bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Connotative Structure of Adjectives
Authors: Rotberg Iris C.
Published: September 2011

Associative structure of a set of adjectives was found by means of chained responses to each stimulus. These multiple responses were used to measure the general organization of the stimuli and thereby indicate their affective relationships. Many adjectives which had appeared independent of each other when first responses only were considered, shared associative meaning when chained responses were given. Therefore, there is evidence for deep associative relations among words not revealed by single responses.
Operationism, Metaphysics, and the Philosophy of Ordinary Language
Authors: Averill James R.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that: (a) operationism shares with metaphysics four important features; (b) operationism reflects an underlying attitude toward language which may have undesirable consequences on the novice investigator; (c) the distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification does not represent a sharp dichotomy, either logically or psychologically, and therefore cannot be used to secure operationism against criticism; (d) the triviality of many psychological findings stems in part from an oversimplified view of the role of language in psychology; (e) there is considerable knowledge concerning behavioral constancies embedded in the vernacular. Finally, a brief overview of the philosophy of ordinary language is presented and its relevance for psychology is discussed.
Can Implicit Associative Responses Be Measured by Word Association Tests?
Authors: Jung John , Weber Sonya
Published: September 2011

The number of superordinate responses on a categorized word association test was lower when stimulus words from each category were presented in blocks or when there was no time pressure for responding. Both findings illustrate the susceptibility of word associations to the influence of variations in administrative procedures. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the relationship between overt word-association-test responses and implicit associative responses.
Effects of Alternating Weak and Strong Shock during Blocks of Variable-Interval Punishment
Authors: Filby Yasuko
Published: September 2011

12 naive rats were run on a variable-interval punishment schedule (superimposed on a variable-interval food schedule) during 4 punishment periods, alternated with 4 no-punishment periods. Punishment intensity for the 4 punishment periods was varied in two sequences: 0.4 ma., 1.0 ma., 0.4 ma., and 1.0 ma., or vice versa. Two effects of punishment were observed: (1) an immediate, but reversible, suppressive effect during punishment and (2) a permanent, gradual decremental effect which was observed during post-punishment sessions. The two effects appeared to function reciprocally. When strong suppression during the weaker punishment (first effect) occurred in some Ss, there was better recovery following punishment to pre-punishment levels (no second effect); however, if little suppression (no first effect) occurred and S continued to respond, there was more eventual response decrement (second effect).
Coping, Defense and Socially Desirable Responses
Authors: Alker Henry A.
Published: September 2011

Coping and defensive behaviors, assessed by intensive interviews, covary, respectively, with the presence of socially desirable and socially undesirable inventory responses. Minimizing the influence of the social desirability variable consequently interferes with the strategic capacity of inventory items to index coping and defense. Furthermore, using low social-desirability scale value items most effectively discriminates between genuine and defensively distorted inventory responses. Neutral items are less efficient in this connection even though they minimize socially desirable responding.
Reinforcement Schedule, Intertrial Activity, and Verbal Operant Conditioning
Authors: David Kenneth H. , Dielman T. E.
Published: September 2011

An investigation of the effect of different reinforcement schedules (RS) upon conditioning and awareness in a verbal operant conditioning situation (VOC). 40 Ss were given Taffel's sentence-completion task with one-half of Ss given an intertrial color-naming task (ICN). Ss were placed on a 100%, 66%, 33%, or 0% RS for Trials 11–100, with no reinforcement given during Trials 101 to 150. The 100% and 66% RS groups showed conditioning of “I-we” responses ( p < .01) and a decrease in the correct response during extinction ( p < .01). The 33% RS group failed to condition ( p > .05). ICN had no effect upon VOC or awareness as measured by Dulany's post-conditioning interview ( p > .05).
Comparative Effectiveness of Behavioral Rehearsal and Verbal Reinforcement for Effecting Anger Expressiveness
Authors: Wagner Mervyn K.
Published: September 2011

Psychiatric patients reinforced by light onset for increases in anger expressiveness showed greater increase in expressiveness than controls without treatment between assessments. A group experiencing behavior rehearsal between tests also increased in expressiveness.
Effects of Response Uncertainty and Degree of Knowledge on Subjective Uncertainty
Authors: Hoge Robert D. , Lanzetta John T.
Published: September 2011

The experiment was designed to examine the effects on subjective uncertainty of variations in response uncertainty and amount of information and to explore the relationship between two indices of subjective uncertainty, confidence in decision and decision time. 18 Ss were exposed to a 4-factor repeated measures design involving 6 levels of response uncertainty, 2 levels of ‘unknown information’, 2 levels of ‘known information’, and 2 orders of problem presentation. Confidence in decision was significantly affected by response uncertainty, ‘unknown information’, ‘known information’, and the interaction of the 2 information conditions. Decision time was significantly affected by response uncertainty and ‘known information.’
Definition of Suicidal Behaviors
Authors: Devries Alcon G.
Published: September 2011

