bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4B2 demyelinating neuropathy in miniature Schnauzer dogs caused by a novel splicingSBF2 (MTMR13)genetic variant: a new spontaneous clinical model
Authors: Granger Nicolas , Luján Feliu-Pascual Alejandro , Spicer Charlotte , Ricketts Sally , Hitti Rebekkah , Forman Oliver , Hersheson Joshua , Houlden Henry
Published: November 2019

Background

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common neuromuscular disorder in humans affecting 40 out of 100,000 individuals. In 2008, we described the clinical, electrophysiological and pathological findings of a demyelinating motor and sensory neuropathy in Miniature Schnauzer dogs, with a suspected autosomal recessive mode of inheritance based on pedigree analysis. The discovery of additional cases has followed this work and led to a genome-wide association mapping approach to search for the underlying genetic cause of the disease.

Methods

For genome wide association screening, genomic DNA samples from affected and unaffected dogs were genotyped using the Illumina CanineHD SNP genotyping array.SBF2and its variant were sequenced using primers and PCRs. RNA was extracted from muscle of an unaffected and an affected dog and RT-PCR performed. Immunohistochemistry for myelin basic protein was performed on peripheral nerve section specimens.

Results

The genome-wide association study gave an indicative signal on canine chromosome 21. Although the signal was not of genome-wide significance due to the small number of cases, theSBF2(also known asMTMR13)gene within the region of shared case homozygosity was a strong positional candidate, as 22 genetic variants in the gene have been associated with demyelinating forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in humans. Sequencing ofSBF2in cases revealed a splice donor site genetic variant, resulting in cryptic splicing and predicted early termination of the protein based on RNA sequencing results.

Conclusions

This study reports the first genetic variant in Miniature Schnauzer dogs responsible for the occurrence of a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy with abnormally folded myelin. This discovery establishes a genotype/phenotype correlation in affected Miniature Schnauzers that can be used for the diagnosis of these dogs. It further supports the dog as a natural model of a human disease; in this instance, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. It opens avenues to search the biological mechanisms responsible for the disease and to test new therapies in a non-rodent large animal model. In particular, recent gene editing methods that led to the restoration of dystrophin expression in a canine model of muscular dystrophy could be applied to other canine models such as this before translation to humans.
Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals key genes of different coat color in sheep skin
Authors: Yao Lidan , Bao Aodungerile , Hong Wenjuan , Hou Chenxi , Zhang Zhenliang , Liang Xiaopeng , Aniwashi Jueken
Published: November 2019

Background

To investigate the molecular mechanisms determining the coat color of native breed sheep in Xinjiang.

Methods

Bashibai sheep, Yemule white sheep and Tulufan black sheep were selected. Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencing technology was used to detect the genes responsible for the white, light brown, black and cyan gray coat colors in sheep. Sequence analysis and functional gene annotation analysis were performed to analyze the results. The signal pathways and differentially expressed genes related to sheep hair color production regulation were screened and finally verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Functional annotation by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed significant differences in enrichment of immunity-related pathways as well as melanogenesis synthetic and tyrosine metabolism pathways. Our results showed that the DCT, TYR, TYRP1, PMEL, SLC45A2 and MLANA six genes may be associated with the regulation of coat color development and provide a theoretical basis for selecting natural coat colors of sheep.
Comparison of Mycelial Growth of Different Tricholoma matsutake Strains in Soil Medium at Varying Temperatures
Authors: Narimatsu Maki , Yamaguchi Muneyoshi , Yamanaka Takashi , Gisusi Seiki , Azuma Tomonori , Tamai Yutaka , Fujita Tohru , Kawai Masataka
Published: November 2019

Aims: To investigate the effect of temperature on the mycelial growth of the highly prized mushroom, Tricholoma matsutake, in soil medium.

Methodology: Seven strains of T. matsutake collected from different areas of Japan were incubated in soil medium at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C for 89 day. After incubation, the linear growth of mycelia from the inoculum was measured on vertical lines under a dissecting microscope and classified by the cultivation day number to obtain the growth rate in each vial. The mycelial densities in the soil medium in all the vials were analyzed using qPCR to determine the mycelial biomass.

Results: The mycelial growth of T. matsutake strains was mainly observed at 5–25°C. The optimum temperatures for linear mycelial growth and for the increase in mycelial density were 19.6°C and 17.6°C, respectively. These values were lower than those reported previously for T. matsutake grown on agar medium or in liquid medium. These optimum temperatures showed no clear relationship with the mean air temperature at the site of strain collection.

