bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and nitrogen dynamics of spring chickpea genotypes in a Mediterranean-type climate
Authors: KOUTROUBAS S. D. , PAPAGEORGIOU M. , FOTIADIS S.
Published: May 2009

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume of rainfed farming systems, contributing to the sustainability of production and reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertilization through fixing atmospheric N2. The relative importance of factors causing variations in growth, seed yield, N accumulation and N utilization efficiency among spring chickpea varieties grown in a Mediterranean-type climate was investigated in field experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Five chickpea varieties were grown in a silty clay soil in the farm of the Democritus University of Thrace in Orestiada, Greece. Yearly differences in plant growth and productivity were observed and were mainly associated with the variations in the weather parameters between the growing seasons. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) for biomass production during the seed-filling period was higher compared with that during the vegetative period. NUE for seed yield (SY) ranged from 18·3 to 24·5 g dry matter (DM)/g N and was positively correlated with seed yield, suggesting that high SY was associated with more efficient exploitation of N. When the environmental conditions favoured high early N accumulation, the differences among varieties in NUE were mainly due to the differences in N partitioning at maturity, e.g. the nitrogen harvest index (NHI). The amount and the efficiency of N content at the beginning of seed growth (growth stage (GS) R5) that was translocated to the seed differed among varieties and ranged from 7·0 to 16·6 g N/m2 and from 68·2 to 86·8 g DM/g N, respectively. Most of the variation (0·96) between varieties in N translocation could be accounted for by the differences in total N content at GS R5. N losses from the plant foliage between 0·61 and 9·92 g N/m2 were detected during the seed-filling period when SY was low and N content at GS R5 was high.
Species, climate and fertilizer effects on grass fibre and protein in tropical environments
Authors: TRAN H. , SALGADO P. , LECOMTE P.
Published: May 2009

A 3-year experiment (2005–07) was conducted on Reunion Island (France) to evaluate the effect of species, climate and fertilization levels on fibre and protein fractions of tropical (C4;Chloris gayanaandPennisetum clandestinum) and temperate (C3;Dactylis glomerataandLotium multiflorum) grasses. A near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) prediction referential was developed to estimate neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), crude protein (CP), NDF insoluble protein (NDF-IP) and ADF insoluble protein (ADF-IP). The NIRS equations were then used to screen many regrowth grass samples collected at heading stage continuously for 3 years to evaluate their changes during the seasons. Results showed that grass species differed significantly in fibre and protein fractions. NDF, ADF and ADF-IP were the lowest inD. glomerata/L. multiflorumand the highest inC. gayana. The wet season was associated with higher NDF, ADF and NDF-IP inD. glomerata/L. multiflorumand lower NDF-IP inP. clandestinum.Fertilization increased the CP inC. gayanaand the NDF-IP inP. clandestinum, but decreased the ADF-IP of bothC. gayanaandD. glomerata/L. multiflorum. Growth rate strongly changed NDF, ADF, NDF-IP and ADF-IP although no change in CP appeared. In general, NDF, ADF and NDF-IP increased with the growth rate. In contrast, the ADF-IP content decreased from slow to fast growth rate inC. gayanaandD. glomerata/L. multiflorum. Growth rate changes were thus considered as a general indicator for fibre and protein fraction variations of these grasses.
Turbulence and energy budget in a self-preserving round jet: direct evaluation using large eddy simulation
Authors: BOGEY C. , BAILLY C.
Published: May 2009

An axisymmetric jet at a diameter-based Reynolds number of 1.1 × 104 is computed by a large eddy simulation (LES) in order to investigate its self-similarity region. The LES combines low-dissipation numerical schemes and explicit filtering of the flow variables to relax energy through the smaller scales discretized. The computational domain extends up to 150 jet radii in the downstream direction, which is found to be large enough to discretize a part of this region. Turbulence in the self-preserving jet is characterized by evaluating explicitly from the LES fields the second- and third-order moments of velocity, the pressure–velocity correlations as well as the budgets for the turbulent kinetic energy and for its components. Reference solutions are thus obtained. They agree well with the experimental data given by Panchapakesan & Lumley (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 246, 1963, p. 197) for a jet at the same Reynolds number. The distance required to achieve self-similarity in the LES, around 120 radii from the inflow, is particularly similar to that in the experiment. The discrepancies observed with respect to the data provided by Panchapakesan & Lumley and by Hussein, Capp & George (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 258, 1994, p. 31) for a jet at a higher Reynolds number, specially regarding the turbulence diffusion and the dissipation, are discussed. They appear largely resulting from the approximations made in the experiments to estimate the quantities that cannot be measured with accuracy. The role of the pressure terms in the energy redistribution is also clarified by the LES. Moreover, the turbulent energy budget is calculated in the jet from an equation derived from the filtered compressible Navier–Stokes equations, which includes the dissipation due to the explicit filtering. This has allowed us to assess the behaviour of the LES approach based on relaxation filtering (LES-RF) from the contributions of filtering and viscosity to energy dissipation. The filtering activity is particularly shown to adjust by itself to the grid and flow properties.
The ‘Masai’ and miraa: public authority, vigilance and criminality in a Ugandan border town
Authors: Titeca Kristof
Published: May 2009

