bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MANAJEMEN LIMPASAN AIR HUJAN DI DAERAH PERKOTAAN DENGAN RAIN GARDEN DAN MENJAGANYA DARI KEBERADAAN NYAMUK
Authors: Annisa Nova , Prasetia Hafiizh
Published: February 2020

ABSTRAKRain garden adalah salah satu praktik pembangunan berkelanjutan untuk mengatasi masalah limpasan air hujan. Rain garden sangat cocok sekali dikembangkan di daerah perkotaan dimana lahan resapan sudah mulai hilang digantikan dengan lapisan beton yang kaku. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah mengungkapkan bagaimana model rain garden untuk daerah perkotaan dan bagaimana cara untuk menjaganya dari keberadaan nyamuk. Kajian dilakukan dengan analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diketahui bahwa model rain garden dapat dikembangkan untuk daerah perkotaan. Model rain garden yang satu dan yang lainnya dapat dihubungkan dengan pipa atau gorong-gorong sehingga memungkinkan rain garden berjalan optimal. Rain garden yang bagus harus tidak ada genangan lebih dari 72 jam. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menjaga dari keberadaan nyamuk yang dianggap mengganggu. Perawatan yang bagus terhadap rain garden juga mampu untuk menjaganya dari nyamuk. Kata Kunci: rain garden, nyamuk, siklus hidup  ABSTRACT Rain garden is one of sustainable development practices to overcome the problem of runoff water. Rain garden is very well suited to develop in urban areas where the recharge ground has begun to disappear replaced with a rigid concrete layer. The purpose of this study is to reveal how the rain garden model for urban areas and how to guard against the presence of mosquitoes. The study was conducted by descriptive analysis. Based on the observation, it is known that rain garden model can be developed for urban area. Rain garden models that one and the other can be connected with a pipe or culvert that allows rain garden to run optimally. A nice rain garden should have no puddle over 72 hours. It aims to keep from the presence of mosquitoes that are considered disturbing. Good treatment of rain garden is also able to keep it from mosquitoes. Keywords: rain garden, mosquitoes, life cycle
REKLAMASI LAHAN PASCA TAMBANG DI DESA BUKIT MULIA DAN SUMBER JAYA PT AKBAR MITRA JAYA KECAMATAN KINTAP KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Annisa Annisa
Published: February 2020

ABSTRAK Pembangunan berwawasan lingkungan menjadi suatau kebutuhan penting bagi setiap bangsa dan negara yang menginginkan kelestarian sumber daya alam. Oleh karena itu, sumber daya alam perlu dijaga dan diperhatikan untuk kelangsungan hidup manusia kini, maupun untuk generasi yang akan datang. Rencana pembukaan lahan untuk kegiatan penambangan selama periode 5 tahun ialah seluas 60,65 Ha. Sedangkan areal bekas tambang yang akan direklamasi ialah seluas 60,65 Ha untuk mengembalikan peruntukan fungsi lahan sebelumnya yaitu kebun kelapa sawit. Reklamasi lahan bekas tambang dilakukan secara bertahahap dengan pengaturan kembali bentuk morfologi seperti rona awal dan revegetasi sesuai dengan jenis tanaman semula. Pengaturan permukaan tanah dibuat dengan kemiringan lereng 10%-20%, ketebalan tanah pucuk (top Soil) antara 0,5 – 1 meter dan revegatasi menggunakan tanaman kelapa sawit. Metode penimbunan tanah penutup dilakukan dengan teknik backfilling yaitu dengan menimbunkan kembali sebagian material tanah penutup (overburden) pada lubang bukaan bekas tambang dimana bahan galian tambang tersebut telah selesai diambil atau ditambang sehingga lahan bekas tambang tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan kembali untuk keperluan reklamasi. Rencana reklamasi dilaksanakan pada tahun kedua karena sudah terdapat lahan bekas bukaan tambang (Pit). Pelaksanaan reklamsi yang akan dilakukan pada bekas bukaan tambang (Pit) tahun 2016  : 12,65 Ha, tahun 2017 hingga 2020 masing-masing 12 Ha/Tahun. Kata kunci: Reklamasi, backfilling, kemiringan lereng, tambang. ABSTRACT Environmental-oriented development becomes an essential necessity for every nation and country that aspires to the preservation of natural resources. Therefore, natural resources need to be maintained and taken care of  the survival of human life, as well as for future generations. The plan for land clearing for mining activities over a 5 year period is 60.65 Ha. While the former mine area to be reclaimed is 60.65 Ha to restore the previous land use function of palm oil plantation. The reclamation of ex-mining land is done in stages with the re-arrangement of morphological forms such as baseline and revegetation in accordance with the original plant species. Soil surface setting is made with 10% -20% slope, Soil thickness (top Soil) between 0.5 - 1 meter and revegatation using oil palm plantation. The method of backfill landfilling is done by re-stocking some of the overburden material in the ex-mining openings where the mining material has been taken or mined so that the former mine can be reused for reclamation purposes. The reclamation plan is implemented in the second year because there is already ex-mining land (Pit). Implementation of reclamation will be done on the former of mining openings (Pit) in 2016: 12,65 Ha, year 2017 until 2020 each 12 Ha / Year. Keywords: Backfilling, mining, reclamation, slope.
SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI SELULOSA ASETAT DARI ALFA SELULOSA TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT
Authors: Darmawan M. Topan , Elma Muthia , Ihsan M.
Published: February 2020

