bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jejunal free-flap reconstruction complicated by development of post-irradiation sarcoma: what information should patients receive about the long-term effects of radiotherapy for head and neck tumours
Authors: Smith D. R. K. , Woolley S. L.
Published: April 2005

Jejunal free-flap reconstruction is a well recognized, reliable technique commonly used for reconstruction of the upper aero-digestive tract following surgery for malignancy, and radiotherapy is commonly used as an adjuvant treatment in such cases. Unfortunately, post-irradiation sarcomas are a well recognized complication of radiotherapy and generally have a poor prognosis. We report what we believe to be the first case of radiation-induced sarcoma in a free-flap jejunal graft and discuss the information that should be given to patients undergoing radiotherapy to head and neck tumours.
Obstructive sleep apnoea associated with congenital choanal atresia
Authors: Nakata Seiichi , Noda Akiko , Misawa Hayato , Yanagi Eriko , Yagi Hidehito , Nakashima Tsutomu
Published: April 2005

We report here a very rare case of bilateral congenital choanal atresia untreated for the 27 years after birth. A 27-year-old Japanese man complaining of long-term nasal obstruction, snoring and daytime sleepiness visited our hospital. He exhibited the characteristic appearances of long face and bilateral hypoplastic cheeks. Examination by flexible fiberscopy and computed tomography led us to diagnose him with bilateral choanal atresia. Subsequent polysomnography revealed the number of apnoea or hypopnoea episodes per hour (apnoea—hypopnoea index, or AHI) to be over 10. On the basis of these observations, we modified the diagnosis to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) secondary to congenital choanal atresia.
Securing tracheal stents: a new and simple method
Authors: Mace Alasdair , Sandhu Gurpreet , Howard David
Published: April 2005

Indwelling silastic stents have been used in the subglottis and upper trachea to manage laryngotracheal abnormalities. A number of methods of fixation have been described. The authors describe a quick and simple method of fixing endoluminal tracheal stents using a single suture.
Lymphoma mimicking a thyroglossal duct cyst in an adolescent
Authors: Tarnaris Andrew , Giridharan Wijayasingam , Aird David W
Published: April 2005

Mass lesions of the head and neck in infants and children can be either developmental, inflammatory or neoplastic. Lymphomas (Hodgkin’s or Non-Hodgkin’s) commonly present as neck lumps in children. Although malignancy is not the commonest aetiology of paediatric cervical lumps, a high index of suspicion is critical to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of cervical lesions. We present the case of a 15-year-old boy who presented with a solitary midline cervical lesion, which simulated a thyroglossal cyst on clinical examination. However, histopathological examination revealed it to be a Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Related literature is also reviewed.
Constitutive (HO-2) and inducible (HO-1) haem oxygenase in pleomorphic adenomas of the human parotid: an immunocytochemical study
Authors: Lo Stephen , Di Palma Silvana , Yusuf Hafsa , McCombe Andrew W
Published: April 2005

This study examines the expression HO-1 and HO-2 isozymes in human parotid pleomorphic adenomas. They are members of the heat shock protein family, and are thought to play a role in the regulation of tumoral blood flow. Immunocytochemistry using antibodies specific for HO-1 and HO-2 were undertaken in 12 pleomorphic adenoma specimens, all sections of which contained adjacent normal salivary tissue. Normal salivary gland acini and ducts displayed significantly stronger immunoreactivity for HO-2 compared to tumour cells (p < 0.001). Expression for HO-1 was minimal in both normal salivary gland acini and tumour cells with no difference (p = 1.000). However, positive staining for HO-1 was seen in normal salivary ducts and in pleomorphic adenomas showing ductal differentiation. In conclusion, this is the first study to examine the expression of HO-1 and HO-2 within normal salivary glands and pleomorphic adenomas. Our findings suggest that HO may be implicated in the pathogenesis of salivary pleomorphic adenomas.
A study of out-of-hours facilities in otolaryngology: current provision and problems
Authors: Moorthy R , Magarey M , Joshi A , Jayaraj S. M. , Clarke P. M.
Published: April 2005

’Action on ENT’ has recently published advice as to the minimum requirements for equipment required to provide a safe and suitable out-of-hours service in ENT.

Our objectives were to determine the availability of a dedicated ENT treatment room for seeing patients out of hours, appropriately maintained specialized ENT equipment and availability of appropriate assistance. In addition, the mechanism for disinfection of nasoendoscopes out of hours was determined.

Telephone questionnaires of 106 ENT units in England, which provide an out-of-hours ENT service, were taken. At each unit the standard questionnaire was answered by the first on-call ENT doctor.

One hundred and one units (95 per cent) had access to a dedicated treatment room out of hours. The number of units with a microscope was 91 (86 per cent), headlight/lamp and mirror was 105 (99 percent), flexible nasoendoscope was 86 (81 per cent) and cautery (electrical or chemical) was 105 (99 per cent). Seventy-nine units (75 per cent) found that their treatment rooms were adequately stocked, and 62 units (58 per cent) had assistance available when needed. Twenty-four units (23 percent) sterilized their scopes adequately, 22 units (21 per cent) used endosheaths, 26 units (24 per cent) used a variety of inadequate cleaning methods, and 34 respondents (32 per cent) were unsure how their scopes were cleaned.

