bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nurses’ Fall Prevention Interventions in Nursing Home Patients With Acute Versus Chronic Underlying Conditions
Authors: Gray-Miceli Deanna , Kris Alison
Published: December 2020

Nursing Home (NH) nurses care for over 1.6 million older residents each year. Among this vulnerable population, an estimated 50 percent of older residents fall each year. Although licensed nurses caring for NH residents who fall intervene to prevent fall recurrence, we know little about nurse’s perceptions of the most effective interventions for various types of falls they manage. The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe and compare licensed nurse’s perceptions of fall prevention interventions believed to be due to acute underlying causes of a fall versus those believed to be due to chronic underlying conditions. This study is a secondary analysis of existing qualitative data from a multi-site parent study conducted in three NH sites in the northeastern U.S. designed to test nurse’s knowledge of falls prevention and interventions. Forty seven registered or licensed practical nurses, English speaking who were full or part time employees were recruited to participate. Most were female (n=46; 98.7%) with a median age of 49.5 years and ten years’ experience. Using Colazzi’s (1978) method, 47 responses of nurse’s were read from typed transcripts and analyzed independently by 2 judges. Significant statement were extracted to derive meanings and form themes. For falls related to acute causes, nurses most often stated they would collaborate with the physician, propose a blood pressure intervention and promote safety. For falls due to chronic causes, nurses promoted ambulation safety, pain interventions and collaborated with specialists. Since nurses intervened differently, identifying fall type is critical in selecting appropriate interventions.
Aging in Place in Subsidized Housing: Roles and Perspectives of Staff Members
Authors: Pandit Sonia , Jahan Momana , Reyes-Farias David , Resnick Barbara , Reid Carolina , Brown Rebecca
Published: December 2020

Nearly 3 million older Americans with low incomes live in subsidized housing. This population has disproportionate rates of functional impairment, cognitive impairment, and nursing home admission. Staff members who work in subsidized housing may have unique insight into how to improve aging in place for this vulnerable population, but little is known about their perspectives. We conducted 12 focus groups with 69 staff members from 7 subsidized housing sites. Staff included property managers, service coordinators, maintenance workers, administrative assistants, and security guards. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. The majority of participants noted that they “wear multiple hats” and their roles are not limited to professional responsibilities. Instead, their role is to maximize residents’ quality of life. As a result, staff members often adopt personal roles akin to serving as residents’ “surrogate family” members. This relationship gives staff a unique window into residents’ lives which enables them to detect early warning signs among residents. For example, staff often observed changes in residents’ physical appearance and hygiene, mood, behavior, and function which could indicate physical illness, mental illness, or cognitive impairment. Staff reported having some resources to address these warning signs, such as involving families and connecting residents to community resources. However, they also highlighted unmet needs to address these issues, such as on-site clinical staff and affordable mental health services. Our findings suggest that building staff are a valuable and underutilized resource for identifying at-risk residents in subsidized housing and helping to deliver interventions to improve aging in place.
Applications of Stochastic Process Models to Constructing Predictive Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Arbeev Konstantin , Bagley Olivia , Yashkin Arseniy , Duan Hongzhe , Akushevich Igor , Ukraintseva Svetlana , Yashin Anatoliy
Published: December 2020

Large-scale population-based data collecting repeated measures of biomarkers, follow-up data on events (incidence of diseases and mortality), and extensive genetic data provide excellent opportunities for applying statistical models for joint analyses of longitudinal dynamics of biomarkers and time-to-event outcomes that allow investigating dynamics of biomarkers and other relevant factors (including genetic) in relation to risks of diseases and death and how this may propagate to the future. Here we applied one such model, the stochastic process model (SPM), to data on longitudinal trajectories of different variables (comorbidity index, body mass index, cognitive scores), other relevant covariates (including genetic factors such as APOE polymorphisms and polygenic scores, PGS), and data on onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the Health and Retirement Study. We observed that different aging-related characteristics estimated from trajectories of respective variables in SPM are strongly associated with risks of onset of AD and found that these associations differ by sex, APOE status (carriers vs. non-carriers of APOE e4) and by PGS groups. The approach allows modeling and estimating time trends (e.g., by birth cohorts) in relevant dynamic characteristics in relation to the disease onset. These results provide building blocks for constructing the models for forecasting future trends and burden of AD that take into account dynamic relationships between individual trajectories of relevant repeatedly measured characteristics and the risk of the disease. Such models also provide the analytic framework for understanding AD in the context of aging and for finding genetic underpinnings of such links between AD and aging.
Telephone-Based Health Coaching: Reduction in Alzheimer’s Risk Behaviors
Authors: Rhodes Annie , Wilkerson Taylor , Inker Jennifer , Richardson Joann , Zanjani Faika
Published: December 2020

