bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The French overseas
Authors: Phillips Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Of all the peoples of the Latin West there is a strong case for arguing that it was the French who made the greatest impact outside their own lands in this period. It is true that the Germans made substantial territorial gains to the east, but theirs was a slow and progressive landward expansion. Perhaps Italian traders travelled further afield, or the reform papacy exerted the most widespread influence, but the French were the most dynamic of all. Their involvement ranged from conquest and settlement, through participation in military campaigns, to contact via trade and diplomacy. This chapter will examine why, where, and how the French made their mark. It will also con sider how the French overseas viewed relations with their homeland and, in turn, how their homeland regarded them. These relationships operated and overlapped on religious, familial, political, and economic levels.
The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1788–1814
Authors: Crook Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Revolutions only occur when regimes disintegrate. The French monarchy was not overthrown in 1789; it had already begun to collapse a year earlier when it proved incapable of reform. The revolutionaries thus occupied as much as created a political vacuum, which they sought to ﬁll with a new order. Yet it was far more difficult to build than to destroy and 1789 merely marked the beginning of a decade of upheaval that was only brought to a temporary halt with the advent of the Napoleonic dictatorship at the turn of the new century. Although it profoundly shaped the nature of nineteenth-century France, even the Bonapartist regime turned out to be something of a stopgap. In political terms Napoleon created another option, rather than a deﬁnitive solution. The events of 1815, when he staged his famous, but short-lived, Hundred-Day return, only served to restart the revolutionary cycle that would dominate French political history during the decades to come.
Theories of Simple Conditionals
Authors: Woods Michael , Wiggins David , Edgington Dorothy
Published: November 2023

If the truth-value (or possibly the absence of truth-value) of Simple Conditionals is fixed solely by the truth-values of their antecedents and consequents, there seem to be only two possibilities. First, if we take the view that ‘If ... then .. .’ sentences always have a truth-value, there is, in fact, no alternative to treating them as material conditionals, if they are truth-functional. This is a consequence of the fact that ‘If P and Q, then Q’ is always true, whatever the truth-values of P and Q are, and that not all ‘If ... then .. .’ statements are true. ‘P and Q’ cannot be true if Q is false, but the other combinations of truth-value assignments to P and ‘P and Q’ are not ruled out.
Compound Conditionals and Truth-Values
Authors: Wiggins David , Edgington Dorothy
Published: November 2023

If the conclusions of the last section are correct, that it is misguided to import possible worlds into the analysis of Simple Conditionals, what account should be given of them? What possibilities remain? As we saw in Section 4, we may hold that Simple Conditionals lack truth-values, and that the correct account of them is that they are used to make conditional assertions: one who utters ‘If P then Q’ makes no unconditional assertion using this form of words, but asserts Q on condition that P. If we use Frege’s assertion sign’ ⊢’, an assertion of P will be represented by’ ⊢P’, and an appropriate notation for the conditional assertion theory would be to represent ‘If P then Q’ by ⊢pQ. As we saw in Section 4, the combined effect of Lewis’s result and the acceptance of Adams’s Hypothesis may suggest this as an appropriate treatment of Simple Conditionals. The conditions for an utterance of Q would be that the probability of Q is high relative to the truth of P.
Do Godel’s Incompleteness Theorems Place a Limit on Artificial Intelligence?
Authors: Gillies Donald
Published: November 2023

So far in this book we have examined some of the implications which new results in artificial intelligence might have for old questions in the philosophy of science and philosophy of logic. I think it will be agreed that the results have been quite striking. Advances in machine learning have supported the Baconian inductivist view of scientific method against more modern alternatives. The development of PROLOG has provided arguments for the empiricist as opposed to a priori conception of logic, and logic programming has also suggested a new framework for logic within which it may be possible to develop an inductive logic quite similar to deductive logic. Altogether the new results call into question many ideas concerning logic and scientific method which have been dominant for the last fifty or so years.
Soul and Mind
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

The soul is much older than philosophy. In many places and in many cultures human beings have imagined themselves surviving death, and the ancient equivalents of the world ‘soul’ Worst appear as an expression for whatever in us is immortal. Once philosophy began, the possibility of an afterlife and the nature of the soul came to be one of its central concerns, straddling the boundary between religion and science. Pythagoras, often venerated as the Worst of philosophers, was also renowned as a champion of survival after death. He did not, however, believe as many others have done that at death the soul entered a different and shadowy world; he believed that it returned to the world we all live in, but it did so as the soul of a different body
Introduction
Authors: Rowland-Jones Anthony
Published: November 2023

This book concentrates on the sonata repertoire for treble (or sometimes descant) recorder with keyboard or thorough-bass. It is intended for players who may have embarked upon this repertoire and who wish to extend their understanding and enjoyment of a wide range of accompanied solo sonatas from Handel and Telemann to eighteenth-century French compositions, then forward to twentieth-century sonatas and sonatinas, and back to early seventeenth-century Italian sonatas and canzonas.
An Experimental Music Theory?
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert
Published: November 2023

