bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XV. Chemical Controls for Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and Their Effects on Phytophagous Mite and Predator Populations
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Herbert H. J.
Published: December 2009

In the apple orchards of Nova Scotia DDT, azinphos-methyl or lead arsenate control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). DDT, even at a low dosage, is detrimental to predators but not to the phytophagous mites Bryobia arborea M. & A. and Panonychus ulmi (Koch); azinphos-methyl is toxic to B. arborea but not to P. ulmi; lead arsenate is of low toxicity to both the phytophagous mites and predators but effective in control of the winter moth when applied against the maturing larvae.
A Classification of the Subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Based on Final-instar Larval Characteristics
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: December 2009

A revised classification of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) based on characteristics of final-instar larvae is suggested and discussed. On a basis of larval characters the subfamily falls into two tribes: the Pimplini; and the Ephialtini, which consists of the subtribes Ephialtina, Polysphinctina, Poemeniina, Rhyssina and Theroniina.
ASSOCIATION OF SUBZERO TEMPERATURES, SNOW COVER, AND WINTER MORTALITY OF GRASSHOPPER EGGS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Riegert P. W.
Published: December 2009

High winter mortality of eggs of three species of grasshopper occurred at various locations in Saskatchewan. Climatological factors associated with these mortalities indicated that egg survival during the winter is dependent upon snow cover as well as upon the intensity and duration of periods of subzero air temperatures.
THEPTEROCOMMAOF CANADA AND GREENLAND WITH NOTES ON THE PHYLETIC POSITION OF THE PTEROCOMMATINI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

The Canadian and Greenlandic species ofPterocommaBuckton are described and illustrated and a key provided. This includes all but one of the known North American species as follows:bicolor(Oestlund);populifoliae(Fitch);populeum(Kaltenbach);salicis(Linnaeus);sanguicepsnew species;smithiae(Monell). The phyletic position of the Pterocommatini is discussed. It is apparent that the Pterocommatini is not a primitive group of aphids.
A Technique for the Collection of Tyrophagus putrescentiae Eggs of Uniform Age
Authors: Sellen R. A. , Barker P. S.
Published: December 2009

Among the acari there are many species that damage food products (Sinha 1964; Solomon 1936; Cunnington 1965). However, very little information is available on the effect of fumigation on these organisms. Amaro (1963) developed a technique for the fumigation of the eggs of Acarus siro L. that exploits some of the behaviour patterns and preferences of that species. Since this method cannot be applied to Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), a pest of stored products, an attempt was made to seek other methods by which eggs of this species of a reasonably uniform age could be obtained for fumigation.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RESPONSE OFIPS CONFUSUS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO MALE ATTRACTANT
Authors: Borden John H.
Published: December 2009

Various aspects of the behavior ofI.confusus(LeConte) relating to the production of and response to male attractant were studied. Storage at 8.0 °C and 100% R.H. had no adverse effect on survival, response to male attractant, or predisposition to fly. Low humidity and high temperatures (21 °C) adversely affected behavior and survival. Beetles conditioned either in natural or constant environments responded at high levels throughout a 24-hour period. Female response to male frass reached a low of 24.2% in January and February and rose to a peak of 76.6% in May and June. Response to benzene extract of male frass fell moderately during autumn and winter, indicating a lowered response ability for overwintering populations. Male response was lower and more erratic but followed the same seasonal trends.

After brief exposure periods, even previous nonresponders oriented to male attractant at significantly higher levels than the total original population. Long-term confinement in an atmosphere containing male frass odor caused a reduction in response of both sexes to male frass extract, presumably because of adaptation of olfactory receptors.

Flight attempts by both sexes occurred between 25° and 40 °C but were severely inhibited at these extremes. Light intensities below 431 luxes suppressed flight. Optimal take-off temperatures were 30 °C for males and 32.5 °C for females. Both contact with male frass and with attractive air reduced the take-off attempts of both sexes to near zero. Attractive odor in the air still suppressed flight significantly after beetles had been conditioned up to 4 hours in contact with male frass.

Teneral males produced attractant after a long maturation period. Single, mature males produced attractant up to 18 days, but after mating, productivity declined in direct correlation with the number of females per male. Single males produced frass throughout the day but maximum production was coincident with peak female emergence and flight. Male frass was significantly less attractive 15 minutes after exposure to open air and after 1 hour, very little attraction remained.

