bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of temperature on tillering of grain sorghum seedlings
Authors: Downes RW
Published: November 2004

Seedlings of the Combine Kafir variety of grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) were grown under various photoperiods and at a range of temperatures in the phytotron at Canberra. Buds did not expand into tillers when the average daily temperature exceeded a threshold about 18°C. Plants were stimulated to tiller if they spent a period below this threshold at the 4 or 6 leaf stage, though normally grown at a temperature higher than 18°C. Genetic, physiological, and agronomic implications are discussed.
Corrigendum - Response to selection in Australian Merino sheep. I. Selection for high clean wool weight, with a ceiling on fibre diameter and degree of skin wrinkle. Response in wool and body characteristics
Authors: Turner HN , Dolling CHS , Kennedy JF
Published: November 2004

Direct and correlated responses are reported for two groups of sheep selected for high clean wool weight. The work covers two periods. In the first (1950–59), both groups had selection against high average fibre diameter and high degree of skin wrinkle, but in one group (S) the performance of the ram's half-sibs was considered as well as his own, while in the other (MS) mass selection was practiced for rams. For ewes, mass selection was practiced in both groups. In the second period (1961–64), mass selection was used for both sexes in both groups, with selection against high diameter and degree of wrinkle in one group (S), and against low crimp frequency and high degree of wrinkle in the other (MS). In both periods response to selection was assessed by comparison with a random control group. In the first period, response in clean wool weight was similar in S and MS, both for rams measured at 10–11 months, when a preliminary selection on them was carried out, and for ewes measured at 15–16 months, when final selection was made for both sexes. The annual rates of increase in clean wool weight for S and MS were 2.1 and 1.8% for rams and 2.4 and 2.7% for ewes, the lower rate in rams being due to the fact that response at 10–11 months is a correlated response to the final selection at 15–16 months. As the rates of increase in the two groups are similar, it can be concluded that examination of half-sibs is not worth while; this would in fact have been predicted from the high heritability estimates for clean wool weight. There were negligible trends in fibre diameter and wrinkle score, indicating that counter-selection has been effective in preventing an increase in these characteristics. Fibre number per unit skin area made the greatest contribution to the increases in clean wool weight, the annual rates of increase for S and MS being 2.0 and 2.2% for rams and 2.0 and I .8% for ewes. Greasy wool weight, percentage clean yield, body weight, and staple length also showed increases with increasing clean wool weight in both selected groups. In spite of the fact that fibre diameter did not increase, crimp number per unit of staple length decreased in both groups. This is a further confirmation of the strong negative genetic correlation between clean wool weight and crimp number, and of the lack of a strong association between crimp number and fibre diameter. In the second period, no further response was observed. It is impossible to say at this stage whether a selection plateau has been reached or whether drought conditions interfered with response.
Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. VI. Association of growth promotion, protein digestibility, and hot-water-soluble protein content, and effect of amino acid supplementation
Authors: Sathe BS , McClymont GL
Published: November 2004

Despite considerable variation in digestibility (from 68 to 83%) and in the hot-water solubility (from 14 to 27%), of the protein of meat meals, these parameters were not significantly correlated with chick growth on diets based on wheat, skim milk, and the meat meals. Although growth rates on both high and low quality meals were increased by addition of arginine, lysine, methionine, and tryptophan, with the major part of the response due to lysine, methionine, or both, differences in growth rates on high and low quality meals were not eliminated. However, with high levels of the amino acids and additional minerals, vitamins, and antibiotic, growth rates on some low quality meals were similar to those on the supplemented high quality meat meals. It is concluded that differences in the available essential amino acid content of the meat meals were the main cause of variation in growth-promoting ability, but that when amino acid deficiency was corrected a second limiting factor could be one or more of vitamins, minerals, and antibiotic.
Body composition in vivo. IX. The relation of body composition to the tritiated water spaces of ewes and wethers fasted for short periods
Authors: Panaretto BA
Published: November 2004

Correlations are described between tritiated water space, total body water, fat, and protein in sheep subjected to 18–21 hr of fasting. These provide a system for estimating the body composition of living ruminants.
Studies in pasture management for the breeding ewe. I. Effects on ewe liveweights, incidence of pregnancy toxaemia, lamb birth weights, and neo-natal mortality
Authors: Davies HL
Published: November 2004

