bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEPARTMENT OF MUSEUMS AND MONUMENTS
OF POLISH MARTYROLOGY IN 1945–54
AND TO-DATE CONTINUATION OF ITS TASKS
Authors: Kułak Piotr
Published: June 2019

The operations of the Department of Museums
and Monuments of Polish Martyrology were launched in April
1945 as an organizational unit within the Head Authorities
of Museums and Monument Preservation active within the
structure of the Ministry of Culture and Art. The Department’s
supreme goal was to document and visually commemorate
sites connected with the martyrdom of Poles under the
German occupation in 1939–45 by founding museums
and raising monuments on execution sites throughout the
whole country. The establishment of such an institution was
a response of the government to the spontaneous social
movement whose goal following the tragic war experience
was to commemorate all the fallen in armed struggle and
the executed in the Nazi death camps. The social initiatives
inspired the authorities to coordinate such efforts, to
identify the priorities in this respect, and to select various
commemoration forms. These tasks, along with many
other ones, were to be implemented by the Department of
Museums and Monuments of Polish Martyrology.
The paper deals with the characteristics of the
Department’s activities, its organizational structure, as
well as the detailed aims and tasks implemented over the
9 years of its operations: from the establishment in 1945
to its winding up in 1954. All the Department’s activities
meant to commemorate martyrology sites can be divided
into those related to the organization and establishment
of museums on the sites of former camps, prisons, and
Gestapo investigating offices (e.g. museums in Auschwitz,
Majdanek, at Warsaw’s 25 Szucha Avenue), and those
related to raising monuments to the Nazi regime’s victims.
Furthermore, forms meant to continue the efforts initiated
by the Department since 1954 are described. The paper is to a great degree based on the documentation preserved in
the Central Archives of Modern Records, yet constitutes but
an introductory outline as well as encouragement to further
investigate the Department’s history.
Sets and Necessity
Authors: Christopoulou Demetra ,   A. Dourou Publications
Published: June 2019

Τhis paper addresses the issue of the metaphysical status of sets and their interconnections. It discusses a foundational approach of the iterative set theoretic hierarchy comparatively to a regressive approach. Then it takes under consideration some naturalistic accounts of set theory and presents certain difficulties naturalism faces. It claims that the ontological status of sets should be dealt with in non-naturalistic terms and suggests that the issue in question could rather be placed in the context of a metaphysical discussion concerning abstract objects. So it investigates the operation ‘set of …’ as governed by necessary ontological dependence. After comparing some of the platonistic views S. Cowling (2017) has discussed, it proposes one of them as an appropriate account of sets as abstract objects with a modal status.
Creating Environmental Stewards: Nonfiction Prompting a Sustainable Planet
Authors: Lyons Reneé
Published: June 2019

These days, I cannot imagine a subject more important than sharing books that celebrate nature and its worth—also relaying the importance of keeping our shared “home” healthy.Such literature will encourage environmental stewardship, create a generation that recognizes and understands the value, yet fragility, of Earth’s resources, and propagate a general consensus as to the manner in which humanity must preserve, conserve, and protect such resources that ensures the well-being of all life forms.
To Tech or Not to Tech? The Debate about Technology, Young Children, and the Library
Authors: Campana Kathleen , Mills J. Elizabeth , Haines Claudia , Prendergast Tess , Martens Marianne
Published: June 2019

Recent discussions on the ALSC electronic discussion list signaled a need for a better understanding of the research around young children and technology. The controversy and debate around using technology with young children has been going on for several years. While research is emerging in this area for libraries, there is still not a huge body of research out there and data do not yet exist at this point that answer some of our most basic questions of how technology use will affect children long term. However, new research in this area is emerging regularly so it is important to have opportunities to explore the findings that do exist. Ultimately, we see that a majority of families are already using technology with young children so libraries can play an important role by providing guidance on what to use and how to use it effectively with their young child. We wanted to share the content of our panel presentation with readers to further disseminate the research as well as some recommendations for effective practices that can impact and enhance practice, especially when working with families.
Research Roundup: Resources on Play
Authors: Diamant-Cohen Betsy , Scherrer Katie
Published: June 2019

We have all heard the phrase “play is a child’s work” but how can we convince parents that play should be a meaningful part of their child’s routine?Play, with its inclusion as one of the critical early literacy practices advocated by the Every Child Ready to Read (ECRR) initiative, may be the hardest sell of the five practices to parents, educators, and even administrators. It may be seen as optional or extra, something to be done after the child has spent time “learning” if there is time.
DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETENCES
Authors: BRAVO MACÍAS COLUMBA CONSUELO , SARMENTERO BON ILEANA , GOMEZ FIGUEROA OLGA , RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ YADAMY
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Management by competencies has been one of the most popular management philosophies in recent years, which has focused the attention of managers to keep the organization up to the demands of the environment. Managing organizational competencies is vital in current management systems; this does not escape Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) responsible for playing a decisive role in the production chain and marketing in the countries. The objective of this research is to develop a procedure for the determination of performance indicators associated with organizational competencies. Among the main results is the obtaining of a system of indicators for the evaluation of the performance of the organization associated with the competences contributing to the improvement of the same. Among the methods used are document review, direct observation, interview, surveys and the use of software such as SPSS and Expert Choice 9.

