bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Older Metamorphic Rocks and Granite of Banffshire
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: October 2009

T
he
information we have regarding the geology of Banffshire is chiefly to be found in Dr. MacCulloch’s map of Scotland, a memoir by R. J. Cunningham in the Transactions of the Highland Society, 2nd ser. vol. viii. p. 447, and a paper by Professor Harkness in the Quart. Journ. of the Geol. Soc. for 1862, vol. xviii. p. 331.

Mr. Cunningham’s memoir deals with the structure of the whole county, and is accompanied by a map and some sections, while the paper of Professor Harkness describes the section of the rocks exposed along the coast. I have carefully examined the whole of the section described by Professor Harkness, and also the coast eastward as far as Fraserburgh; but being unable to satisfy myself as to the true succession of all the various beds which are there exposed, I betook myself to the interior of the country; and from an examination of the district lying between the Spey and the Deveron, I was enabled to arrive at clearer view regarding the relation of the various strata to one another, and have constructed a section (fig. 1) extending from near the village of Rothes, on the river Spey, in a south-easterly direction by Mortlach, and the Old Castle of Auchendown, for a distance of about twelve miles, which shows the succession of the beds very distinctly.
On the connexion of Volcanic Action with Changes of Level
Authors: Murphy Joseph John
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper was to show that “volcanic action is not the cause, but the effect, of secular changes of level; and secular changes of level are due to the subsidence of the surface of the interior, as the interior contracts in cooling.” Change of level is a differential action, and consequently cannot be due to the cooling of a sphere by radiation into space. Volcanic action cannot be due to a spontaneous outburst of the expansive force of the earth’s internal heat; for this could not burst through a crust once formed by cooling. Changes of level and volcanic action were explained as follows:—The interior of the earth is constantly cooling, and as it cools must contract; but the cold surface-strata cannot contract with it; and as their weight keeps them in contact with the core, they are compelled to form ridges like those on the skin of an apple which shrinks in drying. When such a ridge rises into an arch, the hot matter below rises and fills the arch, forming the igneous core of a mountain-chain. Volcanoes are formed when in these foldings the surface is broken through, so as to liberate the expansive force of the internal heat. Darwin has shown, in his work on Volcanic Islands, that volcanoes are formed only in regions which are rising or have recently risen. The reason of this is, that an upward bend in a stratum is resisted only by the weight of the stratum itself, while a downward bend is resisted by the pressure on the strata below; so that an upward bend is more likely than a downward one to become great enough to produce fracture.
On the Structure of the Crag-beds of Suffolk and Norfolk, with some Observations on their Organic Remains
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

P
reviously
to 1835, although some observers, and Mr. Searles Wood in particular, had noted the peculiarity of the fossils from the beds now known as the “Coralline Crag,” no stratigraphical divisions of the Crag-beds of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex had been established. In that year Mr. Charlesworth, in a paper communicated to this Society, showed that in Suffolk the Crag could be divided into an Upper (the Red) and a Lower (the Coralline) Crag; and he afterwards formed a third and higher zone of the Mammaliferous Crag of Norfolk. With respect to the two lower divisions several cases of direct superposition were given, which established beyond doubt the relative position of the Red and Coralline Crags. On the other hand, the difference between the Red and Mammaliferous Crag was founded entirely on palæontological evidence, as no instance of superposition was known; and although more than thirty years have now elapsed, the question in that respect remains in the same condition. The observations of Mr. Charlesworth were followed by those of Sir C. Lyell and, more lately, of Mr. Searles Wood, Jun., and several other geologists; but the Red Crag has received more attention than the Coralline Crag.

The object of this communication is to describe the physical structure of the several Crags, and to determine, if possible, the exact relation the Suffolk Crags bear to the Crag of Norfolk. With this object in view, I have examined on several occasions the coast-section from Aldborough to Weybourne, and the various inland
On the Structure and Affinities of Sigillaria, Calamities and Calamodendron
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

1.
Sigillaria

The difficulty of arriving at a correct knowledge of the structure of these curious trees is caused principally by the unequal durability of the different parts of the stem. It arises from this that some portions have usually perished, while others were in process of mineralization, and the portions which remain have in a great degree lost their original form and arrangement. The outer bark, while extremely durable, was too impenetrable to be preserved in any other way than as compact coal. The fibres Of the bark and of the woody axis are often mineralized or imperfectly preserved as mineral charcoal. The cellular portions of the bark and of the axis have usually entirely disappeared. Still, imperfectly preserved stems can be obtained in great abundance in any coal-field by those who are content to work on such unpromising material.

