bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2,3‐Triazolo(4,5‐d)pyridazines
Authors: LIVI O. , SCARTONI V.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of the Tandem Cyclization‐Cycloaddition of Diazo Ketones for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules
Authors: PADWA A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Semisynthetic Glycopeptides: Chemistry, Structure‐Activity Relationships and Prospects
Authors: CIABATTI R. , MALABARBA A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxazolidinones, Dihydrofuranones, and Pyrrolidinones as Inactivators and Substrates of Monoamine Oxidase B: Approaches to the Design of Antiparkinsonian Agents
Authors: SILVERMAN R. B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Core‐Modified Porphyrins and Their Nickel Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemistry
Authors: LATOS‐GRAZYNSKI L. , CHMIELEWSKI P. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Electronic Conductors
Authors: NISHIHARA H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Triphase Catalysis
Authors: TOMOI M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of the Software to Control Biofunctions with Designed Molecules
Authors: SUZUKI M. , FURUTA K. , HOSOYA T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Comparative risk‐adjusted mortality outcomes after primary surgery, radiotherapy, or androgen‐deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Cooperberg Matthew R. , Vickers Andrew J. , Broering Jeanette M. , Carroll Peter R. ,   for the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) Investigators
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND:

Because no adequate randomized trials have compared active treatment modalities for localized prostate cancer, the authors analyzed risk‐adjusted, cancer‐specific mortality outcomes among men who underwent radical prostatectomy, men who received external‐beam radiation therapy, and men who received primary androgen‐deprivation therapy.

METHODS:

The Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) registry comprises men from 40 urologic practice sites who are followed prospectively under uniform protocols, regardless of treatment. In the current study, 7538 men with localized disease were analyzed. Prostate cancer risk was assessed using the Kattan preoperative nomogram and the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score, both well validated instruments that are calculated from clinical data at the time of diagnosis. A parametric survival model was constructed to compare outcomes across treatments adjusting for risk and age.

RESULTS:

In total, 266 men died of prostate cancer during follow‐up. Adjusting for age and risk, the hazard ratio for cancer‐specific mortality relative to prostatectomy was 2.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50‐3.24) for radiation therapy and 3.22 (95% CI, 2.16‐4.81) for androgen deprivation. Absolute differences between prostatectomy and radiation therapy were small for men at low risk but increased substantially for men at intermediate and high risk. These results were robust to a variety of different analytic techniques, including competing risks regression analysis, adjustment by CAPRA score rather than Kattan score, and examination of overall survival as the endpoint.

CONCLUSIONS:

Prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer was associated with a significant and substantial reduction in mortality relative to radiation therapy and androgen‐deprivation monotherapy. Although this was not a randomized study, given the multiple adjustments and sensitivity analyses, it is unlikely that unmeasured confounding would account for the large observed differences in survival. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Features of prognostic significance in solid ovarian teratoma
Authors: Beilby J. O. W. , Parkinson Constance
Published: August 2010

The morphology of 20 ovarian tumors reported as solid teratomas is reviewed and correlated with their clinical behavior, in an attempt to select histologic features of prognostic significance. Utilizing a grading system quantitating immature tissue of embryonic origin, a tendency was shown for fully mature tumors to follow a benign course, and for those composed predominantly of immature tissues to prove fatal. This method, however, was prognostically unreliable in 16 tumors. An additional but far more important prognostic guide in this series was provided by extra‐embryonic tissue of yolk sac origin, which was present in variable amounts and diverse histologic patterns; all teratomas including this component were fatal, frequently with evidence of extra‐abdominal metastases. In certain circumstances, immature embryonic teratomas were associated with widespread peritoneal implants, causing death from intestinal obstruction and recurrent ascites. It is important when considering prognosis and therapy to realize the metastatic potential of extra‐embryonic elements in teratomas, as distinct from the tendency of immature embryonic components to implant locally and mature into noninvasive deposits, which may be amenable to surgery.
Prognostic factors in osteosarcoma: A review of 20 years' experience at the university of pittsburgh health center hospitals
Authors: Scranton Pierce E. , Decicco Frank A. , Totten Robert S. , Yunis Eduardo J.
Published: August 2010

The histologic and clinical characteristics of 54 patients with osteosarcoma are reviewed. The association of rapid linear bone growth with the occurrence of this tumor is confirmed, and evidence for increased growth in these adolescent patients is presented. A significant increase in female survival is seen in this study, and the literature relevant to gender and survival is reviewed. A histologic characterization of six predominant tumor patterns is presented with correlation to survival. Increased survival is seen with two specific histologic patterns, but there is great variability in the histology and sampling of osteosarcomas, and the series is small.
Unusual intracardiac tumor in a child: Inflammatory pseudotumor or “granulomatous” variant of myxoma?
Authors: Gonzalez‐Crussi F. , Vanderbilt Burton L. , Miller Jon K.
Published: August 2010

