bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase Sensitizes Apoptosis and Reverses Bortezomib Resistance in Mantle Cell Lymphoma through Modification of Truncated Bid
Authors: Luanpitpong Sudjit , Chanthra Nawin , Janan Montira , Poohadsuan Jirarat , Samart Parinya , U-Pratya Yaowalak , Rojanasakul Yon , Issaragrisil Surapol
Published: November 2017

Aberrant energy metabolism represents a hallmark of cancer and contributes to numerous aggressive behaviors of cancer cells, including cell death and survival. Despite the poor prognosis of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), due to the inevitable development of drug resistance, metabolic reprograming of MCL cells remains an unexplored area. Posttranslational modification of proteins via O-GlcNAcylation is an ideal sensor for nutritional changes mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and is removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Using various small-molecule inhibitors of OGT and OGA, we found for the first time that O-GlcNAcylation potentiates MCL response to bortezomib. CRISPR interference of MGEA5 (encoding OGA) validated the apoptosis sensitization by O-GlcNAcylation and OGA inhibition. To identify the potential clinical candidates, we tested MCL response to drug-like OGA inhibitor, ketoconazole, and verified that it exerts similar sensitizing effect on bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Investigations into the underlying molecular mechanisms reveal that bortezomib and ketoconazole act in concert to cause the accumulation of truncated Bid (tBid). Not only does ketoconazole potentiate tBid induction, but also increases tBid stability through O-GlcNAcylation that interferes with tBid ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Remarkably, ketoconazole strongly enhances bortezomib-induced apoptosis in de novo bortezomib-resistant MCL cells and in patient-derived primary cells with minimal cytotoxic effect on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and hepatocytes, suggesting its potential utility as a safe and effective adjuvant for MCL. Together, our findings provide novel evidence that combination of bortezomib and ketoconazole or other OGA inhibitors may present a promising strategy for the treatment of drug-resistant MCL. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 484–96. ©2017 AACR.
Macrophagic “Crown-like Structures” Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Breast Cancer in Benign Breast Disease
Authors: Carter Jodi M. , Hoskin Tanya L. , Pena M. Alvaro , Brahmbhatt Rushin , Winham Stacey J. , Frost Marlene H. , Stallings-Mann Melody , Radisky Derek C. , Knutson Keith L. , Visscher Daniel W. , Degnim Amy C.
Published: November 2017

In breast adipose tissue, macrophages that encircle damaged adipocytes form “crown-like structures of breast” (CLS-B). Although CLS-B have been associated with breast cancer, their role in benign breast disease (BBD) and early carcinogenesis is not understood. We evaluated breast biopsies from three age-matched groups (n = 86 each, mean age 55 years), including normal tissue donors of the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Tissue Bank (KTB), and subjects in the Mayo Clinic Benign Breast Disease Cohort who developed cancer (BBD cases) or did not develop cancer (BBD controls, median follow-up 14 years). Biopsies were classified into histologic categories, and CD68-immunostained tissue sections were evaluated for the frequency and density of CLS-B. Our data demonstrate that CLS-B are associated with BBD: CLS-B–positive samples were significantly less frequent among KTB biopsies (3/86, 3.5%) than BBD controls (16/86 = 18.6%, P = 0.01) and BBD cases (21/86 = 24%, P = 0.002). CLS-B were strongly associated with body mass index (BMI); BMI < 25: 7% CLS-B positive, BMI 25–29: 13%, and BMI ≥ 30: 29% (P = 0.0005). Among BBD biopsies, a high CLS-B count [>5 CLS-B/sample: 10.5% (BBD cases) vs 4.7% (BBD controls), P = 0.007] conferred a breast cancer OR of 6.8 (95% CI, 1.4–32.4), P = 0.02, after adjusting for adipose tissue area (cm2), histologic impression, and BMI. As high CLS-B densities are independently associated with an increased breast cancer risk, they may be a promising histologic marker of breast cancer risk in BBD. Cancer Prev Res; 11(2); 113–9. ©2017 AACR.
Mite-Induced Asthma and IgE Levels to Shrimp, Mite, Tropomyosin, Arginine Kinase, and Der p 10 Are the Most Relevant Risk Factors for Challenge-Proven Shrimp Allergy
Authors: Farioli Laura , Losappio Laura Michelina , Giuffrida Maria Gabriella , Pravettoni Valerio , Micarelli Gianluigi , Nichelatti Michele , Scibilia Joseph , Mirone Corrado , Cavallarin Laura , Lamberti Cristina , Balossi Luca Giuseppe , Pastorello Elide Anna
Published: November 2017

