bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative structure‐activity analysis of larvicidal 1‐(substituted benzoyl)‐2‐benzoyl‐1‐tert‐butylhydrazines against Chilo suppressalis
Authors: Oikawa Nobuhiro , Nakagawa Yoshiaki , Nishimura Keiichiro , Ueno Tamio , Fujita Toshio
Published: November 2006

The larvicidal activity of a number of 1‐(substituted benzoyl)‐2‐benzoyl–1 ‐ten‐butylhydrazines against the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walk.) was measured. Variations in the activity were examined quantitatively using physico‐chemical substituent and molecular parameters and regression analysis. The results indicated that the molecular hydrophobicity and the electron‐withdrawing inductive/ field effect of ontho substituents are favourable to larvicidal activity. The bulkiness of substituents at the meta and para positions was unfavourable to activity, substitution at the para position being more unfavourable than that at the meta position in terms of van der Waals' volume. The 2,3–, 2,5‐ and 2,6‐disubstitution patterns were also unfavourable to activity. Reductions in larvicidal activity caused by the 2,6‐,‐ 2,3,5‐ and 2,3,4,5‐substitutions were greater than those induced by the 2,3‐ and 2,5‐disubstitutions. When the sum of contributions from favourable effects is greater than that from unfavourable effects, the larvicidal activity is expected to be superior to that of the unsubstituted compound.
Lethal and sublethal effects of the neem insecticide formulation, ‘Margosan‐O’, on the pea aphid
Authors: Stark John D. , Rangus Theresa M.
Published: November 2006

The effects of ‘Margosan‐O’ (MO) on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were determined. MO significantly reduced population increase of A. pisum in a concentration‐dependent manner. At a concentration equivalent to 100 mg litre−1 of azadirachtin, population increase was c. 3.5 times lower than the control. In more detailed studies, MO significantly reduced the number of molts, longevity, and fecundity of A. pisum that had been reared on treated broad bean. Viciafaba L., plants. MO also reduced the longevity and fecundity of young adult A. pisum exposed to MO‐treated broad bean. MO was slow‐acting against A. pisum. Mortality caused by MO stabilised seven days after newborn A. pisum were exposed to treated broad bean and 10 days for adults. The seven day LC50 for individuals exposed from birth was 27.50 mg azadirachtin liter−1 while the 10 day LC50 for adults was 53.32 mg liter−1. Contrary to previous studies suggesting that neem insecticides are not contact toxicants, we found that MO applied topically to adult A. pisum caused effects similar to those found in individuals that fed upon treated plants. However, MO was slower‐acting when applied topically. Mortality in adult A. pisum caused by topically applied MO stabilised 17 days after treatment with a resultant LD50of 2.91 μg azadirachtin g−1.
Studies on the susceptibility to alkaline hydrolysis of inclusion complexes of organophosphorothioate pesticides with β‐cyclodextrins
Authors: Kamiya Mamoru , Nakamura Kaori
Published: November 2006

The inhibition of alkaline hydrolysis of organophosphorothioate pesticides such as parathion, parathion‐methyl and fenitrothion by the formation of inclusion complexes with β‐cyclodextrin and its methylated derivatives was investigated. The inclusion complex/pesticide stability relationship with the series of pesticides and β‐cyclodextrins is discussed in connection with the inclusion geometrical parameters, such as those relating to the inclusion orientation and depth of the 4‐nitrophenoxy moiety of the included pesticide. These parameters were estimated from the induced circular dichroism of the inclusion complexes by means of the rotational‐strength analysis method.
A PCR diagnostic for cyclodiene insecticide resistance in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Andreev Dmitri , Rocheleau Thomas , Phillips Thomas W. , Beeman Richard W. , ﬀrench‐Constant Richard H.
Published: November 2006

A molecular diagnostic was used to examine the conservation of cyclodiene resistance associated mutations between different strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.). An improved insecticide bioassay for discrimination between resistant genotypes was developed and seven resistant strains were established from five different continents. In order to develop a molecular diagnostic a partial cDNA of the cyclodiene insecticide resistance gene Rdl, a γ‐aminobutyric‐acid‐gated chloride‐ion channel, was cloned and sequenced. This cDNA spans exon 7, the region containing the resistance‐associated mutation, and part of exon 8. An ‘allele‐specific’ oligonucleotide primer, carrying the resistance‐associated mutation at its 3′ end, was used in combination with a flanking ‘allele‐independent’ primer in the polymerase chain reaction to selectively amplify a single resistance‐associated mutation from all seven strains collected worldwide. The implications of these findings for the population genetics of insecticide resistance and its management in pest insects via quarantine are discussed.
Action of a novel nonsteroidal ecdysteroid mimic, tebufenozide (RH‐5992), on insects of different orders
Authors: Smagghe Guy , Degheele Danny
Published: November 2006

