bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Band gap exciton in ferroelectric TlInS2: Dimensionality and screening
Authors: Mamedov Nazim , Shim YongGu , Okada Wataru , Tashiro Ryo , Wakita Kazuki
Published: April 2015

This work reports two‐dimensionality of band‐gap exciton in layered ferroelectric TlInS2, accessed by spectroscopic phase modulated ellipsometry in a wide range of temperatures embracing normal, incommensurate, and commensurate phases of this material. A significant decrease in exciton binding energy is observed upon approaching the temperature region of the incommensurate phase on cooling or heating. The effective static rather than optic dielectric screening is shown to be responsible for the observed behavior of exciton binding energy that remains larger than the energy of the longitudinal‐optical phonon at all accessed temperatures. The temperature dependence of this screening is remarkable in that it obeys Currie–Weiss law. The values of the exciton's reduced mass and three‐dimensional effective Bohr radius are obtained. The former keeps constant to be 0.928 the mass of the free electron while the latter irregularly changes with temperature, remaining within 14–19 Å limits. The last values correspond to the doubled thickness of a single layer.
Self‐assembled silane monolayers: an efficient step‐by‐step recipe for high‐quality, low energy surfaces
Authors: Lessel M. , Bäumchen O. , Klos M. , Hähl H. , Fetzer R. , Paulus M. , Seemann R. , Jacobs K.
Published: April 2015

Organosilane self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are commonly used for modifying a wide range of substrates. Depending on the end group, highly hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces can be achieved. Silanization bases on the adsorption, self‐assembly and covalent binding of silane molecules onto surfaces and results in a densely packed, SAM. Following wet chemical routines, the quality of the monolayer is often variable and, therefore, unsatisfactory. The process of self‐assembly is not only affected by the chemicals involved and their purity but is also extremely sensitive to ambient parameters such as humidity or temperature and to contaminants. Here, a reliable and efficient wet‐chemical recipe is presented for the preparation of ultra‐smooth, highly ordered alkyl‐terminated silane SAMs on Si wafers. The resulting surfaces are characterized by means of atomic force microscopy, X‐ray reflectometry and contact angle measurements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement in the Modeling of Temperature and Strain Rate‐Dependent Plastic Hardening Behavior of a Sheet Metal
Authors: Leem Dohyun , Bong Hyuk‐Jong , Barlat Frederic , Lee Myoung‐Gyu , Song Jung‐Han , Kim Daeyong
Published: April 2015

In the present study, viscoplastic hardening behavior of aluminum alloy 3003 sheet was measured and existing hardening models were evaluated in terms of the accuracy for predicting strain rate and temperature‐dependent flow behaviors. Moreover, a modified hardening model was proposed to capture the flow stress–strain responses under various strain rates and temperatures with enhanced accuracy. Mechanical responses of the material were measured by using uniaxial tensile test at various temperature (≈25–250 °C) and strain rates (≈0.001–0.3 s−1), and the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test was also conducted to obtain flow behavior at the strain rate over 700 s−1 at room temperature. Based on these experimental data, two well accepted viscoplastic constitutive models—Johnson–Cook and Khan–Huang–Liang—were evaluated. Finally, the Hollomon/Voce type model was further developed, which resulted in significant improvement in predicting the flow stress curves under wide range of strain rate and temperature.
#SocialNetworks
Authors: Williams Lunetta , Scott Kelly , Simone Danielle
Published: April 2015

Students must be proficient readers of nonfiction texts to be successful in school and life. Since engaging students in this genre can be challenging, this article focuses on how students can respond digitally and socially to nonfiction through the use of free, secure social networks. Not only can students become more engaged in learning when using these networks, but their technology knowledge can increase as well. An overview of four social networks is included, along with helpful information that teachers need to know as they begin to use the networks. This article presents interesting application ideas for using social networks with nonfiction that teachers can immediately incorporate into their classrooms.
Stakeholder and public participation in river basin management—an introduction
Authors: Carr Gemma
Published: April 2015

Participation of the public and stakeholders in river basin management is increasingly promoted because it is expected to improve resource management and enable participants to engage freely and equally in management (support democratic processes). Three overlapping and interacting mechanisms by which participation is expected to enhance river basin management are outlined: (1) providing space for deliberation and consensus building for better quality decisions, (2) mobilizing and developing human and social capital for better quality decisions and their implementation, and (3) raising the legitimacy of decisions to facilitate their implementation. There are several complexities associated with each of the mechanisms that add challenges to realizing the expectations of participation. They include the need to carefully manage consensus building and conflict to maximize the quality of the decision without jeopardizing the potential for implementation; being aware of and implementing strategies to manage asymmetrical power relationships between participants; ensuring that participants perceive benefits from participation that exceed costs; and defining criteria for a legitimate process, and a legitimate decision, that satisfy all participants. Strategies identified to address these challenges focus on managing the characteristics of the participation process. Ongoing evaluation during a participation program or project is essential to reflect and refine how participation is being done, to address the challenges and endeavor to achieve high‐quality decisions that can be implemented efficiently. WIREs Water 2015, 2:393–405. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1086

