bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating land cover map accuracy and area uncertainty using a confusion matrix: A case study in Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Sari I L , Weston C J , Newnham G J , Volkova L
Published: November 2021

Remote sensing is widely used to generate land cover maps, but the maps derived from remote sensing often produce accuracy below expectations for map error. Therefore, quantifying map accuracy is essential for reporting the precision of an estimated area. This study describes a simple framework for assessing map accuracy and estimating land cover area uncertainty for a land cover changes map for Kalimantan in 2012-2018. This study compared simple random sampling and stratified random sampling to determine suitable procedures for estimating accuracy and area uncertainty. The validation relies on the visual assessment of high spatial resolution images such as SPOT 6/7 and high-resolution temporal images from Open Foris Collect Earth. Our results showed that the land cover change map assessed using random sampling had an overall accuracy of 74% while using stratified random sampling had an overall accuracy of 75%. Thus, for tropical regions with high cloud cover, we recommend using stratified random sampling. The major source of map error was in differentiating between native forest and plantation areas. Future map improvement requires more accurate differentiation between forest and plantation to better support national forest monitoring systems for sustainable forest management.
Growth assessment of upper hill dipterocarp (Shorea platyclados) at the various slope in a rehabilitated landscape
Authors: Reksawinata F , Pamoengkas P , Rachmat H H
Published: November 2021

Rehabilitation aims to improve landscape function while increasing its resilience to climate change. Gunung Dahu research forest is a rehabilitated hilly landscape that is planted with more than 25 dipterocarp species, including an upper hill dipterocarp tree of Shorea platyclados at various site conditions. This study aimed to assess the growth performance of S. platyclados at five sloping levels class of 0-8%, 8-15%, 15-25%, 25-45%, and >45%. Observed growth attributes were stem diameter, total height, basal area, Mean Annual Increment (MAI), and Leaf Area Index (LAI), and diameter. The results showed that sloping levels significantly affect the growth performance of the planted trees. The highest slope level (>45%) supported the highest average stem diameter and tree height (41.48 cm and 20.86 m). The sloping level of >45%, 25-45%, 15-25%, 8-15%, and 0-8% yield different value of average diameter which were 41.48 cm, 35.86 cm, 36.54 cm, 34.61 cm, and 31.23, while the average height were 20, 86m, 19.78 m, 16.72 m, 18.84 m, 18.61 m respectively. Thus, the upper hill dipterocarp of S. platyclados is a prospective native tree species for rehabilitating hilly upland landscapes.
Developing sustainable and profitable solutions for peatland restoration
Authors: van der Meer P J , Tata H , Rachmanadi D , Arifin Y F , Suwarno A , van Arensbergen P
Published: November 2021

Over the past decades, a large area of peat swamp forests in Indonesia has been cleared of the original forest cover and developed as agricultural lands. Several important issues are associated with the clearing and drainage of peat forest areas, including loss of biodiversity, increased emission of Green House Gases (GHGs), and smoke/haze pollution. Moreover, the development of large-scale oil palm plantations did not always improve local livelihoods. We describe how the restoration of degraded peat areas through paludiculture and inclusive value chains development could result in sustainable livelihoods and climate-resilient peat areas in Indonesia. We illustrate this by describing business cases of seven valuable native peat swamp forest species which could provide income for local forest communities. An analysis of the sago value chain shows that sago cultivation has a positive contribution in providing economic benefits to all actors, including local farmers, although improvements could be made for better value sharing. Paludiculture has important environmental benefits in comparison to existing drainage-based peat cultivation systems. The combination of environmental and economic benefits is an important incentive to develop the paludiculture system further to improve current peat management systems and assist further peat restoration in Indonesia. The development and implementation of paludiculture systems, particularly species selection, should have more community participation to ensure the sustainable restoration of degraded peat areas.
Genetic diversity of Aquilaria microcarpa Baill. in Kalimantan using RAPD Markers
Authors: Qiptiyah M , C Widyatmoko A Y P B , Nurtjahjaningsih I L G , Prihatini I
Published: November 2021

Aquilaria microcarpa is one of the agarwood producers species included in the endangered category based on the IUCN red list. Kalimantan is one of the natural distributions of this species. The high demand for agarwood causes this species to be commonly cultivated in community plantations. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of A. microcarpa using the RAPD markers. Forty-four leaf samples of A.microcarpa were collected from the local community in Gumbil (South Kalimantan) and Sanggau (West Kalimantan). The results showed that 9 out of 24 RAPD primers were stable in amplification, and polymorphic totally consisted of 49 polymorphic loci. The values of unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHE) were at a low level; they ranged between 0.152 (Gumbil II) to 0.249 (Gumbil I). The average genetic distance between Gumbil and Sanggau is 0.1733, related to their geographic distance. A private allele was only found at Gumbil at locus G18/540 and Sanggau at locus G18/550, respectively. A great DA value between Gumbil I and II showed that the plantations originated from different seed sources. AMOVA also verified the differences between the two populations. This finding has important implications in managing plantations and seeds transfer.
Strategies for rehabilitation of Tuk Anjar springshed in Mount Merbabu National Park
Authors: Nugroho A W , Miardini A , Susanti P D , Siswo  , Dewi K , Rusiani  , Aprazah A S
Published: November 2021

