bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational analysis and heat transfer on MHD transient‐free convection flow in a vertical microporous channel in the existence of Hall and ion slip current
Authors: Jha Basant K. , Malgwi Peter B.
Published: October 2022

This investigation presents an analysis of the transient magnetohydrodynamic flow of Newtonian viscous fluid in a vertical microporous channel with the inclusion of ion slip‐Hall current as well as an induced magnetic field (IMF) effects. Owing to the nature of the flow equations which are difficult to obtain an analytical result, a numerical scheme (PDEPE) based on finite difference approximation is adopted in solving the governing dimensional partial differential equation. The active influence of different flow parameters on velocity and IMF along the main flow and induced flow directions are visualized. Furthermore, variations of shear stress and induced current density are also presented in tabular form for active nondimensional flow quantities and later on analyzed. To establish the validity of the results obtained in this computation, values for velocity and IMF in this analysis were correlated with the steady‐state existing benchmark when the values of nondimensional time are considered large. Significant results from the analysis show that at the transient time and in the simultaneous occurrence of suction/injection at the microchannel walls, higher values of ion slip current have no considerable influence on flow formation along the primary flow direction, whereas an oscillatory phenomenon is observed along the secondary flow direction. It is also significant to note that at a transient time, magnetic induction could be improved or controlled by choosing favorable values of the suction/injection parameter.
Impact of thermal diffusion and chemical reaction on oscillatory MHD convective flow of a viscoelastic fluid through a porous medium in a slip flow regime
Authors: Das Nabanita , Taid Bijoy K. , Ahmed Nazibuddin
Published: October 2022

The purpose of the current investigation is to analyze the influence of thermal diffusion on magnetohydrodynamic viscoelastic fluid flow with concurrent heat and mass transfer near an oscillating porous plate in a slip flow Regime under the influence of a uniform transverse magnetic field. The uniqueness of the present study is to examine the effects of viscoelastic property (Walters B' model) on the flow and heat transfer phenomena when a transverse magnetic field and time‐dependent fluctuating suction at the boundary surface are present in a porous medium with a uniform porous matrix. A regular perturbation technique is used to solve the governing equations for small elastic parameters. Graphical representations are used to show how different parameters affect skin friction, temperature, concentration, and velocity. It is observed that concentration distribution as well as the coefficient of friction is enhanced due to the thermal diffusion effect. It is noticed that the visco‐elastic parameters reduce the velocity of the fluid. In addition, chemical reactions and suction factors cause the flow field's temperature to drop. Furthermore, the fluid concentration drops under the chemical reaction effect.
Experimental study of the effect of fuel types on the performance of spark ignition engine
Authors: Zainal Omer A. , Ismael Abbas M. , Jalal Rawand E.
Published: October 2022

Different fuels are being used daily in the city of Kirkuk, Iraq for operating vehicles with spark‐ignition internal combustion engines. Aiming to address the effects of these fuels on both engines and the environment, this work conducts an experimental study where a single‐cylinder, four‐stroke small spark ignition engine is employed. Three types of benzene with different octane ratings (low with an additive [85.8%], medium [89.2%], and high [95.6%]) are utilized in the study as they are the most consumed fuel in the area of the study. Moreover, the low‐octane fuel will be addressed with a commercial additive. In addition to engine performance, the exhaust gases and sound levels are analyzed as well. Through the outcomes, it is observed that the fuel with higher octane numbers relatively produces better engine performance and pollution. At normal engine speed, the fuel with a medium octane rating, however, has close engine performance results but with worse pollution effects. On the other hand, the engine fails to start with low‐octane fuel without the additive. The additive improves the engine performance with the low octane fuel and surprisingly produces fewer pollution gases than the fuel with medium octane number. However, the engine still behaves worse than with the other fuels at normal engine speed.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Rearrangement and Cycloisomerization Reactions Toward Hedonic Materials
Authors: Martinaux Philippe , Laher Romain , Marin Christophe , Michelet Véronique
Published: October 2022

Over the last century, the fragrance industry had relied on the synthetic chemists for the development of new odors, but also for the replacement of some known materials due to allergy or toxicity. Transition metal‐catalyzed transformations have allowed atom economy and synthetic efficiency for several transformations and they caught the attention of fragrance industrials. The metal‐catalyzed cyclization reactions have been particularly successful toward the synthesis of key skeletons. This review highlights the developments of selected hedonic materials according to transition metal‐catalyzed according to cycloisomerization reactions and related rearrangements.
Metastatic small‐cell carcinoma of the bladder that maintains a complete response to chemoradiation therapy
Authors: Miyazaki Shinya , Ueda Takashi , Tamai Ryosuke , Ueno Akihisa , Nakamura Terukazu
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Small‐cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder has a poor prognosis, and no standard treatment has been established. We encountered a case of a patient with metastasis in which complete response and long‐term survival were obtained by treating the primary lesion with a combination of irinotecan, carboplatin chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Case presentation

An 83‐year‐old man was diagnosed with a bladder tumor with liver metastasis. Small‐cell carcinoma was diagnosed via transurethral resection. Second‐line chemotherapy with irinotecan and carboplatin and irradiation of the primary lesion were significantly effective. The imaging evaluation showed a complete response. The therapeutic effect was maintained for 1 year, even after the discontinuation of chemotherapy.

