bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: PYRROLOCARBAZOLES. 2. SOME 3H‐PYRROLO(2,3‐C)CARBAZOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: SIKHARULIDZE M. I. , KHOSHTARIYA T. E. , KURKOVSKAYA L. N. , SUVOROV N. N.
Published: April 2016

Das Pyrrolocarbazol (I) reagiert bei der Vilsmeier‐Reaktion, bei der Mannich‐Kondensation und der Azokupplung unter Bildung von 1‐substituierten Derivaten (II) bzw. (V), bzw. (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 4‐AMINOQUINOLINES AND 4‐AMINO‐2‐QUINOLINONES FROM ANTHRANILONITRILE
Authors: SCHAEFER H. , SATTLER K. , GEWALD K.
Published: April 2016

Das aus Anthranilsäurenitril (I) zugängliche Enamin (II) cyclisiert in Gegenwart von AlCl3 zum 4‐Aminochinolin (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION OF 1Λ4,2,4‐BENZOTHIADIAZIN‐3(4H)‐ONES
Authors: GILCHRIST T. L. , REES C. W. , SOUTHON I. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Alkylierung von cyclischen Sulfimiden des Typs (I) führt primär zu den entsprechenden N‐Alkyl‐sulfoniumsalzen, die in Folgereaktionen in N‐Alkyl‐benzothiadiazinone [durch Debenzylierung am S; Bildung der Verbindungen (III) sowie von 24 bzw. 50% (II) neben (IIIb) bzw. (IIIc)], Benzothiadiazepinone [Bildung von (VI) durch Pummerer‐Umlagerung des primär entstehenden N‐Methyl‐Derivats von (I)] und offenkettige Hanrstoffderivate [durch Hydrolyse,(VIII)] umgewandelt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐TRIMETHYLSILYLALLYLIC ALCOHOLS AS HOMOENOLATE PRECURSORS. STEREO‐ AND REGIO‐SPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF SILYL ENOL ETHERS
Authors: KUWAJIMA I. , KATO M.
Published: April 2016

Die Acyltrimethylsilane (I) reagieren mit (II) zu den Trimethylsilylallylalkoholen (III), die nach Umsetzung mit Butyllithium zu den Silylenolethern (VI) alkyliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF N‐(POLYFLUORO‐9‐ACRIDYL)IMINOTRIPHENYLPHOSPHORANES
Authors: ORLOVA N. A. , GERASIMOVA T. N. , FOKIN E. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) reagiert mit Nukleophilen unter Substitution eines F‐Restes; man erhält bei Einsatz von Alkoholaten bzw. Phenolaten die Alkoxy‐ und Aryloxyderivate (II), bei Einsatz von Methylamin (in wäßriger Lösung bei 100°C im Autoklaven), Cyclohexylamin (siedend) oder Piperidin (siedend) die Aminoderivate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ZIRCONIUM(IV) COMPLEXES OF SCHIFF BASES
Authors: UTTAMCHANDANI J. , KAPOOR R. N.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:1‐ und 1:2‐molare Umsetzung von Zr(IV)‐isopropoxid mit einbasischen Schiffschen Basen aus Salicylaldehyd oder 2‐Hydroxynaphthaldehyd und o‐Toluidin führt abhängig vom Liganden zu den dimeren bzw. monomeren Produkten (I) und (II) bzw. (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: MONOALKYL CHROMIUM(III) COMPLEXES OF A TETRADENTATE N4 MACROCYCLE
Authors: SAMUELS G. J. , ESPENSON J. H.
Published: April 2016

Chrom(II)‐ Chlorid reagiert in gemischten wäßrigen Lösungsmitteln mit dem makrocyclischen Liganden zu dem stark reduzierenden Cr(II)‐Komplex (I).
ChemInform Abstract: CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES OF SOME COBALT(III) COMPLEXES WHICH CONTAIN PHENYL‐SUBSTITUTED ETHYLENEDIAMINE‐N,N′‐DIACETATE ANALOGS
Authors: HAWN G. G. , MARICONDI C. , DOUGLAS B. E.
Published: April 2016

Die Beteiligung von asym.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF COBALT BIS(DITHIOCYANATOCUPRATE(1‐)) AND ITS COMPLEXES WITH LEWIS BASES. II
Authors: SINGH P. P. , YADAV D. D. S.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:2‐molare Umsetzung von Co(II)‐thiocyanat mit Cu(I)‐thiocyanat in Ethylendichlorid führt zu der Titelverbindung (I).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDES OF DOUBLE INTERCALATOR TYPE. I. PEPTIDES CONTAINING A β‐(9‐ACRIDYL)‐D,L‐α‐ALANINE RESIDUE
Authors: TKACHEVSKAYA I. V. , NIKIFOROVA N. V. , AVDYUKOVA N. V. , RADINA L. B.
Published: April 2016

β‐(9‐Acridyl)‐D,L‐α‐alanin (I) wird zu (II) verestert und mit dem Chlorid (III) in die Carbobenzoxyverbindung (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SHORT, FLEXIBLE SYNTHESIS OF ELLIPTICINE
Authors: TAYLOR D. A. , JOULE J. A.
Published: April 2016

Mit Mangandioxid in siedendem Trichlormethan wird der aus (IIIb) mit 2‐Lithio‐1‐phenylsulfonylindol zugängliche Alkohol (Ia) zum Keton (Ib) oxidiert, das über das Ethylenketal (Ic) in das Indol (Id) übergefuhrt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CHIRAL CONVERSION OF 6‐AMINOPENICILLANIC ACID INTO AN ANTIBACTERIAL PEN‐2‐EM‐3‐CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE: ABSOLUTE STRUCTURE FROM X‐RAY ANALYSIS
Authors: BEELS C. M. D. , ABU‐RABIE M. S. , MURRAY‐RUST P. , MURRAY‐RUST J.
Published: April 2016

