bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equidad en el Acceso, Desigualdad y Utilización de los Servicios de Salud. Una Aplicación al Caso Argentino en 2001
Authors: De Santis Mariana , Herrero Verónica
Published: April 2022

El trabajo revisa los principales abordajes metodológicos y empíricos para cuantificar la desigualdad en el uso de servicios de salud desarrollados recientemente para diferentes sistemas de salud. Empleando datos de la Encuesta de de Condiciones de Vida realizada en Argentina en 2001, se estiman los índices de concentración de las visitas a profesionales de la salud, que permiten cuantificar la desigualdad en los servicios de salud atribuida a factores socioeconómicos. Además, se obtiene una medida de la inequidad horizontal a través de la descomposición de los índices de concentración respectivos. Se concluye que la utilización de los servicios de salud está concentrada en los individuos más favorecidos y que dicha desigualdad se debe en su mayor parte a la influencia de variables de no necesidad, tales como el ingreso per capita del hogar, el nivel educativo, la posesión de cobertura de salud, el lugar de residencia, entre otros.
Transferencias fiscales, prima salarial del sector público y efectos en los salarios privados
Authors: Capello Marcelo , Figueras Alberto José , Freille Sebastián , Moncarz Pedro E.
Published: April 2022

We examine the relationship between federal transfers, the existence of a wage premium for the public sector and its effects on private wages in Argentina. The empirical analysis is based on the theoretical presumption that federal fiscal transfers to the different regions are being used to finance more public employment therefore discouraging private activity. The results suggest that the public sector pays a wage premium relative to the private sector. This premium is increasing in the level of per capita federal transfers. There is no evidence of an overall positive effect on wages in the private manufacturing sector. However, we find a significant positive relationship between federal transfers and wages paid to workers with less formal education; for jobs requiring a technical or profesional qualification the relationship is negative. These results broadly support the hypothesis that the private sector faces harder competition in the labour market in provinces which receive larger transfers from the central government.
Bosquejo Histórico de la Agricultura en Argentina hasta Fines del Siglo XIX y los Inicios del Siglo XX. Énfasis en la Caracterización del Productor Agrícola
Authors: Colomé Rinaldo Antonio
Published: April 2022

In this historical sketch of the agricultural development in Argentina there are found -in relation to the political-institutional framework- three periods: the "Hispánico", the "Las Provincias del Río de la Plata" and the "Organización Nacional, en adelante", noting the main features of each. There are also two colonizing "waves", the "Spanish colonization", founder of the former provincial capitals of Argentina, where begins the significance of the agriculture as is in the present territory of Argentina. The "second colonization" -in the last period- is the concrete foundation of agricultural colonies, giving rise to most of the existing cities and towns in the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Cordoba and Buenos Aires, to a much lesser extent; protagonist of the great agricultural development of the country. The farmer in this latter period was a businessman who carried out since its inception almost entirely commercial agriculture, a feature that was deepened with time, that is, the producer purchased inputs in the market and produced for the market.
Lejos de los campeones, cerca de los mediocres. La producción internacional compartida en América Central y del Sur
Authors: Calfat German , Cassimon Danny , Flôres Jr. Renato G. , Rivas Ana
Published: April 2022

This paper assesses the relative participation of Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala and Nicaragua in fragmented world production. Based on trade statistics from 2000 to 2004, it analyses whether the trade flows of these economies have evolved towards production sharing schemes and how great this type of trade is in order to sustain their presence into the world economy. Guatemala and Nicaragua hold a moderate participation in a global production chain under a North-South trade pattern. Nonetheless, their participation is threatened by international competition and their dependence on a unique market. Brazil has consolidated participation into few chains of production showing a more diversified North–South trade pattern. Argentina has attained insertion into the automotive chain of production whereas its participation in other ones is still limited. The country has a more South-South trade pattern, which exposes it to a certain degree of dependence.
El Banco Provincial de Córdoba y la Crisis de Baring. Argentina, 1890/91
Authors: Gómez Mónica
Published: April 2022

The article proposes to answer the following question: did the Cordoba Provincial Bank some responsibility for the devastating run on its deposits in June of 1890, which culminated with the closing of its doors in September of that same year; or was the macroeconomic situation in which was the country - the crisis of Baring- the primary responsibility of the luck that ran the Bank in 1890? Research results point to the latter as the main cause.
Entrevista a Luisa Montuschi
Authors: De Pablo Juan Carlos
Published: April 2022

Montuschi born in Bologna, Italy, on March 20, 1938, migrating to Argentina in 1949. Accountant and a PhD in economics from the University of Buenos Aires (UBA), she has taught at his alma mater, and the Center of Macroeconomic Studies of Argentina University (UCEMA). In addition to which, she presided over the Argentina Association of Political Economy (AAEP), was Vice Rector of the UCEMA and currently chairs the National Academy of Economic Sciences (ANCE). She received the diploma of honor awarded by Ovidio Gimenez Foundation, in 1970; the ADEBA Year Award, in 1981; the "Raul Floreal Matera" Prize, awarded by the Senate of the Nation, 1995 and the Konex Prize 2006. Her resume is available at http://www.ucema.edu.ar/academica/download/ montuschi_cv.pdf
Fundamentos del Tipo de Cambio Real de Equilibrio
Authors: Benítez Juan , Mordecki Gabriela
Published: April 2022

