bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Role of Antimicrobial Proteins in the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Sears P. M. , Wilson D. J. , Gonzalez R. N. , Blackburn P.
Published: March 2023

The intramammary administration of antibiotics is the most common method used to treat bovine mastitis (1). Antibiotic treatment during lactation has a low cure rate for many mastitis pathogens, and the loss of milk due to drug residues results in a poor cost-benefit ratio for most antibiotic therapy during lactation (2). In addition, there is an increasing concern over the presence of drug residues in milk (3), which has led to the search for alternatives the classical antibiotic approach (4,5,6,7,8). The bacteriocins, lysostaphin (9) and nisin (10), are effective toward mastitis pathogens. These are nontoxic proteins, digested and inactivated by intestinal enzymes, and thus, are potentially less hazardous than the antibiotics currently available for use in dairy cattle (6).

This study examined the efficacy of several lysostaphin and nisin combinations for the treatment of experimental bovine mastitis infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis.

Spanish and German summaries on PDF
The Latest Thinking on Dry Cow Management
Authors: Sniffen C. J. , Van Saun R. J.
Published: March 2023

We continue to look for methods to increase productivity and hopefully, profitability. We place a lot of emphasis on feeding various products such as fat, bypass protein and niacin to increase milk production. Rarely do we put any emphasis on the profitability of the total herd. We do not consider the impact of metabolic or reproductive problems on total yield and profitability; this only becomes important when it becomes extreme. We need to look carefully at the hidden costs of subclinical metabolic and reproductive problems. We are sure that you have seen the sporadic milk fever, DA, ketosis, off feed, cow not coming into heat, metritis, cow not settling, and cow with off cycles. The use of good record analysis systems will allow you to see that, combined, these become a significant part of the costs of your client's operation. If you calculate the lost milk it will be even more. Our challenge is to develop strategies to minimize the occurrence of these problems in the herd.
Novel Concepts of Mastitis Control
Authors: Nickerson Stephen C.
Published: March 2023

Implementation of mastitis control measures based on proper milking practices and hygiene, reducing exposure to environmental pathogens, and traditional dry cow antibiotic therapy have lowered the prevalence of this disease in dairy cows over the past 25 years. But 30 to 40% of dairy cattle remain infected, and in order to further reduce incidence of infection dairymen may need to include more novel approaches to mastitis control. The purpose of this paper is to present a compilation of the more recent novel developments in mastitis control, and how this new knowledge may be implemented in the future by practitioners and dairymen to control this disease.
Efficacite Comparee De La Flunixine Meglumine Et de L' Acide Tolfenamique Chez Les Bovins
Authors: Espinasse J. , Thouvenot J. P. , Dalle S. , Garcia J. , Schelcher F. , Salat O. , Valarcher J. F. , Daval S.
Published: March 2023

A comparison of the effects of two antiinflammatory drugs, flunixine meglumine (FM) and tolfenamic acid (TA) has been conducted in cattle using a tissue cage model. "Practice" polypropylene golf balls have been implanted subcutaneously in the neck of 12 young males calves. After a 3 weeks stabilisation period, an acute inflammatory reaction has been induced with an injection in the tissue cage of a 2% carragenine sterile solution. After randomisation of the animals in 3 groups : one received an intramuscular injection of distilled water (placebo), another group was treated with 2 mg/Kg FM intramuscularly, the third group received TA at the same posology and through the same route. Starting half an hour after the carragenine injection the tissue cage exudate were collected seven times during the first 48 hours to measure the prostaglandine E2 level using a radioimmunologic method. To decrease the variability between animals the study has been conducted in a cross-over way, each series starting three weeks after the other. A statistical analysis of all datas has been done using a paired series test after a log10 transformation of the prostaglandine E2 concentrations. The comparisons between placebo and FM groups and between placebo and TA groups are in accordance with the validity of the model. The inhibition of the production of prostaglandine E2 for both antiinflammatory drugs confirm their action on the cyclo-oxygenase. The statistical comparisons demonstrate as well the superiority of FM on TA.
Studies on Serotype-Specific Regulation of Antigen Expression in Pasteurela Haemolytica
Authors: Gonzalez Cynthia , Murtaugh M. P. , Maheswaran S. K.
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains a major economic problem for both the beef and dairy cattle industries in the U.S. (1). Recent estimates of the losses due to BRO exceed a billion dolars annually which is greater than all other diseases combined (2).

