bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sociopragmatics of a lovers’ spat
Authors: Fitzmaurice Susan M.
Published: April 2009

This paper involves the historical construction of pragmatic meanings in a courtship correspondence of the eighteenth century. I draw on relevance theory in a pilot analysis preliminary to the pragmatic coding of implicature and inference in a rich body of epistolary prose in the letters subcorpus of the Network of Eighteenth-century English Texts (NEET). Extensive qualitative pragmatic study from relevance theoretic and Gricean perspectives have been conducted using the corpus (Fitzmaurice 2002, 2000). Uncovering the meanings of the letters within entire exchanges consists of negotiating multiple specific literary, cultural, historical and linguistic contexts. The goal is to construct a larger (con)textual setting in which later readers can ascertain the extent to which original participants were able to calculate their correspondents’ intentions and how they in turn responded.
Altering distance and defining authority
Authors: Nevala Minna
Published: April 2009

This article studies the use of nominal terms and pronouns as a means to refer to a third party, as well as to the writer him/herself and the addressee in written interaction. The purpose is to discuss the concepts of person reference and social deixis by looking at how the interactants’ social identities and interpersonal relationships are encoded in the use of referential terms in Late Modern English letters and journals. The results show that the term friend may be used when the writer has something to gain from it: an actual favour, a reciprocal act of solidarity, or an access to the addressee’s/referent’s in-group. In general, shifting between in-group/out-group membership appears to be a common function for the use of friend. The use of addressee- and self-oriented reference is in turn determined by the social and contextual aspects of appearance, attitude, and authority.
Variation and change in patterns of self-reference in early English correspondence
Authors: Palander-Collin Minna
Published: April 2009

The pronoun I indexes the speaker or writer in place and time but also situates him or her in the moral order as the person responsible for what is uttered (Mühlhäusler and Harré 1990). Consequently, this paper asks (1) what gentlemen of the Early and Late Modern England could say about themselves in the first person and (2) whether there were any register or diachronic differences in typical self-reference. This study relies on integrationist social theory and employs a set of quantitative and qualitative methods in the analysis of recurrent word clusters extracted from the Corpus of Early English Correspondence and its Extension. The results point to increasing self-reference and the prominence of mental verb clusters that often serve interpersonal functions.
Interruption in advanced learner French
Authors: Guillot Marie-Noëlle
Published: April 2009

This exploratory study focuses on interruption as a feature of conversational management in multi-participant talk in advanced L2 French, based on a comparison with L1 French and English. It has two overall objectives: to consider pragmatic adaptations in L2 French from the point of view of interactional pressures, and to assess cross-cultural differences in the management of talk from the standpoint of learners. It is thus at the interface between interlanguage and cross-cultural pragmatics research. The analysis highlights tensions between pragmatic and processing demands in the learner data, resulting in limited pragmatic discrimination, differential adaptations to native French practices and possible stereotyping.
The Effect of Cannabis Compared with Alcohol on Driving
Authors: Sewell R. Andrew , Poling James , Sofuoglu Mehmet
Published: April 2009

The prevalence of both alcohol and cannabis use and the high morbidity associated with motor vehicle crashes has lead to a plethora of research on the link between the two. Drunk drivers are involved in 25% of motor vehicle fatalities, and many accidents involve drivers who test positive for cannabis. Cannabis and alcohol acutely impair several driving‐related skills in a dose‐related fashion, but the effects of cannabis vary more between individuals than they do with alcohol because of tolerance, differences in smoking technique, and different absorptions of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active ingredient in marijuana. Detrimental effects of cannabis use vary in a dose‐related fashion, and are more pronounced with highly automatic driving functions than with more complex tasks that require conscious control, whereas alcohol produces an opposite pattern of impairment. Because of both this and an increased awareness that they are impaired, marijuana smokers tend to compensate effectively while driving by utilizing a variety of behavioral strategies. Combining marijuana with alcohol eliminates the ability to use such strategies effectively, however, and results in impairment even at doses which would be insignificant were they of either drug alone. Epidemiological studies have been inconclusive regarding whether cannabis use causes an increased risk of accidents; in contrast, unanimity exists that alcohol use increases crash risk. Furthermore, the risk from driving under the influence of both alcohol and cannabis is greater than the risk of driving under the influence of either alone. Future research should focus on resolving contradictions posed by previous studies, and patients who smoke cannabis should be counseled to wait several hours before driving, and avoid combining the two drugs.
Emerging patterns in the reconstruction of conflict‐affected countries
Authors: Jacoby Tim , James Eric
Published: April 2009

