bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the length of the juvenile phase and corm growth in the Chilean endemic geophyte Conanthera bifolia Ruiz et Pavon
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad de Talca. Chile, Schiappacasse Canepa Flavia , Yáñez Paola ,   Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad de Talca. Chile, Peñailillo Patricio ,   Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Talca. Chile, Misle Enrique ,   Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales Universidad Católica del Maule Chile
Published: September 2023

The geophyte Conanthera bifolia is endemic to Chile and belongs to the family Tecophilaeaceae. When in flower, the plant produces an inflorescence with blue florets. Conanthera plants arise from underground structures called corms; these have been reported to have been consumed as food in the past. These plants also have ornamental potential as garden or pot plants. The new corm starts growing on top of the mother corm by the end of summer; blooming occurs in the spring, and the plant goes dormant after fruit set. The corm flowering size and juvenile phase length in C. bifolia are unknown. The study objective was to determine the weight of the corm that is necessary for flowering and the number of seasons required to reach that weight. Corms were collected from the wild, separated into 10 weight categories from 0.2 to 5 g, and planted in trays in an unheated greenhouse in Talca, Chile. Corms weighing more than 1 g were able to flower, and the greatest flowering (48 to 70%) was found in corms weighing 3.5 to 5 g. The plant propagation coefficient decreased as the initial corm weight increased. The number of seasons to reach flowering size was estimated to be 8 years, placing this species in the group of geophytes with slow growth.
Rutilo en polvo y en adición a pasta de cemento : procesos fotocatáliticos para la descontaminación de agua
Authors:   ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Ingeniería, Retamoso Llamas Claudia Patricia
Published: September 2023

La contaminación del agua es un fenómeno asociado a los residuos descargados al ambiente. Actualmente se están investigando alternativas económicamente viables como los Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada (AOP inglés), en donde un material actúa como fotocatalizador y oxida los contaminantes en presencia de luz, en medio acuoso y gaseoso. Dentro de los materiales fotocatalíticos se destaca el dióxido de titanio (TiO2) en tres fases cristalinas anatasa, rutilo y brookita. Las cuales tienen un máximo de absorción en la región UV, para alcanzar la zona visible se ha investigado la modificación química con precursores metálicos y no metálicos, principalmente en la anatasa, que han llegado a la zona visible. Es importante estudiar las características del rutilo y como mejorar su fotoactividad respecto a la eficiencia encontrada con anatasa. Otro desafío del TiO2 es el medio de soporte que lo exponga en una amplia superficie; por esto el uso de materiales en base a cemento ofrecen una alternativa con una amplia superficie de exposición en la industria de la construcción. En esta investigación se propone analizar la actividad fotocatalítica en una solución modelo de azul de metileno, de los materiales derivados de la arena de rutilo chilena y soportados en pasta de cemento, buscando correlacionarlos con las propiedades fisicoquímicas, explicando los procesos de fotocatálisis heterogénea. Se emplearon diferentes técnicas de caracterización tales como difracción de rayos X (XRD inglés, espectroscopia de reflectancia difusa (DRS inglés), espectroscopia fotoelectrónica de rayos X (XPS inglés), entre otras. La fotocatálisis se realizó en reactores de cuarzo expuestos a luz artificial filtrada. Se caracterizaron y correlacionaron las propiedades superficiales del TiO2 rutilo con la actividad fotocatalítica del material en polvo y soportado en pasta de cemento. Se obtuvo un 64% de efectividad en la descontaminación con rutilo nanométrico en polvo y 49% cuando está soportado en pasta de cemento, aunque los resultados sugieren que al existir menor cantidad de rutilo en la superficie de la pasta de cemento es posible que la efectividad sea más alta cuando está en pasta de cemento que cuando se encuentra en polvo. Se recomienda posteriormente analizar la sustentabilidad del ciclo de vida para establecer la conveniencia del uso en la industria de la construcción.
Unveiling soil temperature reached during a wildfire event using ex-post chemical and hydraulic soil analysis
Authors:   ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Ingeniería, Martínez Riveros Sofía I.
Published: September 2023

