bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lime Chevrons Is Not a Theme: Using Literature to Build Classroom Community
Authors: McConkey Laura
Published: May 2019

Voices From the Classroom essays share readers’ reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder: A Population-Based Study of Iranian Women
Authors: Alizadeh Ameneh , Farnam Farnaz , Raisi Firoozeh , Parsaeian Mahboubeh
Published: May 2019

Introduction

To date, few studies have investigated the prevalence of sexual pain in the context of the new diagnostic concept of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD).

Aim

To evaluate the prevalence of GPPPD and its associated factors.

Methods

This was a population-based, cross-sectional study of 590 healthy married women age 18–70 years conducted between May and October 2017 in Tehran, Iran.

Main Outcome Measures

Research tools included demographic characteristics checklist, factors affecting GPPPD, sexual distress and self-reporting of pain during intercourse, 2 standard questionnaires on depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9) and Binik’s guideline for the diagnosis of GPPPD.

Results

196 women (33%) reported pain or fear in answer to self-report questions. Administration of Binik’s guideline yielded a GPPPD prevalence of 16% (n = 94 women); however, this number decreased to 62 women (10.5%) when sexual distress was taken into account; thus, the final prevalence of GPPPD was considered to be 10.5%. However, if the threshold in Binik’s guideline was lowered to also include those reporting “somewhat” pain in addition to the group reporting “moderate” and “quite a bit or always,” then the prevalence of GPPPD increased to 25.8%. The results of backward logistic regression identified a strong aversion to looking at or touching the genitalia (odd ratio [OR] = 4.3), low sexual satisfaction (OR = 3.1), and severe depression (OR = 6.6) as independent risk factors for a diagnosis of GPPPD and secure financial status (OR = 0.3) and a high level of marital satisfaction (OR = 0.2) as protective factors against a diagnosis of GPPPD.

Clinical Implications

Reliable diagnosis of GPPPD is crucial. Application of validated tools may mitigate the overestimation of GPPPD prevalence. Simultaneously, clinicians’ judgment is essential in assessing a reasonable threshold and preventing underestimation that leads to the exclusion of women suffering from pain.

Strengths & Limitations

The present study is one of the few evaluating the prevalence of GPPPD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) definition and Binik’s guideline. The study also aims to point out some new perspectives on merging the 2 concepts of vaginismus and dyspareunia. Study limitations include the evaluation of factors affecting GPPPD based on self-reporting and possible recall bias.

Conclusion

Further research is needed to determine the appropriate threshold for a diagnosis of GPPPD. We suggest that a woman with mild to moderate pain or fear of vaginal penetration is under sexual distress and cannot be neglected. In addition, problems may arise following the DSM-5 merging of the 2 disorders of vaginismus and dyspareunia, owing to the significant prevalence and distress of lifelong vaginismus in some cultures.
Pigs and Positivism: Between Jurisprudence and Politics
Authors: Kreitner Roy
Published: May 2019

Hendrick Hartog’s Pigs and Positivism is well known as an investigation of legal pluralism. The legal pluralism angle of the article focuses on the multiplicity of legal sources. In that sense, it reads “positivism” through the sources thesis: the idea that only those social facts recognized by the legal system as sources of law can exert an impact on the validity of a legal norm. This Essay highlights a different aspect of the article, which is the “definition of law as an arena of conflict within which alternative social visions contended, bargained, and survived.” Crucially, the alternative social visions at stake have different roles for the law itself. In other words, the conflict is not limited to a particular social arrangement (will there or won’t there be pigs on the streets); it is at least in part a conflict over the question of how law will fit into social conflict, or politics.
Response: A Muddle in the Middle
Authors: Hartog Hendrik
Published: May 2019

In this Essay, I offer two ruminations about the field of legal history, as reflected or refracted in the essays in this symposium on my work. First, the changing subjects and approaches that have characterized my work and that occasioned these essays reflect many of the changes in the field over the past forty years. Or better, they demonstrate the field’s reconstruction over the past forty years. They sit between and draw on both the professional discourses of history and of academic law as each changed in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. And second, those changing subjects and approaches are unified by a commitment to and an exploration of complexity and of middle spaces. That commitment represents a fundamental challenge to many of the core assumptions and practices of leading figures in legal history.
Experimental Investigation of the Boundary Layer in a Streamwise Corner
Authors: Zamir M. , Young A. D.
Published: May 2019

The results of extensive measurements which are presented here show the presence of secondary flow in the laminar corner boundary layer which is opposite in rotation sense to that found in the turbulent corner flow. This secondary flow is associated with progressive changes of the form of the velocity profiles. These changes become marked prior to transition and may be linked with the transition process. The laminar corner flow separates readily under the influence of an adverse streamwise pressure gradient.
Laminar Compressible Boundary Layers with Non-Uniform Wall Temperatures
Authors: Hughes T.
Published: May 2019

