bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Optical Techniques for Characterization of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Electronic Properties: III-nitrides, SiC, and Diamonds
Authors: Jarašiūnas Kęstutis , Aleksiejūnas Ramūnas , Malinauskas Tadas , Nargelas Saulius , Ščajev Patrik
Published: March 2012

Combining interdisciplinary fields of nonlinear optics, dynamic holography, and photoelectrical phenomena, we developed the optical measurement technologies for monitoring the spatial and temporal non-equilibrium carrier dynamics in wide bandgap semiconductors at wide range of excitations (1015 to 1020 cm-3) and temperatures (10 to 800 K).

We explored advantages of non-resonant optical nonlinearities, based on a short laser pulse induced refractive or absorption index modulation (Δn and Δk) by free excess carriers. This approach, based on a direct correlation between the electrical and optical processes, opened a possibility to analyze dynamics of electrical phenomena in “all-optical” way, i.e. without electrical contacts.

Carrier diffusion and recombination processes have been investigated in various wide band gap materials - differently grown GaN, SiC, and diamonds - and their key electrical parameters determined, as carrier lifetime, diffusion coefficient, diffusion length and their dependences on temperature and injected carrier density. The studies provided deeper insight into nonradiative and radiative recombination processes in GaN crystals, revealed diffusion-driven long nonradiative carrier lifetimes in bulk GaN and SiC, disclosed impact of delocalization in InGaN layers, and suggested a trap-assisted Auger recombination in highly-excited InN. Injection and temperature dependent diffusivity revealed a strong contribution of carrier-carrier scattering in diamond and bandgap renormalization in SiC.
Levotiroxina e o problema da permutabilidade de drogas de estreito intervalo terapêutico
Authors: Ward Laura Sterian
Published: March 2012

Tem se tornado prática comum em nosso país a troca de medicamentos prescritos por outros similares, por produtos genéricos e até mesmo por produtos manipulados, muitas vezes ignorando-se preceitos básicos de bioequivalência, permutabilidade, estabilidade e características específicas do composto farmacêutico. No caso de drogas de índice terapêutico estreito, como a levotiroxina, esses problemas se agravam colocando em sério risco a eficácia do tratamento e a saúde do paciente. Revemos a legislação pertinente ressaltando as características da levotiroxina e os efeitos adversos que limitam a permutabilidade do composto.
Panhypopituitarism due to Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Santoro Silvina G. , Guida Alberto H. , Furioso Alejandra E. , Glikman Patricia , Rogozinski Amelia S.
Published: March 2012

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a multi-system necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis which classically affects the upper respiratory tract, lungs and kidneys. Pituitary participation has been described in 24 patients in the literature to date. The aim of this article is to report a case of pituitary involvement in WG, and to present a literature review on this association. We present a female patient with WG who evolved with central diabetes insipidus (CDI), panhypopituitarism, and mild hyperprolactinemia. MRI showed an infiltrative pattern. Pituitary involvement has been reported in around 1% of patients with WG, mostly in women. It is represented by CDI and hypopituitarism. MRI generally shows pituitary enlargement, stalk thickening and loss of hyperintensity of the neurohypophysis. Permanent endocrine therapy is generally needed. WG should be considered in cases of CDI and hypopituitarism, essentially if a vasculitis is suspected and more common sellar disorders have been ruled out.
Importance of 99mTc-sestaMIBI thyroid scan in a case of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Souto Selma B. , Fernandes Helder , Matos Maria João , Braga Daniel Carvalho , Pereira Jorge , Carvalho Davide
Published: March 2012

Amiodarone (AM)-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a condition with uncertainties from the diagnostic and therapeutic standpoints. A 54-year old male was referred to the hospital due to thyrotoxicosis. He had history of atrial fibrillation medicated with AM. No history of pre-existing thyroid disease was present, thyroid palpation revealed no goiter, and there were no signs of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRABs) were negative. Thyroid and Doppler ultrasounds were normal. 99mTc-sestaMIBI thyroid scan (STS) showed uptake with rapid washout. AM therapy was discontinued, and combined therapy was started. After a long course of glucocorticoid and thionamides, the patient became euthyroid. It is necessary to distinguish between the types of AIT to decide whether or not continue AM treatment; after that, the appropriate therapy should be selected. STS was very important in the diagnosis of the type of AIT.
Tuberculose: perfil de doentes, fluxo de atendimento e opinião de enfermeiros
Authors: Caliari Juliano Souza , Figueiredo Rosely Moralez de
Published: March 2012

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil de pacientes com tuberculose (TB) e identificar o fluxograma de atendimento e a opinião dos profissionais responsáveis pelo Programa de Controle da Tuberculose de municípios do Departamento da Regional de Saúde III do Estado de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa abrangendo 122 notificações identificadas no Sistema de Controle de Pacientes com Tuberculose, de 2007/2008, e seis entrevistas com enfermeiros responsáveis por esse Programa, na região. RESULTADO: Das 122 notificações identificadas, 69% eram de homens, 35% desempregados, 25% etilistas e 86% com TB pulmonar. As ações de controle eram centralizadas, e os enfermeiros eram os responsáveis pelos programas da região. Estes profissionais apontaram como pontos favoráveis o envolvimento da equipe e a facilidade em solicitar exames. Como desfavoráveis, a falta de equipamentos e de profissionais e demora na realização de exames. CONCLUSÃO: A região apresenta o perfil típico para TB, incluindo aspectos de fragilidade social, ações de controle centralizadas, e os responsáveis não reconhecem a centralização das ações e a falta de autonomia das unidades como fragilidades do programa.
Expressões utilizadas por familiares ao relatarem experiências de conviver com o adoecimento mental
Authors: Fonseca Laís Mariana da , Galera Sueli Aparecida Frari
Published: March 2012

