bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability analysis and a hybrid controller design of grid‐connected offshore wind farm through a VSC‐HVDC transmission link
Authors: Srikakulapu Ramu , U Vinatha
Published: July 2019

This paper proposes a hybrid controller which is a combination sliding mode control and PI control techniques for AC grid integrated offshore wind farm (OSWF) with voltage source converter ‐ high voltage direct current system. The controller must be capable of controlling AC voltage, DC‐link voltage, reactive power and effective power transfer. To examine the FRT capability, a symmetrical fault is applied at onshore AC grid side and compared the performances of the studied system based on the hybrid and PI controllers. The dynamic modelling and linearized system by state‐space modelling for the studied system are explained in detail. The small signal stability analysis and controller stability are observed with the help of the eigenvalue analysis. The analysis of the studied system with a hybrid and conventional controllers are conducted in the software environment of the MATLAB/SIMULINK. The effect of parameter uncertainty on total system stability is examined with the help of eigenmatrix of the studied system.
The reliability and validity of the social responsiveness scale to measure autism symptomology in Vietnamese children
Authors: Nguyen Phuong H. , Ocansey Maku E. , Miller Meghan , Le Dung T. K. , Schmidt Rebecca J. , Prado Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2019

The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) has been validated in high‐income countries but not yet in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We aimed to assess the reliability of the SRS in a community sample and its validity to discriminate between children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Vietnam. We used a three‐phase study: piloting the translated SRS, reliability testing, and validation of the SRS in 158 Vietnamese caretakers and their children (ages 4–9 years). We examined reliability, validity and sensitivity, and specificity to ASD diagnosis. We applied receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine optimal cutoff scores discriminating the children with ASD from those without ASD. We also assessed the performance of the SRS short form. We found that reliability was good with high internal consistency (0.88–0.89), test–retest reliability (0.82–0.83), sensitivity (93%), and specificity (98%) for identification of children with ASD. The ROC curves were similar for total raw score and total T‐score, with the area under the curve (AUC) values reaching 0.98 and the optimal cutoff of 62 for raw scores and 60 for T‐scores. The SRS short form also performed well in distinguishing children with ASD from children without ASD, with high AUC (0.98), sensitivity (90%), and specificity (98%) when using a raw score of 15 as a cutoff. In conclusion, the translated and culturally adapted SRS shows good reliability, validity, and sensitivity for identification of children with ASD in Vietnam. Both SRS long and short forms performed adequately to discriminate between children with and without ASD. Autism Res 2019, 00: 1–13. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Middle‐income countries often lack validated tools to evaluate autism symptoms. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) translated to Vietnamese was reliable and performed well to distinguish between children with and without autism spectrum disorder in Vietnam. The Vietnamese SRS, and translations of the tool to other languages with this methodology, may be useful in pediatric practice, potentially allowing providers to make more appropriate referrals for diagnostic evaluations and identify children for intervention to help them fulfill their developmental potential.
Determinants of the magnitude of response to vitamin D supplementation in adolescent girls identified using a decision tree algorithm
Authors: Gonoodi Kayhan , Tayefi Maryam , Bahrami Afsane , Amirabadi Zadeh Alireza , Ferns Gordon A. , Mohammadi Farzaneh , Eslami Saeid , Ghayour Mobarhan Majid
Published: July 2019

Vitamin D (VitD) supplementation is an inexpensive and effective approach for improving VitD insufficiency/deficiency. However, the response to supplementation, with respect to the increase in serum 25(OH)D level varies between individuals. In this study, we have assessed the factors associated with the response to VitD supplementation using a decision‐tree algorithm. Serum VitD levels, pre‐ and post‐VitD supplementation was used as the determinant of responsiveness. The model was validated by constructing a receiver operating characteristic curve. Serum VitD at baseline levels was at the apex of the tree in our model, followed by serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride, age, waist‐hip ratio, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Our model suggests that these determinants of responsiveness to VitD supplementation had sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, 59.4, 75.8 and 69.3%, respectively. The decision tree model appears to be a relatively accurate, specific, and sensitive approach for identifying the factors associated with response to VitD supplementation.
Synthesis of Enantiopure 2‐Alkyl‐1,3,3‐Trinitroazetidines
Authors: Ha Heun‐Jong , Lee Su‐Jeong , Chang Duk‐Ho , Lee Hyo‐Jun , Kim Bora , Kim Seung Hee , Kim Jin Seuk , Cho Chang‐Woo
Published: July 2019

Enantiopure 2‐alkyl‐1,3,3‐trinitroazetidines 4 were efficiently synthesized by the nitrolysis of enantiopure 2‐alkyl‐3,3‐dinitro‐1‐tosylazetidines 3 using an excess of fuming nitric acid in CHCl3 at ambient temperature. In addition, elaboration of (S)‐2‐(2‐methoxyethyl)‐1,3,3‐trinitroazetidine (4c) was successfully performed to synthesize a variety of enantiopure 2‐alkyl‐1,3,3‐trinitroazetidines 5–7. The advantage of this strategy is that 2‐alkyl‐1,3,3‐trinitroazetidines can be synthesized either asymmetrically or racemically depending on the presence or absence of chirality in N‐sulfinyl aldimines 2 used as the starting material. Furthermore, the sensitivity measurement results of racemic 2‐methyl‐1,3,3‐trinitroazetidine (racemic 4a) showed that the introduction of an alkyl substituent at the C2 position of 1,3,3‐trinitroazetidine had a significant effect on the sensitivity of the resulting 2‐alkyl‐1,3,3‐trinitroazetidine.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polydiphenylamine Derivatives from a Supramolecular Eutectic Liquid of Diphenylamine with Benzophenone
Authors: Cho Wansu , Park Chiyoung
Published: July 2019

