bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic impact of age on outcomes of hepatic decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis (CHESS2102): an international, multicenter cohort study
Authors: Liu Shanghao , Li Jia , Wong Yujun , Yim Hyung Joon , Hirooka Masashi , Enomoto Hirayuki , Xie Qing , Dai Erhei , Hanafy Amr Shaaban , Cao Zhujun , Zhao Lili , Teh Kok Ban , Kim Tae Hyung , Jung Young Kul , Koizumi Yohei , Hiasa Yoichi , Nishimura Takashi , Iijima Hiroko , Tian Qingyi , Guo Xinru , Jia Yansheng , Sun Jinfang , Liu Chuan , Qi Xiaolong
Published: November 2024

Baveno VII criteria (B7C) and Baveno VI criteria (B6C) have been widely used to estimate the risk of hepatic decompensation. However, the impact of age on these criteria warrants further investigation. The international, multicenter cohort study included 1138 patients with compensated cirrhosis (median follow‐up of 40.6 months), aiming to evaluate the value of age in predicting hepatic decompensation. We identified age as an independent predictor of hepatic decompensation, with 60 years determined as the optimal cut‐off value. The occurrence of decompensation was 18.7% and 6.7% in the older (age ≥60 years) and younger (age <60 years) groups, respectively (p < 0.001). We subsequently integrated age into the existing Baveno criteria. In patients not meeting Baveno criteria (defined as not meeting B6C or B7C), the older group exhibited a significantly elevated risk of decompensation compared to the younger group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the older and younger groups in patients meeting Baveno criteria (p > 0.05). In conclusion, our study demonstrated that integrating age into the Baveno criteria could enhance the assessment of hepatic decompensation. Age should be considered before discharging patients with compensated cirrhosis from the surveillance of hepatic decompensation.
Intersection of Sleep Disorders and Parkinson Disease: Unveiling the Bidirectional Relationship
Authors: Antelmi Elena , Lanza Giuseppe , Mogavero Maria Paola , Mingolla Gloria Pompea , Plazzi Giuseppe , Ferini‐Strambi Luigi , Ferri Raffaele , Tinazzi Michele
Published: November 2024

Background

Patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) frequently exhibit non‐motor symptoms, particularly sleep disturbances. Sleep disorders in PD patients are intricately linked to the pathogenesis and progression of PD itself, exacerbating neurodegenerative processes and worsening patient quality of life.

Objectives

This review underscores the significance of sleep disorders in PD, highlighting their prevalence, impact on disease progression, and the bidirectional relationship between sleep disruption and neurodegeneration. It aims to enhance clinician awareness for better diagnosis and management of sleep‐related comorbidities in PD.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus using key terms such as “sleep disorders”, “Parkinson's disease”, “REM sleep behavior disorder”, “restless legs syndrome”, “insomnia”, “obstructive sleep apnea”, “excessive daytime sleepiness”, “circadian rhythm disorders”, “sleep and neurodegeneration”.

Results

Sleep disorders are prevalent in PD affecting up to 90% of patients. Conditions such as insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness, and circadian rhythm disorders are commonly reported. These disorders are linked to multifactorial biological mechanisms and are associated with more severe disease phenotypes. Of note, several evidence shows that sleep abnormalities may contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, further accelerating the disease course.

Conclusions

Sleep disturbances are critical non‐motor symptoms in PD. Early diagnosis and tailored management of sleep disorders are essential for improving clinical outcomes and potentially offering neuroprotective benefits.
Differentiating Postural and Kinetic Tremor Responses to Deep Brain Stimulation in Essential Tremor
Authors: Butler Rebecca D. , Brinda Annemarie K. , Blumenfeld Madeline , Bryants Marina N. , Grund Peter M. , Pandey Shivansh R. , Cornish Chelsea K.S. , Sullivan Disa , Krieg Jordan , Umoh Matthew , Vitek Jerrold L. , Almeida Leonardo , Orcutt Tseganesh , Cooper Scott E. , Johnson Matthew D.
Published: November 2024

Background

While deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) of thalamus or posterior subthalamic area (PSA) can suppress forms of action tremor in people with Essential Tremor, previous studies have suggested postural tremor may respond more robustly than kinetic tremor to DBS.

Objectives

In this study, we aimed to more precisely quantify the (1) onset/offset dynamics and (2) steady‐state effects of VIM/PSA‐DBS on postural and kinetic tremor.

Methods

Tremor data from wireless inertial measurement units were collected from 11 participants with ET (20 unilaterally assessed DBS leads). Three postural hold tasks and one kinetic task were performed with stimulation turned off, in 2‐min intervals after enabling unilateral DBS at the clinician‐optimized DBS setting (15 min), and in 2‐min intervals following cessation of DBS (5 min).

Results

At baseline, kinetic tremor had significantly higher amplitudes, standard deviation, and frequency than postural tremor (P < 0.001). DBS had a more robust acute effect on postural tremors (54% decrease, P < 0.001), with near immediate tremor suppression in amplitude and standard deviation, but had non‐significant improvement of kinetic tremor on the population‐level across the wash‐in period (34% decrease). Tremor response was not equivalent between wash‐in and wash‐out timepoints and involved substantial individual variability including task‐specific rebound or long wash‐out effects.

