bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Progressive Era
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

In 1908, Alonzo Bailey, a poor black agricultural laborer, signed a contract in Alabama to work for a white planter for one year at wages of twelve dollars per month. For unknown reasons, Bailey subsequently left the plantation, thus breaching his contract. He was arrested under a state law criminalizing the fraudulent undertaking of a labor contract that paid advance wages. The law made a breach prima facie evidence of fraudulent intent—a presumption that state evidence law did not permit defendants to rebut with their testimony. Bailey was tried, convicted, and sentenced to serve 136 days at hard labor.
The Interwar Period
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

In 1919, black tenant farmers and sharecroppers in Phillips County, Arkansas, tried to organize a union and to hire white lawyers to sue planters for peonage practices. Local whites cracked down with a vengeance. When whites shot into a church where black unionists were meeting, blacks returned the gunfire. A white man was killed. Mayhem quickly ensued. Marauding whites, some from adjoining states, supported by federal troops ostensibly dispatched to quell the disturbance, went on a rampage. They tracked down blacks throughout the countryside and killed dozens of them. Seventy-nine blacks, and no whites, were prosecuted and convicted for their actions during this “race riot,” and twelve received the death penalty. The trials of those twelve lasted only an hour or two each, and the juries, from which blacks had been systematically excluded, deliberated for only a few minutes. Huge mobs of angry whites surrounded the courthouse, menacing the defendants and the jurors and threatening a lynching. Six of the defendants appealed their death sentences to the Supreme Court, arguing that mob-dominated trials violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Brown and the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Klarman Michael J .
Published: October 2023

Many commentators have called Brown the most important Court decision of the twentieth century, perhaps the most important ever. Judicial decisions can matter in many different ways. This section considers Brown’s direct consequences: How much school desegregation did it produce? The next section examines a variety of possible indirect effects.
Brain Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Written for neurologists and other physicians who participate in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, this book synthesizes the authors' clinical experiences. The first seven chapters provide a foundation for tumor pathology, biology, radiology, and the treatment modalities of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The remaining eight chapters have a common format, reviewing the history, epidemiology, biology, pathology, clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and complications of specific tumors.
How Are We Doing?
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa
Published: October 2023

The Dominance of the “Economy.” Is the GDP rising? Is the stock market strong? Are businesses prospering? Is inflation low? Is the deficit shrinking? Are exports increasing? These are the types of questions we ask when we wish to know “how we are doing” as a nation.
The Tasks of Visibility:
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa
Published: October 2023

AN We Direction for Social Reporting Beyond the task of creating new indicators, concepts, tools, and language for the field, lies the need to make information about social conditions more available and accessible to the public. Social reporting helps to fulfill a basic requirement of a democratic society; it enriches public discourse and encourages political and civic involvement. In order to contribute to this very fundamental process, information must be consistently reported and it must be made available in a form that is useful to the general public and to those who make policy.
The Precursors of Pan-Islamism: Peripheral Islam and the Caliphal Center
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

The idea of Islamic unity remained an alien concept to Muslim rulers until the nineteenth century, despite the pervasive feeling of religious communality and brotherhood among the mass of believers. Prior to the nineteenth century, in spite of a few vague and isolated calls for unity, the Islamic states failed to develop a concept of unity or to achieve a military alliance against the West or Christendom, or even against the Crusaders who occupied the heartland of the Middle East from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. The Muslim rulers used the call to cihad, or holy war, to fight each other instead of the perceived enemies of Islam. They were far more concerned with their personal economic, political, and military power than with the fate of Islam or of their Muslim subjects, although the faith gave them their legitimacy and the subjects furnished them with taxes and manpower. The famous Timur (Tamerlane, Timurlenk), who claimed to be a good Muslim, crushed the Golden Horde in 1395 and thus indirectly helped the Muscovy principality to annihilate and annex the Kazan hanate in 1552; and he also nearly put an end to the Ottoman state by defeating and incarcerating Beyazit I in 1402.
The Caliphate and Ottoman Foreign Policy in Africa
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

The maintenance of authority over the Hicaz was dependent on controlling the land and sea approaches to this vital province. Although the north was securely in Ottoman hands, the east and even the south consisted of wide stretches of desert; and the western border, formed by the Red Sea, remained very vulnerable to outside attacks. Defense of the Red Sea acquired greater importance after the French occupied Tunisia in 1881 and the English occupied Egypt in 1882, especially as Paris seemed determined to move further south and east toward the Hicaz. North and Central Africa then emerged as a primary line of defense for the Ottoman possessions in the Middle East, especially Arabia. Ottoman strategic interests in Africa and Abdulhamid’s Islamist policy, therefore, became mutually interdependent and inseparable.
The Reconstruction of State, Community-Nation, and Identity
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

