bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The inhibition of the corrosion of iron in neutral and alkaline solutions. I
Authors: Hancock P. , Mayne J. E. O.
Published: July 2010

The potentials at which iron is converted into anhydrous cubic oxide in certain inhibitive solutions have been measured and it has been shown that these potentials are more negative than the potentials acquired by unpolarised specimens immersed in the solutions for 3 days.

It is suggested that when iron, carrying its air‐formed film, is placed in an inhibitive solution, saturated with air, the corrosion current is concentrated at the weak spots in the oxide film and at the air‐formed film is thereby thickened and corrosion prevented.

When the pH of the inhibitive solution exceeds 9, anhydrous cubic oxide may also be formed by the interaction of the anodic product, ferrous hydroxide, with atmospheric oxygen.

This explanation of inhibition has been extended to account for the corrosive nature of pure water, the effect of the concentration of the inhibitor, the dual rǒle of oxygen and the effect of oxygen on the efficiency of non‐oxidising inhibitors.
Organic fouling of strongly basic anion‐exchange resins
Authors: Wilson A. L.
Published: July 2010

It has been shown that humic acids, present in the raw water supply of a power station, are adsorbed by a strongly basic anion‐exchange resin in a mixed‐bed de‐ionisation unit. Such acids are not completely removed during regeneration of the resin, and their presence on the resin reduces its capacity. Methods for removing humic acids have been studied, and suggestions are made for restricting their concentration on strongly basic resins.
Oxidation of monethenoid fatty acids and esters: Catalytic autoxidation of methyl, n‐propyl, and n‐butyl petroselinate
Authors: Gold J. , Skellon J. H.
Published: July 2010

Methyl, n‐propyl, and n‐butyl cis‐octadec‐6‐enoates (petroselinates) have been oxidised by gaseous oxygen at various temperatures (with uranium petroselinate as catalyst). Hydroperoxides form and decompose in varying degree giving rise to primary and secondary products separately investigated. Changes occurring during autoxidation are compared with behaviour on autoxidation of isomeric cis‐ and trans‐octadec‐9‐enoates.

The separated oxidation products of the methyl and n‐propyl esters at 120° include adipic, glutaric, dodecanoic, undecanoic acids; 6:7‐epoxy‐, 6:7‐dihydroxy‐ and 6:7‐ and 7:6‐hydroxyoxo‐stearic acids, together with polymerised semi‐aldehydes and polymeric complexes.

The mechanism of autoxidation involving oxidative fission of the isomeric monohydroperoxide and some formation of polymeric semi‐aldehydes are parallel to that of cis‐ and cis‐octadec‐9‐enoates.
The mass spectra of some boron hydrides
Authors: Quayle A.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the mass spectra of diborane, pentaborane, decaborane and ethyldecaborane. The experimental technique is described and the fragmentation patterns are discussed in terms of molecular structure. The presence of less common boron hydrides, including an eicosaborane, has been noted in some of the less pure materials examined.
Corrosion of magnesium alloys containing iron and nickel
Authors: Greenblatt J. H.
Published: July 2010

The corrosion rates of magnesium alloys containing 200 p.p.m. of Fe and 2% Ni were measured in sea water when samples of the alloys were coupled to steel cathodes of various sizes, inserted in plastic or steel blocks, and compared with those of Mg alloys corroding alone. The results obtained indicate that the decreased corrosion rate observed on coupling to steel cathodes is due to the formation of an oxide film over the alloy in accordance with the mechanism proposed by Tomashov.3,4 The critical current density required for film formation appears, from the measuremnts of current density in alloy‐steel couples, to be 50 mA/cm.2.
Recovery of thorium from sulphate solutions by anion exchange
Authors: Arden T. V. , Nolan J. D. , Gower B. J. , Wright F. A.
Published: July 2010

The passage of solutions containing uranyl and thorium sulphate through columns of De‐Acidite FF strongly basic anion‐exchange resin results in the initial absorption of both metals as complex anions, followed by the qualitative displacement of thorium by uranium. Thorium can be recovered separately from uranium, using a second column of the same resin in series with the first.
Determination of nitrate ions in mixed acids and nitric esters by electrometric procedures
Authors: Easterbrook W. C.
Published: July 2010

An electrometric procedure is developed, using bimetallic electrodes, for the detection of the end‐point in the ferrous salt method Bowman & Scott for determination of NO3 ‐ ions. There is a significant difference in the level of mean results compared with that for the visual end‐point, but this is of no practical significance.

The procedure can also be applied satisfactorily in the analysis of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, etc. after hydrolysis with H2SO4. The results are compared with those obtained by the nitrometer method (liberation of NO) and by hydrolysis with NaOH followed by reduction of the NO3− to NH3.
Molecular sieves in organic chemistry
Authors: Löwenberg P.
Published: July 2010

Potential uses of molecular sieves in organic analysis and synthesis have been investigated and critical dimensions of simple organic compounds have been calculated. Results show promising applications of this new tool for laboratory and industrial purposes, particularly in the field of separation of mixtures and as a reagent carrier.
Composition of the dipentene fraction of C10H16 terpenes
Authors: Westaway H. , Williams J. F.
Published: July 2010