This study demonstrates that a eutectic liquid of diphenylamine (DPA) and benzophenone (BP) enables the facile preparation of polydiphenylamine (PDPA) through a mechanochemical route in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate.
Effects of the Substituents on the Energy Flow of Toluene Derivatives in Collisions with N2 and O2
Authors: Lee Su‐jin , Ree Jongbaik
Published: July 2019

The effects of the substituents in the energy flow in four toluene derivatives (o‐chloro‐, o,‐bromo‐, α‐chloro‐, and α‐bromotoluene) on collision with N2 and O2 were investigated by classical trajectory methods. The energy loss by the α‐derivatives of toluene is significantly higher than that of the o‐derivatives. Furthermore, the substituent, Cl or Br, does not affect the energy loss. The dominant pathways for the vibrational decay of the excited o‐derivatives are the vibration–translation (V–T) and vibration–vibration (V–V) energy transfers to N2/O2. In contrast, the vibrational relaxation of the excited α‐derivatives occurs mainly through the V–T energy transfer. The efficiency of the intermolecular V–V energy transfer of the o‐derivatives is significantly higher than that of the α‐derivatives. In the o‐derivatives, as the excited energy (ET) increases, the excited C–H
m bond frequency decreases; thus, the energy transfer via the V–V pathway increases. In the α‐derivatives, the V–V energy transfer is not efficient for both N2 and O2, although the C–H
r and N2/O2 vibrations are near resonance.
The choice is yours: The effects of optional questions in engineering examinations
Authors: Aleem Abdul , Gore Manoj Madhava
Published: July 2019

Examiners may provide optional questions in the question paper of any examination. It gives examinees the choice to select their options to complete the set of the required number of questions for answering. The examinees may choose to answer the questions from the well‐prepared portions of the subject. Some examinees misuse this facility by answering more than the required questions. Few examinees mess up the serial number of questions in the answer sheet. These acts of examinees sometimes create issues in marks awarding process, which raises doubt on the fairness of the evaluation process. This article reviews the contribution of optional questions in engineering semester examinations and analyzes the effects of improper behavior practiced by some of the examinees. Two surveys were conducted to gather perspectives on optional questions from examiners and examinees, respectively. The answering behavior of examinees vis‐á‐vis optional questions have been analyzed through the investigation of answer sheets, which were written for engineering semester examinations. Association rule mining methods have been applied on the gathered data to discover interesting hidden facts about tackling of optional questions. On the basis of findings, the article recommends further actions that need to be taken for effective utilization of optional question and question with optional subparts. The review of the effects of optional questions is a novel study and has not been dealt with in the literature for furthering the quality of engineering education.
The establishment of immune infiltration based novel recurrence predicting nomogram in prostate cancer
Authors: Meng Jialin , Liu Yi , Guan Shiyang , Fan Song , Zhou Jun , Zhang Meng , Liang Chaozhao
Published: July 2019

Prostate cancer (PCa), a severe health burden for males, accounts for the second frequent cancer and fifth tumor specific death cancer around the world. Several studies on tumor‐infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) have shown inconsistent and controversial results to PCa. We downloaded a gene expression matrix and clinical information from TCGA, and CIBERSORT was used to identify the proportion of TIICs. Wilcoxon's Sign Rank Test evaluated different gene expression levels in PCa and normal tissues. Kaplan‐Meier curves were used to evaluate the associations of TIICs and recurrence‐free survival (RFS). Finally, based on the preset P‐value of .05, the distribution of TIICs in 73 PCa tissues and 11 normal tissues was illustrated. Activated CD4+ T cells and M0 macrophages account for a high proportion in PCa tissues, while neutrophils and monocytes were found at a high density in normal tissues. Further results showed that the density of plasma cells, Treg cells and resting mast cells were associated with advanced PCa. Additionally, M2 macrophages affected the RFS of PCa patients, and AR was also involved. In the current study, we first evaluated the immune infiltration among PCa and revealed that M2 macrophages could predict the prognosis of PCa patients. Meanwhile, based on the LASSO regression analysis, we established a novel nomogram to assess the recurrence risk of PCa based on immune cell proportions and clinical features.
Group efficacy as a moderator on the associations between perceived discrimination, acculturation orientations, and psychological well‐being
Authors: Bagci Sabahat Cigdem , Canpolat Esra
Published: July 2019