Recent studies on vigilante groups show how they often begin as popular schemes for imposing order, before degenerating into violent militias which contribute in turn to social and political disorder. The Masai, a group of khat sellers and consumers in the Ugandan border town of Bwera, represent a more complex case. By using vigilance tactics in the provision of security, the Masai actually help to shape public authority within Bwera town instead of creating institutional chaos. They also provide a range of services, imposing a degree of order on illegal cross-border activities in the area. However, a closer look at the Masai shows that their vigilance activities are mainly performed out of self-interest, as a quid pro quo enabling them to continue their illegal activities of smuggling, general criminality outside town and illegal drug use. Therefore they straddle the ‘crime or social order’ dynamic, representing a criminal gang of illegal drug traffickers which also provides services for public community interests. As such, they contribute to both order and crime.
Note on a Leptocephalus Stage of the Conger
Authors: Ford E.
Published: May 2009

On September 17th, 1919, a specimen of Leptocephalus Congri vulgaris (L. Morrisii) was captured in “bottom” haul No. 69 of the young fish trawl in locality Eddystone bearing S. by W. (magnetic) 1½ miles, over a depth of 31 fathoms. It was alive and active when taken, measuring between 115 and 120 mm. in length, and has been kept alive up to the present date in a glass aquarium under circulation. It was at a fairly advanced stage of development, intermediate between those exhibited in Figs. 2 and 3, Pl. I of Schmidt (1), the dorsal fin commencing slightly farther back than in Fig. 3, and the median row of pigment spots along either side of the body not extending forward beyond about 1 cm. in front of the commencement of the dorsal fin. There is a close resemblance also to the specimen figured by Fulton (2), with the exception that, as just pointed out, the median row of pigment along the body on either side does not reach forward quite to the head, and in addition the pigment spots at the base of the dorsal fin rays are only two or three in number, situated at the extreme posterior end of the fin.

Since the date of capture, observations 'have been made periodically and certain measurements taken as accurately as possible, but on account of the movements of the fish the latter could only be obtained approximately.
The Number of Pyloric Cæca in the Herring. (Supplement to “An Account of the Researches on Races of Herrings carried out by the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth, 1914–15.”)
Authors: Ford E.
Published: May 2009

Inw “An Account of the Researches on Races of Herrings carried out by the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth, 1914–15,” Dr. J. H. Orton stated that the alimentary canal of each fish investigated was preserved for the future examination of the pyloric cæca. The present note gives the results of my counting of the latter, and the accompanying table on page 328 shows the number of pyloric cæca for each individual fish enumerated in Tables III and IV of the above publication.
Notes on some Animal Colouring Matters examined at the Plymouth Marine Biological Laboratory
Authors: MacMunn C. A.
Published: May 2009

The following is a list of the Invertebrates which I had an opportunity of examining. Their pigments were not in all cases thoroughly studied, partly because the Laboratory had been opened but a short time before my arrival, and was not yet fully provided with the necessary chemical apparatus, partly through want of time.
Notes on the Marine Oligochæta of Plymouth
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: May 2009

The Oligochæta form a division of the Annelida, of which the most familiar type is the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris); the group comprises also a great number of smaller worms, which are for the most part inhabitants of ponds and streams, such as the red River worm (Tubifex rivulorum). The Oligochæta were at one time believed to be entirely terrestrial or inhabitants of fresh water, and to be distinguished thus from the Polychæta, which were supposed to be exclusively marine in their habitat. Although the progress of research has not broken down the structural distinctions between these two divisions of the Annelida chætopoda, it has been provedthat no absolute line of demarcation can be drawn between the Oligochæta and the Polychæta as regards their habitat; on the one hand Polychæta have been found in fresh water, and, on the other hand, certain species of Oligochæta are now known to inhabit the mud and gravel of the seashore.
The problem of keeping planktonic animals alive in the laboratory
Authors: Baker A. De C.
Published: May 2009

The difficulty of keeping planktonic organisms alive in captivity has greatly hindered experimental studies of their physiology and behaviour. This has especially been the case with the plankton of the deep sea. Up to the present our studies of these organisms have been largely morphological and distributional and it is clear that to learn more about their ecological relationships we must find means of keeping them alive to study their metabolism and behaviour experimentally. With this end in view attempts have been made to keep some oceanic plankton animals alive in the laboratory on board ship and ashore.
The Meiofauna off the Coast of Northumberland I. The Structure of The Nematode Population
Authors: Warwick R. M. , Buchanan J. B.
Published: May 2009