An intracardiac tumor arising in the right atrium of a young child is reported. Morphologically, the lesion was reminiscent of “plasma cell granulomas,” but unprecedented in this location. Based on clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, histologic and ultrastructural characteristics of the mass, the speculation is put forth that this lesion may represent a cardiac myxoma with atypical structural features. An extension of this proposal is a pathogenetic sequence that would try to reconcile the complex clinical course of some myxomas with the described structural observations. Alternative choices for classification of the lesion are also given consideration.
Electromigration diffusivity spectrometry: A way for simultaneous determination of diffusion coefficients from mixed samples
Authors: Yang Suhua , Zhang Yiming , Liao Tao , Guo Zhenpeng , Chen Yi
Published: August 2010

A novel method was proposed for simultaneous measurement of diffusion coefficients, (D), from mixed samples by electrophoresis and termed electromigration‐based diffusivity spectrometry. After theoretical treatment, D‐equation for practical use has been deduced. With a modified CE system built in laboratory, electromigration‐based diffusivity spectrometry has been realized and validated to suit for fast and accurate determination of diffusivities of mixed aromatic amino acids, phenols and aromatic organic acid, giving diffusivity spectra by peak area versus D, much similar to mass spectra. The precision of the measurement was found to critically depend on pH value of running buffer, which should be so selected that the analytes and internal standards could be charged at above 0.5e. The standards have to be selected at an electric flux far from each other and from analytes. In these cases, sample and running buffer concentrations, voltage and system temperature were found to have only negligible impact on the determination. In our test, the obtained measuring precision was generally kept within 1% for five runs, and the measured values of D agreed well with those from literature, with a deviation of less than 2.2% after the right use of calibration standards.
Zur Evolution des Holzstammes der Laubhölzer unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Festigkeit
Authors: Süss Herbert
Published: August 2010

Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung neuerer holzanatomischer Forschungsergebnisse werden einige Hauptlinien in der Entwicklung der Stammstruktur der Laubhölzer, besonders unter dem Gesichtspunkt seiner Festigkeit, dargestellt. Vor allem durch das Auftreten des Gefäßes als neues wasserleitendes Element, durch die schrittweise Reduzierung der Länge seiner Glieder und der damit verbundenen Möglichkeit der Vergrößerung des Gefäßdurchmessers, durch die mehr oder weniger starke Überlappung der Holzfasern, die Verlagerung des parenchymatischen Gewebes in die Wurzel und durch die Herausbildung der Ringporigkeit konnten sich die Laubhölzer in erdgeschichtlich kurzer Zeit in einem so hohen Maße entwickeln und die verschiedensten Standorte erobern und behaupten.
Several considerations on Early Sarmatian Flora from Bursuk, Republic of Moldavia
Authors: Givulescu R.
Published: August 2010

The author presents a braod analysis of different aspects concerning the flora (relations between palaeotropical — arctotertiary, entire leaves — dentate leaves, trees — shrubs — lianas — herbs, leaf size classes), the taphonomy palaeobiotopes, palaeobiocoenosis, and the palaeoclimate of the early Sarmatian flora from Bursuk, Republic of Moldavia.
A performance comparison of nodal discontinuous Galerkin methods on triangles and quadrilaterals
Authors: Wirasaet D. , Tanaka S. , Kubatko E. J. , Westerink J. J. , Dawson C.
Published: August 2010

This work presents a study on the performance of nodal bases on triangles and on quadrilaterals for discontinuous Galerkin solutions of hyperbolic conservation laws. A nodal basis on triangles and two tensor product nodal bases on quadrilaterals are considered. The quadrilateral element bases are constructed from the Lagrange interpolating polynomials associated with the Legendre–Gauss–Lobatto points and from those associated with the classical Legendre–Gauss points. Settings of interest concern the situation in which a mesh of triangular elements is obtained by dividing each quadrilateral element into two triangular elements or vice versa, the mesh of quadrilateral elements is obtained by merging two adjacent triangular elements. To assess performance, we use a linear advecting rotating plume transport problem as a test case. For cases where the order of the basis is low to moderate, the computing time used to reach a given final time for the quadrilateral elements is shorter than that for the triangular elements. The numerical results also show that the quadrilateral elements yield higher computational efficiency in terms of cost to achieve similar accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geotechnics, tunnelling and support of the second tube of the Tauern Tunnel and comparison with the first tube /
Authors: Kohlböck Bernhard , Mayer Andreas , Schnabl Robert , Vergeiner Ralf
Published: August 2010

The construction of the Tauern Tunnel in the early 1970s was a milestone in the development of the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM). The experience gained then formed the basis for the development of new technologies, which made tunnelling more efficient and safer and were applied consistently in the design and construction of the second tube. The present article describes the geological conditions, compares the geology with the original tunnel and then explains the starting points for the geomechanical design framework. The basic considerations for the planning of the tunnelling work are described, particularly for squeezing rock behaviour. Then there is a discussion of the geotechnical monitoring and implementation of the design during the excavation of the tunnel, with particular consideration of the problem of long‐duration creep deformation and the difficulties in the project‐specific determination of warning values. Finally, the conditions encountered along the new tube are summarised and compared with the design and geotechnical conditions of the first tube. This includes a description of the extremely complex and difficult tunnelling conditions in incompetent rock when passing through the approx. 300m long section in slope debris.

