bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational dermatitis in a prefabrication construction factory
Authors: Goh C. L. , Gan S. L. , Ngui S. J.
Published: April 2006

In a field study of Occupational Dermatoses in a prefabrication construction factory, 272 workers were interviewed, examined and patch tested to chromate, cobalt, nickel, rubber mixes, epoxy resin, melamine formaldehyde and conplasts. The prevalence occupational dermatitis was 14% (38/272); 57% (22/38) were irritant dermatitis from cement; 39.5% (15/38) were allergic contact dermatitis from cement (2 with concomitant rubber glove allergy); and 2.5% (1/38) were allergic to rubber chemicals in gloves. The overall prevalence of chromate sensitivity was 8.5% (23/272), with the highest rate from the concreting bays of the factory. The rate was unrelated to the duration of workers’engagement in construction work. 34.8% (8/23) had asymptomatic chromate allergy. The prevalence of cobalt reactions was 17.4% (4/23) and all were associated with chromate allergy.
A test series for pesticide dermatitis
Authors: Lisi Palo , Caraffini Stefano , Assalve Danilo
Published: April 2006

A pesticide patch test series was tested in 200 subjects, 50 of whom were agricultural workers‐ Positive reactions to fungicides were found in 24, almost all to thiophthalimides, especially captan, dtfolatan and folpet. Reactions to bis‐dithiocarbamates and benomyl were rare, arid to other pesticides not significant
Aluminium allergy
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Norholm A.
Published: April 2006

13 children ranging in age from 1 to 13 years and 1 adult patient had positive patch tests to 2% Alcl3 in water. 13 of them had pruritic excoriated papules, 9 al sites of hyposensitization therapy with aluminium‐bound pollen extracts, and 4 al sites of childhood immunization with an aluminium‐bouud vaccine [Di‐Te‐Pot). For the 1 adult patient, the positive patch test was not considered to be of current relevance. Aluminium is most likely to sensitize when present in preparations used for immunization.
Allergic contact dermatitis from chloromethyl heterocyclic intermediate the synthesis of a histamine antagonist
Authors: Sonnex T S. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Case reports of 3 chemists who worked in a laboratory where heterocyclic chloromethyl compounds, used as intermediates in the synthesis of a histamine antagonist, were being prepared, are here presented. The results of suitable patch tests which were applied arc reported and it is concluded from the results that 3 chemical intermediates were responsible for the allergic contact dermatitis in the 3 cases.
Hand eczema in hairdressers and nurses: a prospective study I.
Authors: van der Burg C. K. H. , Bruynzeel D. , Vreeburg K. J. J. , von Blomerg B. M. E. , Scheper R. J.
Published: April 2006

A prospective study of the development of hand eczema was initiated in 86 junior hairdressers and 217 junior nurses Data obtained at the start of their apprenticeship are presented. None of the junior apprentices presented with hand eczema, but a history of hand eczema was reported by 22/303 (7%) of the students Almost half of his group (10/22,45%) could be classified as atopics. Students without a history of hand eczema showed a similar frequency of atopy (117%) as observed in the general population, History of hand eczema was not related to nickel hypersensitivity, as assessed by patch testing. The incidence of nickel hypersensitivity was high in junior hairdressers (26%). Compared to junior nurses (12%). Information as to previous contacts with nickel suggested that development of nickel allergy had been promoted by ear‐piercing. A lower incidence of nickel hypersensitivity was observed if this potentially sensitizing event had been proceeded by orthodontic treatment with nickel‐containing materials. This phenomenon is discussed in terms of orally‐induced tolerance.
Contact dermatitis in printing tradesmen
Authors: Nethrcott James R. , Nosal Robert
Published: April 2006

During a 2‐year period in Toronto, Canada, 21 printing tradesmen with contact dermatitis were evaluated. 67% had allergic contact dermatitis; 29% due to ultraviolet‐Cured ink components Irritant contact dermatitis accounted for 37% of the cases. The prognosis in printing tradesmen with contact dermatitis is guarded, except for those wish allergic contact dermatitis due to UV‐cured components, as the tradesmen who were sensitized to other contactants eventually left the trade. Offset lithography was associated with the problem in 18 of the 21 eases.

A brief outline is given of the printing processes in common use.
An outbreak of contact dermatitis from Rhus verniciflua (Toxicodendron vernicifluum)
Authors: Powell Sheila M. , Barrett Donald K.
Published: April 2006

Case reports are described of individuals who developed acute contact dermatitis after contact with I he resin from the Rhus verniciflua (Toxidendron vernicifluum). Potential problems from possible extensive urban planting of this species are discussed.
Photocontact urticaria from chlorpromazine
Authors: Lovell C. R. , Cronin E. , Rhodes E. L.
Published: April 2006

Chlorpromazine is well recognised as a cause of delayed photosensitive eczema. A patient illustrated typical features of the phenomenon. Urticarial lesions were also elicited on photopatch testing.
The effect of 4 barrier creams on the absorption of water, benzene, and formaldehyde into excised human skin
Authors: Loden Marie
Published: April 2006

The effect of 4 bonier creams on the absorption of (3H)‐water (12C)‐benzene and (14C)‐formaldehyde into excised human skin was studied. The control skin unit the barrier cream treated skin were exposed to the test substance for 0.5 hr. whereupon the amount absorbed was determined. The results indicated that the experimental cream “Water harrier” reduced the absorption of water and benzene but not formaldehyde Kerodex 71 cream slightly reduced the absorption of benzene and formaldehyde. The harrier creams Petrogard and “Solvent barrier” did not affect the absorption of any of the substances studied. The use of these creams against percutaneous absorption is questioned.
Phenotypic difference between allergic and irritant patch test reactions in man
Authors: Scheynius Annika , Fischer Torkel
Published: April 2006

