bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liver Microvascular Injury and Thrombocytopenia of Antibody–Calicheamicin Conjugates in Cynomolgus Monkeys—Mechanism and Monitoring
Authors: Guffroy Magali , Falahatpisheh Hadi , Biddle Kathleen , Kreeger John , Obert Leslie , Walters Karen , Goldstein Richard , Boucher Germaine , Coskran Timothy , Reagan William , Sullivan Danielle , Huang Chunli , Sokolowski Sharon , Giovanelli Richard , Gerber Hans-Peter , Finkelstein Martin , Khan Nasir
Published: September 2016

Purpose: Adverse reactions reported in patients treated with antibody–calicheamicin conjugates such as gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) and inotuzumab ozogamicin include thrombocytopenia and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). The objective of this experimental work was to investigate the mechanism for thrombocytopenia, characterize the liver injury, and identify potential safety biomarkers.

Experimental Design: Cynomolgus monkeys were dosed intravenously at 6 mg/m2/dose once every 3 weeks with a nonbinding antibody–calicheamicin conjugate (PF-0259) containing the same linker-payload as gemtuzumab ozogamicin and inotuzumab ozogamicin. Monkeys were necropsied 48 hours after the first administration (day 3) or 3 weeks after the third administration (day 63).

Results: PF-0259 induced acute thrombocytopenia (up to 86% platelet reduction) with nadirs on days 3 to 4. There was no indication of effects on megakaryocytes in bone marrow or activation of platelets in peripheral blood. Microscopic evaluation of liver from animals necropsied on day 3 demonstrated midzonal degeneration and loss of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) associated with marked platelet accumulation in sinusoids. Liver histopathology on day 63 showed variable endothelial recovery and progression to a combination of sinusoidal capillarization and sinusoidal dilation/hepatocellular atrophy, consistent with early SOS. Among biomarkers evaluated, there were early and sustained increases in serum hyaluronic acid (HA) that correlated well with serum aspartate aminotransferase and liver microscopic changes, suggesting that HA may be a sensitive diagnostic marker of the liver microvascular injury.

Conclusions: These data support the conclusion that target-independent damage to liver SECs may be responsible for acute thrombocytopenia (through platelet sequestration in liver sinusoids) and development of SOS. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1760–70. ©2016 AACR.
A Potent In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of Novel Recombinant Type I Interferon
Authors: Zhang Kang-Jian , Yin Xiao-Fei , Yang Yuan-Qin , Li Hui-Ling , Xu Yan-Ni , Chen Lie-Yang , Liu Xi-Jun , Yuan Su-Jing , Fang Xian-Long , Xiao Jing , Wu Shuai , Xu Hai-Neng , Chu Liang , Katlinski Kanstantsin V. , Katlinskaya Yuliya V. , Guo Rong-Bing , Wei Guang-Wen , Wang Da-Cheng , Liu Xin-Yuan , Fuchs Serge Y.
Published: September 2016

Purpose: Antiproliferative, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activities of endogenous type I IFNs (IFN1) prompt the design of recombinant IFN1 for therapeutic purposes. However, most of the designed IFNs exhibited suboptimal therapeutic efficacies against solid tumors. Here, we report evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antitumorigenic activities of a novel recombinant IFN termed sIFN-I.

Experimental Design: We compared primary and tertiary structures of sIFN-I with its parental human IFNα-2b, as well as affinities of these ligands for IFN1 receptor chains and pharmacokinetics. These IFN1 species were also compared for their ability to induce JAK–STAT signaling and expression of the IFN1-stimulated genes and to elicit antitumorigenic effects. Effects of sIFN-I on tumor angiogenesis and immune infiltration were also tested in transplanted and genetically engineered immunocompetent mouse models.

Results: sIFN-I displayed greater affinity for IFNAR1 (over IFNAR2) chain of the IFN1 receptor and elicited a greater extent of IFN1 signaling and expression of IFN-inducible genes in human cells. Unlike IFNα-2b, sIFN-I induced JAK–STAT signaling in mouse cells and exhibited an extended half-life in mice. Treatment with sIFN-I inhibited intratumoral angiogenesis, increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration, and robustly suppressed growth of transplantable and genetically engineered tumors in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice.

Conclusions: These findings define sIFN-I as a novel recombinant IFN1 with potent preclinical antitumorigenic effects against solid tumor, thereby prompting the assessment of sIFN-I clinical efficacy in humans. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 2038–49. ©2016 AACR.
TGFβ1-Mediated SMAD3 Enhances PD-1 Expression on Antigen-Specific T Cells in Cancer
Authors: Park Benjamin V. , Freeman Zachary T. , Ghasemzadeh Ali , Chattergoon Michael A. , Rutebemberwa Alleluiah , Steigner Jordana , Winter Matthew E. , Huynh Thanh V. , Sebald Suzanne M. , Lee Se-Jin , Pan Fan , Pardoll Drew M. , Cox Andrea L.
Published: September 2016