Spring is one of the freshwater sources for human life and as a groundwater potential indicator. The springs’ quality and the quantity depend on the springshed condition. However, anthropogenic activities such as forest burning, forest encroachment, illegal logging, and land-use change have caused springshed degradation. Therefore, a proper and efficient springshed rehabilitation strategy is urgently needed. This research was carried out during September-December 2020 to formulate Tuk Anjar springshed rehabilitation strategies at Mount Merbabu National Park, Indonesia. The strategies cover methods to delineate the springshed, identify site characteristics and design rehabilitation plots. Springshed delineation was done using spatial analysis. Site characteristics were obtained by field surveys and laboratory analysis through data collection in a 10x10 m sample plot (spring protection) and 20x20 m (springshed protection). The spatial analysis result showed that Tuk Anjar springshed area was 35.06 ha, with zone I: 0.01 ha, zone II: 2.54 ha, and zone III: 32.5 ha. The priority area to rehabilitate is zone II with a low tree density. Tree species selection is based on on-site species matching, optimal rainwater storage, and having fruits as an animal feed source. Species from the genus of Ficus like wilodo, kebeg and beringin should be used since it has great potential in water storage.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and planting media on seedlings growth of Helicteres isora L. in the nursery
Authors: Prameswari D , Irianto R S B , Tuheteru F D , Kalima T
Published: November 2021

A screw tree (Helicteres isoraL.) is a small/large shrub species that grows and spreads in many Asian countries, including Indonesia (NTT and Maluku). It is a medicinal plant commonly used to treat many diseases, such as bleeding and constipation. This study aimed to determine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and planting media on the growth of screw tree seedlings in a nursery. This research was conducted at Bogor Forest Research and Development Center’s nursery, Indonesia. This study consisted of two factors: AM fungi with three levels, namely control,Glomus aggregatumandGlomus clarumand growth media with two levels, namely mixed media of soil: rice husk charcoal (2:1) and mixed soil of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1). The results showed that treatment ofG. aggregatumand soil mixed of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) was significantly different from other treatments except forG. clarumand soil mixture of media: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) that significantly increased height, diameter and dry weight of seedlings and the values were 97, 56, 126 and 46, 37, 127% compared to the control. Mycorrhizal dependency of screw tree was very high (126 and 127%). Generally, interaction treatment ofG. clarumand mixed media of soil: rice husk charcoal: cocopeat (2:1:1) increased the growth of 11-month-old screw tree in the nursery.
Bogor Botanic Gardens as a nature-based solution for mitigating urban heat island and microclimate regulation
Authors: Rahayu E M D , Yusri S
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the role of Bogor Botanic Gardens (BBG) as a form of Nature-Based Solution (NBS) to mitigate Urban Heat Islands (UHI). Time series analysis of LANDSAT 8 OLI thermal band and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was done from 2013 to 2020 using Google Earth Engine. Land Surface Temperature (LST) from Bogor and BBG were calculated, compared, and annual UHI areas were derived. The relationship of LST and NDVI were also explored annually to describe the effect of vegetation towards LST with linear regression. Overall, Bogor experiences a decrease of mean LST from 30.67°C and a maximum of 39.14°C in 2013 to 27.07°C and a maximum of 34.35°C in 2020. However, the inside of BBG is cooler with temperature ranging from 28.41°C and a maximum of 35.62°C in 2013 to 24.25°C and a maximum of 29.41°C in 2020. This is an effect of vegetation inside the BBG that regulate microclimate in its surrounding. It can be seen in the negative correlation between NDVI and LST observed with r2 ranging from 0.27 to 0.82. While UHI areas tended to increase from 8220 ha in 2013 to 8926 ha in 2020, BBG consistently acts as an urban cool island in the middle of UHI. Therefore, heat mitigation is proven to be one of the environmental services provided by BBG.
Reduced impact logging in the dried land natural production forests in Indonesia
Authors: Dulsalam  , Soenarno  , Suhartana S , Sukadaryati  , Yuniawati  , Herniningrum M , Andini S
Published: November 2021

