bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Minoan Vases and Bronzes in Oxford
Authors: Catling H. W.
Published: September 2013

The Ashmolean Museum, with the help of the Sir Arthur Evans Fund, has recently acquired three sets of material, vases and bronzes, said to have been found in Crete. Such a provenance is confirmed by the nature of the objects themselves. The three sets were acquired at different times on the London market, but the first (sixteen painted vases) and the second (eleven bronze weapons and tools) were said to have come from one and the same site, reputed to be somewhere in the region of Siteia. The remaining set of objects (eleven painted vases) has no more precise provenance than ‘Crete’.

The material appears all to be of Late Minoan III date; the twenty-seven painted vases include examples of Late Minoan IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC date, and there is probably a similar chronological spread among the bronzes. As comparatively little material of the same categories has been published in detail, the opportunity is taken to illustrate and describe these Oxford acquisitions as a contribution to Late Minoan III studies.
Knossos Neolithic, Part II
Authors: Warren Peter , Jarman M. R. , Jarman H. N. , Shackleton N. J. , Evans J. D.
Published: September 2013

All the axes are of Cretan materials. The majority, fifty-nine out of seventy-one, are of altered basic igneous rock consisting of various minerals, usually with much chlorite and serpentine. Group A is called serpentine as this mineral is predominant. In appearance the axes are blue/grey/black mottled, sometimes with brown mottling also. Group B is called greenstone since the minerals epidote and chlorite are present in large quantities and the specimens have a distinct greyish-green appearance. Group C is again altered basic rock, including chlorite and serpentine, though neither predominates.

There are a number of outcrops of chlorite and serpentine among the limestones of Crete, especially in the northern and southern foothills of the Mt. Ida massif.

Two axes appear to be of haematite, which occurs in Crete, two of limestone and one of schist. The materials of seven others are not certain, though several are probably of altered basic rock (see The Catalogue).

The materials agree with those of other stone axes from Crete, for serpentiniferous basic rock and greenstone examples have been picked up in various parts of the island. Greenstone and haematite were the predominant materials of the Late Neolithic axes from Magasá near Palaikastro.
A Roman Corinthian Building at Knossos
Authors: Paton Sara
Published: September 2013

Tomb 244 of the KMF excavation at Knossos was built in the early 5th century A.D., largely of marble blocks from a dismantled Roman Corinthian building. These came from the portico of a tetrastyle prostyle building which probably stood on a foundation discovered nearby. Seven blocks of Pentelic marble survive from the raking cornice and four more from the entablature, together with one capital, a column base and two backing blocks. The reconstruction proposed uses builders' inscriptions on several blocks and illustrates the hitherto unsuspected quality of Imperial building materials and techniques at Knossos. The carved ornament is of the finest and dates to the mid 2nd century A.D.
A Mycenaean warrior's tomb at Krini near Patras
Authors: Papazoglou-Manioudaki Lena
Published: September 2013

In 1981 an unplundered Mycenaean chamber tomb was excavated at Krini NW of Patras. Two separate layers of burials were found in the chamber, and its use is dated from LH III A to the middle of LH III C. The LH III C warrior's burial is of particular interest. It was furnished with a bronze Naue II sword, which has preserved in good condition its scabbard, made of wood and leather and decorated with bronze strips and studs. The warrior's burial and its furnishings are studied here in relation to the other LH III C warrior burials known from the Patras region, and their significance is discussed. The analysis of the pottery found in the tomb gives evidence for the existence and dating of local pottery workshops active in the region.
A fragment of an archaic temple model from Artemis Orthia, Sparta
Authors: Catling R. W. V.
Published: September 2013

A fragment of an archaic temple model from the British School's early excavations at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta is published. It is suggested here that its decoration represents a timber-framed building. Support for this argument is found in the similar construction technique used for the early 7th-cent. temple of Artemis Orthia. Its contribution to the debate concerning the evolution of the developed Doric order is considered. In further discussion of the significance of votive ‘house models’, doubts are expressed about the universal applicability of recent explanations linking them with female cults explicitly associated with protection of the household.
Excavations at Sparta: the Roman stoa, 1988–91. Part 2
Authors: Well G. B. Way , Wllkes J. J.
Published: September 2013

Survey and excavation between 1988 and 1991 have revealed new evidence for the form, date, and history of the Roman stoa at Sparta. Nearly 200 m long, it was double-fronted and colonnaded, finished in marble, with two storeys on the S side and perhaps a single portico to the N, set either side of a central row of brick-faced concrete compartments that helped consolidate the acropolis plateau. Its order may have been archaizing Doric; it may have represented a reconstructed version of the Persian stoa. At the W end it buttressed the Round Building and its square podium. Evidence of the stratigraphy and architecture suggests it was builtc. AD 130 and that the colonnades collapsed in the late 4th cent., after which it was partly incorporated into the late Roman wall circuit. The nearly central, cross-vaulted nymphaeum (bays XI–XII) was reused in the Middle Byzantine period for religious purposes, when a church was built nearby; possibly this was the church and monastery founded by St Nikon Metanoeitesc.975. Occupation continued untilc.1350. Interpretation of the topography of Sparta in the light of the new evidence from the stoa suggests that the still elusive agora may have been on the upper plateau N of the stoa, rather than beneath the stadium to the S.
Towers from North-West Andros
Authors: Koutsoukou Anthi , Kanellopoulos Chrysanthos
Published: September 2013

