bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Klasifikasi Algoritma Swarm Intelligence Dalam Perspektif Complex Adaptive System dengan Metode Uji Komparasi Statistik
Authors: Bintoro Ketut Bayu Yogha , Permana Silvester Dian Handy
Published: November 2017

This research aims to classify which SI algorithms have CAS or non-CAS criteria. The statistical comparative test method with 5 (five) characteristic test parameters was used as the proof approach that produces the classification. Based on the hypothesis that has been tested from 15 (fifteen) algorithms compared in this study, It was obtained that 8 of 15 (53.33%) algorithms has the majority of CAS characteristics, 3 of 15 (20%) algorithms has a minority of characteristics of CAS, and 4 out of 15 (26.66%) algorithms did not have CAS characteristics. The result can be a reference in understanding the characteristics of SI algorithms in the CAS and vice versa.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengklasifikasikan algoritma SI yang memiliki kriteria CAS ataupun tidak. Metode uji komparasi statistik dengan 5 (lima) parameter uji karakteristik CAS digunakan sebagai pendekatan pembuktian yang menghasilkan klasifikasi tersebut. Berdasarkan hipotesis yang telah diuji dan dibahas, dari 15 (lima belas) algoritma yang dibandingkan dalam penelitian ini, didapatkan 8 dari 15 (53,33%) algoritma memiliki mayoritas karakteristik CAS, 3 dari 15 (20%) algoritma memiliki minoritas karakteristik CAS, dan 4 dari 15 (26,66%) tidak memiliki karakteristik CAS. Hasil tersebut dapat menjadi referensi teori dalam memahami karakteristik algoritma SI dalam CAS dan sebaliknya.
PROSES GLISEROLISIS MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT MENJADI MONO DAN DIACYL GLISEROL DENGAN PELARUT N-BUTANOL DAN KATALIS MgO
Authors: Anggoro Didi Dwi , Budi Faleh Setia
Published: November 2017

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil minyak sawit terbesar di dunia. Lebih dari setengah produksinya digunakan untuk kebutuhan dalam negeri dan sisanya diekspor. Produk turunan minyak sawit seperti Mono-Di Acyl Gliserol (MAG-DAG) mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang  tingg dan selama ini Indonesia masih mengimpornya. MAG- DAG dibuat dari senyawa gliserida yang banyak terdapat dalam bahan minyak atau lemak, seperti minyak kelapa sawit, dengan gliserol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Studi eksperimen produksi MAG-DAG dari minyak kelapa sawit pada suhu rendah (2000C) dengan reaktor batch skala laboratorium, dan mengetahui pengaruh variabel-variabel proses. Variabel berubah yang digunakan adalah suhu (70 oC, 90 oC, dan 110 oC), rasio gliserol/CPO (3, 4, dan 5), dan jumlah katalis (2% w, 3% w, dan 4% w). Sedangkan variabel tetapnya adalah berat total campuran reaksi 300 gram, kecepatan pengadukan 400 rpm, waktu 4 jam dan jumlah pelarut 20 ml/10 gram CPO. Dari hasil pengolahan data menggunakan program STATISTICA 6 diperoleh kondisi operasi optimum dicapai pada suhu sekitar 70-1000C, rasio gliserol/CPO sekitar 3,5-4,5 serta katalis pada kisaran 2,5-4% dengan konversi yang diperoleh sekitar 93-98%. Dengan adanya penambahan pelarut n-Butanol, reaksi dapat dijalankan pada suhu yang lebih rendah (di bawah 2000C) tanpa menurunkan konversi yang diperoleh.
Optimasi Proses Ozonasi pada Depolimerisasi κ-Karagenan dengan Metode Respon Permukaan
Authors: Prasetyaningrum Aji , Ratnawati Ratnawati , Jos Bakti
Published: November 2017