The results obtained from exact numerical solutions to the laminar boundary layer equations are compared with those given by the approximate method of Luxton and Young and the comparison shows that the latter method may be used for cases involving non-constant wall temperatures. This satisfactory result arises essentially from the fact demonstrated by the calculations that the skin friction is relatively insensitive to wall temperature gradients. It is also shown from these results that there is a lag in the propagation of wall temperature changes through the boundary layer. In consequence the Stanton number is a heat transfer parameter of doubtful value in cases of non-uniform wall temperature.
On the Flutter of a Smooth Circular Cylinder in a Wake
Authors: Simpson Alan
Published: May 2019

The stability of a smooth circular cylinder, free to translate horizontally and vertically against linear springs in the wake from an identical neighbouring cylinder, is studied using quasi-static aerodynamic derivatives and simple flutter theory. It is found that at spacing values between ten and twenty cylinder diameters (typical of the spacings employed on “bundled” overhead transmission lines) classical flutter of the leeward cylinder can occur in a certain critical range of wind speeds at certain orientations of this cylinder in the wake. However, the occurrence of flutter appears to be conditional on a positive difference of natural frequency between vertical and horizontal motions of the leeward cylinder in still air.

Classical static instability (divergence) of the leeward cylinder is also shown to be possible over the entire “incidence” range in the wake, but this occurs in a much higher wind speed range than that associated with flutter.
The Laminar Boundary Layer of a Source and Vortex Flow
Authors: Cham T. S.
Published: May 2019

A study is made of the interaction of a combination of free-vortex and source flow with a stationary surface. The laminar boundary layer flow can be expressed in ordinary differential equations by choosing suitable similarity transforms for the Navier-Stokes equations. When simplifying boundary-layer approximations are included, the equations do not yield any unique solution. Solutions to the complete equations are calculated numerically for the special case of equal source and vortex strengths for a limited range of Reynolds number. The results show the presence of “super” velocities and large pressure variations within the viscous layer.
The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Rotating Nose-Body
Authors: Cham T-S. , Head M. R.
Published: May 2019

Earlier papers described a method of calculating three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers based on the use of momentum-integral equations in the streamwise and cross-flow directions. Here the method is applied to a problem which is initially formulated in a coordinate system appropriate to the somewhat complex body geometry. Transformation to a streamline coordinate system is then made before the application of a rapidly converging iterative method of solution. The calculations, which are confined to single Reynolds number and a particular value of the rotation parameter, show the very large increases in drag and torque that accompany early transition.
Declaring and Diagnosing Research Designs
Authors: BLAIR GRAEME , COOPER JASPER , COPPOCK ALEXANDER , HUMPHREYS MACARTAN
Published: May 2019

Researchers need to select high-quality research designs and communicate those designs clearly to readers. Both tasks are difficult. We provide a framework for formally “declaring” the analytically relevant features of a research design in a demonstrably complete manner, with applications to qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research. The approach to design declaration we describe requires defining a model of the world (M), an inquiry (I), a data strategy (D), and an answer strategy (A). Declaration of these features in code provides sufficient information for researchers and readers to use Monte Carlo techniques to diagnose properties such as power, bias, accuracy of qualitative causal inferences, and other “diagnosands.” Ex ante declarations can be used to improve designs and facilitate preregistration, analysis, and reconciliation of intended and actual analyses. Ex post declarations are useful for describing, sharing, reanalyzing, and critiquing existing designs. We provide open-source software, DeclareDesign, to implement the proposed approach.
Some Attempts to Label the Oracula Sibyllina, Book 7
Authors: Gager John G.
Published: May 2019

Among the surviving books of the Sibylline Oracles, Book 7 has aroused particular interest because of its allegedly Jewish-Christian and Gnostic character. A. Rzach has described the author of Book 7 as “ein durch die Gnosis beeinflusster, vielleicht aus dem Judentume … hervorgegangener Christ.” J. Geffcken regards the book as a product of Jewish Christianity with traces of Gnostic influence. And A. Kurfess, in an article which bids fair to become the standard introduction for English-speaking students of the Sibyllines, calls it “purely Christian,” while also indicating the presence of “gnosticizing views.”. Given the lack of sustained interest in these writings during recent years, I think it not unimportant to examine the adequacy of these labels and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support them.
Libertas Christiana: Studies in the Theology of John Pupper of Goch (d. 1475)
Authors: Steinmetz David C.
Published: May 2019

Very little is known for certain about John Pupper of Goch. He appears to have been a priest of the archdiocese of Utrecht, who founded a convent in Malines in 1459 and who had previously been a rector in Sluis. He may have studied in Cologne, though that is subject to some doubt, or even in Paris, though that remains to be proven. His importance for history lies not in his founding of the Augustinian convent of Thabor but in his composition of four theological treatises, which attacked scholastic theology and monastic theory in the name of the doctrine of Christian liberty.
The Pope as Antichrist: the Substance of George Tyrrell's Polemic
Authors: Wells David F.
Published: May 2019

