bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INHERITED STERILITY AND POSTEMBRYONIC SURVIVAL OF TWO GENERATIONS OF TOBACCO BUDWORMS, HELIOTHIS VIRESCEHS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), FROM PARTIALLY STERILE MALES
Authors: Proshold F. I. , Bartell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Male Heliothis virescens (F.) were irradiated with 7.5, 15.0, or 22.5 krad of 7-rays and crossed with untreated females. Then fertility of these treated males (PJ and of their descendants was studied for two generations. In addition, the postembryonic survival of the Fx and F2 generations was studied. Fertility (percentage egg hatch) of P1 males was greater than that of Ft males or Fj females. There was more postembryonic survival in the F1 than in the F2 generation. When the Px males received 22.5 krad, few F2 larvae hatched, and none survived. When Pt males received 15.0 krad, the fertility of F1 males and females was less than 5, and 10%, respectively, and less than 20% of the F2 larvae survived; however, sterility factors were nearly eliminated by the third generation. When P1 males received 7.5 or 15.0 krad, the average fertility of F2 males was greater than that of F1 or P1 males but less than that of untreated controls, though fertility of some F2 males was normal. The lower the dose received by P1 males, the greater was the frequency of F2 males with normal fertility.
STUDIES ON THE PROCESS OF INGESTION IN THE PREDATORY BUG PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Gallopín G. C. , Kitching R. L.
Published: December 2009

The rate of ingestion by Podisus maculiventris Say feeding on larvae of Tenebrio molitor L. or Galleria mellonella L. is almost constant with time and from one predator to another. The rate is 1.80 ±.070 mg/hr/individual.No effect of the age or size of the predator nor of the species of prey on the feeding rate could be detected. Different periods of starvation before feeding directly affect the percentage of individuals that feed, but not the actual rate of feeding, until 60 hours of starvation. After 72 hours starvation, there is a drop in the feeding rate which we attribute, tentatively, to a weakening of the feeding mechanism by the starvation.The initial weight of the larva used as prey affects the rate of sucking during the first hour or two of each period of feeding and this relationship is responsible for a slight non-linearity in the individual curves of feeding. This may be an effect of the internal pressure of the body fluids in the prey.The process of ingestion is reviewed and compared with published studies of other species of Hemiptera. It is suggested that after insertion of the stylets of the predator into the body of the prey, the feeding process is affected by the internal pressure of the prey during the early part of a period of feeding but that, thereafter, the sucking action is maintained constant by the action of capillarity and the pharyngeal pump.
NOTES ON THE GENUS NALEPELLA (ACARINA: ERIOPHYOIDEA) AND THE OCCURRENCE OF N. HALOURGA ON BLACK SPRUCE IN CANADA
Authors: Marshall Valin G. , Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

An eriophyoid mite, Nalepella halourga Keifer, is newly recorded in Canada from two hosts: black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP., from Ontario, and Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., from New Brunswick. For the first time this mite is reported as damaging black spruce under greenhouse conditions. A key to the eight described species of Nalepella and notes on their host associations and economic importance are included.
DIORYCTRIA BANKSIELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN THE WESTERN GALL RUST, ENDOCRONARTUM HARKNESSII (BASIDIOMYCETES: UREDINALES)
Authors: Wong H. R.
Published: December 2009

The seasonal occurrence and larval habits of Dioryctria banksiella Mutuura, Munroe, and Ross in the western gall rust Endocronartium harknessii (J. P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., were studied in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The early instars score the gall tissue below the bark, and the later instars mine the gall tissue and heartwood. The insect overwinters in the larval stage. The last-instar larvae pupate partly exposed and not entirely within the rust gall from June to July and adults emerge from July to August. The six species of parasites recovered from D. banksiella were Bracon lutus Provancher, Bracon sp., Microchelonus sp., Agathis binominata Muesebeck, Exeristes comstockii (Cresson), and Stiboscopus n. sp. Morphological characters used in separating the last-instar larvae and pupae of D. banksiella from those of other known species of Dioryctria are given.
IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDE APPLICATION ON PARASITOIDS IN JACK PINE STANDS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Price Peter W.
Published: December 2009

