bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amending Subsoil with Composted Poultry Litter-I: Effects on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
Authors: Mandal Mili , Chandran Rakesh , Sencindiver John
Published: October 2013

During construction disturbance, topsoil is often removed and turfgrasses are established in poor soils. Our study determined the effects of amending subsoil with composted poultry litter on physical and chemical properties that affect turfgrass growth attributes. To simulate typical disturbance conditions, 20 cm of topsoil was removed from a Dormont silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs) and composted poultry litter was incorporated at 0.1, or 0.2, or 0.4 cm/cm-soil into the exposed subsoil to a depth of 12.7 cm before growing turf. Composted plots were compared to N-fertilized (50 × 10−4 kg m−2) and control plots. Linear increases in total water content, organic matter, pH, and basic cations were observed following compost incorporation. Composted poultry litter increased total water content by 38% and decreased soil bulk density by 42%. Compost applications increased organic matter by 5.8%–6.4%, along with an increase in pH from 6.0–7.4. The cation exchange capacity increased up to 186% in compost-incorporated plots. No differences were observed between fertilized and control plots for all soil properties except for P levels, which increased in fertilized plots. Overall, compost treatments improved soil physical and chemical properties compared to conventionally fertilized and control plots.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor and Vitamin D Receptor Signaling Pathways in Cancer Cells
Authors: Matsuda Satoru , Kitagishi Yasuko
Published: October 2013

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, which respond to specific ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids by altering gene expression. Three subtypes of this receptor have been discovered, each evolving to achieve different biological functions. Like other nuclear receptors, the transcriptional activity of PPARs is affected not only by ligand-stimulation, but also by cross-talk with other molecules. For example, both PPARs and the RXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinately regulate gene expression. In addition, PPARs and vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling pathways regulate a multitude of genes that are of importance for cellular functions including cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Interaction of the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways has been shown at the level of molecular cross-regulation of their transcription factor. A variety of ligands influencing the PPARs and VDR signaling pathways have been shown to reveal chemopreventive potential by mediating tumor suppressive activities in human cancers. Use of these compounds may represent a potential novel strategy to prevent cancers. This review summarizes the roles of the PPARs and the VDR in pathogenesis and progression of cancer.
Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapy: An Epigenetic Overview
Authors: Sarkar Sibaji , Horn Garrick , Moulton Kimberly , Oza Anuja , Byler Shannon , Kokolus Shannon , Longacre McKenna
Published: October 2013

Carcinogenesis involves uncontrolled cell growth, which follows the activation of oncogenes and/or the deactivation of tumor suppression genes. Metastasis requires down-regulation of cell adhesion receptors necessary for tissue-specific, cell–cell attachment, as well as up-regulation of receptors that enhance cell motility. Epigenetic changes, including histone modifications, DNA methylation, and DNA hydroxymethylation, can modify these characteristics. Targets for these epigenetic changes include signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis and autophagy, as well as microRNA. We propose that predisposed normal cells convert to cancer progenitor cells that, after growing, undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This process, which is partially under epigenetic control, can create a metastatic form of both progenitor and full-fledged cancer cells, after which metastasis to a distant location may occur. Identification of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms has provided potential therapeutic avenues. In particular, epigenetic drugs appear to potentiate the action of traditional therapeutics, often by demethylating and re-expressing tumor suppressor genes to inhibit tumorigenesis. Epigenetic drugs may inhibit both the formation and growth of cancer progenitor cells, thus reducing the recurrence of cancer. Adopting epigenetic alteration as a new hallmark of cancer is a logical and necessary step that will further encourage the development of novel epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutics.
Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Amino Acid Conjugates of Cholanic Acid as Antagonists of the EphA2 Receptor
Authors: Russo Simonetta , Incerti Matteo , Tognolini Massimiliano , Castelli Riccardo , Pala Daniele , Hassan-Mohamed Iftiin , Giorgio Carmine , De Franco Francesca , Gioiello Antimo , Vicini Paola , Barocelli Elisabetta , Rivara Silvia , Mor Marco , Lodola Alessio
Published: October 2013

The Eph–ephrin system plays a critical role in tumor growth and vascular functions during carcinogenesis. We had previously identified cholanic acid as a competitive and reversible EphA2 antagonist able to disrupt EphA2-ephrinA1 interaction and to inhibit EphA2 activation in prostate cancer cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of cholanic acid derivatives obtained by conjugation of its carboxyl group with a panel of naturally occurring amino acids with the aim to improve EphA2 receptor inhibition. Structure-activity relationships indicate that conjugation of cholanic acid with linear amino acids of small size leads to effective EphA2 antagonists whereas the introduction of aromatic amino acids reduces the potency in displacement studies. The b-alanine derivative 4 was able to disrupt EphA2-ephrinA1 interaction in the micromolar range and to dose-dependently inhibit EphA2 activation on PC3 cells. These findings may help the design of novel EphA2 antagonists active on cancer cell lines.
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Output of EU Pharmacy Departments
Authors: Atkinson Jeffrey
Published: October 2013

