bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissociation in How Core Autism Features Relate to Interoceptive Dimensions: Evidence from Cardiac Awareness in Children
Authors: Palser E. R. , Fotopoulou A. , Pellicano E. , Kilner J. M.
Published: November 2019

Interoception in autism is receiving increasing research attention. Previously, differences were identified in autism on both objective and subjective measures of interoception, and an association with anxiety. Yet, it is currently unknown how interoception relates to core autism features. Here, in 49 autistic children, we consider how interoceptive accuracy (measured with heartbeat detection tasks) and sensibility (subjective judgements of awareness) relate to overall severity on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and symptom domains of social-affective and repetitive, restricted behaviors. Socio-affective features were related to interoceptive sensibility, while repetitive restricted behaviors were related to interoceptive accuracy. This dissociation suggests disparate interoceptive mechanisms for the formation and/or maintenance of autistic features.
Thermal parameters of roofing slates from Czech Republic
Authors: Labus Małgorzata , Labus Krzysztof , Bujok Petr
Published: November 2019

Thermal performance of building materials is an important parameter from the point of view of energy consumption for heating buildings, which is obviously related to environmental protection standards. Thermal parameters of roofing slates were measured for samples from two different formations in the Czech Republic. These were rocks of lower Carboniferous Culm facies of Moravice Formation and Silesian Unit of Flysch Moravian-Silesian Carpathians. Thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity measurements were performed with use of TCi analyser. Thermal parameters were obtained in parallel and perpendicular direction to the bedding in rocks. Thermal conductivity of the Moravian slates in the direction perpendicular to the bedding ranges from 1.43 to 1.79 W m−1 K−1, while for samples from Carpathian region this parameter ranges from 1.99 to 3.15 W m−1 K−1. High values of thermal conductivity correlate to higher quartz content in the rocks. The measured thermal parameters (conductivity, effusivity, diffusivity) are strongly depending on the direction of measurement. Thermal conductivity of analysed rocks increases along with increase in temperature. The increase in thermal conductivity value is more significant in case of Moravian slates. In practice, the obtained results indicate that the traditional building material, such as roofing slates, shows better insulation properties at lower temperatures, while in conditions of strong sunlight the temperature conductivity increases. In case of roofing slates, which tend to be highly anisotropic, the essential information is the direction of thermal parameters measurement. Slates, due to their specific texture, are characterized by a very high thermal anisotropy coefficient.
Detecting correlations and triangular arbitrage opportunities in the Forex by means of multifractal detrended cross-correlations analysis
Authors: Gębarowski Robert , Oświęcimka Paweł , Wątorek Marcin , Drożdż Stanisław
Published: November 2019

Multifractal detrended cross-correlation methodology is described and applied to Foreign exchange (Forex) market time series. Fluctuations of high-frequency exchange rates of eight major world currencies over 2010–2018 period are used to study cross-correlations. The study is motivated by fundamental questions in complex systems’ response to significant environmental changes and by potential applications in investment strategies, including detecting triangular arbitrage opportunities. Dominant multiscale cross-correlations between the exchange rates are found to typically occur at smaller fluctuation levels. However, hierarchical organization of ties expressed in terms of dendrograms, with a novel application of the multiscale cross-correlation coefficient, is more pronounced at large fluctuations. The cross-correlations are quantified to be stronger on average between those exchange rate pairs that are bound within triangular relations. Some pairs from outside triangular relations are, however, identified to be exceptionally strongly correlated as compared to the average strength of triangular correlations. This in particular applies to those exchange rates that involve Australian and New Zealand dollars and reflects their economic relations. Significant events with impact on the Forex are shown to induce triangular arbitrage opportunities which at the same time reduce cross-correlations on the smallest timescales and act destructively on the multiscale organization of correlations. In 2010–2018, such instances took place in connection with the Swiss National Bank intervention and the weakening of British pound sterling accompanying the initiation of Brexit procedure. The methodology could be applicable to temporal and multiscale pattern detection in any time series.
Correction to: Local House Price Paths: Accelerations, Declines, and Recoveries
Authors: Bogin Alexander N. , Doerner William M. , Larson William D.
Published: November 2019

The article Local House Price Paths: Accelerations, Declines, and Recoveries written by Alexander N. Bogin, William M. Doerner and William D. Larson was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on December 2017 without open access.
Crossroads of forgiveness: a transcendent understanding of forgiveness in Kierkegaard’s religious writings and immanent account of forgiveness in contemporary secular and Christian ethics
Authors: Słowikowski Andrzej
Published: November 2019

This paper is an attempt to clash the problem of forgiveness as formulated in contemporary secular and Christian ethics with Kierkegaard’s considerations concerning this issue. Kierkegaard’s thought is increasingly used in the modern debate on forgiveness. It is therefore worth investigating whether Kierkegaard’s considerations are really able to overcome in any way contemporary disputes concerning this problem or enrich our thinking in this area. The main thesis of this paper states that there is a fundamental, ontological difference between Kierkegaard’s understanding of forgiveness and that of modern thinkers. While the Danish philosopher refers to the transcendent reality of spirit, where the act of forgiveness is always performed by God, in contemporary ethical and Christian thought, forgiveness is first and foremost formulated from an immanent point of view that appeals to the world of human values. This difference is demonstrated by analyzing the four main themes corresponding to the most important issues taken up in the contemporary debate on forgiveness. These are: the victim-offender relation, the conditionality and unconditionality of forgiveness, the issue of condonation, and the problem of the unforgivable. As a result of the analyses presented herein, the impossibility of directly applying Kierkegaard’s transcendent theses to ethical thought of the immanent variety will be shown.
Illocution and accommodation in the functioning of presumptions
Authors: Witek Maciej
Published: November 2019

