bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using pupillometry to investigate predictive processes in infancy
Authors: Zhang Felicia , Emberson Lauren L.
Published: July 2020

Prediction, a prospective cognitive process, is increasingly believed to be crucial for adult cognition and learning. Despite decades of targeted research on prediction in adults, methodological limitations still exist for investigating prediction in infancy. In this article, we argue that pupillometry, or the measurement of pupil size, is an effective method to examine predictive processing in infants and will expand on existing methods (namely looking time and anticipatory eye movements). In particular, we argue that there are three specific features of pupillometry that make it particularly useful for augmenting the investigation of prediction in infancy. First, pupillometry has excellent temporal resolution that will facilitate the differentiation of prediction subcomponents. Second, pupillometry is highly continuous across the life span, allowing researchers to directly compare responses between infants and adults using an identical paradigm. Third, pupillometry can be used in conjunction with other behavioral measures, allowing for different yet complementary results. In addition, we review relevant adult and infant pupillometry studies that will facilitate infancy researchers to adopt this technique. Overall, pupillometry is particularly useful in investigating prediction in infancy and opens up several avenues for developmental research.
A Flexible Restraint Chair for the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)1
Authors: Nakamura Richard K. , Coates Russell , Crawford Howard , Friedman Debra
Published: July 2020

We have found that commercial restraint chairs suitable for the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) cause severe physical distress to many cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). A new restraint chair has therefore been designed specifically for the cynomolgus. The key features of the chair are an angled neck piece, a large opening to provide free movement for the tail, a soft waist restraint, and a level surface for both the heels and ischial pads. This new chair is not only suitable for the cynomolgus monkey but may also be more comfortable for the rhesus monkey than standard commercial chairs.
Hepatocystis Parasitemia in Wild Kenya Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Turner T.R. , Lambrecht F.L. , Jolly C.J.
Published: July 2020

Blood smears of 159 vervet monkeys from three sites in Kenya were stained with Giemsa and examined for Hepatocystis parasites. The populations differ in incidence of parasitemia, ranging from 0–62% affected individuals. These differences are probably due to altitude and local environmental conditions.
Use of Nonhuman Primates in Cancer Research
Authors: Lapin B.A.
Published: July 2020

A short historical review of the use of primates in cancer research is presented followed by a review of various forms of neoplasma observed in the oldest existing Primate Center. Special attention is paid to baboon lymphomas studied for the past two decades at the U.S.S.R. Primate Center at Sukhumi.
A Comparison of Two Tuberculins in Nonsensitized Macaques
Authors: Fox James G. , Niemi Steven M. , Murphy James C.
Published: July 2020

Two tuberculins (mammalian and Old Tuberculin) were compared in three species of macaques after one of the tuberculins elicited nonspecific reactions up to 72 hours after intradermal inoculation in nontuberculous monkeys. A significant difference in initial intradermal eyelid reactivity between the tuberculins was found in some subjects. The heterogeneity of tuberculins and the necessity of accurate interpretation of intradermal testing are important components in addressing tuberculosis screening in nonhuman primate colonies.
Radiographic Evaluation of Appendicular Skeletal Maturation in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Schultea T.D. , Smallwood J.E. , Stott G.G.
Published: July 2020

The thoracic appendicular skeletal development of five common marmosets was monitored radiographically at weekly intervals from 1 day to 94 weeks of age and the times of appearance and fusion of 47 ossification centers were recorded. A range and average age for the appearance and fusion of each ossification center were calculated and compared to data available for the rhesus monkey and man.
Acute Alterations of Behavioral Rhythms Through Classical Conditioning
Authors: Rosenblum Leonard A. , Schwartz Henry
Published: July 2020

A classical conditioning method was used to alter in acute fashion a discrete portion of the activity rhythm of squirrel monkeys living in social groups. Time of day was considered the unconditioned stimulus, while a previously neutral flashing light was used as the conditioned stimulus. When the CS was associated with an active period, its subsequent presentation during a quiet time of day resulted in significant increases in activity in conditioned subjects. This demonstration of the conditionability of daily activity patterns has important implications in both clinical and experimental settings.
Response of Monkeys to Porcine Zona Pellucida as Detected by a Solid‐Phase Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Gulyas Bela J. , Yuan Lydia C. , Gwatkin R.B.L. , Schmell Eli D.
Published: July 2020

The immunological response of cynomolgus monkeys {Macaca fascicularis) to immunization was evaluated utilizing collagcnase‐isolated pig zona pellucida. Six weeks after initial immunization a high serum titer of antibody was exhibited. Serum antibody titers demonstrated a noticeable decline 5 months after booster injections were discontinued. The assay method used is rapid and is capable of detecting antibody in serum dilutions of 1:78,000, as compared to 1:125,000 with the indirect fluorescence assay.
Common Tree Shrews and Primates Share Leukocyte Membrane Antigens
Authors: Palley Lori S. , Schlossman Stuart F. , Letvin Norman L.
Published: July 2020

