bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Powered For profit
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

Power generation and distribution were decisive factors in locating, configuring, and operating the works. They also made the factory a master machine. Power generation for manufacturing progressed from water-wheels and turbines, to steam boilers and engines, and then to electric generators. The replacement of the shafting and belting of millwork with individual and group electric drive brought about dramatic changes in the form and use of manufacturing space. Consequently, the age of millwork and the era of electric power are useful categories that reflect the interrelationship between the use of power and industrial building design.
Dissidence
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

In order to refute the old canard that American slaves were content with their lot, historians have carefully attended all evidence of an insurrectionary spirit among the bondsmen and women. The one time in American history when slaves killed a substantial number of whites-the Nat Turner insurrection of 1831, when about fifty-five whites perished-has been studied in loving detail, and has even produced a well-known historical novel. A few facts have been recovered about the only other sizeable nineteenth-century insurrection (near New Orleans in 1811). The stories of two abortive nineteenth-century conspiracies (at Richmond, Virginia, in 1800 and Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822) have been endlessly rehearsed, and the only important eighteenth-century rebellions (at New York City in 1712 and Stono, South Carolina, in 1739) are also well known. Insurrection panics swept nineteenth-century Southern white communities from time to time, and Southern demagogues surely extracted every possible drop of electoral advantage from stirring the deep pool of latent white anxiety.
Afterword: Normative Questions
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

Over the past half century, judges and legal scholars have expended vast amounts of time, thought, and ink in an effort to elucidate the meaning of religious freedom. Their efforts, as I have tried to show, have not succeeded- and, indeed, given the kinds of questions they have asked and the kinds of answers they have tried to supply, could not have succeeded. This is not to say that these efforts have been wasted or that they have been unilluminating. But the judicial and academic project was calculated to produce a convincing and usable principle or theory of religious freedom, and that task has not been and could not have been accomplished. In retrospect, this failure should not be surprising. With respect to the originalist strategy, it is common knowledge that the Constitution’s framers thought that religion was a matter for the states, not for the national government, and hence that express constitutional protection for religious freedom was unnecessary. It is a familiar fact as well that discussions of the religion clauses in the First Congress and in the ratifying legislatures were sparse and apathetic. Given the well-known propensity of politicians to avoid difficult and controversial issues, why should anyone have supposed that the framers, in a relatively few minutes of congressional discussion, would have settled on any substantive principle for resolving some of the most difficult and divisive issues likely to arise in a diverse political community?
Numbers: The Temple Of Time
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

Ten days after the fall of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and the Second Empire, Karl Marx addressed a letter to a colleague: “The drama of the French, therefore also the workers, is in great memories. It is necessary that events put an end once and for all to this reactionary cult of the Past That cult, Marx had once observed, was the French revolutionary tradition of presenting “the new scene of world history” in the “time honored disguise” of Roman republics and empires, a parade of tribunes, virtuous consuls, and glorious Caesars. Since his 18th Brumaire-that mordant analysis of Louis Napoleon’s coup d’etat and accession to power-Marx had warned of a Napoleonic regime legitimating itself by commandeering the “costumes” and “battle slogans” of the Revolution, brandishing them in the reflected glory of the first Bonapartist Empire. Louis Napoleon was the man who could be everything because he was nothing, an empty name easily filled by a people’s nostalgia for his uncle’s imperial greatness. “The French, so long as they were engaged in Revolution, could not get rid of the memory of Napoleon.” Yet, from Danton to Robespierre to Napoleon, Marx recognized that the revolutionaries had done more than merely parade in Roman costume; the trappings may have seized upon the grandeur of an ancient world, but the project was nothing. less than “the task of releasing and setting up modern bourgeois society.”
Distances: In The Revolutionary Garden
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

1889, the Universal Exposition at Paris; amid the spectacles and wonders of the Pavillion of Electricity, the Gallery of the Machines, and the stupefying achievement of the Eiffel Tower, the casual visitor to the Exposition might be forgiven for not having spent much time at the Musee d’Ethnographie, with its superb collections of artifacts from Europe, the Pacific Islands, Asia, South America, and Africa. To establish his exhibition at the Galeries du Trocadero with its fabulous display halls, the director Dr. Ernest Ramy requested and received contributions from regional and private collections all over France. Oceania was admirably well represented, in particular the islands of New Caledonia.
Standards and the Arrested Development of Japan’s Microcomputer Software Industry
Authors: Cottrell Thomas
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the development of the Japanese microcomputer software industry and compares it with the evolution of the U.S. industry. The central contrasting factor is the relationship between the hardware and software industries in each nation. The fragmented hardware standards environment in the Japanese micro-computer industry, I argue, has slowed the development of a vigorous microcomputer software industry in Japan. The more unified architectural environment of the U.S. microcomputer marketplace has (along with other factors) contributed to dramatic growth in this nation’s microcomputer software industry. Surprisingly, in view of the great powers ascribed to its role in other postwar industries, Japanese government policy has been relatively unsuccessful in altering the domestic standards environment to support the growth of the microcomputer software industry.
The Possibilities of Theory
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