Los incendios forestales afectan a diferentes propiedades físicas, químicas e hidráulicas del suelo, y la magnitud de sus efectos varía en función de las propiedades intrínsecas del suelo y de las características de los incendios forestales. Como consecuencia del cambio climático, la frecuencia e intensidad de los incendios forestales ha aumentado, y entender su impacto y predecir la temperatura a la que los suelos estuvieron expuestos en eventos anteriores es cada vez más crítico. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un procedimiento de laboratorio de quema de suelos para explorar los cambios extremos en las propiedades en un rango de temperaturas e identificar las temperaturas a las que los suelos se vieron afectados durante un incendio forestal. La conductividad hidráulica saturada (Ks) y no saturada (Ku), el pH, la conductividad eléctrica (CE), la estabilidad de agregados (WAS), el índice de repelencia al agua (RIm) y el contenido de materia orgánica del suelo (SOM) fueron medidos en seis suelos quemados en laboratorio (LB) a 300, 500, 700 y 900 ºC durante 2 h. Además, se midió la densidad aparente (BD) y la textura del suelo en muestras no quemadas (UB) y quemadas en incendios forestales (WB). Las muestras UB se utilizaron como línea base para cuantificar los cambios en las propiedades del suelo, y las muestras WB y LB se compararon para determinar las temperaturas a las que se expusieron los suelos WB. En el rango de temperatura estudiado, WAS exhibió una tendencia en forma de U, opuesta a la del pH y la CE. Ku (tensión negativa de -3 cm) y Ks se comportaron de forma similar, con valores máximos de 5,62·10-5 y 1,27·10-4 (m/s) a 900 ºC, respectivamente. La RIm fue altamente dependiente de la textura; los suelos limosos tuvieron un mínimo y un máximo promedio de 1,84 y 2,73, a 900 y 300 ºC, respectivamente, mientras que los suelos limosos arenosos tuvieron un mínimo y un máximo promedio de 1,29 y 2,08 a 300 y 900 ºC, respectivamente. Finalmente, los parámetros que proporcionaron una variación en el laboratorio y un rango de temperatura consistente con los resultados observados en los WB fueron WAS, RIm, pH y CE.
Hepatitis B Viral Load Patterns in HBsAg-Positive Antenatal Women and their Correlation with Stages of Pregnancy: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Hussain Pirbox Rafiqul , Phukon Pinkee , Gogoi Barbi , Das Angsurekha , Barua Purnima
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Screening for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) during pregnancy is essential, as maternal viremia is directly proportional to perinatal transmission. However, there is insufficient literature available on the viral load pattern of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in different trimesters of pregnancy. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and estimate the viral load of HBsAg among antenatal women in different trimesters of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Jorhat Medical College and Hospital in Jorhat, Assam, India, from June 2017 to May 2018. A total of 7833 samples were collected from antenatal cases attending the Outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. HBsAg positive cases were screened using a rapid diagnostic kit and Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Viral load was estimated using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR) after obtaining written consent. Positive patients were followed up, and viral load estimation was repeated in each trimester. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi Info software and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The mean age of the HBsAg positive antenatal women who participated in the study was 25.97±3.72 years. Out of the 7833 patients screened, 32 antenatal patients were found to be positive for HBsAg. The highest viral load was found to be 1 log10 (25%) and 6 log10 (25%) IU/mL. The median viral load was highest in the second trimester at 1.434×106 IU/mL, followed by the third trimester at 7.003×105 IU/mL, and the first trimester at 43.6482 IU/mL. Conclusion: The pattern of HBV viral load indicates that patients in the first trimester either had borderline or low levels compared to those in the second and third trimesters. Since the viral load pattern varies in different trimesters of pregnancy, viral load estimation is crucial for the treatment of positive patients and to reduce HBV vertical transmissions.
Significance of Internal Nasal Valve and Nasal Septal Swell Body in Improving the Outcome of Septoplasty: A Literature Review
Authors: Sunnychan Senu , Deshmukh Prasad , Gaurkar Sagar
Published: September 2023

Nasal obstruction is a common presenting symptom for both primary care physicians and otolaryngologists, and it can be caused by various anatomic, physiologic, and pathophysiologic factors. Structural nasal obstruction may result from a Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS), Internal Nasal Valve (INV) obstruction, External Nasal Valve (ENV) obstruction, inferior turbinate hypertrophy, Nasal Septal Swell Body (NSB) etc. Combined causes occasionally go unnoticed, and postoperative symptom relief may not always be satisfactory. Revision surgeries in cases where septoplasty fails due to misdiagnosed multicausative factors can increase the complexity of the procedure, further affecting its success. In this review, our objective is to examine the significance of the NSB and the INV, which are often overlooked nasal structures, in improving the outcomes of septoplasty. Upon reviewing the findings, it can be confirmed that diagnosing these overlooked structures has led to improved outcomes in septoplasty and, consequently, the quality of life for patients with nasal obstruction.
SCORING SYSTEM IN DERMATOLOGY TO ASSESS PSORIASIS: A REVIEW
Authors: Patil RR , Dipankar DG , Yeola GH
Published: September 2023

Psoriasis clinical trials have measured challenges in assessing disease severity and prognosis. Clinical trials require more objectively validated tools. To determine the severity of the skin disease, measurement systems should be objective, reproducible, easy to apply and practically useful. To maintain the objectivity of observations, different scoring systems have been developed. Scoring systems are essential to monitor the treatment response and evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. The article reviews different scoring systems for assessing psoriasis and its strengths and weaknesses, as scores are useful for semi-objective assessment. A comprehensive literature search was performed using books, journals and websites. In this article, different scoring systems and their strengths and weaknesses have been summarized.
A Review and Comparison on the Effectiveness and Safety Profile of Using Ketamine and Propofol for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Literature Review
Authors: Ashry Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim Ismail
Published: September 2023

This review reflects the usage of ketamine and propofol for endoscopy. It also works to compare whether either of these agents has a stronger action alone as compared to their combined action. The gastrointestinal system is one of the most problematic systems of the human body. It can be divided into two regions. These are upper gastrointestinal tract and lower intestinal tract. The diseases and conditions involving the gastrointestinal tract may arise anywhere throughout its entire length. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy is one of the most sought methods for the diagnosis and treatment of several conditions involving the gastrointestinal tract.

