bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The risk of anti‐osteoporotic agent‐induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions and their association with HLA
Authors: Chen C.‐B. , Chen Y.‐E. , Chu M.‐T. , Wang C.‐W. , Hui R. C.‐Y. , Lu C.‐W. , Hsiao Y.‐P. , Chu C.‐Y. , Chang M.M. , Cheung C. M.‐t. , Cheng C.‐Y. , Wang Y.‐W. , Lin Y.‐J. , Chang C.‐J. , Hung S.‐I. , Chung W.‐H. ,   the Taiwan Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reaction Consortium
Published: September 2020

Background

There is increasing use of anti‐osteoporotic agents (AOA) worldwide for prevention or management of patients with osteoporosis. However, there have been reports of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) induced by AOA. A recent study showed weak association between HLA and strontium ranelate (SR)‐SCAR.

Objective

To characterize patients with AOA‐SCAR and investigate the HLA association and utility of in vitro diagnostic methods.

Methods

We enrolled 16 cases with AOA‐cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADR), including SCAR (n = 10: 8 with Stevens–Johnson syndrome [SJS] and 2 with drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms [DRESS]) and maculopapular exanthema (MPE) (n = 6) from Taiwan and Hong Kong. We analysed the clinical characteristics, outcomes, HLA alleles and in vitro testing of AOA‐SCAR, and tolerability to alternative drugs. We further performed literature review and meta‐analysis on the HLA association of AOA‐SCAR.

Results

Our data showed strontium ranelate is the most common causality of AOA‐SCAR in Asian populations. There was no cross‐hypersensitivity of SR‐SCAR with other AOA. HLA genotyping showed that SR‐SJS was most significantly associated with HLA‐A*33:03 (Pc = 5.17 × 10−3, OR: 25.97, 95% CI: 3.08–219.33). Meta‐analysis showed that HLA‐A*33:03 was associated with SR‐SJS (P = 5.01 × 10−5; sensitivity: 85.7%) in Asians. The sensitivity of lymphocyte activation test (LAT) for identifying the culprit drug of SR‐SJS was 83.3%.

Conclusions

Strontium ranelate is identified as the most notorious AOA associated with SCAR. The HLA‐A*33:03 genetic allele and LAT testing may add benefits to the diagnosis of SR‐SCAR in patients whose reaction developed while taking multiple drugs.
Morphology, life cycle and management of two invasive subspecies of Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): A review
Authors: Riaz Shahzab , Johnson Joel B. , Rasheed Talha , Wiemers Martin
Published: September 2020

Papilio demoleus L., also known as the citrus butterfly or chequered swallowtail, is a common species in the Asia‐Pacific region, with two of its subspecies (P. d. demoleus and P. d. malayanus) posing significant threats to the citrus industry in Asia and other regions of the world. Its predominant natural host plants are the Rutaceae for the invasive northern subspecies and Fabaceae for the southern subspecies. The morphology and development of this species are reasonably well studied, although further information is required on its natural mortality rates and environmental tolerance in order to accurately predict its future potential spread throughout the Middle East and Central Americas. Synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin are highly effective for the control of P. demoleus larvae. However, better control is likely to be found using an integrated approach to pest management, incorporating techniques such as biocontrol agents, microbial pesticides and phytopesticides, in conjunction with synthetic pesticides where required.
Research synthesis of information theory measures of uncertainty: Meta‐analysis of entropy and mutual information of diagnostic tests
Authors: Tsalatsanis Athanasios , Hozo Iztok , Djulbegovic Benjamin
Published: September 2020

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Assessing the performance of diagnostic tests requires evaluation of the amount of diagnostic uncertainty a test reduces. Statistical measures, such as sensitivity and specificity, currently dominating the evidence‐based medicine (EBM) and related fields, cannot explicitly measure this reduction in diagnostic uncertainty. Mutual information (MI), an information theory statistic, explicitly quantifies diagnostic uncertainty by measuring information gain before vs after diagnostic testing. In this paper, we propose the use of MI as a single measure to express diagnostic test performance and demonstrate how it can be used in the meta‐analysis of diagnostic test studies.

Methods

We use two case studies from the literature to demonstrate the applicability of MI meta‐analysis in assessing diagnostic performance. Meta‐analysis of studies evaluating (a) ultrasonography (US) to detect endometrial cancer and (b) magnetic resonance angiography to detect arterial stenosis.