Abstract OPTIMIZATION OF OZONATION PROCESS FOR κ-CARRAGEENAN DEPOLYMERIZATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY. The objective of this research is to optimize the operating parameters in depolymerization of κ-carrageenan by ozone treatment. The optimization is done by using Box-Bhenken Design (BBD) model with ozonation time (5-15 minute), pH (3-11) and temperature (20-40oC) as the independent variables.The response of ozonation process is the degree of depolymerization of κ-carrageenan (DP). The initial molecular weight of refined κ-karagenan was 271 kDa. The κ-carrageenans powder was completely dissolved in distilled water to form 1% (weight/volume). The experiments were carried out in a 2000 ml of a glass reactor with an ozone gas sparger. The inlet ozone concentration was 80±2 ppm. The result shows that ozonation time, pH and temperature have significant effects during ozonation process (p< 0.05). Analysis of variance shows that the experimental data fit the model very well with the R2 value of 0.98. The optimum conditions during ozonation process are achieved at the reaction time of 15 min, ozonation pH of 3 and reaction temperature of 25oC. Under these optimum conditions the DP of κ-carrageenan is 91.513%. Keywords: depolymerization; κ-carrageenan;optimization; ozonation process   Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kondisi optimum parameter operasi depolimerisasi κ-karagenan dengan perlakuan ozonasi. Optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan model statistika Box-Bhenken Design (BBD) dengan variabel yang digunakan yaitu waktu ozonasi (5-15 menit), pH (3-11), dan suhu (20-40oC). Respon dari proses ozonasi adalah derajat depolimerisasi κ-karagenan (DP). Berat molekul awal refined κ-karagenan adalah 271 kDa. Sampel κ-karagenan dilarutkan secara sempurna dalam air distilasi dan konsentrasi diatur 1% (berat/volume). Percobaan dilakukan dalam reaktor gelas volume 2000 ml yang dilengkapi dengan sparger gas ozon. Konsentrasi gas ozon yang masuk adalah 80±2 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu ozonasi, pH, dan suhu berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap proses ozonasi (p<0,05). Analisis varian menghasilkan ketelitian yang tinggi antara data eksperimen dan prediksi, dengan nilai koefisien R2 = 0,98. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada waktu ozonasi 15 menit, pH ozonasi 3 dan temperatur reaksi 25oC. Pada kondisi optimum ini diperoleh DP κ-karagenan sebesar 91,513%. Kata kunci:depolimerisasi; κ-carrageenan;optimasi; proses ozonasi
Uji Kinerja Burner dan Tabung Reaktor Flame Untuk Proses Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Hidayat Darmawan , Nurohman Ganjar , Setianto S , Mukti Wibawa Bambang , Suhendi Nendi
Published: November 2017

Abstract PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BURNER AND THE REACTOR TUBE OF FLAME FOR A SPRAY PYROLYSIS PROCESS. Flame spray pyrolysis is a versatile process in the syntheses of various functional materials. This work reports the performance of a diffusion flame built from a coaxial burner and a Pyrex-glass tube reactor with respect to the relatively low propane flow rates (0.1-0.8 L/min). The burner comprised of three cylindrically tubes with three inlets for fuel (propane), oxidant (oxygen) and precursor aerosol. Three flame parameters were measured, i.e. the flame height, flame temperature and reactor temperature profile, respectively. The test results showed the increase of the flame height and temperature with increasing of propane flow rate. The temperature profile measurements showed the decreasing as the height above burner increased; and temperature profile increased at the increasing propane flow rate. The reactor temperature was in the range of 36-190°C at low propane flow rates of 0.1-0.8 L/min. In conclusion, control of flame process parameters could be conducted by controlling of propane flow rate. Keywords: diffusion flame burner; spray pyrolysis; flame reactor; electronic material syntheses   Abstrak Pirolisis flame spray merupakan proses yang banyak digunakan untuk keperluan sintesis bahan-bahan fungsional. Makalah ini melaporkan kinerja sebuah reaktor flame difusi yang dibangun dari sebuah pembakar (burner) dan tabung reaktor silinder. Pembakar dibangun dari tiga buah silinder stainless steel yang dipasang koaksial sebagai saluran bahan bakar propana, oksidator oksigen dan aerosol prekursor. Tiga parameter proses flame yang diuji adalah tinggi flame, temperatur flame dan profil temperatur tabung reaktor. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa seiring kenaikan laju alir propana, tinggi dan temperatur flame meningkat. Pengukuran profil temperatur menunjukkan penurunan seiring kenaikan posisi dari ujung-atas pembakar; dan temperatur profil reaktor meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan laju alir propana. Temperatur reaktor berkisar 36-190°C pada laju alir propana rendah 0,1-0,8 L/min. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengontrolan parameter-parameter proses flame dapat dilakukan dengan pengaturan laju alir propana. Kata kunci: diffusion flame burner; proses spray pyrolysis; reaktor flame; sintesis bahan elektronik
Dynamics of GnRH Neuron Ionotropic GABA and Glutamate Synaptic Receptors Are Unchanged during Estrogen Positive and Negative Feedback in Female Mice
Authors: Liu Xinhuai , Porteous Robert , Herbison Allan E.
Published: November 2017

Inputs from GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons are suspected to play an important role in regulating the activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The GnRH neurons exhibit marked plasticity to control the ovarian cycle with circulating estradiol concentrations having profound “feedback” effects on their activity. This includes “negative feedback” responsible for suppressing GnRH neuron activity and “positive feedback” that occurs at mid-cycle to activate the GnRH neurons to generate the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. In the present study, we employed brain slice electrophysiology to question whether synaptic ionotropic GABA and glutamate receptor signaling at the GnRH neuron changed at times of negative and positive feedback. We used a well characterized estradiol (E)–treated ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model to replicate negative and positive feedback. Miniature and spontaneous postsynaptic currents (mPSCs and sPSCs) attributable to GABAAand glutamatergic receptor signaling were recorded from GnRH neurons obtained from intact diestrous, OVX, OVX + E (negative feedback), and OVX + E+E (positive feedback) female mice. Approximately 90% of GnRH neurons exhibited spontaneous GABAA-mPSCs in all groups but no significant differences in the frequency or kinetics of mPSCs were found at the times of negative or positive feedback. Approximately 50% of GnRH neurons exhibited spontaneous glutamate mPSCs but again no differences were detected. The same was true for spontaneous PSCs in all cases. These observations indicate that the kinetics of ionotropic GABA and glutamate receptor synaptic transmission to GnRH neurons remain stable across the different estrogen feedback states.
Improving Communication Through Resident-Nurse Shadowing
Authors: Walsh Heather A. , Jolly Inouye Adriane A. , Goldman Ellen F.
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND:

