bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract A122: Trichomonosis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Sutcliffe Siobhan , Alderete John , Till Cathee , Goodman Phyllis , Hsing Ann , Zenilman Jonathan , De Marzo Angelo , Platz Elizabeth
Published: May 2012

A122

We previously observed a positive association between a history of trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis, and prostate cancer risk in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. To determine the reproducibility of this finding, we conducted a second, prospective investigation of trichomonosis and prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Participants were men ≥55 years of age with no evidence of prostate cancer at enrollment (n=18,882). Men were screened annually for prostate cancer, and if not diagnosed during the trial, were offered an end-of-study prostate biopsy. Cases were a sample of men diagnosed with prostate cancer on any biopsy after visit 2 or on their end-of-study biopsy (n=616). Controls were men not diagnosed with prostate cancer during the trial or on their end-of-study biopsy (n=616). Controls were frequency-matched to cases by age, treatment arm, and family history of prostate cancer. Serum from visit 2 was tested for anti-T. vaginalis IgG antibodies. No association was observed between anti-T. vaginalis antibody serostatus and prostate cancer. 21.5% of cases and 24.8% of controls had low antibody seropositivity, and 15.2% and 15.0% had high seropositivity. Compared to seronegative men, the odds ratio of prostate cancer for men with low seropositivity was 0.83 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63-1.09), and that for men with high seropositivity was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.70-1.34). Given the original strong biologic rationale and potential for prevention, additional studies are warranted to help resolve discrepancies between study findings, and further investigate this hypothesis from a variety of different approaches.

Funding: NCI/NIH P01 CA108964 (Biology of the PCPT). The content of this work is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A122.
Abstract A124: Radiomodulation by rosemary extract
Authors: Soyal Dhanraj , Sharma Abhilasha , Singh Inder , Goyal Pradeep
Published: May 2012

A124

Radiomodulation by rosemary extract

Dhanraj Soyal, Abhilasha Sharma, Inder Singh and P.K.Goyal+

Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology,

Rajasthan University, Jaipur 302004

* E-mail; pkgoyal2002@rediffmail.com

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Labiateae) is widely used for its antioxidant activities in many parts of the world. The present study investigates the radioprotective and antioxidative potential of rosemary leaves extract (ROE). Swiss albino mice were administered ROE orally once daily for 5 consecutive days, then exposed to a single dose of 3, 6 and 9 Gy of gamma radiation. lipid peroxidation (LPx), Glutathione (GSH), acid phosphatase estimations in liver were carried out. Radiation-induced increases in the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and acid phosphatase were significantly ameliorated by ROE pre-treatment, and radiation-induced depletion in the level of glutathione (GSH) was significantly inhibited by ROE administration. These alterations were found to be dose dependent. The life-span was increased in the ROE treated irradiated mice in comparison with their respective control mice. Radiation-induced deficits in body and organ weight were significantly reduced or prevented in ROE pretreated mice. The protection afforded by ROE may be attributed to the constituents of the rosemary, which include rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, carnosol which appear to play an important role in free radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching. The study does not rule out the possibility of a prophylactic potential of ROE against radiation-induced degenerative changes in liver.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A124.
Abstract A125: Self reported exposure to pesticides and risk of breast cancer
Authors: Farooq Umar , Joshi Monika , Nookala Vinod , Cheriyath Pramil , Stellman Steven , Graber Nora , Muscat Joshua
Published: May 2012

A125

Background

Several studies have examined the possible role of serum organochlorine pesticide and PCBs levels in the development of breast cancer over the past decade, but there is little data on self-reported residential exposures.

Methods

This was a case control study conducted in New York City and the surrounding area that included 1204 patients (446 cases and 758 controls). Cases were defined as women with newly diagnosed breast cancer or carcinoma in situ, while patients with benign breast diseases and women undergoing non-breast related surgery were included in the control group. All patients were asked a series of questions to determine their pesticide exposure, including the type, location (inside vs. outside), who applied the pesticide, and duration of pesticide use. Logistic regression models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

The most common pests encountered in the residences were ants, carpenter ants and cockroaches. The adjusted odds ratio for self-application of pesticide and professional application for this group of pests was 1.25(95%CI 0.79-1.98) and 1.06(95% CI 0.65-1.73) respectively. The risk did not vary when comparing inside and outside applications, (OR= 1.13(95% CI 0.75-1.72) and 1.22(95% CI 0.60-2.50) respectively. Tests for trend showed no dose-response relationship with each type of application.

