bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profiling Phlorotannins in Brown Macroalgae by Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Steevensz Aaron J. , MacKinnon Shawna L. , Hankinson Rachael , Craft Cheryl , Connan Solène , Stengel Dagmar B. , Melanson Jeremy E.
Published: March 2012

Introduction

Phlorotannins, phenolic compounds produced exclusively by Phaeophyceae (brown algae), have recently been associated with a wide variety of beneficial bioactivities. Several studies have measured the total phenolic content in extracts from various species, but little characterisation of individual phlorotannin components has been demonstrated.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) based method for rapid profiling of phlorotannins in brown algae.

Methodology

Phlorotannin‐enriched extracts from five phaeophyceaen species were analysed by ultrahigh‐pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) operating in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode combined with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The method was optimised using an extract of Fucus vesiculosus; separation was achieved in less than 15 min. The basic mobile phase enhanced negative‐ion electrospray ionisation (ESI), and generated multiply charged ions that allowed detection of high molecular weight phlorotannins.

Results

The phlorotannin profiles of Pelvetia canaliculata, Fucus spiralis, F. vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum and Saccharina longicruris differed significantly. Fucus vesiculosus yielded a high abundance of low molecular weight (< 1200 Da) phlorotannins, while P. canaliculata exhibited a more evenly distributed profile, with moderate degrees of polymerisation ranging from 3 to 49. HRMS enabled the identification of phlorotannins with masses up to 6000 Da using a combination of accurate mass and 13 C isotopic patterns.

Conclusion

The UHPLC‐HRMS method described was successful in rapidly profiling phlorotannins in brown seaweeds based on their degree of polymerisation. HILIC was demonstrated to be an effective separation mode, particularly for low molecular weight phlorotannins. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audit of the effectiveness of nurse consultant led intermediate diabetes care services in England
Authors: Hicks Debbie , James June , Hill Jill , Vanterpool Grace
Published: March 2012

Diabetes intermediate care clinics have been established to reduce costs compared to the tariff applied to hospital based clinics. However, little is known about the clinical effectiveness of these mainly nurse led clinics nor the degree of patient satisfaction in patients attending.

The aim of this audit was to assess clinical effectiveness and patient satisfaction in consultant nurse led intermediate care services.

Nine intermediate care services in England were included. Retrospective data on HbA1c, total cholesterol and blood pressure were collected from a total of 424 case notes (maximum of 52 per centre). Clinical effectiveness was assessed by comparison of data collection at referral and six months later using the Student's paired t‐test. A Diabetes UK one‐page questionnaire was sent to participants to assess the number of consultations, input, patient participation, and changes in practice post intervention. Individuals self‐rated their ability to manage their diabetes before and after the intervention using a Likert scale.

Of the 424 patients, 87.5% (n=371) were type 2; mean age 59; 52% (107/205) were male. The mean number of appointments was 4.9, median 4 (IQR 4). The mean HbA1c reduction was 1.14% (9.53% [95% CI 9.33–9.73] to 8.39% [95% CI 8.22–8.56], p<0.0001); n=381. The mean total cholesterol reduction was 0.4mmol/L (4.6mmol/L [95% CI 4.46–4.74] to 4.2mmol/L [95% CI 4.09–4.34], p<0.0001); n=265. Reduction in blood pressure was not significant: mean systolic BP 137mmHg to 135mmHg, p=0.35, mean diastolic BP 79mmHg to 78mmHg, p=0.57 (n=269). Patient satisfaction questionnaires returned (n=123, 29%) showed 88% were ‘very satisfied’ concerns were met, 97% felt included in consultations and 80% made positive changes in their management of diabetes. A 3‐point rise was seen in the Likert scale and average self‐ratings doubled in perceived ability to self‐manage post‐intervention.

In conclusion, patients attending consultant nurse led services achieved significant improvements in HbA1c and cholesterol reduction, and experienced high patient satisfaction and increased confidence in their ability to self‐manage their diabetes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Colorectal cancer incidence on the General Practice Research Database
Authors: Charlton Rachel , Snowball Julia , Bloomfield Katherine , de Vries Corinne
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The General Practice Research Database (GPRD) contains longitudinal patient medical records collected within UK primary care. This study aimed to identify incident cases of colorectal cancer on the GPRD and to compare incidence rates for 2007 with those reported by the UK cancer registries.

Methods

Algorithms were created to identify incident cases of colorectal cancer on the GPRD and cases were required to have additional medical codes to support the diagnosis. Age‐specific and sex‐specific incidence rates for 2007 were calculated using the GPRD data and compared with those reported by the cancer registries.

Results

Trends in colorectal cancer by age and sex were similar for the two data sources; however, the incidence of colorectal cancer on the GPRD was lower than that of the registries, particularly when supporting evidence was required: 57.0 compared with 70.2 per 100 000 per year for men and 42.0 compared with 56.6 per 100 000 per year for women. Inclusion of cases without supporting evidence still resulted in lower rates but increased the GPRD rates to 63.7 and 48.4 for men and women, respectively. The largest discrepancy was observed in the older age groups.

