bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presupuestos participativos en Chile y su contribución a la inclusión social
Authors: Noriega Soto Andrés Iván , Aburto Olivera Fabián , Montecinos Egon
Published: September 2016

Este artículo se propone comparar el perfil de los participantes y no participantes del Presupuesto Participativo (PP) en Chile con el objetivo de aportar evidencia empírica sobre si el mismo constituye un mecanismo que contribuye a la inclusión social, específicamente de aquellos grupos que tradicionalmente han sido excluidos de los espacios democráticos a nivel local. Se tomaron como casos tres comunas del sur del país que en la actualidad implementan este proceso: Lautaro, Río Negro y Puerto Montt. El principal resultado de este estudio es que, en la práctica, el PP no ha logrado incluir del todo a la ciudadanía, observándose en los hallazgos que son las personas jóvenes, sin poder organizativo, las menos favorecidas en términos de participación. Las dimensiones que se consideraron fueron etaria, territorial y organizacional, a través de una metodología cuantitativa y con técnicas de análisis documental.
Comunidades rururbanas de Quito: entre el empresarialismo y el derecho a la ciudad
Authors: Bayón Jiménez Manuel
Published: September 2016

Dos tendencias espaciales aparentemente contradictorias se producen hoy en día en el periurbano de Quito, lo que reconfigura la disputa de territorialidades: i) una expansión sin precedentes de la superficie urbana a lo largo de las parroquias rurales y ii) un reconocimiento creciente de derechos territoriales de las comunidades indígenas y campesinas en la Constitución del Ecuador, así como el derecho a la ciudad. Este artículo analiza cómo se relacionan ambas tendencias en el contexto del mayor proyecto de infraestructura de Quito en la última década: el Nuevo Aeropuerto Internacional de Quito (NAIQ). La parroquia donde se asienta el NAIQ, Tababela, era un área mayoritariamente campesina hasta la construcción del nuevo aeropuerto. El funcionamiento del NAIQ es la plasmación de una fortísima reterritorialización del capital a través de una gestión empresarialista de Quito que se ha concretado en el espacio a través de este Gran Proyecto Urbano (GPU). Los procesos de apropiación territorial por parte de las poblaciones afectadas por el NAIQ permiten analizar su respuesta a este modelo territorial desde una perspectiva de cómo ha operado la hegemonía de los grupos de poder en las políticas públicas urbanas.
Transporte, desigualdad social y capital espacial: análisis comparativo entre Buenos Aires y Santiago de Chile
Authors: Apaolaza Ricardo , Blanco Jorge , Lerena Natalia , López-Morales Ernesto , Lukas Michael , Rivera Maite
Published: September 2016

El presente trabajo estudia cómo las características del transporte urbano latinoamericano generan dimensiones de disputa de “capital espacial”, es decir, un tipo de recurso urbano internalizable individualmente que deriva de la combinación de condiciones materiales objetivas y socioculturales subjetivas. Estas condiciones determinan un aprovechamiento socialmente diferenciado del territorio y en ocasiones constituyen elementos decisivos en la apertura de nuevos nichos para productores y consumidores inmobiliarios de alto estatus, vinculándose con procesos de desplazamiento y exclusión. Los estudios de caso comparan cuatro barrios de Buenos Aires y Santiago de Chile, dos periféricos y dos pericentrales. Los resultados indican una fuerte diferenciación entre residentes en cuanto al rol de la nueva infraestructura en los casos periféricos y una escasa diferenciación para los barrios pericentrales, identificándose, no obstante, procesos de disputa por la apropiación y uso del espacio urbano y del barrio, en todos los casos.
Ciudades populares en disputa ¿Acceso a suelo urbano para todos? de Pedro Abramo, Marcelo Rodríguez y Jaime Erazo, coordinadores
Authors: Scarpacci Martín
Published: September 2016

Reseña de Ciudades populares en disputa ¿Acceso a suelo urbano para todos?
Planetary Gentrification de Loretta Lees, Hyun Bang Shin y Ernesto López-Morales
Authors: Alexandri Georgia
Published: September 2016

Reseña de Planetary Gentrification
Единая типология деловой культуры и процесс формирования культуры фирмы
Authors: Зябриков Владимир Васильевич , Ахвледиани Зураб Джемалович
Published: September 2016

Обосновывается последовательность смены типов культуры при движении фирмы по стадиям ее жизненного цикла. Показано, что процесс развития культуры фирмы имеет кумулятивный характер и состоит в постепенном замещении властного регулирования культурным. Анализируется влияние субкультур конкретных подразделений фирмы на процесс формирования ее деловой культуры.
Модели управления знаниями в корпорации
Authors: Талянский Даниил Сергеевич
Published: September 2016

