bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical Variation in a Sample of High Level Judo Players
Authors: Franchini Emerson , Sterkowicz Stanislaw , Meira Cassio Miranda , Gomes Fabio Rodrigo Ferreira , Tani Go
Published: November 2008

Technical actions performed by two groups of judokas who won medals at World Championships and Olympic Games during the period 1995–2001 were analyzed. In the Super Elite group ( n = 17) were the best athletes in each weight category. The Elite group ( n = 16) were medal winners who were not champions and did not win more than three medals. Super Elite judokas used a greater number of throwing techniques which resulted in scores, even when expressed relative to the total number of matches performed, and these techniques were applied in more directions than those of Elite judokas. Further, the number of different throwing techniques and the variability of directions in which techniques were applied were significantly correlated with number of wins and the number of points and ippon scored. Thus, a greater number of throwing techniques and use of directions for attack seem to be important in increasing unpredictability during judo matches.
Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Wearing of Wedding Rings
Authors: Voracek Martin
Published: November 2008

Digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker for prenatal androgen levels, and absolute finger length, a marker for pubertal androgen action, were not associated with wearing of wedding rings in a sample of 150 male and 199 female married individuals. This failure to replicate associations previously reported by Manning was true for both men and women, self-reported and spousal ring-wearing behavior, and one's own and spousal 2D:4D or absolute finger lengths. Supplemental findings included sex differences and age effects in the prevalence of wearing wedding rings (more frequent in women and the younger than in men and the older) and a sex bias when ring-wearing behavior within couples was discordant (men more frequently did not wear their wedding ring when their wives did than vice versa). Discussed are implications of the current findings and directions for future research into possible associations of 2D:4D with other aspects of body ornamentation.
Monitoring Changes in Rugby League Players' Perceived Stress and Recovery during Intensified Training
Authors: Coutts Aaron J. , Reaburn Peter
Published: November 2008

This study assessed whether the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) could be used to monitor changes in perceived stress and recovery during intensified training of rugby league players. 20 semiprofessional rugby league players were divided into two equal groups randomly assigned to complete 6 wk. of Normal Training or Intensified Training, each followed with a 7-day taper. Multistage Fitness Test performance and RESTQ–Sport measures were taken at the beginning, at 2-wk. intervals, and at the end of the training period. Endurance significantly decreased with Intensified Training and returned to baseline levels following the taper, while remaining unchanged in the Normal Training group. The RESTQ–Sport scores with training were positively related to stress subscale scores (Fatigue, Disturbed Breaks, and General Stress) and recovery subscale measures (Success, Physical Recovery, Being in Shape, Self-efficacy, Social Relaxation, General Well-being, and Sleep Quality) decreasing in the Intensified Training group and then normalising following the taper (Stress subscales: Fatigue and General Stress, and Recovery subscales: Physical Recovery and General Well-being). The RESTQ–Sport is a practical psychometric tool for monitoring responses to training in team-sport athletes.
The Effect of Light Color on Muscular Strength and Power
Authors: Crane Daniel K. , Hensarling Robert W. , Jung Alan P. , Sands Charles D. , Petrella John K.
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the color of light in a room on muscular strength and power. A convenience sample of 18 men ( M age = 20.4 yr., SD = 1.2) performed a modified Wingate Anaerobic Cycle Test for muscular power and a hand grip strength test in each of the following conditions: red, blue, and white (neutral) ambient light. A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated that average muscular power was significantly higher when performing the test in the room with red light compared to rooms lit with blue light or white light. The results also indicated that grip strength was significantly higher in the room lit with white light as compared to the room lit with blue light.
Relationship between Upper Extremity Kinesthetic Sense and Writing Performance by Students with Low Vision
Authors: Aki Esra , Atasavun Songül , Kayihan Hülya
Published: November 2008

Kinesthetic sense plays an important role in writing. Children with low vision lack sensory input from the environment given their loss of vision. This study assessed the effect of upper extremity kinesthetic sense on writing function in two groups, one of students with low vision (9 girls and 11 boys, 9.4 ± 1.9 yr. of age) and one of sighted students (10 girls and 10 boys, 10.1 ± 1.3 yr. of age). All participants were given the Kinesthesia Test and Jebsen Hand Function Test-Writing subtest. Students with low vision scored lower on kinesthetic perception and writing performance than sighted peers. The correlation between scores for writing performance and upper extremity kinesthetic sense in the two groups was significant ( r = −.34). The probability of deficiencies in kinesthetic information in students with low vision must be remembered.
Community Nutrition Policy For Older Adults in Canada
Authors: More Caitlin , Keller Heather
Published: November 2008

Purpose: Current prevention-focused nutrition policy for community-dwelling older adults in Canada is discussed.