Probably the finest specimen of a
Sigillaria
hitherto described is that of
S. elegans
, so admirably figured by Brongniart, and which has long served to give to the student of palæobotany his ideas of the structure of the genus. Unfortunately, however, Brongniart's specimen represents a small or young stem belonging to the somewhat aberrant subgenus
Favularia
; so that it fails to give an adequate idea of the structure of the typical fossil
Sigillariæ
, which are much more common and important, at least in the coal-fields of Nova Scotia. The structure of these last, as observed in specimens obtained at the South Joggins, was, I believe, first described by me
On the Physical Relations of the New Red Marl, Rhætic Beds, and Lower Lias
Authors: Ramsay A. C.
Published: October 2009

If we look upon the Rhætic beds of Europe as a whole, it is evident that they were formed under very different conditions in different areas. Thus this formation on the south side of the Alps, as described by Stoppani, contains a large and well-developed marine fauna, whereas in England, Germany, Sweden, and in other parts of the north of Europe, the strata are much less developed, and the fauna has dwindled, containing fewer forms of life, while most of them are small and some distorted in appearance.

In this paper I propose to inquire into the reason of these peculiarities with regard to the English beds, and to show their relations to the New Red Marl and the Lower Lias in a physical point of view.
Note on a Large Reptillian Skull from Brooke, Isle of Wight, probably Dinosaurian, and referable to the Genus
Iguanodon
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

It is remarkable that so little is known of the skulls of the Wealden Dinosauria, the more so as their other remains have been procured in some abundance in the south-east of England and the Isle of Wight during the fifty years which have elapsed since Dr. Mantell’s discovery of an Iguanodon’s tooth in the quarry near Cuckfield.
Hypsilophodon Foxii
is, I believe, the only one the form and a great part of the structure of whose skull are known, and this only recently, from the Rev. W. Fox’s unique specimen, first exhibited at the Meeting of the British Association 1868, and described by Prof. Huxley in the 26th vol. of our Journal. Of the skulls of
Iguanodon Mantelli
and
Megalosaurus Bucklandi
, the only parts which have been determined are incomplete mandibles and fragments of maxillæ. The skull of
Hylæosaurus
is still, so far as I can learn, represented by the single small fragment of the base imbedded, at the end of the vertebral column, in the Tilgate-Forest slab, purchased by the British Museum of the late Dr. Mantell, and figured by him in his ‘Fossils of the British Museum,’ and by Prof. Owen in the ‘British Fossil Reptilia;’ and the skulls of
Polacanthus Foxii, Pelorosaurus
, the
Cetiosauri
, and
Streptospondyli
are altogether unknown.

In August 1865 I saw in the Rev. W. Fox’s collection a fossil which he had recently found in Brixton Bay. I t was plainly a splendid fragment of what before its mutilation had been a very
On supposed Borings of Lithodomous Mollusca
Authors: Trevelyan W. C.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author referred to Mr. Mackintosh’s paper on perforations supposed to be made by lithodomous Mollusca in the limestone of Lancashire and elsewhere, and stated that from his examination of specimens in the Society’s museum, and of examples of these perforations
in situ
, he was convinced that they are the work of some of the common terrestrial Mollusca, as maintained by him long ago in Jameson’s Edinburgh Journal. He confirmed Mr. Jeffreys’s objection to the assumption that these perforations were made by marine Mollusca, founded on the form of the perforations and their range in height, and remarked that length of time is so essential an element in their production that their formation is not likely to be observed even in old quarries.

The author, in conclusion, referred to some remarks made by Mr. Mackintosh on the “terminal curvature of slaty laminæ” observed by him in West Somersetshire in 1866, and stated that in 1849 he had himself called attention to the marks of glacial action shown in the terminal curvatures of slaty rocks in Forfarshire, and suggested that they were to be explained by the progression of a thick covering of ice along the edges of the slaty beds.
On Allophane and an Allied Mineral found at Northampton
Authors: Herman W. Douglas
Published: October 2009

T
he
only English localities at which, to my knowledge, allophane has been shown to occur are the chalk-pits at Charlton, near Woolwich, the Purley downs, near Croydon, and a spot not far from Tavistock, in Devonshire. Dr. Charles Berrill, however, shortly before his death, discovered a mineral much resembling the Charlton allophane in physical properties in a pit opened in the ironstones of the Northampton Sand (beds of Inferior-Oolite age) in the grounds of the Northampton General Lunatic Asylum. It occurs as an amorphous, translucent, somewhat hard and exceedingly brittle mineral, of a yellowish colour inclining to red, and incrusting the surface of a sandstone rock.
Notes on the Peat and Underlying Beds observed in the Construction of the Albert Dock, Hull
Authors: Hawkshaw J. C.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author described the Albert Dock as extending east and west along the foreshore of the Humber at Hull, for a distance of 4000 feet. The total area excavated was about 30 acres. All the excavations were carried to a depth of at least 8 feet, and in some instances of 27 feet, below the level of low water.

Before the commencement of the excavations the Hessle Clay, peat, and overlying silt were met with in succession on the foreshore, the level of the top of the peat-bed at the west end of the area being about 3 feet above the level of low water, and its thickness from 3 to 4 feet. Eastward the bed followed the undulations of the clay without much variation in general level for half a mile, when it began to dip, attaining a depth of 12 feet below low-water level at the lock-entrance, and then rising again. From this depression of the peat-bed, and the appearance of the overlying silts, the author thought it probable that this had been an old channel of the river Hull, and that the upper part of the peat had been removed by scour. In support of this view he quoted the statements of antiquarian writers.

