bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
True aneurysm of superficial temporal artery accompanying multiple intracranial aneurysm
Authors: Delen Emre , Ozkara Emre , Aydin Hasan , Ozbek Zuhtu
Published: September 2015

Superficial temporal artery (STA) aneurysms are very infrequent. Moreover, true aneurysms, which are not pseudoaneurysms associated with trauma or previous surgery are even rarer. With this manuscript, authors present a case of a 79-year-old woman suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage whose radiological examinations revealed multiple intracranial aneurysms along with an STA aneurysm. This very rare case, to the best of our knowledge, the second case reported so far, might contribute to the literature and lead further investigations toward the rare association between intracranial aneurysms and STA aneurysms.
Intracranial plasmacytomas mimicking epidural hematoma and revealed by head trauma
Authors: Kumar Brajesh , Kumar Himanshu , Ghosh Subhasis
Published: September 2015

Presenting a case of 27-year-old female presented in our OPD on 6-12-2013 with severe headache and vomiting and no history of LOC/seizure. There was H/O head trauma 2 month back. O/E pupil of normal size and normal reaction to light and neurological status with GCS-14. CT scan showed a hyperdense left frontal chronic extradural/subdural mass lesion and midline shift of 8 mm. Peroperative there was intradural lesion as nonvascular, greyish white gelatinous solid tissue without evidence of EDH. The lesion was completely excised, and the skull the bone flap was replaced.Uneventful post operative recovery with GCS-15. Histopathological report was plasmacytoma.
Exceptional Association Between Klinefelter Syndrome and Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Doubi Sana , Amrani Zoubida , Ouahabi Hanan El , Boujraf Saïd , Ajdi Farida
Published: September 2015

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is characterized in adults by the combination of a tall stature, small testes, gynecomastia, and azoospermia. This case is described in a North African population of the Mediterranean region of North Africa. We report the case of a male 16 years old, of Arab ethnic origin, and diagnosed with this syndrome, who had a small height in relation to a growth hormone (GH) deficiency and a history of absence seizures (generalized myoclonic epilepsy). The patient's size was <−2.8 standard deviation (SD) with weight <−3 SD. GH deficiency was isolated and confirmed by two dynamic tests (insulin — hypoglycemia tolerance test and clonidine) with normal hypothalamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). GH supplementation using recombinant GH was advocated, while gonadotropin treatment was deferred.

Small size in children or adolescents should not eliminate the diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome — on the contrary, the presence of any associated sign (brain maturation, delay in puberty, aggressiveness) should encourage one to request a karyotype for the diagnosis and appropriate care of any case of KS that can be associated with GH deficiency, or which is in a variant form (isochromosome Xq, 49,XXXXY).
Role of reradiation in head and neck cancer from limits to option
Authors: Shukla Arpana , Bansal Vivek
Published: September 2015

Locoregional recurrence (LRR) or second primary malignancy in the previously treated area continues to be a major cause of treatment failure with significant morbidity and mortality in head and neck cancer. Prognosis of recurrent disease is dismal. To manage LRR is a therapeutic challenge for multidisciplinary head and neck team and more so if it is in a previously irradiated area. Though surgery is the mainstay of treatment but curative resection is feasible in only minority of patients. Systemic therapy alone has no long-term response rate or survival advantage in the management of inoperable recurrences. Full dose reradiation (RERT) with or without concurrent systemic therapy (CRERT) remains the only viable treatment option offering long-term survival in carefully selected patients. RERT is not a new concept but traditionally been avoided because of concern regarding toxicity due to limitations of conventional radiotherapy techniques. Initial studies were restricted to brachytherapy with its limitations. During the past two decades with the revolution in radiation therapy treatment delivery, more precise treatment techniques such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy, image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), adaptive radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, tomotherapy, intensity modulated proton therapy, image-guided brachytherapy in combination with better imaging modalities to define the target with the concept of biological target volume, offer various options for RERT with improved survival and limited toxicity. Pattern of failure even after full dose RERT is mainly infield, inside recurrent gross tumor volume (r GTV); radioresistance and tumor hypoxia may be the probable explanation. Though RERT has been established as a mainstream treatment option, there is a lack of prospective multi-institutional studies and absence of phase III randomized trial except one in adjuvant setting. Optimum treatment is yet to be defined. We have reviewed the literature and attempt has been made to provide guidance to the priorities on which future investigation should focus. There is a need to reevaluate prognostic factors for survival, selection criteria for patients undergoing RERT, measures to reduce the infield recurrence and morbidity, reradiation tolerance of normal tissue in IGRT era, toxicity antagonist and molecular marker as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. There is a need of multi-institutional prospective randomize trial with uniform data reporting.
Impact of early dysphagia intervention on swallowing function and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy or image guided radiation therapy with or without surgery/chemotherapy
Authors: Kumar Rajender , Gupta Hitesh , Konwar Keshavanand , Sharma Ritesh , Anand Anil Kumar , Sachdeva Sanjay
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Dysphagia is a very common problem associated with head and neck cancer patients. Inspite of best of technologies like Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) or Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT), Dysphagia remains a major problem in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients.

