bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminist Bioethics: Where We've Been, Where We's Going
Authors: Lindemann Nelson Hilde
Published: March 2003

The primary contribution of feminism to bioethics is to note how imbalances of power in the sex‐gender system play themselves out in medical practice and in the theory surrounding that practice. I trace the ten‐year history of feminist approaches to bioethics, arguing that while feminists have usefully critiqued medicine's biases in favor of men, they have unmasked sexism primarily in the arena of women's reproductive health, leaving other areas of health care sorely in need of feminist scrutiny. I note as well that feminist bioethicists have contributed very little to bioethical theory. In the second part of the paper I suggest two future directions for feminist bioethics. The first is to expand its critique of gender bias beyond reproductive medicine, devoting attention to the same issues raised by advances in biomedical technology as are taken up by mainstream bioethicists. The second is to develop bioethical theory that is more responsive than are mainstream moral theories to the social practices that subordinate women and minority groups.
Phenomenology and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Beavers Anthony F.
Published: March 2003

Phenomenology is often thought to be irrelevant to artificial‐intelligence and cognitive‐science research because first‐person descriptions do not reach to the level of genuine causal explanations. Although phenomenology taken in this weak sense may not be useful, the method of phenomenology taken more formally may well produce fruitful results. Husserl’s phenomenological reduction, or epoché, sets the right frame of reference for a science of cognition because it makes explicit the difference between what belongs to cognition and what belongs to the natural world. Isolating this critical difference helps us assign the correct procedures to cognition and describe their functions. A formalized phenomenology of cognition can therefore aid initiatives in cognitive computing.
Introduction to The Philosopher as Public Intellectual
Authors: Halwani Raja
Published: March 2003

This introductory essay offers a general survey of some of the conceptual and normative issues that arise with respect to the philosopher as a public intellectual, arguing that philosophers should be public intellectuals. It also briefly introduces the themes of the essays that follow.
Minorities and the Philosophical Marketplace
Authors: Gracia Jorge J.E.
Published: March 2003

This article argues for two theses. The first is that many of the sociological factors endemic in the philosophical community function as barriers to the recruitment of members of minority groups in the profession and to their functioning as public intellectuals. The division into familial groups, the fights for security and success, and the weakness of the federal organization of the American Philosophical Association all contribute to these barriers. The second is that sociology has a place in philosophy, even though it should not be confused with it. This means that philosophers need to consider social phenomena.
Epistemic Presuppositions and their Consequences
Authors: Eflin Juli
Published: March 2003

Traditional epistemology has, in the main, presupposed that the primary task is to give a complete account of the concept knowledge and to state under what conditions it is possible to have it. In so doing, most accounts have been hierarchical, and all assume an idealized knower. The assumption of an idealized knower is essential for the traditional goal of generating an unassailable account of knowledge acquisition. Yet we, as individuals, fail to reach the ideal. Perhaps more important, we have epistemic goals not addressed in the traditional approach – among them, the ability to reach understanding in areas we deem important for our lives. Understanding is an epistemic concept. But how we obtain it has not traditionally been a focus. Developing an epistemic account that starts from a set of assumptions that differ from the traditional starting points will allow a different sort of epistemic theory, one on which generating understanding is a central goal and the idealized knower is replaced with an inquirer who is not merely fallible but working from a particular context with particular goals. Insight into how an epistemic account can include the particular concerns of an embedded inquirer can be found by examining the parallels between ethics and epistemology and, in particular, by examining the structure and starting points of virtue accounts. Here I develop several interrelated issues that contrast the goals and evaluative concepts that form the structure of both standard, traditional epistemological and ethical theories and virtue–centered theories. In the end, I sketch a virtue–centered epistemology that accords with who we are and how we gain understanding.
Linear Programming and the von Neumann Model
Authors: Bidard Christian
Published: March 2003

The formal similarity between von Neumann's theorem on maximal growth and (a weak form of) the fundamental theorem of linear programming is striking. The parallelism is explained by considering a simple economy for which the two problems are identical.
Economic Change, Subjective Perception and Institutional Evolution
Authors: Rizzello Salvatore
Published: March 2003

Following Hayek's intuitions on the role of subjective perception in economics, I attempt to integrate path‐dependent dynamics in evolutionary economics, as emerging in the recent theorizing about economic change. The starting point is an open question in evolutionary economics: is there a unifying principle which characterizes change at individual, organizational and institutional levels? In the attempt to answer this question, I propose some considerations on the nature of learning processes and on the mechanisms of adjustment, discovery and selection that are consistent with cognitive psychology and contemporary neurobiology. In particular, I link imperfect perception to guided variations, like those contained in Dosi's technological paradigms. More generally, I attempt to integrate the evolutionary theory as conceived by Nelson and Winter with the evolutionary theory as conceived by Hayek.
Real and Financial Sector Interaction Under Liberalization in an Open Developing Economy
Authors: Goyal Ashima , Dash Shridhar
Published: March 2003