A proposal for classifying suicides, potential and real, is described and proposed as a working base for further refinement.
Studies in Forced Compliance: X. Attitude Change and Commitment to Maintain Publicly a Counterattitudinal Position
Authors: Ashmore Richard D. , Collins Barry E.
Published: September 2011

Three variables thought to affect attitude change produced by forced compliance were varied: public-private, true-persuasive and high-low financial inducement. Public Ss signed a statement in which they promised to maintain their counterattitudinal position outside the laboratory. These public Ss had a tendency ( p < .10) to show more attitude change than private Ss. Significantly more Ss refused to comply in the low inducement, public conditions than in the other conditions combined. Analysis of performance measures indicated generally negative results.
Effects of Salesman Faking Instructions on the Contact Personality Factor Test
Authors: Braun John R. , La Faro Dolores
Published: September 2011

Effects of two faking instructions on the Contact Personality Factor Test were investigated. Contact and distortion scores were significantly increased under both faking sets. The instruction which warned that a means existed for detection of faking produced significantly smaller increases in contact and distortion than did the instruction without such warning. Distortion scores showed a moderate degree of effectiveness in discriminating between regular and faked administration protocols.
Adaptation to the Punishing Effects of Cold Water
Authors: Hamm Robert J. , Riccio David C.
Published: September 2011

In order to investigate the reduction of the punishing effects of a cold-water barrier in an approach-avoidance conflict situation, three groups of rats ( N = 27) were trained to run a straight alley for a reward. After initial approach training the alley was modified by the installation of a water trough in front of the goal. When all groups were tested with 50°F water in the barrier, Ss trained with gradually declining water temperatures in the barrier performed significantly better ( p < .01) than Ss trained with a constant water temperature of 50°F or Ss trained with 95°F water in the trough. The results are related to those of similar experiments using electric shock as the punishing stimulus.
Semantic Conditioning and Generalization
Authors: Lerner Richard M.
Published: September 2011

One female college freshman, serving as 5, was conditioned to salivate to a list of words, and generalization to synonym-related and homonym-related word lists was then studied. No significant difference was found between generalization to the word lists of synonyms and homonyms; both lists exerted the same control over behavior. E concluded that these results support the notion that reliable semantic generalization gradients can not be demonstrated when the data of individual Ss are considered. Some shortcomings of semantic conditioning and generalization research are discussed.
Facilitation of Discriminated Avoidance Learning by Prior Operant Training
Authors: Cicero Theodore J. , Myers Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Prior operant training facilitated discriminated lever-press avoidance performance when discontinuous shock (0.2 sec. on time, 2.0 sec. off time) was delivered to rats. Avoidance rather than escape responding occurred in all of the animals whether massed training (3 sessions per day) or spaced training (1 session per day) was given. In control rats, which received no prior operant experience, avoidance learning was markedly inferior to that of the trained animals.
Facilitation of Avoidance Responding in White Rats during a Stimulus Preceding Food
Authors: Coulscn Grant , Walsh Maxine
Published: September 2011

The lever pressing of four food deprived male albino rats was maintained by a modified free-operant shock-avoidance procedure. Periodically a clicking sound (CS) was presented. Towards the end of the CS, 10 sucrose pellets (US) were delivered provided S did not press in a given period immediately preceding food delivery. Three independent variables were studied: level of deprivation, kind of avoidance schedule and length of the no-response period preceding pellet delivery. Response facilitation during the CS was found at certain combinations of the independent variables.
The ECHO Multi-Response Method for Surveying Value and Influence Patterns in Groups
Authors: Barthol Richard P. , Bridge R. Gary
Published: September 2011

A technique originated by Bavelas was modified in 2 ways: (a) the responses of 91 Ss (female clerical employees) were classified by 8 other Ss rather than by E, and (b) a resultant list of salient values was judged by 43 new Ss against a list generated by an expert (a personnel director). Alternate instructions to the judges favored values “important to” (a) employees and (b) the company; as hypothesized, Ss preferred the employee list under the employee condition and no preference was observed under the company condition. E concludes the company may be overlooking employee needs for pleasant personal relations and interest in the work. Methodological and theoretical questions are listed for later study.
Self-Disclosure in Prisoners
Authors: Brodsky Stanley L. , Komaridis George V.
Published: September 2011

Self-disclosing behavior in prisoners may be viewed as indicative of identification patterns during “prisonization.” To 65 military prisoners in their first month of imprisonment, a modified Jourard Self-disclosure Scale was administered twice. Disclosure was not significantly related to psychiatric diagnosis, type of offense, or biographical variables. However, differences among confiding targets were significant. Data did not support the presence of a clear “prisonization” process in this sample but suggested a continuity of tendencies to disclose self in free and prison settings.
Effect of Increased Reward on the Two-Person Non-Zero-Sum Game
Authors: Axelrod Saul , May Jack G.
Published: September 2011

