bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuously sutured versus linear-stapled anastomosis in robot-assisted hybrid Ivor Lewis esophageal surgery following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a single-center cohort study
Authors: Angehrn Fiorenzo V. , Neuschütz Kerstin J. , Fourie Lana , Becker Pauline , von Flüe Markus , Steinemann Daniel C. , Bolli Martin
Published: July 2022

Background

Esophageal cancer surgery is technically highly demanding. During the past decade robot-assisted surgery has successfully been introduced in esophageal cancer treatment. Various techniques are being evaluated in different centers. In particular, advantages and disadvantages of continuously sutured (COSU) or linear-stapled (LIST) gastroesophageal anastomoses are debated. Here, we comparatively analyzed perioperative morbidities and short-term outcomes in patients undergoing hybrid robot-assisted esophageal surgery following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT), with COSU or LIST anastomoses in a single center.

Methods

Following standardized, effective, nCRT, 53 patients underwent a hybrid Ivor Lewis robot-assisted esophagectomy with COSU (n = 32) or LIST (n = 21) gastroesophageal anastomoses. Study endpoints were intra- and postoperative complications, in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Duration of operation, intensive care unit (ICU) and overall hospital stay were also evaluated. Furthermore, rates of rehospitalization, endoscopies, anastomotic stenosis and recurrence were assessed in a 90-day follow-up.

Results

Demographics, ASA scores and tumor characteristics were comparable in the two groups. Median duration of operation was similar in patients with COSU and LIST anastomosis (467 vs. 453 min, IQR 420–521 vs. 416–469, p = 0.0611). Major complications were observed in 4/32 (12.5%) and 4/21 (19%) patients with COSU or LIST anastomosis, respectively (p = 0.697). Anastomotic leakage was observed in 3/32 (9.3%) and 2/21 (9.5%) (p = 1.0) patients with COSU or LIST anastomosis, respectively. Pleural empyema occurred in 1/32 (3.1%) and 2/21 (9.5%) (p = 0.555) patients, respectively. Mortality was similar in the two groups (1/32, 3.1% and 1/21, 4.7%, p = 1.0). Median ICU stay did not differ in patients with COSU or LIST anastomosis (p = 0.255), whereas a slightly, but significantly (p = 0.0393) shorter overall hospital stay was observed for COSU, as compared to LIST cohort (median: 20 vs. 21 days, IQR 17–22 vs. 18–28).

Conclusions

COSU is not inferior to LIST in the performance of gastroesophageal anastomosis in hybrid Ivor Lewis operations following nCRT.
Activity discovery using Dirichlet multinomial mixture models from discrete sensor data in smart homes
Authors: Sadohara Ken
Published: July 2022

To develop smart home technology designed to analyze the activity of residents based on the logs of installed sensors, an activity model tailored to individuals must be constructed from less privacy-invasive sensors to avoid interference in daily life. Unsupervised machine learning techniques are desirable to automatically construct such models without costly data annotation, but their application has not yet been sufficiently successful. In this study, we show that an activity model can be effectively estimated without activity labels via the Dirichlet multinomial mixture (DMM) model. The DMM model assumes that sensor signals are generated according to a Dirichlet multinomial distribution conditioned on a single unobservable activity and can capture the burstiness of sensors, in which even sensors that rarely fire may fire repeatedly after being triggered. We demonstrate the burstiness phenomenon in real data using passive infrared ray motion sensors. For such data, the assumptions of the DMM model are more suitable than the assumptions employed in models used in previous studies. Moreover, we extend the DMM model so that each activity depends on the preceding activity to capture the Markov dependency of activities, and a Gibbs sampler used in the model estimation algorithm is also presented. An empirical study using publicly available data collected in real-life settings shows that the DMM models can discover activities more correctly than the other models and expected to be used as a primitive activity extraction tool in activity analysis.
The Associations of Affection and Rejection During Adolescence with Interpersonal Functioning in Young Adulthood: A Macro- and Micro- Level Investigation Using the TRAILS TRANS-ID Study
Authors: Morosan Larisa , Wigman Johanna T. W. , Groen Robin N. , Schreuder Marieke J. , Wichers Marieke , Hartman Catharina A.
Published: July 2022

Affection and rejection in close relationships during adolescence are thought to impact adult interpersonal functioning, but few studies focused on how the quality of adolescents’ relationships with different people (e.g. parents, peers, and teachers) impacts the daily, micro-level social experiences as well as general, macro-level interpersonal functioning in young adulthood. The present study investigated the associations between: (i) parental, teacher and peer affection and rejection during adolescence and macro-level (over several months) interpersonal functioning as well as different patterns (i.e. mean, variability and inertia) of micro-level (daily social experiences) during young adulthood; (ii) macro-level interpersonal functioning and the patterns of micro-level social experiences during young adulthood. The sample consisted of N = 122 (43% female) youth. At 11.2 ± 0.4 and 16.0 ± 0.6 years old, self- and other-reported parental, peer and teacher affection and rejection were assessed. At 23.7 ± 0.6 years old, participants reported daily social experiences and interpersonal functioning across six months. The results suggested that: (i) higher teacher-reported peer rejection was associated with lower macro-level interpersonal functioning, higher means and higher variability in negative social experiences during adulthood; (ii) higher macro-level interpersonal functioning during young adulthood was associated with higher means and lower inertia in positive and lower variability in negative daily social experiences. These findings indicate that the affection and rejection during adolescence impact interpersonal functioning at macro- and micro-level during adulthood. The present study also shows distinct associations between macro-level interpersonal functioning and dynamics in daily social experiences.
Controllable growth of single-crystalline zinc oxide nanosheets under ambient condition toward ammonia sensing with ultrahigh selectivity and sensitivity
Authors: Zhang Dongdong , Fang Zhi , Wang Lin , Yu Hao , Lu Xianlu , Song Kai , Teng Jie , Yang Weiyou
Published: July 2022