Keywords: Performance indicators, organizational skills, Small, and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
Biographical Introduction and Summary of Contents
Authors: Moss Kira
Published: June 2019

This file contains a biographical introduction on Sophus Tromholt (1851-1896) followed by a summary of contents of his book 'Catalog der in Norwegen bis Juni 1878 beobachteten Nordlichter' (published 1902).
Biographical Introduction and Summary of Contents
Authors: Moss Kira
Published: June 2019

This file contains a biographical introduction on Sophus Tromholt (1851-1896) followed by a summary of contents of his article 'Om Nordlysets Perioder / Sur les périodes de l'aurore boréale' (published 1882).
L'Aurore Boréale
Authors: Lemström Selim
Published: June 2019

For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Päivi Maria Pihlaja, pp. 6-10.
Historische Demonstration und Anmerckung über die Eigenschafften und Ursachen des so genandten Nord-Lichts
Authors: Spidberg Jens Christian , Kanold Johann
Published: June 2019

For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Per Pippin Aspaas, pp. 8-10.
New Methionine-based P-toluenesulphonamoyl Carboxamide Derivatives as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents: Design, Synthesis and Molecular Docking
Authors: Egbujor Melford Chuka , Okoro Uchechukwu Chris
Published: June 2019

Aim: The reported emergence of drug resistant microbes and the prevalence of oxidative stress related diseases prompted the need for the development of new antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The synthesis of methione-based sulphonamoyl carboxamides bearing aniline, pyridine and pyrimidine pharmacophores is reported.

Place and duration: Department of Industrial Chemistry, Renaissance University, Ugbawka, Enugu, 2018. 

Methodology: The p-toluenesulphonyl chloride reaction with methionine gave compound 3a which was acylated to afford compound 3b. Further chlorination and aminolysis of compound 3b gave the carboxamide (3c). Nickel catalysed reaction of the carboxamide with aryl/heteroaryl halides afforded compounds 3d-f in excellent yields. Characterization of compounds was done using H1-NMR, C13-NMR, FTIR and elemental analysis. Their antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and molecular docking were determined.

Results: Compounds 3a and 3e had the best antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 0.6 – 0.9mg/ml and the highest antioxidant percentage inhibition (93.53% and 93.28% at 200µg/ml respectively) comparable with ascorbic acid (96.83% at 200µg/ml) and also the best IC50 values of 1.031 and 1.051µg/ml.

The molecular docking study, revealed that compounds 3a (TPSA = 83.47 Å2) could permeate blood-brain barriers. Compound 3e (-11.14 kcal/mol) had a better in silico antibacterial activity than penicillin (-10.89 kcal/mol) while compound 3a (-14.90kcal/mol) had a better antioxidant activity than α-tocopherol (-14.82 kcal/mol).

Conclusion: All the synthesized compounds were confirmed to be likely drugs and potential antimicrobial and antioxidant, agents.
Introduction to the Energetics and Thermochemical Aspects of Polynitrogen Species
Authors: Slayden Suzanne W. , Greer Alexander , Liebman Joel F.
Published: June 2019

In this chapter, we present some known, established rules, regularities, and observations in the thermochemistry of nitrogen and its compounds. Comparison of the enthalpies of formation and bond strengths are a main focus of the discussion. We also present new patterns and regularities, making comparisons with related compounds of other elements as a way of introducing diverse classes of compounds. We also discuss the trivial names of acyclic and heterocyclic compounds containing multiple nitrogens and document species with nitrogen–nitrogen bonds that have been often ignored by the chemical community. Consequences of the weakness of the nitrogen–nitrogen single bonds are explicitly mentioned.
Speakers of World Englishes and Linguistic Identity and Investment
Authors: Johnson Rebekah J.
Published: June 2019

The term “World Englishes” (WE), popularized by Braj Kachru and Larry Smith in the 1970s and 1980s, refers to varieties of English around the world. The concept of WE is based on the pluralism of English, acknowledging non‐native users of English as valid users of the language. Norton Peirce proposed that a new model of motivation for learning languages would need to integrate power, identity, and language learning. She advocated using the term
investment
to examine how language learners have a “complex social identity and multiple desires” and later connected language and identity with the concept of
ownership
. She posits that language learners may not consider themselves legitimate speakers of English if they cannot claim ownership of the language and suggests that second language teachers need to help students find a voice and “claim the right to speak” when outside the classroom. Suresh Canagarajah proposes that we should be “pluralizing English” in the pedagogy of teaching academic writing by introducing students to a variety of texts in different World Englishes and teaching them to navigate among different codes and build their linguistic repertoire.
Teaching Pronunciation in Math Content Instruction
Authors: Tran Anh
Published: June 2019

Throughout the history of second‐language acquisition, teaching pronunciation has been given different emphases among some popular methods. Nowadays, Communicative Approach proponents embrace pronunciation teaching at both the segmental and suprasegmental levels. Teachers of English language learners have some guidelines they can use in designing their pronunciation teaching. The guidelines include the framework by Celce‐Murcia, Brinton, and Goodwin for a lesson of pronunciation instruction, the principles by Darcy, Ewert, and Lidster for a pronunciation curriculum, and the sheltered instruction model by Echevarria, Vogt, and Short. This entry covers a number of strategies that can be used for teaching pronunciation in math content instruction. These strategies have been designed for teaching English language learners. Teachers can still use or modify these strategies and apply them in teaching pronunciation.
Teaching Speaking in Science Content Instruction
Authors: Sehlaoui Abdelilah Salim
Published: June 2019