This paper introduces the five other contributions that make up this special edition of Disasters.1 It presents some background on the general issues that surround the reconstruction of conflict‐affected countries, before going on to comment on some of the more prominent concerns that have emerged within the sphere of humanitarianism over the past decade or so. To contextualise the overall theme of this special edition, it then points to three areas of commonality among the five substantive papers—namely, issues of ‘marketisation’, ‘politicisation’, and ‘securitisation’. These, this paper proposes, represent emerging patterns in the reconstruction of conflict‐affected countries generally. The focus of this special edition thus has a broader resonance and, as such, it might be considered to be representative of wider geopolitical trends. It is, in sum, argued that these three patterns have combined to narrow the space in which humanitarian and reconstructive interventions into conflict‐affected countries are organised and undertaken.
THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF KNOWLEDGE FLOW HIERARCHIES AMONG INTERNATIONALLY NETWORKED MEDICAL BIOCLUSTERS: A SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Authors: COOKE PHILIP
Published: April 2009

This paper builds on a suite of research studies examining the metamorphosis in industry organisation, as Penrose calls it, regarding the centrality of firm capabilities in biosciences. Whereas knowledge leadership capabilities used to be inside global corporations now they have given way to university laboratories and dedicated biotechnology firm networks to access innovative research. The basic argument is that research centre and small firm knowledge capabilities have generally outstripped those of the multinationals in knowledge‐intensive industry, a consequence of which is a re‐alignment in cause‐and‐effect outcomes shaping economic geography. This is particularly pronounced in biosciences and pharmaceuticals. The paper mobilises a new theoretical framework and new data that support the thesis that a realignment of industry organisation around knowledge capabilities was pioneered in biosciences, is active in other industries, and biosciences is now entering a new phase. This mirrors a rise in systems biology that re‐asserts the dominance of key nodes in global bioeconomy hierarchies.
Delirium in the intensive care unit: a review
Authors: Arend Emma , Christensen Martin
Published: April 2009

Aim: The aim of this paper was to review the current discourse in relation to intensive care unit (ICU) delirium. In particular, it will discuss the predisposing and contributory factors associated with delirium’s development as well as effects of delirium on patients, staff and family members.

Background: Critically ill patients are at greater risk of developing delirium and, with an ageing population and increased patient acuity permitted by medical advances, delirium is a growing problem in the ICU. However, there is a universal consensus that the definition of ICU delirium needs improvement to aid its recognition and to ensure both hypoalert‐hypoactive and hyperalert‐hyperactive variants are easily and readily identified.

Relevance to clinical practice: The effects of ICU delirium have cost implications to the National Health Service in terms of prolonged ventilation and length of hospital stay. The causes of delirium can be readily classified as either predisposing or precipitating factors, which are organic in nature and commonly reversible. However, contributory factors also exist to exacerbate delirium and having an awareness of all these factors promises to aid prevention and expedite treatment. This will avoid or limit the host of adverse physiological and psychological consequences that delirium can provoke and directly enhance both patient and staff safety.

Conclusions: Routine screening of all patients in the ICU for the presence of delirium is crucial to its successful management. Nurses are on the front line to detect, manage and even prevent delirium.
Separation of the Auricular and Annular Ear Cartilages: Surgical Repair Technique and Clinical Use in Dogs and Cats
Authors: TIVERS MICHAEL S. , BROCKMAN DANIEL J.
Published: April 2009

Objective—To report a surgical technique for primary repair of separation of the annular and auricular cartilages of the ear and long‐term outcome.

Study Design—Case series.

Animals—Cats (3) and dogs (2) with ear canal separation.

Methods—Medical records (1998–2007) of dogs and cats with ear canal separation were reviewed. Long‐term outcome was obtained by telephone interview of owners or referring veterinarians.

Results—Three cats and 1 dog had ear canal separation after being hit by a car; there was no history of trauma in 1 dog. Successful repair was achieved by a caudal approach to the ear canal, identifying and debriding separated cartilage edges and using primary repair. A patent ear canal was confirmed in all animals by otoscopy 4–12 weeks later and by ear canalography in 3 animals. Long‐term outcome was excellent with no reported complications 10–90 months later (median 24 months).

Conclusions—Both acute and chronic separation between the annular and auricular cartilages, in the absence of middle ear disease, can be successfully treated using primary repair via a caudal approach to the ear canal, with excellent long‐term outcome.

