bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Issue‐driven strategy formation
Authors: Dale M. W.
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses a process for forming strategy, offering a range of experiences in how the process works in a variety of businesses. The backbone of the process is issue management, which comprises:

Issue recognition—analysis and visioning work to surface and recognize the issues that an organization faces; issue shaping—reducing the list to a manageable number of the most important ones and defining them precisely; issue resolution—identifying possible responses to the important issues, choosing the preferred responses and turning them into strategic action plans.

The paper continues by examining the practice of strategy reviews and the links to budgets. The value of facilitation through the process is discussed together with the benefits of the approach, in particular the strong ownership of the strategy by the business leaders.

Finally, the idea of taking issue management into the management process of the business is explored and a proposition put forward for how to practise strategic management.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roasting effects on fatty acid distributions of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Abe Sayaka , Hirakawa Yuki , Takagi Sachiko
Published: August 2002

Sesame seeds were roasted at different temperatures (180–220 °C) using a domestic electric oven. The positional distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) isolated from total lipids in these seeds was investigated as well as the naturally occurring antioxidants that are present. Major lipid components were TAGs and phospholipids (PLs), while steryl esters (SEs), free fatty acids (FFAs) and sn‐1,3‐ and sn‐1,2‐diacylglycerols (DAGs) were minor ones. Following roasting, a significant increase (P < 0.05) was observed in FFAs and in both forms of DAG (primarily sn‐1,3‐DAG). The greatest PL losses (P < 0.05) were observed in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), followed by PC and phosphatidylinositol (PI). On the other hand, the amounts of γ‐tocopherol and sesamin remained at over 80 and 90% respectively of the original levels after roasting at 220 °C. The principal characteristics of the positional distribution of fatty acids were still retained after 25 min of roasting: unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and/or oleic, were predominantly concentrated in the sn‐2‐position, and saturated fatty acids, especially stearic and/or palmitic, primarily occupied the sn‐1‐ or sn‐3‐position. The results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids located in the sn‐2‐position are significantly protected from oxidation during roasting at elevated temperatures.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The quality of frozen African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fillets under long‐term storage conditions
Authors: Anelich Lucia E , Hoffman Louw C , Swanepoel Martha J
Published: August 2002

The quality of frozen catfish fillets was monitored over a period of 11 months at −20 °C, in two types of packaging materials, namely vacuum packaging (VP) and oxygen‐permeable packaging (OPP). Representative samples (n  = 5) from both types of packaging materials were drawn at random, monthly for the full period of the trial. Samples were pooled and analysed microbiologically using standard methods. Fatty acid analyses of total lipids, neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions as well as sensory evaluation were also conducted every 3 months on the pooled samples. These tests were conducted to determine whether OPP (cheaper option) could be used instead of VP for long‐term superchilling of catfish without detracting from its quality. Low microbiological counts were maintained throughout the trial, ie 4.1 × 104 cfu g−1 (VP) and 8.9 × 104 cfu g−1 (OPP) in the 11th month for aerobic plate count. No significant human pathogens were isolated, with the exception of Aeromonas hydrophila (Stanier). Lipid oxidation, irrespective of packaging, showed no fixed trends during the 11 months of investigation. Also, no significant deviation from sensory characteristics was noted. These results indicate that storing catfish fillets in OPP is a feasible and cheaper option for long‐term freezing.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of industrial processing on amino acid content of broccoli
Authors: Murcia M Antonia , López‐Ayerra Beatriz , Martínez‐Tomé Magdalena , García‐Carmona Francisco
Published: August 2002

The levels of amino acids in broccoli stems and florets before and after various blanching times (in the case of freezing) and after bottling have been studied to elucidate to what extent nutrient quality is affected by industrial processing. The following amino acids (mg kg−1 fresh weight) were identified by ion exchange chromatography in raw broccoli florets: glutamine (1338), proline (732), asparagine (578), valine (310), arginine (296), isoleucine (204), threonine (169), leucine (166), phenylalanine (159), aspartic acid (140), lysine (127), alanine (122), tyrosine (105), S‐methylcysteine (96), histidine (89), ornithine (59), glutamic acid (44), γ‐aminobutyric acid (31), glycine (11) and serine (0.2). Raw stems contained the same amino acids but at lower levels (p < 0.05). The levels of all these amino acids fell during both industrial processes studied (bottling and freezing after blanching for 60, 90, 120 and 150 s), particularly in the frozen samples (losses of 50–70% in the florets and 20–50% in the stems). In summary, losses of broccoli amino acids were lower if blanching times were kept short. The optimal blanching time at 94 °C for florets and stems intended for freezing was 90 s, and this did not result in any great loss of nutritional value related to amino acid content. Bottled florets had greater nutritional value than those frozen after being exposed to the longest blanching times (120 and 150 s).

