bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociolinguistics, regional varieties of French and regional languages in France
Authors: Pooley Tim
Published: July 2002

May I at the outset crave the reader's indulgence for focusing the subject matter very largely on metropolitan France. The regional varieties of French referred to in the title are therefore those spoken in the French regions, rather than, for example Belgian or Canadian varieties. Moreover, while it is impossible to discuss the regional languages question without taking into account the languages of the DOM-TOM and, indeed, the so-called non-territorial varieties, both of which have taken on considerable political significance in recent times, I have largely limited myself to reviewing sociolinguistic studies of ‘metropolitan’ regional (i.e. territorial) languages. I have also decided to concentrate on the present and thus may be perceived as giving short shrift to the large and growing body of excellent socio-historical work in the field.

Four major approaches are reviewed: firstly, the work inspired by the dialectological tradition on French regionalisms (section 2); secondly, quantitative variationist studies (section 3); thirdly, the Imaginaire Linguistique approach to linguistic perceptions (section 4) and fourthly, the approach emerging from the notion of diglossia, as defined by Catalan and Occitan linguists (section 5). Sections 6 to 8 deal with current issues – the Poignant (1998), Carcassonne (1998) and Cerquiglini (1999) reports and the vitality of regional languages as presented in numerous surveys of largely professed practices and exposure in the audio-visual media.
Antimodernism, Reactionary Modernism and National Socialism. Technocratic Tendencies in Germany, 1890–1945
Authors: Rohkrämer Thomas
Published: July 2002

The article looks critically at attempts to explain the rise of National Socialism in Germany by trying to identify a peculiarly German tradition of antimodernism or reactionary modernism (by, among others, Jeffrey Herf). By looking at different critiques of civilisation in imperial Germany, it tries to show that most of them accepted the necessity of modern technology. What was new about the so-called ‘reactionary modernists’ in the Weimar Republic was not their willingness to use modern technology, but the full acceptance of the fact that modern technology could only exist on the basis of large technological systems, industrial production and fundamental social and cultural changes. They demanded that Germans unreservedly embrace all aspects of modernity, though without giving up their conservative political ideals.

While the ‘reactionary modernists’ tried to arrange the whole of society in accordance with an alleged technological functionality, National Socialism was politically more successful, exactly because its attitude towards technology and modernity was less coherent. As National Socialism had a purely pragmatic and open attitude towards technology, it could accept without hesitation that its goals were only achievable through the use of modern means, but that the cultural and private sphere should compensate for the deficits of a public life characterised by hardship and instrumental reason.
Occupational risks to male reproductive health
Authors: Harrison Keith
Published: July 2002

Occupational infertility in the male has been a recognized entity since the identification in 1978 of the testicular toxicity of the nematocide 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in factory workers producing it and farm workers using it. DBCP remains the best documented chemical testicular toxin, its effect being confined purely to testicular germinal epithelium. There is increased recognition of employer responsibility for workplace health and safety accompanied by a growing threat of litigation from affected persons. This has led to fertility risks within occupations also being considered, along with the traditional areas of physical and auditory safety and protection from potential carcinogens.
The Illegal Alien Who Needs Surgery
Authors: KUCZEWSKI MARK G.
Published: July 2002

A 24-year-old Hispanic male came into the emergency
room of a large public teaching hospital with acute cardiac
failure and chest pain. He was admitted and diagnosed with
rheumatic heart disease and regurgitation and stenosis
of both mitral and aortic valves. Medical judgment concluded
that the patient needed to be medically stabilized and
then undergo cardiac surgery to repair heart valves. The
patient spoke only Spanish. Investigation through an interpreter
revealed that he was an illegal alien from a Central American
country who has lived in this country for five to seven
years. He came to the United States so that he could receive
treatment for his heart condition, evidently fearing that
he would not receive treatment in his home country. The
patient entered this country through the assistance of
some distant relatives. He did not have a strong support
system.
Commentary
Authors: Perkins Henry S.
Published: July 2002

Many people see high income as the primary motivation
of today's American physicians. But in “The
Culture of Physician Autonomy, 1900 to Present,”
Dr. Pont offers a provocative new idea: that preserving
professional autonomy has been a far more powerful motivation
through this century.
The Development of Bioethics in Mexico
Authors: Hernández-Arriaga Jorge , de Olivares Victoria Navarrete , Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: July 2002

As in other countries, medical ethics in Mexico
has rescued the world of philosophical ethics from oblivion.
The needs of clinical medicine gave birth to Mexican bioethics.
After the growth of scientific and technologic subjects
in medical schools, the humanities, such as medical history,
deontology, and medical philosophy, were replaced by such
core subjects as radiology, pharmacology, and microbiology.
Since the 1950s, graduates from Mexican medical schools
have not been exposed to any courses in the medical humanities.
Stewardship of the Aged: Meeting the Ethical Challenge of Ageism
Authors: THOMASMA DAVID C.
Published: July 2002

Medical ethics is a footnote to the larger problem
of directing our technology to good human ends. Written
large, then, medical ethics must ask five basic questions:

1)Is it even possible to direct biomedical technology to good human ends, or is the medical enterprise almost entirely technology driven?

