bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Western China’s Producer Service Industry Based on DEA and TOBIT Models
Authors: Yang Dai Ming , Chen Xu , Li Cui
Published: May 2014

As the continuous progress of the economy, developing produce services industry vigorously has become an important measure to promote the economic development and economic structural optimization, improve the efficiency of social operation. We first built the DEA model for the evaluation of producer services efficiency, and empirical researched the efficiency evaluation of the western producer services industry on this basis using the data from 2000 to 2011 year; then we analyzed the influencing factors by using the TOBIT model. The result shows that the producer services in western China are increasing returns to scale, and technical progress is the main force driving the development of the producer services. In addition, the technological level and government support have important impacts on the efficiency of producer services; the degree of specialization and division of labor, the economic level also play pivotal roles.
Determination of Poroelastic Parameters of Porous Building Materials
Authors: Lukovičová Jozefa , Pavlendová Gabriela , Baník Ivan , Podoba Rudolf
Published: May 2014

Variations of sorption moisture in the capillary porous materials result in strong fluid-skeleton interactions due to molecular and surface forces, which produce moisture-induced deformation. The effect of moisture sorption on the non-linear elastic behavior of hygroscopic porous building materials has been experimentally investigated showing strong influence of moisture especially in the lower moisture content range. In the framework poroelasticity moisture influence on elastic behavior is described by two poroelastic coefficients, which present the fluid-skeleton coupling. This paper presents an application of the procedure for the determination of the coupling coefficients for medieval brick.
Comparative Study of CO2 Absorption in Aqueous Mixtures of Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and Methanol, Focusing on the Temperature and Concentration Influence over the Absorption Rate
Authors: Tamajón F.J. , Álvarez Estrella , Cerdeira F. , Vázquez M.E.
Published: May 2014

The use of tertiary methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) as an absorbent for the CO2 removal from process gas streams has increased due to its advantages over primary and secondary amines. Methanol is also widely used as an organic physical solvent for the CO2 capture. Mixed solvents are expected to have a higher capacity for the acid gases than the solvent alone. The chemical absorption rate of CO2 was measured in mixtures of MDEA (weight 5%, 15% and 30%) and water-methanol solutions at different % weight relations by using a stirred-cell reactor with plane gas-liquid interface. Experiments provided data measured at a range from 283.15 K to 313.15 K operation temperatures. Results show how the solubility of CO2 varies in all systems involved focusing on temperature and concentration changes. The solubility of CO2 in the aqueous mixed MDEA with methanol as a solvent becomes significantly greater than in the aqueous amine alone.
The Convergence Rate of Iterative Procedures for Elliptic Problems in Heterogeneous Media
Authors: Francisco Alexandre Sant , Souto Helio Pedro Amaral , Pereira Thiago Jordem
Published: May 2014

We investigate the convergence rate of two iterative procedures that approximate the solutionof fluid flow problems in heterogeneous porous media. Porous media flows at large scales arecomplex problems, which require fine grid solutions to provide accurate results. Pressures and velocitiesassociated to these problems are governed by second order elliptic equations. We discretizesuch equations by a mixed and hybrid finite element method, combined with domain-decompositioniterative procedures. In order to minimize the computational effort involved in the numerical approximation,we have presented an iterative procedure to accelerate the convergence rate in the approximation.In this paper, we perform numerical experiments to compare iterative procedures in order tocheck which one provides the best convergence rate. We believe that steady-state diffusion problemscan be solved efficient and accurately by the most robust procedure.
A Robust Monolithic Approach for Resin Infusion Based Process Modelling
Authors: Abouorm Lara , Blais Maxime , Moulin Nicolas , Bruchon Julien , Drapier Sylvain
Published: May 2014

The aim of this work is to focus on the Stokes-Darcy coupled problem in order to propose a robust monolithic approach to simulate composite manufacturing process based on liquid resin infusion. The computational domain can be divided into two non-miscible sub-domains: a purely fluid domain and a porous medium. In the purely fluid domain, the fluid flows according to the Stokes' equations, while the fluid flows into the preforms according to the Darcy's equations. Specific conditions have to be considered on the fluid/porous medium interface. Under the effect of a mechanical pressure applied on the high deformable preform/resin stacking, the resin flows and infuses through the preform which permeability is very low, down to 10-15 m2. Flows are solved using finite element method stabilized with a sub-grid scale stabilization technique (ASGS). A special attention is paid to the interface conditions, namely normal stress and velocity continuity and tangential velocity constraint similar to a Beaver-Joseph-Saffman’s condition. The originality of the model consists in using one single mesh to represents the Stokes and the Darcy sub-domains (monolithic approach). A level set context is used to represent Stokes-Darcy interface and to capture the moving flow front. This monolithic approach is now perfectly robust and leads to perform complex shapes for manufacturing process by resin infusion.
Error Separation and Dynamic Compensation Method in Coplanar Planar Grating Displacement Measurement System
Authors: Liu Yong Meng , Yuan Mao Qiang , Cao Jie Ru , Ma Jing , Tan Jiu Bin
Published: May 2014