The most common sequel observed in BRD is a fulminating fibrinonecrotic pleuropneumonia called shipping fever or pneumonic pasteurellosis. Although BRD is a multifactorial disease involving interaction between a number of environmental factors, various viruses and bacteria, Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 1 (A1) also called serotype 1 (ST1) has been established as the primary agent involved in the pathogenesis of the pneumonia (3). P. haemolytica ST1 can be isolated in pure culture from typical pneumonic lesions of the disease (4).
AT-4526, A New Quinolone Derivative
Authors: Kagota Katsumoto , Hakogi Etsuji , Noma Susumu , Maruo Yoshiyuki , Emoto Norio , Maeda Toyoyuki , Kishimoto Masahisa , Yoneda Yasuo , Ryo Shyogen , Koiwa Masaaki , Abe Tatehiko , Yamanaka Hiroyuki , Anri Akira , Yoshida Yasuyuki , Umemura Takashi , Shimada Yasuaki
Published: March 2023

Bacterial respiratory diseases and diarrhea in the calves are causing great economic losses. So, antibacterial agents are often used to prevent and medicate to the diseases. Recently, bacteria resistant to antibiotics are increasing and causing severe problem in clinical field (1, 2). AT-4526, 1-cyclopropyl-5,6,8-trifluoro-l, 4-dihydro-7-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, a new quinolone derivative, has broad and potent antibacterial activity, and is not cross-resistanct with antibiotics (3). It is well absorbed and distributed to most tissues of calves by intramuscular (i.m.) administration (4). Therefore, it is suggested that AT-4526 is useful for bacterial diseases in various animals. This report describes the efficacies of AT-4526 against spontaneous bacterial respiratory diseases and diarrhea in calves.
Leukotoxin As a Virulent Factor of Pasteurella Haemolytica
Authors: Maheswaran S. K. , Whiteley L. O. , Townsend E. L. , Ames T. R. , Weiss D. J. , Yoo H. S. , Gonzalez C. , Kannan M. S.
Published: March 2023

Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (Al) has been established as the primary agent responsible for the clinical disease and pathophysiologic events leading to acute lobar fibrinonecrotizing pneumonia associated with bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis(1,2,3).

The bacteria produces several potential virulent factors, of which the leukotoxin (LKT) has received the most attention(4). The LKT is a heat-labile proteinaceous exotoxin, that is oxygen-stable, non-dialyzable, water soluble, and is produced in high concentrations by P.haemolytica during the logarithmic phase of growth(5). The genes that code for the synthesis and secretion of this LKT have been cloned(6). All 15 serotypes of P. haemolytica produce LKT(7). It has a molecular weight of 101-105kDa when determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis(8). Attempts to purify the LKT has been futile because it is tightly bound to the LPS and there is no efficient way to remove the LPS without inactivating the LKT. It is one of a family of RTX(repeat toxins)-pore forming cytolysin which has a unique specificity, in that it is only cytocidal to ruminant leukocytes(9). This cytotoxicity is caused by the formation of pores in the cell membrane which allows the influx of calcium and results in a sequence of cell-damaging events(lO). Since this organism produces disease only in ruminants, this would support the role of LKT as a virulence factor. Indeed, several observations point to the central role that LKT has in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis. For example, in experimental pasteurellosis, the clinical and pathophysiologic events are dose-dependently reproduced by the intatracheal administration of live logarithmic phase P. haemolytica and not by stationary phase organisms(ll). This enhanced pathogenicity may be related to the amount of LKT produced by these different populations. Indeed, we (5) and others(12)* have shown that the logarithmic phase cells produce far greater amounts of this LKT than stationary cells. In other studies, cattle with high LKT neutralizing antibody titers have higher survival rates in the natural disease and experimental pasteurellosis than animals with low antibody titers(13).

Although advances have been made in describing the cytolytic properties of the P.haemolytica LKT, the mechanisms by which it brings about lung injury in cattle are poorly understood. Our laboratory has long been interested in elucidating the contributions and mechanisms by which the LKT induce this acute lung injury in pneumonic pasteurellosis. Three experiments were designed to study if the LKT contributed in the genesis of lung injury in pneumonic pasteurellosis.
Application of Vectocardiography in Cattle
Authors: Amory H. , Genicot B. , Rollin F. , Lekeux P.
Published: March 2023

Even if the anatomical cardiac axis is not identical to its electrical axis, it is well known that in various species, the cardiac morphological changes are reflected on the angle of electrical cardiac axis. In this way, it has been shown in man (1, 2), dog (3, 4) and horse (5, 6), that cardiac vectors amplitude and orientation are modified by growth, training or pathological ventricular hypertrophy induced by various cardiac disorders including right and left valvulopathy, hindrances in systemic blood circulation accompanying extracardial diseases and hypertension in pulmonary circulation. By contrast, in the bovine species, electrocardiography consisted up to now in a purely qualitative analysis of the cardiac electrical activity, whereas vectocardiographic studies were still lacking in this species. It was thus of great interest to perfect a vectocardiography technique for cattle. On the other hand, in ungulae, depolarisation pattern of the heart is specific because of a particular organisation of the Purkinje fibers in the myocardium (7). Accordingly, several specific lead systems have been developed in the horse to quantify tridimensional vectocardiographic parameters. Because of the similarities between cardiac electric activity and between heart position within the thorax in horse and cattle (7), the validity of four of these equine lead systems was compared when transposed in calves.
Environmental Problems Induced by Cattle Farming in the Po Valley (Northern Italy)
Authors: Soldati Giuseppe , Soldati Mauro , Tosatti Giovanni
Published: March 2023

