bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chromosomal Basis of Sex-Differentiation in Marsupials
Authors: Sharman GB , Hughes RL , Cooper DW
Published: June 2005

Data on ten intersexual marsupials, eight of which were of known karyotype, are presented and reviewed. Three of the intersexes were known or suspected XO/XX or XO/XX/XXX, two were XXY, one was XXY/XY/XX and two were XY in sex chromosome constitution.
In all three intersexes which had an XO cell line, but in which no Y chromosome was found in any cell, a small empty scrotum was found to one side of the midline or in the midline. Those which had a non-midline scrotum had mammary tissue on the opposite side and a partial or complete pouch. The intersex with the midline scrotum had no pouch or mammary glands. Unilateral or bilateral putative spermatic cords, not containing a ductus deferens, descended to the scrotum, but in all other respects the internal reproductive systems were like those of normal XX female marsupials. Intersexes with no Y chromosome were of female body size when adult.
The XXY and XXY/XY/XX intersexes all had complete pouches and mammary glands and none had a scrotum. All had well developed male internal reproductive systems and undescended testis-like gonads, and were of intermediate body size.
Both XY intersexes also had complete pouches and mammary glands, no scrotum, and male-type internal reproductive systems with undescended testes which were normal except for absence of post- primary spermatocyte stages of spermatogenesis. One XY intersex was fully adult and it did not differ from normal XY males of the same species in body measurements, body weight and secondary sex coloration.
One of the intersexes of unknown karyotype, but of suspected XX chromosome constitution, was morphologically like the XO/XX/XXX mosaic with a centrally placed scrotum. The other, of suspected XY chromosome constitution, was essentially comparable to the XY intersexes.
The data are interpreted, at the whole chromosome level, as follows. In the presence of a single active X chromosome scrotal and spermatic cord development were initiated, whereas they were inhibited in the presence of two X chromosomes. Complete scrotal development completely inhibited, and unilateral scrotal development partly inhibited, pouch and mammary gland development. The Y chromosome was responsible for primary gonadal sex and, apparently through production of MIS, eliminated the Miillerian (i.e. female) sex ducts. Development of a male type of reproductive system was dependent on presence of a Y chromosome and, apparently, androgen production from testes or testis-like gonads.
At the gene level the data may be interpreted in terms of a hypothetical S or 'switch' locus, carried on the X chromosome, which induced scrotal development in single dose and a pouch and mammary glands in double dose. If this hypothesis is correct, it would explain the occurrence of incomplete X-chromosome inactivation in marsupials; complete X-inactivation is impossible in marsupials because it would leave each female with a scrotum, not a pouch.
Seasonal Effects on the Hematology and Blood-Chemistry in the Red-Tailed Phascogale, Phascogale-Calura (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)
Authors: Bradley AJ
Published: June 2005

Blood samples were taken from a wild population of red-tailed phascogale Phascogale calura at intervals up until the annual post-mating disappearance of males. While sexual dimorphisms in haematological and blood chemical values were not found, there were detected some age-related changes. Reductions in haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration between mid- and late-July were detected both in females and males but contrary to the finding in another small dasyurid sharing this unusual life history pattern, these decreases in the males could not be described as anaemias. The changes in erythrocyte parameters in the blood of females at about this time conform to the pattern of a macrocytic anaemia which may be nutritionally based. A marked lymphocytopenia and neutrophilia observed at the end of July in males, but not in females, is consistent with other evidence of the development of a stress response.
Field Metabolic Rates, Water Fluxes, and Feeding Rates of Quokkas, Setonix-Brachyurus, and Tammars, Macropus-Eugenii, in Western-Australia
Authors: Nagy KA , Bradley AJ , Morris KD
Published: June 2005

Field metabolic rates (FMRS) and water influx rates were measured by means of doubly labelled water in free-ranging quokkas living on Rottnest I, and free-ranging tammar wallabies living on Garden I. Feeding rates were estimated from energy requirements. Quokkas ranging in body mass from 1.44 to 2.83 kg (mean 1.90 kg) had FMRS averaging 0.574 mL C02 (g.h)-', which is equivalent to 548 kJ d-'. Their rates of total water intake averaged 47.3 mL (kg.d)-', or 90.5 mL d-'. Estimated feeding rate was 54.8 g (dry matter) per day, and water ingested as part of the food (preformed and metabolically produced) can completely account for total water intake. We believe that quokkas did not drink water during our field measurements. Tammars ranging in body mass from 3.20 to 6.35 kg (mean 4.38 kg) had FMRS averaging 0.518 mL CO2 (g.h)-', which is equivalent to 1150 kJ d-'. Their rates of water influx averaged 57.5 mL (kg.d)-', or 270 mL d-', and their estimated feeding rate was 115 g (dry matter) per day. Tammars also probably did not drink free-standing water during our study. FMRs of quokkas averaged 1 .80 x basal metabolic rate (BMR), and FMRS of tammars averaged 1.87 x BMR; this difference is not significant. We estimate that the 5000 quokkas on Rottnest I. consume at least 100 000 kg of plant matter (dry mass) per year, and the 2173 tammars on Garden I. ingest more than 90 000 kg. Measurements of food availability are needed to permit evaluation of the relationship between food supply and demand for these two populations of macropod marsupials.
Comparative Metabolism of, and Sensitivity to, Fluoroacetate in Geographically Separated Populations of Tiliqua-Rugosa (Gray) (Scincidae)
Authors: Twigg LE , Mead RJ
Published: June 2005