To improve the measurement accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) precision working stages in the semiconductor manufacturing industry, an error separation and dynamic compensation method based on a planar grating is proposed for a 2D coplanar displacement measurement system. In the system, a planar grating of HEIDENHAIN PP281R is fixed in the center of precision working stage to build coplanar structure and reduce Abbe errors. And the system errors including grating period carved error, temperature effect, vibration effect and mount effect are modeled, calculated and separated. Then the separated errors are dynamically compensated from the corresponding displacement measurement results through data-processing software. Analysis results show that the proposed error separation and dynamic compensation method based on planar grating can improve the measurement accuracy of the coplanar displacement measurement system effectively.
Measuring Mental Wealth: Indices of Social Inequality for Cross-Cultural Investigations
Authors: Petrov Vladimir M. , Mazhul Lidia A.
Published: May 2014

There exist various sociological (and pseudo-sociological) legends about distribution of the population of different countries over the level of mental development, cultural activeness, and related matters. Some of these distributions are supposed to deal with sharp social inequality within the population; on the contrary, other legends treat such distributions as rather homogeneous. So it is desirable to compare appropriate distributions in different countries, the method of measurement being free of concrete cultural peculiarities capable of distorting the results (the phenomenon which is usual in sociological and psychological cross-cultural studies). Exactly such method of measurements was derived in the framework of the systemic-informational approach. The model comes to a certain index measured in the ratio scale. So the sociological investigation involving a sample of the population, should be realized, permitting to build the so-called Lorenzs curve dependence of the share of the population with the given value of the index, on the values of the index. The difference between this distribution and absolutely democratic one (homogeneous, responding to equal mental wealth of all respondents), is Gini coefficient, which can be used to measure the degree of mental inequality within the population of each region or country, irrespective of its national cultural peculiarities. Such measurements were realized in several sociological investigations involving about 50 000 respondents; this approach can be used to compare cultural inequality in different countries.
Research on a Long Travel Nanopositioning Air Bearing Stage with the Linear Motors
Authors: Shiou Fang Jung , Chen Chao Jung , Chien Wen Sheng , Liou Huay Chung
Published: May 2014

The objective of this research is to develop a PC-based closed-loop nanopositioning system using the dual-frame two-axis drive single mobile independent framework. The stage body was supported by an air bearing on a granite base to reduce the frictional force. The developed stage was driven by the PC-Based interface of ANCA 5DX CNC controller, for the precision motion control of the linear motors. The laser scales were used as the feedback sensors so that the closed loop control of the developed system was possible. Based on the test results, the designed closed loop nanopositioning system was capable of precision positioning within the travel of 100 mm along X-axis and Y-axis. The Z-direction stage stability of the developed system was 20 nm, the maximum yaw error of the stage moving along X-axis was about 3.77 arc-seconds, and the maximum pitch error of the stage moving along Y-axis was about 1.04 arc-seconds, based on the test results. By utilizing the PC-Based interface of ANCA 5DX CNC controller based closed-loop PID control system, the positioning capability of X-axis and Y-axis was about 20 nm. Performing the circular test with radius of 20 mm, the deviation of circular positioning test was about 223 nm. Based on the tracing speed test results, the standard deviation along X-axis and Y-axis was 5 nm under tracing speed of 0.05 mm/min.
Advanced Microstructures for Increased Creep Rupture Strength of MARBN Steels
Authors: Plesiutschnig Ernst , Beal Coline , Paul Stefan , Zeiler Günter , Mitsche Stefan , Sommitsch Christof
Published: May 2014

Over the past three decades a lot of effort was made to optimize the chemical compositionof 9% Cr martensitic steels, aiming to increase the operating temperature up to 923K and thus im-proving the efficiency of thermal power plants. Under these service conditions (high temperature andstress exposure), the creep strength of such steels is closely related to the long term stability of theirmicrostructure. The time to rupture can also be understood as an equivalent to the time of microstruc-ture deterioration. Optimization of the initial microstructure and understanding of the microstructureevolution during creep exposure are therefore decisive to improve the creep behavior of 9% Cr steels.Selected chemical compositions of MarBN steels (Martensitic 9% Cr steels strengthened by Car-bides, Nitrides and Boron) were subjected to different heat treatments to produce an optimized mi-crostructure to improve the creep rupture time. The initial microstructure before creep exposure wasinvestigated using optical microscopy, SEM and EBSD. Short term creep rupture tests at 923K and150MPa were performed, followed by systematic microstructure investigations.Comparative EBSD investigations confirm an optimized microstructure for creep exposure, pro-duced by an appropriate heat treatment. From comparative creep test results, it can be concluded thatadvanced microstructures increase the time to rupture of the selected MarBN steels by more than 10percent, without reduction of the ductility.
Tensile Deformation of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloy Single Crystals
Authors: Ando Shinji , Kodera Atsushi , Fukushima Kazuki , Tsushida Masayuki , Kitahara Hiromoto
Published: May 2014