The nonsteroidal ecdysteroid agonist tebufenozide (RH‐5992) was tested on larval stages of a number of lepidopteran species by topical application and by feeding on treated leaves. LC50, values in the range 0.03–0.10 mg litre−1 were obtained for third to sixth instars of Spodoptera exempta (Walker) when insects were fed on leaves dipped in aqueous emulsions of the compound, while first to fifth instars of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) were less susceptible (LC50 values in the range 2.5–10.5 mg litre−1). When insects were topically treated, susceptibility of last‐instar larvae of Lepidoptera tested decreased in the order Spodoptera exempta, Mamestra brassicae L., Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) S. exigua and Galleria mellonella L. Tebufenozide induced a premature and lethal larval moult in larval Lepidoptera within 24 h of treatment. Most larvae died in their old larval cuticle. Other aberrations included inhibition of weight gain and feeding, extrusion of the hindgut, loss of hemolymph and an abnormal and lethal pupation. In contrast, tebufenozide at similar doses/concentrations had no activity on larval instars of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte), nymphs of Podisus sagitta (F.) and larvae of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.). It had a chemosterilizing activity in S. exigua, resulting in a total inhibition of oviposition within two days of continuous treatment at doses of ⩾ 10 mg litre−1. On the other hand, all deposited eggs were viable. Similar effects on reproduction occurred in L. decemlineata, but at higher concentrations.
The production of azadirachtin by in‐vitro tissue cultures of neem, Azadirachta indica
Authors: Allan Eunice J. , Eeswara Janakie P. , Johnson Shaun , Mordue (Luntz) A. Jennifer , Morgan E. David , Stuchbury Trevor
Published: November 2006

Callus produced from leaves of a Ghanaian strain of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss has been shown to produce the natural insecticide azadirachtin when grown in a defined medium. The azadirachtin was isolated by standard procedures of solvent partition and column chromatography monitored by supercritical fluid chromatography. Biological activity was monitored with antifeedant tests using the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.). The azadirachtin was identified by chromatography on three independent chromatographic systems (SFC, HPLC & TLC) and two thin‐layer colour tests. It has 100% antifeedant activity at < 0.04mg litre−1. The yield of azadirachtin was 0.0007% based on dry weight of callus.
The toxicity of three second‐generation rodenticides to Barn Owls
Authors: Gray Alan , Eadsforth Charles V. , Dutton Alan J. , Vaughan John A.
Published: November 2006

The toxicity of three second‐generation rodenticides to Barn Owls (Tyto alba Scop.) has been investigated. Brodifacoum, difenacoum and flocoumafen were separately fed to owls over a period of 15 days via rodenticide‐fed mice to simulate the potential route of exposure in the wild. The owls survived a cumulative dose of each rodenticide of at least 1.9 mg kg−1 owl body weight over 15 days. This is equivalent to the consumption of two 25 g mice with a rodenticide residue of 1 mg kg−1 each day for 15 days.

Residue analysis confirmed that the liver is the organ which retains the largest residue of ingested rodenticide.
Quantitative structure—activity relationships of insecticidal pyrazolines
Authors: Hasan Riaz , Nishimura Keiichiro , Ueno Tamio
Published: November 2006

Methyl 3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1‐[N‐(4‐substituted pheny1)carba‐moy1]‐2‐pyrazoline‐4‐carboxylates and related compounds were prepared. Their convulsant activity was determined as the minimum dose required to bring about the symptom within 1 h after injection against male adult American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.). Insecticidal activity with metabolic inhibitors for oxidation and hydrolysis was measured 24 h after injection of the test compounds. Variations in each of the activities were analysed by using physicochemical substituent parameters and regression analysis. The findings indicated that the greater the hydrophobicity and the more the electron‐withdrawing property of the substituents, the higher were the activities. Variations in each of the two activities were parabolically related to the STERIMOL width parameter with an optimum value of about zero.
Synthesis and biological activity of furanyl anti‐juvenile hormonal compounds
Authors: Bowers William S. , Unnithan Gopalan C. , Fukushima Jun‐Ichi , Toda Jun , Sugiyama Takeyoshi
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐one synthetic compounds, containing one or more furan rings, were demonstrated to possess anti‐juvenile hormone (AJH) activity as evidenced by their induction of premature metamorphosis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) by contact, topical application or fumigation. The ED50 of the four most active analogs required to induce precocious metamorphosis from 3rd‐instar nymphs by residue contact in a Petri dish compared favorably with that of precocene II (6,7‐dimethoxy‐2,2‐dimethyl 2H‐chromene) a naturally occurring phytochemical AJH. Precocious metamorphosis was fully reversible by co‐treatment with juvenile hormone (JH III) or JH analogs, demonstrating that the observed AJH activity resulted from an induced deficiency of juvenile hormone.
Action of the fungicide tridemorph on the glucose, lactate and succinate dehydrogenase activities of some tridemorph‐sensitive and ‐resistant bacteria
Authors: Kalam Abul , Banerjee Ajit K.
Published: November 2006

The systemic morpholine fungicide tridemorph, which is known to exert its antifungal action through inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, can also inhibit the growth of organisms which are incapable of sterol biosynthesis. It was found to inhibit strongly glucose and lactate dehydrogenase activities in cultures of four Gram( +) bacteria, Rhodococcus sp. AK 1, Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland, Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn, Nocardia asteroides and a Gram(−) bacterium, Rhizobium leguminosarum. Growth of these bacteria was inhibited by tridemorph at concentrations between 7 and 60 mg litre−1. In contrast, similar dehydrogenase activities in other Gram(−) organisms, Escherichia coli Cast. & Chalm. and Azotobacter vinelandii, which showed no growth inhibition at 200 mg litre −1 tridemorph, were either not inhibited or inhibited only slightly. Similarly, succinate dehydrogenase activity in Rhodococcus sp. AK 1 was more strongly inhibited by tridemorph than that in E. coli.