Conclusion: It can be suggested that a temperature around 18°C is suitable for cultivation of T. matsutake mycelia in the soil medium.
PSICANÁLISE E POLÍTICA: O TRABALHO DA DESILUSÃO
Authors: Indursky Alexei Conte , De Souza Conte Bárbara
Published: November 2019

O presente ensaio propõe-se a discutir qual a postura ética que a psicanálise herda de Sigmund Freud sobre como posicionar-se frente a fenômenos políticos autoritários. Inicialmente, realizamos uma leitura do bolsonarismo a partir de uma revisão do mecanismo de identificação ao líder proposto por Freud. Para tanto, são abordadas as noções de fascismo e populismo, desenvolvidas respectivamente por Theodor Adorno e Ernesto Laclau, decantando daí três operadores fundamentais à emergência desse fenômeno: identificação narcísica, retórica vitimista e “religiosização da política”. Por fim, debatemos a importância do trabalho da desilusão como condição necessária para a elaboração da necessidade da crença.
A POLÍTICA E O CORTE
Authors: Assad Samyra
Published: November 2019

O trabalho visa responder, primeiramente, às consequências de uma conjunção entre política e religião no regime da civilização atual, a saber, o regime do gozo. A partir disso, uma articulação é feita entre a civilização, a política, a religião e a psicanálise para demonstrar os arranjos sociais de uma época. A política da psicanálise, adotando o corte como meio de ir contra o “ideal do bem”, apresenta a sua orientação ao real em uma época em que os aspectos corrosivos da pulsão de morte no laço social são prevalentes.
CRONOLOGIA DO HORROR
Authors: Coutinho Jorge Marco Antonio
Published: November 2019

Cronologia do horror é a reunião de vários escritos, nunca publicados antes, feitos ao longo dos últimos anos a partir de eventos ocorridos no mundo e, em especial, em nosso país. Transmitem a necessidade de colocar palavras no horror quando este, apresentando-se nu e cru, dilacera nossa alma com uma dor insuportável.
AMOR, ÓDIO E IGNORÂNCIA: EFEITOS DO BOLSONORISMO NA PSICANÁLISE E NA POLÍTICA
Authors: Maurano Denise , Souza Joana
Published: November 2019

Inspirada pela iniciativa da Revue Psychologie Clinique sob o projeto de Olivier Douville, Luis Eduardo Prado de Oliveira que recolheu, traduziu e editou diversos textos que compuseram na revista mencionada, uma seção intitulada: “A psicanálise na tormenta: testemunho de brasileiros”, tivemos a ideia de publicarmos o presente número especial intitulado: Psicanálise e Política: versões e reversões do mundo e do imundo. Para tal, convidamos a escrever, tanto alguns colegas que já haviam colaborado com referida revista, quanto vários outros psicanalistas ou não, que pudessem se pronunciar sobre as memórias desses tempos conturbados.
A VOZ NA TANATOPOLÍTICA
Authors: Mendes Dias Mauro
Published: November 2019

O objetivo desse texto é o de mostrar, desde o conceito de voz em Psicanálise e na Filosofia, de que maneira a “vida matável” assim nomeada por Giorgio Agamben, como fundamento da tanatopolítica, se revela para além do exercício do poder na holística, introduzido pela obra de Hobbes na modernidade. Uma vez que a tanatopolítica se realiza segundo a deformação das leis da linguagem, cabe ressaltar que seu avanço se dá pelo consentimento discreto à redução da invenção e do riso.
Crops and Drought
Authors: Thabet Samar G , Alqudah Ahmad M
Published: November 2019

Water deficit or drought is the most prevalent abiotic stress factors in the world and most detrimental for agronomic and yield, thence, economic. Crop growth at developmental stages negatively influenced by drought due to morphological damages, physiological disruptions and biochemical alternations, and, therefore, yield losses. The escalating drastic impacts of drought stress putting global crop production as well as food security at high risk. Plant crops developed different physiological and genetic mechanisms includes drought escape, avoidance and tolerance. Understanding these mechanisms can help in improving crop performance and adaptation under drought conditions. Improving drought tolerance varieties with high yield potential under such harsh stress conditions is the ultimate target of crop breeding program. Interestingly, many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for drought stress tolerance have been detected in economically important crops, but few of them have been efficiently utilised in breeding.

Key Concepts

Water deficit or drought is the most prevalent abiotic stress factors in the world.

Crop growth and development are adversely influenced by drought.

Drought is considered as the most detrimental for agronomic and yield.

Plant response to drought by morphological, physiological and biochemical mechanisims.

Drought response mechanisms includes drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance.

Many QTLs for drought stress tolerance have been detected.

Drought tolerance is a complex and polygenic trait controlled by many genes and influenced by environments.
Endophytic Fungi
Authors: Koide Roger T
Published: November 2019

Endophytic fungi are those that colonise the tissues of virtually all terrestrial plants species. Endophytism has evolved multiple times among disparate lineages of fungi. Thus, there are currently no natural systems for classifying endophytic fungi. Not surprisingly, their impacts on host plants may be negative, neutral or positive depending on both fungus–host combination and environmental conditions. From an ecological point of view, endophytic fungi may function nonexclusively as weak pathogens, saprotrophs or mutualists, depending on circumstances. Because some interactions between endophytic fungi and plants are highly beneficial to plants, particularly under stressful conditions, there is an interest in inoculating agricultural crops with particular fungal strains to improve yield. However, care must be exercised because a fungus that is beneficial to one plant species under particular circumstances may be less so under other circumstances or to other plant species.

