bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: September 2017

“Introduction: A Short History of a Long Form” introduces the verse-novel by describing its major features—including its contemporaneity (in contrast to epic), its storytelling impulse, its frequent use of interpolated lyric verses (“rough-mixing”), and its preference for common language—against the backdrop of Victorian genre theory and recent accounts of the period’s poetic genres. Focusing on Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh, an early and influential example of the form, the Introduction suggests how Victorian writers self-consciously used the generic indeterminacy of the verse-novel to contest social as well as literary norms and express a broad range of cultural concerns. It also traces some of the prior hybrid experiments that influenced the rise of the verse-novel at mid-century and offers a preview of the chapters to come.
Amours de Voyage
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4, “Amours de Voyage: The Verse-Novel and European Travel,” reflects on the expansive generic geography of the form. Like the influential ur-text Don Juan, almost all verse-novels exhibit what Clough calls amours de voyage. The chapter considers overlapping thematic and structural aspects of travel in a group of explicitly cosmopolitan verse-novels (Clough’s Amours de Voyage, Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh, Owen Meredith’s Lucile and Glenaveril, and George Eliot’s The Spanish Gypsy): their use of the railway, of guidebooks, of epistolarity, and of plots involving hybrid heredity. The spatial energies of verse-novels often avoid not only the epic teloi of nation founding and empire building but also the novelistic telos of the courtship plot: marriage. These works travel in order to destabilize both their generic terrain and their ideological certainties. A postscript considers William Allingham’s Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland, an exception to this travelling spirit that proves the rule.
The Fragmentation of Being
Authors: McDaniel Kris
Published: September 2017

This book attempts to answer some of the most fundamental questions in ontology. There are many kinds of beings but are there also many kinds of being? The world contains a variety of objects, each of which, let us provisionally assume, exists, but do some objects exist in different ways? Do some objects enjoy more being or existence than other objects? Are there different ways in which one object might enjoy more being than another? Most contemporary metaphysicians would answer “no” to each of these questions. So widespread is this consensus that the questions this book addresses are rarely even raised let alone explicitly answered. But this book carefully examines a wide range of reasons for answering each of these questions with a “yes.” In doing so, it connects these questions with many important metaphysical topics, including substance and accident, time and persistence, the nature of ontological categories, possibility and necessity, presence and absence, persons and value, ground and consequence, and essence and accident. In addition to discussing contemporary problems and theories, this book discusses the ontological views of many important figures in the history of philosophy, including Aquinas, Aristotle, Descartes, Heidegger, Husserl, Kant, Leibniz, Meinong, and many more.
Ways of Being
Authors: McDaniel Kris
Published: September 2017

This chapter develops a version of ontological pluralism that appeals to semantically primitive restricted quantification and naturalness. It also articulate different ways of formulating versions of ontological pluralism. Although the author defends ontological pluralism from some objections, the main goals of this chapter are to get some versions of ontological pluralism on the table, show that they are intelligible and worthy of consideration, and show how concerns about ontological pluralism connect up with historical and contemporary meta-metaphysical issues. The chapter considers versions of ontological pluralism that say that substances have a different mode of being than attributes, that things in time have a different mode of being than atemporal objects, that stuff has a different mode of being than things, and many others.
Categories of Being
Authors: McDaniel Kris
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the nature of ontological categories. The author argues that, insofar as the notion of an ontological category is theoretically fruitful, we should take ontological categories to be modes of being. The chapter discusses one way in which ontological categories as modes of being could be used to formulate interesting and powerful principles about what is metaphysically possible. This way appeals to the idea that there are type restrictions in the metaphysically perfect language. The chapter also discusses whether it is necessary what ontological categories there are, and the prospects for a putative discipline of formal ontology, understood as that which studies the essence of an object qua object.
Concluding Unsystematic Postscript
Authors: McDaniel Kris
Published: September 2017

We’ve nearly reached the end of this long book, which I hope has not worn out its welcome. It’s time to take stock and call it a day.