Die (6R)‐6‐Aminopenicillansäure (Ia) ergibt über das Bromid (Ib) die Penicillansäure (lc), deren Ester (II) zum Sulfoxid oxidiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF TRACHYLOBANIC ACID INTO NOVEL PENTACYCLIC ANALOGS OF GIBBERELLINS BY GIBBERELLA FUJIKUROI, MUTANT B1‐41A
Authors: BEARDER J. R. , MACMILLAN J. , MATSUO A. , PHINNEY B. O.
Published: April 2016

Trachylobansäure (I) wird durch das im Titel genannte Enzym in die Cyclogibberelline (II) und (III) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: ALTERNATION OF KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF ALKALINE‐EARTH CARBONATES INDUCED BY GRINDING
Authors: CRIADO J. M. , GONZALEZ F. , MORALES J.
Published: April 2016

Mahlen von MgCO3, SICO3 oder BaCO3 führt zu einer Erniedrigung der Aktivierungsenergie für die thermische Zers.‐Reaktion, was auf mechanisch erzeugte Gitterunordnung zurückgeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE DISSOLUTION OF TIN IN ALKALINE PHOSPHATE SOLUTION
Authors: DO DUC H. , TISSOT P.
Published: April 2016

Aus Untersuchungen mit der rotierenden Ring‐Scheibenelektrode geht hervor, daß die Sn‐Elektrode in alkalischer Na3PO4‐Lösung im Passivbereich nicht vollständig geschützt wird, sondern daß sowohl bei der l. als auch bei der 2. Passivierungsstufe lösliche Sn‐Spezies produziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF CARBAMOYLIRON COMPLEXES; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF NICKELBIS(TETRACARBONYL‐μ‐(DIMETHYLCARBAMOYL‐O)‐IRON)(2NI‐FE)
Authors: PETZ W. , KRUEGER C. , GODDARD R.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung von Fe(CO)5 (I) mit Tetrakis‐[dimethylamino]‐methan (II) gelingt durch Übertragung eines Dimethylaminorestes auf eine CO‐Gruppe des Carbonylkomplexes die Synthese des Carbamoylkomplexes (IIIa) , wobei das Guanidiniumkation einen stabilisierenden Effekt ausübt.
ChemInform Abstract: PROTON NMR SHIFTS IN THE MOLECULAR PLANES OF ANISOTROPIC CARBON‐OXYGEN, CARBON‐NITROGEN, AND CARBON‐CARBON DOUBLE BONDS
Authors: KNORR R. , SCHNEGG A. , LATTKE E. , RAEPPLE E.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Methylisatin (I) entsteht durch Oxidation zur Säure (Ausb. 84%), Diazotierung und geeignete Kupplung die Säure (II), die als Anhydrid in Gegenwart von Cu‐Pulver zum Fluorenon (IIIa) decarboxyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF BIS(METHYLTHIO)BENZENES
Authors: MARGARETHA P.
Published: April 2016

Die Bismethylthiobenzole (I) werden anodisch zu den Methylsulfinylbenzolen (II) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: POLAR EFFECTS. VI. POLAR SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS IN THE SOLVOLYSIS OF ACYCLIC TERTIARY CHLORIDES
Authors: GROB C. A. , WALDNER A.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelreaktion z.B. der Chloride (I) in 80proz. Ethanol, die hauptsächlich zu den Alkoholen (II) und den Olefinen (III) und (IV) führt, weist Geschwindigkeitskonstanten 1. Ordnung von 7.48·10‐3‐2.42·10‐6 /s und Aktivierungsenthalpien bzw. ‐entropien von 18.93‐26.83 kcal/mol bzw. ‐2.45 bis ‐17.25 cal/mol·Grad auf.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES WITH ETHYNYLPHOSPHONIUM SALTS; NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITIONS TO PHENYLETHYNYLTRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM BROMIDE
Authors: MORITA N. , DICKSTEIN J. I. , MILLER S. I.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktionen der Titelverbindung (I) mit Benzoesäurehydrazid, Hydroxylamin, in o‐Stellung funktionell substituierten Anilinen, 2,3‐Diamino‐pyridin [Reaktion analog (VIIc)‐(VIIIc); Produktausb 53%], Ethylendiamin, 1,2‐ und 1,8‐Diamino‐naphthalin [Produkte (XII) bzw. (XIII)] und Benzophenonhydrazon werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTO‐CIDNP. INVESTIGATION OF β,Γ‐UNSATURATED KETONES: EVIDENCE FOR TEMPERATURE‐DEPENDENT S1 VS. T2 REACTIVITIES OF CYCLOPENT‐2‐ENYL METHYL KETONES
Authors: HENNE A. , SIEW N. P. Y. , SCHAFFNER K.
Published: April 2016

Die direkte UV‐Bestrahlung des Ketons (Ia) z.B. in C6D12 ergibt das 1,3‐Acylverschiebungsprodukt (II) und das bicyclische Keton (III), sowie die Radikaldisproportionierungs‐ und ‐Kombinationsprodukte (IV)‐(VII), wobei das Verhältnis der Quantenausbeute von (II)/(III) 10.5 beträgt.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF ETHYLENE OXIDATION ON A SUPPORTED SILVER CATALYST
Authors: DETTWILER H. R. , BAIKER A. , RICHARZ W.
Published: April 2016

Die Luftoxidation bei 490‐620 K und einem Sauerstoffpartialdruck von 0.05 ‐0.2 bar verläuft teilweise über Ethylenoxid, teilweise direkt zu CO2 und H2O. Die Aktivierungsenergien für die einzelnen Reaktionsschritte betragen 77, 63 bzw. 85 kJ/mol.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF SUPEROXIDE ION AS REVEALED BY THE DIFFERENTIAL OXIDATION OF ARYLPYRUVATES
Authors: JEFFORD C. W. , CADBY P. A.
Published: April 2016

Phenylbrenztraubensäure (Ia) wird in DMSO und in Gegenwart eines Kronenethers durch K02 zu Phenylessigsäure (IIa) und zu Benzaldehyd (IIIa) oxidiert, der imGegensatz zum inerten (IIIb) vollständig zu Benzoesäure (IVa) weiterreagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF O‐PHENYLENEDIAMINE AND SOME AROMATIC AMINES WITH SUPEROXIDE ANION RADICAL AND MOLECULAR OXYGEN
Authors: BALOGH‐HERGOVICH E. , SPEIER G. , WINKELMANN E.
Published: April 2016