Key Concepts

Endophytic fungi colonise living tissues of virtually all terrestrial plants.

Multiple lineages of fungi have evolved to engage in this symbiosis.

Transmission of fungal propagules may be either vertical or horizontal.

When the transmission is horizontal, colonisation may be limited by distance to inoculum source.

Endophytic fungi benefit from the symbiosis, but the net effect on the plant may be positive, neutral or negative.

Some endophytic fungi may function as plant pathogens under certain circumstances.

Some endophytic fungi may function as decomposers of plant litter.

Some endophytic fungi may confer a substantial benefit to their host plants.

Because endophytic fungi influence traits that determine plant fitness, it is useful to consider the symbiosis a holobiont.

Endophytic fungal inoculants are being considered in agricultural systems, but their impacts on nontarget plant species need to be carefully considered.
Molecular Genetics of Oral‐Facial‐Digital Syndromes
Authors: Franco Brunella
Published: November 2019

Oral‐facial‐digital syndromes (OFDS) identify a group of rare and genetically heterogeneous disorders. Typical features include abnormalities of the face, oral cavity and digits with frequent involvement of the central nervous system and of visceral organs. OFD type I was first described in 1941 and to date, several different forms have been reported. It is still unclear whether all the described subtypes do exist, and only next‐generation sequencing approaches will clarify the number of different OFDS. Sixteen genes have been found mutated to date and all of them localise to the primary cilium, a microtubule‐based organelle conserved across species protruding from the cell surface of vertebrate cells. These transcripts contribute to primary cilia structure/formation/maintenance and/or function thus ascribing this condition to the number of disorders due to cilia dysfunction called ‘ciliopathies.’

Key Concepts

OFDS are rare and highly heterogeneous from a genetic point of view.

NGS approaches will eventually define the exact number of different OFDS.

A multiallelic mode of inheritance may modify the phenotype in OFDS patients.

Most of the OFDS are due to dysfunction of primary cilia.

The majority of genes responsible for OFDs are localized to primary cilia.
Genetic Basis of Disease
Authors: Jackson Maria , Marks Leah
Published: November 2019

Differences between our individual genomes not only make us appear different from each other; these differences also play a key role in determining disease susceptibility. The effect of a single alteration in the DNA sequence may range from a certainty of severe disease to a slight predisposition that may become manifest in the presence of other genetic or environmental influences. The vast array of mechanisms by which genetic changes can lead to disease reflects the overall complexity of the underlying biological processes and the variety of ways in which these can be disrupted.

Key Concepts

Genetic disease can be due to a variety of different types of alteration in the human genome: extra or missing chromosomes, large chromosomal rearrangements, smaller deletions, insertions or substitutions of one or more nucleotides and even changes affecting the ability of genes to be switched on (epigenetics).

Genetic variation is a normal characteristic of the human genome, and the effects of genetic variants range across a whole spectrum of substantial effect (complete loss of function or significant gain of function) to relatively minor or even zero effect on function.

Genetic variants that are associated with disease are termed pathogenic, whilst variants that appear to have no significant effect upon health are termed benign.

Recessive genetic disorders are a consequence of loss of function in both gene copies (i.e. both the maternally inherited and paternally inherited copies).

Dominant genetic disorders are caused by either gain of function in one gene copy (either maternally or paternally inherited), or by loss of function in one gene copy in cases where the amount of gene product from a single gene copy is insufficient.

Some genetic disorders are a consequence of alterations affecting the mitochondrial DNA.

Although we inherit most of our genetic variants from our parents, we each have a number of
de novo
genetic changes, which may occasionally be associated with disease; some DNA sequences in our genome (e.g. triplet repeats) are particularly prone to new mutations.

Cancer is a disease that is associated with the accumulation of multiple genetic changes that generally occur over the lifetime of the individual.

Variants present in our genome make a contribution to virtually all human disease, sometimes as a consequence of cumulative effects of many variants across the genome which have small individual effects.
Bacteria‐Instructed In Situ Aggregation of AuNPs with Enhanced Photoacoustic Signal for Bacterial Infection Bioimaging
Authors: Lu Shi‐Zhao , Guo Xiao‐Yan , Zou Mei‐Shuai , Zheng Zi‐Qin , Li Yu‐Chuan , Li Xiao‐Dong , Li Li‐Li , Wang Hao
Published: November 2019

The emergence of drug‐resistant bacteria is becoming the focus of global public health. Early‐stage pathogen bioimaging will offer a unique perspective to obtain infection information in patients. A photoacoustic (PA) contrast agent based on functional peptide modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@P1) is developed. These nanoparticles can be specifically tailored surface peptides by bacterial overexpressed enzyme inducing in situ aggregation of the gold nanoparticles. In the meantime, the close aggregation based on the hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and hydrophobic interaction of the peptide residues on the surface of gold nanoparticles exhibits a typical redshifted and broadened plasmon band. In addition, this active targeting and following in situ stimuli‐induced aggregation contribute to increased nanoparticle accumulation in the infected site. Finally, the dynamic aggregation of AuNPs@P1 results in dramatically enhanced photoacoustic signals for bioimaging bacterial infection in vivo with high sensitivity and specificity. It is envisioned that this PA contrast agent may provide a new approach for early detection of bacterial infection in vivo.
Iron Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrimidines Under Air
Authors: Mondal Rakesh , Sinha Suman , Das Siuli , Chakraborty Gargi , Paul Nanda D.
Published: November 2019