Using 12 pairs of college males as Ss, a study was done to determine what effect, if any, the introduction of greater amounts of potential reward would have on the number of collaborative responses made by Ss when playing the G-type game introduced by Scodel, et al. (1959). Only 2 of 12 pairs played the game in a collaborative manner. The correlation between the number of collaborative responses and the amount of money for which the game was being played was insignificant. These results support those of Scodel, et al. (1939).
Arousal Level and Investigative Response
Authors: Hilgendorf Robert L.
Published: September 2011

This study was concerned with the relationship between investigative response and arousal level including change in arousal level. Data were from 18 Ss placed in both a task situation and an investigative situation. Ss were divided into two groups based on whether their SRLs increased or decreased during the investigative period when compared with the SRLs during the task period. It was found that the group whose members had shown an increased level (as measured by SRL) investigated significantly less during the investigation period and had significantly higher general test anxiety (as measured by the Test Anxiety Questionnaire) than the group whose members had shown a decrease in resistance level.
Delayed Feedback Effects on Learning and Retention of Morse Code Symbols
Authors: Aiken Edwin G.
Published: September 2011

In five experimental comparisons of delayed and immediate feedback on the learning of visually presented Morse Code by adult Ss, no effect on learning was shown. Four studies employing recall as the retention measure also yielded no influences of delay on retention. The fifth comparison employed relearning as the retention measure and found superior retention for Ss receiving immediate feedback during learning. These findings contrast with those of a good number of studies with children in which learning under delay produced superior relearning, i.e., the Delay Retention Effect. Hypotheses concerning the different influences of delay on children vs adults and on learning vs retention are put forward.
Response Sets as Personality Concepts
Authors: Lanyon Richard I. , Drotar Dennis
Published: September 2011

This study examined behavioral correlates of three response-set measures. High and low extreme scorers were selected on Edwards' SD scale, the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability ( NA: need for approval) scale, and Wiggins' acquiescence ( Rb) scale. All Ss performed a dart-throwing task which gave them an opportunity to display either socially desirable behavior (refusal to cheat) or approval-motivated behavior (cheating). Acquiescent behavior was assessed from a standardized interview using trivial questions. High SD Ss cheated less than low SD Ss and high NA Ss cheated more than low NA Ss on one of several cheating measures employed. Acquiescent interview behavior was strongly related to Rb scores. The results thus offered limited support for the utility of response set measures as personality concepts.
Individual vs Group Learning: Note on Two Task Variables
Authors: Napier Herman S.
Published: September 2011

The pooling of abilities or nominal groups technique was used in the present experiment to compare individuals with two-person groups on a picture-puzzle task. When size of the task was limited to a part (one-fourth) of the puzzle or the duration of the task was restricted to a few (four) trials, no difference between individuals and groups was evident. However, as task size and number of trials increased, groups performed at a significantly higher level than individuals. The difference was discussed in terms of information available to group members and the time required for group formation.
Effects of Reward Magnitude and Duration on Runway Performance
Authors: Dachowski Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Rats ( N = 60) received large rewards with unlimited consummatory time, large rewards with a 20-sec. goal-box time limit, or small rewards with a 20-sec. time limit. Runway performance was a function of reward size but not consummatory time.
Enhancement of Exploratory Behavior by Strychnine Sulfate
Authors: Theologus George C. , Gibby Robert G. , Gibby Robert G. , Crough David G.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of strychnine sulfate on the exploratory behavior of male, Wistar rats in an open field. The number of times S reared in a stimulus square and the number of stimuli to which a S reared were recorded for both experimental and control Ss. Analyses of covariance performed on both measures of exploratory behavior showed that exploratory behavior was significantly increased by strychnine sulfate.
Preference Patterns in a Noun-Pairing Task
Authors: Goldstein Mymon , Steinberg Richard J.
Published: September 2011

Lists of nouns were constructed to contain one exemplar from each of seven semantic classes. Ss attempted to construct funny two-word movie titles by selecting and ordering words from the prepared lists. There were clear-cut patterns of preference that seemed related either to humor or the subjective importances of the semantic classes.
Brief Method for Assessing Social-Personal Orientation
Authors: Carlson Rae , Levy Nissim
Published: September 2011

This study reports the development of a brief measure of the construct “social-personal orientation” (SPO), defined as a tendency to define one's self-concept primarily in terms of social experiences of in terms independent of social relationships. Choices of “social” or “personal” terms on a 30-item adjective checklist were stable and internally consistent in three samples of college students. Evidence on construct validity of the measure was obtained from responses of 88 males and 75 females to the Carlson Adjective Checklist and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Predicted sex differences and relationships of SPO to Sensation-Intuition and Thinking-Feeling type scores on the MBTI were confirmed at the .001 level.
Words Functioning Simultaneously as Operant and Respondent Reinforcers: Preliminary Study
Authors: Abell Andrew T.
Published: September 2011

