bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pathways and domain specificity of Cu(i) binding to human metallothionein 1A
Authors: Melenbacher Adyn , Korkola Natalie C , Stillman Martin J
Published: November 2020

Copper is an essential element, but as a result of numerous adverse reactions, it is also a cellular toxin. Nature protects itself from these toxic reactions by binding cuprous copper to chaperones and other metalloproteins. Metallothionein has been proposed as a storage location for Cu(i) and potentially as the donor of Cu(i) to copper-dependent enzymes. We report that the addition of Cu(i) to apo recombinant human metallothionein 1a cooperatively forms a sequential series of Cu(i)–cysteinyl thiolate complexes that have specific Cu(i) : MT stoichiometries of 6 : 1, 10 : 1, and finally 13 : 1. The individual domain Cu : SCys stoichiometries were determined as Cu6S9 (for 6 : 1), Cu6S9 + Cu4S6 (for 10 : 1), and Cu6S9 + Cu7S9 (for 13 : 1) based on the number of modified free cysteines not involved in Cu(i) binding. The stoichiometries are associated with Cu–SCys cluster formation involving bridging thiols in the manner similar to the clusters formed with Cd(ii) and Zn(ii). The locations of these clustered species within the 20 cysteine full protein were determined from the unique speciation profiles of Cu(i) binding to the β and α domain fragments of recombinant human metallothionein 1a with 9 and 11 cysteines, respectively. Competition reactions using these domain fragments challenged Cu(i) metallation of the βα protein, allowing the sequence of cluster formation in the full protein to be determined. Relative binding constants for each Cu(i) bound are reported. The emission spectra of the Cu4S6, Cu6S9, and Cu7S9 clusters have unique λmax and phosphorescent lifetime properties. These phosphorescent data provide unambiguous supporting evidence for the presence of solvent shielded clusters reported concurrently by ESI-MS. Simulated emission spectra based on the cluster specific emission profiles matched the experimental spectra and are used to confirm that the relative concentrations seen by ESI-MS are representative of the solution. Our results suggest that the availability of a series of sequential Cu(i)–thiolate clusters provides flexibility as a means of protecting the cell from toxicity while still allowing for homeostatic control of the total copper content in the cell. This mechanism provides a dynamic and reactive method of reducing the cellular free copper concentrations.
Protein sulfenic acid-mediated anchoring of gold nanoparticles for enhanced CT imaging and radiotherapy of tumors in vivo
Authors: Ding Jianan , Mao Qiulian , Zhao Meng , Gao Yinjia , Wang Anna , Ye Shuyue , Wang Xiaoyan , Xie Wei , Shi Haibin
Published: November 2020

Herein, smart protein sulfenic acid-reactive gold nanoparticles were reported as effective radiosensitizers for CT imaging and radiotherapy of tumors. They enable on-site immobilization within tumors resulting in enhanced accumulation and retention.
Organic photovoltaic cells with high efficiencies for both indoor and outdoor applications
Authors: Xu Ye , Yao Huifeng , Ma Lijiao , Wu Ziang , Cui Yong , Hong Ling , Zu Yunfei , Wang Jingwen , Woo Han Young , Hou Jianhui
Published: November 2020

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells have highly tunable light-response ranges, enabling them to achieve high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in various scenarios.
Esterification of propanoic acid with 1,2-propanediol: catalysis by cesium exchanged heteropoly acid on K-10 clay and kinetic modelling
Authors: Tekale Devendra P. , Yadav Ganapati D.
Published: November 2020

Aromatic as well as aliphatic esters are important classes of chemicals having a variety of applications.
The oxygen reduction reaction at silver electrodes in high chloride media and the implications for silver nanoparticle toxicity
Authors: Guo Yanjun , Yang Minjun , Xie Ruo-Chen , Compton Richard G.
Published: November 2020

Superoxide produced at silver electrode in seawater.
Red blood cell hitchhiking enhances the accumulation of nano- and micro-particles in the constriction of a stenosed microvessel
Authors: Ye Huilin , Shen Zhiqiang , Wei Mei , Li Ying
Published: November 2020

Circulation of nanoparticles in a stenosed microvessel: nanoworms demonstrate higher accumulation than that of spheres inside the constriction due to their escape from RBC clusters.
Novel fast forecasting method for nodal voltage violations
Authors: Ye Rui , Huang Xueliang , Chen Zhong , Ji Zhenya , Tan Linlin
Published: November 2020

With the increase penetration of new energy and electric vehicles (EVs), the nodal voltage violations (NVVs) problem is widely concerned. Voltage predictive regulation methods can prevent NVVs and improve the performance of traditional voltage control. A fast and reliable forecasting method for NVVs is a key requirement to support this application. However, it is time‐consuming to forecast NVVs using a Monte Carlo simulation‐based probabilistic load flow method and the traditional deterministic method based on load forecasting has low reliability due to it not considering the uncertainty of load forecasting errors. A novel fast forecasting method for NVVs with shorter computational time and higher reliability is proposed. In the proposed method, the uncertainty of the load forecasting is taken into account and the impact of active/reactive power change on NVVs can be quantified like the traditional deterministic method. Thus, this method can assist in correcting voltage regulation plans so that voltage constraints can be satisfied as much as possible. Finally, the IEEE 69‐bus test system and real historical load series are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) via two‐timescale control in unbalanced power distribution systems
Authors: Jha Rahul R. , Dubey Anamika , Schneider Kevin P.
Published: November 2020