Teaching speaking in science is part of the content‐based instruction (CBI) approaches and models in language education. Various theories form the basis of such methodologies in language education today. Understanding the nature of speaking, the best teaching practices of this skill in the academic content area of science, the nature of the language of science, and its discourse characteristics are the foundation for a strong research‐based and pedagogical approach to teaching speaking in science content instruction.
Methanocalculus
Authors: Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Cayol Jean‐Luc , Ollivier Bernard
Published: June 2019

Me.tha.no.cal'cu.lus. N.L. neut. n.methanummethane; N.L. masc. n.calculuspebble; gravel; N.L. masc. n.Methanocalculusa methane‐producing pebble‐shaped bacterium.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobiales / Methanomicrobiales / Methanocalculaceae / Methanocalculus

The genusMethanocalculuscomprises six species with validly published names:Methanocalculus halotolerans, Methanocalculus pumilus, Methanocalculus taiwanensis,Methanocalculus chunghsingensis,Methanocalculus natronophilus, andMethanocalculus alkaliphilus. The members of the genusMethanocalculusbelong to theMethanocalculaceaefamily. They have less than 90% 16S ribosomal RNA sequence identity to their closest phylogenetic relatives,MethanoculleusandMethanocorpusculumspecies.Methanocalculusspp. use only hydrogen and formate as electron donors for producing methane and require acetate as a carbon source.

They are mesophilic and have aG+Ccontent in the DNA ranging from 50.2 to 55.0 mol%. Some species tolerate NaCl at a concentration of 125 g/l (e.g.,M. halotolerans). They inhabit a wide range of environments including extreme ones (e.g., saline oil reservoirs and soda lakes) as confirmed by culture‐dependent and ‐independent techniques. While mostMethanocalculusspp. are neutrophilic, two species,Methanocalculus natronophilusandM. alkaliphilus, are strictly alkaliphilic.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 50–55.

Type species:Methanocalculus halotoleransOllivier, Fardeau, Cayol, Magot, Patel, Prensier et al., 1998.
S
Electrode Materials
Authors: Li Feng
Published: June 2019

Lithium–sulfur battery is considered as one of the most promising candidates to replace conventional lithium‐ion battery as next‐generation secondary energy‐storage system due to its high theoretical specific capacity, high energy density, lost cost, and environment friendliness of sulfur. After several decades of research, lithium–sulfur battery has still not been able to be commercialized. The main challenges and obstacles include severe polysulfide redox shuttle effect, intrinsic electrical insulation of sulfur, and significant volume change of sulfur cathode material during the discharge/charge processes, which lead to the actual low specific capacity and cycling stability. Conductive host materials are required to form sulfur composite to be used as cathode for lithium–sulfur battery. This article begins with a basic introduction of the electrochemical principle of lithium–sulfur cell system. Different types of host materials are examined to address the aforementioned challenges facing lithium–sulfur battery in order to improve the actual specific capacity and cycling stability of the lithium–sulfur battery. These include nanocarbon materials, metal compound materials, conductive polymers, and combinations of them, that is, multicomponent host materials.
Sulfurtransferase
TtuA
Authors: Chen Minghao , Tanaka Yoshikazu
Published: June 2019

TtuA synthesizes 2‐thioribothymidine (s2T) at position 54 of tRNA of some thermophilic bacteria. The s2T is synthesized depending on an increase in temperature of the environment surrounding
Thermus thermophilus
. Inhibition of s2T synthesis causes a lack of the ability to grow at temperatures higher than 80 °C, suggesting that s2T is indispensable for survival in a high‐temperature environment. TtuA acts together with sulfur donor protein TtuB, which is a homolog protein of ubiquitin in eukaryotes. TtuB carries sulfur by substitution of its C‐terminal carboxylate group (–COOH) with a thiocarboxylate group (–COSH). An E1 homolog protein, TtuC, is responsible for converting TtuB‐COOH to TtuB‐COSH, and TtuA extracts the sulfur and eventually transfers it to the substrate tRNA. Notably, TtuB is not only the sulfur donor for TtuA but also a posttranslational modifier of TtuA. TtuB forms a covalent bond with TtuA. Furthermore, deletion of the gene for a homolog protein of deubiquitinating enzyme leads to the accumulation of TtuATtuB conjugation complex in
T. thermophilus
cells, suggesting an evolutionary relationship between 2‐thioribothymidine biosynthesis and the ubiquitin system.
Acetone Carboxylase
Authors: Alleman Alexander B , Prussia Gregory A , Mus Florence , Peters John W
Published: June 2019

