bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Solvents in Wool Dyeing
Authors: Peters L. , Stevens C. B. , Budding J. , Burdett B. C. , Sykes J. A. W.
Published: August 2010

In order to study the mechanism of solvent‐assisted wool dyeing, using benzyl alcohol as the solvent, measurements have been made of (a) the sorption of the solvent from aqueous solution by wool, (b) the solubility of the solvent, and (c) its effect on the surface tension of water at different temperatures. The heats and entropies of sorption, surface formation and solution are consistent with the hypothesis that the sorption of benzyl alcohol by wool most probably consists merely of physical adsorption on the intermicellar surfaces in the fibre.

Increased swelling of the wool fibres in aqueous solutions of the solvent is not apparent, and the accelerated rate of dyeing is shown to depend on the affinity of the dye for the solvent, as measured by the partition ratio of dye in the solvent to dye in the water. The solvent lowers the activation heat barrier, but increases the activation entropy barrier: whether it accelerates or retards dyeing depends on which is affected to the greater extent.
Foam, Flow, and Level Dyeing
Authors: Hadfield H. R. , Lemin D. R.
Published: August 2010

Many auxiliary products encourage the production of foam in the dyebath. A quantitative study has been made of the effect of this foam on the flow of dye liquor through a textile package. It is shown that a build‐up of foam can almost stop dye‐liquor flow. Silicone antifoaming agents are shown to be very valuable in eliminating the deleterious effect of foam. The method of using this type of product is very important if the full effect is to be obtained. The mechanical properties of the foam are sufficient to explain the behaviour observed.
A System of Instrumental Colour Control for the Textile Industry
Authors: Davidson H. R. , Hemmendinger H. , Landry J. L. R.
Published: August 2010

A complete solution of colour‐matching and colour‐control problems requires the use of both spectrophotometric and colorimetric techniques. A system utilising both methods and consisting of colour‐measuring instruments and a specially designed computer is described. This system has been used extensively in the textile field for a wide variety of problems, e.g. dye formulation for minimum metamerism and minimum cost, formulation for stock dyeing and blending, formulation for union‐ and cross‐dyeings, and control of production. Experience has shown that a competent colourist using these new tools can significantly increase the speed and improve the quality of colour formulation and production control in dyeing of both synthetic and natural fibres in all types of operations.
The Effect of Atmospheric Contaminants on Light Fastness*
Authors: Salvin V. S.
Published: August 2010

The reaction of dyes with atmospheric contaminants, including ozone and oxides of nitrogen, is shown to be an important factor in light‐fastness testing. Ozone, present to the extent of 0·05 to 0·2 p.p.m., is responsible for fading in exposures away from sunlight. Oxides of nitrogen also contribute to anomalous fading in industrial areas when present in concentrations up to 0·3 p.p.m. Fading has been observed on cotton dyed with certain vat, direct, sulphur, and reactive dyes, and on nylon and acetate dyed with typical dyes. Fading is greater in areas of high humidity, including sunlight exposure stations. Ozone fading is discussed in terms of occurrence, vulnerable dyes, chemical reaction, and effect of humidity. The experimental results are used to explain certain variations in light‐fastness results obtained by the AATCC in exposures at a constant number of Lacg'eys, equivalent temperatures and humidity, but in different localities.

Data on various dyes and fibres are presented for three‐month exposures protected from sunlight in Los Angeles, California (an area of high NO2, very low SO2, and high ozone contents), Chicago, Illinois (moderate NO2, high SO2, and low ozone), Phoenix, Arizona (a sunlight testing station of moderate ozone, no NO2 or SO2, but low humidity) and Sarasota, Florida (a sunlight testing station of moderate ozone, no NO2 or SO2, but high humidity). Laboratory test methods for fading clue to oxides of nitrogen and ozone are correlated with the actual service‐exposure results. Exposure to irradiated car‐exhaust fumes in a laboratory chamber representing a combination of NO2 and ozone duplicates the Los Angeles exposure results. It is concluded that consideration should be given to the combined effects of atmospheric contaminants and sunlight on dyed fibres.
The Action of Far‐ultraviolet Radiation on Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Egerton G. S. , Attle E. , Guirguis F. , Rathor M. A.
Published: August 2010

The action of 2537 A˚ radiation on undyed bleached cotton yarn has been studied. The effect of oxygen on the extent of degradation apparently depends on the parameter used: oxygen has less effect on tensile strength than on cuprammonium fluidity, reducing power, and carboxyl content. Temperature affects the results: degradation in oxygen increases, but degradation in nitrogen decreases, with rise in temperature. The effect of water vapour on degradation in air is complicated. Tensile strength decreases more in dry air than in moist air, but there is a greater change in cuprammonium fluidity in moist air. The relation between cuprammonium fluidity and tensile strength for irradiation in dry air differs from that for irradiation in moist air, indicating that there are fundamental differences in the mechanisms of attack of cellulose under the two conditions. The effect of water vapour depends on whether oxygen is present in the system. When irradiated cotton is boiled with soap solution, some short, degraded cellulose molecules ago removed, so that, for highly degraded material, soaping reduces both the tensile strength and the cuprammonium fluidity. Vat dyes desensitise the degradation of cotton cellulose by 2537 Å radiation. The general mechanism of the photolytic degradation is discussed, and it is suggested that the changes occurring in irradiated cellulose on storage in the dark probably result from slow reactions undergone by relatively inaccessible free radicals.
Thiol–Disulphide Interchange Reactions in the Setting of Single Wool Fibres
Authors: CREWTHER W. G.
Published: August 2010

