bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrin-Mediated First Signal for Inflammasome Activation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Thinwa Josephine , Segovia Jesus A. , Bose Santanu , Dube Peter H.
Published: June 2014

How intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) recognize pathogens and activate inflammasomes at intestinal surfaces is poorly understood. We hypothesized that IECs use integrin receptors to recognize pathogens and initiate inflammation within the intestinal tract. We find that IECs infected with Yersinia enterocolitica, an enteric pathogen, use β1 integrins as pathogen recognition receptors detecting the bacterial adhesin invasin (Inv). The Inv–integrin interaction provides the first signal for NLRP3 inflammasome activation with the type three secretion system translocon providing the second signal for inflammasome activation, resulting in release of IL-18. During infection, Yersinia employs two virulence factors, YopE and YopH, to counteract Inv-mediated integrin-dependent inflammasome activation. Furthermore, NLRP3 inflammasome activation in epithelial cells requires components of the focal adhesion complex signaling pathway, focal adhesion kinase, and rac1. The binding of Inv to β1 integrins rapidly induces IL-18 mRNA expression, suggesting integrins provide a first signal for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These data suggest integrins function as pathogen recognition receptors on IECs to rapidly induce inflammasome-derived IL-18–mediated responses.
Green manure species respond differently to blade rolling
Authors: Vaisman Iris , Entz Martin H. , Bamford Keith C. , Cushon Ian
Published: June 2014

Vaisman, I., Entz, M. H., Bamford, K. C. and Cushon, I. 2014. Green manure species respond differently to blade rolling. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1507–1511. Reducing tillage in green manure (GM) management has led to interest in using the blade roller in organic agriculture. This study investigated the interaction effect of GM termination method (blade rolling and conventional tillage) and GM species choice [chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.), Indian Head lentil (Lens culinaris), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)] on a subsequent crop of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Significant effects on weed density and biomass, wheat biomass, and wheat yield indicated that the GM species were affected differently by termination methods. It was also discovered that spring-seeded hairy vetch continues to grow after rolling, while chickling vetch and lentil die.
Shelf-life and sensory assessments reveal the effects of storage treatments with 1-methylcyclopropene on new and established apples
Authors: Stanich Kareen , Cliff Margaret A. , Hampson Cheryl R. , Toivonen Peter M.A.
Published: June 2014

Stanich, K., Cliff, M. A., Hampson, C. R. and Toivonen, P. M. A. 2014. Shelf-life and sensory assessments reveal the effects of storage treatments with 1-methylcyclopropene on new and established apples. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1427–1439. This research used shelf-life and sensory assessments to explore the influence of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on four apples (Aurora, Fuji, Nicola™, Salish™). Maturity (internal ethylene concentration, starch clearing index), quality (soluble solids, titratable acidity, firmness) and sensory determinations were conducted on fruit that had undergone air (AIR) or controlled atmosphere (CA) storage treatments with and without 1-MCP. Trained panelists evaluated apples, along with industry standards (Gala, McIntosh and either Fuji or Ambrosia), for eight attributes (crispness, hardness, juiciness, skin toughness, sweetness, tartness, sweet–tart balance and flavour). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and principal component analyses (PCA) to compare the treatment and cultivar responses. Cultivars responded very differently to CA and 1-MCP. Fruit from AIR with 1-MCP were very similar to CA fruit without 1-MCP; further improvements were not observed when 1-MCP was applied to CA fruit. PCA bi-plots of the shelf-life and sensory assessments revealed that treated Salish™ fruits were more similar to one another than to cultivars from other treatments. This work successfully documented the unique changes associated with the use of 1-MCP on new and established apple cultivars. It will assist industry in applying appropriate storage practices for new and established apple cultivars.
Structural equation modeling of the Canadian flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) core collection for multiple phenotypic traits
Authors: Zhang Tao , Lamb Eric G. , Soto-Cerda Braulio , Duguid Scott , Cloutier Sylvie , Rowland Gordon , Diederichsen Axel , Booker Helen M.
Published: June 2014

Zhang, T., Lamb, E. G., Soto-Cerda, B., Duguid, S., Cloutier, S., Rowland, G., Diederichsen, A. and Booker, H. M. 2014. Structural equation modeling of the Canadian flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) core collection for multiple phenotypic traits. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1325–1332. Flax seed yield is a complex trait that results from the inter-relationship between many crop characteristics. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a statistical method used to determine the relationship between measured variables such as crop characteristics. Crop phenology, canopy traits, yield, and its components were included in structural equation models to determine how these crop characteristics relate to seed yield in a phenotypically diverse collection of flax germplasm. Early season vigor (scored as greater plant stand) was positively associated with canopy light interception and higher seed yield. Plant height also had a significant positive effect on seed yield. Moreover, yield components such as 1000-seed weight, number of bolls per unit area, and boll weight were strongly and positively correlated with seed yield. Focusing on yield-related traits, canopy architecture and expansion, and seed weight may be advantageous over yield per se in breeding for yield improvement.
Response of glyphosate-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.) to alternative herbicides
Authors: Burton Nikki , Shirriff Scott W. , Beckie Hugh J.
Published: June 2014

