bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear non-local diffusion problems in metric measure spaces
Authors: Rodríguez-Bernal Aníbal , Sastre-Gómez Silvia
Published: July 2016

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive study of some linear non-local diffusion problems in metric measure spaces. These include, for example, open subsets in ℝN, graphs, manifolds, multi-structures and some fractal sets. For this, we study regularity, compactness, positivity and the spectrum of the stationary non-local operator. We then study the solutions of linear evolution non-local diffusion problems, with emphasis on similarities and differences with the standard heat equation in smooth domains. In particular, we prove weak and strong maximum principles and describe the asymptotic behaviour using spectral methods.
The Analytic Revolution
Authors: Beaney Michael
Published: July 2016

Analytic philosophy, as we recognize it today, has its origins in the work of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell around the turn of the twentieth century. Both were trained as mathematicians and became interested in the foundations of mathematics. In seeking to demonstrate that arithmetic could be derived from logic, they revolutionized logical theory and in the process developed powerful new forms of logical analysis, which they employed in seeking to resolve certain traditional philosophical problems. There were important differences in their approaches, however, and these approaches are still pursued, adapted, and debated today. In this paper I shall elucidate the origins of analytic philosophy in the work of Frege and Russell and explain the revolutionary significance of their methods of logical analysis.
Wittgenstein and the Illusion of ‘Progress’: On Real Politics and Real Philosophy in a World of Technocracy
Authors: Read Rupert
Published: July 2016

‘You can’t stop progress’, we are endlessly told. But what is meant by “progress”? What is “progress” toward? We are rarely told. Human flourishing? And a culture? That would be a good start – but rarely seems a criterion for ‘progress’. (In fact, survival would be a good start…)

Rather, ‘progress’ is simply a process, that we are not allowed, apparently, to stop. Or rather: it would be futile to seek to stop it. So that we are seemingly-deliberately demoralised into giving up even trying.

Questioning the myth of ‘progress’, and seeking to substitute for it the idea of real progress – progress which is actually assessed according to some independent not-purely-procedural criteria – is a vital thing to do, at this point in history. Literally: life, or at least civilisation, and thus culture, may depend on it.

Once we overcome the myth of ‘progress’, we can clear the ground for a real politics that would jettison the absurd hubris of liberalism and of most ‘Leftism’. And would jettison the extreme Prometheanism and lack of precaution endemic to our current pseudo-democratic technocracy. The challenge is to do so in a way that does not fall into complete pessimism or into an endorsement of the untenable and unsavoury features of conservatism. The challenge, in other words, is to generate an ideology or philosophy for our time, that might yet save us, and ensure that we are worth saving.

This paper is then a kind of reading of Wittgenstein’s crucial aphorism on this topic: ‘Our civilization is characterized by the word progress. Progress is its form rather than making progress being one of its features.’
An Introduction to Plato's Theory of Forms
Authors: Sedley David
Published: July 2016

This lecture was designed as an introduction to Plato's theory of Forms. Reference is made to key passages of Plato's dialogues, but no guidance on further reading is offered, and numerous controversies about the theory's interpretation are left in the background. An initial sketch of the theory's origins in the inquiries of Plato's teacher Socrates is followed by an explanation of the Forms’ primary characteristic, Plato's metaphysical separation of them from the sensible world. Other aspects discussed include the Forms’ metaphysical relation to sensible particulars, their ‘self-predication’, and the range of items that have Forms. Finally, the envisaged structure of the world of Forms is illustrated by a look at Plato's famous Cave simile.
Managing Expectations: Locke on the Material Mind and Moral Mediocrity
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: July 2016

Locke's insistence on the limits of knowledge and the ‘mediocrity’ of our epistemological equipment is well understood; it is rightly seen as integrated with his causal theory of ideas and his theory of judgment. Less attention has been paid to the mediocrity theme as it arises in his theory of moral agency. Locke sees definite limits to human willpower. This is in keeping with post-Puritan theology with its new emphasis on divine mercy as opposed to divine justice and recrimination. It also reflects his view that human beings are (probably) essentially material machines.
Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Altersspezifische Empfehlungen der neuen interdisziplinären S3-Leitlinie
Authors: Thomasius Rainer , Sack Peter-Michael , Arnaud Nicolas , Hoch Eva
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Alkoholbezogene Störungen kennzeichnen sich meist durch einen frühen Störungsbeginn. Jedoch werden entwicklungsrelevante Behandlungsbedürfnisse in der Versorgung oft nicht adäquat berücksichtigt. Zu Screening, Diagnostik und Therapie von alkoholbezogenen Störungen ist nun eine neue, interdisziplinäre S3-Leitlinie vorgelegt worden, in der erstmals spezifische Behandlungsempfehlungen für Kinder und Jugendliche formuliert werden. Methodik: Für die S3-Leitlinie wurden insgesamt 23 Quellleitlinien, 28 systematische Reviews und 2213 Originalarbeiten ausgewertet. Eine interdisziplinäre Konsensuskonferenz formulierte 174 Empfehlungen, von denen 14 speziell für Kinder- und Jugendliche gelten. Je nach Evidenzniveau vergab sie „Soll-“, „Sollte-“ und „Kann“-Empfehlungen oder einen „Klinischen Konsenspunkt“ (KKP). Ergebnisse: Für die Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen gab es jeweils eine „Soll“-Empfehlung innerhalb von Psychotherapien für das Motivational Interviewing (MI), die Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) und den Einbezug von Familienangehörigen. Empfehlungen zur Familientherapie sind heterogen. Zu psychosozialen Therapien (z. B. Psychoedukation, Erziehungshilfe, Ergotherapie) wurde ein KKP vergeben. Die Studienlage zu medikamentösen Therapien war unzureichend; nur für die Behandlung psychisch komorbider Störungen ließ sich ein KKP ableiten. Im Rahmen differenzieller Indikationen sollen die Risiken für Suizide, Behandlungsabbruch und die über Mitpatienten vermittelte Delinquenz berücksichtigt werden (KKP). Schlussfolgerungen: Für die Behandlung von alkoholbezogenen Störungen bei Jugendlichen können zahlreiche evidenz- und konsensbasierte Empfehlungen abgegeben werden. Drängender Forschungsbedarf wurde v. a. im Bereich der medikamentösen Therapien festgestellt.
Every Vote Counts: Final Slate for 2016 AGU Elections
Authors: Finn Carol
Published: July 2016