Aromatische Amine (I) werden mit Kaliumsuperoxid KO2 bzw. mit KOH/O2 umgesetzt und die Anteile an den Folgeprodukten (II)‐(IV) in Relation zu den Substituenten und Reaktionsbedingungen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CAROTENOID GLYCOSYL ESTERS. PART 3. THE SYNTHESIS OF CROCETIN DI(β‐D‐GLUCOSYL) ESTER. A NEW METHOD FOR THE SELECTIVE ESTERIFICATION OF UNPROTECTED β‐D‐GLUCOSE
Authors: PFANDER H. , WITTWER F.
Published: April 2016

Aus Crocetin (Ia) werden unter angegebenen Bedingungen die Derivate (Ib)‐(Ie) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ANIL SYNTHESIS. PART 21. PREPARATION OF STILBENYL DERIVATIVES OF PYRAZOLE
Authors: PALMBERG R. B. , SIEGRIST A. E.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung von Schiffschen Basen wie (I)‐(III) mit p‐tolyl‐ bzw. methylsubstituier‐ ten Heterocyclen wie (IV), (V) bzw. (VI) werden zahlreiche heterocyclisch Substituierte Stilbene wie z.B. (VII) synthetisiert (in 52 Tabellen aufgeführt, ca. 250 Verbindungen; zumeist gute Ausbeuten).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF TERTIARY α‐CYANO ENAMINES (2‐(DIALKYLAMINO)‐2‐ALKENENITRILES)
Authors: DE KIMPE N. , VERHE R. , DE BUYCK L. , SCHAMP N.
Published: April 2016

Die aus Aldehyden (I) über die Zwischenstufe von α‐Chloraldiminen zugänglichen α‐Cyanoenamine (II) können mit Dialkylsulfaten, Fluorsulfonsäurealkylestern oder mit Trialkyloxonium‐fluoroboraten (III) zu sterisch gehinderten tertiären α‐Cyanoenaminen (IV) alkyliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: VINYLALLENES. X. PREPARATION AND REACTIVITY OF VINYLALLENYLLITHIUM
Authors: BAUDOUY R. , DELBECQ F. , GORE J.
Published: April 2016

Die Metallierung der Vinylallene (I)‐(III) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: AN INTRAMOLECULAR DIELS‐ALDER APPROACH TO DITERPENES
Authors: WILSON S. R. , MAO D. T.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Methyl‐pentadienyllithium (I) erhält man mit Aldehyden wie Benzaldehyd (II) die beiden Addukte (III) und (IV), von denen letzteres mit KH zu (III) umgelagert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: A ONE‐FLASK CONVERSION OF ALDEHYDES TO NITRILES USING HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND SELENIUM DIOXIDE
Authors: SOSNOVSKY G. , KROGH J. A. , UMHOEFER S. G.
Published: April 2016

Aromatische und aliphatische Aldehyde (I) werden mit Hydroxylamin in die Oxime (II) übergeführt und ohne Isolierung mit der äquimolaren Menge an Selendioxid zu Nitrilen (III) dehydratisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ARYLATION OF CARBON DISULFIDE ‐ A NOVEL APPROACH TO ARYL ESTERS OF CHLORODITHIOCARBONIC ACID
Authors: VIOLA H. , MAYER R.
Published: April 2016

Die Aminhydrochloride (I) werden diazotiert und dann unter den Bedingungen der Sandmeyer‐Reaktion mit CS2 zu den Chlordithiokohlensäureestern (II) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF 3′‐METHOXY‐2′,4,4′,6′‐ AND 2′‐METHOXY‐3′,4,4′,6′‐TETRAHYDROXYCHALCONE AND SOME QUINOCHALCONES AND A COMPARISON OF THEM WITH CARTHAMIN
Authors: OBARA H. , ONODERA J. , ABE S.
Published: April 2016

Die Chalkone (IVa), (IVb), (VIa), (VIIIb) und (VIIIc) werden synthetisiert, und ihre Elektronenspektren werden mit dem des roten Pigmentes aus Carthamustinctorius L. (als Carthamin bezeichnet) vergleichend untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ETHYL (E)‐3‐METHYL‐3‐PHENYLGLYCIDATE AND (E)‐ AND (Z)‐1,3‐DIPHENYL‐2‐BUTEN‐1‐ONE OXIDE
Authors: DOMAGALA J. M. , BACH R. D.
Published: April 2016

Acetophenon (I) liefert mit Chloressigsäureethylester die isomeren Epoxy‐Derivate (IIa)‐(IIc).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE‐ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS IN TETRONIC ACIDS AND THEIR COPPER(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: TANAKA K. , MATSUO K. , NAKAIZUMI Y. , MORIOKA Y. , TAKASHITA Y. , TACHIBANA Y. , SAWAMURA Y. , KOHDA S.
Published: April 2016

Aus (I) und dem Malonester (II) erhält man die Diester (III), die zu (IV) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED 2‐AMINOPYRROLE ANALOGS OF LIDOCAINE. II
Authors: JOHNSON R. W. , KEENAN T. H. , KOSH J. W. , SOWELL J. W.
Published: April 2016

Die aus den Cyanaminopyrrolen (I) mit Chloressigsäurechlorid (II) erhaltenen Cyanchloracetamidopyrrole (III) lassen sich mit H3PO4 zu den Amiden (IV) partiell verseifen.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION AND SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF SOME MONOSUBSTITUTED 1,3,5‐TRIPHENYL‐2‐PYRAZOLINES
Authors: RIVETT D. E. , ROSEVEAR J. , WILSHIRE J. F. K.
Published: April 2016

Cyclisierung der Chalkone (I) mit den Phenylhydrazinen (II) ergibt die Triphenylpyrazoline (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PYRAZOLONE DERIVATIVES. XXXVI. SYNTHETIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON (4S,7R)‐4,7‐METHANO‐1H(OR 2H)‐INDAZOLES AND INDAZOLIUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: NAGAI S. , ODA N. , ITO I. , KUDO Y.
Published: April 2016