Conclusion

Irinotecan and carboplatin should be considered for the treatment of small‐cell carcinoma of the bladder. Irradiation of the primary lesion may also be useful if the extent of metastasis is low.
Japanese infants’ attachment insecurity and externalizing/internalizing problems: Using strange situation and attachment Q‐sort methods
Authors: Umemura Tomotaka , Iwamoto Sayaka , Tanaka Hikaru
Published: October 2022

According to attachment theory, an infant‐mother attachment is universal, and infants who develop an insecure attachment relationship with their mother are likely to show mental health problems compared to those who develop a secure attachment relationship. These hypotheses have been empirically supported in Western cultures. However, the cross‐cultural evidence is still insufficient. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between Japanese infants’ attachment insecurity and mental health problems. We studied 81 Japanese infants (Mage = 14.64 months, SD = 1.43, females = 54%) mostly from middle‐class families. The Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) and Attachment Q‐sort (AQS) assessed infant attachment security. Infant externalizing and internalizing problems were rated concurrently by the mother and 6 months later by the mother and another adult (father or grandmother). Japanese infants’ attachment insecurity measured by the AQS was associated with their externalizing problems concurrently and 6 months later. Infants with insecure‐resistant attachment measured by the SSP had higher externalizing problems compared to those with secure attachment concurrently (not 6 months later). Attachment insecurity was not related to internalizing problems. These findings partly supported the association between attachment insecurity and mental health problems. This research also recommends observing infant attachment at home.
Promoting health equity in pharmacy postgraduate training programs: A call to action for clinical pharmacists
Authors: Teklu Yodit , Monangai Kathy E. , Abdul‐Mutakabbir Jacinda C. , Gosser Rena A.
Published: October 2022

Shortages of primary care providers across the United States have exacerbated health disparities, particularly for marginalized groups. As one of the most accessible healthcare professionals in the United States, pharmacists are well‐positioned to help address health disparities. Addressing health inequities is an Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education requirement in pharmacy school curricula, however, there is currently no standardized requirement to incorporate these principles into postgraduate pharmacy residency or fellowship training. A PubMed search was conducted to explore examples of health equity inclusion within postgraduate training for pharmacy and similar healthcare disciplines, as well as identify best practices. As limited models—pertaining to pharmacy postgraduate training programs—were available, this endeavor aims to provide recommendations for the successful implementation of health equity education into didactic and experiential learning opportunities.
Advancing molecular graphs with descriptors for the prediction of chemical reaction yields
Authors: Yarish Dzvenymyra , Garkot Sofiya , Grygorenko Oleksandr O. , Radchenko Dmytro S. , Moroz Yurii S. , Gurbych Oleksandr
Published: October 2022

Chemical yield is the percentage of the reactants converted to the desired products. Chemists use predictive algorithms to select high‐yielding reactions and score synthesis routes, saving time and reagents. This study suggests a novel graph neural network architecture for chemical yield prediction. The network combines structural information about participants of the transformation as well as molecular and reaction‐level descriptors. It works with incomplete chemical reactions and generates reactants‐product atom mapping. We show that the network benefits from advanced information by comparing it with several machine learning models and molecular representations. Models included logistic regression, support vector machine, CatBoost, and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Molecular representations included extended‐connectivity fingerprints, Morgan fingerprints, SMILESVec embeddings, and textual. Classification and regression objectives were assessed for each model and feature set. The goal of each classification model was to separate zero‐ and non‐zero‐yielding reactions. The models were trained and evaluated on a proprietary dataset of 10 reaction types. Also, the models were benchmarked on two public single reaction type datasets. The study was supplemented with analysis of data, results, and errors, as well as the impact of steric factors, side reactions, isolation, and purification efficiency. The supplementary code is available athttps://github.com/SoftServeInc/yield-paper.
Comparison of Clinical Effectiveness Between Ambroxol and N‐Acetylcysteine in Surgical Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Bian Jiaming , Liang Hong , Zhang Mei
Published: October 2022

Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are a major cause of postoperative morbidity, mortality, and longer hospital stays. Expectorants are widely used during the perioperative period to reduce PPCs. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness between ambroxol (AMB) and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in patients undergoing surgery. A multicenter, retrospective cohort study was conducted using deidentified medical records from hospital information system. Between July 1, 2015, and November 30, 2017, patients aged ≥18 years, who received intravenous AMB or nebulized NAC as the only expectorant therapy for >3 days during their hospitalization for thoracic, abdominal, and neurosurgery, were included in this study. The clinical outcomes were evaluated, and propensity score matching was used to adjust significant differences between 2 groups. A total of 4025 cases in the AMB group and 2062 in NAC group after propensity score matching were identified. The incidence of PPCs (13.9% vs 11.6%; P = .013), postoperative sputum suction (17.2% vs 8.0%; P < .001), intensive care unit admission after surgery (25.1% vs 22.5%; P = .024), and postoperative mechanical ventilation (22.3% versus 17.5%; P < .001) in the AMB group were all significantly higher than those in the NAC group. This study suggested that patients treated with NAC during the perioperative period had a significantly lower risk of PPCs. However, further prospective study is needed to ensure the replicability of our findings.
Modulation of cellular machineries by Zika virus‐encoded proteins
Authors: Dong Shupeng , Xiao Maggie Z. X. , Liang Qiming
Published: October 2022

The strain of Zika virus (ZIKV) that circulated during the 2015 epidemic in Brazil has been associated with more than 2000 cases of microcephaly from September 2015 through November 2016. The viral genome determines the biology and pathogenesis of a virus and the virus employs its own gene products to evade host immune surveillance, manipulate cellular machineries, and establish efficient replication. Therefore, understanding the functions of virus‐encoded protein not only aids the knowledge of ZIKV biology but also guides the development of anti‐ZIKV drugs. In this review, we focus on 10 proteins encoded by ZIKV and summarize their functions in ZIKV replication and pathogenesis according to studies published in the past 6 years.
Topological reorganization of brain network might contribute to the resilience of cognitive functioning in mildly disabled relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Has Silemek Arzu Ceylan , Nolte Guido , Pöttgen Jana , Engel Andreas K. , Heesen Christoph , Gold Stefan M. , Stellmann Jan‐Patrick
Published: October 2022

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease which leads to impairment in several functional systems including cognition. Alteration of brain networks is linked to disability and its progression. However, results are mostly cross‐sectional and yet contradictory as putative adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms were found. Here, we aimed to explore longitudinal reorganization of brain networks over 2‐years by combining diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), resting‐state functional MRI (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and a comprehensive neuropsychological‐battery. In 37 relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS) and 39 healthy‐controls, cognition remained stable over‐time. We reconstructed network models based on the three modalities and analyzed connectivity in relation to the hierarchical topology and functional subnetworks. Network models were compared across modalities and in their association with cognition using linear‐mixed‐effect‐regression models. Loss of hub connectivity and global reduction was observed on a structural level over‐years (p < .010), which was similar for functional MEG‐networks but not for fMRI‐networks. Structural hub connectivity increased in controls (p = .044), suggesting a physiological mechanism of healthy aging. Despite a general loss in structural connectivity in RRMS, hub connectivity was preserved (p = .002) over‐time in default‐mode‐network (DMN). MEG‐networks were similar to DTI and weakly correlated with fMRI in MS (p < .050). Lower structural (β between .23–.33) and both lower (β between .40–.59) and higher functional connectivity (β = −.54) in DMN was associated with poorer performance in attention and memory in RRMS (p < .001). MEG‐networks involved no association with cognition. Here, cognitive stability despite ongoing neurodegeneration might indicate a resilience mechanism of DMN hubs mimicking a physiological reorganization observed in healthy aging.
Evaluating the predictive utility of patient‐oriented scoring of atopic dermatitis (PO‐SCORAD) versus Patient‐Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) for peanut sensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Bilimoria Sara , Lee Kachiu , Lio Peter
Published: October 2022

Background

Current Guidelines from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) are based on the Learning Early About Peanut Allergy Study (LEAP Study) results and recommend early introduction of peanuts to children with atopic dermatitis (AD) depending on their disease severity. There is yet to be a widely accepted method of evaluating AD severity among clinicians. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the association between AD severity as measured by patient‐oriented scoring of atopic dermatitis(PO‐SCORAD) and Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) surveys and peanut sensitivity as measured by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) or skin prick test levels.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between AD severity as measured by PO‐SCORAD and POEM surveys and peanut sensitivity as measured by IgE or skin prick test levels. The secondary objective of this study was to determine the rate of peanut sensitisation amongst patients with ‘mild AD’ as defined by PO‐SCORAD score of 1−27 and a POEM score of 0‐7.

Methods

Patients between 3 months and 18 years old undergoing IgE or skin prick testing for peanut allergy were recruited from two allergy clinics in the Chicagoland area. Patients or their guardians completed a PO‐SCORAD survey and POEM survey.

Results

There was no significant difference in AD severity (as measured by PO‐SCORAD or POEM score) between sexes or age groups (<12 months vs. ≥12 months). Moreover, there was no significant relationship found between PO‐SCORAD or POEM scores and rate of peanut sensitivity.

