bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A description of the testate amoeba Ovulina parva gen. nov., sp. nov. from coastal marine sediments
Authors: Anderson O. Roger , Rogerson Andrew , Hannah Fiona
Published: May 2009

A testate amoeba with organic test, isolated from sediments in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, has been assigned to a new genus as Ovulina parva (Protista: Filosea) based on its unique light microscopic and fine structural morphology. The hyaline to amber test is ovate (~15×ll µm) with a terminal aperture that is either unadorned or with a shallow collar. Hyaline, long-tapering, pointed, sometimes branched, pseudopodia emerge directly from the aperture or from the periphery of a thin web of hyaline cytoplasm. The nucleus (~5 μm) with a central nucleolus (~2 μm) is located at the posterior of the cytoplasm. The fine structure of the test, examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, shows it is entirely organic with an irregular to granular surface. Scattered elongate pits (~1 μm long) without perforations are distributed irregularly on the surface. Ectoplasm is distributed within a fine fibrillar envelope lining the test. The endoplasm is ovoid and contains anteriorly located vacuoles enclosing densely-staining bodies with chromatin-like filaments which appear to be bacterial prey in late stages of digestion. This is further corroborated by light microscopic observations that bacteria are cleared from the surface of the culture dish within the circumference of the pseudopodia. The mitochondria (0.5–1.0 μm) have tubular cristae and some are located in the vicinity of peroxisomes (~0.5 μm) surrounded by a single membrane and with a finely granular matrix. Minimum doubling time in our cultures was 28.4 h, and the testate amoeba exhibits remarkable salinity tolerance growing in media ranging from 0 to 35% salinity.
Environmental conditions and physiological tolerances of intertidal fauna in relation to shore zonation at Husvik, South Georgia
Authors: Davenport John , Macalister Hector
Published: May 2009

South Georgia, an extremely isolated island within the Antarctic Convergence, was covered by an extensive icecap until ~10,000 years ago. In consequence the depauperate intertidal fauna is of recent origin and consists almost entirely of brooders or direct developers which probably arrived as a result of rafting. Environmental conditions between the tidemarks are comparable with northern Norway and Greenland, so the absence of mussels and barnacles is due to isolation from the nearest feasible sources of colonization (the Falkland Islands and Magellan), and not to a hostile environment. Intertidal animals (eight species studied) have median upper lethal temperatures that are positively and linearly related to maximum height of distribution on the shore. Thermal niche width (median upper lethal temperature minus median lower lethal temperature) is also positively correlated with maximum height of distribution on the shore with species below mid-tide level having narrow niches in contrast to species above mid-tide level that have wide niches. There is no relationship between freezing resistance and position on the shore. Salinity and desiccation tolerances were also greater in animal species from the upper shore than in those from the lower shore. In the case of those species also studied elsewhere (Lasaea rubra (Mollusca: Bivalvia); Nacella condnna (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and Tigriopus sp. (Crustacea: Copepoda)), evidence is presented to show that no special adaptation is exhibited by South Georgian animals, and that upper zonation limits are controlled primarily by physical tolerance. This is particularly marked in the case of N. condnna which has similar thermal tolerances on the Antarctic Peninsula, on Signy Island and at South Georgia; in consequence it can only inhabit the extreme lower shore at South Georgia, yet penetrates to mid-tide level at Signy Island.
Distribution, abundance, population structure and meat yield of the ocean quahog, Arctica islandica, in icelandic waters
Authors: Thórarinsdóttir Gudrún G. , Einarsson Sólmundur T.
Published: May 2009

A hydraulic dredge survey was conducted during January – June 1994 in north-west, north and east Iceland, to provide a first assessment of ocean quahog, Arctica islandica (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) resources in these areas. Ocean quahog was found in significant concentrations and high density. The combined high-density areas were 91.7 km2 with a minimum biomass (live weight) of 304.80 tonnes. Information on population structure and meat yield were also provided. The population in the areas was characterized by unimodal size distributions comprised of mostly larger-sized individuals. Most quahogs were between 70 and 90 mm with no individuals <17 mm which might be due to the selectivity of the dredge or because of poor recruitment in the population. Little difference was observed when comparing the mean shell length for the quahogs from the three areas. The mean shell length in the north-west area was 75.4 mm and 74.8 mm in the north and east areas. The shell length frequency distribution for the north-west area was different in shape from the two others which were not significantly different from each other. Mean quahog meat yields in the areas were from 30.1 to 33%. The meat yield was highest in the 50.55 mm size class in all areas.
The occurrence of the barnacle Elminius modestus in Shetland
Authors: Hiscock K. , Hiscock S. , Baker J. M.
Published: May 2009

During surveys of rocky shores in Shetland, the Australasian barnacle Elminius modestus was found at 3 out of 42 transect sites and at 6 out of 11 shores searched for its presence. Large populations were present only in Vidlin Voe with a few individuals present at other sites including Lerwick Harbour. These observations extend the northern recorded limit of distribution of E. modestus by approximately 450 km.

