bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thrombocytosis and portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy for paediatric haemolytic disorders: How should they be managed?
Authors: Stringer Mark D , Lucas Nathanael
Published: September 2018

Splenectomy is indicated in selected children with haemolytic anaemia. Postoperatively, thrombocytosis occurs in at least 80% and is one of the factors implicated in the development of acute portal venous thrombosis after splenectomy in adults. A literature review shows that children are also at risk of this complication, but the incidence is low. The risk is greatest in those with particularly large spleens. Laparoscopic splenectomy does not reduce the risk of this complication. Early detection and anticoagulation usually leads to successful resolution of the thrombosis and can mitigate the risk of developing cavernous transformation of the portal vein and chronic portal hypertension. Any child with severe or unexplained postoperative abdominal pain, fever and/or vomiting after splenectomy demands urgent abdominal imaging to exclude this complication. In asymptomatic individuals, a routine Doppler ultrasound scan 1 week postoperatively is advisable if they had a particularly large spleen, longer than usual duration of surgery and/or have a marked postoperative thrombocytosis. There is no evidence for routine administration of antiplatelet drugs and/or subcutaneous heparin prophylaxis in children after splenectomy, including those who develop postoperative thrombocytosis, but children with particularly large spleens may be a subset that benefit.
Effect of transfer time, temperature, and size on burrowing capacity of juvenile clams, Mulinia edulis, from hatchery
Authors: Abarca Alejandro , Oliva Doris , Toledo Pedro
Published: September 2018

Studies under laboratory and field conditions have shown that juvenile Mulinia edulis clams measuring 5–15 mm are able to tolerate transfer times of over 24 hr and burrow successfully. Burrowing generally followed an asymptotic curve over time, with a rapid initial phase for smaller juveniles, which slowed over time. In laboratory conditions, at low temperatures (8°C), juvenile burrowing was initially rapid (50–70% at first 2 min). In summer temperatures (15.5°C), the burrowing capacity of three sizes of juvenile clams was tested. Size determines differences in burrowing dynamics, where juveniles of 8.9 mm shell length (SL) take longer to burrow than smaller juveniles (4.9 and 6.3 mm SL). For longer transfer times in laboratory conditions (>12 hr), burrowing was slower. The results indicate a faster burrowing rate in smaller (<10 mm) juvenile clams than in larger ones. Transfer times over 24 hr in field experiments show burrowing levels of over 50% after a 60‐min evaluation, with larger juveniles (>10 mm) requiring longer for burrowing. Based on our results, we suggest sending seeds out to grow in natural environments at SL <10 mm, temperatures below 12°C, and transfer times shorter than 12 hr. These results are valuable for improving future transfer techniques from hatchery to growout for small‐scale aquaculture of this new native species in South America.
Naturalization and labor market performance of immigrants in Germany
Authors: Riphahn Regina T. , Saif Salwan
Published: September 2018

Naturalization may be a relevant policy instrument affecting immigrant integration in host‐country labor markets. We study the effect of naturalization on labor market outcomes of immigrants in Germany. We apply recent survey data and exploit a reform of naturalization rules in an instrumental variable estimation. In our sample of recent immigrants, linear regression yields positive correlations between naturalization and beneficial labor market outcomes. Once we account for the endogeneity of naturalization, most coefficients decline in magnitude and lose statistical significance: male immigrants’ labor market outcomes do not benefit significantly from naturalization. Naturalization reduces the risks of unemployment and welfare dependence for female immigrants. For males and females, the propensity to hold a permanent contract increases as a consequence of naturalization. The results are robust to modifications of samples and the instrument.
Relapse after severe acute malnutrition: A systematic literature review and secondary data analysis
Authors: Stobaugh Heather C. , Mayberry Amy , McGrath Marie , Bahwere Paluku , Zagre Noël Marie , Manary Mark J. , Black Robert , Lelijveld Natasha
Published: September 2018

The objectives of most treatment programs for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children focus on initial recovery only, leaving post‐discharge outcomes, such as relapse, poorly understood and undefined. This study aimed to systematically review current literature and conduct secondary data analyses of studies that captured relapse rates, up to 18‐month post‐discharge, in children following recovery from SAM treatment. The literature search (including PubMed and Google Scholar) built upon two recent reviews to identify a variety of up‐to‐date published studies and grey literature. This search yielded 26 articles and programme reports that provided information on relapse. The proportion of children who relapsed after SAM treatment varied greatly from 0% to 37% across varying lengths of time following discharge. The lack of a standard definition of relapse limited comparability even among the few studies that have quantified post‐discharge relapse. Inconsistent treatment protocols and poor adherence to protocols likely add to the wide range of relapse reported. Secondary analysis of a database from Malawi found no significant association between potential individual risk factors at admission and discharge, except being an orphan, which resulted in five times greater odds of relapse at 6 months post‐discharge (95% CI [1.7, 12.4], P = 0.003). The development of a standard definition of relapse is needed for programme implementers and researchers. This will allow for assessment of programme quality regarding sustained recovery and better understanding of the contribution of relapse to local and global burden of SAM.
Ameliorating effects and mechanisms of chronic electroacupuncture at ST36 in a rodent model of dyspepsia induced by cisplatin
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhang Sunjuan , Ye Feng , Yin Jieyun , Li Shiying , Chen Jiande D. Z.
Published: September 2018

Background

Chemotherapy‐associated dyspepsia syndrome (CADS) is among the most intensive side effects and critical concerns for patients with cancer. To investigate the effects and mechanisms of chronic electroacupuncture (EA) at ST36 on chemotherapy‐associated dyspeptic symptoms (CADS) in rats.