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Co‐MOFs Containing Flexible α,ω‐Alkane‐dicarboxylates and Bis(imidazole) Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties
Authors: Gong Ya‐Qiong , Jia Hong‐Yun , Zhang Shu‐Hai
Published: April 2015

Three structurally related flexible bis(imidazole) ligands reacted with Co(NO3)2·6H2O and succinic acid (L1) to yield three new metal‐organic frameworks {[Co(L1)(L2)]·(H2O)}n (1) [L2 = 2‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)ethane], {[Co(L1)(L3)](H2O)}n (2) [L3 = 1,4‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl) butane], and {[Co(L1)(L4)]·(H2O)}n (3) [L4 = 1,4‐bis(2‐methyl‐imidazol‐1‐yl)butane], respectively. These complexes were synthesized under solvothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, as well as thermal analyses. Interestingly, the ligands in these complexes exhibit different conformations and further cause three different configurations. Complex 1 shows a three‐dimensional (3D) framework, which is connected by two‐dimensional (2D) layer structures through hydrogen bonds. Complex 2 is a diamond structure with threefold interpenetration. Complex 3 is a 3D framework linked by hydrogen bonds like complex 1.
Ethical Issues in the Introduction of New Technologies: From Mis to POEM
Authors: Ferreres Alberto R. , Patti Marco
Published: April 2015

The ethical debate regarding the introduction of new technologies in the surgical health care environment is discussed in this manuscript, with a special emphasis on minimally invasive and NOTES procedures for the treatment of esophageal achalasia. It offers an overview of the ethical principles and considerations about the implementation of new techniques and technologies.
Environmental Factors and Beta2‐Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphism: Influence on the Energy Expenditure and Nutritional Status of Obese Women
Authors: Rosado Eliane Lopes , Bressan Josefina , Martínez J. Alfredo
Published: April 2015

Our aim was to evaluate the influence of the Gln27Glu polymorphism of the β2‐adrenergic receptor (ADRβ2) gene, fat intake and physical activity on the energy expenditure (EE) and nutritional status of obese women. Sixty obese women (30–46 years) participated in the study and were assigned to three groups depending on the genotypes: Gln27Gln, Gln27Glu and Glu27Glu. At baseline and after nutritional intervention, the anthropometric and body composition (bioelectrical impedance), dietary, EE (indirect calorimetry) and biochemical variables were measured. All women received a high‐fat test meal to determine the postprandial EE (short‐term) and an energy‐restricted diet for 10 weeks (long term). The frequencies of Gln27Gln, Gln27Glu and Glu27Glu were 36.67, 40.0 and 23.33 %, respectively. Anthropometric and biochemical variables and EE did not differ between groups, although women who had no polymorphism demonstrated decreased carbohydrate oxidation. On the other hand, the Glu27Glu genotype showed a positive relation with EE in physical activity and fat oxidation. The environmental factors and Gln27Glu polymorphism did not influence the nutritional status and EE of obese women, but physical activity in obese women with the polymorphism in the ADRβ2 gene can promote fat oxidation. The results suggest that encouraging the practice of physical exercise is important considering the high frequency of this polymorphism in obese subjects.
Ieodoglucomide C and Ieodoglycolipid, New Glycolipids from a Marine‐Derived Bacterium Bacillus licheniformis 09IDYM23
Authors: Tareq Fakir Shahidullah , Lee Hyi‐Seung , Lee Yeon‐Ju , Lee Jong Seok , Shin Hee Jae
Published: April 2015

Chemical examination of the ethyl acetate extract from the fermentation broth of the marine‐derived bacterium Bacillus licheniformis resulted in the isolation of two new glycolipids, ieodoglucomide C (1) and ieodoglycolipid (2). The structural characterization of 1 and 2 was achieved by extensive spectroscopic evidence, including 2D NMR experiments. A combination of chemical derivatization techniques followed by NMR studies, LC‐MS data analysis and a literature review was deployed for the establishment of the stereo‐configurations of 1 and 2. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited good antibiotic properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MICs ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 μM. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of 1 and 2 was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum as well as the human pathogen Candida albicans. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited the mycelial growth of these pathogens with MIC values of 0.03–0.05 μM, revealing that these compounds are good candidates for the development of new fungicides.
Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease with recurrent obstructive jaundice
Authors: Chiu Yu‐Hsiang , Chan De‐Chuan , Shih Yu‐Lueng
Published: April 2015

A 51‐year‐old man was referred to our clinic for recurrent obstructive jaundice and underwent pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for a suspected malignancy. The pathology showed immunoglobulin G4 positive plasma cell infiltrated at the pancreas and the gallbladder. We discuss the cost‐effectiveness of serum immunoglobulin G4 level prior to arranging for a pancreaticoduodenectomy, which would reduce the possibility of surgical complications as well as costs.
Condoms used to assist difficult endoscopic removal of impacted upper esophageal foreign bodies
Authors: Lin Lian Feng
Published: April 2015