Wool fibres pretreated with fluoro–2, 4–dinitrobenzene, N–ethylmaleimide, peracetic acid, or nitrous acid set less readily than untreated fibres when stretched for 1 h at 100C in water or acetate buffer at pH 5. Incorporation of sodium bisulphite in the setting solution at concentrations greater than 0005 M eliminated these differences, except for fibres that had been treated with nitrous acid. The set retained by both untreated and modified fibres was increased by the addition of bisulphite to the setting solution. The presence of bisulphite in the solution used for releasing (1 h at 100C) the fibres set in the absence of bisulphite decreased the set retained, but had no effect if the fibres were set in the presence of bisulphite. Treatment of the unmodified wool fibres with solutions of bromine, peracetic acid, or methyl mercuric iodide before and during release at 100C greatly increased the set retained in an acetate buffer. Similar aftertreatments of the modified fibres caused a relatively small increase in set. Setting in buffer solutions at pH 9, when followed by release in the same solution, was only slightly decreased in extent by pretreatment of the fibres with N–ethylmaleimide or peracetic acid, whereas setting was prevented by pretreatment with fluoro–2, 4–dinitrobenzene or nitrous acid. The presence of sulphite in the solutions used for setting or releasing the fibres did not affect the result.

It is suggested that rearrangement of disulphide bonds by a thiol–disulphide interchange reaction is chiefly responsible for setting of wool fibres at pH 5 in the absence of a reducing agent, but that a second type of interaction, possibly the formation of β–keratin, assumes great importance when the fibres are set in bisulphite solution. Setting at pH 9 probably takes place by the formation of new covalent linkages. Lysine side–chain groups may participate in the formation of these linkages.
The Dyeing of Acrylic Fibres by the Constant–temperature Method
Authors: HERBULOT G.
Published: August 2010

As the result of an examination of factors which govern the build–up of cationic dyes on acrylic fibres, the former method of progressively raising the temperature of the dyebath has been discarded in favour of a two– or three–stage constant–temperature method. The regularity of build–up obtainable is illustrated by means of Praxitest curves. Works trials have confirmed the value of the new method.
Padding, Drying, Steaming and Baking Stages in the Application of Dyes to Cellulosic Fibres and their Blends with Polyester Fibres
Authors: FOX M. R. , MARSHALL W. J. , STEWART N. D.
Published: August 2010

Padding, drying, steaming and baking are the basic unit processes of continuous dyeing; special aspects of this very wide range of processes have been examined.

A new technique of padding has been developed in which the air in the material is removed by applying a high vacuum. The material is then immersed in the treating liquor without release of the vacuum; impregnation occurs on release of the vacuum. This technique can also be used in batchwise dyeing. Its advantages are that penetration is greatly improved and excellent results are obtained on completely unprepared material without the need to use wetting agents; in batchwise dyeing the uniformity of dye absorption during the initial stages of dyeing is improved. In this padding system, the pressure of the atmosphere forces the liquor into every interstice of the material, in contrast to the situation in conventional padding, where the trapped air opposes the pressure of the pad mangle. Results of the application of this technique are illustrated and discussed.

Drying, steaming and baking have been considered as heat‐ and mass‐transfer unit operations, and the techniques and data of chemical engineering have been applied to show that this approach can give much useful information to the dyer without the need for difficult empirical experimentation. There are, however, few data derived on a textile basis; even so, the standard data available show reasonable agreement with textile experience. More data in this field are required. Thoughtful use of such studies could lead to improved textile processing machinery.

Finally, the ICI high‐temperature (HT) steaming process (with superheated steam) and continuous pressure steaming are compared with comparable conventional treatments. The advantages and limitations of these systems are discussed. The two new methods are shown to be complementary, but the HT steaming process is more versatile in application and simpler in design.
II—Practical Considerations
Authors: Fox M. R. , Glover B. , Hughes A. C.
Published: August 2010

Several practical aspects of the experimental study and discussion of Part 1 are considered further. Functions of padding assistants, and in particular the function of a migration inhibitor, are discussed, and the importance of time and temperature in thermofixation procedures is dealt with in practical terms.
Heat–transfer Printing A Review of the Literature
Authors: MOORE NICHOLAS L.
Published: August 2010

The development of vapour–phase transfer printing of textiles is reviewed with reference to published sources. A broad approach to the interacting technologies is adopted and includes a description of dye selection, ink formulation, fabric choice, paper technology and the equipment used to print both the paper and the fabric. An attempt is made to evaluate possible future developments.
Morphology of Polypropylene in Relation to Dye Diffusion
Authors: GARDNER K. L. , McNALLY G. M.
Published: August 2010