Methods

Cisplatin (8 mg/kg, ip) was given once to establish CADS model. EA or sham‐EA treatment was then performed one hour daily for 21 days.

Key Results

(a) EA treatment decreased kaolin intake within 24 hours (1.67 ± 0.23 g vs 2.36 ± 0.37 g in sham‐EA,P < 0.05); EA increased food intake (9.43 ± 2.28 vs 4.32 ± 1.26 in sham‐EA,P < 0.05) and cisplatin‐induced reduction of body weight (426.38 ± 13.25 vs 407.92 ± 13.26 in sham‐EA,P = 0.05). (b) The incidence of normal behavioral satiety sequence (53%) in EA group was greater than that in sham‐EA (32%) group (X2 = 17.68,P < 0.01). (c) EA increased the percentage of normal gastric slow waves (82.6 ± 5.98 vs 22.8 ± 1.90 in sham‐EA,P < 0.05). (d) EA normalized cisplatin delayed gastric emptying (71.3% ± 6.8% vs 44.6% ± 11.2% in control,P < 0.05). (e) EA decreased ratio of heart rate variability (0.30 ± 0.03 vs 0.56 ± 0.05 in sham‐EA,P < 0.05). (f) EA decreased fasting ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and peptide YY (P < 0.01 vs sham‐EA for all).

Conclusions and Inferences

Chronic EA ameliorates dyspepsia symptom and improves gastric dysmotility induced by Cisplatin, mediated via the vagal and gastrointestinal hormonal mechanisms.
The optimal order of stimulation modalities and reproducibility of the multimodal esophageal stimulation paradigm
Authors: Broers Charlotte , Boecxstaens Veerle , Deloose Eveline , Tack Jan , Pauwels Ans
Published: September 2018

Background

Esophageal hypersensitivity can be triggered by different stimuli. We use a multimodal stimulation model to study esophageal sensitivity to four sensory modalities: thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimulation. The optimal order of these stimulations needs further validation.

Methods

Esophageal sensitivity to thermal (heated saline solution), mechanical (balloon distention), electrical (block pulses with electrodes), and chemical stimulation (acid solution, 0.1 N HCl) was assessed in 10 subjects. In one session, thermal stimulation was performed first, followed by mechanical stimulation (“original protocol”). In a second session, mechanical stimulation was performed first, followed by temperature stimulation (“reversed protocol”). Besides, the impact of balloon distention speed (25 mL/min vs 50 mL/min) during mechanical stimulation was evaluated. Secondly, in order to establish reproducibility, independent control sessions of multimodal stimulations in 15 healthy volunteers were used retrospectively.

Key results

A significant difference in pain perception threshold for thermal stimulation was found between the original and reversed protocol (P = 0.046), indicating that mechanical stimulation can sensitize the esophagus to thermal stimulation. Balloon distention rate had no impact on sensitivity thresholds for mechanical stimulation. Concerning the reproducibility, there were no differences for thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimulation in any of the control sessions.

Conclusions

The optimal order of the multimodal stimulation protocol was to start with the thermal stimulation, followed by mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimulation. The optimal balloon distention rate was 25 mL/min. Multimodal esophageal stimulation generates reproducible perception scores in health and therefore provides a reliable method to assess esophageal sensitivity changes after interventions that may alter esophageal sensitivity.
Adipose may actively delay progression of NAFLD by releasing tumor‐suppressing, anti‐fibrotic miR‐122 into circulation
Authors: Baranova A. , Maltseva D. , Tonevitsky A.
Published: September 2018

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver pathology. Here we propose tissue‐cooperative, homeostatic model of NAFLD. During early stages of NAFLD the intrahepatic production of miR‐122 falls, while the secretion of miRNA‐containing exosomes by adipose increases. Bloodstream carries exosome to the liver, where their miRNA cargo is released to regulate their intrahepatic targets. When the deterioration of adipose catches up with the failing hepatic parenchyma, the external supply of liver‐supporting miRNAs gradually tapers off, leading to the fibrotic decompensation of the liver and an increase in hepatic carcinogenesis. This model may explain paradoxical observations of the disease‐associated decrease in intrahepatic production of certain miRNAs with an increase in their levels in serum. Infusions of miR‐122 and, possibly, some other miRNAs may be efficient for preventing NAFLD‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma. The best candidates for exosome‐wrapped miRNA producer are adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), known for their capacity to shed large amounts of exosomes into the media. Notably, MSC‐derived exosomes with no specific loading are already tested in patients with liver fibrosis. Carrier exosomes may be co‐manufactured along with their cargo. Exosome‐delivered miRNA cocktails may augment functioning of human organs suffering from a variety of chronic diseases.
Large herbivore migration plasticity along environmental gradients in Europe: life‐history traits modulate forage effects
Authors: Peters Wibke , Hebblewhite Mark , Mysterud Atle , Eacker Daniel , Hewison A. J. Mark , Linnell John D. C. , Focardi Stefano , Urbano Ferdinando , De Groeve Johannes , Gehr Benedikt , Heurich Marco , Jarnemo Anders , Kjellander Petter , Kröschel Max , Morellet Nicolas , Pedrotti Luca , Reinecke Horst , Sandfort Robin , Sönnichsen Leif , Sunde Peter , Cagnacci Francesca
Published: September 2018