Parasitoid populations were sampled before, and for 4 years following, an aerial application of the insecticide phosphamidon to control a sawfly outbreak. Adult parasitoid mortality was high because of spraying, but a reservoir of parasitoids in host cocoons remained to repopulate the treated areas. In moister sites the number of species decreased and their relative abundance changed, but moderate numbers of parasitoids remained 4 years after spraying. In a dry site with little ground vegetation, none of the species present before spraying remained by the fourth year.
THE CRAB SPIDER GENUS EBO (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE) IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Authors: Sauer R. J. , Platnick N. I.
Published: December 2009

The two subgenera and 20 species of the crab spider genus Ebo in North America north of Mexico are described or redescribed, keyed, and illustrated. The subgenus Ebo contains seven species, of which E. iviei, E. evansae, E. contrasts, and E. punctatus are described as new and the female of E. merkeli Schick is described for the first time. The subgenus Titanebo contains 13 species, of which E. cantralli is described as new and the female of E. texanus is described for the first time.
A DEFOLIATOR OF PINES, ORGYIA HOPKINSI (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) IN TURBO, KENYA
Authors: Odera J. A.
Published: December 2009

Sporadic outbreaks of many pine defoliators, including Orgyia hopkinsi Coll., have occurred in many pine plantations in Kenya in the last 20 years. A recent outbreak of O. hopkinsi is reported from young plantations in Turbo. Distribution, hosts, and epidemiology of the insect are discussed. The stages, life history, and habits are described. Eggs are laid on the bark close to pupation sites or on the pupal cases. The larvae feed on the foliage and pupate following the fifth instar. The life cycle lasts 76 to 94 days. Two species of parasites, namely Pimpla mahalensis Grib. and Pimpla sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), have been observed. Other controlling factors are also discussed.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA. HOPPING'S GROUPS IV AND X
Authors: Lanier Gerald N.
Published: December 2009

The taxonomic concepts of the Ips species of groups IV and X were tested by controlled breeding, bioassay of sex pheromone specificity, and examination of morphological and karyological details. No changes were made in the status of Ips pini, I. bonanseai, and I. avulsus of group IV. I. interstitialis of group X is removed from synonymy with I. calligraphus, and I. ponderosae, also previously considered a synonym of I. calligraphus, is assigned subspecific rank. Assertions of close phylogenetic relationship of the Eurasian I. duplicatus and I. sexdentatus with groups IV and X, respectively, are rejected.I. pini from widely separated localities were interfertile although egg hatchability was subnormal in some crosses involving F1 from matings of beetles from western and eastern North America. I. pini and I. bonanseai readily mated but less than 3% of the eggs hatched and the larvae died. There was no evidence of breeding incompatibility in crosses of I. c. calligraphus from Florida and California or I. c. ponderosae from New Mexico and South Dakota. However, hatchability differed drastically between reciprocal pairings of the I. calligraphus subspecies, possibly as a result of cytoplasmic incompatibility. All eggs produced in pairings of I. interstitialis with either of the I. calligraphus subspecies failed to hatch.First meiotic metaphase of I. pini, I. bonanseai, and both I. calligraphus subspecies invariably showed the formula 15AA + Xyp. This karyotypic formula also applied to I. avulsus except for a few individuals that had 2 small supernumerary chromosomes. The karyotype of I. interstitialis was not determined. Heteromorphic bivalents and univalents were detected in hybrids of the I. calligraphus subspecies.Cross attractiveness to sex pheromones was demonstrated for I. pini from different regions, for I. pini and I. bonanseai, and for the I. calligraphus subspecies. When samples of attractive frass from eastern and western I. pini males were presented simultaneously, eastern females responded equally to both samples but western females favored western frass by a margin of 2 to 1. Similarly, I. c. calligraphus clearly discriminated in favor of consubspecific pheromone while I. c. ponderosae did not.The locality of several of Eichhoff’s holotypes is noted.
ACCUMULATION OF137Cs BYAEDES AEGYPTILARVAE AND THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION
Authors: Guthrie J. E. , Burzynski A. Z.
Published: December 2009

