bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Left atrial shape predicts recurrence after atrial fibrillation catheter ablation
Authors: Bieging Erik T. , Morris Alan , Wilson Brent D. , McGann Christopher J. , Marrouche Nassir F. , Cates Joshua
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Multiple markers left atrium (LA) remodeling, including LA shape, correlate with outcomes in atrial fibrillation (AF). Catheter ablation is an important treatment of AF, but better tools are needed to determine which patients will benefit. In this study, we use particle‐based modeling to quantitatively assess LA shape, and determine to what degree it predicts AF recurrence after catheter ablation.

Methods and results

There were 254 patients enrolled in the DECAAF study who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of the LA prior to AF ablation and were followed for recurrence for up to 475 days. We performed particle‐based shape modeling on each patient's LA shape. We selected shape parameters using the LASSO method and factor analysis, and then added them to a Cox regression model, which included multiple clinical parameters and LA fibrosis. We computed Harrell's C‐statistic with and without shape in the model. We used the model to stratify patients into recurrence risk classes by both shape and shape and fibrosis combined. Three shape parameters were selected for inclusion. The C‐statistic increased from 0.68 to 0.72 when shape was added to the model (P < 0.05). Visualized shapes showed that a more round LA shape with a shorter, more laterally rotated appendage was predictive of recurrence.

Conclusion

LA shape is an independent predictor of recurrence after AF ablation. When combined with LA fibrosis, shape analysis using PBM may improve patient selection for ablation.
Arrhythmia‐specific settings for automated high‐density mapping: A multicenter experience
Authors: Sommer Philipp , Albenque Jean‐Paul , van Driel Vincent , Pierre Bertrand , Tondo Claudio , Roithinger Franz Xaver , Poty Hervé , Miller Amber , Della Bella Paolo
Published: May 2018

Background

Advancements in electrophysiology 3‐D mapping systems facilitate the broadening scope of electrophysiology study and catheter ablation to treat complex arrhythmias. While electroanatomical mapping systems have default settings available for a variety of mapping parameters, significant operator customization driven by arrhythmia type and experience can occur. However, multicenter comprehensive reporting of customized mapping settings is lacking.

Methods

In this prospective, multicenter observational registry, subjects with cardiac arrhythmias underwent electrophysiology study and ablation procedure using the EnSite Precision™ electroanatomical mapping system per standard of care, and associated automated mapping thresholds and procedural characteristics were observed.

Results

Cardiac mapping and ablation was performed in 503 patients (64.4% male, 59.6 ± 13.2 years) for a variety of indications including atrial fibrillation (N = 277), atrial flutter (N = 67), other supraventricular tachycardias (N = 96), and ventricular tachycardia (N = 56). Automated electroanatomical mapping was used to generate 88.2% of all maps, and arrhythmia‐specific adjustments of mapping thresholds were utilized to collect electrophysiologically relevant data. The most commonly used thresholds for mapping in AF were Distance (average 2.7 ± 3.5 mm) and Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (5.2 ± 1.1), while mapping in VT commonly used Score (88.5 ± 6.5%) and Distance (0.6 ± 0.5 mm). Automated mapping collected and utilized 8.8 times more data than manual mapping without increasing mapping time.

Conclusions

This registry revealed arrhythmia‐specific automated mapping settings used to generate electroanatomical maps of multiple cardiac rhythms with higher point density than manual mapping without increasing mapping time. Commonly used mapping threshold settings could serve as an important reference for new automated electroanatomical mapping users or those expanding their usage to new indications and arrhythmias.
High‐power and short‐duration ablation for pulmonary vein isolation: Safety, efficacy, and long‐term durability
Authors: Barkagan Michael , Contreras‐Valdes Fernando M. , Leshem Eran , Buxton Alfred E. , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Anter Elad
Published: May 2018

Introduction

PV reconnection is often the result of catheter instability and tissue edema. High‐power short‐duration (HP‐SD) ablation strategies have been shown to improve atrial linear continuity in acute pre‐clinical models. This study compares the safety, efficacy, and long‐term durability of HP‐SD ablation with conventional ablation.

Methods and results

In 6 swine, 2 ablation lines were performed anterior and posterior to the crista terminalis, in the smooth and trabeculated right atrium, respectively; and the right superior PV was isolated. In 3 swine, ablation was performed using conventional parameters (Thermocool‐Smarttouch® SF; 30 W/30 seconds) and in 3 other swine using HP‐SD parameters (QDOT‐MICRO™, 90 W/4 seconds). After 30 days, linear integrity was examined by voltage mapping and pacing, and the heart and surrounding tissues were examined by histopathology. Acute line integrity was achieved with both ablation strategies; however, HP‐SD ablation required 80% less RF time compared with conventional ablation (P ≤ 0.01 for all lines). Chronic line integrity was higher with HP‐SD ablation: all 3 posterior lines were continuous and transmural compared to only 1 line created by conventional ablation. In the trabeculated tissue, HP‐SD ablation lesions were wider and of similar depth with 1 of 3 lines being continuous compared to 0 of 3 using conventional ablation. Chronic PVI without stenosis was evident in both groups. There were no steam‐pops. Pleural markings were present in both strategies, but parenchymal lung injury was only evident with conventional ablation.