Diffusion coefficients of disperse dyes in polypropylene were found to be influenced by extrusion temperature and spherulite size. The assumption that sites in unmodified polypropylene do not exist is questioned. A correlation was observed between the number of polymer chain ends and saturation values for certain dyes and a polar interaction mechanism was proposed for such systems. The concept of fixing dye in the polymer by crystallizing the polymer was examined and found to be possible.
Studies of Urea‐assisted Wool Dyeing
Authors: KILPATRICK D. J. , RATTEE I. D.
Published: August 2010

Cut segments of wool, as well as whole fibres, have been immersed, under standard conditions, in concentrated aqueous urea. The diameter of each fibre or segment was then determined and compared with that of a control. No swelling occurred with whole fibres, but swelling was observed with the segments, the extent of swelling, in a given time, being inversely proportional to the length of the cut segment. The swelling of cut fibres increased with the time of immersion in concentrated aqueous urea. It is concluded that urea diffused into the cut ends of wool fibres, but that the epicuticle, if intact, is impervious to urea.
Hydrolysis Products of Difluorochloropyrimidine Dyes and their Reactivity towards Wool*
Authors: DATYNER A. , FINNIMORE E. , MEYER U.
Published: August 2010

Hydrolysis of two difluorochloropyrimidine dyes gives a mixture of products some of which have been isolated and identified. The main by‐product in dyeing is a monofluoro derivative, which itself can react with wool to a considerable extent. A product which contains no fluorine is also formed and is unexpectedly difficult to extract from wool; the reason for this affinity remains unclear. Most unfixed dye on the fibre at the end of a normal dyeing is still in a reactive form.

45th Communication on Investigations in Textile Chemistry. For 44th Communication see reference [1].
The Use of Non‐aqueous Solvents in Dyeing I ‐ Dyeing Polyester Fibre by the Dacsol Process
Authors: LOVE RONALD B.
Published: August 2010

The Dacsol process (J. & P. Coats Ltd) is a totally non‐aqueous system designed principally for dyeing polyester fibre with existing disperse dyes, thus enabling fastness levels to be maintained. It is a bicomponent homogeneous system using perchloroethylene and a silicone fluid. Dyeing takes place in a pressurized dyeing machine at elevated temperatures and for times as low as 30 min. Residual solvent and surface dye are removed by rinsing with acetone, which facilitates steam drying. It is a dry‐to‐dry process. The dyeing and rinsing solvents are recovered by decolorizing with activated carbon and by distillation.
The Concentration Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficient of Acid Dyes in Nylon
Authors: Sada E. , Kumazawa H. , Ando T.
Published: August 2010

A parallel‐transport mechanism, comprising surface and pore diffusions with multimodal Langmuir adsorption, has been formulated for the diffusion of acid dye into nylon. The concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient of the dye in the substrate derived from the proposed model was compared with existing experimental data. The observed concentration dependence of the intrafibre diffusion coefficient under a wide range of fixation values is explained in terms of parallel diffusion accompanied by bimodal Langmuir adsorption with certain sites being more physically active than others.
BFD (l:c) colour‐difference formula Part 2‐Performance of the formula
Authors: Luo M R , Rigg B.
Published: August 2010

The available experimental data relating to small colour differences between pairs of surface colours have been combined together into two sets including perceptibility results (CP) and acceptability results (CA). A new colour‐difference formula, BFD(\:c) has been developed using the combined experimental results.

For small colour differences, particularly when perceptibility judgements are involved, the new formula represents a substantial improvement over other fomulae. For large colour‐differences the new formula is close to the best available formula. Different 1 values are required for perceptibility and acceptability judgements, and for large colour differences, but c=1 in all cases. The BFD formula gives the best possible results obtainable with currently available data. Analysis shows that results from different studies, including those based on perceptibility and acceptability judgements, are compatible in many respects. Discrepancies that were detected seemed to be due to experimental error, or problems in scaling the visual results. However, there are major differences between the results for small differences between surface colours and those implicit in the Munsell system and MacAdam ellipses.
Modification of cotton to improve its dyeability. Part 1 — pretreating cotton with reactive polyamide‐epichlorohydrin resin
Authors: Burkinshaw S M , Lei X P , Lewis D M
Published: August 2010

Pretreatment of cotton with the polyamide‐epichlorohydrin resin Hercosett 125 produces a fibre that may be dyed with selected reactive dyes under neutral pH conditions in the absence of salt and with high fixation efficiency. The physical and mechanical properties of the modified cotton, the colour fastness of the reactive dyeings and mechanistic implications are also discussed.
The dyeing and colour characteristics of alkali–treated polyester fibres dyed with disperse dyes
Authors: Needles H L , Holmes S , Park M‐J
Published: August 2010

Alkali–treated and untreated polyester fabrics were dyed for up to 6 h at 100°C with a series of six disperse dyes of different chemical structures. The alkali–treated polyester samples adsorbed more dye and were dyed to deeper depths of shade and slightly different shades than was the untreated polyester. The greatest differences were observed for the alkali–treated polyester with the most outer surface or skin removed. Dye structure and molecular size also affected the amount of dye adsorbed on the fibres, but did not delineate the nature of differences between skin and core morphology. This study shows that significant differences exist between the molecular structure of the skin and core of melt–spun polyester fibres.
Wool bleaching with reducing agent in the presence of sodium lauryl sulphate. Part 3‐bleaching with thiourea dioxide
Authors: Gacén J , Cegarra J , Caro M
Published: August 2010