Burton, N., Shirriff, S. W. and Beckie, H. J. 2014. Response of glyphosate-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.) to alternative herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1407–1411. A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the response of glyphosate-resistant (GR) plus acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor-resistant kochia to five post-emergence herbicide treatments commonly used to control the weed species in chemical fallow, cereals, or oilseed crops in western Canada. The treatments, which were applied to two GR kochia biotypes and one non-GR (susceptible) biotype, included the labeled rate of dicamba, dicamba/fluroxypyr, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, MCPA/bromoxynil, and glufosinate. Both GR and non-GR biotypes responded similarly to each of the herbicide treatments. Although both GR biotypes were sensitive to the herbicides, MCPA/bromoxynil was the most effective treatment in reducing shoot biomass 3 wk after application (99%), followed by glufosinate (91%) then the dicamba mixtures (82%). Dicamba alone only suppressed kochia biomass (76% reduction).
Environmental Intervention in Carryout Restaurants Increases Sales of Healthy Menu Items in a Low-Income Urban Setting
Authors: Lee-Kwan Seung Hee , Bleich Sara N. , Kim Hyunju , Colantuoni Elizabeth , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2014

Purpose.

To investigate how a pilot environmental intervention changed food sales patterns in carryout restaurants.

Design.

Quasi-experimental.

Setting.

Low-income neighborhoods of Baltimore, Maryland.

Subjects.

Seven carryouts (three intervention, four comparison).

Intervention.

Phase 1, menu board revision and healthy menu labeling; phase 2, increase of healthy sides and beverages; and phase 3, promotion of cheaper and healthier combination meals.

Measures.

Weekly handwritten menu orders collected to assess changes in the proportion of units sold and revenue of healthy items (entrée, sides and beverages, and combined).

Analysis.

Logistic and Poisson regression models with generalized estimating equations.

Results.

In the intervention group, odds for healthy entrée units and odds for healthy side and beverage units sold significantly increased in phases 2 and 3; odds for healthy entrée revenue significantly increased in phase 1 (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–1.26), phase 2 (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.25–1.41), and phase 3 (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.14–1.70); and odds for healthy side and beverage revenues increased significantly in phase 2 (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.33–1.97) and phase 3 (OR 2.73, 95% CI 2.15–3.47) compared to baseline. Total revenue in the intervention group was significantly higher in all phases than in the comparison group (p < .05).

Conclusion.

Environmental intervention changes such as menu revision, menu labeling, improved healthy food selection, and competitive pricing can increase availability and sales of healthy items in carryouts.
Perceptions of Prostate Cancer Screening Controversy and Informed Decision Making: Implications for Development of a Targeted Decision Aid for Unaffected Male First-Degree Relatives
Authors: Gwede Clement K. , Davis Stacy N. , Wilson Shaenelle , Patel Mitul , Vadaparampil Susan T. , Meade Cathy D. , Rivers Brian M. , Yu Daohai , Torres-Roca Javier , Heysek Randy , Spiess Philippe E. , Pow-Sang Julio , Jacobsen Paul
Published: June 2014

Purpose.

First-degree relatives (FDRs) of prostate cancer (PC) patients should consider multiple concurrent personal risk factors when engaging in informed decision making (IDM) about PC screening. This study assessed perceptions of IDM recommendations and risk-appropriate strategies for IDM among FDRs of varied race/ethnicity.

Design.

A cross-sectional, qualitative study design was used.

Setting.

Study setting was a cancer center in southwest Florida.

Participants.

The study comprised 44 participants (24 PC patients and 20 unaffected FDRs).

Method.

Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted and analyzed using content analysis and constant comparison methods.

Results.

Patients and FDRs found the PC screening debate and IDM recommendations to be complex and counterintuitive. They overwhelmingly believed screening saves lives and does not have associated harms. There was a strongly expressed need to improve communication between patients and FDRs. A single decision aid that addresses the needs of all FDRs, rather than one separating by race/ethnicity, was recommended as sufficient by study participants. These perspectives guided the development of an innovative decision aid that deconstructs the screening controversy and IDM processes into simpler concepts and provides step-by-step strategies for FDRs to engage in IDM.

Conclusion.

Implementing IDM among FDRs is challenging because the IDM paradigm departs from historical messages promoting routine screening. These contradictions should be recognized and addressed for men to participate effectively in IDM. A randomized pilot study evaluating outcomes of the resulting decision aid is underway.
Do Adolescent Smokers Use E-Cigarettes to Help Them Quit? The Sociodemographic Correlates and Cessation Motivations of U.S. Adolescent E-Cigarette Use
Authors: Lippert Adam M.
Published: June 2014

Purpose.

To examine the sociodemographic traits of adolescent e-cigarette users and whether e-cigarettes are used as cessation aids among adolescent smokers.

Design.

The study had a cross-sectional design.

Setting.

Study setting was the United States.

Subjects.

A probability sample of 15,264 adolescents in grades 6 through 12 was used.

Measures.

The study measured self-reported lifetime e-cigarette use and recent conventional cigarette use, desire to quit, and number of recent quit attempts (among conventional cigarette smokers), and factors hypothesized to be related to e-cigarette use (e.g., race/ethnicity, age, friendships with smokers).

Analysis.

Logistic regression was used to assess e-cigarette use among (1) all adolescents and (2) conventional cigarette smokers as a function of quit desire and attempts.

Results.

