bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHARLES TOMLINSON AS A TRANSLATOR OF POEMS BY FYODOR TYUTCHEV INTO ENGLISH
Authors:   Maxim Gorky Institute of Literature and Creative Writing, Iansonas Oleg E.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the translations of Fyodor Tyutchev’s poems into English made by the British poet and translator Charles Tomlinson (1927–2015). Poetic works present a serious challenge for those engaged in literary translation. Until the present day, the criteria for estimating the adequacy of poetic translation have been a question under discussion and deep consideration; the issue of poetic translation has been studied by both Russian and foreign scholars. In this regard, the works of Charles Tomlinson as a poetry translator from Russian into English offer new opportunities for a detailed study of his translation method, characterized by the desire to penetrate into the essence of the original works and preserve their lyrical and aesthetic components, as well as by Tomlinson’s intention to introduce Russian classical literature to English- speaking readers. The article analyzes in detail the main characteristics of literary and in particular poetic translation, shows different approaches to translating poetry and reveals both the specific features of translation transformations and the principles of their use. It also provides a comparative analysis of Tomlinson’s English translations of poems by Tyutchev, namely Silentium! and Spring, and the original texts. This study shows that the English poet often imparts his own unique and recognizable style to Tyutchev’s works, which is manifested in omitting repetitions and epithets in the original poems and adding new details to his translations. Tomlinson’s style can also be seen in the overcomplicated syntax of the transformed poems. On the other hand, there is a strong similarity between Tomlinson’s translations of Tyutchev’s famous poems and the original poetic works due to the translation transformations used. As the research reveals, modulations and transpositions are the most frequent transformations in Tomlinson’s modified versions of the original.
PROBLEMS OF REFRAIN TRANSLATION IN T. S. ELIOT’S ‘OLD POSSUM’S BOOK OF PRACTICAL CATS’
Authors:   Tyumen State University, Marshaniya Kristina M.
Published: June 2021

The growing interest in the Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats poetic cycle by T. S. Eliot, associated with the theatrical release of the film Cats in 2019, which is based on the musical under the same name by E. L. Webber, as well as the lack of serious academic research on the poetics of the great modernist poet’s cycle, determine the novelty and relevance of this study. The article provides a comparative analysis of Russian translations (by A. Sergeev, S. Dubovitskaya, V. Betaki, S. Sapozhnikov) of poetic refrains in the poems included in the cycle. The research is based on the material presented in the annotated, authoritative edition of Eliot’s poetry full collection The Poems of T. S. Eliot (Volume Two, 2015), compiled and edited by one of the leading modern Eliot researchers Christopher Ricks. The analysis is focused on such aspects as the degree of translation accuracy, the refrain subject structure, professional challenges and translation decisions adopted by the authors to convey the typical characteristics of English children’s folk poetry (nursery rhymes), the traditions of which Eliot follows. This article also discusses various approaches to defining refrain. Existing in many forms and having various goals, the refrain is a universal graphic and expressive tool that is used to highlight the main theme of the work and create its structure, in order to bring any important points to the attention of the reader and to facilitate their memorization. The translators’ desire to reproduce all the signs of the original refrain: the poetic structure, graphic highlighting of components that are significant for the author, the rhyming methods and the refrain emotional reflection, makes it possible to embody the features of children’s folk poetry as a literary tradition on which the stylistic unity of all the texts included in the cycle is based.
Políticas educativas para primera infancia en Chile y México:reconocimiento legal, cobertura y atención
Authors: Alaníz Hernández Claudia
Published: June 2021

Este artículo presenta un estudio comparado de políticas de atención a la primera infancia entre Chile y México, porque representan las dos tendencias predominantes en la atención de las niñas y niños de 0 a 4 años entre los países latinoamericanos. En la primera, correspondiente a Chile, tales políticas sostienen una perspectiva de desarrollo humano y buscan una cobertura universal; en la segunda, utilizada en México, se conciben como parte de la estrategia de combate a la pobreza con una cobertura focalizada. Para hacer la comparación se tomaron como base tres dimensiones de análisis: la toma de decisiones, el marco regulatorio y las interacciones entre actores políticos y sociales. El objetivo fue identificar semejanzas y diferencias entre principios y estructuras gubernamentales para la atención de los infantes. Entre los hallazgos resaltan dos: primero, que ambos países privilegian el componente de derecho a la salud por encima de la educación; y segundo, que las conciben como políticas maternalistas, afectando la equidad de género al reafirmar la responsabilidad primordial de las mujeres en el cuidado infantil.
Una respuesta basada en la armonización ética al problema de la reconciliación
Authors: Plata-Pineda Oswaldo Juan
Published: June 2021

