bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quaternary Ocean Paleochemistry
Authors: BOYLE EDWARD A.
Published: August 2019

Data on Quaternary ocean paleochemistry has been expanded greatly during the past 4 years. Important new constraints on glacial deep ocean temperature and circulation patterns have been provided by the previously‐established paleochemical tracers δ18O, δ13C, and Cd/Ca in benthic foraminifera. These have been complemented by information on ocean ventilation rates, and placed in an improved chronological reference frame, by AMS studies of 14C in planktonic and benthic foraminifera. The 14C time scale has been calibrated by mass spectrometric measurements of 230Th in corals. The new radiometric techniques are also being used to re‐examine the accuracy of the late Quaternary time scale; the oceanic time scale may soon be linked to that of polar ice cores by AMS 14C ice‐core dating and studies of the δ18O of atmospheric oxygen. A new interpretation of 230Th in sediments offers the prospect of high resolution accumulation‐rate time series. Significant progress has been made in understanding oceanic factors that may cause reductions in atmospheric CO2 during ice ages, although it is not yet clear which if any of these factors dominates CO2 variability. A number of new geochemical paleoceanographic tracers have been developed and refined during the past 4 years, and high‐resolution study of oceanic paleochemical changes has been extended to the entire Pleistocene period for the first time.
Active tectonic studies in the United States, 1987–1990
Authors: Weldon Ray J.
Published: August 2019

The past four years of active tectonic studies have been characterized by a maturing of established techniques, increasing integration with related fields, the application of several powerful new techniques, and expansion into new regions. Active tectonic studies continue to be driven primarily by a need for geologic input into the assessment of earthquake hazards. This need has led to studies in regions of diverse geology and development of new techniques appropriate for those regions. Long‐established active tectonic techniques, applied to the highly active faults of California and the well‐preserved faults of the desert Southwest have not been as successfully applied to more diffuse, poorly exposed, or less active regions. There is a growing recognition that even in active regions much of the deformation is not manifested by large faults that break the surface of the earth, so new approaches to study these important active structures have been developed. The ongoing interdependence of seismic hazard evaluation and active tectonic studies has led to greater synthesis and comparison of results from different fields and the development of new techniques to integrate and test conclusions derived from related fields.
Maximum likelihood estimation with missing outcomes: From simplicity to complexity
Authors: Baker Stuart G.
Published: August 2019

Many clinical or prevention studies involve missing or censored outcomes. Maximum likelihood (ML) methods provide a conceptually straightforward approach to estimation when the outcome is partially missing. Methods of implementing ML methods range from the simple to the complex, depending on the type of data and the missing‐data mechanism. Simple ML methods for ignorable missing‐data mechanisms (when data are missing at random) include complete‐case analysis, complete‐case analysis with covariate adjustment, survival analysis with covariate adjustment, and analysis via propensity‐to‐be‐missing scores. More complex ML methods for ignorable missing‐data mechanisms include the analysis of longitudinal dropouts via a marginal model for continuous data or a conditional model for categorical data. A moderately complex ML method for categorical data with a saturated model and either ignorable or nonignorable missing‐data mechanisms is a perfect fit analysis, an algebraic method involving closed‐form estimates and variances. A complex and flexible ML method with categorical data and either ignorable or nonignorable missing‐data mechanisms is the method of composite linear models, a matrix method requiring specialized software. Except for the method of composite linear models, which can involve challenging matrix specifications, the implementation of these ML methods ranges in difficulty from easy to moderate.
Investigation of Thermolysis Products of Some N‐Arylthiophene‐2‐carboxamidoximes by Analytical and Spectroscopic Analyses
Authors: Gaber Abdel‐Aal M. , Aly Morsy M. M. , Mekhemer Islam M. A.
Published: August 2019

N‐arylthiophene‐2‐carboxamidoxime derivatives (a‐e) were synthesized by using two methods and then subjected to thermolysis at 200–250 °C for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere either alone or in the presence of tetralin and/or naphthalene as radical scavengers yielded imidazole, oxazole, triazine and amide derivatives. The pyrolysates from both reactions were separated with their constituents by column chromatography and analyzed then identified 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC‐MS. A plausible mechanism is suggested through two competitive pathways involving the homolysis of N‐O and/or C‐N bonds to account for the thermolysis products.
6π, 8π and 10π Six Membered Sulfur Nitrogen Compounds: A Comparative Study with Organic Analogues
Authors: De Susmita , Sadik Mohammad N. K. , Liya Susan
Published: August 2019