Descriptive analyses show 3.2% of respondents had used e-cigarettes. E-cigarette use is significantly lower for females (adjusted odds ratio [OR], .70), non-Hispanic black youth (adjusted OR, .37), and Mexican-American youth (adjusted OR, .56), and higher for those who smoke conventional cigarettes (adjusted OR, 58.44) or have friends who smoke (adjusted OR, 2.38). Among conventional cigarette smokers, neither desire to quit nor recent quit attempts is significantly associated with e-cigarette use.

Conclusions.

E-cigarette use is more common among certain adolescent subgroups than others and does not appear to be part of a cessation regimen among conventional cigarette smokers wishing to quit. More regulatory and prevention efforts are needed, especially for certain adolescent subpopulations.
Ammonia availability shapes the seasonal distribution and activity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers in the Puget Sound Estuary
Authors: Urakawa Hidetoshi , Martens-Habbena Willm , Huguet Carme , de la Torre Jose R. , Ingalls Anitra E. , Devol Allan H. , Stahl David A.
Published: June 2014

A combination of molecular and activity measures was used to explore seasonal patterns of distribution, activity, and diversity of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in relationship to ammonia availability in Hood Canal, a fjord within the Puget Sound, Washington State estuary system. A greater contribution of AOA to nitrification, relative to AOB, was supported by complementary quantification of transcripts of a gene (amoA) coding for one subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase, quantification of intact glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids, and kinetic modeling. High AOA : AOB ratios and nitrification rates measured by 15NH+4 dilution technique were associated with low concentrations of ammonia, whereas transient increases in AOB were most closely associated with regionally and seasonally elevated concentrations of ammonia in the water column. Additionally, single cell nitrification rates and transcript numbers were calculated for AOA and AOB populations. Together these observations offer additional ecological support for the idea that niche separation of AOA and AOB is in part determined by ammonia concentrations in estuarine ecosystems.
Production of dissolved organic matter by phytoplankton and its uptake by heterotrophic prokaryotes in large tropical lakes
Authors: Morana Cedric , Sarmento Hugo , Descy Jean-Pierre , Gasol Josep M. , Borges Alberto V. , Bouillon Steven , Darchambeau François
Published: June 2014

In pelagic ecosystems, phytoplankton extracellular release can extensively subsidize the heterotrophic prokaryotic carbon demand. Time‐course experiments were carried out to quantify primary production, phytoplankton excretion, and the microbial uptake of freshly released dissolved organic carbon (DOC) derived from phytoplankton extracellular release (DOCp) in four large tropical lakes distributed along a productivity gradient: Kivu, Edward, Albert, and Victoria. The contributions of the major heterotrophic bacterial groups to the uptake of DOCp was also analyzed in Lake Kivu, using microautoradiography coupled to catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescent in situ hybridization. The percentage of extracellular release (PER) varied across the productivity gradient, with higher values at low productivity. Furthermore, PER was significantly related to high light and low phosphate concentrations in the mixed layer and was comparatively higher in oligotrophic tropical lakes than in their temperate counterparts. Both observations suggest that environmental factors play a key role in the control of phytoplankton excretion. Standing stocks of DOCp were small and generally contributed less than 1% to the total DOC because it was rapidly assimilated by prokaryotes. In other words, there was a tight coupling between the production and the heterotrophic consumption of DOCp. None of the major phylogenetic bacterial groups that were investigated differed in their ability to take up DOCp, in contrast with earlier results reported for standard labeled single‐molecule substrates (leucine, glucose, adenosine triphosphate). It supports the idea that the metabolic ability to use DOCp is widespread among heterotrophic prokaryotes. Overall, these results highlight the importance of carbon transfer between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton in large African lakes.
Ecosystem metabolism along a colonization gradient of eelgrass (Zostera marina) measured by eddy correlation
Authors: Rheuban Jennie E. , Berg Peter , McGlathery Karen J.
Published: June 2014