Timber harvesting in natural production forests in Indonesia is still carried out to his day in the form of a bussines license for the utilization of timber forest products-natural forests (IUPHHK-HA). IUPHHK-HA holders have not fully implemented Reduced Impact Logging (RIL). Forest harvesting activities consisting of felling, skidding, bucking, loading, unloading, and transportation of logs are aimed at without significantly disturbing log production and its environment. The purpose of this review is to provide information on RIL in Indonesia. The collection of data was done by using a desk study. Data on productivity, efficiency, costs, damage to the residual stands, and the impact of RIL on emissions were collected. Several research results showed that: (1) logging productivities generally decreased when compared to Conventional Logging (CL), (2) logging efficiency generally increased when compared to CL, (3) logging costs generally increased in the short term, (4) residual stand damages generally reduced when compared to CL, and (5) RIL has potential to reduce emissions compared to CL. It is necessary to do the following: harvest planning such as mapping and distribution of trees, skid trail alignment, design of landings; harvest preparation such as the opening of skid trails, opening of landing places; harvesting such as determining felling direction, felling, skidding, and closure of harvesting such as closure of skid trails and landings.
Total phenolic, antioxidant activity and toxicity of taxus leaf herbal tea in two different brewing temperature
Authors: Sunandar A D , Alfarabi M
Published: November 2021

Taxus has been recognized to have many medicinal properties. This study aims to determine the total phenolic, antioxidant activity, toxicity effect of taxus leaf herbal tea from two brewing temperatures. Antioxidant test was carried out by IC50-DPPH, total phenolic was carried out by spectrophotometric analysis, and toxicity effect was measured with BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method. The taxus leaves were prepared by drying method at 60°C until the water content reached 10% and then ground until they were quite smooth. Brewing was carried out at a temperature of 75°C and 95°C. The results showed that taxus leaves had strong antioxidants with IC50 values reaching 62.5 ppm and total phenols of 15.68% (w/w) and 14.08% (w/w) at each brewing temperature. The LC50 of toxicity effect of taxus leaves at 290.58 ppm and 536.38 ppm. We concluded the taxus leaves was a good natural antioxidant source with phenol content and could be develop to natural drug for anticancer.
The content of propolis’s flavonoid from two species of stingless bee in Lombok
Authors: Wahyuni N , Riendriasari S D
Published: November 2021

Today’s stingless bees are in great demand by beekeepers in Lombok. Besides producing honey, it also produces propolis which has more value. Propolis or bee glue is a substance produced by honey bees collected from the top young leaves mixed with the saliva, patch, and hive sterilization. This substance could be used for antibacterial, antivirus, antifungal, and anti-protozoa. In Lombok, apiculture for stingless bees has spread in almost every district. Northern Lombok, West Lombok, and East Lombok were the first three locations that developed stingless bees. This study aimed to identify the species of stingless bees and their propolis productivity and characteristics produced by each species. There were two species of stingless bees cultivated by the people of Lombok, Trigona clypearis and Trigona sapiens. The development of science, genus Trigona changed nomenclature into Tetragonula. The yield of propolis through extraction using water or Aqueous Extraction Propolis (AEP) produced by T. clypearis was 34-55% and T. sapiens was in the range of 3-24%. The flavonoid content equivalent to quercetin in propolis produced by T. sapiens as vary as T. clypearis. The results of this study could be used as a baseline for other propolis extraction activities to produce propolis more marketable.
Identification on chemical organic compounds of Macaranga hypoleuca by using Py-GCMS
Authors: Gusmailina  , Saputra N A
Published: November 2021

Organic chemical compounds of Macaranga spp. have been identified and their bioactive potential have been explored, but Macaranga hypoleuca information was limited. M. hypoleuca includes fast growing and pioneer’s species in secondary forest successions. Limited utilization of M. hypoleuca make this species classified into less well-known species. Present study was conducted to identify the chemical compounds of M. hypoleuca by using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS QP2010). Samples were originated from stem, bark, sap and leaves of M. hypoleuca. This study was able to identify the compounds of dibromo chloropropane, methoxy 2-propenal, ammonium carbamate, levoglucosan, teraxeron, n-tetra terakseron, hydroxy-2-propenal, carbinol and pentanoic acid as the dominant organic compounds in M. hypoleuca. Further research is needed to isolate and biological activity.
Chemical composition and anticancer activities of methanol-extracted agarwood (Gyrinops verstegii [Gilg.] Domke)
Authors: Waluyo T K , Pasaribu G , Winarni I
Published: November 2021

This research aimed to study about chemical composition and anti-cancer activities of natural agarwood and cultivated agarwood (Gyrinops vertegii[Gilg.] Domke). Agarwood used in the research was of lowest qualities, which comprised agarwood with natural kemedangan type (A), with cultivated kemedangan-I type (B1), and with cultivated kemedangan-II type (B2), all after methanol extraction. Chemical composition was examined using GC-MS instrument, meanwhile tests on lungs associated anticancer activities (A549’s cancer cells) were performed using MTT method. Chemical composition in low-quality agarwoods was predominantly sesquiterpene compounds, comprising among others guaiacol, cumene, aromadendrene, aplha-humulene, velleral, etc; and conservely did not contain chromone derivative compounds which are compounds characterizing quality agarwood. Low-quality agarwood extracts afforded efficacious potency as anticancer actions against A549’s lungs-attacking cancer cells with IC50values at 144.92 µgmL−1(A); IC50at 206.88 µgmL−1(B1), and IC50187.97 µgmL−1(B2).
Anatomical comparison of branches and trunks of seven commercial wood species
Authors: Rahmanto R G H , Damayanti R , Agustiningrum D A , Oktapiani C , Satiti E R , Tutiana  , Dewi L M , Krisdianto  , Andianto  , Djarwanto  , Pari G , Karlinasari L , Bramasto Y , Aminah A , Novriyanti E , Siregar I Z , Teruno W P , Huda M A , Rohmadi  , Yusuf A , Nugraha H
Published: November 2021

Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country that grows about 4000 timber producer tree species in tropical rain forest. The comprehensive information of wood properties and quality is important in managing the natural resources sustainably. However, stem in basic properties studies of wood from the natural forest is limited because of some difficulties in harvesting until the transportation process. Hence, study the wood branches becomes a solution, as sometimes wood core samples are not adequate. The question was whether the branch properties could represent the main stem properties? Wood anatomy is an important wood property that can predict the other properties, for instance, the physical and mechanical properties, that determine the effective use of this material. This paper aims to present the comparison of wood anatomical properties of branches and main stem of seven commercial wood species. Quantitative and qualitative anatomical structures were investigated according to the International Association of Wood Anatomist (IAWA) Committee. Result shows that the quantitative wood anatomy of four samples (Mimba, Leda, Jabon, and Bintangur) was statistically different, while only one parameter in Tusam, Mindi, and Khaya was different. Accordingly, it can be concluded that studying the wood properties could be carried out using branch effectively.
Ethnomedicine of forest’s essential oils for respiratory and cardiovascular treatments in Northern Sumatra
Authors: Aswandi A , Kholibrina C R
Published: November 2021

The global pandemic Covid-19 has become a worldwide challenge. Many continuous efforts have been conducted to prevent and combat the diseases that attack human respiratory system. This situation encourages the exploration of potential herbal remedies involving essential oils from forest to boost human immune system. The objectives of study were to explore the traditional application of forest’s essential oils and to identify the phytochemical content of herbal medicines in respiratory and cardiovascular treatments in Northern Sumatra. In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 local people who applied essential oils in their traditional remedies in Karo and Toba, North Sumatra; and Singkil and South Aceh during 2020. The essential oils benefits in Covid-19 treatment were identified by inhaling application to seven positive suspects. The study also reviewed previous findings according the phytochemical content of forest essential oils identified. The study identified twelve forest’s essential oils applied in respiratory and cardiovascular treatments, including Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Dryobalanops aromatica, Eucalyptus sp., Litsea cubeba, Melaleuca cajuput, Myristica fragrans, Styrax sumatrana, Syzygium aromaticum, and. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. The oils were distilled from plant part such as flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, and barks or extracted from resin. Several phytochemicals with medicinal properties were identified including 1.8-cineole, apinene, camphene, eugenol, limonene, linalool, and p-cymene. In aromatherapeutic practices by both inhalation and massage, the phytochemical content gives relaxing effects and improve the respiratory and cardiovascular system. The results also show that inhaling the essential oils also helps Covid-19 patients relieve their breathing, therefore prospective for respiratory treatment. The high stress conditions faced by patients were also reduced by inhaling aromatherapy. The study re-discovered the essential oils benefits for various conditions such as headaches and hypertension, while having high potential as an expectorant and immune system booster.
The genetic potential of Taxus sumatrana medicinal plants in Kerinci Regency
Authors: Frianto D , Prihartini I , Novriyanti E , C Widyatmoko A Y P B
Published: November 2021

Taxus -a taxol-producing medicinal plant that mostly found in highland area- is a species in genus Taxus and family Taxaceae. This study was aimed to determine the genetic diversity within and between population of T. sumatrana in Kerinci Regency, i.e. Mount Kerinci and Mount Tujuh, based on altitude. The genetic diversity was analyzed with RAPD analysis. The altitude was categorized as low (<2000 m asl) and high (>2000 m asl). The cambium extraction was carried out based on CTAB method. DNA amplification was conducted in RAPD method on machine of PCR System 9700 Applied Biosystems. Nine RAPD primers were used in this study. The results revealed that the average of polymorphic locus was 53.89%. Genetic diversity within population was fairly high with value of 0.1799 and Shannon index of 0.2746. Among the four populations, the population of High Tujuh showed the highest level of variability (He=0.2044). The Nei genetic distance between populations was ranging from 0.0567 to 0.1302. The potential of High Tujuh population is still large enough so that it can still be explored for genetic conservation and cultivated as a taxol-producing material which is useful for medicine.
Macrofungi diversity in Lawu Mountain Forests and their potential uses as medicinal mushroom for inducing immunity against Covid-19
Authors: Rahayu S , Wardana A F F , Nurjanto H H , Anggara G , Mahayani N P D
Published: November 2021