Materials and Methods: We randomized 50 head and neck cancer patients, including all sites and stages into two groups, 25 patients in each group. In Group-A dysphagia prevention exercises were done from the day of the onset of radiation therapy and continued till 6 months, while in Group-B no dysphagia interventions were given. We analyzed rate of dysphagia, aspiration rate and its impact on quality of life. We used M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) which is a validated and reliable questionnaire designed specifically for evaluating impact of dysphagia on quality of life (QOL) in head and neck cancer patients. American Speech language Hearing Association (ASHA) scale was used for assessing swallowing function. Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) was used to assess aspiration during swallowing with the help of Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES).

Results: Quality of life was significantly better in dysphagia preventive exercise arm (group - A). There was significant improvement in the MDADI score, from the baseline to 6 months in exercise arm (14 versus 7.76, p= 0.017). Swallowing function score was also in favour of exercise arm (6.44 versus 5.8, p=0.002). Patients in exercise arm were able to swallow much better by the end of 6 months post radiotherapy. Risk of silent aspiration as evaluated by PAS score at the end of three months was 36% (Group A = 16%, Group B = 20%). At the end of six months, it improved to 24% (Group A = 8%, Group B = 16%). There was a trend towards lesser incidence of aspiration in exercise arm, although it was not statistically significant (p=0.21).

Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that swallowing exercises, if administered from first week of chemo-radiation and continued till 6 months, results in significant improvement in swallowing function and quality of life. Use of FEES helps in detection of silent aspiration at an early stage and reduces aspiration related morbidities.
Evaluation of fatigue in head and neck cancer patients undergoing (intensity modulated radiation therapy) radiotherapy: A prospective study
Authors: Nautiyal Vipul , Lal Punita , Verma Mranalini , Yadav Rajan , Singh Nirupama , Kumar Shaleen
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Fatigue is a common symptom in cancer patients and persists after the completion of cancer-directed treatment. We attempted to study temporal variation in fatigue levels in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients when they were treated by radiotherapy (RT) using intensity modulated radiation therapy techniques.

Materials and Methods: Histologically proven HNC patients (AJCC stage II and III with Karnofsky performance status [KPS] ≥80) receiving RT between August 2009 and October 2011 were included. Fatigue was assessed before, during and at 3, 6, and 12 months following RT and compared with age-matched healthy controls by using EORTC QOLQ C30 (using question number 10, 12, and 18).

Results: Twenty-six patients were evaluated, whose baseline average fatigue score was 22.4, which was significantly higher as compared to controls (average fatigue score = 12.8; P = 0.04). During RT, average fatigue score increased to 30 by 3 weeks (P = 0.02) and rising to 33.2 (P = 0.029) towards the end of RT. Three months following RT, average fatigue score decreased to 22.8 and remained between 23 and 20 at 6 and 12 months respectively. Significant higher fatigue scores were observed in patients with advanced stage (P = 0.000). Lower KPS score did not show significantly higher fatigue scores (P = 0.5).

Conclusion: Our study shows that HNC patients suffer greater fatigue than age-matched healthy individuals which is further aggravated by RT. It gradually comes back to the pretreatment level by 3 months following treatment, but does not reach to a normal healthy level even at 12 months following treatment.
Atypical carcinoid of larynx and management using transoral robotic surgery: Supraglottic laryngectomy
Authors: Dinesh Anant , Shukla Himanshu , Ranjan Reetesh , Dabas Surender
Published: September 2015

Atypical carcinoid tumor of the larynx is a particularly rare occurrence. Here, we report a patient with a laryngeal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) who was treated with transoral robotic surgery-supraglottic laryngectomy (TORS-SL). A 73-year-old male patient, a known smoker, presented with throat pain and hoarseness for 1 month. Endoscopic laryngeal examination and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left supraglottic mass. The results of histopathologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis were consistent with atypical carcinoid tumor of the larynx. A TORS-SL was performed. There was no recurrence during a follow-up period of 18 months. NETs of the larynx are a very heterogeneous group of tumors in terms of pathological features and biological behavior. The histological diagnosis is the most important step in the management of these tumors. Tumor histology is an important determinant of prognosis. TORS-SL is a promising, minimally invasive, endoscopic surgical alternative for the treatment of supraglottic tumors with good functional and clinical outcomes as seen in this case.
Historiese korrektheid en historiese fiksie: ’n respons
Authors: Burger Willie
Published: September 2015