Der Bau der ersten Röhre des Tauerntunnels in den frühen 70er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts stellte einen Meilenstein in der Entwicklung der Neuen Österreichischen Tunnelbauweise (NÖT) dar. Die damals gewonnenen Erfahrungen bildeten die Grundlage für die Entwicklung neuer Technologien, die den Tunnelbau effizienter und sicherer machten und bei Planung und Bau der 2. Röhre konsequent angewendet wurden. Vorliegender Beitrag erläutert nach einer Vorstellung der geologischen Rahmenbedingungen und einem Vergleich mit der Geologie der ersten Röhre die Ausgangspunkte für die geomechanische Rahmenplanung. Die grundsätzlichen Überlegungen bei der Vortriebsplanung, insbesondere für druckhaftes Gebirgsverhalten, werden dargestellt. In weiterer Folge wird auf die geotechnische Überwachung und Umsetzung der Planung während der Vortriebsarbeiten eingegangen, wobei besonders die Problematik von langanhaltenden Kriechverformungen und die Schwierigkeiten bei der projektspezifischen Festlegung von Warnwerten betrachtet werden. Abschließend werden die im Zuge des Vortriebs angetroffenen Verhältnisse zusammengefasst und eine Gegenüberstellung mit der Planung und den geotechnischen Verhältnissen der ersten Röhre durchgeführt. Dabei werden auch die äußerst komplexen und schwierigen Vortriebsbedingungen im Lockergestein bei der Durchörterung der ca. 300 m langen Hangschuttstrecke behandelt.
Impact of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Protein Mutations on the Diagnosis of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: El Chaar Mira , Candotti Daniel , Crowther Anthony R. , Allain Jean Pierre
Published: August 2010

Genotype D occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (OBIs) have a high frequency of amino acid substitutions in the major hydrophilic region of the small surface protein (S protein). This possibly reflects an escape mutation mechanism to evade detection by the host immune system. Mutations may also impact the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by commercial assays. To test these hypotheses, 20 recombinant HBV genotype D surface proteins from OBI carriers with or without antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were expressed in yeast. Recombinant surface protein (rS protein) variants were nonreactive with autologous anti-HBs but reacted weakly with vaccine-induced anti-HBs supporting an immune escape mechanism. rS protein variants tested with a wide range of HBs antibodies, and HBsAg commercial assays showed significantly lower antigenic reactivity in anti-HBs carriers than in donors with antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) only. Eight out of 10 recombinant variants from anti-HBs carriers reacted weakly or were nonreactive with antibodies to HBs as well as with qualitative and quantitative commercial HBsAg assays, whereas eight out of 10 anti-HBc–only plasmas were fully reactive. rS proteins with substitutions of wild-type cysteine at positions 121, 124, and 137 were nonreactive or showed poor reactivity. However, mutation of cysteine 147 did not alter reactivity compared with controls. Restoration of cysteines 124 and 137 by site-directed mutagenesis improved antigenic reactivity.

Conclusion:

Escape mutation is a mechanism associated with OBI, which also leads to decreased reactivity in HBsAg detection assays. Performance of commercial assays would be improved by the incorporation of OBI mutants in reagent development. (Hepatology 2010)
Functional and Morphological Vascular Changes in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Pacifico Lucia , Anania Caterina , Martino Francesco , Cantisani Vito , Pascone Roberto , Marcantonio Andrea , Chiesa Claudio
Published: August 2010

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been consistently found to be associated with features of the metabolic syndrome (MS), a condition carrying a high risk of cardiovascular events. The present study aimed to determine whether, in children and adolescents, NAFLD is atherogenic beyond its association with MS and its components. We assessed both flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), along with lipid profile, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRPHS), in 250 obese children, 100 with and 150 without NAFLD, and 150 healthy normal-weight children. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasound examination and persistently elevated alanine aminotransferase, after exclusion of infectious and metabolic disorders. Compared to controls and children without liver involvement, those with ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD (and elevated alanine aminotransferase) demonstrated significantly impaired FMD and increased cIMT. Patients with NAFLD had more features of MS and elevated CRPHS levels. In addition, percent FMD was remarkably reduced, whereas cIMT was increased in obese children with MS compared to those without MS. Using logistic regression analysis, the presence of NAFLD was found to be an independent predictor of low percent FMD (odds ratio, 2.25 [95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 3.92];

P

= 0.004) as well as of increased cIMT (1.98 [1.16 to 3.36];

P

= 0.031), after adjustment for age, gender, Tanner stage, and presence of MS. When we analyzed the relations between cIMT and measures of FMD in patients with NAFLD, the disease was associated with increased cIMT in children with impaired FMD status.