OBJETIVO: Identificar as expressões usadas por familiares para descrever a experiência de conviver com o adoecimento mental. MÉTODOS: Tratase de pesquisa que realizou análise dos relatos de familiares por meio do software Analyse Lexicale par Contexte d'um Ensemble de Segments de Texte (ALCESTE), contendo metodologia de análise de dados qualitativos que se adapta a qualquer domínio de investigação, em que se pretenda tratar material textual. RESULTADOS: A análise realizada pelo ALCESTE forneceu quatro classes agrupadas duas a duas: Classe 2 -- início da doença e Classe 4 -- início do tratamento; Classe 1 -- convivência e Classe 3 - cotidiano. CONCLUSÃO: Os momentos descritos pelos familiares foram identificados por expressões, palavras e termos usados pelos mesmos em suas narrações. A principal contribuição deste estudo foi trazer a linguagem dos familiares para descrever os momentos do adoecimento por meio de uma metodologia de análise mais distante do pesquisador.
Percepção da equipe multiprofissional sobre ruído em unidade de cuidado intermediário neonatal
Authors: Silva Aline Carolina de Araújo , Zamberlan-Amorim Nelma Ellen , Fonseca Luciana Mara Monti , Fujinaga Cristina Ide , Benutti Deise Petean , Scochi Carmen Gracinda Silvan
Published: March 2012

OBJETIVO: Descrever a percepção da equipe multiprofissional sobre ruído ambiente em uma unidade de cuidado intermediário neonatal. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo com delineamento qualitativo. Realizaram-se entrevistas abertas com 43 profissionais que atuavam na unidade de cuidado intermediário neonatal. As entrevistas gravadas foram transcritas e realizou-se a análise temática. RESULTADOS: Apreenderam-se quatro núcleos temáticos: Como a equipe percebe o ruído na unidade; O que gera ruído na unidade; Os efeitos do ruído nos bebês, trabalhadores, familiares e acompanhantes; Como reduzir o ruído na unidade. CONCLUSÃO: A equipe tem conhecimento sobre o ruído na unidade, apontando possibilidades e limitações para sua redução.
Uso profilático de Mupirocina em cateter venoso central de hemodiálise: revisão sistemática e metanálise
Authors: Taminato Mônica , Fram Dayana Souza , Grothe Cibele , Belasco Angélica Gonçalves Silva , Barbosa Dulce Aparecida
Published: March 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do uso de Mupirocina tópica em inserção de cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Revisão Sistemática com Metanálise. RESULTADOS: Após uma criteriosa e extensa busca, foram incluídos três ensaios clínicos que compararam o uso de Mupirocina versus outra intervenção em cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo apontou que o uso de Mupirocina tópica é eficaz para redução dos episódios de infecções entre os pacientes em hemodiálise, aumentando o tempo de utilização do cateter, além de reduzir significativamente as infecções por S aureus as mais prevalentes nessa população.
Intervenções de enfermagem relacionadas à promoção da saúde em portadores de hipertensão
Authors: Guedes Nirla Gomes , Moreira Rafaella Pessoa , Cavalcante Tahissa Frota , Araujo Thelma Leite de , Lopes Marcos Venicios de Oliveira , Ximenes Lorena Barbosa , Vieira Neiva Francenely Cunha
Published: March 2012

OBJETIVOS: Identificar as competências de promoção da saúde em intervenções de enfermagem em portadores de hipertensão arterial. MÉTODOS: Seguiu-se a metodologia de revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando as oito competências para a prática de promoção da saúde definidas na Conferência de Galway. Foram analisados 16 artigos. RESULTADOS: Os domínios de competência para a prática de promoção da saúde mais evidenciados foram Catalisar mudanças, Avaliação das necessidades e Parcerias. Apenas um artigo mencionou o uso das taxonomias de enfermagem para o planejamento da assistência em portadores de hipertensão arterial. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo poderão subsidiar as competências dos enfermeiros para a prática da promoção da saúde em portadores de hipertensão arterial.
Evaluation of the Effects of Buccal–Palatal Bone Width on the Incidence and Height of the Interproximal Papilla Between Adjacent Implants in Esthetic Areas
Authors: Siqueira Sergio , Pimentel Suzana P. , Alves Renato V. , Sendyk Wilson , Cury Patricia R.
Published: March 2012

Background: The presence of interproximal papilla depends on the distance between the contact point to the bone crest, as well as the mesio‐distal distance between implants or between implants and teeth. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of buccal–palatal bone width on the presence of the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants in esthetic areas of the mouth.