This paper deals with the enviromental impact deriving from the presence of widespread farming activities in the Po Valley which, owing to its geologic characteristics, is particularly vulnerable to pollutants. From the schematic hydrogeologic map of the Po Plain shown in the text, the prevailing presence of alluvial deposits is evident. These deposits, due to their grain-size characteristics, are often interested by the presence of vast amounts of groundwaters which are an important resource for man since they are widely exploited for watersupply and irriguous purposes. The high permeability of a great part of these deposits makes them particularly vulnerable to pollutants, also considering that the Po Valley shows one of the highest concentrations of industry and farming not only in Italy but in the whole of Western Europe. In particular, for what concerns animal breeding, the data collected show that the pollutants' load derives mainly from cattle farms which are, therefore, one of the main sources of potential pollution of the aquifers. Indeed, the hydrochemical analysis of groundwaters in the Po Valley has confirmed in many cases the presence of pollutant concentrations above legal levels, owing to an inadequate management of farm-sewage. In order to upgrade the environmental situation it is necessary to apply strictly the existing norms and to improve the depuration and waste-disposal techniques aiming at a management more compatible with the physical characteristics of the territory.
Risk Factors for Clinical Lameness in Lactating Dairy Cows in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Wells S. J. , Trent A. M. , Marsh W. E. , Robinson R. A.
Published: March 2023

The importance of clinical lameness in dairy cows is receiving increasing recognition. In addition to treatment and prevention costs, culling, milk production, and reproduction losses may occur due to lameness. The moral cost of animal suffering during severe lameness episodes must also be considered. Despite this, recommended management practices for the purpose of lameness prevention at the cow and herd level are often based upon trial and error rather than sound research-based knowledge of causal mechanisms of lameness. This has been due in part to the sparcity of lameness research in cattle. In addition, much of the available literature on lameness has been based upon a subjective diagnosis of lameness without a standard case definition, and often using multiple observers (producers) leading to difficulty in interpretation. The result has been a scarcity of useful information for veterinarians and producers.

The objective of this study included evaluation of within herd risk factors (bodyweight, body condition score, dorsal claw angles, visible and palpable limb lesions, and antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi) and between herd risk factors (housing, flooring, dietary, and management practice) for clinical lameness in lactating dairy cows.
Diet-Meat and Diet-Milk Transfer of ¹³⁷Cs in the Cattle
Authors: Trenti F. , Calamosca M. , Pagano P. , Cipone M.
Published: March 2023

In conditions of environmental radiocontamination, the vegetable-animal products-man food chain becomes particularly critical for the determination of population equivalent doses (1). Such doses may be predicted using contaminant transfer models such as NUCRAC-SAI (2), DOSDIM (3), NRPB (4), PATHWAY (5) and others.

These are principally founded on dynamic compartmental systems and they have in common the use of first degree kinetics, which lead to the formulation of a system of differential equations, the solution of which shows the trend of radionuclide concentration in time, in the various environmental and animal matrices. Efficacy verification of these analytical instruments is performed at its best in real situations of radioactive spill in the environment, such as the incident which interested Italy in 1986.

In the latter occasion we applied a modulus belonging to a more complex model described below, and which uses the daily dietary intake of 137Cs , to predict the meat and milk contamination variation in time, in the adult bovine.

To verify the efficacy of this model we compared calculated values against those measured directly by radiometry of meat and milk samples of the same bovines.
Intoxicacion Experimental En El Ganado Vacuno Por Quercus Spp.
Authors: Prieto F. , Fidalgo L. E. , Goicoa A. , Santamarina G. , Hernandez J. , Benedito J. L.
Published: March 2023

We have studied and compared a "natural" and "experimental" intoxications by tanines in beef and dairy cows wich ingested oak acorn of Quercus spp.

In both cases we have analized the evolution of some blood parameter, and we established their relations with clinical and lesional signs.

It's impossible for us to reproduce the experimental form as a natural intoxication by supplied to the animals some dry acorn.
Subclinical Ketosis and Milk Production in Finnish Dairy Cows
Authors: Miettinen P. V. A. , Setälä J. J.
Published: March 2023

Many dairy cows are unable to consume sufficient food to meet their production and maintenance requirements in early lactation and mobilize body reserves for milk production. Bovine ketosis results from an input / output imbalance in energy metabolism. The economic consequences of disturbancies due to bovine ketosis are of great importance.

The subsequent reproductive performance (5) and the energy balance (2) are negatively associated with milk yield and so the energy intake is positively related to reproductive performance (2 , 4, 7). In contrast to measured energy balance (energy balance = consument energy - required energy) subclinical ketosis; a stage of low energy balance, reflected as elevated levels of ketone bodies, reduced milk yield (3) as well as negatively affects reproductive performance in dairy cows (6, 7, 8), thus a cow with a low milk production should be less fertile, too.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between milk production and subclinical ketosis in Finnish dairy cattle.
Effets Du Blocage Des Recepteurs Serotonergiques De Type 2 Sur Les Modifications Fonctionnelles Respiratoires Induites Par Un Challenge A La Serotonine Chez Le Bovin
Authors: Linden A. , Desmecht D. , Amory H. , Rollin F. , Lekeux P.
Published: March 2023

The effects of exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on pulmonary bovine function i.e. , hyperventilation, diffuse bronchoconstriction and pulmonary artery hypertension, have been previously reported. The purpose of the present investigation was to study, in vivo, the effects of a 5-HT challenge preceeded by treatment with a selective blocking agent of 5-HT2 receptors (R 50970) on pulmonary bovine function.