As a political subject, we would expect sexual governance to be part of the estab­ lished body of political philosophy. Yet there exists only a small amount of serious explicit political analysis of heterosexuality. Given that sex matters and that all so;.. cieties recognize its importance by regulating it, this scarcity of attention is surprising. The scarcity of attention is also costly because philosophy gives people their ends, both of a good life for themselves and of the purposes of a good society. In our concrete analysis of history and proposals for change, we will emphasize the technique of bargaining for sexual goods. But the goals of sexual bargaining, and, indeed, the choice ofbargaining as a means, reflect ends set forth by philosophy, its definition of personhood and of a good common life.
Challenging the Republic of Virtue
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

Thirteen years after Tocqueville proclaimed the superiority of self-sacrificing American wives, a group of women met in Seneca Falls, New York, to consider the “social, civic and religious conditions and rights of woman” and reject their domestic martyrdom. This first official gathering of what would become the women’s rights movement resulted from the refusal of powerful men within abolitionist organizations to recognize female delegates and officers or to allow women to make speeches in public. The meeting at Seneca Falls made history, not least for being the first public demand for the vote by an organized group of women in America.
Conclusion
Authors: Hirshman Linda R , Larson Jane E
Published: October 2023

Sex is political. It is one kind of society that human beings create. Thinking about sex is thinking about the real and ideal organization of human beings in sexual society. Rape is a sexual association of force, like the state of nature. With civil peace, people establish a market economy of sex in prostitution. Sex organized into marriage establishes a polity based on kinship. Sex between individuals, and without force, payment, or kinship negotiations, creates a society of gift or barter.
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Bone marrow transplantation is used increasingly widely for the management of hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies, nonneoplastic hematologic disorders, and, experimentally, for the therapy of genetic disorders. Bone marrow transplantation is an accepted therapy for acute granulocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and Hodgkin’s disease refractory to conventional therapy, aplastic anemia, and some forms of congenital immunodeficiency (Armitage, 1994). Bone marrow transplantation is also performed for metastatic breast cancer and other “solid” neoplasms, although its role in these neoplasms is not yet completely defined. Bone marrow transplantation is also being investigated for the therapy of genetic disorders, including thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Bone marrow transplantation is preceded by conditioning with highdose chemotherapy or total-body irradiation to ablate the host marrow and induce immunosuppression, followed by hematologic reconstitution. Hematologic reconstitution may be accomplished with allogeneic marrow (HLA-matched related or unrelated donor), syngeneic (identical twin) marrow, autologous marrow, or autologous peripheral stem cells harvested following mobilization with conventional chemotherapy and growth factors (Rowe et al, 1994). The marrow or peripheral stem cells are infused intravenously, and the stem cells “home” to the conditioned bone marrow. Engraftment and hematologic recovery ensues 10 to 14 days following infusion for autologous procedures, and 14 to 21 days following infusion for allogeneic procedures. Complications of marrow transplantation include infection, interstitial pneumonitis, graft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease. The last complication is a consequence of transplantation of donor T lymphocytes that react to host tissues.
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The chronic myeloproliferative disorders are clonal disorders of hematopoiesis characterized by proliferation of one or more hematopoietic cell lines, development of marrow fibrosis, and an increased incidence of acute granulocytic leukemia. The disorders usually considered in this group are polycythemia vera, myeloid metaplasia-myelofibrosis, and essential thrombocythemia. Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased red cell mass. Patients with polycythemia vera present with symptoms related to increased red cell mass, including plethora, venous engorgement, thrombosis, or bleeding. Patients may also present with splenomegaly or with symptoms related to increased basophils and hyperhistaminemia (postbath pruritis). The blood count shows an increase in hematocrit, increased red blood cell count and hemoglobin, increased platelet count, and increased white blood cell count. The red cell mass, as measured by dilution of chromiumradiolabeled red blood cells, is elevated (greater than 36 ml/kg in men; greater than 32 ml/kg in women). The arterial oxygen saturation is normal in the absence of complicating disease.
Protozoan Infections
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The bone marrow may be involved in several protozoan infections of man, including toxoplasmosis, visceral leishmaniasis, and malaria. Pneumocystis carinii, an organism of uncertain classification, has historically been classified with the protozoa and will also be considered in this group. Pneumocystis carinii is an organism of uncertain classification that is an important cause of pneumonitis in immunocompromised hosts and rarely causes disseminated extrapulmonary disease. Pneumocystis carinii was originally recognized as a cause of pneumonitis in marasmic infants and is an important cause of pneumonitis in immunocompromised hosts, including patients with hematologic malignancies and, in particular, patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pneumocystis carinii has historically been classified with the protozoans; however, recent molecular evidence suggests it is a fungus (Edman et al, 1988). Patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis present with fever, pulmonary infiltrates, and hypoxemia. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis is characterized by eosinophilic foamy intraalveolar exudates. The organisms (intracystic bodies) are seen on H & E-stained sections as tiny basophilic dots (Frenkel, 1976). Methenamine silver stain reveals the characteristic encysted form of the organism. Extrapulmonary dissemination is rare, but may occur in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Sites of extrapulmonary involvement have included lymph nodes, the bone marrow, and other organs.
Introduction: Law Amid Diversity
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

