bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Escherichia coli swimming is robust against variations in flagellar number
Authors: Mears Patrick J , Koirala Santosh , Rao Chris V , Golding Ido , Chemla Yann R
Published: February 2014

Bacterial chemotaxis is a paradigm for how environmental signals modulate cellular behavior. Although the network underlying this process has been studied extensively, we do not yet have an end-to-end understanding of chemotaxis. Specifically, how the rotational states of a cell’s flagella cooperatively determine whether the cell ‘runs’ or ‘tumbles’ remains poorly characterized. Here, we measure the swimming behavior of individual E. coli cells while simultaneously detecting the rotational states of each flagellum. We find that a simple mathematical expression relates the cell’s run/tumble bias to the number and average rotational state of its flagella. However, due to inter-flagellar correlations, an ‘effective number’ of flagella—smaller than the actual number—enters into this relation. Data from a chemotaxis mutant and stochastic modeling suggest that fluctuations of the regulator CheY-P are the source of flagellar correlations. A consequence of inter-flagellar correlations is that run/tumble behavior is only weakly dependent on number of flagella.
Bringing dead proteins back to life
Authors: A Wustman Brandon , Steele John W , Sjoberg Eric R , Stevens Anthony C
Published: February 2014

A small molecule called EMD 57033 can repair motor proteins that have stopped working as a result of stress.
Ecology in the genomics era of a degraded planet
Authors: Baldwin Ian T
Published: February 2014

Modern research in ecology draws upon a wide range of different techniques and can offer fresh insights on how to tackle a range of challenges facing the natural world.
Physical modeling of tidal resonance in a submarine canyon
Authors: Le Souëf K. E. , Allen S. E.
Published: February 2014

Current observations in submarine canyons poleward of 30° are usually dominated by the semidiurnal (M2) tidal frequency, which is superinertial at these latitudes. Observations from a submarine canyon at 44°N (the Gully, Nova Scotia) suggest that canyons can be dominated by the subinertial (K1) tidal frequency if length scales are correct for resonance of the K1 frequency. A model of the Gully was constructed in a tank on a rotating table and tidal currents generated to determine factors that influence resonance. Resonance curves were fit to measurements from the laboratory canyon for a range of stratifications, background rotation rates, and forcing amplitudes. Dense water was observed upwelling onto the continental shelf on either side of the laboratory canyon and traveled at least one canyon width along the shelf. Friction values measured in the laboratory were much higher than expected, probably due to upwelled water surging onto the shelf on each tidal cycle, similar to a tidal bore. By scaling observations from the laboratory to the ocean and assuming friction in the ocean is also affected by water traveling onto the shelf, a resonance curve for the ocean was created. Because of the broad resonance curve, the diurnal tide remains strong year round at the Gully, even as stratification at the shelf break changes. Dense water surging onto the shelf on tidal frequencies may affect friction and mixing at other nonresonant canyons.
Senate Hearing Focuses on Critical Minerals and Efforts to Ensure U.S. Supplies
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2014

A discussion about the current severe propane shortage in the U.S. Midwest was not on the agenda for a 28 January hearing on critical minerals held by the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. However, that did not stop committee member Sen. Tammy Baldwin (D‐Wis.) from bringing up the topic as “a really stark illustration of what happens when there are disruptions, how dangerous it can be when resources that we absolutely rely on—for, in this case, warmth of our constituents' homes—are disrupted. We need a stable supply of our critical resources.”
AGU Pilots Virtual Student Poster Session
Authors: Asher Pranoti M. , Furukawa Harry , Adamec Bethany
Published: February 2014

AGU recognizes that the inability to travel to Fall Meeting can be a barrier to sharing one's research, particularly for students. In 2013, several students from ­2‐year colleges overcame this barrier and presented their research findings virtually.
Overview of Electrophoresis
Authors: Gallagher Sean R.
Published: February 2014

This unit is an overview of the subsequent units on protein and nucleic acid electrophoresis separation techniques. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 8:7.1.1‐7.1.7. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Children's Emotion Regulation in Classroom Settings
Authors: Cybele Raver C.
Published: February 2014

The following chapter considers children's development of emotional self‐regulation and the ways that children's emotion regulation may, in turn, support versus constrain learning. Educational settings are discussed from an emotional regulatory perspective, where teachers and peers foster an emotional climate that might be alternately disruptive or supportive of children's emotional and cognitive development. The chapter highlights ways that these processes may be particularly important for children facing cumulative exposure to multiple family stressors associated with income poverty. Finally, it discusses findings from several recent interventions targeting children's emotional and behavioral regulation within classroom contexts, and their implications.
Children's Intrinsic Motivation to Learn
Authors: Freiberger Verena , Spinath Birgit
Published: February 2014