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a coinhibitory receptor that downregulates the activity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in cancer and of virus-specific T cells in chronic infection. The molecular mechanisms driving high PD-1 expression on TILs have not been fully investigated. We demonstrate that TGFβ1 enhances antigen-induced PD-1 expression through SMAD3-dependent, SMAD2-independent transcriptional activation in T cells in vitro and in TILs in vivo. The PD-1hi subset seen in CD8+ TILs is absent in Smad3-deficient tumor-specific CD8+ TILs, resulting in enhanced cytokine production by TILs and in draining lymph nodes and antitumor activity. In addition to TGFβ1′s previously known effects on T-cell function, our findings suggest that TGFβ1 mediates T-cell suppression via PD-1 upregulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). They highlight bidirectional cross-talk between effector TILs and TGFβ-producing cells that upregulates multiple components of the PD-1 signaling pathway to inhibit antitumor immunity.

Significance: Engagement of the coinhibitory receptor PD-1 or its ligand, PD-L1, dramatically inhibits the antitumor function of TILs within the TME. Our findings represent a novel immunosuppressive function of TGFβ and demonstrate that TGFβ1 allows tumors to evade host immune responses in part through enhanced SMAD3-mediated PD-1 expression on TILs. Cancer Discov; 6(12); 1366–81. ©2016 AACR.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1293
Morphological Characterization of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Type 1, the Efficiency of Its Surgical Treatment
Authors: Procházková Kristýna , Staehler Michael , Trávníček Ivan , Pitra Tomáš , Eret Viktor , Ürge Tomáš , Eberlová Lada , Roušarová Milena , Hošek Petr , Chudáček Zdeněk , Ferda Jiří , Hes Ondřej , Hora Milan
Published: September 2016

Aim: Papillary renal cell carcinoma type 1 (pRCC1) represents the second most common type of malignant renal epithelial tumour. The origin of its characteristic appearance, its growth mechanism, and the long-term efficiency of its surgical treatment remain uncertain. Our aim was to determine typical characteristics of surgically treated pRCC1. Methods: pRCC1 was verified in 83 of 1,629 (5.1%) kidney tumours surgically treated in the period of January 2007-January 2016. The clinical and radiological characteristics, type of surgery, histopathology results and follow up data were recorded. Spearman correlation, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, Fisher's exact, and chi-square test were used to analyse appropriate variables. The overall survival rate was evaluated using the Gehan-Wilcoxon test and the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: The mean tumour size was 52.0 mm (15-180); 98.8% of the tumours showed a spherical shape and in 82.1%, exophytic growth was observed. Partial nephrectomy was performed in 80.7%. A majority (81.9%) were classified as pT1. Tumours, 89.2% of them, belonged to Fuhrman grade 1 or 2. The mean follow-up was 46.8 months. The overall survival was associated with pT category (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions: Typical signs of pRCC1 are a spherical shape, exophytic growth and low Fuhrman's grade. More than three-fourths of pRCC1 could be treated by the nephron-sparing surgery.
Secondary Combined Immunodeficiency in Pediatric Patients after the Fontan Operation: Three Case Reports
Authors: Hlavackova Eva , Liska Martin , Jicinska Hana , Navratil Jiri , Litzman Jiri
Published: September 2016

The Fontan operation or total cavopulmonal connection (TCPC) is a palliative surgical correction of rare and complex inborn cardiac malformations that are characterized by univentricular circulation. Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) develops in 4-13% of patients after the Fontan procedure. Fontan-related PLE leads to secondary combined immunodeficiency marked by hypogammaglobulinemia and predominantly CD4+ lymphocytopenia. Here, we present 3 case reports of patients with secondary immunodeficiency after the Fontan operation. The severity of hypogammaglobulinemia correlated with the nature of the infectious complications; however, clinical manifestations of T cell deficiency such as severe viral or opportunistic infections were not observed. The clinical consequences of the secondary combined immunodeficiency were modified by immunoglobulin replacement treatment and antibiotic prophylaxis. Heart transplantation led to the resolution of PLE signs and the restitution of IgG levels in 1 transplanted patient. Our experience shows that the immunological follow-up was delayed in all 3 patients. We suggest that all patients should be followed regularly by a clinical immunologist after the Fontan surgery.
Allergen-Induced Increases in Interleukin-25 and Interleukin-25 Receptor Expression in Mature Eosinophils from Atopic Asthmatics
Authors: Tang Wei , Smith Steven G. , Salter Brittany , Oliveria John Paul , Mitchell Patrick , Nusca Graeme M. , Howie Karen , Gauvreau Gail M. , O'Byrne Paul M. , Sehmi Roma
Published: September 2016