There is a familiar image of justice. She is a single figure. She is a goddess, emphatically not a human being. She is blindfolded. She holds a scale.

In the real world, the law cannot be represented by a single figure. Legal institutions consist of many people. Courts are run by human beings, not by a god or goddess. Judges need not be blindfolded; what they should be blind to is perhaps the key question for law. And judges have no scale. Far from having a scale, they must operate in the face of a particular kind of social heterogeneity: sharp and often intractable disagreements on matters of basic principle.
Without Reasons, Without Rules
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

We have seen serious problems with rule-bound judgments; it is time to turn to a different way of deciding cases. Problems with rules can push participants in law in the direction of standards, analogies, or some combination of the two. Such problems may even lead in the direction of entirely case-specific judgments, and it is here—with what we might call wholly untheorized outcomes—that I shall begin.
Interpretation
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

We have seen that interpretation is a pervasive part of legal thinking. The Constitution says that “Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech”; what does this mean? What strategies should we use in deciding what it means? A statute authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to issue regulations governing hazardous waste “as may be necessary to protect human health.” What, then, are the legal limits on the agency’s power?

Such questions are pervasive, and they have immense practical importance. They must be asked not only by judges but also by legislators, administrators, and citizens trying to understand what the law is. In this chapter, I seek to show that many debates over interpretation are disguised debates over whether rules are possible and, if possible, desirable. I also argue that we are unlikely to find a good general theory of interpretation. Interpretive practices are highly dependent on context and on role. and by abstracting from context and role, any theory is likely to prove uninformatively broad or to go badly wrong in particular cases. For similar reasons, there is no such thing as a good general theory of legal interpretation, though some general claims about interpretation in law can clarify matters and guide inquiry.
The Fateful Spring of 1938:Austrian Anschlu and the May Crisis
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: October 2023

Joseph Stalin’s purge of Red Army officers continued for many months after the execution of Marshal Tukhachevsky, and by the late summer of 1937 the terror had spread to envelop large segments of Soviet society. When the Czechoslovak minister Bohdan Pavlu returned to Moscow after a brief vacation he reported that the atmosphere in the country reminded him of the calm after a hailstorm. In Moscow, so many officials had disappeared that foreign diplomats could not find anyone with enough authority to make decisions. Normal diplomatic life had become almost impossible. Only the highest-ranking bureaucrats were trusted to repeat the official cliches. President Benes had hoped in June 1937 that “unmasking” the so-called Tukhachevsky conspiracy would stabilize the Soviet Union. But by the fall the purge had spread from the armed forces to undermine other pillars of Soviet society. There seemed to be no prospect for consolidation. Benes for the moment abandoned the hope that the Soviet Union, a country in such a deep crisis, would be in a position to come to Czechoslovakia’s assistance against Adolf Hitler, and he said so openly to the U.S. minister in Prague. As 1937 came to a close, many diplomats posted in the Soviet Union thought that the country had ceased to be a military power; some argued that the Red Army could not even mobilize. Moscow’s image as a potential partner in an alliance of antifascist states in Europe had been damaged.
Experts, Economists, and Democrats
Authors: Pildes Richard
Published: October 2023

Should government decisions be based on cost-benefit analysis (CBA)? This is one of the most important issues in contemporary law and policy. It raises questions about the nature of individual and collective rationality and also about possible reforms of governmental institutions.