Conclusions

Programming strategies for VIM/PSA‐DBS should consider the individual temporal and effect size variability in postural versus kinetic tremor improvement. Improved targeting and programming strategies around VIM and PSA may be necessary to equivalently suppress both postural and kinetic tremors.
Potential Disease‐Modifying Effects of Ganglioside GM1 Pulse Treatment on Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3, a Parallel‐Group, Double‐Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Chen Yong‐Kang , Tian Hai‐Yan , Zhu Qing‐Yong , Zhang Rui , Liang Dong‐Xiao , Wang Jiu‐Qi , Feng Ren‐Yi , Qin Chi , Ma Ming‐Ming , Jiang Hong , Tang Bei‐Sha , Ding Xue‐Bing , Wang Xue‐Jing
Published: November 2024

Background

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder for which there is currently no cure, nor effective treatment strategy.

Objective

Our aim was to investigate the safety and efficacy of high‐dose ganglioside GM1 (ganglioside‐monosialic acid) pulse treatment in patients with SCA3.

Methods

Patients were randomly allocated to receive either high‐dose GM1 (400 mg on the first day followed by 200 mg/day), low‐dose GM1 (40 mg/day), or placebo (normal saline) for 4 weeks. The primary outcome, assessed by measuring the change in the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) scores from baseline to 12 weeks post‐treatment, is central to evaluating treatment efficacy. Secondary outcomes included changes in the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) score, Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) GABA levels. Safety was assessed in all treated patients.

Results

A total of 48 patients with SCA3 were enrolled in this study. After 12 weeks, data from 43 patients were included in the efficacy analysis (intention‐to‐treat analysis). The least‐squares mean change in the SARA score from baseline to 12 weeks post‐treatment was −3.80 (standard error [SE], 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], −4.58 to −3.02) in the high‐dose GM1 group, 0.34 (SE, 0.40; 95% CI, −0.46 to 1.13) in the low‐dose GM1 group, and 0.73 (SE, 0.40; 95% CI, −0.07 to 1.52) in the placebo group, respectively. Secondary outcomes showed improvements in the ICARS score, Barthel Index of ADL, and plasma and CSF GABA levels in the high‐dose GM1 group compared to the low‐dose GM1 and placebo groups. All treatments were well‐tolerated and safe.

Conclusions

High‐dose GM1 treatment significantly ameliorated ataxic symptoms in patients with SCA3. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Resolving Tongue Entrapment: A Comprehensive Review with Case Report
Authors: Pershad Alisha R. , Gorelik Daniel , Preciado Diego , Zalzal Habib G.
Published: November 2024

Objective

To report a case of oral tongue entrapment due to a metal water bottle and review clinical considerations for managing this rare pathology.

Study Design

Case report and literature review.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital.

Methods

A 6‐year‐old female presented with her tongue trapped in a threaded aluminum water bottle. Upon admission, her tongue was edematous and actively bleeding, though she was spontaneously breathing. A systematic review was then performed to document similar case studies found in the literature.

Results

Emergency removal of the foreign body was performed in the operating room using drill cutting burrs and metal shears. The bottle was successfully removed with minimal injury to the oral tongue. The patient required nasal intubation for seven days to allow the tongue edema to subside. Subsequent literature review identified 14 similar cases, with the vast majority occurring with similar brand of aluminum water bottle.

Conclusion

The increasing use of reusable bottles may lead to a higher incidence of tongue entrapment cases. Awareness of this complication and appropriate management strategies are crucial to prevent severe outcomes in pediatric patients.
Enhanced gas barrier properties of brominated butyl rubber nanocomposites embedded with orientation Al2O3@PDA‐Fe3O4 nanoplatelets by a magnetic field
Authors: Li Yingjun , Lu Yingchun , Li Yunpeng , Duan Hanwen , Zhu Chaoyi , Zhou Yuanlin
Published: November 2024

The strategic alignment of nanoplatelets within polymer matrices is pivotal for the development of nanocomposites with superior gas barrier characteristics. In this work, the effect of lamellar particles orientation in polymer for gas permeation was demonstrated. The magnetic α‐Al2O3 (Al2O3@PDA‐Fe3O4) was first prepared by in situ growth of Fe3O4 nanoparticles immobilized on polydopamine (PDA)‐modified Al2O3 surface. Subsequently the orientation of magnetic α‐Al2O3 in brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) was achieved by modulating the applied magnetic field direction. Results show that the PDA, as the role of surface adhesive, not only anchored Al2O3 substrate but also bound ferric ions for the further in situ formation of Fe3O4, which ensured the physico‐chemical stability of the magnetic α‐Al2O3. Comparison of hydrogen permeation performance of composites with in‐plan, middle‐of plane and out‐of plane alignment demonstrated the effect of lamellar particles orientation. The Al2O3@PDA‐Fe3O4/BIIR composite with in‐plane alignment had the best hydrogen barrier property by a 50% reduction in hydrogen permeability coefficient compared to the neat BIIR, underscoring the critical role of particle orientation in enhancing the gas barrier properties of nanocomposites.