Endoscopy is a very helpful diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that has been indicated for several patients. Endoscopy is an invasive procedure; it is required for the patient to be sedated during the process to ensure a pain-free experience.
Sublethal Effects of Chitosan-O-Arginine, a Chitosan Based Insecticidal Compound against Green Lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen)
Authors: K. Sushma , M. Shanthi , M. Murugan , S. Vellaikumar , D. Uma , T. Ramasubramanian
Published: September 2023

The widespread application of synthetic chemicals leads to the unintended negative impact to non-target organisms both directly or indirectly, as these chemicals can infiltrate new environments, disrupting established ecological niches. Laboratory experiments explored the effects of sublethal doses of Cs-O-Arg to the third instar grubs of Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi when fed with treated and untreated larvae of diamondback moth (DBM). The results showed that when the untreated third instar C. zastrowi sillemi grub was fed with treated P. xylostella larvae at LC25, LC35 and LC45 concentrations, there was 6.67 per cent mortality of C zastrowi sillemi grub at all the concentrations, after 48 and 72 hours of exposure. but, when the treated C. zastrowi sillemi grubs (LC35 and LC45) were fed with untreated P. xylostella, there was only 3.33 and 10.00 per cent mortality of C. zastrowi sillemi grubs, respectively. Whereas, Cs-O-Arg caused 33.33 per cent mortality when LC45 treated grubs were provided with LC45 treated DBM larvae as feed, whereas the treatment with LC25 concentrations of Cs-O-Arg resulted in the highest pupation percentage (76.67%) and adult emergence rate (73.33%) in C. zastrowi sillemi grubs when fed with DBM larvae treated with the same concentration. Chitosan derivative insecticide causes a mild adverse impact on the survival of the economically significant insect predator C. zastrowi sillemi, which hold valuable implications for guiding decisions regarding the compatible utilization of insecticides alongside C. zastrowi sillemi or other natural predators within integrated pest management strategies.
Scenario of Wilt Incidence of Chickpea in Major Chickpea Growing Regions of Northern Karnataka, India
Authors: S. Ashwini , Rao M. S. L. , Patil B. S. , Ashtaputre S. A. , Nayak Spurthi N.
Published: September 2023

The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important pulse crops grown in India. Chickpea wilt complex is one of the most devastating crop diseases in northern Karnataka. Because of abundant inoculum in the soil and suitable environment circumstances, infected plants die, resulting in full loss of yield. A random roaming study was done in important chickpea farming districts of northern Karnataka, namely Dharwad, Belagavi, Haveri, Gadag, Bagalkot, Kalaburgi, and Vijayapur, during Rabi 2021-22 and 2022-22, to establish disease incidence and its in severity in different places. The survey results demonstrated a link between three pathogens: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, Rhizoctonia bataticola, and Sclerotia rolfsii. Dharwad district has the highest illness incidence (30.20%), followed by Kalburgi district.with 29.85 per cent.
Development of Tomato and Pumpkin Blended Puree for Value Addition and Shelf Life with Different Levels of Preservatives
Authors: Mishra Smriti , Singh Yash Kumar , Prasad V. M. , Shrivastava Pragya , Vishen Gaurav Singh
Published: September 2023

The lab experiment was conducted in the year 2021-2022 at Post Harvest Lab, Department of Horticulture, Nani Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh to analyse the physico-chemical properties and shelf life of the puree during storage at refrigerated condition and overall acceptability with different treatment combinations of preservatives. The Experiment was laid out in Completely randomized design (CRD) with 9 treatments.
Genetic Analysis for Seed Yield and Its Yield Components in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L)
Authors: Suman Pathlavath , Lal Gaibriyal M. , Sree Jalleni Sai
Published: September 2023

Modern plant breeding and agricultural systems has narrowed base for the genetic variability of cultivated chickpea and explore to new sources of variation that might be used in plant breeding programmes. An investigation was undertaken to carried out to assess the genetic variability parameters, correlation and path analysis in 23 chickpea genotypes for 12 quantitative traits in Rabi, 2021-22 season at field experimentation center, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Uttar Pradesh in Randomized Block Design in three replications. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. Considerable variability existed in the genotypes for all the characters studied. These were the genotypes with high mean values in the desirable direction i.e., From the present investigation it is concluded that among 23 genotypes of chickpea, PG – 06102 showed early flowering (66 days), 04 – 01 showed early pod setting (82 days). IPC-97-29 had characters like early maturity (112 days), WCK – 3 showed high plant height (69.7 cm), IPC - 98-12 showed high Number of seeds per plant (68), PG – 06102 is showing high Biomass (19.8 g), and PG – 05 shown high Seed Yield per Plant (12.7 g). Highest GCV were depicted Number of secondary branches, Number of seeds per plant. 100 seed weight (g). The highest Heritability was observed for Number of secondary branches followed by Number of primary branches, Number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight (g). In the present investigation Seed Yield per Plant per plant showed positive and significant association with Number of Primary Branches, Number of Secondary Branches Number of seeds per plant, Number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, 100 seed weight (g), Harvest Index (%). Positive direct effect on Seed Yield per Plant per Plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels with Biomass, Harvest Index, Seed weight. This character should be given due consideration during selection for crop improvement.
Effect of Foliar Spray of Iron (Fe)- Fortified Humic Substances and Humic Acid on Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a Calcareous Vertisol
Authors: Barman Shivani , Hebbara M. , Bidari B. I.
Published: September 2023

