bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing an Epidemic
Authors: Downs Jim
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on the smallpox epidemic, the most devastating medical crisis that erupted throughout the South after the Civil War, and how it claimed the lives of thousands of freed slaves from 1862 to 1868. It argues that the epidemic resulted in large part from the inefficiencies of Freedmen’s Bureau hospitals to establish effective quarantines and conduct vaccinations as well as the federal government’s neglect of freedpeople’s health. It considers the high mortality rates caused by the smallpox epidemic, and how they were interpreted by federal officials, Southern planters, and both the Northern and Southern press as signs of the extinction of the black race. The chapter also cites the federal government’s lack of effort in addressing the outbreak of the virus throughout the South.
Narrating Illness
Authors: Downs Jim
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on how the Reconstruction period inspired freedpeople to make claims about their health matters to the state, and how the expansion of the pension system allowed black veterans and their dependants to articulate their health conditions to the federal government in hope of receiving financial assistance for their medical problems. It also looks at the eventual demise of the Medical Division of the Freedmen’s Bureau and the Bureau’s attempt to negotiate with municipal and state officials in the Reconstruction South to take charge of freedpeople left by the void of Southern planters and the destruction of the plantation economy. Finally, the chapter examines how the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, combined with the creation of new state governments in the South, led civil authorities to allow emancipated slaves to enroll in municipal and state institutions.
Asks for Nothing Except to Serve
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's road to Washington as the most powerful man under Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. It first considers Hopkins's tenure as executive director of the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA), an agency created in 1931 by Roosevelt, who was then in his second term as governor of New York, to provide emergency relief to the growing ranks of the unemployed during the Great Depression. It then assesses Hopkins's support for Roosevelt's nomination and bid for the presidency in 1932, along with his appointment as head of a newly created federal agency to provide direct relief to the nation's poor and unemployed and to administer a vast new jobs program. It also examines Hopkins's travel to Europe in 1934, where he was sent by Roosevelt to assess the personnel in the U.S. embassies of England, Germany, Austria, and Italy and provide the president with a confidential report. It also looks at Roosevelt's creation of the Works Progress Administration headed by Hopkins that became the centerpiece of the New Deal. Finally, it examines the death of Hopkins's wife Barbara and his appointment as secretary of commerce under the Roosevelt administration.
Vodka Has Authority
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's trips to Great Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941 as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's emissary, with particular reference to his meetings with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. It first considers Hopkins's meetings with a series of top government and military officials in Britain to resolve lend-lease and related supply issues and to confer on war strategy, along with his claim that he made an effort to resolve tensions in the working relationship between Averell Harriman and Ambassador John G. Winant. It then looks at Hopkins's meeting with Ivan Maisky, the Soviet ambassador to Great Britain, before turning to his time in Moscow. It also discusses the three-part memorandum that contained all of the information acquired by Hopkins during his two days with Stalin and the others. The first two parts summarized Stalin's overview of World War II, the supplies he said were needed, and the three-party conference proposed by Hopkins. The third part reported Stalin's confession that it would be “very difficult” for Britain and the USSR alone to win the war and his request that the United States declare war on Germany.
The Alliance Shifts
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on the shift in alliance between Harry Hopkins and Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II. It first considers the relationship between Eleanor Roosevelt and Hopkins's wife Louise Gill Macy and the latter's decision to move out of the White House. Despite Roosevelt's feeling that he was abandoned by the couple, this chapter shows that Hopkins would remain entrenched as the president's closest confidant and companion. The chapter also considers Hopkins's influence not only on Roosevelt but also on Winston Churchill of Great Britain and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union. Finally, it discusses the Red Army's decisive victories at Stalingrad and Kursk that would strengthen Stalin's stature as a world figure.
Tilting toward the Russians
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter examines how Harry Hopkins influenced the balance of military power in the Atlantic during World War II. More specifically, it looks at Hopkins's role in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's meetings with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Chinese Nationalist government and Winston Churchill of Great Britain in Cairo and the Big Three conference with Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union in Tehran. It also considers Roosevelt's vision of the significance of China to the United States in the postwar world as well as his views about postwar relations with the USSR. Finally, it explores how the Tehran conference made the United States turn its attention from Britain to the Soviet Union.
Study of Phylogenetic Relationships Among Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi Isolates: Confirmation of Intrarace Diversity and Development of a Practical Tool for Simple Population Analyses
Authors: Cañizares M. C. , Gómez-Lama C. , García-Pedrajas M. D. , Pérez-Artés E.
Published: March 2015

