bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foot ulceration and its association with mortality in diabetes mellitus: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Saluja S. , Anderson S. G. , Hambleton I. , Shoo H. , Livingston M. , Jude E. B. , Lunt M. , Dunn G. , Heald A. H.
Published: October 2019

Background

Diabetic foot ulcers portend an almost twofold increase in all‐cause mortality compared with diabetes on its own.

Aim

To investigate the association between diabetic foot ulcers and risk of death.

Methods

We performed a meta‐analysis of all observational studies investigating the association between diabetic foot ulcers and all‐cause mortality. Risk ratios and risk differences were pooled in a random‐effects model. The I2 statistic was used to quantify heterogeneity between studies.

Results

Altogether, we identified 11 studies that reported 84 131 deaths from any cause in 446 916 participants with diabetes during a total of 643 499 person‐years of follow‐up. The crude event rate for all‐cause mortality in individuals with diabetes who did not develop foot ulceration was 22% lower at 181.5 deaths (per 1000 person‐years) than in those who developed foot ulcers (230.8 per 1000 person‐years). Diabetic foot ulceration was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality (pooled relative risk 2.45, 95% CI 1.85–2.85). We did not observe any tangible differences in risk of all‐cause mortality from diagnosis in studies reporting a mean duration of follow‐up of ≤3 years (relative risk 2.43, 95% CI 2.27–2.61) or >3 years (relative risk 2.26, 95% CI 2.13–2.40) years. Funnel plot inspection revealed no significant publication bias among studies included in this meta‐analysis.

Conclusions

Our study shows an excess rate of all‐cause mortality in people with diabetic foot ulceration when compared to those without foot ulceration. It is imperative that early interventions to prevent foot ulceration and modify cardiovascular disease risk factors are put in place to reduce excess mortality.
Are outside director trades informative? Evidence from acquiring firms
Authors: Gordon Rachel E.
Published: October 2019

I show that nonroutine trades by acquirer outside directors premerger contain a significant amount of private information and these directors trade opportunistically on the information. I find that outside directors sell shares before less valuable deals and purchase shares before more value enhancing deals. Mergers with selling (buying) beforehand are associated with 22% lower (41% higher) announcement returns. Their trades provide more information than other insiders' trades, appear concentrated in harder‐to‐value firms, and intensify when more directors trade. Further, more outside directors appear to trade opportunistically in firms where the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) has significant power, suggesting agency problems may exist.
Early moderate exercise benefits myocardial infarction healing via improvement of inflammation and ventricular remodelling in rats
Authors: Liao Zhaofu , Li Dan , Chen Yilin , Li Yunjian , Huang Ruijin , Zhu Kuikui , Chen Hongyi , Yuan Ziqiang , Zheng Xin , Zhao Hui , Pu Qin , Qi Xufeng , Cai Dongqing
Published: October 2019

Thus far, the cellular and molecular mechanisms related to early (especially within 24 hours after acute myocardial infarct (MI)) exercise‐mediated beneficial effects on MI have not yet been thoroughly established. In the present study, we demonstrated that acute MI rats that underwent early moderate exercise training beginning one day after MI showed no increase in mortality and displayed significant improvements in MI healing and ventricular remodelling, including an improvement in cardiac function, a decrease in infarct size, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and an increase in myocardial angiogenesis, left ventricular wall thickness and the number of cardiac telocytes in the border zone. Integrated miRNA‐mRNA profiling analysis performed by the ingenuity pathway analysis system revealed that the inhibition of the TGFB1 regulatory network, activation of leucocytes and migration of leucocytes into the infarct zone comprise the molecular mechanism underlying early moderate exercise‐mediated improvements in cardiac fibrosis and the pathological inflammatory response. The findings of the present study demonstrate that early moderate exercise training beginning one day after MI is safe and leads to significantly enhanced MI healing and ventricular remodelling. Understanding the mechanism behind the positive effects of this early training protocol will help us to further tailor suitable cardiac rehabilitation programmes for humans.
Editorial: Navigating the science‐practice gap in child maltreatment
Authors: Zeanah Charles H.
Published: October 2019

This issue of the Journal provides an extraordinarily rich array of timely and important investigations on topics ranging from psychotic symptoms in adolescents to several types of neurodevelopmental disorders to brain structure in young children with sleep disturbances. Papers feature longitudinal studies, a meta‐analysis, and intervention research, including follow‐up of a randomized clinical trial. Remarkably, these studies involve tens of thousands of children and adolescents residing on four continents. The longitudinal studies are especially noteworthy for their large cohorts and systematic assessments.
Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic: Early palliative care referral in patients with end‐stage liver disease is associated with reduced resource utilization
Authors: Barnes Alex , Woodman Richard J , Kleinig Paul , Briffa Michael , To Timothy , Wigg Alan J
Published: October 2019

Background and Aims

Palliative care referral for end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) is uncommon and usually occurs late. We aimed to review the rate of early palliative care referral (EPCR) in ESLD patients, its associations, and its impacts on resource utilization and survival.