Background: Interleukin (IL)-25 plays a pivotal role in type 2 immune responses. In a baseline cross-sectional study, we previously showed that IL-25 plasma levels and IL-25 receptor (IL-25R: IL-17RA, IL-17RB, and IL-17RA/RB) expression on mature blood eosinophils are increased in atopic asthmatics compared to normal nonatopic controls. This study investigated allergen-induced changes in IL-25 and IL-25R expression in eosinophils from asthmatics. Methods: Dual responder atopic asthmatics (n = 14) were enrolled in this randomized diluent-controlled crossover allergen challenge study. Blood was collected before and 24 h after the challenge. The surface expression of IL-25R was evaluated by flow cytometry on eosinophils and Th2 memory cells. In addition, plasma levels of IL-25 were measured by ELISA, and functional responses to IL-25 including type 2 cytokine expression, degranulation, and the migrational responsiveness of eosinophils were evaluated in vitro. Results: Following the allergen but not the diluent inhalation challenge, significant increases in the expression of IL-17RB and IL-17RA/B were found on eosinophils but not on Th2 memory cells. IL-25 plasma levels and the number of eosinophils but not of Th2 memory cells expressing intracellular IL-25 increased significantly in response to the allergen but not the diluent challenge. Stimulation with physiologically relevant concentrations of IL-25 in vitro caused (i) degranulation of eosinophils (measured by eosinophil peroxidase release), (ii) enhanced intracellular expression of IL-5 and IL-13, and (iii) priming of eosinophil migration to eotaxin. IL-25 stimulated intracellular cytokine expression, and the migration of eosinophils was blocked in the presence of a neutralizing IL-25 antibody. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the IL-25/IL-25R axis may play an important role in promoting the recruitment and proinflammatory function of eosinophils in allergic asthma.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Hypophosphatemia: A Case of Hypophosphatemia along the Rickets-Osteomalacia Spectrum
Authors: Georges George T. , Nájera O. , Sowers Kurt , Sowers James R.
Published: September 2016

Phosphorus is a key component of bone, and a deficiency results in poor mineralization along with other systemic symptoms of hypophosphatemia. Various causes of hypophosphatemia with renal wasting of phosphorus have been identified. These include the Fanconi syndrome, various genetic mutations of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) handling and the sodium/phosphate cotransporter, and those due to FGF23 secretion by mesenchymal tumors. Depending on the cause, vitamin D metabolism may also be impaired, which may amplify the deficiency in phosphorus and render treatment more challenging. Here, we report a case of hypophosphatemia and multiple stress fractures in a 20-year-old male college student living with chronic bone pain and anxiety about suffering further fractures. We further review the literature regarding this spectrum.
Different Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Adaptations in COPD Patients with and without Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Authors: Jarosch Inga , Gehlert Sebastian , Jacko Daniel , Koczulla Rembert Andreas , Wencker Marion , Welte Tobias , Bloch Wilhelm , Janciauskiene Sabina , Kenn Klaus
Published: September 2016

Background: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves oxidative capacity of peripheral muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The exercise-induced oxidative skeletal muscle adaptation in COPD patients with inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) has not been studied. Objectives: To compare PR effects on skeletal muscle adaptation in COPD patients with and without A1ATD. Methods: Nine COPD patients with A1ATD (genotype PiZZ, 6 receiving A1AT augmentation therapy), and 10 ‘usual' COPD patients (genotype PiMM) performed an incremental cycling test and underwent musculus vastus lateralis biopsies before and after a 3-week PR program including exercise training. Results: PiZZ and PiMM patients improved peak work rate following PR (+9 ± 11 W, p < 0.05, and +18 ± 9 W, p < 0.001, between-group difference p < 0.05). PiMM patients increased fibre type I (+8.1%), reduced fibre type IIA (-2.1%) and hybrid fibre type IIA/IIX proportion (-3.9%). Following PR, PiMM patients also raised mitochondrial signalling proteins PGC-1α (4.5-fold), and TFAM (6.4-fold). PiZZ patients had no change in fibre type I but showed a shift of type IIA/IIX (-8.8%) towards fibre type IIA distribution (+8.9%). The capillary to fibre ratio increased by 28% (p < 0.05) in PiZZ, whereas no change was observed in PiMM patients. Linear regression analysis revealed that diffusion capacity and A1AT therapy are predictor variables for myofibre type I response to PR (r2 = 0.684, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Following a 3-week PR with comparable training modalities, PiMM but not PiZZ patients increased the oxidative myofibre type I proportion. This skeletal muscle adaptation pattern suggests better improvement of exercise capacity in PiMM than in PiZZ patients with COPD.
Pathophysiological relevance of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis
Authors: Liberale Luca , Dallegri Franco , Carbone Federico , Montecucco Fabrizio
Published: September 2016