Methods: The presence or absence of the gingival papilla, distance from the base of the interproximal contact to the tip of the gingival papilla (black space), distance from the base of the interproximal contact to the alveolar crest (vertical distance), alveolar bone width (bone width) between adjacent implants as well as the spacing between the implants (horizontal distance), and soft‐tissue biotype were assessed in 29 interimplant areas in the upper incisor, canine, and premolar regions of 18 patients.

Results: The papilla was always present when vertical distance was ≤5 mm (P ≤0.04) and frequently present when the horizontal distance was ≥4 mm (P = 0.04). The black space was smaller when the vertical distance was ≤5 mm (P ≤0.04) and when the horizontal distance was ≥4 mm (P = 0.76). Bone width and soft‐tissue biotype did not influence the incidence of gingival papilla (P ≥0.41) and black space (P ≥0.15).

Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that bone width and tissue biotype do not have an effect on the incidence and height of papilla between adjacent implants in esthetic areas, and the incidence was greater when vertical distance was ≤5 mm or when horizontal distance was ≥4 mm.
Host–Bacterial Interactions During Induction and Resolution of Experimental Gingivitis in Current Smokers
Authors: Matthews Chad R. , Joshi Vinayak , de Jager Marko , Aspiras Marcelo , Kumar Purnima S.
Published: March 2012

Background: Changes in clinical profiles, microbial succession, and immune mediator fluctuations have all been separately examined during onset and resolution of experimental gingivitis in smokers. However, because both the bacterial challenge and the host response contribute to periodontal disease, the purpose of this investigation is to simultaneously examine clinical, bacterial, and immune changes that occur during the onset and resolution of disease in smokers.

Methods: Experimental gingivitis was induced in 15 smokers for 21 days, followed by treatment with a sonic toothbrush for 21 days. Marginal and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at baseline; after 7, 14, and 21 days of undisturbed plaque formation; and 21 days after reinstitution of brushing. 16S cloning and sequencing was used for bacterial quantification, and multiplexed bead‐based flow cytometry was used to quantify the levels of 27 immune mediators.

Results: Onset of clinical gingivitis was preceded by significant changes in the marginal and subgingival biofilms, with a decrease in the abundance of early colonizers, namely, Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Pseudomonas, and an increase in levels of periodontopathogens, such as Treponema, Selenomonas, Parvimonas, Dialister, and Campylobacter. This was accompanied by a decrease in anti‐inflammatory, chemokine, and T‐helper 2 (Th2) responses and altered Th1/Th2 ratios. Although the bacterial communities continued to shift in the same direction after onset of clinical gingivitis and returned to baseline levels after resolution of disease, the anti‐inflammatory, chemokine, and Th2 profiles demonstrated an increase from day 14 that continued even after clinical health was evident.

Conclusion: Both marginal and subgingival biofilms in smokers are characterized by early acquisition of pathogenic organisms, which elicit a sustained host response that persists even after removal of the bacterial challenge.
Platelet‐Rich Fibrin Combined With a Porous Hydroxyapatite Graft for the Treatment of 3‐Wall Intrabony Defects in Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Pradeep A. R. , Bajaj Pavan , Rao Nishanth S. , Agarwal Esha , Naik Savitha B.
Published: March 2012

Background: Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) bone grafting material has been used to fill periodontal intrabony defects (IBDs), resulting in clinically acceptable responses. Platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) is a leukocyte and platelet preparation that concentrates various polypeptide growth factors and, therefore, has the potential for use as regenerative treatment for periodontal defects. The present study aims to explore the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of autologous PRF versus PRF + HA in treatment of IBDs in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Methods: Ninety IBDs were treated with autologous PRF with open‐flap debridement (OFD), PRF + HA with OFD, or OFD (controls) alone. Clinical and radiologic parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), IBD depth, and percentage defect fill were recorded at baseline and 9 months postoperatively.

Results: Mean PD reduction was greater in PRF (3.90 ± 1.09 mm) and PRF + HA (4.27 ± 0.98 mm) groups than the control group (2.97 ± 0.93 mm), and mean CAL gain was greater in PRF (3.03 ± 1.16 mm) and PRF + HA (3.67 ± 1.03 mm) compared to controls (2.67 ± 1.09 mm). Furthermore, significantly greater percentage of mean bone fill was found in the PRF (56.46% ± 9.26%) and PRF + HA (63.39% ± 16.52%) groups compared to controls (15.96% ± 13.91%).

Conclusions: Treatment of IBD with PRF results in significant improvements of clinical parameters compared to baseline. When added to PRF, HA increases the regenerative effects observed with PRF in the treatment of 3‐wall IBDs.
Temperature Field Calculation and Analysis within Steel Tube Reinforced Columns
Authors: Xu Lei , Sun Jiangang
Published: March 2012

The temperature field analysis method of steel tube reinforced columns under fire by finite element analysis
software ABAQUS is proposed in this paper. The theoretical method is validated by tests, and the calculated results agree
well with those of tests. On the basis of that, the influencing laws of temperature rising time; section perimeter; steel
reinforcement ratio and sectional core area ratio on temperature field are discussed. It has been found that the surface
temperatures of steel tube reinforced columns increase obviously with temperature rising time, and the temperatures of
steel tubes and core concrete increase slowly. The effects of section size and sectional core area ratio on temperature field
are significant, but steel ratio has very little effect on temperature both of steel tube and of sectional center. These
achievements make it possible to study further theoretical study on the mechanic performance of steel tube reinforced
concrete columns in fire.
Numerical Analysis of Earthquake Load Mitigation on Rigid Retaining Walls Using EPS Geofoam
Authors: Wang Deling , J. Bathurst Richard
Published: March 2012

