bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diameter controlled growth of iron‐filled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Müller C. , Leonhardt A. , Hampel S. , Büchner B.
Published: September 2006

We report the chemical vapor deposition of Fe‐filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from metallorganic precursors (ferrocene, cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer) on oxidized silicon substrates precoated with single‐layered or multi‐layered catalyst films (Fe, Au/Fe or Au/Al/Fe). The performed experiments result in thin multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (<40 nm) with a narrow diameter distribution and containing up to several micrometer long single crystalline iron nanorods. Electron scanning microscopy shows that the CNTs grow vertically aligned to the substrate surface. Furthermore transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicates nearly impurity free CNTs. These investigations are also complemented by X‐ray analysis. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ion–electron emission from CNx nanotube cathode
Authors: Okotrub A. V. , Gusel'nikov A. V. , Kudashov A. G. , Bugakov I. V. , Bulusheva L. G.
Published: September 2006

The first experiments on registration of ion current accompanying the field electron emission from carbon nanotubes have been carried out. Emitted cathode has been made from multiwall CNx nanotubes synthesized by thermolysis of a ferrocene and acetonitrile mixture. Since the ion current peaked at the electron emission threshold, its origin was attributed to autoionization of the residual gas molecules adsorbed on the nanotube caps. Complex voltage dependence of the ion current could be related to the change in the autoionization potential of the adsorbed molecules with variation of nanotube diameter. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Functionalization of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Hirsch Andreas
Published: September 2006

Our research is devoted to the design of new materials composed of various molecular building blocks such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, porphyrines, dendrimers, calixarenes and acetylene compounds. These functional units are linked by covalent bonds or via supramolecular organization. The aim is to generate structures, which, for example, represent models for redox proteins, enable a directed photo‐induced electron or energy transfer, can form micellar containers for the encapsulation of guest molecules, are useful for applications in the field of molecular electronics and serve as new redox active drugs. The basis for the successful realization of such complex architectures is a) the development of new synthesis concepts, for example, for chiral and amphiphilic building blocks as well as for derivatives of carbon rich molecules, b) the systematic investigation of the self‐assembly of achiral and chiral supramolecular organization motifs and c) the calculation of molecular properties with quantum mechanical methods. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of SWCNTs for C82 peapods by arc‐discharge process using nonmagnetic catalysts
Authors: Haluška Miro , Hulman Martin , Hornbostel Björn , Čech Jiři , Skákalová Viera , Roth Siegmar
Published: September 2006

In the present work the way to grow SWCNTs, large enough to accommodate C82 fullerenes, using nonmagnetic metal catalysts is demonstrated. The growth was carried out in a water‐cooled dc arc‐discharge Krätschmer generator with horizontally aligned electrodes. Different methods such as Raman and optical spectroscopy, TGA and TEM were used for characterization of the materials produced under various growth conditions. The concentration of sulphur promoter strongly influences the yield of SWNTs and affects their diameter distribution. The highest relative concentration of SWCNTs with diameters larger than 1.5 nm was found for an addition of 0.9–1.3 at% of sulphur to PtRh catalysts. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acceleration of lipid degradation by sericoside of Terminalia sericea roots in Fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Mochizuki Miyako , Hasegawa Noboru
Published: September 2006

Sericoside is a traditional herbal saponin from Terminalia sericea (Family Combretaceae). The influence of sericoside on lipolysis was studied in fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells, and glycerol release into the cytosol and residual triglyceride were measured. The addition of sericoside stimulated glycerol release into the cytosol from deposited triglyceride in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. These data suggested that sericoside has a strong lipolytic activity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnitude and significance of the higher‐order reduced density matrix cumulants
Authors: Herbert John M.
Published: September 2006

Using full configuration interaction wave functions for Be and LiH, in both minimal and extended basis sets, we examine the absolute magnitude and energetic significance of various contributions to the three‐electron reduced density matrix (3‐RDM) and its connected (size‐consistent) component, the 3‐RDM cumulant (3‐RDMC). Minimal basis sets are shown to suppress the magnitude of the 3‐RDMC in an artificial manner, whereas in extended basis sets, 3‐RDMC matrix elements are often comparable in magnitude to the corresponding 3‐RDM elements, even in cases where this result is not required by spin angular momentum coupling. Formal considerations suggest that these observations should generalize to higher‐order p‐RDMs and p‐RDMCs (p > 3). This result is discussed within the context of electronic structure methods based on the contracted Schrödinger equation (CSE), as solution of the CSE relies on 3‐ and 4‐RDM “reconstruction functionals” that neglect the 3‐RDMC, the 4‐RDMC, or both. Although the 3‐RDMC is responsible for at most 0.2% of the total electronic energy in Be and LiH, it accounts for up to 70% of the correlation energy, raising questions regarding whether (and how) the CSE can offer a useful computational methodology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Structure and energetic of Bn (n = 2–12) clusters: Electronic structure calculations
Authors: Atiş Murat , Özdoğan Cem , Güvenç Ziya B.
Published: September 2006

The electronic and geometric structures, total and binding energies, first and second energy differences, harmonic frequencies, point symmetries, and highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) gaps of small and neutral Bn (n = 2–12) clusters have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT), B3LYP with 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set. Linear, planar, convex, quasi‐planar, three‐dimensional (3D) cage, and open‐cage structures have been found. None of the lowest energy structures and their isomers has an inner atom; i.e., all the atoms are positioned at the surface. Within this size range, the planar and quasi‐planar (convex) structures have the lowest energies. The first and the second energy differences are used to obtain the most stable sizes. A simple growth path is also discussed with the studied sizes and isomers. The results have been compared with previously available theoretical and experimental works. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Poisson convergence in the restricted k‐partitioning problem
Authors: Bovier Anton , Kurkova Irina
Published: September 2006