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, is the most important disease of carnation worldwide. Knowing the diversity of the F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi population present in a carnation growing area is a key component of preventing dramatic losses in production. Sequence analyses of partial β-tubulin, translation elongation factor 1α genes, and the full-length ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (IGS) were conducted to resolve phylogenetic relationships in a wide collection of Spanish F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi isolates, along with some representatives from Italy. We found that, among the three different gene regions, the IGS sequence was the best choice to resolve phylogenetic relationships among F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi isolates. The phylogenetic tree generated with the complete IGS region was the only one showing a clear clustering of isolates according to the molecular group (virulence grouping) and the vegetative compatibility group. In order to develop a more practical tool based on a shorter DNA sequence to quickly analyze diversity in F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi populations, we examined IGS nucleotide alignments and identified a region of approximately 300 bp that accumulates enough “informative” changes to resolve intraspecific relationships and determine pathogenic variants in F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. Moreover, the “condensed” alignment of this short IGS region showing only the informative positions revealed the existence of virulence group-discriminating positions. In addition to clarifying the phylogenetic relationships among F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi isolates of the recently described race groups by using multigene genealogies, we have developed simple tools for the phylogenetic analyses of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi populations and the determination of the molecular group of uncharacterized F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi isolates.
Potato Tuber Blight Resistance Phenotypes Correlate with RB Transgene Transcript Levels in an Age-Dependent Manner
Authors: Millett Benjamin P. , Gao Liangliang , Iorizzo Massimo , Carputo Domenico , Bradeen James M.
Published: March 2015

Plants have evolved strategies and mechanisms to detect and respond to pathogen attack. Different organs of the same plant may be subjected to different environments (e.g., aboveground versus belowground) and pathogens with different lifestyles. Accordingly, plants commonly need to tailor defense strategies in an organ-specific manner. Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of potato late blight disease, infects both aboveground foliage and belowground tubers. We examined the efficacy of transgene RB (known for conferring foliar late blight resistance) in defending against tuber late blight disease. Our results indicate that the presence of the transgene has a positive yet only marginally significant effect on tuber disease resistance on average. However, a significant association between transgene transcript levels and tuber resistance was established for specific transformed lines in an age-dependent manner, with higher transcript levels indicating enhanced tuber resistance. Thus, RB has potential to function in both foliage and tuber to impart late blight resistance. Our data suggest that organ-specific resistance might result directly from transcriptional regulation of the resistance gene itself.
Development and Validation of LNA-Based Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection and Identification of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii in Complex DNA Backgrounds
Authors: Kiewnick Sebastian , Frey Jürg E. , Braun-Kiewnick Andrea
Published: March 2015

Meloidogyne enterolobii is a quarantine root-knot nematode posing a major threat to agricultural production systems worldwide. It attacks many host plants, including important agricultural crops, ornamentals, and trees. M. enterolobii is a highly virulent and pathogenic root-knot nematode species, able to reproduce on plants resistant to other Meloidogyne spp. Significant crop damage has been reported in Asia, South America, Africa, the United States, France, and greenhouses in Switzerland. To identify potential introduction pathways and ensure appropriate phytosanitary measures and management strategies, accurate detection and identification tools are needed. Therefore, two real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the second intergenic spacer region of the ribosomal DNA cistron and the cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene using locked nucleic acid probes were developed and validated for fast and reliable detection and identification of M. enterolobii. Analytical specificity was confirmed with 16 M. enterolobii populations, 16 populations of eight closely related Meloidogyne spp., and four species from other nematode genera. Optimizing and testing the assays on two real-time PCR platforms revealed an analytical sensitivity of one juvenile in a background of 1,000 nematodes and the intended limit of detection of one juvenile per 100 ml of soil. Both assays performed equally well, with the COI-based assay showing a slightly better performance concerning detection of M. enterolobii target DNA in complex DNA backgrounds.
Time-based modifications to process theory illustrations through a corporate rebranding case study
Authors: Juntunen Mari
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop the lifecycle and teleology process theory illustrations by uniting processes and their outcomes based on their being bounded in time.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study combines objective and subjective ontological approaches to organisational development and change processes. The narrative data of corporate rebranding among small B2B companies were gathered through a multiple case study and analysed in relation to flow of time. The illustrations of teleology and lifecycle process theory are modified based on empirical data.