A short‐run model incorporates instantaneous portfolio equilibrium with macroeconomic flows to clarify the structure of real–financial sector interactions. If equity and foreign exchange markets are introduced in structuralist theories of asset markets in developing countries, the key result that a fall in money supply raises the rate of inflation now holds only under special conditions on partial derivatives. But there is a tendency for interest rates to rise and for fluctuations in asset prices. Fuller integration of asset markets moderates these fluctuations. Outcomes are stable in spite of the generalized complementarity distinguishing equity markets from loan markets. Expectations play a major role. Implications for policy are to link domestic interest rates to foreign, remove artificial barriers to market integration, and stimulate demand as well as supply.
Legal and Illegal Production and Trade Under Monopoly with Transaction Cost
Authors: Bhaduri Amit
Published: March 2003

Using illegal trade in narcotics as an example, where regular seizure of part of the merchandise by the law‐enforcing authorities imposes a transaction cost on the monopolist supplier, this paper demonstrates the result that a higher transaction cost might increase the volume supplied for trade. The result of the formal model also applies to the opposite situation, e.g. when trade is legal, as in seventeenth‐ and eighteenth‐century maritime trade, but pirates illegally seize part of the merchandise to impose a transaction cost on the traders. The more general implications of this analysis are also discussed.
Long‐term Effects of the Efficiency Wage Hypothesis in Goodwin‐type Economies
Authors: Manfredi Piero , Fanti Luciano
Published: March 2003

The existence of an efficiency wage mechanism in Goodwin‐type models may lead to the unexpected appearance of an economically meaningful equilibrium with zero labour share, which is globally stable for some parameter constellation and allows the system to attain its ‘maximal growth'. A subsequent ‘normative’ comparison between the possible long‐term regimes of the economy shows that (1) the zero labour share equilibrium can be the ‘preferred’ equilibrium in terms of welfare; (2) in all the long‐term regimes the welfare is higher than in the original Goodwin model; (3) a point of maximal welfare exists. Moreover, the effects of rational behaviour of firms are compared with the ‘traditional’ situation in which rationality is not explicitly assumed. A striking result appears: myopic rationality can have deleterious effects on the profit of firms and on the overall welfare of the economy.
A Macroeconomic Model with Hysteresis in Foreign Trade
Authors: Gocke Matthias
Published: March 2003

The continuous non‐linear macro‐hysteresis loop is approximated by a rhombus shaped path which therefore shows a closer affinity to the genuine concept of hysteresis than conventional techniques via difference equations. This linearized model is applied to implement foreign trade hysteresis in a standard macroeconomic simultaneous equation model demonstrating the persisting consequences of only temporary exogenous shocks on national income, interest rate and the determination of the exchange rate. Since hysteresis in foreign trade is analysed in a macroeconomic framework, the feedback of hysteresis caused by exchange rate variations on the exchange rate itself can be illustrated.
Not Afraid to Blame: The Neglected Role of Blame Attribution in Medical Consumerism and Some Implications for Health Policy
Authors: Rosenthal Marsha , Schlesinger Mark
Published: March 2003

Starting roughly a quarter century ago, american medicine began a dramatic transformation from a system dominated by clinicians' decision making and professional norms to one in which medical care is expected to reflect the preferences and choices of individual consumers. This growing aspiration toward “medical consumerism” began during the 1970s with a set of popular social movements devoted to giving patients more control over their own treatment and a more informed choice of their physicians (Rodwin 1994). Although the seeds of consumerism were only haphazardly sown and incompletely germinated (Hibbard and Weeks 1987), by the end of the decade they had grown into a noticeable presence in the health care system (Haug and Lavin 1981). During the 1980s, these shifts in popular attitudes were reinforced by public policies and private practices intended to give consumers greater incentives to learn more about their medical choices and to exercise these choices in a cost‐conscious manner (Arnould, Rich, and White 1993).
Employers' Benefits from Workers' Health Insurance
Authors: O'Brien Ellen
Published: March 2003

Most nonelderly americans receive theirhealth insurance coverage through their workplace. Almost all large firms offer a health insurance plan, and even though they face greater barriers to providing coverage, so do the majority of very small firms. These employment‐based plans cover two‐thirds of nonelderly Americans and pay most of working families' expenses for health care and about one‐quarter of national health spending. Despite employers' role in the health insurance market, however, very little attention has been paid to employers' motivations for providing health insurance to workers. Whydoemployers offer health insurance to workers? Is it because workers want it? Because their unions demand it? Or do employers offer health benefits to workers because their productivity and profitability depend on it?

