bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retained and Fractured Microcatheter: A Cause of Transient Ischaemic Attacks: Endovascular Management Using Carotid Stents
Authors: Mortimer A.M. , Nelson R.J. , Clifton A. , Renowden S.A.
Published: January 2017

A retained microcatheter is a rare complication of endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. We describe such a case that was complicated by delayed microcatheter fracture within the internal carotid artery and subsequent thrombo-embolism resulting in transient ischaemic attacks. We also describe endovascular management of this complication through the use of several carotid stents.
In Vitro Measurement of Tissue Integrity during Saccular Aneurysm Embolizations for Simulator-Based Training
Authors: Tercero C. , Ikeda S. , Ooe K. , Fukuda T. , Arai F. , Negoro M. , Takahashi I. , Kwon G.
Published: January 2017

In the domain of endovascular neurosurgery, the measurement of tissue integrity is needed for simulator-based training and for the development of new intravascular instruments and treatment techniques. In vitro evaluation of tissue manipulation can be achieved using photoelastic stress analysis and vasculature modeling with photoelastic materials. In this research we constructed two types of vasculature models of saccular aneurysms for differentiation of embolization techniques according to the respect for tissue integrity measurements based on the stress within the blood vessel model wall. In an aneurysm model with 5 mm dome diameter, embolization using MicroPlex 10 (Complex 1D, with 4 mm diameter loops), a maximum area of 3.97 mm2 with stress above 1 kPa was measured. This area increased to 5.50 mm2 when the dome was touched deliberately with the release mechanism of the coil, and to 4.87 mm2 for an embolization using Micrusphere, (Spherical 18 Platinum Coil). In a similar way trans-cell stent-assisted coil embolization was also compared to human blood pressure simulation using a model of a wide-necked saccular aneurysm with 7 mm diameter. The area with stress above 1kPa was below 1 mm2 for the pressure simulation and maximized at 3.79 mm2 during the trans-cell insertion of the micro-catheter and at 8.92 mm2 during the embolization. The presented results show that this measurement system is useful for identifying techniques compromising tissue integrity, comparing and studying coils and embolization techniques for a specific vasculature morphology and comparing their natural stress variations such as that produced by blood pressure.
Complications in the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms with Silk Stents: An Analysis of 30 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Cirillo L. , Leonardi M. , Dall'Olio M. , Princiotta C. , Stafa A. , Simonetti L. , Toni F. , Agati R.
Published: January 2017

Flow-diverting stents (Silk and PED) have radically changed the approach to intracranial aneurysm treatment from the use of endosaccular materials to use of an extraaneurysmal endoluminal device.

However, much debate surrounds the most appropriate indications for the use of FD stents and the problems raised by several possible complications.

We analysed our technical difficulties and the early (less than ten days after treatment) and late complications encountered in 30 aneurysms treated comprising 13 giant lesions, 12 large, five with maximum diameters <10 mm and one blister-like aneurysm.

In our experience the primary indications for the use of FD stents can be the symptomatic intracavernous giant aneurysms. Although the extracavernous carotid siphon aneurysms have major risk of bleeding, FD stents are indicated clearly explaining the risks to the patient in case of severe mass effect. There is a very complex assessment for aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar circulation.
Contralateral De Novo Intraosseous Arteriovenous Malformation in a Child with Arteriovenous Malformation of Mandible Treated by Endovascular Embolotherapy
Authors: Yeh C-H , Wu Y-M , Chen Y-L , Wong H-F
Published: January 2017

We describe our experience of the development of contralateral de novo intraosseous AVMs in a ten-year-old girl with AVMs of the mandible who underwent endovascular embolotherapy. She initially presented with intermittent oral bleeding. Computed tomography and digital subtraction angiography demonstrated intraosseous AVMs within the right mandible. The AVMs were treated by transosseous direct-puncture and transarterial embolization with Guglielmi detachable coils and n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue. However, de novo intraosseous AVMs developed within the previously healthy contralateral mandible and resulted in dangerous oral bleeding. Therefore, we suggest regular follow-up and prompt retreatment of any residual mandibular AVMs in patients undergoing endovascular or surgical treatment to prevent subsequent development of “secondary” AVMs and life-threatening oral bleeding.
Intracranial Stenting for Severe Symptomatic Stenosis: Self-Expandable versus Balloon-Expandable Stents
Authors: Park Soonchan , Kim Jae-Hyuk , Kwak Jae Kyun , Baek Hye Jin , Kim Bo Hyun , Lee Dong-Geun , Lee Deok Hee , Kim Jong Sung , Suh Dae Chul
Published: January 2017

Intracranial atherosclerosis against optimal medical treatment requires reperfusion therapy to improve the clinical outcome. We compared outcomes between self-expandable stent (SES) and/ or balloon-expandable stent (BES) and present the potential advantages of using each stent.