The peat rested directly on the Hessle clay, into which roots penetrated to a distance of 5 or 6 feet, generally following the direction of vertical joints, which gave the clay a tendency to split into prisms. These joints did not occur in
On the “Passage-Beds” in the neighbourhood of Woolhope, Herefordshire, and on the discovery of a New Species of
Eurypterus
, and some New Land-plants in them
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: October 2009

The “Passage-beds” between the Upper Silurian rocks and the Old Red Sandstone, on the outer area of the Woolhope valley of elevation, although they have been already noticed by Sir R. Murchison, Professor Phillips, Strickland, Symonds, and myself, at Hagley, Tarrington, Ledbury, and Perton have not in this district received the full attention they deserve; for although they are of comparatively limited vertical thickness when compared with the finer and more complete sections at Downton and the Ledbury tunnel, they occupy a larger extent round the valley of Woolhope than has been previously recognized, and contain some new and interesting fossils At Putley, near the road from Ledbury to Woolhope, to the N.E. of the latter village, a remarkable bed of very hard horizontal sandstone, composed mainly of small pieces of quartz in a sandy matrix, overlying a stratum of white and yellow clay, used for making tiles, may be seen in a brickyard to the depth of about 3 or 4 feet, the blocks of sandstone averaging about 2 feet in thickness. I could find no fossils in it, and it had very much the aspect of a volcanic rock; but my friend Professor Phillips, to whom I sent a specimen, recognized it at once, and states that he believes it to have been derived from Trappean and other Plutonic rocks, though it may be presumed to be one of the bands of sandstone belonging to this series. About two miles to the south of Putley, at a farm
On a New Species of Eurypterus (

E. Brodiei

), from Perton, near Stoke Edith, Herefordshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

I
n
March 1869, the Rev. P. B. Brodie, F.G.S., communicated to the Geological Society a short account of the occurrence of remains of
Eurypterus
and
Pterygotus
at Perton (see Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxv. p. 235). Mr. Brodie stated that the specimens collected at that time and submitted to me were not considered to be new; in fact they consisted, for the most part, of fragments of
Pterygotus
(
P. Banksii
) and
Eurypterus
§ (
E. pygmæus, E. acuminatus, E. abbreviatus
, &c.), already noticed by Mr. Salter elsewhere.

Since that communication was read, Mr. Brodie has again explored this locality, and has forwarded to me several parts and an almost entire example of a
Eurypterus
, which differs considerably from any species previously examined by me, and of which I beg to subjoin a short notice.

The most perfect specimen, from which the restored outline (fig. 1) is taken, measures 2¾ inches in length, and 10 lines in its widest thoracic segment. All the somites are united ; and one of the swimming-feet, although injured, is still in place. The head, which is semicircular in outline, measures 4 lines in length by 9 lines in breadth ; the eyes are subcentral, and the occlli nearly central, as in the other species of
Eurypterus
. The first six segments (thoracic) succeeding the head measure together 9 lines in length; commencing with a breadth of 9 lines, they increase at the third segment to 10 lines, and diminish at the sixth segment to 7 lines in
On the Cliff-sections of the Tertiary beds West of Dieppe in Normandy, and at Newhaven in Sussex
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: October 2009

T
he
notes from which this paper is made were taken in the summer of 1886. The two sections described are interesting as showing the spread of beds that, but for them, would be thought to occur only in the south-eastern part of the London Basin; and I believe that no detailed description of the French one has been published, whilst the English one has been enlarged since the time of its latest description.
On new Tree Ferns and other Fossils from the Devonian
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

O
f
the numerous ferns now known in the Middle and Upper Devonian of North America, a great number are small and delicate species, which were probably herbaceous; but there are other species which may have been tree ferns. Little definite information, however, has, until recently, been obtained with regard to their habit of growth.

The only species known to me in the Devonian of Europe is the
Caulopteris Peachii
of Salter, figured in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1858. The original specimen of this I had an opportunity of seeing in London, through the kindness of Mr. Etheridge, and have no doubt that it is the stem of a small arborescent fern, allied to the genus
Caulopteris
of the Coal-formation.

In my paper on the Devonian of Eastern America (Quart. Journ. Geol. Society, 1862) I mentioned a plant found by Mr. Richardson at Perry, as possibly a species of
Megaphyton
, using that term to denote those stems of tree ferns which have the leaf-scars in two vertical series; but the specimen was obscure, and I have not yet obtained any other.

More recently, in 1869, Prof. Hall placed in my hands an interesting collection from Gilboa, New York, and Madison County, New York, including two trunks surrounded by aerial roots, which I have described as
Psaronius textilis
and
P. erianus
in my ‘Revision of the Devonian Flora,’ now in the hands of the Royal Society*. In the same collection were two very large petioles, Rhachiopteris giglantea and
On the Age of the Nubian Sandstone
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: October 2009

M
r
. B
auerman
, in a recent number of the Quarterly Journal of this Society (vol. xxv. p. 27), has discussed at some length the opinions advanced respecting the age of the sandstone strata underlying the Cretaceous limestones, and resting upon the granitic and schistose rocks, in Sinai. These rocks belong to the same series of sandstones described by Russegger as occurring in Egypt, Nubia, and Arabia Petræa, under the name of “Nubian Sandstone.”