The response to foliar application of Fe-fortified humic substances (HS) and humic acid (HA) on the growth, nodulation and yield characteristics of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) var. TMV 2 in a calcareous Vertisol was studied in a pot culture experiment.  There were 16 treatments viz., Absolute control (T1), only RDF (T2), RPP: RDF +FYM @ 7.5 t + FeSO4 @ 25kg ha-1+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 (T3), RDF + Foliar FeSO4.7H20 @ 0.5% (T4), and T5 to T16, where two different concentrations, 0.25 and 0.50 % of humic substances (HS) (Humic acid + Fulvic acid) and humic acid (HA) were fortified separately with 250, 500 and 750 ppm Fe. Among all treatments, higher values of growth parameters like number of leaves, branch count and yield parameters like number of pods (19.33 pods plant-1), pod weight (18.84 g plant-1), kernel yield (12.85 g plant-1), shelling % (68.25 %) and 100 kernel weight (33.28 g) were recorded in the treatment RDF + Foliar Fe- fortified HS (0.50 % HS+ Fe @ 500 ppm) (T9) followed by treatment with RDF + Foliar Fe- fortified HA (0.50 % HA+ Fe @ 500 ppm) (T15). The plant height and dry matter yield were recorded maximum under foliar spray of 0.25 % HS fortified with 500 ppm Fe (T6) (21.83 cm and 6.27 g plant-1 at 60 DAS; 33.83 cm and 36.75 g plant-1 at harvest, respectively). For nodulation parameters, T3 (only RPP) recorded the best results and remained statistically on par with treatment T9.
Control of Chemical Contaminants and Evaluation of Oral Subacute Toxicity of an Alcoholic Polyherbal Product “Plaie de ventre” Marketed for Health Claims in Yopougon (Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Félicité Aboli Tano-Bla , Elisée Kporou Kouassi , Moussa Gbogbo , Maxwell Beugre Avit Grah , Gisèle-Siransy Kouakou , Joseph Djaman Allico
Published: September 2023

Objective: Alcoholic mixtures are highly appreciated by the Ivorian population to their low cost and for their health claims. Contaminants control and toxicity tests were carried out in order to check the harmlessness of extractable from polyherbal product “Plaie de ventre”.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy of Félix Houphouët-Boigny University for a period of 4 months.

Methods: The search for pesticide residues and metallic trace elements was carried out respectively by high-performance liquid phase chromatography and by atomic absorption with air-arc flame ethylene AAS 20, respectively. Subacute oral toxicity study involved daily administration of the extractable from the polyherbal product to three groups of rats for 28 days at doses of 21.06, 42.12, and 84.24 mg/kg bw.

Results: The detected residues of pesticides and trace metals in product “Plaie de ventre” mixture were consistent with the standards for their use. Moreover, the administration of extractable from this mixture did not result in any alteration of the body or relative weights of the rats, the structure of the kidney and liver at different doses. Finally, the analysis of the hematological and biochemical parameters indicated a noteworthy escalation (p < 0.05) in levels of white blood cells, blood platelets, and serum triglycerides.

Conclusion: The extract from the polyherbal “Plaie de ventre” caused changes in hematological and biochemical parameters compared to control group in treated rats. Consumers may face a long-term risk of developing hyperlipidemia.
A Call for Mental Health Reform in Medical Education—Breaking the Silence
Authors: Ruddell Jennifer , Ruddell John
Published: January 2025

This essay by parents of a medical student who died by suicide calls for medical schools to better address the pressures of medical training and prevent suicide, burnout, and mental stress among health care professionals and medical students.
Multi‐Physical Lattice Metamaterials Enabled by Additive Manufacturing: Design Principles, Interaction Mechanisms, and Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Ma Winston Wai Shing , Yang Hang , Zhao Yijing , Li Xinwei , Ding Junhao , Qu Shuo , Liu Quyang , Hu Zongxin , Li Rui , Tao Quanqing , Mo Haoming , Zhai Wei , Song Xu
Published: January 2025

Lattice metamaterials emerge as advanced architected materials with superior physical properties and significant potential for lightweight applications. Recent developments in additive manufacturing (AM) techniques facilitate the manufacturing of lattice metamaterials with intricate microarchitectures and promote their applications in multi‐physical scenarios. Previous reviews on lattice metamaterials have largely focused on a specific/single physical field, with limited discussion on their multi‐physical properties, interaction mechanisms, and multifunctional applications. Accordingly, this article critically reviews the design principles, structure‐mechanism‐property relationships, interaction mechanisms, and multifunctional applications of multi‐physical lattice metamaterials enabled by AM techniques. First, lattice metamaterials are categorized into homogeneous lattices, inhomogeneous lattices, and other forms, whose design principles and AM processes are critically discussed, including the benefits and drawbacks of different AM techniques for fabricating different types of lattices. Subsequently, the structure–mechanism–property relationships and interaction mechanisms of lattice metamaterials in a range of physical fields, including mechanical, acoustic, electromagnetic/optical, and thermal disciplines, are summarized to reveal critical design principles. Moreover, the multifunctional applications of lattice metamaterials, such as sound absorbers, insulators, and manipulators, sensors, actuators, and soft robots, thermal management, invisible cloaks, and biomedical implants, are enumerated. These design principles and structure‐mechanism‐property relationships provide effective design guidelines for lattice metamaterials in multifunctional applications.
HACD2 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression by Enhancing PKM2 Dissociation From PRKN in a Dehydratase‐Independent Manner
Authors: Chu Xuanning , Zhao Jinyu , Shen Yuting , Feng Qi , Zhou Changlin , Ma Lingman , Zhou Yiran
Published: January 2025

