bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Efficient Waveband Translucent Optical Burst Switching Network
Authors: Mohammed J. Sadiq  , Mohammed J. Zaiter  , Raad F. Chisab
Published: February 2023

The fast development of translucent Optical Burst Switching (OBS) technology, which employs multiple wavelengths per fiber, increases the size (i.e., the number of ports) as well as the cost and power consumption of Optic Cross-Connects (OXCs). This paper studies the impact of OBS network parameter settings, where switching is performed at the Waveband Switching (WS) granularity using an end-to-end grouping method to reduce the number of lightpaths and switch ports. The simulation results illustrate that using OBS networks with WS by the suitable parameter settings, namely the Burstification Time (BT) and waveband granularity, offers considerable energy savings in the core network compared to using an OBS network without WS, where overall power consumption is decreased by maximizing BT values and waveband granularity.
Biomechanical Investigation of the Efficacy of Conventional Bicycle Helmets at Preventing Facial Injury
Authors: Ghaidaa A. Khalid
Published: February 2023

Many studies indicate that wearing a bicycle helmet significantly reduces the risk of accident-related head injuries. Less is reported, however, about bicycle helmet use, about preventing facial injury. Epidemiological studies typically report incidences of 'head injury,' though rarely categorize head, brain, and facial injuries separately. Studies that do focus on facial injury suggest that helmets do not provide adequate protection. A 3D biofidelic child head form and two conventional bicycle helmets (that is,” open face") were created in MSC ADAMS™ computer modelling and simulation software. Peak force and linear accelerations were measured for a series of head form impact simulations corresponding to an established testing standard and a newly proposed series of tests derived from modified motorcycle standards, incorporating injury thresholds from the facial bone impact tolerance literature. Almost all impact simulations exceeded the threshold for fracture, soft tissue, and dental trauma. An observational study was conducted using MSC ADAMS™ to assess a helmeted headform's face exposure during impact simulations. Helmets failed to reduce face impact exposure, during all simulations, except for perpendicular cheek impacts. International test standards, therefore, require urgent revision to ensure that face protection is included.
The Effect of the Team Quiz Learning Model on Thematic Learning Outcomes of Class IV Students in State Elementary School
Authors: Sitio Hetdy , Habeahan Winmery Lasma
Published: February 2023

This study was to determine the effect of the quiz team learning model on the thematic learning outcomes of sub-theme 3 of my parents' work in class IV SD Negeri 091281 Batu IV. This type of research used in this research is a quantitative experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest research design. In this study, the population was all fourth-grade students at SD Negeri 091281 with a total of 38 people, and the research sample was group A with a total of 24 students. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Data collection techniques in this study used the results of multiple-choice test questions. The data analysis technique used is the Normality Test and Hypothesis Test. The results of calculations using the paired sample test obtained tcount = 19.096 > ttable = 1.713. From these results, it can be seen that Ho is rejected, which means that using the quiz team learning model affects the thematic learning outcomes of class IV SD Negeri 091281 Batu IV.
Psychological and Social Factors Determining Investment Decisions in Cryptocurrency: Exploring the Mediating Role of Cognitive Biases
Authors: Shahani Rajnesh , Fayaz Ahmed Sayed
Published: February 2023

This empirical research investigates whether investment decisions of cryptocurrency investors in Pakistan are influenced by a set of cognitive biases, as propagated by the theories in behavioural finance. To fill a dearth in the existing literature, this study evaluates the psychological and social sources of the cognitive biases that in turn affect investment decisions in cryptocurrency, therefore, this research essentially examines the mediating role of cognitive biases (Herding, Overconfidence, Representativeness, and Self-serving biases) between the linkages of socio-psychological factors (Money Anxiety, Social Interactions, Stress and Internal Locus of Control) and investment decisions in cryptocurrencies. Sample size of 313 respondents has been used, employing snowball sampling method, to analyze the data using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling. The results reveal that herding bias, overconfidence bias and representativeness bias partially mediate the relationship between money anxiety, social interactions, stress and investment decisions in cryptocurrencies whereas self-serving bias fails to exert any mediation effect between internal locus of control and investment decisions. The results reveal that money anxiety causes herding bias which, in turn, affects the investment decisions in cryptocurrency positively; Stress leads to representativeness bias which, in turn, undermines investment decisions in cryptocurrency and social interactions generate overconfidence bias which, in turn, affects the investment decisions negatively.
Anız Yangınlarına Müdahale için İtfaiye Drone Seçimi: Giresun Örneği
Authors: Kara Mert , Yumuşak Rabia , Eren Tamer
Published: February 2023