A bibliometric study of 25 EU pharmacy departments showed that the top two department members (in terms of the number of articles in which the two top staff members are author (or co-author) over a 14-year period from 1998 through 2012) had h-indices of 14 (mean) / 9 (median) and 12 (mean) / 8.5 (median). These were similar to values published for pharmacy department members in the USA. Global data for departments showed lower values as they were affected by the very skewed nature of the distribution with 16% of department members accounting for 76% of the department’s publications.
Empirical and Physical Estimation of Canopy Water Content from CHRIS/PROBA Data
Authors: Cernicharo Jesus , Verger Aleixandre , Camacho Fernando
Published: October 2013

Efficient monitoring of Canopy Water Content (CWC) is a central feature in vegetation studies. The potential of hyperspectral high spatial resolution CHRIS/PROBA satellite data for the retrieval of CWC was here investigated using empirical and physical based approaches. Special attention was paid to the spectral band selection, inversion technique and training process. Performances were evaluated with ground measurements from the SEN3EXP field campaign over a range of crops. Results showed that the optimal band selection includes four spectral bands: one centered about 970 nm absorption feature which is sensible to Cw, and three bands in green, red and near infrared to estimate LAI and compensate from leaf- and canopy-level effects. A simple neural network with a single hidden layer of five tangent sigmoid transfer functions trained over PROSAIL radiative transfer simulations showed benefits in the retrieval performances compared with a look up table inversion approach (root mean square error of 0.16 kg/m2 vs. 0.22 kg/m2). The neural network inversion approach showed a good agreement and performances similar to an empirical up-scaling approach based on a multivariate iteratively re-weighted least squares algorithm, demonstrating the applicability of radiative transfer model inversion methods to CHRIS/PROBA for high spatial resolution monitoring of CWC.
From Labour to National Ideals: Ending the War in Asia Minor—Controlling Communism in Greece
Authors: Kritikos Georgios
Published: October 2013

This paper will try to shed light on a very particular angle of Greek political geography after the end of the Asia Minor War. As a result of this conflict almost 1.3 million refugees fled to Greece and changed dramatically its political space. The traditional view among the scholars of the period promotes an “exceptionalism” of the Greek-Orthodox refugees who fled to Greece after 1922. It is argued that the Asia Minor workers did not largely espouse an a priori notion of class, since they had a bourgeoisie economic and social background. However, in the 1930s there was a sharp increase in the support of the Left. Accordingly, the Communist Party pulled 5.76% of the vote, which was the highest in the inter-war period. Although the percentage of the communist vote was not so high all over Greece, Communism had a real electorate appeal for urban refugees. This study will challenge the exceptionalist perspective and will investigate why the same people who voted for Liberals in the 1920s voted for Communists in the 1930s. It will also examine how the Greek political system managed to incorporate the left-wing vote by transforming the division of society from labour and political demands to national ones in the period under examination. The focus will be also on the interplay between Communism and refugees, which is undervalued by most research on the topic, even though the communist threat was used as a reason or pretext for the abolition of parliamentary democracy and the establishment of Ioannis Metaxas’ dictatorship in 1936.
La réception de l'historiographie française en Amérique latine 1870-1968
Authors: Aguirre Rojas Carlos Antonio
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT- This article aims at analysing the various stages of the French historiographie influence on Latin American social sciences and historiography, from 1870 to 1968, and its various effects. Through a global period-based study of this intercultural process, the interpretation tries to fit into a clear, long-term historical vision.
Balance de una pasión: ideas para entender las representaciones de Eva Perón
Authors: González Deluca María Elena
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT- Beyond a surprising media exploitation, the figure of Eva Perón, of local historical interest, her peculiar sort of political power, and her projection as a myth within the following half-century, can only be comprehended by studying the various representations of her character : among which, those she created in her lifetime, those constructed by her supporters or enemies, and those built on different interpretations of her life. In any case, Eva Perón and her representations are by no means distinct from the intolerant, moralizing, and male chauvinistic social context of that time, which included worries about the threat of the masses set in political motion by peronism.
A CASE STUDY ON BIOMASS BURNING IN VAIDOTAI SETTLEMENT / BIOMASĖS DEGINIMO TYRIMAI VAIDOTŲ KATILINĖJE
Authors: Ališauskas Tomas , Viselga Gintas , Jasinskas Algirdas
Published: October 2013

The paper presents experimental research on the moisture of sawdust affected by the combustion of fossil fuels in the boiler with reference to studies on environmental pollution. The article has established the influence of the moisture content of sawdust on the amount of harmful substances found in the environment. The results of the undertaken analysis are provided in a graphical form.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje pateikti eksperimentiniai drėgnio įtakos, pjuvenas deginant kietojo kuro katile, aplinkos taršos tyrimai. Nustatyta pjuvenų drėgnio įtaka kenksmingų medžiagų išmetimų į aplinką kiekiui. Atlikta gautų rezultatų analizė, pateikta jų grafinė išraiška.
MODELLING A COMPLIANT-BASED PRECISE POSITIONING STAGE / AUKŠTO TIKSLUMO POZICIONAVIMO SISTEMOS MODELIAVIMAS TAIKANT BESIDEFORMUOJANČIUS MECHANIZMUS
Authors: Augustinavičius Giedrius , Čereška Audrius
Published: October 2013