The most common framework under which ungulate migration is studied predicts that it is driven by spatio–temporal variation in plant phenology, yet other hypotheses may explain differences within and between species. To disentangle more complex patterns than those based on single species/ single populations, we quantified migration variability using two sympatric ungulate species differing in their foraging strategy, mating system and physiological constraints due to body size. We related observed variation to a set of hypotheses. We used GPS‐collar data from 537 individuals in 10 roeCapreolus capreolusand 12 red deerCervus elaphuspopulations spanning environmental gradients across Europe to assess variation in migration propensity, distance and timing. Using time‐to‐event models, we explored how the probability of migration varied in relation to sex, landscape (e.g. topography, forest cover) and temporally‐varying environmental factors (e.g. plant green‐up, snow cover). Migration propensity varied across study areas. Red deer were, on average, three times more migratory than roe deer (56% versus 18%). This relationship was mainly driven by red deer males which were twice as migratory as females (82% versus 38%). The probability of roe deer migration was similar between sexes. Roe deer (both sexes) migrated earliest in spring. While territorial male roe deer migrated last in autumn, male and female red deer migrated around the same time in autumn, likely due to their polygynous mating system. Plant productivity determined the onset of spring migration in both species, but if plant productivity on winter ranges was sufficiently high, roe deer were less likely to leave. In autumn, migration coincided with reduced plant productivity for both species. This relationship was stronger for red deer. Our results confirm that ungulate migration is influenced by plant phenology, but in a novel way, that these effects appear to be modulated by species‐specific traits, especially mating strategies.
Belowground community responses to fire: meta‐analysis reveals contrasting responses of soil microorganisms and mesofauna
Authors: Pressler Yamina , Moore John C. , Cotrufo M. Francesca
Published: September 2018

Global fire regimes are shifting due to climate and land use changes. Understanding the responses of belowground communities to fire is key to predicting changes in the ecosystem processes they regulate. We conducted a comprehensive meta‐analysis of 1634 observations from 131 empirical studies to investigate the effect of fire on soil microorganisms and mesofauna. Fire had a strong negative effect on soil biota biomass, abundance, richness, evenness, and diversity. Fire reduced microorganism biomass and abundance by up to 96%. Bacteria were more resistant to fire than fungi. Fire reduced nematode abundance by 88% but had no significant effect on soil arthropods. Fire reduced richness, evenness and diversity of soil microorganisms and mesofauna by up to 99%. We found little evidence of temporal trends towards recovery within 10 years post‐disturbance suggesting little resilience of the soil community to fire. Interactions between biome, fire type, and depth explained few of these negative trends. Future research at the intersection of fire ecology and soil biology should aim to integrate soil community structure with the ecosystem processes they mediate under changing global fire regimes.
The globalisation‐regionalisation debate in international crude oil markets: old wine in new bottles
Authors: Dar Arif Billah
Published: September 2018

In this paper, a new perspective of testing the globalisation–regionalisation hypothesis in the two international crude oil benchmarks, the European Brent and the American WTI, is proposed. Existing studies have failed to take into account the time horizons in studying the globalisation–regionalisation of two benchmark crude oil markets. This study overcomes the given limitation by testing the correlation and cross‐correlation at different time horizons. The results are suggestive that the two benchmark crude oil markets are more globalised at longer time horizons compared to the shorter time horizons. Furthermore, in the recent years, it is found that the two markets have regionalised.
Inhaled procaterol for the treatment of transient tachypnea of the newborn
Authors: Taniguchi Akinobu , Hayakawa Masahiro , Matsusawa Maiko , Hayashi Seiji
Published: September 2018

Background

Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a respiratory disorder that results from inadequate or delayed clearance of fetal lung fluid following delivery. At present, supportive care is generally practiced for the treatment of TTN. In this study, we focused on inhaled beta‐agonists for the treatment of TTN, and the aim was to verify the efficacy and the safety of inhaled procaterol for the treatment of TTN.

Methods

Inhaled procaterol or normal saline solution was administered to infants. Respiratory rate and mixed venous carbon dioxide (PvCO2) were evaluated as the primary outcomes. The duration of hospitalization, duration of oxygen therapy, and changes in respiratory support were evaluated as secondary outcomes.

