bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CAROTENOIDS IN THE XANTHOPHYTA (HETEROKONTAE)
Authors: Thomas D. M. , Goodwin T. W.
Published: April 2007

The carotenoids of nine heterokonts grown in axenic culture, Vischeriasp., Heterococcus fuorensis, Bumilliopsis brevis, Ophiocytum majus, Chlorocoster engaginalis, Heterothrix debelis, Tribonema aequale, Chloriclella neglecta,andBotrydiopsis alpina,are qualitatively the same. The pigments have been identified as β‐carotene and three xanthophylls, antheraxanthin, lutein5,6‐epoxide and an unidentified compound which is possibly a hydroxy derivative of lutein, 5,6‐epoxide, trollixanthin. The significance of these observations in relation to algal phylogeny is briefly discussed.
UNUSUAL MOTILITY OF TUBE‐DWELLING PENNATE DIATOMS1
Authors: Williams Richard B.
Published: April 2007

Several species of tube‐dwelling, pennate diatoms present in salt marshes adjoining Sapelo Island, Georgia, possessed previously undescribed types of motility. The tubes penetrated into the sediment, permitting the diatoms to retreat from the sediment surface in response to stimuli. Cells of Nitzschia ob‐tusa withdrew down their lubes at 120 to 240 ^jsec. Colonies of Frustulia asymmetrica withdrew at 44 to 500 μ/sec, with the cells remaining motionless relative to the tube. Tubes containing colonies of Gyro‐sigma scalproides var. eximia and a Navicula sp. moved slowly into or out of the sediment.
NITELLOPSIS BULBILLIFERA IN NORTH AMERICA12
Authors: Tindall D. R. , Sawa T. , Hotchkiss A. T.
Published: April 2007

Nitellopsis bulbillifera, known previously only from the type locality in Argentina, is reported from near Roswell, New Mexico. Specimens from the natural population and from culture show only minor variations in respect to the description of the type specimen. A description of male plants and chromosome counts are presented for the first time. Similarities between N. bulbillifera and Chara buckellii are discussed.
GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE UTILIZATION BY MARINE ALGAE1
Authors: Kuenzler Edward J.
Published: April 2007

A good relationship was found between the amount of phosphatase present at the surface of marine unicellular algae and their ability to utilize glucose‐6‐phosphate (G‐6‐P) as a phosphorus source. Algae did not take up the whole molecule of G‐6‐P; those with phosphatase hydrolyzed the ester extracellularly and assimilated the PO 4. The phosphatases were usually phosphate‐repressible, and they usually showed optimum activity at pH±7. Algae lacking phosphatases that could act on external substrates did not assimilate G‐6‐P; they became phosphorus‐deficient and stopped growing. Of 13 species studied, only Cyclo‐tella cryptica was capable of assimilating glucose for cell growth in darkness. Cyclotella utilized both the glucose and the phosphate of G‐6‐P, but only after hydrolysis by the alkaline phosphatase at the cell surface.
THE SOIL ALGAL COMMUNITY. II. SOVIET SOIL STUDIES
Authors: Forest Herman S.
Published: April 2007

The enormous quantity of work done in the Soviet Union is inadequately known elsewhere. Soviet generalizations rest on extensive data published in the Russian and Ukranian languages. The primary criterion of community analysis is now the total algal flora, but it is foreseen that the ecology of individual species is a more desirable parameter. Methods of sampling and culture in the Soviet Union are largely the same as those used elsewhere. The basic problems of sampling and quantification have not been solved yet.

It is felt that the prerequisite to understanding the Soviet experience is a commonly held taxonomy. Soviet taxonomists are judged as fully competent, but lack communications with outside taxonomists in respect to methodology and references. As a contribution to the common understanding, new identifications of Soviet species (mostly blue‐greens) are included in this paper. These were derived from: a study of moist soil dishes from collections made according to a horizontal distribution plan in a single field; collections from near Leningrad, Middle Asia (Alma‐Ata, Tashkent, Samarkand, Buchara); liquid cultures of soil collected by a Soviet investigator in Kazakistan; and agar cultures of soil algae which are maintained in Soviet laboratories. Also included is a selected bibliography, in English translation, of 71 Soviet publications.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS AND RELATED SPECIES1
Authors: Pringsheim Ernest G.
Published: April 2007

All the described species and varieties of the genus Haematococcus were available. After isolation in pure culture they were used studying their nutritional requirements.

H. buetschlii and H. droebakensis had already been shown by Droop to need vitamin B12. H. capensis typ., H. capensis var. borealis, and H. zimbabwiensis were found to do so also. The 7 strains of H. pluvialis from various localities investigated showed slight physiological deviations, although morphologically they were so similar that they should not be described as varieties.

A dilute inorganic nutrient solution with trace elements and iron kept in solution by EDTA was suitable cither as such or supplemented with growth‐promoting compounds. The growth was speeded by low concentrations of acetate and by enhancing photosynthesis.

No strain of H. pluvialis absolutely required cobalamin, although it stimulated. Thiamine had a much more pronounced effect; for some strains it was indispensable. Although the response varies slightly from strain to strain, a luxuriant growth for all was obtained only with acetate and B1, and usually enhanced by B12. A peculiar feature of H. pluvialis is the catching up of cultures initially retarded by thiamine deficiency (probably due to slow B1 synthesis).