Aristotle knew his logic. He could ring the changes on premisses major and minor, true and false, universal and particular. Yet he still wrote the following: In man, the size of the trunk is proportionate to the lower portions, and as a man grows up it becomes much smaller in proportion. In infancy the reverse is found. In other words, all children are dwarfs…The whole groups of birds and fishes are dwarf-like… This is why all animals are less intelligent than man. And the reason, as aforesaid, is that in very many of them the principle of the soul is sluggish and corporeal. And if the heat which raises the organism up wanes still further while the earthy matter waxes, then the animals’ bodies wane, and they will be many-footed; and finally they lose their feet altogether and lie full length on the ground. Proceeding a little further in this way, they actually have their principal part down below, and finally the part which answers to a head comes to have neither motion nor sensation; at this stage the creature becomes a plant.
The Historiography of Music: Issues of Past and Present
Authors: Treitler Leo
Published: November 2023

I begin with my uneasiness over the title of this book. The prefix ‘re-’, like the word ‘new’ as in ‘new Left’, ‘New Historicism’, ‘New Philosophy of History’, ‘New Musicology’ stands for a narrative, now so widely recited as to constitute a modern mythology, of oppression followed by liberation (from the ‘hegemony’, ‘tyranny’, ‘patriarchy’, ‘authoritarianism’, etc. of traditional disciplines—taken in the double sense of Foucault’s Discipline and Punish1), and attended by an ethos of exhilaration in new-found freedoms. But, paradoxically, the liberation argot that is switched in at the sign of the word ‘new’, as though by the striking of a computer function key, is itself the sign not only of an imposed radical discontinuity, but also of an encroaching new orthodoxy that threatens to constrain freedom. There is a risk that—not for the first time in our history—the guiding principles for musical scholars have befallen us, rather than having been adopted by us, no less than fashions in dress, architecture, or food.
Posture
Authors: Hemsley Thomas
Published: November 2023

If good singing is, as I have suggested, always a reaction, then the first thing that a singer must acquire is the ability to be ready and able to react. This means above all to have a good posture-to be in a state of readiness. It is perfectly possible to make vocal sounds without good physical poise, but the fine-tuning of strong and flexible response-the subtle modifications of voice that we call singing-are rendered virtually impossible. Good posture is not something simply to be switched on when singers enter their teacher ‘s studio, or when they step on to the concert platform or the operatic stage. It must be habitual.
Legato and ‘ fessitura
Authors: Hemsley Thomas
Published: November 2023

In the first edition of Groves Dictionary, H. C. Deacon writes: ‘Instrumental music gets its legato, and the more subtle parts of its phrasing from the singer. ‘ Instrumentalists and conductors frequently use the word ‘sing ‘ to describe a true legato. In fact ‘singing ‘ and ‘legato ‘ are to a very large extent synonymous, as Richard Wagner clearly thought, when he wrote: ‘To play an instrument correctly means to sing with it.
From ‘The Bad Child’s Book of Beasts’
Authors: Martino Donald
Published: November 2023

Donald Martino is a distinguished example from the senior generation of American composers whose work is consistently rewarding and deserves to be heard much more in Europe. His Three Songs for bass voice and piano, featured in Volume 1, show him in familiar radical, atonal vein, but his involves ‘gradually finding the tempo’ and then letting it subside again in a ritenuto-and the pianist should take firm control here. AH through the song the vocal manner should be simple and unaffected, with no exaggeration of the humour.
Five Songs
Authors: Antheil George
Published: November 2023

This could hardly be called new repertory, in view of its date, but the name of the American composer George Antheil is unlikely to be familiar to many singers. Much cherished as a modernist innovator, he enjoys cult status in specialist circles. His best-selling autobiography Bad Boy of Music was published in 1945. Dividing his time between Europe and the USA, he was also active as a pianist, and was championed by the artistic elite of his time, including Joyce, Yeats, Pound, Satie, and Picasso. He eventually moved to Los Angeles, where he orchestrated film scores, wrote a lonely-hearts column, and, in co-operation with the film star Hedy Lamarr, invented a new type of torpedo! He also wrote a mystery novel under a pseudonym.
Lacrimosa
Authors: Buhr Glenn
Published: November 2023

A haunting and highly original cantata from one of Canada’s most forceful and versatile musicians of the younger generation. His work combines minimalism with strong jazz influences, but is high on individuality and direct communication with an audience. The variety within the four brief movements is considerable, and they fully exploit the mezzo range, often going very low in the voice indeed, especially in the unembellished first verse of the blues at the end of the cycle, which also provides an opportunity for an improvised solo on jazz instrument(s) if available.
Anna Blossom Time
Authors: Fox Christopher
Published: November 2023

