bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994
Authors: Clark Kathryn Andersen , Biddle Andrea K. , Martin Sandra L.
Published: May 2004

In response to public concern about violence against women in the United States, Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA-I), which provided $1.6 billion for programs over 5 years. The purpose of this research is to estimate the net benefit, using a societal perspective, of VAWA-I in reducing violent criminal victimization of women. Costs included direct property losses, medical and mental health care, police response, victim services, lost productivity, reduced quality of life, and death. Benefits were calculated as averted costs. This analysis found that VAWA-I saved $14.8 billion in net averted social costs, suggesting that VAWA-I is an affordable and beneficial social program.
Correlates of Poverty and Partner Abuse Among Women on Methadone
Authors: Moreno Claudia L. , El-Bassel Nabila , Gilbert Louisa , Wada Takeshi
Published: May 2004

This study explores the association between poverty and experiences of partner abuse among 204 women recruited from methadone maintenance treatment programs. Logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between extreme poverty and indicators of partner abuse. The findings show that extreme poverty was prevalent and associated with partner abuse. The study findings suggest that providers of methadone maintenance programs need to incorporate poverty indicators in their assessment because extreme poverty seems to correlate with all forms of partner abuse. The impact of welfare reform on partner violence should be on the agendas of policy makers and researchers.
“Challenges and Strategies” and “Evidence-Based Care”
Authors: Alpert Elaine J. , Milstein Arnold , Marks James , Mitchell Connie , Campbell Jacquelyn , Ralston Michael
Published: May 2004

National experts discuss challenges and strategies for improving health care's response to domestic violence and moving toward evidence-based health care for domestic violence. Comments address ethical and legal issues, system incentives, public health and prevention, the need for evidence-based care, designing an effective research agenda, and outcome measurement.
Family Violence and Public Health Education
Authors: Alpert Elaine J. , Shannon David , Velonis Alisa , Georges Maura , Rich Rachel A.
Published: May 2004

The public health approach has advanced our understanding of family violence and our capacity to develop, implement, and disseminate successful intervention and prevention strategies. To ensure successful public health responses to family violence, emerging public health professionals must be trained to become competent in the field. Boston University School of Public Health has developed a course to help build a critical mass of practitioners. This article describes the content and initial experience with the course, the use of teaching assistants as partners in the educational process, and recommendations for future initiatives in training public health and other health professionals.
Self-Reports of Sexual, Physical, and Nonphysical Abuse Perpetration
Authors: Cook Sarah L.
Published: May 2004

This study explored self-reports of sexual, physical, and nonphysical abuse perpetration obtained with three measurement instruments. A randomly selected sample of incarcerated men responded to the Sexual Experiences Scale (SES), the Conflict Tactics Scale'Revised (CTS2), and the Severity of Violence Against Women Scales (SVAWS). Results show that the proportion of men who reported sexual aggression, but not physical or nonphysical aggression, differed according to instrument. Findings also show the absence of main effects for social desirability on self-reports obtained with all violence against women instruments. In contrast, a robust effect for social desirability on self-reports of general aggression emerged.
Patterns of Assault in a Sample of Recent Rape Victims
Authors: Monnier Jeannine , Resnick Heidi S. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Seals Brenda , Holmes Melisa
Published: May 2004

Intimate partner assault patterns are not well understood in recent rape victims. In an effort to examine these patterns, 47 rape victims seeking care from a forensic medical examination facility were sampled across three assessment points (6 weeks postassault, 3 months postassault, and 6 months postassault). Index rape, prior rape and physical assault, and new rape and physical assault were classified by victims’ relationships to their perpetrators. At the initial medical exam, 17 women had been past victims of domestic violence. Six women were victims of intimate partner violence during the 6 months after the index rape.
Social Construction of Women as Legitimate Victims of Violence in Chinese Societies
Authors: Tang Catherine So-Kum , Wong Day , Cheung Fanny Mui-Ching
Published: May 2004

Analyses of focus group discussions show that Chinese conceptions of women as legitimate victims of violence are constructed through representations of men as sick or being controlled by their impulses and of women as sex objects or naggers who trigger men's impulses or potential for violence. As women's behaviors are seen as precipitating factors, men are thus excused from their acts of violence and do not have to shoulder full responsibility for their violent behaviors. However, some young and educated Chinese reject various cultural myths, oppose victim-blaming explanations, and disrupt pro-violence social scripts
Migrant Thai Women Subjected to Slavery-Like Abuses in Japan
Authors: Dinan Kinsey Alden
Published: May 2004