Methods: Government websites were searched and key informants asked to identify relevant documents and policies specific to older adults. These were reviewed to find specific legislation on community nutrition programs for older adults.

Results: Despite this population’s known nutritional risk, policies guiding community nutrition programs are extremely limited. Current policies and significant documents and organizations that could influence legislation are acknowledged.

Conclusions: Dietitians in diverse settings need to advocate for specific policy concerning preventive nutrition programs for older adults in Canada.
Platyconic Acid A, a Genuine Triterpenoid Saponin from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum
Authors: Choi Yeon  Hee , Yoo Dae  Seok , Choi Chun  whan , Cha Mi-Ran , Kim Young  Sup , Lee Hyun  Sun , Lee Kang  Ro , Ryu Shi  Yong
Published: November 2008

A genuine triterpenoid saponin, platyconic acid A (1) was isolated from the roots extract of Platycodon grandiflorum, together with five known saponins: deapioplatycoside E (2), platycoside E (3), platycodin D3 (4), platycodin D2 (5) and platycodin D (6). The structure of 1 was determined on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence.
Nano-Scale Characterization of a Piezoelectric Polymer (Polyvinylidene Difluoride, PVDF)
Authors: Lee Hyungoo , Cooper Rodrigo , Wang Ke , Liang Hong
Published: November 2008

The polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) has unique piezoelectric properties favorable for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) applications. In the present research, we conducted nanometer-length scale characterization of this material using several high-resolution techniques. Specifically, we used an atomic force microscope (AFM) to study the nanoand microstructures of the PVDF under stress and to measure their nanoscale conductivity and piezoelectricity. We found that the surface morphology, electronic structure, and microstructure are profoundly affected under electrical potential. Such a behavior is important for the properties and performance of MEMS and NEMS.
Experience with Expert Judgment: theTUDelft Expert Judgment Data
Authors: Cooke Roger M. , Goossens Louis L.H.J.
Published: November 2008

We review the applications of structured expert judgment uncertainty quantification using the “classical model” developed at the Delft University of Technology over the last 17 years. These involve 45 expert panels, performed under contract with problem owners who reviewed and approved the results. With a few exceptions, all these applications involved the use of seed variables; that is, variables from the experts' area of expertise for which the true values are available post hoc. Seed variables are used to (i) measure expert performance, (ii) enable performance‐based weighted combination of experts' distributions, and (iii) evaluate and hopefully validate the resulting combination or “decision maker”. This article reviews the classical model for structured expert judgment and the performance measures, reviews applications, comparing performance‐based decision makers with “equal weight” decision makers, and discusses some lessons learned.
Consequence Mitigation: Current Research and Future Trends
Authors: DeLaurentis Po‐Ching , Lawley Mark , Abraham Dulcy M.
Published: November 2008

Consequence mitigation focuses on the response and recovery efforts after a natural disaster or an intentional attack and related disaster/hazard management activities and command and control structures, planning, and exercises. This article provides a review of previous studies in consequence mitigation, discusses selected state‐of‐the‐art technologies and tools, and describes measures of mitigation effectiveness. Current funding sources and research activities of consequence mitigation in the United States and other countries are also listed. This article discusses the benefits of integrating different consequence mitigation strategies and provides thoughts on future work in this domain.
Terrorist Organizations and Modeling Trends
Authors: Renda‐Tanali Irmak , Hekimian Christopher D.
Published: November 2008

Understanding the structures and modes of operation of terrorist groups is imperative in the assessment of the terrorism threat. Organizational structures of terrorist groups that may appear complex during initial assessments may be more understandable when laid out in systematically modeled formats. This article focuses on terrorist organizations, their structures, and how the intelligence gathered about these networks is being modeled by researchers to advance the understanding of the terrorism threat. This article is intended to provide the reader with a basic understanding of fundamental terrorist organizational structures. It provides an exhaustive literature review, and organizes and summarizes the findings. Discussion of causal and network modeling methods and technologies, and future research directions are provided. Since space does not permit a detailed description of every threat assessment model, key terror group formations, and key terrorist group behavior modeling approaches, selected as representative of similar organizations and efforts are described in some detail. Interrelationships between organization types and organizational modeling and analysis trends are addressed. Resources with current, open source information about terrorist organization modeling are listed.
Modeling Population Dynamics for Homeland Security Applications
Authors: Kaminskiy Mark P. , Ayyub Bilal M.
Published: November 2008