We investigated whether associations between perceived discrimination (PD), acculturation orientations (desire for culture maintenance and desire for contact), and well‐being (psychological well‐being and life satisfaction) were moderated by group efficacy beliefs—the extent to which group members believe in their ability to achieve social change collectively. We recruited 163 Syrian refugees (Mage = 36.43, SD = 12.68; 88 females and 75 males) from a south‐eastern city in Turkey. PD was negatively associated with desire for culture maintenance and positively associated with desire for contact, indicating an assimilation trend as a response to PD. Both acculturation orientations in turn predicted well‐being positively. However, the ones with higher group efficacy did not experience the detrimental effects of PD on well‐being and indicated a stronger desire for contacting mainstream society. Further conditional indirect effects demonstrated that only among the ones with lower group efficacy, PD was related to lower psychological well‐being through reduced culture maintenance. Findings indicate the critical role of group efficacy beliefs in the understanding of disadvantaged group members' reactions to PD.
Catalytic Disproportionation of Formic Acid to Methanol by an Iridium Complex Immobilized on Bipyridine‐Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica
Authors: Yamaguchi Sho , Maegawa Yoshifumi , Onishi Naoya , Kanega Ryoichi , Waki Minoru , Himeda Yuichiro , Inagaki Shinji
Published: July 2019

We report the first example of using heterogeneous Iridium (Ir) catalysts under atmospheric pressure conditions to achieve the catalytic disproportionation of formic acid to methanol. IrCp* complex (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (ɳ5‐C5Me5)) was immobilized on the pore surface of the periodic mesoporous organosilica synthesized from a precursor mixture of ethane (Et) and 2,2′‐bipyridine (BPy)‐bridged organosilanes (Ir‐Et‐BPy‐PMO). Ir‐Et‐BPy‐PMO showed unique catalysis with higher selectivity of methanol compared to homogeneous Ir‐BPy complexes. Furthermore, Ir‐Et‐BPy‐PMO exhibited high reusability without any noticeable decrease in activity for at least five times with no leaching of Ir species during the reaction. The increase in methanol selectivity of Ir‐Et‐BPy‐PMO would be attributed to the unique confinement effect in the mesochannels with their high aspect ratio for the retention of generated H2/CO2, which suppresses the competing formic acid dehydrogenation and promotes the formic acid hydrogenation.
Insights on the One‐Pot Formation of 1,5‐Pentanediol from Furfural with Co−Al Spinel‐based Nanoparticles as an Alternative to Noble Metal Catalysts
Authors: Gavilà L. , Lähde A. , Jokiniemi J. , Constanti M. , Medina F. , del Río E. , Tichit D. , Álvarez M. G.
Published: July 2019

CoAl‐spinel nanoparticles prepared by liquid‐feed flame spray pyrolysis (L−F FSP) and activated by reduction at different temperatures were used to investigate the hydrogenation process of furfural (FA) under mild conditions. Reduction of the spinel at 500 °C resulted in high FA conversion and selectivity to furfuryl alcohol (FFA, 81 % yield, in 1 hour). Reduction at higher temperatures (i. e., 700 and 850 °C) led to the direct formation of diols (i. e., 1,5‐PeD and 1,2‐PeD) from FA. The differences in activity are attributed to the formation of surface metallic cobalt nanoparticles upon reduction at high temperature. A maximum of 30 % 1,5‐PeD was yielded after 8 hours of reaction under the optimized conditions of150 °C, 30 bar of H2 and with 40 mg of catalyst reduced at 700 °C. This is the first report on the direct catalytic conversion of furfural to1,5‐pentanediol with a non‐noble metal solid catalyst.
Electrochemical Cycling‐Induced Amorphization of Cobalt(II,III) Oxide for Stable High Surface Area Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts
Authors: Gupta Prashant Kumar , Saha Sulay , Gyanprakash Maurya , Kishor Koshal , S. Pala Raj Ganesh
Published: July 2019

The activity of electrocatalysts critically depends on the chemical coordination around the active sites. Amorphous materials have short‐range atomic ordering while their crystalline counterparts have both short and long‐range ordering. Traditional synthesis of amorphous materials, involving quenching from high temperatures is unsuitable as it results in less porosity and surface area. In this context, room‐temperature syntheses of high surface area amorphous materials with high activity are desirable. Here, we contrast two electrochemical synthesis procedures for generating high surface area amorphous Co3O4 at room temperature via electrochemical ion intercalation/deintercalation and surface oxidation/reduction cycles and evaluate their performance for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In the first approach, Li‐ion is used for the intercalation/deintercalation (Li/D−Li) cycles in Co3O4, which leads to expansion and contraction of structure, inducing amorphization of Co3O4 by the pulverization of crystal structure in non‐aqueous medium. In the second approach, rapid electrochemical surface oxidation/reduction (Ox/Red) of Co3O4 in the aqueous medium leads to the formation of a metastable amorphous structure. The OER specific activity (activity per unit electrochemical surface area) for Li/D−Li−Co3O4 is ∼3.5 times and Ox/Red‐ Co3O4 induced amorphization is ∼2.5 times higher than their crystalline Co3O4. The superior OER metrics of both the room‐temperature amorphization techniques are rationalized via the increase in the ratio of Co2+/Co3+ obtained from the Co‐2p XPS spectra. Further, the decrease in overall polarization resistance per site for the OER reaction for both amorphous samples were analyzed from the Tafel plot and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In Li/D−Li−Co3O4, the Li‐ion intercalation in bulk Co3O4 structure generates higher bulk‐oxygen vacancies leading to higher conductivity and reduction in overall charge‐transport resistance for electrocatalyst. On the other hand, Ox/Red‐ induced amorphization is restricted to the surface or near‐surface only with the formation of a small amount of metallic Co which hampers the OER.
Learning From Vitamin B12‐Mediated Reactions: Cobalt(III)–Carbon‐Assisted Catalytic C−H Difluoroacylation of (Hetero)Arenes through Controlled‐Potential Electrolysis
Authors: Hossain Md. Jakir , Ono Toshikazu , Yano Yoshio , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: July 2019