Through four women's firsthand accounts, this article explores the system of coercion employed by traffickingnetworks to exploit migrant Thai women's labor in the Japanese sex industry. Exorbitant “debts”—with manipulative repayment calculations and violent enforcement tactics'play a central role in this system, but the article also identifies a range of other factors that impede trafficked women's ability to protect themselves from abuse. Finally, the article highlights the strength and agency exhibited by the women as they struggle to protect themselves and support their families in the face of limited options and opportunity.
African American Substance Use
Authors: Turner William L. , Wallace Beverly
Published: May 2004

This discussion identifies the prevalence, correlates, and adverse consequences of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) used by African Americans, with a special focus on African American women. Efforts to prevent substance use and abuse and the nature and effectiveness of treatment are also addressed. Several complex issues and limitations that relate to African American AOD prevention and treatment are addressed, including the following: inappropriate research methodologies, the paucity of culturally competent research teams, and the misinformed assumption of homogeneity of the African American population.
First- and Second-Generation Measures of Sexism, Rape Myths and Related Beliefs, and Hostility Toward Women
Authors: Forbes Gordon B. , Adams-Curtis Leah E. , White Kay B.
Published: May 2004

Sexist attitudes and rape-supporting beliefs have long been linked to relationship aggression and sexual coercion. This study investigates how recent developments in the conceptualization and measurement of these variables are related to each other and how they are related to aggressive and coercive behaviors. Second-generation measures of sexism and rape-supporting beliefs were found to be related to each other and to aggressive and sexually coercive behaviors. Relationships between attitude measures appeared to be based primarily on shared belief systems, whereas relationships between attitude measures and aggressive behavior appeared to be based primarily on generalized hostility toward women.
When Words Are Not Enough
Authors: Shope Janet Hinson
Published: May 2004

Using data collected from 271 women participating in a battered women’s program, this study examines whether pornography use increases the probability that a battered woman will be sexually abused by her partner. The analysis also examines whether individual and certain disinhibitory factors, such as alcohol use, mediate or exacerbate the effects of pornography on sexual violence. Results of a logistic regression indicate that pornography use significantly increases a battered woman’s odds of being sexually abused. Compared to batterers who do not use pornography and alcohol, the combination of alcohol and pornography does increase the odds of sexual abuse.
Chattels of Society
Authors: Ahmed-Ghosh Huma
Published: May 2004

This article discusses the issue of domestic violence in India. It highlights how patriarchy, in the name of “family values” and “tradition,” is reflected in the recent parliamentary act and the legal system pertaining to domestic violence. Male privilege as a cause in the perpetuation of domestic violence is discussed through both men’s and women’s life cycles. The article highlights possible solutions to the crisis of domestic violence with reference to men’s organizations in some countries that are trying innovative approaches to counter the crisis, and where India can culturally create the space for sensitizing men to the current crisis
“I Just Let Him Have His Way”
Authors: Rosen Daniel
Published: May 2004

This study explores the relationship between teenage pregnancy and male partner violence by examining the prevalence and effect of partner violence in a sample of new adolescent mothers. Data for this study are drawn from in-depth interviews with 35 new teenage mothers who had never been in, were currently involved in, or had recently exited from abusive partner relationships. The effect of partner violence on contraceptive use and pregnancy resolution are discussed as important variables in order to understand adolescent pregnancy. The role of social support is discussed as an important buffer for many of the adolescent mothers.
“I Can Take Care of Myself”
Authors: Hollander Jocelyn A.
Published: May 2004

Feminist self-defense classes teach skills for preventing and responding to violence. However, self-defense training has many other positive effects on women’s lives—effects that themselvesmay reduce women’s risk of assault. In this article the author offers evidence of these effects drawn from a longitudinal study of self-defense training. In addition to increased confidence in potentially dangerous situations, self-defense students reported more comfortable interactions with strangers, acquaintances, and intimates; more positive feelings about their bodies; increased self-confidence; and transformed beliefs about women, men, and gender. The author suggests that self-defense classes are life transforming because they address three issues central to women’s lives: fear of sexual assault, self, and gender.
Cohort, Period, and Aging Effects
Authors: Zink Therese , Regan Saundra , Jacobson C. Jeffrey , Pabst Stephanie
Published: May 2004

To understand women’s reasons for continuing long-term abusive relationships, inter-views were conducted with 36 women who were over the age of 55. These women matured during times of sweeping social changes with the feminist, battered women’s, and elder abuse movements. Reasons for remaining were organized into three categories: cohort, period, and aging effects. Cohort effects included reasons similar to those of younger women such as lacking education or job skills. Period effects related to efforts to seek help early in the abusive relationship and receiving little assistance from society’s social institutions. Finally, aging effects dealt with how the health challenges of physical age limited options.
Nonlethal Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
Authors: Rennison Callie , Rand Michael R.
Published: May 2004