Results

The results of MI meta‐analyses are comparable to those of traditional statistical measures' meta‐analyses. However, the results of MI are easier to understand as it relates directly to the extent of uncertainty a diagnostic test can reduce. For example, the US test, diagnosing endometrial cancer, is 40% specific and 94% sensitive. The combination of these values is difficult to interpret and may lead to inappropriate assessment (eg, one could favour the test due to its high sensitivity, ignoring its low specificity). In terms of MI, however, a single metric shows that the test reduces diagnostic uncertainty by 10%, which many users may consider small under most circumstances.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated the suitability of MI in assessing the performance of diagnostic tests, which can facilitate easier interpretation of the true utility of diagnostic tests. Similarly, to the guidance for interpretation of effect size of treatment interventions, we also propose the guidelines for interpretation of the utility of diagnostic tests based on the magnitude of reduction in diagnostic uncertainty.
Reproductive cycle and fecundity of the bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo L. from the northwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Gonzalez De Acevedo Melissa , Frazier Bryan S. , Belcher Carolyn , Gelsleichter James
Published: September 2020

The present study examined temporal changes in plasma sex hormone concentrations and the morphology and histology of reproductive organs in mature northwest Atlantic (NWA) bonnetheads Sphyrna tiburo L. to characterize reproductive cycle, breeding periodicity and fertility in this still poorly studied population. Progressive increases in testis width, epididymis head width, plasma testosterone (T) concentrations, and occurrence of mature spermatozoa were observed in male S. tiburo from June to September, demonstrating that spermatogenesis occurs during the summer. Nonetheless, increases in maximum follicle diameter, oviducal gland width, plasma 17β‐estradiol and T concentrations, and occurrence of vitellogenic follicles were not observed in mature females until between October and April, demonstrating non‐synchronous patterns of gametogenesis in males and females. Fresh copulatory wounds were observed in females collected during late September along with histological evidence for sperm presence in the oviducal gland between September and April, confirming a 6‐ to 7 month period of female sperm storage. Ovulation occurred between mid‐April and early May in concert with increases in female plasma progesterone concentrations. Gestation occurred during a 4.5‐ to 5 month period between May and early September, and 97% of mature females collected during this period were gravid, indicating a highly synchronized, annual reproductive periodicity. Brood size was significantly correlated with maternal size and ranged from 1 to 13 pups with a mean ± S.D. of 8.1 ± 2.2, which was significantly lower than reported in Gulf of Mexico (GOM) populations. The occurrence of non‐fertile offspring was observed in 17% of broods with a range of 1–7 non‐fertile eggs present in individual females. Thus, as previously reported in GOM S. tiburo, this unusual form of infertility also appears to be prevalent in the NWA population and requires further study. This study has demonstrated meaningful differences in reproductive biology of these populations, emphasizing the need for region‐specific approaches for population management.
Loss of gill rakers and teeth in adult specimens of barracudina Arctozenus risso (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae) from the western North Atlantic
Authors: Devine Brynn , Van Guelpen Lou
Published: September 2020

Two unusual adult specimens of the barracudina Arctozenus risso were caught in midwater trawls off the Flemish Cap in April 2016. These specimens displayed atypical traits including lack of teeth and gill rakers and fragile jaw bones; a combination of morphological examination and mtDNA sequencing confirmed species identification. Both specimens exhibited ripening ovaries and testes, confirming simultaneous hermaphroditism. These fish represent the first records of late‐stage loss of features in the genus Arctozenus and may indicate a relationship to spawning in larger specimens.
Screening of factors influencing the yield of Citrus hystrix leaves essential oil extracted via pressurized hot water extraction based on resolution V fractional factorial design
Authors: Halim Noor A. A. , Abidin Zurina Z. , Siajam Shamsul I. , Hean Chong G. , Harun Mohd R.
Published: September 2020

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) could be a better alternative in enhancing the yield of valuable Citrus hystrix leaves essential oil. Thus, the fractional factorial design based on resolution V was used to assess the crucial factors that affect the essential oil yield (%Y) extracted from Citrus hystrix leaves through a PHWE. A maximum Y% of 1.63% was successfully isolated at conditions involving 0.08% moisture content, 1 mm particle size, 1:0.2 ml/g solvent‐to‐sample ratio, 30 min extraction time, and 120°C extraction temperature. Moisture content and particle size were the main effects that significantly affect the %Y, while the extraction time and solvent‐to‐sample ratio exhibited a moderate effect on %Y, followed by extraction temperature that showed the least effect on %Y. A developed regression model has shown good correlation and adequacy on %Y. Based on the compositional analysis, neoisopulegol hydrate appears to be the main constituents of the oil obtained.

Practical applications

C. hystrix leaves could be a promising alternative commodity to citrus peels in fulfilling the increasing market demand for the natural citrus essential oils. However, the conventional essential oil extraction technique such as hydrodistillation is generally time and energy‐consuming and yields low production. Thus, an innovative technology involving a pressurized hot water extraction technique was employed to improve the efficiency of the extraction. A fractional factorial design approach was used to assist the optimization process with consideration on more factors with reduced experimental trials that can economically identify the significance of factors influencing the yield of essential oil. The use of resolution V design has enhanced the accuracy of the statistical analysis since the individual effects and the interaction effects of the factors studied were not aliased.
Optimization of an extrusion process for the development of a fiber‐rich, ready‐to‐eat snack from pineapple by‐products and sweet whey protein based on corn starch
Authors: Rivera‐Mirón María Isabel , Torruco‐Uco Juan Gabriel , Carmona‐García Roselis , Rodríguez‐Miranda Jesús
Published: September 2020