Background: Shrimp sensitization is common in the general population, but the presence of symptoms is only moderately related to sensitization. A point still at issue is which in vivo and/or in vitro tests (food challenge, component-resolved diagnosis, house dust mite [HDM] sensitization) can help in distinguishing shrimp-allergic subjects from subjects that are sensitized but tolerant. Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IgE to the different shrimp and mite allergens in distinguishing shrimp challenge-positive from challenge-negative patients. Subjects with suspected hypersensitivity reactions to shrimp, positive skin prick tests (SPTs), and/or anti-shrimp IgE were submitted to open and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC). Specific IgE to shrimp, mites, and the recombinants rPen a 1, rDer p 1, 2, and 10 were tested using ImmunoCAP-FEIA. IgE immunoblotting was performed to identify the patients' allergenic profiles. Results: In total, 13 out of 51 (25.5%) patients with reported reactions to shrimp were truly shrimp allergic (7 DBPCFC positive and 6 with documented severe reactions). These patients had significantly higher skin test wheal diameters than nonallergic patients, as well as higher levels of IgE to rPen a 1 and rDer p 10. HDM-induced asthma and the simultaneous presence of anti-nDer p 1, 2, and 10 IgE levels increased the risk of true shrimp allergy. Conclusion: Food challenge tests are mandatory for the diagnosis of shrimp allergy. Tropomyosin is associated with clinical reactivity. HDM-induced asthma and anti-mite IgE are risk factors for shrimp allergy.
Application of Electrocautery Needle Knife Combined with Balloon Dilatation versus Balloon Dilatation in the Treatment of Tracheal Fibrotic Scar Stenosis
Authors: Bo Liyan , Li Congcong , Chen Min , Mu Deguang , Jin Faguang
Published: November 2017

Background: Electrocautery needle knives can largely reduce scar and granulation tissue hyperplasia and play an important role in treating patients with benign stricture. Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of electrocautery needle knife combined with balloon dilatation versus balloon dilatation alone in the treatment of tracheal stenosis caused by tracheal intubation or tracheotomy. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the clinical data of 43 patients with tracheal stenosis caused by tracheotomy or tracheal intubation in our department from January 2013 to January 2016. Among these 43 patients, 23 had simple web-like stenosis and 20 had complex steno sis. All patients were treated under general anaesthesia, and the treatment methods were (1) balloon dilatation alone, (2) needle knife excision of fibrotic tissue combined with balloon dilatation, and (3) needle knife radial incision of fibrotic tissue combined with balloon dilatation. Results: After treatment the symptoms, such as shortness of breath, were markedly improved immediately in all cases. The stenosis degree of patients who were treated with the elec­trocautery needle knife combined with balloon dilatation had better improvement compared with that of those treated with balloon dilatation treatment alone after 3 months (0.45 ± 0.04 vs. 0.67 ± 0.05, p < 0.01), and the proportion of restenosis occurrence that required further treatment was decreased at 6 months (46.9 vs. 81.8%), especially for the web-like stenosis patients, as most of their stenoses dilated with no obvious restenosis and achieved clinical cure. Conclusion: Electrocautery needle knife combined with balloon dilatation is an effective and safe treatment for tracheal fibrotic stenosis compared with balloon dilatation alone.
Multiple Roles of Autophagy in the Sorafenib Resistance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sun Ting , Liu Hongchun , Ming Liang
Published: November 2017

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and prognosis remains unsatisfactory since the disease is often diagnosed at the advanced stages. Currently, the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is the only drug approved for the treatment of advanced HCC. However, primary or acquired resistance to sorafenib develops, generating a roadblock in HCC therapy. Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal pathway involved in protein and organelle degradation, with an astonishing number of connections to human disease and physiology. Current understanding of the role of autophagy in the progression of cancer and the response to cancer therapy remains controversial. Sorafenib is able to induce autophagy in HCC, but the effect of autophagy is indistinct. Some studies established that sorafenib-induced autophagy serves as a pro-survival response. However, other studies found that sorafenib-induced autophagy improves the lethality of sorafenib against HCC cells. The mechanisms underlying autophagy and sorafenib resistance remain elusive. The purpose of this review is to summarize the progress of research focused on autophagy and sorafenib resistance and to update current knowledge of how cellular autophagy impacts sorafenib sensitivity in HCC treatment.
Ablation of ATG4B Suppressed Autophagy and Activated AMPK for Cell Cycle Arrest in Cancer Cells
Authors: Liu Pei-Feng , Hsu Chien-Jen , Tsai Wei-Lun , Cheng Jin-Shiung , Chen Jih-Jung , Huang I-Fei , Tseng Ho-Hsing , Chang Hsueh-Wei , Shu Chih-Wen
Published: November 2017

Background/Aims: ATG4B is a cysteine protease required for autophagy, which is a cellular catabolic pathway involved in energy balance. ATG4B expression is elevated during tumor growth in certain types of cancer, suggesting that ATG4B is an attractive target for cancer therapy. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which ATG4B deprivation suppresses the growth of cancer cells. Methods: Cancer cells were transfected with either siRNA against ATG4B or an expression vector encoding wild-type ATG4BWT or encoding catalytic mutant ATG4BC74A to determine cell cycle progression by propidium iodide staining or by BrdU incorporation assay using flow cytometry. The GFP-MAP1LC3-II puncta and protein levels in the cells were determined by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, respectively. Results: Knockdown of ATG4B blocked cell proliferation, particularly at the G1-S phase transition, in various cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of ATG4B or overexpression of the ATG4BC74A catalytic mutant reduced both autophagic flux and ATP levels and increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the cancer cells. Nevertheless, knockdown of ATG4B had only a minor effect on AMPK activation and G1 phase arrest in liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-deficient or AMPK-inhibited cancer cells. Conclusion: These results imply that targeting ATG4B might inhibit autophagy and trigger the LKB1-AMPK energy-sensing pathway, resulting in tumor growth suppression.
The German language as a defining feature of ethnic identity in Pomerode
Authors: Maltzahn Paulo
Published: November 2017