Methods

A retrospective review of all patients with ESLD admitted to a single Hepatology Unit between 2013 and 2016. Inclusion criteria for study entry were at least two admissions for decompensated liver disease within a 6‐month period and not eligible for liver transplantation. The EPCR group was defined as those patients who received palliative care referral at least 30 days prior to mortality.

Results

A total of 74 patients were included in the study. EPCR rate was 19%. On multivariate analysis, EPCR was associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (OR 4.47, 95% CI 1.02–19.5, P = 0.047) and negatively associated with alcoholic liver disease (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.032–0.88 P = 0.035). There was no difference in survival based on EPCR status. Hospitalization costs were lower in the EPCR group (P = 0.027). There was also a significantly lower number of endoscopies (P = 0.009) and blood transfusions (P = 0.001) in the EPCR group. EPCR was also associated with higher rates of outpatient palliative care and advanced care planning.

Conclusions

EPCR in ESLD was uncommon and associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and lack of alcoholic liver disease. EPCR was associated with decreased resource utilization and further high quality studies are required to confirm the benefits of EPCR in ESLD.
Spirituality and associated factors among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: Kamijo Yuko , Miyamura Toshihiro
Published: October 2019

Aim

Patients' spirituality, the relationship between spirituality and physical pain, and the association between spirituality and quality of life (QOL) among patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy were examined. Spirituality was defined as a sense of meaning in one's existence and life, peace of mind, and the strength and comfort drawn from faith.

Methods

A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was distributed to 176 adult cancer patients who received chemotherapy in May–September 2011 at an outpatient clinic in rural Japan. Spirituality was measured using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Spiritual Well‐Being Scale (FACIT‐Sp‐12). Demographic data were collected for performance status, cancer stage, age, marital status, occupational status, persons in household, pain intensity, and other troubling symptoms. The relationship between the patients' spirituality subscale score and QOL was assessed in a structural equation model.

Results

Two FACIT‐Sp‐12 subscales, meaning/peace and faith, were moderately to strongly associated with age, appetite, and QOL scores. Although physical pain was significantly related to the QOL score (P = .002), it was not related to the FACIT‐Sp‐12 score (P = .427). These results indicated that the patients with higher spiritual scores and severe pain were enjoying life more than the patients with lower spiritual scores and severe pain. Moreover, two subscales of the FACIT‐Sp‐12 had a direct effect on QOL.

Conclusions

Spirituality was strongly associated with QOL. Younger patients (<50 years old) and stage I cancer patients need additional assistance to meet their spiritual needs. To maintain cancer patients' spiritual well‐being, nursing interventions should facilitate patients' nutrition support and appropriately address their spirituality.
Tick Bite Risk and Tick‐Borne Disease Perceptions of School District Administrators in the Mid‐Atlantic United States
Authors: Machtinger Erika T. , Li Andrew Y. , Liu Yifen
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Lyme disease is a common tick‐borne disease in the northeastern and midwestern United States. School‐aged children aged 5‐15 years are at high risk for contracting Lyme disease. Many school campuses in the mid‐Atlantic United States are in areas that are near, or border with, wooded habitat.

METHODS

We surveyed school administrators to determine the perception of risk of tick encounters and tick control methods implemented on school campuses in the mid‐Atlantic.

RESULTS

Responses from Pennsylvania and New Jersey districts indicate school district administrators had knowledge of Lyme disease and blacklegged ticks, but knowledge of other tick species and tick‐borne diseases was limited. Overall, the results suggest that targeted communication of educational information regarding ticks and tick control to school districts could encourage increased participation in organized tick control or other preventative measures.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, respondents were aware of ticks and Lyme disease, but were not aware or had limited awareness of many other tick‐borne diseases, and how tick bite risk could be reduced. Targeted communication of educational information regarding ticks and tick control to school districts could provide a framework for reducing tick‐borne disease risk in mid‐Atlantic school districts.
Correlation of anti‐Mullerian hormone with humanchorionic gonadotropin test in the evaluation of testicular function of children with 46 XY male hypogonadism: Use of anti‐Mullerian hormone as abiomarker
Authors: Karaoglan Murat
Published: October 2019

Aim

It is challenging to evaluate reproductive potential during childhood. These challenges necessitate the use of invasive dynamic tests. Although the anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a reliable biomarker in evaluating testicular function, especially in the pre‐pubertal period, there are uncertainties concerning its use in a clinical setting.

This study is focused on comparing the AMH and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test in boys with hypogonadism.

Methods

A total of 160 boys aged between 0 and 18 years who presented with complaints associated with hypogonadism were prospectively enrolled in the study. All children were assigned to the following five groups: gonadal disorders (n= 34), androgen synthesis and end organ effect disorder (n= 48), isolated genital malformation disorders (n= 57), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (n= 15) and constitutional delayed puberty (n= 6). All children underwent a short 3‐day hCG test (1500 U/m2/day). The concordance and correlation were evaluated between the hCG test and AMH.

Results

All groups exhibited a strong correlation (r160= 0.689) and strong concordance (Kappa coefficient160= 0.7) between the AMH and hCG test. Values of AMH higher than 32.7 pmol/L and hCG responses higher than 86 pmol/L were significant as indicative markers of functional testicular tissue presence.