Conclusion:

The presence of liver disease entails more severe functional and anatomic changes in the arterial wall. Its detection may help identify individuals with increased cardiometabolic risk. (Hepatology 2010.)
Hyponatremia in Patients Treated With Terlipressin for Severe Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Portal Hypertension
Authors: Solà Elsa , Lens Sabela , Guevara Mónica , Martín-Llahí Marta , Fagundes Claudia , Pereira Gustavo , Pavesi Marco , Fernández Javier , González-Abraldes Juan , Escorsell Angels , Mas Antoni , Bosch Jaume , Arroyo Vicente , Ginès Pere
Published: August 2010

Terlipressin is frequently used in acute variceal bleeding due to its powerful effect on vasopressin V1 receptors. Although terlipressin is also a partial agonist of renal vasopressin V2 receptors, its effects on serum sodium concentration have not been specifically investigated. To examine the effects of terlipressin on serum sodium concentration in patients with acute portal-hypertensive bleeding, 58 consecutive patients with severe portal-hypertensive bleeding treated with terlipressin were investigated. In the whole population, serum sodium decreased from 134.9 ± 6.6 mEq/L to 130.5 ± 7.7 mEq/L (

P

= 0.002). Thirty-nine patients (67%) had a decrease in serum sodium ≥ 5 mEq/L during treatment: in 18 patients (31%), between 5 and 10 mEq/L and in 21 patients (36%), greater than 10 mEq/L. In this latter group, serum sodium decreased from 137.2 ± 5 to 120.5 ± 5 mEq/L (

P

< 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the reduction in serum sodium was related to baseline serum sodium and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score; patients with low MELD and normal or near-normal baseline serum sodium had the highest risk of hyponatremia. Serum sodium returned to baseline values in most patients shortly after cessation of therapy. Three of the 21 patients with marked reduction in serum sodium developed neurological manifestations, including osmotic demyelination syndrome in one patient due to a rapid recovery of serum sodium (serum sodium in these three patients decreased from 135, 130, and 136 to 117, 114, and 109 mEq/L, respectively).

Conclusion:

An acute reduction in serum sodium concentration is common during treatment with terlipressin for severe portal-hypertensive bleeding. It develops rapidly after start of therapy, may be severe in some patients and is associated with neurological complications, and is usually reversible after terlipressin withdrawal. (Hepatology 2010
Parameterizing canopy resistance using mechanistic and semi‐empirical estimates of hourly evapotranspiration: critical evaluation for irrigated crops in the Mediterranean
Authors: Katerji Nader , Rana Gianfranco , Fahed Salim
Published: August 2010

In this paper two models are presented for calculating the hourly evapotranspiration λE (W m−2) using the Penman–Monteith equation. These models were tested on four irrigated crops (grass, soya bean, sweet sorghum and vineyard), with heights between 0·1 and 2·2 m at the adult growth stage. In the first model (Katerji N, Perrier A. 1983. Modélisation de l'évapotranspiration réelle ETR d'une parcelle de luzerne : rôle d'un coefficient cultural. Agronomie 3(6): 513–521, KP model), the canopy resistance rc is parameterized by a semi‐empirical approach. In the second model (Todorovic M. 1999. Single‐layer evapotranspiration model with variable canopy resistance. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering—ASCE 125: 235–245, TD model), the resistance rc is parameterized by a mechanistic model. These two approaches are critically analysed with respect to the underlying hypotheses and the limitations of their practical application. In the case of the KP model, the mean slope between measured and calculated values of λE was 1·01 ± 0·6 and the relative correlation coefficients r2 ranged between 0·8 and 0·93. The observed differences in slopes, between 0·96 and 1·07, were not associated with the crop height. This model seemed to be applicable to all the crops examined. In the case of the TD model, the observed slope between measured and calculated values of λE for the grass canopy was 0·79. For the other crops, it varied between 1·24 and 1·34. In all the situations examined, the values of r2 ranged between 0·73 and 0·92. The TD model underestimated λE in the case of grass and overestimated it in the cases of the other three crops. The under‐ or overestimation of λE in the TD model were due: (i) to some inaccuracies in the theory of this model, (ii) to not taking into account the effect of aerodynamic resistance ra in the canopy resistance modelling. Therefore, the values of rc were under‐ or overestimated in consequence of mismatching the crop height. The high value of air vapour pressure deficit also contributed to the overestimation of λE, mainly for the tallest crop. The results clarify aspects of the scientific controversy in the literature about the mechanistic and semi‐empirical approaches for estimating λE. From the practical point of view the results also present ways for identifying the most appropriate approach for the experimental situations encountered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deposition of lead and cadmium released by cigarette smoke in dental structures and resin composite
Authors: Takeuchi Cristina Yoshie Garcia , Corrêa‐Afonso Alessandra Marques , Pedrazzi Hamilton , Dinelli Welingtom , Palma‐Dibb Regina Guenka
Published: August 2010