Previously, reduced resident hours, multiple ways to communicate (text paging, calling), and fewer opportunities for face-to-face communication had led to increased frustration from residents and nurses in our institution about communicating and prioritizing patient care needs. It was thought that a shared understanding and improved teamwork and communication between residents and nurses might be achieved if the residents could watch the nurses’ workflow and observe their care priorities.

OBJECTIVES:

To understand the experience of residents and nurses who had participated in a novel 4-hour nurse shadowing experience conducted during the first year of pediatric medical residency in a children’s hospital.

METHODS:

We undertook a basic interpretive qualitative study by using semistructured interviews to formally evaluate the shadowing program by examining the experiences of both the first-year residents and the nurses being shadowed. Residents and nurses who had participated in the past 3 years were eligible for inclusion in the study.

RESULTS:

Seven themes emerged that supported the overarching theme of improving communication between residents and nurses. Shadowing led to improved resident understanding and appreciation of nurses’ work. Both residents and nurses experienced enhanced relationships as they discussed opportunities to improve care delivery. Residents reported practice changes after shadowing a nurse. Peer relationships formed among the dyads that extended beyond the shadowing experience.

CONCLUSIONS:

Shadowing a nurse proved to be a valuable experience that had an impact on participants and potentially a positive impact on patient care.
The Involvement of Adolescents With Chronic Health Conditions in Medical Education: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Authors: Moreau Katherine A. , Eady Kaylee
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVES:

In this study, we explored the involvement of adolescents with chronic health conditions in medical education. We focused specifically on adolescents’ desired level of involvement in the education of medical students and residents, strategies for involving them in it, and topics on which they would feel comfortable educating these learners.

METHODS:

We used a community-based participatory research approach and qualitative one-on-one semistructured interviews. Adolescents (ages 13–18) with chronic health conditions lasting >3 months who were admitted on inpatient wards and were well enough to participate in an interview were eligible. Two investigators analyzed the interview transcripts to identify common categories across the interview data.

RESULTS:

A total of 17 adolescents participated. Data analysis revealed that adolescents want to be regularly involved in medical education, compensated in some way for their time and effort, and receive support and oversight in their activities. Adolescents discussed the following 5 strategies for involving them in the education of medical students and residents: face-to-face presentations, shadowing and mentoring, videos, handouts and books, and assessment feedback. Adolescents want to educate learners on their experiences and coping strategies as well as on how to interact and develop rapport with adolescents.

CONCLUSIONS:

The adolescents with chronic health conditions who participated in this study want to be actively involved in medical education and can provide innovative insights and strategies for doing so. However, future researchers need to explore the benefits and limitations of such involvement.
Admissions to Acute Care Within 30 and 90 Days of Discharge Home From a Pediatric Post-acute Care Hospital
Authors: O’Brien Jane E. , Dumas Helene M. , Fragala-Pinkham Maria A. , Berry Jay G.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVES:

Of all hospitalized children, those with medical complexity have the highest likelihood of hospital readmission. Post-acute hospital care could potentially help stabilize the health of these children. We examined the frequency of acute care hospital admissions after discharge home from a post-acute care hospital (PACH).

METHODS:

A retrospective cohort analysis of 448 children with medical complexity discharged from a PACH from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015, with the main outcomes of acute care hospital readmissions 0 to 30 and 31 to 90 days after discharge home from a PACH. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between children with and without acute care readmission and between the 2 readmission groups.

RESULTS:

Ninety-nine children (22%) had a readmission to the acute care hospital. Of these readmissions, 61 (62%) occurred between 0 and 30 days and 38 (38%) between 31 and 90 days after PACH discharge. A higher percentage of children readmitted had high medical severity (>3 systems involved or ventilator dependent) compared with children not readmitted (68% vs 31%, P = .04). No differences were found between children who were readmitted and those who were not by sex, race, payer, length of stay, or age at PACH discharge. Additionally, no differences were found between children readmitted within 30 days and children readmitted 31 to 90 days after PACH discharge.

CONCLUSIONS:

The majority of children discharged home from a PACH do not require an acute care hospitalization within the first 3 months. Children with greater medical severity are readmitted more often than others.
Educational Added Value Unit: Development and Testing of a Measure for Educational Activities
Authors: Guiot Amy B. , Kirkendall Eric S. , Gosdin Craig H. , Shah Samir S. , DeBlasio Dominick J. , Meier Katie A. , O’Toole Jennifer K.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVES:

University-based hospitalists educate health care professionals as an expectation, often lacking time and support for these activities. The purpose of this study was to (1) develop a tracking tool to record educational activities, (2) demonstrate its applicability and ease of completion for faculty members in different divisions, and (3) compare educational efforts of individuals from different professional pathways and divisions by using the educational added value unit (EAVU).