According to von-Mises criterion, five kinds of independent slip systems are required for uniform deformation, so it is necessary to activate non-basal slip systems to show good ductility. However, it has not become clear the effect of Zn or Al for non-basal slip systems yet. To investigate deformation behavior of magnesium crystal by non-basal slip and alloying effect for the non-basal slip, pure magnesium and Mg-Al-Zn single crystals were stretched in the [110] direction. While {112}<23> second order pyramidal slip was activated at room temperature in pure magnesium, {101}<23> first order pyramidal slip became active slip at higher temperature. In Mg-Al-Zn alloy single crystal, {101} twin also activated by adding aluminum. These results indicate that active non-basal slip systems and twin in magnesium strongly depend on deformation temperature and alloying elements.
Variability and trends in dynamical forcing of tropical lower stratospheric temperatures
Authors: Fueglistaler S. , Abalos M. , Flannaghan T. J. , Lin P. , Randel W. J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. We analyse the relation between tropical lower stratospheric temperatures and dynamical forcing over the period 1980–2011 using NCEP, MERRA and ERA-Interim reanalyses. The tropical mean thermodynamic energy equation with Newtonian cooling for radiation is forced with two dynamical predictors: (i) the average eddy heat flux of both hemispheres; and (ii) tropical upwelling estimated from momentum balance following Randel et al. (2002). The correlation (1995–2011) for deseasonalised tropical average temperatures at 70 hPa with the eddy heat flux based predictor is 0.84 for ERA-Interim (0.77 for the momentum balance calculation), and 0.87 for MERRA. The eddy heat flux based predictor indicates a dynamically forced cooling of the tropics of ∼−0.1 K decade−1 (∼−0.2 K decade−1 excluding volcanic periods) for the period 1980–2011 in MERRA and ERA-Interim. ERA-Interim eddy heat fluxes drift slightly relative to MERRA in the 2000's, possibly due to onset of GPS temperature data assimilation. While NCEP gives a small warming trend, all 3 reanalyses show a similar seasonality, with strongest cooling in January/February (∼−0.4 K decade−1, from northern hemispheric forcing) and October (∼−0.3 K decade−1, from southern hemispheric forcing). Months preceding and following the peaks in cooling trends show pronounced smaller, or even warming, trends. Consequently, the seasonality in the trends arises in part due to a temporal shift in eddy activity. Over all months, the Southern Hemisphere contributes more to the tropical cooling in both MERRA and ERA-Interim. The residual time series (observed minus estimate of dynamically forced temperature) are well correlated between ERA-Interim and MERRA, with differences largely due to temperature differences. The residual time series is dominated by the modification of the radiative balance by volcanic aerosol following the eruption of El Chichon (maximum warming of ∼3 K at 70 hPa) and Pinatubo (maximum warming of ∼4 K at 70 hPa), with a strong dynamical response during Pinatubo partially masking the aerosol heating.
The backscatter cloud probe – a compact low-profile autonomous optical spectrometer
Authors: Beswick K. , Baumgardner D. , Gallagher M. , Volz-Thomas A. , Nedelec P. , Wang K.-Y. , Lance S.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. A compact (500 cm3), lightweight (500 g), near-field, single particle backscattering optical spectrometer is described that mounts flush with the skin of an aircraft and measures the concentration and optical equivalent diameter of particles from 5 to 75 μm. The backscatter cloud probe (BCP) was designed as a real-time qualitative cloud detector primarily for data quality control of trace gas instruments developed for the climate monitoring instrument packages that are being installed on commercial passenger aircraft as part of the European Union In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) program (http://www.iagos.org/). Subsequent evaluations of the BCP measurements on a number of research aircraft, however, have revealed it capable of delivering quantitative particle data products including size distributions, liquid-water content and other information on cloud properties. We demonstrate the instrument's capability for delivering useful long-term climatological, as well as aviation performance information, across a wide range of environmental conditions. The BCP has been evaluated by comparing its measurements with those from other cloud particle spectrometers on research aircraft and several BCPs are currently flying on commercial A340/A330 Airbus passenger airliners. The design and calibration of the BCP is described in this article, along with an evaluation of measurements made on the research and commercial aircraft. Preliminary results from more than 7000 h of airborne measurements by the BCP on two Airbus A340s operating on routine global traffic routes (one Lufthansa, the other China Airlines) show that more than 340 h of cloud data have been recorded at normal cruise altitudes (> 10 km) and more than 40% of the > 1200 flights were through clouds at some point between takeoff and landing. These data are a valuable contribution to databases of cloud properties, including sub-visible cirrus, in the upper troposphere and useful for validating satellite retrievals of cloud water and effective radius; in addition, providing a broader, geographically and climatologically relevant view of cloud microphysical variability that is useful for improving parameterizations of clouds in climate models. Moreover, they are also useful for monitoring the vertical climatology of clouds over airports, especially those over megacities where pollution emissions may be impacting local and regional climate.
Inorganic carbon dynamics of melt pond-covered first year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Geilfus N.-X. , Galley R. J. , Crabeck O. , Papakyriakou T. , Landy J. , Tison J.-L. , Rysgaard S.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Melt pond formation is a common feature of the spring and summer Arctic sea ice. However, the role of the melt ponds formation and the impact of the sea ice melt on both the direction and size of CO2 flux between air and sea is still unknown. Here we describe the CO2-carbonate chemistry of melting sea ice, melt ponds and the underlying seawater associated with measurement of CO2 fluxes across first year landfast sea ice in the Resolute Passage, Nunavut, in June 2012. Early in the melt season, the increase of the ice temperature and the subsequent decrease of the bulk ice salinity promote a strong decrease of the total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) within the bulk sea ice and the brine. Later on, melt pond formation affects both the bulk sea ice and the brine system. As melt ponds are formed from melted snow the in situ melt pond pCO2 is low (36 μatm). The percolation of this low pCO2 melt water into the sea ice matrix dilutes the brine resulting in a strong decrease of the in situ brine pCO2 (to 20 μatm). As melt ponds reach equilibrium with the atmosphere, their in situ pCO2 increase (up to 380 μatm) and the percolation of this high concentration pCO2 melt water increase the in situ brine pCO2 within the sea ice matrix. The low in situ pCO2 observed in brine and melt ponds results in CO2 fluxes of −0.04 to −5.4 mmol m–2 d–1. As melt ponds reach equilibrium with the atmosphere, the uptake becomes less significant. However, since melt ponds are continuously supplied by melt water their in situ pCO2 still remains low, promoting a continuous but moderate uptake of CO2 (~ −1mmol m–2 d–1). The potential uptake of atmospheric CO2 by melting sea ice during the Arctic summer has been estimated from 7 to 16 Tg of C ignoring the role of melt ponds. This additional uptake of CO2 associated to Arctic sea ice needs to be further explored and considered in the estimation of the Arctic Ocean's overall CO2 budget.