Herein we report an iron‐catalyzed multicomponent dehydrogenative functionalization of alcohols to pyrimidines under atmospheric conditions. Using a well‐defined Fe(II)‐complex featuring redox noninnocent 2‐phenylazo‐(1,10‐phenanthroline) ligand, as a catalyst, a wide array of 2,4,6‐trisubstituted pyrimidines were prepared via dehydrogenative coupling of primary and secondary alcohols with amidines under air at 100 °C. A few control experiments were carried out to understand and unveil the plausible reaction mechanism.

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Arsenic Sulfide Nanoformulation Induces Megakaryocytic Differentiation through Histone Deacetylase Inhibition
Authors: Jia Mengfan , Wang Tao , Xu Shilin , Liu Jian , Wen Tao , Meng Jie , Xu Haiyan
Published: November 2019

Arsenic sulfide (As4S4) is a mineral drug that can be administrated orally and has been applied in several Chinese medicine formulations for the treatment on some kinds of myeloid leukemia. However, mechanisms of As4S4 are not demonstrated adequately due to the poor water solubility of As4S4 in its original crystal form. The authors previously fabricated water dissolvable arsenic sulfide nanoformulation (ee‐As4S4), which downregulated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). As ROS is closely associated with the histone deacetylase (HDAC), in this study the effect of ee‐As4S4 on the HDAC activity in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and whether the effect can induce subsequent megakaryocytic differentiation and underlying mechanisms are investigated. Results show that ee‐As4S4 inhibits HDAC activity in CML cells, resulting in the suppression of cellular respiration. The inhibition of HDAC activity also leads to the transcriptional activation of RUNX1, which induces megakaryocytic differentiation in CML cell lines, evidenced by the significantly multiple nuclei and giant nuclear structure, upregulation of CD41a and the increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In conclusion, ee‐As4S4 is able to inhibit HDAC activity, and therefore induce significant megakaryocytic differentiation in CML cells through RUNX1‐dependent pathways, which suggests its clinical potential as a complementary drug option for CML patients.
Ink Development and Printing of Conducting Polymers for Intrinsically Stretchable Interconnects and Circuits
Authors: Kraft Ulrike , Molina‐Lopez Francisco , Son Donghee , Bao Zhenan , Murmann Boris
Published: November 2019

Printable elastic conductors open up new opportunities in large‐area fabrication of wearable electronics and prosthetics. Furthermore, they have the potential to advance health monitoring and continuous diagnostics by implementing sensor arrays in close proximity to the skin. Such devices need to be comfortable to wear and must accommodate strains and deformations such as twisting and stretching. A conductive polymer ink for elastic interconnects and electrodes is introduced. The processability by inkjet printing enables versatile, contactless, and maskless large area processing. The printed PEDOT:PSS‐based interconnects have conductivities as high as 700 S cm−1, sustain strains above 100% and show good stability in air (less than 5% change in resistance in 1 month). The conductivity is among the highest reported for inkjet‐printed PEDOT:PSS and is interesting not only for stretchable circuits, but also for printed flexible and rigid PEDOT:PSS‐based applications such as solar cells, organic light emitting diodes, and electrochemical sensors.
Inkjet‐Printed Indium Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Heterojunctions for Gate‐Tunable Diodes
Authors: Kim Bongjun
Published: November 2019

van der Waals heterojunctions composed of dissimilar materials enable fabrication of gate‐tunable diodes showing negative transconductance characteristics. Such devices show great potential for implementation of multi‐valued logic circuits. In order to integrate such circuits, p–n heterojunctions should be reliably created by using scalable and cost‐effective methods. Gate‐tunable diodes made of p–n heterojunctions are constructed from the hybrid material combination of inkjet‐printed indium oxide and single‐walled carbon nanotubes. Inkjet printing of p–n heterojunctions in which semiconductors are partially overlapped is enabled by modification of surface conditions using plasma treatment. The resulting devices, whose p–n junctions as well as electrodes are solely formed by inkjet printing, exhibit anti‐ambipolar behavior with negative transconductance. Forward currents of these devices can be modulated by varying the gate bias.
Vapor‐ and liquid‐phase adsorption of alcohol and water in silicalite‐1 synthesized in fluoride media
Authors: DeJaco Robert F. , Dorneles de Mello Matheus , Nguyen Huong Giang T. , Jeon Mi Young , van Zee Roger D. , Tsapatsis Michael , Siepmann Joern Ilja
Published: November 2019