The identification of the composition of a mixture of C10H16, terpenes commonly known as ‘dipentene’, by a combination of infra‐red spectrometry and gas chromatography is described. Relative retention volumes for the various components are given. The work demonstrates the usefulness of combining these newer techniques in the field of terpene hydrocarbons where conventional methods of chemical separation and analysis are not readily applicable.
Adsorption at inorganic surfaces. V. Adsorption of sulphonated dyes the anodic film on aluminium
Authors: Giles C. H. , Mehta H. V. , Rahman S. M. K. , Stewart C. E.
Published: July 2010

Quantitative adsorption tests with aromatic solutes (mainly sulphonated dyes) and chromic acid anodic alumina film are described. The adsorption mechanism of the non‐chelating dyes is probably covalent bond formation (each sulphonate group replacing a hydroxy‐group or a chromate group attached to aluminium), together with some ion‐exchange adsorption of anionic micelles. Chelating dyes form an aluminium chelate‐complex with the film.

The sequence of events in adsorption from water appears to be: (i) film etching rapid dissolution (<5 min.) of a surface layer of alumina, (ii) rapid adsorption of an external layer of solute, (iii) slow inward diffusion of solute from the external layer to complete a monolayer, (iv) (with sulphonates) penetration (and ultimate breakdown) of the oxide crystal structure, (v) slow subsequent ‘sealing’ of the film pores by growth of boehmite crystals. Process (i) influences the available surface area, which increases proportionately (and very considerably) with the volume of liquid used for adsorption.

The apparent activation energy of diffusion in the film falls with increase in size of the unsul‐phonated residue of a dye.
The reaction of (+)—catechin with formaldehyde
Authors: Hillis W. E. , Urbach Gerda
Published: July 2010

An examination has been made of the estimation of formaldehyde in the presence of (+) — catechin and its reaction products. The reaction of formaldehyde with (+) — catechin under different conditions has been studied analytically and the products examined chromatographically. The reaction at room temperature for 15 min. occurs to a very limited extent at pH 4.5 but increases under alkaline or more acid conditions, where it appears to be confined to the phloroglucinol ring. The catechol ring appeared to react at 100° at pH 8 and 10 or in presence of zinc acetate at pH 5.5. The use of catechin as a model compound for condensed tannins is discussed.
Cationic dye adsorption in sugar cane juice
Authors: Bennett M. C. , Haydon D. A.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of cationic dyes at the surface of particles in suspension in cane juice is sudied electrophoretically over the pH range 4–7. It is found that the reversal of charge concentrations (C) depend upon the original zeta potential (ζ0) of juice particles before addition of the dye; the relationship between c and ζ0 is linear for Methylene Blue which does not change in basicity over this pH range. With Bismarck Brown the basicity does change gradually over the whole of this range but it appears that the adsorption is governed to a greater extent a colour change, having the form of a simple dissociation of pK 5–10, than by the total charge of the dye molecule. It is shown that each of the two coloured forms of the dye, obeys a linear relationship between C and ζ0.

A theoretical linear relationship is derived from the Stern and Gouy equations.
Particle size analysis by sedimentation in a long‐arm centrifuge
Authors: Gupta A. K.
Published: July 2010

A simple apparatus has been constructed which allows the Andreasen pipette technique to be used on suspensions of particles in liquids which are being subjected to centrifugal sedimentation. By means of the present apparatus particle sizes down to about 0.1μ Stokes’ diameter can be measured, and the lower limit could be extended by the use of higher speeds of rotation.
Determination of fulvic acids in water
Authors: Wilson A. L.
Published: July 2010

A method for the determination of fulvic acids present in naturally‐occurring waters has been developed, based on the measurement of the ultra‐violet absorption spectrum of the sample. The method has been applied to samples of water from different parts of the country, and the results indicate that for moorland waters the fulvic acids are very similar in all samples. Their concentrations varied between 2 and 30 p.p.m. for moorland waters, but were appreciably smaller (0.6 p.p.m. and less) in hard well‐waters.
P‐V‐T properties of acetylene
Authors: Bottomley G. A. , Reeves C. G. , Seiflow G. H. F.
Published: July 2010

The results from a new precise determination of the P‐V‐T properties of pure acetylene are presented in tabular form for the range 0–40° and 0–2 atm.
Determination of particle size by β‐back‐scattering
Authors: Connor P. , Hardwick W. H. , Laundy B. J.
Published: July 2010

A cumulative method of particle size analysis is described wherein the mass deposited from an homogeneous suspension by gravitational or centrifugal force is determined by a β‐back‐scatter thickness measurement technique. The method is applicable to compounds having an effective atomic number greater than 16, and comparisons of results obtained by this and other methods for thoria, urania, zirconia and lithopone powders are given.
A partition cell for the study of gas‐liquid equilibria under pressure
Authors: Miller D. G.
Published: July 2010

A simplified partition cell has been developed for the investigation of gas‐liquid equilibria. In it, the two phases may be brought to equilibrium fairly rapidly, isolated and then sampled separately. The cell gives results comparable with those already published by other workers. Results for the absorption of CO2 in water at 30° and pressures up to 300 p.s.i.g. are given.
Effect of coal and long‐chain polymers on the characteristics of bituminous road binders
Authors: Karius H. , Dickinson E. J.
Published: July 2010

Bituminous road binders have been prepared containing dispersed long‐chain polymers, including both natural and synthetic rubbers, and also certain South African coals dispersed in them under high temperature conditions.