Selulosa asetat merupakan senyawa turunan selulosa yang sering digunakan sebagai serat, membran, dan film fotografi dalam industri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh waktu asetilasi terhadap karakter selulosa asetat yang dihasilkan. Adapun proses yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah proses cellanase dengan bahan baku tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Tahapan reaksinya adalah aktivasi, asetilasi, dan hidrolisis. Aktivasi dilakukan di dalam labu leher tiga dengan penambahan asam asetat glacial 50 mL dan diaduk selama 3 jam pada kecepatan 125 rpm. Selanjutnya ditambahkan asetat anhidrida 15 mL sebagai agen asetilasi. Asetilasi dilakukan dengan variasi waktu, 2; 2,5; 3; dan 3,5 jam. Pada tahapan hidrolisis, ditambahkan air 2 mL dan asam asetat glacial 5 mL. Reaksi berlangsung selama 30 menit. Selanjutnya ditambahkan 1 gram natrium asetat untuk netralisasi yang berlangsung selama 5 menit. Kemudian dilakukan pencucian sampai bau asam asetat hilang. Tahapan terakhir adalah pengeringan yang dilakukan dengan suhu 55ºC selama 6 jam. Produk yang dihasilkan kemudian dianalisis kadar air, kadar asetil, rendemen dan gugus fungsi menggunakan analisa FTIR. Selulosa asetat yang terbaik diperoleh pada waktu asetilasi selama 2,5 jam dengan  kadar  asetil  40,36%, kadar  air  4.43%,  dan  rendemen 153,8%.Kata kunci: cellanase, selulosa, selulosa asetat. Cellulose acetate is a cellulose derivative which is often used as a fiber, membrane, and photographic film in industry. The  objectives  of  this  study  were  to determine the effect of acetylation time on the character of cellulose acetate. The process used in this study is the process of cellanase with α-cellulose of empty palm oil bunches materials. Stages of reaction are activation, acetylation, and hydrolysis. Activation was performed in a three-neck flask with the addition of 50 mL glacial acetic acid and stirred for 3 hours at 125 rpm. Then added 15 mL acetic anhydride as acetylation agent. Acetylation was performed by varying the time, 2; 2.5; 3; And 3.5 hours. At the hydrolysis stage, 2 mL of water and 5 mL glacial acetic acid were added. The reaction lasts for 30 minutes. Then added 1 gram of sodium acetate for neutralization lasts 5 minutes. then do the washing up to the smell of acetic acid disappeared. The final stage is the drying is done at a temperature of 55ºC for 6 hours. The resulting product was then analyzed for water content, acetyl content, rendement and functional groups using FTIR analysis. Cellulose acetate are best obtained at the time of acetylation for 2.5 hours with acetyl content of 40.36%, water content 4:43%, and a yield of 153.8%.Keywords: acetate cellulose, cellanase, cellulose.
PENINGKATAN KANDUNGAN PROTEIN MIE BASAH DENGAN PENAMBAHAN DAGING IKAN BELUT (Monopterus albus Zuieuw)
Authors: Candra Candra , Rahmawati Hafni
Published: February 2020

Tujuan riset ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh penambahan daging ikan belut (Monopterus albus Zuieuw) terhadap karakteristik kimia dan organoleptik mie basah. Mie basah yang beredar di pasaran memiliki kandungan nutrisi kurang baik, yaitu kadar airnya mencapai 52% sehingga daya awet rendah hanya bisa bertahan 40 jam pada suhu ruang, berbau asam, berlendir dan kadar protein rendah (4%). Penambahan daging ikan belut pada mie basah sebanyak 4 taraf yaitu 0; 1,5; 3; dan 4,5 %. Data hasil menunjukan peningkatan signifikan (p<0,05) untuk kadar protein, lemak dan abu. Sedangkan pada kadar air dan karbohidrat terjadi perubahan signifikan (p<0,05). Berdasarkan data hasil uji organoleptik, peningkatan signifikan (p<0,05) untuk nilai rasa dan aroma, tetapi terjadi penurunan signifikan pada nilai tekstur dan warna (p<0,05).Kata kunci : belut, mie basah, organoleptic, protein. The object of the research was studying wet noodle chemistry and organoleptic characteristic adding with eel (Monopterus albus Zuieuw) meat. Wet noodles in the market have a low nutrition. That were low protein (4%), high moisture (52%), short durrability (40 hours) in room temperature, sour odor and much mucus. The treatment for wet noodles adding with eel meat have 4 levels (0; 1,5; 3; and 4,5 %). The result were significant (p<0,05) increased for protein, lipid, and ash, but  significant (p<0,05) changed for moisture and carbohydrate. Organoleptic characteristic were showed significant (p<0,05) increased for taste and odor specifications, but significant (p<0,05) decreased for texture and color.Key words : eel meat, organoleptic, protein, wet noodle.
EVALUASI KINERJA RESERVOIR PADA JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI AIR BERSIH IPA I PDAM BANDARMASIH
Authors: Sofia Elma , Riduan Rony , Pratama Endrico
Published: February 2020