This survey has shown that not all ENT units have appropriately equipped out-of-hours facilities. There is a need for nationally agreed guidelines stating the minimum equipment and assistance required to provide a safe, adequate and suitable out-of-hours service. National guidelines on out-of-hours disinfection of flexible nasoendoscopes are also required.
Autologous replacement of the vocal fold: a new surgical approach for adduction-type spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Tsunoda Koichi , Amagai Naomi , Kondou Kenji , Baer Tom , Kaga Kimitaka , Niimi Seiji
Published: April 2005

Many surgical approaches have been developed for the treatment of adduction-type spasmodic dysphonia (SPD). We developed and performed a new type of surgical approach (autologous replacement of the vocal fold).

Our new surgical technique increases the advantages and decreases the disadvantages of previous surgical procedures in three ways: (1) It has similar effects to the previous procedures in that it prevents contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle. (2) It decreases vocal-fold tension, as in framework surgery. (3) It reduces glottal incompetence, as does fibrinogen-glue injection, but it is more suitable because it is autologous. Furthermore, it produces increases in the mass and volume of the vocal-fold body and is also safe because the replacement tissue is autologous.

The short-term results appear encouraging in preventing spastic voice while also avoiding vocal-fold atrophy. Long-term follow up will be necessary to determine the actual efficacy. However, this is clearly a possible choice as a surgical approach for treating adduction-type SPD.
Pleomorphic adenoma and severe obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Giddings C E B , Bray D , Rimmer J , Williamson P
Published: April 2005

Two cases of deep lobe parotid tumours extending into the parapharyngeal space and causing obstructive sleep apnoea are described. Post-operatively, marked improvements in nocturnal hypoxic episodes and the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea were seen. Although minor salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas have been described as a cause of airway compromise, pleomorphic adenomata arising from the deep lobe of the parotid, causing proven obstructive sleep apnoea, have not previously been documented. The anatomy and common pathologies of the parapharyngeal space are discussed.
Inflammatory pseudotumour of the neck with multifocal sites on positron emission tomography scan imaging
Authors: Babar-Craig Humera , Gill Harvinder , Almeyda Robert , Wong W L , Farrell Roy
Published: April 2005

We present a patient with an inflammatory pseudotumour of the neck with multifocal sites in the head and chest responding to steroids. A review of the literature revealed that this is the first case of a pseudotumour with multiple sites in the head and neck as revealed by 2-[18]fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) PET scan imaging.
A study of chorda tympani nerve injury and related symptoms following middle-ear surgery
Authors: Gopalan P , Kumar M , Gupta D , Phillipps J J
Published: April 2005

This is a prospective study that looks into the prevalence of chorda tympani nerve (CTN) injury and related symptoms following varying degrees of trauma to the nerve during three common types of middle-ear operation: myringoplasty, tympanotomy and mastoidectomy. The number of patients with CTN-related symptoms varied widely between the three groups. Increased occurrence of the nerve related symptoms and a prolonged recovery time were observed in the tympanotomy group. Stretching of the nerve produced more symptomatic cases than cutting it in the myringoplasty and mastoidectomy groups. Recovery was complete in 92 per cent of the symptomatic patients by 12 months. It is important to inform patients about the possibility of CTN injury during middle-ear operations, and it should also be emphasized that symptoms related to CTN injury can occur irrespective of the type of damage to the nerve.
Olefin Metatheses and Related Reactions Initiated by Carbene Derivatives of Metals in Low Oxidation States
Authors: Katz Thomas J.
Published: March 2005

Experiments carried out 24 years ago with tantalum carbenes have led to the much cited hypothesis that metals (other than ruthenium) must be in their highest oxidation states for their carbene derivatives to initiate olefin metatheses. The hypothesis legitimizes the uniqueness of high‐oxidation‐state molybdenum and tungsten carbenes as effective initiators, and it means that the Fischer tungsten carbenes that even earlier were found to initiate olefin metatheses and related transformations must be oxidized before they can be effective. The newer initiators have been termed “well‐defined”, the older “ill‐defined”. But what does the evidence show?
Study of the degree of crystallinity in eudragit/poly(methyl methacrylate) polyblends by X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Ramrakhiani M. , Parashar P. , Datt S. C.
Published: March 2005

Plaques of blends of Eudragit RL 100 (EU) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with different weight‐per‐weight ratios were prepared by compression molding at 150°C. The X‐ray diffraction profiles of the blends were studied and compared, and the interplanar distance, crystallite size, and crystallinity were computed for various peaks. The Eu/PMMA blend with a 70:30 (w/w) ratio had the maximum crystallinity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1835–1838, 2005
Miscibility of chitosan–hydroxyethylcellulose blends in aqueous acetic acid solutions at 35°C
Authors: Wali A. C. , Naidu B. Vijaya Kumar , Mallikarjuna N. N. , Sainkar S. R. , Halligudi S. B. , Aminabhavi T. M.
Published: March 2005