2)If it is possible to direct biomedical technology, on what basis or norms should this direction take place?

3)How should decisionmaking in this control over biomedical technology be structured?

4)Who should be involved in the process of making those decisions, and of those involved, whose values and opinions ought to carry more weight?

5)Based on the answers to these four questions, what ought to be our concern for the future of medicine?
Adding Distinct Congruence Classes
Authors: HAMIDOUNE Y. O.
Published: July 2002

Let S be a generating subset of a cyclic group
G such that 0=∉S and
[mid ]S[mid ][ges ]5. We show
that the number of sums of the subsets of S is at
least min([mid ]G[mid ], 2[mid ]S[mid ]).
Our bound is best possible. We obtain similar results for
abelian groups and mention the generalization to
nonabelian groups.
Mannose-binding molecules of rat spermatozoa and sperm–egg interaction
Authors: Yoshida-komiya Hiromi , Tulsiani Daulat Ram P. , Hirayama Toshio , Araki Yoshihiko
Published: July 2002

We have previously reported the occurrence and partial characterisation of an α-D-mannosidase activity on plasma membranes of rat, mouse, hamster and human spermatozoa. A soluble isoform of the rat sperm surface mannosidase was purified and polyclonal antibody raised. Since several reports have suggested that mannosyl residues on the rat, mouse and human zona pellucida may be involved in sperm-zona binding, studies were undertaken to examine the receptor-like role of mannose-binding molecules on rat spermatozoa. Sprague-Dawley rats (25–30-days old) were superovulated and eggs collected from the oviduct were treated with 0.3% hyaluronidase to remove the cumulus cells. Spermatozoa, collected from the cauda epididymis were capacitated for 5 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2 in air. The sperm–zona binding assay was performed in the presence of increasing concentrations of several sugars as well as preimmune and immune (anti-mannosidase or anti-mannose binding protein) IgG. Data from these studies show that: (1) significantly fewer sperm bound per egg in the presence of competitive inhibitors of mannosidase; (2) among the sugars examined, D-mannose was the most potent inhibitor causing 70% reduction in the number of sperm bound per egg; (3) anti-mannosidase or anti-mannose binding protein (but not preimmune) IgG showed a dose-dependent reduction in the number of sperm bound per egg; (4) anti-mannosidase IgG (but not anti-mannose binding protein IgG) showed a dose-dependent inhibition of sperm surface mannosidase activity; (5) the competitive inhibitors of mannosidase or the immune IgG had no effect on sperm motility or the sperm acrosome reaction. These results suggest that mannose-binding molecule(s) such as α-D-mannosidase or mannose-binding protein on the spermatozoa may recognise mannosyl residues on zona pellucida, and play a receptor-like role in sperm-egg interaction in the rat.
THE SUBLIME RIVALRY OF WORD AND IMAGE: TURNER AND RUSKIN REVISITED
Authors: Wettlaufer Alexandra K.
Published: July 2002

Who cares whether Mr. Ruskin’s views on Turner are sound or not? What does it matter? That mighty and majestic prose of his, so fervid and fiery-coloured in its noble eloquence, so rich in its elaborate, symphonic music, so sure and certain, at its best, in subtle choice of word and epithet, is at least as great a work of art as any of those wonderful sunsets that bleach or rot on their corrupted canvases in England’s Gallery; greater, indeed, one is apt to think at times, not merely because its equal beauty is more enduring, but on account of the fuller variety of its appeal, soul speaking to soul in those long cadenced lines, not through form and colour alone, though through these, indeed, completely and without loss, but with intellectual and emotional utterance, with lofty passion and with loftier thought, with imaginative insight, and with poetic aim; greater, I always think, even as Literature is the greater art.

—Oscar Wilde, The Critic as Artist

WHILE MUCH ATTENTION has been lavished upon the positive and ultimately profitable relationship between Ruskin and Turner, the closeness of their association has served to obscure a more subtle dynamic between the author and the painter in their respective quests for expression. Both Turner, who considered himself a poet as well as a painter, and Ruskin, an accomplished draughtsman who illustrated his own writings, were actively involved in forging new connections between word and image, and in breaking down the barriers between genres embraced by earlier generations. Turner and Ruskin each turned to the sister art both for inspiration, and importantly, for a means of supplementing what each perceived to be the insufficiencies of his own medium. For Turner, painting’s concrete, mimetic nature was at odds with his desire to communicate abstract ideas, while for Ruskin, language’s abstract and conventional nature fell short of our visual experience of the world and failed adequately to address our visual powers of thought, memory, and imagination. Yet as Turner tried to infuse his painting with poetry and Ruskin tried to render his prose visual, they nonetheless remained acutely aware of the gap between words and images. And if Turner and Ruskin readily acknowledged their intergeneric borrowings from the sister arts, implicit within their formulations of “poetic painting” and “painterly prose” is the subtext of the paragone, an age old rivalry between painters and poets for representational or expressive superiority.
The Broad Scope of Clinical Neuropsychology in Old Age
Authors: Reischies Friedel M.
Published: July 2002

