Effect of Altering the tRNA\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(_{3}^{Lys}\) \end{document}Concentration in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 upon Its Annealing to Viral RNA, GagPol Incorporation, and Viral Infectivity
Authors: Gabor Juliana , Cen Shan , Javanbakht Hassan , Niu Meijuan , Kleiman Lawrence 
Published: October 2002

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses tRNA

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as a primer for reverse transcription and, during viral assembly, this tRNA is selectively packaged into the virus along with the other major tRNA
Lys
, tRNA

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. Increasing the cytoplasmic concentration of tRNA

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through transfection of cells with a plasmid containing both HIV-1 proviral DNA and a tRNA

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gene results in a greater incorporation of tRNA

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into virions, which is accompanied by increased annealing of tRNA

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to the viral genome and increased infectivity of the viral population. Increased viral tRNA

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is accompanied by decreased viral tRNA

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, with the total tRNA
Lys
/virion and the GagPol/Gag ratios remaining unchanged. Viral tRNA
Lys
can be doubled, with increases in both tRNA

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and tRNA

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concentrations, by overexpressing lysyl tRNA synthetase. This also results in increased tRNA

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annealing to the viral RNA and increased viral infectivity but, again, no change in the GagPol/Gag ratio was observed. This result indicates that GagPol, whose interaction is required during packaging, is not a limiting factor during tRNA
Lys
incorporation into HIV-1, whereas LysRS is.