Results

Thirty‐seven neonates diagnosed with TTN were randomly assigned to the procaterol group (n = 18) or the placebo group (n = 19). There were no differences in PvCO2 or respiratory rate between the two groups before and after intervention. Median duration of oxygen therapy (3 days; IQR, 3–6.5 days vs 2 days, IQR, 2–4.75 days; P = 0.13) and of hospitalization (15 days; IQR, 11.25–20 days vs 11 days, IQR, 8–15.5 days; P = 0.14) were not significantly different.

Conclusions

Inhaled procaterol was not effective for the treatment of TTN.
Successful percutaneous transhepatic recanalization of a completely obstructed hepatico‐jejunal anastomosis in a child with liver transplantation: Unusual employment of the transseptal puncture system
Authors: Paolantonio Guglielmo , Pietrobattista Andrea , Parapatt George Koshy , Liccardo Daniela , Natali Gian Luigi , Candusso Manila , Spada Marco , Rollo Massimo , Tomà Paolo
Published: September 2018

Stenosis of the HJ is a common complication of pediatric split LT with high morbidity and possible evolution to secondary biliary cirrhosis and re‐transplantation if not treated. Because the endoscopy is generally infeasible in the Roux‐en‐Y, percutaneous interventional radiology management is usually the safest and most effective approach to avoid surgical revision of a stenotic bilio‐enteric anastomosis. We present the case of a child with acute onset of cholestasis 7 months after left lateral segment partial LT due to occlusion of the HJ. The biliary stricture was found to be non‐crossable with conventional interventional radiological techniques. The obstruction was resolved creating a new bilio‐digestive communication via percutaneous transhepatic approach using the TPS. This device is usually employed by the interventional cardiologist to perform some procedures requiring the direct access to the left atrium through interatrial septal puncture. In conclusion, percutaneous transhepatic recanalization of the hepato‐jejuno anastomosis is a rare but feasible and valuable procedure alternative to the surgical resolution even in small infants. Although few cases have been reported in literature, it has to be considered an additional treatment option when the conventional approaches fail.
Propositions, Meaning, and Names
Authors: Grøtvedt Haze Tristan
Published: September 2018

The object of this paper is to sketch an approach to propositions, meaning, and names. The key ingredients are a Twin‐Earth‐inspired distinction between internal and external meaning, and a middle‐Wittgenstein‐inspired conception of internal meaning as role in language system. The focus here is not on working out all the details, but on outlining the approach and showing how it offers a promising solution to the problem of the meaning of proper names. This is a plea for a neglected way of thinking about these topics.
The Scope of Partisan Influence on Policy Opinion
Authors: Peterson Erik
Published: September 2018

Politicians often support policies that diverge from public preferences. How effectively can partisan cues lead public opinion in these settings? Using survey experiments that examine how partisan cues affect support for policies that diverge from the initial views of party supporters, I argue for two important limitations on the scope of partisan influence over public opinion. First, while cues from copartisan politicians produce modest increases in the support policy proposals receive, the effect of policy divergence outstrips the effect of cues, constraining elites’ ability to generate support for proposals at odds with public preferences. Second, while partisan cues increase mass partisans’ support for specific policy proposals, they fail to pull the underlying preferences of party supporters toward divergent elite‐endorsed positions. This offers new insight into the mechanisms behind party‐cues effects and demonstrates a check on the influence of partisan elites in a polarized era.
Life History and System Justification: Higher Individual Fertility and Lower Provincial Life Expectancy Correlate With Stronger Progovernment Attitudes in China
Authors: Zhang Jinguang , Zhong Zhijin
Published: September 2018

System justification theory posits that people sometimes legitimize current social arrangements at their own cost. Indeed, research showed that lower socioeconomic status (SES) correlates with stronger progovernment attitudes, but this correlation does not appear reliable. This research proposes a different class of correlates of progovernment attitudes drawing on life history (LH) theory. People who pursue a faster LH strategy (e.g., reproducing earlier and in larger quantities) should be more progovernment because their lower resource‐accruing potential makes them more dependent on government support (e.g., public services and social welfare) to raise a large family. Supporting this hypothesis, Chinese respondents’ individual fertility positively correlated with confidence in government (Study 1) and partially mediated the negative correlation between provincial life expectancy and support of censoring government criticisms (Study 2). These findings suggest an alternative explanation to some of the correlations between SES and progovernment attitudes, provide a new mechanism of system justification, and add to the growing body of work on LH strategy and political psychology.
Cascade and no‐repetition rules are comparable controls for the auditory frequency mismatch negativity in oddball tasks
Authors: Wiens Stefan , Szychowska Malina , Eklund Rasmus , van Berlekom Erik
Published: September 2018