Benzene has played an important role in the development of the ideas concerning ′aromaticity′, as much as that benzene and its derivatives are the best examples of aromatic compounds. Although the inorganic aromatic compounds have been found to obey Hückel 4n+2 π electron rule, they often possess a different number of πe as compared to their organic analogues. One such system is cyclic compounds of S3N3, where 10 π aromatic S3N3− and 8π S3N3+ are known, but interestingly, a 6π benzene‐analogue of the sulfur‐nitrogen compound is not reported. Hence as a case study, we have undertaken an extensive theoretical investigation of the electronic structure of 6π, 8π and 10π electrons cyclic S3N33+, S3N3+ and S3N3−, based on the Energy Decomposition Analysis (EDA). We have also compared the results with isoelectronic classical C6H6, C6H62− and C6H64−. Our results indicated that the π‐contribution increases and the σ‐contribution decreases, while the contribution from the orbital interaction energy remains nearly similar upon addition of π electrons to C6H6 and S3N33+. However, the major decrease in the interaction energy is caused by the drastic reduction of the electrostatic component in C6H64− and S3N33+, which can be correlated to the instability of these molecules. Thus, aromatic binary compounds of sulfur and nitrogen are commonly π‐electron rich, while their aromatic hydrocarbon analogues are π‐electron precise.
EDISON‐DATA: A flexible and extensible platform for processing and analysis of computational science data
Authors: Ahn Sunil , Lee Jeongcheol , Kim Jaesung , Lee JongSuk R.
Published: August 2019

With the recent emergence of new paradigm, ie, open science and big data, the need for data sharing and collaboration is becoming important in the computational science field as well. The EDISON‐DATA platform aims to provide services that computational simulation data can easily published, preserved, shared, reused, discovered, and analyzed. First, this paper analyzed computational science platform‐related issues, obtained during the development of the EDISON‐DATA platform, regarding the sharing and reusing of the computational science data. These issues include data complexity, diversity, reliability, heterogeneity, etc. To solve the above issues and support data analysis in an efficient and integrated manner, this study proposes various ideas used in the EDISON‐DATA platform. First, we suggested an automated preprocessing framework to handle the complexity of computational science data. Second, to solve the diversity issue, we presented ways to develop preprocessing logic and data presentation logic customized for each data type. Third, to improve the reliability of computational science data, some quality control and provenance management techniques were presented. Fourth, we proposed a way to manage related data in groups. Fifth, to solve data heterogeneity problem and to analyze data in an integrated way, we let the preprocessing framework to use controlled vocabularies to express descriptive metadata. Lastly, we demonstrated feasibility and usability of the proposed ideas in this paper by presenting a case study of building a research portal service in the materials field based on the EDISON‐DATA platform.
More analytic bootstrap: nonperturbative effects and fermions
Authors: Albayrak Soner , Meltzer David , Poland David
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We develop the analytic bootstrap in several directions. First, we discuss the appearance of nonperturbative effects in the Lorentzian inversion formula, which are exponentially suppressed at large spin but important at finite spin. We show that these effects are important for precision applications of the analytic bootstrap in the context of the 3d Ising and O(2) models. In the former they allow us to reproduce the spin-2 stress tensor with error at the 10−5 level while in the latter requiring that we reproduce the stress tensor allows us to predict the coupling to the leading charge-2 operator. We also extend perturbative calculations in the lightcone bootstrap to fermion 4-point functions in 3d, predicting the leading and subleading asymptotic behavior for the double-twist operators built out of two fermions.
Appraisal Accuracy and Automated Valuation Models in Rural Areas
Authors: Bogin Alexander N. , Shui Jessica
Published: August 2019

Accurate and unbiased property value estimates are essential to credit risk management. Along with loan amount, they determine a mortgage’s loan-to-value ratio, which captures the degree of homeowner equity and is a key determinant of borrower credit risk. For home purchases, lenders generally require an independent appraisal, which, in addition to a home’s sales price, is used to calculate a value for the underlying collateral. A number of empirical studies have shown that property appraisals tend to be biased upwards, and over 90 percent of the time, either confirm or exceed the associated contract price. Our data suggest that appraisal bias is particularly pervasive in rural areas where over 25 percent of rural properties are appraised at more than five percent above contract price. Given this significant upward bias, we examine a host of alternate valuation techniques to more accurately estimate rural property values.
Focused transcranial ultrasound for treatment of neurodegenerative dementia
Authors: Nicodemus Natalie Eleanor , Becerra Sergio , Kuhn Taylor P. , Packham Hannah R. , Duncan John , Mahdavi Kennedy , Iovine Jessica , Kesari Santosh , Pereles Scott , Whitney Mike , Mamoun Michael , Franc Daniel , Bystritsky Alexander , Jordan Sheldon
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Preclinical studies support investigation of focused ultrasound for breakdown of cerebral pathologies in neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods

A focused transcranial Doppler device with probes (2 MHz, 520 mW/cm2) affixed bilaterally was used to target the hippocampus (AD) or substantia nigra (PD) with functional magnetic resonance imaging navigation for enhanced plaque removal. A total of 22 patients (n = 11 AD, n = 11 PD) underwent 8 consecutive, weekly, 1‐hour treatments wherein sleep was encouraged naturally or pharmacologically. Cognitive and motor functioning assessment was carried out using standardized evaluations at baseline and conclusion.

Results

Of all, 62.5% of patients had one or more improved cognitive scores without data incongruence, 87% had stable or improved fine motor scores, and 87.5% had stable or improved gross motor scores. No adverse events were reported.