The spread of the Australasian barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin along the coasts of the British Isles has been followed with interest by marine biologists since the animal was first found in the region of Portsmouth in 1946. Crisp (1958) describes the spread of Elminius up to 1957 and reviews the factors which are important in encouraging or restricting the spread of the species. On the west coast of Scotland, Elminius is common in the Clyde and a few individuals have been recorded on settling panels in Dunstaffnage Bay near Oban (Barnes & Stone, 1972). On the east coast of Scotland, Elminius is known to be common in the Firth of Forth and a few individuals have been recorded from the Tay Estuary (Jones, 1961). Thus, the previous recorded northern limit of distribution of Elminius modestus lies at about 56° 30′ N. Our brief report describes how Elminius has now been found in the northernmost part of the British Isles.

As a part of the programme designed to monitor the effects of the oil terminal now being built at Sullom Voe on the north-east coast of the Shetland mainland, we have been concerned with the survey of plant and animal populations on rocky shores.
The influence of daylength, temperature and season on the hatching rhythm of Homarus gammarus
Authors: Branford J. R.
Published: May 2009

The release of larvae by female lobsters is confined to a few minutes at night, and is repeated at a similar time on each night over several weeks. The rhythm is shown to be partly controlled by an endogenous component in the female. Eggs in vitro have an exogenous, light-stimulated hatching rhythm, but are arhythmic in continuous light or darkness. In light/darkregimes the time of hatching is not influenced by daylength, but occurs sooner after sunset astemperature increases.
Balaniger balticus gen. et sp.nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) From Danish coastal waters
Authors: Thomsen Helge Abildhauge , Oates Kenneth
Published: May 2009

Balaniger balticus gen. et sp.nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) is described on the basis of electron microscopy of shadow-cast whole mounts, prepared from water samples collected in October 1975 at localities in the western Baltic. The saddle-shaped cell has two smooth flagella and a short haptonema. The cell surface is covered with oval organic scales supporting calcified pyramid-like structures. Confirmation of the calcification of the periplast has been achieved by applying an X-ray analytical electron probe to one of the specimens observed.
The hydrolysis of ammonium ions in sea water-experimental confirmation of predicted constants at one atmosphere pressure
Authors: Whitfield M.
Published: May 2009

Recent experimental measurements have confirmed the accuracy of earlier calculations of the extent of hydrolysis of ammonium ions in sea water over a range of temperature and salinity. Tables of the percentage of un-ionized ammonia in sea water compiled from the calculated data can therefore be used with confidence in assessing ammonia toxicity in mariculture systems.
Behaviour and cytology ofActinocoryne contractilis, nov. gen., nov. sp., a new stalked heliozoan (Centrohelidia): comparison with the other related genera
Authors: Febvre-Chevalier Colette
Published: May 2009

Actinocoryne contractilisis a new marine, benthic and stalked member of the Centrohelidia (Heliozoa) whose biology, motile behaviour and cytology are described. Preliminary results concerning the life cycle are given. The stalked form emits small subspherical planktonic heliozoans which settle and give rise to the stalked stage again.
Artificial substrates as a means of monitoring rocky shore cryptofauna
Authors: Myers A. A. , Southgate T.
Published: May 2009

Two types of artificial substrate (nylon pan-scourers) have been shown to be highly efficient collectors of cryptofauna on rocky shores. The communities which develop in them are closely similar to those which develop in naturally occurring red algal turfs in Bantry Bay. The physical structure of the red algae appears to be the prime factor in determining the development of populations of most of the cryptofaunal species studied. In monitoring protocols artificial substrates of the types described here can be substituted for naturally occurring red algae in studies on shore cryptofauna obviating the necessity for destructive sampling of algae and facilitating statistical analysis by providing a standard ‘unit’ of substrate for comparative purposes. Furthermore, recruitment intensity of two species of gastropod has been shown to be similar in the artificial substrates to that in natural turfs
The use of tidal growth bands in the shell ofCerastoderma eduleto measure seasonal growth rates under cool temperate and sub-arctic conditions
Authors: Richardson C. A. , Crisp D. J. , Runham N. W. , Gruffydd LI. D.
Published: May 2009

It has previously been shown inCerastoderma edulethat during periods of active growth the increments between successive growth bands each correspond to a period of tidal immersion. They can therefore be used to record instantaneous growth rates. For shells which, likeCerastoderma, conform to the Bertalanffy equation, such increments can be used independently of age and size to measure the Bertalanffy constant over brief intervals.
An endogenous rhythm in shell deposition inCerastoderma edule
Authors: Richardson C. A. , Crisp D. J. , Runham N. W.
Published: May 2009

The intertidal bivalve,Cerastoderma edule, when grown under constant conditions of temperature, salinity, water flow, light and food supply lays down faint internal shell bands at approximately semi-diurnal intervals, though with wide variations in periodicity from individual to individual. Animals grown continuously immersed under natural light/ dark cycles on a raft or below the tide marks produce similar bands. These bands are very faint compared with those in the shells of animals grown intertidally or under simulated semi-diurnal tidal conditions of emersion and immersion. The bands of intertidal animals also differ in their almost exact coincidence with the number of emersions. Cockles subjected to a diurnal cycle of immersion lay down strong bands coinciding approximately with the number of daily emersions, together with irregular faint bands. Thus the total number of bands exceeds the number of emersions.
Evidence for echolocation in harbour seals
Authors: Renouf Deane , Galway Gerald , Gaborko Linda
Published: May 2009

