bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of washing procedure, particle size and dilution on the distribution between non‐washable, insoluble washable and soluble washable fractions in concentrate ingredients
Authors: Azarfar Arash , Tamminga Seerp , Boer Huug
Published: August 2007

The effects of washing procedure, particle size and dilution on the distribution of non‐washable (NWF), insoluble washable (ISWF) and soluble washable (SWF) fractions were studied. The effects of three washing procedures (Yang (Y), Melin (M) and in situ (IS)) on the size of NWF, ISWF and SWF in six concentrate ingredients (maize, barley, milo, peas, lupins and faba beans), ground at two different particle sizes, were compared. Method M was further developed (method SM) by reducing the dilution ratio; its effect on NWF, ISWF and SWF was compared. A new washing method was developed (method AA) which involved continuous washing of nylon bags in a centrifuge beaker; its effect on NWF, ISWF and SWF at different dilutions with water was compared with the IS, M, SM and Y methods. The effects of different dilutions on SWF and soluble true protein (STP) in six concentrate ingredients were studied. The effects of grain, washing method and particle size on the size of NWF and ISWF were significant, with significant interactions between grain and particle size, grain and washing method, particle size and washing method, but no interaction between grain type, washing method and particle size. In method Y the size of NWF was smaller than in the other methods. The results showed that, except in lupins, NWF in grains was significantly higher than in legume seeds. Increasing the particle size significantly increased NWF, whereas ISWF was decreased. The size of SWF in legume seeds was higher than in the grains. Increasing the dilution, increased STP in legume seeds, but not in grains. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability of pale‐fleshed and orange‐fleshed sweetpotato by school children and mothers with preschool children
Authors: Tomlins Keith , Ndunguru Gabriel , Stambul Kimboka , Joshua Neema , Ngendello Theresia , Rwiza Elizabeth , Amour Rahila , Ramadhani Bundala , Kapande Asia , Westby Andrew
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flavour profile and consumer acceptability of four sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) cultivars that differed in β‐carotene content. Descriptive sensory profiles of the sweetpotato cultivars were determined using a sensory panel. Consumers in the Lake Zone of Tanzania comprised school children (n = 94) and mothers with preschool children (n = 59). Additionally, mothers gave acceptability scores for how they perceived their children's acceptance. Traditional pale‐fleshed (PFSP) and high‐β‐carotene orange‐fleshed (OFSP) sweetpotato cultivars showed distinct differences in sensory profile. Mean consumer responses indicated that OFSP were more acceptable than PFSP; mothers differed from school children by giving higher acceptance scores. Mothers did not score the perceived acceptability for their preschool children different from themselves. Segmentation appeared to suggest three distinct patterns of consumer acceptability among school children and mothers. The majority gave high acceptability scores to both OFSP and PFSP. Those in the smaller second group gave higher scores to OFSP than to PFSP, while those (particularly school children) in the third segment gave lower scores to the OFSP cultivar Karote DSM. There was evidence that school children and mothers viewed the sweetpotato cultivars differently with respect to fibrous texture. A preliminary storage trial where the sweetpotato cultivars were kept for 12 weeks in pit structures indicated that the acceptability and sensory profile of the cultivars did not differ with storage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of sea water on biochemical properties of fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes differing for ethylene production
Authors: Incerti Annalisa , Navari‐Izzo Flavia , Pardossi Alberto , Mensuali Anna , Izzo Riccardo
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND: Three near‐isogenic lines of cv. Gimar differing in ethylene production were used to evaluate the influence of salinity on fruit quality. Plants were grown in rockwool culture and were irrigated with nutrient solution with electrical conductivities (ECs) of 3 and 8 mS cm−1, which corresponded to 0 and 10% of sea water. For fruits picked at ‘red‐turning’ and ‘red‐ripe’ stages physico‐chemical parameters, ethylene, ascorbate and organic acid content, and cell reductive power were analysed.

RESULTS: The same response was observed in all genotypes: the higher salinity growth solution increased dry matter content, total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity but reduced crop yield. Ascorbic acid and also organic acid contents showed a greater accumulation with ripening in the mutant genotypes: this might be due to a slowing of ripening. Our data confirm the lack of any relationship between the larger accumulation of TSS and ethylene production in the fruits of salt‐treated plants.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that although salinity (10% sea water) reduces fruit yield, it does not have a negative effect on quality. So, it seems possible that controlled use of diluted sea water, combined with suitable tomato genotypes might represent a valid alternative to fresh irrigation water. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Raman spectroscopy in investigations of mechanism of human serum albumin denaturation under action of sodium dodecyl sulfate
Authors: Vlasova I M , Polyansky D V , Saletsky A M
Published: August 2007

The mechanism of denaturation of human serum albumin under action of an anionic detergent – sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is investigated by Raman spectroscopy method. The quantitative contents of α-helical segments and random packing segments of polypeptide chain of albumin at different concentrations of SDS and at different pH values of solutions are determined. It is shown, that more intensive denaturation under action of SDS, consisting in disturbance of secondary and tertiary structure of albumin, takes place at pH values of solution, smaller the isoelectric point of protein.
Nonlinear χ(3)-lasing in the tetragonal RbH2PO4 crystal
Authors: Kaminskii A A , Dolbinina V V
Published: August 2007