Historical correctness and historical fiction: a responseIn this article the relationship between history and fiction is examined in response to the historian, Fransjohan Pretorius’s criticism of recent Afrikaans fiction about the Anglo-Boer War in Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 52.2 (2015). The intricate relationship between history and fiction is examined by pointing, on the one hand to the problematic of the relationship between history and the past and on the one hand, to the difference between fiction and history. The function of aesthetic illusion, verisimilitude and conceptions of reference is investigated theoretically before turning to the specific novels that Pretorius discusses. The article shows that historical fiction cannot be restricted to novelized versions of accepted history, but that historical fiction also reminds the reader that the past is always culturally mediated and that the primary aim of novels is not to represent the past but to examine aspects of human existence. A comparison between fiction and history can therefore not be used as a norm to assess novels.
Electrochemical Corrosion Performance of Mechanically Polished Alloy 690TT at High-Temperature Water (200°C)
Authors: Arjmand Farzin , Zhang Lefu
Published: September 2015

The electrochemical corrosion performance of thermally treated (TT) Alloy 690 (UNS N06690) was investigated in 200°C pressurized water before and after mechanical polishing/grinding. The surface analysis of the specimens was performed using atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and focused ion beam microscopy. A Cr-rich outer layer formed during the TT process was detected at the surface of the as-received Alloy 690TT specimens. As a result of the greater formation of the Cr-based oxide film, the as-received specimen showed a more desirable corrosion behavior in both oxygenated and deoxygenated water environments. The near-surface microstructure of the as-received specimen was changed by mechanical polishing/grinding of the surface. The ground specimen showed a higher degree of deformation/dislocation than the polished specimen.
Effect of tropical cyclones on the tropical tropopause parameters observed using COSMIC GPS RO data
Authors: Ravindra Babu S. , Venkat Ratnam M. , Basha G. , Krishnamurthy B. V. , Venkateswararao B.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Tropical cyclones (TCs) are deep convective synoptic-scale systems that play an important role in modifying the thermal structure, tropical tropopause parameters and hence also modify stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes. In the present study, high vertical resolution and high accuracy measurements from COSMIC Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements are used to investigate and quantify the effect of tropical cyclones that occurred over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the last decade on the tropical tropopause parameters. The tropopause parameters include cold-point tropopause altitude (CPH) and temperature (CPT), lapse-rate tropopause altitude (LRH) and temperature (LRT) and the thickness of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), that is defined as the layer between convective outflow level (COH) and CPH, obtained from GPS RO data. From all the TC events, we generate the mean cyclone-centred composite structure for the tropopause parameters and removed it from the climatological mean obtained from averaging the GPS RO data from 2002 to 2013. Since the TCs include eye, eye walls and deep convective bands, we obtained the tropopause parameters based on radial distance from the cyclone eye. In general, decrease in the CPH in the eye is noticed as expected. However, as the distance from the cyclone eye increases by 300, 400, and 500 km, an enhancement in CPH (CPT) and LRH (LRT) is observed. Lowering of CPH (0.6 km) and LRH (0.4 km) values with coldest CPT and LRT (2–3 K) within a 500 km radius of the TC centre is noticed. Higher (2 km) COH leading to the lowering of TTL thickness (2–3 km) is clearly observed. There are multiple tropopause structures in the profiles of temperature obtained within 100 km from the centre of the TC. These changes in the tropopause parameters are expected to influence the water vapour transport from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere, and ozone from the lower stratosphere to the upper troposphere, hence influencing STE processes.
OMI tropospheric NO2 air mass factors over South America: effects of biomass burning aerosols
Authors: Castellanos P. , Boersma K. F. , Torres O. , de Haan J. F.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Biomass burning is an important and uncertain source of aerosols and NOx (NO + NO2) to the atmosphere. Satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 are essential for characterizing this emissions source, but inaccuracies in the retrieval of NO2 tropospheric columns due to the radiative effects of aerosols, especially light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols, are not well understood. It has been shown that the O2–O2 effective cloud fraction and pressure retrieval is sensitive to aerosol optical and physical properties, including aerosol optical depth (AOD). Aerosols implicitly influence the tropospheric air mass factor (AMF) calculations used in the NO2 retrieval through the effective cloud parameters used in the independent pixel approximation. In this work, we explicitly account for the effects of biomass burning aerosols in the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) tropospheric NO2 AMF calculation for cloud-free scenes. We do so by including collocated aerosol extinction vertical profile observations from the CALIOP instrument, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA) retrieved by the OMI near-UV aerosol algorithm (OMAERUV) in the DISAMAR radiative transfer model. Tropospheric AMFs calculated with DISAMAR were benchmarked against AMFs reported in the Dutch OMI NO2 (DOMINO) retrieval; the mean and standard deviation of the difference was 0.6 ± 8 %. Averaged over three successive South American biomass burning seasons (2006–2008), the spatial correlation in the 500 nm AOD retrieved by OMI and the 532 nm AOD retrieved by CALIOP was 0.6, and 68 % of the daily OMAERUV AOD observations were within 30 % of the CALIOP observations. Overall, tropospheric AMFs calculated with observed aerosol parameters were on average 10 % higher than AMFs calculated with effective cloud parameters. For effective cloud radiance fractions less than 30 %, or effective cloud pressures greater than 800 hPa, the difference between tropospheric AMFs based on implicit and explicit aerosol parameters is on average 6 and 3 %, respectively, which was the case for the majority of the pixels considered in our study; 70 % had cloud radiance fraction below 30 %, and 50 % had effective cloud pressure greater than 800 hPa. Pixels with effective cloud radiance fraction greater than 30 % or effective cloud pressure less than 800 hPa corresponded with stronger shielding in the implicit aerosol correction approach because the assumption of an opaque effective cloud underestimates the altitude-resolved AMF; tropospheric AMFs were on average 30–50 % larger when aerosol parameters were included, and for individual pixels tropospheric AMFs can differ by more than a factor of 2. The observation-based approach to correcting tropospheric AMF calculations for aerosol effects presented in this paper depicts a promising strategy for a globally consistent aerosol correction scheme for clear-sky pixels.