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of separate pod and root zone temperatures on yield and seed composition of three Spanish cultivars of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L)
Authors: Golombek Sabine D , Sultana Adib , Johansen Chris
Published: August 2002

The effect of separate pod and root temperature regimes (all four combinations of 28/22 and 40/34 °C day/night temperature), imposed from the time of peg penetration until harvest, on yield and seed composition of three Spanish genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) was investigated. A decrease in pod temperature from 40/34 to 28/22 °C increased yield and oil, starch and protein mass per plant irrespective of root temperature. Additionally, a reduction in pod temperature decreased protein concentration and increased the sum of oil and starch concentration at a root temperature of 28/22 °C, whereas at a root temperature of 40/34 °C a decrease in pod temperature increased protein concentration. Root temperature reduction diminished oil concentration of genotypes AH 6179 and TMV 2 at a pod temperature of 40/34 °C. A decline in pod temperature affected fatty acid composition through a decrease in palmitic acid irrespective of root temperature and an increase in linoleic acid at a root temperature of 28/22 °C. A root temperature effect on fatty acid composition was not detected. It is concluded that field management practices and choice of genotype can influence groundnut yield and seed composition through effects on pod and root temperature.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of radiation therapy in the treatment of resectable rectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Rout W. Robert , Lind D. Scott , Zlotecki Robert A. , Hochwald Steven N. , Schell Scott R. , Copeland Edward M.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study is to review the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of resectable rectal adenocarcinoma. Selection criteria, treatment techniques, and results are discussed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:107–117. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significance of postoperative serum thyroglobulin levels in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas
Authors: Lin Jen‐Der , Huang Miau‐Ju , Hsu Brend Ray‐Sea , Chao Tzu‐Chieh , Hsueh Chuen , Liu Feng‐Hsuan , Liou Miaw‐Jene , Weng Hsiao‐Fen
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Although there are many factors that affect postoperative serum levels of thyroglobulin (Tg), such levels have been previously used to detect recurrence of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. This study was conducted to elucidate the significance of postoperative levels of Tg in patients with clinical presentations of papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinomas, or both.

Methods

To collect data pertaining to patients with thyroid cancer who were treated in Chang Gung Medical Center in Linkou, Taiwan, records relating to a total of 847 patients with pathologically verified papillary or follicular thyroid cancer, all of whom received total thyroidectomy and thyroid remnant ablation with radioactive iodide (131I), were studied. To evaluate the clinical significance of postoperative levels of Tg, the patients were categorized into three groups based on postoperative Tg level. Group A was classified as those demonstrating a 1‐month postoperative Tg levels less than 1 ng/ml. Group B patients were classified as those displaying a 1‐month postoperative Tg levels greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml, but less than 10 ng/ml. Group C patients were classified as those exhibiting a 1‐month postoperative Tg levels great than or equal to 10 ng/ml.

Results

Of the patients in group A, none presented with distant metastases at the time of diagnosis or during the follow‐up period. In group B, 15 patients (3.5%) died of thyroid cancer. In this group, tumor size was an important factor in cancer‐related mortality, diagnostic clinical class, and follow‐up status. Of the 491 patients in group C, 49 (10.0%) patients died of thyroid cancer. Among the patients in group C, age, histopathologic type, stage of diagnosis, and follow‐up Tg values were important factors. Among groups A, B, and C, there were 161 (95.8%), 253 (76.4%), and 129 (37.1%) patients, respectively, with disease‐free status at the end of 1998.

Conclusions

Postoperative serum Tg levels can be used as a prognostic indicator in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. For patients with Tg levels greater than or equal to 10 ng/ml, Tg levels are a useful marker to predict prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:45–51. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risks and benefits of splenectomy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: A retrospective analysis of 26 cases
Authors: Akpek Görgün , Mcaneny David , Weintraub Lewis
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives:

To evaluate the outcomes of splenectomy in myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia (MMM).

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed our records of 26 patients with MMM who underwent an open splenectomy at Boston University Medical Center between 1979 and 1995. Fourteen patients had agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) and 12 had myelofibrosis with antecedent myeloproliferative disorders (MF). The main indications for splenectomy were progressive transfusion‐dependent anemia, painful splenomegaly, and hypercatabolic symptoms associated with cytopenia.

Results:

Median time to splenectomy after the diagnosis of MMM was 29 months ranging from 1 to 96 months. Three patients (11%) died within 1 month after the surgery because of sepsis. The most common peri‐ and postoperative complications were pneumonia and other bacterial infections (42%), cardiac events (19%), acute bleeding (15%), ileus (15%), and venous thrombosis (12%). Of the eight surviving patients who underwent splenectomy for transfusion dependent anemia, six (75%) had improvement in their hematocrit levels with abolishment of blood transfusions. A durable symptomatic palliation was achieved in all patients. Liver enlargement was noted in seven patients at 1‐year evaluation. None of these patients developed hepatic failure. Leukemic transformation occurred in 8 of 18 patients (44%) postsplenectomy. The median overall survival for the entire group was 58.5 and 28 months from the diagnosis of MMM and the time of splenectomy, respectively. There was no difference in survival rates between patients with AMM and MF.