Clinical Relevance—Primary repair should be considered in animals with separation of the annular and auricular cartilages.
Comparison of VVIR, DDD, and DDDR Pacing
Authors: JUTZY ROY V. , ISAEFF DALE M. , BANSAL RAMESH C. , FLORIO JOSEPH , MARSA ROBERT J. , JUTZY KENNETH R.
Published: April 2009

In the past several years there has been continued improvement in pacemaker technology, resulting in the availability of a large variety of pacemaker generators and pacing modes. The introduction of single‐chamber rate modulated pacemakers provided a further improvement in pacing therapy. With the recent introduction of dual‐chamber rate responsive pacemakers, it is now possible to more closely restore physiological function with pacing in a large number of patients. In deciding which pacing mode is most beneficial to a given patient, it is essential to understand the various characteristics of the different pacing modes that are available. It is essential to have knowledge of the underlying electrophysiological characteristics of the patient and how they would be affected by the different modes available. The VVIR mode will control bradycardia and provide rate adaptation but at the expense of AV synchrony. The DDD mode will control bradycardia and provide AV synchrony, but will not provide rate adaptation in patients with chronotropic incompetence. The DDDR mode will control bradycardia, maintain AV synchrony, and provide far rate adaptation in the presence of chronotropic incompetence. The chronotropic response to physiological stress and/or pacemaker syndrome are major determining factors in the choice of the best pacing mode. The primary goal of pacing therapy is to restore the heart function as close as possible to normal. When at all possible, this should include provision of both AV synchrony and rate modulation. The DDDR mode is preferable in most patients since it is capable of providing both AV synchrony and rate response (except those with chronic supraventricular arrhythmias). The VVIR mode is as effective in patients who have chronic atrial fibrillation or frequent episodes of supraventricitar arrhythmias.
Peeling the Onion
Authors: Gotthold Jacqueline J.
Published: April 2009

How can a psychoanalyst account for and recount the process of understanding the therapeutic endeavor? What happens in those moments, co‐created by patient and analyst, when the consultation room comes “alive” in ways that defy easy or simplistic answers? How does an analyst come to understand psychoanalytic treatment as a bidirectional, dyadic, dynamic, interactively regulated relationship? Understanding the psychoanalytic treatment process from a disciplined, yet spontaneous, nonlinear perspective is the focus of this chapter. The overarching treatment process will be considered through the presentation of vignette of a treatment with a school‐aged child.
Statin Use Is Associated With Improved Survival in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure Receiving Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Sumner Andrew D. , Boehmer John P. , Saxon Leslie A. , Carson Peter , Feldman Arthur M. , Galle Elizabeth , Bristow Michael R.
Published: April 2009

It is unknown whether statin use improves survival in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (HF) receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The authors retrospectively assessed the effect of statin use on survival in patients with advanced chronic HF receiving CRT alone (CRT‐P) or CRT with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator therapy (CRT‐D) in 1520 patients with advanced chronic HF from the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial database. Six hundred three patients (40%) were taking statins at baseline. All‐cause mortality was 18% in the statin group and 22% in the no statin group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.85; confidence interval (CI), 0.67–1.07; P=.15). In a multivariable analysis controlling for significant baseline characteristics and use of CRT‐P/CRT‐D, statin use was associated with a 23% relative risk reduction in mortality (HR, 0.77; CI, 0.61–0.97; P=.03). Statin use is associated with improved survival in patients with advanced chronic HF receiving CRT. No survival benefit was seen in patients receiving statins and optimal pharmacologic therapy without CRT.
Understanding Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Clinical Importance and Future Outlook
Authors: Miller Alan B. , Piña Ileana L.
Published: April 2009

Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HF‐PEF) accounts for approximately one half of all HF patients admitted with acute decompensated HF and carries a significant morbidity and mortality burden. This condition, however, has been largely understudied because it is difficult to diagnose, and management guidelines are still being discussed. This article provides an overview of HF‐PEF and its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment, with a focus on clinical trials using renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers. Inhibitors of the RAAS have been studied in HF‐PEF to determine whether their benefits extend beyond blood pressure control. However, the 3 trials conducted to date (CHARM‐Preserved, PEP‐CHF, and I‐PRESERVE) with candesartan, perindopril, and irbesartan, have failed to demonstrate significant morbidity and mortality benefits. Although no agent has proven statistically significant benefits in morbidity and mortality in HF‐PEF, recent studies have added to the breadth of clinical data and understanding of the demographics of these patients.
Bone Characteristics and Metal Concentrations in White Suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from One Neutral and Three Acidified Lakes in Maine
Authors: Hamilton Steven J. , Haines Terry A.
Published: April 2009

