor test diperoleh hasil negatif, dan untuk pengujian copper strip test berada dikelas 1b. Namun tiga sampel lainnya belum dapat dikatakan sesuai dengan standar mutu (off spec) yaitu sampel dari SK, PK dan PP dikarenakan beberapa parameter uji masih belum dapat memenuhi standar mutu yang ditetapkan seperti distilasi, RVP, copper strip test, dan octane number.
Firms Attributes and Sustainability Disclosures: A Study of Sensitive Environmental Sector in Nigeria
Authors: E. O. Ogunmodede, , M. Aggreh, , N. F. Udeh,
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the impact of firm attributes on sustainability disclosure, focusing on a comparative analysis of environmentally sensitive firms. The specific objective is to ascertain the discrepancy in the influence of firm size on sustainability disclosure within the more environmentally sensitive industry. Employing a longitudinal and ex-post facto research design, the study encompasses a population of one hundred and fifty (150) listed firms in Nigeria. A sample of 20 firms from both financial and non-financial sectors was selected using a judgmental sampling technique. Data were gathered from the annual reports and accounts of the chosen firms, as well as the fact book of Nigeria Exchange Group (NGX) spanning from 2012 to 2021. Hypotheses were tested using panel regression and t-test techniques. The key findings indicate a significant disparity in the impact of firm size on sustainability disclosure within the more environmentally sensitive industry (P = 0.0002). In conclusion, the adoption of sustainable development strategies by a company reflects management's consideration of various stakeholders' perceptions. The study recommends that regulators prioritise environmental and social issues to foster sustainable practices, particularly through increased disclosure of environmental, social, and governance factors.
3 Der Markt für Zucker
Authors: Sommer Ulrich
Published: August 2024

(3) The world sugar market remained well supplied in 2000 although there was a short lived speculation for higher prices released by exaggerated reports about eventual crop shortfalls. Low world prices required the EU Commission to make fine-tuned cuts into national sugar quotas for exactly complying with WTO export restric-tions. The Council of Farm Ministers agreed to roll on the Common Market Organization without making deci-sive changes while medium term prospects signal world supplies to further outpace demand.
6 Die Märkte für Eier und Gefügelfleisch
Authors: Frenz Karl
Published: August 2024

(6) Animal welfare and environmental considerations are slowly gaining ground with regard to egg and poultry production. They are no longer a matter of tiny consumer groups in the more affluent societies but rather begin to affect big industries, international trade and world trade policy (WTO). Nevertheless, the vast majority of producing countries are concerned primarily about increasing production in order to improve human welfare.
Agrarpolitische Interessen Frankreichs und Deutschlands - Gemeinsamkeiten und Divergenzen unter sich ändernden Rahmenbedingungen
Authors: Ahrens Heinz , Lippert Christian
Published: August 2024

Agricultural policy interests of France and Germany - similarities and divergences under changing conditions. The aim of this contribution is to examine how the French and the German positions on agricultural policy have developed since the foundation of the EEC and what the driving forces were behind. The "general consensus" underlying the EEC treaty, and according to which the common market would be "conquered" by France in the case of the classical agricultural products, could not be translated into practice; for what emerged for these products was not a customs union but a "price support union". As a consequence French intra-community agricultural exports had to be redirected to the world market. Thus initial positive French income transfers via intra-community trade were transformed into transfers from the EC budget, an evolution that can be interpreted as a "modification of the general consensus". However, this was not to last long either since the policy of price support, plus the unlimited obligation for the state to purchase any production surpluses, were bound to cause increasing budget costs and an aggravation of international trade conflicts. The fact that in the ensuing discussions on the CAP France favored price cuts while the Federal Republic pleaded for quantitative restrictions, is explained with the help of a partial analysis model. Moreover, the article also explains further divergences between the French and the German agricultural policy positions. In so doing, account is also taken of (a) the modifications of the German positions after reunification and (b) the new accents that have appeared in French agricultural policy after the change in government in 1997.
Strategies of the German and French food industry and consequences for the competitiveness
Authors: Weindlmaier Hannes , Floriot Jean-Louis
Published: August 2024

Based on an analysis of selected determinants for the competitiveness and of strategies of the food industries the contribution illustrates similarities and major differences between the food industries of these two countries. It is shown that in both countries measures are necessary to further improve competitiveness. Important strategic means are the continuation of structural change, the strengthening of the position of co-operatives, a consequent orientation towards market developments and a stronger internationalisation.
„Doppelte Politikverflechtung“ als Bestimmungsfaktor der Agrarstruktur- und der Agrarumweltpolitik in der BR Deutschland
Authors: Mehl Peter , Plankl Reiner
Published: August 2024