Findings

– The underlying logic of the lifecycle and teleology illustrations is found to be the same. The historical processes follow the logic of the lifecycle processes and emphasise the outcomes; the lifecycle process theory illustration is modified by adding outcomes. The current processes are in line with the literal description of the teleology. Teleology processes are illustrated using double-headed arrows between all processes.

Research limitations/implications

– Employing the objective and subjective ontological view in the same study might be questioned. The modifications to the process theory illustrations are only one view on the issue and the study does not take a stand on how the imagined future processes might be described.

Practical implications

– The study helps researchers and managers better understand the lifecycle and teleology process theory and the role of outcomes in process research. The study should encourage researchers and managers to incorporate the role of process outcomes into their future (business) planning more efficiently, and combine different ontological views.

Originality/value

– The study is a rare attempt to develop process theory illustrations.
Online ethnography: a study of software developers and software development
Authors: Cordoba-Pachon Jose Rodrigo , Loureiro-Koechlin Cecilia
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– Qualitative research has made important contributions to social science by enabling researchers to engage with people and get an in-depth understanding of their views, beliefs and perceptions about social phenomena. With new and electronically mediated forms of human interaction (e.g. the online world), there are new opportunities for researchers to gather data and participate with or observe people in online groups. The purpose of this paper is to present features, challenges and possibilities for online ethnography as an innovative form of qualitative research.

Design/methodology/approach

– Ethnography is about telling a story about what happens in a particular setting or settings. In order to do this online, it is important to revisit, adopt and adapt some ideas about traditional (offline) ethnography. The paper distinguishes online ethnography from other types of research. It draws some generic features of online ethnography and identifies challenges for it. With these ideas in mind the paper presents and provides a reflection of an online ethnography of software developers.

Findings

– Online ethnography can provide valuable insights about social phenomena. The paper identifies generic features of this approach and a number of challenges related to its practice. These challenges have to do with to the choice of settings, use of online data for research, representation of people and generation of valuable and useful knowledge. The paper also highlights issues for future consideration in research and practice.

Practical implications

– The ethnography helped the researcher to identify and address a number of methodological challenges in practice and position herself in relation to relevant audiences she wanted to speak to. The paper also suggests different orientations to online ethnography. Lessons learned highlight potential contributions as well as further possibilities for qualitative research in the online world.

Originality/value

– Online ethnography offers possibilities to engage with a global audience of research subjects. For academics and practitioners the paper opens up possibilities to use online tools for research and it shows that the use of these tools can help overcome difficulties in access and interaction with people and to study a diversity of research topics, not only those that exist online. The paper offers guidance for researchers about where to start and how to proceed if they want to conduct online ethnography and generate useful and valuable knowledge in their area of interest.
A content and comparative analysis of strategic management research in the Baltic area
Authors: Gonzalez-Loureiro Miguel , Dabic Marina , Furrer Olivier
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide a research agenda for qualitative studies in the field of strategic management (SM) in the Baltic area.

Design/methodology/approach

– A total of 167 SM-related articles in this area between 2000 and 2013 were found. The content within title, abstract and authors’ keywords was analysed by means of a multiple correspondence analysis based on the HOMALS technique.

Findings

– The intellectual structure of SM in the Baltic area is to some extent similar to the global structure of the field. Hence research on this topic in the Baltic area is well integrated in the field. Three topics of interest have been identified while the fourth seems to offer more limited opportunities for qualitative studies. These are: entry and competition; strategic behaviour and the micro-foundations of strategy; the growth-performance relationship; and global strategies.

Research limitations/implications

– Despite the modest number of articles in our sample, the findings are consistent with past research on the structure of the SM field. The classification of articles into qualitative- and quantitative-based methods helped provide a research agenda.

Practical implications

– SM scholars in the Baltic area may find this paper as an interesting input to their quest for finding and justifying their own research path.

Originality/value

– This is an original literature review. The use of a quantitative method in the literature review and the suggested matrix is a second original contribution to evolving methodologies for content analysis. The method allows the inclusion of large samples while limiting the use of scholars’ intuition.
Customer experience management and business performance
Authors: Grønholdt Lars , Martensen Anne , Jørgensen Stig , Jensen Peter
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine how essential dimensions of customer experience management (CEM) drive business performance in Danish companies.

Design/methodology/approach

– An empirical study is conducted to investigate the relationships between seven CEM dimensions, differentiation, market performance and financial performance. The conceptual model is operationalized by a structural equation model, and the model is estimated and tested by using the partial least squares method. A survey among 484 companies in Denmark forms the empirical basis for the study.