The use of a homemade balloon dilator and protector hood composed of condoms for assisting the removal of sharp foreign bodies lodged in the upper esophagus in difficult cases is reported. A conventional endoscopic method failed to remove two sharp bones and two press‐through packages became impacted in the upper esophagus. A condom was used to make a balloon dilator that was attached to a flexible endoscope in an attempt to dilate the upper esophageal sphincter to dislodge the impacted sharp bones. This handmade condom balloon dilator succeeded in dislodging the two tightly impacted sharp bones and assisted in removing the impacted objects in the upper esophagus. Additionally, a condom was tied to the distal end of the scope to act as a protector hood to protect the esophageal mucosa when removing the sharp packages. The two impacted press‐through packages were pushed into the lower esophagus or stomach and removed uneventfully using the condom protector hood. Subsequent endoscopy disclosed no relevant mucosal damage after the successful removal and the patients did well after discharge from the emergency department. In conclusion, condom‐based endoscopic balloon dilatation is a simple and accessible method for assisting the endoscopic removal of tightly impacted, sharp foreign bodies in the upper esophagus. A condom can also be used as a protector hood to avoid mucosal injury when removing impacted, sharp press‐through packages when a commercial protector hood is not available.
Instability of point defects in a two-dimensional nematic liquid crystal model
Authors: Ignat Radu , Nguyen Luc , Slastikov Valeriy , Zarnescu Arghir
Published: April 2015

We study a class of symmetric critical points in a variational 2
D
Landau–de Gennes model where the state of nematic liquid crystals is described by symmetric traceless

3 \times 3

matrices. These critical points play the role of topological point defects carrying a degree

\frac{k}{2}

for a nonzero integer
k
. We prove existence and study the qualitative behavior of these symmetric solutions. Our main result is the instability of critical points when

|k| \geq 2

.
EGFR/ERBB receptors differentially modulate sebaceous lipogenesis
Authors: Dahlhoff Maik , Camera Emanuela , Ludovici Matteo , Picardo Mauro , Müller Udo , Leonhardt Heinrich , Zouboulis Christos C. , Schneider Marlon R.
Published: April 2015

The roles of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in sebaceous glands remain poorly explored. We show that human sebocytes express EGFR and lower levels of ERBB2 and ERBB3, all receptors being downregulated after the induction of lipid synthesis. Nile red staining showed that siRNA‐mediated downregulation of EGFR or ERBB3 increases lipid accumulation, whereas ERBB2 downregulation has no effect. Spectrometry confirmed induction of triglycerides after EGFR or ERBB3 downregulation and revealed induction of cholesteryl esters after downregulation of EGFR, ERBB2 or ERBB3. Thus, EGFR/ERBB receptors differentially modulate sebaceous lipogenesis, a key feature of sebaceous gland physiology and of several skin diseases.
The role of glaciations in the biosphere
Authors: Chumakov N.M.
Published: April 2015

Glaciations took place in five long intervals of the geologic history, called glacioeras: Kaapvaal (Late Archean), Huronian (Early Proterozoic), African (Late Proterozoic), Gondwanan (Paleozoic), and unfinished Antarctic (Late Cenozoic). The glacioeras were similar in structure, duration, and dynamics of evolution. They consisted of three to six glacioperiods including several discrete glacio-epochs. The glacioeras lasted ~ 200 Myr. They started with small regional glaciations, which expanded, reached intercontinental sizes, and then quickly degraded. There were serious differences between the Precambrian and Phanerozoic glacioeras. A series of ecologic crises related to numerous glacial events led first to abiotic and then to biotic factors. Glaciations caused extinction and stagnation of the Earth’s biota, the appearance of bionovations and new biota, and acceleration of evolution processes. Thus, the glacioeras were the turning intervals of the biosphere evolution.
The room for the Vendian in the International Chronostratigraphic Chart
Authors: Grazhdankin D.V. , Maslov A.V.
Published: April 2015

The Vendian was proposed by B.S. Sokolov as a stratigraphic subdivision comprising the last of the Proterozoic glacial periods (the Laplandian Glaciation) and the overlying strata delineated by a full stratigraphic range of fossil soft-bodied organisms. For over three decades the Vendian had been an informal part of the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Chart, until 2004, when it gave place to the new Ediacaran System. Further research has shown that the Ediacaran System significantly exceeds the stratigraphic range of the Vendian in Sokolov’s definition and includes stratigraphic analogs of the Laplandian Glaciation in sections across North America, Australia, Newfoundland, Scotland, Ireland, Chinese Tien Shan Range, and Tasmanian microcontinent. Carbon isotope variations in carbonates provide criteria for subdivision of the Ediacaran into two series. If a relationship between the Laplandian Glacial Period (600–580 Ma) and the negative excursions EN2 and EN3 on the δ13C curve for the Doushantuo Formation of China is established, the Vendian might take its place in the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Chart as a formal upper series of the Ediacaran System. The Vendian Series, in turn, might be further subdivided into the Laplandian, Redkinian, Belomorian, and Kotlinian stages typified by regional stages of the Vendian of the East European Platform.
Microfossils and biofacies of the Vendian fossil biota in the southern Siberian Platform
Authors: Nagovitsin K.E. , Kochnev B.B.
Published: April 2015