The mismatch negativity (MMN) has been widely studied with oddball tasks to index processing of unexpected auditory change. The MMN is computed as the difference of deviant minus standard and is used to capture the pattern violation by the deviant. However, this oddball MMN is confounded because the deviant differs physically from the standard and is presented less often. To improve measurement, the same tone as the deviant is presented in a separate condition. This control tone is equiprobable with other tones and is used to compute a corrected MMN (deviant minus control). Typically, the tones are in random order except that consecutive tones are not identical (no‐repetition rule). In contrast, a recent study on frequency MMN presented tones in a regular up‐and‐down sequence (cascade rule). If the cascade rule is detected more easily than the no‐repetition rule, there should be a lower risk of a confounding MMN within the cascade condition. However, in previous research, the cascade and no‐repetition conditions differed not only in the regularity of the tone sequence but also in number of tones, frequency range, and proportion of tones. We controlled for these differences to isolate effects of regularity in the tone sequence. Results of our preregistered analyses provided moderate evidence (BF01>6) that the corrected MMN did not differ between cascade and no‐repetition conditions. These findings imply that no‐repetition and cascade rules are processed similarly and that the no‐repetition condition provides an adequate control in frequency MMN.
Visuospatial sequence learning on the serial reaction time task modulates the P1 event‐related potential
Authors: Lum Jarrad A. G. , Lammertink Imme , Clark Gillian M. , Fuelscher Ian , Hyde Christian , Enticott Peter G. , Ullman Michael T.
Published: September 2018

This study examined whether the P1, N1, and P3 ERP components would be sensitive to sequence learning effects on the serial reaction time task. On this task, participants implicitly learn a visuospatial sequence. Participants in this study were 35 healthy adults. Reaction time (RT) data revealed that, at the group level, participants learned the sequence. Specifically, RT became faster following repeated exposure to the visuospatial sequence and then slowed down in a control condition. Analyses of ERP data revealed no evidence for sequence learning effects for the N1 or P3 component. However, sequence learning effects were observed for the P1 component. Mean P1 amplitude mirrored the RT data. The analyses showed that P1 amplitude significantly decreased as participants were exposed to the sequence but then significantly increased in the control condition. This suggests that visuospatial sequence learning can modulate visual attention levels. Specifically, it seems that, as sequence knowledge is acquired, fewer demands are placed on visual attention resources.
Effect of red propolis extract isolated or encapsulated in nanoparticles on the in vitro culture of sheep preantral follicle: Impacts on antrum formation, mitochondrial activity and glutathione levels
Authors: Nascimento Tiago S. , Silva Isabelle S. M. , Alves Maria Cecília M. A. , Gouveia Bruna B. , Barbosa Lara Mariane R. , Macedo Taís J. S. , Santos Jamile M. S. , Monte Alane P. O. , Matos Maria Helena T. , Padilha Francine F. , Lima‐Verde Isabel B.
Published: September 2018

Contents

This study aimed to characterize the hydroethanolic extract of red propolis (HERP) and nanoparticles containing HERP for using as an additive in the culture medium of isolated ovine preantral follicles. HERP was characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and determination of flavonoid content, and the nanoparticles by the mean particle diameter, polydispersity index (PI) and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The effect of HERP (10 and 20 ηg/ml—HERP10 and HERP20 groups) and nanoparticles (NP10 and NP20 groups) on isolated secondary follicles cultured in vitro for 12 days was observed by morphological evaluation, oxidative stress markers (reactive oxygen species—ROS and glutathione—GSH) and active mitochondria. HPLC showed formononetin as the major compound in the HERP (63.92 ± 0.21 μg/mL). The content of flavonoids ranged from 2.14% to 11.00%. The nanoparticles showed mean diameter of 287.5 ± 3.9 and 479 ± 18.1 ηm; PI of 0.117 ± 0.018 and 0.316 ± 0.039; and EE of 67.15% and 41%, respectively, for the NP10 and NP20 groups. After 12 days of culture, HERP20 and NP20 increased (p < 0.05) the percentage of normal follicles compared to NP10. HERP20 showed significantly higher percentages of antrum formation than control medium (MEM) and NP10 (p < 0.05). HERP20 also showed an increase (p < 0.05) in mitochondrial activity compared to the other treatments, except NP20 (p > 0.05), and increased GSH levels (p < 0.05) compared to MEM and HERP10. In conclusion, use of HERP (20 ηg/ml) on in vitro culture of isolated ovine preantral follicles can increase antrum formation, mitochondrial activity and GSH levels.
Fiscal Policy, Income Redistribution, and Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Tunisia
Authors: Jouini Nizar , Lustig Nora , Moummi Ahmed , Shimeles Abebe
Published: September 2018

This paper estimates the impact of Tunisia's tax and transfer system on inequality and poverty and assesses the benefits from public spending on education and health. Results show that Tunisia's redistributive fiscal policy reduces inequality and extreme poverty significantly. However, based on the national poverty line, the headcount ratio increases, implying that a large number of the poor people pay more in taxes than they receive in cash transfers and subsidies. This is due to a relatively high burden of personal income taxes and social security contributions for low‐income households.
The large GTPase Mx1 binds Kif5B for cargo transport along microtubules
Authors: Ringer Karina , Riehl Jana , Müller Manuel , Dewes Jenny , Hoff Florian , Jacob Ralf
Published: September 2018