Three poorly preserved Hellenistic towers from NW Andros investigated during the course of a survey are discussed. The two small round towers of Tsouka and Ayia Marina, characterized by their humble masonry, are related to agricultural activities with a very restricted defensive role. The tower of Ayia Marina had probably also served as a road station. The third tower of Choreza is square, a public work in advanced military architecture which appears to be part of the defensive system of Andros. Reference is made to masonry types encountered on the island in relation to the architecture of the three towers. Recently the ruins of a fourth square tower were located at Tokeli near the N coast, obviously related with the trafficked naval channel between Andros and Euboea.
Wallpaintings from the Area of the Prehistoric Cemetery, Mycenae
Authors: Mayer Adele
Published: September 2013

Notes made by Dr Mark Cameron on fragments of wall painting from the prehistoric cemetery area at Mycenae are transcribed. They include his comments and interpretation.
The chronology of the ‘Kastri group’ reconsidered
Authors: Sotirakopoulou Panayiota
Published: September 2013

The single ceramic phase of the Aegean Early Bronze Age known as the ‘Kastri group’ has been dated by scholars either to an early phase of EB 3 or to the late phase of EB 2. However, careful examination of the contextual associations of the characteristic pottery of this group in the Cycladic islands and the mainland, and detailed analysis of the ceramic forms and features first appearing in this phase, show the ‘Kastri group’ pottery to occur, as a rule, with forms of EB 2. It is also shown that either this pottery itself, or certain forms with which it occurs, present features heralding EB 3. It is thus proposed that the ‘Kastri group’ constitutes a transitional phase of apparently short duration, intermediate between EB 2 and 3, overlapping in date with both the last stages of the former and the early stages of the latter and ‘bridging’ these two periods.
Excavations at Sparta: the Roman stoa, 1988–91 Preliminary report, part 1: (b) Hellenistic and Roman pottery
Authors: Bailey Donald M.
Published: September 2013

The pottery described comes from areas of the Roman stoa that were selected by the excavators as important. Most groups contained quantities of local tiles, glazed or unglazed, and large numbers of unidentifiable body sherds. The vast majority of the pottery was locally made and is micaceous, normally very micaceous. Its normal colour is orange of various shades, but it can be a light brown; fired in a reducing atmosphere the body is grey, and this can have a grey slip. There was considerable use of black glaze and red-to-brown slip on Laconian vessels, both coarse and fine; black glaze seems to have been in use at Sparta well into the 1st cent. AD. The generally late hellenistic and Roman Laconian vessels from these contexts are largely unknown archaeologically, and dating is thus at a preliminary stage. Very few imports were found, but these represent the main dating criteria. The hellenistic and Roman pottery found in the Roman stoa, limited as it is, can only be regarded as material for the beginning of a corpus of the many local forms of the period.
Excavations at Sparta: the Roman stoa, 1988–91 Preliminary report, Part 1: (c) Medieval pottery
Authors: Sanders G. D. R.
Published: September 2013

Contexts recently excavated by the BSA in the Roman stoa at Sparta contain pottery dating from the 12th to early 14th centuries. The bulk of the material dates to the first half of the 13th cent., and demonstrates that certain styles of pottery decoration, once considered to be mainly 12th-cent. in date, continue in currency much longer. These contexts show that Champlevé (Morgan's ‘Incised ware’) decorated with animal motives in the tondo are companion pieces of Glaze Painted (Morgan's ‘Green and Brown Painted group V’) and late Slip Painted wares. The descriptively (but confusingly) named ‘Protogeometric’ style of plainware decoration is also one that remains in currency. Cooking-vessels are almost exclusively handmade, in a very coarse fabric evocative of so-called ‘Slavic’ pottery of the 7th cent., with which it may well be confused. Table amphoras (stamnia) and small pithoi are often decorated with a distinctive incised decoration, making handles and body sherds of this usually nondescript and conservative shape particularly identifiable and diagnostic.
Charred grain from late bronze age Gla, Boiotia
Authors: Jones Glynis
Published: September 2013

Excavation of the late bronze age destruction of building complex H in the ‘agora’ at Gla revealed widespread traces of charred grain and grape pips. Samples from room H1 contained seeds identified as einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.). This material appears to be unique in Greece in consisting predominantly of grains from two-seeded spikelets of einkorn. It is uncertain whether the lack of chaff and weed seeds in these samples reflects partial preservation and recovery of grain in long-term storage, or represents fully threshed and sieved grain ready to be prepared for consumption
Archaic Lakonian architecture: the evidence of a temple model
Authors: Catling R. W. V.
Published: September 2013