Conclusions:

Splenectomy is an effective palliative procedure with an acceptable morbidity in selected patients with MMM. Progressive transfusion‐dependent anemia should also be considered an indication for splenectomy in the absence of leukemic evolution. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001; 77:42–48. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of primary cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck: The University of Colorado experience and a review of the literature
Authors: Gibbs Peter , Robinson William A. , Pearlman Nathan , Raben David , Walsh Patrick , Gonzalez René
Published: August 2002

Background

While elective lymph node dissection (ELND), adjuvant radiation therapy and sentinel lymph node biopsy have all been advocated in the routine management of primary cutaneous melanoma arising in the head and neck, the optimal management has not been defined.

Methods

We have reviewed our experience of 273 patients with primary melanoma of the head and neck entered into a prospective database at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (UCHSC) from 1978 through 1998 and contrasted this with other reports in the literature.

Results

A total of 168 patients were identified that received their initial management at UCHSC and had no clinical evidence of distant disease. Only nine patients (5%) underwent ELND, and no patients received adjuvant radiation therapy. The local recurrence rate and 5‐year melanoma specific survival, according to Breslow thickness, were similar to centers where adjuvant radiation therapy or ELND are routinely performed. Our preliminary experience and a review of the literature suggests that the technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy is an accurate and low risk procedure that provides valuable prognostic information useful in the further management of these patients.

Conclusions

There is no clear indication that either ELND or adjuvant radiation therapy impacts on the outcome of patients with primary melanoma of the head and neck. Sentinel lymph node biopsy, in appropriate cases, is becoming the standard of care. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:179–185. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with end‐stage renal failure
Authors: Cheng Shao‐Bin , Wu Cheng‐Chung , Shu Kuo‐Hsiung , Ho William‐Lin , Chen Jung‐Ta , Yeh Dah‐Cherng , Liu Tse‐Jia , P'eng Fang‐Ku
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Surgical resection remains the main option for curing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, liver resection in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) is risky. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of liver resection for treating HCC in patients with ESRD.

Methods

A retrospective review was carried out on 468 patients who underwent liver resection for HCC between 1989 and 1999. The clinicopathological characteristics and operative results of 12 patients who had ESRD (ESRD group) were compared with those of the other 456 patients who did not have ESRD (non‐ESRD group). In the ESRD group, heparin‐free hemodialysis using the periodic saline‐rinse method was performed during the perioperative period.

Results

The ESRD group had lower hemoglobin and a higher serum creatinine levels. Other patient background and tumor pathological characteristics were comparable between the two groups as well. The operative morbidity and mortality between the two groups were also similar. The 5‐year disease‐free survival rates for ESRD and non‐ESRD groups were 35.0 and 34.2% (P = 0.31), respectively, while the 5‐year actuarial survival rates were 67.8 and 53.3% (P = 0.54), respectively.

Conclusion

With improving techniques and knowledge of dialysis, liver resection for HCC is justified in selected patients with ESRD. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:241–247. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding urban tourism: London in the early 1990s
Authors: Bull Paul , Church Andrew
Published: August 2002

Using London as an example this paper demonstrates that the idea of tourism as ‘pleasure and recreation’ is wholly inadequate for an understanding of the published evidence on tourism in major cities. In the UK this results directly from the definition adopted by the main statistical sources such that tourists become travellers, irrespective of purpose, who stay overnight at their destination. In so doing the paper highlights two areas for future research, the growing trend in short‐distance tourism and the increasing importance of visiting friends and relatives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of α‐phenoxypropanoic acids with sodium salt of N‐Chlorobenzene‐sulphonamide: EDTA catalysis
Authors: Meenakshisundaram Subbiah , Selvaraju M
Published: August 2002

EDTA smoothly catalyses the oxidation cum chlorination of some 17 α‐phenoxypropanoic acids with sodium salt of N‐chlorobenzenesulphonamide in acidic solution. A ternary intermediate can be envisaged for describing the enhanced reactivity. Imperfections are observed in the linear Hammett relationship in the case of NO2 substituents, irrespective of the position. The susceptibility constant, ρ(≈ + 1) indicates the development of an electron‐rich transition state. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 27–33, 2002
A temperature‐dependent kinetics study of the reaction of O(3PJ) with (CH3)2SO
Authors: Pope F. D. , Nicovich J. M. , Wine P. H.
Published: August 2002