Conclusion

Our study did not show an association between self-reported exposure to pesticides and breast cancer risk, which is consistent with the vast majority of studies including our own that showed no increased risk of breast cancer with biological levels of pesticides.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A125.
Abstract A130: Effect of high-dose estrogen exposure in adolescence on mammographic density in adulthood.
Authors: Jordan Helen , Kavanagh Anne , Gertig Dorota , Hopper John , Venn Alison
Published: May 2012

A130

Background

Since adolescence is an important stage of mammary development, exposure to high-dose estrogens at this time may have long-term effects on breast tissue and therefore mammographic density. It is well-established that women with greater mammographic density for age and BMI are at an increased risk of breast cancer.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women from the Australian Tall Girls Study who were 40 years or older and had been assessed for tall stature during adolescence between 1959 and 1993. Eligible women included 263 who had been treated during adolescence with high-dose estrogens and 254 who had not been treated. Treated women had received one of two types of estrogen: 3mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) daily, or 150 μg ethinyl estradiol (EE).

A mammogram within the previous two years was obtained from 167 treated women (mean age 48.4 yrs) and 142 untreated women (mean age 46.2 yrs). The total area of the breast image and the area of mammographically dense tissue (dense area), and hence non-dense area and percent mammographic density (PMD), were calculated from digitally scanned cranio-caudal mammographic films using a computer thresholding technique. Reproductive history, lifestyle factors, hormone exposure, treatment and anthropometric data were collected from medical records and by telephone interview using a structured questionnaire.

Results

After adjusting for age and BMI, treated women had, on average, 17% lower dense area (p=0.03); adjusted means for treated and untreated women were 24.5 cm2 (95% CI: 21.8, 27.2) and 29.1 cm2 (95% CI: 26.0, 32.4), respectively. There was no difference in adjusted means between treated and untreated women for non-dense area [71.7 cm2 (95% CI: 66.2, 77.7) versus 70.5 cm2 (64.7, 76.9); p=0.78], PMD [ 24.8 % (95% CI: 22.4, 27.4) versus 27.7% (95% CI: 24.8, 30.7); p=0.16], or total area [105.6 cm2 (95%CI: 100.1,111.4) vs 109.3 cm2 (95%CI: 103.1,115.8); p=0.41].

Conclusion

High-dose estrogen treatment for tall stature in adolescence is unlikely to increase risk of breast cancer through mechanisms related to mammographic density.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A130.
Abstract A7: Identification of novel genetic alterations in GI tumors using whole-genome profiling
Authors: Bashyam Murali , Raman Ratheesh , Viswakalyan Kotapalli , Ramaswamy Pandila , Chaudhary Ajay , Reddy Chandrakant , Gowrishankar Swarnalata , Srinivasulu Mukta , Sastry R , Pattnaik Sujith , Vamsy Mohana
Published: May 2012

A7

In our previous studies, we identified novel pancreatic cancer genes using a combination of array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and gene expression microarrays (Neoplasia, 2007 and Kwei and PLOS Genet, 2008). In the current study, we have used a multipronged approach to address two important GI cancers prevalent in India. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem worldwide and is usually an age-related disease. A small proportion of patients present at an early age due to familial cancer syndromes. Surprisingly, there appears to be a high proportion of patients in India who present at an early age without a family background and succumb to aggressive metastatic tumors. Using immunohistochemistry, mutation screening and microsatellite instability analysis of more than 150 samples, we show that Wnt signaling, a hallmark of CRC in the West, is not a major feature in a majority of young patients in India unlike older patients. There does not appear to be a significant difference between the two categories of CRC patients in other parameters including gender, lifestyle, diet, tumor location, frequency of microsatellite instability, and Loss of Heterozygosity at the BRCAI locus. In addition, we have identified several novel mutations in the APC gene in Wnt positive tumors. Determination of genome-wide copy number alterations and transcript profiles is expected to delineate the genetic aberrations that may lead to CRC in the young in India.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) is common in India and Asia but rare in the West, as against esophagus adenocarcinoma which is common in the West but not in India. ESCC is a poorly studied highly aggressive cancer with survival rates below 15% in most populations. We have carried out molecular analysis of about 75 ESCC samples and 26 adenocarcinoma samples using archived as well as fresh resected tumors. Results indicate that unlike the ESCC samples, a significant proportion of adenocarcinoma samples exhibited an activated Wnt signaling pathway. Inactivation of p53 however appeared to be a common event in both Esophagus cancer subtypes. Analysis of copy number alterations using array-based CGH has revealed a recurrent amplification at 10q21 in ESCC samples. The amplification harbored genes that exhibited comparably altered transcript levels, as determined by array-based transcript profiling. We are also carrying out molecular analyses of mixed adeno-squamous tumors of the esophagus; results are expected to reveal whether the squamous and adeno components have an independent origin or vice versa.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A7.
Abstract A72: HESA-A: Bright prospect for prevention and treatment of malignancies
Authors: ahmadi amrollah
Published: May 2012

A72

Background

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, particularly in developing countries that represents a tremendous burden on patients, families and societies. More than 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low and middle income countries, where resources available for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer are limited or nonexistent. The effect of different types of drugs on quality of life and survival of end-stage cancer patients has been investigated, however many side effects of these drugs limited their usage. HESA-A is a compound of natural origin, consisting of rare elements and organic materials, which in several animal and cellular studies have shown powerful anticancer effects and less toxicity on normal cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of HESA-A in the prevention and treatment of Osteosarcoma as a lethal malignancy entire the world.

