bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Innocent’s Legacy
Authors: Brandolino Gina
Published: April 2013

Innocent III’s 1215 decree requiring an annual confession of all Christians spurred the development of religious instructional works, some of the first texts written for nonnoble audiences and arguably the ancestors of working-class literature. This article explains the historical and cultural contexts that gave rise to these texts and the rich pedagogical opportunities they provide.
Off the Grid for Forty Years: Bringing John Gower into the Classroom
Authors: Yeager R. F.
Published: April 2013

In this article R. F. Yeager offers a history of the development of the John Gower Society, by way of encouraging others who seek a process model by which wider audiences, and classroom recognition, for currently little-read texts and authors can be obtained.
Nitrogen metabolism of the intestine during digestion in a teleost fish, the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus)
Authors: Bucking Carol , LeMoine Christophe M.R. , Craig Paul M. , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: April 2013

Digestion affects nitrogen metabolism in fish, as both exogenous and endogenous proteins and amino acids are catabolized, liberating ammonia in the process. Here we present a model of local detoxification of ammonia by the intestinal tissue of the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus) during digestion, resulting in an increase in urea excretion of gastrointestinal origin. Corroborating evidence indicated whole animal ammonia and urea excretion increased following feeding and ammonia levels within the lumen of the midshipman intestine increased to high levels (1.8 ± 0.4 μmol N g-1). We propose that this ammonia entered the enterocytes and was detoxified to urea via the ornithine urea cycle (OU-C) enzymes, as evidenced by a 1.5 – 2.9 fold post-prandial increase in glutamine synthetase activity (0.14 ± 0.05 μmol min-1g-1 and 0.28 ± 0.02 μmol min-1 g-1 vs. 0.41 ± 0.03 μmol min-1g-1) and an 8.7 fold increase in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III activity (0.3 ± 1.2 nmol min-1g-1 vs. 2.6 ± 0.4 nmol min-1g-1). Furthermore, digestion increased urea production by isolated gastrointestinal tissue 1.7 fold supporting our hypothesis that intestinal tissue synthesizes urea in response to feeding. We further propose that the intestinal urea may have been excreted into the intestinal lumen via an apical urea transporter (UT) as visualized using immunohistochemistry. A portion of the urea was then excreted to the environment along with the feces, resulting in the observed increase in urea excretion, while another portion may have been used by intestinal ureolytic bacteria. Overall, we propose that P. notatus produces urea within the enterocytes via a functional OU-C which is then excreted into the intestinal lumen. Our model of intestinal nitrogen metabolism does not appear to be universal as we were unable to activate the OU-C in the intestine of fed rainbow trout. However, literature values suggest that multiple fish species could follow this model.
Prolonged fasting activates Nrf2 in postweaned elephant seals
Authors: Vázquez-Medina José Pablo , Soñanez-Organis José G. , Rodriguez Ruben , Viscarra Jose A. , Nishiyama Akira , Crocker Daniel E. , Ortiz Rudy M.
Published: April 2013

Elephant seals naturally experience prolonged periods of absolute food and water deprivation (fasting). In humans, rats and mice, prolonged food deprivation activates the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and increases oxidative damage. In elephant seals, prolonged fasting activates RAS without increasing oxidative damage likely due to an increase in antioxidant defenses. The mechanism leading to the up-regulation of antioxidant defenses during prolonged fasting remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated if prolonged fasting activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, which controls the expression of antioxidant genes, and if such activation is potentially mediated by systemic increases in RAS. Blood and skeletal muscle samples were collected from seals fasting for 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks. Nrf2 activity and nuclear content increased by 76% and 2.5 fold at week 7. Plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) were 50-fold and 3-fold higher at week 7 than at week 1. Smad2 phosphorylation, an effector of Ang II and TGF signaling, increased by 120% at week 7 and by 84% in response to intravenously infused Ang II. NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) mRNA expression, which is controlled by smad proteins, increased 5-fold at week 7, while Nox4 protein expression, which can activate Nrf2, was 2.5-fold higher at wk 7 than at wk 1. Results demonstrate that prolonged fasting activates Nrf2 in elephant seals and that RAS stimulation can potentially result in increased Nox4 through Smad phosphorylation. Results also suggest that Nox4 is essential to sustain the hormetic adaptive response to oxidative stress in fasting seals.
Flies developed small bodies and small cells in warm and in thermally fluctuating environments.
Authors: Czarnoleski Marcin , Cooper Brandon S. , Kierat Justyna , Angilletta Michael J.
Published: April 2013

Although plasma membranes benefit cells by regulating the flux of materials to and from the environment, these membranes cost energy to maintain. Since smaller cells provide relatively more membrane area for transport, ectotherms that develop in warm environments should consist of small cells despite the energetic cost. Effects of constant temperatures on cell size qualitatively match this prediction, but effects of thermal fluctuations on cell size are unknown. Thermal fluctuations could favour either small or large cells: small cells facilitate transport during peaks in metabolic demand whereas large cells minimize the resources needed for homeoviscous adaptation. To explore this problem, we examined effects of thermal fluctuations during development on the size of epidermal cells in the wings of Drosophila melanogaster. Flies derived from a temperate population were raised at two mean temperatures (18° and 25°C), with either no variation or a daily variation of ± 4°C. Flies developed faster at a mean temperature of 25°C. Thermal fluctuations sped development, but only at 18°C. An increase in the mean and variance of temperature caused flies to develop smaller cells and wings. Thermal fluctuations reduced the size of males at 18°C and the size of females at 25°C. The thorax, the wings, and the cells decreased with an increase in the mean and in the variance of temperature, but the response of cells was the strongest. Based on this pattern, we hypothesize that development of the greater area of membranes under thermal fluctuations provides a metabolic advantage that outweighs the greater energetic cost of remodelling membranes.
A false killer whale reduces its hearing sensitivity when a loud sound is preceded by a warning
Authors: Nachtigall Paul E. , Supin Alexander Y.
Published: April 2013