I have not demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt that there are modes of being or various forms of ontological superiority. Such things cannot be demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt. Metaphysics is and always will be a highly speculative endeavor, and its conclusions subject to rational reappraisal. That we speculate in a disciplined yet humble way should be our aim in metaphysics. Certainty is neither to be sought nor hoped for....
Constructing the MIA Dataset
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet , Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet , Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet
Published: September 2017

Chapter Three introduces the Measure of International Authority (MIA) index on delegation and pooling. The first two sections describe how the authors aggregate scores for individual IO bodies at particular stages of decision making in particular decision areas to estimate delegation and pooling at the level of an international organization. In short, it explains the algorithm that produces delegation and pooling scores. The third section presents descriptive statistics comparing delegation and pooling over time, across IOs, and across decision areas. The chapter concludes with tables that summarize the extent of delegation and pooling, in the aggregate and by decision area, for each of seventy-six IOs in the MIA dataset. The scores tap annual variation from 1950 (or date of IO creation) to 2010 (or date of IO death).
Africa
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents profiles on the delegation and pooling of authority of ten international organizations (IOs) in Africa. Each profile explains how the coding scheme is applied to the IO by charting a path from the primary and secondary evidence to scoring judgments. They tell the reader how the assembly, executive, secretariat, consultative body, and dispute settlement of each IO are composed, what decisions each body makes, and how they make decisions. The profiles chart these developments annually since 1950. The authors indicate four kinds of uncertainty in superscript: α‎ for thin information; β‎ for a case that falls between the intervals on a dimension; γ‎ for disagreement among sources; δ‎ for inconsistency between written rules in the IO. Each profile is followed by tables summarizing the authors’ observations. Data and codebooks for the Measure of International Authority (MIA) are available on the authors’ websites.
Asia-Pacific
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents profiles on the delegation and pooling of authority in five international organizations (IOs) in the Asia-Pacific. Each profile explains how the coding scheme is applied to the IO by charting a path from the primary and secondary evidence to scoring judgments. They tell the reader how the assembly, executive, secretariat, consultative body, and dispute settlement of each IO are composed, what decisions each body makes, and how they make decisions. The profiles chart these developments annually since 1950. The authors indicate four kinds of uncertainty in superscript: α‎ for thin information; β‎ for a case that falls between the intervals on a dimension; γ‎ for disagreement among sources; δ‎ for inconsistency between written rules in the IO. Each profile is followed by tables summarizing the authors’ observations. Data and codebooks for the Measure of International Authority (MIA) are available on the authors’ websites.
Multi-Regional
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents profiles on the delegation and pooling of authority in eleven multi-regional or global international organizations (IOs). Each profile explains how the coding scheme is applied to the IO by charting a path from the primary and secondary evidence to scoring judgments. They tell the reader how the assembly, executive, secretariat, consultative body, and dispute settlement of each IO are composed, what decisions each body makes, and how they make decisions. The profiles chart these developments annually since 1950. The authors indicate four kinds of uncertainty in superscript: α‎ for thin information; β‎ for a case that falls between the intervals on a dimension; γ‎ for disagreement among sources; δ‎ for inconsistency between written rules in the IO. Each profile is followed by tables summarizing the authors’ observations. Data and codebooks for the Measure of International Authority (MIA) are available on the authors’ websites.
Introduction
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This introduction outlines the rationale, arguments, sources, focus, and architecture of the book. It also explains the author’s involvement with the Goulding Archive and reviews the promises and perils that such a primary source offers, including in terms of potential bias (both internal and external). The introduction also identifies three explanations for the Secretariat’s fragmentation in the early 1990s—bureaucratic, power-political, and conceptual—and argues that these pathologies still affect the UN organization today. Through a ‘micro-history’ of the Rwandan crisis as seen from New York, the introduction further explains why and how the events of 1994 provide the contours of a ‘macro-history’ of the UN Secretariat as a whole.
Secretary-General’s Office
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the role of the UN Secretary-General (SG) and of his Executive Office (EOSG) in the Rwandan genocide. It situates the peacekeeping operation within the context of the enthusiasm of the early 1990s, but also of disappointment following the financial crisis of 1993. The chapter then reviews the involvement of Boutros Boutros-Ghali in Rwanda as Secretary-General, including his reading of the crisis, his reaction to the start of the massacres, and his controversial involvement with the Hutu government before taking the helm of the UN. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the role of the advisers in the EOSG during the crisis and assesses their contributions to the decision-making process followed by the SG before and during the genocide.
Party and Democracy
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