METHODS:

Educational activities were selected and ranked according to preparation effort, presentation time, and impact to calculate the EAVU. Faculty participants from 5 divisions at 1 institution (hospital medicine, general and community pediatrics, emergency medicine, behavior medicine and clinical psychology, and biostatistics and epidemiology) completed the retrospective, self-report tracking tool.

RESULTS:

A total of 62% (74 of 119) of invited faculty members participated. All faculty earned some EAVUs; however, there was a wide distribution range. The median EAVU varied by division (hospital medicine [21.7], general and community pediatrics [20.6], emergency medicine [26.1], behavior medicine and clinical psychology [18.3], and biostatistics and epidemiology [8.2]). Faculty on the educator pathway had a higher median EAVU compared with clinical or research pathways.

CONCLUSIONS:

The EAVU tracking tool holds promise as a mechanism to track educational activities of different faculty pathways. EAVU collection could be of particular benefit to hospitalists, who often perform unsupported teaching activities. Additional studies are needed to determine how to apply a similar process in different institutions and to determine how EAVUs could be used for additional support for teaching, curriculum development, and educational scholarship.
Video Recording Delivery Room Resuscitation
Authors: Foglia Elizabeth E. , James Jennifer , Posencheg Michael A.
Published: November 2017

Video recording provides an objective and reliable method to record and assess delivery room resuscitation. This tool supports delivery room quality improvement projects, research, and education. Initiating video recording entails consideration of patient and staff consent, privacy, data management and security, medical-legal issues, training and implementation, and equipment. In this article, we review these issues and present our institutional experience implementing a delivery room video program as a case example.
Tobacco's Toll: Implications for the Pediatrician
Authors:   Committee on Substance Abuse
Published: November 2017

This Policy Statement was retired September 2013.

The disease of tobacco addiction, which is pervasive in the United States, begins in childhood and adolescence. Twenty-five percent of the population regularly uses tobacco, despite evidence that such use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Tobacco use reportedly kills 2.5 times as many people each year as alcohol and drug abuse combined. According to 1998 data from the World Health Organization, there were 1.1 billion smokers worldwide and 10 000 tobacco-related deaths per day. Furthermore, in the United States, 43% of children aged 2 to 11 years are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, which has been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome, low birth weight, asthma, middle ear disease, pneumonia, cough, and upper respiratory infection. Pediatricians play a crucial role in reducing both tobacco use (by children, adolescents, and their parents) and exposure to tobacco smoke and should rank this among their highest health prevention priorities.
Media Multitasking and Cognitive, Psychological, Neural, and Learning Differences
Authors: Uncapher Melina R. , Lin Lin , Rosen Larry D. , Kirkorian Heather L. , Baron Naomi S. , Bailey Kira , Cantor Joanne , Strayer David L. , Parsons Thomas D. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: November 2017

American youth spend more time with media than any other waking activity: an average of 7.5 hours per day, every day. On average, 29% of that time is spent juggling multiple media streams simultaneously (ie, media multitasking). This phenomenon is not limited to American youth but is paralleled across the globe. Given that a large number of media multitaskers (MMTs) are children and young adults whose brains are still developing, there is great urgency to understand the neurocognitive profiles of MMTs. It is critical to understand the relation between the relevant cognitive domains and underlying neural structure and function. Of equal importance is understanding the types of information processing that are necessary in 21st century learning environments. The present review surveys the growing body of evidence demonstrating that heavy MMTs show differences in cognition (eg, poorer memory), psychosocial behavior (eg, increased impulsivity), and neural structure (eg, reduced volume in anterior cingulate cortex). Furthermore, research indicates that multitasking with media during learning (in class or at home) can negatively affect academic outcomes. Until the direction of causality is understood (whether media multitasking causes such behavioral and neural differences or whether individuals with such differences tend to multitask with media more often), the data suggest that engagement with concurrent media streams should be thoughtfully considered. Findings from such research promise to inform policy and practice on an increasingly urgent societal issue while significantly advancing our understanding of the intersections between cognitive, psychosocial, neural, and academic factors.
Benefits and Costs of Social Media in Adolescence
Authors: Uhls Yalda T. , Ellison Nicole B. , Subrahmanyam Kaveri
Published: November 2017

In 2015, American adolescents aged 13 to 18 years reported using social media 1 hour and 11 minutes a day, 7 days a week. Social media are used for a variety of activities, including sharing information, interacting with peers, and developing a coherent identity. In this review of the research, we examine how social media are intertwined with adolescent development and assess both the costs and benefits of adolescent social media use. We include suggestions for further research and recommendations for clinicians, policy makers, and educators.
Digital Life and Youth Well-being, Social Connectedness, Empathy, and Narcissism
Authors: James Carrie , Davis Katie , Charmaraman Linda , Konrath Sara , Slovak Petr , Weinstein Emily , Yarosh Lana
Published: November 2017