Conclusions

This study has shown that there is a strong correlation between the AMH and short‐term hCG test and that values of AMH higher than 32.7 pmol/L and stimulated testosterone higher than 86 pmol/L can be used as indicators of functionally sufficient testicular tissue. These results indicate that AMH value can be used as a reliable and useful biomarker in the evaluation of the testicular function in 46 XY hypogonadism.
Community structure and functional traits of mollusks associated with coastal reef macroalgae in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Barbosa Débora , Lúcia Pereira Dias Thelma , de Faria Lopes Sérgio , Cristina de Souza Duarte Rafaela , Maria Duarte do Amaral Fernanda
Published: October 2019

This study investigated the community structure and functional traits of the mollusk fauna associated with macroalgae with different thallus morphologies in a reef environment in Northeastern Brazil. A total of 15 individuals of each species of macroalgae adhered to natural substrate and 15 individuals of Padina gymnospora detached from the substrate were collected. The structural complexity of algal habitats was measured and the associated malacofauna screened and identified. All three macroalgae differed significantly in the complexity of their habitat, with Sargassum polyceratium being the most complex. A total of 823 specimens of mollusks belonging to 22 species and 11 families were recorded, of which Columbellidae was the most represented with six species. The functional trait “size” revealed that micromollusks smaller than 10 millimeters were predominant in the community; however, individuals of larger sizes (up to 24.54 millimeters) belonging to young stages of other species were also present. Eight functional trophic groups were identified, of which “carnivorous” stood out with seven species. Six functional groups of microhabitats were identified, with intra‐specific variation in habitats, while habitat expansion was documented for species not yet recorded in association with macroalgae. The structure of the molluskan community differed among the three algae species with the greatest richness, abundance, and diversity of mollusks and functional traits occurring with S. polyceratium. Community structure differed between algae adhered to natural substrate and detached algae, with the latter having lower mollusk richness and diversity, but with greater abundance of some species that remained on algal fronds after release from the reef environment. This study reinforces the importance of algal habitat for marine invertebrate fauna, especially for micromollusks that spend their entire life cycle, or part of it, in association with macroalgae.
Urbanization reduces genetic connectivity in bobcats (Lynx rufus) at both intra– and interpopulation spatial scales
Authors: Kozakiewicz Christopher P. , Burridge Christopher P. , Funk W. Chris , Salerno Patricia E. , Trumbo Daryl R. , Gagne Roderick B. , Boydston Erin E. , Fisher Robert N. , Lyren Lisa M. , Jennings Megan K. , Riley Seth P. D. , Serieys Laurel E. K. , VandeWoude Sue , Crooks Kevin R. , Carver Scott
Published: October 2019

Urbanization is a major factor driving habitat fragmentation and connectivity loss in wildlife. However, the impacts of urbanization on connectivity can vary among species and even populations due to differences in local landscape characteristics, and our ability to detect these relationships may depend on the spatial scale at which they are measured. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are relatively sensitive to urbanization and the status of bobcat populations is an important indicator of connectivity in urban coastal southern California. We genotyped 271 bobcats at 13,520 SNP loci to conduct a replicated landscape resistance analysis in five genetically distinct populations. We tested urban and natural factors potentially influencing individual connectivity in each population separately, as well as study–wide. Overall, landscape genomic effects were most frequently detected at the study–wide spatial scale, with urban land cover (measured as impervious surface) having negative effects and topographic roughness having positive effects on gene flow. The negative effect of urban land cover on connectivity was also evident when populations were analyzed separately despite varying substantially in spatial area and the proportion of urban development, confirming a pervasive impact of urbanization largely independent of spatial scale. The effect of urban development was strongest in one population where stream habitat had been lost to development, suggesting that riparian corridors may help mitigate reduced connectivity in urbanizing areas. Our results demonstrate the importance of replicating landscape genetic analyses across populations and considering how landscape genetic effects may vary with spatial scale and local landscape structure.
The Aversion to Tampering with Nature (ATN) Scale: Individual Differences in (Dis)comfort with Altering the Natural World
Authors: Raimi Kaitlin T. , Wolske Kimberly S. , Hart P. Sol , Campbell‐Arvai Victoria
Published: October 2019

People differ in their comfort with tampering with the natural world. Although some see altering nature as a sign of human progress, others see it as dangerous or hubristic. Across four studies, we investigate discomfort with tampering with the natural world. To do so, we develop the Aversion to Tampering with Nature (ATN) Scale, a short scale that is the first to directly measure this discomfort. We identify six activities that people believe tamper with nature (geoengineering, genetically modified organisms, pesticides, cloning, gene therapy, and nanoparticles) and show that ATN scores are associated with opposition to these activities. Furthermore, the ATN Scale predicts actual behavior: donations to an anti‐tampering cause. We demonstrate that ATN is related to previously identified constructs including trust in technology, naturalness bias, purity values, disgust sensitivity, aversion to playing God, and environmental beliefs and values. By illuminating who is concerned about tampering with nature and what predicts these beliefs, the ATN Scale provides opportunities to better understand public opposition to technological innovations, consumer preferences for “natural” products, and strategies for science communication.
Mergers and acquisitions & trade: A global value chain analysis
Authors: Carril‐Caccia Federico , Pavlova Elena
Published: October 2019