No trends in the ability of newly emerged adults to respond to male attractant were noted over a 30-day period. Emerging brood and re-emerging parent adults are responsive to flight stimuli, but darkened callows and parent adults removed from galleries could not be induced to fly. Reproducing females show a greatly reduced response to male attractant.
TAXONOMY OF FINAL-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE HYMENOPTEROUS AND DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF ACROBASIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE) IN THE OTTAWA REGION
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: December 2009

Parasites of Acrobasis spp. found in the Ottawa, Ont., area are separated by using characters of the parasite remains left in the host cases from which the parasites emerged. Characteristics of the cephalic structures, spiracles and skins of final-instar larvae of 28 species of parasites are described and illustrated in this paper; one species was described and illustrated in an earlier paper (Finlayson 1962); and one species is described from the literature. A record of all known species of Acrobasis parasitized by the species treated in this paper is tabulated.
A SPECIMEN OF AEDES THIBAULTI COLLECTED NEAR BELLEVILLE, ONTARIO
Authors: Belton Peter , French Diane E.
Published: December 2009

One male of this species was collected in a light-trap on 28 June, 1967 at Chatterton, Hastings County, Ontario. This appears to be the first record of A. thibaulti Dyar and Knab in Canada.
LEAFHOPPERS OF THE SUBFAMILY TYPHLOCYBINAE FROM BIRCHES
Authors: Varty I. W.
Published: December 2009

Many of the small leafhoppers that feed and reproduce upon the foliage of birch trees belong to the subfamily Typhlocybinae. The main species are Typhlocyba hockingensis Knull, T. pomaria McAtee, Ribautiana foliosa (Knull), Edwardsiana bergmani (Tullgren), Empoa latifasciata Christian, Dikrella cruentata (Gillette), Alebra albostriella (Fallen) and several Erythroneura species. Their ecological requirements and life histories are described. Notes on morphology and illustrations of each species except the Erythroneura are included.
Notes on Sirex juvencus californicus (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), with a Description of the Male and a Key to the California Species of Sirex
Authors: Cameron E. Alan
Published: December 2009

For the first time the male of Sirex juvencus californicus (Ashmead) (= Sirex obesus Bradley, new synonymy) is described; the female is redescribed. Biological notes on this subspecies are included, together with a key to the California species of the genus.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XVII. EFFECTS ON SOME PREDACIOUS MITES
Authors: Sanford K. H.
Published: December 2009

The effects from treating populations of predacious mites with a number of spray chemicals are tabulated. The species include Phytoseiidae: Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, T. rhenanus (Oudms.), Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks), Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudms.); and Raphignathidae: Mediolatta novae-scotiae Nes. The chemicals include fungicides, acaricides and insecticides.
A METHOD FOR DETECTING VIRAL INFECTION IN POPULATIONS OF NEODIPRION SWAINEI BY EXAMINATION OF PUPAE AND ADULTS
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

Microscopic examinations revealed that free-floating hard black bodies in larvae, pupae and adults of the Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., often contained polyhedra. A simple and rapid method for detecting the presence of the virus infection before gross symptoms appear is described.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PHORID FLY FROM CANADA (DIPTERA: PHORIDAE)
Authors: Borgmeier Thomas
Published: December 2009

Crinophleba rostrata, a new genus and species of a phorid fly from New Brunswick, Canada, is described.
A DETAILED STUDY OF IRONOMYIIDAE (DIPTERA: PHOROIDEA)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

A detailed taxonomic definition of the family Ironomyiidae is presented, based on both sexes of Ironomyia nigromaculata White, the only known representative. Attention is drawn to the peculiar blend of primitive and specialized conditions displayed by this species. Most of the characters discussed are illustrated and compared with homologous characters in hybotine Empididae, Platypezidae, and other groups.
EMERGENCE PATTERNS OF IPS CONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FROM PONDEROSA PINE
Authors: Cameron E. Alan , Borden John H.
Published: December 2009

A total of 6995 summer generation Ips confusus (LeConte) adults was reared from logs of Pinus ponderosa Laws. under laboratory conditions. Emerging adults were collected every two hours throughout the day and their sex determined. Females predominated for the first eight days but the sex ratio at the end of 40 days was 1.18 ♀, ♀: 1 ♂. High differential loss of males before reproduction is discussed. From logs attacked in the spring 62.0% of the parent adults re-emerged. Large numbers of such parents capable of reproduction could greatly increase the severity of an infestation. Spring brood emergence totaled 67.64 beetles per sq. ft. of bark surface, while summer brood emergences from two different areas were 54.50 and 33.37 beetles per sq. ft. Above 72° F., peak male emergence occurs at the 10:00 a.m. or noon collection. Females exhibit a lesser peak in mid to late morning and a major peak in mid to late afternoon, but at temperatures below 72° F. a unimodal female emergence curve becomes apparent.
Influence of Parental Food Quality on the Survival of Hyphantria cunea
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Hyphantria cunea Drury were reared on early, mid-season, and late foliage collected from the same apple trees. Survival was significantly lower on late foliage and the fecundity of the moths decreased from 604 in the early series to 128 in the late. Half the filial generation was reared under nutritional stress on a deficient synthetic diet and the other half on a very favorable host, speckled alder. Under both conditions there was a strong transmitted influence of parental food quality on the viability of the eggs and on the ability of first-instar larvae to become established on food. The progeny of the late series did not survive beyond this instar. When the filial generation was subjected to nutritional stress, the influence of parental food was apparent throughout the larval, pupal and adult stages, with progeny of the early series having higher survival than those of the mid-season series. However, when the filial generation hail very favorable food, there was no significant difference in survival rates subsequent to the larval establishment period.