Discussion

The safety of focused transcranial Doppler and possible enhancement in patient functioning were suggested by outcome data.
Multisensory Interactions in the Real World
Authors: Soto-Faraco Salvador , Kvasova Daria , Biau Emmanuel , Ikumi Nara , Ruzzoli Manuela , Morís-Fernández Luis , Torralba Mireia
Published: August 2019

The interactions between the senses are essential for cognitive functions such as perception, attention, and action planning. Past research helped understanding of multisensory processes in the laboratory. Yet, the efforts to extrapolate these findings to the real-world are scarce. Extrapolation to real-world contexts is important for practical and theoretical reasons. Multisensory phenomena might be expressed differently in real-world settings compared to simpler laboratory situations. Some effects might become stronger, others may disappear, and new outcomes could be discovered. This Element discusses research that uncovers multisensory interactions under complex environments, with an emphasis on the interplay of multisensory mechanisms with other processes.
Poo Power: Revisiting Biogas Generation Potential on Dairy Farms in Texas
Authors: Benavidez Justin R. , Thayer Anastasia W. , Anderson David P.
Published: August 2019

Biogas created from anaerobic digestion on dairy farms can be used to generate electricity, produce coproducts, and reduce reliance on off-farm inputs. We incorporate risk into simulation models representing dairy farms in Texas and demonstrate the profitability of new anaerobic digester installation. Based on this market, results indicate projects that have low investment costs, receive grant support for construction, utilize coproducts, or have some combination of these factors have higher net present value at the end of the study period; however, even with generous grant support and high electricity prices, projects with average investment costs remain unprofitable.
Diffusiophoresis, Batchelor scale and effective Péclet numbers
Authors: Raynal Florence , Volk Romain
Published: August 2019

We study the joint mixing of colloids and salt released together in a stagnation point or in a globally chaotic flow. In the presence of salt inhomogeneities, the mixing time is strongly modified depending on the sign of the diffusiophoretic coefficient $D_{dp}$. Mixing is delayed when $D_{dp}>0$ (salt-attracting configuration), or faster when $D_{dp}<0$ (salt-repelling configuration). In both configurations, as for molecular diffusion alone, large scales are barely affected in the dilating direction while the Batchelor scale for the colloids, $\ell _{c,diff}$, is strongly modified by diffusiophoresis. We propose here to measure a global effect of diffusiophoresis in the mixing process through an effective Péclet number built on this modified Batchelor scale. Whilst this small scale is obtained analytically for the stagnation point, in the case of chaotic advection, we derive it using the equation of gradients of concentration, following Raynal & Gence (Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 40 (14), 1997, pp. 3267–3273). Comparing to numerical simulations, we show that the mixing time can be predicted by using the same function as in absence of salt, but as a function of the effective Péclet numbers computed for each configuration. The approach is shown to be valid when the ratio $D_{dp}^{2}/D_{s}D_{c}\gg 1$, where $D_{c}$ and $D_{s}$ are the diffusivities of the colloids and salt.
Influence of Film-Cooling Hole Arrangement on Mechanical Properties of Cooled Turbine Blade Based on the Crystal Plastic Theory
Authors: Lian Y. , Xu Z. , Pei H. , Liang C. , Zhang Y. , Wen Z. , Yue Z.
Published: August 2019

The crystal plastic theory was used to examine the effect of film-cooling hole arrangements on mechanical properties of cooled turbine blade. The finite element method was used to analyze the maximum von Mises stress and resolved shear stress of an octahedral slip system considering the number of rows, diameter, spacing, and tangential-to-longitudinal hole spacing (h/l) ratio. The different arrangements were found to have a significant influence on the maximum von Mises stress and resolved shear stress. For the triangular arrangement, the von Mises stress and resolved shear stress were highest with double rows, followed by a single row and then triple rows. For the quadrilateral arrangement, the stresses were highest with double rows, followed by triple rows and then a single row. Increasing the spacing or decreasing the diameter reduced the maximum von Mises stress and weakened the multi-hole interference effect. Both the maximum von Mises stress and resolved shear stress decreased with the h/l ratio.
Policies as species
Authors: Mosier Samantha L.
Published: August 2019

This article proposes equating policies as species to develop a better understanding of how policies emerge, change, and diffuse across policymaking environments. Scholars have long shown an interest in understanding policy change and reinvention, whether incremental or nonincremental. The two subfields of public policy that can answerhowandwhypolicies change are not unified, leading to difficulty in comprehensively assessing policy emergence and change. The policy species concept bridges knowledgeofthe policy process and knowledgeinthe policy process by creating an operationalized definition of public policy and suggesting a process for classifying policies to observe subsequent behavior. Drawing from the field of biology, the policy species framework outlines how policies possess genotypes and phenotypes, which dictate what a policy is and how it can change. In tracing genotypic and phenetic change over time, policy evolution and change is more easily discernible. In turn, a more precise picture of how policies function is painted.
Doped and disclosed
Authors: Makarychev Andrey , Medvedev Sergey
Published: August 2019

In this article, we scrutinize a policy area in which the Russian government has had to react to negative publicity in the last few years, namely, the doping scandal surrounding the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. This scandal uncovered important aspects of Russia’s vulnerability in the global sports milieu, yet so far, it has remained almost unnoticed in the literature on mega sports events in Russia. Our analysis is premised on the convergence of two types and techniques of control and regulation: anatomopolitics, which presupposes, in Michel Foucault’s interpretation of the term, measures of control over individual bodies, and biopolitics, which refers to policy practices that target and concern the entire population. Their conflation in the Russian context results in a controversial effect: it strengthens relations of hegemony yet also exposes the sovereign power to the regulations of global sports organizations.
ReducedTrichomonas vaginalisviability in mice pretreated with parasite DNA
Authors: Barajas-Mendiola Marco Antonio , Castellano Laura E. , Barrios-Rodiles Miriam , Deveze-Alvarez Martha A. , Avila Eva E. , Cuéllar-Mata Patricia
Published: August 2019