Macrophages are highly heterogeneous and plastic cells. They were shown to play a critical role in all stages of atherogenesis, from the initiation to the necrotic core formation and plaque rupture. Lesional macrophages primarily derive from blood monocyte, but local macrophage proliferation as well as differentiation from smooth muscle cells have also been described. Within atherosclerotic plaques, macrophages rapidly respond to changes in the microenvironment, shifting between pro- (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) functional phenotypes. Furthermore, different stimuli have been associated with differentiation of newly discovered M2 subtypes: IL-4/IL-13 (M2a), immunecomplex (M2b), IL-10/glucocorticoids (M2c), and adenosine receptor agonist (M2d). More recently, additional intraplaque macrophage phenotypes were also recognized in response to CXCL4 (M4), oxidized phospholipids (Mox), haemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes (HAmac/M(Hb)), and heme (Mhem). Such macrophage polarization was described as a progression among multiple phenotypes, which reflect the activity of different transcriptional factors and the cross-talk between intracellular signalling. Finally, the distribution of macrophage subsets within different plaque areas was markedly associated with cardiovascular (CV) vulnerability. The aim of this review is to update the current knowledge on the role of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage phenotypic shift will be summarised and discussed. Finally, the role of intraplaque macrophages as predictors of CV events and the therapeutic potential of these cells will be discussed.
Applications, Prospects and Challenges of Silicon Carbide Junction Field Effect Transistor (SIC JFET)
Authors: Ehiagwina Frederick Ojiemhende , Kehinde Olufemi Oluseye , Afolabi Lateef Olashile , Onawola Hassan Jimoh , Iromini Nurudeen Ajibola
Published: September 2016

Properties of Silicon Carbide Junction Field Effect Transistor (SiC JFET) such as high switching speed, low forward voltage drop and high temperature operation have attracted the interest of power electronic researchers and technologists, who for many years developed devices based on Silicon (Si).  A number of power system Engineers have made efforts to develop more robust equipment including circuits or modules with higher power density. However, it was realized that several available power semiconductor devices were approaching theoretical limits offered by Si material with respect to capability to block high voltage, provide low on-state voltage drop and switch at high frequencies. This paper presents an overview of the current applications of SiC JFET in circuits such as inverters, rectifiers and amplifiers. Other areas of application reviewed include; usage of the SiC JFET in pulse signal circuits and boost converters. Efforts directed toward mitigating the observed increase in electromagnetic interference were also discussed. It also presented some areas for further research, such as having more applications of SiC JFET in harsh, high temperature environment. More work is needed with regards to SiC JFET drivers so as to ensure stable and reliable operation, and reduction in the prices of SiC JFETs through mass production by industries.
Left Atrial Appendage Closure Under Intracardiac Echocardiographic Guidance: Feasibility and Comparison With Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Matsuo Yae , Neuzil Petr , Petru Jan , Chovanec Milan , Janotka Marek , Choudry Subbarao , Skoda Jan , Sediva Lucie , Kurabayashi Masahiko , Reddy Vivek Y.
Published: September 2016

Background

Transcatheter left atrial appendage closure is an alternative therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation patients. These procedures are currently guided with transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopy in most centers. As intracardiac echocardiography (
ICE
) is commonly used in other catheter‐based procedures, we sought to determine the safety and effectiveness of intracardiac echocardiography–guided left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman device.

Methods and Results

A total of 27 patients (11 males, 77.0±8.5 years) with atrial fibrillation receiving Watchman left atrial appendage closure under intracardiac echocardiography guidance at a single center were investigated. All patients were implanted successfully. There were no major procedural complications. The overall procedure‐related complication rate was 14.8%, mainly due to access site hematoma. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated successful closure of the left atrial appendage in all patients at 45 days after device implant.

Conclusions

Transcatheter left atrial appendage closure with intracardiac echocardiography guidance is safe and feasible.
What Winnie Knew or Beckett’s Deriding Smile
Authors: Chambon Joëlle
Published: September 2016

Running counter to the French critical tradition, in which Oh les beaux jours is often neglected, we consider that this play offers, through the experience of Winnie, a vision that might help us to enrich our conception of aging. In this reading, Winnie is no more a featherbrained child-woman, but someone who fights—by caring, and by the creative use of language and memory—to sustain her humanity in a situation of inevitable decline.
Samuel Beckett and the Contingency of Old Age
Authors: Barry Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

This article explores the ‘best chance’ for aesthetic inspiration and experiment that old age—as an experience and a concept—might offer to Samuel Beckett. It considers the way in which the period of advanced old age might elude conventional narrative structures, and why Beckett might find this suggestive. Finally, it examines the tensions that emerge in Beckett’s writings between philosophical treatments of temporality and contingency in relation to finitude, and the lived experience of temporal phenomena at the end of life.
À propos d’ acte sans paroles I
Authors: Dupuy Dominique
Published: September 2016

Act without Words I is a play about gravity, whose mechanisms are on display. In Worstward Ho, the image of an old man and a child holding hands suddenly appears out of the nothingness. This image, with all its implications, has given rise to our recent production of Act without Words I, in which the same sequence of movements is performed twice, first by a young circus artist, and then by myself, an eighty-year-old dancer.
On the nomenclatural status of Geastrum trichiferum (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota)
Authors: ZAMORA JUAN CARLOS , PARRA LUIS ALBERTO
Published: September 2016

Geastrum Persoon (1794): Persoon (1801) is a genus of gasteroid fungi with ca. 100–120 species widely distributed (Zamora et al. 2014). A considerable number of the about 300 names published under Geastrum (Robert et al. 2005) are poorly known, and several names have important nomenclatural problems. One of them is Geastrum trichiferum, a name that firstly appeared in Lloyd (1907: 314) as Geaster trichifer and of which the nomenclature has been variously interpreted in the literature.
Response Time Characteristics of the Fast-2D Optical Array Probe Detector Board
Authors: Hayman Matthew , McMenamin Katie J. , Jensen Jørgen B.
Published: September 2016