Volcanic ash layers in Lake El'gygytgyn: eight new regionally significant chronostratigraphic markers for western Beringia
Authors: van den Bogaard C. , Jensen B. J. L. , Pearce N. J. G. , Froese D. G. , Portnyagin M. V. , Ponomareva V. V. , Wennrich V.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Ash layers from explosive volcanic eruptions (i.e., tephra) represent isochronous surfaces independent from the environment in which they are deposited and the distance from their source. In comparison to eastern Beringia (non-glaciated Yukon and Alaska), few Plio-Pleistocene distal tephra are known from western Beringia (non-glaciated arctic and subarctic eastern Russia), hindering the dating and correlation of sediments beyond the limit of radiocarbon and luminescence methods. The identification of eight visible tephra layers (T0–T7) in sediment cores extracted from Lake El'gygytgyn, in the Far East Russian Arctic, indicates the feasibility of developing a tephrostratigraphic framework for this region. These tephra range in age from ca 45 ky to 2.2 My old, and each is described and characterized by its major-, minor-, trace-element and Pb isotope composition. These data show that subduction-zone-related volcanism from the Kurile–Kamchatka–Aleutian Arc and Alaska Peninsula is the most likely source, with Pb isotope data indicating a Kamchatkan volcanic source for tephra layers T0–T5 and T7, while a source in the Aleutian Arc is possible for tephra T6. The location of Lake El'gygytgyn relative to potential source volcanoes (> 1000 km) suggests these tephra are regionally distributed over a large area. These deposits provide a unique opportunity to correlate the high-resolution paleoenvironmental records of Lake El'gygytgyn to other terrestrial paleoenvironmental archives from western Beringia and marine records from the western North Pacific and Bering Sea, and to move towards the development of a robust integrated framework between the continuous paleoclimatic records of Lake El'gygytgyn and other terrestrial and marine records in NE Eurasia.
Global mass fixer algorithms for conservative tracer transport in the ECMWF model
Authors: Diamantakis M. , Flemming J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Various mass fixer algorithms (MFAs) have been implemented in the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to ensure mass conservation of atmospheric tracers within the semi-Lagrangian (SL) advection scheme. Emphasis has been placed in implementing schemes that despite being primarily global in nature adjust the solution mostly in regions where the advected field has large gradients and therefore interpolation (transport) error is assumed larger. The MFAs have been tested in weather forecast, idealised and atmospheric dispersion cases. Applying these fixers to specific humidity and cloud fields did not change the accuracy of 10-day forecasts. In other words, global mass tracer conservation is achieved without deteriorating the solution accuracy. However, for longer forecast timescales or for forecasts in which correlated species are transported, experiments suggest that MFAs may improve IFS forecasts.
Estimation of peak discharges of historical floods
Authors: Herget J. , Roggenkamp T. , Krell M.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. There is no doubt, that the hazard assessment of future floods especially under consideration of the recent environmental change can be significantly improved by the consideration of historic flood events. While flood frequency inventories on local, regional and even European scale are already developed and published, the estimation of their magnitudes indicated by discharges is still challenging. Such data are required due to significant human impact on river channels and floodplains though historic flood levels cannot be related to recent ones or recent discharges. Based on own experiences from single local key studies the general outline of an approach to estimate the discharge of the previous flood based on handed down flood level and topographic data is presented. The model for one-dimensional steady flow is based on the empirical Manning equation for the mean flow velocity. Background and potential sources of information, acceptable simplifications and data transformation for each element of the model-equation are explained and discussed. Preliminary experiences on the accuracy of ±10% are documented and potential approaches for the validation of individual estimations given. A brief discussion on benefits and limitations including a generalized statement on alternative approaches closes the review presentation of the approach.
Destabilisation of an Arctic ice cap triggered by a hydro-thermodynamic feedback to summer-melt
Authors: Dunse T. , Schellenberger T. , Kääb A. , Hagen J. O. , Schuler T. V. , Reijmer C. H.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Mass loss from glaciers and ice sheets currently accounts for two-thirds of the observed global sea-level rise and has accelerated since the 1990s, coincident with strong atmospheric warming in the Polar Regions. Here we present continuous GPS measurements and satellite synthetic aperture radar based velocity maps from the Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard, that demonstrate strong links between surface-melt and multiannual ice-flow acceleration. We identify a hydro-thermodynamic feedback that successively mobilizes stagnant ice regions, initially frozen to their bed, thereby facilitating fast basal motion over an expanding area. By autumn 2012, successive destabilization of the marine terminus escalated in a surge of the ice cap's largest drainage basin, Basin-3. The resulting iceberg discharge of 4.2 ± 1.6 Gt a−1 over the period April 2012 to May 2013 triples the calving loss from the entire ice cap. After accounting for the terminus advance, the related sea-level rise contribution of 7.2 ± 2.6 Gt a−1 matches the recent annual ice-mass loss from the entire Svalbard archipelago. Our study highlights the importance of dynamic glacier wastage and illuminates mechanisms that may trigger a sustained increase in dynamic glacier wastage or the disintegration of ice-sheets in response to climate warming, which is acknowledged but not quantified in global projections of sea-level rise.
Forced Choices: Role Play and the Problem of Disappearing Syntax
Authors: Kellogg David
Published: May 2014