George Tyrrell's identification of the Pope as the Antichrist was not particularly original but it was important. For Tyrrell was the leader of a movement which, in the opinion of René Marlé, created the most serious disturbance in the Catholic Church since the time of the Reformation. Moreover, the reformers and iconoclasts who had made this charge previously had usually done so from a position outside of Catholic tradition. Tyrrell, however, attacked the Pope from within, as a member of his flock. The Jesuit philosopher even went so far as to claim that his radical posture was the inevitable consequence of his Catholic convictions. Thus he explained:

I believe in the Roman Church so far as it is Christian and Catholic; I disbelieve in it so far as it is papal. I see two spirits in it, as in myself, struggling for supremacy — Light and Darkness, Christ and Anti-Christ; God and the Devil. At present Christ is thrown and Anti-Christ is uppermost. … I look for the day when Peter, after his boasted fidelity and manifold denials, aliquando conversus, confirmabit fratres. It is a long way off from that blessed cockcrow.
The Royal Stamps and the Kingdom of Josiah
Authors: Lance H. Darrell
Published: May 2019

In a collection of essays dedicated to the memory of Paul Lapp it is fitting that one of them should deal with the lmlk or royal jar stamps to the study of which he made such an important contribution. It is our purpose here not to emulate his example nor to present a full review of the many problems associated with the interpretation of these stamps but to deal with the question of their date and to make some suggestions about the historical implications of the pattern of their geographical distribution.
La Quatrième Demande du Pater
Authors: Starcky Jean
Published: May 2019

La traduction de la quatrième demande du Pater a toujours été laborieuse, et la dernière en date chez les Chrétiens francophones frise la tautologie: Donne-nous anjourd'hui notre pain de ce jour. En mars 1966, dans une lettre à une haute personnalité religieuse où j'exprimais mes réserves sur le texte de ce Pater oecuménique, j'attribuai ces diffcultés à une méconnaissance du substrat sémitique, que je supposais être quelque chose comme , , autrement dit un hébraïsme qui se réduit à: Donne nous notre pain quotidien
The Theory of Risk
Authors: Moore P. G.
Published: May 2019

All business is, to a greater or lesser extent, concerned with the taking of risk. This paper attempts to explain some of the main approaches that have been adopted in pursuing the concept of risk from a probabilistic viewpoint. The word ‘risk’ itself has been used fairly indiscriminately by writers, and thus gets given a number of different senses, but it has attained a clear and precise definition at various times and in different types of literature. Indeed we can distinguish three main avenues of development. The first is the pure economic concept, the second the actuarial approach, and the third the more recent linkage of risk analysis with the general approach to decision-making under uncertainty.
Recent Probability Results for Extreme Ages
Authors: Walsh John E.
Published: May 2019

Consider a very large number of persons, and probability distributions for the age at death of the last survivor, next to last survivor, etc. First, suppose that the persons are statistically independent with the same probability distribution for age at death (random sample case). Then, some approximations to distributions of extremes are often usable. These approximations are completely specified except for at most three parameters. This simplifies distribution estimation to estimation of the parameters. Moreover, previous large samples (possibly different sizes) from the same population of persons, and much of their data on extremes, can be used for estimation. Also, the sample results of ten remain applicable for the more general case of independence (or mild dependence) but possibly different distributions for the ages at death. Here, the average of these distributions is ‘sampled’. Very recent results show that distributions of extremes are of the sample type for any joint distribution of the ages at death. However, the distribution ‘sampled’ can be greatly different for the last survivor, next to last survivor, etc. This effectively limits estimation of parameters to previous groups having very nearly the same joint distribution and use of one observed extreme per group.
XXVIII Herbert Gladstone, Forster, and Ireland, 1881-2 (I)
Authors: Cooke A. B. , Vibcent J. R.
Published: May 2019

The recent rediscovery of Herbert Gladstone’s rather fragmentary journal for 1880-85 has made it possible to throw more light on the Irish situation as seen through liberal eyes in the period leading up to the ‘ Kilmainham treaty ’. We wish to thank Sir William Gladstone, Bt, firstly for locating the journal at Hawarden Castle, Flintshire, and secondly for his good offices in making available for publication the section relating to Irish affairs in 1881-2. The irregularly kept volume extends to about 250 quarto pages, but apart from the entries made in 1881-2 it contains little material of more than marginal significance.
Historical revision
Authors: Canny Nicholas P.
Published: May 2019

On 4 September 1607 the two Ulster earls, Tyrone and Tyrconnell, and the lord of Fermanagh, Cuconnaught Maguire, accompanied by their respective kinsmen, embarked from Lough Swilly for continental Europe. They never again returned to the lands they had striven so hard to hold. Their departure was a tragedy for Gaelic Ireland; their former dependants were left leaderless and unprotected, and what remained of the Gaelic way of life was soon undermined by the plantation in Ulster. The ‘ flight of the earls ’ is one of the black pages of Irish history and the event marks the end of an age.

