bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Harmony of the Leibniz–Berkeley Juxtaposition
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

The juxtaposition of the views of Leibniz and Berkeley indicate how the very points mistakenly cited to differentiate them are clarified precisely by appreciating their similarities, particularly in terms of understanding how minds differentiate and relate bodies. Such a strategy is especially useful for understanding how their accounts of perception, substance, and contingency depend on their mutual commitment to the harmony of all things and on their sensitivity to distinguishing the different domains of natural philosophy and metaphysics.
Berkeley on God
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Berkeley’s use of a posteriori arguments supports a view of God that is accessible and persuasive for finite minds. However, those arguments ultimately support belief only in a God who is finite. This chapter shows how, by appealing to an a priori argument for God’s existence, Berkeley emphasizes God’s infinity. This does not undermine other arguments, for it does not aim to challenge how those arguments support belief in a God who accounts for all we experience. It only indicates that another kind of argument is needed to show how our knowledge of the existence of an infinite God does not depend a posteriori on our experience of things in the world.
Berkeley, Browne, and Collins
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Berkeley argues that claims about divine predication (e.g. God is wise or exists) should be understood literally rather than analogically, because like all spirits (i.e. causes), God is intelligible only in terms of the extent of his effects. By focusing on the harmony and order of nature, Berkeley unites his view of God with his doctrines of mind, force, grace, and power, and avoids challenges to religious claims that are raised by appeals to analogy. This chapter shows how a letter, supposedly by Berkeley to Peter Browne (“discovered” in 1969 by Berman and Pittion) is, in fact, by John Jackson (1686–1763), controversial theologian and friend of Samuel Clarke.
Berkeley, Edwards, and Ramist Logic
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Edwards and Berkeley sound alike because both think of minds or spiritual substances not as things modeled on material bodies but as activities by which things are identified. Those activities cannot be described using the Aristotelian subject–predicate logic on which the metaphysics of substance, properties, attributes, or modes is based, because subjects, substances, etc. are themselves initially distinguished through such acts. To think of mind as opposed to matter, or of acts of mind as opposed to mind itself, is already to assume the differentiation enacted by those acts. Even though Edwards and Berkeley refer to distinctions such as mind vs. matter, they think it is important to avoid treating mind, its acts, and its objects in terms of subject–predicate logic or substance metaphysics.
The Second Law
Authors: Schroeder Daniel V.
Published: March 2021

Why are so many large-scale processes irreversible, happening in one direction but not the other as time passes? This chapter answers that question using three simple model systems: a collection of two-state particles such as flipped coins or elementary magnetic dipoles; the Einstein model of a solid as a collection of identical quantum oscillators; and a monatomic ideal gas such as helium or argon. For each system we learn to calculate the multiplicity: the number of possible microscopic arrangements. Taking the logarithm of the multiplicity gives the entropy. And the laws of probability then imply the second law of thermodynamics: Entropy tends to increase.
The Aim of Inquiry
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: March 2021

Chapter 1 focuses on epistemologically substantive accounts of the aims of inquiry into specific questions. It mounts a detailed case that knowing that p/not-p is the aim of inquiry into whether p. To this end, Chapter 1 first develops two arguments that the knowledge aim of inquiry compares favourably with the main rivals in the literature, according to which the aim of inquiry is true belief or justified belief. Next, it shows how these arguments can be generalized to other views about the aim of inquiry that might be conceived. Finally, Chapter 1 responds to a number of objections to the idea that knowledge is the aim of inquiry and the argument developed in support of it.
Knowledge
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 uses the idea that inquiry into specific questions is an activity with a constitutive aim and that knowledge is this constitutive aim to develop a non-reductive account of knowledge. The key idea is that certain activities with constitutive aims do not lend themselves to reductive analysis and instead afford a so-called network analysis in which each element cannot be properly understood without grasping the connections with other elements in the network. After addressing objections, Chapter 2 compares the account developed here with Williamson’s non-reductive account of knowledge as a sui generis mental state and argues that the former is preferable to the latter.
Understanding
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 moves on to inquiry into general phenomena and develops a non-reductive systematic knowledge account of understanding. According to this view, roughly, maximal understanding of a phenomenon is maximally comprehensive and well-connected knowledge of it, degrees of understanding are a function of distance from maximal understanding, and understanding a phenomenon can be truly attributed when one surpasses a contextually determined threshold on degrees of understanding. Chapter 4 discusses a number of objections to the account and compares it with the most prominent rival views in the literature, according to which understanding is, in essence, knowledge of explanations. Again, it is argued that the systematic knowledge account comes out on top.
Know Yourself and Your Responsibilities
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