Based on the study of the litho- and biofacies of the Vendian Nepa Horizon in the central area of the Siberian Platform inland, a paleoecological model for the Vendian microbiota has been developed. The sedimentation environments of the Katanga saddle have been reconstructed, and three sedimentary systems have been recognized: (1) lower continental, formed by the deposits of proluvial fans and riverbeds of temporary streams; (2) middle transgressive, made up of littoral sand facies in the lower part and of fine-clastic shelf strata in the upper part; and (3) upper, of sea highstand, composed of alternating sand bank facies and fine-clastic lagoon deposits. Four biofacies have been recognized in the fine-terrigenous deposits of the Nepa Horizon: (1) Appendisphaera, represented by a Doushantuo–Pertatataka acanthomorph assemblage; (2) Transitional, with a great diversity of plankton and benthic (including complex) taxa; (3) Vanavarataenia, dominated by Vanavarataenia complex benthic algae; and (4) Oscillatoriopsis, represented by taxonomically poor biotas with morphologically simple (mainly prokaryotic) remains. These biofacies are confined to the following sedimentation environments: Appendisphaera is widespread in the distal open-sea areas; the Transitional biofacies is localized in the distal environments of the semi-isolated inner basin; Vanavarataenia occurs in the proximal areas; and Oscillatoriopsis is typical of the shallow-water environments, both extended (corresponding to the highstand period) and local.
Correlation of chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic units (example of the Silurian System)
Authors: Tesakov Yu.I.
Published: April 2015

It is suggested to perform chronostratigraphic division using type sections instead of boundary stratotypes, which are rather virtual units devoid of material content representing the respective deposition events. In this respect, global chronozones are more preferable for subdivision of stages than biozones poorly constrained in space and time. The stratotype-based approach to division of stages is advantageous, being associated with the deposition of chronostratigraphic units recorded in holo- and hypostratotypes.
Evaluation of the p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and its association with cancer risk: a HuGE review and meta-analysis
Authors: KHAN MOHAMMAD HAROON , KHALIL AFTAB , RASHID HAMID
Published: April 2015

Codon 72 is a hotspot of polymorphisms in the TP53 gene, which encodes a hub protein in the protein–protein interaction network of p53. It is thus a central player in the apoptotic pathway, preventing cancer. A large number of articles have been published exploring its association with an increased susceptibility to most common cancers. However, these studies have produced inconclusive results, which may be due to their small sample sizes or study designs. To comprehensively evaluate the potential correlation between the TP53 Pro72Arg polymorphism and cancer risk and to better characterize the Pro72Arg polymorphism, we performed a systematic HuGE review and meta-analysis of candidate studies through online resources, according to the proposal of MOOSE and the PRISMA statement. The identified articles were carefully examined according to the inclusion criteria. Pooled odds ratios were calculated on the basis of different genetic models, while heterogeneity was assessed through a chi-based Q-test and I2. After applying the inclusion filters, we obtained a pool of 54 eligible studies, representing 18 718 cases and 21 261 controls. Overall, non-significant cancer risk was observed in all the genetic models but their observed heterogeneity was extremely significant. In subgroup analysis, an increased susceptibility was observed in the case of colorectal cancer, while in cancers of the female reproductive system, significantly increased risk was detected in all the genetic models except the dominant model. In another subgroup analysis, significantly increased cancer risk was observed among Asians in homozygous and recessive models, while in Americans increased cancer risk was observed only in dominant and recessive models. No association was observed in the rest of the populations. In conclusion, pooled subgroup analysis on the basis of ethnicity proved that the TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of cancer in Asians and Americans only and is not associated in other populations. It can therefore be concluded that this meta-analysis of available data suggests partial confirmation of the association between the TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and cancer risk susceptibility.
English National Identity and the Readmission of the Jews, 1650-1656
Authors: CROME ANDREW
Published: April 2015

This article explores the presentation of English national identity in literature surrounding the 1655 Whitehall Conference on Jewish readmission to England. Writers in the 1650s suggested that England was suffering providential punishment for sins against the Jewish people. This combined with the idea that God had selected England to restore the Jews to Palestine. This form of ‘chosen’ nationhood complicates understandings of links between Jews and English national identity formation. Jews were recognised as ‘other’, but also as superior to Gentiles. England was therefore ‘chosen’ for a special purpose, but in no way replaced ethnic Israel.
The Architecture of Faith under National Socialism: Lutheran Church Building(s) in Braunschweig, 1933–1945
Authors: WEBER FRIEDRICH , METHUEN CHARLOTTE
Published: April 2015

It has frequently been assumed that church building ceased after the National Socialists came to power in Germany in 1933. This article shows that it continued, and considers the reasons why this was the case. Focussing on churches built in the Church of Braunschweig between 1933 and 1936, it explores the interactions between emergent priorities for church architecture and the rhetoric of National Socialist ideology, and traces their influence on the building of new Protestant churches in Braunschweig. It examines the way in which Braunschweig Cathedral was reordered in accordance with National Socialist interests, and the ambiguity which such a reordering implied for the on-going Christian life of the congregation. It concludes that church building was widely understood to be a part of the National Socialist programme for creating employment, but was also used to emphasise the continuing role of the Church in building community. However, there is still much work to be done to investigate the ways in which churches and congregations interacted with National Socialism in their day-to-day existence.
John Trusler and the Culture of Sermons in Late Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: GIBSON WILLIAM
Published: April 2015