This work analyzes the German language as a defining feature of German-Brazilian ethnic identity in Pomerode city (SC) since the 1980s, by the means of German-Brazilians‟ accounts of their personal and social lives. To do so, the study investigates the meanings attributed by the deponents to the German language, both regarding its objective and subjective aspect. This study is supported by the relational ethnicity theory, by research on ethnic-cultural identity, and by the Oral History methodology. In Pomerode, the German language is both individually experienced and shared within the ethnic collective. Moreover, it is related to the production of meanings that each deponent experienced in their family and ethnic community, characterizing permanence and transformation of the language‟s role, as well as a negotiation of individual and collective meanings. On the one hand, the redefinition of the German language‟s role in Pomerode is associated with its own ethnic group. In other words, it is connected with the self-understanding of the group‟s ethnic identity. On the other hand, it is associated with identity‟s commercialization, that is, with the language‟s instrumentalization.
Poetry as erasure in Carlfriedrich Claus and Ana Hatherly
Authors: Amaral André Luiz do
Published: November 2017

Carlfriedrich Claus and Ana Hatherly visual works are outside what is conventionally named poetry. A poetry without words remains impossible for the defenders of writing as a logocentric practice. Therefore, the authors studied here invite a deviant reading of the contemporary poetry. They assume contemporary poetry tends toward iconicity and even the complete illegibility as a way of aesthetically apprehending the chaotic world. Since they neither follow the same rules of the traditional lyric, nor can they be read from those regulating principles, these poets deliberately obliterate texts implicate an unequivocal transformation of the creative and reading methods, notwithstanding the resistance from some lines of criticism.
The usage of television series in german language teaching: linguistic, sociocultural, ideological and social-political aspects in Deutschland 83
Authors: Marques Lívia dos Santos , Rozenfeld Cibele Cecílio de Faria
Published: November 2017

Television series have been standing out as a currently popular option of recreation for people of different ages, and especially among students. Faced with this situation, this study aims to approach the advantages of the usage of such material for the teaching of German language‟s linguistic, ideological, social-political and sociocultural aspects. The following article is a fragment of a research that is still being developed, and in it we will highlight the Deutschland 83 series. The importance of using authentic materials to teach language, and the necessity of teaching techniques that focus on the culture behind such language will be emphasized. Finally, the study concludes that serialized television shows are a material with a great potential to be explored, for it allows the student to get closer to German language and culture, at the same time that provides the student with material to cause him to reflect about his own reality.
What knowers know well: standpoint theory and gender archeology
Authors: Wylie Alison
Published: November 2017

Neste artigo, argumento que – ao expor o androcentrismo do sistema referencial de suposições consideradas como óbvias e levantando a questão da confi abilidade de normas entrincheiradas de justifi cação – a arqueologia de gênero é mais bem entendida como uma forma de construtivismo social relutante. Ela expõe inadvertidamente a contingência de compromissos fundacionais, do conteúdo e da prática, que se presumiu serem neutros com respeito aos interesses situados dos praticantes, contextualmente independentes e trans-historicamente estáveis. Mas longe de minar fatalmente a objetividade do empreendimento, argumento que essas implicações mais radicais da arqueologia de gênero ilustram o valor da análise construtivista social como um recurso epistêmico. Deve-se atentar para o papel epistêmico positivo que ela pode ter como catálise para os tipos de crítica transformadora que são essenciais para o bom funcionamento da ciência. Argumento que um compromisso com a análise construtivista em curso deveria ser um componente central das concepções procedimentais da objetividade que levam a sério a necessidade de mobilizar ao invés de marginalizar os diversos recursos epistêmicos dos conhecedores situados
Situating Longino in the debate on the values in science
Authors: Faria Rodrigo Cristino de
Published: November 2017

Esta nota procura relacionar as ideias de Helen Longino – tal como apresentadas em seu artigo “Valores, heurística e política do conhecimento” – com as de outros fi lósofos, especialmente na questão dos valores na ciência. Após uma introdução sobre o papel dos valores na ciência a partir de Thomas Kuhn, apresento algumas ideias de Longino. Em seguida, procuro relacionar essas ideias com aquelas de outros filósofos da ciência, tanto aqueles que não aceitam a presença de valores na ciência, como Susan Haack, quanto outros que os aceitam, ainda que de modo mais ou menos diverso do empregado por Longino, como Elizabeth Anderson e Hugh Lacey
Avaliação do controle da asma em crianças e adolescentes do Programa Respirar da cidade de Ipatinga, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Lage Bruna Almeida , Souza Debora David de , Oliveira Rosimar Freitas , Cardoso Walquíria Carolina Catenacci , Gaspar Lea Rache
Published: November 2017