Examination of the rheological properties of these binders has confirmed that both types of additive produce an improvement of the viscosity/temperature characteristics and a reduction in brittleness at low temperature. If both coal and polymer are incorporated together, however, the improvement is greater than that calculated from the sum of the separate effects of the two additives.

Some of the polymers studied were found to stabilise mixtures of pitch and petroleum bitumen which are normally not completely miscible.

An apparatus is described for assessing brittleness under stress and loading times of the same order as those occurring on the road under traffic. The methods of test used in the investigation are critically discussed.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of rates of hydration of cement and of calcium silicates
Authors: French C. M. , Warder J. F.
Published: July 2010

A proton magnetic resonance apparatus has been constructed and its use for investigating rates of reaction examined. The hydration of several typical cements and of di‐ and tri‐calcium silicate was followed by this technique. An explanation of the results for the latter compound is offered in terms of two consecutive reactions with latent periods present at some temperatures, and occasioned by the formation of protective gel coatings round the reacting particles.
Treatment of phenolic effluents
Authors: Hall D. A. , Nellist G. R.
Published: July 2010

The following methods of disposal and treatment of phenolic liquors from coke oven plants are studied:

direct use on froth flotation media in coal washing plant. The coal absorbs 60% of the phenols present, but only half the normal output can be used in this way.

chemical oxidation of the phenols by ozone. This is satisfactory for dilute liquors (100 p.p.m. of phenols) but is too costly for spent ammoniacal liquors.

biological oxidation. The activated sludge process is satisfactory but somewhat expensive. An enclosed percolating filter containing coke activated with soil organisms gave promising results.

extraction of phenols. The use of light creosote oil in a rotating disc extractor gave promising results.

For liquors rich in phenols, the procedure recommended is method (4) followed by methods (3) or (1) and then method (2) if desirable. Final effluents with 10–50 p.p.m. of phenols can be obtained.
Corrosion inhibitors for cast iron and other metals in ethylene glycol solutions and in mains water
Authors: Mercer A. D. , Wormwell F.
Published: July 2010

Ethylene glycol solutions containing 1.5% of sodium benzoate + 0.1% of sodium nitrite will protect cast iron only if the system is initially heated. A mixture of 5.0% sodium benzoate + 0.3% sodium nitrite in 25% ethylene glycol has been shown to be effective in preventing the corrosion of cast iron and other metals both at room temperature and in conditions of intermittent heating. The use of sodium benzoate/sodium nitrite mixtures, sodium nitrite, disodium hydrogen phosphate and potassium chromate as inhibitors for cast iron in mains water has been examined. In the absence of inhibitors the reduced rate of corrosion of many metals in ethylene glycol solutions as compared with mains water has been demonstrated and the significance of this in the maintenance of vehicle cooling systems discussed. Electrode‐potential/time curves obtained for various metals in ethylene glycol solutions have consistently reflected the corrosion behaviour of these metals in the solutions studied.
Corrosion inhibitors for ethylene glycol solutions, with particular reference to cadmium‐plated and terne‐plated steel
Authors: Mercer A. D. , Brasher D. M.
Published: July 2010

Cadmium‐plated steel, terne‐plated steel and tin‐plated copper are effectively protected in ethylene glycol solutions containing sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite, and also in ‘D.T.D. 779’.
Ion exchange on modified cellulose. II. Recovery of thorium from monazite using cellulose phosphate
Authors: Head A. J. , Kember N. F. , Miller R. P. , Wells R. A.
Published: July 2010

A process for the recovery of thorium from monazite has been developed using cellulose phosphate as a selective cation‐exchange material. The ore is broken down with sulphuric acid and the leach liquor passed through columns of cellulose phosphate where thorium is preferentially adsorbed, and from which it is subsequently eluted with 10% ammonium carbonate solution. It has been shown that leach liquors with a high iron content require preliminary reduction with aluminium before adsorption. A typical concentrate contains >90% thoria and <4% phosphorus pentoxide. The optimum conditions for preparation of the adsorbent and for operating the process have been determined.
The spontaneous ignition of wool. II. A new process for wool removal from sheepskin pieces
Authors: Carrie M. S. , Walkeer I. K. , Harrison W. J.
Published: July 2010

A new process has been developed for the removal of wool from sheepskin pieces, which has considerable advantages over the pie process. The wool is slightly loosened and the skin toughened by immersion in hot water for a few minutes, and a specially designed roller strips the wool from the skin. A commercial machine using this principle has been designed, and 7 years' commercial experience of the process has been obtained.

Nearly 200 samples of wool have been examined from machines operated under commercial conditions, using adequate safeguards against undue contamination of the wool with fat or with iron. It has been shown that the wool produced under these conditions is free from hazards of spontaneous ignition in commerce.