The bone characteristics of white suckers, Catostomus commersoni, from four lakes in Maine were studied in relation to lake water quality and metal concentrations in fish. Green Lake had a neutral pH, high buffering capacity, and low aluminum concentrations, whereas the other three lakes had low pH, low buffering capacity, and elevated aluminum concentrations. The concentrations of aluminum in white suckers did not differ among the four lakes, but concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury were greater in fish from the three low-pH lakes. The vertebrae were weaker and more flexible in fish from the low-pH lakes than in those from neutral-pH Green Lake. The inferior mechanical properties of bone in fish from the low-pH lakes were probably a result of the significantly lower proline concentrations in collagen. Low pH of lake water or elevated whole-body concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury, either individually or combined, could have caused the inferior mechanical properties of bone of white suckers from the low-pH lakes.
Gastric Evacuation in Walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma
Authors: Smith R. L. , Paul J. M. , Paul A. J.
Published: April 2009

The effects of meal size and temperature on food evacuation in juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) were examined. In the range of meal sizes used (0.5–2.5% of body weight), food evacuation was a negative, exponential function of time. Increasing meal size reduced instantaneous evacuation rate but increased the amount of food evacuated. In the range of temperatures used (3–9 °C), both instantaneous evacuation rate and amount of food evacuted were positive linear functions of temperature. Our evacuation rate values are higher than previous estimates for walleye pollock, suggesting that daily ration and the trophic impact on prey species may have been significantly underestimated.
Auditory Stimulation Dishabituates Olfactory Responses via Noradrenergic Cortical Modulation
Authors: Smith Jonathan J. , Shionoya Kiseko , Sullivan Regina M. , Wilson Donald A.
Published: April 2009

Dishabituation is a return of a habituated response if context or contingency changes. In the mammalian olfactory system, metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated synaptic depression of cortical afferents underlies short-term habituation to odors. It was hypothesized that a known antagonistic interaction between these receptors and norepinephrineß-receptors provides a mechanism for dishabituation. The results demonstrate that a 108 dB siren induces a two-fold increase in norepinephrine content in the piriform cortex. The same auditory stimulus induces dishabituation of odor-evoked heart rate orienting bradycardia responses in awake rats. Finally, blockade of piriform cortical norepinephrineß-receptors with bilateral intracortical infusions of propranolol (100 μM) disrupts auditory-induced dishabituation of odor-evoked bradycardia responses. These results provide a cortical mechanism for a return of habituated sensory responses following a cross-modal alerting stimulus.
The Changing Lex Arbitri of the UAE
Authors:   Luttrell
Published: April 2009

The United Arab Emirates has experienced rapid economic growth in the last decade. As part of the Federation's broader plan to attract foreign investment, an ambitious program of commercial legal modernization was undertaken. The UAE has never had a dedicated arbitration law—arbitration is governed by a handful of articles of the Federal Code of Civil Procedure. One of the tasks given to the Ministry of Economy was to produce a sui generis statute that would bring UAE arbitration law into line with international best practice. A draft of the Federal Law on Arbitration and the Enforcement of Arbitral Awards was released for comment in 2008, and, after a positive reception, the new law is awaiting promulgation. This paper is intended to introduce UAE arbitration law and explain the main differences between the outgoing Civil Code regime and the incoming framework of the new federal arbitration law.
“Don’t Call Me ‘Mom’”: How Parents Want to Be Greeted by Their Pediatrician
Authors: Amer Ahdi , Fischer Howard
Published: April 2009

Background. Physician—patient interaction during the medical interview is essential in establishing the rapport necessary for a successful relationship. Physicians are generally encouraged to shake hands with patients, address patients by name, and identify themselves. Objective. To define parents expectations for greetings by pediatricians and to determine the frequency with which these expectations are met. Design and methods. A total of 100 parents visiting the General Pediatric Clinic at Childrens Hospital of Michigan were recruited. Parents were interviewed at the end of their medical encounter to determine expectations for greeting by their doctor. They were questioned about preferences for shaking hands, the doctors’ use of their names, and the way doctors should introduce themselves. They were then asked if the experience at this visit conformed to these expectations. Results. Overall, 81% of the parents were the childrens mother and 86% were African-American. Over 80% of parents expected physicians to shake hands; 70% of residents and 66% of attendings did. 88% of parents wanted to be addressed by their names; only 14% of residents and 24% of attending physicians did so. All of the parents wanted the physicians to introduce themselves; 84% of residents and 93% of attendings did so. Conclusions. Physicians neither shook hands with many parents who expected it, nor did they address parents by their last names. About 90% of physicians introduced themselves. These disappointingly low results may predispose to parent dissatisfaction. Attending physicians need to teach these small, but important features, and to model them as well.
Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC) of Youth: An Analysis of State and Federal Efforts to Address the Issue
Authors: Leiber Michael J.
Published: April 2009