As children spend a good portion of their daily life at school, experiences in this context presumably have far‐reaching consequences not only for their academic development but also for their general wellbeing. To meet the demands for lifelong learning, individuals need high and sustainable motivation to learn. Recent research, however, has consistently documented that important prerequisites for learning, such as intrinsic motivation for school‐related learning, diminish over time. This chapter addresses the issue of children's declining intrinsic motivation and discusses reasons that might be responsible for this development. We start by defining the concept of intrinsic motivation and pointing out its relevance in various situations, before giving an overview of empirical studies that have investigated different factors potentially influencing the development of students' intrinsic motivation over the elementary‐school years.
Parents' Role in Infants' Language Development and Emergent Literacy
Authors: Tamis‐LeMonda Catherine S. , Luo Rufan , Song Lulu
Published: February 2014

In this chapter, we highlight specific behaviors in parents that positively influence children's language development and emergent literacy. In particular, we point to the importance of parent language that is diverse in word types and communicative functions; parent language that is contingently responsive to infant behaviors; parent language that is coordinated with cues that saliently mark referents for children; parent language that is grammatically complex and attuned to children's growing language skills; and parents' engagement of children in routine activities of book sharing, storytelling, rhyming, drawing, and writing, all of which indoctrinate children into the larger literate society.
Parenting and Early Intervention
Authors: Ayoub Catherine C. , Bartlett Jessica Dym , Swartz Mallary I.
Published: February 2014

Parenting is a powerful determinant of human development, and social‐emotional development in early childhood cannot be understood fully without consideration for how a child is, and has been, parented. However, what constitutes optimal parenting to support social and emotional skill acquisition in children is a matter of considerable public debate. In this chapter, we use a dynamic skill perspective to highlight current knowledge on children's construction of progressively complex and interrelated skills in three domains—emotion regulation, emotion understanding, and attachment. Bearing in mind that children's capacity to form healthy attachments, to regulate emotions, and to understand a wide range of emotional experiences is shaped in part by their developmental contexts, we explore the role of parents in developing these fundamental skills. In addition, we consider the influence of early childhood interventions on social‐emotional development in young children. The chapter concludes with implications of scientific knowledge for policy and practice aimed at promoting children's socioemotional wellbeing.
The Importance of Quality Prekindergarten Programs for Promoting School Readiness Skills
Authors: Mashburn Andrew J.
Published: February 2014

This chapter summarizes the extensive body of research that has examined associations between prekindergarten quality and children's school readiness, describes the methodological limitations and conceptual problems with these studies, and discusses the contributions of developmental theories to informing the design and structure of prekindergarten settings in ways that best support children's school readiness. The goal of this chapter is to refocus the definition of high‐quality prekindergarten on those aspects of programs that directly impact children's development. The result will help to identify the policies and program improvement efforts that are most likely to amplify the impacts of attending prekindergarten on children's school readiness and their later success.
The Working Wounded
Authors: Francis Lori , Cameron James E. , Kevin Kelloway E. , Catano, Victor M. , Day Arla L. , Gail Hepburn C.
Published: February 2014

Stigma contributes to a number of negative consequences for members of devalued groups. Injured employees report being labeled as malingerers or abusers of the health‐care, compensation, and legal systems and experience discrimination and isolation at work. Drawing from research in multiple disciplines on return to work and stigma, we discuss why workers returning to work following physical injuries may be stigmatized in this fashion and outline the significant costs associated with such stigmatization. Considering societal, organizational, situational, and individual influences, we address factors that we believe differentiate injured workers, their injuries, and their workplaces and suggest ways that these factors, alone and together, affect injured workers' vulnerability to stigma. From there, we consider how the stress‐provoking and painful process of stigmatization of those returning to work following an injury can be alleviated by appropriate organizational intervention.
Job Stress in University Academics
Authors: Winefield Anthony H.
Published: February 2014

This chapter argues that job stress in the academic profession has risen dramatically during the past three decades. Studies from around the world have documented the increase. After reviewing the evidence, a detailed account is provided of a national university stress study conducted in Australia during the past decade. It is concluded that senior university administrators need to take urgent steps to reduce occupational stress in their academic staff members. Unless they do so, they are likely to see undesirable outcomes both at the individual level (increased strain), as well as at the organizational level (reduced performance, and increased sick leave, absenteeism, and turnover).
Longitudinal Research in Occupational Stress
Authors: Brusso Robert C. , Cigularov Konstantin P. , Callan Rachel C.
Published: February 2014

Despite the universally agreed need for and benefits of longitudinal research, concerns about its underuse and misuse to adequately test causal models in occupational stress research persist. In this chapter we discuss a number of these concerns and provide an assessment of the gaps between actual and best practices by summarizing findings from methodological reviews of longitudinal research in occupational stress. Although there is evidence that occupational stress researchers have heeded some of the recommendations for best practices in longitudinal research, such as using full‐panel designs and structural equation modeling, other recommended practices, including the use of multiwave designs and consideration of alternative causal explanations, have lagged behind. In light of this, we echo earlier calls for more and improved longitudinal research in occupational stress.
Parenting Interventions to Promote Wellbeing and Prevent Mental Disorder
Authors: Stewart‐Brown Sarah
Published: February 2014