Macrofungi is one of bio-medicinal sources containing various bioactive compounds, such as β-glucans, which are scientifically proven as immunity booster against coronavirus, including Covid-19. Lawu Mountain Forest has been reported as one of the macro fungi-rich ecosystems in Java. Due to its unique geography, each side of the mountain has a different climate with the southern slope is typically more suitable for various species of mushroom to grow. The aims of this study were to assess fungal diversity in the southern slope of Lawu Mountain Forest, and to ascertain their potential uses for medicinal purpose, particularly for boosting immunity against Covid-19. Cruise method was used to identify macroscopic fungi collected along the hiking trail of Lawu Mountain Forest at the elevation ranges of 1800- 3100 m asl. Their morphological characteristics, including color, diameter, veil surface, lamella (ring and pore, type of lamella, and volva), stem shape, length and diameter, were observed. The study found 46 species from 15 families of macrofungi. Seven species potentially containing bioactive compounds as immunomodulator for boosting immunity were Auricularia auricula, Cerrena unicolor, Lentinus edodes, Pleuretus ostreatus, Stereum hirsutum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes versicolor.
Enhancing capacity and empowering local communities live inside Thirty Hills National Park, Riau through meliponiculture
Authors: Pribadi A , Roza D
Published: November 2021

Thirty Hills National Park (THNP) located in Riau province has a local community, namely Talang Mamak tribes, who live inside its territory. To increase their livelihood and reduce their dependency on forest resources, THNP conducts an empowerment activity as an alternative for living through meliponiculture. Meliponiculture is a practice of beekeeping using stingless bees. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectivity of meliponiculture as an empowerment activity program. This study was conducted at five communities of Talang Mamak tribes during 2019, namely Tualang, Bangayauan, Nunusan, Air Bomban, and Sadan. Provide to assist and initiate their enthusiasm in this program. Honey production and their capability in maintaining the stingless bees are respond variables that are assessed to determine the effectivity of the program. Results reveal that honey production at five communities are highly increase (avg. 63.12%) in the second semester except in Sadan that is slightly decline (9,89%) even though Sadan have the highest honey production in the first semester as 5 kgs. Furthermore, Air Bomban produces 16.3 kg in the second semester and have the highest honey production in the second semester or increase 91.06% compare to first semester. In addition, there is only in Bengayauan that only have six colonies that have not produced honey yet from total fiveteen colonies. Meanwhile, sixty colonies of stingless bees that are placed at the other four communities are already active in producing honey and show that the communities are able to maintain those colonies. The consistency and marketing are needed to guarantee the effectivity of this empowerment program in the following years.
Community-based forest management in the forest District of Kediri: cultivation of pineapple and turmeric under forest stands
Authors: Effendi R , Puspitojati T , Poedjowadi D
Published: November 2021

Community-based forest management (CBFM) is a forest management system that is carried out by communities and forest companies with a mutual benefit principle.One of them is to bring benefits to the community from the plants cultivated. Each combination of plants yields a different income.The research aims (a) to calculate the profit of pineapple and turmeric cultivation under forest stands in the Forest District of Kediri, (b) to calculate the profit sharing between communities and companies, and (c) the value of forest product fees of pineapple and turmeric. Data were collected through observation and interviews and employ benefit-cost analysis. Shared profit was calculated based on cooperation agreements and the fee was calculated based on the prevailing tariff. The results of the study showed (1) the profit of the pineapple business was IDR 18,800,000 per ha per season, of which IDR 12,635,000 was for the community, IDR 5,415,000 was for the company’s profit share IDR 750,000 was for forest product fees. (2) the profit of the turmeric business was IDR 13.600.000 per ha per season, of which IDR 9,205,000 was for the community, IDR 3,945,000 was for the company profit share, and IDR 450,000 was for forest product fees.
Community involvement in KPH Yogyakarta (Yogyakarta Forest Management Unit) land management: a case study of RPH Mangunan
Authors: Lugina M , Indartik  , Pribadi M A , Wibowo A
Published: November 2021

The management of protection forests in KPH Yogyakarta has involved the surrounding community. Community involvement is expected to keep forest sustainability and contribute to the surrounding community’s income. Community engagement activities in the protection forest at RPH Mangunan have been developed long time before the KPH Yogyakarta was formed. Several social forestry activities was designed by utilizing forest land to involve the community in protection forests, especially in RPH Mangunan. Activities with the community on KPH land are permitted as long as the crops and trees are not disturbed. This paper aims to identify community involvement in RPH Mangunan and calculate the economic contribution of each land area used by the community. The research was conducted in July-August 2018. The collection of socio-economic data are obtained through household surveys of KPH land users, in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) of parties involved in KPH land management. The income from managing the KPH land is still below the needs of one household based on Yogyakarta provincial minimum wage. Apart from carrying out agricultural activities, some community members have other sources of livelihood. To increase the community’s income and support forest sustainability, some strategies need to be implemented.
The social construction of gender relation reality: an analysis of time management applied on sustainable bamboo forestry among families in Ngadha, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Prasetyo B D , Ekawati D , Handoyo  , Djaenudin D , Indartik  , Suryandari E Y , Sari G K
Published: November 2021