Wool bleaching with thiourea dioxide in the presence of sodium lauryl sulphate (5 g/l) has been found to provide improved whiteness and to protect the disulphide linkage in wool.
Neutral‐fixing reactive dyes for cotton.
Authors: Sugimoto Tadaaki
Published: August 2010

Research into a new type of reactive dye based on the monochlorotriazine group is described. Reactive dyes of the 3‐carboxypyridino‐1,3,5‐triazine type have been investigated, with a nicotinic acid leaving group, having high stability and fixation efficiency. Dyes of this type react with cellulose in a neutral bath, so widening the scope of reactive dyeing. A classification scheme for reactive dyes is outlined.
Jet printing with reactive dyes
Authors: Aston S O , Provost J R , Masselink H
Published: August 2010

The history of ink jet printing on textile substrates is reviewed and the major projects currently under examination are examined. The development of Procion reactive dye formulations and associated application technology for the ink jet printing of cellulose fabrics is discussed in detail.
An evaluation of the effects of amino acid dissociation constants on the rate of dyeing of wool with CI Acid Violet 48
Authors: El‐Nahas Hind M
Published: August 2010

The relative uptake of CI Acid Violet 48 by wool from a 2% dyebath under reflux was found to increase in the presence of the amino acids histidine, ß‐phenylalanine, alanine or valine after only 1.5 min dyeing. This enhancement was inversely related to the dissociation constants of the amino acids.
Plasma modification on wool fibre: effect on the dyeing properties
Authors: Kan C W , Chan K , Yuen C W M , Miao M H
Published: August 2010

The dyeing properties of wool fibre treated with low‐temperature plasma (LTP) were investigated kinetically and thermodynamically. Three non‐polymerising gases, namely oxygen, nitrogen and a 25% hydrogen/75% nitrogen gas mixture, were used for the LTP treatment. It was found that the dyeing rate, dye uptake, standard affinity, heat of dyeing, entropy of dyeing and activation energy of diffusion were improved after the treatment.
Gendered War and Rumors of Saddam Hussein in Uganda
Authors: FINNSTRöM SVERKER
Published: August 2010

This article discusses the role of rumors in everyday Acholi life in war‐torn northern Uganda. These rumors concern various health threats such as HIV and Ebola. The rumors are closely associated with the forces of domination that are alleged to destroy female sexuality and women's reproductive health and, by extension, Acholi humanity. Moreover, the rumors are stories that say something profound about lived entrapments and political asymmetries in Uganda and beyond.
Offspring sex ratio skew in the sexually monomorphic house martinDelichon urbicum
Authors: Zielińska Monika , Dubiec Anna , Zieliński Piotr
Published: August 2010

Sex ratio at conception may be under selection pressure, given that male and female offspring differ in the cost of production or generate different fitness returns under specific conditions. We studied adjustments in the primary, secondary and tertiary sex ratio in house martinDelichon urbicum, which is a sexually monomorphic, socially monogamous, colonial bird. Males of this species engage in extra‐pair copulations with heavy males acquiring the highest fertilization success. We analyzed variation in the sex ratio in relation to clutch size and parental characteristics including body condition, wing length, as well as length and pigmentation of the white rump patch during three breeding seasons. The only variable which significantly explained the variation in the sex ratio was wing length of the social father and mother. The proportion of sons among offspring was positively correlated to wing length of the social father and negatively correlated to mother wing length. Social father wing length positively correlated with mean brood body mass at fledging, which may suggest that females that mated with long‐winged males produced sons, which acquired the highest total fertilization success. Consequently, our results indicate that house martin females may adaptively adjust offspring sex composition at egg laying in relation to the characteristics of their social mate.
Post‐breeding movements of northeast Atlantic ivory gullPagophila eburneapopulations
Authors: Gilg Olivier , Strøm Hallvard , Aebischer Adrian , Gavrilo Maria V. , Volkov Andrei E. , Miljeteig Cecilie , Sabard Brigitte
Published: August 2010

The post‐breeding movements of three northeast Atlantic populations (north Greenland, Svalbard and Franz Josef Land) of the ivory gullPagophila eburnea, a threatened high‐Arctic sea‐ice specialist, were studied between July and December 2007 using 31 satellite transmitters. After leaving their breeding grounds, all birds first dispersed eastward in August–September, to an area extending from the Fram Strait to the northwestern Laptev Sea (off Severnaya Zemlya). Most returned along the same flyway in October–November, hence describing a loop migration before moving south, off east Greenland. Wintering grounds were reached in December, in southeast Greenland and along the Labrador Sea ice‐edge, where Canadian birds also overwinter. One to two birds from each population however continued eastwards towards a third wintering area in the Bering Strait region, hence demonstrating a bi‐directional migration pattern for the populations and elucidating the origin of the birds found in the north Pacific during winter time. Overall, all birds breeding in the northeast Atlantic region used the same flyways, had similar rates of travel, and showed a peak in migratory activity in November. Though the total length of the main flyway, to the Labrador Sea, is only and at most 7500 km on a straight line, the mean total distance travelled by Greenland birds between July and December was 50 000 km when estimated from hourly rates of travel. Our study presents the first comprehensive and complete picture for the post‐breeding movements of the different ivory gull populations breeding in the northeast Atlantic.
Substitution of Plasma in Culture Medium with Dextran, Glucose or Albumin for in Vitro Studies of Lymphocytes
Authors: Bergman Britt , Börjeson Jan , Löw Bengt , Nordén ÅKe
Published: August 2010