Methods

In an experimental study, 40 rabbits were randomly allocated to one of two groups of administered HESA-A (study group) and placebo (control group) for 10 days. After this time, carcinogen agent was inserted under the periost for Osteosarcoma formation and bone radiography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed after three months. Also, cases were followed for 6 months.

Results

In study group, among 20 rabbits, pathological bone changes were not detected in 16 cases and after 6 months following-up, all cases were alive and no changes in their appetite and weight were observed. Besides, in placebo group, all cases suffered from Osteosarcoma. In the second stage, control cases were divided into two groups (10 rabbits were treated with HESA-A and 10 cases as non-treated group) and followed-up for 6 months. All non-treated cases were died, whereas treated cases were survived and their appetite and weight were improved.

Conclusion

This study proved the preventive and curative effects of HESA-A on Osteosarcoma and create a bright prospect for the future in the treatment of cancers.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A72.
Abstract A83: Organophosphate pesticides and sex steroid hormones in NHANES III
Authors: Christensen Carol , Rohrmann Sabine , Rifai Nader , Platz Elizabeth
Published: May 2012

A83

Background

Organophosphate pesticides (OP) may perturb hormone balance, and thus may affect men’s health, e.g., prostate cancer. We evaluated whether men from the general population with higher urinary OP metabolites had higher or lower concentrations of sex steroid hormones than men with lower levels.

Methods

Concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), a chlorpyrifos metabolite, and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), a methyl parathion metabolite, previously were measured in spot urine for 1,338 men ages 20-59 who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). We measured serum concentrations of testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) for 1,637 men ≥ 12 years old who participated in the morning session of Phase I of NHANES III. 189 men participated in both sub-studies, forming the study population. Linear regression was used to estimate geometric mean hormone concentration by binary category of creatinine-corrected urinary OP concentration adjusting for age, US region, smoking, race, education, body mass index, and physical activity. We tested for trend across quartiles of TCPY and across 3 categories (< limit of detection (LOD), 2 categories ≥ LOD) of 4-NP by entering a single ordinal term in the model with values at the category medians, the coefficient for which was evaluated by the Wald test.

Results

Mean testosterone (95% confidence interval) was significantly higher in men with higher TCPY (≥ median: 5.55 (4.95, 6.22)) compared with lower (<median: (4.93 (4.43, 5.48)). Although not statistically significant, mean estradiol and SHBG concentrations were also higher comparing higher to lower TCPY. There was no statistically significant difference in mean testosterone (<LOD: 5.44 (4.85, 6.10); ≥LOD: 5.14 (4.54, 5.83)) or estradiol (<LOD: 37.83 (34.88, 41.03); ≥LOD: 35.94 (32.94, 39.21)) between men with 4-NP concentration ≥LOD versus 0.10).

Conclusion

This cross-sectional study, the first in a general population of US adult men, suggests positive associations of chlorpyrifos with testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, and inverse associations of methyl parathion with testosterone and estradiol. These findings differ somewhat from those in occupationally-exposed groups. Given that a) our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that OPs influence hormones even at low exposure, b) OPs were available to consumers and commonly used, and c) a prior study observed a higher prostate cancer risk in commercial applicators who used an OP and had a family history of prostate cancer (Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:800-14), future studies are warranted on OPs and men’s health, including prostate cancer.

Funding: Maryland Cigarette Restitution Fund at Johns Hopkins

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A83.
Abstract A85: Incidence rates of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cancers in the United States
Authors: Zhou Jing , Enewold Lindsey , Zhu Kangmin
Published: May 2012