Sultan Abdulhamid developed and implemented his Islamism with two key purposes in mind. His first goal was to achieve unity among Ottoman Muslims and thus prevent the fragmentation of his country into national territorial states. Domestically, therefore, he employed every economic, educational, and financial means available to strengthen the Ottoman state internally, although in the process he inadvertently accelerated its structural transformation and helped change the very meaning of “state.” His second purpose, to maintain peace at all costs, stemmed from his knowledge that both the integration of the Muslim population and the maintenance of the Empire’s territorial integrity were vitally dependent on peace. In his foreign policy he tried to remain on friendly terms with the big powers, yet prevent their interference in Ottoman domestic affairs, even accepting the loss of eastern Rumili to Bulgaria in 1885 in order to avoid a possible war and subsequent Russian or English interference. At the same time, the sultan constantly, though subtly, used the threat of cihad to prevent such interference and balanced the ambitions of one European power against another.
Household Income: Its Composition and Growth
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

The household is the basic unit of estimation in this study. Household income includes the earnings of each individual member as well as the collective earnings of the household from enterprises, property, and transfer. Each member of a household is assumed to have the same income, the per capita income of the household. As have other studies of this kind, we have found it impossible to address the issue of intra-household difference in income.
Trends in the Incidence of Poverty
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 1, we argued that there was a major shift in China’s development policy around the middle of the 1980s. Before that time, China’s reform program was focused on the rural economy, and the growth of the latter was the principal element of China’s economic growth. Since the middle of the 1980s, China’s development strategy has increasingly been focused on a closer integration with the rapidly globalizing world economy, and China’s growth has been concentrated in non-agricultural activities. The distributional consequences of growth on China’s poor have been very different in the two periods. During the initial period of reform, until about 1985, China achieved a rapid reduction in the incidence of poverty. After the mid-l980s, the rate of reduction in poverty drastically slowed and arguably was halted or even reversed. There is a broad agreement among all analysts about a break in the trend in poverty reduction in the mid-1980s, although there is some disagreement, especially between the official sources and the rest, about the nature and extent of the slowdown in the rate of poverty reduction after that date.
Gender, Health, and Education Human Development Dimensions of Inequality
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

It is now time to discuss some broader aspects of distribution, with respect to both subjects and objects of distribution. Examined over the global population, income is far from perfectly correlated with other aspects of human well-being, such as longevity, health, education, and a clean natural environment. The concept of “sustainable human development” (SHD), promoted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), was designed to examine directly the impact of economic growth (or its absence) on the human capabilities embodied in these and other important aspects of well-being. Inevitably, a new index emerged: UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI), which encompasses the most easily quantified and measured factors that contribute to SHD—longevity, educational status, and income. Special indices were also developed to measure other factors not included in HD I, such as the empowerment of women and the extent of poverty. Still others, such as human freedom and environmental health, have not yet been subject to convincing quantification.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

Unlike many other countries in transition from a regime of central planning to one of market coordination, China has experienced almost uninterrupted economic growth since its reforms began in the late 1970s. Between 1988 and 1995, the years of our two surveys, real per capita GDP increased at an annual rate of 8.1% per year—which amounts to an aggregate growth of 72% when compounded over seven years. Accumulated rapid growth has transformed the appearance of the country, especially the coastal cities and their surrounding farm belts. Changes have been qualitative as well as quantitative, with substantial shifts in popular attitudes and behavior, a proliferation of retail shops and restaurants, and a mushrooming of foreign direct investment and trade; the last has brought imported consumer durables, including all the accouterments of modern information technology.
What Happens at a Musculoskeletal Examination?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Something is not right. It’s not that you don’t feel well, but something different is going on. It could be that you are newly stiff, achy, or have noticed a deformity on your hand. What needs to be done? Who should you see? This chapter will guide you to a physician who can evaluate musculoskeletal complaints, initiate a diagnostic workup, and recommend treatment. I Hurt. Who Should I See To Evaluate My Complaint? There is a seemingly bewildering array of musculoskeletal specialists. Some are physicians; others are not. (Chapter 22 reviews the responsibilities of these practitioners.) However, for all practical purposes, a primary care physician should be your starting point. These doctors are general practitioners, family practitioners, or internal medicine specialists, depending on the amount of training and expertise they have. For patients who have Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) or Point of Service (POS) plans, there is often no choice. These physicians serve a “gatekeeper” function, and evaluate initial complaints.
The Lower Body
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

