bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigations on oxidized Ni/Au contacts to p-GaN
Authors: Jan J. C. , Asokan K. , Chiou J. W. , Pong W. F. , Tseng P. K. , Chen L. C. , Chen F. R. , Lee J. F. , Wu J. S. , Lin H. J. , Chen C. T.
Published: July 2002

X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the electronic structure of as-deposited and oxidized Ni/Au contacts to p-GaN and to elucidate the mechanism responsible for low impedance. X-ray absorption near edge spectra of Ni K- and L
3,2-edges clearly indicate formation of NiO on the sample surface after annealing. The reason for low impedance may be attributed to increase in hole concentration and existence of p-NiO layer on the surface.
Zernike-type phase-contrast hard X-ray microscope with a zone plate at the Photon Factory
Authors: Yokosuka Hiroki , Watanabe Norio , Ohigashi Takuji , Yoshida Yasutoshi , Maeda Shunichi , Aoki Sadao , Suzuki Yoshio , Takeuchi Akihisa , Takano Hidekazu
Published: July 2002

A Zernike-type phase-contrast X-ray microscope with a zone plate and a phase plate was constructed at the Photon Factory BL3C2. Parallel monochromatic X-rays of 8.97 keV were incident on a specimen and a direct beam transmitted through the specimen was focused on the back focal plane of the zone plate, where an aluminium phase plate was placed. Tantalum line patterns as fine as 0.3 µm could be imaged. Phase-contrast images of polypropylene wires and polystyrene latex beads were obtained, which showed better contrast than that of their bright field images.
Zernike-type X-ray imaging microscopy at 25 keV with Fresnel zone plate optics
Authors: Awaji M. , Suzuki Y. , Takeuchi A. , Takano H. , Kamijo N. , Tamura S. , Yasumoto M.
Published: July 2002

A Zernike-type imaging microscope using a sputtered-sliced Fresnel zone plate (SS-FZP) has been developed and tested at an X-ray energy of 25 keV. The SS-FZP was used as an objective. A copper (Cu) phase plate was placed at the back focal plane of the SS-FZP in order to produce phase contrast. The performance of the Zernike-type imaging microscope was tested with a gold (Au) mesh and a resolution test pattern at undulator beamline 47 of SPring-8. The Au mesh and the resolution test pattern could be imaged in transmission with a magnification of ×10.2. Owing to the Cu phase plate, different image contrast was observed compared with the bright-field image contrast. Tantalum microstructures down to 0.5 µm line-and-space have been observed on spatial resolution test patterns.
Elemental analysis with a full-field X-ray fluorescence microscope and a CCD photon-counting system
Authors: Ohigashi Takuji , Watanabe Norio , Yokosuka Hiroki , Aota Tatsuya , Takano Hidekazu , Takeuchi Akihisa , Aoki Sadao
Published: July 2002

The first result is presented of an X-ray fluorescence microscope with a Wolter mirror in combination with a CCD camera used as an energy-resolved two-dimensional detector in photon-counting mode. Two-dimensional elemental maps of metallic wires, such as Fe, Co, Ni and Cu, and inclusions of a synthesized diamond could be obtained with an energy resolution of 350 eV.
Characterization of Thin Polymer Films by X-ray Reflectometry with Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Kago Keitaro , Endo Hitoshi , Matsuoka Hideki , Yamaoka Hitoshi , Hamaya Nozomu , Tanaka Masahiko , Mori Takeharu
Published: July 2002

X-ray reflectivity (XR) measurements with a synchrotron radiation source were carried out for thin polymer films on a glass plate. From the XR data, the film thickness and surface and interface roughnesses could be determined. In addition, the appropriate conditions and precision for measurements were also discussed. Kiessig fringes were observed clearly for specular XR measurements of poly(methylmethacrylate) thin film. Analysis of the XR data allowed the determination of the film thickness very precisely. By a curve-fitting procedure of the XR profile, the film-surface roughness and film–substrate interface roughnesses were determined. A Fourier transform of the XR data was performed as an alternative method of evaluating the film thickness. The values for the film thickness obtained by the curve-fitting procedure and Fourier-transform procedure were slightly different from each other. One possibility for the cause of this difference may be an integral error and/or cut-off effect in the Fourier-transform procedure. The XR technique with synchrotron radiation is a very powerful tool for structural characterization of thin polymer films.
2-(4-Pyridyl)pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoline
Authors: Lynch Daniel E. , McClenaghan Ian , Light Mark E.
Published: July 2002