Though the facts that I have the honour to submit to the Society may be stated in a few words, yet it seems desirable to recapitulate briefly the views that have been advanced as to the period of deposition of the strata in question, the better to explain away those inferences which are so much at variance with my own.

In the first place, it appears, from the circumstance of the Nubian Sandstone being overlain conformably by approximately horizontal strata of Cretaceous age, that this formation has been regarded, in the absence of palæontological evidence to the contrary, as forming part of the Mesozoic group of rocks. Thus Russegger colours and describes it as Lower Cretaceous in his maps ; and Bauerman, guided by the lithologieal similarity of its strata to the Lower New Red Sandstone about Chester, has placed it on the horizon of the Trias ; whilst Figari Bey seems to have regarded the tripartite arrangement and lithological features of the series as suflleient tests by which to assign the whole to the Trias, “taking the
Note on a Fragment of a Teleosaurian Snout from Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

T
his
piece of a Teleosaurian snout, which fell last winter from the cliff in Kimmeridge Bay, and was lately entrusted to me by J. C. Mansel, Esq., F.G.S., seems to me worthy of a short notice, as it is the first indication of this genus which, within Mr. Mansel's knowledge, has been discovered at Kimmeridge; and I do not find in the British Museum any Teleosaurian fossils from this locality, nor are any mentioned in Mr. Seeley's recent catalogue of the fossil Reptilia in the Woodwardian Museum, although in both these collections there are Teleosaurian remains from other Kimmeridge-clay localities.

The fragment, 17 inches long, represents a very long and slender snout tapering gradually and slightly (its breadth decreases only 0·5 in. through a distance of 15-5 in.) to behind the external nostril, where the prmmaxillm suddenly and largely expand. The nostril, wholly inclosed in these bones, is dilated, strietly terminal, and directed obliquely forwards; its lower margin is interrupted by a prominent median tubercle formed of the swollen præmaxillary suture; and a shallow convex lobe projeets from the middle of the upper margin. The prmmaxillm ascend 2·5 in. above the nostril, and end in an acute point, the maxill· composing all the remainder of the fragment. The upper surface of the snout is convex transversely, more so in front than posteriorly, where it becomes depressed; but its transverse section nowhere approaches the semicircular form of the stouter-snouted 8teneosauru, Mansdii, which I described last session. The lateral margins are slightly
Memoranda on the most recent Geological Changes of the Rivers and Plains of Northern India, founded on Accurate Surveys and the Artesian Well-boring at Umballa, to show the practical application of Mr. Login's Theory of the abrading and transporting power of water to effect such changes
Authors: Login T.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author commenced by referring to the general conditions of the surface of the country under consideration, and to the evidence afforded by it of a great decrease in the amount of rainfall, and a great change in the nature of the rivers. His object was to show that the superficial deposits of the plains of India were formed by the action of mountain-streams, the deposits being irregular transversely, but exhibiting a uniform section longitudinally, in a curve which the author believed to be a true parabola, as indicated by Mr. Taylor. The connexion of this with the author's theory as to the transporting power of water was indicated. The author also showed that the beds of the large Indian rivers are rising rather than being lowered, and pointed out that this was in accordance with his theory.
On some Points in South-African Geology
Authors: Stow George William
Published: October 2009

Introduction

Whatever advances geology has made during the last twenty-five years in South Africa (with which the names of Bain, Atherstone, and Rubidge will be ever connected), it must be confessed that we are but mere students in the elementary portion of this part of the great “stone book of nature;” and it may be expected that every new investigation will bring to light facts, and lead to conclusions, of which at present we have but a feeble and imperfect notion.

To the present time geological knowledge in South Africa has progressed but slowly. The great broad outlines of the geology of the country have been traced by those whose names have been mentioned; but the minutiæ have yet to be filled up. The South-African explorer labours under many serious disadvantages, not only from the horizontal position of many of the strata, but from the want (with the exception of a few mountain-passes) of great road-cuttings, and from the absence of mining operations, so that he has to depend upon the escarpments found along the river-valleys and mountain-sides, leaving large intervening tracts that must still remain in some degree of uncertainty until opportunities shall arise for their more definite examination.

With regard to the fossiliferous strata in the neighbourhood of Port Elizabeth, and of the Zwartkops and Sundays Rivers, for a long time I had felt that too much had been done in the way of curiosity-hunting, by
mixing
and generalizing all the fossils of what has been termed the
Part III.—The Climatical changes of South Africa (Eastern Province an the Vicinity), as indicated by its Geology and Fossils; and specially the Glacial Denudation of the Kaboo Strata.
Authors: Stow G. W.
Published: October 2009

The consideration of the climatal changes that have taken place in this portion of the ancient world during the deposition of the various formations treated of in the first part of this memoir will lead me to make some remarks upon the probable cause of the denudation of a large portion of the Dicynodon-rocks in the Eastern Province.