Raman-induced Stokes and anti-Stokes generation in RbH2PO4 crystal with nanosecond pumping has been observed. All recorded nonlinear-laser wavelengths in the visible and near-IR regions are identified and attributed to the χ(3)-promoting vibration mode of this tetragonal acentric phosphate.
Dicke states and Bloch states
Authors: Friedberg R , Manassah J T
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we show that if the density matrix of a pure Bloch state is averaged over the common phase, which connects the excited state of every atom with its ground state, the result is identical to a mixture of Dicke states with r=N/2 and a narrowly peaked distribution of m. It follows that Dicke states are essentially indistinguishable from Bloch states, except by experiments sensitive to ϕ, or by precise measurements of m. We also show that a thermally prepared quasi-Bloch state can be expanded in two ways: into a mixture of sub-maximal Bloch states, and alternately after averaging over ϕ into a mixture of Dicke states.
Conjugated Polymers as Optical Probes for Protein Interactions and Protein Conformations
Authors: Herland Anna , Inganäs Olle
Published: August 2007

There is a need for highly sensitive, multi‐parallel protein sensors within diagnostics and proteomic research. Conjugated polymers (CPs) have been demonstrated as highly sensitive optical probes for protein biosensing. Compared to small molecules, the polymeric probe has the possibility of multiple interactions and a collective response, which enhances the sensor signal. The optical output is colorimetric or, more sensitive, fluorescence based, including Förster energy transfer and changes in the emission wavelengths and/or intensity. Using CPs, many interesting protein detection events have been demonstrated, e.g., protein interactions, enzymatic activity, amyloid fibril formation, and detection by aptamers. CPs have also been successfully used to stain bacterial, cellular, and tissue samples.

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Immunocontraceptive effect of Izumo and enhancement by combination vaccination
Authors: Naz Rajesh K.
Published: August 2007

Sperm proteins are being investigated for their applications in the development of contraceptive vaccines (CV) in several laboratories. In the present study, various synthetic peptides based upon four sperm proteins, namely Izumo, fertilization antigen‐1 (FA‐1), YLP12, and SP56 that are involved in various steps of the fertilization cascade were examined for their immunocontraceptive effect. The synthetic peptides were conjugated to four carrier proteins namely keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA), chicken γ‐globulin, and chicken ovalbumin. Female mice were immunized with various peptide vaccines and each booster injection was given with the peptide conjugated to a different carrier protein. Two different fertility trials with different doses of the peptide vaccines were conducted to examine the contraceptive effect. Injection of 150 µg of the peptides (Trial II) caused a significantly higher immune response in serum as well as in the vaginal tract causing enhanced contraceptive effect than those observed after injection with 75 µg of the peptides (Trial I). Immunization with the peptide vaccines based upon Izumo, which is involved in sperm–egg plasma membrane fusion, caused a significant reduction in fertility. The contraceptive effect was enhanced by immunizing with the peptides based upon other antigens (FA‐1, YLP12, and SP56), resulting in an overall 73.33% reduction in fertility. When the antibodies against the peptides disappeared after >9–10 months from circulation and genital tract, all the animals regained fertility. These findings indicate for the first time that the immunization with Izumo and other sperm peptides namely FA‐1, YLP12, and SP56 induces antibodies in serum and genital tract that cause a reversible long‐term contraceptive effect in female mice. The data further indicate that the proteins involved in sperm–egg fusion can also be used for contraceptive vaccine development. The contraceptive effects are enhanced by immunizing with the multipeptide vaccines. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 336–344, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The usefulness of key performance indicators to public accountability authorities in East Asia
Authors: Taylor Jeannette
Published: August 2007

Has the mandated reporting of key performance indicators (KPIs) by public agencies to public accountability or reporting authorities in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore helped these authorities in their task to hold the agencies to account? This article argues that the sheer existence of KPIs in public agencies' annual reports and budget papers does not automatically lead to their effective use by the authorities for making decisions about the agencies' performance achievements. The utilization of KPIs for making decisions by the participating authorities in these countries could be best described as careful and cautious because of their perceptions that the KPIs have failed to meet their performance information needs. Since the implementation of a performance measurement and reporting system has been linked to both instrumental and symbolic benefits, perhaps the main value of the current systems lies less with their ability to bring about instrumental benefits to reporting authorities and other stakeholders. Instead, their primary strength may be skewed towards their capacity to accrue symbolic benefits for the government. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attitude of health‐care providers toward childhood leukemia patients with different socio‐economic status
Authors: Mostert Saskia , Sitaresmi Mei N. , Gundy Chad M. , Sutaryo  , Veerman Anjo J.P.
Published: August 2007

Background

Treatment results differ significantly between poor and prosperous children with leukemia in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to determine whether parental socio‐economic status influences beliefs, attitude, and behavior of health‐care providers (hcp) treating childhood leukemia in Indonesia.

Procedure

A self‐administered semi‐structured questionnaire was filled in by 102 hcp (69 doctors, 28 nurses, 2 psychologists, 2 hematology technicians, 1 administrator).