When H. pluvialis multiplied fast its appearance differed from that considered typical: no red pigment and the cell wall not inflated. In nature it evidently lives under conditions unfavorable for good growth although suitable for survival in competition with other organisms.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINANCE ON CELL DIVISION RATES OF THREE SPECIES OF TROPICAL OCEANIC PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Thomas William H.
Published: April 2007

Three species of tropical oceanic phytoplankton were isolated from two locations in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Unialgal cultures were maintained in an enriched seawater medium. The effects of temperature, and, in separate experiments, illuminance, on the exponential cell division rates of those algae were investigated. For 2 isolates of Gymnoclinium sp. (probably G. simplex), maximum growth rates were 1.25 and 1.7 divisions/24 hr, the optimum temperature range was 23‐29 C, the compensation illuminance was 35 ft‐c, and the saturation illuminance was 750 ft‐c and above. For a small species of Chaetoceros, the maximum growth rate was 6.0 divisions/24 hr, the optimum temperature range was 23‐37 C, the compensation illuminance was 10 ft‐c, and the saturation illuminance was 600 ft‐c. For a small Nannochloris species, the maximum growth rate was 4.5 divisions/ 24 hr, the optimum temperature range was 27‐37 C, and the saturation illuminance was 800 ft‐c. Nannochloris grew heterotrophically by apparently utilizing organic matter supplied by soil extract.
EXTRACTIVE AND ENZYMATIC ANALYSES FOR LIMITING OR SURPLUS PHOSPHORUS IN ALGAE
Authors: Fitzgerald George P. , Nelson Thomas C.
Published: April 2007

An extractive procedure for detection of surplus‐stored phosphorus (luxury consumption) in algae and an enzymatic analysis for conditions of P‐limited growth in algae have been evaluated. A simple 60‐min boiling water extraction of algae known to contain surplus P separates essential P compounds and surplus‐stored P compounds. Surplus P compounds can be measured in the extract as orthophosphate. Extracts of algae limited in their growth by the amount of available P contain little or no orthophosphate. Limitation of algal growth by P supply induces the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The activity of this enzyme can be measured at pH 9 using p‐nitro‐phenylphosphate as substrate. Algae which were P‐limited and contained no extractable orthophosphate have as much as 25 times more alkaline phosphatase activity than algae with surplus available P.
TRANSLOCATION IN MACROCYSTIS. III. COMPOSITION OF SIEVE TUBE EXUDATE AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAJOR C14‐LABELED PRODUCTS1
Authors: Parker Bruce C.
Published: April 2007

The major C14‐labeled substance in sieve tube exudate of M. pyrifera is D‐mannitol, comprising 3.6% (w/v). No sugars are detectable. Certain amino acids also possess some C14‐labeling and occur in significantly high concentrations in exudate. The exudate contains negligible ether‐soluble lipid, but has a large amount of protein and a high concentration of K+ Neither protein nor lipid become labeled significantly in sieve tubes during short‐term translocation experiments with C14. In general the chemical composition of the assimilate stream is comparable to that of vascular plants and does not, consequently, necessitate a different mechanism for translocation.
LOLA IRREGULARIS (CHLOROPHYTA‐CLADOPHORACEAE) : A NEW SPECIES FROM THE ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA1
Authors: Zaneveld Jacques S.
Published: April 2007

A small, loose lying, unbranched, filamentous alga from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, is described as a new species, Lola irregularis. The genus Lola is closely related to the genera Hormiscia, Rhizoclonium, and Chaetomorpha in the family Cladophoraceae. A key to all known species of Lola is included. This is the first record of a species of Lola south of the Antarctic convergence.
SCENEDESMUS WALL ORNAMENTATION. I. SCENEDESMUS PARISIENSIS CULTURES1
Authors: Trainor Francis R.
Published: April 2007

Four strains of Scenedesmus parisiensis Chodat were studied in xenic and axenic culture in 3 media as well as in cultures incubated in sterile vessels in nature. Organized coenobia are usually produced but these may have merely short spines, spines and serrate edges, or lack wall ornamentation. Because the serrate edge is either not formed or cannot be readily detected in most cases, it is not a satisfactory morphological feature for delimiting this species. In laboratory studies it is noted that S. parisiensis might be confused with S. denticulatus rather than S. brasilien‐sis. Inasmuch as both xenic and axenic cultures of the ‐f strains produced similar results, S. parisiensis can be readily characterized.
CHLAMYDOMONAS SMITHII SP. NOV.–A CHLAMYDOMONAD INTERFERTILE WITH CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTIP
Authors: Hoshaw Robert W. , Ettl H.
Published: April 2007

Chlamyclomonas smithii sp. nov. is described from two strains of Chlamyclomonas originally isolated by Dr. Gilbert M. Smith. The mating types are inter‐fertile with those of Chlamyclomonas reinhardtii (Culture No. 89 and 90) maintained in the Culture Collection of Algae at Indiana University. This species is distinguished from all others by the body shape and slit chromatophore.
EXPLORATORY STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF A PSYCHROPHILIC MARINE DIATOM1
Authors: Bunt J. S. , van H. Owens Olga , Hoch G.
Published: April 2007

The effect of light, of 2 wavelengths, and of 3 temperatures on the uptake and evolution of O2 by the antarctic marine diatom, Fragilaria sublinearis, has been examined with mass spectrometry. The responses of this organism to light, in terms of O2 exchange, were qualitatively similar to those recorded by Hoch et al. with the blue‐green Anacystis nidulans. In addition, distinctive temperature optima were indicated for O2, production and uptake, which help to explain the psychrophilic character of the diatom. The possibility of varying rates of O2 uptake in the light being associated with photoassimilation of organic substrates has been discussed.
VARIATION IN THE DESMID STAURASTRUM SEBALDI VAR. ORNATUM1
Authors: Lind Edna M. , Croasdale Hannah
Published: April 2007