La reconciliación suele ser definida como el proceso de restablecimiento de las relaciones que un conflicto ha perturbado. Esta perturbación ha sido asociada por la convención académica a la guerra o a la dictadura y analizada en la perspectiva de generar las condiciones para construir sostenidamente la paz. En el presente estudio, ofrezco una respuesta al problema de reconciliación que, con fundamento en la noción de armonización ética, aporta una solución plausible a los conflictos que tienen lugar en contextos de transición institucional (en el marco de un proceso de construcción de paz) y en contextos interpersonales. Así, la respuesta basada en la armonización ética sostiene que es posible restablecer las relaciones después de un conflicto si los conjuntos de creencias enfrentados son armonizados por medio de un juicio en situación (sabiduría práctica) orientado a la materialización del objetivo ético -con y para otro- en instituciones justas.
MATEMATİK ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN ÖLÇME VE DEĞERLENDİRME YAKLAŞIMLARINA İLİŞKİN ALGILARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: GÖKTAŞ Özlem , ŞAD Süleyman Nihat
Published: June 2021

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı matematik öğretmenlerinin geleneksel ve çağdaş ölçme-değerlendirme yaklaşımlarına ilişkin algılarını incelemektir. Araştırmaya Türkiye’nin yedi bölgesinden farklı öğretim kademelerinde görev yapan toplam 174 matematik öğretmeni katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri “Ölçme Değerlendirme Yaklaşımları Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda matematik öğretmenlerinin geleneksel ölçme-değerlendirme yaklaşımlarıyla kıyaslandığında çağdaş/tamamlayıcı ölçme-değerlendirme yaklaşımlarını daha fazla benimsedikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca matematik öğretmenlerinin ölçme ve değerlendirme yaklaşımlarına ilişkin algılarının, cinsiyetleri, mezun oldukları fakülte, görev yaptıkları okul kademesi ve okul türü değişkenleri açısından anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşmadığı ve benzer düzeyde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Son olarak matematik öğretmenlerinin benimsedikleri ölçme ve değerlendirme yaklaşımları ile haftalık ders yükleri ve mesleki kıdemleri arasında da anlamlı bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır.
POZİTİF PSİKOLOJİ TEMELLİ PERMA GRUPLA PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMA UYGULAMASININ ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN İYİ OLUŞLARINA ETKİSİ: BİR PİLOT ÇALIŞMA
Authors: DEMİRCİ İbrahim
Published: June 2021

Bu çalışma üniversite öğrencilerinin iyi oluş düzeylerini arttırmada pozitif psikoloji yaklaşımına dayalı PERMA grupla psikolojik danışma müdahalesinin etkililiğini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada ön test - son test kontrol gruplu deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırma üniversite 1. sınıf öğrencileri üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmayı isteyen üniversite öğrencileri deney grubuna (n = 7) ve kontrol grubuna (n = 7) rastgele atanmıştır. Araştırmada ölçümler PERMA Ölçeği ile yapılmıştır. Deney grubuna beş oturumluk pozitif psikoloji temelli PERMA grupla psikolojik danışma uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kontrol grubuna yönelik bir uygulama yapılmamıştır. Deney ve kontrol grubunun PERMA Ölçeği ön test ve son test puanlarının farklılaşma durumunu incelemek için parametrik ölçümler için İlişkisiz Örneklem t Testi ve parametrik olmayan ölçümler için Mann Whitney U Testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda pozitif psikoloji yaklaşımına dayalı PERMA grupla psikolojik danışma müdahalesinin, öğrencilerin iyi oluş düzeylerini arttırmada etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Ancak bir pilot çalışma olduğu için daha kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Araştırmanın sonuçları, sınırlılıklar, uygulamalar ve ileri araştırmalara dönük önerilerle tartışılmıştır.
OKUL ÖNCESİ ETHOSFERİNDE KARAKTER EĞİTİMİNE İLİŞKİN MEVCUT DURUMUN ÖĞRETMEN GÖRÜŞLERİNE GÖRE ANALİZİ
Authors: KOCALAR Evrim , BAY Erdal
Published: June 2021

Bireyin karakter eğitiminde, okul öncesi ethosferi (değer küre) çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, okul öncesi ethosferinde, öğretmen görüşlerine göre karakter eğitiminin durumunu analiz etmektir. Çalışmada betimsel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma Gaziantep ilinde resmî bağımsız anaokulunda görev yapan 231 okul öncesi öğretmeni üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Maksimum örnekleme ile bu öğretmenlerden 15’i ile de görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan anket ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Anket formundan elde edilen nicel veriler SPSS paket programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Nicel verilerin analizinde betimleyici istatistikler hesaplanmıştır. Görüşme formundan elde edilen nitel veriler üzerinde betimsel analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, 2013 Okul Öncesi Eğitim Programı’nda yer alan tüm karakteristik özelliklerin -maceracı olmak hariç- öğretmenler tarafından “çok önemli” olarak algılandığı, ayrıca değerlerin gerçekleşme düzeyinin “yüksek” olarak algılandığı belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenlerin programlarda “saygı, sevgi, dürüstlük ve empati” özelliklerinin yer almasını istedikleri belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenler karakteri daha çok doğuştan getirilen özellikler, kişilik özellikleri olarak; karakter eğitimini ise davranış dönüştürme ve duyarlılık oluşturma olarak tanımlamaktadırlar. Öğretmenler, karakter eğitiminin gerekli olduğunu düşünmektedirler. Öğretmenler en çok drama, kitap çalışması ve oyunu yöntem teknik olarak kullanmaktadırlar. Öğretmenlere göre; aile, okul, öğretmen, program, öğrenci, akran ve medya, karakter eğitiminde karşılaşılan sorunların kaynakları olarak görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, okul öncesi dönemde karakter eğitiminde birçok özelliğin yer aldığı ve bu özelliklerin gerçekleşme ve önem düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu, öğretmenlerin karakter ve karakter eğitimi tanımlamalarının benzer olduğu, karakter eğitiminde sorunların etkili olduğu söylenebilir.
BAĞIMSIZ KORELASYON KATSAYILARI İÇİN HİPOTEZ TESTLERİ: SPSS VE MİCROSOFT EXCEL UYGULAMALARI
Authors: KARADAVUT Tuğba
Published: June 2021