The structure of the title compound, C32H22N6, comprises two unique molecules that associateviaN—H...N interactions to form a single convoluted hydrogen-bonded polymer chain. The dihedral angles between the indole rings and the substituted pyridyl rings are 13.43 (14) and 22.34 (12) Å.
5-tert-Butylperoxy-5-(oxiran-2-yl)-1-(prop-2-ynyl)pyrrolidin-2-one
Authors: Coles Simon J. , Hibbs David E. , Hursthouse Michael B
Published: July 2002

The title compound, C13H19NO4, contains the 5-tert-butylperoxy-, 5-oxiranyl- and 1-prop-2-ynyl-substituted pyrrolidin-2-one ring system in an envelope conformation, with one CH2C atom out of the plane by 0.272 (3) Å.
2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexaacetato-6,6′-bis(isobutanoyl)-α,α-trehalose 0.7-hydrate
Authors: Clow Simon M. , Cox Philip J. , Gilmore Graham I. , Wardell James L.
Published: July 2002

In the title compound, C32H46O19·0.7H2O, all hydroxy groups on the parent compound, trehalose, have been substituted and some disordered bound water is located in the weakly diffracting crystal.
Autism: an interesting dietary case history
Authors: Blades Mabel
Published: July 2002

Briefly reviews the case history of dietary intervention in the case of a six‐year‐old boy with a diagnosis of autism. Identifying food intolerances to milk and gluten, and the removal of these items from the child’s diet, led to an improvement in his condition and behaviour.
Experimental grease investigations from an energy point of view
Authors: Kuhn Erik
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the study of grease reaction by tribological stress. To observe the change of the viscoelastic properties by shearing the grease, rheometer tests were done. In addition to the flow behaviour, we investigated the friction process by using some tribometer. The tribological characteristics of the lubricant are determined with the help of energetic parameters. The interpretation of the results shows a correlation between viscoelastic properties and friction behaviour and an interesting dependence of storage modulus and shear stress. The results are considered to be useful information on the tribology of greases.
Building employability skills into the higher education curriculum: a university‐wide initiative
Authors: Fallows Stephen , Steven Christine
Published: July 2002

Today’s challenging economic situation means that it is no longer sufficient for a new graduate to have knowledge of an academic subject; increasingly it is necessary for students to gain those skills which will enhance their prospects of employment. Employability skills include the following abilities: the retrieval and handling of information; communication and presentation; planning and problem solving; and social development and interaction. The University of Luton has established an initiative to ensure that each of its students engages with these skills and has embedded this within the academic curriculum for all disciplines. Central to the initiative has been the creation of detailed templates that describe the University’s expectations for each undergraduate level. The article describes the Luton initiative and includes some initial comments on its impact.
Learning from experience
Authors: Burgoyne John G.
Published: July 2002

Learning from experience assumes particular importance at times of
fundamental transition because inherited learning becomes irrelevant or
misleading. The current fundamental transition is from work for the
production of knowledge to work for the production of identify/meaning
(mentofacture to spiroculture). The accompanying transition in terms of
learning from experience is from individual discovery of personal and
environmental realities to collective meaning making. Examines the
contemporary concern with “dialogue” as a core process of
collective meaning making in organizational learning and proposes a
process of meta‐dialogue as an approach to facilitating learning from
experience in a way appropriate to the times. Meta‐dialogue involves
sharing and reaching an understanding of the ways in which beliefs under
discussion in dialogue can be believed to be true or useful.
Satisfaction with organizational vision, job satisfaction and service efforts: an empirical investigation
Authors: Testa Mark R.
Published: July 2002

Organizational vision is a generally accepted necessity for organizational success in the 1990s. Specifically, stakeholder attitude toward the vision is believed to improve performance and enhance efforts toward increased quality. To date, little empirical research has proven that attitude toward the organizational vision yields any measurable organizational outcomes. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine if stakeholder satisfaction with organizational vision was associated with overall job satisfaction and perceived effort. A sample of 709 cruise line managers responded to the 31‐item questionnaire and a service effort scale developed for this study. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to define the constructs and establish the measurement properties of the structural equation model tested. Results indicated that satisfaction with vision accounted for 33 per cent and 21 per cent of the variance in job satisfaction and service efforts respectively. Conceptual and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Application of suspension mechanisms for low powered robot tasks
Authors: Jashim Uddin Mohammad , Nasu Yasuo , Mitobe Kazuhisa , Yamada Kou
Published: July 2002

Presents the manipulation methods of a low powered direct‐drive robot‐arm for heavy object manipulation using a suspension device. Considers manipulation of a suspended tool in the horizontal plane. Presents the algorithm of the hybrid position/force tracking scheme with respect to the dynamic behavior of suspended tools in the horizontal plane. To manipulate the suspended robot‐arm vertically, the hybrid position/force dynamic model has been developed by considering the gravity compensation of the spring balancer. In order to show the possible industrial applications chamfering operations have been carried out. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed systems.
Vehicles and robots for humanitarian demining
Authors: Nicoud J.‐D.
Published: July 2002