Voting is a right of membership, and your vote is important!
Earth Fissures May No Longer Get Mapped in Arizona
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: July 2016

A program that monitors giant cracks in the ground that suddenly appear after heavy rain could become a casualty of budget cuts to the Arizona Geological Survey.
CD137‐CRDI is not necessary in the role of contacting its natural ligand
Authors: Yi Ling , Yan Zhuohong , Jia Hongyan , Wang Xiaojue , Zhao Yanlin , Zhang Hongtao
Published: July 2016

Immune checkpoint inhibitors result in impressive clinical responses and are expanding to treat a wide variety of tumors. One common problem is low responses from current clinical trials that only benefit a fraction of patients. One key promising direction is combination therapy to increase clinical benefit. CD137, a well‐defined antitumor target, can cause strong co‐stimulating activity and break immune tolerance. In this study, the role of CD137‐CRDI (cysteine rich domain I) in the binding of CD137‐CD137L was further investigated based on our previous work. The results revealed that CRDI‐mediated limited CD137 assembly without relying on CD137L. Furthermore, CRDI was not involved in direct contact with CD137L in either mice or humans. Isolated mouse CRDII and human CRDII+CRDIII were proven to be the minimum unit for interface with their respective ligands. Fine‐tuning of this signaling may improve CD137‐targeting strategy.
Cultivation of a chemoautotroph from the SUP05 clade of marine bacteria that produces nitrite and consumes ammonium
Authors: Shah Vega , Chang Bonnie X , Morris Robert M
Published: July 2016

Marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are expanding regions of intense nitrogen cycling. Up to half of the nitrogen available for marine organisms is removed from the ocean in these regions. Metagenomic studies have identified an abundant group of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SUP05) with the genetic potential for nitrogen cycling and loss in OMZs. However, SUP05 have defied cultivation and their physiology remains untested. We cultured, sequenced and tested the physiology of an isolate from the SUP05 clade. We describe a facultatively anaerobic sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotroph that produces nitrite and consumes ammonium under anaerobic conditions. Genetic evidence that closely related strains are abundant at nitrite maxima in OMZs suggests that sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs from the SUP05 clade are a potential source of nitrite, fueling competing nitrogen removal processes in the ocean.
Collapsed polymer-directed synthesis of multicomponent coaxial-like nanostructures
Authors: Huang Zhiqi , Liu Yijing , Zhang Qian , Chang Xiaoxia , Li Ang , Deng Lin , Yi Chenglin , Yang Yang , Khashab Niveen M. , Gong Jinlong , Nie Zhihong
Published: July 2016

Multicomponent colloidal nanostructures (MCNs) exhibit intriguing topologically dependent chemical and physical properties. However, there remain significant challenges in the synthesis of MCNs with high-order complexity. Here we show the development of a general yet scalable approach for the rational design and synthesis of MCNs with unique coaxial-like construction. The site-preferential growth in this synthesis relies on the selective protection of seed nanoparticle surfaces with locally defined domains of collapsed polymers. By using this approach, we produce a gallery of coaxial-like MCNs comprising a shaped Au core surrounded by a tubular metal or metal oxide shell. This synthesis is robust and not prone to variations in kinetic factors of the synthetic process. The essential role of collapsed polymers in achieving anisotropic growth makes our approach fundamentally distinct from others. We further demonstrate that this coaxial-like construction can lead to excellent photocatalytic performance over conventional core–shell-type MCNs.
Depth variations of P-wave azimuthal anisotropy beneath Mainland China
Authors: Wei Wei , Zhao Dapeng , Xu Jiandong , Zhou Bengang , Shi Yaolin
Published: July 2016

A high-resolution model of P-wave anisotropic tomography beneath Mainland China and surrounding regions is determined using a large number of arrival-time data recorded by the China seismic network, the International Seismological Centre (ISC) and temporary seismic arrays deployed on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results provide important new insights into the subducted Indian plate and mantle dynamics in East Asia. Our tomographic images show that the northern limit of the subducting Indian plate has reached the Jinsha River suture in eastern Tibet. A striking variation of P-wave azimuthal anisotropy is revealed in the Indian lithosphere: the fast velocity direction (FVD) is NE-SW beneath the Indian continent, whereas the FVD is arc parallel beneath the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau, which may reflect re-orientation of minerals due to lithospheric extension, in response to the India-Eurasia collision. There are multiple anisotropic layers with variable FVDs in some parts of the Tibetan Plateau, which may be the cause of the dominant null splitting measurements in these regions. A circular pattern of FVDs is revealed around the Philippine Sea slab beneath SE China, which reflects asthenospheric strain caused by toroidal mantle flow around the edge of the subducting slab.
Evidence of extensive reef development and high coral cover in nearshore environments: implications for understanding coral adaptation in turbid settings
Authors: Morgan Kyle M. , Perry Chris T. , Smithers Scott G. , Johnson Jamie A. , Daniell James J.
Published: July 2016