В настоящее время в условиях ускорения изменений и активизации процессов глобализации в повышении эффективности деятельности корпораций все большую роль играет управление знаниями. Существует множество моделей управления знаниями. Каждая из них имеет свои преимущества и недостатки. Вместе с тем наиболее эффективными и долгосрочными по действию, по мнению автора, являются модели организации обмена опытом и коммуникации между сотрудниками, выработки и выполнения стандартов и инструкций, формирования идеи и общих принципов системы управления.
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF STRATEGIES FOR THE PREVENTION OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE DURING THE CHILDBEARING YEARS
Authors: Sinnott Teila , Artz Sibylle
Published: September 2016

This narrative literature review examines the peer-reviewed research in English on the prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV) during the childbearing years, published between January 2000 and January 2015. It shows that in the 43 articles that were located there is a disproportionate emphasis on making females responsible for not becoming victims of IPV, especially if they are mothers, who are made responsible for ensuring not only their own but also their children’s safety. Also noted is a striking lack of research on the prevention of IPV perpetration in males, particularly fathers. Even the current IPV research that focuses on interventions with males, notes the absence of interventions specifically designed for fathers and calls for both a better understanding of the underlying factors that contribute to male violence and a focus on interventions tailored to preparing men for the challenges of fatherhood. Two such programs are described in the final section of this review.
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF SCHOOLING: THE PATH TO ALTERNATE EDUCATION
Authors: Pereira Liane , Lavoie Jennifer
Published: September 2016

Policies governing education in North America have given schools the responsibility of meeting the needs of a diverse student population, including those with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD). To balance their need for individualized programs with their right to inclusion in schools, students with EBD may be placed in alternate programs within a mainstream school setting. However, little is known about student experiences leading to this placement or their experiences in these programs. The purpose of this study was to explore youth’s perceptions of the factors that influenced their being placed in an alternate program for students with EBD. Six eighth-grade students participated in semi-structured interviews and created a visual map of their school trajectories. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of the data suggested that their schooling was a tumultuous journey that contributed to their emotional, behavioural, and academic struggles, and to their placement in an alternate school program. Students described disrupted school services, lack of supports, a negative school climate, and disengaging instructional strategies as contributing to their difficulties. An understanding of the influence of school context and policy on student behaviour is necessary if we are to improve educational outcomes and properly support child and adolescent development.
Development Education: Towards a re-conceptualisation
Authors: Bourn Douglas
Published: September 2016

Development education emerged from the desire by governments with aid budgets and development non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to secure greater public understanding and support for international development. As a field of learning, development education became increasingly influenced
by the thinking of Paulo Freire and allied to areas such as global education, global learning and global citizenship, has become a feature of education practice within a number of European countries. But this influence has been linked primarily to the work of NGOs. If development education
and its related terms are to have any major educational influence there is a need to re-conceptualise the field with the context of a learning framework, the knowledge society and the impact of globalisation on education.
Translating Theory into Practice and Walking Minefields: Lessons from the project 'Through Other Eyes'
Authors: Andreotti Vanessa , de Souza Lynn Mario T M
Published: September 2016

This paper reflects on the lessons learned in the design and development process of the project Through Other Eyes (TOE). It explores the justification and theoretical framework of TOE in the context of development education and global learning by outlining some of the challenges and
tensions of translating postcolonial theory into pedagogical practice and of negotiating complex issues of language, representation and ownership in a context of North-South dialogue.
Shifting Margins, Shifting Centres: Development Paradigms in Maori Education
Authors: Kidman Joanna
Published: September 2016

In this paper, the cosmopolitan and imperial underpinnings of New Zealand Maori development education during the late colonial period are explored in relation to current development priorities. It is argued that these philosophies rapidly hybridised in order to fit local economic and
political conditions and further, that a form of neo-colonialism subsequently emerged that combines neoliberalism with late colonial thinking about indigenous development. The expression of these ideas by contemporary elites has significant implications for future development education initiatives
in New Zealand.
The Role of First-hand Experience in the Development Education of University Students
Authors: Davies Daniel , Lam Elaine
Published: September 2016

This paper reports on a study visit to rural Zambia undertaken by groups of undergraduates studying education at a small university in the UK. The research conducted around the visit sought to answer the question: 'does first-hand experience of a developing country's education system
challenge British students' preconceptions of 'the South' and help them to understand development issues?' In order to answer this question we employed a case-study methodology. Selected participants' written reflections upon the Zambian visit were analysed, comparing the insights gained with
the group's preconceptions at the beginning of the module. These case-study students were also interviewed to probe issues arising from their written accounts. Initial findings suggest that the first-hand experience of education in a sub-Saharan African country had substantially augmented
their learning from the taught module, deepening understanding and expanding the affective and skills dimensions. Each of the case study students had brought different preconceptions to the experience and these were challenged or – in some cases – reinforced. This paper reports
findings from the case studies and discusses implications for the design of similar study visits.
The Role of Questioning and Dialogue in Teaching Complex Global Issues: Perceptions of student-teachers in England
Authors: Brown Eleanor J.
Published: September 2016