Outlines sustainable humanitarian demining procedures and some of the breaching and post‐conflict demining equipment currently in use. Explains that several projects have proposed the use of autonomous robots to search for antipersonnel mines. However, none has solved the problem which exists on the sensor side, and it will take several years before a combination of sensors will be available and sufficiently tested in order to give full confidence that all the mines have been discovered. Describes the major problems facing humanitarian deminers, including the need for cost‐effectiveness and the difficulty of defining the precise boundaries of suspected minefields.
An extensible robotic tentacle
Authors: Antonelli Keith , Immega Guy
Published: July 2002

From elephant trunks to octopus legs and human tongues, nature abounds with tentacles that are adept at manipulation. Kinetic Sciences Inc. has developed a robotic tentacle that moves like an organic tentacle and extends and contracts with independently controlled bending and compliance in two or more regions. Remote tendon‐driven actuation keeps actuator mass away from the manipulator for impressive strength‐to‐weight performance. Customizable in length and diameter, and optionally available with wrist‐rotate, gripper, and computer control, the KSI Tentacletmhas broad potential for a variety of teleoperated or automated applications including vacuuming, spray washing, general materials handling, agricultural harvesting, robotic refuelling, inspection, and endoscopy. The KSI Tentacletmmanipulator is suited to low‐cost mass‐production, and thus can be considered a “disposable robot”.
The Honda humanoid robot: development and future perspective
Authors: Hirai Kazuo
Published: July 2002

Honda revealed a humanoid robot with two legs and two arms in December of 1996. The robot walks not only forward and backward but also diagonally either to the right or left and turns in any direction as well. The robot can also steadily walk up and down a staircase without missing a step and push a cart with coordinated movement of its legs and arms. This robot with its innovative posture stability control can keep its balance against such unexpected disturbances as irregularities and unevenness on the floor surface. The paper introduces an outline of the structure and joints of the robot along with the development history. The basic principle of the robot’s posture recovery control is also briefly explained.
SINAS – a navigation system for service robots
Authors: Lawitzky Gisbert
Published: July 2002

Free navigation in indoor environments is one of the main enabling technologies for many service robot applications. Siemens has developed SINAS, a navigation system which currently is primarily targeted towards cleaning robot applications. Its suitability for tough everyday operation has been successfully demonstrated since August 1996 on several occasions, e.g. in several chain store supermarkets. The paper discusses the main requirements of a navigation system for cleaning robots, presents the structure and main features of the SINAS system, and reports experiences and results from the field tests.
Anisotropic conducting adhesives for electronic assembly
Authors: Whalley David C. , Mannan Samjid H. , Williams David J.
Published: July 2002

Presents some experimental and theoretical results from research exploring the design rules and relevant process parameters in the assembly of electronic components using anisotropic conductive adhesive materials. The experimental configurations studies have geometries representative of flip‐chip and micro ball grid array chip scale packaging. Evaluates a range of materials combinations, including (random filled) adhesive materials based on both thermoplastic and thermo‐setting resin systems, combined with both glass reinforced polymer printed circuit board and silver palladium thick film on ceramic substrate materials. Also presents a summary of assembly experiments which have been conducted using a specially developed instrumented assembly system. This test rig allows the measurement of the process temperatures and pressures and their relationship with the consequent bondline thickness reduction and conductivity development. Finally summarizes the capabilities of models which have been developed of the assembly process and of the final joint properties.
Real time mobile robot sonar with interference rejection
Authors: Kleeman Lindsay
Published: July 2002

A new approach to rejecting interference between sonar systems is presented in this paper. The approach is based on identifying a transmitter by sending a double pulse with known separation. Using simple delayed pulse subtraction, a sonar receiver can test echo pulses quickly and simply for acceptance. This approach is implemented on a sonar system that is capable of accurately tracking objects at measurement rates exceeding 10 Hz. Two sonar sensors, each consisting of a transmitter and two receivers, are independently controlled to track objects from bearing and range measurements. Matched filtering is used to optimally estimate echo arrival times from which range and bearing angle are derived. Bearing accuracy is typically better than 0.1 degrees but degrades if there is air turbulence and temperature gradients. Bearing errors are shown experimentally to have significant autocorrelation at times of the order of seconds. The ability to reliably reject interference is demonstrated experimentally by both sensors simultaneously tracking the same plane object.
Challenges for management development in the German‐speaking nations for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Avery Gayle , Donnenberg Otmar , Gick Wolfgang , Hilb Martin
Published: July 2002