The paper presents modelling precise dual axis flexure-based precision positioning systems for micro-positioning applications. The positioning system is featured with monolithic architecture, flexure-based joints and piezo stacks. Its workspace has been evaluated via analytical approaches. Amplification mechanism is optimally designed. The mathematical model of the positioning system has been derived and verified by resorting to finite element analysis (FEA). The established analytical and (FEA) models are helpful for optimizing reliable architecture and improving the performance of the positioning system. Santrauka Straipsnyje pristatomas dviejų ašių didelio tikslumo pozicionavimo sistemos su paketiniais pjezovykdikliais modeliavimas, taikant besideformuojančius vientiso kūno mechanizmus. Pozicionavimo sistemą sudaro besideformuojančio vientiso kūno mechanizmas ir paketiniai pjezovykdikliai. Besideformuojantis vientiso kūno mechanizmas norimam poslinkiui pasiekti buvo optimizuotas Solidworks Simulation programiniu paketu. Platformų poslinkiams apskaičiuoti sudarytas matematinis modelis, kurio patikimumas patikrintas baigtinių elementų metodu. Sudaryto matematinio modelio ir rezultatų, gautų baigtinių elementų metodu, skirtumai yra mažesni nei 5 %, todėl pasiūlyta modeliavimo metodika gali būti taikoma kuriant pozicionavimo sistemas su besideformuojančiais elementais.
THEORETICAL QUESTIONS OF APPLYING SMART MATERIALS FOR MICROACTUATORS / TEORINIAI IŠMANIOJO SKYSČIO TAIKYMO MIKROPAVAROMS KLAUSIMAI
Authors: Klevinskis Andrius , Bučinskas Vytautas , Daujotas Lukas
Published: October 2013

The article provides an overview of smart magnetic materials, including the essential properties of smart magnetic liquid materials and discusses the main operating modes of these materials. Theoretical calculations have disclosed changes in the behavior of the magnetorheological fluid determined under the influence of an external magnetic field of the microactuator. Finally, the paper presents the results and conclusions of the conduced experiments.

Santrauka

Darbe apžvelgtos išmaniosios magnetinės medžiagos, pateiktos pagrindinės išmaniųjų magnetinių skysčių charakteristikos, aptarti pagrindiniai šių medžiagų darbo režimai. Teoriniais skaičiavimais nustatyta mikropavaroje veikiančio magnetoreologinio skysčio savybių kitimo priklausomybė nuo išorinio magnetinio lauko. Darbe pateikti tyrimo metu gautų rezultatų grafikai ir išvados.
QUALITY ANALYSIS OF CUTTING STEEL USING LASER / PLIENO PJOVIMO LAZERIU KOKYBĖS TYRIMAS
Authors: Markovič Vladislav
Published: October 2013

The article explores the quality dependence of the edge surface of steel C45 LST EN 10083-1 obtained cutting the material using laser on different cutting regimes and variations in the thickness of trial steel. The paper presents the influence of the main modes of laser cutting equipment Trulaser 3030, including cutting speed, pressure, angle and the thickness of the surface on the quality characteristics of the sample. The quality of the edge after laser cutting is the most important indicator influencing such technological spread in industry worldwide. Laser cutting is the most popular method of material cutting. Therefore, the article focuses on cutting equipment, cutting defects and methods of analysis. Research on microstructure, roughness and micro-toughness has been performed with reference to edge samples. At the end of the publication, conclusions are drawn. Santrauka Straipsnyje tiriama plieno C45 LST EN 10083-1 lazerinio pjovimo metu gautos briaunos paviršiaus kokybės priklausomybė nuo skirtingų pjovimo režimų ir bandomojo plieno storio pokyčio. Straipsnyje pateikta: pagrindinių lazerinio pjovimo režimų – pjovimo greičio, slėgio, kampo ir pjaunamojo paviršiaus storio – įtaka kokybinėms bandinio charakteristikoms. Tyrimo metu išryškėjo, kad, didinant darbinių dujų slėgį nuo 0,5 iki 0,9 Mpa, skirtumas tarp bandinių nuokrypio nuo aukščio reikšmių siekia iki 0,26 mm. Pjaunant 6 mm storio plieną, pasiekiamas didžiausias pjaunamos briaunos kietumas – 575 HV.
Turbulence as a driver for vertical plankton distribution in the subsurface upper ocean
Authors: Macías Diego , Rodríguez-Santana Ángel , Ramírez-Romero Eduardo , Bruno Miguel , Pelegrí Josep L. , Sangrà Pablo , Aguiar-González Borja , García Carlos M.
Published: October 2013

Vertical distributions of turbulent energy dissipation rates and fluorescence were measured simultaneously with a high-resolution micro-profiler in four different oceanographic regions, from temperate to polar and from coastal to open waters settings. High fluorescence values, forming a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), were often located in weakly stratified portions of the upper water column, just below layers with maximum levels of turbulent energy dissipation rate. In the vicinity of the DCM, a significant negative relationship between fluorescence and turbulent energy dissipation rate was found. We discuss the mechanisms that may explain the observed patterns of planktonic biomass distribution within the ocean mixed layer, including a vertically variable diffusion coefficient and the alteration of the cells’ sinking velocity by turbulent motion. These findings provide further insight into the processes controlling the vertical distribution of the pelagic community and position of the DCM.
Reconstruction of spatiotemporal capture data by means of orthogonal functions: the case of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the central-east Atlantic
Authors: Ganzedo Unai , Erdaide Oihane , Trujillo-Santana Aaron , Alvera-Azcárate Aida , Castro José J.
Published: October 2013

