bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Anjani Qonita Kurnia , Bin Sabri Akmal Hidayat , Henke Stefan , Donnelly Ryan F.
Published: May 2022

Being the largest and most accessible organ, the skin is an attractive target for drug delivery. However, the efficient barrier function of the stratum corneum presents a considerable challenge to the delivery of therapeutic into and across the skin. Nevertheless, years of research in the area of skin permeation culminated with the regulatory approval of the first transdermal patch for the delivery of the antiemetic drug scopolamine in 1979. Since then, the delivery of therapeutics across the skin has progressed considerably with the development of various innovative drug delivery strategies, with microneedles being one of them. Since the first microneedle patent was filed in the 1950s, microneedle research has gained considerable momentum. Microneedle-based delivery strategy offers a minimally invasive drug delivery approach while obviating first-pass hepatic metabolism. Judicious selection in formulation designs coupled with advancement in the microfabrication techniques have led to the development of novel microneedle systems. The first part of this chapter aims to provide a general outline of the anatomy of the skin along with strategies that have been explored in delivering drugs into and across the skin. The second part of this chapter covers the development, classification, and manufacturing methods of manufacture microneedles along with a discussion with regards to commercialising such technology.
Oral Suspensions
Authors: Cavinato M.
Published: May 2022

Formulating a poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient into an oral suspension is a common practice for different therapeutic indications and is one of the preferred routes of administration in paediatric and geriatric patients, as well as patients that are unable to swallow oral solid dosage forms. The aim of this chapter is to provide guidance on the formulation and manufacture of oral suspensions, in order to achieve the desired quality target product profile. The chapter firstly provides an understanding of the links between key ingredients and finished product attributes that are driving safety, efficacy and acceptance of oral suspensions. An overview of the manufacturing equipment and typical processing conditions is provided together with a description of the key ingredients and their recommended concentration range. Common challenges in the formulation and manufacture of oral suspensions are also discussed and potential solutions proposed.
Oral Films
Authors: Whiteman Marshall
Published: May 2022

Oral films have evolved in two decades from something of a novelty consumer product into an oral dose form used for prescription medicines and with the potential for oral bioavailability enhancement. Oral films are recognised as a distinct dosage form by the current editions of both the USP and Ph. Eur. The main manufacturing methods for films are casting and extrusion, which are well established and understood pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, though flexographic and inkjet printing are increasingly being used to apply drug in reproducible amounts onto specific areas of pre-formed films, enabling the technology to be used for drugs that might not be stable to the usual film-forming conditions. Drug loading capacities of up to 30–50% represent a limitation to the technology, which is exacerbated if significant amounts of flavourings and taste-masking agents are required. This chapter describes film formulations and manufacturing processes, as well as the range of testing that is usually performed on films and highlights specific requirements for films used in the delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins.
Inhalation Devices and Formulations
Authors: Clarke J. G. , Savage A. P.
Published: May 2022

As therapeutic products that combine drug(s) and device, orally inhaled drug products are classed as combination drug products, with both the drug formulation and delivery device (and its interface to the patient) influencing delivery of a reproducible dose and its particle size distribution. Maintaining these product quality attributes through shelf life and assuring equivalence of product performance pre-/post-implementation of changes during the product lifecycle (e.g., input materials, manufacturing site, test methodologies, etc.) present a not insignificant challenge to the product manufacturer. Most currently marketed inhaled products employ local delivery of small molecule therapeutics to treat respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis), delivered at low dose (<10 mg)and with an immediate release profile governed by deposition site within the lung and biopharmaceutical properties of component API(s). Delivery of novel modalities demands innovative solutions for delivery of large molecules (e.g., peptides and proteins, siRNA, vaccines), higher doses and products with a modulated release profile. Covering aspects of drug formulation, device design, product manufacture, analytical testing and materials characterisation, the aim of this chapter is to review how recent advances in the scientific understanding of inhaled products can improve control and prediction of product quality/process performance for marketed products and enable development of innovative products.
Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs)
Authors: Rayner M. L. D. , Phillips J. B.
Published: May 2022

Over the last few decades a new group of medicinal products have emerged and have been named advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). These are categorised separately from conventional treatments such as pharmaceuticals and medical devices due to their biological origin. The development of ATMPs offers a novel approach in the treatment of disease and injury. Between 2009 and 2017 there were ∼500 ATMPs in clinical trials within the European Union (EU), 13 of which were approved; however, two of these products were later withdrawn and two ended, leaving nine licenced ATMPs on the market by 2019. This chapter introduces this emerging new area and aims to define ATMPs, describe their lifecycle, the regulatory pathway and the current market. As this field is evolving rapidly some of the aspects described here may have changed since the time of writing.
Geriatric Pharmaceutics
Authors: Desai Neel , McCoubrey Laura E. , Madla Christine M. , Gavins Francesca K. H. , Orlu Mine
Published: May 2022

The older population represents a growing and heterogeneous subset of the population. Developing formulations for geriatric patients involves multiple challenges considering the prevalence of multi-morbidities requiring treatment with multiple therapies. Advancing age causes physiological changes, which can impact the drug pharmacokinetic performance of administered drugs. Dysphagia, malnutrition and impairments in cognition, dexterity, and vision contribute to lower medication adherence. Dose-flexible, easy-to-swallow formulations with accessible packaging are required that are acceptable to the patients. Researchers are designing patient-centric dosage forms such as orodispersibles, mini-tablets, and oral liquids to meet the needs of the ageing population. Furthermore, the digital revolution provides tools such as wearable devices and artificial intelligence to tailor delivery of drugs to our ageing population.
Development Programs for Oral Fixed Dose Combination Products
Authors: Crowley Patrick J. , Maglennon Sharon M. , Martini Luigi G. , Templeton David
Published: May 2022