Cellular responses in allergic and irritant contact dermatitis were analysed in situ using an immunohistochemical double staining technique with the aim of uncovering phenotypical differences of diagnostic importance. Allergic and irritant patch test reactions were elicited in 9 individuals using the Finn® chamber technique. Thirty‐nine skin biopsies from these reactions and from petrolatum controls were obtained 4 to 20 days after the test applications. Cell infiltrates were present throughout the observation period in both allergic and irritant reactions, but were usually greater in the former. In both types of reaction, anti‐Leu 3a reactive cells predominated over anti‐Leu 2a reactive cells. HLA‐DR expression on keratinocytes was found in 9 of 14 allergic reactions, but not in irritant reactions or control areas. HLA‐DQ antigens were not detected on keratinocytes. Thhe presence of HLA‐DR antigens on keratinocytes may reflect an immunological response of the allergic reactions, and thus be of diagnostic relevance.
Contact dermatitis to semisynthetic penicillins in factory workers
Authors: Møller N. E. , Nielsen B. , Würden K. Von
Published: April 2006

45 workers developed dermatitis after handling semi‐synthetic penicillins in a factory. All reacted on patch lest, but several agents had to be used. Only 7 reacted to benzyl penicillin. 1/2 reacted to only one allergen, while 2/3 reacted to several. The duration of exposure before symptoms was short, often less than 2 months, 19 had hay lever or asthma, and they developed their symptoms after a shorter exposure time. A survey for airborne antibiotics was performed.
Contact dermatitis
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Benezra Claude , Burrows Desmond , Camarasa Jose , Dooms‐Goossens An , Ducombs Georges , Frosch Peter , Lachapelle Jean‐Marie , Lahti Arto , Menné Torkil , Rycroft Richard , Scheper Rik , White Ian , Wilkinson John
Published: April 2006

In recent years, there has been a dramatic rise in our understanding of contact dermatitis. This paper is a review of our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in contact dermatitis and related phenomena, the investigation of these events and the emergence of significant new allergens during the last 5 years.
Protective effect of barrier creams and spray coatings against epoxy resins
Authors: Blanken R. , Nater J. P. , Veenhoff E.
Published: April 2006

This study evaluates the protective capacity of 4 barrier creams and 2 methacrylate spray coatings against skin contact with epoxy resins. The effect of these materials on the strength and on the surface area of patch test reactions caused by epoxy resin was assessed in 11 volunteers with a known allergy to epoxy resins. Standard amounts of barrier cream and spray coating were applied on the skin. Then patch tests were carried out with epoxy resin on the pretreated sites. After 24 h patches were removed, 48 h thereafter the strength and surface area of the reactions were scored. Results were compared with the score of a control test. The use of 2 barrier creams resulted in a significant reduction of the surface area of the patch test reactions. Spray coatings significantly reduced both the strength and the surface area of the reactions. Our results suggest that methacrylate spray coatings and barrier creams may provide protection against epoxy resins during a test period of 24 h. However, the development of new formulations, adapted more specifically to this purpose, is necessary.
Airborne pigmented contact dermatitis due to musk ambrette in incense
Authors: Hayakawa Ritsuko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Arima Yaeno
Published: April 2006

We reported 2 patients with pigmented contact dermatitis caused by occupational airborne contactants, whitening dyes in clothes and formaldehyde in packing adhesive tapes. A woman developed airborne pigmented contact dermatitis due to musk ambrette in incense. Patch testing confirmed the diagnosis. Since olden times, people in Japan have burnt incense when they worshipped their ancestors. Recently, it has been in fashion to enjoy perfumes and people may burn incense all day long every day. Our patient burnt 2 kinds of incense every day for about 5 years. We assumed musk ambrette was volatilized when incense was burnt, and contact on her face being dissolved in sebum, thus inducing allergic pigmented contact dermatitis.
Differentiation of allergic and irritant reactions by transepidermal water loss
Authors: Serup Jørgen , Staberg Bent
Published: April 2006

12 patients with known allergy to nickel were patch tested with nickel sulphate, nickel chloride, and sodium lauryl sulphate 1, 2, 5 and 10%. 2 parallel series were performed, i.e., one with 24‐h and one with 48‐h application time. Reactions were followed by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Allergic reactions showed a normal TEWL after 24‐h application, and after 48 h. only strong reactions resulted in increased TEWL. In contrast, irritant reactions showed increased TEWL in both series, irrespective of the strength of the reaction.