Substitution of 6 per cent dextran solution in saline or 5.5 per cent glucose solution or 7 per cent human plasma albumin in saline for autologous plasma in the culture medium was tested by determination of 3H‐thymidine incorporation in the nucleic acid fraction of lymphocytes cultured in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin or tuberculine.

The different substitutes provided a medium which permitted uptake of 3H‐thymidine in the same range as autologous plasma.
IgG Cryoglobulinaemia
Authors: Wasastjerna Curt , Kalliola Heikki , Räsänen Jorma A. , Wager Odd
Published: August 2010

Large amounts of cryoglobulin, about 20 mg/ml, were discovered in the serum of a woman suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The cold precipitable protein was found to be a polyclonal immunoglobulin of type G. It contained some beta1A‐beta1C‐globulin, and possessed a heat labile anticomplementary effect. Most of the tests for rheumatoid factor activity gave negative results. On ultracentrifugation at +36°C, the cryoglobulin sedimented as a homogeneous 7.8 S°20w peak. Although the ulcerative stomatitis was painful, the patient otherwise remained in good health. Sometimes she was a little anaemic. The granulocyte count was low in the peripheral blood. The bone marrow was hypocellular, with increased numbers of plasma cells and lymphocytes.
Acryl Fibres for the Isolation of Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Andersen E. , Ulrich K.
Published: August 2010

Leukocytes from human blood were separated from erythrocytes by accelerated sedimentation of the red cells. Lymphocytes were isolated by selective absorption of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes on acryl fiber columns. Generally more than 95 per cent, and often 100 per cent, of the white cells recovered were lymphocytes mixed with, as a mean, double the amount of red cells.
Relation between Karyotype and Cytology in Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia
Authors: Pedersen Bent
Published: August 2010

Cytogenetic parameters in 56 blood cultures from 27 patients with Ph1‐positive CML covering all stages of the disease were compared with the cytological character of the corresponding peripheral blood samples. The main observations were: (1) Increasing frequencies of hyperdiploid metaphases were associated with circulation of more granulocyte precursors, and the precursor cytology tended to become more primitive. (2) Pseudodiploid metaphases showed no such relation to the peripheral blood picture. (3) This difference between hyper‐ and pseudodiploid cells was apparently associated with the different ratios of missing/supernumerary chromosomes in these cells, but in addition a different Denver group composition of the supernumerary chromosomes appeared to be responsible. The pseudodiploid metaphases demonstrated significantly higher frequencies of additional small acrocentric chromosomes, whereas supernumerary C members characterized the hyperdiploid karyotypes. (4) The proportions of supernumerary chromosomes belonging to the C group were positively correlated to the frequencies of circulating nucleolated granulocyte precursors. The small acrocentric chromosomes, however, showed the reverse relation to the peripheral blood cytology.

Between these cytogenetic and cytological parameters a close relationship apparently exists, which is explainable on the assumption that presence of excess numbers of certain chromosomes delays maturation of granulocyte precursors and leads to development of haematological relapse, ultimately blastic crisis. If this hypothesis is substantiated, it opens possibilities of improved therapeutical prospects by prevention of karyotype evolution.
Adenosine‐Triphosphatase Deficiency in a Family with Non‐Spherocytic Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: HANEL H. K. , COHN J.
Published: August 2010

A family with depressed ATP‐ase activity in erythrocytes is examined. The deficiency was in some members of the family accompanied by non‐sperocytic haemolytic anaemia. Biochemical investigations indicate that digoxin‐sensitive ATP‐ase is reduced, in some cases to zero in presumably homozygotes. It is concluded that the ATP‐ase deficiency is probably due to reduced synthesis of the K, Na, Mg‐stimulated ATP‐ase.
Spleen Volume Determination by Ultrasonic Scanning
Authors: Rasmussen S. Nørby , Christensen B. Egelund , Holm H. H. , Kardel T. , Stigsby B. , Larsen M.
Published: August 2010

In patients with splenomegaly, the volume of the spleen can be determined by ultrasonic scanning.

Systematic studies were made to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the method. Compared with the weight of the removed spleens a standard deviation of 197 ml was found between calculated volume and splenic weight, but compared with known volumes of spleen models in phantom experiments a standard deviation of 111 ml was found. Double determinations of spleen volumes were performed to estimate the precision of the method: a standard deviation of 59 ml and 66 ml was found in phantom and in vivo experiments respectively. From the studies the standard deviation between the calculated volume and the true spleen volume in situ may be estimated to be about 125 ml.