The randomized k‐number partitioning problem is the task to distribute N i.i.d. random variables into k groups in such a way that the sums of the variables in each group are as similar as possible. The restricted k‐partitioning problem refers to the case where the number of elements in each group is fixed to N/k. In the case k = 2 it has been shown that the properly rescaled differences of the two sums in the close to optimal partitions converge to a Poisson point process, as if they were independent random variables. We generalize this result to the case k > 2 in the restricted problem and show that the vector of differences between the k sums converges to a k ‐ 1‐dimensional Poisson point process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Straßenbrückenbau
Authors: Naumann Joachim
Published: September 2006

Vor allem aufgrund der großen Aufgaben nach der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands zum Auf‐ und Ausbau der Verkehrsinfrastruktur in den neuen Bundesländern wurden in den letzten 15 Jahren eine außerordentlich große Zahl von Brücken‐ und Ingenieurbauwerken neu gebaut oder im Rahmen der Verbreiterung von Autobahnen erneuert. Von den beteiligten Ingenieuren wurde dies sehr schnell als Chance begriffen, neben bewährten Bauweisen auch neue technische Entwicklungen anzustoßen und innovative Lösungen zu verwirklichen. Dies betrifft sowohl den Beton‐ und Spannbetonbrückenbau wie auch in besonderem Maße den Stahlverbundbrückenbau. Viele gute Beispiele des aktuellen Brückenbaus konnten vor allem auf den Autobahnen A71/A73 durch den Thüringer Wald und auf der A4 bei Dresden realisiert werden. Mit der gleichzeitigen Umstellung des nationalen Regelwerkes auf die moderneren europäischen Regelungen der Eurocodes befindet sich damit der deutsche Brückenbau auch im internationalen Vergleich weiterhin auf einem erfreulich hohen Niveau.
Dauerhaftigkeit der Verschlüsse von Schleusen und Wehranlagen
Authors: Meinhold Wilfried
Published: September 2006

Als Spezialtragwerke haben Stahlwasserbauten einen hohen Stellenwert für die Funktionsfähigkeit und Tragsicherheit einer wasserbaulichen Anlage. Sie unterliegen zudem speziellen Anforderungen und Einsatzbedingungen, weshalb an ihre Dauerhaftigkeit hohe Anforderungen gestellt werden. Infolge des Immersionsmediums “Wasser” sind die beweglichen Verschlußkörper von Schleusen und Wehren in besonderem Maße der Korrosionsgefahr ausgesetzt. Andererseits werden Schleusentore zusätzlich ermüdungsrelevant beansprucht. Bei Wehrverschlüssen dominieren korrosive, abrasive bzw. hydrodynamische Einwirkungen. Es wird ein Überblick gegeben, mit welchen Methoden und Möglichkeiten unter diesen Voraussetzungen eine angemessene Dauerhaftigkeit im vorgesehenen Nutzungszeitraum erreicht werden kann, welche Bedeutung dabei eine planmäßige Bauwerksinstandhaltung hat und wie bei Verschlußsystemen mit innovativen Konstruktionsformen eine ermüdungsgerechte, instandhaltungsfreundliche und dauerhafte Konstruktionsweise erreicht werden kann.
Die Messehallen der Neuen Landesmesse Stuttgart
Authors: Kiehn Diethard , Santina Ilker , Heiland Uwe
Published: September 2006

Die aktuell größte Baustelle des Stahlbaus Deutschlands befindet sich seit dem Jahr 2005 in Südwestdeutschland auf dem Gelände der “Neuen Landesmesse” Stuttgart. Dort wurden durch die Krupp Stahlbau Hannover GmbH sieben Messehallen errichtet, bei denen 10000 t Stahlkonstruktion mit ca. 100000 m2 Anstrichfläche ausgeführt wurden. Etwa 8000 vorgefertigte Baugruppen und ca. 600 Stahlseile mit einer Gesamtlänge von über 4 km wurden montiert. Die “Neue Landesmesse” Stuttgart wird im Jahr 2007 eröffnet werden.
Das “Blaue Wunder” – Entwicklung neuer Methoden in der Tragwerksbeurteilung
Authors: Geißler Karsten , Koettnitz Reinhard
Published: September 2006

Die Elbebrücke “Blaues Wunder” wurde 1893 erbaut und stellt seit vielen Jahren ein Wahrzeichen der Stadt Dresden dar. Im folgenden Beitrag werden nach einem Überblick zum System der Brücke insbesondere die Fragen der Nachrechnung, Restnutzungsdauerermittlung und weiteren sicheren Nutzung des Bauwerks zusammenfassend dargestellt.
Detektion und Lokalisierung von strukturellen Schäden mit Hilfe von geführten Wellen
Authors: Peil Udo , Loppe Stefan
Published: September 2006