We begin with the observation that some Korean elementary school children in English class, confined to a single situation and even a single language exponent in a role play, appear to produce far more coherent dialogue than the previous week when they were allowed completely free choices in language. We note that at the same time as their dialogue becomes longer, their sentences become shorter (tall and thinner on the printed page), and we suggest that the grammatical complexity is consciously unpacked as discourse complexity. When we turn to a large corpus of longitudinal and cross sectional data, we see, however, that “thinner” dialogue with short utterances is not always more creative, at least not grammatically. We see that the children are deliberately and consciously choosing more elliptical and less creative expressions when they speak. We generalize from this data to show that the problem is no mere artifact of the data sample. We theorize from this generalization to show that the development of the child’s free will in syntax is related to a long chain of such constraints, leading from instincts to habits to intelligent choices oriented toward the immediate environment to acts of free will which are genuinely voluntary and which admit no sovereign but the child’s developing self. Indeed, we shall argue that the exercise of this sovereignty is precisely how the child develops a self in the first place.
Constructing Innocence: Representations of Sexual Violence in Upper Canada’s War of 1812
Authors: Heaman Elsbeth
Published: May 2014

This essay explores the way in which rape was represented in Upper Canada circa 1812. It draws upon a broadly defined Upper Canadian print culture that drew upon and reacted against wider trends, especially those prevalent in the United States. Whereas American newspapers spoke openly of sexual violence against American women during the War of 1812, Upper Canadian sources tended to suppress any such discussion, for reasons that reflect profound cultural and political differences. Americans stoked a rowdy, popular patriotism that Canadians distrusted and sought to avert. The analysis of national differences is contextualized within broader changes in the ways that rape was constructed in the press and the courts over the first half of the nineteenth century, in ways that worked to muffle women’s public voice. But the War of 1812’s most famous heroine, Laura Secord, was not silenced. Writing almost half a century later, Secord challenged discursive conventions of gender when she had her say and made herself a hero. The final section examines how Secord and her early commentators interwove literary signals of danger and respectability in their published accounts.
Correlation analysis between the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation at the magnetic equator and at the southern peak of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly
Authors: de Lima G. R. T. , Stephany S. , de Paula E. R. , Batista I. S. , Abdu M. A. , Rezende L. F. C. , Aquino M. G. S. , Dutra A. P. S.
Published: May 2014