The aim of the present study was optimized extrusion cooking process for the development of a fiber‐rich, ready‐to‐eat snack from pineapple by‐products and sweet whey protein based on corn starch. The variables studied were the extrusion temperature (ET = 120–180°C), feed moisture content (FMC = 18–25 g/100 g), proportion of sweet whey powder/corn starch (SWP/CS = 0–59.5 g/100 g), and proportion of pineapple by‐product powder (PBP = 0–30 g/100 g), (PBP + [SWP + CS] = 100 g). Analysis of the standardized effects revealed that the SWP/CS proportion had the most significant importance among all the variables, followed by the PBP content. The optimal extrusion conditions were ET = 160.00°C, FMC = 23.04 g/100 g, SWP/CS = 52.08 g/100 g, and PBP =22.50 g/100 g. These results represent an alternative to add value to these raw materials of low commercial value while also avoiding the generation of waste and environmental pollution.

Practical applications

These results represent an alternative to add value to these raw materials of low commercial value, as well as avoiding the generation of waste and environmental pollution.
A holistic approach for microwave assisted solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from Ficus benghalensis fruits and its phytochemical profiling
Authors: Jayasree Radhakrishnan Anupama , Venkatachalam Sivakumar
Published: September 2020

Ficus benghalensis is a fig species spread throughout Asia, especially India, which finds its place in the tradition Indian system of medicines for their renowned protective properties. This study explores the extraction and identification of phytochemicals from the fruits of Ficus benghalensis using a time‐saving nonconventional technique of microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE). The influence of independent variables (viz., solid‐solvent ratio, microwave power and irradiation time) on the maximum total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) values was analyzed and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken Design. The maximum values of TPC (340.14 ± 0.34 mg/g) and TFC (413.64 ± 0.19 mg/g) were found at a shorter extraction time of 5 min, solid‐solvent ratio of 1:17 g/ml and microwave power of 420 W. The GC chromatogram was used for the phenolic distribution analysis and screening of the secondary metabolites. The GC spectra showed the presence of 26 biologically active secondary metabolites. 7‐tetradecenal (Z) (42.14%) was the predominant compound followed by n‐hexadecanoic acid (20.61%) and octadecanoic acid (14.07%). These compounds, along with others reportedly exhibit anticancer, antioxidant, anti‐diabetic, and antibacterial activities, thereby validating the traditional uses of the Ficus benghalensis fruit as a pharmaceutical supplement.

Practical application

The outcome of this work shows a time‐saving method of phytochemical extraction which can be used for extracting valuable metabolites from Ficus benghalensis fruits. Moreover, findings from this research work will aid as a baseline to facilitate future studies in the isolation and purification of the identified pharmaceutically active phytochemicals present in the Ficus benghalensis fruit extract. This can be further used to increase the fruits' bioprospecting.
Failure analysis method for enhancing circularity through systems perspective
Authors: Kimita Koji , Brambila‐Macias Sergio A. , Tillman Anne‐Marie , Sakao Tomohiko
Published: September 2020

Recently, a circular economy has attracted global attention as an approach for addressing material security and resource‐efficiency issues. As our societies shift toward a circular economy, manufacturers need to not only produce environmentally conscious products but to also realize reliable systems that will ensure the closure of the loops of the products, components, and materials. To do so, early‐stage design is crucial to effectively and efficiently detect possible failures and then take adequate countermeasures against them. Although a few methods of failure analysis have been proposed to address environmental issues, these methods have failed to consider the cause–effect relationships among failures. This will hinder manufacturers from identifying core problems that should be addressed in a given system. Therefore, this study extends failure mode and effect analysis, which is an engineering technique used to address potential failures, by addressing the entire system reliability in relation to circularity. As a result of a case study of a manufacturer aiming to increase circularity with their products on the market, we revealed that the proposed method is useful in the early stage of design to (a) identify failure modes where effects are largely given to or received from other failures, (b) develop countermeasures effectively by addressing root causes of failures, and (c) find an opportunity to collaborate with external actors.
Human neocortical development as a basis to understand mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disabilities in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Kubo Ken‐ichiro , Deguchi Kimiko
Published: September 2020

Aim

Recent advances in perinatal and neonatal medicine have resulted in marked improvements in the survival rates of extremely preterm infants (born before 28 gestational weeks) around the world, and Japan is among the countries with the highest reported survival rates of extremely preterm infants. However, it remains a major concern that many survivors develop neurodevelopmental disabilities, including cognitive dysfunctions and neurodevelopmental disorders later in life. In order to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the neurodevelopmental disabilities observed in the survivors of extremely preterm births, we reviewed recently reported findings about the development of the human neocortex.

Methods

First, we have summarized the current knowledge about the development of the neocortex, including recently reported human‐ and/or primate‐specific developmental events. Next, we discussed the possible causal mechanisms underlying the development of neurodevelopmental disabilities in extremely preterm infants.