The possibility of conditioned dampening of whale hearing thresholds, when a loud sound is preceded by a warning sound, was investigated. The loud sound was a tone of 20 kHz, 170 dB re 1 μPa, 5s. Hearing sensitivity was measured using pip-train test stimuli and auditory evoked potential recording. The same test sounds served as warning sounds. The durations of the warning sounds were varied randomly to avoid locking an anticipated conditioning effect to the timing immediately before the loud sound. When the test/warning sound pairing varied within a range of 1 to 9 s or from 5 to 35 s, hearing thresholds before the loud sound increased relative to the baseline, respectively, by 10.5 and 13.2 dB. When the test/warning sound precedence varied within a range of 20 to 140 s, the threshold increase was negligible (2.9 dB). The observed hearing threshold increase was not a result of the unconditioned effect of the loud sound like a TTS, so it is considered as a manifestation of conditioned dampening of hearing when the subject anticipated the quick appearance of a loud sound, most likely to protect its hearing.
Jumping mechanisms in gum treehopper insects (Hemiptera, Eurymelinae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm
Published: April 2013

Jumping in a species of Australian gum treehopper was analysed from high speed images. Adults and nymphs of Pauroeurymela amplicincta lived together in groups that were tended by ants, but only adults jumped. The winged adults with a body mass of 23 mg and a body length of 7 mm had some morphological characteristics intermediate between those of their close relatives the leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) and the treehoppers (Membracidae). They, like leafhoppers, lacked the prominent prothoracic helmets of membracid treehoppers, but their large hind coxae were linked by press studs (poppers), that are present in leafhoppers but not treehoppers. The hind legs were only 30-40% longer than the other legs and 67% of body length. They are thus of similar proportions to the hind legs of treehoppers but much shorter than those of most leafhoppers. Jumping was propelled by the hind legs, that moved in the same plane as each other beneath and almost parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body. A jump was preceded by full levation of the coxo-trochanteral joints of the hind legs. In its best jumps, the rapid depression of these joints then accelerated the insect in 1.4 ms to a take-off velocity of 3.8 m s-1 so that it experienced a force of almost 280 g. In 22% of jumps, the wings opened before take-off but did not flap until airborne when the body rotated little in any plane. The energy expended was 170 µJ, the power output was 122 mW, and the force exerted was 64 mN. Such jumps are predicted to propel the insect forwards 1450 mm (200 times body length) and to a height of 430 mm if there is no effect of wind resistance. The power output per mass of jumping muscle far exceeded the maximum active contractile limit of muscle and indicates that a catapult-like action must be used. This eurymelid therefore outperforms both leafhoppers and treehoppers in its faster acceleration and in its higher take-off velocity.
Effects of fluvalinate on honey bee learning, memory, responsiveness to sucrose, and survival
Authors: Frost Elisabeth H. , Shutler Dave , Hillier Neil K.
Published: April 2013

Contaminants can affect organisms' behaviour and, as a consequence, survival. Tau-fluvalinate (hereafter fluvalinate) is the active ingredient in a pesticide commonly used in North America to control Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) mites in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) colonies. Fluvalinate's effects on honey bees are not well known. Honey bee cognitive and neural function can be assessed using the proboscis extension reflex (PER) that applies Pavlovian conditioning techniques. This study used PER to evaluate effects of fluvalinate on honey bee acquisition learning (hereafter, learning), (long-term) memory recall (hereafter, memory), responsiveness to sucrose, and mortality. We also evaluated how exclusion criteria for honey bees that did not exhibit PER during training and memory trials affected interpretation of results. Fluvalinate was administered both orally and dermally at high and low doses to mimic routes by which honey bees are exposed. We found negative effects of fluvalinate on honey bee learning, memory, responsiveness to sucrose, and survival, especially in high oral doses. We also found significant consequences to interpretation of results using different exclusion criteria. For example, almost 50% of individuals that failed to show evidence of learning subsequently showed evidence of memory. The latter results have important implications regarding traditional assessment of PER-based learning and memory; the former results suggest that evaluation of honey bee exposure to fluvalinate and attendant consequences warrants further investigation.
Biomechanics of spontaneous overground walk-to-run transition
Authors: Segers Veerle , De Smet Kristof , Van Caekenberghe Ine , Aerts Peter , De Clercq Dirk
Published: April 2013