Two-dimensional optical array probes are commonly used for imaging raindrops and ice particles on research aircraft. The ability of these probes to accurately measure particle concentration and size partly depends on the response characteristics of the detection system. If the response characteristics are too slow, then small particles are less likely to be detected and the associated effective sample volume decreases. In an effort to better understand the sample volumes of optical array probes at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the temporal response of the Fast-2D optical array probe detector board from optical input on the detector to digitization was characterized. The analysis suggests that the board electronics have a response time constant consistently near 50 ns. However, there is also a slow decay term that conforms to a decay rate. The amplitude of this slow function can impact the probe response, varying the minimum detectable pulse width between 60 and 150 ns. Also, the amplitude of the slow function is largely dictated by the illumination angle of incidence. The effects of the response time characteristics are analyzed using a simulator for a 2D cloud (2D-C) probe with 25-μm photodiode spacing. The results show the greatest sensitivity to response time characteristics when particles are smaller than 150 μm, where 10% uncertainty in the slow fraction is likely to produce sample volume uncertainties near 10%. Ignoring response time effects may bias sample volume estimates in the small size regime by as much as 25%.
Privatising public prisons: Penality, law and practice
Authors: Liebling Alison , Ludlow Amy
Published: September 2016

In October 2011, HM Prison Birmingham was transferred from public to private management, under G4S. This was the first time that an existing operational public prison was privatised in the UK. The move marked the third and most far reaching phase of prison privatisation policy, and was intended both to increase quality of life for prisoners, from a low baseline, and to reduce costs. Prior to 2011, private prisons had all been new-builds. Private contractors had thus far avoided the additional challenges of inheriting a pre-existing workforce and operating in old, often unsuitable, buildings. This article reports on a longitudinal evaluation of the complex process of the transition, and some outcomes for both staff and prisoners. As an experiment in the reorganisation of work and life in a ‘traditional’ public sector prison, the exercise was unprecedented, and has set the agenda for future transformations. The example illustrates the intense, distinctive and rapidly changing nature of penality as it makes itself felt in the lived prison experience, and raises important questions about the changing use of State power.
Integrating Neuroscience Into Counseling Psychology
Authors: Goss David
Published: September 2016

A systematic review was carried out to investigate what themes current academic journal publications discuss in relation to the integration of neuroscience into counseling psychology. After initial database searches, a thematic analysis was performed on the available literature, determining the key themes and subjects of discussion across the data. A total of 21 publications were carried through to synthesis, with four main themes emerging: Biopsychosocial Topics of Discussion, Neuroscience Education, Integrating Neuropsychology, and Implications of Integration. Further subthemes are discussed, providing a richer description of the publication content focus. There is currently a small body of literature associated with this paradigm. However, the literature available provides evidence of a number of topic areas in which neuroscience can be integrated into counseling psychology. Recent publications may signal a reawakening of an earlier interest in the paradigm.
Green Colored Lenses: Worldviews and Motivated Reasoning in the Case of Local Water Scarcity
Authors: Switzer David , Vedlitz Arnold
Published: September 2016

Studies linking local issue severity to public opinion often treat the effect as homogeneous, suggesting a straightforward relationship between issue exposure and policy opinions. It is more likely that individuals perceive local issues in conditional ways. We advance a theory of motivated reasoning whereby worldviews act as a lens through which individuals interpret the world around them. When the observed environment conforms to individuals’ prior beliefs, they will be even more likely to perceive risk and call for policy action. When the information presented to them is incongruent with their worldview, increasing issue severity will have a minimal effect. We test our theory by combining an indicator of water scarcity with data from two nationally representative, probability-based panel surveys about water issues in the United States. Analyzing interactive models predicting risk perception and policy preferences, we find that water scarcity drives individuals with opposing environmental worldviews even further apart.
Anti-clericalism in translation: Anti-Catholic ideology in the English translation of Giuseppe Garibaldi’s Clelia o il governo dei preti (1870)
Authors: Portelli Sergio
Published: September 2016

Giuseppe Garibaldi’s novel Clelia o il governo dei preti (1870) is an exposition of the Italian hero’s strong anti-clerical sentiments in the form of a historical novel. Even before its publication in Italian, the novel was translated and published in England and the United States. The study examines how the source text was appropriated by the anonymous translator to suit the ideological agenda of radical anti-Catholic Protestant groups in Britain and America in the second half of the 19th century. The translation is considered within the historical context of Garibaldi’s celebrity status, the fortunes of his memoirs and literary works and the anti-Catholic campaigns in Britain and the US in the 19th century. The translation strategies adopted by the translator to rewrite Garibaldi’s novel according to the propaganda requirements and the sensibilities of Anglo-American Protestant readers particularly hostile to the Catholic Church are analyzed from the perspective of Lefevere’s view of translation as rewriting and its relationship with ideology, as well as Venuti’s identification of domestication as an ideological translation strategy.
Prevalence and Mechanisms of Peri-implant Diseases
Authors: Salvi G.E. , Cosgarea R. , Sculean A.
Published: September 2016