Although nematodes form the dominant meiofaunal group in almost all marine sediments, ecological investigations have been confined mainly to littoral or shallow water habitats. Among these studies may be included those of Wieser (1959), Gerlach (1953, 1954), Capstick (1959), King (1962), Rie-mann (1966) and Hopper & Meyers (1967). The qualitative distribution of the nematode fauna of various types of substrates in Kiel Bay and from the Chilean Coast have been discussed by Gerlach (1958) and Wieser (1959a). The only work which contains both qualitative and quantitative data from offshore substrates is that of Wieser (1960), which concerns the shallow sediments (12–30 m) in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, and contains a review of the purely quantitative results of previous authors.
Locomotory Activity Rhythms in Some LittoralOrchestia[Crustacea: Amphipoda]
Authors: Wildish D. J.
Published: May 2009

The cosmopolitan genusOrchestiais divisible into two ecological groups: littoral and terrestrial, as denned by Hurley (1959). Only littoral species are known from Britain and three which occur in the Medway estuary have been studied.O. gammarella(Pallas) andO. mediterraneaA. Costa are marine or estuarine, the former being found above the recent high water mark under wrack or stones and the latter below this level under stones.O. cavimanaHeller is a freshwater species, extending into the oligohalinicum of estuaries (Den Hartog, 1963), which is found near the wrack line. During a study of the biology of these species possible mechanisms which control the tidal levels occupied on the shore were investigated, including the temporal characteristics of locomotory activity.
The Larva of the Eel
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

From the time of Aristotle many naturalists have desired, and a large number have attempted, to discover something about the breeding and development of the common eel, but until the present time it has remained a baffling mystery. At last the mystery is to a great extent penetrated; the larva of the eel has been discovered, and turns out to be a creature which was known before. Until the present year absolutely nothing was known of the history of the eel between the disappearance of the parents in the sea in autumn, and the disappearance of the young transparents elvers in early spring. Professor Grassi and Dr. Calandruccio have now discovered that one of the larval forms called Leptocephali is the larva of the common eel. This form was described and distingushed as Leptocephalus brevirostris, but it was not suspected that it belonged to the eel.
North Sea Investigations
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: May 2009

I subjoin the results of statistical inquiries into this question, continued from the point at which they were left in the last number of this Journal. Having been permitted by the Council of the Association to undertake a series of lectures along the coast of Yorkshire on behalf of the North-eastern Sea Fisheries Committee during the present autumn and winter, I find it necessary to restrict the present paper to the smallest possible compass, reserving practically everything except the mere statement of figures until more time shall be available for the deduction of results.

I regret to have to say that the statistics for the month of May are by no means complete. Bibliographical work in connection with several scientific papers on which I was then engaged necessitated my absence from Grimsby during the early part of the month, and the sudden illness of my subordinate during the same period interfered with the arrangements I had made for keeping up the records. The statistics as to plaice are, therefore, a blank for the first week of May; Mr. Clark unfortunately remained unwell for the rest of the month, while a serious break-down in the circulating apparatus of the Cleethorpes aquarium made great demands upon the time which I should otherwise have been able to devote to market observations; and, though I was able to keep account of all plaice landed, my statistics as to haddock and cod are too meagre to be worth insertion.
An accessory organ of the circulatory system in Sepia and Loligo
Authors: Alexandrowicz J. S.
Published: May 2009

An accessory organ of the circulatory system has been found in Sepia officinalis and Loligo forbesi, situated on the inner surface of the mantle around the posterior pallial vessels. It is spheroidal in shape and consists chiefly of muscle fibres forming bundles anastomosing with one another, most of them taking a general circular course round the artery and the vein. In Sepia the muscle bundles are more loosely arranged, being imbedded in connective tissue of soft consistency; they are not continuous either with the musculature of the vessels or with that of the mantle, and show certain structural differences from them. The nerves approaching this organ from various directions carry elements of two systems: (a) fibres given off by the branches innervating the neighbouring mantle muscles; (b) elements of the vasomotor system; these are 3 trunks consisting of fibres of small calibre and containing groups or rows of ganglion cells. One of these trunks associates with one of the main mantle nerves, another runs through the retractor muscle of the branchia. Within the accessory organ they intermingle with the motor fibres, but the nerve bundles passing to the posterior pallial vessels consist of fibres of the vasomotor system only; it is possible that the muscles of the accessory organ are supplied, in addition to their motor innervation, with fibres of the vasomotor system.
Hydrographic surveys off Plymouth in 1959 and 1960
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I.
Published: May 2009

An area in the English Channel of about 30 x 45 miles centred on a position about 25 miles south of Plymouth was surveyed twice in 1959 and six times in i960. Temperature and salinity were measured at 0, 10 and 50 m, and phosphate and silicate concentrations at 10 and 50 m.

Lower temperatures were usually found near the coast, though the converse was observed in October i960.

Isotherms generally ran east-west in winter and north-south in summer.

Salinity was usually lower near the coast, but not in the summer.

Density contours generally resembled those of temperature, and suggested an eastward water movement in winter. In summer they suggested an offshore movement at the surface and an onshore movement of the deeper water.

In winter the distribution of phosphate and silicate resembled that of salinity, high values of nutrients corresponding to low salinities.