The standard economic theory of the availability of employer‐provided health insurance focuses on worker demand (Cutler 1997;Pauly 1997;Summers 1989).

Even though many employers believe that health insurance and health affect employees' productivity and firms' performance, health economists typically overlook and rarely measure firms' returns on health‐related investments. Some research, however, suggests that firms may benefit economically by providing health insurance coverage for workers and their families. For example, health coverage may help employers recruit and retain high‐quality workers. Health may contribute to productivity by reducing the costs of absenteeism and turnover and by increasing workers' productivity. This article reviews the evidence and proposes an agenda for future research. A better understanding of the benefits to employers of offering health coverage to workers may help clarify employers' behavior and help private employers and public officials make appropriate investments in health.
A Report Card on Continuous Quality Improvement
Authors: Blumenthal David , Kilo Charles M.
Published: March 2003

Efforts to incorporate the principles of continuous quality improvement (CQI) into health care have been underway for about ten years. In order to understand the lessons of this decade of experience, senior organizational leaders and experts in the field of health care were interviewed. This select group agreed that there have been concrete accomplishments: the tactic of assigning blame for mistakes to individuals is gradually giving way to an emphasis on detecting problems with process; there is a new focus on the health care customer; and many valuable projects have been inaugurated. Nevertheless, the interviews underlined the reality that the movement has not yet made a sizable impact on the U.S. health care system. Until there is a profound, organization‐wide recognition of the need for change, universal commitment to CQI principles will not be achieved.
The Case of Disability in the Family: Impact on Health Care Utilization and Expenditures for Nondisabled Members
Authors: Altman Barbara M. , Cooper Philip F. , Cunningham Peter J.
Published: March 2003

Families with a disabled member undergo heightened emotional and financial stress, which can arise from caring for the person with one or more disabilities over the life course or at the end of life. Because health care resources are strained by the needs of the disabled family member, nondisabled members are often limited in health care access and utilization when they are most in need of care. This analysis uses the National Medical Expenditure Survey to describe families with disabled members, based on multiple definitions of disability, and to examine health care utilization and expenditures by nondisabled family members. Indications of higher use of medical care by adult, nondisabled members of such families support the frequent reports in the literature of stress occurring in these situations. The signals of a household rationing effect for families near and at poverty levels should alert policy makers to consider the needs of the whole family when creating or modifying assistance programs.
Enrollment in the State Child Health Insurance Program: A Conceptual Framework for Evaluation and Continuous Quality Improvement
Authors: Halfon Neal , Inkelas Moira , Newacheck Paul W.
Published: March 2003

Children's enrollment in the State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) is a key indicator of program impact. Past studies demonstrate that many children eligible for Medicaid or for private employer‐based insurance remain uninsured, indicating that eligibility does not guarantee either enrollment or access to medical care. Important features of SCHIP evaluation include not only eligibility thresholds and enrollment volume, but also program retention, transitions in coverage, and access to medical care. Focusing on SCHIP features that affect children's participation and continuity of coverage would allow states to continually improve procedures that affect enrollment. An exploration of federal and state policy options suggests several approaches for creating evaluation strategies that can stimulate ongoing improvement.
Methadone Maintenance and State Medicaid Managed Care Programs
Authors: McCarty Dennis , Frank Richard G. , Denmead Gabrielle C.
Published: March 2003

Coverage for methadone services in state Medicaid plans may facilitate access to the most effective therapy for heroin dependence. State Medicaid plans were reviewed to assess coverage for methadone services, methadone benefits in managed care, and limitations on methadone treatment. Medicaid does not cover methadone maintenance medication in 25 states (59 percent). Only 12 states (24percent) include methadone services in Medicaid managed care plans. Moreover, two of the 12 states limit coverage for counseling or medication and others permit health plans to set limits. State authorities for Medicaid and substance abuse can collaborate to ensure that appropriate medication and treatment services are available for Medicaid recipients who are dependent on opioids andto construct payment mechanisms that minimize incentives that discourage enrollment among heroin‐dependent individuals.
Health Promotion and the First Amendment: Government Control of the Informational Environment
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Javitt Gail H.
Published: March 2003

Government efforts to protect public health often include controlling health information. The government may proscribe messages conveyed by commercial entities (e.g., false or misleading), recommend messages from commercial entities (e.g., warnings and safety instructions), and convey health messages (e.g., health communication campaigns). Through well‐developed, albeit evolving, case law, government control of private speech has been constrained to avoid impinging on such values as free expression, truthfulness, and autonomous decision making. No simple legal framework has been developed for the government’s own health messages to mediate between the legitimate goals of health protection and these other values. Nevertheless, government recommendations on matters of health raise difficult social and ethical questions and involve important societal trade‐offs. Accordingly, this article proposes legal and ethical principles relating to government control of the health information environment.
5. “Inside the Sausage Factory”: The Singular Case of the Congressional Budget Office
Authors: Nexon David
Published: March 2003

The article by Sherry Glied and her colleagues must have been a revelation to everyone in the policy arena who believed that estimates of the cost and effect of health insurance expansions had more to do with science than with art. The level of disagreement among modelers on the most fundamental assumptions involved in such estimates is stunning.