Knowing yourself and your responsibilities requires that you understand your ethical assumptions and frameworks. This chapter identifies four major ethical theories that inform professional codes of ethics: deontology, consequentialism, ethics of care, and virtue ethics. It also provides a typology for the mental health professional’s use of self that includes (a) negative underinvolvement, (b) positive underinvolvement, (c) positive overinvolvement, and (d) negative overinvolvement. It ties each of these positions to the use of a hierarchy of professional influence, ranging from persuasion, leverage, inducement, and threat to compulsion. It also addresses the professional responsibilities of school-based mental health providers in regards to federal legislation, self-care, and their respective codes of ethics. It ends with a set of ethical guidelines and exercises for reflection.
Analyze the Predicament
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

Analyzing the ethical predicament begins with identifying the primary client. This chapter differentiates the primary client from other participants, such as supplicants, targets, beneficiaries, and consultees. This chapter also identifies important nonclient stakeholders, including school administrators, teachers, other mental health professionals, other students, and community members. It provides eight types of organizational power that stakeholders can wield, including legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, referent, information, affiliation, and group power. It recommends determining the ethical values in conflict and the competing ethical principles involved. It recommends that mental health professionals provide an ethical orientation at the outset of the relationship and understand the differences between informed consent, informed assent, passive consent, and informed dissent.
Manage Clinical Concerns
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

Managing clinical concerns is a reminder that the therapeutic relationship is important throughout an ethical crisis. This chapter focuses two kinds of threat assessment: suicidal threats and threats against others. It encourages mental health professionals to help students grow through the crisis and to take a developmental approach to shared decision-making while being aware of the risk factors that impair adolescent cognition. It recommends using Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development and cultural sensitivity when addressing ethical issues. Clinicians are warned about ethnocentric reactions to child discipline and to pay attention to power dynamics when working with minority families. It ends with guidance about how to create a welcome space to discuss clinician-client differences, especially due to intersectionality.
The New Globalization of Innovation
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

This chapter demonstrates that not only has the production landscape changed, but that the entire innovation landscape has been transformed as well. Globalization means that innovation in goods and services is now fragmented into four stages, ranging from invention of novel gadgets and technologies to new ways to assemble finished products. Each of these stages necessitates a different local ecosystem of innovation-based growth, and success in each of these leads to very different social outcomes. The chapter introduces the basic thought concepts to be used throughout the book, organizing a narrative for the reader. This will allow readers to let go of their existing (and wrong) “taken-for-granted story” of how the world works, so they can develop a radically new understanding of innovation and local economic growth under globalization.
The Silicon Peaches
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

This chapter acknowledges that, for many regions, the idea of attracting cutting-edge tech start-ups is almost irresistible. Seemingly every community aspires to become the next Silicon Valley. But is that feasible? This chapter make these lessons concrete by elaborating on the rapid rise and, even faster and deeper, decline of America’s first Silicon Valley—Cleveland, Ohio. It then shows the near impossibility of trying to become the next Silicon Valley by analyzing the mysterious failure of Atlanta, Georgia—a city that diligently followed all the advice ever given to an aspiring new start-up hub, but somehow was always left only with the “potential.” We will see how at multiple time-points Atlanta’s companies were the leading innovators with the best products in the newest information and communication technologies (ICT), only to falter and be taken over by Silicon Valley companies without leaving any apparent impact on the region. It then brings in social-network research and the concept of embeddedness to explain why trying to recreate a Silicon Valley is a doomed (and expensive) enterprise.
Start-Ups Are Everywhere! (but the Growth Statistics)
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

“But,” some readers might say, “look at Israel, look at San Diego—it is still feasible to become a Silicon-Hyphen.” To which this chapter answers: “And would it be a good idea if it is?” The chapter opens the mind of the reader to new ways of thinking about innovation and growth. Providing a frontal attack on the start-up religion and its most important commandment: using venture capital (VC) as a basis for growth. VCs have attained the paradigmatic status of a “must-have,” institution, when in fact they are just one, not very successful, solution to solving the question of how to finance innovation. The chapter does it by explaining how VCs really work and make money (and for whom), where and when they are successful (rarely and only in ICT and biotech), what does that means to the companies they finance, who is allowed to be part of this party, and what are the impacts on communities in places where the VCs are successful (inequality levels last seen in the Gilded Age). It utilizes research on Israel and Silicon Valley to drive those points home. At the end of the chapter the reader should realize that, YES, they want innovation-based growth, but NO, even if they could make it happen, the last thing they want for their community is to become a Silicon-Valley/Israel look-alike.
Our Anti-Intellectual Property Rights System
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