Dünya’da her gün bilinçsizce oluşturulan anız yangınları, geniş ölçekli yangınlara dönüşebilmektedir. Bu yangınların kontrolden çıkması sonucunda çok büyük miktarlarda tarım ve orman arazisi zarar görmektedir. Yangınların çıkış anından itibaren itfaiye birimlerinin yangına bir an önce müdahale etmesi elzemdir. Bazı yangınların gerçekleştiği alan itibariyle kara yolunun olmaması, havadan müdahale birimlerinin de başka illerde konuşlu olması durumunda yangına çok uzun süreler müdahale edilememektedir. Bu durumda gelişen teknolojiden yararlanarak, yangın ihbarı geldiği andan itibaren itfaiye birimlerinin sürü itfaiye dronlarını yangın bölgelerine yönlendirmesi, yangının genişlemesini engellemek adına hayati derecede önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Giresun ilindeki yangınlara müdahale için sıvı taşıma amacı ile üretilmiş benzer özelliklere sahip olan beş itfaiye dronun arasından optimum seçimin yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu değerlendirme yapılırken tank kapasitesi, püskürtme hızı, uçuş hızı, tam kapasiteli havada kalma süresi, optimum atış irtifası ve birim fiyatı olmak üzere altı kriter ele alınmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) yöntemlerinden Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS, Analytic Hierarchy Process-AHP) ile kriterler ağırlıklandırılmış ardından COPRAS yöntemi ile dronlar değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma; Türkiye’de ÇKKV ile drone seçimi ve yangın müdahalesi için drone seçimi konusu üzerine yapılmış ilk uygulama özelliğini taşımaktadır. Bununla birlikte çözüm yaklaşımı sunulan problem için AHP ve COPRAS kullanılması, ele alınan probleme uygulanan yöntem açısından literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.
Conflict between Respect for Autonomy and Care: A Grounded Theory Study on Action Strategies to Care for People with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Helbig Roman , Latteck Änne-Dörte , Metzing Sabine
Published: February 2023

People with physical disabilities (PWD) are a large population group in Germany. Due to functional limitations of the body, they may be dependent on nursing assistance. PWDs’ wishes for assistance can be expressed verbally to nurses. However, these wishes do not always match what nurses want to happen. As a result, nursing care and the autonomy of PWDs can be critically opposed to each other. Thirteen problem-centered interviews were conducted with nurses on the care of PWDs. According to Strauss and Corbin (2010), analysis was conducted using grounded theory. When caring for PWDs, nurses may be confronted with wishes and needs they cannot or do not want to fulfill. As a result, they experience a conflict between care and respect for autonomy. Nurses critically assess these situations, including professional, ethical, and legal-organizational aspects. They interact with PWDs as well as colleagues to manage the conflict. Positive outcomes result in the conflict being resolved; negative outcomes result in nurses stopping care. Ambivalence also exists, which is characterized by tensions in further care. Nurses want to support PWDs, enable participation, and promote independence. They want to feel comfortable with their decisions. Therefore, they weigh carefully whether wishes for nursing assistance are realized or denied. Decision coaching can be a new task for academic nurses to enable PWDs to make health-promoting decisions for themselves.
Contribuições da pós-graduação na superação dos desafios em saúde pública na Amazônia
Authors: Herkrath Fernando José , Aquino Priscila Ferreira de , Parente Rosana Cristina Pereira , Simão Maria Olívia de Albuquerque Ribeiro , Garcia Eduardo Lima , Pedrosa Julio , Nascimento Mackesy
Published: February 2023

Esta obra é fruto de um evento anual dos programas de Pós-graduação do ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia que visa discutir avanços científicos em temáticas de relevância para a pesquisa dos pós-graduandos, em particular os do ILMD/Fiocruz Amazônia, estimular a troca científica entre os alunos dos diferentes cursos e divulgar a pesquisa desenvolvida pelos discentes dos Programas. Como na edição anterior, ocorrerá concomitantemente ao segundo encontro dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva no Amazonas, envolvendo os PPGs do ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas e Universidade Federal do Amazonas.
Progress and perspectives in hydrological modelling and forecasting across scales
Authors: Dasgupta Antara ,   Joint Virtual Workshop ECMWF-CEMS-C3S-HEPEX-GFP Team
Published: February 2023