The major joints involved in osteoarthritis of the lower extremity are in the hip, knee, ankle, and feet. Although the general principles of taking a history, performing a physical examination, and making a diagnosis are similar, each joint complex has its own unique pathology and characteristics. We’ll cover these regions from top to bottom. LET’S Get Hip The hip joint represents a meeting of two of the largest bony structures of the body. A ball-and-socket joint four inches deep under the skin that cannot be felt, this joint connects the femur with the pelvis (Figure 21). The femur is the longest bone in the body and connects to the pelvis in a cavity known as the acetabulum, formed by the fusion of three pelvic bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The joint is extremely stable. Anchored by strong ligaments and bursae, the femoral head is two thirds of a perfect sphere, 40% of which is enclosed by the acetabulum.
But Doctor, I’m in Pain!
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Pain is the most common symptom which brings osteoarthritis to a patient’s (and doctor’s) attention. It is far more frequently noted than fatigue, stiffness, or muscle weakness. There are many causes of osteoarthritis pain, and its management depends on the source. This chapter will review the reasons why osteoarthritis patients experience pain and what can be done about it. Why Do I Hurt? The International Association for the Study of Pain has defined pain as an unpleasant sensory and cultural experience. Some patients with osteoarthritis have no symptoms, yet others complain of mild to severe pain. Why is this the case? Pain is usually experienced with joint loading and relieved with rest. A variety of factors contribute to the perception of pain in osteoarthritis (shown in Figure 51). The synovial membrane or joint lining might not get enough oxygen, limiting the blood flow.
Special Cases
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

We’ve been asked at times if children can develop osteoarthritis. After all, most people think of osteoarthritis as a disease of aging. Although there are forms of arthritis evident in childhood, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile spondylitis, lupus, and Kawasaki’s disease, osteoarthritis, per se, is not present in children. Nevertheless, certain formative features of bone which become evident during growth ensure or greatly increase the risk of osteoarthritis in later life. These will be reviewed here, along with a consideration of what happens when pregnancy occurs in osteoarthritis patients. Can People Be Born With Osteoarthritis Or Develop It As Children? Collagen is a form of loose connective tissue that is responsible for certain aspects of bone formation. Hyaline cartilage consists of large amounts of Type II collagen. Gene mutations have been described in families that result in the underproduction of Type II collagen. These individuals tend to develop early osteoarthritis with an onset during adolescence, and it tends to involve weight-bearing joints. Trying to identify the genes that can program the body towards developing osteoarthritis is the focus of intense scrutiny.
New Directions
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

The standard treatments for osteoarthritis available today include non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic remedies. Nonpharmacologic therapies involve losing weight, exercising to improve muscle strength and endurance, and improving an overall sense of well-being. Drug treatments include pain and anti-inflammatory medications as well as corticosteroid injections. Surgical and complementary approaches have also been reviewed. Despite these often effective treatments, osteoarthritis is associated with an unacceptably high risk of causing loss of function and disability, and with poor self-esteem and societal dependency. Fortunately, researchers are looking into a variety of creative and innovative therapies. This chapter will review some of these promising avenues. Making What We Already Have, Better The introduction of selective cox-2 blocking drugs in 1998 was a major step in making arthritis therapy effective and safer. Newer selective cox-2 blockers and related cox-3 and nitric oxide inhibitors will be on the market in the next few years. Tramadol (Ultram) blocks the excitatory amino acid pathway, which may be an important mediator of osteoarthritis as
The Choice of Specific Clauses in the Constitution
Authors: Mcguire Robert A
Published: October 2023

Despite the hundreds of studies on the formation of the Constitution and the importance of its specific design, none has formally and systematically analyzed the factors explaining the choices of specific clauses in the Constitution. Accordingly, this chapter presents an economic analysis of voting on specific issues at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention of 1787, concentrating on the choices the framers made in Philadelphia.
Another Look at the Choice of Specific Clauses
Authors: Mcguire Robert A
Published: October 2023

For some scholars, a potential difficulty with the estimation of voting behavior in chapter 3 might be that the personal interests of the framers were treated as primary motivating factors in the choices they made at the Philadelphia convention. For some, the interests of the citizens (the framers’ constituents) should have been paramount in explaining the choices made at Philadelphia. As the historiography on the Constitution indicates, the role of constituent interests versus personal interests in the creation of the Constitution can be viewed as an issue of competing hypotheses about the framers’ behavior.
The Choice of the Basic Design of the Constitution
Authors: Mcguire Robert A
Published: October 2023