A fragmentary temple model from Sparta, in which the roof and one pediment are preserved, provides new evidence for reconstructing the system of Lakonian roofing. The ridge and Lakonian tiles as well as disc akroteria are modelled in high relief; a painted gorgoneion decorates the surviving pediment. The possibility is discussed that it represents a very small type of temple that may have existed at Sparta. A date in the first half of the 6th cent. BC is suggested.
Cities and sanctuaries of the archaic period in Chalkidike
Authors: Vokotopoulou †Julia
Published: September 2013

This paper summarizes recent excavations in Chalkidike. The ancient city of Mende has yielded evidence of houses and other structures, an archaic cemetery, and Mycenaean to late classical finds. At Polychrono (ancient Neapolis or Aige?) there are archaic and classical structures on terraces, and a cemetery with early infant burials. Three archaic–classical sanctuaries have also been found: (1) at Poseidi, a temple of Poseidon (identified from inscribed votives), robbed and reused in hellenistic and Roman times; (2) at Nea Roda-Sane, a temple to a female deity, with sculptures; and (3) at Parthenonas, a peak sanctuary of Zeus with evidence of animal sacrifice. The implications for Chalkidian relationships with other parts of the Greek world and for the strength of local culture are briefly examined.
An Antiochene bowl in Cambridge
Authors: Callaghan Peter J.
Published: September 2013

A complete mouldmade ‘Megarian’ bowl, now in the Museum of Classical Archaeology at Cambridge, is here published and attributed to a Syrian or Levantine manufacturer. The Dionysiac iconography, beading, fabric, and paint suggest an Antiochene provenance, and an early or mid-second-century BC date is proposed.
‘Melian Reliefs’ in the collection of the British School at Athens
Authors: Stilp Florian
Published: September 2013

In the collection of the Museum of the British School at Athens two specimens of the so-called ‘Melian Reliefs’ have been discovered. Sphinxes are already known in this class of reliefs, but these two furnish a new iconographical type: the isolated crouching sphinx. A similar type is very well attested among the widespread Corinthian terracotta-reliefs which are, however, clearly to be distinguished from our ‘Melian’ class.

At an iconographical level, a short study related to the gender of Greek sphinxes is able to demonstrate that male sphinxes were not foreign to Greek perception. The two new female sphinxes presented here furnish the first examples of sickle-shaped wings known within the class of ‘Melian Reliefs’.
Hookers and lookers: prostitution and soliciting in late Archaic Thasos
Authors: Henry Alan
Published: September 2013

While accepting A. J. Graham's interpretation of the ‘stèle du port de Thasos’ (SEG 42. 785) as presenting regulations aimed at checking prostitution and associated soliciting in late Archaic Thasos, this article seeks to clarify some specific issues in the text. It urges (i) that the correct reading at l. 31 is κατοικιῶν, with the meaning ‘dwelling’; (ii) that θῆς ἓνεκεν (l. 32) should bear a passive sense, ‘for the sake of being seen’, and, likewise, θήσθω (l. 33), which necessarily picks up θῆς ἓνεκεν, should be regarded as conveying not only the idea of looking out but also of being seen by prospective clients; thus ll. 30–3 are to be rendered ‘no one shall go up onto the roof of maisons publiques in order to be seen, nor shall any woman either show herself from the windows’; and (iii) that προïστάσθω (l. 45) is not to be taken in conjunction with ἐσβαλλέτω (ll. 44–5) as governing the object κόπρον, nor as intransitive in the sense ‘solicit as a prostitute’, but rather as transitive middle, with the subject ὁ ἐνοικέων (l. 34), in the sense ‘exhibit women for sale’.
The Dating of some Burials in Tumuli in South Albania
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: September 2013

In May 1970 an Albanian delegation attended the Second International Congress of Southeast European Studies at Athens, and one of the delegates, Professor Frano Prendi, with his characteristic kindness, sent me copies of three Communications which were delivered to the Congress. As the illustrations in these Communications were of poor quality, he sent me two photographs from which two of the illustrations had been made. I reproduce these photographs here as Plates 34 and 35.