Korelasyon türü ilişkisel tarama çalışmalarında veya korelasyonel araştırmalarda en az iki değişken arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı sorusu cevaplanmaya çalışılır. Bu soruların cevaplanmasında korelasyon analizleri kullanılır. Türkiye’de, iki değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi iki ya da daha fazla bağımsız grup için karşılaştırmak amacıyla yapılan eğitim bilimleri çalışmaları incelendiğinde, gruplar için ayrı ayrı hesaplanan Pearson korelasyon katsayılarının birer etki büyüklüğü göstergesi olarak karşılaştırıldığı, ancak bu karşılaştırma için bir hipotez testi yapılmadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, iki değişken arasındaki Pearson korelasyon ilişkisinin iki ya da daha fazla grup için eşit olduğuna dair hipotezin istatistiksel olarak test edilmesinin anlaşılır bir dille gösterilmesidir. Bu amaçla, bu hipotez testlerini mümkün kılacak Microsoft Excel fonksiyonları ve SPSS programı sözdizimleri (syntax) gösterilmiş ve bunların nasıl kullanılacakları gerçek çalışmalardan alınmış iki örnek ile açıklanmıştır.
ÖĞRETMENLERİN SANAL SINIF YÖNETİMİ YETERLİĞİ ÖLÇEĞİ: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: CAN Ertuğ , GÜNDÜZ Yüksel
Published: June 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı, öğretmenlerin sanal sınıf yönetimi yeterliğini ölçebilecek bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Genel tarama modelinde yürütülen ölçekleme temelli bu araştırma, öğretmenlerin sanal sınıf yönetimi yeterliği ölçeğinin yapı geçerliğini ve iç tutarlılığını tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın evrenini, 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılında Kırklareli ili merkez ve ilçelerinde görev yapan öğretmenler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, açımlayıcı faktör için 329 öğretmenden, doğrulayıcı faktör için 322 öğretmenden oluşmaktadır. Taslak ölçek 5’li likert tipinde ve 25 maddeden oluşmuştur. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin 3 faktör ve 24 maddeden oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Madde içerikleri incelendikten sonra birinci alt ölçeğe “öğrencilerle ilişkiler”, ikinci alt ölçeğe “sanal sınıf içi etkinlikler” ve üçüncü alt ölçeğe “sanal sınıf yönetimi” adı verilmiştir. Test sonucunda "t" değerleri istatistiksel açıdan ,001 düzeyinde anlamlı olduğu için tüm maddelerin ayırdedici oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirliği, Cronbach Alfa (α) Katsayısı, Spearman-Brown Katsayısı ve Guttman Katsayısı ile yapılan güvenirlik analizleri sonucunda belirlenmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucuna göre, bütün maddeler ilgili faktörler altında anlamlıdır. Bu sonuçlar, Öğretmenlerin Sanal Sınıf Yönetimi Yeterliği Ölçeği’nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir. Ölçek, öğretmenlerin sanal sınıf yönetimi yeterlik düzeylerini belirlemek için ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde bütün öğretim kademelerinde kullanılabilir. Öğretmenlerin sanal sınıf yönetimi yeterlikleri, nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak daha derinlemesine araştırılabilir.
NE HEDEFLİYORUZ? NASIL ÖLÇÜYORUZ?
Authors: KELEŞOĞLU Serkan , YİĞİT E. Özlem
Published: June 2021