A simple method has been demonstrated for predicting the commercial hazards of spontaneous ignition, by calculating the temperature distribution to be expected through bales of self‐heated wool from the results of smaller‐scale experiments.
Action of water and lime solutions on anhydrous calcium aluminates at 5°c
Authors: Buttler F. G. , Taylor H. F. W.
Published: July 2010

Specimens of CA, CA2* and Secar 250 (a mixture of these two compounds together with corundum) were treated with water or lime solutions in dilute suspension at 5°. The results confirm the reactivity of CA with water or lime solutions and show that CA2 also reacts, though more slowly, either alone or in the presence of CA. They also confirm some of the solubility curves already established for the CaOAl2O3H2O system at 5°, and help especially to locate the triple point C4AH19C2AH8 solution.
Monolayer formation from hexadecanol crystals. I
Authors: Roylance A. , Jones T. G.
Published: July 2010

The spontaneous formation of monolayers from single hexadecanol crystals has been examined. It is confirmed that the rate of generation of a monolayer is, at constant temperature, proportional to the extent of the air/water/crystal triple interface. Surface solution occurs directly from the properly formed crystal lattice and not necessarily from active centres only. The effect of film dissolution into the substrate on the spreading process is examined.
Some constituents of the high‐boiling tar acids
Authors: Dean R. E. , White E. N. , McNeil D.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐five phenols have been identified in a sample of coal tar acids of vertical‐retort origin. The method of separation was based on the butylation of close‐boiling cuts. Twenty‐two of the phenols had not previously been found in high‐temperature tars and nine are new compounds. Derivatives have been prepared and their melting points are listed.

5‐Ethyl‐3‐methylphenol, 4‐ and 5‐hydroxy‐hydrindenes are the most abundant individual phenols boiling between the xylenols and the naphthols. The methyl‐hydroxyhydrindenes are the main constituents of the 255–285° range. Three butylphenols were isolated, the 3‐ and 4‐n‐ and the 4‐sec.‐isomers, these being the first examples of such large alkyl groups to be found in tar components.
Reaction of polyphenols with formaldehyde
Authors: Hillis W. E. , Urbach Gerda
Published: July 2010

The reaction of wattle and mangrove polyphenols with formaldehyde was studied at various pH and under different conditions of temperature and time. The reactivity was greater at pH 8 than at pH 1 and least at pH 4–5. The initial fast stage in the reaction was followed by a slow stage. The formaldehyde uptake at pH 8 and 100° in 3 h. was determined for several polyphenols; it gave a better indication of the efficiency of a polyphenol as an adhesive than did the determination of Stiasny polyphenols. The reasons for the different behaviour of polyphenols as adhesives are discussed.
The problem of painting rusty steel
Authors: Mayne J. E. O.
Published: July 2010

Rust on steel specimens exposed in Cambridge always contains ferrous sulphate, the amount of which is lowest in July and highest in January‐February. It is shown that rust catalyses the oxidation of SO2 in the air to SO2.

Paint applied to rusty steel when the ferrous sulphate content is lowest has the best durability. A “limpet cell” is described for the determination of ferrous sulphate on structures in situ.

The implications to the practical painting of rusty structures are discussed.
Some physical properties of n‐alkyl trifluoroacetates
Authors: Jeffery G. H. , Kyte V. G. , Vogel A. I.
Published: July 2010

Measurements have been made of the physical properties of a series of pure n‐alkyl trifluoroacetates. The values of the bond parachors, bond refractions and bond refractivities for the (C‐F) link are compared with those derived previously for the n‐alkyl fluorides.
Determination of traces of cyanide in water by cathode ray polarography
Authors: Hetman J.
Published: July 2010

A method is described for the determination of trace amounts of cyanide ion in water by linearsweep cathode ray polarography. The method is shown to be unaffected by the presence of large excesses of chloride, but free chlorine, bromine and iodine, as well as sulphide ion, must be absent. The limit of detection is about 0·05 μg. per ml.
Phorone and isomeric forms
Authors: Craven E. C. , Ward W. R.
Published: July 2010

Phorone, 2,6‐dimethyl‐2,5‐heptadien‐4‐one (I), when prepared by the dehydration of acetone condensation products with mineral acid catalysts, is accompanied by an isomer, purer samples of which were prepared by isomerisation of pure phorone with an acid catalyst and subsequent distillation; by this method scanty but definite evidence of a second isomer was obtained. The isomer obtained by dehydration is shown to be 2,6‐dimethyl‐1,5‐heptadiene‐4‐one (II) and the equilibrium mixture of phorone and isomer (II) at room temperature contains about 7% of isomer (II). Both phorone and isomer (II) can be rearranged to the equilibrium mixture by acid or alkali treatment but are reasonably stable, even to distillation at atmospheric pressure, under neutral conditions. The second isomer found in isomerisation experiments is believed, from spectroscopic and chemical evidence on its mixtures with isomer (II), to be 2,6‐dimethyl‐1,6‐heptadien‐4‐one (III).

Attempts to prepare the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone of phorone yielded mixtures. The properties of purified derivatives of phorone, phorone isomer (II) and related ketones are described.
Inhibition by organic compounds of the acid dissolution of mild steel. II. Distribution of quinolines and thioureas at the metal/acid interface
Authors: West J. M.
Published: July 2010

The results of Hoar & Holliday1 are discussed and it is shown that, when the anodic and cathodic polarisation curves in the absence of inhibitor are known, the individual adsorptions at anodes and cathodes may be calculated from the experimental weight losses and shifts in steady corrosion potential when inhibitor is added. An estimate is made of the effective anode area. The results are interpreted as showing that thioureas adsorb generally at the interface whereas quinolines exhibit a 3 : 1 preference for anodic sites.
Equilibrium distribution ratios of diethylamine and triethylamine at low concentrations
Authors: Williams K. C. , Ellis S. R. M.
Published: July 2010