The chapter explains why, properly used, intellectual property rights (IPR) are an elegant solution to the real problems of the inappropriability and indivisibility of innovation. Under free market conditions, these factors lead to a situation in which it is just not worth it to innovate, since even if successful, the innovator will not be able to enjoy high enough profits to recoup the initial investment. The theory behind IPR is that by granting them we can diminish the problems of inappropriability and indivisibility, and thus stimulate innovation. However, the positive welfare outcomes of innovation happen only when it is widely diffused and produces a lot of spillovers, which by definition do not generate profits. Accordingly, solutions that give too strong and full property rights risk slowing down innovation. As such, those solutions can become a cure that is worse than the disease. Sadly, we have come to a point where our patent, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets systems favor the incumbent and the rich and stifle innovation. For locales, existing IPR act as a punitive restriction on their companies and entrepreneurs’ freedom to operate. Accordingly, communities that wish to enjoy sustained innovation-based growth must game the system to protect their innovators’ freedom to operate. The chapter concludes with a few promising venues by which communities can transform weaknesses into strength. These examples aim to highlight the many ways to go forward even under the current conditions of a broken and dysfunctional global IPR system.
Data
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

More than a decade ago, data, supposedly, became the new “gold” or “oil” of our “age of big data.” If so, then it is critical for societies wishing to secure economic growth and prosperity to devise a data strategy. Like oil, data requires mining and processing before it can become a valuable and usable asset. First, it should be understood that it is almost never those that supply the raw ore that enjoy long-term economic prosperity. Data is a very clean word for coded life, and the consequences of someone having that knowledge, and being able to use it as they see fit, is at the core of both life and the fabric of society. The fact that data is coded life is the reason why it is a criminal dereliction of duty for a community not to develop a data strategy. Further, since data is the raw material for innovation, we have very little reason to believe we know how it will be used in the future. The only thing we can be certain about with data is that for the foreseeable future there will be significant experimentation. The regions where most of the experimentation will occur have higher chances to become the places where more of the economic growth benefits will accrue. The regions that develop a data strategy that lowers the uncertainty around its collection and usage are those that have the higher chances of becoming the locales of experimentation securing their innovation-based growth.
News Gone Mobile
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

Accessing news from the ubiquitous mobile phone accelerated following the debut of the iPhone in 2007. As news has become more readily available than ever, the mobile phone serves as a popular gateway to access and consume it. Asian countries are at the forefront of adopting the mobile phone, where consumption of mobile news is on the rise. This chapter outlines diffusion trends in mobile telephony and increased consumption of mobile news, thus situating the cross-societal comparative analysis of mobile news consumption in Asia in a digital and global context. The focus of study is defined, and the promise of emerging mobile media to bring about positive social change is proposed.
Motivations
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

News consumption requires motivation. This chapter aims to understand user needs and expectancies as motivational factors behind the consumption of mobile news. The three identified motivations of mobile phone use—sociability, entertainment, and surveillance—reveal the underlying reasoning of Asian college students about the mobile phone as an all-in-one media choice that is essential to socialize, entertain, and stay informed. Moreover, surveillance as a civic motivation is positively related to expectancies of mobile news as being interactive and personally valuable. These motivations sought from mobile phone use and usability attributes of mobile news, both civic and practical, manifest the desire of Asian college students to access news on their phones for intentional and active consumption.
Engagement
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

How do Asian college students keep track of and interact with news on their phone? Using data from the two waves of surveys, this chapter examines the behavior and patterns of engagement with mobile news by virtue of following and sharing. It also explores the differences in news engagement attributed to demographics, motivation, and city of residence. Findings show that following and sharing mobile news are prevalent, especially in the 4G era, making consuming news on the smartphone different from that of traditional news media. The chapter concludes that engagement with mobile news results from both user motivation and the empowering tools afforded by the Internet-enabled smartphone.
Perceptions
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