Carboxylases incorporate CO2, or its hydrated form HCO3−, into organic substrates. Assimilatory carboxylases combine CO2to a diversity of carbon sources allowing for growth on intransigent, poorly activated organic compounds such as acetone. Acetone carboxylase catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate‐dependent carboxylation of acetone to acetoacetate. Acetone carboxylase undergoes a large conformational shift to allow phosphorylated intermediates, carboxyphosphate and phosphenolacetone to interact with the Mn bound active site. The coordinated Mn orients the intermediates for the carboncarbon bond formation producing acetoacetate. Biochemical, molecular, structural, and spectroscopic studies have shown how acetone carboxylase functions and gives clues on how this unique biotin‐independent carboxylation mechanism couples ATP hydrolysis to bicarbonate‐dependent carboxylation. This article highlights the body of biochemical, spectroscopic, and structural work leading to insights into the catalytic mechanism of acetone carboxylase.
NonhemeFe(II)‐ and 2‐Oxoglutarate‐Dependent Ethylene‐Forming Enzyme
Authors: Hausinger Robert P , Herr Caitlyn Q , Hu Jian
Published: June 2019

The ethylene‐forming enzyme (EFE) is a ferrous ion‐ andl‐arginine (l‐Arg)‐dependent oxygenase that cleaves three carbon–carbon bonds of 2‐oxoglutarate (2OG) as it forms ethylene plus three molecules of carbon dioxide/bicarbonate. The enzyme also catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 2OG (producing carbon dioxide and succinate) while hydroxylating the C5 position ofl‐Arg, with this intermediate species decomposing spontaneously to guanidine and L‐Δ‐1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate. This secondary reaction is typical of the hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by a broad range of Fe(II)/2OG‐dependent oxygenases, whereas the ethylene‐generating reaction is unprecedented. Genes encoding homologs of EFE are present in specific fungi and bacteria, and the protein is proposed to be a virulence factor in some plant pathogens. The EFE sequence and structure are clearly related to those of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxygenase, an Fe(II)‐ and dioxygen‐dependent ethylene‐forming enzyme that does not require or utilize 2OG. By contrast, the EFE sequence is not significantly related to three Fe(II)/2OG‐dependent oxygenases (VioC, NapI, and OrfP) that catalyze other reactions withl‐Arg (hydroxylation at C3, C4‐C5 desaturation, and C3,C4 dihydroxylation, respectively). The best characterized EFE is that fromPseudomonas syringaepv.phaseolicolastrain PK2. A visible absorption spectrum associated with the Fe(II)/2OG metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer transition of EFE·Fe(II)·2OG is less intense than for other members of this enzyme family; this result is explained by the predominantly monodentate metal coordination of 2OG as seen in the corresponding EFE·Mn(II)·2OG crystal structure. Binding ofl‐Arg leads to an intensification of the Fe(II)/2OG visible absorption spectrum and a shift to bidentate metal coordination. In EFE·Mn(II)·2OG, the metal is bound by one oxygen atom of the Asp191 carboxylate, but in EFE·Mn(II)·2OG,·l‐Arg this atom shifts to interact withl‐Arg and the other carboxylate oxygen atom binds the metal. A reorientation of Tyr192 accompaniesl‐Arg binding, forming a hydrogen bond between the phenol hydroxyl group and the amino acid. The carboxylate shift and the aromatic side chain reorientation lead to a twisted Asp191‐Tyr192 peptide bond. The environment of 2OG in EFE is more hydrophobic compared to other family members. In combination, the altered position of the metal‐binding carboxylate, the twisted peptide bond, and the hydrophobic environment surrounding 2OG may all contribute to the ability of EFE to catalyze ethylene formation.
Sequential Combination of Femtosecond Laser Ablation and Induced Micro/Nano Structures for Marking Units with High‐Recognition‐Rate
Authors: Sun Xiaoyun , Wang Wenjun , Mei Xuesong , Pan Aifei , Zhang Ju , Li Ming , Li Xun
Published: June 2019

This study reported the sequential combination of femtosecond laser ablation and induced micro/nano structures on the titanium alloy and nickel‐based alloy for laser marking. The preliminary optimization of processing parameters of laser ablation for the marking units is first carried out. The repetition frequency of 50 kHz, the pulse energy of 150 µJ, the scanning speed from 60 to 80 mm s−1, and the groove spacing from 10 to 20 µm are selected as the best processing parameters. Laser‐induced micro/nano structures with anti‐reflective properties are formed in the primary laser marking zone, which resulted in further improvement in the recognition rate of the markings. For the two alloys, the recognition rate of combined markings is higher than that of primary markings, because the reflectance of the combined markings is lower than that of the primary markings in the spectrum ranging from 380 to 1000 nm. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the phase constitution of the processed surface is basically consistent with that of the substrate. Moreover, the cracks and re‐cast are not observed under metallographic analysis. Therefore, the sequential combination of femtosecond laser ablation and induced micro/nano structures provides a new marking technology with high recognition rate and quality.
Metal Oxide Charge Transport Layers for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Shin Seong Sik , Lee Seon Joo , Seok Sang Il
Published: June 2019