This paper examines the evolution of price competitiveness of Uruguayan economy, assessing the presence of "Balassa-Samuelson Effect" and a change in the economy’s international integration, in a context of income and aggregate expenditure growth, through Johansen methodology. We found a long-term relationship between RER, the differential in labor productivity between Uruguay and U.S., extra-regional exports and total consumption. Furthermore, we found that the elasticities of RER to its long-term fundamentals are in line with the theory. We conclude that the decline in the equilibrium real exchange rate in the last two decades is due to the movement of its fundamentals.
¿Qué pasa cuando las multas por colusión no son suficientemente elevadas? Implicancias en la disuación del delito y la eficiencia productiva
Authors: Avramovich María C.
Published: April 2022

I develop a model in which cartel firms allocate costly effort to activities related to productive efficiency and concealment: the higher the fine or the probability of inspection, the more biased the firms' effort allocation towards concealment. In this context, a fine increase can improve welfare through fewer cartels, but also reduce it through more inefficient surviving ones. The analysis suggests a carefully design of policy such that achieving a level of deterrence and productive (in)efficiency socially accepted. Within this framework, I also consider the implications of leniency programs. I show that leniency enhances incentives on deviation more that in standard models of collusion.
Comportamiento cíclico de la política fiscal en Argentina: ¿Década ganada o década perdida?
Authors: Granado María José
Published: April 2022

This paper analyses the relationship between Argentina's national public expenditure and its business cycle. It uses monthly time series from 1993. In order to capture probable fiscal-policy-cyclical-behavior improvement, as alleged by several other authors towards emerging countries, the two decades of cyclical behavior is contrasted; starting from 1993 to 2002, and from 2003 onwards. It's found less procyclicality on total expenditure since 2003 though Argentina didn't achieve overcoming it. Capital expenditure's role is highlighted, since it could have been taken as a countercyclical tool during the last decade. A significant increase in government size is pointed out. However, the latter deserves a separate discussion.
Benchmarking en el Sector de Saneamiento de Brasil: Una Aplicación de Fronteras Estocásticas con Datos de Panel
Authors: De Santis Mariana , Halabi Damián
Published: April 2022

In this study the technical efficiency of operation and maintenance costs of the providers of water and sanitation in Brazil is estimated using data from the National System of Information on Sanitation (SNIS) during 2004 and 2008. An input distance function is estimated by true random effects (TRE). In addition, the change in total factor productivity in the period and its decomposition into different sources is obtained. The results indicate that, in average, operating cost efficiency showed an annual increase of over 2%, controlling for indicators of production, network dispersion and percentages of treated water. The estimated efficiency by TRE has a low correlation with that obtained by the traditional random effects model due to not assigning the heterogeneity to the constant of the model. In regard with TFP variation in the period, a significant reduction attributable to technical change and scale efficiency is observed; consistent with the low coverage rate of the sector.
Los ingresos reales y sus agregados en América Latina y el Caribe ¿Una historia de Convergencia?
Authors: Rambaldi Alicia N.
Published: April 2022

Real incomes, consumption, government expenditures and investment for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for the period 1971 to 2012 are studied using a recently released source of data. Although growth in real incomes have not been uniform across all countries, for a large majority both income and consumption have been increasing since the beginning of this century. The trends indicate increasing prosperity which could lead to welfare gains if a sustained effort is made to reduce income inequality. The patterns in real investment and government consumption are more heterogeneous across countries. The majority of the South American economies, Panama, Mexico and most Caribbean economies have either maintain or increase real levels of investment. Government expenditures have been more varied; however, there is some evidence that after the global financial crises (2007-2008) a few economies increased real government expenditures when investment shares decreased.
El impacto de los impuestos y gastos sobre la pobreza y la distribución de ingresos en Argentina y algunas simulaciones de políticas
Authors: Rossignolo Darío
Published: April 2022

Using standard fiscal incidence analysis, this paper estimates the impact of tax and expenditure policies on income distribution and poverty in Argentina with data from the National Household Survey on Incomes and Expenditures 2012-2013. The results show that fiscal policy has been a powerful tool in reducing inequality and poverty but that the unusually high levels of public spending may make the programs unsustainable. The impact of several policy measures carried out by the government have also been simulated.
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF COMPOUND VERBS IN KAZAKH LANGUAGE
Authors: Zholshayeva M. S.
Published: April 2022