On the basis of successive numbers of
disabled
cells, the developed methodology enables one to estimate current number of
active
terrorist cells inside a system. A system that includes a number of terrorist cells is considered. The cells can consist of one or more terrorists. The current number of active terrorist cells is further denoted by
N
(
t
), where
t
is a current time counted from any appropriate origin. The objective is to find the evolution of the system in terms of
N
(
t
) and some interpretable parameters, such as the initial number of the terrorist cells
N
0
 = 
N
(0), the cell disabling rate constant λ (or the cell half‐life
t
1/2
), and the rate of formation of new cells
P
. The suggested models are similar (but not identical) to some survival data analysis models, which are, in turn, borrowed from nuclear physics and chemical kinetics theory. An analogy between the suggested model and the population dynamics models used in ecology is discussed. The cost‐effectiveness analysis, performed in the framework of the model, reveals that the effectiveness of disabling a terrorist cell reduces after two to three half‐lives of a cell, which shows that, if the antiterrorist actions have not reached their goal during that time, the respective policy should be considered for a revision using the risk assessment consideration. Another important issue raised concerns balancing the efforts related to counterterrorism actions inside the system and the efforts protecting its borders. The respective data analysis is suggested and illustrated using a case study.
Homeland Security Perspective on Threats and Challenges
Authors: Weinberg David M.
Published: November 2008

This article highlights, from a governmental homeland security perspective, the spectrum of conventional and less conventional threats and challenges that face the nation within the context of infrastructure. In this context, man‐made and natural threats are discussed in general terms, along with the role of protection and prevention. Less conventional threats are also identified, including economic and intellectual threats. Redundancy and resilience are addressed as available protection and prevention strategies. Challenges to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) mission are discussed in broad terms, as are several perceived research needs.
Population Evacuations
Authors: Franzese Oscar
Published: November 2008

Emergency evacuation is one of the most important protective action alternatives when facing a natural or a man‐made disaster. The planning and implementation of a large‐scale emergency evacuation is a difficult and complex problem that requires the interactions of many agencies and involves a large amount of information. This article focuses on the latter and discusses the models that are normally used in the planning phase to evaluate this type of protective action alternatives and the information requirements for their implementation. Although many advances have been achieved in this area, especially during the last few years, a considerable amount of work still remains incomplete. Some of the important areas that need attention, such as improvements in the demographic models, integration of traffic simulation and threat evolution models, and real‐time information for the deployment phase, are also discussed in this article.
Transportation Operations and Control
Authors: Pearce Vincent
Published: November 2008

Before, during, and after any disaster, operation of the transportation network is critical to successful preparedness, response, and initiation of recovery operations. These operations are by nature multimodal, multiagency, multijurisdictional, and likely to engage both public and private sectors. Further, such operations may depend upon core elements outside of transportation itself, such as communications capability and debris removal. Technology can play a critical role in understanding the situation, making the right decisions, and carrying out or facilitating effective disaster response operations.
Biodefense Priorities in Life‐science Research: Chemical Threat Agents
Authors: Jett David A. , Platoff Gennady E.
Published: November 2008

Chemicals pose a threat to the United States military and civilian populations because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain, and have the potential to cause mass casualties if released by accident, natural disaster, or by a deliberate act. Chemical threat agents include nerve agents, vesicating or blister agents, pulmonary agents, and blood agents or metabolic poisons. The traditional chemical warfare agents include the organophosphorus nerve agents such as sarin and VX, and the mustard vesicating agents. These remain in several stockpiles around the world. Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) manufactured, stored, and transported across the nation are not regulated as strictly as traditional warfare agents, and many are stored in large amounts and are readily available. Unfortunately and unlike biological and radiation threats, there are many examples of human suffering and death after deliberate releases of chemical welfare agents (CWAs) (sarin, sulfur mustard) and TICs (cyanide, chlorine). Requirements for an effective response to a civilian chemical event include (i) post exposure treatments that are effective within an often short therapeutic time window, (ii) drugs and devices that can be used by medical personnel at the scene of the event or in a pre hospital setting to treat many victims, (iii) drugs and devices that are appropriate for a diverse population including pediatric and elderly victims, and individuals with preexisting medical conditions, and (iv) rapid and effective diagnostic technologies to determine the chemical agent and pathophysiology. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has developed a research program called Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats (CounterACT) to develop new and improved diagnostic technologies and therapies. This program has identified several new opportunities to develop better medical intervention strategies that treat the most severe symptoms, and broad spectrum drugs that target common physiological mechanisms of injury that could be used to treat victims exposed to many different kinds of chemicals. CounterACT and other programs at Department of Health and Humman Services (DHHS) charged with this important goal are essential to national security and will require strong support to meet the challenges ahead. It will require a commitment that is consistent with the cost and time required for drug discovery and development, and should support research at the basic, translational, and clinical levels.
Treatability of Contaminants in Conventional Systems
Authors: Fox Kim R.
Published: November 2008