Less familiar, but increasingly important, is the emerging role of comparative risk assessment (CRA). CBA explores whether a particular policy is justified on balance. CRA has the more confined role of ensuring better priority setting by ranking risks in terms of their seriousness. CRA is concerned with ensuring that the most serious risks are addressed first.
Why Competence Is Important: The Doctrine Of Informed Consent
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

Competence is a pivotal concept in decision making about medical treatment. Competent patients’ decisions about accepting or rejecting proposed treatment are respected. Incompetent patients’ choices, on the other hand, are put to one side, and alternative mechanisms for deciding about their care are sought. Thus, enjoyment of one of the most fundamental rights of a free society the right to determine what shall be done to one’s body turns on the possession of those characteristics that we view as constituting decision-making competence. How competence has come to occupy such a central role in the allocation of rights to persons in the health care system is the focus of this chapter. To understand this situation, we must consider the evolution and current status of the doctrine of informed consent, and the ways in which it reflects deeply held notions about promotion of individual well-being and respect for individual autonomy. In subsequent chapters, our focus shifts to how these abstract principles are integrated into clinical practice.
Thinking About Competence
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

Clinical assessment of competence to consent to treatment cannot be done by following a set of “cookbook” procedures. It requires an understanding of the concepts underlying competence. Assessing a patient’s competence by rote procedures is as problematic as attempting to reach clinical diagnoses with a checklist of criteria but without a theoretical grasp of the constructs on which they are based.
Making Judgments About Patients’ Competence
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

Clinicians who follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 5, perhaps aided by a structured instrument like the MacCAT-T described in Chapter 6, will have collected the data necessary to reach conclusions about patients’ abilities to make treatment decisions. Those raw data, however, do not in themselves reveal whether patients are competent or incompetent decision makers. This chapter explains how to use the data to reach a judgment about whether patients have adequate capacities to make decisions about their treatment and how to document those conclusions.
Street Foods
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

Street foods are sold in almost every country in the world. Many urban and rural people depend on them for one or more meals each day. This book explores this world of entrepreneurs in developing countries. When all of the participants in the delivery are counted, including local farmers, food processors, and street vendors, one realizes the enormous size of this `industry'. Research conducted by the authors with vendors, local community leaders, and public health officials, worked not only to collect data, but to raise the hygiene of the food that is sold
Vendors and the Economics of Their Enterprises
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

The comparative statistics and information collected in the seven preceding case studies provide a rich and unique data set about an activity found in almost every country around the world: the street food trade. This chapter aggregates and analyzes the data about the vendors and their microenterprises drawn from the seven EPOC studies in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, and Senegal, and adds to them information collected in similar research in India and Jamaica, where research centers utilized the EPOC methodology. Where appropriate, data are included from subsequent street food studies that were often stimulated by the EPOC work.
Political Obligation
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

Republicanism and liberalism share a fundamental commitment to the rule of law. This shared commitment may complicate the lives of those who want to provide a clear distinction between the two theories, but it makes matters easier for anyone who wants to show that republicanism and liberalism are compatible with each other. For the republican, the rule of law is typically regarded as an essential means of securing people from dependence on the arbitrary will of others. “A government of laws, not of men,” was the slogan because dependence on the law was thought to be a form of independence-especially when one could take part in law-making. For the liberal, the rule of law is typically regarded as an essential means of giving people a secure set of expectations so that they may pursue their private projects. That is why John Locke’s cure for the “inconveniencies” of the state of nature was a known and settled authority to make, enforce, and interpret laws.
Education, Autonomy, and Civic Virtue
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

Education is an obvious way to try to cultivate dispositions such as conditional altruism. As Shelley Burtt points out, classical republican theorists often argued that it is necessary to ground civic virtue in “the education of desire.” For republicans such as Machiavelli, Algernon Sydney, and Rousseau, this meant that we should “seek to secure the priority of public over private goods not through extinguishing or subordinating personal desires but by carefully molding them.” If conditional altruism is a key ingredient in the republican-liberal conception of civic virtue, then it seems that republican liberals must also advocate “the education of desire.”
Political Participation and the Problem of Apathy
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

If we want the political order to resemble an assurance game rather than a prisoners’ dilemma, we should encourage political participation. That is one of the lessons drawn from the analysis in Chapter 7 of the conditions that foster conditional altruism and active, public-spirited citizenship. The lesson is clear. Participation brings the individual into contact with other members of a group, thus facilitating communication among them and strengthening his or her attachment to the group as a whole. How to put the lesson into practice, however, is not so obvious.
Crossing Swords
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: October 2023