The general thesis of the delegation was that the formation of the Illyrian ethnos in central and south Albania began at the end of the ‘Eneolithic’ period; that an autochthonous evolution followed which spanned the entire Bronze Age and continued into the Early Iron Age; and that during this long period the ‘Ur-Illyrians’, if I may style them so, had reciprocal exchanges with other people, but preserved their own ethnic character.
An Archaeological Survey of the Roussolakkos Area at Palaikastro
Authors: MacGillivray J. A. , Sackett L. H. , Smyth D. , Driessen Jan , Lyness D. G. , Hobbs B. A. , Peatfield A. A. D.
Published: September 2013

In Part I, a survey of the Minoan town at Palaikastro recording architectural features and sherd densities is presented. The survey allows for the town limits to be drawn and the probable location of the town centre to be identified. Possible approach routes are noted and an extension of the town to the Promontory and East Beach areas is examined. Part II is a report on building materials at Palaikastro and the Minoan quarries at Ta Skaria, where large quantities of calcareous sandstone were extracted. A magnetic survey of the central, unexcavated part of the site is presented in Part III. A short report on ancient remains at Kouremonos is given in Part IV. Part V is a summary of the previous parts, pointing out important results such as the evidence for ribbon development along approach routes in MM III/LM I and the likelihood that almost 1,000 cubic metres of calcareous sandstone used in ashlar masonry were extracted from the Minoan quarries but remain unaccounted for at Palaikastro. An appendix describes in full two deposits disturbed by ploughing.
A Note on the Athena Parthenos
Authors: Arafat K. W.
Published: September 2013

The decoration on the shield of the Athena Parthenos is discussed, in particular the value of the evidence of vase-painting for the gigantomachy on the inner side. The painted representation on the inner side of the Strangford shield is compared, showing the general relationship, but the conclusion is that we cannot be dogmatic about their relation to each other or the shield of the Parthenos.
The Knossos Roundels
Authors: Hallager Erik
Published: September 2013

A corpus of roundels (clay discs with one or more seal impressions) from Knossos is presented. It is argued that they come from a closed deposit dating to the MM III/LM IA period. The inscriptions/incisions on them are discussed, and the question whether the seals were used by one person only or by different persons.
An Early British Interest in Knossos
Authors: Hood Sinclair
Published: September 2013

Four letters written in 1879, 1880, and 1884, by Thomas B. Sandwith, the British Consul in Crete, to the British Museum throw light on the early history of the site of the Bronze Age palace at Knossos. The first of these letters (1879) contains a brief eyewitness account of the excavations of Minos Kalokairinos there in the winter of 1878–9 and urges the British Museum to continue his work. The two later letters (1884) deal with his gift of a pithos from the palace excavations to the Museum. The letters also refer to clandestine excavations in the Sanctuary of Demeter at Knossos.
New Evidence about the Hoplite Relief (Athens, National Museum 1959)
Authors: Schilardi Demetrius V.
Published: September 2013

The relief, on a marble stele, was originally published in 1903 by D. Philios. The present article gives a reconsideration of it. It is concluded that the relief, dated c. 510 BC, is funerary, not votive, and was reused subsequently in a wall, probably the fourth-century fortification wall.
The Acropolis of Athens in the 1870s: the Evidence of the Alma-Tadema Photographs
Authors: Tomlinson R. A.
Published: September 2013

The photographs of Athens in the collection of Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, now in the Library of the University of Birmingham, are catalogued. They are shown to comprise, in the main, two series, one purchased, of which the majority are original prints of William Stillman's photographs of 1869, the second consisting of photographs apparently taken for Sir Lawrence when he visited Athens in the later 1870s. Since the later series often deliberately duplicated views in the earlier series, comparisons can be made. These demonstrate that part of the façade to the west wing of the Propylaia was preserved intact from Antiquity inside the Frankish tower.
The Architectural context of the Macedonian Vaulted Tombs
Authors: Tomlinson R. A.
Published: September 2013

This article is concerned with the Macedonian vaulted tombs as a specifically Macedonian contribution to the development of Greek architecture. It looks at the theory that the technique was inspired by eastern examples. Mesopotamian and Egyptian vaulting techniques are described, and shown to be different. It therefore follows that the Macedonian technique was not copied from the Near East.
Clay Tobacco Pipes from the University of Crete Medical Faculty
Authors: Evely D.
Published: September 2013

A small number of clay pipes for smoking tobacco (of the Eastern or tsimbouchi variety) were uncovered in the Knossos Medical Faculty excavations. These are first catalogued and discussed, and then compared with other published material from Greek lands within the Ottoman Empire. Because such study is still in its infancy, the conclusions are but slight: the KMF pieces, lying relatively early within the series (perhaps broadly the 18th century AD), display a considerable range of variation ‥ not all of which can be paralleled yet from elsewhere.
Pausanias, Octavia and Temple E at Corinth
Authors: Walbank Mary E. Hoskins
Published: September 2013

This article considers the identification and attribution of the Temple E, one of the most important monuments of Roman Corinth. It argues against the present general identification of it as the temple of Octavia (referred to by Pausanias) and iherefore a building dedicated to the Imperial cult. The evidence for the form, date and identity is reassessed. It involves a reexamination of the significance and relevance of the numismatic evidence cited in connection with it: a discussion of Octavia as a major recipient of cult and the worship of Jupiter Capitolinus at Corinth. It is argued, as a hypothesis for general consideration, that Temple E is the Capitolium of Corinth.
The birth of the Fitch Laboratory
Authors: Catling H. W.
Published: September 2013