Using John Trusler's unpublished memoirs, this article seeks to reconsider his trade in printed sermons using imitation manuscript print, which clergy could pass off as their own. While the trade smacks of corruption and dishonesty, and attracted considerable scorn for Trusler, it was in some respects a reflection of late eighteenth-century sermon culture. Trusler's defence to Bishop Terrick of London of trading in imitation manuscript sermons suggests that he was not embarrassed by the enterprise. Trusler's talents as a preacher were considerable, but Victorian Britain came to regard his commerce as reprehensible.
Making Bishops in the Malta of the Knights, 1530-1798
Authors: D'AVENIA FABRIZIO
Published: April 2015

During the early modern age the appointment of Maltese bishops involved conflicts in the management of ecclesiastical patronage, jurisdictional issues and international diplomacy. The procedure for appointment, established by Charlesvin 1530 when he granted Malta to the Order of St John, was the result of a compromise: safeguarding rights of royal patronage without undermining the independence of an international military order. It is important, however, to underline the reforming activity conducted by bishops appointed in such political ways, especially through the application of some institutions provided by the Council of Trent, such as diocesan synods.
Microscale aspects in the diet of the limpet Patella vulgata L.
Authors: Schaal Gauthier , Grall Jacques
Published: April 2015

The limpet Patella vulgata is a key species of northern Atlantic rocky shore-associated communities, and is commonly considered to be important in regulating populations of canopy-forming Ascophyllum nodosum, through consumption of propagules and young recruits. Although P. vulgata is usually regarded as a non-selective epilithic biofilm grazer, a role in the collapse of established A. nodosum through grazing of adult plants has been repeatedly suggested. Factors controlling the preference of P. vulgata for epilithic biofilm or adult algae are still not clearly established. Here, we test the hypothesis that the diet of P. vulgata is mainly driven by the local availability of food sources. Limpets were sampled along the first 6 metres of an A. nodosum bed–bare rock gradient. Stable isotope ratios of their muscle tissue and digestive glands were measured. The contribution of A. nodosum to the diet of limpets was the highest in the immediate vicinity of macroalgae beds, which confirmed our initial hypothesis. However, the contribution of epilithic biofilm did not match our hypothesis, being the lowest for limpets colonizing bare rock. Instead, these limpets relied on a wide array of sources, including ephemeral green algae, biofilm and drifting A. nodosum fragments. Overall, our results indicate that A. nodosum can be readily grazed by limpets, which challenges the hypothesis that these macroalgae dominate rocky shores due to the absence of strong top-down control exerted by herbivores. Our results also highlight the need to consider the small spatial scale to understand the dynamic of herbivore–algae interactions in natural environments.
COMPOSITION IS NOT RESEARCH
Authors: Croft John
Published: April 2015

Composers in academic institutions are increasingly required to describe their activities in terms of ‘research’ – formulating ‘research questions’, ‘research narratives’, ‘aims’ and ‘outcomes’. Research plans and funding applications require one to specify the nature of the original contribution that will be made by a piece of music, even before it is composed. These requirements lead to an emphasis on collaborative work, technology and superficial novelty of format. Yet the very idea that musical composition is a form of research is a category error: music is a domain of thought whose cognitive dimension lies in embodiment, revelation or presentation, but not in investigation and description. It is argued here that the idea of composition as research is not only objectively false but inimical to genuine musical originality.
CONFUSION IN THE SERVICE OF DISCOVERY
Authors: Hooper Michael
Published: April 2015

While some research results from consistent processes, careful methodologies and detailed planning, much practice-based research resists these strategies, privileging knowledge that remains complex and unstable. This knowledge frequently sits outside sequences of analysis, such as testing or deduction. Yet there is nothing new about the kind of knowledge that resists clarity. In The Progressive Poetics of Confusion in the French Enlightenment, John O'Neal argues for complexity and confusion as essential parts of an Enlightenment project in writing from the eighteenth century, and claims that authors pursued these strategies ‘because they preferred in certain ways to see confusion, not order, as representative of a dynamic new state of mind and society awaiting discovery’. Alongside O'Neal's work, this article considers Gemma Fiumara's The Other Side of Language: A Philosophy of Listening, in which confusion is also central. The article explores these ideas in connection with a performance of Michael Finnissy's Confusion in the Service of Discovery. It argues for confusion as a positive aspect of research from beginning to end, rather than as a circumscribed phase that precedes outcomes. The inclusion of a musical performance demonstrates (performs) the different theoretical languages that the prose describes.
Harrison Birtwistle Responses: Sweet disorder and the carefully careless for piano and orchestra, Royal Festival Hall, London
Authors: Broad Leah
Published: April 2015

2014, Sir Harrison Birtwistle's 80th birthday year, witnessed a plethora of events celebrating his music, from the Barbican's ‘Birtwistle at 80’ series to the ‘In Broken Images’ concerts at the Southbank Centre. Included in the latter was the UK premiere of his new concerto for piano and orchestra, Responses: Sweet disorder and the carefully careless, performed on 6 December 2014 by Pierre-Laurent Aimard and the London Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of Vladimir Jurowski. Birtwistle describes the concerto as addressing the problem of ‘the relationship between the piano and the orchestra’, with the subtitle (taken from essays by architect Robert Maxwell) expressing the ‘essence’ of his composition.
How to win friends and influence people: climate scientists’ perspectives on their relationship with and influence on government officials
Authors: Stoutenborough James W. , Bromley-Trujillo Rebecca , Vedlitz Arnold
Published: April 2015