Das im folgenden vorgestellte Verfahren dient der automatisierten, großflächigen Überwachung stählerner Konstruktionen mit Hilfe einer zerstörungsfreien Prüfung. Hierzu werden piezokeramische Elemente in Form von Arrays auf die zu überwachende Struktur appliziert und dann sowohl als Sensoren als auch als Aktuatoren eingesetzt. Mit Hilfe der geeignet angesteuerten Piezoelemente gelingt es, definierte Plattenwellen im Bauteil zu erzeugen. Aufgetretene Schädigungen können durch das veränderte Antwortverhalten der Struktur detektiert werden. Neben anderen Signalverarbeitungsverfahren wird hierbei das Prinzip des sog. Beamformings auf der Sensorseite eingesetzt. Anhand des Beispiels einer 6 mm dicken Stahlplatte wird die Sensitivität der Schadensdetektion demonstriert.
Increase of inductance ratio of flat type fault current limiter with high‐Tc superconducting disk
Authors: Matsumura Toshiro , Mutsuura Keita , Yokomizu Yasunobu , Shimizu Hirotaka , Shibuya Masatoyo , Nitta Tanzo , Kado Hiroyuki , Ichikawa Michiharu
Published: September 2006

Fault current limiters (FCLs) are expected to reduce fault current and improve stability of power systems. A flat type fault current limiter consisting of the pancake primary winding and a high‐Tc superconducting (HTS) disk was proposed as a modified version of a conventional magnetic shield type of the FCL with the superconducting cylinder. The flat type FCL has the advantage of being manufactured smaller than the cylinder type FCL. It is pointed out, from a magnetic field analysis, that the volume of the flat type FCL is smaller than that of the cylinder type FCL with same magnitude of the limiting inductance. Further, the magnetic field analysis suggests that a high inductance ratio can be realized by radially enlarging both the primary winding and the HTS disk, stacking the FCL modules in layers and sandwiching the primary winding with superconducting disks. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Forage yield and economic viability of grass (Chloris gayana) and legume (Trifolium prantese) mixtures under variable seed rates in the eastern highlands of Ethiopia
Authors: Tamir Berhan
Published: September 2006

Mixtures of grass (Chloris gayana) and legume (Trifolium prantese) at seed rates of 50 : 50% produced significantly (p < 0.05) more forage dry matter and were biologically and economically more competitive and viable than 25 : 75%, 75 : 25% or the sole stand. The 50 : 50% mixture had the highest land equivalent ratio and the best monetary advantage (US$180) and net return (US$106) per hectare. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effects of supplementing different levels of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) to grass hay on nutrient intake and digestibility by lambs
Authors: Bochelie Debelie , Tamir Berhan
Published: September 2006

Supplementation of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) to native grass hay at the levels of 30–40% DM improved the intakes of organic matter and crude protein, and increased the apparent digestibility of the feed by lambs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Outage probability analysis of antenna array using maximum ratio combining in spherically invariant fading environment
Authors: Sriv Tharith , Chayawan Chirasil , Kumwilaisak Wuttipong
Published: September 2006

In this paper, the outage probability of maximum ratio combining (MRC) in the spherically invariant fading environment was analyzed. The study was done with and without consideration of the effect of noise. First, the probability density functions (pdf) of signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and signal‐to‐interference ratio (SIR) were derived. In our derivation, the characteristic pdfs of spherically invariant random process (SIRP) corresponding to the interferences were assumed to be both different and identical. Moreover, both equal and different mean powers of interferences were considered. With the derived pdfs of SINR and SIR, the expressions of outage probability were computed. Numerical analysis was done using three numerical methods known as Gauss–Laguerre, Gauss–Hermite, and Gauss–Legendre integrations. It should be noted that SIRP, the generalization of Gaussian random process, is assumed to have K‐distribution, which is the generalization of Rayleigh. Our analysis was verified by comparing the outage probabilities of the considered environments with those of Rayleigh fading channel. From the numerical results, the derived outage probability converges to that of Rayleigh fading, when the shape parameter of characteristic pdf approaches infinity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PHI‐1 interacts with the catalytic subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase to produce a Ca2+ independent increase in MLC20 phosphorylation and force in avian smooth muscle
Authors: El-Toukhy Amr , Given Allison M , Ogut Ozgur , Brozovich Frank V.
Published: September 2006

In avian smooth muscles, GTPγS produces a Rho kinase mediated increase in PHI‐1 phosphorylation and force, but whether this correlation is causal is unknown. We examined the effect of phosphorylated PHI‐1 (P‐PHI‐1) on force and myosin light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation at a constant [Ca2+]. P‐PHI‐1, but not PHI‐1, increased MLC20 phosphorylation and force, and phosphorylation of PHI‐1 increased the interaction of PHI‐1 with PP1c. Microcystin induced a dose‐dependent reduction in the binding of PHI‐1 to PP1c. These results suggest PHI‐1 inhibits myosin light chain phosphatase by interacting with the active site of PP1c to produce a Ca2+ independent increase in MLC20 phosphorylation and force.
Conformation of the c552:aa3 electron transfer complex in Paracoccus denitrificans studied by EPR on oriented samples
Authors: Lipowski Gérard , Liebl Ursula , Guigliarelli Bruno , Nitschke Wolfgang , Schoepp-Cothenet Barbara
Published: September 2006

The EPR spectral parameters of aa
3 oxidase and cyt c
552 from Paracoccus denitrificans were studied in purified oxidase and enriched cyt c
552. The orientation of the g‐tensors of hemes a and c
552 were determined on partially ordered membranes, enriched cyt c
552 and a c
552:aa
3 subcomplex. The known correlation of g‐tensor to molecular axes in histidine/methionine ligated hemes permits us to position cyt c
552 with respect to the parent membrane. Taken together with previous data on the interaction surface between aa
3 oxidase and cyt c
552, these results allow us to arrive at a single conformation for the c
552:aa
3 electron transfer complex.
Mapping of two O‐GlcNAc modification sites in the capsid protein of the potyvirus Plum pox virus
Authors: de Jesús Pérez José , Juárez Silvia , Chen Dinghu , Scott Cheryl L. , Hartweck Lynn M. , Olszewski Neil E. , García Juan Antonio
Published: September 2006