Results

Around the birth of extremely preterm infants, neurogenesis and succeeding neuronal migrations are ongoing in the neocortex of human brain. Expansion and maturation of the subplate, which is thought to reflect the axonal wiring in the neocortex, is also prominent at this time.

Conclusion

Brain injuries that occur around the birth of extremely preterm infants are presumed to affect the dynamic developmental events in the neocortex, such as neurogenesis, neuronal migrations and maturation of the subplate, which could underlie the neurodevelopmental disabilities that often develop subsequently in extremely preterm infants. These possibilities should be borne in mind while considering maternal and neonatal care to further improve the long‐term outcomes of extremely preterm infants.
Controlling Sellers Who Provide Advice: Regulation and Competition*
Authors: Bardey David , Gromb Denis , Martimort David , Pouyet Jérôme
Published: September 2020

A monopoly seller advising buyers about which of two goods fits their needs may be tempted to recommend the higher margin good. For the seller to collect information about a buyer’s needs and provide truthful advice, the profits from selling both goods must be similar enough, i.e., within an implementability cone. The optimal regulation controls pricing distortions and information‐collection incentives separately via price regulation and fixed rewards respectively. This no longer holds when the seller has private information about costs as both problems interact. We study whether competition and the threat by buyers to switch sellers can substitute for regulation.
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Measured by Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound and MRI
Authors: Shokoohi Hamid , Pyle Matthew , Kuhl Evan , Loesche Michael A. , Goyal Aakshit , LeSaux Maxine A. , Boniface Keith S. , Taheri M. Reza
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Ultrasound (US) measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and optic nerve diameter (OND) is a method frequently used to screen for an increased intracranial pressure. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of US measurements of ONSD and OND, when compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements as the criterion standard.

METHODS

In this prospective, single‐institution study, orbital US was performed for those patients requiring an emergent brain MRI. ONSD and OND of both eyes were measured in the axial and coronal planes in straight gaze by US. ONSD and OND from brain and orbital MRI were measured by two neuroradiologists. Correlation and agreement between readings were assessed using Pearson's correlations.

RESULTS

Eighty‐two patients met inclusion criteria. The mean axial and coronal ONSD in the MRI examinations was 5.6 and 5.7 mm at 3‐5.9 mm behind the globe, respectively. The mean ONSD from the US measurements was 6.22 and 5.52 mm in the axial and coronal planes, respectively. The mean OND in US examinations was 4.31 mm (axial) and 3.68 mm (coronal). Axial versus coronal measurements of ONSD had a modest correlation in US assessment with an r2 of .385 (P < .001) but there were no correlations between any of the US and MRI measurements.

CONCLUSIONS

In measuring ONSD and OND, US measurements showed a modest correlation between axial and coronal measurements, but no concordance was found between US and MRI in our setting.
Behavioural and emotional profiles of children and adolescents with disorders of arousal
Authors: Castelnovo Anna , Turner Katherine , Rossi Alessandro , Galbiati Andrea , Gagliardi Alessandra , Proserpio Paola , Nobili Lino , Terzaghi Michele , Manni Raffaele , Ferini Strambi Luigi , Manconi Mauro , Miano Silvia , Zambrelli Elena , Paola Canevini Maria
Published: September 2020

Disorders of arousals are common sleep disorders characterized by complex motor behaviours that arise episodically out of slow‐wave sleep. Psychological distress has long been associated with disorders of arousal, but this link remains controversial, especially in children and adolescents. The aim of this multi‐centre study was to characterize behavioural and emotional problems in a sample of children/adolescents with disorders of arousal, and to explore their relationship with the severity of nocturnal episodes. The parents of 41 children/adolescents with a diagnosis of disorders of arousal (11.5 ± 3.3 years old, 61% males) and of a group of 41 age‐ and gender‐matched control participants filled in the Child Behavior Checklist, along with the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and the Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale. Multilevel t‐tests revealed significantly higher total scores and sub‐scores of the Child Behavior Checklist for the patient group compared with the control group. Thirty‐four percent of the patients obtained pathological total scores, and 12% of them borderline scores. The severity of emotional/behavioural problems in the patient group was positively correlated with the severity of the nocturnal episodes. Interestingly, children/adolescents with disorders of arousal also obtained higher excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia symptoms sub‐scores at the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. These results confirmed the hypothesis that behavioural/emotional problems are surprisingly common in children/adolescents with disorders of arousal. Further studies are warranted to investigate the causal relationship between pathological manifestations, subtler sleep abnormalities, and diurnal emotional/behavioural problems in children/adolescents with disorders of arousal.
Validating an empiric sulfadiazine–trimethoprim dosage regimen for treatment of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus delphini infections in mink (Neovison vison)
Authors: Ronaghinia Amir Atabak , Nikolaisen Nanett Kvist , Hansen Stine Green , Poulsen Helle Harding , Frandsen Henrik Lauritz , Struve Tina , Toutain Pierre‐Louis , Damborg Peter
Published: September 2020