Radiocesium accumulation byAedes aegyptilarvae was greater at 25 °C, than at 20 °C. The activity density (c.p.m./mg dry wt.) of the adults was the same for both sexes, as was the nuclide’s elimination rate. The amount of137Cs accumulated by the larval instars was inversely proportional to the concentration of potassium in the rearing medium, the suppression of137Cs uptake being greater at 25 °C than at 20 °C. The possibility that larvae may accumulate137Cs via the anal papillae and the gut, is briefly discussed.
REARING DIAPAUSE AND DIAPAUSE-FREE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET
Authors: Lyon R. L. , Richmond C. E. , Robertson J. L. , Lucas B. A.
Published: December 2009

The western spruce budworm, Choiistoneura occidentalis Freeman, which normally passes through an obligate diapause in nature, was reared in the laboratory without diapause. The critical factor for preventing diapause appeared to be the physical environment presented to the first stage larvae. The response of C. occidentalis was flexible. The 2nd stage larvae could be made to diapause or forego diapause, depending on their rearing experience in the first stage. By eliminating diapause it was possible to rear about 7½ generations per year as against about 2¼ under normal diapause conditions. The diapause of the jack-pine budworm, C. pinus pinus Freeman, and C. lambertiana californica Powell, could be prevented by the same technique. The diapause of the spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clemens), could not be eliminated except after several generations of selection.
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE PALES WEEVIL: II. RESPONSE TO SOME NEUTRAL LIPID FRACTIONS OF LOBLOLLY PINE PHLOEM
Authors: Thomas H. A.
Published: December 2009

The lipids of loblolly pine phloem, particularly the neutral lipids, were fractionated and bioassayed for feeding stimulant activity with the pales weevil,Hylobius pales(Herbst). Activity was evidently reduced by the fractionation procedures. Significant feeding occurred in response to the fraction whose principal constituent was β-sitosterol. Also, evidence indicated that substances occurring with the sterols may play a part in inducing feeding.
STUDIES ON VITAMIN E IN THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE): II. IN VIVO INHIBITION BY VITAMIN E OF A PHENOLASE SYSTEM IN THE EGG
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: December 2009

Methyl laurate applied to the surface of house cricket eggs induces a melanization of the extra-embryonic fluid which is due to the oxidation and polymerization of dopamine. Melanization can be delayed or prevented by the addition of 5% vitamin E to the methyl laurate. Methyl laurate appears to activate a phenolase system in the extra-embryonic fluid, and this system or activation of this system is inhibited by vitamin E.
STUDIES ON VITAMIN E IN THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE): III. TARSAL ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN E AND FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS BY LARVAE
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: December 2009

When fatty acid methyl esters or vitamin E are painted on the surface of eggs of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), second-stage larvae originating from these eggs may show reduction of the tarsi. The effect of the chemicals is on the first-stage larvae which absorb the chemicals through the tarsi during escape from the shell. The reduced tarsi are regenerated at the next moult or next two moults.
THE EFFECT OF ORGILUS OBSCURATOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Syme Paul D. , Green G. W.
Published: December 2009

These studies show that Orgilus obscurator-purasitized Rhyacionia buoliana larvae initially gain weight in a manner similar to unparasitized larvae, but eventually attain a much smaller maximum size and then slowly decrease in weight with time. This decrease in weight is caused by the feeding of O. obscurator. The rate of increase in weight by O. obscurator increases with time during the second to fourth instars and decreases slightly during the fifth instar. During the fourth and fifth stages, the weight of O. obscurator changes from an initially minute proportion of the combined host–parasite weight to a significantly large proportion, eventually attaining ca. 80% of the combined weight. The feeding and activity of parasitized hosts remain high and continue for ca. 1 week longer than that of unparasitized hosts, resulting in a higher potential for damage to the host tree. Moulting of host larvae seems not to be affected by the presence of O. obscurator, although parasitized larvae remain in a "juvenile" state and do not develop testes. The implications of the size relationships of O. obscurator with its host on the activity of another parasite, Hyssopus thymus are discussed, and it is noted that parasitized hosts, on the average, needed fewer moults to complete their post-winter development than unparasitized hosts. This phenomenon is related to synchrony of the adult parasite with its host, and to host behaviour.
REARING AND IMMATURE STAGES OF THE CLUSTER FLY (POLLENIA RUDIS) (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Yahnke W. , George John A.
Published: December 2009