Introdução: A asma é uma das principais causas de morbidade na infância, ocasionando grandes prejuízos aos pacientes. O Programa Respirar foi implantado na cidade de Ipatinga, localizada na região do leste mineiro, em abril de 2003 visando ao atendimento às crianças e adolescentes asmáticos com indicação do uso de anti-inflamatório inalado profilático. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o controle da asma dos pacientes inseridos no Programa Respirar. Métodos: estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, com 305 pacientes portadores de asma com indicação de corticoterapia inalatória, com idades entre sete e 19 anos selecionados aleatoriamente no Programa Respirar da cidade em questão, mediante análise de prontuários referentes a janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2015. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando os programas EpiData (3.03) e SPSS (19.0) e para a análise descritiva, tabelas de distribuição de frequência e medidas de tendência central (média) e de variabilidade (desvio padrão, mínimo e máximo). Para a comparação das variáveis clínicas no início e após a entrada no programa, foi aplicado o teste de McNemar no caso de variáveis categóricas e teste T-pareado para as variáveis numéricas. Em todas as análises, foi considerado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Quando comparadas as variáveis clínicas antes e depois de três anos de entrada no Programa Respirar, 51% dos pacientes melhoraram a classificação da asma, 60,1% das crianças diminuíram o número de hospitalizações por crise de asma e 86,7% reduziram o número de idas ao pronto-atendimento por crises de asma. Essas diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas (valor de p < 0,001). Conclusão: Os pacientes assistidos pelo Programa Respirar mantêm melhor controle sobre as crises de asma, reduzindo significativamente as hospitalizações e idas ao pronto-socorro por decorrência da doença.
Fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis do AVC isquêmico: uma abordagem descritiva
Authors: Rodrigues Mateus de Sousa , Santana Leonardo Fernandes e , Galvão Ivan Martins
Published: November 2017

O acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCI) é um déficit neurológico focal persistente que se dá pela obstrução proximal de uma artéria por um trombo, êmbolo ou compressão por tumor. Existem vários fatores de risco que estão associados a esse evento. Entretanto, ainda há poucos estudos nacionais que abordem essa temática. Dessa forma, esse estudo aborda os principais fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis dos AVCI. Para tanto, esse trabalho analisou vários estudos transversais, estudos prospectivos e coortes realizadas em vários países, sobretudo nos últimos seis anos. As principais revistas consultadas para esse estudo foram The New England Journal of Medicine, Springer, Lancet, Stroke e Circulation – American Heart Association (AHA), Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Todas essas revistas estão indexadas à Pubmed Central®, base de dados utilizada nesse trabalho. Durante a pesquisa, foram utilizados os seguintes termos: “ischemic stroke AND modifiable risk factors”, “ischemic stroke AND non-modifiable risk factors”, “ischemic stroke AND hypertension”, “ischemic stroke AND atrial fibrillation”, “ischemic stroke AND diabetes mellitus”, “ischemic stroke AND dyslipidemia”, “ischemic stroke AND obesity” and “ischemic stroke AND smoking”. Observou-se que os principais fatores não modificáveis são: idade, sexo, raça, localização geográfica e hereditariedade. Já os principais fatores modificáveis são: hipertensão, fibrilação atrial, diabetes melito, dislipidemia, obesidade e o tabagismo. O conhecimento desses fatores de risco para isquemia cerebral pode justificar medidas de prevenção e auto-cuidado com esse evento vascular.
Temer na EBC: uma análise da cobertura da rede pública brasileira dos 111 dias de governo interino
Authors: Iacomini Franco , Prado Junior Tarcis , Cardoso Moisés , Asturian Rodrigo , Mueller Leticia
Published: November 2017

Este trabalho busca contribuir para a compreensão do comportamento da mídia pública brasileira no processo que levou ao impeachment de Dilma Rousseff. Para tanto, buscou-se no website da Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC) títulos que mencionassem o nome do então vice-presidente Michel Temer, estabelecendo-se como datas-limite 12 de maio (dia em que Rousseff foi afastada provisoriamente) e 31 de agosto de 2016 (data da votação final que levou ao afastamento definitivo da mandatária). Os textos desse período em que Temer foi presidente interino foram submetidos a análises lexicográficas com o uso do software Iramuteq e estudados a partir das ideias da escola francesa de análise do discurso, com o objetivo de levantar os temas principais retratados na cobertura da EBC. Os resultados apontam para uma predominância de temas políticos e econômicos, sendo que as questões econômicas são tratadas com ênfases semelhantes às do programa econômico do partido de Temer, o PMDB.
Privilégios, vigilância e planejamento: a luta pelos sentidos na ação da censura
Authors: Paganotti Ivan
Published: November 2017

Resenha do livro DARNTON, Robert. Censores em ação: como os Estados influenciaram a literatura. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 2016.
Apresentação do Dossiê "De onde vem o imaginário dos filmes e séries de sucesso?"
Authors: Anaz Silvio
Published: November 2017