Breeding ewes were run under three systems of pasture management on sown pastures (based on subterranean clover) at Canberra. The ewes lambed from mid August to late September. The three management treatments were: (i) Continuous grazing (treatment CG). (ii) Ewes were confined to one-third of the whole area available in early pregnancy, so that feed was autumn-deferred for late pregnancy (treatment DP).(iii) Ewes were confined to a portion (one-third in 1956, one-half in 1957) of the area for the whole of pregnancy in order to ensure an adequate amount of feed for lactation (treatment DL). Two stocking rates and two breeds of ram were compared (Merino and Border Leicester). Treatment DL resulted in unsatisfactory liveweight gains during pregnancy, a far higher incidence of pregnancy toxaemia, reduced lamb birth weight, and increased neo-natal mortality. At the low stocking rate there were no significant differences between treatments CG and DP. At the high stocking rate, treatment DP reduced liveweight gain in early pregnancy and ensured an adequate liveweight gain in late pregnancy. The incidence of pregnancy toxaemia was lower at the high stocking rate in 1957 on treatment DP compared with CG. At the higher stocking rate, ditocous ewes on treatment DP gained more weight in late pregnancy than those on CG or DL.
The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. II. The digestion of ryegrass at different stages of maturity
Authors: Weston RH , Hogan JP
Published: November 2004

Ryegrass harvested at various stages of maturity was dried and offered to sheep either ad libitum or at approximately 90% of the ad libitum intake. Feed consumption and the times spent by the sheep in ruminating and eating were measured when the forages were offered ad libitum, and several aspects of digestion were studied when the level of feeding approached 90% of ad libitum intake. The chemical composition of the grasses and the apparent digestibility of the constituents showed the usual changes with maturity. As the grass matured, there was a tendency for: (i) the rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum to increase relative to the flow from the rumen, (ii) the concentration of organic matter in digesta leaving the abomasum to decrease, (iii) the quantity of nitrogen leaving the stomach in digesta per unit intake of dietary nitrogen to increase, and (iv) the sheep to spend more time in ruminating and eating per unit feed intake. No differences attributable to maturity were observed in: (i) the rate of flow of digesta from the rumen, (ii) the retention time of a water-soluble marker in the rumen, (iii) rumen volume, (iv) the distribution of the digestion of organic matter and carbohydrate between the stomach and intestines, and (v) the apparent digestion of nitrogen in the intestines. Although the quantity of nitrogen provided by 100 g of forage organic matter decreased with maturity from 4.3 to 1.2 g, the corresponding change in the quantity of nitrogen, in forms other than ammonia, apparently digested in the intestines was only 2.6 to 1.5 g. It was calculated, after making several assumptions, that the net energy value of the metabolizable energy derived from volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen and from amino acids digested in the intestines was little affected by the stage of maturity. On the other hand, after making assumptions about the energy costs of ruminating and eating, it was calculated that the proportion of the metabolizable energy used in ruminating and eating could increase from 5% with the immature grass to 13% with mature grass. Intraruminal infusion of propionic acid did not increase the sheep's intake of one forage that provided a relatively small quantity of propionic acid during ruminal digestion.
Studies on presowing drought hardening of wheat
Authors: Woodruff DR
Published: November 2004

The effects of presowing drought hardening of wheat on subsequent leaf relative water content (RWC) and grain yield were assessed under a number of environmental conditions. In general, the treatment reduced the rate at which critical levels of RWC developed during periods of moisture stress, but not necessarily the final value to which the RWC fell. No differences were found in any of the measured parameters during periods when there were no internal water deficits. Grain yield increases due to the hardening treatment varied "from 0 to 20%" in the different experiments. This variation is explained in terms of both the phenological stage at which RWC differences occurred and the transient effect of the RWC differences. The results are also discussed in relation to both the cause of the observed RWC differences and the potential practical role of the technique in arid zone agriculture.
Studies of the artificial insemination of sheep: The effects on fertility of diluting ram semen, stage of oestrus of the ewe at insemination, and injection of synthetic oxytocin
Authors: Jones RC , Martin CA , Lapwood KR
Published: November 2004

Ewes were artifically inseminated with semen diluted in skim milk. In the first experiment, with an insemination dose of 50 x 106 spermatozoa, 10-fold dilution of semen did not reduce the fertility of the diluted sample if it was reconcentrated by centrifugation to the same volume as the undiluted controls. However, three later experiments conducted under extensive pastoral conditions showed that dilution in milk lowered the fertility of semen, and reconcentration of the spermatozoa had no effect. Only 8.8% fertility followed the insemination of 50 x 106 spermatozoa in semen diluted 10-fold and stored at 5°C for approximately 36 hr. The administration of 50 or 200 mU of synthetic oxytocin to ewes at an early stage after insemination had no effect on fertility. The intensity of marking with the crayons carried by vasectomized teaser rams, thought to be a measure of the intensity of display of oestrus, was positively correlated with the fertility of ewes at insemination. The greater the consistency and opacity of the vaginal mucus at the time of insemination, the lower was the fertility of the ewe. The fertility of ewes was highest during approximately the first 12 hr of oestrus, and dropped progressively through the two subsequent 12 hr periods.
Cytoplasmic male sterility in Desmodium
Authors: McWhirter KS
Published: November 2004