This article expands the small but growing literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) against mature females using the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) from 1993 to 2001. Estimates depict the extent and nature of IPV against older women. Findings demonstrate relatively lower rates of IPV against mature females compared to younger victims. Findings describe the ways IPV is similar to and different from that experienced by young ervictims. A discussion of possible reasons for the relatively lower rates— including the uniqueness of the population, limitations of the NCVS, and measurement difficulties—is provided. Additional research using methodologies other than large-scale surveys is warranted to describe IPV of mature women.
Mistreatment of Older Women in Three European Countries
Authors: Ockleford Elizabeth , Barnes-Holmes Yvonne , Morichelli Roberta , Morjaria Asesha , Scocchera Francesca , Furniss Frederick , Sdogati Claudio , Barnes-Holmes Dermot
Published: May 2004

Evidence concerning the incidence and nature of abuse of the elderly comes mainly from North America. We explored the experiences of abuse of older women and caretakers in three European countries and investigated services available to abused older women. Just less than 20% of our sample of women older than the age of 59 had experienced some form of financial, psychological, or physical abuse. Of those mistreated, 24% reported abuse ongoing over years, and 39% reported distressing effects persisting for years. European support services are only beginning to focus on this problem, and further research is needed to define the best practices.
Intimate Partner Violence and Health Status among Older Women
Authors: Mouton Charles P.
Published: May 2004

As the baby boomer generation ages, there are more than 18 million women older than 65 (13.4% of the female population in the United States). More than 41% of these women remain in intimate relationships with their partner and thus become vulnerable to intimate partner violence (IPV). This group of women represents a unique group in the violence literature. Most of this literature has focused on IPV in women of childbearing age. What happens to these women and their relationships as they age? How does IPV differ for women who are not functionally dependent and not relying on their intimate partner for care? This article discusses the epidemiology of IPV, the health effects of IPV, and strategies for identification and intervention by health providers for this group of older women.
The PEERS Story
Authors: Rabinovitch Jannit , Strega Susan
Published: May 2004

This article is based on the findings of three community action research projects conducted by one of the authors (Rabinovitch) in collaboration with sex trade workers in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, from 1996 to 2001. As a result of these efforts, the Prostitutes’ Empowerment, Education and Resource Society (PEERS) developed as a successful programmatic and policy response to sex trade work. PEERS’s success stems in part from the degree to which sex trade workers are involved in the planning, development, and delivery of its programs and services and in part from sidestepping the controversies that destroyed many sex trade worker organizations.
The Nexus of Domestic Violence and Poverty
Authors: Williams Stacey L. , Mickelson Kristin D.
Published: May 2004

This study extends past research by examining the mediating role of cognitive and social resilience in the domestic violence–anxiety relation. Mediation is tested on a sample of 100 impoverished women from the Women’s Health Outcomes in Urban and Rural Environments (Women’s HOUR) Study. Regression analysis and structural equation modeling provide consistent support for the proposed model: poor women’s violence experience impairs support and self-esteem, which in turn influences their anxiety levels. Results demonstrate the dynamic role impaired resilience may play in the violence process, highlighting implications for research, practice, and policy at the nexus of violence and poverty.
Witchcraft Accusations and Female Homicide Victimization in Contemporary Ghana
Authors: Adinkrah Mensah
Published: May 2004

The goal of this article is to enhance awareness of witchcraft-related femicides. In Ghana, stereotypes abound of elderly women as witches. In some instances, suspicions or accusations of witchcraft are followed by lethal or nonlethal assault of the supposed witch. This article examines witch beliefs in Ghana and analyzes 13 incidents of homicide committed against women accused of witchcraft during 1995 to 2001. The author presents a genderbased analysis of witchcraft accusations that contextualizes witch murders as a form of gender discrimination. The results indicate that appreciation of the social and cultural contexts, as well as the status of women in the society, is crucial in developing an understanding of witch-related femicides in Ghanaian society. Suggestions for reducing witchrelated violence in Ghana are offered.
Sexual Harassment among Female Personnel in an Italian Hospital
Authors: Romito Patrizia , Ballard Terri , Maton Nicoletta
Published: May 2004

A study investigating sexual harassment was conducted among 265 female hospital workers in Italy. Three types of sexual harassment were studied: gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. In the 12 months preceding the study, 42% of the respondents had experienced at least one type of harassment from colleagues, 29% from patients, and 54% from both. Sexual coercion was reported by 3% of respondents and was perpetrated only by colleagues. Harassment by colleagues was more common among women in authority positions and among women with financial worries or recent domestic violence. Harassment by patients was more common among nurses and night shift workers.
Understanding the Impact of Intimate Partner Violence Mandatory Reporting Law
Authors: Bledsoe Linda K. , Yankeelov Pamela A. , Barbee Anita P. , Antle Becky F.
Published: May 2004