The preferred host of the cluster fly, Pollenia rudis Fab., in Ontario is reported to be the earthworm Eisenia rosea Sav. Periodic field digging revealed the immature stages of P. rudis feeding, or in close association with, E. rosea. In addition P. rudis was reared in the laboratory on E. rosea but could not be reared on any of the other species of earthworm found in the field.For the first time in North America the complete life history, along with each of the immature stages of P. rudis, is described. The differences between P. rudis from North America and those from France are indicated.Finally, the authors speculate that there are two strains, or species, of P. rudis in France: one is host-specific to the earthworm Allolobophora chlorotica Sav. and the other to E. rosea. Only the strain with E. rosea as its preferred host has as yet been reported from Canada.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE BIONOMICS OF PHODAGA ALTICEPS (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: Pinto John D.
Published: December 2009

A detailed analysis of male courtship behavior in Phodaga alticeps LeC. is presented. Although behavior in this species shares the basic pattern characterizing the subfamily Meloinae, several unique features are present. These include the mounted male being supported primarily by the substrate rather than the body of the female, and the anterior positioning of the male’s middle legs during most of the courtship period. Male stimulation of the female is tactual in nature and consists of periodically curling the antennae around those of the female and at the same time stimulating her maxillary palpi with the middle legs. Bouts of tactual display alternate throughout courtship with periods of male quiescence. Genital insertion attempts are rare in this species and probably occur only prior to copulation. Besides a description of male behavior the structural modifications functionally correlated with courtship are described; and concomitant female behavior and its effects on the male are discussed. In addition, the pattern of courtship in P. alticeps is compared to that of other meloids. Particular attention is given to behavior in its closest relative, Negalius marmoratus Casey.Other aspects of the bionomics of P. alticeps are also treated in this paper. Geographic distribution, seasonal distribution, feeding behavior, defense, antennal cleaning, and oviposition behavior are stressed.
AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE): III. GROUPING OF SPECIES: SPECIES OF THE AURANTICELLA GROUP, INCLUDING THE ASIAN SPECIES, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Mutuura Akira , Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Seven species groups of Dioryctria are defined on a combination of external and genital characters. Three American species, Dioryctria rossi Munroe, D. auranticella (Grote) and D. disclusa Heinrich, are referred to the auranticella group. Four Asiatic species are also referred to this group. These are D. okui Mutuura, D. castanea Bradley, D. pryeri Ragonot (= Salebria laruata Heinrich), and D. yiai n. sp. All the species feed on conifers. All except D. okui feed on pine, either cones or shoots, or both; D. okui eats the foliage of spruce.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF BOLTERIA, WITH A KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES AND A NOTE ON THE SPECIES FOUND IN CANADA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Four new species of Bolteria Uhler are described: atricornis from New Mexico, scutata and scutellata from California, and mexicana from Mexico. Adults and male genitalia are illustrated as well as those of luteifrons Knight and arizonae Knight, and host information is given. Relationships to other species in the genus are discussed and a key is provided. Bolteria luteifrons Knight is reported from Canada.
NEW SPECIES OFDIALITHUSPARRY AND A NEW SYNONYM OFPANTODINUSBURMEISTER (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: TRICHIINAE)
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: December 2009

Two new species,Dialithus scintillonsfrom Cerro Campana, Panama, andDialithus festivusfrom Chiapas, Mexico, are described. The description of the formerly monotypic genusDialithusParry is slightly altered.Jeannelosis auriculatusBourgin (1945) is considered a synonym ofPantodinus klugiBurmeister (1847).
HAEMOCYTOLOGY IN INSECT BIOSYSTEMATICS: THE PROSPECT
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: December 2009