Drug–drug combinations can be very effective at managing a wide range of clinical conditions. Successes have included the treatment of bacterial infections by broadening antimicrobial spectra. Combinations have also been very effective in treating HIV infection. In a wider context a chronic condition that requires more than one medication for its management can pose patient compliance challenges when dose frequencies for the (separate) medications differ. Furthermore, elderly patients who suffer from more than one clinical condition are likely to need different medications to manage each ailment. If times for dosing or dose frequencies differ for each condition there is potential for confusion, medication mix-up with efficacy and compromised safety. Asymptomatic conditions that require frequent daily dosage also pose compliance challenges, the patient does not get a “biological reminder” on “need-to-dose”. This chapter discusses rationales, possibilities and strategies for dosage form design and evaluation of drug–drug combinations to help resolve some of these issues. Regulatory definitions and requirements for different product programs are also considered and examples provided for the various categories of combination products. Finally, comments are provided on future opportunities and possibilities for drug–drug combination products.
Presentational and Organoleptic Aspects of Formulation
Authors: Clapham D.
Published: May 2022

Patient compliance with pharmaceutical treatment is often poor. Failure to take the product will mean that it cannot exert its therapeutic effect. The formulator should seek to reduce as far as possible any aspects of the product that can reduce the patient's perception of its quality and hence their willingness to take it (and often to take it repeatedly for an extended time). By paying attention to the acceptability of the product to the patient and (where relevant) their carer, it is possible to enhance compliance and hence therapeutic effect. This chapter focuses on how those factors that can be readily appreciated by the patient using their senses (called organoleptic factors) can be measured and managed throughout the pharmaceutical development process in order to enhance acceptability. Topics covered include the importance of acceptability; taste, including how it can be managed; texture (including mouthfeel and skin feel); aroma; appearance; and packaging.
Interplay between the linker and polymer molecular weight of a self-assembling prodrug on the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy
Authors: Nguyen Anne , Rouhollahi Elham , Böttger Roland , Ong Chun Yat , Chao Po-Han , Wu Jiamin , Chen Yao , Li Shyh-Dar
Published: May 2022

We studied the interplay of polymer molecular weight and linker of self-assembling nanoparticles on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy.
Absorption behavior of doxorubicin hydrochloride in visible region in different environments: a combined experimental and computational study
Authors: Chen Cheng Giuseppe , Nardi Alessandro Nicola , Giustini Mauro , D'Abramo Marco
Published: May 2022

The experimental absorption measurements and an advanced treatment of quantum-mechanical and molecular dynamics data are here combined to provide a complete picture of the absorption behavior doxorubicin hydrochloride (DX) in different environments.
High-throughput transcriptomics reveals the mechanisms of nanopesticides – nanoformulation, commercial formulation, active ingredient – finding safe and sustainable-by-design (SSbD) options for the environment
Authors: Gomes Susana I. L. , Campos Estefânia V. R. , Fraceto Leonardo F. , Grillo Renato , Scott-Fordsmand Janeck J. , Amorim Mónica J. B.
Published: May 2022

Differential transcriptomic response suggests different mechanisms of toxicity between nano and non-nano formulations – the nanoformulation was taken upviaendocytosis, as opposed to passive diffusion for its conventional agrochemical.
Beyond the approved: target sites and inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase from bacteria and fungi
Authors: Kirsch Susanne H. , Haeckl F. P. Jake , Müller Rolf
Published: May 2022

Bacterial RNA polymerase is an attractive target for the development of antibacterial therapeutics. We review the mode of action of approved compounds and highlight additional emerging target sites inhibited primarily by microbial natural products.
Fast tracking of adulterants and bacterial contamination in food via Raman and infrared spectroscopies: paving the way for a healthy and safe world
Authors: Sen Raj Kumar , Karthikeyan K. , Prabhakar Priyanka , Vishwakarma Jeet , Gupta Gaurav , Mishra S. N. , Mishra Alka , Chaurasia J. P. , Hashmi S. A. R. , Mondal D. P. , Solanki Pratima R. , Srivastava A. K. , Dhand Chetna , Dwivedi Neeraj
Published: May 2022

Food adulteration adversely affects human health.
Doping-driven electronic structure and conductivity modification of nickel sulfide
Authors: Xiao Zhenyun , Yan Lijin , Hu Qin , Xiang Bin , Wang Yu , Hao Jiangyu , Zou Xuefeng , Li Weining , Wei Shicheng
Published: May 2022

The electronic structure of the electrode material is modified by doping transition metal atoms and the electrical conductivity is significantly improved, thus enhancing its electrochemical performance.
Binary interpnictogen compounds bearing diaryl bismuth fragments bound to all lighter pnictogens
Authors: Dunaj Tobias , Dollberg Kevin , von Hänisch Carsten
Published: May 2022

Multiple interpnictogen compounds with covalent single bonds between a diarylbismuth fragment and all lighter pnictogens were obtained from diarylhalido bismuthanes. This includes compounds with a rare Bi–As or Bi–Sb single bond.
A caged tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ligand equipped with a Ctriazole–H hydrogen bonding cavity
Authors: Qiu Gege , Diao Donglin , Chaussy Leo , Michaud-Chevallier Sabine , Simaan A. Jalila , Nava Paola , Martinez Alexandre , Colomban Cédric
Published: May 2022