Monoclonal antibodies reactive with human peripheral blood lymphocyte and myeloid cell surface antigens were utilized to study the phylogeny of the common tree shrew. Blood cells from the common tree shrew, but not the bat or short‐tailed shrew, react with certain of these antibodies. These data strengthen the argument that the Tupaiidac are primitive primates rather than insectivorcs. They also indicate that this approach should be useful for further work in taxonomic systemization.
Utilization of Chlorhexidine Gluconate to Evaluate a Nonhuman Primate Skin‐Degerming Model
Authors: Deuel Dianne M. , Michaud Ronald N. , Arneson Valerie G. , Sedlock David M.
Published: July 2020

We have developed a nonhuman skin‐degerming model to predict the in vivo effectiveness of topical antimicrobial formulations. The model incorporates a balanced, randomized, complete block design and uses the hands of anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys as treatment sites to measure product effectiveness. Two different 4% chlorhexidine gluconate formulations were evaluated in the primate model and then retested in a human skin‐degerming model of identical design. Statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant differences between the two models with regard to the response exhibited by each to the test formulations.
Reproductive Performance, Population Dynamics and Anthropometrics of the Free‐Ranging Cayo Santiago Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Rawlins Richard G. , Kessler Matt J. , Turnquist Jean E.
Published: July 2020

This report summarizes demographic data collected on the Cayo Santiago colony of rhesus monkeys from 1976–1983 and compares the results with those from 1959–1964 [8,9]. For males and nonpregnant/nonlactating, pregnant, and lactating females mean (± 1 SD), body weights, crown‐rump lengths, and ponderal indices are tabulated for each age on a large (n = 586) single sampling of this free‐ranging population of macaques.
Blood Volume Measurement in Baboons: Simultaneous Estimation of Red Cell Volume and Plasma Volume
Authors: Garner Michael G. , Phippard Andrew F. , Horvath John S. , Duggin Geoffrey G. , Tiller David J.
Published: July 2020

A method is described for frequent sequential blood volume estimation in baboons using 32P for red cell volume measurements and 125I‐albumin for simultaneous plasma volume measurements. Values for red cell, plasma, and total blood volumes are reported. Close correlations of the volumes to bodyweight were demonstrated. Circulatory half‐lives of the isotopes, determined from disappearance curves, confirmed their suitability for serial measurements in these baboons.
Blood Characteristics of the Crab‐Eating Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali Island, Indonesia: Implication of Water Deficiency in West Bali
Authors: Takenaka Osamu
Published: July 2020

Environmental effects on blood characteristics of macaques were examined by comparing serveral blood indices of the free‐ranging crab‐eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in two distinct regions of Bali Island, Indonesia. The total plasma protein level and concentrations of' creatinine and sodium ion were higher with macaques of Teluk Terima in the west part of Bali Island (dry area) than those in the central Bali (wet area). Results indicated that water deficiency in the dry area significantly affects the blood characteristics of macaques.
A Case of Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis With a Rare Cardiac Anomaly in a Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Cukierski M.A. , Tarantal A.F. , Hendrickx A.G.
Published: July 2020

A case of nonimmune hydrops fetalis in a rhesus monkey was identified by ultrasound. The 68‐day fetus exhibited generalized edema, pleural effusion, and mild ascites. Intrauterine fetal demise occurred betweeen 75 and 80 days gestation. Necropsy revealed marked anasarca and a rare cardiac anomaly characterized by aortic and left atrioventricular valve atresia, hypoplasia of the ascending aorta and arch, and absence of the left ventricle.
Aortic Dissection in a Gorilla
Authors: Hruban Z. , Meehan T. , Wolff P. , Wollmann R.L. , Glagov S.
Published: July 2020

Autopsy findings in a 39‐year‐old male gorilla included aortic dissection, internal rupture of the aortic arch with axial direction of the tear, external rupture of the ascending aorta, cardiac tamponade, myocardial hypertrophy, cystic and basophilic degeneration of the aortic media, marked obesity, severe degenerative joint disease, focal glomerulonephritis, and widespread hemosiderosis.
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Lymphocytes to Identify Lymphocyte Subsets in Lymph Nodes of the Rhesus Monkey and the Dog
Authors: Sandusky George E. , Horton Peggy J. , Wightman Karen A.
Published: July 2020

Using commercially available monoclonal antibodies that bind to human lymphocyte subsets, we examined lymph nodes from the rhesus monkey and the dog for their binding ability to these monoclonal antibodies. The avidin biotin‐peroxidase immunostaining procedure was used, and the following antibodies were reactive in the rhesus monkey: Leu 4, Leu 3a, OKT4, Leu 2a, OKT8, T8, Leu 5b, T11, Leu 14, B1, and Leu 12. No immunoreactivity was observed in the dog lymph node except for moderate reactivity of OKT8. The following antibodies failed to react in both the rhesus monkey and the dog: OKT3, T1, T2, T1B, T4, T8A, Pan B, and T29/33. Kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chains were positive in both the dog and monkey.
Characterization of a Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Permanently Modified by Simian Foamy Virus Type 10
Authors: Rhodes‐Feuillette A. , Mahouy G. , Lasneret J. , Flandrin G. , Peries J.
Published: July 2020