Evidence is given which suggests that harbour seals use some form of echolocation. When visual cues are reduced, these seals make click vocalizations similar to those of animals which are known to echolocate. They are able to find live fish in total darkness, producing clicks while doing so.
The food and feeding of the deep-sea morid fish Lepidion eques (Gunther, 1887) in the Rockall Trough
Authors: Mauchline J. , Gordon J. D. M.
Published: May 2009

The stomach contents of Lepidion eques trawled at depths ranging from 500 to 1250 m on the Hebridean Terrace (56°-57° N, 9°-11° W) are analysed relative to size of fish, depth of habitat and season of the year. Of the 1281 fish examined, 47% had everted stomachs, 29% empty stomachs, 2% had food that was totally unrecognizable while 21% had food whose constituents could be identified. The principal dietary components are the epibenthic and hyperbenthic decapod crustaceans, although a wide variety of other organisms also occur as minor components. Benthic infauna and sessile epifauna are absent from the diet. L. eques therefore feed predominantly on organisms swimming immediately above the sea-bed or actively moving over it.
A Check-List of the Freshwater, Brackish and Marine Diatoms of the British Isles and Adjoining Coastal Waters
Authors: Hartley Bernard , Ross Robert , Williams David M.
Published: May 2009

This is the first comprehensive check-list of the diatoms of the British Isles to cover all currently reported taxa from freshwater, brackish and marine habitats. It contains a classification of the genera in order of families, followed by a complete list of species and lower taxa set out in alphabetical order within each genus.

The two main orders of the British Diatomaceae are represented in:- 5 sub-orders, 20 families, 3 sub-families, 152 genera, 1798 species, 6 sub-species, 745 varieties and 73 forms.

The check-list also includes 2048 synonyms formerly in common use, together with 512 cross references to the names of taxa in current use.
The Development of the Lateral Line System in Plaice (Pleuronectes Platessa) and Turbot (Scophthalmus Maximus)
Authors: Neave D. A.
Published: May 2009

The distribution of free neuromasts and the formation of the lateral line canals are described for two species of flatfish (plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., and turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L.) during development from the bilaterally symmetrical larva to the bilaterally asymmetrical adult. On hatching plaice have three free neuromasts per side compared with six in turbot. After feeding is established plaice have 40–60/side compared with 20–25 in turbot. During development the ‘hillock’ of sensory cells increases in size and the cupulae grow in length. Canal formation starts later in plaice than in turbot. During metamorphosis the canal system becomes more concentrated in the upper (eyed) side of both species, but lateral line canals occur both on the head and body regions of the blind side. In plaice the tubes leading from the canals to the surface have typically one pore/tube, whereas in turbot there is much branching with 8–10 pores/tube.
Post-Larval Development of the Tellinacean Bivalves Abra Alba, Tellina Fabula and Donax Vittatus (Mollusca: Bivalvia), With Reference to the Late Larva
Authors: Webb C. M.
Published: May 2009

The post-larval shell and hinge development of the bivalves Abra alba (Wood), Tellina fabula Gmelin and Donax vittatus (da Costa) from the recently metamorphosed size to a juvenile size of 1·2–1·4 mm shell length has been examined using scanning electron microscopy. Early post-larval development in the stages up to 1·0–1·2 mm size can involve considerable morphogenetic change and requires careful description with photographic developmental series. The form of the pediveliger larva is present in the early post-larval shell and confirms the identity of the larvae of A. alba and T. fabula. The veliger and pediveliger larvae of A. alba are described. The similar larval form of the tellinacean bivalves is modified by differential margin growth early in post-larval development. Comparison of these bivalves with allied species reveals that the post-larvae are distinguishable at even the smallest sizes by the shell and hinge form. The metamorphic size of A. alba ranges from 0·26 to 0·31 mm, of T. fabula from 0·25 to 0·28 mm and of D. vittatus from 0·25 to 0·35 mm. The bivalve post-larvae were collected from the shallow sublittoral of Oxwich Bay, Bristol Channel, U.K., and the larvae from the overlying waters, during the years 1980–2.
Structure and growth of a high-level population ofCerastoderma edule(Lamellibranchiata)
Authors: Jones A. M.
Published: May 2009

The allometric relationships between shell length and shell breadth, shell height, shell weight, wet tissue weight and dry tissue weight are described for a population ofCerastoderma eduleliving at a high tidal level in the Dovey Estuary, West Wales. Seasonal fluctuations in standard animal values for shell weight and dry weight are interpreted in terms of the cycles of reproduction and food availability; the dangers associated with the use of wet weight in growth studies are demonstrated. The population structure is described using a combination of length-frequency and growth ring analyses and comprised nine year-classes with overlapping size ranges. The growth of the population was very slow and the relative growth rate was almost constant; associated with this slow, atypical growth pattern was considerable longevity and a small maximum size. The reasons for these characteristics are discussed.
The seasonal abundance of four species of Stauromedusae (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae) at Plymouth
Authors: Corbin P. G.
Published: May 2009