A laser flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to investigate the kinetics of the reaction of ground state oxygen atoms, O(3PJ), with (CH3)2SO (dimethylsulfoxide) as a function of temperature (266–383 K) and pressure (20–100 Torr N2). The rate coefficient (kR1) for the O(3PJ) + (CH3)2SO reaction is found to be independent of pressure and to increase with decreasing temperature. The following Arrhenius expression adequately describes the observed temperature dependence: kR1(T) = (1.68 ± 0.76) × 10−12 exp[(445 ± 141)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1, where the uncertainties in Arrhenius parameters are 2σ and represent precision only. The absolute accuracy of each measured rate coefficient is estimated to be ±30%, and is limited predominantly by the uncertainties in measured (CH3)2SO concentrations. The observed temperature and pressure dependencies suggest that, as in the case of O(3PJ) reactions with CH3SH and (CH3)2S, reaction occurs by addition of O(3PJ) to the sulfur atom followed by rapid fragmentation of the energized adduct to products. The O(3PJ) + (CH3)2SO reaction is fast enough so that it could be a useful laboratory source of the CH3SO2 radical if this species is produced in significant yield. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 156–161, 2002; DOI 10.1002/kin.10040
Mechanistic modeling of the wall reactions in the pyrolysis of pentachloroethane
Authors: Huybrechts G. , Daniels Y. , Van Assche G. , Van Mele B.
Published: August 2002

The thermal dehydrochlorination C2HCl5 → C2Cl4 + HCl has been studied in a static system between 565 and 645 K at pressures ranging from 5 to 21 torr. The course of the reaction was followed by measuring the pressure rise in the conditioned quartz reaction vessel and by analyzing the products by gas chromatography. The observed experimental results and data from the literature for flow systems can be explained quantitatively in terms of a radical reaction model involving heterogeneous chain initiation and termination steps. The rate constants have been deduced for reactions of Cl, Cl2, and C2HCl5 over reactor walls covered with a pyrolytic carbon film and for reactions of adsorbed Cl atoms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 322–330, 2002
Some observations on the kinetics and thermochemistry of the reactions of HO2 radicals with aldehydes and ketones
Authors: Benson S. W.
Published: August 2002

The rapid, gas phase equilibrium addition of HO2 radicals to CH2O to form the peroxy radical HOCH2OO• is in agreement with the known thermochemistry of these species. The recent study of the similar addition of HO2• to ketones shows no significant reaction, which is again in agreement with known thermochemistry. All these reactions are notable for significant dipole attraction between the reactants ranging from 3 to 7 kcal/mol. The thermochemistry shows that the hydroperoxyl alkoxy species, the primary possible adduct, is not favored by the free energy change for direct addition. This and the observed kinetics favor a concerted addition, H‐atom transfer, as the transition state for the reactions. Kinetic estimates for forward and reverse reactions are in good agreement with observations. A thermochemical examination of the step‐wise addition of HO2• to the carbonyl shows that the reaction proceeds through a concerted, cyclic transition state involving simultaneous H‐transfer, 3 + 2 cyclo‐addition of HO2• to the carbonyl group. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 509–512, 2001
A new mechanism for initiation of free‐radical chain reactions during high‐temperature, homogeneous oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons: Ethylene, propyne, and allene
Authors: Wang Hai
Published: August 2002

The initiation of free radical chain reactions by singlet carbene biradicals is proposed for homogeneous oxidation of typical unsaturated hydrocarbons, including ethylene, allene, and propyne. The mechanism features the production of singlet vinylidene and methylvinylidene by 1,1‐H2 elimination and 1,2‐H shift, respectively, from ethylene and propyne. The singlet biradicals then react with molecular oxygen to initiate a free‐radical chain process. The analysis used quantum chemistry calculations and detailed modeling of ignition delay times. In all cases tested the carbene pathway was found to dominate the initial radical‐pool production. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 698–706, 2001
Calibration of reaction temperatures in a very high pressure shock tube using chemical thermometers
Authors: Tranter R. S. , Sivaramakrishnan R. , Srinivasan N. , Brezinsky K.
Published: August 2002

Two chemical thermometers, 1,1,1‐trifluoroethane and cyclohexene, have been used to calibrate the temperatures behind reflected shock waves, T5real, in a unique high‐pressure, single‐pulse shock tube. Experiments with 1,1,1‐trifluoroethane were performed at nominal postshock pressures of 5000 psi and 9000 psi, and T5real was calculated from the extent of the reaction and literature values for k∞. Both parent molecule decomposition and product formation were used to calculate the extent of reaction. At each pressure the two methods of calculating T5real are in excellent agreement. The values for T5real obtained from the cyclohexene experiments are in good agreement with those from 1,1,1‐trifluoroethane. The range of the temprature calibration is 1050–1350 K. No discernable pressure dependence between the two sets of experiments was observed for the calculated values of T5real. The effect of a 10% rise in pressure during the residence time on the calculated temperatures was also examined and is found to give rise to only small errors in T5real. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 722–731, 2001
‘There's something else missing here’: BPR and the requirements process
Authors: Crabtree Andy , Rouncefield Mark , Tolmie Peter
Published: August 2002