The deficient water barrier of allergic reactions is secondary, probably resulting from the underlying inflammatory process. Consequently, if TEWL measurements are used for the purpose of differentiating allergic and irritant skin reactions, a short application period, i.e., in this study 24 h, is preferable, with recordings performed shortly after removal of test chambers.
Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits non‐immunologic contact urticaria
Authors: Lahti Arto , Väänänen Antti , Kokkonen Eeva‐Liisa , Hannuksela Matti
Published: April 2006

To investigate the mechanisms of non‐immunologic contact urticaria (NICU), the effects of lg+lg of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on contact reactions to methyl nicotinate, diethyl fumarate, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, cinnamic aldehyde and dimethyl sulfoxide were studied in 21 test subjects. Erythema and edema reactions were observed visually, and the changes in the skin blood How were monitored using laser‐Doppler flowmetry. ASA had a significant inhibitory effect on erythema from all 6 agents and also on edema from all substances except dimethyl sulfoxide. The mechanism of the effect may be a result of the inhibitory influence of ASA on prostaglandin bioformation. Thus, to avoid false negative test results, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs should not be used during NICU tests.
The “edge effect” with patch test materials
Authors: Fyad A. , Masmoudi M. L. , Lachapellh J. M.
Published: April 2006

A positive “edge effect”, i.e., the accumulation on the skin of a chemical solution (such as fluorescein 0.01 % in a 50/50 water‐ethanol solution) at the periphery of the patch test sites has been demonstrated. It occurs with different test materials (Finn Chamber® Silver Patch Test: Patch Test Chamber®). Practical implications are discussed: this observation could be important when discussing results of laboratory investigations. In clinical practice, it could explain the occurence of “ring‐shaped” positive allergic patch test reactions to chemicals used in solution, i.e., Kathon CG® or hydrocortisone.
Occupational dermatitis with simultaneous immediate and delayed allergy to chrysanthemum
Authors: Tanaka Toshihiko , Moriwaki Shin‐ichi , Horio Takkshi
Published: April 2006

A 42‐year‐old woman had recurrent dermatitis on the hands, arms, face and trunk for 5 years. She was allergic to chrysanthemum, with positive patch tests. She also had contact urticaria to chrysanthemum, with a wheal‐and‐flare reaction 15 min after application of chrysanthemum juice to a scratch test site. This was not seen in control subjects. The co‐existance of allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria from chrysanthemum might play a role in the development of dermatitis, especially severe chronic dermatitis of her hands.
Do positive nickel reactions increase nonspecific patch test reactivity?
Authors: Lammintausta K. , Kalimo K.
Published: April 2006

The patch test reaction pattern in nickel‐positive and ‐negative female patients was compared. Cobalt allergy was found in 24.8% of the positive patients. However, the occurrence of allergy to other common agents, i.e., neomycin, perfume mix, balsam of Peru and bacitracin, did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Even in patients allergic to nickel and cobalt simultaneously, the frequencies were comparable. Chromate and PPDA allergy was significantly commoner in nickel sensitive patients (p<0.05 and p<0.01). Erythematous or follicular reactions were seen most often to wood tars, propylene glycol, formaldehyde, cobalt, chromate and perfume mix. Reactions to propylene glycol and perfume mix were as frequent in both groups, whereas formaldehyde, cobalt and chromate caused reactions more often in nickel‐positive patients (p<0.05) and wood tars in negatives (p<0.05). Follicular reactions developed especially in patients who were positive to nickel and cobalt. The total number of non‐specific reactions was not overpresented in nickel sensitive patients, despite their multiple patch test reactivity.
Persistence of contact sensitivity to ethylenediamine
Authors: Nielsen Mads , Jørgensen Jørgen
Published: April 2006

33 patients positive to ethylenediamine in 1974 or 1975 were recalled for re‐patch testing in 1984/85. 22 answered the letter and 16 came for retesting, of whom approximately 25% now had a negative patch test.
Contact dermatitis to Hirudoid® cream
Authors: Pecegueiro M. , Brandão M. , Pinto J. , Conçalo S.
Published: April 2006

31 patients allergic to Hirudoid® cream were patch tested with the ingredients. 29 were allergic to the cream base and 16 to one or more components. The most common allergens were myristyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol and parabens.

14 patients reacted only to the base. The results are discussed.
Allergic contact dermatitis to propyl gallate
Authors: Bojs Gunnel , Nicklasson Bo , Svensson Ake
Published: April 2006

The antioxidant propyl gallate in a moisturizing cream caused an allergic contact dermatitis in a patient previously sensitized to gallates while working in a bakery.
Allergic contact dermatitis of the face from contact with nickel and ammoniated mercury in spectacle frames and skin‐ lightening creams
Authors: Sun Chee‐ching
Published: April 2006

A total of 507 (M 121, F 386) cases of facial dermatitis were investigated, of whom 308 (m 49, F 259) had eczema confined to the face. The prevalence of positive patch tests was 45% (229/507). Among all the patients, the 2 most frequent allergens were nickel (15.2%) and ammoniated mercury (6.1%), with the incidence of nickel sensitivity in men (20%) being greater than in women (13.7%) 56% of the nickel‐positive cases were caused by metal spectacle frames. Taiwan's high number of spectacle‐wearers, its subtropical climate and the characteristic oriental facial structure are possibly major contributing factors. Most ammoniated mercury (AM) sensitive cases resulted from cosmetics. Skin‐lightening creams are widely used in Taiwan, but their content is poorly controlled. According to consumer reports, 14.9% (48/322) had applied AM‐containing cosmetics, of all the cosmetics tested for mercury, 2.2% (60/2711) were positive.
Contact allergy to cosmetics: causative ingredients
Authors: de Groot Anton C.
Published: April 2006