Equilibrium distribution data at 20° are presented for three ternary liquid systems having aliphatic amines as solutes. For the low range of solute concentrations considered, the distribution ratio for each system varies appreciably. This is shown to be due largely to the effect of partial dissociation of the solute amines in the aqueous phase, and the equilibrium data are correlated successfully from a consideration of this effect.
Preparation and properties of some aminoalkoxysilanes
Authors: Emblem H. G. , Harrison A. K.
Published: July 2010

The preparation and properties of some tetra‐(aminoalkoxy)silanes are described, and the alcoholysis of tetra‐(2‐aminoethoxy)silane confirmed. Attempts to prepare some mixed alkoxy‐(aminoalkoxy)silanes by partial alcoholysis of tetra‐alkoxysilanes were unsuccessful, because of re‐distribution of the organic groups.
Polymerisation of DEC‐1‐ENE. I. Effect of change of reaction conditions
Authors: van der Want G. M. , Beynon K. I. , Evans T. G. , Milne C. B. , Southern D.
Published: July 2010

The polymerisation of dec‐1‐ene has been studied using catalysts prepared by mixing titanium tetrachloride and triethylaluminium. The properties of the polymers vary with the ratio of the two components used to prepare the catalyst, with the concentration of the catalysts, and with the reaction temperature. When the catalyst is prepared by mixing the components at molar ratios of lower than about 0.8:1, liquid polymers are obtained. At catalyst ratios greater than 1:1, waxy polymers are formed. The difference may arise from a difference in the reaction mechanism which is considered to be predominantly cationic at the lower ratios (< 1:1) and predominantly anionic at the higher ratios (> 1:1). Evidence for this conclusion is discussed. Under the cationic conditions the polymerisation is sensitive to solvent and when benzene is used it is involved chemically in the polymerisation. At high ratios benzene acts as an inert solvent. The properties of the polymers obtained using Ziegler catalysts are compared with those obtained using catalysts based on aluminium chloride.
Potentiometric titration of weak acids in non‐aqueous solvents. III. Determination of the neutralisation value of road tar
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Buglass G. M.
Published: July 2010

A new method of estimating the content of phenols in road tar, developed from the methods described in Parts I and II, is described. Potentiometric titrations with potassium methoxide have been made on tars from various crude sources. The results are expressed in terms of the ‘neutralisation value’, i.e. the weight of potassium methoxide required to neutralise the phenols in 1 g. of tar.

The results are lower than those obtained by the benzoylation method. It is thought that the potentiometric results probably give a more reliable indication of the phenol content of a tar because benzoic anhydride tends to react, not only with phenolic groups in tar, but also with labile hydrogen atoms.
Surface‐active agents in bituminous road materials
Authors: Mathews D. H.
Published: July 2010

The application of cationic surfactants to surface dressing and coated materials is discussed and results are given of some recent full‐scale road experiments. It is shown that the application of cationic agents in surface dressing may now be extended successfully to bitumen macadam and other coated materials. The action of cationic agents in bituminous materials is to some extent specific and care is needed in their selection for a particular purpose. This specific action depends partly on the conditions of use and partly on the binder and stone to which the agents are applied.
Potentiometric titration of weak acids in non‐aqueous solvents. IV. Titration of acids in bitumen
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Brown J. R. , Welch T. R.
Published: July 2010

Methods that have been developed for the potentiometric titration of acidic substances in bitumen with potassium methoxide as the titrant are described. The carboxylic acids and other strong acids are determined by titration in a neutral solvent (a mixture of benzene and methanol).

Titrations have been carried out with bitumens to which carboxylic acids and pure phenols have been added. These have shown that carboxylic acids and phenols can be accurately determined in the presence of bitumen by the potentiometric technique.
Chelatometric determination of aluminium
Authors: Brady G. W. F. , Gwilt J. R.
Published: July 2010

Available methods are briefly surveyed and experiences with the Wänninen‐Ringbom and the Xylenol orange methods discussed. The latter is preferred for routine use.
Colorimetric determination of edta
Authors: Brady G. W. F. , Gwilt J. R.
Published: July 2010

A simple method is described for the routine determination of EDTA in pharmaceutical and similar preparations. It depends on the addition of excess of ferric ions and determination of the excess spectrophotometrically with salicylic acid or thiocyanate.
Some polyamides from dicarboxylic acids containing two p‐phenylene groups
Authors: Cummings W. A. W. , Whittaker K.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of some novel dicarboxylic acids containing two p‐phenylene groups is described. The acids give polyamides of high molecular weight when condensed with diamines. Some properties of the polyamides with hexamethylenediamine and decamethylenediamine are described.
Titration of carbonate‐bicarbonate leach solutions
Authors: Zangen M.
Published: July 2010

The acidimetric titration as generally used in analysis of carbonate/bicarbonate was found to be inaccurate whenever the concentration ratio of carbonate to bicarbonate was very different from unity.

The pH at the equivalent point for the carbonate varied over the range 7.8–9.1 as a function of the initial concentrations.

These facts limit the usefulness of the acidimetric titration in this case to the determination of total alkalinity. For determination of carbonate and bicarbonate, use can be made of a graph giving iso‐pH curves as a function of carbonate‐bicarbonate concentrations.
One‐step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene in the fixed bed. II BINARY‐ AND TERNARY‐OXIDE CATALYSTS
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Ganguly N. D.
Published: July 2010

The activity of a large number of binary‐ and ternary‐oxide catalyst systems comprising dehydrating and dehydrogenating components has been tested for the conversion of ethanol to butadiene in the fixed bed.