Staurastrum sebaldi var. ornatum from the surface plankton of Sasumua Reservoir serving Nairobi in Kenya, Africa, showed remarkable variability in its symmetry and its many dichotypical specimens. The cause of this extensive variability is unknown.
DNA OF A SEVEN‐CHROMOSOME STRAIN OF ASTREPHOMENE GUBERNACULIFERA12
Authors: Brooks A. E. , Nasatir Maimon
Published: April 2007

Methods have been presented for isolation, partial purification, and characterization of DNA from a 7‐chromosome strain of Astrephomene gubernaculilera. Sheath material surrounding the individual cells was removed enzymatically and cells were lysed with hot Na lanryl sulfate. DNA was isolated and purified by a modification of Marmufs procedure. Melting experiments and buoyant‐density values indicated that native DNA with a G‐C content of 61‐62% had been prepared. A pentose phosphorus containing compound was present in stoichiometric amounts.
DNA OF THE MARINE RED ALGA GRIFFITHSIA GLOBULIFERA12
Authors: Nasatir Maimon , Brooks A. E.
Published: April 2007

A method has been given for isolating nuclei from red algae. The results are given for the isolation, purification, and analysis of Griffithsia globulifera DNA luith several methods. The G‐C content is≈42%. A new DNase is also reported.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND INTERCROSSING IN VOLVULINA STEINW1
Authors: Carefoot J. Russel
Published: April 2007

Gametes of Volvulina steinii bear near‐apical mating papillae. Zygospore germination yields a single biflagellate cell that develops into a colony xuhose asexual progeny are all of the same mating type. Backcrossing of clones of progeny indicated a 1 :1 ratio of mating types among the progeny.

Of 20 clones from a number of localities, none was homothallic and 3 showed no matins: reaction. Mating reactions of clones crossed in all possible combinations indicated the presence of 2 sexually isolated groups of clones producing smooth‐walled zygospores and 1 group that produced spiny‐walled zygospores. In the latter group weak and nonreciprocal mating reactions occurred in some clone combinations. Failure of germination of spiny‐walled zygospores from certain crosses suggests further subdivision into genetically isolated groups.
CHLOROSARCINOPSIS VARIABILIS SP. NOVA FROM A CONNECTICUT CORNFIELD SOIL1
Authors: Trainor Francis R. , Hilton Richard L.
Published: April 2007

A new and pleomorphic species of Chlorosarcinopsis from a Connecticut cornfield soil is described. Two populations were observed and cultured. One produced mostly smooth colonies on agar and formed few packets; the second produced large percentages of rough colonies on agar and frequently formed packets. In older agar cultures numerous Hormotila‐like colonies can be observed in both strains.
ALARM GRANDIFOLIA J. AGARDH FROM NOVA SCOTIA1
Authors: Edelstein T. , Craigie J. S. , McLachlan J.
Published: April 2007

Alaria grandifolia is recorded from Nova Scotia for the first time and is briefly compared with A. esculenta from this area.
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES OF ERYTHROCLADIA ROSENVINGE IN CULTURE
Authors: Nichols H. Wayne , Lissant Ellen K.
Published: April 2007

Erythrocladia subintegra has been cultured for over 3 years. The life history includes reproduction by monospores, a long period of ameboid motility by monospores, their germination and growth into monostromatic disk‐shaped plantlets composed of adherent, often dichotomously branched filaments. Plants become centrally polystromatic with age and produce monospores. Variations in plant size and shape, cell size and shape, spore size, shape, and motility are discussed. Variations in plants of E. subintegra grown on different substrates have been studied and discussed in relation to other species in the genus.
THE EFFECT OF CULTURE CONDITIONS ON THE HYDROCARBON CONTENT OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS12
Authors: Patterson Glenn W.
Published: April 2007

Cultures of Chlorella vulgaris were grown aulo‐trophically under fluorescent light and heterotrophically on glucose and inorganic salts. Hydrocarbons were extracted and analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography, molecular sieve separations, and silicic acid‐AgNO3 chromatography. Chlorella vulgaris grown under both culture conditions contained a series of saturated n‐paraffins ranging from 17 to 36 carbon atoms in length. This is in contrast to reports in the early literature which indicated that the hydrocarbon fraction of algae was composed of only 1 or 2 specific hydrocarbons. Only under heterotrophic conditions, however, did C. vulgaris produce 1‐penta‐cosene and 1‐heptacosene as the primary components of the hydrocarbon mixture. Other Chlorella species were examined, but only C. vulgaris produced significant quantities of these compounds.
TWO NEW VARIETIES OF STAURASTRUM (DESMIDIACEAE) FROM SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
Authors: de Mattos Bicudo Carlos Eduardo
Published: April 2007

Two new varieties of Staurastrum (Desmidiaceae) are described from Sao Paulo, southern Brazil: St. polymorphum Bréb. var. itirapinense and St. quadrangulare Bréb. var. sanctipaulense.
DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN IN THE MODIFIED BARCROFT RESPIROMETER IN STUDIES OF ALGAL RESPIRATION1
Authors: Wood Kenneth G.
Published: April 2007

The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in stirred water in which the surface is unbroken is approximately 0.01 me cm.‐2 min‐1 atm‐1. Under these conditions, the modified Barcroft respirometer would not give valid results. Hence, it is recommended that this method be abandoned for studies of algal metabolism.
STORAGE AND GERMINATION OF CHARA OOSPORES
Authors: Proctor Vernon IV.
Published: April 2007

Germination tests were conducted on 39 collections of Chara oospores stored under 4 different conditions for periods of approximately 4 yr. In general, storage of dried oospores at low temperatures (3 C) provided the most satisfactory means for long‐term preservation of viable disseminules. Oospore germination zuas higher in light than in darkness. Effects of temperature and substrate upon germination were explored briefly.
OBSERVATIONS ON WATER LOSS OF SEAWEEDS IN RELATION TO MICROCLIMATE ON A TROPICAL SHORE (GHANA)1
Authors: Jenik J. , Lawson G. W.
Published: April 2007