Conclusion

Colorectal cancer rates on the GPRD were lower than those reported by UK cancer registries, especially when requiring supporting evidence in addition to a diagnosis code. It appears that the requirement of supporting evidence on the GPRD for colorectal cancer identification may result in some true cases being excluded, particularly in the very elderly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer particle adsorption at textile/liquid interfaces: a simple approach for a new functionalization route
Authors: Ripoll Lionel , Bordes Claire , Marote Pedro , Etheve Sabrina , Elaissari Abdelhamid , Fessi Hatem
Published: March 2012

The adsorption of amino‐functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) particles prepared by emulsion polymerization onto polyamide/elastane fibres was investigated. The influence of several physicochemical parameters (pH, ionic strength) on the colloidal stability and surface properties of the cationic latex particles was first examined. Then, particle adsorption was studied as a function of particle concentration, particle size, time, pH and salinity. The results obtained demonstrated that the adsorption process was mainly governed by electrostatic interactions and the adsorption isotherms were analysed on the basis of a Langmuir model. Finally, the effect of washing steps on the adsorbed particles was investigated. The results obtained indicated strong interactions between particles and textile fibres. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The roles of domain specific hope and depressive personality in predicting depressive symptoms
Authors: Shorey Hal S. , Roberts Christopher R. D. , Huprich Steven K.
Published: March 2012

The present study extended the research on hope (Snyder, 2002) and depression by assessing the impact of domain specific hope on depressive symptoms using a completely cross‐lagged longitudinal design across 2‐week and 5‐week time intervals while controlling for depressive personality. Results from an undergraduate sample (n = 363) indicated that across a 2‐week time interval, hope in the social/peer and academic domains, depressive personality and depressive symptoms had reciprocal causal influences on each other, whereas across a 5‐week time interval, only hope in the family domain had a significant one‐way influence on depressive symptoms. The implications for working with young adults are discussed and suggestions made for future research relating to the personality‐based prediction of depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial equipment of poly(isoprene) applying thiol‐ene chemistry
Authors: Kienberger Julia , Noormofidi Nadja , Mühlbacher Inge , Klarholz Ingo , Harms Carsten , Slugovc Christian
Published: March 2012

The functionalization of anionically polymerized isoprene with cysteamine applying the thiol‐ene reaction is reported. Antimicrobial activity is implemented by quaternization of the amino functionality by either alkylation or by protonation. The resulting polymers were tested against Gram‐positive as well as Gram‐negative bacteria strains according to the Japanese Industrial Standard Z2801:2000 protocol, partly revealing excellent biocidal performance. Thermal stability up to 200°C allows extrusion processing of the functionalized poly(isoprene)s. The best performing polymer, that is, bearing butylated ammonium‐groups, was compounded with the commodity material poly(propylene). The compound bearing 5 wt % of the biocidal polymer exhibited satisfactory biocidal properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Four‐points two‐loop scattering amplitude in ABJM theory
Authors: Bianchi M.S. , Leoni M. , Mauri A. , Penati S. , Santambrogio A.
Published: March 2012

Within the 𝒩 = 2 superspace perturbative formulation of ABJM theory, we derive the set of scalar Feynman integrals describing the four‐point scattering amplitude of chiral matter fields. Using dimensional regularization (D = 3 ‐ 2ϵ), we evaluate the integrals on‐shell and we compare the result with that of a Wilson‐loop computed in a light‐like tetragon contour: we find matching results between both calculations after identifying the kinematical invariants. We discuss further implications and open questions. This work is a contribution to the proceedings of the ‘XVIIth European Workshop on String Theory 2011’ held in Padua, Italy, on September 2011.
Persistence of pyrazosulfuron in rice‐field and laboratory soil under Indian tropical conditions
Authors: Singh Shashi Bala , Sharma Rajvir , Singh Neera
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: Pyrazosulfuron ethyl, a new rice herbicide belonging to the sulfonylurea group, has recently been registered in India for weed control in rice crops. Many field experiments revealed the bioefficacy of this herbicide; however, no information is available on the persistence of this herbicide in paddy soil under Indian tropical conditions. Therefore, a field experiment was undertaken to investigate the fate of pyrazosulfuron ethyl in soil and water of rice fields. Persistence studies were also carried out under laboratory conditions in sterile and non‐sterile soil to evaluate the microbial contribution to degradation.

RESULTS: High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of pyrazosulfuron ethyl gave a single sharp peak at 3.41 min. The instrument detection limit (IDL) for pyrazosulfuron ethyl by HPLC was 0.1 µg mL−1, with a sensitivity of 2 ng. The estimated method detection limit (EMDL) was 0.001 µg mL−1 and 0.002 µg g−1 for water and soil respectively. Two applications at an interval of 10 days gave good weed control. The herbicide residues dissipated faster in water than in soil. In the present study, with a field‐soil pH of 8.2 and an organic matter content of 0.5%, the pyrazosulfuron ethyl residues dissipated with a half‐life of 5.4 and 0.9 days in soil and water respectively. Dissipation followed first‐order kinetics. Under laboratory conditions, degradation of pyrazosulfuron ethyl was faster in non‐sterile soil (t1/2 = 9.7 days) than in sterile soil (t1/2 = 16.9 days).