Trichomonas vaginalisis an extracellular parasite that colonizes the human urogenital tract leading to trichomoniasis, the most common sexually-transmitted non-viral disease worldwide. The immune response plays a critical role in the host defense against this parasite. Trichomonas' DNA contains unmethylated CpG motifs (CpGDNA) that in other microorganisms act as modulators of the immune response. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for CpGDNA immune modulation are still unclear. As macrophages participate in the first line of defense against infection, we investigated the type of immune response of murine macrophages toT. vaginalisDNA (TvDNA). We observed high expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12p40 in macrophages stimulated withTvDNA. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory response, assessed by IL-10 and IL-13 mRNA expression was delayed. This suggests that the immune response induced byTvDNA is modulated through cytokine production, mediated partly by NADPH-oxidase activity, asTvDNA induced reactive species of oxygen production and a rounded morphology in macrophages indicative of an M1 phenotype. Furthermore, infected mice pretreated withTvDNA displayed persistent vulvar inflammation and decreased parasite viability consistent with higher proinflammatory cytokine levels during infection compared to untreated mice. Overall, our findings suggest thatTvDNA pretreatment modulates the immune response favouring parasite elimination.
Between Apprenticeship and Skill: Acquiring Knowledge outside the Academy in Early Modern England
Authors: Wallis Patrick
Published: August 2019

Argument

Apprenticeship was probably the largest mode of organized learning in early modern European societies, and artisan practitioners commonly began as apprentices. Yet little is known about how youths actually gained skills. I develop a model of vocational pedagogy that accounts for the characteristics of apprenticeship and use a range of legal and autobiographical sources to examine the contribution of different forms of training in England. Apprenticeship emerges as a relatively narrow channel, in which the master’s contribution to training was weakly defined and executed conservatively. The creation of complementary channels of formal instruction was constrained by cost and coordination problems. When we consider a range of British youths who obtained advanced skills as artisan practitioners (and engaged in invention or pursued natural philosophical interests), we see the importance of individual agency over institutional structures. For these youths, training could involve rejecting apprenticeship, engaging in periods of advanced study, including time in multiple workshops after the end of apprenticeship, and parallel campaigns to access scarce books and communities of scholarship.
Mediated education in early modern travel stories: How travel stories contribute to children’s empirical learning
Authors: Dietz Feike
Published: August 2019

Argument

Linking up with recent studies on the experience of space and place in modern youth literature, this article analyzes how the “journey” as a narrative line and motif transformed Dutch early modern travel books
for children from classical teaching instruments into explorative knowledge places. In the popular seventeenth-century Glorious and Fortunate Journey to the Holy Land, young readers were invited to travel within the book, which was presented as a place that covers material pages to observe as well as imagined places to read about. Eighteenth-century travel books, for example written by Joachim Heinrich Campe, shifted from an inner to an empirical mode of travelling. They raised the suggestion that they offered unmediated observations and travel experiences, as if reading about places was equal to seeing places. Since travel literature facilitated active knowledge quisition among youngsters, but also left little room for autonomous innovations or different interpretations, this article reveals the emancipatory as well as restrictive character of such places of learning. By turning reading into a kind of travelling, travel books served as a substitute for travel.
Kantian Non-Evidentialism and its German Antecedents: Crusius, Meier and Basedow
Authors: Chance Brian A.
Published: August 2019

This article aims to highlight the extent to which Kant’s account of belief draws on the views of his contemporaries. Situating the non-evidentialist features of Crusius’ account of belief within his broader account, I argue that they include antecedents to both Kant’s distinction between pragmatic and moral belief and his conception of a postulate of pure practical reason. While moving us closer to Kant’s arguments for the first postulate, however, both Crusius’ and Meier’s arguments for the immortality of the soul fail to anticipate the most important aspect of their Kantian counterparts. Developing the non-evidentialist features of Basedow’s account of belief, I distinguish it from its Pascalian and Jamesian relatives and argue that it is the clearest antecedent to Kant’s arguments for the first and second postulates. Finally, I consider the development of Kant’s account of belief after the firstCritiqueand discuss the broader implications of my analysis.
Caffeinated Solutions as Neoliberal Politics: How Celebrities Create and Promote Partnerships for Peace and Development
Authors: Budabin Alexandra Cosima
Published: August 2019

How do celebrities exert power to influence elite and popular thinking and policy around peace and development? Drawing from research on neoliberalism, celebrities, and ethical consumption, I build an interpretive analysis of two case studies of Brand Aid initiatives to argue first, that celebrities mobilize financial and political capital to create partnerships across businesses, NGOs, and the government in ways that embody neoliberal politics by ushering in new private actors; and second, that celebrities reinforce these neoliberal politics by promoting these partnerships to popular and elite audiences. I discuss how this paper contributes to unmasking neoliberal trends by showing how celebrities are deepening their engagement in ways that hold implications for democratic politics.
The Oslo University Adolescent and Young Adult Twin Project: Recruitment and Attrition
Authors: Torgersen Svenn , Waaktaar Trine
Published: August 2019