Double interlocked federalism: The case of agri-structural and agri-environmental policies in the Federal Republic of Germany. A large portion of the agri-structural policies and agri-environmental policies in the Federal Republic of Germany are decided within the framework of complex decision-making structures and fiscal responsibility at different political levels (the federal states, the national government, and the European Union), resulting in "double-interlocked federalism". This paper describes the specific institutional configuration and its historical development, and presents a financial analysis of the development plans for rural areas in selected federal states to illustrate the increasing role of interlocked federalism. The interplay between the political levels took an unexpectedly flexible, and between the various states heterogeneous, form. All in all, however, the results did not corroborate the theoretical point of view suggesting a "joint decision trap."
Perspectives of farm management economics
Authors: Köhne Manfred
Published: August 2024

Traditional objects of farm management research and farm management science are farms and farm households. In the course of time new objects have been added, for example different forms of horizontal and vertical co-operation, commerce and manufacturing enterprises in the field of agriculture, partly supplying, and service industries in agriculture. Corresponding to that, there are numerous addressees: relevant academics, students, farmers and their consultants, agricultural experts, also increasingly employees in agribusiness, agricultural societies and administrations, partly also jurisdiction, agrarian politicians, and finally the public. There is a large variety of topics concerning farm management research and science. Important traditional topics with varying focuses are: description of forms of enterprises, operations research and analysis, co-operate planning, appraisal, site assessment, use of electronic media, analysis of new technologies and their results, and finally the individual farm analysis of agrarian policy measures. Recent topics are in particular: economic research on organic farming, farm economic questions in connection with biotechnology and genetic engineering, farm economic controlling, internal procuring and marketing policy, business relations, analysis of international competitiveness of farm businesses as well as enterprises in agribusiness, farm environmental economy, and economic examinations of agricultural institutions. As far as organisation is concerned, farm management economics should stay in future within agricultural faculties. Farm management economics should not be classified as part of business economics and should not be integrated in business science faculties. Due to the large field of topics, farm management economics should have two professorships per faculty. Besides, a basic level of science has to be passed at any agricultural university. Above that, varied priority programs on special fields should be offered as it is currently the case.
Perspektiven des Gartenbaus in einem internationalen Markt
Authors: Bokelmann Wolfgang
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Calculation of price and expenditure elasticities for food in Germany: Estimation of a LA/AIDS
Authors: Wildner Susanne
Published: August 2024

Complete and consistent, i.e. theoretically appropriate demand systems have seldom been developed for Germany. Econometric food demand analyses have concentrated on single products and product groups. Generally, demand functions have been estimated using single equation methods. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the food demand in former West Germany on the basis of the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) developed by DEATON and MUELLBAUER (1980). A two-stage demand system is based on data for the household type III gathered on a monthly basis during the period from 1966 to 1997. At a first stage, five aggregates of food (meats and fish; dairy and eggs; edible fats; cereals, fruits and vegetables; and other foods) and one non-food group are specified. The second stage includes four groups of meat (beef, pork, poultry, and other processed meats) and fish. The results of the demand system allow statements about the changes in food demand over time periods.
Institutionelle Grundlagen der Agrarprotektion: Eine polit-ökonomische Analyse der Agrarpolitik in den Mittel- und Osteuropäischen Ländern
Authors: Henning Christian H.C.A. , Krause Kim Carolin , Struve Carsten
Published: August 2024

The impact of political institutions, e.g. the organization of legislature, election and party systems, on agricultural protection has hardly been taken into account explicitly in theoretical and empirical studies, yet. In this framework the paper investigates to what extent political institutions explain observed variances in the political power of the agrarian population in the ten Central and Eastern European Countries / Candidates (CEEC) applying for an accession to the EU. Moreover, it is analyzed to what extent EU-accession will be politically feasible given the specific political and economic framework conditions of the individual states. In particular, empirical analyses imply the following results: (i) The political power of the agrarian population varies significantly among the analyzed countries. (ii) The political weights are significantly determined by political institutions. (iii) Analyzing to what extent EU-accession is politically feasible in the CEEC-states we can show that political feasibility of EU-accession crucially depends on keeping the rule of financial solidarity. Contrary, keeping the rule of financial solidarity implies that future CAP will become even more inefficient in economic terms.
Können Produktionsentscheidungen als Investitionsentscheidungen modelliert werden?
Authors: Mann Stefan , Mack Gabriele , Ferjani Ali
Published: August 2024