Populations of Tiliqua rugosa which coexist with fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation were much less sensitive to fluoroacetate intoxification than were conspecifics not exposed to the toxic plants. However, the biochemical mechanisms responsible for this toxicity differential were not ascertained. Liver acetone powder preparations from both conspecifics were similar in their abilities to detoxify fluoroacetate by defluorination, and to convert fluoroacetate into fluorocitrate. The aconitate hydratase in these preparations was also similarly inhibited by (-)erythro-fluorocitrate. These findings, and other possibilities which could be responsible for the toxicity differential, are discussed.
Host Plant-Selection by Helicoverpa-Armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) - Role of Certain Plant Attributes
Authors: Firempong S , Zalucki MP
Published: June 2005

The role of some plant properties in host plant selection by adults of the polyphagous H. armigera were investigated. Those factors found to positively influence host plant selection included presence of flowers, plant height and application of soil fertiliser. The presence of flowers greatly increased a plant's attractiveness to oviposition. Non-hosts, on which larvae did not survive, were readily oviposited on when offered in flower along with known hosts not in flower. The attractiveness of flowers may provide a mechanism for the expansion of host range. However, no effect of crude plant extracts (including various flowers) on oviposition could be detected. The role of chemical attractants is discussed. Tall plants attracted heavy oviposition and it is suggested that moths use silhouette as a cue to locating plants. There was no effect of plant water status on oviposition.
Pionomolgus-Gallicolus, Gen Et Sp-Nov (Poecilostomatoida, Lichomolgidae), a Gall-Inducing Copepod of a Scleractinian Coral From Australia
Authors: Dojiri M , Grygier MJ
Published: June 2005

A new genus and species of lichomolgid copepod, Pionomolgus gallicolus, is described from galls of the scleractinian coral Echinopora lamellosa (Esper) collected at Lizard Island, Australia. The new genus can be distinguished from confamilial genera by the following combination of characters: (1) extremely swollen prosome; (2) six-segmented first antenna; (3) three-segmented second antenna; (4) simple mandible with relatively slender bipectinate blade and lash; (5) bulbous second maxilla; (6) reduced leg 4 endopod. The morphology of the galls is described, and additional galls, possibly induced by the new species, are reported from several dry museum specimens. This paper represents the second record of a gallicolous poecilostome copepod from a scleractinian coral.
Occlusal Movements of the Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus-Vulpecula, From Microwear on the Teeth
Authors: Young WG , Brennan CKP , Marshall RI
Published: June 2005

This study characterises the jaw movements of the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, from an analysis of microwear on the premolar and molar teeth. From 10 skulls of T, vulpecula, micrographs of tooth replicas which exhibitied progressive degrees of dental wear were examined for the location of wear facets and the orientation of striae on them. These data were transferred to transparencies overlying occlusal photographs of the jaws. Two movements, a vertical sectorial movement in the premolars segment and an anteromedial shearing and grinding stroke in the molar segment, were inferred. The directions of wear striations with respect to the sagittal plane supported the concept that the mandible rotates around the contralateral condyle from the working side. No evidence of balancing contact facets were found on the teeth of the contralateral side, in agreement with an anisognathous jaw movement. Videoradiographic observations of the chewing cycle of one brush-tailed possum confirmed that puncture crushing is employed early in the chewing cycle, followed by an anisognathous labiolingual transit of the mandibular molars. However, the resolution of the condyle by videoradiography was insufficient to determine the point of rotation of the jaw movements.
The Litoria-Ewingi Complex (Anura, Hylidae) in South-Eastern Australia .9. Variation in Mitochondrial-Dna Across a Narrow Zone of Hybridization Between Litoria-Ewingi and Litoria-Paraewingi
Authors: Dennington SL
Published: June 2005

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Litoria ewingi and L. paraewingi, two species of hylid frog occurring in south-eastern Australia, was investigated by restriction enzyme analysis. Clear diagnostic differences between allopatric populations of these two species were shown in several of the fragment patterns. MtDNA haplotypes of individuals from populations along a transect across the southern hybrid zone between L. ewingi and L. paraewingi were identified. Four individuals from these hybrid populations had inherited a unique haplotype of mtDNA. The width of the hybrid zone based on variation in mtDNA, is at least 5 km. The southern limit of introgression of mtDNA typical of L. paraewingi coincides with the southern limit based on call variation. However, mtDNA typical of L. ewingi was not found as far north as expected by other criteria.
The relationship between mtDNA haplotype and structure of advertisement call in individuals from populations in the hybrid zone was analysed. The species-specificity of mtDNA established for allopatric populations held for all but two of the ten recorded putative parental males. Surprisingly, three of the four hybrids based on call structure had inherited mtDNA characteristic of L. ewingi.
Genetic-Evidence for Sympatric Differentiation Between 2 Color Morphs of the Skink Egernia-Whitii
Authors: Milton DA
Published: June 2005