A type of male sterility found in two Desmodium plants of probably interspecific hybrid origin was cytoplasmically inherited. The cytoplasmic male-sterile character was incorporated in the tropical legume Desmodium sandwicense by backcrossing. In this genetic background pollen sterility was complete. The male-sterile character was not graft-transmissible, and it produced no detectable pleiotropic effects on growth and development. Desmodium intortum gave restoration of pollen fertility in Fl hybrids with male-sterile lines of D. sandwicense. Restored F1 hybrids produced apparently normal pollen, but tests of functional ability of the pollen disclosed that pollen fertility was less than that of Fl hybrids with normal cytoplasm. Incomplete restoration of fertility was not due to heterozygosity of fertility-restoring genes with gametophytic expression, since fertility-restoring genes were shown to act sporophytically. The results established the occurrence in the legume Desmodium of a system of determination of the male-sterile, fertility-restored phenotypes that is similar to the cytoplasmic male sterility systems described in many other angiosperm plants. A scheme utilizing the genetic stocks produced in this study for commercial production of the interspecific hybrid D. sandwicense x D. intortum as a cultivar is presented.
Relationships between Oesophagostomum columbianum infection and the nutritional status of sheep. I. Effects on growth and feed utilization
Authors: Bawden RJ
Published: November 2004

The infection of young sheep with 1500 infective larvae of the parasitic nematode Oesophagostomurn columbianum was associated with loss of weight of degree and duration varying with the plane of nutrition. Greater losses of weight were observed in sheep maintained on a low protein ration of chaffed wheaten straw and molasses than in those on a high protein ration of chaffed lucerne. A similar situation was observed with all the other parameters which were measured. Furthermore, within the low plane group those animals which were infected with five consecutive daily doses of 300 larvae were more severely affected in terms of all the parameters than were those infected with a single dose of 1500 larvae. Loss of weight was associated with marked reductions in the feed intake of the animals following infection. The utilization of feed expressed as kilograms of body weight gained or lost per unit of either total feed or crude protein consumed was more severely depressed in all infected sheep compared with their "pair-fed" controls. The water, sodium, and potassium contents of the faeces increased in association with the infection.
Selection for crude protein content in Phalaris tuberosa L.

I. Response to selection and preliminary studies on correlated responses
Authors: Clements RJ
Published: November 2004

In a highly variable breeding population of P. tuberosa, marked responses were obtained to three generations of selection for high and low crude protein concentration (percentage nitrogen x 6.25) in whole tillers at heading. Total response was similar in each direction, and realized heritability estimates were h2 = 0.25 and h2 = 0.20 in the high and low directions respectively. The responses were accompanied by positively correlated changes in in vitro digestibility and in characters commonly used as indicators of nutritive value of herbage. However, there were large negatively correlated changes in seedling vigour, relative growth rates, and other morphological and physiological characters. The implications of the results for pasture plant breeding are discussed.
The influence of age on reproductive performance on sheep in Australia
Authors: Mullaney PD , Brown GH
Published: November 2004

Estimates are given for various traits associated with reproduction rate at each age from 3 to 9, 2 to 7, and 3 to 6 years for Merino, Corriedale, and Polwarth ewes respectively. The number of lambs born per ewe joined for Merino ewes decreased steadily with age, while the number of lambs weaned per ewe joined and the survival rate of both single and twin lambs rose to a peak at 4–5 years, with a subsequent fall; the reproduction rate for Corriedale and Polwarth ewes increased with age to the oldest age of 6 years. The estimates are used to predict the reproduction rate of flocks with different age structures, the conclusion being that the average number of lambs born per ewe joined would decrease progressively with increase in flock age, and the average number of lambs weaned per ewe joined would increase with the age of the oldest group of ewes up to 6 years for Merino flocks, and with the oldest group to at least 6 years for Corriedale and Polwarth flocks.
RAPD markers for a sunflower rust resistance gene
Authors: Lawson WR , Goulter KC , Henry RJ , Kong GA , Kochman JK
Published: November 2004

An F2 population of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was tested for segregation of a gene conferring resistance to sunflower rust (Puccznia helzanthi) Australian Race 0 (North American Race 1). The resistant parent, RHA279, of this cross was thought to possess a single dominant resistance gene to this race. Genetic analysis confirmed that this population was segregating for a single dominant gene, the R1 gene, for resistance to this race of the pathogen. Using bulked segregant and RAPD analyses, two markers were identified which co-segregated with the rust resistance gene in the F2 population. These markers, designated OT06959 and 01\/112850, are linked to the rust resistance gene at a distance of 4.5 cM and 26 cM, respectively, with the markers situated one either side of the gene. The availability of markers closely linked to this gene will greatly enhance selection for the gene in future breeding programs, and especially assist efforts to pyramid the gene with other rust resistance genes to produce sunflower varieties with more durable resistance to rust.
Climate change impacts are sensitive to the concentration stabilization path
Authors: O'Neill Brian C. , Oppenheimer Michael
Published: November 2004