Findings

– The findings provide evidence that the seven CEM dimensions influence differentiation, market performance and financial performance. High-performing companies differ significantly from low-performing companies with regard to how they master the CEM, meaning that those companies which incorporate superior customer experience into their products and service enjoy measurable financial success.

Research limitations/implications

– This study is limited to the seven identified CEM dimensions in Danish companies.

Practical implications

– This study has clear implications in terms of identifying and measuring the importance of essential CEM dimensions which influence business performance. The results can help companies to understand CEM and develop CEM strategies.

Originality/value

– The paper provides a deeper insight into CEM and how CEM works.
Agencies, it’s time to innovate!
Authors: Palm Klas , Lilja Johan , Wiklund Håkan
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of innovation in the current Swedish governmental administration system. More specifically, the paper explores the current understanding within the system of what innovation is, as well as why and how it should be achieved. Innovation is currently at the top of many agendas worldwide: not only in the private sector but also when it comes to increasing quality, efficiency and effectiveness in public administration. In Sweden, this is reflected in the recent call from the Government for innovation in public management. However, innovation has not traditionally occurred to any significant extent on the strategic level of Swedish public management. Furthermore, governmental administration is a complex system in need of coordination and alignment for this new call to be effectively realized in practice.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper has been based on a qualitative approach with a case consisting of three embedded units: the Government itself, a ministry and a Government agency. The data have been collected from documents and interviews.

Findings

– This paper shows that there is currently a notable disparity when it comes to how aspects of innovation are understood at different levels within the Swedish governmental administration system. Furthermore, the recent business development to increase the standardization of work processes is perceived as having created poorer preconditions for working with innovations.

Practical implications

– The results highlight critical areas of disparity and possibilities for improvement toward a shared understanding and aligned innovation actions within the system.

Originality/value

– This paper contributes knowledge about the current understanding of innovation in the Swedish governmental administration system.
Torsional tribological behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene composites filled with hexagonal boron nitride and phenyl p-hydroxybenzoate under different angular displacements
Authors: Wang Shibo , Cao Bo , Teng Bing
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and poly (phenyl p-hydroxybenzoate) (PHBA) on improving the torsional tribological behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper investigates the torsional tribological behavior of PTFE composites filled with h-BN and PHBA under different angular displacements with a plane-on-plane torsional friction tester. The worn surface of PTFE composites was investigated by using a scanning electron microscope.

Findings

– The shape of T–Θ curves of PTFE composites was influenced by both content fillers and torsional angule. The material with a higher coefficient of sliding friction exhibited the larger torsional angle under which the torsional regime transited from a partial slip to a gross slip. PTFE composites filled with 20 weight per cent PHBA and 10 weight per cent h-BN showed the best anti-wear properties. The specific wear rate of composites exhibits a negative correlation with material hardness. The wear volume loss presents a positive correlation with friction dissipation energy. The specific wear rate of all composites decreased with increasing torsional angle. The dominant wear mechanism of pure PTFE was adhesive wear. The slight plastic flow and plowing occurred on the worn surfaces of PTFE composites because of the higher hardness of composites and the lubrication of h-BN particles with layer crystal structure.

Originality/value

– This paper put forward a kind of PTFE composite with low torsional wear rate, which can be used in the sliding slewing bearing or the center plate of a bogie.
Investigations on the effect of oil quality on gearboxes using neural network predictors
Authors: Kalkat Menderes
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to perform an experimental investigation to analyze vibration and noise of unloaded gearbox with different oil quality. All motor-driven machinery used in the modern world can develop faults. The maintenance plans include analyzing the external relevant information of critical components, in order to evaluate its internal state. From the beginning of the twentieth century, different technologies have been used to process signals of dynamical systems.

Design/methodology/approach

– A proposed neural network (NN) is also employed to predict vibration parameters of the experimental test rig. Moreover, four types of oils are used for gearbox to predict reliable oil. Vibration signals extracted from rotating parts of machineries carry lot many information within them about the condition of the operating machine. Further processing of these raw vibration signatures measured at a convenient location of the machine unravels the condition of the component or the assembly under study. The experimental stand for testing an unloaded gearbox is composed by actuated direct current (DC) driving system.

Findings

– This paper deals with the effectiveness of wavelet-based features for fault diagnosis of a gearbox using two types of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and stress analyzed with computer-based software ANNs. The results improved that the proposed NN has superior performance to adapt experimental results.

