bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of IL‐27 in human Th1‐associated granulomatous diseases
Authors: Larousserie Frédérique , Pflanz Stefan , Coulomb‐L'Herminé Aurore , Brousse Nicole , Kastelein Rob , Devergne Odile
Published: January 2004

Interleukin (IL)‐27 is a newly described member of the IL‐12 family. It is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of two subunits, p28 and Epstein–Barr virus‐induced gene 3 (EBI3). In vitro studies have shown that IL‐27 is mainly produced by activated monocytes and dendritic cells. It induces the proliferation of naïve CD4‐positive T cells and synergizes with IL‐12 for interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) production. Knock‐out mice for the IL‐27 receptor (WSX‐1/TCCR) have impaired Th1 responses and form abnormal granulomas when injected with bacillus Calmette‐Guérin. However, the expression profile of IL‐27 in vivo is currently unknown. To investigate the potential role of IL‐27 in the development of a Th1 response in humans in vivo, this study has analysed the in situ expression of IL‐27 subunits in three types of granulomatous disease (tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and Crohn's disease), each characterized by a Th1 response. Tissue sections from patients with tuberculosis (n = 9), sarcoidosis (n = 8), or Crohn's disease (n = 7) were analysed by immunohistochemistry with anti‐EBI3 and anti‐p28 antibodies, in parallel with control tissues (control reactive lymph nodes, n = 14, and control intestinal tissues, n = 11). In granulomatous tissues, EBI3 and p28 co‐expression was detected in epithelioid and multinucleate giant cells in granulomas. In addition, sinus or tissue macrophages, endothelial cells, and plasma cells were found to co‐express EBI3 and p28. These data support a possible role for IL‐27 in human Th1 responses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue and cellular tropism of the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome: an in‐situ hybridization study of fatal cases
Authors: To KF , Tong Joanna HM , Chan Paul KS , Au Florence WL , Chim Stephen SC , Allen Chan KC , Cheung Jo LK , Liu Esther YM , Tse Gary MK , Lo Anthony WI , Dennis Lo YM , Ng HK
Published: January 2004

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new human infectious disease with significant morbidity and mortality. The disease has been shown to be associated with a new coronavirus (SARS‐CoV). The clinical and epidemiological aspects of SARS have been described. Moreover, the viral genome of SARS‐CoV has been fully sequenced. However, much of the biological behaviour of the virus is not known and data on the tissue and cellular tropism of SARS‐CoV are limited. In this study, six fatal cases of SARS were investigated for the tissue and cellular tropism of SARS‐CoV using an in‐situ hybridization (ISH) technique. Among all the tissues studied, positive signals were seen in pneumocytes in the lungs and surface enterocytes in the small bowel. Infected pneumocytes were further confirmed by immunofluorescence–fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. These results provide important information concerning the tissue tropism of SARS‐CoV, which is distinct from previously identified human coronaviruses, and suggest the possible involvement of novel receptors in this infection. Whereas the lung pathology was dominated by diffuse alveolar damage, the gut was relatively intact. These findings indicated that tissue responses to SARS‐CoV infection are distinct in different organs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐tumor effect of combination therapy with intratumoral controlled‐release paclitaxel (PACLIMER® microspheres) and radiation
Authors: Lapidus Rena G. , Dang Wenbin , Rosen David Marc , Gady Alyssa M. , Zabelinka Yelena , O'Meally Robert , DeWeese Theodore L. , Denmeade Samuel R.
Published: January 2004

BACKGROUND

Paclitaxel is one of the few chemotherapeutics effective in patients with advanced protstate cancer. Paclitaxel has also been reported to have radiosensitizing effects in prostate cancer. Local delivery of a controlled‐release paclitaxel product may allow for increase local concentrations of paclitaxel at the tumor site and, in conjunction with radiation, may enhance cell kill by its radiosensitization mechanism.

METHODS

Orthotopic LNCaP tumors were injected with 40% PACLIMER® Microspheres (40% loading; w:w) when tumors were 100–200 mm3. Twenty‐eight days post cell injection, mice were sacrificed, tumors weighed, and serum measured for PSA. TSU–xenografts were injected with PACLIMER Microspheres (10% and 40% loaded; w:w) or placebo microspheres when the tumors were approximately 100 mm3. Half of xenograft tumors were irradiated with a single dose (10 Gy) of radiation. Tumor volume was followed over time.

RESULTS

Forty percent PACLIMER Microspheres significantly reduced tumor growth in the LNCaP orthotopic model. PSA was a good indicator of response. Forty percent PACLIMER Microspheres had a significant effect on slowing TSU growth compared to placebo microspheres. Addition of a single acute dose of radiation significantly enhanced the effect of 10% PACLIMER Microspheres (P < 0.05), had minimal effect on 40% PACLIMER Microspheres, and no enhancing effect on tumors treated with placebo microspheres.