Once the drinking water is contaminated (either intentionally or unintentionally), the water must be treated prior to use or disposal. This article describes the techniques that can be used to remove classes of contaminants from contaminated water. The removal efficiencies are generally stated since much depends on specific water qualities, contaminant concentration, and other parameters that are site or water specific.
Inherently Secure Next‐Generation Computing and Communication Networks for Reducing Cascading Impacts
Authors: Evans Robert P. , Hammond Virgil B. , Shamsuddin Shabbir A.
Published: November 2008

In the post 9/11 time frame there has emerged a greater recognition, supported by Presidential Directives on the subject, of the need for cyber security to be applied to all phases of information and control systems technology. This article offers a brief discussion of factors critical to success in assessing and defining cyber security risk. There is also a review of a number of parameters that are relevant when assessing an organization's security posture with respect to interdependency with other critical infrastructures and reduction of cascading impacts.

The article also addresses considerations relative to the need for hardened supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, through adherence to one or more established sets of cyber security standards or guidelines and by adoption of new security technologies, techniques, and best practices. The article identifies several existing cyber security standards, some of which have been the subjects of comparison studies by analysts working under contract with the government. These studies identified relevant gaps and in the overall security coverage.
Implications of Regulation on the Protection of Critical Infrastructures
Authors: Haffenden Rebecca
Published: November 2008

In analyzing the security of a nation's infrastructure facilities, the regulatory environment governing the infrastructure or infrastructure asset/facility must be considered. Nonsecurity‐related regulations should be reviewed and their impact should be determined before developing infrastructure security/vulnerability assessment methodologies, recommending protective measures, undertaking research and development activities, and/or imposing security regulations/requirements on infrastructure assets/facilities.
Critical Infrastructure Protection Decision Making
Authors: Powell Dennis R. , DeLand Sharon M. , Samsa Michael E.
Published: November 2008

This article discusses the critical infrastructure protection decision support system (CIPDSS), a risk‐informed decision support system that provides insights into making critical infrastructure protection decisions by considering all critical infrastructures and their primary interdependencies. CIPDSS is a suite of simulation models that provide high‐level aggregate functional representation of critical infrastructures and their primary interactions. CIPDSS is also a set of software, analysis procedures, and decision support tools that are designed to provide insight into disruption scenarios by first estimating consequences and subsequently evaluating potential mitigation alternatives. A decision modeling process presents the simulation results in a risk‐informed framework to indicate decision preferences over the modeled alternatives. Even though CIPDSS is not asset specific, it is appropriate for initial overview studies or as a screening tool for higher resolution models. Three CIPDSS applications of threat scenarios are presented: a bomb threat to telecommunications, a contagious disease threat, and a chemical threat from an accidental release of a toxic industrial chemical.
Analysis of Cascading Infrastructure Failures
Authors: Dobson Ian
Published: November 2008

This chapter considers networked infrastructures with large numbers of interacting components such as electric power transmission grids. Initial infrastructure failures due to an attack or accident become widespread catastrophes by a process of cascading failures. In cascading failures, the failures successively weaken the system and make further failures more likely. The emerging quantitative methods to process and interpret data produced by simulations of cascading failure are described. The cascading failure is modeled as a probabilistic branching process. Estimating the initial distribution of failures and the average propagation of failures can efficiently predict the probability distribution of the total failure size. This ongoing research aims to quantify the risk of rare, high‐impact, large infrastructure disruptions so that this risk may be managed.
Finding Inadvertent Release of Information
Authors: Srihari Rohini K.
Published: November 2008

The common interpretation of this topic is the accidental release of sensitive information such as e‐mail or classified documents. However, this topic also addresses the issue that independently generated information, by multiple authors at different times, may together reveal more information than intended. The public website of a large organization may inadvertently disseminate sensitive information that is more than what is required using a need‐to‐know policy. The security of publicly disseminated information is a critical component of cyber‐infrastructure and homeland security. The key problem in identifying such information involves inferences across multiple documents, since the information contained in a single document may on its own be innocuous. For example, one could synthesize the schedule of an important official by mining the web for announcements of his appearances. Techniques for detecting such vulnerabilities are complex and range from semiautomated methods using search engines to state‐of‐the‐art research in text mining.
Naturalistic Decision Making, Expertise, and Homeland Security
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Rosen Michael A.
Published: November 2008

The effectiveness of performance on Homeland Security (HS) tasks depends on the knowledge and skill of individuals and teams. Consequently, a robust understanding of the nature of human expertise and how this is applied in complex real world decision making tasks can help to guide the development of HS systems and prepare HS personnel for their tasks. This chapter reviews the Naturalistic Decision Making research tradition and describes how this set of theories, methods and findings can contribute to HS efforts.
Social, Psychological, and Communication Impacts of an Agroterrorism Attack
Authors: Becker Steven M.
Published: November 2008