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Yoshio Hisaeda at Kyushu University (Japan). The cover picture shows the electrochemical activation of a vitamin B12 derivative and the obtained difluoroacylated products. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201900164.
Reversible Activation of Water by an Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Frustrated Rhodium Nitrogen Lewis Pair
Authors: Carmona María , Ferrer Joaquina , Rodríguez Ricardo , Passarelli Vincenzo , Lahoz Fernando J. , García‐Orduña Pilar , Cañadillas‐Delgado Laura , Carmona Daniel
Published: July 2019

[Cp*Rh(κ3N,N′,P‐L)][SbF6] (Cp*=C5Me5), bearing a guanidine‐derived phosphano ligand L, behaves as a “dormant” frustrated Lewis pair and activates H2 and H2O in a reversible manner. When D2O is employed, a facile H/D exchange at the Cp* ring takes place through sequential C(sp3)−H bond activation.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cope‐Type Hydroamination of Nonactivated Olefins toward Cyclic Nitrones: Scope, Mechanism, and Enantioselective Process Development
Authors: Zhang Mengru , Liu Shuang , Li Hexin , Guo Yajing , Li Na , Guan Meihui , Mehfooz Haroon , Zhao Jinbo , Zhang Qian
Published: July 2019

The catalytic synthesis of cyclic nitrones, an important type of functional molecules for both synthetic chemistry and related fields, remains underdeveloped. Herein we report the copper‐catalyzed Cope‐type hydroamination of oximes with pendant nonactivated olefins, which enables facile access to a series of five‐ and six‐membered cyclic nitrones under mild conditions. In this study, heterocycle‐tethered oximes were employed in the Cope‐type hydroamination reaction for the first time. High enantioselectivity was achieved for carbon‐tethered γ,δ‐vinyl oximes to afford enantioenriched five‐membered cyclic nitrones. The results of preliminary mechanistic studies indicate a mononuclear catalytic species and a unified catalytic pathway over a large temperature range.
Disilane Cleavage with Selected Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Salts
Authors: Santowski Tobias , Sturm Alexander G. , Lewis Kenrick M. , Felder Thorsten , Holthausen Max C. , Auner Norbert
Published: July 2019

The industry‐scale production of methylchloromonosilanes in the Müller–Rochow Direct Process is accompanied by the formation of a residue, the direct process residue (DPR), comprised of disilanes MenSi2Cl6‐n (n=1–6). Great research efforts have been devoted to the recycling of these disilanes into monosilanes to allow reintroduction into the siloxane production chain. In this work, disilane cleavage by using alkali and alkaline earth metal salts is reported. The reaction with metal hydrides, in particular lithium hydride (LiH), leads to efficient reduction of chlorine containing disilanes but also induces disproportionation into mono‐ and oligosilanes. Alkali and alkaline earth chlorides, formed in the course of the reduction, specifically induce disproportionation of highly chlorinated disilanes, whereas highly methylated disilanes (n>3) remain unreacted. Nearly quantitative DPR conversion into monosilanes was achieved by using concentrated HCl/ether solutions in the presence of lithium chloride.
Fmoc‐Dipeptide/Porphyrin Molar Ratio Dictates Energy Transfer Efficiency in Nanostructures Produced by Biocatalytic Co‐Assembly
Authors: Wijerathne Nadeesha K. , Kumar Mohit , Ulijn Rein V.
Published: July 2019

The controlled self‐assembly of porphyrin derivatives (TCPP, tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin) within Fmoc‐protected (Fmoc=9‐Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) dipeptide (Fmoc‐TL‐NH2) nanofibers is demonstrated. The biocatalytic co‐assembly in aqueous medium generated an energy transfer hydrogel. Depending on the concentrations of porphyrin used, the resulting nanofibrous gels show two distinct regions of self‐assembly behavior that is, integration of TCPP into nanostructures to produce two‐component co‐assembly fibers, or heterogeneous self‐aggregation of TCPP within the self‐assembled matrix observed at higher concentrations. The mode of assembly directly impacts on the energy transfer efficiency of these nanostructures. These results show that reversible biocatalytic co‐assembly of structural and functional components enables fine‐tuning of peptide/porphyrin energy transfer nanostructures.
A new sol‐gel route alumina for selective oxidation of H2S to sulphur
Authors: Tasdemir H. Mehmet , Yagizatli Yavuz , Yasyerli Sena , Yasyerli Nail , Dogu Gulsen
Published: July 2019