The Oslo University Adolescent and Young Adult Twin Project started in 2006 with the first of three questionnaire data collection waves, 2 years apart. All twins from the birth cohorts 1988–1994 were invited to participate, and both the twins and their parents were asked to sign consent forms. The twins were 12–18 years old at Wave 1, at which time parents were asked to complete similar questionnaires. The parents’ questionnaire enquired about the parents’ ratings of their twin’s traits. In addition, the parents answered questions regarding their own education, demographics and socioeconomic situation. When the twins were 18 years old, they were invited to a face-to-face interview and two new questionnaires were presented. The questionnaires for the waves included a number of personality scales, internalization and externalization traits, affective and behavioral problems, as well as measures of environment and coping. The most common DSM-IV mental disorders and all personality disorders were covered in the interview. Zygosity was established both by questionnaire and gene markers. The original sample consisted of 5374 twin families, and among these, 4668 pairs were alive and living in Norway. Of these, 2486 families (53.3%) consented to participate. Of these, again 1538 twin families (61.9%) actually participated in at least one wave and twins from 1422 pairs (57.3%) participated in the interview. Female gender, but not zygosity, predicted staying in the project. Moreover, having a planning, structured personality (being more conscientious, open to experience [i.e., curious and interested in learning], having higher resilience and better school habits) increased the chance of carrying on in the project. Interestingly, the attrition did not seem to bias the heritability estimates.
Chemical termination of cover crop rapeseed
Authors: Askew M. Carter , Cahoon Charles W. , Flessner Michael L. , VanGessel Mark J. , Langston David B. , Ferebee J. Harrison
Published: August 2019

Rapeseed is a popular cover crop choice due to its deep-growing taproot, which creates soil macropores and increases water infiltration. Brassicaceae spp. that are mature or at later growth stages can be troublesome to control. Experiments were conducted in Delaware and Virginia to evaluate herbicides for terminating rapeseed cover crops. Two separate experiments, adjacent to each other, were established to evaluate rapeseed termination by 14 herbicide treatments at two timings. Termination timings included an early and late termination to simulate rapeseed termination prior to planting corn and soybean, respectively, for the region. At three locations where rapeseed height averaged 12 cm at early termination and 52 cm at late termination, glyphosate + 2,4-D was most effective, controlling rapeseed 96% 28 d after early termination (DAET). Paraquat + atrazine + mesotrione (92%), glyphosate + saflufenacil (91%), glyphosate + dicamba (91%), and glyphosate (86%) all provided at least 80% control 28 DAET. Rapeseed biomass followed a similar trend. Paraquat + 2,4-D (85%), glyphosate + 2,4-D (82%), and paraquat + atrazine + mesotrione (81%) were the only treatments that provided at least 80% control 28 d after late termination (DALT). Herbicide efficacy was less at Painter in 2017, where rapeseed height was 41 cm at early termination, and 107 cm at late termination. No herbicide treatments controlled rapeseed >80% 28 DAET or 28 DALT at this location. Herbicide termination of rapeseed is best when the plant is small; termination of large rapeseed plants may require mechanical of other methods beyond herbicides.
Numerical Simulation of the Formation of a Large Lower Positive Charge Center in a Tibetan Plateau Thunderstorm
Authors: Wang Fei , Deng Xiaohua , Zhang Yijun , Li Yajun , Zhang Guangshu , Xu Liangtao , Zheng Dong
Published: August 2019

Numerical modeling is applied to elucidate the formation mechanism of the large lower positive charge centers (LPCCs) observed during thunderstorms over the Tibetan Plateau based on the simulation of a storm at the northeastern boundary of the plateau. Four sensitivity tests were carried out to explore the impacts of inductive charging, reversal temperature, and the choice of noninductive charging scheme. The results show that the unique environmental conditions of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, which include weak convection and low freezing level, are fundamental to the formation of large LPCC. A weakened charge density in the upper positive charge center highlights the role of a LPCC in lightning initiation although the charge density of the LPCC has no obvious change compared to that in the LPCC of the typical tripole structure. This accounts for Tibetan Plateau thunderstorms having low frequencies of lightning flashes, which occur mainly in the lower dipole. Inductive electrification, which provided more than 50% of the positive charge on graupel and increased the positive and negative charge on cloud drops by 2 orders of magnitude, is an important complement to the lower dipole of the tripole charge structure originally established by noninductive electrification. The inductive electrification also evidently enhances the LPCC and the middle negative charge center while slightly reducing the upper positive charge center. Subsequently, the lightning activity is strengthened, and lightning flashes are more likely to be initiated at the lower dipole. Varying the reversal temperatures and noninductive charging scheme does not fundamentally affect the formation of the LPCC.
Sensitivity of Summer Precipitation Simulation to Microphysics Parameterization Over Eastern China: Convection‐Permitting Regional Climate Simulation
Authors: Guo Ziyue , Fang Juan , Sun Xuguang , Yang Yi , Tang Jianping
Published: August 2019