Gender discourse in Indonesia is currently developing very rapidly. On one hand, gender activists have focused on gender mainstreaming. On the other hand, the socio-cultural reality in Indonesia persists with the old traditional construction of power relations between men and women. Feminists fight for justice and inclusiveness for women. However, their struggle must be confronted with the fact that the prevailing socio-cultural norms still tend to be male-dominant. This paper will reveal how the social reality of power relations in the realm of gender is constructed in rural areas in Indonesia. The subjects studied are families at the clan level who are managing sustainable bamboo forestry in Ngadha Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The research was conducted in 2019-2021. The methods used are participatory rural appraisal (PRA), in-depth interviews, and observation as participants. Time allocation is used as the object of this study to create gender mapping. The analysis is carried out using a social construction theory. This study concluded that the clan of Neguwulacan adopt the HBL system. This is reflected in the emergence of local initiatives to manage finances, the workforce, groups, as well as build and implement them at the clan level. The gender relations that exist in SBF practice at the clan of Neguwula are relative. First, in terms of family lines, women obtain benefits because could hold matrilineal law. Political decisions remain in the hands of women. Second, practically speaking, women work twice as much in domestic and commercial work. Third, in some cases, deliberation is put forward for a fair division of labor. At this point, inclusiveness emerges as a reality that colors gender relations.
Opportunities and challenges for land use-based peatland restoration in Kayu Labu Village, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Lestari S , Winarno B , Premono B T , Syabana T A A , Azwar F , Sakuntaladewi N , Mendham D , Jalilov S
Published: November 2021

Restoration of degraded peatland has proven to be complex and many activities that have been initiated in recent years have not had a significant impacted on restoring peatland condition. Revitalization activities that have been carried out in several locations have not been effective. Likewise, rewetting actions were often poorly understood by the community. This research aimed to analyze land use-based peatland restoration opportunities and challenges in Kayu Labu village, South Sumatra. Survey methods and interviews with the stakeholders were applied to collect primary data in the field. The results showed that although Kayu Labu has been designated as one of the focus villages for restoration by the Peatland Restoration Agency, the restoration efforts to date have not significantly impacted on people’s lives. The community has not widely known the implementation of the programs, and only those who were directly involved in the activities were aware of the peatland restoration program. Several opportunities are available to support the implementation of land use-based peatland restoration in Kayu Labu: the community has a strong willingness and commitment to restore their peatlands because they have suffered badly from peatland fires in the past. The community also acknowledges the loss of their livelihoods due to peatland degradation, especially for purun craftsmen, gelam collectors, and fishers. There are also opportunities from government and research programs to be implemented in this area to support peatland restoration. However, there are still challenges that must be faced: the increasingly massive expansion of oil palm plantations by clearing the peatlands, the lack of knowledge about peatland, and there is a general feeling from the community that without peatland their lives would be better off because they could grow diverse crops with higher yields. Therefore, capacity building, communication and knowledge enhancement, and partnerships are needed for the success of land use-based peatland restoration in Kayu Labu.
Market development of local peatland commodities to support successful peatland restoration
Authors: Salminah M , Nurfatriani F , Rochmayanto Y , Wicaksono D , Ramawati  , Ardhana A , Junaidah  , Fauzi H
Published: November 2021

Peatland degradation and community livelihood are often driven by market forces. Successful peatland restoration including community livelihood improvement programs is therefore highly correlated with market development of various local peatland commodities that are introduced to replace fire-using farming activities. However, since the development of local peatland commodities is often under subsistence marketplaces, investigation of their market is not attractive and has received little attention. This paper investigates the market structure of the local peatland commodities developed by the local community under peatland livelihood programs using Rapid Market Appraisal (RMA) technique and market structure analysis to quickly draw challenges and opportunities of market development of peatland commodities. We also analyze a business model applied by the local community, particularly their strategy to adapt to market dynamics and to secure market competition. The information is essential to serve as a basis for formulating appropriate interventions needed to develop a more established market of local peatland commodities, which as a consequence will prevent peat forest conversion. The investigation finds that at least three types of peatland commodity market structures are evolving in the research site. Each of them has different challenges and needs different interventions to make the livelihood programs more sustainable. Meanwhile, the local community is more oriented towards sales than the marketing of peatland products. They have not prepared a specific strategy yet to adapt to and win the dynamic market competition. It needs significant efforts to change its business culture if relevant stakeholders intend to develop the local peatland commodity market as a part of peatland restoration and community livelihood improvement programs.
The role of land management in increasing the income of Private Forest farmers in Central Lombok Regency
Authors: Nandini R , Rahayu A A D
Published: November 2021