The viviparous skink Egernia whitii is dimorphic for dorsal colour pattern. Both patterned and plain morphs coexist throughout the species' range. Adults live in family groups beneath exfoliating granite rocks. The closely related E. modesta also coexists in similar habitats in the northern part of the range of E. whitii. The plain E. whitii morph is intermediate in colour pattern between patterned E. whitii and E. modesta. Three populations of E. whitii and two populations of E. modesta were examined electrophoretically to assess the status of the plain morph of E. whitii. There were no fixed differences between the two morphs of E. whitii at any of the 55 loci examined, and loci polymorphic in both rnorphs of E. whitii showed no evidence of linkage disequilibria. Although heterozygosity values (H=0.017�0.002) and the level of polymorphism (P 0.95=0.015) were low, there were highly significant allele frequency differences between sympatric samples of the two morphs of E. whitii. This indicated that the two morphs were conspecific, yet they were not interbreeding at random. The established frequency of gene exchange between the two colour morphs in the three populations sampled varied from 3.6 to 6 individuals per generation.
Reproductive data confirmed that both colour morphs of E. whitii produced young of the same dorsal colour pattern as their own in much greater frequency than random. However, females of both colours can and do breed with males of the other colour in very low frequency. Analysis of the lateral colour pattern of the two E. whitii morphs and E. modesta suggests that the colour patterns of the two E. whitii morphs are very similar, yet differ slightly from the colour pattern of E. modesta in the region of geographic overlap of these species. These results suggest that behavioural or microhabit differences between the two morphs may be involved in mate recognition.
Reproduction in Sminthopsis-Macroura (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) .2. The Male
Authors: Woolley PA
Published: June 2005

The breeding season of S. macroura extends from June to February, and individual males (both wild- caught and laboratory-reared) are capable of breeding over extended periods during the breeding season, and for up to three seasons, in the laboratory. Gross and histological changes in the reproductive organs and endocrine changes in relation to reproductive activity have been investigated. Males do not appear to reach sexual maturity until the season following that in which they were born, although spermatorrhoea may commence in the season of birth. Testis and epididymis weight of these males, which commence spermatorrhoea late in the season, approximates that of sexually mature males early in the season but androgen levels and the weight of the accessory glands are low in all males except during the early months of the season. The age at which spermatorrhoea commences ranges from 141 to 350 days. The minimum scrota1 width at which it commences is 7.9 mm and the minimum body weight, 14.0 g. The onset of spermatorrhoea is not a function of age or season and in S. macroura should be used with caution as an indicator of impending sexual maturity. Maximum corticosteroid- binding capacity (MCBC) generally exceeded corticosteroid concentration and no androgen-related fall in MCBC was evident.
Chromosomal Evolution in the Diplodactylinae (Gekkonidae, Reptilia) .2. Chromosomal Variability Between New Caledonian Species
Authors: King M , Mengden G
Published: June 2005

The karotypes of six species of New Caledonian gekkos from the genera Rhacodactylus and Bavayia are described. The chromosomes of R. auriculatus, R. sarasinorum and B. sauvagei share a highly derived biarmed 2n=38 karyomorph, which is common to species from both New Zealand and Australia and is believed to be a relic from a previous Gondwanaland distribution. In contrast, R. leachianus, B. crassicollis and B. montana have karyotypes further modified from this karyomorph by a series of presumed pericentric inversions. This chromosomal repatterning appears to have been associated with the speciation of this complex. A chromosomal perspective on Kluge's (1987) recent reclassification of the Diplodactylinae is also provided and discussed.
Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Dufours and Venom Gland in the Ant Myrmecia-Gulosa (Fabr) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Authors: Billen J
Published: June 2005

The morphology and fine structure of the two major sting glands in the primitive Australian bull ant, Myrmecra gulosa, are described. The cells of the glandular epithelium of the tubiform Dufour's gland are characterised by a well developed vesicular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous lamellar inclusions, and microvillar differentiations of the apical cell membrane. The cells of the secretory filaments of the venom gland contain a very extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum and numerous Golgi vesicles. The highly proteinaceous secretion reaches the filament lumen through the intracellular end apparatus. Passage through the convoluted gland probably accompanies the modification or production of additional secretory components, as is suggested by the ultrastructural organisation of the convoluted gland cells. The large venom gland reservoir is lined with squamous epithelial cells and a thick cuticular layer, that protects the ant from self-toxication by the powerful venom. Each sting gland opens separately through the sting, and possesses its own muscular control mechanism that allows independent discharge of secretion.
Rabbit Burrows as Environments for European Rabbit Fleas, Spilopsyllus-Cuniculi (Dale), in Arid South-Australia
Authors: Cooke BD
Published: June 2005

The temperature and humidity of air within rabbit burrows was recorded for sites on either side of the margin of the distribution of the rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi, in South Australia. The microclimate in the burrows differed significantly across this margin, and the differences in temperatures and humidities were large enough to have significant effects on flea populations. At sites where fleas occurred, the relative humidity of burrow air was above 70% and usually between 80 and 90% RH for at least 4-5 months during the winter and spring. This not only provided optimum conditions for the survival of flea larvae in the rabbits' nests, but also should have enabled the flea populations to achieve their full reproductive potential. High humidity of burrow air at these sites during summer would also favour the survival of free-living adult fleas. At those sites where fleas did not occur, the humidity of burrow air is generally unsuitable for the survival of larvae or free-living adult fleas.
Organization of the Vascular Supply to the Brain of the Toad Bufo-Marinus
Authors: Snyder GK , Gannon B , Baudinette RV
Published: June 2005