The last decades have seen unprecedented progress in ensemble hydro-meteorological modelling and forecasting on a range of temporal and spatial scales. Such progress also raises new challenges, especially with regards to connecting hydrology from global to local scales, as well as hydrological sciences research to operations. To discuss these challenges, the Joint Virtual Workshop "Connecting global to local hydrological modelling and forecasting: challenges and scientific advances” (29 June - 1 July 2021) was recently organized [*]. It brought together over one thousand people from around the world, including scientists, disaster managers and stakeholders operating at the local, national, continental and global scales. In this study, we summarise the state-of-the-art presented and discussed at the workshop. In particular, we provide an early career perspective on the insights and experiences shared during the workshop, highlighting recent advances and ongoing challenges in hydrological modelling and forecasting, as well as on the use of forecasts for decision-making from global to local scales. From the many topics covered during the workshop, which included hydrological model development (including Earth System modelling, machine learning applications and hybrid dynamic-statistical forecasting), skill assessment, uncertainty communication, forecasts for early action, co-production of services and incorporation of local knowledge, Earth Observations, and data assimilation, we focus on the contributions to science and operations from the hydrological forecasting community. Our analysis highlights the critical need to better connect hydrological services and impact models to societal needs and local decision-making through effective communication, capacity building and co-production. The core work of creating new methods and products and the move towards Earth System modelling need to be balanced by multidisciplinary collaborations that effectively bring tools to practice. We expect that research tackling these challenges will increase further in the next decade.[*] Workshop organizers: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Copernicus Emergency Management (CEMS) and Climate Change (C3S) Services, the Hydrological Ensemble Prediction EXperiment (HEPEX), and the Global Flood Partnership (GFP)
Tropospheric ozone and precursors (HCHO and CO) from the NDACC FTIR ground-based network
Authors: Vigouroux Corinne ,   FTIR data providers
Published: February 2023

Ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) stations contributing to the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), deliver time-series of ozone and some of its precursors at more than 20 sites, starting from the 90’s for the oldest stations. In the context of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR-II), we will present the status of the ground-based FTIR tropospheric ozone, formaldehyde (HCHO), and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements.From high-resolution solar absorption spectra, O3, HCHO and CO total columns are obtained with a precision of about 2%, 8%, and 1%, respectively. In addition, the pressure dependence of fully resolved absorption lines allows retrieving low vertical resolution profiles and thus deriving few independent partial columns. For O3, the degrees of freedom for signal (DOFS) are about 4.5, allowing O3 amounts to be retrieved in four independent altitude layers: one in the troposphere and three in the stratosphere up to about 45 km, with a precision of 5–6 % for each partial column. For HCHO, the DOFS are only of order 1.0-1.5, with a sensitivity mainly located in the troposphere where most of the HCHO lies. For CO, about 2 DOFS can be obtained, with one of them located in the troposphere.We will show the variability and trends (when long time-series are available) of O3, HCHO, and CO tropospheric partial columns at many FTIR stations, covering a wide range of latitudes and pollution conditions. To derive the trends, we use a multiple linear regression model including seasonal cycles and dynamical proxies explaining the species’ variability such as, e.g., the tropopause height, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), or the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO).
Irrigation-expansion-induced impacts model-intercomparison project (IRRMIP)
Authors: Yao Yi , Aas Kjetil Schanke , Arboleda Obando Pedro , Bentsen Mats , Chen Liang , Cook Benjamin , Devaraju Narayanappa , Ducharne Agnès , Gosling Simon , Hartley Andrew , Jägermeyr Jonas , Jones Colin , Kim Hyungjun , Lawrence David , Lawrence Peter , Leung Ruby , Lo Min-Hui , McDermid Sonali ,   IRRMIP members
Published: February 2023

As the most dominant freshwater-use practice, irrigation plays an important role in global and regional environmental changes. Its extent experienced a substantial increase during the 20th century, from less than 100 mha before 1950 to about 300 mha around the year 2000. To advance the scientific understanding of the irrigation-expansion-induced impacts during the last century, we launched a model-intercomparison project (MIP), through which we intend to discover its effects on different sectors, i.e. water, climate, and agriculture, with Earth system models. In the protocol, two experiments are designed, i) simulation with transient irrigation extent and ii) simulation with the irrigation extent fixed at the level of the year 1901. For every experiment, three ensemble members are required to reduce the uncertainty. Currently, the analysis of outputs will be focused on climate extremes, the water cycle, vegetation-carbon interactions and some social implications. In the next phase of IRRMIP, we plan to combine the Earth system model community with both the hydrological model and crop model communities.
The key role of causal discovery to improve data-driven parameterizations in climate models
Authors: Iglesias-Suarez Fernando , Eyring Veronika , Gentine Pierre , Beucler Tom , Pritchard Michael , Runge Jakob , Solino-Fernandez Breixo
Published: February 2023

Earth system models are fundamental to understanding and projecting climate change, although there are considerable biases and uncertainties in their projections. A large contribution to this uncertainty stems from differences in the representation of clouds and convection occurring at scales smaller than the resolved model grid. These long-standing deficiencies in cloud parameterizations have motivated developments of computationally costly global high-resolution cloud resolving models, that can explicitly resolve clouds and convection. Deep learning can learn such explicitly resolved processes from cloud resolving models. While unconstrained neural networks often learn non-physical relationships that can lead to instabilities in climate simulations, causally-informed deep learning can mitigate this problem by identifying direct physical drivers of subgrid-scale processes. Both unconstrained and causally-informed neural networks are developed using a superparameterized climate model in which deep convection is explicitly resolved, and are coupled to the climate model. Prognostic climate simulations with causally-informed neural network parameterization are stable, accurately represent mean climate and variability of the original climate model, and clearly outperform its non-causal counterpart. Combining causal discovery and deep learning is a promising approach to improve data-driven parameterizations (informed by causally-consistent physical fields) for both their design and trustworthiness.
River load estimation of micropollutants: The Importance of event-driven sampling
Authors: Weber Nikolaus , Kittlaus Steffen , Milacic Radmila , Zoboli Ottavia , Zessner-Spitzenberg Matthias , Krampe Jörg
Published: February 2023