CONCLUSIONS

A controlled‐release formulation of paclitaxel can be very effective in the treatment of prostate cancer. Additionally, PACLIMER Microspheres may be effectively used as a radiosensitizer in genitourinary cancers. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ shortening of CAG repeat length within the androgen receptor gene in prostatic cancer and its possible precursors
Authors: Tsujimoto Yuichi , Takakuwa Tetsuya , Takayama Hitoshi , Nishimura Kazuo , Okuyama Akihiko , Aozasa Katsuyuki , Nonomura Norio
Published: January 2004

BACKGROUND

The amino‐terminal transcriptional activation domain of the androgen receptor (AR) gene contains two polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine (CAG)n and polyglycine (GGC)n tracts. Shorter CAG repeat lengths are associated with higher transcriptional activity. The previous studies using peripheral blood leukocytes showed the relationship between shorter CAG repeat length and risk for prostate cancer (PCA).

METHODS

Prostatic cancer (PCA), its possible precursors [high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and postatrophic hyperplasia (PAH)], and non‐neoplastic epithelium were microdissected from a whole‐mount prostatectomy specimen from 34 cases with PCA. DNA extracted from each lesion was processed for PCR‐based electrophoresis on 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gels, followed by direct sequencing. To examine whether the in situ shortening of CAG repeat was confined to the CAG repeat or was a part of phenomenon induced by microsatelite instability (MSI), BAT‐25 and BAT‐26, effective markers for detection of MSI, were also examined.

RESULTS

All non‐neoplastic epithelial lesions had identical numbers of CAG repeat in the same prostate. CAG repeat lengths were identical in lesions in 25 cases. Two distinct products were found in 9 of 34 cases (26.5%); one product identical to that of non‐neoplastic epithelium and another smaller one. In situ shortening of CAG repeat lengths in PCA, HGPIN, and PAH was found in 3 of 34 (8.8%), 6 of 34 (17.6%), and 3 of 10 (30%) cases, respectively. Frequency of CAG shortening was significantly higher in PAH than in PCA lesions (P < 0.05). The length of GGC repeats, BAT‐25 and ‐26 was identical among all lesions in the same case. There was no significant correlation between shortening of CAG repeat length and the clinicopathologic parameters.

CONCLUSION

Shortening of CAG repeat length was found in in situ lesions of PCA and its possible precursors. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Membrane properties of single muscle cells of the rhabdosphincter of the male urethra
Authors: Berjukow Stanislav , Margreiter Eva , Marksteiner Rainer , Strasser Hannes , Bartsch Georg , Hering Steffen
Published: January 2004

BACKGROUND

The electrophysiological properties of myoblast cultures established from the human and porcine rhabdosphincter (RS) and porcine lower limb muscle (LLSKM) were studied to elucidate their potential for tissue engineering applications in the lower urinary tract.

METHODS

Muscle biopsies were collected from the prostatic part of the RS, the RS of male pigs, and the porcine LLSKM. Ion channels were studied by means of the patch‐clamp technique.

RESULTS

Only one subtype each of voltage gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels was observed in porcine RS and LLSKM. Two types of voltage gated Ca2+ channels were identified in human RS cells. The porcine RS and LLSKM myoblasts displayed similar fusion competence.

CONCLUSIONS

Porcine RS and LLSKM myoblasts and human RS and human skeletal muscle cells show a high degree of similarity. Injection of autologous skeletal muscle myoboblasts in the lower urinary tract might, therefore, represent a promising approach to treat stress incontinence after radical prostatectomy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term morbidity and mortality of transurethral prostatectomy: A 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Varkarakis John , Bartsch Georg , Horninger Wolfgang
Published: January 2004

BACKGROUND

Long‐term complication and reoperation rates in 1,211 patients undergoing TURP for symptomatic BPH between 1988 and 1991 were evaluated after a follow‐up of at least 10 years.

METHODS

Of the 1,211 patients who underwent TURP, 577 (47.6%) were available for follow‐up. Long‐term complications as well as reoperation rates were evaluated on the basis of a patient questionnaire or a physician interview.

RESULTS

Repeat operation had to be performed in 35 patients (6%). TUR for bladder neck contracture had to be done in 14 patients (2.4%), while repeat TURP for BPH obstruction was required in 11 patients (1.9%). Finally, urethral strictures mandating surgical correction were present in 10 patients (1.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

TURP is associated with low reoperation rates and therefore remains the gold standard in BPH therapy. Nevertheless, follow‐up of these patients must be continued, as late complications requiring intervention may occur even after 10 years postoperatively. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of prostate cancer treatment: The good news
Authors: Denmeade Samuel R. , Isaacs John T.
Published: January 2004

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men representing one‐third of all new cancer cases each year. This translates into one out of every six American men being diagnosed with prostate cancer over the course of their lifetimes. Over 31,000 of these men die each year from prostate cancer. Before the 1980's, 50% of men were diagnosed with widespread metastatic disease and there were few therapeutic choices for patients. The good news for patients is that, over the last 30 years there have been significant advances in detection and prognostication as well as major improvements in the surgical, radiation, and medical oncological management of prostate cancer. This review describes the evolution of these therapeutic modalities for prostate cancer. This evolution has been driven by the explosion of knowledge concerning cancer in general and in the specific biology of prostate cancer in particular over the last 30 years. This knowledge has been obtained by concentrating human and financial resources in organ specific studies of the prostate. The end result of this effort is that, today, 85% of new prostate cancer cases are diagnosed at local and regional stages and the 5‐year relative prostate cancer survival rate has increased by 20% since 1985. In addition, the therapeutic approach to prostate cancer can now be individualized based on the characteristics of the patient's disease. Finally, recent data suggest that the death rate from prostate cancer is decreasing by ∼4% per year since 1994. Further good news for patients is that new discoveries about the biology of prostate cancer are rapidly being translated into new therapies, a large number of which are currently being tested in clinical trials. Continued allocation of appropriate human and material resources should yield new, more effective therapies for prostate cancer that will further impact patient quality of life and survival in the 21st century. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heritage preservation and sustainability of China's development
Authors: Wai‐Yin Chan , Shu‐Yun Ma
Published: January 2004