Although increasing attention is being devoted to many aspects of agroterrorism preparedness and response, far less consideration has been given to social, psychological, and communication issues. Yet, the manner in which these issues are approached will be one of the principal determinants of an agroterrorism event's outcome. To gain a better understanding of the range of potential impacts, this article examines the 2001 foot‐and‐mouth disease experience in the United Kingdom. Although the outbreak was not the result of terrorism, its rapid spread, huge scale, and widespread effects provide valuable insights into the kinds of social, psychological, and communication challenges that could arise during a major agroterrorism event. The implications for preparedness and response are explored, and several recommendations are then presented for better addressing the social, psychological, and communication impacts of agroterrorism. The article closes with a discussion of continuing research needs.
Insects As Vectors Of Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Zurek Ludek , Gorham J. Richard
Published: November 2008

Many of the numerous species of insects that are attracted to food and to food‐contact surfaces carry on or within their bodies a plethora of bacteria and other microbes, some of which are capable of causing disease in humans and domestic animals. Strict adherence to standard sanitation practices and constant vigilance at all levels of the food chain are the primary lines of defense against incidents of foodborne disease. Flies and cockroaches are notable for their habits of indiscriminately visiting both pathogen‐laden substrates and food destined for human or domestic animal consumption. Ants that enter buildings are both indefatigable foragers and reliable carriers and disseminators of any pathogens they happen to acquire. The moths and beetles that live in dry cereal foods are capable of transporting fungal spores within the food material. It is not possible to prevent all instances of contamination of food by pathogens carried by insects. However, that eventuality can be minimized by implementing a four‐pronged program, AIM=F: anticipate—document all possible scenarios by which insects might contaminate food; inform—train all persons associated with the food chain to recognize danger when they see it; mitigate—develop and practice protocols to quickly deal with any actual or potential incident of food contamination by insects; frustrate—utilizing the first three action measures will neutralize or minimize any deliberate attempt to effect a bioterror incident.
Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Preventive Best Practices for Retailers and Foodservice Establishments
Authors: Albrecht Julie A. , Strohbehn Catherine H.
Published: November 2008

Consumers in the United States purchase the majority of their food from retail and foodservice establishments and expect it to be safe, although they are more confident that food is safe from natural contaminants than from terrorist tampering [1]. Increased consolidation within the retail food industry and globalization of food sources raise vulnerability of intentional contamination. Retail outlets rely on food wholesalers to procure food from food manufacturing plants. Because of recent events, there is an increased awareness of the potential for intentional contamination of the food supply from biological or chemical agents. Retail food outlets and wholesalers need to develop skills in risk assessment and risk management specific to their operations as they pertain to physical and human elements. Preventative best practices are included for managers to be proactive and minimize risk from intentional threats to their food supply.
Livestock Agroterrorism and the Potential Public Health Risk
Authors: Hueston William D. , Singleton Stephan
Published: November 2008

Although no nation has suffered a livestock agroterrorism incident in recent times, the potential risk to both animal and public health must be considered. Public health impacts will accompany livestock agroterrorism regardless of whether the agent involved causes human illness and death. Because of limited scientific literature on agroterrorism, the nature and extent of these public health impacts must be extrapolated from studies of natural disasters and bioterrorism incidents aimed at people. The stress of intentional animal disease outbreaks will cause mental health problems including depression, posttraumatic stress syndrome, and suicide in some of the farmers affected by the incident and the first responders involved. The indirect public health impacts of livestock agroterrorism may even be greater due to the disruptions of social well being. The animal disease outbreak can devastate animal agriculture in a region or country, undermining the economic stability and social fabric of rural communities and, in the worst situations, threatening the perceived safety and availability of foods of animal origin. In addition, the unintended consequences of large‐scale animal disease control programs may exacerbate financial damage and social isolation for individuals and communities. Reducing the potential impacts of livestock agroterrorism on public health requires expanded preparedness activities for rural communities and the nation that include significant public–private partnership. The economic impacts of livestock agroterrorism must be moderated in order to limit the secondary societal health problems and public health infrastructure disruption.
Carcass Disposal Options
Authors: Nutsch Abbey , Kastner Justin
Published: November 2008