In this study, a new synthesis method was developed for the production of modified sol‐gel alumina (SG‐M) for the selective oxidation of H2S to elemental sulphur. The catalytic activity of this modified alumina without any active metal incorporation was then compared with the activity of commercial alumina (alumina‐com) for H2S selective oxidation. The N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherm showed that the SG‐M alumina synthesized in this work has a mesoporous structure with well‐defined hysteresis loops. Both alumina materials showed a γ‐Al2O3 crystalline phase with an amorphous structure in their crystal structure. The surface acidity of the alumina materials was determined using pyridine‐adsorbed FTIR analyses, and both alumina showed Lewis acid sites on their surfaces. The catalytic activity tests were performed at 250°C using a feed ratio of O2/H2S:0.5. The complete conversion of H2S over SG‐M was achieved during 400 minutes of reaction time. However, the commercial alumina lost its activity at earlier reaction times. Lewis acid sites and surface hydroxyl groups caused the alumina to be active in H2S selective catalytic oxidation, and the formation of Al‐S bonds, observed when the H2S conversion fell, caused a decrease in the catalytic activity of the alumina materials. A high sulphur yield (≥95%) was obtained over SG‐M, even though there was no active metal incorporation and even in the presence of excess oxygen. Considering the catalytic activities, the new sol‐gel alumina synthesized in this work is superior to commercial alumina. It was concluded that, as a catalyst without any active metal, SG‐M is a promising catalyst in H2S selective oxidation to sulphur.
Patient and caregiver perceptions of lymphoma care and research opportunities: A qualitative study
Authors: Payne Jackelyn B. , Dance Kaylin V. , Farone Monique , Phan Anh , Ho Cathy D. , Gutierrez Meghan , Chen Lillian , Flowers Christopher R.
Published: July 2019

Background

Although the number of lymphoma survivors has increased, the needs and research priorities of survivors and their caregivers rarely are examined and addressed. Determining the needs and priorities for this population requires an assessment of the attitudes and experiences of patients and caregivers. The authors conducted a qualitative study with lymphoma survivors and their caregivers to determine care needs and research priorities.

Methods

In the first phase, 2 semistructured focus groups were conducted with 15 lymphoma survivors and their caregivers. In phase 2, a total of 19 individual semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with lymphoma survivors and their caregivers. In both phases, participants discussed cancer experiences and research priorities. All interviews were transcribed. MAXQDA software (version 18.0.8) was used for coding and identifying themes.

Results

The majority of participants felt disconnected from their clinical care team due to a lack of communication. Focus group participants noted a lack of information regarding diagnoses, treatment, research, and survivorship care. Participants coped with fear through strong social support and fostering relationships with their clinical care teams. Some caregivers felt completely ignored by clinicians. Participants expressed interest in research, but had difficulty finding relevant studies. Several interviewees desired holistic and survivorship‐oriented research and more studies regarding quality of life and mental health.

Conclusions

The results of the current study identified unmet needs in clinical care and patient‐oriented research, including needs for a focus on quality of life after treatment, communication between patients and the scientific community, and emotional well‐being. Health care professionals can use these data to provide care delivery, supportive services, and research that meets the needs of lymphoma survivors and their caregivers.
Using a Benefit–Risk Analysis Approach to Capture Regulatory Decision Making: Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Raju G. K. , Gurumurthi Karthik , Domike Reuben , Singh Harpreet , Weinstock Chana , Kluetz Paul , Pazdur Richard , Woodcock Janet
Published: July 2019

Drug regulators such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) make decisions about drug approvals based on benefit–risk analysis. In this work, a quantitative benefit–risk analysis approach captures regulatory decision making about new drugs to treat renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Fifteen FDA decisions on RCC drugs based on clinical trials whose results were published from 2005 to 2018 were identified and analyzed. The benefits and risks of the new drug in each clinical trial were quantified relative to comparators (typically the control arm of the same clinical trial) to estimate whether the benefit–risk was positive or negative. A sensitivity analysis was demonstrated using pazopanib to explore the magnitude of uncertainty. FDA approval decision outcomes for the clinical trials assessed were consistent and logical using this benefit–risk framework.
Relating Nicotine Plasma Concentration to Momentary Craving Across Four Nicotine Replacement Therapy Formulations
Authors: Germovsek Eva , Hansson Anna , Kjellsson Maria C. , Perez Ruixo Juan Jose , Westin Åke , Soons Paul A. , Vermeulen An , Karlsson Mats O.
Published: July 2019

Tobacco use is a major health concern. To assist smoking cessation, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is used to reduce nicotine craving. We quantitatively described the relationship between nicotine pharmacokinetics (PKs) fromNRTs and momentary craving, linking two different pharmacodynamic (PD) scales for measuring craving. The dataset comprised retrospective data from 17 clinical studies and included 1,077 adult smokers with 39,802 craving observations from four formulations: lozenge, gum, mouth spray, and patch. APK/PDmodel was developed that linked individual predicted nicotine concentrations with the categorical and visual analoguePDscales through a joint bounded integer model. A maximum effect model, accounting for acute tolerance development, successfully related nicotine concentrations to momentary craving. Results showed that all formulations were similarly effective in reducing craving, albeit with a fourfold lower potency for the patch. Women were found to have a higher maximal effect of nicotine to reduce craving, compared with men.
The T cell receptor (TRA) locus in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): Genomic features and consequences for invariant T cells
Authors: Mondot Stanislas , Lantz Olivier , Lefranc Marie‐Paule , Boudinot Pierre
Published: July 2019