Interviews with Swiss farmers lead to the hypotheses that production decisions, also in crop growing, are not made annually, but similarly to investment decisions in the long run. This hypothesis is backed by non-parametric time-series analysis for Switzerland and Germany. This creates a theoretical basis for combining Positive Mathematical Programming with flexibility constraints in optimization models. Results of the forecasting model SILAS show that forecasting quality is improved through this approach.
Welfare economics of conventional vs. alternative agriculture
Authors: Schamel Günter
Published: August 2024

We develop a agricultural model assuming that conventional production is causing environmental externalities while more benign alternative production methods generate non-market amenity benefits and obtain a price premium in the marketplace. We analyze policies targeting external benefits and costs to capture interaction effects: polluting input taxes reduce the returns and subsidies needed to induce more benign production. Thus, it is only optimal to subsidize if the additional marginal amenity benefit exceeds the marginal external cost reductions due to the input tax. Terms of trade effects imply that large (land abundant) exporters have strategic incentives to overvalue external costs while large (land scarce) importers have strategic incentives to overrate non-market benefits. The model may serve to explain principal negotiating positions of major players within the WTO agriculture-environment sphere.
Verfahren zur Korrektur des Embedding-Effektes bei der Kontingenten Bewertung - Approaches to calibrate the amount of embedding in contingent valuation
Authors: Meyerhoff Jürgen
Published: August 2024

The use of economic tools such as the benefit-cost analysis often requires determining non-market values of environmental goods. One of the appropriate measures to determine these values is the contingent valuation. As a stated preference technique it allows to measure non-use values as well as to value future states of the environment. However, the credibility of the contingent valuation is still under debate because people only state a hypothetical willingness to pay. One of the most debated elicitation effects of this method is the embedding effect. In this paper, two approaches to take account of that effect are presented. Both use follow-up questions in order to obtain self reports from respondents. Each approach was employed in one of two contingent valuation studies which aimed at determining people’s willingness to pay for nature conservation. The answers to the debriefing questions are analysed for each survey both for the whole sample as well as separately for users and non-users of the good in question.
Die monetäre Bewertung von Naturgütern zwischen ökonomischer Theorie und politischer Umsetzung - Monetary valuation of the natural environment - economic theory and application in environmental policy
Authors: Hampicke Ulrich
Published: August 2024

During the past 15 or so years, a considerable number of valuation studies have been published in German language concerning nature conservation mostly in the agrarian countryside, using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). These are documented here and briefly commented on. In the sequel, well-known objections in the literature against this method are discussed and rejected or at least attenuated, thereby referring to more comprehensive literature. Upon careful design, the results from CVM studies bear closer examination as to their reliability. It seems doubtful, however, and must even be regarded as refuted in some special cases that their very objective, as formulated from a rigorous microeconomic position, is achieved, that is the disclosure of the Compensating Variation (VC) or Equivalent Variation (EV), respectively. Respondents’ statements are influenced both by their experience in achieving a consumer surplus in everyday purchases and - more importantly - by normative, ethical, distributive and genuine political aspects. Intuitively, respondents realise the societal nature of the respective problems and are reluctant to communicate exclusively in individualistic terms of modern utility theory. It is argued that no adverse consequences ensue from this finding when CVM results are practically applied for the sake of improving economic allocation. Nature conservation policy should be more oriented towards CVM results rather than depend on the influence of political pressure groups.
Trust and attitude in consumer food choices under risk
Authors: Graffeo Michele , Savadori Lucia , Lombardi Luigi , Tentori Katya , Bonini Nicolao , Rumiati Rino
Published: August 2024

In this paper, attitude and trust are studied in the context of a food scare (dioxin) with the aim of identifying the components of attitude and trust that significantly affect how purchases are determined. A revised version of the model by MAYER et al. (1995) was tested for two types of food: salmon and chicken. The final model for salmon shows that trust is significantly determined by perceived competence, perceived shared values, truthfulness of information and the experiential attitude (the feeling that consuming salmon is positive), but trust has no impact on behavioural intentions. Consumer preferences seem to be determined by a positive experiential attitude and the perception that breeders, sellers and institutions have values similar to those of the consumer. The model for chicken gave very similar results.
Turkey’s accession to the EU: what will the Common Agricultural Policy cost?
Authors: Grethe Harald
Published: August 2024