Highlights

The structural stability of magnetic Al2O3 nanocomposites was enhanced by polydopamine (PDA).

The composites with in‐plane alignment, middle‐of plane alignment and out‐of plane alignment were prepared by a magnetic field.

The effect of lamellar particles orientation on gas permeation of polymer nanocomposites was studied.

The composites with in‐plane alignment possesses the best gas barrier property.
Heterozygous Beta‐Thalassaemia in Pregnancy: Two Rare Causes of Severe Fetal Anemia Requiring Intrauterine Blood Transfusions
Authors: van der Meij Eva , Smiers Frans J. W. , Koopmann Tamara T. , Krapels Ingrid , LePoole Kaatje , Lopriore Enrico , Middeldorp Johanna M. , Ootjers Claudia S. , Scharnhorst Volkher , Scheepers Hubertina C. J. , Harteveld Cornelis L. , Verweij E. J. T. (Joanne)
Published: November 2024

Aim

In this article, we present two cases of severe fetal hemolytic anemia based on a beta‐thalassaemia trait inherited from a single parent.

Results

These cases, presented at 20 and 28 weeks' gestation, necessitated intra‐uterine blood transfusions. This occurrence is remarkable because it challenges the common assumption that beta‐thalassaemia typically has no prenatal implications regarding fetal anemia. Both fetuses inherited a rare heterozygous mutation from their mother, resulting in gamma‐thalassaemia‐related anemia. In the first case, the anemia was related to a deletion in the beta locus control region (βLCR) and in the second case, a deletion on chromosome 11p15.4 was the cause. These mutations not only affect the beta chain production, but also the gamma chain production, leading to a reduction in the synthesis of HbF, ineffective erythropoiesis and consequently, perinatal hemolytic anemia.

Conclusion

Clinicians should be vigilant regarding these rare mutations in families with a history of beta‐thalassaemia as the fetal clinical consequences can be severe and intra‐uterine blood transfusions may prove life‐saving for these fetuses.
‘I Could Trust It’: Experiences of Reciprocal Translocation Carriers and Their Partners With Prenatal Cell‐Free DNA Screening for Unbalanced Translocations
Authors: Cifuentes Ochoa Marta , Archibald Alison Dalton , Flowers Nicola Jane , Pertile Mark Domenic
Published: November 2024

Objective

To explore the experiences of people having cfDNA screening to detect unbalanced translocations, and to understand motivations for choosing this option.

Methods

We used a qualitative approach with in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with reciprocal translocation carriers and their partners. People who underwent cfDNA screening with translocation analysis through Victorian Clinical Genetics Services between 2015 and 2019 were invited to take part. Purposive sampling based on the participant's geographic location, requesting practitioner specialty and cfDNA screening result was used to capture a range of experiences. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Participants (n = 13) had complex reproductive journeys associated with the translocation and opted for cfDNA screening rather than prenatal diagnosis to avoid risk to their pregnancy. Participants benefited from having a result early in pregnancy and had sufficient confidence in the result to decline a diagnostic testing procedure.

Conclusion

Participants' experiences with cfDNA screening were intertwined with the experience of being a carrier of a reciprocal translocation. cfDNA screening with translocation analysis was perceived as an acceptable alternative to prenatal diagnosis and should be made more accessible to balanced translocation carriers. Access to specialist genetic counselling services is needed to ensure couples are provided with information about all prenatal testing options, including the benefits and limitations associated with cfDNA screening with translocation analysis.
Transforming the diabetes outcomes for people with mental illness
Authors: Holt Richard I.G.
Published: November 2024

There is a complex bidirectional relationship between diabetes and mental illness, where diabetes is associated with an increased prevalence of a range of mental disorders and several mental illnesses increase the risk of diabetes. The reasons why people with mental illness are at higher risk of diabetes and vice versa are multifactorial. When diabetes and mental illness occur together, the outcomes for both conditions are worsened, and the co‐morbidity places a higher burden on the individual living with the conditions.

Severe mental illness is associated with a twofold increased risk of diabetes, and the onset of diabetes is approximately 10 years earlier in people with mental illness than in the general population. Health behaviour interventions to reduce the incidence of diabetes may be less effective than previously thought. However, trials on obesity drugs, particularly glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, are showing promise. Diabetes care for people with severe mental illness seems to have improved in the past decade. Interventions have been developed to address the unique challenges of living with severe mental illness and diabetes.

Depression is twice as common in people with diabetes. Depression increases the risk of diabetes and vice versa. Although general population risk factors for depression apply to people with diabetes, diabetes‐specific risk factors include the development of complications and insulin use in people with type 2 diabetes. Managing depression includes efforts to prevent depression, timely diagnosis and treatment with psychological or pharmacological treatments.