Results

Most hcp (98%) asked parents about their financial situation. The decision to start treatment was influenced by parental socio‐economic status (86%), motivation of parents (80%), and motivation of doctors (76%). Health‐care providers stated that prosperous patients comply better with treatment (64%), doctors comply better with treatment for the prosperous (53%), most patients cannot afford to complete treatment (58%), less extensive explanations are given toward poor families (60%), and communication is impeded by differences in status (67%). When dealing with prosperous families a minority of hcp stated that they pay more attention (27%), work with greater accuracy (24%), take more interest (23%), and devote more time per visit (22%). Most hcp denied differences in the quality of medical care (93%) and the chances of cure (58%) between poor and prosperous patients.

Conclusions

Beliefs, attitude, and behavior of hcp toward poor versus prosperous patients appeared to differ. These differences may contribute to the immense drop‐out rate and slight chances of survival among poor patients with leukemia in developing countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1001–1005. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First solvent‐free synthesis of poly(N‐methylolacrylamide) via frontal free‐radical polymerization
Authors: Chen Li , Hu Ting , Yu Huan , Chen Su , Pojman John A.
Published: August 2007

We report the first synthesis of poly (N‐methylolacrylamide) (PNMA) via free‐radical frontal polymerization (FP) with solid monomers at ambient pressure. The appropriate amounts of reactants (N‐methylolacrylamide) (NMA) and initiator (ammonium persulfate) were mixed together at ambient temperature without solvent. FP was initiated by heating the wall of the tube with a soldering iron, and the resultant hot fronts were allowed to self‐propagate throughout the reaction vessel. Once initiated, no further energy was required for polymerization to occur. To suppress the fingers of molten monomer, a small amount of nanosilica was added. We also produced PNMA with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, as solvent by FP, to study the macrokinetics in FP of PNMA without fillers. The front velocity and front temperature dependence on the ammonium persulfate and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone concentration were investigated. The polymer was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that without postpolymerization solvent removal, waste production can be reduced. Solvent‐free FP could be exploited as a means for preparation of PNMA with the potential advantage of higher throughput than solvent‐based methods. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4322–4330, 2007
Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of luminescent poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives containing electron‐transporting 1,3,4‐oxadiazole groups
Authors: Su Wen‐Fen , Yeh Kun‐Ming , Chen Yun
Published: August 2007

Three random copolymers (P1–P3) comprising phenylenevinylene and electron‐transporting aromatic 1,3,4‐oxadiazole segments (11, 18, 28 mol %, respectively) were prepared by Gilch polymerization to investigate the influence of oxadiazole content on their photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent properties. For comparative study, homopolymer poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐p‐phenylenevinylene] (P0) was also prepared by the same process. The polymers (P0–P3) are soluble in common organic solvents and thermally stable up to 410 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Their optical properties were investigated by absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The optical results reveal that the aromatic 1,3,4‐oxadiazole chromophores in P1–P3 suppress the intermolecular interactions. The HOMO and LUMO levels of these polymers were estimated from their cyclic voltammograms. The HOMO levels of P0–P3 are very similar (−5.02 to −5.03 eV), whereas their LUMO levels decrease readily with increasing oxadiazole content (−2.7, −3.08, −3.11, and −3.19 eV, respectively). Therefore, the electron affinity of the poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) chain can be gradually enhanced by incorporating 1,3,4‐oxadiazole segments. Among the polymers, P1 (11 mol % 1,3,4‐oxadiazole) shows the best EL performance (maximal luminance: 3490 cd/m2, maximal current efficiency: 0.1 cd/A). Further increase in oxadiazole content results in micro‐phase separation that leads to performance deterioration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4377–4388, 2007
Genetics and mechanism of resistance to deltamethrin in a field population of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Ahmad Munir , Sayyed Ali H , Crickmore Neil , Saleem Mushtaq A
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) causes enormous losses in many economically important crops. The genetics of insecticide resistance has been extensively studied in several insect pests, but there is a lack of information on S. litura. Therefore, the genetics and mechanisms of the resistance of S. litura to deltamethrin were investigated.

RESULTS: Bioassays at generation G1 gave resistance ratios of 9, 5, 41, 52 and 49 for deltamethrin, cypermethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos and triazofos respectively, when compared with the susceptible Lab‐PK strain. Bioassays at G4 with a deltamethrin‐selected population (Delta‐SEL) showed that selection gave resistance ratios of 63 and 7 for deltamethrin when compared with the Lab‐PK and UNSEL strains respectively. Cross‐resistance to other insecticides tested was observed in the selected population. A notable feature of the Delta‐SEL strain was that resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin, profenofos and chlorpyrifos did not decline over the course of five generations. Synergism tests with microsomal oxidase (MO) and esterase‐specific inhibitors indicated that the deltamethrin resistance was associated with MO and, possibly, esterase activity. Reciprocal crosses between the Delta‐SEL and Lab‐PK strains indicated that resistance was autosomal and incompletely dominant. A direct test of monogenic inheritance suggested that resistance to deltamethrin was controlled by more than one locus.