The rabbit has been widely used in immunology and infectiology. Rabbit immunoglobulins have been extensively studied, leading to the discovery of their idiotypes, allotypic diversity, and of the diversification of the primary repertoire by hyperconversion. Much less is known about rabbit T cell receptors (TR), especially TRA. This isotype is particularly important for innate‐like T cells, which typically express invariant TRA (iTRA). The presence of such cells in the rabbit remains an enigma. Rabbit NKT cells seem to be very rare, and lagomorphs lack MAIT cells. TRAV1, the variable gene expressed in the iTRA of these cells across most mammals, and MR1, the MH1‐like receptor that present riboflavin derivatives to MAIT cells, are missing in rabbit. An alternative iTRA has been identified, that may be expressed by new innate‐like T cells. To facilitate TRA repertoire analyses in rabbit, we report here a full description of TRA and TRD loci and a subgroup definition based on IMGT® classification. Rabbit TRA rearrangements follow the same temporal pattern that is observed in mouse and human. Rare transcripts expressing TRDV/TRDD/TRDJ rearrangements spliced to TRAC were detected. TRA and TRD genes have been made available in IMGT and IMGT/HighV‐QUEST, allowing easy analysis of TRA/TRD RepSeq.
Controlling Stereoselectivity in Tribromide Mediated Oxidative Dearomatisations – Synthesis of Selective Spirofurano‐naphthalones
Authors: Sarkar Debayan , Kuila Puspendu , Sood Devashish
Published: July 2019

A series of ammonium tribromides were screened for exploring the role of ammonium counterpart attached to tribromides on generation of stereoselective spiro‐furans via oxidative dearomatisation of naphthols. The proposition enlightens a suitable combination of the ammonium tribromide and solvent employed, deliver the best achieved diastereoselectivities. This in turn, has also envisioned the mechanistic aspects related to this category of reactions. The mentioned dearomative spiro‐furano naphthalones has also been successfully achieved on a large‐scale.
Recent Advances in Azlactone Transformations
Authors: Marra Isabella F. S. , de Castro Pedro P. , Amarante Giovanni W.
Published: July 2019

Azlactones, also known as oxazolones, are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis due to the presence of multiple pro‐nucleophilic and electrophilic reactive sites. Recently, several elegant organo‐ and metal‐catalyzed studies have been described, allowing the stereocontrolled access to complex structures in only one or a few chemical steps. Moreover, the development of one‐pot, tandem and domino reactions greatly enhanced the azlactone scaffold potential. In this context, this review aims to cover novel methodologies, including a brief overview of oxazolones and Erlenmeyer azlactones preparation. New approaches towards classical reactions, such as dynamic kinetic resolution, cycloadditions, and conjugate additions will be presented as well as new methodologies involving photochemical and flow chemistry technology. Finally, for most studies, selected examples will be presented and mechanistic pathways and/or activating modes will be carefully discussed.
Controls on the lateral channel‐migration rate of braided channel systems in coarse non‐cohesive sediment
Authors: Bufe Aaron , Turowski Jens M. , Burbank Douglas W. , Paola Chris , Wickert Andrew D. , Tofelde Stefanie
Published: July 2019

Lateral movements of alluvial river channels control the extent and reworking rates of alluvial fans, floodplains, deltas, and alluvial sections of bedrock rivers. These lateral movements can occur by gradual channel migration or by sudden changes in channel position (avulsions). Whereas models exist for rates of river avulsion, we lack a detailed understanding of the rates of lateral channel migration on the scale of a channel belt. In a two‐step process, we develop here an expression for the lateral migration rate of braided channel systems in coarse, non‐cohesive sediment. On the basis of photographic and topographic data from laboratory experiments of braided channels performed under constant external boundary conditions, we first explore the impact of autogenic variations of the channel‐system geometry (i.e. channel‐bank heights, water depths, channel‐system width, and channel slope) on channel‐migration rates. In agreement with theoretical expectations, we find that, under such constant boundary conditions, the laterally reworked volume of sediment is constant and lateral channel‐migration rates scale inversely with the channel‐bank height. Furthermore, when channel‐bank heights are accounted for, lateral migration rates are independent of the remaining channel geometry parameters. These constraints allow us, in a second step, to derive two alternative expressions for lateral channel‐migration rates under different boundary conditions using dimensional analysis. Fits of a compilation of laboratory experiments to these expressions suggest that, for a given channel bank‐height, migration rates are strongly sensitive to water discharges and more weakly sensitive to sediment discharges. In addition, external perturbations, such as changes in sediment and water discharges or base level fall, can indirectly affect lateral channel‐migration rates by modulating channel‐bank heights. © 2019 The Author. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 The Author. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caching mechanism for mobile edge computing in V2I networks
Authors: Luo Zhaohui , LiWang Minghui , Huang Lianfen , Du Xiaojiang , Guizani Mohsen
Published: July 2019