Simian Spumavirinae serotype, SFV10, of a Papio cynocephalus baboon, was used to infect a human lymphoblastoid cell line, LV2. Permanent growth and morphological alterations of infected cells occurred, even though no viral particles were detected. Evidence for the presence of viral genomes in the modified cell line is provided indirectly from immunological studies and induction experiments followed by coculture procedures. The permanently modified cell line obtained (LV2‐FB10) is an interesting model for the investigation of the possible integration of foamy viruses into the host genomes.
Lactation and Interbirth Interval in the Senegal Galago (Galago senegalensis moholi)
Authors: Izard M. Kay , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: July 2020

Five years of reproductive data on Galago senegalensis moholi at the Duke University Primate Center were examined to determine the effect of lactation on interbirth interval and its component phases, postpartum anovulatory interval and interval from onset of estrous cycles to conception. Females whose infants died within 3 weeks of birth had significantly shorter interbirth intervals and postpartum anovulatory intervals than did females who raised their infants until weaning.
Fatal Pneumococcal Meningitis in a Colony‐Born Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Gilbert Steven G. , Reuhl Kenneth R. , Wong James H. , Rice Deborah C.
Published: July 2020

This report describes the clinical course and pathological findings in a four‐year‐old male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) which succumbed to fulminant pneumococcal meningitis. The extremely rapid course of this infection emphasizes the importance of early recognition of the clinical manifestations of meningitis in the correct diagnosis and rapid treatment of the condition.
Hematocrits of Free‐Ranging Baboons: Variation Within and Among Populations
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Jolly Clifford J. , Rogers Jeffrey
Published: July 2020

Hematocrits among free‐ranging baboons (Papio hamadryas subsp.), from Awash in Ethiopia and Mikumi in Tanzania, varied by region, sex, age, and season of collection. Tanzanian animals had higher mean values than Ethiopian, and hematocrits were higher in the dry season. We discuss the comparability of field and laboratory data and possible reasons for the observed variation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Placenta in Rhesus Monkeys, Macaca mulatta
Authors: Panigel M. , Wolf G. , Zeleznick A.
Published: July 2020

Magnetic resonance imaging of the uterus of rhesus monkeys was performed at different stages of pregnancy. Spin‐echo sequences localized the placental discs before and after gadolinium enhancement. Fast‐scan sequences provided semiquantitative appreciation of placental hemodynamics. The paramagnetic agent enhanced the placenta, crossed into the fetal circulation, and was excreted in the fetal urinary bladder. Gd DTPA was also used to contrast the external contours of the fetus.
A Gastric Trichobezoar in a Chimpanzee
Authors: Nolan Thomas E. , Schaffer Linda , Conti Pierre A.
Published: July 2020

A firm, mobile, oblong mass was discovered as an incidental finding in the stomach of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) during routine surgery. It was removed and determined to be a trichobezoar.
Ultrasonic Assessment of Pregnancy and Fetal Development in Three Species of Macaque Monkeys
Authors: Shimizu Keiko
Published: July 2020

Serial ultrasonic assessments of gestational sac (GS) and fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) were performed in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata), rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), and crab‐eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis). In the Japanese monkey, GS increased linearly for 3–8 weeks, whereas BPD increased in a linear‐quadratic manner over 8 weeks to term. Ultrasonic assessments of spontaneously aborted fetuses with BPD growth retardation and diagnosis of a pelvic chocolate cyst also were reported.
Effects of Different Environmental Enrichment Devices on Cage Stereotypies and Autoaggression in Captive Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Bryant C.E. , Rupniak N.M.J. , Iversen S.D.
Published: July 2020

Autoaggression and stereotypies in individually housed cynomolgus monkeys were compared in a standard primate cage and an enriched playpen environment. Stereotypy and autoaggression were markedly reduced in the playpen, but reappeared on return to the home cage. Some of the various activities available in the playpen but not others engaged the animals' attention.
Psychometric properties of the Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version‐EQ‐i:YV in Spanish adolescents with Down syndrome
Authors: Robles‐Bello María Auxiliadora , Sánchez‐Teruel David , Galeote Moreno Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2020

Background

The people with Down syndrome who are now adolescents can face a self‐report questionnaire with guarantees of being answered with validity to evaluate areas of development that traditionally have not been able to be evaluated. This is the case of emotional intelligence, measured in this research with the Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version‐EQ‐i:YV.

Aims

To validate and analyse the scale's psychometric properties in adolescents with Down syndrome.

Methods

A two‐stage cross‐sectional investigation was conducted. The inventory consists of 60 items that measure 5 dimensions. The test was administered to 644 adolescents with Down syndrome. We carried out exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

Outcomes

The 5‐factor structure of the test was confirmed. The internal consistency of four dimensions and the EQ‐i:YV’s total calculated score yielded high values.

Conclusions

This new version of the EQ‐i:YV represents a valid and reliable tool to assess emotional intelligence in Spanish adolescents with Down syndrome.
Practical recommendations for systemic treatment in psoriasis according to age, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, mental health, psoriasis subtype and treatment history (BETA‐PSO: Belgian Evidence‐based Treatment Advice in Psoriasis; part 1)
Authors: Lambert J.L.W. , Segaert S. , Ghislain P.D. , Hillary T. , Nikkels A. , Willaert F. , Lambert J. , Speeckaert R.
Published: July 2020

Background

Impressive progress in new therapeutic options has been made for psoriasis. Treatments include topical steroids, phototherapy, conventional, synthetic disease‐modifying drugs and an expanding list of biologics.

