bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic periodicity and almost automorphy for a class of Volterra integro‐differential equations
Authors: de Andrade Bruno , Cuevas Claudio , Henríquez Erwin
Published: April 2012

This work deals with the existence of asymptotically periodic (resp. asymptotically almost automorphic) solutions for a class of Volterra integro‐differential equations. As application, we examine sufficient conditions for the existence of asymptotically periodic (resp. asymptotically almost automorphic) mild solutions of an equation arising in the study of heat conduction in materials with memory. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of compressed sensing to multidimensional spectroscopic imaging in human prostate
Authors: Furuyama Jon K. , Wilson Neil E. , Burns Brian L. , Nagarajan Rajakumar , Margolis Daniel J. , Thomas M. Albert
Published: April 2012

The application of compressed sensing is demonstrated in a recently implemented four‐dimensional echo‐planar based J‐resolved spectroscopic imaging sequence combining two spatial and two spectral dimensions. The echo‐planar readout simultaneously acquires one spectral and one spatial dimension. Therefore, the compressed sensing undersampling is performed along the indirectly acquired spatial and spectral dimensions, and the reconstruction is performed using the split Bregman algorithm, an efficient TV‐minimization solver. The four‐dimensional echo‐planar‐based J‐resolved spectroscopic imaging data acquired in a prostate phantom containing metabolites at physiological concentrations are accurately reconstructed with as little as 20% of the original data. Experimental data acquired in six healthy prostates using the external body matrix “receive” coil on a 3T magnetic resonance imaging scanner are reconstructed with acquisitions using only 25% of the Nyquist–Shannon required amount of data, indicating the potential for a 4‐fold acceleration factor in vivo, bringing the required scan time for multidimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging within clinical feasibility. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A meshfree method for fully coupled analysis of flow and deformation in unsaturated porous media
Authors: Khoshghalb A. , Khalili N.
Published: April 2012

A meshfree algorithm is proposed for the fully coupled analysis of flow and deformation in unsaturated poro‐elastic media. A brief description of the governing differential equations is presented followed by the spatial discretization of the governing equations using the Galerkin approach and the radial point interpolation method. Temporal discretization is achieved using a three‐point approximation technique with second order accuracy. Particular attention is given to the determination of constitutive coefficients and effective stress parameters of the medium taking into account hydraulic hysteresis. Application of the model to several experimental data is demonstrated. Good agreement is obtained between the numerical and experimental results in all cases highlighting the ability of the proposed model in capturing the volume change and suction dependency of the model parameters as well as the coupled behaviour of unsaturated porous media subject to hydraulic hysteresis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lower‐dimensional interface elements with local enrichment: application to coupled hydro‐mechanical problems in discretely fractured porous media
Authors: Watanabe N. , Wang W. , Taron J. , Görke U. J. , Kolditz O.
Published: April 2012

In this study, we develop lower‐dimensional interface elements to represent preexisting fractures in rock material, focusing on finite element analysis of coupled hydro‐mechanical problems in discrete fractures–porous media systems. The method adopts local enrichment approximations for a discontinuous displacement and a fracture relative displacement function. Multiple and intersected fractures can be treated with the new scheme. Moreover, the method requires less mesh dependencies for accurate finiteelement approximations compared with the conventional interface element method. In particular, for coupled problems, the method allows for the use of a single mesh for both mechanical and other related processes such as flow and transport. For verification purposes, several numerical examples are examined in detail. Application to a coupled hydro‐mechanical problem is demonstrated with fluid injection into a single fracture. The numerical examples prove that the proposed method produces results in strong agreement with reference solutions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a 12‐year experience
Authors: Samangaya Rebekah A. , Choudhri Safiyya , Murphy Fiona , Zaidi Taqui , Gillham Joanna C. , Morabito Antonino
Published: April 2012

Objective

To determine outcomes for babies with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) diagnosed prenatally and postnatally presenting to a tertiary unit.

Method

Fetal medicine database and neonatal surgical unit admission books were reviewed to identify cases of CDH over a 12‐year period (Jan 1998– Dec 2009).

Results

A total of 132 cases of CDH were diagnosed prenatally and 39 cases diagnosed postnatally. Mean gestation at diagnosis was 22 weeks (range 13–37 weeks). Karyotyping was abnormal in 15.9%; abnormal karyotype in 3.6% of fetuses without other structural anomalies compared with 38.9% when other anomalies were identified. In 45 cases (34.1%) pregnancy was terminated. Two stillbirths occurred (2.3% of ongoing pregnancies). One hundred twenty‐four babies were live born, of whom 98 babies underwent surgery. Survival to discharge of all live born babies was 72.6%; survival following surgery was 91.8%. Birthweight had a significant effect on survival (odds ratio 0.22, 95% confidence intervals 0.08–0.66). Survival for live born babies prenatally diagnosed was significantly lower (65.9%) than those diagnosed postnatally (92.3%).