The book integrates philosophical, historical, and empirical analyses in order to highlight the profound roots of the limited legitimation of parties in contemporary society. Political parties’ long attempts to gain legitimacy are analysed from a philosophical–historical perspective pinpointing crucial passages in their theoretical and empirical acceptance. The book illustrates the process through which parties first emerged and then achieved full legitimacy in the early twentieth century. It shows how, paradoxically, their role became absolute in the totalitarian regimes of the interwar period when the party became hyper-powerful. In the post-war period, parties shifted from a golden age of positive reception and organizational development towards a more difficult relationship with society as it moved into post-industrialism. Parties were unable to master societal change and favoured the state to recover resources they were no longer able to extract from their constituencies. Parties have become richer and more powerful, but they have ‘paid’ for their pervasive presence in society and the state with a declining legitimacy. The party today is caught in a dramatic contradiction. It has become a sort of Leviathan with clay feet: very powerful thanks to the resources it gets from the state and to its control of societal and state spheres due to an extension of clientelistic and patronage practices; but very weak in terms of legitimacy and confidence in the eyes of the mass public. However, it is argued that there is still no alternative to the party, and some hypotheses to enhance party democracy are advanced.
Introduction
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

The introduction suggests that the problem of the acceptance of the political party is ‘ontological’: the party in itself is an element of division. As a consequence, the acceptance of party entails the acknowledgement of the possibility and feasibility of difference, division, conflict, and opposition. That is, it goes counter to the mainstream of what Western civilization has always considered desirable in society and in polity: union and harmony, consensus and agreement, concord and cohesion. The introduction illustrates the main passages that the book will present in the long road to party acceptance, up to a sort of reversal in recent times when the party has again come under the fire of discontent and criticism.
Searching for Political Parties in the Past
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 introduces the long and difficult process of the theoretical legitimation of the political party as such. The analysis of the meaning and acceptance of ‘parties’ as tools of expressing contrasting visions moves forward from ancient Greece and Rome where (democratic) politics had first become a matter of speculation and practice, and ends up with the first cautious acceptance of parties by eighteenth-century British thinkers. The chapter explores how parties or factions have been constantly considered tools of division of the ‘common wealth’ and the ‘good society’. The holist and monist vision of a harmonious and compounded society, stigmatized parties and factions as an ultimate danger for the political community. Only when a new way of thinking, that is liberalism, emerged, was room for the acceptance of parties set.
Party in Agony?
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7 portrays the present challenges to political parties, and their response. The chapter surveys organizational innovations, such as primaries and internal referendums, recently introduced by political parties to counteract their decline in membership and loss of confidence amongst the electorate, and it questions their efficacy and validity. These pro-membership innovations seem in fact to favour a plebiscitary modality rather than effective democratic activity. The chapter suggests that an intra-democracy would need four ‘knights’ that should comprise: inclusion, deliberation, diffusion and pluralism. The alternatives to the party that have been advanced in recent times are considered, but their effective import is challenged. The chapter concludes by arguing for the unavoidability of partisanship for effective democracy. Even if the political party suffers agonizingly over its limited legitimacy, it still remains at the core of democratic politics.
A Magnificent Faith
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: September 2017