Conclusions

HP‐SD ablation strategy results in improved linear continuity, shorter ablation time, and a safety profile comparable to conventional ablation.
Binomial sampling plan for tomato russet mite (Aculopslycopersici (Tryon) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in protected tomato crops
Authors: Moerkens Rob , Vanlommel Wendy , Reybroeck Eva , Wittemans Lieve , De Clercq Patrick , Van Leeuwen Thomas , De Vis Raf
Published: May 2018

The tomato russet mite (TRM), Aculops lycopersici, is a worldwide pest of cultivated tomatoes. Currently, no effective biological control agents are available on the market. Therefore, chemical spray applications are required. Fast and reliable detection, monitoring and evaluation of interventions are a challenge, slowing down the development of an appropriate integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. This study describes a binomial sampling plan with the aim to reduce the efforts and costs for an accurate monitoring of A. lycopersici. Sampling was performed by taking pictures of the upper leaf surface with a smartphone through an attached magnification lens. A binomial sampling plan was developed based on the linear relationship between ln(mean TRM densities) and ln(−ln(1‐PT), where PT is the proportion of samples with more than T (tally threshold) mites. The minimum precision threshold of 0.30 was determined for the different models. A resampling for validation of sample plans (RVSP) programme with a fixed sample number was used for validation of the model on an independent data set. The binomial sampling plans were validated at tally thresholds of T = 9 and T = 15 with fixed sample sizes of 15, 20, 25 and 30. Precision levels were satisfying within a range of PT‐values from 0.29 to 0.97 for T = 15 at a fixed sample size of 20. This range was much smaller for T = 9, where the PT‐values range between 0.40 and 0.92 at the same sample size. A binomial sampling model with T = 9 with a fixed sample size of 15, which has the lowest time investment, is feasible for glasshouse tomato growers in practice. However, for the development of pest management programmes, a more intensive and more accurate binomial sampling plan with T = 15 and a sample size of minimum 20 is suggested.
Wolbachiastrains, and lack of genetic diversity and parthenogenesis in Brazilian populations ofTuta absoluta(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Carvalho Gislaine A. , S. Corrêa Alberto , de Oliveria Luiz Orlando , Chediak Mateus , Siqueira Herbert Á. A. , Guedes Raul Narciso C.
Published: May 2018

The pheromone‐based control of the invasive tomato pinwormTuta absoluta(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has been unsatisfactory in some cases, and parthenogenesis was reported in this species. As the parthenogenesis phenomena is a shortcoming that compromises the pheromone‐based control ofT. absolutaand that is potentially explained by the occurrence of the endosymbiontWolbachiain this pest species, the objectives of this study were (i) to survey theWolbachiastrains in Brazilian pinworm populations, (ii) to assess the genetic diversity in the tomato pinworm, and (iii) to determine whether parthenogenesis does occur associated with the most representative combination of insect haplotype andWolbachiastrain. The 10 insect populations were infected with twoWolbachiastrains (ST41 andST354), with infection rates ranging from 70% to 100%. The insect genetic diversity was low with a single haplotype group present for both mitochondrial and nuclearDNAmarkers. The most representative combination of pinworm‐Wolbachiaproduced 6.88 ± 1.70 eggs per unmated female, all of which were inviable. Thus,Wolbachiainfection does not lead to either parthenogenesis or pheromone‐based control failure among Brazilian populations of the tomato pinworm, but likely favours cytoplasmic incompatibility, which is also potentially useful as a pest management tool.
Origin, age, and significance of deep‐seated granulite‐facies migmatites in the Barrow zones of Scotland, Cairn Leuchan, Glen Muick area
Authors: Palin Richard M. , Sayed Abdul B. , White Richard W. , Mertz‐Kraus Regina
Published: May 2018

Petrological modelling of granulite‐facies mafic and semipelitic migmatites from Cairn Leuchan, northeast Scotland, has provided new constraints on the pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions of high‐grade metamorphism in the type‐locality Barrow zones. Phase diagrams constructed in the Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O2system have constrained theP−Tconditions of peak metamorphism in the Glen Muick region of the upper sillimanite zone (Sill+Kfs) to have been at least ∼840°C at ∼9 kbar (high‐Pgranulite facies). These conditions are ∼120°C and ∼3 kbar higher than those recorded by lower sillimanite zone (Sill+Ms) units located only a few kilometres away to the southeast at Glen Girnock, indicating the presence of a significant thermal and barometric high exposed within the Scottish Dalradian, and supporting previous suppositions of a potential tectonic break between the two regions. U–Pb zircon geochronology performed on these mafic migmatites produced ages ofc. 540–470 Ma from grains with both igneous and metamorphic morphological characteristics. Their basaltic protoliths likely formed during a period of volcanism dated atc. 570 Ma, associated with passive‐margin extension prior to the onset of Iapetus Ocean closure, and high‐grade metamorphism and partial melting is interpreted to have taken place atc. 470 Ma, synchronous with sillimanite‐grade metamorphism recorded elsewhere in the Dalradian. These high‐grade Cairn Leuchan lithologies are interpreted as representing a fragment of Grampian Terrane lower crust that was exhumed via displacement along a steeply dipping tectonic discontinuity related to the Portsoy–Duchray Hill Lineament, and are not pre‐Caledonian Mesoproterozoic basement, as suggested by some previous studies. Veins within some mafic migmatites in the Cairn Leuchan area, composed almost entirely (>80%) of garnet, with minor quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, and clinopyroxene, are interconnected with leucosomes and are interpreted to represent former garnet‐bearing melt segregations that have been locally drained of almost all melt. Thus, mafic components of the lower crust, currently underlying relatively lower grade metasediments exposed to the southeast, may represent a potential source rock for widely documented, post‐orogenic felsic plutons, sills, and dykes that occur throughout the Grampian Terrane.
Multiple sleep latency test in narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2: A 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Huang Yu‐Shu , Guilleminault Christian , Lin Cheng‐Hui , Chen Chia‐Hsiang , Chin Wei‐Chih , Chen Tzu‐Shuang
Published: May 2018