The firstTPAligand equipped with a well-defined triazole-based hydrogen bonding cavity, inspired from the functionalized cavities of enzymes, was prepared.
Facile activation of inert small molecules using a 1,2-disilylene
Authors: Garg Palak , Dange Deepak , Jiang Yixiao , Jones Cameron
Published: May 2022

A 1,2-disilylene reductively activates a series of unsaturated small molecule substrates (viz. ButNC:, C2H4, CO2 and N2O), yielding a range of novel compound types (see picture; Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, Ar = 4-C6H4But).
The crucial and multifaceted roles of main-group cations and their salts in iron-mediated cross-couplings
Authors: Wowk Vincent , Lefèvre Guillaume
Published: May 2022

The beneficial role of main-group cations [M]n+ brought by nucleophilic partners in Fe-mediated cross-couplings is highlighted. Examples of synergistic effects of Fe/[M]n+ pairs on the elementary steps of the catalytic processes are discussed.
Enhancing the remarkable adsorption of Pb2+ in a series of sulfonic-functionalized Zr-based MOFs: a combined theoretical and experimental study for elucidating the adsorption mechanism
Authors: Tran Cuong C. , Dong Hieu C. , Truong Vy T. N. , Bui Thinh T. M. , Nguyen Hung N. , Nguyen Tuyet A. T. , Dang Nam N. , Nguyen My V.
Published: May 2022

A combined theoretical and experimental study for interpreting the adsorption mechanism.
Ionothermal synthesis of a highly crystalline zirconium phosphate proton conductor
Authors: Gui Daxiang , Zhang Jinfeng , Wang Xiuyuan , Wang Chengzhen , Wang Qin , Zhang Yugang , Li Hui , Wang Shuao
Published: May 2022

With the aid of the facile ionothermal synthesis method, here we report a new high crystallinity zirconium phosphate (NH4)2[ZrF(PO4)(HPO4)] (ZrP-3). The robust structure and dense hydrogen-bonded network make ZrP-3 an excellent proton conductor.
Assessment of PM2.5 concentrations, transport, and mitigation in indoor environments using low-cost air quality monitors and a portable air cleaner
Authors: Sankhyan Sumit , Witteman Julia K. , Coyan Steven , Patel Sameer , Vance Marina E.
Published: May 2022

We deployed multiple low-cost air quality monitors to investigate the transport of kitchen-generated fine particulate matter (PM2.5) into the bedrooms of four homes of different sizes over a period of more than nine weeks at each home.
The Ir–OOOO–Ir transition state and the mechanism of the oxygen evolution reaction on IrO2(110)
Authors: Binninger Tobias , Doublet Marie-Liesse
Published: May 2022

The oxygen evolution reaction on IrO2(110) proceeds by association of the outer oxygen atoms of two adjacent Ir–OO surface entities via an Ir–OOOO–Ir transition state. The novel mechanism enables combined activity and stability of the catalyst.
Benign solvents for recycling and re-use of a multi-layer battery pouch
Authors: Marshall Jean E. , Middleton Bethany , Gastol Dominika , Sommerville Roberto , McElroy Con R. , Kendrick Emma , Goodship Vannessa
Published: May 2022

This article describes a process for the repair and re-use of an aluminium-containing pouch used as an outer casing for a Lithium-ion battery cell.
Underwater luminescent labeling materials constructed from a supramolecular approach
Authors: Zhang Qiao , Wang Wenbo , Cai Changyong , Wu Shuanggen , Li Jialing , Li Fenfang , Dong Shengyi
Published: May 2022

Fluorescent supramolecular materials constructed from small molecules exhibited tough, strong, and long-lasting underwater adhesion and labeling performances.
Long-read 16S-seq reveals nasopharynx microbial dysbiosis and enrichment of Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma in COVID-19 patients: a potential source of co-infection
Authors: Prasad Punit , Mahapatra Soumendu , Mishra Rasmita , Murmu Krushna Chandra , Aggarwal Shifu , Sethi Manisha , Mohapatra Priyanka , Ghosh Arup , Yadav Rina , Dodia Hiren , Ansari Shamima Azma , De Saikat , Singh Deepak , Suryawanshi Amol , Dash Rupesh , Senapati Shantibhushan , Beuria Tushar K. , Chattopadhyay Soma , Syed Gulam Hussain , Swain Rajeeb , Raghav Sunil K. , Parida Ajay
Published: May 2022

Schematic representation of workflow to understand the nasal microbiome dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients. (Image created by Biorender.com).
Metabolomic analysis of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) response to glyphosate exposure
Authors: Wang Bo , Habermehl Calypso , Jiang Lin
Published: May 2022

Sub-lethal concentrations of glyphosate have an adverse effect on the regulation of essential metabolites related to honey bee development and fitness.
Synergic effect of graphene oxide and boron nitride on the mechanical properties of polyimide composite films
Authors: Cheng Yi Kai , Campéon Benoît Denis Louis , Obata Seiji , Nishina Yuta
Published: May 2022

The addition of two-dimensional (2D) materials into polymers can improve their mechanical properties.
Evaluation of bactericidal potential and catalytic dye degradation of multiple morphology based chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone-doped bismuth oxide nanostructures
Authors: Bari Ahsaan , Ikram Muhammad , Haider Ali , Ul-Hamid Anwar , Haider Junaid , Shahzadi Iram , Nazir Ghazanfar , Shahzadi Anum , Imran M. , Ghaffar Abdul
Published: May 2022