For anyone looking for a truly attractive concert piece with immediate appeal, this is a major discovery. Fox is a prime example of a group of middle-generation British composers, many of whom, especially those based outside London, have been unjustly overlooked. Their work is, however, recognized on the continent of Europe, and their musical sympathies are often more in line with European stylistic models than with the earlier generation of British composers. Fox’s voice is a clear and cogent one, showing a striking musicality and sureness of touch.
Six Blake Songs
Authors: Smith Russell
Published: November 2023

A distinguished American composer of the senior generation, who has lived in Germany for some years, Russell Smith has been unjustly neglected. He has written some beautiful songs displaying tremendous variety within a basically traditional idiom. There seems no reason why they should not be widely admired, and, if more readily available in print, they would surely attract those singers who are always on the lookout for repertoire which will please an audience, yet be stimulating to sing and interpret.
From a Child’s Garden
Authors: Williamson Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Malcolm Williamson, the present Master of the Queen’s Music, has always written superbly for the voice. His operas display to the full his lyrical gifts. They are packed with the expansive, wide-ranging lines that singers revel in. As a performer-composer (he is a brilliant pianist) he is alive to the practicalities of performance, and his music has a tangible physicality and spontaneity. These settings of Stevenson’s endearingly familiar poems are expertly crafted and winningly direct in appeal. The cycle is ideally varied and moves effortlessly from impishness to nostalgia, highlighting and illustrating the words with refinement and insight.
The Hare in the Moon
Authors: Samuel Rhian
Published: November 2023

Rhian Samuel is an experienced and assured writer of vocal music, and there are several other works of hers that can be warmly recommended to readers of this book. Aided by an excellent ear and natural sense of proportion, she consistently produces vocal lines that are as pleasurable to sing as they are to look at. The beautifully neat, bold manuscript is an added attraction for the potential performer. Everything is well laid-out, with clarity and practicability as high priorities.
Her Anxiety
Authors: Turnage Mark-Anthony
Published: November 2023

Mark-Anthony Turnage’s remarkable gifts have already been widely recognized. Despite his comparative youth, he has deservedly established a reputation as one of the most exciting composers to have emerged in recent years. His successful opera Greek showed his mastery of dramatic vocal writing, and intuitive grasp of the characteristics of timbre and resonance. A keen ear and natural musicality are immediately evident in this welcome cycle, and the material is manipulated with exemplary clarity and economy. The honesty and directness of the music make a powerful impact, yet the piece will not tax a young singer, nor one of limited experience.
The Turkish Mouse
Authors: Woolrich John
Published: November 2023

John Wool rich is a composer who has enhanced the singer’s repertory with a delightfully varied and high-quality body of vocal works, and readers of this book are urged to seek out for themselves further examples of his output. From a wealth of choice I have selected this charming miniature, which is well suited to a young soprano. It was originally written for Mary Wie gold’s Song-Book, and set for voice and small ensemble. The reader is enthusiastically recommended to obtain the current list of these invaluable additions to the catalogue for voice and instruments.
Static Harmony, Consonance and Dissonance
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

Harmony consists of vertically constructed chords and their horizontal relationship to each other. The smallest number of notes which will create self-sufficient and consonant harmony as opposed to a single note, is two, the ROOT and the THIRD. The density of this sound is increased by the addition of a FIFTH to create a TRIAD, three notes such as those in Ex. la. Whether the third is major or minor determines the ‘major’ or ‘minor’ character of the chord. Triads with major thirds are conventionally indicated by capital Roman numerals, ‘I’, ‘V’, etc. Lowercase numerals, ‘i’, ‘ii’, ‘vi’, indicate triads with minor thirds.
Irresolute Progressions, Episodic Six-threes, Reverse Thrust and Pedals
Authors: Pratt George
Published: November 2023

By now it will be clear that in the core texts we are using and, in fact, in tonal music for a further hundred years or more, a large proportion of harmonic relationships are achieved through the dominant urge to resolve to the tonic. Chapters 4, 5, 7 and 8 stretched this concept by analogy to second-, third- and further-level dominants and finally all the way round a complete circle of fifths. Chapters 11 and 12 stressed the same dominant principle driving every chromatically altered chord to its resolution. Chapter 10 maintained the same principle but introduced alternative ways in which dominant tension can be released, into substitute resolutions.
Introduction: Reformation, Disestablishment, Transnationalism
Authors: Giles Paul
Published: November 2023

Atlantic Republic is concerned with how the legacy of the American Revolution has manifested itself in English writing over the past two centuries, with ways in which the war of 1775– 83 and the subsequent division into the two distinct nation-states created a schism in Anglophone culture that has crucially shaped ways in which English literature has conceived of itself. I shall argue that the United States has operated both literally and metaphorically for English writers as a locus of dissent, so that to read English literature transatlantically is to counterpoint its more traditional Anglican virtues by recovering the impetus of an English nonconformist tradition that can be traced back through the War of Independence as far as the Reformation.
The American Revolution and the Rhetoric of Schism
Authors: Giles Paul
Published: November 2023