Cigarette smoke is a significant source of cadmium, lead, and toxic elements, which are absorbed into the human organism. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the presence of toxic elements, cadmium, and lead deriving from cigarette smoke in the resin composite, dentine, and dental enamel. Eight cylindrical specimens were fabricated from resin composite, bovine enamel, and root dentin fragments that were wet ground and polished with abrasive paper to obtain sections with 6‐mm diameter and 2‐mm thickness. All specimens were exposed to the smoke of 10 cigarettes/day during 8 days. After the simulation of the cigarette smoke, the specimens were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. In the photomicrographic analysis in SEM, no morphological alterations were found; however, the microanalysis identified the presence of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in the different specimens. These findings suggest that the deposition of these elements derived from cigarette smoke could be favored by dental structures and resin composite. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of multideuterated 5‐deoxystrigol for use as an internal standard for quantitative LC/MS
Authors: Ueno Kotomi , Hanada Atsushi , Yamaguchi Shinjiro , Asami Tadao
Published: August 2010

We prepared deuterium‐labeled 5‐deoxystrigol (5DS), a multifunctional plant second metabolite, using a simple set of procedures. The labeled compound contained mainly [3a,4,4,5,5,6′‐D6]‐5DS and [D5]‐5DS and did not contain unlabeled 5DS. Therefore, multideuterated 5DS can be used as an internal standard in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) assays to quantitate the amounts of 5DS in plants and root exudates. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and evaluation of reagents for tagging amino and thiol groups with fluorous stannanes. A convenient method for producing radioiodinated compounds in high effective specific activity
Authors: Donovan Amanda C. , Valliant John F.
Published: August 2010

Building on the previously reported fluorous labeling strategy (FLS), a new approach for preparing molecular imaging and therapy agents derived from radioiodine in high purity without the need to employ HPLC was developed. A series of novel reagents containing a fluorous arylstannane, including fluorous benzaldehydes (1a/b) and an aryl‐iodoacetamide (2), were prepared so that the FLS could be used to label and purify targeting vectors that contain free amines or thiol groups. The reagents were conjugated to model amines and thiols in generally high yields (79–95%) under mild conditions. The fully characterized products were radiolabeled with Na[125I] in the presence of iodogen and the products were purified using fluorous solid‐phase extraction to yield the desired iodinated products in high yield (>83%) and high effective specific activity (ESA). The work reported creates a convenient and flexible means of preparing targeted molecular imaging and therapy agents derived from radioisotopes of iodine in high ESA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and stability of a carbon‐14‐labeled 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme‐A reductase inhibitor
Authors: Burrell Richard C. , Bonacorsi Samuel J. , Rinehart J. Kent , Ahmad Saleem , Ngu Khehyong , Balasubramanian Balu
Published: August 2010

Inhibition of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme‐A reductase (HMGR) is an effective method of lowering plasma low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Hemi‐calcium (3R,5S,E)‐7‐(4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐6‐isopropyl‐2‐(methyl(1‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐yl)amino)pyrimidin‐5‐yl)‐3,5‐dihydroxyhept‐6‐enoate (1) is a cholesterol‐lowering statin drug that effectively inhibits HMGR. An important step in the development of this compound was the synthesis of a carbon‐14‐labeled analog for use in preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion studies.

The synthesis of a carbon‐14‐labeled analog of the cholesterol‐lowering statin drug 1 is described. The carbon‐14‐labeled compound [14C]‐1 was prepared in 11 steps from [14C]‐labeled urea. The overall radiochemical yield for the synthesis was 22% and the radiochemical purity of [14C]‐1 was 99.9% immediately after synthesis. It was found that [14C]‐1 with a specific activity of 43.2 µCi/mg decomposed at a rate of about 1.9%/month when stored at −78°C under argon. Three samples of [14C]‐1 were prepared to study the chemical stability of the molecule. One sample had a specific activity of 3.8 µCi/mg and the other two contained radical inhibitors, L‐ascorbic acid (1% by weight, specific activity of 10.5 µCi/mg) or BHT (1% by weight, specific activity of 9.8 µCi/mg). For these samples the decomposition rates were decreased to 0.5%/month, 0.2%/month and 0.1%/month, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic approach of the difference in non‐enzymatic hydrolysis rate between the L and D enantiomers of no‐carrier added 2‐[18F]fluoromethyl‐phenylalanine
Authors: Kersemans Ken , Mertens John , De Proft Frank , Geerlings Paul
Published: August 2010