Objects, phenomena, their adjectives, and movements – all are reflected in language. One of the systems formed in language in marking the linguistic image of the world is word formation. The article analyzes the theoretical concepts of verb word formation in the Kazakh language, the formation of action lexical units, including the lexical-semantic nature and grammatical features of compound verbs formed by auxiliary verbs. The word-formation persons involved in the formation of compound verbs, which are the result of the analytical method of word-formation – nouns and imitation words in the leading position and auxiliary verbs that perform the word-formation function are analyzed structurally and semantically. In addition, the characteristics of semantic integrity, morphological integrity and syntactic integrity, which are characteristic of compound verbs, are supported by examples of specific linguistic data. The peculiarities of the compound verbs are determined by comparing them with similar linguistic phenomena, in particular, compound verbs, analytical forms of verbs, idiomatic verbs and complex grammatical forms formed by the combination of auxiliary verbs edi. There is also a paradigm of transformation with the indicators of its verb categories, which show the morphological integrity of the compound verbs, in particular, with the indicators of the categories of mood, mood, tense, positive-negative, the nautre of the movement.
Implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in Croatia: Proactive Motives and a Long-Term Perspective
Authors: Maravić Daria , Redek Tjaša , Čater Tomaž
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study was to develop a model that links the motives, obstacles and expected outcomes of Industry 4.0 implementation. First, it aimed to determine the extent of use of Industry 4.0 technologies and then to investigate the motives, expected outcomes (short and long-term), and the relationship between them. Obstacles to the implementation of new technologies in Croatian companies were identified. The sample comprised 91 companies that had implemented new technologies by 2020. Data were collected using on-line surveying tools. The results show that the surveyed companies are considering new technologies for several proactive reasons, and primarily stress the expected long-term strategic benefits over short-term efficiency. The lack of human resources is the most critical obstacle in the implementation of new technologies. The paper provides several managerial implications.
Perceived Screen Use in Hospitalized Children: Child Life Experts’ Perspectives on More Meaningful Engagement
Authors: Arora Gitanjli , Pitt Michael B. , Vos Duncan , Carroll Kelli , Soares Neelkamal
Published: April 2022

Objective:

Children’s environments are rich with screen media, however, very little research describing screen media use for children in the hospital setting exists. Despite innovative uses of screen media by Certified Child Life Specialists to strengthen coping and provide comfort to hospitalized children, there is little guidance for how best to use screen media in addition to the gap in research. This study surveyed child life specialists in pediatric inpatient settings to describe screen media use in hospitalized children.

Method & Results:

Using online surveys, child life specialists reported some novel uses of screen media to aid in patient care and education and identified underutilization of media to educate patients.

Conclusion:

Further studies can build off of ours to assess the potential benefits and setbacks of screen use in hospitalized children.

Disclosure Statement:

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Funding Statement:

No funding sources were provided by the author(s).
La memoria de la Guerra Civil y de sus víctimas en el espacio público vasco : una mirada retrospectiva a través de los monumentos, 1937-2017
Authors: Alonso Carballés Jesús Javier
Published: April 2022

Este artículo aborda los monumentos erigidos en Euskadi en memoria de las víctimas de la Guerra Civil por su capacidad para hacer emerger y difundir el recuerdo de la guerra en el espacio público. Se estudia el vasto período que transcurre desde la guerra hasta la actualidad con el objetivo de poner de relieve el movimiento pendular de la memoria: de la omnipresencia de las víctimas franquistas a la recuperación actual de las víctimas republicanas.
Vivienda pública y posguerra en Bilbao
Authors: Fernández Francisco Javier Muñoz
Published: April 2022

La falta de viviendas fue uno de los principales problemas de posguerra. Ante esta situación las instituciones estatales y municipales adoptaron diferentes medidas para construir viviendas públicas. En los primeros años, el nuevo régimen dictatorial siguió una política autárquica de desarrollo rural y contención urbana e industrial que no favoreció a Bilbao. En consecuencia, el consistorio municipal, siguiendo los intereses del empresariado e industria local, fue el único que se encargó de la construcción de alojamientos en la Villa. A partir de 1944, el Estado cambió la política económica y se sumó a la labor municipal de construir viviendas en la capital. En todos los casos, se trató de alojamientos que siguieron las ideas difundidas durante la II República en torno al hábitat mínimo e higiénico, que se habían desarrollado en la Europa de entreguerras, y que la normativa de vivienda pública estatal hizo suyos, aunque de una manera un tanto rígida y experimental. La falta de recursos, que de manera mayoritaria se destinaron a auxiliar las iniciativas privadas para activar la economía, motivó que no se construyeran los alojamientos necesarios y que las obras se retrasaran constantemente. A ello se sumó el interés por querer rentabilizar los proyectos de viviendas a través de la venta o el alquiler reservado, que motivó que no estuvieran al alcance de las personas más vulnerables. Sin embargo, las propuestas que se diseñaron y se erigieron sirvieron para plantear y reflexionar sobre la vivienda de una manera cada vez más dinámica, crítica y abierta que marcó el camino que siguió la vivienda pública en años posteriores, especialmente, a partir de 1949.
La narrativa del conflicto vasco en Patria (2016)
Authors: Lorenzo-Arza Mikel
Published: April 2022