Neuropsychological aspects of neuropsychiatric
diseases that are common in old age or that present problems
for diagnosis and treatment especially in the old patient
represent the objective of this book. There are several
good reasons for addressing this topic. Disorders of brain
function become more frequent in old age and neuropsychology
thus gains importance in geriatric medical evaluation and
in distinguishing the many dimensions of neuropsychological
deviations from “normal senescence.” Research
in this area has recently intensified and valuable insights
have accumulated; however, few books on this topic are
currently available. The Handbook of Neuropsychology
and Aging focuses on neuropsychological aspects; specifically,
on geriatric psychiatry and neurology. Here, the editor
has attempted to bring together outstanding researchers
to cover the entire field of geriatric neuropsychiatry.
Memory performance of geriatric and nongeriatric chronic
schizophrenic patients: A cross-sectional study
Authors: PUTNAM KATHERINE M. , HARVEY PHILIP D.
Published: July 2002

Memory functioning has been studied extensively
in nongeriatric schizophrenic patients, leading to the
suggestion that schizophrenic patients manifest a “subcortical”
pattern of memory deficits. Few previous studies examined
very poor outcome patients with a chronic course of hospitalization.
This study examined the association of age and global cognitive
dysfunction with verbal and spatial learning and delayed
recall, as well as examining differential impairments in
delayed recall as compared to delayed recognition memory.
Sixty-six chronic schizophrenic patients were studied,
with 30 of these patients over the age of 65. Verbal (California
Verbal Learning Test) and spatial (Biber Figure Learning
Test) serial learning and delayed memory tests were administered.
All aspects of memory functioning were correlated with
estimates of global cognitive status. When global cognitive
status was controlled, age effects were still found for
the majority of the memory measures. Delayed recognition
memory was not spared, being performed as poorly as delayed
recall. In contrast to previous studies of better-outcome
patients with schizophrenia, geriatric patients with chronic
schizophrenia performed more poorly than nongeriatric patients.
The lack of sparing of delayed recognition memory suggests
that previous findings of specific recall memory deficit
and a subcortical profile of memory impairments may apply
to schizophrenic patients with less severe global cognitive
impairments. These data suggest that poor-outcome patients
may have a pattern of memory impairments that has some
features in common with cortical dementia. (JINS,
1999, 5, 494–501.)
Cross-modal semantic and homograph priming in healthy young,
healthy old, and in Alzheimer's disease individuals
Authors: BALOTA DAVID A. , WATSON JASON M. , DUCHEK JANET M. , FERRARO F. RICHARD
Published: July 2002

Two experiments are reported that explore the influence
of strength of the prime–target relationship on the
observed priming effects in young, healthy old, and individuals
diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). In
Experiment 1, participants were auditorily presented primes
(FURNITURE) and after varying delays presented visual targets
that were (1) high-strength related (e.g., SOFA), (2) low-strength
related (e.g., RUG), or (3) unrelated control words (e.g.,
COW or DEER). The results indicated that the DAT individuals
produced relatively larger priming effects than both the
young and the healthy old, but these data could be accommodated
by increases in effect size due to general slowing of response
latencies. In Experiment 2, the same cross-modal priming
paradigm was used with ambiguous words presented as primes
(e.g., BANK) and either high-dominant (e.g., MONEY) or
low-dominant (e.g., RIVER) words as targets. The results
of Experiment 2 produced a qualitatively distinct pattern
of priming that indicated DAT individuals only produced
priming for high-dominant targets and not for low-dominant
targets, whereas, the healthy control groups produced equivalent
priming for both high- and low-dominant targets. The discussion
focuses on the implication that these results have for
the interpretation of semantic priming effects, in general,
along with implications for the apparent semantic memory
loss in DAT individuals. (JINS, 1999, 5,
626–640.)
The effect of environmental good scarcity on own-farm labor allocation: the case of agricultural households in rural Nepal
Authors: COOKE PRISCILLA A.
Published: July 2002

As environmental goods such as fuelwood and fodder become more scarce, rural households in developing countries spend more time in their collection. It has been suggested that as a result households may reallocate labor away from own-farm agricultural production. This paper examines whether this is the case for a sample of agricultural households from rural Nepal. Cross-sectional estimates of agricultural labor demand equations give some indication that reallocation away from farm work may occur as environmental products become more scarce. However, these results disappear in random-effects estimation suggesting that time is instead reallocated from other activities or leisure. What little evidence there is for a labor reallocation from agriculture suggests that policies to relieve environmental good collection labor burdens should focus on leaf fodder and grass used as livestock feed rather than on fuelwood.
The kinematic analysis of motion curves through MIDI data analysis
Authors: Das Mitali , Howard David M. , Smith Stephen L.
Published: July 2002