The examination of the Philadelphia convention presented so far offers an economic explanation for voting on interest-specific clauses considered for inclusion in the Constitution. The examination relied on the theory of self interested, partisan behavior among constitutional actors. An alternative hypothesis in constitutional economics that has recently emerged suggests that disinterested, nonpartisan voting behavior may better explain the choice of the basic design of a constitution than a presumption of self interested, partisan behavior. Yet the issue of disinterested, nonpartisan voting has not heretofore been formally analyzed.
The Law Of Sanctuary
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: October 2023

The medieval law of sanctuary permitted any person who had committed a serious crime to take refuge in a church, churchyard, or other designated place of asylum. It was a valuable privilege. In theory, and normally in practice as well, anyone who reached a place of asylum escaped vengeance at the hands of his enemies and punishment at the hands of his rulers. Sanctuary meant everything the term implied—a refuge where a person in real danger would be safe from harm. This source of refuge was widely available in medieval Europe. Places where sanctuary might be sought could come into existence by the grants of emperors, popes, and kings and in most places by prescription as well. They could be located virtually anywhere, although churches were al- ways regarded as the most natural sites for sanctuary, just as they have proved to be in attempts to bring the concept back to life in our own day. Churches were certainly the most numerous of the places available for asylum. Indeed, by both the canon and the Roman laws, all churches were automatically entitled to this privileged status. English lawyers commonly said that a criminal “fled to church” as a shorthand way of saying that he had taken sanctuary, and this expression was fully in line with what was done in life.
Aging and Neural Responses in the Heart
Authors: Dobson James G , Fenton Richard A
Published: October 2023

The nervous system is important in the modulation of the peripheral circulation and cardiac pump to ensure an adequate supply of blood to all mammalian tissues. A major component of the control of heart function derives from arterial baroreflexes that exert their influence via the autonomic parasympathetic and sympathetic outflow to the nodal tissue and myocardium. As adult mammals age, profound changes occur in the cardiovascular responses to autonomic nerve activity. Generally, there is a depressed responsiveness. For example, one cardiovascular manifestation of aging is the vascular hypotension148 that results from a reduced heart rate response to an orthostatic challenge.13 Although baroreflex regulation of sympathetic activity appears to remain unchanged with aging,22A0,147 an overall decrease in cardiac vagal activity and heightened sympathetic dis­ charge under basal conditions is observed.4°Furthermore, an age-inducedreduction of norepinephrine reuptake as determined by enhanced neurotransmitter overflow would be expected to amplify adrenergic signaling.44 Yet the arterial baroreflex control of the heart rate is attenuated in the aged heart.40 As a result, with a fall in sinus pressure the heart rate does not increase commensurate with expectations. Although it has been suggested that orthostatic intolerance can result partly from inadequate increases in released norepinephrine in response to reduced barorecep­ tor activity,57 an age-induced change in end-organ sensitivity to neurotransmitters most likely plays a primary role. Since it appears that age­ induced morphological changes in neural structures within the heart1 do not affect their functional activity,3 the focus of this chapter will be on age-induced changes in neurotransmitter release and myocardial responsiveness to neurotransmitters.
Introduction
Authors: Hutner Heidi
Published: October 2023

In seventeenth-century accounts of English expansion and colonization, the native woman is presented as a symbol of the New World. Her body is identified with the land and its native inhabitants: she is at once terrifying and beautiful, dangerous and nurturing.1
Exiled Royalties
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: October 2023

Exiled Royalties is a literary-biographical study of the course of Melville's career from his experience in Polynesia through his retirement from the New York Custom House and his composition of three late volumes of poetry and Billy Budd, Sailor. Conceived separately but narratively and thematically intertwined, the ten essays in the book are rooted in a belief that "Melville's work," as Charles Olson said, "must be left in his own 'life,'" which for Milder means primarily his spiritual, psychological, and vocational life. Four of the ten essays deal with Melville's life and work after his novelistic career ended with the The Confidence-Man in 1857. The range of issues addressed in the essays includes Melville's attitudes toward society, history, and politics, from broad ideas about democracy and the course of Western civilization to responses to particular events like the Astor Place Riots and the Civil War; his feeling about sexuality and, throughout the book, about religion; his relationship to past and present writers, especially to the phases of Euro-American Romanticism, post-Romanticism, and nascent Modernism; his relationship to his wife, Lizzie, to Hawthorne, and to his father, all of whom figured in the crisis that made for Pierre. The title essay, "Exiled Royalties," takes its origin from Ishmael's account of "the larger, darker, deeper part of Ahab"--Melville's mythic projection of a "larger, darker, deeper part" of himself. How to live nobly in spiritual exile--to be godlike in the perceptible absence of God--was a lifelong preoccupation for Melville, who, in lieu of positive belief, transposed the drama of his spiritual life to literature. The ways in which this impulse expressed itself through Melville's forty-five year career, interweaving itself with his personal life and the life of the nation and shaping both the matter and manner of his work, is the unifying subject of Exiled Royalties.
Anticipating Freedom: Melville and Polynesia
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: October 2023