Consuming mobile news can be risky business. How do Asian college students view the quality and credibility of news content they consume via the mobile phone? This chapter assesses their perceptions of the credibility of news created and delivered to the mobile screen in the four selected Asian cities. Findings indicate an ambivalence toward mobile news held by college students in Asia, especially those in Shanghai and Singapore—mobile news is reliable but lacks diversity in perspectives (e.g., alternative to the official stance or government point of view). Comparative analyses further reveal that Shanghai and Singapore respondents rated mobile news credibility more highly than did their counterparts in Hong Kong and especially in Taipei, where evaluation of mobile news credibility was the lowest. Perceptions of mobile news credibility also vary by gender, level of consuming mobile news, reliance on traditional media as news sources, perceived utility of mobile news, and appeal of presentation.
Modeling with Mediation Analysis
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei
Published: March 2021

Building on multiple regression results, this chapter examines the direct and indirect effects of societal-level factors as exogenous variables on the studied endogenous variables to better understand the mediation effects of individual-level variables. Six structural equation modeling (SEM) models were proposed and tested. The findings clarify the role of surveillance motivation and expectancies of mobile of personal value as key mediators in affecting the behavior of mobile news consumption when societal influences (e.g., city of residence and smartphone ownership) are present in structural relationships. Similarly, level of freedom of the press as a societal factor first influences perceived utility and perceived appeal of mobile news and then indirectly influences mobile news credibility, while the effects of perceived utility and perceived appeal are derived from press freedom. Finally, information accessibility at the societal level was found to enhance learning from mobile news by directly and indirectly influencing motivations, consumption behavior, and engaged consumption.
“To Regain Some Kind of Human Equality”
Authors: Graf Sinja
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides the book’s theoretical framework and elaborates its focus on the political productivity of the notion of universal crime that accentuates the figures, relationships, and forms of authority and agency entailed by the concept, in contradistinction to individual rights. The chapter argues that the concept of an offense against mankind casts humanity as a normatively unified, yet minimally inclusive and hierarchically ordered, subject of world politics. The notion of universal crime grants normative recognition to the offender against mankind, because the criminal is a figure well recognized within the symbolic order of the law. Nonetheless, this normative inclusion is minimal in the sense that the universal criminal is humanity’s least desired member. Furthermore, universal crime projects humanity as a hierarchically ordered political subject, because those abiding by humanity’s universal law hold the authority to enforce it over those contravening it.
Cosmopolitanism and Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Graf Sinja
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 examines deployments of “crimes against humanity” by post–Cold War liberal cosmopolitan thinkers across international relations theory and political theory. Liberal cosmopolitans routinely use “crimes against humanity” to recast foreign military intervention as global policing, rather than warfare. This rearticulation of cross-border military coercion disavows its irreducibly violent character and privileges the hierarchy between criminals against humanity and the enforcers of its laws over the principle of combatant equality that defines the international law of war. In this light, the chapter analyzes Jürgen Habermas’s reliance on crimes against humanity as “fixes” in moments in which his canonical theory of human rights and the democratic authorization of coercive law enforcement cannot justify Western-led military intervention in non-European states that he nonetheless endorses. Shifting away from long-standing theoretical commitments, Habermas’s cosmopolitanism yields an “affective turn,” which claims that public expressions of normative emotions against atrocities abroad serve to legitimize foreign intervention.
Creating Life
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

This chapter considers ecclesiastical teaching and personal experience regarding new reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization, repro-genetic options, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and stem cell research ethics. The principal argument is that the ethics of medical technologies used to treat and provide remedies for infertility turns primarily on questions of moral agency, familial integrity, and medical professionalism, including safety and efficacy. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) procreative imperative can make the experience of infertility a wrenching personal ordeal that necessitates re-storying personal and gender identities relative to spiritual entrustment. Repro-genetic technologies find a moral point through disease prevention but are ethically controversial when their intent is for nonmedical purposes, such as sex selection or enhanced capacities. Despite firm convictions about the sanctity of human life, LDS teaching shows surprising acceptance regarding use of embryos for stem cell research.
The Wisdom of Prevention
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