A85

Pancreatic cancer is the most fatal of all major cancers with an incidence rate that approximates mortality. However, studies describing pancreatic cancer incidence, which may provide insight into its etiology, have been sparse particularly in terms of histology and tumor stage. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence rates of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cancers by age at diagnosis, gender, race/ethnicity and stage of the disease using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute from 1973 to 2005. Based on the data from nine SEER registries, the age-adjusted incidence rates, expressed per 100,000, of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cancer were higher among males (8.18 and 0.24) than females (6.02 and 0.17), and the rates tend to be higher among Blacks (10.12 and 0.23) than Whites (6.78 and 0.20) and other races (6.01 and 0.16). The incidence rate for exocrine pancreatic cancer was generally stable over the 33 year period, whereas the incidence rate for endocrine pancreatic cancer increased over time. This difference in trend by histology existed across age, gender and racial groups. The increase in endocrine tumors was observed for all stages of disease: localized, regional and distant. However, it was most prominent for localized tumors. Additional analysis showed similar trends for exocrine and endocrine tumors across four racial/ethnic groups (Non-Hispanic White, Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Asian and Pacific Islander) using data from 1992 to 2005 for thirteen SEER registries. While improvement in diagnosis may have contributed to the rising incidence of endocrine tumors, other factors may also be related.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A85.
Abstract B1: Genome-wide LOH and copy number alterations show heterogeneity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hu Nan , Wang Chaoyu , Ng David , Clifford Robert , Yang Howard , Tang Ze-Zhong , Wang Quan-Hong , Han Xiao-You , Giffen Carol , Goldstein Alisa , Taylor Philip , Lee Maxwell
Published: May 2012

B1

Background

Genomic instability appears to play an important role in most human cancers. To more fully characterize genomic instability and assess its effect on gene expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH), copy number (CN) loss, and CN gain, as well as gene expression, using genome-wide methods in cases from a high-risk region of China.

Methods

Micro-dissected tumor and matched germ-line DNA from 30 ESCC patients from Shanxi Province, PR China who underwent surgical resection were tested using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500K array set and frequencies of LOH and CN alterations were determined. Matched micro-dissected tumor/non-tumor samples were also tested for RNA expression with Affymetric Human Genome U133A 2.0 arrays on a subset of 17 of these patients.

Results

Genomic instability measures varied widely among cases and separated them into two distinct groups: a high frequency instability group (two-thirds of all cases with 1 or more instability measure >10%) and a low frequency instability group (one-third of cases with no instability measures >10%). Genomic instability also varied widely across chromosomal arms, with the highest frequency of LOH on 9p (33% of informative SNPs), of CN loss on 3p (33%), and of CN gain on 3q (48%). Genome-wide LOH measured with the 500K chip produced remarkably similar frequency rankings for chromosome arms as previous less-dense genome-wide scans that used microsatellites or the 10K SNP chip, although absolute frequencies were reduced. Twelve regions with particularly high CN gain were identified, including six on 3q, one on 7q, four on 8q, and one on 11q. The most gene-rich of these CN gain regions was 11q13.1-13.4, where we identified 26 genes with frequent CN gain which also had RNA expression data available. CN gain was significantly correlated with increased RNA expression in over 80% of these genes.

Conclusions

Genomic instability patterns show two heterogeneous groups of ESCC cases; the high-frequency instability group may harbor germ-line variants or acquired somatic mutations in genes that maintain genomic stability. Genome-wide studies from this high-risk population show a consistent pattern of high LOH on selected chromosome arms which are targets in searching for loss-of-function genes involved in ESCC. Our findings demonstrate the potential utility of combining CN and gene expression data to screen for genes involved in esophageal carcinogenesis. Future studies should combine results in tumors with germ-line genotypes to find functional changes, and determine if these changes are associated with genetic susceptibility to ESCC or might serve as early detection markers.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B1.
Abstract B104: Targeting Nrf2/ARE pathway by inhibition of HDAC in breast cancer prevention
Authors: Zhou Qun , Chaerkady Raghothama , Shaw Patrick , Kensler Thomas , Pandey Akhilesh , Davidson Nancy
Published: May 2012

B104

Cancer chemoprevention may be achieved through induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes, a process mediated by the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of these genes. A key transcription factor involved in induction of phase II enzymes is nuclear factor erythoid-2 related factor (Nrf2). Although cellular function of Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in human carcinogenesis has been extensively investigated, majority of these studies focus on the negative regulator Keap1, which is responsible for cytoplasmic retention of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex, thereby preventing Nrf2-mediated gene transcription. Given the critical role of lysine acetylation in regulating diverse cellular pathways, we use clinically relevant histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors to explore novel mechanisms that govern Nrf2/ARE pathway. By a global proteomic survey, we have learned that the HDAC inhibitor, vorinostat, induces lysine acetylation of 73 proteins in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. These proteins include chromatin-associated proteins, transcriptional factors, transcriptional regulators, chaperone proteins, DNA repair enzymes, structural proteins and kinase mediators. Among these proteins, SQSTM1 is of particular interest as a recent study has confirmed its critical function in activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Our work shows that vorinostat down-regulates Keap1 protein and elevates protein expression of Nrf2 and NQO1. Induction of Nrf2 by vorinostat is mediated through SQSTM1 as depletion of SQSTM1 by siRNA diminishes the effect of vorinostat on Nrf2 and NQO1. These findings suggest that therapeutic HDAC inhibitors may be found to be useful as chemopreventive agents for breast cancer and support work to elucidate the roles of lysine acetylation in the Nrf2/ARE dependent gene transcription as an underlying mechanism. Supported by FAMRI, Department of Defense Era of Hope, and NIH CA88843.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B104.
Abstract B106: Inhibition of IKKb and NFκB signaling by a novel curcumin analogue
Authors: Kasinski Andrea , Du Yuhong , Thomas Shala , Zhao Jing , Sun Shi-Yong , Khuri Fadlo , Wang Chun-Yu , Shoji Mamoru , Sun Aming , Snyder James , Liotta Dennis , Fu Haian
Published: May 2012