A highly specific transport and sorting machinery directing secretory cargo to the apical or basolateral plasma membrane maintains the characteristic polarized architecture of epithelial cells. This machinery comprises a defined set of transport carriers, which are crucial for cargo delivery to the correct membrane domain. Each carrier is composed of a distinct set of proteins to verify precise routing and cargo selection. Among these components, the dynamin‐related GTPase Mx1 was identified on post‐Golgi vesicles destined for the apical membrane of MDCK cells. In addition to the presence on late secretory compartments, Mx1 was also detected on compartments of the early secretory pathway. Vesicular structures positive for this GTPase are highly dynamic, and we have studied the influence of the microtubule cytoskeleton on this motility. Live‐cell microscopy indicated that microtubule disruption using nocodazole inhibits long‐range trafficking of these structures. Mx1 directly or indirectly interacts with α‐tubulin and the kinesin motor Kif5B as assessed by coimmunoprecipitation. In agreement with these observations knock out of Mx1 or a mutation in the unstructured L4 loop of Mx1 decreases the efficiency of apical cargo delivery. Interestingly, the L4 loop mutant still interacts with Kif5B; however, it causes vesicle elongation. This suggests that Mx1 aids in vesicle fission and stabilizes the interaction between Kif5B, microtubules and apical transport carriers.
Anti‐tumour effect of lapatinib in canine transitional cell carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Sakai Kosei , Maeda Shingo , Saeki Kohei , Nakagawa Takayuki , Murakami Mami , Endo Yoshifumi , Yonezawa Tomohiro , Kadosawa Tsuyoshi , Mori Takashi , Nishimura Ryohei , Matsuki Naoaki
Published: September 2018

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) accounts for >90% of canine malignant tumours occurring in urinary bladder, and the prognosis is poor. Our previous study, using RNA sequencing, showed that human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) was the most activated upstream regulator related to carcinogenesis in canine TCC. The aim of this study was to examine the anti‐tumour effect of lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of HER2, on canine TCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Five canine TCC cell lines (TCCUB, Love, Sora, LCTCC, and MCTCC) were used. Western blotting showed that HER2 protein expression was observed in all of the canine TCC cell lines. Lapatinib inhibited phosphorylation of HER2 and cell growth in a dose‐dependent manner. Cell cycle analyses using flow cytometry showed that lapatinib significantly increased the sub‐G1 and G0/G1 phase fractions and significantly decreased the S and G2/M phase fractions in the cell lines (Sora and TCCUB). For the in vivo experiments, the canine TCC cells (Sora) were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. Six days after inoculation, lapatinib (100 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered daily via intraperitoneal administration for 14 days. Tumour volume was significantly smaller in the lapatinib group compared with the vehicle control group. Histologically, lapatinib significantly increased necrotic areas in the tumour tissues. These findings suggest that lapatinib exerts anti‐tumour effects on canine TCC cells by inhibiting HER2 signalling and inducing cell cycle arrest.
Influence of 2 Veress needles and 4 insertion sites on Veress needle penetration depth: A comparative study in cadaveric dogs
Authors: Leschnik Katharina , Bockstahler Barbara , Katic Nikola , Schramel Johannes P. , Dupré Gilles
Published: September 2018

Objective

To evaluate the penetration depth (VNPD) of 2 disposable Veress needles (VN) at 4 insertion sites in the abdomen.

Study design

Descriptive study.

Sample population

Canine cadavers (n = 22, 6 for confirmation of the test methods and 16 for the comparative study).

Methods

Two disposable VN (VN A and VN B) were inserted at 4 sites (9th intercostal space [ICS] and preumbilical, paraumbilical, and subumbilical sites) in dorsally recumbent dogs by using a hand‐cranked jig. The VNPD was measured as the distance traveled by the VN between the subcutaneous tissue and the perforation of the peritoneum on the basis of audible clicks and visible feedback from the VN. The effects of the VN type and insertion site on the VNPD were analyzed by using a linear mixed‐effects model.

Results

VNPD varied between insertion sites (P =  .01) and VN (P < .01). The VNPD was less at the 9th ICS than at the preumbilical, paraumbilical, and subumbilical sites. The maximal magnitude of change was 7.4 mm. Veress needle B (with a low spring rate, lower forces, and a back‐cut bevel design) penetrated farther than VN A (with a high spring rate, high forces, and a lancet‐type bevel) at 3 of 4 insertion sites. The maximal magnitude of change was 6.8 mm.

Conclusion

Veress needle penetration depth varied between VN designs but was the least at the 9th ICS in canine cadavers.

Clinical significance

Insertion of a VN at the 9th ICS is recommended to minimize its penetration into the abdomen. Associations between VNPD and mechanical factors, such as the sharpness and spring rate of VN, warrant additional research.
Assessment of overall thoracic limb axial alignment in dogs with antebrachial deformity
Authors: Cooley Katheryn , Kroner Kevin , Muir Peter , Hetzel Scott J. , Bleedorn Jason A.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To assess overall thoracic limb axial alignment in dogs with and without angular limb deformity (ALD).

Study design

Ex vivo and retrospective observational clinical study.

Animals

Forty canine thoracic limbs from bilateral normal specimens (10 pairs) and unilateral antebrachial ALD (10 uniapical and 10 biapical deformities).

Methods

Computed tomography images of the entire thoracic limb were collected for multiplanar reconstruction. Baseline limb axis was defined by the humeral anatomic axis. Axial alignment of the distal humerus, proximal and distal radius, and metacarpal bones were obtained and compared among levels and groups.