This book explains how and why Lutheranism—a confession that insisted upon the pre-eminence of God’s Word—became a visually magnificent faith, a faith whose adherents sought to captivate Christians’ hearts and minds through seeing as well as through hearing. Although Protestantism is no longer understood as an exclusively word-based religion, the paradigm of evangelical ambivalence towards images retains its power. This is the first study to offer an account of the Reformation origins and subsequent flourishing of the Lutheran baroque, of the rich visual culture that developed in parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The book opens with a discussion of the legacy of the Wittenberg Reformation. Three sections then focus on the confessional, devotional and magnificent image, exploring turning points in Lutherans’ attitudes towards religious art. Drawing on a wide variety of archival, printed and visual sources from two of the Empire’s most important Protestant territories—Saxony, the heartland of the Reformation, and Brandenburg—the book shows the extent to which Lutheran culture was shaped by territorial divisions. It traces the development of a theologically grounded aesthetic, and argues that images became become prominent vehicles for the articulation of Lutheran identity not only amongst theologians but also amongst laymen and women. By examining the role of images in the Lutheran tradition as it developed over the course of two centuries, A Magnificent Faith offers a new understanding of the relationship between Protestantism and the visual arts.
The Reformation Legacy
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 focuses on the first half of the sixteenth century. It analyzes Martin Luther’s teachings on images: the link he drew between iconoclasm and radicalism; his emphasis on Christian freedom; the relationship he described between inner (spiritual) and outer (physical) images; and his willingness to use the latter for instruction and commemoration. It then investigates images’ role in proclaiming the Gospel during this period, focusing on the illustrated Bibles and catechisms produced in Wittenberg and beyond. The Lutheran layperson’s encounter with the Word of God was, it shows, frequently mediated by images. The Reformation’s legacy compromised, therefore, not only a series of pastoral and doctrinal justifications for the use of images but also an experience of religious education and worship that was defined by the visual as well as the verbal.
The Desire for Images
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 examines in detail the impact of Calvinist reform on Lutheran attitudes towards images in the two territories that form the main focus of this study: Electoral Saxony and Brandenburg. It shows that images served as confessional markers not only for Lutheran theologians but also for laypeople. In Saxony, where Elector Christian I introduced short-lived Calvinist reforms in 1586–91, members of the political elite expressed their loyalty to Lutheranism through the epitaphs and altarpieces that they commissioned. In Brandenburg, where Elector Johann Sigismund attempted to introduce a fully fledged Calvinist Reformation in 1615, there was widespread resistance to iconoclasm. In April 1615, Berlin’s Lutheran inhabitants rioted, in part in response to the stripping of the city’s main church. The chapter analyzes accounts of this riot and considers its legacy, arguing that during this period conflict served to embed images even more firmly in Lutheran confessional consciousness.
Leadership Constellation
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents the book’s conceptual foundations. It identifies key concepts developed from the research and explains how they relate to each other. The peculiar challenges of leading professionals arise from two interrelated organizational characteristics, which coexist in constant dynamic tension within professional organizations: extensive autonomy and contingent authority. To manage this tension, leaders need to develop a deep level of insight into the implicit power dynamics and covert political processes that permeate professional organizations, and strike an appropriate balance between challenging and propitiating powerful prima donna professionals. Plural leadership is a relatively new and rapidly developing leadership theory which is particularly relevant to professional organizations. This approach examines leadership as a collective phenomenon that is distributed among multiple individuals. Building on research in this area, this chapter introduces the concept of the ‘leadership constellation’, developed to represent the informal power dynamics among leaders of professional organizations.
Leadership and Governance
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the dynamics which govern the interactions of professionals and examines the implications for leaders of professional organizations. There may be several hundred senior professionals working inside a large professional organization. At any moment, they may stop thinking of themselves as part of the collective and start pursuing their individual interests. Despite its many limitations, partnership remains the optimal legal form of governance for reconciling professionals’ competing interests; the chapter explains why. It identifies the socialization processes, management systems, and governance structures which create and sustain the partnership ethos. By distinguishing partnership as a legal form from partnership as an ethos, it identifies how valuable aspects of the partnership ethos can survive and thrive within a corporation. It explains how leaders with a sophisticated understanding of their organization’s partnership ethos will be more effective at influencing partnership dynamics and at avoiding falling foul of them.
Leadership Dyads
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

The dual leadership model, or ‘leadership dyad’, is common in professional organizations. This chapter asks: can leadership dyads can be effective and, if so, how do they work in practice? It identifies the different configurations of roles and relationships and the conflict and harmony that can result. It presents a framework which analyses four different leadership dyads that occur in professional organizations: ‘intuitive collaboration’, ‘structured coordination’, ‘negotiated cohabitation’, and ‘careful cooperation’, explaining why each can be effective, in very different ways and for very different reasons, because they are able to embody and reconcile the inherent tension between the individual and collective within professional organizations. It demonstrates how even the most discordant dyads can be effective if their members can embody, express, and repeatedly resolve the conflicts which permeate the organization as a whole. This chapter examines the serious consequences when the leadership dyad breaks down and explains what leaders can do if they become involved in a dysfunctional dyad or triad.
Leading Insecure Overachievers
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the rank-and-file fee-earning professionals. It examines the origins of insecurity among professionals and explains how their organizations amplify and exploit it. Elite professional organizations provide insecure overachieving individuals with the security of exceptional psychic as well as financial rewards through offers of employment. This chapter explains how and why professionals enjoy the comforts of being associated with an elite organization and how they are able to incorporate its elite status into their own identity. ‘Comforting’ social control mechanisms embodied in strong cultures can translate into cult-like conformity among senior professionals. This chapter, therefore, also explores the dark side of social control and its most typical manifestation—overwork. It asks: why do senior professionals ‘choose’ to exercise their autonomy by overworking to such an extent that they risk their personal relationships and physical and mental health? It concludes by examining the responsibilities of leaders in this context.
Leading Discreetly
Authors: Empson Laura
Published: September 2017