Apresentação dos temas dos artigos que compõem o dossiê.
After the Solidarity and Consensus Debates: Habermas, Rorty and Fraser as Pragmatist Sources for Activist Dialogical Art
Authors: Giordano John
Published: November 2017

This paper poses a relationship between pragmatist understandings of intersubjective communication and long-term “dialogical art” practices promoting social change. Art historian Grant Kester contends that two dialogical art projects by Suzanne Lacy and Austrian Art collective WochenKlausur reflect Habermas’ theory of communicative action through which the “better argument” is universally validated. Kester simultaneously acknowledges such projects inculcate non-competitive modes of intersubjective exchange that appear contrary to Habermas. I look at the “philosophical narrative” debates between Richard Rorty and Habermas to suggest that Rorty’s eschewal of Habermasian rationalization in favor of affective modes of contingent solidarity, taken with Nancy Fraser’s understanding of enmeshed public/private discourse in the context of feminist counterpublics, draws out the political-ethical orientation of activist dialogical art practices.
Bateson and Pragmatism: A Search for Dialogue
Authors: Holmes Stephen
Published: November 2017

In order to set up a dialogue the author, first, will attempt to discern similarities and differences between the ideas of Gregory Bateson and those of the so-called Pragmatist philosophers, John Dewey and William James. Second, he will address connecting points and relevance to intercultural communication training and teaching. For both sides aesthetics are of central importance, for Bateson, coming from the direction of systems, more in the observation of the pattern that connects (beauty). For Dewey, the aesthetic experience is embedded in the context potentially in any situation. For both Dewey and James human and other organisms actively experiencing environments as situations are the beginning and the end of any philosophy of pragmatic significance. For Bateson, the addition of aesthetics to ecology is necessary to highlight its global significance.
Why James Can be an Existential Pluralist: A Response to Talisse and Aikin
Authors: Edward Hackett J.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, I would like to revisit the revisiting of Robert Talisse and Scott Aikin’s response to Joshua Anderson. My work here will not render judgment about how they respond to Anderson, but instead, my thinking is that the response to the restatement of their argument is the most current iteration of “Why Pragmatists Cannot Be Pluralists.” In this way, I am responding to their most updated version of their argument and the substantial issues raised in the original paper. My concern here is that a spirited Jamesian response to their restated problem should be forthcoming. My response is motivated by the fact that pluralism is misunderstood with respect to James and what they dub meaning pragmatism, even though I know they are painting with a big brush of those, like myself, who find inspiration and identification with James’s philosophy. Therefore, my overall thesis is that pluralism is severely misunderstood, and this misunderstanding has several interesting consequences for the argument they want to make against it.
Socio-Semantic Processes in Social Actors Representation: A Case Study of “Ya-Sin”
Authors: Farsi Roghayeh
Published: November 2017

The academic field of Qurʾānic Studies employs a wide range of approaches, each one of which helps to open up a new perspective on the Qurʾānic text. The Holy Book was revealed to guide people; it is thus of relevance to all aspects of people’s lives. This article focuses on the way social actors are represented in one Meccansūra, entitled “Ya-Sin”, and employs a case-study approach to do so. The analysis carried out includes the socio-semantic processes that thesūrauses in order to represent social actors either by behavior (action) or meaning (reflection), and it also analyzes the actors as they are represented in processes such as activation and passivation. The methodology adopted is eclectic and analytic. It is a hybrid of Swales’ move analysis, El-Awa’s identification of shift-markers, and Halliday’s and Van Leeuwen’s theories of social actor representation. This study shows how such an analysis can contribute to understanding the apparently fragmented and non-linear nature of “Ya-Sin”.
Ara⁠ʾaytum: The Exegetical Implications of a Qurʾānic Stance Marker
Authors: Mohamed Emad
Published: November 2017

Discourse markers are lexical items that play the role of conveying the speaker’s attitude towards the topic of conversation. Although discourse markers have this function, they have little semantic content, yet their importance for understanding (oral) discourse can hardly be overestimated. As such, they have been widely studied in English. While the Qurʾān has a number of these discourse markers, none of them seem to have been properly noticed, let alone studied, by Arabic linguists and Qurʾān commentators. This article introduces what I believe to be the most frequent of these in the Qurʾān:araʾaytum(literally: “have you seen?”) in its various morphological manifestations. This article uses concepts from historical linguistics, pragmatics, and corpus linguistics – and in particular lexical co-occurrences – to examine the development of this form from a sense verb that simply means “to see” to a pragmatic attitudinal marker that is semantically vacuous and whose main function is to express the speaker’s dissatisfaction with, resentment at, or disapproval of the topic of conversation. While the analysis provided in this article is mainly linguistic, the findings will affect the way we read the Arabic-Islamic heritage, especially as regards the authenticity of what are known as the Satanic Verses, also known as the episode of the High-Flying Cranes(Qiṣṣat al-ġarānīq).This article also provides suggestions for the translation of this discourse marker.
Scaring the Hell Out of You: Scare-Tactics, Christian Horror Houses, and the Apocalypse of John
Authors: Stewart Alexander E.
Published: November 2017