Parenting is a key life‐course determinant of mental wellbeing, as well as a determinant of mental and physical disease, social disorders, and educational problems. A range of different programs and approaches has been developed to support positive parenting. These take into account the social correlates and contributors to poor parenting: teenage and single parenthood, low parental education, parental mental illness and drug and alcohol misuse, and the poverty which often accompanies them. Approaches range from long‐term, one‐to‐one early interventions for high‐risk families, through programs targeted to families where children have behavior problems, to universal programs delivered to all parents in community settings, schools, or via the Internet. Those most subject to randomized controlled trials are the group‐based behavior management programs. Many controlled trials of home‐visiting programs for at‐risk families have shown effectiveness. The characteristics of effective programs are now well known. Although the effects of parenting on health can be detected across the life course, few studies have estimated effects beyond 1 or 2 years. Questions have been raised as to whether randomized controlled trials give the best picture of effectiveness in complex programs requiring behavior change, and a range of research methods is needed to ensure the effectiveness of parenting programs. The extensive literature on parenting interventions leaves no doubt about their value in the promotion of mental wellbeing. It also provides policy makers and commissioners with a range of options from low‐cost universal programs to more expensive, intensive support for the most at‐risk families.
An Exploration of the Effects of Mindfulness Training and Practice in Association with Enhanced Wellbeing for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Burke Christine
Published: February 2014

Evidence has accumulated over the past three decades supporting mindfulness‐based approaches as efficacious methods for enhancing adults' psychological health and wellbeing. More recently, mindfulness‐based approaches have been used with children and adolescents in school, community, and clinical settings. Although empirical research and applications of mindfulness with youth are still in early development, these approaches are considered acceptable, feasible, and potentially effective in enhancing the psychological health and wellbeing of younger populations. The chapter focuses on the construct and practice of mindfulness as it is used in the prominent secular approaches, mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT), where the regular practice of mindfulness meditation is fundamental to the approach. The relationship of mindfulness to personal and interpersonal domains of wellbeing is investigated through examination of related theoretical and empirical research incorporating cognition, affect, physiology, neurobiology, and their interrelationship with the mechanisms of mindfulness, and extended with developmentally specific relevance to children and adolescents. The empirical methods for assessing the associations between mindfulness and wellbeing are considered, with suggestions for further developments in this area. The current applications of mindfulness‐based approaches with youth are considered, particularly those offering potential for enhancing wellbeing outcomes across a broad spectrum of the population, rather than restricted clinical populations. Finally, it is proposed that the advancement of this field requires significant investment of effort in establishing an empirical evidence base, and the development of outcome measures that are relevant and specific to enhancing wellbeing, rather than merely symptom reduction.
Wellbeing as a Business Priority
Authors: Kilfedder Catherine , Litchfield Paul
Published: February 2014

The concept of wellbeing has been growing in importance for people, organizations, and governments over the past decade. People are increasingly interested in having a life in balance, with ample time for family, friends, and other interests as well as work. The economic climate and increasingly competitive global marketplace has necessitated that organizations adapt to survive and get the best out of their people to enhance organizational performance and profitability. The evidence base has been growing to demonstrate the link between the economic growth of a country and the wellbeing of its people, hence the more recent governmental focus on this area. Forward‐looking companies have generally been on a journey in relation to the health, safety, and wellbeing of their people, moving the focus from traditional safety, to physical health, to stress and mental health and latterly to building the resilience of the workforce. This is considered not only to be the right thing to do as a responsible employer but to make good business sense as well. An effective overall approach is to focus on encouraging an interdependent mind‐set whereby people are responsible for their own health, safety, and wellbeing and that of their colleagues. The aim is to place the greatest degree of effort on upstream preventative activities wherever possible. This includes paying attention to work and role design, management behaviors, and competency, as well as more traditional wellbeing initiatives. Over the years such an approach can see reductions in sickness absence, lost time injuries, and work‐related ill‐health alongside maintenance of employee engagement despite organizational changes and economic uncertainty. But work must continue; the health and wellbeing journey is most definitely a marathon and not a sprint.
The Power of Philanthropy and Volunteering
Authors: Konrath Sara
Published: February 2014