Ölçme ve değerlendirme öğretim süreçlerinin amaçlarına ulaşıp ulaşmadığını belirleyebilmek için en önemli boyuttur. Öğretim programlarındaki kazanımların öğrenciler tarafından edinilip edinilmediğinin belirlenmesi için de etkili araçların geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim yılı güz döneminde 2018 Sosyal Bilgiler Dersi Öğretim Programı’ndaki “Birey ve Toplum” ve “Kültür ve Miras” öğrenme alanlarındaki kazanımların değerlendirilmesi amacıyla kullanılan soruların kazanımlara uygunluğunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak araştırma temel nitel araştırma yaklaşımına uygun modellenmiştir. Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde uygulanmış 60 sınav dokümanına ulaşılmıştır. Dokümanlar soru inceleme formu kullanılarak iki alan uzmanı tarafından içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda; sınavlarda çoğunlukla çoktan seçmeli, doğru-yanlış, boşluk doldurma ve eşleştirme türünde bilişsel alanın bilgi düzeyine yönelik ölçme çalışmalarının yapıldığı, bu çalışmalarının “Birey ve Toplum” öğrenme alanındaki kazanımları ölçmek için yeterli düzeyde olmadığı ancak “Kültür ve Miras” öğrenme alanındaki alt düzey (fark etme, tanıtma, karşılaştırma köklerine sahip) kazanımları ölçmede kısmen daha uygun olduğu sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Sınavların hazırlanmasında kazanım düzeylerine uygun araçların geliştirilmesi ve kullanılması, bu araçları geliştirmeye yönelik gerekli eğitimlerin/örneklerin öğretmenlerle paylaşılması ve bu tür çalışmaların 2018 yılı Sosyal Bilgiler Dersi Öğretim Programındaki diğer öğrenme alanlarına yönelik de yürütülmesi önerilmektedir.
Challenges encountered by in-service K12 teachers at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic period: the case of Turkey
Authors: TOSUN Nilgün , MIHCI Can , BAYZAN Şahin
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to describe the negative experiences encountered by in-service K12 teachers in Turkey with respect to distance education practices applied urgently and compulsorily during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Analyses have been carried out on responses of teachers in order to determine the factors affecting them, so as to illustrate an example and to try to understand the impacts of decisions taken by the Turkish Ministry of National Education during the initial stages of the pandemic. The study follows a descriptive survey model and employs quota sampling based on the first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics of Turkey. 1071 teachers participated in the study on a voluntary basis during the 30 March-1 June 2020 period by filling out a questionnaire form developed by the researchers. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of data were carried out via SPSS 24 and NVIVO 10 software, respectively. Findings indicate the most prominent problems reported by teachers are the lack of internet/device access by students as well as lack of experience of teachers with distance education. Analyses of problem frequency based on demographics have revealed that female teachers were more likely to suffer from the lack of IT skills. Teachers in the age group of 41+, who belong to generation X, also tend to experience more problems due to the lack of IT skills in comparison with their younger peers. Moreover, issues such as internet and infrastructure inadequacies experienced in rural regions, low participation rate of students in the online courses, indifference of parents, and failure of teachers to be sufficiently active in the system, were considered as problems by the teachers; and solution suggestions have been presented accordingly.
Values Education Practices in Preschool: The Case of Turkey and the United States
Authors: YENEN Emin Tamer , ULUCAN Perihan
Published: June 2021

In this study, the aim is to determine national and universal values that are tried to be taught to children in pre-school education institutions of different cultures and to compare programs and practices in the context of value education within the framework of teachers' views. Case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. In the study, criterion and convenience sampling methods, one of the purposive sampling methods, were used in determining the study group. In this context, the study group of the research consisted of 52 pre-school teachers who participated in the study voluntarily from Turkey and the United States, Ohio. In the study, semi-structured interview form was used as the data collection tool. The data of the study was analyzed by content analysis method. The results show that values education cannot be provided only through the integration of values in the curriculum, and that value transfer is a sophisticated process involving many disciplines. It is understood from the findings that there are significant differences in value perception as well as differences in practice in both countries. For example, in both countries the priority national values were found to be different. Although there are similarities in the methods and techniques used in values education practices in both countries, it was concluded that in terms of assessment methods teachers from Ohio were able to employ more diverse methods and observe their students better. In addition, teachers from Ohio do not experience as many problems as Turkish teachers and are solution-oriented in values education practices.
Do the Personality Traits of Teacher Candidates Predict the Perception of Self-Efficacy and Alienation from School?
Authors: SARI Tamer , ATİK Servet , ÇELİK Osman Tayyar
Published: June 2021

Certain personality traits have been associated with effective teacher behavior for many years. In addition, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in the discussion of the evaluation of personality traits as criteria in the selection of teacher candidates. However, research-based evidence was needed on how personality traits affect teacher candidates. This study examined the relationship between teacher candidates' personality traits and their self-efficacy perceptions and their alienation from school. The research was designed in the correlational research design. The participants of the study consisted of 516 teacher candidates studying at two universities, one is in the West and the other is in the East of Turkey. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that the personality traits of the teacher candidates significantly predicted their self-efficacy perceptions and their alienation from the school when gender and department selection decision were controlled. Extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness positively predicted teachers' self-efficacy, whereas neuroticism predicted negatively. Unexpectedly, extraversion positively predicted the normlessness dimension of alienation from school. The results were discussed in the context of the evaluation of personality traits in the selection of teacher candidates and the teacher training process.
Temperate but not Brave Children: Character Strengths in Life Science Course Curriculum
Authors: YILMAZ Ferat
Published: June 2021