Conclusion

Abnormal karyotype was more common when CDH was associated with other anomalies. In multivariate analysis, lower birthweight and prenatal diagnosis had a significant impact on survival. Only prenatally diagnosed CDH survival figures should be utilised in prenatal counselling. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual Differences in Personality Conducive to Engagement in Aggression and Violence
Authors: Caprara Gian Vittorio , Alessandri Guido , Tisak Marie S. , Paciello Marinella , Caprara Maria Giovanna , Gerbino Maria , Fontaine Reid Griffith
Published: April 2012

This paper examined empirically the value of a conceptual model in which emotional stability and agreeableness contribute to engagement in aggression and violence (EAV) indirectly through irritability, hostile rumination and moral disengagement. Three hundred and forty young adults (130 male and 190 female) participated in the study. The average age of participants was 21 at time 1 and 25 at time 2. Findings attested to the role of basic traits (i.e. agreeableness and emotional stability) and specific personality dispositions (i.e. irritability and hostile rumination) in predisposing to EAV and to the pivotal role of moral disengagement in giving access to aggressive and violent conduct. In particular, the mediational model attested to the pivotal role of emotional stability and agreeableness in contributing directly to both hostile rumination and irritability and indirectly to moral disengagement, and to EAV. Agreeableness and hostile rumination contribute to moral disengagement that plays a key role in mediating the relations of all examined variables with EAV. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational study of the thermolysis of β‐hydroxy ketones in gas phase and in m‐xylene solution
Authors: Henao Diana , Murillo Juliana , Ruiz Pablo , Quijano Jairo , Mejía Bárbara , Castañeda Lina , Notario Rafael
Published: April 2012

Theoretical calculations at the M05‐2X/6‐31+G(d) level of theory have been carried out in order to explore the nature of the mechanism of the thermal decomposition reactions of the β‐hydroxy ketones, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pentanone, and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐2‐pentanone in gas phase and in m‐xylene solution. The mechanism proposed is a one‐step process proceeding through a six‐membered cyclic transition state.

A reasonable agreement between experimental and calculated activation parameters and rate constants has been obtained, the tertiary : secondary : primary alcohol rate constant ratio being calculated, at T = 503.15 K, as 5.9:4.7:1.0 in m‐xylene solution and 44.1:5.0:1.0 in the gas phase, compared with the experimental values, 3.7:1.3:1.0 and 13.5:3.2:1.0, respectively.

The progress of the thermal decomposition reactions of β‐hydroxy ketones has been followed by means of the Wiberg bond indices. The lengthening of the O1–C2 bond with the initial migration of the H6 atom from O5 to O1 can be seen as the driving force for the studied reactions. Calculated synchronicity values indicate that the mechanisms correspond to concerted and highly synchronous processes. The transition states are “advanced”, nearer to the products than to the reactants. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Membrane‐Electrode Assembly for Fuel Cells by Means of (Sub)‐Atmospheric Plasma Processes
Authors: Merche Delphine , Dufour Thierry , Hubert Julie , Poleunis Claude , Yunus Sami , Delcorte Arnaud , Bertrand Patrick , Reniers François
Published: April 2012

An easy procedure to build up membrane‐electrode assemblies for applications dedicated to miniaturized PEMFC using H2 or CH3OH by a two‐steps atmospheric plasma process is reported. Firstly, catalyst nanoparticles are grafted on carbon substrates by spraying a Pt colloidal solution in the post‐discharge of an RF atmospheric plasma torch. In the second step, the resulting decorated electrodes are covered by plasma synthesized polymeric membranes in the discharge of a DBD. The sulfonated polystyrene membranes are synthesized by injecting simultaneously styrene and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid monomers, in the presence of a carrier gas (Ar or He). The membranes are chemically characterized by XPS, ToF‐SIMS, and FTIR (IRRAS) and their deposition rate is investigated by SEM.

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Crystal structure of DeSI‐1, a novel deSUMOylase belonging to a putative isopeptidase superfamily
Authors: Suh Hye‐Young , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Woo Jae‐Sung , Ku Bonsu , Shin Eun Ju , Yun Yungdae , Oh Byung‐Ha
Published: April 2012

Post‐translational modification by small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) can be reversed by sentrin/SUMO‐specific proteases (SENPs), the first known class of deSUMOylase. Recently, we identified a new deSUMOylating enzyme DeSI‐1, which is distinct from SENPs and belongs to the putative deubiquitinating isopeptidase PPPDE superfamily. Herein, we report the crystal structure of DeSI‐1, revealing that this enzyme forms a homodimer and that the groove between the two subunits is the active site harboring two absolutely conserved cysteine and histidine residues that form a catalytic dyad. We also show that DeSI‐1 exhibits an extremely low endopeptidase activity toward precursor forms of SUMO‐1 and SUMO‐2, unlike SENPs. Proteins 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photon dynamics of amplified and damped cavity fields
Authors: Häyrynen Teppo , Oksanen Jani , Tulkki Jukka
Published: April 2012

We have derived a quantum trajectory model for describing the dynamics of cavity fields of optoelectronic devices. We apply the model to describe the photon statistics of semiconductor devices. The model is based on three parameters: the injected current, the electron‐photon coupling in semiconductor active material, and the cavity loss rate.