The aim of the present critical review is to summarize recent evidence on the prevalence of peri-implant diseases and their similarities and differences with periodontal diseases with a focus on their pathogenetic mechanisms. Reports on the extent and severity of peri-implant diseases are influenced by different case definitions. The prevalence of peri-implant diseases is reported at the subject or implant level and affected by the type of population samples analyzed (e.g., randomly selected population samples or convenience samples). The outcomes of studies on animals and humans indicate that experimental biofilm accumulation leads to a higher frequency of bleeding sites around implants as compared with teeth. Despite the proof of principle that experimentally induced mucositis may be reversible, early diagnosis and management of naturally occurring peri-implant mucositis are clinically relevant. Tissue destruction at experimental peri-implantitis sites is faster and more extensive when compared with that at experimental periodontitis sites. Although human periodontitis and peri-implantitis lesions share similarities with respect to etiology and clinical features, they represent distinct entities from a histopathologic point of view. To avoid implant loss, patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis should be treated without delay.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of a Lifelong Learning Program
Authors: Park Jee Hoon , Lee KyongWeon , Dabelko-Schoeny Holly
Published: September 2016

Lifelong learning programs meet older adults’ educational needs and further support their health and well-being leading to more successful aging. In particular, university-based lifelong learning programs have provided older adults with opportunities to not only develop skills and knowledge but also expand new social networks with people of different ages. This study evaluated a university-based lifelong learning program, Program 60, to identify the relationships between participants’ experiences in the program and their quality of life. An online survey was employed, and 107 participants completed the self-report survey. The participants reported that classes helped increase their emotional satisfaction and that they enjoyed taking classes with younger students. Their experiences in the program reliably predicted psychological and social elements of their quality of life ( p = .004 and p = .019, respectively). Study results provide helpful information for the development of lifelong learning programs that are responsive to the increasing demands of older adults.
Pediatric Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease: Challenges in Identifying Clinically Relevant Biomarkers
Authors: Gura Kathleen M. , Mulberg Andrew E. , Mitchell Paul D. , Yap John , Kim Clara Y. , Chen Minjun , Potemkin Alexis , Puder Mark
Published: September 2016

Background: Intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD) is complex and diagnosed by concurrent use of parenteral nutrition, clinical presentation, and alterations in hepatic biomarkers exclusive of other causes of liver disease. In comparison with individual measures, composite biomarkers may provide a more effective means for assessing disease progression and response to treatment than single parameters. Since IFALD is considered by some to be a type of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI), those diagnostic criteria could potentially be used in this population. Using a preexisting database of children treated for IFALD, our aim was to determine if a similar composite biomarker could be applied to this population. Study Design: Adult DILI criteria were applied at baseline, when treatment for IFALD (ie, direct bilirubin ≥2.0 mg/dL) was initiated. Results: A total of 214 patients with IFALD treated at Boston Children’s Hospital were identified; 168 patients were eligible for analysis. Most patients analyzed were male (61%) and preterm (87%). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥2× upper limit of normal (ULN) captured the least amount of DILI (11%), while γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) ≥1× ULN accounted for the most (62%). Using adult DILI criteria, 60 (39%) patients with IFALD were found to have DILI. Substituting GGT ≥1× ULN for ALP ≥2× ULN improved the sensitivity, with 105 (69%) of patients meeting at least 1 criterion for DILI. Conclusion: Numerous challenges made it difficult to apply the DILI criteria to children with IFALD. Direct bilirubin, fractionated ALP, and perhaps GGT may be more suitable. Given its complex etiology and the age‐based differences due to hepatic immaturity and growth, a more suitable composite marker needs to be developed to assess IFALD in this population.
Ideology: towards renewal of a critical concept
Authors: Downey John , Toynbee Jason
Published: September 2016

In this response to our critics and fellow-travellers we reaffirm our claim that contemporary media studies should reinvent a critical concept of ideology. We do this through addressing some of the problems with older critical conceptions of ideology and suggesting potentially fruitful ways forward through engaging with research traditions that have become neglected or are overlooked in the field. This avowedly inter-disciplinary position draws on political philosophy, critical realism, ordinary language philosophy, and discursive psychology. At the end of the essay we show how a critical concept of ideology can be applied in analysis of news reporting.
Boon or bane for development? Turkey’s central state bureaucracy and the management of public investment
Authors: Luca Davide
Published: September 2016