From 1960 onwards there was collaboration in ceramic analysis of Minoan and Mycenaean material between members of the British School at Athens and the Oxford University Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art. In 1974 this led to the establishment of the School's own Research Laboratory in Athens, thanks to the generosity of Dr Marc and Mrs Ismene Fitch, whose names the laboratory bears. Reference is made to other help and benefactions involved in the creation of the laboratory.
Late Minoan III and Early Iron Age Cretan Cylindrical Terracotta Models: A Reconsideration
Authors: Petrakis Vassilis P.
Published: September 2013

The present study explores the possible interpretation of the terracotta cylindrical models found in Late Minoan to Early Iron Age contexts (generally known as “(circular) hut models”) as reduced-scale models of tholos tombs. Theoretical issues concerning the relationship of an ‘architectural model’ with the archaeological context in which it is found are examined in order to support the above-mentioned suggestion. Archaeological data concerning the morphology, chronology, distribution, use and significance of the Late Minoan and Early Iron Age tholos tombs are explored in order to contribute to the discussion. The possible connection between the presence of the LM III tomb models in domestic contexts and the absence of contemporary intramural burials allows us to expand on the possible significance of these artefacts for our knowledge of LM mortuary practices and beliefs, especially those concerning the possible practice of ‘ancestor worship’. The presence of terracotta figurines of the ‘Minoan Goddess with Upraised Arms’ type attached in the interior of two examples (from SM Knossos and PG B Archanes) is considered as a late development within the tradition of these models and linked with the practice of placing MGUA figures in Early Iron Age tholos tombs (Rhotasi, Kourtes).
Termites facilitate root foraging by trees in a Bornean tropical forest
Authors: Lu Mingzhen , Davidescu Mircea , Sukri Rahayu Sukmaria , Daskin Joshua H.
Published: September 2013

Plants can develop novel adaptations for nutrient acquisition in nutrient-limited ecosystems. These adaptations include colonization by roots of tree trunks and logs that can act as nutrient reservoirs. Termites may facilitate this root colonization by digging tunnels and accelerating decomposition in logs and tree trunks. We measured the frequency with which above-ground tree root colonization co-occurs with the presence of termites or their tunnels inside living trees above 20 cm dbh (n = 178) and dead tree trunks and logs at least 15 cm in diameter (n = 146) in a Bornean tropical forest. Roots above the soil surface co-occur with termite tunnels 39% more frequently than expected by chance in trunks of living trees and 17% more frequently than expected by chance in logs. By categorizing logs according to hardness through ease of penetration, we found that softer logs at a late stage of decay did not show co-occurrence of termite activity and roots to the same extent as harder logs. This suggests that trees forage where termites have removed physical barriers to colonization. In this fashion, termites may accelerate nutrient cycling in tropical rain forests.
San Francisco in Five Hundred Words or Less
Authors: Brody Richard A.
Published: September 2013

The only salutary consequence of the failure of the APSA dues increase to attract fifty percent plus one of the voters is that those who attend the San Francisco Convention will be spared a long essay on the pleasures of the flesh—eating and sightseeing—in the convention city. That essay would have afforded me room to describe my thirty-five year love affair with this city and to detail why I believe it to be the most exciting and satisfying forty-two square urban miles on earth. Since I lack the space, you will have to make do with a more succinct statement.

First things first, let's consider food: You can do advanced research to prepare yourself for the convention week—lest you “waste” one lunch or dinner on “ordinary” fare—or you can follow your fancy, get yourself into the right area of theCity(too humble for all caps, but surely not lower case) and look around for the great buys (they exist aplenty).

For the research oriented: The indispensable tool isJack Shelton's Private Guide. This monthly newsletter, because it is monthly, is the only really reliable guide (Shelton's identity is unknown to the restauranteurs, he bases a judgment on no fewer than three visits, he knows food, his tastes generally agree with mine). I would behoove the Association to have a file of Shelton's newsletters available for those who wish to plan their day.
The Politics of American Political Scientists
Authors: Ladd Everett Carll , Lipset Seymour Martin
Published: September 2013

At the heart of the debates which have resounded around political science these past few years are charges and countercharges as to the “politics” of the contenders. Terms likeconservative, liberalandradical areno longer reserved for analysis of positions in the larger society; they have become part of the regular vocabulary with which political scientists evaluate their colleagues. This increase in visible and self-conscious political dissensus extends, of course, throughout the university, but it has left a special mark on political science and the other social sciences where the issues and objects of political disagreement are so enmeshed with the regular subject matter of the discipline.