In summer the depth of thermocline was greater to the west

The properties of the water were so variable from place to place, and changes in them so rapid, that it is difficult to accept results from station Ei, or any other single station in the area, as typical of the whole.
The Effects of Salinity on Herring After Metamorphosis
Authors: Holliday F. G. T. , Blaxter J. H. S.
Published: May 2009

The salinity tolerance of herring 9-ca24 cm in length was found to lie between 6‰0 and 40–45‰0.

Determinations of changes in weight and blood concentration (by measurement of the freezing-point), when herring were transferred from one salinity to another, demonstrated that extensive changes occurred in the blood. Under these conditions the herring experienced and survived blood concentrations equivalent to salinites of 13–22·5‰. A recovery to near normal (δ0·95 ≡ 15·8‰) took place in all the salinities within the tolerance range.

Badly descaled herring in sea water showed large increases in blood concentration before death.

A study of the kidney of the herring indicated that the ability to withstand the low salinities for long periods probably rested in the high glomerular count of the kidney.

The importance of damage to the skin for survival is discussed in relation to tagging experiments.

The results are also discussed in relation to the evolution of the herring.
The Behaviour of Macoma Balthica (L.)
Authors: Brafield A. E. , Newell G. E.
Published: May 2009

The tellinid Macoma balthica moves extensively about the surface of the sand, its activities not being restricted to vertical movements as hitherto supposed.

These horizontal migrations comprise a movement towards the sun followed by a movement away from it. If there is heavy cloud movements still occur, in summer at least, but are at random.

Other intertidal species indulge in similar movements, possibly indicating a widespread habit which confers the advantage of bringing the animal into contact with surrounding areas while maintaining its station on the shore.
The Spawning of Arenicola Marina (L.) II. Spawning Under Experimental Conditions
Authors: Howie D. I. D.
Published: May 2009

Macerated tissues of whole Arenicola marina, when injected into the body cavity of male worms, induce spawning after a prolonged latent period of, generally, 60—90 min. The nature of the spawning reaction is described. Emulsified tissues were submitted to heat, ultra-filtration, extraction by fat solvents and saponification. The technique is described whereby the products of these treatments were assayed for potency in inducing the spawning of male worms. The active substance proved to be a lipid and upon rigorous saponification the fatty-acid fraction was found to induce shedding, but the unsaponifiable fractions failed to do so. The active substance was also found to be a normal tissue constituent of male, female and immature worms, but it is concentrated in the gut and coelomic contents. Tissue extracts appear to induce spawning primarily by the breakdown of the sperm morulae in the coelom to free spermatozoa, but there may also be some modification of the action of the nephromixia. It is suggested that the active substance found in the tissues provides the ‘internal stimulus’ by which spawning is normally induced. Evidence for this suggestion is that it is derived from the tissues of the worm and that it appears to be a specific chemical fraction of the tissues which is effective. In addition, tissue extracts induce a normal spawning reaction and there appears to be a relationship between the temperatures at which the active substance is most potent in inducing shedding in the laboratory and those prevailing on the shore during the breeding season. The possible mode of release of the active substance is discussed.
Note on a Specimen of Echinorhinus spinosus
Authors: Stead F. B.
Published: May 2009

A specimen of this somewhat uncommon shark was recently brought to the Laboratory by some fishermen. The following notes on it may be of interest. The fish was taken with a long line baited with mackerel, for conger. It was captured forty miles south of the Mewstone, at a depth of about forty-five fathoms. The specimen was a female, and measured 6 feet 6 inches from the end of the snout to the tip of the tail. The following are the principal other measurements: snout to anterior edge of first dorsal fin, 46 inches; snout to anterior edge of pectoral, 20 inches; the interval between the anterior edge of the pectoral, and the pelvic fin was 26 inches. The first dorsal, which was small, was thus situated immediately above the pelvic. The second dorsal, which was smaller than the first, was situated as nearly as possible midway between the first dorsal and the commencement of the caudal fin. The measurements so far tally with Day's description of the species.

Attention may, however, be drawn to the measurements which follow in connection with the following statement in Day: “Ventral (fin) … commences mid-way between the front gill opening and the end of the caudal fin in elongated forms: or anterior end of the snout and middle of the caudal fin, as observed in the Plymouth and Aberdeen stouter specimens.” (Day's British Fishes, vol. ii. p. 323.)

In my specimen the distance from the front gill opening to the anterior edge of the ventral was 30 inches: thence to the end of the caudal was 33 inches.
A spring-loaded bottom-sampler
Authors: Smith W. , Mcintyre A. D.
Published: May 2009

For routine sampling of the infauna of the sea bottom an apparatus is required which is simple, easily handled, and which can give samples of consistent volume from different types of bottom and in varying weather conditions.