The enormous, complex, and relatively open nature of the US animal agriculture and food system, combined with its economic importance, makes it a potential target for a terrorist attack. Furthermore, vulnerability to catastrophic losses due to disease outbreaks, regardless of whether accidental or intentionally introduced, is accentuated by the ever‐increasing concentration of modern animal production operations and the tremendous mobility of food‐animal populations. In the event of an animal agriculture emergency involving widespread livestock deaths, the disposal of large numbers of carcasses can present daunting challenges. This article presents an overview of key attributes of several carcass disposal options, including burial, landfill, incineration, rendering, composting, and alkaline hydrolysis. The most appropriate disposal option—or options—in the event of an emergency will be determined by a host of factors, including the nature of the incident, the animal species affected, the type of disease (if disease related), the number of carcasses involved, the availability and capacity of disposal options, and other considerations unique to individual locations. Planning for carcass disposal well in advance of an emergency will help responders minimize the impact of an incident and maximize protection of public health and the environment.
Optimal Investments in Mitigating Agroterrorism Risks
Authors: Nganje William E. , Lewis Andrew , Wilson William
Published: November 2008

This study provides a framework to value investments to mitigate possible agroterrorism occurrences in the food supply chain and to determine where these investments would reduce the most risk. This framework is applied to the milk industry, which is one sector of the food industry that could be at risk. Stochastic optimization method is used to determine the costs and risk premiums of alternative investments with real‐time tracking possibilities. The real options method along with a portfolio of options, also referred to as the “tomato garden” framework, is used to determine where and when alternative intervention strategies should be implemented to reduce the most risk.
Mid‐Infrared Sensors for The Rapid Analysis of Select Microbial Food Borne Pathogens
Authors: Mauer Lisa J. , Reuhs Bradley L.
Published: November 2008

Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy methods enable chemical discrimination of intact bacterial cells or cell components and have potential use for the rapid detection and analysis of foodborne pathogens. This article presents a review of FTIR techniques and sensors for bacterial analysis, as well as advantages, disadvantages, and challenges that remain for the development of FTIR pathogen detection methods.
Authentication, Authorization, Access Control, and Privilege Management
Authors: Ferraiolo David , Kuhn Rick , Hu Vincent
Published: November 2008

Authentication is the process of verifying the identity or authority of a network or system user (which can be a human user, or a computer‐based process or device) through a secure means, such as digital signatures, passwords, tokens, or biometric features. Authorization, which takes place after authentication, refers to the privileges granted to an authenticated user who has requested access to services or resources. The concepts of authentication and authorization are interdependent; authorization to use a network or system resource frequently includes establishing the identity of the user requesting access or verifying that a trusted third party has certified that the user is entitled to the access requested. Privilege is a security attribute shared by users whose identities have been authenticated. Access control and privilege management begin with the administrative and mechanical process of defining, enabling, and limiting the operations that users can perform on specific system resources. The permission or limitation of operations is based on the business rules or access policies of the organization.
Attack Traceback and Attribution
Authors: Guan Yong , Zhang Linfeng
Published: November 2008

Traceback and attribution are performed during or after cyber violations and attacks to identify where an attack originated; how it propagated; and what computer(s) and person(s) were responsible. The goal of traceback capabilities is to determine the path from a victimized network or system through any intermediate systems and communication pathways, back to the point of attack origination. In some cases, the computers launching an attack may themselves be compromised hosts being controlled remotely from a system one or more levels further removed from the system under attack. Attribution is the process of determining the identity of the source of a cyber attack. Types of attribution can include both digital identity (computer, user account, Internet Protocol (IP) address, or enabling software) and physical identity (the actual person using the computer from which an attack originated).
Cyber Forensics
Authors: Rogers Marcus K.
Published: November 2008

This article provides an overview of the developing field of cyber forensics. Cyber forensics is an integral component of information assurance and security, law enforcement, protection of intellectual property, counter terrorism, and homeland security. The article covers three main topics: (i) scientific overview, (ii) critical needs analysis, and (iii) research directions. Subtopics for discussion include the context of digital forensic science (DFS) and cyber forensics/DE, emerging standards and process model(s), current and near term issues and challenges, and future directions for the field. The article provides suggestions for further reading for those interested in a more in depth coverage of this field.
Protecting Security Sensors and Systems
Authors: Carpenter Todd P.
Published: November 2008

This article describes the susceptibilities and adverse effects of physical and cyber attacks on electronic sensors and security systems employed in homeland security applications. Processes for characterizing systemic issues and minimizing sensor vulnerabilities as a design parameter are described.
Threat Signatures of Explosive Materials
Authors: Theisen Lisa
Published: November 2008

This article describes how the properties of explosive compounds and materials can place them into categories for their detection (trace or bulk technologies) and for the application (detection of explosives carried by humans or contained in inanimate objects such as packages or vehicles). Because some bulk techniques employ ionizing radiation for creating images of the suspect item, they are unsafe for human application and therefore trace detection methodologies, including chemical analysis or canine investigation, are more appropriate. The article identifies commonly employed explosive compounds and how current technologies exploit their inherent properties to detect the presence of explosives, in either residue (microscopic) or bulk (macroscopic) quantities.
Functionalization of Porous Carbon Materials with Designed Pore Architecture
Authors: Stein Andreas , Wang Zhiyong , Fierke Melissa A.
Published: November 2008