The quality of foliage available to univoltine populations of H. cunea depends largely on temperature. Thus, in the development of population models for this species, temperature should be treated as a variable having not only direct effects on establishment and survival each season, but also indirect effects on the quality of the progeny in the following season.
THE COLPOCEPHALUM (MALLOPHAGA: MENOPONIDAE) OF THE PELECANIFORMES
Authors: Price Roger D.
Published: December 2009

Five species of the genus are discussed and illustrated, including a new species, C. occidentalis from Pelecanus occidentalis. The lectotype is designated for C. unciferum Kellogg, fixing the type-host as Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. A key is given to the species.
INJURY OF DOUGLAS-FIR TREES BY MATURATION FEEDING OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR HYLESINUS, PSEUDOHYLESINUS NEBULOSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Stoszek K. J. , Rudinsky J. A.
Published: December 2009

For maturation feeding, the teneral adults of Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (LeConte) infest healthy twigs of Douglas-fir trees, where they excavate short, irregular galleries in the wood. Mechanically damaged twigs and smaller branches then break off, or a canker-like structure, vulnerable to further breakage, develops at the place of feeding. Some silvicultural and forest entomological implications are mentioned.
SHIPPING HONEY BEE QUEENS IN PACKAGE BEES WITH AND WITHOUT ATTENDANTS
Authors: Jay S. C.
Published: December 2009

Queen losses were compared when caged queens with attendant worker bees and caged queens without attendants were used in packages of honey bees being shipped from the southern United States to Canada. When the colonies were hived there was no difference in queen losses in the two treatments.
SPECIALIZATION IN THE EGG STRUCTURE OF EXENTERUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN RELATION TO DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

Like all other Tryphoninae, the European species of Exenterus have eggs that are attached to the host by a stalk inserted into the host integument. Their eggs present an interesting series of evolutionary steps from the typical tryphonine condition in which the egg has a small single stalk with a knob-like anchor to an extremely specialized condition in which the stalk is doubled and its two parts migrate to opposite ends of the egg; the anchoring part of the stalk is concurrently enlarged until it half encloses the egg and functions as an extremely efficient organ of attachment to the host cuticle. In dry periods the simple type of stalk becomes brittle and easily broken, resulting in the death of the parasite. The specialized eggs with protected stalks are not subject to such hazards; thus species with specialized eggs can succeed in drier climates and can better survive droughty seasons. Correlated with these specializations is an increase in range of species, and greater abundance of individuals. The success of the European species introduced into North America for biological control has been roughly proportional to the amount of specialization in the egg structure. Little is known of the life histories of the American species of Exenterus but the few facts available do not appear to contradict the type of correlation exhibited by the European species.
AN ASSAY FOR DETERMINING INSECTICIDE TOLERANCE OF ONION MAGGOT LARVAE
Authors: Allen W. R.
Published: December 2009

An assay procedure for estimating the dosage–response relationship of early instar larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), to insecticides is reported. The method gave reproducible results for diazinon on several test dates. The assay showed that maggots from strains collected at East St. Paul and Portage La Prairie, Man., tolerated 50 to 108 times as much heptachlor as a susceptible strain from Chatham, Ont. Previously, adults from the Manitoba strains had been shown to be highly tolerant to heptachlor. The potencies of Bayer 37289 and Bayer 25141 relative to diazinon were 0.5 and 0.1, respectively, for a heptachlor-tolerant strain. For NIA 10242 and Nemacide, equivalent values were 0.9 and 0.2 for this strain and 1.0 and 0.2 for the susceptible Chatham strain. The slight differences in the tolerance to these insecticides, shown for the two strains of larvae, were not associated with their tolerance to heptachlor.
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOOD AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN FIVE SPECIES OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Ayre G. L.
Published: December 2009

Results of the analyses for digestive enzymes in the glands and midguts of five species of ants showed that invertase is usually secreted by the maxillary glands, amylase by the salivary glands, and protease and lipase by the midgut. Lipase was found in the post-pharyngeal glands but observations indicate that it is not associated with the digestion of ingested food. Differences in the activity of the enzymes in different species tended to reflect the feeding habits of the ants.
TAXONOMY OF LAST-INSTAR LARVAL REMAINS OF PARASITES REARED FROM SPILONOTA OCELLANA
Authors: Sadava D. , Miller C. D. F.
Published: December 2009

An illustrated key to the last-instar larval cephalic structures of parasites reared from larvae of Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), notes on habits of the parasites, and a description of their cocoons and pupae are given. Rearing techniques are described. The parasites reared are Gelis tenellus (Say), Hyposoter sp., Meteorus argyrotaeniae Johansen, Phanerotoma recurvariae Cush., Apanteles sp., Agathis dimidiator (Nees.), Euderus cushmani Cwfd., and Sympiesis bimaculatipennis (Grlt.).
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: II. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH FOREST REGIONS
Authors: Stehr G. W.
Published: December 2009

Field collections of late instar larvae of Choristoneura populations were obtained from a wide range of localities. These populations were found to fall into nine taxonomic entities, either species or subspecies. A tenth group is of uncertain affiliation. Five of these entities have tree species of the subfamily Abieteae as their hosts, whereas the other four (probably five) characteristically feed on species of the subfamily Pinoideae. Furthermore, each of the budworm species, or subspecies, is associated with a characteristic forest region.
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: VI. A SUMMARY OF THE PRECEDING FIVE PAPERS
Authors: Freeman T. N. , Stehr G. W.
Published: December 2009