In this study, 0.02 and 0.04 wt% of chitosan (CS) were successfully incorporated in a fixed amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-doped Bi2O3 nanostructures (NSs) via a co-precipitation approach.
A cationic AIEgen and hexametaphosphate based simple and convenient fluorometric assay for alkaline phosphatase and its inhibitor
Authors: Kaur Jasvir , Mirgane Harshad A. , Bhosale Sheshanath V. , Singh Prabhat K.
Published: May 2022

A simple and sensitive AIEgen based assay for alkaline phosphatase has been devised.
A facile protocol for the preparation of 2-carboxylated thieno [2,3-b] indoles: a de novo access to alkaloid thienodolin
Authors: Mari Giacomo , De Crescentini Lucia , Favi Gianfranco , Santeusanio Stefania , Mantellini Fabio
Published: May 2022

A metal-free strategy towards thieno [2,3-b] indoles from 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes and indoline 2-thione is described. The mild reaction conditions required make this method amenable for a one-pot approach to thienodolin, a valuable natural alkaloid.
Biomedical applications of multifunctional magnetoelectric nanoparticles
Authors: Hoque Apu Ehsanul , Nafiujjaman Md , Sandeep Srikumar , Makela Ashley V. , Khaleghi Ali , Vainio Seppo , Contag Christopher H. , Li Jinxing , Balasingham Ilangko , Kim Taeho , Ashammakhi Nureddin
Published: May 2022

Advances in nanotechnology are impacting biomedicine with the potential to improve disease diagnosis, enhance targeted drug delivery, refine imaging of therapeutic responses, control cell and tissue responses, and guide surgical resection.
Highly emissive and color-tunable copper-based halide composites for bright white light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhang Huanhuan , Yang Lin , Chen Hao , Ma Wenqiang , Wang Rui , Cao Guozhong
Published: May 2022

The blue-emissive Cs3Cu2I5, yellow-emissive CsCu2I3, and white-emissive Cs3Cu2I5@CsCu2I3 composites have been obtained by a one-step microwave method. The three UV-pumped WLEDs are fabricated by using the composites, and a CRI of 92 is achieved.
Direct catalytic asymmetric vinylogous Michael addition to construct an all-carbon quaternary center with 3-alkenyl-oxindoles
Authors: Lu Shuhui , Zhao Zhifei , Ren Yingzheng , Du Guangfen , Zhao Jixing , Li Shi-Wu
Published: May 2022

Direct catalytic asymmetric vinylogous Michael addition to construct an acyclic all-carbon quaternary center with novel 3-alkenyl-oxindoles.
Direct and efficient synthesis of tetrasubstituted allenyl organothiophosphates from propargylic alcohols under catalyst- and additive-free conditions
Authors: Zhang Yuxing , Du Sha , Yang Tao , Jin Fengyan , Zhou Jingyi , Cao Banpeng , Mao Zhi-Jie , Song Xian-Rong , Xiao Qiang
Published: May 2022

An environment-friendly approach that affords tetrasubstituted allenyl organothiophosphates from easily prepared propargylic alcohols and phosphorothioic acids [(RO)2P(O)SH] with water as the only by-product is developed.
Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and ammonia sensitivity of double-heterojunction g-C3N4/TiO2/CuO
Authors: Dai Lei , Sun Fazhe , Fu Peng , Li Hetong
Published: May 2022

The trajectory of electrons in the g-C3N4/TiO2/CuO double-heterojunction conforms to the S-scheme.
Robust photocatalytic activity of two-dimensional h-BN/Bi2O3 heterostructure quantum sheets
Authors: Zhou Jianwei , Duo Fangfang , Wang Chubei , Chu Liangliang , Zhang Mingliang , Yan Donglei
Published: May 2022

The production of quantum sheets with intrinsic characteristics was reported. Heterostructure photocatalyst is fabricated by liquid phase self-assembly method, which exhibit superior degradation activity for organic pollutant and can potentially be utilized in water purification.
Correction: Reactions of nitroxides 16. First nitroxides containing tellurium atom
Authors: Zakrzewski Jerzy , Huras Bogumiła , Kiełczewska Anna , Krawczyk Maria
Published: May 2022

Correction for ‘Reactions of nitroxides 16. First nitroxides containing tellurium atom’ by Jerzy Zakrzewski et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 98829–98834, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra15880c.
A novel crosslinker for synthesizing hypercrosslinked ionic polymers containing activating groups as efficient catalysts for the CO2 cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Liao Xu , Xiang Xiaoyan , Wang Zeyu , Ma Ruixun , Kong Lingzheng , Gao Xilin , He Jiao , Hou Wenjuan , Peng Cheng , Lin Jinqing
Published: May 2022

A novel crosslinker for synthesizing hypercrosslinked ionic polymers with high ionic content, high specific surface area and hydroxyl activating group as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 cycloaddition at atmospheric pressure.
Recent developments in perovskite-based precursor inks for scalable architectures of perovskite solar cell technology
Authors: Berger Ethan , Bagheri Mohammad , Asgari Somayyeh , Zhou Jin , Kokkonen Mikko , Talebi Parisa , Luo Jingshan , Nogueira Ana Flávia , Watson Trystan , Hashmi Syed Ghufran
Published: May 2022

The progressive enhancements in solar-to-electrical conversion within the past decade have allowed organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite-based solar cell technology to become a competitive candidate for creating affordable electricity.
Promoting polysulfide redox kinetics by tuning the non-metallic p-band of Mo-based compounds
Authors: Liu Yajing , Xu Jie , Cao Yongjie , Chen Mingqi , Wang Nan , Long Donghui , Wang Yonggang , Xia Yongyao
Published: May 2022