Objective: Explore the feasibility of integrating intensive, telephone-based health coaching programs in low-income senior housing communities to reduce Alzheimer’s risk behaviors. Design: Participants meeting study criteria: 60 years or older, a working telephone, no cognitive diagnoses, income below 1,000 USD monthly, and active cardiovascular or diabetic health symptoms were recruited from low-income housing units. Engagement in Alzheimer’s risk behaviors: Cigarette use, alcohol overuse, polypharmacy, inactivity, depression, and cognition status, were measured at enrollment, and 12 weeks post. Weekly coaching sessions focused on reducing behavioral risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Setting: Low-income senior apartments in Richmond, Virginia Participants: Twenty older adults, living in low income senior high rises. Participants were majority (95%) African-American (Mean= 69 years, SD=4.17, Range=61-77). Intervention: Participants engaged in a call with a coach for 12 weeks, focused on Alzheimer’s risk reduction. Participants identified with coach specific behaviors to target. Primary Outcome Measure: Feasibility of telephone-based health coaching to reduce Alzheimer’s Risk Behaviors. Feasibility is defined as participant engagement in health coaching and self-rated health outcomes. Results: Of the original 20 enrollees, 19 (95%) participated in coaching sessions. On average, 8.75 sessions were completed. All participants rated their experience as positive, and self-reported an improvement in health and healthy behaviors, in exit interviews. The coaching experience was rated 94.11 on a scale from (0-100). Participants rated their health coach, on average, 90.44 on a scale from (0-100). Participants rated their health improved as 92.37 on a scale from (0-100). Conclusion: Telephone-based health coaching was feasible based on participant engagement.
Determinants of Mortality Among Older Adults by Area-Level Material and Social Deprivation
Authors: Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Guerra Samantha Gontijo , Pitrou Isabelle
Published: December 2020

Although social inequalities are increasing worldwide, few studies have examined their consequences on mortality among older adults. The aim of this research was to examine determinants of mortality among older adults at the individual, health system and area level. Data come from the ESA-Services study conducted in 2011-2013 in Quebec including 1,765 adults aged ≥65 years. Mortality 3 years after the survey interview was obtained from vital statistics data. Material and social deprivation of area of residence was determined using the Pampalon index categorized into quintiles as follows: least deprived (1st quintile), middle quintiles (2nd, 3rd, 4th quintiles), most deprived (5th quintile). Other variables included clinical, psycho-behavioural, socio-economic and demographic factors. Cox regressions were used to examine the determinants of mortality while stratifying by level of area deprivation. Compared to most deprived areas, mortality was higher for those living in middle quintiles of deprivation. In the overall analyses, age, chronic conditions, social support and continuity of care were associated with mortality. When examining mortality by area of deprivation, results showed higher mortality ratios with cognitive impairment in middle and least deprived areas. In least deprived areas, female sex, the presence of bipolar disorder and dementia were associated with mortality. The strong associations between mortality, cognition, dementia, bipolar disorder and female sex in least deprived areas might be partially explained by a closer follow-up and earlier detection of this population. Continuity of care was also associated with significantly lower mortality ratios for those living in middle and most deprived areas.
Smoking, but Not Other Environmental Exposures, Increases Risk for Advanced Brain Aging
Authors: Whitsel Nathan , Franz Carol , Kremen William
Published: December 2020

Exposure to harmful substances and chemicals such as tobacco smoke, chemicals (e.g., herbicides, pesticides, Agent Orange) and metal dust has been associated with increased risk of developing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases that contribute to shorter life expectancy. Associations with brain health in relation to these exposures are less well studied. We examined the relationship between brain health and prolonged exposure to different harmful substances in 498 male participants average age 68 (range 61 to 73) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA). For self-reported tobacco smoke, herbicides/pesticides, and metal dust we created three groups reflecting recency of exposure (current/former/never). For Agent Orange we examined two exposure groups (ever/never). Brain health, defined as predicted brain age (PBAD), was evaluated by applying Brain-Age Regression Analysis and Computation Utility software (BARACUS) to magnetic resonance images collected at age 68. Tobacco smoking (r=-0.15, p=0.0004 ) was significantly correlated with PBAD and remained significant (F=5.56, p=0.005) in multivariate analyses adjusted for age, socioeconomic status (SES), age 20 general cognitive ability, and non-independence of twins within pairs. Never smokers had significantly younger brains than current or former smokers. PBAD did not differ for current versus former smokers. In other analyses, more advanced PBAD was associated with non-amnestic MCI. In this sample, tobacco smoking had the strongest relationship with overall brain health in late midlife compared with other types of environmental exposures, reinforcing its role in pathological aging and its importance as a public health priority.
A Qualitative Study on Making Rural Communities More Dementia-Friendly
Authors: OConnor Melissa , Pedersen Megan , Grace Rachel
Published: December 2020