With a six‐year (2009–2014) summer climate simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model at convection‐permitting resolution (4‐km grid spacing), the effects of microphysics parameterization (MP) schemes on precipitation characteristics are investigated in this study. The convection‐permitting simulations employ three popular MP schemes, namely, Lin (single‐moment bulk MP), Weather Research and Forecasting Single‐Moment 5‐class (one‐moment and mixed‐phased MP), and Thompson (two‐moment and mixed‐phase MP) scheme. By evaluating the simulations against the CMORPH, rain gauge (Station), and ERA‐Interim data, it is found that the convection‐permitting model reproduce well the summer precipitation amount and the associated large‐scale atmospheric circulations, which are insensitive to the choice of MP schemes. The simulations with three MP schemes overestimate the precipitation amount, especially over the Yangtze‐Huaihe River Valley. The overestimations may be due to the systematic biases, and cannot be significantly reduced by using different MP schemes. Moreover, all simulations capture well the major features of precipitation diurnal variations and their transition characteristics, but they significantly overestimate the precipitation frequency while underestimate the precipitation intensity. The analysis on the microphysical hydrometeors shows that the model‐simulated precipitation amount is considerably affected by the vertical profiles of solid hydrometeors, especially the snow and graupel particles. The Thompson scheme creates more snow particles and less graupel than the other schemes, while produces the least precipitation amount that best matches the CMORPH.
Novel missense variants in the RNF213 gene from a European family with Moyamoya disease
Authors: Gagunashvili Andrey N. , Ocaka Louise , Kelberman Daniel , Munot Pinki , Bacchelli Chiara , Beales Philip L. , Ganesan Vijeya
Published: August 2019

In this report, we present a European family with six individuals affected with Moyamoya disease (MMD). We detected two novel missense variants in the Moyamoya susceptibility gene RNF213, c.12553A>G (p.(Lys4185Glu)) and c.12562G>A (p.(Ala4188Thr)). Cosegregation of the variants with MMD, as well as a previous report of a variant affecting the same amino acid residue in unrelated MMD patients, supports the role of RNF213 in the pathogenesis of MMD.
Retrieval of spatial representation on network level in hippocampal CA3 accompanied by overexpression and mixture of stored network patterns
Authors: Zitricky Frantisek , Jezek Karel
Published: August 2019

Retrieval of stored network activity pattern has been shown as a competitive transition from one attractor state to another, orchestrated by local theta oscillation. However, the fine nature of this process that is considered as substrate of memory recall is not clear. We found that hippocampal network recall is characterized by hyperactivity in the CA3 place cell population, associated with an “overexpression” of the retrieved network pattern. The overexpression was based on recruitment of cells from the same (recalled) spatial representation with low expected firing probability at the given position. We propose that increased place cell activation during state transitions might facilitate pattern completion towards the retrieved network state and stabilize its expression in the network. Furthermore, we observed frequent mixing of both activity patterns at the temporal level of a single theta cycle. On a sub-theta cycle scale, we found signs of segregation that might correspond to a gamma oscillation patterning, as well as occasional mixing at intervals of less than 5 milliseconds. Such short timescale coactivity might induce plasticity mechanisms, leading to associations across the two originally decorrelated network activity states.
Radio-selective effects of a natural occurring muscle-derived dipeptide in A549 and normal cell lines
Authors: Ybarra Norma , Seuntjens Jan
Published: August 2019

Radiotherapy (RT) causes morbidity and long-term side effects. A challenge in RT is to maximize cancer cells killing while minimizing damage to normal tissue. The ideal radio-protector selectively improves survival and limits damage to normal tissues while reducing survival of cancer cells. Muscle-derived dipeptide, L-carnosine (CAR) is a potent antioxidant, with radio-protective, but also anticancer properties, affecting the cell cycle of cancer cells. We tested CAR effects in lung cancer cells, differentiated and undifferentiated normal cells. We hypothesized that CAR antioxidant properties will confer protection to the two normal cell lines against RT, while preventing lung cancer cell proliferation, and that CAR may act as a radiosensitizer of lung cancer cells due to its effects on cell-cycle progression of cancer cells. Under the experimental conditions reported here, we found that CAR increased radio-sensitivity of lung (A549) cancer cells by increasing the percentage of cells in G2/M (radiosensitive) phase of cell cycle, it negatively affected their bioenergetics, therefore reduced their viability, and DNA-double strand break repair capacity. CAR had either no effect or reduced RT-induced damage in normal cells, depending on the cell type. CAR is a versatile natural occurring compound, that could improve RT-induced lung cancer cells killing, while reducing the damage to normal differentiated and undifferentiated cells.
Black pearl carbon as a catalyst for all-vanadium redox flow batteries
Authors: Sodiq Ahmed , Mohapatra Lagnamayee , Fasmin Fathima , Mariyam Sabah , Arunachalam Muthumeenal , Kheireddine Aziz , Zaffou Rachid , Merzougui Belabbes
Published: August 2019