The miscibility of blends of chitosan and hydroxyethylcellulose in a 2% acetic acid solution was studied by viscometry, densitometry, and refractometry at 35°C. The data suggest that the blends were completely miscible in all proportions. Further, the membranes were fabricated from concentrated blend solutions. The solid‐state compatibility of the blends was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1996–1998, 2005
Psycho‐social support to large numbers of traumatized people in post‐conflict societies: an approach to community development in Guatemala
Authors: Anckermann Sonia , Dominguez Manuel , Soto Norma , Kjaerulf Finn , Berliner Peter , Naima Mikkelsen Elizabeth
Published: March 2005

The main challenge for community development efforts in post‐conflict societies with large numbers of traumatized people is to create hope and reconciliation through community healing and participatory democratic community development. The community development efforts should aim at creating a set of values and practices conducive to peaceful co‐existence through non‐violent conflict resolution, thereby reducing the alarming levels of violence in post‐conflict societies.

This article describes a community development approach in Guatemala to supporting people affected by organized violence and torture. Through a description of the theoretical and practical work carried out in post‐conflict Guatemala through the ODHAG‐RCT programme, the article focuses on the relation between the three main pillars of the community development approach; healing, empowerment, and development. The community development approach uses health as the entry strategy to its aim of social and political transformation. Traditionally, health is not perceived as being linked with social and political transformation, but rather as the means to increase the health condition of community members. However, this article will show how community social psychology can be integrated in an understanding of political and economic community development. Hence it is argued that the outcome of the community development approach is measured through observations of the group as well as the political and economic developments of the community, and not only through a decrease in health related symptoms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast algorithm for the solution of large‐scale non‐negativity‐constrained least squares problems
Authors: Van Benthem Mark H. , Keenan Michael R.
Published: March 2005

Algorithms for multivariate image analysis and other large‐scale applications of multivariate curve resolution (MCR) typically employ constrained alternating least squares (ALS) procedures in their solution. The solution to a least squares problem under general linear equality and inequality constraints can be reduced to the solution of a non‐negativity‐constrained least squares (NNLS) problem. Thus the efficiency of the solution to any constrained least square problem rests heavily on the underlying NNLS algorithm. We present a new NNLS solution algorithm that is appropriate to large‐scale MCR and other ALS applications. Our new algorithm rearranges the calculations in the standard active set NNLS method on the basis of combinatorial reasoning. This rearrangement serves to reduce substantially the computational burden required for NNLS problems having large numbers of observation vectors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy and Electron Transfer in Polyacetylene‐Linked Zinc–Porphyrin–[60]Fullerene Molecular Wires
Authors: Vail Sean A. , Krawczuk Paul J. , Guldi Dirk M. , Palkar Amit , Echegoyen Luis , Tomé Joao P. C. , Fazio Michael A. , Schuster David I.
Published: March 2005

The synthesis and electrochemical and photophysical studies of a series of alkyne‐linked zinc–porphyrin–[60]fullerene dyads are described. These dyads represent a new class of fully conjugated donor–acceptor systems. An alkynyl–fullerene synthon was synthesized by a nucleophilic addition reaction, and was then oxidatively coupled with a series of alkynyl tetra‐aryl zinc–porphyrins with 1–3 alkyne units. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry studies confirmed that the porphyrin and fullerene are electronically coupled and that the degree of electronic interaction decreases with increasing length of the alkyne bridge. In toluene, energy transfer from the excited zinc–porphyrin singlet to the fullerene moiety occurs, affording fullerene triplet quantum yields of greater than 90 %. These dyads exhibit very rapid photoinduced electron transfer in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and benzonitrile (PhCN), which is consistent with normal Marcus behavior. Slower rates for charge recombination in THF versus PhCN clearly indicate that charge‐recombination events are occurring in the Marcus inverted region. Exceptionally small attenuation factors (β) of 0.06±0.005 Å−1 demonstrate that the triple bond is an effective mediator of electronic interaction in zinc–porphyrin–alkyne–fullerene molecular wires.
Spanning triangulations in graphs
Authors: Kühn Daniela , Osthus Deryk
Published: March 2005

We prove that every graph of sufficiently large order n and minimum degree at least 2n/3 contains a triangulation as a spanning subgraph. This is best possible: for all integers n, there are graphs of order n and minimum degree ⌈2n/3⌉  − 1 without a spanning triangulation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Tissue hyperoxygenation promotes oxidative metabolism in motor unit
Authors: Huang Fei , Shimizu Takahiko , Ishihara Akihiko , Yuasa Shigeki , Nishimura Kinya , Kugimiya Toyoki , Shirasawa Takuji
Published: March 2005