The Virginia coastal bays experienced local extinction of eelgrass (Zostera marina) during the early 1930s, and restoration beginning in 2001 has generated an ecosystem state change from bare to vegetated sediments. Oxygen fluxes were measured seasonally using the eddy correlation technique at three sites representing different stages of seagrass colonization: unvegetated (bare), 5 yr, and 11 yr since seeding. Derived seasonal ecosystem respiration (R) and gross primary production (GPP) increased up to 10‐fold and 25‐fold, respectively, with meadow age. Although hourly oxygen (O2) fluxes were highly correlated with light at the vegetated sites, no identifiable trends with light were observed at the bare site. The light compensation point where O2 production and respiration are in balance increased from 46 µmol photons m−2 s−1 to 257 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and 63 µmol photons m−2 s−1 to 472 µmol photons m−2 s−1 at the 5 yr and 11 yr seagrass sites, respectively, with increasing seasonal temperatures from 12.3°C to 27.9°C and 9.3°C to 30.5°C, respectively. This suggests that more light, and thus more O2 production, is required to offset increasing respiration with both temperature and meadow age. Photosynthesis—irradiance curves generated from hourly O2 fluxes throughout the seasons were used to estimate annual net ecosystem metabolism (NEM). Annual NEM rates at the bare, 5 yr, and 11 yr sites were −7.6, 8.6, and −7.0 mol O2 m−2 yr−1, respectively. Although the system went through a period of net autotrophy during early stages of colonization, the ecosystem state change from unvegetated sediments to dense seagrass meadows changed the magnitude of both GPP and R, but not the overall metabolic balance of the system.
CloudSat-constrained cloud ice water path and cloud top height retrievals from MHS 157 and 183.3 GHz radiances
Authors: Gong J. , Wu D. L.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Ice water path (IWP) and cloud top height (ht) are two of the key variables in determining cloud radiative and thermodynamical properties in climate models. Large uncertainty remains among IWP measurements from satellite sensors, in large part due to the assumptions made for cloud microphysics in these retrievals. In this study, we develop a fast algorithm to retrieve IWP from the 157, 183.3 ± 3 and 190.3 GHz radiances of the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) such that the MHS cloud ice retrieval is consistent with CloudSat IWP measurements. This retrieval is obtained by constraining the empirical forward models between collocated and coincident measurements of CloudSat IWP and MHS cloud-induced radiance depression (Tcir) at these channels. The empirical forward model is represented by a look-up table (LUT) of Tcir–IWP relationships as a function of ht and the frequency channel. With ht simultaneously retrieved, the IWP is found to be more accurate. The useful range of the MHS IWP retrieval is between 0.5 and 10 kg m−2, and agrees well with CloudSat in terms of the normalized probability density function (PDF). Compared to the empirical model, current operational radiative transfer models (RTMs) still have significant uncertainties in characterizing the observed Tcir–IWP relationships. Therefore, the empirical LUT method developed here remains an effective approach to retrieving ice cloud properties from the MHS-like microwave channels.
Statistical framework for evaluation of climate model simulations by use of climate proxy data from the last millennium – Part 3: Practical considerations, relaxed assumptions, and using tree-ring data to address the amplitude of solar forcing
Authors: Moberg A. , Sundberg R. , Grudd H. , Hind A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Practical issues arise when applying a statistical framework for unbiased ranking of alternative forced climate model simulations by comparison with climate observations from instrumental and proxy data (Part 1 in this series). Given a set of model and observational data, several decisions need to be made; e.g. concerning the region that each proxy series represents, the weighting of different regions, and the time resolution to use in the analysis. Objective selection criteria cannot be made here, but we argue to study how sensitive the results are to the choices made. The framework is improved by the relaxation of two assumptions; to allow autocorrelation in the statistical model for simulated climate variability, and to enable direct comparison of alternative simulations to test if any of them fit the observations significantly better. The extended framework is applied to a set of simulations driven with forcings for the pre-industrial period 1000–1849 CE and fifteen tree-ring based temperature proxy series. Simulations run with only one external forcing (land-use, volcanic, small-amplitude solar, or large-amplitude solar), do not significantly capture the variability in the tree-ring data – although the simulation with volcanic forcing does so for some experiment settings. When all forcings are combined (using either the small- or large-amplitude solar forcing) including also orbital, greenhouse-gas and non-volcanic aerosol forcing, and additionally used to produce small simulation ensembles starting from slightly different initial ocean conditions, the resulting simulations are highly capable of capturing some observed variability. Nevertheless, for some choices in the experiment design, they are not significantly closer to the observations than when unforced simulations are used, due to highly variable results between regions. It is also not possible to tell whether the small-amplitude or large-amplitude solar forcing causes the multiple-forcing simulations to be closer to the reconstructed temperature variability. This suggests that proxy data from more regions and proxy types, or representing larger regions and other seasons, are needed for more conclusive results from model-data comparisons in the last millennium.
Intertidal finger bars at El Puntal, Bay of Santander, Spain: observation and forcing analysis
Authors: Pellón E. , Garnier R. , Medina R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A system of 15 small-scale finger bars has been observed, by using video imagery, between 23 June 2008 and 2 June 2010. The bar system is located in the intertidal zone of the swell-protected beaches of El Puntal Spit, in the Bay of Santander (northern coast of Spain). The bars appear on a planar beach (slope = 0.015) with fine, uniform sand (D50 = 0.27 mm) and extend 600 m alongshore. The cross-shore span of the bars is determined by the tidal horizontal excursion (between 70 and 130 m). They have an oblique orientation with respect to the low-tide shoreline; specifically, they are down-current-oriented with respect to the dominant sand transport computed (mean angle of 26° from the shore normal). Their mean wavelength is 26 m and their amplitude varies between 10 and 20 cm. The full system slowly migrates to the east (sand transport direction) with a mean speed of 0.06 m day-1, a maximum speed in winter (up to 0.15 m day-1) and a minimum speed in summer. An episode of merging has been identified as bars with larger wavelength seem to migrate more slowly than shorter bars. The wind blows predominantly from the west, generating waves that transport sediment across the bars during high-tide periods. This is the main candidate to explain the eastward migration of the system. In particular, the wind can generate waves of up to 20 cm (root-mean-squared wave height) over a fetch that can reach 4.5 km at high tide. The astronomical tide seems to be important in the bar dynamics, as the tidal level changes the fetch and also determines the time of exposure of the bars to the surf-zone waves and currents. Furthermore, the river discharge could act as input of suspended sediment in the bar system and play a role in the bar dynamics.
Development and evaluation of a hydrostatic dynamical core using the spectral element/discontinuous Galerkin methods
Authors: Choi S.-J. , Giraldo F. X.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we present a dynamical core for the atmospheric primitive hydrostatic equations using a unified formulation of spectral element (SE) and discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods in the horizontal direction with a finite difference (FD) method in the radial direction. The CG and DG horizontal discretization employs high-order nodal basis functions associated with Lagrange polynomials based on Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre (GLL) quadrature points, which define the common machinery. The atmospheric primitive hydrostatic equations are solved on the cubed-sphere grid using the flux form governing equations in a three-dimensional (3-D) Cartesian space. By using Cartesian space, we can avoid the pole singularity problem due to spherical coordinates and this also allows us to use any quadrilateral-based grid naturally. In order to consider an easy way for coupling the dynamics with existing physics packages, we use a FD in the radial direction. The models are verified by conducting conventional benchmark test cases: the Rossby–Haurwitz wavenumber 4, Jablonowski–Williamson tests for balanced initial state and baroclinic instability, and Held–Suarez tests. The results from those tests demonstrate that the present dynamical core can produce numerical solutions of good quality comparable to other models.
Characterisation of stable isotopes to identify residence times and runoff components in two meso-scale catchments in the Abay/Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Tekleab S. , Wenninger J. , Uhlenbrook S.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Measurements of the stable isotopes oxygen-18 (18O) and deuterium (2H) were carried out in two meso-scale catchments, Chemoga (358 km2) and Jedeb (296 km2) south of Lake Tana, Abay/Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. The region is of paramount importance for the water resources in the Nile basin, as more than 70% of total Nile water flow originates from the Ethiopian highlands. Stable isotope compositions in precipitation, spring water and streamflow were analysed (i) to characterise the spatial and temporal variations of water fluxes; (ii) to estimate the mean residence time of water using a sine wave regression approach; and (iii) to identify runoff components using classical two-component hydrograph separations on a seasonal timescale. The results show that the isotopic composition of precipitation exhibits marked seasonal variations, which suggests different sources of moisture generation for the rainfall in the study area. The Atlantic–Indian Ocean, Congo basin, Upper White Nile and the Sudd swamps are the potential moisture source areas during the main rainy (summer) season, while the Indian–Arabian and Mediterranean Sea moisture source areas during little rain (spring) and dry (winter) seasons. The spatial variation in the isotopic composition is influenced by the amount effect as depicted by moderate coefficients of determination on a monthly timescale (R2 varies from 0.38 to 0.68) and weak regression coefficients (R2 varies from 0.18 to 0.58) for the altitude and temperature effects. A mean altitude effect accounting for −0.12‰/100 m for 18O and −0.58‰/100 m for 2H was discernible in precipitation isotope composition. Results from the hydrograph separation on a seasonal timescale indicate the dominance of event water, with an average of 71 and 64% of the total runoff during the wet season in the Chemoga and Jedeb catchments, respectively. Moreover, the stable isotope compositions of streamflow samples were damped compared to the input function of precipitation for both catchments. This damping was used to estimate mean residence times of stream water of 4.1 and 6.0 months at the Chemoga and Jedeb catchment outlets, respectively. Short mean residence times and high fractions of event water components recommend catchment management measures aiming at reduction of overland flow/soil erosion and increasing of soil water retention and recharge to enable sustainable development in these agriculturally dominated catchments.
Attribution of high resolution streamflow trends in Western Austria – an approach based on climate and discharge station data
Authors: Kormann C. , Francke T. , Renner M. , Bronstert A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The results of streamflow trend studies are often characterised by mostly insignificant trends and inexplicable spatial patterns. In our study region, Western Austria, this applies especially for trends of annually averaged runoff. However, analysing the altitudinal aspect, we found that there is a trend gradient from high-altitude to low-altitude stations, i.e. a pattern of mostly positive annual trends at higher stations and negative ones at lower stations. At mid-altitudes, the trends are mostly insignificant. These trends were most probably caused by the following two main processes: on the one hand, melting glaciers produce excess runoff at high-altitude watersheds. On the other hand, rising temperatures potentially alter hydrological conditions in terms of less snowfall, higher infiltration, enhanced evapotranspiration etc., which in turn results in decreasing streamflow trends at low-altitude watersheds. However, these patterns are masked at mid-altitudes because the resulting positive and negative trends balance each other. To verify these theories, we attributed the detected trends to specific causes. For this purpose, we analysed the trends on a daily basis, as the causes for these changes might be restricted to a smaller temporal scale than the annual one. This allowed for the explicit determination of the exact days of year (DOY) when certain streamflow trends emerge, which were then linked with the corresponding DOYs of the trends and characteristic dates of other observed variables, e.g. the average DOY when temperature crosses the freezing point in spring. Based on these analyses, an empirical statistical model was derived that was able to simulate daily streamflow trends sufficiently well. Analyses of subdaily streamflow changes provided additional insights. Finally, it was confirmed that the main drivers of alpine streamflow changes are increased glacial melt and earlier snow melt. However, further research is needed to explicitly determine which processes related to positive temperature trends lead to the summertime streamflow decreases.
Testing the effects of basic numerical implementations of water migration on models of subduction dynamics
Authors: Quinquis M. E. T. , Buiter S. J. H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere brings water into the Earth's upper mantle. Previous numerical studies have shown how slab dehydration and mantle hydration can impact the dynamics of a subduction system by allowing a more vigorous mantle flow and promoting localisation of deformation in the lithosphere and mantle. The depths at which dehydration reactions occur in the hydrated portions of the slab are well constrained in these models by thermodynamic calculations. However, computational models use different numerical schemes to simulate the migration of free water. We aim to show the influence of the numerical scheme of free water migration on the dynamics of the upper mantle and more specifically the mantle wedge. We investigate the following three simple migration schemes with a finite-element model: (1) element-wise vertical migration of free water, occurring independent of the flow of the solid phase; (2) an imposed vertical free water velocity; and (3) a Darcy velocity, where the free water velocity is a function of the pressure gradient caused by the difference in density between water and the surrounding rocks. In addition, the flow of the solid material field also moves the free water in the imposed vertical velocity and Darcy schemes. We first test the influence of the water migration scheme using a simple model that simulates the sinking of a cold, hydrated cylinder into a dry, warm mantle. We find that the free water migration scheme has only a limited impact on the water distribution after 1 Myr in these models. We next investigate slab dehydration and mantle hydration with a thermomechanical subduction model that includes brittle behaviour and viscous water-dependent creep flow laws. Our models demonstrate that the bound water distribution is not greatly influenced by the water migration scheme whereas the free water distribution is. We find that a bound water-dependent creep flow law results in a broader area of hydration in the mantle wedge, which feeds back to the dynamics of the system by the associated weakening. This finding underlines the importance of using dynamic time evolution models to investigate the effects of (de)hydration. We also show that hydrated material can be transported down to the base of the upper mantle at 670 km. Although (de)hydration processes influence subduction dynamics, we find that the exact numerical implementation of free water migration is not important in the basic schemes we investigated. A simple implementation of water migration could be sufficient for a first-order impression of the effects of water for studies that focus on large-scale features of subduction dynamics.
A CONCEPÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA EM ROUSSEAU
Authors: Pamplona Renata Silva
Published: June 2014