In spite of all of the discussion, and the now seemingly general recognition that the politics of members of the profession has a lot to do with its development and contributions, we still don't have very much firm information on the distribution of political views among the approximately 6,000 faculty members regularly engaged in the teaching of political science in the United States. There have been a number of studies, of course, of party identification and voting behavior, showing political science to be one of the most Democratic fields in academe.
Human Rights Internet: In Defense of a New Organization and an Emerging Field
Authors: Scoble Harry M. , Wiseberg Laurie S.
Published: September 2013

Over the past two years, the field of international human rights has emerged from obscurity to prominence. Indicators of the prominence are many: the fact that social science and humanities (as well as legal) journals are increasingly publishing serious and scholarly research onhumanrights and that more and more scholars are engaqed in such research on a aystematic basis; the fact that universities, professional schools, and even high schools and junior colleges are developing new teaching courses and materials for the field; the large number of conferences being held across the country and the increasing number of human rights panels at professional meetings; and, of course, the increasing attention given to international human rights problems in the national press.
The Post-Behavioral Revolution in Community Power: A Brief Note from a Frontier of Research
Authors: Clun Arthur
Published: September 2013

Now that American political science is safely launched into its post-behavioral era, the study of community power has at long last been pried loose from the suffocating embrace of a mode of thought sometimes referred to as “pluralist.” This is liberating for pluralist and antipluralist alike; the former can no longer be sneered at for embodying or expressing or fomenting “conventional wisdom.” Indeed, on some campuses, it takes quite a lot of courage, not to say eccentricity, to harbor, let alone utter, a vagrant pluralist thought. Anti-pluralists are faced with the golden opportunity of themselves offering explanations of social and political behavior. Already, in fact, little tendrils of creativity are sprouting up, like the spring's first dandelions through the cracks of a disused sidewalk. It is, I think, too much to think of these as more than preliminary attempts at establishing a fresh new Consciousness of things political. And so it is not my thought to subject any of the major propositions that have so recently emerged to the increasingly irrelevant tests of outmoded paradigms, such as obedience to rules of logic, agreement with the preponderance of evidence, accuracy and contextual aptness of citation to earlier work, and so forth.
The NSF Law and Social Sciences Program
Authors: Wasby Stephen L.
Published: September 2013

The National Science Foundation provides support for basic social science research on law and legal institutions through the Law and Social Sciences Program. The primary emphasis of the program is on research that will enhance understanding of the nature and sources of variation in legal rules and institutions and their consequences. Proposals directed to developing methodologies for the social scientific study of law are also considered. Proposals concerning criminal aspects of the law will be considered if they relate primarily to theoretical questions in the social scientific study of the law. However, the central focus of the Law and Social Sciences Program is on noncriminal aspects of the legal system.

Those who anticipate submitting proposals might keep in mind the broad concerns that are central to the program:

1. The capacity of law, through statutes, administrative regulations, and court decisions, to affect individual and organizational behavior, its limitations in regulating action, conditions which enhance or diminish the impact of law, and the processes by which that impact is achieved or diminished.

2. The use of alternative methods, both formal (legal) and informal (extra-legal), for dealing with disputes, and factors that contribute to the selection of the alternatives used.

3. Change in the legal system, its causes and the processes by which it occurs, with particular emphasis on factors affecting the use of law as an instrument of social control.
Relevant Data for Political Science in the 1970 Census
Authors: Goldfield Edwin D.
Published: September 2013

If, prior to the 1968 election, anyone had any doubts that the population statistics from the 1970 census would be of value to political scientists, those doubts would have been dispelled by the intensive use of census data in a publication of the U. S. Senate Republican Policy Committee on “Where the Votes Are,” and by the following statements in its introduction:

—Important laws may hinge on particular present or future population figures. Examples: Medicare, Mass Transit, Water Supply, School Classrooms, Food Production.

—Population data and projections are of great importance in considering legislation for the good of the Nation, regardless of political affiliation.

—Prosposed new legislation, or Government and political party policies, may depend upon—and with increasing frequency—the type and variety and number of America's population.

—And, also, elections are won or lost by these votes.

Although the 1970 census reflects major changes in the method of collecting the data in the field, of processing the data, and disseminating the statistics, the content of the questionnaire does not differ significantly from 1960. Virtually all of the key items included in the 1960 census have been retained in 1970; a few new inquiries have been added on a sample basis; several questions have been reworded; and there are some changes in sampling rates.
The National Capital Area Political Science Association 1981 Pi Sigma Alpha Award: The Public Side of Political Science
Authors: Kirkpatrick Evron M.
Published: September 2013

I am delighted to be here and am greatly honored by your award. All the more honored because of my distinguished predecessors who have received it: Ernest Griffith, Francis Wilcox, Alan (Scotty) Campbell, and Donna Shalala. I always have believed that the knowledge we gain as scholars should provide a basis for others or for ourselves to play an active, effective and sound role in government and politics.

This belief is exemplified in a statement that for years I have included in the printed program of our Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association:

“There is the statesmanship of thought and there is the statesmanship of action … the man who has the time, the discrimination, and the sagacity to collect and comprehend the principal facts and the man who must act upon them must draw near to one another and feel that they are engaged in a common enterprise.”
America's Declining Industrial Competitiveness: Protectionism, the Marketplace and the State
Authors: Walters Robert S.
Published: September 2013

A rising protectionist tide is threatening to undermine the domestic political foundation necessary to sustain America's liberal trade posture through the 1980s. U.S. trade officials and recent administrations remain committed to a liberal trade order, but severe crises in key economic sectors of the economy, regionally concentrated in the traditional industrial region of the country, are cutting the ground from beneath them internationally and domestically.