Recent studies on attitudes toward dementia in the United States, such as the World Alzheimer Report 2019, have found that fear and stigma are still widespread among the general public. This may be particularly true in rural communities. In the current study, community-dwelling adults in small Midwestern communities responded to the open-ended survey question, “What do you think could be done to make your community more welcoming for people with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia?” Participants (N=242) ranged in age from 18-88 (M=40, SD=21). The sample was 68% female, and 61% lived in communities of 50,000-150,000 people, while 39% lived in smaller towns. Most participants (61.2%) did not personally know someone with dementia. Data were collected via paper and telephone surveys. Responses to the open-ended question were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. The following themes emerged: greater exposure to individuals with dementia; educational workshops about dementia; more intergenerational programs; greater accessibility of respite care and other services; more fundraising efforts; and community leaders talking about dementia. Responses included, “Have more intergenerational programs that bring together Alzheimer’s patients and children in a positive environment.” “When I was in school, we visited an Alzheimer’s unit. That was a great experience.” “I know what it is, but I don’t know anything else. I wish I was more informed. I don’t know how to help.” These findings indicate that residents of rural communities are motivated to help individuals with dementia, but need more guidance, education, and personal connections/exposure.
The Role of Stressful Childhood Experiences in Shaping Later-Life Memory Loss Among Black and White U.S. Adults
Authors: Hartnett Caroline
Published: December 2020

Cognitive decline common in the U.S. and greatly impacts quality of life, both for those who experience it and for those who care for them. Black Americans experience higher burdens of cognitive decline but the mechanisms underlying this disparity have not been fully elucidated. Stress experienced in early life is a promising explanatory factor, since stress and cognition are linked, childhood stressors been shown to have a range of negative implications later in life, and Black children experience more childhood stressors than White children, on average. In this paper, we use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine whether stressful experiences in childhood help explain Black-White disparities in memory loss. These data were available for 5 state-years between 2011 and 2017 (n=11,708). Preliminary results indicate that, while stressful childhood experiences are strongly associated with memory loss, stressful experiences do not mediate the association between race and memory loss. However, race does appear to moderate the association between stressful childhood experiences and memory loss. Specifically, stressful experiences are associated with a higher likelihood of memory loss for Black adults compared to White adults.In addition, there seem to be some noteworthy patterns across different types of experiences (i.e. parental drinking may predict later memory loss more strongly for Black adults than White adults, but parental hitting may predict memory loss more strongly for White adults than Black adults).
The Interrelationship Between Subjective Health, Cognitive Decline, and Late Life Disability: A Path Analysis
Authors: Hubner Sarah , Kim Hyeon Jung , Nguyen Brenda , Hansen Brooke , Boron Julie Blaskewicz
Published: December 2020

Relationships between mental, physical and cognitive health can differentially impact individuals’ ability to function in everyday life. As people age, this can further influence independence and quality of life. To better understand these relationships, the current study implemented path analysis to investigate the impact of subjective mental, physical, and cognitive health on disability. Analyses explored relationships between demographic variables, subjective mental and physical health, cognitive decline, and self-reported disability (difficulty Walking/Climbing stairs [WC], Dressing/Bathing [DB], and Doing Errands [EA]). Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were examined. The most recent four waves (2015-2018) of available data from states utilizing the Cognitive Decline Module were included (50 states, two territories). Path analyses were conducted and modeled in AMOS. Measures of CFI (0.986), TLI (0.938), and RMSEA (0.046) indicate good model fit. Listwise deletion was utilized (n=212117) . Respondents were aged 45+ and were generally white (82.8%), female (58.7%), and of “good/very good” subjective general health (64.0%). Results revealed being non-white (WCΣβ=0.028, DBΣβ=0.021, EAΣβ=0.025, all p’s<.001), of older age (WCΣβ=0.124, DBΣβ=0.004, EAΣβ=0.001, all p’s<.001), female (WCΣβ=0.016, DBΣβ=0.013, EAΣβ=0.016, all p’s<.001), poorer mental health (WCΣβ=0.080, DBΣβ=0.082, EAΣβ=0.116, all p’s<.001), poorer physical health (WCΣβ=0.410, DBΣβ=0.294, EAΣβ=0.314, all p’s<.001), and presence of subjective cognitive decline (WCΣβ=0.107, DBΣβ=0.107, EAΣβ=0.138, all p’s<.001) all had a positive total effect on disability. Ultimately, these results indicate the interrelationship between subjective health and self-reported ability/disability. These findings may help to improve care considerations for an aging population by serving as indicators for needs for assistance and support.
Six steps to produce stock assessments for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive compliant with Descriptor 3
Authors: Probst Wolfgang Nikolaus , Kempf Alexander , Taylor Marc , Martinez Inigo , Miller David
Published: December 2020