In this paper, I develop a speech-act based account of presumptions. Using a score-keeping model of illocutionary games, I argue that presumptions construed as speech acts can be grouped into three illocutionary act types defined by reference to how they affect the state of a conversation. The paper is organized into two parts. In the first one, I present the score-keeping model of speech act dynamics; in particular, I distinguish between two types of mechanisms—the direct mechanism of illocution and the indirect one of accommodation—that underlie the functioning of illocutionary acts. In the second part, I use the presented model to distinguish between (1) the unilateral act of individual presumption, the point of which is to shift the burden of proof by making the hearer committed to justifying his refusal to endorse the proposition communicated by the speaker, whenever he refuses to endorse it, (2) the bilateral act of joint presumption—‘bilateral’ in that it is performed jointly by at least two conversing agents—the function of which is to confer on the proposition endorsed by the speaker the normative status of jointly recognized though tentative acceptability, and (3) the indirect or back-door act of collective presumption, the purpose of which is to sustain rules and practices to which the conversing agents defer the felicity of their conversational moves.
Comparative transcriptome profiling of different tissues from beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybean and its non-transgenic counterpart
Authors: Qin Yang , Woo Hee-Jong , Shin Kong-Sik , Lim Myung-Ho , Lee Seong-Kon
Published: November 2019

Beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybeans, harboring genes encoding phytoene synthase and carotene desaturase under the control of a seed-specific promoter, were developed to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in populations, the diet of which was deficient in this vitamin. However, metabolic engineering of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways often has unintended effects, leading to major metabolic changes in plants that harbor endogenous beta-carotene biosynthesis pathways. In the present study, we performed transcriptome profiling analysis using RNA-seq to investigate the changes in the transcriptome and some unintended pleiotropic effects on the leaves, stems, roots, and seeds of beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybean lines, and compared them to those of their non-transgenic counterpart donor variety Kwangan. We observed that transgenic soybeans showed significant changes in secondary metabolic biosynthesis in leaves and down-regulated galactose metabolism in roots. Differentially expressed genes in the transgenic group, which were significantly up-regulated, included those encoding glycine-aspartic acid-serine-leucine-motif esterase/lipase, known as cutin synthase and cutinase. These results suggested enhanced beta-carotene biosynthesis may affect related enzymes to carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. Hence, we speculated that upregulation of cutin polymerization resulted in thickened seed coat and delayed seed germination of transgenic soybeans. Furthermore, downregulation of raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis may cause redundancy of myo-inositol, a substrate of phytin formation. This could lead to phytic globoids accumulation in transgenic soybean seeds. The present imformation would be important for transgenic plant development via carotenoid metabolic engineering, with focus on beta-carotene over-production.
Effect of steam explosion of oil palm frond and empty fruit bunch on nutrient composition and ruminal fermentation characteristics
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhou Zhenming , Yang Yuanlong , Meng Qingxiang
Published: November 2019

In this study, we evaluated the effect of steam explosion of oil palm frond (OPF) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) on nutrient composition and ruminal fermentation characteristics in vitro. The results showed that steam explosion decreased NDF (P < 0.01), ADF (P < 0.01), and hemicellulose content (P < 0.01) in OPF and EFB. Steam explosion improved the effective energy value of OPF and EFB. In vitro fermentation results revealed that 72-h gas production capacity of OPF and EFB increased by 12.60and 85.06% (P < 0.01), respectively, after steam explosion. Steam explosion had a tendency to improve the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) (P = 0.082). In conclusion, steam explosion of OPF and EFB reduced NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose content and increased gas production and TVFA concentration.
Genetic variation in herbivore resistance within a strawberry crop wild relative (Fragaria vesca L.)
Authors: Weber Daniela , Egan Paul A. , Muola Anne , Stenberg Johan A.
Published: November 2019

To decrease the dependency on chemical pesticides, the resistance of cultivated strawberry to pests needs to be increased. While genetic resources within domesticated varieties are limited, wild genotypes are predicted to show high heritable variation in useful resistance traits. We collected 86 wild accessions of Fragaria vesca L. from central Sweden and screened this germplasm for antibiosis (pest survival and performance) and antixenosis (pest preference) traits active against the strawberry leaf beetle (Galerucella tenella L.). First, extensive common garden experiments were used to study antibiosis traits in the sampled plant genotypes. Heritable genetic variation among plant genotypes was found for several antibiosis traits. Second, controlled cafeteria experiments were used to test for plant genetic variation in antixenosis traits. The leaf beetles avoided egg laying on plant genotypes possessing high antibiosis. This indicates a high degree of concordance between antibiosis and antixenosis and that the beetles’ egg-laying behavior optimizes the fitness of their offspring. The existence of high genetic variation in key resistance traits suggests that wild woodland strawberry contains untapped resources that are sought to reduce pesticide dependence in cultivated strawberry. Given that only a very small portion of the species’ distribution area was sampled, even higher variation may be expected at the continental scale. As a whole, the genetic resources identified in this study serve to strengthen the position of woodland strawberry as a key crop wild relative.
Dyslexia, Literacy Difficulties and the Self-Perceptions of Children and Young People: a Systematic Review
Authors: Gibby-Leversuch Rosa , Hartwell Brettany K. , Wright Sarah
Published: November 2019