Iron encrustations on filamentous algae colonized by Gallionella-related bacteria in a metal-polluted freshwater stream
Authors: Mori J. F. , Neu T. R. , Lu S. , Händel M. , Totsche K. U. , Küsel K.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Filamentous macroscopic algae were observed in slightly acidic to circumneutral (pH 5.9–6.5), metal-rich stream water that leaked out from a former uranium mining district (Ronneburg, Germany). These algae differed in color and morphology and were encrusted with Fe-deposits. To elucidate their potential interaction with Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), we collected algal samples at three time points during summer 2013 and studied the algae-bacteria-mineral compositions via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and a 16S and 18S rRNA gene-based bacterial and algae community analysis. Surprisingly, sequencing analysis of 18S rRNA gene regions of green and brown algae revealed high homologies with the freshwater algae Tribonema (99.9–100 %). CLSM imaging indicated a loss of active chloroplasts in the algae cells, which may be responsible for the change in color in
Derivation of greenhouse gas emission factors for peatlands managed for extraction in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom
Authors: Wilson D. , Dixon S. D. , Artz R. R. E. , Smith T. E. L. , Evans C. D. , Owen H. J. F. , Archer E. , Renou-Wilson F.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Drained peatlands are significant hotspots of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and may also be more vulnerable to fire with its associated gaseous emissions. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from peatlands managed for extraction are reported on an annual basis. However, the Tier 1 (default) emission factors (EFs) provided in the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement for this land use category may not be representative in all cases and countries are encouraged to move to higher-tier reporting levels with reduced uncertainty levels based on country- or regional-specific data. In this study, we quantified (1) CO2-C emissions from nine peat extraction sites in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, which were initially disaggregated by land use type (industrial versus domestic peat extraction), and (2) a range of GHGs that are released to the atmosphere with the burning of peat. Drainage-related methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions as well as CO2-C emissions associated with the off-site decomposition of horticultural peat were not included here. Our results show that net CO2-C emissions were strongly controlled by soil temperature at the industrial sites (bare peat) and by soil temperature and leaf area index at the vegetated domestic sites. Our derived EFs of 1.70 (±0.47) and 1.64 (±0.44) t CO2-C ha−1 yr−1 for the industrial and domestic sites respectively are considerably lower than the Tier 1 EF (2.8 ± 1.7 t CO2-C ha−1 yr−1) provided in the Wetlands Supplement. We propose that the difference between our derived values and the Wetlands Supplement value is due to differences in peat quality and, consequently, decomposition rates. Emissions from burning of the peat (g kg−1 dry fuel burned) were estimated to be approximately 1346 CO2, 8.35 methane (CH4), 218 carbon monoxide (CO), 1.53 ethane (C2H6), 1.74 ethylene (C2H4), 0.60 methanol (CH3OH), 2.21 hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and 0.73 ammonia (NH3), and this emphasises the importance of understanding the full suite of trace gas emissions from biomass burning. Our results highlight the importance of generating reliable Tier 2 values for different regions and land use categories. Furthermore, given that the IPCC Tier 1 EF was only based on 20 sites (all from Canada and Fennoscandia), we suggest that data from another 9 sites significantly expand the global data set, as well as adding a new region.
Colaba–Alibag magnetic observatory and Nanabhoy Moos: the influence of one over the other
Authors: Gawali P. B. , Doiphode M. G. , Nimje R. N.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. The first permanent magnetic observatories in colonial India were established by the East India Company and under the Göttingen Magnetic Union. One of the world's longest running observatories was set up at Colaba (Bombay) in 1841, which was shifted to Alibag in 1904 to avoid electric traction effects on magnetic recordings. The observatory is located at the northwestern tip of Maharashtra, India, on the Arabian Sea. The magnetic data at Colaba were collected through eye-observation instruments from 1841 to 1872 and by photographic (magnetograph) instruments from 1872 to 1905, which reveal seasonal and other periodic effects on geomagnetic elements. Seasonal influence can be deciphered on the H minimum, but not on the maximum; the disturbances in March and April were opposite to those in December and January. D was maximum in 1880 (57' E) and minimum in 1904 (10' E). The data from 1882 to 1905 revealed that H annual inequality was influenced by 5.5-year periodicity, D by 13.5 days from 1888 to 1905, and I and Z by 11-year periodicity from 1894 to 1905 and 1873 to 1905, respectively. Secular variation of Z was parallel to that of I. Z exhibited an increasing trend from 1868 (12 874 nT) to 1905 (15 083 nT). The plan and location of Colaba–Alibag as well as the instruments used are discussed. The initial Colaba magnetic data containing "magnetic disturbances" was harnessed to identify the "disturbing point" on Earth. Nanabhoy Moos, the first Indian director, presciently hinted at a solar origin for magnetic disturbances, revealed the dependence of magnetic elements on the sunspot cycle, unraveled disturbance daily variation, and tried to understand the association, if any, between geomagnetic, seismological and meteorological phenomena. The two giant volumes published in 1910 attest to Moos' seminal work and his inventiveness in organizing and analyzing long series data. He also had a major role in moving Colaba magnetic observatory to Alibag. Thus, the observatory and Moos had a synergestic relationship influencing each other. The long data series has as much historical significance as scientific, which can bring out short- as well as long-term trends in geomagnetic data.
Elsa Schiaparelli, The New Woman, and Surrealist Politics
Authors: Sweeney-Risko Jennifer
Published: September 2015