This work studies the kinetic behaviors of Li–S chemistry on Mo-based compounds (MCNs-MoXn, X = O, S, N, P), and it is found that the Li–S battery using the MoP-modified separator exhibits superior rate and long cycle performance.
Preparation and characterization of novel lithium magnesium phosphate bioceramic scaffolds facilitating bone generation
Authors: He Fupo , Yuan Xinyuan , Lu Teliang , Wang Yao , Feng Songheng , Shi Xuetao , Wang Lin , Ye Jiandong , Yang Hui
Published: May 2022

We developed lithium magnesium phosphate (LMP) bioceramic scaffolds with high mechanical strength and the capacity to stimulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis.
Achieving halogen bonding enhanced ultra-highly efficient AIE and reversible mechanochromism properties of TPE-based luminogens: position of bromine substituents
Authors: Miao Xinrui , Cai Zhengkai , Zou Hengqi , Li Jinxing , Zhang Songyao , Ying Lei , Deng Wenli
Published: May 2022

Crystal ofo-BrTBE and self-assembled balls ofm-BrTBE film show ultra-highly efficient AIE and reversible mechanochromism (MC) properties as obvious anti-heavy atom effects resulting from the formation of intermolecular Br⋯Br bonds.
Observation points classifier ensemble for high‐dimensional imbalanced classification
Authors: He Yulin , Li Xu , Fournier‐Viger Philippe , Huang Joshua Zhexue , Li Mianjie , Salloum Salman
Published: May 2022

In this paper, an Observation Points Classifier Ensemble (OPCE) algorithm is proposed to deal with High‐Dimensional Imbalanced Classification (HDIC) problems based on data processed using the Multi‐Dimensional Scaling (MDS) feature extraction technique. First, dimensionality of the original imbalanced data is reduced using MDS so that distances between any two different samples are preserved as well as possible. Second, a novel OPCE algorithm is applied to classify imbalanced samples by placing optimised observation points in a low‐dimensional data space. Third, optimization of the observation point mappings is carried out to obtain a reliable assessment of the unknown samples. Exhaustive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the feasibility, rationality, and effectiveness of the proposed OPCE algorithm using seven benchmark HDIC data sets. Experimental results show that (1) the OPCE algorithm can be trained faster on low‐dimensional imbalanced data than on high‐dimensional data; (2) the OPCE algorithm can correctly identify samples as the number of optimised observation points is increased; and (3) statistical analysis reveals that OPCE yields better HDIC performances on the selected data sets in comparison with eight other HDIC algorithms. This demonstrates that OPCE is a viable algorithm to deal with HDIC problems.
A dynamic bidirectional heuristic trust path search algorithm
Authors: Che Jiaying , Tong Xiangrong , Yu Lei
Published: May 2022

Online social networks greatly promote peoples' online interaction, where trust plays a crucial role. Trust prediction with trust path search is widely used to help users find the trusted friends and obtain valid information. However, the shortcomings of accuracy and time still exist in some famous algorithms. Therefore, the dynamic bidirectional heuristic search (DBHS) algorithm is proposed in this paper to find the reliable trust path by studying the heuristic search. First, the trust value and path length are comprehensively considered to find the most trusted user. Specially, it constrains the traversal depth based on the ‘small world’ theory and obtains the acceptable path set by using the relaxation coefficient λ to relax the depth of the shortest path. By this way, some longer path with the higher trust can be considered to improve the precision of algorithm. Then, an adjustment factor is designed based on the meet in the middle (MM) algorithm to assign search weights to two directions based on the size of the search tree expanded, so as to improve the problem of no priori when fixed parameters are used. Besides, the complexity of unidirectional trust path search can also be reduced by searching from two directions, which can reduce the depth and improve the efficiency of search. Finally, the predictive trust degree is outputted by the trust propagation function. Two public datasets are used to generate experimental results, which show that DBHS can quickly search and form reliable trust relationship, and it partly improves other algorithms.
Trust management and data protection for online social networks
Authors: Thabit Shehab , LianShan Yan , Tao Yao , Abdullah AL‐badwi
Published: May 2022

Online social networks (OSNs) have been an integral aspect of daily life. Most people use OSNs such as Facebook and Twitter to communicate and exchange information. Numerous analytical methods have been applied to OSNs by active exploration of their graph structure, like clustering analyses for automatic online group detection and node impact analyses of awareness of influential nodes within social networks. On OSN, a large‐scale attack was launched by creating a bogus profile and using it to propagate spam, malware, and phishing attacks. To overcome the above issues, we designed a trust management and data protection model (TM‐A‐DPM), in which the trust management identifies the trust factor accuracy to achieve confidentiality, integrity, and privacy. Experimental results determine the performance and computational efficiency as well as resolve the privacy threats such as data leakage and data forgery.
End‐to‐end motion segmentation and recognition with high accuracy using wearable devices
Authors: Bingtao Zhou , Yuyang Cheng , Mian Xiang
Published: May 2022

An important research direction in applying wearable devices in sports is motion recognition and segmentation. The authors propose an end‐to‐end motion recognition–segmentation method in basketball. First, data are collected using an arm guard with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) module. Next, a sliding window is used to extract the data features. The feature extraction method is a multi‐model long short‐term memory (LSTM) network. After feature extraction, a label vector is obtained and a result vector is formed after temporal matrix processing. The results of the experiment on the accuracy, precision and recall were 97.1% ± 1.6%, 94.4% ± 0.7% and 96.4% ± 1.1%, respectively, showing better performance among similar studies.
Improving grid strength in a wide‐area transmission system with grid forming inverters
Authors: Mayer Peter F. , Gordon Mark , Huang Wen‐Cheng , Hardt Christian
Published: May 2022