(1R,4S)‐Bornanon‐(2) kondensiert mit Ameisensäureisoamylester zum Hydroxymethylenderivat (I), das mit Hydrazin oder Hydrazinen (IV) zum Hydrazon (II) bzw. zu den Indazolen (V) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC REACTIONS. LVI. OPTICALLY ACTIVE HEPTAMETHYLENECARBODIIMIDE
Authors: CERVINKA O. , DUDEK V. , STIHEL Z. , ZIKMUND J.
Published: April 2016

Die Lactame (I) werden nach Überführung in die Lactamoxime (II) in die cyclischen Harnstoffe bzw. Thioharnstoffe (III) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: A REGIO‐ AND STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 1,2‐DISUBSTITUTED VINYLSILANES
Authors: OBAYASHI M. , UTIMOTO K. , NOZAKI H.
Published: April 2016

Die aus Grignard‐Verbindungen (I) und Kupfer(I)‐bromid hergestellten Alkylkupfer‐Reagentien (II) reagieren mit Trimethylsilylacetylen (III) mit hoher Regio‐ und Stereoselektivität zu 1‐Trimethylsilyl‐1(Z)‐alkenylkupferverbindungen (IV), in denen das Kupfer stereoselektiv durch Hydrolyse, Alkylierung, Acylierung, Halogenierung und Stannylierung substituiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOPROPYLSILANE
Authors: DAKKOURI M. , KEHRER H. , BUHMANN P.
Published: April 2016

Die direkte Synthese der Titelverbindung (III) gelingt durch Reaktion von Cyclopropyllithium (I) mit SiCl4 zu dem Trichloroderivat (II) und dessen Behandlung mit LiAlH4.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF HYDROGEN S‐PROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOTHIOIC ACID WITH ACETALDEHYDE
Authors: CHITTENDEN R. A. , HALL C. R. , INCH T. D. , NICHOLSON N. H. , POTTAGE C.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Methanphosphonsäuremonothioesters (I) mit Acetaldehyd (II) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROMETALATION. IV. HYDROALUMINATION OF ALKYNES BY HA1(NR2)2 COMPOUNDS CATALYZED BY DICYCLOPENTADIENYLTITANIUM DICHLORIDE
Authors: ASHBY E. C. , NODING S. R.
Published: April 2016

Die Acetylene (I) reagieren in Gegenwart von Dicyclopentadienyltitandichlorid mit Diisopropylaminoalan (II) stereospezifisch zu cis‐substituierten Alkenylaluminiumverbindungen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESES OF SESQUITERPENE LACTONES. III. IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF VULGARIN
Authors: ANDO M. , TAJIMA K. , TAKASE K.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (IV) wird aus dem Acetal (I) über das Keton (II) und das Epoxid (III) in ausgezeichneter Ausb. dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐NOOTKATONE BY MEANS OF CYCLOPENTENONE ANNULATION
Authors: HIYAMA T. , SHINODA M. , NOZAKI H.
Published: April 2016

Aus den beiden 2‐Methyl‐cyclohexanonen (Ia) bzw. (Ib) werden die Addukte (IIa) bzw. (IIb) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: ENCEPHALITOGENIC PEPTIDES: SYNTHESIS AND CARBON‐13 NMR OF A PENTAPEPTIDE FRAGMENT OF MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN OF THE (65‐74) REGION
Authors: PASARIBU S. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung in voll geschützter Form (IV) wird, ausgehend von den Komponenten (I) und (II), nach konventionellen Methoden durch schrittweisen Aufbau synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PRACTICAL SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC PEPTIDES, WITH AN EXAMPLE OF DEPENDENCE OF CYCLIZATION YIELD UPON LINEAR SEQUENCE
Authors: BRADY S. F. , VARGA S. L. , FREIDINGER R. M. , SCHWENK D. A. , MENDLOWSKI M. , HOLLY F. W. , VEBER D. F.
Published: April 2016

Unter Verwendung von Diphenylphosphorylazid (XIII) werden nach der Festkörpermethode zahlreiche Cyclopeptide (I)‐(IX) u.a. hergestellt und die Reaktionsbedingungen optimiert.
Institutional capacity to provide psychosocial oncology support services: A report from the Association of Oncology Social Work
Authors: Zebrack Brad , Kayser Karen , Padgett Lynne , Sundstrom Laura , Jobin Chad , Nelson Krista , Fineberg Iris C.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

This study reports cancer‐treating institutions' capacity to deliver comprehensive psychosocial support services.

METHODS

Oncology care providers at 60 cancer‐treating institutions completed surveys assessing the capacity of their institutions to provide psychosocial care. Capacity was assessed with the Cancer Psychosocial Care Matrix (CPCM) from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Scores represented individuals' perceptions of their cancer program's performance with respect to 10 fundamental elements of psychosocial care.

RESULTS

Among 2134 respondents, 62% reported a mid‐level capacity for ≥5 of 10 CPCM items. In comparison with other types of cancer programs (eg, NCI‐designated, academic, or comprehensive centers), providers at community cancer programs reported a significantly greater capacity with respect to patient‐provider communication, psychosocial needs assessment, and continuity in the delivery of psychosocial care over time. Nurses and primary medical providers reported a significantly lower capacity for linking patients and families with needed psychosocial services within their respective cancer programs. They also reported a significantly higher capacity for conducting follow‐up, re‐evaluations, and adjustments of psychosocial treatment plans.