The information provided by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) on captures of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the central-east Atlantic has a number of limitations, such as gaps in the statistics for certain fleets and the level of spatiotemporal detail at which catches are reported. As a result, the quality of these data and their effectiveness for providing management advice is limited. In order to reconstruct missing spatiotemporal data of catches, the present study uses Data INterpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions (DINEOF), a technique for missing data reconstruction, applied here for the first time to fisheries data. DINEOF is based on an Empirical Orthogonal Functions decomposition performed with a Lanczos method. DINEOF was tested with different amounts of missing data, intentionally removing values from 3.4% to 95.2% of data loss, and then compared with the same data set with no missing data. These validation analyses show that DINEOF is a reliable methodological approach of data reconstruction for the purposes of fishery management advice, even when the amount of missing data is very high.
Conspicuous Consumption Behavior
Authors: Ismail Wan Nurisma Ayu Wan , Zakaria Norhayati , Abdul-Talib Asmat-Nizam
Published: October 2013

Demand in the luxury market is consistently growing with the demand from individuals as their buying power increases due to improvements in economic conditions (Kuisma, 2008). In this chapter, the authors present the concept of conspicuous consumption and explore the spread of luxury culture, especially in the Asian countries, since previous studies have tested such phenomena predominantly in Western countries. The spread of the luxury model as suggested by Chadha and Husband (2006) helps to better understand the spread of luxury culture among Asian societies. In the past, many studies have suggested that conspicuous and luxury concepts are related to each other. By examining the conspicuous motivation among consumers, the authors hope to explain why people are motivated to engage with luxury consumption from a cultural theoretical lens, particularly in Asian countries. Finally, they highlight the managerial and theoretical implications, followed by research directions for future transcultural marketing studies.
Ethnic Consumers of the Arts
Authors: Le Huong , Bednall David H B , Fujimoto Yuka
Published: October 2013

This chapter covers the perceptions of ethnic consumers about attending elite arts events using Wiggins’ (2004) model of Motivation, Ability, and Opportunity (MAO). Six focus groups and 20 in-depth interviews with ethnic audiences (Italian, Greek, Chinese, Vietnamese, Indian, and African) and five interviews with arts managers were conducted. The findings indicate that main motivating factors for ethnic audiences were attending culturally relevant art events, socialising with friends, and involvement in the art form. The major ability barriers for attending high-arts events were cost and time, a lack of understanding of high art forms, and language difficulties. The major opportunity barrier was lack of information. The MAO model was extended by introducing seven new segments and proposing related marketing strategies.
Incremental and Radical Service Innovation in Living Labs
Authors: Leminen Seppo , Westerlund Mika
Published: October 2013

Living labs provide a new, under researched form of open innovation. Although open innovation is increasingly popular in service development, extant literature lacks knowledge of different open service innovation strategies, which companies can employ. This chapter focuses on strategies that firms can take in co-creating service innovations through living labs. The authors found nine open service innovation strategies based on an analysis of 26 living labs in four countries. Understanding of strategies and their links with incremental or radical innovation outcomes aid managers to set up an efficient innovation management. Knowledge of various strategies helps companies to succeed in service development and innovation novelty assessment based on the characteristics of the living lab.
Considerations of a Digital Age
Authors: Wright Jennifer
Published: October 2013

This chapter talks about electronic resources from a collection development perspective. Working from the assumption that most institutions will need some electronic resources to adequately serve their patron population, this chapter explains what issues collection development staff may need to address when electronic resources are being incorporated into the existing collection. These issues include costs and benefits of electronic resources, how the collection development policy will be affected by the inclusion of electronic resources, and faculty/staff reactions to the incorporation of new materials. This chapter also strongly advocates the addition of an electronic resource manager or multiple electronic resource staff members and their close cooperation with the collection development staff.
Design of an Integrated Digital Library System Based on Peer-to-Peer Data Mining
Authors: Ammari Mohammed , Chiadmi Dalila
Published: October 2013

Traditional libraries will evolve to digital libraries which are clearly superior at: Dissemination, sharing, linking, storing, and information variety. Therefore, one can say that electronic libraries have specific needs in terms of content, services and long-term preservation. In contrast, digital libraries suffer from several inherent constraints: storage limitation, performance, relevancy, decentralization, lack of semantic, fault tolerance, scalability. The main intention of this paper is to present a design of an integrated digital library system based on peer-to-peer data mining. This article aims also to prove that peer-to-peer mining, an emerging branch of distributed data mining, is a hot research area well suited to overcome intrinsic problems of digital libraries.
Efficient Measurement of Service Similarity
Authors: Church Joshua , Motro Amihai
Published: October 2013

The authors define a formal model for information services that incorporates the concept of service similarity. The model places services in metric spaces, and allows for services that have arbitrarily complex inputs and output domains. The authors then address the challenge of service substitution: finding the services most similar to a given service among a group, possibly large, of candidate services. To solve this nearest neighbor problem efficiently the authors embed the space of services into a vector space and search for the nearest neighbors in the target space. The authors report on an extensive experiment that validates both their formalization of similarity and their methods for finding service substitutions.
A Multisport Epidemiologic Comparison of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in High School Athletics
Authors: Joseph Allan M. , Collins Christy L. , Henke Natalie M. , Yard Ellen E. , Fields Sarah K. , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: October 2013

Background:

The knee joint is the second most commonly injured body site after the ankle and the leading cause of sport-related surgeries. Knee injuries, especially of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), are among the most economically costly sport injuries, frequently requiring expensive surgery and rehabilitation.