During a 24‐hr period (12‐13 April, 1966) continuous records of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, salt spray, and evaporative power of the air were made at Nungua beach, Ghana. Water loss from emersed plants of Sargassum vulgare, Bryocladia thyrsigera, and Ulva fasciata was measured during the same period. The daily march of desiccation in these seaweeds follows the curve for evaporative power of the air. At night the 3 species lose relatively little water and very nearly the same percentage in each case. During the day Ulva is most resistant to water loss, Bryocladia next, and Sargassum is least resistant. This behavior is correlated with the upper limits of the zones they occupy on the shore.
UPTAKE SPECIFICITY FOR ORGANIC SUBSTRATES BY THE MARINE DIATOM MELOSIRA NUMMULOIDES1
Authors: Hellebust Johan A. , Guillard Robert R. L.
Published: April 2007

Melosira nummuloides, clone Mel‐3, shows a very high specificity with regard to its ability to take up organic substrates. Amino acids supplied in the medium at 1 X 10‐4 M are taken up at initial rates of the same order of magnitude as that of photoassirnilation of COj. However, sugars, sugar alcohols, or organic acids supplied at the same concentration are not taken up. The mechanism for uptake of amino acids appears to require energy, since tlie uptake of the amino acid analog α‐aminoisobutyric acid is strongly inhibited by 2 f‐dinitrophenul. The uptake mechanism does not appear to be inducible.

The ability of M. numinuloides to utilize amino acids as a nitrogen source is quite restricted. Arginine, ghttamine, asparagine, proline, and glutamic acid were good nitrogen sources. Seventeen other amino acids, including α‐aminoisobutyric acid, were unsatisfactory for growth, although they were rapidly taken up from the medium.
INFLUENCE OF METHOD FOR REMOVAL OF SESTON ON THE DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER1
Authors: Parker Bruce C.
Published: April 2007

Comparisons of various methods and method modifications for treating water samples to render them free of seston prior to analysis of dissolved organic matter have corroborated a number of suspected sources of error. Among the more important points arising from this study arc: 1. All cellulose ester filters must be washed to remove elutable carbon. 2. In some instances filtration to dryness may produce artifacts resulting from cell injury. 3. A significant difference in filter retention can result between 0.45 and 0.22 μ membranes. 4. Among the methods most satisfactory are wet filtration through 0.22 μ pre‐washed Millipore membranes and continuous‐flow centrifugation at ca. 10,000 x g and 100 cc/min flow rate, both of which have their inherent weaknesses and limitations. 5. Regular centrifugation does not remove some planktonic organisms which have considerable buoyancy, or organic substances may somehow be released by cells without producing morphological damage.

The newly developed bio dialysis technique for dissolved organic matter collection consistently yielded lower values than continuous‐flow centrifugation. In contrast, biodialysis yielded lower values for pond water and higher values for Scenedesmus cultures than the best filtration method. Evidence suggests that biodialysis will be useful as both a supplementary and, in some zuays, more accurate method in studies of dissolved organic matter.
FACTORS AFFECTING PHYTOPLANKTON DISTRIBUTION IN A DOUBLE‐CELL SEWAGE LAGOON 12
Authors: DeNoyelles Frank
Published: April 2007

The distribution of phyioplankton in a double‐cell sewage lagoon at Hallam, Nebraska, was studied in relation to physical, chemical, and biological factors during the summer and fall of 1965. Sixteen species of algae were recorded in the first and more organically rich of the two physically similar ponds, with 28 species recorded in the second pond. Population sizes were always greater in the first pond due to reduced grazing during the summer and large quantities of ammonia‐nitrogen during the fall. The dominant algal species in both ponds on nearly all sampling dates was Ankistrodesmus falcatus v. acicularis. Declines in this population occurred with high organic pollution and heavy grazing. Both ponds had severe reductions in algal numbers during late October due to heavy grazing by the rotifer Brachionus. The distribution of phytoplankton in the Hallam ponds is compared to that of other sewage ponds in the United States, and the general pattern which emerged is discussed.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION INCLOSTERIUM MONILIFERUM AND CLOSTERIUM EHRENBERGII1
Authors: Lippert Byron E.
Published: April 2007

Sexual reproduction inC. moniliferumis described for the first time. The morphology of conjugation is quite like that ofC. ehrenbergii.Homothallic strains of both species usually produce single zygospores between daughter cells that have just divided. However, 2 homothallic clones ofC. moniliferumform twin zygospores between conjugants which have paired before division and conjugation. This has not been observed inC. ehrenbergii.Heterothallic strains of both species form twin zygospores in the same manner. Heterotfiallisrn seems a well‐established feature in both species. Germination and the survival of 2 products of meiosis arc typical of other desmids which have been investigated.
CONSPECIFICITY OF SOME CHAROPHYTES1
Authors: Proctor Vernon W. , de Donterberg Carlota C. Carl , Hotchkiss Arland T. , Imahori Kozo
Published: April 2007

Sweets Lake, British Columbia, is the type locality for plants originally described as Chara buckellii. Plants from this locality liave been crossed successfully to a second clone from Laguna La Drava, Argentina, the type locality for Nitellopsis bulbillifern. Plants from both clones were also crossed with others from Texas, New Mexico, and Wyoming that agree in most respects with. Robinson's original description of C. longifolia. On the basis of such crosses we suggest that all 3 taxa are biologically conspecific. There is no evidence, either from the field or experimental crosses, of gene flow between C. longifolia and C. hornemannii; the two should be considered separate species.
STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION OF THE ALGAL SYMBIONTS OF HYDRA VIRIDIS1
Authors: Oschman James L.
Published: April 2007