Youth well-being, social connectedness, and personality traits, such as empathy and narcissism, are at the crux of concerns often raised about the impacts of digital life. Understanding known impacts, and research gaps, in these areas is an important first step toward supporting media use that contributes positively to youth’s happiness, life satisfaction, and prosocial attitudes and behaviors. By examining existing work addressing these issues across domains, we found that a complex interplay of individual factors, type of digital media engagement, and experiences in media contexts informs outcomes related to well-being, social connectedness, empathy, and narcissism. We argue that further research is needed to uncover how, where, when, and for whom digital media practices support positive well-being and social connectedness outcomes. Specifically, research needs to move beyond correlational studies to uncover causal connections between traits like narcissism and media use. Longitudinal studies are also needed to explore patterns of media use over time and related impacts. Further research is needed to explore how specific technologies can be designed to support positive well-being, social outcomes, and prosocial personality traits. Finally, research is needed regarding parenting, educational practices, and policies that support positive digital media use and related outcomes. Although existing research suggests that digital life has mixed potentials and effects for well-being, social connectedness, empathy, and narcissism, we provide recommendations for clinicians, policy makers, and educators in partnering with caregivers and youth to support media use that promotes positive outcomes in these areas.
Small Screen Use and Driving Safety
Authors: Atchley Paul , Strayer David L.
Published: November 2017

The increased availability of “small screens,” wireless devices with Internet-enabled connections, and their associated applications has almost overnight changed the way that we interact with our phones. The current work outlines some of the aspects of this problem as it relates to the influence of small screens on driving safety. Small screens are highly compelling to drivers, both for the information they convey and because the ability to ignore them while driving is impaired by cognitive resources used by the driving task itself. However, much is unknown about why people make choices to multitask while driving. Given the safety risks, it is recommended that parents, the public, and regulators take a stand against the use of Internet-enabled small screens unrelated to driving when the vehicle is in motion.
Children’s Privacy in the Big Data Era: Research Opportunities
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C. , Chester Jeff , Milosevic Tijana
Published: November 2017

This article focuses on the privacy implications of advertising on social media, mobile apps, and games directed at children. Academic research on children’s privacy has primarily focused on the safety risks involved in sharing personal information on the Internet, leaving market forces (such as commercial data collection) as a less discussed aspect of children’s privacy. Yet, children’s privacy in the digital era cannot be fully understood without examining marketing practices, especially in the context of “big data.” As children increasingly consume content on an ever-expanding variety of digital devices, media and advertising industries are creating new ways to track their behaviors and target them with personalized content and marketing messages based on individual profiles. The advent of the so-called Internet of Things, with its ubiquitous sensors, is expanding these data collection and profiling practices. These trends raise serious concerns about digital dossiers that could follow young people into adulthood, affecting their access to education, employment, health care, and financial services. Although US privacy law provides some safeguards for children younger than 13 years old online, adolescents are afforded no such protections. Moreover, scholarship on children and privacy continues to lag behind the changes taking place in global media, advertising, and technology. This article proposes collaboration among researchers from a range of fields that will enable cross-disciplinary studies addressing not only the developmental issues related to different age groups but also the design of digital media platforms and the strategies used to influence young people.
Developing Digital and Media Literacies in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Turner Kristen Hawley , Jolls Tessa , Hagerman Michelle Schira , O’Byrne William , Hicks Troy , Eisenstock Bobbie , Pytash Kristine E.
Published: November 2017

In today’s global culture and economy, in which individuals have access to information at their fingertips at all times, digital and media literacy are essential to participate in society. But what specific competencies must young citizens acquire? How do these competencies influence pedagogy? How are student knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors changed? What are the best ways to assess students’ digital and media literacy? These questions underscore what parents, educators, health professionals, and community leaders need to know to ensure that youth become digitally and media literate. Experimental and pilot programs in the digital and media literacy fields are yielding insights, but gaps in understanding and lack of support for research and development continue to impede growth in these areas. Learning environments no longer depend on seat time in factory-like school settings. Learning happens anywhere, anytime, and productivity in the workplace depends on digital and media literacy. To create the human capital necessary for success and sustainability in a technology-driven world, we must invest in the literacy practices of our youth. In this article, we make recommendations for research and policy priorities.
Digital Inequality and Developmental Trajectories of Low-income, Immigrant, and Minority Children
Authors: Katz Vikki S. , Gonzalez Carmen , Clark Kevin
Published: November 2017

Children growing up in the United States today are more ethnically and racially diverse than at any time in the nation’s history. Because of rising income inequality, almost half of the 72 million children in the United States are also growing up in low-income families, with immigrant and children of color disproportionately likely to be within their ranks. Children in low-income households are more likely to face a number of social challenges, including constrained access to the Internet and devices that connect to it (ie, digital inequality), which can exacerbate other, more entrenched disparities between them and their more privileged counterparts. Although the American Academy of Pediatrics’ new guidelines encourage clinicians to reduce children’s overexposure to technology, we argue for a more nuanced approach that also considers how digital inequality can reduce low-income children’s access to a range of social opportunities. We review previous research on how digital inequality affects children’s learning and development and identify areas where more research is needed on how digital inequality relates to specific aspects of children’s developmental trajectories, and to identify what interventions at the family, school, and community levels can mitigate the adverse effects of digital inequality as children move through their formal schooling. On the basis of the evidence to date, we conclude with guidelines for clinicians related to supporting digital connectivity and more equitable access to social opportunity for the increasingly diverse population of children growing up in the United States.
Defining Cyberbullying
Authors: Englander Elizabeth , Donnerstein Edward , Kowalski Robin , Lin Carolyn A. , Parti Katalin
Published: November 2017