The caching‐enabled mobile edge computing (MEC) system becomes increasingly crucial to the future long‐term evolution vehicle‐to‐infrastructure (LTE‐V2I) network, especially for fast delivery of popular content of delay‐sensitive applications in the backhaul capacity–limited vehicular networks. Most related studies mainly focus on computation offloading strategy design and coding caching, while the deployment strategy design of caching capacities for high‐speed vehicles has been overlooked. In this paper, we investigate the deployment problem in LTE‐V2I networks with particular consideration on high‐speed vehicles. First, in a one‐way scenario, a joint optimization framework is formulated to minimize the cache size of the MEC system, meanwhile maximizing the average downloading percentage, where the MEC system's backhaul capacities, vehicle speeds, content popularity distributions, and sides of the highway are taken into account. The impacts of LTE‐V2I system parameters, eg, vehicle speed, on the objective function are revealed through the one‐way optimization. Then, the two‐way optimization is formulated and solved by developing an iterative optimization approach based on the aforementioned one‐way scenario. Particularly, the optimal caching allocation between two ways is derived. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches even with low backhaul capacities and high vehicle speed.
Design of optimized energy system based on active energy‐saving technologies in very low‐energy smart buildings
Authors: Qamar Affaq , Iqbal Javed , Saher Saim , Shah Arif Ali , Basit Abdul
Published: July 2019

The International Energy Agency proclaims that the energy utilization by commercial buildings makes up 28% of the world's total energy consumption. This research is aimed at finding various optimum ways to minimize energy consumption for existing commercial buildings. A three‐layer framework is proposed to achieve active energy saving and to transform an existing building into very low‐energy building. The building considered is the postgraduate studies research lab that can have 15 workstations. The building site (envelop) is made scalable by dividing the site area into zones and each zone is monitored via a sensor node, which monitors occupant behavior and acts as a controlling agent between the source and the load. The use of photovoltaic as renewable generation is a sustainable and environment‐friendly way and thus, is added to the existing building to conserve energy. A 6 kW grid‐tied monocrystalline photovoltaic‐based renewable energy system has been added to the building to meet energy requirements and envisage its aftereffect on the energy conservation. The energy‐efficient appliances have been used as loads to minimize the energy consumption. The installed system has a payback period of 6 years, while the proposed framework can achieve maximum energy efficiency of 90%.
Performance analysis of vertical handover techniques based on IEEE 802.21: Media independent handover standard
Authors: Iqbal Javed , Khan Murad , Afaq Muhammad , Ali Amjad
Published: July 2019

The introduction of new technologies such as the new families of IEEE, third or fourth generation with long term evolution support, and WiMAX provide support for high data rate in heterogeneous networks. Providing uninterrupted and continuous connectivity across these technologies is a challenging job for the researchers in the last decade. However, researchers have worked hard to develop a generic platform for the interoperability between different networks. The IEEE has made one of the important developments in this regard in the form of IEEE 802.21: media independent handover (MIH) standard. Recently, several research works have been carried out to enhance the functionality and to work of this standard. In this article, we surveyed the well‐known and important schemes that have been proposed for migration of a session from Wi‐Fi to cellular and WiMAX technologies based on MIH standard. We also investigate different parameters that directly affect the performance of a handover process.
A new global dataset of phase synchronization of temperature and precipitation: Its climatology and contribution to global vegetation productivity
Authors: Sun Zhigang , Ouyang Zhu , Zhang Xubo , Ren Wei
Published: July 2019

Besides cumulative temperature and precipitation, the phase synchronization of temperature and precipitation also helps to regulate vegetation distribution and productivity across global lands. However, the phase synchronization has been rarely considered in previous studies related to climate and biogeography due to a lack of a robust and quantitative approach. In this study, we proposed a synchronization index of temperature and precipitation (SI‐TaP) and then investigated its global spatial distribution, interannual fluctuation, and long‐term trend derived from a global 60‐year dataset of meteorological forcings. Further investigation was conducted to understand the relationship between SI‐TaP and the annually summed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which could be a proxy of terrestrial vegetation productivity. Results show differences in both spatial patterns and temporal variations between SI‐TaP and air temperature and precipitation, but SI‐TaP may help to explain the distribution and productivity of terrestrial vegetation. About 60% of regions where annually summed NDVI is greater than half of its maximum value overlap regions where SI‐TaP is greater than half of its maximum value. By using SI‐TaP to explain vegetation productivity along with temperature and precipitation, the maximum increase in the coefficient of determination is 0.66 across global lands. Results from this study suggest that the proposed SI‐TaP index is helpful to better understand climate change and its relation to the biota.
Experiment study on the correlation between the CO2 adsorption capacity and electrical resistivity of coal with temperature effect
Authors: Lyu Chao , Hao Shu‐Qing , Sun Qiang
Published: July 2019

The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the CO2 adsorption capacity and electrical resistivity of coal. The H‐Sorb 2600 high pressure gas adsorption analyzer is used to measure the CO2 sorption capacity in the temperature range of 25–55°C for anthracite coal. In addition, the TH2811D LCR meter is used to examine the electrical resistivity of raw coal samples and coal briquettes from 15°C to 65°C. The results indicate that there is a critical pressure threshold depending on the coal types and the pattern of changes in CO2 adsorption capacity changes when this threshold is exceeded. The electrical resistivity of raw coal samples decreases linearly and then slightly decreases at temperatures above 45°C and the electrical resistivity decreases approximately linearly from 15°C to 65°C for the coal briquettes due to lower compactness compared with the raw coal samples. The CO2 adsorption capacity has a power function with the electrical conductivity of the raw coal samples and coal briquettes. The power exponent of the power function is related to the porosity of coal. The results of the experiments indicate that it is effective to estimate the CO2 adsorption capacity of coal from the electrical conductivity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous gravity observation with a superconducting gravimeter at the Tomakomai CCS demonstration site, Japan: applicability to ground‐based monitoring of offshore CO2 geological storage
Authors: Goto Hiroki , Sugihara Mituhiko , Ikeda Hiroshi , Nishi Yuji , Ishido Tsuneo , Sorai Masao
Published: July 2019