No‐carrier added (n.c.a.) 2‐[18F]fluoromethyl‐l‐phenylalanine was found to be very sensitive to hydrolysis in aqueous solutions. This problem was solved partially by the addition of calcium ions (0.04 M), increasing the shelf‐life to at least 6 h. In this paper the defluorination reaction was studied in detail to elucidate its mechanism. Therefore, L and D enantiomers of 2‐[18F]FMP and 4‐[18F]FMP were synthesized, as well as 2‐[18F]fluoromethyl‐phenethylamine and 4‐[18F]fluoromethyl‐phenethylamine, both decarboxylated ‘mimetic’ molecules of the amino acid analogues. Radiosynthesis, using a customized Scintomics automatic synthesis hotboxthree module, resulted in a high overall yield and a radiochemical purity of >99%. The defluorination rates of all compounds were studied by HPLC. The L enantiomer of n.c.a 2‐[18F]FMP defluorinated seven times faster than the D enantiomer and 2‐[18F]fluoromethyl‐phenethylamine. Both enantiomers of 4‐[18F]FMP and 4‐[18F]fluoromethyl‐phenethylamine were stable. From these data, the reaction mechanism, involving two distinct intramolecular interactions, was derived. First, the interaction between the amine and the benzylic fluorine weakens the carbon–fluorine bond. Secondly, the formation of a second hydrogen bridge between the carboxyl group and one of the benzylic hydrogen atoms renders the fluorine atom even more susceptible to hydrolysis. The latter interaction induces an additional chiral center. The probability of its formation differs considerably between L and D enantiomers of n.c.a. 2‐[18F]FMP, which explains the difference in hydrolysis rate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A thermodynamic characterization of the interaction of 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonic acid with native globular proteins: the effect of the ligand dimerization in the analysis of the binding isotherms
Authors: Andujar‐Sánchez Montserrat , Jara‐Perez Vicente , Cobos Eva S. , Cámara‐Artigas Ana
Published: August 2010

8‐Anilino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) is a popular fluorescence probe, broadly used for the analysis of proteins, but the nature of its interaction with proteins and the high increase in the fluorescence intensity that takes place upon such process are still unclear. In the last few years, isothermal titration calorimetry has been used to characterize the nature of the interaction of this dye with proteins. The analysis of the binding isotherms of these studies has not considered the dimerization equilibrium of ANS, which is pH dependent, and it can result in serious errors in the data analysis. In the present work we have developed a suitable data analysis by which this process is taken into account. To study the binding of the dye to proteins at different pH values, we have used the Abl‐SH3 domain. Our results suggest that at pH 3 and 5, where the dimerization of the ANS is important, electrostatic interactions are significant for the binding of ANS to the Abl‐SH3 domain. However, at pH 7, ANS behaves mostly as monomer and the interaction with the protein is mainly hydrophobic. The pH dependent behavior of the ANS binding to proteins can be explained in terms of ionization states of both, the protein and the ANS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Versuche über den Einfluß der Düngung auf Ertrag und Qualität der Einlegegurke
Authors: Reinhold J. , Merten O. , Groß M.
Published: August 2010

Es wurden bereits mehrfach Versuche angestellt, um den Einfluß der Düngung auf die Qualität der Gurke insbesondere hinsichtlich ihrer Haltbarkeit als Faßgurke zu ermitteln. Die Versuche haben im allgemeinen ergeben, daß eine sachgemäße Düngung die Haltbarkeit nicht schädigt. Unsere früheren nicht veröffentlichten Versuche haben jedoch gezeigt, daß die Haltbarkeit in Fässern von einer ganzen Reihe von Zufälligkeiten abhängig ist, so daß es sich als notwendig herausstellte, das Einlegen mit der erforderlichen Anzahl von Parallelen durchzuführen.
Hat der Mond einen Einfluß auf das Pflanzenwachstum? II. Mitteilung
Authors: Jaeger Hermann
Published: August 2010

In Heft 5/6 (Band 41) 1936 habe ich die unter gleicher Überschrift erschienene erste Mitteilung von M. Popp kritisiert und zugleich einige meiner eigenen Versuchsergebnisse mitgeteilt, um dadurch zu veranlassen, daß das Problem der kosmischen Beziehungen im Landbau von den zuständigen Stellen in richtiger Weise in Angriff genommen würde

In dankenswerter Weise hat sich M. Popp daraufhin bereit erklärt, Versuche nach meinen Angaben über die richtigen Aussaatzeiten durchzuführen und hat die ihm von mir mitgeteilten Zeiten auch weitergegeben. Über die Ergebnisse der hierdurch veranlaßten Versuchsreihen wurde in mehreren Mitteilungen (1, 2, 3) berichtet.
Clinical neuroimaging and electrophysiological assessment of three DYT6 dystonia families
Authors: Zittel Simone , Moll Christian K.E. , Brüggemann Norbert , Tadic Vera , Hamel Wolfgang , Kasten Meike , Lohmann Katja , Lohnau Thora , Winkler Susen , Gerloff Christian , Schönweiler Rainer , Hagenah Johann , Klein Christine , Münchau Alexander , Schneider Susanne A.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of the study was to delineate clinical and electrophysiological characteristics as well as laryngoscopical and transcranial ultrasound (TCS) findings in THAP1 mutation carriers (MutC). According to recent genetic studies, DYT6 (THAP1) gene mutations are an important cause of primary early‐onset dystonia. In contrast to DYT1 mutations, THAP1 mutations are associated with primary early‐onset segmental or generalised dystonia frequently involving the craniocervical region and the larynx. Blood samples from twelve individuals of three German families with DYT6 positive index cases were obtained to test for THAP1 mutations. Eight THAP1 MutC were identified. Of these, six (three symptomatic and three asymptomatic) THAP1 MutC could be clinically evaluated. Laryngoscopy was performed to evaluate laryngeal dysfunction in patients. Brainstem echogenicity was investigated in all MutC using TCS. Two of the patients had undergone bilateral pallidal DBS. In all three symptomatic MutC, early‐onset laryngeal dystonia was a prominent feature. Laryngeal assessment demonstrated adductor‐type dystonia in all of them. On clinical examination, the three asymptomatic MutC also showed subtle signs of focal or segmental dystonia. TCS revealed increased substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity in all MutC. Intraoperative microelectrode recordings under general anesthesia in two of the patients showed no difference between THAP1 and previously operated DYT1 MutC. The presence of spasmodic dysphonia in patients with young‐onset segmental or generalised dystonia is a hallmark of DYT6 dystonia. SN hyperechogenicity on TCS may represent an endophenotype in these patients. Pallidal DBS in two patients was unsatisfactory. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
The modified method of characteristics with mixed finite element domain decomposition procedures for the transient behavior of a semiconductor device
Authors: Yuan Yirang
Published: August 2010