In cell‐free extracts of Rhodococcus sp. AK1 and E. coli, lactate dehydrogenase activity was also inhibited by tridemorph to a much greater extent in the sensitive strain (63%) than in the resistant ones (8%).
Managing resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides: An appraisal
Authors: Greaves John H.
Published: November 2006

The action necessary for resistance management is specified and compared with what has actually been done, with reference to executive, extension and research activities and to the role of rodenticides and rodenticide development. Some obstacles to resistance management are discussed. To account for the fact that no plausible programme to manage resistance has been developed over the last 36 years, the hypothesis is examined that resistance management is injurious to the parties concerned and, hence, that resistance is perceived not as a problem but as an exploitable asset. If correct, this hypothesis yields the prediction that the action necessary for resistance management will be taken when such action is judged to be economically efficient. The establishment of the Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee indicates that this time may be approaching.
Effects and possible mode of action of some nonionic surfactants on the diffusion of [14C]glyphosate and [14C]Chlorotoluron acorss isoltated plant cuticles
Authors: Coret Joël , Chamel André
Published: November 2006

The following are extended summaries based on posters presented at the 8th International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry (IUPAC), held in Washington, DC, USA, 4–9 July 1994. They are entirely the responsibility of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
AAL‐toxin, a potent natural herbicide which disrupts sphingolipid metabolism of plants
Authors: Abbas Hamed K. , Duke Stephen O. , Paul Rex N. , Riley Ronald T. , Tanaka Tatsumi
Published: November 2006

AAL‐toxin, a product of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., is effective as a herbicide at low concentrations against a range of broadleaf plants (e.g. jimsonweed, prickly sida and black nightshade). However, monocotyledonous crops such as maize and wheat, as well as some varieties of tomato, are tolerant to it. The IC50 values for cellular electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll loss in duckweed (Lemna pausicostata L.) after 72 h treatment were 20–40 nM. Similar results were obtained with a susceptible tomato variety. AAL‐toxin caused rapid cellular leakage of electrolytes, followed by cellular collapse; the first symptom at the ultrastructural level is disruption of the plasma membrane. The effects of the toxin are not light‐dependent and appear to be associated with dysfunction of the plasma membrane. Fumonisins and sphingoid bases such as phytosphingosine cause similar effects, although these compounds are less potent (fumonisins, about 10‐fold; sphingoid bases, about 100‐fold). Recent studies suggest that in duckweed and in susceptible tomato varieties, AAL‐toxin‐ and fumonisin B1‐induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early event in the cascade of events leading to phytotoxic injury and cell death.
Photostabilization of quinalphos by crystal violet on the surface of kaolinite and palygorskite
Authors: Banerjee Kaushik , Dureja Prem
Published: November 2006

Photochemical stability of the insecticide, quinalphos (O,O‐diethyl O‐quinoxalin‐2‐yl phosphorothioate), adsorbed on kaolinite and palygorskite was studied. In all cases considerable photostabilization was achieved in comparison with the sample of pesticide in its free form. Improvement of photostabilization was achieved when a cationic dye (crystal violet) was co‐adsorbed with the quinalphos. The interactions between quinalphos and clays were studied by Fouriertransform infra‐red spectroscopy. It is suggested that photostabilization is due to steric hindrance imposed by the clay surface to the isomerization step of photochemical reaction and pacification of clay surface by crystal violet.
1,3,4(2H)‐isoquinolinetrione herbicides: Novel redox mediators of photosystem I
Authors: Mitchell Glynn , Clarke Eric D. , Ridley Stuart M. , Greenhow Daren T. , Gillen Kevin J. , Vohra Shaheen K. , Wardman Peter
Published: November 2006

A series of 1,3,4(2H)‐isoquinolinetriones have been found to be fast‐acting post‐emergence herbicides, producing symptoms of desiccation. These redox‐active compounds are very potent stimulators of the light‐dependent consumption of oxygen at photosystem I in isolated chloroplasts. Pulse radiolysis studies on 2‐ethyl‐1,3,4(2H)‐isoquinolinetrione have shown it to have free‐radical properties which could enhance the generation of superoxide radicals in plants. Electrochemical studies further support a redox mediator mode of action for the series. The compounds were found to be unstable towards hydrolysis, and this was considered to be a major factor limiting the overall herbicidal effects. Other parameters, related to uptake and/or translocation, which may limit the full expression of the herbicidal activity of certain compounds, are discussed.
Residues of methomyl in strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed Tawfic , Ismail Saad M. M.
Published: November 2006

An accurate and rapid high performance liquid chromatography method was developed to monitor residues of methomyl in plant extracts. The rate of disappearance of foliage‐applied methomyl from strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers was studied. Residues reached levels of 0.55, 0.2 and 0.6 mg kg−1 seven days after methomyl had been applied to strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively. Results also showed that rinsing treated fruits with tap water removed considerable amounts of methomyl. Samples of strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers were collected from local markets at Ismailia, and checked for methomyl residues. Residues in 12.5% of tomato and 25% of strawberry samples were above 0.2 mg kg−1.
The toxicity of difenacoum and difethialone to the rock hyrax, Procavia capensis
Authors: Moran Shmuel , Sofer Shaul
Published: November 2006

Rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) were individually caged and were given two second‐generation anticoagulants, difenacoum and difethialone, in fresh sliced apple bait. Mortality caused by 0.1‐0.2 g kg−1 difenacoum bait was rather low: 0/6, 1/4 and 2/4 only. As a relatively high concentration in the bait was required, the use of difenacoum in the field is not possible because of environmental considerations. Mortality caused by 0.05 g kg−1 difethialone bait was 5/6, and by 0.065 g kg−1 6/6. The potential of using difethialone in the field is uncertain because of the prolonged treatment needed.
Carbon dioxide as a potential fumigant for termite control
Authors: Delate Kathleen M. , Grace J. Kenneth , Armstrong John W. , Tome Carrie H. M.
Published: November 2006

Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were exposed to ⩾ 95% or 50% carbon dioxide atmospheres for intervals of 24‐120 h at 26(±3)°C. A 24‐h exposure to ⩾ 95% carbon dioxide caused significant termite mortality, but 60 h were required for complete mortality. Exposure to 50% carbon dioxide for 60 h resulted in approximately 70% termite mortality, while complete mortality was recorded after 120 h. When termites were sealed in wooden blocks (90 × 90 × 152 mm), 72‐96 h exposure to ⩾ 95% carbon dioxide was necessary for complete control. A limited study with Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) suggested that this drywood termite is also susceptible to carbon dioxide fumigation, although slightly longer exposures may be required than with C. formosanus. Carbon dioxide‐modified atmospheres are a viable alternative to conventional fumigants for vault fumigation of termite‐infested materials, and may also be applicable to larger‐scale fumigations to control structural pests.
Metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐14]parathion in plant cell suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), soybean, thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Krol Doris Van Der , Schuphan Ingolf , Thiede Brigitte , Schmidt Burkhard
Published: November 2006

By means of standardized procedures, the metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐14C]‐parathion was investigated in carrot (Daucus carota L.), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.), soybean (Glycine max Merrill cv. ‚Mandarin’︁, and Glycine max Merrill cv. ‚Harosoy 63’︁ cultivated on B5 and Miller media, respectively), thorn apple (Datura stramonium L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cell suspension cultures. In the wheat and soybean (Mandarin) cells only 2.9 and 8.9%, respectively, of the applied parthion remained unmetabolized after 48 h of incubation, while 51.2, 57.9, 60.3, and 62.4% of the unchanged parent were detected in the D. purpurea, D. Stramonium, carrot and soybean (Harosoy) cultures, respectively. In all suspensions, paraoxon and 4‐nitrophenol were found as phase I metabolites, thus demonstrating that plant tissues can catalyse oxidative desulfuration and dearylation of parathion. 4‐Nitrophenol was also glycosylated with glucose and possibly galactose. Further, as yet unidentified, metabolites indicated that bio‐transformations had also occurred at the aromatic moiety. Large amounts of non‐extractable residues were detected in the wheat suspension (38.3%), while the other cultures showed a lower incorporation of 14C into insoluble cell material (0.9‐9.4%). For a prospective ecotoxicological evaluation of the metabolic fate of pesticides and xenobiotics in plants in general, the differential metabolic capacity of plant cell cultures and plants should be taken into account.
The effects of the insect growth regulator lufenuron on oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis, and german cockroach, Blattella germanica, populations in simulated domestic environments
Authors: Mosson Helen J. , Short Johanna E. , Schenkerb Rudolf , Edwardsa John P.
Published: November 2006

Bait (50 mg AI kg−1) and spray (10 mg AI m−2) formulations of the novel insect growth regulator (IGR) lufenuron were tested against populations of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis L. and the German cockroach Blattella germanica L. that had been established in simulated domestic environments. The treated populations of B. germanica declined rapidly three to four months after the start of bait or spray treatment, and were completely eradicated after 12 months. As well as disrupting the moulting process, lufenuron affected the reproduction of B. germanica by preventing the hatch of the oothecae. In B. germanica, it appeared probable that lufenuron was transferred from female cockroaches to the oothecae while they were being carried. By contrast with B. germanica, the treated populations of B. orientalis did not show any substantial decline compared with the control, even after 18 months' exposure to lufenuron bait or spray treatments. Moreover, neither moulting nor reproduction in the populations of B. orientalis appeared to be affected by either of the lufenuron treatments. Subsequently, laboratory investigations with surface deposits of either technical or formulated lufenuron, applied at dose rates up to 50 mg AI m−2, failed to demonstrate any significant effects on the development or reproduction of B. orientalis. Laboratory tests with first‐instar nymphs of both species revealed substantial differences in sensitivity to the moult‐disrupting effects of the compound. These differences extended to the adult insects, where reproduction was markedly affected in B. germanica, but apparently unaffected in B. orientalis. Thus, both bait and spray formulations of lufenuron have been shown to provide rapid and effective control of German cockroach populations in simulated domestic environments. However, the same treatments were much less effective against similar populations of the Oriental cockroach. These results are discussed in terms of the potential effectiveness of lufenuron as a cockroach control agent, and in relation to the substantial differences in susceptibility to the inhibitory effects of this compound on reproduction that were apparent between Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica.
Influence of soil moisture on short‐term adsorption of diuron and isoproturon by soil
Authors: Gaillardon Paul , Dur Jeanne C.
Published: November 2006