The haemocyte (blood cell) complex in insects has distinctive characteristics at various taxonomic levels. Some taxa can be recognized easily by major differences in the number and size of the haemocytes and the complexity of cell types. Others can be distinguished only with difficulty by means of cytological features of certain cell categories. Still others have revealed no distinguishing characters. The haemocyte complex is potentially useful for indicating some systematic relationships, and in some cases for distinguishing between morphologically similar species. The concept requires careful testing.
MORTALITY FACTORS AFFECTING EGGS OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Witter J. A. , Kulman H. M.
Published: December 2009

Parasitism, infertility, and death of fully developed first-stage larvae in eggs (pharate larvae) were the egg mortality factors encountered during a 1967–69 study on the bionomics of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner, in northern Minnesota. There was no significant difference in the average yearly per cent parasitization and infertility per egg mass; these ranged from 7 to 10% and 1 to 3%, respectively. There was a year to year difference in pharate larval mortality. It ranged from 39% in 1968 to only 9 and 3% for 1967 and 969. Studies showed that egg masses had a tendency to be either nearly complete y hatched or unhatched only in 1968. The variation in pharate larval mortally in these studies suggests qualitative differences in the population. The pharate larval mortality has the potential of influencing population trends of the forest tent caterpillar.
FOOD-PLANT GROUPS OF THE SEMANOPHORINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE): A POSSIBLE TAXONOMIC TOOL
Authors: Harris P.
Published: December 2009

The taxonomic framework of the lepidopterous family Sphingidae established by Rothschild and Jordan (1903) contains many anomalies. Indeed, it has been suggested that as the taxonomic lines run across both larval and host-plant groupings, the family should be totally rearranged. In this paper the host plants of the Semanophorinae (one subfamily of the Sphingidae) are examined and discussed. On the basis of host plants, five groups of sphingids, which appear to be taxonomic entities, are distinguished. The identification of the host-plant groups is also a preliminary to the use of Celerio euphorbiae (L.) for the biological control of weedy Euphorbia spp. in Canada.
COMPARISONS OF THE ABUNDANCE OF THE SPECIES COMPOSING THE FOLIAGE INHABITING FAUNA OF APPLE TREES
Authors: Lord F. T.
Published: December 2009

A 5 year study of the foliage inhabiting fauna of young apple trees which had never been treated with insecticides or miticides showed there were large numbers of species varying considerably in quantity. The study also showed that the manner in which the foliage is distributed by cluster type and the distribution of the many species on the clusters are important factors in the sampling of mixed populations of arthropods.The leaf clusters were classified into six types based on stem length and on the presence or absence of fruit. The mean number of leaves per cluster for all types combined increased until mid July but no further increase occurred after that. The variation in leaves per cluster on the longer clusters, however, continued throughout the summer even though the mean number of leaves per cluster did not.The relative abundance of each of the arthropod species, whether it was identifiable to name or not, was given a quantitative rating by using random clusters as a common sampling unit. Eleven orders, 38 families, and over 100 species were recorded. The species making up the fauna were nearly all at a low density and in general remained low during the study. All the common pests were found but only four were at a level where economic damage to the foliage resulted. Very few of the species were present in numbers sufficiently large for analysis of the factors influencing their population density or theirA list is given of those species which were sufficiently abundant to show that differences in preference for some cluster types over others is common.
SOLUTION SEPARATION AND MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD DENSITY ESTIMATES OF HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) EGGS IN MOSS
Authors: Shepherd R. F. , Gray T. G.
Published: December 2009

Counting hemlock looper (Lambditm fiscellaria lugnbrosa) eggs attached to moss samples is tedious and inaccurate. Moss samples treated with a 0.5% NaOH solution for 1 minute releases the eggs, which can be washed and filtered out of the moss. Other debris can be separated through differential flotation with 15% NaCl solution. Three such washings provide data for analysis with the maximum likelihood method, producing density estimates with low-standard errors.
AGGREGATION OF THE CONFUSED FLOUR BEETLE,TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM(COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), ELICITED BY FUNGAL TRIGLYCERIDES
Authors: Starratt A. N. , Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