Of 1781 patients with contact dermatitis seen during a period of 6 years (1981–1986), 75(4.2%) had allergy to cosmetic products. The face was most frequently affected. In many cases, the dermatitis was limited to the eyelids (18.7%) or the face (40.0%). skin care products (moisturizing and cleansing cream/lotion/milk/) and deodorants (6.8%). The ingredients most often responsible were fragrances (45.1%), followed by the preservative Kathon® CG (11.0%) and the emulsifier oleamidopropyl dimethylqamine (9.8%). In 14 patients (18.7%), patch tests with the responsible cosmetic product tests, Compulsory declaration of ingredients on cosmetic product labels in the EEC, analogous to the USA situation, would be of great benefit both to patients and to physicians.
Diagnostic procedures for eczema patients
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Norholm A.
Published: April 2006

Of 7887 patients with eczema seen in a private dermatological practice over a period of 2 year and 4 months, a specific final diagnosis was found in 5376 (68%), white a final diagnosis of non‐specific eczema was made in 2511 cases (32%). The most common final diagnoses were seborrhoeic dermatitis (1351), contact dermatitis (1357), atopic dermatitis (1009) and nummular eczema (822), Battery patch testing was the initial diagnostic procedure performed, and 897 of the 3164 patients who were patch tested had one or more positive patch tests. In 545 eases, the reactions were considered of relevance to the current dermatitis. Tests for immediate‐type allergy were carried out in 618 patients, and 284 of these had one or more positive tests. In 86 patients, these test results were of diagnostic significance 257 patients, with positive patch tests were challenged orally with the relevant substance, and 53 of 156 reacted to metal salts, most commonly nickel, while 25 of 101 reacted to orally invested balsam of Peru. Among patch‐test‐negative patients, 66 of 408 had positive reactions to one or more metal salts; 41 of 180 reacted to balsam of Peru, while 15 of 41 reacted to various food additives.
Ultrasound for assessment of allergic and irritant patch test reactions
Authors: Serup Jørgen , Stabero Bent
Published: April 2006

The oedema formation of patch test reactions was quantified by high‐frequency ultrasound measurement of skin thickness. Patch testing with nickel sulphate, nickel chloride and sodium lauryl sulphate 1, 2, 5 and 10% was performed in 12 individuals with known nickel allergy. Oedema was greater in allergic than in irritant reactions similar in strength according to the clinical reading, allergic reactions, the oedema appeared more transcutaneous, while in irritant reactions, more superficial. For differentiation of the 2 types of reaction, application of substances for a 24‐h period with measurements the following day is preferable. For rating of allergic and irritant reactions, 48 h of application is preferable with measurements performed on the day patches arc removed.
Airborne contact dermatitis to colophony in soldering flux
Authors: Goh C. L. , Ng S. K.
Published: April 2006

Soldering flux is a common cause of occupational dermatitis in the electronics industry. Several constituents of flux such as colophony, hydrazine and aminoethylethanolamine are contact allergens. A machine operator of a wave‐soldering machine developed airborne allergic contact dermatitis to colophony in the flux.
Irritant dermatitis from tri‐butyl tin oxide and contact allergy from chlorocresol
Authors: Lewis Philip G. , Emmett Edward A.
Published: April 2006

A shipwright developed a delayed bullous irritant dermatitis from contact with a bis‐tri‐butyl tin oxide (TBTO) containing antifouling paint. He subsequently developed sensitization to 4‐chloro‐m‐cresol, a constituent of a steroid cream. No cross sensitivity lo 4‐ehloro‐3,5 xylenol was seen. Low concentrations of 4‐chloro‐m‐cresol in pet, may elicit a true positive reaction. TBTO is a strong irritant which will produce delayed bullous reactions in industrial use and on patch testing at 0.1% aqueous.
Desensitization to DNFB in hairless mice
Authors: Copeman M. C.
Published: April 2006

Naive hairless mice may be rendered partly tolerant to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) by painting UNFB on skin irradiated with 30 mJ·cm−2 ultraviolet B light (UVB) over 4 days. However, DNFB‐sensitized hairless mice show no decrease in sensitivity when repainted with DNFB on skin irradiated with the same dose of UVB. Hence, established hypersensitivity appears not lo be reduced by this method of inducing tolerance in nuive mice.
Contact dermatitis after ultrasonography and electrocardiography
Authors: Tomb Roland R , Rivara Giampiero , Foussereau Jean
Published: April 2006

We report 4 patients who developed allergic contact dermatitis after ultrasound investigations. Patch testing was positive with conducting gels, and in 2 cases with propylene glycol. Contact dermatitis to gels is also seen in electrographic practice and after transcutaneous electrical analgesia.
Contact urticaria from mustard in fish‐stick production
Authors: Kavli G. , Moseng D.
Published: April 2006

At a major fish factory in northern Norway, workers employed in fish‐stick and fillet production participated in a survey on skin diseases. 122 (80.1%) of the workers in the fish‐stick section responded, but only 60.7% of the fillet workers. Clinical examination and patch testing revealed 16 cases of occupational dermatitis among workers in fish stick production, 3 of whom had contact urticaria from mustard and 8 from fish. There were only found 6 cases of occupational dermatitis among fillet workers; J reacted to fish and 3 had irritant contact dermatitis. Working conditions are described for both locations. A greater exposure (o irritants may in part explain the 10.7% occupational dermatitis in the fish‐stick section compared lo only 3.5% in the fillet section.
Sensitivity to sunscreens
Authors: English J. S. C. , White I. R. , Cronin K.
Published: April 2006