This systematic review investigates the links between literacy difficulties, dyslexia and the self-perceptions of children and young people (CYP). It builds on and updates Burden’s (2008) review and explores how the additional factors of attributional style and the dyslexia label may contribute to CYP’s self-perceptions. Nineteen papers are included and quality assessed. Quantitative papers measured the self-reported self-perceptions of CYP with literacy difficulties and/or dyslexia (LitD/D) and compared these with the CYP without LitD/D. Qualitative papers explored the lived experiences of CYP with LitD/D, including their self-views and how these were affected by receiving a dyslexia diagnosis. Results suggest that CYP with LitD/D may be at greater risk of developing negative self-perceptions of themselves as learners, but not of their overall self-worth. Factors found to be relevant in supporting positive self-perceptions include adaptive attributional styles, good relationships with peers and parents, and positive attitudes towards dyslexia and neurodiversity. In some cases, CYP with LitD/D felt that others perceived them as unintelligent or idle; for these CYP, a diagnosis led to more positive self-perceptions, as it provided an alternative picture of themselves. There is a need for further research to explore the impact of attributional style and the potential for intervention, as well as CYPs’ experiences of diagnosis and the associated advantages or disadvantages.
Humor in the elderly with dementia: Development and initial validation of a behavioral observation system
Authors: Baumgartner Gudrun , Renner Karl-Heinz
Published: November 2019

Interventions with Clinic Clowns trained for performing in nursing homes have been explored in several field studies. Until now, however, it has not been sufficiently investigated to which extent and in which ways elderly with dementia (EWD) respond to and engage in humorous interactions. An exploratory study with 17 German dementia care unit residents aimed at narrowing this gap. To assess understanding, appreciation and authorship as well as contextual information we have constructed a behavioral observation and annotation system for humor interaction with the elderly with dementia (ANHIDE) The system was tested for inter-coder agreement and reached kappa values qualified as substantial for humor categories (κ = .685), humor response (κ = .725) and musical contributions (κ = .752). In 9 hours of video recorded interaction, participants contributed almost a third of the annotated humor events with verbal humor being their most frequent way of expression. Benign humor styles prevailed (85%) and aggressive humor was rare (2%). Whenever participants could be addressed successfully, they responded overly positive (89%). Malign humor styles were – if not ignored – answered with disapproval or the attempt to reconcile. Best practice recommendations for addressing and involving the residents with dementia are well-structured contributions and combined use of various stylistic means. Limitations, as well as suggestions for further in-depth research, are discussed, e.g., individual differences in humor response, strategies to encourage participants’ active contribution or fostering humor as a behavioral competence. Overall, this contribution is the first to provide a behavioral observation system for a detailed annotation of humor interactions regarding the elderly with dementia (ANHIDE). We demonstrate preliminary evidence for competencies in humor perception and production in the target group.
Type I kerogen-rich oil shale from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: mineralogical description and pyrolysis kinetics
Authors: Bouamoud Rajaa , Moine Ely Cheikh , Mulongo-Masamba Raphaèl , El Hamidi Adnane , Halim Mohammed , Arsalane Said
Published: November 2019

The Democratic Republic of the Congo holds important reserves of oil shale which is still under geological status. Herein, the characterization and pyrolysis kinetics of type I kerogen-rich oil shale of the western Central Kongo (CK) were investigated. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TG/DTA) showed that CK oil shale exhibits a siliceous mineral matrix with a consistent organic matter rich in aliphatic chains. The pyrolysis behavior of kerogen revealed the presence of a single mass loss between 300 and 550 °C, estimated at 12.5% and attributed to the oil production stage. Non-isothermal kinetics was performed by determining the activation energy using the iterative isoconversional model-free methods and exhibits a constant value withE = 211.5 ± 4.7 kJ mol−1. The most probable kinetic model describing the kerogen pyrolysis mechanism was obtained using the Coats–Redfern and Arrhenius plot methods. The results showed a unique kinetic triplet confirming the nature of kerogen, predominantly type I and reinforcing the previously reported geochemical characteristics of the CK oil shale. Besides, the calculation of thermodynamic parameters (ΔH*, ΔS* and ΔG*) corresponding to the pyrolysis of type I kerogen revealed that the process is non-spontaneous, in agreement with DTA experiments.
Comparison of diagnostic performance in assessing the rewiring position into a jailed side branch between online 3D reconstruction systems version 1.1 and 1.2 derived from optical frequency domain imaging
Authors: Fujimura Tatsuhiro , Okamura Takayuki , Furuya Kazuki , Miyazaki Yosuke , Takenaka Hitoshi , Tateishi Hiroki , Oda Tetsuro , Mochizuki Mamoru , Uchinoumi Hitoshi , Nishimura Takashi , Yamada Jutaro , Yano Masafumi
Published: November 2019