Practical implications

– This paper is one such attempt to apply machine learning methods like ANN. This work deals with extraction of wavelet features from the vibration data of a gearbox system and classification of gear faults using ANNs.

Originality/value

– These kind of NN-based approaches are novel approaches to predict real-time vibration and acceleration parameters of unloaded gearbox with five types of oils. Also, the investigation contains new information about studied process, containing elements of novelty.
Experimental and CFD investigations of carbon/SS316 mechanical face seals under different lubricating conditions
Authors: Kavinprasad S. , Shankar S. , Karthic M.
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to test mechanical face seals made of carbon/SS316 with different coolants for evaluating its tribological performance. The reliability of a mechanical seal mainly depends on the seal materials and the type of coolant used for the lubrication.

Design/methodology/approach

– Compressed air, vacuum and nitrogen are the main coolants utilized for the experimental work, and the obtained results are compared with the dry running case for a specified period. The experimental results are also validated with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results.

Findings

– The results shows that the sealing pressure, sliding speed and materials used would be the predominant factors for the seal design. Over compressed air, vacuum and nitrogen cooling techniques were found to be more efficient.

Originality/value

– The experimental results are also validated with the CFD simulation results. This paper also emphasizes the usage of vacuum as a cooling medium in industries, which will enhance the seal life at an economical cost over nitrogen.
Wear predictions for cams in line contacts based on multidisciplinary simulation
Authors: Qin Wenjie , Duan Lunjing
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to present the model and method involving multi-body system dynamic analysis, finite element quasi-statics contact analysis and numerical calculation of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), according to the cam wear prediction using Archard’s model. Cam–follower kinematic pairs always work under wear because of concentrated contacts. Given that a cam and follower contact often operates in the mixed or boundary lubrication regime, simulation of cam wear is a multidisciplinary problem including kinematic considerations, dynamic load and stress calculations and elastohydrodynamic film thickness evaluations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Multi-body system dynamic analysis, finite element quasi-statics contact analysis and numerical calculation of EHL are applied to obtain the dynamic loads, the time histories of contact pressure and the oil film thicknesses in cam–follower conjunctions to predict cam wear quantitatively.

Findings

– The wear depth of the cam in the valve train of a heavy-load diesel engine is calculated, which is in good agreement with the measured value in the practical test. The results show that the cam–tappet pair operates under a mixed lubrication or boundary lubrication, and the wear depths on both sides of the cam nose are extremely great. The wear of these points can be decreased significantly by modifying the local cam profile to enlarge the radii of curvature.

Originality/value

– The main value of this work lies in the model and method involving multi-body system dynamic analysis, finite element quasi-statics contact analysis and numerical calculation of EHL, which can give good prediction for the wear of cam.
Temperature rise characteristic of MR fluid in a multi-disc MR clutch under slip condition
Authors: Wang Daoming , Hou Youfu , Tian Zuzhi , Meng Qingrui
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to reveal the temperature rise characteristic of magnetorheological (MR) fluid in a multi-disc MR clutch under slip condition, including the temperature distribution regularity and the impact factors.

Design/methodology/approach

– Three-dimensional transient heat conduction equation for the MR fluid in the working gap was derived based on the heat transfer theory. Then, numerical simulation was conducted to analyze the temperature field of MR fluid. Furthermore, an experimental study was performed to explore the temperature distribution of the MR fluid in radial and circumferential directions, as well as the effects of disc groove, slip power and gap size on temperature rise characteristic of the MR fluid.

Findings

– The results show that temperature appears to be largest in the center of the working gap and the temperature difference increases with the slip time. However, the temperature field in a circumferential direction is basically the same, but it presents slightly lower in the groove area. The temperature of the MR fluid increases linearly with the slip time and the rise rate increases with the slip power. Moreover, the temperature rise value decreases with the increase of gap size.

Originality/value

– In this paper, the temperature gradients, both in radial and circumferential directions, are experimentally measured going beyond the estimation by computer simulations. In addition, the factors that influence the temperature rise characteristic of MR fluid were fully analyzed. The results could provide a reliable basis for the development of cooling technology for high-power MR devices.
HVOF Diamalloy 2002 coating of steel surface: electrochemical corrosion resistance
Authors: Yilbas B. S. , Toor I.-H. , Patel F. , Al-Shehri Y. , Baig M. A.
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the corrosion resistance of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed Diamalloy 2002 coating on carbon steel. The coating microstructure is examined in line with the corrosion resistance.