Currently, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is ≈24%. For the fabrication of such high efficiency PSCs, it is necessary to use both electron and hole transport layers to effectively separate the charges generated by light absorption of the perovskite layer and selectively transfer the separated electrons and holes. In addition to the efficiency, the materials used for transporting charges must be resilient to light, heat, and moisture to ensure long‐term stability of PSCs; furthermore, low‐cost fabrication is required to form a charge transport layer at low temperatures by a solution process. For this purpose, metal oxides are best suited as charge transport materials for PSCs because of their advantages such as low cost, long‐term stability, and high efficiency. In this Review, the metal oxide electron and hole transport materials used in PSCs are reviewed and preparation of these materials is summarized. Finally, the challenges and future research direction for metal oxide‐based charge transport materials are described.
Organic Semiconductor/Polymer Blend Films for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Riera‐Galindo Sergi , Leonardi Francesca , Pfattner Raphael , Mas‐Torrent Marta
Published: June 2019

The development of low‐cost printed organic electronics entails the processing of active organic semiconductors (OSCs) through solution‐based techniques. However, the preparation of large‐area uniform and reproducible films based on OSC inks can be very challenging due to the low viscosity of their solutions, which causes dewetting problems, the low stability of OSC polymer solutions, or the difficulty in achieving appropriate crystal order. To circumvent this, a promising route is the use of blends of OSCs and insulating binding polymers. This approach typically gives rise to films with an enhanced crystallinity and organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) with significantly improved device performance. Recent progress in the fabrication of OFETs based on OSC/binding polymer inks is reviewed, highlighting the main morphological and structural features that play a major role in determining the final electrical properties and some future perspectives. Undoubtedly, the use of these types of blends results in more reliable and reproducible devices that can be fabricated on large areas and at low cost and, thus, this methodology brings great expectations for the implementation of OSCs in real‐world applications.
Sequentially Assembled Graphene Layers on Silicon, the Role of Uncertainty Principles in Graphene–Silicon Schottky Junctions
Authors: Javadi Mohammad , Noroozi AliAkbar , Mazaheri Ali , Abdi Yaser
Published: June 2019

Owing to the atomic thickness of graphene, the out‐of‐plane velocity of carriers is entangled with the thickness of graphene layer as well as the quasiparticle lifetime by means of the position–momentum and energy–time uncertainty principles. The out‐of‐plane velocity is vital for thermionic emission of carriers across the Schottky junction at graphene–silicon interface. In this report, the effect of graphene layer thickening on the electronic and optoelectronic processes is studied in hybrid graphene–silicon Schottky junctions. The thickness of graphene layer is systematically increased via sequentially assembling of chemical vapor deposited (CVD‐grown) graphene layers onto silicon. The assembled graphene layers are found to behave as structurally uncoupled layers leading to a universal scaling of in‐plane current with the number of assembled layers. The reverse saturation current of the graphene–silicon junctions strongly correlates with the number of assembled graphene layers indicating the critical influence of graphene layer thickness on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of graphene–silicon junctions. The experimental observations are quantitatively analyzed based on the uncertainty principles. The effect of graphene layer thickening on the concentration and diffusion length of excess photogenerated charge carriers in graphene is investigated through lateral photovoltage spectroscopy. This work sheds light on the fundamental role of uncertainty principles in the hybrid 2D/3D junctions.
Surface Pseudocapacitive Mechanism of Molybdenum Phosphide for High‐Energy and High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Jiang Yalong , Shen Yuanhao , Dong Jun , Tan Shuangshuang , Wei Qiulong , Xiong Fangyu , Li Qidong , Liao Xiaobin , Liu Ziang , An Qinyou , Mai Liqiang
Published: June 2019

Sodium‐based energy storage technologies are potential candidates for large‐scale grid applications owing to the earth abundance and low cost of sodium resources. Transition metal phosphides, e.g. MoP, are promising anode materials for sodium‐ion storage, while their detailed reaction mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Herein, the sodium‐ion storage mechanism of hexagonal MoP is systematically investigated through experimental characterizations, density functional theory calculations, and kinetics analysis. Briefly, it is found that the naturally covered surface amorphous molybdenum oxides layers on the MoP grains undergo a faradaic redox reaction during sodiation and desodiation, while the inner crystalline MoP remains unchanged. Remarkably, the MoP anode exhibits a pseudocapacitive‐dominated behavior, enabling the high‐rate sodium storage performance. By coupling the pseudocapacitive anode with a high‐rate‐battery‐type Na3V2O2(PO4)2F@rGO cathode, a novel sodium‐ion full cell delivers a high energy density of 157 Wh kg−1 at 97 W kg−1 and even 52 Wh kg−1 at 9316 W kg−1. These findings present the deep understanding of the sodium‐ion storage mechanism in hexagonal MoP and offer a potential route for the design of high‐rate sodium‐ion storage materials and devices.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Cope‐Type Hydroamination: Efficient Access to Five and Six‐Membered Cyclic Nitrones
Authors: Liu Mingzhu , Zhou Tingting , Zhang Mengru , Zhao Jinbo , Zhang Qian
Published: June 2019

Cyclic nitrones are an important class of functional molecules in organic synthesis and various other fields. However, their syntheses typically rely on stoichiometric transformations; catalytic versions are rare and highly substrate‐specific. Herein we defined the scope and limitation of PdII‐catalyzed Cope‐type hydroaminations of several types of ω‐alkenyl oximes en route to various 5‐ and 6‐membered cyclic nitrones. The study revealed the electronic requirement of the key migratory insertion step and paves the way for further developments of enantioselective processes and three‐component versions with an external trapping agent.
Determining overweight and underweight with a new weight‐for‐height index in captive group‐housed macaques
Authors: Sterck Elisabeth H. M. , Zijlmans Dian G. M. , de Vries Han , van den Berg Lisette M. , van Schaik Carel P. , Langermans Jan A. M.
Published: June 2019