Ionospheric scintillation refers to amplitude and phase fluctuations in radio signals due to electron density irregularities associated to structures named ionospheric plasma bubbles. The phenomenon is more pronounced around the magnetic equator where, after sunset, plasma bubbles of varying sizes and density depletions are generated by plasma instability mechanisms. The bubble depletions are aligned along Earth's magnetic field lines, and they develop vertically upward over the magnetic equator so that their extremities extend in latitude to north and south of the dip equator. Over Brazil, developing bubbles can extend to the southern peak of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly, where high levels of ionospheric scintillation are common. Scintillation may seriously affect satellite navigation systems, such as the Global Navigation Satellite Systems. However, its effects may be mitigated by using a predictive model derived from a collection of extended databases on scintillation and its associated variables. This work proposes the use of a classification and regression decision tree to perform a study on the correlation between the occurrence of scintillation at the magnetic equator and that at the southern peak of the equatorial anomaly. Due to limited size of the original database, a novel resampling heuristic was applied to generate new training instances from the original ones in order to improve the accuracy of the decision tree. The correlation analysis presented in this work may serve as a starting point for the eventual development of a predictive model suitable for operational use.
Superparamagnetic Twist‐Type Actuators with Shape‐Independent Magnetic Properties and Surface Functionalization for Advanced Biomedical Applications
Authors: Peters Christian , Ergeneman Olgaç , García Pedro D. Wendel , Müller Michelle , Pané Salvador , Nelson Bradley J. , Hierold Christofer
Published: May 2014

Directed nanoparticle self‐organization and two‐photon polymerization are combined to enable three‐dimensional soft‐magnetic microactuators with complex shapes and shape‐independent magnetic properties. Based on the proposed approach, single and double twist‐type swimming microrobots with programmed magnetic anisotropy are demonstrated, and their swimming properties in DI‐water are characterized. The fabricated devices are actuated using weak rotating magnetic fields and are capable of performing wobble‐free corkscrew propulsion. Single twist‐type actuators possess an increase in surface area in excess of 150% over helical actuators with similar feature size without compromising the forward velocity of over one body length per second. A generic and facile combination of glycine grafting and subsequent protein immobilization exploits the actuator's increased surface area, providing for a swimming microrobotic platform with enhanced load capacity desirable for future biomedical applications. Successful surface modification is confirmed by FITC fluorescence.
Diborabutatrien: ein elektronenarmes Cumulen
Authors: Böhnke Julian , Braunschweig Holger , Ewing William C. , Hörl Christian , Kramer Thomas , Krummenacher Ivo , Mies Jan , Vargas Alfredo
Published: May 2014

Die Komplexierung von zwei Äquivalenten eines cyclischen (Alkyl)(amino)carbens (CAAC) an Tetrabromdiboran führte unter nachfolgender Reduktion mit vier Äquivalenten Natriumnaphthalid zur Bildung des CAAC‐stabilisierten Diboracumulens (CAAC)2B2. Gegenüber dem bereits bekannten Komplex, der eine von cyclischen Di(amino)carbenen stabilisierte BB‐Bindung aufweist, führt das Vermögen des CAAC‐Liganden, π‐Elektronendichte aufzunehmen (B2→CAAC), zu signifikanten Unterschieden, wie etwa einer längeren BB‐ und kürzeren BC‐Bindungen. Die Analyse der Grenzorbitale lässt auf eine Verteilung der Valenzelektronen entlang der gesamten linearen C‐B‐B‐C Einheit in (CAAC)2B2 schließen, was durch natürliche Populationsanalyse und Cyclovoltammetrie weiter bestätigt wird.
Diborabutatriene: An Electron‐Deficient Cumulene
Authors: Böhnke Julian , Braunschweig Holger , Ewing William C. , Hörl Christian , Kramer Thomas , Krummenacher Ivo , Mies Jan , Vargas Alfredo
Published: May 2014

The complexation of two equivalents of a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) to tetrabromodiborane, followed by reduction with four equivalents of sodium naphthalide, led to the formation of the CAAC‐stabilized linear diboracumulene (CAAC)2B2. The capacity of the CAAC ligand to facilitate B2→CAAC donation of π‐electron density resulted in important differences between this species and a previously reported complex featuring a BB triple bond stabilized by cyclic di(amino)carbenes, including a longer BB bond and shorter BC bonds. Frontier orbital analysis indicated sharing of valence electrons across the entire linear C‐B‐B‐C unit in (CAAC)2B2, which is supported by natural population analysis and cyclic voltammetry.
Synthesis, spectral, theoretical studies and in vitro antimicrobial activities of novel diphenyltin(IV) complexes of Schiff bases derived from phenacylamine
Authors: Şirikci Gökhan , Ancın Nilgün , Öztaş Selma Gül , Yenişehirli Gülgün , Öztaş Nurşen Altuntaş
Published: May 2014

A series of new diphenyltin(IV) complexes of the type Ph2SnL (L1: N‐phenacyl‐5‐bromosalicylideneimine, Ph2SnL1; L2: N‐phenacyl‐3,5‐dichlorosalicylideneimine, Ph2SnL2; L3: N–phenacyl‐4‐methoxysalicylideneimine, Ph2SnL3) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques. The C―Sn―C angles in the complexes were calculated using equations with the 1J(117/119Sn―13C) values from 13C NMR spectra. The possible structures, NMR and electronic properties of the studied molecules were calculated through density functional theory and results compared with experimental data. All the complexes were found to be mildly active against several microorganisms and some fungi. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformable polygonal agents in crowd simulation
Authors: Pitiot Thomas , Cazier David , Jund Thomas , Habibi Arash , Kraemer Pierre
Published: May 2014