Intimate partner violence is a pervasive, complex problem affecting the lives and health of a large percentage of women and children. This report provides data from an evaluation designed to address questions and concerns expressed about possible unintended effects of the mandatory reporting law on victims. Case reviews were completed on 631 adult protective service cases resulting from reports of intimate partner violence. Results indicate that following a report of suspected intimate partner violence made under Kentucky mandatory reporting law, all victims who could be located received at a minimum safety planning and information about community resources. Regardless of official case status, nearly half of all cases received services.
A Contextual Analysis of Battered Women’s Safety Planning
Authors: Goodkind Jessica R. , Sullivan Cris M. , Bybee Deborah I.
Published: May 2004

This study explored a frequently overlooked area of research—battered women’s safety planning strategies. Interviews were conducted with 160 women who experienced violence from an intimate partner and had at least one child aged 5 to 12. Women employed numerous and diverse strategies in attempting to keep themselves and their children safe. Their choices depended on several contextual factors, including severity of violence and relationship with assailant. Although contacting domestic violence programs and staying at domestic violence shelters were most likely to improve women’s situations, no strategies were universally effective. Clusters of safety planning strategies were identified to further understand women’s actions. Women who experienced the most violence and had assailants who engaged in the most behaviors indicative of potential lethality were most actively engaged in safety planning but remained in serious danger. These findings highlight the importance of community response and support in protecting survivors and holding assailants accountable.
Female-Perpetrated Femicide and Attempted Femicide
Authors: Glass Nancy , Koziol-McLain Jane , Campbell Jacquelyn , Block Carolyn Rebecca
Published: May 2004

Femicide, the homicide of women, is the seventh leading cause of premature death for women overall. Intimate partner (IP) homicide accounts for approximately 40% to 50% of U.S. femicides. The vast majority of IP femicides are perpetrated by male partners, with .05% of IP femicides in the U.S. perpetrated by female partners. Few studies have examined intimate partner violence (IPV) between female partners and no study (to the authors’ knowledge) has examined female-perpetrated IP femicide and attempted femicide in same-sex relationships. This case study examines IP femicide and attempted femicide among a small sample of women in same-sex relationships. The findings call attention to this important women’s health issue, expand our contextual understanding of violence in female same-sex relationships, and assist health care, law enforcement, judiciary, service, and advocacy professionals to develop prevention strategies and resources to reduce the risk of serious injury and death among women in same-sex relationships.
Making Sociological Sense Out of Trends in Intimate Partnera Violence
Authors: Michalski Joseph H.
Published: May 2004

Despite evidence of a cultural shift in orientations toward violence, the problem of violence against women persists across a range of different societies. The preoccupation with the psychology of violence and the focus on cultural orientations obscure the more salient features of social life that promote violence: the structure of interpersonal relationships. The exploration of sociodemographic correlates and the search for “risk factors” of intimate partner violence have overshadowed the inclusion of a distinct set of social structural characteristics that are conducive to domestic violence. The current article draws on comparative research and Donald Black’s theoretical approach to argue that key factors include (a) the degree of social isolation, (b) interdependence of support networks, (c) inequality, (d) relational distance, (e) centralization of authority, and (f) exposure to violent networks. The weak explanatory power of previous research can be improved by developing measures to evaluate an integrated structural model of violence against women.
Some Questions Regarding Spousal Assault Risk Assessment
Authors: Kropp P. Randall
Published: May 2004

Risk assessment for spousal violence has become a much-discussed topic in the scientific and professional literatures. There have been recent advances in our knowledge regarding risk factors related to spousal violence, but there remain numerous controversies and outstanding questions regarding risk assessment practice. This article outlines some of these issues and offers some recommendations for future research and policy initiatives. Six fundamental questions are posed: (a) What is risk? (b) How should risk assessments be conducted? (c) What should be the role of the victim in risk assessment? (d) Who should conduct risk assessments? (e) How should risk be communicated and managed? (f) How should risk assessments be evaluated? An underlying theme of this article is the importance of bridging science and practice.
Abuse During Pregnancy in Industrialized and Developing Countries
Authors: Campbell Jacquelyn , García-Moreno Claudia , Sharps Phyllis
Published: May 2004

Abuse during pregnancy has increasingly been identified as an important problem with significant consequences for maternal and infant health, particularly in North America. The authors review available evidence of the prevalence and consequences of abuse during pregnancy, including maternal mortality, outside of North America. The range of prevalence found in developing countries is much wider (3.8% to 31.7%) than that of industrialized countries (3.4% to 11%), which is much closer to findings from North America. There is a need for more studies using consistent definitions and methodologies to examine the patterns and forms of abuse related to pregnancy worldwide.
Definitional and Methodological Issues Related to Transnational Research on Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Saltzman Linda E.
Published: May 2004