The Petersen sampler and its modification, the van Veen, are simple and easily handled and give reasonably consistent samples from some types of soil. But on hard ground they are less satisfactory, and in rough weather they tend either to land unevenly on the bottom, thereby taking smaller samples of variable volume, or to release in mid-water with the rolling of the ship, so that no sample is taken.
Observations on compound ascidians of the Plymouth area, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Kott Patricia
Published: May 2009

There is still often confusion as to the identity of species of compound ascidians. This is due sometimes to a lack of published observations on the group, and sometimes to seasonal variations from the described condition. An attempt has been made to follow the growth and variation of the species in the Plymouth area throughout the year. During the course of these investigations all the species of the sub-order Aplousobranchia formerly recorded from this area were encountered, with the one exception ofDistaplia garstangiBerrill. In addition, two new species were taken: a species ofPolycitor, the first record of the genus in these waters, and a species ofLissoclinum.
Experiments on the Production of Artificial Baits
Authors: Hughes Frank
Published: May 2009

It may be well to preface the paper on the Production of Artificial Baits by a short statement as to the way in which the experiments were taken up by Mr. Hughes.
Aspects of the biology of Laminarja hyperborea IV. Growth of early sporophytes
Authors: Kain Joanna M. , Jones Mrs N. S.
Published: May 2009

Sporophytes of Laminaria hyperborea have been grown under various conditions in the laboratory up to the stage of 1000 cells. Some larger plants have been observed after exposure in the sea. Growth was not increased by artificial aeration of the normally stagnant cultures, nor by introducing a dark period each day. The cell number per sporophyte was found to increase exponentially with time. In from 10- to 1000-celled plants the logarithm of the cell number was proportional to the logarithm of the plant length; the relationship corresponded to two-dimensional growth in the presence of increase in cell length. In this size range, when the plants were mainly monostromatic, the growth rate in the laboratory was 0.5 cell divisions/day and 22% increase in length/day. The growth rate of larger sporophytes, partly polystromatic, in the sea, was 10% increase in length/day. A sporophyte would take at least 54 days from the release of the parent zoospores to reach a length of 1 cm. The minimum continuous irradiance necessary for growth was 2 μg.cal/cm2sec (20 lux) at 10° C and 4–5μg.cal/cm2sec (40–50 lux) at 17° C. The saturating continuous irradiance was at about 100 μg.cal/cm2sec (1000 lux) at 10° C and about 150 μg.cal/cm2sec (1500 lux) at 17° C. Up to 360 μg.cal/cm2sec (3600 lux) from fluorescent lamps was not inhibitory. Growth at 15–20° C was approximately the same as at io° C.
Experiments on the Relative Abundance of Anchovies off the South Coast of England
Authors: Calderwood W. L.
Published: May 2009

By a resolution of the Council of the Association, passed on the 25th March, 1891, it was determined to proceed as speedily as possible with the inquiry into the relative abundance of anchovies on the south coast of England.
On the Fine Structure of the Spermatozoids of Vaucheria Sescuplicaria and on the Later Stages in Spermatogenesis
Authors: Moestrup Ø
Published: May 2009

In 1801 Vaucher discovered the oogonia of Vaucheria—or Ectosperma as he called it—but he described the antheridia in a very incomplete way without seeing the spermatozoids (Vaucher, 1801, 1803). These were first observed some fifty years later by Pringsheim (1855), who also saw fertilization, one of the first observations on fertilization to be made in the lower plants.
The Ovaries of Fishes
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

In connection with the inquiries which I undertook at the beginning of the present year into the question of the destruction of immature fish I have been investigating since the issue of the last number of the Journal the development of eggs in the ovary of some flat fishes and the history of the ovary before and after maturity is attained. I have made it my special object to trace the history of the ovary from one spawning period to the next, in order that it might be possible to understand more clearly than at present, from the appearance of an ovary examined at any given time, in what stage of development it was. Mr. Holt has made some observations on this subject, and discussed them in his paper in the number of this Journal for November, 1892. He states there that the first approach to maturity in the ovary is denoted by an enlargement of some of the ova, and the assumption by them of an opaque condition. He terms those ova which have begun to get opaque, “active,” and those which have not, “inactive.” In a footnote it is stated that the changes which give rise to the opaque condition are not the same in all species, but that they appear to possess the same significance. Mr. Holt leaves undecided the question whether all the active ova are expelled during the spawning period, so that there is a period following the process of spawning when only “inactive” ova being present, the condition of the ovary is not distinguished by internal structure from that of a fish which has not begun to breed, which is immature.
Morphology of Cell Types from the Gastric Epithelium ofCiona Intestinalis
Authors: Thomas N. W.
Published: May 2009

The stomach is the principal region of extracellular digestion in the alimentary tract ofCiona intestinalis(L.) (Yonge, 1925; Morton, 1960). The region is oval and has a lining epithelium thrown into 30 or 40 longitudinal ridges. Previous authors have described the following cell types in this gastric epithelium: a mucous cell (Roule, 1884; van Weel, 1940); an un-differentiated cell (Yonge, 1925; Millar, 1953; Fouque, 1954); an absorptive cell (Yonge, 1925; Berrill, 1929; van Weel, 1940; Morton, 1960); a storage cell (Yonge, 1925; van Weel, 1940) and several different secretory cells (Roule, 1884; Yonge, 1925; Berrill, 1929; van Weel, 1940; Millar, 1953; Fouque, 1954; Morton, 1960). The present paper reports a re-investigation of the gastric epithelium by histochemical methods and by electron microscopy, and a comparison of the observations with those of previous authors. The fine structure of the gastric cells is compared with that of cell types in the ‘liver’ of Pyuridae (Degail & Lévi, 1964) and in the alimentary tract of other animals.
On the Peculiarities of Plaice from Different Fishing Grounds
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