Is cyberbullying essentially the same as bullying, or is it a qualitatively different activity? The lack of a consensual, nuanced definition has limited the field’s ability to examine these issues. Evidence suggests that being a perpetrator of one is related to being a perpetrator of the other; furthermore, strong relationships can also be noted between being a victim of either type of attack. It also seems that both types of social cruelty have a psychological impact, although the effects of being cyberbullied may be worse than those of being bullied in a traditional sense (evidence here is by no means definitive). A complicating factor is that the 3 characteristics that define bullying (intent, repetition, and power imbalance) do not always translate well into digital behaviors. Qualities specific to digital environments often render cyberbullying and bullying different in circumstances, motivations, and outcomes. To make significant progress in addressing cyberbullying, certain key research questions need to be addressed. These are as follows: How can we define, distinguish between, and understand the nature of cyberbullying and other forms of digital conflict and cruelty, including online harassment and sexual harassment? Once we have a functional taxonomy of the different types of digital cruelty, what are the short- and long-term effects of exposure to or participation in these social behaviors? What are the idiosyncratic characteristics of digital communication that users can be taught? Finally, how can we apply this information to develop and evaluate effective prevention programs?
The Effect of Advertising on Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lapierre Matthew A. , Fleming-Milici Frances , Rozendaal Esther , McAlister Anna R. , Castonguay Jessica
Published: November 2017

In ∼100 years, marketing to children went from a severely frowned upon practice to an integral part of growing up as companies came to realize that investing in marketing to children and adolescents provides excellent immediate and future dividends. Each year, enormous sums of money are spent to reach this valuable audience because children and adolescents spend billions on their own purchases, influence family decisions about what to buy, and promise a potential lifetime of brand loyalty. The channels to reach youth have grown, and marketers are increasingly using them, often blurring the distinction between entertainment and advertising. Because advertising to children and adolescents has become ubiquitous, researchers who study its influence raise significant concerns about the practice, especially as it relates to dietary behavior, family conflict, marketer tactics, and children’s potential vulnerability as an audience. In this review by the Workgroup on Marketing and Advertising, we highlight the state of the research in this area and suggest that more research needs to be conducted on understanding the following: the effects of advertising exposure, how psychological development affects children’s responses to marketing, the problems associated with advertising in newer media, and how researchers, parents, and practitioners might be able to mitigate the most deleterious advertising effects. We then present avenues of future research along with recommendations for key stakeholders.
Patient-Reported and Clinical Outcomes of Implant-Supported Fixed Complete Dental Prostheses: A Comparison of Metal-Acrylic, Milled Zirconia, and Retrievable Crown Prostheses
Authors: Box Virginia Hogsett , Sukotjo Cortino , Knoernschild Kent L. , Campbell Stephen D. , Afshari Fatemeh S.
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the incidence of biologic and technical complications for implant-supported fixed complete dental prostheses (IFCDPs) and their relationship to oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL) and patient-reported outcomes. Metal-acrylic (MA), retrievable crown (RC), monolithic zirconia (MZ), and porcelain veneered zirconia (PVZ) prostheses were included. Patients who received an IFCDP at least 1 year prior to recall were identified. Exclusion criteria were: (1) an opposing complete denture and (2) time in service >70 months. A total of 37 patients with 49 prostheses, including 22 MA, 14 RC, 7 MZ, and 6 PVZ prostheses were recalled. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed via OHIP-49 (Oral Health Impact Profile) and a scripted interview with open-ended questions. All designs had high complication rates (12 of 22 MA, 10 of 14 RC, 2 of 7 MZ, and 5 of 6 PVZ). The most common complications were: (1) MA: posterior tooth wear, (2) RC: chipping and fracturing of the restorations, (3) MZ: wear of opposing restorations, and (4) PVZ: chipping of opposing restorations. Average OHIP-49 scores ranged from 7 to 29, indicating high OHQoL, patient satisfaction, regardless of prosthetic design (P = .16). The standardized interview highlighted that although most patients were extremely satisfied (73%), some continued to be bothered by material bulk (14%) and felt that maintenance of oral hygiene was excessively time-consuming (16%). In the context of this study, despite high complication rates and maintenance needs, all IFCDP designs resulted in high OHQoL and patient satisfaction.
Rendering Beyond_words in Transitioning to Motherhood Through Visual and Dramatic Arts
Authors: Scotti Victoria , Gerber Nancy
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this doctoral dissertation research study was to use arts-based research methods to explore the beyond_words  phenomena of first-time mothers who were in the process of transitioning to motherhood. The multidimensional embodied, emotional, and sensory experiences that accompany new motherhood can be overwhelming, be difficult to articulate verbally, and impact the perceptions of the new mother’s relationship to herself and her child (Crossley, 2009; Lintott & Sander-Staudt, 2011; Prinds et al., 2014).In order to honor and capture the emergent, vital, and multi-dimensional nature of beyond_words in transitioning to motherhood, in this study, arts-based research methods were used to explore and represent these phenomena, otherwise inexpressible in words. The arts-based results are presented as five portrait syntheses and a final synthesis play in four acts that bring to life and invite the viewer to live the mothers’ beyond_words experiences, while simultaneously positioning them within the wider context of current medical and health sciences research perspectives. The final synthesis, which is the featured dramatic play, aspires to give voice and aesthetic power to these mothers’ beyond_words transitioning to motherhood experiences. In the philosophical tradition of ABR (Leavy, 2009, 2015), this study marries the rigor of research with the aesthetic power of the visual and dramatic arts challenging existing assumptions, beliefs, and cultural stereotypes about motherhood and disseminating the results to relevant stakeholders.
Singing my way to Social Justice
Authors: Casey Karan
Published: November 2017