This article is based on a study of student-teachers' perceptions of how complex global issues should be taught. It finds that many are positive about engaging with this, and often associate teaching complex issues with the use of participatory methodologies. However, most student-teachers
in this study appear to be reluctant to question their own assumptions or engage in mutual learning with pupils, seeing themselves as the gatekeepers of knowledge. This might result in a reliance on simplistic information that ignores the structural nature of many of these issues, suggesting
a further need for support in this area.
Viability For Sustainability: Two Sides of the Coin for Global Education in Faculties of Education
Authors: McLean Lorna R. , Cook Sharon Anne
Published: September 2016

This article outlines a Global education initiative run by a group of professors, graduate students and pre-service teacher education candidates in a Faculty of Education at a Canadian university. The goal of this far-ranging program is to encourage teacher candidates to incorporate
curricula on sustainable development, peace and global citizenship education into the conventional curriculum. The authors of the article have been involved with this initiative since its inception ten years ago. They have adopted Kotter's Strategic Model for Transforming Organisations (1995)
as the basis of our investigation into effective organisational change in this project. In particular, the article considers the importance of leadership styles, infrastructural supports and consistent evaluation in their research. Ultimately, the authors probe ways to sustain educational
change and innovation over a lengthy period during times of expansion and a leadership restructuring.
Investigating the use of communities of practice to implement global education in Finnish basic education
Authors: Pudas Anna-Kaisa
Published: September 2016

This article investigates the possibilities of implementing global education in national education by means of an often referred-to social learning theory 'communities of practice'. The argumentation is supported by research conducted in Finnish comprehensive schools lower level (the
first six years of education). The research findings suggest that at the moment in Finland, global education is perceived as a real challenge for practitioners. In conclusion, it is argued that the use of communities of practice as a basis to implement global education perspectives in basic
education has good potential to succeed in developing national education policies and in finding best practices for global education.
College Course Curriculum and Global Citizenship
Authors: Reysen Stephen , Larey Loretta W. , Katzarska-Miller Iva
Published: September 2016

This article examines the influence of participation in a college course infused with global citizen-related curriculum on antecedents, identification, and outcomes of global citizenship. Students completed measures regarding global citizenship at the beginning and end of a college
semester. Global-infused curriculum was operationalised as the number of words related to global citizenship contained in course syllabi. While controlling for student ratings at the beginning of the semester and measurement error, global-infused curriculum predicted students' global awareness
at the end of the semester. Global awareness predicted students' identification with global citizens, and global citizenship identification predicted endorsement of prosocial values. The results highlight the importance of global education to raise global awareness and engender students' global
citizenship identification and related prosocial values.
The development of the Global Citizenship Inventory for adolescents
Authors: Van Gent Marije , Carabain Christine , De  Goede Irene , Boonstoppel Evelien , Hogeling Lette
Published: September 2016

In this paper we report on the development of an inventory that measures global citizenship among adolescents. The methodology used consists of cognitive interviews for questionnaire design and explorative and confirmatory factor analyses among several datasets. The resulting Global
Citizenship Inventory (GCI) includes a global citizenship behaviour index and three scales measuring principles underlying global citizenship: human equality, mutual dependency in the world, and the shared responsibility for solving global issues. The behaviour index measures behaviour connected
to efficient use of energy and water, mobility, recycling and handling waste, search for information and expressing an opinion on global issues, donating to charity, and volunteering. The results provide support for our theoretical constructs regarding global citizenship.
Education for Sustainable Development to Nurture Sensibility and Creativity: An interdisciplinary approach based on collaboration between kateika (Japanese home economics), art, and music departments in a Japanese primary school
Authors: Ito Yoko , Nakayama Setsuko
Published: September 2016

The objectives of the research reported in this article were to develop and evaluate an interdisciplinary primary school Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) curriculum as a collaboration among the subject areas of kateika (Japanese home economics), art, and music. In
our curriculum, which focused on the improvement of 'sensibility and creativity' as embodied knowledge, the students were encouraged to use their five senses, express their feelings and ideas, and to freely explore their imaginations. Our sample consisted of 38 sixth-graders in the primary
school attached to a national university. Assessment of curriculum effectiveness revealed that the students learned to think about alternatives while questioning convention, to use all five senses, and to look at things from different angles. The students were also encouraged to explore and
pursue their personal interests and to develop the motivation and determination to put forth effort in order to succeed.
Preparing globally competent teachers: Indo-German perspectives on teacher training
Authors: Darji Brijesh B. , Lang-Wojtasik Gregor
Published: September 2016