Recent progress in syntheses of porous carbons with designed pore architecture has rejuvenated the field of carbon chemistry and promises to provide new advanced materials. In order to reap the full benefit of designer carbons, it is necessary to develop chemistries for functionalizing the porous carbon surfaces. This Review examines methods of functionalizing porous carbon through direct incorporation of heteroatoms in the carbon synthesis, surface oxidation and activation, halogenation, sulfonation, grafting, attachment of nanoparticles and surface coating with polymers. Methods of characterizing the functionalized carbon materials and applications that benefit from functionalized nanoporous carbons with designed architecture are also highlighted.
Methane steam reforming at microscales: Operation strategies for variable power output at millisecond contact times
Authors: Stefanidis Georgios D. , Vlachos Dionisios G. , Kaisare Niket S. , Maestri Matteo
Published: November 2008

The potential of methane steam reforming at microscale is theoretically explored. To this end, a multifunctional catalytic plate microreactor, comprising of a propane combustion channel and a methane steam reforming channel, separated by a solid wall, is simulated with a pseudo 2‐D (two‐dimensional) reactor model. Newly developed lumped kinetic rate expressions for both processes, obtained from a posteriori reduction of detailed microkinetic models, are used. It is shown that the steam reforming at millisecond contact times is feasible at microscale, and in agreement with a recent experimental report. Furthermore, the attainable operating regions delimited from the materials stability limit, the breakthrough limit, and the maximum power output limit are mapped out. A simple operation strategy is presented for obtaining variable power output along the breakthrough line (a nearly iso‐flow rate ratio line), while ensuring good overlap of reaction zones, and provide guidelines for reactor sizing. Finally, it is shown that the choice of the wall material depends on the targeted operating regime. Low‐conductivity materials increase the methane conversion and power output at the expense of higher wall temperatures and steeper temperature gradients along the wall. For operation close to the breakthrough limit, intermediate conductivity materials, such as stainless steel, offer a good compromise between methane conversion and wall temperature. Even without recuperative heat exchange, the thermal efficiency of the multifunctional device and the reformer approaches ∼65% and ∼85%, respectively. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Somatic TP53 mutation mosaicism in a patient with Li–Fraumeni syndrome
Authors: Prochazkova Kamila , Pavlikova Kristyna , Minarik Marek , Sumerauer David , Kodet Roman , Sedlacek Zdenek
Published: November 2008

We present a girl who developed adrenocortical adenoma at the age of 1 year and osteosarcoma at the age of 5 years. There was no history of cancer in her parents and their relatives. However, both tumors were typical for the Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), and the patient met criteria for germline TP53 mutation testing. A mutation in codon 282 (Arg282Trp) was identified in her blood lymphocyte genomic DNA. The substitution was found in neither of her parents, which indicated a possibility of a de novo mutation. Unexpectedly, sequencing of the DNA of the patient repeatedly showed allelic imbalance in favor of the normal allele. This observation prompted us to investigate the putative somatic mosaicism in the patient consisting of normal cells and cells heterozygous for the mutation. The imbalance was also examined in two other non‐invasively sampled tissues, buccal cells, and cells from the urine sediment, and sequencing was confirmed with two other independent methods. While the findings in blood and the urine sediment were similar, in buccal cells both alleles were present in equal amounts. The allele ratio in lymphocytes was consistent with a mosaic where about 2/3 of cells carried two normal alleles and only 1/3 was heterozygous for the mutation. Despite the mosaicism the girl developed two early childhood tumors of mesodermal origin, and her phenotype was thus not milder than that of other germline TP53 mutation carriers. To our knowledge this is the first description of somatic mosaicism for a de novo TP53 mutation in LFS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unique mosaic X/Y translocation/insertion in infant 45,X male
Authors: Chernykh V.B. , Vyatkina S.V. , Antonenko V.G. , Shilova N.V. , Zolotukhina T.V. , Kurilo L.F. , Chukhrova A.L. , Polyakov A.V.
Published: November 2008

We report on a 45,X male with hydrocephaly, lobar holoprosencephaly and ichthyosis. In situ hybridization and molecular analysis have demonstrated the presence of a mosaic SRY‐bearing derivative X chromosome that included Yp and heterochromatic Yq fragments. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental delay, dysmorphic features, neonatal spontaneous fractures, wrinkled skin, and hepatic failure: A new metabolic syndrome?
Authors: Mégarbané André , Samaras Leila , Chédid Rima , Chouery Eliane , Chrétien Dominique , Caillaud Catherine , Abou‐Ghoch Joelle , Jalkh Nadine
Published: November 2008