In Memories of a Catholic Girlhood, Mary McCarthy wonders what course her life might have taken if she and her siblings had not been orphaned during the influenza epidemic of 1918 and lodged with unsympathetic relatives at a young age. She may, she imagines, have become “rather middle class and wholesome. I would probably be a Child of Mary. I can see myself married to an Irish lawyer and playing golf and bridge, making occasional retreats and subscribing to a Catholic Book Club. I suspect I would be rather stout.” Vocation, McCarthy implies, does not inevitably assert itself; it may even require the stimulus of adversity. “Was it a good thing, then,” she speculates, “that our parents were ‘taken away,’ as if by some higher design? ... I do not know myself.” To Allan Melvill, an importer of French goods in New York City, his second son, Herman, not quite seven years old, seemed “very backward in speech & somewhat slow in comprehension,” though “of a docile and aimiable [amiable] disposition”2 and probably not unsuited to commerce. It is unimaginable what Melville would have made of life, and life of him, had not his father died a bankrupt when Melville was twelve, blighting Melville’s middle-class expectations and forcing him, as he would say of Redburn, “to think much and bitterly before my time” (R 10). The trauma of Allan’s failure and premature death would be lifelong for Melville and would imprint itself deeply on his thought and art as well as on his emotional and perhaps his psychosexual life.
The Broken Circle: Mardi and (Post-)Romanticism
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: October 2023

In “The Figure in the Carpet,” Henry James’s parable of authors and readers, novelist Hugh Vereker tells a young critic of a buried intention or idea that infuses his work and is responsible at once for its materials and its form. As “the very string that my pearls are strung on,” Vereker’s figure in the carpet is discoverably present in his novels, and among James’s objects in the tale is the retrospectively announced one of rebuking a criticism that “is apt to stand off from the intended sense of things, from such finely-attested matters, on the author’s part, as a spirit and a form, a bias and a logic, of his own.” Like any writer, James would have the critic defer to the pressure of meaning objectified through structure and technique, with tactful reticence toward the private springs of art and the shaping influences of history and culture. “Intention,” however, is a double-edged idea that works both for and against authorial claims for interpretive control of texts. It may refer to conscious aesthetic design, as it does for James; to a forming principle (conscious or not) that is inferably operative in a work or body of work; or to the meaning of such work within what E. D. Hirsch calls the particular “horizon” of “the author’s mental and experiential world.’’ Beyond or beneath the immanent purpose that James, like Vereker, may have inscribed in his writing are the cognitive and emotional structures that inscribed James himself and of which he could have been only partially aware. It is a commonplace that authors repeat themselves, ring changes on a constellation of themes, reenact dramatic postures, rehearse core fantasies, and refract discourses and ideologies of their times. In this they are instruments as much as creators of their recurring myths, and it would be problematic in some cases to decide whether authors are constructing their characteristic fables or the fables are constructing them.
Alms for Oblivion
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: October 2023

Shortly after Melville retired from the New York Custom House on December 31, 1885, his wife Lizzie wrote of a “great deal [of] unfinished work at his desk which will give him occupation.’’ A legacy from Lizzie’s brother Lemuel Shaw had eased the family situation and placed Melville in the happy predicament he later allegorized in the poem “The Rose Farmer”: whether to cultivate the rose (experience) for its yield of evanescent pleasure or laboriously to distill and crystallize its attar in a timeless but solitary art. Although “The Rose Farmer” ends inconclusively, a cozy epicureanism was at most a wishful fantasy for Melville, who had outlived his generational male relatives, nearly all of his friends, and his times, but not his longstanding obsessions, metaphysics and the taunting dream of reputation. At home, while generally calmer than before, Melville was still prey to “moods and occasional uncertain tempers,” surfacings of an emotional disquiet that hinted, as always with him, of an intellectual, spiritual, and vocational dis quiet. Toward the outward world he adopted the stance of a recluse, less from misanthropy than from a silent, self-protective pride. In the nearly ten years since Clare!his life had been collapsing inward toward a center of private musing, which in his physically and emotionally weakened state he nurtured carefully against inordinate hopes and the chance of real or imagined slights. Invited to join the Authors Club, a group of New York literati, in 1882, Melville accepted, then withdrew his acceptance on the ground that “he had become too much of a hermit” and that “his nerves could not stand large gatherings.” In most things having to do with society, he preferred not to.
The Genre’s “Enlightenment”
Authors: Shadoian Jack
Published: October 2023

The futility of The Killers was exceptional, but its depressing outlook remained a keynote of noir cinema. Noir bile stains both Kiss of Death (1947) and Force of Evil (1948), but their narratives assert a desperate hope in the social activism and moral enlightenment of individuals. Both films say you can climb up out of the hole. But where is up? Both tax the viewer’s faith and credulity in constructing hope out of despair. Gun Crazy (1949), which is built around the appeal of guns, cars, and sex in a sleepy, unvigorous world, exhibits criminal pathology as engaging, if destructive, energy.