Air bersih merupakan kebutuhan dasar bagi manusia, sehingga pemenuhan kebutuhan air bersih merupakan hal yang wajib diperhatikan oleh PDAM (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum) sebagai pihak terkait.  Dengan sistem pengolahan dan sistem jaringan perpipaan yang ada, PDAM Bandarmasih diharapkan mampu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih masyarakat yang ada di kota Banjarmasin.  Salah satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah kinerja reservoir pada sistem distribusi perpipaan air bersih dari Instalasi Pengolahan Air Bersih (IPA) sampai kepada masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja reservoir PDAM Bandarmasih, khususnya kinerja reservoir S. Parman yang merupakan reservoir distribusi yang melayani distribusi air bersih ke zona 1 dan zona 4 wilayah layanan IPA (Instalasi Pengolahan Air) I PDAM Bandarmasih.  Pada penelitian ini digunakan perangkat lunak Epanet 2.0 sebagai alat bantu pemodelen hidrodinamika sistem distribusi air bersih.  Berdasarkan hasil simulasi dengan menggunakan Epanet 2.0, pada saat jam puncak 06.00 reservoir S. Parman mampu melayani kebutuhan air bersih masyarakat dan node terjauh mempunyai tekanan terendah 11,21 m dengan tinggi muka air terendah reservoir S. Parman terjadi pada jam 09.00 yaitu 0,75 m. Secara umum, reservoir masih mampu memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih pelanggan khususnya pada saat jam puncak. Kata kunci: Epanet, jaringan distribusi air bersih, PDAM, reservoir.   Clean water is a basic need for humans, requirement of clean water is considered important by the PDAM (Regional Water Company) as a related party. With the existing treatment system and piping network system, Bandarmasih PDAM is expected to be able to meet the community's clean water needs in Banjarmasin city. One of crucial things is the performance of reservoir in piped water distribution system from the Clean Water Treatment Plant.This study aims to evaluate the reservoir performance of the Bandarmasih PDAM, specifically the performance of S. Parman reservoir, which is a distribution reservoir that serves the distribution of clean water to zone 1 and zone 4 of the Water Treatment Plant (IPA) I PDAM Bandarmasih. In this study Epanet 2.0 software was used as a hydrodynamic modelling tool. Based on the simulation results, at peak hours 06.00 a.m. reservoir S. Parman is able to serve the community's clean water needs. The farthest node has the lowest pressure of 11.21 m, and the lowest water level of the reservoir S. Parman occurs at 09.00 a.m. which is 0.75 m. In general, the reservoir is still able to meet community's clean water needs, especially during peak hours. Keywords: reservoir, clean water distribution network, Epanet, PDAM
HUBUNGAN PENURUNAN VOLUME AIR DENGAN PEMAMPATAN GAMBUT PADA TINGKAT KEMATANGAN YANG BERBEDA DI KAWASAN GAMBUT BERENGBENGKEL KALIMANTAN TENGAH
Authors: Wahdah Rabiatul
Published: February 2020

Gambut merupakan lahan yang tergenang sepanjang tahun, persoalan kemudian muncul manakala lahan gambut alamiah dialihfungsikan. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah mengetahui pemampatan gambut akibat penurunan volume air pada tingkat kematangan yang berbeda, dengan sampel tanah yang digunakan diambil di kawasan gambut Berengbengkel Kalimantan Tengah masing-masing 30 sampel tanah terusik dan tak terusik untuk analisa kadar lengas, berat volume, kadar serat, dan rapat optik yang mana data akan diolah menggunakan program Ms. Excell.  Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif yang menjelaskan hubungan penurunan volume air dengan pemampatan gambut pada tingkat kematanagn yang berbeda di Kawasan Gambut Berengbengkel Kalimantan Tengah Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan volume air atau kadar lengas menyebabkan hilangnya volume spesifik pori sehingga mengakibatkan pemampatan tanah gambut. Pemampatan yang terjadi berbeda disetiap tingkat kematangan. Pemampatan pada setiap kematangan berbeda, gambut mentah (fibrik) akan lebih cepat atau mudah mengalami pemampatan dan melambat pada tanah gambut yang sudah mengalami kematangan, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penurunan volume air atau kadar lengas yang hilang dapat menyebabkan pemampatan dan subsiden pada tanah gambut  Kata Kunci : kematanagan gambut, kadar lengas, kadar serat, rapat optik . Peatlands are areas waterlogged throughout the year. The problems arise when natural peatlands are converted. The aim of the study was to find out the compression of peat due to a decrease in the volume of water at some different levels of maturity. The soil samples were taken from the peat area of Berengbengkel, Central Kalimantan. Each of 30 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples was analyzed for its moisture content, volumetric weight, fiber content, and optical density. The data were then processed using the program of Ms. Excell. The method used in the study was a descriptive method describing relationship between decrease in water volume and compression of peat at different maturity levels in peat area of berengbengkel, central kalimantan. The results showed that the decrease in water volume or moisture content led to the loss of specific pore volume, resulting in compression of peat. The compressions occurring at each maturity level were different from one another. Raw peat (fibric) was quicker or easier to experience compression than the peat soil that had already undergone maturation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the decrease in water volume or moisture content can cause compression and subsidence in peat soil. Keywords: fiber content, moisture content, peat maturity, optical density.
VARIASI KEMAMPUAN BEBERAPA JENIS POHON DALAM MENYERAP CO2 PADA TAMAN KOTA BANJARBARU
Authors: Prasetia Hafiizh , Riduan Rony , Annisa Nova
Published: February 2020