The model can be applied to solve the steady state photon statistics of various device configurations and also describe the transient phenomena. We show that depending on the parameters the device can operate e.g. as a light emitting diode or as a laser. We also investigate the photon correlation properties and discuss the photon bunching and anti‐bunching phenomena. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non‐linear emission properties of ZnO microcavities
Authors: Guillet T. , Brimont C. , Valvin P. , Gil B. , Bretagnon T. , Médard F. , Mihailovic M. , Zúñiga‐Pérez J. , Leroux M. , Semond F. , Bouchoule S.
Published: April 2012

Lasing in a ZnO planar microcavity is reported under optical excitation up to room temperature. The cavity presents a quality factor of 450 and the simultaneous presence of two cavity modes with different interference orders. The transition from the strong coupling to the weak coupling regime is observed at lasing threshold. The gain mechanism below T = 240 K is attributed to excitons, according to the observation of a specific gain transition within the strong coupling regime. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of well‐isolated single InP/InGaP quantum dots
Authors: Ugur Asli , Kremling Stefan , Hatami Fariba , Höfling Sven , Worschech Lukas , Forchel Alfred , Masselink W. Ted
Published: April 2012

Emitting light over a broad spectral range (near infrared to ultra violet) and being photostable, quantum dots as single photon sources have several advantages. Siavalanche photodiodes that are used for photon detection have their highest efficiency in the red spectral window. Ultra low density of InP/InGaP QDs has already been produced with a straightforward technique where the deposition rate of InP is reduced to 0.015 ML/s. With this technique the density of 1 dot per µm2 is realized without the need of lithographic patterning. In the current work we discuss the optical properties of single InP QDs in detail. The low density of QDs allows the investigation of the optical properties of one single dot without using any other apertures. Autocorrelation measurements under cw and pulsed excitation were performed and the values of 0.21 and 0.37 are obtained for g(2)(0), respectively. Electronic structures of the individual QDs are also investigated. The single quantum dots show a distinct perpendicular linearly polarized fine structure splitting up to 320 µeV. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In situ study of hydrogen diffusion in a‐Si:H based junctions exposed to hydrogen plasma
Authors: Larbi Fadila , Fellah Samira , Hadjadj Aomar , Roca i Cabarrocas Pere , Dine Sib Jamal
Published: April 2012

Just after their deposition by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, we have exposed Cr/I/N, Cr/I/P, Cr/N/I and Cr/P/I a‐Si:H based junctions to H2 plasma and followed in situ, by ellipsometry, the modifications induced by hydrogen diffusion. In the case of Cr/N/I and Cr/P/I junctions, no significant effects of the junction on the hydrogen diffusion were observed since the time‐evolution of the thickness of the H‐modified layer is similar to that of a single intrinsic layer. However, Cr/I/N, Cr/I/P structures present an attenuated thickness of the H‐modified layer in the first few minutes of hydrogen plasma exposure. This effect should be attributed to the charges in the field regions of I/N or I/P junctions which increase the hydrogen trap concentration and restrain the hydrogen diffusion. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of capacitance spectroscopy of (p) a‐Si:H/(n) c‐Si interfaces
Authors: Maslova Olga , Brézard‐Oudot Aurore , Favre Wilfried , Alvarez José , Gudovskikh Alexander , Terukov Eugene , Kleider Jean‐Paul
Published: April 2012

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon (a‐Si:H/c‐Si) heterojunctions are promising candidates for high efficiency solar cells. The performance of such cells is strongly dependent on the interfacial properties namely defect states and band discontinuities. Capacitance spectroscopy of (p) a‐Si:H/ (n) c‐Si heterojunctions has been used to study fundamental properties of such structures. Numerical calculations of a‐Si:H/c‐Si heterojunction capacitance (C) vs temperature (T) and frequency (f) show a capacitance step. We have studied the dependence of the step activation energy (Ea) on various heterojunction parameters such as the position of the Fermi level in a‐Si:H, capture cross sections of gap states in a‐Si:H, values of band offsets, carrier mobility. It is shown that Ea generally corresponds to the energy difference between the Fermi level and the bottom of the valence band in the bulk a‐Si:H and is related to the transport in a‐Si:H and to the response of gap states at the Fermi level through capture and emission of holes. However, if very large values of hole mobility in a‐Si:H are introduced in the modeling, larger values of Ea, close to that of the valence band offset, are obtained, revealing a contribution from the modulation of free holes in the strong inversion layer at the c‐Si surface. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Prediction of conformational population of large cycloalkanes using ab initio correlated methods: Cycloundecane, cyclododecane, and cyclotridecane
Authors: Dos Santos Hélio F. , Franco Mauro L. , Venâncio Mateus F. , Ferreira Dalva E. C. , Anconi Cleber P. A. , Rocha Willian R. , De Almeida Wagner B.
Published: April 2012