Objective:

To investigate the epidemiology of ACL injuries among high school athletes by sport and sex.

Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Using an Internet-based data-collection tool, Reporting Information Online (RIO), certified athletic trainers from 100 nationally representative US high schools reported athlete-exposure and injury data for athletes from 9 sports during the 2007/08–2011/12 academic years. The outcome of interest in this study was ACL injuries.

Results:

During the study period, 617 ACL injuries were reported during 9 452 180 athlete exposures (AEs), for an injury rate of 6.5 per 100 000 AEs. Nationally, in the 9 sports studied, an estimated 215 628 ACL injuries occurred during the study period. The injury rate was higher in competition (17.6) than practice (2.4; rate ratio [RR] = 7.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.08, 8.68). Girls' soccer had the highest injury rate (12.2) followed by boys' football (11.1), with boys' basketball (2.3) and boys' baseball (0.7) having the lowest rates. In sex-comparable sports, girls had a higher rate (8.9) than boys (2.6; RR = 3.4, 95% CI = 2.64, 4.47). Overall, 76.6% of ACL injuries resulted in surgery. The most common mechanisms of injury were player-to-player contact (42.8%) and no contact (37.9%).

Conclusions:

Anterior cruciate ligament injury rates vary by sport, sex, and type of exposure. Recognizing such differences is important when evaluating the effectiveness of evidence-based, targeted prevention efforts.
Three years of aerosol mass, black carbon and particle number concentrations at Montsec (southern~Pyrenees, 1570 m a.s.l.)
Authors: Ripoll A. , Pey J. , Minguillón M. C. , Pérez N. , Pandolfi M. , Querol X. , Alastuey A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Time variation of mass particulate matter (PM1 and PM1−10), black carbon (BC) and particle number (N) concentrations at the high altitude site of Montsec (MSC) in the southern Pyrenees was interpreted for the period 2010–2012. The MSC site registered higher PM10 (12 μg m−3) and N > 7 nm (2209 # cm−3) concentrations than those measured at other high altitude sites in central Europe (PM10: 3–9 μg m−3 and N: 634–2070 # cm−3). By contrast, BC concentrations at MSC (0.2 μg m−3) were equal or even lower than those measured at these European sites (0.2–0.4 μg m−3). These differences were attributed to the lower influence of anthropogenic emissions and to the higher relevance of Saharan dust transport and new particle formation (NPF) processes at MSC. The different time variation of PM and BC concentrations compared with that of N suggests that these aerosol parameters were governed by diverse factors at MSC. Both PM and BC concentrations showed marked differences for different meteorological scenarios, with enhanced concentrations under North African outbreaks (PM1−10: 13 μg m−3, PM1: 8 μg m−3 and BC: 0.3 μg m−3) and low concentrations when Atlantic advections occurred (PM1−10: 5 μg m−3, PM1: 4 μg m−3 and BC: 0.1 μg m−3). Because of the contrasting origin of the air masses in the warmer seasons (spring and summer) and in the colder seasons (autumn and winter), PM and BC concentrations showed a marked increase in summer, with a secondary maximum in early spring, and were at their lowest during winter. The maximum in the warmer seasons was attributed to long-range transport processes which mask the breezes and regional transport breaking the daily cycles of these pollutants. By contrast, PM and BC concentrations showed clear diurnal cycles with maxima at midday in the colder seasons. A statistically significant weekly variation was also obtained for the BC concentrations, displaying a progressive increase from Tuesday to Saturday, followed by a significant decrease on Sunday and Monday. N concentrations depended more on local meteorological variables such as solar radiation than on the air mass origin. Therefore, the highest concentrations of N were associated with summer regional episodes (N > 3 nm: 4461 # cm−3 and N > 7 nm: 3021 # cm−3) and the lowest concentrations were related to winter regional scenarios (N > 3 nm: 2496 # cm−3 and N > 7 nm: 1073 # cm−3). This dependence on solar radiation also accounted for the marked diurnal cycle of N concentrations throughout the year with a peak at midday and for the absence of a weekly pattern. Measurements carried out at MSC enabled us to characterize the tropospheric background aerosols in the Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB). Our results highlight the importance of the NPF processes in southern Europe, reveal much lower anthropogenic emissions than in central Europe, and underline the contribution of natural long-range transport such as Saharan dust.
Ozone production in four major cities of China: sensitivity to ozone precursors and heterogeneous processes
Authors: Xue L. K. , Wang T. , Gao J. , Ding A. J. , Zhou X. H. , Blake D. R. , Wang X. F. , Saunders S. M. , Fan S. J. , Zuo H. C. , Zhang Q. Z. , Wang W. X.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Despite a large volume of research over a number of years, our understandings of the key precursors that control tropospheric ozone production and the impacts of heterogeneous processes remain incomplete. In this study, we analyze measurements of ozone and its precursors made at rural/suburban sites downwind of four large Chinese cities – Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Lanzhou. At each site the same measurement techniques were utilized and a photochemical box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (v3.2) was applied, to minimize uncertainties in comparison of the results due to differences in methodology. All four cities suffered from severe ozone pollution. At the rural site of Beijing, export of the well-processed urban plumes contributed to the extremely high ozone levels (up to an hourly value of 286 ppbv), while the pollution observed at the suburban sites of Shanghai, Guangzhou and Lanzhou was characterized by intense in-situ ozone production. The major anthropogenic hydrocarbons were alkenes and aromatics in Beijing and Shanghai, aromatics in Guangzhou, and alkenes in Lanzhou. The ozone production was found to be in a VOCs-limited regime in both Shanghai and Guangzhou, and a mixed regime in Lanzhou. In Shanghai, the ozone formation was most sensitive to aromatics and alkenes, while in Guangzhou aromatics were the predominant ozone precursors. In Lanzhou, either controlling NOx or reducing emissions of olefins from the petrochemical industry would mitigate the local ozone production. The potential impacts of several heterogeneous processes on the ozone formation were assessed. The hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), uptake of the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) on particles, and surface reactions of NO2 forming nitrous acid (HONO) present considerable sources of uncertainty in the current studies of ozone chemistry. Further efforts are urgently required to better understand these processes and refine atmospheric models.