The world of The Killers is like a fact that has to be worked with. The middle phase of the noir gangster crime film can be divided into those films that reiterate the hopeless vision of The Killers and those that attempt to create values in the face of it. The three films discussed in this section belong in the latter division, and each illustrates the difficulties involved in this period of saying something positive. The odds against establishing life as meaningful are just too strong.
Going Gray and Going Crazy
Authors: Shadoian Jack
Published: October 2023

Gun Crazy maintained its balance and a sense of seriousness within some bizarre premises but it was skating on conceptual and perceptual thin ice that was destined to break at any moment. The conventions and conflicts characteristic to the genre were strained, partly inverted, and put to strange tests. In D.O.A. they pretty thoroughly collapse, and in White Heat they are applied and thrown about with a whirlwind ferocity that blows them to pieces. If D.O. A. is the gangster’s dissolution as a hero, White Heat is his last stand. Both films have a hard time keeping a straight face. The tensions and contradictions that infuse them can no longer be contained, and anxiety gets released as though involuntarily by a desperate, mocking comedy.

The gangster crime genre, more than any other, is allied in spirit to the dark side of things, and it has always reflected contemporary tensions. It should come as no surprise, therefore, that it too starts disintegrating along with the national psyche in the year 1949.
Capital Structure and Policy Collapse: The Financial Crises of the Late 1990s
Authors: Pettis Michael
Published: October 2023

Beginning in late 1994 a near-devastating series of financial crises struck the emerging market countries of Latin America, East Asia, and eastern Europe. Although the sequence of events for each country differed, the crises followed similar patterns. In each case the local currency collapsed, stock and bond markets plunged, the national banking system was overwhelmed by bad debt, and foreign investors fled the region. The afflicted countries all saw imports drop to very low levels as expanding debt, higher import costs, and a breakdown in the economy squeezed local consumers.
Why Does Rich-Country Capital Flow to Poor Countries?
Authors: Pettis Michael
Published: October 2023

Most LDC analysts understand that there is an important relationship between the amount of foreign capital that flows into an LDC economy and the performance of local markets. There are, broadly speaking, two main types of models used to explain the flow of capital from rich countries to poor countries. The difference between them is whether the model posits the source or the destination of the capital flow as being the prime determinant for the flow. In this chapter, and before I go on to discuss the corporate finance of sovereign capital structures, I will discuss each of these two models, with a particular focus on developing a definition of what liquidity might be. It turns out that the two different models have radically different implications for financial policy. I will discuss these implications and then go on to argue that the conventional model actually does a poor job of explaining the history of international lending. In the next two chapters I will examine this history in some detail before arriving at the financial policy conclusions.
I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The narrow street of La Bomba, like that of San Juan de Dios, which appears to be its continuation, is two blocks long. It is, if possible, narrower, more low-lying, and damper, even though its houses are in general more spacious. In one of the latter, at the corner of the Calle del Aguacate, Nemesia Pimienta lived with her brother José Dolores, the two of them occupying adjoining rooms, whose furnishings consisted of nothing except a couple of chairs, a rocker, a little pine table, and a folding cot, which was opened at night and closed during the day so as to leave more space.
V I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

Don Cándido Gamboa had been pacing back and forth in his study for quite some time after the tablecloth had been removed following lunch, when his steward, Don Melitón Reventos, came into the room, his face the color of a red-hot ember from the heat of the day, from rushing about since early that morning, and from the obvious self-satisfaction that he felt.
I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

On the island of Cuba that region that falls west of the meridian of Havana and begins near Guanajay and ends at Cabo de San Antonio is called Vuelta Abajo or Vuelta Bajo. It is famed for the excellent tobacco that is produced in the fertile valleys of its many rivers, especially on the southern slope of the mountain range of Los Organos. There would appear to be an important factor responsible for its having acquired this reputation, namely the low altitude of this area above sea level, compared to the high elevation of the region already described.The descent begins a few miles to the west of Guanajay, an abrupt change in the look of the landscape immediately being noticeable. The color of the soil, its component elements, the vegetation, the climate, and the type of crops cultivated are in general entirely different.
I X
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The former wet nurse immediately went on, saying:“The young lady will now see the real cause of the severity with which I have been treated. One day . . . I don’t remember exactly when, except that I know it was a long time ago, after the great hurricane of Santa Teresa, or the year that they hanged Aponte47 the master called me to the dining room. He was alone, and he said to me:“ ‘MarÍa de Regla, since you have lost your baby boy and have an abundance of good milk, I have been thinking that it should be put to use.
Introduction
Authors: Bell-villada Gene H
Published: October 2023