A large number of O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) residues have been mapped in vertebrate proteins, however targets of O‐GlcNAcylation in plants still have not been characterized. We show here that O‐GlcNAcylation of the N‐terminal region of the capsid protein of Plum pox virus resembles that of animal proteins in introducing O‐GlcNAc monomers. Thr‐19 and Thr‐24 were specifically O‐GlcNAcylated. These residues are surrounded by amino acids typical of animal O‐GlcNAc acceptor sites, suggesting that the specificity of O‐GlcNAc transferases is conserved among plants and animals. In laboratory conditions, mutations preventing O‐GlcNAcylation of Thr‐19 and Thr‐24 did not have noticeable effects on PPV competence to infect Prunus persicae or Nicotiana clevelandii. However, the fact that Thr‐19 and Thr‐24 are highly conserved among different PPV strains suggests that their O‐GlcNAc modification could be relevant for efficient competitiveness in natural conditions.
Management of Vocal Paralysis: A Comparison of Adult and Pediatric Practices
Authors: Ishman Stacey L. , Halum Stacey L. , Patel Nalin J. , Kerschner Joseph E. , Merati Albert L.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE

To compare practices of the American Broncho‐Esophagological Association (ABEA) membership regarding the evaluation and management of unilateral vocal fold motion impairment (UVFMI) in adult versus pediatric populations.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

An 18‐item adult survey and 16‐item pediatric survey were administered to ABEA members.

RESULTS

Seventy‐six adult (31%) and 35 pediatric surveys (43%) were completed. Key differences are highlighted. With respect to etiology, the most common reported childhood cause is idiopathic; adults more often suffer iatrogenic paralysis. Children more commonly experience reflux disease, feeding difficulties, and choking. Preferred testing involves flexible laryngoscopy and chest x‐ray; however, laboratory tests are carried out less often in children (51% vs 71%) and medical intervention is advocated by fewer pediatric practitioners (39% vs 57%).

CONCLUSION

Significant disparities exist in the etiology, presenting symptoms, diagnostic testing, and medical treatment between children and adults with UVFMI.

SIGNIFICANCE

Clinicians' perceptions regarding UVFMI may reflect the differing impact of vocal paralysis in the pediatric versus adult populations.
Histologic Effects of Injection Snoreplasty and Radiofrequency in the Rat Soft Palate
Authors: Poyrazoğlu Ethem , Doğru Salim , Saat Bülent , Güngör Atila , Çekin Engin , Cincik Hakan
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE

This study was undertaken to compare the effects of radiofrequency and injection snoreplasty on the histological structure of the soft palate in an animal model.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

This is a blinded, controlled histologic evaluation of rat soft palates that underwent separate palatal interventions. Fifty rats were divided into 5 groups of 10 rats (Group 1 = injection snoreplasty [IS], Group 2 = IS + steroid, Group 3 = saline injection, Group 4 = radiofrequency ablation [RFA], and Group 5 = no intervention). The animals were sacrificed after 24 hours, 1 week, 3 weeks, and 5 weeks. Then the soft palates were subjected to histological analysis.

RESULTS

Histological analysis demonstrated normal remucosalization in all specimens, with fibrosis increased in Group 1. Interstitial edema was minimal in Group 2. Keratinization was most apparent in Group 4.

CONCLUSION

Radiofrequency and injection snoreplasty stiffen the rat soft palate compared with controls.
A new stratigraphy for the Latady Basin, Antarctic Peninsula: Part 2, Latady Group and basin evolution
Authors: HUNTER M. A. , CANTRILL D. J.
Published: September 2006

Recent detailed mapping, section logging and an improved understanding of the geological evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula provide a robust framework for an improved lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Latady Basin, eastern Ellsworth Land. Within the Latady Basin we recognize two main groups: Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group and Latady Group. The focus of this paper is the Latady Group, which is formally subdivided into five formations: Anderson Formation, Witte Formation, Hauberg Mountains Formation, Cape Zumberge Formation and Nordsim Formation. Middle Jurassic, shallow marine deposits of the Anderson Formation are overlain by quiet anoxic deposits assigned to the Witte Formation. The start of the Late Jurassic is marked by the deposition of higher energy deposits of the Hauberg Mountains Formation, subdivided into three members (Long Ridge, Mount Hirman and Novocin members) that reflect varying lithological and environmental characteristics. Thermal subsidence during the latest Jurassic led to deposition of the basinal Cape Zumberge Formation, while uplift of an active continental arc along the Antarctic Peninsula led to deposition of the terrestrial Nordsim Formation in the latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous. The evolution of the Latady Basin reflects early extension during Gondwana break-up, from the Early Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous, and is consistent with a shift in the underlying forces driving extension in the Weddell Sea area from intracontinental rifting related to a mantle plume, to active margin forces in response to subduction.
Grief in old age
Authors: Harwood Daniel
Published: September 2006

Good quality research on grief and bereavement has flourished in the last decade. Until now, relatively few studies have studied grief specifically in an older population. However, a series of papers arising from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) study carried out at the University of Michigan have clarified the mechanisms of psychological and social adjustment to spousal bereavement in a population of older people. The last five years have witnessed the replication and refinement of the University of Pittsburgh group's research on the important concept of complicated or ‘traumatic’ grief, which was highlighted in the last review of this topic in this journal. Major reviews on social support after bereavement and on treatments for grief symptoms have been published, and guidelines written on the management of the bereaved in a general hospital setting. This review will attempt to summarize the main themes from these and other important recently published papers in this area.
Theorie und Praxis der klinischen Fiebermessung
Authors: Gerber
Published: September 2006