The investigation here described may be regarded as the natural sequel of the observations by which I showed that the plaice of the Brown Ridges, as well as those from the Plymouth grounds, were smaller when they attained to sexual maturity than those of the northern part of the North Sea. Mr. Holt, in 1894, published in this Journal some observations on the dwarfed and ciliated or spinulated plaice of the Baltic; and Dr. Heincke, now Director of the German Biological Station at Heligoland, had suggested as a probability that the plaice of the Heligoland region were a smaller geographical race, distinguishable by special characters from those of other regions. I referred to this subject at the end of my paper on the Physical and Biological Conditions in the North Sea, in the preceding number of this Journal, and mentioned the paper in which Georg Duncker has recorded and discussed the results of an examination of samples of plaice and flounder from various localities.
The Distribution of Marine Plankton
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: May 2009

In order to endeavour to co-ordinate the work of the many naturalists who make use of the tow-net round the coasts of the British Isles during the year, the following circular has been issued. The list of organisms, upon the presence or absence of which information is desired, contains only such as can be quite easily recognised. The scheme must be regarded as more or less experimental for this year, with a view to finding out what can be done in this direction.
The Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Decapods [Crustacea: Natantia] Collected on the Sond Cruise 1965 II. The Penaeidea and General Discussion
Authors: Foxton P.
Published: May 2009

This paper represents the second and final part of a study of the depth distribution and diurnal migration of pelagic decapod crustaceans in an area of the eastern North Atlantic. Part I (Foxton, 1970) dealt with the Caridea; Part II now considers the Penaeidea. In the discussion the data as a whole are analysed and the resulting patterns of vertical distribution and migration discussed.
Physiological Ecology of Patella Iv. Environmental and Limpet Body Temperatures
Authors: Spencer Davies P.
Published: May 2009

When littoral animals are exposed by the receding tide they are subjected to the environmental factors of what is essentially a terrestrial environment. Of these factors desiccation (see Davies, 1969) and temperature are of paramount importance. In winter the animals may be subject to a rapid change from the relatively high temperature of the sea to a very much lower air temperature. In summertime the opposite is true and the animals will spend the dry phase in air temperatures often far in excess of sea-water temperatures. The most important temperatures from an ecological point of view, however, are the body temperatures of the animals themselves. As shown by Southward (1958) this cannot be deduced from measurements of air temperatures, since the animals are subject to heating by absorption of solar radiant energy and this in turn may be mitigated by other environmental factors.
Application of toxic agents in the study of the ecological resistance of intertidal red algae
Authors: Boney A. D. , Corner E. D. S.
Published: May 2009

Biebl (1939a,b) has found that algae from various ecological groups show marked differences in their resistance to changes in the temperature of the surrounding sea water. He regards this temperature effect as an important factor influencing the distribution of different intertidal algae and points out that a change of only 2° C may prove critical with certain species. One of us (A.D.B.) has studied the resistance of sporelings of various common inter-tidal red algae to changes in environmental temperature and has obtained results similar to those of Biebl.
Moulting hormones in Palaemon (=Leander) (Crustacea Decapoda) II. Differences between populations
Authors: Carlisle D. B.
Published: May 2009

Eye-stalk removal in certain species of Brachyura and Astacura has almost invariably led to the initiation of proecdysis. In other decapod crustaceans, however, there have been significant variations in the results of this operation. Thus Travis (1951) found that eye-stalk ablation had no effect on the duration of the moult cycle in Panulirus argus. And in the Natantia, even in a single species, quite different results have been reported. Drach (1944) found that eye-stalk removal in Palaemon (=Leander) serratus (Pennant) led, as in crabs, to the initiation of proecdysis and to accelerated moulting. In ignorance of this work I repeated some of the same experiments and found that eye-stalk removal in P. serratus led to slower moulting (Carlisle, 1953 a)— a result quite opposite to that of Drach. Scheer & Scheer (1954) confirm my results in the same species.
The Larval and Post-Larval Stages of the Pilchard, Sprat and Herring from Plymouth District
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: May 2009

The young clupeoid material which had been collected from 1913 onwards and sorted out with a view to future biological study, especially of the Pilchard, was handed over to me by Mr. R. S. Clark with the main object of differentiating the three species Pilchard, Herring and Sprat. A research was therefore undertaken to find out the best way of distinguishing them through all their life history until metamorphosis. This was practically finished when the thesis by Fage (1920) on young clupeoids of the “Thor” expedition was published, rendering a large part of my work unnecessary, as, thanks to him, it is now almost impossible to mistake them at any period of their development, and they are clearly differentiated at any time in their life history.
The Amphinomidæ, Aphroditidæ, Polynoidæ, and Sigalionidæ of Plymouth and the English Channel
Authors: Hodgson T. V.
Published: May 2009