Since the mid-1990s, states participating in the Federal Formula Grants Program have been required to determine whether disproportionate minority confinement (DMC) exists in secure facilities, identify the causes, and develop and implement corrective strategies. DMC, a core requirement of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, as amended, consists of four interrelated stages: identification, assessment, intervention, andmonitoring. The objective of the present research is to examine compliance with the identification and assessment stages of the DMC mandate. More specifically, the inquiry focuses on the extent of minority overrepresentation in states' juvenile justice systems and assessments of its causes. The discussion concludes with an examination of the politics and practical limitations that affect implementation of the DMC requirement.
The Effect of State Sentencing Policies on Incarceration Rates
Authors: Sorensen Jon , Stemen Don
Published: April 2009

This aricle explores the relationship between sentencing policies and the state incarceration rate, prison admission rate, and average sentence length in the late 1990s. Presumptive sentencing guidelines represent the only policy consistently related to incarceration and admission rates, whereas three strikes laws may increase the rate of admission to prison among those arrested for drug offenses. Determinate sentencing, mandatory sentencing, and truth-in-sentencing laws have no effect on rates of incarceration or admission. Crime rates, the percentage of the population that is Black, and citizen ideology have the greatest influence on the rates of incarceration and admission across states. The apparently limited effects of sentencing policies on incarceration or admission rates should give pause to state policy makers seeking to quickly alter prison populations through the adoption of such policies without considering other factors that independently influence prison populations in their states.
Medical social workers in Hong Kong hospitals
Authors: Wong Chack-kie , Chan Becky , Tam Victor
Published: April 2009

Physicians and nurses were included in the study in order to see whether role ambiguity for medical social workers is related to the differences in role expectations. It was found that medical social workers had different expectations of their roles from those of physicians and nurses. A clear difference was also identified between the lines of authority in terms of medical social workers’ role relations with physicians and nurses. Role ambiguity of medical social workers did not merely arise out of misunderstanding or misperception, it was also affected by authority structure.
The quest for relevance
Authors: Mupedziswa Rodreck
Published: April 2009

Critics have argued that for social work education and training in Africa to realize relevance, it has to shed its remedial character and assume a developmental outlook. However, what has not been clearly articulated is how to implement the developmental social work approach among the various institutions in the continent. This article suggests benchmarks, or a checklist (or model), to enable institutions to work out the extent to which they may be in the process of implementing this strategy.
Occupational social work and job retention supports
Authors: Iversen Roberta Rehner
Published: April 2009

Global changes are increasing unemployment worldwide, particularly among women, members of racial and ethnic minority groups, and youth. Occupational social work practice can be systematically reformulated to focus on job retention supports in work programs. International exchanges of information and knowledge-building among occupationally-focused social workers can shape this reformulation, increase job retention and promote the historic mission of the profession.
Users’ views of an outreaching social work team in Hong Kong
Authors: Chui Wing Hong
Published: April 2009

This article reports the survey findings of a recent study on users’ views of the service provided by an outreaching social work team in Hong Kong. It attempts to explore how youth at risk can be jointly involved in evaluating the quality of the social service. Users appear to have favourable opinions towards the service received and would like to have greater involvement in programme planning, implementation and evaluation. Finally, recommendations on improving the understanding of the needs of users and encouraging greater user participation in future service delivery are suggested.
Values, theories and methods in social work education
Authors: Taylor Zoya
Published: April 2009

Due to the crisis of the welfare state in the industrialized countries, voluntarism, privatization and self-help have replaced many statutory programs. Attempts to “indigenize” social work as a profession in developing country contexts require that the main thrust of social work education be questioned. The lack of resources available for social services has implications for the development of a model for social work education which is compatible internationally.
Chinese communal support networks
Authors: Yuen-Tsang Angelina W. K.
Published: April 2009

A qualitative study on the social support networks of the 27 Chinese working mothers in a Beijing neighbourhood was carried out. The networks are communal and different from those of the West. They are characterized by a mutual sharing and holistic provision of support resources among network members; a rigid boundary between “insiders” and “outsiders”; reciprocity throughout the life course; and a common aspiration for harmony among members. The social and cultural forces behind the networks and the implications of the networks for social work intervention are also discussed.
Field education in a developing country
Authors: Rambally Rae E. Tucker
Published: April 2009

This article discusses from a cross-cultural perspective the process of establishing a new field in a developing country, highlights inherent problems in its sustainability, and demonstrates that field education transcends its traditional boundaries and emerges as a catalyst for organizational change and social development. Illustrations are given of the role of students in initiating organizational changes and of the social development ventures spearheaded by the Field Placement Coordinator and community agencies.
From Potential Friends to Potential Enemies: The Internment of ‘Hostile Foreigners’ in France at the Beginning of the Second World War
Authors: Delacor Regina M.
Published: April 2009