Close inspection reveals subtle differences in managerial style and culture within Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Foreign management development (MD) practitioners are more likely to be impressed by the management and cultural similarities within the German‐speaking nations, especially when contrasted with the North American model. While many of the MD techniques used in the German‐speaking areas will be familiar to North American practitioners, not all foreign MD techniques are directly applicable to management in the German‐speaking region. Nonetheless, these countries face familiar challenges in developing managers into the twenty‐first century. These countries need managers who can cope with rapid change, manage innovation and new technologies, develop their human resource and management skills, face globalisation, deal with information technology, as well as manage teams and external workforces. Many of these areas offer opportunities for foreign MD practitioners. Promoting intercultural development could be a strong argument for exposing German‐nation managers to foreign MDPs
A realistic theory of health sector management
Authors: Connelly Jim
Published: July 2002

To date the practice of health sector management has not been sufficiently theorised. An adequate theory should be able to answer the pre‐eminent critique of managerial rationality and ethics mounted by Alasdair MacIntyre in After Virtue and should also offer robust analytical and ethical resources to identify and engage with the social, political, economic and moral issues underlying health sector management. Critical realism with its ontology of generative mechanisms, agency‐structure relationships, valorisation of activity and ideology critique offers such resources in an empirically orientated but adequately theorised realist framework. Rather than negate MacIntyre, critical realism incorporates and transcends his key arguments regarding the rationality and ethics of management. This article introduces the main elements of critical realism and clears a conceptual space for the cumulation of critical realist case‐studies and managerial craft knowledge.
Recycling of Printed Wiring Boards with Mounted Electronic Components
Authors: Iji M. , Yokoyama S.
Published: July 2002

Recycling technology for printed wiring boards (PWBs) with mounted electronic components was studied for the purpose of disassembling the boards, recovering useful materials, and reusing these materials. An automatic removal method was developed for the electronic components on the basis of a combination of heating to above the solder melting temperature and applying impacting the shearing forces. Most of the electronic components were recovered undamaged and the solder was able to be recovered as particles. The solder remaining on the board was recovered by abrading the board surface and by using a heating‐impacting process. After these processes, the resin board (a cured epoxy resin board reinforced with glass fibre)was pulverised and separated into a copper‐rich powder (copper: 82 Wt%) and a glass fibre and resin mixture powder (glass fibre‐resin powder) by gravimetric and electrostatic methods. The recovered electronic components, solder and copper‐rich powder were used as valuable metal resources for refining. Moreover, the recovered glass fibre‐resin powder was found to be a useful filler for plastic products such as epoxy resin and ABS (acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymer) resin.
Knowledge management practices within a knowledge‐intensive firm: the significance of the people management dimension
Authors: Robertson Maxine , O’Malley Hammersley Geraldine
Published: July 2002

This paper draws attention to the potentially focal role that appropriate people management practices can and do play in facilitating knowledge management within the context of a specialist consulting firm that sustains its competitive advantage through processes of knowledge creation. The paper highlights the way in which traditional approaches to people management issues such as recruitment and selection, professional development etc. are not necessarily appropriate or relevant when managing an expert workforce that expects and demands considerable levels of autonomy. The findings highlight that perhaps too much reliance has been placed on technological solutions to KM to date. Hence the paper emphasises the highly situated and contextual nature of KM and the practices or systems in support of KM, which existing literature in this field has failed to adequately address.
The impact of numerical flexibility on training for quality in the Irish manufacturing sector
Authors: Hanratty Teresa
Published: July 2002

Examines the concept of numerical flexibility as a new form of work in ISO 9000 registered organisations in the Irish manufacturing sector and its implications on training for quality. Also examines the reasons, if any, for the adoption of numerical flexibility as a new form of work within the Irish manufacturing sector. Although ISO 9000 registered organisations are expected to provide training to all employees, questions whether part‐time, temporary and contract staff enjoy the same amount of training as their full‐time colleagues. Commences with a review of the literature on employment flexibility, quality philosophies and standards, training in a quality context and training “atypical” employees. Following from the literature review, presents the research questions and provides a methodology to elicit the required information. Describes the primary research results and outlines the conclusions.
Evaluating Training against Business Criteria
Authors: Bramley Peter , Kitson Barry
Published: July 2002

Advocates evaluation based on a framework first published in 1959 by
D.L. Kirkpatrick. Argues that, while most training events are evaluated
at the reaction level, and some at the learning level, very few are
evaluated at the levels of behaviour and results, and therefore
fundamental changes are required in existing assumptions about the
purpose and design of training. Discusses ways in which behavioural and
business‐based evaluation criteria can be established.
Fuzzy control of current in thyristor DC drive
Authors: Zawirski Krzysztof , Urbański Konrad , Ferenc Jacek
Published: July 2002