At the EU Council in December 2004, European heads of governments decided to start EU accession negotiations with Turkey in October 2005. Various recent analyses assess the cost of applying the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU (CAP) to Turkey; most of them without taking into account the specific structure of the agricultural sector in Turkey, which would determine the receipts from EU funds. This paper assesses potential budgetary effects resulting from the application of the CAP to Turkey. The analysis is based on macroeconomic projections, equilibrium modelling of the Turkish agricultural sector, and projections of the future development of the CAP. It is found that total EU budgetary outlays for the application of the CAP to Turkey could total about Euro 3.5 billion in 2015 and rise to Euro 5.4 billion in 2025 due to full phasing in of direct payments and rural development policies. The resulting net transfer under the CAP to Turkey would be about Euro 1.7 billion in 2015 and could increase to Euro 2.9 billion in 2025. Such sums take a backseat to projected transfers under the structural policy of the EU and the overall political project of including Turkey in the EU.
Institutions and properties of the transaction: influences on land rental contract design in Poland
Authors: Hurrelmann Annette
Published: August 2024

The article analyses influences on the design of land rental contracts in Poland. Attention is paid to the effect of both the properties of the transaction as identified in Transaction Cost Economics (asset-specificity, uncertainty, frequency) and the features of the institutional environment (legal as well as customary rules) as studied by the Economics of Property Rights. The conclusion is that institutional influences have a very strong effect and should not be disregarded in the explanation of contract choice.
Gibt es keinen Methodenbeitrag der Agrarökonomie mehr?
Authors: Herrmann Roland
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Assessing impacts of CAP reform in France and Germany
Authors: Küpker Bernd , Hüttel Silke , Kleinhanss Werner , Offermann Frank
Published: August 2024

The 2003 CAP Reform left EU member states much room for national implementation. The farm group model EU-FARMIS is applied to quantify the effects of the reform and the impacts of the options for national implementation. The analysis is done for France and Germany because their implementation schemes adequately reflect the broad range of options. It is found that cereal and fodder maize production is reduced both in France and Germany. In contrast, the acreage of other arable fodder crops, of set-aside and of non-food crops is expanded. While bull fattening is substantially reduced in both countries, suckler cow production is extended in France due to partial decoupling, but reduced in Germany due to full decoupling. Sectoral income effects measured in Farm Net Value Added are similar. The regional implementation of decoupling in Germany induces a significant redistribution of direct payments and therefore causes differences in income effects depending on farm type, location and size.
Development of nature-oriented dairy farm systems with an optimization model: the case of ‘Farming for Nature’ in ‘de Langstraat’, the Netherlands
Authors: Schrijver R.A.M. , Berentsen P.B.M. , Groeneveld R.A. , Corporaal A. , De Koeijer T.J.
Published: August 2024

‘Farming for Nature’, a relatively new policy instrument being tried out in the Netherlands, is evaluated. The concept has been designed to allow dairy farmers to improve nature conservation on their farms. Under the scheme, no manure, fertilizer, or feed - concentrates or roughage - may be imported into farm systems from external sources. The feasibility of such a self-sustaining system and the conditions required for it to deliver the desired results, are explored with a farm-based linear programming model known as FIONA (Farm based Integrated Optimization Model for Nature and Agriculture). The model is explained and applied to ‘de Langstraat’, a region in southern Netherlands. The results show that levels of production under the ‘Farming for Nature’ regime are dependent upon soil fertility and the proportion of land that is suitable for growing arable crops. If all available land on a dairy farm in the scheme is arable land, then high production levels of up to 7,500 kg milk per hectare can be realized. If only 30% of the farm area is suitable for arable crops, then only lower production levels, of about 6,600 kg milk per hectare can be realized. The scheme has positive ecological effects.Both nature and cultural landscape values may benefit significantly from the concept. Improvement in ecological terms however, carries a price in terms of agricultural income. An average dairy farm adopting the concept of ‘Farming for Nature’ experiences an income loss of approximately € 840 per hectare in the short-run (5-10 years). More important is the observation that the scale of such farms in the short-run might be too small to earn an attractive income for its workers, even when fully compensated according to European Union regulations.
Food-Chain-Politik – Element einer strategischen Neuorientierung der Agrarpolitik
Authors: Reisch Lucia A.
Published: August 2024