La tradición política del nacionalismo se sustenta sobre la narrativa de un conflicto según el cual los españoles han oprimido a los vascos durante siglos. Patria (2016) deslegitima esta narrativa del conflicto y propone la asunción de una ética neoliberal que rescate a los ciudadanos vascos de la ceguera nacionalista. Al demonizar el nacionalismo vasco, los “no nacionalistas” son representados como individuos libres que resisten al discurso del nacionalismo vasco y a su burda manipulación de la Historia.
¿Crímenes ejemplares? Prensa, propaganda e historia ante las primeras muertes de ETA
Authors: Fernández Soldevilla Gaizka
Published: April 2022

Este artículo pretende aclarar las circunstancias que rodearon las cuatro primeras muertes relacionadas con ETA: José Antonio Pardines, Francisco Javier Echebarrieta, Melitón Manzanas y Fermín Monasterio. En segundo término, se estudia de qué forma la prensa recogió tales acontecimientos. En tercer lugar, cómo los presentó la propia organización. Así, podremos medir el grado en que tales versiones se desviaron de la realidad histórica. Por último, se señala hasta qué punto se han mantenido las tergiversaciones detectadas.
The Influence of Early Menopause in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis; A Systematic Review
Authors: Kazmi Zehra
Published: April 2022

Abstract

 

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease affecting the immune system and it particularly targets synovial joints, bringing about inflammation and causing functional limitations. Objective: To explore the evidence showing the influence of early menopause in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: In this systematic review, all the literature from 2010 to 2019 was searched with specific keywords “menopause, premature menopause, early menopause, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic diseases” with the use of Boolean operators. Databases that were thoroughly searched included Google Scholar, PubMed and HEC digital library. After careful screening, 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. The quality of these articles was assessed using the AXIS tool for that cross-sectional studies. Results: These studies indicated that post-menopausal women are at higher risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis and they are more likely to have early or premature menopause (in ≤45 years). At baseline, the post-menopausal women had high health assessment questionnaire scores than pre-menopausal women. Conclusion: This review states that menopausal women are highly at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, especially those experiencing this at an early age and this condition can also worsen arthritic symptoms. Hormonal changes may influence pathways that are distinct from those leading to severe and progressive rheumatoid arthritis.

*Corresponding author: Zehra Kazmi, University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Email: zaza.kazmi110@gmail.com

Citation: Kazmi Z. 2021. The influence of early menopause in women with rheumatoid arthritis; a systematic review. The Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1(1):27-37.
Latest Trends in Physical Therapy: Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy
Authors: Fatima Dr. Arooj
Published: April 2022

Extracorporeal Shockwave therapy is a scientifically-based therapeutic modality used for treating variety of musculoskeletal disorders. This medical tool is gradually paving its way among the armamentarium of interventions for musculoskeletal conditions, along with its pros and cons. As mirrored by the valuable evidence from the contemporary studies, pending queries await to be resolved related to the mechanism of action of this treatment, the optimal therapy protocol, frequency of sessions, amount of energy applied. For satisfactory and effective alleviation of symptoms, there is need for such type of differential treatment which may contribute to make patient’s condition better.

Shockwave therapy is found to be effective for the treatment of tendinopathies, as it may elicit an anti-inflammatory and analgesic response, thus helps in regenerating tissue. Shockwaves are high-pressure acoustic waves that can minimize the enthesopathic pain and increase functionality of patients. This intervention is used as alternative therapy for calcified and non-calcified rotator cuff tendinopathy, Achilles or patellar tendinopathy thus it reduces the need for surgery. These are considered as common medical conditions and the physical therapy rehabilitation plays a significantly important role to recover these patients. The rehabilitation program of patients having tendinopathy creates an immense challenge for rehabilitation specialists and therapists.
Positivism and Interpretivism
Authors: Shah Ayaz Ali
Published: April 2022

Positivism is a research approach based on ontological principles that there is an objective reality which is free and independent of viewer and waiting to be discovered. Auguste Comte, a French philosopher from 19th century is credited for being the one who introduced the philosophy of Positivism as it stands today. Since then, positivism as a research approach has gone through different stages of evolution but Comte influence still remains dominant. Positivism tries desperately to fill the gap between natural and social sciences. Despite being an innovative and healthy concept in social research, positivism is subject to harsh criticism since its birth. There is a fundamental flaw in the assumption that positivism makes about scientific enquiry in social sciences. When positivism met criticism, Interpretivism popped up its head though it had been in use for quite a while. It is a research methods that argues that people�s knowledge or understanding of reality is a social construction. In other words, it is meant that there is no objective reality or truth in social world. The entire debate between the two schools of thought revolves around the nature of reality and how it is to be discovered. If one is subjective, the other is objective in its approach to reality.
Entendiendo el Marketing
Authors: Quiñones Bayarbar Luis Enrique
Published: April 2022