Keberadaan ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) di Kelurahan Komet sangat diperlukan keberadaannya. Jumlah, jenis dan distribusi vegetasi yang sudah ada perlu diketahui untuk membuat perencanaan RTH taman kota dan taman lingkungan yang dibutuhkan di Kota Banjarbaru. Oleh sebab itu, selain untuk menginventarisir RTH taman kota dan taman lingkungan yang ada, juga perlu dilakukan analisis variasi kemampuan serapan CO2 atmosfir beberapa jenis pohon penyusun ruang terbuka hijau Kota Banjarbaru, khususnya Kelurahan Komet. Tata hijau yang digunakan dalam lansekap kawasan taman menggunakan pohon yang bertajuk lebar dan didominansi pohon seperti akasia (Acacia mangium), jambu air (Eugenia aquea), mangga (Mangifera indica), sawo (Manilkara zapota), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), jambu biji (Psidium guajava), angsana (Pterocarpus indicus), mahoni berdaun lebar (Swietenia macrophylla), dan ketapang (Terminalia catappa). Penyerapan tertinggi tercatat pada pohon angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) yaitu sebesar 720 kg.tahun-1, sedangkan yang terendah pada pohon jambu biji (Psidium guajava), dan mahoni berdaun lebar (Swietenia macrophylla) yaitu sebesar 61 kg.tahun-1. Kata Kunci: Banjarbaru, serapan CO2, taman. The existence of green open space in Comet Village is indispensable. The number, type and distribution of existing vegetation should be known to make urban park planning and environmental parks needed in Banjarbaru City. Therefore, in addition to the inventory green open space park city and environmental parks that exist, it is also necessary to analyze the variation of atmospheric CO2 absorption capacity of several types of trees making up green open space Banjarbaru City, especially Comet Village. The green streets used in the landscape of the park area use wide-brim and tree-dominated such as Acacia mangium, Eugenia aquea, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Nephelium lappaceum, Psidium guajava, Pterocarpus indicus, Swietenia macrophylla and Terminalia catappa. The highest absorption was recorded in Pterocarpus indicus tree which was 720 kg.year-1, while the lowest in Psidium guajava and Swietenia macrophylla tree was 61 kg.year-1.Keyword : Banjarbaru, CO2 absorption, park.
PEMETAAN INDEKS KENYAMANAN UNIVERSITAS LAMBUNG MANGKURAT BANJARBARU
Authors: Ujwala Garu , Noor Rijali , Annisa Nova , Riduan Rony
Published: February 2020

Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru merupakan salah satu RTH dalam bentuk hutan kota yang juga menjadi ruang aktivitas publik. Sebagai Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) yang sekaligus menjadi ruang aktivitas publik maka lingkungan di dalamnya harus dikondisikan senyaman mungkin karena nyamannya suatu RTH akan meningkatkan produktifitas orang di dalamnya.  Sebaran indeks kenyamanan Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru berada pada kriteria nyaman dan sebagian tidak nyaman dan hanya wilayah Perpustakaan cabang dan sebagian wilayah Fakultas Kedokteran yang memiliki kriteria indeks tidak nyaman. Persepsi responden mahasiswa dan civitas akademika Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru tentang tingkat kenyamanan adalah nyaman, kondisi suhu udara adalah agak panas, kondisi kelembaban udara adalah sedang, kondisi angin adalah sepoi-sepoi, dan kondisi penerimaan matahari adalah sedang. Kata kunci: Hutan Kota, Indeks Kenyamanan, Ruang Terbuka Hijau. ABSTRACTLambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru University is one of the Green Open Space in the form of urban forest which is also a space for public activities. As a Green Open Space which is also a space for public activities, the environment in it should be as comfortable as possible because the comfort of an Green Open Space will increase the productivity of people in it. Distribution of temperature humidity index of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru University were on comfortable criteria and some were uncomfortable criteria and only Library area and some areas of Medical Faculty that have uncomfortable index criteria. The respondents perception of student and the academic community of Lambung Mangkurat Banjarbaru University about temperature humidity index is comfortable, the air temperature condition is rathert hot, the air humidity is medium, the wind condition is the breezy, and the condition of the sun reception is moderate.  Keywords: Green Open Space, Urban Forest, Temperature Humidity Index
PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH DOMESTIK RUMAH MAKAN DENGAN PROSES MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR)
Authors: Farahdiba Aulia Ulfah , Purnomo Yayok Suryo , Sakti Satria Nugraha , Kamal Muhammad Firdaus
Published: February 2020