3‐Hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydratase 2 (HACD2), an obesity‐related gene involved in the elongation of long‐chain fatty acids, is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer (PC) and is associated with patient prognosis. Interestingly, the study reveals that HACD2 mediated the proliferation of PC cells in a dehydratase‐independent manner, affecting the downstream glycolytic pathway. Mechanistically, HACD2 promotes PC cells proliferation by binding to E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase parkin (PRKN) and enhancing pyruvate kinase PKM (PKM2) dissociation from PRKN, resulting in reduced ubiquitination of PKM2 and increased dimerization of PKM2, which subsequently promote c‐Myc expression and tumor growth. Moreover, HACD2 overexpression‐induced PC growth is mitigated by knockdown of PKM2 or overexpression of PRKN. Furthermore, the weight loss drug orlistat, which potentially binds to HACD2, disrupted the interaction between HACD2 and PRKN and further increased the ubiquitination of PKM2. Therefore, this study elucidates the mechanism by which the obesity‐related gene HACD2 regulates PC cells proliferation through a noncanonical signaling pathway, which may provide a potential new target and strategy for the individualized clinical treatment of PC.
Coplanar Dimeric Acceptors with Bathochromic Absorption and Torsion‐Free Backbones through Precise Fluorination Enabling Efficient Organic Photovoltaics with 18.63% Efficiency
Authors: Liu Wei , Wu Weiwei , Sergeev Aleksandr A. , Yao Jia , Fu Yuang , Kwok Chung Hang , Ng Ho Ming , Li Chunliang , Li Xiaojun , Pun Sai Ho , Hu Huawei , Lu Xinhui , Wong Kam Sing , Li Yongfang , Yan He , Yu Han
Published: January 2025

Giant dimeric acceptors (GDAs), a sub‐type of acceptor materials for organic solar cells (OSCs), have garnered much attention due to the synergistic advantages of their monomeric and polymeric acceptors, forming a well‐defined molecular structure with a giant molecular weight for high efficiency and stability. In this study, for the first time, two new GDAs, DYF‐V and DY2F‐V are designed and synthesized for OSC operation, by connecting one vinylene linker with the mono‐/di‐fluorinated end group on two Y‐series monomers, respectively. After fluorination, both DYF‐V and DY2F‐V exhibit bathochromic absorption and denser packing modes due to the stronger intramolecular charge transfer effect and torsion‐free backbones. Through precise fluorination, the DYF‐V‐based devices exhibit the highest performance of 18.63% among the GDA‐based OSCs, outperforming its non‐fluorinated counterpart, DY‐V‐based ones (16.53%). Theoretical and morphological results demonstrate that proper fluorination in DYF‐V‐based devices strengthens intra/intermolecular interactions for enhanced crystallinity, superior phase segregation, and less energy disorder, which is beneficial for fast exciton dissociation, rapid carrier transport, and suppressed charge recombination. The work demonstrates that proper fluorination on GDAs with rigid coplanar backbones is effective for broader photon harvesting, stronger packing, and robust stability in GDA‐based OSCs.
Treatment of Denervated Muscle Atrophy by Injectable Dual‐Responsive Hydrogels Loaded with Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Bu Ziheng , Jing Jianxing , Liu Wei , Fan Zhen , Huang Junchao , Zhou Zheng , Hu Jianhai , An Jinxi , Hong Jiachang , Yu Jianing , Tang Daolin , Sun Min , Du Jianzhong , Wu Peng
Published: January 2025

Denervated muscle atrophy, a common outcome of nerve injury, often results in irreversible fibrosis due to the limited effectiveness of current therapeutic interventions. While extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer promise for treating muscle atrophy, their therapeutic potential is hindered by challenges in delivery and bioactivity within the complex microenvironment of the injury site. To address this issue, an injectable hydrogel is developed that is responsive to both ultrasound and pH, with inherent anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties, designed to improve the targeted delivery of stem cell‐derived EVs. This hydrogel system allows for controlled release of EVs from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC‐MSCs), adapting to the specific conditions of the injury environment. In vivo studies using a rat model of nerve injury demonstrated that the EV‐loaded hydrogel (EVs@UR‐gel) significantly preserved muscle function. Six weeks post‐nerve reconstruction, treated rats exhibited muscle strength, circumference, and wet weight reaching 89.53 ± 0.96%, 76.02 ± 7.49%, and 88.0 ± 2.65% of healthy controls, respectively, alongside an improvement in the sciatic nerve index (−0.11 ± 0.09). This platform presents a novel therapeutic approach by maintaining EV bioactivity, enabling tunable release based on the disease state, and facilitating the restoration of muscle structure and function.
Replicating Dynamic Immune Responses at Single‐Cell Resolution within a Microfluidic Human Skin Equivalent
Authors: Hindle Sarah A. , Bachas Brook Holly , Chrysanthou Alexandra , Chambers Emma S. , Caley Matthew P. , Connelly John T.
Published: January 2025

To enable in vitro investigation of human skin immunology, this study develops a microfluidic human skin equivalent (HSE) that supports the delivery of circulating immune cells via a vascular microchannel embedded within the dermis of a full‐thickness construct. Within this platform, activation of keratinocyte inflammation promotes monocyte migration out of the vascular channel and into the dermal and epidermal compartments. Single‐cell transcriptomic analysis reveals dynamic and cell‐specific patterns of gene expression that are characteristic of acute activation and resolution of an inflammatory immune response, and the gene signatures of the monocyte‐derived cells closely matches the differentiation trajectory of the monocytes into mature dermal macrophages. The microfluidic HSE is also applied to modeling age‐associated immune dysfunction and accurately replicates elevated monocyte recruitment in aged skin. Thus, the microfluidic HSE presented here replicates key aspects of dynamic inflammatory immune responses and represents a tractable experimental tool for interrogating mechanisms of human skin immunology.
Hygroelectric Energy Harvesting by Daily Humidity Cycles and its Thermodynamics
Authors: Komazaki Yusuke , Nobeshima Taiki , Hirama Hirotada , Watanabe Yuichi , Suemori Kouji , Uemura Sei
Published: January 2025