Globalization has an immense effect on education. Education relies on the teacher and the process by which teachers are developed. In this context, the expectations of teacher role and options for teacher preparation today have key roles to play in educating children to become responsible
citizens of increasingly multicultural societies and active participants concerning the global challenges in various facets of society. Globalization is one of the most powerful forces shaping the present and future world in which today's children and youth will have to survive, intellectually,
to create a sustainable and just world society. Starting from a focused understanding of globalization, this article discusses the competences of global learning, associated competences of global teachers, and perspectives within the teacher training systems of India and Germany.
The influence of possible selves on globalcitizenshipidentification
Authors: Blake Marion E. , Reysen Stephen
Published: September 2016

We examined the influence of a 'possible self' activity on antecedents, identification, and outcomes of global citizenship. Participants wrote about either hoped-for selves as active global citizens, feared selves as inactive global citizens, or a typical day (control) and then answered
questions to gauge their global citizenidentification. Results show that the saliency of a feared self as an inactive global citizen led to greater identification with the global citizen identity. A structural equation model shows that feared self (vs hoped-for self) predicted greater global
citizenship identification, through the perception of one's normative environment as prescribing a global citizen identity and global awareness. Global citizenship identification predicted greater endorsement of prosocial values and behaviours (e.g.intergroup empathy and helping). The results
support the use of a 'feared self' activity to engender global citizenship identification and prosocial values instudents.
Modernity's 'other' and the transformation of the university
Authors: Richards Howard
Published: September 2016

In a dehumanized world in which meanings derived from dominant liberal world views are tacitly assumed to exist objectively and to impose themselves on discourses and on minds quite independently of who expresses them, this paper endorses what Immanuel Wallerstein calls 'unthinking
social science' and then rethinking social science in the light of modernity's 'other'. We understand social science to include not just the academic fields discussed by Wallerstein like economics and political science, but also applied fields that tend to be inscribed within a liberal world
view such as management, law, accounting, business, and education. Historically and logically, central planning and mixed economies in some ways deepen democracy, but nevertheless essentially preserve the logic of modernity (characterized by Max Weber as Zweckrationalität), and
this paper argues that they are unequal to the task. We must, to use some phrases from Tom Berry, work to achieve a culture shift at a deeper level, at the constitutive level. A green, frugal, and less socially unequal future (which is the only possible future) is only possible if we
can find ways to violate with impunity the systemic imperatives imposed by modernity's regimes of accumulation, be they capitalist, socialist, or mixed. We need to go further back in history beyond the point where commerce replaced kinship, to find the premises of a viable future. This implies
that non-Western and indigenous knowledge systems are entitled to respect. 'Standard science as it stands today has many useful practical applications, but it does not have a metaphysical monopoly on the right way to talk about what is' (Bhaskar, 1986).
Understanding learning in world society: Qualitative reconstructive research in global learning and learning for sustainability
Authors: Scheunpflug Annette , Krogull Susanne , Franz Julia
Published: September 2016

Global learning aims to change behaviour and attitudes. Changes in these areas are not easy to assess. This article discusses the documentary method, which belongs to the group of qualitative reconstructive research methods. The authors argue that this method allows reflection on collective
orientations and tacit knowledge. The different steps of data analysis are introduced and explained using a research example from the field of global learning that focuses on orientations towards world society in youth encounters between youth groups in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Teachers as agents of social change
Authors: Bourn Douglas
Published: September 2016

Teachers are seen as key actors of change within programmes and projects on global learning. But all too often they are regarded in an instrumental way or as promoters of some form of ideal global teacher. Evidence from the UK and elsewhere suggests that if a pedagogical approach is
taken to the role of teachers within the process of learning, then three distinct locations of teachers as change agents can be identified. These are as change agents within the classroom, within the wider school, and within society as a whole.
Úlcera de Marjolin
Authors: Macedo Francisco , Macedo Sandra , Drumond Filipa , Pestana Miguel
Published: September 2016

Palavras-chave: Carcinoma Espinocelular; Neoplasias da Pele; Úlcera Cutânea.
Desafios no Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Esclerose Múltipla Pediátrica
Authors: Lopes Silva Rita
Published: September 2016

Palavras-chave: Criança; Doenças Autoimunes Desmielinizantes do Sistema Nervoso Central; Encefalomielite Aguda Disseminada;Esclerose Múltipla/diagnóstico; Esclerose Múltipla/tratamento.
The Apoptosis Induction of Oleandrin on Osteosarcoma Cells through Regulating Mitochondrial- and Death Receptor-Dependent Apoptotic Pathways in Vitro
Authors: Ma Yunlong , Zhu Bin , Yong Lei , Song Chunyu , Liu Xiao , Yu Huilei , Wang Peng , Liu Zhongjun , Liu Xiaoguang
Published: September 2016