What occasioned this sudden and mysterious departure? Of the many answers suggested almost all have been coloured by prejudice and the picture, consequently, remains clouded. Professional historians, with few exceptions, have shied away from the subject, and have contented themselves with qualified versions of the explanations offered by such writers as Fr Meehan, T. M. Healy, and Seán O'Faoláin. An essay in revision is certainly long overdue.
The Six-Day War and the Right of Self-Defence
Authors: Shapira Amos
Published: May 2019

A.Brief Factual Background: It is not proposed here to unfold the entire history of the Arab-Israel conflict. Our purpose is rather to outline briefly the major, and by and large undisputed, events preceding the outburst of all-out hostilities on the morning of June 5, 1967.

In the aftermath of the first Arab-Israel war, in 1949, Israel and the surrounding Arab countries signed armistice agreements, according to which all hostile military activities between the signing parties were to cease. However, throughout the years following the signing of the agreements, innumerable border incidents, military or semi-military raids and reprisals, sabotage and mining operations, and other belligerent actions occurred, each side charging the other with aggression. In May 1948, Egypt closed the Suez Canal to passage by Israeli shipping and, at the end of 1949, installed guns at Sharm-el-Sheikh, overlooking the Straits of Tiran, thus blockading the Israeli port of Eilat. To justify her actions, Egypt persistently asserted the existence of a “state of war” or “state of belligerency” between Israel and herself, irrespective of the armistice agreement and her obligations under the United Nations Charter. In October 1956, the second Arab-Israel war, known as the Suez (or Sinai) Campaign, broke out. But even this violent confrontation and the arrangements which followed, including the stationing of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) in the Gaza Strip and Sharm el-Sheikh, did not bring about stability and peace. Tension continued to mount in the area.
“You'll Never Get It If You Don't Slow Down, My Friend”: Towards a Rhythmanalysis of the Everyday in the Cinema of Jim Jarmusch and Gus Van Sant
Authors: JARVIS BRIAN
Published: May 2019

This essay offers close readings of films by the independent US directors Jim Jarmusch and Gus Van Sant with a particular focus on their slow-paced representation of everyday life. Building on the work of Henri Lefebvre, the author proposes that so-called “slow cinema” can be read not simply as an aesthetic choice, but as an alternative and potentially oppositional rhythm in the era of fast capitalism.
The effect of varying ratios of roughage to concentrates on composition and yield of cow's milk
Authors: Gordin S. , Volcani R. , Birk Yehudith
Published: May 2019

TWO levels of roughage, 3 FU (feed units) and 5 FU daily, were fed to Israeli?–Friesian cows and heifers receiving either a normal (Normal) or a high-energy (High) diet.

Milk yield and composition were examined for 12 weeks following parturition. The animals receiving 5 FU of roughage daily showed a higher milk yield during the first 8 weeks. With the Normal diet the amount of roughage had no effect on milk composition. With the High diet, milk yield was higher than with the Normal, and a depression in fat percentage was observed in the milk of cows and heifers receiving 3 FU daily. No corresponding fall in milk protein percentage was observed – the cows of this group (High-3 FU roughage) showing, in fact, a rise in protein percentage. No differences in milk total solids were found. With these high-energy low-roughage diets no correlation was apparent between milk fat and protein percentages.
Heat-induced interaction of β-lactoglobulin and κ-casein
Authors: McKenzie G. H. , Norton R. S. , Sawyer W. H.
Published: May 2019

The interaction of β-lactoglobulin and κ-casein at high temperature was studied polarimetrically. The rate of interaction was related to the genetic variant of β-lactoglobulin present. β-Lactoglobulin B, whose thermodenaturation was faster than that of A variant, interacted more rapidly with κ-casein than did the A variant. Velocity sedimentation studies indicated that characteristics of the complex were determined more by the β-lactoglobulin than by the κ-casein. The presence of κ-casein during the thermodenaturation of β-lactoglobulin appeared to prevent the aggregation of β-lactoglobulin from proceeding to completion, the κ-casein complexing with intermediate species and restricting the aggregation process.
Helminths of Birds and Mammals from Israel: III. Helminths from Chromosomal Forms of the Mole-Rat, Spalax ehrenbergi
Authors: Wertheim Guta , Nevo E.
Published: May 2019

The helminth fauna of the chromosomal forms of Spalax ehrenbergi occurring in Israel was studied. In the examination of 153 hosts, five species of adult helminth and one larval nematode were recovered, namely: Heligmonella sp.; Trichuris muris (Schrank, 1788); Ganguleterakis spalaxi Kozlov and Yangolenko, 1962/63; Gongylonema longispiculum Schultz, 1927 and Paranoplocephala sp.

No correlation could be observed between the chromosomal forms and the helminth fauna.

Heligmonella sp. the most prevalent, was recovered from all chromosomal forms, other species occurred in two or three forms only.

A correlation could be established between climatic conditions and the distribution of the helminths. Heligmonella sp. was found in mole-rats from all climatic regions whereas the other helminths occurred only in those from northern and central areas.

