bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of four homoleptic titanium silanolates
Authors: Mansfeld Dirk , Schürmann Markus , Mehring Michael
Published: October 2005

Four titanium silanolates Ti(OSiR2R′)4 (1, R = Ph, R′ = tBu; 2, R = R′ = Ph; 3, R = R′ = iPr; 4, R = Me, R′ = tBu) were synthesised starting from Ti(OiPr)4 and the corresponding silanol, and their thermally induced decomposition was studied. Colourless single crystals of Ti(OSiPh$_{2}^{\rm {t}}$Bu)$_{4}{\cdot}{2 \over 3}$CHCl$_{3}{\cdot}{1 \over 3}$C7H8 ($1{\cdot}{2 \over 3}$CHCl$_{3}{\cdot}{1 \over 3}$C7H8) were obtained from a mixture of chloroform and toluene (1:1) at −20 °C. The compound crystallizes in the space group R3 c with Z = 18. The metal atom shows an almost ideal tetrahedral coordination, as is demonstrated by the OTiO angles of 108.4(1)–111.1(1)°. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of Monte Carlo simulations to study the effect of poor compliance on the steady state concentrations of valproic acid following administration of enteric‐coated and extended release divalproex sodium formulations
Authors: Ahmad Alaa M. , Douglas Boudinot F. , Barr William H. , Reed Ronald C. , Garnett William R.
Published: October 2005

Divalproex sodium extended‐release (Depakote® ER) is a once daily (QD) formulation for valproic acid that was developed to improve patient compliance and to reduce side effects compared with the standard twice‐daily (BID) delayed release (DR) formulation (Depakote® tablets). However, there are concerns of potential sub‐therapeutic concentrations following delayed or missed doses or toxic concentrations with replacement doses for the ER and DR formulations. Simulations can be used to investigate the effect of poor compliance on drug concentrations, which may not be possible to do in a study population for ethical or practical reasons. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the effect of different patterns of poor compliance on ER QD and DR BID were systematically characterized. Non‐linear binding of valproic acid to albumin was incorporated into the model, and the results were based on total and unbound VPA for comparison. The effect of poor compliance is less significant on DR BID compared with ER QD. Dosing recommendations in the case of a missed or delayed dose are both formulation and dose dependent. Since total VPA concentrations show higher inter‐individual variability and tend to under‐estimate the effect of poor compliance; the use of unbound VPA concentrations may offer an advantage in therapeutic monitoring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Eg5 Inhibitors
Authors: Sarli Vasiliki , Huemmer Stefan , Sunder‐Plassmann Nils , Mayer Thomas U. , Giannis Athanassios
Published: October 2005

Human Eg5 is a mitotic kinesin that is essential for bipolar spindle formation and maintenance during mitosis. Recently, the discovery of compounds that inhibit Eg5 and cause mitotic arrest has attracted great interest, due to their potential use as the next generation of antimitotics. Here, we present the synthesis and biological investigation of 3,4‐dihydrophenylquinazoline‐2(1H)‐thiones as selective and potent Eg5 inhibitors.
Easy Oxidation and Nitration of Human Myoglobin by Nitrite and Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Nicolis Stefania , Pennati Andrea , Perani Eleonora , Monzani Enrico , Sanangelantoni Anna Maria , Casella Luigi
Published: October 2005

The modification of human myoglobin (HMb) by reaction with nitrite and hydrogen peroxide has been investigated. This reaction is important because NO2− and H2O2 are formed in vivo under conditions of oxidative and nitrative stress, where protein derivatization has been often observed. The abundance of HMb in tissues and in the heart makes it a potential source and target of reactive species generated in the body. The oxidant and nitrating species produced by HMb/H2O2/NO2− are nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite, which can react with exogenous substrates and endogenous protein residues. Tandem mass analysis of HMb modified by stoichiometric amounts of H2O2 and NO2− indicated the presence of two endogenous derivatizations: oxidation of C110 to sulfinic acid (76 %) and nitration of Y103 to 3‐nitrotyrosine (44 %). When higher concentrations of NO2− and H2O2 were used, nitration of Y146 and of the heme were also observed. The two‐dimensional gel‐electrophoretic analysis of the modified HMbs showed spots more acidic than that of wild‐type HMb, a result in agreement with the formation of sulfinic acid and nitrotyrosine residues. By contrast, the reaction showed no evidence for the formation of protein homodimers, as observed in the reaction of HMb with H2O2 alone. Both HMb and the modified HMb are active in the H2O2/NO2−‐dependent nitration of exogenous phenols. Their catalytic activity is quite similar and the endogenous modifications of HMb therefore have little effect on the reactivity of the protein intermediates.
Synthesis, X‐ray Crystal Structure and Thermal Decomposition Character of Semicarbazidium 3,5‐Dihydroxy‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenolate Hemihydrate
Authors: Hong‐Yan Chen , Tong‐Lai Zhang , Jian‐Guo Zhang
Published: October 2005

A new compound, semicarbazidium 3,5‐dihydroxy‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenolate hemihydrate (SCDHTNP·0.5H2O), was synthesized by the reaction of the aqueous solutions of semicarbazide with trinitrophloroglucinol. Its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, DSC and TG‐DTG techniques. The crystal is monoclinic with space group P2C1/n and the empirical formula C7H9N6O10.50. The unit cell parameters are: a=1.3791(3) nm, b=0.9256(2) nm, c=2.0468(4) nm, β=106.93(3)°, V=2.4995(9) nm3, Z=8, Dc=1.835 g/cm3, Mr=345.20, F(000)=1416, s=0.945, μ(Mo Kα)=0.174 mm‐1. The final R and wR are 0.0401 and 0.0896. Its structure consists of two semicarbazidium cations, two 3,5‐dihydroxy‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenolate anions and one crystal water molecule, which are interconnected by electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds into layer structure, making the title compound very stable. Under a linear heating rate, the thermal decomposition processes of SCDHTNP·0.5H2O have one endothermal dehydration stage and two intensive exothermic decomposition stages at 178‐241°C to evolve abundant gas products.
Silica Immobilized Ruthenium Catalyst for Formic Acid Synthesis from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation II: Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Catalyst Performance
Authors: Ying‐Min Yu , Yi‐Ping Zhang , Jin‐Hua Fei , Xiao‐Ming Zheng
Published: October 2005