Senior management professionals have overall responsibility for business services functions, such as Finance, Human Resources, and Marketing. To perform their role effectively they need to develop a very close working relationship with the senior leadership dyad and engage in a complex range of political activities. To bring about the change they have been tasked with achieving, they must become consummate politicians, displaying a range of political skills, from networking ability and interpersonal influence to social astuteness and apparent sincerity. Through a complex set of political activities, management professionals work with the Managing and Senior Partners to help shift the balance of power, away from senior fee-earning professionals and towards the leadership of the organization, without the fee-earning professionals necessarily recognizing or accepting that this change is occurring. This chapter, therefore, shows how it is possible for outsiders to lead discreetly.
Introduction
Authors: Innes Joanna , Braddick Michael J.
Published: September 2017

The Introduction offers a brief overview of Paul Slack’s contribution to early modern history, distinguishing between an earlier phase concerned with social policy and the ideas which informed it, and a later phase concerned with the history of political economy, and particularly the shifting discourse of happiness which, he argued, informed it. It then explores recent interest in the history of emotions, distinguishing a variety of approaches to that subject. Reviewing three broad approaches taken by the contributors to the volume, it goes on to suggest that the history of emotions is most stimulating when seen as a focal point for different kinds of history rather than as a discrete subject of enquiry. A further implication is that a variety of forms of expertise need to be brought to bear.
The Happiness of Suffering
Authors: Walsham Alexandra
Published: September 2017

Walsham traces the impact of the reformation on ideas about what the staunch Protestant should experience, exploring the exceptionally rich vein of thinking about emotion that was associated with religious belief and practice. She argues that Protestant reformers rejected the Catholic spiritual economy, in which suffering was regarded as a species of penance for sin, and accordingly the notion that suffering was salvific. Yet although the reformers emphasized that salvation depended on grace alone, suffering remained central to conceptions of the Christian life. This was partly a result of the Protestant experience of persecution, whose legacies included the belief that the endurance of suffering presented proof of faith, such that it should be embraced. Second-generation reformers continued to valorize suffering, but increasingly regarded it as a source of instruction and a spur to improvement, within a broadly providential world view.
The Body in the Workhouse
Authors: Hitchcock Tim
Published: September 2017

Hitchcock’s chapter examines the impassioned response represented in a couple of cheap publications to the death in 1732 of Mary Whistle, in a workhouse in the London parish of St Giles in the Fields, where she had been confined with a view to making her work in return for aid. The story became a focus for public opposition to the new workhouses, in the process bringing an end to the career of the man in charge of this one, Matthew Marryott. Hitchcock contextualizes publications mobilizing shock at these events by evoking the recent history of innovation in the parish’s government; by giving a sense of the character of the publications in which outrage was expressed; and through analysis of the values which informed the response.
Happiness in Things?
Authors: Pennell Sara
Published: September 2017