To date, the synthesis of crystalline ZnO nanostructures was often performed under high temperatures and/or high pressures with tiny output, which limits their commercial applications. Herein, we report the progress on synthesizing single-crystalline ZnO nanosheets under ambient conditions (i.e., room temperature (RT) and atmospheric pressure) based on a sonochemistry strategy. Furthermore, their controllable growth is accomplished by adjusting the pH values of solutions, enabling the tailored crystal growth habits on the polar-charged faces of ZnO along c-axis. As a proof of concept for their potential applications, the ZnO nanosheets exhibit highly efficient performance for sensing ammonia at RT, with ultrahigh sensitivity (S = 610 at 100 ppm), excellent selectivity, rapid detection (response time/recover time = 70 s/4 s), and outstanding detection limit down to 0.5 ppm, superior to those of all pure ZnO nanostructures and most ZnO-based composite counterparts ever reported. The present work might open a door for controllable production of ZnO nanostructures under mild conditions, and facilitate the exploration of modern gas sensors for detecting gaseous molecules at RT, which underscores their potential toward practical applications in opto-electronic nanodevices.
Experimental and DFT studies of flower-like Ni-doped Mo2C on carbon fiber paper: A highly efficient and robust HER electrocatalyst modulated by Ni(NO3)2 concentration
Authors: Zhang Lei , Hu Zhihui , Huang Juntong , Chen Zhi , Li Xibao , Feng Zhijun , Yang Huiyong , Huang Saifang , Luo Ruiying
Published: July 2022

Developing highly efficient and stable non-precious metal catalysts for water splitting is urgently required. In this work, we report a facile one-step molten salt method for the preparation of self-supporting Ni-doped Mo2C on carbon fiber paper (Ni-Mo2CCB/CFP) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The effects of nickel nitrate concentration on the phase composition, morphology, and electrocatalytic HER performance of Ni-doped Mo2C@CFP electrocatalysts was investigated. With the continuous increase of Ni(NO3)2 concentration, the morphology of Mo2C gradually changes from granular to flower-like, providing larger specific surface area and more active sites. Doping nickel (Ni) into the crystal lattice of Mo2C largely reduces the impedance of the electrocatalysts and enhances their electrocatalytic activity. The as-developed Mo2C-3 M Ni(NO3)2/CFP electrocatalyst exhibits high catalytic activity with a small overpotential of 56 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2. This catalyst has a fast HER kinetics, as demonstrated by a very small Tafel slope of 27.4 mV·dec−1, and persistent long-term stability. A further higher Ni concentration had an adverse effect on the electrocatalytic performance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further verified the experimental results. Ni doping could reduce the binding energy of Mo-H, facilitating the desorption of the adsorbed hydrogen (Hads) on the surface, thereby improving the intrinsic catalytic activity of Ni-doped Mo2C-based catalysts. Nevertheless, excessive Ni doping would inhibit the catalytic activity of the electrocatalysts. This work not only provides a simple strategy for the facile preparation of non-precious metal electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity, but also unveils the influence mechanism of the Ni doping concentration on the HER performance of the electrocatalysts from the theoretical perspective.
A comparison of heuristic, statistical, and machine learning methods for heated tool butt welding of two different materials
Authors: Gevers Karina , Tornede Alexander , Wever Marcel , Schöppner Volker , Hüllermeier Eyke
Published: July 2022

Heated tool butt welding is a method often used for joining thermoplastics, especially when the components are made out of different materials. The quality of the connection between the components crucially depends on a suitable choice of the parameters of the welding process, such as heating time, temperature, and the precise way how the parts are then welded. Moreover, when different materials are to be joined, the parameter values need to be tailored to the specifics of the respective material. To this end, in this paper, three approaches to tailor the parameter values to optimize the quality of the connection are compared: a heuristic by Potente, statistical experimental design, and Bayesian optimization. With the suitability for practice in mind, a series of experiments are carried out with these approaches, and their capabilities of proposing well-performing parameter values are investigated. As a result, Bayesian optimization is found to yield peak performance, but the costs for optimization are substantial. In contrast, the Potente heuristic does not require any experimentation and recommends parameter values with competitive quality.
Reservoir characterization of the middle Miocene Kareem sandstones, Southern Gulf of Suez Basin, Egypt
Authors: Farouk Sherif , Sen Souvik , Pigott John D. , Sarhan Mohammad Abdelfattah
Published: July 2022