The three-dimensional reconstruction of optical coherence tomography and optical frequency domain imaging (3D-OCT/OFDI) helps optimize bifurcation percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) with side branch (SB) dilatation by identifying the optimal rewiring position. 3D-OCT/OFDI’s diagnostic performance for assessing the rewiring position into a jailed SB is unknown. We retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic performances of a conventional (ver. 1.1) and a new (ver. 1.2) online 3D-OFDI reconstruction system based on an offline 3D reconstruction system’s performance. We analyzed 45 patients’ 52 OFDI pullbacks with main vessel stenting followed by rewiring into a jailed SB for coronary bifurcation lesions. We counted the undetected stent struts in the polygon of confluence as the stent detection performance. We assessed the diagnostic agreement regarding the rewiring position into a jailed SB by the three 3D reconstruction systems. The percentage of undetected struts and the diagnostic agreement of ver.1.2 were significantly better than those of ver.1.1 [5.1 ± 5.1% vs. 30.2 ± 14.2%; p < 0.0001, and 94.2% (49/52) vs. 76.9% (40/52); p = 0.0120]. The new online 3D-OFDI reconstruction system provides better diagnostic performance than the conventional online system for assessing the rewiring position into a jailed SB.
FreshJoin: An Efficient and Adaptive Algorithm for Set Containment Join
Authors: Luo Jizhou , Zhang Wei , Shi Shengfei , Gao Hong , Li Jianzhong , Wu Wei , Jiang Shouxu
Published: November 2019

This paper revisits set containment join (SCJ) problem, which uses the subset relationship (i.e., $$\subseteq$$⊆) as condition to join set-valued attributes of two relations and has many fundamental applications in commercial and scientific fields. Existing in-memory algorithms for SCJ are either signature-based or prefix-tree-based. The former incurs high CPU cost because of the enumeration of signatures, while the latter incurs high space cost because of the storage of prefix trees. This paper proposes a new adaptive parameter-free in-memory algorithm, named as frequency-hashjoin or $${\mathsf {FreshJoin}}$$FreshJoin in short, to evaluate SCJ efficiently. $${\mathsf {FreshJoin}}$$FreshJoin builds a flat index on-the-fly to record three kinds of signatures (i.e., two least frequent elements and a hash signature whose length is determined adaptively by the frequencies of elements in the universe set). The index consists of two sparse inverted indices and two arrays which record hash signatures of all sets in each relation. The index is well organized such that $${\mathsf {FreshJoin}}$$FreshJoin can avoid enumerating hash signatures. The rationality of this design is explained. And, the time and space cost of the proposed algorithm, which provide a rule to choose $${\mathsf {FreshJoin}}$$FreshJoin from existing algorithms, are analyzed. Experiments on 16 real-life datasets show that $${\mathsf {FreshJoin}}$$FreshJoin usually reduces more than 50% of space cost while remains as competitive as the state-of-the-art algorithms in running time.
Microstructural characterization of reaction products in Cu/Graphene/SiC system
Authors: Homa M.
Published: November 2019

The results of microstructural examinations of reaction products formed at liquid copper/graphene-coated monocrystalline SiC interface are presented. Samples were prepared during a wettability test performed under a vacuum at T = 1100 °C kept constant for 30 min by capillary purification-sessile drop method. Careful analyses of the microstructure and chemical composition were carried out at the interfaces by high resolution scanning electron microscopy combined with local analysis of chemical composition, Raman spectroscopy and computed tomography. The detailed structural investigations showed that in both systems, at the drop/substrate interface, the substrate (SiC) was dissolved and the zone of reaction products was composed of alternately arranged dark and bright layers.
Residential immersive life skills programs for youth with disabilities: Experiences of parents and shifts in parenting approaches
Authors: Duff Celeste , King Gillian , McPherson Amy C. , Kingsnorth Shauna , Rudzik Alanna E.F.
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Residential immersive life skills (RILS) programs are designed for youth with disabilities and facilitate the development of adaptive behaviors for life skills required to navigate adulthood. This study explored parents’ experiences of the RILS program journey, shifts in parenting approaches, and the implications of those shifts.

Methods

This study draws on twenty‐three qualitative interviews that were conducted with nine parents of youth who attended RILS programs in Ontario, Canada. Three rounds of interviews were conducted at three different time points: Pre‐program, 3 months post‐program, and 12 months post‐program. Data were analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory approach.

Results

The interviews captured parents’ experiences of the RILS program journey and how their parenting changed as a result. Three overarching themes emerged: (1) Anticipation of RILS programs served as a catalyst for experiencing positive and negative tensions in parenting; (2) Parenting shifted following RILS programs; and (3) Where parenting shifts were limited, challenges for youth arose and reduced youth future growth.