Conclusion

Despite no significant relationship found between PO‐SCORAD or POEM score and peanut sensitivity, the hypothesis that AD severity can predict risk of peanut sensitivity may still be valid based on a growing body of evidence. The negative results of this study are likely due to the small study population used due to limitations of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Moreover, evaluating AD severity through PO‐SCORAD and POEM surveys may not be ideal for paediatric patients.
Deterministic processes drive national‐scale patterns in lake surface sediment bacteria and eukaryotic assemblage composition
Authors: Pearman John K. , Adamson Janet , Thomson‐Laing Georgia , Thompson Lucy , Waters Sean , Vandergoes Marcus J. , Howarth Jamie D. , Wood Susanna A.
Published: October 2022

Biological communities within lake surface sediments play a vital role in biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem services. Knowledge on abundance‐occupancy patterns and assembly processes across large spatial scales and over multiple environmental gradients is limited, yet essential to aid in protection and restoration. In the present study, surface sediment samples were collected from 296 lakes across a wide spatial scale and covering multiple interacting environmental gradients including size, depth, altitude, and trophic state. A suite of physicochemical parameters were used to characterize the environmental conditions and bacterial and eukaryotic assemblages were determined using16Sand18S rRNAmetabarcoding. The majority (~ 55%) of amplicon sequence variants were only found in a single lake with eukaryotes having a more restricted distribution than bacteria. Deterministic processes were inferred to be dominant for both bacteria (78%) and eukaryotes (51%), with variable selection being especially important for bacteria (49%). Variation partitioning indicated that land use in the catchment, which is strongly related to trophic state, was the most important environmental factor in explaining the assemblage composition. This nationwide study across broad gradients provides new insights into the ecology of bacteria and eukaryotes in lake surface sediments and a platform to better understand the effects of multiple environmental stressors on lake sediment assemblages.
Spin Hall Effect of Light: From Fundamentals To Recent Advancements
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Yang Younghwan , Lee Dasol , Kim Yeseul , Kim Hongyoon , Rho Junsuk
Published: October 2022

The spin Hall effect of light (SHEL) is the microscopic splitting of light into two circular polarizations at the optical interface along the perpendicular direction. With the advent of metamaterials/metasurfaces and their fast‐developing applications, the SHEL has been garnering significant scientific interest. Here, the principle and recent developments in SHEL research is reviewed. A theoretical description of the SHEL is provided, including the formalism and general techniques. Also, recent studies on and applications of the SHEL are extensively reviewed, including the enhancement of the spin Hall shift and efficiency, implementation of dynamic tunability, elimination of polarization dependence, and precision measurements. The review is concluded with a discussion on the future direction and prospects of the SHEL.
Linear Relationship between Mean‐Square Radius of Gyration and Graph Diameter, and Its Application to Network Polymers
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: October 2022

Mean‐square radius of gyration Rg2 and the graph diameter D of the random crosslinked network polymers are investigated to find a linear relationship, Rg2 = a D. The proportionality coefficient, a is dominated by the cycle (circuit) rank, or the number of intramolecular crosslinks kc, and a convenient equation is proposed for the relationship between a and kc. This relationship makes it possible to estimate Rg2 based on D and kc, which can reduce the required computational time to determine the Rg2‐values greatly. This new method is applied to find that the contraction factor g decreases with kc, and the differences in the primary chain length distribution that constitute the network polymers vanish for large kc‐values.
Life History Assessment of Cusk, a Data Poor Species, in U.S. Waters
Authors: McElroy W. David , Tholke Emilee K. , Wuenschel Mark J. , Robillard Eric
Published: October 2022

Cusk Brosme brosme are fished across the northern Atlantic Ocean, but even basic biological data are limited in part by their difficult to sample deep and structured habitats. We sampled fish from a variety of sources across the Gulf of Maine to provide comprehensive life history information (age and size at maturity, fecundity, sex ratio, growth) for this data poor species considered by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries as a species of concern. Gonad histology and gonadosomatic index data indicated peak spawning in late spring (May–June), with limited spawning activity into summer. The histologically derived length at 50% maturity for female Cusk was 39.5 cm TL. Fecundity varied from a quarter million to four million oocytes, with a positive allometry versus size indicating that larger females have proportionally higher fecundity than smaller females. Male Cusk had unusually low gonadal investment for a gadiform, and males of all sizes examined (down to 21 cm) had spermatozoa present. Male maturity was equivocal even when the relative proportions of sperm stages were quantified through image analysis of gonad histology; further anatomical and physiological studies of small males are required to assess functional maturity in male cusk. The sex ratio at length indicated more males at larger sizes, and males had faster growth and larger size at age than females. Condition patterns also suggested lower condition for females than males after spawning and generally less variable condition for males. Gonadal investment, relative condition, and growth patterns all suggest differences in energy allocation between the sexes. This data poor species has an uncertain stock status in U.S. waters; therefore, the results of the current work provide important information to its management.
Difficult conversations — turning dread to joy!
Authors: Freebairn‐Smith Laura
Published: October 2022

In the last column, I wrote about clearing your plate for more purpose‐driven work. I shared the “4 Ds” (do, delegate, delay, drop) and a few key questions to help manage workload coming in from other people.
New research reveals enrollment trends
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2022