In this study, we have assessed the petrographical and petrophysical characteristics of the progradational, syn-rift Middle Miocene Rahmi sandstone gas reservoir (Lower Kareem Formation) from the East Matr and Amal hydrocarbon fields, southern Gulf of Suez by integrating sidewall cores and wireline logs. We interpreted a reservoir gas gradient of around 0.09 psi/ft from the downhole pressure measurements. Based on well log-based petrophysical analyses, we interpreted that the Rahmi reservoir in the East Matr field has a 0.10–0.18 v/v total porosity, 0.08–0.14 v/v effective porosity, 0.08–0.17 v/v shale volume along with water saturation ranging between 0.09 and 0.32 v/v. The correlated reservoir in the Amal field is observed to have higher porosities (0.17–0.22 v/v total porosity and 0.15–0.19 v/v effective porosity), although it exhibits higher water saturation (0.38–0.54 v/v). The reservoir consists of very fine to coarse grained, poorly to moderately sorted, subangular to subrounded, poorly cemented and moderately compacted sublithic, subarkosic and arkosic arenites with moderate to good intergranular porosity. Abundant lithic fragments and poor textural maturity of the Rahimi sandstones imply a high energy shoreface depositional environment in close proximity to the hinterland. Porosity reduction is attributed to dolomite cementation, kaolinite, formation of pseudomatrix by mechanical compaction of argillaceous lithics, and quartz overgrowth. Long and concavo-convex intergranular contacts indicate that silica needed for quartz cementation was derived by moderate degree of chemical compaction of the quartz grains. Partial to near-complete dissolution of the labile grains (feldspar and lithics) and dolomite attributed to the reservoir quality improvement. Scattered dolomite cements prevented more severe mechanical and chemical compaction.
Possible zero sound in layered perovskites with ferromagnetic s-d exchange interaction
Authors: Mishonov Todor M. , Zahariev Nedelcho I. , Chamati Hassan , Varonov Albert M.
Published: July 2022

We analyze the conditions for observation of zero sound in layered perovskites with transition metal ion on chalcogenide oxidizer. We conclude that propagation of zero sound is possible only for a ferromagnetic sign of the s-d interaction. If the s-d exchange integral J$$_{sd}$$

sd

has antiferromagnetic sign, as it is perhaps in the case for layered cuprates, zero sound is a thermally activated dissipation mode, which generates only “hot spots” in the Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) data along the Fermi contour. We predict that zero sound will be observable for transition metal perovskites with 4s and 3d levels close to the p-level of the chalcogenide. The simultaneous lack of superconductivity, the appearance of hot spots in ARPES data, and the proximity of the three named levels, represents the significant hint for the choice of material to be investigated.
Operationalising ethics in artificial intelligence for healthcare: a framework for AI developers
Authors: Solanki Pravik , Grundy John , Hussain Waqar
Published: July 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers much promise for improving healthcare. However, it runs the looming risk of causing individual and societal harms; for instance, exacerbating inequalities amongst minority groups, or enabling compromises in the confidentiality of patients’ sensitive data. As such, there is an expanding, unmet need for ensuring AI for healthcare is developed in concordance with human values and ethics. Augmenting “principle-based” guidance that highlight adherence to ethical ideals (without necessarily offering translation into actionable practices), we offer a solution-based framework for operationalising ethics in AI for healthcare. Our framework is built from a scoping review of existing solutions of ethical AI guidelines, frameworks and technical solutions to address human values such as self-direction in healthcare. Our view spans the entire length of the AI lifecycle: data management, model development, deployment and monitoring. Our focus in this paper is to collate actionable solutions (whether technical or non-technical in nature), which can be steps that enable and empower developers in their daily practice to ensuring ethical practices in the broader picture. Our framework is intended to be adopted by AI developers, with recommendations that are accessible and driven by the existing literature. We endorse the recognised need for ‘ethical AI checklists’ co-designed with health AI practitioners, which could further operationalise the technical solutions we have collated. Since the risks to health and wellbeing are so large, we believe a proactive approach is necessary for ensuring human values and ethics are appropriately respected in AI for healthcare.
Climate action in the making: business and civil society views on the world’s first carbon border levy
Authors: Buylova Alexandra , Fridahl Mathias , Nasiritousi Naghmeh , Overland Indra , Reischl Gunilla
Published: July 2022

Carbon border levies have been suggested as an important tool for ramping up climate action. Such a levy is being negotiated as part of the EU’s Green Deal, with input from public consultations. The success of the EU’s carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) will depend on its design and acceptance. While most analyses focus on resistance from the EU’s major external trade partners, this article analyses the views of non-state actors within the EU. Their views will be decisive for the cohesion and determination of the EU as the CBAM proposal encounters external resistance. Examining the views of European business and civil society organizations expressed by 276 respondents in the EU’s public consultation, we show that there is general support for CBAM but divergent views on its purpose and on what to do about the allocation of free allowances in the EU Emissions Trading System, sectoral coverage, exemptions for third countries, export rebates and emissions scope. The success and strength of CBAM will depend on whether the EU is able to resolve these design issues and reach compromises between the opposing views of business and civil society.