Health care professionals have a responsibility to ensure that people with mental illness and diabetes are not disadvantaged.
Utility of autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Jamjoom Hasan , Verma Amit , Chakera Ali
Published: November 2024

In this article in our ‘Test Tips’ series, Drs Hasan Jamjoom, Amit Verma and Ali Chakera examine the clinical place, benefits and limitations of the use of autoantibodies in the diagnosis of diabetes subtype, reflecting the NICE recommendations to incorporate antibody testing in adults with initial suspicion of type 1 diabetes.
Clinical Characteristics and Care Trajectories of Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients With Cancer Seen in a Pediatric Gender Clinic
Authors: Bono Madeline H. , Smith Hannah L. , Williams Coleen R. , McGregor Kerry , Berman Ariel K. , Boskey Elizabeth R.
Published: November 2024

Background

There is very little information on the experiences of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth with cancer.

Aims

To examine clinical characteristics and care trajectories of TGD youth a history of cancer.

Methods

This case series reviewed records of 2790 pediatric gender clinic patients seen between 2007 and 2022 to identify 14 with a history of cancer diagnosis. Demographics, clinical characteristics, disclosure of gender identity to oncology teams, oncology teams' use of correct names and pronouns, documented interprofessional communication between gender health and oncology teams, and course of medical gender affirmation were reviewed.

Results

Of 14 TGD youth with a history of cancer, 11 (78.6%) were diagnosed prior to presenting to the gender clinic (mean [SD] = 8.2 [4.7] years), three following initial gender care (mean [SD] = 1.1 [0.2] years). Six (42.9%) patients were engaged in annual survivorship care when presenting, and 8 (57.1%) were seen concurrently by both clinics. Nine (64.3%) patients had documented communication between teams. Three‐quarters of patients who were seen concurrently by both clinics had documented interprofessional communication. Eight (57.1%) patients received gender affirming hormones, after cancer treatment concluded.

Conclusion

TGD youth with cancer experiences present for gender affirming care and merit clinical attention. There was variability in (1) patients' and families' disclosure of TGD identities to oncology teams, (2) whether oncology documentation consistently used patients' correct name and pronouns, and (3) whether there was documented interprofessional consultation between teams. There is need for ongoing improvement in research and clinical protocols for TGD youth with cancer.
An integrated quantitative systems pharmacology virtual population approach for calibration with oncology efficacy endpoints
Authors: Braniff Nathan , Joshi Tanvi , Cassidy Tyler , Trogdon Michael , Kumar Rukmini , Poels Kamrine , Allen Richard , Musante Cynthia J. , Shtylla Blerta
Published: November 2024

In drug development, quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models are becoming an increasingly important mathematical tool for understanding response variability and for generating predictions to inform development decisions. Virtual populations are essential for sampling uncertainty and potential variability in QSP model predictions, but many clinical efficacy endpoints can be difficult to capture with QSP models that typically rely on mechanistic biomarkers. In oncology, challenges are particularly significant when connecting tumor size with time‐to‐event endpoints like progression‐free survival while also accounting for censoring due to consent withdrawal, loss in follow‐up, or safety criteria. Here, we expand on our prior work and propose an extended virtual population selection algorithm that can jointly match tumor burden dynamics and progression‐free survival times in the presence of censoring. We illustrate the core components of our algorithm through simulation and calibration of a signaling pathway model that was fitted to clinical data for a small molecule targeted inhibitor. This methodology provides an approach that can be tailored to other virtual population simulations aiming to match survival endpoints for solid‐tumor clinical datasets.
Enhancement in Photodetector Sensitivity Using All‐Inorganic Perovskite Absorber RbGeI3 and Copper Bismuth Thiocyanate for Superior Charge Transport
Authors: Chaudhary Akhilesh Kumar , Pandey Pallavi , Yadav Shivangi , Verma Sudhanshu , Sahu Anupam
Published: November 2024

This study investigates a photodetector design using the nontoxic, all‐inorganic perovskite material RbGeI3, which is distinguished by its efficient light absorption and excellent photoelectric conversion properties. Incorporating copper bismuth thiocyanate (CBTS) and indium gallium zinc oxide layers, this design enhances charge transport, leading to a photodetector that exhibits exceptional sensitivity across the visible spectrum, along with a peak responsivity of 0.63 A W−1 and a detectivity of 1.37 × 1013 Jones in the near‐infrared (NIR) at 900 nm. The proposed photodetector exhibits wide‐spectrum detection, encompassing both the visible range and the NIR region. These results position RbGeI3 and CBTS as compelling alternatives to traditional photodetector materials such as Si‐Ge, InGaAs, ZnO, and GaN. Validation is achieved through simulations using the SCAPS‐1D simulator, underscoring the potential of perovskite materials for advanced photodetector applications.
Vortex Phase Diagram and Pinning Mechanisms of Air‐Annealed FeTe0.8S0.2 Single Crystals
Authors: Miglani Shivam Kumar , Varma Ghanshyam Das
Published: November 2024