Analysis of policies to achieve the long-term objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, stabilizing concentrations of greenhouse gases at levels that avoid “dangerous” climate changes, must discriminate among the infinite number of emission and concentration trajectories that yield the same final concentration. Considerable attention has been devoted to path-dependent mitigation costs, generally for CO
2
alone, but not to the differential climate change impacts implied by alternative trajectories. Here, we derive pathways leading to stabilization of equivalent CO
2
concentration (including radiative forcing effects of all significant trace gases and aerosols) with a range of transient behavior before stabilization, including temporary overshoot of the final value. We compare resulting climate changes to the sensitivity of representative geophysical and ecological systems. Based on the limited available information, some physical and ecological systems appear to be quite sensitive to the details of the approach to stabilization. The likelihood of occurrence of impacts that might be considered dangerous increases under trajectories that delay emissions reduction or overshoot the final concentration.
Identification and functional characterization of a sex pheromone receptor in the silkmoth
Bombyx mori
Authors: Sakurai Takeshi , Nakagawa Takao , Mitsuno Hidefumi , Mori Hajime , Endo Yasuhisa , Tanoue Shintarou , Yasukochi Yuji , Touhara Kazushige , Nishioka Takaaki
Published: November 2004

Sex pheromones released by female moths are detected with high specificity and sensitivity in the olfactory sensilla of antennae of conspecific males. Bombykol in the silkmoth
Bombyx mori
was the first sex pheromone to be identified. Here we identify a male-specific G protein-coupled olfactory receptor gene,
B. mori
olfactory receptor 1 (
BmOR-1
), that appears to encode a bombykol receptor. The
BmOR-1
gene is located on the Z sex chromosome, has an eight-exon/seven-intron structure, and exhibits male-specific expression in the pheromone receptor neurons of male moth antenna during late pupal and adult stages. Bombykol stimulation of
Xenopus laevis
oocytes expressing BmOR-1 and BmGαq elicited robust dose-dependent inward currents on two-electrode voltage clamp recordings, demonstrating that the binding of bombykol to BmOR-1 leads to the activation of a BmGαq-mediated signaling cascade. Antennae of female moths infected with
BmOR-1
-recombinant baculovirus showed electrophysiological responses to bombykol but not to bombykal. These results provide evidence that BmOR-1 is a G protein-coupled sex pheromone receptor that recognizes bombykol.
Luminal Ca2+–regulated Mg2+ Inhibition of Skeletal RyRs Reconstituted as Isolated Channels or Coupled Clusters
Authors: Laver Derek R. , O'Neill Erin R. , Lamb Graham D.
Published: November 2004

In resting muscle, cytoplasmic Mg2+ is a potent inhibitor of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It is thought to inhibit calcium release channels (RyRs) by binding both to low affinity, low specificity sites (I-sites) and to high affinity Ca2+ sites (A-sites) thus preventing Ca2+ activation. We investigate the effects of luminal and cytoplasmic Ca2+ on Mg2+ inhibition at the A-sites of skeletal RyRs (RyR1) in lipid bilayers, in the presence of ATP or modified by ryanodine or DIDS. Mg2+ inhibits RyRs at the A-site in the absence of Ca2+, indicating that Mg2+ is an antagonist and does not simply prevent Ca2+ activation. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ and Cs+ decreased Mg2+ affinity by a competitive mechanism. We describe a novel mechanism for luminal Ca2+ regulation of Ca2+ release whereby increasing luminal [Ca2+] decreases the A-site affinity for cytoplasmic Mg2+ by a noncompetitive, allosteric mechanism that is independent of Ca2+ flow. Ryanodine increases the Ca2+ sensitivity of the A-sites by 10-fold, which is insufficient to explain the level of activation seen in ryanodine-modified RyRs at nM Ca2+, indicating that ryanodine activates independently of Ca2+. We describe a model for ion binding at the A-sites that predicts that modulation of Mg2+ inhibition by luminal Ca2+ is a significant regulator of Ca2+ release from the SR. We detected coupled gating of RyRs due to luminal Ca2+ permeating one channel and activating neighboring channels. This indicated that the RyRs existed in stable close-packed rafts within the bilayer. We found that luminal Ca2+ and cytoplasmic Mg2+ did not compete at the A-sites of single open RyRs but did compete during multiple channel openings in rafts. Also, luminal Ca2+ was a stronger activator of multiple openings than single openings. Thus it appears that RyRs are effectively “immune” to Ca2+ emanating from their own pore but sensitive to Ca2+ from neighboring channels.
Identification of aDrosophilaMyb-E2F2/RBF transcriptional repressor complex
Authors: Lewis Peter W. , Beall Eileen L. , Fleischer Tracey C. , Georlette Daphne , Link Andrew J. , Botchan Michael R.
Published: November 2004