The recommendations made in that article strike me as commonsense methods of improving the consistency—if not necessarily the accuracy—of modeling the cost and effects of proposed policies. To start with, making modelers' key assumptions transparent should have beneficial effects. By illuminating major differences in assumptions that result in different estimates, transparency could lead to a more open debate and greater consensus among modelers, as well as a better understanding by policymakers of the estimates' limitations.

For those people drafting legislative proposals to expand health insurance coverage, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO)'s estimate is not just an estimate; it is the estimate, because members of Congress accept the CBO's estimates as the gold standard.
Semantic Theory and Indirect Speech
Authors: Richard Mark
Published: March 2003

Cappelen and Lepore argue against the principle P: A semantic theory ought to assign p to S if uttering S is saying p. An upshot of P’s falsity, they allege, is that some objections to Davidson’s programme (such as Foster’s) turn out to be without force. This essay formulates and defends a qualified version of P against Cappelen and Lepore’s objections. It distinguishes P from the more fundamental Q: A semantic theory ought to assign p to S iff literal utterance of S literally says p. Without some objection to Q—which Cappelen and Lepore do not supply—Foster’s objection to Davidson’s programme stands.
Coherence as an Explanation for Theory of Mind Task Failure in Autism
Authors: Kamawar Deepthi , Garfield Jay L. , De Villiers Jill
Published: March 2003

O’Loughlin and Thagard (2000) present a specific computational implementation of the idea that the problems encountered by a child with autism in classic False Belief tasks derive from a failure to maintain coherence among multiple propositions. They argue that this failure can be explained as a structural feature of a connectionist network attempting to maintain coherence. The current paper criticizes this implementation because it falsely predicts that the same children will have a parallel problem with the False Photographs task. The fact that the content of representations makes a difference while the structure remains constant casts doubt upon their claim.
Salvation, Liberation and Christian Character Formation: Postliberal and Liberation Theologians in Dialogue
Authors: Kamitsuka David G.
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes North American postliberal theological assessments of Latin American liberationists by focusing on Stanley Hauerwas’s and George Hunsinger’s critical reflections on Gustavo Gutiérrez’s theology. Both conclude that Gutiérrez tends to conflate salvation with socio‐political liberation. The author argues that reading Gutiérrez’s theology from a regulative doctrinal perspective (as articulated in George Lindbeck’s The Nature of Doctrine) reveals a doctrinal structure holding salvation and liberation as a unity without confusion. Furthermore the author suggests that there is a mutually beneficial complementarity between Hauerwas and Gutiérrez regarding central aspects of their views on cultivating appropriate Christian character.
Review Essay: The History of Israel Contested and Revised
Authors: Ollenburger Ben C.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Philip R. Davies, In Search of ‘Ancient Israel’

Philip R. Davies, Scribes and Scrolls: The Canonization of the Hebrew Scriptures

Lester L. Grabbe (ed.), Can a ‘History of Israel’ Be Written?

Niels Peter Lemche, The Israelites in History and Tradition

V. Philips Long (ed.), Israel's Past in Present Research: Essays on Ancient Israelite Historiography

Thomas L. Thompson, The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel
Japanese management style in China? Production practices in Japanese manufacturing plants
Authors: Taylor Bill
Published: March 2003

Through an examination of twenty Japanese owned manufacturing plants in China, this article seeks to question the usefulness of identifying Japanese competitive success as being associated with specific Japanese production management techniques. Rather Japanese plants adopt, seemingly profitably, various and differentiated production methods, depending on local and parent company circumstances.
Teleworking: benefits and pitfalls as perceived by professionals and managers
Authors: Baruch Yehuda
Published: March 2003

This study explores how teleworking is perceived by employees and highlights its possible benefits and pitfalls. Interviews with sixty‐two teleworkers in five UK organisations provide a comprehensive view on this mode of work. In particular the study examines teleworking impact on effectiveness, quality of working life, and family life.
The role of digital networks in supply chain development
Authors: Wynarczyk Pooran
Published: March 2003

This article examines the relationship between diffusion of digital networks and performance of specialised sub‐contracting SME’s. The results demonstrate that the impact of the adoption of digital networks on the performance of sub‐contracting SME’s is highly dependent on the managerial capacity of firms to utilise the benefit of new technologies.
Job change and workplace learning in the public sector: the significance of new technology for unskilled work
Authors: Munro Anne , Rainbird Helen
Published: March 2003