We report for the first time, the performance of black pearl (BP) carbon as an electrocatalyst in all-vanadium redox-flow-batteries.
Fluorescence of a chiral pentaphene derivative derived from the hexabenzocoronene Motif
Authors: Rietsch Philipp , Soyka Jan , Brülls Steffen , Er Jasmin , Hoffmann Katrin , Beerhues Julia , Sarkar Biprajit , Resch-Genger Ute , Eigler Siegfried
Published: August 2019

A new fluorescent pentaphene derivative is presented that differs from hexabenzocoronene (HBC) by one carbon atom in the basal plane skeleton.
Role of well-defined cobalt crystal facets in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: a combination of experimental and theoretical studies
Authors: Nie Lei , Li Zhe , Kuang Ting , Lyu Shuai , Liu Sixu , Zhang Yuhua , Peng Bo , Li Jinlin , Wang Li
Published: August 2019

Pure-phase cobalt nanocrystals with well-defined specific exposed facets were synthesized via controllable reduction of their CoO counterparts while retaining the same scale of particle size.
Cucurbit[n]uril-based amphiphiles that self-assemble into functional nanomaterials for therapeutics
Authors: Park Kyeng Min , Hur Moon Young , Ghosh Suman Kr , Boraste Deepak Ramdas , Kim Sungwan , Kim Kimoon
Published: August 2019

In this feature article, the two types (molecular amphiphile and supramolecular amphiphile) of CB-based amphiphiles, their self-assemblies and their applications for useful nanotherapeutics and theranostics are presented with future perspectives.
Fluorescent chemosensing for aromatic compounds by a supramolecular complex composed of tin(iv) porphyrin, viologen, and cucurbit[8]uril
Authors: Shee Nirmal Kumar , Kim Min Kyoung , Kim Hee-Joon
Published: August 2019

We report a supramolecular system with tin(iv) porphyrin, viologen, and cucurbit[8]uril, which is capable of fluorescent chemosensing for aromatic compounds.
Exploration of HIV-1 fusion peptide–antibody VRC34.01 binding reveals fundamental neutralization sites
Authors: Feng Mei , Bell David R. , Kang Hongsuk , Shao Qiwen , Zhou Ruhong
Published: August 2019

VRC34.01 antibody binding to a vulnerable site of HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env), the gp41 fusion peptide, renders robust HIV neutralization, but several critical mutations decrease binding affinity and result in unbinding.
Stimuli-responsive anisotropic actuation of melem-formaldehyde polymer
Authors: Wang Yang , Wu Niannian , Liu Congyan , Albolkany Mohamed K. , Wang Min , Wang Yan , Arooj Syeda , Zhang Wenhua , Liu Bo
Published: August 2019

The intrinsically anisotropic melem-formaldehyde polymer that is constructed from a self-assembly process enables reversible anisotropic actuation under external stimuli.
Dual-emitting zein-protected gold nanoclusters for ratiometric fluorescence detection of Hg2+/Ag+ ions in both aqueous solution and self-assembled protein film
Authors: Duan Bohui , Wang Min , Li Yue , Jiang Shan , Liu Yanmei , Huang Zhenzhen
Published: August 2019

An abundant plant-sourced protein, zein, is used to prepare fluorescent Au nanoclusters as a promising alternative to animal/microorganism proteins.
Effects of the fabrication strategy on the catalytic performances of Co–Ni bimetal ordered mesoporous catalysts toward CO2 methanation
Authors: Xu Leilei , Cui Yan , Chen Mindong , Lian Xinbo , Yang Bo , Wu Cai-e , Wang Fagen
Published: August 2019

The interfacial effect between metallic Co and Ni active centers can greatly affect their catalytic performances toward CO2 methanation.
Correction: Extremely high tensile strength and superior thermal conductivity of an sp3-hybridized superhard C24 fullerene crystal
Authors: Cai Yingxiang , Kang Shuangyu , Xu Xuechun
Published: August 2019

Correction for ‘Extremely high tensile strength and superior thermal conductivity of an sp3-hybridized superhard C24 fullerene crystal’ by Yingxiang Cai et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 3426–3431.
Seeking to uncover biology's chemical roots
Authors: Pross Addy
Published: August 2019

Despite the considerable advances in molecular biology over the past several decades, the nature of the physical–chemical process by which inanimate matter become transformed into simplest life remains elusive. In this review, we describe recent advances in a relatively new area of chemistry, systems chemistry, which attempts to uncover the physical–chemical principles underlying that remarkable transformation. A significant development has been the discovery that within the space of chemical potentiality there exists a largely unexplored kinetic domain which could be termed dynamic kinetic chemistry. Our analysis suggests that all biological systems and associated sub-systems belong to this distinct domain, thereby facilitating the placement of biological systems within a coherent physical/chemical framework. That discovery offers new insights into the origin of life process, as well as opening the door toward the preparation of active materials able to self-heal, adapt to environmental changes, even communicate, mimicking what transpires routinely in the biological world. The road to simplest proto-life appears to be opening up.
Evaluation of the feasibility of intrapancreatic delivery of drug-loaded microparticles via EUS-guided fine needle injection using a swine model
Authors: Caceres Jennifer , Munoz-Sagastibelza Maria , Hossian A. K. M. Nawshad , Paredes Jenny , Barrera Kaylene , Mattheolabakis George , Martello Laura A. , Vignesh Shivakumar
Published: August 2019

Background and study aims Patients with pancreatic cancer often have locally advanced or metastatic disease and are not candidates for curative surgery. Polymer-based microparticles (MPs) represent a drug delivery system that offers sustained release of a chemotherapeutic drug after intralesional injection for local tumor management. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle injection (EUS-FNI) of drug-loaded MPs tagged with a fluorophore and fiducial markers for locating the injection site. Secondary aims were to determine the tissue-specific effects of MPs.