The geographic and bionomic aspects of this distribution are discussed.
The Effect of the Plane of Nutrition on Parasitism by Ostertagia spp. in the Lactating Ewe
Authors: Connan R. M.
Published: May 2019

The resistance to infection by Ostertagia spp. of three groups of lactating ewes was compared with an unbred control group. Group 1 was fed a full diet of hay and a concentrate ration ad lib. Groups 2 and 3 were fed the same quantitatively inadequate diet and in addition group 3 received daily injections of thyroxine sodium. All the animals were infected regularly with Ostertagia larvae and killed 6 weeks after lambing.

While the unbred sheep were highly resistant, all three groups of lactating ewes carried significant numbers of worms. Group 2 and 3 had significantly more than group 1, the additional worms being present as adults. The effect of hyperthyroidism in group 3 was not significant.

It is concluded that the immuno-suppressant effect of lactation is probably not due to protein depletion although the latter may be an important secondary factor.
The Application of Catalytic Models to Schistosomiasis in Snails
Authors: Sturrock R. F. , Webbe G.
Published: May 2019

1. With the aid of field growth curves, age-prevalence curves can be derived from field collections of snails, using cercarial shedding as proof of infection by schistosomes.

2. Such curves were obtained from eight collections of field snails: one sample each of Bulinus (Physopsis) nasutus productus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi, intermediate hosts respectively of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni in Tanzania, and six samples of Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of S. mansoni on St. Lucia, West Indies.

3. Catalytic curves were fitted to the data and in each case the two-stage curve gave the most satisfactory fit.

4. This curve is the resultant of two opposing forces: one force being the rate of infection and the other the rate of loss of infection in a snail population.

5. The rate of infection may be defined as the number of successful snail-miracidium contacts per 1,000 snails per week, while the rate of loss of infection is taken to represent the number of deaths per 1,000 infected snails per week.

6. The underlying assumptions of this form of analysis are discussed and, in view of the independent verification of some of the calculated rates, the values are considered realistic.

7. Besides providing quantitative data for inclusion in mathematical models of schistosome transmission, the technique offers an additional means of assessing the efficacy of certain methods of controlling transmission.
The Attachment and Penetration Apparatus of the Miracidium of Schistosoma
Authors: Kinoti G. K.
Published: May 2019

Preliminary electron microscope observations have shown that in the miracidium of Schistosoma mattheei the surface of the apical epidermal plate consists of branching and anastomosing microvilli. It is suggested that this arboreal arrangement serves to attach the miracidium to the body surface of snail hosts during attempts to penetrate; the apical papilla can therefore be regarded as an attachment organ, functionally analogous to the suckers of the adult schistosome. It is also suggested that the degree of ‘fit’ between the attachment organ and the snail body surface may be an important factor determining the success of attempts by the miracidium to penetrate.

Electron microscopy has also shown that the so-called penetration and apical glands are single flask-shaped cells. No endoplasmic reticulum and very few ribosomes were seen in these cells and it is therefore suggested that, in the mature (free-swimming) miracidium, the “glands” are not functional as such; they are simply sacs full of fluid. If they contain histolytic substances they must either have been synthesized at an earlier stage in the life history of the organism or they are synthesized elsewhere and passed into the “glands”.

Histochemical attempts to identify leucine aminopeptidase and mucin in the contents of the “glands” of S. mansoni miracidia were unsuccessful. It is concluded that these substances probably do not play any role in the penetration into or attachment on snail intermediate hosts by S. mansoni miracidia.
Renicola glacialissp. nov., a New Trematode from the North Sea Fulmar,Fulmarus glacialis(L.), with Observations on its Pathology
Authors: Riley J. , Wynne Owen R.
Published: May 2019

A new species Renicola glacialis sp. nov., belonging to the trematode genusRenicola, is described.

The species is distinguished from most other renicolids by its relatively large size. Two other species within this size range have been recorded; while it is easy to separateR. glacialisfrom one of these species (R. goliathWright, 1957) the poor description of the other (R. secundaSkrjabin, 1924) renders a detailed comparison meaningless. However, the differences in host and geographic location between this andR. glacialisare considered sufficiently great to justify the erection of a new species.

The pathology ofR. glacialisis discussed; recently established worms elicit only a slight host tissue response, but older infections are invested by a thick connective tissue sheath. The latter shows maximum development around dead worms and is accompanied by pronounced eosinophilia.

Attention has been drawn to the use of the excretory vesicle as a diagnostic character. Four distinctly different forms have been described, and it is suggested that this character, together with certain other morphological features, would provide a useful key for the identification of renicolids once such information is available.
Variations in the Metabolism of the Daughter Sporocysts of Microphallus pygmaeus in a Chemically Defined Medium
Authors: Richards R. J. , Pascoe D. , James B. L.
Published: May 2019