Our previous study has found the anti-tumor activity of oleandrin in osteosarcoma cells in vitro, but the signal transduction process of cell apoptosis induced by oleandrin is uncertain, which is explored in this study. Fluorescence staining and flow cytometry (FCM) was performed to detect the cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Caspase-3 activity was detected using a commercial kit. The protein expression of cytoplasmic cytochrome c, mitochondrial cytochrome c, bcl-2, bax, caspase-9, Fas, FasL, caspase-8 and caspase-3 was detected using western blot. A pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, was applied to block the apoptotic pathway and the apoptosis status were re-tested. We found that oleandrin significantly induced the increased apoptosis of U2OS cells. Meanwhile, the intracellular ROS was elevated, but the MMP decreased. The cytochrome c in mitochondria was notably decreased but increased in cytoplasm. The caspase-3 activity was also enhanced with the increase of drug concentration and treatment time. Oleandrin also down-regulated the level of bcl-2, but remarkably up-regulated the expression of bax, cleaved caspase-9, Fas, FasL, cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, the pre-treatment with z-VAD-fmk almost completely reverted the oleandrin-induced apoptosis. The results suggested that oleandrin induces the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells via mitochondrial- and death receptor-dependent pathways.
Amenability Modulo an Ideal of Second Duals of Semigroup Algebras
Authors: Rahimi Hamidreza , Nabizadeh Khalil
Published: September 2016

The aim of this paper is to investigate the amenability modulo an ideal of Banach algebras with emphasis on applications to homological algebras. In doing so, we show that amenability modulo an ideal of A** implies amenability modulo an ideal of A. Finally, for a large class of semigroups, we prove that l1(S)** is amenable modulo Iσ** if and only if an appropriate group homomorphic image of S is finite where Iσ is the closed ideal induced by the least group congruence σ.
Novel Slim-Matrix PDC Construction Boosts Drilling Efficiency: A Field Study of Deep Applications
Authors: Sherif M. , El Oufy M. , Ragheb A. M. , Aguib K. A.
Published: September 2016

The ability to construct slim body matrix bits has been proven and demonstrated to be of value when compared to conventional matrix construction and steel body PDC bits. The new matrix material with enhanced toughness has shown it can take the drilling and dynamic loads of medium depth applications with low to medium compressive strength. However the technical limits possible using slim body construction needs to be established. Recent developments in applications drilling deep sections in medium to hard formations with extended intervals has shown a need to have heavy set PDC bits to be more hydraulically efficient. The construction of heavy set matrix bit has always suffered from tight junk slot area and open face volume because of the high blade count and dense cutting structure. The challenge with the rock column of deep sections is interbedding between soft formations and hard formations creating a need for a cutting structure to be durable but in the same time not suffer from poor cleaning when formation transitions to a softer member column.

The new matrix material with enhanced toughness allows for the design of a slim-body PDC matrix construction. The technology was initially rolled out for 8½ in and 12¼ in shallow hole sections and results are recorded in SPE-KSA-113. The scope of this study is testing the structural integrity of this construction together with its effectiveness by extending the concept to heavy set bits and deploying them in deep interbedded rock column applications.

The main value sought is that the drilling complexity and costs increase in deep applications and targeting improvement in ROP would have a direct consequence on cost per foot. In this context even an increase of 5% in ROP can have a significant effect if the hole depth is at 15,000 ft TVD. Thus this study focuses on measuring the success rate fo slim body matrix by measuring rate of ROP improvement while ensuring the structural integrity of this technology is not a risk at such depths. The severity of the applications in which these tests were conducted were evaluated when possible with rock compressive strength analysis and measuring that against ROP.

The results portion of this part of the campaign (deep applications) has shown surprising results with more success rate percentage of improving ROP vs what was recorded in shallow applications (see SPE-KSA-113). The cost per foot effect was even more significant at such depth with the incremental improvement in ROP as the slim-body matrix construction responded to the variation of formation compressive strength. The slim body matrix feature proved its advantage in interbedded applications, where formations fluctuate from hard to soft and vice versa with no compromise to structural integrity even at the deepest applications drilled in Egypt's rock column.
Corporate Wikipedia in Upstream: Bimodal IT Case
Authors: Khasanov M. M. , Krasnov F. V. , Belozerov B. V.
Published: September 2016

Average duration of corporate Knowledge Management project measures in years. The idea of this paper is to show new approaches to this well-known activity. The problems of incompatibility between corporate IT services and Open Source Systems are obvious and based on polite incredulity. On the other hand, corporate users are exhausted to wait for results of Knowledge Management projects. KM teams force users to share knowledge and on our opinion implantation is only one part of the KM process. The other part is to provide a solution for the user's needs to share knowledge. World Wide Web was originally created to let scientists share knowledge. Obviously if we bring the best from WWW tech to corporate environment we can make a real masterpiece.