Este artigo busca refletir sobre a concepção pedagógica do filósofo Jean-Jacques Rousseau, que por ser um dos pioneiros em pensar a criança como ser singular, criativo e autônomo, e por pensar o aluno como centro no processo educacional, e não mais como um ser passivo, torna-se indispensável rever sua concepção, sobretudo quando se dispõe pensar uma postura educacional diferenciada e que privilegie o saber reflexivo do aluno. Busca-se discorrer sobre a particular maneira como Rousseau pensa a formação do homem, considerando-a como parte intrínseca da condição humana, sendo assim, suas idéias estarão vinculadas à defesa da liberdade, naturalidade e negatividade, para propor uma educação que possa verdadeiramente formar um homem para a vida, para atender as suas necessidades primeiras de ser homem, e conseqüentemente as sociais. A maneira rousseauniana de versar sobre essa temática permite a busca de uma nova compreensão, ou um novo olhar sobre posturas muitas vezes estereotipadas, arraigadas em práticas pedagógicas que podem não mais atender ao objetivo primeiro que é a formação humana. Para tanto a proposta desse trabalho é percorrer o pensamento rousseauniano, buscando refleti-lo e absorver suas contribuições para a prática pedagógica, e concepção teórica.
A SOCIALIZAÇÃO HUMANA E A INTERNALIZAÇÃO DA CULTURA
Authors: Pinto Suely Lima de Assis
Published: June 2014