We report on a consanguineous Lebanese family where two sibs had an axial hypotonia, developmental delay, hirsutism, large fontanels with delayed closure, and dysmorphic facial features that consist of frontal bossing, prominent eyes, slightly down‐slanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, telecanthus, long eyelashes, gum hypertrophy, and pointed chin. In addition, they had short neck, abnormal thoracic configuration, wrinkled skin on the hands and abdomen, hepato‐splenomegaly and neonatal spontaneous fractures. Their overall health and hepatic function deteriorated every time they had fever. The eldest boy died at the age of 18 months secondary to a hepatic failure. Laboratory exams did not reveal any anomaly except for the hepatic function. Differential diagnoses are discussed and the possibility that we might be reporting on a new metabolic syndrome is raised. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel 2.43 Mb deletion of 7q11.22–q11.23
Authors: Blyth Moira , Beal Sarah , Huang Shuwen , Crolla John , Foulds Nicola
Published: November 2008

We present a patient with a novel heterozygous deletion of 7q11.22–q11.23. Standard cytogenetic analysis using the ELN cosmid 82C and the ELN/ LIMK1 cosmid 34B FISH probes suggested a diagnosis of Williams syndrome. Although he has supravalvular aortic stenosis and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis, which are common in this condition, he does not have the clinical gestalt of Williams syndrome. 44k oligo array CGH analysis showed a 2.43 Mb deletion, encompassing the proximal 1.43 kb of the Williams syndrome critical region and extending approximately 1 Mb beyond it. The deletion of further genes outside the Williams syndrome critical region does not appear to be having a phenotypic effect at present. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive genetic testing for cardiovascular diseases: Impact on carrier children
Authors: Meulenkamp Tineke M. , Tibben Aad , Mollema Eline D. , van Langen Irene M. , Wiegman Albert , de Wert Guido M. , de Beaufort Inez D. , Wilde Arthur A.M. , Smets Ellen M.A.
Published: November 2008

We studied the experiences of children identified by family screening who were found to be a mutation carrier for a genetic cardiovascular disease (Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM), Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)). We addressed the (a) manner in which they perceive their carrier status, (b) impact on their daily lives, and (c) strategy used to cope with these consequences. Children (aged 8–18) who tested positive for LQTS (n = 11), HCM (n = 6) or FH (n = 16), and their parents participated in semi‐structured audiotaped interviews. Interview topics included illness perception, use of medication, lifestyle modifications, worries, and coping. Each interview was coded by two researchers. The qualitative analysis was guided by Leventhal's model of self‐regulation. The children were overall quite articulate about the disease they were tested for, including its mode of inheritance. They expressed positive future health perceptions, but feelings of controllability varied. Adherence and side‐effects were significant themes with regard to medication‐use. Refraining from activities and maintaining a non‐fat diet were themes concerning lifestyle modifications. Some children spontaneously reported worries about the possibility of dying and frustration about being different from peers. Children coped with these worries by expressing faith in the effectiveness of medication, trying to be similar to peers or, in contrast, emphasizing their “being different.” Children generally appeared effective in the way they coped with their carrier status and its implications. Nevertheless, dealing with the daily implications of their condition remains difficult in some situations, warranting continued availability of psychosocial support. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The presence of bicuspid aortic valve does not predict ventricular septal defect type
Authors: Hor Kan N. , Border William L. , Cripe Linda H. , Benson D. Woodrow , Hinton Robert B.
Published: November 2008

Previous studies have identified an increased incidence of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) in patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD). Because endocardial cushion remodeling contributes to both the formation of semilunar valves and ventricular septation, we hypothesized that examination of humans with BAV and VSD would identify a specific VSD type. We evaluated VSD type in pediatric patients diagnosed with BAV and VSD (n = 82) and compared findings to patients diagnosed with VSD and normal aortic valve morphology (n = 429). VSD type was described as conoventricular, muscular, inlet or conoseptal using a clinical taxonomy. Based on the contribution of the outflow tract endocardial cushions to the membranous ventricular septum, we expected patients with BAV to have conoventricular VSD. In both patient groups, conoventricular VSD was most common; however, the prevalence was not significantly different when BAV patients were compared to those with normal aortic valve morphology (67% vs. 57%, P = 0.11). The primary finding of this study is that despite a developmental link between semilunar valve formation and ventricular septation during cardiogenesis, there is no clear association between BAV and VSD type. This may be due to phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of BAV and VSD, other modifying factors as manifested by differences in associated CVM, as well as limitations of the clinical taxonomy of VSD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.