Pennell’s chapter engages with the idea that objects acquire individual and social meaning partly because of the emotions that subjects attach to them, in the context of the often fragile hold that the eighteenth-century poor had on their goods and chattels. The poor might routinely pawn possessions or surrender them to distraint for debt, or for release from the sponging house or debtors’ prison. Pennell focuses in particular on the commonplace drama of distraint, increasingly visible across the eighteenth century following the 1689 Sale of Goods Distrained for Rent Act. Accounts suggest that those who fell foul of warrants for distraint often experienced suffering more because their home was violated than because of the loss of specific goods within it. This suggests a pragmatic view of possessions in which goods were regarded as stores of value, more than as objects of emotional investment.
Institutional Contestation of Delegation in the EU Over Time
Authors: Brandsma Gijs Jan , Blom-Hansen Jens
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 begins the book’s empirical analysis. It focuses on the pre-Lisbon situation and investigates how delegation and control evolved from the early 1960s until the Lisbon Treaty came into force. The argument is that the Council of Ministers installed the comitology system as a way to delegate without losing control. Since this control regime provides the member states with privileged control positions, it was immediately contested by the European Parliament, which, due to its weak institutional position, found it difficult to change the situation. However, the gradual empowerment of the European Parliament over the last twenty-five years has made it increasingly difficult for the Council to keep the member states’ privileged position in the comitology system. It is therefore the gradual empowerment of the European Parliament that is the key to understanding the evolution of the pre-Lisbon control regime over time.
What Is the New Mechanical Philosophy?
Authors: Glennan Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the New Mechanical Philosophy and situates it within the history of science and its philosophy. The New Mechanism is an extension and revision of older mechanical philosophies, and extends themes from the last fifty years of post-logical empiricist philosophy of science. The chapter introduces a central theme of the book, namely the essential tension between the particularity of mechanisms and the scientific craving for general representations. It also offers an overview of methodology, arguing for the possibility of a scientifically informed metaphysics and a philosophy of science that honors both the unity and diversity of the sciences.
Mechanisms
Authors: Glennan Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the account of minimal mechanism, according to which a mechanism consists of a set of parts or entities whose activities and interactions are organized so as to be responsible for some phenomenon. The concepts appealed to in this account—phenomena, entities, activities, organization—are elaborated, and the relation of minimal mechanism to other accounts is explored. Mechanisms are shown to be compounds that are organized in two dimensions, the horizontal dimension of causal dependence and a vertical or part-whole dimension called mechanistic constitution. I argue that almost all natural and social phenomena depend upon mechanisms so characterized, and that this fact leads to a new mechanical ontology, which alters the way we should think about traditional metaphysical categories like substances, processes, properties, dispositions, causes, and laws of nature.
Evolutionary genetics of small populations
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

Genetic management of fragmented populations involves the application of evolutionary genetic theory and knowledge to alleviate problems due to inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in small population fragments. Populations evolve through the effects of mutation, natural selection, chance (genetic drift) and gene flow (migration). Large outbreeding, sexually reproducing populations typically contain substantial genetic diversity, while small populations typically contain reduced levels. Genetic impacts of small population size on inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity and population differentiation are determined by the genetically effective population size, which is usually much smaller than the number of individuals.
Loss of genetic diversity reduces ability to adapt
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

Environmental change is a ubiquitous feature of the conditions faced by species, so they must either evolve, move to avoid threats, or perish. Species require genetic diversity to evolve to cope with environmental change through natural selection (adaptive evolution). The ability of populations to undergo adaptive evolution depends upon the strength of selection, genetic diversity, effective population size, mutation rates and number of generations. Loss of genetic diversity in small populations reduces their ability to evolve to cope with environmental change, thus increasing their extinction risk. Adaptive evolution in the short to medium term predominantly utilizes pre-existing genetic diversity, but new mutations make increasing contributions in later generations. Evolutionary potential can be estimated from the heritability of fitness in the environment of interest, or by extrapolation from genomic diversity.
Outbreeding depression is uncommon and predictable
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

Crosses between populations within species sometimes result in reduced fitness, especially in F2 and later generations (outbreeding depression). The primary mechanisms causing outbreeding depression in crosses between populations are fixed chromosomal differences and adaptive genetic differences, especially for long-isolated populations. Outbreeding depression is usually observed after crossing populations with ploidy differences or fixed differences for translocations, inversions or centric fusions: the magnitudes are usually ploidy > translocations and monobrachial centric fusions > inversions and simple centric fusions. Populations adapted to different environments (but with the same karyotype) often exhibit outbreeding depression when crossed, especially in the F2 and later generations. Even if outbreeding depression occurs, it is often only temporary, as natural selection acts to remove it, especially in large populations.
The Market Makers
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