Results

The mean overall thoracic limb rotation of normal dogs was 35.4 ° (95% CI, 27.2 °, 43.6 °). Mean overall limb rotation in uniapical and biapical deformity was 41.6 ° (95% CI, 33.0 °, 50.1 °) and 54.4 ° (95% CI, 45.8 °, 62.9 °), respectively, but was not statistically different (P = .096). Only overall limb rotation in limbs with biapical ALD was different from normal limbs (P = .008). Rotation at the level of the elbow was 77% and 85% of overall limb rotation in normal and deformity limbs, respectively, and was increased from normal in limbs with ALD (both P < .05). Radial torsion did not differ among groups but was moderately correlated with overall limb rotation.

Conclusion

Rotation arising in the elbow of limbs with ALD was higher than in normal limbs and accounted for the greatest contribution of overall limb rotation.

Clinical significance

Assessment of radial torsion alone is insufficient to understand overall limb axial alignment in dogs with antebrachial bone deformity.
Rebuilding Oran
Authors: Schreier Joshua
Published: September 2018

After 1792, the regency of Algiers invited Jews and Muslims to settle in Oran, opened Oran to the interior, and reopened the Iberian peninsula to products shipped from Oran. As a result, many of the late medieval commercial links discussed in the last chapter were renewed, with Oran increasingly seeing ships arrive from Iberian, European, and other North African ports. Drawing on commercial records of and consular notes from the years before the conquest, this chapter argues that late Ottoman Oran was well integrated into the economic life of the western Mediterranean and showed signs of growth. This runs counter to a colonial historiography that emphasized its pre-colonial marginality and insignificance. Jewish merchants were key to this small port city’s commerce and society.
Making Money in a Time of Conquest
Authors: Schreier Joshua
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a fresh perspective on the onset of French colonialism. Rather than seeing the French conquest of Algeria as ending a static old order and initiating a modern, integrated, and dynamic (if oppressive and racist) new order, this chapter argues that the French military presence in the Maghreb interrupted commerce and spread confusion and violence to Oran. Focusing on a business deal that the merchant Jacob Lasry attempted to carry out in this chaotic early period shows how North African Jewish merchants, as well as western Algerian traders more generally, were not simply victims or hapless observers of the French conquest. Rather, men like Lasry continued to operate in the upper echelons of Oran’s commercial life and push back on policies that harmed their interests.
Struggles for and Between the Merchants of Oran
Authors: Schreier Joshua
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores a series of rivalries between Jewish merchants whom in order to illuminate the intricacies of Jewish power and identity in Oran at the dawn of conquest. It illustrates the remarkable power of certain Jewish merchants in Oran and highlights the serious conflicts that erupted between them. It also underlines how rivalries could prove threatening for European consuls involved in the region’s commercial life. Among merchants, business interests (as well as the disputes they engendered) could be more meaningful than boundaries of religious affiliation—especially in a town that was so Jewish. These stories allow us to consider the French conquest of Algeria through the history of local merchants, revealing how the conquest caused problems for Jewish merchants, and how their commercial importance and adaptive strategies forced the French to adjust their policies.
“NOT PEOPLE’S PARK / PEOPLE’S PLANET”
Authors: Ronda Margaret
Published: September 2018

This chapter engages with two poetic works of the early 1970s, Gary Snyder’s Turtle Island (1974) and Diane di Prima’s Revolutionary Letters (1st ed. 1971), which were essential reading for the countercultural left. These books envisage an ecological commons that is grounded in nonmodern or “primitive” ways of living but is also figured as not yet existent, requiring revolutionary change in order to come into being. Holding images of ecological catastrophe alongside visions of living lightly on the earth, these poems create a distinctive friction between tumult and ease that this chapter calls “revolutionary pastoral.” These books repurpose the pastoral’s opposition to acquisitive logics and the concept of property for an era confronting new forms of capital expansion and environmental enclosure. The chapter closes by examining the historical conditions that led to the decline of radical ecological politics by the late 1970s and the corporatization of the environmental movement.
City Plans
Authors: Stangl Paul
Published: September 2018

Between 1945 and 1949 a series of modernist plans were developed for Berlin. In this time of political turmoil, planners and politicians projected a broad range of meanings onto the plans. After the founding of the East German state, Lothar Bolz orchestrated the adoption of socialist realism as state policy, requiring a return to traditional urban design. This theory included a range of tenets guiding planning, but Walter Ulbricht intervened to assure that planning would be dominated by a concern for parade routes leading to an immense square in the city center. In response to West Berlin’s international building exhibition, the German Democratic Republic held their own design competition for a “socialist” city center in 1958. The recent introduction of industrialized building, along with uncertainty and debate over the nature of “socialist” architecture, was evident in designs with a range of influences, including international modernism, midcentury modernism, and socialist realism.
Wilhelmstrasse
Authors: Stangl Paul
Published: September 2018