We report MP4(SDTQ) and CCSD(T) ab initio temperature‐dependent conformational populations for a series of cycloalkanes with increasing ring size, cycloundecane (11‐C), cyclododecane (12‐C), and cyclotridecane (13‐C), using extended basis sets. Our aim is to analyze the commonly used quantum chemical procedure for evaluating the thermal energy contribution to Gibbs free energy particularly the adequacy of standard harmonic oscillator vibrational partition function for large molecular systems. Experimental population data for cycloundecane, obtained from low temperature (90.1 K) 13C NMR, and cyclododecane, from gas phase electron diffraction experiment at 393.15 K, are available, and we found a good agreement with MP4(SDTQ) and CCSD(T) ab initio calculated conformational population. Our results indicate that the procedure of considering all 3N‐6 vibrational modes as harmonic oscillators seems adequate for the prediction of the preferred conformer of cycloundecane, cyclododecane, and cyclotridecane, in the absence of a more appropriate approach to treat the low frequency modes that is applicable for large molecules. Therefore, it can be expected to work satisfactorily in room temperature conformational analysis studies on large molecules containing a great number of vibrational frequencies below 625 cm−1, such as in supramolecular chemistry, biological, and material science applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PREDICTING ECOLOGICAL FLOW REGIME AT UNGAGED SITES: A COMPARISON OF METHODS
Authors: Murphy J. C. , Knight R. R. , Wolfe W. J. , S. Gain W.
Published: April 2012

Nineteen ecologically relevant streamflow characteristics were estimated using published rainfall–runoff and regional regression models for six sites with observed daily streamflow records in Kentucky. The regional regression model produced median estimates closer to the observed median for all but two characteristics. The variability of predictions from both models was generally less than the observed variability. The variability of the predictions from the rainfall–runoff model was greater than that from the regional regression model for all but three characteristics. Eight characteristics predicted by the rainfall–runoff model display positive or negative bias across all six sites; biases are not as pronounced for the regional regression model. Results suggest that a rainfall–runoff model calibrated on a single characteristic is less likely to perform well as a predictor of a range of other characteristics (flow regime) when compared with a regional regression model calibrated individually on multiple characteristics used to represent the flow regime. Poor model performance may misrepresent hydrologic conditions, potentially distorting the perceived risk of ecological degradation. Without prior selection of streamflow characteristics, targeted calibration, and error quantification, the widespread application of general hydrologic models to ecological flow studies is problematic. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The Bernese Program against Victimization in Kindergarten and Elementary School
Authors: Alsaker Françoise D. , Valkanover Stefan
Published: April 2012

The Bernese Program against Victimization in Kindergarten and Elementary School was designed to be adaptable to the very different situations and needs encountered by teachers in kindergarten and elementary school. The basic principle of the program is to enhance teachers' ability to address bullying. The program consists of six modules, each corresponding to a specific topic. Teachers are urged to implement the tasks discussed during the meetings in their own classes during the time between the meetings. The program has been evaluated using a prevention‐control pre‐ and posttest design. The informants were teachers as well as children. There was a significant interaction between time (pre‐ and posttest) and group (prevention and control) as to victimization. Changes in teachers' attitudes toward bullying and their ability to cope with such problems were also significant and in the expected direction.
The Zero program
Authors: Roland Erling , Midthassel Unni Vere
Published: April 2012

Zero is a schoolwide antibullying program developed by the Centre for Behavioural Research at the University of Stavanger, Norway. It is based on three main principles: a zero vision of bullying, collective commitment among all employees at the school using the program, and continuing work. Based on these principles, the program aims to reduce student bullying by increasing the school's ability to uncover and stop bullying, and eventually to prevent it. The Zero program was launched in 2003, but the work that led to it goes back to the first national steps against bullying in 1983. The program extends over sixteen months as teachers develop their awareness of bullying and their competence in addressing it. Students and parents are involved in the program as well. The role of the school leadership is very important. More than 360 Norwegian schools have carried out the program.
Placing Darwin into the heart of the Natural History Museum
Authors: Bloomfield Robert M.
Published: April 2012

In 2009, the Natural History Museum, London celebrated the bicentenary of Charles Darwin and the sesquicentennial of his seminal work The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Section by commissioning a new contemporary artwork as a permanent insertion into the famous grade one listed Waterhouse architecture in South Kensington. This article explores the motivation and delivery of this extraordinary work and its deeper message for today and tomorrow.
Spatiotemporal resolution of Ca2+ signaling events by real time imaging of single B cells
Authors: Junek Stephan , Engelke Michael , Schild Detlev , Wienands Jürgen
Published: April 2012

Antigen‐induced B cell activation requires mobilization of the Ca2+ second messenger. This process is associated with the subcellular relocalization of signal effector proteins of the B cell antigen receptor such as the adaptor protein SLP65. Here we describe a broadly applicable live cell imaging method to simultaneously visualize intracellular Ca2+ flux profiles and the translocation of cytosolic signaling proteins to the plasma membrane in real time. Our approach delineated the kinetic hierarchy of Ca2+ signaling events in B cells and revealed a timely ordered contribution of various organelles to the overall Ca2+ signal. The developed experimental setup provides a useful tool to resolve the spatiotemporal signaling dynamics in various receptor signaling systems.
The enigmatic role of H2Bub1 in cancer
Authors: Johnsen Steven A.
Published: April 2012