Antimicrobial agents are used extensively off‐label in mink, as almost no agents are registered for this animal species. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data are required to determine antimicrobial dosages specifically targeting mink bacterial pathogens. The aims of this study were to assess, in a PKPD framework, the empirical dosage regimen for a combination of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) in mink, and secondarily to produce data for future setting of clinical breakpoints. TMP and SDZ PK parameters were obtained experimentally in 22 minks following IV or oral administration of TMP/SDZ (30 mg/kg, i.e. 5 mg/kg TMP and 25 mg/kg SDZ). fAUC/MIC with a target value of 24 hr was selected as the PKPD index predictive of TMP/SDZ efficacy. Using a modeling approach, PKPD cutoffs for TMP and SDZ were determined as 0.062 and 16 mg/L, respectively. By incorporating an anticipated potentiation effect of SDZ on TMP against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus delphini, the PKPD cutoff of TMP was revised to 0.312 mg/L, which is above the tentative epidemiological cutoffs (TECOFF) for these species. The current empirical TMP/SDZ dosage regimen (30 mg/kg, PO, once daily) therefore appears adequate for treatment of wild‐type E. coli and S. delphini infections in mink.
Congressional Representation by Petition: Assessing the Voices of the Voteless in a Comprehensive New Database, 1789–1949
Authors: Blackhawk Maggie , Carpenter Daniel , Resch Tobias , Schneer Benjamin
Published: September 2020

For much of American political history, the electoral franchise was restricted to only a portion of the population. By contrast, the right to petition was considered universal and enshrined in the First Amendment, giving voice to the voteless. Petitioning thus served as a fundamental mechanism of representation. Still, fundamental questions remain: How was petitioning used, how did Congress respond to petitions, and did the petition allow for partial representation of the marginalized and unenfranchised? We address these questions by analyzing the Congressional Petitions Database (CPD), an original endeavor tracking virtually every petition introduced to Congress from 1789 to 1949. Our analyses document how (1) two important groups of unenfranchised constituents—Native Americans and women—petitioned regularly and (2) Congress's initial treatment of Natives' and women's petitions was similar to that of all others, thus offering systematic evidence highlighting the petition's role as a mechanism for representation among otherwise unenfranchised groups.
Mixed support for gene flow as a constraint to local adaptation and contributor to the limited geographic range of an endemic salamander
Authors: Micheletti Steven J. , Storfer Andrew
Published: September 2020

Understanding mechanisms that underlie species range limits is at the core of evolutionary ecology. Asymmetric gene flow between larger core populations and smaller edge populations can swamp local adaptation at the range edge and inhibit further range expansion. However, empirical tests of this theory are exceedingly rare. We tested the hypothesis that asymmetric gene flow can constrain local adaptation and thereby species’ range limits in an endemic US salamander (Ambystoma barbouri) by determining if gene flow is asymmetric between the core and peripheries of the species’ geographic distribution and testing whether local adaptation is swamped at range edges with a reciprocal transplant experiment. Using putatively neutral loci from populations across three core‐to‐edge transects that covered nearly the entire species’ geographic range, we found evidence for asymmetric, core‐to‐edge gene flow along western and northern transects, but not along a southern transect. Subsequently, the reciprocal transplant experiment suggested that northern and western edge populations are locally adapted despite experiencing asymmetric gene flow, yet have lower fitness in their respective home regions than those of centre population. Conversely, southern populations exhibit low deme quality, experiencing high mortality regardless of where they were reared, probably due to harsher edge habitat conditions. Consequently, we provide rare species‐wide evidence that local adaptation can occur despite asymmetric gene flow, though migration from the core may prohibit range expansion by reducing fitness in edge populations. Further, our multitransect study shows that multiple, nonmutually exclusive mechanisms can lead to range limits within a single species.
Solutionism: A study of rigour in complex systems
Authors: Woodruff James N.
Published: September 2020

Encouraging us to study like with like, Woodruff argues that scholarship is undermined when research and innovation in complex systems take place with reductionist approaches.
Calcium‐fortified foods in public health programs: considerations for implementation
Authors: Palacios Cristina , Cormick Gabriela , Hofmeyr G. Justus , Garcia‐Casal Maria Nieves , Peña‐Rosas Juan Pablo , Betrán Ana Pilar
Published: September 2020

Low calcium intake is common worldwide and can result in nutritional rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Calcium‐fortified foods could improve calcium intake. However, there is limited calcium fortification experience, with technical and practical issues that may hamper its adoption. The objective of this landscape review is to summarize these issues to help policymakers guide the planning and design of calcium fortification as a public health strategy. One challenge is the low bioavailability of calcium salts (∼20–40%); thus, large amounts need to be added to food to have a meaningful impact. Solubility is important when fortifying liquids and acidic foods. Calcium salts could change the flavor, color, and appearance of the food and may account for 70–90% of the total fortification cost. Safety is key to avoid exceeding the recommended intake; so the amount of added calcium should be based on the target calcium intake and the gap between inadequate and adequate levels. Monitoring includes the quality of the fortified food and population calcium intake using dietary assessment methods. Calcium fortification should follow regulations, implemented in an intersectorial way, and be informed by the right to health and equity. This information may help guide and plan this public health strategy.
REVIEW OF THE ANIMAL FIGURES IN THE PALAEOLITHIC ROCK ART OF THE ROMITO SHELTER. NEW DISCOVERIES, NEW DATA AND NEW PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Sigari Dario
Published: September 2020