Focussing here on local authorities and health services, this paper examines the significance of new technology to unskilled work in the public sector as it is developing and the implications for workplace learning. An argument is developed that new technology is central to a minority of examples of job change, although, significantly, it is more important to staff–initiated change and to workers’ ability to fully participate in life beyond the workplace.
Vicissitudes in the Hong Kong oil market, 1980–97
Authors: Chow Larry Chuen‐ho
Published: March 2003

Hong Kong, devoid of natural resources, has to import all the energy it consumes. Up to 1981, oil accounted for almost 100 per cent of the total primary energy requirement, of which about 59 per cent was used to generate electricity. Starting in 1982, the electricity sector switched to coal generation, leading to plummeting oil consumption. The conversion process was essentially completed by 1988. Local sales of oil products declined from 5.790 million kilolitres in 1981 to 3.470m kl in 1987, but climbed back to 5.157m kl in 1997: oil consumption stagnated between 1981 and 1997. This paper analyses the fluctuations in oil consumption during the period, covering use by the utility and non‐utility sectors. Next, it deals with consumption of, and the factors involved in, the six major oil products, i.e. fuel oil, diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene and jet fuel. Interestingly, bunker sales, including air and sea transport, rose noticeably during these years, partly offsetting the effect of slumping oil sales to the power plants and helping boost total oil demand in the 1990s. Lastly, a glimpse into the future of the Hong Kong oil market is taken.
Economic theory and nuclear energy
Authors: Banks Ferdinand E.
Published: March 2003

The economics literature dealing with nuclear energy and uranium is inadequate, and several extremely important topics deserve a more methodical treatment. This survey provides: an alternative derivation for the optimal mix of generating capacity; a systematic but essentially non‐technical approach to the nuclear fuel cycle; some comments on alternative technologies; and a stock‐flow analysis of the market for uranium. It is also argued: that existing nuclear facilities in countries like Sweden can compete with all fossil fuels in the generation of electricity; and that claims that unconventional or renewable energy sources are economic at the present time are misleading, and might serve to accelerate the introduction of a plutonium‐based energy economy.
Investment Irreversibility and Finance Constraints
Authors: Scaramozzino Pasquale
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the investment behaviour of firms in the presence of irreversibility and of a dividend payout constraint. Estimation of investment equations for a panel of UK firms shows that the Q model performs well, over regions of the sample space, where neither constraint is likely to be binding. The constraints are able to account for the empirical significance of cash flow variables for the remaining firms in the sample.
When do Firms go in for Growth by Acquisitions?
Authors: Hay Donald A. , Liu Guy S.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the incidence of acquisitions, and the determinants of expenditure or acquisitions, in a sample of 110 UK quoted companies, 1970–89. Financial variables, especially those related to Jensen's ‘free cash flow’ theory of acquisitions are found to be significant, notably for dominant firms. But there is little support for the inclusion of market structure variables which seek to capture the strategic role of acquisitions as an instrument of competition in oligopolistic markets.
Semi‐Nonparametric Estimation of an Equilibrium Search Model
Authors: Koning Pierre , Van Den Berg Gerard J. , Ridder Geert
Published: March 2003

We specify and estimate an equilibrium job search model with productivity differences across labour market segments. The model allows for two types of unemployment: frictional unemployment due to search frictions and structural unemployment due to wage floors. Wage floors exist because of high unemployment benefits or binding minimum wages. The productivity distribution is estimated semi‐nonparametrically along the lines of Gallant‐Nychka, using Hermite series approximation. We decompose the total unemployment rate and we examine the effects of changes in the minimum wage.
Beauty, Stature and the Labour Market: A British Cohort Study
Authors: Harper Barry
Published: March 2003

The influence of physical appearance in the labour market is examined using longitudinal cohort data covering 11,407 individual born in Britain in 1958. Results show that physical appearance has a substantial effect onearnings and employment patterns for both men and women. Irrespective ofgender, those who are assessed as unattractive or short, experience a significant earnings penalty. Tall men receive a pay premium while obese womenexperience a pay penalty. The bulk of the pay differential for appearance arises from employer discrimination, although we find evidence for productivity differences among occupations. The impact of physical appearance is also evident in the marriage market. Among women, those who are tall or obese are less likely to be married; while among men, lower marriage rates are found for those who are short or unattractive.
Sea routes and navigation in the third millennium Aegean
Authors: Agouridis Christos
Published: March 2003