CONCLUSION: Stability and dominance of resistance and cross‐resistance suggest that insecticides with different modes of action should be recommended to reduce pyrethroid selection pressure. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Antitumor activity of chloroform fraction of Scutellaria barbata and its active constituents
Authors: Yu Jianqing , Liu Huibin , Lei Jiachuan , Tan Wenjie , Hu Xianming , Zou Guolin
Published: August 2007

Scutellaria barbata (SB) is widely used as an antitumor agent in China, but the antitumor components of SB are still unclear. The antitumor activity of various fractions of an ethanol extract of SB was studied in six human malignant cell lines. Bio‐based assays showed that non‐polar and low‐polar solvent fractions of SB had dose‐dependent cytotoxicities on six cancer cell lines. The IC50 values of these fractions on the cancer cell lines tested ranged from 16 to 70 µg/mL after 48 h of treatment. Among them, the chloroform fraction (CE‐SB) had the strongest cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines with a lower cytotoxic effect on a normal liver cell line. Bel‐7402 cell apoptosis induced by CE‐SB was examined using Hoechst 33258 staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. CE‐SB dose‐dependently decreased the S phase content. Treatment with CE‐SB caused cytochrome c release and activation of caspase‐9. The antitumor activity of CE‐SB in vivo was also evaluated. At 60 mg/kg/day, CE‐SB significantly inhibited the solid tumor proliferation and increased the life span of ascites tumor bearing mice (p < 0.01). CE‐SB was subjected to bioassay‐guided isolation of the active compounds by chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH‐20. Phytol, wogonin, luteolin and hispidulin were obtained as cytotoxic constituents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiple criteria decision‐making approach to estimate minimum environmental flows based on wetted perimeter
Authors: Shang Songhao
Published: August 2007

Minimum environmental flows in rivers provide a certain level of protection for the aquatic environment. The relationship between wetted perimeter and discharge can be used to define the minimum environmental flows by the slope method (SM), or curvature method (CM), especially for cases with poor understanding of the aquatic ecosystem. SM and CM derived inconsistent values of minimum environmental flows. It was not clear which method better defined minimum environmental flow. Moreover, the computation and optimization procedures are both time consuming and error‐prone, especially for complicated wetted perimeter–discharge relationships. In this study, flow regulation for rivers was regarded as a multiple criteria decision‐making problem, with the objectives of minimum river discharge and maximum wetted perimeter. Ideal point methods (IPMs) with the scaling coefficient r = 1 (IPM1) and r = 2 (IPM2) were used to solve this model to determine optimal environmental flows. IPM was simple in computation, especially when the wetted perimeter–discharge relationship was given as scattered data pairs. Meanwhile, it was applicable to a wider range of wetted perimeter–discharge relationship than SM and CM. Environmental flows estimated by IMP1 are the same as that by SM. The analytical results for environmental flows using SM, CM, IPM1 and IPM2 were compared for wetted perimeter–discharge relationship expressed as power or logarithmic function. It showed that CM is not a good method to define environmental flows. SM with unity slope and IMP1 were recommended. CM, SM and IPM were examined for the determination of environmental flows in a river in North Xinjiang, China. Environmental flows for different transects of the studying river reach were estimated to be 21% of the mean annual flow by SM or IPM1, which provided the satisfactory wetted perimeter, water depth and average velocity for aquatic organisms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Röntgendiagnostik plasma‐gestützt abgeschiedener dünner Schichten
Authors: Wulff Harm , Quaas Marion
Published: August 2007

Wir haben gezeigt, dass die Röntgen‐Diffraktometrie im streifenden Einfall und die Röntgen‐Reflektometrie einzeln und besonders in Kombination leistungsfähige Werkzeuge zur Charakterisierung plasma‐gestützt abgeschiedener Schichten sind. Beide Methoden arbeiten zerstörungsfrei. Die Schichten sind damit sowohl weiteren Diagnostikverfahren als auch der weiteren Nutzung zugänglich. Die Bestimmung chemischer, kristallographischer und physikalischer Eigenschaften führt zu einem tieferen Verständnis der Plasma‐Wand‐Wechselwirkung und ermöglicht eine gezielte Beeinflussung und Qualitätsverbesserung plasma‐gestützt abgeschiedener Schichten. An drei Beispielen haben wir den Einfluss der Plasmaparameter auf die Phasenbildung, die Defektstrukturentstehung und auf kinetische Prozesse vorgestellt.
Oberflächenwellen‐Strukturen in Cu‐Damaszentechnologie
Authors: Menzel Siegfried , Reitz Daniel , Schmidt Hagen , Albert Matthias
Published: August 2007

Eine neue Technologie zur Herstellung von Leistungs‐SAW‐Bauelementen mit vergrabenen Interdigitalwandlern aus einem Cu‐Dünnschichtsystem (Cu‐Damaszen‐Technik) wird beschrieben. Die so hergestellten Demonstratoren zeigen im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Al‐Wandlern eine signifikant höhere Leistungsverträglichkeit und Lebensdauer. Die Eigenschaften der SAW‐Strukturen macht sie besonders attraktiv für neue Anwendungen, bei denen große SAW‐Amplituden und eine ebene Oberfläche der Struktur erforderlich sind.
Assessment of weld line performance of PP/Talc moldings produced in hot runner injection molds
Authors: Morelli Carolina L. , de Sousa José Alexandrino , Pouzada António S.
Published: August 2007