This paper presents the results of a recent systematic review of the zoomorphic figures of the Romito shelter, a key site for Upper Palaeolithic rock art and one of the best‐preserved in Europe. The research led to the discovery of two new animal figures and re‐examines the chronology of the rock art evidence and the chrono‐stylistic data. The zoomorphic figures are discussed within the wider chrono‐cultural frame of Magdalenian figurative productions, casting new light on the Palaeolithic rock art phenomenon of southern Italy. This seems to go beyond the fixed limits of the ‘Mediterranean artistic province’, being part of the bigger contemporary picture of the Magdalenian cultures and extended over a broader territory.
Dance for Health: The perceptions of healthcare professionals of the impact of music and movement sessions for older people in acute hospital settings
Authors: Bungay Hilary , Jacobs Clare
Published: September 2020

Aim and objectives

To explore staff perceptions of the impact of weekly music and movement sessions involving older patients and staff on the wards where ‘Dance for Health’ sessions take place.

Background

Dance for Health is a programme of weekly group dance sessions, which take place on wards in an acute hospital setting. Recent research demonstrates the value of creative arts activities in clinical settings across the globe. However, there is little research exploring the impact of dance programmes for frail older people in acute hospital settings, or healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the impact of these sessions on patients, staff and the ward environment.

Method

A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Twenty‐one semi‐structured interviews were conducted with staff who had supported patients participating in Dance for Health and the ward managers where the sessions took place. Data analysis was undertaken using a thematic analysis approach.

Findings

The sessions challenged staff assumptions about older patients’ musical preferences and the level of physical activity patients were able to undertake. Staff felt that the shared experience and interactions within the group enhanced staff–patient relationships. Staff taking part in the sessions reported feeling pleasure seeing their patients enjoying themselves and valued being a part of delivering the sessions.

Conclusion

The Dance for Health programme in an acute hospital setting has the potential to promote person‐centred care through encouraging self‐expression and individuality. It is a meaningful and enjoyable activity, which encourages physical activity and social interaction and enriches the aesthetic experience of the hospital environment.

Implications for practice

This is the first study reporting on the use of dance sessions for older people in an acute hospital setting. Dance for Health had a positive impact on staff attending the sessions and enhanced staff–patient relationships. Staff support is key for effective delivery.
Balser Plate Stabilization for Traumatic Sternoclavicular Instabilities or Medial Clavicle Fractures: A Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Feng Wei‐lou , Cai Xiao , Li Shu‐hao , Li Zi‐jun , Zhang Kun , Wang Hao , Zhang Jun , Zhu Yang‐jun , Feng Dong‐xu
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study was performed to observe the effect of internal Balser plate fixation for treating unstable sternoclavicular joints (SCJ) and displaced medial clavicle fractures.

Methods

From April 2009 to September 2016, 17 consecutive patients who underwent open reduction and internal Balser plate fixation for SCJ dislocations or medial clavicle fractures were retrospectively reviewed. There were 11 male and six female patients, with a mean age of 45.6 ± 15.5 years. Standardized treatment procedures consisted of reduction, creating a space posterior dorsal osteal face of the sternal manubrium, an inverted Balser plating, and postoperative immobilization. At follow‐up, plain radiographs were assessed for fracture union, implant loosening, degenerative changes, and joint congruity. Clinical evaluation included: completion of the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire; determination of the Constant and Murley score and visual analog scale (VAS) score; and assessment of intraoperative and postoperative complications.

Results

All patients were followed up, at a mean follow‐up of 20.1 ± 7.9 months, each fracture had a solid union, and each dislocation showed no sign of recurrent dislocation. The mean shoulder forward flexion was 162.9° ± 8.1°. The mean DASH score was 5.2 ± 5.2 points. The mean Constant and Murley joint function score was 93.7 ± 7.9 points, with 15 excellent cases and two good cases. The mean VAS score was 1.1 ± 1.4 points, showing significant improvement compared with the VAS score preoperatively. Postoperative complications included one wound hematoma which was healed after a debridement and one recurrent instability due to hook migration, which underwent revision reconstruction. All patients were satisfied with their treatment outcome at the final follow‐up.