During the same time frame before and after Wingspan introduction to our institute, 115 consecutive patients underwent intracranial stenting for symptomatic severe intracranial stenosis against optimal medical treatment using BES alone (n = 71) vs. BES or SES (n = 44). We analyzed 15 factors including outcome related to an adverse event (AE), modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and restenosis at six months and retrospectively compared the potential advantages of using each stent.

BES or SES groups had a significantly lower AE rate (2.3%) than the BES only group (14%) (P = 0.049) revealing mRS of ≤ 2 in all patients at six months compared to 93% of the patients in the BES group. Analysis of BES or SES subgroups revealed that BES was associated with less residual stenosis after stenting than SES (18 vs. 32%; P < 0.001).

Both SES and BES can improve the clinical outcome of intracranial stenting especially with a selective choice of SES or BES. Further study is needed to analyse the difference in long-term outcome and the restenosis rate between SES and BES.
Endovascular Treatment of a Mycotic Intracavernous Carotid Artery Aneurysm Using a Stent Graft
Authors: Gupta Vivek , Jain Vikash , Mathuria Sn , Khandelwal N
Published: January 2017

Intracavernous carotid artery mycotic aneurysms are rare and management is determined by clinical presentation. We describe the first documented proximal intracranial mycotic aneurysm treated by a balloon expandable Aneugraft PCS covered stent. An 11-year-old female child presented with acute onset fever, headache, chemosis followed by diplopia, right-sided ptosis with ophthalmoplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis. Subsequent work-up included serial computed tomographic arteriography and digital subtraction angiography which revealed a progressively enlarging intracavernous carotid aneurysm. An Aneugraft PCS covered stent was successfully deployed endovascularly, and complete exclusion of the aneurysm was achieved while maintaining the patency of the parent artery. The use of covered stents in intracranial vasculature can be an effective and safe treatment modality for exclusion of the mycotic aneurysm in selected cases.
Feasibility of the Superselective Test with Propofol for Determining Eloquent Brain Regions in the Endovascular Treatment of Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: González José A Jordán , Guerra Juan Carlos Llibre , López José A. Prince , Luna Frank Vázquez , Ramos Raúl Marino Rodríguez , Suárez José Carlos Ugarte
Published: January 2017

The superselective test for determining eloquent brain areas, carried out prior to the embolization treatment for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), is a tool contributing to increase the safety of endovascular procedures. Taking into account amobarbital unavailability, it was decided to carry out the present study to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of propofol as an alternative to amobarbital to perform this test.

A group of 58 patients were treated in 91 embolization sessions for brain AVMs using endovascular surgery between February 2006 and February 2011. The superselective test was performed prior to embolization with Histoacryl, using the intra-arterial administration of 20 mg propofol through a microcatheter positioned near the AVM nidus.

Ten (7.8%) of the 128 superselective tests were positive. Neurological deficits appeared immediately after propofol administration, lasted for one minute and disappeared after five minutes. Only one of the patients showing a negative test result developed neurological deficits after embolization, for 99.2% negative predictive vale. Despite their positive test results, six patients were embolized and five developed post-embolization neurological deficits, for 83.3% positive predictive value. The test showed 83.3% sensitivity and 99.2% specificity.

The use of propofol to perform the superselective test during brain AVM embolization is a safe and effective alternative to amobarbital, and may predict the occurrence of post-embolization ischemic complications.
Brain Reorganization after Endovascular Treatment in a Patient with a Large Arteriovenous Malformation: The Role of Diagnostic and Functional Neuroimaging Techniques
Authors: La Piana Roberta , Bourassa-Blanchette Samuel , Klein Denise , Mok Kelvin , Nino Maria Del Pilar Cortes , Tampieri Donatella
Published: January 2017

We describe a case of brain cortical reorganization after embolization of a large right temporal arteriovenous malformation. A comprehensive imaging protocol, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), cortical thickness analysis and 320-row computed tomography (CT) perfusion was used to provide information on brain plasticity and potential steal phenomenon.

A 25-year-old man known for a right temporal grade V Spetzler-Martin classification arteriovenous malformation (AVM) presented with left progressive hemiparesis.

He underwent functional 3T magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), cortical thickness analysis, and CT perfusion (CT 320 row, Aquilion ONE, Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan) before and after endovascular treatment. The results were compared to look for modifications in brain perfusion and organization.

An improvement in the left hemiparesis and a reorganization of motor function were observed after endovascular treatment.