CONCLUSIONS

Cancer programs are performing moderately well in terms of communicating to patients the importance of psychosocial care, identifying patient psychosocial needs, and referring patients and families to psychosocial services. They are doing less well with respect to the provision of that care over time. Findings suggest that gaps in psychosocial service capacity are a function of patient, provider, and system characteristics. These results may be useful in formulating strategies to enhance psychosocial care delivery. Cancer 2016;122:1937–45. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Serum Levels of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and DNA Can Predict Inactive Carriers With Low Risk of Disease Progression
Authors: Liu Jessica , Yang Hwai‐I , Lee Mei‐Hsuan , Jen Chin‐Lan , Batrla‐Utermann Richard , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Wang Li‐Yu , You San‐Lin , Chen Chien‐Jen
Published: April 2016

Serum levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (≤2000 IU/mL) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (<1000 IU/mL) have been shown to distinguish inactive carriers with high accuracy. The goal of this study was to validate the predictability of one‐time measurement of quantitative HBsAg and HBV DNA levels for inactive carrier status and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) progression in a community‐based cohort. This study included 1529 participants chronically infected with HBV genotype B or C from the REVEAL‐HBV cohort. They were ascertained as inactive or active CHB after 18 months of follow‐up. Validity of the one‐time measurement was assessed by sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves, while associations with clinical outcomes were calculated with Cox proportional hazards regressions. The one‐time baseline measurement of HBsAg <1000 IU/mL and HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL distinguished inactive carriers from active CHB with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of 71%, 85%, 83%, 74%, and 78%, respectively. Those identified as inactive carriers using the one‐time baseline measurement had multivariate adjusted hazard ratios of 0.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20‐0.63) and 0.36 (0.23‐0.56) for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis, respectively, and an adjusted rate ratio of 6.97 (95% CI, 5.21‐9.33) for HBsAg seroclearance. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of predicting these outcomes using the one‐time definition were similar to those obtained when using long‐term follow‐up defined carrier status for prediction. Conclusion: This study confirms the predictability of a one‐time combined HBsAg and HBV DNA measurement for future inactive carriers. This single‐point strategy provides new and complementary information useful for management of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. (Hepatology 2016;64:381‐389)
Randomized, open‐label phase 2 study comparing frontline dovitinib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cheng Ann‐Lii , Thongprasert Sumitra , Lim Ho Yeong , Sukeepaisarnjaroen Wattana , Yang Tsai‐Shen , Wu Cheng‐Chung , Chao Yee , Chan Stephen L. , Kudo Masatoshi , Ikeda Masafumi , Kang Yoon‐Koo , Pan Hongming , Numata Kazushi , Han Guohong , Balsara Binaifer , Zhang Yong , Rodriguez Ana‐Marie , Zhang Yi , Wang Yongyu , Poon Ronnie T. P.
Published: April 2016

Angiogenesis inhibition by the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) inhibitor sorafenib provides survival benefit in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, angiogenic escape from sorafenib may occur due to angiogenesis‐associated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway activation. In addition to VEGFR and PDGFR, dovitinib inhibits FGFR. Frontline oral dovitinib (500 mg/day, 5 days on, 2 days off; n = 82) versus sorafenib (400 mg twice daily; n = 83) was evaluated in an open‐label, randomized phase 2 study of Asian‐Pacific patients with advanced HCC. The primary and key secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and time to tumor progression (TTP) as determined by a local investigator, respectively. Patients included in the study were ineligible for surgical and/or locoregional therapies or had disease progression after receiving these therapies. The median OS (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 8.0 (6.6‐9.1) months for dovitinib and 8.4 (5.4‐11.3) months for sorafenib. The median TTP (95% CI) per investigator assessment was 4.1 (2.8‐4.2) months and 4.1 (2.8‐4.3) months for dovitinib and sorafenib, respectively. Common any‐cause adverse events included diarrhea (62%), decreased appetite (43%), nausea (41%), vomiting (41%), fatigue (35%), rash (34%), and pyrexia (30%) for dovitinib and palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (66%) and decreased appetite (31%) for sorafenib. Subgroup analysis revealed a significantly higher median OS for patients in the dovitinib arm who had baseline plasma soluble VEGFR1 (sVEGFR1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) below median levels versus at or above the median levels (median OS [95% CI]: sVEGFR1, 11.2 [9.0‐13.8] and 5.7 [4.3‐7.0] months, respectively [P = .0002]; HGF, 11.2 [8.9‐13.8] and 5.9 [5.0‐7.6] months, respectively [P = 0.0002]). Conclusion: Dovitinib was well tolerated, but activity was not greater than sorafenib as a frontline systemic therapy for HCC. Based on these data, no subsequent phase 3 study has been planned. (Hepatology 2016;64:774‐784)
Not All Autonomy is the Same. Different Dimensions of Job Autonomy and Their Relation to Work Engagement & Innovative Work Behavior
Authors: De Spiegelaere Stan , Van Gyes Guy , Van Hootegem Geert
Published: April 2016

Job autonomy is a key enabling factor for employee engagement and innovative employee behavior. Although job autonomy used to be viewed as a multi‐dimensional construct, there has been little recent discussion on the different dimensions of job autonomy and how they relate to employee outcomes. This study uses a sample of 927 employees from different sectors to research the relation between autonomy regarding the (1) work method, (2) work scheduling, (3) work time and (4) place of work and two main employee outcomes: work engagement (WE) and innovative work behavior (IWB). The results show that all studied dimensions of autonomy are bivariatly related to higher levels of WE and IWB. Yet, when simultaneously analyzing the dimensions of job autonomy using structural equations modelling, most of the effects become insignificant. For WE, only the effect of work method autonomy is statistically significant. For IWB, work method and locational autonomy play a positive role. This signals that the current managerial attention for, e.g., work time autonomy (flexitime) does only contribute to enhanced work engagement and IWB insofar as such a systems result in higher work method autonomy.
Analysis of Conduction and Radiation Heat Transfer in a Differentially Heated 2‐D Square Enclosure
Authors: Sasmal Aritra , Mishra Subhash C.
Published: April 2016