A comparison is made of the variations in the mean size (length), reduced weight, oxygen uptake, metabolic rate and the number of contained fully formed metacercariae undergoing autolysis, in mature daughter sporocysts of Microphallus pygmaeus, in sea water, artificial sea water and in a chemically defined nutrient medium (modified medium 199). The work indicates that the sporocysts begin to degenerate almost immediately in the non-nutrient media but have a higher metabolic activity and remain healthy for up to 36 days in the nutrient medium.
Accumulation of organotin compounds on mangroves in coastal ecosystems
Authors: Ohji Madoka , Harino Hiroya , Hayashizaki Ken-ichi , Inoue Koji , Md. Yusoff Fatimah , Nishida Shuhei
Published: May 2019

To elucidate the details of both the current status of contamination and the accumulation of organotin compounds (OTs) in mangroves in coastal ecosystems, we determined the concentrations of butyltin compounds (BTs) and phenyltin compounds (PTs) in sediment and mangrove leaves collected from mangrove forests in Merambong and Tinggi Island, Malaysia. Butyltins were detected in all sediment samples collected from both regions, whereas PTs were not detected. The levels of tributyltin (TBT) compounds in the sediment samples were lower than those from previous studies conducted in Malaysia and at other sites in South-east Asia. In both Merambong and Tinggi Island, the average proportions of dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), which are degradation products of TBT, were ~70%. This result suggests that the input of TBT has decreased in Malaysia. The proportions of DBT and MBT in the sediment from Merambong were higher than those from Tinggi Island. The concentrations of TBT in mangrove leaves from Tinggi Island were significantly higher than those from Merambong. MBT was the most dominant type among the BTs in mangrove leaves from both Merambong and Tinggi Island. The ratios of the BTs burden in mangrove leaves to the BTs concentration in sediment from Merambong and Tinggi Island averaged 3.1 and 6.2, respectively. Among the values of BTs, the MBT values were found to be the highest in both regions.
Sources of Middle East International Event Data
Authors: Burrowes Robert , Muzzio Douglas , Spector Bert
Published: May 2019

The analysis of international event data has in the past several years become a major trend in quantitative and non-quantitative international politics. The upsurge of interest in event data parallels the attempt in the late 1960’s to test empirically the international relations theorizing of the 1950’s. Charles McClelland has argued forcefully that systems theory and other theories which focus on the structure, interactions and overt behavior in international politics can be conceptualized and operationalized in terms of streams of discrete events between the actors of the international system and its subsystems (McClelland, 1967 and 1970). These streams of conflictual and cooperative events - for example, verbal protests, visits, agreements and military actions - can be used to profile both the behavior of a nation and the relationships among two or more nations. As a consequence, the recent turn toward data-making and data-analysis has brought many students to international event analysis. This has been as true of students of comparative foreign policy as of international systems theory.
Social Sciences in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Weiker Walter F.
Published: May 2019

In a previous article I sought to appraise the field of Turkish studies, for the most part among western (predominantly American) scholars (MESA Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 3, October 15, 1969). To fill out the picture, it is appropriate to also view the state of social research among the rapidly growing body of Turkish teachers and researchers. This article is not, however, a direct parallel to others in the MESA “State of the Art” series, in that it is not basically bibliographical. Such a review would require far more time, space, and knowledge in depth of several other social science disciplines than is currently available to me, because despite the remarks made below about problems of definition, the quantity and technical sophistication of work by Turkish researchers is quite large and is growing rapidly. Furthermore, since most of the research referred to below is in Turkish, the number of persons to whom a bibliographic review might be useful is quite limited. Instead, I think it would be more interesting to MESA members and other American social scientists to examine the characteristics and problems of what is probably one of the most vigorous social science communities in the “developing” countries, with a view (among other things) to helping facilitate increased cooperation between Turkish and American scholars in our common endeavors of advancing the state of knowledge.
The International Relations of the Middle East
Authors: Cantori Louis J.
Published: May 2019

The pedagogical intentions of a course on the international relations of the Middle East can be said to be threefold: 1) it should convey to the student a minimal amount of factual information about the Middle East, 2) it should possess a degree of analytical focus sufficient to explicate and penetrate beyond sheer information and 3) it ought to possess sufficient conceptual structuring so as to enhance the possibility of the student being able to transcend a) time, i.e., getting beyond the immediate present and b) space, i.e., how is Middle Eastern international relations similar or dissimilar to other areas. All three of these elements are perhaps inevitably present in some degree in any effort to deal with the totality of Middle Eastern international relations but three different kinds of syllabi do appear to emphasize each element. Thus a syllabus which presents Middle Eastern international relations largely in chronological order with an emphasis upon the twentieth century will clearly maximize the students’ factual grasp as well as having the advantage of dealing with events and issues in their “natural” as opposed to analytical relationships. On the other hand, an issue-oriented syllabus would seem to foster analytical focus by increasing the saliency of events and compelling explanation. Finally, the adoption of an abstract conceptual schema and the attempt to apply it in the Middle Eastern situation would seem to hold the promise of getting beyond a preoccupation with the present and past as well as possibly relating the Middle Eastern situation in the student’s mind to other world problem areas. Three alternative syllabi embodying these three different foci are presented here: 1) a chronological one, 2) an issue-oriented one and 3) a conceptually oriented one.
Wildlife in the Falklands
Authors: Strange Ian
Published: May 2019