Graphical Abstract
A Rare Case of Limb-Threatening Injury Secondary to Extrinsic Vascular Compression Following Crocodile Bite
Authors: K Aswin , Ayyan S Manu , Ezhilkugan Ganessane , Kumar Praveen , Rajendran Gunaseelan
Published: July 2022

Crocodile bites lead to fatal and nonfatal outcomes in humans. Mugger crocodiles ( Crocodylus palustris) and saltwater crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus) are common in India. Most crocodile bites can cause severe injuries, especially to the extremities, due to the substantial bite force of the crocodile, which typically leads to extensive tissue damage, fractures, amputations, and vascular injuries. We report the case of a crocodile bite victim who presented with features of acute limb ischemia, was found to have vascular thrombosis of the common femoral artery, and was experiencing complete compression of the femoral vein due to external vascular compression by a hematoma. We discuss various injury mechanisms sustained in crocodile bites and the roles of point-of-care ultrasound and continuous tomography angiography, which could help identify these injuries. After thrombectomy and hematoma evacuation the patient recovered and was discharged without any physical dysfunction.
Roles of Justice in Bioethics
Authors: Häyry Matti
Published: July 2022

This Element traces the origins and development of bioethics, the principles and values involved in the discipline, and the roles of justice among these principles and values. The main tasks given to the concept of justice have since the late 1970s been nondiscrimination in research, prioritization in medical practice, and redistribution in healthcare. The Element argues that in a world challenged by planet-wide political and environmental threats this is not sufficient. The nature and meaning of justice has to be rethought. The Element does this by dissecting current bioethical approaches in the light of theories of justice as partly clashing interpretations of equality. The overall findings are twofold. Seen against the background of global concerns, justice in bioethics has become a silent guardian of economic sustainability. Seen against the same background, we should set our aims higher. Justice can, and must, be put to better use than it presently is. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Responsibility for Health
Authors: Hansson Sven Ove
Published: July 2022

This Element offers a broad perspective on responsibility for health. This includes responsibilities in the prevention of disease and accidents, and in the creation of healthcare for all. The professional responsibilities of physicians and nurses are explored, and so are the responsibilities that we all have for our own health. Many of the central problems in healthcare ethics are discussed from a responsibility perspective, for instance paternalism, informed consent, evidence-based medicine, alternative medicine, and the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare. In order to perform this analysis, conceptual tools for responsibility analysis are provided, such as the distinction between blame responsibility and task responsibility and various notions of causality that are relevant for our understanding of responsibility.
The difference between the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale and the Brief Resilience Scale when assessing resilience: confirmatory factor analysis and predictive effects
Authors: Ye Yun-Ci , Wu Chia-Huei , Huang Tzu-Yun , Yang Cheng-Ta
Published: July 2022

Background

The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) are two scales widely used to measure resilience. Although both scales seek to assess an individual's ability to recover from and adapt to disruptions or stressful events, they can capture different aspects of resilience. While the CD-RISC focuses on resources that can help individuals to recover from and adapt to disruptions or stressful events, the BRS directly measures one's ability to bounce back or be resilient. The aim of this study is to better understand resilience through empirically examining the differences between the CD-RISC and the BRS.

Method

Samples (a pooled sample N = 448 and two subsamples N = 202 and 246) consisting of undergraduate students from Taiwan were used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the relationship between the CD-RISC and BRS. Regression analysis was conducted to examine predictive effects of the CD-RISC and BRS on depression and life satisfaction.

Result

The results of CFA using different samples consistently show that the CD-RISC and the BRS are highly correlated but still distinct. The results of regression analyses using different samples also consistently show that the CD-RISC and the BRS have unique predictive effects regarding depression and life satisfaction.

Conclusions

The research findings suggest that the CD-RISC and the BRS capture different aspects of resilience. For future research on resilience, researchers should pay closer attention to the differences between these scales and choose the one that most closely fits their research purpose.
Cabinet Reshuffles in Parliamentary Democracies: A Typology and Framework for Comparative Analysis
Authors: Helms Ludger , Vercesi Michelangelo
Published: July 2022

While previous research on cabinet reshuffles has offered valuable distinctions in terms of their timing, other defining features of reshuffles have largely escaped comparative inquiry. This article seeks to develop a more complete comparative assessment of cabinet reshuffles in parliamentary systems that reaches beyond the ‘classic’ samples of Westminster democracies. We seek to distinguish different ‘types’ of cabinet reshuffles that account for several key features, namely: the mode, the scope, the key principal and the party dimension of reshuffles. The usefulness and validity of this typology are demonstrated by a comparative assessment of cabinet reshuffles in four major West European parliamentary democracies. The conceptual distinctions and related empirical observations offered in this article should prove valuable, in particular when it comes to gauging the likely political and policy effects of different types of cabinet reshuffles, and should, ultimately, provide the foundations of a theory of comparative cabinet reshuffles.
“It’s Like Shouting to a Brick Wall”: Normative Whiteness and Racism in the European Parliament
Authors: KANTOLA JOHANNA , ELOMÄKI ANNA , GAWEDA BARBARA , MILLER CHERRY , AHRENS PETRA , BERTHET VALENTINE
Published: July 2022