Radiative heat transfer with and without conduction in a differentially heated 2‐D square enclosure is analyzed. The enclosure with diffuse gray boundaries contains radiating and/or conducting gray homogeneous medium. Radiatively, the medium is absorbing, emitting and scattering. On the south boundary, four types of discrete heated regions, viz., the full boundary, the left one‐third, left two third and middle one third, are considered. In the absence of conduction, distributions of heat flux along the south boundary are studied for the effect of extinction coefficient. In the presence of conduction, distributions of radiation, conduction and total heat fluxes along the south boundary are analyzed for the effects of extinction coefficient, scattering albedo, conduction–radiation parameter, and south boundary emissivity. Effects of these parameters on centerline temperature distribution are also studied. To assess the performance of three commonly used radiative transfer methods, in all cases, the radiative transfer equation is solved using the discrete ordinate method (DOM), the conventional discrete ordinate method (CDOM) and the finite volume method (FVM). In the combined mode problem, with volumetric radiative information known from one of the three methods, viz., DOM, CDOM, and FVM, the energy equation is solved using the finite difference method (FDM). In all cases, the results from FDM‐DOM, FDM‐CDOM, and FDM‐FVM are in good agreement. Computationally, all three sets of methods are equally efficient.
Have applications of continuous rainfall–runoff simulation realized the vision for process‐based flood frequency analysis?
Authors: Lamb Rob , Faulkner Duncan , Wass Paul , Cameron David
Published: April 2016

Keith Beven was amongst the first to propose and demonstrate a combination of conceptual rainfall–runoff modelling and stochastically generated rainfall data in what is known as the ‘continuous simulation’ approach for flood frequency analysis. The motivations included the potential to establish better links with physical processes and to avoid restrictive assumptions inherent in existing methods applied in design flood studies. Subsequently, attempts have been made to establish continuous simulation as a routine method for flood frequency analysis, particularly in the UK. The approach has not been adopted universally, but numerous studies have benefitted from applications of continuous simulation methods. This paper asks whether industry has yet realized the vision of the pioneering research by Beven and others. It reviews the generic methodology and illustrates applications of the original vision for a more physically realistic approach to flood frequency analysis through a set of practical case studies, highlighting why continuous simulation was useful and appropriate in each case. The case studies illustrate how continuous simulation has helped to offer users of flood frequency analysis more confidence about model results by avoiding (or exposing) bad assumptions relating to catchment heterogeneity, inappropriateness of assumptions made in (UK) industry‐standard design event flood estimation methods, and the representation of engineered or natural dynamic controls on flood flows. By implementing the vision for physically realistic analysis of flood frequency through continuous simulation, each of these examples illustrates how more relevant and improved information was provided for flood risk decision‐making than would have been possible using standard methods. They further demonstrate that integrating engineered infrastructure into flood frequency analysis and assessment of environmental change are also significant motivations for adopting the continuous simulation approach in practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active layer hydrology in an arctic tundra ecosystem: quantifying water sources and cycling using water stable isotopes
Authors: Throckmorton Heather M. , Newman Brent D. , Heikoop Jeffrey M. , Perkins George B. , Feng Xiahong , Graham David E. , O'Malley Daniel , Vesselinov Velimir V. , Young Jessica , Wullschleger Stan D. , Wilson Cathy J.
Published: April 2016

Climate change and thawing permafrost in the Arctic will significantly alter landscape hydro‐geomorphology and the distribution of soil moisture, which will have cascading effects on climate feedbacks (CO2 and CH4) and plant and microbial communities. Fundamental processes critical to predicting active layer hydrology are not well understood. This study applied water stable isotope techniques (δ2H and δ18O) to infer sources and mixing of active layer waters in a polygonal tundra landscape in Barrow, Alaska (USA), in August and September of 2012. Results suggested that winter precipitation did not contribute substantially to surface waters or subsurface active layer pore waters measured in August and September. Summer rain was the main source of water to the active layer, with seasonal ice melt contributing to deeper pore waters later in the season. Surface water evaporation was evident in August from a characteristic isotopic fractionation slope (δ2H vs δ18O). Freeze‐out isotopic fractionation effects in frozen active layer samples and textural permafrost were indistinguishable from evaporation fractionation, emphasizing the importance of considering the most likely processes in water isotope studies, in systems where both evaporation and freeze‐out occur in close proximity. The fractionation observed in frozen active layer ice was not observed in liquid active layer pore waters. Such a discrepancy between frozen and liquid active layer samples suggests mixing of meltwater, likely due to slow melting of seasonal ice. This research provides insight into fundamental processes relating to sources and mixing of active layer waters, which should be considered in process‐based fine‐scale and intermediate‐scale hydrologic models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation stable isotope variability and subcloud evaporation processes in a semi‐arid region
Authors: Crawford Jagoda , Hollins Suzanne E. , Meredith Karina T. , Hughes Catherine E.
Published: April 2016

The stable isotopic (2H/1H and 18O/16O) composition of precipitation has been used for a variety of hydrological and paleoclimate studies, a starting point for which is the behaviour of stable isotopes in modern precipitation. To this end, daily precipitation samples were collected over a 7‐year period (2008–2014) at a semi‐arid site located at the Macquarie Marshes, New South Wales (Australia). The samples were analysed for stable isotope composition, and factors affecting the isotopic variability were investigated. The best correlation between δ18O of precipitation was with local surface relative humidity.

The reduced major axis precipitation weighted local meteoric water line was δ2H = 7.20 δ18O + 9.1. The lower slope and intercept (when compared with the Global Meteoric Water Line) are typical for a warm dry climate, where subcloud evaporation of raindrops is experienced. A previously published model to estimate the degree of subcloud evaporation and the subsequent isotopic modification of raindrops was enhanced to include the vertical temperature and humidity profile. The modelled results for raindrops of 1.0 mm radius showed that on average, the measured D‐excess (=δ2H − 8 δ18O) was 19.8‰ lower than that at the base of the cloud, and 18% of the moisture was evaporated before ground level (smaller effects were modelled for larger raindrops). After estimating the isotopic signature at the base of the cloud, a number of data points still plotted below the global meteoric water line, suggesting that some of the moisture was sourced from previously evaporated water.

Back trajectory analysis estimated that 38% of the moisture was sourced over land. Precipitation samples for which a larger proportion of the moisture was sourced over land were 18O and 2H‐enriched in comparison to samples for which the majority of the moisture was sourced over the ocean.