Conclusion

Sternoclavicular joints dislocation or medial clavicle fractures can be treated successfully with Balser plate fixation. This technique permits early functional exercise while preserving the SCJ.
Mapping and confirmation of two genes conferring resistance to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in the soybean line UG‐5 (Glycine max)
Authors: Paul Chandra , Hartman Glen L. , Diers Brian W. , Walker David R.
Published: September 2020

Development of durable resistance to soybean rust (SBR) is challenging due to the pathogenic diversity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi populations. The objective of this research was to investigate and confirm the genomic locations of Rpp genes in the Ugandan line UG‐5 that confer resistance to different SBR pathotypes. Bulked segregant analysis revealed two genomic regions associated with resistance in a cross with rust‐susceptible 'Williams 82'. Composite interval mapping in the F2 and F2:3 populations had a LOD score of 48.7 in a region 0.38 cM away from the estimated location of the Rpp1 locus on chromosome (Chr.) 18. An approximately 23‐Kbp interval spanning the Rpp1 locus was flanked by SNP markers ss715632313 and ss715632318. Another interval was identified at the Rpp3 locus on Chr. 6 between markers Satt100 and ss715594488 (2.4 cM) in the F2 population and between Satt100 and ss715594874 (4.3 cM) in the F2:3 population, with a maximum LOD score of 25.6. UG‐5 was thus confirmed to have SBR resistance genes at the Rpp1 and Rpp3 loci that can be pyramided into other elite cultivars.
Proliferating pilomatricoma in a 9‐year‐old girl
Authors: McCormack Lindsay , Trivedi Apoorva , Lal Karan , Amano Shinya , Elaba Zendee Rose P. , McIntyre Joyce , Wiss Karen
Published: September 2020

Proliferating pilomatricoma is a rare, benign tumor of hair matrix origin that rarely occurs in children. We report the case of a 9‐year‐old girl with a rapidly growing, proliferating pilomatricoma located on the glabella. The lesion was embolized and surgically excised, with histopathological examination of the tissue confirming the diagnosis of proliferating pilomatricoma.
Pediatric patients with orofacial granulomatosis likely to subsequently develop intestinal Crohn's disease: Brief Report
Authors: Chen Kristen L. , Diiorio Daren A. , Chiu Yvonne E. , Sokumbi Olayemi
Published: September 2020

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is an uncommon chronic granulomatous condition presenting as perioral inflammation in the absence of systemic disease. There is continued debate regarding whether OFG is a distinct clinical disorder or a manifestation of orofacial Crohn's disease. Our retrospective review identified 7 patients diagnosed with OFG between 2000 and 2018 at a tertiary pediatric hospital. Four of the 7 patients subsequently developed Crohn's disease with a median delay of 3.1 years (range 0.4‐6.9 years). This indicates that gastroenterology evaluation with long‐term monitoring for intestinal Crohn's disease is warranted.
Toxicity effect of Silver Nanoparticles to the Haemocytes and Antioxidant activity of Silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Gad Abir A.
Published: September 2020

The present study investigates the effect of AgNPs on some biological parameters and total protein amount, antioxidant potential and catalase activity of silkworm Bombyx mori. Incorporation of AgNPs (100 μg mL–1) in supplementary diets results in significant increases in the larval weight and the antioxidant potential but significantly decreases the catalase activity. The relative growth rate decreases as the high concentration (1000 μg mL–1). Exposure to AgNPs also caused violent results in alteration of haemocyte including an immediate increase in THC, may due to the release of these haemocytes either from an increase in cell divisions or from attached haemocyte populations, and decline in the percentage of prohaemocytes and increase in the percentage of two immune‐phagocytes, i.e., granulocytes and plasmatocytes. Also, AgNPs at 100 and 1000 μg mL–1 caused different levels of deformations on almost all haemocyte types and increased the antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase) in the haemolymph of treated larvae as a result of the toxic effects of treatment.
Genome‐wide analysis of mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase gene family expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in sugarcane
Authors: Ali Ahmad , Chu Na , Ma Panpan , Javed Talha , Zaheer Uroosa , Huang Mei‐Ting , Fu Hua‐Ying , Gao San‐Ji
Published: September 2020

To systematically analyze mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase gene families and their expression profiles in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids; Sh) under diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, we identified 15 ShMAPKs, 6 ShMAPKKs and 16 ShMAPKKKs genes in the sugarcane cultivar R570 genome. These were also confirmed in one S. spontaneum genome and two transcriptome datasets of sugarcane trigged by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa) and Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa) infections. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that four subgroups were present in each ShMAPK and ShMAPKK family and three sub‐families (RAF, MEKK and ZIK) presented in the ShMAPKKK family. Conserved protein motif and gene structure analyses supported the evolutionary relationships of the three families inferred from the phylogenetic analysis. All of the ShMAPK, ShMAPKK and ShMAPKKK genes identified in Saccharum spp. R570 were distributed on chromosomes 1–7 and 9–10. RNA‐seq and qRT‐PCR analyses indicated that ShMAPK07 and ShMAPKKK02 were defense‐responsive genes in sugarcane challenged by both Aaa and Xa stimuli, while some genes were upregulated specifically by Aaa and Xa infection. Additionally, ShMAPK05 acted as a negative regulator under drought and salinity stress, but served as a positive regulator under salicylic acid (SA) treatment. ShMAPK07 plays a positive role under drought stress, but a negative role under SA treatment. ShMAPKKK01 was negatively modulated by both salinity stress and SA treatment, whereas ShMAPKKK06 was positively regulated by both of the two stress stimuli. Our results suggest that members of MAPK cascade gene families regulate adverse stress responses through multiple signal transduction pathways in sugarcane.
The role of short‐term contracts and subsidies in licensing
Authors: Antelo Manel , Bru Lluís
Published: September 2020