The adsorption of diuron and isoproturon by a clay loam soil at 35% (3‐16 kPa) and 62% (1 kPa) soil moisture content was studied by means of glass microfibre filters capable of sampling soil solution for herbicide analysis. Adsorption was rapid, with 40–80% of the final (24 h) sorption being achieved within 2 min. These equilibria were achieved more rapidly for diuron, which was also the more highly adsorbed. Adsorption of both herbicides was favoured by low soil moisture initially, but was enhanced by higher soil moistures at sorption times greater than 30 min. However, increasing the soil moisture from 31% (10 kPa) to 62% (1 kPa) had little effect on the final soil sorption capacity. Regarding the water status in the soil, it is thought that adsorption took place in small pores (<3 μm). Herbicides diffused rapidly into small pores and adsorption by wet soil was delayed for a short period of time (about 30 min).
Effect of fungal metabolites and some derivatives against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Nezara viridula (L.)
Authors: Balcells Mercè , Canela Ramon , Coll Josep , Sanchís Vicent , Torres Mercè
Published: November 2006

Two fungal metabolites, aspyrone (3‐(1,2‐epoxypropyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐5,6‐dihydropyran‐2‐one) and asperlactone (3‐(1,2‐epoxypropyl)‐5‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐5‐furan‐2‐one) were isolated from an Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm strain showing IGR activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Synthetic derivatives of aspyrone were produced using published methods. These derivatives together with aspyrone and asperlactone were tested for insect growth‐regulating activity against T. castaneum, and for ovicidal activity against Nezara viridula L. Of the compounds tested asperlactone appeared to be the most active.
Cross‐resistance between benzoylureas and benzoylhydrazines in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L
Authors: Sauphanor Benoǐt , Bouvier Jean C.
Published: November 2006

Failure in the control of the codling moth. Cydia pomonella L., with diflubenzuron was observed for three years in several locations of southern France. A laboratory procedure was set up to screen field populations for resistance to insecticides which regulate or inhibit insect development. Last‐instar larvae were captured with corrugated cardboard traps, and the tests were conducted on the F1 progeny. Newly hatched larvae were deposited in individual cups on thin layers of artificial diet, first treated with the pesticide by the way of a spray tower. They were then placed in a controlled environment chamber at 25(± 1)°C. Mortality was recorded after the first moulting, i.e. five days after infestation. These tests revealed a 370‐fold resistance to diflubenzuron in one population of C. pomonella. Cross‐resistance was observed with the two other benzoylureas registered in France against this species: teflubenzuron seven‐fold resistance) and triflumuron (102‐fold resistance). The two populations observed also presented cross‐resistance (26‐fold) with the ecdysone analogue tebufenozide (benzoylhydrazine), to which they had not previously been exposed. This is the first record of naturally occurring resistance to this new compound. Ovicidal tests on F3 progeny also indicated possible cross‐resistance with the juvenile hormone analogue, fenoxycarb, for one strain. The resistance to these different insecticides appears to be codominant. It also proved possible to detect resistance by testing the F1 progeny of males captured with non‐adhesive sex phero‐mone traps, paired with females of a laboratory susceptible strain.
Studien über Stärkesirup und seine Verwendung
Authors: Haupt Hugo
Published: November 2006

Die „Studien über Stärkesirup und seine Verwendung”︁ sind im Jahre 1928 erstmals in der Deutschen Nahrungsmittel‐Rundschau veröffentlicht und noch in jüngster Zeit auch ins Holländische und Englische über‐tragen worden. Mit dem im wesentlichen wörtlichen Nachdruck des Originalmanuskriptes verfolgen wir mit gütiger Zustimmung des Verfassers einmal eine grundsätzliche Absicht, nämlich die ältere, heute meist nur unter Schwierigkeiten oder oft gar nicht mehr erreichbare Fachliteratur von Rang in dieser Zeitschrift zu sammeln und wieder zugänglich zu machen.

Darüber hinaus aber wollen wir hier die Frage der Beimischungsbegrenzung und der Kennzeichnung zur Diskussion stellen, weil im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung in der Praxis, in der sich der besondere Wert des Stärkesirups inzwischen überall durchgesetzt hat, die geltenden lebensmittelrechtlichen Bestimmungen einer Überprüfung und der Anpassung an die tatsächlichen Verhältnisse bedürfen. Nach den Vorschriften des Lebensmittelgesetzes ist die Beimischung von Stärkesirup bei Marmeladen auf höchstens 12% begrenzt und bei Einfrucht nur bis 5% bei Mehrfrucht bis zur Höchstgrenze von 12% kennzeichnungsfrei. Ob nun ‐ wie es noch der Wunsch der Anreger dieser 1927 durchgeführten Untersuchungen gewesen war ‐ der Deklarationszwang für Stärkesirup als Benachteiligung gegenüber dem Rübenzucker beseitigt werden sollte, wie es etwa in England der Fall ist, oder aber ob nicht der Hinweis auf den Beimischungsanteil des Stärkesirups eher als eine werbewirksame Hervorhebung des besonderen Wertes des Produktes angesehen werden könnte, wie es etwa amerikanischer Auffassung entspricht, das ist sowohl eine Frage der Qualität des jeweiligen Erzeugnisses als auch eine Frage der Werbung. In‐sofern sind die nachstehenden Studien von einem der gründlichsten Kenner der Materie auch heute noch aktuell und geeignet, zur Klärung der lebensmittelrechtlichen Seite des Problems beizutragen. Die Schriftleitung.
Internationale Normung von Begriffen und Definitionen auf dem Stärkegebiet 5. Mitteilung
Authors: Graefe G.
Published: November 2006