Character encompasses six basic virtues. These virtues can be listed as wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Each virtue comprises various character strengths that are creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, perspective, honesty, bravery, perseverance, zest, kindness, love, social intelligence, fairness, leadership, citizenship, forgiveness, modesty, prudence, self-regulation, appreciation of beauty and perfection, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality. It was aimed to examine the learning outcomes in the Life Science Course Curriculum (LSCC) in terms of character strengths in the present study. This research was carried out with the analytical research model. In the research framework, deductive content analysis was used. According to the results, prudence, self-regulation, citizenship, kindness, and social intelligence were the top five character strengths in LSCC. The strengths of bravery, persistence, leadership, forgiveness, modesty, hope, and humor were not found in LSCC. The most prominent virtue in LSCC was temperance. It is noteworthy that courage was the least emphasized virtue in LSCC. As the grade increased, the virtue of wisdom was more emphasized within LSCC learning outcomes. Considering the units, self-regulation, social intelligence, citizenship, kindness, prudence, and open-mindedness were the most emphasized character strengths in the unit of Life in Our School. Self-regulation, prudence, social intelligence, open-mindedness, love, and appreciation were the most common ones in the unit of Life in Our Home. Prudence and self-regulation came to the fore in the units of Healthy Life and the Safe Life. Citizenship in the unit of Life in Our Country and curiosity, love of learning, and love in the unit of Life in Nature became distinctive.
PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING THE TOURISM POTENTIAL OF RİZE DEREPAZARI
Authors: BOGENÇ Çiğdem
Published: June 2021

Purpose: This article aims to develop the landscape planning and design decisions of Derepazarı within the scope of the Eastern Black Sea Tourism Master Plan strategies. Method: The method of the study has been designed, taking into account the features of the district with three different landscape features. The first stage of the method is to examine the planning strategies over the area. The second stage is the natural-cultural data analysis. The third stage consists of developing landscape planning and design suggestions for the study area and examining the suggestions by the study groups. Findings: As a result of the studies, the following data were obtained: Derepazarı preserves its natural and cultural features, the tourism master plan is included in the scope of the plateau corridor, the presence of local flavours, the agricultural production is carried out with traditional methods, the intact coast, the presence of usable landscape character quality, the lack of tourism master plan of Derepazarı, the lack of different types of tourism activities, the lack of presentation, lack of urban image, the fact that recreational areas prevent different recreational activities, and individuals living in the city lack of urban living manners. Conclusion: The results of the study based on the hypothesis, which is the fact that “the natural-cultural data analysed successfully contributes to the tourism of the region by directing the landscape design process and enabling the development of original and sustainable designs,” showed that landscape analysis can positively affect the planning/design process and that natural and cultural landscapes can be included in planning/design by establishing a conservation-use balance. All kinds of planning/design to be carried out in this context will improve the tourism of Derepazarı while ensuring the sustainability of natural-cultural landscape values. While planning/designs made in line with the tourism planning strategies developed will contribute to the urban image of Derepazarı, it will also improve its economy by increasing its recognition under the influence of tourism.
REFUNCTIONING IN THE CONTEXT OF IDLE VILLAGE SCHOOLS: ÇANAKKALE CASE
Authors: AKTÜRK Selin , EDİZ Özgür
Published: June 2021

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate idle village schools in terms of their contribution to the sustainability of the village and to offer future-oriented suggestions on this issue. To propose an analysis method created in an architectural framework in determining the new functions of schools. Method: In the study, 10 re-functioned village schools in Çanakkale were handled with an analysis created in the architectural framework. The analysis has been reduced from the location of the school in the village to the use of space in the plan chart. Findings: New functions are workshops, exhibitions, administrative, social-religious and scouting activities. . The schools used by the villagers are alive and well-maintained, while those that are functioning for tourists are in neglected. All of the schools are on the main road providing village transportation. In some villages, it is observed that the school is a part of the central focus of the village, while in others it is a separate focus. The construction rate in school lands varies between 26% and 8%. In the changes in the plans, it aimed to increase the number of classrooms. Conclusion: Two suggestions were mentioned for schools to contribute to the village. The first is that schools are reused with their primary function. In this proposal, not only the school building and the garden, but the whole village should be considered as a training place. The second way is to provide a use that appeals to the villagers, both in the design phase and in the use phase. The activities that will bring the villagers together are effective both in ensuring that the school becomes a meeting place by supporting socialization and contributing to the production of the villager.
GROTTOES THAT HAVE SURVIVED TO THE PRESENT DAY FROM ISTANBUL'S HISTORICAL GARDENS AND THEIR ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Authors: UĞURYOL Drahşan
Published: June 2021