Jacques Rancière, in Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics, argues that in making the commodity form into artwork, Surrealism, and modernism in general, transformed every object into a potential piece of art. By fusing popular culture to high art, Surrealism destroyed the boundary that held back the aesthetic from the everyday and flooded the artistic with the commercial. However, Rancière's analysis forgoes the Surrealists’ collaborations with the French couture fashion houses. This paper argues that Elsa Schiaparelli worked together with the Surrealist movement, and Salvador Dali in particular, to formulate a couture style that critiqued traditional modes of femininity while still working within dominant social structures. Their collaborations produced a form of bricolage that, by use of counterpoint, juxtaposed sophisticated couture fashion with images of female sexuality and violence. This relationship assuages Rancière's criticism of Surrealism. By imprinting Surrealist bricolage onto the female body, Schiaparelli and the Surrealists created an aesthetic model that directly related to the New Woman movement of the 1930s without relegating it to mere commodity.
I Mourn the Body Electric:
Authors: Farmer Michial
Published: September 2015

Sarah Ruhl's play In the Next Room concerns the invention of the vibrator, a topic that in lesser hands could have become a simple sex farce or misandrist screed. Instead, Ruhl uses the historical facts as a springboard for rumination on marriage, breastfeeding, and—what is most important for this article—the dominance of technology in the modern age. The vibrator itself becomes a jumping-off point, a way of tracing the electric era of technology back to its origins in the 1880s, so that Ruhl can demonstrate the extent to which technology continues to control our lives and to propose a way around this dehumanizing hegemony. Ruhl's general attitudes toward technology, I argue, parallel those of the German phenomenologist Martin Heidegger, especially his essays “The Question Concerning Technology” and “The Origin of the Work of Art.” Like Heidegger, Ruhl presents modern electric technology as a force destructive of nature and humanity but resists the temptation to posit any simple dismissal of the modern world as the key to human survival; instead, she presents art as a countervailing force to modern technology, a tool to orient humans toward a proper perspective on Being itself.
CAI and Its Application in Rural Junior English Class
Authors: He Xiaojun
Published: September 2015

Superiority in developing students’ listening, speaking, etc. This thesis explores how to provide a bett. In recent years, using multimedia is the direction of reform and main stream in English teaching. Compared with the traditional English teaching, multimedia-aided English teaching has its incomparable er environment for English teaching in rural junior school with the aid of multimedia and find some ways to improve teaching efficiency. It, based on the research done at home and abroad on the application of multimedia in English teaching, and on the description of the current situation of rural English teaching in China, analyzes how to apply multimedia in rural junior English teaching, and then presents some things to bear in mind when applying multimedia in teaching.
Media Innovation in a Strange Place: Newspaper Differentiation on Åland
Authors: Lindén Carl-Gustav
Published: September 2015

Differentiation is an important element in media competition and innovation as a path to finding new ways of gaining market share. Here the small but vibrant media market on the Åland islands in Finland is studied. The analysis shows that copying and imitation is an integral part of competition and it can be argued that competition leads to less, not more, differentiation, with highly substitutable goods produced for the same group of consumers Imitation is known to be a common practice in the media world. There are also signs that news agendas in the Åland newspapers do not diverge very much from each other. From a societal perspective it can be argued that competition is good for local democracy since there are at least two channels open for public debate. Local business can also gain from the fact that competition lowers prices for advertising space. In this sense a linear view of competition between media as a single explanatory framework for innovation and differentiation is not satisfactory. The study also shows that resources and processes are less important factors than organisational culture when we discuss the capability and appetite for innovating new services and products.
Enseñar historia de la infancia a los niños y las niñas: ¿para qué?
Authors: Sosenski Susana
Published: September 2015