Triglycerides ofNigrospora sphaericawhich elicit aggregation of adult confused flour beetles were separated according to their degree of unsaturation by chromatographic methods. Several fractions showed activity. The largest and most active fraction consisted of monounsaturated triglycerides of which the major component was oleodipalmitin. Triglycerides from three other fungi showed varied levels of activity.
PYGOSTOLUS FALCATUS FOUND IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, BLACINAE)
Authors: Loan C. C. , Thompson L. S.
Published: December 2009

The Palaearctic braconid Pygostolus falcatus (Nees) is recorded from Prince Edward Island parasitic on Sitona hispidula F.
OCCURRENCE OF PISSODES FISKEI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN CANADA: CYTOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Smith S. G. , Macdonald J. A.
Published: December 2009

Pissodes fiskei, a species described by Hopkins from New Hampshire, is shown to occur also in Maine and in all Canadian provinces between New Brunswick and the interior of British Columbia, inclusive, as well as the Yukon. It is readily distinguished from its closest ally, P. lotundatus Lee, both morphologically and cytologically. Maritime P. nigrae Hopk., montane P. alascensis Hopk., and inland P. rotundatus are conspecific.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): A MODEL FOR AGE SPECIFIC MORTALITY
Authors: Helgesen Robert G. , Haynes Dean L.
Published: December 2009

The cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), has rapidly increased its numbers and range since it was discovered in Michigan in 1962. We have shown in this report that intraspecific density-dependent mortality is the major constraint on survivorship. We have attempted to quantify survival within a generation from the egg stage to the adult.Larval mortality varies among populations. Density-dependent mortality, caused by intraspecific competition, accounts for most of the variation of within-generation survival of the cereal leaf beetle in wheat and oats. Mortality in the first instar on oats and the fourth instar on wheat and oats is a linear function of the logarithm of total egg density. Establishment of the first instar on oats appears to become more difficult as density increases because leaf surface disturbance and interference with larger larva increases. Competition for food accounts for the increase in mortality of the fourth instar in both wheat and oats as density increases. Egg survival, survival of the first instar on wheat and in the second, third, and pupal stage in both crops are constants with respect to density. These constants can be expected to change with respect to other environmental parameters however, e.g. host variety, planting date, rainfall, etc.
EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL OF STABLE FLIES, STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), BY RELEASES OF CHEMOSTERILIZED ADULTS
Authors: LaBrecque G. C. , Meifert D. W. , Rye J.
Published: December 2009

Releases of chemosterilized stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), that equalled existing field populations (1:1 ratio) markedly reduced a field population in Florida. The released insects were relatively long lived in the field and did not migrate far from the nearest source of food and oviposition medium.
DACTYNOTUS NODULUS, A NEW ASTER-INFESTING APHID FROM ONTARIO (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Dactynotus nodulus is described and illustrated and its affinities noted.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIFFERENTIATING LARVAL INSTARS OF LEATHERJACKETS, TIPULA PALUDOSA (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)
Authors: Lam A. B. Q. , Webster J. M.
Published: December 2009

Measurements of head capsule lengths and widths show that Tipula paludosa Meig. larvae have four instars. The shape and size of the mandibles and labia are good characters for differentiating the instars.
REACTIONS OF THE LARVAE OF THREE RHEOPHILIC SPECIES OF TRICHOPTERA TO SELECTED INSECTICIDES
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

Procedures are outlined for evaluating in aquaria the effects of insecticides against rheophilic species of Trichoptera larvae (Brachycentrus lateralis (Say), Hydropsyche morosa Hagen, and H. recurvata Banks). In general DDT, DDD, and methoxychlor were considerably more toxic than were malathion, Baytex®, or diazinon and their regression lines were steeper. Some of the methoxychlortreated larvae recovered within 18 hours after treatment but the reverse was true for DDT, DDD, and the organophosphates. DDT dissolved in ethanol was considerably more toxic than any of the three commercial formulations of DDT tested. Sensitivity to DDT declined (i.e.LC50 values were higher) with increasing size (age) of the larvae. LC50 values of DDT also varied directly with the densities of tested populations in tests containing more than 10 larvae per 250 ml of water. Toxicities of all chlorinated hydrocarbons varied indirectly with the temperature and those of the organophosphates directly. The significance of these findings to laboratory and field tests is discussed.
A NEW SPECIES OF APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM A PITCHER PLANT
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Alate and apterous viviparous females, ovipara and alate male of a new species of aphid, Macrosiphum jeanae, are described from a pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea L.
MOSQUITOES OF MANITOBA: III. ECOLOGY OF LARVAE IN THE WINNIPEG AREA
Authors: Dixon R. D. , Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