Thousands of micropollutants, emitted every day from numerous anthropogenic sources, end up in surface waters posing a risk to human health and the environment. Conventional monitoring approaches for an EQS-based assessment with e.g. monthly grab samples miss situations with high concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and associated chemicals. This is a clear shortcoming, especially in the context of load observations. To address this gap, we devolved a monitoring concept with event-driven sampling and applied it for the assessment of persistent micropollutants representative for different pollution sources and pathways in three Austrian rivers, namely the Wulka river and two of its tributaries.The selected compounds belong to the groups of industrial chemicals with wide dispersive use, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, fungicides, and metals. An online monitoring station at each river measured water level/discharge, turbidity/TSS, and conductivity in 1 min timesteps, for the period of 20 months. Turbidity was measured to capture the river’s TSS variability on a high-resolution basis and to trigger automated autosamplers for sampling during specific flow events. Samples from high and base flow periods were analysed for concentration of the selected micropollutants in total and filtered samples.The research allowed us to gain insights regarding the TSS and the related micropollutant transport dynamics of events and for the entire period. Preliminary results show that without event consideration the annual loads are underestimated for heavy metals and overestimated for pesticides.The outcomes provide a better understanding of the transport of TSS and related chemicals and quantify the essential relevance of sampling during high-flow events for the assessment of transported loads of some micropollutants in rivers.The monitoring was conducted within the EU Interreg Project Danube Hazard m3c.
Envirosciences - a multi-parametric low-cost and modular station for documenting geohazards: station specifications and time series products
Authors: Bourcier Florian , Vidal Maurin , Bès de Berc Maxime , Broucke Céleste , Chatelain Nicolas , Malet Jean-Philippe , Wanner Xavier , Hibert Clément , Letort Jean , Grimaud Franck , Sénéchal Guy , Lebourg Thomas , Rolland Lucie , Masson Frédéric
Published: February 2023

Envirosciences is developing an integrated multi-parameter low-cost monitoring station encompassing the geohazard and geophysical community needs. It consists in integrating co-located sensors ((meteorology, seismology, GNSS) on the same data acquisition card with modular configurations compatible with the EPOS - European Plate Observing System- specifications (sensor type, data sampling, noise level, data and metadata format). On-line data dissemination sand on-demand processing services are further being developed in order to propose advanced products such as GNSS position time series, advanced hydro-meteorological variables and seismic/micro-seismic catalogues.A dense network of 45 stations is currently being implemented in the Western and Central Pyrenees (South France). The network consists of a seismological, meteorological and geodetic (GNSS) antennas. The measurement network is semi-permanent with at least ten years of observation. It will allow to create catalogues of hydro-geomorphological and tectonic events, to document Pyrenean tectonic uplift, and to better constrain local micro-meteorology from the valley bottoms to the summit ridges (by combining co-localised measurements of classic meteorological parameters - wind, temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation - and tomography of vertical water vapor profiles from GNSS delays).The objective of the presentation is to present the technological development of the station which combines several types of sensors (2 Hz seismometers, dual-frequency GNSS receivers and meteorological stations), a high-frequency geophysical digitization module, a communication module (WiFi or4G) and a power supply module (by solar energy or 220V). Softwares to control the station have been created, as well as software to supervise the database and codes to interpret the measurements.We will further present the processing worklows and the time series of data acquired since November 2022 on 8 measurement stations already deployed in the Pyrenees. By the end of 2023, the full network of 45 autonomous real-time stations will be deployed with inter-station distances of around 5 km.
Cracking properties of shale influenced by bedding layers and a pre-existing slot
Authors: Ban Yuxin , Duan Jun , Xie Qiang , Fu Xiang , Sun Weichen
Published: February 2023