Annual population changes of four species of Stauromedusae at Plymouth are described. Three of these, Haliclystus auricula, Lucernariopsis campanulata and L. cruxmelitensis, have one generation in a year; Craterolophus convolvulus has two. The completion of the life-cycle of the four Plymouth species within a year is in agreement with Berril's (1962) studies of three species on the west Atlantic coast and with a reinterpretation of Sars's (1846) observations on Lucernaria quadricomis on the coast of Norway.
Reducing activity and the formation of base in the coralline algae: an electrochemical model
Authors: Digby P. S. B.
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In the process of calcification in the coralline algae,Clathromorphum and Corallina, the energy is derived from photosynthesis; the outer surface evolves carbon dioxide while calcium carbonate is deposited between the algal filaments. Evidence suggests that calcification may be brought about essentially by separation of acid and base followed by preferential removal of an acid component in the form of carbon dioxide.

These algae show strong oxidase, catalase and carbonic anhydrase activity, consistent with the processes postulated. The calcified algal thallus is normally reducing. Platinum electrode potentials, Eh, measured on and immediately below the outer surface of fresh and healthyClathromorphumcrust following abrasion ranged from 50 to 100 mV, some 150–370 mV negative to that of the surrounding water at the time. These potentials in the alga were most reducing after the material had been exposed to strong sunlight. Eh potentials, measured by electrodes of platinum foil attached to the outer surface ofClathromorphumin such a way as to shield it from light and from gaseous exchange from the sea water, reached values between 113 and -182 mV, or up to 480 mV negative to the Eh of the surrounding sea water.

Oxidation of crude suspensions of crushed fresh material showing reducing activity resulted in the production of base by removal of hydrogen ions. The amount of base so formed was greater when suspensions were first incubated out of contact with air for periods of up to several days, reducing conditions being enhanced by respiration of the alga alone or in conjunction with bacterial growth.
Mortality of the bottom fauna and fish in St Austell Bay and neighbouring areas
Authors: Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

Reports from anglers and divers indicated that in late August and September 1978 a substantial mortality of the bottom fauna and fish had occurred in the bays along the south coast of Cornwall, particularly in the St Austell area. It was therefore decided to carry out an investigation by diving and at the same time collect water samples from affected areas for further analysis. The following notes record the observations made during the period 19–28 September at various localities but mainly in St Austell Bay (see Fig. 1).
Mortality associated with a phytoplankton bloom off Penzance in Mounts Bay
Authors: Griffiths A. B. , Dennis R. , Potts G. W.
Published: May 2009

Since May 1977 the Penzance Branch of the British Sub-Aqua Club has carried out a routine survey, as a contribution towards the Underwater Conservation Year Programme, on the fauna and flora of a sublittoral reef situated about 300 m to the south west of the Gear Reef in Penzance Bay. The reef is situated in water of about 17 m depth and is generally surrounded by firm sand with patches of Zostera. The reef itself is about 30 m long and 17 m wide at its widest point and 8 m high with vertical faces and overhangs at its northern end. The sides slope by stages to the sand at the southern end and contain many deep fissures with a large one at the northern end widening to a cave that passes through from east to west. The reef is aligned with its longitudinal axis running north-south and provides a diverse environment for a rich fauna and flora, a considerable background knowledge of which has been gained by the survey: by late August 1978 a total of over 30 dives, each of approximately one hour's duration, had been made in this area.
Structure and general distribution of free neuromasts in the black goby, Gobius niger
Authors: Marshall N.J.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

This paper on Gobius niger describes the ultrastructure of free neuromast papillae of both standard and mandibular types, emphasizing the polarity of the hair cells in each row or column. Evidence to suggest a functional difference between mandibular and standard neuromasts is reviewed, together with an hypothesis concerning the developmental origin of the mandibular row, relevant to the evolution of lateral line organs in general.
B-cells and digestion in the hepatopancreas of penaeus semisulcatus (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Authors: Al-Mohanna S. Y. , Nott J. A.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The current nomenclature for cells in the hepatopancreas of decapods is based on the classification of Jacobs (1928) and Hirsch & Jacobs (1928). They described the E-(embryonic), F-(fibrillar), B-(blister-like) and R-(resorptive or absorptive) cells. More recently the M-(midget) cell has been described (Al-Mohanna, Nott & Lane, 1984).