The most common weather systems resulting in precipitation were inland trough systems; however, only East Coast Lows contributed to a significant difference in the isotopic values. Copyright © 2016 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. Hydrological Processes. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of novel BRCA founder mutations in Middle Eastern breast cancer patients using capture and Sanger sequencing analysis
Authors: Bu Rong , Siraj Abdul K. , Al‐Obaisi Khadija A.S. , Beg Shaham , Al Hazmi Mohsen , Ajarim Dahish , Tulbah Asma , Al‐Dayel Fouad , Al‐Kuraya Khawla S.
Published: April 2016

Ethnic differences of breast cancer genomics have prompted us to investigate the spectra of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in different populations. The prevalence and effect of BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations in Middle Eastern population is not fully explored. To characterize the prevalence of BRCA mutations in Middle Eastern breast cancer patients, BRCA mutation screening was performed in 818 unselected breast cancer patients using Capture and/or Sanger sequencing. 19 short tandem repeat (STR) markers were used for founder mutation analysis. In our study, nine different types of deleterious mutation were identified in 28 (3.4%) cases, 25 (89.3%) cases in BRCA 1 and 3 (10.7%) cases in BRCA 2. Seven recurrent mutations identified accounted for 92.9% (26/28) of all the mutant cases. Haplotype analysis was performed to confirm c.1140 dupG and c.4136_4137delCT mutations as novel putative founder mutation, accounting for 46.4% (13/28) of all BRCA mutant cases and 1.6% (13/818) of all the breast cancer cases, respectively. Moreover, BRCA 1 mutation was significantly associated with BRCA 1 protein expression loss (p = 0.0005). Our finding revealed that a substantial number of BRCA mutations were identified in clinically high risk breast cancer from Middle East region. Identification of the mutation spectrum, prevalence and founder effect in Middle Eastern population facilitates genetic counseling, risk assessment and development of cost‐effective screening strategy.
Through the MOOCing Glass: Professors’ Perspectives on the Future of MOOCs in Higher Education
Authors: Blackmon Stephanie J.
Published: April 2016

This chapter introduces literature that predicts the future of massive open online courses (MOOCs) in higher education and argues that it is critical to understand faculty views of the future for this instructional form; it presents the results of a qualitative study investigating the views of faculty who have taught a MOOC.
1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Deficiency is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy in the Uygur Population of China
Authors: Yi Xianglong , Sun Jialin , Li Li , Wei Qin , Qian Yi , Chen Xueyi , Ma Ling
Published: April 2016

1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] has recently been shown to have immunomodulatory property. This study aimed to investigate the expression and potential role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the Uygur population. Blood samples were obtained from 22 patients with proliferative DR (PDR), 29 patients with nonproliferative DR (NPDR), and 24 normal controls. ELISA was performed to estimate the serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with or without 1,25(OH)2D3 in the presence of anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 antibodies to detect the secretion of cytokines and cell proliferation. The FACS cytometric bead array system was used to analyze cytokine levels in the serum and culture supernatants. The Cell Counting Kit was used to determine the rate of cell proliferation. In this study, we found that the patients with PDR showed a decreased serum level of 1,25(OH)2D3 and increased production of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐17A, by anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 antibodies activated PBMCs. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly inhibited the proliferation of PBMCs, as well as the secretion of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐17A. Overall, our findings suggest a potential protective effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 in DR, whereas supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 might be an effective strategy for preventing the development of DR. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(6):445–451, 2016
RACE, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION, AND EMOTION‐FOCUSED COPING
Authors: Vassillière Christa T. , Holahan Charles J. , Holahan Carole K.
Published: April 2016

This study examined the associations among race, perceived discrimination, and emotion‐focused coping. Participants were 3,688 respondents (160 Blacks and 3,533 non‐Hispanic Whites) to the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. We tested our hypotheses with analyses of covariance and multiple regression, and we confirmed mediation with bias‐corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. All analyses controlled for age and gender; educational attainment and household income were included as covariates in additional analyses. Consistent with previous research, Blacks engaged in more emotion‐focused coping than did Whites. However, as predicted, perceived discrimination explained the association between race and emotion‐focused coping. Being Black compared with White predicted more perceived discrimination; in turn, perceived discrimination predicted more emotion‐focused coping. Perceived discrimination fully mediated the association between race and emotion‐focused coping. Findings demonstrate that relying on emotion‐focused coping is a function of facing daily discrimination rather than racial status.
PEER VICTIMIZATION: EXPLORING PSYCHOSOCIAL CORRELATES AND RECIPROCAL LONGITUDINAL RELATIONSHIP
Authors: You Sukkyung , Yoon Jina
Published: April 2016

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the peer victimization among a Korean adolescent sample (N = 3,449; female = 1,724). First, we examined the differences among peer victimization subgroups (bully, bully–victim, victim, and noninvolved) on psychosocial characteristics. We conducted a multinomial logistic regression to examine the relationship between peer victimization categories and individual, peer, and family factors. Findings showed that, compared with the nonaggressor/victim group, the aggressor‐only group reported lower levels of behavioral self‐control and higher levels of aggression and social skills; the victim‐only group reported lower levels of social skills and higher levels of stress over appearance; and the combined aggressor and victim group reported lower levels of behavioral self‐control, higher levels of aggression and social skills, and higher levels of stress over appearance. Second, we examined the reciprocal, longitudinal relationship between aggressor and victim experiences over 3 years using autoregressive cross‐lagged modeling. Results showed that adolescents who bullied others were highly likely to be bullied by others in the following year. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Potential use of vegetable waste for biofuel production
Authors: de Jesus Sérgio S , Santana Aline , Ponce Gustavo HSF , Maciel Filho Rubens
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

In this study, the use of vegetable waste as a potential source of raw material for biofuel production was investigated. The microalga Chlorella vulgaris was used to maximize the production of lipids and carbohydrates. The culture medium was prepared with vegetable waste and diluted in the following proportions of medium:water: 1:0, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3; the resulting solutions were adjusted for three different pH values (5.5, 7.2, 8.5). For a comparative analysis, modified CHU‐10 medium was used.