The mitigation of seismic-induced dynamic earth forces by placing a vertical layer of expanded polystyrene
(EPS) geofoam buffer between a rigid retaining wall and the backfill soil is a recent geotechnical innovation. In this paper,
the influence of an EPS geofoam buffer on the reduction of dynamic wall forces is numerically studied by simulating the
results of three reduced-scale models of rigid walls mounted on a large shaking table. Numerical simulations were carried
out using the finite element program ABAQUS. The paper shows that the numerical results capture the trend in earth
forces with increasing base acceleration for all three models. The quantitative dynamic load-time response from the
numerical simulations was also judged to be in good agreement with measured physical test values. The numerical trend
of EPS geofoam also is the same as that of measured test data. With the increasing time, the compression of EPS geofoam
increases. And softer EPS geofoam produces more compression which takes more vibration energy by its deformation.
The numerical results confirm the results of physical tests that demonstrate that EPS geofoam seismic buffers hold great
promise to reduce earthquake-induced dynamic loads against rigid retaining wall structures.
Investigation on Flexural Performance of RC Beams Flexurally Strengthened by Side-bonded CFRP Laminates
Authors: Li Guibing , Guo Yugang , Sun Xiaoyan
Published: March 2012

It is an effective way to improve the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members by externally bonded
carbon fiber reinforcement polymer (CFRP) laminates on the soffit of the members. However, there is little investigation on
flexural performance of RC beam flexurally strengthened by side-bonded FRP laminates. To investigate the flexural behavior
of RC beams side-bonded CFRP laminates and the difference of RC beams strengthened by soffit-bonded and side-bonded
CFRP laminates, a total of 8 CFRP-strengthened beams and 1 control beam were tested. The experimental results show that:
1) the first crack loads of RC beams strengthened by side-bonded CFRP laminates are much higher than that of RC beams
strengthened by soffit-bonded CFRP laminates. The first crack loads of side-bonded CFRP laminates beams improved
significantly; 2) Side-bonded and soffit-bonded CFRP laminates have almost the same effect on the flexural stiffness of RC
beams strengthened with same quantity of CFRP laminates before tension rebar yielding. However, side-bonded CFRP
laminates can affect crack width and crack pattern of the strengthened beams, and the pre-crack stage of RC beam by sidebonded
CFRP laminates extended remarkably. 3) different to soffit-bonded CFRP laminates RC beams, side-bonded CFRP
laminates cannot improve the first yielding and the ultimate load bearing capacity of RC beams.
Gender and Socio-economic Differences in Daily Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among Adult Residents in a Greek Rural Area
Authors: Birmpili Evangelia , Katsiki Niki , Malhotra Aseem , Dimopoulou Evelina , Mikhailidis Dimitri P , Tsiligiroglou-Fachantidou Anna
Published: March 2012

Despite the well-known health risks, smoking is still highly prevalent worldwide. Greece has the highest level of adult smoking rate (40%) across the European Union. We investigated gender and socio-economic differences in daily smoking and smoking cessation among Greek adults. We conducted a cross-sectional survey between October and November 2009 in 434 adults residing in a Greek rural area. Data were collected with the use of the World Health Organization Global Adult Tobacco Survey (WHO GATS) Core Questionnaire. Respondents were classified into smokers (if they had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued to smoke) or non-smokers. Overall, 58.1% (n=252) were smokers (58.5% male, n=127 and 57.8% female, n=125); 51.2% (n=222) were younger than 18 years-old when they started smoking. Men tended to start smoking at a younger age, to smoke more cigarettes/day and to have smoked a greater average of cigarettes during the last 5 days. Overall, 82.5% of smokers attempted to stop smoking a year prior to the study, with women having a greater difficulty in quitting smoking. The main source of information on smoking was the mass media (73.5%) and books (53.7%), whereas doctors and other health professionals were the least listed source of relative information (27.7 and 8.1%, respectively). Smoking rates among Greek adults were high, but a considerable number of individuals who smoked, wished to quit and had attempted to do so. Smoking cessation clinics are not perceived as a valuable support in quitting effort.
Estimating Baseline Kidney Function in Hospitalized Patients with Impaired Kidney Function
Authors: Siew Edward D. , Ikizler T. Alp , Matheny Michael E. , Shi Yaping , Schildcrout Jonathan S. , Danciu Ioana , Dwyer Jamie P. , Srichai Manakan , Hung Adriana M. , Smith James P. , Peterson Josh F.
Published: March 2012

Background and objectives

Inaccurate determination of baseline kidney function can misclassify acute kidney injury (AKI) and affect the study of AKI-related outcomes. No consensus exists on how to optimally determine baseline kidney function when multiple preadmission creatinine measurements are available.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

The accuracy of commonly used methods for estimating baseline serum creatinine was compared with that of a reference standard adjudicated by a panel of board-certified nephrologists in 379 patients with AKI or CKD admitted to a tertiary referral center.

Results

Agreement between estimating methods and the reference standard was highest when using creatinine values measured 7–365 days before admission. During this interval, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the mean outpatient serum creatinine level (0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88–0.92]) was higher than the most recent outpatient (ICC, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.80–0.88]; P<0.001) and the nadir outpatient (ICC, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.76–0.87; P<0.001) serum creatinine. Using the final creatinine value from a prior inpatient admission increased the ICC of the most recent outpatient creatinine method (0.88 [95% CI, 0.85–0.91]). Performance of all methods declined or was unchanged when the time interval was broadened to 2 years or included serum creatinine measured within a week of admission.

Conclusions

The mean outpatient serum creatinine measured within a year of hospitalization most closely approximates nephrologist-adjudicated serum creatinine values.
Familial Hypomagnesemia with Hypercalciuria and Nephrocalcinosis
Authors: Godron Astrid , Harambat Jérôme , Boccio Valérie , Mensire Anne , May Adrien , Rigothier Claire , Couzi Lionel , Barrou Benoit , Godin Michel , Chauveau Dominique , Faguer Stanislas , Vallet Marion , Cochat Pierre , Eckart Philippe , Guest Geneviève , Guigonis Vincent , Houillier Pascal , Blanchard Anne , Jeunemaitre Xavier , Vargas-Poussou Rosa
Published: March 2012

Background and objectives

Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis is a rare autosomal recessive renal tubular disease. It is caused by mutations in CLDN16 and CLDN19, encoding claudin-16 and -19, respectively. Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis is usually complicated by progressive CKD. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical and genetic features of familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis and analyze phenotype–genotype associations in patients with CLDN16 or CLDN19 mutations.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Data from 32 genetically confirmed patients (9 patients with CLDN16 and 23 patients with CLDN19 mutations) from 26 unrelated families were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Diagnosis was based on clinical criteria at a median age of 9.5 years and confirmed by genetic testing at a median age of 15.5 years. In total, 13 CLDN16 or CLDN19 mutations were identified, including 8 novel mutations. A founder effect was detected for the recurrent CLDN16 p.Ala139Val mutation in North African families and the CLDN19 p.Gly20Asp mutation in Spanish and French families. CKD was more frequently observed in patients with CLDN19 mutations: survival without CKD or ESRD was 56% at 20 years of age in CLDN19 versus 100% in CLDN16 mutations (log rank P<0.01). Ocular abnormalities were observed in 91% of patients with CLDN19 mutations and none of the patients with CLDN16 mutations (P<0.01). Treatments seem to have no effect on hypercalciuria and CKD progression.

Conclusions

Patients with CLDN19 mutations may display more severe renal impairment than patients with CLDN16 mutations. Ocular abnormalities were observed only in patients with CLDN19 mutations.
Microwave synthesis and spectral, thermal and antimicrobial activities of some novel transition metal complexes with tridentate Schiff base ligands
Authors: Jain Rajendra , Mishra Anand
Published: March 2012

Some novel Schiff base metal complexes of Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)
derived from 2-[(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]pyridin-3-ol (BSAP) and
{5-chloro-2-[(2-hydroxynaphthylidene)amino]phenyl}-phenylmethanone (HNAC)
were synthesized by conventional as well as microwave methods. These
compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, FAB-mass, molar
conductance, electronic spectra, ESR, magnetic susceptibility, thermal,
cyclic voltammetry, electrical conductivity and XRD analyses. Analytical data
revealed that all the complexes exhibited 1:1 (metal:ligand) ratio with
coordination number 4 or 6. IR data showed that the ligand coordinates with
the metal ions in a tridentate manner. FAB-mass and thermal data showed
degradation pattern of the complexes. The thermal behaviour of metal
complexes showed that the hydrated complexes lose water molecules of
hydration in the first step; followed by decomposition of ligand molecules in
the subsequent steps. The crystal system, lattice parameter, unit cell volume
and number of molecules in unit cell in the lattice of complexes were
determined by XRD analysis. XRD patterns indicate crystalline nature for the
complexes. The solid state electrical conductivity of the metal complexes was
also measured. Solid state electrical conductivity studies reflect
semiconducting nature of the complexes. The Schiff base and metal complexes
displayed a good activity against the Gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus
aureus and Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli and fungi Aspergillus
niger and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial results also indicate that the
metal complexes displayed better antimicrobial activity as compared to the
Schiff bases.
Application of Synchronous Brushless Motors in Electric Hand Tools
Authors: Dirba J. , Lavrinovicha L. , Levin N. , Pugachev V.
Published: March 2012

Application of Synchronous Brushless Motors in Electric Hand Tools

In the paper, the possibilities to apply synchronous brushless motors in the electric hand tools are considered. The potential of such motors is estimated in a wide range of characteristics. In particular, estimation is made for the electric hand plane with a synchronous motor having outer rotor and excitation from permanent magnets.
Surface Modification of SB-SE Thin Films by Laser Irradiation and Etching
Authors: Shiman O. , Gerbreders V. , Sledevskis E.
Published: March 2012

Surface Modification of SB-SE Thin Films by Laser Irradiation and Etching

The surfaces of Sb20Se80 and Sb40Se60 thin films were modified by exposure to laser light. To study the topology of these surfaces the scanning force microscopy was used. As a result, the surface of as-deposited/amorphous SbxSe100-x films appear to be flat, while the treated films exhibit three types of surface structure on the sub-micrometer scale. Changes in the surface characteristics as well as potential applications of selective etching of Sb-Se thin films are discussed.
Retraining Postural Responses With Exercises Emphasizing Speed Poststroke
Authors: Gray Vicki L. , Juren Larissa M. , Ivanova Tanya D. , Garland S. Jayne
Published: March 2012

Background

Postural responses are impaired after stroke, with reduced or delayed muscle activity in the paretic leg muscles.

Objective

The efficacy of exercises emphasizing speed of movement in modifying postural responses to perturbations that were not practiced was investigated.

Design

This was a dual cohort design.

Methods

A convenience sample of 32 individuals with hemiparesis poststroke (mean number of weeks poststroke=11.3, SD=4.1) who were recruited upon discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation hospital and a control group of age- and sex-matched individuals who were healthy (n=32) performed a single session of exercise emphasizing speed of movement. To assess postural responses to internal perturbation, unilateral arm raise and load drop tasks were performed before exercises (pre-exercise), immediately after exercises (post-exercise), and 15 minutes after exercises (retention). The time to burst peak and area of the biceps femoris muscle (BF) electromyographic (EMG) activity in the arm raise task was measured with the arm acceleration and velocity of the center of pressure (COP) excursion. For the load drop task, the anticipatory EMG deactivation area of the BF was calculated. In both tasks, the vertical ground reaction forces were recorded for each leg separately.

Results

Before exercise, EMG and force platform measures were smaller in the stroke group than in the control group. After exercise, the paretic BF time to burst peak decreased, the paretic BF EMG area increased, and the COP velocity increased in the arm raise task, as did the paretic BF anticipatory EMG deactivation area in the load drop task. The stroke group was weight bearing more symmetrically after exercises. Most changes were retained 15 minutes after the exercises.

Limitations

The retention period was short, and there was no control group of individuals with stroke.

Conclusions

The results of this efficacy study demonstrated that fast movement exercises improved postural responses to perturbations that were not practiced.
Percutaneous Lateral Ligament Reconstruction with Allograft for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Youn Hyunkook , Kim Yong Sang , Lee Jongseok , Choi Woo Jin , Lee Jin Woo
Published: March 2012

Background: The majority of lateral ankle instability can be treated successfully with conservative method. However, if such treatments fail, surgical treatment should be considered. A wide variety of procedures have been introduced to treat chronic lateral ankle instability. The percutaneous method avoids dissection which is associated with open surgery and can lead to excessive morbidity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of percutaneous lateral ligament reconstruction with an allograft in the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability. Methods: Between October 2006 and April 2009, percutaneous lateral ligament reconstruction using an allograft was performed on 15 ankles in 13 patients for chronic lateral ankle instability. The patients included in this study satisfied at least one of the following criteria: a previously failed reconstruction of the ligament, severe ankle instability (more than 15 degrees of talar tilt, more than 10 mm of anterior drawer), general laxity of ligaments, body mass index (BMI) higher than 25. The mean followup period was 18.1 (range, 12 to 40) months. The grafted tendon was secured by double tenodeses at both the talus and calcaneus or triple tenodeses which included a fibular tenodesis. The clinical outcomes were evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, Karlsson-Peterson ankle score, and patients' subjective satisfaction. The radiological results were evaluated using the varus tilting angle and the anterior displacement distance. Results: The VAS improved from preoperative 3.7 ± 2.2 to 1.6 ± 1.3 at the last followup ( p = 0.002). The Karlsson-Peterson ankle score increased from 54.2 ± 8.8 to 80.9 ± 7.2 ( p = 0.001). Patients were satisfied in 13 cases (86.7%) with excellent or good results. Radiologically, the mean varus tilting angle was 15.5 ± 4.4 degrees preoperatively and 7.3 ± 3.6 at the last followup ( p = 0.001). The anterior drawer distance was 10.1 ± 3.3 mm preoperatively and 7.2 ± 2.7 mm at last followup ( p = 0.001). Conclusion: We believe percutaneous lateral ligament reconstruction with allograft to be a useful method as a salvage procedure for the treatment of severe and complicated types of chronic lateral ankle instability. Furthermore, the minimal invasiveness of this technique provides a good cosmetic outcome and we found it to be a technically easy and fast procedure.

Level of Evidence: Comparative Case Series
Surgical Treatment of Non-Diabetic Chronic Osteomyelitis Involving the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Jeong Jae Jung , Lee Ho Seong , Choi Young Rak , Kim Sang Woo , Seo Jeong Ho
Published: March 2012

Background: We evaluated the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with chronic osteomyelitis in the foot and ankle in patients without diabetes. Methods: We reviewed 15 patients treated for chronic osteomyelitis involving the foot and ankle between September 2004 and March 2007. Patients with diabetes mellitus or who were immunocompromised were excluded. The cause of osteomyelitis, sites of occurrence, causative pathogens, and invasion of the adjacent joint(s) were reviewed, then the clinical characteristics were analyzed. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to clarify the extent of infection and invasion of the adjacent joint. Surgical management included wide debridement, dead space control, and arthrodesis if there was invasion of the adjacent joint. The mean postoperative followup period was 3.3 years, during which recurrences and complications were evaluated. Results: Extrinsic causes accounted for 86.7% of the chronic osteomyelitis involving the foot and ankle. The most common cause of osteomyelitis was trauma with ten cases due to complications following fractures or dislocation. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas were the most common causative pathogens. In 46.7% of the patients, the adjacent joint was involved and an arthrodesis was performed. The mean length of the hospital stay was 39.1 days. The average of number of surgeries was two. Fourteen of 15 patients had no recurrence. Conclusion: For the successful treatment of chronic osteomyelitis involving the foot and ankle, an arthrodesis based on invasion of the adjacent joint as well as wide debridement and dead space control was successful in this series.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pathology in Crossover Second Toe Deformity: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Coughlin Michael J. , Schutt Shane A. , Hirose Christopher B. , Kennedy Michael J. , Grebing Brett R. , Smith Bertil W. , Cooper M. Truitt , Golano Pau , Viladot Ramón , Alvarez Fernando
Published: March 2012

Background: Ligamentous and capsular insufficiency of the second metatarsophalangeal joint has been surgically treated for over two decades, mainly with indirect surgical repairs, which stabilize adjacent soft tissue and shorten or decompress the osseous structures. While ligamentous insufficiency has been described and recognized, degeneration of the plantar plate and tears of the capsule have rarely been documented. The purpose of this study was to document and describe the presence and pattern of plantar plate tears in specimens with crossover second toe deformities, and based on this, to develop an anatomical grading system to assist in the assessment and treatment of this condition. Methods: Sixteen below-knee cadaveric specimens with a clinical diagnosis of a second crossover toe deformity were examined, and dissected by removing the metatarsal head. The pathologic findings of plantar plate and capsular pathology, as well as ligamentous disruption, were observed and recorded. Demographics of the specimens were recorded, and simulated weightbearing radiographs were obtained prior to dissection so that pertinent angular measurements could be obtained. Results: Demographics demonstrated a high percentage of female specimens, and a typically older population that has been reported for this condition. Radiographic findings documented a high percentage of hallux valgus and hallux rigidus deformities. The MTP-2 and MTP-3 angles were divergent consistent with a crossover toe deformity. We consistently found transverse tears in the plantar plate region immediately proximal to the capsular insertion on the base of the proximal phalanx. With increasing deformity, wider distal transverse tears extending from lateral to medial were found. Midsubstance tears, collateral ligament tears, and complete disruption of the plantar plate were found in more severe deformities. Conclusion: In this largest series of cadaveric dissections of crossover second toe deformities, we describe the types and extent of plantar plate tears associated with increasing deformity of the second ray. We present, based on these findings, an anatomic grading system to describe the progressive anatomic changes in the plantar plate.
Subtalar Instability: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Barg Alexej , Tochigi Yuki , Amendola Annunziato , Phisitkul Phinit , Hintermann Beat , Saltzman Charles L.
Published: March 2012

Subtalar instability is challenging to diagnose. It rarely follows a complete subtalar dislocation, an event more likely to result in subtalar pain, stiffness, and arthritis. By history, subtalar instability can be suggested by the patient's feeling of ankle instability, easy “rolling over,” and a need to look at the ground constantly when walking. Clinical measures for inversion and eversion do not accurately reflect isolated subtalar motion, as soft tissue and other joint motion confound the examination. Stress radiographs have high false positive rates. Magnetic resonance imaging can show injured or disorganized ligaments suggestive of recurrent subtalar strain, but are not dynamic studies and cannot alone diagnose instability. Operative treatment, when elected, should focus on determining the source of the problem. Generally direct repair of the lateral ligaments is sufficient. Bony malalignment should always be considered especially in the setting when previous ligament reconstruction has failed.
Tobacco Addiction and Smoking Status in Heroin Addicts under Methadone vs. Buprenorphine Therapy
Authors: Pajusco Benedetta , Chiamulera Cristiano , Quaglio Gianluca , Moro Luca , Casari Rebecca , Amen Gabriella , Faccini Marco , Lugoboni Fabio
Published: March 2012

Aims of the present investigation were: (i) to assess the prevalence of current smokers and relative smoking status among a large number of heroin addicts attending opioid-substitution therapy prevalence; (ii) to evaluate the relationship between the type (methadone, buprenorphine) and dosage of opioid substitution therapy and nicotine dependence. Three hundred and five (305) heroin addicts under opioid-substitution therapy were recruited at five Addiction Units. All participants completed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic information, type and dose of opioid-substitution therapy, smoking history and status, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale (SDS). 298 subjects, out of 305 (97.2%) were smokers, with an average of 20.5 cigarette/day and a median FTND of 6. Our data confirmed the high prevalence of smokers among heroin addicts, the highest described in the literature to date among heroin addicts under substitution therapies, without any significant difference between methadone vs. buprenorphine therapy groups. There was no correlation between dose of methadone or buprenorphine and average number of cigarettes/day. Patients in substance abuse treatment very frequently smoke cigarettes and often die of tobacco-related diseases. Substance abuse treatment programs too often ignore tobacco use. We hope that these findings will help to incorporate smoking cessation in substance abuse treatments.
Pattern of Maternal Knowledge and Its Implications for Diarrhoea Control in Southern Malawi: Multilevel Thresholds of Change Analysis
Authors: Masangwi Salule Joseph , Grimason Anthony Martin , Morse Tracy Dawn , Kazembe Lawrence , Ferguson Neil , Jabu George Christopher
Published: March 2012

A survey was conducted in Southern Malawi to examine the pattern of mothers’ knowledge on diarrhoea. Diarrhoea morbidity in the district is estimated at 24.4%, statistically higher than the national average at 17%. Using hierarchically built data from a survey, a multilevel threshold of change analysis was used to determine predictors of knowledge about diarrhoeal aetiology, clinical features, and prevention. The results show a strong hierarchical structured pattern in overall maternal knowledge revealing differences between communities. Responsible mothers with primary or secondary school education were more likely to give more correct answers on diarrhoea knowledge than those without any formal education. Responsible mothers from communities without a health surveillance assistant were less likely to give more correct answers. The results show that differences in diarrhoeal knowledge do exist between communities and demonstrate that basic formal education is important in responsible mother’s understanding of diseases. The results also reveal the positive impact health surveillance assistants have in rural communities.
Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Ferulic Acid in Normal and Blood Deficiency Rats after Oral Administration of Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum chuanxiong and Their Combination
Authors: Li Weixia , Guo Jianming , Tang Yuping , Wang Huan , Huang Meiyan , Qian Dawei , Duan Jin-Ao
Published: March 2012

Radix Angelica Sinensis (RAS) and Rhizome Ligusticum (RLC) combination is a popular herb pair commonly used in clinics for treatment of blood deficiency syndrome in China. The aim of this study is to compare the pharmacokinetic properties of ferulic acid (FA), a main bioactive constituent in both RAS and RLC, between normal and blood deficiency syndrome animals, and to investigate the influence of compatibility of RAS and RLC on the pharmacokinetic of FA. The blood deficiency rats were induced by injecting 2% Acetyl phenylhydrazine (APH) on the first day, every other day, to a total of five times, at the dosage of 100, 50, 50, 30, 30 mg/kg body mass, respectively. Quantification of FA in rat plasma was achieved by using a simple and rapid HPLC method. Plasma samples were collected at different time points to construct pharmacokinetic profiles by plotting drug concentration versus time, and estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. Between normal and blood deficiency model groups, both AUC(0–t) and Cmax of FA in blood deficiency rats after RAS-RLC extract administration increased significantly (P < 0.05), while clearance (CL) decreased significantly. Among three blood deficiency model groups, t1/2α, Vd, AUC(0–t) and AUC(0–∞) all increased significantly in the RAS-RLC extract group compared with the RAS group. The results indicated that FA was absorbed better and eliminated slower in blood deficiency rats; RLC could significantly prolong the half-life of distribution, increase the volume of distribution and the absorption amount of FA of RAS in blood deficiency rats, which may be due to the synergic action when RAS and RLC were used together to treat blood deficiency syndrome.
Durability Tests of a Fiber Optic Corrosion Sensor
Authors: Wan Kai Tai , Leung Christopher K.Y.
Published: March 2012

Steel corrosion is a major cause of degradation in reinforced concrete structures, and there is a need to develop cost-effective methods to detect the initiation of corrosion in such structures. This paper presents a low cost, easy to use fiber optic corrosion sensor for practical application. Thin iron film is deposited on the end surface of a cleaved optical fiber by sputtering. When light is sent into the fiber, most of it is reflected by the coating. If the surrounding environment is corrosive, the film is corroded and the intensity of the reflected signal drops significantly. In previous work, the sensing principle was verified by various experiments in laboratory and a packaging method was introduced. In this paper, the method of multiplexing several sensors by optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) and optical splitter is introduced, together with the interpretation of OTDR results. The practical applicability of the proposed sensors is demonstrated in a three-year field trial with the sensors installed in an aggressive marine environment. The durability of the sensor against chemical degradation and physical degradation is also verified by accelerated life test and freeze-thaw cycling test, respectively.
The Tragedy of Maldistribution: Climate, Sustainability, and Equity
Authors: Stanton Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2012

This essay is an initial exploration of the dimensions of the equity/sustainability linkage from the perspective of public goods analysis. Sustainability requires an abundance of public goods. Where these commons lack governance, sustainability is at risk. Equity is a critical component of sustainability that can itself be viewed as a public good, subject to deterioration (maldistribution) when left ungoverned. As is the case for so many forms of environmental degradation, the private benefits of maldistribution tend to overshadow the larger social costs, and the result is a degradation of equity. This article sketches out the analogy of equity as a public good by: examining the evidence regarding current and historical income equality within and between countries; introducing the characteristics of public goods and grounding equity in this idiom; reviewing several theories explaining the sub-optimal provision of environmental goods; applying these theoretical frameworks to the case of equity, with an examination of the potential causes of, and solutions to, maldistribution; and, finally, addressing equity’s critical role as a component of sustainability in the case of climate change, with implications for climate policy.