CONCLUSION: Pyrazosulfuron ethyl is a short‐lived molecule, and it dissipated rapidly in field soil and water. The faster degradation of pyrazosulfuron in non‐sterile soil than in sterile soil indicated microbial degradation of this herbicide. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of natural pyrethrum to control the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in a rural district of Italy
Authors: Cecchinelli Elena , Aquiloni Laura , Maltagliati Giacomo , Orioli Gabriele , Tricarico Elena , Gherardi Francesca
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND: The crayfish Procambarus clarkii inflicts severe ecological and economic damages in Europe. To develop an efficient method for its control, four experiments were carried out to assess the impact of natural pyrethrum (i.e. Pyblast) on crayfish: (1) the 24 h LC100 and LC50 were quantified on crayfish; (2) the breakdown time of the 24 h LC100 was assessed using Daphnia magna as a bioindicator; the effects of 24 h LC100 on crayfish were investigated by applying the biocide into burrows (3) and in a drainage channel (4).

RESULTS: Pyblast concentrations of 0.05 and 0.02 mg L−1 corresponded to 24 h LC100 and LC50 respectively. The concentration of 0.05 mg L−1 broke down after 72 h, whereas 0.02 mg L−1 did not cause any significant mortality in D. magna after 24 h. However, 0.05 mg L−1 had no effect on crayfish when introduced into the burrows, but led to a mortality of 95% when applied in the water.

CONCLUSION: Experimental evidence is provided for the efficacy of Pyblast to control invasive crayfish. Obviously, before its use on a large scale, further studies are needed to find a concentration that will achieve the target 100% mortality with the shortest recovery time of the environment. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The Relation of Diverging Urban Growth Processes and Demographic Change along an Urban–Rural Gradient
Authors: Kroll Franziska , Kabisch Nadja
Published: March 2012

Demographic change is a phenomenon that first appeared in developed, industrialised societies in Europe. It is characterised by a decreasing, ageing, and increasingly individualised population. Apart from its widely discussed consequences for social systems at the national level, demographic change has spatially differentiated impacts on residential, traffic, and technical infrastructure as well as on resource and land consumption. In order to handle these impacts adequately and timely, the acquisition of knowledge of the spatial distribution of demographic developments is of major importance. Although studies on rather broad scales do exist in Germany, comparable results on a small‐scale level that describe particular urban–rural developments are still rare. We aim at bridging that gap by presenting a method that allows for a small‐scale comparison of urban–rural demographic, housing, and urban area dynamics in four different case studies that include growing and shrinking urban regions in Germany. By calculating and comparing urban‐rural gradients in two points in time (1995 and 2005), we identify the differences and the similarities in the selected features of demographic change against two diverging urban trajectories. The results show that not only the shrinking urban regions but also the growing urban regions are impacted by demographic change. The spatial and temporal dynamics along the gradient curve, however, develop non‐linearly and more heterogeneously in the two shrinking cities, indicating that small‐scale changes are of major importance here. One similarity of all the four city regions is the increase of urban area regardless of population growth or decline. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of structural and transport properties of nanostructured CeO2, Ce1−xRuxO2 and Ce1−xInxO2 thin films
Authors: Rangel R. , Chávez‐Chávez L. , Martínez E. , Bartolo‐Pérez P.
Published: March 2012

The present work reports for the first time thin films prepared from Ce1−xMxO2−δ (M = Ru, In) solid solutions for application as gas sensors. The CeO2, Ce0.95Ru0.05O2 and Ce0.95In0.05O2 thin films were prepared by means of the RF sputtering process onto Si (111) substrates. The deposition conditions were carried out at 500 °C varying the deposition time. Targets were prepared via sol–gel process starting from C6H9O6In, Ru3(CO)12 and Ce(C2H3O2)3 · 1.5H2O compounds and using a ceramic method to consolidate them. The samples were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, and AFM. Their thickness was measured using a profilometer. The results herein obtained regarding the microstructure and transport properties indicate that these materials can be used as gas sensors.
Determination of the carrier density dependent electron effective mass in InN using infrared and Raman spectra
Authors: Tiras E. , Tanisli M. , Balkan N. , Ardali S. , Iliopoulos E. , Georgakilas A.
Published: March 2012

The vibrational properties of InN samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique have been studied using infrared (IR) and Raman scattering spectroscopy at room temperature. In the Raman measurements, the 532 nm (2.33 eV) line of laser was used as the excitation source. Lower branch (L−) of the longitudinal‐optic‐phonon‐plasmon‐coupled (LOPC) mode at ∼430 cm−1 was too weak to be observed clearly in Raman measurements. It was however, strong in the IR spectra. A strong A1(LO) mode was also observed in Raman measurements and this mode together with the L− mode were used to calculate the electron effective mass in InN as a function of carrier density. In the theoretical calculation we used both the Drude and Linhard–Mermin models and obtained the electron effective mass in the range between 0.07 and 0.167m0 with increasing electron density from 0.79 to 2.8 × 1019 cm−3.
Structural, optical, electrical, and low temperature thermoelectric studies on the ordered vacancy compound AgGa3Se5
Authors: Rajani J. , Geethu R. , Shripathi T. , Okram G. S. , Ganesan V. , Pradeep B. , Urmila K. S. , Philip R. R.
Published: March 2012