Article in French, English and German summaries on PDF
Descriptive Epidemiology of Salmonella Serotypes From Cattle in the USA (1982-1991)
Authors: Robinson R. A. , Ferris K. E. , Miller D. A. , Srinand S.
Published: March 2023

Clinical and subclinical bovine Salmonella infections have long been the source of concern to the industry from both the animal disease and human health perspectives. In recent years there has been a perception that these infections are being seen with increasing frequency, but this may be due to a combination of increased awareness by producers and veterinarians, improved culture techniques, and the publicity given to both beef and dairy product-associated human outbreaks. Nevertheless, the trend to larger dairies, together with increased inter-herd movements and changing feed practices may all contribute to the spread of salmonellae among cattle.

While there have been a number of single and multiple herd case reports of both calfhood and adult salmonellosis in the USA, no attempt has been made to summarize national data over time and by region. The National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) at Ames, Iowa provides a Salmonella confirmation and serotyping service to state diagnostic laboratories. Quarterly reports are made to submitters and an annual summary is published in the Proceedings of the U. S. Animal Health Association. This service has been provided without charge but submitters are required to provide basic herd/flock data as follows: name and address of owner, source animal species, number of animals in the herd or flock, morbidity, mortality, age groups affected, and whether these are considered primary or secondary infections.
Salmonella dublin Infections in Cattle in California
Authors: Walker Richard L.
Published: March 2023

Salmonellosis is a commonly encountered disease of cattle. Of the many serotypes of Salmonella known to exist, Salmonella typhimurium and S. dublin are the two most frequently isolated from cattle. Salmonella dublin is isolated commonly from cattle in states west of the Rocky Mountains. Reports of isolations of S. dublin from states east of the Rockies are increasing.2,4 Salmonella dublin is also isolated commonly in Europe and South Africa. Unlike S. typhimurium, which shows no special affinity for a particular host, S. dublin is host-adapted for cattle. While other animal species can be infected with S. dublin, cattle account for approximately 96% of the isolations from animals. This host-adaptation for cattle has special implications regarding epidemiology and control measures. The purpose of this presentation is to give an overview of the current spectrum of S. dublin infections in dairy cattle in California.
Stray Voltage
Authors: Southwick Lee
Published: March 2023

In order for any discussion on stray voltage to be meaningful we first have to define what is meant by stray voltage. For the purposes of this paper I will use the definition found in the USDA Handbook 696, "EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE/ CURRENT ON FARM ANIMALS -- How To Detect and Remedy Problems."1 That definition reads as follows: "Stray voltage is a small voltage (less than 10V) that can be measured between two possible contact points. If these two points are contacted by an animal or person, a current will flow. The amount of current depends on the voltage and the circuit impedance, which includes the source, contact and body impedances. Animals or persons respond to the resulting current flow and not the applied voltage." From this definition there are two things I want you to notice:

First, stray voltage is found at cow contact points. It is not voltage found between a reference ground rod and the service entrance neutral wire (neutral to earth voltage [nev]) or the water bowl or any other contact point in the barn. Voltage between those points may indicate possible stray voltage but they are not stray voltage in themselves.1

Second, it is not the voltage, but the current, which the animal reacts to so any stray voltage investigation should determine current as well as voltage. We will discuss these points in more detail later.
Feeding Broiler Litter to Beef Cows
Authors: Pugh D. G.
Published: March 2023

Broiler litter has been a valuable feed stuff for many years,1 and has been successfully utilized in the rations of growing-weaning calves, stockers, cattle, brood cows, and bulls. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) in litter averages 50%, which is comparable to good quality hay (Table 1). The crude protein content usually averages 24%2 to 31%3, with much of this nitrogen in the form of non protein nitrogen (NPN). The NPN in broiler litter is utilized most efficiently when fed to animals with a functional rumen.2 When broiler litter is fed it should have a crude protein content of>18%, with <25% of protein in a bound form. Feed grade litter should have an ash content of <28%, and all litter should be inspected for uniform color and odor. Litter not meeting these specifications should not be fed.2 Where possible, litter should be passed over a magnet or screened in order to remove nails, wire, and other metallic particulate. Broiler litter is very abrasive and corrosive and may accelerate wear and reduce the working life of feed handling equipment more quickly than other commonly used feed stuffs. Moist litter does not flow through auger systems well, while litter <12% moisture is dusty and less palatable to cattle.2
Mycoplasma and Hemophilus
Authors: Grotelueschen Dale M.
Published: March 2023

Respiratory disease causes the highest economic loss of feedlot diseases. Diagnosis of infectious diseases occurring in feedlot environments tends to focus primarily on respiratory pathogens. The role of viral entities, including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), parainfluenza-3 (PI3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), in conjunction with Pasteurella hemolytica in respiratory disease is well documented. They are generally regarded by veterinary clinicians as the primary pathogens involved in feedlot respiratory disease. Presence and involvement of other pathogens has been acknowledged and documented. However, their importance, incidence, pathogenicity, and cost to the industry are less well understood.