Bimodal IT is quite new approach which has many unclear areas. Open Source Systems are in good alignment with agility part of Bimodal IT mode. MediaWiki is rather agile framework with adoptable ecosystem of extensions. OSS LAMP stack is a very fast tool to launch corporate project. Extremely important to connect delivers of agile phase to part of IT focused on stability. In other case corporate Wikipedia project will be doomed.
Sand Fines Erosion and Asset Integrity Management of Deepwater Gas Facilities: Effect of Liquid Loading
Authors: Subramani Hariprasad J. , Rhyne Lee D. , Gonuguntla Praveen Kumar , Subramani Vikramraja J. , Vedapuri Damodaran
Published: September 2016

In spite of the sand control/management techniques implemented down-hole, fine sand (< 50-75 microns) often may find its way into the piping components of onshore, offshore, and subsea facilities causing erosion/wear and subsequent pipeline integrity issues. Existing erosion models (both CFD-based and correlations) widely used in the industry have been reasonably benchmarked with erosion due to sand particles that are greater than 100-150 microns and the predictions are within ±100% of observations even in single-phase carrier (liquid or gas) flows. Although there is only a limited set of the fines erosion data (both lab and field), there is a considerable mismatch between the data and what the models predict even when the fines (< 50 microns) are carried in single-phase (let alone multiphase) fluid flow. Also, current industry practice is to assume that the low liquid content of gas stream reduces fines erosion by forming a protective film on the pipe wall although there is no clear understanding on what fraction of the liquid content (a) gets atomized into droplets (that may or may not wet the fine particles) in the gas stream and (b) wets the pipe wall. Even the development and validation efforts of the correlations for fine particle-pipe wall interaction leading to a single erosion event (let alone CFD-based erosion simulation) are still at their infancy. Several renowned erosion research groups around the world have been working on addressing the afore-said gaps. New fines erosion experiments were conducted in a 4" flow facility that consists of several piping components (orifice plates, elbows, and tees) that were connected in series and pipe wall thickness loss due to erosion was measured using a standard ultrasonic method. This paper elucidates the effect of (a) interaction of piping components connected in series (in-plane and out-of-plane) and (b) effect of low liquid loading in gas on fines erosion, scaleup to field conditions, and provides some directions for future efforts needed on this topic that are critical to the safe and efficient operation of oil-gas producing/processing facilities.
A New Class of Renewable Surfactants for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Kaiser Anton , Curren Morgan , Parmenter David , Mahmoudkhani Amir , Wylde Jonathan
Published: September 2016

With the ever-growing demand for more environmentally acceptable oilfield chemicals, classic oilfield chemistries are becoming obsolete and new chemical systems are required. Future oil production will be dominated by unconventional oil production with increased amounts of chemicals needed to further improve oil recovery with higher production rates. In addition, environmentally acceptable chemistries will be of increased significance and the use of natural product based chemicals will further ensure a more sustainable oil production.

To achieve the future requirements of environmentally acceptable surfactants for chemical enhanced oil recovery, chemistries with low toxicity and high biodegradability are needed. Renewable based fatty acid amides represent such a class of bio-based surfactants that are environmentally acceptable and show superior performance in enhanced oil recovery applications.

The following paper describes the chemical design of renewable based fatty acid amide surfactants and their use in EOR applications. Extensive phase behavior studies, salinity scans, adsorption studies, IFT measurements and surface tension measurements were performed to present the high efficiency and potential of these products for surfactant polymer- and surfactant flooding on different crude oils. Furthermore, the biodegradation and aqua-toxicity of the renewable based fatty acid amide surfactants will be discussed in detail. This new class of bio-based surfactants represents an environmentally acceptable option to the broadly used internal olefin sulfonates with superior performance, especially for carbonate reservoirs. The non-ionic character of the renewable based fatty acid amide molecule results in much less ability to adsorb on rock surfaces which allows a potential re-injection of the produced water to decrease chemical consumption. Additionally, the viscoelastic behavior of this new class of surfactants will improve the sweep efficiency during a flooding process. Overall, these multi-functional natural-based surfactants will drastically increase oil recovery rates when applied.
The Influence of Fluid Ratios on Produced Water Separation and Quality of Chemical EOR
Authors: Kaiser Anton , White Alan , Belhimer Yaz , Wylde Jonathan
Published: September 2016

The use of alkaline polymer surfactant flooding techniques is becoming more common-place, particularly in projects where heavier and more viscous crude oil is produced. While the efficacy of increasing recovery factors cannot be disputed, often there is little consideration given to the implications of these enhanced oil recovery (EOR) chemicals breaking through into producer wells and entering the produced water handling system. The impact caused by EOR chemical breakthrough can be varied, but most commonly the efficacy of oil/water separation is seriously affected. The contribution that EOR chemicals can have on reservoir souring is often underestimated, as is the effect they can have upon standard production chemicals such as scale and corrosion inhibitors.