The post‐translational modification of histone proteins plays an important role in controlling cell fate by directing essentially all DNA‐associated nuclear processes. Misregulation and mutation of histone modifying enzymes is a hallmark of tumorigenesis. However, how these different epigenetic modifications lead to tumor initiation and/or progression remains poorly understood. Recent studies have uncovered a potential tumor suppressor role for histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1). Like many other histone modifications, H2Bub1 has diverse functions and plays roles both in transcriptional activation and repression as well as in controlling mRNA processing and directing DNA repair processes. Notably, H2Bub1 has been linked to transcriptional elongation and is preferentially found in the transcribed region of active genes. Its activity is intimately connected to active transcription and the transcriptional elongation regulatory protein cyclin‐dependent kinase‐9 (CDK9) and the facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) complex. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of H2Bub1 function in mammalian systems with a particular emphasis on its role in cancer and potential options for exploiting this knowledge for the treatment of cancer.
Isotropization at small scales of rotating helically driven turbulence
Authors: Mininni P. D. , Rosenberg D. , Pouquet A.
Published: April 2012

We present numerical evidence of how three-dimensionalization occurs at small scale in rotating turbulence with Beltrami ($\mathit{ABC}$) forcing, creating helical flow. The Zeman scale ${\ell }_{\Omega } $ at which the inertial and eddy turn-over times are equal is more than one order of magnitude larger than the dissipation scale, with the relevant domains (large-scale inverse cascade of energy, dual regime in the direct cascade of energy $E$ and helicity $H$, and dissipation) each moderately resolved. These results stem from the analysis of a large direct numerical simulation on a grid of $307{2}^{3} $ points, with Rossby and Reynolds numbers, respectively, equal to $0. 07$ and $2. 7\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{4} $. At scales smaller than the forcing, a helical wave-modulated inertial law for the energy and helicity spectra is followed beyond ${\ell }_{\Omega } $ by Kolmogorov spectra for $E$ and $H$. Looking at the two-dimensional slow manifold, we also show that the helicity spectrum breaks down at ${\ell }_{\Omega } $, a clear sign of recovery of three-dimensionality in the small scales.
Beneficial effects of the active principle component of Korean cabbage kimchi via increasing nitric oxide production and suppressing inflammation in the aorta of apoE knockout mice
Authors: Noh Jeong Sook , Choi Yung Hyun , Song Yeong Ok
Published: April 2012

The present study investigated the effects of 3′-(4′-hydroxyl-3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HDMPPA), the active principle compound of kimchi, on vascular damage in the experimental atherosclerotic animal. HDMPPA was administrated by an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg per d for 8 weeks to apoE knockout (KO) mice with an atherogenic diet containing 1 % cholesterol, and its effects were compared with vehicle-treated control mice. HDMPPA increased NO content in the aorta, accompanied by a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration. Furthermore, in the HDMPPA-treated group, aortic endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression was up-regulated compared with the control group. These results suggested that HDMPPA could maintain NO bioavailability through an increasing eNOS expression and preventing NO degradation by ROS. Furthermore, HDMPPA treatment in apoE KO mice inhibited eNOS uncoupling through an increase in vascular tetrahydrobiopterin content and a decrease in serum asymmetric dimethylarginine levels. Moreover, HDMPPA ameliorates inflammatory-related protein expression in the aorta of apoE KO mice. Therefore, the present study suggests that HDMPPA, the active compound of kimchi, a Korean functional food, may exert its vascular protective effect through the preservation of NO bioavailability and suppression of the inflammatory response.
A cohort study on diet and the risk of Parkinson's disease: the role of food groups and diet quality
Authors: Sääksjärvi K. , Knekt P. , Lundqvist A. , Männistö S. , Heliövaara M. , Rissanen H. , Järvinen R.
Published: April 2012

Previous studies on individual foods and nutrients and Parkinson's disease (PD) risk have been inconsistent. Furthermore, only one study has examined the association between the quality of diet and PD. We investigated the prediction of food groups and diet quality on PD in the Finnish Mobile Clinic Survey (1966–72). The population comprised 4524 individuals, aged 40–79 years and free from PD at baseline. Data collection included health examinations, a questionnaire and a 1-year dietary history interview. A modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index was formed to assess diet quality. Statistical analyses were based on Cox's model. During a 41-year follow-up, eighty-five incident cases of PD occurred. No statistically significant associations were found between PD incidence and most of the food groups examined. A few exceptions were fruits and berries in men and milk in women, which showed positive associations. An inverse association between the intake of meat products and PD was found in women. The diet quality index did not predict PD, the adjusted relative risk between the highest and lowest quartiles being 1·83 (95 % CI 0·65, 5·18) in men and 0·97 (95 % CI 0·38, 2·48) in women. The present study suggests that since most of the single food groups or the quality of diet did not predict PD occurrence, the role of diet is apparently rather modest.
Comparison of the Block Kid's Food Frequency Questionnaire with a 24 h dietary recall methodology among Hmong-American children, 9–18 years of age
Authors: Mulasi-Pokhriyal Urvashi , Smith Chery
Published: April 2012

