bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Normally-off AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor on Si(111) by recessed gate and fluorine plasma treatment
Authors: Lin Jyun-Hao , Huang Shyh-Jer , Lai Chao-Hsing , Su Yan-Kuin
Published: November 2015

We have studied the efficiency of using both recessed gate and fluorine plasma treatment to achieve normally-off high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT). It is found that, by a simple recess process, one cannot achieve normally off device with high drain current because of gate leakage problem after inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching for recessed structure. The proper method is adding fluorine treatment based on recess gate. The normally off GaN HEMTs with recess gate and fluorine treatment show very good performance. It is found that the threshold voltages can be shifted to +1.1 V, and the drain current at V
GS − V
th = 2 V and V
DS = 20 V was 218 mA/mm.
Understanding influences of convective transport and removal processes on aerosol vertical distribution
Authors: Park Sunmin , Allen Robert J.
Published: November 2015

The vertical distribution of aerosols is an important component of aerosol radiative forcing. Here we investigate the effects of convection transport and precipitation on the vertical aerosol distribution using observations and reanalysis data. As expected, convective mass flux is positively correlated with precipitation everywhere. Both positive and negative correlations between convective mass flux, precipitation, and aerosol vertical dispersivity exist, depending on the region. In the tropics, more (less) convective mass flux is associated with more (less) precipitation and more (less) aerosol vertical dispersivity—including more (less) aerosol above 500 hPa. In contrast, a negative relationship exists between aerosol vertical dispersivity and both convective mass flux and precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude ocean. Aerosol vertical dispersivity in this region is related to convective mass flux and precipitation over the emission sources. We conclude that convective transport is an important mechanism controlling the global vertical dispersivity of aerosol.
Drift in the uppermost part of the ocean
Authors: Röhrs Johannes , Christensen Kai H.
Published: November 2015

Lagrangian drift velocities within the uppermost meter of the ocean mostly depend on the local wind forcing, turbulent mixing, and waves. While the interior part of the Ekman layer has been extensively studied using drogued drifters, the drift at—or very close to—the surface is less investigated. The wind response of surface currents on time scales from 1 h to 10 days is analyzed using two types of satellite‐tracked drifters: (i) spherical floats on the surface and (ii) drifters with a drogue centered at 70 cm depth. The response of drifting objects to wind and wave forcing is highly dependent on the vertical position, even within the upper meter of the ocean. The surface drifters are wind coherent for both cyclonic and anticyclonic subinertial frequencies. In contrast, the subsurface drift responds primarily to anticyclonic forcing that resonates with the intrinsic ocean dynamics.
The variability of nonmigrating tides detected from TIMED/SABER observations
Authors: Li Xing , Wan Weixing , Ren Zhipeng , Liu Libo , Ning Baiqi
Published: November 2015

This paper deals with the variability of the nonmigrating tides detected from the observation of the SABER instrument on board the TIMED satellite during the 11 year solar period from 2002 to 2012. The longitudinal wave number spectra with 1 day resolution were first estimated from the temperature data measured at the MLT altitudes (70–110 km) and at the lower midlatitudes and low latitudes (between ±45°). Then we used the wave number 4 component to obtain the nonmigrating tides in which the dominant component DE3 was further analyzed in detail. We found that the properties of the spatial distribution and large time scale variation of the DE3 component are similar to those of the previous works, which used the interpolated data with 2 month resolution. These properties are that the DE3 component occurs mainly at the low latitudes within ±30° and at the altitudes from 90 to 110 km; the tidal amplitude is larger during boreal summer and early autumn, smaller in spring and almost tends to disappear in winter; the component is slightly stronger during the eastward wind QBO phase than the westward phase. Practically, the higher‐resolution data were used to reveal the day‐to‐day variability of the DE3 component. It is found that (1) the variability occurs mainly at the altitudes from 100 to 110 km with a peak at 106 km; (2) it is strong at the low latitudes and peaks around the equator, as well, slightly stronger in the Southern Hemisphere than in northern one; (3) it is considerably larger around solstitial months than equinoctial months; and (4) it would not experience an obvious interannual variation. The day‐to‐day variability of the DE3 component may be explained by the variance of the absolute amplitudes and the contribution of the wave phases, and the later seems to play more important role.
Counterstreaming electrons in small interplanetary magnetic flux ropes
Authors: Feng H. Q. , Zhao G. Q. , Wang J. M.
Published: November 2015

Small interplanetary magnetic flux ropes (SIMFRs) are commonly observed by spacecraft at 1 AU, and their origin still remains disputed. We investigated the counterstreaming suprathermal electron (CSE) signatures of 106 SIMFRs measured by Wind during 1995–2005. We found that 79 (75%) of the 106 flux ropes contain CSEs, and the percentages of counterstreaming vary from 8% to 98%, with a mean value of 51%. CSEs are often observed in magnetic clouds (MCs), and this indicates these MCs are still attached to the Sun at both ends. CSEs are also related to heliospheric current sheets (HCSs) and the Earth's bow shock. We divided the SIMFRs into two categories: The first category is far from HCSs, and the second category is in the vicinity of HCSs. The first category has 57 SIMFRs, and only 7 of 57 ropes have no CSEs. This ratio is similar to that of MCs. The second category has 49 SIMFRs; however, 20 of the 49 events have no CSEs. This ratio is larger than that of MCs. These two categories have different origins. One category originates from the solar corona, and most ropes are still connected to the Sun at both ends. The other category is formed near HCSs in the interplanetary space.
Site‐Specific N‐Terminal Labeling of Peptides and Proteins using Butelase 1 and Thiodepsipeptide
Authors: Nguyen Giang K. T. , Cao Yuan , Wang Wei , Liu Chuan Fa , Tam James P.
Published: November 2015