Under the influence of economic growth theories, the idea of sustainable development has been revised to sustainable economic development. As a result, cultural concern has often given way to economic calculation in the course of development. This has been evident in the case of China, where economic construction has destroyed a number of invaluable heritage sites. Development in China, therefore, may not be sustainable, since the major concern of its development policy is focused on sustainable economic development rather than sustainable development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Grazing‐exit electron probe x‐ray microanalysis of light elements in particles
Authors: Spolnik Z. , Tsuji K. , Van Grieken R.
Published: January 2004

Artificial and atmospheric aerosol particles consisting of light elements were analyzed by grazing‐exit electron probe x‐ray microanalysis with an ultra‐thin window energy‐dispersive x‐ray detector. It is shown that it is possible to observe the surface layer of the particle without any influence of the x‐rays emitted from the core of the particle. Such an approach helps to solve the problem of overlapping x‐ray lines originating from the surface and core of the particle and from the substrate. However, the present experimental setup was only suitable for performing qualitative localized analysis of a single particle. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographic and quantitative microanalysis of human central nervous system tissue using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Szczerbowska‐Boruchowska M. , Lankosz M. , Ostachowicz J. , Adamek D. , Krygowska‐Wajs A. , Tomik B. , Szczudlik A. , Simionovici A. , Bohic S.
Published: January 2004

Synchrotron microbeam X‐ray fluorescence (µ‐SXRF) was applied for topographic and quantitative analysis of selected elements in human brain and spinal cord. The main goal of the study is a better understanding of the role of elements, mainly metals, in processes leading to degeneration and atrophy of nerve cells in cases of two neurodegenerative disorders, i.e. Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The samples were taken during the autopsy from patients deceased with PD, ALS, and from a patient who died due to non‐neurological conditions. In measurements, a 5 × 2 µm2 X‐ray beam was applied for scanning the thin tissue slices. Two‐dimensional maps of elemental distribution were compared with histopathological sections. The results obtained showed that the spatial distribution of selected elements precisely corresponds to the microscopic views of scanned area of tissue. Moreover, differences in accumulation of selected elements in nerve cell bodies and areas representing white matter between patients affected by PD, ALS and the control case were noticed. The present investigation showed that the µ‐SXRF technique is suitable for elemental analysis at the single cell level in applications in neurological research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of environmental condition in the waste disposal site of an ex‐alumina plant near Obrovac, Croatia
Authors: Kutle A. , Nađ K. , Obhođaš J. , Oreščanin V. , Valković V.
Published: January 2004

The waste disposal site of the abandoned alumina plant near Obrovac, Croatia, contains two basins filled with red mud and waste base in total amounts estimated at 0.85 × 106 and 0.65 × 106 m3, respectively. The Red mud was analyzed for its major components, heavy metals content, free base content and leaching properties under different conditions of pH and temperature. Concentrations of 15 elements (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Pb) were measured using tube excited EDXRF. The major compounds were determined by XRD, and AAS and XRF methods were used for elemental concentration determinations in different types of leachates. It was found that a possible threat to the environment from red mud under normal environmental conditions could be caused only by leaching of alkalis and V. On the other hand, the concentrations of V, Cr, Cu, As and Se in the waste base and the pH are much higher than allowed for technical waste waters discharged directly into the environment. Waste base treatment (neutralization and heavy metal removal) can be achieved in a one‐step process. During this process, neutralization of acidic red mud would result in the production of a gel‐like coagulant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dresden EBIT: a novel source of x‐rays from highly charged ions
Authors: Kentsch U. , Landgraf S. , Zschornack G. , Grossmann F. , Ovsyannikov V. P. , Ullmann F.
Published: January 2004

The Dresden EBIT, a source of highly charged ions, is based on electron impact ionization of primarily neutral atoms in a high‐density electron beam. Inside the source x‐radiation originates from direct excitation, radiative recombination and dielectronic recombination processes. Since the energy of the exciting electrons is tunable, specific atomic states can be prepared for particular investigations. The intensity of the x‐ray flux allows the realization of energy‐ and wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry of highly charged ions. Spectra of helium‐ and hydrogen‐like titanium and zinc ions are shown as examples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portuguese banking: A structural model of competition in the deposits market
Authors: Canhoto Ana
Published: January 2004