The teaching and communal practice of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) has embodied an ethic of prevention to retain good health and minimize the ravages of disease. This chapter provides two primary illustrations of this preventive ethic, the 19th-century revelation known as the “Word of Wisdom” and 20th- and 21st-century advocacy of vaccinations. The Word of Wisdom’s structure of invitation, restriction, permission, and promises is illustrative of a covenantal principle of responsibility for health. The prevention ethic of vaccinations was initially greeted with skepticism by members of the LDS community as a further infiltration of state hostility to religious liberty, but ecclesiastical teaching beginning in the 1970s and continuing through international humanitarian programs of vaccination exhibit a generalized acceptance of the value of vaccines. The new vaccine to prevent the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, HPV, has raised practical ethical questions for LDS students, parents, and professionals committed to ecclesiastical teachings on sexual morality.
Public Bioethics
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) ecclesiastical policy on health, medical, and moral issues has seldom addressed itself to the healing professions or to questions of public policy, an ethical insularity coherent with the principles of respect for moral agency and trust in the healing vocation of the professions. However, some issues reveal limits to peaceful compromise between ecclesiastical policy with both professional morality and public policy of the secular state and have prompted the LDS Church to forgo ecclesiastical silence and present a public witness of its values and positions on a policy question to a broader civic audience. This chapter focuses on two such examples, elective abortion and medical marijuana. The public square of moral reasoning within LDS teaching is constructed by principles of engaged citizenship, separation, and the moral core.
A New Era of Ocean Conservation
Authors: Alger Justin
Published: March 2021

This chapter introduces the norm of large marine protected areas (MPAs). It defines the norm and poses the two questions that this book seeks to answer: (1) Why have large MPAs emerged as the solution of choice for governments. (2) What explains differences in how governments manage their large MPAs? It positions these questions within the norm diffusion literature in international relations and offers an alternative analytical approach to norm localization in international relations that foregrounds domestic political economies. The chapter then introduces the book’s process tracing methodology and details case selection and data collection.
The Political Economy of Conservation
Authors: Alger Justin
Published: March 2021

This chapter introduces a strategic actor framework of environmental norm diffusion, which it uses to develop a theory of the diffusion of the norm of large marine protected areas. By incorporating domestic material interests into environmental norm diffusion, it builds norm diffusion theory to better explain why certain environmental norms gain global traction while others do not, as well as why there is considerable variation in how environmental norms are localized. The chapter also examines the interests of key stakeholder groups, including the state, extractive and non-extractive industry, environmental groups, and local communities. The framework foregrounds business influence to explain how governments attempt to reconcile new environmental norms with commercial interests. In some instances, business influence can lead to stronger protections, but more often tends to undermine conservation goals. This chapter analyses the potential and the limits of business influence over state conservation policy.
Presidents Bush and Obama in the Pacific Remote Islands
Authors: Alger Justin
Published: March 2021