To produce impressive virtual worlds, real‐time crowd simulations require large and detailed scenes populated by agents with complex shapes and geometry. For efficiency reasons, these agents are usually approximated by point‐like representations to optimize the performances of collision avoidance and interactions between agents. This paper addresses the issue of handling deformable polygonal agents with arbitrary shapes in real time crowd simulations. The proposed multiresolution framework supports environments with arbitrary topologies and provides tools for efficient proximity queries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The semantic space for facial communication
Authors: Castillo Susana , Wallraven Christian , Cunningham Douglas W.
Published: May 2014

We can learn a lot about someone by watching their facial expressions and body language. Harnessing these aspects of non‐verbal communication can lend artificial communication agents greater depth and realism but requires a sound understanding of the relationship between cognition and expressive behaviour. Here, we extend traditional word‐based methodology to use actual videos and then extract the semantic/cognitive space of facial expressions. We find that depending on the specific expressions used, either a four‐dimensional or a two‐dimensional space is needed to describe the variance in the stimuli. The shape and structure of the 4D and 2D spaces are related to each other and very stable to methodological changes. The results show that there is considerable variance between how different people express the same emotion. The recovered space can well capture the full range of facial communication and is very suitable for semantic‐driven facial animation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A genetic algorithm approach to human motion capture data segmentation
Authors: Lv Na , Huang Yan , Feng Zhiquan , Peng Jingliang
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we propose a novel genetic algorithm approach to human motion capture (MoCap) data segmentation. For a given MoCap sequence, it constructs a symbolic representation through unsupervised sparse learning, detects the candidate segmenting points to the sequence, models the selection/deselection of each candidate with a gene, and employs the genetic algorithm to find the optimal solution. To the best of our knowledge, we for the first time introduce the genetic algorithm and the sparse learning technique to the problem of MoCap data segmentation, leading to excellent segmentation performance as experimentally demonstrated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human motion variation synthesis with multivariate Gaussian processes
Authors: Zhou Liuyang , Shang Lifeng , Shum Hubert P.H. , Leung Howard
Published: May 2014

Human motion variation synthesis is important for crowd simulation and interactive applications to enhance synthesis quality. In this paper, we propose a novel generative probabilistic model to synthesize variations of human motion. Our key idea is to model the conditional distribution of each joint via a multivariate Gaussian process model, namely semiparametric latent factor model (SLFM). SLFM can effectively model the correlations between degrees of freedom (DOFs) of joints rather than dealing with each DOF separately as implemented in existing methods. A detailed evaluation is performed to show that the proposed approach can effectively synthesize variations of different types of motions. Motions generated by our method show a richer variation compared with existing ones. Finally, our user study shows that the synthesized motion has a similar level of naturalness to captured human motions. Our method is best applied in computer games and animations to introduce motion variations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and Synthesis of Perpendicularly Connected Metal Porphyrin–Imide Dyads for Two‐Terminal Wired Single Molecular Diodes
Authors: Handayani Murni , Gohda Syun , Tanaka Daisuke , Ogawa Takuji
Published: May 2014

Four different porphyrin–imide dyads bearing different central metals (zinc or rhodium) and different substituents on the porphyrin macrocycles (tert‐butyl or methoxy) were synthesized for single molecular diode measurements. The molecules were designed to separate the donor component (porphyrin) from the acceptor component (imide) by bonding in a perpendicular arrangement, thus enhancing the rectification properties. UV/Vis absorption spectra and density functional theory calculations showed that the design was successful and that the molecular orbitals of the dyads were the summation of the two components, with minimal interaction between them. The effect of the central metal was found to be significant, with the lowest energy absorption for the zinc dyads being attributed to the mixed state of charge transfer from porphyrin to imide and the Q band, whereas that of the rhodium dyads indicated insignificant charge‐transfer character.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of cis/trans‐β‐Methylstyrene Catalysed by Immobilised Mn(Salen) with Different Linkages: Heterogenisation of Homogeneous Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Haidong , Zou Yu , Wang Yi‐Meng , Shen Yu , Zheng Xuxu
Published: May 2014

Immobilised Mn(salen) catalysts with two different linkages were studied in the asymmetric epoxidation of cis/trans‐β‐methylstyrene using NaClO as oxidant. The immobilised Mn(salen) complexes inside nanopores can lead to different catalytic behaviour compared with that of homogeneous Jacobsen catalyst. The rigidity of the linkage was found to be a key factor affecting the catalytic performance of immobilised catalysts. The immobilised catalyst with a rigid linkage exhibited comparable chemical selectivity, enantioselectivity and cis/trans ratio of product formation to that obtained with homogeneous Jacobsen catalysts. In contrast, the immobilised catalyst with a flexible linkage gave remarkably lower chemical selectivity, enantioselectivity and inverted cis/trans ratio compared with the results obtained with the homogeneous Jacobsen catalyst and the immobilised catalyst with rigid linkage. Thus, for immobilised Mn(salen) catalysts, a rigid linkage connecting active centres to the support is essential to obtain activity and enantioselectivity as high as those obtained in homogeneous systems.
The prehistory of the cytoskeleton concept
Authors: Zampieri Fabio , Coen Matteo , Gabbiani Giulio
Published: May 2014