Weld lines are weak regions in thermoplastic injection moldings caused by low molecular entanglement and unfavorable orientation. Their occurrence may lead to a significantly reduced mechanical performance of the products. Therefore, when weld lines are likely to occur in molded products, they must be taken into account during the mechanical and technological design processes. The weld lines become more critical when particulate fillers are compounded with the polymer. The performance of weld lines in talc‐filled polypropylene box moldings produced with a double‐gated hot runner mold is assessed in this work. The processing conditions were varied in order to cause morphology and tensile‐impact resistance changes. The weld performance at room temperature was assessed in terms of the energy absorbed in the impact tests. It was found that the performance depends on the injection temperature, the injection rate, and the orientation of the talc particles in the weld‐line plane. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:159–165, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nuclear magnetic resonance for determining oil content of seeds
Authors: Conway T. F. , Earle F. R.
Published: August 2007

Twelve seed oils containing a variety of functional groups were examined with a commercial broad‐band nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. Instrument response (integrator readout) was directly related to hydrogen content of the oil (r=0.999), regardless of the structures present.

NMR techniques were applied to the determination of oil in intact, partially dried seeds from 18 plant species containing 1.5舑53% oil having a variety of structures. The correlation between integrator readout (calculated to a uniform 25‐g sample weight) and oil content (determined by extraction with petroleum ether) is excellent (r=0.993). If the readout is further modified by a erratum for the variation in hydrogen content of the oils, the correlation becomes 0.996.
Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of tertiary amines
Authors: Hoh G. L. K. , Barlow D. O. , Chadwick A. F. , Lake D. B. , Sheeran S. R.
Published: August 2007

Oxides of tertiary amines, such as dimethyldodecylamine oxide, are known to be useful as detergents and foam stabilizers, and are now in commerical use. The results of an investigation leading to the selection of optimum conditions for producing these compounds are reported. A variety of hydrogen peroxide‐derived systems for amine oxidation were investigated. These included hydrogen peroxide in water and in nonaqueous solvents, and peroxy acids under various reaction conditions. Reductometric, acidimetric, and gas chromatographic procedures were used for analysis of reaction mixtures. The preferred reaction uses hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and water as the reaction medium. The product of this reaction is a 30舑40% solution of the amine oxide. Other factors affecting the rate and extent of conversion, such as amine purity, are discussed.
Determination of cyclic fatty acids by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Black L. T. , Eisenhauer R. A.
Published: August 2007

A method is described to determine cyclic fatty acids in cyclic monomers by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC), which separates saturated straight‐chain esters from cyclic esters. The content of cyclic esters can be determined by integration of the area on the chromatograph under the cyclic peaks. GLC was applied to cyclic monomers made from linseed oil and from linolenic acid. Samples of both hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated cyclic monomers were analyzed; however, more reliable results were obtained on the hydrogenated samples. The results show a standard deviation of 0.25 for linseed oil and 0.36 for linolenic acid.

Accuracy of the analysis was established by comparing data with that obtained by crystallization. The GLC method is approximately three times faster.
Analysis of soaps with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid
Authors: Haeberer E. T. , Maerker G.
Published: August 2007

Alkali metal carboxylic acid salts of long‐chain fatty acids and of ॅ‐sulfo fatty acids are determined by titration with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid medium. Crystal violet is used as indicator.
Gaseous ammonia as a refining agent for cottonseed oils
Authors: Zeitoun M. A. , Harris W. B. , Harris W. D.
Published: August 2007

In this investigation the application of gaseous ammonia to cottonseed oil refining was explored. The ammonia reacted quantitatively with the free fatty acids in the oil; its solubility in coftonseed oil was determined as a function of pressure. In 舠degumming舡 it was more efficient in removing phosphatides than other agents.

A reduction in refining loss resulted for oils refined with gaseous ammonia as outlined and compared with the standard AOCS cup loss analysis. However, the oil colors were substantially higher even though the ammonia treated oils were re‐refined with caustic solution. Results using cottonseed oil‐hexane 舠miscellas舡 containing less than 70% oil showed low refining losses, but the colors were estremely high. Above 70% oil content the losses were higher, but the colors were lower. The colors never equalled 舠standard cup舡 results.
Iron sequestration by polyphosphates
Authors: Irani R. R. , Morgenthaler W. W.
Published: August 2007

The equilibrium sequestration of ferric and ferrous iron by polyphosphates has been measured at room temperature in the pH range of 4舑11. In general, sequestration decreases with increase in pH or increase in the chain length of the polyphosphate. The dissociation constants of ferric pyrophosphate and ferric tripolyphosphate have been estimated to be around 10蜢23. The polyphosphates form weaker ferrous complexes.
Composition of methyl esters from heat‐bodied linseed oils
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , Forest C. A. , Cowan J. C.
Published: August 2007