The present paper deals with how the insertion in international trade and global value chains (GVCs) of countries affects their capacity of attracting foreign mergers and acquisitions (M&As). To this end, we combine data for bilateral M&As and trade in value added for the period 2001–15 and estimate an augmented gravity equation. Results indicate that trade openness per se does not favour M&As. Nevertheless, bilateral free trade agreements, heterogeneity of destinations (sources) for exports (imports) of intermediate and final goods, and position and participation in global value chains are relevant for explaining bilateral M&As. Moreover, their role is significantly different depending on the level of development of the home and host countries.
The Effects of Semantic Mapping on Reading Comprehension
Authors: Supramaniam Elamathi , Zainal Zaidah
Published: October 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of semantic mapping strategy on reading comprehension of lower secondary school learners. The research questions explored include: (1) Does semantic mapping strategy have an effect on reading comprehension? (2) What are the students’ perceptions towards semantic mapping strategy in reading comprehension? The participants of this study were ten form-two students. Test 1(Pre-test), Test 2 (Post-test) and an interview were conducted in this study. Test 1 was administered before students were exposed to the semantic mapping strategy. After two weeks of semantic mapping exposure, Test 2 was administered to examine the effectiveness and improvement of the learners’ reading comprehension. Using mean scores, results showed that learners performed better in Test 2 than in Test 1, indicating the effectiveness of employing semantic mapping strategy in reading comprehension. From the qualitative analysis of the interview data, the findings showed that students enjoyed and learned better when semantic mapping strategy was employed.
Incorporating Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Questions in ESL Classroom Contexts
Authors: Shafeei Khairon Nisa , Hassan Hanita , Ismail Fauziah , Abdul Aziz Azian
Published: October 2019

Malaysia is preparing to face 21st century learning challenges in order to fulfill the global needs. As a result, Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) have been introduced in the education system with the purpose to produce critical students who are able to compete at the international arena. Thus, this study investigated the question types used by teachers of English as a second language (ESL). Besides, this study also examined the challenges faced by the teachers in incorporating HOTS element in their teaching. The data for this study were gathered by means of class observations, interviews and questionnaires. The data collected by means of classroom observation and interviews were analysed thematically whilst the questionnaire data were analysed using descriptive statistic method. The findings of this study reveal that ESL teachers favour display questions or LOTS compared to referential questions, HOTS. This is due to lack of knowledge regarding HOTS questions and students' English low proficiency level. This study, therefore, recommends that ESL teachers are in need of adequate training on HOTS before they can successfully implement HOTS in language classrooms and further relevant studies should focus on the ways in which HOTS can be incorporated in ESL classrooms.
Shaw and Shal voltage‐gated potassium channels mediate circadian changes in Drosophila clock neuron excitability
Authors: Smith Philip , Buhl Edgar , Tsaneva‐Atanasova Krasimira , Hodge James J. L.
Published: October 2019

As in mammals, Drosophila circadian clock neurons display rhythms of activity with higher action potential firing rates and more positive resting membrane potentials during the day. This rhythmic excitability has been widely observed but, critically, its regulation remains unresolved. We have characterized and modelled the changes underlying these electrical activity rhythms in the lateral ventral clock neurons (LNvs). We show that currents mediated by the voltage‐gated potassium channels Shaw (Kv3) and Shal (Kv4) oscillate in a circadian manner. Disruption of these channels, by expression of dominant negative (DN) subunits, leads to changes in circadian locomotor activity and shortens lifespan. LNv whole‐cell recordings then show that changes in Shaw and Shal currents drive changes in action potential firing rate and that these rhythms are abolished when the circadian molecular clock is stopped. A whole‐cell biophysical model using Hodgkin‐Huxley equations can recapitulate these changes in electrical activity. Based on this model and by using dynamic clamp to manipulate clock neurons directly, we can rescue the pharmacological block of Shaw and Shal, restore the firing rhythm, and thus demonstrate the critical importance of Shaw and Shal. Together, these findings point to a key role for Shaw and Shal in controlling circadian firing of clock neurons and show that changes in clock neuron currents can account for this. Moreover, with dynamic clamp we can switch the LNvs between morning‐like and evening‐like states of electrical activity. We conclude that changes in Shaw and Shal underlie the daily oscillation in LNv firing rate.
Gradient Feature Extract for the Quantification of Complex Defects Using Topographic Primal Sketch in Magnetic Flux Leakage
Authors: Alimey Fred John , Yu Haichao , Bai Libing , Cheng Yuhua , Wang Yonggang
Published: October 2019