O presente trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre a socialização humana e a internalização da cultura, no qual, analisa-se os diferentes processos de socialização e as determinações sociais que os envolvem. Percebe-se que a socialização está mediada pela coerção das diferentes instituições sociais, bem como pela ideologia presente nestas instituições. Neste sentido, a compreensão da socialização humana passa pelo debate entre cultura e sociedade, pela influência desta sociedade nos processos de socialização e pelos determinantes históricos, sociais e simbólicos que envolvem os processos de socialização.
ENSINANDO MATEMÁTICA ATRAVÉS DE ATIVIDADES LÚDICAS
Authors: Fischer Marlise , Goulart Grace Kelly Souza Carmo , Goulart Claudiney
Published: June 2014

O presente artigo descreve o desenvolvimento de uma Proposta Pedagógica que tratou de atividades lúdicas no ensino da matemática. Ela foi realizada em uma turma de 8a série do ensino fundamental, na escola Instituto Samuel Graham, no ano de 2004. Com o tema “Ensinando Matemática Através de Atividades Lúdicas”, foram desenvolvidos os seguintes conteúdos de geometria: áreas de figuras planas, perímetro e área do círculo e volume de sólidos geométricos. A partir destes conteúdos, procuramos desenvolver jogos pedagógicos, por meio de malhas quadriculadas (papel milimetrado e geoplano), recortes de cartolina e material dourado, e jogos de treinamento, isto porque Araújo (2000) afirma que essas atividades geram prazer, equilíbrio emocional, levam o aluno à autonomia sobre seus atos e pensamentos e contribui para o desenvolvimento social. Além disso, tornam as aulas dinâmicas e prazerosas facilitando assim o processo de ensino-aprendizagem do aluno. Nossa proposta foi norteada pelos seguintes objetivos: levar o aluno a fixar conceitos já ministrados, fazer com que o aluno deixe de ser um memorizador de fórmulas e através da dedução possa aprendê-las e entendê-las, para então motivar os alunos a uma nova aprendizagem. E para que esses objetivos fossem alcançados, procuramos buscar, através de nossa prática pedagógica, uma nova sala de aula onde valoriza-se o aluno, sua realidade, suas inteligências múltiplas, suas concepções prévias, atendendo a um novo cenário educacional, recriando novas formas de aprender.
PERFIL DOS DIRETORES DAS ESCOLAS ESTADUAIS DE ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL E MÉDIO NA CIDADE DE JATAÍ- GOIÁS
Authors: Rezende Ana Lúcia , Carmo Carmem Lúcia
Published: June 2014