Two heat‐bodied linseed oils, with Gardner viscosities of 37 and 55 min, were saponified, converted to their methyl esters, and separated into 2 fractions with urea and methanol. Gas‐liquid chromatography showed the adduct fraction, which comprised 38舑41% of the total methyl esters, to contain: palmitic, stearic, oleic, 舠linoleic,舡 and trace amounts of 舠linolenic舡 acid. The nonadducting fraction (59舑62%) of the total methyl esters was separated by molecular distillation at 140C/7 ॖ into a distillate and residue. The distillate amounted to 18舑25% of the total methyl esters and had an iodine value (I.V.) of 142舑145; its absorption at 232 mॖ indicates 2.5舑3.0% conjugated diene. Hydrogenation of this distillate gave a liquid product with an iodine number of 4 and a pour point of 蜢50C. Gas chromatograms of the distillate and its hydrogenated derivative indicated at least 5舑7 components. Comparison of these peaks with known fatty acid methyl esters indicates that the components of these fractions were either cyclic or branched esters. The nonadducting residue fraction was composed mainly of polymeric acids.
Removal of fatty soils from cotton in aqueous detergent systems
Authors: Powe W. C.
Published: August 2007

A gravimetric method for studying the factors involved in removing fatty soils from cotton in aqueous detergent systems is described, and comparative data are given for removal of lanolin, lard, sebum, and hydrocarbon soils from cotton. Comparisons are made for a number of surfactants used in detergent formulations and effects of various builders are noted. Effects of some of the parameters of the wash bath such as detergent concentration, water temperature, and wash time are discussed. It is thereby demonstrated that:

Maximum fatty soil removal is attained from cotton in 5 min or less at 120F with 0.25% of a good detergent.

A group of six representative anionic and nonionic surfactants vary considerably in their ability to remove sebum from cotton.

In general, the relative ability of a detergent system to remove one fatty soil applies to other fatty soils also.

The most effective inorganic salts for removing sebum were sodium tripolyphosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate.

The most effective active‐builder combinations tested were built with sodium tripolyphosphate.

The improvement in fatty soil removal from cotton produced by building surfactants with inorganic salts was an additive or less than additive affect for the nonionics tested. With the anionies a few synergistic effects were noted. These effects were probably due to the inorganic salts lowering the CMC or increasing the size of the micelle.

Emulsification is probably an important mechanism in removing sebum from cotton.
Distribution of individual fatty acids in the crystallization fractions of lard
Authors: Arnold L. K. , Milloy A. D.
Published: August 2007

Distribution of the individual fatty acids in the triglycerides of lard was determined by fractional crystallization, partial enzymatic hydrolysis with steapsin, and fatty acid analyses by GLC. It was found that none of the individual fatty acids corresponded to a random distribution in the crystallization fractions, but that the distribution of the total saturated and total unsaturated acids was very nearly random. The short chain fatty acids, C14 and C16, both saturated and unsaturated, were found to be more predominant in the 2‐position than in the 1‐ and 3‐positions of the lard triglycerides. All of the C18 fatty acids were found to be more predominant in the 1‐ and 3‐positions.
Identification of peaks in gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Miwa T. K.
Published: August 2007

Some of the known principles of gas‐liquid chromatography are reviewed. Application of the equivalent chain length (ECL) method to identification of complex molecules, and to prediction of structures of unknowns, is described in detail.
Assay of insecticides and herbicides in fats and oils
Authors: Cook J. W.
Published: August 2007

Types of residue and methods data required in the establishment of pesticide tolerances in food products is discussed. Emphasis will be on those products and methods involving fats and oils.

A summary of some of the current research efforts in FDA in methodology for pesticidal residues in food products is given. These methods are in the nature of screening or sorting techniques which identify and determine a number of different chemicals in a single analysis. Adequate separation of these chemicals from the fats, oils, and waxes of food products is often the most difficult step in methods development.
Crossroads
Authors: McHale James , Lynch Merrill , Pierce  ,   Fenner & Smith Inc.
Published: August 2007

The publicity on water contamination by detergent foams is awakening the public to the growing problems of air, water and soil pollution by all types of waste materials. While detergents account for only 5舑10% of total dissolved organic matter after conventional sewage treatment, their foaming tendency highlights their presence. Legislative action therefore seems inevitable.

The branched‐chain alkylbenzene sulfonates and the branched‐chain alkylphenol polyglycol ethers are generally considered unsatisfactory from the standpoint of biodegradability. Straight‐chain alkylbenzene sulfonates are biodegradable, though tests to date indicate the rate of degradation is much slower than that of the fatty alcohol sulfates. In general, the lower molecular weight species of each detergent type produces more foam on agitation, but degrades more rapidly than the higher molecular weight species.