European agricultural policy has undergone profound changes during the past decade. The nucleus of this reform has been the transformation of the agricultural and food policy from a producer centred perspective of agriculture to a more market and consumer oriented food chain approach. Such a systemic perspective calls for a stronger and systematic integration of the more demand-oriented policy fields of food, consumer and public health policy as well as of elements of politics of sustainable development along the whole food chain. The paper analyzes the reasons and consequences of these developments, and calls for an integrated “food chain politics” approach. Implications for the future design of practical and academic agricultural policy are drawn.
Landwirtschaft, Lebensmittelnachfrage, Verbraucherverhalten und Gesundheit
Authors: Boecker Andreas
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Makroökonomische Effekte von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen
Authors: Nusser Michael , Sheridan Patrick , Walz Rainer , Wydra Sven , Seydel Philipp
Published: August 2024

The results of a current study point out the macroeconomic effects associated with the use and production of renewable resources (NAWARO) in Germany. It focuses on the direct and indirect employment effects in the NAWARO market segments biofuels, energy/electricity, chemical commodities and materials. Supply quantities of renewable resources and agricultural area in Germany required by the industrial production in the different market segments and associated employment effects in the German agricultural sector are also analyzed. Above all, if Germany succeeds to be a lead market in certain NAWARO market segments while retaining agricultural and industrial value chains in Germany considerable employment potentials emerge.
Wirtschaftlichkeit von Bioethanol – Produktion und Produktionskosten im nationalen und internationalen Vergleich
Authors: Henniges Oliver
Published: August 2024

In this article the profitability of the bioethanol production in Germany is analysed under consideration of the international competition. Therefore, the production costs of bioethanol from wheat and beet in Germany as well as from sugar cane and corn in other representative countries are compared. Based on this, the competitiveness of imported as well as domestic bioethanol against gasoline on the German market are analyzed and the maximum payable feedstock price for sugar beet is calculated. The calculations lead to the result, that, despite the implemented mandatory blending, further cost reductions for the production of bioethanol in Germany are required in order to achieve competitiveness against imports, whereas the utilization of bioethanol is independent of the crude oil price within the targets of the mandatory blending scheme.
Opt-in of the agricultural sector to the European trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions – a proposal and its possible effects
Authors: Perez Ignacio , Holm-Mueller Karin
Published: August 2024

In light of international discussions on a possible opt-in of the agricultural sector to the current European emission trading system for greenhouse gases, the objective of this article is to present a feasible implementation strategy for a market of emission permits in European agriculture and to simulate its economic effects within the regionalised agricultural sector model CAPRI. With this purpose, we compare the effects of a 15% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture with and without a trading scheme. Our findings suggest that if significant emission abatement is to be achieved in the agricultural sector, efficiency gains from expanding the current emission trading scheme to this sector can be appreciable. An additional finding of this paper is that under the current protective measures in the CAP and in the absence of a successful WTO reform round, emission reduction does not result in a net income loss for the agricultural sector due to the ‘quota effect’ caused by the isolation of European agricultural markets from world markets.
Der Internationale Vertrag über pflanzengenetische Ressourcen für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft – ein Meilenstein zur Erleichterung der Pflanzenzüchtung?
Authors: Holm-Müller Karin
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Die WTO-Verhandlungen und die GAP
Authors: Brockmeier Martina , Pelikan Janine , Klepper Rainer
Published: August 2024

Over the last decades the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been increasingly influenced by the WTO negotiations. The MacSharry-Reform and the Mid Term Review (MTR) reform of the CAP for example improved the conformity between the EU agricultural policy and the liberalization requirements on the international level. Currently, it is again discussed within the Health Check how the EU direct payments will be adapted to meet the international and national requirements. This paper employs the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Model to quantify the global and national effects of the implementation of the current WTO negotiations and the adaptation of the EU direct payments. The impact of the change in the respective political instruments and the exemption of sensible products are calculated with the help of two policy scenarios and a decomposition and set in relation to each other. This procedure shows that the cut of agricultural tariffs is of considerable importance for almost all commodities in all countries and regions. In contrast, the adaptation of the EU direct payments is only of greater importance for the EU itself.
Future of European agriculture after the Health Check
Authors: Banse Martin , Helming John , Nowicki Peter , Van Meijl Hans
Published: August 2024