Modifications in the angioarchitecture and perfusion of an extensive AVM may be accompanied by a functional and structural reorganization of the brain. The location in the so-called eloquent regions may not be sufficient to explain the wide spectrum of symptoms that these patients can present. A more comprehensive approach considering a global involvement of the brain in patients with large AVMs is suggested to achieve the best treatment strategy and to stage treatment in incurable AVMs.
Bilateral Persistent Trigeminal Arteries with Unilateral Trigeminal Artery to Cavernous Sinus Fistula
Authors: Chen David , Chen Chi-Jen , Chen Jiann-Jy , Tseng Ying-Chi , Hsu Hui-Ling , Ku Jan-Wen
Published: January 2017

A 59-year-old man who denied a history of trauma presented with left pulsatile tinnitus and left orbital swelling for six months. Digital subtraction angiography showed a left persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) with a trigeminal artery to cavernous sinus (trigeminal-cavernous sinus) fistula and a right PTA. Transarterial detachable coil embolization of the left trigeminal-cavernous sinus fistula was performed, and the symptoms subsided. There has been no report of bilateral PTAs with a spontaneous fistula connected from one PTA to the ipsilateral cavernous sinus. This paper reports such a rare circumstance.
CT-Guided Core Needle Biopsy of Deep Suprahyoid Head and Neck Lesions in Untreated Patients
Authors: Wu En-Haw , Chen Yao-Liang , Toh Cheng-Hong , Ko Sheung-Fat , Lin Yu-Chun , Ng Shu-Hang
Published: January 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CT-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) in the diagnosis of deep head and neck tumors in untreated patients.

We retrospectively reviewed the records of ten consecutive CT-guided CNB procedures from ten patients without a related history from March 2004 to February 2012. The surgical results, treatment response and clinical follow-up were used as the diagnostic standards. All specimens were considered adequate. Nine out of ten cases matched the final diagnosis. Biopsy failed to diagnose the infratemporal meningioma en plaque in a particular case. Three cases were carcinomas. No complication was encountered.

CT-guided core needle biopsy is an efficient and safe technique for histological diagnosis of skull base lesions in patients without a related history. This technique can offer a definite tissue diagnosis and avoid unnecessary surgical interventions for such patients.
Endovascular Treatment of Vertebral Artery Injury during Cervical Posterior Fusion (C1 Lateral Mass Screw)
Authors: Yoon Kyeong-Wook , Ko Jung-Ho , Cho Chun-Sung , Lee Sang-Koo , Kim Young-Joon , Kim Young Jin
Published: January 2017

We describe two cases of vertebral artery injury during posterior cervical fusion.

We treated both cases by an endovascular technique.

The vertebral artery injury may result in catastrophic situations, such as, infarction, massive blood loss and even death.

Our clinical outcome was good and we prove that endovascular treatment is an effective and less invasive way to treat vertebral artery injury.
Dural venous sinus stenting for medically and surgically refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Satti Sudhakar R , Leishangthem Lakshmi , Spiotta Alejandro , Chaudry M Imran
Published: January 2017

Background

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome defined by elevated intracranial hypertension without radiographic evidence of a mass lesion in the brain. Dural venous sinus stenosis has been increasingly recognized as a treatable cause, and dural venous sinus stenting (DVSS) is increasingly performed.

Methods

A 5 year single-center retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing DVSS for medically refractory IIH.

Results

There were 43 patients with a mean imaging follow-up of 6.5 months and a mean clinical follow-up period of 13.5 months. DVSS was performed as the first procedure for medically refractory IIH in 81.4% of patients, whereas 18.6% of patients included had previously had a surgical procedure (ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt or optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF)). Headache was present in all patients and after DVSS improved or remained stable in 69.2% and 30.8%, respectively. Visual acuity changes and visual field changes were present in 88.4% and 37.2% of patients, respectively. Visual field improved or remained unchanged in 92%, but worsened in 8% after stenting. There was a stent patency rate of 81.8%, with an 18.2% re-stenosis rate. Of the 43 procedures performed, there was a 100% technical success rate with zero major or minor complications.

Conclusion

Based on this single-center retrospective analysis, DVSS can be performed with high technical success and low complication rates. A majority of patients presented primarily with headache, and these patients had excellent symptom relief with DVSS alone. Patients presenting with visual symptoms had lower success rates, and this population, if stented, should be carefully followed for progression of symptoms.
Pitfalls of GDC Embolisation of Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Mena F. , Viñuela F. , Duckwiler G. , Gobin Y.P. , Murayama Y. , Guglielmi G.
Published: January 2017

We present a critical analysis of the cerebral aneurysm GDC embolisation technique and its numerous possible pitfalls with the experience of 448 aneurysms in 401 patients performed during a seven year period at UCLA's Division of Interventional Neuroradiology. A “pitfall” is defined as any hidden or not easily recognized danger or difficulty.

We review pitfalls related to micro-catheterization, GDC coil delivery, complex vascular anatomy, post-embolisation management, and pre-existing patient's clinical condition.

The possible associated technical and clinical complications include aneurysm rupture, parent artery occlusion, thrombo-embolic stroke, coil stretching/rupture, coil migration, incomplete embolisation or embolisation failure. Lastly we present a discussion of our experience and suggestions of how to avoid some of these pitfalls.
Pressure Measurements across Vascular Stenoses
Authors: Imbesi S.G. , Kerber C.W.
Published: January 2017

We describe and analyze pressure measurements across vascular stenoses in an atherosclerotic human carotid bulb replica using catheters of different diameters.