An efficient ligase with exquisite site‐specificity is highly desirable for protein modification. Recently, we discovered the fastest known ligase called butelase 1 from Clitoria ternatea for intramolecular cyclization. For intermolecular ligation, butelase 1 requires an excess amount of a substrate to suppress the reverse reaction, a feature similar to other ligases. Herein, we describe the use of thiodepsipeptide substrates with a thiol as a leaving group and an unacceptable nucleophile to render the butelase‐mediated ligation reactions irreversible and in high yields. Butelase 1 also accepted depsipeptides as substrates, but unlike a thiodesipeptide, the desipeptide ligation was partially reversible as butelase 1 can tolerate an alcohol group as a poor nucleophile. The thiodesipeptide method was successfully applied in N‐terminal labeling of ubiquitin and green fluorescent protein using substrates with or without a biotin group in high yields.
Ultrafast Electron Transfer Kinetics of Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Chen Ran , Nioradze Nikoloz , Santhosh Padmanabhan , Li Zhiting , Surwade Sumedh P. , Shenoy Ganesh J. , Parobek David G. , Kim Min A. , Liu Haitao , Amemiya Shigeru
Published: November 2015

High electrochemical reactivity is required for various energy and sensing applications of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Herein, we report that heterogeneous electron transfer can be remarkably fast at CVD‐grown graphene electrodes that are fabricated without using the conventional poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for graphene transfer from a growth substrate. We use nanogap voltammetry based on scanning electrochemical microscopy to obtain very high standard rate constants k0≥25 cm s−1 for ferrocenemethanol oxidation at polystyrene‐supported graphene. The rate constants are at least 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those at PMMA‐transferred graphene, which demonstrates an anomalously weak dependence of electron‐transfer rates on the potential. Slow kinetics at PMMA‐transferred graphene is attributed to the presence of residual PMMA. This unprecedentedly high reactivity of PMMA‐free CVD‐grown graphene electrodes is fundamentally and practically important.
Diastereoselektive Synthese von Glykosylphosphaten mit einem Phosphorylase‐Phosphatase‐Kombikatalysator
Authors: Wildberger Patricia , Pfeiffer Martin , Brecker Lothar , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: November 2015

Zuckerphosphate sind biologisch bedeutsam im Zellmetabolismus, bei der Signalübertragung und als Bausteine in Makromolekülen. Die selektive chemische Phosphorylierung von Zuckern ist schwierig, vor allem am anomeren Zentrum. Eine durch Phosphatase katalysierte diastereoselektive Phosphorylierung am anomeren Zentrum unterschiedlicher Aldosen wird beschrieben. Als Phosphoryldonor der Reaktion fungiert α‐D‐Glukosylphosphat, welches über eine Phosphorylase‐katalysierte Reaktion aus Saccharose und Phosphat hergestellt wird. Simultan und sequenziell durchgeführte Biotransformationen mithilfe des hier entwickelten Phosphorylase‐Phosphatase‐Kombikatalysators ermöglichten die Herstellung verschiedener Glykosylphosphate mit definierter anomerer Konfiguration in Ausbeuten von bis zu 70 % basierend auf der anfänglich eingesetzten Phosphatkonzentration. Für die Isolation der Reaktionsprodukte wurde eine effiziente, enzymunterstützte Aufreinigungsstrategie entwickelt.
Resonance Energy Transfer Relates the Gas‐Phase Structure and Pharmacological Activity of Opioid Peptides
Authors: Kopysov Vladimir , Boyarkin Oleg V.
Published: November 2015

Enkephalins are efficient pain‐relief drugs that bind to transmembrane opioid receptors. One key structural parameter that governs the pharmacological activity of these opioid peptides and is typically determined from condensed‐phase structures is the distance between the aromatic rings of their Tyr and Phe residues. We use resonance energy transfer, detected by a combination of cold ion spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, to estimate the Tyr–Phe spacing for enkephalins in the gas phase. In contrast to the condensed‐phase structures, these distances appear to differ substantially in enkephalins with different pharmacological efficiencies, suggesting that gas‐phase structures might be a better pharmacophoric metric for ligand peptides.
Insertion Homo‐ and Copolymerization of Diallyl Ether
Authors: Jian Zhongbao , Mecking Stefan
Published: November 2015