In this article, we specify a structural model of competition in the deposits market, in line with the New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) approach, and estimate it using data from Portuguese banking in the early 1990s. The article contributes to the general debate on competition issues by the theoretical model selected and by the particular banking industry considered. In contrast with most related articles, our model assumes product differentiation and interest rates as the strategic variables. Besides, research on competition in Portuguese banking deserves a special attention given the deep deregulatory changes operated. Our results suggest that, in the early 1990s, the Portuguese deposits market was operating under conditions far from perfect competition, evidencing market power features. However, some progress towards more competition could be clearly detected following deregulation. On the other hand, differences in the size of the banking institutions have not dictated significant differences in terms of their competitive behavior.
Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Handbook of language
and ethnic identity. New York: Oxford University Press,
1999. Pp. xii, 468. Hb £50.00.
Authors: Pujolar Joan
Published: January 2004

This book's manifest aim is “to
bring to the non-specialized reader a substantial selection
that reflects the … regional and disciplinary variations
in views toward and experiences with ethnicity” (3). To
be more precise, the book is about issues of ethnicity and
language, as the title correctly suggests. It will certainly
be of interest to nonspecialists and less advanced students,
and useful as a resource for teaching and seminar work. I will
comment on it on the basis of this declared intention, globally
– that is, I will not go into the details of individual
contributions.
Simon Franklin, Writing, society and culture
in early Rus, c. 950–1300. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 325. Hb $65.00 US; and
Sean Hawkins, Writing and colonialism in Northern Ghana:
The encounter between the LoDagaa and ‘the world on paper’.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 468. Hb $80.00 Can.
Authors: Olson David R.
Published: January 2004

Two remarkable books arrived on my desk from
quite different sources early in 2003. My purpose in reviewing
them is twofold: first, to convince the general reader that
the study of culture can no longer ignore the transformative
role of written documents in social and mental life in either
antique cultures or in contemporary modernizing ones; and second,
to introduce the authors of these fine books to each other.
John Algeo (ed.), The Cambridge history of the
English language, vol. 6: English in North America. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xxxii, 625. Hb. $120.00.
Authors: Gordon Matthew J.
Published: January 2004

This is the sixth and presumably final volume
in an ambitious series. The first four volumes were distinguished
chronologically according to the traditional paradigm for the
history of English: Old English, Middle English, Early Modern
English, and Present Day English. The other two volumes are
organized geographically. Volume 5 examined English outside
England in most of the expected places (e.g., Scotland, Ireland,
Australia), with the exception of North America, to which the
present volume is devoted. As the general editor, Richard Hogg,
writes (p. xi), the series is designed to offer “a solid
discussion of the full range of the history of English”
to anglicists and general linguists alike. Readers of the latter
category will certainly find this volume accessible. In fact,
the inclusion of a glossary of terms extends that accessibility
to readers outside linguistics as well. Specialists, however,
are likely to be disappointed by the unevenness of the
collection.
“Al fin que ya los cueros no van a correr”:
Pragmatics of power in Hñahñu (Otomi) markets
Authors: Flores Farfán José Antonio
Published: January 2004

This article analyzes the specific pragmatics
of an extremely asymmetrical example of market interaction between
Spanish-speaking middlemen Mestizos and Hñahñu
(Otomi) occasional sellers in the market of Ixmiquilpan, in
the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, where Hñahñu is
still spoken. The fine indications of interpersonal cross-cultural
conflict found in the transcript (e.g., duration of turns, varied
use of indexical terms by buyers to address sellers, and the
timing of verbal performance) allow us to understand how
interethnic, gender, and power differences operate in this specific
setting, relating the global and local levels. Detailed analysis
of one case demonstrates the validity of certain universal theories
regarding the use of language and enables us to understand the
unavoidable conditions of conversation in terms of their universal
status vis-à-vis the use of language as the material
expression of power, or symbolic violence
Volcanic glasses at the Izu arc volcanic front: New perspectives on fluid and sediment melt recycling in subduction zones
Authors: Straub S. M. , Layne G. D. , Schmidt A. , Langmuir C. H.
Published: January 2004

Volcanic glasses contained in distal fallout tephras from the Izu arc volcanic front (Izu VF) provide unique perspectives on general problems of arc volcanism. Unlike cogenetic lavas, these glasses are liquid compositions where element concentrations as well as ratios have significance. Isotopic evidence and previous work show that there is no sediment melt contribution to the sources of the Izu VF tephras, and hence their trace element characteristics permit determination of the trace element contents of slab fluids. The slab fluid is a composite of metasediment (∼5% of total fluid) and metabasalt (∼95%) component fluids, and carries large ion lithophile elements (LILE) with high LILE/Th and LILE/U, and low Th and U relative to source. Except for Sr and K, the metabasalt fluid is much less enriched than the metasediment fluid, but its large relative proportions make it an important carrier of many trace elements. The metabasalt fluid has the characteristics of the arc trace element signature, obviating the need for ubiquitous involvement of sediment in arc magma genesis. The fluid component in the tephras is remarkably constant in composition over fifteen million years, and hence appears to be a robust composition that may be applicable to other convergent margins. Assuming that the metabasalt fluid is a common component, and that distribution coefficients between sediment and fluid are similar from one arc to another, composite fluid compositions can be estimated for other arcs. Differences from this composition then would likely result from a sediment melt component. Comparison to arcs with sediment melt components in their source (Marianas, eastern Aleutians) shows that partial sediment melts may be so enriched, that they can completely mask the signature of the comingling slab fluids. Hence sediment melts can easily dominate the trace element and isotopic signature of many convergent margins. Since sediment melts inherit the LILE/LILE ratios of the trench sediment, Earth's surface processes must eventually influence the compositional diversity of arcs.
Smoke over haze: Aircraft observations of chemical and optical properties and the effects on heating rates and stability
Authors: Taubman Brett F. , Marufu Lackson T. , Vant‐Hull Brian L. , Piety Charles A. , Doddridge Bruce G. , Dickerson Russell R. , Li Zhanqing
Published: January 2004