Polycrystalline thin films of the ordered vacancy compound AgGa3Se5 were prepared by a multisource vacuum coevaporation technique at a substrate temperature of 623 K. X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy in conjunction with energy‐dispersive analysis of X‐rays and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for the structural, morphological, and compositional characterization. The distortion parameter and the anion displacement deduced from the X‐ray diffraction data using the CTB plus η = ηtet rule were used for obtaining the anion–cation bond lengths. The compound manifested a slight increase in the nonideal anion displacement compared to AgGaSe2. The films with ternary chalcopyrite structure were found to possess an enhanced direct allowed bandgap of ∼1.8 eV compared to that in AgGaSe2 indicative of the slightly reduced p–d interband repulsion due to the periodic introduction of silver vacancies. The electrical resistivity was assessed to be of the order of 10−1 Ω m with n‐type conductivity and the films exhibited good photosensitivity. An unusual increase in Seebeck coefficient was manifested in the low‐temperature range 4–330 K with negligible phonon drag toward the very low and room temperature regime.
Electronic structure and enhanced visible‐light absorption of N,B‐codoped TiO2
Authors: Guo Meili , Zhang Xiao‐Dong , Du Jiulin
Published: March 2012

We present GGA+U calculations to investigate the electronic structure and visible‐light absorption of N,B‐codoped anatase TiO2. The NsBi (substitutional N, interstitial B) codoped TiO2 produces significant Ti 3d and N 2p mid‐gap states when the distance of N and B atoms is far, whereas the NiBi (interstitial N and B) and NsBs (substitutional N and B) codoped TiO2 prefer to form localized p states at 0.3–1.2 eV above the valence band maximum. Further, the optical band edges of the three codoped systems shift slightly to the visible region, but only the far‐distance NsBi codoped TiO2 clearly shows an optical transition. These results indicate that NsBi codoped TiO2 has a dominant contribution to the optical absorption of N,B‐codoped TiO2. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Using dissociation energies to predict observability of b‐ and y‐peaks in mass spectra of short peptides
Authors: Obolensky O. I. , Wu Wells W. , Shen Rong‐Fong , Yu Yi‐Kuo
Published: March 2012

RATIONALE

Peptide identification reliability can be improved by excluding from analysis those m/z peaks of candidate peptides which cannot be observed in practice due to various physical, chemical or thermodynamic considerations. We propose using dissociation energies (as opposed to proton affinities) as a predictor of observability of different m/z peaks in spectra of short peptides.

METHODS

Mass spectra of the tetrapeptides AAAA, AAFA, AAVA, AFAA, AVAA, AFFA, and AVVA were measured in the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) activation mode on a grid of activation times 0.05 to 100 ms and normalized collision energy 10 to 35%. The lowest energy geometries and vibrational spectra were calculated for the precursor ions and their charged and neutral fragments using density functional theory (DFT) at the TPSS/6‐31G(d,p) level. Dissociation energies were calculated for all fragmentation channels leading to b‐ or y‐fragments.

RESULTS

It is demonstrated that m/z peaks observed in the mass spectra correspond to the fragmentation channels with the lowest dissociation energies. Using 50 kcal/mol as the cut‐off value of dissociation energy, it was predicted that 28 out of 42 possible peaks in the b‐ and y‐series of the seven tetrapeptides can be observed in mass spectra. In the experiments, 26 b‐ or y‐peaks were observed, all of which are among the 28 predicted ones.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of dissociation energies generalizes the use of proton affinities for semi‐quantitative predictions of relative intensities of different m/z peaks of short peptides. Further advances in this direction will pave the way for reliable quantitative predictions and, hence, for a significant improvement in robustness and accuracy of peptide and protein identification tools. Published in 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Dai Liming , Chang Dong Wook , Baek Jong‐Beom , Lu Wen
Published: March 2012

It is estimated that the world will need to double its energy supply by 2050. Nanotechnology has opened up new frontiers in materials science and engineering to meet this challenge by creating new materials, particularly carbon nanomaterials, for efficient energy conversion and storage. Comparing to conventional energy materials, carbon nanomaterials possess unique size‐/surface‐dependent (e.g., morphological, electrical, optical, and mechanical) properties useful for enhancing the energy‐conversion and storage performances. During the past 25 years or so, therefore, considerable efforts have been made to utilize the unique properties of carbon nanomaterials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, as energy materials, and tremendous progress has been achieved in developing high‐performance energy conversion (e.g., solar cells and fuel cells) and storage (e.g., supercapacitors and batteries) devices. This article reviews progress in the research and development of carbon nanomaterials during the past twenty years or so for advanced energy conversion and storage, along with some discussions on challenges and perspectives in this exciting field.
Effect of V on Hot Deformation Characteristics of TWIP Steels
Authors: Reyes Francisco , Calvo Jessica , Cabrera José María , Mejía Ignacio
Published: March 2012

Twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels, which rely on high Mn contents to promote twinning as the deformation mechanism, exhibit high ultimate strengths together with outstanding combinations of ultimate strength and ductility. In terms of mechanical properties, one of the most important microstructural features is grain size. The knowledge of the kinetics of recrystallization mechanisms, i.e., dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and static recrystallization (SRX), can be used in order to control the grain size of the final product by a proper rolling schedule design. The focus of this work is the characterization of the DRX kinetics of two TWIP steels. The basic composition of the steels is Fe–21Mn–0.4C–1.5Al–1.5Si, and one of them is further alloyed with 0.12% V. With this objective, compression tests were carried out at 900, 1000, and 1100°C and strain rates ranging from 1 × 10−1 s−1 to 1 × 10−4 s−1. Furthermore, metallographic observation by optical microscopy (OM) was done to assess the evolution of grain size for the different deformation conditions. According to the results, the existence of V in the composition does not affect the hot flow behavior of the steel, although recrystallization fraction and recrystallized grain size decrease for the V‐containing steel.
Breast Abscess, an Early Indicator for Diabetes Mellitus in Non‐lactating Women: A Retrospective Study from Rural India
Authors: Verghese Basil George , Ravikanth R.
Published: March 2012

Introduction

Breast abscess is commonly seen in lactating and non‐lactating women. Diabetes mellitus (DM) frequently predisposes to soft tissue infections and has many different presentations. But DM presenting in the form of breast abscess is yet to be studied, and we believe our study is the first to explore this connection.

Methods

We collected 30 cases of breast abscess in women who presented to our hospital from May 2010 to June 2011 retrospectively. They were classified into lactating and non‐lactating women, and their glycemic status was evaluated, together with length of hospital stay, management, recurrence, and follow‐up status after 6 months.

Results

We found that of the 30 patients in our study, 20% had high blood sugar levels. And 37.5% of the non‐lactating women were diagnosed newly with DM.

Conclusions

This study shows that DM can present as breast abscess in non‐lactating women. Therefore, non‐lactating women with a breast abscess should be evaluated for DM.
Efficacy and safety of BH4 before the age of 4 years in patients with mild phenylketonuria
Authors: Leuret Oriane , Barth Magalie , Kuster Alice , Eyer Didier , de Parscau Loïc , Odent Sylvie , Gilbert‐Dussardier Brigitte , Feillet François , Labarthe François
Published: March 2012

Background

Sapropterin dihydrochloride, an EMEA‐approved synthetic formulation of BH4, has been available in Europe since 2009 for PKU patients older than 4 years, but its use with younger children is allowed in France based on an expert recommendation. We report the cases of 15 patients treated under the age of 4 years and demonstrate the safety and efficacy of this treatment for patients in this age group.

Patients and method

We report the use of BH4 in 15 PKU patients treated before the age of 4 years.

Results

Fifteen patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Mean phenylalaninemia at diagnosis was 542±164 μM and all patients had mild PKU (maximal phenylalaninemia: 600‐1200 μM). BH4 responsiveness was assessed using a 24‐hour BH4 loading test (20 mg/kg), performed during the neonatal period (n = 11) or before 18 months of age (n = 4). During the test, these patients exhibited an 80±12% decrease in phenylalaninemia. Long‐term BH4 therapy was initiated during the neonatal period (n = 7) or at the age of 13±12 months (n = 8). The median duration of treatment was 23 months [min 7; max 80]. BH4 therapy drastically improved dietary phenylalanine tolerance (456±181 vs 1683±627 mg/day, p < 0.0001) and allowed a phenylalanine‐free amino acid mixture to be discontinued or not introduced in 14 patients. Additionally, in the eight patients treated after a few months of diet therapy, BH4 treatment significantly decreased mean phenylalaninemia (352±85 vs 254±64μM, p < 0.05), raised the percentage of phenylalaninemia tests within therapeutic targets [120‐300 μM] (35±25 vs 64±16%, p < 0.05), and reduced phenylalaninemia variance (130±21 vs 93±27μM, p < 0.05). No side effects were reported.