This chapter reviews research on the relationship between giving money (i.e., philanthropy) and time (i.e., volunteering) and givers' psychological wellbeing. It summarize a wide body of research literature suggesting correlational, longitudinal, and experimental links between giving time and money to others and psychological wellbeing. The chapter examines the extent to which these effects generalize across cultures, circumstances, types of givers, and types of recipients. Because most of the literature also does not offer explanations as to why giving should improve psychological wellbeing, it also outlines a potential neurobiological model that may help to explain such an effect. This theoretical model of caregiving motivation can help to specify under which situations, and why, giving should lead to better living. The chapter ends with a discussion of practical implications of this review for both givers and nonprofit organizations.
Community Change
Authors: Roffey Sue , Barnes Jacqueline
Published: February 2014

Over the past two decades, inspired primarily by Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological theory of development, research has increasingly demonstrated that aspects of the local community can have a marked impact on child and family wellbeing. With concerns about the disconnect in society and the social milieu in which the next generation are growing up, there have been a range of interventions to make change at the community level. These have been designed to enhance parenting behavior, parental mental health, child academic achievement, and the mental health and wellbeing of children and young people. They include major interventions in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States, as well as many smaller scale interventions for specific populations. A major focus here is the evaluation of the Sure Start initiative in the United Kingdom. This chapter outlines some of the issues faced by community interventions and explores those that have made headway in establishing a paradigm for positive change.
The Health and Wellbeing Effects of Active Labor Market Programs
Authors: Coutts Adam P. , Stuckler David , Cann David J.
Published: February 2014

This chapter presents findings on the relationships between employment status, health, and wellbeing, focusing on the protective role of active labor market programs (ALMPs). Conceptual frameworks from work psychology and social epidemiology are used to understand how employment status and participation inALMPsaffect health and wellbeing. Economic insecurity and involuntary unemployment pose significant risks to health and wellbeing. It is found that participating inALMPshelps improve resilience to the health risks of unemployment and increases the likelihood of job reintegration.ALMPsare most successful when programs combine personal development, as well as skills training and employment recovery. In the context of austerity policies, investment inALMPsoffers economic and social value through helping to protect public health while readying the economy for recovery.
Creating Good Lives Through Computer Games
Authors: Johnson, Peta Wyeth Daniel , Sweetser Penny
Published: February 2014

In this chapter we take a broad approach to exploring how videogames can lead to improvements in wellbeing. We examine the impact of videogames on the psychological, social, and physical components of wellbeing. The emergence of videogames as a mainstream pastime has motivated our investigation. Research has shown that videogames can generally be expected to positively influence a player's mood and emotion. Experiences of autonomy, relatedness, competence, and flow during videogame play can all be seen to lead to improved psychological wellbeing. Commercial videogames have also been shown to lead to improvements in cognitive skills. Games designed to have a specific benefit have shown improvements in psychological wellbeing, education, engagement, physical wellbeing, and rehabilitation. Videogame play has been shown to positively impact social wellbeing across user populations, including people with intellectual disabilities. Games support development of real life friendships and provide new ways to create and maintain social connections. The rich and full social networks formed as part of massively multiplayer online gaming typify these benefits. Our focus in this chapter is on the positive influences of videogames and present evidence of the positive impact of videogames on the psychological, physical and social components of wellbeing. We do not explore research on contexts in which negative impacts are possible. Clearly, balanced engagement with age‐appropriate videogames is a key prerequisite for any of the wellbeing benefits. Although there is a great deal of evidence for the actual and potential positive impacts of videogames on wellbeing, there are many unanswered questions regarding the context in which there is likely to be an impact. We conclude the chapter by outlining the key questions for future research.
Policy and Wellbeing
Authors: Halpern David
Published: February 2014

This chapter sets out why the U.K. Government decided to take subjective wellbeing seriously. Though policy makers have shown some interest in subjective wellbeing for more than a decade, in 2010 Prime Minister David Cameron announced a significant scaling up of attention to the measurement, and policy implications, of subjective wellbeing. This included a major measurement program led by the Office of National Statistics (
ONS
), culminating in an annual survey of around 200,000 Britons representative down to local authority areas, with the first full year of data published in July 2012. Reviews have also been conducted to consider the implications of wellbeing agenda for policy making itself, including the guidance contained in the “Green Book” and in policy advice more widely.
A Step Too Far? Designing Dementia‐Friendly Neighborhoods
Authors: Mitchell Lynne
Published: February 2014

There are currently 800,000 people with dementia in the United Kingdom, most of whom wish to live in their own homes for as long as possible. But if the neighborhood is not dementia‐friendly people can effectively become housebound, which negatively impacts on their physical and mental health and wellbeing. This chapter presents research findings and recommendations for designing neighborhoods to enable people with dementia to continue to be able to get out and about.
Linking the Physical Design of Health‐Care Environments to Wellbeing Indicators
Authors: Payne Sarah , Potter Rachel , Cain Rebecca
Published: February 2014