In this work, batch‐adsorption experiments and molecular simulations are employed to probe the adsorption of binary mixtures containing ethanol or a linear alkane‐1,n‐diol solvated in water or ethanol onto silicalite‐1. Since the batch‐adsorption experiments require an additional relationship to determine the amount of solute (and solvent) adsorbed, as only the bulk liquid reservoir can be probed directly, molecular simulations are used to provide a relationship between solute and solvent adsorption for input to the experimental bulk measurements. The combination of bulk experimental measurements and simulated solute–solvent relationship yields solvent and solute loadings that are self‐consistent with simulation alone, and allow for an assessment of the various assumptions made in the literature. At low solution concentrations, the solute loading calculated is independent of the assumption made. At high concentrations, a negligent choice of assumption can lead to systematic overestimation or underestimation of calculated solute loading.
Droplet dynamic response in low‐viscosity fluid subjected to a pulsed electric field and an alternating electric field
Authors: Huang Xin , He Limin , Luo Xiaoming , Yin Haoran
Published: November 2019

Droplet dynamic response in low‐viscosity fluid under a pulsed direct‐current (DC) electric field and a sinusoidal electric field is investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. The coupled level set and volume of fluid method is employed to capture moving interface and the numerical method is validated by experimental results. This article focuses on the effects of waveform, frequency and initial phase on the dynamic response. The deformation period is identical with the electric period for the pulsed DC electric field but the deformation period is half of the electric period for the sinusoidal electric field. As the frequency increases, the maximum deformation degree Dmax first climbs steadily to a peak value, then decreases steeply and finally approaches an equilibrium value. The maximum Dmax appears at f = 50 Hz for the pulsed DC electric field and appears at f = 100 Hz for the sinusoidal electric field according to numerical results. These results are helpful for the optimization of electro‐coalescence.
Optimal European cooperative supply chains for carbon capture, transport, and sequestration with costs share policies
Authors: d'Amore Federico , Bezzo Fabrizio
Published: November 2019

In the past decades, CO2 constituted nearly the 80% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions therefore, global actions are needed to tackle the increase of carbon concentration in the atmosphere. CO2 (carbon) capture and storage has been highlighted among the most promising options to decarbonize the energy and industry sectors. Considering a large‐scale infrastructure at European level, economic cooperation has been highlighted as a key requirement to relieve single countries from too high risk and commitment. This article proposes an economic optimization for cooperative supply chains for CO2 capture and storage, by adopting policies that balance the spread of costs among countries, according to local characteristics in terms of population, CO2 emissions, and macroeconomic outcome. Results show that the additional European investment for cooperation (max. +2.6% with respect to a noncooperative network) should not constitute a barrier toward the installation and operation of such more effective network designs.
The Important Relationship Between the Radial Artery's Course and the Radius during Henry's Anterior Forearm Surgical Exposure
Authors: Krassnig Renate , Hohenberger Gloria Maria , Schwarz Angelika Maria , Maier Marco Johannes , Eibinger Nicolas , Grechenig Peter , Weiglein Andreas Heinrich
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the intersection point of the radial artery (RA) with Henry's approach. Ninety forearms from adult human cadavers which had been embalmed using Thiel's method underwent dissection. Henry's approach was performed alongside the whole length of the forearm, and the RAs course was investigated. Its crossing point with the approach was identified, and the distance from this point to the radial styloid process was determined. In addition, the total radial length (RL) was measured from the radial styloid process to the proximal margin of the radial head. The former measurements were analyzed as proportions with regard to the total RLs. Concerning right radii, the intersection point was, on average, at a proportion of 56.2% of the radius, starting from the tip of the radial styloid process. In left radii, this was located at a mean proportion of 61.2%. In cases of multiply fractured radii, care must be taken at the interval between 40% and 80% to avoid RA lesions during dissection from distal to proximal. Clin. Anat., 33:983–987, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and White Matter Connections of the Superior Frontal Gyrus
Authors: Briggs Robert G. , Khan Abdul Basit , Chakraborty Arpan R. , Abraham Carol J. , Anderson Christopher D. , Karas Patrick J. , Bonney Phillip A. , Palejwala Ali H. , Conner Andrew K. , O'Donoghue Daniel L. , Sughrue Michael E.
Published: November 2019

The superior frontal gyrus (SFG) is an important region implicated in a variety of tasks including motor movement, working memory, resting‐state, and cognitive control. A detailed understanding of the subcortical white matter of the SFG could improve postoperative morbidity related to surgery around this gyrus. Through DSI‐based fiber tractography validated by gross anatomical dissection, we characterized the fiber tracts of the SFG based on their relationships to other well‐known neuroanatomic structures. Diffusion imaging from the Human Connectome Project from 10 healthy adult subjects was used for fiber tractography. We evaluated the SFG as a whole based on its connectivity with other regions. All tracts were mapped in both hemispheres, and a lateralization index was calculated based on resultant tract volumes. Ten cadaveric dissections were then performed using a modified Klingler technique to delineate the location of major tracts integrated within the SFG. We identified four major SFG connections: the frontal aslant tract connecting to the inferior frontal gyrus; the inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus connecting to the cuneus, lingual gyrus, and superior parietal lobule; the cingulum connecting to the precuneus and parahippocampal gyrus/uncus; and a callosal fiber bundle connecting the SFG bilaterally. The functional networks of the SFG involve a complex series of white matter tracts integrated within the gyrus, including the FAT, IFOF, cingulum, and callosal fibers. Postsurgical outcomes related to this region may be better understood in the context of the fiber‐bundle anatomy highlighted in this study. Clin. Anat. 33:823–832, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Localized Rotator Cuff Tendon Degeneration for Cadaveric Shoulders with and Without Tears Isolated to the Supraspinatus Tendon
Authors: Ferrer Gerald A. , Miller R. Matthew , Yoshida Masahito , Wang James H.‐C. , Musahl Volker , Debski Richard E.
Published: November 2019