Diagnostic investigations involving feedlot pathogens of lesser overall economic importance are important in order to address issues including therapy, prevention, and prognosis. Unusually high morbidity and/or mortality in some animal populations give them critical importance in some cases. Client education is also important in order to communicate occurrence of losses that at times mimic more common disease entities or present new diagnostic challenges.

Mycoplasma bovis and Hemophilus somnus are two organisms that produce clinical and subclinical disease resulting in feedlot morbidity and mortality, with accompanying economic loss.
Making the Antibiotic Choice for Treating Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Ames T. R. , Srinand S. , Maheswaran S. K.
Published: March 2023

BRD produces disease with morbidity peaking in 1-3 weeks and mortality peaking in 2-4 weeks after entering the feedlot.1,4 When an epidemic curve for BRD is constructed using fatal disease onset rather than mortality as the parameter, it can be seen that calves dying from BRD become ill within the first 2 weeks of entering the feedlot.4 The fact that calves become ill so quickly after entering the feedlot obviously puts great emphasis on the type of animal and its recent history. This will be important in determining the morbidity and mortality which may occur. Fall placed calves going into feedlots in Canada and the northern United States will have higher morbidity and mortality than older calves. The morbidity and mortality of fall placed calves in the northern United States will be similar to that seen in stocker calves in southern United States. Both types of calves are young, multiorigin, long haul sale barn calves whose age and handling result in higher BRD morbidity and mortality.5 Antimicrobial agents can be used in the feedlot in the traditional manner to control mortality and improve performance in sick calves experiencing BRD as well as prophylactically on arrival to limit both BRD morbidity and mortality.
Urine pH to Monitor Anionic Salt Programs
Authors: Jardon Phillip W.
Published: March 2023

Anionic salts help prevent milk fever by causing a mild compensated metabolic acidosis. The acidosis also leads to acid urine. Dr. Jesse Goff of the National Animal Disease Laboratory in Ames, Iowa suggests closeup dry cow urinary pH values above 8 indicates cows that are at greater risk of milk fever. Values below 7.3 indicate decreased risk of milk fever. These values have not been well worked out and over interpretation should be avoided. However, if anionic salts are fed and the method of action is through a metabolic acidosis, it is reasonable to expect some level of aciduria.
Tidbits From Tennessee, Part IV
Authors: McCampbell Hugh
Published: March 2023

Good evening from Tennessee. It's nice to be invited back to talk again in the practice tips session. I appreciate it. For those of you who heard me in Nashville, Buffalo, or Kansas City, this talk won't be any better than those, so your friends who aren't here tonight won't be missing much by not hearing me.
Cow/Calf Herd Management Prograin
Authors: Denooy Peter P.
Published: March 2023

The three requirements for a successful cow-calf health and production program are:1. A progressive livestock producer2. An enthusiastic, competent veterinarian3. An animal health and production data and information system.
Getting the Most Out of Listserv
Authors: Varner Mark
Published: March 2023

The listserv software package was developed in France during the late 1980's by Eric Thomas. It was developed for IBM mainframe computers on the Bitnet computer network. The software has been modified for other types of computers and now utilizes Internet addressing systems. The software has undergone incremental improvements since its inception, and improvements are likely to continue. The listserv commands below all work at the time of the 1994 AABP conference. There is no guarantee that they will continue to work.
Usefulness of Antemortem Fecal Samples as an Alternative Diagnostic Specimen for the Etiological Diagnosis of Neonatal Calf Scours
Authors: Zeman D. H.
Published: March 2023

Practitioners commonly face a "diagnostic dilemma" when dealing with neonatal calf scours outbreaks. Most are aware that an ideal specimen for investigating an enteritis problem is an acutely ill, untreated, sacrificed, and immediately necropsied animal. Unfortunately in a diagnostic sense but understandably, the cattle producer does not see this as a very palatable approach. This reluctance is in part due to the fact that one calf represents a significant economic unit to the producer and because many times the animal can be saved with treatment. Therefore, many times the diagnostic lab does not receive acute cases to perform diagnostic tests upon and primary pathogens may be long gone due to chronicity. Postmortem autolysis is another important hindrance to diagnostic success. When calves are treated until they die, the window of opportunity to collect "fresh" tissue is no longer under the veterinarians control when compared to sacrificing the animal and immediately doing a necropsy and properly collecting specimens.