One hundred years of solitudeinitially was published in Spanish (Buenos Aires, 1967). Its author, a fortyish Colombian by the name of Gabriel García Marquez, was at the time an experienced journalist and a little-known if respected fiction writer, living with his wife and two young sons in Mexico City.
The Humor of One Hundred Years of Solitude
Authors: Griffin Clive
Published: October 2023

It is the fate of fine comic writers to be taken seriously. Masters of entertainment like Cervantes and Moliere have been woefully misused by those who consider humor and the spinning of a good tale to be worthy of a distinguished artist only when a vehicle for something else. Reappraisals of these two writers have, however, helped to rescue them from critics intent on extracting complex philosophies or literary theories from their comic works. Such reappraisals suggest that García Márquez might similarly be examined with profit first and foremost as a humorist, for there are already clear signs that he is not to escape the fate of his predecessors.
One Hundred Years of Solitude as Chronicle of the Indies
Authors: Zavala Iris M
Published: October 2023

In 1936, the Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez noted in his preface to an anthology of Cuban verse that, in Latin America, every literary movement, especially the modernista schools, had failed “because here [in Hispanic America) any sort of modernismo was unnecessary, everything being new, given that the old was not, strictly speaking, old.” Time here is asynchronic, space asymmetrical. America, Juan Ramon concludes, “has all of its time within itself.”
Message to the Convention of Ocana
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

I congratulate you on the honor extended to you by the nation in entrusting its high destinies to your care. As the representatives of Colombian sovereignty, you are endowed with the most sublime powers. I, too, experience the greatest good fortune as I restore to you the authority that had been deposited in my weary hands. The supreme authority, the supreme rights, belong to those chosen by the people, to you dele- gates of the august, omnipotent people whom I serve as subject and soldier. To what more eminent power could I surrender the president’s staff, the general’s sword? Dispose freely of these symbols of power and glory on behalf of the people, oblivious to personal considerations that might hinder a perfect reform.
Redistribution of Properties as Compensation for Officers and Soldiers
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

Considering that the first obligation of the government is to reward the services of the virtuous defenders of the Republic who, sel?essly sacrificing their lives and property for the freedom and happiness of the country, have fought and continue to fight the disastrous war for independence, while neither they nor their families have the means to support themselves; and considering that in the territory occupied by the forces of the Republic, and in the territory still to be liberated, now in possession of the enemy, there are substantial properties owned by Spaniards and royalists, which according to the decree and ordinance published on the third of September of the current year should be seized and confiscated, I have decided to decree and do hereby decree the following: Article 1. All real estate and property that in accordance with the decree and ordinance cited above has been seized and confiscated, or which is scheduled for seizure and confiscation, and which has not been diverted or cannot be diverted into the national treasury, shall be redistributed and awarded in bonuses to the generals, commanders, officers, and soldiers of the Republic, according to the terms stipulated below.
Letter to General Francisco de Paula Santander: On Slave Recruitment
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: October 2023

I am honored to respond to Your Excellency’s query of ? April regarding the renting of the salt mines and the instructions of General [Manuel] Valdés, in which he speaks, according to Your Excellency, of announcing the liberation of the slaves in Cauca province.
A Waking Nightmare Mental Illness and Ordinary People
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

Mary was concerned. She had known Jim for eleven years and had been married to him for six. He was as solid as a rock. She could always count on him. Now, suddenly, he seemed to be falling apart, for no apparent reason. Her rock was turning into a pile of pebbles right before her astonished-and increasingly frightened--eyes. What could be going on?
Introduction
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Mythology does not have the antiquity of geologic ages, but it is nevertheless a very old pattern, woven into the terrain over the course of thousands of years. Each continent-except Antarctica has its own mythological imprint and will probably never receive another, at least not in the foreseeable future. Myths are not sown like gardens; they are inherited from the past. Viewed at a distance, myths create a luxuriant configuration that gradually changes from region to region.
Men Versus Women
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