Conclusion

BH4‐therapy is efficient and safe before the age of 4 years in mild PKU, BH4‐responsive patients.
Mechanisms of disease: the endocrinology of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Horne Andrew W. , Critchley Hilary O.D.
Published: March 2012

Ectopic pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy implanted outside the uterus, and >98% implant in the Fallopian tube. It has a major clinical and socioeconomic impact worldwide. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is often difficult and resource intensive owing to a lack of accurate biomarkers, and there is a need for improved medical management of ectopic pregnancy using new or adjuvant treatments. The aetiology of ectopic pregnancy is uncertain, but tubal implantation is probably due to retention of the embryo in the Fallopian tube owing to impaired embryo-tubal transport and alterations in the tubal microenvironment. This comprehensive review of the literature supporting current understanding of the endocrinology of Fallopian tube biology and tubal implantation focuses on genes expressed in the Fallopian tube regulated by oestrogen and progesterone and discusses their potential functions. It concludes with a discussion of how advances in this field are enabling the development of novel biomarkers and could lead to the identification of potential new treatments for ectopic pregnancy.
Linear stability of finite-amplitude capillary waves on water of infinite depth
Authors: Tiron Roxana , Choi Wooyoung
Published: March 2012

We study the linear stability of the exact deep-water capillary wave solution of Crapper (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 2, 1957, pp. 532–540) subject to two-dimensional perturbations (both subharmonic and superharmonic). By linearizing a set of exact one-dimensional non-local evolution equations, a stability analysis is performed with the aid of Floquet theory. To validate our results, the exact evolution equations are integrated numerically in time and the numerical solutions are compared with the time evolution of linear normal modes. For superharmonic perturbations, contrary to Hogan (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 190, 1988, pp. 165–177), who detected two bubbles of instability for intermediate amplitudes, our results indicate that Crapper’s capillary waves are linearly stable to superharmonic disturbances for all wave amplitudes. For subharmonic perturbations, it is found that Crapper’s capillary waves are unstable, and our results generalize to the highly nonlinear regime the analysis for small amplitudes presented by Chen & Saffman (Stud. Appl. Maths, vol. 72, 1985, pp. 125–147).
Historiography and Research Problems of Slavery and the Slave Trade in a Global-Historical Perspective
Authors: Zeuske Michael
Published: March 2012

This article takes a global-historical perspective on all slaveries and slave trades (and contraband trading of human bodies) in relation to today's state of capitalist accumulation. It follows the different “national” schools of slavery research in different imperial traditions, as well as the sections of historical thinking stimulated through slavery research. Although legal ownership over humans does not exist any more, more women and men are in conditions of slavery today than in any other period of history since 1200. Against this background, the article criticizes the concentration in historiography on “hegemonic” slaveries (antique, Islamic, and American plantation slaveries) and proposes a focus on smaller “slaveries” all over the world (first of all of women and children), and on the agency of slaves and slave women, rather than on “great” slavery in a tradition of “Roman Law”.
Expression of “a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-33” (ADAM-33) protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Topal O , Erinanc H , Ozer C , Canpolat E T , Celik S B , Erbek S S
Published: March 2012

Objective:

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain containing protein 33 (also known as ADAM-33) is a member of a matrix metalloproteinase family which mediates extracellular matrix remodelling and changes in cellular adhesion. This study aimed to evaluate expression of this protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and to determine its correlation with patients' clinicopathological characteristics.

Subjects and methods:

Forty paraffin blocks of laryngeal carcinoma underwent immunohistochemical staining to detect “a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-33” expression. Case records were reviewed to determine patient characteristics.

Results:

All epithelial, vascular and stromal staining scores were significantly increased in tumour tissue compared with controls (p < 0.001). However, patients' clinical characteristics at the time of diagnosis, and their disease extent, did not correlate significantly with the immunohistochemical staining scores.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that increased expression of “a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-33” may play a role in the pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma.
Perioral gustatory sweating: case report
Authors: Käyser S C , Ingels K J A O , van den Hoogen F J A
Published: March 2012

Objective:

Presentation of a case of perioral Frey syndrome.

Design:

Case report.

Subject:

A 72-year-old woman with hyperhidrosis around the mouth and chin.

Results:

This patient suffered from bilateral perioral gustatory sweating following a mandibular osteotomy; such a case has not previously been described. Possible pathophysiological hypotheses are discussed in relation to the anatomy and innervation of the salivary glands.

Conclusion:

Perioral gustatory sweating is a rare complication of osteotomy.
Living in the Material World: Cosmopolitanism and trade in early twentieth century Ladakh
Authors: FEWKES JACQUELINE H.
Published: March 2012

The historical trading communities of early twentieth century Ladakh, in northern India, interacted with multiple cultures through both travel and the flow of trade goods. Using a neo-pragmatic philosophical framework, I will argue that this community—largely rural and commonly thought of as isolated—was, in fact, cosmopolitan. The traders' interactions with specific commodities prompted them to traverse cultural boundaries and engage with new ideas. This view of cosmopolitanism suggests that, while particular economic, political or social contexts may be part of the settings in which both individuals and communities are engaged in cosmopolitan processes, contexts do not define the cosmopolitan.
Sites of Asian Interaction: An introduction
Authors: HARPER TIM , AMRITH SUNIL S.
Published: March 2012

Recent work in history, anthropology, and related disciplines has opened up new ways of thinking about inter-Asian connections. The contributors to this issue aim to ground these themes in a concerted focus on particular spaces or sites. We suggest that sites can, in themselves, be constitutive of particular modes of Asian interactions. Much recent literature on Asian transnationalism has focused on Asian elites and on textual modes of interaction, notably focusing on the writings of pre-eminent Asian intellectuals and literary figures. In thinking about spaces of interaction, we aim to broaden the focus of discussion to include non-elite Asians and their interactions with each other. By focusing on spaces—real and virtual—these papers begin to conceive of new ways of capturing changing geographical imaginations and the fluidity of borders and boundaries across Asia.
An increase in depressive symptoms after myocardial infarction predicts new cardiac events irrespective of depressive symptoms before myocardial infarction
Authors: Zuidersma M. , Ormel J. , Conradi H. J. , de Jonge P.
Published: March 2012

Background

Depression after myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis. There is some evidence that specifically depressive episodes that develop after the acute event are associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether an increase in the number of depressive symptoms after MI is associated with new cardiac events.