Voltage control devices are employed in power distribution systems to reduce the power consumption by operating the system closer to the lower acceptable voltage limits; this technique is called conservation voltage reduction (CVR). The different modes of operation for system's legacy devices (with binary control) and new devices (e.g. smart inverters with continuous control) coupled with variable photovoltaic (PV) generation results in voltage fluctuations which makes it challenging to achieve CVR objective. This study presents a two‐timescale control of feeder's voltage control devices to achieve CVR that includes: (i) a centralised controller operating in a slower time‐scale to coordinate voltage control devices across the feeder; and (ii) local controllers operating in a faster timescale to mitigate voltage fluctuations due to PV variability. The centralised controller utilises a three‐phase optimal power flow model to obtain the decision variables for both legacy devices and smart inverters. The local controllers operate smart inverters to minimise voltage fluctuations and restore nodal voltages to their reference values by adjusting the reactive power support. The proposed approach is validated using the IEEE‐123 bus (medium‐size) and R3‐12.47‐2 (large‐size) feeders. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach is effective in achieving the CVR objective for unbalanced distribution systems.
Multi‐model deep learning approach for collaborative filtering recommendation system
Authors: Aljunid Mohammed Fadhel , Doddaghatta Huchaiah Manjaiah
Published: November 2020

As a result of a huge volume of implicit feedback such as browsing and clicks, many researchers are involving in designing recommender systems (RSs) based on implicit feedback. Though implicit feedback is too challenging, it is highly applicable to use in building recommendation systems. Conventional collaborative filtering techniques such as matrix decomposition, which consider user preferences as a linear combination of user and item latent features, have limited learning capacities, hence suffer from a cold start and data sparsity problems. To tackle these problems, the research direction towards considering the integration of conventional collaborative filtering with deep neural networks to maps user and item features. Conversely, the scalability and the sparsity of the data affect the performance of the methods and limit the worthiness of the results of the recommendations. Therefore, the authors proposed a multi‐model deep learning (MMDL) approach by integrating user and item functions to construct a hybrid RS and significant improvement. The MMDL approach combines deep autoencoder with a one‐dimensional convolution neural network model that learns user and item features to predict user preferences. From detail experimentation on two real‐world datasets, the proposed work exhibits substantial performance when compared to the existing methods.
Feature selection approach using ensemble learning for network anomaly detection
Authors: Doreswamy  , Hooshmand Mohammad Kazim , Gad Ibrahim
Published: November 2020

Feature selection is essential for prioritising important attributes in data to improve prediction quality in machine learning algorithms. As different selection techniques identify different feature sets, relying on a single method may result in risky decisions. The authors propose an ensemble approach using union and quorum combination techniques with five primary individual selection methods which are analysis of variance, variance threshold, sequential backward search, recursive feature elimination, and least absolute selection and shrinkage operator. The proposed method reduces features in three rounds: (i) discard redundant features using pairwise correlation, (ii) individual methods select their own feature sets independently, and (iii) equalise individual feature sets. The equalised individual feature sets are combined using union and quorum techniques. Both the combined and individual sets are tested for network anomaly detection using random forest, decision tree, K‐nearest neighbours, Gaussian Naive Bayes, and logistic regression classifiers. The experimental results on the UNSW‐NB15 data set show that random forest with union and quorum feature sets yields 99 and 99.02% f1_score with minimum 6 and 12 features, respectively. The results on the NSL‐KDD data set show that random forest with union and quorum gets 99.34 and 99.21% f1_score with a minimum of 28 and 18 features.
Using the method of postisometric relaxation for the technique of posers improvement of the Latin American program
Authors: Propisnova Elena , Turchina Ekaterina , Degtyareva Darya , Repnikova Elena
Published: November 2020

The aim of the research to create and experimentally substantiate complexes of exercises, based on the method of postisometric relaxation, directed toward technical poses improvement of the Latin American program by highly-qualified dancers. Research methods: For the pedagogical experiment two groups of dancers were formed (control and experimental group) each group included 12 people. Unlike the control group the training process of dancers from the experimental group included the complexes of physical exercises based on the methodology of postisometric relaxation. Pedagogical experiment was held during 6 months (since September, 2018 till February, 2019). In terms of the research we measured the development level of flexibility of different muscles groups and defined the degree of mastering the technique of poses fulfillment by dancers. Research results. We created the complexes of exercises, based on the methodology of postisometric relaxation, directed toward technique of poses fulfillment of the Latin American program by athletes- dancers. According to the results of statistic data handling it was revealed that the created by us complexes had positive influence on spine and hip joints flexibility development. It provided poses fulfillment technique development during competitive activity of athletes-dancers from the experimental group. Conclusion. Thus, using the method of postisometric relaxation during the training process of athletes- dancers provides purposeful increase of their technical mastery owing to qualitative poses fulfillment during competitive activity.
Teaching biathletes the rules of shooting using electronic devices
Authors: Astafev Nikolay , Kukleva Galina
Published: November 2020