TheDrosophilaMyb complex has roles in both activating and repressing developmentally regulated DNA replication. To further understand biochemically the functions of the Myb complex, we fractionatedDrosophilaembryo extracts relying upon affinity chromatography. We found that E2F2, DP, RBF1, RBF2, and theDrosophilahomolog of LIN-52, a class B synthetic multivulva (synMuv) protein, copurify with the Myb complex components to form the Myb-MuvB complex. In addition, we found that the transcriptional repressor protein, lethal (3) malignant brain tumor protein, L(3)MBT, and the histone deacetylase, Rpd3, associated with the Myb-MuvB complex. Members of the Myb-MuvB complex were localized to promoters and were shown to corepress transcription of developmentally regulated genes. These and other data now link together the Myb and E2F2 complexes in higher-order assembly to specific chromosomal sites for the regulation of transcription.
Nonlinear inverse dynamics control of the aircraft in the presence of windshear
Authors: Cao Yihua , Chen Yong , Yuan Kungang , Jin Changjiang
Published: November 2004

Control laws that are based on the nonlinear inverse dynamics (NID) of the aircraft offer the potential for providing improved levels of performance over conventional flight control designs. The NID and its application in the flight control during windshear penetration are introduced here. With the employment of a real engineering windshear model and NID, a low‐altitude windshear penetration flight control law is designed. The simulative calculation results indicated that the NID control logic works effectively in the trajectory control of the aircraft during the penetration of windshear.
Pandoro cake: how to become a mass marketer from a local market
Authors: Signori Paola
Published: November 2004

This case study refers to the details of Bauli, one of the best‐known Italian companies in the confectionery industry's history. In particular, the analysis shows that, in this case, first of all, quality then specialisation and innovation for change have led the organisation to market leadership. The case is structured in three parts. The first sketches out market data about Bauli and direct competitors in different products. The second gives some information about the famous Pandoro cake to underline the typicalness of this traditional recipe. The third introduces Bauli, giving trade information, describing vicissitudes of the firm from its very beginnings, and discussing different key factors of success. Concludes that the tale of this company is similar to many others that have now grown up and out from their local trade areas, and have increased their market share to achieve leadership in their sectors.
The effectiveness of meta‐brands in the typical product industry: mozzarella cheese
Authors: Bonetti Enrico
Published: November 2004

The development and spread of protected denominations for typical products has been one of the most interesting phenomena recorded over the last ten years, in terms of both extent (there are more than 500 protected denominations in Europe, 20 per cent for Italian products) and the implications for the marketing of food products. The role played by these meta‐brands is rather a complex one, as a number of different factors come into play, such as the commodity itself, the size and type of the company using the brand, the end consumers who actually buy the product, and so on. These assumptions are confirmed by the existence of a number of studies focusing on particular commodities and/or countries. While furnishing a few general considerations, which are common to several contexts, this work aims mainly at analysing the role of protected denominations for typical products both as marketing instruments and as a springboard for competition for small local producers. In particular, the study will concentrate on the dairy industry and “made‐in‐Campania” buffalo's milk mozzarella cheese, an Italian product benefiting from the protected designation of origin (PDO) brand Mozzarella di Bufala Campana.
Investigating safe egg use in the catering industry
Authors: Taylor Eunice
Published: November 2004

Despite a 1993 ACMSF Report on Salmonella in Eggs, which offered specific guidance for caterers, outbreaks of Salmonellosis still occur, are frequently associated with the catering industry, and in many cases eggs have been implicated as the source of infection. Using a case study approach and multiple sources of data collection to achieve reliable results, this study assessed a random sample of 100 catering managers for their understanding of and adherence to government guidance. Establishments were randomly selected from four “high‐risk” sectors: function catering, nursing homes, restaurants, and sandwich outlets. Results indicated that there was little awareness of food safety risks associated with eggs and that recommended good practice was not widespread. This was evident in all four sectors and especially in sandwich outlets. Possible reasons for and the implications of these findings are discussed, including the lack of specific advice on safe egg use in the current Basic Food Hygiene Certificate and recommendations for research into effective means of communicating safety messages to caterers.
Globalisation: a study of the poultry‐meat supply chain
Authors: Manning L. , Baines R.N.
Published: November 2004