There is a notable gap in the academic literature on racism within European Union institutions. This article scrutinizes racism and normative whiteness in one of these institutions—namely, the European Parliament. The article asks how European whiteness, as a norm, is related to and sustains racism in the European Parliament and how this affects efforts to tackle racism and formulate internal antiracist practices within the institution. The research material consists of interviews, parliamentary ethnography, and official document data, and the empirical analysis is divided into three levels: individual, political group, and parliamentary. An important contribution is to demonstrate the techniques of reproducing whiteness as an institutional norm and racialized power relations in the European Parliament. This avoids linking racism to only the actions and attitudes of individuals and enables the article to address how racism is reproduced through the Parliament as an institution.
‘When it comes to carers, you've got to be grateful that you've got a carer coming’: older people's narratives of self-funding social care in England
Authors: Tanner Denise , Ray Mo , Ward Lizzie
Published: July 2022

The number of older self-funders in England is growing in the context of tight eligibility criteria and fixed financial thresholds to access statutory adult social care. Older people who self-fund their social care fall largely under the radar of statutory services and of research. Our study aimed to listen closely to the stories that older people tell about finding, managing and paying for their care. We interviewed 65 older people living in the community who were funding all or some of their social care. This paper focuses on narrative analysis of selected transcripts from these interviews. It sheds light on how older people represent their experiences of self-funding and what underpins these constructions. A key finding is that the disjunctions within older people's accounts between the care they want and the care they receive reflect wider political and structural tensions in the funding and delivery of care. Older self-funders temper their expectations in light of their experience of shortfalls in the system. This enables them to adjust to the deficiencies but obscures and perpetuates poor care. The discussion considers the findings in relation to: the fundamental incompatability of body labour and commodified care; the shared precarity of older people and care workers; and the individualisation of risks that makes older people and their carers responsible for making a failing care system ‘work’. Our analysis adds to the case for major reform of adult social care, including a revaluing of the status and employment conditions of front-line care workers.
Dynamics of unmet need for social care in England
Authors: Vlachantoni Athina , Evandrou Maria , Falkingham Jane , Qin Min
Published: July 2022

Meeting individuals' social care needs is a core element of UK social policy. However, the conceptualisation and operationalisation of ‘unmet need’ remain a challenge. This paper advances our understanding by incorporating a temporal dimension into the conceptual framework on unmet need to investigate the dynamics of met and unmet need for social care over time. Using data from Waves 8 and 9 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this paper examines five possible trajectories among individuals with a social care need for bathing or dressing at baseline: (a) no longer having such a need; (b) having continued needs met; (c) delayed needs met; (d) newly arisen unmet needs; and (e) repeated unmet needs. The results indicate that amongst those with need at baseline, unmet need has decreased over time – indicating that some needs for social care may be fulfilled with a delay. However, a significant proportion of older people experienced repeated unmet needs, particularly those who were younger, with no spouse or civil partner, and those whose activities of daily living index scores worsened over time. Understanding the dynamics of unmet need can support policy makers in better ensuring that those facing an elevated risk of repeated unmet need over time do not fall through the social care safety net.
Smellscape of a Pompeian neighborhood
Authors: Nissin Laura
Published: July 2022

Smelling and other sensations that are often considered solely physiological phenomena are in fact deeply influenced by culture and history, and without understanding the ancient sensory landscape, our knowledge of the past inevitably remains limited. This paper explores the olfactory nuisances in one Pompeian city block (IX,3) and its immediate neighbors. I examine the area's stenches by tracing and mapping the sources of smells, focusing on those that in previous scholarship have been considered to render ancient towns foul smelling. The analysis contests the views of malodorous Roman urban space presented in previous studies and suggests that the smellscape of urban Pompeii was not a constant reek but milder and manageable. However, the analysis also reveals that social hierarchies and power relations played a part in Pompeian odor control, and the olfactory landscape was not the same for all inhabitants.
The Influence of the Solid Earth on the Contribution of Marine Sections of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to Future Sea‐Level Change
Authors: Yousefi M. , Wan J. , Pan L. , Gomez N. , Latychev K. , Mitrovica J. X. , Pollard D. , DeConto R. M.
Published: July 2022

Seismic tomography models indicate highly variable Earth structure beneath Antarctica with anomalously low shallow mantle viscosities below West Antarctica. An improved projection of the contribution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to sea‐level change requires consideration of this complexity to precisely account for water expelled into the ocean from uplifting marine sectors. Here we build a high‐resolution 3‐D viscoelastic structure model based on recent inferences of seismic velocity heterogeneity below the continent. The model serves as input to a global‐scale sea‐level model that we use to investigate the influence of solid Earth deformation in Antarctica on future global mean sea‐level (GMSL) rise. Our calculations are based on a suite of ice mass projections generated with a range of climate forcings and suggest that water expulsion from the rebounding marine basins contributes 4%–16% and 7%–14% to the projected GMSL change at 2100 and 2500, respectively.
Unexpected Repartitioning of Stratospheric Inorganic Chlorine After the 2020 Australian Wildfires
Authors: Strahan Susan E. , Smale Dan , Solomon Susan , Taha Ghassan , Damon Megan R. , Steenrod Stephen D. , Jones Nicholas , Liley Ben , Querel Richard , Robinson John
Published: July 2022