In the paper an application of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for control of thyristor DC drive is presented. During synthesis of the FLC a robustness against variation of structure of the current control plant was taken into account. Comparison between the fuzzy control system and an ordinary digital control system, carried out by simulation method, proved that FLC as a robust controller gives better performance in the range where non‐linearity and parameter variation is observed. The simulation results were confirmed by the laboratory experiment.
The viable system model and knowledge management
Authors: Leonard Allenna
Published: July 2002

Knowledge management will only realize its full potential if it addresses the organization as a whole. Beer’s viable system model provides an excellent structure for this.
Intelligent systems for optimisation and control
Authors: Burnham K.J. , Haas O.C.L. , James D.J.G.
Published: July 2002

By considering a number of practical case study examples, the paper highlights some of the design methods of intelligent systems for use in optimisation and control. The paper describes tools and approaches that are used as well as the systems to which they are applied. The approaches include fuzzy logic decision making for optimal start‐up of combined cycle power plant, control and modelling within an automotive air fuel ratio application and optimisation of intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment. These diverse application areas have much in common in regard to the problem‐solving approaches; in recognition of this, generic aspects of the use of intelligent methodologies are also highlighted.
The challenge of sociocybernetics
Authors: Geyer Felix
Published: July 2002

Summarizes some of the important concepts and developments in cybernetics and general systems theory, especially during the last two decades. Shows how they can indeed be a challenge to sociological thinking. Cybernetics is used here as an umbrella term for a great variety of related disciplines: general systems theory, information theory, system dynamics, dynamic systems theory, including catastrophe theory, chaos theory. Also considers the emerging “science of complexity”, which includes neural networks, artificial intelligence and artificial life, and discusses the methodological drawbacks of second‐order cybernetics.
Data processing using information theory functionals
Authors: Papademetriou Rallis C.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an overview of three information‐theoretic methods, which have been used extensively in many areas such as signal/image processing, pattern recognition and statistical inference. These are: the maximum entropy (ME), minimum cross‐entropy (MCE) and mutual information (MI) methods. The development history of these techniques is reviewed, their essential philosophy is explained, and typical applications, supported by simulation results, are discussed.
A neural network for modeling the process of transcriptional control in eukaryotic cells
Authors: Saci Emilie A. , Cherruault Yves
Published: July 2002

A neural network approach is proposed for modeling the process of transcriptional initiation control in eukaryotic cells. Although all of the steps involved in expressing a eukaryotic gene can in principle be regulated, for most genes the initiation of RNA transcription (transcriptional control) predominates. Static and dynamic artificial neural networks are taken as modeling methods. A single‐hidden layer feedforward neural network model learns to identify the transcriptional system input‐output relationship.
Estimating system response to a regime shift: some evidence on international asset pricing
Authors: Östermark Ralf , Höglund Rune , Saxén Henrik
Published: July 2002

In this paper we try to assess how a weighted shares index and corresponding futures index respond to a change in the short‐term interest rate. Three methods are applied in analysing the data: an error correction regression method, a state space method and a neural network method. Results indicate presence of cointegration in the data set. A sensitivity analysis of each model was carried out by studying the evolution of the predictions after the studied time period, using deterministic values of the inputs. An analysis of the influence of an interest rate shock yielded interesting results. In the neural network model, again, more complicated response patterns were observed.
A sociocybernetic approach to information systems development
Authors: Bai Guohua , Lindberg Lars‐Åke
Published: July 2002

A principal problem of information systems (IS) development today is how to integrate the work activity and social context of users into the IS which is being designed. This paper aims to delineate a sociocybernetic approach which enlightens the relationshipbetween IS design activity, use activity, and the embedded social context. First and second order cybernetics are employed as a general skeleton or structure for conducting the sociocybernetic approach. Approaches from social autopoiesis theory and activity theory are introduced respectively to provide the skeleton of cybernetics with flesh and blood elements of real problems. An emerging conceptual body resulting from an organic integration of thecybernetic structureandsocial‐psychological elementswhich demonstrates the relationship between IS design activity, use activity, and embedded social context is presented.
Gilsonite varnish from acid sludge produced by the recovery of used lubricating oil
Authors: El‐Adly R.A. , Moustafa Y.M. , Omar A.M.A.
Published: July 2002

Acid sludge produced from regeneration of used lubricating oil was chemically treated in order to convert it in to a saleable product. Investigates treatment with different inorganic formulations. Determines and discusses the optimum formulation composition. Characterizes the spectroscopic analysis, thermogravimetric and rheology behaviours, and hydrocarbon type analysis (asphaltene, oil and resin) of the extracted multicomponent resin (MCR‐1). Uses the MCR‐1 for the preparation of gilsonite varnish. The physico‐chemical properties of the latter were determined and compared with those of a standard gilsonite varnish. Concludes that treatment of acid sludge with different salt formulations provides a potentially lowest cost source of gilsonite varnish for news ink and also helps reduce an environmental problem created by re‐refining used oil.
Linear or nonlinear? A metacognitive analysis of educational assumptions and reform efforts
Authors: Reilly David H.
Published: July 2002