Localized differences in tissue degeneration throughout intact and torn rotator cuff tendons have not been well quantified. The objective of this study was to investigate histological differences in localized degeneration in tendons with and without rotator cuff tears isolated to the supraspinatus tendon. Four intact shoulders and four shoulders with rotator cuff tears isolated to the supraspinatus tendon were dissected down to the infraspinatus and supraspinatus tendons. Biopsies were taken throughout the tendon insertion, mid‐substance, myotendinous junction, and around the tear if present. Samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and tendon degeneration was graded based on collagen fiber organization, nuclei shape, cellularity, and lipoid degeneration. Comparisons in degeneration parameters were made based on the tendon type (supraspinatus vs. infraspinatus), location within the tendon, and presence of a tear. Supraspinatus tendons exhibited more degeneration than the infraspinatus tendon (P < 0.05). Significant increases in lipoid degeneration were found near the myotendinous junction compared to the rest of the tendon (P < 0.001). Tendons with rotator cuff tears showed greater amounts of lipoid degeneration compared to intact tendons (P = 0.03). A strong negative correlation was found between lipoid degeneration and collagen fiber organization (r = −0.922, P = 0.001). No differences in degeneration were found between medial, anterior, and posterior edges of the tear. The study highlights specific factors of tendon degeneration contributing to the local differences in tendon degeneration. By understanding local differences in tendon degeneration, surgical protocols for repair can be improved. Clin. Anat., 33:1007–1013, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cancer‐associated fibroblasts–derived exosomes‐mediated transfer of LINC00355 regulates bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion
Authors: Yan Lei , Wang Peiyu , Fang Weihua , Liang Chaozhao
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) exosome in bladder cancer (BC) cell proliferation and invasion. CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated from tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues of BC patients, and examined by immunocytochemistry for the expression of fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA). Exosomes were extracted from CAFs and NFs and observed under a transmission electron microscope, and expression of the exosome markers CD9 and CD63 was confirmed by western blotting. The distribution and intensity of fluorescence were observed by confocal laser microscopy to analyze exosomes uptake by BC cell lines T24 or 5367. BC cell proliferation and invasion were detected by MTT and Transwell assays, respectively. LINC00355 levels in CAFs, NFs, CAFs exosome, NFs exosome, and BC cells were detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Results showed that CAFs exosome significantly promoted BC cell proliferation and invasion relative to NFs exosome. LINC00355 expression was significantly elevated in CAFs exosome when compared with that in NFs‐exosome. Up‐regulated LINC00355 expression was observed both in T24 and 5367 cells co‐incubated with CAFs exosome. Exosomes derived from LINC00355 siRNA‐transfected CAFs observably repressed BC cell proliferation and invasion when compared with control siRNA‐CAFs exosome. In conclusion, CAFs exosome–mediated transfer of LINC00355 regulates BC cell proliferation and invasion. Significance of the study. In this study, our data suggest that the exosomes released from CAFs promote BC cell proliferation and invasion. The mechanism of this effect is, at least in part, related to the increased LINC00355. Regulation of LINC00355 expression in exosomes released from CAFs might be a putative therapeutic strategy against the pathogenesis of BC.
Magnitude of reduction in risk of second contralateral breast cancer with bilateral mastectomy in patients with breast cancer: Data from California, 1998 through 2015
Authors: Kurian Allison W. , Canchola Alison J. , Ma Cindy S. , Clarke Christina A. , Gomez Scarlett L.
Published: November 2019

Background

Increasingly, patients with breast cancer undergo bilateral mastectomy (BLM). To the authors' knowledge, the magnitude of benefit is unknown.

Methods

The authors used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program regarding all women diagnosed with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 0 to stage III unilateral breast cancer in California from 1998 through 2015 and treated with BLM versus breast‐conserving therapy including surgery and radiotherapy (BCT) or unilateral mastectomy (ULM). The authors measured relative risks of second contralateral breast cancer (CBC) and breast cancer death using Fine and Gray multivariable regression modeling adjusted for the competing risk of death and death from another cause, respectively, and potential confounding factors. Absolute excess risk of CBC was measured as the observed minus expected number of breast cancers in the general population divided by 10,000 person‐years at risk.