The synthesis of formic acid from carbon dioxide and hydrogen using a silica immobilized ruthenium catalyst as precursor has been studied in different reaction conditions. The results revealed that the TOF (turn over frequency) of HCOOH achieved 1481.5 h‐1 on immobilized ruthenium catalyst near the critical pressure point of CO2 with H2 pressure of 4.0 MPa, reaction temperature of 80 °C and PPh3/Ru molar ratio of 6:1. The reaction activity of immobilized catalyst was higher than that of homogeneous catalyst, and the immobilized catalyst also offered the practical advantages such as easy separation and reuse.
Preparation of Nanosized CoHCF Modified Electrode and Its Application to Electroanalysis of Hemoglobin
Authors: Mei‐Chuan Liu , Ping Li , Li Zhang , Yue‐Zhong Xian , Hong‐Chun Ding , Cheng‐Lin Zhang , Fen‐Fen Zhang , Li‐Tong Jin
Published: October 2005

A cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) nanoparticle (size ca. 60 nm) chemically modified electrode (CME) was fabricated and the electrochemical behavior of hemoglobin (Hb) at this nanosized CoHCF CME was studied. In comparison with a bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a general CoHCF CME electrodeposited in a traditional manner, the present nanosized CoHCF CME performed efficiently electrocatalytic reduction for Hb with relatively high sensitivity, stability, and longlife. Combined with liquid chromatography (LC), the nanosized CoHCF CME was used as the electrochemical detector of Hb in the established flow injection analysis‐electrochemical determination (FIA‐ECD) system. The peak current was a linear function of concentrations in the range from 2.5×10‐8 to 5.0×10‐6 mol/L for Hb, with detection limit of 1.4×10‐8 mol/L. The FIA‐ECD system has been successfully applied to assess the Hb content of clinic blood samples with advantages of sensitiveness, speediness, easy control and small sample‐consumption.
Characterization and Activity of CH3OOH and CH3CH2OOH Study on a Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Yi‐Min Li , Qiao Sun , Hai‐Yang Li , Mao‐Fa Ge , Dian‐Xun Wang
Published: October 2005

The ionization energies of MHP (CH3OOH) and EHP (CH3CH2OOH) have been determined by HeI photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) measurement and both Gaussian‐2 (G2) calculation and Hartree‐Fock (HF) method on the basis of Koopmans theorem at 6‐311+G* basis set level for the first time. The assignment and characterization of PE spectra of MHP and EHP were also supported by the G2 and HF calculations. The first ionization energies of MHP and EHP are 9.87 and 9.65 eV, respectively. Higher solubility of EHP in the atmosphere was attributed to their lower ionization energy values.
Preparation of Polystyrene/Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Triton X‐100/ Sodium Dodecyl Benzenesulfonate Mixed Surfactant System
Authors: Gen‐Ping Song , Jie Bo , Rong Guo
Published: October 2005

The composite nanoparticles of polystyrene/Fe3O4 with a shell‐core structure were prepared in the mixed system of Triton X‐100 and SDBS. The shell of the composite nanoparticles was formed by polystyrene and the core by Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The diameter of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is about 10 nm and that of the composite nanoparticles 25‐35 nm. The XRD spectra and FTIR spectra show that the enwrapping of polystyrene with Fe3O4 nanoparticles was successful.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a 2D Honeycomb‐like Polymeric Cluster (Et4N)3{[MoS4Cu2(μ‐CN)]2(μ′‐CN)}·2MeCN
Authors: Shan‐Bao Qiao , Chang‐Mei Jiao , Wen‐Hua Zhang , Zhi‐Gang Ren , Yong Zhang , Jian‐Ping Lang
Published: October 2005

Reaction of a preformed cluster (Et4N)2[MoS4(CuCN)2]·H2O (1) with acetic acid in MeCN gave rise to an interesting 2D polymeric cluster (Et4N)3{[MoS4Cu2(μ‐CN)]2(μ′‐CN)}·2MeCN (2). Compound 2 was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum, and single crystal X‐ray crystallography. In the structure of 2, the cluster core MoS4Cu2 of the cluster precursor 1 is retained and serves as a 3‐connecting node to link equivalent nodes via single cyanide bridges, forming an anionic 2D (6,3) (honeycomb‐like) network. The acetic acid induced aggregation of supramolecular compound 2 from the cluster precursor 1 suggests that this simple synthetic strategy be likely applicable to many related systems.
Structural Characterization and Relaxivity Study of a New Paramagnetic Mn(II) Complex of DTPA‐BpABA
Authors: Ying‐Chun Liu , Jing Zhang , Quan Luo , Shu‐Lan Ma , Miao‐Qiong Xu , Wen‐Xiang Zhu
Published: October 2005

X‐ray single crystal analysis of a new paramagnetic manganese(II) complex with DTPA‐BpABA (a DTPA‐ bisamide derivative), Mn(DTPA‐BpABA)·4H2O, shows that four oxygen atoms and three nitrogen atoms from the ligand coordinate to Mn(II) cation, forming a seven‐coordinate distorted pentagonal bipyramid polyhedron. In the crystal, the carboxyl groups and the nitrogen atoms extensively form hydrogen bonds with the lattice water molecules, building a 3D‐network. The relaxometric study indicates that the R1 value of the paramagnetic manganese(II) complex is 5.12 mmol·L·s‐1. The higher R1 value means that this complex may find an application in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique.
Transformation from n‐Diamond to sp3‐Banding Carbon
Authors: Bin Wen , Ting‐Ju Li , Chuang Dong , Xing‐Guo Zhang , Shan Yao , Zhi‐Qiang Cao , De‐He Wang , Shou‐Hua Ji , Jun‐Ze Jin
Published: October 2005

With admixture of n‐diamond and diamond‐like carbon powders (DLC) as carbon source, transparent wafers have been synthesized by hydrothermal process at 100 °C and atmosphere pressure. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron‐probe microanalysis andFourier‐transform infrared spectrometer were used to analyze those transparent wafers. These results indicated that the transparent wafers were amorphous sp3‐banding carbon wafer, and that the wafers were not aggregate of DLC from the carbon source but a new kind of reaction product by hydrothermal treatment.
Syntheses and Characterization of Several Copper‐halo Clusters
Authors: Jie‐Hui Yu , Ji‐Qing Xu , Yu‐Jiang Song , Hai‐Ying Bie , Jing Lu , Tie‐Gang Wang
Published: October 2005

The hydrothermal reaction of CuBr2 and CuBr with phen·H2O (phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) in a molar ratio of 1:1:1.5 gave birth to the first copper‐halo cationic cluster [Cu2IICu2IBr4(phen)4]2+ (1) with tetranuclear anionic cluster [Cu4Br6]2‐. Changing the precursors or their molar ratios, two mononuclear complexes [Cu(phen)2Br]Br·H2O (2) and [Ni(phen)3][CuCl2]2 (3) as well as two unusual copper‐halo chains found in polymers [Cu2Br2(phen)]∞ (4) and [CuIICu3IBr2I3(phen)2]∞ (5) were obtained. The (Cu2Br2)∞chain of 4 looks like a linear array of hexagons based on fused Cu3Br3 units, and the linear (Cu3I3Br‐)N,N′chain of 5 is an alternate combination of the rhombic Cu2I2 cores and the Cu4I4Br22‐ units. In addition, the hydrothermal reaction of CuBr2 with NA(NA=nicotinic acid) or INA (INA=isonicotinic acid) resulted in the syntheses of two compounds [CuBr(NA)] (6) and [CuBr(INA)]∞ (7) containing staircase chain. Among them the third‐order non‐linear optical properties of 2, 5, 6 and 7 were investigated and all exhibit the reverse saturable absorption (α2>0) and self‐defocusing performance(n2<0).
Fluorescence Determination of Artemisinin Using Tyrosinase as Catalyst and Pyronine B as Monitor
Authors: Li‐Hua Chen , Hong Yin , Zhao‐Xia Yang , Ke‐Mei Zhang , Liu‐Zhan Liu , Han‐Xi Shen
Published: October 2005

Fluorescence decrease ratio (F0/F) was applied to determination of artemisinin (qinghaosu, QHS) based on the catalytic effect of tyrosinase using tetraethyldiaminoxanthenyl chloride (pyronine B, PB) as monitor. A catalyst used commonly in the decomposition of QHS, tyrosinase, exhibited higher binding activity than hemin, which was expressed as Michaelis‐Menten parameters, km, vmax, and kcat respectively. Interaction of QHS with tyrosinase was inhibited in the presence of deactivating agents at high temperature whereas enhanced by ethanol. Under optimal conditions, a concentration of 1.4×10‐7‐8.4×10‐7 mol·L‐1of QHS could be determined on the basis of fluorescence decrease ratio of PB, with a detection limit 3σ of 2.6×10‐9 mol·L‐1. The proposed method was applied to detection of the concentration of QHS in the media of plasma and urine.
Effect of Damping Mechanisms on Mass Calibration Equation for MALDI/FTMS
Authors: Yue Su , Hao‐Yang Wang , Yin‐Long Guo , Bing‐Ren Xiang , Deng‐Kui An
Published: October 2005

Collisional damping affects the relationship between ion mass and effective cyclotron frequency in Fourier transform mass spectrometry. The exact mass calibration equation

magnified image

was therefore derived from the characteristic equation of system model, force $ = m{{{\rm d}v} \over {{\rm d}t}} = qE-qv \times B_{0} - \xi v$ (ξv, a frictional damping force), in which k is amended by the shift of observed frequency of matrix ion or other known ion in external calibration. The mass obtained by the amended calibration equation is therefore immune to collisional damping and space‐charge effects on mass accuracy. The relative errors of ion mass measured were all less than 2×10‐6.
Odorless and Practical Thioacetalization Reagent: Methyl 2‐(1,3‐Dithian‐2‐ylidene)‐3‐oxobutanoate
Authors: Ran Sun , Qun Liu , Hai‐Feng Yu , Yu‐Long Zhao , Jun Liu , Yan Ouyang , De‐Wen Dong
Published: October 2005

α‐Oxo ketene dithioacetals, methyl 2‐(1,3‐dithian/dithiolan‐2‐ylidene)‐3‐oxobutanoate (2a/2b) prepared in nearly quantitative yields simply from methyl acetylacetate, carbon disulfide and 1,3‐dibromopropane/1,2‐dibro‐ moethane in the presence of potassium carbonate, were investigated in the thioacetalization with various carbonyl compounds 3. It has been demonstrated that methyl 2‐(1,3‐dithian‐2‐ylidene)‐3‐oxobutanoate (2a) could act as a nonthiolic, odorless and practical thioacetalization reagent. A range of aldehydes and ketones 3 were converted into the corresponding dithioacetals 4 in high yields (up to 91%) in the presence of 2a. Moreover, 2a showed high chemoselectivity between aldehyde and ketone in thioacetalization.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Three Novel Macrocyclic Coordination Complexes Formed by Self‐assembly of Bridged Bi‐ or Tetrapyridine with Transition Metal Salts
Authors: Li‐Cheng Song , Guo‐Xia Jin , Wen‐Xiong Zhang , Qing‐Mei Hu
Published: October 2005

Self‐assembly of a ferrocenyl‐bridged bipyridine ligand bpef [bpef=1,1′‐bis(trans‐2‐pyrid‐4′‐ylethenyl)ferrocene] with silver triflate in CH2Cl2/MeOH or mercuric diiodide in MeCN/CH2Cl2 gave the corresponding macrocyclic coordination complexes [bpef]2[AgSO3CF3]2 (1) and [bpef]2[Hg3I6] (2) in 93% and 89% yields, respectively, whereas the pentaerythritolyl‐bridged tetrapyridine ligand ptpc [ptpc=pentaerythritol tetrakis‐(4‐pyridinecarboxylate)] reacted with cobalt thiocyanate via self‐assembly to afford the macrocyclic coordination polymer [Co(NCS)2(ptpc)]n (3) in 90% yield. The X‐ray diffraction analyses for 1‐3 confirmed their novel macrocyclic structures and revealed that (i) the two silver atoms in complex 1 have an essentially linear geometry with N‐Ag‐N bond angle of 175.7°and 172.9° , (ii) the geometry of the middle mercury atom in complex 2 is square‐planar, while the other two mercury atoms in the other two complexes are tetrahedral, and (iii) all the cobalt atoms in complex 3 adopt an octahedral geometry. In addition, the synthetic procedure for the known tetrapyridine ligand ptpc has been improved.
Mercurous Chloride Catalyzed Mannich Condensation of Terminal Alkynes with Secondary Amines and Aldehydes
Authors: Pin‐Hua Li , Lei Wang
Published: October 2005

Mercurous chloride catalyzed Mannich condensation of terminal alkynes with secondary amines and aldehydes has been developed. The reaction generated β‐aminoalkynes in good yields.
Copolymerization of Ethylene/1‐hexene and Polymerization of Propylene with Cp‐indenyl Zirconium Complexes
Authors: Yong Zhang , Xiao‐Xia Yang , Yi‐Hua Yu , Yan‐Long Qian , Ji‐Ling Huang
Published: October 2005

Complexes (R1Cp)(R2Ind)ZrCl2, the catalysts previously reported active for ethylene polymerization showed high activity in ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization and propylene polymerization in the presence of MAO. The content of 1‐hexene in copolymers ranged from 1.2% to 3.2%. In propylene polymerization the complex 1 showed the highest activity, up to 1.2×106 g of polypropylene per mol of catalyst per hour. Based on the analysis of NMR spectral data, the relationships between complex structures and polymerization results were explored.
Role of Carborane in Polymerization and Insertion Reactions
Authors: Zuo‐Wei Xie
Published: October 2005

Ligand modifications have played a crucial role in developing new catalyst precursors. A novel class of “constrained‐geometry” ligands bearing a carboanion functionality has been developed by linking o‐carboranyl and π‐ligand together. They offer group 4 metal complexes higher activity in olefin polymerization compared to those with appended heteroatom systems. The results show that the [{η5: σ‐Me2A(C5H4)(C2B10H10)}M] moiety remains intact in olefin polymerization and insertion reactions of various unsaturated molecules, and the electron‐deficient yet sterically hindered icosahedral carborane does play an important role in the reactions. This article provides an overview of our recent work on this subject.
Use of Silicon Substituents in the Syntheses of Natural and Non‐natural Molecules
Authors: Henry N. C. Wong
Published: October 2005

Trimethylsilyl groups have been used in our research as a director as well as a bulky and lipophilic group in our quest for natural and non‐natural molecules.
Synthesis of Fullerene‐end Functionalized Poly(methyl methacrylate) via Reverse Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Chong‐Dong Guo , Wen‐Rui Teng , Hui‐Xia Wu , Jian‐Zhong Shen , Xiao‐Min Deng , Rui‐Fang Cai
Published: October 2005

The use of the reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) to end‐functionalize poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with fullerenes, e.g. C60 and C70 was described in this paper. The Cl‐terminated PMMA was prepared via RATRP with designed molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distributions, and then directly used to react with fullerenes to produce C60(C70) terminated PMMA polymers in the presence of CuBr/Cu/bipy or FeCl2/bipy catalysts. The resultant polymers exhibit good solubility in some common organic solvents, e.g. THF, CHCl3 and toluene, and were well structurally characterized by a variety of physical techniques.
Study on the Three‐dimensional Quantitative Structure‐activity Relationship of Pyridazinonyl‐substituted 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles
Authors: Xia‐Juan Zou , Lu‐Hua Lai , Gui‐Yu Jin
Published: October 2005

The three‐dimensional quantitative structure‐activity relationships of a series of 5‐[1‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydro‐6‐methylpyridazin‐4‐one‐3‐yl]‐2‐arylamino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles, related to the fungicidal activity, were studied using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The results show that the contributions of steric and electrostatic fields to the activity are 0.505 and 0.495, respectively. The cross‐validated q2 and the correlation coefficient r2 for the model established by the study are 0.769 and 0.938, respectively, with the F value of 60.996, and the standard deviation s of 0.074. These values indicate that the model is significant and has good predictability. The analysis results are in good agreement well with the study of 2D‐QSAR, and offered important structural insights into designing highly active compounds prior to synthesis.
Organic‐inorganic Hybrid Materials Based on Molybdophosphate and Organic Polyammonium
Authors: Su‐Rong Jin , Lian‐Meng Zhang , Shi‐Zhong Liu , Li‐Feng Yao , Xue‐Lei Hu , Wei‐Feng Zhao
Published: October 2005

A new organic‐inorganic hybrid compound (dienH3)2(P2Mo5O23) (1) [dien=NH(CHCH2NH2)2] has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis, and the single crystal X‐ray diffraction technique. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group ${P}{\bar 1}$ and a=0.9790(2) nm, b=0.9922(2) nm, c=1.4644(3) nm, α=95.510(10)°, β=98.860(10)°, γ=95.700(10)°, V=1.3895(5) nm3, z=2, r=0.0465. The results show that the compound consists of dienH33+ and P2Mo5O236‐, and the heteropoly anion P2Mo5O236‐ is connected to a 1‐D chain structure with the protonated dien by hydrogen bonds.
Synthesis and Structures of Lanthanide Complexes of N‐p‐Tolylsulfonylglycinate and 1,10‐Phenanthroline
Authors: Zhang Man‐Bo , Hu Rui‐Xiang , Liang Fu‐Pei , Ma Lu‐Fang , Zhou Zhong‐Yuan
Published: October 2005

Three new lanthanide complexes with the formulae [Eu2(TsGly) 6(phen) 2(H2O) 2] (1), [Ln(TsGly) 2(phen) 2(H2O) 2]Cl·2H2O [Ln=Er (2a) and Yb (2b), TsGlyN‐p‐tolylsulfonylglycinate, phen1,10‐phenanthroline] were synthesized. Crystallographic data for 1: monoclinic, P21/n, a=1.29791(16) nm, b&=1.9034(2) nm, c=1.7596(2) nm, β=93.410(3) °, V=4.3394(9) nm3, Z=4, R1=0.0326, wR2=0.0771; and for 2b: triclinic, P1, a=1.2674(2) nm, b=1.4405(2) nm, c=1.4809(3) nm, α=113.256(3) °, β=108.253(3) °, γ=94.739(3) °, V=2.2922(7) nm3, Z2,R1=0.0292, w R2=0.0669. X‐ray diffractional analysis reveals that compound 1 adopts dinuclear structure with fourfold bridging TsGly ligands between the Eu(III) centers, while compound 2b features an unusual mononuclear structure.
Study on Binding Reaction between Flucytosine and Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Yan Cheng‐Nong , Zhang Hua‐Xin , Mei Ping , Liu Yi
Published: October 2005

The binding of flucytosine to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by means of fluorescence and absorption spectra under the conditions of simulant clay physiology. It showed a powerful ability to quench the fluorescence launching from BSA. After analyzing the fluorescence quenching data by Stern‐Volmer equation and Lineweaver‐Burk double‐reciprocal equation, it was found that they matched the latter better and so they belonged to static quenching. The binding constant was calculated to be 5.710×103 L·mol‐1 at 297 K. The binding locality was a distance 2.49 nm away from tryptophan residue‐212 based on Förster's non‐radiation energy transfer mechanism. The binding power is mainly the hydrogen bond and van der Waals force according to the thermodynamic parameters. The information of BSA conformation was acquired by synchronous fluorescence spectrum and three‐dimensional fluorescence spectrum.
Effect of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ Ions on Physico‐chemical Properties of Thymine, Cytosine, Thymidine and Cytidine in Aqueous Urea Solution
Authors: Pandey Jata Dhari , Haroon Shahla , Chhabra Jyotsna , Dey Ranjan , Misra Krishna
Published: October 2005

Experimental determination of density, ultrasonic velocity and viscosity of two pyrimidine bases thymine and cytosine along with their respective nucleosides, thymidine and cytidine has been carried out in aqueous urea solutions in the presence of different concentrations of three salts, viz. NaCl, KCl and CaCl2. The experimental data have been used for the computation of various thermodynamic parameters, viz. apparent molar volume, apparent molar compressibility, coefficients A and B of the Jones‐Dole equation, internal pressure, acoustic impedance, etc. Structural studies of solutions under investigation have also been carried out by ultraviolet spectroscopy, and an attempt has been made to collaborate the findings of ultraviolet spectroscopy with results obtained thermodynamically.
Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of 2,3,4‐Trimethoxyacetophenoxime Ester Containing Benzothiazole Moiety
Authors: Song Bao‐An , Liu Xin‐Hua , Yang Song , Hu De‐Yu , Jin Lin‐Hong , Zhang Hua
Published: October 2005

A series of 2,3,4‐trimethoxyacetophenoxime esters containing benzothiazole moiety were synthesized by the reaction of oxime with acyl chloride in alkaline medium. Their structures were established by elemental analysis, IR, and 1H NMR spectra. The bioassay tests showed that these title compounds exhibit moderate anticancer activity in vitro by MTT method and compounds 6c and 6d could inhibit ERK phosphorylation in NIH 3T3 cell induced by PDGF.
Photochemical Degradation Study of Polyurethanes as Relic Protection Materials by FTIR‐ATR
Authors: Wang Li‐Qin , Liang Guo‐Zheng , Dang Gao‐Chao , Wang Fang , Fan Xiao‐Pan , Fu Wen‐Bin
Published: October 2005

Polyurethanes are one kind of relic protection materials commonly used. During artificial photo‐ageing, three polyurethanes, HDI‐based polyurethane, MDI‐based polyurethane and TDI‐based polyurethane, have been considered to undergo UV radiation. Photochemical degradation of the polyurethanes has been monitored by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection accessory (FTIR‐ATR). It was proved that the mechanism of the photochemical degradation of polyurethanes might be the scissions of carbamate (urethane) groups and the re‐reactions of radical groups formed in the scission reactions. From the experiment results HDI‐based polyurethane, an aliphatic diisocyanate, could be considered to be more suitably used as relic protection materials among these three polyurethanes for its ageing products with less color.
New Methods and Synthetic Applications of Asymmetric Nitrogen Transfer
Authors: Armstrong Alan , Edmonds Ian , Cooke Richard S. , Shanahan Stephen E. , Knight Jamie D. , Cumming Graham R.
Published: October 2005

Structure/reactivity relationships of N‐alkoxycarbonyl‐ and N‐carboxamidooxaziridines are explored, and conditions are discovered for the efficient amination of sulfides and primary amines. Reactions of these oxaziridines with alkenes are also examined, and lead to interesting new heteroatom transfer reaction products. Finally, the aminative rearrangement of 2‐alkoxydihydropyrans leads to a useful stereocontrolled synthesis of pyrrolidines which can undergo synthetic manipulations to give [2.2.1]‐ and [3.2.1]‐azabicycles.
Clinical impact and frequency of anatomic pathology errors in cancer diagnoses
Authors: Raab Stephen S. , Grzybicki Dana Marie , Janosky Janine E. , Zarbo Richard J. , Meier Frederick A. , Jensen Chris , Geyer Stanley J.
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

To the authors' knowledge, the frequency and clinical impact of errors in the anatomic pathology diagnosis of cancer have been poorly characterized to date.

METHODS

The authors examined errors in patients who underwent anatomic pathology tests to determine the presence or absence of cancer or precancerous lesions in four hospitals. They analyzed 1 year of retrospective errors detected through a standardized cytologic–histologic correlation process (in which patient same‐site cytologic and histologic specimens were compared). Medical record reviews were performed to determine patient outcomes. The authors also measured the institutional frequency, cause (i.e., pathologist interpretation or sampling), and clinical impact of diagnostic cancer errors.

RESULTS

The frequency of errors in cancer diagnosis was found to be dependent on the institution (P < 0.001) and ranged from 1.79–9.42% and from 4.87–11.8% of all correlated gynecologic and nongynecologic cases, respectively. A statistically significant association was found between institution and error cause (P < 0.001); the cause of errors resulting from pathologic misinterpretation ranged from 5.0–50.7% (the remainder were due to clinical sampling). A statistically significant association was found between institution and assignment of the clinical impact of error (P < 0.001); the aggregated data demonstrated that for gynecologic and nongynecologic errors, 45% and 39%, respectively, were associated with harm. The pairwise kappa statistic for interobserver agreement on cause of error ranged from 0.118–0.737.

CONCLUSIONS

Errors in cancer diagnosis are reported to occur in up to 11.8% of all reviewed cytologic‐histologic specimen pairs. To the authors' knowledge, little agreement exists regarding whether pathology errors are secondary to misinterpretation or poor clinical sampling of tissues and whether pathology errors result in serious harm. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Prostate cancer progression after therapy of primary curative intent
Authors: Soloway Mark , Roach Mack
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

Radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy (RT), both radical therapies, are the standard treatments of curative intent for early prostate cancer. However, these therapies are not curative in all patients and, consequently, a substantial proportion of treated patients remain at risk of disease progression and/or cancer‐related death.

METHODS

This article presents contemporary data on the incidence of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and clinical disease progression after primary therapy of curative intent in relation to commonly assessed pretreatment or pathologic disease characteristics.

RESULTS

The data highlight the substantial risk of progression for certain patient groups, such as those with Gleason score 8–10, cT3 disease, lymph node metastases, and/or pretreatment PSA levels > 20 ng/mL.

CONCLUSIONS

Improved and/or additional treatment options are needed for these patient groups. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Two parts of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi project to two different subdivisions of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray in cat
Authors: Klop Esther Marije , Mouton Leonora J. , Ehling Thomas , Holstege Gert
Published: October 2005

The dorsolateral column of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a separate part of the PAG. Its afferent sources, efferent targets, and neurochemical properties differ from the adjacent PAG columns. The dorsolateral PAG is thought to be associated with aversive behaviors, but it is not yet understood how these behaviors are brought about. To elucidate the function of the PAG further, in the present study we investigated which brainstem regions project to the dorsolateral PAG. Wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) injections involving the dorsolateral PAG, but extending into the lateral part, resulted in many retrogradely labeled cells in the pontine and medullary tegmentum bilaterally. However, it was concluded that these neurons were labeled from the lateral PAG, because no anterograde labeling was found in the dorsolateral PAG after a large injection into the tegmentum. Retrogradely labeled cells were also found in the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PPH), mainly contralaterally. Injections of [3H]leucine or WGA‐HRP in the PPH resulted in anterogradely labeled fibers in the dorsolateral PAG. Two separate distribution patterns were found. The caudal and intermediate PPH projected to a small region on the dorsolateral edge of the dorsolateral column, whereas the supragenual PPH distributed labeled fibers to all other parts of the dorsolateral PAG, except the area on the dorsolateral edge. These separate PPH projections suggest that two subdivisions exist within the dorsolateral PAG. The present findings suggest a role for the dorsolateral PAG in the oculomotor system. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:303–322, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alpha‐9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor immunoreactivity in the rodent vestibular labyrinth
Authors: Luebke Anne E. , Maroni Paul D. , Guth Scott M. , Lysakowski Anna
Published: October 2005

Vestibular tissues (cristae ampullares, macular otolithic organs, and Scarpa's ganglia) in chinchilla, rat, and guinea pig were examined for immunoreactivity to the α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit. The α9 antibody was generated against a conserved peptide present in the intracellular loop of the predicted protein sequence of the guinea pig α9 nAChR subunit. In the vestibular periphery, staining was observed in calyces around type I hair cells, at the synaptic pole of type II hair cells, and in varying levels in Scarpa's ganglion cells. Ganglion cells were also triply labeled to detect α9, calretinin, and peripherin. Calretinin labels calyx‐only afferents. Peripherin labels bouton‐only afferents. Dimorphic afferents, which have both calyx and bouton endings, are not labeled by calretinin or peripherin. In these experiments, α9 was expressed in both calyx and dimorphic afferents. A subpopulation of small ganglion cells did not contain the α9 nAChR but did stain for peripherin. We surmise that these are bouton‐only afferents. Bouton (regularly discharging) afferents also show efferent responses, although they are qualitatively different from those in irregularly discharging (calyx and dimorphic) afferents, much slower and longer lasting. Thus, regular afferents are probably more affected via a muscarinic cholinergic or a peptidergic mechanism, with a much smaller superimposed fast nicotinic‐type response. This latter response could be due to one of the other nicotinic receptors that have been described in studies from other laboratories. J. Comp. Neurol. 492:323–333, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of vitamin E and C supplementation combined with oral antidiabetic therapy on the endothelial dysfunction in the neonatally streptozotocin injected diabetic rat
Authors: Alper Gülinnaz , Olukman Murat , İrer Seda , Çağlayan Osman , Duman Erdal , Yılmaz Candeğer , Ülker Sibel
Published: October 2005

Background

This study investigates the contribution of vitamin supplementation to the efficacy of oral antidiabetic therapy on the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in a model of type‐2 diabetes in rat.

Methods

Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection to neonatal rats which were breastfed for 4 weeks, then fed 6 weeks with normal food or food supplemented with 2% vitamin E and 4% vitamin C. Some diabetic rats were treated with gliclazide for 6 weeks. Endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent relaxations to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were recorded in thoracic aortic rings. Plasma insulin, HbA1c and antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E); plasma and aortic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined.

Results

Induction of diabetes resulted in decreased body weight and increased blood glucose, plasma insulin and HbA1c levels compared to controls. Acetylcholine relaxation was impaired in diabetic aorta, while SNP relaxation remained unchanged. Aortic MDA level was significantly higher, while plasma vitamin levels were lower in diabetic rats. Diminished acetylcholine response, enhanced aortic MDA level and decreased plasma vitamin levels were all restored after gliclazide and/or vitamin therapy. However, vitamin supplementation in control rats significantly impaired acetylcholine relaxations and increased aortic MDA levels.

Conclusions

Apparently, a selective endothelial dysfunction accompanies the imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant status in the type‐2 diabetes model of rat and gliclazide and/or vitamin supplementation improves the impairment in diabetic vasculature. However, vitamin supplementation triggers oxidative stress in normal aortic tissue, thereby, leads to endothelial dysfunction; indicating that nutritional extra‐supplementation of antioxidant vitamins isn't advisable for normal subjects, although it's beneficial in disease status. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retinoic acid signaling is required for proper morphogenesis of mammary gland
Authors: Wang Y. Alan , Shen Kate , Wang Yaolin , Brooks S.C.
Published: October 2005

Retinoic acid (RA), a bioactive chemical compound synthesized from dietary derived vitamin A, has been successfully used as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent through the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis acting via the retinoic acid receptors. Despite two decades of research on the function of retinoic acid, the physiological role of RA in mammary gland development is still not well characterized. In this report, we demonstrate that RA is required for proper morphogenesis of mouse mammary gland in a novel transgenic mouse model system. It was found that inhibition of RA signaling in vivo leads to excessive mammary ductal morphogenesis through upregulation of cyclin D1 and MMP‐3 expression. Furthermore, we show that the transgene‐induced excessive branching morphogenesis could be reversed by treatment with RA, demonstrating the direct physiological effect of RA signaling in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that excessive branching morphogenesis in the transgenic mammary gland are cell‐autonomous and do not require stromal signals within the transgenic mammary gland. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that retinoic acid signaling is required for appropriate mammary gland differentiation. Collectively, our data indicate for the first time that retinoic acid signaling is required to maintain the homeostasis of mammary gland morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 234:892–899, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐embryonic expression ofC. elegansmicroRNAs belonging to thelin‐4andlet‐7families in the hypodermis and the reproductive system
Authors: Esquela‐Kerscher A. , Johnson S.M. , Bai L. , Saito K. , Partridge J. , Reinert K.L. , Slack F.J.
Published: October 2005

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules that negatively control gene expression by binding to complementary sequences on target mRNAs. The most thoroughly characterized miRNAs,lin‐4andlet‐7, direct cell fate determination during the larval transitions inC. elegansand act as key regulators of temporal gene expression.lin‐4andlet‐7are founding members of two distinct families of miRNA genes sharing strong sequence homology primarily in the 5′ end of the mature miRNAs. In this report, we characterize the temporal and spatial expression patterns oflin‐4andlet‐7family members using northern blot analysis andmir::gfpfusion studies. Our results show thatlin‐4andlet‐7homologues possess distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns during nematode development and that known heterochronic genes regulate their expression. We find that certainlin‐4andlet‐7family members display overlapping expression patterns in the hypodermis and the reproductive system, suggesting that combinations of miRNAs from across families may control common developmental events. Developmental Dynamics 234:868–877, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A non‐canonical photopigment, melanopsin, is expressed in the differentiating ganglion, horizontal, and bipolar cells of the chicken retina
Authors: Tomonari Sayuri , Takagi Akira , Akamatsu Shino , Noji Sumihare , Ohuchi Hideyo
Published: October 2005

Vertebrate melanopsin is a photopigment in the eye, required for photoentrainment. Melanopsin is more closely related to opsin proteins found in invertebrates, than to the other photo‐pigments. Although the invertebrate melanopsin‐like protein is localized in rhabdomeric photoreceptors in the invertebrate eye, it has been shown to be expressed in a subset of retinal ganglion cells in the mouse and in horizontal cells in the frog, indicating its diversified expression pattern in vertebrates. Here we show that two types of melanopsin transcripts are expressed in the developing chicken retina. Melanopsin is firstly expressed by a small subset of ganglion cells, and then prominently expressed by horizontal cells and later by bipolar cells in the developing chicken retina. This suggests that a subset of ganglion, horizontal, and bipolar cells in the chicken retina may have rhabdomeric properties in their origins. Developmental Dynamics 234:783–790, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Steady‐State and Time‐Resolved Photophysical Studies on a Series of Gallium Phthalocyanine Monomers and Dimers
Authors: Chen Yu , Araki Yasuyuki , Hanack Michael , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Ito Osamu
Published: October 2005

Intramolecular interaction between coplanar‐stacked phthalocyanine (Pc) and porphyrin molecules plays an importantrole in the energy‐ and electron‐transfer process. A series of results from different photophysical experiments on gallium phthalocyanine compounds are initially described. The PcGa dimer with a direct gallium–gallium bond, i.e. [tBu4PcGa]2·2dioxane, may exist in two different conformations: one in which the two phthalocyanines are poorly interacting and the other in which they are very close and strongly interacting. In the former, the emission lifetime is quite close to that of the monomer model compounds; in the latter, it is much shorter probably due to different radiative and nonradiative deactivation constants from those of the monomers. Because no significant difference between the absorption spectra of the monomer and dimer was observed in the photophysical experiments, implying that no ground‐state interaction can be assessed, the results regarding triplet excited state lifetimes of [tBu4PcGa]2·2dioxane can be attributed to strong intramolecular interactions existing only in the excited state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Anchoring of Vanadyl Acetylacetonate onto Amine‐Functionalised Activated Carbons: Catalytic Activity in the Epoxidation of an Allylic Alcohol
Authors: Jarrais Bruno , Silva Ana Rosa , Freire Cristina
Published: October 2005

Vanadyl(IV) acetylacetonate was anchored onto two different amine‐functionalised activated carbons. The starting activated carbon supports were air (A2) and nitric acid oxidised (B1) carbons; the phenol surface groups of carbon A2 were subsequently treated with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (A3) and afterwards the free amine groups were used for Schiff condensation with [VO(acac)2] (A4). Carbon B1, which possesses carboxylic surface groups, was treated with thionyl chloride to give surface acyl chloride groups (B2), which were then reacted with the amine groups of bis(3‐aminopropyl)amine (B3); subsequent attachment of [VO(acac)2] was also achieved by Schiff condensation between the free amine groups of the functionalised carbon and the ligand oxygen atoms (B4). All the materials were characterised by XPS, and the [VO(acac)2]‐based materials were also characterised by vanadium elemental analysis and EPR spectroscopy. A combination of all the data provides evidence for the covalent attachment of the vanadium complex onto the modified activated carbons. The catalytic activity of the [VO(acac)2]‐based materials in the epoxidation of 3‐buten‐2‐ol using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as oxygen source was assessed and compared to that of the homogeneous phase reaction. The alkene conversion in the heterogeneous phase is similar to that observed in the homogeneous phase, although the rate of oxidation is less than half that of the homogeneous system. Material A4 exhibits higher catalytic efficiency than B4; upon reuse, both materials show no significant decrease in their catalytic properties. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of Optically Active 6‐Alkynyl‐ and 6‐Alkylpurines as Cytokinin Analogs and Inhibitors of 15‐Lipoxygenase; Studies of Intramolecular Cyclization of 6‐(Hydroxyalkyn‐1‐yl)purines
Authors: Berg Tom Christian , Gundersen Lise‐Lotte , Eriksen Aud Berglen , Malterud Karl E.
Published: October 2005

Optically active 6‐alkynyl‐ and 6‐alkylpurines have been synthesized. These compounds can be regarded as analogs of cytokinin plant growth hormones. The analogs were examined as growth stimulators and as inhibitors of 15‐lipoxygenase (15‐LO). The (S)‐enantiomer of 6‐(5‐hydroxy‐4‐methylpent‐1‐yl)purine exhibited profound growth stimulation activity, especially at low concentrations. 6‐(Hydroxyalkyn‐1‐yl)purines were found to cyclize by nucleophilic exo attack from the hydroxy group at the triple bond. (Z)‐Isomers were formed under acidic conditions. Plant growth stimulators and 15‐LO inhibitors were identified among the cyclization products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Carbaporphyrinoids Containing a Pyridine Moiety: 3‐Aza‐meta‐benziporphyrin and 24‐Thia‐3‐aza‐meta‐benziporphyrin
Authors: Myśliborski Radomir , Latos‐Grażyński Lechosław
Published: October 2005

6,11,16,21‐Tetraaryl‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin, an analog of 5,10,15,20‐tetraarylporphyrin with one of the pyrrole units replaced by a pyridine ring pointing outwards, linked at β,β′ positions, was formed by condensation of 3,5‐bis[phenyl(2‐pyrrolyl)methyl]pyridine, pyrrole and p‐tolualdehyde catalyzed by TFA. The [3+1] approach, which involved a condensation of 3,5‐bis[phenyl(2‐pyrrolyl)methyl]pyridine with 2,5‐bis[hydroxy(p‐tolyl)methyl]thiophene was applied to afford 6,11,16,21‐tetraaryl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin. Introduction of bulky substituents at ortho positions of meso‐aryl compounds, adjacent to the pyridine ring, resulted in an increase in the yield of condensation. 3‐Aza‐m‐benziporphyrins and 24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrins have the 1H NMR spectroscopic features of non‐aromatic molecules. Crystal structures of 6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin and 6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin were determined by X‐ray crystallography. Both molecules show a similar degree of nonplanarity with the pyridine ring sharply tipped out of the N(23)X(24)N(25) plane, making room for the 6,21‐phenyl groups which are almost coplanar with the macrocycle. The protonation of 6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin with trifluoroacetic acid proceeds stepwise, subsequently yielding two dicationic and one tricationic species. Protonated 6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrinreacts reversibly with water to give 6‐hydroxy‐6,21‐diphenyl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziphlorin. The protonation of 6,21‐dimesityl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benziporphyrin initiates an unprecedented process, which converts the non‐aromatic carbaporphyrinoid reversibly into the aromatic 2‐hydroxy‐6,21‐dimesityl‐11,16‐di‐p‐tolyl‐24‐thia‐3‐aza‐m‐benzichlorin. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)