The vasculature of the brain of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The sole arterial supply to the brain is from branches of the internal carotids. The forebrain is supplied by several branches from the rostra1 ramus of the carotids; the caudal ramus gives rise to a single branch which supplies the mesencephalon and cerebellum. The caudal rami fuse to form a single basilar artery which supplies the medulla. The vascular supply to the choroid plexus of the third ventricle is arterial; the vascular supply to the choroid of the fourth ventricle is entirely venous. Microvascular geometry in the toad brain is specific to the region of the brain examined, ranging from simple long capillaries with few anastomotic connections to much shorter, highly convoluted capillaries with many anastomotic connections.
Microvascular Geometry in the Brain of the Lizard Trachydosaurus-Rugosus
Authors: Snyder GK , Gannon B , Baudinette RV
Published: June 2005

The vasculature and microvasculature in the central nervous system of the lizard Trnchydosaurus rugosus was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The arterial supply to the brain is from paired internal carotids. Secondary branches from these feeder arteries form a network over the surface of the lizard brain, giving rise to artery-vein vessel pairs. The vessel pairs bend at right angles to the brain surface, giving rise to terminal arteriole-venular pairs which penetrate the brain substance. Capillaries arise at fairly regular intervals along the vessel pairs, each originating from the arteriole and terminating in the venule at a site contiguous with its origin from the arteriole. In this way all of the capillaries in the central nervous system of the lizard form countercurrent loops. Anastomotic connections between arteriole-venular pairs do not occur, each arterial vessel being an end artery.
Fat Cycles, Breeding and Population-Changes in House Mice
Authors: Mutze GJ
Published: June 2005

Seasonal and annual changes of fat levels in wild house mice, Mus domesticus, were estimated from body water content, and examined in light of changes in reproduction and population levels. Breeding was inversely correlated with fatness. Mice bred continuously and fat levels remained low during the first winter which preceded a minor population outbreak. Breeding ceased completely in the second and third winters in which fat reserves were high and major population declines occurred. Fat was deposited primarily in late autumn and early winter when food supply and foraging conditions were deteriorating. Mice living in cereal crops also deposited some fat during the breeding season in summer. Most fat loss occurred after the winter population declines, but before breeding.
Breeding and fat levels appear to be regulated independently in response to food intake, the inverse correlation between the two occurring because mice breed when the food supply is good and foraging conditions reliable, at which time fat reserves are a burden which confer little advantage. Maximum fat reserves were sufficient only to meet 2 days energy demand without other food intake. Fat reserves appear to serve primarily to meet short-term energy deficits when foraging conditions are unreliable.
Doubly Labeled Water Validation in the Marsupial Petauroides-Volans
Authors: Nagy KA , Foley WJ , Kaplan IR , Meredith D , Minagawa M
Published: June 2005

Amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by caged greater gliders were measured simultaneously by means of potassium hydroxide absorption, and by the low-level, doubly labelled water method, which incorporated a gas isotope ratio mass spectrometer for determining the low oxygen isotope enrichments. The two methods yielded significantly different values, but doubly labelled water underestimated CO2 production by only 8.3% on average, and this error is in the range of mean errors found in previous validation studies where no significant differences existed. In addition, we tested procedures designed to reduce the costs of using the doubly labelled water method, by streamlining field and laboratory procedures for sample handling and processing.
Albumin Immunological Relationships of Australian Marsupials. 2. The Pseudocheiridae
Authors: Baverstock PR , Krieg M , Birrell J , Mckay GM
Published: June 2005

Microcomplement fixation of albumin was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships among the ringtail possums, family Pseudocheiridae. Phylogenetic analysis of the data supports the hypothesis of at least three distinct clades within the family: one containing Petauroides and Hemibelideus; a second consisting of Pseudocheirus herbertensis, Ps. forbesi, Ps. mayeri, and Ps. canescens; and a third containing Ps. archeri, Ps. corinnae, Ps. cupreus and Ps. dahli. The data have not resolved the phylogenetic position of Ps. peregrinus, which may either form a separate clade or lie close to the Ps. archeri clade.
Notes on the Comparative Reproductive-Biology and the Laboratory Breeding of the Rabbit Flea Xenopsylla-Cunicularis Smit (Siphonaptera, Pulicidae)
Authors: Cooke BD
Published: June 2005

The basic breeding biology of the rabbit flea Xenopsylla cunicularis Smit, 1957 is described, and comparisons are made with other closely related species of Xenopsylla and with Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale, 1878), another parasite of the wild rabbit. At 22�C and 80% relative humidity the eggs of X. cunicularis hatch 7-8 days after laying, and the larval stages last 8-9 days. Pupation lasts for a further 20 days for females and 27 days for males. However, at lower relative humidities (22�C, 50% RH) rates of development are slowed considerably. A method for rearing large numbers of X. cunicularis in the laboratory is described.
Fruit-Fly Outbreaks in Adelaide, Sa From 1948-49 to 1985-86 .2. The Phenology of Both Pestilent Species
Authors: Maelzer DA
Published: June 2005