Mean coral cover has reportedly declined by over 15% during the last 30 years across the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Here, we present new data that documents widespread reef development within the more poorly studied turbid nearshore areas (<10 m depth), and show that coral cover on these reefs averages 38% (twice that reported on mid- and outer-shelf reefs). Of the surveyed seafloor area, 11% had distinct reef or coral community cover. Although the survey area represents a small subset of the nearshore zone (15.5 km2), this reef density is comparable to that measured across the wider GBR shelf (9%). We also show that cross-shelf coral cover declines with distance from the coast (R2 = 0.596). Identified coral taxa (21 genera) exhibited clear depth-stratification, corresponding closely to light attenuation and seafloor topography, with reefal development restricted to submarine antecedent bedforms. Data from this first assessment of nearshore reef occurrence and ecology measured across meaningful spatial scales suggests that these coral communities may exhibit an unexpected capacity to tolerate documented declines in water quality. Indeed, these shallow-water nearshore reefs may share many characteristics with their deep-water (>30 m) mesophotic equivalents and may have similar potential as refugia from large-scale disturbances.
Phonon dispersions and Fermi surfaces nesting explaining the variety of charge ordering in titanium-oxypnictides superconductors
Authors: Nakano Kousuke , Hongo Kenta , Maezono Ryo
Published: July 2016

There has been a puzzle between experiments and theoretical predictions on the charge ordering of layered titanium-oxypnictides superconductors. Unconventional mechanisms to explain this discrepancy have been argued so far, even affecting the understanding of superconductivity on the compound. We provide a new theoretical prediction, by which the discrepancy itself is resolved without any complicated unconventional explanation. Phonon dispersions and changes of nesting vectors in Fermi surfaces are clarified to lead to the variety of superlattice structures even for the common crystal structures when without CDW, including orthorhombic 2 × 2 × 1 one for BaTi2As2O, which has not yet been explained successfully so far, being different from tetragonal "Equation missing" for BaTi2Sb2O and BaTi2Bi2O. The electronic structure analysis can naturally explain experimental observations about CDW including most latest ones without any cramped unconventional mechanisms.
An exacting transition probability measurement - a direct test of atomic many-body theories
Authors: Dutta Tarun , De Munshi Debashis , Yum Dahyun , Rebhi Riadh , Mukherjee Manas
Published: July 2016

A new protocol for measuring the branching fraction of hydrogenic atoms with only statistically limited uncertainty is proposed and demonstrated for the decay of the P3/2 level of the barium ion, with precision below 0.5%. Heavy hydrogenic atoms like the barium ion are test beds for fundamental physics such as atomic parity violation and they also hold the key to understanding nucleo-synthesis in stars. To draw definitive conclusion about possible physics beyond the standard model by measuring atomic parity violation in the barium ion it is necessary to measure the dipole transition probabilities of low-lying excited states with a precision better than 1%. Furthermore, enhancing our understanding of the barium puzzle in barium stars requires branching fraction data for proper modelling of nucleo-synthesis. Our measurements are the first to provide a direct test of quantum many-body calculations on the barium ion with a precision below one percent and more importantly with no known systematic uncertainties. The unique measurement protocol proposed here can be easily extended to any decay with more than two channels and hence paves the way for measuring the branching fractions of other hydrogenic atoms with no significant systematic uncertainties.
Climate Change and ENSO Effects on Southeastern US Climate Patterns and Maize Yield
Authors: Mourtzinis Spyridon , Ortiz Brenda V. , Damianidis Damianos
Published: July 2016

Climate change has a strong influence on weather patterns and significantly affects crop yields globally. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a strong influence on the U.S. climate and is related to agricultural production variability. ENSO effects are location-specific and in southeastern U.S. strongly connect with climate variability. When combined with climate change, the effects on growing season climate patterns and crop yields might be greater than expected. In our study, historical monthly precipitation and temperature data were coupled with non-irrigated maize yield data (33–43 years depending on the location) to show a potential yield suppression of ~15% for one °C increase in southeastern U.S. growing season maximum temperature. Yield suppression ranged between −25 and −2% among locations suppressing the southeastern U.S. average yield trend since 1981 by 17 kg ha−1year−1 (~25%), mainly due to year-to-year June temperature anomalies. Yields varied among ENSO phases from 1971–2013, with greater yields observed during El Niño phase. During La Niña years, maximum June temperatures were higher than Neutral and El Niño, whereas June precipitation was lower than El Niño years. Our data highlight the importance of developing location-specific adaptation strategies quantifying both, climate change and ENSO effects on month-specific growing season climate conditions.
Three-Dimensional Structure of a Simple Liquid at a Face-Centered-Cubic (001) Solid Surface Interface
Authors: Bao Luyao , Hu Haibao , Wen Jun , Sepri Paavo , Luo Kai
Published: July 2016