Western Christians are increasingly uncomfortable with the use of scare tactics in Christian proclamation and evangelism. An exception to this trend can be found in the seasonal theatrical production of Christian horror houses targeting youth in America. These productions are growing in popularity and they explicitly seek to produce fear in youth in order to motivate conversion. Practitioners of horror house scare-tactics claim support in the texts of Scripture, particularly the Apocalypse of John, for this rhetorical approach to evangelism. This paper will engage in interdisciplinary research in the social-sciences and biblical studies to explain why many critiques of the practice fail to persuade practitioners, and to note several points of critique which should result in evaluation and revision, if not abandonment, of the seasonal events.
A taxonomic revision of the western South American genus Presliophytum (Loasaceae)
Authors: ACUÑA RAFAEL , WEIGEND MAXIMILIAN
Published: November 2017

Presliophytum is a small genus of five species endemic to arid western South America, including coastal Peru and the Atacama Desert. The type species, Presliophytum incanum, was originally described in Loasa, but recognized as highly distinctive and placed into a monotypic section in the late 19th century. Together with Loasa heucheraefolia and a newly described species, it was placed into the genus Presliophytum in 1997. Subsequent molecular studies confirmed the monophyly of the genus and indicated a close relationship to two Chilean species, traditionally placed in Loasa series Malesherbioideae, a placement formalized in 2017 by providing the necessary new combinations. However, a detailed revision and description of the taxon has not been provided and the present study aims at filling this gap. We provide data on the morphology and micromorphology, distribution and ecology of the five species, as well as a key for all the species. Presliphytum incanum is the most common and widespread species, but also morphologically the most variable. There are differences in leaf and flower morphology between northern and southern populations, but these are difficult to discern in herbarium specimens. The species is therefore here maintained in the broader sense, since at present it seems impossible to clearly differentiate two morphologically discrete entities.
Review of Chinese species of the leafhopper genus Amrasca Ghauri (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae), with description of a new species, species checklist and notes on the identity of the Indian cotton leafhopper
Authors: XU YE , WANG YURU , DIETRICH CHRISTOPHER H. , FLETCHER MURRAY J. , QIN DAOZHENG
Published: November 2017

The leafhopper genus Amrasca Ghauri from China is reviewed. Six species are included, of which three are reported for the first time from China. A new species, A. (Amrasca) complana Qin, Wang & Xu, sp. nov. is described based on specimens from south China. A complete checklist of the genus and an identification key to species in the Chinese fauna are provided. Jacobiasca curvata (Ahmed & Samad) comb. nov. is removed from Amrasca and A. (A.) singularis Einyu & Ahmed is treated as a species incertae sedis. Habitus photos of all Chinese Amrasca species and illustrations of male genitalia of the new species are also given. The male holotype specimen of Chlorita bimaculata Matsumura is here designated as the neotype of Empoasca biguttula Ishida to fix the identity of this economically important species and Sundapteryx Dworakowska is reinstated from synonymy as a subgenus of Amrasca. Thus, the correct scientific name of the Indian cotton leafhopper is Amrasca (Sundapteryx) biguttula (Ishida).
Distinctive and continued phases of Indian migration to South Africa with a focus on human security: The case of Durban
Authors: Seedat-Khan Mariam , Johnson Belinda
Published: November 2017

A long-term analytical view of Indian migration and their human rights experiences in South Africa is essential to understand what prompts continued Indian migration and the factors that shape migrants’ human security experiences. The intersections of global, social, political and economic powers combine with national and international forces to determine the experiences of migration and human (in)security among Indian migrants in South Africa. This article focuses on historical Indian indentured migrants and the continued post-apartheid contemporary migration of Indians to South Africa. Throughout South Africa’s turbulent, violent and exploitative history, the political constructs of slavery, colonialism, economic expansionism, economic dispossession and apartheid convened in the passage of poor men, women and children from the Indian subcontinent. The article argues that traces of earlier exploitative histories continue to shape the framework for present-day Indian migrants in a way that impacts directly on their human security within a contemporary context.
Forced migration, human trafficking, and human security
Authors: Yousaf Farhan Navid
Published: November 2017

This article situates forced migration amid intersections of burgeoning human insecurities that force increasing numbers of people to leave their homes and become susceptible to exploitation. Drawing upon data on trafficking in Pakistan, the author argues that marginalized groups often go through multiple migrations that can include episodes of trafficking for sex, labor, or other purposes. The disjuncture between policies and realities on the ground, and the trend of current interventions do little to address the human security of these migrants. The article emphasizes that the human security frame provides a more nuanced human rights-based approach to analyze this form of migration and address the root causes and risks associated with the forced displacement of people.
The Covenant Connection Reexamined: The Nexus between Religions and Federalism in Asia
Authors: He Baogang , Allison-Reumann Laura , Breen Michael
Published: November 2017