The previously unresolved issue of polymerization of allyl monomers CH2CHCH2X is overcome by a palladium‐catalyzed insertion polymerization of diallyl ether as a monomer. An enhanced 2,1‐insertion of diallyl ether as compared to mono‐allyl ether retards the formation of an unreactive five‐membered cyclic O‐chelate (after 1,2‐insertion) that otherwise hinders further polymerization, and also enhances incorporation in ethylene polymers (20.4 mol %). Cyclic ether repeat units are formed selectively (96 %–99 %) by an intramolecular insertion of the second allyl moiety of the monomer. These features even enable a homopolymerization to yield polymers (poly‐diallyl ether) with degrees of polymerization of DPn≈44.
The Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Macrocycles By Successive Ring Expansion
Authors: Kitsiou Christiana , Hindes Jordan J. , I'Anson Phillip , Jackson Paula , Wilson Thomas C. , Daly Eleanor K. , Felstead Hannah R. , Hearnshaw Peter , Unsworth William P.
Published: November 2015

Structurally diverse macrocycles and medium‐sized rings (9–24 membered scaffolds, 22 examples) can be generated through a telescoped acylation/ring‐expansion sequence, leading to the insertion of linear fragments into cyclic β‐ketoesters without performing a discrete macrocyclization step. The key β‐ketoester motif is regenerated in the ring‐expanded product, meaning that the same sequence of steps can then be repeated (in theory indefinitely) with other linear fragments, allowing macrocycles with precise substitution patterns to be “grown” from smaller rings using the successive ring‐expansion (SuRE) method.
Selective Inhibition of the Immunoproteasome by Structure‐Based Targeting of a Non‐catalytic Cysteine
Authors: Dubiella Christian , Baur Regina , Cui Haissi , Huber Eva M. , Groll Michael
Published: November 2015

Clinically applied proteasome inhibitors induce cell death by concomitant blockage of constitutive and immunoproteasomes. In contrast, selective immunoproteasome inhibition is less cytotoxic and has the potential to modulate chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. In this study, we rationally designed decarboxylated peptides that covalently target a non‐catalytic cysteine of the immunoproteasome subunit β5i with α‐chloroacetamide‐containing sidechains. The enhanced isoform specificity decreased cytotoxic effects and the compound suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines. Structure‐based optimization led to over 150‐fold selectivity for subunit β5i over β5c. This new compound class provides a promising starting point for the development of selective immunoproteasome inhibitors as potential anti‐inflammatory agents.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Glycosyl Phosphates by Using a Phosphorylase–Phosphatase Combination Catalyst
Authors: Wildberger Patricia , Pfeiffer Martin , Brecker Lothar , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: November 2015

Sugar phosphates play an important role in metabolism and signaling, but also as constituents of macromolecular structures. Selective phosphorylation of sugars is chemically difficult, particularly at the anomeric center. We report phosphatase‐catalyzed diastereoselective “anomeric” phosphorylation of various aldose substrates with α‐D‐glucose 1‐phosphate, derived from phosphorylase‐catalyzed conversion of sucrose and inorganic phosphate, as the phosphoryl donor. Simultaneous and sequential two‐step transformations by the phosphorylase–phosphatase combination catalyst yielded glycosyl phosphates of defined anomeric configuration in yields of up to 70 % based on the phosphate applied to the reaction. An efficient enzyme‐assisted purification of the glycosyl phosphate products from reaction mixtures was established.
Synthesis of 1,1‐Diborylalkenes through a Brønsted Base Catalyzed Reaction between Terminal Alkynes and Bis(pinacolato)diboron
Authors: Morinaga Akira , Nagao Kazunori , Ohmiya Hirohisa , Sawamura Masaya
Published: November 2015

A method for the synthesis of 1,1‐diborylalkenes through a Brønsted base catalyzed reaction between terminal alkynes and bis(pinacolato)diboron has been developed. The procedure allows direct synthesis of functionalized 1,1‐diborylalkenes from various terminal alkynes including propiolates, propiolamides, and 2‐ethynylazoles.
Emission of gravitational waves by precession of slim accretion disks dynamically driven by the Bardeen‐Petterson effect
Authors: Alfonso W.D. , Sánchez L.A. , Mosquera H.J.
Published: November 2015

The electromagnetic radiation emitted from some astro‐physical objects such as active galactic nuclei (AGN), microquasars (M‐QSRs), and central engines of gamma‐ray burst (GRBs), seems to have a similar physical origin: a powerful jet of plasma ejected from a localized system, presumably composed of an accretion disk encircling a compact object. This radiation is generally beamed in the polar directions and in some cases, it appears to have a spiral‐like structure that could be explained if the central system itself precesses. In this work, we use the slim disk accretion model, presented by Popham et al. (1999), to studying the gravitational waves (GWs) emitted by the precession of the accretion disk around a solar‐mass Kerr black hole (KBH). For practical purposes, this model describes the central engine of a class of GRBs when some astro‐physical constrains are fulfilled. The induced precession considered here is driven by the Bardeen‐Petterson effect, which results from the combination of viscous effects in such disks and the relativistic frame‐dragging effect. We evaluate the feasibility of direct detection of the GWs computed for such a model and show that the precession of this kind of systems could be detected by gravitational wave observatories like DECIGO, ultimate‐DECIGO, and BBO, with higher probability if such a class of sources are placed at distances less than 1 Mpc. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
LHCb results in proton‐nucleus collisions at the LHC
Authors: Müller K.
Published: November 2015