Accounts of the structure of these cells are reviewed by Gibson & Barker (1979) and the B-cells most closely resemble those described and illustrated in this paper for the period 24 h after feeding.
Chemoautotrophic function of bacterial symbionts in small Pogonophora
Authors: Southward A. J. , Southward Eve C. , Dando P. R. , Barrett R. L. , Ling R.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The small species of Pogonophora that are widely distributed in sediments along the Continental Slope and in the Norwegian fjords (Webb, 1965; Southward & Southward, 1967; Southward, 1971,1979) carry Gram-negative bacteria in the posterior part of the body (Southward, 1982). In this they resemble the giant pogonophores (Vestimentifera) that live around hydrothermal vents in the Pacific ocean floor (Cavanaughet al.1981; Cavanaugh, 1983). The bacteria in both groups are autotrophic (Felbeck, 1981; Southwardet al.1981), capable of synthesizing organic matter from carbon dioxide. The bacteria inRiftiaand other vent pogonophores appear to obtain energy by oxidation of reduced sulphur compounds (Felbeck, 1981; Felbeck, Childress & Somero, 1981). Hydrothermal vent waters may contain as much as 6 nut dissolved sulphide (Edmondet al.1982; Edmond & Von Damm, 1983), which is diluted to about 200-300 μM near the giant pogonophores, whose blood can transport sulphide without affecting the affinity of its haemoglobin for oxygen (Arp & Childress, 1983; Powell & Somero, 1983; Childress, Arp & Fisher, 1984).
Bass nurseries on the west coast of the U.K.
Authors: Kelley Donovan
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Presence of O-group bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), has been recorded for a number of estuaries and tidal backwaters in the south of the United Kingdom, including the tidal Thames (Wheeler, 1979), the outer Thames at Southend (Murie, 1903), the Medway (Van den Broek, 1979), Langstone Harbour (Reay, 1973), the Dart (Dando & Demir, 1985), and the Tamar (Hartley, 1940). The author has found them, additionally, in Chichester Harbour and in the Cuckmere (Sussex), Teign and Tavy estuaries. Correspondents have reported them from the estuaries of the Blackwater (Cox), Crouch (Wiggins), Lynher (Gee) and Fal (Melhuish); also from the Fleet backwater in Dorset (Fear). It may be inferred that all estuaries and tidal backwaters on the south and south-east coasts of the U.K. constitute bass nurseries, in some degree.*
The haemocytes of balanomorph barnacles
Authors: Waite M. E. , Walker G.
Published: May 2009

The haemolymph of balanomorph barnacles contained very few haemocytes. The hyaline cell was the main haemocyte type found and this cell is capable of phagocytosing foreign bodies. A few semi-granular cells were also found, but granulocytes never occurred. Haemocytes were not found within haemolymph clots.
Histological study of different regions of the skin and gills in the mudskipper,Boleophthalmus boddartiwith respect to their respiratory function
Authors: Al-Kadhomiy N. K. , Hughes G. M.
Published: May 2009

Gills are the typical respiratory organ of fish in their usual habitat of well-aerated water. The transition from water- to air-breathing required many modifications to the structural and physiological adaptations of the gas-exchange surfaces, i.e. gill, skin, swimbladder and other accessory organs of the alimentary canal. The skin is particularly important among air-breathing fish. This histological study showed varying degrees of adaptation of parts of the skin from different body regions, paying particular attention to the water/blood barrier. The results suggest a general importance in gas exchange in the following order: gill, inner operculum, nasal, body and outer opercular skin, as indicated by increasing thickness of the water/blood barrier.
Changes in scaling of respiratory systems during the development of fishes
Authors: Hughes G. M. , Al-Kadhomiy N. K.
Published: May 2009

Relationships between respiratory area, oxygen consumption, and body mass have been examined during the development of water- and air-breathing fish. It is concluded that there is at least one stage at which the slope of the relationship between log gill area and log body weight changes during fish development. This usually occurs in the weight range 0.05–1.0 g and is often associated with a distinct metamorphosis, but no common functional significance can be attached to them. However, the change in slope does not appear to be associated with a comparable inflexion in the corresponding relationship between body mass and oxygen consumption (routine). It seems probable that other surfaces are important during these transitions and that the total gas-exchange surface of the fish shows a more constant change throughout the life history. Further analyses of a wider range of species is required to test this hypothesis.
Acidic allomones in marine organisms
Authors: Thompson T. E.
Published: May 2009

The phenomenon of acid secretion has arisen independently many times, for feeding, for penetrating calcareous material to make a shelter or to pursue prey, or for defence. This last category contains examples from many groups of marine organisms, in which acidic allomones may serve to deter fouling by epibionts or predation by teleost fish. Histochemical and histophysical methods have increased the precision with which acidic allomones can be identified within acid vacuoles, cells, glands, sacs or capsules. Acidic allomones are produced in pleurobranch molluscs by unicellular epidermal glands, by multicellular subepidermal sacs, or by an arborescent internal acid gland, connected to the buccal mass by a thick medio-dorsal duct. Some species have all three types. In the case of the epidermis, discharge is probably triggered directly by the trauma of attack by a predator (effectively, holocrine discharge), but the other types of gland are discharged by contraction of a strong muscle sheath, without tissue damage. Cypraeid molluscs have extensive, mobile mantle lobes which can ensheath the massive shell temporarily. The epidermal acid glands are orientated within the mantle so as to discharge away from the shell. The lamellariid and philinid molluscs have internal shells, well protected from chemical attack, and the multicellular, subepidermal acid glands are situated over all the surfaces of the body. In the tunicates investigated, both blood and tunic were neutral inCiona intestinalis, but they were both acid (pH 1) inAscidiella aspersa. InAscidiella scabraandAscidia mentulathe blood was neutral, and the tunic alone was acid. The acid tunics contained abundant blind lacunae. It is unlikely that these acid-filled lacunae correspond to the blind-ending arterial ampullae described by other workers. Discharge is probably brought about directly through the trauma of attack. The perennial species of the algaDesmarestia, D. aculeata, exhibited a pH near to neutrality. Two annual species,D. dresnayiandD. ligulata, contained acid of pH 1–2, and showed strong precipitation of BaSO4after BaCl2treatment. Sections confirmed that the acid is normally held within the swollen parenchymatous cells which pack the sporophyte frond. The cuticle is comparatively thin in the acidic species. In conclusion, it is argued that acid secretion may be the allelochemical analogue of warning or aposematic coloration.
An in vivo fluorescence response in the Bay of Biscay in June
Authors: Pingree R. D. , Harris R. P.
Published: May 2009

CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY

Surface fluorescence measurements in June in the Bay of Biscay showed little correlation with chlorophyll a measurements due to the presence of a marked diurnal fluorescence rhythm although satisfactory correlations have been obtained at other times of year in the same region (see Fig. 10 of Pingree et al. 1982). By contrast, the beam attenuation coefficient values showed a good correlation with the chlorophyll a measurements and can be used to map the sea surface distribution of chlorophyll a when the diurnal rhythm is present, particularly when the phytoplankton is dominated by a single species. This conclusion may be of considerable practical significance when contemplating synoptic surveys in such situations. As Prezlin & Ley (1980) have observed there is growing awareness that fluorescence per unit chlorophyll a is not a constant that can be used reliably in mixed phytoplankton biomass estimates based on in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence, and the problem is clearly compounded if some species exhibit a marked diurnal fluorescence rhythm. Furthermore, the present observations support the caveats of Falkowski & Kiefer (1985), that in situ moored fluorometers, the use of air-borne laser-induced fluorescence, or satellite-received passive, solar-induced fluorescence, only measure fluorescence, not chlorophyll per se.

The fluorescence response near the shelf-break over a 24 h period following a drogued dahn buoy showed a variation of about a factor of 5 between the day and night fluorescence levels. Beam attenuation coefficient measurements and Coulter Counter analyses showed that these results could not be attributed to the migration of the phytoplankton.
The Plankton of the Faröe Channel and Shetlands. Preliminary Notes on some Radiolaria and Copepoda
Authors: Wolfenden R. Norris
Published: May 2009

In the year 1899 I commenced a series of tow-nettings round the coast of Shetland, and established four stations—one south of Sumburgh Head (III.), one west of Papa Stour (IV.), one of the northernmost points of Shetland (V.), and one due east of Bressay (VI.). During 1899 my yacht (the Walwin), a cutter of forty tons, made the round of these stations once a month during October, November, and December; and in 1900 during January, February, March, April, May, and June. During July, 1900, a passage was made across to Thorshaven (and back to Scalloway, Shetland), where stations were established, numbered respectively A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9. (See Chart.) During August, 1900, only a short trip to the first two stations in the Faröe Channel was possible. In October, 1900, January, 1901, April, 1901, the stations round Shetland were visited again, and during May, 1901, a further passage was made to Thorshaven and back to Scalloway, visiting the stations previously fixed in the Faröe Channel. This passage was repeated in June, 1901, and again in July, 1901.
Notes on the Young of Blennius galerita, L
Authors: Byrne L. W.
Published: May 2009

No description of the young of this species seems to exist, with the exception of that given by Emery (1) of some examples from Naples.

The specimens here described were captured at Newquay, on the north coast of Cornwall, in September, 1898, and have been preserved in formol. They were caught in sandy pools surrounding or surrounded by rocks in the shelter of which they seemed to be fond of lying. When disturbed they darted with considerable rapidity from place to place, and in doing so were seemingly assisted by the large pectoral fins which were carried nearly at right angles to the body by the fish when at rest.
On the Occurrence of Squilla desmaresti in the North Sea
Authors: Bell F. Jeffrey
Published: May 2009

So far as I have been able to discover, there is no record of the presence of this or any other Squilla in the North Sea; to make sure I inquired of Dr. Hoek, whose experience is unrivalled, and he assures me that the only record is that of an Erichtheus stage, discovered on the Dogger Bank during the cruise of the Pommerania (1872). Early in May (1901) I received through the Director of the Natural History Museum a specimen of Squilla, as to the rarity of which in the Channel he called my attention.
The Fishes collected by the “Huxley” from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906
Authors: Byrne L. W
Published: May 2009

Only one species met with on this cruise appears to have been previously undescribed.

Although all the other species were already known from similar localities in the North-east Atlantic, attention may be called to an interesting series of the young of Synaphobranchus pinnatus and to the capture of numerous young examples of Onus biscayensis.

