bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sistem Monitoring dan Kontrol Pakan Budidaya Ikan Lele menggunakan NodeMCU berbasis IoT
Authors: Aisyah Aisyah Ayu Wulandari , Pujiharsono Herryawan , Afandi Mas Aly
Published: August 2022

Abstrak

Ikan lele salah satu komoditas unggulan yang saat ini masih terus dikembangkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia untuk meningkatkan produksi pada sektor perikanan.  Pada prakteknya, para pembudidaya ikan lele masih melakukan pemantauan pakan secara konvensional yaitu dengan cara mendatangi kolam ikan. Permasalahanan yang sering terjadi dikarenakan kebutuhan pakan harian harus sesuai dengan pemberian pakan harian dan jadwal pemberian pakan. Hal ini lah sebagai penghambat aktivitas para pembudidaya yang menyebabkan waktu menjadi tidak efektif dan effisien. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut penelitian ini akan merancang sebuah sistem dengan memanfaatkan sensor Loadcell HX711 dan motor servo yang berfungsi untuk memantau dan mengontrol pemberian pakan ikan lele, dengan memanfaatkan google firebase sebagai database dan aplikasi Android sebagai kontrol dan monitoring yang terintegrasi dengan Module Wifi Nodemcu ESP8266. Akurasi yang dihasilkan sensor loadcell untuk pakan ikan sangat baik yaitu sebesar 97,573%. Akurasi yang dihasilkan motor servo yaitu sebesar 98,237%. Hasil perhitungan QoS berupa Throughput yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,000120026 kbps dan merupakan kategori Buruk pada TIPHON. Packet Loss yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,012% dan merupakan kategori Sangat baik pada TIPHON. Delay yang dihasilkan sebesar 297,986 ms merupakan kategori Bagus dalam TIPHON.

 

Kata kunci: Internet of Things, Nodemcu ESP8266, Loadcell HX711, Motor servo, Android.

Abstract

Catfish is one of the leading commodities currently being developed by the Indonesian government to increase production in the fisheries sector. In practice, catfish farmers still carry out conventional feed monitoring by visiting fish ponds. The problem that often occurs is due to daily feed requirements which must be in accordance with the feeding schedule and daily feeding. This becomes an obstacle for cultivator activity which causes time to be ineffective and inefficient. Based on these problems, this study will design a system using Loadcell sensors and servo motors that function to monitor and control catfish feeding, by utilizing Google Firebase as a database and an Android application as control and monitoring integrated with the Wifi Module Nodemcu ESP8266. The accuracy of the loadcell sensor for fish feed is very good, which is 97.573%. The accuracy of the servo motor is 98.237%. The result of QoS calculation in the form of Throughput generated is 0.000120026 kbps and is a Bad category on TIPHON. The resulting Packet Loss is 0.012% and is a very good category on TIPHON. The resulting delay of 297.986 ms is in the Good category in TIPHON.

Keywords: Internet of Things, Nodemcu ESP8266, Loadcell HX711, Motor servo, Android
Analisis Sistem Grounding Menggunakan Elektroda Ground Rod Jenis Tembaga Pada Gedung A dan D di Universitas Peradaban
Authors: Mubarok Rizky , Prasetyono Rizki Noor , Alfarikhi Zidan
Published: August 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa kelayakan nilai pentanahan pada gedung A dan gedung D di Universitas Peradaban menggunakan elektroda ground rod jenis tembaga. Nilai pentanahan yang sesuai dengan standar PUIL 2011 yaitu 0 sampai dengan 5 Ω. Faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi nilai tahanan pentanahan yaitu variabel kedalaman elektroda, jenis tahanan tanah, diameter elekroda, jumlah elektroda dan jenis tanah. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran dengan menggunakan alat earth tester dengan merek kyoritsu dengan metode tiga titik. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran yang didapat untuk nilai rata-rata tahanan pentanahan gedung A yaitu 0.518 Ω dan untuk nilai rata-rata tahanan pentanahan gedung D yaitu 0.804 Ω. Keduan bangunan itu sudah memiliki nilai tahanan pentanahan sesuai dengan PUIL 2011. Dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk mendapatkan nilai tahanan pentanahan ≤ 1 Ω dengan jenis tanah rawa yaitu 10 Ω-meter maka dibutuhkan kedalaman 12 meter.
TECHNLOGICAL PREREQUISITES FOR DEFORMATION AND FAULT OF THE CUT LAYER DURING THE SPEED GEAR MILLING OF HARDENED CYLINDRICAL GEARS ON THE BASIS OF THE ATOMIC APPROACH
Authors: Klochko Oleksandr , Hasanov Magomedemin Isamagomedovich , Zakovorotnіy Alexander Yuryevich , Maiboroda Viktor Stanislavovych , Ohrimenko Oleksandr , Fedorenko Vitaly
Published: August 2022