El presente artículo es un ensayo teórico que propone reflexionar sobre el entendimiento del marketing desde su acepción más cercana al individuo que subyace del consumidor, tomando en cuenta sus circunstancias particulares y sociales, aquellas que se suceden en el mundo de la vida cotidiana, que es en esencia, intersubjetivo, y en donde las semejanzas construyen las relaciones sociales y la identidad social (Shultz, 1964). Así, propone en una primera instancia el reconocimiento del marketing como un conjunto de actividades que relacionan la producción y el consumo, para luego incluir constructos como la satisfacción de necesidades del individuo carente y la búsqueda del beneficio del otro, en los que la eficiencia es inexcusable. En ese camino, el marketing empresarial y social dejan de ser divergentes. Ese encuentro entre lo empresarial y lo social se da como efecto de entender al individuo, sea cual fuera su rol en la transacción, como el punto de origen de las decisiones de marketing, y a su entorno semejante, como el campo de cultivo de las estrategias con mayor probabilidad de éxito, a partir de la identificación del segmento objetivo resultante del proceso de segmentación. Así, lo subjetivo y lo intersubjetivo juegan dos roles fundamentales y complementarios en el esfuerzo de entender el marketing: El primero, el resultante de la conciencia individual, como unidad mínima indivisible en el que el significado de las cosas cobra sentido; y el segundo, en el que estos significados se pueden valorar a partir de la importancia que les asigna el colectivo, como grupo objetivo que le da sentido a las acciones de marketing.
Alcances del Proceso de Internacionalización en el Contexto de las Universidades Peruanas
Authors: Valderrama Perez Lucio Walter M.
Published: April 2022

Los procesos de internacionalización de los centros superiores de estudio han tenido en esta parte del continente una etapa de crecimiento casi lento, pero en la presente década las asociaciones en la formación o fortalecimiento de redes se han multiplicado. El uso de las nuevas tecnologías fue el instrumento para sortear la falta presencialidad en las aulas de parte de los docentes y discentes por la pandemia sanitaria, para primero garantizar el dictado virtual de las materias, capacitar a los profesores y estudiantes adecuarse aceleradamente al uso de las plataformas y aulas virtuales, para luego trabajar en reactivación vía redes y programas virtualizados. Las redes de universidades en la América latina comenzaron a utilizarse intensamente apelando a las plataformas y a las aulas virtuales, a fin de restablecer las convocatorias de los programas de movilidad estudiantil y docente, así mismo incorporar los mecanismos para que los estudiantes y profesores elegidos puedan movilizarse virtualmente. El proceso de internacionalización exige un trabajo comprometido y concertado entre los estados, universidades y las diferentes redes, los cuales pueden y deben mejorar, para ello la digitalización e innovación de los canales sistemas de comunicación pueden ser un medio de integración real y rápida.
La Estrategia Competitiva en la Cadena de Comercialización de Productos Agroexportables
Authors: Alponte Montoya Alberto Miguel
Published: April 2022

El sector de agricultura del país carece de herramientas de gestión para lograr sostenibilidad de abastecer mercados internacionales ante este panorama se ve conveniente que los agricultores o productores, deben aplicar estrategias para mejorar la producción con la visión de exportación. En la actualidad el sector de agricultura, presentan carencias de estrategias competitivas orientadas para afrontar a las actividades que se presenta en la cadena de comercialización para exportación. Por los siguientes motivos: i) el agricultor no recibe información confiable para desarrollar el cultivo, solo se guía por el precio que tiene en el mercado, teniendo el pensamiento “si tiene buen precio, siembro el producto”; ii) el agricultor no tiene herramientas ni conocimientos para negociar con el mercado nacional e internacional; iii) el agricultor no prioriza la calidad de la producción; iv) el agricultor recién muestra interés de vender la producción, justo antes de la cosecha. El mercado internacional solicita producto en donde enfatizan elementos como son la calidad y volumen, ante ello solo las grandes empresas agroexportadoras pueden cumplir con la exigencia, pero el resto de la agricultura que desea exportar se les dificulta poder llegar a ese requerimiento. Al aplicar una estrategia como es el caso específico de homogenizar los cultivos en una determinada época del año, con el objetivo de incrementar el volumen de producción y de esta manera ofertar en el mercado internacional, por consecuencia abarcando más mercados potenciales se podría cumplir con un elemento que es el volumen de exportación que el mercado demanda. Por lo tanto, es importante que las empresas o el sector agrícola busquen aplicar mecanismos para concretar la calidad de la producción, respaldado por un adecuado asesoramiento permanente de profesional especialista en gestionar y controlar un adecuado manejo del cultivo, el elemento de la calidad es una cualidad que tiene injerencia en el precio, en consecuencia, también en la oportunidad de mercado que puede tener el agricultor.
Acute Cholecystitis Management During the COVID-19
Pandemic – A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Shahramian Iraj , Parooie Fateme , Salarzaei Morteza
Published: April 2022

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of acute cholecystitis (AC) and review its possible management options during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was done in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. In August 2021, two independent reviewers reviewed a number of articles with the aim of finding studies on the management of acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Articles were searched in the Cochrane, Embassies, and Medline libraries. Using the Stata statistical software 14, the estimated pooled rates were calculated. Funnel plot and I2 indices were applied for evaluating the heterogeneity between the studies.