The forward acceptance of the LHCb detector allows it to probe proton‐ion collisions in a unique kinematic range, complementary to the other LHC experiments. The production of J/Ψ and Υ‐mesons decaying into two muons is studied at the LHCb experiment in proton‐lead collisions at a proton‐nucleon centre‐of‐mass energy √sNN = 5 TeV. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.6 nb–1. The nuclear modification factor and the forward‐backward production ratio are determined for J/Ψ and Υ(1S) mesons. Clear suppression of prompt J/Ψ production is observed with respect to the production in proton‐proton collisions at large rapidity, while the suppression of J/Ψ from b‐hadron decays is less pronounced. The nuclear modification factor for Υ(1S) mesons in the forward region is found to be similar to those for J/Ψ from b‐hadron decays. Furthermore, a first observation of Z bosons at large rapidities in proton‐lead collisions is reported. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultraluminous X‐ray pulsar: Accreting magnetar?
Authors: Tong H.
Published: November 2015

Magnetars are a special kind of neutron stars. There may also be accreting magnetars. From the studies of isolated magnetars, it is known that a neutron star with a strong dipole field only is not a magnetar. Super‐slow X‐ray pulsars may just be accreting high magnetic‐field neutron stars. The ultra‐luminous X‐ray pulsar NuSTAR J095551+6940.8 may be an accreting magnetar. It may be an accreting low magnetic field magnetar with multipole field of 1014 G and dipole field of 1012 G. This point of view is consistent with the study of isolated magnetars. An ultra‐luminous X‐ray pulsar phase during binary evolution may result in massive millisecond pulsars. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the instabiity of the SM for magnetic fields larger than M2W/e
Authors: Cabo Montes de Oca A. , Manreza Paret D. , Pérez Martínez A. , Rodriguez Querts E. , Piccineli G.
Published: November 2015

It is known that the Standard Model (SM) shows an instability threshold at the critical magnetic field value B = M2W/e. This effect is determined by the non‐Abelian origin of the W particles. The nature of the instability is revisited here. It is underlined that the pure magnetic field within the SM is unstable already at the classical level and shows exponentially growing with time solutions. It is noted that the homogeneity of the system implies that there are also crystalline field configurations with similar rapidly increasing with time behavior. The crystalline distributions of W fields show vortical electric currents similar to the ones exhibited by the Abrikosov's vortices in second kind superconductors. With the use of the spatial dependence of these solutions, static variational configurations of the fields are defined here for minimizing the energy of the system. The constructed static field distributions show appreciably lower energies than the classical magnetic field, and have the energy minimum at a finite lattice size. Therefore, the results give further support to former proposals in the literature about the existence of periodic vortex‐like vacuum in the SM at magnetic fields larger than M2 W/e. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic field effects on the mass‐radius relation of white dwarfs
Authors: Alvear Terrero D. , Castillo García M. , Manreza Paret D. , Horvath J. E. , Pérez Martínez A.
Published: November 2015

We study the anisotropic equation of state (EoS) in both strong and weak magnetic field approximations, taking into account the statistical, vacuum, and Maxwell contributions. In the strong field regime, we perform a polytropic parametrization to the anisotropic EoS, showing that the polytropic index Γ remains close to 4/3 and never reaches the value Γ = 2. We solve the Tolman‐Oppenheimer‐Volkoff (TOV) equations with anisotropic pressures, discarding the super‐Chandrasekhar masses for magnetized white dwarfs (WD). Also, we find the solutions of the anisotropic structure equations (considering cylindrical metric), which allows us to confirm the same bound of B ∼ 1013 G from scalar virial theorem, since beyond this value there are no physical solutions. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Compact stars on the brane: What could they reveal about extra dimensions?
Authors: Lugones G. , Arbañil J. D. V.
Published: November 2015

In this work we investigate the properties of compact stars in the Randall‐Sundrum type II brane‐world model. We analyze the properties of quark and hadronic stars using the MIT bag model and a relativistic mean‐field model for the equation of state. We show that the causality limit in brane‐world models coincides with the Schwarzschild limit. Hence, there is a region in the mass‐radius plane that is forbidden in General Relativity for causal equations of state but can be accessed within brane‐world models. We also show that stable compact stars of arbitrarily large mass are possible because they can be supported against collapse by the non‐local bulk effects on the brane. This features provide a potential test for the existence of extra dimensions through the observation of neutron star's masses and radii. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strongly self‐magnetized quantum relativistic electron gas expanding as a jet
Authors: Pérez Rojas H. , Rodríguez Querts E. , Pérez Martínez A.
Published: November 2015

We discuss the behavior of a strongly magnetized electron gas whose dominant pressure is exerted along the applied field, and extends along it as a one dimensional system. We suggest a model for maintaining the magnetic field selfconsistently, and for it we conjecture a partial bosonization of the electron gas, described by a charged vector boson field which experiences condensation, leading to a ferromagnetic behavior. Our aim is to suggest a possible quantum relativistic self‐magnetized jet model. High frequency photons will be deviated also along paths parallel to the external field. Any addition of energy to the electron system, would contribute mainly to increase the kinetic energy along the magnetic field axis, an the jet may grow in this way for long times. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Preliminary Examination of Motivating Operation and Reinforcer Class Interaction
Authors: Ivy Jonathan W. , Neef Nancy A. , Meindl James N. , Miller Neal
Published: November 2015