Results

Among 245,418 patients with a median follow‐up of 6.7 years, 7784 patients (3.2%) developed CBC. Relative risks were lower after BLM (hazard ratio [HR], 0.10; 95% CI, 0.07‐0.14) and higher after ULM (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.13) versus BCT. Absolute excess risks were higher after BCT and ULM (5.0 and 13.6 more cases, respectively) compared with BLM (28.6 fewer cases). BLM reduced risk more among older women (38.0 fewer cases for women aged ≥50 years vs 17.9 fewer cases among women aged <50 years) but provided similar risk reduction across categories of tumor grade and tumor hormone receptor status. Compared with BCT, the risk of breast cancer death was equivalent after BLM (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96‐1.11) and higher after ULM (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.17‐1.25).

Conclusions

BLM may reduce second breast cancer risk by 34 to 43 cases per 10,000 person‐years compared with other surgical procedures, but is not associated with a lower risk of death. Second breast cancers are rare, and their reduction should be weighed against the harms associated with BLM.
Comparative neocortical neuromorphology in felids: African lion, African leopard, and cheetah
Authors: Nguyen Vivian T. , Uchida Riri , Warling Allysa , Sloan Lucy J. , Saviano Mark S. , Wicinski Bridget , Hård Therese , Bertelsen Mads F. , Stimpson Cheryl D. , Bitterman Kathleen , Schall Matthew , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C. , Manger Paul R. , Spocter Muhammad A. , Jacobs Bob
Published: November 2019

The present study examines cortical neuronal morphology in the African lion (Panthera leo leo), African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus), and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus). Tissue samples were removed from prefrontal, primary motor, and primary visual cortices and investigated with a Golgi stain and computer‐assisted morphometry to provide somatodendritic measures of 652 neurons. Although neurons in the African lion were insufficiently impregnated for accurate quantitative dendritic measurements, descriptions of neuronal morphologies were still possible. Qualitatively, the range of spiny and aspiny neurons across the three species was similar to those observed in other felids, with typical pyramidal neurons being the most prominent neuronal type. Quantitatively, somatodendritic measures of typical pyramidal neurons in the cheetah were generally larger than in the African leopard, despite similar brain sizes. A MARsplines analysis of dendritic measures correctly differentiated 87.4% of complete typical pyramidal neurons between the African leopard and cheetah. In addition, unbiased stereology was used to compare the soma size of typical pyramidal neurons (n = 2,238) across all three cortical regions and gigantopyramidal neurons (n = 1,189) in primary motor and primary visual cortices. Both morphological and stereological analyses indicated that primary motor gigantopyramidal neurons were exceptionally large across all three felids compared to other carnivores, possibly due to specializations related to the felid musculoskeletal systems. The large size of these neurons in the cheetah which, unlike lions and leopards, does not belong to the Panthera genus, suggests that exceptionally enlarged primary motor gigantopyramidal neurons evolved independently in these felid species.
Viewerphilic nightscape based on correlated color temperature
Authors: Pourfathollah Maedeh , Mahdavinejad Mohammadjavad
Published: November 2019

Nowadays, many factors are involved in lighting design to achieve targeted lighting in addition to meeting the user's requirements and security to avoid energy loss. As building indexation at night is one of the main reasons for building lighting, it is necessary to make a decision to reduce energy consumption and increase observer's attention. The present study investigated the relationship between the correlated color temperature of the background and building based on the amount of visual attention and the amount of visual desirability. In this article, using a factor analysis approach, a range that attracts visual attention and visual desirability at the same time was obtained, and it is called viewerphilic perspective. The results presented in the form of a diagram show a relationship between the variables that directly and indirectly influence the formation of a viewerphilic night perspective. The results showed that the elements with a high correlated color temperature in the background and a low correlated color temperature and neutral color were in the viewerphilic range, while the elements with a low color temperature and a background with a high color temperature was in the range of viewer phobic.
Using INTERSPIA to Explore the Dynamics of Protein‐Protein Interactions Among Multiple Species
Authors: Kwon Daehong , Lee Daehwan , Kim Juyeon , Lee Jongin , Sim Mikang , Kim Jaebum
Published: November 2019

INTER‐Species Protein Interaction Analysis (INTERSPIA) is a web application for identifying diverse patterns of protein‐protein interactions (PPIs) in different species. Given a set of proteins of interest to the user, INTERSPIA first discovers additional proteins that are functionally associated with the input proteins as well as different or common patterns of PPIs among the proteins in multiple species through a server‐side pipeline. Second, it visualizes the dynamics of PPIs in multiple species via an easy‐to‐use web interface. This article contains a basic protocol describing how to visualize diverse patterns of PPIs of input proteins in multiple species, and how to use them for functional analysis in the web interface. INTERSPIA is freely available at http://bioinfo.konkuk.ac.kr/INTERSPIA/. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol: Running INTERSPIA using a list of input proteins
Toward Progress in Quantitative Translational Medicine: A Call to Action
Authors: Venkatakrishnan Karthik , Zheng Songmao , Musante Cynthia J. , Jin Jin Y. , Riggs Matthew M. , Krishnaswami Sriram , Visser Sandra A.G.
Published: November 2019