Results: An overall of 8 studies consisting of 654 patients suspected for AC were included. The prevalence of COVID-19 among our included patients was 82% (95% CI: 79–84%, I2: 99.2%). Regarding the type of management, 35% (95% CI: 26–45%, I2: 46.9%) of patients undergone cholecystectomy, 47% (95% CI: 43–51%, I2: 54.4%) were managed by non-surgical methods, and 19% (95% CI: 14–23%, I2: 68.1%) of patients were treated by percutaneous cholecystostomy. The prevalence of grade 2 and 3 among our patients was 44 and 15%, respectively.

Conclusions: Considering the fact that due to the current pandemic, the number of patients referring with higher grades is assumed to be increased, early cholecystectomy remains the best management option for AC patients. However, LC seems not to be the most favorable option since it is associated with a relatively higher risk of contamination with COVID-19. PC can also be considered as a temporary and safe method in high-risk patients which might enable us to protect both patients and healthcare providers.
Wpływ barier prawno-administracyjnych na rozwój turystyki w okresie pandemii
Authors: Solarska Sylwia
Published: April 2022

Rozwój turystyki jest pochodną wielu różnych procesów i uwarunkowań. Ma on charakter niezwykle złożony, gdyż dotyczy zarówno turystów, jak i rynku turystycznego. Należy go wiązać zarówno z możliwościami, jak i ograniczeniami odnoszącymi się często do samej organizacji ruchu turystycznego i jego właściwego zarządzania. Wspomniane procesy odzwierciedlają nakładające się na siebie zależności, w tym szczególnie prawno- administracyjne na poziomie lokalnym, regionalnym czy nawet międzynarodowym. Rozwój turystyki, szczególnie w okresie pandemii, jest przedmiotem dużego zainteresowania, m.in. ze względu na mnogość problemów i dynamikę pojawiających się zmian. Wydaje się, że przyszłością branży będzie tzw. nowa turystyka, oparta głównie na ekonomii doświadczenia, która powinna być elastyczna, ekologiczna, wielostronnie zintegrowana, różnorodna i społecznie zaangażowana. Realizacja tego modelu nie jest łatwa i wymaga ciągłego monitorowania potrzeb docelowych konsumentów, co w okresie pandemii stanowi duże wyzwanie. Artykuł stanowi podsumowanie projektu badawczego dotyczącego wpływu pandemii na rozwój turystyki na podstawie ocen przedsiębiorców należących do sektora MSP branży turystycznej. Opierając się na tych danych, autorka podjęła próbę odpowiedzi, czy istnieją możliwości i wola współpracy między interesariuszami branży turystycznej oraz jakie warunki powinny zostać spełnione w celu usunięcia istniejących barier, szczególnie tych o charakterze prawno-administracyjnym.
Where Is Meaning? Mind, Matter and Meaning
Authors: Thiopoulos Constantin
Published: April 2022

The meaning-making phenomenon is highlighted from the points of view of rationalistic dualism, embodied paradigm and dialogism, and implications for the place of meaning in the context of mind and matter are drawn. Moreover, a research orientation for cognitive semiotics of meaning is presented.
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Lobanovskaya Natalia
Published: April 2022

Diabetic retinopathy is a prototypical microvascular disorder. Hyperglycemia causes a multiple pathological changes in the retinal vasculature. It has been suggested that apoptosis of pericytes due to high glucose levels plays a key role in the development of the earliest events during diabetic retinopathy. Advancement of the disease resulted in a progressive vessel leakage leading to edematous distortion of macula and increase in hypoxia inducing development of neovascularization with sight threatening complications. Four basis hypotheses explaining the hyperglycemia harmful effects were suggested: (1) increased glucose flux through the aldose reductase pathway, (2) overproduction of advanced glycation end products, (3) activation of protein kinase C isoforms, and (4) increased glucose flux via the hexosamine pathway. It was admitted as well that apoptosis of neurons and glial cell activation occur even earlier than vascular damage. Disturbance in glial cell functions leads to increase in metabolic abnormalities such as glutamate accumulation, promotion of inflammation, and oxidative stress resulting in neuron apoptosis and deterioration of vascular disorders. Clarification of significant biochemical mechanisms involving in the development of diabetic retinopathy can help to create new effective ways in diabetic retinopathy treatment.
Metaphoric Representation and Aesthetic in Advertising
Authors: Nazlı Köksal Fatma
Published: April 2022

The function of the visual representation in advertising communication is the fact the image that was instrumentalized for a purpose can be effective with the right wording. In visual representation, which takes place in two stages, form and content, content needs form. Designing everything there is to be conveyed within a certain meaning system creates the language of visual representation. As for the form, it is inevitable to resort to an esthetic language. In this regard, the form and content can be regarded as two basic factors that create the metaphorical meaning in advertisements. When it comes to the metaphorical expression in advertisements, one can say that examining semantical aspects will not be enough, as it is also necessary to take linguistic aesthetic of form into account. In this regard, the purpose of the current study is to examine the visual representations of advertisements that feature metaphors using a dualistic approach, from form and content aspects. The examination is going to be carried out on the television commercial inspired by Johannes Vermeer’s Girl with a Pearl Earring and the layers of the metaphorical expressions used in the commercial will be revealed.
Anticoagulation in Thrombophilia
Authors: Bararu Bojan Iris , Dobreanu Stefan , Viola Badulescu Oana , Cristina Vladeanu Maria , Bojan Andrei , Elena Plesoianu Carmen , Ciocoiu Manuela
Published: April 2022