The environmental design of health facilities impacts on all users of the health‐care system, including patients, visitors, and staff. Each user has varying needs and expectations of the environment, potentially affecting their wellbeing. This chapter uses personal and social wellbeing indicators to explore the relationship between health‐care environments and wellbeing. Research shows that ambient features, surfacing (textures, colors), layout, presence or absence of technological aids, window views, access to outside, architectural structure, and overall location all impact on aspects of wellbeing. Links between wellbeing and environmental design exist, and can inform the refurbishment and construction of future health‐care environments.
Crime and the Urban Environment
Authors: Davey Caroline L. , Wootton Andrew B.
Published: February 2014

Crime is a common component in measures of wellbeing. This chapter outlines the impact of crime on individuals, business, and society. The United Kingdom suffers from a high level of crime relative to other European countries. However, research shows that crime is not evenly distributed across populations and environments, but is concentrated in deprived communities and crime “hotspots.” Opportunity has been shown to be a key cause of crime. By intervening in the availability of opportunities for crime, design has helped reduce the occurrence of crime across Europe. However, feelings of insecurity remain a key issue for policy makers and citizens.
Cobenefits of Insulating Houses
Authors: Howden‐Chapman Philippa , Preval Nicholas
Published: February 2014

People spend most of the time indoors, so indoor temperatures and air quality are important. There is growing evidence that retrofitting insulation in existing houses improves health, wellbeing, and life expectancy, as well as having many cobenefits, including reducing fuel poverty, increasing energy efficiency, and mitigating climate change. The cost‐effectiveness of retrofitted insulation programs has been increased by their ability to provide employment during economic recessions. This chapter summarizes the broad outcomes of several large‐scale retrofit insulation and heating programs before analyzing the different policy frameworks that have been used to justify retrofitted insulation policies.
The Multiple Pathways between Environment and Health
Authors: Kyttä Marketta , Broberg Anna
Published: February 2014

The associations between urban structure and inhabitants' experiences, behavior, and wellbeing are at the core of environmental health promotion research. Recent studies reveal partly contradictory findings: urbanization seems to pertain to both health problems and the promotion of healthier lifestyles. We argue that a place‐based, multilayer analysis of health promotion processes can provide a key to the integration of the dispersed research. It can also facilitate research applications to urban planning solutions and help identify unique, context‐sensitive solutions. We will illustrate this approach by presenting research findings from studies in Finland among children and adults utilizing a public participationGISmethodology:softGIS.
Wellbeing as Experienced by the Very Old
Authors: Jagger Carol , Brittain Katie
Published: February 2014

Maintenance of quality of life in the very old (defined as those aged 85 years and over) is imperative as numbers in this age group are increasing faster than any other age group. In this chapter we explore different definitions of wellbeing and the factors that influence it. To describe the extent to which wellbeing is experienced by today's very old people we draw on findings from the Newcastle 85+ study, a large, representative cohort study of people born in 1921 and aged 85 years when first interviewed. None of the participants were free of disease, but almost three quarters perceived their health as good, and half had good psychological wellbeing (being satisfied with life, happy, and never lonely). Moreover, many led active social lives, engaging in hobbies and church and cultural activities, having regular contact with friends and family, helping others, and volunteering. Many of today's very old people have a very positive view of their life. Nevertheless it is still a matter for conjecture as to whether future cohorts of the very old, with their different experiences throughout life, will maintain or increase levels of wellbeing.
Physical Activity, Exercise, and Aging
Authors: Gorman Grainne S. , Wood Josh , Trenell Michael I.
Published: February 2014

In the United Kingdom more than 10 million people are now aged over 65 years, and an estimated 19 million people will be over 65 by the middle of this century. The fastest‐growing age group are those aged 80 years and over, who constitute 4.5% (2,749,507) of the total population. Despite the increasing recognition of age‐related changes on quality of life as well as potential health‐care cost implications, etiology and management of age‐related disorders remain major challenges. Both resistance and endurance exercise therapy have been shown to be safe and effective at improving aerobic and oxidative capacity, reversing deconditioning and improving skeletal muscle strength and health‐related quality‐of‐life indices in older people. Despite this evidence, very few people are given clear instructions about exercise. The objective of this chapter is to examine the current evidence of the effects of physical training and to explore the needs and barriers to exercise prescription and provide an insight into the potential of active lifestyles to help maintain health and wellbeing of older people.
Wellbeing and Vitality in Later Life
Authors: Catt Michael , van der Ouderaa Frans J. G.
Published: February 2014