A liquid in the vicinity of a solid-liquid interface (SLI) may exhibit complex structures. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations demonstrating for the first time that the liquid adjacent to the SLI can have a two-level structure in some cases: a major structure and a minor structure. Through a time-averaging process of molecular motions, we identified the type of the liquid structure by calculating positions of the maximum liquid density in three spatial dimensions, and these positions were found to distribute in many dispersed zones (called high-density zones (HDZs)). The major structure appears throughout the SLI, while the minor structure only occurs significantly within the third layer. Instead of the previously reported body-centered cubic (BCC) or face-centered-cubic (FCC) types, the major structure was found to show a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) type. The adjacent HDZs are connected by specific junctions, demonstrating that atoms diffuse along some particular high probability paths from one HDZ to another. By considering the three-dimensional liquid density distribution from the continuum point of view, more complete details of the structure and diffusive behavior of liquids in the SLI are also possible to be revealed.
Giant Phonon Anharmonicity and Anomalous Pressure Dependence of Lattice Thermal Conductivity in Y2Si2O7 silicate
Authors: Luo Yixiu , Wang Jiemin , Li Yiran , Wang Jingyang
Published: July 2016

Modification of lattice thermal conductivity (κL) of a solid by means of hydrostatic pressure (P) has been a crucially interesting approach that targets a broad range of advanced materials from thermoelectrics and thermal insulators to minerals in mantle. Although it is well documented knowledge that thermal conductivity of bulk materials normally increase upon hydrostatic pressure, such positive relationship is seriously challenged when it comes to ceramics with complex crystal structure and heterogeneous chemical bonds. In this paper, we predict an abnormally negative trend dκL/dP < 0 in Y2Si2O7 silicate using density functional theoretical calculations. The mechanism is disclosed as combined effects of slightly decreased group velocity and significantly augmented scattering of heat-carrying acoustic phonons in pressured lattice, which is originated from pressure-induced downward shift of low-lying optic and acoustic phonons. The structural origin of low-lying optic phonons as well as the induced phonon anharmonicity is also qualitatively elucidated with respect to intrinsic bonding heterogeneity of Y2Si2O7. The present results are expected to bring deeper insights for phonon engineering and modulation of thermal conductivity in complex solids with diverging structural flexibility, enormous bonding heterogeneity and giant phonon anharmonicity.
F-actin dampens NLRP3 inflammasome activity via Flightless-I and LRRFIP2
Authors: Burger Danielle , Fickentscher Céline , de Moerloose Philippe , Brandt Karim J.
Published: July 2016

NLRP3 and ASC are able to form a large multimeric complex called inflammasome in response to a number danger signals. The NLRP3 inflammasome is required for the activation of caspase-1 and subsequent maturation of pro-IL-1β into active IL-1β. Although the mechanisms regulating the formation and activity of NLRP3 inflammasome are yet not fully elucidated, data suggest that the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome requires microtubules to induce the proximity of ASC and NLRP3. In this study we show that microfilaments (F-actin) inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activity and interact with NLRP3 and ASC. We demonstrate that the inhibition depends on the actin polymerization state but not on the active polymerization process. In ATP- or nigericin-activated macrophages, our data further indicate that Flightless-I (FliI) and leucine-rich repeat FliI-interaction protein 2 (LRRFIP2) are required for the co-localization of NLRP3, ASC and F-actin. We also established that the ability of Ca2+ to accentuate the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome is abrogated in FliI- and LRRFIP2-knockdown macrophages, suggesting that Ca2+ signaling requires the presence of FliI and LRRFIP2. Accordingly, we observed that Ca2+/FliI-dependent severing of F-actin suppresses F-actin/FliI/LRRFIP2-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition leading to increase IL-1β production. Altogether, our results unveil a new function of F-actin in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity strengthening the importance of cytoskeleton in the regulation of inflammation.
Hybrid integration of III-V semiconductor lasers on silicon waveguides using optofluidic microbubble manipulation
Authors: Jung Youngho , Shim Jaeho , Kwon Kyungmook , You Jong-Bum , Choi Kyunghan , Yu Kyoungsik
Published: July 2016

Optofluidic manipulation mechanisms have been successfully applied to micro/nano-scale assembly and handling applications in biophysics, electronics, and photonics. Here, we extend the laser-based optofluidic microbubble manipulation technique to achieve hybrid integration of compound semiconductor microdisk lasers on the silicon photonic circuit platform. The microscale compound semiconductor block trapped on the microbubble surface can be precisely assembled on a desired position using photothermocapillary convective flows induced by focused laser beam illumination. Strong light absorption within the micro-scale compound semiconductor object allows real-time and on-demand microbubble generation. After the assembly process, we verify that electromagnetic radiation from the optically-pumped InGaAsP microdisk laser can be efficiently coupled to the single-mode silicon waveguide through vertical evanescent coupling. Our simple and accurate microbubble-based manipulation technique may provide a new pathway for realizing high precision fluidic assembly schemes for heterogeneously integrated photonic/electronic platforms as well as microelectromechanical systems.
Spin-Dependent Transport in Fe/GaAs(100)/Fe Vertical Spin-Valves
Authors: Wong P. K. Johnny , Zhang Wen , Wu Jing , Will Iain G. , Xu Yongbing , Xia Ke , Holmes Stuart N. , Farrer Ian , Beere Harvey E. , Ritchie Dave A.
Published: July 2016