Although additional papers of this series are in preparation, it is considered appropriate to publish the completed ones at this time and to present this interim, tabulated, summary of the preceding five papers to assist the reader in the recognition of the forms with which we have already dealt. Other forms occur on conifers in the mountainous regions of western Canada and the United States that are not well known taxonomically. When studies on them are completed, it is the intention to prepare a final summary of all work that has been done on this subject.
A NEW GENUS, MISTURAPHIS, AND A NEW SPECIES OF CRYPTAPHIS FROM MANITOBA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), WITH A NOTE ON PSEUDASIPHONAPHIS ANOGIS
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

A new genus, Misturaphis, is described, with type-species Misturaphis shiloensis new species, from Artemisia caudata Michx. Cryptaphis bromi new species is described from Bromus inermis Leyss. Asiphonaphis anogis Hottes and Frison is declared a junior synonym of Pergandeidia corni Tissot, and P. corni is re-designated as type species of the genus Pseudasiphonaphis, with new name Pseudasiphonaphis corni (Tissot).
EVALUATION OF LARVAL HEMOLYMPH AMINO ACIDS AS A TAXONOMIC CHARACTER FOR NEODIPRION SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Schaefer C. H. , Wallace D. R.
Published: December 2009

The composition and variation of hemolymph amino acids in larvae of nine species of the genus Neodiprion were studied. The amino acid pattern was the same in all samples analyzed. Quantitative differences were as great within as between species; hence, hemolymph amino acid data does not appear to be of taxonomic usefulness for this genus.
RELATIONS BETWEEN INVERTEBRATE PREDATORS AND PREY ASSOCIATED WITH LARCH SAWFLY EGGS AND LARVAE ON TAMARACK
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: December 2009

Suspected predatory invertebrates associated with the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), on tamarack were confined in cages with sawfly eggs or larvae to determine which species were predaceous. Most of the insects were found to feed on larch sawfly eggs or larvae under these conditions, but very few spiders ate larch sawfly. The amount of food eaten by various predators is presented.

Seasonal population trends of the more common predators and prey available to them were determined from samples of tamarack branches taken at weekly intervals. Associations between the numbers of various predators and prey per 20-branch sample were investigated, and a number of significant predator–prey correlations were obtained. These included correlations between Deraeocoris and sawfly eggs, Plagiognathus and sawfly eggs, and Tetraphleps and sawfly eggs. However, estimates of larch sawfly egg mortality under field conditions showed that egg mortality was largely independent of egg density in the range of populations studied, and showed little relationship to predator density per 20-branch sample. This is because the distribution of larch sawfly egg predators per individual branch was random and appeared to be independent of egg density. Single factor analysis of annual egg populations and egg survival indicated that survival in the egg stage is of no value in predicting population trends of the larch sawfly.
LIFE HISTORIES AND HABITS OF TWO SPECIES OF PHILODROMUS (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Putman W. L.
Published: December 2009

Philodromus praelustris Keyserling and P. cespiticolis Walckenaer have annual life cycles in the Niagara Peninsula. Females of P. praelustris produced up to 12 egg sacs containing a total of over 200 eggs in an insectary but the later eggs did not hatch. Fecundity of females in the orchards appeared to be considerably lower.

There was no experimental evidence that P. praelustris disperses by ballooning though some very young individuals probably do so. All stages disperse by bridging, i.e., by casting an air-borne loop of web that catches on distant objects.

P. praelustris perceives prey by contact or, over very short distances, by vision. Two species of ants were rejected as prey.
ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER (COLEOPHORA LARICELLA)
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

An account is given of host acceptance, the influence of temperature on fecundity and longevity, and searching capacity of Chrysocharis laricinellae (Raczeburg), a parasite of the larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hübner).

Fourth-instar case-bearing larvae were the preferred stages for attack. The size of the parasite progeny varied directly with the size of the host. Fecundity of progeny reared from small hosts was significantly less than that of progeny reared from large hosts. Not all parasite adults could successfully oviposit through the tough skin of the host pupa. C. laricinellae showed poor searching capacity. Superparasitism was common at low host densities of the casebearer and resulted in either one parasite emerging or in total parasite mortality. A sex ratio where females predominated resulted when sufficient numbers of preferred stages of the host were presented to mated C. laricinellae. The temperature threshold for attacking hosts was 55°F, and for development of the parasite 40°F. At 50°F the adults lived 4 months on the average.