Addresses the lack of success in educational reform efforts by utilizing a metacognitive analysis of the base assumption of most, if not all, current reform efforts. Suggests a different theoretical orientation and perspective for understanding education and attempts to improve it. By contrasting the common orientation of today and the one proposed, the paper applies this new perspective to two examples. Examines educational reform in light of the orientation proposed.
School management training programmes: status and improvement
Authors: Glasman Naftaly S.
Published: July 2002

Examines university‐based training programmes for school management in the USA. Surveys these programmes and opinions about them. Demonstrates how one institution used global information to design changes in its training programme. Describes selected changes in the programme of this institution and draws selected implications for school management training programmes in other nations.
The application of IR thermography to process monitoring and control of reflow soldering
Authors: Conway Paul , Whalley David , Wilkinson Michelle , Hyslop S.M.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a technique for the monitoring and control of the reflow soldering process. The technique combines state‐of‐the‐art infra‐red (IR) sensor technology, coupled with application‐specific process monitoring and control software, providing a unique capability both to monitor product temperatures during processing and to modify the process settings. The development of techniques to allow variation of the heat transfer from the oven to the in‐process printed circuit assemblies (PCAs) provides the means to adjust the soldering oven’s process settings for each individual PCA. This automatic profiling ensures consistent thermal histories and optimises oven energy consumption. Archiving of the reflow profiles along with temperatures recorded for each PCA provides full traceability to the reflow process settings for each individual PCA. The incorporation of IR sensing technology also provides a means to monitor the performance of the process.
Enhancement of underfill encapsulants for flip‐chip technology
Authors: Vincent M.B. , Wong C.P.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents results on adding silane coupling agents to the underfill encapsulant to enhance the rheology and wetting of the underfill. These results include rheology measurements, contact angle measurements, andin situflows using a simulated test chip on an FR4 with solder mask substrate. Three properties of the underfill encapsulant that can affect the mechanical reliability of the die and substrate assembly are: CTE; elastic modulus; and adhesion to the die and substrate surfaces. The approach taken in this paper is to add silane coupling agents with different chemistries to the underfill encapsulant to provide interfacial coupling of the underfill material to different die and substrate materials. This paper presents results on the enhancement of the adhesion of underfill encapsulant to silicon (Si), silicon nitride (SiN) die passivation, benzocyclobutene (BCB) die passivation, and solder mask surfaces. The adhesion strength was measured by die shear testing.
Strategic alliances in the European defence industry
Authors: Butler Colin , Kenny Brian , Anchor John
Published: July 2002

Reports on research into the relationship between European defence manufacturing firms and their experience of cross‐border strategic alliances. The research takes in 135 cross‐border strategic alliances involving UK and European defence manufacturing firms, ranging from firms heavily dependent on defence contracts to firms whose defence interests make up less than 10 per cent of overall business. These firms manufacture telecommunications, transport, information, lethal platforms and components for the operation of these platforms for military organisations. A main aim is to ascertain the extent of participation in strategic alliances, the types of alliances being used and the major problems experienced by the partners.
Protective overalls: evaluation of garment design and fit
Authors: Huck Janice , Maganga Oprah , Kim Younghee
Published: July 2002

Protective clothing should ideally provide maximum comfort and protection for the wearer. The design and fit of a garment are factors which can affect both the protective aspects of a garment as well as its comfort. Proper garment fit depends on the relationship of the size of the garment compared with the size of the wearer. Garment ease (where the garment is larger than the wearer) should allow for comfort and mobility; both too much or too little ease can result in a garment that is uncomfortable and restrictive to movement. The purpose of this study was to explore a research technique to isolate the effects of garment ease in one area of a garment while ease in all other garment areas was controlled, and to determine a design that would maximize wearer mobility. Using five male subjects, protective overalls with differing amounts and garment location of crotch ease were evaluated for their effects on mobility and wearer acceptance. Range of motion measurements for selected joints were evaluated using a Leighton Flexometer. Subjects completed a subjective evaluation scale after performing an exercise protocol while wearing the overalls. Results indicated that a specific amount of ease in the crotch length of overalls may be appropriate. Additionally, an overall design that had all needed crotch ease in the back waist area of the garment may be desirable over the more conventional method of adding ease evenly between the front and back sections of the garment. The methodology used in this study provides a means of evaluating not only the potential for design variations in protective clothing, but provides a means to evaluate the dynamic aspects of fit of clothing.
A customer‐service worker relationship model
Authors: Bove Liliana L. , Johnson Lester W.
Published: July 2002