The integration of magnetic materials with semiconductors will lead to the development of the next spintronics devices such as spin field effect transistor (SFET), which is capable of both data storage and processing. While the fabrication and transport studies of lateral SFET have attracted greatly attentions, there are only few studies of vertical devices, which may offer the opportunity for the future three-dimensional integration. Here, we provide evidence of two-terminal electrical spin injection and detection in Fe/GaAs/Fe vertical spin-valves (SVs) with the GaAs layer of 50 nanometers thick and top and bottom Fe electrodes deposited by molecular beam epitaxy. The spin-valve effect, which corresponds to the individual switching of the top and bottom Fe layers, is bias dependent and observed up to 20 K. We propose that the strongly bias- and temperature-dependent MR is associated with spin transport at the interfacial Fe/GaAs Schottky contacts and in the GaAs membranes, where balance between the barrier profiles as well as the dwell time to spin lifetime ratio are crucial factors for determining the device operations. The demonstration of the fabrication and spin injection in the vertical SV with a semiconductor interlayer is expected to open a new avenue in exploring the SFET.
A phloem-limited fijivirus induces the formation of neoplastic phloem tissues that house virus multiplication in the host plant
Authors: Shen Jiangfeng , Chen Xian , Chen Jianping , Sun Liying
Published: July 2016

A number of phloem-limited viruses induce the development of tumours (enations) in the veins of host plants, but the relevance of tumour induction to the life cycle of those viruses is unclear. In this study, we performed molecular and structural analyses of tumours induced by rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV, genus Fijivirus) infection in maize plants. The transcript level of the maize cdc2 gene, which regulates the cell cycle, was highly elevated in tumour tissues. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified 25 cellular proteins with altered accumulation in the tumour tissues. These proteins are involved in various metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, redox, energy pathways and amino acid synthesis. Histological analysis indicated that the tumours predominantly originated from hyperplastic growth of phloem, but those neoplastic tissues have irregular structures and cell arrangements. Immunodetection assays and electron microscopy observations indicated that in the shoots, RBSDV is confined to phloem and tumour regions and that virus multiplication actively occurs in the tumour tissue, as indicated by the high accumulation of non-structural proteins and formation of viroplasms in the tumour cells. Thus, the induction of tumours by RBSDV infection provides a larger environment that is favourable for virus propagation in the host plant.
Glutamate signals through mGluR2 to control Schwann cell differentiation and proliferation
Authors: Saitoh Fuminori , Wakatsuki Shuji , Tokunaga Shinji , Fujieda Hiroki , Araki Toshiyuki
Published: July 2016

Rapid saltatory nerve conduction is facilitated by myelin structure, which is produced by Schwann cells (SC) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Proper development and degeneration/regeneration after injury requires regulated phenotypic changes of SC. We have previously shown that glutamate can induce SC proliferation in culture. Here we show that glutamate signals through metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) to induce Erk phosphorylation in SC. mGluR2-elicited Erk phosphorylation requires ErbB2/3 receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation to limit the signaling cascade that promotes phosphorylation of Erk, but not Akt. We found that Gβγ and Src are involved in subcellular signaling downstream of mGluR2. We also found that glutamate can transform myelinating SC to proliferating SC, while inhibition of mGluR2 signaling can inhibit demyelination of injured nerves in vivo. These data suggest pathophysiological significance of mGluR2 signaling in PNS and its possible therapeutic importance to combat demyelinating disorders including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells induced by organic arsenicals
Authors: Fan Xiao-Yang , Chen Xin-You , Liu Yu-Jiao , Zhong Hui-Min , Jiang Feng-Lei , Liu Yi
Published: July 2016

Arsenic trioxide has shown the excellent therapeutic efficiency for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Nowadays, more and more research focuses on the design of the arsenic drugs, especially organic arsenicals, and on the mechanism of the inducing cell death. Here we have synthesized some organic arsenicals with Schiff base structure, which showed a better antitumor activity for three different kinds of cancer cell lines, namely HL-60, SGC 7901 and MCF-7. Compound2a(2-(((4-(oxoarsanyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenol) and2b(2-methoxy-4-(((4-(oxoarsanyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenol) were chosen for further mechanism study due to their best inhibitory activities for HL-60 cells, of which the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 0.77 μM and 0.51 μM, respectively. It was illustrated that2aor2bprimarily induced the elevation of reactive oxygen species, decrease of glutathione level, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochromec, activation of Caspase-3 and apoptosis, whereas all of the phenomena can be eliminated by the addition of antioxidants. Therefore, we concluded that compound2aand2bcan induce the oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Both the simplicity of structure with Schiff base group and the better anticancer efficiency demonstrate that organic arsenicals are worthy of further exploration as a class of potent antitumor drugs.
Phenotypically distinct helper NK cells are required for gp96-mediated anti-tumor immunity
Authors: Sedlacek Abigail L. , Kinner-Bibeau Lauren B. , Binder Robert J.
Published: July 2016