Airborne observations made on 8 July 2002 over five locations in Virginia and Maryland revealed the presence of two discrete layers of air pollution, one of a smoke plume between ∼2 and 3 km above mean sea level advected from Quebec forest fires and another, underlying plume from fossil fuel combustion. Within the smoke layer, large increases were observed in submicrometer particle numbers, scattering, and absorption as well as ozone (O3) and CO (but not SO2) mixing ratios. The single‐scattering albedos (ω0) in the layer between ∼2 and 3 km (mean value at 550 nm = 0.93 ± 0.02) were consistently smaller than those below (mean value at 550 nm = 0.95 ± 0.01). Aerosol optical depth in the lower 3 km of the atmosphere was determined at each of the five locations, and the value at 550 nm varied between 0.42 ± 0.06 and 1.53 ± 0.21. Calculations of clear‐sky aerosol direct radiative forcing by the smoke plume using an atmospheric radiative transfer code indicated that the forcing at the top of the atmosphere was small relative to the forcing at the surface. Thus atmospheric absorption of solar radiation was nearly equal to the attenuation at the surface. The net effect was to cool the surface and heat the air aloft. A morning subsidence inversion positioned the smoke in a dense enough layer above the planetary boundary layer that solar heating of the layer maintained the temperature inversion through the afternoon. This created a positive feedback loop that prevented vertical mixing and dilution of the smoke plume, thereby increasing the regional radiative impact.
Bessel planar arrays
Authors: Kabalan Karim Y. , El‐Hajj Ali , Al‐Husseini Mohammed
Published: January 2004

In this paper, we introduce a new class of planar arrays that we call the Bessel planar arrays. A formula for the current distribution in the elements of these arrays is presented, which is related to Bessel functions. For the Bessel planar arrays, the maximal sidelobe level is controllable, the directivity is very high, and the half‐power beam width is slightly larger compared to the optimal Chebyshev planar arrays. Methods to set the maximal sidelobe level and compute the directivity and the half‐power beam width are described, and numerical examples are given to illustrate the features of the proposed arrays.
Comparison of spaced‐antenna baseline wind estimators: Theoretical and simulated results
Authors: Doviak Richard J. , Zhang Guifu , Cohn Stephen A. , Brown William O. J.
Published: January 2004

Formulas for the theoretical precision of cross‐beam winds measured with spaced‐antenna profilers are developed and compared with results obtained from simulations for conditions of high signal‐to‐noise‐ratios. These formulas relate the precision of wind measurement to radar and atmospheric parameters. Formulas for Briggs' Full Correlation Analysis, the Intersection method, and the Slope‐at‐Zero‐Lag method are each presented for two implementations‐estimating parameters for assumed Gaussian shaped correlation functions, and a direct finite difference method where this assumption is not necessary. For each wind measurement method and implementation, these formulas are used to evaluate, as an example, the theoretical performance of MAPR, NCAR's 915 MHz, Multiple Antenna Profiling Radar. The theory is also compared with the standard error obtained from simulations presented by Kawano et al. [2002] for the MU radar in Shigaraki, Japan. Comparisons show that the Intersection and Briggs' FCA methods are identical and provide the best performance.
Testing the ability of organic ligands and plant materials to reduce the toxic effects of aluminium in soils
Authors: Ginting Sahta , Johnson Bruce B. , Wilkens Sabine
Published: January 2004

An acid soil from the Sedgwick region of central Victoria was modified to provide a range of aluminium (Al) concentrations in order to test whether incorporation of organic ligands, or plant material, could reduce plant-available (or 'reactive') Al in soils. Al concentrations in the soil were increased by addition of varying amounts of a solution of AlK(SO4)2, chosen after measurement of the adsorption of Al onto the soil. A similar study of citrate adsorption allowed estimation of the amount of citrate required to achieve a 1 : 1 Al : citrate ratio in the soil in order to test the effectiveness of organic ligands in alleviating Al toxicity. Citrate was found to decrease the level of reactive Al in the soil. Pot trials also showed that addition of citrate to Al amended soil caused some improvement in root length and dry weight of soybean plants (Glycine max) compared with the Al amended soil. Addition of oxalate also reduced the level of reactive Al but did not improve root growth. Incorporation of dried leaves from lucerne (Medicago sativa), rhubarb (Rheum rhubarbarum), oxalis (Oxalis pes-caprae), and soybean at application rates equivalent to 5 and 10 t/ha to a soil containing added Al tended to increase root length. The most surprising result was the relatively small effect of high Al concentrations on plant growth, with 2000 μm reactive Al reducing root length by only 50% after 15 days of growth. This is a much smaller reduction in root length than has previously been obtained in hydroponic systems with 500 μm reactive Al after 15 days growth (Ginting et al. 1998) and points to a major difference between plant growth trials in solution culture and soil systems. One possible explanation for this difference is that the roots are in contact with only a small volume of soil solution, and this can be modified by root exudates. Further research is required to test this hypothesis, which will require the development of a method of analysis for Al in soil systems that more accurately reflects reactive Al levels in the root-zone.
Effect of temperature and state of hydration on rate of imbibition in soft seeds of yellow serradella
Authors: Taylor G. B.
Published: January 2004