¿Es importante enseñar historia de la infancia en la escuela? ¿Por qué y para qué? En este artículo se plantea que la historia de la infancia puede ser un contenido de gran utilidad en la enseñanza de la historia. La enseñanza de una historia en la que los niños aparezcan como actores sociales y no sólo como sujetos subordinados al poder de los adultos podría facilitar procesos de empatía y provocar que los alumnos adviertan que la participación de las personas de su edad (y no sólo de los adultos) es importante en el devenir social. Si los niños en la escuela solo leen que hay un conjunto de actores que “hacen historia” y que éstos son siempre adultos, podrían pensar que tienen una capacidad muy limitada como niños o adolescentes de participar y transformar la sociedad, incluso podrían creer que su participación como niños no es posible ni deseable. A partir de una mirada desde la disciplina histórica, se plantea una reflexión en torno a la historia de la infancia y a su importancia. Para ello, se analiza la presencia de los niños en los libros de texto gratuitos, las causas de la marginación de los niños en la narrativa histórica escolar, algunas problemáticas sobre la historia de la infancia y la importancia de enseñar la historia de los niños y las niñas. Palabras clave: Historia de la infancia; Enseñanza de la historia; Participación infantil.
Introduction to Human Action Recognition
Authors: Zhen Xiantong , Shao Ling
Published: September 2015

Human action recognition, as one of the most important topics in computer vision, has been extensively researched during the last decades due to its potential diverse applications. However, it is still regarded as a challenging task especially in realistic scenarios. The main challenge lies in how to design an effective human action representation that is sufficiently descriptive while computationally efficient. In the past decades, local and holistic representations are extensively studied for human action recognition and both achieve state‐of‐the‐art performance on commonly used benchmarks. In this article, we provide an introduction to human action recognition and a comprehensive review on recent progress in both local and holistic representations of actions. In addition, we also describe the widely used benchmark human action datasets on which action recognition methods are evaluated and compared.
Missing Texture Reconstruction
Authors: Ogawa Takahiro , Haseyama Miki
Published: September 2015

This article presents fundamental algorithms of several texture synthesis‐based and exemplar‐based reconstruction methods. We focus on multivariate analysis‐based reconstruction methods, which can realize an accurate representation of textures by approximating them in low‐dimensional subspaces. Multivariate analysis – such as principal component analysis (PCA), kernel PCA, sparse representation, neighboring embedding, and rank minimization – applied to texture representation are discussed. In addition, recent reconstruction approaches that adopt new quality measures are also presented.
Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems
Authors: Blaabjerg Frede , Yang Yongheng
Published: September 2015

Power electronics technology has become the enabling technology for the integration of distributed power generation systems (DPGS) such as offshore wind turbine power systems and commercial photovoltaic power plants. Depending on the applications, a vast array of DPGS‐based power converter topologies has been developed and more are coming into the market in order to achieve an efficient and reliable power conversion from the renewables. In addition, stringent demands from both the distribution system operators and the consumers have been imposed on the renewable‐based DPGS. This article presents an overview of the power converters for the DPGS, mainly based on wind turbine systems and photovoltaic systems, covering a wide range of applications. Moreover, the modulation schemes and interfacing power filters for the power converters are also exemplified. Finally, the general control strategies for those systems are discussed in order to fulfill the increasingly strict requirements.
Solid‐State Extrusion
Authors: Beloshenko Victor , Beygelzimer Yan , Voznyak Yuri
Published: September 2015

A brief information is given on solid‐state extrusion (SSE), a method for the attaining a high‐oriented state of polymers, which is based on polymer deformation at temperatures just below the polymer melting point, or for amorphous polymers just above the glass‐transition temperature mainly by pressing through conical or slit dies.

SSE is used for shape forming and structure modification of various polymer materials (homopolymers, polymer blends, filled polymer composites) and makes it possible to produce fibers, films, pipes, shapes including those of large cross section and different configurations, possessing high strength stress characteristics.

In the paper, the most known SSE versions are considered: These are plunger extrusion and hydrostatic extrusion with the information on the influence of process controlling parameters in the structure and the properties of the processed material.

New techniques of SSE are analyzed: These are equal‐channel angular and multiple angular extrusion, twist and planar twist extrusion, which, in contrast to the conventional ones, are based on polymer simple shear, not drawing. The data about specific features of realization of these methods are reported as well as structure evolution and physical and mechanical properties of the processed polymer materials of different structures: glassy and semicrystalline polymers, polymer mixtures, and filled composites.
Electrochromic Polymers
Authors: Ribeiro Adriana S. , Mortimer Roger J.
Published: September 2015