Larval surveys were conducted in Winnipeg environs during the summers of 1967 and 1968. The species, density of larvae, the relationship between rainfall and larval abundance, and the species of pest importance were studied in detail. Aedes vexans was the most numerous mosquito found both in the larval and adult stages. Aedes dorsalis and Aedes spencerii were also of pest significance during each season. An association between the abundance of A. vexans larvae and the proximity of these to an adult blood source, mainly beef and dairy cattle, was observed.
NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF BRACHYSCELIDIPHAGINAE (PTEROMALIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA, HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

The description and designation of a neotype, Plastobelyta gallicola Kieffer, and an additional distribution record of Espinosa nothofagi Gahan belonging to the subfamily Brachyscelidiphaginae (Pteromalidae: Chalcidoidea) from Chile, are discussed.
MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): II. TEMPORAL ORGANIZATION
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Bennett Edward W. , Bush Guy L.
Published: December 2009

Comparatively few laboratory-caged apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), of either sex arrived at the site of assembly for mating (ceresin wax oviposition domes) and no mating pair or ovipositing females were observed until the flies were 7–8 days old. From then on, the level of all three of these activities progressively increased.With respect to the time of day of activity, in the field, assembly of both sexes of flies on the fruit, mating, and oviposition all occurred predominantly during the afternoon on a day when the sun shone brightly throughout the 15-hr daylight period and the ambient temperature was 16 °C at dawn, 24.8° in mid-afternoon, and 17.5° at dusk. Little or no activities of these sorts occurred before mid-morning and toward dusk. In the laboratory, where light intensity was constant at 1000 lux during the 15-hr photophase, the temporal pattern of these activities was the same as in the field when laboratory temperature was programmed to be the same as in the field for the corresponding hour of daylight. However, when laboratory temperature was programmed to be constant at 24.8°, these activities occurred at a high rate throughout the photophase. None of these activities was observed to have been initiated in darkness. It is concluded that sexually mature apple maggot flies may assemble on the fruit, mate, and oviposit whenever temperature is favorable and light intensity is sufficient to permit adequate vision.
THE CHORIONIC ARCHITECTURE AND SHELL STRUCTURE OF AMATHES C-NIGRUM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

The chorionic architecture including the general and fine structure of the various shell layers and specialized areas in the newly-laid egg of Amathes c-nigrum (L.) is described. The chorion is, primarily, two-layered. The lamellate outer layer, comprising the main bulk of the shell, appears to be very porous over the ventral surface of the egg but much more solid over the lateral and upper surfaces. Here it is traversed by aeropylar canals which convey air to the inner layer. The trabecular inner layer completely surrounds the yolk except in the micropylar area. The micropyles protrude from the inner side of the chorion to form entomicropylar tubes which project towards the yolk. Each is enclosed by thickened vitelline membrane.
A NEW SPECIES OF SCHINIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM STEENS MT., OREGON
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

Dr. E. L. Todd of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, recently forwarded to me four specimens of a new species of Schinia collected by J. Baker on Steens Mt., Oregon. The new species superficially resembles S. aurantiaca (Hy. Edwards) in external appearance, but it is quite distinct on the basis of genitalic characters.
A METHOD OF FEEDING BEES MEASURED AMOUNTS OF INSECTICIDES IN SOLUTION
Authors: Torchio Philip F. , Youssef Nabil N.
Published: December 2009

A device designed to measure amount of pesticide solutions consumed by three species of bees (Megachile rotundata (F.), alfalfa leafcutting bee; Nomia melanderi Cockerell, alkali bee; and Apis mellifera L, honey bee) is described in detail. Isolated bees fed freely from capillary tubes filled with known mixtures of pesticides and honey solutions. The change in volume of solution was used in determining the exact amount of pesticide consumed by each individual.
ETUDE DE CERTAINS FACTEURS AFFECTANT LES POPULATIONS DELAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIADANS LE BASSIN DE LA RIVIERE VAUREAL, ILE D’ANTICOSTI
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , Jobin L. J.
Published: December 2009