This paper postulates that the analysis of MIDI data allows for the statistical analysis of motion in music, in particular, the kinematic analysis of motion curves in music. The paper deals with the analysis of the kinematic motion components within music, specifically music velocity (i.e. tempo) and music acceleration/deceleration (i.e. tempo change), based upon Truslit's definition of the predominant up–down motion types in music (1938). Thus, the variables of music velocity and acceleration are mathematically defined and extracted from MIDI encodings. Analysis of music velocity indicates that the differing motion types have specific and consistent velocity profiles, and that these profiles can be expressed mathematically and analysed statistically. In particular, the paper focuses on the open motion curve fit, relating the open motion velocity curve to the beta distribution. Analysis of acceleration within music suggests that music acceleration is not constant in nature, implying that theories of linear velocity are inaccurate models. Hence, it is suggested that MIDI data analysis allows for the statistical exploration into music kinematics and the motion curves within music.
Composers' Desktop Project: a musical imperative
Authors: ENDRICH ARCHER
Published: July 2002

In the early 1970s, you could have gone to Trevor Wishart's front garden on St Mary's in York and found huge slabs of steel sheeting. You could have walked into the Lyons Concert Hall of York University and found him and several other people using 20′ scaffolding poles as trumpets (now that's a great sound!). While I was still in the States in 1969, I made a 3′ diameter red gong from the hood of a truck ( = bonnet of a lorry) and could be seen striking a suspended piece of ¼“ curved steel flooring with a sledge hammer, etc. etc. Scenes like this were duplicated across the world. Why? How did it start? Sounds, sounds – the sounds were there, they wanted out. How did they get in? Anybody's guess really, but maybe a clue is what often happens while working in the studio. You've been deploying a sound and then seem to hear it at a time when playback is switched off, then realise that it's coming in from outside the building. The sounds are out there in the environment. We have ears (and other ways of sensing vibrations) and so the sounds have found a way to get inside us. Now they want out again. Composers: they just can't help it.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Stephen
Published: July 2002

Play offers children the opportunity to try out new ways of
relating to the physical and social world. Through a range
of encounters they can develop their imagination and
skills, without incurring the material consequences of
similar activities enacted ‘for real’. It is an essential and

often joyful part of child development, and glum is the
adult who does not retain some playfulness. It is a
laboratory where children can develop different strategies
to cope with the practical tasks of daily living and integrate
themselves into a social network. Aberrant patterns of
play may indicate a variety of difficulties and disorders in
development, and may often provide important clues as to
the problem. For example, a gross lack of imagination and
rigid stereotyped play are found in children with autism;
violent play with underdeveloped elaboration of emotional states
is characteristic of children with conduct
problems; repeated re-enactment of a single disturbing
scene may be seen in children with post-traumatic stress
disorder; and a disturbed pattern of emotional relationships is
often exhibited in the doll play of children with
attachment problems. As well as providing clues to the
nature of a child's difficulties, play often offers an
opportunity to engage with the child, and can provide a
main avenue for therapeutic work, particularly with
younger children who are not adept at talking about
emotions and relationships.

In this and subsequent issues, we shall be publishing a
number of commissioned reviews exploring children's
play from a number of perspectives. Anthony Pellegrini
and Peter Smith start us off with a review of the
development of play and its forms and functions. As well
as covering the structure of play including fantasy and
pretend elements, the authors go on to consider its benefits
for the child, and include a rather novel approach of
attempting a cost-benefit analysis. Then Peter Blatchford
reviews the state of play in schools. Here the importance
of a time for the child to develop peer relationships and
friendships away from the watchful gaze of adults is
stressed, not only from a theoretical viewpoint, but from
the practical standpoint of how much supervision should
be given in the playground. In future numbers of the
Review, we will publish an anthropological perspective by
Allison James, a child psychotherapist's view by Anne
Alvarez and Asha Phillips, and a review of the importance
of drama in play and therapy by Peter Slade. At all times
we would welcome your reactions, agreements, and disagreements, plus
comments on what you think has been
left out. Please do write to the Review office.
International Transmission of Shocks in a
Business-Cycle Model Under Imperfect Competition
Authors: Ubide Angel J.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the effects of introducing imperfect competition in
an international business-cycle model. We provide some international
evidence on markups and analyze the implications of increasing returns to
scale and monopolistic competition for the effects and the international
transmission of technology and government spending shocks. We also consider
exogenous markup fluctuations as a source of shocks and of transmission of
business cycles. We show that imperfect competition improves the behavior of
a standard model driven by technology shocks, although the behavior of
foreign trade variables remains unexplained. We also show that an
imperfectly competitive model driven by government shocks can explain the
international business cycle at least as well as a model driven by
technology shocks.
A search for ‘frozen optical messages’ from extraterrestrial civilizations
Authors: Weinberger R. , Hartl H.
Published: July 2002

For a quarter of a century we have been engaged in a systematic examination of high-quality photographic (optical) sky surveys in the search for new celestial bodies of various kinds. It took about 5000 hours to cover the whole northern celestial hemisphere and half of the southern one. In total, about 12000 new objects were discovered. From the very beginning of our programme we also searched for objects (or groupings of them) of rather peculiar morphology. The motivation was to detect objects revealing exceptional physical processes, on the one hand, but also to discover constructions possibly created by advanced extraterrestrial civilizations (ETCs), on the other hand. A number of very peculiar objects were indeed found (these were mostly studied in detail later), but none of these appeared likely to be the product of alien masterminds. We may conclude that at least within about 10000–20000 light-years around the Solar system no highly advanced ETCs intend to reveal themselves through such objects.
Purification and characterization of mSin3A-containing Brg1 and hBrm chromatin remodeling complexes
Authors: Sif Saïd , Saurin Andrew J. , Imbalzano Anthony N. , Kingston Robert E.
Published: July 2002