The patients sensitized to sunscreen agents who attended our Contact Dermatitis Clinic between February 1985 to March 1987 have been reviewed. 15 (5%) of 280 patients tested with sunscreens had positive reactions: 3 of them were allergic to more than one agent. The most frequent contact allergens were hydroxy methoxy methyl benzophenone (Mexenone) [6]. followed by isopropyl dibenzylomethane (Eusolex 8020/8021) [5], octyl dimethyl para‐aminobenzoate [Escalol 507)[2]. and one reaction each to butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane (Parsol 1739). amyl dimethyl para aminobenzoate (Escalol 506). and ethoxy ethyl‐p‐methoxy cinamate (Givtan F). Positive photopatch tests were seen with isopropyl dibenzoylmethane butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane‐, para‐amtnobenzoate (PABA) and ethoxy ethyl‐p‐methoxy cinnamate, one reaction each.
Propolis allergy
Authors: Hausen B.M. , Wollenweber E. , Senff H. , Post B.
Published: April 2006

Propolis or bee‐glue, a resinous bee‐hive product, is the cause of an increasing number of cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Formerly only observed in bee‐keepers, propolis allergy today is mainly seen in individuals who use propolis in bio‐cosmetics and self treatment of various diseases. Nearly 200 cases are summarized in an overview, including the first description of ‘poplar bud’ contact, dermatitis from 1887. As practically all flavonoid aglycones and most of the other phenolics present in propolis are identical with the bud secretion of poplars, evidence is given that the poplar bud constituents are responsible for propolis hypersensitivity.
Propolis allergy
Authors: Husen B. M. , Wollenweber E. , Senff H. , Post B.
Published: April 2006

As shown in the preceding paper, propolis or bee‐pine is the cause of an increasing number of allergic reactions in persons using it in external preparations and cosmetics. Propolis und its main contact allergen, 1,1‐dimethylallyl caffeic acid ester, designated LB‐1, show strong sensitizing properties in properties as well as in guinea pig experiments. 9 patients have been patch tested with this compound, 8 of whom reacted strongly. Chemical separation of different propolis samples and poplar and extracts reveal that LB‐1 is always present. Poplar bud secretion is the bee's major source for propolis und hence the origin of LB‐1. A warning is indicated, in agreement with several other authors, that propolis should not be used in topical products because of its strong sensitizing properties.
Irritation and sensitization potential of pesticides *
Authors: Lisi Paolo , Caraffini Stefano , Assalve Danilo
Published: April 2006

A pesticide series of 36 substances was patch tested in 652 subjects to establish the optimal test concentration, and the frequency of irritant and allergic reactions. Allergic reactions to fungicides were found in 46: thiophthalimides (captan, folpet and difolatan) were the most common. Irritant and allergic reactions to other pesticide (insecticides, herbicides, etc.) were rare. Sensitivity to pesticides was significant in patients who work, or have worked on the land, Cross sensitivity to bisdithiocarbamates or thiophthalimides is possible.
Contact dermatitis to ethyl‐cyanoacrylate‐containing glue
Authors: Belsito Donald V.
Published: April 2006

3 patients with contact dermatitis to an ethyl eyanoacrylate glue are presented, Although reactions to cyanoacrylate glues are considered rare, more widespread use of these products by nail salons is likely to he associated with an increased incidence of positive reactions. All 3 of our patients came into contact with the glue during “nail wrapping”. In this process, ethyl cyanoacrylate or another “instant glue” is used in adhere glue‐impregnated silk or linen to the nail plate which is then filed to shape the nail. This procedure creates fine acrylic‐containing dust which may facilitate an allergic response. Fine particulate matter may be transferred to other distant cutaneous sties, such as the eyelids, resulting in more widespread cutaneous eruptions. Dermatologists in areas where null wrapping is becoming more fashionable are advised to be alert to potential cyanoacrylate glue allergies which present as periungual eczema which may be associated with eyelid dermatitis and feature of nummular dermatitis particularly over the dorsal hand.
Contact allergy to imidazole antimycotics
Authors: Raulin Christian , Frosch Peter J.
Published: April 2006

Between 1977 and 1986, 9 pateints with contact allergy to the active ingredient of imidazole cotics were found at the Department of Dermatology, University of fHeidelberg. The number of positive reaction decreased in the following order: miconazole (6), clotrimazole (3), econazole (3), isoconazole (3), and oxiconazole (1). When 5 patients were tested with a series of imidazoles in different concentratioins and vehicles (petrolatum, ethyl methyl ketone, ethanol), etrolatum turned out to be the least effective one. The active ingredient at 1% in ethanol seems to be the most suitable to miconazole or clotrimazole, since no cross reactivity was observed.
Contact allergy to denture materials in the burning mouth syndrome
Authors: van Joost Th. , van Ulsen J. , van Loon L. A. J.
Published: April 2006

Several factors may be responsible for stomatitis in general and the burning mouth syndrome in particular. The results of patch testing are reported in 4 patients with burning mouth symptoms thought to be due to sensitization to denture material. 2 patients reacted to substances in Luxene® dentures, but the allergens were not identified. In a 3rd patient, sensitization was found to monomeric methyl methacrylate. The other patient gave positive patch tests to epoxy resin (and bisphenol A), probably present in glue used for repair of dental plates. To obtain a complete diagnosis in cases of suspected contact stomatitis due to allergens in dentures, a reliable standard test series is required.
Frequency of sensitisation to the preservative Kathon® CG
Authors: Cronin E. , Hannuksela M. , Lachapelle J. M. , Maibach H. I. , Malten K. , Meneghini C. L.
Published: April 2006