At the recent GATT ministerial meeting in Geneva, for example, the United States pressed hard for expanding international trade liberalization in agriculture, services, and high technology industries—all areas of economic activity in which the United States enjoys a strong competitiye position and trade surpluses. American trade officials in Geneva had the burden of advancing their arguments for further trade liberalization against the backdrop of recent U.S. actions, taken in response to domestic pressures, which imposed import quotas on European steel and Japanese automobiles and which adopted a more restrictive trade regime for textiles and apparel in the renewal of the Multi-Fiber Agreement. While the GATT meeting was in progress, the U.S. Congress was considering a domestic content bill that would require auto-makers selling over 900,000 vehicles in the American market to use 90 percent U.S. labor and parts by 1985. U.S. trade representative William Brock III called this “the worst piece of economic legislation since the 1930s.” The House passed the bill with 215 votes, but it died in the Senate. The bill will certainly be re-introduced in the more protectionist 98th Congress.
Constituencies and Strategies
Authors: Hamilton Charles V.
Published: September 2013

Whether it is the politics of the nomination process, the politics of the general election, or the politics of governance, it is safe to say that all candidates will firmly announce that they represent “all the people.” Each will pronounce profusely that he or she “owes no one or no special interest group.” And each will insist that he or she will pursue policies based on principles, not on pressures.

So much for the rhetoric, and it is quite expected and understandable. Of course, it is acceptable to be against “big government” or “big business” or “special interests.” That, too, is expected. A serious (meaning, even slightly possible) contender for, and occupant of the White House will not long remain so if he or she bluntly announces otherwise, that is, that one's candidacy is largely reliant on farmers, or business, or unions, or minorities (racial or otherwise).

The reality, however, is frequently somewhat different, and it is not necessarily a matter of political cynicism to say this. The nature of the three forms of the electoral/ governance system almost dictates that people who strive to governonesystem develop strategies to appeal toseveralconstituencies. Specifically, in order to be nominated one must court delegates. In order to be elected, one must count state electoral votes. In order to govern, one must construct still other kinds of coalitions. Always, at each step, the system mandates strategies that disaggregate the electorate into manageable blocs and available constituencies.
Business Involvement in Campaign Finance: Factors Influencing the Decision to Form a Corporate PAC
Authors: Andres Gary J.
Published: September 2013

When Justin Dart, Chairman of Dart Industries, said in 1978, “talking with politicians is a fine thing, but with a little money they hear you better,” his colleagues apparently concurred. As Figure 1 indicates, subsequent to several congressional. Federal Election Commission and Supreme Court decisions which clarified some ambiguity concerning their legality, the surge in corporate PAC growth was extremely impressive. The advent of the growth in corporate PACs represented a fundamental shift in the way business money is funneled into electoral politics. Prior to the 1970s, business executives contributed to politicians in an unsystematic, ad hoc manner. Traditionally, corporate executives got together and bankrolled candidates of their choice with little pressure or need to disclose the recipients of their largess.

Gone are those days when the so-called “corporate bag-men” would pass out envelopes filled with cash on the 17th green of some exclusive country club. Today, computerized records of congressmen's roll-call votes and lists of potential PAC contributors have replaced the nine iron as an effective corporate political tool.
Expert vs. Expert: Lessons from Badham v. Eu
Authors: Wuffle A.
Published: September 2013

Professors Cain and Grofman were kind enough to suggest that I review the expert witness declarations inBadham v. Eu(D.C. California, 1984) in the light of my own previous research on expert witness testimony to identify frequently used modes of argumentation.

The single most important observation I can make about the nature of the expert witness testimony inBadhamis to note its high quality. The experts inBadhamare addressing real issues. The differences among these experts rest on differing normative views and on disputes about difficult empirical and methodological questions. Moreover, the genuine expertise of these social scientists cannot be in dispute. Thus, the most common techniques used in disputations among experts: (1) impeaching an expert witness' motives (e.g., accusing him of being a “hired gun” or an “ideological partisan”); (2) downgrading his academic credentials or claims to subject matter expertise; and (3) finding instances where his testimony has been repudiated by the courts, are simply inapplicable. This has not left the experts inBadhamat a loss for words—but none of the disagreements among them are in the nature of ad hominem attacks.
Political Theory and Political Judgment
Authors: Thompson Dennis F.
Published: September 2013

Few political theorists today try to show how the principles of theory should guide our judgments of policy. Theorists think that their job is done when they have explained the principles, or (more commonly) when they have interpreted the principles of other theorists. The connection between the principles and the policies of governments is left for citizens themselves to make. Yet making that connection—exercising political judgment—is an essential part of citizenship, and should have a prominent place in the education of citizens.