This chapter analyses the campaign to expand the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, which was first created by President George W. Bush in 2009 and then expanded by President Barack Obama in 2014 to 1,270,000 km2. It argues that the remoteness of the monument, and the minimal commercial activity occurring within it, provided environmental groups with considerable influence in lobbying for ambitious protections. The chapter goes on to explain that the commercial fishing industry was largely unsuccessful in its efforts to limit and scale back protections for the monument. Its inability to demonstrate high interest salience in the region weakened its bargaining position with the Obama White House, thereby paving the way for stricter conservation measures.
A “Paper Park” in the Australian Coral Sea
Authors: Alger Justin
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the fraught efforts of subsequent Australian governments to protect the Australian Coral Sea over a 10-year period. The political economy of the Australian Coral Sea made efforts to protect it a contested stakeholder battle between the government, environmental groups, the ecotourism sector, and the commercial and recreational fishing sectors. Moderate levels of commercial activity in the area forced the government to repeatedly water down regulations over its decade-long consultation process. The end result, this chapter argues, was a “paper park” that does little to protect ocean ecosystems. The Coral Sea process demonstrates the outsized influence that even relatively minor extractive industry interests can often have over conservation policy.
Journalism’s Imagined Audiences
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter offers an overview of the primary differences in imagined audiences between production-oriented audience engagement news organizations like Hearken and City Bureau and more traditional news organizations like the Chicago Tribune. Because City Bureau and the Tribune both focus on Chicago, each organization’s conceptualization of its specific audience demonstrates how profound differences can unfold even when audiences overlap. Hearken, however, does not publish news. Instead, it provides tools and services to newsrooms to help them improve their relationships with their audiences. Hearken’s imagined news audience is, therefore, a general one. The author concludes that, despite the fact that the journalists diverge dramatically when it comes to news audience composition and expectations, they see eye to eye on one important thing: Their imagined audiences emphasize the audience’s relationship with news above all else.
The Obstacles to Audience Engagement
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores the challenges that journalists face as they attempt to more meaningfully practice audience engagement. The first is that, at a moment when the news industry’s financial stability is far from guaranteed, it is difficult to empirically demonstrate that engaged journalism yields an economic benefit. This is primarily because of the limitations of audience measurement data, which tend to privilege measures of exposure above all else—such as more qualitative measures of audience preferences or reactions. The second challenge stems from the reality that the pursuit of engaged journalism—and the more explicit awareness of the audience that it entails—can lead journalists to ethical dilemmas as they grapple with who they are writing about, who they are writing for, and what to do when those two groups diverge. Finally, those who pursue more meaningful and deliberate efforts to communicate and collaborate with their audiences increasingly must reckon with unexpected and unwelcome outcomes.
Understanding News Audience Behavior
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter offers a counter-narrative to the notion that journalists play the primary role in determining how news gets received by the public. Instead, it suggests that the interplay between different forces within the media environment shapes news consumption. News providers cannot alone determine how their content will be received, nor can audiences alone go out and find exactly what will leave them most satisfied. Consequently, even as news publishers make large, bold changes, these strategies are far from guaranteed to affect the way that audiences currently do (or do not) interact with the news. Structures and habits are powerful things and lead to a profound stubbornness when it comes to news audience behavior. In short, making the news better will not necessarily make it more profitable, simply because audience behavior is hard to change and even harder to predict.
Conclusion
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter summarizes the book’s central findings and explores their implications for journalism research and practice. Many who work in or study journalism are clamoring for solutions to the profession’s challenges. Increasingly, those solutions are more focused on improving journalism’s understanding of and relationship with the news audience than at any other point in the profession’s history. Yet, as the previous chapters have shown, the assumptions underlying attempts to improve the journalist–audience relationship ultimately reveal more about those pursuing them than they do about whom the audience comprises and how the news actually enters into their everyday lives. They also overwhelmingly stem from the reasonable yet inaccurate notion that reshaping journalism’s relationship with the public is firmly within journalists’ control. The author concludes that journalists must embrace journalistic humility. They must accept the limitations they face as they try to change audience behavior if they are to successfully navigate the news industry’s most pressing problems.
The Distribution of Well-Being among Europeans
Authors: Brandolini Andrea , Rosolia Alfonso
Published: March 2021

The authors analyse the evolution of citizens’ living standards in the European Union (EU), considering the EU as a single country. Average living standards have improved considerably as the European integration process has unfolded. EU28 income inequality has steadily declined, mostly as a result of the macroeconomic convergence of new EU-accession countries. EU15 income inequality fell steadily until the mid-1980s, but picked up again during the economic turmoil following the Great Recession, largely reflecting the divergence between periphery and core countries in the Euro Area. Using a common EU standard reveals more progress in terms of poverty reduction. It also shows that the patterns of income convergence across member states differ across categories of residents, thus calling for a more careful consideration of the personal and national dimensions of EU policies.
Population Ageing and Financing Consumption of the Older Generation in the European Union
Authors: Chłoń-Domińczak Agnieszka
Published: March 2021

European countries are facing the challenge of population ageing, and social policies need to adjust to changing intergenerational balance. In this chapter, the most important challenges in the current intergenerational and intragenerational balance are assessed using the National Transfer Accounts approach. Financing the lifecycle deficit of older generations is mainly based on public transfers, while in the case of younger generations it is mainly financed from private transfers. The working-age generation faces a ‘triple burden’ as it finances the lifecycle deficit of older generations by paid taxes and the consumption of the young generation by private transfers. They also need to save more to be able to finance their future consumption to a larger extent from their savings. Recent policy developments show that the pressure of an increase of pension expenditure caused by demographic changes is offset by reducing pension transfers by changing benefit formulae or benefit indexation as well as increasing the effective pensionable age. The span of effective economic activity is relatively short, particularly for women. A gender gap in labor income is also linked to a gender gap in the pension income, which leads to further transfers between men and women at older ages. Income inequalities between older people increase following reforms of pension systems that tighten the link between lifetime earnings and pensions. Mortality differences interact with government programmes for the elderly (e.g., pension systems) and may reduce or even reverse the direction of income redistribution.
Old Age Care
Authors: Spasova Slavina , Vanhercke Bart
Published: March 2021