One of the success indicator of private forest farming is an increase in farmers’ income, which is indicated by the large contribution of income from private forests. The size of the income is influenced by several factors, including the pattern of private forest management which will determine the quality products of private forests. However, currently, most of the private forest farmers have not placed the aspect of land management as the main factor determining the success of farming in private forests. This research is conducted to determine the role of land management on the income of private forest farmers in Central Lombok Regency. The research was conducted in three private forests in Central Lombok Regency, namely Pemepek, Setiling, and Sepakek Villages. The method used is interviews using questionnaire to 45 respondents who are selected purposively. The object of observation is land management which include plant maintenance, and harvesting; and farmers’ income from private forest and non-private forest. The data analysis was carried out in a descriptive qualitative manner. The results showed that in general, land management carried out by private forest farmers had not been able to increase income from private forests. However, farmers who carry out crop maintenance in the form replanting are able to produce a higher income than when farmers applied other land management activity. The combination of land management activity will improve their income. The more intensive land management, the higher the income will be obtained.
Mapping business models for Sangalang Hapakat Oyster Mushroom Business Group, Tanjung Sangalang Village, Central Kahayan District, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan
Authors: Ardhana A , Salminah M , Junaidah  , Fauzi H
Published: November 2021

This study aims to map business models of the Sangalang Hapakat oyster mushroom business group. The research was conducted in the village of Tanjung Sangalang, Central Kahayan District, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan which is located around the Tanjung Sangalang Village Forest (HD) area. The business group has cultivated oyster mushrooms for a long time and made it the main source of livelihood other than fishing. This research is qualitative research with a case study technique. The analytical method used is the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach with 9 block elements. The research result showed that the customer segments of the business group are segmented markets. The value propositions given are quality products and various products with affordable prices. Company channels are in the form of direct and indirect sales. The customer relationship developed is in the form of personal assistance. Meanwhile, revenue streams are derived from product sales and revenue from training. Key resources consist of physical assets, group-owned capital, and trained human resources. Key activities include cultivation, packaging, and distribution. The key partnership consists of producers of raw materials such as sawdust producers, plastic shops, and mushroom seed producers. Finally, the cost structure includes several costs for raw material supply, transportation, and production equipment.
The capacity building of an agroforestry demonstration plot: participatory market chain approach
Authors: Wisudayati T A , Danu  , Octavia D , Hendarto K A , Sianturi R U D , Megawati  , Desmiwati
Published: November 2021

Establishing the Cempaka forestry partnership agroforestry demonstration plot in the Batutegi Forest Management Unit, Lampung Province, should increase small-scale farmers’ participation in planting and enhancing their welfare. They need facilitation and supporting programs to evolve continuously, grow business rapidly, and enable forest sustainability. From previous research, the existing training and the extension supporting programs focus on technological improvements in agroforestry demonstration plots, such as modern nurseries training and incentives awarding. There is minimal understanding of small-scale farmers about the broader market chain beyond their direct market. However, improving the market chain will be sustaining the process of innovation and environmental empowerment. The upscale market chain has an impact on poverty alleviation by enhancing institutional capacity and market linkages. Therefore, integrating a market chain perspective is a crucial priority for planning the demonstration plot capacity program. This research intends to design the procedures for linking small-scale farmers to the market chain using a three-sequence phase usually elaborated in the Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA). The data were collected by applying a questionnaire, and then they were described by using a narrative-based qualitative method. The emerging results from this study are the policy implications for improving the performance of the market chain in a standard timeline, namely the assessment phase, the innovation phase, and the action phase. Ideally, policy leaders should pay attention to the assessment phase that identifies interactions among market chain actors. The innovation phase develops on-site learning exercises and tests shared innovation. The action phase promotes in topic meetings and action groups.
The potential for increasing the productivity of Indonesian silk farmers
Authors: Muin N , Andadari L
Published: November 2021

Natural silk is one of the sources of livelihood for rural Indonesians. However, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, natural silk production has been affected. During the pandemic, the community implements health protocols such as keeping physical distance and physical contact. Meanwhile, the natural silk business is a labor-intensive business that involves a lot of labor, so a strategy is needed in order that silk farmers could continue running their productive business to meet the necessities of life. This paper aims to provide information on the potential for the economic increase of Indonesian silk farmers through sericulture technological applications. The research used desk study, descriptive qualitative, and quantitative methods with the study locations in Sulawesi, Gorontalo, and Java Provinces. The results of the study show that the technology input through the mulberry hybrid and silkworm hybrids can increase farmers’ cocoon production by 21.4% - 36.4% with an increase of silk filament production by 75.4% -358.8% per silkworm box. In addition, the use of mulberry hybrids and standard silkworm rearing room is also a potential for silk farmers to increase the number of silkworms raised with the same resource capital in the form of land ownership area and number of family labor. The application of sericulture technology is indispensable as one of the solutions in increasing the productivity of silk farmers in the pandemic era hence a sustainable socialization of technology is needed.
The challenge for Aik Nyet Nature Tourism in the new normal era
Authors: Patiro S P S , Hendarto K A , Hasan R A , Yumantoko  , Nur A , Ariawan K , Wisudayati T A , Simanjuntak T M
Published: November 2021