Gravimetric techniques are used for monitoring the distribution and migration of CO2 stored in geological formations. Superconducting gravimeters (SGs), because of their high sensitivity, can enable continuous ground‐based monitoring of offshore CO2 storage. For offshore monitoring purposes, gravity stations should be located near the seashore to maximize the signal of interest. We observed gravity continuously with an SG near the seashore at the Tomakomai carbon dioxide capture and storage demonstration site in Japan to assess variation of the observed gravity and to evaluate the applicability of this technique for monitoring of large‐scale offshore storage. Strong noise caused by strong winds and ocean waves was removed by low‐pass filtering. The noise did not fundamentally affect long‐term gravity changes. The observed gravity was affected strongly by shallow groundwater level changes but the effects were sufficiently corrected by expressing their effects as a summation of linear functions of groundwater level changes. Considering all possible effects on gravity, the standard deviation of the gravity residuals during 85 days of observation was minimized to 7.5–8.2 nm s–2. Based on the model setting of the Tomakomai site, the estimated annual gravity changes caused by industrial‐scale injection (1 MtCO2 year–1) into a hypothetical offshore formation (1 km depth) were –2.8 to –3.3 nm s–2 under different saturation conditions. The estimated changes exceed the observed standard deviation in 2.3–2.9 years. These results suggest that injection‐induced gravity changes can be detected using SG within a few years. Therefore, the present ground‐based gravimetric technique can contribute to long‐term monitoring of offshore storage. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Renal Function Impairment: A Cross‐Sectional Population‐Based Study on Its Relationship From 1999 to 2016
Authors: Le Michael H. , Yeo Yee Hui , Henry Linda , Nguyen Mindie H.
Published: July 2019

There is growing evidence that links nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with impairment of renal function. As such, we aimed to demonstrate the trend of NAFLD, NAFLD with renal insufficiency (RI), disease awareness, and mortality over time. Patient data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999‐2016. A total of 14,255 adult study participants without competing liver disease or heavy drinking and with complete laboratory data were included. NAFLD was defined using the U.S. Fatty Liver Index (USFLI) and RI was defined using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation and urine albumin:creatinine ratio. Death data were obtained from the National Death Index (up to December 31, 2015). Prevalence of NAFLD in participants was 31.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.01‐32.46); of these participants, 22.05% (95% CI, 20.34‐23.85) had RI. From 1999 to 2016, prevalence of both NAFLD without RI (P = 0.048) and NAFLD‐RI (P = 0.006) increased significantly. Among those with NAFLD‐RI, awareness of kidney disease was 8.56% (95% CI, 6.69‐10.89), while awareness of liver disease among all NAFLD was 4.49% (95% CI, 3.17‐6.33). Among those with NAFLD, mortality incidence per 1,000 person years was highest among those with severe RI in all‐cause mortality (104.4; 95% CI, 83.65‐130.39) and other residual causes of mortality (mean, 50.88; 95% CI, 37.02‐69.93). Conclusion: Prevalence of NAFLD and NAFLD‐RI has increased over the past 2 decades in the United States. Low kidney disease and liver disease awareness are major public health issues as those with NAFLD‐RI have significantly higher mortality than those with only NAFLD.
Australian women’s self‐perceived barriers to participation in cervical cancer screening: A systematic review
Authors: Nagendiram Archana , Bougher Hannah , Banks Jennifer , Hall Leanne , Heal Clare
Published: July 2019

Background

Australia has recently introduced a new screening program for cervical cancer. There has also been a decline in participation rates for cervical screening.

Aim

To complete a systematic literature review of the factors that prevent Australian women from participating in cervical screening.

Methods

Authors searched CINAHL, Medline, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Library to obtain articles discussing Australian women's self‐identified barriers to cervical screening. Quantitative studies published in peer‐reviewed journals after 1991 were considered. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42018105028.

Results

The final search produced 1749 studies, with 13 quantitative papers included in the narrative synthesis after screening by two independent reviewers. No articles were excluded due to bias.

Discussion

Self‐identified barriers to screening were categorised into personal, practitioner, test‐related and logistical factors. The most commonly stated barriers included lack of time, embarrassment, fear of results, irrelevance and male health professionals. The use of HPV triage in cervical screening was not a barrier to screening, however, some women regarded self‐collected HPV testing as a barrier. Barriers to self‐collection included desire for the general practitioner to complete the test, fear of doing the test incorrectly, wishing to include it in a general check‐up and concerns about the test itself.

Conclusion

A variety of personal, practitioner, test‐related and logistical barriers negatively impact the screening participation of Australian women. Further research into barriers in the Australian population, and women's attitudes towards HPV testing and self‐collection is required to create effective health interventions to improve participation in cervical screening.