This paper draws upon the importance of different fluid ratios during EOR operations and the challenges that EOR chemical breakthrough has upon the produced water treatment strategy. A field case history specifically addressing the challenge of fluid separation at different fluid ratios and the impact on water in oil and oil in water emulsion stability.
Additives for CO2 EOR Applications
Authors: Rommerskirchen Renke , Nijssen Patrick , Bilgili Harun , Sottmann Thomas
Published: September 2016

CO2 injection is a commonly used technique for recovering residual oil from mature reservoirs. It gains more and more interest due to the importance of carbon dioxide capturing and sequestration. The increasing CO2 availability and the easy implementation make this Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method favorable in times of low oil prices. In most reservoirs injected or native CO2 exists in its supercritical state (scCO2) because the critical point of carbon dioxide is at a lower pressure and temperature than the reservoir conditions. Its miscibility behavior makes scCO2 a good solvent that generates high oil recovery rates. The swelling of the hydrocarbon phase, and consequently the efficiency of a flood, strongly depends on the miscibility of the residual oil and the solvent. Therefore, immiscibility of scCO2 with the crude oil leads to poor recovery, which poses some limitations to CO2 EOR procedures. Additionally, viscosity or gravity effects could decrease the sweep efficiency and therewith the recovery rate.

The miscibility of the injection fluid and the residual crude oil can be improved by solubilizing an appropriate additive in the scCO2. In this work the compatibility of different additives with scCO2 is investigated in order to identify compounds that enable an easy co-injection of the additive within the flow of the CO2. Phase behavior studies under typical reservoir pressures and temperatures with a (model) crude oil show the solubilization behavior of the recovery fluid CO2 and the effect of the different additives on the mutual miscibility.

Information about the influence of different additives on the crude oil's miscibility and swelling with the injected CO2 allows conclusions about the best procedure for each reservoir. The additives can also interact with the formation water and build stable CO2-foams downhole. These foams exhibit a higher viscosity than the pure gas which also results in improved sweep efficiency.

Using an appropriate additive can lead to a change of the miscibility behavior of a reservoir and make it more favorable for a CO2 EOR process. A former near-miscible or even immiscible application can become a miscible flood. Furthermore, the additives can influence the performance of water alternate gas (WAG) and foam methods and lead to higher recovery rates.
Introducing a New Capacitance-Resistance Model and Solutions to Current Modeling Limitations
Authors: Altaheini S. , Al-Towijri A. , Ertekin T.
Published: September 2016

Numerical reservoir simulation offers the best representation for reservoir fluid flow. However, uncertainty in assigning and distributing static parameters between wells adds a dimension of weakness to its implementation and cultivates modeling doubts. Capacitance-resistance modeling is one of the recent evolving technologies that provides opportunities to study fluid dynamic signatures that can help unveil uncertainties for some aspects of static reservoir parameters such as fractures and faults.

Capacitance-resistance modeling (CRM) is a tool that relies on signal processing in associating actions (i.e. injection and drawdown) to reactions (i.e. production). This is accomplished through means of multivariate nonlinear regression. There are many documented limitations to this tool that reduce the model reliability, or prevent it from attaining an acceptable match. Capacitance-resistance modeling limitations result from varying model parameters, or missing input data. Examples of these limitations include changes to the number of active producers, significant change in well productivity index (e.g. well workover), high variation of fluid compressibility, and presence of aquifer support. Most reservoirs will encounter many of these limitations which makes it important to find a rectifying solution.