Some mutant hemoglobin (Hb) variants are found with lowered O2 affinity. Low oxygen affinity is reported to increase the O2 availability in peripheral tissues (Kunert et al. [1996] Microvasc. Res. 52:58–68). In the present study, we used a mouse model carrying two low‐affinity Hb variants, Titusville and Presbyterian, to evaluate the chronic in vivo influence of lowered oxygen affinity on the neuromuscular system. Our model mice showed an increased voluntary running ability compared with wild‐type littermates. In the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of mutant mice, the glycolytic fibers were converted to oxidative ones in where the activity of the mitochondrial marker enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) was up‐regulated. We report that the spinal ventral horn motoneurons innervating TA skeletal fibers also showed higher mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity. This phenomenon was evidenced by increased SDH activity and electron microscopic (EM) mitochondrial electronic density in these motoneurons. Our data suggest that, as the result of adaptation to the tissue hyperoxygenation, energy metabolism in the neuron–muscle motor unit is augmented and thus function of the motor unit is promoted. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physicochemical, carbohydrate and sensory characteristics of highbush and rabbiteye blueberry cultivars
Authors: Silva Juan L , Marroquin Estuardo , Matta Frank B , Garner James O , Stojanovic Jelena
Published: March 2005

The chemical composition, colour and texture of fresh berries from three rabbiteye (‘Climax’, ‘Premier’ and ‘Tifblue’) and two highbush (‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Jersey’) blueberry cultivars were measured. Shear (482 vs 290 N), compression (6.50 vs 3.96 N) and puncture forces (1.48 and 0.85 vs 0.81 and 0.43 N) were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for rabbiteye than for highbush cultivars. Shear for ‘Bluecrop’ blueberries averaged 254 N, whereas for ‘Climax’ it was 565 N. The puncture force required to penetrate the skin was lower for ‘Bluecrop’ (0.78 N) and ‘Jersey’ (0.83 N) and higher for ‘Climax’ (1.71 N). However, sensory panellists found no differences (P > 0.05) in colour, flavour or skin toughness among the five cultivars. ‘Climax’ was rated lower in seediness. Rabbiteye cultivars contained more fibre and complex polysaccharides than highbush cultivars. These differences in complex carbohydrates that make up the cell wall layers may contribute to the toughness of rabbiteye cultivars and their possible longer fresh shelf‐life, though taste panellists did not find this toughness objectionable. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of nisin, CO2 and a permeabilizing agent in the preservation of refrigerated blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou)
Authors: Cabo Marta L , Herrera Juan JR , Sampedro Gabriel , Pastoriza Laura
Published: March 2005

Gram‐negative bacteria are mainly responsible for spoilage of refrigerated fish. Nevertheless, to preserve refrigerated fresh fish no additives are permitted and only packaging as in a modified atmosphere can be used. Despite the fact that the present‐day application of nisin has been extended to dairy and meat products, its ineffectiveness against Gram‐negative bacteria complicates application to fresh fish unless combined with other additives such as chelators. With this aim, agents that increase the permeability of the membrane and facilitate the diffusion of many hydrophobic antimicrobial agents were screened for their combined activity with nisin against different genera of Gram‐negative bacteria. Quantification of the synergistic effects has shown sodium hexamethaphosphate (SMP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were the most effective. Further studies were done on the combined effects of nisin, SMP and CO2 in the preservation of fresh fish. A factorial experimental design was used to determine synergism between these variables. Logarithmic values of total viable counts and total volatile bases after 12 days of storage were described by empirical equations. Analysis of the results showed a marked effect of CO2 in decreasing both variables. Whereas CO2 interacted positively with nisin and SMP, a non‐significant interaction was observed between nisin and SMP. It is concluded that CO2 interacts readily with SMP, and may offer an additional advantage for CO2‐rich atmospheres in food preservation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Method for checking label accuracy in barn and free range eggs
Authors: Gregory Neville G , Gepp Mark J , Babidge Peter J
Published: March 2005

The aim was to develop a method for testing whether eggs sold as either ‘barn’ or free range' were laid under cage conditions. The surface patterns on 11 520 eggs from cage, barn and free range production systems were examined under ultraviolet light for distinctive fluorescent marks associated with each production system. In addition, the effects of egg washing, egg size, condensation and cage dusting on the prevalence of the fluorescent patterns associated with the cage production system were examined. The prevalence of fluorescent white double parallel lines with 2.2–2.5 cm spacing was a distinguishing feature for eggs laid on wire floors in cages. If five or more eggs in a sample of 90 eggs have double fluorescent lines it can be concluded with greater than 999 in 1000 probability that the batch contains some cage‐laid eggs. Dust from the egg collection area below the feed trough was the main source of the fluorescent material. Washing the eggs removed or obscured the double lines. Egg size and condensation had limited effects on the prevalence of double lines. Infrequent dusting of the wire floor did not reduce the value of the test. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Acute exertional compartment syndrome in the setting of anabolic steroids: An unusual cause of bilateral footdrop
Authors: Liem Nathania R. , Bourque Pierre R. , Michaud Claudine
Published: March 2005