During the twentieth century ‘affluence’ (both at the level of the individual household and society as a whole) became intimately linked with access to a range of prestige consumer durables. This book charts the inter-war origins of a process that would eventually transform these features of modern life from being ‘luxuries’ to ‘necessities’ for most British families. It examines how producers and retailers succeeded in creating mass (though not universal) markets for new suites of furniture, radios, modern housing, and some electrical and gas appliances, while also exploring why some other goods, such as refrigerators, telephones, and automobiles, failed to reach the mass market in Britain before the 1950s. Creating mass markets presented a formidable challenge for manufacturers and retailers. Consumer durables required large markets. Most involved significant research and development costs. Some, such as the telephone, radio, and car, were dependent on complementary investments in infrastructure. All required intensive marketing—usually including expensive advertising in national newspapers and magazines—while some also needed mass production methods (and output volumes) to make them affordable to a mass market. This study charts the pioneering efforts of entrepreneurs (many of whom are now largely forgotten) to provide consumer durables at prices affordable to a mass market and to persuade a sometimes reluctant public to embrace the new products and the consumer credit that their purchase required. The author shows that, contrary to much received wisdom, there was a ‘consumer durables revolution’ in inter-war Britain—at least for certain highly prioritized goods.
America’s Route to a Mass Market in Radio
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

The introduction of entertainment radio in the United States was a spectacular success, with far-reaching economic and social impacts. However, as with many new technology booms, most of the leading early radio equipment manufacturers failed to maintain their positions as key players in the market over the long term. This chapter charts the early growth of the American radio manufacturing sector, the importance of intensive marketing, and strong downstream value chains to developing and sustaining successful brands, and the reasons why—with one exception—the dominant set makers of the 1930s were not the big names of the 1920s. It also discusses the development of US marketing techniques that were to prove important to the marketing of radio in Britain, together with others—such as door-to-door selling—that were less appropriate for British conditions.
Conclusions
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter first discusses the distinctive features of the British inter-war consumer durables revolution, analysing the production, consumption, and marketing characteristics of the sectors reviewed in the previous chapters and the ways these interacted to enable some durables (furniture, modern suburban housing, and radio) to diffuse relatively rapidly, compared to others, such as white goods, cars, and telephones. The chapter then examine the success of the different supply-side strategies in boosting diffusion rates. This is followed by a brief review of the impacts of the inter-war consumer durables revolution on both the industries concerned and on households—with a particular focus on the working and lower-middle classes. Finally, the chapter takes the story forward to the early post-1945 decades, to explain why Britain was transformed from Europe’s leading producer of consumer durables in 1939 to a country whose durable goods industries were in crisis and decline by the 1970s.
Teaching Statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

Students in the sciences, economics, social sciences, and medicine take an introductory statistics course. And yet statistics can be notoriously difficult for instructors to teach and for students to learn. To help overcome these challenges, Gelman and Nolan have put together this fascinating and thought-provoking book. Based on years of teaching experience the book provides a wealth of demonstrations, activities, examples and projects that involve active student participation. Part I of the book presents a large selection of activities for introductory statistics courses and has chapters such as ‘First week of class’- with exercises to break the ice and get students talking; then descriptive statistics, graphics, linear regression, data collection (sampling and experimentation), probability, inference, and statistical communication. Part II gives tips on what works and what doesn’t, how to set up effective demonstrations, how to encourage students to participate in class and to work effectively in group projects. Course plans for introductory statistics, statistics for social scientists, and communication and graphics are provided. Part III presents material for more advanced courses on topics such as decision theory, Bayesian statistics, sampling, and data science.
First week of class
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

This chapter contains many examples of what to do in the first week of class to break the ice and get students talking and thinking about statistics. These illustrate concepts of data collection and variation. They include activities to guess ages from photos, estimate a large number, read news reports, and collect data from students.
Linear regression and correlation
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

This chapter addresses the descriptive treatment of linear regression with a single predictor: straight-line fitting, interpretation of the regression line and standard deviation, the confusing phenomenon of “regression to the mean,” correlation, and conducting regressions on the computer. These concepts are illustrated with student discussions and activities. Many examples are of the sort commonly found in statistics textbooks, but the focus here is on how to work the examples into student-participation activities rather than simply examples to be read or shown on the blackboard. Topics include the following relationships: height and income, height and hand span, world population over time, and exam scores.
Lying with statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: September 2017

We prefer the term “statistical communication,” but the phrase “how to lie with statistics” is a good hook to get students thinking about the issues involved. We try throughout to dampen the natural cynicism that comes with this topic and emphasize that, to most effectively tell the truth, you must avoid lying by accident as well as on purpose. We illustrate the difficulties of statistical communication by bringing news articles to class to discuss. These activities move between small group and whole class discussion. Examples cover problems with ignoring the baseline, misleading comparisons, data dredging, and distinguishing sources of bias.
Normative Judgements and Properties
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