Alteration of nucleosomes by ATP-dependent remodeling complexes represents a critical step in the regulation of transcription. The human SWI/SNF (hSWI/SNF) family is composed of complexes that contain either Brg1 or hBrm as the central ATPase; however, these separate complexes have not been compared functionally. Here we describe the establishment of cell lines that express epitope-tagged Brg1 and hBrm and a characterization of the complexes associated with these two ATPases. We show that Brg1 fractionates into two complexes that differ in activity and subunit composition, whereas hBrm is found in one complex with lower activity than the Brg1 complexes. These three complexes can remodel nucleosomal arrays, increase restriction enzyme accessibility, and hydrolyze ATP in a DNA-dependent manner. The three complexes differ markedly in their ability to remodel mononucleosomal core particles. We also show that the hBrm complex and one of the Brg1 complexes contain components of the mammalian Sin3 (mSin3) complex. In addition, we have found that Brg1, hBrm, and BAF155 can interact specifically with mSin3A in vitro, showing a direct association of hSWI/SNF complexes with proteins involved in gene repression. These unexpected functional characteristics indicate that these hSWI/SNF complexes play diverse regulatory roles.
Anthranilate Synthase from Ruta graveolens (Duplicated ASα- Genes Encode Tryptophan-Sensitive and Tryptophan-Insensitive Isoenzymes Specific to Amino Acid and Alkaloid Biosynthesis)
Authors: Bohlmann J. , Lins T. , Martin W. , Eilert U.
Published: July 2002

Anthranilate synthase (AS, EC 4.1.3.27) catalyzes the conversion of chorismate into anthranilate, the biosynthetic precursor of both tryptophan and numerous secondary metabolites, including inducible plant defense compounds. The higher plant Ruta graveolens produces tryptophan and elicitor-inducible, anthranilate-derived alkaloids by means of two differentially expressed nuclear genes for chloroplast-localized ASα- subunits, ASα-1 and ASα-2. Mechanisms that partition chorismate between tryptophan and inducible alkaloids thus do not entail chloroplast/cytosol separation of AS isoenzymes and yet might involve differential feedback regulation of pathway-specific ASα- subunits. The two ASα- isoenzymes of R. graveolens were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli deletion mutants defective in AS activity and were purified to homogeneity. Differential sensitivity of the transformed E. coli strains toward 5-methyltryptophan, a false-feedback inhibitor of AS, was demonstrated. Characterization of affinity-purified ASα- isoenzymes revealed that the noninducible ASα-2 of R. graveolens is strongly feedback inhibited by 10 [mu]M tryptophan. In contrast, the elicitor-inducible ASα-1 isoenzyme is only slightly affected even by tryptophan concentrations 10-fold higher than those observed in planta. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chorismate flux into biosynthesis of tryptophan and defense-related alkaloid biosynthesis in R. graveolens is regulated at the site of ASα- isoenzymes at both genetic and enzymatic levels.
Cell-Specific Expression of the Promoters of Two Nonlegume Hemoglobin Genes in a Transgenic Legume, Lotus corniculatus
Authors: Andersson C. R. , Llewellyn D. J. , Peacock W. J. , Dennis E. S.
Published: July 2002

The promoters of the hemoglobin genes from the nitrogen-fixing tree Parasponia andersonii and the related nonnitrogen-fixing Trema tomentosa both confer β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression to the central zone of the nodules of a transgenic legume, Lotus corniculatus. β-Glucuronidase expression was high in the uninfected interstitial cells and parenchyma of the surrounding boundary layer and was low in the Rhizobium-infected cells. This contrasts with the expression of both the P. andersonii hemoglobin protein in P. andersonii nodules and the endogenous Lotus leghemoglobins that are expressed in the infected cells at very high levels. The expression pattern of the P. andersonii and T. tomentosa hemoglobin promoters in L. corniculatus resembles that of a nonsymbiotic hemoglobin gene from Casuarina glauca, which was introduced into this legume, and suggests that only the nonsymbiotic functions of the P. andersonii promoter are being recognized. Deletion of the distal segments of both the P. andersonii and T. tomentosa promoters identified regions important for the control of their tissue-specific and temporal activity in Lotus. Potential regulatory elements, which enhance nodule expression and suppress nonnodule expression, were also identified and localized to a distal promoter segment. A proximal AAGAG motif is present in the P. andersonii, T. tomentosa, and nonsymbiotic Casuarina hemoglobin genes. Mutation of this motif in the P. andersonii promoter resulted in a significant reduction in both the nodule and root expression levels in L. corniculatus. Some of the regulatory motifs characterized are similar to, but different from, the nodulin motifs of the leghemoglobins.
Heat-Shock-Induced Changes in Intracellular Ca2+Level in Tobacco Seedlings in Relation to Thermotolerance1
Authors: Gong Ming , van der Luit Arnold H. , Knight Marc R. , Trewavas Anthony J.
Published: July 2002