This article discusses evidence for interregional contact by sea in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. It outlines the relevant environmental background and changes since that period, and discusses the relationship between important settlements and preferred routes of movements between coasts and islands. After discussing some aspects of pilotage and navigational techniques used in the third millennium, it considers the role of different areas in reconstructed patterns of contact.
Silo or Vat? Observations on the Ancient Textile Industry in Malta and Early Phoenician Interests in the Island
Authors: Sagona Claudia
Published: March 2003

This paper concerns the Bronze Age/Phoenician contact period, focusing on a cache of pottery from Mtarfa, Malta, excavated by Ward Perkins in 1939, and the evidence of coastal and other pits, possibly used in the process of dyeing textile. Dyed fabric, it is argued, may have been the reason for Phoenician contact with the island prior to colonization. Murex shells and other possible dye sources within Malta are discussed.
Life in the Woods: Tree‐throws, ‘Settlement’ and Forest Cognition
Authors: Evans Christopher , Pollard Joshua , Knight Markr
Published: March 2003

The deposition of Early Neolithic material within tree‐throw hollows in described, and the possible role of fallen trunks as places of occupation, settlement foci and landscape markers is discussed. Having implications for the interpretation of ubiquitous later Mesolithic pit dwellings, the evidence suggests a continuity of forest ‘identity’. Accordingly, patterns of clearances are also explored in relationship to modes of occupation, and the employment of ‘big wood’ in Neolithic monuments discussed.
Anthropogenic Causes, Mechanisms and Effects of Upper Pliocene and Quaternary Extinctinctions of Large Vertebrates
Authors: Schuster Sabine , Schüe Wilhelm
Published: March 2003

Successive waves of extinction of large vertebrates have swept the globe since the Pliocene. In contrast to such episodes in earlier geological epochs, many of the species of large herbivores and carnivores, flightless birds, and giant tortoises which became extinct during this period were not replaced in these niches by other species. Relying on data from the fossil and archaeological records as well as on ethological and palaeo‐ecological arguments, the authors explain why hominids are to be held responsible for this ecological genocide. Possible ecological and climatic consequences of the extinctions are discussed. These considerations cast doubt upon the notion of early hominids as scavengers.
Two Traditions of Bronze Age Burial in the Stonehenge Landscape
Authors: Peters Frances
Published: March 2003

A study of the size of round barrows in relation to their position in the Stonehenge landscape allows us to define two types of mound, here termed ‘Conspicuous’ and ‘Inconspicuous’. Conspicuous barrows are large and prominently located, whilst inconspicuous barrows are smaller and less strikingly placed. Inconspicuous barrows were associated mainly with funerary urns and were constructed throughout the Early and Middle Bronze Ages. Conspicuous barrows contain a wider range of grave goods and were mainly built in the later part of the Early Bronze Age. The Conspicuous barrows were impressive features of the prehistoric landscape and may have been built there because of the long‐established significance of some of the local monuments, including Stonehenge itself. They contain exotic grave goods and could have been the burial places of a wider population. By contrast, the Inconspicuous barrows appear to be associated with settlement areas. They contain a range of ceramic grave goods which extend throughout the Early and Middle Bronze Ages and may have been built by the people who were living in the area. The latter tradition is the longer lived and retained its importance into the Middle Bronze Age when more conspicuous mounds were no longer built.
The Demolition of the Roman Tetrapylon in Caerleon: An Erasure of Memory
Authors: Howell Raymond
Published: March 2003

Excavations in Caerleon, the headquarters of the Second Augustan Legion, have demonstrated the existence of a tetrapylon at the centre of the Roman fortress. Evidence indicates that the structure survived into the medieval period when it was undermined and demolished. A recent review of ceramic finds associated with the demolition horizon suggests that the tetrapylon was razed in the thirteenth century. While stone‐robbing for reconstruction of the medieval castle in Caerleon may provide a partial explanation for the destruction, political circumstances at the time provided additional incentives. Association of the Roman remains with resurgent Welsh lordship appears to have created a political reason for removal of the structure.
The life cycle of bronze age metalwork from the Thames
Authors: York Jill
Published: March 2003

The high proportion of Bronze Age metalwork found in the Thames has aroused interest for many years, but all too little is known of the circumstances in which this material was deposited. Much of it is weaponry, but there are finds of tools as well. This paper examines the material found upstream of Teddington and considers its treatment before it entered the river. A high proportion of the artefacts had been used and some of them deliberately destroyed. There are marked variations in the selection and treatment of these artefacts along different lengths of the river and in different periods of the Bronze Age, but it seems likely that the proportion of fine metalwork that was deliberately damaged before it entered the river increased sharply over time.
Geochemical and Magnetic Provenancing of Roman Granite Columns from Andalucía and Extremadura, Spain
Authors: Williams‐Thorpe Olwen , Potts P. J.
Published: March 2003