Design/methodology/approach

– HVOF spraying of coating is achieved, and the coating response to electrolytic solution is measured experimentally in terms of corrosion resistance.

Findings

– HVOF coating improves the corrosion resistance of the substrate such that the corrosion rate of the substrate is 7.1 mpy and the coating results in 4.5 mpy. However, presence of deep pit sites at the surface suggests the occurrence of preferential corrosion around the splat boundaries. In addition, closely spaced surface texture peaks act as crevice corrosion centers at the surface while initiating the formation of deep pit sites.

Research limitations/implications

– This study is limited by experimental investigations. In future, it may be extended to include model studies.

Practical implications

– The findings of this study are very useful for those working in the coating industry. However, HVOF coating is limited to high temperature protection in harsh environments.

Social implications

– It is useful for the power industry, particularly for gas turbines.

Originality/value

– It is an original work and describes the corrosion resistance of the coating surface. It is found that the coating improved the corrosion resistance of the steel surface.
Cityscape promotions and the use of place images at the Olympic Games
Authors: Nadeau John , O'Reilly Norman , Heslop Louise A.
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent that marketers are using place-based images to promote their brands within the host city of the Olympic Games. It is thought that non-sponsors may use place imagery as an alternate way to affiliate with the event or sponsors may use place to enrich their sponsorship activity.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study uses an observation-based approach to collect a sample of place-based promotional activity that is accessible to pedestrians during the 2012 Olympic Games.

Findings

– Results reveal that official sponsors and non-official sponsors are both using place-based imagery in their promotions within the host city of the Olympic Games. However, non-sponsors use place images more frequently than sponsors of the event. Place images were invoked by promoters using country flags most frequently followed by icons and explicit mention of place. The leading dimensions of place images employed by marketers include country character, the built environment and people competence. Place-based promotional activity was frequently observed in shopping areas, transportation, sports venues and in free media.

Research limitations/implications

– Results provide justification for future research in the area. Specifically, the need for empirical work based on surveys of consumers and interviews with practitioners are noted.

Practical implications

– In an era of highly protected event marketing rights, the existence of promotions based on place images can be a useful application for official sponsors to leverage their investments and protect their exclusivity. Similarly, results are beneficial to non-official sponsors who may seek to market in the vicinity of these events without infringing on the rights of official sponsors.

Originality/value

– While previous research on place, mega-events, the Olympic Games and sponsors has found the images of the three to be related, it is not known to what extent sponsors and non-sponsors utilize place images in their promotional activities throughout the Olympic host city.
Immersive information behaviour: using the documents of the future
Authors: Robinson Lyn
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present the case for studies of information behaviour in the use of immersive documents. Immersive documents, where unreality is perceived as reality, arise from a combination of rapidly developing technologies and applications: pervasive and networked information, multi-sensory interaction and the creation of participatory texts.

Design/methodology/approach

– A critical and selective analysis of relevant literature is presented.

Findings

– Immersive documents are likely to have a significant effect on library/information service provision, as it is to expected that novel information behaviours will emerge as these documents become widely used. Studies of immersive information behaviour and practices will be valuable in planning for how library/information services can best provide access to such documents, and may also guide the development of such documents. They may also contribute to the development of information behaviour research generally, and to better interaction between research and practice.

Research limitations/implications

– As such documents are not yet in wide use, the conclusions are necessarily speculative.

Originality/value

– This is the first paper to discuss information behaviour in respect of immersive documents.
Getting to Sweden, Part II: Breaking with Corruption in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Rothstein Bo , Teorell Jan
Published: March 2015

Issues about corruption and other forms of ‘bad government’ have become central in large parts of the social sciences. An unresolved question, however, is how countries can solve the issue of systemic corruption. In this article, based on Elinor Ostrom's theory of common pool resource appropriation, a new theoretical model for explaining this type of institutional change is developed. Sweden during the nineteenth century is used as an illustration of the model by showing how the country made a transition from being largely patrimonial, nepotistic and corrupt to a modern, Weberian, efficient and impartial state structure. Building upon a companion article about the importance of losing a war as a precondition for breaking systematic corruption, this article stresses the importance of three additional factors in Sweden: previous changes in courts and the legal system; recognition of the problem by the main contemporary political actors as shown in debates in the Diet; and the new liberal ideology that made an important impact on the Swedish political scene during this period.
SPEEDBOMB: A simple and rapid checklist for Prehospital Rapid Sequence Induction
Authors: Mommers Lars , Keogh Sean
Published: March 2015

Prehospital emergency medical services often operate in the most challenging and austere environments. Checklist use for complex tasks in these circumstances is useful but must make task completion simpler, faster and more effective. The SPEEDBOMB checklist for Prehospital Rapid Sequence Induction (PRSI) management rapidly addresses critical steps in the RSI process, is designed to improve checklist compliance and patient safety, and is adaptable for local circumstances.
The concentration of the global alcohol industry and its penetration in the African region
Authors: Jernigan David H. , Babor Thomas F.
Published: March 2015

Aims

To describe the penetration and expansion of the global alcohol industry into the African region, as a context for exploring the implications for public health.