The vortex phase diagram and superconducting properties of air‐annealed FeTe0.8S0.2 single crystals are investigated. The annealed samples exhibit a superconducting transition, as confirmed by temperature‐dependent resistivity measurements. The thermally activated energy is calculated from the magnetotransport measurements, and the analysis shows that as the magnetic field increases, there is a crossover from single to collective vortex pinning. The vortex phase diagrams have been determined by analyzing magnetic field‐dependent resistivity, revealing the transitions from an unpinned vortex liquid region to a pinned vortex liquid state and further transition from this pinned state to a vortex glass state. Temperature‐dependent magnetization measurement determines the superconducting volume fraction. The critical current densities, as a function of the magnetic field (JC(H)), have been estimated from the magnetization versus magnetic field loops measured at various temperatures. Bean's critical state model estimates the JC values, and for an optimized annealed crystal, the self‐field JC at 2 K is . The normalized pinning force density in the samples is determined using the Dew Hughes model to identify the pinning mechanisms. The temperature‐dependent JC data analysis indicates the presence of ‐pinning in the samples. Theoretical models analyze experimental observations to understand the vortex pinning mechanisms.
3D 3,44T19 Type Carbon Allotrope (3,44T19‐CA): An Ideal Candidate with Phononic Stiefel–Whitney Topology and Multi–Dimensional Boundary Vibrational Modes
Authors: Li Yang
Published: November 2024

The Stiefel–Whitney (SW) insulator, which lacks spin‐orbit coupling and has space–time inversion () symmetry, has attracted significant interest due to its fragile topological state and unconventional bulk‐boundary correspondence. Previously, the identification of SW insulators has been widely proposed for 2D phononic systems, but it has received little attention for 3D phononic systems. Herein, it is recognized that the 3D 3,44T19 type carbon allotrope (3,44T19‐CA) possesses the possibility to attain the nontrivial phononic SW topology characterized by a nontrivial second SW number, specifically w2 = 1. In addition, the 3D 3,44T19‐CA has 2D surface vibrational modes and 1D hinge vibrational modes, providing an excellent platform for multi–dimensional topological phononic boundaries research.
Next Generation RNA/Protein‐Carrying Vector With Pleiotropic Activity
Authors: Nosaka Tetsuya , Ohtsuka Junpei , Ohtsuka Tomomi , Fukumura Masayuki
Published: November 2024

Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2), one of the causative agents of infantile common cold, is a non‐segmented negative‐sense RNA virus with a robust gene expression system. It infects recurrently throughout human life without causing severe disease. Because hPIV2 has a viral envelope that can carry ectopic proteins, we developed a non‐propagative RNA/protein‐carrying vector BC‐PIV by deleting the F gene from hPIV2. BC‐PIV can be vigorously proliferated in the stable packaging cell line Vero/BC‐F cells expressing the hPIV2 F gene but not in other cells. BC‐PIV can deliver exogenous gene(s) on a multigenic RNA genome as an inserted gene fragment(s) and simultaneously deliver exogenous protein(s) on its envelope in a membrane‐anchored form. For example, influenza virus M2e protein, Ebola virus GP protein, and severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike protein were shown to be highly expressed in packaging cells and incorporated into the virion. The Ebola virus GP protein and SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein, each delivered via BC‐PIV, efficiently induced neutralising antibodies against each virus, even after prior treatment with recombinant BC‐PIV in mice and hamsters, respectively. In this review, we describe the properties of BC‐PIV as a promising vaccine vector, and also demonstrate its application as an anti‐tumour virus.
Integration of ZnO‐Ag Nanocomposites into PMMA Thin Film for Enhanced Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Kumar Nitesh , Verma Alisha , Aggarwal Rinki , Chauhan Sonal , Jain V.K. , Sengupta Sucheta
Published: November 2024

The exploration of advanced materials has become imperative for addressing challenges in diverse fields, including healthcare and infection prevention. This research contributes to this domain by focusing on the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of ZnO‐Ag nanocomposites and embedding them in PMMA matrix to obtain free‐standing flexible membrane with enhanced antibacterial potential and reusability of material. The study employs a solvothermal method for the decoration of silver nanoparticles onto zinc oxide nanorods, with the objective of harnessing the synergistic antibacterial properties of both materials. The study evaluates the antibacterial potential of the nanocomposites through well diffusion and growth kinetic assays, revealing their enhanced efficacy with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 21 ± 1.05 mm against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The implications of this research extend to the realm of biomedical applications, positioning the nanocomposite‐polymer membrane as promising candidates for infection prevention in healthcare premises.
Microstructure and Performance Study of PETMF/WPU Composites Prepared by Water‐Soluble Method
Authors: Lin Lu , Ma Xingyuan , Xue Xinyuan , Gao Xiongzhuang
Published: November 2024

Currently, waterborne polyurethane (WPU)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microfiber composites are typically produced using PET/alkali‐soluble polyethylene terebenzoate (COPET) as the island fiber. This involves dissolving COPET with alkali (NaOH) after WPU impregnation, resulting in significant alkali‐containing wastewater and weakening the composites’ strength due to the strong alkali treatment. To address these issues, this study employs PET/PVA island fiber as the raw material, comprising 36 islands. PET serves as the water‐insoluble component, while PVA is the water‐soluble component, with a fiber ratio of 70 % PET to 30 % PVA. The PET/WPU microfiber composites are prepared via a water‐soluble method following WPU impregnation. The study examines the impact of water deweighting time, WPU impregnation amount, and water washing times on the deweighting rate of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterized their microstructure. Findings indicate that with 30 % WPU impregnation, 80 °C water temperature, 40‐minute deweighting time, and three water washes, the deweighting rate of PET/WPU microfiber composites reaches 29.08 %, close to 30 %. SEM analysis confirms that PET/PVA island fiber composites were fully converted into PET/WPU microfiber composites, with most PET/PVA island fibers completely opened. The water‐soluble method presents a novel deweighting technology with significant environmental benefits and considerable research potential.
Association Constant of the Charge‐Transfer Complex Between Pyrene and Naphthalenediimide Derivatives in PDMS Elastomers
Authors: Amemori Shogo , Fukata Tomoya , Hamamoto Ryosuke , Mizuno Motohiro
Published: November 2024