In the European Union (EU), the ecosystem approach to fisheries is implemented through several directives and polices, which are overarched by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The MSFD requires the assessment of the environmental status of exploited fish and shellfish stocks, among others, to advise the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) on sustainable catch options. The stock assessments for the CFP and the MSFD are supposed to be congruent, yet they differ in several substantial subjects. While the annual CFP assessment is based on two indicators, fishing mortality (F) and spawning stock biomass (SSB), in its Descriptor 3 (D3) the MSFD requires the assessment of three criteria (F, SSB, and age or size structure) within a six year period. Assessing exploited fish and shellfish stocks under the MSFD by using existing CFP assessments has therefore been a half-completed task, which had to be fulfilled by the member states of the EU. This paper suggests six easy steps, referred to as “quick wins” (QW), which are based on existing information from CFP stock assessments. The implementation of these six QW would allow for assessments of exploited fish and shellfish stocks that are compliant to D3. These QW are to (i) assess length/age structure within a stock, (ii) analyse and assess selectivity by fisheries, (iii) use all available information to assess a stock, (iv) use response indicators to assess environmental targets, (v) provide integrated stock-specific advice, and (vi) provide assessments with a mid-term perspective over a-period of six years. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) combines the infrastructure and expertise to produce stock-specific assessment products tailored to the requirements of MSFD D3. Thereby, ICES could provide a valuable service to EU member states in the north-east Atlantic region by providing scientifically validated, quality-assured, and MSFD-compliant single-stock assessment products. This would be a big advancement towards implementing the ecosystem approach to fisheries management within Europe.
Growth and reproduction in mesopelagic fishes: a literature synthesis
Authors: Caiger Paul E , Lefebve Lyndsey S , Llopiz Joel K
Published: December 2020

The mesopelagic zone covers a vast expanse of the World’s oceans and contains some of the most abundant vertebrates on the planet. This midwater region is central to the transfer of energy and carbon between the atmosphere and the deep, yet there are large knowledge gaps in our understanding of the life history of its animals. Here we synthesize the current state of knowledge of research on age, growth, and reproduction of mesopelagic fishes, the basic biological information fundamental to understanding the population dynamics of species in this ecosystem. Collectively, two-thirds of life history research on mesopelagic fishes has been undertaken on myctophids, yet many other abundant and important groups are lacking research. There are generally hotspots of mesopelagic fish research mostly centred in the northern hemisphere, with little to no coverage in the Indo-Pacific region nor the poles. Furthermore, the effects of some anthropogenic stressors—chiefly climate change and resource extraction—on the life history of the animals in this zone is uncertain and needs to be considered. Knowledge of growth and reproduction are key traits required for a holistic assessment and understanding of this ecosystem, and hopefully this synthesis will provide a springboard for greater focus in this area.
Makeup Who You Are: Self-Expression Enhances the Perceived Authenticity and Public Promotion of Beauty Work
Authors: Smith Rosanna K , vanDellen Michelle R , Ton Lan Anh N
Published: December 2020

Although consumers put substantial effort toward their appearance, engaging in beauty work is often seen as inauthentic, posing challenges for beauty companies that increasingly rely on social media-driven product promotion where authenticity perceptions are consequential. This article draws on existentialist notions of authenticity (wherein the true self is created rather than innate) to explore how framing beauty work as self-expression alters others’ perceptions and, in turn, marketing outcomes. First, an archival analysis of Instagram posts demonstrates that rebranding beauty work as self-expression is positively associated with word-of-mouth about beauty products. Six studies then test how motivational information alters perceptions of people who engage in beauty work. Lowered authenticity perceptions arise from observers’ default assumption that beauty work is motivated by self-enhancement and serves primarily to conceal appearances. By contrast, self-expression enhances authenticity by leading others to see beauty work as a form of creation rather than concealment. This pattern extends to when people engage in a variety of beauty work transformations but not when beauty work is designed to restore appearances or is framed as connected to the innate self. These findings provide insight into judgments of authenticity and the management of a stigma associated with product use.
Tort to the Environment: A Stretch Too Far or a Simple Step Forward?
Authors: Hook Maria , Warnock Ceri , Allan Barry , Pirini Mihiata
Published: December 2020

This analysis considers the implications of Smith v Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd [2020] NZHC 419 and the possibility of a new tort to the environment developing within New Zealand jurisprudence. In Smith, the New Zealand High Court refused to strike out a cause of action based on a new inchoate tort against seven corporations for the damage likely to be caused by their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), and allowed the matter to proceed to trial. The case raises questions as to whether the time is ripe in New Zealand for the development of a tort to the environment, and whether such a tort could apply to hold private emitters liable for harm caused to the atmosphere by GHGs. In this analysis, we conclude that a duty to protect the environment may be a natural evolution of the New Zealand law of torts and may extend to conduct causing damage to the atmosphere, opening up the possibility of successfully suing corporations for harm to the climate.
Evils under the Ground
Authors: Patey Luke
Published: December 2020