Methods

Source materials for this study came primarily from market research and the business press. This was supplemented by industry sources (from websites, company annual reports), World Health Organization reports and the scientific literature.

Results

Drinking in Africa is characterized by high rates of abstention and a high prevalence of heavy episodic consumption among those who drink. Much of the region is currently experiencing a rapid rise in consumption. Rising populations and income and the rapid pace of urbanization make Africa very attractive to the global alcohol industry, and industry leaders have identified Africa as a key area for growth. The shift from collaboration to competition in Africa among the global alcohol companies has prompted increasing alcohol production, promotion, new product development, pricing schemes and stakeholder lobbying.

Conclusions

Beer consumption has increased across most of the continent, and global brewers view themselves as legitimate players at the alcohol policy table. Weak alcohol policy environments may be compromised further in terms of public health protections by alcohol industry opposition to effective measures such as marketing regulations, availability controls and taxation.
Resourcing War While Containing Inflation: Debate among Australia's Second World War Economists
Authors: Mann Evan
Published: March 2015

Early in the Second World War, Australian Government economists, including Financial and Economic Committee members, agreed that taxation was central to shifting resources from consumption to war spending and containing inflation. As Australia's war effort expanded in 1941–42, all advisers accepted the need for more economic controls. Differences emerged about the desired extent of controls. Some saw controls, including rationing and price stabilisation, as an alternative to higher taxation. In these debates and in policy determination, Keynes' views were influential, as to some extent were those of Kalecki and Balogh. Other influences included the policies of Australia's allies.
Militarisation and Urbanisation: The Second World War, Public Housing, and the Shaping of Metropolitan Adelaide
Authors: Fort Carol
Published: March 2015

Adelaide entered the Second World War with an industrial urban axis extending north‐west from the city to its port, and emerged from the War re‐aligned to the north. This article asks why the re‐alignment occurred. It argues that previous explanations for Adelaide's north–south alignment are inadequate, and concludes that the orientation is the result of Commonwealth Government investment in military–industrial development and accompanying urbanisation on a remote rural site to the north of Adelaide's metropolitan area. These explanations are now hidden in the landscape and almost forgotten in historical accounts.
Sharing Scarcity: Rationing and Price Subsidisation of Tea in Australia, 1942–55
Authors: Griggs Peter
Published: March 2015

Australians were the world's second highest consumers of tea per capita during the 1930s. After losing access to its main supplier, the Dutch East Indies, with the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Commonwealth of Australia established a Tea Control Board and later a coupon‐based tea rationing scheme. Drawing upon archival sources, this article examines the regulation of the supply of tea in Australia until 1955. Rationing delivered reduced amounts of tea to Australians at heavily discounted prices, maintaining a trend towards reduced tea consumption that had begun in the early 1930s.
Divergence and Convergence: New and Shifting Paradigms in Comparative Economic History
Authors: Ville Simon
Published: March 2015

Our understanding of comparative economic development has been heightened by recent advances in the historical literature, particularly in the Great Divergence debate. Broad geographical comparisons, extended time periods, and the diverse and contested tools of measurement have all enriched the context of the comparative literature. Revisiting the discussion of causality – long‐term preconditions versus shorter‐term contingencies – provides additional insights into the volition of human actors, especially households and governments. It also helps to unpack the nature of ‘institutions’, a term that has suffered from bifurcation into good or bad and whose deeper components have been insufficiently analysed.
A Novel TAZ Gene Mutation and Mosaicism in a Polish Family with Barth Syndrome
Authors: Zapała Barbara , Płatek Teresa , Wybrańska Iwona
Published: March 2015