A number of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs), in the extracellular environment, are immunogenic. Following cross-presentation of HSP-chaperoned peptides by CD91+ antigen presenting cells (APCs), T cells are primed with specificity for the derivative antigen-bearing cell. Accordingly, tumor-derived HSPs are in clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy. We investigate the role of NK cells in gp96-mediated anti-tumor immune responses given their propensity to lyse tumor cells. We show that gp96-mediated rejection of tumors requires a unique and necessary helper role in NK cells. This helper role occurs during the effector phase of the anti-tumor immune response and is required for T cell and APC function. Gp96 activates NK cells indirectly via APCs to a phenotype distinct from NK cells activated by other mechanisms such as IL-2. While NK cells have both lytic and cytokine producing properties, we show that gp96 selectively activates cytokine production in NK cells, which is important in the HSP anti-tumor immune response, and leaves their cytotoxic capacity unchanged.
Human population history revealed by a supertree approach
Authors: Duda Pavel , Jan Zrzavý
Published: July 2016

Over the past two decades numerous new trees of modern human populations have been published extensively but little attention has been paid to formal phylogenetic synthesis. We utilized the “matrix representation with parsimony” (MRP) method to infer a composite phylogeny (supertree) of modern human populations, based on 257 genetic/genomic, as well as linguistic, phylogenetic trees and 44 admixture plots from 200 published studies (1990–2014). The resulting supertree topology includes the most basal position of S African Khoisan followed by C African Pygmies and the paraphyletic section of all other sub-Saharan peoples. The sub-Saharan African section is basal to the monophyletic clade consisting of the N African–W Eurasian assemblage and the consistently monophyletic Eastern superclade (Sahul–Oceanian, E Asian and Beringian–American peoples). This topology, dominated by genetic data, is well-resolved and robust to parameter set changes, with a few unstable areas (e.g., West Eurasia, Sahul–Melanesia) reflecting the existing phylogenetic controversies. A few populations were identified as highly unstable “wildcard taxa” (e.g. Andamanese, Malagasy). The linguistic classification fits rather poorly on the supertree topology, supporting a view that direct coevolution between genes and languages is far from universal.
FNDC5 expression and circulating irisin levels are modified by diet and hormonal conditions in hypothalamus, adipose tissue and muscle
Authors: Varela-Rodríguez B. M. , Pena-Bello L. , Juiz-Valiña P. , Vidal-Bretal B. , Cordido F. , Sangiao-Alvarellos S.
Published: July 2016

Irisin is processed from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). However, a controversy exists concerning irisin origin, regulation and function. To elucidate the relationship between serum irisin and FNDC5 mRNA expression levels, we evaluated plasma irisin levels and FNDC5 gene expression in the hypothalamus, gastrocnemius muscle and different depots of adipose tissue in models of altered metabolism. In normal rats, blood irisin levels diminished after 48-h fast and with leptin, insulin and alloxan treatments and serum irisin concentrations increased in diabetic rats after insulin treatment and acute treatments of irisin increased blood insulin levels. No changes were observed during long-term experiments with different diets. We suggested that levels of circulating irisin are the result of the sum of the irisin produced by different depots of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. This study shows for the first time that there are differences in FNDC5 expression depending on white adipose tissue depots. Moreover, a considerable decrease in visceral and epididymal adipose tissue depots correlated with increased FNDC5 mRNA expression levels, probably in an attempt to compensate the decrease that occurs in their mass. Hypothalamic FNDC5 expression did not change for any of the tested diets but increased with leptin, insulin and metformin treatments suggesting that the regulation of central and peripheral FNDC5/irisin expression and functions are different.
Voice analysis as an objective state marker in bipolar disorder
Authors: Faurholt-Jepsen M , Busk J , Frost M , Vinberg M , Christensen E M , Winther O , Bardram J E , Kessing L V
Published: July 2016

Changes in speech have been suggested as sensitive and valid measures of depression and mania in bipolar disorder. The present study aimed at investigating (1) voice features collected during phone calls as objective markers of affective states in bipolar disorder and (2) if combining voice features with automatically generated objective smartphone data on behavioral activities (for example, number of text messages and phone calls per day) and electronic self-monitored data (mood) on illness activity would increase the accuracy as a marker of affective states. Using smartphones, voice features, automatically generated objective smartphone data on behavioral activities and electronic self-monitored data were collected from 28 outpatients with bipolar disorder in naturalistic settings on a daily basis during a period of 12 weeks. Depressive and manic symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-item and the Young Mania Rating Scale, respectively, by a researcher blinded to smartphone data. Data were analyzed using random forest algorithms. Affective states were classified using voice features extracted during everyday life phone calls. Voice features were found to be more accurate, sensitive and specific in the classification of manic or mixed states with an area under the curve (AUC)=0.89 compared with an AUC=0.78 for the classification of depressive states. Combining voice features with automatically generated objective smartphone data on behavioral activities and electronic self-monitored data increased the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of classification of affective states slightly. Voice features collected in naturalistic settings using smartphones may be used as objective state markers in patients with bipolar disorder.
Clerodane diterpenes: sources, structures, and biological activities
Authors: Li Rongtao , Morris-Natschke Susan L. , Lee Kuo-Hsiung
Published: July 2016

The clerodane diterpenoids are a widespread class of secondary metabolites and have been found in several hundreds of plant species from various families and in organisms from other taxonomic groups.
Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging analysis of biospecimens
Authors: Bokhart M. T. , Muddiman D. C.
Published: July 2016

Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a versatile imaging technique capable of in-depth analysis for a wide variety of biospecimens.
In situ analysis of Asimina triloba (paw paw) plant tissues for acetogenins via the droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe coupled to UHPLC-PDA-HRMS/MS
Authors: Sica V. P. , El-Elimat T. , Oberlies N. H.
Published: July 2016