To consider how the American Revolution is represented in English literature, in the writings of Samuel Johnson and Susanna Rowson and in the polemical essays of Richard Price, is to recognize how America in the eighteenth century was generally conceived to be, like Ireland or the Outer Hebrides, an offshore territory intertwined both politically and culturally with the British mainland. Somewhat misleadingly, the Revolution itself has by now achieved the status of a mythic event in the annals of US history, an original point of reference and definition for the nation.
Dissolving Images Monastic Ruins in Elizabethan Poetry
Authors: Schwyzer Philip
Published: November 2023

Supposing anyone were naive or gauche enough to ask what, in a nutshell, had been the central message of western poetry across the ages, the best answer would probably be, ‘Don’t trust builders.’ Never prefer a villa to a villanelle, or a statue to a stanza. Concrete crumbles, but language lasts. The capacity of a well-crafted poem to outlast the most enduring of built structures (and everything else) was a popular classical topos. As Horace vaunted, ‘I have completed a memorial more lasting than bronze and higher than the royal grave of the pyramids.’1 At least partial confirmation of this boast may be found in the countless variations on Horace‘s theme found in Elizabethan poetry, sonnet sequences in particular. Thus we find Shakespeare swaggering, in sonnet 55, ‘Not marble nor the gilded monuments | Of princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme.’
The Thought of the Good: Enough, The Lost Ones, Ill Seen Ill Said, Worstward Ho
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

We might say of the Unnamable what Lacan says of the subject in Seminar VII, a text that has been very significant for Badiou: ‘If there is indeed some- thing that can be called his good or his happiness, there is nothing to be expected in that regard from the microcosm, nor moreover from the macrocosm.’ Lacan’s terms of reference, here, derive from Aristotle. The microcosm is ‘the uncontested order that defines a certain character’ and involves the acquisition of habits.2 The macrocosm is the ‘more universal knowledge’ with which that order ‘is unified’, and is where ethics (and the subject) inter- sect with politics (and the State).
The Sparkle Hid in Ashes: Beckett’s Plays
Authors: Gibson Andrew
Published: November 2023

If, for Lacan, potlatch is the little miraculous stone in the desert of the com- petition for goods, by a significant coincidence, as early as 1932, Beckett was resorting to a very similar image to articulate his aesthetic position. In Dream of Fair to Middling Women, Belacqua reflects on the value, ‘in the domain of words, of the little sparkle hid in ashes’: The uniform, horizontal writing, flowing without accidence, of the man with style, never gives you the margarita. But the writing of, say, Racine or Malherbe, perpendicular, diamanté, is pitted, is it not, and sprigged with sparkles; the flints and pebbles are there, no end of humble tags and commonplaces. They have no style, they write without style, do they not, they give you the phrase, the sparkle, the precious margaret.
The Netherlands: A Turning Point in Dutch–EU Relations?
Authors: Verdun Amy
Published: November 2023

With some stretch of the imagination one could argue that since the early 2000s events in the Netherlands have only just fallen short of a political revolution—in otherwise a steady pro-European, elite-driven, consensual political system. The political turmoil had at its heart attitudes towards Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the euro as well as to the European Union (EU) more generally. These developments marked a clear change from what had gone on before the euro banknotes and coins were introduced in 2002. Thus the analysis of the developments in the Netherlands over the period 2002–7 stand in stark contrast to the developments over the prior five years (Verdun 2002).
Poland: From Pacesetter to Semi-Permanent Outsider?
Authors: Zubek Radoslaw
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the politics of Euro Area accession in Poland in the final stages of EU enlargement negotiations and in the first few years of EU membership.1 In particular, it explains why Poland’s position changed from that of a pacesetter, seeking fast-track euro entry, to that of a semi-permanent outsider, postponing euro entry for the foreseeable future. Two years before EU accession, the government and central bank began to work hand in hand to pave the way for a fast-track euro entry. Within a year the target date for entry was pushed back. This about-face was complete when, in late 2005, prompt accession was ruled out, and the Polish government declined to fix a new date. In abandoning its plans for speedy accession, Poland has joined Hungary and the Czech Republic, two other central European states in which early enthusiasm for euro entry gave way to a general Euro-malaise (cf. Dyson 2006c; Greskovits in this volume).
Semantic Minimalism and Nonindexical Contextualism
Authors: MacFarlane John
Published: November 2023

My niece is four and a half feet tall— significantly taller than the average 7 year old. With this in mind, I might say ‘‘Chiara is tall’’, and, it seems, I would be speaking truly. Yet it also seems that if her basketball coach were to say ‘‘Chiara is tall’’ while discussing who should play which position on the team, he would not be speaking truly. What can we conclude about the meaning of ‘‘tall’’?
Minimal (Disagreement about) Semantics
Authors: Clapp Lenny
Published: November 2023