In contrast, swine producers are ready and willing to sacrifice live acutely ill piglets to determine a specific etiological diagnosis and subsequently enjoy a much higher diagnostic success rate (90% or greater). However, when traditional neonatal calf scour submissions (bodies and tissues) are utilized, the diagnostic success rate suffers greatly due to the submission of chronic and/or autolyzed specimens (success less than 70%). One solution to this "diagnostic dilemma" was to analyze and evaluate alternative diagnostic specimens. This South Dakota Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory of SDSU conducted a 6 month study in 1993 with two purposes: 1. to determine the diagnostic success rate of antemortem fecal specimens from calves in the acute stages of diarrhea, relative to the diagnostic success of shipped tissue specimens and to whole bodies brought to the laboratory; and 2. to encourage the use of antemortem fecal specimens as an alternative diagnostic tool, if the study indicated usefulness.
Comparison of Maternal Blood and Fetal Liver Selenium Concentrations in California Cattle
Authors: Kirk J. , Terra R. , Gardner I. , Wright J. , Case J. , Maas J.
Published: March 2023

Selenium (Se) concentrations were measured inpaired maternal blood and fetal liver samples from aCalifornia slaughterhouse (SH) (beef=19, dairy=54) andfrom bovine abortions submitted to the California VeterinaryDiagnostic Laboratory System (CVDLS)(beef=20, dairy=20).
Pasteurella haemolytica Vaccines and Their Effectiveness
Authors: Loan Raymond W. , Purdy Charles W. M.
Published: March 2023

Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (Ph1) bacterins and bacterin-toxoids formulated in oil adjuvants induce protective immune responses approaching those induced by virulent Ph1. In comparison, aluminum hydroxide based adjuvants induce lower protective and serological immune responses. Bacterin-toxoid vaccines formulated in water-in-oil adjuvants induced high levels of protective immunity against transthoracic and field challenge. Bacterin-toxoid with oil-in-water adjuvant induced high protective immunity against transthoracic challenge and was superior to Ph1 bacterin-toxoid withAI(OH)3 adjuvant. Reactions at the point of inoculation vary with formulations, are usually inapparent if intramuscular, manageable if subcutaneous and disappear with time.
Effectiveness of Calcium Propionate Gels
Authors: Sanchez W. K. , Higgins J. J. , Guy M. A. , Anderson M. L.
Published: March 2023

Oral calcium gels are used to elevate blood calcium of periparturient dairy cows. Calcium chloride is the most commonly used ingredient in these products. Although calcium chloride increases blood Ca, it may cause metabolic acidosis and thus is often contraindicated.
Dynamic Changes in the Dairy Market
Authors: Thomas William A.
Published: March 2023

Leaders from all parts of the dairy industry are finding out that they have to get up every morning and try to put themselves out of business. They do it because if they do not, someone else will. This is not just because of the 1996 FAIR farm bill. They do it because in today's market, if they do not come up with a better dairy product or a better way of marketing that product, they will fall behind.

The dairy industry is becoming more competitive and more consumer oriented. Today, we are competing on a world wide basis and continued innovation in production techniques and product development and marketing are needed to keep the U.S. dairy industry at the forefront of world agriculture.

Consumers of today are accustomed to getting what they want and the industry must provide that or the customer will go somewhere else. One of the main changes we are seeing in the dairy industry is that we are becoming more market oriented and, thanks to the 1996 farm bill, we are assured that this trend will continue in the future.

I want to divide the discussion of the changes in dairy marketing into four areas: dairy farmers and their cooperatives; the Federal milk marketing order system; the processing sector; and a miscellaneous category including international markets, managing risks, and food safety.
Pharmacology of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Apley Mike
Published: March 2023

Rational selection of antimicrobials involves working through an information overload. Spectrum, laboratory sensitivity data, clinical trial data, tissue tolerance, possibility of synergism or antagonism with another antimicrobial, route and frequency of administration, withdrawal time, cost, and label vs. extra-label use must be considered. This paper includes suggestions for evaluating some of these areas, with an emphasis on comparing and contrasting the aminoglycosides with other selected antimicrobials. Evaluation of using characteristics of antimicrobials to guide drug selection is the main focus of this paper. The evaluation of clinical trials for antimicrobial selection is not addressed, but should be included in the final selection decision.
Understanding Cattle Behavior Makes Handling Easier
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: March 2023

Cattle are visual animals that are motivated by fear. In the wild they are ever vigilant and any novel sight or sound is perceived as a possible danger. Their ears are more sensitive to high pitched noise than human ears and their wide angle vision enables them to scan the horizon for predators while they are grazing.

Novelty can be both fear inducing and attractive. Calm cattle in a corral will approach and sniff a paper cup on the ground, but that same cup will cause them to balk and turn back if one attempts to force the animals to walk over it. Cattle are most likely to panic when they are suddenly confronted with a novel sight or sound.
Diagnostic Considerations for Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Kennedy George A.
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease remains a significant cause of economic loss to the cattle industry1 and source of frustration to the cow/calf sector, the feedlot industry, veterinary practitioners and laboratory diagnosticians.

Numerous contributing factors are involved including weaning stress, shipping, commingling, anatomic and physiologic features of the bovine respiratory tract and multiple infectious agents. The role of many of these agents is currently not fully understood. This has led to the term bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD).2 BRD can be a clinically useful term but to the laboratory diagnostician and the practitioner trying to design a control program or a treatment regimen a more specific etiologic diagnosis is generally necessary.