It was found that the information transfer from the patient to the storage oscilloscope and the manual operation of the scanning unit represents the greatest source of error (75 % of the total variance), and that identification of the organ boundaries on the scanning pictures (13 % ‐) and patient conditions (7 % ‐) are less important sources of error.
Evaluation of Celloscope 421 for the Simultaneous Measurement of Red Blood Cells, Haematocrit and Mean Cell Volume
Authors: Borud Olav , Strømme Johan H.
Published: August 2010

The recent introduced Celloscope 421 has been tested. The apparatus was easy to operate and showed good electronic stability. Red blood cells (RBC), haematocrit (Hct) and mean cell volume (MCV) was simultaneous estimated with good precision. The accuracy of the three determinations, comparing the results obtained with those obtained by reference methods, decreased in the order RBC, Hct and MCV (average SD of difference: 0.08 times 1012/1, 0.017 111, and 5.1 fl, respectively). The results compare with those reported in similar equipment.
Sequential Flow Cytometric Analysis of Cellular DNA‐Content in Peripheral Blood during Treatment for Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Aardal N. P. , Talstad I. , Lerum O. D.
Published: August 2010

Sequential flow cytometric analysis (FCM) of relative nuclear DNA content per cell was done in peripheral blood of 12 patients during treatment for acute leukaemia. A marked increase of cells with S‐phase DNA‐content during the first hours of treatment was found in patients responding favorably to treatment. One patient with increase of ‘S‐phase cells’ died before clinical improvement could be evaluated. However, lack of S‐phase increase at one treatment cycle did not exclude a favorable response in the next. Two cases with probable aneuploid leukaemia showed gradual disappearance of abnormal cells during therapy. The value of FCM analysis of peripheral blood seems to be in predicting the response to treatment before clinical signs appear.
Chromosome Pattern and Survival in Acute Non‐Lymphocytic Leukaemia in Relation to Age and Occupational Exposure to Potential Mutagenic/Carcinogenic Agents
Authors: Brandt L. , Mitelman F. , Nilsson P. G.
Published: August 2010

The bone marrow karyotype was investigated in 98 patients with acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL). The patients were divided into two groups according to age.

(1) 47 patients were 20–54 (median 40) years old. 21 had a history of occupational exposure to chemical solvents, insecticides, or petrol products, and 26 were considered occupationally not having been exposed to such agents. In 4 exposed patients (19%) all bone marrow cells had clonal chromosomal aberrations (designated AA), while also 4 of the non‐exposed patients (15%) were AA. Thus in young ANLL patients, there was no significant association between occupational exposure to potential mutagenic/carcinogenic agents and the AA constitution of the leukaemic cells.

(2) 51 patients were 55 years of age or older (median 65 years). 16 were exposed and 8 of these (50%) had the AA constitution. 35 patients were non‐exposed and only 4 (11%) were AA. It is known from previous studies that the survival of ANLL patients with AA is extraordinarily short. Accordingly the overrepresentation of AA in exposed patients 55 years or older, was associated with a shorter survival than that of the non‐exposed elderly patients. The results suggest that etiologic factors may influence the clinical course of ANLL, especially in elderly patients.
An Association of Pregnancy and Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: Issaragrisil Surapol , Kruatrachue Mongkol
Published: August 2010

14 cases of pregnancy‐associated autoimmune haemolytic anaemia were analyzed. 4 cases were diagnosed during pregnancy; 10 cases became pregnant during the remission period of the disease. 6 cases were secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. In the first group, the anaemia developed in the third trimester whereas in the second group the Hb fell slightly in the first trimester and rapidly between the third and fourth month of gestation. Only 1 case could withstand the hazard of pregnancy uneventfully; 4 needed corticosteroid and delivered normal infants; 2 developed toxaemia of pregnancy; in 5, either therapeutic or spontaneous abortion was noted and 1 death occurred due to renal complication. Abortion was induced in 1 case due to socio‐economic indications.
The role of epithelium in the development, structure and function of the tissues of tooth support
Authors: Cate AR Ten
Published: August 2010

The roles of epithelium in the development, structure and function of the tissues of tooth support are reviewed. Epithelium is involved in initiating odontogenesis which includes the tissues of tooth support and this role is discussed. Particular attention is paid to Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and its participation in the formation of the hyaline layer on the root surface as well as its possible role in initiating the differentiation of cementoblasts. The possible functions of the epithelial cell rests are reviewed and it is concluded that as yet no function can be ascribed to them. Evidence for an increasing role for dental epithelium in tooth eruption is presented and the role of dental epithelium in establishing the dentogingival junction is discussed, with the conclusion drawn that this role is temporary.
Psoriasis: pathophysiology and oral manifestations
Authors: Zhu J‐F , Kaminski MJ , Pulitzer DR , Hu J , Thomas HF
Published: August 2010

Psoriasis is a chronic, remitting and relapsing inflammatory skin disorder with a strong genetic predisposition. Psoriasis affects 1–3% of the world's population in their early lives representing a disabling condition with significant social and economic impact. Despite a great deal of research on the etiology and tissue destruction mechanisms, the disease is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to provide current information from the literature with a special focus on oral manifestations. The major signs and symptoms presented in the oral environment of a psoriasis patient may include geographic tongue, fissure tongue, gingival and/or mucosal lesions. Inflammatory temporomandibular joint lesions have been reported in less than 5% of psoriasis patients. Multiple treatment strategies, be they topical or systemic, have been applied to these patients for symptom relief but not for cure.
Therapeutic effects of supervised chlorhexidine mouthrinses on untreated gingivitis
Authors: Corbet EF , Tam JOW , Zee KY , Wong MCM , Lo ECM , Mombelli AW , Lang NP
Published: August 2010

AIM: The aim of the present study was to test the presumptive therapeutic effect of chlorhexidine digluconate in a population with untreated gingivitis and presence of abundant calculus.