Acute exertional compartment syndrome is the result of muscle ischemia within a tight fascial compartment. We report a 22‐year‐old boxer, with recent intake of anabolic steroids, who developed acute exertional compartment syndrome of the lower legs following an assault from which he had to run away. He presented with bilateral footdrop. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) were consistent with bilateral deep and superficial peroneal neuropathies, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated hemorrhagic necrosis of the pretibial muscles. This case illustrates that the differential diagnosis for footdrop includes not only central and peripheral nervous system and muscle causes, but also compartment syndromes. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Novel thermal curing reaction of oxetane resins with polyfunctional phenols
Authors: Nishikubo Tadatomi , Kudo Hiroto , Yoshihara Mayu , Maruyama Ken
Published: March 2005

The thermal curing reaction of polyfunctional oxetanes (oxetane resins) such as tris[4‐(3‐ethyloxetane‐3‐yl)methoxyphenyl]methane (TEOMP) and 1,3,5‐tris(3‐ethyl‐3‐oxetanylmethoxy)benzene with certain polyfunctional phenols was performed in bulk with quaternary onium salts as catalysts. The reaction proceeded smoothly at 180–220 °C and produced insoluble gel products, and the rate of gel production increased with the reaction temperature. The rate of the addition reaction of TEOMP with 3,3′,5,5′‐tetrachlorobisphenol A was also measured by IR spectroscopy, and the rate of reaction was proportional to the product of the oxetane concentration and the catalyst concentration in the film state. Furthermore, the glass‐transition temperatures and 5 and 10 wt % weight‐loss temperatures of the resulting gel products were confirmed with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, and the glass‐transition temperatures and 5 wt % weight‐loss temperatures were 127–162 °C and 323–351 °C, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2028–2037, 2005
The effect of charge on kink migration at 90° partial dislocations in SiC
Authors: Blumenau A. T. , Eberlein T. A. G. , Jones R. , Öberg S. , Frauenheim T. , Briddon P. R.
Published: March 2005

SiC bipolar devices show a degradation under forward‐biased operation which has been linked with a recombination enhanced motion of one of the two glide dislocations having either Si or C core atoms. We have carried out calculations of the core structures and dynamics of partial dislocations in 3C and 2H–SiC using the density functional based codes DFTB and AIMPRO. After in earlier theoretical work we reported on the structure, energetics and electronic activity of both of the Shockley partials, and on the formation and migration barriers of kinks, in this work we present first results on the effect of charge on the disloction kinks. The calculations give insights into the device degradation mechanism. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InGaN multiple quantum well lasers grown by MBE
Authors: Heffernan J. , Kauer M. , Johnson K. , Zellweger C. , Hooper S. E. , Bousquet V.
Published: March 2005

We report progress in the development of InGaN multiple quantum well laser diodes grown by MBE. Lasers were grown by gas‐source MBE using ammonia as the source of nitrogen. Devices were grown on both GaN template substrates with dry‐etched laser facets, and on low dislocation density free‐standing GaN substrates where cleaved laser facets are possible. We have achieved a minimum threshold current density of ∼11 kA cm–2 on templates and ∼7 kA cm–2 on free‐standing GaN. On GaN substrates we have achieved room temperature operation with a pulsed duty cycle of 10%. Further optimisation of the device is required to reduce thermal effects and achieve CW operation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
MOVPE homoepitaxial growth on vicinal GaN(0001) substrates
Authors: Xu Xueping , Vaudo Robert P. , Flynn Jeffery , Dion Joe , Brandes George R.
Published: March 2005

Homoepitaxial growth of GaN by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) was systematically evaluated using nominal c‐plane and various vicinal GaN(0001) wafers: 1°, 2°, 4°, and 8° offcut in the directions of 〈10$\bar 1$0〉 and 〈11$\bar 2$0〉. It was found that a hillock morphology formed on the nominal c‐plane substrate whereas smooth epi films were formed on vicinal substrates. Silicon‐doped films showed similarly improved surface morphology with offcut angle, however Mg‐doped films exhibited a rougher microstructure. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improvement of photoluminescence by Si delta‐doping in GaN barrier layer of GaN/InxGa1–xN multi‐quantum wells
Authors: Kwon Min‐Ki , Park Il‐Kyu , Beak Sung‐Ho , Kim Ja‐Yeon , Park Seong‐Ju
Published: March 2005

We report on the effect of Si delta doping in the barriers of multi‐quantum wells (MQWs) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the MQW sample with Si delta doped barriers was improved by 33 times compared to that of a MQW sample without Si delta doped barriers. The temperature dependent PL measurement showed slow quenching of the integrated PL intensity of the MQW sample grown by using Si delta doping process as temperature increased compared to that of normal MQW sample. This was attributed to the effective injection of electron from the Si delta doped layer into quantum well (QW) layer as temperature increased and also the higher hole confinement resulted from the higher band offset. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An algorithm for interpretation of low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation product ion spectra for de novo sequencing of peptides
Authors: Zhong Hongying , Li Liang
Published: March 2005