The chapter analyses the main issues related to inequalities in access and affordability of long-term care (LTC) provision in the European Union (EU). It discusses the core challenge of access to LTC for the elderly to residential and home care services and the different models of institutionalization/deinstitutionalization. It also focuses on how LTC schemes have been ‘in the making’ in the EU, presenting the most important features of the reforms that have taken place in Member States’ LTC systems over the past 5 years. The EU as a region compared to the rest of the world leads the field in providing LTC services to its citizens. However, the authors show that significant inequalities exist between Member States and even within individual countries regarding expenditure on LTC and services and benefits provided, as well as in the situation of informal carers.
Genealogies of Music and Memory
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: March 2021

The history of music is most often written as a sequence of composers and works. But a richer understanding of the music of the past may be obtained by also considering the afterlives of a composer’s works. Genealogies of Music and Memory asks how the stage works of Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787) were cultivated in nineteenth-century Paris, and concludes that although the composer was not represented formally on the stage until 1859, his music was known from a wide range of musical and literary environments. Received opinion has Hector Berlioz as the sole guardian of the Gluckian flame from the 1820s onwards, and responsible—together with the soprano Pauline Viardot—for the ‘revival’ of the composer’s Orfeo in 1859. The picture is much clarified by looking at the concert performances of Gluck during the first two thirds of the nineteenth century, and the ways in which they were received and the literary discourses they engendered. Coupled to questions of music publication, pedagogy, and the institutional status of the composer, such a study reveals a wide range of individual agents active in the promotion of Gluck’s music for the Parisian stage. The ‘revival’ of Orfeo is contextualized among other attempts at reviving Gluck’s works in the 1860s, and the role of Berlioz, Viardot, and a host of others re-examined.
Homeless Politics in the United States
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

Public health studies issues and policies implemented and often governed by local-level public health departments. Yet public health policy research emphasizes state and federal relations. Obscuring the role of local politics and in designing and implementing public health policies inaccurately portrays the functioning of public health systems and may lead to incomplete assumptions about the effects of health politics on public health. Homelessness is no exception, with a long history of expanded governing authority for communities and local governments. To understand homeless policy governance, we must draw from theories of urban politics and intergovernmental relations that have been developed to explain social policy. Chapter 2 develops the main theoretical argument of the book: limited coordination between policy interests governing homeless policy and trends of decentralization in homeless policy governance contribute to fewer publicly funded policy alternatives for solutions to chronic homelessness and increases the policy alternatives for private actors.
The Integrated State
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

San Francisco represents municipalities with a local supportive housing policy. San Francisco highlights the significance of policy implementation as a critical process that cannot be overlooked when examining policy success. San Francisco should seemingly be very well positioned to successfully tackle chronic homelessness compared to other cities across the United States with a centralized municipal Continuum of Care, strong local tax base, and historical investment in social and health services for at-risk groups. Yet, many efforts have stagnated at the implementation phase. San Francisco is a city with a very visible homelessness epidemic. The problem will not be solved until implementation problems can be overcome by improving participatory equity in political decision-making to include minorities and at-risk groups, limiting elected officials’ ability to interfere with bureaucrats’ duties to carry out supportive housing regulation, and improving state level coordination with municipal goals to reduce administrative burden and align funding mechanisms.
The Fragmented State
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

Atlanta represents municipalities with a supportive housing policy in municipalities that are majority Black and in states that have not expanded Medicaid. Atlanta’s Continuum of Care is integrated into municipal government. Atlanta’s move to integrate the Continuum of Care into local government occurred when the Continuum of Care restructured, moving from a trijurisdictional arrangement to separate city and county institutions. The restructuring was prefaced by an investment in homelessness and chronic homelessness prevention and services by the city of Atlanta. Subsequently, the city adopted a supportive housing policy and implemented pilot programs to reduce policing of persons experiencing chronic homelessness. Despite positive changes, Atlanta still suffers from barriers to policy implementation resulting from: histories of race and segregation, including separate policy efforts mobilizing police to move persons experiencing chronic homelessness to other jurisdictions; limited governmental funding and reliance on nongovernmental actors as providers and funders; and metropolitan fragmentation inhibiting policy coordination.
The Delegated State
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