Für die Beurteilung des febrilen Patienten sind Kenntnisse der Physiologie, und damit die Relativität des «Normalen», sowie Kenntnisse der klinischen Thermometrie mit all ihren Fallstricks von entscheidender Bedeutung. Der klinisch tätige Arzt muss wissen, dass die «normale» Körpertemperatur des Menschen nicht einfach 37°C beträgt. Er muss die physiologischen Schwankungen der individuellen Körpertemperatur kennen, und er muss wissen, dass die gemessene Temperatur je nach Messmethode mehr oder weniger präzise, aber auch (vor allem tympanal gemessen) völlig falsch, und damit fehlleitend sein kann. Beim adulten kooperierenden Patienten muss sublingual mit einem elektronisch-digitalen Thermometer gemessen werden, beim Säugling und Kleinkind rektal.
Fieber und Entzündungsparameter im praktischen Alltag – wie viel Diagnostik ist nötig?
Authors: Pilgrim  , Rufener  , Schaad
Published: September 2006

Fieber kommt durch eine Sollwertverstellung im hypothalamischen Regulationszentrum als Reaktion auf Infektionen, Entzündungen, Neoplasien und Immunreaktionen zustande. Die zur Zeit geläufigen Entzündungsparameter erlauben nur beschränkt eine qualitative Aussage über die zu Grunde liegende Fieberursache und haben ihre Bedeutung vielmehr in der Quantifizierung eines entzündlichen Geschehens. Unter Mitberücksichtigung der Anamnese, des Fieberverlaufes und des Entzündungsparametermusters können jedoch auch ohne ausführliche diagnostische Maßnahmen gewisse Rückschlüsse auf die beteiligten pathologischen Prozesse gezogen werden.
Mein Kind ist immer krank – wann ist es wirklich krank? Vom periodischen Fiebersyndrom bis zum Immundefekt
Authors: Duppenthaler
Published: September 2006

Fieberhafte Zustände sind im Kindesalter häufig. Nicht immer sind Infektionen dafür verantwortlich. Periodische Fiebersyndrome, vor allem das PFAPA- Syndrom sind bei uns nicht selten. Das Krankheitsbild mit periodischem Fieber, Aphthen, Pharyngitis, Adenitis (PFAPA) ist aber wenig bekannt. Die typische Klinik, Verlauf, Diagnose und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten werden beschrieben. Davon abzugrenzen sind hereditäre Fiebersyndrome und die zyklische Neutropenie, für die es teilweise spezifische Therapien gibt. Bei wiederholt febrilen Zuständen stellt sich auch die Frage nach einer primären Immundefizienz (PID), deren Prognose entscheidend von einer frühzeitigen Diagnose abhängt. Warnzeichen für eine PID werden tabellarisch dargestellt.
Fieber nach Tropenaufenthalt
Authors: Hatz
Published: September 2006

Fieber nach einem Aufenthalt in den Tropen oder Subtropen eröffnet eine breite Differenzialdiagnose, welche vom breiten Spektrum der Inneren Medizin bis zu seltenen infektiologischen Ursachen reicht. Gefährliche Krankheiten wie die Malaria, Septikämien (Meningitis, Pyelonephritis, Pneumonie), schwere Darminfektionen und Typhus abdominalis, Amöbenleberabszesse sowie virale hämorrhagische Fieber (VHF) müssen rasch erkannt und dem entsprechenden Management zugeführt werden. Eine genaue Anamnese und die körperliche Untersuchung können mit der Konsultation von epidemiologischen (www.safetravel.ch) und klinischen (www.fevertravel.ch) Internetressourcen abgestimmt werden und führen zusammen mit einer Basislaboruntersuchung zur erforderlichen Differenzaldiagnose.
Does shear heating of pore fluid contribute to earthquake nucleation?
Authors: Segall Paul , Rice James R.
Published: September 2006

Earthquake nucleation requires reduction of frictional strength τ = μ (σ − p) with slip or slip rate, where μ, σn, and p are the friction coefficient, normal stress, and fluid pressure, respectively. For rate state μ at fixed (σ − p), instabilities can occur when d μss/dv < 0, where μss is the steady state friction and v is slip rate. Shear heating increases p and, if dilatancy and pore pressure diffusion are limited, will cause τ to decrease. We examine how frictional weakening, shear heating, and dilatancy determine stability in simplified fault models. Mature faults have a thin (<1 mm) shear zone on which slip is concentrated, embedded within a ∼0.1 m wide fault core with permeability of order 10−21 to 10−19 m2, surrounded by rock of variable but higher permeability. Faults with dμss/dv > 0 are linearly stable at all wavelengths to adiabatic perturbations when v is near a plate rate if the wall rock permeability exceeds a critical value that is orders of magnitude less than inferred. Thus shear heating alone cannot then nucleate unstable slip; frictional weakening is required. However, shear heating can produce inertial instability on velocity strengthening faults following strong stress perturbations. On faults with dμss/dv < 0, shear heating increases pore pressure faster than is dissipated by Darcy flow at slip speeds of order 1 mm s−1. For faults bounding half‐spaces with uniform thermal and hydraulic properties, μ exceeds (σ − p) during nucleation for slip speeds in excess of 10−2 to 101 mm s−1, depending on parameters chosen. Thus thermal effects are likely to dominate late in the nucleation process, well before seismic waves are radiated, as well as during fast seismic slip. By the time shear heating effects dominate, inertial slip is imminent (∼10−1 s), so that time‐to‐failure calculations based on rate state friction are not biased by thermal pressurization.
Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning
Authors: Böning C. W. , Scheinert M. , Dengg J. , Biastoch A. , Funk A.
Published: September 2006