The interaction effects between motivating operations and reinforcer classes were evaluated using a superordinate multielement design. Two individuals with developmental disabilities participated. Participants were exposed to a motivating operation condition—pre‐session access until rejection or pre‐session restriction for 24 h—followed by a reinforcer assessment, in which the reinforcer response requirements progressively increased. Reinforcers, stimuli representative of primary, conditioned, and token reinforcers, were available on alternating sessions. The results showed that pre‐session access and restriction produced reliable evocative and abative effects across reinforcer classes. For one of the participants, the effectiveness of the motivating operation appeared to be influenced by the reinforcer class. The interaction effects between motivating operations and reinforcer classes are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quadri‐lineage disease involving nodal B‐cell marginal zone lymphoma, high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma, Kaposi's syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Laribi Kamel , Ghnaya Habib , Mention Pierre‐Jean , Rousset Hoel , Baugier de Materre Alix , Pineau‐Vincent Fabienne , Truong Catherine , Bolle Delphine
Published: November 2015

Key Clinical Message

A patient with a marginal zone lymphoma received RCHOP and obtained PR. He received RDHAP, autograft, and obtained CR. Three months later, he developed Kaposi's sarcoma with spontaneous regression. Two months later, he developed DLBCL treated with R‐MIV with CR. Thereafter, he developed AML and died a few days later.
Highly Active Palladium‐Based Catalyst System for the Aerobic Oxidative Direct Coupling of Benzene to Biphenyl
Authors: Liu Yangqing , Wang Xiaochen , Cai Xiaochun , Chen Guojian , Li Jing , Zhou Yu , Wang Jun
Published: November 2015

A highly efficient Pd‐containing catalytic system for the intermolecular direct C−H homocoupling of benzene to biphenyl has been developed. The catalytic system was composed of Pd(OAc)2 with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) as an additive and O2 as the sole oxygen source in the absence of any metal‐containing cocatalyst. An excellent efficiency of PdII with the acidic additive was attained in the aerobic oxidation of benzene to biphenyl. A high yield (25.3 %) and selectivity (98 %) were achieved by using a small amount of Pd(OAc)2 (0.07 mol %) and TfOH, which gave a high turnover number (180) for Pd species. Theoretical calculation by DFT and UV/Vis absorption spectra illustrated that the formation of electropositive PdII species in the presence of TfOH contributed to the high efficiency of the catalytic system.
GaN and GaxIn1−xN Nanoparticles with Tunable Indium Content: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Lei WeiWei , Willinger Marc Georg , Antonietti Markus , Giordano Cristina
Published: November 2015

Semiconducting GaN and GaxIn1−xN nanoparticles (4–10 nm in diameter, depending on the metal ratio) with tunable indium content are prepared through a chemical synthesis (the urea‐glass route). The bandgap of the ternary system depends on its composition, and therefore, the color of the final material can be turned from bright yellow (the color of pure GaN) to blue (the color of pure InN). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM and HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirm the nanoparticle character and homogeneity of the as‐prepared samples. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction (EDX), elemental mapping, and UV/Vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopy investigations are used to confirm the incorporation of indium into the crystal structure of GaN. These nanoparticles, possessing adjusted optical properties, are expected to have potential applications in the fabrication of novel optoelectronic devices.
Heterometallic FeIII/K Coordination Polymer with a Wide Thermal Hysteretic Spin Transition at Room Temperature
Authors: Kang Soonchul , Shiota Yoshihito , Kariyazaki Akira , Kanegawa Shinji , Yoshizawa Kazunari , Sato Osamu
Published: November 2015

The anionic FeIII complex exhibiting cooperative spin transition with a wide thermal hysteresis near room temperature, K[Fe(5‐Brthsa)2] (5‐Brthsa‐H2=5‐bromosalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone), is reported. The hysteresis (Δ=69 K in the first cycle) shows a one‐step transition in heating mode and a two‐step transition in cooling mode. X‐ray structure analysis showed that the coexistence of hydrogen bond and cation–π interactions, as well as alkali metal coordination bonds, to give 2D coordination polymer structure. This result is contrary to previous reports of broad thermal hysteresis induced by coordination bonds of FeII spin crossover coordination polymers (with 1D/3D structures), and by strong intermolecular interactions in the molecular packing through π–π stacking or hydrogen‐bond networks. As a consequence, the importance, or the very good suitability of alkali metal‐based coordination bonds and cation–π interactions for communicating cooperative interactions in spin‐crossover (SCO) compounds must be reconsidered.
Maximum microalgae biomass harvesting via flocculation in large scale photobioreactor cultivation
Authors: Selesu Nelson F. H. , V. de Oliveira Thamayne , Corrêa Diego O. , Miyawaki Bruno , Mariano André B. , Vargas José V. C. , Vieira Rafael B.
Published: November 2015