The scientific foundations of the technological regulation for the selection and assignment of processing parameters during gear milling are based on the fundamental theoretical provisions of the friction theory, mechanical engineering technology and cutting theory. For the first time, the sliding angle was scientifically substantiated during plastic displacement (pre-deformation) of the material, when the material flows around the indenter (tool) without separation from the main mass. Determination of the minimum sliding angles during the processing of large-module gear wheels by milling, based on the physicochemical processes of friction mechanics, can significantly increase the efficiency of the tooth shaping process and the operational properties of their surfaces. An atomic approach to the processes of deformation and destruction of chips during cutting is presented. The resistance to plastic deformation of the cut layer depends on the type of crystal lattice of the processed material, its stacking fault energy, and the presence of impurities at the grain boundaries. The influence of these factors is manifested through the types of dissipative structures that are formed in the process of deformation of the cut layer and determine its localization.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPONENT BASE OF UNIFIED ASSEMBLY AND PARTS OF INSTALLATION CLAMPING DEVICES
Authors: Yakovenko Ihor Eduardovich , Permyakov Alexandr Anatolievich , Kharchenko Oleksandr Sergvyovich
Published: August 2022

The issues of unification of units and elements of special equipment were further developed in the work. Issues of a theoretical approach to the creation of an element base of unified assemblies and parts for existing layout schemes for mounting and clamping devices of equipment built on the principles of aggregation are considered. in order to subsequently minimize the cost of design and production. The authors propose a two-stage methodology for unifying fixture elements in order to create a reference and regulatory framework for such elements. At the first stage, based on the analysis of the functional purpose of the structural elements of various layout schemes of devices, a list of parts is established, the unification of which is possible and expedient. At the second stage, based on the strength analysis of the selected elements and the analysis of statistical information on the geometric parameters of the installed workpieces for various layout schemes of fixtures, the number of standard sizes and geometric parameters of these parts are determined. This approach allows you to create a constantly updated and edited database of unified fixture elements, which can be used in the process of computer-aided design.
SIMULATION OF PRECISION PARAMETERS IN FINISH GEAR MILLING
Authors: Mironenko Evgeny Vasilyevich , Kovalev Victor Dmitrievich , Vasilchenko Yana Vasilievna , Klimenko Halyna , Fadeev Valeriy , Shapovalov Maxim Valerevich
Published: August 2022

The article describes a new approach to forecasting errors in the machining of gears based on the principles of superposition, the vector nature of the components of error and statistical method of mathematical modeling by Monte Carlo. The difference between the real shaping of the nominal (ideal) is the presence of deviations of the geometry of the real profiles from the nominal. The major tasks that need to be solved in the study of real regularities of morphogenesis are forecasting problem with a given accuracy errors occur. Analysis of mechanisms of formation of the errors of the gears indicates that basic errors of process systems operations gears are characterized by a random numerical values, which determine the amount and nature of occurrences in the corresponding integrated components that, in turn, interact to determine the investigated error of gears.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF MAGNETO-ABRASIVE MACHINING OF CARBIDE TOOLS WITH PROTECTIVE CHAMFERS ON THE CUTTING EDGES
Authors: Maiboroda Viktor Stanislavovych , Slobodianiuk Ivanna Valentynivna , Dzhulii Dmytro Yuriyovych , Besarabets Yuriy Josipovych
Published: August 2022

To ensure the durability and working ability of cutting tools, especially carbide, it is promising to form a rational microgeometry of working surfaces, in particular, the shape and geometry of cutting edges, as well as their hardening. For this, it is necessary to carry out additional machining of the tool after its sharpening operation. The magneto-abrasive machining method in conditions of large working gaps with a rational ratio of the impact and frictional interaction of the magneto-abrasive tool with the machined elements makes it possible to form microgeometry and strengthen both the cutting edges and the working surfaces. To ensure effective machining, it is necessary to determine the regularities of forming the microgeometry of the cutting edges with pre-made protective chamfers. The paper presents the results of a complex study of the magneto-abrasive machining process of carbide not sharpened inserts with protective chamfers on the cutting edges made at different angles. It was shown that the process of edge rounding is linearly related to the duration of magneto-abrasive machining. Moreover, the rate of increase in the size of the radius of cutting edges rounding with protective chamfers increases linearly with an increase in the angle of inclination of the chamfers, all other process conditions being equal. The physical description of the hardening mechanism of the surface layer of the working elements of the carbide cutting tool was proposed. It was shown that the hardening process is associated with the rational imposition of forces arising as a result of the frictional and impact interaction of the particles and the formations of the magneto-abrasive tool with the machined surfaces. It was found that the nature of the change in surface hardness obtained after magneto-abrasive machining on the protective chamfers has the wavy shape depending on the time of the process. The greatest increase in surface hardness takes place on chamfers made at angles of 10 ° and 20 ° and is explained by the value of the ratio between the forces of normal and tangential origin arising from the contact of the magneto-abrasive tool with the machined surfaces.
EXPANDING THE TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES OF MACHINES FOR CUTTING BEVERED WHEELS WITH CIRCULAR TOOTH WITH INCREASED OUTER TONE DISTANCE
Authors: Ohrimenko Oleksandr , Klochko Oleksandr Oleksandrovych , Naboka Olena Volodimirivna , Strіlec Alexandr Sergeevich , Gorbulyk Volodymyr Ivanovych
Published: August 2022