Exposure of plants to elevated temperatures results in a complex set of changes in gene expression that induce thermotolerance and improve cellular survival to subsequent stress. Pretreatment of young tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) seedlings with Ca2+ or ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid enhanced or diminished subsequent thermotolerance, respectively, compared with untreated seedlings, suggesting a possible involvement of cytosolic Ca2+ in heat-shock (HS) signal transduction. Using tobacco seedlings transformed with the Ca2+-sensitive, luminescent protein aequorin, we observed that HS temperatures induced prolonged but transient increases in cytoplasmic but not chloroplastic Ca2+. A single HS initiated a refractory period in which additional HS signals failed to increase cytosolic Ca2+. However, throughout this refractory period, seedlings responded to mechanical stimulation or cold shock with cytosolic Ca2+ increases similar to untreated controls. These observations suggest that there may be specific pools of cytosolic Ca2+ mobilized by heat treatments or that the refractory period results from a temporary block in HS perception or transduction. Use of inhibitors suggests that HS mobilizes cytosolic Ca2+ from both intracellular and extracellular sources.
Mortal: A Mutant of White Clover Defective in Nodal Root Development
Authors: White Derek W.R. , Woodfield Derek R. , Caradus John R.
Published: July 2002

A monogenic dominant mutant of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), designatedMortal, which is defective in the formation of adventitious nodal roots, is described. Mortal plants grown at temperatures ranging from 10 to 25°C do not initiate nodal root primordium development. However, all other aspects of plant development are normal, including the formation of lateral roots and wound-induced adventitious roots. In some genetic backgrounds, theMortal mutation has a temperature-sensitive conditional phenotype. Mortal plants shifted from growing conditions of 20 to 30°C for 2 to 3 d form nodal root meristems. However, new nodes that develop after plants are returned to 20°C exhibit the mutant phenotype. The capacity to form nodal roots on cuttings placed in water is also influenced by the genetic background of theMortal mutation. Genetic analysis established that the physiological reversion of Mortal to nodal root formation is controlled by at least two separate dominant genetic loci, one for Nodal water response (Now) and one for Nodaltemperature response (Not); theNow locus has a dominant epistatic interaction with theNot locus. The conditional nature ofMortal should provide opportunities for the identification of genetic and physiological mechanisms that influence the development of nodal roots.
Developmental Regulation of Intercellular Protein Trafficking through Plasmodesmata in Tobacco Leaf Epidermis
Authors: Itaya Asuka , Woo Young-Min , Masuta Chikara , Bao Yiming , Nelson Richard S. , Ding Biao
Published: July 2002

Plasmodesmata mediate direct cell-to-cell communication in plants. One of their significant features is that primary plasmodesmata formed at the time of cytokinesis often undergo structural modifications, by the de novo addition of cytoplasmic strands across cell walls, to become complex secondary plasmodesmata during plant development. Whether such modifications allow plasmodesmata to gain special transport functions has been an outstanding issue in plant biology. Here we present data showing that the cucumber mosaic virus 3a movement protein (MP):green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion was not targeted to primary plasmodesmata in the epidermis of young or mature leaves in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants constitutively expressing the3a:GFP fusion gene. Furthermore, the cucumber mosaic virus 3a MP:GFP fusion protein produced in planta by biolistic bombardment of the 3a:GFP fusion gene did not traffic between cells interconnected by primary plasmodesmata in the epidermis of a young leaf. In contrast, the 3a MP:GFP was targeted to complex secondary plasmodesmata and trafficked from cell to cell when a leaf reached a certain developmental stage. These data provide the first experimental evidence, to our knowledge, that primary and complex secondary plasmodesmata have different protein-trafficking functions and suggest that complex secondary plasmodesmata may be formed to traffic specific macromolecules that are important for certain stages of leaf development.
Cloning and Characterization of a Gibberellin-Induced RNase Expressed in Barley Aleurone Cells1
Authors: Rogers Sally W. , Rogers John C.
Published: July 2002

We cloned a cDNA for a gibberellin-induced ribonuclease (RNase) expressed in barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone and the gene for a second barley RNase expressed in leaf tissue. The protein encoded by the cDNA is unique among RNases described to date in that it contains a novel 23-amino acid insert between the C2 and C3 conserved sequences. Expression of the recombinant protein in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension-cultured protoplasts gave an active RNase of the expected size, confirming the enzymatic activity of the protein. Analyses of hormone regulation of expression of mRNA for the aleurone RNase revealed that, like the pattern for α-amylase, mRNA levels increased in the presence of gibberellic acid, and its antagonist abscisic acid prevented this effect. Quantitative studies at early times demonstrated that cycloheximide treatment of aleurone layers increased mRNA levels 4-fold, whereas a combination of gibberellin plus cycloheximide treatment was required to increase α-amylase mRNA levels to the same extent. These results are consistent with loss of repression as an initial effect of gibberellic acid on transcription of those genes, although the regulatory pathways for the two genes may differ.
Sieve Tube Unloading and Post-Phloem Transport of Fluorescent Tracers and Proteins Injected into Sieve Tubes via Severed Aphid Stylets
Authors: Fisher Donald B. , Cash-Clark Cora E.
Published: July 2002