Here we discuss how the concept and the name of cytoskeleton were generated and started to evolve over the last two centuries into what is presently a basic topic of modern biology. We also attempt to describe some facets of the emergence of cytoskeleton component characterization in which our laboratory was in part involved. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cava Wine Authentication Employing a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue
Authors: Cetó Xavier , Capdevila Josefina , Puig‐Pujol Anna , del Valle Manel
Published: May 2014

The application of an Electronic Tongue for the classification of cava samples based on their different ageing times is reported. As such, voltammetric responses were obtained from an array of six bulk‐modified graphite‐epoxy electrodes, which exhibited marked mix‐responses towards the different samples. Obtained responses were then preprocessed employing FFT and the resulting coefficients were input to a LDA model which allowed the classification of the samples according to its vintage time. Besides, a quantitative model employing ANNs was built for the prediction of the total amount of sugar present in the samples, a parameter also used to classify cava samples.
Application of cyclodextrins in chiral capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Řezanka Pavel , Navrátilová Klára , Řezanka Michal , Král Vladimír , Sýkora David
Published: May 2014

CE represents a very powerful separation tool in the area of chiral separations. CD‐mediated chiral CE is a continuously flourishing technique within the frame of the electromigration methods. In this review, a brief overview of the synthetic procedures leading to modified CDs is provided first. Next, selected aspects related to the utilization of CDs in chiral CE are discussed specifically in the view of recently published data. Advantages of CDs and basic principles of chiral CE are remained. The topic of the determination of binding constants is touched. Particular attention is paid to the effort aiming at better understanding of the molecular level of the enantiorecognition between CDs and the analyte in the solution. Powerful approaches extensively utilized in this field are NMR, molecular modeling, and computer simulations. Then, a summary of applications of CDs in the CE enantioseparations is given, covering years 2008–2013. Finally, the general trend of modified CDs use in separation science is statistically evaluated.
Subjective and Objective Binge Eating in Relation to Eating Disorder Symptomatology, Depressive Symptoms, and Self‐Esteem among Treatment‐Seeking Adolescents with Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Fitzsimmons‐Craft Ellen E. , Ciao Anna C. , Accurso Erin C. , Pisetsky Emily M. , Peterson Carol B. , Byrne Catherine E. , Le Grange Daniel
Published: May 2014

This study investigated the importance of the distinction between objective (OBE) and subjective binge eating (SBE) among 80 treatment‐seeking adolescents with bulimia nervosa. We explored relationships among OBEs, SBEs, eating disorder (ED) symptomatology, depression, and self‐esteem using two approaches. Group comparisons showed that OBE and SBE groups did not differ on ED symptoms or self‐esteem; however, the SBE group had significantly greater depression. Examining continuous variables, OBEs (not SBEs) accounted for significant unique variance in global ED pathology, vomiting, and self‐esteem. SBEs (not OBEs) accounted for significant unique variance in restraint and depression. Both OBEs and SBEs accounted for significant unique variance in eating concern; neither accounted for unique variance in weight/shape concern, laxative use, diuretic use, or driven exercise. Loss of control, rather than amount of food, may be most important in defining binge eating. Additionally, OBEs may indicate broader ED pathology, while SBEs may indicate restrictive/depressive symptomatology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Geology, geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Indosinian Mo deposits in southern Great Hinggan Range, NE China
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Li Nuo
Published: May 2014

The southern Great Hinggan Range in northeast China, mainly bounded by the Kangbao–Chifeng Fault to the south and the Hegenshan–Heihe Suture to the north, is a Palaeozoic subduction‐related accretionary belt added to the northern margin of the North China Craton. The area has been considered as a Yanshanian metallogenic province, with more than 20 Mo deposits being discovered. Recently, six of the Mo deposits were proven to have formed during the Indosinian (Triassic) Orogeny, indicating the significance of the Indosinian mineralization, orogeny and magmatism. In this contribution, we summarize available data of the Indosinian Mo deposits, and show that Triassic Mo mineralization occurred in the time range of 248–232 Ma, coincident with a regional granitic event, and was presented as porphyry and intrusion‐related quartz vein systems. The Indosinian ore‐related granitoids show geochemical features of high‐K calc‐alkaline metaluminous–peraluminous and adakitic rocks, and have been formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust in a post‐subduction tectonic setting. Rhenium contents of molybdenite crystals and sulphur–lead isotopic compositions indicate that the ore‐forming materials originated from continental crust with some mantle components involved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.