For the transient behavior of a semiconductor device, the modified method of characteristics with mixed finite element domain decomposition procedures applicable to parallel arithmetic is put forward. The electric potential equation is described by the mixed finite element method, and the electric, hole concentration and heat conduction equations are treated by the modified method of characteristics finite element domain decomposition methods. Some techniques, such as calculus of variations, domain decomposition, characteristic method, energy method, negative norm estimate and prior estimates and techniques are employed. Optimal order estimates in L2 norm are derived for the error in the approximation solution. Thus the well‐known theoretical problem has been thoroughly and completely solved.© 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 353–368 2012
Via protoporphyrin to the synthesis of levofloxacin‐imprinted polymer
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Jing , Huang Yan‐Ping , Liu Zhao‐Sheng , Duan Hong‐Quan
Published: August 2010

A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for levofloxacin was prepared by the combined use of methacrylic acid and protoporphyrin as functional monomers. The adsorption properties of resultant imprinted polymers were evaluated by equilibrium rebinding experiments. The highest binding capacity of levofloxacin achieved from the optimized imprinted polymer in acetonitrile was 246.26 µmol/g with an imprinting factor of 2.05. A ﬂuorescence quenching effect was observed when a protoporphyrin‐based imprinted polymer was incubated in the solutions of levofloxacin. The results indicated that the protoporphyrin‐based MIPs were able to create higher binding cavities for template compared with MIPs using only methacrylic acid as a functional monomer. It should be expected that the cooperative use of the protoporphyrin with supplemental different functional monomers may be an alternative to obtain MIP with the improvement of the selectivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of damp‐heat and UV aging tests on the optical properties of silicone and EVA encapsulants
Authors: McIntosh Keith R. , Powell Nick E. , Norris Ann W. , Cotsell James N. , Ketola Barry M.
Published: August 2010

The absorption coefficient α(λ) of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is monitored during exposure to damp‐heat (DH) and UV accelerated aging tests. In the DH test, the samples were exposed to 85% relative humidity at 85°C for 1325 h, satisfying the DH components of the IEC, UL, and IEEE's humidity‐freeze and DH tests. It is shown that moisture introduced by the DH exposure scatters incident light, reducing transmission through test samples and complicating optical experiments. It was therefore necessary to dry out the samples to assess the effect of DH exposure on α(λ). By this procedure, it was found that DH exposure caused an increase of α(λ) in both PDMS and EVA, where small absorption shoulders were introduced at wavelengths of 250–500 nm; this translates to a 0.14% and 0.39% loss in module efficiency for the silicone and EVA, respectively. The weight gain due to moisture was 0.035% for PDMS and 0.28% for EVA. In the UV test, the samples were held at 60 ± 5°C and exposed to 52 kWh/m2 between the wavelengths of 280 and 385 nm, and 5.0 kWh/m2 between 280 and 320 nm, satisfying the pre‐conditioning UV tests of the IEC reliability standard. The UV exposure did not affect α(λ) of either the PDMS or the EVA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of biocompatible and thermally sensitive poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) nanogels via inverse miniemulsion polymerization: Effect of the surfactant concentration
Authors: Medeiros Simone F. , Santos Amilton M. , Fessi Hatem , Elaissari Abdelhamid
Published: August 2010

The goal of this study was to develop a new route to prepare thermally responsive polymer nanogels. Poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) nanogels were prepared via inverse miniemulsion polymerization (W/O) at 70 °C using n‐hexadecane as a nonpolar continuous phase, potassium persulfate as an initiator, and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker. Sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) was used as surfactant and its influence on the polymerization kinetics and on the colloidal characteristics of the nanogels were principally investigated. It was observed that the addition of a strong “lipophobe” is required to stabilize the resulting miniemulsion. The nanogels were characterized in terms of morphology, size, zeta potential, and thermoproperties using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. It was observed that all the nanogels obtained collapsed when the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was raised. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3932–3941, 2010
Free radical initiated low temperature crosslinking of phenylethynyl (PE) end‐capped oligomides
Authors: Gong Chenliang , Luo Qiang , Li Yanfeng , Giotto Marcus , Cipollini Ned E. , Yang Zhiwei , Weiss R. A. , Scola Daniel A.
Published: August 2010