Replicas of an atherosclerotic human carotid bulb were created using the lost wax technique, and were placed in a circuit of pulsating non-newtonian fluid. Flows were adjusted to replicate human physiologic flow profiles. Common carotid artery total flow volume of 600 milli-liters/minute was studied. A pressure recording device was calibrated; data were received from catheters placed longitudinally in the common carotid artery and internal carotid artery. The internal carotid artery pressures were obtained both through the stenosis as is usually performed in the angiography suite and through the vessel side-wall beyond the stenosis as a control. Internal carotid artery flow volumes were also measured with and without the catheter through the stenosis. Multiple pressure recordings and volume measurements were obtained in the replica using 7 French, 5 French, and 2.5 French catheters.

Measurements of the replica showed a 58% diameter stenosis and an 89% area stenosis of the carotid bulb. All longitudinal pressure measurements in the common carotid artery agreed with control values regardless of the diameter of the catheter used. Pressure measurements were also in agreement with control values in the internal carotid artery using the 2.5 French catheter. However, when larger diameter catheters were employed, pressures measured with the catheter through the stenosis fell when compared to control values. Additionally, internal carotid artery flow volumes were also decreased when the larger diameter catheters were placed across the stenosis.

Large diameter catheters when placed across vascular stenoses may cause an occlusive or near-occlusive state and artifactually increase the measured transstenotic vascular pressure gradient as well as decrease forward vascular flow.
Puncture of the Superficial Sylvian Vein for Embolisation of Cavernous Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Benndorf G. , Lehmann T.N. , Molsen H.P. , Lanksch W. , Felix R.
Published: January 2017

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF's) of the cavernous sinus are curable by endovascular means in the vast majority of cases. Both transarterial and transvenous approaches by femoral route can be used for closure. In rare cases with unsuitable anatomy or angioarchitecture, an endovascular approach is proposed by open surgical exposure of a major venous outflow, e.g. the superior ophthalmic vein. We report on a case of unsuccessful attempts at transarterial and transvenous catheter navigation through traditional endovascular routes, where surgical exposure of the major cortical venous drainage was necessary. A direct puncture of the sylvian vein allowed placement of a microcatheter in the cavernous sinus and occlusion of the fistula by coils.
Model reference adaptive vector control for induction motor without speed sensor
Authors: Fan Bo , Yang Zhi-Xin , Wang Xian-Bo , Song Lu , Song Shu-Zhong
Published: January 2017

The wide applications of vector control improve the high-accuracy performance of alternating current (AC) adjustable speed system. In order to obverse the full-order flux and calculate the real-time speed, this article introduces the motor T equivalent circuit to build a full-order flux observer model, where the current and flux variables of stator and rotor are adopted. Model reference adaptive control is introduced to build the AC motor flux observer. The current output is used as feedback to build the feedback matrix. The calculation method of motor speed, which is part of the inputs of flux observation, is applied to realize the adaptive control. The concept of characteristic function is introduced to calculate the flux, of which the foundation is the variables of composite form of voltage and current models. The characteristic function is deduced as a relative-state variable function. The feedback matrix is improved and designed to ensure the motor flux observer is a smooth switch between current and voltage model in low and high speeds, respectively. Experimental results show that the feedback and characteristic model are feasible, and the vector control with speed sensorless based on the full-order flux observer has better performance and anti-disturbance.
Plate-like structure damage location identification based on Lamb wave baseline-free probability imaging method
Authors: Li Dongsheng , Jing Zihao , Jin Mengdao
Published: January 2017

Damage-scattering signal extraction using conventional ultrasonic guided wave–based damage detection techniques requires the measurement of baseline data under pristine condition. This study proposes a baseline-free ultrasonic guided wave damage localization and imaging method based on Lamb wave baseline-free probability imaging method. Although traditional Lamb wave probability imaging can monitor damage location in plate-like structures, the absolute time of arrival and magnitude of the signal are affected by several factors and are therefore difficult to obtain. This study also proposes a probability-based hyperbola diagnostic imaging method that is based on different times of arrival and has no magnitude information. A distributed active sensor network conforming to a pulse-echo configuration and time window functions is developed to separate damage-scattering signals from structural response signals. Continuous wavelet transform is used to calculate the time of flight of damage signal waves. The numerical simulation and experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying damage.
Permanent magnetic toroidal drive with half stator
Authors: Xu Lizhong , Li Ran , Song Wentao
Published: January 2017

A permanent magnetic toroidal drive with a half stator is proposed that avoids noise and mechanical vibrations. The effects of the system parameters on the output torque of the drive were investigated. A model machine was designed and produced. The output torque and speed fluctuation of the drive system were measured, and the calculated and measured output torque were compared. The tests demonstrated that the drive system could operate continuously without noise, and the system achieved a given speed ratio. The drive system had high load-carrying ability and a maximum output torque of 0.15 N m when certain parameter values were used.
First-passage probability of the deflection of a cable-stayed bridge under long-term site-specific traffic loading
Authors: Lu Naiwei , Noori Mohammad , Liu Yang
Published: January 2017