Atmospheric moisture is emerging as a ubiquitous energy source for energy harvesting. However, a practical long‐life device has not been realized, and theoretical aspects including mechanisms and thermodynamics have not been fully clarified. Here, this study provides a practical device and a thermodynamic theory for a concentration cell‐based hygroelectric generator (hygroelectric cell, HEC), which enables high‐power and long‐term electricity generation by day/night humidity changes. Using a Li1+x+yAlxTi2−xSiyP3−yO12 glass–ceramic solid electrolyte membrane with no water permeability, an ideal HEC without self‐discharge is realized. The ideal HEC generates electricity in an outdoor environment for over three months with a maximum power density of 60.4 μW cm−2 and an average power density of 3.0 μW cm−2. The maximum power density in the experimental environment reaches 436 μW cm−2. This is 68 times higher than conventional HECs with polymer‐based cation‐exchange membranes. The ideal HEC can also drive a wireless sensor for more than four months. Furthermore, a thermodynamic model of the ideal HEC, which enables calculations of the maximum work and maximum efficiency, is derived and the model is verified by experiments. This study provides new insights into both thermodynamic theory and device development aspects of the humidity‐based energy harvesting.
Exploring the presence and roles of humility when experiencing situations of uncertainty
Authors: Michalec Barret , Papanagnou Dimitrios , Raj Leela , Lundgren Henriette , Watkins Karen E. , Marsick Victoria J. , Ziring Deborah , Vaid Urvashi
Published: January 2025

Background

Uncertainty is a pervasive challenge in clinical practice. Whereas the importance of humility in navigating uncertainty has been discussed, empirical research on how humility is practiced or expressed (i.e., humility in action) is lacking. This study examines humility's presence and role in physicians' uncertainty experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The objectives were to determine if and how humility presented in physicians' reflections on uncertain situations during the height of the COVID‐19 pandemic and to explore potential roles of humility in managing uncertainty.

Methods

After intercoder reliability was established, four members of the author team utilized qualitative data analysis software to conduct a secondary analysis of critical incident interviews with 12 physicians (seven ED and five ICU physicians) about experiences with uncertainty while caring for COVID‐19 patients. To identify if humility was present in situations of uncertainty, the authors deductively coded transcripts for key elements of humility based on previously published conceptualizations by Tangney (2000) and Gruppen (2015). Additionally, the authors examined code co‐occurrence to identify clusters of humility and conducted a thematic analysis to uncover potential roles of humility and what humility “looks like” in clinical situations.

Results

Aspects of humility were frequently present in physicians' narratives. Acknowledgment of shortcomings was most common. Acceptance of limitations, openness, and perspective‐taking frequently co‐occurred. Two key themes emerged: humility allowed physicians to trust their training despite uncertainty and enabled pivoting and adapting to new information.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that humility facilitates managing uncertainty by promoting trust in abilities and enabling flexibility and openness. Formal training in humility may better prepare clinicians for uncertainty. Further research should explore nuances of humility across clinical situations and types of uncertainty.
Catalyst‐Free Regio‐ and Stereoselective Alkenyltrifluoromethylation of Alkynes under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Tang Lin , Jia Fengjuan , Zhang Lufang , Ding Donghui , Liu Yadan , Yu Ruijun , Gao Qing , Zhang Yanping , Zhou Qiuju
Published: January 2025

This work demonstrates a simple, mild and efficient alkenyltrifluoromethylation of alkynes with readily available 2‐arylamino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones and Togni reagent as coupling partners. With 2‐arylamino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones as both photosensitizers and substrates, the title reaction proceeds smoothly in ethyl acetate under the irradiation of blue light, affording a series of CF3‐functionalized alkenes in excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity. This protocol features good tolerance of functional groups, mild reaction conditions, green solvent and no involvement of external photocatalyst and additive. Furthermore, the further modification of bioactive molecules such as Menthol, Levocetirizine and Indometacin, and the late‐stage transformations of the resulting CF3‐functionalized alkenes are accomplished.
Scalable and Precise Synthesis of Structurally Colored Bottlebrush Block Copolymers: Enabling Refined Color Calibration for Sustainable Photonic Pigments
Authors: Wang Bangbang , Zhang Kunyu , Pan Li , Li Yuesheng , Song Dong‐Po
Published: January 2025

Self‐assembled bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) offer a vibrant, eco‐friendly alternative to traditional toxic pigments and dyes, providing vivid structural colors with significantly reduced environmental impact. Scaling up the synthesis of these polymers for practical applications has been challenging with conventional batch methods, which suffer from slow mass and heat transfer, inadequate mixing, and issues with reproducibility. Precise control over molecular weight and dispersity remains a significant challenge for achieving finely tuned color appearances. Here, we present an alternative strategy to overcome the challenges by integrating a rapid continuous flow technique with an in‐line self‐assembly procedure. This strategy enables the rapid, stable and large‐scale synthesis of narrow‐dispersed BBCPs, exceeding 2 kg/day, a significant improvement over conventional gram‐scale methods. Furthermore, precise control over the degree of polymerization is achieved with an unprecedented interval accuracy of four repeat units. This level of precision enables refined color calibration in the resulting photonic pigments, effectively eliminating the need for labor‐intensive and costly multiple batch syntheses.
Exceptional CO2 Hydrogenation to Ethanol via Precise Single‐Atom Ir Deposition on Functional P Islands
Authors: Liu Lingyue , Liu Jinjie , Li Guangchao , Shi Xiuwen , Yin Jun , Zheng Shourong , Yung Ka‐Fu , Yang Hong Bin , Lo Tsz Woon Benedict
Published: January 2025

The thermocatalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to ethanol has attracted significant interest because ethanol offers ease of transport and substantial value in chemical synthesis. Here, we present a state‐of‐the‐art catalyst for the CO2 hydrogenation to ethanol achieved by precisely depositing single‐atom Ir species on P cluster islands situated on the In2O3 nanosheets. The Ir1‐Px/In2O3 catalyst achieves an impressive ethanol yield of 3.33 mmol g−1 h−1 and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 914 h−1 under 1.0 MPa (H2/CO2=3 : 1) at 180 °C, nearly 8 times higher than that of the unmodified Ir1/In2O3 catalyst. Additionally, at a more industrially relevant pressure of 5.0 MPa, the TOF of the Ir1‐Px/In2O3 catalyst can reach up to 2108 h−1, surpassing previously reported catalysts. Combined in situ characterization and theoretical studies reveal that the hydrogenation process is significantly enhanced by the Ir1‐Px entities. Specifically, the Ir atom facilitates CO2 activation and C−C coupling, while the surrounding P island exhibits exceptional H2 dissociation ability. These three steps have been found crucial for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction. This discovery opens new opportunities for the regulation of the microenvironment of current catalysts by providing essential chemical functionalities that enhance intricate and complex reaction processes.
Stereochemistry‐Tuned Hydrogen‐Bonding Synergistic Covalent Adaptable Networks: Towards Recycled Elastomers with Excellent Creep‐Resistant Performance
Authors: Feng Zhenghuai , Xie Miao , Lai Jialiang , Wang Zhanhua , Xia Hesheng
Published: January 2025

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) offer innovative solutions for the reprocessing and recycling of thermoset polymers. However, achieving a balance between easy reprocessing and creep resistance remains a challenge. This study focuses on designing and synthesizing polyurethane (PU) materials with tailored properties by manipulating the stereochemistry of diamine chain extenders. By employing cis‐ and trans‐configurations of diamine extenders, we developed a series of PU materials with varying mechanical properties and creep resistance. The trans‐configured materials (R,R‐DAC‐PU or S,S‐DAC‐PU) exhibited superior creep resistance and mechanical strength due to dense hydrogen bonding networks. The cis‐configured materials (Cis‐DAC‐PU) exhibited enhanced processability and elasticity. Under 0.1 MPa stress, R,R‐DAC‐PU showed a mere 3.5 % strain change at 170 °C over 60 minutes, highlighting its superior creep resistance. Both configurations can be recycled via urea bond exchange reactions using hot pressing or solvothermal methods. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations indicate that both the (R,R‐DCA‐UB‐U)2 and (S,S‐DCA‐UB‐U)2 segments form six hydrogen bonds with shorter bond lengths, leading to stronger hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Conversely, the (Cis‐DCA‐UB‐U)2 segment forms four hydrogen bonds with longer bond lengths, resulting in weaker interactions. This work highlights the critical role of stereochemistry in designing high‐performance, recyclable polymer materials with tailored properties.
Super Strong Bonding at the Interface between ETL and Perovskite for Robust Flexible Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Hui Jingjing , Zhan Jun , Zhang Jinxia , Gao Xiaowen , Wang Cong , Li Yiyi , Li Jin , Wang Kewei , He Zeyu , Li Qi , Wang Yi , Liang Yongqi , Chen Langxing , Zhang Yukui , Xu Dongsheng
Published: January 2025

Organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites have demonstrated great potential for flexible optoelectronic devices due to their superior optoelectronic properties and structural flexibility. However, mechanical deformation‐induced cracks at the buried interface and delamination from the substrate severely constrain the optoelectronic performance and device lifespan. Here, we design a two‐site bonding strategy aiming to reinforce the mechanical stability of the SnO2/perovskite interface and perovskite layer using a multifunctional organic salt, 4‐(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (TPH). This approach significantly enhances the bonding at the buried interface between the electron transport layer and perovskite layer, which is demonstrated by TPH‐modified SnO2/perovskite interface remaining intact after 10,000 bending cycles. Meanwhile, TPH mitigates void formation, enhances perovskite crystallinity at the buried interface, and inhibits ion migration inside the devices. Furthermore, incorporating TPH in perovskite bulk decreases the nucleation activation energy and accelerates nucleation, leading to high‐quality perovskite film. Consequently, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 21.64 % and 23.61 % are achieved for target flexible and rigid perovskite solar cells, respectively. The target flexible device retained 92.3 % of its initial PCE after 25,000 bending cycles. This approach provides a robust solution for enhancing the mechanical durability of flexible perovskite optoelectronic devices.
Evaporation‐Assisted Synthesis of Olympic Gels
Authors: Xiong Xinhong , Xue Mingju , Xue Lulu , Zhang Luzhi , Zhang Zhongyan , Chen Jian , Zhang Guojie , Liu Hong , Cui Jiaxi
Published: January 2025