The use of scientific information in the policy-making process is prevalent in today’s society, and political figures frequently consult scientists and experts when considering complex issues like climate change. While policy process literature concerning agenda setting and policy networks, such as epistemic communities and advocacy coalitions, considers the role of scientists in policymaking, very little work has provided insight into the relative influence and perceived relationships between scientists and policymakers. The ability of scientists and policymakers to work together has important implications for policy outcomes. We explore individual scientist’s perceptions of the collective influence the scientific community has on policymaking, in addition to perceptions of relationships between scientists and policymakers. We suggest that a number of factors are relevant including trust, contact, attitudes, specialisation and demographics. Our findings indicate that, from scientists’ perspectives, contact with policymakers, trust and attitudes about climate change play a significant role in shaping their relationship with policymakers.
Tuberculosis in native Israeli Arabs and Jews: trends and treatment outcomes, 1999–2011
Authors: BISHARA H. , GOLDBLATT D. , RORMAN E. , MOR Z.
Published: April 2015

The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in native ethnic minorities remains high in developed countries. Arabs, the major ethnic minority in Israel, comprise 21% of its population. This retrospective study compared TB incidence, demographic, clinical, laboratory, genotyping characteristics and treatment outcomes in all Israeli-born citizens diagnosed with TB between 1999 and 2011 by ethnicity, i.e. Israeli-born Arabs (IA) and Jews (IJ). A total of 831 Israeli-born TB patients were reported. Of those, there were 530 (64%) IJ and 301 (36%) IA, with an average annual TB rate of 1·1 and 1·6 cases/100 000 population, respectively, lower than the national average (7·0 cases/100 000 population). TB rates in IA and IJ declined and converged to 1 case/100 000 residents. IA TB patients were more likely to be older, have more pulmonary TB and have lower treatment success rates than IJ. Older age and HIV co-infection, but not ethnicity, were predictive of non-success in TB treatment. Ten mixed IA–IJ clades were detected by spoligotyping and three mixed IA–IJ clusters were identified by MIRU-VNTR typing. Only one IA–IJ couple recalled mutual contact. In conclusion, TB rate in IA was higher than in IJ, but declined and converged in both to 1 case/100 000. Treatment success was high in both groups, and was unrelated to ethnicity.
Implementing an ecological approach to violence reduction at a forensic psychiatric hospital: approaches and lessons learned
Authors: Bader Shannon M. , Evans Sean E.
Published: April 2015

Existing literature on aggression within psychiatric hospitals suggests that treating an aggressive patient’s symptoms could be complemented by (a) milieu environments that mitigate violence and (b) hospital-wide policies and procedures that focus on creating a safe environment. Described as an ecological approach, examples of how this broader, situational approach can reduce inpatient violence in psychiatric settings are provided throughout. The authors identify potential barriers to focusing on wards and institutional rules as well as patient treatment. Last, details of how this ecological approach has been implemented at one state hospital in California are provided.
“JACOBINS” AT PRINCETON: STUDENT RIOTS, RELIGIOUS REVIVALISM, AND THE DECLINE OF ENLIGHTENMENT, 1800–1817
Authors: BOW CHARLES BRADFORD
Published: April 2015

This essay considers how American Enlightenment moralists and Evangelical religious revivalists responded to “Jacobinism” at the College of New Jersey, which later became Princeton University, from 1800 through 1817. At this time, disruptive student activities exemplified alleged American “Jacobin” conspiracies against civil society. The American response to “Jacobins” brought out tensions between two different competing intellectual currents at the College of New Jersey: a revival of Christian religious principles led by Princeton trustee Reverend Ashbel Green and, in contrast, the expansion of Samuel Stanhope Smith's system of moral education during his tenure as college president from 1795 through 1812. As a moralist, Smith appealed to Scottish Common Sense philosophy in teaching the instinctive “rules of duty” as a way to correct unrestrained “passions” and moderate “Jacobin” radicalism. In doing so, Smith developed a moral quasi-relativism as an original feature of his moral philosophy and contribution to American Enlightenment intellectual culture. Green and like-minded religious revivalists saw Princeton student uprisings as Smith's failure to properly address irreligion. This essay shows the ways in which “Jacobinism” and then the emerging age of religious revivalism, known as the Second Great Awakening, arrived at the cost of Smith's “Didactic Enlightenment” at Princeton.
Feeding site preference of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on maize grain
Authors: Nwosu L.C. , Adedire C.O. , Ogunwolu E.O.
Published: April 2015