This paper summarizes Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation studies using PSCAD/EMTDC undertaken to evaluate the capability and suitability of commercially available large scale Grid Forming Inverters (GFMI) to dampen oscillations in a real bulk power transmission network. Faults and a range of grid voltage oscillation frequencies are tested on GFMI and synchronous condenser (SC) models using single source equivalent network model and comparisons of transient, post fault and oscillatory rejection tests are presented. A critical credible fault in the West Murray Zone (WMZ) was simulated on a wide‐area EMT model of the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) to show the effectiveness of GFMI in providing system strength services and improving damping of network sub‐synchronous control interactions (SSCI). Two scenarios were examined: Direct replacement of existing centralized synchronous condensers in the WMZ of the NEM, and a decentralized distribution of GFMI in the transmission network (treated as expansion or repowering solution for existing grid following inverter equipped solar farms). Simulation results show that commercially available GFMI are a viable option for improving system strength in a practical transmission system with a high proportion of Inverter Based Resources (IBR).
Innovative millimetre‐wave resonators based on slow‐wave coplanar stripline components
Authors: Saadi Abdelhalim A. , Margalef‐Rovira Marc , Amara Youcef , Vincent Loïc , Lepilliet Sylvie , Gaquiere Christophe , Ferrari Philippe
Published: May 2022

In this paper, the slow‐wave coplanar stripline (S‐CPS) technology is utilised to design high performance and small footprint resonators operating within the millimetre‐wave band from 50 to 80 GHz. The proposed resonators are designed based on high quality factor quasi‐lumped capacitances and inductances offering a great flexibility in terms of design. The derivation of these components from the S‐CPS is explained theoretically and their behaviour is validated by EM simulation; an equivalent electrical model is also developed. The proposed concepts are demonstrated in the BiCMOS 55‐nm technology, and a good agreement between modelling, EM simulation and measurement results is achieved. The proposed devices could later be considered as interesting elementary blocks for the design of mm‐wave filters.
Anti‐inflammatory and bactericidal effect of keratin/harmaline/ginkgo biloba electrospun nano fibres as band aid
Authors: Monavari Matine , Zohoori Salar , Davodiroknabadi Abolfazl
Published: May 2022

This study represents the extraction of keratin from hedgehogs spines doped with Harmaline and Ginkgo Biloba, and electrospun on the surface of cotton fabric (animal rights laws were performed). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to investigate the morphology of produced keratin Harmaline Ginkgo Biloba (KHG). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows the weight loss of samples in different temperatures. The aim and goal of producing KHG on the cotton fabric surface was to use as band aid; therefore, the bactericidal and anti‐inflammatory of samples were investigated. The results show that the KHG band aid has about 95% bactericidal properties against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli). On the other hand, the results of oedema reduction on rats indicate that KHG band aid has good anti‐inflammatory property, which is near to the indomethacin. Furthermore, the MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) analyses of KHG band aid and its cell viability demonstrate that the KHG band aid has very low cytotoxicity.
Joint localization algorithm of TDOA and FDOA considering the position error of underwater sensors
Authors: Meng Tianci , Zhang Zhenkai , Lin Yunhang
Published: May 2022

The joint localization method of TDOA and FDOA is widely used because it can estimate the underwater moving source well. Usually, a two‐step weighted least squares (TSWLS) algorithm is used to estimate the source. However, the noise square term is always neglected in the TSWLS algorithm. In order to improve this situation, an improved TSWLS algorithm is proposed under the circumstance of sensor position inaccuracy. First, a new localization equation is constructed by the time difference equation, and the source position and velocity are initially estimated. The intermediate variables are then Taylor expanded and inserted into the localization equation of the algorithm's first step to modify the initial estimate value. Finally, the source's precise position and velocity are determined, and the proposed method was demonstrated to achieve the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) accuracy through simulations.
The first molecules in the intergalactic medium and halos of the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn
Authors: Novosyadlyj B. , Kulinich Yu. , Melekh B. , Shulga V.
Published: May 2022

We study the formation and destruction of the first molecules at the epochs of the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn to evaluate the luminosity of the protogalaxy clumps (halos) in the molecular lines. The cosmological recombination is described using the RecFast model of an effective three-level atom, while the chemistry of the molecules is examined using the relevant basic kinetic equations. We then studied the effect of collisional and radiative excitation of molecules on the intensity of molecular emission in both warm and hot halos. Using the Planck data on the reionization of the intergalactic medium at z ∼ 6−8, we evaluated the upper limits of the light energy density for four models of thermal light from the first sources that appeared in the Cosmic Dawn epoch. Assuming that in the halos, the light energy density may essentially be even higher, we estimated the impact of the light from the first sources (the first light) on the formation and destruction of the first molecules in them as well as between them. We show that the molecules H2 and HD are destroyed by photodissociation processes shortly before the full reionization in the inter-halo medium, in the medium of both types of halos and for all models of the first light. At the same time, the number density of helium hydride ions, HeH+, shows essentially more complicated dependences on the kinetic temperature of halos and the models of the first light. These features characterizing the abundance of molecules also determine the intensity of the halos luminescence during their evolution. Furthermore, we calculated the evolution of the brightness temperature of the individual halo in the rotational lines of H2, HD and HeH+ molecules relative to the temperature of the cosmic microwave background at redshifts corresponding to the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn epochs. It does not exceed the microkelvin, but its detection may be an important source of information about the physical processes taking place at the beginning of the formation of the first stars and galaxies at the epochs of the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn.
A comparative study of eight human auditory models of monaural processing
Authors: Osses Vecchi Alejandro , Varnet Léo , Carney Laurel H. , Dau Torsten , Bruce Ian C. , Verhulst Sarah , Majdak Piotr
Published: May 2022