This chapter seeks to explore the role of the consumer industry in contributing to wellbeing in later life. Later life represents a particularly intriguing domain for the engagement of the consumer industry with individuals, because with increasing life expectancy the needs and expectations of society at large are undergoing significant change. In particular, the growing numbers of older people constitute a new sector of the population on which the consumer industry has not previously focused much. Yet not only do older consumers now represent a substantial fraction of the purchase power of the market, they also have needs and desires that industry has not generally recognized and met. The integrated contribution of the consumer industry to wellbeing in later life has rarely, if ever, been extensively studied or evaluated. This chapter will not attempt to explore particular market opportunities for impact on wellbeing but will focus on the impact of products that provide for basic, staple consumer needs, such as food and hygiene, where some literature exists. It is hoped that this approach may provide a context for consideration of the wider contribution of the consumer industry by the reader.
The Threat to Wellbeing from Cognitive Decline
Authors: Robinson Louise , Corner Lynne
Published: February 2014

Extended life expectancy represents a major opportunity to promote and positively manage wellbeing across the life course. The increasing prevalence of cognitive decline will be a critical challenge for society as the numbers of people living with dementia rise significantly. Although the numbers and the costs are daunting, the impact on those with the illness and on their families is also profound; dementia results in a progressive decline in memory, reasoning, communication skills, and the skills needed to carry out daily activities. This chapter discusses the influence of cognitive impairment on a person's wellbeing, the factors that promote and inhibit wellbeing for people with dementia, and how society can response positively through initiatives such as dementia‐friendly communities. Finally we consider the effect of living with cognitive impairment on a person's health and access to health care and the urgent need to deliver better quality, integrated care to enhance wellbeing in this disadvantaged group.
Investing in Wellbeing in the Workplace
Authors: McDaid David , Park A‐La
Published: February 2014

This chapter looks at how we can help strengthen the economic case for better mental wellbeing at work. It recognizes that being in employment in a good working environment is beneficial to health, but acknowledges that workplaces are in an accelerating cycle of restructure and change. We highlight how effective prevention of excess psychosocial stress, promotion of mental health, and a return to work activities can contribute to mental capital and mental wellbeing. We then look at what is known about the cost‐effectiveness of these interventions and how economic incentives can be used to help increase access to effective programs. The evidence base is encouraging: different combinations of interventions in workplace mental health and wellbeing programs have been shown to generate positive returns on investment. A major caveat is that nearly all of this economic evidence is from the United States, where employers have a strong incentive to take action as they are often responsible for funding health care for their employees. Financial and regulatory incentives may be needed to stimulate investment in workplace health promotion in contexts where health systems are funded by taxation or social health insurance.
Introduction
Authors: Landry Susan H.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 1 provides an overview for the chapters in Volume I. It describes how the chapters in Part 1 focus on early areas of children's development that are interrelated and provide a foundation for later competence. This is followed by Parts 2–4 that examine various factors that are known to influence the quality and rate of development of children's abilities. For example, Part 2 includes chapters that consider the caregiving environment and parents' interactions with their young children. The interplay of other contextual influences is the focus of the chapters in Part 3, including care settings, experiences in school, and relationships with peers. The final chapters (Part 4) in this volume explore factors that can have negative effects on children's outcomes (e.g., poverty, early stress) but also give attention to policy and programs that can buffer the effect of factors such as poverty for high‐risk families.
Organizational Coping Strategies and Wellbeing
Authors: Tinline Gordon , Smeed Matthew
Published: February 2014

This chapter explores the range of strategies that can be implemented in organizations to help employees cope with work pressures, and evaluates the practical benefits and limitations of the main approaches. Coping strategies vary in terms of their stage of intervention and scope. Understanding this variation and how an integrated set of coping strategies can be developed is critical if organizations are to harness the full potential of the wellbeing support they provide.
Wellbeing in Later Life in Eighteenth‐Century England
Authors: Yallop Helen
Published: February 2014

Arguing for the validity of historical viewpoints in the study of aging, this chapter provides a perspective on wellbeing in later life from eighteenth‐century England. It situates the eighteenth century as a period of history particularly ripe for the study of aging and wellbeing, and describes eighteenth‐century England as a society fascinated by health, wellbeing, and longevity. Drawing upon the wealth of popular medical advice books devoted to the subject, the chapter provides an overview of the advice eighteenth‐century doctors gave their reading publics on how to manage health and wellbeing into their later years. In essence, it was suggested that health and wellbeing was largely a matter of personal choice and individual responsibility, and doctors particularly advised the cultivation of “cheerfulness” as an outlook that would reap positive psychosomatic benefits in later life.
Prediction of Relapse After Discontinuation of Biologic Agents by Ultrasonographic Assessment in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Clinical Remission: High Predictive Values of Total Gray‐Scale and Power Doppler Scores That Represent Residual Synovial Inflammation Before Discontinuation
Authors: Iwamoto Taro , Ikeda Kei , Hosokawa Junichi , Yamagata Mieko , Tanaka Shigeru , Norimoto Ayako , Sanayama Yoshie , Nakagomi Daiki , Takahashi Kentaro , Hirose Koichi , Sugiyama Takao , Sueishi Makoto , Nakajima Hiroshi
Published: February 2014

Objective

This prospective study aimed to determine whether the comprehensive ultrasonographic assessment of synovial inflammation predicts relapse after discontinuation of treatment with a biologic agent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical remission.