An algorithm for interpretation of product ion spectra of peptides generated from ion trap mass spectrometry is developed for de novo amino acid sequencing of peptides for the purpose of protein identification. It is based on a multi‐pass analysis of product ion data using a rigorous data extraction and sequence interpretation protocol in the initial pass. The extraction/interpretation algorithm becomes more relaxed in subsequent passes, considering more of the fragment ions, and potentially more sequence candidates. The possible peptide sequences generated by the algorithm are scored according to those sequences which best explain the fragment ion spectrum. These sequences are searched against a protein database using a BLAST search engine to find likely protein candidates. The method is also suitable for locating and determining protein modifications, and can be applied to de novo interpretation of peptide fragment ions in the tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrum produced from a mixture of two peptides having similar nominal mass, but different sequences. Using a known protein, bovine serum albumin, as an example, it is illustrated that this method is rapid and efficient for MS/MS spectral interpretation. This method combined with BLAST programs is then applied to search homologies and to generate information on post‐translational modifications of an unknown protein isolated from shark cartilage that does not have a complete genome or proteome database. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of Grain Boundaries in Two‐Dimensional Hydrogen‐Bonded Molecular Networks
Authors: Lackinger Markus , Griessl Stefan , Kampschulte Lorenz , Jamitzky Ferdinand , Heckl Wolfgang M.
Published: March 2005

The temporal evolution of domain boundaries of hydrogen‐bonded molecular monolayers at the liquid–solid interface is evaluated by recording series of subsequent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images. Comparison of dissimilar benzene carboxylic acids reveals a clear distinction between one‐ and two‐dimensional H‐bonded network structures. Trimesic acid forms a two‐dimensionally H‐bonded networked structure, whereas terephthalic acid organizes in a dense packing of H‐bonded linear chains on a graphite surface. In addition, TMA forms a sixfold lattice on a threefold graphite substrate, whereas TPA exhibits only a twofold lattice, causing a high grain‐boundary line energy for the latter. In the case of TMA the nanostructure was mostly stable during the observation time. For TPA, Ostwald ripening—that is, the growth of larger islands at the expense of smaller islands—was observed. To explain the various experimentally observed timescales of the dynamics occurring at grain boundaries, molecular mechanics simulations were applied to calculate the binding energy of edge molecules, that is, the line energy, of finite islands of both trimesic and terephthalic acid on a graphite substrate.
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Iron Nanoparticles
Authors: Huber Dale L.
Published: March 2005

Iron, the most ubiquitous of the transition metals and the fourth most plentiful element in the Earth’s crust, is the structural backbone of our modern infrastructure. It is therefore ironic that as a nanoparticle, iron has been somewhat neglected in favor of its own oxides, as well as other metals such as cobalt, nickel, gold, and platinum. This is unfortunate, but understandable. Iron’s reactivity is important in macroscopic applications (particularly rusting), but is a dominant concern at the nanoscale. Finely divided iron has long been known to be pyrophoric, which is a major reason that iron nanoparticles have not been more fully studied to date. This extreme reactivity has traditionally made iron nanoparticles difficult to study and inconvenient for practical applications. Iron however has a great deal to offer at the nanoscale, including very potent magnetic and catalytic properties. Recent work has begun to take advantage of iron’s potential, and work in this field appears to be blossoming.
Genetic counseling after abnormal prenatal diagnosis: Facilitating coping in families who continue their pregnancies
Authors: Fonda Allen Jill S. , Mulhauser Lynda C.
Published: April 2005

Families continuing a pregnancy after abnormal prenatal diagnosis face a unique crisis. Case examples are combined with clinical observations and a review of selected literature to define the elements of this crisis. Counseling strategies are discussed that may facilitate coping. Further research is needed to define the experience, as well as to identify effective coping strategies and successful counseling approaches.
An assessment of teratology training provided by masters level genetic counseling programs
Authors:   Great Lakes Regional Genetics Group Teratogen Subcommittee, Baldinger Shari R. , Cook Lola P. , French Beatrice N. , Haun Joanne M. , Ludowese Carol J. , Stein Schechtman Amy K. , Uhlmann Wendy R.
Published: April 2005

The increasing demand in the clinical genetics setting for information about teratogen exposures has created a need for genetic counselors to have the capabilities to appropriately address patient concerns. In order to assess how training in teratogen counseling is currently being conducted, the GLaRGG Teratogen Subcommittee surveyed all 17 genetic counseling training programs in North America in September 1993. Information was obtained from training programs about coursework, resources, and clinical training. In addition, each training program was asked to provide information about how their teratogen training needs could better be met. While all programs responded that some information in their coursework applicable to teratogen counseling was provided, there was wide variation in the amount of time devoted to this topic. The programs also greatly differed in the provision of clinical training in teratogen counseling. For both coursework and clinical work, genetic counselors were the main trainers in teratogen counseling. In spite of this, fewer than 25% of training programs have a defined teratogen clinical rotation. Data from the survey are discussed and recommendations presented.
Genetic counseling for pregnant adolescents
Authors: Peters‐Brown Trisha , Fry‐Mehltretter Lorraine
Published: April 2005