Seeds were removed by hand from pods of yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.) cvv. Santorini and Charano and accession GRC5045-2-2 that were taken from the field on 26 March after burial treatment to initiate seed softening. Times taken for soft seeds to imbibe were determined at constant temperatures of 8�, 20�, and 30�C. Rates of moisture uptake and loss were measured in seeds held in a moist (76% RH) or dry (over sulfuric acid) atmosphere and the effects of hydration and dehydration on subsequent imbibition times determined at 20�C.Temperature had negligible effect on imbibition times in GRC5045-2-2, in which nearly all soft seeds imbibed within 24 h of wetting. Imbibition times in individual seeds of both Charano and Santorini varied from a few days to more than 200 days and were markedly reduced by increasing temperatures. Times taken to approach constant weight in the moist atmosphere were approximately 75, 165, and 430 days in GRC5045-2-2, Charano, and Santorini, respectively. By contrast the rate of moisture loss in the dry atmosphere was similar in all lines. Imbibition times in GRC5045-2-2 were little affected by state of hydration, but in both Santorini and Charano, imbibition was delayed by dehydration and accelerated by hydration.It is proposed that slow imbibition is attributable to the presence of a minute opening in the seed at an as yet unidentified site (possibly the micropyle or hilum) that restricts moisture uptake until a threshold is reached when seeds in contact with water imbibe rapidly. It is hypothesised that the moisture threshold coincides with the build up of sufficient moisture in tissues associated with the underside of the lens, to cause its rupture, thereby allowing rapid uptake of free water.
Genetic parameters of fertility traits and their correlation with production, type, workability, liveweight, survival index, and cell count
Authors: Haile-Mariam M. , Bowman P. J. , Goddard M. E.
Published: January 2004

First and second parity data on calving interval (CI, days), survival to next lactation (Surv, scored 1 or�0), calving to first service interval (CFS, days), 25-day first service non-return rate (FNRR, scored 1 or 0), and insemination or submission rate (InsemR, scored 1 or 0) of Holstein-Friesian cattle were analysed using a sire model to estimate genetic parameters. The estimated genetic parameters were used to obtain predicted transmitting ability (PTA) of sires for fertility traits and Surv, including 6-week pregnancy rate (6-w PR). PTA for 6-w PR was calculated based on an estimated heritability of 0.07 and genetic and environmental correlations with the other fertility traits and Surv. In addition, approximate genetic correlations of fertility traits and Surv with milk yield, type traits, workability (likability, milking speed, temperament), survival index (a measure of survival calculated from estimated breeding values on survival, likability, and type traits), bodyweight, and cell count were estimated. Heritability (h2) of fertility traits was 2–4% in the first parity and 1–2% in the second parity. Genetic correlations between fertility traits were generally higher in magnitude than environmental correlations, particularly in the first parity. The difference in PTA between the best and worst sires was high (21 days in CI and 21% in 6-w PR), showing the scope for selection. Approximate genetic correlations between fertility and most traits that are currently evaluated were low to moderate. Milk, protein and fat yield, body size, overall type, mammary system, udder texture, muzzle width, angularity, body depth, chest width, foot angle, and rear attachment width were unfavourably correlated (0.1–0.5) with most fertility traits. Fat and protein % were favourably correlated with both CI and 6-w PR (~0.2). Pin set was moderately favourably correlated (0.28) with 6-w PR. Surv was favourably (positively) correlated with temperament, likability, and survival index (~0.5). The wide variation in particular in CI and 6-w PR between bulls and the generally unfavourable approximate genetic correlations of fertility traits with most traits for which selection is currently practiced suggest that genetic evaluation for fertility should be introduced.
Effect of glucose or amino acid infusion during pregnancy in ewes with different wool growth responsiveness to nutrition
Authors: Thompson M. J. , Briegel J. R. , Adams N. R.
Published: January 2004