Methods

RA patients in clinical remission (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28] <2.6) receiving treatment with a biologic agent who agreed to discontinue the treatment were recruited. Patients underwent a comprehensive ultrasound scan on 134 synovial sites in 40 joints and were prospectively followed up for 6 months. Physicians who evaluated the patients during the study period were blinded to the baseline ultrasound findings.

Results

Forty‐two patients receiving either a tumor necrosis factor antagonist or tocilizumab were enrolled. Using the optimal cutoff values determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, relapse rates were significantly higher in patients whose total ultrasound scores at discontinuation were high than in those whose total ultrasound scores were low (P < 0.001 for both total gray‐scale and power Doppler scores), whereas the difference between high and low DAS28 was not statistically significant (P = 0.158 by log rank test). Positive and negative predictive values were 80.0% and 73.3% for the total gray‐scale score and 88.9% and 74.2% for the total power Doppler score, respectively.

Conclusion

In RA patients in clinical remission receiving treatment with a biologic agent, residual synovial inflammation determined by comprehensive ultrasound assessment predicted relapse within a short term after discontinuation of the treatment. Our data provide a rationale and groundwork to conduct a large‐scale study for establishment of ultrasound‐based strategies to optimize the period of treatment with a biologic agent.
Reconstituting Vascular Microenvironment of Neural Stem Cell Niche in Three‐Dimensional Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Shin Yoojin , Yang Kisuk , Han Sewoon , Park Hyun‐Ji , Seok Heo Yun , Cho Seung‐Woo , Chung Seok
Published: February 2014

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in a vascular microenvironment termed the “NSC niche.” Blood vessels in the NSC niche play an important role in maintaining an appropriate balance between NSC self‐renewal and differentiation that serves to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the role of brain vessels in the NSC niche will facilitate basic research in neurogenesis and vasculogenesis as well as aid the development of potential therapies for degenerative disorders. Here, an in vitro‐reconstituted NSC‐vascular niche consisting of a 3D brain vasculature and extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment that allows NSCs to adopt physiologically relevant phenotypes through the combined effects of ECM components, chemical gradients, and signaling effectors from the brain vasculature is described. The reconstituted niche can provide precise spatiotemporal control of the NSC niche, regulating self‐renewal, proliferation and colony formation of NSCs, and suppressing neuronal generation but promoting NSC differentiation into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. It is proved that Notch effectors regulate both the astrocyte differentiation and NSC self‐renewal, but the astrocyte differentiation is more active in NSCs in close proximity to brain vasculature. A potential role of the other vascular microenvironmental factor of pigment epithelium‐derived factor from brain vasculature in the regulation of NSC self‐renewal is also proved.
The Hedonic Price for Italian Red Wine: Do Chemical and Sensory Characteristics Matter?
Authors: Levaggi Rosella , Brentari Eugenio
Published: February 2014

In this article, we study the main determinants of price for Italian red wine sold on the domestic market via the estimation of a hedonic price function for the period 2005–2009. For each bottle considered, our dataset contains several characteristics, such as the price by retail channel (price in supermarkets and in wine shops), label characteristics, chemical analysis and sensory and experts’ evaluations. The unique features of the dataset allow us to study the price formation in the different market segments.

The analysis shows that in the large‐scale retail trade consumers value most what is written on the label, but only if it is a verifiable characteristic; label characteristics are also important in wine shops, but a selection process exists to enter this market. Finally, selling wine via both channels appears to be a winning strategy: it allows the price to be increased in the large‐scale retail trade, but it does not reduce the price in wine shops.
Synthesis of Substituted Pyrazoles from Vinylhydrozones via Bromoamination and Hydroamination with 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl and N‐Bromosuccinimide
Authors: Sar Dinabandhu , Paul Rajesh , Sengoden Mani , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: February 2014

The CH oxidative amination of (Z)‐1‐allylidene‐2‐arylhydrazines with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO)/N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) provides highly substituted pyrazoles with 100 % regioselectivity in moderate to good yields. These protocols are effective at room temperature and offer a route for the construction of the target five membered heterocycles.
Ultralight Mesoporous Magnetic Frameworks by Interfacial Assembly of Prussian Blue Nanocubes
Authors: Kong Biao , Tang Jing , Wu Zhangxiong , Wei Jing , Wu Hao , Wang Yongcheng , Zheng Gengfeng , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: February 2014