The pattern of occurrences of larvae and of trapped flies within outbreaks is different for Qfly, Dacus tryoni, and Medfly, Ceratitis capitata. For Qfly outbreaks, most flies are trapped before the first larva is found. In Medfly outbreaks, most if not all flies are usually trapped after the first larva is found. The difference is probably due to the higher efficiency of the Qfly trap. The phenology of each of the two species in Adelaide is similar to that in the areas where each is endemic, with peaks of fly catches and occurrences of larvae which mostly represent generations. For Qfly, the peaks of fly catches mostly correspond to those around Sydney, but there is no obvious spring (September-October) peak in Adelaide, possibly because of the very small total number of flies caught. For Medfly the peaks of fly catches are similar to those in Perth, except that only six flies have been caught between September and November. Medfly apparently has more generations per season in Adelaide than does Qfly, but the overall rate of increase of each species per season may be similar. Interceptions of infested fruit at road blocks suggest that there could be a single peak of
Evidence for the Multiple Exotic Origin of Australian Populations of the Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia-Cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: Norris KR
Published: June 2005

Some Lucilia cuprina populations in the eastern coastal areas of Australia are shown to be a blend of the two subspecies, Lucilia cuprina cuprina and L. cuprina dorsalis. The possible history of the introduction to Australia of these two subspecies, respectively from the Pacific and South Africa, is discussed. The hybrid nature of the Australian population makes it vital to take into consideration the genetic constitution of cultures before launching comparative studies.
Genetic-Resistance to Myxomatosis in Australian Wild Rabbits, Oryctolagus-Cuniculus (L)
Authors: Williams CK , Moore RJ , Robbins SJ
Published: June 2005

We examined the role of genetics of rabbit populations in the development of resistance to myxomatosis. We compared the responses of progeny from rabbit populations of Australian arid, mediterranean and subalpine regions when challenged at two ambient temperatures by plaque-purified virus of two myxoma strains of contrasting virulence, Uriarra and Lausanne. Wild rabbit populations have diverged in genetic resistance to myxomatosis since the rabbit was introduced to Australia 125 years previously. Founder effects and natural selection are possible causes. Rabbits from the warm dry regions died of Lausanne strain infection more slowly than rabbits from the cool moist region. Genetic resistance to myxomatosis probably diverged regionally as epizootics selected rabbit populations during the 34 years since the myxoma virus was introduced. Adaptation of rabbit populations to different environments might also have contributed to diverging resistance. Mortality was similar among regional groups and did not correlate with survival time, suggesting either polymorphism within populations, a prerequisite of natural selection, or variation in non-genetic immunity. Warmer conditions did not affect mortality but extended survival times. Therefore myxoma strains predominating in warm regions may be more virulent than those in cooler regions. Mean temperature may cause levels of genetic resistance to vary among regions. Mortality rates were less than those observed previously. Uriarra strain killed < 5% of infected rabbits compared to 35% previously. Lausanne strain killed 88%, formerly 98%. Selection during storage or plaque-purification may have decreased viral virulence, and recent natural selection may have increased genetic resistance of rabbits to myxomatosis.
Serological Evidence of Arbovirus Infection in Native and Domesticated Mammals on the South Coast of New-South-Wales
Authors: Vale TG , Spratt DM , Cloonan MJ
Published: June 2005

Sera from twelve species of native and five species of introduced mammals collected on the south coast of New South Wales between 1982 and 1988 were tested for antibodies to the following arboviruses: Ross River virus (621 animals tested); Barmah Forest virus (371); Gan Gan virus (337); Trubanaman virus (378). Serum neutralising antibodies to Ross River virus were found in bandicoots, wallabies, kangaroos, cattle, goat and horses; to Barmah Forest virus in kangaroo, cattle and horses; to Gan Gan virus in kangaroos, wallabies, rat, cows, horses and sheep; and to Trubanaman virus in kangaroos, wallabies, cows and horses. Titres to Ross River virus in seropositive native animal sera ranged from 32 to 1024 and those in seropositive domesticated animal sera ranged from 8 to 32 768. Prevalence of serum antibodies in macropodids, cattle and horses was: Ross River virus, 68, 19, 62%; Barmah Forest virus, 4, 26, 9%; Gan Gan virus, 44, 13, 13%; Trubanaman virus, 60, 3, 10% respectively. Evidence suggests that: (1) kangaroos and wallabies are major vertebrate hosts for Ross River virus; (2) the role of bandicoots warrants further investigation; (3) horses may be important amplifying hosts of the virus, which causes epidemic polyarthritis in man in Australia.
Ecological Feeding Analysis of South-Eastern Australian Scincids (Reptilia, Lacertilia)
Authors: Brown GW
Published: June 2005