The incidences of sensitisation to Kathon® CG are reported for patients routinely tested from 1984 to 1986 in Bari. London. Louvain, Nijmegen, Oulu and San Francisco, For these 3 years, the overall frequency of sensitisation varied for women from 3.3% in Oulu to 0.6% in London and San Francisco and for men from 1.4% in Oulu to 0% in San Francisco. Women were predominantly sensitised, probably by cosmetics, toiletries and domestic cleaners. Occupational sensitisation was much less frequent.
An investigation of the irritant and allergenic properties of daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L., Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Gude M. , Hausen B. M. , Heitsch H. , König W. A.
Published: April 2006

Irritancy of daffodil flowers and bulbs was assessed using various fresh plant preparations, solvent extracts and some of the known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids on guinea pigs. Sensitization was also carried out on guinea pigs using these plant preparations. solvent extracts and 7 fractions obtained after preparative chromatography of the bulb ether extract. Only 1 fraction, containing 2 alkaloids, was capable of inducing delayed hypersensitivity in the animals: the sensitivity achieved, however, was weak. The substances were identified as masonin and homolycorin, which acted as elicitors. but masonin may also be a sensitizer. While homolycorin is a known daffodil constituent, masonin has not been found previously in Narcissus pseudonarcissus. 3 other alkaloids as well as chelidonic acid and isorhamnetin were non‐elicitors in the sensitized guinea pigs.
Studies of the reactivity of morpholine, 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole and 2 of their derivatives with selected amino acids
Authors: Wang Xiasheng , Tabor Wilson
Published: April 2006

Previous studies in guinea pigs showed that DTDM, MMBT and MBT were sensitizing agents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical basis of this sensitization reaction. The reactions of representative amino acids, Cys, Lys & Gly, with morpholine. DTDM, MMBT & MBT were examined. New compounds were found between MMBT and all 3 amino acids. Additional new compounds were seen for Cys/MBT. Cys/DTDM, Lys/MBT & Gly/DTDM. No reaction was observed with morpholine. The new compounds were examined spectroscopic ally, Results suggest that the sensitizing nature of DTDM is probably a reaction of its disulfide bond with the ‐SH & ‐NH2 groups of amino acid moieties. The conjugation of Cys/MMBT may be via the same reaction mechanism The ‐SH group of MBT may react cither via oxidation and/or thioester formation with the carboxylate group of amino acids, These results also suggest that in vitro tests may predict the sensitizing potential of certain compounds.
Contact dermatitis from nickel: an investigation of its sources
Authors: Romaguera C , Grimalt F. , Vilaplana J.
Published: April 2006

Patch tests with the GEIDC standard series of allergens, and with 8 washers made of copper, nickel, nickel‐palladium, palladium, brass, bronze, gold and iron, were carried out in 964 consecutive patients who complainted of intolerance to metals and in 200 controls who did not. All subjects were also questioned as in personal and family history of atopy, occupational contact and intolerance to gold. The results provide support for the substitution of nickel in imitation jewelry with metals such as palladium or bronze.
Contact allergy to dehydroabietic acid derivatives isolated from Portuguese colophony
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therése , Boman Anders , Hacksell Uli , Jacobsson Sven , Nilsson J. Labs G.
Published: April 2006

7‐oxodehydroabietic acid and 15‐hydroxydehydroabietic acid were isolated as their methyl esters from Portuguese colophony of the gum rosin type and identified as contact allergen. Another oxidation product of dehydroabietic acid, 15‐hydroxy‐7‐oxodehydroabietic acid, was synthesized and identified as a component of Portuguese gum rosin. 7‐oxodehydroabietic acid was found to a be a grade III allergen according to the GPMT method. Guinea pigs induced with gum rosin showed only a low response to the isolated compounds, while patients with a known allergy to gum rosin reacted to a greater extent. The result imply that the content of oxidized dehydroabietic acids in gum rosin is too low to give a marked sensitization in the animals. However, the patients might have come in contact with the allergens in technically modified rosins. The compounds showed a pattern of cross‐reactivity in the animal experiments as well as among the patch tested patients.
Routine patch testing with paraben esters
Authors: Menné T. , Hjorth N.
Published: April 2006

Paraben esters are the most widely used preservatives in cosmetics and topical medicaments. Their sensitization potential is low, based on both experimental and human experience. A paraben mixture is included in the ICDRG standard series, and in patch test studies, approximately 1% of eczema patients react to it. The present study confirms this frequency in 8020 patients patch tested consecutively. Testing with the individual paraben esters was employed as confirmation, which makes it unlikely that the excited skin syndrome is a significant problem in this context. It remains undetermined whether the present paraben mixture is the optimal patch test material for diagnosing paraben sensitivity.
Objective measurement of surfactant irritation by fiber optic spectroscopy
Authors: Crowe Daniel M. , Willard Marcia S. , Murahata Richard I. , Aust Louise B. , Gacula Maximo C.
Published: April 2006

Erythema caused by occlusion of 3 concentrations of surfactant was quantified in vivo using a modified spectrophotometer. Standard chamber irritation test sites were evaluated objectively using the spectrophotometer and subjectively by trained observers. There was a good relationship between the instrumental and visual evaluations. The spectrum was analyzed and a region was chosen to optimize the sensitivity of the method.
The role of contact allergy in the spectrum of adverse effects caused by cosmetics and toiletries
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Beverdam Enny G. A. , Ayong Christien Tjong , Coenraads Pieter J. , Nater Johan P.
Published: April 2006