The covenant connection thesis forms an important basis from which to understand the religious source of federalism. Yet with its Judeo-Christian roots, to what extent does it apply to Asian countries that have different religious traditions? In this article, we explore whether the covenant connection thesis is relevant to Asian federalism in the context of Muslim-, Hindu-, and Buddhist-majority countries. We find that while the presence or absence of a covenantal tradition within a religion can partially explain acceptance of, or resistance to, federalism, there are other religious features that also play a role. These include the extent to which traditional religious organizations are internally centralized, the extent to which religion and state governance are intertwined or separate from each other, and the extent to which a religion that constitutes the core national identity is threatened by other religions that are or may be empowered by federal arrangements.
Enduring contexts: Segregation by affluence throughout the life course
Authors: Toft Maren
Published: November 2017

Although temporal processes are fundamental to the ‘spatialization of class’, they remain understudied. This article thus provides empirical evidence of residential pathways in the Oslo region over the life course; it does so by using population-wide data in a 24-year panel, while focusing on residency in affluent and deprived areas. By utilizing sequencing and clustering techniques, the analysis shows that exposure to dense poverty and affluence is reproduced and intensified within individual biographies; this is indicative of vastly limited life experiences from late adolescence into adulthood. Accordingly, the relationship between class origins and class destinations that is often reported in studies of class mobility is likely to be reinforced due to prolonged experiences in advantaged or disadvantaged surroundings over time. Rather than being ‘stuck in place’, however, the disadvantaged are more geographically mobile and less spatially isolated than their affluent counterparts. The socio-spatial patterns suggest that the affluent employ strategies of spatial withdrawal that may be enabled by a dual process of closure consisting of the extensive marketization of housing and classed sentiments of belonging. The article argues that revealing the way in which spatially mediated contexts unfold throughout the life course seems to hint at spatialized processes of class structuration, thereby shedding light on contemporary inequality.
Social reproduction and politics: Overcoming the separation
Authors: Jeffries Fiona
Published: November 2017

From Tahrir Square and Puerta del Sol to Zuccotti Park and Taksim Square, the protest camps of 2011–2013 were a physical manifestation of a wide range of political objectives, including the extinguishment of autocratic regimes, the end of capitalism, and the abolishment of student loan debts. Yet their public re-creation, day after day, revealed a world of activity that is indispensable to the daily re-making of life itself but that is typically consigned to the backstage of political life. While the encampments are today remembered mostly for their evident failures, they remain significant for showing, in the most public way, that no politics is possible without that vital labour. In this material sense, they represented an important step toward the development and scaling up of modes of organizing that refuse to separate social reproduction from politics.
Surgical Decisions in the Elderly: The Importance of Biological Age
Authors: Farquharson S M , Gupta Ramesh , Heald R J , Moran B J
Published: November 2017

Surgeons will sometimes advise against an operation because the patient is ‘old and frail’. A simple starring system (one to five), based on performance and lifestyle, has been devised to assess the biological age of elderly patients. 10 consultant surgeons and 10 trainees answered questions about their treatment recommendations for hypothetical patients of standard age and medical history but with various star ratings and surgical conditions. 1000 decisions were available for analysis. The four and five star patients (those leading an independent existence) were recommended 266 interventions, the one and two star patients 55. Trainees were more inclined to intervene than consultants, recommending operations in half the patients rather than one-third. These results indicate that decisions on surgical management are strongly influenced by the patient's star rating or biological age. If the starring method proves reproducible in other patient groups and settings, it could allow better communication on an important factor in clinical decisions.
Amputations at the London Hospital 1852–1857
Authors: Chaloner E J , Flora H S , Ham R J
Published: November 2017

Between 1852 and 1857 at the London Hospital, 142 amputations were performed in 136 patients. The most common indication was an injury sustained at work. Overall mortality was 46% and the death rate was especially high for lower-limb amputations. Most deaths were due to postoperative sepsis. Those who received chloroform anaesthesia did worse than those who received ether.
Critical Appraisal in Clinical Practice: Sometimes Irrelevant, Occasionally Invalid
Authors: Coomarasamy Aravinthan , Latthe Pallavi , Papaioannou Spyros , Publicover Mary , Gee Harry , Khan Khalid S
Published: November 2017

A core activity of evidence-based practice is the search for and appraisal of evidence on specific clinical issues. Clinicians vary in their competence in this process; we therefore developed a 16-item checklist for quality of content (relevance and validity) and presentation (useability, attribution, currency and contact details). This was applied to a set of 55 consecutive appraisals conducted by clinicians and posted at a web-based medical journal club site.

Questions were well formulated in 51/55 (92%) of the appraisals. However, 22% of appraisals missed the most relevant articles to answer the clinical question. Validity of articles was well appraised, with methodological information and data accurately extracted in 84% and accurate conversion to clinically meaningful summary statistics in 87%. The appraisals were presented in a useable way with appropriate and clear bottom-lines stated in 95%.

The weakest link in production of good-quality critical appraisals was identification of relevant articles. This should be a focus for evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal skills.
Comparative Audit: The Trouble with Possum
Authors: Bann Simon D , Sarin Sanjeev
Published: November 2017

The Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM) has been proposed for use in comparative audit between surgeons and between hospitals. To assess its feasibility, POSSUM scoring was attempted on admission in all patients under the care of two consultant surgeons over a six-month period. Scores were awarded only if all investigations necessary for POSSUM were performed; investigations unnecessary for effective treatment were not performed.