Hmong are one of the immigrant Asian subgroups with increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes and CVD. Despite their population growth in the USA and declining health status, no research has investigated the appropriateness of dietary assessment measures, including FFQ and 24 h dietary recalls among Hmong. The present study compared the nutrient information obtained through a 24 h dietary recall method with that collected using the Block Kid's Food Frequency Questionnaire (Block FFQ) among Hmong-American children (n335) of 9–18 years of age. For this purpose, two 24 h dietary recalls were collected during non-consecutive days and averaged for comparison. The Block FFQ was administered on the day of the second 24 h recall and the two methodologies were also compared usingttests. Among all children, Block FFQ nutrient estimates for vitamin A, vitamin C and food group servings for vegetables and fruits were significantly higher than those assessed through the 24 h dietary recalls (P< 0·001). Nutrient estimates for protein and food group servings for grains and meat and beans were significantly higher among all participants when assessed through the 24 h dietary recalls than through the Block FFQ (P< 0·05). The results suggest that the Block FFQ does not appear to be a good measure of protein, grain, and meat and bean intake among Hmong children of 9–18 years of age, and the 24 h dietary recall offers a better account of the Hmong diet and is inclusive of ethnic food options otherwise missed in the Block FFQ. We recommend the modification of the current Block FFQ to appropriately reflect cultural food/beverage items of the population in interest.
The abundance ofIxodes ricinusticks depends on tree species composition and shrub cover
Authors: TACK W. , MADDER M. , BAETEN L. , DE FRENNE P. , VERHEYEN K.
Published: April 2012

The mainstream forestry policy in many European countries is to convert coniferous plantations into (semi-natural) deciduous woodlands. However, woodlands are the main habitat forIxodes ricinusticks. Therefore, assessing to what extent tick abundance and infection withBorreliaspirochetes are affected by forest composition and structure is a prerequisite for effective prevention of Lyme borreliosis. We selected a total of 25 pine and oak stands, both with and without an abundant shrub layer, in northern Belgium and estimated tick abundance between April and October 2008–2010. Additionally, the presence of deer beds was used as an indicator of relative deer habitat use.Borreliainfections in questing nymphs were determined by polymerase chain reactions. The abundance of larvae, nymphs, and adults was higher in oak stands compared to pine stands and increased with increasing shrub cover, most likely due to differences in habitat use by the ticks' main hosts. Whereas tick abundance was markedly higher in structure-rich oak stands compared to homogeneous pine stands, theBorreliainfection rates in nymphs did not differ significantly. Our results indicate that conversion towards structure-rich deciduous forests might create more suitable tick habitats, but we were unable to detect an effect on the infection rate.
CAN WE RELIABLY BENCHMARK HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ORGANIZATIONS?
Authors: Drummond Michael , Neumann Peter , Jönsson Bengt , Luce Bryan , Schwartz J. Sanford , Siebert Uwe , Sullivan Sean D.
Published: April 2012

Objectives: In recent years, there has been growth in the use of health technology assessment (HTA) for making decisions about the reimbursement, coverage, or guidance on the use of health technologies. Given this greater emphasis on the use of HTA, it is important to develop standards of good practice and to benchmark the various HTA organizations against these standards.

Methods: This study discusses the conceptual and methodological challenges associated with benchmarking HTA organizations and proposes a series of audit questions based on a previously published set of principles of good practice.

Results and Conclusions: It is concluded that a benchmarking exercise would be feasible and useful, although the question of who should do the benchmarking requires further discussion. Key issues for further research are the alternative methods for weighting the various principles and for generating an overall score, or summary statement of adherence to the principles. Any weighting system, if developed, would need to be explored in different jurisdictions to assess the extent to which the relative importance of the principles is perceived to vary. Finally, the development and precise wording of the audit questions requires further study, with a view to making the questions as unambiguous as possible, and the reproducibility of the assessments as high as possible.
The hydrography of the Rockall Channel—an overview
Authors: Ellett D. J. , Edwards A. , Bowers R.
Published: April 2012

Synopsis

The water masses, major circulation features and long-term variability of Rockall Channel waters are reviewed in relation to work in recent years. Data collected with modern instruments disclose more detail in the water mass structure than found previously, and the range of water masses present in the Channel is examined.

The use of recording current meter moorings has amplified our knowledge of the processes occurring within the Rockall Channel circulation, although net flows remain difficult to evaluate. Eddy motions suggested by current meter records and geostrophic data are confirmed by the trajectories of satellitetracked drogues.

Changes in the temperature and salinity of the upper waters of the Rockall Channel from the early years of this century to the present are clearly detectable, and a brief account is given of these.
Estimating the true incidence of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis in the European Union, 2009
Authors: HAVELAAR A. H. , IVARSSON S. , LÖFDAHL M. , NAUTA M. J.
Published: April 2012

We estimated the true incidence of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis in the European Union (EU) in 2009. The estimate was based on disease risks of returning Swedish travellers, averaged over the years 2005–2009, and anchored to a Dutch population-based study on incidence and aetiology of gastroenteritis. For the 27 EU member states the incidence of campylobacteriosis was about 9·2 (95% CI 2·8–23) million cases, while the incidence of salmonellosis was 6·2 (95% CI 1·0–19) million cases. Only 1/47 (95% CI 14–117) cases of campylobacteriosis and one 1/58 (95% CI 9–172) cases of salmonellosis were reported in the EU. The incidence rate of campylobacteriosis in EU member states varied between 30 and 13 500/100 000 population and was significantly correlated with the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broiler chickens. The incidence rate of salmonellosis in EU member states varied between 16 and 11 800/100 000 population and was significantly correlated with the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in laying hens.
Die Planung und kognitive Repräsentation von Handlungen mit Werkzeugen
Authors: Massen Cristina
Published: April 2012