The genetic counseling literature has a paucity of information on how to provide genetic counseling services to adolescents, especially those who are pregnant. The adolescent population should be viewed as a separate culture, complete with their own beliefs and viewpoints, which are dependent upon the developmental growth tasks of puberty. The completion of these tasks is complicated by pregnancy, which has its own set of developmental goals. The adolescent struggle with developmental goals interferes with the ability to identify consequences, predict future outcomes, and communicate self‐revealing statements or decisions effectively. Instead, the adolescent has an egocentric frame of reference and seeks peer approval. The genetic counseling dilemmas presented by pregnant adolescents are illustrated through two case reports. A model based on our own experience and a literature review for successful counseling of adolescents is presented, and utilizes the foundation of trust, patience, and nonjudgmental behavior. Techniques that address the adolescent's concern for autonomy and peer approval are important, and can be achieved through nonthreatening, open‐ended questions that promote self‐expression. Incorporation of these techniques in genetic counseling and in graduate training will enhance genetic counseling services to the adolescent population.
Chronic sorrow: A content analysis of parental differences
Authors: Hobdell Elizabeth F. , Deatrick Janet A.
Published: April 2005

Sixty‐eight mothers and 64 fathers of children with a neural tube defect responded to a questionnaire about chronic sorrow. Mothers reported a mood state change in very intense category from more pessimistic at time of diagnosis to more optimistic at current time. Fathers, although indicating a mood change in the very intense category to more optimistic, also had more pessimistic responses. Parental similarities and differences were also reported in both times and events that triggered the sorrow response. Categories across times and events were primarily related to health care, school/development concerns and social significance. Clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
A comparison of two approaches to education about carrier testing for cystic fibrosis
Authors: Leonard Katie P. , Bartholomew L. Kay , Swank Paul R. , Parcel Guy S.
Published: April 2005

We tested the efficacy of two types of educational materials for genetic counseling: a traditional information brochure and one adding a role model story. Brochures were alternated weekly at a prenatal genetics center. Subjects were asked to read the brochure and fill out a questionnaire covering demographics and variables from the health belief model (impact, barriers, motivation, susceptibility, knowledge, severity). A group of 409 pregnant women and 251 male partners participated. Study design was quasiexperimental, using a post‐test only comparison group. The brochure with modeling enhanced the perception of both risk and the severity of the disease and was inversely associated with the assessment of barriers, but did not directly impact on the decision to pursue testing; only 12% chose to be tested, with no significant differences between groups. While suggestive, the study is not confirmatory and should be repeated with a more heterogenous group of women.
Huntington disease: A case study describing the complexities and nuances of predictive testing of monozygotic twins
Authors: Heimler Audrey , Zanko Andrea
Published: April 2005

When a candidate for predictive testing for the Huntington disease gene is a monozygotic twin, confidentiality of the co‐twin's diagnosis and autonomy of participation are among the critical genetic counseling issues. Predictive testing can proceed when twins voluntarily and simultaneously request counseling and evaluation in an HD testing program. This case describes a young man referred for predictive testing to an HD testing site on the East Coast of the United States. Family history revealed a twin brother of unknown zygosity who resided on the West Coast of the United States. The genetic counselors on opposite coasts collaborated to provide genetic counseling and evaluation for voluntary, informed predictive testing of the twins, protecting their rights while observing national protocol guidelines.
A case‐based approach to the development of practice‐based competencies for accreditation of and training in graduate programs in genetic counseling
Authors: Fiddler Morris B. , Fine Beth A. , Baker Diane L. ,   ABGC Consensus Development Consortium
Published: April 2005

The American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) sponsored a consensus development conference with participation from directors of graduate programs in genetic counseling, board members, and expert consultants. Using a collective, narrative, and case‐based approach, 27 competencies were identified as embedded in the practice of genetic counseling. These competencies were organized into four domains of skills: Communication; Critical Thinking; Interpersonal, Counseling, and Psychosocial Assessment; and Professional Ethics and Values. The adoption of a competency framework for accreditation has a variety of implications for curriculum design and implementation. We report here the process by which a set of practice‐based genetic counseling competencies have been derived; and in an accompanying article, the competencies themselves are provided. We also discuss the application of the competencies to graduate program accreditation as well as some of the implications competency‐based standards may have for education and the genetic counseling profession. These guidelines may also serve as a basis for the continuing education of practicing genetic counselors and a performance evaluation tool in the workplace.
Practice‐based competencies for accreditation of and training in graduate programs in genetic counseling
Authors: Fine Beth A. , Baker Diane L. , Fiddler Morris B. ,   ABGC Consensus Development Consortium
Published: April 2005

In January 1996, the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) adopted 27 practice‐based competencies as a standard for assessing the training of graduate students in genetic counseling. These competencies were identified and refined through a collective, narrative process that took place from January through November 1994, and included directors of graduate programs in genetic counseling, ABGC board members and expert consultants. These competencies now form the basis of the document “Requirements for Graduate Programs in Genetic Counseling Seeking Accreditation by the American Board of Genetic Counseling” (American Board of Genetic Counseling, 1996). The competencies are organized into four domains and are presented and discussed in this article.
Emerging quality improvement measures in genetic counseling
Authors: Lea Dale Halsey
Published: April 2005