One hundred and fifty two granite columns were examined in eight towns and archaeological sites in Andalucía and Extremadura, Spain, in order to determine the geological provenance of the columns. Three non‐destructive methods of characterization were used: mineralogical features, magnetic susceptibility, and concentrations of radioelements (K, U, Th) determined by portable gamma ray spectrometry. Columns were compared with potential sources within Spain and in the Mediterranean area using analogous data previously published and also new data obtained for this work. The majority of the columns are made of Spanish granites, some of which were probably quarried near Mérida. Different chemical types of Spanish granites were used in the northern part of the area studied (Extremadura) and in the southern part (Andalucía). Twenty five columns are not of Spanish granites, but were imported from other sources, namely the Troad and Kozak Dağ areas of western Turkey, the Italian islands of Elba and/or Giglio, and Sardinia (confirming a column previously identified in the literature). The imported columns are found in Itálica, Hispalis (Seville) and Astigi (Écija), and were probably carried along the River Guadalquivir and its tributaries.
A Time‐Varying Risk Analysis of Equity and Real Estate Markets in the US and Japan
Authors: Liu Crocker H. , Mei Jianping (J.P.)
Published: March 2003

The paper offers some new evidence which suggests that Japanese equity and real estate markets might not necessarily behave in a parallel manner to US capital markets. These results are obtained from an examination of the nature of expected and unexpected movements in the returns of Japanese assets and US assets using a present‐value model which allows for a time‐varying expected discount rate in conjunction with a VAR process. Based on data from 1972–92, it is found that one distinctive difference is that changes in the future expected return for Japanese real estate and stocks are less persistent over time than their US counterparts. It is also found that the impact of Japanese markets on the US market was relatively small. On the other hand, there is some evidence that the US equity market had some significant impact on the Japanese equity market. Returns on Japanese stocks also exhibit a weaker mean reversion process relative to returns on US stocks and US real estate.
Integration Among Asia‐Pacific and International Stock Markets: Common Stochastic Trends and Regime Shifts
Authors: Siklos Pierre L. , Ng Patrick
Published: March 2003

Are stock markets in the Asia‐Pacific region integrated with each other and with the US and Japan? The paper examines a number of common stochastic trends among stock prices in the US, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. If integration exists it is a fairly recent phenomenon. Institutional and economic considerations suggest the same is true so that a single common stochastic trend among Asian and North American markets is a recent phenomenon. The reason is that the stock markets studied were only recently sufficiently liberalized to permit some form of integration to emerge. Also, not only was the 1987 stock market crash significant, but the 1991 Gulf War also signalled a turning point in the degree of stock market integration among the countries studied.
Economic development and capability expansion in historical perspective
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: March 2003

This paper is the text of a lecture given by the author at the Academic Conference on Charitable Services and Social Forces in History, at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, on 8 December 1999.
Migration, Jobs and Welfare: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Oslington Paul
Published: March 2003

Immigration has been an important element of the economic development of many countries, although in recent years there has been an intensification of doubts about the benefits of further immigration. This paper brings some simple general‐equilibrium modelling tools to bear on the question of the employment and welfare effects of immigration. Employment and taxation effects, rather than wage and distributional effects, are found to be crucial in determining the impact of immigration on the welfare of factor‐owners in the receiving country. These employment effects depend on the type of immigration and the substitutability or complementarity relationships between immigrant labour and unemployed labour. Certain types of immigration are shown to be Pareto‐improving for the receiving country, without any need for lump‐sum transfers. Simple numerical simulations illustrate the results.
Locke on the Idea of Substratum
Authors: Newman Lex
Published: March 2003

Locke's treatment of substratum is notoriously difficult. Accordingto one commentator, ‘nothing else in the writings of any philosopher matches the doubleness of attitude of the passages about substratum in Locke's Essay’ (Bennett 1987, 197). The aim of the present paper is to render consistent Locke's seemingly divergent strands on the subject. My efforts are organized around three levels of apparent duplicity. At each level, I argue that the doubleness of attitude in Locke's treatment is merely apparent. I argue further that Locke means to ground an empiricist‐friendly idea of substratum in the customary experience of simple ideas that ‘go constantly together.’
Getting Round to Clarity: What Do We Mean by Circle Time?
Authors: Lang Peter
Published: March 2003

The use of circle time is becoming increasingly widespread in this country, but what exactly it involves and should achieve is subject to a wide range of interpretations. Such a situation can make the identification of what should count as good or appropriate practice very hard to undertake. This paper describes three examples of the development of circle time in other countries. These models are used as a means of critically reflecting on practice here. Some key points raised are the importance of the relationship between theory and practice and between specific processes and their outcomes. Lack of evaluative research and adequate training are also identified as significant issues.
Circle Time: Improving Social Interaction in a Year 6 Classroom
Authors: Moss Helen , Wilson Valerie
Published: March 2003