The gut contents of 936 skinks, representing 15 species resident in south-eastern Australia, were examined. Multicategorisation of food items reveals that a wide variety of plant and invertebrate material is ingested, the proportions and types of which appear to be dependent upon several criteria. All species investigated are opportunistic and widely foraging generalists, although important determinants of food selection appear to be the size of the lizard and its vertical distribution. When the diets of individual species are amalgamated according to suprageneric groups, certain dietary traits emerge. Egernia-group species, which are relatively large, are generally herbivorous, with the degree of herbivory correlated directly to body size. Smaller species of the Leiolopisma (Eugongylus) and Sphenomorphus groups mainly eat insects.
Adaptations to Endoparasitism in the Larval Integument and Respiratory System of the Flea Uropsylla-Tasmanica Rothschild (Siphonaptera, Pygiopsyllidae)
Authors: Williams B
Published: June 2005

An histological study of flea larvae was carried out in order to compare free-living larvae with the unique endoparasitic larva of Uropsylla tasmanica, a species found on marsupial cats in Tasmania and Victoria, Australia. The free-living species examined were the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis, and Odontopsyllus quirosi. Body shape in U. tasmanica is adapted to endoparasitism; the anterior segments are greatly expanded and the abdominal segments are reduced from ten to eight. This reduction brings the last abdominal spiracle (8), to the posterior end of the larva, allowing better access to oxygen from the atmosphere. Possible evolutionary steps in this modification are suggested. Third-instar U. tasmanica have non-functional prothoracic spiracles and the metathoracic spiracles are either non-functional or absent. All three instars of C. felis are peripneustic, and third-instar O. quirosi larvae are holopneustic. Contrary to previous ideas, the respiratory systems of flea larvae do not provide exceptions to the generalisations that in holometabolous insect larvae the metathoracic spiracle is nearly always non-functional, and, that functional and non-functional spiracles coexist in these larvae. Features in U. tasmanica convergent with those of endoparasitic, saprophagous and aquatic fly larvae are discussed.
Influence of Constant Temperature on Development, Survival and Fecundity of Sugarcane Mealybug, Saccharicoccus-Sacchari (Cockerell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Rae DJ , Death G
Published: June 2005

Generation time of S. sacchari females reared on potted cane ranged from 107 days at 20-degrees-C to 25 days at 30-degrees-C. Three models were fitted to developmental data. The linear model indicated a minimum threshold temperature of 17-degrees-C and the inverse polynomial model a maximum development rate at 30.4-degrees-C. Developmental response to temperature varied from that previously reported in Egypt and the Philippines. The largest and most fecund females were produced at 30-degrees-C. Net reproductive rate varied from 82.0 and 79.7 at 20 and 33-degrees-C respectively to 205.5 at 30-degrees-C. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m) increased from 0.038 at 20-degrees-C to 0.186 at 30-degrees-C. The value of the common shape parameter of the Weibull distribution used to describe adult survivorship curves was 3.5, indicating type I survivorship curves. The ovipositional threshold (V0) was estimated as 16.5-degrees-C. The rate of development of individuals had a major influence on fecundity, both directly and indirectly, through adult female size and the duration of the oviposition period. The ability of S. sacchari to produce large individuals with high fecundities when corresponding rates of development were highest give this tropical species a capacity for rapid population growth at high temperature.
The Breeding Biology, Food, Social-Organization, Demography and Conservation of the Major Mitchell or Pink Cockatoo, Cacatua-Leadbeateri, on the Margin of the Western Australian Wheat-Belt
Authors: Rowley I , Chapman G
Published: June 2005

The breeding biology of the Major Mitchell or pink cockatoo, Cacatua leadbeateri, was studied over six years at Yandegin on the margin of the Western Australian wheatbelt. Neither winter nor annual rainfall influenced the timing of egg-laying, which was spread over August and September. Most clutches (n = 63) were of three or four eggs, 84% of which hatched; 64% of nestlings fledged successfully and, on average, 1.27 independent young per pair were added to the population each autumn. Breeding pairs remained together throughout the year, spending the non-breeding season in a Local Nomadic Flock of 30-50 individuals. Pairs usually renested in the same area each season, never closer than 1 km to another pair (mean nearest neighbour 2732 m). Hollows used by C. leadbeateri were characteristically shallow (< 1 m) and high up, whereas other cockatoos tend to be less selective. Such specific nest hollow requirements led to regular reuse of scarce traditional sites and consequent easy 'farming' of nestlings for the aviary trade; specificity also rendered the species more susceptible to loss of rare nest sites by clearing than were other cockatoos. Although C. leadbeateri are long-lived (adult c. 88% survival) and productivity at Yandegin appeared adequate to maintain a stable population, the shrinking distribution in the face of expanding wheat farming is irreversible. Conservation of the species depends on the protection of large areas of the remaining suitable semiarid woodland and the continuing strict enforcement of the complete ban on harvesting wild birds for the aviary trade.
Conservation Genetics of Corroboree Frogs, Pseudophryne-Corroboree Moore (Anura, Myobatrachidae) - Population Subdivision and Genetic-Divergence
Authors: Osborne WS , Norman JA
Published: June 2005