Semakin banyaknya usaha rumah makan, maka air limbah yang dihasilkan akan bertambah dan akan menjadi suatu permasalahan. Pada proses pengolahan limbah khususnya yang mengandung senyawa organik, salah satu teknologi yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan proses Moving Bed Bioflm Reactor (MBBR). Pada prinsipnya, MBBR merupakan proses lumpur aktif yang ditingkatkan dengan menambahkan media (carrier) ke dalam reaktor aerasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis penurunan zat organik COD dan TSS dengan menggunakan proses MBBR pada limbah domestik rumah makan. Pada penelitian ini media yang digunakan adalah media kaldness 1 (K1) dengan variasi volume media yaitu tanpa media, 15%, 30%, 45%, dan 60%, serta variasi debit aliran air limbah yang akan masuk ke dalam reaktor MBBR sebesar 15 ml/menit, 30 ml/menit, 45 ml/menit, 60 ml/menit, dan 75 ml/menit. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kemampuan penyisihan beban pencemar COD dari limbah air domestik rumah makan oleh reaktor MBBR dengan volume media 60% dan debit 15 ml/menit sangat efektif. Reaktor ini mampu menurunkan nilai COD hingga 97,73% dan untuk TSS hanya sebesar 63,04% karena pada penelitian ini tidak menggunakan bak pengendap akhir sehingga nilai penyisihan TSS tidak terlalu besar.  Kata kunci:  COD, kaldness 1, moving bed bioflm reactor, TSS The more business restaurant, wastewater will be produced. In the processing of wastewater which contains an organic compound the most technology that is used is microorganisms or biological process by using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). In principle, MBBR is a process of activated sludge is improved by adding carrier into aeration reactor. This study aims to analyze the decrease in organic matter COD and TSS by using the MBBR process in restaurant domestic wastewater. The media that is used in this study is Kaldnes 1 (K1) with variation media volume that is without media, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%, and then the flow variation of wastewater discharge that will enter into MBBR reactor 75 ml/minute, 60 ml/minute, 45 ml/minute, 30 ml/minute, and 15 ml/minute. The results of this study results that the ability to set aside COD waste from restaurant domestic waste by MBBR with media volume 60% with 15 ml/minute debit more effective. This reactor able to increase COD till 97,73% and for TSS just 63,04% in this study do not use water tank so the TSS value is not too big. Keywords: COD, kaldness 1, moving bed bioflm reactor, TSS
Economic activity of the Berezov posad population in the 17th–18th centuries (on the basis of osteological materials from excavation site No. 2)
Authors: Bachura O.P. , Lobanova T.V. , Vizgalov G.P. , Martynovich N.V. , Gimranov D.O.
Published: February 2020

Berezov is one of the first Russian towns in the north of Western Siberia (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area). This article is aimed at describing the household structure, the commercial activities of the population inhabiting the posad of the town on the basis of animal bone remains, as well as at determining the degree of integration of the Russian and native population in the region. The study was carried out using the osteological collection (ap-proximately 12,000 items) obtained during the excavations on the site in 2008–2018. Having compared the mate-rials belonging to different construction layers, we identified three chronological periods covering the time from the mid-17th (the moment this site was built) up to late 18th centuries. When describing bone remains, species com-position, skeleton element, as well as the degree of fragmentation, were determined. The age structure of domes-tic animals was described. During the period under review, as the urban economy was developing, foraging activi-ties decreased in the town of Berezov, whereas production increased. Cattle and reindeer played a dominant role in the diet of the posad population. Starting from the end of the 17th century and later in the 18th century, the raising of predominantly beef cattle was gradually giving place to the raising of dairy cattle. Simultaneously, the region was witnessing a rapid development of large-scale reindeer herding, with the involvement of the Russian population of northern towns in this process. Thus, the lack of domestic meat was compensated for by domestic reindeer meat. The population of the posad kept a small number of pigs, sheep, horses and hens. Dogs were used for hunting and transportation. Game hunting (especially wild geese, ducks and capercaillies), as well as fishing, played an important role in the economy of the population. The population fished mostly large species of fish (sturgeon, pike, nelma) and hunted for elks, hares, as well as fur-bearing animals. The analysis of archaeo-zoological materials, as well as archaeological data, revealed that mixed Russian and original population resided in the posad of Berezov in the 17th–18th centuries. The economy of the population was typical for Russian towns, exhibiting local natural characteristics and involving the use of all available commercial resources, as well as ac-tive cooperation with the original population of the region.
Forged products by Russian craftsmen of the 17th–19th centuries on the basis of materials from the Kikki-Akki burial ground of Upper Taz Selkups: technological characteristics
Authors: Zinyakov N.M. , Poshekhonova O.E.
Published: February 2020

The article studies the technology of making iron and steel items of Russian origin, discovered in the Kikki-Akki burial ground of Northern Selkups (18th–19th centuries) in the north of Western Siberia in the upper reaches of the Taz River. In the study, we established the origin and chronology of Russian industrial goods in Western Siberia, as well as factors under the influence of which they appeared among the indigenous Siberian population. We examined knives and axes (17th — early 19th centuries) using the methods of metallographic analysis includ-ing macro- and micrographic examination, as well as microhardness testing. They provide an opportunity to de-termine the structure of the metal, which in turn helps determine chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties of the product. The analysis of forged products revealed that they were made according to the techno-logical traditions of Russian metalworking production existing in the 17th — early 19th centuries. Its distinctive features included the development and widespread practice in applying the modifications of two technological schemes for producing items from ferrous metal. The former was based on the welding either of iron and steel or of different grades of steel, whereas the latter involved all-steel structures. The former technological scheme pre-dominated in the production of items found in the Kikki-Akki burial ground. Moreover, the production of welded structures lacked standardisation. The following techniques were used in the production of knives: two-layer wel-ding of iron and steel, three-layer welding, V-joint welding, oblique welding, built-up welding at the ends and wel-ding of the steel blade. The use of soft quenching was noted as an additional operation that improved the opera-tional properties of the household tool. This variety of used technological schemes reflects the complex nature of the formation of the industrial goods market in Western Siberia. The selection of items made using different welded technologies is associated with the intention to use metal products of the highest quality for the fur trade and yasak collection. However, all-metal structures predominated in the main centres for the production of forged goods — cities of European Russia and Western Siberia.
Population of the Armenian Higlands in the age of Antiquity
(according of anthropological materials of urban and rural settlements)
Authors: Khudaverdyan A.Yu. , Hovhanisyan A.A. , Yengibaryan A.A. , Matevosyan R.Sh. , Qocharyan G.G. , Palanjan P.S. , Eganyan L.G. , Khachatryan A.A.
Published: February 2020