Business Process Reengineering (BPR) offers one potential and increasingly influential solution to the requirements problem in software engineering by focusing on core processes. In considering an ethnographic study of process modelling, we suggest that BPR approaches “miss something” of fundamental importance in generating requirements – namely the situated work‐practices whereby processes are produced. BPR overlooks the actual work that systems must support if they are to resonate with, and at the same time transform, practical circumstances of use. We outline a strategy for explicating work‐practice for purposes of system design which complements the effort to “reengineer the corporation”. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of simulated CO2 and GaAlAs laser surface decontamination on temperature changes in Ti‐plasma sprayed dental implants
Authors: Kreisler Matthias , Al Haj Haitham , Götz Hermann , Duschner Heinz , d'Hoedt Bernd
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

To investigate and compare temperature elevations at the implant‐bone interface during simulated implant surface decontamination with a CO2 and a GaAlAs laser.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Stepped cylinder implants (Frialit 2® Friadent GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) with a Titanium plasma sprayed surface were inserted into bone blocks cut from pig femurs. An artificial periimplant bone defect provided access for laser irradiation in the coronal third. Both lasers were operated at 1.0–2.5 W in the cw‐mode. The bone block was placed into a 37°C water bath in order to simulate in vivo thermal conductivity and diffusitivity of heat. K‐type thermocouples connected to a digital meter were used to register temperature changes at the periimplant bone.

Results

In mean, the critical threshold of 47°C was exceeded after 8 seconds at a power output of 2.5 W, 13 seconds at 2.0 W, 18 seconds at 1.5 W, and 42 seconds at 1.0 W with the GaAlAs laser and 15 seconds (2.5 W), 23 seconds (2.0 W), 35 seconds (1.5 W), and 56 seconds (1.0 W) with the CO2 laser. At equal energy fluence, GaAlAs laser irradiation induced significantly higher temperature elevations than CO2 laser irradiation.

Conclusions

In an energy dependent manner implant surface decontamination with both laser types must be limited in time to allow the implant and bone to cool down. Clinical guidelines are presented to avoid tissue damage. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:233‐239, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrashort pulse laser ossicular ablation and stapedotomy in cadaveric bone*†
Authors: Armstrong William B. , Neev Joseph A. , Da Silva Luiz B. , Rubenchik Alexander M. , C. Stuart Brent
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ablation of ossicular tissue using a 1,053 nm Ti:Sapphire chirped pulse amplifier laser system configured to deliver ultrashort pulses of 350 femtoseconds (fs) (3.5 × 10−13 seconds) in cadaver temporal bone.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Ablation of the formalin‐fixed incus and stapes was performed using an ultrashort pulse laser (USPL) (0.4 mm beam diameter, pulse fluence of 2.0 J/cm2, and pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz). The ablation rate was measured using optical micrometry, and crater surface morphology examined using scanning electron microscopy.

Results

The laser produced precise bone ablation at a rate of 1.26 μm/pulse, with almost no evidence of thermal damage, and very little evidence of photomechanical injury.

Conclusions

Ultrashort pulse lasers may provide a useful clinical tool for otologic and skull base surgery, where precise hard tissue ablation is required adjacent to critical structures. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:216‐220, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryogen spray cooling: Effects of droplet size and spray density on heat removal
Authors: Pikkula Brian M. , Torres Jorge H. , Tunnell James W. , Anvari Bahman
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is an effective method to reduce or eliminate non‐specific injury to the epidermis during laser treatment of various dermatological disorders. In previous CSC investigations, fuel injectors have been used to deliver the cryogen onto the skin surface. The objective of this study was to examine cryogen atomization and heat removal characteristics of various cryogen delivery devices.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Various cryogen delivery device types including fuel injectors, atomizers, and a device currently used in clinical settings were investigated. Cryogen mass was measured at the delivery device output orifice. Cryogen droplet size profiling for various cryogen delivery devices was estimated by optically imaging the droplets in flight. Heat removal for various cryogen delivery devices was estimated over a range of spraying distances by temperature measurements in an skin phantom used in conjunction with an inverse heat conduction model.

Results

A substantial range of mass outputs were measured for the cryogen delivery devices while heat removal varied by less than a factor of two. Droplet profiling demonstrated differences in droplet size and spray density.

Conclusions

Results of this study show that variation in heat removal by different cryogen delivery devices is modest despite the relatively large difference in cryogen mass output and droplet size. A non‐linear relationship between heat removal by various devices and droplet size and spray density was observed. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:103–112, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding voluntary simplifiers
Authors: Craig‐Lees Margaret , Hill Constance
Published: August 2002