Long-span bridges suffer from higher traffic loads and the simultaneous presence of multiple vehicles, which in conjunction with the steady traffic growth may pose a threat to the bridge safety. This study presents a methodology for first-passage probability evaluation of long-span bridges subject to stochastic heavy traffic loading. Initially, the stochastic heavy traffic loading was simulated based on long-term weigh-in-motion measurements of a highway bridge in China. A computational framework was presented integrating Rice’s level-crossing theory and the first-passage criterion. The effectiveness of the computational framework was demonstrated through a case study of a cable-stayed bridge. Numerical results show that the upper tail fitting of the up-crossing rate is an appropriate description of probability characteristics of the extreme traffic load effects of long-span bridges. The average daily truck traffic growth increases the probability of exceedance due to an intensive heavy traffic flow and results in a higher first-passage probability, but this increased trend is weakening as the continuous increase of the traffic volume. Since the sustained growth of gross vehicle weight has a constant impact on the probability of failure, setting a reasonable threshold overload ratio is an effective scheme as a traffic management to ensure the bridge serviceability.
An energy-saving pumping system with novel springs energy storage devices: Design, modeling, and experiment
Authors: Meng Hong jun , Quan Long , Wang Zhanlin , Wang Cheng wen , Lan Yuan
Published: January 2017

For the traditional reciprocating pumping unit, it generally starts at the bottom dead point with full load and is accelerated when starting and decelerated when stopping, which not only requires great energy from the motor but also impact on the output torque of motor. In order to tackle the above problems, we propose an energy-saving smooth reversing pumping system, which could store the energy in deceleration by making use of springs, and the stored energy could be reused in acceleration after reversion. This novel system targets to make the motor starting with light load, which could reduce the fluctuation in motor torque, decrease the starting time. In this article, a dynamic model and an efficiency model are established to compute the polished rod load dynamometer card and efficiency of the pumping unit. It is shown that the installed springs could help to reduce the impact on the system when reversing, and significantly decrease the energy consumption. In addition, we set up the real pumping system with load test system to verify the effectiveness of the model establishment. Through the experiment, the proposed pumping system could save energy up to 9.204% as compared to the traditional reciprocating pumping system.
Analysis of vibration characteristic for helical gear under hydrodynamic conditions
Authors: Liu Fuhao , Jiang Hanjun , Zhang Liang , Chen Li
Published: January 2017

Based on the elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory, a 2-degree-of-freedom nonlinear dynamic model of helical gears with double-sided film is proposed, in which the minimum film thickness behaves as a function of load parameters, lubricant parameters, and the geometry of the contact. Then, the comparison of the hysteresis loops in different gear models shows the soundness of the presented model. Using numerical method, the time evolution of lubricant normal force, minimum film thickness, and lubricant stiffness is obtained in order to demonstrate the influence of the driving torque and pinion’s velocity. The results obtained in this article can contribute to the root cause for the gear vibration and show that the hydrodynamic flank friction has almost no influence on the gear system.
Role of Viral Infection in the Aetiology-Pathogenesis of Bladder Tumor: A Reality or Chimera?
Authors: Fischetti G. , Leone P. , Barrese F. , Curari S. , Valentini M.A. , Morello P. , Degener A.M. , Pietropaolo V. , Fioriti D. , Mischitelli M. , Buttiglieri A.R. , Chiarini F.
Published: January 2017

The possible role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the aetiology of papillary tumor of the bladder has been evaluated and a review of the literature concerning this issue was made. A group of 17 patients affected by bladder papillary tumor was analysed. Surgical specimens were collected for virological and histological analysis. The DNA of the following viruses was searched by polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Human Papillomaviruses (HPV), Polyomaviruses (BKV and JCV). The results showed that 15/17 (88 %) patients with papillary bladder tumor were found negative for each viral-searched DNA; only one sample was positive for HPV (6 %) genotype 6, which is considered to convey a low risk for cancer development and only one was positive for BKV (6 %). From the results obtained there seems to be no relationship between viral infection and the presence of bladder papillary tumor. Moreover, in the examined population the association bladder carcinoma-HPV, found by others, has not been confirmed. The homogeneity of the specimens studied was such that it would not be affected by the temporal factor, as were cases of more or less advanced cancers. Nonetheless specimens from patients with advanced cancers (G III) were negative to HPV infection. The data do not appear indicative for a correlation between viral DNA presence and histological parameters. Thus, in the light of the data emerging from this investigation, no causal relationship can be established between HPV infection and papillary bladder tumors.
Cytokines Mediating Inflammation in a Model of Secondary Immunodeficiency in Wistar Rats: Immunomodulation Triggered by Thymomodulin
Authors: Olmos S. , Blois S. , Frecha C. , Márquez G. , Roux M.E.
Published: January 2017