Quantitative translational medicine (QTM) is envisioned as a multifaceted discipline that will galvanize the path from idea to medicine through quantitative translation across the discovery, development, regulatory, and utilization spectrum. Here, we summarize results of an American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ASCPT) survey on barriers relevant to the advancement of QTM and propose opportunities for its deployment. Importantly, we offer a call to action to break down these barriers through patient‐centered stewardship, effective communication, cross‐sector collaboration, and a modernized educational curriculum.
Obsessive–compulsive symptoms in eating disorders: A network investigation
Authors: Meier Marieke , Kossakowski Jolanda J. , Jones Payton J. , Kay Brian , Riemann Bradley C. , McNally Richard J.
Published: November 2019

Objective

Eating disorders (EDs) are complex, heterogeneous, and severe psychiatric syndromes. They are highly comorbid with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) which exacerbates the course of illness and impedes treatment. However, the direct functional relations between EDs and OCD symptoms remain largely unexplored. Hence, using network analysis, we investigated the relationship between ED and OCD at the level of symptoms in a heterogeneous clinical sample.

Method

We used cross sectional data of 303 treatment‐seeking patients with clinically relevant ED and OCD pathology. We constructed a regularized partial correlation network that featured both ED and OCD symptoms as nodes. To determine each symptom's influence, we calculated expected influence (EI) as an index of symptom centrality (i.e., “importance”). Bridge symptoms (i.e., symptoms from one syndromic cluster that have strong connections to symptoms of another syndromic cluster) were identified by computing bridge expected influence metrics.

Results

Fear of weight gain and dietary restraint were especially important among the ED symptoms. Interference due to obsessions was the key feature of OCD. ED and OCD clustered distinctly with few potential bridges between clusters.

Discussion

This study underscores the importance of cognitive symptoms for both ED and OCD although direct functional links between the two clusters are missing. Potentially, a network incorporating nodes capturing features of personality may account for diagnostic comorbidity better than specific symptoms of EDs or features of OCD do.
Declining freshwater mussel diversity in the middle and lower reaches of the Xin River Basin: Threat and conservation
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Liu Xiongjun , Wu Ruiwen , Wang Weikai , Wu Yanli , Ouyang Shan , Wu Xiaoping
Published: November 2019

Freshwater mussels provide important functions and services for aquatic ecosystems, but populations of many species have been extirpated. Information on biodiversity plays an important role in the conservation and management of freshwater mussels. The Xin River Basin is a biodiversity hotspot for freshwater mussels in China, with more than 43 species known, but populations of which are decreasing. Here, we quantify the diversity of freshwater mussels in the middle and lower reaches of the Xin River Basin and study the correlation of habitat characteristics and freshwater mussel diversity. Compared to the historical period, the number of species, density, and biomass of freshwater mussels decreased 33%, 83%, and 82% in the current period, respectively. Fifty two percent of recorded species were empty shells, and 14 native freshwater mussels were not found in the study area. Four species are currently listed as vulnerable species using IUCN criteria and their global status. The assemblage structure of freshwater mussels exhibits significant spatial differences, and there was a correlation with substrate and physicochemical parameters. The main tributary of the Xin River with higher freshwater mussel diversity should be established as one large protected area because the nestedness component was the main pattern of beta diversity. These results indicated freshwater mussel diversity was declining rapidly, which can help focus conservation effort for freshwater mussel biodiversity.
Widespread severe wildfires under climate change lead to increased forest homogeneity in dry mixed‐conifer forests
Authors: Cassell Brooke A. , Scheller Robert M. , Lucash Melissa S. , Hurteau Matthew D. , Loudermilk E. Louise
Published: November 2019

Climate warming in the western United States is causing changes to the wildfire regime in mixed‐conifer forests. Rising temperatures, longer fire seasons, increased drought, as well as fire suppression and changes in land use, have led to greater and more severe wildfire activity, all contributing to altered forest composition over the past century. To understand future interactions among climate, wildfire, and vegetation in a fire‐prone landscape in the southern Blue Mountains of central Oregon, we used a spatially explicit forest landscape model, LANDIS‐II, to simulate forest and fire dynamics under current management practices and two projected climate scenarios. The results suggest that wildfires will become more frequent, more extensive, and more severe under projected climate than contemporary climate. Furthermore, projected climate change generated a 20% increase in the number of extreme fire years (years with at least 40,000 ha burned). This caused large shifts in tree species composition, characterized by a decline in the sub‐alpine species (Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Pinus albicaulis) and increases in lower‐elevation species (Pinus ponderosa, Abies grandis), resulting in forest homogenization across the elevational gradient. This modeling study suggests that climate‐driven increases in fire activity and severity will make high‐elevation species vulnerable to decline and will reduce landscape heterogeneity. These results underscore the need for forest managers to actively consider climate change, altered fire regimes, and projected declines in sub‐alpine species in their long‐term management plans.