The algal symbionts of Hydra viridis are found within vacuoles of the gastrodermal digestive cells of the host. Electron microscopy reveals that the symbionts possess cell walls, and that their reproductive cycle follows the general pattern of free‐living Chlorella. Nuclear and chloroplast divisions arc followed by formation of new cell walls, the Golgi apparatus being quite active during cell wall synthesis. Autospores are released when the parent wall ruptures. The autospores are then usually segregated into separate animal vacuoles. Remnants of the ruptured parent wall persist in the vacuoles for an indefinite period. The ruptured parent walls curl at the breakage clefts, forming double‐layered scroll‐like structures. The fate of these wall remnants has not been firmly established. Long‐term starvation of the animals does not result in a detectable change in the structure of the symbionts, and they continue to divide and to store carbohydrate as starch grains.
PROPAGATION OF HANTZSCHIA SP. GRUNOW DAUGHTER CELLS BY NITZSCHIA ALBA LEWIN AND LEWIN1
Authors: Lunritis James A. , Hemmingsen Barbara Bruff , Volcani Benjamin E.
Published: April 2007

Electron microscopic investigations of thin sections of Nitzschiaalba revealed that dividing cells yield both Nitzschia and Hantzschia daughter cells, suggesting that these genera are not taxonoinically distinct.
RED SNOW CAUSED BY A NEW SPECIES OF TRACHELOMONAS12
Authors: Hardy John T. , Curl Herbert
Published: April 2007

Trachelomonas kolii sp. nov., a member of the Euglenophyta, was the causative agent of red snow near Mt. Bachelor, Oregon. The cells are uniflagellate or without flagella and, in general, exhibit the characteristics of the genus Trachelomonas. The lorica, when present, is transparent, elongate, reticulate, and has a funnel‐shaped collar at the anterior end. The protoplast is completely filled with red pigment. Red spherical resting stages that appear similar to the resting stages of the ubiquitous snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis (Bauer) Wille are described.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PORPHYRIDIUM AERUGINEUM A BLUE‐GREEN COLORED RHODOPHYTAN1,2,3.
Authors: Gantt E. , Edwards M. R. , Conti S. F.
Published: April 2007

The ulstrastructural study on Porphyridium aerugineum showed vesicles in the peripheral cytoplasm which contain fibrous material similar in appearance to the cell sheath. In most respects the morphology of P. aerugineum, a freshwater form, is very similar to that of P. cruenturn, a marine species. However, there is a marked difference in the shape of the phycobilisomes which are attached to the chloroplast lamellae. In P. cruentum the phycobilisomes are always spherical or oblate, whereas in P. aerugineum they are disk shaped. The possibility is considered that the shape of the phycobilisomes may be determined by the phycoerythrin and phycocyanin content.
THE CAROTENOIDS OF FOUR BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE1
Authors: Healey F. P.
Published: April 2007

The carotenoids of 4 species of blue‐green algae, Anabaena variabilis, Phormidium persicinum, P. ectocarpi, and P. fragile, were investigated. In each, ft‐carotene was a major pigment and the only carotene detected. The xanthophylls present in Anabaena variabilis were echinenone, canthaxanthin, and myxo‐xanthophyll. Each of the Phormidium species contained zeaxanthin as the major xanthophyll. In each, this was accompanied by trace amounts of echinenone and isocryptoxanthin. In addition, 2 new xanthophylls, spectrally resembling ^‐carotene, were found in Phormidium persicinum and P. ectocarpi, while another, with a spectrum similar to that of myxoxanthophyll, was found in P. fragile.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF VEGETATIVE CELL DIVISION IN OEDOGONIUM BORISIANUM12
Authors: Hill Gerry J. C. , Machlis Leonard
Published: April 2007

Vegetative cell division in Oedogonium borisianum is initiated by the formation of a 3‐layered ring adjacent to the wall in the upper portion of the cell. This structure enlarges by the coalescence of vesicles. When the ring is fully developed, the parent wall splits adjacent to the ring, and the ring expands into a cylinder, which becomes the cuticle of the upper daughter cell. The lateral wall then forms between this cuticle and the plasmalemma of the cell.

Concurrent with ring development and expansion, the nucleus migrates to a position in the center of the cell and karyokinesis occurs. Commencing with late telophase, evidence of transverse wall formation becomes apparent. The zone between the daughter nuclei contains a layer of microtubules in a plane parallel to the plane in which the transverse wall will develop. Subsequently a random coalescence of vesicles occurs along this plane. During the latter stages of this process, the ring expands and the plane of the transverse wall moves upward to the base of the ring cylinder. The completed transverse wall then fuses at is periphery with the newly formed lateral wall.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RESERVE GRANULES FROM THE DINOFLAGELLATE THECADINIUM INCLINATUM BALECH1
Authors: Vogel Kathryn , Meeuse B. J. D.
Published: April 2007

Reserve granules of the dinoflagellate Thecadinium inclinatum Balech were analyzed and found to be composed of a polyglucan very similar to the starches of higher plants.
NEW TAXONOMIC CRITERIA IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF CHLOROCOCCUM SPECIES. I. PIGMENTATION12
Authors: McLean Robert J.
Published: April 2007

Eighteen isolates of Chlorococcum were incubated under defined culture conditions for 6‐7 weeks. At that time, isolates were separated into green, yellow‐green, orange, or red color groups according to the color of the cultures. Total chlorophyll, carotenoid concentration, and percentage of carotenoids in relation to total pigment content were measured for each species. Individual carotenoids of each isolate were identified and quantified. Each color group had pigment characteristics which were distinctive. Other studies on Chlorococcum are discussed in relation to this work. It is proposed that pigmentation of old cultures be used as the first criterion for distinguishing species of Chlorococcum.
CAROTENOID PIGMENTS OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE GLENODINIUM FOLIACEUM STEIN12
Authors: Mandelli Enrique F.
Published: April 2007