Objective

The primary objective of this work was to collect evidence for the creation of practice guidelines for systemic treatment of psoriasis (BETA‐PSO: Belgian Evidence‐based Treatment Advice in Psoriasis).

Methods

Evidence‐based recommendations were formulated using a quasi‐Delphi methodology after a systematic search of the literature and a consensus procedure involving 8 psoriasis experts.

Results

In this part, the use of systemic treatment in different age groups, during pregnancy, in metabolic syndrome, in patients with mental health problems, in different psoriasis subtypes and in previously systemically treated patients treatment is discussed.

Conclusion

Guidance on therapeutic choice in specific clinical situations in psoriasis is provided in order to facilitate the decision‐making in clinical practice.
The role of light in regulating seed dormancy and germination
Authors: Yang Liwen , Liu Shuangrong , Lin Rongcheng
Published: July 2020

Seed dormancy is an adaptive trait in plants. Breaking seed dormancy determines the timing of germination and is, thereby essential for ensuring plant survival and agricultural production. Seed dormancy and the subsequent germination are controlled by both internal cues (mainly hormones) and environmental signals. In the past few years, the roles of plant hormones in regulating seed dormancy and germination have been uncovered. However, we are only beginning to understand how light signaling pathways modulate seed dormancy and interaction with endogenous hormones. In this review, we summarize current views of the molecular mechanisms by which light controls the induction, maintenance and release of seed dormancy, as well as seed germination, by regulating hormone metabolism and signaling pathways.
Profiling of circular RNA N6‐methyladenosine in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) using nanopore‐based direct RNA sequencing
Authors: Wang Yongsheng , Wang Huihui , Xi Feihu , Wang Huiyuan , Han Ximei , Wei Wentao , Zhang Hangxiao , Zhang Qianyue , Zheng Yushan , Zhu Qiang , Kohnen Markus V. , Reddy Anireddy S. N. , Gu Lianfeng
Published: July 2020

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent modification in messenger RNAs and circular RNAs that play important roles in regulating various aspects of RNA metabolism. However, the occurrence of the m6A modification in plant circular RNAs has not been reported. A widely used method to identify m6A modifications relies on m6A‐specific antibodies followed by next‐generation sequencing of precipitated RNAs (MeRIP‐Seq). However, one limitation of MeRIP‐Seq is that it does not provide the precise location of m6A at single‐nucleotide resolution. Although more recent sequencing techniques such as Nanopore‐based direct RNA sequencing (DRS) can overcome such limitations, the technology does not allow sequencing of circular RNAs, as these molecules lack a poly(A) tail. Here, we developed a novel method to detect the precise location of m6A modifications in circular RNAs using Nanopore DRS. We first enriched our samples for circular RNAs, which we then fragmented and sequenced on the Nanopore platform with a customized protocol. Using this method, we identified 470 unique circular RNAs from DRS reads based on the back‐spliced junction region. Among exonic circular RNAs, about 10% contained m6A sites, which mainly occurred around acceptor and donor splice sites. This study demonstrates the utility of our antibody‐independent method in identifying total and methylated circular RNAs using Nanopore DRS. This method has the additional advantage of providing the exact location of m6A sites at single‐base resolution in circular RNAs or linear transcripts from non‐coding RNA without poly(A) tails.
Psychosocial Bullying Among Nurse Educators: Exploring Coping Strategies and Intent to Leave
Authors: Wunnenberg Mary
Published: July 2020

Purpose

To examine the incidence of workplace bullying among nurse educators and explore potential relationships between workplace bullying, professional demographics, coping strategies, and intent to leave.

Design

The investigator used a cross‐sectional, descriptive, correlational design and Bronfenbrenner’s Process‐Person‐Context‐Time model to examine workplace bullying among nurse educators in the northeastern United States.

Methods

A web‐based survey was utilized to collect data from a final sample of 470 nurse educators from nine states in the northeastern United States. The instruments included a demographic section, followed by the Negative Acts Questionnaire‐Revised (NAQ‐R), the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI), and a three‐item job intent turnover questionnaire. Descriptive and parametric statistics were generated for data analysis.

Findings

Forty‐five percent (n = 212) of participants self‐identified as targets of bullying in the workplace within the preceding 6 months. The most frequently reported negative acts encountered among the nurse educators surveyed were being excluded, having one’s opinion ignored, and being exposed to an unmanageable workload. Furthermore, statistically significant relationships were identified between workplace bullying and coping strategies (r = .53: p < .01) and intent to leave (r = .58: p < .01) among nurse educators.

Conclusions

Workplace bullying among nurse educators is a serious problem impacting the profession. Heightened awareness and diverse initiatives targeting workplace bullying can positively impact retention of qualified nurse educators.