International Standardization of Terms and Definitions Associated with Starch. Part 5. As a result of the fifth meeting of the “Terminology” group (SC 1/GT 1) of Technical Committee 93 (TC 93) of the International Standardization Organization (ISO) held in Berlin on February 19 and 20, 1974, a list was compiled giving definitions in English and French for another 40 terms. The French version (a), the English version (b) and an unofficial German version (c), supplemented by alphabetic indices, are presented for discussion.

A total of 127 terms and definitions of the international vocabulary, approved by 20 countries, have up to now been published in International Standard 1227 of February 15, 1973 and its first supplement of March 15, 1974.
Systematic hybrid LOH: a new method to reduce false positives and negatives during screening of yeast gene deletion libraries
Authors: Alvaro David , Sunjevaric Ivana , Reid Robert J. D. , Lisby Michael , Stillman David J. , Rothstein Rodney
Published: November 2006

We have developed a new method, systematic hybrid loss of heterozygosity, to facilitate genomic screens utilizing the yeast gene deletion library. Screening is performed using hybrid diploid strains produced through mating the library haploids with strains from a different genetic background, to minimize the contribution of unpredicted recessive genetic factors present in the individual library strains. We utilize a set of strains where each contains a conditional centromere construct on one of the 16 yeast chromosomes that allows the destabilization and selectable loss of that chromosome. After mating a library gene deletion haploid to such a conditional centromere strain, which corresponds to the chromosome carrying the gene deletion, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the gene deletion locus can be generated in these otherwise hybrid diploids. The use of hybrid diploid strains permits complementation of any spurious recessive mutations in the library strain, facilitating attribution of the observed phenotype to the documented gene deletion and dramatically reducing false positive results commonly obtained in library screens. The systematic hybrid LOH method can be applied to virtually any screen utilizing the yeast non‐essential gene deletion library and is particularly useful for screens requiring the introduction of a genetic assay into the library strains. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Analysis of Infection after Polypropylene Mesh Repair of Abdominal Wall Hernia
Authors: Jezupors Arnolds , Mihelsons Māris
Published: November 2006

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of superficial and prosthetic mesh infection following polypropylene mesh repair of different abdominal wall hernia in individual patients and to analyze the manifestation, clinical process and outcomes in patients with prosthetic mesh infection.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of 375 patients with 423 implanted meshes for groin, femoral, umbilical, incisional and epigastric hernias, with a mean follow‐up of 15 months (range: 3–73 months).

Results

The total superficial infection rate was 1.65% percnt;, and the rate of mesh infection was 0.94% percnt;. There were no statistically significant differences in prosthetic mesh infection between monofilament and multifilament meshes as well as between the different repair groups of hernias. The deep incisional surgical site infection after previous operation was established as a significant risk factor for prosthetic mesh infection in incisional hernia repair (P < 0.0001). Five cases of prosthetic mesh infection were presented and analyzed.

Conclusions

There is no correlation between the superficial and prosthetic mesh infection. There may be difficulties in determining mesh infection and to choose the right tactic. The reconvalescence in all patients with mesh infection was achieved only after removal of the infected mesh.
Recurrent upper airway infections and bacterial biofilms
Authors: Galli J , Ardito F , Calò L , Mancinelli L , Imperiali M , Parrilla C , Picciotti P M , Fadda G
Published: November 2006

Background: Bacterial biofilms identified in various medical devices used in otorhinolaryngology, including tympanostomy tubes, voice prostheses, and cochlear implants, can directly colonise mucosal tissues. The upper airways seem to be at high risk for this type of colonisation. Chronic and/or recurrent upper airway infections may be related to the complex structural and biochemical (quorum sensing) organisation of the biofilm which interferes with the activity of antibiotics (including those with proven in vitro efficacy), thus promoting the establishment of a chronic infection eradicable only by surgical treatment. Biofilm formation plays a role in upper respiratory infections: it not only explains the resistance of these infections to antibiotic therapy but it also represents an important element that contributes to the maintenance of a chronic inflammatory reaction.

Objectives: To document the presence of biofilms in surgical tissue specimens from patients with recurrent infection diseases, and identify their possible role in the chronicity of these infectious processes.

Method: We examined 32 surgical specimens from the upper respiratory tract (tonsils, adenoids, mucosa from the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses) of 28 patients (20 adults, eight children) with upper airway infections that had persisted despite repeated treatment with anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics with demonstrated in vitro efficacy. Tissues were cultured using conventional methods and subjected to scanning electron microscopy for detection of biofilm formation.