The semantic minimalist maintains that for every grammatical sentence the semantic values of the words it contains (perhaps relative to a context) and the logical form of the sentence determine a unique proposition that is the semantic content of the sentence (perhaps relative a context). The truth conditional pragmatist denies that sentences, even relative to a context, encode such semantic contents. My purpose here is to argue that on this point of contention Semantic Minimalism faces a daunting challenge, one that its advocates have thus far failed to meet. The challenge, which I will call the naturalistic challenge, is this. Suppose it is a fact that a sentence S (perhaps taken relative to a context) encodes proposition P as its semantic content. What fixes, or grounds, this fact? In other words, of the uncountably many propositions or sets of truth conditions there are, what makes it the case that P, as opposed to P*, is the semantic content of S? I think that it is agreed on all sides that if it is a fact that P is the semantic content of S (perhaps relative to context), then this fact must be grounded in natural psychological and/or sociological facts concerning the abilities and practices of competent speakers and interpreters. If the alleged facts concerning semantic content are not somehow grounded in such natural facts, then semantics would not fit into Chomsky’s cognitive paradigm in linguistics, nor even into the broader project of ‘‘naturalizing epistemology’’.
Critic of contemporary art
Authors: Hewison Robert
Published: November 2023

Turner, Gothic architecture, and the Pre-Raphaelites were the topics of Ruskin ’s four Edinburgh lectures of 1853, published the following year in revised form as Lectures on Architecture and Painting. A writer for the Edinburgh Guardian recorded this impression of Ruskin’s first public appearance as a lecturer: Mr Ruskin has light sand-coloured hair; his face is more red than pale; the mouth well cut, with a good deal of decision in its curve, though somewhat wanting in sustained dignity and strength; an aquiline nose; his forehead by no means broad or massive, but the brows full and well bound together.
Imperilled princess
Authors: Collinson Patrick
Published: November 2023

Elizabeth’s whole life was one of artificiality, and how far her religion was one of those artifices will never be known. At four-teen, however, real life caught up with her, with consequences which may have made her forever suspicious of aspects of it. On Henry’s death on 28 January 1547 Elizabeth made her household, perhaps for the first time, with Katherine Parr, now dowager queen. But about June 1547 Katherine, with indecent haste, took for her third husband the lord admiral, Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley, younger brother of Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset, lord protector and governor of Edward VI.
The end of the reign
Authors: Collinson Patrick
Published: November 2023

De Maisse arrived in England in late 1597 to treat with Elizabeth and her privy councillors about matters of peace and war. Only a month before, in October, there was a new national emergency when another Spanish Armada headed for Corn-wall, only to be dispersed in an autumn storm. Once again, God had blown and his enemies had been scattered. Henri IV was preparing to negotiate peace with Spain (the treaty of Vervins, 2 May 1598), and the object of the de Maisse mission was to find out whether or not Elizabeth was inclined to join in the negotiations. The interests of the Dutch estates were part of the equation, Burghley reminding the ambassador that the war was ‘a game for three persons’ ( Journal, 105).
The image and the memory of Elizabeth
Authors: Collinson Patrick
Published: November 2023

In this account of Elizabeth’s life, the dichotomy of woman and queen has been constantly emphasized; but actually there is a trichotomy, the third facet being that of image and allegory. Elizabeth played many parts and enjoyed a range of mythical, symbolical, and metaphorical existences. This Elizabethan world of infinite contrivance is most familiar to readers of Spenser’s Faerie Queene. His Elizabeth is Belphoebe and Gloriana: Belphoebe the type of virtuous and chaste beauty, Gloriana that of glorious sovereignty.
The Illusion of Self-Sufficiency
Authors: Macintyre Alasdair
Published: November 2023

Alasdair MacIntyre is known as both a radical critic of modernity and of modern moral philosophy, andanadvocate of an account of ethics in the tradition of Aristotle and Aquinas. He was born in Glasgow in 1929 and began graduate study in philosophy in 1949 at Manchester University, where he became a lecturer two years later. In the decades that followed, MacIntyre worked in a wide range of areas, contributing to debates on Marxism and Christianity, the philosophy of social science, the philosophy of psychoanalysis, and the history of moral philosophy.
The Phonology of Standard Chinese
Authors: Duanmu San
Published: November 2023

This is a new and revised edition of the title first published by OUP in 2000. From the reviews of the first edition: 'This book is a comprehensive study of the phonology of Standard Chinese. Not only is it rich in detailed and amazingly accurate factual description, it also proposes elegant theoretical solutions to many long-standing problems in Chinese phonology, such as word length variation, word order, and the application of the third tone sandhi. Another great strength of the book is that in every chapter, the generative literature on related issues is carefully reviewed. Therefore it can also serve as a great reference book for the past advances in Chinese generative phonology. Moreover, the book is written in a down-to-earth fashion and is very approachable by anyone with the slightest interest in Chinese languages or phonology but relatively little training in either area.' Jie Zhang, Linguist 'Because of its accessibility, this book can be used as an introductory textbook for Chinese phonology or Chinese linguistics.... Every phonologist and student of Chinese linguistics will find something valuable from the book because of its wealth of data and insightful analyses.' Yen-Hwei Lin, Phonology 'Explanations are based on a variety of perspectives, from traditional views of the phoneme to feature geometry and Optimality Theory, each concisely introduced so that the discussion easy to follow even for the novice. The result is a flowing, integrated approach that addresses - and solves - some of the thorniest perennial problems in Chinese phonology.... Because this user-friendly introduction offers innovative new solutions to old problems, it enjoys the rare distinction of succeeding both as an essential textbook of Standard Chinese phonology and as an important new theoretical advance in phonological analysis.' Edward J. Vajda, Language
Methodological Challenges: Research Opportunities and Questions for the Future
Authors: Howell David A , Jusko Karen Long
Published: November 2023