A droplet-based surface sampling system coupled to UPLC-HRMS/MS permitted the identification of acetogenins in situ from various organs of the plant Asimina triloba.
Hybrid elastin-like recombinamer-fibrin gels: physical characterization and in vitro evaluation for cardiovascular tissue engineering applications
Authors: Gonzalez de Torre Israel , Weber Miriam , Quintanilla Luis , Alonso Matilde , Jockenhoevel Stefan , Rodríguez Cabello José Carlos , Mela Petra
Published: July 2016

In the field of tissue engineering, the properties of the scaffolds are of crucial importance for the success of the application.
Chondroitin sulfate derived theranostic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery
Authors: Varghese Oommen P. , Liu Jianping , Sundaram Karthi , Hilborn Jöns , Oommen Oommen P.
Published: July 2016

Glycosaminoglycan derived nanoparticles are a promising delivery system owing to their unique tumour targeting ability.
Dual gold photoredox C(sp2)–C(sp2) cross couplings – development and mechanistic studies
Authors: Gauchot Vincent , Lee Ai-Lan
Published: July 2016

A new oxidant- and base-free dual catalysed C(sp2)–C(sp2) coupling between arylboronic acids and aryldiazonium salts has been developed. Mechanistic investigations reveal two divergent pathways depending on the gold catalyst employed.
Facile synthesis of one-dimensional organometallic–organic hybrid polymers based on a diphosphorus complex and flexible bipyridyl linkers
Authors: Elsayed Moussa M. , Attenberger B. , Peresypkina E. V. , Fleischmann M. , Balázs G. , Scheer M.
Published: July 2016

The selective synthesis of a series of new 1D organometallic–organic coordination polymers is shown. They are obtained from the reaction of the diphosphorus complex [Cp2Mo2(CO)4(η2-P2)] with Cu[CH3CN]4BF4 and flexible bipyridyl linkers.
Chromophore-immobilized luminescent metal–organic frameworks as potential lighting phosphors and chemical sensors
Authors: Wang Fangming , Liu Wei , Teat Simon J. , Xu Feng , Wang Hao , Wang Xinlong , An Litao , Li Jing
Published: July 2016

An organic chromophore H4tcbpe-F was synthesized and immobilized into metal–organic frameworks along with two bipyridine derivatives as co-ligands to generate two strongly luminescent materials.
Benchmark fragment-based1H,13C,15N and17O chemical shift predictions in molecular crystals
Authors: Hartman Joshua D. , Kudla Ryan A. , Day Graeme M. , Mueller Leonard J. , Beran Gregory J. O.
Published: July 2016

The performance of fragment-basedab initio1H,13C,15N and17O chemical shift predictions is assessed against experimental NMR chemical shift data in four benchmark sets of molecular crystals.
On the nature of defect states in tungstate nanoflake arrays as promising photoanodes in solar fuel cells
Authors: Mohamed Aya M. , Amer Ahmad W. , AlQaradawi Siham Y. , Allam Nageh K.
Published: July 2016

An electrochemical method is presented to study the nature of the defect states in sub-stoichiometric tungsten oxide nanoflake photoanodes used in water splitting.
Understanding the thermal decomposition mechanism of a halogen-free chelated orthoborate-based ionic liquid: a combined computational and experimental study
Authors: Golets M. , Shimpi M. R. , Wang Y.-L. , Antzutkin O. N. , Glavatskih S. , Laaksonen A.
Published: July 2016

In the last few decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained significant attention as lubricants and lubricant additives due to their polar nature, low vapour pressure and tunable physicochemical properties.
Multifunctional polymetallaynes: properties, functions and applications
Authors: Ho Cheuk-Lam , Yu Zhen-Qiang , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: July 2016

Polymetallaynes of late transition metal elements have aroused considerable research attention. This Review article highlights the structure–property–function relationships of this class of metallopolymers and their emerging applications in electronic, optical and magnetic devices.
Hydrolysis of thorium(iv) at variable temperatures
Authors: Zanonato P. L. , Di Bernardo P. , Zhang Z. , Gong Y. , Tian G. , Gibson J. K. , Rao L.
Published: July 2016

Three thorium hydroxide clusters ([Thm(OH)n](4m−n)+, where (n,m) = (2,2); (8,4) and (15,6)) were evoked to describe the hydrolysis behavior of Th(iv) in acidic solutions with the ratio of [OH]/[Th] < 2 at variable temperatures (283–353 K).
Exploring reversible oxidation of oxygen in a manganese oxide
Authors: Du Ke , Zhu Jinyou , Hu Guorong , Gao Hongcai , Li Yutao , Goodenough John B.
Published: July 2016

Oxidation of layered P3-Na0.6(Li0.2Mn0.8)O2 by electrochemical removal of Na+ introduces holes into the O-2p bands at 4.2 V, but the voltage plateau fades on cycling.
A dual photoluminescence enhancement system: stabilization of a water soluble AIEE fluorogen using silver nanowire
Authors: Chiang Ying-Chen , Huang Chun-Ta , Wang Wei Hsin , Chang Cheng-Chung
Published: July 2016