A new group, verbal-conditioning device, together with a rating sheet, was used in an identical- Ss design with 40 undergraduate Ss to demonstrate the simultaneous operation of words as operant reinforcers and UCSs. The conditioning device allowed the presentation of words having either positive or negative evaluative meaning to be contingent upon whether a motor response was made to one or to another CVC, respectively. The rating sheet was used subsequently to determine whether meaning had been conditioned to the CVCs. As predicted, the tendency to respond to CVCs followed by positive words was greater than that to CVCs followed by negative words; and CVCs preceding positive words were subsequently rated as more pleasant than those preceding negative words.
Control of Feeding Behavior in Poultry
Authors: Centa David M. , Foshee Donald P. , Howes J. R.
Published: September 2011

Certain intermittent lighting schedules can produce heavier chickens than the traditional 14-hr. light—10-hr. dark regimen by providing for adequate food intake with minimum activity. This phenomenon is affected by behavioral control and is unaffected by restriction of feed during dark periods.
Relative Emphasis on Nine Values by a Group of College Students
Authors: Weisskopf-Joelson Edith , Anderson Jane M. , Alleman Sarah A. , Katkin Steven
Published: September 2011

The problems were the following: (a) the relative degree to which Ss emphasize 9 values and (b) the relationship between the emphases and demographic data pertaining to Ss. A questionnaire with paired comparisons of the values and demographic questions was administered to 139 students at Duke University. The results indicate the values were emphasized in the following order from high to low with significant differences ( p = .05): Self-interpretation; Self-actualization; Humanistic Support, Relationship as a homogeneous subset; Positive Evaluation of Suffering, Dedication, Support, Achievement as a homogeneous subset; Conformity. The relationships of demographic data to the choices were reported. One conclusion was that values which focus on Ss themselves received the highest emphases.
Practice Effect on Number Facility Performance
Authors: Kysor Kragg P. , Hart James J.
Published: September 2011

Equations were fitted to learning data obtained on the Number Facility (NF) subtest of the Repetitive Psychometric Measures. Ss were divided into three groups to increase the correlation between their individual scores and the resulting equations. The equations were derived from the pooled scores of two samples. The theoretical performance of Ss based on a logarthmic function was then compared with the actual performance of a third sample. The amount of variability accounted for by the equations ranged from 53 to 86%.
Risk is a Value
Authors: Willems Edwin P.
Published: September 2011

Data supported the assumption that persons tend to view themselves as moderately risky vis-a-vis their peers. Ss tended to ascribe positions to their peers that were equal to or more cautious than their own and participation in group discussion enhanced the probability of this relative judgment.
Multitrial Free Recall and Sequential Ordering of Items Having High Variance of Meaningfulness
Authors: Abramczyk Rudolf R. , Bousfield Weston A.
Published: September 2011

Two matched lists of 10 CVCs of high variance in meaningfulness ( M) were presented to Ss for 21 input-output trials of MTFR. While the lists elicited differing recall and sequential ordering, ITR, other analyses indicated consistencies in the two sets of data. Thus item-pairs, ITR-units, ordered in recall tended to have similar M-values. Furthermore, the tendency of individual items to serve as anchor points for individual ITR-units was positively related to their memorability. of special interest was the nature of the relationship between the M-values of items and errors of non-recall. Along with a negative relationship between M-value and non-recall there was an error peak for items with intermediate M-values. The tentative theoretical explanation of this result was based mainly upon Murdock's theory of varying distinctiveness of quantitatively ordered items.
The Validity of the Ammons' Quick Test of Intelligence
Authors: Mednick Martha T.
Published: September 2011

The validity of the Quick Test was shown to be robust even though test administrators were relatively untrained.
Inhibition with Reinforcement: Failure to Confirm
Authors: Jackson Donald E.
Published: September 2011

10 male albino rats were run 30 trials daily in a 10-ft. alley for water reinforcement (¼ cc. per trial) in an attempt to confirm earlier findings of inhibition with reinforcement, i.e., failure to run even though reinforcement is available and motivation is high. After 66 days no S reached the non-running criterion whereas all of Kendrick's (1958) Ss failed to run after an average of 33 days. Failure of Kendrick's Ss to run was discussed in terms of possible genetic and environmental artifacts.
Influence of Magnesium Pemoline upon Acquired DRL Performance
Authors: Thompson Richard W. , Meyer Merle E.
Published: September 2011

5 rats, previously trained to a criterion on drl, were tested, in 3 replications, with injections of tragacanth on 2 days and of magnesium pemoline on 1 day. Magnesium pemoline significantly impaired drl performance, but there were no significant changes within each session not as a function of replications.
Some Determinants of Certitude Judgments in a Complex Decision-Making Task
Authors: Landis Daniel , Slivka Robert M. , Silver Carl A.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the relationship between certitude and decision adequacy using a complex problem-solving task. 120 male college Ss, serving with pay, solved 12 problems which varied in amount of information and method of coding. Each S also estimated the adequacy of his solution as well as the affective tone of the situation after the solution of each problem. Data were also available from a set of cognitive-perceptual-style measures. Results indicated that: (1) the correlation between decision adequacy and certitude is low and probably of negligible significance; (2) certitude is closely related to affective aspects of the stimulus; and, (3) level of certitude is related to the level of cognitive and perceptual scanning employed by S. It is suggested that (1) the correlation between certitude and decision adequacy may also be a function of the extensiveness of the response repertoire permitted S in the experimental situation, and (2) more intensive examination of individual differences with respect to accuracy of certitude judgments may be necessary.
Generality of Willingness to Take Risks
Authors: Weinstein Eugene , Martin Jerald
Published: September 2011