My name is Karan Casey and I am a singer. In this paper I am interrogating the performance of social justice, and how my ideals are performed, as an Irish woman, as a social activist, as a traditional and a folk singer and as a cultural voice. Having a twenty five year career as an Irish singer I will be emphasising the voice of the professional artist and how my power as an active agent and participant in this setting gets to the heart of social responsibilities that are important to me. I will be investigating my song choices to see if they contribute to a discussion of social justice and how this is demonstrated performatively and through the text. You can approach this article in two ways. You can click here on the link for the full performance or you can scroll down through this paper and play the songs within the context of my writing. I hope you enjoy it whichever pathway you choose.
PRODUCTION COSTS AND PROFITABILITY OF ‘NIAGARA ROSADA’ TABLE GRAPE GROWN IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF SÃO PAULO STATE
Authors: CAPPELLO FERNANDO PEREZ , SPÓSITO MARCEL BELLATO , OSAKI MAURO
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT Niagara Rosada is the main cultivar of table grapes produced in São Paulo state. Its production is concentrated mainly in the regions of Campinas, Itapetininga and Jales, where it is grown under different production systems. The aim of this study was to analyze the economic viability of cv. Niagara Rosada at main regions producers of São Paulo State. Therefore, case studies were made with grape growers for each region to assess the production cost and calculate profitability. In the Campinas region, for two cycles per year, the main crop and the second crop were evaluated, and the Total Cost (TC) obtained was US$ 0.81/Kg, with US$ 0.23/Kg of Total Net Revenue (TNR). Considering only the main crop, the decrease of grape production increased the production cost and reduced profitability, the TC reached was US$ 0.93/Kg and TNR US$ 0.08/Kg. In the Itapetininga region, for two cycles per year, in main crop the TC was US$ 0.68/Kg and the TNR was US$ 0.32/Kg. Meanwhile, in the second crop, the lower productivity increased TC to US$ 1.05/Kg, but the higher price caused a TNR of US$ 0.38/Kg. In the Jales region, only one cycle per year, TC was increased to US$ 1.21/Kg, however, the high selling prices in the off-season in São Paulo State resulted in TNR of US$ 0.43/Kg. According to the results, the production of cv. Niagara Rosada in different regions of São Paulo State is profitable and has a positive return for family agriculture. Nevertheless, each region has its own characteristics in terms of production and commercialization of table grapes.
Does the Geographical Proximity Matter in Knowledge and Information Flow? A study about wine cluster in the Southern region of Brazil
Authors: Ruffoni Janaína , Tatsch Ana Lúcia , Stefani Rafael , Schaeffer Paola Rücker , Grings Lenise Gessí
Published: November 2017

Abstract: This study aims to analyze technological knowledge and information flows intra and extra-cluster, as well as the cognitive roles the firms play. It was decided to investigate such flows among firms and institutions that compose the wine cluster of Vale dos Vinhedos, mountain region of Rio Grande do Sul, responsible for approximately 90% of the national wine production. The social network method was used for this article. As main results, it is highlighted: the information flow has a distinct dynamic from the technological knowledge flow established among firms; they play different cognitive roles in the identified technological knowledge network; great part of the connections established is with companies from the cluster itself; and the search for knowledge in support institutions in the area is intense, highlighting the importance of geographical proximity in the established relations.
PRIORITY AREAS FOR FOREST CONSERVATION, AIMING AT THE MAINTENANCE OF WATER RESOURCES, THROUGH THE MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION1
Authors: Silva Victor A M , Mello Kaline de , Vettorazzi Carlos Alberto , Costa Danilo Ribeiro da , Valente Roberta Averna
Published: November 2017