Having attempted to investigate the Polychæte fauna of the Plymouth district during those favourable opportunities which have occurred during the past three years, I now put upon record some few notes respecting a small section of this interesting but extremely perplexing group.
Naphthaquinone pigments in Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin)
Authors: Yoshida M.
Published: May 2009

Since MacMunn (1885), the nature and distribution of naphthaquinone pigments in sea urchins have been widely surveyed, and the main findings have been summarized in reviews by Lederer (1952), Fox (1953) and Thomson (1957). Among spinochromes and echinochromes, the most unusual one is the Spinochrome E discovered by Lederer (1952), which is insoluble in ether.

Recently, the author has examined the napthaquinone pigment in the echinoid, Psammechinus miliaris (Gmel.), and has found a similar pigment to Spinochrome E together with other common spinochromes.
A new species of copepod from the Eddystone shell gravel
Authors: Krishnaswamy S.
Published: May 2009

Recent investigations of the bottom fauna off Plymouth by Spooner (1959 a, b) have revealed the existence of a number of unusual and interesting crustaceans. The copepods collected during this investigation were very kindly placed at the disposal of the writer for study. A careful examination of the collection revealed the presence of a second and new species of Paramisophria Scott. This genus was established in 1897 by Scott on the basis of females collected in Scotland. Sars (1903) described the male for the first time. Paramisophria cluthae, the only species known previously, has been recorded from Plymouth.
Order Anthomedusae
Authors: Kramp P. L.
Published: May 2009

Hydromedusae with considerable variation in form, with umbrella usually deep bell-shaped; with gonads almost invariably situated on stomach, very rarely extending perradially on subumbrella; with or without ocelli; without statocysts. Hydroids always athecate.
Order Trachymedusae
Authors: Kramp P. L.
Published: May 2009

Hydromedusae with umbrella margin entire and not divided into lobes; with thickened marginal nematocyst ring; with radial canals; with gonads usually confined to radial canals; with solid marginal tentacles, or with both solid and hollow tentacles, situated on the margin of the umbrella; with sensory clubs with endodermal axis which may be free or enclosed.
The Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Sea Water in its Relation to Photosynthetic Changes
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: May 2009

The present paper is a continuation of the work already published under the above general title and should be considered in relation to the results previously recorded. The method of performing the measurements remained unchanged; xylenol blue was used to check the determinations made with cresol red in the more alkaline regions—namely, around pH 8.24. The water was tested immediately after being drawn, or within a few hours, unless otherwise stated in the tables.
The Comparative Behaviour of Native Oysters (Ostrea edulis) and Portuguese Oysters (Ostrea (Gryphea) angulata) in certain Lethal Solutions of T.N.T. (Trinitrotoluene).
Authors: Orton J. H.
Published: May 2009

In connection with the cause of the unusual mortality of oysters reported on the oyster beds in the Thames Estuary in 1920 (see Min. Agric. and Fisheries Report, Fishery Investigations II, 6, Nos. 3 and 4, 1923–24, London), it is of interest to compare the simultaneous effects of known solutions of T.N.T. (Trinitrotoluene) in sea-water on both Portuguese and native oysters. In order to obtain some information on this problem the experiments described in the following pages have been carried out at the request of the Fisheries Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and with the help of the Government Chemist and his assistants.
Evaporation and Temperature Changes in the English Channel
Authors: Harvey H. W.
Published: May 2009

Since April, 1921, observations of temperature and salinity have been made at depths from top to bottom of the sea at Station El, 20 miles to the south-west of Plymouth, where the depth is 70 metres. These observations already throw some light on the causes of different sea temperatures during the same month in different years. As these temperature differences from year to year play an all-important part in the life of cold-blooded marine animals (1), it is of particular interest not only to follow their seasonal changes, but to arrive as far as possible at the causes which govern them.

Changes in salinity and the temperature conditions during 1921 showed a marked inflow of warm highly saline Atlantic water into the English Channel, and a very marked inflow into the El area during September, October and November of that year (2). From that time until the end of 1923 there has been an irregular fall in salinity of the water at El.
Seasonal Changes in the Phosphate Content of Sea Water in relation to the Growth of the Algal Plankton during 1923 and 1924
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: May 2009

1. The seasonal changes in the sea water of the English Channel and. of Plymouth Sound have now been followed for almost two years, and the second year's results closely resemble those of the first, and again confirm the earlier surface results obtained by Matthews. For 1923 the average consumption at Station El, surface to bottom, 70 metres, was 29·6 mg. of P2O5 per cubic metre, leaving a balance of 7·4 mg. out of the original 37 mg. For 1924 the corresponding figures were, used up 28·3 mg., balance 8·7 mg., winter concentration 37 mg. The minimum average value was obtained in June and July in 1924, in July only in 1923. During June, July, and August, 1924, the surface water was almost entirely denuded of phosphate, values from 1·5 to 2·5 mg. per cubic metre being obtained. These figures would be milligrams per metric ton if fresh water were being considered, as it is they are milligrams per 1027 kg. for. water of S35·3% at 11°C, so it may be appreciated that very little phosphate remains unutilized by the phytoplankton.