A number of auditory models have been developed using diverging approaches, either physiological or perceptual, but they share comparable stages of signal processing, as they are inspired by the same constitutive parts of the auditory system. We compare eight monaural models that are openly accessible in the Auditory Modelling Toolbox. We discuss the considerations required to make the model outputs comparable to each other, as well as the results for the following model processing stages or their equivalents: Outer and middle ear, cochlear filter bank, inner hair cell, auditory nerve synapse, cochlear nucleus, and inferior colliculus. The discussion includes a list of recommendations for future applications of auditory models.
Brandverletzte versorgen – von der Erstversorgung bis zur rekonstruktiven Behandlung
Authors: Ziethen Manuela , Zoske Inga , Reimann René , Hartmann Bernd
Published: May 2022

Eines der größten Verbrennungszentren Europas für brandverletzte Kinder und Erwachsene liegt in Berlins Osten im Bezirk Marzahn. Die ganzheitliche Versorgung Schwerbrandverletzter beginnt mit der Akutversorgung und reicht bis zur Wiedereingliederung der betroffenen Patienten ins Berufsleben. Viele Disziplinen begleiten die Patienten auf diesem Weg – den der folgende Beitrag umfassend beschreibt.
Kinder als besuchende Angehörige auf der Erwachsenenintensivstation – Go oder No-Go?
Authors: Brauchle Maria , Nydahl Peter , Pregartner Gudrun , Hoffmann Magdalena , Jeitziner Marie-Madlen
Published: May 2022

Kaum ein Thema wird so kontrovers diskutiert wie der Besuch von Kindern und Jugendlichen unter 18 Jahren auf einer Erwachsenenintensivstation. Beim medizinischen Fachpersonal werden oft Alter, potenzielle Traumatisierung beim Anblick der Patienten, hygienische Aspekte, Unerfahrenheit in Bezug auf kognitive und emotionale Entwicklung des Kindes, zusätzliche Arbeitsbelastung sowie Störungen in persönlicher Aufmerksamkeit und Arbeitsorganisation als Barrieren genannt. Im Dezember 2019 hat sich unter dem Dach der DIVI ein internationales Forschungsteam gegründet, das Barrieren, Fakten und Mythen zum Thema „Kinder als besuchende Angehörige auf der Erwachsenenintensivstation“ auf den Grund gehen will.
Therapiezieländerung auf der Intensivstation – interdisziplinär gemeinsam entscheiden
Authors: Goll Clara , Bensch Sandra
Published: May 2022

Eine Intensivstation ist auf Aufrechterhaltung und (Re-)Stabilisierung von Körperfunktionen und Kreislaufprozessen ausgerichtet. Ihr originärer Versorgungsauftrag liegt nicht darin, palliative Prozesse einzuleiten und zu begleiten. Durch invasivere Verfahren bei einer gleichzeitig alternden Gesellschaft treten zunehmend mehr Situationen auf, in denen Therapieziele infrage gestellt werden (müssen) und Änderungen erfordern. Wer initiiert diese Prozesse? Wie gehen Intensivteams damit um? Was könnte sich verbessern? Aufbauend auf die Studienlage befragt die Erstautorin einen interdisziplinären Kreis einer Intensivstation.
COVID-19 – was haben wir gelernt?
Authors: Klaus Schäfer P.
Published: May 2022

Mehr als zwei Jahre Pandemie liegen hinter uns – eine anspruchsvolle und herausfordernde Zeit vor allem für die Kliniken und das Gesundheitspersonal. Was haben wir bisher daraus gelernt? Klinikseelsorger Klaus Schäfer wirft einen resümierenden Blick zurück und leitet daraus Forderungen für die Zukunft ab.
Remineralizing Potential of Milk and GC Tooth Mousse on Demineralized Human Enamel: An In Vitro Comparative Evaluation
Authors: Shetty Vabitha , Bhandary Srikala , Vakil Ishani
Published: May 2022

Introduction Caries initiation is associated with demineralization of the subsurface tooth enamel. Today, bioactive agents based on milk products have been developed to enhance remineralization under cariogenic conditions. However, there is limited information on the remineralization potential of milk.

Materials and Methods Fifty enamel specimens were prepared from sound human premolars. All enamel specimens were then placed in demineralizing solution for 4 days at 37°C to produce artificial carious lesion. Baseline surface microhardness (SMH) was evaluated using Vickers indenter. Enamel specimens were then randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 specimens were kept in artificial saliva, whereas group 2 and 3 enamel specimens were treated with milk and GC tooth mousse, respectively, for 5 minutes twice daily for 21 days. Post-treatment SMH measurements of all specimens were evaluated on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day. Data was statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey honest significant difference post-hoc test.

Results There were no significant differences in the SMH values in the control group at any time interval. There were statistically significant increases in the post-SMH values in milk and GC tooth mousse (p < 0.001) at the end of 21st day of remineralization.