Clinical Relevance

Findings from this study may contribute to the development of strategies to mitigate the effects of psychosocial bullying and enhance retention of nurse educators.
Anatomy and ontogenetic changes of the facial and gular musculature of the tetra Astyanax brucutu: A remarkable case of adaptation to durophagy
Authors: Vita George , Zanata Angela Maria , Datovo Aléssio
Published: July 2020

Astyanax brucutu is a peculiar species of Neotropical tetra endemic from the Chapada Diamantina, a large plateau in northeastern Brazil. Individuals of this species undergo a dramatic ontogenetic shift in their diet that is accompanied by equally remarkable changes in their feeding apparatus. Whereas juveniles of A. brucutu feed mostly on algae, adults feed almost exclusively on an endemic species of hydrobiid snail and other associated living organisms that inhabit their dead shells (including infaunal invertebrates and algae). Skeletal adaptations associated with this change in diet were previously reported, but until now, the changes in the musculature remained mostly unknown. The present paper describes the facial and gular muscles, as well as the buccal ligaments of A. brucutu in different life stages, and identifies the major ontogenetic changes in these systems associated with the diet shift in the species. Such changes primarily involve expansions of specific portions of the adductor mandibulae and associated tendons and ligaments that likely represent adaptations to increase the biting power necessary to crush copious amounts of shells ingested by larger individuals of A. brucutu. Those adaptations are absent in specimens of any size of Astyanax cf. fasciatus, a sympatric congener lacking durophagous feeding habits. Anatomical comparisons and landmark‐based principal components analysis (PCA) suggest that most specializations to durophagy in A. brucutu arose by peramorphosis. We also found that several of the muscular specializations of adults of A. brucutu are paralleled in species of Creagrutus and Piabina, two other characid genera distantly related to Astyanax, but that also feed on hard food items.
Experiences of young women who underwent female genital mutilation/cutting
Authors: Obiora Oluchukwu Loveth , Maree Johanna Elizabeth , Nkosi‐Mafutha Nokuthula Gloria
Published: July 2020

Aim and objectives

To describe the FGM/C experiences of young women living in Nigeria.

Background

Globally, several activities have been targeted at ending female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). However, the practice is ongoing, especially in countries such as Nigeria, which is reported to be having a population boom. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the FGM/C experiences of young women in such countries so that efforts towards ending it can be accelerated using evidence‐based, community‐led interventions.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

The study took place in two states of south‐eastern Nigeria with a high prevalence of FGM/C. The snowball sampling method was used to recruit 22 women, aged 20–40, who had undergone FGM/C. Participant’s experiences were explored through semi‐structured interviews, and the qualitative content analysis was used for data analysis. The consolidated checklist for reporting of qualitative studies guided the reporting of this study.

Findings

Three themes and seven subthemes emerged from the data. The themes were as follows: cultural issues, life as a circumcised woman and the future with FGM/C. Half of the participants could not recall their experiences on the day of their circumcision, as they were circumcised at infancy. However, those who were older when circumcised experienced it as a painful, traumatic experience forced upon them. Some of the participants experienced sexual and childbirth problems due to this procedure, and this was of great concern to them.

Conclusion

Female genital mutilation/cutting was a traumatic experience forced on the participants. They felt helpless as they could not choose and had to do the “right thing.” Despite the trauma and complications caused by the cutting, some still supported the continuation of the practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

Understanding the experiences of genitally mutilated women could assist healthcare practitioners in rendering quality, and contextualised services to these women.
A bridge to cross: Tube feeding and the barriers to implementation of palliative care for the advanced dementia patient
Authors: Matarasso Greenfeld Sarah , Gil Efrat , Agmon Maayan
Published: July 2020

Aims and objectives

To elucidate the attitudes and knowledge of nursing home (NH) staff involved in the decision‐making process surrounding tube feeding for people with advanced dementia, and regarding palliative care and eating difficulties in this population.

Background

Dementia's final stage is associated with eating difficulties. “Comfort feeding” is the approach endorsed by the American Geriatrics Society for those with advanced dementia and eating difficulties. Despite this, tube feeding remains a persisting practice in NHs in Israel.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Methods

Twenty‐seven NH employees from different sectors employed by seven NHs in northern Israel underwent semi‐structured, face‐to‐face interviews. The COREQ checklist was used to aid with reporting and analysis of results.

Results

In Israel, there is an emerging palliative care discourse in caring for people with advanced dementia living in the NH setting. However, many interviewed did not demonstrate an accurate understanding of this term or of the term “comfort feeding.” Several barriers towards implementation of palliative care were identified and include a lack of formal education regarding nutrition in advanced dementia, socio‐economic factors and their association with the two types of NHs operating in Israel (those with exclusively private funding and those reimbursed by the Ministry of Health).

Conclusions

Interviews with NH staff regarding eating difficulties in advanced dementia shed light on the palliative care discourse, which is in a liminal stage in many countries. The themes that emerged may help inform future recommendations regarding palliative care in general and more specifically in NH residents with advanced dementia, in countries where policy is still being developed and refined.

Relevance to clinical practice

Understanding barriers towards implementation of a palliative approach and comfort feeding specifically could improve the care for people with advanced dementia in the NH setting.
Body weight‐based initial dosing of tacrolimus in renal transplantation: Is this an ideal approach?
Authors: Chinnadurai Rajkumar , Ibrahim Sara T. , Tay Tricia , Bhutani Shiv , Kalra Philip A.
Published: July 2020

Background

Tacrolimus dosing immediately posttransplant is based on body weight. Recent studies have highlighted that the dosing of tacrolimus purely based on weight may not be appropriate, particularly in individuals who are obese.