In-situ measurement of atmospheric CO2 at the four WMO/GAW stations in China
Authors: Fang S. X , Zhou L. X. , Tans P. P. , Ciais P. , Steinbacher M. , Xu L. , Luan T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fractions were continuously measured from January 2009 to December 2011 at 4 atmospheric observatories in China ((Lin'an, LAN), (Longfengshan, LFS), (Shangdianzi, SDZ), and (Waliguan, WLG)) using Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy instruments. All sites are regional (LAN, LFS, SDZ) or global (WLG) measurement stations of the World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch program (WMO/GAW). LAN is located near the megacity of Shanghai, in China's most economically developed region. LFS is in a forest and rice production area, close to the city of Harbin in the northern east of China. SDZ is located 150 km north east of Beijing. WLG, hosting the longest record of measured CO2 mole fractions in China, is a high altitude site in northwest China recording background CO2 values. The CO2 growth rates are 2.2 ± 0.2 ppm yr−1 for LAN, 2.3 ± 0.2 ppm yr−1 for LFS, 2.0 ± 0.2 ppm yr−1 for SDZ, and 1.2 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1 (1σ) for WLG, during the period of 2009 to 2011. The growth rate at WLG may be underestimated due to the data gaps during the observation period. The highest annual mean CO2 mole fraction of 404.1 ± 4.1 ppm was observed at LAN in 2011. A comprehensive analysis of CO2 variations, their diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as the analysis of the influence of different wind regimes on the CO2 mole fractions allows a thorough characterization of the sampling sites and of the key processes driving the CO2 mole fractions. These data form a basis to improve our understanding of atmospheric CO2 variations in China and the underlying fluxes, using atmospheric inversion models.
Intercomparison of temperature trends in IPCC CMIP5 simulations with observations, reanalyses and CMIP3 models
Authors: Xu J. ,   A. M. Powell Jr., Zhao L.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. On the basis of the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and the climate model simulations covering 1979 through 2005, the temperature trends and their uncertainties have been examined to note the similarities or differences compared to the radiosonde observations, reanalyses and the third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) simulations. The results show noticeable discrepancies for the estimated temperature trends in the four data groups (radiosonde, reanalysis, CMIP3 and CMIP5), although similarities can be observed. Compared to the CMIP3 model simulations, the simulations in some of the CMIP5 models were improved. The CMIP5 models displayed a negative temperature trend in the stratosphere closer to the strong negative trend seen in the observations. However, the positive tropospheric trend in the tropics is overestimated by the CMIP5 models relative to CMIP3 models. While some of the models produce temperature trend patterns more highly correlated with the observed patterns in CMIP5, the other models (such as CCSM4 and IPSL_CM5A-LR) exhibit the reverse tendency. The CMIP5 temperature trend uncertainty was significantly reduced in most areas, especially in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere, compared to the CMIP3 simulations. Similar to the CMIP3, the CMIP5 simulations overestimated the tropospheric warming in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere and underestimated the stratospheric cooling. The crossover point where tropospheric warming changes into stratospheric cooling occurred near 100 hPa in the tropics, which is higher than in the radiosonde and reanalysis data. The result is likely related to the overestimation of convective activity over the tropical areas in both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Generally, for the temperature trend estimates associated with the numerical models including the reanalyses and global climate models, the uncertainty in the stratosphere is much larger than that in the troposphere, and the uncertainty in the Antarctic is the largest. In addition, note that the reanalyses show the largest uncertainty in the lower tropical stratosphere, and the CMIP3 simulations show the largest uncertainty in both the south and north polar regions.
Landslide susceptibility from mathematical model in Sarno area
Authors: Capparelli G. , P. Versace P.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Rainfall is accepted as a major precursor for many types of slope movements (rapid, shallow soil slips and deeper landslides) and the technical literature is rich in examples of study cases and analysis models, related to landslides induced by rainfall. In general, the developed model can be regrouped in two categories: hydrological and complete. The first ones involve simple empirical relationships linking antecedent precipitation to the time that the landslide occurs; the latter consist of more complex expressions that take several components into account, including specific site conditions, mechanical, hydraulic and physical soil properties, local seepage conditions, and the contribution of these to soil strength. In this study, the analysis was carried out by using a model belonging to the second category for a landslide-prone area in Campania region (Southern Italy), were disastrous mud-flows occurred on 5 May 1998. In details, the model named SUSHI (Saturated Unsaturated Simulation for Hillslope Instability) was used and the obtained results made possible to better define the triggering conditions and differentiate the scenarios leading to instability of those slopes.
Septoglomus titan, a new fungus in the Glomeraceae (Glomeromycetes) from Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Goto Bruno Tomio , Araújo Adriane Freire , Soares Ana Cristina Fermino , de Almeida Ferreira Araeska Carenna , Maia Leonor Costa , da Silva Sousa Carla , da Silva Gladstone Alves
Published: October 2013