Conclusion Milk showed remineralization potential comparable to that of GC tooth mousse.
AOP-Gutachten des Iges-Instituts: Pflichtlektüre für Klinik-Manager
Authors: Axel Ekkernkamp
Published: May 2022

Knapp 300 Seiten stark ist das aktuelle Gutachten des IGES-Instituts zur Ambulantisierung von OP-Leistungen. In Auftrag gegeben von Kassenärztlicher Bundesvereinigung, GKV-Spitzenverband und der Deutschen Krankenhausgesellschaft, sollte dieser Bericht zur Pflichtlektüre für alle Klinik-Manager werden, denn er kann erhebliche Auswirkungen auf das Erlösgeschäft haben.
Klinik Unternehmen: Auf-/Absteiger des Monats
Authors: Schmidt Hartmut
Published: May 2022

Börsenexperte Hartmut Schmidt analysiert für kma die Jahresabschlüsse ausgewählter Kliniken
Rechtskolumne: Operationen durch falschen Arzt
Authors: Weimer Tobias
Published: May 2022

Darf eine Krankenkasse von einem Krankenhaus eine Rückerstattung der gesamten Vergütung für eine Leistung fordern, wenn der operative Teil der vergüteten stationären Behandlung von einem Operateur erbracht wurde, welcher sich die Approbation als Arzt rechtswidrig erschlichen hatte? Ja, entschied das Landessozialgericht Nordrhein-Westfalen.
Diversität im Gesundheitswesen: Wo anders schon normal ist
Authors: Heeser Alexandra
Published: May 2022

Menschen, die zum Beispiel trans*, nicht-binär, genderqueer oder homosexuell sind, werden im deutschen Gesundheitssystem nach wie vor ausgegrenzt – egal ob als Mitarbeitende oder behandlungssuchende Person. Gerade im Gesundheitswesen zu arbeiten, bedeutet aber, allen Menschen respektvoll zu begegnen und ihnen einen sicheren Rahmen zu bieten. Oft ist das Alltag in Kliniken, manchmal nicht.
Film-Doku „Vier Sterne Plus“: Ein Klinikchef als Systemsprenger
Authors: Kohrs Jens
Published: May 2022

In den Waldkliniken Eisenberg verwirklicht David-Ruben Thies seine Idee von einem neuen Krankenhaus. Die Kino-Dokumentation „Vier Sterne Plus“ zeigt, wie er vorgeht und an welche Grenzen er dabei stößt. Das faszinierende Portrait eines Getriebenen wirft viele Fragen auf und erlaubt einen kritischen Blick auf das deutsche Gesundheitssystem.
Gebäudereinigung: Optimierung bei gleichbleibender Qualität
Authors: Lang Michael
Published: May 2022

Das Klinikum Braunschweig hat es mit klarer Kommunikation, Verbindlichkeit und Transparenz geschafft, den Bereich Gebäudereinigung in nur drei Monaten so neu aufzustellen, dass rund 20 Prozent der Zeit und Kosten eingespart werden.
Arzneimittel-Lieferung: Expansion in Deutschland
Authors: Asma Jorg , Gross Benedict , Lang Michael
Published: May 2022

Die Healthcare-Tochter des US-amerikanischen Logistikunternehmens UPS expandiert in Deutschland und Europa. Der Trend zu gentechnisch hergestellten, zeit- und temperaturkritischen Arzneimitteln wie den Corona-Impfstoffen hat zum Aufbau eines globalen Transportnetzwerks geführt.
ÖVKT-Tagung in Pörtschach 2022: Technik macht Fortschritt
Authors: Thalmayr Maria
Published: May 2022

„Krankenhaustechnik neu denken – kreative Lösungsansätze“ lautet das Motto der diesjährigen Jahrestagung des Österreichischen Verbandes der KrankenhaustechnikerInnen (ÖVKT) vom 20. bis 23. September in Pörtschach.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Developing emotional intelligence in student teachers in universities
Authors: Tuyakova Ulbossyn , Baizhumanova Bibianar , Mustapaeva Talshyn , Alekeshova Lyazzat , Otarbaeva Zhansaya
Published: May 2022

Emotional intelligence is a relatively new concept. Hence, it appears crucial to investigate its short-term and long-term effect on educational process. The primary aim of this study is to identify how teaching emotional intelligence affects the emotional competence of social pedagogue students by measuring their levels of emotional intelligence before and after training. For this, the Hall Emotional Intelligence Test was used. The focus lies on these aspects of emotional intelligence (emotional competencies): Emotional Awareness, Managing your Emotions, Self-motivation, Empathy, and Managing the Emotions of Other People. The results demonstrate a substantial improvement in all these measures. The present findings may be valuable for further research on emotional intelligence in education. In addition, the paper proves that raising teacher’s emotional intelligence is beneficial to teaching and learning.
Study of beamlets extracted from a multi-aperture and five-stage acceleration system
Authors: Kashiwagi M. , Kisaki M. , Saquilayan G. Q. , Kojima A. , Hiratsuka J. , Ichikawa M. , Shimabukuro Y. , Murayama M. , Tobari H.
Published: May 2022

A beam optics study using the ITER-relevant high intense negative ion beams, such as 1 MeV, 200 A/m2, has been performed experimentally and analytically using a multi-aperture and five-stage accelerator. Initially, multi-beamlets generated from this accelerator were deflected in various directions due to the magnetic field and space charge repulsion between beams and showed various divergences. These had limited the pulse length and the beam energy. Compensation methods of the beamlet deflections have worked effectively and contributed to achieving the ITER requirement, the divergence angle of <7 mrad, and the deflection angle of <1 mrad for 1 MeV beam. The beam pulse has been gradually extended from 1 to 100 s and is now going to a longer pulse based on these results. One of the remaining issues is to understand and suppress peripheral components of the beam, namely, the halo, and to reduce the local heat loads observed around the aperture edge. This halo component has been successfully distinguished from the beam core by using a newly developed beam emittance measurement system for high intense beams. By combining this measured beam emittance and the beam simulation, it was clarified for the first time that the halo components are generated in an area of 1 mm width from the aperture edge.