The key to increasing shale gas production is to construct fracture networks in shale reservoir to provide channels for shale gas. Understanding the cracking characteristics of shale is necessary for oil and gas exploitation engineering. Given this, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on Longmaxi shale in China to study the mechanical properties and cracking behaviors affected by bedding layers and pre-existing slot. Sandstone specimens with different pre-existing slot angles were also tested as a comparison. A mechanical-optical-acoustical comprehensive data acquisition system consisting of a rigid hydraulic machine, high-speed industrial camera and acoustic emission acquisition instrument was established to monitor the cracking behaviors in real time. The results show that the cracking behaviors of shale specimens are quite different from sandstone specimens in the uniaxial compression tests. Crack initiation is predominantly controlled by the pre-existing slot and is also affected by bedding layers. Crack propagation is mainly controlled by bedding layers and stress field distribution. When the bedding layers are vertical, the cracks are most likely to propagate along the direction of the bedding and tensile cracks are observed. When the bedding is 30°, the shale specimens are most likely to be controlled by the bedding layers, resulting in shear slip failure along the bedding layers. The experimental results contribute to the understanding of cracking properties in layered anisotropic materials.
Uncertainty of monoplotted features from historical single oblique images
Authors: Mikolka-Flöry Sebastian , Ressl Camillo , Pfeifer Norbert
Published: February 2023

Historical images are an important resource for documenting the early states of our environment after the last little ice age. To extract a feature (e.g. glacier outline) from a single historical oblique image in a global coordinate system monoplotting is commonly used: Rays originating from the projection center passing through the pixel vertices, which represent the considered feature, in the image are intersected with a reference terrain model. A subsequent spatial analysis not only requires the 3D position of these vertices as result of monoplotting but also their positional accuracy. The derivation of the latter has not been properly addressed so far.Existing approaches for assessing the monoplotting accuracy are either based on i) reference data or ii) selected ground control points (GCPs). The first approach is generally not suitable for historical images as reference data is mostly not available. Evaluation based on GCPs is only a rough measure for the potentially achievable accuracy as the monoplotting accuracy varies strongly within an image and the number of GCPs is usually limited. Hence, we propose a new approach based on variance propagation. Formulating the monoplotting principle using projective geometry both the accuracy of the estimated camera parameters as well as the reference terrain are considered within the estimation of the uncertainty for the 3D position of each vertex. Estimating the uncertainty for each vertex of the monoplotted feature further allows to derive a differentiated analysis of the results. Furthermore, being independent from necessary reference data our approach is well suited for historical images. Hence, with the developed approach it becomes possible to consider the uncertainty of monoplotted features in subsequent spatial analyses which is especially important when comparing these features with modern reference datasets; e.g. in order to judge the significance of possible changes or deformations.
Monitoring macroplastic waste sources along the Umgeni River using unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Mani Thomas , Gutsa Tadiwanashe , Trois Cristina , de Vries Robin , Qadi Asanda , Kumarasamy Muthukrishnavelaisamy
Published: February 2023

Rivers are major contributors of plastic waste entering the oceans. The Umgeni River in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, runs through the densely populated city of Durban, with 3.5 million inhabitants and is estimated to emit 400 tons of plastic waste annually into the Indian Ocean. The banks of the Umgeni River are lined with plastic waste accumulations, derived from accidental, intentional, and natural accumulation. This study uses high-resolution aerial imagery and several hydrometeorological measuring sensors in the catchment to (1) locate, monitor, and quantify macroplastic waste hotspots along the Umgeni River; and (2) investigate the influence of hydrometeorological factors driving the spatio-temporal evolution of the hotspots. This novel attempt to map and monitor plastic waste sources along the Umgeni River could assist waste managers and communities with a framework for developing targeted waste removal practices and mitigation measures.
Long-term variability of the North Ionian Gyre (BiOS); characteristics and causes
Authors: Menna Milena , Martellucci Riccardo , Gačić Miroslav , Pirro Annunziata , Civitarese Giuseppe , Mauri Elena , Cardin Vanessa
Published: February 2023

Long-term variability of the multiannual circulation inversions of the North Ionian Gyre (Bimodal Oscillating System - BiOS) was analyzed using the surface geostrophic vorticity time-series. The vorticity evolution within the period 1992-2021 in the South Adriatic Pit (SAP) area was compared to the North Ionian one to look for their possible relationship. In parallel, variations in the thermohaline properties from Argo float data in the SAP were analyzed to search for the role of baroclinic forcing in generating the vorticity variability. The long-term variations of the North Ionian vorticity show a clear BiOS signal with prevalently constant amplitude of the cyclonic mode. On the other hand, the anticyclonic mode displays a maximum in the early 1990s and then it decreases in amplitude. The maximum anticyclonic amplitude during this period is associated with the Eastern Mediterranean Transient. The vorticity curve of the SAP shows positive values (cyclonic curl) over the entire period with amplitude which changes rather weakly in the first part of the record up to 2006, while after 2006 it displays large multiannual oscillations showing also a higher long-term average value.  A comparison between the vorticity time-series and the salinity in the SAP shows that large amplitude variations in the second part of the vorticity record are in counterphase with respect to the average 0-150m salinity. This suggests that these large amplitude vorticity variations after the end of the EMT are driven by the horizontal density gradient, which is largely associated with the salinity variations, i.e., baroclinic in origin. As for the long-term trend in salinity over the 30-year time-series, the increase is quite significant.
Fluid-rock chemical-physical equilibrium/disequilibrium inferred from tectonic carbonates in the Apennines (Italy): an advanced approach to track seismic cycles and earthquakes
Authors: Curzi Manuel , Aldega Luca , Billi Andrea , Boschi Chiara , Carminati Eugenio , Vignaroli Gianluca , Viola Giulio , Bernasconi Stefano
Published: February 2023