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers with varying crosslink densities were synthesized using prepolymers with different molecular weights. The association constants (Ka) between a pyrene derivative (PySi) and naphthalenediimide derivative (NDISi) were measured in linear PDMS and PDMS elastomers. The shape of the absorption peak in the charge‐transfer (CT) band and the association constants were nearly independent of the crosslink density. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the association constants demonstrated consistent behavior across all PDMS media. This indicates that the structure of the CT complex and the Gibbs free energy of its formation in the PDMS are unaffected by the crosslink density, providing insights into the design of supramolecular architectures formed by the CT complex in a PDMS network.
Pd‐W18O49 Nanowire MEMS Gas Sensor for Ultraselective Dual Detection of Hydrogen and Ammonia
Authors: Park Seon Ju , Lee Soo Min , Lee Jiwoo , Choi Sungkyun , Nam Gi Baek , Jo Yong Kun , Hwang In‐Sung , Jang Ho Won
Published: November 2024

Demand for real‐time detection of hydrogen and ammonia, clean energy carriers, in a sensitive and selective manner, is growing rapidly for energy, industrial, and medical applications. Nevertheless, their selective detection still remains a challenge and requires the utilization of diverse sensors, hampering the miniaturization of sensor modules. Herein, a practical approach via material design and facile temperature modulation for dual selectivity is proposed. A Pd nanoparticles‐decorated W18O49 nanowire gas sensor is prepared for dual detection of hydrogen and ammonia. The sensor exhibits distinct operating temperatures for ultraselective detection of hydrogen (125 °C) and ammonia (225 °C), with high responses of 35.3 and 133.8, respectively. This dual selectivity with high sensitivity is attributed to enhanced oxygen adsorption, the chemical affinity of sensing materials for target gases, and distinct reactivity profiles of gases. The proposed sensor is further integrated into a microelectromechanical system, enabling its small size, low power consumption, and rapid temperature modulation. Moreover, the practical feasibility of this sensor platform for smart energy monitoring systems is demonstrated by assessing its sensing properties in electrochemical ammonia oxidation reaction systems. This work can provide a practical approach for developing a single gas sensor with multiple functionalities for application in electronic nose systems.
The Multiple Dimensions of Familiarity: From Representations to Phenomenology
Authors: Gardette Jérémy , Delhaye Emma , Bastin Christine
Published: November 2024

This article focuses on familiarity, the form of memory allowing humans to recognize stimuli that have been encountered before. We aim to emphasize its complex nature which includes representational and phenomenological dimensions. The former implies that its neural correlates depend on the type and complexity of the cue stimulus, as different classes of stimuli are represented in distributed ventral visual and medial temporal regions. The second dimension relates to the subjective feeling of familiarity, which results from a fluency signal that is attributed to past encounters with the stimulus. We review mnemonic and non‐mnemonic sources of fluency that can induce a sense of familiarity, as well as cases where fluency is not attributed to memory, among which the phenomenological experience of déjà‐vu. Across these two dimensions, we highlight key questions to be answered by future studies to improve our understanding of the underpinnings of this form of memory and contribute to building an integrative neurocognitive model of familiarity. Essential to this aim is the clarification of the computational, cognitive, and neural mechanisms involved, namely global matching, fluency attribution, and sharpening. Furthermore, future research is needed to unravel the relationships between these mechanisms. We argue that to achieve these goals, researchers must use appropriate behavioral paradigms and clearly define which dimension of familiarity they investigate.
Engineered Macrophage Exosomes Deliver Drug‐Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Feng Mingrui , Zhang Lifang , Zou Zhuoling , Xie Mengying , Zhang Jianbo , Wang Jiayang , Wang Keqin , Zhu Jun , Xiong Lixia
Published: November 2024