An advanced direction in marksmanship training of biathletes is teaching the rules of shooting: «marking» of a shot; defining the mean point of impact; correcting the sight; offset shooting. Teaching the rules of shooting using electronic devices will help to achieve the aim without a coach and will help to save cartridges. The article presents the description of the teaching programs algorythms for electronic devices.
Advanced directions of self-control skill individualization of sports activity parameters among young combatants
Authors: Bedareva Olga , Kuzmenko Galina , Kim Tatiana , Levanova Elena
Published: November 2020

The functions of pedagogical control and self-control are extremely important in modern practice of sports training. They help to optimize training and competitive activity, provide achievements of different qualification athletes. The skills of self-control formation in sports activity parameters among young athletes is an important objective of a coach. In order to achieve it a coach should have a wide spectrum of special competencies. A coach should take into account individual characteristics of his athletes and organize the system of interaction, in terms of which control mechanisms, directed toward own “Self” analysis and regulation would become one of the obligatory factors of young athlete’s personality self-consciousness and the condition for his adequate inner and outer world perception. The result of the research held by the authors of the presented article became the essence, content, urgent directions of self-control skill formation in sports activity parameters among young athletes-combatants. We revealed the factors, which condition the ability to control emotional-volitional, cognitive, behavioral spheres of young athletes, taking into account the demands of sports activity and the peculiarities of information perception and processing by them.
Visualization of the educational process of motor actions and improvement of motor skills
Authors: Tikhonova Irina , Pigida Christina , Zhigaylova Larisa , Bliznuk Alexey , Barcho Olga
Published: November 2020

In the modern learning environment visualization takes the leading place in the process of students knowledge formation based on the receiving of the constant information flow. The particular attention in the work is paid to the development and application of the techniques and means of educational material visualization. They allow to visualize perceptual images, ideas, movements, thoughts, theoretical reasoning and constructions as visual clarity. The studying process of motor actions, quality and speed of mental operations in the process of its studying, quality and speed of its reproduction depend on many parameters, characterizing the degree of symmetry-asymmetry development in the forms and functions development. The determining factor in the system of physical education and sports training of students visualization use is the feature of its implementation at each training stage. Means and methods of visualization can be modified according to the content, purpose and form of application.
Functional diagnostics in the training process of young biathletes
Authors: Komarova Nina , Maydokina Lyudmila , Tsybusova Vera , Mikaeva Olga , Starostina Vera
Published: November 2020

Using modern technical means, which give information about the functional state of an athlete’s organism, can significantly increase the effectiveness of the training process control. Among such devices specialized hardware-software complex “Omegа-С” is often used. The aim of the pedagogical experiment was the effectiveness substantiation of using functional diagnostics opportunities during the training process of young biathletes. 15-16 year-old biathletes were divided into two identical according to physical readiness groups. The control group trained according to typical biathlon training program with earlier planned loads. In the experimental group the volume and intensity of the training loads were selected individually and were oriented toward functional state indices of an athlete’s organism at the moment, which precedes the beginning of the work. Modern technology “Omega-C” introduction in the experimental work helped a coach and a sports doctor to monitor the quality and level of adaptive processes of 15-16 year-old athletes. It provided balance between high physical loads and health preservation. Physical state deviations registration among biathletes helped to correct timely the training process.
Sports training in taekwondo WTF LMAI (locomotor apparatus injury) on the basis of inclusive education
Authors: Golovikhin Yevgeny , Razumova Olga , Zhuykov Yuriy , Kaplev Alexey
Published: November 2020

Nowadays in a new Paralympic kind of sport taekwondo WTF LMAI in Russia there is no Federal State Educational Standard (FSES). Athletes-invalids train in terms of standard for people with LMAI (locomotor apparatus injury) or taekwondo standard in the groups with healthy athletes. For the detailed study of the educational-training process with Paralympic taekwondo-athletes it is necessary to create effective technologies, define the methods of work. The aim of the work is to substantiate educational-training process in taekwondo for people with locomotor apparatus injury. The introduced practice of inclusive methods of teaching on the scientific base helped to achieve high stable result. We proved the necessity to realize cooperative lessons of taekwondo-athletes with LMAI and healthy, specially trained for them, taekwondo-athletes. We defined prospective directions in inclusive teaching Paralympic kind of sport taekwondo WTF LMAI.
Effectiveness of toxicants elimination among children from the zones of slow and quick metabolism by means of physical culture
Authors: Medvedkov Victor , Medvedkova Nataliya
Published: November 2020