The inorganic chlorine (Cly) and odd nitrogen (NOy) chemical families influence stratospheric O3. In January 2020 Australian wildfires injected record‐breaking amounts of smoke into the southern stratosphere. Within 1–2 months ground‐based and satellite observations showed Cly and NOy were repartitioned. By May, lower stratospheric HCl columns declined by ∼30% and ClONO2 columns increased by 40%–50%. The Cly perturbations began and ended near the equinoxes, increased poleward, and peaked at the winter solstice. NO2 decreased from February to April, consistent with sulfate aerosol reactions, but returned to typical values by June ‐ months before the Cly recovery. Transport tracers show that dynamics not chemistry explains most of the observed O3 decrease after April, with no significant transport earlier. Simulations assuming wildfire smoke behaves identically to sulfate aerosols couldn't reproduce observed Cly changes, suggesting they have different composition and chemistry. This undermines our ability to predict ozone in a changing climate.
Early Postseismic Deformation of the 2010 Mw 6.9 Yushu Earthquake and Its Implication for Lithospheric Rheological Properties
Authors: Chen Yunguo , Hu Yan , Qian Liang , Meng Guojie
Published: July 2022

We used the 250‐day postseismic displacements derived from Global Positioning System data to explore various postseismic deformation processes of the 14 April 2010 Mw 6.9 Yushu earthquake, including the afterslip of the fault, viscoelastic relaxation in the lower crust and upper mantle, and the poroelastic rebound. The preferred model shows that the afterslip of the fault decays rapidly with time. Viscoelastic relaxation in the lower crust and upper mantle decays slower with time but affects a broader area. Our results show that the range of the steady‐state viscosity in the lower crust is 0.3–2  1019 Pa s. The optimal steady‐state viscosity in the lower crust is ∼5  1018 Pa s. We simulate the deformation due to the poroelastic rebound in the top 10 km upper crust. Model results indicate that the poroelastic rebound only produces a few millimeters surface deformation and may be a secondary‐order postseismic process.
Detection of Different Properties of Ionospheric Perturbations in the Vicinity of the Korean Peninsula After the Hunga‐Tonga Volcanic Eruption on 15 January 2022
Authors: Hong Junseok , Kil Hyosub , Lee Woo Kyoung , Kwak Young‐Sil , Choi Byung‐Kyu , Paxton Larry J.
Published: July 2022

This study reports different properties of ionospheric perturbations detected to the west and south of the Korean Peninsula after the Hunga‐Tonga volcanic eruption on 15 January 2022. Transient wave‐like total electron content (TEC) modulations and intense irregular TEC perturbations are detected in the west and south of the Korean Peninsula, respectively, about 8 hr after the eruption. The TEC modulations in the west propagate away from the epicenter with a speed of 302 m/s. Their occurrence time, propagation direction and velocity, and alignment with the surface air pressure perturbations indicate the generation of the TEC modulations by Lamb waves generated by the eruption. The strong TEC perturbations and L band scintillations in the south are interpreted in terms of the poleward extension of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). We demonstrate the association of the EPBs with the volcanic eruption using the EPB occurrence climatology derived from Swarm satellite data.
From a Spatial Structure Perspective: Spatial‐Temporal Variation of Climate Redistribution of China Based on the Köppen–Geiger Classification
Authors: Guan Yanlong , Liu Junguo , Wang Kai , Cao Wenfang , Jiang Yelin , Lu Hongwei , Heiskanen Janne
Published: July 2022

Shifting climate zones are widely used to diagnose and predict regional climate change. However, few attempts have been made to measure the spatial redistribution of these climate zones from a spatial structure perspective. We investigated changes in spatial structure of Köppen climate landscape in China between 1963 and 2098 with a landscape aggregation index. Our results reveal an apparent signal from fragmentation to aggregation, accompanied by the intensification of areal dispersion between cold and warm climate types. Our attribution analysis indicates that anthropogenic forcings have a larger influence on changes of spatial structure than natural variation. We also found that topographical heterogeneity is likely to contribute to the regional spatial fragmentation, especially in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. However, we also found that the spatial fragmentation will be weakened around the mid‐2040s. We argue that biodiversity is likely to be mediated by spatial structure of future climate landscapes in China.
In Situ Observation of a Magnetopause Indentation that Is Correspondent to Throat Aurora and Is Caused by Magnetopause Reconnection
Authors: Qiu HuiXuan , Han De‐Sheng , Wang BoYi , Feng HuiTing , Li Bin , Zhou Su , Shi Run , Yang HuiGen , Zhang Y.‐L.
Published: July 2022