Based on a decade of field research, this work is the first book-length, scholarly examination in English of the role of Catholicism in Mexican society since the 1970s through 1995, and the increasing political activism of the Catholic church and clergy. It is also the first analysis of church-state relations in Latin America that incorporates detailed interviews of numerous bishops and clergy and leading politicians about how they see each other and how religion influences their values. It is also the first analysis of the Mexican Catholic Church which uses national survey research to examine Mexican attitudes toward religion, Christianity, and Catholicism, and provides the first inside look at the decision-making process of bishops at the diocesan level.
The Anarchic Panopticon
Authors: Campos Paul F
Published: October 2023

In the heart of Boulder, Colorado, nestled against the very spot where the high plains disappear abruptly into the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, Alfalfa’s Market represents the cultural epicenter of what the natives refer to, without apparent irony, as “our healthy Boulder lifestyle.” Here one can purchase dairy-free cheese and wheat grass lemonade; here the glistening breasts of free range chickens-birds we can only hope chose poultere assisted suicide offer themselves up to those of us who still eat animals. (Twin bumper stickers spotted on a Volvo in Alfalfa’s parking lot: “Prochild, Pro-choice” and “Friends Don’t Let Friends Eat Meat.” I wonder for a disorienting moment if the car’s owner sanctions the eating of unborn herbivores.) Wander the richly laden aisles of Alfalfa’s and you will encounter beautiful, recently divorced women of a certain age, their voices full of money, their faces already beginning to suffer from the wrinkled, emaciated look that eventually marks everyone who worships at the shrine of the ubiquitous and unappeasable god “Health.”
Discord in Accord
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Do not forget to mention that, in 1888, a grave and most serious issue also made them agree, although for different reasons. The date explains the fact; it was the emancipation of the slaves. They were at the time living at a great distance from each other, but opinion united them.
Beginnings Count
Authors: Rothman David J
Published: October 2023

In the wake of the recent unsuccessful drive for health care reform, many people have been asking themselves what brought about the failure of this as well as past attempts to make health care accessible to all Americans. The author of this original exploration of U.S. health policy supplies an answer that is bound to raise some eyebrows. After a careful analysis of the history and issues of health care, David Rothman concludes that it is the average employed, insured “middle class”--the vaguely defined majority of American citizens--who deny health care to the poor. The author advances his argument through the examination of two distinctive characteristics of American health care and the intricate links between them: the ubiquitous presence of technology in medicine, and the fact that the U.S. lacks a national health insurance program. Technology bears the heaviest responsibility for the costliness of American medicine. Rothman traces the histories of the “iron lung” and kidney dialysis machines in order to provide vivid evidence for his claim that the American middle class is fascinated by technology and is willing to pay the price to see the most recent advances in physics, biology, and biomedical engineering incorporated immediately in medical care. On the other hand, the lack of a universal health insurance program in the U.S. is rooted in the fact that, starting in the 1930’s, government health policy has been a reflection of the needs and concerns of the middle class. Playing up to middle class sensibilities, the American presidents, Senate and Congress based their policy upon the private rather than the public sector, whenever possible. They encouraged the purchase of insurance based on the laws of the marketplace, not provided by the government. Private health insurance and high-tech medicine came with a hefty price, with the end result that about 40 million Americans could not afford medical care and were left to fend for themselves. The author investigates the moral values underpinning these decisions, and goes to the bottom of the problem of why the United States remain the only developed country which continually proves unable to provide adequate health care to all its citizens.
The Tobin Tax: Good Theory, Weak Evidence, Questionable Policy
Authors: Dooley Michael P
Published: October 2023

The papers prepared for this volume focus on the important elements of the debate over transactions taxes for foreign exchange and international capital markets. The value added of this paper lies in its drawing out the implications for policy. The case for transactions taxes rests on a sequence of conditions being met, each of which is necessary to support government intervention in these markets. The evidence reviewed below suggests that the joint probability that these conditions are met is very low. It follows that an initiative to distort international capital markets with such taxes would be a bad policy choice.
Institutional Arrangements for a Tax on International Currency Transactions
Authors: Griffithjones Stephany
Published: October 2023

Support for a Tobin tax and, more generally, for taxes that dampen financial volatility, has increased in recent years, due to several episodes of serious financial instability and their resultant high costs to the real economy. In particular, the October 1987 crash lead distinguished economists like Joseph Stiglitz and Lawrence Summers to pro pose new taxes on securities transactions (see Stiglitz 1989; Summers and Summers 1990).
Screening in the Community
Authors: Truan Benedict I , Teutsch Steven M
Published: October 2023