A variety of fluorescent tracers and proteins were injected via severed aphid stylets into the sieve tubes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains to evaluate the dimensions of plasmodesmal channels involved in sieve element/companion cell (SE/CC)unloading and post-phloem transport. In the post-phloem pathway, where diffusion is the predominant mode of transport, the largest molecule to show mobility was 16-kD dextran, with a Stokes radius of 2.6 nm. This suggests that the aqueous channels for cell-to-cell transport must be about 8 nm in diameter. Even the largest tracer injected into the sieve tubes, 400-kD fluorescein-labeled Ficoll with a Stokes radius of about 11 nm, was unloaded from the SE/CC complex. However, in contrast to smaller tracers (≤3 kD, with a Stokes radius ≤ 1.2 nm), the unloading of fluorescein-labeled Ficoll and other large molecules from the SE/CC complex showed an irregular, patchy distribution, with no further movement along the post-phloem pathway. Either the plasmodesmal channels involved in SE/CCunloading are exceptionally large (perhaps as much as 42 nm in diameter), with only a very small fraction of plasmodesmata being conductive, or the larger tracers damage the plasmodesmata in some way, enlarging smaller channels.
Biliverdin Reductase-Induced Phytochrome Chromophore Deficiency in Transgenic Tobacco
Authors: Montgomery Beronda L. , Franklin Keara A. , Terry Matthew J. , Thomas Brian , Jackson Stephen D. , Crepeau Marc W. , Lagarias J. Clark
Published: July 2002

Targeted expression of mammalian biliverdin IXα reductase (BVR), an enzyme that metabolically inactivates linear tetrapyrrole precursors of the phytochrome chromophore, was used to examine the physiological functions of phytochromes in the qualitative short-day tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Maryland Mammoth) plant. Comparative phenotypic and photobiological analyses of plastid- and cytosol-targeted BVR lines showed that multiple phytochrome-regulated processes, such as hypocotyl and internode elongation, anthocyanin synthesis, and photoperiodic regulation of flowering, were altered in all lines examined. The phytochrome-mediated processes of carotenoid and chlorophyll accumulation were strongly impaired in plastid-targeted lines, but were relatively unaffected in cytosol-targeted lines. Under certain growth conditions, plastid-targeted BVR expression was found to nearly abolish the qualitative inhibition of flowering by long-day photoperiods. The distinct phenotypes of the plastid-targeted BVR lines implicate a regulatory role for bilins in plastid development or, alternatively, reflect the consequence of altered tetrapyrrole metabolism in plastids due to bilin depletion.
Na+/H+ Antiporter fromSynechocystis Species PCC 6803, Homologous to SOS1, Contains an Aspartic Residue and Long C-Terminal Tail Important for the Carrier Activity
Authors: Hamada Akira , Hibino Takashi , Nakamura Tatsunosuke , Takabe Teruhiro
Published: July 2002

A putative Na+/H+ antiporter gene whose deduced amino acid sequence was highly homologous to the NhaP antiporter from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and SOS1 antiporter from Arabidopsis was isolated fromSynechocystis sp. PCC 6803. TheSynechocystis NhaP antiporter (SynNhaP) was expressed inEscherichia coli mutant cells, which were deficient in Na+/H+ antiporters. It was found that the SynNhaP complemented the salt-sensitive phenotype of the E. coli mutant. Membrane vesicles prepared from the E. coli mutant transformed with the SynNhaP exhibited the Na+/H+ and Li+/H+antiporter activities, and their activities were insensitive to amiloride. Moreover, its activity was very high between pH 5 and 9. The replacement of aspartate-138 in SynNhaP with glutamate or tyrosine inactivated the SynNhaP antiporter activity. The deletion of a part of the long C-terminal hydrophilic tail significantly inhibited the antiporter activity. A topological model suggests that aspartate-138 in SynNhaP is conserved in NhaP, SOS1, and AtNHX1 and is involved in the exchange activity. Thus, it appeared that the SynNhaP would provide a model system for the study of structural and functional properties of eucaryotic Na+/H+antiporters.
Molecular Interactions between the Specialist HerbivoreManduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and Its Natural Host Nicotiana attenuata. II. Accumulation of Plant mRNAs in Response to Insect-Derived Cues
Authors: Schittko Ursula , Hermsmeier Dieter , Baldwin Ian T.
Published: July 2002