Therefore C. laricinellae is able to survive in the field without alternate hosts and at very low host densities. The parasite seems to depend on a continuing supply of suitable instars of host species in sufficient numbers to be effective. If C. laricella is the only available host species in the ecosystem the biological control value of this chalcid must be rated as poor.
A NEW EASTERN NEARCTIC CHRYSOPS (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Pechuman L. L. , Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

Chrysops calvus is described as new from eastern North America. It and C. niger Macquart are considered sibling species. A lectotype of C. niger is designated in the collection of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.
A Revision ofTamalia, with Descriptions of Two New Species from Mexico (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Tamalia pallidaandTamalia keltoniare described as new from Mexico and compared withT.coweni, the only other known member of the genus. A key to species is given.
CANDLING AND SIGHTING TECHNIQUES USED IN LASER INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Kobylnyk Ronald W.
Published: December 2009

Laser treatment of larval and pupal stages within cocoons of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) requires an accurate assessment of viability and the antero-posterior alignment of the cocoon content. The use of the candling technique to assess qualitative features of avian eggs depends on the translucency of the egg shell and the differences in light transmission by other elements within it (Romanoff and Romanoff 1949). Transmitted-light methods have been employed for insects within cocoons by Cushman (1913) and Hanna (1935). A type of candling technique different from previous methods and which was developed in the Zoology Department, University of Guelph, enables N. sertifer cocoon content to be ascertained and is herein described.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XVIII. PREDATOR AND PREY POPULATIONS IN RELATION TO MITICIDES
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Herbert H. J.
Published: December 2009

Ovex, tetradifon, and chlorbenside which are largely innocuous, and parathion which is more harmful, to beneficial insects and predaceous mites, have been used in apple orchards in Nova Scotia to control outbreaks of phytophagous mites. Dicofol is used at present but it is toxic to predaceous mites. Animert V-101 is effective against Panonychus ulmi (Koch) but is ineffective on most beneficial species. Dicofol and Animert V-101 initially reduced a high population of P. ulmi but were equally ineffective on predaceous insects. The latter chemical was innocuous to Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Vasates schlechtendali (Nal.) but gave partial control of P. ulmi. A similar high population of P. ulmi was reduced to a low level on a comparative untreated plot where a high number of predators was present. This reduction was evident 1 month later than on the treated plots. The overwintering numbers of P. ulmi in 1966 were below a commercially tolerable level on the three plots.
HOLARCTIAS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: December 2009

An examination of North American and Siberian adults of Holarctias indicates that H. sentinaria (Geyer) occurs only in the Nearctic. It differs from the Siberian species, H. rufinaria (Staudinger), in colour pattern of the wings and in the shape of the cornutus of the male genitalia. Specimens named H. magnetaria (Guenée) in North American collections should be re-examined and most, if not all, placed in the genus Scopula Schrank.
A NEW SPECIES OF THLIPTOCERAS FROM THAILAND, WITH NOTES ON GENERIC AND SPECIFIC SYNONYMY AND PLACEMENT AND WITH DESIGNATIONS OF LECTOTYPES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The nominal genera Mimocomma Warren, Polychorista Warren, and Parudea Swinhoe are synonymized with Thliptoceras, and Prophantis Warren is removed from synonymy. Twenty previously described nominal species are referred to Thliptoceras; of these, 12 are recognized as valid. The following nominal species are referred to Thliptoceras for the first time: Circobotys marginalis Hampson, from Crocidophora; Mimocomma fulvimargo Warren, from Crocidophora; Salbia althealis Walker, with its three synonyms, Botys cydipeialis Walker, Botys tisiasalis Walker, and Phycidicera manicalis Snellen, all from Deba; Botys gladialis Leech, from Crocidophora; Crocidophora rufitinctalis Hampson; Ebulea decoloralis Warren, from Loxostege; Pyrausta torridalis Hampson; Phlyctaenodes decoloralis sinensis Caradja, from Loxostege; Parudea fimbriata Swinhoe; Crocidophora artatalis Caradja; Botys fuscocilialis Snellen, from Pyrausta. Lectotypes are designated for: Hapalia cascalis Swinhoe; Thliptoceras variabile [-is] Swinhoe; Thliptoceras epicrocale [-is] Swinhoe; Circobotys marginalis Hampson; Botys gladialis Leech; Ebulea decoloralis Warren; and Crocidophora artatalis Caradja. Thliptoceras rufitinctale (Hampson) is sunk as a junior synonym of T. gladiale (Leech) and T. torridale (Hampson) as a junior synonym of T. decolorale (Warren). T. sinense (Caradja) is considered a distinct species and not a subspecies of T. decolorale (Warren). T. buettikeri is described as a new species from Thailand.
SOME EFFECTS OF HOST SIZE ON NASONIA VITRIPENNIS AND MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Female Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) discover large housefly (Musca domestica L.) puparia more easily than small ones, and select for drilling a larger percentage of the large ones that they discover. If exposed only to small hosts instead of large ones, the parasites attack more of them in a given time, laying fewer eggs on each. This probably results because changes in parasitized hosts, leading to rejection by the females, occur sooner in small than in large fly pupae. Survival of immature N. vitripennis and of another pteromalid, Muscidifurax raptor G. & S., is greater on large hosts than on small ones. Sex ratio of both parasite species is unaffected by host size.
A NEW SPECIES OF AULACORTHUM FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Aulacorthum dorsatum new species is described from British Columbia. Its only known host plant is salal, Gaultheria shallon Pursh.
HEREDITARY BEHAVIOR VARIATION IN OVIPOSITION PATTERNS IN THE PARASITE NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Chabora Peter C.
Published: December 2009