Results: Over 80 per cent (26/32; 81.3 per cent) of the tissue specimens were culture-positive. Bacterial biofilms (associated in most cases with coccoid bacteria) were observed in 65.6 per cent of the tissue samples.
Comparisons of Linear and Nonlinear Image Restoration
Authors: Chang Lan-Yun , Kirkland Angus I.
Published: November 2006

Exit wave restoration using focus series of images has become a widely
used technique to improve image resolution and interpretation. To
understand the effects of the imaging approximations used, we have
critically compared the specimen exit wave functions restored using the
efficient linear Wiener filter, with a general nonlinear maximum
likelihood method.
Improvements in the X-Ray Analytical Capabilities of a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope by Spherical-Aberration Correction
Authors: Watanabe M. , Ackland D.W. , Burrows A. , Kiely C.J. , Williams D.B. , Krivanek O.L. , Dellby N. , Murfitt M.F. , Szilagyi Z.
Published: November 2006

A Nion spherical-aberration (Cs) corrector was recently installed on Lehigh University's 300-keV cold field-emission gun (FEG) Vacuum Generators HB 603 dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), optimized for X-ray analysis of thin specimens. In this article, the impact of the Cs-corrector on X-ray analysis is theoretically evaluated, in terms of expected improvements in spatial resolution and analytical sensitivity, and the calculations are compared with initial experimental results. Finally, the possibilities of atomic-column X-ray analysis in a Cs-corrected STEM are discussed.
Northern Hemisphere snow cover and atmospheric blocking variability
Authors: García‐Herrera Ricardo , Barriopedro David
Published: November 2006

The interseasonal relationship between Northern Hemisphere (NH) snow cover and regional blocking patterns is explored for a 31‐year data set. It is found that snow cover exerts an important influence on regional atmospheric blocking, which, in turn, modulates snow cover extent at subcontinental scales. Observational results provide strong evidence of two primary linkages in the seasonal snow cover‐blocking relationship that support an interannual persistence cycle: The first one links winter blocking over the Atlantic and the subsequent spring (summer) Eurasian (North American) snow cover anomalies; the second one implies that spring (summer) Eurasian (North American) snow cover precedes an anomalous winter Atlantic blocking activity. We describe the temporal stages of the snow cover‐blocking relationship in the framework of a six‐step conceptual model. According to that, an enhanced Atlantic blocking activity in winter favors a later spring snow disappearance through an enhanced cold advection toward western Eurasia. The resulting snow cover anomalies partially force an opposite‐sign blocking response over west and central Pacific which is sustained through spring and early summer, presumably because of the persistence of snow cover anomalies. This anomalous pattern seems to play a role in the propagation of snow cover anomalies from Eurasia in spring to the Hudson's Bay region of North America in summer. The excessive snow cover over this region induces an asymmetrical temperature distribution, which, in turn, favors blocking activity over Europe and the West Pacific. The connection between autumn and winter climates is not clear but it could be related with the ability of autumn high ATL blocking activity to determine an early snow cover appearance in October over western Eurasia. This linkage completes a snow cover‐blocking cycle of interactions which identifies snow cover as a candidate for the recently observed blocking trends and a contributor to the interannual persistence of winter climate.
Late Pliocene millennial‐scale climate variability in the northern North Atlantic prior to and after the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation
Authors: Bartoli G. , Sarnthein M. , Weinelt M.
Published: November 2006

Sediments recovered at Ocean Drilling Program Site 984 on the Reykjanes Ridge provided multicentennial‐scale records of late Pliocene climate change over the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG), 2.95–2.82 Ma. Short‐term climate variations prior to and after the onset of continent‐wide glaciation were compared to test the hypothesis of whether Dansgaard‐Oeschger (DO) cycles may have been triggered by continental ice breakouts. During two selected interglacial stages prior to and after NHG (G15 and G1), climate variability resembled that found in the Holocene and the mid‐Pliocene warm period. In contrast, DO‐like periodicities of 1470, 2900, and 4400 years indeed only occurred in glacial stages after the onset of NHG (G14, G6, and 104) but not in stage G20 prior to the onset. These results suggest a causal link between DO cycles and the late Pliocene onset of major NHG and ice breakouts in the North Atlantic.
Detecting compaction disequilibrium with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
Authors: Schwehr Kurt , Tauxe Lisa , Driscoll Neal , Lee Homa
Published: November 2006

In clay‐rich sediment, microstructures and macrostructures influence how sediments deform when under stress. When lithology is fairly constant, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) can be a simple technique for measuring the relative consolidation state of sediment, which reflects the sediment burial history. AMS can reveal areas of high water content and apparent overconsolidation associated with unconformities where sediment overburden has been removed. Many other methods for testing consolidation and water content are destructive and invasive, whereas AMS provides a nondestructive means to focus on areas for additional geotechnical study. In zones where the magnetic minerals are undergoing diagenesis, AMS should not be used for detecting compaction state. By utilizing AMS in the Santa Barbara Basin, we were able to identify one clear unconformity and eight zones of high water content in three cores. With the addition of susceptibility, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, and isothermal remanent magnetization rock magnetic techniques, we excluded 3 out of 11 zones from being compaction disequilibria. The AMS signals for these three zones are the result of diagenesis, coring deformation, and burrows. In addition, using AMS eigenvectors, we are able to accurately show the direction of maximum compression for the accumulation zone of the Gaviota Slide.
Variability regimes of simulated Atlantic MOC
Authors: Zhu Xiuhua , Fraedrich Klaus , Blender Richard
Published: November 2006