Of 982 female clients of beauticians interviewed, 254 (25.9%) thinned to have experienced adverse reactions to cosmetics and toiletries in the preceding 5 years. Most reactions were caused by skincare products (36.6%), followed by personal cleanliness products (29.5%), eye cosmetics (24.0%), deodorants and antiperspirants (12.6%), and facial make‐up products (8.3%), 150 women were patch tested. In the European standard series, only a few positive reactions were seen to possible cosmetic allergens; fragrance mix (n=3), wool alcohols (n=3), formaldehyde (n = 2), balsam of Peru (n=1), and colophony (n=1). In the cosmetic series, only Kathon CG elicited positive patch test reactions (n = 3), Cosmetic allergy was considered to be “proven” in 3 patients (2.0%), and “possible” in 7 (4.7%). It is concluded that contact allergy is, responsible for a minority (<10%) of all reactions to cosmetics and toiletries, The majority of reactions are due to irritation from personal cleanliness products such as soups, shampoos, bath foams and from deodorants, or worsening of pre‐existing dermatoses such as seborrhoeic dermatitis and acne.
Skin temperature and skin symptoms among workers in the fish processing industry
Authors: Halkier‐Sørensen Lars , Thestrup‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: April 2006

196 workers employed in the fish processing industry participated in a survey of skin disorders. 156 (80%) had experienced skin problems during their work with fish on some occasions. The symptoms were itching, redness and stinging. Although the fingers are in direct contact with fish meal and juice, skin symptoms only seldom occur here, but instead almost exclusively on the forearms (70%) and the backs of the hands (26%). The skin temperature of the fingers and palms of the hands ranged from 17°C to 20°C. while the temperature on the backs of the hands and forearms ranged from 25°C to 30°C. Skin temperatures less than 20°C abolish itch and reduce vasodilation by half. We suggest that the low temperature on the fingers affords protection against the development of some irritant skin reactions and that difference in skin temperature may be an important reason for the location of skin symptoms.
Comparison of diagnostic methods in latex surgical glove contact urticaria
Authors: Turjanmaa Kristuna , Reunala Timo , Räsänen Liisa
Published: April 2006

Surgical rubber gloves contain allergens derived from natural rubber latex which may sensitize, causing contact urticaria and even systemic reactions. We examined 15 hospital employees allergic in latex surgical gloves, using various skin tests and RAST, to determine the most reliable diagnostic method and to investigate coexistent allergy to glove powder and rubber chemicals. Prick testing using a stock solution made from one brand of latex glove yielded positive (2+ to 4+) reactions in all 15 employees; 8 retained positive reactions at a 1/10 dilution, 1 at 1/100 and 4 at 1/1000. A prick test using rubber‐tree sap (Hevea brasiliensis) was positive in 12/15 employees and a scratch‐chamber test using crushed rubber‐tree leaf was positive in 13/l5. A latex glove use test was positive in 12/13 employees and a latex RAST detected measurable amounts of specific IgE in 8/15. No positive prick lest reactions were obtained using glove powder. On patch testing, 2/15 employees showed delayed allergy to rubber chemicals but no immediate reactions were detected, The present results indicate that in addition to the use test, prick testing with a stock solution prepared from latex surgical gloves is an adequate test method for routine practice when diagnosing latex glove contact urticaria The correlation between prick tests and whole glove me tests was good, but latex RASTs yielded some negative results.
Kathon® CG reactivity in 1396 consecutively patch tested patients in the Copenhagen area
Authors: Menné T. , Hjorth N.
Published: April 2006

In 1396 consecutively patch tested patients 18 (l.3%) reacted to Kathon® CG. Relevance was established in 4 of the 18 patients. The frequency or positive reactions to Kathon® CG in patients eczema patients seems to have beers stable in Denmark during the period 1983 to 1988.
Occupational dermatoses in workers exposed to resins based on phenol and formaldehyde
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Almgren Göran
Published: April 2006

During December 1985 and February 1986, an investigation was carried out into skin diseases among workers in a plant producing decorative equipment built of paper sheets impregnated with resol resins based on phenol and formaldehyde (P.F‐R). A questionnaire was sent to all 238 employees and it was answered by 218 (91.6%). Previous and current dermatoses were reported by 98 workers and 89 of these were examined and patch tested. The patch testing was conducted with a standard test series and products from the working environment and revealed contact allergy to P‐F‐R in 9 persons and to formaldehyde in I. Besides these 10 individuals with occupational allergic contact dermatitis, occupational dermatoses were diagnosed in an additional 20 workers; irritant contact dermatitis in 19 and chemical burn in L. In total, the figure for occupational dermatoses was 30 (12.6%).
Occupational sensitization to epichlorohydrin and epoxy resin
Authors: van Joust Th.
Published: April 2006

Sensitization lo epichlorohydrin (ECH) is reported in 6 patients with occupational contact allergy. In 2 cases, an isolated positive test to ECH was found. In the remaining 4 cases, concomitant positive reactions were seen to “ICDRG epoxy resin” (MW385) and to liquid epoxy resin (MW 370). Allergy to bisphenol A was not seen in the patients. 5 patients worked in an epoxy rosin plant. Adequate preventive measure to avoid skin contact with ECH are required to prevent ECH sensitization becoming a more serious industrial hazard.
Propolis allergy
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Wollenweber E
Published: April 2006