Screening for disease in the community to promote health and prevent disease is one of the practical applications of epidemiology delineated by Terris and reiterated in Chapter 1 of this text. Green and Kreuter (1991) distinguish a “community intervention” from an “intervention in a community.” A community intervention is community-wide and aims to achieve a small but pervasive change in most of the population. An intervention in a community aims to accomplish more intensive or profound change in a subgroup of the population, usually within selected settings (e.g., workplace, hospital or clinic, place of worship, or school).
Epidemiologic Issues in Outcomes Research
Authors: Petitti Diana B
Published: October 2023

Outcomes are those changes, either favorable or adverse, in the actual or potential health status of persons, groups, or communities that can be attributed to medical care (Donabedian 1985). The Institute of Medicine has defined outcomes research as the study of “the end results of the structure and processes of health care on the health and well-being of patients and populations” (Feasley 1996). This definition of outcomes research is similar to that of the Foundation for Health Services Research (1994).
Wage Earners And Wealth Makers
Authors: Schwantes Carlos A
Published: October 2023

Thursday morning, 12 July 1917, should have been like any other workday in Bisbee, Arizona. As dawn backlit the crest of the Mule Mountains surrounding the state’s premier mining city, the serpentine streets below should have echoed with the boots of several thousand men coming and going from the mines. The merchants of Brewery Gulch and other downtown streets should have been preparing for another day of brisk sales. It was wartime, and the city worked unceasingly to produce the copper so vital to communications equipment and munitions. Every rifle cartridge contained about half an ounce of the pure red metal. Copper would win the war.
The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Family
Authors: Ferrara Napoleone , Gerber Hans Peter
Published: October 2023

The development of a vascular supply is a fundamental requirement for organ development and differentiation during embryogenesis as well as for wound healing and reproductive functions in the adult (Folkman, 1995). Angiogenesis is also implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders including proliferative retinopathies, age-related macular degeneration, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis (Folkman, 1995).
The Culture of Building
Authors: Davis Howard
Published: October 2023

All buildings are ultimately the products of building cultures—complex systems of people, relationships, rules, and habits in which design and building are anchored. In this book of thirteen chapter-essays, Davis uses historical, contemporary and cross-cultural examples to describe the structure of such cultures and how they are reflected in the form of buildings and cities. His aim is to show that special insights about the improvement of the contemporary built world come from looking at the building culture as a whole, not merely the individual acts of architects and city planners. The book is illustrated with over 260 historic and contemporary photographs, drawings and prints.
The Creation of The New England Way
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

Few radical movements have enjoyed the auspicious conditions of the Puritan founders of Massachusetts. Far from the metropolitan authorities, the leaders of the settlement were able to inscribe their ideal holy commonwealth on the tabula rasa of the wilderness free from outside interference. Few issues, if any, so absorbed the attention of the colony’s leaders as the foundation and support of the polity structure of Massachusetts. The resulting political and ecclesiastic system proved remarkably stable and enduring. Established largely by fiat and precedent in the very first years, the New England Way served as the institutional skeleton of the Bay social body until the loss of the charter and the onset of the Andros regime in the 1680s.

Despite their unquestioned importance, however, the interlocking institutions of church and state in Puritan Massachusetts defy simple analysis. Were the Bay churches the independent and lay-controlled congregations of a sect or part of an establishment dominated by the ministry? Was the General Court of Massachusetts a representative republic of the saints or, in Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker’s phrase, a Puritan oligarchy? Was the relation of church and state Erastian, as Ronald D. Cohen has claimed, or was it, as John Cotton argued, “the best form of Government in a Christian-Commonwealth,” namely “theocratie”? The obvious answer to each of these questions is both in one sense and neither in another. And while this answer bears some semblance of truth in registering the complexity of the Bay polity scheme, it utterly fails to offer the analytic clarity and coherence that are necessary for thorough historical understanding.
John Cotton and the Dialectic of Antinomian Dissent
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

The most important and controversial figure in the Antinomian controversy was John Cotton. The movement was largely confined to the church of Boston, with a handful of supporters in neighboring Roxbury. When questioned, the leaders of the movement, particularly Anne Hutchinson, cited Cotton as their mentor and the source of their doctrines. Certainly Cotton’s peers recognized him as the central figure in the controversy, and with good reason; as Larzer Ziff remarked, in “the private conferences and correspondences that took place in an ineffective effort to avoid public confrontation, he took the opinionists’ side.” Moreover, without the institutional support of the prestigious church of Boston and its even more prestigious teacher, the Antinomian movement would have been short-lived and its leaders quickly disciplined.
Increase Mather and The Decline of Cultural Domination
Authors: Staloff Darren
Published: October 2023