The spectral variability structure of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) of the Atlantic Ocean is determined in 500 year simulations with state‐of‐the‐art coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (GFDL and ECHAM5/MPIOM). The power spectra of the monthly stream function are compared with trend‐eliminating detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA2). The shapes of the spectra differ substantially between latitudes, depth and the two models with constant (white) behaviour for high frequencies as a single common feature. The most frequent property of the spectra is power‐law scaling, S(f) ∼ f−β, with nontrivial exponents, mostly β ≈ 1, in agreement with 1/f or flicker noise; this is mainly found in the interannual to decadal frequency range (1/f spectra observed for sea surface temperature fluctuations are explained by a stochastically forced ocean energy balance model with vertical diffusion). For lowest frequencies, some spectra show stationary long term memory, while others reveal spectra increasing with frequency. None of the spectra can be considered uniquely as red noise explained by an ocean integrating a white stochastic atmospheric forcing.
A precipitation dipole in eastern North America
Authors: Jutla Antarpreet Singh , Small David , Islam Shafiqul
Published: November 2006

We have identified a dipole in annual precipitation across eastern North America (ENA) east of 100°W between 30°N and 60°N. This dipole appears to create spatially coherent opposing variations in precipitation with a separation of the two regions around 45°N. Annual average precipitation over ENA appears to be stable and unimodal, suggesting that the amount of overall precipitation variability is a small fraction of the mean and is largely determined by similar large scale processes. Analysis of regional average time series at interannual (3–7 year) and decadal (10–16 year) scales indicates that the dipole over the ENA region is most clearly discernible at the decadal scale. Linear regression analysis between global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and precipitation over the two subregions in ENA suggests that SST variations in several areas of the oceans tend to be associated with opposite precipitation anomalies in the two subregions of ENA.
El Niño‐Southern Oscillation determines the salinity of the freshwater lens under a coral atoll in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: van der Velde M. , Javaux M. , Vanclooster M. , Clothier B. E.
Published: November 2006

The freshwater resources of coral atolls occur mainly as lenses floating on salt water underneath the islands. The size and shape of these lenses are determined by hydrogeologic characteristics, the rainfall recharge rate and its temporal variation, plus extractions (Underwood et al., 1992; Jones and Banner, 2003; Jocson et al., 2002). In the South Pacific, rainfall exhibits seasonal as well as interannual variability related to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Ropelewski and Halpert, 1987). We used electric conductivity measurements from pumped wells on Tongatapu to show a moderate ENSO control on the temporal fluctuation of the pumped freshwater salinity. The salinity dynamics depended on low or increased rainfall recharge during respectively dry El Niño periods or wet La Niña events. ENSO events cause a large variation around the mean salinity and determine the relative salinity over the time‐scale of several years, while a smaller variation is introduced by seasonal rainfall. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) (Troup, 1965; Stone et al., 1996) was used to predict freshwater salinity with a lag time of 10 months.
Accelerating thinning of Kenai Peninsula glaciers, Alaska
Authors: VanLooy J. , Forster R. , Ford A.
Published: November 2006

Temperate mountain glaciers are thinning at high rates and significantly contributing to sea level rise. Due to these glaciers' remote locations, remote sensing and digital elevation models (DEMs) are an effective way to calculate their thinning rates and contribution to sea level rise. Comparisons of 1950s United States Geological Survey (USGS) and 2000 Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEMs with DEMs produced from Lidar profiles of glacier center‐lines indicate thinning rates from the mid‐1990s to 1999 (−0.72 ± 0.13 m y−1) accelerated by a factor of 1.5 as compared with 1950 to mid‐1990s (−0.47 ± 0.01 m y−1) for glaciers on the Harding Icefield. Overall, comparison of USGS and SRTM DEMs indicate the Harding Icefield and Grewingk‐Yalik Glacier Complex, Alaska, are thinning −0.61 ± 0.12 m y−1 from 1950 to 1999.
Alteration and self‐reversal in oceanic basalts
Authors: Doubrovine Pavel V. , Tarduno John A.
Published: November 2006

We report on magnetic properties and compositions of titanomaghemites from moderately to highly oxidized basalts recovered at nine drilling sites in the Pacific Ocean. These new data, together with similar data sets, allow us to test compositional fields of titanomaghemite that could carry self‐reversed components of natural remanent magnetization above room temperature. These compositions have been proposed on the basis of theoretical considerations of cation distributions during ionic reordering associated with low‐temperature oxidation (maghemitization). The data indicate that very high oxidation states (z ≥ 0.9) and relatively high Ti contents (x ≥ 0.6) are needed to produce natural self‐reversed components; this compositional range is much more limited than predicted. The severe restrictions on compositions and oxidation state strongly suggest that self‐reversed magnetizations should not be a general feature of the magnetization carried by oceanic basalt. Instead, the formation of self‐reversed components may signify unusual conditions, such as extreme fluid flow and iron removal, which could result in the required oxidation states while maintaining stability of the cation‐deficient titanomaghemite lattice structure.