Alumina‐zinc oxide (60 : 40) was the best catalyst, and it gave a maximum of 55.8% process yield of ethanol to butadiene at a temperature of 425° and ethanol feed rate of 1.875 ml./h./g. of catalyst.

Other promising binary catalysts are alumina‐magnesium oxide (80 : 20), alumina‐ferric oxide or ‐chromium oxide (60 : 40) and zirconia‐ferric oxide (40 : 60). These gave maximum process yields of 47.8, 37.7, 47.2 and 39.7% respectively under optimum conditions.

Of 40 different ternary‐oxide catalyst systems tried, only alumina‐chromium oxide‐ferric oxide (80 : 5 : 15) was appreciably active giving 35.7% process yield of butadiene under optimum conditions.

In general, the ternary‐ are less active than the binary‐oxide systems.
Ternary systems: Propylene glycol‐ethanol‐hydrocarbons
Authors: Degaleesan T. E. , Laddha G. S.
Published: July 2010

In connexion with the study of extraction of alcohols from hydrocarbons with propylene glycol as solvent, liquid‐phase solubility data and ternary extraction equilibria of systems comprising ethanol and propylene glycol with n‐hexane, cyclohexane and benzene were determined at 30°. The equilibrium results indicate that propylene glycol should be useful as a selective solvent for extraction of ethanol from hydrocarbons.
The zero‐charge potential and the adsorption of ions on metals
Authors: Gellings P. J.
Published: July 2010

It has been assumed that adsorption of ions on an electrode surface is possible only when the charge of that surface has a sign opposite to that of the ion. This leads, however, to discrepancies between the calculated and experimentally derived zero‐charge potentials.

In this paper it will be shown that several extra attractive forces exist. From this it is concluded that adsorption will already begin to take place while the sign of the surface charge is still the same as that of the adsorbed ion.
Oxidation of n‐alkanes by chromic acid
Authors: Moussa G. E. M.
Published: July 2010

Measurements of the rate of reduction of chromium (vi) trioxide in acetic acid‐anhydride solution by n‐octane, n‐decane, n‐tetradecane and n‐hexadecane show that the initial rate increases with the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon. The values obtained agree approximately with those calculated from the Chambers & Ubbelohde equations.
Kinetics and equilibria of fluorosilicate solutions with special reference to the fluoridation of public water supplies
Authors: Cooke J. R. , Minski Margaret J.
Published: July 2010

The equilibrium set up when sodium fluorosilicate is dissolved in water has been investigated for a range of concentrations and temperatures. Evidence is presented to show that fluorosilicate, in the strength added to public water supplies, is completely dissociated within the temperature range likely to be encountered.
Extraction of uranium (VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by some cyclohexyl‐ and benzyl‐ alkylamines
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

The partition of uranium (VI) between sulphuric acid solutions and solutions of some cyclohexyl‐and benzyl‐alkylamines in chloroform or benzene has been investigated when the concentrations of sulphuric acid and solvent and temperature were varied. An infra‐red spectral study has also been made of the organic phases obtained.

The mechanism of the extraction of uranium is discussed in the light of the results obtained.
Mechanism of re‐crystallisation in calcium sulphate hemihydrate plasters
Authors: Schiller K.
Published: July 2010

The course of a hydration process is uniquely determined by simultaneous consideration of (a) the balance between the matter dissolving from the original phase and growing on the new phase, (b) the mechanism of mass transport (diffusion), (c) the correlation between the mass deposited on the new particles and its rate of growth and (d) the conservation of mass. An estimate shows that, in the case of neat calcium sulphate plasters, diffusion is quantitatively unimportant as a rate‐determining factor and the corresponding simplifications are introduced. As a result, the hydration can be described in terms of one single parameter which depends on the slurry density, the rate of growth constant for the new phase, the difference in solubilities of the two phases, the shape of the new phase, and the effective number of nuclei for the new phase.

Supporting experimental evidence is supplied and discussed.
A convenient synthesis of o‐aminobenzaldehyde and its n‐methyl‐derivatives, from o‐aminobenzoic esters
Authors: Barlin G. B.
Published: July 2010

o‐Amino‐, o‐methylamino‐, and o‐dimethylamino‐benzaldehyde have been prepared in good yield by alkaline decomposition of the p‐toluenesulphonhydrazides of the corresponding acids. These in turn were readily prepared from the free acids via the methyl esters.
Electrical surface properties of polymers containing bound anionic groups
Authors: Holmes F. H. , Perkins P. G.
Published: July 2010

Polystyrene, cross‐linked with divinylbenzene, has been prepared, free from catalyst, in sheet form and has been sulphonated in the surface regions. Sheets incorporating carboxyl groups in various proportions have been prepared by copolynierising styrene, divinylbenzene and methacrylic acid. The electrical conductances of the polymer surfaces, with sodium as mobile cation, have been measured in air at various relative humidities. The observed increase of conductance with relative humidity is consistent with an increase in dielectric constant of the polymer.
Extraction of 2‐hydroxy‐acids from wool wax acids
Authors: Milburn A. H. , Truter E. V.
Published: July 2010