The reason why wool growth is suppressed in pregnancy is unclear. The present study examined the response to the nutrient drains imposed by pregnancy in 3 genotypes that had been selected for low (SS–) or high (SS+) staple strength, and a random control line. These flocks differ in the responsiveness of their protein metabolism to nutrient supply. Three groups of 20 pregnant ewes were fed to maintain conceptus-free liveweight, and were challenged with an infusion of glucose or amino acids in mid (Day 104) or late (Day 138) pregnancy. Infusion of glucose in late pregnancy caused a lower increment in plasma glucose concentration (P < 0.001) compared with mid-pregnancy, whereas plasma insulin responses to glucose infusion were not significantly different across time. In contrast, infusion of amino acids caused a greater increase in plasma concentrations of α-amino nitrogen in all genotypes in late pregnancy (P < 0.01), whereas the insulin response to amino acids was reduced (P < 0.001). Despite slower clearance of amino acids and decreased wool protein synthesis, the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were elevated in late pregnancy. The genotypes did not differ in their response to infusion with amino acids, but the SS– genotype had higher basal glucose and insulin concentrations. We conclude that the suppression in wool growth as pregnancy progresses was accompanied by greater oxidation but slower clearance of amino acids from plasma, associated with a lower insulin response. This defect in insulin response was selective for amino acids, because it was not observed in response to glucose infusion.
Must Nations Become States?
Authors: Liebich Andre
Published: January 2004

A world in which every nation has become a state, that is, a world in which cultural and political units coincide, would be a very different world from the one we know. There are now close to 200 political units recognized as states in the international system. Nations, understood as cultural units, are not as easily identified. Taking only language as a defining criterion, one could count some 6,000 linguistically defined groups. Many of these groups number so few speakers and are so close to extinction that their future can be discounted. If one turns to other cultural markers, however, from religion (or church) and ethnicity, in the sense of common origins, to “a shared style of expression,” the number of cultural groups may well be almost unlimited. Many such groups would call themselves “nations” as a dignified form of self-designation.
Structures and phase transitions of trigonal ZrMo2O8 and HfMo2O8
Authors: Allen Simon , Ward Rebecca J. , Hampson Matthew R. , Gover Richard K. B. , Evans John S. O.
Published: January 2004

This paper describes the structures, thermal-expansion properties and phase transitions of the trigonal forms of ZrMo2O8 and HfMo2O8. Both phases adopt a P\overline 3 m structure at room temperature and show positive thermal expansion. Both phases also undergo a displacive phase transition at high temperature (ZrMo2O8 at 487 K and HfMo2O8 at 463 K) to a higher-symmetry structure that has lower thermal expansion. The structure of the high-temperature α′-AMo2O8 form (A = Zr and Hf) has been refined from powder diffraction data in space group P\overline 3m1.
Local and long-range order in ferroelastic lead phosphate at high pressure
Authors: Angel R. J. , Bismayer U. , Marshall W. G.
Published: January 2004

Pure lead phosphate, Pb3(PO4)2, undergoes a phase transition from C2/c to R\bar 3m symmetry at a pressure of approximately 1.8 GPa and room temperature. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements of the unit-cell parameters of a sample doped with 1.6% Ba2+ for the Pb2+ indicates that the doping reduces the transition pressure by approximately 0.1 GPa. The structural evolution of both samples through the phase transition has been determined by Rietveld refinement of neutron powder diffraction data collected to pressures of 6.3 and 3.3 GPa, respectively. There is no evidence for any significant change in the local structure at the phase transition at high pressures; the structure of the R\bar 3m phase at pressures just above the phase transition includes disordered positions for several atoms. The observation of diffuse scattering from the R\bar 3m phase at high pressure by single-crystal X-ray diffraction suggests that the disorder is static and arises from the presence of several orientations of the ordered microdomains of the monoclinic local structure. The macroscopic transition from monoclinic to trigonal symmetry therefore appears to correspond to the pressure at which the coherency strains between the locally monoclinic microdomains are sufficient to create a dimensionally trigonal lattice within which local displacements of atoms are still significant. A further pressure increase then decreases the magnitude of these displacements until at 3.5 GPa or higher they are not detectable by our current experimental probes, and the structure appears to have true local and global trigonal symmetry.
Adducts of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane with carboxylic acids: hydrogen-bonded supramolecular structures in two or three dimensions
Authors: Zakaria Choudhury M. , Lough Alan J. , Ferguson George , Glidewell Christopher
Published: January 2004

Four solvated salt-type adducts derived from cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and carboxylic acids have been structurally characterized. In the salt derived from adamantane-1-carboxylic acid, 4,11-diaza-1,8-diazoniacyclotetradecane bis(adamantane-1-carboxylate) tetrahydrate, (1) (monoclinic, P21/c, Z′ = 0.5), where the cation lies across a centre of inversion, the anions and the water molecules form chains of edge-fused R_4^2(8) and R_6^6(16) rings, which are linked into sheets by the cations. In the 4-aminobenzoate salt, 4,11-diaza-1,8-diazoniacyclotetradecane bis(4-aminobenzoate) monohydrate, (2) (monoclinic, C2/c, Z′ = 0.5), where the cation lies across a centre of inversion and the water molecule lies across a twofold rotation axis, the cations and anions generate a three-dimensional framework, readily analysed in terms of two distinct two-dimensional substructures, viz. (10\overline 1) sheets of R_8^6(46) rings, and pairwise interwoven (100) sheets, reinforced by water molecules. The 3-hydroxybenzoate salt, 4,11-diaza-1,8-diazoniacyclotetradecane bis(3-hydroxybenzoate) dihydrate, (3) (monoclinic, Pc, Z′ = 1), contains a three-dimensional framework constructed from anions and water molecules only, which encapsulates large voids and within which the cations are linked to the anion–water framework via N—H...O hydrogen bonds. There are two independent cations in 4,11-diaza-1,8-diazoniacyclotetradecane 5-hydroxyisophthalate(2−) methanol solvate, (4) (monoclinic, P21/c, Z′ = 1), both lying across centres of inversion but with entirely different configurations. The anions alone form simple chains, and these chains are linked by the two types of cation into a three-dimensional framework from which the methanol molecules are pendent. Comparisons are made with carboxylate complexes of the [Ni(cyclam)]2+ cation and with carboxylate salts derived from meso-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane.
Geometry at the aliphatic tertiary carbon atom: computational and experimental test of the Walsh rule
Authors: Böhm Stanislav , Exner Otto
Published: January 2004