With the COVID‐19 pandemic and changing demographics, enrollment at colleges and universities has experienced significant impacts over the past few years. Two recent reports from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center track student numbers and behavior.
Keep adult learners connected to campus with peer mentoring program
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2022

Kathy Cavanaugh, Education Program Coordinator for Continuing Education at Pennsylvania State University, Berks, attended community college straight out of high school, earning an associate degree in film production, then worked in the film industry in Los Angeles and New York for several years. Then, after having children, she got a part‐time job at Penn State.
Thermal cycling of strained nickel‐coated glass‐epoxy composite laminates: Effects on macro mechanical and fiber‐matrix interface properties
Authors: Roy Rene , Shin Joon‐Hyung , Kweon Jin‐Hwe , Nam Young‐Woo
Published: October 2022

Nickel coating of reinforcing fibers via electroless plating can provide superior properties to polymer composites, particularly for radar stealth, although its effect on thermomechanical properties and thermal cycling response are relatively unverified. Thermal cycling of strained nickel‐coated glass fiber epoxy laminates was performed to evaluate its effect through in‐plane shear mechanical testing and fiber‐matrix interface region microscopic observations. Laminates were subjected to 4000 cycles of thermal conditioning (regular and strained). Subsequent in‐plane shear tensile tests revealed a ~10% increase in their ultimate shear strength, which was credited to polymer relaxation and increased plastic energy storage capacity. Atomic force microscopy in force modulation mode showed the most significant fiber‐matrix interface region changes for strained thermal cycled specimens, which we attribute to their higher stress during conditioning and plastic deformation. A relatively short fiber‐matrix interface region length was observed, which we attribute to the lower surface energy of Ni‐glass fiber. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) revealed a glass‐transition temperature range of 71–110°C, and coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) were evaluated for several laminate configurations.
Effect of cross‐linking on the mechanical properties, degree of crystallinity and thermal stability of polyethylene vitrimers
Authors: Montoya‐Ospina Maria Camila , Verhoogt Henk , Ordner Mark , Tan Xiao , Osswald Tim A.
Published: October 2022

Maleic anhydride‐grafted‐polyethylene was dynamically cross‐linked via reactive melt blending with 4,4′‐dithiodianiline. Thermal and mechanical properties of polyethylene vitrimers with different cross‐linking density were investigated. The results indicate that the degree of crystallinity decreased with increasing cross‐linking density. This behavior was directly related to short‐term and long‐term mechanical properties: vitrimers showed a decrease in yield strength and creep performance. The yield strength of PE vitrimers decreased linearly in relation to the degree of crystallinity. Polarized optical microscopy revealed that the cross‐links inhibit the growth of spherulites structure in polyethylene vitrimers. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated an increase in the onset degradation temperature and decomposition rate for vitrimers with increased cross‐linking density. The stiffness of the vitrimers decreased with increasing cross‐linking density which led to higher damping properties. Finally, it was demonstrated that reprocessing of polyethylene vitrimer was possible without significant impact in mechanical properties.
Migration of Energetic Plasticizer in Advanced Energetic Composite Propellant Grains
Authors: Kumar Amit , Chavan Prakash V. , Bhatkhande Dhananjay S. , Sadavarte Vaibhav S. , Santosh Mada S. S. N. M. , Pande Shrikant M.
Published: October 2022

Studies on the migration of nitrate ester plasticizers from advanced energetic nitrate ester plasticized polyester polyol (NEPE) propellants stored at 27o and 55 °C using HPLC showed that the nitrate ester content is depleting from the bulk of the propellant with time, upto 125 weeks, till equilibrium is reached. Diffussion coefficient for migration of nitrate ester estimated by Fick's 2nd law of diffusion reveals that the magnitude of estimated diffussion coefficient is high for the propellant sample stored at elevated temperature as compared to the samples stored at ambient condition, indicating the higher rate of plasticizer migration at high temperature. Also, the estimated diffussion coefficient for NG migration is higher than that for BTTN which is inline with its higher rate of migration. The diffussion coefficients have also been estimated by the tensile strength data of the stored propellants and its magnitude is marginally higher than the one estimated by the physical phenomenon of plasticizer migration as described by Fick's law. Hence it can be inferred that along with the post cure reaction, the plasticizer migration is also responsible for toughening of propellant during storage.
Plant jasmonic acid mediated contrasting effects of two citrus aphid species onDiaphorina citriKuwayama
Authors: Gao Jing , Tao TongLai , Arthurs Steven P. , Ye Fengxian , An Xincheng , Hussain Mubasher , Mao Runqian
Published: October 2022

Background

Herbivores may influence each other directly and through plant mediated inter‐specific interactions. The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citriKuwayama) and citrus aphids are key pests that can co‐exist on citrus, but their plant‐mediated interaction between them is unknown. Here we investigated plant‐mediated effect of two citrus aphid species, the polyphagousAphis spiraecolaPatch and the oligophagousAphis(Toxoptera)citricidus(Kirkaldy) on the feeding behavior and reproduction ofDiaphorina citri, and explored the underlying mechanisms.