The article shows effectiveness of toxicants elimination in pre-school and junior school children from the zones of slow and quick metabolism. Created by us technology gave the following results. Special physical loads stimulate lead elimination in the zone of slow metabolism, the increased concentration of nickel normalization in children of different gender, the increased concentration of chromium and manganese in boys; in the zone of quick metabolism – zinc, chromium, cobalt, manganese among children of different gender, moreover they stimulate the elimination of benzene, deposited ethylbenzene, toluene and formaldehyde.
Conceptual and Practical Meaning of Technique in Running Performance – a brief observation of the problem
Authors: Romanov Nikolay
Published: November 2020

The article is addressing the problem of running technique as a major factor of improving running performance. A short retrospective review showed that the main obstacle in developing a proper and efficient running technique was the absence of a commonly accepted concept, model of the efficient running technique, which, in its turn, did not allow the development of an efficient method of teaching. The author, based on his own studies in this field, is proposing a very specific way of solving this problem by using gravity as the major source of running movement with the rest of the factors just assisting it.
Exponential Turnpike property for fractional parabolic equations with non-zero exterior data
Authors: Warma Mahamadi , Zamorano Sebastián
Published: November 2020

We consider averages convergence as the time-horizon goes to infinity of optimal solutions of time-dependent optimal control problems to optimal solutions of the corresponding stationary optimal control problems. Control problems play a key role in engineering, economics and sciences. To be more precise, in climate sciences, often times, relevant problems are formulated in long time scales, so that, the problem of possible asymptotic behaviors when the time-horizon goes to infinity becomes natural. Assuming that the controlled dynamics under consideration are stabilizable towards a stationary solution, the following natural question arises: Do time averages of optimal controls and trajectories converge to the stationary optimal controls and states as the time-horizon goes to infinity? This question is very closely related to the so-called turnpike property that shows that, often times, the optimal trajectory joining two points that are far apart, consists in, departing from the point of origin, rapidly getting close to the steady-state (the turnpike) to stay there most of the time, to quit it only very close to the final destination and time. In the present paper we deal with heat equations with non-zero exterior conditions (Dirichlet and nonlocal Robin) associated with the fractional Laplace operator (- Δ) s (0 < s < 1). We prove the turnpike property for the nonlocal Robin optimal control problem and the exponential turnpike property for both Dirichlet and nonlocal Robin optimal control problems.
Glucose Analyzer Based on Self-made Biosensor for High-performance Glucose Detection
Authors: Tan Qiang , Bo Cuimei , Li Jun , Wang Yiqing , Wang Xiaorong , Jiang Shubo
Published: November 2020

The concentration analyzer with high precision and wide range is the core device for monitoring the fermentation process. In this work, we designed and proposed a lowcost three-electrode glucose analyzer based on a self-made screen-printed enzyme biosensor chip, which has a Prussian blue (PB) nanocubic structure and leads to high sensitivity of 117.31 μAmM-1cm-2. The hardware design of the glucose analyzer can be divided into five critical parts, including digital, signal treatment system, power supply, motor-driven and the host computer. The signal treatment system is used to collect, convert and amplify the weak current signal generated by the biosensor. The digital circuit of the central processing unit of the analyzer is designed using the STM32F407ZET6. Besides, an external analog-to-digital converter is used to achieve high precision A/D conversion. The stability of the potentiostat is ensured by designing the precision power supply, hardware filtering, and algorithm filtering. The experimental results show that the glucose analyzer has a wide linear detection range from 1g/L to 120g/L and the coefficient of variation at 1g/L is 0.038, which exhibits excellent performance in stability and detection accuracy. The analyzer can be applied in the future for in-situ measurement of glucose concentration for its wide-range and high-precision detection capabilities.
Research and Application of a Data Processing Method on Outliers in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Tracking Measurement
Authors: Li Kunkun , Cao Rui , Qi Xiaoyu , Hu Yaxiong
Published: November 2020

In unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight test, some complex outliers often appear in tracking measurements due to various factors stemming from environment, instrumentations, and even operators. This seriously affects the reliability of applications and analysis. This paper aims at the problem of outliers elimination to measurement data and proposes a joint data processing method comprising grouped data extraction, data trend modeling, and outliers detection. In the context of accuracy assessment test for measurement and control equipment (MCE), an approach using the measurement parameter for UAV flight is designed to estimate the time system deviation between MCEs, as well as to validate the effect of the proposed joint method. Finally, a simulation is implemented and results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the joint method to outliers elimination and time deviation estimation.
Improvement of high temperature fault problem of Wind power inverter based on TRIZ
Authors: Sun LinLin , Liu Yang , Xie JiaYu , Cao Rui
Published: November 2020

The research content of this paper is to improve the high temperature fault problem of the wind power inverter and optimize the processing process of the high temperature fault problem. In order to solve the high temperature fault problem, the water-cooling system of inverter is analyzed in detail by using the function analysis, cause and effect analysis and object field analysis in the invention problem solving theory (TRIZ theory). At the same time, combined with the invention principle of TRIZ theory and the standard solution, seven different solutions are finally obtained. Based on the ECRS principle, the general process of high temperature fault problem treatment is simplified through continuous optimization and improvement.
A risk control framework for safe manufacturing workstations in view of COVID-19
Authors: Sanchez Ebly , Åkesson Knut
Published: November 2020