By formation of the copper chelate complex of 2‐hydroxy‐aliphatic acids, the latter may be extracted from natural mixtures in yields of about 95% and purities exceeding 90%. Some of the factors influencing the yields have been explored, and it is shown that commercial samples of wool wax acids contain 5–10% of 2‐hydroxy‐acids.
Solubility of sodium sulphate in spin‐bath acid
Authors: Stannard B.
Published: July 2010

A method is provided for the calculation of the solubility of sodium sulphate in spin‐bath acid over a relatively wide range of concentrations. The method is based on the assumption that sodium sulphate and sulphuric acid in spin‐bath acid behave as two modified components–sodium bisulphate and ‘free’ sodium sulphate. Its application to the crystallisation of sodium sulphate from spin‐bath liquor is illustrated and discussed.
Catalytic synthesis of ethyl propionate from diethyl ether and carbon monoxide at high pressure
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Palit S. K.
Published: July 2010

The catalytic synthesis of ethyl propionate from diethyl ether and carbon monoxide has been studied in the presence of nickel, cobalt and iron catalysts at a pressure range of 175–375 atm., and temperature range of 200–300°. Of the various catalysts tested, the iodides of iron, cobalt and nickel, supported on silica gel, exhibit the maximum catalytic activity. Reduced metals and their carbonyls are practically inactive. Under the optimum conditions (230°/240 atm.) the maximum yields of ethyl propionate and propionic acid were 28.2% and 10.1% respectively. The possible reactions leading to the formation of by‐products have been elucidated by decomposition studies.
Catalytic synthesis of ethyl propionate from ethylene, carbon monoxide and ethanol at high pressure
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Nag S. N.
Published: July 2010

A comprehensive study has been made of the high‐pressure synthesis of ethyl propionate from ethylene, carbon monoxide and ethanol in the presence of iron, cobalt and nickel catalysts at 2000–8200 p.s.i. and 180–300°. Reduced iron, cobalt and nickel and their carbonyls have practically no catalytic effect, but their halides exhibit excellent catalytic activity. The relative catalytic activities of the halides are in the order: iodides > bromides > chlorides. The activities of the metals are in the order: cobalt > nickel > iron.

Under the most favourable conditions (catalyst–metal/silica 50: 50; at 230° 6000 p.s.i. with cobalt and nickel iodide catalysts, and 4400 p.s.i. with ferrous iodide catalyst; residence time 2 h.), the process yields of ethyl propionate based on ethanol input are 57.0, 45.1 and 43.4% with cobalt, nickel and iron iodide catalysts, respectively.
The roasting of precipitated copper sulphide
Authors: Razouk R. I. , Farah M. Y. , Mikhail R. S. , Kolta G. A.
Published: July 2010

The roasting of precipitated copper sulphide in a current of air has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis in the temperature range 150–800° under isothermal conditions. Chemical analysis of the products was carried out at intervals in each case to determine the distribution of copper between the sulphide, sulphate and oxide forms, and X‐ray diffraction patterns were used to identify the state of the solid phases.

During roasting, cupric sulphide is converted to the cuprous state, formation of sulphate increases with rise of roasting temperature to a maximum at 400° and then decreases, while the copper oxide content increases with rise of roasting temperature first as cuprous oxide at the lower temperatures and then as cupric oxide above 500°.

A mechanism of the roasting process is proposed which accounts for the variations of the relative amounts of sulphide, sulphate and oxide formed, and the state of oxidation of the first and last compounds.
The chemistry of the acid‐catalysed setting of phenolformaldehyde resins
Authors: Little G. E.
Published: July 2010

The pH‐depcndcncc ol reactions at room temperature undcrgonc by model phenolic alcohols and ethers is examined. The kinetics of the self‐condensation of 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxyhenzyl alcohol and of its condensation with 2,6‐xylenol are determined and mechanisms of reaction deduced. The setting o f plicnol‐formaldelivde resins a t room temperature is discussed in the light of thcsc experiments.
White‐line road‐markings and light‐coloured road surfacings
Authors: Reid J. A. , Sabey Barbara E. , James J. G.
Published: July 2010

White‐line road‐markings and light‐coloured road surfaces are considered from the point of view of their visibility, durability and non‐skid properties. It includes a survey of the different types of material available, the visibility requirements for white lines and road surfaces under daylight and night conditions (including both street‐light and headlamp illumination), and the requirements for a good resistance to skidding in wet weather. The extent to which the different materials available meet these requirements is also discussed.

The thermoplastic road‐marking material covered by B.S. 3262: 1960 is the most satisfactory vet developed for general use. It has good durability and good skidding‐resistance in wet weather. The night visibility under headlamp illumination is improved by the addition of ballotini.