For Beijing, military intervention overseas is no longer an unthinkable option. Rather, China’s expanding interests and newfound confidence and capabilities on the world stage, including overseas military bases in Djibouti and Tajikistan, make it a very real possibility. Official propaganda and popular films like Wolf Warrior II build up public expectations that Beijing is able and willing to protect Chinese interests abroad. A Chinese model for establishing peace and security may soon emerge in full. This is one that does not tear down state institutions overseas to usher in regime change, but works to maintain the legitimacy and power of state institutions, despite the violence they may have sown. It draws lessons from China’s counter-terrorism and the mass detainment of its Uyghur people at home. But this intervention threatens to bog down Beijing in quagmires overseas for decades. In Pakistan and Afghanistan, Beijing’s efforts to advance its strategic interests of developing new industrial corridors through South Asia face the challenge of overcoming long-standing regional insecurity and terrorism.
The (Nonstochastic) Producer Problem
Authors: Chambers Robert G.
Published: December 2020

The canonical profit maximization problem is surveyed. The concept of a technology set, T, is developed by interpreting ≽(y) as an order that characterizes technically feasible possibilities. Basic properties of T are discussed in terms of Y(x) and related to the generic properties of ≽(y) developed in Chapter 3. Distance functions are shown to characterize T, and the consequences of different structural restrictions routinely used in applied producer (and consumer) analysis are investigated. The canonical profit maximization problem is revisited using conjugate dual arguments and the LeChatelier Principle is discussed. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of Revealed Preference Methods in producer theory.
When Nehru Looked East
Authors: Frankel Francine R.
Published: December 2020

Studies about the estrangement between India and the United States during the Cold War are written from the Western perspective of a bipolar world and relegate policies toward India and South Asia to a regional derivative of the struggle between the superpowers. A deeper understanding of India as a subject in world affairs is revealed in this work, the first able to draw upon the Nehru Papers, 1947–64, which span the period when the guiding principles of India’s foreign policy, nonalignment and Asianism, were formulated. Nehru’s certainty of India’s great power destiny and claim to be spokesman of Asia collided with the US role as leader of the free world, especially in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, viewed as India’s area of influence. Nehru’s “area of peace” excluding US-led collective security alliances brought the national interests of both countries into direct conflict. Nehru’s assumption that India’s friendly approach to China would result in a peaceful solution of their border dispute and allow the two countries to operate informally as protection against American interference in Asia proved to be a miscalculation of historic importance. The 1962 India-China war toppled the foundations of Asianism and nonalignment.
Korea
Authors: Frankel Francine R.
Published: December 2020

North Korea’s attack against South Korea evoked an immediate military response from the United States, under a UN command, to draw the line against communist expansion in Asia. Once the Chinese entered the war on the side of North Korea, India could not sustain its policy of nonalignment on the merits but began to practice nonalignment as an informal version of neutrality justified as its commitment to seek peace in the nuclear age. When Mao prolonged the war in an effort to win total victory and force the United States out of Asia, India’s bias toward China in the United Nations met with the US decision to exclude India from the Geneva Conference on Korea and Indo-China, paving the way for China to assert its position as a great power.
The Many Meanings of the Border
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn
Published: December 2020

In the 1920s, Polish state officials saw the newly established and poorly guarded Polish-Soviet border as a site of both anxiety and opportunity. As refugees and remigrants from the First World War and subsequent borderland conflicts moved westward, politicians raised fears about humanitarian crises, epidemic diseases, and anti-Polish ideological infiltration. At a local level, however, border guards and state policemen were more concerned with peasant criminality, including smuggling, horse theft, and illegal distilling, that ran along and across national lines. Since such behavior, when combined with communist agitation, appeared to threaten the state’s territorial sovereignty, the government created a new border guard corps in 1924 to militarize the border and “civilize” local people. But although border guards appeared in Polish propaganda as heroes in a hostile physical and human environment, they feared the effects of daily contact with the Soviet Union—and with civilians on the Polish side.
Polish Towns? Jewish Towns?
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn
Published: December 2020

With their Jewish majorities, towns became the focus of Polish attempts to simultaneously Polonize and civilize Volhynia. While Endecja discussions focused on the antisemitic trope that Jews were anti-modern Russian stooges who resisted European civilization, Sanacja authorities who entered the region after Józef Piłsudski’s 1926 coup d’état promoted a more inclusive vision of Polish-Jewish cooperation. At the same time, however, the technocrats who dominated the provincial government under the new governor Henryk Józewski used urban planning, including the construction of colonies for state officials and demographic reshuffling on town councils, to reduce what they saw as detrimental “Jewish” influence. In the provincial capital Łuck, as across many towns, projects to absorb urban hinterlands utilized Christian populations—Poles and non-Poles alike—in an attempt to make the town less Jewish. And yet even by the early 1930s, officials remained frustrated that Polish urban populations did not culturally and spiritually invest in towns.
Conclusion
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn
Published: December 2020