Political theorists have not always neglected the making of judgments about particular policies. The disdain of the particular that marks much contemporary theorizing was not shared by the great theorists of the past. The tradition of theory begins (or at least the curriculum traditionally begins) with the greatest case study of all—Socrates' trial. Although later theorists usually settled for less exalted examples, they continued to see their vocation as calling for comment on the actual policies of rulers and their rivals. Recall Aristotle's letters to Alexander, Augustine's criticism of the Donatists, Machiavelli's commentary on the corruption of Florentine rulers, Hobbes' analysis of the Long Parliament, Locke's advice to the Board of Trade, or Rousseau's critique of the government of Poland.
How Can We Get There From Here? Thoughts on the Integration of American and Comparative Politics
Authors: Rudolph Susanne Hoeber , Rudolph Lloyd I.
Published: September 2013

The bifurcation of political science into American and comparative politics impoverishes both. The division parochializes them by encapsulating the study of politics within national boundaries. The result is to deprive each of the theoretical contributions generated by the other and to cut them off from the institutional and policy alternatives each has devised. The loss to the study of American politics is probably the more severe because its practitioners have not been prepared to recognize the limitations of their “area specialty.”

Historical and institutional determinants help to explain the bifurcation. Because academic political science, that is, political science as a discipline and a profession is, as Bernard Crick has shown, American in its origins and early development, it has been less attentive to non-American contexts. More than other academic social science disciplines, political science's intellectual provenance is located in the new world. Unlike the other social sciences, political science lacks eighteenth and nineteenth century European masters. In the belief that America was showing the world its future, post-war behavioral political science like other aspects of the American way of life became an American export to Europe and the third world.
The Political Scientist Decides: An Examination of the 1969 APSA Ballot
Authors: Mueller John E.
Published: September 2013

I always vote for the man, not the party.

–Trad.

In its election for offices in 1969, the American Political Science Association, apparently for the first time in its rarely turbulent history, found the nominees of its Official Nominating Committee challenged by an insurgent group. In order to handle this unprecedented situation, it was decided at the annual meeting to carry out the election by mail ballot and the American Arbitration Association was engaged to administer the operation.

Ballots were mailed to the 13,061 members of the Association in October, 1969. Accompanying them were materials containing statements of belief and biographies for each of the candidates. The response rate was 64 percent.

The ballots carried the contestants indicated in Table 1. For each office the candidates are listed in the Table in the order of their vote result (they were listed in alphabetical order on the ballot) and for each candidate the group endorsements, as they were presented on the ballot, are indicated. Except for the group endorsements, no identifying information accompanied the names of the candidates on the ballots.
Analysis Using Primary Sources for Term Papers in the Introductory Course
Authors: Morris Jeffre B. , Macchiarola Frank J.
Published: September 2013

Many of the problems facing higher education are not capable of correction within the classroom setting. Yet, a great deal can be accomplished by an individual instructor in order to combat the often-spoken student criticism that classroom experiences are fundamentally deficient and unsatisfactory. This article offers political scientists a reasonably simple method of increasing student interest and participation in the Introductory American Government course. It concerns the design of a term paper which attempts to gain the active involvement of students through the use of primary source material.

The teacher of an introductory American Government course today is probably very encouraged by enormous student interest in the workings of the political system. At the same time, it is not improbable that he is discouraged by the generally low level of substantive knowledge of current events and historical facts. In addition, he is disturbed to find that students do not read books and rarely read newspapers, that they rely upon television and rumor to support their substantive beliefs. The instructor is, additionally, torn between the pull of current issues as a source of classroom learning, and the commitment to the subject matter and methodology of the discipline, as the focus of classroom attention.

In addition, those who assign term papers to their classes must fight the widespread and probably accurate student presumption that most term papers are added drudgery complementing the deadening succession of textbook assignments and blue-book examinations; that they are time-consuming, dull and irrelevant. Furthermore, students complain, again in justice, that their work is not usually read by the professor teaching them, or if read, is considered in a cursory fashion, so that hours of student effort result in simply a grade and possibly a one sentence comment along with, of course, the correction of a few grammatical and spelling errors.
Participation in APSA Annual Meetings, 1964–1969
Authors: Barry Donald D. , Bommer James G.
Published: September 2013

This is a study of participation in six annual meetings (1964–1969) of the American Political Science Association. Participation was defined to include not only membership on panels but also membership on the Program Committee (i.e., program chairman and chairman of the panel categories-here called subject area chairman). Data on participation were gathered from the programs of the meetings and background data on participation were obtained from the APSABiographical Directory(Fifth Edition, 1968 and Fourth Edition, 1961) and from other sources.

The study is divided into three parts: multiple participants and two sub-groups thereof, “rule violators” and the leadership group. Multiple participants (MPs) are those who participated in APSA annual meetings two or more times during the period 1964–1969. “Rule violators” (RVs) are those who, contrary to what is stated to be APSA general policy, participated more than one time in any single year. The leadership group includes members of the program committee.