Analyses of sea surface height (SSH) records based on satellite altimeter data and hydrographic properties have suggested a considerable weakening of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre during the 1990s. Here we report hindcast simulations with high‐resolution ocean circulation models that demonstrate a close correspondence of the SSH changes with the volume transport of the boundary current system in the Labrador Sea. The 1990s‐decline, of about 15% of the long‐term mean, appears as part of a decadal variability of the gyre transport driven by changes in both heat flux and wind stress associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The changes in the subpolar gyre, as manifested in the deep western boundary current off Labrador, reverberate in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the subtropical North Atlantic, suggesting the potential of a subpolar transport index as an element of a MOC monitoring system.
Stable isotopes in daily precipitation at Dome Fuji, East Antarctica
Authors: Fujita Koji , Abe Osamu
Published: September 2006

Daily precipitation samples for stable isotope analysis were collected throughout 2003 at Dome Fuji Station, inland East Antarctica. Stable isotopes show significantly depleted values with a large seasonal variability, which have never been obtained. Temporal changes in δ‐T relation and d‐excess are consistent with those found in geographical distribution. Precipitation was obtained almost everyday, though the amounts were quite small (27.6 mm water equivalent (w.e.) annual total and 0.08 mm w.e. daily average). Half of the annual precipitation was accumulated by only 11 events (18 days) without seasonality. Since the precipitation events occurred under warmer circumstances, the precipitation‐weighted temperature, which should be related directly to the isotopes, was significantly warmer than the mean annual surface temperature, which has usually been adopted as isotopic thermometer. This study provides significant information to understand present‐day seasonality of precipitation and its isotopic composition in inland Antarctica.
Does the size of hurricane eye matter with its intensity?
Authors: Shen Weixing
Published: September 2006

The effect of the size of hurricane eye on hurricane intensity is studied based on the storm‐scale kinetic energy balance within a hurricane. The study indicates that the potential intensity that a hurricane can achieve under given thermodynamic environmental conditions can be highly sensitive to the size of the hurricane eye depending on the scale of the hurricane circulation and its thermodynamic efficiency defined as the effectiveness of converting surface entropy input into kinetic energy. The result shows that a hurricane of a smaller eye tends to develop into a stronger hurricane. This is because within a hurricane, the surface kinetic energy dissipation is more radially confined to the hurricane eyewall of high wind speeds than the kinetic energy generation corresponding to the surface entropy flux mainly due to their differential dependences on the surface velocity. With a smaller eye, the area of high winds on which the dissipation relies more heavily than the surface entropy flux is smaller, implying the entire energy balance has to be achieved with a higher value of maximum surface wind. Sensitivity study on the surface exchange coefficients under high wind speeds where uncertainty exists suggests that the intensity dependence on the size of hurricane eye is not very sensitive to the uncertainty‐related changes in the coefficients.
Characterization of small, Type V edge-localized modes in the National Spherical Torus Experiment
Authors: Maingi R. , Bell M. G. , Fredrickson E. D. , Lee K. C. , Maqueda R. J. , Snyder P. , Tritz K. , Zweben S. J. , Bell R. E. , Biewer T. M. , Bush C. E. , Boedo J. , Brooks N. H. , Delgado-Aparicio L. , Domier C. W. , Gates D. A. , Johnson D. W. , Kaita R. , Kaye S. M. , Kugel H. W. , LeBlanc B. P. , Luhmann N. C. , Menard J. E. , Mueller D. , Park H. , Raman R. , Roquemore A. L. , Sabbagh S. A. , Soukhanovskii V. A. , Stevenson T. , Stutman D.
Published: September 2006

There has been a substantial international research effort in the fusion community to identify tokamak operating regimes with either small or no periodic bursts of particles and power from the edge plasma, known as edge-localized modes (ELMs). While several candidate regimes have been presented in the literature, very little has been published on the characteristics of the small ELMs themselves. One such small ELM regime, also known as the Type V ELM regime, was recently identified in the National Spherical Torus Experiment [M. Ono, S. M. Kaye, Y.-K. M. Peng et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)]. In this paper, the spatial and temporal structure of the Type V ELMs is presented, as measured by several different diagnostics. The composite picture of the Type V ELM is of an instability with one or two filaments that rotate toroidally at ∼5–10km∕s, in the direction opposite to the plasma current and neutral beam injection. The toroidal extent of Type V ELMs is typically ∼5m, whereas the cross-field (radial) extent is typically ∼10cm (3cm), yielding a portrait of an electromagnetic, ribbon-like perturbation aligned with the total magnetic field. The filaments comprising the Type V ELM appear to be destabilized near the top of the H-mode pedestal and drift radially outward as they rotate toroidally. After the filaments come in contact with the open field lines, the divertor plasma perturbations are qualitatively similar to other ELM types, albeit with only one or two filaments in the Type V ELM versus more filaments for Type I or Type III ELMs. Preliminary stability calculations eliminate pressure driven modes as the underlying instability for Type V ELMs, but more work is required to determine if current driven modes are responsible for destabilization.
Ridge-shape phase distribution adjacent to 180° domain wall in congruent LiNbO3 crystal
Authors: Zhi Ya’nan , Qu Weijuan , Liu De’an , Luan Zhu , Zhou Yu , Liu Liren
Published: September 2006