A relatively low‐temperature crosslinking method for phenylethynyl (PE) end‐capped oligomides was developed. PE end‐capped oligomides are typically cured into crosslinked polyimides at 370 °C for about 1 h. The addition of a low viscosity mixed‐solvent of N‐methylpyrrolidinone (NMP)/dimethyl ether of polyethylene glycol (M = 250 g/mol), NMP/DM‐PEG‐250, or NMP/polyethylene glycol (M = 400 g/mol), NMP/PEG‐400, as film forming medium for PE‐end‐capped oligomides was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C NMR showed that the mixed solvent addition was effective for achieving low‐temperature crosslinking of the ethynyl end‐caps over the temperature range 200–250 °C. The low temperature crosslinking process was explained by thermolysis of the PEG molecules over this temperature range forming free radical species such as ∼CH2CH2O· or ∼CH2CH2· which initiate cure of the ethynyl groups resulting in a cross linked polyimide membrane. The PEG solvents also provide a radical source for the degradation polymerization of the solvents to a water and NMP insoluble polymer, which formed a miscible blend with the crosslinked membrane. Glass transition temperature (differential scanning calorimetry) data and thermo gravimetric analysis data provide evidence for the miscible blend. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3950–3963, 2010.
Facile synthesis of N‐vinylimidazole‐based hydrogels via frontal polymerization and investigation of their performance on adsorption of copper ions
Authors: Tu Jun , Zhou Jin , Wang Cai‐Feng , Zhang Qiang , Chen Su
Published: August 2010

We report a new facile strategy for quickly synthesizing pH sensitive poly(VI‐co‐HEA) hydrogels (VI = N‐vinylimidazole; HEA = 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) by frontal polymerization. The appropriate amounts of VI, HEA, and ammonium persulfate (APS)/N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) couple redox initiator were mixed together at ambient temperature in the presence of glycerol as the solvent medium. Frontal polymerization (FP) was initiated by heating the upper side of the mixture with a soldering iron. Once initiated, no further energy was required for the polymerization to occur. The dependence of the front velocity and front temperature on the VI/HEA weight ratios were investigated. The pH sensitive behavior, morphology, and heavy metal removal study of poly(VI‐co‐HEA) hydrogels prepared via FP were comparatively investigated on the basis of swelling measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupling plasma spectrometer. Results show that the poly(VI‐co‐HEA) hydrogels prepared via FP exhibit good pH sensitivity and adsorption capacity. The FP can be exploited as an alternative means for synthesis of pH sensitive hydrogels in a fast and efficient way. The as‐prepared hydrogels can be applied to remove heavy metals. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4005–4012, 2010
Synthesis of copolyimides based on room temperature ionic liquid diamines
Authors: Li Pei , Zhao Qichao , Anderson Jared L. , Varanasi Sasidhar , Coleman Maria R.
Published: August 2010

Block copolyimides based on aromatic dianhydrides and diamines copolymerized with diamino room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) monomers were synthesized over a range of compositions. Specifically, two diamino RTILs, 1,3‐di(3‐aminopropyl) imidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] imide ([DAPIM] [NTf2]) and 1,12‐di[3‐(3‐aminopropyl) imidazolium] dodecane bis[(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl] imide ([C12 (DAPIM)2] [NTf2]2) were synthesized using a Boc protection method. The two RTILs were reacted with 2,2‐bis(3,4‐carboxylphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) to produce 6FDA‐RTILs oligomers that formed the RTIL component for the block copolyimides. The oligomers were reacted with 6FDA and m‐phenylenediamine (MDA) at oligomer concentration from 6.5 to 25.8 mol % to form block copolyimides. Increasing the concentration of the 6FDA‐RTIL oligomer in the block copolyimides resulted in a decrease in the thermal degradation temperature, glass transition temperature and an increase in the density. The gas permeability of the RTIL based block copolyimide decreased but the ideal permeability selectivity for CO2/CH4 gas pair increased relative to the pure 6FDA‐MDA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 4036–4046, 2010
Positron spectroscopy analysis in metallocene propylene/1‐octadecene copolymers: Parameters dependence on monoclinic and mesomorphic polymorphs
Authors: Djourelov Nikolay , Bas Corine , Sillou Daniel , Benavente Rosario , Pérez Ernesto , Cerrada María L.
Published: August 2010

Copolymers of propylene and 1‐octadecene synthesized by a metallocene catalyst were characterized by PALS, WAXD, DSC, and density measurements. The change in the sizes and the number density of free‐volume holes as a function of the 1‐octadecene content were compared to the master laws published for copolymers of propylene with α‐olefins of shorter lengths. It was found that the samples were separated into two groups. The first set of samples obeyed the master laws while the second group deviated. This behavior was explained by the difference in the copolymer structure. The WAXD analysis confirmed the separation as well. The deviation was explained as due to the mesomorphic crystalline structure of the second group of samples, in contrast to the monoclinic one for the first group, which was a result of the relatively fast cooling from the molten state and from the high comonomer molar content. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1994–2002, 2010