This study evaluated the ability of Tanfloc SG flocculation to recover microalgae biomass cultivated in a tubular photobioreactor using swine wastewater effluent as the culture media in a pilot‐scale microalgae production plant. The objective function was the flocculation efficiency (ηf), which was evaluated by central composite design (CCD) experiments which varied the Tanfloc concentration (TC) and pH. Subsequently, the biomass recoveries of highly efficient flocculants recommended by the literature and the CCD conditions of Tanfloc were compared. The maximum flocculation efficiency (96.7 ± 1.0 %) was obtained for the following optimal conditions: 210 mg/L Tanfloc concentration, pH 7.8. After jar test experiments, the scale‐up of the process was performed by using the best obtained results and applying Tanfloc in a 1 m3 flocculator where the complementary analyses demonstrated efficient nitrogen, carbon, and biomass removal. The flocculation efficiency obtained with Tanfloc was equivalent to that of most conventional flocculants currently used. However, Tanfloc presented the following economic advantages with respect to other flocculants: i) its nontoxic nature allows for low‐cost disposal; and ii) its low market price makes it a promising alternative for harvesting microalgae biomass.
A Highly Selective Chemosensor for Cu2+ Based on a Diarylethene Linking an Aminoquinoline Unit
Authors: Zhang Congcong , Fan Congbin , Pu Shouzhi , Liu Gang
Published: November 2015

A new diarylethene derivative containing an aminoquinoline unit was synthesized and its structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Its properties such as photochromism, fluorescent switches and detection for metal ions were measured. The results indicated that the closed‐ring of the diarylethene was highly selective toward Cu2+ with an obvious absorption decrease and color changes from blue to colorless, even in the presence of other metal ions. The binding constant for the closed isomer of this new diarylethene and Cu2+ was 2.0×104 L·mol−1 and the limit of detection for Cu2+ was calculated to be lower than that in drink water. Finally, a logic circuit was constructed by using the absorption intensity as the output signal with the inputs of the combinational stimuli of light and Cu2+.
Synthesis and Acid‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 2‐Alkenylstilbenes: a New Approach to the Substituted Indenes
Authors: Ding Wei , Shi Xiaoxin , Lu Xia
Published: November 2015

A base‐catalyzed ring‐opening of 1‐benzylisochromans 1 firstly produced 2‐alkenylstilbenes 2, which then underwent a mild acid‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to furnish 1,2‐disubstituted indenes 3 in high yields. Subsequently, a base‐catalyzed isomerization of the 1,2‐disubstituted indenes 3 afforded the more stable 2,3‐disubstituted indenes 4 in almost quantitative yields.
A Hierarchically Porous Metal‐Organic Framework from Semirigid Ligand for Gas Adsorption
Authors: Liu Lizhen , Ye Yingxiang , Yao Zizhu , Zhang Liuqin , Li Ziyin , Wang Lihua , Ma Xiuling , Chen Qian‐Huo , Zhang Zhangjing , Xiang Shengchang
Published: November 2015

Hierarchically porous materials play an important role in facilitating mass transport and improving efficiency of adsorption and separation processes. In this paper, a new strategy is proposed to realize a hierarchically porous metal‐organic framework ([Cu2(OH)(L)]·(DMF)0.8 (FJU‐11, H3L=3,5‐(4‐carboxybenzyloxy)benzoic acid, DMF=N,N‐dimethylformamide) via using semi‐rigid multi‐carboxylic acids. Interestingly, FJU‐11 possesses the large adsorption capacities and small isosteric heats toward CO2. The column breakthrough experiment for FJU‐11 highlights its potential application in the separation of the flue gas.
Postsynthetic Modification of Metal‐Organic Frameworks through Click Chemistry
Authors: Gui Bo , Meng Xiangshi , Xu Hai , Wang Cheng
Published: November 2015

The postsynthetic modification (PSM) of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) has emerged as a powerful tool to chemically tailor the interior of MOFs. In this review, we summarize the research progress of PSM of MOFs through click chemistry, including azide‐alkyne click reaction and thiol‐ene reaction.
Three‐Component Reaction for Construction of Spiro[indoline‐3,7′‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridines] and Spiro[benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridine‐3,3′‐indolines]
Authors: Yang Fan , Sun Jing , Yan Chaoguo
Published: November 2015

The three‐component reaction of thiazole (benzothiazole), dialkyl but‐2‐ynedioate, and isatinylidene malononitriles in toluene at 110–120°C in a sealed tube afforded a mixture of cis/trans‐isomers of functionalized diastereoisomeric spiro[indoline‐3,7′‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridines] and spiro[benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridine‐3,3′‐indolines] in good yields. Both cis‐isomers and trans‐isomers were successfully separated out and fully characterized with spectroscopy and single crystal determination. Under similar conditions, the three‐component reaction containing 2‐(1,3‐dioxo‐1H‐inden‐2(3H)‐ylidene)malononitrile resulted in spiro[indene‐2,7′‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridine] derivatives.
Urine cytology in monitoring recurrence in urothelial carcinoma after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Liu Lin , Pambuccian Stefan E. , Barkan Güliz A. , Quek Marcus L. , Wojcik Eva M.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

After radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (RC‐UD), upper urinary tract and urethral recurrences of urothelial carcinoma (UCa) are reported to occur in 2% to 17% of patients. The objective of the current study was to determine the performance of urinary cytology (UCy) in the diagnosis of recurrences in the remnant urothelium (RRU) after RC‐UD.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively identified all patients who underwent RC‐UD for UCa at the study institution from January 2002 to April 2014, and collected data from all available follow‐up UCy and biopsies. Cytologies were classified as unsatisfactory, negative, suspicious, positive for malignancy, or atypical urothelial cells (AUC). The authors calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of suspicious or positive UCy for the diagnosis of histologically confirmed RRU.