This manuscript describes the preparation of water soluble aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE)-based fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs). The fluorescence diversity of the FONs was investigated in the presence of silver nanowires. We observed that the emission of the FONs can be enhanced by mixing with the nanowires, which is believed to originate from resonance between the emission of the FONs and the surface plasmon resonances of the metal surface. That is, the AIEE phenomenon was promoted according to the metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) mechanism that can be used to build up a novel double emission enhancement (DEE) platform and to extend the range of AIEE applications. The systemic fluorescence enhancement, lifetime and photostability were measured and the AIEE–MEF evaluation and the interaction between the FONs and nanowires were discussed based on the obtained spectral data and SEM and fluorescent microscopy images.
Magnetic ZSM-5 zeolite: a selective catalyst for the valorization of furfuryl alcohol to γ-valerolactone, alkyl levulinates or levulinic acid
Authors: Lima Thiago M. , Lima Carolina G. S. , Rathi Anuj K. , Gawande Manoj B. , Tucek Jiri , Urquieta-González Ernesto A. , Zbořil Radek , Paixão Márcio W. , Varma Rajender S.
Published: July 2016

A magnetic ZSM-5 zeolite with a core–shell type structure was synthesized, fully characterized and had its catalytic activity evaluated on the valorization of bio-derived furfuryl alcohol.
Mathematical modelling of microtumour infiltration based on in vitro experiments
Authors: Luján Emmanuel , Guerra Liliana N. , Soba Alejandro , Visacovsky Nicolás , Gandía Daniel , Calvo Juan C. , Suárez Cecilia
Published: July 2016

Numerical simulations of microtumor growth and infiltration in a collagen matrix based on case-specific or aleatory-generated shape functions.
Rapid real-time PCR and high resolution melt analysis in a self-filling thermoplastic chip
Authors: Sposito A. , Hoang V. , DeVoe D. L.
Published: July 2016

A disposable thermoplastic microfluidic platform enabling rapid point-of-care PCR-based diagnostics with automated sample loading is reported.
plantMirP: an efficient computational program for the prediction of plant pre-miRNA by incorporating knowledge-based energy features
Authors: Yao Yuangen , Ma Chengzhang , Deng Haiyou , Liu Quan , Zhang Jiying , Yi Ming
Published: July 2016

We developed a promising SVM-based program, plantMirP, for predicting plant pre-miRNAs by incorporating a set of novel knowledge-based energy features.
A bioinspired reversible snapping hydrogel assembly
Authors: Zhao Qian , Yang Xuxu , Ma Chunxin , Chen Di , Bai Hao , Li Tiefeng , Yang Wei , Xie Tao
Published: July 2016

Typical hydrogels undergo slow and continuous shape change. Inspired by the Venus Flytrap, the current work presents a hydrogel assembly that can reversibly undergo a non-continuous rapid snapping shape change due to a bi-stable structure of the assembly. In particular, the reversible snapping change goes beyond the Venus Flytrap and is not known in the literature.
Synthesis of a novel trinuclear palladium complex: the influence of an oxime chelate ligand on biological evaluation towards double-strand DNA, BSA protein and molecular modeling studies
Authors: Karami Kazem , Mehri Lighvan Zohreh , Alizadeh Ali Mohammad , Poshteh-Shirani Marziyeh , Khayamian Taghi , Lipkowski Janusz
Published: July 2016

Synthesis of a novel cluster palladium complex containing an oxime ligand. Study of the ability of the complex to interact with DNA via groove mechanism. The molecular docking indicates high binding affinity between DNA and BSA with the Pd complex.
CO2/water two-phase flow in a two-dimensional micromodel of heterogeneous pores and throats
Authors: Liu Yu , Lv Pengfei , Liu Yao , Jiang Lanlan , Tetsuya Suekane , Song Yongchen , Wu Bohao , Liu Shuyang
Published: July 2016

Small capillary fingerings can be collapsed by capillary pressure in the beginning of displacement. Larger fingerings tend to form with developing displacement and cannot be overcome anymore.
Reactivity of different surface sites with silicon chlorides during atomic layer deposition of silicon nitride
Authors: Yusup Luchana L. , Park Jae-Min , Noh Yong-Ho , Kim Sun-Jae , Lee Won-Jun , Park Sora , Kwon Young-Kyun
Published: July 2016

The reactivity of surface sites plays a very important role to determine the thermodynamics and kinetics of ALD processes.
The development of a light-up red-emitting fluorescent probe based on a G-quadruplex specific cyanine dye
Authors: Chen Xing , Wang Jine , Jiang Guimei , Zu Guangyue , Liu Min , Zhou Lu , Pei Renjun
Published: July 2016

Cyanine dye-dimethylindole red containing an anionic propylsulfonate substituent and an extending polymethine chain was found to behave as a highly specific red-emitting G-quadruplex probe, especially for parallel G-quadruplex c-myc.
Seed mediated growth of silver nanoplates on glass: exploiting the bimodal antibacterial effect by near IR photo-thermal action and Ag+release
Authors: D'Agostino A. , Taglietti A. , Grisoli P. , Dacarro G. , Cucca L. , Patrini M. , Pallavicini P.
Published: July 2016

Silver nanoplates synthesized with the desired features directly on glass show a bimodal antibacterial action: Ag+release and NIR laser switchable hyperthermia.
Hierarchically structured tetragonal zirconia as a promising support for robust Ni based catalysts for dry reforming of methane
Authors: Li Weizuo , Zhao Zhongkui
Published: July 2016

This work presents a facile approach for preparing nanosheet-accumulatingLaminaria japonica-like hierarchically structured ZrO2with tetragonal phase, which acts as excellent support for robust supported Ni catalyst towards dry reforming of methane.