The purpose of the present study is to describe the biomechanics of spontaneous walk-to-run transitions (WRTs) in humans. After minimal instructions, 17 physical active subjects performed WRTs on an instrumented runway enabling measurement of speed, acceleration, spatiotemporal variables, ground reaction forces and 3D kinematics. The present study describes (1) the mechanical energy fluctuations of the body centre-of-mass (BCOM) as a reflection of the whole body dynamics and (2) the joint kinematics and kinetics. Consistent with previous research, the spatiotemporal variables show a sudden switch from walking to running in one transition step. During this step there is a sudden increase in forward speed, the so-called speed jump (0.42 m/s). At total body level, this is reflected in a sudden increase in energy of the BCOM (0.83 ± 0.14 J/kg) and an abrupt change from an out-of-phase to an in-phase organization of the kinetic and potential energy fluctuations. During the transition step a larger net propulsive impulse compared to the preceding and following steps is observed due to a decrease in the braking impulse. It is suggested that the altered landing configuration (prepared during the last 40% of the preceding swing) places the body in an optimal configuration to minimize this braking impulse. We hypothesize this configuration also evokes a reflex allowing a more powerful push off, which generates enough power to complete the transition and launch the first flight phase. This powerful push-off is also reflected in the vertical ground reaction force which suddenly changes to a running pattern.
Synthesis and Characterization of Oxygen/Sulfur-Bridged Incomplete Cubane-Type Clusters, [M3S4(Tpe)3]+ and [M3OS3(Tpe)3]+ (M = Mo and W), and a Mixed-Metal Cubane-Type Cluster, [Mo3PdS4Cl(Tpe)3]
Authors: Yoshida Ryouichi , Shibahara Takashi , Akashi Haruo
Published: April 2013

The reaction of [Mo3S4(H2O)9]4+ (1) and [Mo3OS3(H2O)9]4+ (2) with hydrotris(pyrazolyl)ethanol (HTpe) ligands produced [Mo3S4(Tpe)3]PF6·3CH2Cl2 ([5]PF6·3CH2Cl2) and [Mo3OS3(Tpe)3]PF6·4CH2Cl2 ([6]PF6·4CH2Cl2), respectively, using solvent extraction. Furthermore, the tungsten analogous compounds, [W3S4(Tpe)3]PF6·4CH2Cl2 ([7]PF6·4CH2Cl2) and [W3OS3(Tpe)3]PF6·2.5CH2Cl2 ([8]PF6·2.5CH2Cl2) have been prepared using a similar procedure to that used in the preparation of 5. The cyclic voltammograms of 5, 6, and 7 show one reversible one-electron oxidation process and one reversible one-electron reduction process (5, E1/2 = −0.96 and 1.10 V; 6, E1/2 = −0.96 and 1.00 V; 7, E1/2 = −1.54 and 0.77 V: all values are given vs. SHE). Complex 8 also shows one reversible (E1/2 = 0.61 V) and one irreversible one-electron oxidation processes (Epc = 1.12 V) and one irreversible one-electron reduction process (Epc = −1.54 V). The reaction of 5 with organometallic compound [Pd2(dba)3] in CH3CN afforded [Mo3PdS4Cl(Tpe)3]·4.5CH2Cl2 ([11]·4.5CH2Cl2). Complex 11 showed a high catalytic activity for the intramolecular cyclization of 4-pentynoic acid to give γ-methylene-γ-butyrolactone in the presence of Et3N. X-ray structure analyses of [5]PF6·3CH2Cl2, [6]PF6·4CH2Cl2, [7]PF6·4CH2Cl2, [8]PF6·2.5CH2Cl2, and [11]·4.5CH2Cl2 revealed that each molybdenum or tungsten atom is bonded to the Tpe ligand.
Kaliberreduktion der V. saphena magna und der V. femoralis nach CHIVA
Authors: Mendoza E.
Published: April 2013

Einleitung: Die Durchmesser der V. saphena magna (VSM) und der V. femoralis communis (VFC) gelten als Hinweis auf den Schwere-grad der Venenerkrankung. Eine Kaliberreduktion 8 Wochen nach Operation nach CHIVA wurde bereits belegt (3), offen blieb die Langzeitwirkung.

Methode: Bei 43 Patienten wurde 5 Jahre nach einem Eingriff nach CHIVA an den Stammvenen der Durchmesser der VSM und der VFC, das C(CEAP) und die Wiederauffüllzeit im Vergleich zum präoperativen Wert erfasst.

Ergebnis: 43 Patienten (Durchschnittsalter 52,7 Jahre) stellten sich im Mittel 5,36 Jahre nach Operation nach CHIVA vor. Der Durchmesser der VFC verringerte sich von präoperativ 15,39 ± 2,93 mm über 15,11 ± 2,73 mm nach 8 Wochen auf 14,18 ± 2,56 mm (p<0,05), bei Behandlung der VSM verringerte sich der Durchmesser der VFC von 16,07 ± 2,65 mm über 15,29 ± 2,41 mm nach 8 Wochen auf 14,30 ± 2,81 mm (p<0,001). Der Durchmesser der VSM verringerte sich von präoperativ 7,13 ± 2,05 mm über 4,98 ± 1,49 mm nach 8 Wochen auf 4,38 ± 1,44 mm nach 5 Jahren (p<0,001). Das C reduzierte sich von präoperativ 2,77 ± 0,81 mm über 1,51 ± 1,19 mm nach 8 Wochen auf 1,72 ± 1,10 mm nach 5 Jahren (p = 0,007). Die Wiederauffüllzeit verlängert sich von präop. 15,24 ± 6,18 ± s über 17,9 ± 6,47 s nach 8 Wochen auf 21,61 ± 9,2 s nach 5 Jahren (p = 0,022).