The dual invasions of the Second World War—by the Soviet Union in September 1939 and by Nazi Germany in June 1941—led to mass violence against and between Volhynia’s populations. The nature of local participation in the Holocaust and Polish-Ukrainian atrocities suggests both the significance and the limited explanatory power of the interwar period. When Volhynia was absorbed into the Soviet Union after the war, old tropes found echoes in debates about the establishment of communism and postwar migrations. Although obfuscations surrounded official communist history of the eastern borderlands, many Poles repackaged interwar diversity within the politically useful framework of “inclusive” European multiculturalism in the period after 1989, a process that relied on further hierarchies and exclusions. By reemphasizing how Poles became embroiled in prevailing global debates about imperialism, nationalism, sovereignty, and civilization along the state’s fringes, the conclusion suggests that interwar Volhynia is best understood in concretely historical, rather than nostalgic or teleological, terms.
Well-Being as a Pathway to Equity
Authors: Flores Walter , Laurent Éloi , Ruger Jennifer Prah
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the relationship between well-being and equity, and makes the case for well-being approaches as a powerful pathway to advance equity. In a world without equity, well-being is impossible. Inequities in income, health, education, environmental conditions, access to opportunity, and other factors hinder individual, community, and civic well-being. Pursuing a well-being approach centered on equity—from what gets measured and how, to the way stories are told and the voices that tell them, to what gets prioritized and acted upon and by whom—can reduce these inequities. And in the symbiotic relationship between well-being and equity, as well-being improves, so does equity; likewise, as equity improves, so does well-being. The chapter addresses three intersecting components of well-being and equity: economic equity, human rights, and social cohesion. Through these lenses, it looks at implications and opportunities for social and policy change and illuminates work that remains to be done.
Metaontology, Existence, and Reference
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

This chapter presents and defends a conventionalist-friendly metaontology, thereby showing how conventionalism manages to vindicate trivial ontological realism in mathematics. After clarifying and demonstrating this entailment of conventionalism, it clarifies the metaontology involved. The chapter then defends metadeflationism about quantifiers, which entails a version of quantifier pluralism. This is a form of what has recently been called “modest quantifier variance” in joint work with Eli Hirsch. After laying out this view, it is defended from several objections. With this groundwork set out, the chapter then explains how this answers Kant’s challenge for trivial realism that was explained in the previous chapter. Finally, the chapter closes by discussing the metaphysics of mathematical objects, in conventionalist terms, addressing the Julius Caesar problem and structuralism, among other things.
Ṣaṣṭhī
Authors: Sengupta Saswati
Published: December 2020

Cultural memory and living practice of Bengal representṢaṣṭhī as the patron deity of childbirth and children’s welfare. But she is marginalized in the elite public domain despite the sanctity of motherhood within patriarchy. A search for Ṣaṣṭhī, through the regional Upa-purāṇas, maṅgalakābyas, proverbs, popular verses, and brathakathās reveals several Ṣaṣṭhīs: a goddess of the groves, a group of rain goddesses, a group of foster mothers, an old woman, and a goddess of the lying-in-chamber after delivery. Mothers who do not fit the norm of the caste-patriarchal nourishing mothers, as signalled by Ṣaṣṭhī, are often re-presented in Brahmanical imagination as ghoulish devourers of children. Kshīrer Putul (1896) by Abanindranath Tagore further mutates Ṣaṣṭhī for the modern colonized metropolis. This is significant in the context of modern Bengal’s re-forming of tradition marked by the dissociation between the metropolitan and the rural, the elite and the plebian cultures, fed by differences of class, caste, and gender.
Reduced Perplexity
Authors: Nelson Kenric P.
Published: December 2020

This chapter introduces a simple, intuitive approach to the assessment of probabilistic inferences. The Shannon information metrics are translated to the probability domain. The translation shows that the negative logarithmic score and the geometric mean are equivalent measures of the accuracy of a probabilistic inference. The geometric mean of forecasted probabilities is thus a measure of forecast accuracy and represents the central tendency of the forecasts. The reciprocal of the geometric mean is referred to as the perplexity and defines the number of independent choices needed to resolve the uncertainty. The assessment method introduced in this chapter is intended to reduce the ‘qualitative’ perplexity relative to the potpourri of scoring rules currently used to evaluate machine learning and other probabilistic algorithms. Utilization of this assessment will provide insight into designing algorithms with reduced the ‘quantitative’ perplexity and thus improved the accuracy of probabilistic forecasts. The translation of information metrics to the probability domain is incorporating the generalized entropy functions developed Rényi and Tsallis. Both generalizations translate to the weighted generalized mean. The generalized mean of probabilistic forecasts forms a spectrum of performance metrics referred to as a Risk Profile. The arithmetic mean is used to measure the decisiveness, while the –2/3 mean is used to measure the robustness.
Script versus Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This chapter contextualizes the authors’ Music Theory Online essay (2005), which examined Babbitt’s None but the Lonely Flute from the points of view of flutist and theorist. That essay investigated the significant technical and interpretational challenges facing performers of Lonely Flute, their interface with listener experience, and their intertwining with structure and surface. It analyzed the compositional dexterity found in the work’s array structure, in its modes of projection in both pitch and time domains, and in its composing out to produce a rich variety of cross-references. In short, it demonstrated specific examples of interwoven performative and compositional virtuosity in Lonely Flute, explored how such virtuosity is concealed or displayed, and traced its role in defining the work’s narrative. The authors had learned the piece simultaneously: McNutt by playing it and Leong by analyzing it. In her “Postscript on Process,” McNutt described the tensions inherent in the two authors’ different ways of getting to know the piece. This contextualization explores those tensions to illuminate how performers’ and analysts’ ways of knowing might not intersect—and might even clash. McNutt’s complete performance of Lonely Flute on video closes the chapter.
Catherine Littlefield
Authors: Skeel Sharon
Published: December 2020