To what degree can an approach involving the use of circle time improve the quality of relationships within a class? The writers report on a piece of research they undertook involving a Year 6 class which sought to answer this question. The research was initiated because of a concern about the poor quality of relationships within the class. The writers worked together on seven weekly circle‐time sessions of 45 minutes each. There was a clear focus on relationships and the discussion of feelings. Evaluative questionnaires were given at the outset and on completion of the programme. The results were generally encouraging, in particular in terms of more positive and less negative feelings about others in the class. The authors conclude by suggesting that the reactive nature of their programme lessened its effect and emphasise the need for and value of a more proactive approach.
Drugs, Camera, Action! A Video Approach to PSE
Authors: Berry Paul , McKenna Gerry , Harris Jan
Published: March 2003

A seven‐year partnership between a Norfolk high school and an NHS drug treatment agency has raised awareness about drugs, alcohol, HIV and AIDS among all sections of the school community. In an innovative approach to drug education, factual lessons have been augmented in Personal and Social Education (PSE) by videoed discussions touching on a range of issues, filmed at Year 9 and played back at Year 11. The sessions have had a powerful effect and helped give participants greater awareness of the transition from youth to adulthood. The insights gained and the techniques used may well have relevance to other aspects of a PSE programme.
Using Visual Methods in Careers Education and Guidance
Authors: Mignot Phil
Published: March 2003

This article describes how visual methods, particularly photography, can be used in the context of careers education and guidance. It begins by acknowledging that this context is undergoing rapid change given the policy agendas of lifelong learning and social inclusion. However, although these policy agendas continue to emphasize the importance of self‐knowledge in managing career development, this represents an area of continuing difficulty in terms of curriculum design and delivery. In recognizing this dilemma the article suggests that visual methods can provide careers educators, guidance practitioners, and their clients with the means to engage ‘self’ in the processes of career learning and planning.
The Emotional Challenge of Listening and Dialogue
Authors: McLaughlin Colleen
Published: March 2003

In this article the writer explores the importance of and difficulty surrounding dialogue between students and teachers. This discussion is set within the wider context of a debate about the education of the emotions in our society and the argument is that this dialogue has a part to play in the education of the emotions. Thinking in the field of psychotherapy is drawn on as well as the writer’s experience as an educator, counsellor and trainer. She is currently working in higher education and concerned with teacher education and research. This background is relevant in that this experience is drawn on and it also shows up the focus of much of the work. This is concerned with personal, social and emotional development in education and with making this integral to education and organizations.
Effective Tutoring and School Improvement
Authors: Rosenblatt Mel
Published: March 2003

This article sets out to define effective tutoring and to establish links between effective tutoring and school improvement. Before identifying if a school has improved, one must first ascertain the function of schools. If one accepts Lodge’s premise that the function of schools is ’to promote children’s learning’ (Lodge, 2000), then an improving school is one which improves learning itself. This paper argues that effective tutoring can play a part in helping schools to achieve this goal and outlines some practical ways in which this can happen. It draws on current practice at Greenshaw High School to explore some strategies for improving tutoring in order to impact on schools’ effectiveness.
Being Positive About Positivism
Authors: Capps Patrick
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Matthew H. Kramer, In Defense of Legal Positivism: Law Without Trimmings
Culture and Consumerism: Citizenship, Public Service Broadcasting and the BBC’s Fair Trading Obligations
Authors: Born Georgina , Prosser Tony
Published: March 2003

The authors examine the future of public service broadcasting in the context of current debates about, and commercial pressures on, the BBC. They describe the European Community constraints on public service broadcasting and the need for a clearer definition of such broadcasting, noting that such a definition is not currently provided in UK law. The BBC is also under increasing pressure from fair trading rules derived from competition law, some of which may weaken its ability to deliver its public service mission. Original research undertaken within the BBC suggests that external and internal pressures have undermined the conditions for a distinctive public service output, although there remains the basis for such an output within the culture of programme‐making. The authors develop theoretical bases for a redefinition of public service broadcasting centred on the principles of citizenship, universality and quality in relation to services and output, and examine the implications for the structure of channels in the digital era. Finally, the authors discuss the legal and regulatory implications of their analysis in the context of the Government’s Communications White Paper, arguing that the social and cultural purposes of public service broadcasting must not be made subordinate to competition‐based concerns.
History, Critical Legal Studies and the Mysterious Disappearance of Capitalism
Authors: Ireland Paddy
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Ron Harris, Industrializing English Law
Dogmatic Liberalism? T.R.S. Allan and the Common Law Constitution
Authors: Poole Thomas
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

T.R.S. Allan, Constitutional Justice: A Liberal Theory of the Rule of Law