815 patient discharges were recorded over the six-month period, with 521 patients undergoing operative procedures. Of those undergoing an operation, scores could be allocated in only 155 (30%).

Scoring systems such as POSSUM are procedure-based, thereby excluding those who do not undergo an operation. However, most of our operative cases were also excluded. Full POSSUM scoring will often require additional investigations. POSSUM is unlikely to be of use in the wider setting of comparative audit.
Out-of-Hours Palliative Care in the UK: Perspectives from General Practice and Specialist Services
Authors: Munday Daniel , Dale Jeremy , Barnett Mandy
Published: November 2017

Palliative care within the community requires well coordinated multidisciplinary teamworking, involving both primary and secondary care practitioners. ‘Out-of-hours'periods are a potentially problematic time for delivery of high quality care. We report on two national surveys—one of medical directors of out-of-hours general practitioner cooperatives, the other of medical directors of specialist palliative care units. The aim was to describe general practitioners'and specialists'perspectives on the availability and scope of community nursing and specialist palliative care services.

The results point to wide variation in service provision within the community. The two groups differed strikingly in their perceptions, the general practitioners being much less positive than the specialists about the availability of specialist advice and admission to specialist units out of hours.

Equitable out-of-hours palliative care services of high quality are unlikely to be achieved without dialogue between primary and secondary care based providers, local needs assessment and adequate resourcing.
Alcohol Abuse: Prevalence and Detection in a General Hospital
Authors: Hearne Ronan , Connolly Anita , Sheehan John
Published: November 2017

Despite a high prevalence of alcohol-related disabilities and the availability of cost-effective interventions, alcohol abuse and dependence commonly go undetected in hospital inpatients. In a university teaching hospital we compared three well validated screening methods for sensitivity and specificity—the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT, with various cut-off scores), CAGE (a four-question screening tool), and a 10-question version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (BMAST). A subset of patients also completed the DSM IV structured clinical interview for diagnosis. 1133 adult patients were randomly selected from all hospital admissions, with exclusion of day cases and patients too ill to be interviewed.

Two-thirds of the patients were interviewed, most of the remainder being unavailable at the time. 30% of the men and 8% of the women met the DSM IV criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence. Sensitivities and specificities of the screening tools were as follows: AUDIT (with cut-off score > 8) 89% and 91%; CAGE 77% and 99%; BMAST 37% and 100%. 255 case records of patients scoring above the cut-off on one or more questionnaires were subsequently reviewed. The admitting team recognized an alcohol problem in only 46, of whom 17 were referred for appropriate follow up.

As in previous hospital surveys, alcohol abuse and dependence was not receiving proper attention. The most efficient screening tool was the CAGE questionnaire.
Colonoscopy at a Combined District General Hospital and Specialist Endoscopy Unit: Lessons from 505 Consecutive Examinations
Authors: Thomas-Gibson Siwan , Thapar Catherine , Shah Syed G , Saunders Brian P
Published: November 2017

Provisional reports from the Intercollegiate British Society of Gastroenterology National Colonoscopy audit show completion rates of 57–77%for the procedure and poor levels of training and supervision. We prospectively audited all aspects of colonoscopy performed at a combined district general hospital and specialist endoscopy unit. Details of referral, examination, endoscopist, complications and follow-up were recorded and patients were sent questionnaires for long-term follow-up.

505 patients (246 male) underwent colonoscopy by 27 different endoscopists. Their median age was 57 years (range 13–92) and 93%were outpatients. 64% patients were symptomatic and 36%were having surveillance or follow-up colonoscopy. The overall caecal intubation rate was 93%, with little difference between surgeons, physicians and experienced trainees (89%, 92%, 94%) and specialist endoscopists (98%). In only one case was an inexperienced trainee (<100 procedures) unsupervised. Pain scores estimated by the endoscopist were well matched with those given by the patient—medians 29 and 26 (maximum 100) respectively. Median satisfaction score was 96 (maximum 100). Polyp pick-up rate was 26.9%and there were 11 new cancers. 16 (3%) minor immediate complications were recorded—5 oversedation, 6 vasovagal attacks, 3 polypectomy haemorrhages and 2 mucosal injuries (neither requiring treatment). 3 patients died within 6 months of follow-up but no death was colonoscopy related.

Completion rates in this setting were adequate for all endoscopists studied. Patient satisfaction with the procedure was high and very few immediate or long-term complications were encountered.
Dementia and Ethics: The Views of Informal Carers
Authors: Hughes Julian C , Hope Tony , Reader Steve , Rice Dee
Published: November 2017

There has been little work on the ethical issues facing non-professionals who care for relatives or others with dementia. A qualitative pilot study was conducted in ten such individuals, eight of them women, caring for persons drawn mainly from one general practice. The interviews indicated that many of the dilemmas faced by carers are ethical and that the issues differ from those faced by professionals. Ethical issues are sometimes the most troublesome matter for carers. Unlike issues for professionals, they arise from a personal context and are shaped by long-term relationships.