Intercorrelations were computed among measures of chance risk and interpersonal risk-taking for 120 undergraduate Ss. While low, correlations were in the hypothesized direction, with 6 of 20 exceeding the .05 level. The findings suggest some generality of willingness to take risks over both the material and interpersonal areas.
Effects of Litter Size on Emotionality, Adrenocortical Reactivity, and Susceptibility to Gastric Erosions in the Rat
Authors: Grota Lee J. , Ader Robert
Published: September 2011

Rats reared in litters of 4 and 12 pups did not differ in emotional reactivity, but plasma corticosterone levels were higher in the animals reared in the larger litters. Under 6-hr. immobilization there were no differences in the incidence of gastric erosions, whereas under 18-hr. immobilization, the incidence of gastric erosions was greater in the animals reared in litters of 12. This was attributed to a decrease in susceptibiliry among the rats reared in the smaller sized litters.
Relationship between Estimated Occurrence and Social Desirability Scale Value of Objective Personality Items
Authors: Walsh James A. , Penberthy Doris K. , Earley Sharon R.
Published: September 2011

Item parameters have been used to predict and unify many aspects of behavior related to objective personality items. Parameters such as probability of endorsement and social desirability scale value have not been related to the likelihood of occurrence in the population of the overt behavior signified by an item. This study showed that both social desirability scale value and probability of endorsement correlate highly with probability of occurrence estimated by a sample of judges. The correlation between probability of occurrence and probability of endorsement is higher than the other two correlations among these three item characteristics for both male and female Ss.
Employment Rankings of Disadvantaged Groups by Manpower Personnel
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

18 different disadvantaged groups were compared with each other by the paired-comparison method in terms of the disadvantage they meet when seeking employment. High school and university educated Manpower personnel showed high agreement in ranking the groups.
Note on Social-Distance Statements Relating to Employment Situations
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

Out of a total of 116 statements, the 15 pertaining to social distance in employment received scale values that fall between those pertaining to marital and close friendship contexts and those relating to rights of citizenship.
Effects of Pre-Trial Strychnine on Maze Learning
Authors: Livecchi S. Gareth , Dusewicz Russell A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of pre-trial administration of strychnine sulphate on maze learning were assessed for both massed and distributed practice. Analysis of trials to criterion and errors to criterion confirmed strychnine's facilitation of learning under massed practice but showed no such facilitating effect under distributed practice.
Effects of Token Reinforcement in a Therapeutic Camp
Authors: Forehand Rex , Mulhern Tom , Rickard Henry C.
Published: September 2011

Token reinforcement was employed as a behavior modification technique in a therapeutic camping environment. The results suggest that token reinforcement can affect crying and aggressive behavior.
“Wishful Thinking” on the Presidential Election
Authors: Mascaro Guillermo F.
Published: September 2011

Students' predictions about the 1968 presidential election were related to their desires on the issue. In accord with other investigations, positive correlations were found between prediction of outcomes and desirability of outcomes. Also, the correlation coefficient was higher for the more uncertain predictions.
Reliability of the Wayte Method of Investigating Self-Perceptions
Authors: Brodsky Stanley L. , Owens Shirlee
Published: September 2011

The Who-Are-You-Time-Extension (WAYTE) method was administered twice to 68 introductory psychology students. The split-half reliability estimates were low and the retest estimates variable and satisfactory only for the combined categories. The interscorer consistency among three judges was in the high .80s and the .90s for four categories and generally moderate to high for the remainder.
Differential Eyelid Conditioning as a Function of CS-UCS Interval and Distance Separating the CSS
Authors: Vandament W. E.
Published: September 2011

Human Ss were given differential eyelid conditioning at CS-UCS intervals of 400, 600, and 800 msec. to visual CSs separated by 1.25 and 2.50 in. The CS outlines were not visible to S during the intertrial interval as they customarily are in spatial discrimination tasks. CS+ response levels increased with interval throughout the range employed with CS− levels increasing only through 600 msec. No differentiation was observed at 400 and 600 msec. intervals at either level of separation. These results indicate that CS-UCS interval functions in differential conditioning cannot be generally defined and must be related to the conditions employed in a given experiment.
The Primacy of Narcissism
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

Arguments are presented in support of Freud's position that narcissism developmentally precedes object love. Narcissism in mature human relationships can be exemplified by the case of being in love.
Note on the Predictive Validity of Hammill and Irwin's Abstraction Test
Authors: Blount William R.
Published: September 2011