Since the 18th century, water elements in new forms have been added to the diversity of water elements that are very rich in the design of Ottoman gardens. One of the most commonly used elements in garden arrangements in Istanbul during this period is the grottos, which are artificial caves. Aim: Considering the examples of these structures in Istanbul, it is seen that many of them have disappeared, and those that have survived to the present day have conservation problems. It is necessary to research the design and structural plan of the grottoes, the materials used and the decoration program so that the necessary restoration and conservation work can be carried out. For this reason, this study aimed at determining the design properties of the grottoes in historical gardens in Istanbul. Method: Within the scope of the study, grottos located in Yıldız Palace, Maslak Pavilions, Beykoz Pavilion, Emirgan Grove, Abraham Pasha Grove and Mizzi Mansion garden were architecturally evaluated in detail. Result: The grottos in historical gardens in Istanbul were created by covering the surfaces of a bearing structure created using stone, brick and iron supports with a mortar, natural or artificial stones to form a cave. The basic principle in the design is to obtain a natural look. Grottoes resembled cascades with the water that usually flowed in a stepped way were also used to grow plants on them, to create a strolling area in the garden, or as a watch area. Conclusion: With this study, it has been observed that in order to protect the grottos in the historical gardens of Istanbul, it has been seen that it is necessary to prepare their inventories, to reveal conservation problems and to do more research on the subject.
Expression and purification protocol of FIP200 full length or FIP200∆641–779 v1
Authors: Shi Xiaoshan
Published: June 2021

This protocol describes the expression and purification of FIP200 full length or FIP200∆641–779.
Chickpea Inoculation withA. rabiei for Ascochyta Blight Disease Assessment Under Controlled Conditions v1
Authors: Christie Melody , Prabhakaran Sambasivam Dr , Bar Ido , Bar Ido
Published: June 2021

This protocol describes the inoculation preparation, bioassay and disease assessment of Ascochyta rabiei isolates on a differential set of chickpea host genotypes.
Individual Psychological Characteristics of Individuals Engaged in Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Romanova Julia , Lisetska Victoria
Published: June 2021

The results of empirical research devoted to the study of individual psychological characteristics of individuals engaged in social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are considered in this article. Social entrepreneurship is a new area of practice that is developing rapidly but is still insufficiently studied in psychology. Foreign research projects compare social entrepreneurs’ personal traits with the ones of traditional entrepreneurs, members of the general public, employees in the same area of activity, volunteers, etc. There are such personal traits of social entrepreneurs that have a higher level of development (compared to others) as empathy, willingness to take risks and to cooperate and develop social networks, creativity, need for autonomy and independence, optimism, trust in others, belief in positive social changes, ability to cope with obstacles on their way to social mission implementation. Most researchers emphasize the developed sense of social responsibility, moral obligations towards others, self-sacrifice of social entrepreneurs. As a result of the empirical research of individual psychological characteristics of individuals engaged in social and traditional entrepreneurship in Ukraine psychological particularities within each group of entrepreneurs have been determined. A psychological portrait of social entrepreneur has been compiled based on the obtained empirical data: an active, focused on the external world, intent on reflection and introspection, receptive to obtain new knowledge, hardworking, creative, relatively emotionally stable, moderately conformable and ambitious individual, which is characterized by a high level of empathy and an internal locus of control, which can work successfully both as a team member and independently, which can adequately estimate their capabilities and make right decisions in situations of uncertainty and risk. The differences between groups of traditional and social entrepreneurs in such factors as «Openness» according to the Big 5 Personality Traits, «Сreative tendency», «Calculated risk-taking», «Internal locus of control» according to the General measure of Enterprising Tendency (GET) test, as well as according to the Balanced Emotional Empathy Test have been detected. Based on these findings one can conclude that a phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is a dynamic process that meets the urgent needs of society, corresponds to individual motives and is determined by the specifics of professional tasks we solve, and therefore by the type of business activity in general.
STUDY OF CHANGES IN CURRANT DURING FAST FREEZING
Authors: Kiurchev Serhii , Verkholantseva Valentуna , Kiurcheva Lyidmila , Hutsol Taras , Semenyshyna Iryna
Published: June 2021

Frozen berries have a number of undeniable advantages: they do not require additional preparation costs, are almost ready to eat, and most importantly, thanks to modern technologies, they retain almost twice as much nutrients as with other canning methods. Increasingly, there are risks associated with internal and external factors, as well as problems with excess yields that threaten not to sell the product fresh. short shelf life immediately after harvest, which increases the critical dependence on market prices. One of the progressive technological methods of processing fruit and berry products is quick freezing. The use of such freezing gives, first of all, a low degree of product damage, minimally reduces the biological value and taste characteristics, and the use of freezing does not significantly affect the quality of the thawed product.The main task of an industrial or commercial line for shock freezing of berries is to ensure almost instantaneous preservation of the product, which will retain all its nutritional value and taste. This is usually achieved by rapidly chilling the berries to -18 °C. By far the best option for extending the shelf life of freshly cooked food is to freeze it quickly. There are various options, but the best known is the freezing technology. For instant freezing without crystallization, it is necessary to provide a temperature of -5 ...- 18 °C. Experimental data were obtained during research. The temperature regime of storage of currants with the preservation of quality indicators using a freezing device is also considered. When frozen quickly, the berries should be blown from all sides or literally float in a stream of frosty air of the appropriate temperature. The duration of this process depends on the type and size of the berries, as well as on the intensity of the cooling air flow. The current direction in the field of research of frozen berries is the preservation of consumer properties of berries after freezing
FEATURES OF WEEDINESS OF THE FIELD BY ROOT RESIDUES OF CORN
Authors: Korchak Mykola , Yermakov Serhii , Hutsol Taras , Burko Lesya , Tulej Weronika
Published: June 2021