Um dos grandes desafios do mundo moderno é desenvolver a qualificação e o potencial das pessoas para se obter maior comprometimento com os resultados desejados. A educação, em especial a escola, não pode fugir desta regra, como toda instituição, precisa ser bem administrada para atingir seus objetivos. Esta pesquisa discute as ações administrativas dos diretores de escolas públicas estaduais do ensino fundamental e médio, na cidade de Jataí - Go. Tem o objetivo de analisar até que ponto a pouca familiaridade sobre funções da administração dificulta as atividades de um diretor. E ainda procura mostrar a importância da formação de conceitos da administração para o cargo de diretor escolar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória de caráter social, que envolve onze (11) diretores da rede Estadual de educação que passaram por um processo eletivo. A análise dos resultados colhidos através de questionário, envolveu questões de dimensões pessoais, administrativas, financeiras e jurídicas. Os resultados mostraram que poucos tinham conhecimento sobre as atividades de um diretor escolar; a maioria dos diretores apresenta dificuldades em trabalhar o planejamento financeiro da escola; a falta de organização e a dificuldade em administrar o tempo são as maiores dificuldades apresentadas pelos diretores e as principais causas das improvisações administrativas/pedagógicas que ocorrem na escola; o acompanhamento das atividades administrativas e pedagógicas é feito por terceiros; a maioria desconhece os princípios básicos que regem a administração pública. Em face à complexidade e as dificuldades apresentadas no desempenho do cargo de diretor, os resultados indicam que há necessidade do conhecimento de funções administrativas para o exercício do mesmo, sendo considerado pelos entrevistados, como imprescindível para o desempenho de suas atividades.
CONCEPÇÕES DE LINGUAGEM E ENSINO DE LÍNGUA MATERNA
Authors: Paniago Maria De Lourdes Faria dos Santos
Published: June 2014

O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre as concepções de linguagem e suas respectivas implicações para o ensino de língua materna. Toma-se como premissa que a forma como o professor compreende a língua determina, em última instância, suas estratégias de ensino. Além dos escritos de Bakhtin e Foucault, o trabalho fundamenta-se em diversas teorias desenvolvidas por lingüistas brasileiros.
O ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL DE NOVE ANOS EM GOIÁS: PRIMEIRAS APROXIMAÇÕES
Authors: Raimann Elizabeth Gottschalg
Published: June 2014

A ampliação do ensino fundamental para nove anos tem seu amparo legal na Lei n° 11.270 de 6 de fevereiro de 2006 que alterou os artigos 29,30, 32 e 87 da LDB 9.394/96. O Estado de Goiás antecipou-se a essa ampliação em 2004 e com a Resolução CEE nº 258/2005 a regulamentou no Sistema Educativo de Goiás. A Secretaria Estadual de Educação, por sua vez, viabilizou a proposta dessa reorganização implantando em sua rede o Projeto Aprender. Este trabalho tem por objetivo trazer algumas reflexões iniciais sobre o Projeto e suas implicações quanto ao trabalho docente. A metodologia da pesquisa pauta-se na análise documental. As reflexões iniciais apresentam a proposta de ampliação do Ensino Fundamental de nove anos pelo governo federal. Em seguida, o Projeto Aprender e, por último, algumas problematizações a cerca do trabalho docente, considerando que os diferentes setores envolvidos na efetivação do Projeto Aprender produzem discursos que pretendem se tornar regimes de verdade, interferindo na constituição identitária dos professores. Esses discursos geram uma realidade material falada ou escrita, produzindo efeitos, fabricando os professores, determinando-lhes o que são e o que devem ser, levando-os a reconstruírem sua identidade e performance.
A AULA DE LEITURA E A CONSTITUIÇÃO DO SUJEITO-LEITOR
Authors: Prado Coraci Helena do
Published: June 2014

Este ensaio apresenta algumas reflexões acerca da aula de leitura como espaço constitutivo do sujeito-leitor, orientadas pelos postulados da Análise do Discurso de origem francesa, especialmente pelos conceitos de Pêcheux e Foucault acerca de discurso, sujeito e sentido; pelo conceito bakhtiniano de dialogismo; e ainda pelos trabalhos de Orlandi que, fazendo o mesmo recorte que aqui se faz da teoria discursiva, abordam a leitura. Orientado ainda pelas seguintes questões: “A escola propicia ao aluno condições para que ele produza a compreensão?”, ou “As aulas de leitura propiciam ao aluno condições para que ele se constitua sujeito-leitor?”, este estudo sugere ser possível a constituição do sujeito-leitor na aula de leitura, desde que se transforme o discurso autoritário da escola, que desarticula a interlocução, em um discurso que, considerando o caráter essencialmente histórico-ideológico da linguagem, abra a possibilidade das múltiplas experiências que a leitura favorece.
CULTURA E SEMICULTURA EM ADORNO
Authors: Pinto Suely Lima de Assis
Published: June 2014

A educação e a formação humana são questões que permeiam grande parte dos debates acadêmicos atualmente. A formação diz respeito a um indivíduo livre, consciente de si mesmo e de sua cultura, que atua na sociedade por meio dessa consciência e em coletividade. Para Adorno é preciso educar para ler imagens de forma crítica, educar para ver televisão, para confrontar-se com a mídia, com a propaganda, com o mundo na sociedade capitalista, absolutamente ideologizado. Ao se refletir sobre a ideologia contida na cultura e na arte compreende-se que na indústria cultural não há processo formativo, há semiformação. Somente um sujeito universal, autônomo, estaria livre da barbárie – é preciso buscar a condição humana, pois somente quando se instaura a condição humana se instaura a civilização, a cultura, a formação humana.
O ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL: DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS
Authors: Raimann Elizabeth Gottschalg
Published: June 2014

A concepção de estágio supervisionado foi se transformando na medida em que se problematizava o papel da didática e da prática de ensino nos cursos de licenciatura. O estágio supervisionado passou por diferentes concepções as quais ainda estão presentes, de certa forma, hoje nos cursos de Pedagogia levando muitas vezes o estágio, erroneamente, a ser considerado como algo desnecessário ou sem grande importância. Atualmente, com a aprovação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Pedagogia - CNE/CP nº05/2005 de 20/12/2005 –, abrem-se perspectivas e possibilidades para o estágio ter seu papel de importância na formação do professor de Educação Infantil e nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. O presente trabalho objetiva discutir o valor do estágio supervisionado no curso de Pedagogia considerando o seu contexto histórico, a sua importância na profissionalização do docente e a sua organização didática pedagógica. Por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica pautada em Piconez (1991), Freitas (1996) e Ostetto (2000) buscou-se problematizar as práticas presentes nas propostas do estágio supervisionado ao longo de sua existência nos cursos de pedagogia e, ao mesmo tempo, apontar para o estágio enquanto um espaço da Práxis. Desta forma, o estágio não deveria ser visto como aprendizado, mas, mais do que isso, como trabalho. Assim, o trabalho concebido enquanto Práxis seria o eixo articulador entre a prática de ensino e o estágio supervisionado. Quanto às etapas do estágio, desde o projeto de trabalho até a sua efetivação, estas deveriam ser elaboradas no coletivo, de forma participativa, a partir da realidade da instituição infantil e considerando o corpo docente, administrativo, técnico auxiliar, alunos estagiários e professor orientador. Essa proposta leva a leitura das práticas e da vida, envolvendo o ouvir e o sentir as crianças e os profissionais envolvidos numa relação dialógica e humana. Portanto, estágio, se entendido como Práxis, deveria possibilitar um espaço para debates, reflexões e aprendizados tanto para os alunos estagiários quanto para os demais envolvidos sejam eles a comunidade escolar seja o professor orientador de estágio.
REFLEXÕES SOBRE ESCOLA E INCLUSÃO
Authors: Franco Érika Maridelma de Lima Santos , Sousa Neto Alípio Rodrigues de
Published: June 2014

No transcorrer das últimas décadas do século passado, diversos movimentos sociais organizam-se trazendo à tona a discussão sobre as necessidades fundamentais do homem. As lutas destes movimentos sociais consubstanciaram-se nos direitos da criança e do adolescente, dos índios, das mulheres, dos negros, dos homossexuais, dos portadores de necessidades especiais, na luta pela preservação da natureza, contra a violência e por um mundo menos desigual. Nesse cenário histórico, emerge a luta pela inclusão de segmentos significativos da população no campo político, econômico, cultural e educacional. No campo educacional, a inclusão tem sido vista de maneira equivocada, o que tem levado os educadores a pensarem a inclusão somente das pessoas com deficiências físicas. A inclusão busca se opor a exclusão, privilegiando a igualdade dentro da instituição escolar, dando ênfase a uma educação que busque garantir a aprendizagem das pessoas que necessitam da mesma. A escola, para fazer frente às diferenças de cada aluno, deve reorganizar o trabalho pedagógico, trabalhando as diferentes formas de aprender e ensinar dentro de uma única sala de aula.
PLANEJAMENTO DE ENSINO: ALGUMAS SISTEMATIZAÇÕES
Authors: Assis Renata Machado de , Barros Marcos Oliveira , Cardoso Natália Santos
Published: June 2014

Este artigo tem a intenção de apresentar algumas reflexões sobre o planejamento, a partir de publicações da área de educação. Mais do que uma tarefa docente, o planejamento é responsável pelo bom andamento da prática de ensino, apresenta características específicas, limitações e tem objetivos que devem considerar a realidade social onde se insere. Planejar é prever ações, estabelecer metas a serem cumpridas e meios viáveis para que isto seja atingido. Por meio do planejamento, o professor racionaliza esforços, evita a improvisação, distribui os conteúdos de forma adequada no decorrer do ano letivo e possibilita a interação professor-aluno-conhecimento.