Using two concept-usage tasks, some evidence for the predictive validity of Hammill and Irwin's abstraction test for mentally retarded Ss is presented. Ss were EMR and culturally disadvantaged elementary school children. Generally the test predicted fairly well; however, a lack of discriminative power for the population employed was noted.
An Analysis of Ghiselli's Moderator Variable
Authors: Conger Anthony J.
Published: September 2011

A mathematical model for Ghiselli's moderator variable and index of predictability is developed. From this mathematical structure, conclusions and implications are drawn concerning the use of moderators in multiple regression and suppression. In addition, guides are given as to when and where to look for moderators. Finally, the structure is related to Wiggins' “components of variance” in order to show how moderator and index of predictability situations might arise.
Effect on Food Intake by Rats of Day-Night Cycle Control and Increment in Deprivation
Authors: Ong Jin , Nunes Dennis
Published: September 2011

Additional data on the relation between food intake and deprivation were provided by incorporating Siegel's day-night cycle control and extending the small increments in deprivation. Ten male hooded rats were housed in individual translucen cages and exposed to a constant illumination from a 25-w light. on the last day of a 10-day base period 10 Ss were assigned to 10 deprivation levels: 0, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 hr., but each S began a sequence at each of the 10 levels and then began another at the next level so that each level preceded and followed each other level an equal number of times. Before each deprivation Ss were weighed, deprived, and then given a 3-hr. food-intake period. At the end of this period remaining food pellets were removed and weighed. Ss were maintained on a continuous food schedule for at least twice as long as the last deprivation in order to regain lost weight. Food intake increased steadily and reached constant maximum after 16 hr., not the usual 24 hr.
Negro and War Attitudes of the Same Persons Assessed at Three Points over a Thirty-Three Year Period
Authors: Caffrey Bernard , Capel William C.
Published: September 2011

Because of recent events regarding the Viet Nam war and the Negro problem in America, 98 persons who had completed Thurstone-type attitude scales in 1935 and 1965 were re-surveyed in 1968. A high response rate (95%) was obtained. Negro attitudes remained stable over the 3- and 33-yr. periods (65.08 = .91, and 35.09 = .73). War attitudes, however, did not remain as stable (65.08 = .56, and 35.08 = .27), because of shifts to neutral positions over the 33-yr. period. A factor analysis of the Negro scale revealed that 9 of the original 16 items were durable through time. Only 10 of the original 22 War-scale items were reliable through the same time period. Results were consistent with the idea that racial attitudes are formed at a very early age and remain rather stable while attitudes such as militarism-pacifism are formed later in life and are more subject to change.
Change in Racial Attitudes of White Southerners after Exposure to the Atmosphere of a Southern University
Authors: Caffrey Bernard , Anderson Simms , Garrison Janet
Published: September 2011

60 students were administered a Likert-type Negro Attitude Test to determine the effects of parental education, sex, and time spent at the university on attitudes toward Negroes. Parental education (college vs non-college) was not related to Negro attitudes. College seniors were significantly ( p < .01) less prejudiced than freshmen. Some interaction ( p < .08) was found between students' sex and class level, as reflected in the fact that male freshmen had the highest prejudice scores, female freshmen were next, followed by the female seniors. Senior males were the least prejudiced group.
A Barrier Holder for the Hebb-Williams Maze
Authors: Geller Lester M.
Published: September 2011

A simple, reliable, trouble-free, stainless-steel barrier holder, for use in the Hebb-Williams maze, is pictured and described.
Conformity as a Function of Race and Age
Authors: Janney Fred , Mallory Sharon , Rossitto Richard , Simon John
Published: September 2011

The conformity behavior of 16 black and 16 white male Ss, ages 7 and 11, was studied, using the “Asch technique” in same race and opposite race, 3-member confederate groups. Data showed that conformity was not a function of the race of Ss or the confederates. Age of Ss was a significant factor, conformity decreasing as age increased.
Self-Choices, Preferences, and Personality Traits
Authors: Thetford William N. , Schucman Helen
Published: September 2011

This is the third in a series of studies based on the Personality Assessment System (PAS), a new approach to relating personality traits to intellectual test performance. In the sample were 152 young, white, “normal” males of at least average intelligence. The purpose was to test hypotheses involving Ss' self-concepts and preferences as obtained independently of the intelligence test data on an instrument devised along theory-determined lines. 9 hypotheses were drawn up in advance, of which 5 were upheld statistically. The study provides an example of the kind of specific hypothesis testing the PAS permits and some further evidence in support of its theoretical formulations.
Repetition of Persuasion
Authors: Weiss Robert Frank
Published: September 2011

The effect of repeated exposures to a persuasive communication upon opinion formation was studied experimentally rather than by analysis of the mass media. Half the Ss were exposed to the communications once, and the other half were exposed to the same communications three times ( N = 120). Three exposures resulted in greater opinion formation than did one exposure ( .P < .005).
Adventitious Punishment in Two Conditioned Suppression Procedures
Authors: Gottwald Peter
Published: September 2011