The manufacturing industry resumes operations after the COVID-19 pandemic supported by return-to-work guidelines, which are mostly personal protection measures for the workers and employees. In this paper, we propose a framework for assessing risk at the workstation level by linking the risk levels to possible mitigation strategies that can be implemented using standard operating procedures (SOP), 5S and problem-solving. Within industrial plants, operators work in close contact with coworkers and supervisors, and they are also sharing tools and machines. It is therefore, essential to develop strategies that reduce the operator’s exposure to viruses in the workplace. The purpose of this work is that when implemented, the risk assessment model and specifically how SOP, 5S and problem solving can be used to implement administrative and engineering controls resulting in a safe workplace and increasing level of confidence for the operators working within the plant.
HLA-J, a Non-Pseudogene as a New Prognostic Marker for Therapy Response and Survival in Breast Cancer
Authors: Würfel Franziska M. , Wirtz Ralph M. , Winterhalter Christoph , Taffurelli Mario , Santini Donatella , Mandrioli Anna , Veltrup Elke , Rübner Matthias , Fasching Peter A. , Würfel Wolfgang , Zamagni Claudio
Published: November 2020

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are cell-surface proteins, essential for immune cell interaction. HLA-G is known for their high immunosuppressive effect and its potential as predictive marker in breast cancer. However, nothing is known about the HLA-J and its immunosuppressive, prognostic and predictive features, as it is assumed to be a “pseudogene” by in silico sequence interpretation. HLA-J, ESR1, ERBB2, KRT5 and KRT20 mRNA expression were analysed in 29 fresh frozen breast cancer biopsies and their corresponding resectates obtained from patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). mRNA was analysed with gene specific TaqMan-based Primer/Probe sets and normalized to Calmodulin 2. All breast cancer samples did express HLA-J and frequently increased HLA-J mRNA levels after NACT. HLA-J mRNA was significantly associated with overexpression of the ESR1 mRNA status (Spearman ρ 0,5679; p = 0.0090) and KRT5 mRNA (Spearman ρ 0,6121; p = 0.0041) in breast cancer core biopsies and dominated in luminal B subtype. Kaplan Meier analysis revealed that an increase of HLA-J mRNA expression after NACT had worse progression free survival (p = 0,0096), indicating a counterreaction of tumor tissues presumably to prevent elimination by enhanced immune infiltration induced by NACT. This counterreaction is associated with worse prognosis. To our knowledge this is the first study identifying HLA-J as a new predictive marker in breast cancer being involved in immune evasion mechanisms.
Stationsäquivalente Behandlung: Eine Chance für die Weiterentwicklung psychiatrischer Versorgung
Authors: Brieger Peter , Menzel Susanne , Ketisch Eva
Published: November 2020

Der Beitrag beleuchtet die gesundheitspolitischen Aspekte stationsäquivalenter Behandlung (StäB). StäB ist eine Chance, neue Behandlungskonzepte zu entwickeln und zum Nutzen der behandelten Menschen und ihrer Angehörigen eine Krankenhausbehandlung zu vermeiden. Sie dient der Entstigmatisierung und der Normalisierung. StäB ist ein Paradigma neuer Versorgungsformen. Deswegen sollte aus unserer Sicht die StäB-Behandlung unbedingt weiter ausgebaut werden, auch wenn es in der momentanen Umsetzung offenkundige Hindernisse und Schwierigkeiten gibt.
Das niederländische Weiterbildungssystem in Aachen – nur wenige Kilometer oder Welten entfernt? Ergebnisse einer Machbarkeitsstudie
Authors: Schmitz Sophia M. , Ulmer Tom F. , Olde Damink Steven W. M. , Neumann Ulf P. , Roeth Anjali A.
Published: November 2020

Einleitung Die Systeme der chirurgischen Weiterbildung unterscheiden sich welt- und auch europaweit stark. Im Rahmen des European Surgical Centers Aachen Maastricht ist unsere Klinik eng mit der chirurgischen Klinik der Maastrichter Uniklinik verbunden. Hierdurch werden die Unterschiede in der chirurgischen Weiterbildung besonders deutlich. In den Niederlanden findet nach jeder Operation eines Weiterbildungsassistenten (WBA) strukturiertes Feedback nach dem OSATS-Prinzip (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills) statt. Ziel dieser Studie war es, das OSATS-Konzept aus Maastricht auch im Aachener Teil des European Surgical Centers Aachen Maastricht einzuführen und die Umsetzbarkeit sowie den Wert für die Weiterbildung zu evaluieren.

Material und Methoden Für die Dauer von 3 Monaten wurde das OSATS-Feedbacksystem in unserer Klinik im Rahmen einer prospektiven Probandenstudie evaluiert. Sieben von 10 WBA, die sich während der Studie in einer Rotation innerhalb unserer Kernklinik befanden, nahmen an der Studie teil (70%). Von den teilnehmenden WBA bekam die Hälfte nach jeder vollständig selbst durchgeführten Operation schriftliches Feedback durch den Ausbilder. Zusätzlich wurde, ebenso wie in der Kontrollgruppe, eine Eigenevaluation nach dem OSATS-System durchgeführt. Primärer Endpunkt war die Umsetzbarkeit des OSATS-Systems, sekundäre Endpunkte waren der Nutzen für die WBA sowie die Unterschiede zwischen Selbst- und Fremdevaluation.