Article is devoted to studying of bone remains from antique burial grounds from the territory of the Armenian Highland. Anthropological materials of burials consist of 322 skeletons and dated I–III c. AD. The article analyzes the differences in anthropological characteristics of urban and rural population of Armenia of Antiquity period. The work is based on classical craniometric and statistical research methods. Artificial cranial deformationare and unintended deformation of a cradle-type found among urban and rural populations. As an intragroup analysis showed, the main differences between male urban and rural population across the size of the width of the frontal bone and face. If the villagers face orthognatic, angle of horizontal profiling at the top level enters the category of averages, in urban women face mezognatik, the angle of horizontal profiling is characterized by small values. Intergroup analysis showed, closest to urban male groups it turned out the tribes of Chernyakhov culture and the population of the Middle East. A male part of the villagers shows intimacy with Scythians of Crimea, Ukraine and Transnistria. The female part of the towns’ people is close with the Scythians of Ukraine and Crim; villagers are morphologically similar to the carriers of the Middle Sarmatian cultures of the Don region, with a population of the first centuries AD from Tanais, European and Asian Bosporus. Morphological analogies with the population of Northern Turkmenistan (Tumek-Kichidzhik), Western Ukraine (Chernyakhov culture), Middle Dnieper and Moldova (Scythians) were also revealed. This circumstance confirms the fact of sustainable, constant migration flow to the territory of the Armenian Highlands.
Radioactivity Logs for Gas Location
Authors: McLendon Dan H.
Published: February 2020

Gas Technology Symposium, 17–18 April, Shreveport, Louisiana

A brief and basic discussion of the theory of radioactivity logging along with types of instrumentation now in use explain how gas bearing zones are detectable in cased hole or open hole by use of radioactivity logs. Numerous examples of the successful use of single and multispaced neutron logs are presented. Also included are examples of the detection of gas, distillate, oil-, and water-bearing sands by proper interpretation of radioactivity logs.

A new technique for determining the L.P.G.-Brine interface in an L.P.G. storage cavity is discussed.

A new technique, developed in Venezuela for determining the point of gas entry into a bore hole is discussed.

A great deal has been written concerning the theory of radioactivity logging and to go into this subject deeply would be repetitious, however, to enter into a discussion of applications of this type of log it is necessary to briefly cover the fundamentals of theory and instrumentation.

The gamma ray log is a measure of the natural radiation of formations. All earth formations contain radioactive elements, some more than others. Figure 1is a table of natural radio-elements showing the progression down the scale with the accompanying emission of radioactivity at the various stages. There are three families of elements which are radioactive. These are the Uranium series, the Actino-Uranium series and the Thorium series. This chart clearly shows that an atom of uranium, in progressing through the various stages, will be at one stage ionium, then radium, then radon, etc., and end the progression as non-radioactive lead. At almost every stage of this progression some form of radiation is given off. The radiation will be an alpha particle, a beta particle or a gamma ray. Although each moves with very high velocity, a thin sheet of bond paper is sufficient barrier to stop an alpha particle. The beta particle has more energy than the alpha, however, several sheets of cardboard will successfully shield one from the radiation of betas. Gamma rays have the ability to penetrate 12 inches of steel or 8 inches of lead. From this it is easily seen that only gamma rays may be detected with the instruments now in use because the instrument wall is sufficiently thick to shield out the alpha and beta particles. Furthermore the gamma ray has such great penetrating qualities that we may case a well with concentric pump liners and still obtain a formation gamma ray log. The neutron is very little more affected by casing so we may also obtain a neutron in the well cased with pump liners.
Downhole Geochemical Analysis of Critical Desorption Pressure and Gas Content for Carbonaceous Reservoirs
Authors: Lamarre Robert A.
Published: February 2020

Paper presented at ATW on Coalbed Methane, Durango, Colorado, 27–29 March 2007. Unsolicited. This paper has been included in the SPE eLibrarywith the permission and transfer of copyright from the author.

This paper describes research directed at developing a new downhole analysismethod to determine critical desorption pressure and gas content in coals and carbonaceous formations. In this paper, we describe the reservoir physics that make the method possible, share laboratory results that illustrate and confirm the underlying physics, and demonstrate the application of the analysistechnique in representative field surveys.

This new technology uses a Raman-spectroscopy-based sensor capable of detecting and quantifying trace amounts of solution gas. The solution gas levelin a coal seam (i.e. the amount of methane dissolved in the coal seam water) is related to the partial pressure of methane via a solubility relationship such as Henry's Law. Determining the effective partial pressure of methane ina reservoir via a solution gas measurement can provide a convenient and accurate route to determining key reservoir properties such as gas content.