The geometrical parameters of molecules of 2-substituted 2-methylpropanes and 1-substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. They agreed reasonably well with the mean crystallographic values retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database for a set of diverse non-cyclic structures with a tertiary C atom. The angle deformations at this C atom produced by the immediately bonded substituent are also closely related to those observed previously in benzene mono derivatives (either as calculated or as derived from crystallographic data). The calculated geometrical parameters were used to test the classical Walsh rule: It is evidently true that an electron-attracting substituent increases the proportion of C-atom p-electrons in the bond to the substituent and leaves more s-electrons to the remaining bonds; as a consequence the C—C—C angles at a tertiary carbon are widened and the C—C bonds shortened. However, this rule describes only part of the reality since the bond angles and lengths are controlled by other factors as well, for instance by steric crowding. Another imperfection of the Walsh rule is that the sequence of substituents does not correspond to their electronegativities, as measured by any known scale; more probably it is connected with the inductive effect, but then only very roughly.
Superspace description of NaCa4Nb5O17 (a perovskite-related compound of the type A

n

B

n
O3n+2) as a modulated layered structure
Authors: Elcoro Luis , Zúñiga F. Javier , Perez-Mato J. Manuel
Published: January 2004

The recently determined structure of NaCa4Nb5O17 is reanalyzed within the superspace framework. The material follows the general features of the superspace model proposed for the perovskite-related compounds of the general formula A

n

B

n
O3n+2 [Elcoro et al. (2001). Acta Cryst. B57, 471–484]. It can be described as a commensurate modulated structure with discontinuous atomic domains given by occupational crenel functions. These atomic domains automatically introduce the layered configuration of the actual structure in real space. However, the displacive modulations follow a quite different pattern from that observed in the Sr
n
(Nb,Ti)
n
O3n+2 series, discussed in the above-mentioned reference. The superspace group relevant in this new case has been identified through a systematic search of all the possible groups and a comparison of the resulting superspace embeddings of the experimental three-dimensional structure. Being a commensurate structure, the fundamental ambiguity of the superspace description was broken by choosing the highest possible symmetry that yields smooth displacive atomic modulations and hence minimizes the number of parameters. The efficiency of the proposed superspace model is demonstrated with a new refinement of the structure. Assuming the model's general relevance, symmetry properties for the whole [Ca,Na]
n
Nb
n
O3n+2 series are predicted.
Hydrated metal(II) complexes of N-(6-amino-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-5-nitroso-4-oxopyrimidin-2-yl) derivatives of glycine, glycylglycine, threonine, serine, valine and methionine: a monomeric complex and coordination polymers in one, two and three dimensions linked by hydrogen bonding
Authors: Godino Salido M. Luz , Arranz Mascarós Paloma , López Garzón Rafaél , Gutiérrez Valero M. Dolores , Low John N. , Gallagher John F. , Glidewell Christopher
Published: January 2004

Nine hydrated complexes of Group 2 (alkaline earth) cations with organic ligands which are N-substituted amino acids containing the 6-amino-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-5-nitroso-4-oxopyrimidin-2-yl group have been structurally characterized. The octahydrated calcium glycinate complex, where the six-coordinate Ca cation lies on an inversion centre in the space group P\bar 1, forms a finite (zero-dimensional) complex. The hexahydrated barium glycinate complex contains eight-coordinate Ba and it is isostructural with the known Sr analogue, and its one-dimensional coordination polymer takes the form of a simple chain. The octahydrated calcium and strontium threonine complexes are isostructural, with eight-coordinate cations lying on twofold rotation axes in the space group C2: the one-dimensional coordination polymers take the form of a chain of spiro-fused rings and a similar chain of spiro-fused rings is found in the heptahydrated barium serine complex, although here the ten-coordinate cation lies in a general position. In the tetrahydrated strontium and barium glycylglycinate complexes, the eight-coordinate cations lie on twofold rotation axes in the space group C2/c, but in the Sr complex the coordination polymer is a chain of spiro-fused rings, while in the Ba complex the coordination polymer forms deeply puckered sheets. There are two types of Ca site in the hexahydrated calcium valine complex: one is eight coordinate and gives rise to a two-dimensional coordination polymer, while the other is seven coordinate forming a finite, zero-dimensional coordination complex. In the heptahydrated barium methionine complex, the coordination polymer is three dimensional. In all of the complexes, the coordination aggregates are further linked by an extensive series of hydrogen bonds.