Defect quantification is a very important aspect in nondestructive testing (NDT) as it helps in the analysis and prediction of a structure's integrity and lifespan. In this paper, we propose a gradient feature extraction for the quantification of complex defect using topographic primal sketch (TPS) in magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing. This method uses four excitation patterns so as to obtain MFL images from experiment; a mean image is then produced, assuming it has 80–90% the properties of all four images. A gradient manipulation is then performed on the mean image using a novel least-squares minimization (LSM) approach, for which, pixels with large gradient values (considered as possible defect pixels) are extracted. These pixels are then mapped so as to get the actual defect geometry/shape within the sample. This map is now traced using a TPS for a precise quantification. Results have shown the ability of the method to extract and quantify defects with high precision given its perimeter, area, and depth. This significantly eliminates errors associated with output analysis as results can be clearly seen, interpreted, and understood.
Design and Development of the Cassino Biped Locomotor
Authors: Wang Mingfeng , Ceccarelli Marco , Carbone Giuseppe
Published: October 2019

In this work, the Cassino Biped Locomotor, a biped walking robot, is presented as the leg design by using reduced parallel mechanisms. The proposed biped locomotor consists of two identical tripod leg mechanisms with a three degree-of-freedom parallel manipulator architecture. Kinematics analysis is carried out in terms of the forward and inverse kinematics of one leg mechanism and inverse kinematics of the biped locomotor. The walking operation is discussed in detail with gait planning and trajectories of feet and waist. A CAD model is elaborated in solidworks® environment and the corresponding prototype is fabricated with low-cost user-oriented features by using commercial components and structural parts that are manufactured by using 3D printing. An experimental layout and corresponding test modes are illustrated for characterizing the walking operation performance. Experimental results are analyzed for an operation performance evaluation and architecture design characterization of the Cassino Biped Locomotor.
Predictions of the Mechanical Response of Sintered FGH96 Powder Compacts
Authors: Chavoshi Saeed Z. , Tagarielli Vito L. , Shi Zhusheng , Lin Jianguo , Wang Shuyun , Jiang Jiaying , Dear John P. , Nikbin Kamran
Published: October 2019

This paper presents predictions of the mechanical response of sintered FGH96 Ni-based superalloy powder compacts at high temperatures, obtained by the analysis of 3D representative volume elements generated by both X-ray tomography and a virtual technique. The response of the material to a multi-axial state of stress/strain for porosities as large as 0.3 is explored, obtaining the yield surfaces and their evolution as well as scaling laws for both elastic and plastic properties. The two modeling approaches are found in good agreement. The sensitivity of the predictions to particle size, inter-particle friction, applied strain rate, and boundary conditions is also examined.
Analysis of Numerical Errors of the Hess Smith Panel Method With Asymmetric Meshes
Authors: Xu Chen , Ren Huilong , Zhou Xueqian , Sutulo Serge , Guedes Soares Carlos , Li Chenfeng
Published: October 2019

Although less accurate in comparison with most of the existing high-order panel methods, the Class Hess Smith panel method is still popular for potential flow calculations due to its simplicity, robustness, and especially efficiency. In the application where the method is adopted for the problems of concern, the method is usually first validated and analyzed for numerical accuracy prior to the application. This is a common practice as also seen in almost all the literature. However, the objects chosen for validation and accuracy analysis are often geometrically symmetric (most typically, spheres) and discretized into symmetric meshes. However, such analysis with symmetric meshes does not actually reveal the numerical errors as the body involved in the problem in concern or the flow around the body may not be symmetrical. In this paper, the numerical errors of the Hess Smith method are systematically analyzed with asymmetrical meshes. The values of various quantities associated with isolated panels and also the entire body are obtained and compared with the Hess Smith panel method does exhibit a very different error pattern.
Optical properties of surface grated Si-based multilayer structure
Authors: Bayramov Ayaz , Alizade Elvin , Mammadov Samir , Tavkhelidze Avtandil , Mamedov Nazim , Aliyeva Yegana , Ahmedova Khuraman , Asadullayeva Saida , Jangidze Larissa , Skhiladze Givi
Published: October 2019

Boron doped Si/SiO2/substrate (Si:B) structure with subwavelength grating on the top Si:B layer was studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry and photoluminescence spectroscopy at room temperature. A clear modification of the dielectric function was observed after reactive ion etching of the top Si:B layer subjected to laser lithography to make a subwavelength grating with high precision. A striking feature of the dielectric function of the grated surface layer is a sharp and intense peak at the energy of 2.968 eV in the interband density of states. Emission band with a remarkable peak structure that emerges in the photoluminescence spectrum of the grated multilayer structure at and below the last energy is absent on pure or boron doped Si. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the G-doping effect in the considered surface grated multilayer structure.
The Efficacy of Tart Cherry Juice in Aiding Recovery After Intermittent Exercise
Authors: Quinlan Rebecca , Hill Jessica A.
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To investigate the effects of supplementation with tart cherry juice (TCJ) on markers of recovery after intermittent exercise under habitual dietary conditions. Methods: Using a randomized, single-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled, independent-groups design, 20 team-sport players (8 male and 12 female; age 26 [4] y, height 175.4 [9.6] cm, body mass 70.2 [12.6] kg) were divided equally into 2 groups and consumed either TCJ or PLA twice per day for 8 consecutive days while following their normal dietary habits. Participants completed an adapted version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on day 6 of supplementation. Countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, and delayed onset muscle soreness were assessed at baseline and 1, 24, and 48 hours post-LIST. Blood markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) and inflammation (C-reactive protein) were taken presupplementation, immediately pre-LIST, and 1, 24, and 48 hours post-LIST. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: Countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction showed significantly faster recovery with TCJ (P < .05) at 24 and 48 hours post-LIST. A significant interaction effect (P < .05) was observed for muscle soreness; however, Bonferroni post hoc analysis could not identify when the significant differences between TCJ and PLA occurred. There were no significant differences throughout recovery between TCJ and PLA for C-reactive protein and creatine kinase (P < .05). Conclusion: The results suggest that TCJ, in addition to habitual diet, can accelerate recovery after intermittent exercise and therefore extend the efficacy of TCJ in accelerating recovery in team sports.
Effectiveness of Prison-Based Exercise Training Programs: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sanchez-Lastra Miguel A. , de Dios Álvarez Vicente , Ayán Pérez Carlos
Published: October 2019