To address intimate partner violence (IPV) transnationally, we must examine standardization of both terminology and measurement. This article comments on public health surveillance and efforts toward standardizing terminology on violence against women and IPV. Starting with information about IPV from two U.S. surveys, it identifies issues including cueing and screening questions, survey context, repeat victimization, bounding, and question order to be considered in developing transnational research. Some steps for standardizing IPV measures include replicating initial findings in additional countries, agreeing on breadth of focus, determining strategies for choosing standard measures, and allowing for periodic updates to standardized definitions and measures.
Family Killing Fields
Authors: BAKER NANCY V. , GREGWARE PETER R. , CASSIDY MARGERY A.
Published: May 2004

The authors argue that cultural and personal systems of honor that depend on the behavior of others are an integral part of the killing of women by their families or intimates. Comparing patterns of conduct in both traditional cultures and English-speaking countries, this study focuses on the basic elements of such honor rationales—control, feelings of shame, and levels of community involvement—to establish that such rationales are a worldwide phenomenon. An appreciation of such honor systems adds an additional theoretical dimension both for understanding the incidence of male intimate violence in English-speaking countries and for cross-cultural comparisons. Furthermore, it contributes to the current need for a theoretical framework that accounts for cultural and contextual patterns of male intimate violence.
Standards for Batterer Intervention Programs
Authors: BENNETT LARRY , PIET MARIANNE
Published: May 2004

The authors review batterer program regulation in the United States, describe variations and commonalities between regulatory standards, and examine arguments about standards. As a case illustration of batterer program regulation, the authors describe the Illinois Protocol for Domestic Abuse batterer programs and issues emerging during its implementation. The authors conclude that the dual criteria of accountability and victim safety resolve many inherent conflicts in seemingly competing perspectives.
A Routine Activity Theory Explanation for Women's Stalking Victimizations
Authors: MUSTAINE ELIZABETH EHRHARDT , TEWKSBURY RICHARD
Published: May 2004

Drawing on surveys administered to 861 university women in nine institutions, this article presents a routine activity theory model for predicting stalking victimization likelihood for women. Using routine activity theory, the model highlights lifestyle behaviors and interactions as predictors of stalking victimization. Whereas routine activity theory often highlights the role of demographics and statuses as predictors, this analysis emphasizes the role of women's social interactions and substance use in victimization risk. Significant predictors of victimization likelihood include substance use variables, activities in public settings, and residence off campus.
Prevalence and Correlates of Relationship Abuse Among a Community-Based Sample of Low-Income African American Women
Authors: RAJ ANITA , SILVERMAN JAY G. , WINGOOD GINA M. , DICLEMENTE RALPH J.
Published: May 2004

This study examined the relationship between social and economic power and incidence of male-perpetrated abuse among low-income African American women with partners (N = 102). Relationship abuse was common among participants; 48% reported verbal abuse, threats of physical abuse, or physical abuse in the past 3 months. Findings also illustrated that disempowerment of women, particularly in relationships, increases female vulnerability to abuse. Regression analyses revealed lower education, partner jealousy, and lower partner empathy account for significant variance in relationship abuse in the past 3 months. Results suggest that social and contextual issues must be included in our examination of male abuse of female partners.
Type and Severity of Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Reported by Women Who Killed Abusive Partners
Authors: HATTENDORF JOANNE , OTTENS ALLEN J. , LOMAX RICHARD G.
Published: May 2004

This study investigated the type, severity, and frequency of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms experienced by battered women prior to killing male partners. Eighteen women were assessed for frequency and severity of lifetime PTSD symptoms and type of abuse endured. Correlations were performed between clusters of PTSD symptoms and composites of violent experiences. It was found that before killing male partners, these battered women suffered moderate to high levels of PTSD symptom frequency and severity, except for an inability to recall important aspects of the trauma. Significant canonical correlations were found between the frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms and the severity of types of abuses inflicted.
Making Sex Violent
Authors: DERNÉ STEVE
Published: May 2004

This article shows that Indian films do more than depict violence against women; they eroticize such violence and ask male viewers to identify with heroes who use force to win the affections of their beloveds. Interviews with Indian men reveal parallels between men's understanding of ideal relationships between husbands and wives and the ideals presented in Hindi films. Participant observation in theaters shows that the usually male-dominated space of cinema halls is an arena for the male sexual harassment that films show as generating women's affections. Hence, popular films play a role in generating sexual violence in India.
Wife Burning
Authors: SINGH RAGHU N. , UNNITHAN N. PRABHA
Published: May 2004

Violence against women in the Asian Indian community in the United States, specifically lethal violence, is a neglected topic. Following a brief profile of Asian Indians in the United States, we note the continued importance of several religio-cultural norms surrounding marriage, family, and gender relations in this group. We discuss the practices of sati and dowry burnings as a backdrop to two case studies of wife burning in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. We use an integrated model of lethal violence to analyze these cases and describe some persistent cultural cues that affect the production and direction of lethality. We conclude with a discussion of the utility of the integrated model in understanding lethal violence against women and possible generational differences in these patterns.
Domestic Violence in South Asian Communities in America
Authors: PREISSER AMITA BHANDARI
Published: May 2004

Domestic violence in the South Asian communities in America has gone unnoticed largely because the social stigma of admitting such information, even to close friends, is profound. Even though younger South Asian women victims of domestic violence who have been raised in the United States are more likely to seek institutional services than older immigrant women, cultural differences between the victims and the local social service institutions as well as service providers continue to be problematic. Service providers require a culturally sound model for dealing with South Asian victims. Such models are used by the few organizations operated by South Asians for their own communities but are rarely acknowledged by the larger American institutions. Transferring these cultural models into the mainstream will enhance communication between South Asian victims and service providers.
Provision and Exclusion
Authors: DONNELLY DENISE A. , COOK KIMBERLY J. , WILSON LINDA A.
Published: May 2004

This article examines service provision to battered women in three Deep South states by presenting findings from qualitative interviews with executive directors of 44 agencies for battered women. Drawing on social conflict and social constructionist theories, the authors explored ways in which administrators make use of scarce resources, defining women as either appropriate or inappropriate for services. Women of color, lesbians, middle-class women, rural women, the homeless, the mentally ill, and elderly women were often viewed in stereotypical ways. Thus, agencies were not always responsive to their needs and, in some cases, excluded them entirely from shelter or other services.
Violence Against Women in Disasters
Authors: ENARSON ELAINE
Published: May 2004

Although data are limited, field reports indicate that reported violence against women increases in communities hit by environmental disasters. Seventy-seven Canadian and U.S. domestic violence programs participated in a study of organizational readiness, impact, and response employing a mail survey and open-ended telephone interviewing. Low levels of in-house emergency preparedness were found, but also strong interest in increasing disaster readiness. Those programs most severely impacted by disasters reported increased service demands, as long as 1 year after the event, and decreased organizational resources. Strategies are suggested for more fully engaging women's services in community-based disaster mitigation, planning, and response.
Teaching Women a Lesson
Authors: YESCAVAGE KAREN
Published: May 2004

Date and acquaintance rape is a pervasive problem on college campuses. This study assessed the influence of both situational factors and individual differences on college men's perceptions of acquaintance and date rape scenarios. Onset of refusal and duration of relationship factors were found to have influenced men's perceptions of victim and perpetrator accountability as well as their likelihood to label a situation rape. In addition, differences were found in perceptions of men who self-reported engaging in sexually aggressive behaviors and men who did not self-report engaging in sexually aggressive behaviors. Interpretation of findings considered both token resistance and male entitlement explanations.
Talking Control
Authors: EISIKOVITS ZVI , BUCHBINDER ELI
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to present battered women's perceptions of violent events and their development, as reflected in the metaphors they use. The study was conceptualized in the phenomenological-constructivist tradition and used feminist theory to interpret the findings. It is based on 25 in-depth interviews with battered women, selected purposefully from a larger study, based on the richness and variation of metaphors encountered in the data. The qualitative data were analyzed inductively using cross-case analysis. The theme of control was prevalent in battered women's metaphoric descriptions and was divided into two major grounded categories: one of women's metaphors of male self-control, including gaining and losing self-control, containing the partner's lack of control, and bridging between the man's violent and good self; and second, women's self-control, including controlling the violence through self-control, gender-related control, and women's loss of control. These findings are discussed in terms of gendered language and relationships.
Residents' Views of the Efficacy of Shelter Services for Assaulted Women
Authors: TUTTY LESLIE M. , WEAVER GILLIAN , ROTHERY MICHAEL A.
Published: May 2004

Although shelters for abused women are common across North America, few have been evaluated. This qualitative study consisted of in-depth interviews with 63 shelter residents. Thirty-five of these women were interviewed in follow-ups 4 to 6 months later. In each interview, they were asked what they found helpful during their shelter stay. Residents were positive about the supportive nature of the staff, safety, relationships with other residents, and the child care. Residents expressed some concerns about the availability of counseling from busy staff and the appropriateness of some shelter residents. Generally, the women endorse shelters as resources that save lives.
High Rape Chronicity and Low Rates of Help-Seeking Among Wife Rape Survivors in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: MAHONEY PATRICIA
Published: May 2004

Research on sexual assault experiences and outcomes has not consistently reported analyses by victim/offender relationship and has not provided much detail on sexual assaults by husbands and ex-husbands. National Crime Victimization Survey data were analyzed to examine sexual assault chronicity and help-seeking behaviors among survivors of marital, acquaintance, and stranger sexual assault. Marital sexual assault survivors were significantly more likely than acquaintance and stranger survivors to experience multiple assaults, with many marital survivors experiencing more than 10 assaults in a 6-month period. The marital group was also less likely to seek medical, police, or agency help. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Collaboration as a Partnership
Authors: CAMPBELL JACQUELYN C. , DIENEMANN JACQUELINE , KUB JOAN , WURMSER TERRI , LOY ELLYN
Published: May 2004

This article traces and analyzes the development of a collaboration between a battered women's shelter and a university school of nursing to provide health services, nursing student education, action research, program evaluation and improvement, and data for policy change. The authors discuss the wide variety of shared activities that they undertook over time as well as competing and shared commitments to knowledge, programs, and audiences. The importance of a long-term commitment, development of trust, working through frustrations, and formulating mutual goals is stressed.
The Chicago Women's Health Risk Study
Authors: BLOCK CAROLYN REBECCA , ENGEL BARBARA , NAURECKAS SARA M. , RIORDAN KIM A.
Published: May 2004

To help a broad array of practitioners identify women at greatest risk, the Chicago Women's Health Risk Study explored factors indicating significant danger of death or life-threatening injury in intimate violence situations. The study compared longitudinal interviews with physically abused women sampled at health centers with similar interviews of people who knew intimate partner homicide victims. The many agencies and individuals who collaborated to accomplish this complex project feel that the collaboration was successful because it evolved, developed a collaborative culture, had permeable role definitions, and agreed on a few central research and practice standards.
When the Community Punches a Time Clock
Authors: URBAN BEVERLY YOUNGER , BENNETT LARRY W.
Published: May 2004

This article reports on a collaboration to develop, implement, and evaluate a domestic violence prevention program for 900 employees in a garment factory. The authors discuss issues in collaboration between researchers and advocates as well as employers, employees, and the employer's foundation. Although more complicated, this fivefold partnering process eventually led to an outcome that satisfied participants and yielded positive results. Drawing on both literature and the evaluators' experiences, the authors describe important components of collaborative research in the workplace, using examples from the workplace prevention program's evaluation activities to highlight their importance. Last, they consider the significance of a collaborative program evaluation in light of the reduced methodological rigor necessitated by the collaborative process.
Characteristics of Court-Mandated Batterers in Four Cities
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W.
Published: May 2004

Background and test data, including information from the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), were systematically collected from four geographically distributed batterer programs as part of a multisite evaluation of batterer intervention (N = 840). The men appeared similar demographically to those in previous portrayals of courtmandated batterers, except that this sample had a greater portion of African American and Latino men than did previous studies. Several dichotomies appear among the men that might influence intervention, such as differences in living arrangements, education, employment, and drinking. Over half of the men in the sample had been arrested for offenses other than domestic violence. Over half of the men had “alcoholic” tendencies according to the MAST, and over one quarter showed evidence of severe mental disorders on the MCMI-III. The four programs reflected regional differences in demographics but had relatively similar portions of men with previous arrests, mental problems, and alcoholic tendencies.
From Legal to Substantive Equality
Authors: MINGXIA CHEN
Published: May 2004

This article examines developments in the legal framework intended to entrench and protect equal rights for women. The author then considers the reasons, legal and practical, why the ideals set out in the legislation fall far short in practice. The author also discusses a practical program in which she has been involved that has been undertaken to educate citizens and officials at the local level about accepting and, more important, embracing the principles set out in the Law of the PRC on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Women.
Kidnapping and Selling Women and Children
Authors: BIDDULPH SARAH , COOK SANDY
Published: May 2004

The rate of kidnapping and selling of women in China has increased to such an extent that the state has been prompted to conduct a series of campaigns in an attempt to eliminate it. This article identifies the ways in which development of the legal regulatory framework has been shaped by official perceptions about the causes of the problem and the methods that may be best adopted to deal with it. It examines some of the main problems of enforcement, structural and practical. The article argues that, although the moral opprobrium directed against kidnappers is clear, there is a degree of ambivalence about the extent of the wrongdoing of other actors who purchase a woman, fail to rescue her, or actively prevent her rescue.
Enduring Violence and Staying in Marriage
Authors: LIU MENG , CHAN CECILIA
Published: May 2004

Divorce has been used by battered women as a way to end their abusive experiences in many countries. However, in China, divorce has been controlled strictly by the government and social norms. It is not common for battered women in China to use divorce as a way out of an abusive relationship. This article explores how and why “enduring violence” has become a main coping strategy for battered women in rural China. The findings indicate that social, cultural, familial, and personal factors interact with each other to constitute the specific coping process for battered women. Qualitative methods are applied in data collection and analyses.
Why Are Beijing Women Beaten by Their Husbands?
Authors: XINGJUAN WANG
Published: May 2004

This article describes the results of a domestic violence survey conducted among selected families in Beijing and in the suburbs of Beijing. The survey examines a range of factors to determine the extent to which they are contributors to the likelihood of violence. These factors include educational level, personality types, and family background. This article also examines the forms in which physical violence occur and attitudes of victims of this violence. It compares the results of the urban with the suburban respondents.
African-American Concentration in Jobs
Authors: Hewitt Cynthia M.
Published: May 2004

Studying the case of Atlanta shows African-American concentration in relatively “good” jobs: Majority-Black jobs are not always segregated jobs with low returns. Multivariate analysis shows that, net of other factors, majority-Black jobs in local government and the construction industry have earnings and benefits that are comparable to those in majority-White jobs. It is suggested that African-American local government political power and linkages with the construction industry provide a base for equal employment opportunity, contestWhite labor market hegemony, and open the market for “good” jobs. The importance of studying the political context of labor market outcomes is supported.
Estimating the Impacts Urban Universities on Neighborhood Housing Markets
Authors: Cortes Alvaro
Published: May 2004

This study investigates the impact associated with urban universities on local neighborhood housing markets from 1980 to 1990. The study answers two central questions. First, is neighborhood proximity to a public or private urban university associated with systematic, significant impacts on average monthly rental payments and average owner-occupied housing unit value? If so, do these impacts vary between these university types? The study finds that the characteristics of neighborhoods abutting universities are significantly different fromneighborhoods citywide. Moreover, neighborhood adjacency to both the public and private institutions was associated with statistically significant effects, albeit dissimilar.
Race-Based Coalitions Among Minority Groups
Authors: Rogers Reuel R.
Published: May 2004

As immigration from Latin America, Asia, and the Caribbean increases the numbers of racial minorities living in American cities, political scientists are beginning to wonder whether these newcomers will forge coalitions with their native-born counterparts, particularly African-Americans. A number of scholars have argued that race-based alliances between non-White immigrants and African-Americans are likely, in light of continuing patterns of racial discrimination in this country. But it turns out that such coalitions are quite rare. Using the case of Caribbean- and American-born Blacks in NewYork City, the author attempts to understandwhy. He reconsiders the argument for race-based alliances, as well as other leading theories of intergroup coalition building. His analysis demonstrates why racial commonalities have not been enough to overcome interminority tensions, highlights the limits of race-based coalitions, and shows how institutions may shape the intergroup dynamics on which these attempted alliances fail or succeed.
Helping Citizens Help Themselves
Authors: Lelieveldt Herman
Published: May 2004

This article analyzes the relationship between social capital and neighborhood-oriented forms of participation within the context of an innovative Dutch neighborhood improvement program. On the basis of a survey among 307 residents, the author studies the link between three dimensions of social capital (neighborliness, trust in neighbors, and sense of duty) and three neighborhood oriented forms of participation: informal governance, the conversion of specific neighborhood problems into action, and participation in the program. Neighborliness and a sense of duty are positively related to the various forms of participation, whereas the impact of trust is somewhat more ambiguous. A subsequent analysis of the residents’ proposals shows that although some of them explicitly refer to the importance of social capital, the bulk of their plans simply demand resources (money, personnel, or policies) to address concrete issues. The author concludes that social capital is an important facilitator of people’s capacity to prevent and solve such problems themselves but that at the same time a whole range of problems still needs to be addressed through direct governmental action.
Rent-Seeking and Municipal Social Spending
Authors: Kaufman Jason
Published: May 2004

The term rent-seeking refers to special interest group efforts to seek special benefits at little or no cost to themselves. Because government spending has the potential to create both costs and benefits for taxpayers, fiscal policy is commonly viewed as a primary arena of rent-seeking activity. At least five different theories of nineteenth-century American urban development fit this general rubric. Each theory predicts different winners and losers as well as different underlying strategies and distributions of interests incumbent upon municipal decision making. This study uses two-wave panel data on special interest group representation and municipal social spending to examine the validity of these different theories of rent-seeking. Though all such theories share in commonan emphasis on self-seeking, this study points to the role of competition between different sectors of the local economy as a motivating force for the formation and mobilization of special interest group organizations. This finding contrasts with those rent-seeking theories that predict widespread cooperation among communities and/or classes in pursuit of common goals. Suggestions for future research on this topic are offered as well.