Considered in the article. expansion of technological capabilities of machine tools mod. 528С for cutting bevel gears with a circular tooth with an increased outer taper distance of the gears with a crossing angle of 300. Optimizing programs are analyzed to determine the geometric parameters with obtaining the localization of the contact zone in height, for the tooth shape III, even on a machine tool without tilting the tool, and in the presence of a machine with the inclination of the tool spindle, widely apply the double-double-sided cutting method for a wide range of bevel and hypoid gears, and not only for gears of small modules, but also for wheels of medium modules, which was previously considered impossible without the use of special machines with helical movement. The machine settings with an increased external taper distance on a machine with insufficient adjustment offsets are analytically determined. As a result, it was found that with certain axial displacements of the headstock of the product, it is possible to place a wheel blank with an increased size of the outer conical distance. In this case, the processing is carried out by a reduced flat producing wheel. Partial displacement of the lateral surface of the wheel teeth is compensated by the optimization of the setting parameters when processing a paired gear, while the calculated displacements, due to the possible intersection of the wheel with the base parts, can be corrected upwards. The new displacement values are again entered into the optimization program as initial ones.
FEATURES OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY AND THE CHARACTERISTIC OF ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISES
Authors: Drugova О.
Published: August 2022

The article considers the features of the food industry. It is noted that this industry is one of the most priority and strategic directions of the country's development. It is shown that the state maintains the required level of food security in the domestic market, and also has the opportunity to export some products to foreign markets. There is a tendency to increase demand and prices for food on the world market, which makes it necessary to create favorable conditions for innovative development and increase the production capacity of domestic enterprises in the food industry. It is noted that the main condition for the development of the food industry is economic growth of agriculture, as a strong raw material base opens the way to processing and creating products with greater added value. The conditions for obtaining additional value and ensuring the proper quantity and quality of food industry products are determined. The necessity of introduction of reasonable liberalization of trade relations with foreign countries, and also active promotion of domestic production on foreign markets is substantiated. The dynamics of sales of industrial products in the production of food and beverages in the Kharkiv region is analyzed and the corresponding conclusions are made.
FINANCIAL CHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS EDUCATION
Authors: Mishchenko V. , Mekhovych S.
Published: August 2022

The article considers modern approaches and methods of distance learning in higher educational institutions. The data show a steady increase in demand for online learning. The reasons for the gradual transition from traditional full-time learning to blended or open, distance learning around the world are revealed. Among them: cheaper education due to more time spent on self-study; the opportunity to study for people who find it difficult to attend face-to-face classes; lack of reference of the student's place of residence to the educational institution in which he receives his education. The pandemic has been the catalyst for the rapid introduction of distance learning in the world education system. It forced the distance education process to be adjusted faster. A description of the problems connected with the introduction of such form of training is given. Among the main: psychological readiness of the entrant and student to self-organization in the learning process; loss of control by the teacher over the student's attention; verification of students when passing tests and exams. Based on the analysis of the state of distance learning in Ukraine, advice is given on the development of methodology and mechanisms for the organization of distance education in the new conditions. It is important to implement distance education with the support of the highest state level, with the creation of appropriate organizational structures that would determine the impact of distance education on society, unite and direct the efforts of all universities to achieve results in this direction, analyze and anticipate new trends and educational needs and respond to them on time
CONCEPTUAL ASPECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL REENGINEERING OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Popov Alexander , Fadeev Valery , Naboka Elena
Published: August 2022

The article considers the conceptual aspects of the organization of technological reengineering in industrial enterprises. It is noted that technological reengineering is a solution to a number of problems related to achieving the goals of innovative transformations of the production base of the enterprise, which depend on many factors. The content of components of technological reengineering in their interrelation is determined. It is substantiated that, at the preliminary stage of technical preparation for technological reengineering of the enterprise it is expedient to build an approximate mathematical model of the main technological process in order to identify possible options for its improvement and justify the need for technological reengineering of the entire technological system. The usefulness of the reengineering transformation model is substantiated. It is substantiated that most decisions on innovative technological re-equipment of production on a reengineering basis cannot be made out of connection with other aspects of the enterprise, including the logistics aspect. The role of logistics reengineering in these processes is shown.   It is substantiated that at domestic enterprises these issues are not always considered as part of a single production process. As a result, the successful implementation of the goals of one of the types of work on the innovative transformation of production can often be to the detriment of others, which requires additional tasks. The general technological audit is aimed at solving this problem.
Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Dakonmatika untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berhitung Siswa Kelas IV SDN Kalanganyar Sedati Sidoarjo
Authors: Ardianik Ardianik , Hadi Umar
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study was to test and prove the difference in numeracy skills before and after using Dakonmatics learning. With a quantitative research approach and the type of pre-experimental research, namely One Group Pretest – Posttest (before and after). The research sample was the fourth grade students of SDN Kalanganyar Sedati Sidoarjo for the academic year 2021/2022, which amounted to 31 students. Data collection used the test method. T-test to test the effectiveness of using dakonmatics learning media. The results showed that there was a very significant difference in numeracy skills before and after using the dakonmatics learning media, this is evidenced by the magnitude of the probability (Sig. 2-tailed) = 0.000 < α = 0.05 and even more smaller than α = 0.01. So it can be concluded that the use of Dakonmatika learning media is effective in improving numeracy skills in FPB and KPK materials.
Pengembangan Digital Flipbook berbasis Dolanan Lokal untuk Meningkatkan Literasi Membaca Siswa SD di Desa Palaan pada Era Covid-19
Authors: Cholifah Tety Nur , Muslihasari Adzimatnur
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study was to produce a digital flipbook based on local games to improve the reading literacy and reading literacy. The method used is the research method (R&D), researching potential and problems, gathering information, product design, design validation, design revision, initial trial, product revision, usage trial, and product revision. Data analysis used descriptive percentage and N-gain test. The results of the study were based on the average value of the validity test on digital flipbooks based on local games in the media field 94%, material field 93%, reading literacy instrument field 93%, and student response field 95%, with criteria for all fields "very feasible" used. There is an increase in the reading literacy of elementary school students and the average pretest score is 66.63 to an average posttest score of 86.63 with an N-gain value of 0.71 which is included in the high category score.
Strategi Pengelolaan Sekolah Adiwiyata dalam Mewujudkan Karakter Siswa yang Peduli Lingkungan di SMP Negeri 1 Jetis Ponorogo
Authors: Dwi Nikasari  , Agus Purnomo
Published: August 2022

Kepedulian terhadap lingkungan selama ini kurang begitu tercermin di semua elemen masyarakat umum dan secara khusus pada siswa di sekolah. Hal ini berakibat pada menurunnya kualitas lingkungan hidup bahkan hingga punahnya keanekatagaman hayati. Untuk menjawab masalah tersebut, perlu adanya kegiatan pembangunan yang melibatkan nilai-nilai cinta lingkungan. Di SMP Negeri 1 Jetis Ponorogo menerapkan sekolah berbudaya lingkungan, dalam pengelolaansekolah adiwiyata dengan berbagai strategi yang dirasa mampu meningkatkan kepedulian siswaterhadap lingkungan. Hal ini bisa dijadikan salah satu alternatif dari pemecahan masalah tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui teknik observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data diukur dengan ketekunan pengamatan, triangulasi, dan pengecekan. Analisis data meliputi reduksi data, analisis domain, penyajian data, dan kesimpulan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk: (1) menjelaskan kebijakan sekolah adiwiyata di SMP Negeri 1 Jetis Ponorogo, (2) menjelaskan pelaksanaan kegiatan berbasis partisipasi dan berkelanjutan di SMP Negeri 1 Jetis Ponorogo, (3) menjelaskan faktor pendukung dan penghambat pengelolaan program adiwiyata di SMP Negeri 1 Jetis Ponorogo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) kebijakan sekolah adiwiyata dalam mewujudkan karakter siswa yang peduli lingkungan di SMP Negeri 1 Jetis Ponorogo meliputi pengembangan kebijakan sekolah peduli dan berbudaya lingkungan, pengembangan kurikulum berbasis lingkungan, pengembangan kegiatan berbasis partisipasi, dan pengembagan sarana dan prasarana pendukung. (2) Pelaksanaan kegiatan berbasis partisipasi dan berkelanjutan (3) faktor pendukung meliputi: partisipasi baik dari warga sekolah, dan dari luar yaitu pemerintah dan lingkungan sekitar sekolah baik. Sedangkan faktor penghambat pembuatan kompos yang terhenti,masih ada siswa yang belum dapat membedakan sampah organik dan anorganik.
Simultaneous Assessment of Wettability and Water Saturation Through Integration of 2D NMR and Electrical Resistivity Measurements
Authors: Azizoglu Zulkuf , Posenato Garcia Artur , Newgord Chelsea , Heidari Zoya
Published: August 2022

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transverse relaxation (T2) measurements are sensitive to fluid saturations and wettability of the rocks. However, quantifying wettability index solely from NMR T2 models relies on accurate estimates of water saturation. It has been shown that integrating resistivity measurements and NMR T2 distributions enables simultaneous assessment of wettability and water saturation. Nevertheless, there still exist significant uncertainties in this approach in the presence of multiple types of fluids with overlapping transverse relaxation times or multimodal pore-size distribution. Thus, the objectives of this paper are (a) to introduce a new multiphysics workflow integrating 2D NMR with resistivity measurements to simultaneously quantify wettability index and water/hydrocarbon saturation and (b) to verify the reliability of the introduced workflow with core measurements in different rock types.

The workflow starts by using 2D diffusivity-transverse relaxation (D-T2) or longitudinal-transverse relaxation (T1-T2) measurements to estimate fluid saturations. We use a nonlinear inversion algorithm to fit a multimodal Gaussian distribution to the 2D NMR measurements. We then calculate water and hydrocarbon saturations using the fluid volumes estimated from the multimodal Gaussian distribution. This estimate of water/hydrocarbon saturation is an input to our new physics-based resistivity model that explicitly incorporates the influence of wettability. The inputs to the resistivity model include water saturation, resistivity index, and pore-geometry-related parameters. In the core-scale verification step, we compare the results of wettability and fluid saturations obtained from the new workflow with gravimetrically assessed water saturation and Amott index measurements on core sample.

We successfully verified the reliability of the new workflow with experimental measurements. Estimated water saturation using the introduced workflow resulted in an average relative error of less than 7% compared to the gravimetrically assessed water saturations. Wettability indices obtained from the workflow were in agreement with those estimated using Amott indices. The average absolute error between the estimated wettability indices and the Amott indices was 0.27. In conclusion, results demonstrated that integration of 2D NMR and electrical resistivity measurements enables reliable and simultaneous assessment of wettability and water saturation in different rock types. The method introduced in this paper is promising for reliable and real-time wettability assessment, both in the laboratory and in-situ condition. It provides a physics-based and robust method to accurately and simultaneously estimate water/hydrocarbon saturation and wettability in hydrocarbon-bearing rocks.
An Extended Unified Viscoelastic Model for Predicting Polymer Apparent Viscosity at Different Shear Rates
Authors: Zeynalli Mursal , Al-Shalabi Emad Walid , AlAmeri Waleed
Published: August 2022

Polymer flooding is one of the most commonly used chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. Conventionally, this technique was believed to improve macroscopic sweep efficiency by sweeping only bypassed oil. Nevertheless, recently it has been found that polymers exhibiting viscoelastic behavior in the porous medium can also improve microscopic displacement efficiency resulting in higher additional oil recovery. Therefore, an accurate prediction of the complex rheological response of polymers in porous media is crucial to obtain a proper estimation of incremental oil to polymer flooding. In this paper, a novel viscoelastic model is proposed to comprehensively analyze the polymer rheological behavior in porous media. This proposed model was developed and validated using 30 coreflooding tests obtained from the literature and further verified against a few existing viscoelastic models.

The proposed viscoelastic model is considered an extension of the unified apparent viscosity model provided in the literature and is termed as extended unified viscoelastic model (E-UVM). The main advantage of the proposed model is its ability to capture the polymer mechanical degradation at ultimate shear rates primarily observed near wellbores. Moreover, the fitting parameters used in the model were correlated to rock and polymer properties using machine learning technique, significantly reducing the need for time-consuming coreflooding tests for future polymer screening works. Furthermore, the E-UVM was implemented in MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST) and verified against the original shear model existing in the simulator. It is worth mentioning that the irreversible viscosity drop for mechanical degradation regime was captured during implementing our model in the simulator. It was found that implementing the E-UVM in MRST for polymer non-Newtonian behavior might be more practical than the original method. In addition, the comparison between various viscosity models proposed earlier and E-UVM in the reservoir simulator showed that the latter model could yield more reliable oil recovery predictions as the apparent viscosity is modeled properly in the mechanical degradation regime, unlike UVM or Carreau models.

This study presents a novel viscoelastic model that is more comprehensive and representative as opposed to other models in the literature. Furthermore, the need to conduct an extensive coreflooding experiment can be reduced by virtue of developed correlations that may be used to estimate model fitting parameters accounting for shear-thickening and mechanical degradation.
Reinjection of Produced (Sheared) Polymer in a Canadian Viscous Oil Reservoir: Considerations to Improve Economics and Reduce Carbon Footprint
Authors: Ghosh Pinaki , Wilton Ryan R. , Bowers Annalise , O'Brien Thomas , Cao Yu , Wilson Clayton , Ould Metidji Mahmoud , Dupuis Guillaume , Ravikiran Ravi
Published: August 2022

Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) flooding is one of the more attractive methods to improve oil recovery. However, during times of instability in the oil market, cost of specialized chemicals and necessary facilities for alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) or surfactant-polymer makes this technology very expensive and challenging to implement in the field. In the majority of cases, polymer flooding alone has proved to be the most cost-effective solution that has resulted in attractive and predictable return on investment. In recent times, a challenging economic environment has operators looking for added economic and sustainable savings. The possibility of reinjection of produced (sheared) polymer to offset injection concentration requirements can lead to reduced cost and longer sustainability of oil recovery, thus offering a subsequent reduction in produced water (PW) treatment and a reduced full-cycle carbon footprint. This innovative approach is subject to conditions experienced in the surface facilities, as well as in the reservoir. As part of this study, different polymer chemistries were investigated for their mobility control in porous media and comparative effect on oil recovery trends in the presence of produced fluid containing residual polymer. The initial fluid-fluid testing and laboratory characterization results were validated against a mature field EOR project for reduction in polymer requirement to achieve target viscosity. Monophasic flow behavior experiments were performed in Bentheimer and Berea outcrop cores, while oil recovery experiments were performed in Bentheimer outcrops with different polymer solutions—freshly made and combinations with residual produced polymer. Based on field observations and laboratory measurements, a 10 to 15% reduction in fresh polymer loading could be achieved through the reutilization of water containing residual polymer in these specific field conditions. Note, this case study involved produced polymer that was degraded through progressive cavity pumps (PCPs) resulting in only 15 to 20% of the injected viscosity in the produced fluids in addition to thermal and chemical degradations. The monophasic injectivity experiments in both outcrop cores resulted in similar resistance factors (RFs) for fresh polymer and blends with produced water reinjection containing residual polymer (PWcRP) solution, establishing the robustness of this blending system. Oil recovery experiments also resulted in similar oil displacement behavior [approximately 30 to 40% oil originally in place (OOIP) after 0.5 pore volumes (PV) waterflood] for fresh and blends with sheared polymer solutions, validating no loss in recovery potential, with the added benefit of 10 to 15% polymer loading reduction.
Development and Identification of Petrophysical Rock Typing for Effective Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Bior Barach Bior Artem , Jaafar Mohd Zaidi , Gaafar Gamal Ragab , Agi Augustine , Junin Radzuan , Sidek Akhmal , Gbadamosi Afeez , Yakasai Faruk , Oseh Jeffrey , Gbonhinbor Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

Rock typing is considered one of the main requirements to distribute the classes of rocks in the reservoir model. This helps in more accurate estimates of oil reserves and reservoir forecasts. The rock typing is closely related to reservoir properties such as porosity, permeability, and shale volume which influence reservoir productivity. Field development plan (FDP) aim is to design appropriate development strategies to produce any commercial volume of hydrocarbons in the field and reduce any huge residual oil left in the reservoirs. However, any failure to integrate geological features with engineering attributes during model development, may limit geomodellers to distribute geological facies effectively in a field wide manner resulting in inaccurate inputs into simulators, and thus lessens the models’ robustness. This study examines the petrophysical rock type classification scheme by comparing the different approaches using rock typing. Among the trimmed approaches are the hydraulic flow unit, the global hydraulic element, the Winland R35 Method. Also, electrical, and nuclear log data obtained from well as well as neutron-density to produce relationships that tie together pore geometric attributes, pore structures, and hydraulic flow characteristics. It was observed that hydraulic units (HU) concept among others was robust in rock typing based on consistencies established on porosity-permeability relationships in typical clastics. HU concepts reconcile hydraulic conductivity with geological concepts through employing reservoir quality index and flow zone indictors on core data. Consistency in saturation height model constructed from capillary pressure data were matched with the HU classes generated on the permeability – porosity cross plots.
Decommissioning of Oil and Gas facilities in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Raji Abubakar , Ogiriki Shadrach
Published: August 2022

Decommissioning of oil and gas facilities in Nigeria is a relatively new activity. Decommissioning is essentially a set of activities undertaken to manage or dispose aged and worn-out Oil and Gas facilities. The idea of Decommissioning has become paramount in Nigeria due to aging of assets and mature fields operations as they are approaching the end of their economic life. However, presently no facility has ever been decommissioned in Nigeria. Decommissioning is an inherently hazardous exercise that requires meticulous planning, cognate experience, efficient management and other relevant defined skill set for it to be successful. This paper dwells on how to harness the opportunities that come with Decommissioning as well as suggest ways to mitigate some of its challenges.

The challenges could be technical, economic, environmental, and legal, but could be further narrowed to include but not limited to poor information management, inadequate regulatory readiness, poor talent management, waste management disposal, lack of previous experience, poor supply chain management, and low portfolio management. While opportunities include securing direct and indirect employment and procurement to home nationals, which in turn could foster the development of local skills, technology transfer, and use of local manpower in capital projects.
The Nigerian Power Grid and Impediments to Power Revolution in Nigeria
Authors: Ekeinde Evelyn Bose , Dosunmu Adewale , Okujagu Diepiriye Chenaboso , Agbawodikeizu Chigozie
Published: August 2022

Electricity availability and adequate and efficient supply mechanisms are a huge driving force for a nation's economy and growth. Energy in all its forms (especially electricity) provide the bedrock through which a nation's industrial and technological advancement takes off and is sustained as processes depend on energy availability and utilization to ensure efficient delivery. The power sector reforms in Nigeria was done to reposition the power sector for increased productivity, but Nigerian power issues, vis-à-vis epileptic supply of electric power still persists. This study takes a look into the impediments to power revolution in the country with emphasis on the nation's power grid. It is seen that impediments like low generation capacities, insufficient transmission and distribution network, lack of adequate gas supply for gas-powered generating plants, insufficient investments in other forms of electricity generation like renewable energy, and improper government regulation still hinder reducing the huge gap between the electrical power needs of the population and the actual power generated and distributed. Recommendations are thereby made for further investigations to check restrictions to power generation and losses along the power transmission and distribution chain as well as improved generation and distribution from other energy sources in the country. Improvements in the transmission and distribution network systems to accommodate more power input is also advised.
Modeling the Critical Pressure Below which Sand Production will Occur based on Extended Mogi-Coulomb Failure Criterion
Authors: Ajimosun Isaac , Okoro Emmanuel , Olalekan Olafuyi
Published: August 2022

Sand production is of great concern in the Oil and Gas industry because of the economical, operational and technical problems that come with the phenomenon. Several sand prediction models are available in the literatures, but little or no consideration has been given to non-linearity of failure criterion used to develop the sand prediction models. Hence, a non-linear form of Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion was adopted in this research to develop a sand prediction model and simple sand prediction software.

The most used rock failure criteria developed over the years for analyzing brittle failure of rocks is Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Published literatures have shown deficient in some field scenarios. Reason for these deficiencies was largely associated with the implicit assumption made in Mohr-Coulomb criterion that, the intermediate principal stress (σ2) has no influence on rock strength. So, this criterion is only based on the maximum and minimum principal stresses (σ1 and σ3) and only applicable to rock failure under conventional triaxial stress states (σ1 > σ2 = σ3). However, for a polyaxial stress state σ1 > σ2 > σ3), studies have proved that the intermediate principal stress (σ2) has a pronounced effect on rock strength and should not be neglected. Hence, Mohr–Coulomb criterion is relatively conservative in predicting sanding onset and therefore not very accurate for sand prediction models.

As a result, this research presents a simple 3D sand prediction model based on Extended Mogi-Coulomb criterion that considered the non-linear relationships between most of field parameters when considering rock failure. The extended Mogi-Coulomb criterion is a nonlinear or parabolic form of Mogi-Coulomb criterion which accounts for the influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength and also very suitable for weak rocks. A fourth order polynomial equation was derived from first principle by combining both constitutive stress laws and the parabolic Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion. Then, Matlab software was used to develop a script and solution to the equation. And finally, the model solution was used to build simple graphic user interface software called ‘A.I Sand Predicton’ using Java programming language. Model verification was carried out by simulating several data available in the literatures and the solution was observed consistent with field observations. The solution of the critical wellbore pressure calculated using the "A.I Sand Predicton Software" was also found consistent with solution from Matlab and Mathematica softwares, respectively, which makes the software validated and reliable. Also, the case study shows that the critical wellbore pressure reduces as the strength parameters a, b, and c of the Extended Mogi-Coulomb criterion increases. Hence, the analytical model developed in this research using the extended Mogi-Coulomb criterion can reliably and accurately predict onset sand production.
Assessment of Nigeria's Role in the Global Energy Transition d Maintaining Economic Stability
Authors: Koffi Itoro , Bassey Israel
Published: August 2022

Over the years, immediate action has been required to prevent climate change effects through clean energy. However, this step represents a threat of existence to third-world countries such as Nigeria, which relies heavily on royalties and tax revenues from oil and gas reserves. The Nigerian government is a signatory to the Paris Agreement, but as part of that decarbonization project and the transition to net-zero, issues of gas come up, and we talk of just and equitable transition. It is thus important to consider the various realities of developing economies.

This paper discussed Nigeria's role in a fair and balanced global energy transition towards achieving net-zero by 2050, without jeopardizing the lives of millions. In this study, the prospects, and challenges of using natural gas as a driver of sustainability and energy transition to leverage the massive gas potential across the country is also presented to build an economy that can support a sustainable energy future.
Application of Gassmann's Model and the Modified Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole Model in Land Subsidence Susceptibility Studies in the Jxt Field, Niger Delta
Authors: Idowu Chukwudi , Ojo Bosede Taiwo
Published: August 2022

This paper investigates the susceptibility of the 'JXT' field, onshore Niger Delta to ground subsidence as an after effect of oil and gas production. Logs from two wells in the field were utilized for this study, Gassmann's model and the modified Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole model for compressibility analysis were adopted. The results from Gassmann's model range from 0.06GPa-1 to 0.13GPa-1, while results from the modified Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole bounds for compressibility range from 0.04GPa-1 to 3GPa-1. To further evaluate the susceptibility of the field to ground subsidence, some important elastic parameters were estimated. Results show young modulus (20.5-27.5GPa), bulk modulus (21.3-25.3GPa), shear modulus (8.01-11.2GPa), and Poisson ratio (0.23-0.28). Generally, these results indicate that the study area is less susceptible to ground subsidence and there is little risk of flooding and submergence which can be hazardous to oil and gas production
Algorithm to Compute the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) for Gases in Gas Flooding Process
Authors: Akpobi Elohor Diamond , Oboh Efeosa Praise
Published: August 2022

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is important to the petroleum industry mostly because it is used to improve oil recovery. Miscible gas flooding, a type of EOR process that is proven and economically viable can significantly increase oil recovery from reservoirs. In this study, the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) in gas floods for different gases were computed using empirical correlations (Glaso correlation for hydrocarbon gas injection, Emera, Yuan et al and Glaso correlation for pure carbon dioxide gas injection, Sebastin and Yuan correlation for impure carbon dioxide correlations and Glaso, Firoozabadi and Aziz correlations for nitrogen gas injection). An efficient computer program was developed using visual basic programing language. Employing its highly versatile features, friendly graphical user interface (GUI) forms were designed and robust codes were developed. Validation was done for the program and results showed that the software which was developed had acceptable level of accuracy, was fast and effective. The study provides a new and cost effective way of checking for MMP which will enhance the process of screening gas flooding processes for the reservoir.
Application of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate for Enhanced Oil Recovery of Medium Crude Oil in the Niger Delta Fields
Authors: Ihekoronye Kingsley Kelechi , Mohammed Hussein , Onuorah Pius Chukwuebuka
Published: August 2022

This research work focuses on the performance of sodium lauryl sulfate as surfactant in enhanced oil recovery of medium crude oil in the Niger Delta fields. Characterization of the sodium lauryl sulfate (surfactant) was carried out to determine the functional groups and morphology of the sample. Different tests such as interfacial tension reduction and adsorption test were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the sample in enhanced oil recovery. Core-flooding experiment was performed using the sample to determine the potency of sodium lauryl sulfate in enhanced oil recovery process. The results from this work showed that incremental oil recoveries of 47.8 %, 54.6 % and 56.1 % using Berea core sample (C1F) and 49.3 %, 57.6 % and 58.5 % for core sample (C2F) was observed. The results showed that sodium lauryl sulfate achieve macroscopic sweep displacement efficiency via interfacial tension reduction between the surfactant slugs and the trapped oil which helps to improve oil production.
Computer-Aided Design for a Multilateral Well Completion in a Stacked Reservoir
Authors: Bamgboye Faith A. , Longe Promise O. , Oriji Boniface A.
Published: August 2022

Over the years, multilateral well technology has been one of the most rapidly evolving and widely utilized production technologies for new and maturing reservoirs. Multilateral wells have the potential for reservoir productivity improvement. The characteristics used to evaluate multilateral well completion are connectivity, isolation, and accessibility. All these focus on the completion design of the main bore, lateral bores, and junctions that connect the lateral and main bores. Hence, one of the factors to consider in designing multilateral wells is the junction type, which depends on the required degree of mechanical integrity and pressure integrity at each lateral. Previous studies establish that the lateral junctions are a critical element of multilateral completions and can fail under formation stresses, temperature-induced forces, and differential pressures during production. Thus, the reliability of a multilateral completion design is the ability to construct and complete the multilateral junction successfully. The Technology Advancement of Multilaterals (TAML) has categorized the distinct types of multilateral junctions based on support and hydraulic integrity provided at the junction. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to provide a detailed discussion on each classification level and the conditions in which they are applicable, (2) to present a conceptually digitized application of a multilateral well on a stacked reservoir XXXX in a Niger Delta field using SEPAL software. To achieve the latter goal, after a preliminary and detailed casing design, we applied the SEPAL software to design and digitize the proposed multilateral well schematics for the stacked reservoir. From the analysis, a multilateral level 5 junction was selected to overcome specific problems (e.g., wellbore collapse) due to the unconsolidated sands of the reservoir in the field of interest.
Evaluating Injectivity Index of Niger Delta Reservoirs for CO2 Geological Sequestration
Authors: Jayeola Ifeoluwa , Olusola Bukola
Published: August 2022

Underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been recognized as a viable strategy to reduce CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. In this context, numerical reservoir simulations are routinely implemented to predict the performance of the project under different operational scenarios and uncertainties. However, numerical simulators are intensive in terms of cost, computational time, and data requirement, thus limiting its use for early commercial applications especially for feasibility studies or quick evaluations. This paper presents the application of a simplified modelling approach to predict dimensionless pressure build-up and injectivity index based on an analytical model for reservoirs in Niger Delta. Data from four (4) Niger Delta reservoirs such as relative permeabilities, reservoir pressure, brine viscosity, and injection rate, among others were used in this work. A modified version of the physics-based model of Mishra et. al was used for conducting the studies. Therefore, equations governing the dimensionless pressure build-up and injectivity index were used to investigate the reservoir and operational characteristics of the well injection of CO2 in Niger delta reservoirs as an alternative to full-field numerical simulation. The model approximates the CO2 injection rate for a given target pressure differential or alternatively, the pressure differential that would result from injecting CO2 at a target rate, given the initial permeability, porosity, permeability, and injection rate. The results were used to rank the reservoirs based on suitability to CO2 sequestration, the displacement efficiency of the CO2 and potential storage in the reservoir. This approach is the first one carried out in the Niger Delta and provides the chance to assess the performance of CO2 storage capacity as a strategy to combat global warming from Nigeria.