After Hitler came to power, France had been one of the most important host countries for emigrants from Germany. In spring 1939 another wave of refugees reached the country after the Spanish Civil War, whereupon the government of Édouard Daladier reacted by building internment camps in the south of France. The Third Republic used this huge potential of human labour and resources for its own economy by creating special colonies and brigades of foreign workers. As a result of external tensions, but also on the basis of the great number of internees, the government prepared to integrate the immigrants in additional foreign units in the French army, thus establishing a common aim of fighting the nazi dictatorship. The German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of August 1939 and the outbreak of the second world war caused the French Home Office to do an about-turn. In an atmosphere of anti-communist hysteria, antisemitism and xenophobia, Daladier articulated his mistrust of communists and ‘hostile foreigners’ and as well as arrests, ordered the mass internment of immigrants originally from the territories of ‘Greater Germany’. With such repressive measures the Third Republic robbed itself of the opportunity to use the political ambition of declared enemies of nazism in the fight against persecution and tyranny.
From Antisemitic Peripheries to Antisemitic Centres: The Place of Antisemitism in Modern German History
Authors: Heilbronner Oded
Published: April 2009

German antisemitism in the late nineteenth century had its own special character, which can be explained as ‘antisemitic peripheries’ or provincial antisemitism. The starting-point of this argument is the complexity of nine-teenth-century German society and this article examines the place of antisemitism in a uniquely German phenomenon: the mass of cultural, social and political divisions which existed in German society in the second half of the nineteenth century. This can undoubtedly serve as a background to nazi antisemitism, but does not explain it fully.
Britain, Nasser and the Outbreak of the Six Day War
Authors: McNamara Robert
Published: April 2009

This article explores the role of Britain in the lead-up to the 1967 Middle Eastern War. It analyzes why Britain took such an active role in the initial stages and why this was scaled back to a policy of non-intervention in the end. It concludes that Britain's interests in the Middle East, which were primarily the protection of oil, the maintenance of a balance of power and the containment of Nasser, became dependent on an Israeli military victory. Intervention would have had much too high a political and economic cost. Likewise, the USA came to much the same conclusion, which was why both nations secretly welcomed the Israeli victory.
A Republican Turning Royalist? Saddam Husayn and the Dilemmas of Succession
Authors: Bengio Ofra
Published: April 2009

The issue of succession has forced itself upon the Iraqi scene in the last few years for three main reasons: President Saddam Husayn's policies aimed at preserving as much power as possible in the hands of his family and establishing the basis for hereditary rule; growing pressure from the USA, Britain and the Iraqi opposition in the diaspora, to bring about a change of regime in Iraq; and the ‘trend’ towards a generational change of leaders now under way throughout the region. All this has resulted in the flourishing of possible scenarios regarding post-Saddam Iraq. This article focuses on one aspect only — Husayn's own views, dilemmas and often contradictory actions connected with the issue of succession.
Gustave Hervé's Transition from Socialism to National Socialism: Another Example of French Fascism?
Authors: Loughlin Michael B.
Published: April 2009

In 1901, Gustave Hervé attained notoriety by creating an image of the tricolour planted in a dungheap. Soon he formed a prominent anti-militarist movement called Hervéism. When France's socialist parties united in 1905, Hervé led the most extreme faction. Soon Hervéists started a weekly newspaper, La Guerre sociale, which attempted to unite the French extreme left. Six years of sensational and provocative campaigns and organizations failed to implement his ideas. Despite his dedication, the quixotic Hervé became frustrated by continuing leftist divisions. His disillusionment was connected to a rather naive reading of the increasingly anachronistic revolutionary tradition. Despite his sincerity, Hervé's romantic and eclectic socialism exhibited atavistic features. His gradual transition to blatant chauvinism by 1914 culminated in a form of national socialism after 1919, which sought to recruit workers and former militants in a crusade for French renewal. Hervé's activist socialism had included an anti-materialistic critique of society; his interwar national socialism looked to the nation and its religious traditions to remedy social divisions and decadence. His renamed newspaper, La Victoire, and its associated groups offered authoritarian panaceas to end French disorder. Despite Hervé's marginalized status during the interwar era and his general reluctance to engage in violence, his neo-Bonapartist views and admiration for Mussolini must inescapably be included within what Philippe Burrin has called ‘the fascist drift’. Striking shifts such as Hervé's, from one extreme to the other, have often been tied to the origins of fascism. But the two chief interpretations of French fascism, the ‘consensus’ approach associated with Zeev Sternhell and Eugen Weber as well as the ‘neo-traditionalist’ approach associated with Robert J. Soucy and William D. Irvine, sometimes use the case of Hervé to buttress their contrasting arguments. Such a paradoxical situation demands a thorough exploration of the life and political career of Gustave Hervé.
Landscape, Memory and the Australian War Experience, 1915–18
Authors: Hoffenberg Peter H.
Published: April 2009

The Great War (1914–18) continues to shape political culture and collective memory in the major combatant nations. Its influence can be seen in public holidays, expressions of national identity, and attitudes towards war and peace. This is most certainly the case in Australia, where ANZAC Day (25 April) still anchors the public calendar, and the first world war experience anchors the activities on that day. Why have the battles on the Western Front and at Gallipoli on the Dardenelles remained at the centre of those commemorations and their visions of Australian identity? Why has the Anzac myth remained so powerful while Australian society has changed so much? This article considers those questions in light of the early literary creation of the Anzac tradition in the writings of C.E.W. Bean, the official Australian war historian, John Masefield, the English Poet Laureate, and many of the soldiers themselves. Wartime diaries, letters, poems and reflections suggest the powerful linkage of the Australian war experience with commonly held ideas and images of the Australian landscape and collective past. The more that the writers and myth-makers described fighting and battlefields as complements and sometimes mirror images of key Australian landmarks, such as the Outback and Botany Bay, the more meaningful and accessible the war experience became. Without a military tradition to draw upon, Australians made sense of the unprecedented horrors of the first world war by comparing them to mythic experiences of migration, exile and struggles with a hostile land. Those might be revelant and accessible to different social groups and different times, whether Aboriginal Australians, white settlers or more recent Asian migrants. Such national myths are not forms of escapism, but integrate experience and imagination, linking citizens in a persistent and viable way not only with one another, but with a shared, more inclusive past.
A Counsel of Despair: British Strategy and War Aims, 1917–18
Authors: Millman Brock
Published: April 2009

In 1917, after a year of disasters and disappointments, the guiding premises upon which Britain's war policy was founded shifted. The war, in the future, would no longer be directed toward achieving victory, which few believed possible, but toward putting Britain in the best possible position to survive an inconclusive war, perhaps a defeat. The movement to this new vision was associated with the change of government, after December 1916, with the movement to new ways of making war policy, and with changes in personnel in the army. This new war policy, in turn, spawned component policies which proved largely irrelevant to the actual course of the war but which were of enormous consequence.
Heroes of the Nation? The Celebration of Scientists on the Postage Stamps of Great Britain, France and West Germany
Authors: Jones Robert A.
Published: April 2009

Despite their easy availability, postage stamps have received little attention as historical source material. One of the aims of this article is to demonstrate the utility of postage stamps for the study of the construction of national attitudes and cultures — in this instance, national attitudes to science and scientists.

It has frequently been suggested that science has not been afforded the same level of respect in Britain that is usual in many continental countries. This article compares the representation of science and scientists on postage stamps in Britain, France and West Germany during the period 1951–90, to see if this supposed difference in attitudes is evident.

An analysis of the number of stamps representing science during this period shows that the subject was not unfavourably treated on British stamps compared with those of the other two countries. There was, however, a marked difference in the way that science was celebrated on British stamps. Whereas France and West Germany gave prominence to the individual scientist, British stamps favoured the institutional aspects of science. This difference can be partly explained by the issue policies of the postal authorities, but is chiefly due to the different messages that the three countries were trying to send about themselves and does not seem to be a symptom of different national attitudes to science. The role of postage stamps in celebrating and helping to define the national culture is briefly discussed and compared with other forms of acknowledgement of the role of science in popular culture, such as the design of bank notes and national festivals.
Pragmatism, Principles and Policy: Federalism and Industrial Relations Regulation in Australia
Authors: Lyons Michael , Khoshaba Thomas
Published: April 2009

Traditionally, industrial relations in Australia have been governed by a dual system of federal and State regulation. In recent decades there have been two attempts to create a single national system of industrial relations regulation. In 1973, the Whitlam (Australian Labor Party) government proposed two constitutional alteration referendum questions to give the federal parliament plenary law making powers over `prices' and `incomes', and consequently industrial relations. In 2005, the Howard (Liberal—National parties coalition) government used the existing constitutional law making powers of the federal parliament, the corporations power, to widen the coverage of the federal industrial relations system with the Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) Act 2005 (Cth) to capture about 85 percent of Australian employees. This article compares and contrasts these two efforts to create a national industrial relations system. The analysis shows that both efforts illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of federalism generally and suggests the political nature of industrial relations policy in Australia remain regardless of the regulatory jurisdiction.
Socioecological Models of Automotive Theft: Integrating Routine Activity and Social Disorganization Approaches
Authors: Rice Kennon J. , Csmith William R.
Published: April 2009

This study explores causes of variation in auto theft rates using spatial data with face blocks as a unit of analysis. An integration of routine activity theory and social disorganization theory is proposed, premised on an empirical basis of interaction effects and a pattern of automobile theft diffusion. The results show that the integration of social disorganization theory and routine activity theory significantly increases the predictive power of the analyses and reveals several new socioecological implications for how and why auto theft occurs.
Practical Issues in Measuring the Impact of a Cultural Tourist Event in a Major Tourist Destination
Authors: McHone W. Warren , Rungeling Brian
Published: April 2009

Assessing the revenue generation and other economic influences of a one-time megaevent raises unique measurement problems. This is especially true when the event is a “cultural” tourist activity held in a place where many “casual” tourists flock. This article describes this delineation process and presents the basis for encouragement of cultural tourist events.
Predicting Changes in Hong Kong’s Hotel Industry Given the Change in Sovereignty from Britain to China in 1997
Authors: Lloyd Jacqueline , La Lopa Joseph M. , Braunlich Carl G.
Published: April 2009

A modified three-round Delphi study of 14 general managers was used to predict which changes will occur in Hong Kong’s hotel industry as a result of the change in sovereignty from Britain to the People’s Republic of China in 1997. The managers predicted that competitiveness within the hotel industry would become more intense following an immediate short-term lull in business, or recession, after the handover. In the long run, managers predicted that the number/type of hotels, influx of new labor, and volume of business would increase, making Hong Kong highly competitive with the rest of Asia.
Mines—A Tourist Attraction: Coal Mining in Industrial South Wales
Authors: Wanhill Stephen
Published: April 2009

There is considerable interest both across Europe and America concerning how to reprocess old mines and quarries workings. This article looks at the experiences of the tourism authorities in South Wales in setting up mines and industrial remains as tourist attractions and the key issues involved. The focus is on the Big Pit Mining Museum in Blaenafon, South Wales, which was conceived in 1979 and established in 1983. As a commercial tourist attraction, the museum was fated to struggle for its existence, but as time has passed and the memories of coal have diminished, so the mine has acquired a growing heritage value of its own, just like any antique item. Thus, in May 1999, it was agreed that the state-run National Museums and Galleries of Wales should absorb the museum to conserve it for posterity.
National Online Tourism Policy Initiatives for Australia
Authors: Sharma Pramod , Carson Dean , Delacy Terry
Published: April 2009

The benefits of online technologies for the tourism industry include increased efficiencies in communications, research, marketing, financial transactions, and enterprise management. Australia has a history of public sector policy initiatives designed to encourage economic development. Tourism is seen as a key industry for economic development, and the perceived benefits of online technologies for tourism have led to a strong role within the policy context for encouraging technology uptake. There has been some concern on the part of the Australian government that a lack of a national policy to this point means that full benefits to the industry of the online technologies may not have been realized. As a result, the government initiated a program of research and industry consultation in 1999 to develop a national online tourism policy. This process identified five key initiatives that were to form the foundation of an online tourism policy. It is expected that implementation of these initiatives as part of a national online tourism policy will advance the goal of achieving a sustainable tourism industry for Australia.
The Application of a Spatial Decision Support System to Tourism-Based Land Management in Small Island States
Authors: Feick Robert D. , Hall G. Brent
Published: April 2009

Tourism planning decisions involve varying degrees of participation from multiple interests, some of which may differ substantially in their objectives, relative authority, and perception of key issues. This article focuses on applying Geographic Information System technology within a customized software design to allow multiple participants from various sectors to designate land parcels appropriate for tourism-related development or for a competing land use. The approach adopted allows the degree of consensus in land designations to be identified and visualized in map form. A small sample of participants with diverse interests in land use and tourism planning issues apply this tool to a sample tourism planning study in West Bay District of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. The findings of the sample application are discussed, with emphasis given to the contributions that this type of information system can offer policy makers concerned with contentious tourism-related planning and management decisions.
Exchange Rate Volatility and Cointegration in Tourism Demand
Authors: Webber Anthony G.
Published: April 2009

This study investigates the long-run demand for Australian outbound leisure tourism during the period 1983 (quarter 1) to 1997 (quarter 4) for nine major tourism destinations. The study is unique in an international context by using exchange rate volatility as an explanatory variable, while it is unique in an Australian context by using a composite substitute price variable. The estimation and hypothesis-testing processes are undertaken using both the Johansen and Engle and Granger procedures. The variance of the exchange rate was found to be a significant determinant of long-run tourism demand in 50% of estimates. Real disposable income and substitute prices were found to have inelastic long-run effects on tourism, while the long-run relative price elasticity tended to differ widely across countries. Indonesia was the only country to find that the exchange rate has a significantly different impact on tourism than relative prices.