At a critical juncture in the development of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) project—the completion of the first module, and launching of the second and third—it is useful to highlight areas of methodological interest arising from the unique design of the study. Researchers analyzing the CSES data would benefit from a more complete understanding of, and guidance concerning the methodological implications of the study’s research design.
The Ease of Ideological Voting: Voter Sophistication and Party System Complexity
Authors: Kroh Martin
Published: November 2023

In representative democracy, parliamentary elections are the primary instrument for citizens to communicate their political preferences to political parties and their politicians. To the extent that voters are aware of their own interests and the policy agendas of political competitors, they are in a position to choose the parties and candidates that represent their preferred politics.
Staging Rome: the Renaissance, Rome, and humanism’s classical crisis
Authors: Blevins Jacob
Published: November 2023

Thou stranger, which for Romein Romehere seekest, And nought of Romein Romeperceiu’st at all, These same olde walls, olde arches, which thou seest, Old Palaces, is that which Romemen call. Behold what wreake, what ruine, and what wast . . . Joachim du Bellay, Les Antiquitez de Rome(1558), translated by Edmund Spenser (1591) Despite the critical tendency to view the Renaissance in Europe as a great awakening of autonomous selfhood, Renaissance humanism was as much about conXict as self-discovery.1 Ideological tensions during the Renaissance abounded, none more signiWcant than humanism’s obsession with classical culture amid very contemporary economic, religious, and political changes. The gaze back to antiquity— its art, literature, philosophy, politics, nationalism—was, on the one hand, the primary source for a growing focus on self-identity and a secular world founded on introspection of the self; on the other 1 There have recently been various approaches to humanism that have implicitly and explicitly challenged this somewhat old-fashioned view of the Renaissance. Jonathan Dollimore in his discussion of ‘Essentialist Humanism’ with regards to attitudes toward Renaissance tragedy illustrates the politically subversive nature of humanism; see Dollimore (2004). Ernesto Grassi (1988) takes a Heideggerian view of the Renaissance, and Gian Mario Anselmi (1988) approaches the humanist programme from a fundamentally Marxist view. See also Grassi (1983) and Leonard Barkan (1991).
Grandmother of Europe
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

By relaxing her seclusion Victoria reduced one of the major sources of tension with her elder children. Not that all was plain sailing: the prince of Wales remained irredeemably frivolous and worldly (although his mother was now more willing to admit and praise his good qualities); Alfred (created duke of Edinburgh in 1866) was safely married to Grand Duchess Marie of Russia after some years of alarm, but he was indiscreet politically and the queen worried about his connections with his in-laws. Victoria’s relationships with her married daughters also fluctuated, especially over their regular childbearing. Even with Vicky there were periodic coolnesses, sometimes over politics, but more often over her ‘inconsiderate’ habit of visiting the queen with a large suite of courtiers.
Austen’s reputation
Authors: Butler Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Persuasion and Northanger Abbey were published together in four volumes by John Murray, prefaced by Henry Austen’s ‘Biographical notice of the author’ (dated 13 December 1817), the ﬁrst acknowledgement in print of Jane Austen as the author of her six novels. The publication was organized by Henry and Cassandra, but the decision to pair the youthful, satirical Northanger Abbey with the mature, autumnal Persuasion was probably Jane Austen’s, since it matched her steady practice, by then, of pairing her novels so that the reader saw in them both similarity and contrast.
The Trophies of the Martyrs
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: November 2023

In this pioneering study, the first of its kind, Galit Noga-Banai analyses silver reliquaries decorated with Christian figurative themes. She offers a clearer and more detailed picture of the beginnings of the cult of relics, which were an essential asset to the Church in its establishment of pilgrimage centres and local hagiographic heritage sites, first in Italy and later in other places around Europe and North Africa. At the same time, Noga-Banai highlights the identity of the objects as portable art, treating the reliquaries as visual historical testimonies. The book is illustrated with nearly 100 finely reproduced drawings and photographs.
Ethical Principles and Precepts
Authors: Hinde Robert A
Published: November 2023