Methods Five pigs underwent EUS with selection of an injection site within the pancreas that was marked by placing fiducial markers prior to the MPs injection. EUS-FNI of either blank microparticles (BMPs), containing no drug, or gemcitabine-loaded microparticles (GMPs) was performed. A saline flush containing Spot Endoscopic Marker was used to expel any residual MPs in the needle shaft and tattoo the injection site.

Results A green fluorescent protein flashlight was used to successfully identify the site of MP injection sites in the dissected pancreas. Frozen sections of pig pancreas demonstrated a defined deposit, confirming the delivery of the MPs. Finally, fluorescence microscopy showed activation of caspase-mediated cell death in pancreases of animals that received injections of GMPs.

Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated that fiducial marker placement and pancreatic EUS-FNI of MPs was successful in all pigs with no animals demonstrating pancreatitis. Further studies are needed to determine the role for intralesional injection of drug-loaded MPs in borderline resectable or unresectable pancreatic cancer.
Delphi-Konsens der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie über das Management von Thoraxdrainagen
Authors: Koryllos Aris , Eggeling Stephan , Schega Olaf , Schweigert Michael , Leschber Gunda
Published: August 2019

Einleitung Thoraxdrainagen sind ein wichtiges Arbeitsinstrument, nicht nur in der Thoraxchirurgie, wo sie täglich eingelegt, modifiziert und entfernt werden, sondern in vielen Fachrichtungen bei Auftreten von thorakalen Problemen wie Pneumothorax oder Pleuraergüssen. Ziel dieser Arbeitsgruppe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie war die Erarbeitung eines Konsensus anhand des Delphi-Verfahrens bez. der Handhabung von Thoraxdrainagen.

Methodik Die Arbeitsgruppe erarbeitete 2 elektronische Delphi-Fragerunden. Als Konsens wurde eine Übereinstimmung in ≥ 75% definiert. Nach der statistischen Auswertung der Ergebnisse der elektronischen Fragerunde erfolgte eine Expertenkonferenz, die in einer finalen Delphi-Abstimmung versucht hat, weiteren Konsens über noch strittige Themen zu erreichen.

Ergebnisse Dreizehn Fragen bez. der Handhabung von Thoraxdrainagen konnten formuliert und abgestimmt werden. Konsens konnte für folgende Themen erreicht werden: Bedingungen der Anlage, Größe der Thoraxdrainage, Anlagetechnik, Diagnostik nach Anlage und vor Entfernung, postinterventionelle Handhabung der Thoraxdrainage, Dokumentation, Zahl der Drainagen nach anatomischer Lungenresektion, Verwendung von Fibrinolytika, Art der Unterdruckerzeugung. Kein Konsens konnte für folgende Themen erreicht werden: Eigenblutpleurodese, Reduktion des angewendeten Sogs bei persistierender Fistelung.

Fazit Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst die Ergebnisse eines Delphi-Prozesses zusammen, der 2017 – 2018 mit Experten aus zertifizierten Kliniken oder hochvolumigen thoraxchirurgischen Einheiten geführt wurde. Insgesamt zeigte sich eine sehr hohe Konsensrate bez. Drainagenanlage, perinterventionellem Management und Entfernungsalgorithmus. Die Handhabung bei hohem Fistelvolumen war der Hauptpunkt, bei dem ein Konsens nicht erreicht werden konnte. Die o. g. Empfehlungen sollen als Ausgangspunkt für die Entwicklung von klinikinternen Standards dienen, da sie auf konsentierten Expertenmeinungen basieren.
Sealing the Intramedullary Femoral Canal for Blood Loss in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Wang Keping , Yuan Wenhua , An Jiangdong , Cheng Peng , Song Pengjie , Li Shaolong , Jiang Jin , Zhou Haiyu
Published: August 2019

Blood loss after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a potentially serious medical problem since it leads to anemia, increased need for transfusion, and prolonged hospitalization. Some studies have reported that sealing of the intramedullary femoral canal during TKA may decrease postoperative blood loss. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of sealing of the intramedullary femoral canal during TKA on blood loss and transfusion rate. Electronic databases, PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Chinese Biomedical Database, were systematically searched. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the sealing group with the control group during TKA were included up to March 2019. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. The statistical analysis was performed by using Review Manager 5.3 software. Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used for quality assessment. Overall, eight RCTs involving 996 patients met our criteria and were analyzed. The results of meta-analysis showed that patients in the sealed group had less total blood loss, less total drain output and less hidden blood loss, less transfusion rates, a lower drop of hemoglobin level at day 1 postoperatively, and less hematoma than the control group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in infection, deep vein thrombosis, and redness of incision between sealed and control group. Current meta-analysis found that sealing the femoral canal during TKA was an effective method for the control of blood loss.