Method

In 442 depressed and 325 non-depressed MI patients the Composite International Diagnostic Interview interview to assess post-MI depression was extended to evaluate the presence of the ICD-10 depressive symptoms just before and after the MI. The effect of an increase in number of depressive symptoms during the year following MI on new cardiac events up to 2.5 years post-MI was assessed with Cox regression analyses.

Results

Each additional increase of one symptom was significantly associated with a 15% increased risk of new cardiac events, and this was stronger for non-depressed than for depressed patients. This association was independent of baseline cardiac disease severity. There was no interaction with the number of depressive symptoms pre-MI.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that an increase in depressive symptoms after MI irrespective of the state of depression pre-MI explains why post-MI depression is associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis. Also increases in depressive symptoms after MI resulting in subthreshold depression should be evaluated as a prognostic marker. Whether potential mechanisms such as cardiac disease severity or inflammation underlie the association remains to be clarified.
Locke's Biblical Critique
Authors: Corbett Ross J.
Published: March 2012

The essay clarifies the relationship between Locke's political and his religious thought. To the extent that Locke's political thought is an outgrowth of a particular strand of Christianity, its claims to universality would be significantly diminished. Several plausible interpretations of his political thought rely on his religiosity. Others maintain that this religiosity was a façade. Close attention to Locke's analysis of the Hebrew text of Gen. 1:28 unambiguously points to a critique of the Bible on semantic grounds. Locke subtly argues that the wording of the Bible makes the interpretation of scripture by scripture alone impossible. The fact that Locke goes out of his way to critique the Bible refutes interpretations of Locke's thought that rely on his religiosity and reestablishes the universalist claims of his political thought.
War and Foreign Affairs in Machiavelli'sFlorentine Histories
Authors: Lynch Christopher
Published: March 2012

This article argues that issues of war and foreign affairs predominate in Machiavelli'sFlorentine Histories, a work generally taken to be devoted to the internal politics of Florence. The well-known narrative of the rise and fall of Medici rule is in fact driven by a counternarrative of the rise of mercenaries such as Francesco Sforza to the point of becoming the true arbiters of Italian affairs. TheFlorentine Historieslays out the progressive disarming of Italian powers, details the rise of a corrupt system of foreign affairs dominated by mercenary arms and their attendant papal meddling, and urgently counsels statesmen to arm their cities with arms of their own. Seeking to reframe interpretive approaches in this manner, the article sheds new light on Machiavelli's teaching on the desirability of well-managed domestic discords as they relate to military preparedness.
The Anti-New Deal Progressive: Roscoe Pound's Alternative Administrative State
Authors: Postell Joseph
Published: March 2012

Recent scholarship has linked the rise of the Progressive movement in America to the creation of an “administrative state”—a form of government where legislative, executive, and judicial powers are delegated into the hands of administrative agencies which compose a “headless fourth branch of government.” This form of government was largely constructed during the New Deal period. The influential legal theorist Roscoe Pound provides the paradoxical example of a Progressive who balked at the New Deal. While many commentators have concluded that Pound's opposition to the New Deal was based on a departure from his earlier Progressive thought, his opposition was in fact based on a consistent Progressive philosophy. Pound therefore provided a vision of an alternative administrative state, which would achieve the ends of the Progressive vision but without the means of the administrative state.
Is There a “Straussian” Plato?
Authors: Zuckert Catherine H.
Published: March 2012

The four books reviewed here illustrate the pervasive influence of Leo Strauss on contemporary studies of Plato. However, although the authors all acknowledge their debt to Strauss, they produce remarkably different views of Plato. Reading these books in conjunction with one another cannot help but make one wonder whether there is any longer, if there ever was, a “Straussian” sect or school.
How do policy ideas spread among international administrations? Policy entrepreneurs and bureaucratic influence in the UN response to AIDS
Authors: Nay Olivier
Published: March 2012