Two strains of the pupal ectoparasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) originally derived from a single laboratory strain exhibited differences in the proportion of adjacent hosts attacked by the parasite following 65 weeks (approximately 32 generations) in experimental parasite–host systems. Strain I parasitized a greater number of adjacent hosts (19.9%) than strain II in the first generation after removal from the multi-cell system. The difference between the two strains and the laboratory strain decreased from the first to the fourth generation indicating a reversion toward a behavior pattern more akin to that of the laboratory strain.
A NEW SPECIES OF DRAECULACEPHALA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) FROM MANITOBA
Authors: Hamilton K. G. Andrew
Published: December 2009

A new species of leafhopper, Draeculacephala robinsoni, very similar to D. portola Ball, has been examined and found to be distinct from that species, on the bases of internal male genitalia and vertex angle.
THE PERSISTENCE OF A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS IN THE HABITAT OF THE HOST INSECT, TRICHOPLUSIA NI: I. POLYHEDRA DEPOSITED ON FOLIAGE
Authors: Jaques R. P.
Published: December 2009

Field, glasshouse, and laboratory tests showed that deposits of polyhedra of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), on foliage are practically non-infective after a 1-month exposure to weathering. Inactivation by sunlight appeared to be more important than removal by washing by rain in causing this loss of activity. The virus was readily inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet light. Virus exposed in aqueous suspensions of polyhedra or in wetted deposits was inactivated by shorter exposures than was virus in dry deposits of polyhedra.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS LYCTOCORIS IN NORTH AMERICA AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM QUEBEC (HETEROPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Lyctocoris canadensis new species is described from southwestern Quebec. The other species of Lyctocoris known to occur in North America are L. campestris (Fabricius), L. doris Van Duzee, L. elongatus (Reuter), L. mexicanus Kelton, L. okanaganus Kelton & Anderson, L. rostratus Kelton & Anderson, L. stalii (Reuter), and L. tuberosus Kelton & Anderson. Species are keyed, known information on their ecology is given, and male genitalia and female abdominal segments are illustrated.
INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD IN THE INDUCTION OF PROLONGED DIAPAUSE IN NEODIPRION SERTIFER
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Wallace D. R.
Published: December 2009

Prepupae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) held in darkness at 21 °C undergo a short normal diapause if exposed as feeding larvae to long photoperiods, but have no diapause if reared in the larval stage under short photoperiods. If cocoons from short-day rearings are exposed to 10 °C instead of 21 °C, a small proportion of the prepupal larvae undergo the normal or short diapause, but the majority enter an intense or prolonged type of diapause which results in three clearly defined periods of adult emergence within the range of 160 to 800 days after cocoon spinning. Mortality increases directly with the prolonged cocoon periods associated with intense diapause at 10 °C and there is a progressive decrease in reproductive potential of the survivors. If cocoons are held at 29 °C normal diapause and morphogenesis are prolonged but there is no evidence that a state of intense diapause is induced. Mortality is extreme, however, and the reproductive potential of the survivors is greatly reduced.

The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to prolonged diapause in nature, a factor critical to the assessment of the seasonal history and population dynamics of the insect.
EFFECTS OF GAMMA RADIATION ON FERTILITY, MATING, AND LONGEVITY OF MALES OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: George John A.
Published: December 2009

Male Grapholitha molesta (Busck) treated with 40 krad of gamma radiation in the late pupal stage reduced egg-hatch by 93.6%, and in the young adult stage by 96.4%, in eggs from untreated virgin females with which they were mated; in addition, hatched larvae failed to complete development. Induced sterility was consistently greater in treated adults as compared with treated pupae. Females in the late pupal stage were sterilized with about 10 krad.

Male longevity decreased in proportion to the radiation dosage above 30 krad when caged at a ratio of 3 ♂: 1 ♀. Longevity of untreated males decreased in proportion to the number of females available for mating.

Radiation levels of 30 krad or more decreased male mating, especially when applied to the pupal stage, in inverse proportion to dosage, as detected by caging males with three times as many females.

The number of matings per untreated male increased with the number of females available up to an average of 3.8 while the number of matings per female averaged approximately 1.6 with from one to three males per female.
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STERILE MALE PRINCIPLE
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

A model is presented which describes the effect of sterile male release on a wild population. This model is not subject to restrictions, such as equal competitiveness between normal and sterile males and sperm nor to insect species whose females mate only once. The model is an approximation as it assumes constancy in several dynamic population variables. However, it has application in determining the approximate effects of sterile male release and in decisions on the number of sterile males required for release programs. It also has uses in ecological research.
INFLUENCE OF POSITION AND SIZE OF HOST SHELTER ON HOST-SEARCHING BY ITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: December 2009