While numerous infectious agents have been reported to be involved in the BRD complex only a handful appear to be of major etiologic significance (Table 1). Identifying the specific risk factor(s) and agent(s) involved in a particular group of cattle best involves a team approach and this includes feedlot management and personnel, on-site and consulting veterinarians and diagnostic laboratory personnel. Good communication between field veterinarian and the diagnostic laboratory are particularly critical as is an understanding by field veterinarians of the limitations of the various laboratory tests.

Early identification and treatment of sick animals is considered to be the key to success in outbreaks of BRD and early, accurate diagnosis is prerequisite to successful treatment. The inherent time lag in many laboratory tests necessitates that the practitioner often has to act on their initial clinical impression but laboratory confirmation and monitoring can be essential to adjusting treatment and preventative protocols.
Genetic-Based Infectious Disease Resistance As A New Health Management Strategy
Authors: Adams Garry , Templeton Joe W.
Published: March 2023

Cattle naturally resistant to Brucella abortus were bred and progeny from five generations of families were used to study the heritability of genes controlling this trait. Back-crossed calves were phenotyped by challenge with B. abortus and the results from genetic analyses indicated that at least two genes control this trait.
The Effect of 7-Way Clostridial Booster Vaccination at Reimplant on Subsequent Sudden Death Syndrome
Authors: De Groot Brad
Published: March 2023

The effect of 7-way colostridial booster vaccination at reimplant on subsequent Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) rates at a 35,000 head, Nebraska feedlot was investigated using all cattle reimplanted between January 1, 1993 and April 1, 1994. The definition for SDS used was consistent with that advanced by Williams in 1976.
Preliminary Results from a Study Evaluating the Test Characteristics of a Milk Urea Nitrogen Assay and the Influence of Factors Related to Sample Collection and Handling
Authors: Godden S. , Lissemore K. , Leslie K. , Kelton D. , Lumsden T. , Walton J.
Published: March 2023

Measurement of urea levels in milk has been promoted as a potentially useful diagnostic aid in monitoring the nutritional management of dairy herds. However, considerable research is required in order to develop criteria to accurately interpret Milk Urea Nitrogen (MUN) measurements. As part of a larger research project designed to investigate the relationship of MUN measurements to nutritional management and reproductive performance in dairy herds, a series of preliminary experiments were performed. The objectives were to evaluate the test characteristics of the Fossomatic 4000 Milk Analyser MUN test and to investigate how various factors relating to the sample type, (composite vs stripping, use of Bronopol preservative and storage over time) may affect MUN measurements.
Autogenous Vaccines in the Prevention and Control of Mastitis
Authors: Wade Harold Jody
Published: March 2023

Even though vaccine manufacturers are making great advances in vaccines every year, many long-known mastitis-causing enemies of the dairy industry still cause great problems for veterinarians and producers alike. Mastitis is probably one of the most frustrating diseases to treat especially with new strain variations emerging year to year.
Efficacy Of 5 Topical Spray Treatments For Control Of Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis In Dairy Herds
Authors: Berry S. L. , Reed B. A. , Maas J. P. , Schechter A.
Published: March 2023

Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD or Footwarts) is prevalent on California dairies. The prevalence on some dairies exceeds 50%. An effective and long-lasting treatment for digital dermatitis is needed to minimize the need for repeated treatments. The objective of our treatment trials was to test the efficacy of antimicrobics (Oxytetracycline and Lincomycin/Spectinomycin) at 2 concentrations and 1 astringent (RotNot ™) on footwart lesions in dairy cows over a 90 day observation period.
National Project to Implement TQM on Dairy Farms
Authors: Sischo W. M. , Gilson W. , Hutchinson L. J. , Marsh W. , Reneau J. K. , Sears P. M. , Timms L. L. , Wailes W.
Published: March 2023

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management approach that focuses on producing high quality product (as defined by the consumer) by understanding and identifying the sources of variation in the processes of production, developing an ethic of quality within the workforce, and monitoring variation in production.
Potential for Milk Residues and Pharmacokinetic Values of Ketoprofen Following a Single Intravenous Bolus Injection in Lactating Dairy Goats
Authors: Musser Jeffrey M. B. , Anderson Kevin L. , Tyckowska Krystyne L.
Published: March 2023

Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory conditions in ruminants. This study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and whether or not ketoprofen achieved measurable levels in milk following a single intravenous bolus injection in lactating goats.
Acute maduramicin toxicity in calves
Authors: Shlosberg A. , Perl S. , Harmelin A. , Hanji V. , Bellaiche M. , Bogin E. , Cohen R. , Markusfeld-Nir O. , Shpigel N. , Eisenberg Z. , Furman M. , Brosh A. , Holzer Z. , Aharoni Y.
Published: March 2023

A herd of 277 beef-breed calves in three age groups with mistakenly given the poultry coccidiostat maduramicin in a total mixed ration. It caused an acute toxicosis in which sudden death was the sole clinical finding in most cases.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 643-646
Sick Cow Problems Are People Problems
Authors: Sumrall David P.
Published: March 2023