Good knowledge of the economic value of a tourist location is the main basis for formulating an effective management policy. In the conditions of the Covid 19 pandemic, Aik Nyet Nature Tourism, which covers an area of approximately 9.4 ha, was closed. The new normal era makes it possible to reopen with some conditions that have to be met. Starting from determining the optimal paid entrance fee to some new normal rules that must be implemented, this article aims to provide an overview of what KPHL Rinjani Barat should do. This article investigates this issue by employing a two-phase study: quantitative and qualitative. The first phase used primary data from the visitor survey whose results were analyzed using travel cost methods. The second phase used secondary data from Kompas.com reporting interconnected themes on the new normal era. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method. The results showed that in the new normal period, KPHL Rinjani Barat should reduce the entrance fee to Aik Nyet, which is currently IDR 5,000 to IDR 3,000, and implement COVID-19 health and hygiene protocols properly.
The use of improved cajuput seeds to encourage self-sufficiency in cajuput oil in Indonesia
Authors: Sumardi  , Kartikawati N K , Prastyono  , Nirsatmanto A , Rimbawanto A
Published: November 2021

Melaleuca cajuput sub sp cajuput is an indigenous species in Indonesia which primarily used for the cajuput oil industry. The demand for cajuput oil is reported at around 3,500 tons/year, while the national capacity production is only around 600 tons years−1 due to lack of grower interest in planting and low productivity of the existing plantations. Following the success of the genetic improvement of cajuput in which oil yield and cineole content are improved, carried out by CFBTI, a program to increase oil production through developing plantations using genetically improved seeds was developed in six provinces. Five small-growers and one company were involved in the program covering 35 ha and 2000 ha of a plantation, respectively. This paper aims to report the progress of the program by focusing on the impact of the improved seed and people’s participation in developing cajuput plantations. The paper also discusses the projected impact for further development of the plantations, including government policy to support increased national production of cajuput oil as well as ensuring the market. The results showed that oil productivity varied among small-grower sites ranging from 93.75 to 171.6 kg ha−1 year−1, while for the company it could be increased to reach oil productivity of 175.5 kg ha−1 year−1 through innovative technology either in the plantation or in the distillation process. As compared to the previous system using ordinary un-improved seed, the oil productivity in the program increased around 62 – 116 %. The program also revealed that the cajuput industry could be managed effectively and efficiently while maintaining the sustainability and continuity of high oil production so that Indonesia will become self-sufficient in cajuput oil.
Gonad maturity level and somatic index of sea cucumber Acaudina sp. (caudinidae, molpadida, holothuroidea) In Delta Wulan Waters, Demak Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Widianingsih W , Hartati R , Sibero M T , Mahendrajaya R T
Published: November 2021

Sea cucumber Acaudina sp. belongs to the family Caudinidae, Order Molpadida, Class Holothuroidea. These animals have an important role in the benthic ecosystem. The purpose of this research was to determine the gonad maturity level and Gonad Somatic Index of Acaudina sp. in Delta Wulan Waters, Demak Regency. In total, 64 individuals of Acaudina sp. were taken in April 2021 and 148 individuals were taken in May 2021. In April observation, the highest gonad maturity level for females was at level 3, while the highest gonad maturity for male was at levels 1 and 2. Furthermore, in Mei observations, the highest gonad maturity level for females was at level 2 and for males, the highest gonad maturity level was at level 3. According to April observation, values GSI (Gonad Somatic Index) has a range 0.22 - 6.09 % and for May observation, value GSI has a range 0.04 – 2.24%. Hence, there is a positive correlation between gonad weight and GSI values in sea cucumber Acaudina sp.
Determination of the optimum effort for small scale fisheries in Bulukumba regency
Authors: Agus A , Najamuddin  , Jalil A R , Petrus Nelwan A F
Published: November 2021

This study aims to determine the catch per unit effort (CPUE) or abundance, maximum sustainable yield (Cmsy), optimum effort (Emsy), catch quota, utilization level, and effort of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacarez) for small scale fisheries in Bulukumba Regency, using a surplus production method, as well as time-series data for 11 years. According to the results, the CPUE or abundance average, Cmsw, Emsw, and catch quota, were about 4.4284 tons/unit, 720 tons, 184 units of hand line, and 576 tons, respectively. Meanwhile, the sustainable production with actual production showed overfishing, except for 2010 and 2015, while the production data for 2016 – 2020 were unavailable. In addition, the average MSY utilization, catch quota, and average effort levels were 61.9512 %, 77.4397 %, and 86.8352%, respectively. Theoretically, the MSY utilization levels for all years were about 100%, except for 2010 (1.4449 %) and 2015 (23.7581%), as well as 2012, where the value exceeded 100% (364.7357%), while the catch quota for all years was above 100 %, except for 2010 (1.8062 %) and 2015 (29.6976 %). However, the two production data values were unavailable for 2016 – 2020. Also, the effort levels fluctuated while almost all the half values were below 100 %.