The marine dinoflagellate, Glenoclinium foliaceum Stein, has been shown to contain fucoxanthin, instead of peridinin, as the major xanthophyll. In addition, 2 carotenes–β‐carotene and a compound with spectral properties reminiscent of isomerized y‐carotene–and 2 xanthophylls–diadinoxanthin and an unidentified compound–were also isolated. These results support an earlier work that indicated the possible presence of fucoxanthin in some members of the Pyrrophyta.
A STUDY OF LIGHT INTENSITY, PERIODICITY, AND WAVELENGTH ON ZOOSPORE PRODUCTION BY PROTOSIPHON BOTRYOIDES KLEBS12
Authors: Durant Jennie P. , Spratling Larry , O'Kelley Joseph C.
Published: April 2007

When mature Protosiphon cells were placed in darkness, zoospore production was more extensive and was completed in a shorter time at a temperature of 27 C than at 22 or 15 C. Cool‐white fluorescent (Sylvania) light inhibited the process measurably at a radiation intensity of 0.6±103 ergsjcm2‐sec; inhibition was 96% complete at 14±103 ergs/cm2‐sec. For mature cells previously grown under repeated 12‐12 hr light‐dark cycles, a dark period of approximately 2 hr at 22 C allowed cell division to proceed to a stage such that reillumination did not inhibit continued development of zoospores. Monochromatic light from 402 to approximately ‐494 nm, as compared to darkness, inhibited zoospore formation; maximal inhibition was at 432‐461 nm. In contrast, monochromatic light from 522 to 726 nm stimulated zoospore formation relative to darkness. Synchronous zoospore production was obtained using the following regimes: (A) 12 hr cool‐white alternated with 12 hr yellow, (B) 12 hr cool‐white alternated with 12 hr blue. Under regime A synchronous zoospore release (following synchronous production) occurred near the end of the yellow irradiation period, while under regime B it occurred near the end of the cool‐white irradiation period. The significance of this in terms of photoprocesses and possible photoreceptors is discussed.
STUDIES IN SOME FOLIOSE RED ALGAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST. III. DUMONTIACEAE, WEEKSIACEAE, KALLYMENIACEAE1
Authors: Abbott Isabella A.
Published: April 2007

The female reproductive structures and their development, and the vegetative structure are studied in 17 species of red algae in the Cryptonemiales (Rhodophyceae). Three genera, Weeksia, Constantinea, and the type species of Leptocladia, are removed from the Dumontiaceae to a newly created family, the Weeksiaceae, because of differing postfertilization events leading to the development of the gonimoblast from a cell of the carpogonial branch. Three genera of Dumontiaceae are studied: Pikea, including P. californica, the type species, and Pikea robusta a newly described species; Dilsea californica, and a newly described species of Neodilsea, a genus heretofore known only from the northwestern Pacific. Two transfers are made from the genus Leptocladia, 1 to Farlowia, as F. conferta, and 1 to Rhodophyllis (Gigartinales) as R. peruviana. Three species in the Kallymeniaceae are redescribed: Kallymenia pacifica, a rare and nearly unknown species from southern California and adjacent Pacific Mexico; K. norrisii from central California; and K. oblongifructa from Washington, Oregon, and northern California.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF OEDOCLADIUM1
Authors: Beaney William D. , Hoffman Larry R.
Published: April 2007

Two new gynandrosporous species of Oedocladium from the United States were isolated into unialgal culture and comparative studies were made. The new taxa described, O. carolinianum sp. nov. and O. cir‐ratum sp. nov., are morphologically very similar. Both species have an opercufate oogonium with inferior division, oospore walls with the middle layer ungulate, and hyaline suffultory cells containing a small amount of vacuolated cytoplasm. Conditions for sexuality in culture zuere determined for both species. Zoospores and akinetes serve as means for asexual reproduction.
BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE FROM BERMUDA WATERS: ECOLOGICALLY SELECTED VARIATIONS OF A SINGLE SPECIES
Authors: Sharp Jonathan H.
Published: April 2007

Three strains were isolated from Bermuda waters as unialgal cultures. Although identical in cell shape, cell size, and general growth features, marked differences in pigmentation, filament length, and sheath thickness were noted. These differences are explained as being due to differences in physical conditions of the areas of isolation of the 3 strains. It is concluded that the 3 strains are ecologically selected mutants of the single species, Schizothrix calcicola.
PIT CONNECTION FORMATION IN THE RED ALGA PSEUDOGLOIOPHLOEA
Authors: Ramus J.
Published: April 2007

Pit connection formation in the marine red alga Pseudogloiophloea confusa was studied with the electron microscope. The process of formation occurs in 2 stages. First, a septum forms as an annular ingrowth from the lateral walls. Lomasomes are associated with the centripetal accretion of wall material. The completed septum contains a large rimmed aperture, bounded by the continuous plasmalemma, and through which the cytoplasm is continuous from cell to cell. In the second stage, a highly structured plug is formed which completely blocks the aperture. The plug is condensed on flattened vesicles which lie parallel to one another and which traverse the aperture.