Throat auroras have been suggested to correspond to magnetopause indentations, but how such indentations can be generated is an open question. Using coordinated magnetopause in situ and two‐dimensional auroral imaging observations, we showed that a transient magnetopause crossing observed by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms near the dayside magnetopause corresponds to a throat aurora observed by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager. The magnetopause crossing was confirmed to present a localized magnetopause indentation rather than arise from motion of the whole magnetopause. Using the minimum variance analysis and Walén test methods, we captured clear reconnection signatures at either boundary of the indentation. Also, an upstream solar wind discontinuity and a magnetosheath variation were identified to correlate well with the magnetopause indentation occurrence. These observations suggest that the magnetopause indentation was generated by reconnection and lend solid support to an assumption that throat aurora is produced by a particular reconnection that can develop inward the magnetosphere at a much‐localized region.
Pre‐Activation of Ice Nucleating Particles in Deposition Nucleation Mode: Evidence From Measurement Using a Static Vacuum Water Vapor Diffusion Chamber in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Jing X. , Yang J. , Li T. , Hu J. , He C. , Yin Y. , DeMott P. J. , Wang Z. , Jiang H. , Chen K.
Published: July 2022

Pre‐activation of ice nucleating particles (INPs) is a potential mechanism to enhance ice generation in mixed‐phase clouds, but evidence of INP pre‐activation is still limited. In this study, the pre‐activation of INPs in deposition mode is investigated using refreezing experiments in a static vacuum water vapor diffusion chamber with aerosols sampled in Xinjiang, China. The results indicate that the activation efficiency of INP was enhanced after pre‐activation. Statistically, the INP concentration increased by 266%, 112%, and 70% at −10°C, −14°C, and −17°C after pre‐activation, and more than half of the samples showed an increase in INP concentration. The increase in INP concentration has a positive correlation with the primary INP concentration before pre‐activation. The analyses provide new evidence that the pre‐activated INPs can act as better nuclei at temperature as warm as −10°C, and highlight the importance to find a way to consider this mechanism in models.
Targeting HIC1/TGF-β axis-shaped prostate cancer microenvironment restrains its progression
Authors: Wu Tianqi , Wang Wenfeng , Shi Guohai , Hao Mingang , Wang Yingying , Yao Mengfei , Huang Yongqiang , Du Leilei , Zhang Xingming , Ye Dingwei , Bian Xiaojie , Wang Jianhua
Published: July 2022

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens men’s health worldwide. Recently, stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been reported to contribute to the progression of PCa. However, the role and mechanism of how PCa cells interact with stromal cells to reshape the TME remain largely unknown. Here, using a spontaneous prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) model driven by the loss of Pten and Hic1, we found that M2 macrophages markedly infiltrated the stroma of Pten and Hic1 double conditional knockout (dCKO) mice compared with those in control (Ctrl) mice due to higher TGF-β levels secreted by HIC1-deleted PCa cells. Mechanistically, TGF-β in TME promoted the polarization of macrophages into “M2” status by activating the STAT3 pathway and modulating c-Myc to upregulate CXCR4 expression. Meanwhile, TGF-β activated the fibroblasts to form cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that secrete higher CXCL12 levels, which bound to its cognate receptor CXCR4 on M2 macrophages. Upon interaction with CAFs, M2 macrophages secreted more CXCL5, which promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PCa via CXCR2. Moreover, using the TGF-β receptor I antagonist, galunisertib, significantly inhibited the tumor growth and progression of the TRAMP-C1 cell line-derived subcutaneous tumor model. Finally, we confirmed that the stromal microenvironment was shaped by TGF-β in HIC1-deficient PCa and was associated with the progression of PCa.
Inhibition of TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis protects against acute liver failure by suppressing RIPK1-dependent apoptosis
Authors: Li Zhijie , Wang Heming , Zhu Junjin , Nan Ning , Lin Yi , Zhuang Xuran , Li Ling , Zhang Yamin , Huang Pengyu
Published: July 2022

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a severe clinical syndrome characterized by massive death of hepatocytes in a short time, resulting in coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy, with a high mortality in patients without pre-existing liver disease. Effective treatment of ALF is currently limited to liver transplantation, highlighting the need for new target therapies. Here, we found that expression of hepatic tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A (Tnfrsf12a) were significantly increased during ALF induced by thioacetamide (TAA) or acetaminophen (APAP). Inhibition of TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis markedly attenuated TAA or APAP-induced ALF. Moreover, our results demonstrated that TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis induced receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent apoptosis of hepatocytes, instead of necroptosis or pyroptosis. Notably, hepatic TNFRSF12A and TWEAK levels were also significantly increased in liver biopsies from ALF patients. In summary, our results demonstrate that during ALF, TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis activates RIPK1 in hepatocytes, leading to RIPK1-dependent apoptosis and subsequent liver injury. Therefore, inhibition of either TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis or RIPK1-dependent apoptosis attenuates liver injury, providing a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ALF.
Genomic insights into the secondary aquatic transition of penguins
Authors: Cole Theresa L. , Zhou Chengran , Fang Miaoquan , Pan Hailin , Ksepka Daniel T. , Fiddaman Steven R. , Emerling Christopher A. , Thomas Daniel B. , Bi Xupeng , Fang Qi , Ellegaard Martin R. , Feng Shaohong , Smith Adrian L. , Heath Tracy A. , Tennyson Alan J. D. , Borboroglu Pablo García , Wood Jamie R. , Hadden Peter W. , Grosser Stefanie , Bost Charles-André , Cherel Yves , Mattern Thomas , Hart Tom , Sinding Mikkel-Holger S. , Shepherd Lara D. , Phillips Richard A. , Quillfeldt Petra , Masello Juan F. , Bouzat Juan L. , Ryan Peter G. , Thompson David R. , Ellenberg Ursula , Dann Peter , Miller Gary , Dee Boersma P. , Zhao Ruoping , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Yang Huanming , Zhang De-Xing , Zhang Guojie
Published: July 2022