The presence of a large amount of root residues after harvesting corn creates problems for the processing of the field. On the basis of field and laboratory studies, the character of weediness and the main physical and morphological characteristics of rhizomes were revealed. Analysis of the variation curves of the dimensional characteristics of root residues and the mass graphical dependences of rhizomes made it possible to develop a general approach to freeing fields from plant residues of corn.
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES AS A FACTOR FOR RURAL DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Cāne Renāte
Published: June 2021

The concept of digital transformation, which refers to the use of strategically managed digital technologies to achieve various economic and social goals, is increasingly visible in various development programs of the European Union and Latvia. The aim of the digital transformation is to create a society, economy and public administration that purposefully uses the existing and creates new opportunities of digital technologies, improving the quality of life for every individual and society as well, raising the competitiveness of the country and economy. The National Development Plan of Latvia for 2021-2027 also identifies the further development of digitalization as a pervasive element for all sectors, especially in such areas as innovation and science, education, health care, inclusive society and labor market, infrastructure, regional development, security, as well as also environment and energy. In order to do this, the “Digital Transformation Guidelines for 2021-2027” have been developed, which set out the goals, directions and tasks of the digital transformation policy. One of the basic conditions for digital transformation is a digitally skilled society. To develop the rural environment, including through digital solutions, an initiative supported by the European Commission – ‘Smart Villages’, has been in place since 2016. It is a relatively new concept in EU policy-making and includes a vision for the future of rural areas. ‘Smart’, in the sense of this concept, means the development of new forms of cooperation – between farmers and other entrepreneurs in rural areas, between municipalities, the private and public sectors, and cooperation takes place from the bottom up and from the top down. Smart village strategies can ensure that the digital needs, priorities and capabilities of the rural population are addressed at local level and can help to link these core activities to national and regional digital strategies. The aim of the research is to study the development opportunities of smart villages and their potential in the process of digital transformation of the rural environment. The study carried out an analysis of the rural and regional policies, as well as digital transformation strategic documents. The article also examines examples of the use of digital solutions in smart villages in European countries. The study concludes that the introduction of the concept of smart villages is an effective tool for digital transformation in rural areas, both processes have a common goal and tasks, the most important of which is to take actions to prevent working-age persons from leaving local areas, moving to the capital city Riga or leaving Latvia.
EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOST DOSES ON CANABIS SATIVA PHOTOSYNTHESIS-RELATED PARAMETERS, GROWTH AND YIELD
Authors: Stramkale Veneranda , Ievinsh Gederts , Vikmane Māra , Kirse Agnese , Kroica Ieva
Published: June 2021

Hemp, Cannabis sativa is certainly a mul­tifunctional as well as a niche crop, due to great po­ten­tial for innovative use of its different products. Aspects of hemp mineral nutrition are very important in the cultivation of these plants, in particular to make cul­ti­vation environmentally friendly by replacing synthetic fertilizers with organic ones. Among organic fertilizers, vermicompost has gained particular attention within the last decades. Explaining the role of vermicompost, this study evaluated the effects of different doses of this fer­ti­lizer on hemps in two separate field studies. In a small-scale field experiment, the effect of two doses of ver­micompost and adequate concentrations of mineral elements fertilizers the growth, physiological condition, as well as yield of hemp was compared. The effect of increasing doses of vermicompost on the physiological condition and yield of hemp was analysed in a broader field experiment. The experiments were performed at the Viļāni Scientific Centre of the Agricultural Resour­ces and Economics, in 2017 and 2018, using the Latvian hemp cultivar ‘Pūriņi’. For the experiments, certified vermicompost produced by ‘Eko Zeme’ (Latvia) was used, which was produced from composted cow manure by adding grass biomass. In field experiment, the posi­tive effect of vermicompost on hemp growth was greater than the effect of equivalent mineral fertilizer con­centra­tions. When using vermicompost in increasing doses, better hemp growth (40–60 %) was observed at 5 and 10 t ha-1, stem yield increased on average by 40 % due vermicompost, seed yield ranging from 1.00 t ha-1 in control plants, to 1.56 t ha-1 in 20 t ha-1 in plants treated with 20 t ha–1 vermicompost plants. The weight of 1000 seeds per plant in all variants (from 13.54 to 13.85 g) was relatively close to the indicated maximum level (14.59 g). A statistically significant increase in chlo­ro­phyll concentration in plant leaves was observed under the influence of vermicompost. The increase in the Per­for­mance Index of the chlorophyll a fluorescence measu­rement was only for plants in individual experimental variants; regardless of how significant the increase in stem and seed yield was due to the respective doses of vermicompost. In general, the results characterize the growth of hemp in local agroclimatic conditions and allow to expect a stable increase in yield under the in­fluence of vermicompost.
EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY OF SOYBEANS AND OBTAINED PRODUCT FEEDING EFFECT ON LACTATING SOWS AND THEIR OFFSPRINGS PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Jansons Imants , Degola Lilija , Sterna Vita
Published: June 2021