Background: The promotion of physical activity among imprisoned people is a public health strategy that could help to improve the health status of this collective. This systematic review is aimed at reviewing the scientific evidence regarding the effects of exercise training programs performed by inmates.Methods: A systematic search for randomized controlled trials aimed at identifying the characteristics and effects of prison-based exercise training programs on imprisoned people was carried through MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus.Results: A total of 11 randomized controlled studies were selected, and the methodological quality of these was acceptable according to the Downs and Black scale. The proposed interventions were mainly based on the performance of aerobic or combined exercise training programs. Generally, the participants were healthy men who were imprisoned for at least 2 months and up to 15 years. Ten out of the 11 studies reported significant changes on physical and mental health–related variables, after the intervention took place.Conclusion: These findings suggest that prison-based exercise programs constitute a feasible and useful strategy for improving the physical and mental health status of prisoners.
Spatial control of heavy-fermion superconductivity in CeIrIn
5
Authors: Bachmann Maja D. , Ferguson G. M. , Theuss Florian , Meng Tobias , Putzke Carsten , Helm Toni , Shirer K. R. , Li You-Sheng , Modic K. A. , Nicklas Michael , König Markus , Low D. , Ghosh Sayak , Mackenzie Andrew P. , Arnold Frank , Hassinger Elena , McDonald Ross D. , Winter Laurel E. , Bauer Eric D. , Ronning Filip , Ramshaw B. J. , Nowack Katja C. , Moll Philip J. W.
Published: October 2019

Modulating superconductivity

Strain can have considerable effects on the electronic properties of materials. For instance, the temperature at which a material becomes superconducting—the critical temperature—can be tuned by varying strain. Bachmann
et al.
used focused ion beam milling to fabricate microstructures of the superconductor CeIrIn
5
on sapphire substrate. A difference in the thermal contraction coefficients of the two layers induced nonuniform strain upon cooling of the sample, leading to large gradients of the critical temperature. This approach can be used in other materials and may enable fabrication of superconducting circuitry without physical junctions.

Science
, this issue p.
221
The forebrain synaptic transcriptome is organized by clocks but its proteome is driven by sleep
Authors: Noya Sara B. , Colameo David , Brüning Franziska , Spinnler Andrea , Mircsof Dennis , Opitz Lennart , Mann Matthias , Tyagarajan Shiva K. , Robles Maria S. , Brown Steven A.
Published: October 2019

Sleep-wake cycles at mouse synapses

Analysis of the transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome at synapses in the mouse brain during daily sleep-wake cycles reveals large dynamic changes (see the Perspective by Cirelli and Tononi). Noya
et al.
found that almost 70% of transcripts showed changes in abundance during daily circadian cycles. Transcripts and proteins associated with synaptic signaling accumulated before the active phase (dusk for these nocturnal animals), whereas messenger RNAs and protein associated with metabolism and translation accumulated before the resting phase. Brüning
et al.
found that half of the 2000 synaptic phosphoproteins quantified showed changes with daily activity-rest cycles. Sleep deprivation abolished nearly all (98%) of these phosphorylation cycles at synapses.

Science
, this issue p.
eaav2642
, p.
eaav3617
; see also p.
189
Impaired regulation of KCC2 phosphorylation leads to neuronal network dysfunction and neurodevelopmental pathology
Authors: Pisella Lucie I. , Gaiarsa Jean-Luc , Diabira Diabé , Zhang Jinwei , Khalilov Ilgam , Duan JingJing , Kahle Kristopher T. , Medina Igor
Published: October 2019

Heterozygous knockin mice reveal role of the neuronal channel KCC2 in social and cognitive development.
Intermittent Treatment with Azithromycin and Ethambutol for Noncavitary Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Moon Seong Mi , Yoo In Young , Huh Hee Jae , Lee Nam Yong , Jhun Byung Woo
Published: October 2019