Breast cancer is a highly widespread form of malignant tumor characterized by a high rate of recurrence and mortality; it primarily occurs when tumor cells spread to peripheral regions of the body. Macrophages have a significant impact on the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer. The exosomes generated by these cells exhibit an extensive spectrum of capabilities in suppressing the spread of cancer cells. These feature very specific targeting properties for breast cancer cells and inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells by altering the immune milieu within the tumor. This study investigates methods for developing macrophage‐derived exosomes, such as using protein‐coupled exosome membranes to protect delivery contents, creating multifunctional biomimetic particles, and utilizing ultrasonic fusion to protect delivery contents. Furthermore, this paper addresses recent advances in producing macrophage exosomes from organic and inorganic materials. In general, targeted treatment for breast cancer could benefit greatly from creating drug delivery systems mediated by macrophage exosomes.
Childhood Experiences, Health and Loneliness
Authors: Kovacic Matija , Schnepf Sylke V. , Blaskó Zsuzsa
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the associations between loneliness, health and adverse childhood experiences. First, it describes the general patterns of these variables across 27 European Union member states. Second, it investigates the association between loneliness and early-life adverse experiences, controlling for individuals’ current situation and demographic and socio-economic conditions. Third, it examines the interplay between adverse childhood conditions and the statistically and economically considerable association between loneliness and physical and mental health outcomes. Finally, the chapter assesses the robustness of the main findings to alternative measures of loneliness. Results show that there is a significant association between adverse childhood experiences and loneliness even after accounting for a range of individual-specific factors, suggesting that feelings of loneliness may be a result not only of individuals’ current circumstances but also of their upbringing. Childhood experiences are also strongly associated with different health outcomes in adulthood. The association between loneliness and health reduces in magnitude once we take account of childhood experiences. In addition to a direct association between early-life conditions and health, this result indicates that adverse childhood conditions may be linked to health outcomes indirectly through loneliness.
Measuring and Improving the Resilience of Outdoor Open Areas Against Terrorist Acts: A Behavioural Design Approach
Authors: Bernardini Gabriele , Cantatore Elena , Fatiguso Fabio , Quagliarini Enrico
Published: November 2024

The resilience of the urban outdoor built environment to terrorist acts depends on the interactions among the physical scenario, the attackers, the hosted users, and the mitigation solutions (both structural and non-structural), when implemented. Due to the complexity of the system, expert risk assessment methods should be also supported by simulation-based approaches. In this sense, this chapter first proposes a method to jointly consider hazard, vulnerability, and exposure in outdoor Open Areas (OAs) by then identifying possible emerging typologies and points of attack. Then, the behavioural design approach is used to evaluate the impact of different input conditions on final risk levels depending on the users’ response to the terrorist act. In this sense, the quantification of user exposure and individual vulnerability is provided, since these parameters can vary over time and space, offering a complete view of input scenarios in case of terrorist act in the OAs. Then, the simulation of user behaviours in such defined emergency and evacuation scenarios can be performed thanks to experimental-based models. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are proposed herein to organize simulation results and quantitatively derive the risk levels in the built environment. Finally, regulation-based mitigation and protective strategies are identified, by considering implementation issues, but their effectiveness could be assessed by using the proposed behavioural-design-based methods taking advantage of simulation about the emergency and evacuation process.
Improved radiological imaging of congenital aural atresia using flat-panel volume CT
Authors: Müller-Graff Franz-Tassilo , von Düring Jan , Voelker Johannes , Al-Tinawi Fadi , Hagen Rudolf , Neun Tilmann , Hackenberg Stephan , Rak Kristen
Published: November 2024

Background

Precise preoperative radiological evaluation of aural atresia is of utmost importance for surgical planning. Until now, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) has been used but it cannot adequately visualize small structures such as the stapes. Flat-panel volume CT (fpVCT) with its secondary reconstructions (fpVCTSECO) offers a high-resolution visualization of the middle ear. New otosurgical planning software also enables detailed 3D reconstruction of the middle ear anatomy.

Aim of the work

Evaluation of the use of fpVCTSECO in combination with an otosurgical planning software for a more accurate diagnosis and treatment of congenital aural atresia.

Material and methods

Seven patients with congenital aural atresia underwent preoperative MSCT (600 µm slice thickness) and corresponding fpVCT (466 µm slice thickness). In addition, fpVCTSECO (99 µm slice thickness) were reconstructed. The Jahrsdoerfer and Siegert grading scores were determined and their applicability in the abovementioned imaging modalities was evaluated. In addition, the malleus incus complex was analyzed in 3D rendering.

Results

Imaging with fpVCTSECO enabled reliable visualization of the abnormalities, in particular the ossicular chain. A significant difference in the Siegert grading score was found. In addition, the malleus-incus complex could be visualized better in 3D.

Discussion

The introduction of new imaging techniques and surgical planning techniques into the diagnostic concept of aural atresia facilitates the identification of malformed anatomy and enables systematic analysis. This combination can also help to more accurately classify the pathology and thus increase the safety and success of the surgical procedure.
Could a robot feel pain?
Authors: Sharkey Amanda
Published: November 2024

Questions about robots feeling pain are important because the experience of pain implies sentience and the ability to suffer. Pain is not the same as nociception, a reflex response to an aversive stimulus. The experience of pain in others has to be inferred. Danaher’s (Sci Eng Ethics 26(4):2023–2049, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00119-x) ‘ethical behaviourist’ account claims that if a robot behaves in the same way as an animal that is recognised to have moral status, then its moral status should also be assumed. Similarly, under a precautionary approach (Sebo in Harvard Rev Philos 25:51–70, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5840/harvardreview20185913), entities from foetuses to plants and robots are given the benefit of the doubt and assumed to be sentient. However, there is a growing consensus about the scientific criteria used to indicate pain and the ability to suffer in animals (Birch in Anim Sentience, 2017. https://doi.org/10.51291/2377-7478.1200; Sneddon et al. in Anim Behav 97:201–212, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.09.007). These include the presence of a central nervous system, changed behaviour in response to pain, and the effects of analgesic pain relief. Few of these criteria are met by robots, and there are risks to assuming that they are sentient and capable of suffering pain. Since robots lack nervous systems and living bodies there is little reason to believe that future robots capable of feeling pain could (or should) be developed.
Microwave-induced enhancements in the structural, optical, dielectric, and magnetic properties of Er2O3/MgO nanocomposites
Authors: Jayasrinivasan A. V. , Harikrishnan R. , Bharathiraja N. , Mani M. , Baskaran I. , Kaviyarasu K.
Published: November 2024