This paper focuses on the circulation of policy ideas within international administrations. Based upon a study of UNAIDS, the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS, it shows how bureaucracies can capitalise on policy-oriented information and knowledge to strengthen their influence within their own environment. Using a policy transfer approach as its analytical framework, the paper draws particular attention to the UNAIDS Secretariat, considered as a “transfer entrepreneur”. It argues that, in the 2000s, the Secretariat has demonstrated a capacity to collect, develop and disseminate policy ideas and, consequently, has gradually participated in UN policy development on AIDS. It thus suggests that the Secretariat has extended its authority within the UN system despite limited resources. In conclusion, the paper points out the need to examine policy transfer among international administrations through actors, interests and strategies, as a complement to holistic approaches.1
Spatially explicit mortality of California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) across a marine reserve network
Authors: KAY MATTHEW C. , WILSON JONO R.
Published: March 2012

Studies of marine reserves typically focus upon differences in the size and abundance of target organisms inside versus outside reserve borders, but they seldom provide spatially explicit measurements of how reserves influence mortality rates. This study investigated mortality rates for female California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) at multiple sites inside and outside of three marine reserves at the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, California, USA. Mean total mortality (Z) of female lobsters was lower at sites inside reserves (Z= 0.22 [± 0.05 SE]) than at sites outside reserves (Z= 0.59 [± 0.02 SE]). Mean mortality at all sites inside reserves, and among sites near reserve centres (whereZ= 0.17 [± 0.05 SE]), was similar to estimates of natural mortality for other temperate spiny lobster species. Among sites inside reserves, there was a positive relationship between mortality and proximity to reserve borders, but this relationship was absent among sites outside reserves. Mortality estimates were much more variable among sites inside reserves than at sites in fished areas. This variation is probably due to differential emigration rates from the three reserves, as well as site-specific ecological factors that influence population structure, demonstrating the importance of spatially explicit reserve sampling and understanding how ecological heterogeneity influences fisheries models.
Foraging black-browed albatrosses target waters overlaying moraine banks - a consequence of upward benthic-pelagic coupling?
Authors: Wakefield Ewan D. , Phillips Richard A. , Belchier Mark
Published: March 2012

Wide-ranging, surface-feeding pelagic seabirds are the most numerous functional group of birds in the Southern Ocean. The mesoscale habitat use of these birds is increasingly being quantified by relating their movements to remotely sensed, near surface properties of the ocean. However, prey availability at the sea surface may also be determined by habitat characteristics not measurable from space. For instance, benthic-pelagic coupling, which occurs when seabed processes affect productivity in the epipelagic zone, can link benthic habitat type to availability of surface prey. We combined acoustically derived maps of the substrate of the South Georgia shelf with GPS tracking to quantify the sub-mesoscale habitat use of breeding black-browed albatrosses. We show that albatrosses preferentially used waters overlaying glacial moraine banks near the shelf edge and that this was unrelated to the presence of trawlers targeting mackerel icefish, which are also associated with these features. Stomach temperature profiles suggest that albatrosses primarily caught krill and fish over the banks. We hypothesize that black-browed albatrosses target waters overlaying moraine banks due to upward benthic-pelagic coupling, mediated by an increase in abundance of zooplankton such as Antarctic krill. Our findings suggest that the potential effects of such processes on pelagic seabird distribution warrant wider investigation.
A Typology of Travellers: Migration, Justice, and Vagrancy in Warwickshire, 1670–1730
Authors: HITCHCOCK DAVID
Published: March 2012

This paper examines the relief of travellers in Warwickshire, England. By using an unusually rich set of Constables’ Accounts for the parish of Grandborough, it interrogates the relationship between charity, local justice, and both official and popular perceptions of migration. It argues that the large number of migrants who passed through rural parishes were categorised by the local constable according to cultural and discretionary criteria. This ‘typology’ of travellers determined the nature and extent of the relief they might receive and the actions that might be taken against them. Socially threatening migrants, such as poor pregnant women, the sick, and vagrants, also found themselves affected by this same ‘proscriptive calculation’, often to their detriment.
Thought Control Strategies in Adolescents: Links with OCD Symptoms and Meta-Cognitive Beliefs
Authors: Wilson Charlotte , Hall Martin
Published: March 2012

Background: The perceived control of intrusive thoughts is important in our understanding of a variety of psychological disorders, but particularly in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Little research has explored thought control strategies in younger populations, despite the frequent onset of OCD in childhood. Aims: This study examined thought control strategies and meta-cognitive beliefs in relation to Obsessive Compulsive (OC) interference scores in an adolescent sample. Method: A non-referred sample of 151 adolescents aged 13–16 completed the Thought Control Questionnaire, the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire – Adolescent version, and the Leyton Obsessional Inventory – Child Version. Results: Adolescents reported using distraction and worry as thought control strategies as much as adults, but social control and reappraisal less frequently, with adolescent males also reporting less use of punishment as a strategy. The strategies of worry and punishment, and positive beliefs about worry, uncontrollability and danger beliefs (UCD) and superstition punishment and responsibility beliefs (SPR) predicted OC interference scores. Furthermore, these meta-cognitive beliefs mediated the relationships between punishment and worry and OC interference scores. Conclusions: Given the similarities between our results and those from research exploring these variables in adults, it is proposed that cognitive behavioural models of OCD that have been developed in adult populations may be relevant to adolescents, but that meta-cognitive beliefs about superstition, punishment and responsibility may be important in adolescence.