True loyalty, defined by a high relative attitude in addition to high repeat purchase, is an extremely valuable asset to the service firm – as the customer’s search motivation for competitive alternatives is reduced, he/she shows an immunity to the pull of competition and provides favourable word of mouth. A conceptual model presents the likely influence of customer relationships with service workers on the development of true customer loyalty to the service firm. It is suggested that strong customer relationships with a firm’s service personnel lead to true customer loyalty to the service firm, as positive attitudes towards service staff are transferred directly to the firm. In situations where a strong relationship develops between the customer and only one particular service worker, true loyalty to the service firm will be an outcome of high personal loyalty and therefore be dependent on the continued availability of the service worker. To assist managers in encouraging relationship development between high value customers and their service personnel, potential antecedents of relationship strength have been identified. These include: the amount of perceived benefits/rewards the customer receives from the service worker, the age of their relationship, the service contact intensity, the customer’s perceived risk in acquiring the service, the customer’s interpersonal orientation and the service worker’s customer orientation as perceived by the customer.
Dewey’s Theory of Inquiry and Reflective Administration
Authors: Willower Donald J.
Published: July 2002

John Dewey′s thought is the premier philosophic source on reflective
methods. Examination of his thought has much to offer current work on
reflective administration. It provides philosophical grounding and an
intellectual and ethical context for the use of reflective methods in
administrative practice and preparation. Reviews relevant features of
Dewey′s philosophy and shows implications for the use of reflective
methods in educational administration.
Assessing motivational needs: the case of the school superintendent
Authors: Lonardi Emilie M. , Willower Donald J. , Bredeson Paul V.
Published: July 2002

Using needs theory as a framework, describes research that examined top rated school superintendents′ needs for power, achievement and affiliation. Identifies distinctive motivational profiles using the job choice exercise (JCE) and supplements quantitative results with telephone interviews which enabled comparison of JCE scores with verbal responses. Results indicated the need for power was the dominant motive and that it tended to be coupled with low affiliation rather than high affiliation. Interview data supported the importance of power, but suggested motives serve as predispositional tendencies which are often superseded by pressure to act in response to situational specifics.
The binding forces that hold school organizations together
Authors: Sun‐Keung Pang Nicholas
Published: July 2002

As part of a major study, an attempt was made to examine the organizational values of secondary schools in Hong Kong with a self‐constructed, standardised instrument, the School Values Inventory. Values are chosen, because organizations are not only theory‐laden, but are also value‐laden and the sharing of organizational values are the binding forces that hold an organization together. Using LISREL confirmatory factor analytic modelling techniques and based on a sample of 554 teachers from 44 secondary schools in Hong Kong, a four‐factor model of organizational values was developed. The model which, precisely and concisely, concludes binding forces in Hong Kong schools as bureaucratic linkage, cultural linkage, tight coupling, and loose coupling provides an insight to understand school administration and organizational cultures.
Non‐linear systems and educational development in Europe
Authors: Reilly David H.
Published: July 2002

Educational change and improvement are constant processes. Practically every country in the world today is attempting to improve, reform, transform or change its educational system. The results of these development efforts have generally been disappointing. A general consensus seems to be that the gap between societal expectations and educational achievements is wide and becoming greater. The perceived failures of education are particularly difficult for political and educational leaders to understand given the massive influx of resources invested in educational systems in recent years. This is a result of a linear expectation wherein output is proportional to the input. Non‐linear theory, proposed in this paper as a more valid way of conceptualizing educational development efforts, does not assume this proportional relationship. This paper addresses non‐linear theory by using it to examine educational development efforts in Western and Eastern European nations.
Cladding formation in laser‐beam fusion of metal powder
Authors: Yevko V. , Park C.B. , Zak G. , Coyle T.W. , Benhabib B.
Published: July 2002

Current commercial rapid prototyping systems can be used for fabricating layered models for subsequent creation of fully‐dense metal parts using investment casting. Due to increased demand for shortened product development cycles however, there exists a demand to rapidly fabricate functional fully‐dense metal parts without hard tooling. A possible solution to this problem is direct layered rapid manufacturing of such parts, for example, via laser‐beam fusion of the metal powder. The rapid manufacturing process discussed herein is based on this approach. It involves selective laser‐beam scanning of a predeposited metal‐powder layer, forming fully‐dense claddings as the basic building block of individual layers. This paper specifically addresses only one of the fundamental issues of the rapid manufacturing process under investigation at the University of Toronto, namely the fabrication of single claddings. Our theoretical investigation of the influence of the process parameters on cladding’s geometrical properties employed thermal modeling and computer process simulation. Numerous experiments, involving fabrication of single claddings, were also carried out with varying process parameters. Comparisons of the process simulations and experimental results showed good agreement in terms of overall trends.
An analysis of technology trends within the electronics industry
Authors: Palmer P.J. , Williams D.J.
Published: July 2002