An electrochromic material is one where a reversible color change takes place upon reduction (gain of electrons) or oxidation (loss of electrons), on passage of electrical current after the application of an appropriate electrode potential. In this article, the general field of electrochromism is introduced, with coverage of the types, applications, and chemical classes of electrochromic materials and the experimental methods that are used in their study. The main classes of electrochromic polymers are then surveyed, with descriptions of representative examples of electrochromic polymers based on transition metal coordination complexes, polymeric viologen systems, and conducting polymers.
Exploring the water storage changes in the largest lake (Selin Co) over the Tibetan Plateau during 2003–2012 from a basin‐wide hydrological modeling
Authors: Zhou Jing , Wang Lei , Zhang Yinsheng , Guo Yanhong , Li Xiuping , Liu Wenbin
Published: September 2015

Lake water storage change (ΔSw) is an important indicator of the hydrologic cycle and greatly influences lake expansion/shrinkage over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Accurate estimation of ΔSw will contribute to improved understanding of lake variations in the TP. Based on a water balance, this study explored the variations of ΔSw for the Lake Selin Co (the largest closed lake on the TP) during 2003–2012 using the Water and Energy Budget‐based Distributed Hydrological Model (WEB‐DHM) together with two different evapotranspiration (ET) algorithms (the Penman‐Monteith method and a simple sublimation estimation approach for water area in unfrozen and frozen period). The contributions of basin discharge and climate causes to the ΔSw are also quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that WEB‐DHM could well reproduce daily discharge, the spatial pattern, and basin‐averaged values of MODIS land surface temperature (LST) during nighttime and daytime. Compared with the ET reference values estimated from the basin‐wide water balance, our ET estimates showed better performance than three global ET products in reproducing basin‐averaged ET. The modeled ET at point scale matches well with short‐term in situ daily measurements (RMSE = 0.82 mm/d). Lake inflows and precipitation over the water area had stronger relationships with ΔSw in the warm season and monthly scale, whereas evaporation from the water area had remarkable effects on ΔSw in the cold season. The total contribution of the three factors to ΔSw was about 90%, and accounting for 49.5%, 22.1%, and 18.3%, respectively.
Kilometer‐scale Kaiser effect identified in Krafla volcano, Iceland
Authors: Heimisson Elías Rafn , Einarsson Páll , Sigmundsson Freysteinn , Brandsdóttir Bryndís
Published: September 2015

The Krafla rifting episode in 1975–1984, consisted of around 20 inflation‐deflation events within the Krafla caldera, where magma accumulated during inflation periods and was intruded into the transecting fissure swarm during brief periods of deflation. We reanalyze geodetic and seismic data from the rifting episode and perform a time‐dependent inversion of a leveling time series for a spherical point source in an elastic half‐space. Using the volume change as a proxy for stress shows that during inflation periods the seismicity rate remains low until the maximum inflation of previous cycles is exceeded thus exhibiting the Kaiser effect. Our observations demonstrate that this phenomenon, commonly observed in small‐scale experiments, is also produced in kilometer‐scale volcanic deformation. This behavior sheds new light on the relationship between deformation and seismicity of a deforming volcano. As a consequence of the Kaiser effect, a volcano may inflate rapidly without significant changes in seismicity rate.
Magnetospheric line radiation: 6.5 years of observations by the DEMETER spacecraft
Authors: Bezděková B. , Němec F. , Parrot M. , Santolík O. , Kruparova O.
Published: September 2015

Frequency‐time spectrograms of electromagnetic waves observed in the inner magnetosphere in the frequency range of about 1–8 kHz are sometimes formed by several nearly horizontal and almost equidistant intense lines. Such events are called magnetospheric line radiation (MLR). We use a list of 1230 MLR events identified in all the data measured by the low‐altitude satellite Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) during the duration of the mission (2004–2010). We compare the occurrence of MLR events with solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices using a superposed epoch analysis. It is found that MLR events occur more often after periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity, being statistically related to specific solar wind parameters. Moreover, the length of the analyzed time interval allows us to investigate the influence of the solar cycle and the season of the year. The events occur more often during the northern winter and spring than during the northern summer. As for the spatial distribution of the events, they occur less frequently at geomagnetic longitudes of the South Atlantic Anomaly. We analyze energy spectra of electrons precipitating in this area at the times of MLR events, and we derive energy‐latitude plots of electron flux variations related to the MLR occurrence. Finally, we perform a detailed wave analysis of two MLR events for which high‐resolution multicomponent data are available. The events are right‐handed and nearly circularly polarized, propagating at oblique wave normal angles from larger radial distances and larger geomagnetic latitudes.
Incorporating root hydraulic redistribution in CLM4.5: Effects on predicted site and global evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and water storage
Authors: Tang Jinyun , Riley William J. , Niu Jie
Published: September 2015