B106

The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway has been targeted for therapeutic applications in a variety of human diseases such as cancer. A number of naturally occurring substances including curcumin have been investigated for their actions on the NF-κB pathway because of their significant therapeutic potential and safety profile. A synthetic monoketone compound termed EF24 was developed from curcumin and exhibited a potent anticancer activity. Here we report a mechanism by which EF24 potently suppresses the NF-κB signaling pathway in both head and neck cancer and lung cancer cell lines through direct action on the I-κB kinase (IKK). We demonstrate that (i) EF24 induces death of lung, head and neck, breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cells with a potency about 10 times higher than curcumin does, (ii) EF24 rapidly blocks the nuclear translocation of NF-κB with an IC50 of 1.3 μM compared with curcumin with an IC50 of 13 μM, (iii) EF24 effectively inhibits TNFα-induced I-κB phosphorylation and degradation, suggesting a role of this compound in targeting IKK, and (iv) EF24 indeed directly inhibits the catalytic activity of IKK in an in vitro reconstituted system. This study identifies IKK as an effective target for EF24 and provides a molecular explanation for a superior activity of EF24 over curcumin. The effective inhibition of TNFα-induced NF-κB signaling by EF24 extends the therapeutic application of EF24 to other NF-κB-dependent diseases, including inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B106.
Abstract B107: Mechanistic study of Ex in suppression of cellular proliferation inducing apoptosis in human cancer cell lines.
Authors: Tripathi Shweta , Chandna Sudhir , Dwarkanath B.S. , Saluja Daman , Chopra Madhu
Published: May 2012

B107

Cyclooxygenase (COX), also known as prostaglandin endoperoxidase or prostaglandin G/H synthase is a rate limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Two forms of cyclooxygenase ,COX-1 & COX-2 ,have been identified.Cox-1 is constitutively expressed in many tissues , while COX-2 is an inducible enzyme involved in the inhibition of apoptosis , potentiation of cell growth & angiogenesis and as such is a target for drug development. (1) Recently, clinical, cellular and animal experimental studies have indicated it to tumor invasion & metastasis . Ex is a new generation, Cox-2 selective NSAID that stops the production of inflammatory prostaglandins, without stopping the production of prostaglandins that protects the stomach and intestine. The underlying signal transduction pathway is not clarified at the moment but different COX independent mechanisms might contribute to wanted and unwanted effects of this drug. This study examined the proapoptotic effects of Ex in different normal as well as cancerous cell lines. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and apoptosis was examined by DNA fragmentation & Comet assay. MTT assay on cancerous cell lines especially, Cervical cancer cell line HeLa(COX positive), showed about 50% cell viability at a conc of 200μM. Interestingly, no cytotoxicity was seen with normal cell lines such as NIH3T3,Cos-7 and HEK cells. In conclusion our study shows that in the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa, Ex displays cytostatics, induces apoptosis & cause cell death by DNA damage.The mechanism of action of the drug was seen through Western Blotting with an upregulation of Caspase 3 and inhibition of NF-kB. Similar studies is being carried out on cervical cancer cells,C33A (COX negative) and pancreatic adenocarcinomas,Capan-1 (COX positive ) and MiaPaCa-2 (Cox negative) to determine the effects of Ex on the growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in these various cell lines.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B107.
Abstract B122: Factors associated with ER/PR status in African American and white women in the National Cancer Database
Authors: DeSantis Carol , Jemal Ahmedin , Ward Elizabeth
Published: May 2012

B122

Background

Previous studies documented that African American women are more likely to be diagnosed with ER and/or PR negative breast tumors than whites. However, little is known about the effect of socioeconomic position and other tumor characteristics on the ER/PR tumor status differences between African American and whites. We studied this relationship using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Methods

The NCDB collects information on demographic and clinical characteristics for approximately 1,500 Commission on Cancer-approved hospitals, representing almost 70% of all cancer patients treated in the United States. We selected invasive breast cancer in women ages 18-99 years reported to the NCDB during 2004-2005. A total of 175,820 women diagnosed with breast cancer were available for the analysis after excluding those patients with missing ER/PR status. Frequency distributions were used to assess the relationships between hormone receptor status and demographic and clinical variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine these associations while controlling for age, race, insurance status, educational attainment, stage, histology, and tumor size.