Geofluids play an important role to seismic faulting both at hypocentral depth during earthquake nucleation and at shallower crustal levels during seismic rupture propagation. Pre- to co-seismic anomalies of crustal fluid circulation have thus far been identified by hydrogeochemical and seismological (Vp/Vs) monitoring and are generally interpreted as potential precursors, triggers, and/or facilitators of large magnitude earthquakes. Structural and geochemical studies on syn-tectonic mineralizations have highlighted different patterns of fluid ingress, circulation and fluid-rock interaction during the seismic cycle of thrusts and normal faults. Understanding fault rock-fluid relationships in exhumed faults is useful for revealing the role of fluids also in still ongoing seismic cycles from different tectonic settings. We present a review of published studies and original data on the chemical-physical characteristics of syn-tectonic mineralizations formed by fluids that assisted fault-related deformation in the Apennines (Italy). We use our data to build a general model of fluid circulation during thrusting and normal faulting during the seismic cycle, and define a multi-technique workflow to identify tectonic-related physical/chemical equilibria/disequilibria in fluid-rock systems. The proposed workflow relies upon multiscale structural analysis, stable C, O, and clumped isotope analysis, radiometric dating and burial-thermal modeling. The chosen study area is the Central Apennines fold-and-thrust belt, where post-orogenic extensional deformation, characterized by numerous Mw ≥ 6.5 earthquakes, currently overprints Neogene-Quaternary folds and thrusts. We show that thrusting mostly develops in closed fluid systems where fluid and host rock are close to chemical equilibrium. Subsequent normal faulting is characterized by a dominant upward and/or downward open fluid circulation system with an overall range of δ18O of paleofluids from -10‰ to +13.5‰ (V-SMOW). Isotopic and thermal fluid-rock disequilibria are particularly evident during pre-/ and co-seismic extensional deformation with mineralizations that are up to 30° C warmer and 16° C colder than the host rock and are associated with the ingress of exotic (meteoric or deep crustal) fluids.
Studying forest management and carbon absorption considering watershed in South Korea
Authors: Ko Youngjin , Kim Moonil , Hong Mina , Lee Woo-kyun
Published: February 2023

Recently, the action on climate crisis response was emphasized with spread of carbon neutrality from the international community, and the role of forests which is carbon sink was further accentuated. Forest is an important role to respond climate change. Therefore, it could be utilized for the strategy for achieving carbon neutrality. Forest in South Korea account for approximately 63 percent (6,286,438 ha) of land area. In this study, KO–G–Dynamics (Korean dynamic stand growh) model was used for estimating carbon sink with forest management considering watershed, which could help decision making through not fragmented but consistent forest management. Korean reach file (KRF) and forest functions (production forest, disaster prevention for forest etc.) classification map were used for considering watershed and each function. Especially, forest having different functions is applied to different methods of forest management. In addition, in the study, the data including species and age etc., which are representing the forest characteristics, based on 1 ha (100 m x 100m) resolution were used. Compared with a proceeding studies and national statistics, more accurate stem volumes (1,058 million m3 in 2020) and biomass (1,245 million ton in 2020) were estimated. In addition, the study is significant in the sense that diverse management methods in accordance with forest functions and watershed are considered. Furthermore, accurate modeling is possible through understanding of inhomogeneity on forest stands and forest in island area. It could help decision making of forest policy
Characterization of compound occurrence of heat waves and drought in Europe and North America
Authors: Castillo Natalia , Gaetani Marco , Martina Mario
Published: February 2023

Extreme events such as heat waves and droughts can have major impacts on agriculture, human health, and the energy sector, especially during the co-occurrence of such events. Although there is evidence that heat waves and drought have increased in intensity and frequency in the last decades, the analysis, characterization, and impact assessment of the compound occurrence of drought and heat waves are not well documented yet in a common framework. There are still some open questions related to how changes in midlatitude circulation may transcend in the thermodynamical characteristics of these compound events in the future. Furthermore, the role of some local feedbacks and the relationship with other extremes are still a debating subject.The purpose of this research is to shed some light and add evidence about the key drivers related to these extreme events. The main atmospheric characteristics of compound heat waves and drought events in Europe and North America are identified through the analysis of the ERA5 dataset during the historical period (1959-2022). Additionally, we evaluate the ability of CMIP6 models with respect ERA5 to reproduce the statistics of these compound events. Specifically, we aim at understanding what are the climatological characteristics of these events in the historical climate and what are the dynamical mechanisms leading to compound occurrence of heat waves and droughts.
Melting relations for putative mantles of Mercury and the compositional diversity of the crust
Authors: Wu Peiyan , Xu Yongjiang , Lin Yanhao , Charlier Bernard
Published: February 2023