The digital holographic interferometry is used in the dynamic and static measurements of phase variation induced by domain inversion. For the first time, to the authors’ knowledge, they observe the existence of ridge-shape phase distribution adjacent to 180° domain wall in congruent LiNbO3 crystal. During the domain wall motion, the phase variations are not uniform but have obvious relaxations. In the static measurement, the ridge elevation can vary linearly with the uniform electric field. The reasonable assumptions are proposed to explain these effects.
Stokes flow in ellipsoidal geometry
Authors: Vafeas Panayiotis , Dassios George
Published: September 2006

Particle-in-cell models for Stokes flow through a relatively homogeneous swarm of particles are of substantial practical interest, because they provide a relatively simple platform for the analytical or semianalytical solution of heat and mass transport problems. Despite the fact that many practical applications involve relatively small particles (inorganic, organic, biological) with axisymmetric shapes, the general consideration consists of rigid particles of arbitrary shape. The present work is concerned with some interesting aspects of the theoretical analysis of creeping flow in ellipsoidal, hence nonaxisymmetric domains. More specifically, the low Reynolds number flow of a swarm of ellipsoidal particles in an otherwise quiescent Newtonian fluid, that move with constant uniform velocity in an arbitrary direction and rotate with an arbitrary constant angular velocity, is analyzed with an ellipsoid-in-cell model. The solid internal ellipsoid represents a particle of the swarm. The external ellipsoid contains the ellipsoidal particle and the amount of fluid required to match the fluid volume fraction of the swarm. The nonslip flow condition on the surface of the solid ellipsoid is supplemented by the boundary conditions on the external ellipsoidal surface which are similar to those of the sphere-in-cell model of Happel (self-sufficient in mechanical energy). This model requires zero normal velocity component and shear stress. The boundary value problem is solved with the aim of the potential representation theory. In particular, the Papkovich–Neuber complete differential representation of Stokes flow, valid for nonaxisymmetric geometries, is considered here, which provides the velocity and total pressure fields in terms of harmonic ellipsoidal eigenfunctions. The flexibility of the particular representation is demonstrated by imposing some conditions, which made the calculations possible. It turns out that the velocity of first degree, which represents the leading term of the series, is sufficient for most engineering applications, so long as the aspect ratios of the ellipsoids remains within moderate bounds. Analytical expressions for the leading terms of the velocity, the total pressure, the angular velocity, and the stress tensor fields are obtained. Corresponding results for the prolate and the oblate spheroid, the needle and the disk, as well as for the sphere are recovered as degenerate cases. Novel relations concerning the ellipsoidal harmonics are included in the Appendix.
Second-order overtone and combination modes in the LOLA region of acid treated double-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ellis A. V.
Published: September 2006

Moderate acid treatment of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) has given rise to two new experimentally observed second-order double resonant Raman scattering frequencies centered at 1901cm−1 and 1942cm−1, in the highly dispersive LOLA region. These LOLA overtones and combination modes have been predicted by double resonance theory for two phonons associated with the K- and Γ-points, respectively.
Table-top soft x-ray imaging of nanometric films
Authors: Calegari F. , Stagira S. , D’Andrea C. , Valentini G. , Vozzi C. , Nisoli M. , De Silvestri S. , Poletto L. , Villoresi P. , Faenov A. , Pikuz T.
Published: September 2006

Profiles of nanometric aluminum and parylene foils have been characterized by soft x-ray contact imaging using a laser-plasma source and a LiF crystal as detector. Due to the characteristic emission of this source in a 2π angle, it was possible to obtain the sample image in a wider field of view with respect to coherent sources. LiF crystal is a cheap and robust imaging detector for soft x-ray radiation, that allows one to get high spatial resolution images of thin films with thickness from hundreds down to a few tens of nanometers.
Evaluation of connectivity, flux pinning, and upper critical field contributions to the critical current density of bulk pure and SiC-alloyed MgB2
Authors: Matsumoto A. , Kumakura H. , Kitaguchi H. , Senkowicz B. J. , Jewell M. C. , Hellstrom E. E. , Zhu Y. , Voyles P. M. , Larbalestier D. C.
Published: September 2006

Measurement of critical current density Jc, normal state resistivity ρn, and upper critical field Hc2 on pure and 10% SiC-doped MgB2 bulks show systematic enhancement of Hc2 by SiC addition and by lowering reaction temperature. Hc2(10K) exceeds 33T, while the extrapolated zero temperature value exceeds 40T. The Rowell [Supercond. Sci. Technol. 16, R17 (2003)] analysis suggests that only 8%–17% of the MgB2 cross section actually carries current. Higher reaction temperature enhances the connectivity but degrades Hc2 and flux pinning, making the measured Jc a complex balance between connectivity, Hc2, and flux pinning induced by grain boundaries and precipitates.
Wide-angle, low-voltage electro-optic beam deflection based on space-charge-controlled mode of electrical conduction in KTa1−xNbxO3
Authors: Nakamura Koichiro , Miyazu Jun , Sasaura Masahiro , Fujiura Kazuo
Published: September 2006