Tertiary Climates
.—The evidence of the Pliocene shells of the superficial limestone of the Zwartkops heights and elsewhere leads us to believe that the climate of South Africa must have been of a far more tropical character than at present. Take, for instance, the characteristic
Venericardia
of that limestone: this has migrated along the coast some 29 or 30 degrees, and is now found within a few degrees of the equator, near Zanzibar, gradually driven, as I presume it must have been, further and further north by a gradual lowering of the temperature of the more southern parts of this coast since the limestone was deposited.

During the formation of the shell-banks in the Zwartkops estuary, younger than the Pliocene limestone, the immense number of certain species of shells, which have as yet been found living only in latitudes nearer the equator, point to a somewhat similar though a more modified change of temperature.

These, however, do not seem to have been the only periods when this part of the world had a temperature different from that it now possesses. In the Jurassic times the shells of the
Trigonia
-beds indicate a tropical or
Note on a very Large Saurian Limb-bone adapted for Progression upon Land, from the Kimmeridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorset
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

At rare intervals there have been obtained from the Kimmeridge Clay in several localities (inland and also on the Dorset coast) remains of very large reptiles differing front the contemporary Enaliosaurs (the Plio-, Plesio-, and Ichthyosaurs) by the adaptation of their limbs to walking upon dry land. On June 23, 1869, I brought before the Society a large humerus of such a reptile, which had been obtained in Kimmeridge Bay by J. C. Mansel Pleydell, Esq., a Fellow of our Society. It was afterwards presented by him to the British Museum; and to the Saurian indicated by it I gave the name of
Ischyrosaurus
.

The subject of this note is a much larger limb-bone lately found in the Kimmeridge-clay beds, near Weymouth, by Mr. R. I. Smith, and intended to be added to the national collection. It was enveloped in large septarian masses, which stuck so closely to it that thin laminæ of the surface of the bone were unavoidably detached in stripping the matrix from it. The natural surface, where uninjured, is smooth; it has a close, fine grain resembling that of the humerus of the
Ischyrosaurus
, and quite unlike the coarse texture of many Enaliosaurian bones. The bone has been much fissured, and cemented together by spar; and some parts have been distorted by squeezing; but the general figure is well preserved.
Supplemental Note on the Anatomy of
Hypsilophodon Foxii
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

At the close of last Session I read a note upon some remains of an immature
Hypsilophodon Foxii
which I had shortly before obtained in Brixton Bay, Isle of Wight, from the west end of the well-known bed which crops out at the top of the cliff at Barnes Chine and dips under the beach at Cowleaze Chine. Their chief value consisted in the additional light they threw upon its dentition, and the information they afforded of the form and the proportions of the limbs. In September I was so fortunate as to obtain in the same locality parts of two individuals (one probably fully grown) which, as they illustrate some structures better than any other remains of this Dinosaur yet before the Society, have appeared to me worthy of being made the subject of a supplementary note.

The bones are imbedded in a block of sandy clay-stone which had fallen from the cliff and had been washed to and fro by the sea until some of them had become much abraded. The most important are a skull and two chains of vertebræ, each including a considerable part of the sacrum.
Note on a Deposit of Middle Pleistocene Gravel in the Worden-Hall Pits, near Leyland, Lancashire; and on a Collection of Shells and Fragments of Shells found there by Miss M. H. Ffarington
Authors: Darbishire R. D.
Published: October 2009

About a mile from the Leyland station, on the east side of the Bolton and Preston railway, there is an extended flat-topped hill of small elevation, which has for many years past been the chief or only source of supply for a considerable district, of coarse and fine road-gravel. The pits from which the gravel is got have been worked from the eastward. The material is screened and sorted on the ground, the stones and gravel carried away, and the refuse left to fill up holes. At present the exposed section of the hill is seen in two large excavations as a face some 40 or 50 feet in height, of which the upper 10 feet consists, under the sward, of yellow brick-clay. The remainder of the face exhibits a thick bed, 30 to 40 feet thick, of marine gravel (shingle) and sands, very rarely showing any clayey admixture. The gravel consists of pebbles of a very large variety of rocks, ranging in size from that of a cylindrical mass 8″ by 18″ down to that of coarse and fine shingle and sand. There are occasionally small layers, of slight extent and thickness, of fine sea-sand; and the whole mass rests on a bed of the same sort of sand, the depth of which has not yet been ascertained.
On the Mode of Occurrence of Diamonds in South Africa
Authors: Dunn E. J.
Published: October 2009

The conditions under which diamonds occur in South Africa are quite different from those of every other known locality, and are so unusual as to deserve the earnest attention of all geologists.

It is quite certain that the present “dry diggings,” such as “Colesberg Kopje,” “Du Toit's Pan,” “De Beer's,” “Bultfontein,” and “Jagersfontein,” are being worked in the rock which has brought the diamonds to the present surface; they all possess certain common features of very marked character. Each area is more or less circular in form (fig. 1,
a
); the boundary of each is usually horizontal, or nearly horizontal, shale. At the junction, and back for a distance of from one to several feet, the edges of the shale are bent sharply
upwards
(fig. 1,
b
).