Penguins lost the ability to fly more than 60 million years ago, subsequently evolving a hyper-specialized marine body plan. Within the framework of a genome-scale, fossil-inclusive phylogeny, we identify key geological events that shaped penguin diversification and genomic signatures consistent with widespread refugia/recolonization during major climate oscillations. We further identify a suite of genes potentially underpinning adaptations related to thermoregulation, oxygenation, diving, vision, diet, immunity and body size, which might have facilitated their remarkable secondary transition to an aquatic ecology. Our analyses indicate that penguins and their sister group (Procellariiformes) have the lowest evolutionary rates yet detected in birds. Together, these findings help improve our understanding of how penguins have transitioned to the marine environment, successfully colonizing some of the most extreme environments on Earth.
Functional assessment of missense variants of uncertain significance in the cancer susceptibility gene PALB2
Authors: Wu Shijie , Qi Lina , Chen Huihui , Zhang Kun , He Jiapan , Guo Xianan , Shen Lu , Zhou Yunxiang , Zhong Xi , Zheng Shu , Zhou Jiaojiao , Chen Yiding
Published: July 2022

Germline PALB2 pathogenic variants are associated with an increased lifetime risk for breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer. However, the interpretation of the pathogenicity of numerous PALB2 missense variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) identified in germline genetic testing remains a challenge. Here we selected ten potentially pathogenic PALB2 VUSs identified in 2279 Chinese patients with breast cancer and evaluated their impacts on PALB2 function by systematic functional assays. We showed that three PALB2 VUSs p.K16M [c.47 A > T], p.L24F [c.72 G > C], and p.L35F [c.103 C > T] in the coiled-coil domain impaired PALB2-mediated homologous recombination. The p.L24F and p.L35F variants partially disrupted BRCA1-PALB2 interactions, reduced RAD51 foci formation in response to DNA damage, abrogated ionizing radiation-induced G2/M checkpoint maintenance, and conferred increased sensitivity to olaparib and cisplatin. The p.K16M variant presented mild effects on BRCA1-PALB2 interactions and RAD51 foci formation. Altogether, we identify two novel PALB2 VUSs, p.L24F and p.L35F, that compromise PALB2 function and may increase cancer risk. These two variants display marked olaparib and cisplatin sensitivity and may help predict response to targeted therapy in the clinical treatment of patients with these variants.
A global, historical database of tuna, billfish, and saury larval distributions
Authors: Buenafe Kristine Camille V. , Everett Jason D. , Dunn Daniel C. , Mercer James , Suthers Iain M. , Schilling Hayden T. , Hinchliffe Charles , Dabalà Alvise , Richardson Anthony J.
Published: July 2022

Knowing the distribution of fish larvae can inform fisheries science and resource management in several ways, by: 1) providing information on spawning areas; 2) identifying key areas to manage and conserve; and 3) helping to understand how fish populations are affected by anthropogenic pressures, such as overfishing and climate change. With the expansion of industrial fishing activity after 1945, there was increased sampling of fish larvae to help better understand variation in fish stocks. However, large-scale larval records are rare and often unavailable. Here we digitize data from Nishikawa et al. (1985), which were collected from 1956–1981 and are near-global (50°N–50°S), seasonal distribution maps of fish larvae of 18 mainly commercial pelagic taxa of the families Scombridae, Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae, Scombrolabracidae, and Scomberesocidae. Data were collected from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. We present four seasonal 1° × 1° resolution maps per taxa representing larval abundance per grid cell and highlight some of the main patterns. Data are made available as delimited text, raster, and vector files.
A large collection of real-world pediatric sleep studies
Authors: Lee Harlin , Li Boyue , DeForte Shelly , Splaingard Mark L. , Huang Yungui , Chi Yuejie , Linwood Simon L.
Published: July 2022

Despite being crucial to health and quality of life, sleep—especially pediatric sleep—is not yet well understood. This is exacerbated by lack of access to sufficient pediatric sleep data with clinical annotation. In order to accelerate research on pediatric sleep and its connection to health, we create the Nationwide Children’s Hospital (NCH) Sleep DataBank and publish it at Physionet and the National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR), which is a large sleep data common with physiological data, clinical data, and tools for analyses. The NCH Sleep DataBank consists of 3,984 polysomnography studies and over 5.6 million clinical observations on 3,673 unique patients between 2017 and 2019 at NCH. The novelties of this dataset include: (1) large-scale sleep dataset suitable for discovering new insights via data mining, (2) explicit focus on pediatric patients, (3) gathered in a real-world clinical setting, and (4) the accompanying rich set of clinical data. The NCH Sleep DataBank is a valuable resource for advancing automatic sleep scoring and real-time sleep disorder prediction, among many other potential scientific discoveries.