For light‐coloured bituminous surfacings, a light‐coloured aggregate is essential. For surface dressings, calcined flint‐gravel is most suitable: in premixed materials the very white calcined flint is better. The skid resistance of these aggregates is adequate for most purposes.
Reactions between solids. IV. Reaction of sodium perchlorate, potassium bromate and potassium iodate with polydivinylbenzene
Authors: Patai S. , Cross H. , Albeck M.
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of the solid–solid reaction between sodium perchlorate, potassium bromate and potassium iodate, with a cross‐linked divinylbenzene/ethylstyrene copolymer (pDVB) was investigated. The two latter reactions were studied also in the presence of various additives, some of which acted as catalysts and others as inhibitors. All these reactions obeyed the empirical rate law proposed in the preceding paper. The effect of various additives and the mechanism of the reaction are discussed.
Determination of oxidation rates of air‐blown asphalts by infra‐red spectroscopy
Authors: Wright J. R. , Campbell P. G.
Published: July 2010

Oxidation rates for eight air‐blown asphalts were determined by measuring the change in infrared absorption at 5.88 μ with time of exposure to the radiant energy of a carbon arc. While all the asphalts oxidised at different rates, those from the same geographical areas had similar rates; those from different areas varied considerably. The pattern of oxidation was generally the same for each of the eight asphalts, in that there was an induction period followed by a steady oxidation rate until near the failure point, beyond which time the oxidation rate accelerated until film failure as denoted by asphalt film cracking. An inverse relationship was found between the rate of oxidation and the accelerated weathering durability of each asphalt.
Chemistry of peat bitumen: Fractionation and infra‐red studies
Authors: Thomas J. D. R.
Published: July 2010

Bitumen extracted from high‐moor peat has an ultra‐violet absorption maximum at 285 mμ. This has been used to follow the fractionation of a methanol‐soluble extract of the bitumen on an anion‐exchange column in the acetate form, with methanol, methanol acetic acid (3:1) and glacial acetic acid as eluants.

The infra‐red spectra from 900 to 4000cm.−1 for high‐moor peat, its bitumen and bitumen fractions are also presented and discussed. The spectra suggest that passage of a methanol extract of peat bitumen down an anion‐exchange column in the acetate form gives a separation by which ethers, aliphatic esters and other weakly ionised substances are eluted by methanol. The more acidic eluants appear to release aromatic esters possibly containing phenolic and other acidic or ionisable groups.
Effect of hydrazine on the microdetermination of dissolved oxygen
Authors: Needleman M.
Published: July 2010

A method for determination of 0–0.020 p.p.m. of oxygen dissolved in pure water is described. The method, which is based on the ‘reversed‐reagents’ technique, gives a precision (standard deviation) of 0.0008 p.p.m. A detailed investigation of the errors arising in the presence of hydrazine shows that they are due to a non‐compensated reaction between the hydrazine and the manganese oxidised during the Winkler reactions.
The effect of burner orientation on quenching distance
Authors: Sturmon G. R.
Published: July 2010

The effect of burner orientation, from 02(vertically up) to 180° (vertically down), on the quenching distance of laminar, premixed methane, propane, and n‐butane flames was determined experimentally with a plane‐parallel‐plate‐type burner. The mass ratio of the oxygen to oxygen plus nitrogen was held at 0.21 to simulate the combustion of those fuels with air. The gas mixtures were varied from about 50% lean to 50% rich.

These tests found no change in quenching distance for orientations from 0 to 90° from any of the three fuels and their mixtures. For orientations between 90 and 165°, two curves were obtained that were tangent at the stoicheiometric mixture, first a quenching curve with quenching distances slightly smaller than the 0–90° curve, and second, a flashback curve with distances slightly larger. For orientations between 165 and 180, the flame was unsteady in a random way, and the separation of the flashback and quenching curves became pronounced.
Polymorphism of thiodipropionic acid
Authors: Bland J. A. , Cudby M. E. A.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the polymorphism exhibited by thiodipropionic acid making use of infra‐red, X‐ray and optical techniques.

Two of the forms, designated A and B, have infra‐red spectra which have differences throughout the observed frequency range, particularly in those regions associated with absorption bands due to the carboxyl and methylene groups.

From symmetry and packing considerations based on the X‐ray results, crystal structures have been proposed for the two forms which satisfy infra‐red results. The differences between forms A and B may be explained on the basis of a rotation of one‐half of the molecule of thiodipropionic acid, accompanied by changes in the hydrogen bonding between the molecules in the solid state.

Studies of the transitions between phases as a function of temperature with the use of the three techniques, showed that when form B was heated it transformed at 101° ± 0.5° to a third structural modification, C, which had a melting range just below the sharp melting point of pure form A at 128°.
Road building in the tropics
Authors: Millard R. S.
Published: July 2010

The features of the different types of surfaced and unsurfaced road used in tropical countries are described, and an indication is given of some of the typical engineering features of tropical soils, using the ‘red coffee’ soil of Kenya as an example.

Natural gravels are used extensivly in road building in tropical countries and the different types of gravel are described

Soil stabilisation is increasingly used to make road bases, and notes are given on the different processes employed. The paper concludes with information on some soft aggregates used in roadmaking, on bituminous surfacings, on the derivation of thermoplastic white‐line material suitable for use in the tropics, and on the control of roadside vegetation.
Thermal decomposition of the nickel and cobalt salts of aliphatic acids
Authors: Leicester J. , Redman M. J.
Published: July 2010

The nickel and cobalt salts of the aliphatic acids studied decompose by primary cleavage into metal oxide and anhydride. The anhydrides then suffer extensive pyrolysis and the ultimate products include metal, metal oxide, carbide and a mixture of vapours (acids, ketones, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen). The decomposition of nickel acetate in particular provides a good method of preparing nickel carbide Ni3C. The oxide formed from the slow air decomposition of nickel acetate is possibly a useful oxide catalyst. A new modification of cobaltous oxide is formed in good yield from the acetate.