Born in Philadelphia in 1905, Catherine Littlefield first learns dancing from her mother, Caroline (called Mommie), who was an expert pianist, and from a local dancing master, C. Ellwood Carpenter. As a teenager, Catherine becomes a Ziegfeld dancer and takes lessons from Luigi Albertieri in New York. She returns home in 1925 to help Mommie teach at the Littlefield School (among her students is Zelda Fitzgerald) and stage dances for women’s musical clubs and opera companies. William Goldman hires Catherine to produce routines in commercial theaters throughout Philadelphia and becomes her boyfriend. Catherine, Mommie, and Catherine’s sister, Dorothie, travel to Paris so the sisters can study ballet with Lubov Egorova. They become friendly with George Balanchine in Paris and help him establish his first American school and company when he comes to the United States in 1933. Catherine marries wealthy Philadelphia attorney Philip Leidy and founds her Philadelphia Ballet Company in 1935. She choreographs—and her company presents—the first full-length, full-scale production of Sleeping Beauty in the United States as well as popular ballet Americana works such as Barn Dance and Terminal. Her company’s European tour in 1937 is the first ever by an American classical ballet troupe. Catherine loses some of her protégées to the newly formed Ballet Theatre and disbands her company after the United States enters World War II; she then choreographs Broadway musicals, Sonja Henie’s Hollywood Ice Revues, and Jimmy Durante’s NBC television show before dying in 1951 at age forty-six.
Settling In
Authors: Hefling Charles
Published: December 2020

The Book of Common Prayer in its “classical” form came into general use in the English church as one component of the so-called “Elizabethan settlement” of religion enacted by Parliament in 1559. Certain alterations of the text, small but important, were made at that time. This chapter is mainly concerned with its use and reception in the century that followed. Among the topics considered are two texts that were very commonly bound with the Prayer Book as quasi-official adjuncts, the “singing Psalms” and “Godly Prayers”; the adaptation and abridgment of the contents for particular uses; and opposition to the Prayer Book on the part of the section of English protestants conventionally known as puritans.
Risks and Challenges for the Watchdogs
Authors: Coverage Crime
Published: December 2020

Based on sound Enlightenment ideals, Watchdog journalists’ push to publish names of accused persons and details of crimes has merit: Citizens are seen as rational and considered capable of deciding for themselves whether and how to act on information. But the biggest threats to the commitment to giving citizens the information they need to be free and self-governing are economic ones. In this model, crime coverage decisions can be swayed, consciously or not, by considerations like competition, ownership, shrinking job markets and newsrooms, technology, globalization, and social media. In some instances, accused persons are “monstered” by news coverage for sensationalist ends. Drawing on work by Carol Gilligan, Robert Reiner, James Carey, and others, we argue that the justice orientation central to Enlightenment beliefs must be complemented by a responsibility orientation where people acknowledge their connections to one another as part of the larger social fabric.
Stalled
Authors: Roychowdhury Poulami
Published: December 2020

Chapter 2 details the landscape surrounding domestic violence, highlighting its contradictions. On the one hand, women face a number of social, cultural, and institutional barriers to rights. Social stigma and limited access to housing and jobs constrain their options outside abusive relationships. Law enforcement personnel are overburdened and sexist, simultaneously unwilling to help them and vulnerable to organized pressure. On the other hand, women have access to a range of organizations that offer legal assistance. NGOs, women’s committees, political parties, neighborhood associations, labor unions, and even criminal gangs get involved in domestic disputes and sometimes help advance women’s claims.
The Business of Mediation
Authors: Roychowdhury Poulami
Published: December 2020