The contents of these “pipes” in the shale are the same in all cases, and show distinctly that they are of igneous origin. The base is more or less decomposed gabbro (?) or euphotide (?), through which are scattered particles, fragments, and huge masses of shale, nodules of dolerite, occasional fragments of chloritic schist, micaceous schist, and gneiss. The principal
foreign
ingredient is the shale, which in many places, particularly at Colesberg Kopje, is thoroughly comminuted, forming a
breccia
, with euphotide (?) as a base. Where large masses of shale occur, the lines of bedding, as might be expected, are not horizontal, but lie in all directions.
Observations on some Features in the Physical Geology of the Outer Himalayan Region of the Upper Punjâb, India
Authors: Wynne A. B.
Published: October 2009

In conclusion it may be inferred from the foregoing observations that the physical relation between the outer Himalayan limestones, &c., and the adjacent great Tertiary belt are obscure in the Upper Punjâb, and that the local facts hardly warrant the close application of arguments used to explain some similar relations in the Simla area. Palpable unconformity has not been found along the region of contact, nor any positive evidence leading to the conviction that it exists.
The Physical History of the Valley of the Rhine
Authors: Ramsay A. C.
Published: October 2009

Having on several journeys, extending over more than twenty years, had occasion to traverse the valley of the Rhine, from the plains between the sea and Cologne to its sources in the Alps, I have long desired to explain, if possible, the physical origin of the valley, and especially of the part that lies between the Drachenfels and Basel. Other occupations for the last thirteen years prevented me from revisiting the greater part of the ground; and I had therefore no opportunity of testing the truth of such hypotheses as had occurred to me.

Last summer I revisited the country, spending nearly six weeks on the investigation of the subject; and the following paper embodies the broader conclusions at which I arrived. First, however, it may be useful briefly to sketch the great features of the valley of the Rhine, from its sources to its mouth.
The Origin of some of the Lake-basins of Cumberland
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: October 2009

The subject of the origin of lake-basins is one which has received considerable attention at the hands of several eminent observers, and notably of Professor Ramsay. At the present time I propose to discuss the origin of those depressions in which some of our Cumberland lakes lie, taking as examples Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite, and Buttermere, Crummock, and Loweswater. The two former lakes I have myself carefully sounded; the latter were sonnded many years since by Mr. P. C. Crosthwaite; and the depths obtained by him will here be made use of, with some observations of my own.
Geological Notes on a Journey from Algiers to the Sahara
Authors: Maw George
Published: October 2009

During the spring of 1873 I paid a short visit to the province of Algiers, and beg to lay before the Society the result of my observations on the main geological features of the district between Algiers and the Sahara.

The military road running almost due north and south from the Mediterranean coast of Algiers to the borders of the desert at L'Aghouat, the most southern French military outpost, and crossing nearly at right angles the prevalent line of strike and trend of the high and low ground, suggested itself to me as affording the most comprehensive section in a continuous line that could be selected for my object, which was to compare the geological features of Algeria with those of Marocco observed during my visits to that country in the years 1869 and 1871.

Very little has heretofore been written about the geology of Algeria; and, indeed, the best published maps fall short of giving a correct delineation of even the hill- and valley-systems of the country.
On
Murænosaurus Leedsii
, a Plesiosaurian from the Oxford Clay. Part I
Authors: Seeley Harry G.
Published: October 2009

While on a visit to Charles E. Leeds, Esq., M.A., of Exeter College, Oxford, a gentleman whose specimens have more than once enriched the writings of Professor Phillips, I was shown a Saurian in such perfect preservation as previously, so far as I am aware, had rarely been seen except from the Lias. It was gathered from the Lower Oxford Clay (a stratum abounding in Plesiosaurians in the middle of England) in Huntingdonshire, in fragments almost innumerable, which have been adjusted and reunited with remarkable skill and zeal by the labours of Mr. Charles Leeds and his brother Mr. Alfred Leeds, so that now the animal displays:—the front and hinder parts of the skull; the lower jaw, somewhat over a foot long; a vertebral column of 79 vertebræ, from which, however, nearly all the tail is missing—the vertebræ preserved being 44 cervical, 3 pectoral, 20 dorsal, 4 pelvic, and 8 caudal; numerous ribs; the coracoids and scapulæ; the pubes, ischia, and iliac bones, together with both fore and hind limbs.
On the Upper Coal-formation of Eastern Nova Scotia and Prince-Edward Island in its Relation to the Permian
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

This formation was first distinguished as a separate member of the Carboniferous system in Eastern Nova Scotia by the writer, in a paper published in the first volume of the ‘Journal of the Geological Society,’ in 1845—and was defined to be an upper or overlying series superimposed on the productive Coal-measures, and distinguished by the absence of thick coal-seams, by the prevalence of red and grey sandstones and red shales, and by a peculiar group of vegetable fossils.