Housing primates in naturalistic groups provides social benefits relative to solitary housing. However, food intake may vary across individuals, possibly resulting in overweight and underweight individuals. Information on relative adiposity (the amount of fat tissue relative to body weight) is needed to monitor overweight and underweight of group‐housed individuals. However, the upper and lower relative adiposity boundaries are currently only known for macaques living solitarily in small cages. We determined the best measure of relative adiposity and explored the boundaries of overweight and underweight to investigate their incidence in group‐housed adult male and female rhesus macaques and long‐tailed macaques living in spacious enclosures at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), the Netherlands. During yearly health checks different relative adiposity measures were obtained. For long‐tailed macaques, comparable data on founder and wild animals were also available. Weight‐for‐height indices (WHI) with height to the power of 3.0 (WHI3.0) for rhesus macaques and 2.7 (WHI2.7) for long‐tailed macaques were optimally independent of height and were highly correlated with other relative adiposity measures. The boundary for overweight was similar in group‐housed and solitary‐housed macaques. A lower boundary for underweight, based on 2% body fat similar to wild primates, gave a better estimate for underweight in group‐housed macaques. We propose that for captive group‐housed rhesus macaques relative adiposity should range between 42 and 67 (WHI3.0) and for long‐tailed macaques between 39 and 62 (WHI2.7). The majority of group‐housed macaques in this facility have a normal relative adiposity, a considerable proportion (17–23%) is overweight, and a few (0–3%) are underweight.
The gut microbiome and metabolome of saddleback tamarins (Leontocebus weddelli): Insights into the foraging ecology of a small‐bodied primate
Authors: Garber Paul A. , Mallott Elizabeth K. , Porter Leila M. , Gomez Andres
Published: June 2019

Body mass is a strong predictor of diet and nutritional requirements across a wide range of mammalian taxa. In the case of small‐bodied primates, because of their limited gut volume, rapid food passage rate, and high metabolic rate, they are hypothesized to maintain high digestive efficiency by exploiting foods rich in protein, fats, and readily available energy. However, our understanding of the dietary requirements of wild primates is limited because little is known concerning the contributions of their gut microbiome to the breakdown and assimilation of macronutrients and energy. To study how the gut microbiome contributes to the feeding ecology of a small‐bodied primate, we analyzed the fecal microbiome composition and metabolome of 22 wild saddleback tamarins (adult body mass 360–390 g) in Northern Bolivia. Samples were analyzed using high‐throughput Illumina sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene V3‐V5 regions, coupled with GC‐MS metabolomic profiling. Our analysis revealed that the distal microbiome of Leontocebus weddelli is largely dominated by two main bacterial genera: Xylanibacter and Hallella (34.7 ± 14.7 and 22.6 ± 12.4%, respectively). A predictive analysis of functions likely carried out by bacteria in the tamarin gut demonstrated the dominance of membrane transport systems and carbohydrate metabolism as the predominant metabolic pathways. Moreover, given a fecal metabolome composed mainly of glucose, fructose, and lactic acid (21.7 ± 15.9%, 16.5 ± 10.7%, and 6.8 ± 5.5%, respectively), the processing of highly fermentable carbohydrates appears to play a central role in the nutritional ecology of these small‐bodied primates. Finally, the results also show a potential influence of environmentally‐derived bacteria in colonizing the tamarin gut. These results indicate high energetic turnover in the distal gut of Weddell's saddleback tamarin, likely influenced by dominant bacterial taxa that facilitate dietary dependence on highly digestible carbohydrates present in nectar, plant exudates, and ripe fruits.
Life cycle analyses of alternative fibers for paper
Authors: Favero Alice , Thomas Valerie M. , Luettgen Christopher O.
Published: June 2019

This study provides a quantitative and qualitative review of life cycle analyses of alternative fibers for paper production. Alternative fibers include both virgin fibers from rapidly renewable sources (hemp, flax, Arundo donax, bamboo, kenaf) and agricultural residues (wheat straw and bagasse). A comparison is made with conventional wood fibers, including northern and southern softwood and eucalyptus, and with recycled fiber. The evaluation characterizes the major environmental impacts of alternative fibers that have been identified in previous studies. The assessment of the literature indicates that a substantial portion of the environmental impacts of paper products is associated with the pulping and paper‐making processes across all fiber types. Alternative fibers may have somewhat different pulping impacts, although the differences are generally not large in the overall impacts of the life cycle.
Nutrient Enhancement of Corn Distillers Dried Grains by Addition of Coproducts of the Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction Process of Soybeans in Corn Fermentation
Authors: Sekhon Jasreen K. , Rosentrater Kurt A. , Jung Stephanie , Wang Tong
Published: June 2019

Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are not nutritionally complete as a nonruminant ingredient owing to poor essential amino acid profile, and high fat and fiber contents. Coproducts of soybean enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction process, skim (wastewater) and insoluble fiber (IF; solid residue), and/or enzymes (pectinase, cellulase, and acid protease; referred to as PCF) were evaluated as distillers dried grains (DDG) nutritional quality enhancers in corn fermentation. Corn‐soy DDG had ~10% higher protein, ~3% lower fat, and ~2% lower fiber contents compared to corn DDG; fiber content was further reduced with PCF treatment (~4% total decrease). Concentrations of all essential amino acids in corn‐soy DDG showed at least a threefold increase, except for allo‐isoleucine and tryptophan, compared to corn DDG. Corn‐soy DDG had ~25% decrease in total fatty acid (TFA) and ~6% decrease in free fatty acid (FFA) contents compared to corn DDG; TFA and FFA contents further decreased with PCF treatment. Corn‐soy DDG had ~15%, 3%, and 1.7% lower hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin contents, respectively, compared to corn DDG; hemicellulose content further decreased with PCF treatment. Mineral composition of corn‐soy DDG was in the recommended range, except Na and S were out of range by 0.79% and 0.74%, respectively. All results, except for Na and S, suggest strong potential of using skim and IF as DDG nutritional quality enhancers.
Music discovery and revisiting behaviors of individuals with different preference characteristics: An experience sampling approach
Authors: Tang Muh‐Chyun , Jhang Pei‐Syuan
Published: June 2019

A mobile device‐enabled experience sampling study was conducted in which 44 participants answered questions about their music experiences 5 times a day for 2 weeks. Data regarding 4 aspects of their music‐related psychological traits—“music involvement,” “musical identity,” “preference diversity,” and “preference openness”—were also collected through a background questionnaire. A classification of music access modes was proposed based on the circumstances that lead to a music listening experience. A mixed regression analysis revealed several significant interaction effects between psychological traits and the mode of music access on music enjoyment. Foremost among these was a positive interaction effect between preference openness and the playing of a known track triggered by musical cues, and that between preference diversity and exposure to new music played by others. Individuals with a strong musical identity tended to enjoy music played of their own volition without any apparent triggers. Furthermore, a multimodal logistic regression analysis also revealed the relationships between these psychological traits and the likelihood of different music access modes. Preference diversity significantly increased the likelihood of music listening triggered by need arousal. The results support the proposition that users' music‐related psychological traits should be considered in personalized recommendation strategies.
Suspending Ion Electrocatalysts in Charged Metal–Organic Frameworks to Improve the Conductivity and Selectivity in Electroorganic Synthesis
Authors: Guo Wei‐Wei , Zhang Chi , Ye Ji‐Jie , Liu Zi‐Kun , Chen Kai , Wu Chuan‐De
Published: June 2019

Electroorganic synthesis is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional synthetic methods; however, the application of this strategy is heavily hindered by low product selectivity. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit high selectivity in numerous catalytic reactions; however, poor conductivity heavily limits the application of MOFs in electroorganic synthesis. To realize the electrocatalytic application of MOFs in selective electroorganic synthesis, a practically applicable strategy by suspending ion electrocatalysts in charged MOFs is herein reported. This approach could markedly improve the product selectivity in electroorganic synthesis. In the electrocatalytic oxidative self‐coupling of benzylamine experiments, the imine product selectivity is markedly improved from 61.3 to 94.9 %, when the MOF‐based electrocatalyst is used instead of the corresponding homogeneous electrocatalyst under the identical conditions. Therefore, this work opens a new route to improve the product selectivity in electroorganic synthesis.
Chemoselective Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Aminals Through the Umpolung Organocascade Reaction of α‐Imino Amides
Authors: Yoshida Yasushi , Omori Kazuki , Hiroshige Tomohiko , Mino Takashi , Sakamoto Masami
Published: June 2019

Chiral functionalized aminals are important core structures of natural products and pharmaceuticals. Their chemo‐ and regioselective catalytic, asymmetric synthesis has been realized through the umpolung reaction of α‐imino amides using a catalyst we originally developed. Functionalized aminals were prepared with high chemoselectivity by treating a hemiaminal intermediate with pyridine in butanol. Evaluation of substrate scope revealed that this transformation could be achieved with a wide range of α‐imino amides to produce the desired products in high yields with up to 97 % ee. A mechanistic study suggested that aminal formation proceeded through the ring opening/ring closing equilibrium of the hemiaminal skeleton.
Increased expression of ZNF 703 in breast cancer tissue: An opportunity for RNAi–NSAID combinatorial therapy
Authors: Marzbany Marzieh , Bishayee Anupam , Rasekhian Mahsa
Published: June 2019