Results

African American women are 2.26 times more likely to be diagnosed with ER-PR- breast cancer vs. ER+PR+ breast cancer compared to whites. After controlling for socioeconomic factors, including educational attainment (based on patient’s zip code) and insurance status, African American women remained 1.97 times more likely to have hormone negative tumors than white women. Adjustment for tumor characteristics (stage, tumor size, and histology) further attenuated the odds ratio (RR=1.85). Lower educational attainment was associated with ER-PR- breast cancers. Women who were uninsured at the time of diagnosis were also more likely to have receptor negative disease compared to women with private health insurance, however, after adjusting for tumor characteristics this association was no longer significant.

Conclusion

Our results confirm previous reports which indicate African American women are more likely to be diagnosed with ER-PR- breast cancer. A third of this excess risk was explained by differences in socioeconomic factors, stage at diagnosis, tumor size, and histology type. Further studies with additional individual-level data on socioeconomic factors could help clarify these relationships.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B122.
Abstract B135: A Mediterranean dietary intervention for reducing colon cancer risk
Authors: Djuric Zora , Ren Jianwei , Cornellier Maria , Rapai Mary , Ruffin Mack , Turgeon D. Kim , Brenner Dean
Published: May 2012

B135

Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that the major components of the traditional Cretan-Mediterranean diet have great promise for the prevention of colon cancer while improving overall health. We designed an exchange-list diet that would target 1) an increase in amount and variety of fruits and vegetables, 2) an increase in whole grains and 3) a decrease in n-6 fatty acids with increased n-3 and n-9 fatty acids. The exchange list approach provided flexibility in food choices for meeting nutrient goals. In this ongoing study we are recruiting study participants at increased risk for colon cancer. Subjects are being randomized to a modified Mediterranean diet or a Healthy People 2010 diet for 6 months, each of which involves intensive dietary counseling. Dietary intake data, blood samples and biopsies of normal colonic mucosa from flexible sigmoidoscopy are being collected and analyzed. Thus far 45 subjects have been enrolled with a mean age of 52 years, mean BMI of 28 kg/m2 and 67% were female. Two thirds of the subjects had a family history of colon cancer and the remainder had a personal history of adenomas. Dietary intakes of mono-unsaturated fats increased by about 70% and fruit and vegetables intakes doubled, but caloric intake did not change appreciably in the Mediterranean arm. This indicates that the exchange list diet was an effective tool. HPLC-MS-MS methods were developed to profile prostaglandins and leukotrienes in granulocytes and colonic mucosa using a single chromatographic run. Thus far granulocyte samples from 23 subjects have been analyzed there was a trend for decreases in several eicosanoids in samples from the Mediterranean arm while changes in the Healthy Eating arm were more variable. These preliminary data indicate that subjects can make large dietary changes and that this may impact on inflammation. Effects on biomarkers in the colonic mucosa are ongoing and will be important to evaluate the potential preventive effects of a Mediterranean type of diet.

Supported by NIH grant 1RO1CA120381.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B135.
Abstract B136: Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced mucin depleted foci in the rat colon by a novel resistant starch
Authors: Zhao Yinsheng , Hasjim Jovin , Jane Jay-lin , Birt Diane
Published: May 2012

B136

The purpose of this study was to test the inhibitory effects of a novel resistant starch on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. The novel resistant starch was processed from a commercial high amylose cornstarch(patent pending). Three groups of 5-week-old male Fischer 344 rats including 15 animals each were injected with AOM and fed normal cornstarch diet, high amylose cornstarch diet, and novel resistant starch diet respectively. Another three groups of male Fischer 344 rats with 5 animals in each group were injected with saline and fed the same three kinds of diets as control groups. Two injections were performed one week apart. Each of the 3 diets contained 55% water boiled high moisture starch, together with 45% of other ingredients necessary for rats’ nutritive requirements. The rats were fed with the above diets for 9 weeks after the second injection and then killed. Liver weight, caecal fermentation (caecum weight and pH), and a predictor of carcinogenicity - Mucin Depleted Foci (MDF) - were investigated. MDF were only seen with AOM treatment and were significantly reduced in rats fed novel resistant starch diet in comparison with rats fed the other two diets. Increased caecum weight and decreased caecum pH were also observed in the novel resistant starch diet group in comparison with the other two diet groups. No significant difference was found comparing liver weights. These results suggested that the novel resistant starch, which is less digestible than regular cornstarch or commercial high amylose cornstarch, may inhibit colonic carcinogenesis, and the inhibition might be related to increased caecal fermentation.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B136.
Abstract B15: HPV vaccinations among a multi-ethnic female outpatient clinic sample
Authors: Sheinfeld Gorin Sherri , Westhoff Carolyn , Study Team New York Physicians against Cancer
Published: May 2012

B15

Background

High risk types of HPV are necessary though not sufficient causes of the vast majority of cervical cancers. With the approval by FDA of the HPV vaccine among women age 9-26, dissemination is critical. Fewer than one-third of the US population has heard of HPV. Few know about its association with cervical cancer, and how to prevent its spread. Yet, physician recommendation is key to vaccination.