Conclusion

Parenting approaches can shift as a result of youth attending RILS programs. These shifts can create complex and challenging implications for parents as they seek to further encourage youths' development. This study offers an understanding of the implications of parenting during youths’ developmental transition of adolescence to adulthood, and offers recommendations to further support parents in sustaining youth development of life skills during this developmental transition.
Neonatal anoxia impairs long‐term energy metabolism and somatic development of Wistar rats
Authors: Cruz‐Ochoa Natalia Andrea , Ochoa‐Amaya Julieta Esperanza , Pulecio Sandy Lorena , Xavier Gilberto Fernando , Nogueira Maria Inês
Published: November 2019

Background

Neonatal anoxia may cause neurological injuries, behavioral alterations and changes in somatic growth. Somatic developmental changes suggest a possible effect of anoxia on energy metabolism and/or feeding behavior. Short‐term effects of oxygen deficit on energy homeostasis have been described. In contrast, just a few studies report long‐term effects. This study investigated the effects of neonatal anoxia on energy metabolism and somatic development at adulthood of males and females Wistar rats.

Method

Male (m) and female (f) rats were exposed, on postnatal day 2 (P2), to either 25‐min of Anoxia or Control treatment. At P34 part of the subjects of each group was fasted for 18 h, refeed for 1 h and then perfused 30 min later, at P35; the remaining subjects were submitted to these treatments at P94 and perfused at P95. Therefore, there were 8 groups: AmP35, AmP95, AfP35, AfP95, CmP35, CmP95, CfP35 and CfP95. For subjects perfused at P95, body weight and food intake were recorded up to P90. For subjects perfused at P35 and P95, glycemia, leptin and insulin were assessed after fasting and refeed. After perfusion the encephalon and pancreas were collected for Fos immunohistochemistry and Hematoxylin‐Eosin stain analyses.

Results

Even though neonatal anoxia did not interfere with regular food intake, it reduced body weight gain along growing in both male and female subjects as compared to the corresponding controls. At P35 neonatal anoxia decreased post‐prandial glycemia and increased insulin. While at P95 neonatal anoxia altered the pancreatic histomorphology and increased post‐fasting weight loss, decreasing leptin, insulin and glycemia secretion, as well Fos immunoreactivity (IR) in ARC.

Conclusion

Neonatal anoxia impairs long‐term energy metabolism and somatic development in Wistar rats, with differences related to sex and age.
Leisure activity and social integration mitigate the risk of dementia related to cardiometabolic diseases: A population‐based longitudinal study
Authors: Wang Zhida , Marseglia Anna , Shang Ying , Dintica Christina , Patrone Cesare , Xu Weili
Published: November 2019

Introduction

The effect of comorbid cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including diabetes, heart diseases, and stroke, on dementia remains unclear.

Methods

A cohort of 2648 dementia‐free adults aged ≥60 years was followed up for 12 years. An active lifestyle was defined in accordance with the engagement in leisure activities and/or a social network. Cox models were used in data analysis.

Results

The multiadjusted hazard ratio (HR, 95% confidence interval) of dementia was 1.41 (1.07–1.86) for one, 2.38 (1.58–3.59) for two, and 4.76 (2.04–11.13) for three CMDs. In joint exposure analysis, the HR of dementia was 3.36 (2.14–5.30) for participants with CMDs plus an inactive lifestyle and 1.32 (0.95–1.84) for those with CMDs plus an active lifestyle (reference: no CMDs plus active lifestyle). An active lifestyle delayed dementia onset by 3.50 years in people with CMDs.

Discussion

CMDs, especially when comorbid, are associated with increased dementia risk; however, leisure activities and social integration mitigate this risk.
Femtosecond laser fabrication of 3D templates for mass production of artificial compound eyes
Authors: Jin Guang-Xin , Hu Xin-Yu , Ma Zhuo-Chen , Li Chun-He , Zhang Yong-Lai , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: November 2019

Compound eyes are unique optical imaging systems that consist of numerous separate light-sensitive units (ommatidia). Attempts have been made to produce artificial compound eyes via advanced 3D nanotechnologies. Among them, femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) technology has emerged as an effective strategy due to its distinct advantages in 3D designable and high precision fabrication capability. However, the point-by-point scanning process results in a very low fabrication efficiency, limiting the practical applications of the FsLDW technology. To solve this problem, we propose a high-efficiency method for the mass production of 3D artificial compound eyes using a photopolymer template fabricated by FsLDW. The resultant 3D SU-8 compound eye templates could be used to replicate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) compound eyes many times (over 50 times) with a highly improved efficiency (nearly 20 times higher than the efficiency of direct fabrication using the point-by-point FsLDW). The PDMS replicas showed good focusing and imaging performances. We anticipate that this method may serve as an enabler for the mass production of 3D artificial compound eyes and promote their practical applications in the near future.
A demographic factor as a determinant of migration: what is the effect of sibship size on migration decisions?
Authors: Zhao Jianmei , Zhong Hai
Published: November 2019

Developing countries often lack an adequate social security system, and elderly parents rely heavily on their children for support. Aging populations and low-fertility rates are an emerging trend in developing countries. In this paper, we examine the effects of sibship size on individuals' internal migration decisions in China. We find that the number of siblings has a positive effect on individual migration decisions, but this effect is non-linear and marginally increasing. Second, we find that having brothers has a more significant effect on migration decisions than having sisters. Finally, although of different magnitudes, the effects are persistent across genders, Hukou status, and education levels.
Spectral Decomposition Method for Large Sea Surface Generation and Radar Backscatter Modeling
Authors: Mainvis Aymeric , Fabbro Vincent , Bourlier Christophe , Mametsa Henri‐Jose
Published: November 2019