RESULTS

Of the 222 patients who underwent RC‐UD for UCa of the urinary bladder during the study period, 111 had at least 1 follow‐up UCy performed at the study institution, for a total of 477 UCy samples. During a mean follow‐up interval of 40.8 months (range, 3‐155 months), the RRU rate was 9.9% (11 of 111 patients). Positive/suspicious UCy results were noted in 12 of 111 patients, 9 of whom had RRU. A diagnosis of AUC was made in 8.6% of samples from 29 patients (41 of 477 samples). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of UCy for RRU were 82%, 97%, 75%, and 98%, respectively. Six of the 28 patients with diagnoses of AUC (21.4%) were eventually diagnosed with RRU.

CONCLUSIONS

In the current series, UCy demonstrated good sensitivity and high specificity for the detection of disease recurrence of UCa after RC‐UD. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:273–8. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Photoinduced Dynamics and Toxicity of a Cancer Drug in Proximity of Inorganic Nanoparticles under Visible Light
Authors: Chaudhuri Siddhi , Sardar Samim , Bagchi Damayanti , Dutta Shreyasi , Debnath Sushanta , Saha Partha , Lemmens Peter , Pal Samir Kumar
Published: November 2015

Drug sensitization with various inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) has proved to be a promising and an emergent concept in the field of nanomedicine. Rose bengal (RB), a notable photosensitizer, triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species under green‐light irradiation, and consequently, it induces cytotoxicity and cell death. In the present study, the effect of photoinduced dynamics of RB upon complexation with semiconductor zinc oxide NPs is explored. To accomplish this, we successfully synthesized nanohybrids of RB with ZnO NPs with a particle size of 24 nm and optically characterized them. The uniform size and integrity of the particles were confirmed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. UV/Vis absorption and steady‐state fluorescence studies reveal the formation of the nanohybrids. ultrafast picosecond‐resolved fluorescence studies of RB–ZnO nanohybrids demonstrate an efficient electron transfer from the photoexcited drug to the semiconductor NPs. Picosecond‐resolved Förster resonance energy transfer from ZnO NPs to RB unravel the proximity of the drug to the semiconductor at the molecular level. The photoinduced ROS formation was monitored using a dichlorofluorescin oxidation assay, which is a conventional oxidative stress indicator. It is observed that the ROS generation under green light illumination is greater at low concentrations of RB–ZnO nanohybrids compared with free RB. Substantial photodynamic activity of the nanohybrids in bacterial and fungal cell lines validated the in vitro toxicity results. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of the nanohybrids in HeLa cells, which was monitored by MTT assay, is also noteworthy.
Severe hypoglycemia in users of sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents and antihyperlipidemics
Authors: Leonard CE , Bilker WB , Brensinger CM , Han X , Flory JH , Flockhart DA , Gagne JJ , Cardillo S , Hennessy S
Published: November 2015

Drug–drug interactions causing severe hypoglycemia due to antidiabetic drugs is a major clinical and public health problem. We assessed whether sulfonylurea use with a statin or fibrate was associated with severe hypoglycemia. We conducted cohort studies of users of glyburide, glipizide, and glimepiride plus a statin or fibrate within a Medicaid population. The outcome was a validated, diagnosis‐based algorithm for severe hypoglycemia. Among 592,872 persons newly exposed to a sulfonylurea+antihyperlipidemic, the incidence of severe hypoglycemia was 5.8/100 person‐years. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for sulfonylurea+statins were consistent with no association. Most overall HRs for sulfonylurea+fibrate were elevated, with sulfonylurea‐specific adjusted HRs as large as 1.50 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24–1.81) for glyburide+gemfibrozil, 1.37 (95% CI: 1.11–1.69) for glipizide+gemfibrozil, and 1.63 (95% CI: 1.29–2.06) for glimepiride+fenofibrate. Concomitant therapy with a sulfonylurea and fibrate is associated with an often delayed increased rate of severe hypoglycemia.
The value of routine pharmacogenomic screening—Are we there yet? A perspective on the costs and benefits of routine screening—shouldn't everyone have this done?
Authors: Veenstra DL
Published: November 2015

Although there are several examples in which pharmacogenomic testing seems to provide clinical and economic value, use of pharmacogenomics as a tool to improve drug therapy through routine screening of unselected patients is currently tentative. An informal evaluation of the clinical benefits and economic costs of pharmacogenomic screening suggests that improving the evidence base, addressing uncertainty, and facilitating implementation can lead to practical and cost‐effective pharmacogenomic screening programs.
Real‐world data in the molecular era—finding the reality in the real world
Authors: Dickson DJ , Pfeifer JD
Published: November 2015