This paper identifies major future trends and driving factors and perspectives and challenges resulting from them for European agriculture and food sectors until the year 2020. The focus of the paper is an analysis of key driving forces and the provision of a well developed reference scenario under the assumption of continued CAP reform and taking into account the framework discussions in the Doha Development Round. To assess the impact of policies the paper also examines a liberalisation (no support) and regionalisation (maximum support) scenario. In terms of policy options the paper shows that the structural change process in agriculture (measured in terms of agricultural share in GDP) is a long-term process that continues with or without policy changes. The EU is facing an increasing diversity of structure and structural adjustment. The livestock sector (especially cattle) faces important challenges and restructuring. Alternative policy settings may not produce very different effect on the overall production as factor markets adjust. However, the regional impact on the environment and on the number of farms may prove to be more significant.
Ist Geiz wirklich geil? Preis-Qualitäts-Relationen von Hersteller- und Handelsmarken im Lebensmittelmarkt
Authors: Schulze Holger , Spiller Achim , Böhm Justus , De Witte Thomas
Published: August 2024

Studies which analyze price-quality relations in the consumer goods market are mainly more than ten years old and deal marginally with food products. In this survey, the sceptical findings are confirmed with a special focus on the food market. The results show that food quality, risk avoidance and increase in quality benefits are not determined by price levels. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that private labels in general – and the private labels of the discounter in particular – have a better price-quality ratio than manufacturer brands and private labels of supermarkets and hypermarkets.
The challenges of model based policy advice
Authors: Brockmeier Martina , Kleinhanss Werner , Offermann Frank
Published: August 2024

In policy consultation, communicating model results to administration and policy makers has always proven to be a challenge for scientists. Many of the relevant preconditions for effective and successful policy advice are aggravated when results are based on the simultaneous use of a multitude of different models. This paper identifies key issues - e.g., relations to administration; correct identification of prevailing objectives of all agents involved; ability to run scenarios ‘in time’ - and discusses strategies for successful communication based on the experiences of the vTI model network. Specific attention is paid to the issue of communicating ‘conflicting’ results of different models: while often seen as a source for scientific insight, such ‘inconsistencies’ have proven to be a major obstacle for acceptance in a non-academic institutional setting. The experiences, as well as the literature, point specifically to the importance of tight linkages between modellers and policy makers, and the need to abandon decisionist or technocratic approaches of policy advice in favour of pragmatic approaches stressing the bilateral nature of communication.
Der Markt für Obst
Authors: Würtenberger Eva , Schockemöhle Ursula , Schwartau Helwig
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Entkoppelte Prämien, Bodenpreise und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit
Authors: Kilian Stefan , Salhofer Klaus
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Milchmarkt und Milchmarktpolitik: PR-Kampagnen oder wissenschaftliche Politikberatung?
Authors: Spiller Achim , Theuvsen Ludwig
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Social Capital and the Performance of Water User Associations: Evidence from the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Sauer Johannes , Gorton Matthew , Peshevski Mile , Bosev Dane , Shekerinov Darko
Published: August 2024

The paper assesses the performance of Water User Associations (WUAs) in the Republic of Macedonia. We assess performance in terms of membership rates, the satisfaction of members with their WUA and payment behaviour. Econometric analysis reveals that membership and satisfaction are positively related to farm size. Satisfaction and payment behaviour are strongly linked to structural and relational dimensions of social capital, particularly trust in senior managers of the WUA and the transparency with which resources are utilised. The conclusion highlights the importance of local factors in determining the success of WUAs. Key words: Water User Association; transition countries; social capital; microeconometrics
Publishing as an Agricultural Economist: Thoughts on Why, Where and How
Authors: Heckelei Thomas
Published: August 2024

Publishing provides the basis for scientific communication and thereby supports further scientific advances. Successfully publishing articles in peer-reviewed journals has become increasingly important for building an academic career, also for agricultural economists. The aim of this article is to motivate and encourage young agricultural economists with limited or no publishing experience to write research articles and submit them to peer-reviewed journals. In order to achieve this, some arguments are given ‘why’ peer-reviewed publishing is a worthwhile exercise. Then a look at journal quality and choice in our discipline addresses the ‘where’. Finally a significant part is devoted to ‘how’ to write a paper suggesting a potentially useful sequence of steps and discussing elements and style of a typical empirical research article.