Results

In comparison with those on aphid free plants,Diaphorina citrihad decreased reproduction and reduced phloem feeding onAphis spiraecolapre‐infested plants, while the reproduction and feeding efficiency were increased onAphis citriciduspre‐infested plants. Jasmonic acid (JA) dependent defense was significantly activated byDiaphorina citrifeeding onAphis spiraecolapre‐infested plants, but was suppressed byDiaphorina citrifeeding onAphis citriciduspre‐infested plants compared with that on aphid free plant. By contrast, only one tested marker gene in salicylic acid (SA) signaling was activated byDiaphorina citrifeeding onAphis spiraecolapre‐infested plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of methyl jasmonate, but not SA, conferred resistance againstDiaphorina citriin our citrus trials.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that pre‐infestation by two citrus aphid species differentially alteredDiaphorina citriinduced citrus JA dependent defense, which resulted in different effect on subsequentDiaphorina citriperformance. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Atomistic Simulations of Defects Production under Ion Irradiation in Epitaxial Graphene on SiC
Authors: Jain Mitisha , Kretschmer Silvan , Höflich Katja , Lopes Joao Marcelo Jordao , Krasheninnikov Arkady V.
Published: October 2022

Using first‐principles and analytical potential atomistic simulations, production of defects in epitaxial graphene (EG) on SiC upon ion irradiation for ion types and energies accessible in helium‐ion microscope is studied. Graphene‐SiC systems consisting of the buffer (zero) graphene layer and SiC substrate, as well as one (monolayer) and two (bilayer) additional graphene layers, are focused on. The probabilities for single, double, and more complex vacancies to appear upon impacts of energetic ions in each graphene layer as functions of He‐ and Ne‐ion energies are calculated and the data are compared with those obtained for free‐standing graphene. The results indicate that the role of the substrate is minimal for He‐ion irradiation with energies above 5 keV, which can be associated with a low sputtering yield from this system upon ion irradiation, as compared with the common Si/SiO2 substrate. In contrast, SiC substrate has a significant effect on defect production upon Ne‐ion irradiation. The results can serve as a guide to the experiments on ion irradiation of EG to choose the optimum ion beam parameters for defect‐mediated engineering of such systems, for example, for creating nucleation centers to grow other 2D materials, such as h‐BN, on top of the irradiated EG.
Electronic and optical properties of quaternary selenides for optoelectronic applications: Insights from DFT+U‐computations
Authors: Azam Sikandar , Imran Muhammad , Rahman Amin Ur , Nadeem Asif , Neffati Riadh
Published: October 2022

The optical properties, electronic charge density, electronic structure of the new layered selenides materials, BaGdCuSe3, CsUCuSe3, CsZrCuSe3, and CsGdZnSe3 compounds have been calculated by using the full potential and linear augmented plane wave (FP‐LAPW) methods as applied in the WIEN2k package, which is based on the density functional theory. The ALnMSe3 compound's structure of these was (A = Cs, Ba; Ln = Zr, Gd, U; M = Cu, Zn) is composed of (n = 1, 2) layers, which might be separated by A atoms. It is to be observed that there is strong hybridization between the s, p, and d states of Zr, Gd, and Cu atoms. Around the gadolinium atom, the charge density contours are completely circular, but the Gadolinium “Gd” atom shows an ionic nature. To calculate the refractive index, we used Kramer's Kronig correlations with the imaginary part dielectric function. The decrease in the refractive index is due to the lack of probability for direct excitation of the electrons, resulting in a loss of energy. The value of the static refractive index for all reference compounds is about 1.75–2.25, which is indication that the material used in optoelectronic devices.
Disturbance rejection based tracking control design for fuzzy switched systems with time‐varying delays and disturbances
Authors: Sakthivel Rathinasamy , Harshavarthini Shanmugam , Mohanapriya Saminathan , Kwon Ohmin
Published: October 2022

The disturbance rejection and tracking problem of T‐S fuzzy switched systems with uncertainties, input time‐varying delays and disturbances is addressed in this article. For that cause, a modified repetitive control protocol based on the improved‐equivalent‐input‐disturbance (IEID) estimator and extended Smith predictor approach has been proposed, which guarantees the perfect disturbance estimation and tracking performances with high precision. Specifically, by incorporating the transfer function of main feedback path in conventional Smith predictor block, the input time‐varying delays are effectively compensated. In the direction of estimating the disturbances, an active disturbance rejection technique called IEID estimator approach is precisely considered. By exploiting the output of the IEID estimator and parallel distributed compensation strategy, the fuzzy rule based modified repetitive control system is formulated. Further, by making use of Lyapunov method together with average dwell‐time approach, a set of sufficient conditions in the form of matrix inequalities are established. More respectively, by solving the developed matrix inequalities, the controller and observer gain matrices are determined. At last, the method proposed in this work is validated in terms of presenting the simulation results of two numerical examples, including boiler‐turbine system.
Balance different approaches to develop successful collaborations
Authors: Delph Dawson , Bowers Blaze
Published: October 2022