We evaluated the efficacy of intermittent azithromycin and ethambutol therapy for noncavitary
Mycobacterium avium
complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD). Twenty-nine (76%) of 38 patients achieved sputum culture conversion after 12 months of treatment, and sputum smear positivity was an independent factor for failure to achieve culture conversion (adjusted odds ratio, 26.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.1 to 339.9;
P
= 0.011).
Under Elevated c-di-GMP in Escherichia coli, YcgR Alters Flagellar Motor Bias and Speed Sequentially, with Additional Negative Control of the Flagellar Regulon via the Adaptor Protein RssB
Authors: Nieto Vincent , Partridge Jonathan D. , Severin Geoffrey B. , Lai Run-Zhi , Waters Christopher M. , Parkinson John S. , Harshey Rasika M.
Published: October 2019

Flagellum-driven motility has been studied in
E. coli
and
Salmonella
for nearly half a century. Over 60 genes control flagellar assembly and function. The expression of these genes is regulated at multiple levels in response to a variety of environmental signals. Cues that elevate c-di-GMP levels, however, inhibit motility by direct binding of the effector YcgR to the flagellar motor. In this study conducted mainly in
E. coli
, we show that YcgR is the only effector of motor control and tease out the order of YcgR-mediated events. In addition, we find that the σ
S
regulator protein RssB contributes to negative regulation of flagellar gene expression when c-di-GMP levels are elevated.
Toxoplasma gondii Intravacuolar-Network-Associated Dense Granule Proteins Regulate Maturation of the Cyst Matrix and Cyst Wall
Authors: Guevara Rebekah B. , Fox Barbara A. , Falla Alejandra , Bzik David J.
Published: October 2019

Toxoplasma gondii
establishes chronic infection in humans by forming thick-walled cysts that persist in the brain. If host immunity wanes, cysts reactivate to cause severe, and often lethal, toxoplasmic encephalitis. There is no available therapy to eliminate cysts or to prevent their reactivation. Moreover, how the vital and characteristic cyst matrix and cyst wall structures develop is poorly understood. Here, we visualized and tracked the localization of
Toxoplasma
intravacuolar-network-associated dense granule (GRA) proteins during cyst development
in vitro
. Intravacuolar-network GRAs were present within the cyst matrix and at the cyst wall in developing cysts, and genetic deletion of intravacuolar-network-associated GRAs reduced the rate of accumulation of cyst wall material at the cyst periphery. Our results show that intravacuolar-network-associated GRAs, particularly GRA2 and GRA12, play dynamic and essential roles in the development and maturation of the cyst matrix and the cyst wall structures.
Serra Sul diamictite of the Carajás Basin (Brazil): A Paleoproterozoic glaciation on the Amazonian craton
Authors: Araújo Raphael , Nogueira Afonso
Published: October 2019

This paper reports the discovery of glacial deposits of likely Siderian–Rhyacian age (2.58–2.06 Ga) in South America (Carajás Basin, Brazil), thereby expanding the potential reach of Paleoproterozoic glaciations to the Amazonian craton for the first time. Glacially derived diamictites are stacked within a hitherto unrecognized ∼600-m-thick siliciclastic succession, here named the Serra Sul Formation. Well-preserved textures, with evidence of glaciotectonism and ice rafting, indicate deposition in a coastal subglacial to glacial-fed submarine fan system, in which the immediately underlying units (banded iron formation and volcanic rock) were the main source and bedrock. The Serra Sul diamictite may be correlated with any of the known Paleoproterozoic glaciations, or with none of them.
How to use N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in assessing disease severity in bronchiolitis
Authors: Edwards Keir Dan , Tighe Mark Peter
Published: October 2019

Bronchiolitis is a common viral illness which can lead to severe respiratory compromise and can coexist with or mask cardiac failure. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the inactive portion of its pro-hormone: N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) are excreted in response to cardiomyocyte stretching and are established biomarkers in cardiac failure. Here, we discuss the technicalities of NT-proBNP testing and review available evidence regarding NT-proBNP testing in bronchiolitis. We identified and appraised seven studies assessing the role of BNP or NT-proBNP as biomarkers of bronchiolitis severity, in children with and without underlying congenital cardiac disease. One study of 76 children with dyspnoea showed that the median NT-proBNP level in children with cardiac failure was 7321 pg/mL vs 241 pg/mL in children with a respiratory cause of dyspnoea vs 87.21 pg/mL in healthy controls (p<0.05). A cut-off of 726 pg/mL could aid differentiation between cardiac and respiratory causes of respiratory distress. Other evidence showed a positive correlation between BNP levels and bronchiolitis severity, and that raised BNP can predict acute heart failure in children with congenital cardiac disease presenting with bronchiolitis. However, most studies consisted of small cohorts with conflicting evidence between them. Furthermore, several studies assessed BNP rather than NT-proBNP directly. BNP has a shorter half-life, which may affect analysis. In conclusion, NT-proBNP is a rapid and inexpensive test with the potential to be a useful biomarker in severe bronchiolitis and cases complicated by acute cardiac failure. However, studies with larger cohorts are required to better establish this role.
Risks of psychosis in methamphetamine users: cross-sectional study in Thailand
Authors: Lamyai Warot , Pono Kitkawee , Indrakamhaeng Danai , Saengsin Apichat , Songhong Nartya , Khuwuthyakorn Panu , Sribanditmongkol Pongruk , Junkuy Anongphan , Srisurapanont Manit
Published: October 2019

Objective

To determine factors related to recent methamphetamine-associated psychosis (MAP) among individuals recently using methamphetamine (MA).