Most of the literature on the voluntary simplicity (VS) lifestyle has come from the popular press and environmental activists, who tend to take a rather philosophical and moralistic stance. Although several academics have discussed the concept, it has had little mention in the marketing literature. Recently, a detailed commentary has considered the VS lifestyle from a social‐science perspective. Although this lifestyle type has been gaining attention, the literature reveals there is no clear understanding of this way of life. Different authors have different opinions about what should be at the essence of what constitutes VS lifestyle behavior. Our research seeks to address this problem by gaining a fuller understanding of voluntary simplifiers in relation to nonvoluntary simplifiers. Thus, this article reports on a study of 53 one‐hour interviews that contrasts and compares these two groups. From the findings, it was revealed that there are indeed certain differences across groups that could be of particular interest to marketers and academics. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A new full‐nest classification approach
Authors: Schaninger Charles M. , Lee Dong Hwan
Published: August 2002

This study conceptually and empirically develops an improved approach for classifying full‐nest households. Unlike existing life‐cycle models, this study separates traditional full‐nest couples who marry and have children at a young age from those who delay marriage and childbearing until their 30s. Nontraditional delayed full‐nest spouses held nontraditional sex role norms and values and experienced greater work and time pressures. They also consumed more healthy foods and beverages, avoided convenience and junk foods, but consumed more meals prepared away from home, as well as alcoholic beverages, than their traditional counterparts. While extant life‐cycle approaches use age of head of household to separate school‐age and older full‐nest families, this study uses the transitions of the youngest child to school age, and then to teenage years. This distinction more effectively captures life‐style and consumption differences than does the traditional life‐cycle approach. Overall, this new full‐nest classification scheme outperforms existing life‐cycle approaches in identifying unique sex‐role norms and values profiles as well as household food and beverage consumption patterns. It also captures meaningful and significant differences, in dollar values of home entertainment devices and furniture and of major durable assets not uncovered by previous research. Based on these findings, it is recommended that this full‐nest classification approach be incorporated into extant life‐cycle models. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DNA methyltransferase and demethylase in human prostate cancer
Authors: Patra Samir K. , Patra Aditi , Zhao Hong , Dahiya Rajvir
Published: August 2002

Recent studies have shown that cytosine‐5 methylation at CpG islands in the regulatory sequence of a gene is one of the key mechanisms of inactivation. The enzymes responsible for CpG methylation are DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b, and the enzyme responsible for demethylation is DNA demethylase (MBD2). Studies on methylation‐demethylation enzymes are lacking in human prostate cancer. We hypothesize that MBD2 enzyme activity is repressed and that DNMT1 enzyme activity is elevated in human prostate cancer. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed enzyme activities, mRNA, and protein levels of MBD2 and DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b in human prostate cancer cell lines and tissues. The enzyme activities of DNMTs and MBD2 were analyzed by biochemical assay. The mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and by Northern blotting. The protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. The results of these experiments demonstrated that (1) the activity of DNMTs was twofold to threefold higher in cancer cell lines and cancer tissues, as compared with a benign prostate epithelium cell line (BPH‐1) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues; (2) MBD2 activity was lacking in prostate cancer cell lines but present in BPH‐1 cells; (3) immunohistochemical analyses exhibited higher expression of DNMT1 in all prostate cancer cell lines and cancer tissues, as compared with BPH‐1 cell lines and BPH tissues; (4) MBD2 protein expression was significantly higher in BPH‐1 cells and lacking in prostate cancer cell lines and, in BPH tissues, MBD2 protein expression was poorly observed, as compared with no expression in prostate cancer tissues; and (5) mRNA expression for DNMT1 was upregulated in prostate cancer, as compared with BPH‐1, and mRNA expression for MBD2 was found to be significantly expressed in all cases. The results of these studies clearly demonstrate that DNMT1 activity is upregulated, whereas MBD2 is repressed at the level of translation in human prostate cancer. These results may demonstrate molecular mechanisms of CpG hypermethylation of various genes in prostate cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robustness in the Pareto‐solutions for the multi‐criteria minisum location problem
Authors: Fernández F.R. , Nickel S. , Puerto J. , Rodríguez‐Chía A.M.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a new trend is introduced into the field of multi‐criteria location problems. We combine the robustness approach using the minmax regret criterion together with Pareto‐optimality. We consider the multi‐criteria squared Euclidean minisum location problem which consists of simultaneously minimizing a number of weighted sum‐distance functions and the set of Pareto‐optimal locations as its solution concept. The Pareto‐optimal solutions for the set of robust locations with respect to the original weighted sum‐distance functions is completely characterized. These Pareto‐optimal solutions have both the properties of stability and non‐domination which are required in robust and multi‐criteria programming. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monodisperse polymer‐based stationary phase for carbohydrate analysis by reduced‐diameter column anion‐exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detector
Authors: Ohkubo Aya , Shirota Osamu , Kobayashi Atsushi , Kimura Tomohiko , Ohtsu Yutaka , Hosoya Ken , Tanaka Nobuo
Published: August 2002

A monodisperse polymer‐based anion exchanger was synthesized through a two‐step swelling and polymerization method for the analysis of unmodified carbohydrates by reduced‐diameter column liquid chromatography with a pulsed amperometric detector. Separation characteristics were studied for several different classes of carbohydrates, including sugar phosphates. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 8–12, 2001
Pyrolysis GC/MS, present and future (recent past and present needs)*
Authors: Moldoveanu S. C.
Published: August 2002