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to exhibit antitumor activities. Among the very well‐known oncogenes in breast cancer is zinc finger protein 703 (ZNF703) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). Numerous reports indicate a direct link among apoptosis resistance, chemotherapy resistance, and increased expression of ZNF703. In the present study, the expression level of ZNF703 was compared in human breast cancer tissue, healthy breast tissue, and MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line by a real‐time PCR. We also investigated the inhibitory effect of anti‐ZNF703 RNAi interference (RNAi) and ibuprofen, either individually or in combination, on MCF‐7 cell survival and apoptosis. Results showed a 93.3% and fourfold increase in the expression of ZNF703 in breast cancer tissue and MCF‐7 cell line, respectively. Ibuprofen inhibited the viability of MCF‐7 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Ibuprofen alone or in combination with anti‐ZNF703 RNA reduced the expression of ZNF703, induced apoptosis, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated BAX and LC3A in MCF‐7 cells. Our results show that the combination of ibuprofen and anti‐ZNF703 siRNA is more effective in promoting apoptosis than each treatment alone. We report that the combination of anti‐ZNF703 RNAi with ibuprofen as the inhibitor of COX‐2 is highly effective in inhibiting MCF‐7 as a breast cancer cell line and shows therapeutic potential for breast cancer.
Optimization of defined medium for recombinant Komagataella phaffii expressing cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase
Authors: Zhang Jianguo , Zhao Yixin , Li Mengla , Liu Taiyu
Published: June 2019

The cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is an important enzyme for cyclodextrin (CD) production, and is also widely used in the biotechnology, food, and pharmaceuticals industries. Secretory CGTase production by recombinant Komagataella phaffii using defined medium is a promising approach because of low cost, less impurity protein. It was found that no CGTase was expressed using traditional defined medium (basal salt medium [BSM]) because of pH value decreasing significantly. CGTase was expressed by recombinant K. phaffii through pH maintenance in range of 5.5–7.0. β‐CGTase activity increased to 122.0 U/mL after optimization of glycerol, phosphate buffer, pH value, ammonium sulfate, temperature, methanol, and additives based on BSM, establishing a modified defined medium. These results showed that it was necessary to establish recombinant K. phaffii‐based special defined medium although the same host cell used for different heterologous protein expression.
Preclinical evaluation of an unconventional ruthenium‐gold‐based chemotherapeutic: RANCE‐1, in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Elie Benelita T. , Hubbard Karen , Pechenyy Yuriy , Layek Buddhadev , Prabha Swayam , Contel Maria
Published: June 2019

Background

There are few effective treatments for patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Recent findings indicate that ruthenium‐gold containing compounds exhibit significant antitumor efficacy against CCRCC in vitro affecting cell viability as well as angiogenesis and markers driving those 2 phenomena. However, no in vivo preclinical evaluation of this class of compounds has been reported.

Methods

Following the dose‐finding pharmacokinetic determination, NOD.CB17‐Prkdc SCID/J mice bearing xenograft CCRCC Caki‐1 tumors were treated in an intervention trial for 21 days at 10 mg/kg/72h of RANCE‐1. At the end of the trial, tumor samples were analyzed for histopathological and changes in protein expression levels were assessed.

Results

After 21 days of treatment there was no significant change in tumor size in the RANCE‐1‐treated mice as compared to the starting size (+3.87%) (P = 0.082) while the vehicle treated mice exhibited a significant tumor size increase (+138%) (P < 0.01). There were no signs of pathological complications as a result of treatment. Significant reduction in the expression of VEGF, PDGF, FGF, EGFR, and HGRF, all key to the proliferation of tumor cells and stromal cells serving protumorigenic purposes was observed.

Conclusions

The tumor growth inhibition displayed and favorable pathology profile of RANCE‐1 makes it a promising candidate for further evaluation toward clinical use for the treatment of advanced CCRCC.
Homogenous Meets Heterogenous and Electro‐Catalysis: Iron‐Nitrogen Molecular Complexes within Carbon Materials for Catalytic Applications
Authors: Li Alain , Nicolae Sabina A. , Qiao Mo , Preuss Kathrin , Szilágyi Petra A. , Moores Audrey , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena
Published: June 2019

High activity, selectivity and recyclability are crucial parameters in the design of performant catalysts. Furthermore, depletion of platinum‐group metals (PGM) drives further research towards highly available metal‐based catalysts. In this framework, iron‐based active sites supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon materials (Fe/N@C) have been explored to tackle important applications in organic chemistry, for both oxidation and reduction of C−O/C−N bonds, as well as in electrocatalysis for energy applications. This versatile reactivity makes them ideal substitutes to PGM‐based catalysts, being based on abundant elements. Despite important advances in material science and characterisation techniques allowing the analysis of heterogeneous/electro‐ catalysts at the atomic scale, the nature of the catalytically active sites in Fe/N@C remains elusive. Most recent theoretical studies point at individual FeNx single sites as the origin of the catalytic activity. Although their identification is still challenging with current technology, establishing their real nature will foster further research on these PGM‐free and redox‐polyvalent catalysts. In this review, we provide an overview of their applications in both thermal and electrochemical processes. Throughout the review, we highlight the different characterisation techniques employed to gain insight into the catalyst's active sites.
Silver‐Induced [3+2] Cycloaddition of Isocyanides with Acyl Chlorides: Regioselective Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted Oxazoles
Authors: Liu Jian‐Quan , Shen Xuanyu , Shatskiy Andrey , Zhou Enlong , Kärkäs Markus D. , Wang Xiang‐Shan
Published: June 2019

A silver‐induced cycloaddition of isocyanides with acyl chlorides has been developed. This transition metal‐catalyzed strategy provides an effective and scalable approach for the formation of 2,5‐disubstituted oxazoles in good to high yields. The employed silver‐based MOF catalyst can be efficiently recycled without compromising the yield.