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über Studien zur Planung und Repräsentation von Handlungen mit Werkzeugen. In Abgrenzung zu bisheriger Forschung, die sich vorwiegend mit Prozessen der Bewegungskontrolle bei intransparenten, dem Handelnden nicht unmittelbar einsichtigen Transformationen von Körperbewegungen in entsprechende Werkzeugbewegungen befasst hat, wird besonderes Augenmerk auf frühe Planungsprozesse und auf die mentale Repräsentation von transparenten Beziehungen zwischen Körperbewegungen und Werkzeugbewegungen gelegt. Die Ergebnisse aus Studien zu Vorbereitungseffekten, Sequenzeffekten und bimanueller Koordination bei Werkzeughandlungen sprechen dafür, dass Menschen schon früh im Verlauf der Handlungsplanung eine Repräsentation des zu benutzenden Werkzeugs implementieren. Diese Repräsentation kann als motorisches Schema betrachtet werden, in dem die Werkzeugtransformation, also die allgemeine Beziehung zwischen Körperbewegungen und Werkzeugeffekten, als Invariante fungiert. Studien zur Beobachtung von Werkzeughandlungen zeigen, dass dieses motorische Schema bei der Beobachtung automatisch aktiviert wird. Weitere Untersuchungen sprechen zudem dafür, dass transparente Werkzeugtransformationen genau wie intransparente Werkzeugtransformationen abstrakt repräsentiert sein können und leicht auf andere Bewegungs-Effekt-Instanzen, Werkzeuge mit anderer Mechanik oder auf Handlungen mit einem anderen Effektor generalisieren.
Probabilistic rainfall‐runoff transformation considering both infiltration and saturation excess runoff generation processes
Authors: Guo Yiping , Liu Shuguang , Baetz Brian W.
Published: April 2012

Many rainfall‐runoff models consider only the infiltration excess runoff generation process. The use of green roofs, bio‐retention areas, and pervious pavements for urban storm water management purposes requires the modeling of surfaces where both infiltration and saturation excess runoff generation mechanisms need to be considered. Expanded from previous results of probabilistic rainfall‐runoff transformation, analytical equations transforming the input rainfall frequency distribution to output runoff frequency distribution are derived to incorporate both runoff generation processes. These analytical equations can be used to calculate the average annual runoff volume and runoff event volume return period. Results from deterministic continuous simulation of various urban surfaces were compared to those from the analytical equations and satisfactory agreement was obtained. The analytical equations are therefore proposed as a complement to continuous simulation models for the modeling of urban catchments where both runoff generation processes occur.
Incorporation of water vapor transfer in the JULES land surface model: Implications for key soil variables and land surface fluxes
Authors: Garcia Gonzalez Raquel , Verhoef Anne , Luigi Vidale Pier , Braud Isabelle
Published: April 2012

This study focuses on the mechanisms underlying water and heat transfer in upper soil layers, and their effects on soil physical prognostic variables and the individual components of the energy balance. The skill of the JULES (Joint UK Environment Simulator) land surface model (LSM) to simulate key soil variables, such as soil moisture content and surface temperature, and fluxes such as evaporation, is investigated. The Richards equation for soil water transfer, as used in most LSMs, was updated by incorporating isothermal and thermal water vapor transfer. The model was tested for three sites representative of semiarid and temperate arid climates: the Jornada site (New Mexico, USA), Griffith site (Australia), and Audubon site (Arizona, USA). Water vapor flux was found to contribute significantly to the water and heat transfer in the upper soil layers. This was mainly due to isothermal vapor diffusion; thermal vapor flux also played a role at the Jornada site just after rainfall events. Inclusion of water vapor flux had an effect on the diurnal evolution of evaporation, soil moisture content, and surface temperature. The incorporation of additional processes, such as water vapor flux among others, into LSMs may improve the coupling between the upper soil layers and the atmosphere, which in turn could increase the reliability of weather and climate predictions.
Detection of negative ions in the deep ionosphere of Titan during the Cassini T70 flyby
Authors: Ågren K. , Edberg N. J. T. , Wahlund J.‐E.
Published: April 2012

We present radio and plasma wave science (RPWS) Langmuir probe (LP) observations that give evidence for a population of heavy, negative ions at altitudes below 900 km in Titan's ionosphere during the Cassini T70 flyby. The negative ion density in this region is comparable to, or higher than, the electron density of 760 cm−3. Both positive and negative ions are moving with a velocity of at least a few hundred m s−1 relative to Titan. We show two limiting cases where we have analysed RPWS/LP ion measurements. The data can be interpreted as either that a population of negative ions with density comparable to the electron density is present, moving at a very high (>2 km s−1) velocity, or that the ion population is moving at a few hundred m s−1, but with a density an order of magnitude larger than the electron density in the same region.
Geometrical and electrical characteristics of the initial stage in Florida triggered lightning
Authors: Hill J. D. , Pilkey J. , Uman M. A. , Jordan D. M. , Rison W. , Krehbiel P. R.
Published: April 2012

We characterize the geometrical and electrical characteristics of the initial stages of nine Florida triggered lightning discharges using a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and measured channel‐base currents. We determine initial channel and subsequent branch lengths, average initial channel and branch propagation speeds, and channel‐base current at the time of each branch initiation. The channel‐base current is found to not change significantly when branching occurs, an unexpected result. The initial stage of Florida triggered lightning typically transitions from vertical to horizontal propagation at altitudes of 3–6 km, near the typical freezing level of 4 km and several kilometers below the expected center of the negative cloud‐charge region at 7–8 km. The data presented potentially provide information on thunderstorm electrical and hydrometeor structure and discharge propagation physics. LMA source locations were obtained from VHF sources of positive impulsive currents as small as 10 A, in contrast to expectations found in the literature.
Immune response to bacteria induces dissemination of Ras‐activated Drosophila hindgut cells
Authors: Bangi Erdem , Pitsouli Chrysoula , Rahme Laurence G , Cagan Ross , Apidianakis Yiorgos
Published: April 2012

Although pathogenic bacteria are suspected contributors to colorectal cancer progression, cancer‐promoting bacteria and their mode of action remain largely unknown. Here we report that sustained infection with the human intestinal colonizer Pseudomonas aeruginosa synergizes with the Ras1V12 oncogene to induce basal invasion and dissemination of hindgut cells to distant sites. Cross‐talk between infection and dissemination requires sustained activation by the bacteria of the Imd–dTab2–dTak1 innate immune pathway, which converges with Ras1V12 signalling on JNK pathway activation, culminating in extracellular matrix degradation. Hindgut, but not midgut, cells are amenable to this cooperative dissemination, which is progressive and genetically and pharmacologically inhibitable. Thus, Drosophila hindgut provides a valuable system for the study of intestinal malignancies.
Na+/H+ exchanger 1 inhibition contributes to K562 leukaemic cell differentiation
Authors: Jin Weina , Li Qinghua , Wang Jian , Chang Guoqiang , Lin Yani , Li Huawen , Wang Lihong , Gao Wei , Pang Tianxiang
Published: April 2012

The effect of hypoxia on the differentiation of chronic myeloid leukaemic K562 cells were studied, as was the role of the NHE1 (Na+/H+ exchanger 1). Hypoxia induced differentiation of K562 cells as seen by modifications in their morphological features, up‐regulation of C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α), and marked IL‐8 (interleukin‐8) release. Inhibition of NHE1 under hypoxia additionally enhanced the level of C/EBPα and further promoted leukaemic cells differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase) also significantly suppressed C/EBPα expression under hypoxia conditions after NHE1 inhibition. These results indicate the enhancement of hypoxia‐induced K562 differentiation by NHE1 inhibition, which may be due to up‐regulation of C/EBPα via p38 MAPK signalling pathway, which suggests a possible therapeutic target of NHE1 under hypoxia microenvironment in the treatment of leukaemic diseases.
New AAC Access Strategy for Gesture Tracking: A Technical Note
Authors: Fager Susan , Jakobs Tom , Beukelman David , Ternus Tricia , Schley Haylee
Published: April 2012

This article summarizes the design and evaluation of a new augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) interface strategy for people with complex communication needs and severe physical limitations. This strategy combines typing, gesture recognition, and word prediction to input text into AAC software using touchscreen or head movement tracking access methods. Eight individuals with movement limitations due to spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, polio, and Guillain Barre syndrome participated in the evaluation of the prototype technology using a head-tracking device. Fourteen typical individuals participated in the evaluation of the prototype using a touchscreen.
What Are the Attention Demands of Aided AAC?
Authors: Thistle Jennifer J. , Wilkinson Krista M.
Published: April 2012

The act of communicating requires the management and use of attention. Communicating using aided Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) may place unique attentional demands because of the length of time it can take to convey a message. From turning on the AAC device to activating the voice output, there are multiple tasks that call upon attention. Reducing the length of time to communicate may reduce the amount of attention required. Using the existing literature base related to display design, we offer considerations for designing the visual display that influence the speed of aided AAC.
Identifying, Locating, and Sequencing Visual-Graphic Symbols: A Perspective on the Role of Visuospatial and Temporal Memory
Authors: Wagner Barry T. , Shaffer Lauren A. , Swim Olivia A.
Published: April 2012

It is well documented in the augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) literature that many children exhibit difficulty identifying visual-graphic symbols on aided communication displays during the communication process. Researchers have identified a number of variables that influence children's abilities to identify these symbols. Some of these variables include the type of symbol used, language organization, display type, and the actual physical dimensions of symbols such as size and color. One important variable that has not been considered or evaluated in AAC display designs is children's developmental visuospatial and temporal memory abilities. In this article, we will discuss the role that developing visuospatial and temporal memory may play in the identification, location, and sequence of visual-graphic symbols. We will review basic terminology regarding memory function related to object-location memory and present clinical considerations for easing the memory and attentional processing demands of selecting visual-graphic symbols.