An electro-optic beam deflector with unprecedented performance is demonstrated. A full deflection angle of 250mrad (=14.3°) has been achieved by applying only ±250V to a 0.5-mm-thick KTa1−xNbxO3 crystal with a short interaction length of 5.0mm. The operating principle is investigated and the origin of the deflection phenomenon is attributed to a nonuniform electric field induced by space-charge-controlled electrical conduction in the crystal.
Admittance spectroscopy of polymer-nanoparticle nonvolatile memory devices
Authors: Simon D. T. , Griffo M. S. , DiPietro R. A. , Swanson S. A. , Carter S. A.
Published: September 2006

Nonvolatile resistive memory consisting of gold nanoparticles embedded in the conducting polymer poly(4-n-hexylphenyldiphenylamine) examined using admittance spectroscopy. The frequency dependence of the devices indicates space-charge-limited transport in the high-conductivity “on” state, as well as evidence for similar transport in the lower-conductivity “off” state. Furthermore, the larger dc capacitance of the on state indicates that a greater amount of filling of the midgap nanoparticle trap levels increases the overall device conductivity, leading to the memory effect.
Improved critical current densities in MgB2 tapes with ZrB2 doping
Authors: Zhang Xianping , Gao Zhaoshun , Wang Dongliang , Yu Zhengguang , Ma Yanwei , Awaji S. , Watanabe K.
Published: September 2006

Mg B 2 ∕ Fe tapes with 2.5–15at.% ZrB2 additions were prepared through the in situ powder-in-tube method. The phases, microstructures, critical current density, and flux pinning were characterized by means of x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and magnetic and transport property measurements. Compared to the pure tape, a significant improvement in the in-field JC was observed for all the ZrB2 doped samples, while the critical temperature decreased slightly. The highest JC value was achieved for the 10at.% doped sample. At 4.2K, the transport JC increased by more than an order of magnitude than the undoped one in magnetic fields above 9T. Nanoscale segregates or defects caused by the ZrB2 additions which act as effective flux pinning centers are proposed to be the main reasons for the improved JC field performance.
Hydrogen incorporation processes in nanodiamond films studied by isotopic induced modifications of Raman spectra
Authors: Michaelson Sh. , Ternyak O. , Hoffman A. , Lifshitz Y.
Published: September 2006

The effect of replacing H by D and C-12 by C-13 in the gas species used to grow different types of nanodiamond films on the Raman spectra of these films was studied. The modifications of the Raman spectra were investigated in submicron sized diamond films grown by hot filament chemical vapor deposition and in nanodiamond films prepared by energetic glow discharge plasma. The latter are nanocomposites of nanodiamond crystallites embedded in an a-C:H matrix. The different spectra of the two film types add insight to the hydrogen incorporation processes in nanodiamond films responsible for the C–H related (assigned to trans-polyacetylene) Raman peaks.
Mitochondria-related male infertility
Authors: Nakada Kazuto , Sato Akitsugu , Yoshida Kayo , Morita Takashi , Tanaka Hiromitsu , Inoue Shin-Ichi , Yonekawa Hiromichi , Hayashi Jun-Ichi
Published: September 2006

Approximately 15% of human couples are affected by infertility, and about half of these cases of infertility can be attributed to men, through low sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) or/and numbers (oligospermia). Because mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations are identified in patients with fertility problems, there is a possibility that mitochondrial respiration defects contribute to male infertility. To address this possibility, we used a transmitochondrial mouse model (mito-mice) carrying wild-type mtDNA and mutant mtDNA with a pathogenic 4,696-bp deletion (ΔmtDNA). Here we show that mitochondrial respiration defects caused by the accumulation of ΔmtDNA induced oligospermia and asthenozoospermia in the mito-mice. Most sperm from the infertile mito-mice had abnormalities in the middle piece and nucleus. Testes of the infertile mito-mice showed meiotic arrest at the zygotene stage as well as enhanced apoptosis. Thus, our
in vivo
study using mito-mice directly demonstrates that normal mitochondrial respiration is required for mammalian spermatogenesis, and its defects resulting from accumulated mutant mtDNAs cause male infertility.
Molecular analysis of mitotic chromosome condensation using a quantitative time-resolved fluorescence microscopy assay
Authors: Maddox Paul S. , Portier Nathan , Desai Arshad , Oegema Karen
Published: September 2006

Chromosomes condense during mitotic entry to facilitate their segregation. Condensation is typically assayed in fixed preparations, limiting analysis of contributing factors. Here, we describe a quantitative method to monitor condensation kinetics in living cells expressing GFP fused to a core histone. We demonstrate the utility of this method by using it to analyze the molecular requirements for the condensation of holocentric chromosomes during the first division of the
Caenorhabditis elegans
embryo. In control embryos, the fluorescence intensity distribution for nuclear GFP:histone changes during two distinct time intervals separated by a plateau phase. During the first interval, primary condensation converts diffuse chromatin into discrete linear chromosomes. After the plateau, secondary condensation compacts the curvilinear chromosomes to form shorter bar-shaped structures. We quantitatively compared the consequences on this characteristic profile of depleting the condensin complex, the mitosis-specific histone H3 kinase Aurora B, the centromeric histone CENP-A, and CENP-C, a conserved protein required for kinetochore assembly. Both condensin and CENP-A play critical but distinct roles in primary condensation. In contrast, depletion of CENP-C slows but does not prevent primary condensation. Finally, Aurora B inhibition has no effect on primary condensation, but slightly delays secondary condensation. These results provide insights into the process of condensation, help resolve apparent contradictions from prior studies, and indicate that CENP-A chromatin has an intrinsic role in the condensation of holocentric chromosomes that is independent of its requirement for kinetochore assembly.