Thrombophilia is a condition of hypercoagulability, which is defined as an abnormality of blood clotting, disturbing the balance between procoagulants and anticoagulants in favor of the former, thus increasing the risk of thrombosis. It can be classified into different categories, such as genetic/administered; primary/secondary; permanent/transient; low risk/high risk. Venous thromboembolism is the main and most common complication of a hypercoagulable condition, with an enormous impact on any national health system. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved are at various stages of research, some of which are far from being fully elucidated. Treatment of thrombophilia differs—while most conditions do not require anticoagulation as primary prophylaxis, secondary prophylaxis may require transient or permanent anticoagulation. Treatment options include parenteral unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), fondaparinux or orally administered vitamin K antagonists, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), such as rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, with increasing indications as data accumulate from recent and ongoing studies and trials.
Paranasal Sinuses Anatomy and Anatomical Variations
Authors: Singh Gendeh Hardip , Singh Gendeh Balwant
Published: April 2022

Anatomical variations of the sinuses are common and may lead to obstruction to the ventilation and drainage of the sinuses. This may lead to osteomeatal complex disease refractory to medications. A preoperative CT of the paranasal sinuses acts as road map guide to identify vital anatomical variations and its relationship to the orbit, skull base, neurological and vascular structures, to prevent iatrogenic injuries. To control intraoperative bleeding, it is critical to identify the anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery indentations and sphenopalatine artery in the anterior and lateral nasal walls. It is essential for the surgeon to familiarize with the anatomy of the ethmoid region, lateral nasal wall, sphenoid sinus, sella and parasellar region and pterygopalatine/infratemporal fossa before embarking on these approaches. The advent of CT scans and state-of-the-art FESS instrumentation has made surgery of the paranasal sinuses less of a mystery for the surgeon. Therefore, identifying and addressing these anatomical variations during FESS is crucial in restoring ventilation and drainage.
From the Chair
Authors: Sittel Robbie
Published: April 2022

In what is a new tradition, GODORT hosted a series of meetings the week of January 10 ahead of the ALA LibLearnX conference, ALA’s new concept for the Midwinter Meeting. Hosting committee and interest group meetings outside of ALA’s formal conference provides opportunities for members and prospective members to attend without the added burden of registration fees or travel expenses (when we travel again). This year 108 registered for our series of Midwinter meetings. Twenty-eight of our registrants indicated they are not GODORT members with a few noting they are new to government information and many more stating an affiliation with federal libraries. It was good to have so many people join us for our meetings and I hope our newcomers become regular attendees and participants, virtually and in-person.
Economic Analysis of Exclusionary EGFR Test Versus Up-Front NGS for Lung Adenocarcinoma in High EGFR Mutation Prevalence Areas
Authors: Yang Szu-Chun , Yeh Yi-Chen , Chen Yi-Lin , Chiu Chao-Hua
Published: April 2022

Background:This study sought to determine whether exclusionaryEGFRmutation testing followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a cost-efficient and timely strategy in areas with high prevalence rates ofEGFRmutation.Methods:We developed a decision tree model to compare exclusionaryEGFRtesting followed by NGS and up-front NGS. Patients entered the model upon diagnosis of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Gene alterations with FDA-approved targeted therapies includedEGFR,ALK,ROS1,BRAF,RET,MET,NTRK, andKRAS. Model outcomes were testing-related costs; time-to-test results; monetary loss, taking both costs and time into consideration; and percentage of patients who could be treated by FDA-approved therapies. Stacked 1-way and 3-way sensitivity analyses were performed.Results:ExclusionaryEGFRtesting incurred testing-related costs of US $1,387 per patient, a savings of US $1,091 compared with the costs of up-front NGS. The time-to-test results for exclusionaryEGFRtesting and up-front NGS were 13.0 and 13.6 days, respectively. ExclusionaryEGFRtesting resulted in a savings of US $1,116 in terms of net monetary loss, without a reduction of patients identified with FDA-approved therapies. TheEGFRmutation rate and NGS cost had the greatest impact on minimizing monetary loss. Given that the tissue-based NGS turnaround time was shortened to 7 days, up-front NGS testing would become the best strategy if its price could be reduced to US $568 in Taiwan.Conclusions:In areas with high prevalence rates ofEGFRmutation, exclusionaryEGFRtesting followed by NGS, rather than up-front NGS, is currently a cost-efficient strategy for metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.
El cohousing senior en España. Cambios desde la economía social en los alojamientos y en la economía de los cuidados para personas mayores
Authors: Tortosa Chuliá Mª Ángeles , Sundström Gerdt
Published: April 2022