Reproductive compatibility and population genetic structure were examined in the corroboree frog, Pseudophryne corroboree, a species restricted to montane and subalpine environments in south-eastern Australia. The species comprises three geographic populations, represented by two morphological forms. Hybridisation experiments showed that the allopatric populations are interfertile, although crosses between the Snowy Mountains population (southern form) and each of the two northern populations (northern form) resulted in a significantly higher number of tadpoles with growth abnormalities. An electrophoretic examination of metamorphlings indicated that there was considerable genetic divergence between the two forms, with several loci approaching fixation of alternate alleles. The Snowy Mountains population also had substantially reduced levels of genetic variation compared to the two northern populations. Although genetic distances generally correlate with geographic distance, the genetic differences between the northern and southern populations form a pronounced step, not explicable by geographic distance alone. These findings have taxonomic implications which should be taken into account when considering the conservation management of this uncommon species.
Field Metabolic-Rate, Water Flux, and Food-Requirements of Short-Nosed Bandicoots, Isoodon-Obesulus (Marsupialia, Peramelidae)
Authors: Nagy KA , Bradshaw SD , Clay BT
Published: June 2005

Field metabolic rates (FMRS) and water influx rates of free-living short-nosed bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) were measured via the doubly labelled water technique. Bandicoots ranging in body mass from 775 to 1825 g (mean = 1230 g) had FMRS averaging 0.908 mL CO2 g-1 h-1, or 644 kJ d-1. This is about 2.7 times predicted basal metabolic rate. Water influx rates during the autumn measurement period were comparatively low, averaging 88.8 mL kg-1 d-1, or 103 mL d-1 for a 1230 g animal. Feeding rate (dry matter intake) was estimated to be 45 g d-1, assuming that the food was half invertebrates and half plant tissues (dry matter basis). Performed and metabolically produced water from the food can completely account for total water intake, indicating that bandicoots did not drink the rainwater or pond water that was available. The study population (estimated density = 0.63 bandicoots ha-1) consumed food at a rate of about 62 g fresh matter ha-1 d-1 (equivalent to 27 g dry matter or 605 kJ ha-1 d-1), which is similar to the food requirements of populations of small eutherian and marsupial insectivores in other habitats.
Host Plant-Selection by Helicoverpa-Armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) - the Role of Some Herbivore Attributes
Authors: Firempong S , Zalucki MP
Published: June 2005

The effect of various 'herbivore' attributes on oviposition in Helicoverpa armigera were considered in a series of laboratory experiments. Larval diet did not influence the rank order of adult host preference, but early adult experience around a host increased oviposition on that host in subsequent trials. The presence of eggs laid 12 h before did not influence subsequent oviposition on a plant, although newly laid eggs may have. The presence of larvae, larval damage to plants and larval frass reduced oviposition on a plant. These results are discussed in relation to polyphagy in H. armigera.
The Morphology, Taxonomy and Genetic-Structure of Tatea (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae), Estuarine Snails From Temperate Australia
Authors: Ponder WF , Colgan DJ , Clark GA
Published: June 2005

The estuarine hydrobiid genus Tatea is found throughout temperate Australia. Two, often sympatric, species, T. rufilabris and T. huonensis are recognised, both ranging from southern Western Australia to southern Queensland. Whereas no single anatomical character differentiates the two species, they can be separated on their shell morphology; there are up to three fixed, or nearly fixed, differences among 16 loci between sympatric populations of the two species. Geographic variation in both phenotype (expressed in shell morphology) and genotype (allozymes) which is present in T. rufilabris is not great enough or sufficiently consistent to imply the presence of multiple cryptic species within this taxon. Genotypic differences do, however, suggest the possibility of subdivision of T. huonensis into eastern and southern populations. Investigation of salinity tolerances shows that the two species are euryhaline with a similar range of tolerance. The anatomy and egg capsules are described for the first time. Autapomorphies distinguishing Tatea from related Australasian genera include a protoconch indicating a free-swimming (lecithotrophic?) larval stage, a black pigment ring near the distal ends of the cephalic tentacles, and a female genital opening located beneath the middle of the capsule gland. A scenario is presented which may account for the apparent lack of speciation in estuarine animals in temperate Australia.
Population Biology of Euperipatoides-Leuckartii (Onychophora, Peripatopsidae)
Authors: Scott IAW , Rowell DM
Published: June 2005

This paper reports on a population study of the onychophoran Euperipatoides leuckartii. The species was found to be extremely abundant in decomposing logs from the Tallaganda State Forest area. Analysis of its distribution indicated that E. leuckartii occurred only in logs with a relative water content greater than 211 %. Furthermore, the occurrence of E. leuckartii was found to be congruent with that of termites. Abundance was also correlated with altitude, which suggests an effect of tree species, although other correlated variables may be implicated. Overall, sex ratio was found to be heavily skewed in favour of females. However, the sex ratio was not homogeneous among age cohorts or logs. The skewed overall sex ratio is considered to be a result of differential lifespans and age at maturity of the sexes, and a model for log-colonisation patterns is presented that may explain the differences in peripatus sex ratios observed among logs.
A Phylogenetic Comparison of 18s-Ribosomal Rna Sequences of Lungfish With Those of Other Chordates
Authors: Joss JMP , Cramp N , Baverstock PR , Johnson AM
Published: June 2005