Design

Cross-sectional study carried out between July 2015 and June 2017.

Setting

Four mental health hospitals and one substance abuse treatment centre in Thailand.

Participants

Individuals recruited onto the study included those aged 18 years or over, of both sexes, who reported MA use in the month prior to admission.

Measures

Any recent psychosis was confirmed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus psychotic module. The Timeline Follow Back was used to determine days of MA use. The severity of MA dependence was assessed using the Severity of Dependence Scale. Quantitative hair analysis was carried out to confirm recent use of MA and to measure the amount of MA use. We compared several characteristics between those who had recently experienced psychosis and those who had not.

Results

This study included 120 participants without MAP and 113 participants with MAP. The mean age was 28 years and the mean abstinence was 17 days. The levels of MA concentration in hair were not significantly different between groups (p=0.115). Based on the final logistic regression model, the independent factors associated with MAP (OR and 95% CI) included being male (OR 4.03, 95% CI 1.59 to 10.20), ≥16 days of MA use in the past month (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.52), MA dependence (OR 9.41, 95% CI 2.01 to 44.00) and hospitalisation history related to substance abuse (OR 3.85, 95% CI 2.03 to 7.28).

Conclusions

Health professionals should closely monitor the development of MAP in MA-dependent men who frequently use MA and have a history of hospitalisation for substance abuse. The measure of MA concentration levels in the hair may add no benefit for the prediction of the development of MAP.
Occupational class, capitalist class advantage and mortality among working-age men
Authors: Kokkinen Lauri , Muntaner Carles , Koskinen Aki , Väänänen Ari
Published: October 2019

Background

Disparities in mortality have been firmly established across occupational grades and the incomes they earn, but this line of research has failed to include individuals’ relationships to capital, as suggested by class analysists.

Methods

According to Wright’s classification, the research generated 10 mutually exclusive classes based on occupation and investment income: worker; capitalist worker; professional; capitalist professional; supervisor; capitalist supervisor; manager; capitalist manager; self-employed; and capitalist self-employed. The study participants (n=268 239) were randomly selected from the Statistics Finland population database and represent 33% of Finnish men aged 30–64 years. The mortality data were monitored over the 1995–2014 period.

Results

The sociodemographic-adjusted HRs for mortality were lowest for capitalist managers (HR 0.50; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.69) as compared with that for workers without a capitalist class advantage. A positive occupational class gradient was found from managers to supervisors to workers. The capitalist class advantage independently affected the disparities in mortality within this occupational hierarchy.

Conclusion

Different occupational class locations protect against premature death differently, and the capitalist class advantage widens the premature-death disparities among the occupational classes. To monitor and explain social inequalities in health in a more nuanced way, future research on investment income as well as the operationalisation of the capitalist class advantage is encouraged.
Dronedarone: the effect of diet-induced obesity on its metabolism and experimental hyperlipidemia on its metabolism and tissue distribution in the rat
Authors: Bin Jardan Yousef A. , Abdussalam Ali , El-Kadi Ayman O.S. , Brocks Dion R.
Published: October 2019

Dronedarone biodistribution in hyperlipidemia and dronedarone metabolism in hyperlipidemia or obesity were assessed. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were given either normal standard chow with water or various high-fat or high-carbohydrate diets for 14 weeks. There was also a nonobese hyperlipidemic group given poloxamer 407 intraperitoneally. Liver and intestinal microsomes were prepared and the metabolic conversion of dronedarone to desbutyldronedarone was followed. A biodistribution study of dronedarone given orally was conducted in hyperlipidemic and control normolipidemic rats. The metabolism of dronedarone to desbutyldronedarone in control rats was consistent with substrate inhibition. However in the treatment groups, the formation of desbutyldronedarone did not follow substrate inhibition; hyperlipidemia and high-calorie diets created remarkable changes in dronedarone metabolic profiles and reduction in formation velocities. Tissue concentrations of dronedarone were much higher than in plasma. Furthermore, in hyperlipidemia, plasma and lung dronedarone concentrations were significantly higher compared to normolipidemia.
Charged radiating stars with Lie symmetries
Authors: Abebe G. Z. , Maharaj S. D.
Published: October 2019

We consider the general model of an accelerating, expanding and shearing radiating star in the presence of charge. Using a new set of variables arising from the Lie symmetries of differential equations we transform the boundary equation into ordinary differential equations. We present several new exact models for a charged gravitating sphere. A particular family of solution may be interpreted as a generalised Euclidean star in the presence of the electromagnetic field. This family admits a linear barotropic equation of state. In the uncharged limit, we regain general relativistic stellar models where proper and areal radii are equal, and its generalisations. Our group theoretical approach selects the physically important cases of Euclidean stars and equations of state.