Entry into the student affairs field has long followed a clearly defined path: an undergraduate degree followed by a master’s degree in higher education (and maybe student affairs specifically), and potentially a graduate assistantship.
Build a resilient team to help your office thrive
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2022

Working together for about 10 years, Kris Anderson, Heather Pearson, and Heather Kretz experienced professional triumphs and failures. Within their team, there were marriages, deaths, and many other events that impacted team members in positive and negative ways.
In Vitro Digestibility and Physicochemical Properties of Isolated Starch from Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum and Solanum subsp. andigena) Varieties Commercialized in the Andean Region: Ecuador
Authors: Jaramillo Diego A. , Peña‐González María A. , Paredes‐Escobar Mayra , Pérez‐González Andrés , Lazo‐Vélez Marco A.
Published: October 2022

Starches from nine potato tubers marketed in Ecuador were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility, morphological, thermal, and pasting properties. Raw starches are resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, but their digestibility increases significantly after gelatinization. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS) increases from 3.8 to 6.2 folds, while the contents of both slowly digestible starch at 120 min (SDS120) and 240 min (SDS240) decrease from 17.9–34%, and 10.2–34% (raw starch), to 11.2–20.1%, and 4.2–16% (gelatinized starches), respectively. Also, resistant starch (RS) content diminishes from 33.7–45.5% to 8.50–14.8%. In addition, total starch (86–95%), average granular size (26.2–47.23 µm), consists mainly of elliptical or ground granules, and pasting properties (Peak viscosity: 2400–3240 cP; final viscosity: 1236–3507 cP; breakdown: 2236–5424 cP; setback: 510–3477; and pasting temperature 60.6–66.2 °C) differed significantly (p < 0.5). Amylose (21.1–26.7%), and thermal properties (To: 57.1–62.3 °C; Tp: 58.2–63.9 °C; Tf: 59–64.9 °C), except gelatinization enthalpy (67.7–168.6 J g─1), do not differ significantly (p < 0.5). This study provides important information for developing products, mainly those with reduced starch digestibility, using different potato varieties.
Genome‐wide association mapping for field and seedling resistance to the emerging Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race TTRTF in wheat
Authors: Negash Tamrat , Edae Erena Aka , Tilahun Lidiya , Anderson James A. , Rouse Matthew N. , Bajgain Prabin
Published: October 2022

Stem rust of wheat (Triticum spp.), caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is one of the most impactful wheat diseases because of its threat to global wheat production. While disease mitigation has primarily been achieved through the deployment of resistant wheat varieties, emerging new virulent races continue to pose risks to the crop. For example, races such as Ug99 (TTKSK), TKTTF, and TTRTF have caused epidemics in different wheat growing regions of the world in recent years. A continual search for new and effective sources of resistance is therefore necessary to safeguard wheat production. This study assessed a breeding panel from the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) wheat breeding program for seedling and field plant resistance to TTRTF and reports genomic regions conferring resistance to TTRTF. Trait correlations (r) were medium to strong (range = .38–.71) and heritabilities were moderate (.32–.56). Association analysis for resistance to TTRTF resulted in detection of 20 markers in 11 chromosomes; the marker S1B_175439851 was associated with resistance at both seedling and adult plant stages. Models with two to four QTL combinations reduced seedling and field disease severity by 12–48 and 9–17%, respectively. Genomic prediction for TTRTF resistance resulted in low to moderately‐high predictions (mean correlations of .25–.47). Identification of resistant lines and QTL in the EIAR population is expected to assist in selection toward improved resistance to TTRTF. Specifically, the application of genomic selection (GS) in identifying resistant lines in future related breeding populations will further assist breeding efforts against this new stem rust pathogen race.
Conscious cognitive effort in cognitive control
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: October 2022

Cognitive effort is thought to be familiar in everyday life, ubiquitous across multiple variations of task and circumstance, and integral to cost/benefit computations that are themselves central to the proper functioning of cognitive control. In particular, cognitive effort is thought to be closely related to the assessment of cognitive control's costs. I argue here that the construct of cognitive effort, as it is deployed in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, is problematically unclear. The result is that talk of cognitive effort may paper over significant disagreement regarding the nature of cognitive effort, and its key functions for cognitive control. I highlight key points of disagreement, and several open questions regarding what causes cognitive effort, what cognitive effort represents, cognitive effort's relationship to action, and cognitive effort's relationship to consciousness. I also suggest that pluralism about cognitive effort—that cognitive effort may manifest as a range of intentional or non‐intentional actions the function of which is to promote greater success at paradigmatic cognitive control tasks—may be a fruitful and irenic way to conceive of cognitive effort. Finally, I suggest that recent trends in work on cognitive control suggests that we might fruitfully conceive of cognitive effort as one key node in a complex network of mental value, and that studying this complex network may illuminate the nature of cognitive control, and the role of consciousness in cognitive control's proper functioning.