When the typical culture hero has finished his work, he retires from the world and goes to live in the sky, in the underworld, or at the edge of the earth. If he has a twin, the two may part company, one going east, the other west. In the case of Kuwai, the Cubeo hero, it is said that he is now living in the high country to the west-without a wife.
Men’s Liberation
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Upon their initiation into the men’s lodge, Selknam boys were advised, “Be affectionate with your wives, but never let them know your intimate thoughts, for if you do they might regain the power they had in the past.” When each of the boys, in an actual trial by fire, had demonstrated that he could handle live coals without flinching, he was told the secret that gives men the ability to control women.
Mothers and Their Children
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Long before the conquest of Peru, and even before Cortes entered Mexico, exploration had begun in the northwest corner of South America. In 1510, less than twenty years after Colum bus’ landfall in the outer Antilles, the first mainland colony in the New World was established at Darien, near the present border of Colombia and Panama.
Nicotine
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

As I was driving along the highway, a remarkable billboard advertisement caught my eye. Nearly filling the field was the weatherbeaten face of a man in a cowboy hat. Nothing else was on the advertisement. And the only part of the product name that was not blocked by the man’s face were two letters—”MC.” What a remarkable exploitation of psychologic conditioning! Everyone seeing those two letters and that face could recognize instantly the symbol of MARLBORO COUNTRY.
Hallucinogens
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

An anthropologist studying a native tribe in the jungles of South America observed the ceremonial use of an intoxicating drink called ayahuasca, made from a certain vine. “The natives,” he wrote, “see big snakes curling upward on their house posts, and on the walls appear colored butterflies and creatures that are aggregates of snakes, jaguars, and birds.… A man saw a cat climbing a wall, then turning into a leopard, when in fact, not even the cat existed.” To understand the custom better, he drank some himself. The world around him took on an extraordinarily vivid appearance. Colored geometric designs seemed to soar before his open eyes. With his eyes closed he saw quickly moving small figures, as in a cartoon—abundant imagery, with bright-colored red-green or blue-orange contrasts. There were long dreamlike sequences. Buzzing sounds occurred. Most remarkable was the superimposition of images on walls, or imaginary scenes and objective scenes appearing simultaneously.
The Role of the Catalogue Raisonné in the Art Market
Authors: Kraus Peter
Published: October 2023

Catalogue raisonné is a rather grand-sounding name for what is in fact a somewhat pedestrian object — a list. It can be a list of paintings, of sculptures, of Fabergé eggs, or of cookie jars. It can be the list of the works of a single artist or, occasionally, of a group of artists. Or it can even be a list of fakes. No matter what the subject, a catalogue raisonné is just a dry list whose goal should be comprehensiveness, objectivity, and above all accuracy. To qualify as a catalogue raisonné, the list should contain as much information as possible about the things listed: a physical description, the current location and ownership, provenance, and bibliography are the standard requirements. There is no room for abstract thought, no allowance for controversial critical opinion, no place at all for the personality of the compiler. A catalogue raisonné should be all about what is being catalogued, and not about the cataloguer. This being the case, why should so many of these lists be the subject of such heated and bitter controversy, and even, increasingly, of litigation? The answer is twofold. First, catalogues are compiled by humans, and humans are prone to error. Second, and more important, money, often vast sums, can depend on whether something is included in or omitted from a given catalogue raisonné.
Introduction
Authors: Okpewho Isidore
Published: October 2023

There Are Few Works outside of the Western canon that have received anything close to the attention given to Things Fall Apart, and for good reasons. In its home continent of Africa, it is arguably the most widely read book, next to the Bible and the Quran. Outside Africa, it has become part of a global literary canon; it exists in close to sixty languages (including English), with total sales of nearly nine million copies since its publication in 1958, and it is included in some of the most prestigious literary series across the world. It would be hard to find many institutions of higher learning in the English-speaking world that have not listed the novel in courses across the humanities and social sciences, at both undergraduate and graduate levels; at the secondary school level, it is also a highly favored text. It occupies an important place in critical as well as cultural discourse because it inaugurated a long and continuing tradition of inquiry into the problematic relations between the West and the nations of the Third World that were once European colonies.
Okonkwo and His Mother
Authors: Jeyifo Biodun
Published: October 2023

Okonkwo’s mother? Within the total narrative space of Things Fall Apart, there is only one direct, substantive mention of our hero’s mother. As for as I know, this has never been formally registered in the extensive discussions and commentaries on the novel, let alone critically explored, and this seems quite consistent with the author’s more evident interest in the complex, tortured relationship of Okonkwo with his father and, later in the concluding sections of the novel, with his son Nwoye.
Capital Market Liberalization and Economic Performance in Latin America
Authors: Frenkel* Roberto
Published: October 2023

The financial reforms in Latin America have not been isolated policy initiatives, but were generally implemented as components of Washington Consensus structural reform packages and in conjunction with major macroeconomic stabilization programs.