We have previously demonstrated in a rat model of immunodeficiency, an increase in the number of γδ T cells in the gut lamina propria and in the number of CD8αα+, CD25+, γδ+ subpopulations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL). The increased percentage of CD8αα+ iIEL that express CD25 indicates inflammation. The present study confirms the existence of an inflammatory process in the immunodeficient animals (R21) that is not detectable at the histological level but is characterized by an increase of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ. We have shown a direct relationship between TNF receptor II (TNF-RII) expression and the higher levels of the γδ+ iIEL expressing TNF-α (TCRγδ+/TNF-α+ cells) that could be indicating a differential T cell reactivity. The effects of the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and INF-γ seem to be down regulated by the high levels of antigen specific TGF-β expression, which, we believe, is antigen specific and appears to maintain oral tolerance. Finally, in malnourished animals NF-κB remains principally in the cytosol and is unable to translocate to the nucleus, indicating the existence of alterations in the metabolic pathways leading to nuclear factor κB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The therapeutic action of the immunomodulator TmB was demonstrated by its capacity to return all the cytokines studied to control levels. Moreover, its effects allowed the transcription factor NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus from the cytosol.
Glaucoma: Current and Developing Concepts for Inflammation, Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Kumarasamy N.A. , Lam F.S. , Wang A.L. , Theoharides T.C.
Published: January 2017

Glaucoma is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder of the eye. However, the mechanism leading to the disease is still unclear. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and subsequent retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death leading to the loss of visual field characterizes the pathology of primary open angle glaucoma, which is the most common form. Possible factors leading to glaucoma include glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) based damage, disruption of neurotrophic factor transport and immune-induced neurodestruction. Current treatment options primarily aim at decreasing IOP by utilizing pharmacological agents, laser therapy and surgery. Developing treatments target neuroprotection with vaccines, the inhibition of NO synthesis and apoptosis. Gaining a better understanding of the pathogenesis can aid in the development of new treatment options and, perhaps, even a cure for glaucoma.
HSP70 Modulates the Enhanced Production of Reactive Intermediate Metabolites and a Proinflammatory Cytokine TNF-α Expression in a T Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Kumar S. , Deepak P. , Acharya A.
Published: January 2017

Heat shock proteins are intracellular soluble proteins expressed consecutively in all cells. They are immunogenic proteins able to activate antigen-presenting cells by binding through the CD91 receptor and activate both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Macrophage plays a pivotal role in innate immune response and secretes a number of regulatory molecules upon activation. In the present study, we investigate the activation of normal and tumor-associated macrophage to produce the effector molecules which have a role in immunomodulation, especially in the killing of the transformed or tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo treatment of NMO and TAMs (from T-Cell Lymphoma) with optimum dose 10 μg of hsp70 produce effector molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF α). The results of our experiments reveal that the production of effector molecules is dose-dependent, and the result of immunoblots also confirms the increased expression of iNOS. These findings suggest that autologous hsp70 are highly immunogenic and potent activating agents for the enhanced production of effector molecules in NMO and TAMs in a T-cell lymphoma.
Saliva Levels of 15-F2t-Isoprostane as Biomarker of Lipid Peroxidation in Autistic Children
Authors: Karamouzi A. , Kovachev D. , Karamouzis I. , Antoniadou-Hitoglou M. , Tsikoulas I. , Aggelopoulou-Sakadami N.
Published: January 2017

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that usually presents itself in early childhood and is thought to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of neurological, neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders including Parkinson's and Alzheimer disease, Down's syndrome and autism. The biological fluid levels of the 15-F2t-Isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP) are regarded as being the most significant biochemical index of oxidative stress. There are some studies that measured 15-F2t-IsoP in the plasma and urine of children with autism. However 15-F2t-IsoP has not been measured in the saliva of children with autism. This procedure is less stressful for the children with autism. The purpose of this study is to evaluate saliva levels of 15-F2t-IsoP in children diagnosed with autism. Saliva levels of 15-F2t-IsoP were determined in 18 children with autism age: 6.6±1.6 years and 21 healthy controls age: 7.5±1.4 years. Compared to the control group, the children with autism had significantly higher saliva levels of 15-F2t-IsoP. From the above-mentioned it is concluded that a) lipid peroxidative biomarker 15-F2t-IsoP is increased in autistic children, and b) saliva is the proper (optimal) biological fluid for the evaluation the lipid peroxidation in autistic children.
Lymphocyte Differentiation in the Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Gelardi M. , Fiorella M.L. , Fiorella R. , Cavallucci E. , Di Gioacchino M. , Ciprandi G.
Published: January 2017