Erbium-trioxide (Er2O3) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanocomposite were effectively synthesized in the form of crystalline powder using a microwave irradiation approach. Various techniques were employed for identifying crystalline structure, FTIR fingerprint region, fluorescence emission behaviors, and surface morphology, dielectric, and magnetic properties using PXRD, FTIR spectroscopy technique, fluorescence spectroscopic technique, SEM analysis, frequency vs. dielectric constant, and MH curve analysis, respectively. Confirmation of the metal-oxygen bond such as Er2O3, and MgO was established through the analysis of stretching frequencies in the FTIR spectrum. The PXRD results using Rietveld refinement confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized nanoparticles, consisting of Er2O3, and MgO with unit cell compositions ~ 94.12 and ~ 5.88%, respectively. SEM imaging provided insights into the morphology of the particles, revealing a spherical shape with noticeable agglomeration. The elemental compositions such as Erbium (Er) and Oxygen (O), were validated by the EDS spectrum, confirming the successful achievement of Er2O3, and MgO nanoparticle in the synthesized composite. In addition, the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) graph illustrated the paramagnetic behavior of the doped Er2O3/MgO composite at room temperature. The thorough examination of the synthesized Er-MgO NPs, covering structural, morphological, and magnetic characteristics, contributes to a comprehensive understanding of their properties.
Prospective randomized evaluation of transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring during complex electrophysiological procedures under deep sedation: the TRACES trial
Authors: Teumer Yannick , Buss Alexandra , Diofano Federica , Aktolga Deniz , Katov Lyuboslav , Bothner Carlo , Dahme Tillman , Öchsner Wolfgang , Mayer Benjamin , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Weinmann-Emhardt Karolina
Published: November 2024

Background

The field of interventional electrophysiology is rapidly growing. For safe and efficient procedures sedation is needed for patient comfort and immobility. However, sedative and analgesic agents can induce respiratory depression, risking hypercapnia, hypoxia, and hypotension. This study evaluates the impact of adding transcutaneous carbon-dioxide (CO2) monitoring to standard monitoring practices in electrophysiological procedures under deep sedation.

Methods

This prospective, randomized study at Ulm University Heart Center included 726 patients undergoing treatment under deep sedation between August 2019 and October 2023. Patients were randomly assigned to standard monitoring or standard monitoring with continuous transcutaneous CO2 monitoring (TCM-group). Standard monitoring involved non-invasive blood pressure, oxygen saturation (SpO2), and frequent peripheral venous blood gas analysis. The primary composite endpoint was SpO2 dips below 90% and pathological changes in venous blood gas analysis.

Results

The TCM-group included 357 patients, and the standard group had 348. The primary composite endpoint was reached by 195 patients (54.8%) in the TCM-group and 195 patients (56.5%) in the standard group (p = 0.642). However, peripheral venous CO2 partial pressure increased by more than 30% from baseline more often in the standard group than in the TCM-group (p = 0.005). Additionally, a venous pH below 7.25 was more common in the standard group (p = 0.047).

Conclusion

While transcutaneous CO2 monitoring offers no significant benefit for the primary combined endpoint over standard monitoring during electrophysiological procedures, it helps mitigate significant CO2 elevations and respiratory acidosis.

Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04038476, 29 July 2019.

Graphical abstract
Interaction of cellulose and water upon drying and swelling by 13C CP/MAS NMR
Authors: Leskinen Matti , Kilpeläinen Ilkka , Hietala Sami
Published: November 2024

Associated water plays a significant role in the morphology of cellulose and the molecular interactions between polymer chains. It also affects the material properties and influences the interpretation of analysis results. In the present study the interaction of cellulose and water in well-defined cellulose samples, hydrogel beads prepared by regeneration of microcrystalline cellulose from organic electrolyte solution, are investigated by solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR. Drying of the hydrogel beads under ambient conditions gave condensed cellulose xerogel beads, which could be partly reswollen in water. The analysis of beads of different moisture content and under repeated drying and swelling afforded a better understanding of the hierarchical organization and crystallinity of cellulose II, which is broadly divisible into crystalline and surface residues in CP/MAS, and the nature of cellulose hornification. The changes in the 13C CP/MAS spectra of water- and D2O-swollen beads also provide new information on the role of immobilized bound water in intermolecular polarization transfer from water to cellulose during the cross-polarization pulse sequence, and evidence of the cellulose II reducing-end-group, which is more prominently observable in CP/MAS under dry conditions.

Graphical abstract