Objectives

This study aimed to estimate the effect of body mass index (BMI) and the weight‐based dosing on tacrolimus trough levels in recipients of renal transplants.

Design and Participants

This study was conducted on 400 of the 863 patients registered in the Salford, UK, renal transplant database between 2012 and 2019 who had complete and analysable datasets. Data were collected at baseline (first tacrolimus trough level after transplantation), after 1 month and 6 months posttransplantation. The cohort was split into three groups based on BMI (kg/m2; Group 1 ≤ 25, Group 2 > 25–30 and Group 3 > 30) which were compared with respect to tacrolimus dose, plasma levels and concentration/dose (C/D) ratio at the three‐time points.

Results

Patients in the higher BMI group (Group 3) had significantly higher baseline tacrolimus trough levels despite receiving a lower initiation dose per kilogram of body weight. After 1 and 6‐months posttransplant, the higher BMI group were receiving a significantly lower tacrolimus dose relative to their body weight, with a significant negative correlation between body weight and tacrolimus/kg body weight. There was no adverse relationship evident between tacrolimus dosing or concentration and graft function.

Conclusions

Our study showed that standard dosing of tacrolimus based on body weight in individuals who were obese did not adversely affect their tacrolimus concentrations or transplant function.
Tensions in postgraduate training: Meaningful engagement or ‘tick‐box’ supervision?
Authors: Jackson Dawn , Davison Ian
Published: July 2020

Looking to avoid ‘tick box’ supervision? Jackson and Davison suggest both trainees and supervisors need to understand certain tensions and challenges inherent in practice.
Addressing Organizational Cultural Conflicts in Engineering with Design Thinking
Authors: Eddington Sean M. , Corple Danielle , Buzzanell Patrice M. , Zoltowski Carla , Brightman Andrew
Published: July 2020

The present study examined how design thinking processes help to facilitate difficult conversations for fostering organizational change toward greater inclusion and equity in undergraduate engineering programs. Regardless of the type of organization or institution, sustainable diversity and inclusion integration requires difficult conversations that can correspond with locale‐specific interventions and deep cultural transformation. We led a series of design sessions with stakeholders from two undergraduate engineering programs at a large, Midwestern, research university aimed at creating prototype solutions to diversity and inclusion problems. Following the sessions, we conducted interviews with 19 stakeholders to understand their perceptions of the design process in facilitating both difficult conversations and in enacting meaningful change. Our study uncovered that organizational cultures impacted participants’ perceptions of change possibilities and their role in change. We conclude with recommendations for adopting design practices and communication‐as‐design processes to create structures and interactive approaches for facilitating conversations toward inclusionary organizational change.
Non‐technical skills in paramedicine: A scoping review
Authors: Bennett Ryan , Mehmed Niall , Williams Brett
Published: July 2020

This scoping review aims to identify which non‐technical skills have been empirically identified in the literature, to create the first list of empirically identified non‐technical skills for paramedics and allied health personnel. A five‐stage scoping literature was undertaken in March 2020. The search retrieved a total of 4756 citations. A total of 93 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed for data charting. A total of 26 non‐technical skills were identified in the literature. The top five non‐technical skills included decision‐making (33%, n = 31), communication (24%, n = 23), empathy (17%, n = 16), leadership (12%, n = 12), and ethics (10%, n = 10). Furthermore, only five studies investigated the assessment or measurement of non‐technical skills. This scoping review identified 26 non‐technical skills that had been investigated in the paramedic literature to create the first list of empirically based desirable non‐technical skills for a paramedic. Subsequently, research can then begin to focus on identifying the link that these have to paramedic practice and patient safety.
Clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma of the oropharyngeal and maxillofacial region
Authors: Xia Shu , Yue Junqiu , Chen Xinming , Hu Yaying , Guo Fang , Zhang Jiali
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The study was aimed to analyze the clinicopathological and molecular pathological features of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the oropharyngeal and maxillofacial region.

Subjects and methods

A retrospective review was performed with 36 patients who were diagnosed with primary DLBCL of the oropharyngeal and maxillofacial region from 2009 to 2017 in the Department of Pathology at the Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed.

Results

Gene rearrangements of BCL2, BCL6, and MYC were observed in 5.6%, 33.3%, and 22.2%, respectively, including two double‐hit and one triple‐hit DLBCL (8.3%). There was a significant correlation between MYC protein expression and gene translocation (rs = 0.679, p < .001). However, 25% of cases with MYC rearrangement showed low MYC protein expression. In univariate analysis, MYC protein expression, BCL2 rearrangement, MYC rearrangement, and double/triple‐hit DLBCL were associated with shorter overall survival, whereas only MYC protein expression was an independent prognostic value in multivariate model.

Conclusions

MYC protein expression was an essential prognostic marker of DLBCL in the oropharyngeal and maxillofacial region. Notably, immunohistochemical staining of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 could not predict their gene rearrangements, although MYC protein expression was correlated with gene translocation.
Cancer‐derived IgG involved in cisplatin resistance through PTP‐BAS/Src/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Lu‐Ming , Gan Ye‐Hua
Published: July 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to explore whether knockdown of cancer‐derived IgG (CIgG) could enhance cisplatin‐induced anti‐cancer effects.