Wilhelmstrasse evolved over several centuries from an upscale residential quarter to the center of German government. Its architecture was considered less culturally and artistically significant than Unter den Linden and more tainted by association with the Prussian-German state and the NSDAP in particular. In the late 1940s, Berlin planners intended for the area to continue serving as government center. They began to transform Wilhelmplatz into a larger square, Thälmannplatz, with a memorial to honor the fallen Communist leader. After the state founding of the GDR, Ulbricht and leading GDR planners shifted planning for the government center to Marx-Engels Square, leaving Wilhelmstrasse as an area of secondary concern. Socialist realism had limited impact here, as decisions over demolition and preservation hinged more on utilitarian spatial value than architectural merit or place-based meaning. Nazi structures were cleansed of iconography and preserved, while older residential structures were demolished.
Training Missionaries
Authors: Rex Galindo David
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the missionary training program in the Franciscan colleges for the propagation of Catholicism, focusing on the collegial curriculum, especially instruction in moral theology and languages. The objective of the Franciscan Order's college training program was to provide missionaries with pedagogic and epistemological techniques to help them in their evangelical endeavors, particularly preaching skills. Franciscan friars in the colegios were exposed to a stringent daily life and training in linguistics, philosophy, and theology. Franciscan missionaries and preachers were trained to become assertive evangelical ministers at the vanguard of the Catholic religion in the early modern world. The chapter discusses the specific elements of the Franciscan training program in the colegios de propaganda fide, what and how veteran missionaries and reformers contributed to college curricula, and quotidian life in the college. It also describes the curriculum reforms pursued by the Franciscan colleges.
Converting Catholics
Authors: Rex Galindo David
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on Franciscan temporary missions known as misiones populares, which were aimed at eradicating what the missionaries viewed as deviant practices and to reform the customs of Catholics in communities. On the basis of the foundational documents of the colegios de propaganda fide, it is clear that the conversion of Catholics was paramount for Franciscan missionaries. The chapter first offers some conceptual clarification regarding religious conversion from a Franciscan perspective before discussing the techniques and methods of the Franciscan missionary program of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Spanish Atlantic world. It also considers the religious culture that stemmed from missionary activities within the frame of global salvation and shows that all Franciscan colleges carried out itinerant missions in their own dioceses along with neighboring bishoprics and, in some cases, distant dioceses, with help from bishops and archbishops.
Epilogue: Frontiers
Authors: Rex Galindo David
Published: September 2018

This epilogue discusses the Franciscan missionaries' evangelism on the periphery of the Spanish empire in relation to the themes of the book, and more specifically how they put their knowledge into effect to convert frontier native peoples. It first considers how the frontier ministry borrowed from the Franciscan colleges' training ethos and the conversion of Catholics before highlighting the challenges posed by frontiers to the missionaries. It then shows how Franciscan friars preached, catechized, and introduced a Christian way of life in line with their Catholicism during frontier missions. For the Franciscan missionaries, conversion went beyond recruiting non-Catholics for their eternal salvation under the umbrella of the Church; it also meant the salvation of the sinners who were otherwise condemned to hell. The discussion concludes with a commentary that puts the Franciscan colleges squarely at the center of historiographic debates that connect early modern colonialism, global Catholicism, and the missions.
Introduction
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: September 2018

Focusing on the African American poet and playwright Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones), the Introduction explores links between 1950s and 1960s process literature and the Community Action Program. Baraka’s Black Arts Repertory Theatre and School (BARTS) was funded through the War on Poverty, and his version of process art fulfilled the participatory requirements of the Community Action Program. Both Baraka and many welfare activists allied with the Community Action Program also drew on a binary conception of class culture popularized by the post–World War II counterculture and liberal social science. This binary conception produced two figures that alternately incited and frustrated literary and social work efforts to bridge the gap between the middle class and the poor: the juvenile delinquent and the welfare mother.
Civil Rights and the Southern Folk Aesthetic
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the persistence of community action as an ideal in post-1960s black feminist fiction, focusing on Alice Walker’s Meridian and Toni Cade Bambara’s The Salt Eaters. Both writers began their careers as social workers associated with War on Poverty programs; both were also influenced by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee’s version of community action, implemented during the 1964 Freedom Summer. In their novels, Walker and Bambara explore the legacy of the civil rights movement, focusing on intraracial class divisions that community action was supposed to suture. In both novels, these divisions turn out to be ineradicable, and their persistence marks the Southern folk aesthetic—the influential version of process art that Walker, Bambara, and other black feminist writers created in the 1970s.
Conclusion
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: September 2018

The Conclusion sums up ongoing anxieties about lower-class cultural difference in the wake of Donald Trump’s electoral victory, exploring the notion that the rural white working class inhabits an alternative culture hostile toward expert knowledge. The Conclusion develops this notion through a reading of Carolyn Chute’s The School on Heart’s Content Road and Treat Us like Dogs and We Will Become Wolves. In these fictions, Chute imagines an educational co-op that creates working-class experts, bypassing the division between professionals and lower-class clients that marked the Community Action Program. Chute embodies this notion of working-class expertise in the novels’ form; she presents them as alternative histories, accessible to nonexpert reading practices. However, the novels replicate the War on Poverty–era notion of class culture, which cannot be eradicated without exterminating the tribal consciousness of working-class Maine.