When compared with the results of the hauls taken by H.M.S. Research, a little farther south and over very much deeper soundings, the list of species taken by the Huxley is chiefly remarkable for the entire absence of Stomias boa, Gonostoma microdon, and G. bathyphilum, the range of none of which seems to extend into waters as shallow as those fished by the Huxley.
Occurrence and Activity of Mobile Macrofauna on a Sublittoral Reef: Diel and Seasonal Variation
Authors: Nickell L.A. , Sayer M.D.J.
Published: May 2009

Underwater television observations were made of mobile macrofauna inhabiting two parts of a sublittoral reef on the west coast of Scotland for 48 h periods in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Continuous occurrence profiles (mean hourly frequency of occurrence, %) were detailed for 12 species of fish (Chirolophis ascanii, Conger conger, Ctenolabrus rupestris, Lepadogaster candollei, Myoxocephalus scorpius, Pholis gunnellus, Pollachius pollachius, Raniceps raninus, Phrynorhombus regius, Zeugopterus punctatus, Thorogobius ephippiatus and Trisopterus minutus), ten crustacean species (Cancer pagurus, Carcinus maenas, Galathea strigosa, Homarus gammarus, Inachus spp., Munida rugosa, Necora puber, Brachyuran sp., Caridean sp. and Pagurid sp.) and four echinoderm species (Antedon bifida, Asterias rubens, Hemicia oculata and Solaster endeca). Rhythmic patterns of diel activity and/or occurrence were identified for several species. Chirolophis ascanii, Ctenolabrus rupestris, L. candollei, Myoxocephalus scorpius, Pholis gunnellus, Pollachius pollachius, Thorogobius ephippiatus, Trisopterus minutus and Munida rugosa were predominantly diurnal, but Ctenolabrus rupestris, Myoxocephalus scorpius and Trisopterus minutus also showed some evidence of crepuscular activity. Raniceps raninus activity was predominantly nocturnal but became continuous in summer. In other species (the topknots Phrynorhombus regius and Z. punctatus and the crustaceans Cancer pagurus and Homarus gammarus) identifiable occurrence patterns changed with season or site. The greatest number of fish species occurred in winter with Myoxocephalus scorpius, Pollachius pollachius and topknots (Phrynorhombus regius and Z. punctatus) showing greater occurrence/activity during spring and winter. Co-occurrence analysis was used to identify species interactions or avoidances.
Induction of Emesis by the Sodium Channel Activator Veratrine in the Lesser Spotted Dogfish,Scyliorhinus Canicula(Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)
Authors: Andrews P.L.R. , Sims D.W. , Young J.Z.
Published: May 2009

This study provides the first quantitative description of the emetic reflex (vomiting) in the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) by using veratrine HC1 (lOmgkg−1, i.p.), the sodium channel activator as a stimulus. Vomiting occurred within 10 min of injection. The most notable features of the response in the correct temporal sequence were: (i) head shaking with wide gaping of the mouth; (ii) lowering of the ventral buccal cavity and expansion of the pharyngeal cavity; (iii) contraction of the gill arches, the buccopharyngeal musculature and lowering of the jaw rapidly followed by the expulsion of gastric contents (pieces of fish). The expulsion sequence (ii and iii) took ~ 1 s. The significance of the vomiting reflex in the dogfish is discussed in terms of its protective function and as a component of normal feeding to periodically eject indigestible food residues.
Acoustic Assessment of Populations of Common Dolphin off the West Wales Coast, With Perspectives from Satellite Infrared Imagery
Authors: Goold John C.
Published: May 2009

Passive acoustic monitoring of common dolphins was conducted across a survey area of 1000 n.m.2 (nautical miles) off the west Wales coast during the months September, October, November and December 1995. Dolphin presence and distribution was assessed by a system of percentage acoustic contact. Results were compared with those from a seismic/dolphin survey during the same months of the previous year, and across the same survey area. Distributions of common dolphins within the survey area showed similar trends for both years, with a marked decrease in dolphin contacts between September and October of both years. These observations suggest offshore migration of common dolphin populations at the time of year. Sea surface temperature distribution across the entire region was visualized during two survey periods using infrared satellite imagery. It is hypothesized from these observations that offshore migration of common dolphins coincides with a break-up of the Celtic Sea Front, a distinct oceanographic feature which crosses the survey area.
The Unstable Seasonality of Calanus Finmarchicus in the Fair Isle Current
Authors: Beare D.J. , Mckenzie E. , Speirs D.C.
Published: May 2009

Seasonal variation in the abundance of marine plankton taxa is commonly expressed in the form of ‘mean annual cycles', in which the mean abundance over several years for a particluar season is plotted against the time of year. Typically, such mean annual cycles are used to compare patterns between different spatial locations. We wish to argue, however, that this can be very misleading since the shape of the underlying seasonal cycle itself may change with time as well as location. Thus, it is possible that the mean annual cycle may never actually occur in the environment in any location, nor need it characterize the underlying cyclicity in any one year. Moreover, ignoring changes in the shape of seasonal cycles over time can obscure important demographic shifts in plankton populations. It is therefore essential to test statistically for any changes in the shape of annual cycles before assuming their stability through time. Here we report on continuous plankton recorder (CPR) data of the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus in which there is a demonstrable change over time in the pattern of seasonal fluctuations in abundance, and we discuss briefly the demographic implications of this change.
A Cumulative Species Description Curve For Large Open Water Marine Animals
Authors: Paxton C.G.M.
Published: May 2009