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X‐linked recessive disease primarily affecting males. Clinically, the disease is characterized by hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, chronic/cyclic neutropenia, 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria, growth retardation and respiratory chain dysfunction. It is caused by mutations in the TAZ gene coding for the tafazzin protein which is responsible for cardiolipin remodeling. In this work, we present a novel pathogenic TAZ mutation c.83T>A, p.Val28Glu, found in mosaic form in almost all female members of a Polish family. Sanger sequencing of DNA from peripheral blood and from epithelial cells showed female mosaicism in three generations. This appears to be a new mechanism of inheritance and further research is required in order to understand the mechanism of this mosaicism. We conclude that BTHS genetic testing should include two or more tissues for women that appear to be noncarriers when blood DNA is initially tested. The results of our study should not only be applicable to BTHS families, but also to families with other X‐linked diseases.
Training models for meniscal repairs and small joint arthroscopy
Authors: Kovac Nikola , Grainger Nicholas , Hurworth Mark
Published: March 2015

Background

The reduced availability of human cadavers and their associated high costs, coupled with an increasing requirement for meeting continuing professional development targets, has accentuated the need for alternative training models that meet current ethical standards. The aim of this study is to identify suitable substitutes that are accessible and cost effective for use as training models for meniscal repairs and small joint arthroscopy.

Method

Ovine, bovine and porcine stifles were analysed for comparable anatomy to the human knee, arthroscopic access, arthroscopic view and ease of meniscal repair.

Results

The bovine stifle joint was found to be too large and offered limited access due to a large anterior fat pad and thick surrounding soft tissue. The ovine and bovine stifles were both easily available and had comparable anatomy to the human knee. Advantages of the porcine stifle include better availability and easier accessibility, comparable anatomy to the human knee and its relatively larger size that made it easier to arthroscope.

Conclusion

Porcine stifles are cost effective, accessible, allow for meniscal repair and are suitable for arthroscopic access and view. Our view is that they are an ideal training model for arthroscopic meniscal repair, small joint arthroscopy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Detecting long‐term losses at the plant community level – arable fields in Germany revisited
Authors: Meyer Stefan , Bergmeier Erwin , Becker Thomas , Wesche Karsten , Krause Benjamin , Leuschner Christoph
Published: March 2015

Question

The intensification of crop cultivation in much of Europe since the mid‐20th century has greatly increased crop yields but caused dramatic biodiversity losses in arable fields. We investigated the extent of these losses at the level of plant community types.

Location

Ten areas in central Germany with different soil/climate conditions and various arable plant communities.

Methods

We compiled historical surveys of arable fields in the 1950s/early 1960s before the onset of pervasive agricultural industrialization, and in 2009 revisited 392 arable fields. Historical and recent data were compared with supervised manual classification, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) andANOVA.

Results

Ten out of 16 plant communities at association rank observed in fields in the 1950s/1960s were not recorded again. The proportion of relevés assignable at association level decreased from 75% to 5%, while the proportion of relevés assignable only at higher syntaxon level or not assignable at all had increased from 2% to 75%. The impoverishment of vegetation was slightly less pronounced at field margins, where around one quarter of the recent relevés could be assigned to associations. Present arable plant communities in the region are species‐poor and consist chiefly of common, often herbicide‐tolerant, generalist species, with no clear preference for cereal vs root crops, autumn‐ vs spring‐sown crops or base‐rich vs base‐poor soils.

Conclusion

Our new approach using phytosociological syntaxa and a semi‐permanent plot design enabled us to quantify biodiversity losses at the community type level. The currently used set of phytosociological associations is inadequate to represent present‐day arable plant assemblages. The concept of residual plant communities provides a useful methodological supplement.
Children tell white lies to make others feel better
Authors: Warneken Felix , Orlins Emily
Published: March 2015

We investigated whether children tell white lies simply out of politeness or as a means to improve another person's mood. A first experimental phase probed children's individual insight to use white lies when prosocial behaviour was called for. We compared a situation in which a person had expressed sadness about her artwork and the goal was to make her feel better (Sad condition) with a situation in which a person was indifferent about her work (Neutral condition). Children at 7 years and older were more likely to tell a white lie than the blunt truth in the Sad over the Neutral condition. Five‐year‐olds showed only a trend. A second phase tested whether children selectively use white lie telling after it was modelled by an adult. Results showed that after modelling, children from all age groups were significantly more likely to use white lies in the Sad condition than in the Neutral condition. Taken together, these results show that children are attentive to another person's affective states when choosing whether to tell a white lie or tell the truth. We discuss the emergence of this behaviour in relation to children's developing social cognition and the increasing sophistication of children's prosocial behaviour.