The possibility thatSitophilus zeamaisMotschulsky prefers a particular grain side and a grain side area for feeding, and the implications and value in maize programmes' breeding for resistance were investigated in the laboratory at ambient temperature (32.7 °C) and relative humidity (70.4%) using standard techniques. A total of 20 elite maize varieties were used: TZBRCOMP.2C1F1, TZBRELD3C5, PVASYN-3F2, PVASYN-6F2, DTSYN-11-W, BR9943DMRSR, IWDC3SNY-W, WHITEDTSTRSYN, 2008DTMA-YSTR and 2000SYNEE-WSTR, obtained from the Maize Breeding Unit of International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, and ILE-1-OB, IFEMAIZEHYBRID-1, IFEMAIZEHYBRID-2, IFEMAIZEHYBRID-5, IFEMAIZEHYBRID-6, ARTCOMPOSITE-A-Y, ARTCOMPOSITE-B-Y, ART/98/SW1-OB, ART/98/SW4-OB and ART/98/SW5-OB, obtained from the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria. The flat side of a maize grain at the point of penetration was significantly preferred (P≤ 0.05), possibly because it provided much needed space for anchorage and feeding. The South locus of the flattened side of a maize grain was also significantly preferred (P≤ 0.05), possibly because of its soft nature and proximity to the nutrient-rich embryo. The findings of the study have implications for seed viability and can be considered in breeding for resistance to infestation byS. zeamaisin stored maize.
Grower adoption of an integrated pest management package for management of mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Embu, Kenya
Authors: Korir J.K. , Affognon H.D. , Ritho C.N. , Kingori W.S. , Irungu P. , Mohamed S.A. , Ekesi S.
Published: April 2015

Mango (Mangifera indicaL.) is a well-recognized fruit of economic and nutritional importance to smallholder farmers across Africa. Production and marketing of this fruit is, however, severely hampered by fruit fly infestation that is responsible for enormous fruit losses. In Kenya, control of this pest is primarily dependent on the use of chemical pesticides, a strategy that has been shown to be ineffective. Although the recently introduced fruit fly integrated pest management (IPM) package developed by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) has proved to be effective against this pest, there is little demonstrable investigation on its adoption to assess the factors likely to influence its acceptance among producers. A household survey was conducted among 805 randomly sampled mango farmers, and a negative binomial regression model was applied to the data in order to identify the factors influencing the intensity of the adoption of the fruit fly IPM package. Results revealed that 58.5% of the sampled mango farmers adopted at least one component of the fruit fly IPM package. Empirical results indicated that education of the household head, number of mature mango trees planted, keeping records of mango enterprise, use of protective clothing during spraying and participation in the IPM training at demonstration sites have a positive influence on the intensity of the adoption of the fruit fly IPM package in Embu, situated in eastern Kenya.
The spatial distribution of shallow-water (<150 m) black corals (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) in the Hawaiian Archipelago
Authors: Wagner Daniel
Published: April 2015

The Hawaiian Archipelago contains some of the best surveyed black coral populations on the globe; however, most previous surveys have grouped all black coral species into a single category. As a result, the unique ecological features of individual species have not been identified. This study mapped the spatial distribution of eight antipatharian species (Antipathes griggi,Antipathes grandis,Cirrhipathescf.anguina,Stichopathes echinulata,Stichopathes?sp.,Aphanipathes verticillata,Acanthopathes undulataandMyriopathescf.ulex) found in shallow-waters (<150 m) along the Hawaiian Archipelago, and compared data on substrate type, depth and temperature among species. All black coral species were exclusively recorded on hard substrates and were generally widely distributed along the Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, antipatharian species were found at overlapping depths and temperatures, although there were significant differences in the mean depths and temperatures between most species. In cases where species did not have significant differences in mean depths, the overlapping species had different colony and polyp morphologies, which may serve to minimize competition by allowing species to grow most efficiently under particular current regimes. This study represents one of the first to map the spatial distribution of sympatric antipatharian species, and indicates that individual species exploit unique environments in terms of depth and temperature or have unique morphologies to avoid overlap.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future
Authors: Coombs C C , Tavakkoli M , Tallman M S
Published: April 2015

Historically, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was considered to be one of the most fatal forms of acute leukemia with poor outcomes before the introduction of the vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). With considerable advances in therapy, including the introduction of ATRA initially as a single agent and then in combination with anthracyclines, and more recently by development of arsenic trioxide (ATO)-containing regimens, APL is now characterized by complete remission rates of 90% and cure rates of ∼80%, even higher among low-risk patients. Furthermore, with ATRA–ATO combinations, chemotherapy may safely be omitted in low-risk patients. The disease is now considered to be the most curable subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults. Nevertheless, APL remains associated with a significant incidence of early death related to the characteristic bleeding diathesis. Early death, rather than resistant disease so common in all other subtypes of AML, has emerged as the major cause of treatment failure.
The cellular immune system in myelomagenesis: NK cells and T cells in the development of MM and their uses in immunotherapies
Authors: Dosani T , Carlsten M , Maric I , Landgren O
Published: April 2015

As vast strides are being made in the management and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), recent interests are increasingly focusing on understanding the development of the disease. The knowledge that MM develops exclusively from a protracted phase of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance provides an opportunity to study tumor evolution in this process. Although the immune system has been implicated in the development of MM, the scientific literature on the role and status of various immune components in this process is broad and sometimes contradictory. Accordingly, we present a review of cellular immune subsets in myelomagenesis. We summarize the current literature on the quantitative and functional profiles of natural killer cells and T-cells, including conventional T-cells, natural killer T-cells, γδ T-cells and regulatory T-cells, in myelomagenesis. Our goal is to provide an overview of the status and function of these immune cells in both the peripheral blood and the bone marrow during myelomagenesis. This provides a better understanding of the nature of the immune system in tumor evolution, the knowledge of which is especially significant considering that immunotherapies are increasingly being explored in the treatment of both MM and its precursor conditions.
Identifying and applying a highly selective probe to simultaneously determine the O-glucuronidation activity of human UGT1A3 and UGT1A4
Authors: Jiang Li , Liang Si-Cheng , Wang Chao , Ge Guang-Bo , Huo Xiao-Kui , Qi Xiao-Yi , Deng Sa , Liu Ke-Xin , Ma Xiao-Chi
Published: April 2015