An innovator without production facilities owns a patented invention that lasts two periods, and looks for the best licensing arrangement with a producer that has private information about the market value of the invention. The license is either a single long‐term contract in force over both periods or a series of short‐term contracts, one per period. Under short‐term contracts, the licensee can strategically signal the value of the invention with its level of production in the first period and thus influence the terms of the contract in the second period. We show that the licensor prefers successive short‐term contracts rather than a single long‐term contract for intermediate‐level probabilities of dealing with an efficient licensee, while the first‐period contract may optimally include a per‐unit subsidy (a negative royalty rate) in order to correct signaling distortions in the licensee’s production for this period. We also show that prohibiting such subsidies can lead to welfare losses.
On the Irreducibility of Moral Incapacity
Authors: Holiday D. A.
Published: September 2020

There is a growing consensus that moral incapacities are an important feature of the moral life and moral character. Philosophers are, however, somewhat at odds over the status and explanatory role of such volitional limits in models of moral psychology. They are sometimes understood reductively, as the products or expressive manifestations of underlying, working parts of character (such as dispositions, beliefs, passions, and values). Others view moral incapacities as constitutive elements of character, that is, primitive features of moral mindedness and agency which help give a person their moral substance and shape. I defend the constitutive conception by arguing against the most promising reductive account available: Dwight Furrow’s account of the incapacity underlying Oscar Schindler’s moral heroism. This gives strong evidence that moral incapacity is a basic and constitutive feature of our conception of character.
Forst on Reciprocity of Reasons: A Critique
Authors: Besch Thomas M.
Published: September 2020

According to Rainer Forst, (i) moral and political claims must meet a requirement of reciprocal and general acceptability (RGA) while (ii) we are under a duty in engaged discursive practice to justify such claims to others, or be able to do so, on grounds that meet RGA. The paper critically engages this view. I argue that Forst builds a key component of RGA, that is, reciprocity of reasons, on an idea of reasonableness that undermines both (i) and (ii): if RGA builds on this idea, RGA is viciously regressive, and a duty of justification to meet RGA is not agent transparent and not adoptable. This result opens the door for alternative conceptions of reciprocity and generality. I suggest that a more promising conception of reciprocity and generality needs to build on an idea of the reasonable that helps to reconcile the emancipatory or protective aspirations of reciprocal and general justification with its egalitarian commitments. But this requires downgrading RGA in the order of justification and to determine on prior, substantive grounds what level of discursive influence in reciprocal and general justification relevant agents ought to have.
Inequality in the Extracurriculum: How Class, Race, and Gender Shape College Involvement1
Authors: Silver Blake R.
Published: September 2020

Extracurricular involvement in college is linked to positive outcomes including a sense of inclusion or belonging, which can facilitate retention and graduation. Research makes clear, however, that not all students find inclusion on campus. Drawing from in‐depth interviews with 80 first‐year students at a large public university, this study uses an intersectional lens to examine how inequality emerges in the extracurricular realm. I rely on a process‐based model that considers the ways students approach, experience, and manage involvement, producing unique constellations of extracurricular outlets. Social class impacts students’ capacities to find and join outlets that fit their interests. Moreover, inequality does not end when students enter these settings; rather, their experiences diverge at the intersections of gender and race. To find inclusion, female and racial/ethnic minority students often navigate a more elaborate process of becoming involved, and their sense of belonging is frequently limited or contingent. Meanwhile, white male students typically feel welcomed in extracurricular outlets and accrue a durable sense of belonging. Additional divergence by class, race, and gender appears as students manage the tensions produced by disparate experiences. Presented findings offer an intersectional understanding of extracurricular involvement and illuminate the value of a dynamic approach to intersectional research.
CO2 favours the accumulation of excess fluids in felsic magmas
Authors: Pistone Mattia , Caricchi Luca , Ulmer Peter
Published: September 2020

Deformation and gas emissions at active volcanoes provide insights into volcanic plumbing systems. Large discrepancies are observed between the volumes calculated from deformation data and the volumes of erupted magmas and are ascribed to the amount of excess fluids in magma reservoirs, which hinders our capacity to predict the magnitude of an imminent eruption. Here, a series of experiments demonstrates that the amount of trapped excess fluids in felsic magmas depends strongly on fluid composition. Magmas with CO2 excess fluids become permeable at 44% larger porosities with respect to the H2O‐rich counterparts at equivalent crystallinity. Available excess gas geochemistry and juvenile porosity data from felsic systems reveal that the volume discrepancy between erupted magma and syn‐eruptive SO2 increases with CO2 excess in magmas. These data highlight that CO2‐rich fluids enhance magma's capacity to store excess volatiles and shed light on the largest discrepancies between pre‐eruptive deformation and eruption intensity and magnitude.