Ruthless exploitation of the seals and penguins and destruction by domestic stock of the tussac grass – which provides food and shelter for both wildlife and sheep – have characterised the Falkland Islands in the recent past. Today, however, the outlook is brighter and both the government and private individuals are creating reserves and sanctuaries, including the 14 islands of the Jason group which are one of the richest untouched wildlife areas. The author, a naturalist living in the islands, and responsible for much of the survey work he describes, pleads for a rational use of the wildlife so that a balance can be achieved. Fortunately, tourism is already showing that wildlife has a new commercial value.
Finland’s Reindeer
Authors: Montonen Martti
Published: May 2019

Exterminated in Finland in the 19th century, a number of wild reindeer crossed the frontier into Russia, and a small population built up there. But after the war development in their new Russian habitat drove the reindeer away; some crossed back into Finland where now there is once again a small population close to the frontier. But forestry operations on both sides of the frontier threaten them with extermination again and only the preservation of their habitat can save them. The animals have a special importance because they are quite uncontaminated by domestic stock.
Conservation Filmstrip
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: May 2019

Now that conservation is a word in everyday use, we have the second and more difficult task of explaining what it really means, and a filmstrip such as Dr. D.H. Dalby’s Nature Conservation in the British Isles makes a valuable contribution. His photographs are unemotional statements of fact and the lecture notes full and informative, with background information in italics. The filmstrip is divided into three sections with inevitably some overlap between them. The first ‘Some major threats’ has twelve frames ‘ it seems a pity there was not room for more about such farming techniques as removal of hedges and the effects of coastal development; the second ‘How natural are our habitats?’ discusses the evolution of our countryside and provokes the question, What is it we are trying to conserve? The third is concerned with conservation measures. Aimed principally at secondary schools, naturalists’ trusts and amenity bodies, there is, surprisingly, no mention of Colleges of Education or Teachers’ Centres. The education of future generations of adults is fundamental in conservation, but first we must educate our teachers.
Benedictine Opposition to Bishop Richard Smith (1625—1629)
Authors: Lunn Maurus
Published: May 2019

The Catholic clergy in post-Reformation England have often, it must be confessed, behaved more like flamingoes than croquet mallets, especially in the seemingly endemic disputes between the secular priests and the regulars. Some men are islands, and because Richard Smith was one of these, the dispute that centred on his personality became a precedent for at least one major quarrel that followed it. This being so, it may be worth recording the fact that the Benedictines, not the Jesuits, had the dusty glory of assuming the lion's share of opposition to the Bishop for the first five years of this dispute.

The Smith dispute itself was not without parentage, for its antecedents go back to the Appellant conflict of the 1590s, to the controversy between a section of the secular clergy and the Jesuits over the Oath of Allegiance (1606) and to the demand for the creation of bishops in England (1607-23). A party among the Benedictines favoured the Oath, against the Jesuits, and other monks supported the plea for bishops. But in time the Benedictine majority committed itself against the Oath. And in 1611-12 there was a curious anticipation of the Smith affair, in which high words were exchanged between Archpriest George Birkhead and Thomas Preston (for the Cassinese Benedictines) concerning the jurisdiction of the former over a delinquent monk. But the Anglo-Spanish monks supported Birkhead.
A Further Note on Some Eighteenth-Century Statistics
Authors: Holt T. G.
Published: May 2019

In an article entitled ‘A Note on Some Eighteenth-Century Statistics’, published in Recusant History (Vol. 10, no. 1) in January 1969, the present writer attempted to come to some conclusions about the number of priests working in England and Wales in that century.

Reference to that article would show that in 1706 Dr Betham believed that there were only about 400 priests in the whole country. It was argued that the figure was an underestimate and that the true number may have been as high as 530 or 540, and that the figures given by the Vicars Apostolic in 1773 in their reports to Rome were also too low—380 to 390 instead of 410 to 420. It appeared, if these adjustments of the figures were sound, that the decline in the number of priests working in eighteenth-century England and Wales was quite steep between 1706 and 1773, from perhaps 530 or 540 to 410 or 420; and that, if the French refugee priests working in England and Wales are excluded, there was no increase at all from 1773 until after 1803 but rather a further, if less marked decline.
Weed Control in Wheatgrass Seedbeds with Siduron and Picloram
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: May 2019

Preemergence applications of 3 lb/A of 1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea (siduron) plus 0.3 lb/A of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) sufficiently suppressed competition from downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) or medusahead (Taeniatherum asperum(Sim.) Nevski) and associated broadleaf species to allow the marginal establishment of intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium(Host.) Beauv., var. Amur) seedlings. The technique was only successful on semi-arid range sites with above-average soil moisture and moderately dense stands of weed grasses. The range in tolerance of the three species to siduron is very similar, but downy brome is slightly more susceptible than medusahead or intermediate wheatgrass. There is a significant negative relation between plant moisture stress and root length of intermediate wheatgrass plants when root elongation is suppressed by low rates of siduron.
Behavior of Potassium Azide in the Soil
Authors: Parochetti J. V. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