RESULTS

The initial concentration of carbon in the medium was 279.6 ± 3.5 mg L−1, while nitrogen was 11.22 ± 1.32 mg L−1. The growth in heterotrophic conditions was performed for 21 days, during which it was observed that higher concentrations of biomass and higher productivity of lipids and carbohydrates were obtained in cultures performed in medium without dilution (1:0) and pH 5.5; however, higher yields of lipids and carbohydrates were obtained when the medium was diluted in the proportion 1:3 and with alkaline pH.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study should encourage the use of vegetable waste as raw material for the production of microalgae rich in lipids and carbohydrates for the production of environmentally friendly fuels. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Usefulness of the quantitative evaluation of diffusion‐weighted mri in the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament tears
Authors: Park Hee Jin , Lee So Yeon , Rho Myung Ho , Kim Mi Sung , Kwon Heon Ju , Chung Eun Chul
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the usefulness of the diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear using the contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values according to the different b values.

Materials and Methods

Institutional review board approval was acquired. We evaluated 74 patients (M:F = 43:31, mean age of 44 years) who underwent 3.0 Tesla knee MR with DWI because of the possibility of ACL tear due to trauma. Region of interest measurements were performed. We (two radiologists) measured the signals of the DWI and derived ADC values on the oblique sagittal DWI with b values of 0, 600, and 1000. The diagnostic accuracies of the conventional MR image and each DWI with an ADC value with a different b value were evaluated. The CNR and ADC values were compared using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test. The diagnostic performances of the various imaging methods were evaluated using the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for differentiating between normal and ACL injury as determined by the use of conventional MRI with additional DWIs with McNemar test. The arthroscopic or clinical findings were used as the reference standard.

Results

The mean CNRs of ligament tears with b values of 600 and 1000 were significantly higher than those of normal ligament (22 versus 7 and 9 versus 4, P value < 0.05). The sensitivities and the accuracies of the DWI were significantly lower than the conventional MRIs (P value < 0.001). Conclusions: The CNRs of the torn ACL with each b value (600 and 1000) were significantly higher those of than normal ligament, although the ADC values of the torn ligament were not different from normal ligament. Addition of the DWI to the conventional MRI did not improve diagnostic performance. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1116–1122.
Identification of early atherosclerotic lesions in carotid arteries with quantitative characteristics measured by 3D MRI
Authors: Qiao Huiyu , He Qiong , Chen Zhensen , Xu Dongxiang , Huang Lingyun , He Le , Jiang Li , Li Rui , Luo Jianwen , Yuan Chun , Zhao Xihai
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the usefulness of quantitative characteristics of morphology and signal intensity of arterial wall measured by 3D multicontrast magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (MRVWI) in identification of carotid early atherosclerosis (CEAS).

Materials and Methods

In all, 61 older subjects (mean age 71.8 ± 5.6 years old; 25 males) without cardiovascular symptoms in the last 6 months were recruited. The carotid arteries without advanced plaque features on 3.0T MRI were included for analysis. Ultrasound imaging was used as a reference to identify CEAS. The morphological parameters including lumen area (LA), wall area (WA), wall thickness (WT), and normalized wall index (NWI = WA/[WA+LA] × 100%) and the signal intensity on 3.0T MR T2‐weighted images (T2SI) of the carotid arterial wall were measured. Three regression models were built to identify CEAS with the following parameters: Model 1 with both morphological and T2SI parameters; Model 2 with T2SI parameters; and Model 3 with morphological parameters. All models were adjusted for age and sex. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to validate models.

Results

Of the 86 carotid arteries without advanced plaques, 47 (54.7%) were found to have early plaques determined by ultrasound. Among three regression models, Model 1 showed the highest AUC values in identifying CEAS (left: AUC = 0.856, P < 0.001; right: AUC = 0.867, P < 0.001), followed by Model 2 (left: AUC = 0.843, P < 0.001; right: AUC = 0.798, P = 0.001), and Model 3 (left: AUC = 0.790, P = 0.002; right: AUC = 0.806, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The combination of morphology and normalized T2SI of arterial wall measured by MRVWI is more effective than each characteristic alone in identification of CEAS. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1270–1276.
Harpagoside suppresses IL‐6 expression in primary human osteoarthritis chondrocytes
Authors: Haseeb Abdul , Ansari Mohammad Yunus , Haqqi Tariq M.
Published: April 2016

There is growing evidence in support of the involvement of inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Harpagoside, one of the bioactive components of Harpagophytum procumbens (Hp), has been shown to possess anti‐inflammatory properties. Here we used an in vitro model of inflammation in OA to investigate the potential of harpagoside to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as IL‐6 and matrix degrading proteases. We further investigated the likely targets of harpagoside in primary human OA chondrocytes. OA chondrocytes were pre‐treated with harpagoside before stimulation with IL‐1β. mRNA expression profile of 92 cytokines/chemokines was determined using TaqMan Human Chemokine PCR Array. Expression levels of selected mRNAs were confirmed using TaqMan assays. Protein levels of IL‐6 and MMP‐13 were assayed by ELISA and immunoblotting. Total protein levels and phosphorylation of signaling proteins were determined by immunoblotting. Cellular localization of IL‐6 and c‐Fos was performed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. DNA binding activity of c‐FOS/AP‐1 was determined by ELISA. Harpagoside significantly altered the global chemokine expression profile in IL‐1β‐stimulated OA chondrocytes. Expression of IL‐6 was highly induced by IL‐1β, which was significantly inhibited by pre‐treatment of OA chondrocytes with harpagoside. Harpagoside did not inhibit the IL‐1β‐induced activation of NF‐κB and C/EBPβ transcription factors but suppressed the IL‐1β‐triggered induction, phosphorylation, and DNA binding activity of c‐FOS, one of the main components of AP‐1 transcription factors. Further, harpagoside significantly inhibited the expression of MMP‐13 in OA chondrocytes under pathological conditions. siRNA‐mediated knockdown of IL‐6 resulted in suppressed expression and secretion of MMP‐13 directly linking the role of IL‐6 with MMP‐13 expression. Taken together, the present study suggests that harpagoside exerts a significant anti‐inflammatory effect by inhibiting the inflammatory stimuli mediated by suppressing c‐FOS/AP‐1 activity in OA chondrocytes under pathological conditions. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:311–320, 2017.