Fazit: Auch in der Langzeitstudie nach CHIVA konnte keine Belastung der tiefen Beinvenen nachgewiesen werden.
Der lange Weg der Syphilis bis zum Ulcus cruris syphiliticum
Authors: Dissemond J. , Hach-Wunderle V. , Hach W.
Published: April 2013

Die Syphilis fiel im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes von einem Tag auf den anderen in Europa ein. Sie stellte sich in einer ganz anderen Weise dar, wie wir sie heute kennen. In einer der ersten Beschreibungen von Josef Grünpeck ist die Rede von fürchterlichen schwarzen Zapfen und kleinen Hörnern mit bestialischem Gestank, die im Gesicht hervorwuchsen sowie von grausamen Knochenschmerzen, so dass sich die Kranken den Tod herbeiwünschten. Durch die ständigen Kriegshandlungen, aber ebenso durch die gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse kam es im 16. Jahrhundert von Spanien her über Neapel zu einer rasant fortschreitenden Epidemie, die schließ-lich ganz Europa überrannte. Die Folge waren grundlegende Einflüsse auf das kulturelle Leben der Menschen in allen Gesellschaftsschichten. Die Ärzte haben sich in einer heute unübersehbaren Literatur mit der Krankheit auseinandergesetzt. Dabei stellt das Blickfeld auf das Ulcus cruris syphiliticum nur einen winzigen Ausschnitt dar.
Ulkus-Sprechstunde für Einsteiger
Authors: Kahle B. , Recke A. L.
Published: April 2013

Als Einsteiger können Anamnese und Be -fundeinordnung bei Patienten mit Ulcus cruris mitunter sehr schwierig sein. Es empfiehlt sich, einer gewissen Systematik zu folgen, um das weitere Vorgehen strukturiert planen zu können. Diese Fortbildung in Bildern ersetzt nicht die Lektüre von Lehrbüchern und Leitlinien, sie soll vielmehr einige praktische Tipps und Hintergedanken zur Anamnese bei Ulcuspatienten und bei der Befundbeschreibung von Ulcera vorstellen.
Full Correction of Scattering Effects by Using the Radiative Transfer Theory for Improved Quantitative Analysis of Absorbing Species in Suspensions
Authors: Steponavičius Raimundas , Thennadil Suresh N.
Published: April 2013

Sample-to-sample photon path length variations that arise due to multiple scattering can be removed by decoupling absorption and scattering effects by using the radiative transfer theory, with a suitable set of measurements. For samples where particles both scatter and absorb light, the extracted bulk absorption spectrum is not completely free from nonlinear particle effects, since it is related to the absorption cross-section of particles that changes nonlinearly with particle size and shape. For the quantitative analysis of absorbing-only (i.e., nonscattering) species present in a matrix that contains a particulate species that absorbs and scatters light, a method to eliminate particle effects completely is proposed here, which utilizes the particle size information contained in the bulk scattering coefficient extracted by using the Mie theory to carry out an additional correction step to remove particle effects from bulk absorption spectra. This should result in spectra that are equivalent to spectra collected with only the liquid species in the mixture. Such an approach has the potential to significantly reduce the number of calibration samples as well as improve calibration performance. The proposed method was tested with both simulated and experimental data from a four-component model system.
Interaction of Melamine Molecules with Silver Nanoparticles Explored by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering and Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Chen Xue , Hu Yongjun , Gao Jiao , Zhang Yanjiao , Li Shaoxin
Published: April 2013

Recently, unethical manufacturers illegally adulterated foods to increase the nitrogen content of protein through the use of melamine. Although surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) methods have been widely used to detect melamine, the details of the interaction mechanism between a melamine molecule and silver colloids are still unclear. In this paper, we present the adsorption behavior of melamine on the surface of silver nanoparticles, which we explored by using SERS and density functional theory calculation methods. The calculated results demonstrate that the melamine molecule interacts with the silver surface mainly via the heterocyclic nitrogen. When comparing the predicted spectra of the complexes of melamine-Ag+ and melamine-Ag0, we found that the spectrum of the former agrees better with the experimental spectra than that of the latter. In the structure of the melamine-Ag+ complex, we found that the melamine molecule “stands” on the surface of nanoparticles, with a small tilt angle. The concentration-dependent SERS spectra reveal that the melamine molecule stands on the silver surface with a small tilt angle in high concentration, and the tilt angle becomes larger when the concentrations are diluted.
Recovery of Absorption Spectra from Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Microspectroscopic Measurements of Intact Spheres
Authors: van Dijk Thomas , Mayerich David , Carney P. Scott , Bhargava Rohit
Published: April 2013

An infrared spectrum recorded from a microscopic sample depends on spectral properties of the constituent material as well as on morphology. Many samples or domains within heterogeneous materials can be idealized as spheres, in which both scattering and absorption from the three-dimensional shape affect the recorded spectrum. Spectra recorded from such objects may be altered to such an extent that they bear little resemblance to spectra recorded from the bulk material; there are no methods, however, to reconcile the two from first principles. Here we provide the mathematical description of the optical physics underlying light-spherical sample interaction within an instrument. We use the developed analytical expressions to predict recorded data from spheres using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging. Recorded spectra are shown to depend strongly on the size of the sphere as well as the optical arrangement of the instrument. Next, we present theory and experiments demonstrating the recovery of the complex refractive index of the material using data recorded from a sphere. The effects of the sample morphology on the measured spectra can be removed, and using the imaginary part of the index, the shape-independent IR absorption spectrum of the material is recovered.
Spectral Study and Protein Labeling of Inclusion Complex between Dye and Calixarene Sulfonate
Authors: Fei Xuening , Zhang Yong , Zhu Sen , Liu Lijuan , Yu Lu
Published: April 2013