The extensive research work on biodegradables may open new usage potentials for both animal fat and vegetable oil derivatives. It has already led to development of alpha olefins derived from petroleum sources, and unless producers and processors of agricultural fats and oils work equally hard on developing their own derivatives, the petroleum‐based raw materials will take over even more than soap舗s former detergent market. Right now, the natural fats and oils seem to have a built‐in advantage of biodegradability to answer the basic problems of detergent suds and stream pollution
Developments in appliances which might influence the detergent and textile industries
Authors: Davis Richard C.
Published: August 2007

The interrelation of researches in detergents, appliances, and textiles is discussed, showing how a major development in one industry can force reactions by the other industries. Several new appliance developments, which might affect detergents, include a water softener built onto a washer and two novel washing systems. The possibilities of a home dry‐cleaner are reviewed, as are appliance industry reactions to the development of permanent‐press fabrics by the textile industry. Some predictions about the washing machine of the future are presented.
Composition and stability of pecan oils
Authors: Pyriadi Thanun M. , Mason Michael E.
Published: August 2007

Analyses of pecan oils by GLC and mass spectrometry showed the presence of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The TLC of the nonsaponifiable materials of pecan oil, followed by identification of individual zones, revealed the presence of carotenoids, α‐tocopherol, other tocopherols, and an Emmerie‐Engel positive compound which was unknown. A quantitative estimation of tocopherols was achieved in pecan oils from eight varieties. Total tocopherol content was correlated with oil stability; however a better correlation with stability was observed when both tocopherols and the degree of unsaturation of the oils were taken into account.
Nonvolatilealpha‐branched chain fatty esters. II
Authors: Bilyk A. , Eisner A. , Ault W. C.
Published: August 2007

A group of nonvolatilealpha‐branched esters was prepared by the di‐tertiary butyl peroxide‐promoted addition of normal esters to terminal olefins containing methyl branches or aryl groups. Methyl stearate was added to 3,7‐dimethyl‐1‐octene, 3,5,5‐trimethyl‐1‐hexene, and 4‐phenyl‐1‐butene. The reaction with 2,4,4‐trimethyl‐1‐pentene, a terminal alkene with a methyl branch at the internal ethylenic carbon, was not successful. Benzyl 2‐(4‐phenylbutyl) octadecanoate was prepared by transesterification of the corresponding methyl ester. Benzyl 2,2‐dimethylpropanoate, which has no α‐hydrogen in the acyl portion of the molecule, was added to 1‐hexadecene to form α‐hexadecylbenzyl 2,2‐dimethylpropanoate. Lubricant evaluation data were obtained on the above compounds.
Interesterification. I. Change of glyceride composition during the course of interesterification
Authors: Freeman I. P.
Published: August 2007

Changes in composition produced in monounsaturated triglycerides during the course of interesterification, before full randomization is achieved, have been followed by using thin‐layer chromatography. Results indicate that intraesterification, in which interchanges take place between positions on the same molecule, occurs at a faster rate than, the general randomization which results from interesterification.

The reaction is found to proceed according to the expression log a α t, where ‘a’ is the proportion of fatty acid components not changed in position by the reaction. This expression is of general application to triglyceride interesterifications and provides a basic equation in terms of which the effects of temperature, catalysts, and other experimental conditions can be studied.
Polymerizable monomers from castor oil. I. Vinyl monomers based on undecenoic acid
Authors: Kulkarni N. G. , Krishnamurti N. , Chatterjee P. C. , Aggarwal J. S.
Published: August 2007

Thirty‐four different vinyl monomers have been synthesized, based on 10‐undecenoic acid, pyrolysis product of castor oil, in 50 to 100‐g lots in high purity. These include allyl ethers and esters, vinyl ethers and esters, and acrylic and methacrylic esters, all of which were characterized by their infrared spectra; purity was checked by chromatographic methods. Boiling points, refractive indices, and iodine values of the products have been reported.
The hydrophilization process for the separation of fatty materials
Authors: Stein Werner
Published: August 2007

Fats and derivatives of fats consist of mixtures of components differing in chain length and saturation. Apart from the fractional distillation, several methods exist for the separation which are based on the different melting‐point and solubility behavior of these components. Modern separation processes use recrystallization from organic solvents, press or filtration methods. The hydrophil process uses an entirely different approach. A mixture of solid and liquid fatty material, for instance, tallow fatty acid, is treated with an aqueous solution of surfaceactive substances. The liquid fatty acids are removed from the surface of the fatty acid crystals and emulsified in the aqueous phase. The crystals are hydrophilized so that they leave the oil phase and completely enter the aqueous phase, where they are suspended. In a solid‐bowl centrifuge the aqueous solution, containing the suspended crystals of stearic acid, is separated from the oleic acid phase. The stearic acid is recovered by heating the aqueous suspension above the melting point.

The composition and concentration of the sufactants, the salt content and the volume of the aqueous phase, the crystallization performance of the fatty material, and the apparatus design are important in the efficiency of the separation. The composition of the components is besed on the phase diagram which controls iodine number, melting or cloud point of the oleic and stearic acid in relation to the separation temperature. The stearic and oleic acid is practically identical with the expeeted composition from the phase‐diagram readings. This separation principle can be used for fatty acids, fatty alcohols, or fats.
Determination of citric acid in fats
Authors: Ohlson R. , Persmark U. , Podlaha O.
Published: August 2007