Methods

The study examines vaccination intentions and practices among a sample of 235 multi-ethnic/racial, urban primary care physicians who are enrolled in an RCT of an educational intervention. Intention was measured via self-report prior to FDA approval. Vaccination rates were assessed two years post-FDA vaccine approval, among their multi-ethnic female patients, age 18-26, using medical audit.

Results

Prior to the approval of the vaccine, findings revealed strong intention to vaccinate among physicians, at 92% extremely or somewhat likely to vaccinate. Multivariate analyses of primary care physicians revealed that those who regularly performed recto-pelvic examinations on asymptomatic women (β=0.21, p=0.03), and those who were more familiar with the ACS screening guidelines held stronger intentions to vaccinate (β=0.24, p=0.01) than did comparable others. Female primary care physicians had stronger intentions to vaccinate for HPV than male providers (β=0.21, p=0.03). Two years post-approval, 10% of multi-ethnic female patients age 18-26 have received at least one inoculation, 2% have received the entire 3-dose protocol. Major barriers are awareness, cost, and availability of the vaccine. Conclusions: The findings reveal stronger intentions to vaccinate than contemporaneous population-based surveys (80%), but similar predictors in gender and knowledge. The rate of vaccination is comparable to the 14% for the Hepatitis B vaccine among children one year post-approval, but much lower than among pediatricians in a Boston metropolitan hospital (57%) during a similar period of time. This is the first study to observe vaccination intentions among urban physicians working in under-resourced communities, and to systematically report the HPV vaccination uptake among their young adult female patients. Targeted dissemination strategies to urban primary care physicians in under-resourced areas, with tailored messages, are critical. In addition to exploring the pragmatic issues in disseminating the vaccine, we will examine the ethical, political, and social contexts for population-based HPV vaccine inoculations.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B15.
Abstract B26: Analyzing health benefits beyond the treatment period
Authors: Simon Jay , Meyskens Frank
Published: May 2012

B26

When studying cancer treatments, the benefits and risks are usually reported following a specific duration of time. For example, the probability of recurrence might be reported with and without the treatment after five years. However, cancer treatments often provide benefits which last beyond the duration of the treatments themselves. Studies have demonstrated this clearly for calcium supplements in preventing recurrence of colorectal adenomas (1), and for isotretinoin in head and neck tumors (2).

The risks associated with such treatments, on the other hand, usually persist only as long as the treatments are being applied. It is therefore impractical to compare the reduction of one risk with the increase of others at any single point in time in these cases. This is especially true for treatments that carry multiple risks, such as tamoxifen (3). A preferred method would be to consider the patient's survival curves both with and without the treatment. Adjusting the patient's initial (cancer-free) survival curve according to a disease-specific survival curve and a risk-specific survival curve yields the patient's probability of survival over time, accounting for all factors relevant to the treatment decision. This is a much more effective method for weighing the risks of a treatment against its benefits. In this work, we describe the process of the analysis, and apply it to specific cases.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B26.
Abstract B28: Effects of low- versus high-literacy materials on knowledge and risk perceptions regarding cervical dysplasia
Authors: Basen-Engquist Karen , Shinn Eileen , Irvin Vidrine Jennifer , Peterson Susan , Parker Patricia
Published: May 2012

B28

Background

Health literacy is an important determinant of health status. Developing and evaluating health education materials for low-literate audiences is a priority and critical to helping individuals participate in health care decisions and self-management. However, questions remain as to whether low-literacy materials are appropriate for all audiences. We sought to determine if low-literacy materials would be appropriate and effective in educating individuals at wide ranges of health literacy, or if materials should be tailored to a patient’s health literacy level.

Methods

Eighty patients returning for follow-up colposcopy appointments were randomized to read a brochure about cervical dysplasia that was written at either a high (8th grade) or low (4th grade) reading level. Before reading the brochure, patients completed assessments of health literacy (Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, STOFHLA; Rapid Assessment of Adult Literacy in Medicine, REALM), knowledge, and perceived risk. After reading, knowledge, perceived risk, and brochure evaluation assessments were completed.

Results

Overall, patients had a high level of health literacy (STOFHLA M=70.1, SD=2.3; REALM, 4 patients 7-8th grade level, 76 patients 9th grade level and above). Average knowledge score before reading was 12.9 (SD=2.4) on a 17-point scale. Patients receiving either high- or low-reading level brochures improved their knowledge scores after reading (Mpst = 14.4, SDpst=1.7, p<0.001). Change in knowledge score did not differ between the two groups (p=0.664). Groups did not differ significantly in their ratings of brochure quality (e.g., completeness, clarity and organization, interest, credibility, relevance).