Ergebnisse Das OSATS-System ließ sich einfach in unserer Klinik umsetzen und wurde gut akzeptiert. Durchschnittlich wurden nach 70% der Operationen Feedback-Bögen ausgefüllt. Die Fremdevaluation wurde als sehr nützlich empfunden, die Selbstevaluation dagegen weniger. Das Ausfüllen der Bögen wurde als nicht zeitintensiv bewertet (unter 3 Minuten) und die Mehrzahl der WBA (86%) befürworten eine dauerhafte Einführung des OSATS-Systems in unserer Klinik.

Schlussfolgerung Das OSATS-System ist eine Möglichkeit, während der chirurgischen Weiterbildung strukturiertes Feedback zum Ausbildungsstand und zu nächsten Schritten geben zu können. Es kann einfach in die chirurgische Weiterbildung in Deutschland integriert werden. Eine schriftliche Evaluation durch den Ausbildenden wird von den WBA als sehr nützlich empfunden.
COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Comorbidities
Authors: Müller-Wieland Dirk , Marx Nikolaus , Dreher Michael , Fritzen Katharina , Schnell Oliver
Published: November 2020

The emergence of a new coronavirus - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - has resulted in a global pandemic. The associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a high number of death worldwide. Observational studies and case reports have provided insights that older age and the presence of chronic diseases is frequently associated with a higher COVID-19 severity. These individuals also seem to have a higher risk of mortality due to COVID-19. In this review we provide insights into the impact chronic diseases associated with the cardiovascular system, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease might have on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Additionally we review recommendations and guidance’s of international scientific associations and discuss which key learnings might be of importance for the future.
Studies on Bignoniaceae: Newbouldiosides D – F, Minor Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Newbouldia laevis, and New Flavonoids from Markhamia zanzibarica and Spathodea campanulata
Authors: Kolodziej Herbert
Published: November 2020

Continued examination of the stem bark of Newbouldia laevis afforded three minor phenylethanoid glycosides, designated as newbouldiosides D – F. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 5-O-syringoyl-β-D-apiofuranosyloxy-(1 → 2)-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-6-O-E-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl β-D-apiofuranosyloxy-(1 → 2)-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-6-O-E-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, and β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl β-D-apiofuranosyloxy-(1 → 2)-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-6-O-E-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. These metabolites are the first members possessing a sinapoyl structural element. In addition, the series of naturally occurring flavonoids is extended by the identification of
3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavanone and apigenin-5-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside obtained from leaf extracts of Markhamia zanzibarica and aromadendrin-7-O-(2″-O-formyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside isolated from Spathodea campanulata. The latter compound is the first example of a flavonoid possessing a formylated glucosyl moiety.
Clinical benefit of the multibending endoscope for gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hamada Koichi , Horikawa Yoshinori , Shiwa Yoshiki , Techigawara Kae , Nagahashi Takayuki , Fukushima Daizo , Nishida Shinya , Koyanagi Ryota , Kawano Koichiro , Nishino Noriyuki , Honda Michitaka
Published: November 2020

Background Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a technically difficult and time-consuming procedure. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of ESD using a multibending endoscope to treat superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms.

Methods Patients with a single early gastric cancer who met the absolute or expanded indications for ESD according to the Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines were enrolled and randomly assigned to undergo ESD using a conventional endoscope (C-ESD) or a multibending endoscope (M-ESD). Randomization was stratified by ESD operator experience and tumor location. The primary outcome was ESD procedure time, calculated as the time from the start of submucosal injection to complete removal of the tumor.

Results 60 patients were analyzed (30 C-ESD, 30 M-ESD). The mean (standard deviation [SD]) ESD procedure times for M-ESD and C-ESD were 34.6 (SD 17.2) and 47.2 (SD 26.7) minutes, respectively (P = 0.03). Muscle layer damage occurred significantly less frequently with M-ESD (0.2 [SD 0.7] vs. 0.7 [SD 1.0]; P = 0.04). There were no significant differences between the two techniques in procedure time or damage to muscle layers for tumors located in the lower third of the stomach.