In this paper, CRM limitations are addressed and a new modeling equation is introduced to produce a flexible capacitance-resistance model. Shutting-in producers, or introducing them, changes the number of active production wells. This limitation is solved by modifying the injection rates in a way that honors the mass balance and keeps the modeling weights constant. Changes in a well's productivity index are addressed by considering the well as two separate wells (before/after change), while the presence of aquifer support is engaged by adding a pseudo injection well, to mimic influx support, and adjusting the injection rate to reach the best possible match quality. As for the new modeling equation, it performs very well when compared to current CRM equations, has fewer variables, and has more applications due to the incorporation of a drainage control-volume that acts as a filter to all supporting streams. This new formulation also gives clearer indications to noncontributing injectors; the information from which can be used to detect the presence of faults and fractures.
Automated Surveillance and Diagnostic Workflow for the Management of Water Production in Naturally-Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Cinar Y. , Shehab M. A. , Dallag M. M. , Jama A. A.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a new automated workflow to diagnose and evaluate water production signatures for a mix of vertical and lateral wells in a carbonate reservoir under water-flooding. The workflow can be used for rate optimization, remedial intervention planning and for reservoir description. The workflow basically includes decline curve analyses for oil and water productions, Chan analysis for water production signature, and evaluation of the combined decline curves and water signatures for estimating well ultimate cumulative oil and reservoir description. This enables reservoir engineers in optimizing the production rate and in planning future remedial actions to prolong well life and maximize recovery. A new event-based Chan analysis is proposed to better assess the change in water production signature after each remedial event such as acid treatment, water shut-off or sidetracking.

The study reveals that the benefits of the automated workflow are significant for reservoir engineers who deal with complex reservoirs with numerous wells. The well ultimate cumulative oil is estimated more accurately using the combined decline curves of oil and water production. Using the proposed event-based Chan analysis, it is possible to identify the change in water production signatures of wells of different types before and after well events. The water problem diagnostics are also helpful to understand the highly-conductive features in complex carbonate reservoirs.
Examining the Geomechanical Implicaitons of Pre-Existing Fractures and Simultaneous-Multi-Fracturing Completions on Hydraulic Fractures: Experimental Insights into Fracturing Unconventional Formations
Authors: Alabbad Emad A. , Olson Jon E.
Published: September 2016

The presence of preexisting fractures and the need to place multiple hydraulic fractures in relatively close proximity from each other make stimulating unconventional formations a challenge. This paper experimentally reviews the geomechanical factors governing the hydraulic fracture interactions with the formation's preexisting fractures and the fracturing completion's simultaneous hydraulic fractures. The methodology followed in this study uses a series of laboratory fracturing tests. The experimental tests used rock samples made of synthetic, gypsum-based cements, such as hydrostone and plaster, and were performed in a number of experimental settings to investigate some geomechanical factors of relevance. Among such factors, the preexisting fracture's cementation, aperture, and relative height as well as the design of the fracturing stage completion were examined in the course of the experimental portion of the work. As a result of the laboratory experiments, it has been found that a hydraulic fracture crossing the preexisting fracture is largely dictated by the preexisting fracture's cement fill type relative to the matrix of the host rock. Likewise, the height of the hydraulic fracture relative to the preexisting fracture may govern their intersection mode, however, there seems to be an insignificant impact of the preexisting fracture aperture on the intersection outcome. Moreover, the fracturing stage completion design was found to have considerable impact on the hydraulic fracturing outcome. Stress interference between the fracturing sources in a stage highly affects the outcome of each fracturing source. Middle fracturing sources tend to result in inhibited hydraulic fracture propagations while outer fracturing sources achieve hydraulic fracture propagations with outward curvatures. Overall, the experimental data and findings enable us to validate some theories, calibrate numerical simulators, and answer some pressing questions. The results discussed in this paper provide very useful insights into fracturing unconventional formations.
Diagnostics of Reservoir Fluid-Fill Cycle and Relevance for Tailoring Field Developments in Oman
Authors: Ferrero M. Boya , Kawar R. , Hadhrami M. , Dhahli A. , Neidhardt J. , Pentland C.
Published: September 2016

The development of reservoirs that are not in hydrostatic equilibrium or that have suffered deviations from primary drainage over geological time requires appropriate challenges to standard assumptions in order to optimize the field's full potential. Such circumstances are more frequent than usually acknowledged since the Earth is not static, structures get buried or change with tectonic activity and fluids re-arrange themselves to achieve a state of minimum potential energy.

The focus of this paper is three fold: a) highlight geological processes that may affect fluid distribution and pressure regime in a reservoir; b) provide a template workflow and diagnostic tools for identification of alternative fluid-fill cycle and equilibrium state scenarios; c) illustrate through actual field examples the relevance of recognising tectonic imprint on fluid distribution, in particular for reservoirs with low permeability, oil wettability or low porosity. A companion paper1 published at the same time discusses methods to model saturation changes in some of such complex fields.

In summary, the interpretation of variable contacts within a field can result in changes to development decisions (see fig 1): consequences are not limited to volumetric assessment but they can actually change the development, well count and well placement as well as impacting the design of the facilities. Based on risk and opportunity management optimization we advise against indiscriminate standard assumptions of primary drainage or hydrostatic equilibrium for all reservoirs in all basins.