I have been asked to share with you our system for management of the periparturient cow, as well as the people involved in that same system. Up front and for the purposes of our discussion here, let's get a definition or two out of the way. To my way of thinking, a "transitional cow" is a cow that is between lactations. Our job is to help her make the transition from one to another as smoothly as possible, thereby creating the most opportunity for her success in the following lactation. For me, a pre-parturient cow is any pregnant cow on the farm that is not in milk. We break these cattle down into a couple of sub-groups, specifically "drys" and "springers". As I speak of "dry cows", I am referring to cattle that are between the end of their just-completed lactation and 21 days pre-partum. At 21 days prior to calving in our system, a dry cow becomes a "springer" or a "maternity cow". She is grouped, handled, and fed as such. A "fresh" cow in our system, is a cow in the first 30 days of lactation. While seemingly obvious and elementary, these definitions are the fundamental benchmarks for our system, and thus important to have them clearly defined.
Production
Authors: Pritchard R. H.
Published: March 2023

Bunk management is a vigorously debated subject in the cattle feeding business. That is where my experience lies. I will readily admit that I do not fully understand the nuances of feeding dairy cows. My goal is to share ideas and principles we have learned while finishing cattle because these principles have some application whenever ruminants are being fed to support high levels of production.

The core of concern when managing bunks in a feedlot is controlling acidosis. High concentrations of highly fermentable carbohydrate create the risk. Ruminants were designed to eat until physical fill triggers satiety. Our diets no longer work within the scope of that intake regulation system. So, we reduce bunkspace to increase competition for feed. We feed 2 to 4 times daily to ensure cattle don't experience prolonged hunger and to limit the amount of feed available at any one time. Monensin, which tends to depress intake or at least the rate of consumption (Birkelo and Lounsbery, 1992) is being used again at higher concentrations to regulate consumption rates and intake variability (Stock and Britton, 1993).

We also manage intake simply by restricting variability in feed deliveries. The most dramatic system involves programmed feeding. In this system feed deliveries are intentionally set at some point less than ad libitum. A summary of these systems (Pritchard, 1995) shows that they generally allow equal rate of gain while requiring less feed. In part, this efficiency response may be due simply to reductions in the variability of daily feed deliveries and subsequent variation of Dry Matter Intake (DMI). Galyean et al (1992) observed that it was variability of deliveries that was crucial when limit feeding. Bierman and Pritchard (1997) noted that stable feed delivery rates enhanced efficiency when not using programmed feeding.
Use of Ionophores in Grazing Ruminants
Authors: Huntington Gerald B.
Published: March 2023

The use of ionophores in ruminant diets is one of the success stories of application of technology to livestock production. They have been fed for more than 20 years with positive and repeatable responses across a wide range of production systems. Ionophores are antibiotics that affect certain bacteria, protozoa and fungi in the rumen. Three polyether ionophores (ionophores with carboxylic terminal groups) available for ruminants today are monensin (Rumensin ®), lasalocid (Bovatec®) and laidlomycin (Cattlyst®). When added to the diet per manufacturer's recommendations, they change the profile of fermentation products and the degradation of dietary protein in the rumen, thereby improving the efficiency of nutrient use by ruminants. The fermentative processes that are affected by ionophores - production of ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen - are key processes because they affect directly nitrogen and energy metabolism in the host ruminant. This review will emphasize the results of studies with grazing cattle, with data and information from other reviews30,48,62,65 as well as data from recent publications.
Field evaluation of a fenbendazole slow release bolus in the control of nematode infections in first-season cattle
Authors: Bauer C. , Holtemöller H. , Schmid K.
Published: March 2023

The efficacy of a fenbendozole slow release bolus in controlling nematode infections of first-season cattle was evaluated in a field study in northern Germany.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 395-399
Effects of Tilmicosin on the Incidence of Bovine Respiratory Disease and Animal Performance When Used in Temperature-Based Therapy and Complete Metaphylaxis Treatment Programs
Authors: Guthrie C. A. , Vogel G. J. , Laudert S. B.
Published: March 2023

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of tilmicosin (Micotil® 300) on the incidence of morbidity and mortality due to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) when used in temperature-based and complete metaphylactic treatment programs.
Liver Trace Mineral Status of Cow-Calf Ranches in the Western High Plains
Authors: Swenson C. K. , Johnson A. B. , Paterson J. A. , Swenson E. J. , Schugel L. M. , Ansotegui R. P.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate Cu and Zn mineral concentrations in bovine hepatic samples collected from different ranches and determine the minimum sampling number within each herd for diagnosing beef cattle mineral status.
Prognostic indicators for toxic mastitis in dairy cows
Authors: Green M. J. , Cripps P. J. , Green L. E.
Published: March 2023

During a three-year study, 54 cows with toxic mastitis were examined and a number of clinical and laboratory measurements were taken.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1998) 143, 127-130.
Methods of Evaluating Ruminal pH in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R. , Nordlund Kenneth V.
Published: March 2023

Progress in understanding ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle has been limited by the methods available for determining ruminal pH. We evaluated three different methods of measuring ruminal pH in 8 ruminally-cannulated Holstein cows in early lactation as part of a 28-day nutritional study.