Catenated networks exclusively composed of intertwining rings were first envisioned as “Olympic gels” by Pierre‐Gilles de Gennes four decades ago but have not been successfully prepared in artificial materials yet due to the challenge in synthesis. Herein, we present a bio‐inspired, evaporation‐assisted strategy to address this issue. In our design, the evaporation of liquid catalysts that induce ring‐chain equilibrium of polymer systems drives macrocycles to encounter and assists their catenation through reversible cyclization. Complete removal of liquid catalysts stabilizes the resulting ring‐interlocked networks by deactivating the catenation‐decatenation process. The strategy is demonstrated by the system of hydroxyethyl lipoate (LpHE) and dimethyl formamide (DMF). The results indicate that DMF evaporation leads to the formation of global LpHE polycatenane networks. This evaporation‐assisted strategy displays versatility in several tested cyclic monomers, highlighting its potential as a general approach to fabricate ring‐interlocked elastomers and topologically intricate materials.
Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane to Ethane and Propane Using Cobalt‐Cluster‐Activated GaN Nanowires
Authors: Ye Zhengwei , Long Zhuoran , Zhang Bingxing , Navid Ishtiaque Ahmed , Menzel Jan Paul , Shen Yifan , Mondal Shubham , Guo Facheng , Norris Theodore B. , Batista Victor S. , Mi Zetian
Published: January 2025

The photocatalytic nonoxidative coupling of methane (PNOCM) offers a promising route to synthesize valuable C2+ hydrocarbons while minimizing side reactions. Oxide‐based photocatalysts have been predominant in this field, but suffering from limited conversion rates, selectivity, and durability due to poor C‐C coupling as well as overoxidation of CH4 by lattice oxygen. Here, we introduce an advancement in PNOCM for methane conversion into ethane and propane using GaN, one of the most produced semiconductors, together with trace amounts of metallic cobalt clusters (0.1 wt%). The photocatalytic system exhibits outstanding stability, maintaining performance over 110 hours, achieving conversion rates of approximately 192.3 mmol g‐1 h‐1 for ethane and ~17.9 mmol g‐1 h‐1 for propane, with virtually no coke byproducts detected, representing the highest activity and stability ever reported to our knowledge. This high activity is attributed to the critical methane activation and C‐C coupling on Co cluster, which can be greatly accelerated via the ultrafast photogenerated charge transfer from p‐GaN to Co cluster. Additionally, the GaN support further synergistically enhances methane activation by in situ generating N‐H and O‐H species under reaction, as well as provides a vital anti‐overoxidation effect to CH4 for high selectivity and stability.
Converting Fe−N−C Single‐atom Catalyst to a New FeNxSey Cluster Catalyst for Proton‐exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhao Yang , Yin Pengfei , Yang Yuanyuan , Wang Ruguang , Gong Cairong , Li Jisi , Guo Jiaxin , Wang Quanlu , Ling Tao
Published: January 2025

Iron‐nitrogen‐carbon (Fe−N−C) single‐atom catalyst is the most promising alternative to platinum catalyst for proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), however its high performance cannot be maintained for a long enough time in device operation. The construction of a new Fe coordination environment that is completely different from the square‐planar Fe−N4 configuration in classic Fe−N−C catalyst is expected to break the current stability limits of Pt‐free catalysts, which however remains unexplored. Here, we report, for the first time, the conversion of Fe−N−C catalyst to a new FeNxSey cluster catalyst, where the active Fe sites are three‐dimensionally (3D) co‐coordinated by N and Se atoms. Due to this unique Fe coordination configuration, the FeNxSey catalyst exhibits much better 4e− ORR activity and selectivity than the state‐of‐the‐art Fe−N−C catalyst. Specifically, the yields of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ⋅OH radicals on the FeNxSey catalyst are only one‐quarter and one‐third of that on the Fe−N−C counterpart, respectively. Therefore, the FeNxSey catalyst exhibits outstanding cyclic stability, losing only 10 mV in half‐wave potential E1/2 after 10,000 potential cycles, much smaller than that of the Fe−N−C catalyst (56 mV), representing the most stable Pt‐free catalysts ever reported for PEMFCs. More significantly, the 3D co‐coordination structure effectively inhibits the Fe demetallization of the FeNxSey catalyst in the presence of H2O2. As a result, the FeNxSey based PEMFC shows excellent durability, with the current density attenuation significantly lower than that of the Fe−N−C based device after accelerated durability testing. Our work provides guidance for the development of next‐generation Pt‐free catalysts for PEMFCs.
Controlled Introduction of sp3 Quantum Defects in Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes by Mechanochemistry
Authors: Sander Miriam , Metternich Justus T. , Dippner Pascal , Kruss Sebastian , Borchardt Lars
Published: January 2025

Precise control over low‐dimensional materials holds an immense potential for their applications in sensing, imaging and information processing. The controlled introduction of sp3 quantum defects (color centers) can be used to tailor the optoelectronic properties of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in the tissue transparency (>800 nm) and the telecommunication window. However, an uncontrolled functionalization of SWCNTs with defects leads to a loss of the NIR fluorescence. Here, we use mechanochemistry with aryldiazonium salts to create quantum defects in SWCNTs. The reaction proceeds within 5 min without solvents or illumination and can be controlled by a varied mechanochemical energy impact. By working in the solid‐state, this method presents an alternative synthetic route and marks a crucial step for tailoring photophysics of SWCNTs.