Between 1675 and 1686, Increase Mather exercised an unprecedented sway over the orthodox Bay regime. When King Philip’s War erupted, it was Mather who first called for reform and then dictated its eventual course. Often consulted on matters of public import, Mather saw his views on imperial policy regularly accepted and implemented by the General Court. When, at his prompting, the last synod in Puritan Massachusetts’s history was convened, he gave the opening address to the assembly, served as its moderator, and wrote its unanimous conclusion. He successfully led the movement on behalf of mass covenant renewal in the decade after King Philip’s War. And, of course, it was Increase Mather who finally helped tum the tide in favor of the half-way covenant. To a remarkable extent, the history of Puritan Massachusetts in its final years is identical to that of the minister of the second church of Boston.
Hate Crimes
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly
Published: October 2023

Early in the 1980s, a new category of crime appeared in the criminal law lexicon. In response to what was said to be an epidemic of prejudice-motivated violence, Congress and many state legislatures passed a wave of “hate crime ” laws that required the collection of statistics and enhanced the punishment of crimes motivated by certain prejudices. This book places in socio-legal perspective both the hate crime problem and society’s response to it. From the outset, Jacobs and Potter adopt a sceptical if not critical stance. They argue that hate crime is a hopelessly muddled concept and that legal definitions of the term are riddled with ambiguity and subjectivity. Moreover, no matter how hate crime is defined, the authors find no evidence to support the claim that the US is experiencing a hate crime epidemic--nor that the number or rate of hate crimes is at an historic zenith. Furthermore, assert the authors, the federal effort to establish a hate crime accounting system has been a failure. The authors argue that hate crime as a socio-legal category represents the elaboration of an identity politics that manifests itself in many areas of the law. However, the attempt to apply the anti-discrimination paradigm to criminal law generates a number of problems and anomalies. The underlying conduct that hate crime law prohibits is already subject to criminal punishment. Jacobs and Potter maintain that there is no persuasive rationale for saying that hate crimes are “worse “ or “more serious “ than similar crimes attributable to other anti-social motivations. Also, they argue that the effort to single out hate crime for greater punishment, in effect, is an effort to punish some offenders more seriously because of their bad beliefs, opinions, or values, thus implicating the First Amendment. Jabobs and Potter show that the recriminalization of hate crime has little (if any) value with respect to law enforcement or criminal justice. Indeed, enforcement of such laws may in fact exacerbate intergroup tensions rather than eradicate prejudice.
Developments in the Praetorship, 263-219
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

The struggle with Carthage in the First Punic War placed enormous strain on the now century-old system of three regular magistrates with imperium (the two consuls and praetor). It seems that in each of the years 263 through 243 both consuls fought overseas. The praetor could not simply remain near Rome to protect the city and act as the de facto head of state. Our information on the campaigns of the First Punic War is extremely poor, yet we can surmise from three passages in Zonaras and an entry in the Fasti Capitolini that the praetor now received responsibility for the defense of all Italy-and occasionally had to fight beyond Italy’s shores.
Macedonia, Africa, and Asia, 122-50
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

When the commander L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 58) returned from Macedonia to Rome in 55, Cicero tried to convince the Senate that Piso’s failure to ask for a triumph was suspicious in itself. “There were some (aliquot) with praetorian imperium, but no one with consular imperium who returned unharmed (incolumis) from this province, who did not triumph.”1 Here we can check for accuracy. The provincial fasti for Macedonia in the period 122-81 are quite full, and then down to the year 50 almost wholly complete. If we take incolumis both literally (“safe and sound”) and metaphorically (“unimpaired by prosecution”),2 Cicero cannot be shown wrong on the consular commanders. For the praetors, however, he badly distorts the picture. After Q. Caecilius Metellus “Macedonicus” in 146, T. Didius is the only praetor known to have triumphed from the provincia (probably in the year 100). Even imperatorial acclamations are rarely attested for praetorian commanders in Macedonia. In short, the record suggests that praetors might have long commands in the province, yet when possible the Senate had men of consular rank take on severe fighting. That tendency grows particularly marked in the decades after Sulla.
Conclusions
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

Its story begins with a woman’s jealousy of her sister, married to a patrician who had reached the top of the Roman political pyramid. It involves a struggle so bitter that for five years the Romans descended into anarchy. It owes its genesis to an old war hero who quelled civil strife by suddenly hammering out a brilliant compromise: “The nobility yielded to the Plebs in the matter of the plebeian consul, the Plebs conceded to the nobility a single praetor, elected from the patricians, to administer law in the city.” Sad for the historian to say, that is the gist of our fullest account of the creation of the praetorship, that of Livy Book 6. And for the office’s subsequent development, we are left on our own.
Introduction
Authors: Kinney Katherine
Published: October 2023