The host–guest inclusion complex of calix[6]arene sulfonate (SCA6) with thiazole orange (TO) formed in aqueous solution was studied. Absorption and fluorescence techniques were used for the analysis of this inclusion complex. The addition of calixarene sulfonate leads to a decrease in both absorption and fluorescence intensity of the dye, indicating that the inclusion complex was formed. Simultaneously, the inclusion phenomenon of another cyanine dye, Cy3, with calixarene sulfonate was investigated. The stability constant of the two complexes was determined, and the results were compared. The water solubility of TO dye was increased in the presence of calixarene sulfonate, and further protein labeling experiments suggested that this TO–SCA6 complex can act as a fluorescent probe for labeling of biomolecules.
On the Exploitation of Mid-infrared Iridescence of Plumage for Remote Classification of Nocturnal Migrating Birds
Authors: Brydegaard Mikkel , Samuelsson Per , Kudenov Michael W. , Svanberg Sune
Published: April 2013

A challenging task in ornithology lies in identifying high-altitude nocturnal migrating bird species and genders. While the current approaches including radar, lunar obscuration, and single-band thermal imaging provide means of detection, a more detailed spectral or polarimetric analysis of light has the potential for retrieval of additional information whereby the species and sex could be determined. In this paper, we explore remote classification opportunities provided by iridescent features within feathers in the mid-infrared region. Our approach first involves characterizing the microstructural features of the feather by using rotation and straining, and a scheme for their remote detection is proposed by correlating these microstructural changes to spectral and polarimetric effects. Furthermore, we simulate the spectral signature of the entire bird by using a model that demonstrates how classification would be achieved. Finally, we apply infrared hyperspectral polarization imaging, showing that the net iridescent effect persists for the bird as a whole.
Carrier Recombination-Incited Substrate Vibrations after Pulsed UV-Laser Photolysis of TiO2 Thin Single-Crystal Plate and Nanoparticle Films
Authors: Zhu Ming , Zhu Gangbei , Weng Yuxiang
Published: April 2013

Photo-induced carrier generation and recombination have been regarded as important steps in understanding the photocatalytic reactions on the surfaces of semiconductors such as TiO2. During the investigation of a photocatalytic water-splitting reaction on the surface of semiconductor TiO2 (rutile) single-crystal plate and sintered-nanoparticle (anatase) films coated on a CaF2 plate, a pulsed 355 nm laser was used for band-gap excitation and a continuous-working, mid-infrared laser as the probe to trace the kinetics of the photogenerated electrons. Fast oscillations with periods of 10–50 μs were observed. We demonstrated experimentally that these oscillations are neither from the nonlinear carrier recombination dynamics nor surface chemical reactions; instead, they are caused by the thermal-induced flexural vibrations initiated by the fast carrier recombination in the light-absorbing area. The observed oscillations can be well accounted for by thermal stress-induced flexural vibrations of the substrates due to rapid charge recombination, and the observed oscillation frequencies match the flexural vibration frequencies predicted by the Kirchhoff–Love thin-plate theory. Light-interference effect caused by the beam reflecting off the surfaces of the substrate and windows, which can amplify the oscillation signals, is also discussed. Several approaches are proposed to minimize or eliminate the interference from the substrate vibration in the transient kinetic measurement when a coherent laser is used as the probe beam.
SERS Mapping in Langmuir–Blodgett Films and Single-Molecule Detection
Authors: Aoki Pedro H.B. , Carreon Eduardo G.E. , Volpati Diogo , Shimabukuro Milton H. , Constantino Carlos J.L. , Aroca Ricardo F. , Oliveira Osvaldo N. , Paulovich Fernando V.
Published: April 2013

Plasmon-enhanced spectroscopic techniques have expanded single-molecule detection (SMD) and are revolutionizing areas such as bio-imaging and single-cell manipulation. Surface-enhanced (resonance) Raman scattering (SERS or SERRS) combines high sensitivity with molecular-fingerprint information at the single-molecule level. Spectra originating from single-molecule SERS experiments are rare events, which occur only if a single molecule is located in a hot-spot zone. In this spot, the molecule is selectively exposed to a significant enhancement associated with a high, local electromagnetic field in the plasmonic substrate. Here, we report an SMD study with an electrostatic approach in which a Langmuir film of a phospholipid with anionic polar head groups (PO4−) was doped with cationic methylene blue (MB), creating a homogeneous, two-dimensional distribution of dyes in the monolayer. The number of dyes in the probed area of the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film coating the Ag nanostructures established a regime in which single-molecule events were observed, with the identification based on direct matching of the observed spectrum at each point of the mapping with a reference spectrum for the MB molecule. In addition, advanced fitting techniques were tested with the data obtained from micro-Raman mapping, thus achieving real-time processing to extract the MB single-molecule spectra.
REVIEWS
Authors: Falkenhayner Nicole , Marino Alessandra
Published: April 2013