This paper analyzes different methods to simulate sea surface waves over a large area rapidly and with low computational complexity. Indeed, for wind speed between 1 and 10 m/s, the area of the sea surfaces must range from 10 to 92,000m2 to account for all the surface roughness scales which can contribute to the scattering process at microwave frequencies. At frequencies higher than 10 GHz, a sampling rate of one tenth of the wavelength can lead to a prohibitive numerical cost. The impact of these approaches on the surface power spectral density and on the monostatic normalized radar cross section is investigated. The proposed methods consist of splitting the full sea surface height spectrum into sub‐spectra of smaller extents. Sub‐sea surfaces are generated and combined from different interpolation and recombination techniques. In this paper, an original closed‐form expression of the resulting sea surface height spectrum is derived to interpret the simulation results. Finally, the efficiency of the methods in terms of accuracy and memory requirement is analyzed by computing the monostatic normalized radar cross section from sea surfaces with the first‐order small slope approximation (SSA1) scattering model.
Sedimentation Controls on Methane‐Hydrate Dynamics Across Glacial/Interglacial Stages: An Example From International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1517, Hikurangi Margin
Authors: Screaton E. J. , Torres M. E. , Dugan B. , Heeschen K. U. , Mountjoy J. J. , Ayres C. , Rose P. S. , Pecher I. A. , Barnes P. M. , LeVay L. J.
Published: November 2019

Dissolved chloride concentrations higher than seawater were observed over a broad depth range in pore water profiles from International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1517 on the Hikurangi Margin. This Cl maximum is not associated with an 87Sr/86Sr anomaly, indicating that it is not caused by hydration reactions during ash alteration. We use a numerical modeling approach to examine possible causes for recent gas hydrate formation that can result in the observed Cl high. Our approach considers sedimentation, sea level, and bottom water temperature (BWT) changes due to glaciation as drivers for the downward migration of the base of gas hydrate stability and gas hydrate formation. The modeling results reveal that lowering of sea level during glaciation can allow methane hydrate dissociation followed by postglacial hydrate formation as sea level rises. However, BWT cooling of 2 °C during glaciation followed by warming during deglaciation would mostly counteract the impacts of sea level change. Bottom water cooling during glaciation is expected in this region and many locations worldwide. As a result, our simulations do not support the previous hypotheses of large‐scale gas hydrate dissociation due to sea level drop during glaciation, which have been proposed as triggers for widespread gas release and slope failure. Such a mechanism is only possible where BWT remains constant or increases during glaciation. Our simulations indicate that sedimentation constitutes the largest factor driving recent methane hydrate formation at Site U1517, and we suggest that sedimentation may play a larger role in gas hydrate dynamics along margins than previously recognized.
Sensitivity of land precipitation to surface evapotranspiration: a nonlocal perspective based on water vapor transport
Authors: Wei Jiangfeng , Dirmeyer Paul A.
Published: November 2019

The sensitivity of precipitation over land to surface evapotranspiration (ET) is among the most uncertain issues in land‐atmosphere interactions. Past studies have mostly investigated this issue locally, and it remains a challenge to assess the nonlocal impacts. Here, we use a moisture tracking method and statistical analyses to quantify the sensitivity of precipitation to both local and nonlocal ET. It is found that, in a point‐to‐point sense, boreal summer precipitation is more sensitive to local ET than nonlocal ET for about 2/3 of land areas, while for about 1/5 land areas, precipitation is sensitive to ET of more than 1,000 km away. Remote sensitivities are generally an order of magnitude smaller than local sensitivities, but their combined effect could be large and useful, especially for regions without significant local sensitivities. Future studies of land‐atmosphere interactions should be careful when making local assumptions.
Magma Oscillations in a Conduit‐Reservoir System, Application to Very Long Period (VLP) Seismicity at Basaltic Volcanoes: 2. Data Inversion and Interpretation at Kīlauea Volcano
Authors: Liang Chao , Crozier Josh , Karlstrom Leif , Dunham Eric M.
Published: November 2019

Very long period (VLP) seismic events (with dominant periods of 15 to 40 s), observed from 2007 to 2018 at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, arise from resonant oscillations in the shallow magma plumbing system. Utilizing an oscillation model developed in the companion paper (Liang et al., 2020), we perform Bayesian inversions on seismic data from four representative VLP events separately for the parameters of the shallow conduit‐reservoir system, exploring both sphere and crack reservoir geometries. Both sphere and crack geometries are preferentially located ∼1–2 km beneath the northeast edge of Halema‘uma‘u crater and produce similar fits to the data. Considering a reasonable range for reservoir storativity, magma density, and density contrast between the top and bottom of the conduit, we favor a spherical reservoir with a radius of 0.8 to 1.2 km and a short conduit of less than a few hundred meters. For this geometry, buoyancy from density stratification in the conduit provides the dominant restoring force for the VLP oscillation. Viscosity is constrained within an order of magnitude for each event (e.g., approximately 2 to 23 Pa s for one event versus 27 to 513 Pa s for another). Changes in VLP period T and quality factor Q can be explained by changes in viscosity, density stratification, and/or conduit/reservoir geometry. In particular, observed fluctuations in Q over short time intervals (e.g., hours) with minimal changes in T apparently require rapid changes of magma viscosity by over an order of magnitude, assuming geometry remains unchanged, possibly reflecting changes in volatile content, bubble concentration, or conduit flow regime.
Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions in Trade Wind Cumulus Clouds and the Role of Vertical Wind Shear
Authors: Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham , Kazil Jan
Published: November 2019