Increasing globalisation of the poultry‐meat supply chain has led to consolidation and evolution of transnational companies, whether by vertical or horizontal integration, and the development of business clusters. There are significant benefits in these economies of scale, especially improved purchasing power and greater intellectual, technological and production resources for organizations to draw upon to provide products that meet differentiated customer needs. The consumer has seen the benefit of globalisation in lower commodity food prices, wider product choice and the advent of “convenience” food. Seeks to review the key factors that have led to the globalisation of the poultry supply chain and the impact of these changes. The poultry supply chain was chosen because it is highly integrated and the research includes a literature review and an evaluation to determine how it specifically relates to the poultry supply chain. Identifies the factors that affect current and future developments in food globalisation, including: relative strength of currencies; speed of technology transfer to developing countries; tax and regulatory burden in nation states or trading groups; cost of capital and labour and its effect on competitiveness; continuing production specialization and greater differentiation between domestic and international meat trade; and concerns over production methods, food safety and hygiene standards. Analyses the impact of globalisation of the food supply chain to all sectors and will be of interest to academics and those working in food supply.
Applying a knowledge management modeling tool for manufacturing vision (MV) development
Authors: Wang Chengbo , Luxhøj James T. , Johansen John
Published: November 2004

This paper introduces an empirical application of an experimental model for knowledge management within an organization, namely a case‐based reasoning model for manufacturing vision development (CBRM). The model integrates the development process of manufacturing vision with the methodology of case‐based reasoning. This paper briefly describes the model's theoretical fundamentals and its conceptual structure; conducts a detailed introduction of the critical elements within the model; exhibits a real world application of the model; and summarizes the review of the model through academia and practice. Finds that the CBRM is supportive to the decision‐making process of applying and augmenting organizational knowledge. It provides a new angle to tackle strategic management issues within the manufacturing system of a business operation. Explores a new proposition within strategic manufacturing management by enriching and extending the concept of MV while trying to lead the CBR methodology into a new domain by applying it in strategic management.
E‐journals: The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Library experience
Authors: Rockliff Sue
Published: November 2004

In South Australia, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (TQEH) was the first health library to commit itself to e‐journals in a significant way. The experience of becoming an electronic library has been closely intertwined with the growth of the South Australian Human Services Libraries Consortium and the trend towards electronic library resources. Between 1999 and 2000 TQEH cancelled all print journals where electronic access was readily available. This paper examines the experiences, benefits, pitfalls, lessons learned and outcomes of committing to electronic resources in TQEH over the last four years and looks at where the future lies for electronic delivery in TQEH.
Effects of IT utilization and knowledge on librarians’ IT attitudes
Authors: Ramzan Muhammad
Published: November 2004

The paper presents the extent of information technology (IT) utilization in libraries in Pakistan together with librarians’ level of knowledge in IT and their attitudes toward IT in libraries. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 244 librarians working in libraries in Pakistan. The study revealed not only a low level of IT usage, but also a low level of IT knowledge among librarians. Analysis of relationships revealed that IT utilization in libraries, librarians’ awareness of the potential of IT, recency of attaining professional qualifications, and knowledge in IT had a significant relationship with librarians’ attitudes. The findings of the study also revealed that the level of IT utilization and the librarians’ level of knowledge in technology are good predictors of librarians’ attitudes toward application of IT in their libraries.
Non‐linear dynamic analysis using one‐dimensional updated subspaces
Authors: Heravi Gh. R. , Attarnejad R.
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this paper is to improve the effectiveness of ordinary reduction methods performance, in nonlinear dynamic analysis. In this paper, the error vector due to linear and nonlinear dynamic analysis in generalized subspaces is extracted, and is decomposed into two independent components, namely outside and inside components. Based on the inside error component, a new iterative reduction method, one‐dimensional generalized subspace procedure (ODGS), is proposed where an innovative criterion is defined for updating the base vectors necessary for stiffness changes in nonlinear dynamic analysis. In this study, the performance of ODGS for linear and nonlinear analysis of elastodynamic systems including non‐proportional damping based on the Ritz generalized subspace has been proposed. Numerical examples show the competency of the proposed method in both economy and exactness. Time saving gained from the ODGS method could be recompensed to get much more accurate results consuming the same CPU time. This iterative method is more effective than the ordinary reduction methods. Since the method is directly derived from the discrete model based on the finite element method (FEM), the complexity of the structure does not affect directly the effectiveness of ODGS. Therefore, whenever the FEM is effectively capable to represent the topology of the structure, the ODGS results will also represent the system response properly. Same as any other reduction methods, accuracy of this iterative reduction method is directly related to the number of selected Ritz vectors, according to convergence criterion.
Managing and implementing simultaneous transaction and relationship marketing
Authors: Walsh Susan , Gilmore Audrey , Carson David
Published: November 2004