Females of I. conquisitor could not be conditioned to attack horizontal tubes instead of vertical tubes of the same size and probably cannot distinguish between them. I. conquisitor could be conditioned to attack tubes of particular lengths or diameters and tubes mounted on pins rather than on plastic forms. These results are interpreted as showing that the parasites can recognize these differences in the host shelter and that these characteristics could influence host selection. It is suggested that if a polyphagous parasite to be introduced against a particular pest is first conditioned to that host in pieces of its host plant, the success of the parasite in finding that host and hence its chances of establishment would be increased.
DIAPAUSE IN THE CABBAGE MAGGOT,HYLEMYA BRASSICAE(DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: McLeod D. G. R. , Driscoll G. R.
Published: December 2009

The cabbage maggot,Hylemya brassicae, has a facultative diapause induced by the appropriate conditions of light and temperature: 16 hours of light per 24 hours at 20 °C produce nondiapause pupae while 12 hours of light per 24 hours at 20 °C produce diapause pupae. Diapause can be terminated if the pupae are exposed to temperatures from 0 to 5 °C for 4–5 months. Discrepancies in the literature with regard to the foregoing facts are explained.
OBTAINING AND PROTECTING RED-CLOVER POLLINATING SPECIES OF BOMBUS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: December 2009

The use of false-underground hives (surface hives with tunnels attached to their entrances) when and where the desired species of bumblebees were common made the task of obtaining colonies for pollination purposes comparatively easy. False-underground hives were much less costly to set out than underground hives and attracted many more queens of surface-nesting and versatile species, as well as underground-nesting species, than did surface hives. Apparently the surface-nesting species will accept a nest that is entered through an upward-sloping tunnel but not one that must be reached through a downward-sloping tunnel; underground-nesting species require a tunnel but are not influenced by the direction of its slope.

Setting occupied hives on posts with moats protected the queens or their broods from flooding, ants, ground squirrels, skunks, mice, shrews, and ungulates, but not from Psithyrus, even when odoriferous substances were put in the moats to mask the odor of the broods.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OFCAMNULA PELLUCIDA(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Riegert P. W.
Published: December 2009

A brief historical review of the occurrence of the clear-winged grasshopper,Camnula pellucida(Scudd.), is presented as well as recent information pertaining to the biology of its various life stages. In the egg stage, diapause is more successfully terminated by chilling at 5 °C for 70 days than at either 0 or −7 °C. Embryological development proceeded very favourably at incubation temperatures of 30 °C while 35 °C produced excessive mortality especially to pre-blastokinesis embryos. Most embryos in eggs of this species reach the same pre-blastokinesis stage of development more consistently every year than do those of other pest species of grasshopper in Saskatchewan. Thirty days of chilling at −12, −18, and −23 °C reduced the viability of the eggs by about 10, 20, and 50% respectively. Exposure to −29 °C killed all eggs in 3.5 to 5 hours.

The phototactic and thermokinetic reactions of nymphs and adults, leading to aggregation, basking, and dispersal, are discussed and compared with those of other species. Details of nymphal migrations are described and related to such meteorological factors as wind, temperature, and position of the sun. Some further details of mating and oviposition are described, especially aggregation on egg beds and oviposition in stubble fields. Observations of predation by sandhill cranes and skunks are also recorded.
MORTALITY OF THE SAN JOSÉ SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON STORED APPLES OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES AND HARVEST DATES
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Angle B. J.
Published: December 2009

The San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, died within 8 to 22 weeks on McIntosh, Red Delicious, Common Delicious, Winesap, Rome Beauty, and Newtown apples harvested on commercial picking dates and placed in standard cold storage. The scale died in much shorter periods on early maturing varieties than on late maturing varieties.

The later a variety was harvested the longer the fruit had to be stored to kill the scale. The maximum storage period was 32 weeks for Winesaps and Newtowns harvested in early November, approximately 1 month after the commercial picking date.

The storage period required to kill the San José scale on Winesap apples varied from year to year, cool weather in early autumn apparently increasing the storage period.
INFLUENCE OF PRE-STORAGE TREATMENTS ON THE MORTALITY OF THE SAN JOSÉ SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON APPLES HELD IN STORAGE
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Angle B. J.
Published: December 2009

The pre-storage treatment of fruit with either an antiscald inhibitor or an alcohol solution for segregating water core apples, increased the rate of mortality of the San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, on Winesap apples held in storage.

The dewaxing and waxing process had little effect on the mortality of the San José scale. The process mechanically removed the scale from the cheeks and shoulders of stored apples but not from the calyx and stem ends.
THE EFFECT OF WOODPECKER PREDATION ON WOOD-BORING LARVAE OF FAMILIES SIRICIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) AND MELANDRYIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Marshall H. G. W.
Published: December 2009

Woodpeckers consume wood-boring larvae of families Siricidae and Melandryidae leaving three distinct types of mark on the tree. The distribution of marks in relation to decreasing prey population indicates that tapping is the principal means of locating larvae. Forty per cent of siricids and two per cent of melandryids are consumed by woodpeckers on individual feeding trees; as siricid population increases the proportion of larvae taken decreases.
CAPRIC ACID BLENDED INTO FOODSTUFF FOR CONTROL OF AN INSECT PEST, TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: House H. L. , Graham A. R.
Published: December 2009