Glucuronidation mediated by uridine 5′-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase is an important detoxification pathway. However, identifying a selective probe of UDP- glucuronosyltransferase is complicated because of the significant overlapping substrate specificity displayed by the enzyme. In this paper, desacetylcinobufagin (DACB) 3-O- and 16-O-glucuronidation were found to be isoform-specific probe reactions for UGT1A4 and UGT1A3, respectively. DACB was well characterized as a probe for simultaneously determining the catalytic activities of O-glucuronidation mediated by UGT1A3 and UGT1A4 from various enzyme sources, through a sensitive analysis method.
A human telomeric G-quadruplex-based electronic nanoswitch for the detection of anticancer drugs
Authors: Bagheryan Zahra , Raoof Jahan-Bakhsh , Ojani Reza , Rezaei Parizad
Published: April 2015

A nanoswitch for the detection of anticancer drugs based on G-quadruplex structure.
ZnO@Ag2S core–shell nanowire arrays for environmentally friendly solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with panchromatic light capture and enhanced electron collection
Authors: Zhang Xiaoliang , Liu Jianhua , Zhang Jindan , Vlachopoulos Nick , Johansson Erik M. J.
Published: April 2015

An environmentally friendly solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cell is constructed using ZnO@Ag2S core–shell NWAs as a photoanode in combination with the conducting polymer P3HT.
Noble metal-free hydrogen evolution catalysts for water splitting
Authors: Zou Xiaoxin , Zhang Yu
Published: April 2015

This review summarizes the recent research efforts toward noble metal-free hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts.
Reduction of titanocene dichloride with dysprosium: access to a stable titanocene(ii) equivalent for phosphite-free Takeda carbonyl olefination
Authors: Bousrez G. , Déchamps I. , Vasse J.-L. , Jaroschik F.
Published: April 2015

A new titanocene(ii) equivalent obtained from the reduction of titanocene dichloride with dysprosium allows phosphite-free and simplified Takeda carbonyl olefination reactions.
Correlation of trace contaminants to wastewater management practices in small watersheds
Authors: Schenck Kathleen , Rosenblum Laura , Ramakrishnan Balaji , Carson John , Macke Dana , Nietch Christopher
Published: April 2015

A correlation between occurrence of four xenobiotic contaminants in headwaters and septic density in catchments was observed over one year.
Improving our chemistry: challenges and opportunities in the interdisciplinary study of floral volatiles
Authors: Raguso R. A. , Thompson J. N. , Campbell D. R.
Published: April 2015

Here we review next-generation questions in the study of plant–pollinator interactions mediated by floral volatiles, and the potential for renewed collaboration between biologists and chemists in answering such questions.
Rapid screening of antibody–antigen binding using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and gold nanoparticles
Authors: Lai Yen H. , Koo Sunghyu , Oh Soon Hwan , Driskell Elizabeth A. , Driskell Jeremy D.
Published: April 2015

Antigen-mediated aggregation of antibody–gold nanoparticle conjugates is detected with dynamic light scattering to evaluate antibody–antigen binding.
Simple but effective: thermally stable Cu–ESiMe3via NHC ligation
Authors: Fard Mahmood Azizpoor , Weigend Florian , Corrigan John F.
Published: April 2015

The reaction of the N-heterocyclic carbene stabilized complex [(IPr)Cu–SSiMe3] (IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) with mercuric(ii) acetate affords the heterometallic cluster [{(IPr)CuS}2Hg] (illustrated).
Highly stable CuInS2@ZnS:Al core@shell quantum dots: the role of aluminium self-passivation
Authors: Rao Pinhua , Yao Wei , Li Zhichun , Kong Long , Zhang Wenqi , Li Liang
Published: April 2015

A schematic illustration for enhancing the photostability of CuInS2@ZnS QDs by doping aluminium.
Tuning radical reactivity using iodine in oxidative C(sp3)–H/C(sp)–H cross-coupling: an easy way toward the synthesis of furans and indolizines
Authors: Tang Shan , Liu Kun , Long Yue , Qi Xiaotian , Lan Yu , Lei Aiwen
Published: April 2015

Molecular iodine was found to be an effective redox catalyst for the oxidative cross-coupling of carbonyl compounds with terminal alkynes.
Synthesis of radiolabelled aryl azides from diazonium salts: experimental and computational results permit the identification of the preferred mechanism
Authors: Joshi Sameer M. , de Cózar Abel , Gómez-Vallejo Vanessa , Koziorowski Jacek , Llop Jordi , Cossío Fernando P.
Published: April 2015

Experimental and computational studies support a stepwise mechanism via acyclic zwitterionic intermediates in the formation of aryl azides from diazonium salts.