A facile approach for the synthesis of ultralight iron oxide hierarchical structures with tailorable macro‐ and mesoporosity is reported. This method entails the growth of porous Prussian blue (PB) single crystals on the surface of a polyurethane sponge, followed by in situ thermal conversion of PB crystals into three‐dimensional mesoporous iron oxide (3DMI) architectures. Compared to previously reported ultralight materials, the 3DMI architectures possess hierarchical macro‐ and mesoporous frameworks with multiple advantageous features, including high surface area (ca. 117 m2 g−1) and ultralow density (6–11 mg cm−3). Furthermore, they can be synthesized on a kilogram scale. More importantly, these 3DMI structures exhibit superparamagnetism and tunable hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, thus allowing for efficient multiphase interfacial adsorption and fast multiphase catalysis.
Effects of amino‐functionalized carbon nanotubes on the properties of amine‐terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile rubber‐toughened epoxy resins
Authors: Zhang Jusheng , Wang Yuting , Wang Xiaoshan , Ding Guowei , Pan Youqiang , Xie Hongfeng , Chen Qingmin , Cheng Rongshi
Published: February 2014

Amino‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT‐NH2s) as nanofillers were incorporated into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) toughened with amine‐terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile (ATBN). The curing kinetics, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), thermal stability, mechanical properties, and morphology of DGEBA/ATBN/MWCNT‐NH2 nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, a universal test machine, and scanning electron microscopy. DSC dynamic kinetic studies showed that the addition of MWCNT‐NH2s accelerated the curing reaction of the ATBN‐toughened epoxy resin. DSC results revealed that the Tg of the rubber‐toughened epoxy nanocomposites decreased nearly 10°C with 2 wt % MWCNT‐NH2s. The thermogravimetric results show that the addition of MWCNT‐NH2s enhanced the thermal stability of the ATBN‐toughened epoxy resin. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the DGEBA/ATBN/MWCNT‐NH2 nanocomposites increased increasing MWCNT‐NH2 contents, whereas the addition of the MWCNT‐NH2s slightly decreased the elongation at break of the rubber‐toughened epoxy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40472.
Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Conventional Treatment–Refractory Adult‐Onset Still's Disease: Multicenter Retrospective Open‐Label Study of Thirty‐Four Patients
Authors: Ortiz‐Sanjuán Francisco , Blanco Ricardo , Calvo‐Rio Vanesa , Narvaez Javier , Rubio Romero Esteban , Olivé Alejandro , Castañeda Santos , Gallego Flores Adela , Hernández M. Victoria , Mata Cristina , Ros Vilamajo Inmaculada , Sifuentes Giraldo Walter Alberto , Caracuel Miguel A. , Freire Mercedes , Gómez Arango Catalina , Llobet José , Manrique Arija Sara , Marras Carlos , Moll‐Tuduri Concepción , Plasencia‐Rodriguez Chamaida , Roselló Rosa , Urruticoechea Ana , Velloso‐Feijoo Maria L. , del Blanco Jordi , González‐Vela M. Carmen , Rueda‐Gotor Javier , Pina Trinitario , Loricera Javier , González‐Gay Miguel A.
Published: February 2014

Objective

Adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD) is frequently refractory to standard therapy. Tocilizumab (TCZ) has demonstrated efficacy in single cases and in small series of patients with AOSD. The aim of this multicenter study was to assess the efficacy of TCZ in patients with AOSD refractory to conventional treatment.

Methods

This was a retrospective open‐label study of TCZ treatment in 34 patients with AOSD who had experienced an inadequate response to corticosteroids and at least 1 standard synthetic immunosuppressive drug and also, in many cases, biologic agents.

Results

The mean ± SD age of the patients (8 men and 26 women) was 38.7 ± 16.1 years. The median duration of AOSD before TCZ was initiated was 4.2 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1–9 years). The initial dosages of intravenous TCZ were 8 mg/kg every 4 weeks in 22 patients, 4 mg/kg every 4 weeks in 2 patients, and 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks in 10 patients. TCZ treatment resulted in rapid and maintained improvement in both clinical and laboratory parameters. After 1 year of TCZ therapy, the incidence of joint manifestations had decreased from 97.1% at baseline to 32.4%, the incidence of both cutaneous manifestations and fever had decreased from 58.8% to 5.9%, and the incidence of lymphadenopathy had decreased from 29.4% to 0%. A dramatic reduction in laboratory markers of inflammation, including the C‐reactive protein level, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the ferritin level, was achieved. The median dosage of prednisone was also reduced, from 13.8 mg/day (IQR 5–45) at the initiation of TCZ to 2.5 mg/day (IQR 0–30) at 12 months. After a median followup of 19 months (IQR 12–31 months), only 2 patients required permanent discontinuation of TCZ therapy because of severe infections.

Conclusion

TCZ treatment was associated with rapid and maintained clinical and laboratory improvement in patients with AOSD refractory to standard treatment. However, joint manifestations seem to be more refractory to treatment compared with systemic manifestations.