THE LOST GERMAN EAST: FORCED MI GRA TION AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY, 1945–1970, ANDREW DEMSHUK (2012) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 324 pages, ISBN 978-1-107-02073-3, Hardback, € 79,00

LA QUARTA VIA: MOGADISCIO, ITALIA (ITA, ENGLISH SUBTITLES, KIMERAFILM 2012,
38’)

AULÒ: ROMA POSTCOLONIALE (ITA, ENGLISH SUBTITLES, KIMERAFILM 2012, 48’)
Between exile and home – letters from Shanghai, 1939–1947
Authors: Andrews Susan
Published: April 2013

In this article I discuss a personal archive of letters written by my maternal grandparents when they were living as refugees in the International Settlement in Shanghai during and after the Second World War. The letters are a unique, albeit fragmented family archive that represent
their ‘epistolary selves’ through their particular accounts of exilic lives in Shanghai. Written to one of their three daughters, herself living in exile in London, they are a remnant of past German Jewish lives lived at the intersection of Chinese/Japanese/European colonial history,
war and the Holocaust. From the temporal, spatial and familial distance of the third generation, I draw on a selection of the letters to illustrate the inter-connections of personal and public memory which, like migration itself, is a constant relationship of movement, of disconnection and
reconnection between the past and the present. First I discuss how the letters provide a very particular account of how an upper middle class Berlin couple negotiated new lives in war torn Shanghai and their continued endeavours to maintain connections with a family fractured and dispersed
across the world by persecution and war. In the second part I discuss how their embodied and material memories of home travelled with them from Berlin to Shanghai and in the process often became transformed, enabling them to establish a new, albeit transitory home, a place between exile and
their further search for a new home/land
Remembering the Stasi: The Lives of Others as a foreign past
Authors: Thorpe Julie
Published: April 2013

This article places the domestic and international reception of the German film, The Lives of Others (von Donnersmarck, 2006), within a larger debate about popular and official memory and, in particular, what has been both applauded and derided as the film’s historical authenticity.
I explore the notion of sacralizing history in order to ask what broader role of witnessing, observing and remembering the former East German state the film offers to viewers outside Germany. I argue that the act of remembering the Stasi and Germany’s ‘second dictatorship’
as a sacred site of memory is part of a wider postmodern project in screen memory and posttraumatic cinema
The migratory imagination: Anna Funder’s Stasiland as prosthetic memory
Authors: Mitchell Kate
Published: April 2013

The generic status of Anna Funder’s Stasiland (2002) is uncertain, but it is clear from the opening pages that the author conceptualizes her project as an act of memory: it is an attempt to document a past that ended abruptly in 1989 with the dissolution of the German Democratic
Republic and which, she perceives, many are eager to forget. As an Australian writer revisiting German history, she thus attempts to recuperate a past that does not ‘belong’ to her. But how can one remember a past that is not one’s own? Can we presume to speak on another
nation’s behalf, to imagine another country’s traumatic history? And how might ‘creative nonfiction’ perform cultural memory in this way? This article examines Stasiland’s status as an example of Alison Landsberg’s notion of ‘prosthetic memory’
(2004), which fosters an affective connection to a mediated foreign past. I argue that in Stasiland, Funder deploys a range of literary strategies to make the past both comprehensible and memorable for her foreign readers, creating a community of memory across borders
Trusting the felt sense in art-based research
Authors: Rappaport Laury
Published: April 2013

Artistic expression serves to explicate our felt sense – or embodied knowing. This article discusses and demonstrates how both direct experience and artistic expression are necessary to convey dimensions of experiential meaning, not accessible through words alone or others’
authority. The application of Focusing, felt sense and the arts throughout different phases of art-based research is presented, along with the challenge of using self-enquiry, as a research tool
Redetermination of the structure of 4’-(bromomethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2- carbonitrile, C14H10BrN
Authors: Siddegowda Maravanahalli S. , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Narayana Badiadka , Gerber Thomas , Hosten Eric , Betz Richard
Published: April 2013

C14H10BrN, orthorhombic, Fdd2 (no. 43), a = 24.196(1) Å, b = 47.123(2) Å, c = 4.0402(2) Å, V = 4606.5 Å3, Z = 16, Rgt(F) = 0.0275, wRref(F2) = 0.0671, T = 200 K.
Redetermination of the structure of 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5- phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one, C16H13ClN2O
Authors: Dayananda Alaloor S. , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Gerber Thomas , Hosten Eric , Betz Richard
Published: April 2013

C16H13ClN2O, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.9510(2) Å, b = 13.2274(3) Å, c = 12.8923(3) Å, β = 90.172(1)°, V = 1355.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0314, wRref(F2) = 0.0834, T = 200 K.
New Neonatal Classification of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Part 2: To Predict Permanent Lateral Incisor Agenesis and Maxillary Growth
Authors: Doucet Jean-Charles , Delestan Christian , Montoya Pedro , Matei Lucia , Bigorre Michèle , Herlin Christian , Baümler Caroline , Daures Jean-Pierre , Captier Guillaume
Published: April 2013

Objectives

To bring a neonatal classification system of unilateral cleft lip and palate and to correlate this classification with the distribution of the permanent lateral incisor and maxillary growth.