Subsequently, in my paper on the South Joggins and in my ‘Acadian Geology,’ this formation was identified with the upper series of the Joggins section, Divisions 1 & 2 of Sir William Logan's sectional list, and with the Upper Barren Measures of the English Coal-fields and the third or upper zone of Geinitz in the Coal-formation of Saxony.

Still more recently, in a ‘Report on the Geology of Prince Edward Island,’ 1871, I have referred to the upper part of the same formation the lower series of sandstones in Prince-Edward Island, not previously separated from the overlying Trias.
On the Last Stage of the Glacial Period in North Britain
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: October 2009

Conclusion

This last phase of the Glacial period was therefore no time of mere local glaciers lingering among some of the higher mountains, but the return of a great ice-sheet which spread over nearly the whole of Scotland and Ireland and also the greater part of England. But the ice seems not to have been so thick and extensive as it was in the early glaciation—nor so enduring; for it has failed to destroy all the beds of clay and sand containing arctic shells which the sea left behind it, whereas in Scotland we find that the ice of the former period cleaned off every thing down to the hard rock. I would suppose that all the mountain-ranges of Scotland and Wales were coated with thick ice, which reached the coast in most places, likewise the hilly ground of the north of England, including the Pennine ridge along its whole length as far at least as Derby. In the lower districts of England further south, there would probably be extensive snow-beds, more or less converted into ice at the bottom. During the summer thaws these would send out great streams of muddy water, occasioning those superficial deposits of brick-earth, warp, and loess which are so widely spread to the southward. Beds of gravel would be lodged where the force of the current was stronger, and when the thaw was unusually rapid. That there must have been heavy beds of consolidated snow even in the extreme south of England, I infer from the fact that I find traces of such in my own neighbourhood, in the low eastern part of Aberdeenshire, on the flanks of hills only a few hundred feet in height. In the low ground in front of these places there is generally a land-locked hollow or shallow basin occupied by peat.
Remarks on Fossils from Oberburg, Styria
Authors: Waters A. W.
Published: October 2009

The Eocene occurs in Styria only in a small district in the south, in the neighbourhood of Oberburg. These beds are followed by extensive deposits of later Tertiaries, which attain their fullest development in the central part of the country. It was these latter beds (the “Neogen” of the Austrians) which were studied by Sedgwick and Murchison, and described in their classical paper on the Eastern Alps, the occurrence of the Eocene being then unknown to them.

But since the researches of these two geologists, who have done so much for Alpine geology, the occurrence of a Nummulitic deposit containing a rich store of well-preserved Anthozoa has been made known to geologists and palæontologists through the publication of a monograph by the late Professor von Reuss, “Die fossilen Foraminiferen, Anthozoen, und Bryozoen,” Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 1864.

From this monograph it is not a difficult task to determine the corals which I collected this summer during a short stay in Oberburg.

Since the publication of the above, the geological relationships of the district have been fully discussed by Stur in his “Geologie der Steiermark.”
On the Gault of Folkestone
Authors: Price F. G. H.
Published: October 2009

In this paper I have not made any attempt to correlate the Gault of Folkestone with beds of similar age in other parts of England or of the Continent, but simply to describe the Gault as seen at Folkestone, and to give a list of its fossils.

Not having had time to examine the Gault in other parts of England, I am not in a position at present to state whether these divisions will hold good over extended areas.

Upon some future occasion I hope to place before this Society a more general paper upon the Gault, correlating the various beds.

The Geological Magazine for April, 1868 (vol. v. No. 4), contains a most valuable paper entitled the “Albian or Gault of Folkestone,” by Mr. Charles E. De Rance, of the Geological Survey. In this paper Mr. De Rance divides the Gault into eleven zones, all of which are well marked and have been recognized more or less by all geologists and fossil-collectors who have visited the district.

Provisional names have been assigned to these beds, indicative either of their colour, position, or fossil contents.
Note on the Carboniferous Conglomerates of the Eastern Part of the Basin of the Eden
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: October 2009

Professor Phillips has pointed out, in his ‘Geology of Yorkshire,’ that the Mountain-Limestone between the northern border of the Lake-district and the river Eden includes a group of red sandstones, alternating with limestones in the lower part of the series.

They were referred to by him as the “Alternating Limestone and Red Sandstone Series,” and were considered to be the passage-beds between the true basement series, or Upper Old Red, and the principal mass of the Mountain-Limestone which forms the comparatively high ground between the basins of the rivers Lune and Eden.