The transcriptional changes in Nicotiana attenuataTorr. ex Wats. elicited by attack from Manduca sextalarvae were previously characterized by mRNA differential display (D. Hermsmeier, U. Schittko, I.T. Baldwin [2001] Plant Physiol 125: 683–700). Because herbivore attack causes wounding, we disentangled wound-induced changes from those elicited by M. sexta oral secretions and regurgitant (R) with a northern analysis of a subset of the differentially expressed transcripts encoding threonine deaminase, pathogen-induced oxygenase, a photosystem II light-harvesting protein, a retrotransposon homolog, and three unknown genes. R extensively modified wound-induced responses by suppressing wound-induced transcripts (type I) or amplifying the wound-induced response (type II) further down-regulating wound-suppressed transcripts (type IIa) or up-regulating wound-induced transcripts (type IIb). It is interesting that although all seven genes displayed their R-specific patterns in the treated tissues largely independently of the leaf or plant developmental stage, only the type I genes displayed strong systemic induction. Ethylene was not responsible for any of the specific patterns of expression. R collected from different tobacco feeding insects, M. sexta,Manduca quinquemaculata, and Heliothis virescens, as well as from different instars of M. sexta were equally active. The active components of M. sexta R were heat stable and active in minute amounts, comparable with real transfer rates during larval feeding. Specific expression patterns may indicate that the plant is adjusting its wound response to efficiently fend off M. sexta, but may also be advantageous to the larvae, especially when R suppress wound-induced plant responses.
Two Loci Control Phytoglycogen Production in the Monocellular Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Dauvillée David , Colleoni Christophe , Mouille Gregory , Buléon Alain , Gallant Daniel J. , Bouchet Brigitte , Morell Matthew K. , d'Hulst Christophe , Myers Alan M. , Ball Steven G.
Published: July 2002

The STA8 locus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was identified in a genetic screen as a factor that controls starch biosynthesis. Mutations of STA8 cause a significant reduction in the amount of granular starch produced during nutrient limitation and accumulate phytoglycogen. The granules remaining in sta8 mutants are misshapen, and the abundance of amylose and long chains in amylopectin is altered. Mutations of the STA7 locus, which completely lack isoamylase activity, also cause accumulation of phytoglycogen, althoughsta8 and sta7 mutants differ in that there is a complete loss of granular starch in the latter. This is the first instance in which mutations of two different genetic elements in one plant species have been shown to cause phytoglycogen accumulation. An analytical procedure that allows assay of isoamylase in total extracts was developed and used to show that sta8mutations cause a 65% reduction in the level of this activity. All other enzymes known to be involved in starch biosynthesis were shown to be unaffected in sta8 mutants. The same amount of total isoamylase activity (approximately) as that present insta8 mutants was observed in heterozygous triploids containing two sta7 mutant alleles and one wild-type allele. This strain, however, accumulates normal levels of starch granules and lacks phytoglycogen. The total level of isoamylase activity, therefore, is not the major determinant of whether granule production is reduced and phytoglycogen accumulates. Instead, a qualitative property of the isoamylase that is affected by thesta8 mutation is likely to be the critical factor in phytoglycogen production.
Interdisciplinary working in built environment education
Authors: Wood Gerard
Published: July 2002

Considers attitudes towards interdisciplinary working within built environment education. The opinions and experiences of senior academic staff from within a single multi‐disciplinary faculty (Faculty of Health and Environment, Leeds Metropolitan University) are used as primary research data. It explores three principal issues: course structures – whether radical common programmes are necessary or whether more incremental change will be more effective; the teaching and learning approaches that are most likely to deliver the required outcomes – common studies, shared learning or project work; barriers to further development – staff relationships, faculty structures, resource pressures and external accrediting bodies. It proceeds to offer a comparative analysis of these views and the recommendations of Construction Industry Board Working Group 9 in educating the professional team.
Corporate performance and the influence of human capital characteristics on executive compensation in the UK
Authors: Laing David , Weir Charlie
Published: July 2002

The issue of executive pay has been the subject of intense debate in recent years. Discusses the factors determining executive pay using 1995 and 1996 data for a sample of 125 of the largest UK companies. Combines company performance and human capital characteristics as determinants of executive pay. Confirms the importance of company size as a strong influence on executive pay. Shows that profitability is a weak determinant of pay. Although human capital characteristics affect executive pay, the influence is not strong. When industry differences are taken into account, the impact of human capital diminishes further.
Using 3608 feedback and the integral model to develop leadership and management skills
Authors: Cacioppe Ron , Albrecht Simon
Published: July 2002

Leadership and management skills are increasingly required to navigate organisations through the complexities and changes of contemporary environments. Over the last decade, 3608 feedback is a process that has gained wide usage to help development of these skills. Summarises current research on 3608 feedback and the development of an integrated model of leadership and management based on the theories of Wilber. The article describes a comprehensive “integral” model and a questionnaire that uses elements of 3608 feedback to measure roles of leadership and management, as well as dimensions of self‐development and strategic change skills. This approach is applied to a sample of 304 managers and over 1,000 subordinates. The construction, validity and results of the questionnaire are discussed, as well as the major leadership strengths and weaknesses of the sample managers. Issues and experiences in the use of this model and the 3608 process are described.
A day in the life of Isaac
Authors: Engelberger Joe
Published: July 2002

Demonstrates that present technologies are sufficient to produce a household robot for the elderly or disabled, that is able to undertake a wide range of domestic chores and supply 24 hour care and companionship.