A new fungus of the Glomeraceae found in the rhizosphere of Agave sisalana is described under the epithet Septoglomus titan. It forms large glomerospores, (243–)265 × 325(–400) μm in diameter. They generally are subglobose and have three spore
wall layers: a semi-persistent short lived sub-hyaline to yellow-brown outer layer (0.5–1.4 μm thick), an adherent smooth light-yellow to orange-brown middle layer (2.5–5.1 μm), and a laminate smooth thick orange brown to dark red brown innermost layer (12.8–19.2 μm).
Spore size and colors of the spore wall layers separate this species from other yellow-brown to dark-brown species.
Geoglossaceous fungi in Slovakia 5. Geoglossum uliginosum : taxonomy and nomenclature
Authors: Kučera Viktor , Nitare Johan , Lizoň Pavel , Gaisler Jan
Published: October 2013

Geoglossum uliginosum is a new record for Slovakia and second record for Central Europe. Geoglossum glabrum var. uliginosum is a forgotten and disused name representing a different fungus with unknown circumscription. Recent collections of G. uliginosum from
Slovakia are described and compared with the Swedish holotype and the Czech collections, and the nomenclature and distribution of the species are discussed.
A contribution to the taxonomy of Lyromma (Lyrommataceae, lichenized Ascomycota) with a species key
Authors: Flakus Adam , Farkas Edit
Published: October 2013

The paper presents a new concept of conidial-ascosporic relationship in the foliicolous lichenized genus Lyromma and a revised key to species determination. Lyromma coronatum sp. nov. (Bolivia) is characterized by reduced perithecial appendages composed of clavate hyphae
that form a crown around the ostiole. Lyromma multisetulatum sp. nov. (Bolivia, Brazil) is characterized by numerous large strongly recurved perithecial appendages composed of individual acicular hyphae. Undescribed ascosporic states for Lyromma dolicobelum and L. palmae
and conidial states for L. ornatum and L. pilosum are described based on observations of perithecia and pycnidia for the first time in natural conditions. Confirmation of a conidial-ascosporic connection for L. nectandrae suggests L. confusum as a synonym. Lyromma
dolicobelum, L. nectandrae, and L. ornatum are reported as new to Bolivia, and L. pilosum as new to Bolivia and Brazil.
A new species of Pisolithus from Spain
Authors: Martín María P. , Durán Fátima , Phosri Cherdchai , Watling Roy
Published: October 2013

Pisolithus calongei is described as a new species based on our morphological observations and comparison of ITS nrDNA sequences.
A new species and a new record of the genus Entoloma from China
Authors: Wang Jian-Rui , Bau Tolgor
Published: October 2013

Two omphalinoid Entoloma species were collected from Shandong Province in China. Entoloma shandongense is described as new to science, and E. rusticoides is recorded for the first time in China. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the two species are provided.
In addition, molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences is also presented.
Five new Terfezia species from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Bordallo Juan-Julián , Rodríguez Antonio , Muñoz-Mohedano Justo M. , Suz Laura M. , Honrubia Mario , Morte Asunción
Published: October 2013

A phylogenetic analysis of Iberian Terfezia collections indicates eight clades, of which three correspond with previously described species (T. alsheikhii, T. fanfani, T. olbiensis) and five are described as new species — T. albida, T. eliocrocae,
T. extremadurensis, T. pini, and T. pseudoleptoderma. These results are supported by the morphology of the examined Terfezia ascomata that were identified by their ecological patterns and chorology, as well as by phylogenetic analyses. Morphological features and
ITS-rDNA sequence analyses from identified Terfezia specimens are described. A key to these Terfezia species is also provided.
Hypochnicium pini, a new corticioid basidiomycete in East Asia
Authors: Jang Yeongseon , Lee Sung Wook , Lim Young Woon , Lee Jin Sung , Hallenberg Nils , Kim Jae-Jin
Published: October 2013

A new species, Hypochnicium pini, is described based on morphological and molecular characters. This species was collected in Seoul, Korea, and Hubei, China. It belongs to the H. punctulatum group and has a morphology quite similar to its sister taxon, H. cremicolor.
However, the basidiome thickness, cystidial size, and ITS region sequences differentiate H. pini from H. cremicolor. Detailed description and illustration of H. pini are presented and a key to Korean species of Hypochnicium is provided.
Two species of Cladosporium associated with wood discoloration in Korea
Authors: Jang Yeongseon , Lee Young Min , Kim Gyu-Hyeok , Kim Jae-Jin
Published: October 2013