Real‐world data (RWD) promises to provide a pivotal element to the understanding of personalized medicine. However, without true representation (or the reality) of the patient‐disease biosystem and its molecular contributors, RWD may hamper rather than help this advancement. In this review article, we discuss RWD vs. clinical reality and the disconnects that exist currently (emphasizing molecular medicine), and methods of closing the gaps between RWD and reality.
Interleukin‐6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab ameliorates periodontal inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis as well as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuo , Ito Satoshi , Kobayashi Daisuke , Kojima Anri , Shimada Atsushi , Narita Ichiei , Murasawa Akira , Nakazono Kiyoshi , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: November 2015

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) may play a pathological role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis. Although the efficacy of medication with IL‐6 receptor inhibitor, tocilizumab (TCZ), has been demonstrated in the treatment of RA, very little is known about whether TCZ therapy affects periodontitis. The aim of the present study is to compare periodontal condition in patients with RA and periodontitis before and after TCZ therapy. The study participants consisted of 20 patients with RA and periodontitis who were treated with TCZ and 40 patients with RA and periodontitis who received medication with tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFI). Clinical periodontal and rheumatologic assessments and serum biochemical measurements using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed at baseline and 3 and 6 months later. TCZ and TNFI therapies significantly reduced periodontal inflammation that was determined by gingival index, bleeding on probing, and probing depth (p < 0.017), although plaque levels were comparable before and after the therapies. Both therapies also significantly decreased disease activity score including 28 joints using C‐reactive protein (CRP), number of tender and swollen joints, and serum levels of anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, rheumatoid factor, CRP, and matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (p < 0.017). Additionally, a significant decrease was observed in periodontal clinical attachment level after TCZ therapy (p < 0.017), but not after TNFI therapy. TCZ therapy significantly decreased serum levels of TNF‐α, total immunoglobulin G, and serum amyloid A (p < 0.017), although serum levels of IL‐6 and soluble IL‐6R were significantly increased (p < 0.017). These results suggest a beneficial effect of TCZ therapy on levels of periodontal inflammation in patients with RA and periodontitis, which might be related to decrease in serum inflammatory mediators.
Designing Photoelectrodes for Photocatalytic Fuel Cells and Elucidating the Effects of Organic Substrates
Authors: Hu Chenyan , Kelm Denis , Schreiner Manuel , Wollborn Tobias , Mädler Lutz , Teoh Wey Yang
Published: November 2015

Photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs) are constructed from anodized photoanodes with the aim of effectively converting organic materials into solar electricity. The syntheses of the photoanodes (TiO2, WO3, and Nb2O5) were optimized using the statistical 2k factorial design. A systematic study was carried out to catalog the influence of eleven types of organic substrate on the photocurrent responses of the photoanodes, showing dependence on the adsorption of the organic substrates and on the associated photocatalytic degradation mechanisms. Strong adsorbates, such as carboxylic acids, generated high photocurrent enhancements. Simple and short‐chained molecules, such as formic acid and methanol, are the most efficient in the corresponding carboxylic acid and alcohol groups as a result of their fast degradation kinetics. The TiO2‐based PFC yielded the highest photocurrent and obtainable power, whereas the Nb2O5‐based PFC achieved the highest open‐circuit voltage, which is consistent with its most negative Fermi level.
Efficient power pad assignment for multi‐voltage SoC and its application in floorplanning
Authors: Chu Zhufei , Xia Yinshui , Wang Lunyao , Wang Jian
Published: November 2015

Multi‐voltage techniques are being developed to improve power savings by providing lower supply voltages for noncritical blocks under the performance constraint. However, the resulted lower voltage drop noise margin brings serious obstacles in power/ground (P/G) network design of the wire‐bonding package. For voltage drop optimization, both block and power pad positions are important factors that need to be considered. Traditional multi‐voltage floorplanning methods use rough estimation to evaluate the P/G network resource without considering the locations of power pads. To remedy this deficiency, in this paper, an efficient voltage drops aware power pad assignment (PPA) method is proposed, and it is further integrated into a floorplanning algorithm. We first present a fast PPA method for each power domain by the spring model. Then, to evaluate voltage drops during floorplanning iterations, the weighted distance from the blocks to the power pads is adopted as an optimization objective instead of time‐consuming matrix computation. Experimental results on Gigascale System Research Center (GSRC) benchmark circuits indicate that the proposed method generates an optimized placement of power pads and floorplanning of blocks with high efficiency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput linear optical stretcher for mechanical characterization of blood cells
Authors: Roth Kevin B. , Neeves Keith B. , Squier Jeff , Marr David W. M.
Published: November 2015

This study describes a linear optical stretcher as a high‐throughput mechanical property cytometer. Custom, inexpensive, and scalable optics image a linear diode bar source into a microfluidic channel, where cells are hydrodynamically focused into the optical stretcher. Upon entering the stretching region, antipodal optical forces generated by the refraction of tightly focused laser light at the cell membrane deform each cell in flow. Each cell relaxes as it flows out of the trap and is compared to the stretched state to determine deformation. The deformation response of untreated red blood cells and neutrophils were compared to chemically treated cells. Statistically significant differences were observed between normal, diamide‐treated, and glutaraldehyde‐treated red blood cells, as well as between normal and cytochalasin D‐treated neutrophils. Based on the behavior of the pure, untreated populations of red cells and neutrophils, a mixed population of these cells was tested and the discrete populations were identified by deformability. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry