bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Efficacy of Selective Nerve Root Block in Lumbar Radiculopathy due to Disc Prolapse
Authors: Dhakal Gaurav Raj , Hamal Pawan Kumar , Dhungana Siddhartha , Kawaguchi Yoshiharu
Published: August 2020

Background: Selective Nerve Root Block using steroid is a proven technique for management of lumbar radiculopathy. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of selective nerve root block in lumbar radiculopathy.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for duration of one year in patients diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy. Patients with leg pain, positive straight leg raising test and single level disc prolapse were included in the study. The procedure was performed under fluoroscopic guidance and Visual Analogue Pain rating scale and Oswestry Disability Index score was used for assessment pre-injection, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months and 1-year post injection.Results: Total 35 patient with mean age of 37.7± 9.31 years were included in the study. The pre-injection Visual Analogue Pain Score(Mean ± S.D:7.8±0.7) was significantly reduced at one week (4.2±1.47, p <0.00001), one month (2.74±1.06, p <0.00001), six months (2.31±0.75, p <0.00001) and one year (2.62±0.84, p <0.00001). Similarly, pre-injection Oswestry Disability Index score (Mean ± S.D: 32.09±5.95) was significantly reduced at one week (19.51±7.26, p <0.00001), one month (12.71±4.56, p <0.00001), six months (9.8±2.87, p <0.00001) and one year (10.09±2.97, p <0.00001) but not significantly improved when compared at 6 months and 1 year (p < 0.44).Conclusions: Selective Nerve Root Block in lumbar radiculopathy significantly reduces Visual Analogue Pain Score up to a year, however, the reduction in pain plateaus around six months.Disability index score only reduces for first 6 months but doesn’t significantly reduce from six months to one year.Keywords: Lumbar; radiculopathy; selective nerve root block; steroid.
Efetividade oxi-hemodinâmica de três tipos de banho no leito de pacientes cardiopatas graves: crossover
Authors: Lôbo Anna Beatriz Alves Pereira , Santos Silvia Regina Martins dos , Mesquita Júnior Luiz Cesar de , Fernandes Ramon Monteiro , Santos Mariana Pereira , Reis Fernanda Faria , Silva Monyque Evelyn dos Santos , Oliveira Aretha Pereira de , Lima Dalmo Valério Machado de
Published: August 2020

Objetivo: identificar alterações hemodinâmicas e/ou oximétricas decorrentes de três técnicas de banho no leito em pacientes cardiopatas internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Cirúrgica. Método: Ensaio clínico tipo crossover 3 X 3 no qual foram aplicadas três tecnologias de banho no leito, no mesmo indivíduo, em três momentos diferentes. As intervenções consideradas foram: banho tradicional a 42,5ºC com temperatura da água monitorada e constante; Banho com frasco-ampola de 1L de água destilada aquecido por 1 minuto no forno de micro-ondas em potência máxima sem controle da temperatura; Banho com lenços umedecidos aquecidos por 20 segundos no forno de micro-ondas em potência máxima. Amostra composta por 18 pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas. Foram analisadas as variáveis frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, Pressão arterial (sistólica, diastólica e média), temperatura axilar e saturação de oxigênio por meio de oximetria de pulso. Para comparação das médias, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA Two-way de medidas repetidas com nível de significância pré-estabelecido de 5%. Resultados: Amostra predominantemente masculina, parda e não fumante, submetida majoritariamente à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Não houve nenhuma alteração significativa nas variáveis estudadas (p > 0,05), considerando os diversos tipos de banho nos diferentes momentos (antes, durante e após o procedimento). Conclusão: Os banhos no leito com água a 42,5°C, com frasco-ampola de água destilada aquecido e com lenços umedecidos, em pacientes pós-cirurgia cardíaca e internados em UTI, não acarretam nenhuma alteração significativa sobre as variáveis oxi-hemodinâmicas.
Conhecimentos dos graduandos do curso de Enfermagem na interpretação da gasometria arterial em um centro universitário do interior de Pernambuco
Authors: Costa Antônio César de Oliveira , Barbosa Michael Gabriel Agustinho , Silva Marina Maria da , Lins Severina Rodrigues De Oliveira
Published: August 2020

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento dos formandos em enfermagem em um Centro Universitário, localizado no Agreste Pernambucano sobre a interpretação da gasometria. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. A pesquisa foi realizada em um centro universitário localizado no interior de Pernambuco. A amostra final foi composta por 114 graduandos de enfermagem. Para a avaliação foi utilizado o questionário composto com 16 questões com dados sociodemográgicos e de estudo. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva, através de distribuições absolutas e percentuais. O programa utilizado para digitação dos dados e obtenção dos cálculos estatísticos foi o programa StatisticalPackage for the Social Sciences (SPSS) na versão 15. Após a análise dos dados foi identificado que a 77,2% dos alunos que participaram da pesquisa são do sexo feminino, 51,8% possuem idade de 20 a 25 anos,  75,4%, possuem status de relacionamento, solteiro. Também foi possível evidenciar que 62,3% são alunos matriculados no nono período, 58,8% estudam no turno da tarde e 82% já haviam realizado estágio prático. Quanto á coleta da gasometria arterial 54,4% já havia realizado o procedimento e 67,5% sentiam-se inseguros no procedimento. Por fim foi evidenciado que um número considerável de estudantes, minoria, não conseguiram responder a diversos questionamentos, sendo eles específicos da coleta e interpretação da gasometria arterial.
Extração de óleo essencial da pimenta rosa (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) e determinação da citotoxicidade e contagem inibitória mínima
Authors: Santos Ícaro Randson Nascimento , Farias Jôingly Casimiro de , Lima Thamirys Lorranne Santos , Queiroga Inês Maria Barbosa Nunes , Chaves Karina da Silva , Cavalcanti Mônica Tejo , Gonçalves Mônica Correia
Published: August 2020

O óleo essencial extraído dos frutos da pimenta rosa (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) possui propriedades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas e antifúngicas. Estas propriedades estão relacionadas a presença de compostos antibacterianos na sua composição. Tais compostos podem ser usados no combate a bactérias deteriorantes e patogênicas em alimentos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi extrair o óleo essencial da pimenta-rosa (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) e determinar a citotoxidade e a concentração inibitória mínima, afim de investigar seu efeito antimicrobiano contra cepas bacterianas, visando a possível utilização do óleo essencial como condimento em alimentos. O óleo essencial foi extraído por aparelho Clevenger modificado (hidrodestilação) e foram determinados os parâmetros de aparência, odor, cor e densidade. Para a citotoxicidade foram utilizadas oito concentrações (500; 250; 150; 50; 25; 12,5; 6,24 e 0 µg/ml) do óleo essencial aplicado em Artemia salina e para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima oito concentrações foram testadas (0; 0,01625; 0,0325; 0,065; 0,125; 0,25; 0,5 e 1 %) em cinco diferentes linhagens bacterianas, sendo duas Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 e Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117) e três Gram-negativas (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 e Salmonella Enteretidis ATCC 13076). Os resultados demonstraram que a concentração citotóxica foi de 86,2 µg/ml e a taxa de inibição apenas para a linhagem de Staphylococcus aureus foi de 0,5% e as demais linhagens não foram inibidas. Assim, pode-se concluir que o óleo essencial da pimenta rosa (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) pode ser incorporado em alimentos para inibir a linhagem de Staphylococcus aureus, na concentração de 0,5%.
Produção textual no ambiente escolar: a aplicação da Teoria da Mediação de Vygotsky
Authors: Andrade Elisângela Ladeira de Moura , Santos Letícia Rodrigues dos , Fernandes Juliana Cristina da Costa , Santiago Léia Adriana da Silva
Published: August 2020

Este trabalho objetiva a apresentação de uma proposta pedagógica, no formato de uma sequência didática, visando à atividade de produção textual, em consonância com a Teoria da Mediação de Vygotsky. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a Teoria mencionada e um estudo sobre a necessidade de ressignificação da atividade ‘produção textual’ no ambiente escolar, a fim de subsidiar a proposta a ser apresentada. Tal proposta visa ao desenvolvimento da potencialidade dos indivíduos quanto à expressividade crítica por meio da linguagem escrita, tendo importante contribuição das concepções da Teoria de Vygotsky, a qual considera a importância do papel do professor como mediador do processo de aprendizagem, agindo no espaço entre o que o aluno já sabe e o que pode vir a saber, ou seja, intervindo a favor do alcance de todo o seu potencial. Se aplicada de forma adequada, a atividade poderá ser uma importante ferramenta para alcançar a plena condição do indivíduo se expressar criticamente, desenvolvendo habilidade com a escrita e abrindo espaço para a participação efetiva nos assuntos da realidade que o cerca.
A demonstração experimental investigativa na EJA: pequenas mudanças grandes diferenças
Authors: Ferreira Junior Milton Batista , Castro Vinícius Alexandre de , Silva Michael Dowglas de Gois
Published: August 2020

Os documentos oficiais que estabelecem as diretrizes metodológicas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) priorizam estratégias que valorizam o conhecimento dos educandos a partir de práticas de ensino permeadas pelo diálogo. Embora exista tais orientações, parece haver um distanciamento entre elas e o que é vivido nas escolas. Tal distanciamento é evidenciado ao se deparar com professores frustrados com suas práticas ao perceberem que elas não despertam o interesse de seus alunos pelo que se pretende ensinar. Este trabalho surge de uma visita de dois professores universitários a um colégio da rede pública para divulgarem um projeto de extensão universitária. Após esse primeiro contato, um professor de Física do colégio solicita auxílio dos professores universitários para que o ajudasse tornar sua aula mais atrativa para sua turma de EJA.  Dessa maneira, foi realizado um trabalho entre professores pesquisadores (universitários) e professor parceiro no sentido de esclarecer os pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos do Ensino de Ciências na EJA com a abordagem do Ensino de Ciências por Investigação. Uma aula sobre Refração da Luz foi elaborada e ministrada pelo professor parceiro utilizando materiais disponíveis na escola e alterando a maneira de condução da aula. Para analisar os resultados, episódios de ensino em que falas do professor e dos educandos são descritas, foram selecionados de modo a evidenciar as habilidades preconizadas na investigação científica. Com a análise dos resultados, é verificado que o Ensino de Ciências por Investigação é exequível na EJA, porém para que isso se torne realidade, é necessário a formação continuada e/ou parcerias entre universidades e professores da rede pública de ensino, para que através da pesquisa ou extensão resolvam juntos os problemas que permeiam a educação.
Ações antrópicas e o surgimento de pandemias: qual o papel da engenharia ambiental nesse contexto?
Authors: Tavares Maria Júlia Lopes , Fernandes Caroline da Silva , Maranhão Paula Fernandes de Albuquerque , Rocha Marcelo Borges , Costa Pedro Miguel Marques da
Published: August 2020

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as relações que existem entre ações antrópicas e o surgimento de novas doenças. Além disso, discutir que ações, executadas principalmente por Engenheiros Ambientais, podem ser realizadas frente a essa problemática. Para isso, focou em dois problemas ambientais: manuseio de animais silvestres e desmatamento. O estudo foi de caráter teórico, tendo como metodologia a leitura e análise de trabalhos publicados sobre os temas tratados, na tentativa de articular com o surgimento do Sars-Cov-2. Como resultado, foi observado que impactos ambientais causados por ação antrópica possuem estreita relação com o surgimento e a propagação de doenças. A exemplo disso, destaca-se a Covid-19  que pode ter surgido pelo não cumprimento das normas de biossegurança no mercado de Wuhan, na China. Concluiu-se que caso não se repensem as formas como temos interagido com a natureza, há a possibilidade de emergir novas pandemias. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental o papel de profissionais, como os engenheiros ambientais, para a mitigação dos impactos ambientais e, consequentemente novos surtos de doenças.
Ocorrência da espécie exótica Macrobrachium rosenbergii na Ilha de Mosqueiro em Belém, Pará
Authors: Gonçalves Daniel de Lima , Batista Vanessa de Almeida , Souza Evelyn Rafaelle de Oliveira , Furtado Layse Gomes , Carneiro Carla Renata de Oliveira , Botelho Matheus Gabriel Lopes , Guedes Aureliano da Silva , Bichara Clea Nazare Carneiro , Pontes Altem Nascimento
Published: August 2020

A espécie Macrobrachium rosenbergii que é popularmente conhecida como camarão-da-malásia, tem como característica a capacidade de se adaptar muito bem em águas doces e salobras que vão desde o noroeste da Índia, Vietnã, Filipinas, Nova Guine até a costa norte da Austrália. A carcinicultura moderna do M. rosenbergii, teve início dos anos 1960, e em 1972 foram elaboradas técnicas de criação em escala comercial. Concomitantemente, aumenta a preocupação com os impactos ambientais e sociais causados pela carcinicultura e com a introdução dessa espécie exótica, que pode ocasionar um desequilíbrio na biota local. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar um estudo sobre a ocorrência de M. rosenbergii na ilha de Mosqueiro, distrito de Belém, e sua reprodução no ambiente natural. A coleta de dados foi realizada em novembro de 2019, através de uma pesquisa de campo com as comunidades pesqueiras locais, para identificar sua ocorrência in natura na ilha. Após a coleta, realizou-se o processamento dos dados, por meio do software QGIS 3.4.9 para gerar mapas de localização, setorização das informações, e ocorrências do camarão-da-malásia. Por fim, concluiu-se que os camarões estão se reproduzindo na região, as condições de salinidade e temperatura da água podem ser motivos para a adaptação dessa espécie no local. O aumento gradativo do camarão, relatado pelos pescadores locais, vêm evidenciando uma diminuição da pesca do camarão regional podendo gerar desequilíbrios no ecossistema local.
Manejo alimentar de jurará (Kinosternon scorpioides Linnaeus, 1976) em sistema intensivo
Authors: Ferreira Lyssandra Kelly Silva , Cunha Diego Aurélio dos Santos , Mesquita Samuel Lemos , Coelho Alline Vieira , Ferreira Junior Elias Costa , Santos Elaine Cristina Batista dos , Sousa Alana Lislea de
Published: August 2020

Estudos referentes ao manejo alimentar aplicado a criação de quelônios em sistema intensivo ainda são poucos, desencadeando uma lacuna de informação que otimizam as estratégias alimentares nas diferentes fases e sistema de criação. Objetivou avaliar o manejo produtivo da criação de jurará (Kinosternon scorpioides), submetidos à diferentes taxas (0,5%  e 0,6% PV) e frequências de alimentação (3 e 5 vezes/semana) durante estiagem e período chuvoso. Foram determinadas medidas morfometrias, peso individual (PI), taxa de crescimento especifico (TCE), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA) e eficiência de crescimento (EC). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos análise de variância (ANOVA) com comparação de médias pelo Teste de Tukey (p <0,05). No manejo alimentar, as médias de TCE, CAA e EC foram entre 0,07 a 10,44; de 0,01 a 0,29; e 0,08 a 1,16, respectivamente. Conclui-se, que os animais expressaram os maiores desempenhos no período de estiagem com taxa de 0,6% PV e alimentados 3 vezes/semana e no chuvoso a taxa de 0,5% PV sendo arraçoado 5 vezes/semana.
Chemical profile and bioprospecting of cocoa beans analyzed by paper spray mass spectrometry
Authors: Oliveira Júnior Afonso Henrique de , Ramos Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz , Guedes Mayara Neves Santos , Fagundes Miriã Cristina Pereira , Augusti Rodinei , Melo Júlio Onésio Ferreira
Published: August 2020

The quality cocoa derived products have increasingly received greater recognition and relevance both by consumers and producers. Cocoa beans are the main components responsible for much of the cocoa agro-industrial chain being currently valued for the bioactive properties found in the species' by-products, creating a great interest in exploring the potentials of cocoa. Much of the work that aims to evaluate the compounds found in the fruit's beans employ HPLC, UHPLC and LC-MS. In this work Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS) was employed as a method for characterizing and bioprospecting the chemical profile of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) of the forrasteiro variety grown in the Trans-Amazonian region of the Brazilian State of Pará. Methanolic extracts were prepared from samples of cocoa beans and evaluated in the negative and positive ionization modes. In the positive ionization mode it was possible to identify 11 compounds, comprising the classes of methylxanthines (18.2%), phenylpropanoids (9.1%), steroids (27.3%) and flavonoids (45.5%), while in the negative ionization mode, it was possible to identify 55 compounds among hydroxybenzoic acids (16.4%), phenylpropanoids (20.0%), flavonoids (52.7%), sugars and glycosides (10.9%). PS-MS proved to be an effective method for the evaluation of cocoa bean samples, being able to identify a total of sixty-six compounds. The bioactive properties attributed to cocoa were confirmed in the samples analyzed by the compounds identified through PS-MS whilst also indicating the quality of the raw material and describing its chemical profile, contributing to a greater understanding of its attributes.
EFFECT OF CARDIAC ARREST MANAGEMENT TRAINING ON THE ABILITY OF ORDINARY PEOPLE TO PERFORM HIGH-QUALITY CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
Authors: Nurvitasari Meliana , Jainurakhma Janes , Muhammad Zulfikar
Published: August 2020

Background: The rate of cardiac arrest outside hospitals remains high in Indonesia. Performing Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is advised as an emergency procedure to save a person’s life. However, lack of ordinary people is able to do CPR. Therefore, cardiac arrest management training is considered important to form a bystander in the community.
Objective: This study aimed to determine if there is an effect of cardiac arrest management training on the ability of ordinary people to perform high-quality CPR.
Methods: This study used one-group pretest-posttest design method with a total sample of 35 participants. Observation sheet based on American Heart Association was used to measure the ability to perform CPR. Paired-t test was used for data analysis.
Results: There was a significant effect of the cardiac arrest management training on the ability to perform high-quality CPR (p<.001), with an increase of the mean value from 19.62 (SD=5.50) before intervention to 37.91 (SD=1.29) after intervention.
Conclusion: The cardiac arrest management training at the community level is considered effective in increasing the ability to perform high-quality CPR. The findings of this study can be used as input for community nurses to provide pre-hospital management training specifically on cardiac emergency management training continually for ordinary people in order to help improve good prognosis and reduce mortality risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Legal consciousness, legal upbringing and legal education: the paradigm of interdependence
Authors: I. O. Varakuta
Published: August 2020

The article examines the relationship and interrelation of such components of social reality as legal upbringing, legal education and legal consciousness.
In recent years, many scientific papers have been published on the problems of legal upbringing and legal consciousness. Nevertheless, legal science needs further thorough research on the legal socialization of man.
The article analyzes the issues of legal consciousness, legal education and legal upbringing. Emphasis is placed on the essence of legal consciousness, a general description of the structure and functions of legal consciousness is provided.
It is stated that everyone has a legal consciousness, regardless of whether they know about it or not. Legal consciousness occupies a special niche in the social life of society, due to law and its impact on social relations. Negative attitude to law, its actions, its significance in society creates a deformation of legal consciousness.
The influence of legal educational activity on the process of both formation and improvement of legal consciousness, as well as on overcoming legal nihilism, is determined. It is established that legal education is a necessary element of personal access to law, which forms the attitude to law, trains a socially active member of society who knows his rights and opportunities, is able to defend and protect them in all ways.
It is substantiated that the formation of a positive, healthy legal consciousness without legal upbringing (education) is impossible.
Keywords: legal upbringing, legal education, legal consciousness, deformation of legal consciousness, legal nihilism.
Promising developments of domestic legal science on legal awareness
Authors: О. M. Kovalchuk
Published: August 2020

This article focuses on the problem of legal consciousness, which is one of the most difficult in the theory of law and whose origins come from antiquity. Based on historical, economic, political, cultural and religious factors, at each stage of development, thinkers tried to give their understanding and definition of law. Each of the concepts and theories had certain positive aspects and disadvantage, revealing one or another side of such a multifaceted phenomenon as law.
Modern scientists, applying new methodological techniques and the latest achievements of the humanities and natural sciences, the needs of society, continue to identify new aspects of law in order to better understand it and effectively regulate relations between people.
The urgency of the outlined issue is enhanced by the active reforms in Ukraine, which requires the research of future trends in legal consciousness.
Analysis of modern scientific trends in the legal consciousness indicates a gradual departure from the positivist types of legal consciousness and orientation to human as the highest social value.
Ukrainian researchers pay attention to the continuity of the right to life, with the objective needs of people and their harmonious development. Therefore, modern legal consciousness presupposes compliance of legally established normative legal acts with natural law.
Pluralism of scientific theories of legal consciousness makes possible to explore the essential features of law that are necessary for the establishment of universal values, to raise to a qualitatively new level the legal content of human rights and freedoms, to develop and implement a real mechanism for their protection.
Modern science of law has to provide a gradual combination of positive features of all theories of legal consciousness, which will include the consideration of law as an integral, but multifaceted social phenomenon.
It is pointed out that the integrative approach is not final in solving the problem of legal consciousness.
Trends and prospects of modern jurisprudence in the field of legal consciousness are to identify the most rational and logical theories to determine the essence of law, which will contribute to a more complete and comprehensive research of such a multifaceted and complex phenomenon as law, which will constantly require rethinking.
Keywords: legal consciousness, interpretation of legal consciousness, development of national legal science, positivist approach to legal consciousness, integrative approach to legal consciousness.
The fiscal policy of the state: the doctrinal level of cognition
Authors: K. S. Nemchenko
Published: August 2020

The specific nature of fiscal policy is considered on doctrinal level within the article. In this research local and international approaches to determination of fiscal policy were analyzed and studied. We performed the analysis of key elements of term of fiscal policy in economic theory and finance law science. There is a part of research devoted to the definition of fiscal policy stated on doctrinal level and there was determined the correlation between fiscal policy and fiscal function of state from the perspective of legal theory. The author researched that the main approach to determination of fiscal policy in finance law science is understanding it’s as an influence of state on national economy and application different legal and economic tools in particular taxes and duties and activities of authorities in the field of implementation of such taxes and further accumulation of funds. The author proves that the major part of research within economic studies in the field of fiscal policy is not systematic and non-comprehensive. However, based on the analysis stated in the article it is possible to make a conclusion that influence on economy is core feature of fiscal policy determined by the majority of researchers in economic science. Thus, it is possible to include this feature to the definition of fiscal policy for the purpose of legal theory. At the same time, the author considers that from the perspective of legal theoretical science fiscal policy implements tasks and directions determined by nature of fiscal function of state through influence of economy performed by taxes and duties and fiscal policy correlates with fiscal function of state as a part and whole. On the other hand, for the purpose of legal theoretical science fiscal policy is an influence of state on national economy with regulation of tax and duties and its coordination with other tools of governmental influence on economy in particular in establishment of taxes and duties and further accumulation of relevant funds.
Keywords: State, Fiscal Policy, Fiscal function of state, policy.
Clarity and legibility of legal norms as an element of legal certainty
Authors: G. Z. Ogneviuk
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes links between the clarity and legibility of legal norms and the legal certainty principle. It is stated that clarity and legibility are not only the characteristics of legal norms and the requirements of legal technique. It is also a significant element for the legal certainty principle, which influences on how legal regulation will achieve its goal. Each legal norm has a content and an external form, the form should be clear and apparent not only to the lawyers and judges but also to the people, who should understand the content clearly to behave in accordance with it. In case of uncertainty legal norms are differently applied by people. They are unclear to understand what is prohibited or approved by law. This leads to the reduction of authority of the legal regulation and stimulates a person to interpret the norm in his pwn way. The universality and stability of legal regulation reduces thereby.
So clarity and legibility are far from being only the technique characteristics of legal form, they influence significally the process of application of legal norm. There should be no special education provided for average citizen to understand the meaning of law, which he is due to obey. In order to provide a full and universe regulation the law should be clear and understandable. In this case citizens receive predictability and show respect for the law.
Apart from the clarity and legibility legal certainty principle provides accessibility of legal regulation; restriction of the discretionary powers; binding nature of the court decision; prohibition retrospective action of legal norms and others.
It is underlined that the problem of clarity and legibility of legal act significally influences the protection of human rights and freedoms and it depends on how legal norm would get the aim of its regulation and in what way the idea incorporated by the legislator would be realized.
In order to provide clarity and legibility there are two groups of instruments that should be provided – general linguistical and juridicial. Linguistical instruments includes simplicity of formulation, avoidance of iterance, tautology, accumulation of syntactic construction, excessive use of denial in formulation of legal norms. The second group – juridical instruments – provide rare use of specified legal terminology, limited use of reference norms that doesn`t give an integral understanding of legal rule. Such cases attack legal certainty principle.
Keywords: legal certainty, legal technique, clarity and legibility of norm, predictability.
Legal means in mechanism of law-making
Authors: I. I. Pavliukov I. I.
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the approaches to the definition of legal means and provides the author's definition of this legal category. The author determines that the mechanism of law-making is maximally combined with the law-formation process and is a set of legal activities in this area. In addition, the article analyzes the stages of the law-making mechanism: the stage of preliminary formation of state will (project preparation), which begins with the stage of decision-making on project preparation, and the stage when work on the project enters the official phase and is carried out by the law-making body. Also, the author considers the problem of distinguishing between the mechanisms of law-making and law-formation and provides common criteria for both categories.
The author of the article concludes that the main elements of the mechanism of law-making are legal means (in relation to the mechanism of law-making they are regulated by regulations of authorized state bodies for the adoption, amendment, repeal of legal norms); normative-legal acts, according to which the specified activity is carried out; acts of application of law; legal relations between the subjects of the law-making mechanism for streamlining and improving the law-making process. Also, according to the author, each stage of lawmaking consists of stages of law formation, each of which requires its own legal means to optimize this process: at the first stage there are objective prerequisites in the legal regulation of certain social relations, while the second stage of law-making associated with the formation of the very idea of the draft regulation or other official source of law.
Keywords: legal means, mechanism of law-making.
Some Approaches to Define the Concept of “Access to Justice”
Authors: Y. I. Sverba
Published: August 2020

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the concept of "access to justice". The national legislation, the case law of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the European Court of Human Rights, as well as academic papers have been analyzed by the author. The author concludes that there are at least two approaches to define the concept of "access to justice": broadside and restricted one. The latter is inherent in Ukraine, since the Constitution stipulates that justice in Ukraine is exercised by the courts exclusively.
The case law of the European Court of Human Rights explored in this article demonstrates a broad interpretation of the right to a fair trial, as quasi-judicial authorities are often empowered to make decisions that directly affect a person's rights and obligations.
Foreign researchers are more progressive in determining the concept of access to justice: the latter is considered as an intention to resolve person's legal problems, not limited with access to classical judicial protection.
Even though the access to justice concept is not legally defined, it includes the core elements as legal awareness of person’s rights; lack of financial barriers to access to the court; the right to free legal aid guaranteed by the state; a fair and independent court; a reasonable time to settle a dispute, as well as the enforcement of the judgment.
The state could ensure the effective access to justice only if all of the said elements are implemented. At the same time, the states have both positive (to provide the right to free legal aid) and negative obligations (not to interfere with court activities, etc.).
Keywords: access to justice, justice, right to a fair trial, rule
Principles of functioning of the judicial system of Ukraine and the Court of Justice of the European Union in the period of global spread of COVID-19 virus: comparative legal analysis
Authors: Ilona Vasylivna. Kaminska
Published: August 2020

The article explores the pandemic justice arrangements that have been taken in Ukraine as a democratic unitary state and in the European Union. The objects selected for the study - the judiciary of Ukraine and the Court of Justice of the European Union, in our opinion, can be compared, since the subject of the study is the principles of organization of work of judicial institutions, which were in the same conditions of global spread COVID-19 and the action aimed at combating them. Based on the analysis, we can determine that, at the time of the quarantine, the legislature empowered the courts, regardless of the form of justice, to restrict the access of free listeners to the courtroom. In assessing the work of the courts during the quarantine period, it should be noted that the legislative changes in the quarantine conditions did not contribute to the functioning of the judicial bodies. The judicial institutions continued to operate without much change in the way they worked. But unlike the EU Court of Justice, which on its own initiative postponed the hearing of cases in court sessions and directed the work of the court to hear urgent cases, Ukrainian judges continued to hear cases, postponing their consideration only at the request of the parties.
It should be noted that a comparative analysis of the organization of the functioning of the judicial system in Ukraine and the Court of Justice in the period of emergency caused by the spread of coronary virus infection shows that, unlike the Court of Justice, the judicial power in Ukraine is not endowed with independence, as a basis for the organization of judicial power, which makes it impossible to exercise effective handling of cases in emergency situations and is a wake-up call to the independence of the judiciary as a whole.
Keywords: Judicial system of Ukraine, EU Court of Justice, comparative legal analysis, COVID-19.
The right to protection against unfair use of the means of individualization: content and features
Authors: A. Pekar
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the nature and features of the right to protection against unfair use of the means of individualization. It is argued that it is inappropriate to distinguish the right to protection against unfair use of the means of individualization in the structure of intellectual property rights from the right to protection of economic competition. Based on a system analysis of the legislation, scientific literature review, and the practice of its application, the right to protection is classified in an objective and subjective meaning. In its objective meaning, the right to protection against unfair use of the means of individualization is a component of the right to intellectual property, to protection against unfair competition. The subjective right to protection against the unfair use of the means of individualization is an independent right.
The following features of the right to protection against unfair use of the means of individualization are identified on the basis of the analysis. The objective right to protection against unfair use of the means of individualization is characterized by a set of civil law rules governing relations in the field of intellectual property rights and economic competition and determining the grounds, forms, procedure and methods of protection of such rights. This right combines two components: the protection of intellectual property rights and economic competition relations. The subjects of this right are economic entities. At the same time, the exercise of the right to protection in connection with the violation of the law on protection against unfair competition ensures the protection of consumers’ rights, as it guarantees them good quality goods on the market. The object of this right is relations in the field of intellectual property rights and economic competition. The subjective right to protection against unfair use of the means of individuation is the use of a provided by law capacity to renew, recognize or award the right to use the means of individualization by an economic entity. Such subjective right is characterized by the following features: it always implies the implementation of active actions, the possibility of choosing the forms and methods of protection.
Keywords: means of individualization, unfair use, right to protection, objective right, subjective right, intellectual property rights, unfair competition.
The law about animal's protection from cruelty: historical and modern issues
Authors: Alexsandra Аndreevna Panasiuk
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the protection of animals from ill-treatment, generalizes the scientific approaches of the historical and legal aspect of the formation and development of responsibility, conducts a comparative analysis of the present with the historical past. The legal regulation of criminal liability for animal cruelty is characterized. The sanctions and the list of legislation governing this issue are outlined.
Solve issues in the area oj the institution of responsibility for animal cruelty is extremely important. In today`s world, animals are considered not only as property of a person, but also as family members. People call for human treatment of animals, both domestic and wild. In addition, humane treatment is usually understood as actions of a person not related to self-defense, causing pain, torment, suffering to the animal. Violence can also be inaction, such as leaving in danger or violating the conditions of keeping animals, leaving without care, and so on. The history of development and regulation of relevant issues deserves special attention.
At the level of international law, the issue of liability for animal cruelty has been regulated since the 1960s. The European Community has adopted five main conventions: the European Convention for the Protection of Animals in International Transport (1968), the European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept on Farms (1976), the European Convention for the Protection of Animals intended for Slaughter ), the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (1986), the European Convention for the Protection of Pets (1987).
Key words: The provisions of international legal acts have become the basis for the settlement of relevant issues in Ukraine as well.
How Does Rice Defend Against Excess Iron?: Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Aung May Sann , Masuda Hiroshi
Published: August 2020

Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for all living organisms but can lead to cytotoxicity when present in excess. Fe toxicity often occurs in rice grown in submerged paddy fields with low pH, leading dramatical increases in ferrous ion concentration, disrupting cell homeostasis and impairing growth and yield. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of Fe toxicity response and tolerance in plants are not well characterized yet. Microarray and genome-wide association analyses have shown that rice employs four defense systems to regulate Fe homeostasis under Fe excess. In defense 1, Fe excess tolerance is implemented by Fe exclusion as a result of suppression of genes involved in Fe uptake and translocation such as OsIRT1, OsYSL2, OsTOM1, OsYSL15, OsNRAMP1, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, OsNAAT1, OsDMAS1, and OsIRO2. The Fe-binding ubiquitin ligase, HRZ, is a key regulator that represses Fe uptake genes in response to Fe excess in rice. In defense 2, rice retains Fe in the root system rather than transporting it to shoots. In defense 3, rice compartmentalizes Fe in the shoot. In defense 2 and 3, the vacuolar Fe transporter OsVIT2, Fe storage protein ferritin, and the nicotinamine synthase OsNAS3 mediate the isolation or detoxification of excess Fe. In defense 4, rice detoxifies the ROS produced within the plant body in response to excess Fe. Some OsWRKY transcription factors, S-nitrosoglutathione-reductase variants, p450-family proteins, and OsNAC4, 5, and 6 are implicated in defense 4. These knowledge will facilitate the breeding of tolerant crops with increased productivity in low-pH, Fe-excess soils.
Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Meal as a Promising Feed Ingredient for Poultry: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Abd El-Hack Mohamed , Shafi Manal , Alghamdi Wed , Abdelnour Sameh , Shehata Abdelrazeq , Noreldin Ahmed , Ashour Elwy , Swelum Ayman , Al-Sagan Ahmed , Alkhateeb Mazen , Taha Ayman , Abdel-Moneim Abdel-Moneim , Tufarelli Vincenzo , Ragni Marco
Published: August 2020

Insects could be a potential replacement of protein-rich ingredients in poultry diets. Among these insects, black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has a high content of protein and fat, which reinforces the potential of using it in poultry feed formulation and makes it one of the most promising insect species for commercial production. Protein content as well as amino acid profile in H. illucens larvae is comparable to those in many protein-rich feedstuffs such as fish meal and soybean meal. BSF can convert organic wastes into a precious source of nutrients, such as proteins, lipids, and chitin, which contribute to reducing the environmental burden and pollution potential arising from organic waste accumulation. This review emphasizes the significance of this insect as a “green” technology in the extremely variable recycling of organic waste and generates a sustainable protein source as well as the importance of its use as a substitute of protein-rich feedstuff in poultry feed manufacturing.
German Citizens’ Perception of Fattening Pig Husbandry—Evidence from a Mixed Methods Approach
Authors: Christoph-Schulz Inken , Rovers Anja-Karolina
Published: August 2020

Pig production in Germany is experiencing an increasing discrepancy between social attitudes, wishes and the reality. To investigate the actual perception and knowledge of fattening pig husbandry by German citizens, a mixed methods approach was carried out. First, six focus group discussions were conducted. Content analysis showed that space availability, fresh air supply and flooring type are particularly relevant in citizens’ perception, whereas surgical interventions on the animal are perceived less. Furthermore, preventive use of antibiotics is seen critically by the participants. Based on these results, an online survey with 399 respondents was conducted to quantify the results. Findings from the focus groups were confirmed: Lack of space as well as the perceived precautionary use of medication were seen most critically. Results are influenced by if respondents have visited a farm before, the dietary behavior and sex.
Feeding Emitters for Microirrigation with a Digestate Liquid Fraction up to 25% Dilution Did Not Reduce Their Performance
Authors: Bergonzoli Simone , Brambilla Massimo , Romano Elio , Saia Sergio , Cetera Paola , Cutini Maurizio , Toscano Pietro , Bisaglia Carlo , Pari Luigi
Published: August 2020

Irrigation with wastewater can strongly contribute to the reduction of water abstraction in agriculture with an especial interest in arid and semiarid areas. However, its use can have drawbacks to both soil and micro-irrigation systems, especially when the total solids in the wastewater are high, such as in digestate liquid fractions (DLF) from plant material. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the performances of a serpentine shaped micro-emitter injected with a hydrocyclone filtered DLF (HF-DLF) from corn + barley biomass and evaluate the traits of the liquid released within a 8-h irrigation cycle. HF-DLF was injected at 10%, 25%, and 50% dilution compared to tap water (at pH = 7.84) and the system performances were measured. No clogging was found, which likely depended on both the shape of the emitter and the high-pressure head (200 kPa). HF-DLF dilution at 10%, 25%, and 50% consisted in +1.9%, +3.5, and −4.9% amount of liquid released compared to the control. Fluid temperature during irrigation (from 9:00 to 17:00) did not explain the difference in the released amounts of liquid. In 10% HF-DLF % and 25% HF-DLF, a pH difference of + 0.321 ± 0.014 pH units compared to the control was found, and such difference was constant for both dilutions and at increasing the time. In contrast, 50% HF-DLF increased pH by around a half point and such difference increased with time. Similar differences among treatments were found for the total solids in the liquid. These results indicate that 50% HF-DLF was accumulating materials in the serpentine. These results suggest that a low diluted HF-DLF could directly be injected in irrigation systems with few drawbacks for the irrigation system and contribute to water conservation since such wastewater are available from the late spring to the early fall, when water requirements are high.
Phosphorus and Zinc Fertilization Improve Zinc Biofortification in Grains and Straw of Coarse vs. Fine Rice Genotypes
Authors: Amanullah  , Inamullah  , Alwahibi Mona S. , Elshikh Mohamed Soliman , Alkahtani Jawaher , Muhammad Asim , Khalid Shah , Imran  , Ahmad Manzoor , Khan Nangial , Ullah Saif , Ali Izhar
Published: August 2020

Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility and reduce crop productivity as well as zinc (Zn) concentrations in rice grains and straw. Low Zn concentrations in rice grains have a negative impact on human health, while low Zn concertation in rice straw creates a nutritional problem for animals. The current high yielding rice varieties and hybrids remove large quantities of Zn from the soils, lowering the residual concentrations of soil Zn for the subsequent crop (e.g., wheat). Field experiments were conducted on farmers field in Malakand with the objective to evaluate the impact of various combinations of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha−1) on biofortification of Zn in grains and straw of rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) vs. coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)]. The results revealed that Zn biofortification in rice genotypes increased with the integrated use of both nutrients (P + Zn) when applied at higher rates (80 and 120 kg P ha−1, and 10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1, respectively). The biofortification of Zn in both grains and straw was higher in the coarse than fine rice genotypes (Pukhraj > Fakhre-e-Malakand > Basmati-385). It was concluded from this study that the application of higher P and Zn levels increased Zn contents in rice parts (grains and straw) under the rice-wheat system. We also concluded from this study that Zn concentrations in rice grains and straw are influenced by plant genetic factors and Zn management practices.