Materials and methods

Cancer‐derived IgG was knocked down by siRNA or Tet‐on shRNA in the absence or presence of cisplatin in WSU‐HN6 or CAL27 cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mobility were evaluated using CCK‐8, flow cytometry, and transwell assays, respectively. Molecular events were investigated using real‐time PCR and Western blot assays.

Results

Knockdown of CIgG significantly promoted cisplatin‐induced apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Cisplatin upregulated CIgG expression and phosphorylation of AKT and PDK1, while knockdown of CIgG downregulated phosphorylation of AKT and PDK1, and blocked cisplatin‐induced upregulation of AKT and PDK1 phosphorylation. Moreover, knockdown of CIgG blocked cisplatin‐induced upregulation of Src phosphorylation, and knockdown of Src blocked cisplatin‐induced upregulation of AKT and PDK1 phosphorylation. Overexpression of Src upregulated AKT and PDK1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, knockdown of CIgG upregulated PTP‐BAS mRNA and protein expression, whereas cisplatin downregulated PTP‐BAS protein, but not mRNA expression; knockdown of PTP‐BAS upregulated phosphorylation of Src, PDK1, AKT, and blocked CIgG knockdown‐mediated enhancement of cisplatin‐induced inhibition of cell proliferation.

Conclusion

Knockdown of CIgG enhanced the anti‐cancer effects of cisplatin through PTP‐BAS/Src/PDK1/AKT signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Prenatal cigarette smoking as a mediator between racism and depressive symptoms: The Biosocial Impact on Black Births Study
Authors: Giurgescu Carmen , Zhang Liying , Price Mercedes A. , Dailey Rhonda K. , Frey Heather A. , Walker Deborah S. , Zenk Shannon N. , Engeland Christopher G. , Anderson Cindy M. , Misra Dawn P.
Published: July 2020

Objective

This study examined whether cigarette smoking mediated the association of racial discrimination with depressive symptoms among pregnant Black women.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Sample

Two hundred Black women at 8–29 weeks gestation.

Measurements

Women completed questionnaires including the Experiences of Discrimination and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression (CES‐D) scales, as well as questions about sociodemographic characteristics and cigarette smoking.

Results

The mean age of the sample was 26.9 ± 5.7 years and the mean gestational age at data collection was 15.6 ± 5.7 weeks. Approximately 17% of women reported prenatal cigarette smoking; 27% had prenatal CES‐D scores ≥23, which have been correlated with depression diagnoses; and 59% reported ever (lifetime) experiencing discrimination in at least one situation (e.g., at work). Path analysis results indicated that the standardized indirect effect of experiences of racial discrimination on CES‐D scores through prenatal smoking was statistically significant (standardized indirect effect = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.094; p = .042).

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy partially mediated the association between lifetime experiences of racial discrimination and prenatal depressive symptoms among pregnant Black women. Smoking cessation programs should focus on identifying and treating depressive symptoms among pregnant Black women.
Infinite Reasoning
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: July 2020

Our relationship to the infinite is controversial. But it is widely agreed that our powers of reasoning arefinite. I disagree with this consensus; I think that we can, and perhaps do, engage in infinite reasoning. Many think it is just obvious that we can't reason infinitely. This is mistaken. Infinite reasoning does not require constructing infinitely long proofs, nor would it gift us with non‐recursive mental powers. To reason infinitely we only need an ability to perform infinite inferences. I argue that we have this ability. My argument looks to our best current theories of inference and considers examples of apparent infinite reasoning. My position is controversial, but if I'm right, our theories of truth, mathematics, and beyond could be transformed. And even if I'm wrong, a more careful consideration of infinite reasoning can only deepen our understanding of thinking and reasoning.
Spectrally resolved EEG intersubject correlation reveals distinct cortical oscillatory patterns during free‐viewing of affective scenes
Authors: Maffei Antonio
Published: July 2020

The analysis of the similarity of the brain response of different individuals using intersubject correlation (ISC) can be used to uncover the neural mechanisms behind the processing of complex audiovisual stimuli, and to understand how the brain works in real‐life situations. Previous research on ISC reported anecdotal evidence of larger ISC during emotional scenes compared to neutral ones, but this effect has not been systematically investigated using standardized emotional movies. Moreover, the complex interplay between neuronal populations oscillating at different timescales was mainly studied through fMRI, thus with limited temporal resolution. This study aimed at showing how emotional movies synchronize brain activity in the main frequency bands characterizing cortical activity. Thirty‐nine participants watched 18 movie clips selected from a standardized database of emotional movies (E‐MOVIE) while their EEG activity was recorded. Spectrally resolved ISC was computed based on the coherence of homologous channels for each possible subject pair in the Delta, Alpha, and Gamma bands. Permutation‐based statistics revealed that all emotional categories prompted larger ISC compared to the Neutral in each band. Moreover, high arousal erotic and fearful scenes prompted larger Delta‐ISC and Gamma‐ISC compared to the other categories. Finally, ISC topography followed a spatial gradient. At slower frequencies, ISC involved wider regions of the scalp, becoming more restricted to occipito‐parietal regions at higher frequencies. Taken together, these results show that emotions trigger brain synchronization between individuals at multiple spatial and spectral scales. Different emotional states are reflected in specific topographical patterns of ISC in different frequency bands.
Essential Work Is Gender Segregated: This Shapes the Gendered Representation of Essential Workers in Political Office
Authors: Barnes Tiffany D. , Holman Mirya R.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To understand how gender structures the occupations of essential workers and which essential workers serve in political office.