sociales en la actualidad presentan muchas deficiencias, que se han evidenciado especialmente con el COVID-19. Estos hechos han convertido al cohousing senior en una atractiva alternativa de alojamiento para ellos. El avance del cohousing senior supone un empuje hacia la modernización de los alojamientos y servicios sociales para las personas mayores, en particular de las residencias. El cohousing senior lleva varios años de experiencia en otros países europeos, y representa una forma de convivir deseable entre los mayores y/o las familias que desean compañía y compartir tareas. Para conocer mejor la posible evolución futura del cohousing senior se introducen algunos apuntes del desarrollo de estos alojamientos en Suecia, un país modelo y guía en materia de políticas de viviendas y cuidados para personas mayores. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el crecimiento de los alojamientos colaborativos para personas mayores en España desde la economía social, y conocer los problemas encontrados en su implementación, y las soluciones e impulsos políticos a su desarrollo. Hemos revisado la literatura española e internacional sobre cohousing senior durante la última década, y buscado datos en España sobre estos alojamientos en la prensa local y nacional y en la base de datos del proyecto MOVICOMA para determinar su grado de implantación y características. También se consultaron los barómetros de UDP sobre cohousing. Y hemos encontrado que su funcionamiento en Españaes incipiente, y que existen pocas iniciativas consolidadas, aunque bastantes en marcha, y se comprueba que la economía social juega un papel primordial. El Covid-19 ha elevado la demanda de estos alojamientos y alternativas de cuidado porque promueven y facilitan contactos sociales, evitan riesgos de las residencias, y mantienen a los participantes activos. Pero su implementación es lenta porque cuentan con importantes limitaciones a nivel de diseño, localización, financiación, burocracia excesiva y escaso apoyo público. Últimamente, a nivel político hay un mayor interés por estos alojamientos. Los planes de recuperación del Gobierno de España y algunas regulaciones de las CCAA y Ayuntamientos incorporan estrategias específicas sobre viviendas, otras para la Economía Social y cooperativas, y para el cuidado de los mayores (SAAD) que afectan directa o indirectamente al cohousing senior.
La creatividad en entidades de la Economía Social: una visión desde casos múltiples y una metodología mixta
Authors: Ureña Espaillat Hayrold José , Briones Peñalver Antonio Juan , Bernal Conesa Juan Andrés
Published: April 2022

Los nuevos modelos de creatividad, de conocimiento y sostenibilidad merecen conocerlos, aún más en las Entidades de Economía Social (en adelante EES) con una lógica de gestión unitaria. Este artículo, en base a un estudio de casos múltiples y usando cuestionarios focalizados en expertos, tiene a priori el propósito de conocer su visión de los diversos ecosistemas institucionales que orbitan alrededor de los ejes temáticos de la economía social, especialmente los centros de formación y cooperativas educativas. En el proceso se utilizaron las etapas de la metodología Delphi para la comprobación teórica de las relaciones y una depuración de los indicadores. A continuación, se ha realizado un análisis de regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales PLS SEM con el propósito de que el estudio estadístico sea comprobable. La aportación del artículo nos lleva a establecer estrategias en el ámbito de la sostenibilidad de las EES, a través de un estudio empírico, y que se fueron identificadas a través de la gestión de la creatividad en cooperativas de la educación, ONGs y fundaciones relacionadas con la formación técnica especializada.
Introduction: Drylands. Opportunities, challenges, and threats
Authors: Martinez-Valderrama Jaime , Guirado Emilio , Maestre Fernando T.
Published: April 2022

Hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid and dry-sub-humid climate zones (all of them considered drylands) occupy over 40 % of the Earth’s land surface and are home to more than 2 billion people. Contrary to the popular image of this important set of biomes, drylands are home to 36 % of carbon stores, 30 % of forested areas, 50 % of the world’s livestock, and 44 % of croplands. These figures give an idea of their social, economic, and ecological importance – the focus of the monograph’s first article – and argue for the need to know and understand their functioning and manage human activities in an increasingly changing climate scenario. This is key to enabling their development and preventing their desertification.
Transformation of farcical representations in the absence of physical space and a specific location.
Authors: Morgunov Georgii Borisovich
Published: April 2022

The subject of the study is the transformation of farcical performances and carnival culture in the absence of a physical location and their transfer to the Internet environment. The object of research is the farcical art of display, Internet video content, carnival culture. In this article, through the culturological prism of research, such a kind of display art as a farce is studied and analyzed. This visual art has had the greatest popularity among the audience of ordinary people, that is, the most numerous, throughout the entire time that theatrical creativity has existed. However, recently it is difficult to find something like this in the areal spaces and exteriors of cities, since the main audience attention has shifted to the Internet space. The main conclusions of the study are the following theses: -the farce has reincarnated in the Internet space as a kind of special entertainment video content -carnival has reincarnated as a way of communication within the Internet environment -the farce art also continues to have the function of moral discharge of viewers -The existence of the farce in virtual space deprives its sacred significance for the viewer, because of the loss of real and meaningful space, as well as because of the main goal - the vivid emotions of the crowd. A special contribution of the author to the research of the topic is an expanded bibliography, including 5 foreign sources. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the described situation in the Internet space related to screen culture has acquired its current form only in the last 10-15 years, respectively, research on this topic is usually quite new.