There is growing acknowledgement that companies are engaging in both transaction‐ and relationship‐marketing activity. However, apart from a small body of work, little consideration has been paid to the management and implementation challenges involved in conducting both types of marketing concurrently. In particular, there have been few studies that consider, from a holistic organisational perspective, how transaction‐ and relationship‐marketing management‐decision making impact on each other in reality and the extent to which organisations are investing appropriate resources in simultaneously implementing the two approaches. This article reports on a longitudinal, in‐depth study of a high‐street retail bank. The findings indicate that, in practice, resource investment in transaction‐ and relationship‐marketing management was unbalanced with an over‐emphasis on some managerial dimensions and an under‐investment in others. In other words the bank under investigation did not engage in effective transaction or relationship planning or implementation but rather the managerial and organisational focus was on sales and promotion.
Sociocultural meanings in visually standardized print ads
Authors: Callow Michael , Schiffman Leon G.
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of using standardized visual images in global print advertising campaigns. In particular, it examines how visual images depicting social (in)activity are interpreted among students from the USA, Spain, and the Philippines. Hall's contextual typology and Brewer's social identity theory are used to conceptually explain variations in consumers’ implicature development. The results of the quasi‐experimental study suggest that high‐context audiences are more inclined than low‐context audiences to over‐read into the meaning of the visual, and that the types of weak implicatures created are positively related to the audience's perceived social identity.
Relationship development in international retail franchising
Authors: Doherty Anne Marie , Alexander Nicholas
Published: November 2004

The relationship marketing paradigm has emerged as a major tool by which marketers may examine and conceptualise relationships with consumers, however its application to the business‐to‐business dimension of retailing has been largely neglected. The current work examines one particular aspect of business‐to‐business marketing: the franchisor‐franchisee relationship in the context of international fashion retailing. This relationship is examined in the light of the relationship marketing literature, with particular reference to the relevance of the marriage analogy. Employing a case study approach, this paper considers international fashion retailers' response to the need to develop business‐to‐business relationships in international markets via the franchising mode of market entry. The paper concludes that the marriage analogy is useful in the context of franchise relationships if properly defined by core and intended relationship benefits.
Internationalization of small, computer software firms
Authors: Moen Øystein , Gavlen Morten , Endresen Iver
Published: November 2004

Internationalization has often been described as a gradual development, in terms of involvement and entry forms, in which firms are expected to target gradually more distant markets. This study focuses on the entry forms and market selection of five small Norwegian computer software firms. The findings suggest that the firm's network relationships are determinant with regard to which foreign entry forms they choose and to some extent, which markets they decide to enter. Whereas terms such as agent, distributor, licensee, and foreign subsidiary might have clear distinguishing power when physical products are concerned, the picture is far more complex when it comes to software. The firms in the study generally refer to their international partners as agents or distributors or both. When examined more closely a complex pattern of business solutions are encompassed by these terms. It seems also evident that the firms in the study are not concerned with such a distinction but look for competency, solidity and the ability to generate sales when searching for international partners. There seems to be a limited correlation between the firms’ international experience and their foreign entry form and market selection. The firm may choose one entry form in one market and a different one in another similar market, depending very much upon the options available in terms of their network relationships. Some key challenges for the managers of a software company will be to balance the allocation of resources between expanding the network through the current relationships and to focus on establishing new relationships and customers. This study's results illustrate the increasingly complex relationship between firms across national borders.
Evaluation of amide polymers as antioxidants for mixed soap greases
Authors: El‐Adly R.A. , Youssef E.A.M. , El‐Sayed S.M. , Abd El‐Ghaffar M.A.
Published: November 2004

This paper reports on the preparation of six formulations (G1‐G6) containing mixed soap greases based on cotton soap stock, aromatic extract, heavy alkylate and lube base oil. The physicochemical properties of these ingredients were characterised. The consistency, dropping point and mechanical stability of the formulated greases were assessed and tested in accordance with the National Laboratory for Grease Institute standards, and compared with the Egyptian Standards. The properties of the formulated grease G4 proved to be the best. The work reported also includes preparation of itaconyl‐o‐tolidine‐, itaconyl bisaniline‐ and itaconyl m‐phenylene‐ amide polymers. The structure of these polymers was investigated using infrared spectroscopy, micro analysis and gel permeation chromatography. The polymers prepared were evaluated as antioxidants for the optimum formulated grease G4. The study revealed that the itaconyl m‐phenylene amide polymer was a weak antioxidant, while itaconyl bisaniline‐ and itaconyl‐o‐tolidine amide polymers showed good anti‐oxidation property.
Synthesis and characterisation of methine dyes derived from condensation of 4‐nitrophenylacetonitrile with aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Asiri A.M.
Published: November 2004