During our previous study on the diversity of molds inhabiting wood, many Cladosporium isolates were collected and phylogenetically identified. Among them were isolates of two species previously unrecorded from Korea. Here, we confirm the isolates as Cladosporium perangustum
and C. ramotenellum and provide descriptions and illustrations of cultural and microscopic characters on standard media. We draw attention to a broadening of the range of several characters for C. ramotenellum and to possible alternative phylogenetic relationships of C. perangustum
when comparing our multi-gene analysis with previous analyses.
Inocybe nitidiuscula and its ectomycorrhizae associated with Alnus nitida from Galyat, Pakistan
Authors: Ilyas S. , Razaq A. , Khalid A.N.
Published: October 2013

Inocybe nitidiuscula and its ectomycorrhizae are characterized from Pakistan morphologically and using rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. The sequences of above- and below-ground structures exhibit >97% similarity. This represents a new species record for Pakistan
and the first description of ectomycorrhiza formed by I. nitidiuscula.
Xerocomus porophyllus sp. nov., morphologically intermediate between Phylloporus and Xerocomus
Authors: Yan Wen-Juan , Li Tai-Hui , Zhang Ming , Li Ting
Published: October 2013

Xerocomus porophyllus, discovered from Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in Guangdong province (southern China), is described as a new species. It is a morphologically intermediate taxon between Phylloporus and Xerocomus since its hymenophore is lamellate around the
stipe but strongly anastomosing to distinctly faveolate or poroid towards pileus margin. Molecular analyses of nuclear rDNA ITS and LSU sequences, however, indicate that it has a closer genetic relationship with Xerocomus than with Phylloporus.
The lichen genus Fissurina (Graphidaceae) in Vietnam
Authors: Joshi Santosh , Nguyen Thi Thuy , Dzung Nguyen Anh , Jayalal Udeni , Oh Soon-Ok , Hur Jae-Seoun
Published: October 2013

Nine species of Fissurina from Vietnam are briefly commented on. Fissurina dumastii, F. dumastioides, F. instabilis, F. rubiginosa, and F. undulata are recorded as new for the Vietnam lichen biota. Characteristic morpho-anatomical and chemical features are described
and summarized in an artificial key to all known taxa of Fissurina from Vietnam.
Pertusaria albiglobosa, a new lichen from China
Authors: Ren Qiang
Published: October 2013

Pertusaria albiglobosa is described as new, based on collections from Shaanxi province in China. The species is characterized by the white thallus, spherical verrucae, asci with 2 smooth-walled ascospores, and the presence of 2′-O-methylperlatolic acid and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone.
It grows on rotten mosses in alpine meadow at elevations of 3570–3760 m.
Phylloporia tiliae sp. nov. from China
Authors: Zhou Li-Wei
Published: October 2013

A new species, Phylloporia tiliae, is described and illustrated from Hunan Province, China. It is distinguished from other Phylloporia species by its combination of a perennial habit, pileate basidiocarps, a crusted pileal surface with tomentose margin, minute pores,
and a monomitic hyphal system.
Inonotus niveomarginatus and I. tenuissimus spp. nov. (Hymenochaetales), resupinate species from tropical China
Authors: Yu Hai-You , Zhao Chang-Lin , Dai Yu-Cheng
Published: October 2013

Two new species are described from tropical Yunnan, southwestern China. Inonotus niveomarginatus is characterized by resupinate basidiocarps with distinct white margins, a monomitic hyphal structure, absence of hymenial and hyphoid setae, and yellowish, thick-walled, ovoid to
subglobose basidiospores. Inonotus tenuissimus can be distinguished from other Inonotus species by the combination of resupinate habit, a mono- to dimitic hyphal structure, absence of the hymenial and hyphoid setae, and yellowish thick-walled ellipsoid basidiospores.
New ascomycete records from Guatemala
Authors: Medel Rosario , Morales Osberth , del Moral Ranulfo Castillo , Cáceres Roberto
Published: October 2013

Thirty-two species of ascomycetes were previously recorded from Guatemala. This paper describes 12 newly recorded species, representing five orders and twelve genera. Three previously reported species are redescribed because there are few data in the Guatemalan literature.
El impacto de la cobertura mediática de la corrupción en la opinión pública española
Authors: Palau Anna M. , Davesa Ferran
Published: October 2013

Este artículo analiza la cobertura mediática de los escándalos de corrupciónen España entre 1996 y 2009. El objetivo es, en primer lugar, determinarhasta qué punto los dos periódicos más leídos en España –—El País y ElMundo— cubren los escándalos de corrupción siguiendo orientacionespolíticas distintas. Los resultados ponen de manifi esto una coberturamediática partidista —se identifi can diferencias importantes entre ambosperiódicos en la cobertura que realizan de los casos de corrupción en funcióndel partido político implicado (PP o PSOE)—. En segundo lugar, se analiza silos medios infl uencian la percepción que los ciudadanos tienen de lacorrupción como problema público. Los resultados muestran que cuandoaumenta el número de noticias sobre corrupción política, aumenta también elporcentaje de ciudadanos que considera la corrupción como uno de losprincipales problemas que existen en España. El impacto de los mediossobre la opinión pública es elevado y, además, se produce a corto-medioplazo. Por último, el artículo analiza hasta qué punto la percepción de lacorrupción está infl uenciada por los cambios en la percepción de la situacióneconómica, demostrando que esta variable tiene un poder explicativo bajo encomparación con la cobertura mediática.