Excessively sleepy teenagers and young adults without sleep‐disordered breathing are diagnosed with either narcolepsy type 1 or narcolepsy type 2, or hypersomnia, based on the presence/absence of cataplexy and the results of a multiple sleep latency test. However, there is controversy surrounding this nomenclature. We will try to find the differences between different diagnoses of hypersomnia from the results of the long‐term follow‐up evaluation of a sleep study. We diagnosed teenagers who had developed excessive daytime sleepiness based on the criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd edition. Each individual received the same clinical neurophysiologic testing every year for 5 years after the initial diagnosis of narcolepsy type 1 (n = 111) or type 2 (n = 46). The follow‐up evaluation demonstrated that narcolepsy type 1 (narcolepsy‐cataplexy) is a well‐defined clinical entity, with very reproducible clinical neurophysiologic findings over time, whereas patients with narcolepsy type 2 presented clear clinical and test variability. By the fifth year of the follow‐up evaluation, 17.6% of subjects did not meet the diagnostic criteria of narcolepsy type 2, and 23.9% didn't show any two sleep‐onset rapid eye movement periods in multiple sleep latency during the 5‐year follow‐up. Therefore narcolepsy type 1 (narcolepsy‐cataplexy) is a well‐defined syndrome, with the presentation clearly related to the known consequences of destruction of hypocretin/orexin neurons. Narcolepsy type 2 covers patients with clinical and test variability over time, thus bringing into question the usage of the term “narcolepsy” to label these patients.
Hepatorenal syndrome in the era of acute kidney injury
Authors: Solé Cristina , Pose Elisa , Solà Elsa , Ginès Pere
Published: May 2018

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of patients with advanced cirrhosis that it is associated with increased hospital admissions and decreased survival. The definition of AKI in cirrhosis has been recently modified and the new diagnostic criteria are based on small changes in serum creatinine with respect to previous values, occurring within a short period of time. The use of this new definition may lead to an earlier identification of renal impairment and better prognostic stratification. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a unique form of AKI developing in patients with end‐stage liver disease. Systemic circulatory dysfunction and marked kidney vasoconstriction play a key role in the development of HRS. The modification of the definition of AKI has also led to a change in the diagnostic criteria of HRS. The new diagnostic criteria are based on AKI stages and there is no need to reach a specific serum creatinine threshold. According to these new criteria, treatment with vasoconstrictors and albumin for the management of HRS will be started at lower serum creatinine values, with expected higher response rates. Finally, there are consistent data showing that some urine biomarkers, particularly NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin), may be useful in daily clinical practice for the differential diagnosis of the cause of AKI in cirrhosis.
Hepatitis E virus–associated cryoglobulinemia in solid‐organ–transplant recipients
Authors: Marion Olivier , Abravanel Florence , Del Bello Arnaud , Esposito Laure , Lhomme Sebastien , Puissant‐Lubrano Bénédicte , Alric Laurent , Faguer Stanislas , Izopet Jacques , Kamar Nassim
Published: May 2018

Background & Aims

An association between hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and cryoglobulinemia has been suggested. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of cryoglobulinemia duringHEVinfection in solid‐organ–transplant (SOT) recipients, to describe its outcomes under ribavirin therapy and to evaluate its effects on kidney function and histology.

Methods

Between November 2005 and June 2016, 128 cases ofHEVinfection were diagnosed amongSOTrecipients followed in our institution. Cryoglobulinemia data obtained from 66 patients during acute‐phaseHEVand 51 patients during chronic‐phaseHEVwere compared to a historical control group of 89SOTrecipients withoutHEVmarkers. Cryoglobulins were also monitored in a group of 43 patients treated by ribavirin.

Results

The prevalence of cryoglobulinemia was increased inHEV‐infectedSOTpatients during a chronic phase (52.9%) compared toHEV‐infectedSOTpatients at acute phase (36.4%) (P = .1) and toHEV‐negativeSOTpatients (23.6%) (P < .001).HEVinfection was identified as an independent predictive factor for cryoglobulinemia (OR2.3, CI 95%: 1.17‐4.55,P = .02). After ribavirin therapy andHEVclearance, the prevalence of cryoglobulin was significantly decreased from 53.5% to 20.9% (P = .003). Kidney function was significantly worse and proteinuria tended to be higher in chronicallyHEV‐infected patients with cryoglobulinemia compared to those without cryoglobulinemia. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in 2 patients, of which 1 had detectable cryoglobulinemia.