Few cytological studies have investigated the morphologic changes occurring during lymphocyte differentiation in the nose. The aim of the study is to investigate lymphocyte and plasma cell morphology in patients with allergic rhinitis. Nasal cytology was performed in 110 patients (61 men, 49 women) of ages ranging from 12 to 47 years (mean age, 27), 72 of whom were affected by pollen allergic rhinitis (32 allergic to olive, 21 to Parietaria, 13 to grasses, and 6 to cypress) and 38 by perennial allergic rhinitis (allergy to house dust mites). Cytological samples were obtained by scraping with Rhino-Probe™. The samples were collected from the inferior middle turbinate. After fixing and drying, the samples were stained and counted. Cells belonging to the lymphocyte-plasma cell lineage were analyzed. Within this population, 5 different cellular types were identified displaying particular morphologic features of the nucleus and the cytoplasm. These morphological variants constitute various functional stages of B lymphocytes. In allergic inflammation, antigen stimulation induces B lymphocytes to differentiate and become plasma cells. The findings from this strictly morphological study will need to be confirmed by immunohistochemical and immunophenotypic studies.
Role of Macrophage in Tumor Microenvironment: Prospect in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Gautam P.K. , Deepak P. , Kumar S. , Acharya A.
Published: January 2017

Current evidence suggests an increasing role of macrophages in inflammation and tumor progression. Most tumors contain an abundant number of macrophages as a major component of their leukocyte infiltrate, which co-exist with tumor cells at the tumor microenvironment. Upon activation with soluble tumor antigens, macrophages release a distinct repertoire of growth factor, cytokines, chemokines and enzymes that inhibit growth of the tumor. However, the anti-tumor immune response induced by macrophages does not always ensue. Tumor cells themselves are capable of down-regulating macrophage phenotype and functions and anti-tumor immune responses in the tumor-bearing host. The present review aims to elucidate the role of macrophages in tumor growth and progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis at the site of tumor growth. Moreover, the effect of tumor microenvironment on the phenotype and function of macrophages, which are altered due to the continuous exposure of various soluble and non-soluble tumor promoting factors secreted by tumor cells, and implication of macrophages in cancer immunotherapy have been discussed in detail.
Impact of Immunity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Tetè S. , Varvara G. , Murmura G. , Saggini A. , Maccauro G. , Rosati M. , Cianchetti E. , Tripodi D. , Toniato E. , Fulcheri M. , Caraffa A. , Antinolfi P. , Pandolfi F. , Potalivo G. , Conti P. , Theoharides T.C.
Published: January 2017

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are childhood psychopathologies characterized by having difficulties in social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication as well as sensor motor movements. Evidence suggests that in ASDs environmental toxicant exposure, genetic and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved associated with abnormal immune response with allergic problems and elevated serum IgE. ASDs present the major cytokine and chemokine dysfunction in CNS and is mediated by an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain, such as TNF, IL-1, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8 and others. Mast cells, which are also implicated in ASDs, are worsened by stress and produce proinflammatory cytokines and can be stimulated by neurotensin in the brain and gut, contributing also to the inflammatory response. However, the exact etiology of ASDs remains largely unknown.
Lanthanum Carbonate Modulates Inflammatory Profile in Hemodialysis Patients: Relationship with Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
Authors: Navarro-González J.F. , Donate-Correa J. , Muros M. , García-García P. , Getino M.A. , García-Pérez J. , Mora-Fernández C.
Published: January 2017

Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is independently associated with increased inflammatory markers in chronic kidney disease. Lanthanum carbonate (LaCa) reduces FGF-23. We studied the effects of LaCa on inflammatory profile of hemodialysis patients, and the relationship with changes in FGF-23. This prospective study was performed under habitual clinical practice conditions. Twenty-six hemodialysis patients with serum phosphate > 5 mg/dl receiving calcium-based phosphate binders were switched to LaCa. Ten patients with phosphate ≤ 5 mg/dl under calcium-based phosphate binders were enrolled as a control group for comparison. Serum calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphate product (CaxP), intact parathyroid hormone and the inflammatory profile [including serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, as well as mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells] were analyzed. Serum FGF-23 significantly decreased in patients switched to LaCa (P< 0.01), with a concomitant reduction in serum hsCRP (-10.9%, P < 0.01), TNF-α (-6.7%, P < 0.05) and IL-6 (-8.1%, P < 0.01). mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in PBMC also decreased by 7.8% (P< 0.05) and 10.3% (P< 0.01), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that variations in FGF-23 were the only independent determinant of the changes in serum and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory parameters. In conclusion, LaCa posses anti-inflammatory actions, which are significant and independently associated with the reduction of FGF-23. FGF-23 may regulate inflammatory cytokine gene expression at the transcriptional level. Whether these effects have influence on clinical outcomes warrants consideration.
Cytokine Response in Autovaccine-Treated Patients with Chronic Staphylococcus Aureus Infections
Authors: Szkaradkiewicz A. , Karpiński T.M. , Goślińska-Pawłowska O. , Szkaradkiewicz A.K. , Giedrys-Kalemba S.
Published: January 2017