Design

Retrospective with longitudinal follow-up.

Setting

Tertiary.

Patients

A total of 112 individuals with treated unilateral cleft lip and palate and 30 controls.

Main Outcome Measures

Unilateral cleft lip and palate neonatal casts were classified anatomically in four categories, in which Class 1 corresponds to a maxillary arch with a narrow alveolar cleft; Class 2 corresponds to a balanced form; Class 3 corresponds to a wide cleft and short maxilla; and Class 4 corresponds to a wide cleft and long maxilla. The classification was correlated with the distribution of the permanent lateral incisor. Maxillary growth was evaluated using a cephalometric analysis after the age of 10 years.

Results

Clinical classification of unilateral cleft lip and palate found 10 cases of Class 1 (8.9%), 34 cases of Class 2 (30.4%), 46 cases of Class 3 (41.1%), and 22 cases of Class 4 (19.6%). The permanent lateral incisor was most often present in narrower clefts (Classes 1 and 2); whereas, large clefts (Classes 3 and 4) were relatively more frequently associated with an agenesis of the permanent lateral incisor ( P = .019). Maxillary growth impairment was most severe in Class 3, with a mean sella-nasion-A point angle at 71.9° ± 4.6° ( P < .001).

Conclusions

Using the cleft width, arch form, and shape of the nasal septum, unilateral cleft lip and palate can be classified into four different classes at birth, which can all give information about permanent lateral incisor agenesis and maxillary growth.
Abrupt Laryngeal Engagement during Stop Plosive-Vowel Transitions in Children with Repaired Cleft Palate and Adequate Velopharyngeal Closure: Aerodynamic and Sound Pressure Level Evidence
Authors: Zajac David J. , Milholland Sarah
Published: April 2013

Objective

To determine whether children with repaired cleft palate and adequate velopharyngeal closure exhibit abrupt laryngeal engagement during stop plosive-vowel transitions as compared with children without cleft palate.

Design

A prospective group design was used with convenience sampling of patients at a university craniofacial center.

Participants

Participants were 25 children (15 boys, 10 girls) with repaired cleft palate (mean age = 10.9 years, standard deviation = 1.5 years) and 20 children (10 boys, 10 girls) without cleft palate (mean age = 10.8 years, standard deviation = 1.8 years). All children with cleft palate had adequate velopharyngeal closure as determined by aerodynamic testing.

Main Outcome Measures

(1) Peak oral airflow was determined during the release of /t/ in the word “two” during a counting task. (2) An index of laryngeal engagement defined as the ratio of the maximum oral airflow declination to peak oral airflow was calculated during the release of /t/. (3) Sound pressure level was determined during the vowel of the word “two.”

Results

Children with cleft palate exhibited significantly more negative laryngeal engagement ratios (i.e., more abrupt adduction) ( P = .002) and greater sound pressure level ( P = .049) than controls. There was a significant negative relationship between laryngeal engagement and sound pressure level for all children ( r = -.428, P = .003).

Conclusions

Children with repaired cleft palate and adequate velopharyngeal function appear to use a strategy of abrupt laryngeal adduction during stop plosive-vowel transitions. This strategy—perhaps learned even prior to palate surgery—may help to achieve either adequate sound pressure level and/or velopharyngeal closure.
The challenges of humanitarian access bridges in Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Bird Simon , P. Simon Thomas
Published: April 2013

Supply to internally displaced persons in north-east Democratic Republic of Congo is difficult because of poor roads and the lack of bridges and culverts. Funds became available for construction of 22 short bridges and 28 culverts and repair of three Bailey bridges. The situation presented challenges of insecurity, poor access and communications, limited capacity of the highway authorities, strictly limited funds, poor site information and uncertain quality of materials, supervision and workmanship. This paper records how the project team formulated a project to improve access, identified and overcame the challenges and brought the project to a successful conclusion. It contains a brief review of guidance relating to low-cost bridges, information on the designs chosen and resources used, allowances made for the conditions and lessons learnt to assist engineers working in similar circumstances. The first year's project was successfully completed on time and in budget to the benefit of the local population.
Regional signatures of plant response to drought and elevated temperature across a desert ecosystem
Authors: Munson Seth M. , Muldavin Esteban H. , Belnap Jayne , Peters Debra P. C. , Anderson John P. , Reiser M. Hildegard , Gallo Kirsten , Melgoza-Castillo Alicia , Herrick Jeffrey E. , Christiansen Tim A.
Published: April 2013

The performance of many desert plant species in North America may decline with the warmer and drier conditions predicted by climate change models, thereby accelerating land degradation and reducing ecosystem productivity. We paired repeat measurements of plant canopy cover with climate at multiple sites across the Chihuahuan Desert over the last century to determine which plant species and functional types may be the most sensitive to climate change. We found that the dominant perennial grass, Bouteloua eriopoda, and species richness had nonlinear responses to summer precipitation, decreasing more in dry summers than increasing with wet summers. Dominant shrub species responded differently to the seasonality of precipitation and drought, but winter precipitation best explained changes in the cover of woody vegetation in upland grasslands and may contribute to woody‐plant encroachment that is widespread throughout the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Temperature explained additional variability of changes in cover of dominant and subdominant plant species. Using a novel empirically based approach we identified “climate pivot points” that were indicative of shifts from increasing to decreasing plant cover over a range of climatic conditions. Reductions in cover of annual and several perennial plant species, in addition to declines in species richness below the long‐term summer precipitation mean across plant communities, indicate a decrease in the productivity for all but the most drought‐tolerant perennial grasses and shrubs in the Chihuahuan Desert. Overall, our regional synthesis of long‐term data provides a robust foundation for forecasting future shifts in the composition and structure of plant assemblages in the largest North American warm desert.
Spatial and temporal unpredictability of colony size in Cliff Swallows across 30 years
Authors: Brown Charles R. , Brown Mary Bomberger , Roche Erin A.
Published: April 2013