We implemented the Amenu‐Kumar model in the Community Land Model (CLM4.5) to simulate plant Root Hydraulic Redistribution (RHR) and analyzed its influence on CLM hydrology from site to global scales. We evaluated two numerical implementations: the first solved the coupled equations of root and soil water transport concurrently, while the second solved the two equations sequentially. Through sensitivity analysis, we demonstrate that the sequentially coupled implementation (SCI) is numerically incorrect, whereas the tightly coupled implementation (TCI) is numerically robust with numerical time steps varying from 1 to 30 min. At the site‐level, we found the SCI approach resulted in better agreement with measured evapotranspiration (ET) at the AmeriFlux Blodgett Forest site, California, whereas the two approaches resulted in equally poor agreement between predicted and measured ET at the LBA Tapajos KM67 Mature Forest site in Amazon, Brazil. Globally, the SCI approach overestimated annual land ET by as much as 3.5 mm d−1 in some grid cells when compared to the TCI estimates. These comparisons demonstrate that TCI is a more robust numerical implementation of RHR. However, we found, even with TCI, that incorporating RHR resulted in worse agreement with measured soil moisture at both the Blodgett Forest and Tapajos sites and degraded the agreement between simulated terrestrial water storage anomaly and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations. We find including RHR in CLM4.5 improved ET predictions compared with the FLUXNET‐MTE estimates north of 20° N but led to poorer predictions in the tropics. The biases in ET were robust and significant regardless of the four different pedotransfer functions or of the two meteorological forcing data sets we applied. We also found that the simulated water table was unrealistically sensitive to RHR. Therefore, we contend that further structural and data improvements are warranted to improve the hydrological dynamics in CLM4.5.
Flushing of distal hillslopes as an alternative source of stream dissolved organic carbon in a headwater catchment
Authors: Gannon John P. , Bailey Scott W. , McGuire Kevin J. , Shanley James B.
Published: September 2015

We investigated potential source areas of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in headwater streams by examining DOC concentrations in lysimeter, shallow well, and stream water samples from a reference catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. These observations were then compared to high‐frequency temporal variations in fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) at the catchment outlet and the predicted spatial extent of shallow groundwater in soils throughout the catchment. While near‐stream soils are generally considered a DOC source in forested catchments, DOC concentrations in near‐stream groundwater were low (mean = 2.4 mg/L, standard error = 0.6 mg/L), less than hillslope groundwater farther from the channel (mean = 5.7 mg/L, standard error = 0.4 mg/L). Furthermore, water tables in near‐stream soils did not rise into the carbon‐rich upper B or O horizons even during events. In contrast, soils below bedrock outcrops near channel heads where lateral soil formation processes dominate had much higher DOC concentrations. Soils immediately downslope of bedrock areas had thick eluvial horizons indicative of leaching of organic materials, Fe, and Al and had similarly high DOC concentrations in groundwater (mean = 14.5 mg/L, standard error = 0.8 mg/L). Flow from bedrock outcrops partially covered by organic soil horizons produced the highest groundwater DOC concentrations (mean = 20.0 mg/L, standard error = 4.6 mg/L) measured in the catchment. Correspondingly, stream water in channel heads sourced in part by shallow soils and bedrock outcrops had the highest stream DOC concentrations measured in the catchment. Variation in FDOM concentrations at the catchment outlet followed water table fluctuations in shallow to bedrock soils near channel heads. We show that shallow hillslope soils receiving runoff from organic matter‐covered bedrock outcrops may be a major source of DOC in headwater catchments in forested mountainous regions where catchments have exposed or shallow bedrock near channel heads.
Migration behavior of supercritical and liquid CO2 in a stratified system: Experiments and numerical simulations
Authors: Oh Junho , Kim Kue‐Young , Han Weon Shik , Park Eungyu , Kim Jeong‐Chan
Published: September 2015

Multiple scenarios of upward CO2 migration driven by both injection‐induced pressure and buoyancy force were investigated in a horizontally and vertically stratified core utilizing a core‐flooding system with a 2‐D X‐ray scanner. Two reservoir‐type scenarios were considered: (1) the terrestrial reservoir scenario (10 MPa and 50°C), where CO2 exists in a supercritical state and (2) the deep‐sea sediment reservoir scenario (28 MPa and 25°C), where CO2 is stored in the liquid phase. The core‐flooding experiments showed a 36% increase in migration rate in the vertical core setting compared with the horizontal setting, indicating the significance of the buoyancy force under the terrestrial reservoir scenario. Under both reservoir conditions, the injected CO2 tended to find a preferential flow path (low capillary entry pressure and high‐permeability (high‐k) path) and bypass the unfavorable pathways, leaving low CO2 saturation in the low‐permeability (low‐k) layers. No distinctive fingering was observed as the CO2 moved upward, and the CO2 movement was primarily controlled by media heterogeneity. The CO2 saturation in the low‐k layers exhibited a more sensitive response to injection rates, implying that the increase in CO2 injection rates could be more effective in terms of storage capacity in the low‐k layers in a stratified reservoir. Under the deep‐sea sediment condition, the storage potential of liquid CO2 was more than twice as high as that of supercritical CO2 under the terrestrial reservoir scenario. In the end, multiphase transport simulations were conducted to assess the effects of heterogeneity on the spatial variation of pressure buildup, CO2 saturation, and CO2 flux. Finally, we showed that a high gravity number (
) tended to be more influenced by the heterogeneity of the porous media.