Conclusions ESD procedure time was significantly shorter with the multibending endoscope and fewer muscles were damaged. We recommend multibending endoscopy for ESD in the upper and middle thirds of the stomach to reduce procedure time and incidence of complications.
Artificial Intelligence in POCUS: The Vanguard of Technology in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Damodaran Srinath , Alva Arjun , Kumar Srinath , Kanchi Muralidhar
Published: November 2020

The creation of intelligent software or system, machine learning, and deep learning technologies are the integral components of artificial intelligence. Point-of-care ultrasound involves the bedside use of ultrasound to answer specific diagnostic questions and to assess real-time physiologic responses to treatment. This article provides insight into the pearls and pitfalls of artificial intelligence in point-of-care ultrasound for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Coronavirus and Homo Sapiens in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Natarajan Pooja , Kanchi Muralidhar , Gunaseelan Vikneswaran , Sigamani Alben , James Harmon , Kumar Belani
Published: November 2020

The Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 globally claimed between 50 and 100 million lives. In India, it was referred to as “The Bombay Fever” and accounted for a fifth of the global death toll. The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), a new human-infecting β-coronavirus, has clearly demonstrated that the size of an organism does not reflect on its ability to affect an entire human population. 2019-nCOV, first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, spread rapidly globally. Disease in humans ranged from flulike symptoms to severe acute hypoxic respiratory failure. The virus appears closely related to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS) coronaviruses. Although bats were likely the original host, animals sold at the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan might have been the intermediate host that enabled the emergence of the virus in humans. Under the electron microscope, the SARS-CoV-2 virus grips its receptor tighter than the virus behind the SARS outbreak in 2003 to 2004. The viral particle docks onto the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and initiates viral entry. This review discusses the various aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its structure, pathophysiology, mechanism of interaction with human cells, virulence factors, and drugs involved in the treatment of the disease.
5.1.13.3 Germylamines (Update 2020)
Authors: Weinert C. S.
Published: November 2020

This review describes the synthesis of compounds that have an organogermanium(IV) fragment (R13Ge) attached to a formally anionic nitrogen-containing fragment (R22N−). It is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution on these compounds (Section 5.1.13) and covers the literature published since 2003. The synthetic methods described include synthesis by metathesis, ligand exchange, and the oxidative addition of germylenes to different substrates. The synthesis of germylamines using heterocumulenes and the preparation of macrocyclic germylamines is also discussed.
14.4.14 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-ones (Update 2020)
Authors: Cheng B. , Wang T.
Published: November 2020

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 14.4.1) covering the synthesis of 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones (also called coumarins or 2H-chromen-2-ones). Literature from 2003 to 2019 has been considered.
14.4.15 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-thiones (Update 2020)
Authors: Cheng B. , Wang T.
Published: November 2020

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 14.4.2) describing methods for the synthesis of 2H-1-benzopyran-2-thiones (thiocoumarins). It summarizes new synthetic technologies and surveys the literature published in the period 2003–2019.
14.4.17 3H-2-Benzopyran-3-ones (Update 2020)
Authors: Gao W.-C. , Tian J.
Published: November 2020

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 14.4.7) describing methods for the synthesis of 3H-2-benzopyran-3-ones. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2003–2019.
14.4.18 6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones (Update 2020)
Authors: Gao W.-C. , Tian J.
Published: November 2020

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 14.4.8) describing methods for the preparation of 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones. The methods come from the literature published in the period 2003–2019.
Envisioning a “science diplomacy 2.0”: on data, global challenges, and multi-layered networks
Authors: Turchetti Simone , Lalli Roberto
Published: November 2020

The term “science diplomacy” broadly identifies interactions between scientific and foreign policy communities connected to the promotion of international scientific exchanges (also as a way to establish constructive relations between countries), and the provision of scientific advice on issues of relevance to more than one nation. Science diplomacy initiatives have been positively portrayed by practitioners, while recent scholarship has underscored the need for these actions to more directly address social and global challenges. In what follows we sketch the contours of a data-driven “science diplomacy 2.0” that could actually be seen as more directly tackling these challenges in two important ways. First, we outline a multi-layered approach that integrates data and meta-data from various disciplines in order to promote greater awareness about what kind of research should actually be prioritized in science diplomacy actions. Second, we argue for the creation of responsible innovation observatories for operationalizing such a methodology at both national and global levels.
Machine Learning Outperforms Standard Force-Field Calibration Techniques
Authors: Frank Jodi Ackerman
Published: November 2020

The neural network platform, called DeepCalib, streamlines the calibration process even in cases where no standard method exists.
1983
Authors: Crane H. Richard
Published: November 2020

I found this described in a book, but I had to do “reverse engineering” on a real one (take it apart, trace the circuit and measure the components) to satisfy myself. The heart of it is a triac, which is two silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR’s) in parallel but with polarities opposite, in a single chip (Fig. 1a and 1b). An SCR is triggered into its ON (anode to cathode conducting) state when a small positive voltage is applied to the gate. Once ON, the gate has no further control; the SCR will continue ON until the anode-cathode current is interrupted or reduced nearly to zero. In the dimmer a triac is used instead of an SCR, because current has to be controlled in both directions. To reduce the average current, the triac is triggered to the conducting state late in each half cycle of the 60-Hz ac. The lagging gate voltage is obtained from a resistance-capacitance phase shifter, R and C2, as shown in Fig. 1c. After a given SCR of the triac is triggered, late, it conducts only until the line voltage next crosses zero, so current flows through the lamp for only part of that half cycle. The phase lag of the gate can be varied (by the resistance) from zero to nearly a full half cycle, so the light can be dimmed almost to zero. The other components, L and C1; serve to prevent electrical “hash” from going back over the power line. The triac goes into conduction suddenly, so L and C1 are needed to “round off” the sharp current changes. The phase shifter in the specimen I took apart had R = 0 − 500 000 Ω, and C2 = 0.05 μF.
1985
Authors: Crane H. Richard
Published: November 2020