The compositional diversity of volcanic rocks revealed by NASA’s MESSENGER at the surface of Mercury has been interpreted to result from partial melting of a heterogenous sulfur-rich Mercurian mantle. However, melting relations and the composition of partial melts for iron-free and sodium-rich mantle, together with the effect of sulfur as a key volatile, have not yet been studied in detail. In this study we present results from high-pressure and high-temperature experiments on the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of the mantle residue and melting products of primitive deep Mercury’s mantle with two starting compositions differing by their Mg/Si ratios. Both compositions have sulfur added as FeS. Experiments were conducted using a multi-anvil press under reduced conditions (by controlling the Si/SiO2 ratio of the starting composition) at pressures of 3 and 5 GPa.The residual mantle of Mercury with the lower Mg/Si ratio of 1.02 contains olivine + orthopyroxene above ~15 wt% melting at 3 and 5 GPa, and olivine disappears at melting over ~30 wt.% at 5 GPa. The Mercurian mantle with the Mg/Si of 1.35 contains olivine + orthopyroxene in the residue above ~15 wt% melting at 3 and 5 GPa, and olivine only when the melting degree is over ~50 wt.%. Our experiments also show that the majority of chemical composition of the High-Magnesium region (HMR) can result from ~25±15 wt.% melting of a deep primitive mantle. Further work will enable us to evaluate the compositional diversity of the mantle that is needed to explain the broad range of surface lavas. We also aim at understanding the role of the highly refractory residual mantle as a controlling factor for the end of major volcanic activity on Mercury at 3.5 Ga.
From pixels to charts – using remote sensing for the climate change indicator “lake ice” in alpine lakes
Authors: Kuhwald Katja , König Marcel , Brembach Kerstin , Oppelt Natascha
Published: February 2023

Lake ice is an important feature for many limnic ecosystems. Periodic ice cover influences biological, chemical and physical processes in lakes during the cold climate period. Additionally, ice cover also affects processes outside the ice period, for instance, lake water temperature, timing of spring bloom, primary productivity and mixing regimes. In the face of climate change, many regions experience shifting lake ice cover. The observed and projected loss significantly affects lake ecology but also cultural ecosystem services. In the alpine region of Germany, people associate personal memories, sportive activities and many other aspects with lake ice. Lake ice is connected to society and also strongly affected by climate change. Therefore, it well suits as an indicator to communicate climate change. The region, however, lacks systematic measurements and data on lake ice cover.In our project, we therefore aimed at developing a remote sensing approach to create a comparable data basis for a climate change indicator on lake ice. Our case study analysed six lakes between 700 and 2000 m AMSL. We generated a data set on lake surface characteristics (water, ice, snow, transparent ice etc.) using public webcam imagery as independent source. The data set was used to train and validate random forest classifiers for Setinel-1 A/B, Sentinel-2 A/B and Landsat 8 imagery. We excluded Sentinel-1 data, which were acquired at wind speeds > 1 m/s (ERA5-LAND). Thus, we prevented erroneous classification of rough waters. The validation revealed very high accuracies with balanced overall accuracies around 0.99, which is misleading. The high accuracies result from how we designed the ground the data since we only used data with labelling under high certainty. In this region, mapping lake ice faces the challenge of multiple freezing in thawing processes within the ice period. We therefore, implemented an air temperature (ERA5-LAND) filter to check the plausibility of classification results.The final classification results differentiated binary between ice and no-ice pixels. From this data, we defined ice-days with at least 80 % ice cover on a lake. To build the indicator, we divided the monthly sum of ice days by the number of valid image acquisitions. Thus, the indicator also accounts for varyingly available satellite data.With covering currently seven ice periods, the time series is relatively short for a climate change indicator. The approach may also be transferred to archived imagery whereas lacking ground truth data remain challenging. The small size of (0.2 - 3 km²) complicates the usage of large scale sensors such as MODIS. Thus, combining data from five satellites resolving at 10 – 30 m allowed to generate comparable and spatially explicit data on ice cover of these lakes for the first time.
Sentinel POD based on DORIS, GPS and SLR and subsequent reference frame determination based on DORIS-only
Authors: Schreiner Patrick , Reinhold Anton , Neumayer Karl Hans , Koenig Rolf
Published: February 2023