The more fortunate among us live peaceful and productive lives. Yet every day murders, burglaries, and crimes of many sorts are reported in the newspapers. We have become used to corporate scandals in the business world. We know that, while some individuals have more wealth than they know what to do with, millions of others are trying to exist below the poverty line. Wars, bringing death, bereavement, misery, and devastation are going on in other parts of the world.
Knowing Things: Exploring the Collections at the Pitt Rivers Museum 1884–1945
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison
Published: November 2023

This book explores the early history of the Pitt Rivers Museum and its collections. Many thousands of people collected objects for the Museum between its foundation in 1884 and 1945, and together they and the objects they collected provide a series of insights into the early history of archaeology and anthropology. The volume also includes individual biographies and group histories of the people originally making and using the objects, as well as a snapshot of the British Empire. The main focus for the book derives from the computerized catalogues of the Museum and attendant archival information. Together these provide a unique insight into the growth of a well-known institution and its place within broader intellectual frameworks of the Victorian period and early twentieth century. It also explores current ideas on the nature of relationships, particularly those between people and things.
The Pitt Rivers Museum Stretched Out: Collecting in the Field
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison
Published: November 2023

Soon after arriving in Petats in 1929, a small coral island off the west coast of Buka in the Solomon Islands, where she was to start her fieldwork, Beatrice Blackwood befriended a local man called Jilohan, who was keen to trade with her. She told him of her interest in canoes (she was hoping to take model canoes back to the Pitt Rivers Museum) and they agreed that he would make one for her, using traditional methods. Blackwood also visited the village of Kalakalu to see another model canoe made by a man called Ketsian, who had decorated his canoe with carvings of a lizard, a fish, and two human heads with outstretched hands, and had painted it black and red alternately. Meanwhile, she visited Jilohan regularly in the bush as he began to build her canoe. She watched him as he shaped the outside, chipped out the inside, and carved away the prow.
Descartes, the Synoptic Philosopher
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

Why should one study Descartes? There are large numbers of philosophers working today who see little if any reason to go back to the writings of a seventeenth-century thinker whose views they take to have been long since superseded. In so far as they mention Descartes at all, he is simply a dummy on which to drape various suspect doctrines (such as ‘Cartesian dualism’), which enlightened contemporary work in science and philosophy prides itself on having abandoned. Far removed from subscribers to this progressivist conception of philosophy are those champions of the history of ideas who make it their life’s work to pay meticulous scholarly attention to the philosophical works of past ages.
‘A Brute to the Brutes?’: Descartes’s Treatment of Animals
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

To be able to believe that a dog with a broken paw is not really in pain when it whimpers is a quite extraordinary achievement even for a philosopher. Yet according to the standard interpretation, this is just what Descartes did believe. He held, we are informed, the ‘monstrous’ thesis that ‘animals are without feeling or awareness of any kind’. The standard view has been reiterated in a recent collection on animal rights, which casts Descartes as the villain of the piece for his alleged view that animals merely behave ‘as if they feel pain when they are, say, kicked or stabbed’. The basis for this widely accepted interpretation is Descartes’s famous doctrine of the ‘animal machine’ (bête-machine); a doctrine that one critic condemns as ‘a grim foretaste of a mechanically minded age’ which ‘brutally violates the old kindly fellowship of living things’.
Cartesian Ethics: Reason and the Passions
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

One of the chief aspirations of philosophy as traditionally conceived was to help humans to lead happy and worthwhile lives. In the words of Descartes’s scholastic predecessor Eustachius, ‘universae philosophiae finis est humana felicitas’—the goal of a complete philosophical system is human happiness. Despite his radically new approach to philosophy, Descartes was determined to show that his system was no less fertile than those of his predecessors from the moral and felicific point of view. As he resoundingly declared in the preface to the French edition of the his magnum opus, the Principles of Philosophy, the construction of a perfect moral system—‘la plus parfaite morale’—was to be the crowning aim of his philosophy.
The Partisan Consequences of Baker v. Carr and the One Person, One Vote Revolution
Authors: Brunell Thomas , Grofman Bernard
Published: November 2023

In the United States when Baker v. Carr, 369 US 186 (1962) was decided, there were dramatic inequalities in the sizes of congressional districts within many states. The nature of the inequalities was far from random. Rural districts were overrepresented (underpopulated); urban districts underrepresented (overpopulated). These inequalities could be attributed to the repeated failure of a number of states to redistrict their congressional districts in light of new census data and the growth in urban populations these censuses revealed, and/or the existence of states which, when they did redistrict, systematically underrepresented urban areas by creating rural districts which were much smaller, on average than urban ones.
Districting and Redistricting in Eastern and Central Europe: Regulations and Practices
Authors: Popescu Marina , Tóka Gábor
Published: November 2023

After the demise of communism in 1988–91, one of the first tasks faced by the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe was to devise electoral systems to hold multiparty elections. Proportional (PR) systems were introduced in the Czech and Slovak Republics, Estonia, Latvia, Moldova, Poland, Romania and later in Bulgaria and Croatia. Mixed systems proved very popular: parallel mixed systems, employing a majoritarian and a PR-segment side by side have been used in Lithuania since 1992, in Russia since 1993, and in the Ukraine in 1998 and 2002, and also made an appearance in the first elections in Bulgaria and Croatia in 1990 and in Albania in 1996–7. More complex mixed compensatory systems have been in place in Hungary since late 1989, and in Albania in 1992 and after 1997.
Embodied Minds in Action
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle
Published: November 2023