The mature plug is composed of granules 50–100 A in diameter and surrounded by several dense layers which appear to enclose an 80 A limiting membrane. Once the pit connection is formed, no material is seen to traverse it.
EFFECT OF VITAMIN CONCENTRATIONS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF VITAMIN‐REQUIRING ALGAE1
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , Silbernagel S. B.
Published: April 2007

Vitamin‐requiring marine algae, Cyclotella nana, Monochrysis lutheri, and Amphidinium carterae, were grown in batch culture with limiting concentrations of vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin, respectively. Cell numbers, average cell volumes, biomasses, 11CO2 uptake rates, and chlorophyll a contents were determined daily. Maximum 14CO2 uptake rates in most vitamin concentrations were obtained at 2 days with C. nana and M. lutheri and at 4 days with A. carterae after starved cultures were exposed to the vitamin. Radiocarbon uptake rates approximately reflect biomass increases. Cell numbers were proportional to vitamin concentrations when cells were incubated for 2 to 3 more days. Cell sizes varied depending on time of incubation. Chlorophyll a content did not always reflect vitamin concentrations. Maximum carbon assimilation rates (Km) and saturation constants (Ks) determined from 14CO2, uptake rates in different vitamin concentrations during early incubation were higher than when determined from cell number in log phase growth. Dissolved vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin in many samples of seawaters were in the ranges which influence the growth rate, cell size, and chlorophyll a content of C. nana, M. lutheri, and A. carterae, respectively, in laboratory studies. The effects of vitamins on these algae in situ may be similar.
ANALYSIS OF MICROTUBULE STRUCTURE IN EUGLENA GRANULATA
Authors: Arnott Howard J. , Smith Harriett E.
Published: April 2007

The microtubules associated with the pellicle, reservoir and locomotory flagellum of Euglena granulata were subjected to rotational analysis using the technique of Markham et al. The results indicate that the microtubules have 11‐14 subunits when viewed in transverse section. Rotational analysis of the entire locomotory flagellum was also conducted to better demonstrate the nature of the arms extending from the peripheral microtubules.
RECOVERY OF A HOT SPRING COMMUNITY FROM A CATASTROPHE
Authors: Brock Thomas D. , Brock M. Louise
Published: April 2007

The algal mats of a number of hot springs in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park were destroyed by a brief violent hailstorm on August 30, 1967. The rate of recovery of the algal mat at Mushroom Spring was studied by quantitative methods. In the temperature range of 65–71 C a unicellular cyanophycean alga is the sole photosynthetic component. The doubling times during the recovery period for three stations were: Station I (71 C), 17 days; station II (68 C), 10.5 days; station III (65 C), 10 days. The algal mat had returned to apparently normal size by 152 days after the catastrophe. The significance of these observations for the conservation of hot spring communities is discussed.
NEW TAXONOMIC CRITERIA IN CLASSIFICATION OF CHLOROCOCCUM SPECIES. II. PYRENOID FINE STRUCTURE2
Authors: Brown R. Malcolm , McLean Robert J.
Published: April 2007

The pyrenoids of 18 Chlorococcum species (including 3 now transferred to Tetracystis) have been investigated at the ultrastructural level. Three categories of pyrenoids were observed, including pyrenoids with unfragmented perforate starch plates in 11 species; those with many separate fragmented starch plates in 6 species; and those with hemispherical starch plates in 1 species. Pyrenoids were further distinguishable on the basis of the number of thylakoid disks or tubules which penetrate the ground substance. Stability and diversity of pyrenoid fine structure as a taxonomic criterion at the specific level have been demonstrated.
A SIMPLE TUMBLING DEVICE USED IN PREPARING ALGAL SPECIMENS FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Berlagnolli Byron L. , Nadakavukaren Mathew J.
Published: April 2007

Screw cap vials are held in a wooden holder which rotates at a 90° angle to the horizontal. The. shaft of a small electric motor with built‐in gear box is attached perpendicularly to the wooden vial holder via a hole drilled in the center of the wooden holder. The rotation of the vial holder is about 6 rpm. This motion ensures a thorough tumbling of the contents of the vials. Even viscous embedding media are kept in constant agitation, which provides for superior penetration of the tissue. Tumbling devices to hold a range of vial sizes can be constructed with a minimum of labor at a cost of $10–20 each.
NOTES ON CLADOPHORA (CHLOROPHYCEAE). I. TWO NEW CARIBBEAN SPECIES CLADOPHORA JONGIORUM NOV. SP. AND CLADOPHORA LONGICELLULATA NOV. SP.
Authors: van den Hoek C.
Published: April 2007

Two new Caribbean species of Cladophora are described: Cl. jongiorum from material collected on the coast of Curacao and Cl. longicellulata from specimens collected on Bermuda by various authors and wrongly identified as Cl. catenifera Kützing.
THE “HYSTRICHOSPHAERID” RESTING SPORE OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE PYRODINIUM BAHAMENSE, PLATF, 19062
Authors: Wall David , Dale Barrie
Published: April 2007

Germination experiments demonstrate that the “hystrichosphere” called Hemicystodinium zoharyi, which previously has been found only as a microfossil organism, is the resting spore stage in the life history of Pyrodinium bahamense, a modern bioluminescent, thecate dinoflagellate. The morphology of this spore, together with new details of the thecal structure and ontogeny of P. bahamense, is described, and it is concluded that Pyrodinium is closely related to Gonyaulax but worthy of retention as a discrete genus. The geological history of P. bahamense is traceable to the Eocene through fossil occurrences of its spore, and it is suggested that additional pyrodinioid dinoflagellates which now are extinct were represented in Lower Tertiary seas by another hystrichosphere genus, called Homotryblium. Selected aspects of the physiology and ecology of modern dinoflagellate resting spores are discussed briefly with special reference to Pyrodinium.
ALGAE OF TWO SOMERSETSHIRE POOLS STANDING CROPS OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND EPIPELIC ALGAE AS MEASURED BY CELL NUMBERS AND CHLOROPHYLL A
Authors: Moss Brian
Published: April 2007