Capric acid added to a food – whole wheat flour and dried brewers’ yeast – to constitute 2.5% or more of the foodstuff killed all Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val within 8 weeks. Lesser amounts of capric acid resulted in different degrees of mortality. By the end of 4 weeks similar results were inevitable when varied levels of capric acid were added to two representative dehydrated foods, tapioca pudding and macaroni and cheese. This uncustomary use of a long-recognized insecticidal fatty acid has some merit: for immixed with foodstuff it can control insect pests, and yet it, as a natural constituent of milk etc., is no stranger to metabolic systems of higher animals, so probably is not too hazardous to humans.
Mice with a Selective Impairment of IFN-γ Signaling in Macrophage Lineage Cells Demonstrate the Critical Role of IFN-γ–Activated Macrophages for the Control of Protozoan Parasitic Infections In Vivo
Authors: Lykens Jennifer E. , Terrell Catherine E. , Zoller Erin E. , Divanovic Senad , Trompette Aurelien , Karp Christopher L. , Aliberti Julio , Flick Matthew J. , Jordan Michael B.
Published: December 2009

IFN-γ has long been recognized as a cytokine with potent and varied effects in the immune response. Although its effects on specific cell types have been well studied in vitro, its in vivo effects are less clearly understood because of its diverse actions on many different cell types. Although control of multiple protozoan parasites is thought to depend critically on the direct action of IFN-γ on macrophages, this premise has never been directly proven in vivo. To more directly examine the effects of IFN-γ on cells of the macrophage lineage in vivo, we generated mice called the “macrophages insensitive to IFN-γ” (MIIG) mice, which express a dominant negative mutant IFN-γ receptor in CD68+ cells: monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Macrophage lineage cells and mast cells from these mice are unable to respond to IFN-γ, whereas other cells are able to produce and respond to this cytokine normally. When challenged in vitro, macrophages from MIIG mice were unable produce NO or kill Trypanosoma cruzi or Leishmania major after priming with IFN-γ. Furthermore, MIIG mice demonstrated impaired parasite control and heightened mortality after T. cruzi, L. major, and Toxoplasma gondii infection, despite an appropriate IFN-γ response. In contrast, MIIG mice displayed normal control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, despite persistent insensitivity of macrophages to IFN-γ. Thus, the MIIG mouse formally demonstrates for the first time in vivo, the specific importance of direct, IFN-γ mediated activation of macrophages for controlling infection with multiple protozoan parasites.
The Strength of B Cell Interaction with Antigen Determines the Degree of IgM Polymerization
Authors: Ye Jianmin , Bromage Erin S. , Kaattari Stephen L.
Published: December 2009

The induction of variable disulfide polymerization of IgM in the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its effect on its half-life were examined. An association between greater Ab affinity and increased disulfide polymerization was first indicated by the observation of this increased IgM disulfide polymerization during the process of affinity maturation. A direct association between Ab affinity and disulfide polymerization was then established by the fractionation of individual sera into high- and low-affinity subpopulations, which also resulted in the partitioning of high and low degrees of disulfide polymerization. The ability of high-affinity B cells to produce more highly polymerized Abs upon Ag induction was demonstrated by in vitro Ag-driven selection. Low Ag concentrations, which elicited only high-affinity Abs, also possessed the highest degree of polymerization, whereas higher concentrations of Ag elicited a broader array of Ab affinities, yielding a lower average affinity and degree of polymerization. Half-life studies revealed that the high-affinity, highly polymerized Abs possessed longer half-lives than the lower-affinity, lightly polymerized Abs. Finally, although the affinity for Ag is associated with elevated levels of polymerization, analysis of naive Ig revealed that the degree of polymerization alone, not affinity, appears sufficient to prolong Ig half-life.
Polymorphic Nucleic Acid Binding of Bioactive Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Their Role in Cancer
Authors: Maiti Motilal , Kumar Gopinatha Suresh
Published: December 2009

Bioactive alkaloids occupy an important position in applied chemistry and play an indispensable role in medicinal chemistry. Amongst them, isoquinoline alkaloids like berberine, palmatine and coralyne of protoberberine group, sanguinarine of the benzophenanthridine group, and their derivatives represent an important class of molecules for their broad range of clinical and pharmacological utility. In view of their extensive occurrence in various plant species and significantly low toxicities, prospective development and use of these alkaloids as effective anticancer agents are matters of great current interest. This review has focused on the interaction of these alkaloids with polymorphic nucleic acid structures (B‐form, A‐form, Z‐form, HL‐form, triple helical form, quadruplex form) and their topoisomerase inhibitory activity reported by several research groups using various biophysical techniques like spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, thermal melting, circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, viscosity, isothermal titration calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, molecular modeling studies, and so forth, to elucidate their mode and mechanism of action for structure‐activity relationships. The DNA binding of the planar sanguinarine and coralyne are found to be stronger and thermodynamically more favoured compared to the buckled structure of berberine and palmatine and correlate well with the intercalative mechanism of sanguinarine and coralyne and the partial intercalation by berberine and palmatine. Nucleic acid binding properties are also interpreted in relation to their anticancer activity.