This chapter first characterizes normative judgements, normative properties, and descriptive properties. It notes that these characterizations are compatible with different views about what makes a judgement or property normative. It then describes the four main views about normative judgements and properties: non-reductive realism, reductive realism, non-cognitivism, and the error theory. It also briefly describes some other views about these judgements and properties: cognitivist expressivism, descriptive fictionalism, constructivism, constitutivism, and quietism. The chapter then lists three claims that will play a central role in the book’s arguments, and briefly explains the role these claims will play in these arguments. It ends by suggesting different ways to read the book.
The Reduction Argument
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

This chapter gives a first version of the reduction argument against non-reductive realism. It explains the criterion of property identity that this argument appeals to, and argues that this criterion is correct. The chapter then argues that non-reductive realists cannot resist the reduction argument by appealing to Leibniz’s law, by claiming that irreducibly normative properties are indispensable to deliberation, or by rejecting the claim about supervenience that the argument appeals to. The chapter ends by discussing several objections to the descriptive predicate that this version of the reduction argument makes use of. It concludes that these objections fail to undermine the argument.
Further Versions of the Reduction Argument
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

This chapter gives a second and third version of the reduction argument against non-reductive realism. It notes that the second version of the argument does not appeal to (S) or to any other claim about supervenience. It argues that the reduction argument also applies to normative relations, such as the relation of being a reason for and the relation of resultance. It argues that the reduction argument does not support rampant reductionism. And it offers three explanations of why non-reductive realists often remain unmoved by the argument. The chapter concludes that if there are normative properties, these properties are identical to descriptive properties.
Further Views
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses several further views about normative judgements and properties. It argues that cognitivist expressivism and descriptive fictionalism face the symmetry objection, that Kantian constructivism faces a version of the regress objection, that Humean constructivism faces the false guarantee objection, that Kantian constitutivism faces either the reduction argument or the false guarantee and regress objections, and that quietism faces the symmetry objection. The chapter then considers different views about what makes a judgement or property normative, and explains how the book’s arguments are compatible with all of these views. It ends by showing that the conclusions of the previous chapters entail that the error theory is true.
Believing the Error Theory
Authors: Streumer Bart
Published: September 2017

This chapter first describes the author’s inability to believe the error theory, and argues that this inability is evidence that we cannot believe this theory. It then offers an explanation of why we cannot believe the error theory: it argues that two conditions have to be met for us to have a belief, and it argues that these conditions explain why we cannot believe the error theory. The chapter then considers several objections to this explanation: that there are counterexamples to these conditions, that these conditions apply only to rational beliefs, that these conditions are incompatible with certain views about the nature of belief, and that there are specific ways in which we can come to believe the error theory. The chapter argues that these objections all fail. It then outlines five ways in which we can come close to believing the error theory.
The neuroethical future of wearable and mobile health technology
Authors: Kreitmair Karola V. , Cho Mildred K.
Published: September 2017

Wearable and mobile health technology is becoming increasingly pervasive, both in professional healthcare settings and with individual consumers. This chapter delineates the various functionalities of this technology and identifies its different purposes. It then addresses the ethical challenges that this pervasiveness poses in the areas of accuracy and reliability of the technology, privacy and confidentiality of data, consent, and the democratization of healthcare. It also looks at mobile mental health apps as a case study to elucidate the discussion of ethical issues. Finally, the chapter turns to the question of how this technology and the associated “quantification of the self” affect traditional modes of epistemic access to and phenomenological conceptions of the self.
No pain no gain: A neuroethical place for hypnosis in invasive intervention
Authors: Lang Elvira V.
Published: September 2017

Management of patients’ pain depends largely on the beliefs of healthcare providers and institutional cultures rather than evidence and rational considerations. Approaches that improve positive outcomes based on placebo effects elicit the call for guidance and regulations by medical societies and ethics boards. Oddly, the use of nocebo approaches seems to be a free-for-all: it is not as specifically limited as the training of front-line providers in positive language or hypnotic techniques, which is still labeled unethical by one of the major professional associations. The hope is that continued documentation of efficacy of nonpharmacologic calming and analgesic techniques in well-conducted clinical trials will overcome these hurdles, and that further stepwise integration in medical practice will facilitate the needed culture change of Western medical practice. The aim is to make gains for all concerned without unnecessary pains.