Most colonially breeding animals occupy colonies that range in size from a few pairs to thousands of individuals, but the causes of colony size variation are largely unknown. Three general hypotheses are: (1) that variation in colony size is maintained by fluctuating selection via spatial and temporal changes in fitness associated with different colony sizes; (2) that colony formation reflects heterogeneity in habitat, with some sites having resources to support more individuals than others; and (3) that individuals assess the presence or annual reproductive success of current colony residents at each site and aggregate preferentially at high‐quality sites. These hypotheses make predictions about how consistent colony size should be across sites and among years. We examined temporal and spatial variability of colony size for >200 Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) colony sites in western Nebraska across a 30‐year period. A colony's substrate type, annual population size in the study area, and whether the nesting season was relatively warm or cool, influenced average annual colony size. While some Cliff Swallow colony sites hosted perennially large colonies and others perennially small ones, between‐year variability in colony size at most sites was high. Annual colony size distributions were relatively stable over 30 years and provided no evidence for long‐term directional changes in colony size. The only ecological characteristic that was strongly associated with Cliff Swallow colony size at a site was the type of nesting substrate, with bridges tending to have larger colonies and being more frequently occupied than other substrates. Some sites showed annual changes in colony size consistent with the birds' basing their choice of colony on the presence or success of conspecifics, but many sites did not conform to a pattern expected if coloniality is a by‐product of traditional aggregation. Colony size in Cliff Swallows was temporally and spatially unpredictable when viewed across the 30 years of this study. Each of the three hypotheses to explain size variation may have applied at certain sites, but the pattern of colony size variability leant the most support to the hypothesis that fluctuating selection on group size maintains colonies of widely different sizes.
Residue Management Effects on Water Use and Yield of Deficit Irrigated Cotton
Authors: Baumhardt R. Louis , Schwartz Robert , Howell Terry , Evett Steven R. , Colaizzi Paul
Published: April 2013

The declining saturated thickness of the Ogallala Aquifer beneath the southern High Plains decreases irrigation well capacity and necessitates conservation of precipitation for crop use. A 3‐yr dryland crop rotation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) followed by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with intervening 10‐mo fallow periods was adapted for use with deficit irrigation of 2.5 and 5.0 mm d−−1 capacities on a Pantex silty clay loam (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) managed with disk (DT), stubble‐mulch (SM), or no (NT)‐tillage at Bushland, TX (35.183° N, 102.1° W). Study objectives were to quantify tillage effects on soil water storage during wheat fallow and any continued effects on water use and yield by deficit irrigated cotton. Compared with DT, wheat residue cover increased mean fallow precipitation storage by ∼15 mm for SM and 50 mm with NT based on significant differences in 3 of 4 yr. The significant differences in cotton water use between irrigation capacities totaled from 70% to ∼100% of the estimated evapotranspiration, ET. Measured growing season water use decreased with decreasing residue cover in the order NT > SM > DT. Cotton lint yield did not vary between irrigation capacities, but increased with NT by ∼50% or 450 kg ha−1 over DT. Yields for DT cotton irrigated at 5 mm d−1 were typically less than for NT and SM cotton irrigated at 2.5 mm d−1. Lint yield for NT management was significantly greater than DT, which we attributed to reduced evaporation and greater transpiration with NT residue.
Responses of Glutenin Macropolymer Particle Distribution to Heat Stress in Wheat Grain
Authors: Lu Hongfang , Wang Chenyang , Guo Tiancai
Published: April 2013

Glutenin macropolymer (GMP), a major glutenin fraction, is affected by both genotypic and environmental factors. However, few studies have focused on the effects of heat stress on the characteristics of GMP in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. The high‐yielding winter wheat cultivar, Zhengmai 366, was grown in pots at the Scientific and Educational Station of Henan Agricultural University during the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 growing seasons to investigate the response of GMP particle to high temperature (HT). The experiment was performed with a completely randomized design using three replicates. Plants were grown in the natural environment and then transferred to a climate‐controlled greenhouse for two periods of HT treatments (38°C): (i) from 7 days after anthesis (DAA) to 10 DAA, and (ii) from 17 to 20 DAA, before being transferred back to the natural environment. Glutenin macropolymer particle size distribution was analyzed by laser diffraction. Results showed that heat stress led to a significant reduction in the proportion of GMP particles <10 μm, and a concomitant increase in particles >60 μm, yet had little effect on the number distribution of GMP particles. The proportion of GMP particles >60 μm was positively correlated with GMP and protein concentrations, but negatively correlated with protein yield. Heat stress significantly reduced the protein and starch yields despite the fact that the proportion of GMP particles >60 μm and the concentrations of GMP and protein all increased.\