A rapid RNA-sequencing technique was used to partially sequence the 18S ribosomal RNA of species representing seven taxa: Holocephali, Cladistia, Chondrostei, Holostei, Dipnoi, Anura and Caudata. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences strongly suggests that both the Holocephali and Cladistia, and the Anura and Caudata, are each monophyletic groups. There is a weaker suggestion that the Chondrostei and Holostei are monophyletic. The Dipnoi did not group with any one of these more than with any other.
Patterns of Prey Consumption and Energy Use in a Small Carnivorous Marsupial, Antechinus-Stuartii
Authors: Green B , Newgrain K , Catling P , Turner G
Published: June 2005

The metabolic and water flux rates of free-living Antechinus stuartii were measured by means of doubly-labelled water. These data allowed rates of food consumption to be estimated on a seasonal and annual basis and variations in body fat reserves to be monitored. There were marked seasonal variations in energy and water use; the highest rates were found in lactating females during late spring, the lowest were recorded in males during the breeding season just prior to their deaths. These results are discussed with regard to the breeding pattern, and it is demonstrated that the existence of males in the population during spring could seriously constrain breeding success.
Reproduction in Dasykaluta-Rosamondae (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) - Field and Laboratory Observations
Authors: Woolley PA
Published: June 2005

Observations on reproduction in both wild-caught and laboratory-maintained Dasykaluta rosamondae have led to the conclusion that this species is one of 10 dasyurid marsupials in which males die soon after their first mating period. D. rosamondae have a short annual breeding season. The females are monoestrous, mating in September and bearing the young in November. Laboratory-reared young are weaned at an age of about 3 1/2-4 months, in February and March, and juveniles appear in the field population at this time. Both mates and females reach sexual maturity at an age of about 10 months. In the laboratory, males breed in only one season, after which those that survive become reproductively senile. Mature males disappear from the field population about the time the young are born; those collected shortly before this show signs of reproductive senescence. Males collected in the months after the young are weaned represent a single age-class; their reproductive development parallels that of maturing known-age males. Females are capable of breeding in at least two seasons and litters of up to eight are reared. Development of the pouch young is described. Unusual interstitial tissue masses develop in the ovaries of D. rosamondae; the granulosa cells of some follicles undergo transformation to interstitial cells, and the oocytes in these follicles degenerate, shortly before the females enter oestrus.
Chromosomal Rearrangements in Rock Wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia, Macropodidae) .4. G-Banding Analysis of the Petrogale-Lateralis Complex
Authors: Eldridge MDB , Close RL , Johnston PG
Published: June 2005

The karyotypes of Petrogale lateralis lateralis, P. l. purpureicollis and P. l 'Macdonnell Ranges' were examined with G-banding from cultured fibroblasts. P. l. lateralis (2n = 22) was found to retain the plesiomorphic karyotype, whereas P. l. purpureicollis (2n = 22) and P. l. 'Macdonnell Ranges' (2n = 22) were found to share an apomorphic karyotype characterised by an acrocentric chromosome 3 (3a) and an acrocentric X-chromosome (Xp). Both the 3a and Xp can be derived from their respective P. l. lateralis homologues by centric transpositions. Although P. l. purpureicollis and P. l. 'Macdonnell Ranges' appear very similar chromosomally, they are readily distinguishable genically and morphologically, P. l. 'Macdonnell Ranges' being more similar to P. l. lateralis. Thus, in these taxa, genic and morphological divergence have not been associated with significant changes in karyotype.
Chromosomal Rearrangements in Rock Wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia, Macropodidae) .5. Chromosomal Phylogeny of the Lateralis-Penicillata Group
Authors: Eldridge MDB , Johnston PG , Close RL
Published: June 2005

Cladistic analysis of G-banded karyotypes was conducted on 11 Petrogale taxa from the lateralis/penicillata group with the genus Thylogale as an outgroup. Within the eastern Petrogale radiation (the penicillata complex), no homoplasy-free phylogenies could be generated and each tree contained character reversals, multiple origins and/or introgression of some chromosome characters. On the basis of the significance of some chromosome rearrangements and the genic relationships of taxa, one tree is favoured as being the most likely, although it is not the most parsimonious. In the lateralis/penicillata group the number of chromosome characters available was insufficient to accurately resolve the inter-relationships of the two complexes. However, the data are consistent with the eastern Petrogale radiation being a monophyletic group that excludes members of the Petrogale lateralis complex. The inter-relationships of the three subspecies of P. lateralis that were examined were not resolved by the chromosome data, although the karyotypes of both P. l. purpureicollis and P. l. 'Macdonnell Ranges' can be readily derived from that of P. l. lateralis.
Red-Cell Metabolism in the Brown Antechinus, the Bilby and the Rufous Hare-Wallaby
Authors: Agar NS , Godwin IR
Published: June 2005

Standard haematological parameters measured in the bilby (Macrotis lagotis) and the rufous hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus) were not markedly different. Both species had very high levels of red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, whilst the levels of adenosine triphosphate were within the range of most marsupials and mammals. The activities of red-cell enzymes were measured in these two species as well as in the brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii). Some significant findings were (i) very high levels of hexokinase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the antechinus and (ii) very high levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase in the rufous hare-wallaby. The glycolytic rate, measured as the amount of lactate produced by the red cells incubated with eight different substrates, was found to be generally higher in the antechinus than in the other two species. The maximum rate of glycolysis was observed with mannose whilst galactose was a poor substrate in all three species.