In shallow cumulus clouds, cloud deepening as a dynamical response to increased droplet number concentration has recently been shown to buffer the microphysical suppression of precipitation. In the current study, large eddy simulations with a two‐moment bin microphysics model are employed to revisit this buffering and to investigate the role of vertical wind shear in aerosol‐cloud interactions in trade wind cumuli. An idealized case is developed based on ship measurements and corresponding reanalysis data over the Sulu Sea in the Philippines in September 2012. A quasi‐steady state is reached after roughly 25 – 35 hr for all six simulations performed (three different aerosol concentrations covering 35 – 230 cm−3, with/without vertical wind shear). All simulations show that the aerosol effect is buffered, to first order; increased aerosol results in deeper clouds, a reduced cloud fraction, and an increase in the shortwave cloud radiative effect. For the no‐shear cases, positive aerosol perturbations result in a small increase in surface precipitation, while the opposite is true in the presence of vertical wind shear because of muted deepening. Analysis shows competing influences of vertical wind shear; enhanced cloud clustering protects clouds from evaporation and entrainment while tilting of clouds enhances evaporation. In spite of the small responses of surface precipitation to very large changes in aerosol, cloud size and spatial distributions and charge/discharge precipitation cycles differ significantly, expressing changes in the pathways to surface precipitation and a dynamical buffering of the system.
The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Description and Results at High Resolution
Authors: Caldwell Peter M. , Mametjanov Azamat , Tang Qi , Van Roekel Luke P. , Golaz Jean‐Christophe , Lin Wuyin , Bader David C. , Keen Noel D. , Feng Yan , Jacob Robert , Maltrud Mathew E. , Roberts Andrew F. , Taylor Mark A. , Veneziani Milena , Wang Hailong , Wolfe Jonathan D. , Balaguru Karthik , Cameron‐Smith Philip , Dong Lu , Klein Stephen A. , Leung L. Ruby , Li Hong‐Yi , Li Qing , Liu Xiaohong , Neale Richard B. , Pinheiro Marielle , Qian Yun , Ullrich Paul A. , Xie Shaocheng , Yang Yang , Zhang Yuying , Zhang Kai , Zhou Tian
Published: November 2019

This study provides an overview of the coupled high‐resolution Version 1 of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1) and documents the characteristics of a 50‐year‐long high‐resolution control simulation with time‐invariant 1950 forcings following the HighResMIP protocol. In terms of global root‐mean‐squared error metrics, this high‐resolution simulation is generally superior to results from the low‐resolution configuration of E3SMv1 (due to resolution, tuning changes, and possibly initialization procedure) and compares favorably to models in the CMIP5 ensemble. Ocean and sea ice simulation is particularly improved, due to better resolution of bathymetry, the ability to capture more variability and extremes in winds and currents, and the ability to resolve mesoscale ocean eddies. The largest improvement in this regard is an ice‐free Labrador Sea, which is a major problem at low resolution. Interestingly, several features found to improve with resolution in previous studies are insensitive to resolution or even degrade in E3SMv1. Most notable in this regard are warm bias and associated stratocumulus deficiency in eastern subtropical oceans and lack of improvement in El Niño. Another major finding of this study is that resolution increase had negligible impact on climate sensitivity (measured by net feedback determined through uniform +4K prescribed sea surface temperature increase) and aerosol sensitivity. Cloud response to resolution increase consisted of very minor decrease at all levels. Large‐scale patterns of precipitation bias were also relatively unaffected by grid spacing.
Deep Origin of the Dome‐Shaped Hyblean Plateau, Southeastern Sicily: A New Tectono‐Magmatic Model
Authors: Henriquet Maxime , Dominguez Stéphane , Barreca Giovanni , Malavieille Jacques , Cadio Cécilia , Monaco Carmelo
Published: November 2019