This study aims to describe the levels of circulating cytokines produced by Th lymphocytes (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A), as well as the levels of cytokines produced by monocytes/macrophages (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12), in patients with chronic Staphylococcus aureus infections before treatment and following completion of autovaccine treatment. The study was carried out on adult individuals, including 25 healthy subjects (group 1, control, not treated), 50 patients with chronic suppurative dermatitis (group 2) and 40 patients with chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract (group 3). Blood serum cytokine levels were measured by enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). S. aureus was detected in cultures of suppurative dermal exudates or of pharyngeal smears. For every individual patient an autovaccine was prepared, containing a suspension of inactivated S. aureus bacteria (1.5 × 108 bacteria/ml) isolated from the patient. The autovaccine was administered subcutaneously for a period exceeding 3 months, for a total of 18 injections. The average level of IFN-γ and IL-17 was 2–2.5 times higher in the infected patients. This was not accompanied by an increase in TNF-α or IL-12 levels. A treatment with autovaccine eradicated S. aureus infection in 42 (84%) patients of group 2 and in 14 (35%) patients of group 3. A significant increase (two-fold) in IL-17A was observed in treated patients. Also, following the treatment with autovaccine, all patients demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12. These studies showed for the first time that efficiency of the autovaccine treatment in patients with chronic S. aureus infection depends on an adequate secretory response of TH17 cells.
Low-Dose Azithromycin Attenuates OVA-Induced Airway Remodeling and Inflammation via Down-Regulating TGF-βl Expression in RAT
Authors: Wan L. , Liu L. , Zhang Z. , Zhou Y. , Xiong Y. , Li D. , Zhou L.
Published: January 2017

Asthma is characteristic with chronic airway inflammation and remodeling. Azithromycin (AZM), the 15-member macrolide, is known to present an anti-inflammatory effect and is increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases. We hypothesize that low-dose azithromycin can inhibit allergen-induced airway remodeling except allergic airway inflammation in rat model. Male SD rats underwent intraperitoneal ovalbumin sensitization on days 1 and 6 followed by an intranasal challenge on day 7–13. On day 14, airway inflammation and remodeling were assessed by quantifying leukocytes in the airway, expression of multiple inflammatory mediators in BALF, histological examination in lung and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein levels by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Treatment with low-dose azithromycin at the dose of 25 mg/kg significantly reduced ovalbumin-dependent airway inflammation, including accumulation of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils, secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-α. Moreover, airway remodeling was significantly abrogated by azithromycin in this model. The mucus cell hyperplasia, thickening of the peribronchial smooth muscle layer, secretion of ET-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-α, and increasing mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β1 in lung tissue were all significantly decreased in azithromycin-treated rats. These findings demonstrate the protective effect of low-dose azithromycin on allergic airway remodeling in rat and suggest low-dose azithromycin may have beneficial effects in treating allergic airway inflammation.
Preliminary Exploration on Anti-Fibrosis Effect of Kaempferol in Mice with Schistosoma Japonicum Infection
Authors: Zhou Y-P. , Zhang S-L. , Cheng D. , Li H-R. , Tang Z-M. , Xue J. , Cai W. , Dong J-H. , Zhao L.
Published: January 2017

This study is to explore the effectiveness and mechanism of kaempferol on treatment of hepatic fibrosis induced by schistosoma egg. Thirty-six healthy male balb/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, including negative group, positive group, and 4 different dosages of kaempferol treatment groups. Each mouse was infected with 20 schistosoma Cercariae japonicum, except the ones in the negative group. Four weeks later, every infected mouse was administrated with 500mg/kg/day praziquantel for 2 days, and all kaempferol groups were followed by a 4-week administration of kaempferol with 5, 10, 15 and 20mg/kg/day respectively, while both control groups were administrated with normal saline. AH the mice were sacrificed on the 59th day after infection. The liver tissues were taken for Masson staining to detect collagen and real-time quantitative PCR to detect the mRNA expression of IL-13, collagen 1 and MMP-2. As a result, Masson stain showed that the optical density of the interested region in the positive group was significantly higher than that in the negative group (P<0.01), and the optical density in all kaempferol groups was significantly lower than that in the positive group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Real-time PCR showed that the mRNA expression of IL-13 in the positive group was significantly higher than that in the negative group (P<0.01), and the expression of IL-13 in the 20mg/kg and 15mg/kg kaempferol groups was significantly lower than that in the positive group, respectively (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of collagen 1 in the positive group was significantly higher than that in the negative group (P<0.01), and mRNA expression of collagen 1 in the 20mg/kg kaempferol group was significantly lower than that in the positive group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the positive and negative groups on mRNA expression of MMP-2. The mRNA expression of MMP-2 in all kaempferol groups was significantly higher than that in the positive group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In conclusion, kaempferol can ameliorate schistosoma egg-induced hepatic fibrosis via regulating the IL-13 signal pathway. Kaempferol is very likely to be an IL-13 targeted anti-fibrosis medicine.