Chapter 4 examines the organizations that intervened in domestic disputes and analyzes their reasons for intervening. These organizations included women’s nongovernmental organizations, women’s committees, political parties, and criminal gangs. Members of these organizations worked as brokers, transforming grievances into the language of the law and mediating between women and the state. Brokers had distinct and at times contradictory understandings of domestic violence and gender inequality, and some were even ideologically opposed to legal claims and women’s rights. Yet, all of them profited from their mediation services. Domestic disputes provided them access to financial, social, cultural, and political capital: opportunities to establish and expand their community presence, appear socially relevant, secure jobs, raise money, and form personal relationships with state officials.
Under Pressure
Authors: Roychowdhury Poulami
Published: December 2020

Chapter 6 takes the reader into the halls of the Indian criminal justice system and into the lives of the police, protection officers, and court personnel who staff its offices. Law enforcement personnel faced administrative constraints on their abilities to process cases and mounting organized pressure around domestic violence allegations. These conditions undermined their ability to exercise discretion, making it difficult for them to reject women they did not like and pick “good” victims they wished to protect. And it bred a sense of victimization, the notion that they were too overburdened and besieged to do their jobs. The main outcome was thus twofold: law enforcement feared alienating organized women and articulated a discourse of disempowerment that rationalized poor performance.
Justice by Another Name
Authors: Roychowdhury Poulami
Published: December 2020

Chapter 10 tracks what women actually received from “running a case.” For the vast majority of claimants, the outcome was illicit: not something guaranteed through a court order but rather something outside the law’s environs. By “running a case,” women negotiated cash settlements, repossessed property, secured housing, found jobs, made new friends, enrolled in school and job training programs, learned to use public transport, felt more confident talking to law enforcement personnel, and used their newfound knowledge of the law to become a caseworker themselves. While these gains cannot be dismissed, this chapter also reveals that a mere handful of women actually secured legal rights.
The Allure and Costs of Capability
Authors: Roychowdhury Poulami
Published: December 2020

Chapter 11 analyzes the costs and benefits of women’s “capability.” On the one hand, women who tried to be “capable” became empowered in concrete ways. They gained self-confidence, feeling psychologically better than they had after experiencing abuse. Some of them experienced important forms of social mobility, acquiring stable jobs and respect from friends and neighbors. Some became members of the public sphere, able to navigate government offices, occupy public space, and lead their own organizational efforts. On the other hand, by trying to be “capable,” women also experienced real uncertainty and risks. They became overworked, overwhelmed, lonely, and physically endangered. Trying to be capable had long-term negative effects on women’s health, mental stability, and, for some, the very desire to survive.
Thomas Indermühle
Authors: Fiala Michele
Published: December 2020

Thomas Indermühle studied with Heinz Holliger and Maurice Bourgue. He won prizes at the Prague International Competition (1974) and the ARD International Competition in Munich (1976) and has appeared as a soloist across Europe, the United States, and parts of Asia. He teaches oboe at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik in Karlsruhe and the Zurich Conservatory. In this chapter, Indermühle offers his advice on competitions, tone, reed making, teaching, and being a conductor and performer. He discusses ideal throat/mouth position, tools he uses when teaching, and the ideal use of air when performing on oboe. He further offers his thoughts on talent and starting people on the oboe. The chapter includes descriptions of some of his reed-alone exercises.
Conclusion
Authors: Wasserman Herman
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides a retrospective overview of the three main arguments presented in the book: first, that conflict cannot be completely eradicated—even more so, that conflict is a feature of democratizing processes; second, that African democracies, and the media’s role within them, is not a one-size-fits-all system; and third, that media ethical values and practices are best thought of as collaborative and dialogic. It summarizes the issues discussed in the various individual chapters, recaps the key concepts and debates pertaining to democratization conflicts in Africa, and restates the key idea of an “ethics of engagement” as centered on listening and reciprocity.
Inner Democracy as Multi-Voiced and Dialogical
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M.
Published: December 2020

This chapter elaborates on the interplay between divergent I-positions in order to create the optimal conditions for learning from others and from oneself. In that context, a distinction is made between rumination, self-reflection, and multi-voicedness, with the latter being the most fertile basis for inner democracy. Much attention is given to the difference between debate and dialogue and how hate speech is an obstacle to both. The argument is presented that dialogue offers better conditions for innovation of the self as part of a boundary-crossing and globalizing society. The chapter also address the politicization of emotion and the limitations of empathy.
Epilogue
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M.
Published: December 2020

One of the most daunting problems that inner democracy has to face in the future is the increasing power of algorithms in our everyday lives. Institutional structures have emerged that confront us with largely invisible and even unknown power and truth regimes as the result of technological advances. Such basic democratic values as freedom and equality need to be rethought, as new technological advancements tend to introduce new inequalities and new forms of social domination. In this context, the question is posed in this chapter about the role that education can play in protecting and fostering inner democracy. Developing inner democracy in a digital age will require answers from both technological and the educational angles as mutually complementary resources.