A 3-D geologic model of the Paleozoic bedrock of southern Ontario
Authors: Carter T , Brunton F R , Clark J , Fortner L , Logan C
E , Russell H A J , Somers M , Yeung K 
Published: February 2019

The regional 3-D geological model of the Paleozoic bedrock of southern Ontario will be published in 2019. The model encompasses all 110,000 km2 of the western St. Lawrence Lowlands region of south-western and south-central Ontario, except for Manitoulin Island.
The model is constructed in Leapfrog© Works (Aranz Geo Limited) - an implicit modelling application, with 56 layers representing 70 Paleozoic bedrock formations, the Precambrian basement, and overlying unconsolidated sediments. Layers were constructed using formation depth data from 26,900
petroleum borehole records in the Ontario Petroleum Data System (OPDS), supplemented by hundreds of deep bedrock boreholes compiled by OGS. Formation depth data in the borehole records comprise the primary data input for the 3-D model. Model layers are based on a new lithostratigraphic chart
prepared for this project. A new digital bedrock topography surface has also been constructed and is combined with a new digital subcrop geology map to assemble a grid of 3-D points that approximate and constrain the subcrop surface of each modelled formation and better align the layers with expert
knowledge and mapped geology.
Model development was an iterative cycle of interim model construction, expert geological appraisal to identify errors/inconsistencies in both the model construction and borehole database, followed by QA/QC editing of formation depth data using well records, geophysical logs, drill cuttings and
drill core. QA/QC issues included; incorrect borehole location coordinates, data entry errors, missing / inconsistent / incorrect formation contact picks, sparse data, extrapolation issues beneath Lake Huron, mismatch of digital bedrock topography and bedrock geology, and need for improved data
filtering algorithms for calculation of formation bottom depths in individual wells.
This project has generated a robust lithostratigraphic model which is a logical next step in the evolution of regional geological mapping. It illustrates the geological connections and continuity between the surface and subsurface; a necessary precursor for understanding hydrogeological links
between surface water systems and groundwater, and provides a physical basis for future development of a full hydrostratigraphic model for the area. Other practical applications of the model include; natural resource extraction (e.g., water, gypsum, salt, gas, oil, aggregate), site selection for
nuclear waste disposal, exploitation of geothermal energy, public outreach and education, identification of gaps in data and knowledge, and shortcomings in modeling algorithms. Users must recognize that the model is a data-driven algorithmic representation of the actual bedrock geology and is not a
substitute for detailed geological mapping. The model is considered a work-in-progress subject to future improvements as new and improved data, modeling software, data processing tools, and geological interpretations become available.
The availability of OPDS well database was a critical component in the development of the 3-D model. Model development QA/QC has, in turn, improved the quality of the borehole and related databases.