The need to establish guidelines for total quality management in genetic counseling is now recognized as new genetic technologies are being introduced into genetics services and primary care. Genetic counselors have an important role in developing methods for assuring quality in the genetic counseling process. Emerging quality improvement measures as well as selected examples from the Quality Assurance Program in the Genetics Services Division at the Foundation for Blood Research are presented as examples of direct genetic counselor involvement. Suggestions for future directions of quality improvement activities for genetic counselors are discussed.
Family history in ovarian cancer referral population
Authors: Berg Laura A. , Robert Young S. , Brooks Karen A. , Davis Allison M. , Terry Smith S.
Published: April 2005

In order to determine the incidence of familial and hereditary ovarian cancer in a referral patient population, we conducted a retrospective study of 44 patients from a consecutive set of 62 patients treated for ovarian carcinoma at the Gynecologic Oncology Clinic at the Richland Memorial Hospital Center for Cancer Treatment and Research between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1993. In our study of the referred patients, only two (4.55%) reported a history of at least one first‐degree relative also being affected with ovarian cancer. However, 13 patients (29.55%) reported a family history consistent with one of the hereditary ovarian cancer syndromes. In addition to having a suggestive family history, these 13 families demonstrated several cardinal features of hereditary cancer syndromes including early onset, bilaterality, multiple primary tumors, and transmission. Race was the only significantly different demographic factor between the hereditary and sporadic ovarian cancer groups. All 13 patients who appeared to have a hereditary form of cancer were Caucasian.
Quality assurance in the clinical genetics setting—Report of a workshop
Authors: Greendale Karen , Knutson Cam , Pauker Susan P. , Lustig Linda , Weaver David D.
Published: April 2005

Participants in a panel discussion sponsored by thead hoc Quality Assurance Committee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors discuss early efforts to develop and implement quality assurance instruments at institutional, state, and regional levels. Uniform guidelines and self‐assessment tools can help genetic counselors and clinical geneticists to provide the best possible care to individuals affected by genetic diseases. Further work will be needed to address aspects not covered here and to assure that guidelines allow for creative variation among professionals and centers. An interdisciplinary approach to such standard‐setting is recommended.
Cultural competency in genetic counseling
Authors: Wang Vivian Ota
Published: April 2005

Incorporating a cross‐cultural curriculum into genetic counseling training programs demonstrates a professional conviction of genetic counselors that cultural issues are important in genetic counseling. Funded by the Special Projects Fund in 1993 from the National Society of Genetic Counselors and the Kitson Fund from the Department of Social, Organizational, and Counseling Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, theHandbook of Cross‐Cultural Genetic Counseling was developed to provide genetic counseling programs a curriculum to teach cross‐cultural genetic counseling. The theoretical rationale for the development of a cultural curriculum is presented. By expanding cultural knowledge, developing an awareness of oneself and others, and increasing the repertoire of culturally relevant counseling skills within a socio‐political context, genetic counselors will be able to better serve all clients seeking genetic counseling.
Education and testing strategy for large‐scale cystic fibrosis carrier screening
Authors: Tatsugawa Zina H. , Fox Michelle A. , Fang Carolyn Y. , Novak Jessica M. , Cantor Rita M. , Bass Harold N. , Dunkel‐Schetter Christine , Crandall Barbara F. , Grody Wayne W.
Published: April 2005

Population‐based screening for cystic fibrosis carrier mutations presents a number of challenges for genetic counselors, owing primarily to the inability of current DNA testing technology to identify all possible mutations and the difficulty involved in conveying the concept of residual risk to those patients who test negative. To address these issues, we are conducting a pilot study, as part of a consortium established by the National Center for Human Genome Research, to explore the efficacy, acceptance, and psychosocial impact of various approaches to carrier screening in an ethnically diverse Southern California population. This article reports the patient instructional and screening strategies we developed in the initial phase of the project in order to optimize our chances of answering these questions and delivering this service on a large scale.
Bearing bad news: Dealing with the mimics of denial
Authors: Lubinsky Mark S.
Published: April 2005

Denial is a common label for certain reactions to bad news. However, true denial is rare, and most cases actually represent a variety of responses with very different causes and needs. Three of these, disbelief, deferral, and dismissal, are characterized according to origins and needs. Failure to differentiate between these seemingly similar behaviors can result in inappropriate counseling, and interfere with attempts to convey information and provide support during a time of crisis.
Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity in gaucher disease: Implications for genetic counseling
Authors: Sidransky Ellen , Ginns Edward I.
Published: April 2005

Genetic counseling for Gaucher disease is complicated by the vast degree of clinical heterogeneity encountered in the disorder. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular genetics of Gaucher disease are particularly relevant to genetic counseling. Although the identification of mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene has enabled genotypic screening of Gaucher patients, the ability to reliably predict patient outcome on the basis of DNA studies is often limited. An appreciation of both the spectrum of clinical manifestations in Gaucher patients and the limitations of the available genotypic information is necessary when counseling patients, families and at‐risk individuals.