The absolute positional accuracy of altimetry satellites is one key aspect for subsequent analyses in Earth observation. To determine the position of a satellite with highest accuracy, various observation techniques are obtainable. Recent satellites like the Copernicus Sentinel-3A/3B and 6A Michael Freilich (MF) satellites are equipped with multiple observation techniques onboard. We use the techniques Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) to generate orbits based on DORIS-only, on the combination of DORIS and SLR, and on GPS-only. To examine the accuracy of the orbits, we compare them inter-technique-wise and with an external combined orbit solution, which is assumed to have superior absolute accuracy and minimal residual systematic errors. Subsequently, we strive to generate reference frame realizations for the DORIS technique in order to be able to contribute an additional solution to the International DORIS Service (IDS) in the future. Therefore, we use the DORIS only-orbit solutions, and generate weekly local reference frames for each of the three satellites and in combination. We evaluate these based on the reference frame defining parameters, i.e. origin, scale and orientation.
Statistical downscaling increases Antarctic ice sheet surface melt rate
Authors: Noël Brice , van Wessem Melchior , Wouters Bert , Trusel Luke , Lhermitte Stef , van den Broeke Michiel
Published: February 2023

Although recent mass loss of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is predominantly driven by ice shelf thinning and increased solid ice discharge, surface processes also directly affect mass changes. Snowfall fluctuations control the variability in surface mass balance (SMB) of the grounded AIS, while meltwater ponding threatens the viability of floating ice shelves. Surface processes are thus essential to quantify present and project future AIS mass loss, but remain poorly represented in climate models running at 25-100 km spatial resolution. Here we present new, daily Antarctic SMB products at 2 km resolution, statistically downscaled from the output of RACMO2.3p2 at 27 km resolution, for the contemporary climate (1979-2021) and a low, moderate and high-end warming scenario until 2100. We show that statistical downscaling to 2 km resolution modestly enhances contemporary SMB (+8%) but strongly increases melt (+50%), notably in the vicinity of the grounding line, in better agreement with both in situ and remote sensing records. The melt increase in the downscaled products persists in the future projections irrespective of the scenario, suggesting a systematic underestimate in low-resolution (regional) climate models.
Machine Learning-Enabled Smart Greenhouse Environmental Control Service Model
Authors: Hsia I-Wen , Chang Fi-John
Published: February 2023

Extreme weather often causes crop losses with sharp fluctuations in agricultural prices, which imposes negative impacts on sustainable agricultural development. Greenhouse farming is regarded as an effective measure against extreme weather. Thus, it requires a better understanding of the growing complexity of agri-food systems involving greenhouse environmental and societal tradeoffs under climate variations. Considering high energy consumption of greenhouses, this study aims at adopting machine learning with IoT-big data mining to innovatively develop a smart greenhouse environmental control service model under the nexus between meteorology, water, energy, food, and greenhouse environmental control while exploring pathways to low-carbon greenhouse cultivation. The proposed model will be applied to greenhouses in Taiwan for evaluating cross-sectoral synergies and environmental benefits. The results are expected to support greenhouse owners and authorities to make the best use of resources of water, energy, and food through the optimal environmental operation on greenhouse cultivation under extreme climatic events for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and move towards green economy.
Adjoint-state traveltime tomography in Central Java enhanced by a machine-learning-assisted catalog
Authors: Bai Yiming , Ramdhan Mohamad , Yang Shun , Li Tianjue , Chen Jing , Nagaso Masaru , Tong Ping
Published: February 2023

As one of the most populous regions, Central Java in Indonesia is prone to high seismic and volcanic hazards, mostly due to the progressive northward subduction of the Australian plate beneath the Sunda plate. Detailed velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath Central Java is critical for an improved understanding of the subduction processes and the associated seismicity and volcanism. Despite several independent isotropic velocity models proposed for the region, crustal-scale anisotropic structure, which reflects past and ongoing deformation, has rarely been investigated. The reasons behind this include that 1) conventional ray tracing may fail in strongly anisotropic crust, especially in a heterogeneous forearc setting; and 2) reliable anisotropy tomography requires sufficient data coverage, while the existing seismic networks in Central Java are restricted.In this study, we target on the crustal-scale P-wave azimuthally anisotropic structure beneath Central Java. The acquired seismic data were recorded by more than 200 seismic stations from multiple projects with different execution periods (from 6 months to > 2 years). To make full use of the open access data, machine learning phase picking and subsequent event association and location were applied to build a local earthquake catalog. The machine-learning-based workflow detects more than 1500 events, roughly double the amount by previous manual picking. Notably, the preliminary catalog includes a large number of earthquakes that were located in the offshore areas but were recorded by land stations to the north, resulting in huge back azimuthal gaps and potential bias in earthquake relocation. The current study attempts to involve depth phases, such as sPn and sPg, for more accurate earthquake locations and thus more reliable tomographic images. With the expanded and refined seismicity catalog, a ray-free adjoint-state traveltime tomography package called TomoATT will be used for the 3-D velocity heterogeneity and azimuthal anisotropy beneath Central Java.