87% of the propolis product “LB‐1”, originally reported to be 1,1‐dimethyl‐allyl caffeic acid ester, was shown by GC/MS analysis to consist of isomeric pentenyl caffetes. 63% of which are 1,1‐dimethylallyl caffeate. These pentenyl caffeates proved to be the major sensitizers of propolis and of poplar bud secretion in our previous study. In addition, 3 further minor allergens have now been investigated. Experimental sensitization indicates that phenylethyl caffeate is as strong a sensitizer as the major allergen “LB‐1” while benzyl salicylate is a moderate sensitizer. Benzyl cinnamate plays only a subordinate role. At least 3 further esters of caffeic acid or cinnamic acid remain to be studied. Interestingly, relationships between propolis and balasam of Peru were found. 8 compounds are common to both materials. Thus “cross‐reactions” or concomitant reactions in proplis‐sensitive individuals to balsam of Peru are explainable.
Nickel allergy: tolerance to metallic surface‐plated samples in nickel‐sensitive humans and guinea pigs
Authors: Cavelier C. , Foussereau J. , Gille P. , Zissu D.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this work is to evaluate in nickel‐sensitive patients and guinea pigs the tolerance to nickel samples, surface‐plated with one or several metals of varying structures and thick nesses. All the metal samples elicited allergic reactions in the guinea pig. In humans, absolute tolerance was not observed for any sample. In humans, the interposing of a layer of bright copper between nickel and surface chrome greatly increased the tolerance.
Contact dermatitis from a compound mixture of sugar and povidone‐iodine
Authors: Kudo Hitoshi , Takahashi Kenzo , Suzuki Yoshihisa , Tanaka Toshihiro , Miyachi Yoshiki , Imamura Sadao
Published: April 2006

2 patients with leg ulcers got worst after the application of a compound mixture of sugar and povidone‐iodine (sugar/PI compound), Because they had been suffering from stasis dermatitis, symptoms of contact dermatitis were ambiguous. Patch tests showed positive reactions to 10% povidone‐iodine in water and 5% potassium iodide in water, with no response to sugar. They were also tested with sugar/PI compound, containing 3% povidone‐iodine, resulting in another positive reaction. They improved after the application of sugar/PI compound was discontinued. Contact dermatitis from topical agents should be considered as more probable than angry back syndrome in cases of leg ulcer.
Purpuric contact dermatitis from black rubber chemicals
Authors: Roed‐Petersen J. , Clemmensen O. J. , Menné T. , Larsen E.
Published: April 2006

Black rubber chemicals are capable of causing an allergic contact dermatitis, in some cases associated with a purpuric capillaritis. A typical case or such a purpuric reaction is described in a man sensitive lo black rubber chemicals.
Sensitization to patch test acrylates
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Riitta
Published: April 2006

Data on allergic contact dermatitis from acrylates and 4 patients sensitized during routine patch testing are reported. During 1982–1985, we used 7 different acrylates for tests. 1 patient out of 22 (=4.5%) was sensitized to ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate (1% pet.). Since September 1985, we have used a commercial (meth)acrylate series containing 28 substances. 3 of 24 patients tested became sensitized to ethyl acrylate, 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate and 2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate (0.5% pet.). Because active sensitization with acrylates can be very harmful, it may be necessary to use lower concentrations than recommended. Currently, we test ethyl acrylate, 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate and 2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate at 0.167% pet.
TMCHB: a possible alternative to DNCB in skin testing for immune competence
Authors: Takanami I. , Nakayama H.
Published: April 2006

The desirability is considered of an alternative to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in assessing immune competence by skin testing. The choice of in alternative allergen is discussed, taking into account the different concentration which would be necessary for weaker allergens The alternative proposed is 1‐(2,6,6‐trimethy1‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐yl)‐2‐butenone (TMCHB).
Susceptibility to cumulative and acute irritant dermatitis An experimental approach in human volunteers
Authors: Lammintausta K. , Maibach H. I. , Wilson D.
Published: April 2006

Reactivity to repeated daily sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) applications and patch test reactivity to SLS was studied in 23 females. Skin changes were quantified by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dielectric water content (DEWC), laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and visual scaring DS). Dermatologic histories (HS) and susceptibility to sunburn (ST) were obtained and clinical skin dryness evaluated (DS). Great interindividual variation occurred in the degrees of changes in (he biophysical parameters measured; the variation was most apparent in TEWL. The subjects with HS I or more developed greatest TEWL increase after open SLS applications (p < 0.05). DS showed poor correlation with SLS reactivity and only minor DEWC alterations were seen. ST showed some non‐significant correlation with erythema reactivity in the patch test.
European multicenter study of the TRUE Test™
Authors: Lachapelle J.‐M. , Bruynzeel D. P. , Ducombs G. , Hannuksela M. , Ring J. , White I. R. , Wilkinson J. , Fischer T. , Billerg K.
Published: April 2006

A new, standardized, ready‐to‐apply patch test, the TRUE Test™, has been evaluated on 698 consecutive patients with suspected contact dermatitis. The patients were tested with 12 different allergens. Simultaneously, the same 12 allergens in pet. (Trolab®) were applied symmetrically to the opposite side of the upper back using the conventional Finn Chamber® technique. There were positive test reactions to all 12 allergens lusted in the patient group. The concordance of positive reactions between the TRUE Test™ and the Finn Chamber® test was 67%; 13% of all positive reactions were recorded only for the TRUE Test™ and 20% only for the Finn Chamber® method. The frequency of questionable and irritant reactions was of the same low order of magnitude for both tests methods; such reactions were recorded an around 2% of all test patches.