Abstract Replacing the original land cover by other land uses, especially when it is associated with inadequate management practices, can cause changes in runoff and rainwater infiltration. This can result in above normal levels of soil erosion and sediment-carrying to the rivers and streams. The original land cover conservation in the watersheds is, therefore, essential for the maintenance of its water resources. In this context, the main objective of this study was to prioritize areas for forest conservation in two watersheds, aiming at maintaining the water availability, in terms of quantity and quality, for the public supply. The watersheds were selected considering their regional importance and because they are similar in terms of land use / land cover. The study was developed in the Multicriteria Evaluation (MCE) context, which permits the integration of different landscape characteristics (i.e. factors), in order to obtain a solution for the decision-making process. The following criteria were selected by considering the expert's opinions: slope, flow accumulation, aspect, and land use / land cover. Their relative importance (i.e. factor weight) was defined through the Pairwise Comparison Method. The criteria maps units were normalized by a common scale and then aggregated through an MCE method named Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the criteria contribution on the final map. The watershed 1 was classified in approximately 14% of its area as very high priority; 27% as high; 19% as medium; 21% as low; and 18% as very low. The watershed 2 obtained, respectively, 17%; 29%; 17%; 21%; e 17%. We conclude that the WLC method supports the definition of priority areas for forest conservation in the watersheds, in order to have an appropriate design of actions for forest conservation.
Mecânica celeste e a teoria dos sistemas dinâmicos: uma revisão do problema circular restrito de três corpos
Authors: Martins Flavio Avila Correia , Zanotello Marcelo
Published: November 2017

Neste trabalho abordamos uma aproximação para o problema de três corpos que interagem mutuamente por atração gravitacional, denominada problema circular restrito de três corpos (PCR3C). Tal aproximação é revisada a partir do formalismo e de conceitos da teoria dos sistemas dinâmicos, enfocando fenômenos de ressonância, representações em espaços de fase, mapas de Poincaré e o Teorema KAM. Discutimos aspectos matemáticos de estabilidade do problema, seus pontos de equilíbrio – pontos Lagrangeanos – e como a condição de integrabilidade se aplica. Resultados de simulações computacionais que desenvolvemos são analisados e algumas aplicações são apresentadas, por exemplo, no que se refere à presença de regiões de comportamento caótico na seção de Poincaré, correlacionadas diretamente a vacâncias em cinturões de asteroides e nos anéis dos planetas gasosos do nosso sistema solar, bem como a possíveis transferências orbitais com menor custo energético.
High bacterial carbon demand and low growth efficiency at a tropical hypereutrophic estuary: importance of dissolved organic matter remineralization
Authors: Guenther Mariana , Gonzalez-Rodriguez Eliane , Flores-Montes Manuel , Araújo Moacyr , Neumann-Leitão Sigrid
Published: November 2017

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of bacterioplankton production (BP) and respiration (BR) are imperative to understand the magnitude of carbon cycle in the lower trophic levels of the aquatic systems, but are still scarce in the tropics. The present study was performed in a highly productive estuary (Recife harbor, 08°03'S; 34°52'W, NE Brazil) where bacterial carbon demand (BCD=BP+BR) and growth efficiency (BGE=BP/BCD) were evaluated in order to estimate the major role of bacterioplankton: source or sink of organic carbon. In spite of the high BP rates (0.03-0.4 µMC h-1), the extremely high BR rates (0.5-4.1 µMC h-1) led to low BGE (0.02-0.29), possibly due to the high temperatures (>25ºC) and strong inorganic nitrogen limitation (N:P ratios) The high BCD and low BGE indicate the major role of bacterioplankton as dissolved organic matter remineralizers, fueling the primary productivity of the system. These findings contradict what could be expected from studies in highly productive temperate estuaries (where BGE is usually > 0.30) and highlight the importance of increasing in situ BP and BR estimates in tropical estuarine systems in order to better understand the role of these systems in global carbon cycling.
Investigation of phagotrophy in natural assemblages of the benthic dinoflagellates Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum and Coolia
Authors: Almada Eliliane Vasconcelos Corrêa , Carvalho Wanderson Fernandes de , Nascimento Silvia Mattos
Published: November 2017

Abstract Mixotrophy has been shown to be a common trait among dinoflagellates and its importance in the nutritional ecology of harmful algae has been hypothesized. Benthic harmful species have not been extensively investigated as their planktonic counterparts and there are major gaps in the knowledge of their nutritional strategies. In this study the occurrence of phagotrophy was investigated in natural assemblages of benthic dinoflagellates using epi-fluorescence microscopy with DAPI and LysoSensor staining. The study was conducted at five sites along the coast of Rio de Janeiro that were visited in January, August and December 2010. In total, 1659 dinoflagellate cells were observed. From these, only 0.4% of 1195 Ostreopsis cf. ovata and 2.2% of 134 Coolia spp. cells presented evidence of phagotrophy with vacuoles stained by LysoSensor or a DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stained inclusion. Stained vacuoles were not registered in the 330 Prorocentrum spp. cells observed. Few O. cf. ovata cells contained round red inclusions ("red spots") that were not stained either by DAPI or LysoSensor, suggesting that these structures are not ingested prey. The results showed that phagotrophy was not a frequent nutritional strategy in benthic dinoflagellates during the study period.
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Authors: Dhawanjewar Abhilesh
Published: November 2017

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