Methods

We first use population‐level data by gender and occupation to examine the gender segregation of occupations deemed essential. Using the population composition as our baseline, we then examine descriptive representation using a new data set that codes the presence of essential workers in 30 state legislatures over 15 years.

Results

We show that men and women make up similar shares of the occupations considered essential during COVID, but the occupations that they hold are highly gender segregated. We find that women essential workers and those from women‐dominated occupations are dramatically underrepresented in state legislatures.

Conclusion

Documenting the (lack of) representation of essential workers, and particularly those from women‐dominated occupations, in decision‐making bodies is a critical first step to understanding policy making in response to COVID‐19.
Dissecting the roles of Cse1 and Nup2 in classical NLS‐cargo release in vivo
Authors: Lange Allison , Fasken Milo B. , Stewart Murray , Corbett Anita H.
Published: July 2020

The importin α/β transport machinery mediates the nuclear import of cargo proteins that bear a classical nuclear localization sequence (cNLS). These cargo proteins are linked to the major nuclear protein import factor, importin‐β, by the importin‐α adapter, after which cargo/carrier complexes enter the nucleus through nuclear pores. In the nucleus, cargo is released by the action of RanGTP and the nuclear pore protein Nup2, after which the importins are recycled to the cytoplasm for further transport cycles. The nuclear export of importin‐α is mediated by Cse1/CAS. Here, we exploit structures of functionally important complexes to identify residues that are critical for these interactions and provide insight into how cycles of protein import and recycling of importin‐α occur in vivo using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model. We examine how these molecular interactions impact protein localization, cargo import, function and complex formation. We show that reversing the charge of key residues in importin‐α (Arg44) or Cse1 (Asp220) results in loss of function of the respective proteins and impairs complex formation both in vitro and in vivo. To extend these results, we show that basic residues in the Nup2 N‐terminus are required for both Nup2 interaction with importin‐α and Nup2 function. These results provide a more comprehensive mechanistic model of how Cse1, RanGTP and Nup2 function in concert to mediate cNLS‐cargo release in the nucleus.
Preliminary characterization of the properties of cold‐stored apheresis platelets suspended in PAS‐III with and without an 8‐hour room temperature hold
Authors: Wagner Stephen J. , Getz Todd M. , Thompson‐Montgomery Dedeene , Turgeon Annette
Published: July 2020

Background

Use of extended cold storage of platelets promises to increase PLT availability and the bacterial safety of bleeding patients. No information is currently available on the preservation of apheresis PLT in vitro quality parameters when PLTs are held at room temperature early in the storage period prior to transfer to cold storage.

Study Design and Methods

Double units of platelets suspended in 35% plasma/65% PAS‐III were collected from normal consenting research donors and rested at room temperature for 1‐2 hours. One of the units was then stored at 1‐6°C while the other unit was placed on an agitator at 20‐24°C. Eight hours after collection, the unit stored at room temperature was transferred to 1‐6°C storage without agitation. Units were sampled for an array of PLT in vitro parameters on Days 1, 7, 14, and 21.

Results

As expected, PLTs held for 8 hours at 20‐24°C prior to 1‐6°C storage had greater lactate levels and reduced glucose levels and pH compared to PLTs subjected to a 1‐2‐hour room temperature hold prior to cold storage (P < .05). Unexpectedly, platelets held for 8 hours at room temperature had less aggregation response to collagen, ADP, and TRAP compared to PLTs held 1‐2 hours at room temperature prior to cold storage (P < .05, n = 8).

Conclusion

Decline of aggregation response should be considered when evaluating longer than necessary room temperature holds prior to cold storage of platelets.
Probable cutaneous adverse drug reaction due to a cannabidiol‐containing hemp oil product in a dog
Authors: Simpson Andrew C. , Bradley Charles W. , Schissler Jennifer R.
Published: July 2020

Background

Cannabidiol (CBD) in hemp oil has become a widely used product in veterinary medicine. To date, there have been no reports of cutaneous adverse events associated with CBD‐containing oil in the veterinary literature.

Clinical summary

A 4‐year‐old castrated male Labrador retriever presented with pad sloughing and rapidly progressive cutaneous and mucosal ulceration within five days of administering an oral CBD oil product. Histopathological findings in combination with cutaneous signs were consistent with Stevens–Johnson syndrome. All lesions completely resolved after discontinuation of the hemp oil in addition to a 12 day course of cephalexin and prednisone. Given the lack of alternative causes including other medications, an adverse drug event was deemed probable according to the Naranjo algorithm.

Conclusions and clinical importance

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of suspected cutaneous adverse drug reaction to a CBD‐containing hemp oil product.