This middle group is fairly exhibited about three miles to the south of Kirkby Stephen, at Ash Fell, where the different members of the whole series may be examined in the quarries and natural sections laid bare in the immediate neighbourhood (fig. 1).
On the Remains of Labyrinthodonta from the Keuper Sandstone of Warwick, preserved in the Warwick Museum
Authors: Miall L. C.
Published: October 2009

A collection of Labyrinthodont remains from the Keuper Sandstone of Warwick has been intrusted to me for description by the Council of the Warwickshire Natural History and Archæological Society. It includes all the material acquired by the Warwick Museum since 1842, the date of publication of Professor Owen's well-known memoir “On Species of
Labyrinthodon
from Warwickshire”, which contained figures of all the fossils accumulated up to that time. I now propose to describe the additional collection, and afterwards to review Prof. Owen's determinations. It may thus be possible to combine in one paper all the information on the subject at present accessible. The Warwick Museum is fortunate enough to possess nearly all the fragments of Triassic Labyrinthodonts hitherto found in this country.
Notes on the Upper Engadine and the Italian Valleys of Monte Rosa, and their Relation to the Glacier-erosion Theory of Lake-basins
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

This paper may be regarded as a continuation of two which I have already had the honour to communicate to the Geological Society; and with a view of preventing misapprehension, I think it will be well to state clearly what I am seeking to demonstrate, and the mode in which I am endeavouring to effect my purpose.

As I have already stated, I am unable to accept the theory which was put forward by Professor Ramsay in a paper communicated to this Society, a theory which attributes the existence of the various Alpine lake-basins mainly to the erosive action of the glaciers by which they were once occupied. I do not deny the possibility of
some
lake-basins being the result of glacial erosion, or of others being considerably modified by it; the position which I am endeavouring to maintain is that none of the greater Alpine lake-basins has been primarily so formed, or indeed has undergone any important secondary modification. I will add that all the opportunities which I have had of examination of lake-basins in this and other countries have suggested to me serious doubts as to the excavating power of glaciers; and, notwithstanding the weighty arguments which have been advanced in favour of this theory in more northern regions, I am still disposed to believe, from what I have seen, that it is only under very exceptional circumstances that they can in any proper sense of the word
excavate
a rock-basin.
On the Microscopic Structure and Composition of British Carboniferous Dolerites
Authors: Allport S.
Published: October 2009

It will be seen from the preceding descriptions that great variations in texture and composition frequently occur in a single rock, also that they are of the same kind as those which sometimes characterize large rock-masses and to which different names have been applied. An extended inquiry shows, however, that such differences should be regarded as mere local varieties, interesting in themselves, but of quite subordinate importance from a petrological point of view. Any one who has studied these rocks in the field must be aware that specimens may be collected in a single quarry which would be named basalt, anamesite, and dolerite by many petrologists, if taken from different localities; and even in dykes of very moderate dimensions it is by no means unusual to find the central parts coarsely crystalline, while the sides are more compact or cryptocrystalline. Variations in composition are equally common; a collector, for example, who examined a single specimen from Salisbury Crag or Rowley, might conclude that the felspathic constituent is orthoclase, and would be tempted to give a new name to the combination; but an examination of other examples would show that his specimens contained merely exceptional aggregations of orthoclase, and in no way represented the general character of the masses.
Geological Observations made on a Visit to the Chaderkul, Thian-Shan Range
Authors: Stoliczka F.
Published: October 2009

After a stay of nearly a month in our embassy quarters at Yangihissar, near Kashgar, the diplomacy of our Envoy secured us the Amir's permission for a trip to the Chaderkul, a lake situated close on the Russian frontier, about 112 miles N. by W. of Kashgar, among the southern branches of the Thian-Shan range.

Under the leadership of Colonel Gordon, we, Captain Trotter and myself, left Yangihissar about noon on the last day of 1873, receiving the greeting of the new year in one of the villages of the Artush valley, some 25 miles northwest from our last quarters.

On the 1st of January, 1874, we marched up the Toyan river for about 20 miles to a small encampment of the Kirghiz, called Chung-terek, and following the Toyan, and passing the forts Murza-terek and Chakmák, we camped on the fifth day at Turugat-bela, about 11 miles south of the Turug pass, beyond which, five miles further on, lies the Chaderkul.

On the 6th day we visited the lake, and on the day following retraced our steps, and by the same route we came towards Kashgar, which we reached on the 11th of January.
On
Palæocoryne
and other Polyzoal Appendages
Authors: Young J. , Young J.
Published: October 2009

In 1869 Mr. James Thomson, F.G.S., drew Dr. P. M. Duncan's attention to some interesting forms common in local collections in Glasgow, but not previously described. Dr. Duncan and Mr. H. M. Jenkins described and figured these fossils in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1869, bestowing on them the generic name
Palæocoryne
, and referring them to the Hydrozoa. Professor Allman in his great work on the Hydrozoa (Ray Society), criticised the published descriptions and figures, and, relying on the accuracy of these figures, suggested their foraminiferal relations. In 1873 Dr. Duncan again discussed
Palæocoryne
, and adhered to his former opinion as to its structure and affinities. In 1871, at a meeting of the Glasgow Geological Society, Mr. James Thomson exhibited a large suite of fossils, among them
Palæocoryne
; it was suggested that the Polyzoa possessed other appendages generally similar in character. We have had the opportunity of examining a very large series of specimens contained in the Hunterian Collection and the cabinet of Mr. John Young; and Mr. Thomson has been kind enough to place his specimens in our hands, thus enabling us to reexamine those on which the genus was founded.