A range of methine dyes has been synthesised by condensation of electronegative active methylene compound, 4‐nitrophenylacetonitrile with substituted benzaldehydes. The electronic absorption spectroscopic properties of the dyes were investigated. It was found that in general, substituents on the aromatic aldehyde moiety had a significant effect on the visible absorption maxima of the dyes.
Management accounting change in South Africa
Authors: Maina Waweru Nelson , Hoque Zahirul , Uliana Enrico
Published: November 2004

Most research on management accounting change relates to practices in developed countries. This paper reports on a field study of management accounting change in the South African context. It uses a contingency theory framework within four retail companies to understand the processes of their management accounting systems change and to explore the rationales for such change processes. The findings indicate considerable changes in management accounting systems within the four cases. Such changes include increased use of contemporary management accounting practices notably activity‐based cost allocation systems and the balanced scorecard approach to performance measures. The paper suggests that recent environmental changes in the South African economy arising from government reform/deregulation policy and global competition largely facilitated the management accounting change processes within the participating organisations.
Theoretical perspectives on accounting for labor on slave plantations of the USA and British West Indies
Authors: Tyson Thomas N. , Fleischman Richard K. , Oldroyd David
Published: November 2004

The paper focuses on accounting for slave workers during one of the most morally culpable periods in Western civilization and is concerned with issues central to labor – modes of production, labor control, and labor productivity. It incorporates secondary sources and examination of records from over 150 different US and BWI plantations to identify contextual factors that motivated planters to organize their workforce in a particular way. The paper specifically describes the ganging and tasking methods of extracting surplus value and indicates how these methods fit within three common paradigmatic interpretations of accounting history – labor process, power/knowledge/discipline, and economic rationalism. In summary, ganging exemplified a pre‐modern approach to organizing labor in which planters relied primarily on physical power to compel work effort and increase output. Tasking incorporated individual work rates and included more sophisticated practices of surveillance, measurement, normalization, and socialization. Tasking became economically rational by responding to changing market conditions and by incorporating procedures and incentives to spur greater productivity. Therefore, tasking may be perceived as a thematic precursor to accounting‐based disciplinary controls like standard costing and a transitionary element from pre‐modern to modern control systems.
Success in the European Union depends upon culture and business
Authors: Harris Philip R.
Published: November 2004

For the European Union to continue to succeed leaders in all 25 member countries have to devote more attention to the factors of culture and business. However, the key to successful business enterprise across Europe is not only understanding the impact of culture on human behavior and organizations, but for managers and other professionals to develop skills in coping with multiculturalism and diversity within the EU populations.
Attitude toward teamwork and effective teaming
Authors: Ruiz Ulloa Bianey C. , Adams Stephanie G.
Published: November 2004

The business sector has created a need for higher educational institutions to prepare students to be effective team players. Responding to this need, higher educational institutions have been using different forms of active learning as methods to promote teamwork among students and enhance their learning. Results from such initiatives have shown that students recognize that the teaming experience improves their interpersonal skills, yet they still prefer work individually. Attitude originated from negative team experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine what relationship exists between individual attitudes toward teaming and the presence of characteristics deemed essential for an effective team. The study suggests that when mature communication, accountable interdependence, psychological safety, common purpose, role clarity and clear goal are present during the process of teaming, the experience will have a positive effect on individuals' attitude toward teamwork.
Goal orientation and supervisory behaviors: impacting SMWT effectiveness
Authors: Carson Charles M. , Mosley Don C. , Boyar Scott L.
Published: November 2004

This paper explores the role of individual goal orientation on the self‐management work process and how individual goal orientation may impact self‐managed work team (SMWT) effectiveness. Supervisory encouragement, team member goal orientation, and work team behaviors are included in a conceptual model of work team effectiveness. Propositions addressing the relationships between goal orientation, encouraging supervisory behaviors, and self‐managed work team effectiveness are offered and practical implications addressing the usage of goal orientation as a selection tool for self‐managed work teams and the need for external supervisors to encourage certain work team behaviors to promote work team effectiveness are discussed.
An evaluation of the corporate culture of Southwest Airlines
Authors: Smith Gene
Published: November 2004

The attached paper describes the keys to success for Southwest Airlines, including its approach to quality management. Southwest did not implement a formalized “quality management program.” Numerous companies in the USA have implemented formalized “quality management programs” and they failed because they were “programs of the month.” Implementing “quality” throughout a company is not the result of a formalized program but requires a cultural change in the way daily activities are conducted. The requirement of “doing it right the first time” must be integrated into the daily activities or culture of the company. The chairman of the board and president of a company must establish the tone for quality in not only what they communicate but also in their daily actions. Quality must be ingrained in the overall business model and strategies of a company. Southwest is very effective in integrating the importance of quality in its overall business model, strategic plan and its daily operational activities. Southwest did not engage outside consultants to develop a “quality program” but its style, culture and emphasis on quality were implemented in Southwest’s daily activities by Herb Kelleher, Chairman of the Board, and his management team.