9 male hooded rats were trained to press a lever for food on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. They received 40 1-hr. sessions on 1 of 4 temporally defined schedules of conditioned suppression. A new procedure was then designed. Ss received 15 sessions in which electric shock occurred either at the end of programmed stimulus periods or contingent upon the first response emitted after onset of the last minute in stimulus. A significant punishment effect of contingent shock was observed ( p < .01) that was mostly due to shock closely following a whole sequence of responses. The usefulness of the behavioral baseline thus obtained for the study of psychotropic drugs is discussed.
Mobility as a Factor in Adolescent Identity Problems
Authors: Cohen Helen A. , Miller Rivka
Published: September 2011

Social mobility has been viewed as creating psychic discomfort for an individual. This study examined the self-images of 40 college students (20 upper-middle-class, 20 socially mobile) by means of a semantic differential designed to measure Erikson's concept of ego-identity. Contrary to expectations, the socially mobile group appeared to have more positive self-images than did the upper-middle-class group. The socially mobile viewed themselves as mote autonomous and more productive than did their upper-middle class counterparts, and this contributed to their view of themselves as competent individuals. In adolescence, social mobility may be related to psychic ease rather than to the postulated psychic discomfort.
Clinical Judgment of Rigidity by Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Bartz Wayne R.
Published: September 2011

20 volunteers from each of the 3 major mental health professions made clinical judgments of the presence or absence of “rigidity” in 16 case histories. The histories contained all possible combinations of 4 literature-identified aspects of rigidity. The results indicate that rigidity is considered present when an individual shows 2 or more of the following: failure to adapt to changing situations, involuntary repetition of responses, emotional-intellectual suppression. If he experiences stress, anxiety, or insecurity, rigidity is contra-indicated. Considering the differences between such clinical views of rigidity and those incorporated in most laboratory research, it is suggested that attempts be made to demonstrate predictive validity of the clinical concept.
Experimental Manipulation of Individual Performance within Groups of Rats Engaged in a “Social Problem”
Authors: Oldfield-Box Hilary
Published: September 2011

5 experiments showed divisions of labour were not maintained in 3 of 4 groups of Ss with differing schedules of reinforcement; altering schedules of Ss in established groups did not relate to later behavior; when they were trained on one task and shifted to the other, variability increased.
Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction: A Clarification
Authors: Hogan Robert , Mankin Donald
Published: September 2011

Discussions of interpersonal attraction should attend closely to the manner in which likability is operationalized. In accordance with New-comb's (1956) original distinction, this paper provides evidence that the determinants of “General Liking” may be quite different from those of “clique” measures of likability. While “clique” measures are possibly related to similarity of personality, “General Liking” seems to reflect distinctive features of a personal interaction style.
Differences between 4th Grade Instructors on Intelligence of Boys and Girls
Authors: Neumeister David E.
Published: September 2011

To assess influence of 2 teachers on a class of 23 4th graders, the Level 3 Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test was administered in October and May. The female instructor usually operated on an established time, daily schedule from September to December; while the male teacher generally operated on a flexible-differentiated schedule from January to June. No significant changes in average class intelligence occurred.
Attitudes of Educated Young Adults toward Child Rearing
Authors: Treichel Bruce , Nance Dale
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine whether or not differences existed between educated young men ( n = 30) and women ( n = 46) in attitudes related to child rearing. Each ranked 50 behavior items for degree of concern using a Q-sort approach. Some differences between the two groups were found, although none was statistically significant.
Toward an Operational Definition of Anhedonia
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Klett William G. , Lorei Theodore W.
Published: September 2011

Systematic study of Rado's idea that anhedonia plays a central role in the development of schizophrenia has lagged for want of a suitable operational definition. Therefore, seven measures appearing to reflect anhedonia were intercorrelated and factor analyzed. The resulting varimax factors were named: Apathy vs Cheerfulness, defined by Psychotic Inpatient Profile and Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation items, Gurel's Goalless Apathy Scale and a Fun-seeking rating; and Apathy vs Energy, defined by Goalless Apathy, the Elgin Interests Scale, Fun-seeking, and a specially constructed MMPI scale. It is suggested that anhedonia might best be considered as a multivariate dimension but that, where a single definition is desired, the scales defining the second factor may be the most appropriate.
Transparency or Pseudo-Transparency on the Subscales of the Self-Perception Inventory
Authors: Martin William T.
Published: September 2011

The Self-perception Inventory (Martin, 1968, 1969) has been shown by Braun and Tinley (1970) to be fakable when administered to college Ss under experimental conditions. However, these results were obvious when examining examinee scores which supported the sensitivity of the validity subscales incorporated in the SPI.
Intermittent Reinforcement, Guilt, and Crime
Authors: Persons Roy W.
Published: September 2011