The aim of study was to estimate the processing technology of soybeans produced in Latvia and to compare the possibilities of using the obtained soybean cake with imported soybean meal in the feeding of lactating sows and their offspring. From soybeans, which were processed into animal feed, we obtained a product with a high content of protein. The control group of sows and fattening pigs received the imported soybean meal mixed into the compound feed, but the trial groups compound feed was mixed with soybean cake grown and processed in Latvia. Fattening pigs were weighed regularly. Feed consumption was counted and feed conversion was calculated. Was determined meat quality, carcases weight, carcases length. The chemical composition of the manure was analysed. Statistical analysis of data was performed with SAS / STAT 9.22 software package. The inclusion of soy cakes grown and processed in Latvia in lactating sow feed increased sow milk yields traits by 3.9% at 21 day of piglet age. At the end of experiment higher live weight by 3.42% were found in the trial group. Carcass quality indicators and chemical composition of meat did not show significant differences. Was observed a tendency to decrease in manure the content of organic matter in the trial group by 3.25%, decrease levels of total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen compared to the control group. Using soybean cakes grown and processed in Latvia is possible to develop feed rations that showed similar pig growth results to imported soybean meal.
PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOYBEAN CULTIVARS DEPENDING ON METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND GROWING MANNER IN LATGALE 2018–2020
Authors: Pekša Kintija , Justs Arnis , Stramkale Veneranda , Stramkalis Aldis , Zute Sanita
Published: June 2021

In recent decades in Latvia and other European countries increased interest about growing protein-rich crops and especially soybeans (Glycine max). Although soybean cultivation experiments in Latvia have been carried out for some time, there is still insufficient knowledge about cultivating these plants in the country's climatic conditions. A field trials was carried out in 2018, 2019 and 2020 in the Latgale Agricultural Science Centre. The effect of three factors (A: soybean cultivar (A1 — ‘Lajma’, A2 — ‘Laulema’, A3 — ‘Merlin’, A4 — ‘Tiguan’, A5 — ‘Paradis’, A6 — ‘Touttis’); B: sowing rate (B1 — 40, B2 — 50, B3 — 60 germinable seeds per 1 m2); C: row spacing (C1 — 12.5 cm, C2 — 25 cm) on the development and yield formation of soybean was examined. The experiment was carried out in the framework of the project ‘New technologies and important to look for earlier cultivars to avoid farming risks.
EVALUATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE CONTENT IN EGGSHELLS OF AVIAN, TURTLE, SNAIL, AND OSTRICH USING CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Umbraško Inta , Petjukevičs Aleksandrs , Batjuka Anna , Harlamova Nadežda
Published: June 2021

In the present study, different eggs were collected and analyzed from five various animal species: European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)), giant African land snail (Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)), common ostrich (Struthio camelus (Linnaeus, 1758)), white, light-brown, and dark-brown laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and European quail (Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758). The typical mineral shell mainly composed of the calcite polymorph of CaCO3 but the eggshell consists of membranes, that composed mainly of proteins. The shell quality also could be assigned by several external and internal factors such as oviposition time, animal genotype and age, housing system (for poultry), and mineral nutrition complex. The CaCO3 content was determined by the standard titration method, coz the titration could provide a reliable method for evaluation of CaCO3 content in different types of eggshells. The structural surface characterization of eggshells was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a field emission gun. In terms of chemical composition, ostrich eggshells generally did not differ much from those of laying hen, turtles, giant snails, or quail eggs, but the concentration of calcium carbonate was the highest. The average calcium carbonate content of various eggshells is between 84 and 98%. The thickness of the eggshell ranges from 0.08 to 1.89 mm, and it  is not the same over the entire surface of the egg. At the sharp end of the egg, the shell is slightly thicker than at the blunt end. The purpose of this study was to study the quantitative content of calcium carbonate in various eggshells of different animals to draw further conclusions in which animals the eggshell contains the maximum amount of biological calcium carbonate.
INDUSTRY 4.0 – CHALLENGE TO HUMAN RESOURCES
Authors: Mihova Toni , Ivanova Ivelina
Published: June 2021

The report examines the key role of human resources in implementing the digital transformation of business processes in Bulgarian industrial enterprises. The survey was conducted in fifty-eight industrial enterprises in Bulgaria; the participants in the study were 232 HR managers and specialists. The main method of research is the questionnaire and the paper contains the results of the analysis of this questionnaire