SETTING AND STUDY DESIGN: Sixty subjects (˜ mean age of 23.4) were recruited from a knitting factory in the Province of Guangdong, People's Republic of China. By applying a double‐blind clinical trial design the participants were divided into two groups (Test and Control) and matched according to their mean GI scores. The Test group (n= 20) was assigned to two daily mouth‐rinses for 6 days per week using 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (Peridex®). The Control group (n= 40) rinsed twice daily with a placebo solution. All the rinsings were supervised and timed for 45 S. No attempt was made to influence the oral hygiene habits of the participantS. Prior to and after 3 months of the supervised rinsing, plaque was scored using the Plaque Index system (PIl), and gingivitis was assessed using the criteria of the Gingival Index system (GI).Calculus was scored according to the Calculus Surface Severity Index system (CSSI), and stain was also graded by the Discoloration Index system (DI).

RESULTS: After 3 months, the Test group (n= 13) showed significant reduction in mean PIl, GI and percentage of gingivial bleeding (GB%), while significant increases in mean DI were observed. The improvement in gingival health was observed at all regions with marked reduction in mean GI (from GI = 1.40 to 1.08) and GB% reduction by 24–52%. The proportion of GI = 2 was also reduced significantly from 50‐36%. The Control group (n= 23) also showed a decrease in mean PIl but significant increases in the mean GI and GB%. Intergroup comparison showed statistically significant differences between mean GI, percentage of gingival bleeding (GB%) and mean DI for the test and control groups after 3 months of supervised rinsing. However, there were no significant intergroup differences for mean PIl. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, there was a significant effect of chlorhexidine on gingivitis, although the effect may be too limited to assure prognostic benefits in the prevention of future disease progression.
The World Health Organization initiative on noma
Authors: Bourgeois DM , Leclercq MH
Published: August 2010

Oro‐facial noma is a worldwide scourge in a context where the World Health Report 1998 gives a global incidence of 140 000 cases, a prevalence in 1997 of 770 000 persons surviving with heavy sequelae. The background and the five steps of the WHO oral health programme to control noma including: (i) ensuring training and awareness on early diagnosis and treatment for each public health structure, (ii) raising awareness and informing populations, (iii) promoting epidemiological research, (iv) promoting aetiological research, (v) setting up an African regional centre for the treatment of after‐effects, are developed in this paper.
Integrin expression in oral hairy leukoplakia and normal tongue epithelium
Authors: Chainani‐Wu N. , Lagenaur LA , Peñaranda ME , Palefsky JM
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To describe the expression of integrins in the epithelium of oral hairy leukoplakia (HL) and compare to that of normal lateral tongue epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry to identify integrins (α2, a α5, α6, αv, β1) was performed, using a standard biotin‐streptavidin‐peroxidase technique on five clinically and histologically confirmed frozen biopsy specimens of HL and five normal lateral tongue control tissues.

RESULTS: Expression of integrins α2, α3, α6, αv, β1 was seen both in HL epithelium and in normal control tissue.α5 expression was not seen in HL or in control tissue epithelium.α2 and α3 were expressed mainly in the basal and suprabasal layers; α6 expression was most intense on the basal surface of the basal cells, αv was expressed in the basal and suprabasal layers with more expression seen in the higher differentiated cell layers than the other integrins.β1 expression was seen in the basal and suprabasal layers only. No apparent difference between HL and normal oral mucosa was noted in the staining pattern of the various integrins.

CONCLUSION: Integrins α2, α3, α6, αv, β1 are expressed in HL and the expression pattern is not different from that of normal oral mucosa.α5 is not expressed in HL or in normal oral epithelium.
A case of palatal Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Rahilly G. , Rahilly M.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this article is to describe the clinical and microscopic findings of oral lesions of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) in a patient who presented with a limited form of the disease.cANCA estimation remains the definitive diagnostic test for WG but we recommend that both the immunofluorescent and ELISA forms of analysis are performed, and care should be exercised in the interpretation of resultS. Because both serological tests may be negative in a significant proportion of cases, a tissue biopsy is required to help establish the diagnosis. The biopsy needs to be sufficiently deep to include the granulomatous inflammation required for diagnosis, and multiple histological levels on the tissue may be needed to identify vasculitis.
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: Interleukin‐1 β, interleukin‐6, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 in the synovial fluid of the temporomandibular joint with respect to cartilage destruction
Authors: Shinoda C , Takaku S
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The distribution and biological roles of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) in the synovial fluid of patients with non‐inflammatory chronic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders were evaluated in relation to pain upon joint movements and X‐ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: TMJ aspirates were obtained from 48 patients (48 joints) with chronic TMJ disorders and from 18 controls (18 joints). The IL‐1β and IL‐6 levels in the aspirates were determined by using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and the TIMP‐1 level was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Following examinations for pain upon joint movements and X‐ray and MRI observations, the IL‐1/J, IL‐6, and TIMP‐1 levels and frequencies of their detection were compared.