This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Consciousness

Philosophy > Psychological Capacities

Neuroscience > Cognition
An Overview of STEM Education in Asia
Authors: Cheng May May Hung
Published: October 2022

This introduction chapter provides an overview of STEM education policies and curriculum initiatives in the Asian context. The three parts of this book are briefly introduced. There is then a summary and synthesis of relevant findings for each of the 14 chapters as well as a discussion linking the content of this book with the current development of STEM education research. Finally, implications, challenges and future directions for STEM education development and related research are proposed.
Energy functionals from Conformal Gravity
Authors: Anastasiou Giorgos , Araya Ignacio J. , Olea Rodrigo
Published: October 2022

Abstract

We provide a new derivation of the Hawking mass and Willmore energy functionals for asymptotically AdS spacetimes, by embedding Einstein-AdS gravity in Conformal Gravity. By construction, the evaluation of the four-dimensional Conformal Gravity action in a manifold with a conical defect produces a codimension-2 conformal invariant functional LΣ. The energy functionals are then particular cases of LΣ for Einstein-AdS and pure AdS ambient spaces, respectively. The bulk action is finite for AdS asymptotics and both Hawking mass and Willmore energy are finite as well. The result suggests a generic relation between conformal invariance and renormalization, where the codimension-2 properties are inherited from the bulk gravity action.
Supersymmetric Massive Gravity
Authors: Engelbrecht Laura , Jones Callum R. T. , Paranjape Shruti
Published: October 2022

Abstract

We initiate a systematic study of the self-interactions of a massive spin-2 “graviton” consistent with up to$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 4 supersymmetry. Using a recently developed massive on-shell superspace formalism, we construct the most general set of cubic massive graviton amplitudes in a form with all supersymmetry and Lorentz invariance manifest. We find that for$$ \mathcal{N} $$N≥3 supersymmetry, the family of consistent interactions coincide with those of the ghost-free dRGT model. For$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 4 (maximal) supersymmetry there is a single consistent cubic interaction which coincides with the unique structure required for the absence of asymptotic superluminality. Additionally, we discuss the structure of interactions in the high-energy limit, connections to supersymmetric Galileons and the possibility of a supersymmetric massive double copy.
Stationary states to a free boundary transmission problem for an electrostatically actuated plate
Authors: Laurençot Philippe , Walker Christoph
Published: October 2022

A two-dimensional free boundary transmission problem arising in the modeling of an electrostatically actuated plate is considered and a representation formula for the derivative of the associated electrostatic energy with respect to the deflection of the plate is derived. The latter paves the way for the construction of energy minimizers and also provides the Euler–Lagrange equation satisfied by these minimizers. A by-product is the monotonicity of the electrostatic energy with respect to the deflection.
Revision ACL reconstruction using quadriceps, hamstring and patellar tendon autografts leads to similar functional outcomes but hamstring graft has a higher tendency of graft failure
Authors: Meena Amit , Farinelli Luca , Hoser Christian , Abermann Elisabeth , Raj Akshya , Hepperger Caroline , Herbort Mirco , Fink Christian
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in the patient-reported functional outcomes, and graft failure in revision ACL reconstruction using quadriceps tendon (QT), Hamstring tendon (HT) and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autografts.

Methods

Between 2010 and 2020, 97 patients who underwent revision ACL reconstruction (40 patients received a QT, 26 an HT and 31 a BPTB graft) met the inclusion criteria. Pre-injury and at 2-year postoperatively patients were evaluated for patient-reported functional outcomes; Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity level and VAS (visual analogue scale) for pain; and graft failure. Patient-reported outcomes and graft failure were compared between the QT, HT and BPTB groups. The patients with graft failure were not included for outcome analysis at 2-years of follow-up.

Results

All three revision groups with QT, HT and BPTB autograft did not differ significantly in terms of age, sex, time from injury to surgery, concomitant injuries and single-stage or double-stage procedures (n.s.). No significant difference was found in the pre-injury patient-reported outcome; Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity and VAS for pain (n.s.) between the three groups. At the 2-year follow-up functional outcomes improved in all three groups and all the patients returned to pre-injury activity level; however, no significant difference was found in functional outcomes at the 2-year follow-up between the three groups (n.s.). Graft failure occurred in 4 (10%), 5 (19%) and 3 (10%) patients of QT, HT and BPTB groups, respectively. However, the rate of failure did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusion

All three autografts (QT, HT and BPTB) demonstrated satisfactory patient-reported outcomes in revision ACL reconstruction. Compared with QT and BPTB grafts, HT graft showed a higher tendency for failure rates. With the increasing incidence of revision ACL reconstruction, surgeons should be aware of all the available graft options. The findings of this study will assist the surgeons in the graft selection for revision ACL reconstruction.

Level of evidence

Level III.