In Embodied Minds in Action, Robert Hanna and Michelle Maiese work out a unified treatment of three fundamental philosophical problems: the mind-body problem, the problem of mental causation, and the problem of action. This unified treatment rests on two basic claims. The first is that conscious, intentional minds like ours are essentially embodied. This entails that our minds are necessarily spread throughout our living, organismic bodies and belong to their complete neurobiological constitution. So minds like ours are necessarily alive. The second claim is that essentially embodied minds are self-organizing thermodynamic systems. This entails that our mental lives consist in the possibility and actuality of moving our own living organismic bodies through space and time, by means of our conscious desires. The upshot is that we are essentially minded animals who help to create the natural world through our own agency. This doctrine--the Essential Embodiment Theory--is a truly radical idea which subverts the traditionally opposed and seemingly exhaustive categories of Dualism and Materialism, and offers a new paradigm for contemporary mainstream research in the philosophy of mind and cognitive neuroscience.
Memories Cast in Marble: Introduction
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: November 2023

In 2004, Greece hosted the Olympic Games for the First time since 1896, when the First internationally recognized modern Olympics had taken place there. They followed many months of international controversy, organizational difficulties, and the constant attention of the world’s media; the most common leitmotif in that media frenzy was that Greece was horribly behind schedule, and it was not going to guarantee safety, especially after 9/11; this chorus evoked thus the well-known tirade that modern Greeks have proven unworthy of their classical heritage.
From Western to Indigenous Hellenism: Antiquity, Archaeology, and the Invention of Modern Greece
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: November 2023

In March 1996, a peace treaty was signed at Sparta in the Peloponnese. The treaty ended a war that lasted 27 years, causing many casualties on both sides. The signing of the treaty, the text of which was prepared by Konstantinos Despotopoulos (of the Academy of Athens), was widely reported in the press. The signatories were not leaders of countries or of international organizations. They were the mayors of Athens and Sparta, and they declared the formal end of the Peloponnesian War, which ended in 404 BC (Nikitidis 1996).
Introduction
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill
Published: November 2023

The choice of a period is among the most basic, contestable, and revealing of all the techniques of the historian. It is basic because any attempt to make sense of the past must involve breaks, developments, beginnings, and endings, all of which are challenged by continuities. It is contestable because other historians will discern different patterns and revealing because it exposes the historian’s preoccupations and sympathies.
Government and Administration c.1850–1880
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill
Published: November 2023

During the years after 1850, both central and local government saw a continued growth in official intervention and regulation. There was also improvement in the quality of public administration, but it was limited and patchy. There remained widespread doubts about the efficiency and reliability of official agencies.
Improvisation
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

We can detect another kind of polyphony in the extant fragments of archaic elegy, one that evolves over long stretches of time as one generation re-performs and improvises upon the favorite elegiac songs of the past.1 It seems clear, for example, that fourth-century Athenians informally recited the elegiac verses of Tyrtaeus, Solon, and ‘ Theognis’ at their symposia, apparently in a context that allowed for improvisation.
Tense and Aspect in Bantu
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: November 2023

Derek Nurse looks at variations in the form and function of tense and aspect in Bantu, a branch of Niger-Congo, the world’s largest language phylum. Bantu languages are spoken in central, eastern, and southern sub-Saharan Africa south of a line between Nigeria and Somalia. By current estimates there are between 250 and 600 of them, as yet neither adequately classified nor fully described. Professor Nurse’s account is based on data from more than 200 Bantu languages and varieties, a representative sample of which is freely available on the publisher’s website. He devotes substantial chapters to the analysis and comparison of the different tense and aspect systems found in Bantu. He also examines the verbal categories with which they interact, including negation and focus. Synchronic and diachronic perspectives are interwoven throughout the book. Following a brief history of Bantu over the last five thousand years, the final two chapters look systematically at the history of tense and aspect in Bantu. The first deals with the reconstruction of the earlier forms from which contemporary structures, morphemes, and categories are derived, and the second with the processes of change, including grammaticalization, by means of which older analytical structures and independent lexical items moved as they became incorporated as grammatical inflections and categories.
Aspect
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: November 2023

This chapter treats aspect and is similar in shape and intent to Chapter 3. It sets out the thinking behind the analysis of aspect, deals with major categories and their exponents across Bantu, provides examples, examines different kinds of systems and devotes some space to minor categories. For some readers tense will be easier to grasp than aspect. It is not hard to move from general and non-linguistic ideas of past, present, and future time to past and future tense, and then to multiple past and future tenses and other notions discussed in Chapter 3. Aspect is less obvious for several reasons.