2. Owing probably to the high sunshine record for March the year 1924 was over a month ahead of 1923 in the spring as regards phosphate consumption, and, therefore, it may be presumed in the multiplication of the phytoplankton. At the same time, in the attainment of definite temperatures 1924 lagged about a month behind. 1923 in spring. Since temperature has such a marked effect upon the rate of development of the plankton as a whole it appears that the zooplankton must have been retarded in 1924 as compared with 1923.

3. Samples obtained from the tropics show that even in winter phosphate may be much diminished, for the light is bright. The periodic alterations in phosphate content are, therefore, suppressed or much reduced as compared with the temperature zones. It is indicated that in arctic latitudes the sea becomes even richer in phosphate during winter than it does here, accordingly the summer development of phytoplankton is all the. more abundant.
On F2Echinus Hybrids
Authors: Fuchs H. M.
Published: May 2009

An investigation on inheritance in hybrids between the three English species of Echinus was carried out in the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, during 1909–1912 by C. Shearer, W. de Morgan, and H. M. Fuchs. In a paper published in the Phil. Trans. Royal Soo., Ser. B, Vol. CCIV., p. 255, the results of this work were described in detail. At the time of publication, E. miliaris had been raised from the egg to maturity in the laboratory, in the course of one year, and a second generation had been obtained from these individuals, but none of the hybrid urchins had as yet reached maturity. This year, however, some of the hybrids have become sexually mature, and from them a second hybrid generation has been raised.

The urchins which have formed ripe genital products are four individuals of the cross E. esculentus X E. acutus (referred to below as EA) derived from fertilizations made in 1912. The largest of these urchins now measures 6 cm. in diameter, exclusive of the spines. On May 11th, 1914, two of these hybrids laid eggs in the tank in which they were kept. Naturally these eggs could not be used for experimental purposes, since they were deposited in the sea water of the aquarium circulation, and therefore not under sterile conditions. On June 6th I induced three of the four to deposit genital products without cutting them open, under conditions which excluded the possible presence of foreign eggs or spermatozoa. It is hardly necessary to mention here that, as in all the previous work on Echinus hybrids, the fact of the complete absence of such sperm was made certain by controls of unfertilized eggs, none of which segmented.
Preliminary note on a survey of Stoke Point rocks with self-contained diving apparatus
Authors: Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

It has long been recognized that a proper knowledge of the fauna of submerged rocks can be obtained satisfactorily only by direct study with diving apparatus (Gislen, 1930; Kitching et al., 1934). Although the latest methods of indirect underwater observation, photography and television, may be useful on a smooth sea floor, they can give little information about a rocky area owing to their inability, as yet, to look underneath a boulder or an overhanging ledge. The superiority of the ‘submarine biologist’ over the indirect methods lies in the fact that he can readily collect samples for positive identification, or mark individual organisms for further study; though at present, unless very expert, he is limited to depths of under 20 fathoms. The successful use of free-diving apparatus for biological work is well established. Five years ago Prof. Drach with Cousteau's now famous ‘aqualung’ investigated the sublittoral fauna of various rocky shores, reaching a depth of 30 m. (Drach, 1948). Much additional work has been done in the Mediterranean and other warm seas, while farther north Bainbridge (1952) used a Siebe-Gorman apparatus to study the behaviour of plankton in the Clyde.
Warm-water species in the plankton off the English Channel entrance
Authors: Fraser J. H.
Published: May 2009

Through the kindness of Dr L. H. N. Cooper of Plymouth I have been given the opportunity of examining some of the plankton samples taken by Surg.-Lt. P. Campbell, R.N.V.R., of H.M.S. Challenger. It is hoped that the results of these and later surveys will be published elsewhere in more detail, and in association with those made by the Scottish research vessels farther north, but two records of unusual interest are brought to notice here. The collections so far examined in detail were taken during April and May 1953, on a line of stations west of the English Channel, from 49° 39′ N., 3° 30′ W. to 47° 16′ N., 17° 52′ W. between 15 and 19 April, and on the return line from 47° 50′ N., 17° 40′ W. to 49° 28′ N., 5° 52′ W. between 25 and 28 May. They were made by 10 min. horizontal hauls at 30 fathoms depth.
The attractive factor in the settlement of Ophelia bicornis Savigny
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

Largely as a result of experiments made in 1951, sands were classed as attractive, neutral or repellent (Wilson, 1953 a); but only after the 1952 experiments had been completed did it become reasonably certain that the sands in which the larvae of Ophelia bicornis Savigny readily settle carry an attractive factor apparently distinct from a repellent one present in sands in which they will not settle (Wilson, 1953 b). Whilst the precise natures of the factors were uncertain, it seemed probable that they both derive from organic activity. The 1953 breeding season was devoted to an attempt to obtain more information about the attractive factor.