While Turkey’s use of public monies has been frequently marred by waste and short-term electoral rewarding, recent research suggests that the allocation of public investment across Turkish provinces between 2004 and 2012 was more responsive to socioeconomic needs than electoral politics. The current paper aims to understand this empirical puzzle by exploring whether the ‘relatively sound’ management of public investment can be explained by the characteristics of the central economic bureaucracy. It draws on process-tracing analysis and in-depth elite interviews. In line with the developmental state literature, the analysis argues that authoritative and insulated public administrations are essential for policy effectiveness, particularly in institutional contexts prone to a high politicisation of the public purse. Yet, in order to prevent bureaucratic capture, bureaus must also be accountable. The analysis in particular shows how increasing the transparency of the state and allowing a stronger oversight of policy performance by the public and the media are extremely important. Conversely, transformations which simply reduce the powers of strong, top-down bureaucracies to increase the indiscriminate control by governments – such as the ones which have occurred in Turkey in recent years – will not lead to stronger institutions, but merely produce different ineffective and unsustainable structures.
Communication and language profiles of children with congenital deafblindness
Authors: Dammeyer Jesper , Ask Larsen Flemming
Published: September 2016

To be born deaf and blind creates both communicative and language acquisition barriers for a child. Although case studies, research, and practical reports have described the severe communicative delay that children with congenital deafblindness (CDB) often experience, to date, no population studies have given a systematic overview of the characteristics of communication, language use, and language acquisition. This study investigates modes of communication and level of language acquisition among 71 children with CDB using the Rowland Communication Matrix and a questionnaire form. Results show heterogeneity in use of communication mode, vocabulary, and level of language development. Communication was distributed across modalities with 23% using tactile language, 32% oral language, and 39% visual sign language. With regard to the level of language acquisition, 41% used pre-verbal communication, 42% verbal communication (tactile, visual, or oral) but with delay, and 18% verbal communication (tactile, visual, or oral) without any delay. Similar heterogeneity was reflected on vocabulary count and score on the Rowland Communication Matrix. Children with CDB are not a uniform group, and more research is needed in order to map out the diversity found.
Community-based vision rehabilitation provision in England
Authors: Rabiee Parvaneh , Bernard Sylvia , Baxter Kate , Parker Gillian
Published: September 2016

Sight loss is more common among older than younger people. With an ageing population and increasing pressure on health and social care services, preventive and rehabilitation services are being prioritised. However, evidence around community-based vision rehabilitation services is underdeveloped. The focus of this article is on the prevalence, organisational models and capacity of community-based vision rehabilitation services in England that are wholly or partly funded by local authorities (LAs). In all, 89 of the 152 (57%) LAs responded to an online survey about vision rehabilitation services. Services vary widely in the type of provider, type of support offered, structure and skills of the team delivering interventions, caseloads and waiting times. Voluntary organisations appear to experience more pressure on budgets and staffing ratios than LA in-house services. The article discusses implications for practice.
Linking schools, universities, and businesses to mobilize resources and support for career choice and development of students who are visually impaired
Authors: Patterson John A , Loomis Colleen
Published: September 2016

This study documents how linking schools, universities, and local organizations can make school curriculum more relevant for career development for students who are visually impaired. Two schools, one for the visually impaired with students aged 4–19 years and another school for students aged 11–19 years who have severe or profound learning difficulties, were part of the collaboration, along with local university students who were teachers in training. Outcomes included new curriculum material for use in public schools to sensitize sighted students on visual impairment. The project also initiated employment apprenticeships for two students who are visually impaired. Our findings suggest that we can educate multiple groups of students simultaneously while building stronger ties between schools, universities, and local public and private employers. Using an outreach approach results in building relationships that facilitate education and employment for students who are visually impaired. St. Vincent’s School obtained consent for all participants in this study and participants chose to be identified, rather than have a pseudonym used.
A mixed methods approach for the integration of urban design and economic evaluation: Industrial heritage and urban regeneration in China
Authors: Berta Mauro , Bottero Marta , Ferretti Valentina
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the early results of a study aimed at experimenting an innovative approach to the design and the evaluation of complex urban transformation processes, based on the combined use of different design strategies and tools. The purpose of the paper is to illustrate, by means of a case study, a multi-level decision aiding process, able to support strategic urban design, with specific reference to regeneration processes for abandoned industrial sites in urban areas. The case study presented in the paper concerns different alternative proposals for the requalification of the former Shougang/Er-Tong mechanical factory in Beijing, China. The choice of a Chinese case study as a field test for an experimentation about mixed methods research approaches in the domain of urban transformation is related to the peculiar emerging conditions of that context, in which huge economic potentials are speeding up the transformation but a substantial lack of cultural and methodological instruments to manage a so fast modification exists. During the design process, three methods in particular have been combined according to a multi-phase design: (i) Stakeholders Analysis, (ii) Multicriteria Analysis, and (iii) Discounted Cash Flow Analysis. Each one of them has been applied in parallel to the evolution of the different design scenarios. The results of the performed study show that mixed methods approaches are a promising line of research in the field of environmental evaluation and urban design. Insights and guidelines for the replication of the proposed methodological approach in other territorial contexts are also proposed.
Communicating corporate social responsibility via telecommunications websites
Authors: Sulemena Anas
Published: September 2016

Many organizations engage in and also endeavor to report their corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to placate the key stakeholders in society. This study is a cross-country analysis of CSR themes communicated by the eight top telecommunications companies in Africa using websites as a disclosure medium. The study evaluates CSR reportage in community involvement, ethical involvement, product and customer, human resource and environmental engagement in South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria and Kenya. The work concludes that the telecommunications companies in Africa sampled in the study are committed to and report their CSR activities. However, significant differences do exist in how the various companies reported on their CSR. The South African firms clearly lead in reporting CSR in most of the constructs investigated. However, the sampled firms all reported their contributions to education and community engagement. The work makes significant contributions to CSR reportage, especially in the area of cross-country analysis of CSR themes.
Unfulfilled need
Authors: Kirlidog Melih , van der Vyver Charles , Zeeman Malie , Coetzee Wilma
Published: September 2016

The ubiquity of information and communication technologies (ICT) in all aspects of life has an important consequence in today’s world: shortage of skilled personnel in this area. Although the dotcom bubble in 2000 had an adverse effect in the requirement for ICT skills in industrialized countries, this is not applicable for many developing countries, where ICT skills are in high demand. Even though South Africa is one of these countries, ICT enrolments and graduations do not meet ICT skills demand. An important reason for the skills gap in this area is the negative perceptions of university students about ICT. It was found that there were substantial differences in the perceptions of ICT and non-ICT students about the ICT profession. Some of the differences are subjective, such as perceiving the ICT profession as boring, while some other are ungrounded, such as that ICT jobs are less secure and the unemployment rate is high. The findings may be pertinent not only for South Africa, but also other developing countries where negative perceptions about ICT hinder prospective students to enrol to computer-related programs.
News coverage and attitudes on immigration: Public and commercial television news compared
Authors: Jacobs Laura , Meeusen Cecil , d’Haenens Leen
Published: September 2016

Public and commercial news follow distinct logics. We evaluate this duality in television news coverage on immigration. First, by means of a large-scale content analysis of Flemish television news ( N = 1630), we investigate whether immigration coverage diverges between both broadcasters. Results show that, despite an overall negativity bias and relative homogeneity between the broadcasters, commercial news contains slightly more sensational and tabloid characteristics than public news. The latter promotes a more balanced view of immigration. These differences are stable over time. Second, using cross-sectional and panel data, we assess whether a preference for public versus commercial news is associated with an attitudinal gap in anti-immigrant attitudes. Findings demonstrate that individuals who prefer commercial news are more negative towards immigrants. We suggest that differences in news content may explain this attitudinal gap. In light of the debate around ‘public value’ offered by public service media across Europe, we tentatively conclude that public broadcasters have the potential to foster tolerance and provide balanced information by prioritizing a normative view over a market logic. The linkage between news coverage and the gap in attitudes between commercial and public news viewers warrants closer investigation in the future.
Measuring vascular reactivity with resting-state blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations: A potential alternative to the breath-holding challenge?
Authors: Jahanian Hesamoddin , Christen Thomas , Moseley Michael E , Pajewski Nicholas M , Wright Clinton B , Tamura Manjula K , Zaharchuk Greg ,   for the SPRINT Study Research Group
Published: September 2016

Measurement of the ability of blood vessels to dilate and constrict, known as vascular reactivity, is often performed with breath-holding tasks that transiently raise arterial blood carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels. However, following the proper commands for a breath-holding experiment may be difficult or impossible for many patients. In this study, we evaluated two approaches for obtaining vascular reactivity information using blood oxygenation level-dependent signal fluctuations obtained from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data: physiological fluctuation regression and coefficient of variation of the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. We studied a cohort of 28 older adults (69 ± 7 years) and found that six of them (21%) could not perform the breath-holding protocol, based on an objective comparison with an idealized respiratory waveform. In the subjects that could comply, we found a strong linear correlation between data extracted from spontaneous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signal fluctuations and the blood oxygenation level-dependent percentage signal change during breath-holding challenge ( R2 = 0.57 and 0.61 for resting-state physiological fluctuation regression and resting-state coefficient of variation methods, respectively). This technique may eliminate the need for subject cooperation, thus allowing the evaluation of vascular reactivity in a wider range of clinical and research conditions in which it may otherwise be impractical.
Incidence, hemodynamic, and electrical characteristics of spreading depolarization in a swine model are affected by local but not by intravenous application of magnesium
Authors: Santos Edgar , León Fiorella , Silos Humberto , Sanchez-Porras Renan , Shuttleworth C William , Unterberg Andreas , Sakowitz Oliver W
Published: September 2016

The aim was to characterize the effects of magnesium sulfate, using i.v. bolus and local administration, using intrinsic signal imaging, and on electrocorticographic activity during the induction and propagation of spreading depolarizations in the gyrencephalic porcine brain. Local application of magnesium sulfate led to a complete inhibition of spreading depolarizations. One hour after washing out the topical magnesium sulfate, re-incidence of the spreading depolarizations was observed in 50% of the hemispheres. Those spreading depolarizations showed attenuation in hemodynamic characteristics and speed in intrinsic optical signal imaging. The electrical amplitude decreased through electrocorticographic activity. Intravenous magnesium therapy showed no significant effects on spreading depolarization incidence and characteristics.