At the end of Oliver Stone’s 1986 film, Platoon, the protagonist, Chris Taylor (Charlie Sheen), offers the quintessential statement of what I call the trope of friendly fire. In a voiceover Taylor tells us, “I think now looking back that we did not fight the enemy, we fought ourselves and the enemy was within us.” In Platoon, this story of Americans killing Americans in Vietnam is both literal and allegorical. At the heart of the film is the epic struggle between the evil sergeant Barnes, the figure of the war’s self-consuming violence, and the regenerative promise of Elias, the Christ-like figure of goodness sacrificed on the battlefields of Vietnam. The plot demands that Barnes kill Elias and that Chris Taylor, in turn, kill Barnes. Platoon is quite simply the story of the Manichaean struggle for a young man’s soul. Despite this overtly symbolic structure, the film has been often praised for its realistic depiction of the war. Tellingly, not only is Platoon’s allegorical structure defined by this trope of friendly fire, but its most realistic gesture is shaped by it as well.
Indian Country Revisited, The Persistence of John Wayne
Authors: Kinney Katherine
Published: October 2023

Rhetorically in this passage the Vietnam War is the question and John Wayne (along with Ronald Reagan) is the answer. The passage is particularly illustrative because this rhetorical structure holds even when Vietnam is characterized as something less than Ronald Reagan’s noble cause and the ironic distance between John Wayne as man and as image is foregrounded. The often bitterly ironic invocation of John Wayne has been one of the most prominent, persistent, and analyzed images in representations of the Vietnam War. Yet his image has survived this continual discrediting —so much so that at the end of the Gulf War, the site of a conspicuous recirculation of his patriotic image, the Los Angeles Times could report that President Bush was being “spoken of as something like John Wayne with an Ivy League education.” The irony this time is meant to be more admiring than critical.
The Work
Authors: Coles Robert
Published: October 2023

The noun document goes back centuries in time. It is derived from the Latin docere, to teach, and was originally, of course, used to describe something that offered clues, or, better, proof, a piece of paper with words that attested evidence. In our time, a photograph or a recording or a film have also qualified as documents. In the early eighteenth century (1711), the word document became more active—a verb, whose meaning conveyed the act of furnishing such evidence; and eventually, as with the noun, the range of such activity expanded: first one documented with words on paper; later, one documented with photographs and a film crew. Interestingly, the verb would get used this way, too: “to construct or produce (as a movie or a novel) with authentic situations or events,” and “to portray realistically.”
The Person As Documentarian
Authors: Coles Robert
Published: October 2023

Some of the upbraiding Dr. Williams directed at himself, including his confessional moments in Paterson and in his some-what autobiographical short fiction, was not only meant to serve an intellectual purpose—that of an anti-intellectualism, a broader adversarial position to stake out than one of skepticism with respect to theory. When this writing doctor tells us that he could be self-absorbed, all too indifferent to others even while treating them as a doctor and, later, writing about them in poems and stories, he is asking us to consider the vocational hazards of a certain kind of work—the moral and psychological questions that confront us explicitly or by implication as we who take stock of others also try to live our own lives with some self-respect.
The Tradition
Authors: Coles Robert
Published: October 2023

The heart of the matter for someone doing documentary work is the pursuit of what James Agee called “human actuality”—rendering and representing for others what has been witnessed, heard, overheard, or sensed. Fact is “the quality of being actual,” hence Agee’s concern with actuality. All documentation, however, is put together by a particular mind whose capacities, interests, values, conjectures, suppositions and presuppositions, whose memories, and, not least, whose talents will come to bear directly or indirectly on what is, finally a presented to the world in the form of words, pictures, or even music or artifacts of one kind or another. In shaping an article or a book, the writer can add factors and variables in two directions: social and cultural and historical on the one hand, individual or idiosyncratic on the other.
A Range of Documentary Inquiry
Authors: Coles Robert
Published: October 2023

I would like to return to the efforts of Dorothea Lange and her husband, Paul Taylor, for the larger questions their explorative studies pose with respect to documentary work. Lange, especially, was a feisty soul, determined to establish the camera as a means of systematic social, cultural, and psychological investigation; so in a sense, her photographs lend themselves to a kind of argument, even as they can be regarded with a skepticism that shadows all photography meant to render the world’s reality.