RESULTS: The IL‐1β level and frequency of detection showed no correlation with pain upon joint movements or with the X‐ray and MRI findings. In the frequency of detection of IL‐6, there were significant differences between control (no detection) and all chronic TMJ disorder groups that were classified by imaging diagnosis (P < 0.001). A correlation was also noted between the presence of IL‐6 and pain upon joint movements. The IL‐6 level was correlated with the TIMP‐1 level and with pain upon joint movements. TIMP‐1 level was correlated with pain upon joint movements. The TIMP‐1 was present in higher level from patients with chronic TMJ disorders who exhibited osseous changes on the X‐ray images. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the IL‐6 and TIMP‐1 levels in the TMJ aspirates of patients with chronic TMJ disorders have been raised. The former was not detected in the TMJ aspirates of the control. These findings suggest that IL‐6 and TIMP‐1 might play a role in the etiology of chronic TMJ disorders, but further studies are needed to validate this.
Oral tuberculosis: a clinical evaluation of 42 cases
Authors: Mignogna MD , Muzio LLO , Favia G , Ruoppo E , Sammartino G , Zarrelli C , Bucci E
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: A retrospective review of a large series of oro‐facial cases of tuberculosis to analyse clinical, histo‐pathological, and radiological aspects, as well as those of chemotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 42 cases of tuberculosis of the oro‐facial region were examined. Thirteen patients had a primary form and 29 a secondary form of the disease. Diagnosis was based on careful clinical examination, Mantoux reaction, histopathological examination, microbiological cultures and immunological investigation with the detection of antibodies against Mycobacteria in the patients' serum (ELISA).

RESULTS: Cases examined consisted of 27 males and 15 females. The age range was 3 to 73 years (mean age 31 years). Clinical manifestations comprised oral ulcers in 69.1%, bone involvement in 21.4%, and salivary gland and/or lymph node involvement in 14.3%. A total of 79.4% patients with secondary disease had pulmonary lesions, 15 of whom showed clinical and radiological signs of activity; there was one case of bilateral renal lesions and two of skin lesions.

CONCLUSIONS: Oro‐facial tuberculosis is often difficult to diagnose and it should be an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of lesions that appear in the oral cavity. The most important diagnostic tools remain a careful clinical evaluation, biopsy for histologic study, as well as acid‐fast stains, culture, and immunological assays, and skin testing.
The effect of brief exposure to sub‐therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on the germ tube formation of oral Candida albicans and its relationship to post‐antifungal effect
Authors: Ellepola ANB , Samaranayake LP
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Adherence of Candida albicans has been implicated as the first step in the pathogenesis of oral candidosis, and germ tube formation a contributory attribute. Recently, these organisms have also been implicated in persistent apical periodontitis. Chlorhexidine gluconate is by far the commonest antiseptic mouth wash prescribed in dentistry. As the intraoral concentrations of this antiseptic fluctuate considerably due to the dynamics of the oral cavity, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure to three different sub‐therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125%) on the germ tube formation of C. albicans. These findings were then correlated with the chlorhexidine‐induced post‐antifungal effect (PAFE) values we obtained in a study using the identical organisms and experimental conditions.

DESIGN: Ten oral isolates of C. albicans were exposed to three different concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate for 30 min, the antiseptic removed, and the germ tube formation of these isolates quantified following subsequent incubation in a germ tube inducing medium. The PAFE was evaluated by turbidometric measurement of growth.

RESULTS: When compared with the controls, exposure to 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125% chlorhexidine gluconate suppressed the ability to form germ tubes by 81.23% (P<0.01), 42.74% (P<0.01) and 9.13% (P > 0.05), respectively, while eliciting a mean PAFE of 9.91 h, 1.65 h and 0.67 h respectively. On regression analysis a significant positive correlation was observed between these two parameters (P < 0.0001: r= 0.7325).

CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings imply that short exposure to sub‐therapeutic levels of chlorhex‐idine gluconate may modulate candidal germ tube formation as well as its growth, thereby suppressing its pathogencity in vivo.
Oral sarcoidosis: a review of literature
Authors: Suresh L , Radfar L
Published: August 2010

Sarcoidosis is a common systemic granulomatous disease affecting multiple organs. Oral involvement is relatively rare and, to our knowledge, there have been only 64 cases reported in the English literature. Most cases of oral sarcoidosis present with mobility of the teeth due to rapid alveolar bone loss. Other oral manifestations include asymptomatic swelling of the involved mucosa, gingivitis and ulcers. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis is by exclusion as no specific test is available. Radiographic, biochemical and histological findings are non‐specific, but helpful. All cases of sarcoidosis do not require treatment. Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice in patients requiring treatment. Other drugs such as chloroquine, methotrexate, infliximab and thalidomide are also used in the treatment of sarcoidosis. In most of the oral cases reported, systemic steroids and surgery were the preferred treatment.