A cumulative species description curve (from 1830 to 1995) is given for open water marine fauna in excess of 2 m long in the major axis of the body. This curve has not yet closely approached its asymptote. Estimation by maximum likelihood fit of a hyperbola suggests a maximum of some 47 species awaiting formal scientific description and an approximate current rate of description of one new species every 5·3 years. Consideration of the most recently described species and recent observations by field workers suggests that any imminent species descriptions are most likely to be cetaceans.
Utilization of Macroalgal Carbohydrates By The Marine Amoeba Trichosphaerium Sieboldi
Authors: Rogerson Andrew , Williams Alan G. , Wilson Peter C.
Published: May 2009

Trichosphaerium sieboldi is a marine amoeba with a cosmopolitan distribution. The ability of three strains, from different geographical regions, to digest a range of macroalgae was investigated. Prior to these experiments, methods were developed for the axenic cultivation of T. sieboldi. Algae included Fucus vesiculosus, F. spiralis, Laminaria digitata, L. saccharina, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata, Porhyra sp., and Ulva sp. All were degraded with equivalent ease; typically 50% of the tissue biomass was removed within seven days. The wall of this amoeba was studied to obtain clues on how a protist could be digesting macroalgal tissue. The fibrous nature of the outer cell wall presumably allows the wall to part and remesh during consumption of large particles. It is suggested that during digestion of macroalgae, the wall is parted to enable digestive enzymes to be localized along the surface of the seaweed wall, effectively forming an ‘enzyme pocket’. Trichosphaerium has both polysaccharidases and glycosidases, notably glucosidase, cellobiosidase, mannosidase and fucosidase. These enzymes work in concert to facilitate the breakdown of the complex polysaccharides found across the range of seaweeds used. These studies suggest that T. sieboldi could be a primary invader of seaweeds in the field. They also suggest that some protistan groups may be important in the degradation and recycling of algal material in coastal waters.
Seasonal Switching Between Relative Importance of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control of Bacterial and Heterotrophic Nanoflagellate Abundance
Authors: Šolić M. , Krstulović N. , Bojanić N. , Marasović I. , Ninčević Ž.
Published: May 2009

Seasonal dynamics of bacterial and heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF) species assemblages were analysed in Kaštela Bay (middle Adriatic Sea). Dominant patterns identified were: (1) during summer and autumn bacterial abundance was mainly controlled by HNF grazing (top-down), whereas HNF abundance was controlled by bacterial abundance (bottom-up); (2) during winter and spring the coupling between bacteria and HNF was very weak, and bacterial abundance was mainly controlled by resources supply (bottom-up), whereas HNF abundance was controlled by micro-zooplankton grazing (top-down); (3) throughout the year, both bacterial and HNF species assemblages alternated with two periods of stable abundance, first with high and second with low values; (4) top-down effect was dominant in bacterial switching from stable abundance with high values to stable abundance with low values, whereas bottom-up model dominated in inverse process; and vice versa for HNF.
Observations on Morphology, Age and Diet of Three Architeuthis Caught Off the West Coast of Ireland in 1995
Authors: Lordan C. , Collins M.A. , Perales-Raya C.
Published: May 2009

Three specimens of the giant squid Architeuthis were by-caught in demersal trawls to the west of Ireland, between April and June 1995. All three specimens were mature males, of mantle length 975–1084 mm. Although some intraspecific variation in fin, beak and gill were noticed, all three specimens were tentatively assigned to the species A. dux. The three specimens had food remains in their stomachs and food items identified included Micromesistius poutassou, Trachurus trachurus, Nephrops norvegicus and Eledone cirrhosa. Age estimates were made by counting putative daily growth increments in ground statoliths, and ranged from 294–122 d, giving percentage daily growth rates of 2·96–4·25% indicating a short life cycle and extremely rapid growth.
A New Species ofChaperiopsis(Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) From South Africa
Authors: Pulpeiro E. Fernández , Gil O. Reverter
Published: May 2009

A new South African species of the genusChaperiopsisis described from material deposited in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.Chaperiopsis stephensoniis redescribed and figured from the original material.

The genusChaperiopsisUttley, 1949 is widely distributed in the southern hemisphere. Numerous species of this genus have been described in different works; notable amongst these are the works of Busk (1854, 1884), Kluge (1914), Uttley (1949), Gordon (1984), Hayward & Thorpe (1988), Reverter Gil & Fernández Pulpeiro (1995) and Hayward (1995). Some previous records ofChaperiopsisspp. from South Africa are included in the works of Jullien (1881), Busk (1884), O'Donoghue & De Watteville (1935), O'Donoghue (1957) and Hayward & Cook (1983).
Determination of Growth and Age of Slow Growing Brittle Stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) From Natural Growth Bands
Authors: Dahm Corinna , Brey Thomas
Published: May 2009

Growth in ophiuroids is highly variable, and with increasing size and age of an ophiuroid specimen more and more of the innermost growth rings on the vertebral ossicles become overgrown and hence invisible. Two approaches to estimate individual age of slow growing brittle stars using the high Antarctic species Ophionotus victoriae are compared. One method interprets natural growth ring readings as size-increment data, whereas the second method compensates for growth ring overgrowth by means of an iterative corrective approach. Preconditions as well as advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed.