bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Coronary Risk Factors, Inflammation, and the Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Coronary Patients
Authors: Lavie Carl J. , Morshedi‐Meibodi Ali , Milani Richard V.
Published: September 2008

Obesity is a coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor and is prevalent in patients with CHD. The authors reviewed data in 235 consecutive patients before and after formal cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training (CRET) programs and analyzed data in 72 lean patients (body mass index [BMI] <25 kg/m

2

) vs 73 obese patients (BMI≥30 kg/m

2

). At baseline, obese patients were significantly younger (P<.0001); had higher percentage of body fat (P<.0001) and more dyslipidemia, including higher triglycerides (TG; P<.01), lower high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P<.0001), and higher TG/HDL ratio (P<.0001); and had higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (61% vs 26%; P<.01) compared with lean patients. Following CRET, obese patients had small, but statistically significant, improvements in obesity indices, including weight (P<.01), BMI (P<.01), and percentage of fat (P=.03), and had more significant improvements in peak exercise capacity (P<.001), HDL cholesterol (P<.001), C‐reactive protein (P<.01), behavioral characteristics, and quality of life (P<.0001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome fell (62% to 51%; P=.1). These results support the benefits of CRET to reduce overall risk in obese patients with CHD.
A 5‐Year Follow‐Up Study of 3 Polymorphisms in the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene in Relation to Obesity, Hypertension, and Diabetes
Authors: Rosmond Roland , Holm Göran
Published: September 2008

Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are cytoplasmatic
receptors regulating the expression of cortisol and bind to specific sites on chromatin. The glucocorticoid receptor gene (GRL) is located on chromosome 5q31 and encodes for either a 777‐amino acid (GRα) or a 742‐amino acid (GRβ) polypeptide. The objective of the current study was to examine the prospective association of 3 polymorphisms—a Tth111I restriction fragment in the promoter region, a BclI polymorphism in intron 2, and an A/G polymorphism in exon 2—of the GRL gene on estimates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in 163 unrelated Swedish men born in 1944. These data showed a significant increase in body weight, body mass index, abdominal obesity, fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment over the 5‐year follow‐up among homozygotes for the rare BclI allele. In contrast, no significant associations with the Tth111I or A/G polymorphism were detected. It is concluded that the genetic information about GRL would be useful for further genetic study of obesity, diabetes, and related metabolic diseases.
Obesity, Hypertension, and the Heart
Authors: Good David , Morse Stephen A. , Ventura Hector O. , Reisin Efrain
Published: September 2008

Controversy exists regarding the amount of risk caused by obesity, but there is general consensus that it is associated with many serious disorders, mostly cardiovascular and neoplastic. Obesity is clearly associated with hypertension, ventricular remodeling with subsequent congestive heart failure, sleep‐disordered breathing, and sudden death. The physiologic alterations associated with establishing and perpetuating the obese state are complex but are becoming clear. In discussing the cardiovascular consequences of obesity, the implications and mechanism of the associated hypertension need to be understood. There is growing recognition that adipose tissue is a very active in the neurohormonal axis and is not simply a passive storage depot. Among other things, adipocyte‐related hormonal activity and resistance to feedback mechanisms are associated with increased plasma volume and increased sympathetic tone.
Costs of and Reasons for Obesity
Authors: Witkos Maciej , Uttaburanont Michelle , Lang Christopher D. , Arora Rohit
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this literature review was to identify and describe the cost of obesity, the contributing factors, and the use of taxation as a possible method of control of this epidemic in a Canadian setting. A review of the current literature found on the PubMed/MEDLINE services of the National Institutes of Health as well as an analysis of Web content was conducted. The PubMed/MEDLINE search identified 677 articles pertaining to Canada and obesity, 323 articles relating to price policy, 26 articles concerning obesity and taxes, and 29 articles about obesity, Canada, and cost (1964–March 2007). The cost of obesity in Canada has been estimated at $4.3 billion per year, although no yearly figures are available. The contributing factors of obesity in Canada are multivariate, ranging from dietary patterns and physical inactivity to the availability of high‐calorie foods at a low cost and greater accessibility. No Canadian studies have been conducted on the use of taxes to curb obesity or evaluating food price elasticity. The available literature suggests that the use of taxes is a viable option to address the issue of obesity in Canada.
Protección laboral en los Estados Unidos. Trabajo irregular en Nueva York
Authors: BERNHARDT Annette , McGRATH Siobhán , DeFILIPPIS James
Published: September 2008

Gracias a un conjunto de datos originales acopiados de 2003 a 2006, los autores estudian el alcance del incumplimiento del derecho laboral en la ciudad de Nueva York y los tipos de infractión principales. El trabajo irregular — esto es, el que quebranta las normas vigentes— es muy común en toda una serie de ramos donde abundan los salarios bajos, y se ha extendido al calor de una mezcla defactores eco‐nómicos y de decisiones políticas de los poderes públicos. La solutión, según sostie‐nen los autores, consiste en reforzar la vigilancia del cumplimiento de la ley y en regular los nuevos regímenes de empleo surgidos al hilo de los cambios acaecidos en la organizatión de la productión y del trabajo.
La consulta tripartita en China, ¿un primer paso hacia la negociación colectiva?
Authors: SHEN Jie , BENSON John
Published: September 2008

En amplios sectores de China se ha establecido la consulta tripartita, que el Gobierno y la Confederatión de Sindicatos del país suelen denominar «negocia‐ción colectiva». En este artículo se examinan su desarrollo y estructura, asícomo la función que cumple en la resolutión de conflictos laborales, la reglamentación del trabajo y la negociación colectiva. Se comprueba que el sistema chino difiere del que defiende la Organizatión Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) en varios aspectos: care‐ce de la necesaria neutralidady de representatión independiente de los trabajadores, confiere pocafuerzajurídica a los acuerdos alcanzados y sus atribuciones son esca‐sas. A pesar de estas deficiencias notables, los autores estiman que la consulta tripartita emprendida por China es un primer paso hacia una auténtica negotiatión colectiva.
Internacionalización empresarial, salarios, formación y rotación de los trabajadores de las maquilas
Authors: LOESS Kurt , MILLER Van V. , YOSKOWITZ David
Published: September 2008

Según las teorías del salario de eficiencia y de la formación del capital hu‐mano, los salarios y la capacitación condicionan notablemente la rotación de traba‐jadores en las fábricas reubicadas en el extranjero. Los autores averiguan y analizan empíricam.ente el asunto con una muestra estratificada y aleatoria de las maquilas ya tradicionales del norte de México, que es uno de los destinos de la internacionalización más antiguos y duraderos del mundo. Las pruebas estadísticas revelan que los salarios y la formación del capital humano influyen mucho en la altísima rotación de los operarios, como queda de relieve al medir la segunda variable antedicha en las generaciones sucesivas de maquilas mexicanas. Por último, exponen y analizan cómo han ido evolucionando los métodos de administratión de los recursos huma‐nos aplicados en estos establecimientos.
Longevity of pheromone and co‐attractant lures used in attract‐and‐kill stations for control of Carpophilus spp.
Authors: Hossain Mofakhar S. , Bartelt Robert J. , Hossain Mamun A. B. M. , Williams David G. , Chandra Subhash
Published: September 2008

Field longevity of synthetic lures for Carpophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) was evaluated by trapping studies in Australia, accompanied by chemical analyses. Carpophilus spp. are serious pests of ripening fruits, and an attract‐and‐kill method has been developed for their control. Traps are baited with one of two types of lure: synthetic pheromone (in rubber septa) and a host‐related synthetic co‐attractant (as an aqueous solution). No information was available on the longevity of either lure type. The objective of the study was to understand changes in attractiveness of the pheromone septa and co‐attractant over time under field conditions. Pheromone septa were still attractive after 28 days in the field, but activity declined over time. Relative to fresh septa, catches in traps baited only with the pheromone declined to 75, 53, 32, 21, and 16% for 3‐, 7‐, 14‐, 21‐, and 28‐day‐old septa, respectively. Chemical emissions from aged septa showed a very similar decrease with time. Trap catches when both pheromone and co‐attractant were present were far higher, and the decrease as the pheromone aged was less rapid (catches were 87, 73, 55, 44, and 36% of the original level for 3‐, 7‐, 14‐, 21‐, and 28‐day‐old septa, respectively). Apparently the presence of co‐attractant could partially compensate for the deterioration of pheromone septa. The chemical changes of the co‐attractant decreased more rapidly than the pheromone. In a laboratory study, two minor components (acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate) were essentially gone after 1 day, while the major component (ethanol) and the other three minor components (2‐methyl‐1‐propanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, and 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol) were detectable for up to 4–8 days. Co‐attractant evaporation was somewhat slower under field conditions. Trap catches for co‐attractant of various ages and pheromones decreased three‐fold as co‐attractant age increased from 0 to 14 days. Implications with respect to beetle control are discussed.
Variation in the geometry of foreleg claws in sympatric giant water bug species: an adaptive trait for catching prey?
Authors: Ohba Shin‐ya , Tatsuta Haruki , Nakasuji Fusao
Published: September 2008

When giant water bugs (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) encounter prey animals that are larger than they are themselves, they first hook the claw of their raptorial legs onto the animal, and then use all their legs to pin it. The claws of the raptorial legs in giant water bugs play an important role in catching larger prey, but the relationship between the claws, body lengths of predators, and prey size has not been fully investigated. To elucidate the functioning of claws in catching prey, we investigated prey body size relative to predator size in nymphs of two sympatric belostomatid giant water bug species, the vertebrate eater Kirkaldyia (=Lethocerus) deyrolli Vuillefroy and the invertebrate eater Appasus japonicus Vuillefroy, captured in rice fields. The younger nymphs of K. deyrolli caught preys that were larger than themselves, whereas those of A. japonicus caught preys that were smaller. Younger nymphs of K. deyrolli had claws that were curved more sharply than those of A. japonicus. The more curved claws of younger nymphs of K. deyrolli probably hook more easily onto larger vertebrates and thus this shape represents an adaptation for acquiring such prey.
Effects of treatment on soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type 1 and 2 in chronic periodontitis
Authors: Ikezawa‐Suzuki Ikuyo , Shimada Yasuko , Tai Hideaki , Komatsu Yasutaka , Tanaka Aya , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: September 2008

Aim: We reported that soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 (sTNFR2)/type 1 (sTNFR1) ratios in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) decreased as the severity of chronic periodontitis (CP) increased. This study investigated the effects of the periodontal treatment on TNF‐α, sTNFR1 and R2 in GCF and serum of CP patients.

Material and Methods: Thirty‐five serum and 90 GCF samples were obtained from 35 CP patients (23 non‐smokers and 12 smokers) at baseline and after treatment. The levels of TNF‐α, sTNFR1 and R2 in serum and GCF were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay.

Results: No significant differences were found in the serum levels of TNF‐α, sTNFR1 and R2 and the ratio of sTNFR2/R1 between baseline and after treatment. After treatment, sTNFR1 and R2 levels in GCF of non‐smokers and smokers were significantly decreased compared with baseline. However, the sTNFR2/R1 ratio was significantly increased (non‐smoker: 0.56±0.03–0.84±0.03, p<0.0001; smoker: 0.59±0.06–0.85±0.04, p=0.0019). There were no significant differences between non‐smoking and smoking CP groups in serum and GCF.

Conclusion: The ratio of sTNFR2/R1 in GCF significantly increased after treatment, and could be related to the clinical state of CP.
Cognitive function in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy correlates with the molecular defect
Authors: Sistiaga A. , Camaño P. , Otaegui D. , Ibáñez B. , Ruiz‐Martinez J. , Martí‐Massó J. F. , López de Munain A.
Published: September 2008

Previous studies based on case descriptions and neuroradiological findings have suggested central nervous system (CNS) involvement in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. The aim of this work is to explore the relationship between cognitive/personality pattern and the underlying molecular defect for this muscular dystrophy. We performed a wide‐ranging neuropsychological assessment of 34 molecularly confirmed facioscapulohumeral dystrophy patients and 49 control subjects, all of whom also received the Millon‐II Multiaxial Clinical Inventory (MCMI‐II). Patients and controls show mild learning‐level differences in the neuropsychological profile, and only the hysteriform scale is statistically higher in patients than controls. The patients’ intelligence quotient (IQ) is related to the size of the deleted fragment but not to the degree of muscular impairment. The results of this study indicate a cut‐off point and two distinct cognitive profiles in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, depending on the patients’ molecular defect: patients with a fragment size >24 kb show a relatively normal cognitive pattern, whereas those with a fragment size ≤24 kb show a significantly reduced IQ and difficulties with verbal function and visuo‐constructive tasks. This work provides more evidence for the involvement of the CNS in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy and suggests that the fragment size should be taken into account in the clinical management of facioscapulohumeral dystrophy as it has a predictive value on the cognitive phenotype.
Transnational Ties, Poverty, and Identity: Latin American Immigrant Women in Public Housing*
Authors: Domínguez Silvia , Lubitow Amy
Published: September 2008

Abstract: This study used ethnographic data to examine the nature and functions of transnational relationships of low‐income Latin American women who had immigrated to the United States and were living in areas of extreme poverty. Findings indicated that these Latin American mothers utilized transnational ties to help maintain the cultural identities of themselves and their children, to alleviate social isolation, and to provide a safer summer housing alternative for their children. Transnational ties may have had some negative consequences, including financial and social burdens associated with maintaining long‐distance familial relationships. However, despite some negative aspects, we conclude that transnational ties are often an instrumental resource for immigrant mothers living in poverty and are vital to immigrant social mobility.
Role of DptE and DptF in the lipidation reaction of daptomycin
Authors: Wittmann Melanie , Linne Uwe , Pohlmann Verena , Marahiel Mohamed A.
Published: September 2008

Daptomycin and A21987C antibiotics are branched, cyclic, nonribosomally assembled acidic lipodepsipeptides produced by Streptomyces roseosporus. The antibacterial activity of daptomycin against Gram‐positive bacteria strongly depends on the nature of the N‐terminal fatty acid moiety. Two genes, dptE and dptF, localized upstream of the daptomycin nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes, are thought to be involved in the lipidation of daptomycin. Here we describe the cloning, heterologous expression, purification and biochemical characterization of the enzymes encoded by these genes. DptE was proven to preferentially activate branched mid‐ to long‐chain fatty acids under ATP consumption, and these fatty acids are subsequently transferred onto DptF, the cognate acyl carrier protein. Additionally, we demonstrate that lipidation of DptF by DptE in trans is based on specific protein–protein interactions, as DptF is favored over other acyl carrier proteins. Study of DptE and DptF may provide useful insights into the lipidation mechanism, and these enzymes may be used to generate novel daptomycin derivatives with altered fatty acids.
NWC, a new gene within RAG locus: could it keep GOD under control?
Authors: Kisielow P. , Miazek A. , Cebrat M.
Published: September 2008

NWC, newly discovered, evolutionarily conserved gene within recombination activating gene (RAG) locus is constitutively expressed in all cells except lymphocytes, in which it is developmentally regulated by RAG1 promoter. In lymphocytes, NWC promoter, which is located within RAG2 intron and drives expression of NWC in non‐lymphocytes, is inactive. Here, a hypothesis on the role of transcription of NWC in lymphocyte‐specific regulation of RAG expression and their suppression in all other cells is presented. It is proposed that during development, inactivation of NWC promoter and the placement of NWC under the control of RAG1 promoter releases RAG genes from permanent suppression and allows their lymphocyte specific expression but at the same time subjects them to transcriptional feedback inhibition type of suppression which could permit for a stringent control over their threat to genome stability and oncogenic potential.
Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor genes in Poles
Authors: Majorczyk E. , Łuszczek W. , Nowak I. , Pawlik A. , Wiśniewski A. , Jasek M. , Kuśnierczyk P.
Published: September 2008

Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) present on natural killer cells and minor subpopulations of T cells recognize class I human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules on the surface of target cells. Humans differ by the presence or absence of some KIR genes on their chromosomes. As KIRs are important for the outcome of tissue transplantation (particularly for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation) and possibly for pregnancy and autoimmune diseases, knowledge of the KIR gene distribution in a given human population is of practical value. Therefore, we tested 363 healthy individuals from Western Poland for the presence or absence of KIR genes. Results are compared with those published for other human populations. KIR gene frequencies in Poles are close to these in other Caucasoids but different from those in Asian and African populations, and particularly distant from those in Australian Aborigines.
The clinical implications of HLA mismatches in unrelated donor haematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Shaw B. E.
Published: September 2008

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), using unrelated donors (UD), is now a common modality of treatment for individuals with a variety of different diseases. HLA matching has been shown to have a significant impact on patient outcome. This study includes 423 unrelated UK patient/donor pairs. The patients and donors were typed at high resolution for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, ‐DQB1, ‐DPB1. The degree and type of HLA mismatch was found to be a significant factor affecting outcome. The matching status for DPB1, both at an allele and epitope level, significantly affected transplant complications. The findings of this study have made it possible to offer advice concerning the choice of the most appropriate unrelated donor to select in order to achieve the best patient outcomes.
Minor histocompatibility antigens: targets for tumour therapy and transplant tolerance
Authors: Spierings E.
Published: September 2008

Minor histocompatibility (H) antigens are allogeneic targets of T‐cell mediated immune reactivity following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Depending on the tissue expression profile of the minor H antigens this immune reactivity clinically results in graft‐vs‐host disease or in graft‐vs‐leukaemia effects. Targeting haematopoietic‐specific minor H antigens by adoptive immunotherapy will evoke leukaemia‐specific allo‐immune responses, thereby enhancing graft‐vs‐leukaemia effects. Recently, a novel alternative role for minor H antigens in transplantation has been described; minor H antigen‐specific T cells appear to be able to regulate allo‐immune responses after solid organ transplantation. This diversity in immune reactivity suggests a broad clinical potential of minor H antigens, both in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and in solid organ transplantation.
Genetic factors predicting IFN‐gamma generation potential in patients with sarcoidosis and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Lange A.
Published: September 2008

HLA B8, which is known to associate with a poor proliferative response, constitutes a risk factor of antinuclear antibodies formation in asbestos workers. B8 and DR3 are in a linkage disequilibrium with TNF*A2 allele which characterizes individuals as high TNF‐alpha producers. Therefore, haplotype having B8, DR3, TNF*A2 characterizes individuals with rather low proliferative response of lymphocytes and low IFN‐gamma generation potential. The above genetical features (B8, DR3 and TNF*A2), associated with a characteristic TNF alpha and IFN gamma generation profile, make sarcoidosis patients prone to develop Lofgren syndrome symptoms. Indeed, low IFN gamma producers genotype (3/3 homozygotes) and HLA DRB1*03 constitute risk factors of Lofgren syndrome in a combined fashion. In patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, low IFN gamma producer genotype make people more susceptible to CMV and EBV reactivation as well as to acute and chronic GvHD. Therefore, genetical factors associated with the magnitude of immune response are of a value in predicting the natural history of some diseases thus helping in diagnosis and in tailoring of the treatment.
Expansion of antileukaemia CTL lines and clones for adoptive cell therapy in paediatric patients given allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Montagna D. , Maccario R. , Locatelli F.
Published: September 2008

Recurrence of the original disease remains the main cause of treatment failure in patients given allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for either acute or chronic leukaemia. Infusion of donor lymphocytes (DLI) is useful for rescuing patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, while this option is of limited value in patients with acute leukaemia. Moreover, DLI may cause fatal graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) or prolonged myelosuppression. A more sophisticated approach is that of generating and expanding ex vivo T‐cell lines or clones able to selectively or preferentially lyse leukaemia blasts, while sparing non neoplastic targets. In this review, we will summarize the results we have obtained in vitro utilizing an approach based on the generation of leukaemia reactive cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes through the use of apoptotic leukaemia cells as source of tumor antigens. Our approach proved to be feasible and effective in the experimental model for different types of leukaemia, even when the donor was HLA‐disparate with the recipient. This strategy has to be tested in the clinical setting for proving its efficacy in preventing/treating leukaemia recurrence.
Protonated PAHs as carriers of diffuse interstellar bands
Authors: Pathak A. , Sarre P. J.
Published: September 2008

We report the first results of Time-dependent Density Functional Theory calculations of electronic transitions of protonated stable neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. Unlike most neutral closed-shell PAHs which generally absorb strongly in the ultraviolet (UV) or near-UV, the corresponding isoelectronic protonated forms of PAH molecules such as coronene and ovalene are predicted to have absorptions in the visible spectral region. Combining this with other astrophysical, chemical and physical aspects, it is concluded that the protonated forms of PAHs represent a strong class of candidate carriers of diffuse interstellar bands.
SUCROSE DETECTION AND THE STABILITY OF THE 2‐AFC PROCEDURE IN THE PRESENCE OF A CONFOUNDING VARIABLE
Authors: SHEPHERD DANIEL , QUEK SIEW YOUNG , PATHIRANA SREENI
Published: September 2008

This study attempted to measure absolute thresholds for sucrose in aqueous solution for 51 experienced judges. Two experiments utilizing the two‐alternative forced‐choice (2‐AFC) procedure generated 6‐point psychometric functions plotting percentage correct as a function of sucrose concentration. In both experiments, the judges were divided into two groups and tested in either purpose‐built sensory booths or on open tables situated in a laboratory. In the first experiment, the influence of a confounding variable was apparent, with nonmonotonic psychometric functions being obtained. In experiment II, the confounding variable was eliminated, permitting the estimation of absolute thresholds. In both experiments, there was no main effect of gender or session, though there was an effect of testing locality (P < 0.05). Data are reported to emphasize the importance of controlling extraneous variables and to demonstrate the robustness of the 2‐AFC procedure.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research contributes to an otherwise impoverished database on the detection of sucrose in a solution. The uses of the research include estimates of sucrose detection thresholds for comparative purposes; confirmation of the stability of the two‐alternative forced‐choice procedure; the utility of using formal testing areas as opposed to ad hoc testing stations; and the dangers of utilizing substandard experimental equipment while conducting research of this nature.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSORY LEXICON FOR CONVENTIONAL MILK YOGURT IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: COGGINS P.C. , SCHILLING M.W. , KUMARI S. , GERRARD P.D.
Published: September 2008

Ten trained panelists determined that 61 characteristics explained the flavor, aroma, texture, basic taste(s), feeling factors and appearance attributes inherent in 12 commercially produced yogurts formulated from bovine milk. When 12 yogurts were used to validate the sensory lexicon, differences (P < 0.05) existed in 37 of the original 61 characteristics. Yogurt brands were then differentiated based on these sensory attributes utilizing principal components analysis. This analysis revealed which attributes were most important in both explaining plain yogurt as well as allowed the clustering of different brands into groups based on taste, aroma, appearance and/or texture. Taste and texture characteristics were more effective at differentiating yogurt treatments than aroma and appearance. Even though taste and texture characteristics allowed trained panelists to identify, differentiate and categorize products, the yogurt could not be differentiated or categorized by fat percentage or source of milk (organic versus conventional).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

A sensory lexicon was developed that is effective in the characterization and differentiation of nonflavored yogurts. Flavor and texture attributes were effective at differentiating yogurts, but yogurt products could not be grouped together according to sensory descriptors based on fat percentage and milk source (organic versus conventional).
Vulnerability of a Public Supply Well in a Karstic Aquifer to Contamination
Authors: Katz B.G. , McBride W.S. , Hunt A.G. , Crandall C.A. , Metz P.A. , Eberts S.M. , Berndt M.P.
Published: September 2008

To assess the vulnerability of ground water to contamination in the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA), age‐dating tracers and selected anthropogenic and naturally occurring compounds were analyzed in multiple water samples from a public supply well (PSW) near Tampa, Florida. Samples also were collected from 28 monitoring wells in the UFA and the overlying surficial aquifer system (SAS) and intermediate confining unit located within the contributing recharge area to the PSW. Age tracer and geochemical data from the earlier stage of the study (2003 through 2005) were combined with new data (2006) on concentrations of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), tritium (3H), and helium‐3, which were consistent with binary mixtures of water for the PSW dominated by young water (less than 7 years). Water samples from the SAS also indicated mostly young water (less than 7 years); however, most water samples from monitoring wells in the UFA had lower SF6 and 3H concentrations than the PSW and SAS, indicating mixtures containing high proportions of older water (more than 60 years). Vulnerability of the PSW to contamination was indicated by predominantly young water and elevated nitrate‐N and volatile organic compound concentrations that were similar to those in the SAS. Elevated arsenic (As) concentrations (3 to 19 μg/L) and higher As(V)/As(III) ratios in the PSW than in water from UFA monitoring wells indicate that oxic water from the SAS likely mobilizes As from pyrite in the UFA matrix. Young water found in the PSW also was present in UFA monitoring wells that tap a highly transmissive zone (43‐ to 53‐m depth) in the UFA.
Quantifying Potential Recharge in Mantled Sinkholes Using ERT
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin F. , Schreiber Madeline E.
Published: September 2008

Potential recharge through thick soils in mantled sinkholes was quantified using differential electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Conversion of time series two‐dimensional (2D) ERT profiles into 2D volumetric water content profiles using a numerically optimized form of Archie’s law allowed us to monitor temporal changes in water content in soil profiles up to 9 m in depth. Combining Penman‐Monteith daily potential evapotranspiration (PET) and daily precipitation data with potential recharge calculations for three sinkhole transects indicates that potential recharge occurred only during brief intervals over the study period and ranged from 19% to 31% of cumulative precipitation. Spatial analysis of ERT‐derived water content showed that infiltration occurred both on sinkhole flanks and in sinkhole bottoms. Results also demonstrate that mantled sinkholes can act as regions of both rapid and slow recharge. Rapid recharge is likely the result of flow through macropores (such as root casts and thin gravel layers), while slow recharge is the result of unsaturated flow through fine‐grained sediments. In addition to developing a new method for quantifying potential recharge at the field scale in unsaturated conditions, we show that mantled sinkholes are an important component of storage in a karst system.
Private Equity, Corporate Governance, and the Reinvention of the Market for Corporate Control
Authors: Wruck Karen H.
Published: September 2008

In the early 1980s, during the first U.S. wave of debt‐financed hostile takeovers and leveraged buyouts, finance professors Michael Jensen and Richard Ruback introduced the concept of the “market for corporate control” and defined it as “the market in which alternative management teams compete for the right to manage corporate resources.” Since then, the dramatic expansion of the private equity market, and the resulting competition between corporate (or “strategic”) and “financial” buyers for deals, have both reinforced and revealed the limitations of this old definition.

This article explains how, over the past 25 years, the private equity market has helped reinvent the market for corporate control, particularly in the U.S. What's more, the author argues that the effects of private equity on the behavior of companies both public and private have been important enough to warrant a new definition of the market for corporate control—one that, as presented in this article, emphasizes corporate governance and the benefits of the competition for deals between private equity firms and public acquirers.

Along with their more effective governance systems, top private equity firms have developed a distinctive approach to reorganizing companies for efficiency and value. The author's research on private equity, comprising over 20 years of interviews and case studies as well as large‐sample analysis, has led her to identify four principles of reorganization that help explain the success of these buyout firms. Besides providing a source of competitive advantage to private equity firms, the management practices that derive from these four principles are now being adopted by many public companies. And, in the author's words, “private equity's most important and lasting contribution to the global economy may well be its effect on the world's public corporations—those companies that will continue to carry out the lion's share of the world's growth opportunities.”
Foreign Body in the Bronchus of a Dog
Authors: SINGLETON W. B.
Published: September 2008

Abstract— A clinical report of a foreign body, its diagnosis and removal from the bronchus of a dog. The case is documented by radiographs.

Résumé— Rapport clinique au sujet ?un corps étranger dans la bronche ?un chien; diagnostic et elimination du corps étranger. Ce cas est documenté par des radiographics.

Zusammenfassung— Klinischer Bericht über einen Fremdkörper im Bronchus eines Hundes; Diagnose und Beseitigung des Fremdkörpers. Der Fall wird durch Radiographien beleft.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Distemper and Virus Hepatitis*
Authors: BOWDEN R. S. T.
Published: September 2008

Abstract— The various laboratory diagnostic techniques available for the diagnosis of canine distemper and canine virus hepatitis (Rubarth's Disease) are tabulated together with the means of application.

Résumé— Description des diverses méthodes dont on se sert pour le diagnostic laboratoire de la maladie de Carré et de ľhépatite à virus du chien (maladie de Rubarth), ainsi que des modes ?application de ces méthodes.

Zusammenfassung— –Es werden die verschiedenen Methoden zur Laboratoriums‐Diagnose der Hundestaupe und der Virus‐Hepatitis (Rubarth'sche Krankheit) zusammengestellt, und ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten beschrieben.
Conditioned Reflexes and Innate Behaviour of the Neonate Dog
Authors: FOX M. W.
Published: September 2008

Abstract— The normal behaviour pattern and reflex activity of the neonate puppy is described and observations on primitive reflexes are made on litters from various breeds up to the age of 8 weeks. The relationship between some congenital diseases and the persistence or disappearance of normal primitive reflexes is also discussed.

Résumé— La structure du comportement normal et ľactivité réflexe sont décrites chez le chien nouveau‐né, et des observations sont faites sr les réflexes primitifs recherchés dans des portées de plusieurs races jusqu'à ľǎge de 8 semaines. Est également discuté le rapport entre certaines maladies congénitales et la persistance ou la disparition de réflexes primitifs normaux.

Zusammenfassung— Beschreibung des normalen Verhaltensmusters und der Reflexaktivität beim neugeborenen Hund sowie Beobachtungen an primitiven Reflexen bei Würfen verschiedener Rassen bis zum Alter von 8 Wochen. Ferner wird der Zusammenhang zwischen gewissen angeborenen Krankheiten und dem Fortbestehen oder Verschwinden normaler primitiver Reflexe behandelt.
A Review of the Application and Interpretation of Laboratory Aids in Clinical Diagnosis*
Authors: BODDIE G. F.
Published: September 2008

Résumé— L'emploi des différentes aides diagnostiques de laboratoire est décrit. En discutant ľemploi de ces examens, ľon insiste surtout sur ľanalyse des urines, ľhématologie clinique et la biochimie sanguine. Seuls sont étudiés les examens de laboratoire présentant une valeur réelle dans le diagnostic différentiel. Plus particulièrement, dans les maladies pré‐rénales les examens urinaires étudiés sont les pigments biliaires, les sels, les pigments sanguins, le Sucre, les corps cétoniques et ľindicane; dans les maladies rénales et post‐rénales les examens étudiés sont les proteines, le sang et le culot urinaires. En ce qui concerne ľhématochirme clinique les examens étudies sont ľureé sanguine, la glycémie, la bilirubinémie et le dosage de la transaminase. Le test ?hypo‐fonctionnement pan‐créatique, ainsi que ľhématologie clinique, et ľexamen de la moelle sanguine sont également discutés.

Zusammenfassung— Eine Besprechung der Laborhilfen für die Diagnose. Bei der Erörterung ihrer Anwendung wird insbesondere auf Urinanalyse, klinische Hämatologie und Blutchemie eingegangen. Es werden nur solche Laboruntersuchungen behandelt, die für die Differentialdiagnose von echtem Wert sind. Bezüglich Abnormalitäten des Primärharns werden insbesondere Gallen‐farbstoffe, Salze, BlutfarbstofT, Zuckerketonkörper und Indikan behandelt, bezüglich Abnormalitäten des Harns in der Niere und nach Verlassen der Niere werden Eiweiss, Blut und Niederschläge behandelt. Im Zusammenhang mit der klinischen Blutchemie werden Blutharnstoff, Blutzucker, Bilirubin und Transaminasen erörtert. Ferner wird dauf den Bauchspeicheldrüsenunterfunktions‐Test, auf klinische Hämatologie und Knochenmarksuntersuchungen eingegangen.
A Preliminary Communication on the Use of an Enzyme Preparation in Small Animal Geriatrics
Authors: DE HAAN W.
Published: September 2008

Abstract—A preliminary account is given of the clinical results from treating various disorders of ageing dogs and cats with an enzyme preparation; this preparation is a combination of tyrosinase and amine‐oxidase, and enzymes of the lipid metabolism.

Résumé—Un compte‐rendu préliminaire est présenté des résultats cliniques du traitement par des préparations ?enzymes de diverses maladies chez le chien et le chat ǎgés; cette préparation comporte un mélange de tyrosinase, ?amine‐oxydase et des enzymes de métabolisme lipidique. Un certain nombre de cas cliniques est présenté pour illustrer les résultats.

Zusammenfassung—Vorläufiger Bericht über die klinischen Ergebnisse bei der Behandlung verschiedener Krankheiten alternder Hunde und Katzen mit einem Enzympräparat; dises Präparat ist eine Verbindung von Tyrosinase und Aminooxydase sowie von Enzymen des Fettstoffwechsels. Zur Veranschaulichung sind eine Anzahl Frankengeschichten beigefügt.
Comparative aspects of renal transplantation in man and dog*
Authors: THOMPSON A. E.
Published: September 2008

The present situation in human renal transplantation is described and the difficulties are emphasized. The value of canine experiments in solving the problems is explained.

Résumé. On décrit la situation actuelle en matière de greffes rénales chez l'homme et on souligne les difficultés rencontrées. On explique l'apport que les experiénces sur les chiens pourrait faire à la solution des problèmes.

Zusammenfassung. Die gegenwärtige Situation hinsichtlich der Nierentransplantation beim Menschen wird beschrieben und die Schwieregkeiten werden betont. Der Wert der Tierversuche mit Hunden für die Lösung der Probleme wird erläutert.
Congestive cardiac failure as a result of tuberculous pericarditis
Authors: FISHER E. W. , THOMPSON H.
Published: September 2008

A clinical case of tuberculous pericarditis in the dog is described. Necropsy indicated that the disease was widely disseminated throughout the body of the dog including kidney and lung. This animal therefore constituted a public health risk.

Résumé. On décrit un cas clinique de péricardite tuberculeuse chez le chien. L'autopsie a révélé que la maladie s'était fortemente répandue dans le corps du chien et avait atteint les reins et les poumons. Par conséquent, cet animal menaçait la santé publique.

Zusammenfassung. Ein klinischer Fall von tuberkulöser Pericarditis beim Hund wird beschrieben. Die Nekropsie zeigte, dass sich die Krankheit weit im Körper des Hundes, auch in der Niere und Lunge, verbreitet hatte. Dieses Tier stellte deshalb ein öffentliches Gesundheitsrisiko dar.
A comparison of cerebral arteriography and cavernous sinus venography in the dog
Authors: Lee R. , Griffiths I. R.
Published: September 2008

The technique and relative merits of cerebral arteriography and cavernous sinus venography are reviewed. Of seven cases investigated by cerebral arteriography, only one case showed evidence of abnormality and this was confirmed at post‐mortem. Of nine cases investigated by cavernous sinus venography, six cases had positive findings, five of which have subsequently been substantiated pathologically.

Résumé. On passe en revue les techniques et les mérites relatifs de l'artériographie cérébrale et de la veinographie du sinus cavnereux. Sur 7 cas soumis à l'artériographie cérébrale, un seul a presénté des anomalies confirmées à l'autopsie. Sur les 9 cas dans lesquels on a utilisé la veinographie du sinus caverneux, 6 ont donné des résultats positifs et parmi eux, 5 ont reçu une confirmation anatomo‐pathologique ultérieure.

Zusammenfassung. Die Methoden und relativen Vorzüge der cerebralen Artériographie und der cavernösen Sinusvenographie werden besprochen. Von den sieben mit cerebraler Artériographie untersuchten Fällen zeigte nur einer Anzeichen von Anomalität, die bei der Autopsie bestätigt wurde. Von neun Fällen, die mit cavernösen Sinusvenographie untersucht wurden, ergaben sechs positive Befunde, von denen fünf später pathologisch bestätigt wurden.
Multiple myeloma in a dog
Authors: ODUYE OLADIPO O. , LOSOS G. J.
Published: September 2008

This paper describes a case of multiple myeloma in a 3‐year‐old mongrel bitch. The diagnosis was established by histopathological examination of post‐mortem material. The tumour formed nodular masses on the fourth left rib and third and fourth lumbar vertebrae; it also involved the sternal lymph nodes, spleen, liver and kidneys. Demonstration of amyloid deposits in the kidney was inconclusive.

Résumé. Observation d'un cas de myélome multiple chez une chienne bâtarde de 3 ans. Le diagnostic a été fait d'après les données histopathologiques après autopsie. La tumeur formait des masses nodulaires au niveau de la 4éme côte gauche et des vertèbres L 3 et L 4; elle intéressait aussi les ganglions lymphatiques parasternaux, la rate, le foier et les reins. La présence de dépôts amyloïdes dans le rein n'apportait aucun renseignement complémentaire.

Zusammenfassung. Diese Abhandlung beschreibt einen Fall von multiplem Myelom bei einer 3 Jahre alten Bastardhündin. Die Diagnose beruhte auf der histopathologischen Untersuchung von Autopsiematerial. Der Tumor bildete nodulare Massen an der vierten Rippe links und am dritten und vierten Lendenwirbel; er involvierte auch die sternalen Lymphknoten, Milz, Leber und Nieren. Der Nachweis von Amyloidablagerungen in der Niere war nicht überzeugend.
Three cases of alopecia in the dog related to adrenocortical dysfunction
Authors: Delmage David A.
Published: September 2008

Three cases of alopecia in the dog are described; a Miniature Poodle showed bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia; another Miniature Poodle had hypercortisolaemia with virilization probably associated with hyper‐adrenocorticism; and the third dog, a cross‐breed, had hypocortisolaemia associated with bilateral adrenocortical adenomata.

Résumé. On décrit trois cas d'alopécie chez le chien; un caniche nain présentait une hyper‐plasie corticosurrénale; un autre chien de la même race avait une hypercortisolémie avec virilisme, due probablement à un hypercorticisme; le troisième chien, de race impure avait une hypercortisolémie due à des adénomes corticosurrénaux bilatéraux.

Zusammenfassung. Es werden drei Fälle von Alopecia beim Hund beschrieben; ein Zwergpudel zeigte bilaterale adrenocorticale Hyperplasie; ein anderer Zwergpudel hatte Hypercorti‐solämie mit Virilisation wahrscheinlich in Verbindung mit Hyperadrenocorticismus, und der dritte Hund, eine Kreuzung, hatte Hypocortisolämie verbunden mit bilateralen adrenocorti‐calen Adenomen.
Horner's syndrome following common carotid artery catheterization in cats
Authors: Kneller S. K. , Lewis R. E. , Oliver J. E.
Published: September 2008

Horner's syndrome is characterized by ptosis of the upper eyelid, miosis and enophthalmos and is caused by sympathetic denervation. It has been described in man and animals as a result of trauma, neoplasia, and degeneration of portions of the sympathetic pathway to the eye.

Horner's syndrome was observed following aortography by carotid catheterization in seven of sixteen cats. Changes persisted for 24 hr to 6 weeks. The aetiology appeared to be trauma to sympathetic fibres during dissection of the area for catheterization.

Résumé. Le syndrome de Horner est caracterisé par la ptose de la paupière supérieure, par l'iose et par l'énervation sympathique. On l'a decrit dans l'homme et dans les animaux par suite du trauma, de la neoplase et de la degenerescence de parties du sentier sympathique à l'oeil.

Le syndrome de Horner était observé à la suite d'aortographie par le sondage carotidien dans sept des seize chats. Les changements continuaient pendant vingtquatre heures à six semaines. L'aetiologie apparaissait d'etre le trauma à fibres sympathiques pendant le decoupage de l'aire pour le sondage.

Zusammenfassung. Das Syndrom von Horner wird durch die Ptose des oberen Augenlids, durch die lose und durch die Enophthalme gekennzeichnet und die Ursache ist sympathische Nervenentfernung. Man hat es in Mensch und in Tieren beschrieban, wie eine Folge von der Verletzung, von der Neoplasie und von der Kolloidentartung von Anteilen des sympathischen Laufstegs zum Augen.

Das Syndrom von Horner wird nach der Aortographie von Carotissondierung in sieben der sechszehn Katzen beobachtet. Die Veränderungen beharrten während vierundzwanzig Stunden bis sechs Wochen. Die Aetiologie erschien, die Verletzung zu den sympathischen Fasen während der Zerlegung des Areas für Sondierung, zu sein.
Pneumotharax due to Filaroides osleri infestation in the dog
Authors: Burrows Colin F. , O'Brien Joan A. , Biery Darryl N.
Published: September 2008

This article describes the occurrence of Filaroides osleri infestation in a 11/2 year‐old male Miniature Schnauzer dog in which the presenting sign was recurrent pneumothorax, Diagnosis was made by direct visualization of the lesions caused by the parasite at bronchoscopic examination. Successful treatment consisted of endobronchial removal of the obstructing nodules. The unusual presenting signs exhibited by the dog are discussed in the light of current knowledge of the disease.

Résumé. Cet article décrit l'apparition d'infestation ‘Filaroides’ osleri dans un chien Schnauzer‐nain mâle âgé d'un an et demi dans lequel le signe apparent se traduisait par un pneumothorax périodique. On a fait le diagnostique par une observation visuelle directe des lésions causées par le parasite à l'examen bronchoscopique. Le traitement qui a réussi a consisté en l'enlèvement endobronchique des nodules obstructifs. Les signes rares montrés par le chien sont discutés à la lumière de la connaissance actuelle de la maladie.

Zusammenfassung. Dieser Artikel beschreibt das Vorkommen des Befalls ‘Filaroides osleri’ in einem Kleinschnauzer Hund, der eineinhalb Jahre alt ist, in dem das sichbare Zeichen, wiederkehrender Pheumathode war. Die Diagnose wirt von director Sichtbarmachung der Verletzungen gemacht, die vom Parasit in bronchoscopisher Untersuchung verursachten. Die glückliche Behandlung bestand aus inner bronchialer Abtrennung der verstopfenden Knötchen. Die aussergewöhnliche Zeichen vorzeigten vom Hund, werden im Lichte vom laufenden Wissen der Krankheit besprochen.