Shreveport serves as the representative case for municipalities without a local government level supportive housing policy. Shreveport is a case where the Continuum of Care, municipal policy goals, decision-making, and implementation remain very separate. The separation is evident in policy decision-making and implementation, where the municipal government has little to no involvement in homeless policy aside from coordinating pass-through federal funding. Limited involvement by Shreveport’s municipal government presents direct barriers to supportive housing policy design and implementation by restricting authority and resources available to the Continuum of Care to coordinate policy activities. Policy activities constrained by the limited municipal authority for the Continuum of Care include challenges reducing policing of persons experiencing chronic homelessness and severe mental illness and limited ability to participate in municipal decision-making, which disadvantaged the Continuum of Care in debates over new shelter or low-income housing constructions compared to economic elites in the Downtown Development Authority.
For Those About to Rock
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

If Bach is the sound of God whistling while he works, then AC/DC is the sound of God ordering another round in a strip bar on a Saturday night. Led by the inimitable Bon Scott, AC/DC and hard rock acts of the second half of the 1970s established the macho sensibilities of the genre, while the appearance of 1950s nostalgia, American punk and new wave, and the anti-disco backlash were indicative of further trends affecting politics and pop culture. Deepening divisions of class, gender, and race—some of them ugly—were now being mirrored by all strands of the entertainment industry.
Introduction
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides an overview of past scholarship on the topic of John Calvin and the efficacy of baptism. It identifies three basic schools of interpretation—instrumentalist, parallelist, and developmental—and summarizes the works of major representatives of each category. It then proceeds to a prospectus for the book, proposing (1) a method that examines all of Calvin’s major writings on baptism through five phases of his life and (2) the thesis that in attempting to chart a middle course between Roman Catholic and Zwinglian/Anabaptist views of the sacraments, Calvin constructed a doctrine of baptismal efficacy that displayed elements of all three interpretative categories outlined earlier. Furthermore, although there was change and development in Calvin’s understanding of baptismal efficacy, these were only changes in emphasis, nuance, and clarity, and not the more dramatic shifts that some in the past have suggested.
Works from Calvin’s Second Period in Geneva to the Consensus Tigurinus (1541–48)
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

Chapter Abstract: This chapter explores the third phase of development in Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy by examining six major works from the early years of his second ministry period in Geneva (1541–48): the Catechism of the Church of Geneva (1542/1545), the baptismal liturgy in The Form of Prayers (1542), the second revision of the Institutes (1543), his commentary on 1 Corinthians (1546), a polemical treatise, Acts of the Council of Trent: With the Antidote (1547), and his commentaries on Paul’s epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians (1548). The evidence adduced in this chapter shows that although Calvin did not move in a substantially new direction in his understanding of the efficacy of baptism during this period, he did shift to an entirely positive use of the term “instrument” and to a heavier emphasis on baptism as a means of grace.
Baptismal Efficacy in the Reformed Confessions
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

Chapter Abstract: To round out the narrative of this book, this chapter examines the impact of Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy on the codification of Reformed theology in eight major statements of faith. Six are from the era of the great national confessions (c. 1555–70), which straddled the death of Calvin in 1564: the French [Gallican] Confession (1559), the Scots Confession (1560), the Belgic Confession (1561), the Heidelberg Catechism (1563), the Second Helvetic Confession (1566), and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571). The other two are a well-known pair of English doctrinal statements from the mid-seventeenth century: the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646) and Westminster Larger Catechism (1647). The chapter concludes that most of these confessions display Calvinian features in their doctrines of baptismal efficacy. Only the Heidelberg Catechism and Second Helvetic Confession do not go beyond symbolic parallelism to symbolic instrumentalism—another indication of the theological diversity within early Reformed Protestantism.
Baptismal Efficacy in Calvin’s Theology
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

Chapter Abstract: This concluding chapter restates the central thesis of the book and summarizes the supporting material from the preceding chapters. The thesis is that when it comes to the three schools of interpretation introduced in chapter 1, Calvin’s doctrine of the efficacy of baptism does not fit exclusively into any one of them. In a lifelong attempt to chart a middle course between Roman Catholic and Zwinglian/Anabaptist views of the sacraments, Calvin constructed a doctrine of baptismal efficacy that displayed elements of all three categories and that carried over into his doctrine of infant baptism and many of the historic Reformed confessions. Aspects of his instrumental approach to baptism underwent change and development over his lifetime but not to the extent that some scholars have suggested. The overall trajectory was one of increasing clarity and refinement of basic themes already present in incipient form in the Institutes of 1536.