Representative field surveys within coalbed methane development areas show ahigh degree of variability in gas content not only between coal seams but alsoaerially for individual coal seams. This high degree of variabilityunderscores the need to collect a large number of gas content values in order to identify attractive development targets when assessing the gas resource.
The Treatment of Source and Produced Waters in Pembina
Authors: Messenger J.U. , Harper S.W.J. , Morris A.J.
Published: February 2020

Fifth Annual Joint Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Petroleum Sections of AIME, 2–3 April, Casper, Wyoming

Source water for flooding the Cardium sand in Pembina is being taken largely from the North Saskatchewan River. The raw water requires treatment to remove turbid solids, dissolved oxygen, iron, aerobic viable bacteria, and slime and to control scale formation. A plant for treating this water and carrying it to the injection wells is described. Two other methods of taking water from the river sands are discussed. Specifications for waters to be injected into the Cardium sand are drawn.

The conditions under which wet Pembina crude can be dehydrated are defined and a method of handling the water produced to make it compatible with the source water and suitable for injection is given.

The corrosiveness of Pembina produced and source waters is demonstrated.

Introduction

There are several engineering approaches to the problems involved in treating source and produced water for injection into a sand reservoir. The most conservative approach warrants a completely stable, completely clean, non-corrosive water. Another believes flood performance is best served by using a dirty water. Such a water is designed to plug the formation so that injection pressures increase and fractures occur. Injection pressures then drop and the cycle of plugging and fracturing is repeated. A growing tendency, however, is to engineer a water to the formation to be flooded. An attempt has been made by Mobil Oil of Canada to follow this line of attack in flooding its Cardium reservoir in the Pembina field.

Accordingly, this study deals primarily with Mobil's West Bank water treating and injection system. Some mention is made of the East Bank system, smaller but identical except that the deaerator follows the filters.
Chlorinity and Porosity Determination in Cased and Open Holes by Nuclear Logs
Authors: Waddell Courtney , Wilson John C.
Published: February 2020

Permian Basin Oil Recovery Conference, 7–8 May, Midland, Texas

Introduction

For a number of years radio activity logging devices have been used to define lithology, bed thickness, permeable intervals, and porosity both behind casing and within open holes. The need has long existed of defining oil and water saturation either qualitatively or quantitatively within intervals already cased off from the borehole. It is now feasible to differentiate oil bearing from salt water bearing zones behind well casing with a combination neutron curve and a chlorinilog curve, The two curves fall along the same line opposite oil filled or fresh water filled zones. Opposite salt water filled intervals the two curves depart from each other in recorded response and thus offer a graphic means of distinguishing hydrocarbon bearing from nonproducible horizons. Within the article below the logging device will be briefly described and a background of basic theory will be given. It will be pointed out that several factors influence the respective response of the standard neutron curve and the chlorinilog curve and that it is necessary to consider essentially similar zones, with particular reference to such considerations as cement thickness, borehole size, casing weight, borehole fluid type, particularly when attempting quantitative evaluation. The manner of presentation and a suggested method of evaluating water saturation will be demonstrated. Various current applications and uses as well as promising future applications will be discussed.

The instrument used to record both the "H" curve and the" CL" curve is of the scintillation type. In order to give consistent results, the equipment is designed for maximum stability and efficiency. It is refrigerated to allow operation at high temperatures without detrimental effects.

There are a number of methods that may be used to determine the presence of chlorine. Among these are the neutron-neutron method, the neutron-gamma method, and the spectral analysis method. The principle of operation of any of these methods depends upon the relatively large thermal neutron capture cross section of chlorine. Table 1 gives the abundance and the neutron capture cross section of the elements that are of any importance in nearly all types of formations.
Gas Injectivity Logging
Authors: Harcourt George
Published: February 2020

Permian Basin Oil Recovery Conference, 7–8 May, Midland, Texas

Introduction

Along with the rapid development and application of re-energizing techniques designed to recover a greater percentage of the oil in place than can be produced under primary recovery methods, tools and techniques have been developed to determine the input distribution of injected fluids.

Most of the re-energizing of hydrocarbon-bearing formations has been accomplished by gas injection, water injection and more recently, by the injection of a miscible fluid.

In the area of waterflood operations, a great deal of work has been conducted in injection wells to [1] determine water input distribution, [2]locate casing leaks, [3] find casing shoe leaks.

This information is important in evaluating water injectivity efficiency and in initiating workovers to repair undesirable conditions in injection wells.

The majority of this work has been accomplished by employing radio-active tracers, various flow meter and spinner devices, and by the radioactive interface method.

Of all these methods, only the radio-active interface method gives a straight-forward quantitative analysis of water input distribution at uninterrupted, normal injection flow-rates and pressures. This technique eliminates the many variables which often destroy the validity of some water input profile surveys. Hole size anamolies and flow velocities do not affect the accuracy of the art. The radio-active interface principle is based upon the measurement of the normal volume of fluid being injected into the well. In addition, the interface method allows the survey to be made under most operating injection pressures and volumes.

The basic radio-active interface survey for water injectivity profiling was introduced to the oil field commercially in late 1955 as an Isoflow survey. Recently the technique has been adopted for use in the survey of high pressure, high volume gas storage wells, injection wells, and pressure maintenance wells. The excellent results of the survey in some 1500 operations during this past period have indicated the applicability of the process to almost every type of problem connected with the analysis of flow of liquid or gas from the wellbore.
Waterflood Performance in a Stratified, Five-Spot Reservoir - A Scaled-Model Study
Authors: Gaucher D.H. , Lindley D.C.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 208–215.

Introduction

The displacement of oil by water in a waterflood project is accomplished by the action of transient viscous, gravitational and capillary forces which drive fluid through interconnecting pore spaces toward production wells. The relative importance of each of these forces to the effectiveness of the displacement and the production history depends on properties of the reservoir itself and the manner in which it is operated. There has been considerable discussion concerning the importance of these factors and the extent to which they control the performance of individual waterflood projects. No data have been presented, however, to demonstrate the effect on waterflood behavior of variations in rock permeability, water-injection rates and mobility ratios in three-dimensional reservoir systems in which viscous, gravitational and capillary forces are allowed to assume the proper relative influence on fluid flow.

Much information relevant to water flooding has been gained from the study of field case histories. But, the complexity of the systems involved, the difficulty of defining geometry and obtaining sufficient data, and the fact that the same reservoir is never flooded twice with the same initial conditions, all obscure the role of process variables such as rate. Further, mathematical calculations of waterflood behavior are restricted at this time by available mathematical techniques to highly simplified situations. Scaled models, however, do offer an approach at the present time to evaluation of the effects of the pertinent variables.

Several investigators have predicted prototype reservoir behavior from observations of model waterflood performance under a variety of conditions. Two-dimensional aspects of waterflood pattern efficiency have been investigated by Muskat, Aronofsky, Dyes, et al, Craig, et al, and Rapoport, et al. The effects of gravity segregation, viscous fingering and permeability stratification have also been studied in two-dimensional models. Craig, et al, studied the importance of gravitational forces on frontal displacement in three-dimensional models with wells on a five-spot pattern. This work investigates the tendency for water to segregate in homogeneous reservoirs because of gravity and to under-run the oil for a range of water-injection rates. The effects of permeability stratifications were investigated by these authors using miscible fluids to simulate water-channeling through permeable strata in systems of negligible capillary force.
The Volumetric Behavior of Natural Gases Containing Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Robinson D.B. , Macrygeorgos C.A. , Govier G.W.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 54–60.

Experimental data have been obtained on the volumetric behavior of ternary mixtures of methane, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide at temperatures of 40°, 100° and 160°F up to pressures of 3,000 psia. The results indicate that the compressibility factors for this system do not agree with compressibility factors for sweet natural gases at the same pseudo-reduced conditions. The deviation increases as the temperature and methane content decrease. Discrepancies of up to 35 per cent were observed.

A careful analysis has been made of the existing published data on compressibility factors for binary systems containing light hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide. It has been found that the deviation of actual from predicted compressibility factors for methane-acid gas mixtures is a function of the methane content and the pseudo-critical properties of the mixture. The ratio between actual compressibility factors for methane-acid gas mixtures and compressibility factors for sweet natural gases at the same pseudo-reduced conditions has been correlated over a range of pPr from 0 to at least 7 and a range of pTr from about 1.15 to at least 2.0 with an error not exceeding 3 per cent and over most of the range within 1 per cent. The validity of the correlation for mixtures containing appreciable heavier hydrocarbons has not been fully established, but it is shown to be preferable than the use of a correlation based only on hydrocarbons.

Introduction

Although a relatively accurate method for predicting compressibility factors of pure materials is provided by charts based on reduced properties and the assumption that the compressibility factor is a unique function of Tr, Pr and zc, the determination of the correct values of compressibility factors for gas mixtures is somewhat difficult.

Two general methods of dealing with gaseous mixtures have been proposed. The first assumes a direct or modified additivity of certain properties of the mixture in terms of the properties of the individual components. Examples of this method are based on the familiar laws of Dalton and Amagat. The second method averages the constants of an equation of state applicable to the pure components. Both of these methods are of limited value in engineering calculations because the first usually provides reliable answers only over narrow ranges of pressure and temperature and the second is cumbersome to handle.
Determining Density Variation of Light Hydrocarbon Mixtures
Authors: Elliott J. Kelly , Kelly P.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 170–174.

Many engineering functions such as surface metering work and laboratory compressibility check points involve the use of liquid densities of light hydrocarbon mixtures at various pressures and temperatures. However, at the present time, no simple reliable method exists for determining density variation, particularly if the composition of the liquid is unknown. Consequently, a study was undertaken to develop and present a simple and accurate method of predicting density variation of a light hydrocarbon liquid with pressure and temperature, knowing only the density of the liquid at some conditions.

The experimental liquid compressibility data from API Project 37 by age and Lacey have been considered to be accurate within 0.5 per cent and cover a wide range of pressure (14.7 to 10,000 psia), temperature (100 to 400F) and molecular weight (up to 150). From these data, a set of liquid density curves, which relate density to pressure, temperature and molecular weight, was developed. These curves make it possible to predict density variation with pressure and temperature. Compared to extensive laboratory compressibility data on a complex, light hydrocarbon liquid, the use of the liquid density curves resulted in an average error of less than 0.5 per cent.

Based on the results of this analysis, it is concluded that the set of liquid density curves developed from the data of Sage and Lacey provides an accurate and simple method for predicting the density variation of light hydrocarbon liquids when the density at some condition is known. These curves should be very helpful ill many engineering calculations, particularly in the surface metering of light hydrocarbon liquids.