Conclusions

Brochures written at low reading levels can improve knowledge about cervical dysplasia, even for patients with high health literacy, and are judged by patients to be similar in quality.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B28.
Abstract B35: Effect of socioeconomic status on the occurrence of precancerous lesions of the cervix.
Authors: Sharma Nidhi , Kumar Ashok , Bhargav Adrash , Sharma Anju
Published: May 2012

B35

Objectives

Cervical cancer accounts for 80% of the total genital cancers in India. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between socioeconomic status such as - age, education, age at the time of marriage, income, contraceptive usage, menstrual/obs history, hygiene, diet and the occurrence of pre-cancerous legions of cervix.

Method

We studied the above SES indicators in 800 female patients between 2002-2005 who undergone pap smear for clinical diagnosis in Zanana hospital, Jaipur, India by filling up perfoma which included their demographic data, past and present history, family, menstrual, marital and OBS history and the details of genetic disorders as well.

Results

Positive correlation between indicators of decreasing social class and increase incidence of pre-cancerous legions of cervix were seen. Our patient knowledge of cervical cancer was poor. Predictive value positive was found to be 13.33%, which result when the pap smear yields a high proportion of true positives (i.e., > 10%) which also indicates high prevalence of pre clinical disease. The incidence increases at about 35-40 years and reaches maximum in women in there 50’s, only 4 out of 88 patients who were tested positive for pap smear were educated up to X grade. Average age at the time of marriage was in between 13-14 years, which in turn reflect early age at first intercourse. Use of OC was noted in 50% of cases. Irregular menstrual history with poor hygiene was seen in 90% of the cases, diet poor in vitamins and limited access to early prevention was seen in almost all patients.

Conclusions

The lack of effective screening, lack of analysis of cervical disease and ways to prevent the disease, difficulty getting to clinic and hospitals, the need of multiple hospital visit and high cost associated with screening, myths and misconception about the disease also pose barriers to prevention. Educational efforts, the screen and treat approach to prevention and organized health information system will reduce the burden of disease.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B35.
Abstract B39: Mammographic density and breast lobular involution
Authors: Ghosh Karthik , Scott Christopher , Wang Alice , Visscher Daniel , Reynolds Carol , Pankratz Vernon , Brandt Kathleen , Sellers Thomas , Hartmann Lynn , Vachon Celine
Published: May 2012

B39

Background

The breast glandular epithelium is composed of lobules that undergo age-related involution that increases as women age and has been associated with lowered breast cancer risk. Mammographic density (MD) is an established risk factor for breast cancer that has been shown to decrease with age. This study examined the association of age-related lobular involution with mammographic breast density.

Materials and Methods

The study sample was selected from approximately 20,000 healthy women who were enrolled in a screening cohort at the Mayo Clinic (Mayo Mammography Health Study) from 2003 to 2006 and had a benign breast biopsy (BBD) within 2 years of the enrollment mammogram. A quantitative measure of mammographic density, percent density (PD) was estimated on the enrollment mammogram, in addition to its components dense and nondense area (NDA). All biopsies were reviewed by a breast pathologist for the type of benign breast disease (BBD) as well as lobular involution status. Involution was defined as the proportion of terminal ductal lobular units (TDLUs) in the background tissue on biopsy that showed at least 50% decrease in size and number of acini from normal lobules and was subjectively assessed as: No- 0% involution, Partial- 1 to 74%, or Complete- >75% involution. Mean density was estimated for the 3 categories of involution using generalized linear models and square root transformation. Confounders were assessed including age, parity, body mass index (BMI), type of BBD, menopausal status, age at first birth and family history

Results

A total of 317 women from the MMHS had BBD within 2 years of enrollment. Mean age at BBD diagnosis in this sample was 55 years. Age- and BMI- adjusted analyses suggested an inverse association of involution and percent density with adjusted mean PD values of 23.3 (95%CI [17.2, 30.3]) for no involution, 21.9 (95%CI [20.0, 23.9]) for partial involution, and 17.8 (95% CI [14.7, 21.3]) for complete involution (p for trend 0.05). This trend was driven primarily by the positive association of involution with nondense area with adjusted mean NDA values of 103.1cm2 (95% CI [86.1, 121.7]) for no involution, 104.9 cm2 (95% CI [99.4, 110.7]) for partial involution, and 126.2 cm2 (95% CI [115.0, 137.9]) for complete involution (p for trend 0.004).

Discussion

Our findings suggest that MD is inversely associated with involution of breast tissues, providing a plausible mechanism through which MD influences breast cancer risk.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B39.