This article examines several recent advances in pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS). Selected aspects in the field are exemplified using original results. Only the pyrolysis component of Py‐GC/MS is discussed, the GC/MS component being beyond the purposes of this article. New techniques used in Py‐GC/MS are reviewed in the first part. The results obtained using an original technique, pyrolysis‐SPME‐GC/MS, are presented for cellulose. Also, the use of an internal standard in analytical pyrolysis is discussed. Regarding theoretical aspects of analytical pyrolysis, it is shown that the heating rate of most commercially available pyrolyzers is high enough for performing isothermal pyrolysis of polymers. One other aspect exemplified with original results is the preservation of certain stereochemical features from the parent compound to the pyrolytic fragments. Only one area regarding recent applications of Py‐GC/MS is discussed in more detail, namely the analysis in pyrolysates of trace components related to health and environmental issues. The subject is exemplified with original work in analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic amines in pyrolysates. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 102–125, 2001
Efficiency in pre‐merger and post‐merger non‐bank financial institutions
Authors: Worthington Andrew C.
Published: August 2002

A two‐part process is employed to analyse the role of efficiency in merger and acquisition (M&A) activity in Australian credit unions during the period 1993–1997. The measures of efficiency are derived using the non‐parametric technique of data envelopment analysis. The first part uses panel data in the probit model to relate pure technical efficiency, along with other managerial, regulatory and financial factors, to the probability of merger activity, either as an acquiring or acquired entity. The results indicate that loan portfolio diversification, management ability, earnings and asset size are a significant influence on the probability of acquisition, though the primary determinant of being acquired is smaller asset size. The second part uses a tobit model adapted to a panel framework to analyse post‐merger efficiency. Mergers appear to have improved both pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency in the credit union industry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Twenty‐First Century Firm: Changing Economic Organization in International Perspective edited by DiMaggio, P., Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001, viii + 275 pp., $35.00/£24.95 (cloth).
Authors: Flath David
Published: August 2002

No Abtract
Tardive dyskinesia model in the common marmoset
Authors: Klintenberg Rebecka , Gunne Lars , Andrén Per E.
Published: August 2002

Thirteen adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were given once‐monthly injections of haloperidol decanoate (5–15 mg/kg i.m.) for one year. Thereafter, drug‐free and treatment periods alternated at 3‐month intervals. After 2.5 to 14 months, 12 monkeys showed symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD), such as periocular and perioral twitchings, tongue protrusions, masticatory movements, and choreic movements in arms and legs. When TD symptoms were evident, the periodic treatment was interrupted and symptoms persisted for at least 5 months after the last haloperidol dose, worsened by injection of the anticholinergic drug biperiden. An injection of nondepot haloperidol (0.12 or 0.25 mg/kg) produced a reduction of TD symptoms. At the end of the study, nondepot haloperidol was injected once a week at two doses (0.12 and 0.25 mg/kg i.m.). A syndrome of excitation with peculiar behavior, interpreted as acute dystonia, was precipitated in all animals. The animals showed sustained retrocollis, climbing upside down, biting the perch, repetitive turnings, and frequent backward movements. The dystonic movements lasted approximately 6 hours and were reduced but not completely extinguished by biperiden (0.1 mg/kg). The TD syndrome registered in marmosets may provide a useful model for screening new antipsychotics for their propensity to induce TD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Caspase‐3 activation in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐treated mice
Authors: Turmel Hélène , Hartmann Andreas , Parain Karine , Douhou Aicha , Srinivasan Anu , Agid Yves , Hirsch Etienne C.
Published: August 2002

In 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) models of Parkinson's disease (PD), dopaminergic (DA) neurons have been shown to die by apoptosis. Moreover, recent postmortem and in vitro results have indicated that apoptotic cell death induced by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) may be mediated by caspase‐3. To establish whether caspase‐3 activation may indeed play a role in an in vivo model of PD, we studied caspase‐3 activation in C57Bl/6 mice subchronically intoxicated with MPTP. We show that caspase‐3 activation peaks early, at days 1 and 2 after the end of MPTP intoxication. In contrast, pycnotic neurons persist until day 7 postintoxication, indicating that caspase‐3 activation is an early and transient phenomenon in apoptotic death of DA neurons. We further demonstrate that loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in this model is indeed due to cell loss rather than to loss of TH protein expression. We conclude that mice subchronically intoxicated with MPTP represent a valid PD model to study and manipulate caspase activation in vivo. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Bilateral pallidal stimulation for idiopathic segmental axial dystonia advanced from meige syndrome refractory to bilateral thalamotomy
Authors: Muta Daisuke , Goto Satoshi , Nishikawa Shigeyuki , Hamasaki Tadashi , Ushio Yukitaka , Inoue Nobuhiro , Mita Shuji
Published: August 2002