Conclusions

In conclusion, a relationship betweenHEVand cryoglobulin formation seems to exist. However, the clinical impact of cryoglobulinemia inSOTpatients infected withHEVhas to be confirmed.
Hydrochemistry of Lake Rara: A high mountain lake in western Nepal
Authors: Gurung Smriti , Gurung Anu , Sharma Chhatra M. , Jüttner Ingrid , Tripathee Lekhendra , Bajracharya Roshan M. , Raut Nani , Pradhananga Preety , Sitaula Bishal K. , Zhang Yulan , Kang Shichang , Guo Junming
Published: May 2018

High altitude ecosystems have important natural ecological functions but are under increasing impacts from human activities and climate change. A detailed analysis of the water chemistry of Lake Rara, a high mountain lake in western Nepal, was carried out in October 2015 and April 2016. A total of 31 water samples were collected. Major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42−, NO3− and Cl−) were analysed by ion chromatography. Si and PO43− were analysed following the standard protocols. Conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured on‐site. The lake is oligotrophic characterized by low PO43− concentration (0.06 ± 0.01 mg/L), high DO values (6.73 ± 0.06 and 10.89 ± 0.86 mg/L), alkaline pH (8.42 ± 0.3 and 8.32 ± 0.23) and low conductivity (189.93 ± 5.3 and 189.22 ± 5.8 μS/cm). The concentrations of the major cations were in the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+ (during both seasons), and for anions, it was HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− and HCO3− > Cl− > NO3− > SO42− during postmonsoon and premonsoon, respectively. One‐way ANOVA revealed significant seasonal variations (p < 0.05) in most of the physicochemical parameters. The increased concentrations of most of the ions in the premonsoon time probably reflect long‐range transport of materials through dry deposition, whereas higher concentrations of NO3− and Cl− in some sites possibly reflect the localized impacts of settlement and grazing. The lake water was classified as Ca(Mg)HCO3. High (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/Tz+ ratio (0.97 in postmonsoon and 0.95 in premonsoon) and low (Na+ + K+)/Tz+ ratio (0.03 in postmonsoon and 0.04 in premonsoon) confirm carbonate weathering as the principal source of major ions with bedrock geology governing the water chemistry. The findings of this study build on the baseline dataset for assessing future anthropogenic influence on the lake and subsequent development for future lake management strategies.
Legumes versus rhizobia: a model for ongoing conflict in symbiosis
Authors: Sachs Joel L. , Quides Kenjiro W. , Wendlandt Camille E.
Published: May 2018

Contents

Summary
1199

I.
Introduction
1199

II.
Selecting beneficial symbionts: one problem, many solutions
1200

III.
Control and conflict over legume nodulation
1201

IV.
Control and conflict over nodule growth and senescence
1204

V.
Conclusion
1204

Acknowledgements
1205

References
1205

The legume–rhizobia association is a powerful model of the limits of host control over microbes. Legumes regulate the formation of root nodules that house nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia and adjust investment into nodule development and growth. However, the range of fitness outcomes in these traits reveals intense conflicts of interest between the partners. New work that we review and synthesize here shows that legumes have evolved varied mechanisms of control over symbionts, but that host control is often subverted by rhizobia. An outcome of this conflict is that both legumes and rhizobia have evolved numerous traits that can improve their own short‐term fitness in this interaction, but little evidence exists for any net improvement in the joint trait of nitrogen fixation.
Regulatory actions of 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate on osteoclast function: possible roles of Epac‐mediated signaling
Authors: Jeevaratnam Kamalan , Salvage Samantha C. , Li Mengye , Huang Christopher L.‐H.
Published: May 2018

Alterations in cellular levels of the second messenger 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate ([cAMP]i) regulate a wide range of physiologically important cellular signaling processes in numerous cell types. Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated, multinucleated cells specialized for bone resorption. Their systemic regulator, calcitonin, triggers morphometrically and pharmacologically distinct retraction (R) and quiescence (Q) effects on cell‐spread area and protrusion–retraction motility, respectively, paralleling its inhibition of bone resorption. Q effects were reproduced by cholera toxin‐mediated Gs‐protein activation known to increase [cAMP]i, unaccompanied by the [Ca2+]i changes contrastingly associated with R effects. We explore a hypothesis implicating cAMP signaling involving guanine nucleotide‐exchange activation of the small GTPase Ras‐proximate‐1 (Rap1) by exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac). Rap1 activates integrin clustering, cell adhesion to bone matrix, associated cytoskeletal modifications and signaling processes, and transmembrane transduction functions. Epac activation enhanced, whereas Epac inhibition or shRNA‐mediated knockdown compromised, the appearance of markers for osteoclast differentiation and motility following stimulation by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐Β ligand (RANKL). Deficiencies in talin and Rap1 compromised in vivo bone resorption, producing osteopetrotic phenotypes in genetically modified murine models. Translational implications of an Epac‐Rap1 signaling hypothesis in relationship to N‐bisphosphonate actions on prenylation and membrane localization of small GTPases are discussed.
Potential role for Streptococcus gordonii‐derived hydrogen peroxide in heme acquisition by Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Brown J.L. , Yates E.A. , Bielecki M. , Olczak T. , Smalley J.W.
Published: May 2018

Streptococcus gordonii, an accessory pathogen and early colonizer of plaque, co‐aggregates with many oral species including Porphyromonas gingivalis. It causes α‐hemolysis on blood agar, a process mediated by H2O2 and thought to involve concomitant oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb). Porphyromonas gingivalis has a growth requirement for heme, which is acquired mainly from Hb. The paradigm for Hb heme acquisition involves the initial oxidation of oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) to methemoglobin (metHb), followed by heme release and extraction through the actions of K‐gingipain protease and/or the HmuY hemophore‐like protein. The ability of S. gordonii to mediate Hb oxidation may potentially aid heme capture during co‐aggregation with P. gingivalis. Hemoglobin derived from zones of S. gordonii α‐hemolysis was found to be metHb. Generation of metHb from oxyHb by S. gordonii cells was inhibited by catalase, and correlated with levels of cellular H2O2 production. Generation of metHb by S. gordonii occurred through the higher Hb oxidation state of ferrylhemoglobin. Heme complexation by the P. gingivalis HmuY was employed as a measure of the ease of heme capture from metHb. HmuY was able to extract iron(III)protoporphyrin IX from metHb derived from zones of S. gordonii α‐hemolysis and from metHb generated by the action of S. gordonii cells on isolated oxyHb. The rate of HmuY‐Fe(III)heme complex formation from S. gordonii‐mediated metHb was greater than from an equivalent concentration of auto‐oxidized metHb. It is concluded that S. gordonii may potentially aid heme acquisition by P. gingivalis by facilitating metHb formation in the presence of oxyHb.
Aragonite–calcite veins of the ‘Erzberg’ iron ore deposit (Austria): Environmental implications from young fractures
Authors: Boch Ronny , Wang Xianfeng , Kluge Tobias , Leis Albrecht , Lin Ke , Pluch Hannes , Mittermayr Florian , Baldermann Andre , Böttcher Michael E. , Dietzel Martin
Published: May 2018

The well‐known Erzberg site represents the largest siderite (FeCO3) deposit in the world. It consists of various carbonates accounting for the formation of prominent CaCO3 (dominantly aragonite) precipitates filling vertical fractures of different width (centimetres to decimetres) and length (tens of metres). These commonly laminated precipitates are known as ‘erzbergite’. This study focuses on the growth dynamics and environmental dependencies of these vein fillings. Samples recovered on‐site and from mineral collections were analyzed, and these analyses were further complemented by modern water analyses from different Erzberg sections. Isotopic signatures support meteoric water infiltration and sulphide oxidation as the principal hydrogeochemical mechanism of (Ca, Mg and Fe) carbonate host rock dissolution, mobilization and vein mineralization. Clumped isotope measurements revealed cool formation temperatures of ca 0 to 10°C for the aragonite, i.e. reflecting the elevated altitude Alpine setting, but unexpectedly low for aragonite nucleation. The 238U–234U–230Th dating yielded ages from 285·1 ± 3·9 to 1·03 ± 0·04 kyr bp and all samples collected on‐site formed after the Last Glacial Maximum. The observed CaCO3 polymorphism is primarily controlled by the high aqueous Mg/Ca ratios resulting from dissolution of Mg‐rich host rocks, with Mg/Ca further evolving during prior CaCO3 precipitation and CO2 outgassing in the fissured aquifer. Aragonite represents the ‘normal’ mode of erzbergite formation and most of the calcite is of diagenetic (replacing aragonite) origin. The characteristic lamination (millimetre‐scale) is an original growth feature and mostly associated with the deposition of stained (Fe‐rich) detrital particle layers. Broader zonations (centimetre‐scale) are commonly of diagenetic origin. Petrographic observations and radiometric dating support an irregular nature for most of the layering. Open fractures resulting from fault tectonics or gravitational mass movements provide water flow routes and fresh chemical reaction surfaces of the host rock carbonates and accessory sulphides. If these prerequisites are considered, including the hydrogeochemical mechanism, modern water compositions, young U‐Th ages and calculated precipitation rates, it seems unlikely that the fractures had stayed open over extended time intervals. Therefore, it is most likely that they are geologically young.
Acute blood transfusion reactions in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan ‐ an initiative towards haemovigilance
Authors: Borhany M. , Anwar N. , Tariq H. , Fatima N. , Arshad A. , Naseer I. , Shamsi T.
Published: May 2018

Objective

In this study, we report acute blood transfusion reactions at our hospital, compare our analysis with the reported data and identify areas for improvement.

Background

Haemovigilance programmes have been implemented in many countries, and adverse events associated with blood transfusion are published in their annual reports. Pakistan has no current established programme.

Material and Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted, and all adverse reactions reported to the blood bank from January 2014 to March 2016 were included. An adverse response in the patient, related to administration of blood (within 24 h), was considered an immediate transfusion reaction.

Results

During the study period, 20 956 blood components were issued. A total of 32 (0·15%) adverse reactions were documented. Allergic reactions were the most common adverse event observed in 15 (46·8%) of the cases. Febrile non‐haemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR) was the second most common reaction seen in nine (28%) followed by bacterial contamination in four (12·5%) and acute haemolytic reaction in two (6·2%) of the cases.

Conclusion

The low incidence indicates underreporting and the need for a formal haemovigilance system. International benchmarking between different medical systems is helpful to identify areas in the transfusion process that have to be changed to improve transfusion safety.
Shadow waters: Making Australian water cultures visible
Authors: McLean Jessica , Lonsdale Aleshia , Hammersley Laura , O'Gorman Emily , Miller Fiona
Published: May 2018

Connections between people and water have received considerable attention within geographic research. This paper draws on cultural and historical geographies, political ecology and the environmental humanities to extend understandings of the hydrosocial cycle by focusing on the cultural dimensions of society–water relations through the concept of shadow waters. Shadow waters centres attention on the cultures that privilege certain waters while rendering other waters invisible and marginalised. Inspired by Val Plumwood's notion of “shadow places,” shadow waters brings to light the way power intersects with cultural practices. We bring this concept of shadow waters into conversation with Indigenous water knowledges. Shadow waters can be conceptualised vertically, with surface water receiving more policy and research attention than ground water, and also horizontally, as some sub‐catchments, uses and values have been ignored or undervalued in macro‐catchment processes. Temporally, in considering the past, complex and contested histories of human–environment relations are often overlooked in favour of simple historical narratives that ultimately reinforce dominant management structures and trajectories. Shadow waters are thus historically created as particular power structures and narratives are reinforced and “normalised” over time. This paper examines shadow waters in southeastern Australia, elucidating the way two rivers are interwoven and co‐determined in cultures of water use in this context. We show how the rethinking of dominant water cultures, made possible by cross‐cultural engagement, generates new possibilities for reconnection, restoration and protection; a different water ethics based on care and responsibility that addresses power relations and injustices.
Internationalization of Small and Medium Enterprises from Arusha Tanzania: Market Information, Financial Resources and Product Quality Setbacks
Authors: Pasape Liliane
Published: May 2018

The small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are key players towards reviving the economy and livelihood development in Tanzania, yet their involvement in international business is still unsatisfactory. This study therefore assessed the three major setbacks for industrialization of Arusha’s SMEs namely as information, finance and quality. A cross-section research design was conducted using questionnaires. Through non-probability sampling, 50 respondents were stratified selected from SMEs owners, employees, business development support organizations and regulators. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and logit model. The findings on the existing business environment revealed that: majority of the SMEs involve women (68%) dealing with handcraft and tailoring, with less than five years of business experience. Moreover, the major identified information setbacks are low access to information source, use of irrelevancy market information, use of in effective medium of communication and high cost of the information. Besides, other financial related setbacks are limited sources of capital, lack of collateral, poor credibility history and high transaction cost. On quality setbacks include selling semi processed products, poor finished product and packaging materials as well insufficient processing machinery. Thus for SMEs internationalization the following recommendations are established: improving accessibility and affordability of relevant market information; designing various financial products at reasonable lending rates, strengthening entrepreneurial skills and formalization of enterprises; enhancing availability of processing machinery and packaging materials for improving product quality and competitiveness as well as avoiding selling of semi processed products . Above all, the government, regulators, private sector organizations and other key players along the value chain must play their respective relevant role towards supporting SMEs.
Degrowth in city planning
Authors: Lehtinen Ari Aukusti
Published: May 2018

This paper summarises the key arguments of degrowth thinking and examines their validity in a city planning setting. The paper argues that much of the reorientation work that is necessary to meet the goals of international climate change conventions needs to be carried out locally, in urban and regional settings, and this creates pressure to renew land-use planning practices. It also argues that in light of the latest carbon footprint studies the currently popular linking of urban planning motives with the doctrine of ‘compactness policy’ – which aims at urban core densification and accumulation of growth options – needs to be re-evaluated. The empirical part of the paper focuses on the inner city planning of Joensuu, a city in Eastern Finland with 75,000 inhabitants which has increasingly been criticised by some residents, civil servants and civic action groups for one-sided promotion of the central city. This is, according to critics, taking place at the cost of the surrounding countryside and peri-urban nodes. The paper illustrates how the ‘tactics of growth’ become manifest in the official local planning procedure and to what degree the planning critique, explicitly or implicitly, leans on degrowth concerns. The gathering of the empirical material progressed as part of my involvement in the local degrowth movement, Kohtuusliike, which actively participated in the preparation of the Central Joensuu General Plan 2012.
Welcoming the masses, entitling the stranger – commentary to Gill
Authors: Vainikka Vilhelmiina , Vainikka Joni
Published: May 2018

Identity politics create distinctions, narratives and shared conceptions, and where distinctions can be made, differences arise. Contemporary states, organisations, companies and communities have procedures to level out these social boundaries, but the process of hospitality and welcome is at times more problematic than exclusion. The key question concerns the universality of welcome. If our welcome is extended to the masses, is the mass itself defined and delimited and, second, how does a general welcome condition everyday encounters with the (entitled) stranger. In this reflection, we concentrate on the concept of welcome on two different levels. The mass and interpersonal encounters and argue that whether refugees, migrants or tourists the spatiality of the welcome needs to be considered from both individual and collective viewpoints.
Who hosts a politics of welcome? – commentary to Gill
Authors: Bagelman Jen
Published: May 2018

This review is written as a letter, and addressed to my colleague Nick Gill. It is an effort to continue conversations about the politics of welcome as they relate to practices of asylum and our academic modes of inquiry into this field of study. In particular, this letter reflects upon Gill’s piece, The Suppression of Welcome’, which is based on his keynote lecture at the Finnish Geography Days 2017 in Turku.
A dynamic ocean management tool to reduce bycatch and support sustainable fisheries
Authors: Hazen Elliott L. , Scales Kylie L. , Maxwell Sara M. , Briscoe Dana K. , Welch Heather , Bograd Steven J. , Bailey Helen , Benson Scott R. , Eguchi Tomo , Dewar Heidi , Kohin Suzy , Costa Daniel P. , Crowder Larry B. , Lewison Rebecca L.
Published: May 2018

Dynamic management approaches protect endangered bycatch species but with much greater efficiency than existing static closures.
Kinetic and structural comparison of a protein’s cotranslational folding and refolding pathways
Authors: Samelson Avi J. , Bolin Eric , Costello Shawn M. , Sharma Ajeet K. , O’Brien Edward P. , Marqusee Susan
Published: May 2018

Kinetic and structural comparison of the cotranslational and refolding pathways of HaloTag reveals how translation reroutes the folding pathway to avoid aggregation.
Hybrid biomembrane–functionalized nanorobots for concurrent removal of pathogenic bacteria and toxins
Authors: Esteban-Fernández de Ávila Berta , Angsantikul Pavimol , Ramírez-Herrera Doris E. , Soto Fernando , Teymourian Hazhir , Dehaini Diana , Chen Yijie , Zhang Liangfang , Wang Joseph
Published: May 2018

Nanorobots with red blood cell–platelet hybrid membranes accelerated targeting and detoxification of biological threats.
Light-stimulated actuators based on nickel hydroxide-oxyhydroxide
Authors: Kwan K. W. , Li S. J. , Hau N. Y. , Li Wen-Di , Feng S. P. , Ngan Alfonso H. W.
Published: May 2018

An actuating material can be powered wirelessly by water desorption induced by low-intensity visible light.
Biohybrid robot powered by an antagonistic pair of skeletal muscle tissues
Authors: Morimoto Yuya , Onoe Hiroaki , Takeuchi Shoji
Published: May 2018

A biohybrid robot actuated by an antagonistic pair of skeletal muscle tissues achieves large and long-term finger-like movements.
4D printing and robotics
Authors: de Marco Carmela , Pané Salvador , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: May 2018

Shape-memory materials and two- or three-dimensional printing techniques combine to form a new paradigm that will advance robotics.
Pannexin-1 channels contribute to seizure generation in human epileptic brain tissue and in a mouse model of epilepsy
Authors: Dossi Elena , Blauwblomme Thomas , Moulard Julien , Chever Oana , Vasile Flora , Guinard Eleonore , Le Bert Marc , Couillin Isabelle , Pallud Johan , Capelle Laurent , Huberfeld Gilles , Rouach Nathalie
Published: May 2018

Pannexin-1 channel inhibition blocks seizure activity in brain slices from epileptic patients and reduces spontaneous seizures in a mouse model of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Bactericide hydrogel prevents orthopedic implant infections
Authors: Singh Ankur
Published: May 2018

A hydrogel formulation adheres to exposed tissue and fracture surfaces to deliver antimicrobial enzymes for localized treatment and prevention of orthopedic implant infections.
Functional Determinants of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Membrane Biofouling: Experimental Evidence from Pure-Cultured Sludge Bacteria
Authors: Maddela Naga Raju , Zhou Zhongbo , Yu Zhong , Zhao Shanshan , Meng Fangang
Published: May 2018

Membrane biofouling is one of the main challenges for the operation of membrane-based processes used for water and wastewater treatment. This study revealed the functional determinants of EPS in membrane biofouling of 23 bacterial strains isolated from a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant. We found that an α-1,4-glycosidic bond, amide II, and uronic acids of EPS significantly correlated with the fouling potentials of bacteria. The roles of these EPS groups in membrane fouling were impacted by calcium resulting from EPS-calcium interactions. In addition, our results also demonstrated that any perturbations in the sludge bacterial community in MBRs can lead to varied filtration potentials of the bulk liquor.
First Complete Genome Sequence of a Distinct Papaya Ringspot Virus Isolate from the Northeastern Region of India
Authors: Mishra Ritesh , Patil Basavaprabhu L.
Published: May 2018

This is the first report of a
Papaya ringspot virus
(PRSV) isolate from the northeastern region of India. The nucleotide sequence identity of PRSV-Meghalaya was in the range of 72.6 to 82.5% with other Indian PRSV isolates, and the highest identity of 84.4% was with a French isolate. Population genetic analysis indicated positive selection.
Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus urumqiensis BZ-SZ-XJ18
T
, a Moderately Haloalkaliphilic Bacterium Isolated from a Saline-Alkaline Lake
Authors: Liao Ziya , Ren Chao , Guo Xiaomeng , Yan Yanchun , Li Jun , Zhao Baisuo
Published: May 2018

The moderately haloalkaliphilic bacterium
Bacillus urumqiensis
BZ-SZ-XJ18
T
was isolated from a saline-alkaline lake located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Optimum growth occurred at the total Na
+
concentration of 1.08 M, with a broad optimum pH of 8.5 to 9.5. The draft genome consists of approximately 3.28 Mb and contains 3,228 predicted genes. A number of genes associated with adaptation strategies for osmotic balance and alkaline pH homeostasis were identified, providing pertinent insight into specific adaptations to the double-extreme environment.
Draft Genome Sequence of
n
-Alkane-Utilizing Acinetobacter sp. Strain BS1, Isolated from Ethane Oxidation Culture
Authors: Yan Yong-Wei , Zhang Pan-Pan , Zhu Ting , Quan Zhe-Xue
Published: May 2018

Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of a bacterial strain,
Acinetobacter
sp. strain BS1, isolated from black soil during ethane oxidation culture. Medium- or long-chain alkane oxidation-related genes were identified; however, the short-chain alkane monooxygenase was not detected.
Complete Genome Sequences of Four Bovine Coronavirus Isolates from Pennsylvania
Authors: Byukusenge Maurice , Nissly Ruth Helmus , Kasibhatla Sunitha Manjari , Li Lingling , Russell Rebekah , Springer Hayley , Barry Rhiannon , Van Saun Robert , Wolfgang David , Hovingh Ernest , Kulkarni-Kale Urmila , Kuchipudi Suresh V.
Published: May 2018

We report four full-genome sequences of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) isolates from dairy calves in Pennsylvania obtained in 2016 and 2017. BCoV is a pathogen of great importance to cattle health, and this is the first report of full-genome sequences of BCoV from PA cattle.
A Rapid Immunochromatography Test Based on Hcp1 Is a Potential Point-of-Care Test for Serological Diagnosis of Melioidosis
Authors: Phokrai Phornpun , Karoonboonyanan Wisansanee , Thanapattarapairoj Nida , Promkong Chidchanok , Dulsuk Adul , Koosakulnirand Sirikamon , Canovali Sasha , Indrawattana Nitaya , Jutrakul Yaowaruk , Wuthiekanun Vanaporn , Limmathurotsakul Direk , Brett Paul J. , Burtnick Mary N. , Lertmemongkolchai Ganjana , Chantratita Narisara
Published: May 2018

Melioidosis is a fatal infectious disease caused by the environmental bacterium
Burkholderia pseudomallei
. It is highly endemic in Asia and northern Australia but neglected in many other tropical countries.
Pathogenesis and Transmission of Genetically Diverse Swine-Origin H3N2 Variant Influenza A Viruses from Multiple Lineages Isolated in the United States, 2011–2016
Authors: Sun Xiangjie , Pulit-Penaloza Joanna A. , Belser Jessica A. , Pappas Claudia , Pearce Melissa B. , Brock Nicole , Zeng Hui , Creager Hannah M. , Zanders Natosha , Jang Yunho , Tumpey Terrence M. , Davis C. Todd , Maines Taronna R.
Published: May 2018

Swine-origin influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype, with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from historic human seasonal influenza viruses, continue to cross species barriers and cause human infections, posing an indelible threat to public health. To help us better understand the potential risk associated with swine-origin H3N2v viruses that emerged in the United States during the 2011-2016 influenza seasons, we use both
in vitro
and
in vivo
models to characterize the abilities of these viruses to replicate, cause disease, and transmit in mammalian hosts. The efficient respiratory droplet transmission exhibited by some of the H3N2v viruses in the ferret model combined with the existing evidence of low immunity against such viruses in young children and older adults highlight their pandemic potential. Extensive surveillance and risk assessment of H3N2v viruses should continue to be an essential component of our pandemic preparedness strategy.
Airway management in a patient with Crouzon syndrome proposed to orthognathic surgery
Authors: Fernandes Melissa , Eufrásio Ana , Bonifácio João , Marcelino João
Published: May 2018

Airway management is one of the most important anaesthetist’s skills as major complications of airway management, although rare, can be among the most life threatening in medicine. Crouzon syndrome is a rare condition with physical characteristics that can result in difficult airway manipulation. A correct preanaesthetic evaluation and a planned preinduction strategy should be designed to facilitate intubation.
Characterising the patient experience of diagnostic lumbar puncture in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a cross-sectional online survey
Authors: Scotton William J , Mollan Susan P , Walters Thomas , Doughty Sandra , Botfield Hannah , Markey Keira , Yiangou Andreas , Williamson Shelley , Sinclair Alexandra J
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) usually require multiple lumbar punctures (LPs) during the course of their disease, and often report significant morbidity associated with the procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the patient’s experience of diagnostic LP in IIH.

Design, methods and participants

A cross-sectional study of patients with IIH was conducted using an anonymous online survey, with the questions designed in collaboration with IIH UK (the UK IIH charity). Responses were collated over a 2-month period from April to May 2015. Patients were asked to quantify responses using a Verbal Rating Score (VRS) 0–10 with 0 being the minimum and 10 the maximum score.

Results

502 patients responded to the survey, of which 463 were analysed for this study. 40% of patients described severe pain during the LP (VRS ≥8), and the median pain score during the LP was 7 (VRS, IQR 5–7). The majority of patients felt they received insufficient pain relief (85%). Levels of anxiety about future LPs were high (median VRS 7, IQR 4–10), with 47% being extremely anxious (VRS ≥8). LPs performed as an emergency were associated with significantly greater pain scores compared with elective procedures (median 7, IQR 5–7 vs 6, IQR 4–8, p=0.012). 10.7% went on to have an X-ray-guided procedure due to failure of the initial LP, and the body mass index was significantly higher in this group (mean kg/m240.3 vs 35.5, p=0.001). Higher LP pain scores (VRS) were significantly associated with poorly informed patients (Spearman’s correlation, r=−0.32, p<0.001). Patients felt more informed when the LP was performed by a specialist registrar compared with a junior doctor (median 7 vs 5, p=0.001) or a consultant compared with a junior doctor (median 8 vs 5, p<0.001).

Conclusions

This study was commissioned by the IIH patient group and is the first to document the patient experience of diagnostic LPs in IIH. It shows that the majority of these patients are experiencing significant morbidity from pain and anxiety. Patient experience of LP may be improved through changing clinical practice to include universal detailed preprocedural information, and where possible, avoiding emergency LPs in favour of LPs booked on an elective day-case unit.