If you have had to replace the bulb in your headlight or slide projector in recent years, you know from the high price that they are not made the way they used to be made. Many of the high performance (high light output from small size) lamps now work on the halogen cycle. These lamps contain a small amount of the vapor of a halogen: iodine or bromine. That works wonders for the operation, but to provide the conditions that are required for the chemical reactions, changes have to be made in the construction that run the cost up. That is why ordinary consumers like ourselves meet them only when we buy special-purpose lamps, not when we replace household bulbs. We will go into the halogen cycle later; first let’s take note of what it does – why it’s worth (in some cases) the extra price.
Teaching About D.C. Electric Circuits
Authors: Feltyberger Earl R. , Mallmann James , Schmidt Judy M. , Senior Thomas
Published: November 2020

The information in Teaching About D.C. Electric Circuits will help teachers of introductory physics give their students a reasoned, graduated set of laboratory experiences in electric circuits and electronics. The experiments in this book are all linked, or connected, to one another.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Feltyberger Earl R. , Mallmann James , Schmidt Judy M. , Senior Thomas
Published: November 2020

The electric field in the vicinity of charged electrodes can be represented by a set of lines directed from the positively charged electrode to the negatively charged electrode. These electric field lines are sometimes called lines of force because a tangent drawn to an electric field line at any point indicates the direction of the electric force experienced by a positively charged particle placed at that point. Figure 1 illustrates the electric field between a pair of parallel, oppositely charged electrodes.
Teaching About Kinematics
Authors: Nelson Jane Bray , Nelson Jim
Published: November 2020

Glossing over kinematics often leaves students poorly prepared to continue their study of physical phenomena. This AAPT/PTRA Resource, based on physics education research, provides teachers with the resources needed to introduce students to some of the fundamental building blocks of physics. The approach features a carefully thoughtout, step-by-step laboratory-based introduction to the foundation upon which much of physics is built. Inquiry, measurement, and analysis of laboratory data are emphasized throughout. This book starts with chapters on the measurement of Time and Space, followed by chapters designed to distinguish among Speed, Velocity, and three types of Acceleration. In addition to dozens of laboratory activities, it provides worksheets, transparency masters, teacher notes, typical answers to questions, and helpful hints by two master PTRAs.
Laser Safety
Authors: Kallard T.
Published: November 2020

Powerful pulsed lasers are used for welding and, also, are capable of drilling holes in metal. High-power lasers are used in surgery, in resistor trimming, in non-destructive testing, and even in static and dynamic art exhibits. More and more graduate research is performed with high-power lasers in the 102 - 1012 W/cm2 range. Therefore, it is essential that all persons who are exposed to laser hazards be informed on the subject of laser safety.
The Double Wedge Beamshifter
Authors: Kallard T.
Published: November 2020

Two identical glass wedges are combined in this device (see Fig. 89). In Position #1 the two wedges are in contact and form the equivalent of a plane parallel plate of glass. Thus, the laser beam passes through without displacement and appears on the screen at A.
Laser Beam Director
Authors: Kallard T.
Published: November 2020

This device allows a laser beam to be precisely aligned for coincidence in angle and position with a desired line (see Fig. 91).
Telescopes as Laser Beam Expanders and Collimators
Authors: Kallard T.
Published: November 2020

Kepler’s astronomical refracting telescope is shown in Fig. 100.
Distortion of Aligned Phases (DAP-Effect)
Authors: Kallard T.
Published: November 2020

This is an electro-optical effect. Nematic liquid crystals of negative dielectric anisotropy are used. The initial orientation of the NLC molecules is perpendicular (homeotropic) to the electrodes. Such layers behave like optically positive, uniaxial crystals. If such a NLC layer is placed between crossed polarizers the system cannot transmit light. If an increasing potential is applied to the electrodes, the molecules become increasingly parallel to the electrode surfaces. The result is that birefringence occurs and some light passes through the second polarizer.
Interference with Fresnel’s Biprism
Authors: Kallard T.
Published: November 2020

The Fresnel biprism is the easiest device for obtaining the interference between two sections of a wavefront.

The biprism is usally made of a single piece of glass. It may be regarded as consisting of two equal triangular prisms base-to-base and with very small refracting angle α (>1°).
Demonstration of Lloyd’s Mirror Fringes
Authors: Kallard T.
Published: November 2020

Lloyd’s mirror is a classic method for obtaining interference fringes. First described in 1834, it is a simple technique for finding the wavelength of light. The geometry is the same as for Young’s double slit interference.
Interference Demonstration with a Small Glass Tube
Authors: Kallard T.
Published: November 2020

A He-Ne laser is adjusted to be incident at a near grazing angle on the surface of a vertical glass cylinder 1.0 cm in diameter and 1.0 mm wall thickness.