Meige syndrome is an adult‐onset dystonic movement disorder that predominantly involves facial muscles, while some patients with this syndrome develop spasmodic dysphonia and dystonia of the neck, trunk, arms, and legs. We report that all dystonic symptoms that had been refractory to both pharmacotherapy and bilateral thalamotomy were markedly alleviated by bilateral pallidal stimulation in a patient with segmental axial dystonia advanced from Meige syndrome. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma in the SMA presenting as rapidly progressive parkinsonism
Authors: Haussermann P. , Wilhelm Th. , Keinath S. , Stölzle C. , Conrad B. , Ceballos‐Baumann A.
Published: August 2002

We report on a 56‐year‐old man who developed a rapidly progressive parkinsonism and apraxia over 2 months due to biopsy confirmed cerebral non‐Hodgkin lymphoma primarily involving the SMA and parts of the superior frontal gyrus bilaterally. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Gastric emptying time and gastric motility in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hardoff Ruth , Sula Michael , Tamir Ada , Soil Adrian , Front Avi , Badarna Samich , Honigman Silvia , Giladi Nir
Published: August 2002

Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, and bloating are frequent complaints of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been postulated that impaired gastrointestinal function may contribute to the development of motor fluctuations such as delay on and no on in patients with PD. Gastrointestinal impaired function and symptoms may be associated with the disease itself or secondary to levodopa treatment. Thus, we assessed gastric emptying (GE) and gastric motility in PD patients to examine the association between clinical status and gastric function. GE and antral contraction (frequency and amplitude) were evaluated by scintigraphy in 29 patients with mild PD (Hoehn and Yahr [H&Y] stage 1.0–2.0); 22 patients with moderate PD (H&Y stage 2.5–3.0); and 22 healthy volunteers, following the ingestion of a labeled standard meal. Gastric emptying (mean ± SD of T1/2) and antral contraction were not significantly different between patients with mild PD (63.4 ± 28.8 minutes) and moderate PD (54.7 ± 25.5 minutes). In the control group, GE was 43.4 ± 10.8 minutes (range 29.0 – 61.0 minutes). The prevalence of delayed emptying (>61 minutes) was not significantly different in patients with mild disease (48.3%) as compared with patients with moderate disease (36.4%). Antral contraction, both frequency and amplitude, were not significantly different between patients with mild and moderate PD throughout the entire 100 minutes of the study. Untreated patients (n = 28) had mean GE T1/2 of 59 ± 30.6 minutes. Patients with smooth response to levodopa showed slower GE (n = 10; 73.6 ± 25.3 minutes), while treated patients with motor response fluctuations when tested at the on state (n = 13), had much faster GE (49.3 ± 16.2 minutes). This shortened GE in the on state was similar to the GE of normal volunteers. We conclude that gastric emptying time in patients with PD was delayed compared with control volunteers. It was even slower in patients treated with levodopa. This effect of levodopa treatment was reversed to pseudonormalization (normal GE) at the advanced stages of the disease, when patients developed motor response fluctuation. Other clinical features of PD were not associated with delayed gastric emptying. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Rhythmic feet movements while falling asleep
Authors: Wichniak Adam , Tracik Ferenc , Geisler Peter , Ebersbach Georg , Morrissey Sean P. , Zulley Jürgen
Published: August 2002

During the wake–sleep transition and sleep, diverse motor phenomena such as hypnagogic foot tremor may occur in the lower extremities. We investigated the relevance of this phenomenon in 375 consecutive subjects examined polysomnographically in a sleep disorders center. Rhythmic feet movements while falling asleep (RFM) were found in 28 subjects (7.5%). RFM occurred mostly as single, short series with a duration of between 10 and 15 seconds. They had a high night‐to‐night variability and were detected as rhythmic, oscillating movements of the whole foot or toes. Surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings displayed series of repetitive phasic bursts with a periodicity mostly between 1 and 2 per second. Single EMG burst duration varied between 300 and 700 msec. RFM at highest intensity occurred during presleep wakefulness, and usually persisted in sleep stages 1 and 2. RFM did not have a major sleep‐disturbing effect in any of the affected subjects. Due to its high prevalence and the lack of a major sleep‐disturbing effect, short series of RFM could be considered a quasiphysiological phenomenon. However, in more severe forms of RFM with evidence of a sleep‐disturbing effect, RFM should be considered abnormal. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Dystonia in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6
Authors: Sethi Kapil D. , Jankovic Joseph
Published: August 2002

Spinocerebellar ataxias are heterogeneous disorders with overlapping clinical features. Spinocerebellar ataxia‐6 is a dominantly inherited condition characterized by relatively pure ataxia with a paucity of other manifestations including extrapyramidal findings. We report on two patients with genetically proven SCA‐6 who had dystonia. One patient presented initially with dystonia, which remained the most disabling problem. Dystonia may occur in SCA‐6 and can be disabling. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.