This paper begins with a brief review of previous work in the field of technology forecasting and discusses the Fisher Pry model in particular, before concluding with an attempt at forecasting the rate of development of smart technology. The Fisher Pry model is shown to fit well with an assumed ultimate microprocessor clock speed of 1.2GHz. By combining data from multiple sources support is found for the hypothesis that rates of development can be correlated with development activity, as measured by the number of US patents filed in specific technology areas. A forecast for the development of “smart” technology is made to demonstrate how the models may be used to generate forecasts of future developments, where limited data are available.
Cure behavior of a no flow underfill encapsulant
Authors: Hsu D.T. , Kim H.K. , Shi F.G. , Tong H.Y. , Chungpaiboonpatana S. , Davidson C. , Adams J.M.
Published: July 2002

The curing reaction of a promising “no flow” flip chip underfill encapsulant is investigated by using a differential scanning calorimeter. It is found that the tested underfill can reach complete cure within 20 minutes at various cure temperatures. It is also shown that this “no flow” underfill could fully cure within one minute at 160°C after being heated at 220°C for one minute, demonstrating that this “no flow” underfill can be completely cured during the solder reflow cycle. The reaction order and the rate constant are determined to describe the curing progress. It is shown that the autocatalytic effect dominates the reaction kinetics.
Energy landscape of a peptide consisting of α‐helix, 310‐helix, β‐turn, β‐hairpin, and other disordered conformations
Authors: Higo Junichi , Ito Nobutoshi , Kuroda Masataka , Ono Satoshi , Nakajima Nobuyuki , Nakamura Haruki
Published: July 2002

The energy landscape of a peptide [Ace‐Lys‐Gln‐Cys‐Arg‐Glu‐Arg‐Ala‐Nme] in explicit water was studied with a multicanonical molecular dynamics simulation, and the AMBER parm96 force field was used for the energy calculation. The peptide was taken from the recognition helix of the DNA‐binding protein, c‐Myb. A rugged energy landscape was obtained, in which the random‐coil conformations were dominant at room temperature. The CD spectra of the synthesized peptide revealed that it is in the random state at room temperature. However, the 300 K canonical ensemble, Q(300K), contained α‐helix, 310‐helix, β‐turn, and β‐hairpin structures with small but notable probabilities of existence. The complete α‐helix, imperfect α‐helix, and random‐coil conformations were separated from one another in the conformational space. This means that the peptide must overcome energy barriers to form the α‐helix. The overcoming process may correspond to the hydrogen‐bond rearrangements from peptide–water to peptide–peptide interactions. The β‐turn, imperfect 310‐helix, and β‐hairpin structures, among which there are no energy barriers at 300 K, were embedded in the ensemble of the random‐coil conformations. Two types of β‐hairpin with different β‐turn regions were observed in Q(300K). The two β‐hairpin structures may have different mechanisms for the β‐hairpin formation. The current study proposes a scheme that the random state of this peptide consists of both ordered and disordered conformations. In contrast, the energy landscape obtained from the parm94 force field was funnel like, in which the peptide formed the helical conformation at room temperature and random coil at high temperature.
Protein kinase A cascade regulates quantal release dispersion at frog muscle endplate
Authors: Bukharaeva Ella A. , Samigullin Dmitry , Nikolsky Eugeny , Vyskočil František
Published: July 2002

Uniquantal endplate currents (EPCs) were recorded simultaneously at the proximal, central and distal parts of the frog neuromuscular synapse, and their minimal synaptic latencies, latency dispersions and sensitivity to noradrenaline, cAMP and protein kinase A inhibition were measured. The latency dispersion was highest in the proximal part (P90= 1.25 ms); it decreased to P90= 0.95 ms in the central part and to P90= 0.75 ms (60 % of the proximal part) in the distal part. In the proximal parts of the long neuromuscular synapse, stimulation‐evoked EPCs with long release latencies were eliminated when the intracellular cAMP was increased by β1 activation by noradrenaline, by the permeable analogue db‐cAMP, by activation of adenylyl cyclase or by inhibition of cAMP hydrolysis. This makes the evoked release more compact, and the amplitude of the reconstructed multiquantal currents increases. Protein kinase A is a target of this regulation, since a specific inhibitor, Rp‐cAMP, prevents the action of cAMP in the proximal parts and increases the occurrence of long‐latency events in the distal parts of the synapse. Our results show that protein kinase A is involved in the timing of quantal release and can be regulated by presynaptic adrenergic receptors.