75 inmates admitted to a 22:1 ratio of committed offenses to apprehension. Guilt was negatively correlated with number of criminal offenses, crimes of violence were negatively correlated with guilt over hostility, and sexual offenses were negatively correlated with sexual guilt.
Personality Pattern of Depression and its Relation to Acquiescence
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

The Personality Research Form (PRF) was administered to 35 hospitalized patients with the diagnosis of severe depression. In comparison with a control group, the patients were significantly higher in Abasement, Harmavoidance, and Succorance but significantly lower in Achievement, Dominance, Endurance, Exhibition, Sentience, Understanding, and Desirability. When the groups were compared by using scores on the true-keyed subscales, 5 dimensions showed significant differences which did not occur on the false-keyed subscales of the same dimensions. There were significant differences for 8 other personality dimensions on the false-keyed subscales which were not found on the true-keyed subscales. It was hypothesized that depressed patients exhibit an acquiescence response set which is specifically related to and dependent upon the content of the personality dimension tested.
“Please Don't Talk to Anyone about This Experiment:” Disclosure of Deception by Debriefed Subjects
Authors: Lichtenstein Edward
Published: September 2011

Female Ss were deceived—a confederate tried to influence their opinions—debriefed, and then sworn to secrecy. They were then contacted, either immediately after the experiment or by telephone several days later, by a second confederate who attempted to elicit information about the experiment. Six of 36 female Ss in the immediate interview and 15 of 19 in the telephone interview disclosed “secret” information. The implications of the data for deception experiments are discussed.
Personality and Intellective Predictors and Academic Success in an Independent Study Science Course at the College Level
Authors: Szabo Michael , Feldhusen John F.
Published: September 2011

To determine if the addition of personality scores to a battery of intellective predictors of achievement would yield a significant increase in the multiple correlation a study was carried out in a structured independent study course at the college level. Standardized test scores (SAT and CEEB), high school grades, and personality scores from the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey were correlated with grades in the college course using a multiple regression analysis model. Predicted achievement based on SAT scores and high school graduation rank was used as a moderator variable to identify low, middle, and high predicted-achievement subgroups. The multiple correlation ( R) from the combined intellective and personality variables was significantly greater than the R from the intellective predictors alone for males, and middle and low predicted-achievement subgroups.
Temporal Stability of the Ppvt in Normal and Educable-Retarded Children
Authors: Raskin Larry M. , Fong Louella J.
Published: September 2011

The temporal stability of the PPVT, Form B, was investigated for two age groups from regular normal and special education classes (EMRs). The second administration of the test occurred 6 mo. after the first, following summer holidays. Analysis indicated that only the older normal Ss showed significant changes in MA, gaining 14 mo. Test-retest correlations ranged from .66 to .92.
Effects of Insulin, Metrazol, and Electroconvulsive Shocks upon Learning to Learn 30 Successive Reversal Problems by Rats
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng , Perez Vernon J. , Koonce Jefferson M.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relative effects of insulin, metrazol and electroconvulsive shocks upon learning to learn 30 successive reversal problems by rats, an enclosed square T-maze was used, with water as incentive after 23 hr. of deprivation. S had to achieve 9 correct out of 10 daily trials before a problem was reversed. 40 adult male rats were equally divided into a control and 3 differently shocked groups. Shocks were administered on 3 alternate days followed by 2 days of rest. Each time, Ss of the 4 groups received respectively 0.5 cc. of saline, 55 mg. of metrazol per kg. of body-weight, one unit of insulin per 20 gm. of body-weight, and an electric current of 50 ma. at 25 v for 150 msec. Convulsion in the insulin group was prevented by an injection of dextrose and potassium chloride. The control was significantly superior to the 3 shocked groups which were remarkably similar or practically identical in their performance during the initial 6 problems. Thereafter, both the non-convulsive (saline and insulin) groups did better than the 2 convulsive groups either in terms of error, day, or one-trial reversal score.
Validity Test of the Dogmatism Scale
Authors: Hanson David J.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of Dogmatism scores among authoritarians of the right and left supports Rokeach's contention that his scale taps general authoritarianism. However, examination of the correlations between the Dogmatism scale and the rightist and leftist authoritarianism subscales does not support the view that authoritarians of the right and the left are equally dogmatic.
Assessment of Motives in Children
Authors: Santostefano Sebastiano
Published: September 2011

This report describes a conceptual model, and assessment techniques based upon it, which have been developed to assess motives in children from the viewpoint of development.
A Technique for Assessing Strength of a Smoking Preference in Monkeys
Authors: Glick S. D. , Canfield J. L. , Jarvik M. E.
Published: September 2011

Three rhesus monkeys were trained to puff 1 of 2 tubes in order to obtain water. Cigarette smoke was delivered through one tube while air was delivered through the other. One of the monkeys showed a preference for the tube delivering air. Another monkey showed a preference for the tube delivering smoke. The third monkey showed no smoke or air preference. This technique therefore allowed smoking to be distinguished from puffing.