Potassium azide (KN3) was shown to have potential use as a soil fumigant based on the evidence that azide killed dormant seeds in laboratory and field experiments. Volatility was an important factor in the dissipation of KN3; an acid environment greatly increased volatility probably due to rapid conversion to HN3, whereas soil type exerted little influence on vapor loss. Increasing the soil moisture decreased volatility due to water solubility of NH3. KN3 was leachable and weakly adsorbed in various soil types and at different pH levels. From experiments using stoppered flasks to exclude volatility, it was concluded that the dissipation of KN3 was a chemical phenomenon accelerated by elevated temperatures. KN3 dissipated rapidly from an acid soil whether autoclaved or non-autoclaved; however, alkaline soils prevented dissipation of KN3. Apparently, KN3 is converted to HN3 before it is decomposed. Diffusion within the soil was restricted and occurred only in an acid soil. Covering the soil with plastic immediately after application reduced volatility and increased the biological activity of KN3.
Metabolism of Food Reserves in Germinating Velvetleaf
Authors: Mulliken J. A. , Kust C. A. , Schrader L. E.
Published: May 2019

Endosperm dry weight, protein, and fat losses accompanied rapid radicle growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) between 12 and 36 hr of germination at 31 C. Cotyledonary reserves were mobilized after 36 hr. Isocitrate lyase activity sedimented with a particulate fraction in varying degrees, but maximal activity developed at times coincident with fat mobilization. Respiration of excised endosperms reached maximal rates shortly after radicle emergence. The actions of hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and 2,4-dinitrolphenol indicated that respiration of endosperms excised from imbibed and germinated seed was due to cytochrome oxidase activity, and was coupled to phosphorylation.
Control of Persimmon with Various Herbicides and Methods of Application
Authors: Peters Elroy J. , Stritzke J. F.
Published: May 2019

We compared various rates of 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TBA), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), and various methods of application on persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.). Single rates of 2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid (fenac) and (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) also were included. In one experiment, 8 lb/A of dicamba injected into the soil killed significantly more persimmon than the same rate applied to the soil in 4-inch bands. Otherwise, with given herbicides at comparable rates, defoliation and mortality of persimmon were similar with all methods of soil application. Foliage applications of dicamba or picloram at relatively low rates caused defoliation and mortality of persimmon equal to soil applications of dicamba or picloram at high rates. Dicamba was more effective than equal rates of 2,3,6-TBA for killing persimmon. Picloram at 2 lb/A and dicamba at 4 lb/A, as foliage applications, defoliated and killed persimmon to nearly the same extent. Fenac was relatively ineffective for killing persimmon. Soil treatments with picloram and dicamba killed 22 to 30% more persimmon when applied in summer than when applied in spring. Spring and summer foliage applications of dicamba and 2,3,6-TBA caused similar defoliation and mortality of persimmon, but mortality of persimmon was somewhat higher with spring than with summer foliage applications of picloram. Summer basal treatment with 2,4,5-T killed more persimmon than spring basal treatment.
Activated Carbon Root Dips on Transplanted Strawberries
Authors: Kratky B. A. , Coffey D. L. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

Excellent protection from 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) injury at twice the dose needed for weed control was obtained by dipping the roots of strawberry plants (Fragaria grandifloraEhrh.) in a 10% slurry of activated carbon before transplanting. Protection was greater when the roots were dipped in the slurry of activated carbon than when activated carbon was applied in the transplant water. Protection was obtained from three different activated carbons. Protection from injury to varying degrees was observed when several other herbicides were used.
Transformations of the Herbicide N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide in Soil
Authors: Yih Roy Y. , Swithenbank Colin , McRae D. Harold
Published: May 2019

Transformation of N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide (compound I) in soil occurs readily and two products are produced, initial cyclization giving 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-5-methyleneoxazoline (compound II) followed by subsequent hydrolysis to N-(1,1-dimethylacetonyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide (compound III). These transformations can be brought aboutin vitro, the first step by means of acid or base, and the second by extended treatment with acid. The rate of cyclization and hydrolysis of compound I varies directly with soil temperature, being rapid at high temperature (37 C) and very slow at low temperature (5 C). The rate of chemical change of compound I in soil is influenced to a much greater degree by temperature than by soil moisture content. The effect of soil type on transformation of compound I was studied and compounds II and III were present in five of the six soils examined. The herbicidal activity of compounds II and III was negligible in comparison to compound I.
Light Quality Effects on the Life Cycle of Common Purslane
Authors: Dunn Stuart
Published: May 2019

The common purslane plant(Portulaca oleraceaL.) flowered and produced seeds throughout the growing season. Seeds were mature about 15 days after flowering. Increased light intensity and temperature stimulated growth. In general greater yields were obtained under cool white light, followed by yields under green, blue, red, and yellow light, in that order. With high temperature during the light period and low temperature during the dark period, best growth occurred under green light.