Southeastern Sicily is characterized by a prominent topography known as the Hyblean Plateau. It is commonly considered as a flexural bulge formed by the northwest plunging of the Hyblean‐Malta platform beneath the Sicilian Fold and Thrust Belt. However its noncylindrical shape and multiphase uplift history correlated to the Late Miocene and Plio‐Pleistocene volcanism outline a possible magmatic control on the Hyblean Plateau topographic expression. We argue, using 2‐D flexural models, that the flexural bending alone is unlikely to explain the high anomalous elevation of the Hyblean Plateau. Moreover, topographic analysis show that the Hyblean Plateau has a dome shape composed of radially tilted preserved surfaces defining individual blocks. The block edges seem to be related to deep‐seated inherited faults. Using an analogue modeling approach, we show that magmatic intrusions beneath the thick Meso‐Cenozoic sedimentary cover can reproduce the first‐order morphology of the Hyblean Plateau when a structural inheritance is imposed. Accordingly, we propose a tectono‐magmatic model that favors mafic sill intrusions as the major uplift source for the topographic anomaly. However, to explain the strong positive Bouguer anomaly, a deeper high‐density intracrustal body is needed. Moho uprising related to Mesozoic rifting or mafic lower crust underplating/intraplating since the Late Cretaceous can be evoked. The small wavelength of the topography and the deep intracrustal mass anomaly makes the lithospheric elastic stresses sufficiently high to maintain a nonisostatic state over the geological time scales.
Analytical Solution of Advection‐Dispersion Boundary Value Processes in Environmental Flows
Authors: Sridharan Vamsi Krishna , Hein Andrew M.
Published: November 2019

The one‐dimensional advection‐dispersion equation with streamwise boundaries has been used to model a wide range of real‐world processes including groundwater contaminant transport, atmospheric plume deposition, and the movement of planktonic organisms and migratory animals through riverine systems. Imposing boundary conditions at upstream and downstream locations complicates the analysis of this equation, and processes that require such boundary conditions are, therefore, typically modeled using approximations that are valid only under certain conditions. Approximations typically involve a simplification of the mass influx into the system, require a large separation between source and boundary, or work only in either strongly advection‐ or strongly dispersion‐dominated systems. Here, we circumvent these limitations by providing an analytical solution to a class of advection‐dispersion equations that are broadly applicable to the processes described above as well as many other physical and biological problems. Our solution makes it possible to relax the assumptions required under previous analytic approximations, making it a more flexible approach for modeling advection‐dispersion processes under realistic field conditions. We show that the solution is in good agreement with random walk simulations. To illustrate the broad utility of the method, we also apply it to an empirical data set from a population of migratory fish moving through a river system in the California Central Valley and demonstrate that it describes the data more accurately than do existing methods.
Adjustment of Radar‐Gauge Rainfall Discrepancy Due to Raindrop Drift and Evaporation Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model and Dual‐Polarization Radar
Authors: Dai Qiang , Yang Qiqi , Han Dawei , Rico‐Ramirez Miguel A. , Zhang Shuliang
Published: November 2019

Radar‐gauge rainfall discrepancies are considered to originate from radar rainfall measurements while ignoring the fact that radar observes rain aloft while a rain gauge measures rainfall on the ground. Observations of raindrops observed aloft by weather radars consider that raindrops fall vertically to the ground without changing in size. This premise obviously does not stand because raindrop location changes due to wind drift and raindrop size changes due to evaporation. However, both effects are usually ignored. This study proposes a fully formulated scheme to numerically simulate both raindrop drift and evaporation in the air and reduces the uncertainties of radar rainfall estimation. The Weather Research and Forecasting model is used to simulate high‐resolution three‐dimensional atmospheric fields. A dual‐polarization radar retrieves the raindrop size distribution for each radar pixel. Three schemes are designed and implemented using the Hameldon Hill radar in Lancashire, England. The first considers only raindrop drift, the second considers only evaporation, and the last considers both aspects. Results show that wind advection can cause a large drift for small raindrops. Considerable loss of rainfall is observed due to raindrop evaporation. Overall, the three schemes improve the radar‐gauge correlation by 3.2%, 2.9%, and 3.8% and reduce their discrepancy by 17.9%, 8.6%, and 21.7%, respectively, over eight selected events. This study contributes to the improvement of quantitative precipitation estimation from radar polarimetry and allows a better understanding of precipitation processes.
Quantification of Hyporheic Nitrate Removal at the Reach Scale: Exposure Times Versus Residence Times
Authors: Frei S. , Durejka S. , Le Lay H. , Thomas Z. , Gilfedder B.S.
Published: November 2019

The rate of biogeochemical processing associated with natural degradation and transformation processes in the hyporheic zone (HZ) is one of the largest uncertainties in predicting nutrient fluxes. We present a lumped parameter model that can be used to quantify the mass loss for nitrate in the HZ operating at the scale of river reaches to the entire catchments. The model is based on using exposure times (ET) to account for the effective timescales of reactive transport in the HZ. Reach scale ET distributions are derived by removing the portion of hyporheic residence times (RT) associated with flow through the oxic zone. The model was used to quantify nitrate removal for two scenarios: (1) a 100 m generic river reach and (2) a small agricultural catchment in Brittany (France). For the field site, hyporheic RT were derived from measured in‐stream 222Rn activities and mass balance modeling. Simulations were carried out using different types of RT distributions (exponential, power law, and gamma‐type) for which ET were derived. Mass loss of nitrate in the HZ for the field site ranged from 0 to 0.45 kg day−1 depending on the RT distribution and the availability of oxygen in the streambed sediments. Simulations with power law ET distribution models only show very little removal of nitrate due to the heavy weighting toward shorter flow paths that are confined to the oxic sediments. Based on the simulation results, we suggest that using ET will likely lead to more realistic estimates for nutrient removal in river and stream networks.