The direct analysis of small amounts (2–50 ppm) of citric acid in refined glyceride oils and fats is described. Fat, containing citric acid, is titrated potentiometrically in a pyridine/ acetone mixture with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). The method is relatively simple and rapid with an accuracy better than ±5%.
Emulsion polymerization of linseed and safflower acrylates and methacrylates
Authors: Joshi S. K. , Chatterjee P. C.
Published: August 2007

Acrylic and methacrylic esters of mixed fatty alcohols derived from linseed and safflower oils were homopolymerized, by emulsion polymerization technique, yielding polymers that gave hard, gloosy films with excellent flexibility and good water and chemical resistance.
Reaction of tall oil pitch with desmodur N isocyanate
Authors: Era V. , Noronen K.
Published: August 2007

The reaction between six tall oil pitch (TOP) grades and Desmodur N Isocyanate was followed by IR spectroscopy by decrease of NCO absorption in the film cast from the reaction mixture. Time‐conversion curves show that the reactivities of three TOP grades are of the same magnitude up to 50% conversion, while in the other grades considerably slower reaction rates were observed. In most catalyzed reactions 90% conversion was completed during 14 days. Development of tensile properties of the films during the reaction sequence indicates the formation of polymers. Hypothetical routes for the reaction are presented.
Triglyceride composition ofmadhuca butyraceae seed fat
Authors: Sengupta A. , Roy Choudhury S. K.
Published: August 2007

Fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of phulwara butter (Madhuca butyraceae seed fat) have been determined by combination of the techniques of systematic crystallization at low temperatures, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, and gas liquid chromatography of methyl esters. The percentages of individual fatty acids were found to be palmitic, 55.6; stearic, 5.2; oleic, 35.9; and linoleic, 3.3. The special characteristic of the phulwara butter is its content of POP, 52.5%; PLP, 4.9%; POSt, 8.6%; POO, 14.4% and PPP, 7.7% (P, palmitic; St. stearic; O, oleic; and L, linoleic). 2‐Monoglycerides obtained by lipolysis of this fat and its least soluble fraction contained 13,0% and 29.3% saturated acids, respectively. Phulwara butter may be a potential source of palmitic acid for the pharmaceutical industry.
The relationship of structure to properties in surfactants: VII. Synthesis and properties of some sodium 1,4‐and 2,6‐alkoxynaphthalenesulfonates
Authors: Kwan Chang‐Chin , Rosen M. J.
Published: August 2007

A number of surface‐active alkoxynaphthalenesulfonates, ROC10H6SO3Na, have been synthesized, and some of their surface properties determined. The synthesis involved a Williamson reaction of an alkyl halide with the disodium salt of a naphtholsulfonic acid. The Krafft points, surface tension‐log concentration curves, critical micelle concentrations, and areas/ molecule at the air/liquid interface of the purified and characterized alkoxynaphthalenesulfonates have been determined. Their surface areas/molecule indicate that the oxynaphthalenesulfonate portion of these compounds is lying flat in the air/liquid interface with the alkyl group vertical to the plane of the naphthalene. Their surface tension reduction efficiencies and critical micelle concentrations indicate that an α‐ or β‐naphthoxy gruop in the hydrophobic portion of the molecule at 60 C is equivalent to about eight carbons in a straight alkyl chain and about six carbons at 25 C. These compounds, in contrast to other surfactants without an aryl ether linkage in the molecule, show greater efficiency and effectiveness in surface tension reduction with increase in temperature.
Sunflower situation in Russia and the United States
Authors: Gandy Dalton E.
Published: August 2007

The world's largest producers and exporters of sunflower seed are the USSR, Argentina, Bulgaria, United States, Australia, and Turkey. The Soviet Union's 1976‐80 five‐year plan projects annual production of 7.6 million metric tons, up from 6 million tons annually in the previous five‐year plan. Soviet oilseed crushing capacity is projected at 10 million tons by 1980, which means the Soviets would still have a shortfall of domestic oilseed production. In the U.S., rapid expansion of acreage is expected. Currently, most U.S. oil‐type sunflowers are exported to meet European demand. Domestic U.S. consumption is expected to rise, however, with three food companies having test‐marketed sunflower cooking oils and margarines. With proper management, and as hybrid sunflowers become available for commercial production, sunflower can be a profitable U.S. crop, with gains relative to soybeans.
Commodity oil markets and how they work
Authors: Doak Thomas E.
Published: August 2007

Basic steps in the operation of commodity oil markets are described, from relatively simple markets (palm, coconut, and corn) through the sophisticated soybean oil market that affects prices of fats and oils worldwide. Also discussed are basic trading and economic functions provided by changing prices.
Analyses of flavor qualities of vegetable oils by gas chromatography
Authors: Min D. B.
Published: August 2007

Soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, and corn oil were exposed to fluorescent light for different periods of time to obtain a wide range of flavor qualities. The flavor qualities of these oils were evaluated by sensory and gas Chromatographic methods. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a 10‐point hedonic scale to rate overall flavor quality. The sensory panel was made up of 94 members from 8 different laboratories. The correlation coefficients (r) of the flavor scores between sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis for soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, and corn oil were 0.95, 0.97 and 0.97, respectively. These results were very close to the correlation coefficients (r) 0.99, 0.98 and 0.95 obtained from 10 sensory panel members from one specific laboratory.