Standing crops measured as cell numbers and as chlorophyll a content of phytoplankton and epipelic algal communities (those free‐living on sediment surfaces) in 2 small water bodies of contrasted nutrient status were measured for 27 months. Mean yearly crops, on an areal basis, of phytoplankton were 4–13.4 times greater than those of epipelic algae in the nutrient‐rich pool, but were only 0.65–1.8 times as great in the nutrient‐poor pool, which, however, was shallower than the rich pool. The role of cells < 5 μ, in diameter in the composition of standing crops was minor. Effects of phytoplankton in limiting growth of epipelic algae by light attenuation are shown. Compilation of available data shows a direct relationship between epipelic algal crops in various water bodies and nutrient‐status of the ambient water, similar to that already established for phytoplankton.
PLATYSIPHONIA DECUMBENS SP. NOV., A NEW MEMBER OF THE SARCOMENIA GROUP (RHODOPHYTA) FROM WASHINGTON
Authors: Wynne Michael J.
Published: April 2007

A new species, Platysiphonia decumbens, belonging to the Sarcomenia group (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales), is described from Puget Sound, Washington. Reproductive thalli are described and illustrated, and the growth of this alga in culture is correlated with observations made on field material. The limits of the genus Platysiphonia Børgesen are broadened to include this species. The relationship of Platysiphonia to Sarcomenia Sonder is discussed.
INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN CYTOPLASMIC MICROTUBULES AND BASAL BODIES OF TETRASPORALEAN PSEUDOCILIA
Authors: Lembi Carole A. , Walne Patricia L.
Published: April 2007

Ultrastructural investigations of the development and structure of pseudocilia in Tetraspora lubrica and Schizochlamys sp. have disclosed interconnections between cytoptasmic microtubules and pseudo‐cilial basal bodies heretofore unreported. Connections between elements of the basal bodies and the proximal connecting fibers are also described. The possible significance of the interconnections in correlating structure and function of these organelles is discussed.
NUTRITION OF PLATYDORINA CAUDATA KOFOID
Authors: Harris Denny O.
Published: April 2007

The vitamins p‐aminobenzoic acid, thiamine, biotin, nicotinamide, and B12 were tested for their ability to stimulate growth. Only vitamin B12 was required. Urea and NaNO2 supported excellent growth, although sodium nitrite, ammonium nitrate, and the Casamino acids supported only fair growth. Platydorina grew aerobically in the absence of an exogenous source of carbon; however a carbon source was required for anaerobic growth. Of 25 carbon compounds examined, isocitrate supported anaerobic growth in the light equalling the aerobic controls. Growth did not occur aerobically or anaerobically in the dark with any carbon source examined. Growth was excellent at pH values in excess of 7.0. Growth at pH 10.0 was 4 times that at 7.0 in strain I.U. 850 and twice that at 7.0 in strain Kan‐3E. Growth was accelerated with the increase in temperatures but this increase may well be due to the increased intensity of light to which the cultures were exposed at the higher terperatures.
ATTRIBUTES OF CHLOROCOCCUM SPECIES: A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS2
Authors: McGuire Robert F.
Published: April 2007

From previously published data, 73 characteristics of 17 species of Chlorococcum were compiled. Comparisons of character states of each character were made, and simple matching coefficients were calculated for each species by following the procedure of Sokal & Michener. From a data matrix of the matching coefficients, a phenogram was constructed according to the unweighted pair group method of Sokal & Sneath. Arithmetic averages were used in transferring data from one matrix to another. The frequency of each character state was calculated, and the character states of the highest frequency (the modes) were used to describe a “typical” Chlorococcum species. Comparisons were made between the “typical” Chlorococcum species and each of the 17 species studied. Simple matching coefficients were also calculated from these comparisons. All of the species had a relatively high affinity for the data of the calculated “typical”. Suggestions are made about the use of a “typical” taxonomic unit, and questions are raised about the taxonomic relationship among species of the genus Tetracystis and the genus Chlorococcum.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF LICHENS. I. A GENERAL SURVEY
Authors: Jacobs J. B. , Ahmadjian V.
Published: April 2007

The fine structure of 10 lichens was examined. A comparison was made of the storage products of the algal symbiont (Trebouxia) in situ in the desiccated and hydrated states of the lichens. All the Trebouxia phycobionts, with the exception of that in Usnea strigosa, had lipid‐containing globules in the pyrenoid. The globules were present in both the hydrated and desiccated conditions. Trebouxia in the hydrated condition contained starch granules in the chloroplast as well as the lipid‐containing globules in the pyrenoid. The cell wall of Trebouxia consists of an outer electron‐dense layer and an inner electron‐light layer. Fungal haustoria (in Lecanora rubina) rupture the outer layer of the algal cell wall and invaginate the inner layer. A thick polysaccharide fibrillar material surrounds the fungal cells. Many bacteria were observed within this material. Septa and lomasomes are described. Ellipsoidal bodies, which appear to be an integral and unique part of the lichen fungal ultrastructure, were observed associated with membrane profiles.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND SOLAR RADIATION ON PERSISTENCE OF VITAMIN B12, THIAMINE, AND BIOTIN IN SEAWATER1
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , Silbernagel S. B. , McNally P. M.
Published: April 2007

Ecologically important concentrations of vitamin B12 and thiamine in charcoal‐treated, filter‐sterilized seawater stored in the dark at 5, 18, 28, and 37 C generally did not change over a 9‐week period, although there was some breakdown of B12 at 37 C. Biotin activity under similar conditions generally increased, indicating its decomposition to more active products. Solutions kept at–20 C had unchanged vitamin activity. B12 and biotin in seawater exposed to sunlight were rapidly destroyed. The course of thiamine destruction in sunlight indicated a breakdown to a stable, biologically active product(s)).