L'infestation des forêts de sapin (Abies balsameaMill.) de certaines régions de la province de Québec par l'Arpenteuse de la pruche,Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria(Guén.) (Lepidoptera – Geometridae), survient périodiquement. En effet, six épidémies de cet insecte ont été observées depuis les années 1920 et, dans la plupart des cas, des pertes importantes de bois furent rapportées.
LIFE HISTORIES AND SEASONAL BIOLOGY OF FOUR HYPERPARASITES OF THE TOBACCO HORNWORM, MANDUCA SEXTA (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE)
Authors: McNeil Jeremy N. , Rabb R. L.
Published: December 2009

Hypopteromalus tabacum (Fitch), Catolaccus aeneoviridis (Girault), Spilochalcis side (Walker), and Spilochalcis hirtifemora (Ashmead) were hyperparasites of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Linnaeus), most frequently reared from cocoons of the primary parasite, Apanteles congregatus (Say). The life history of each species was studied and the distinctive features of egg, last larval instar, and pupal stage were described.

In 1969 through 1972 parasitization of the tobacco hornworm by A. congregatus started at low levels in June or July, increasing to nearly 100% by the end of September. A corresponding increase in the seasonal incidence of hyperparasitism was observed, although the level of hyperparasitism never exceeded 85% in any year. Each year S. side and S. hirtifemora were the first hyperparasites recorded; however, H. tabacum was always the most abundant. The number of C. aeneoviridis varied greatly from year to year.

Peak spring emergence of H. tabacum and C. aeneoviridis occurred in April just before that of the primary parasite, A. congregatus, and as this was several months prior to their appearance in tobacco fields a number of possible alternate hosts for the hyperparasites were investigated.
A FOSSIL IRONOMYIID FLY FROM CANADIAN AMBER (DIPTERA: IRONOMYIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

Cretonomyia pristina new genus and new species, a fossil fly in amber from Cedar Lake, Manitoba, is described and assigned to the Ironomyiidae. This fossil establishes that the family, heretofore known from a single Australian species, Ironomyia nigromaculata White, existed during Mesozoic times in North America. Comparison of the extinct species with the living species shows that the family appeared little different 73 million years ago than it does today. In points of difference, the fossil species usually shows the more primitive conditions. It is postulated that the family arose in North America in late Jurassic – early Cretaceous times, dispersed to South America late in the Cretaceous Period and thence to Australia via Antarctica while the latter three were contiguous — 43 million years ago.
SOME CERAMBYCIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM THE KORAT PLATEAU REGION OF THAILAND
Authors: Pase Herbert A. , Coster Jack E.
Published: December 2009

From November 1968 to January 1970, Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) were collected in Northeast Thailand, principally from the Korat Plateau Region. Sixty-two species were identified: no previous Thailand records could be found for 29 of the species.
A METHOD OF PREDICTING SHORT TERM POPULATION TRENDS OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON POTATOES
Authors: Elliott W. M.
Published: December 2009

A method which uses the number of large embryos per adult to predict increases or decreases of green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on potatoes over 3–4 or 7–8 days is presented. The population change between two successive counts 1 and 2, expressed as an increase factor (count 2 divided by count 1), is related to the average number of embryos per adult, at the time of count 1, by a linear regression (significant, P < 0.001). If there are more than about three embryos per adult, the population increases. Parasitism by Aphidius nigripes Ashm. reduces the number of embryos per adult in the field. In the laboratory, with no parasitism, the number of embryos per adult declines with age and is directly related to the daily birth rate which also declines with age.
THE BIOLOGY OF AND EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON DERAEOCORIS BREVIS PICEATUS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Westigard Peter H.
Published: December 2009

Deraeocoris brevis piceatus Knight overwinters in the adult stage on pear and several other plants. Within pear orchards there are apparently two generations of D. brevis per year. Under laboratory conditions the developmental time from first instar to adult is about 25 days. During this period D. b. piceatus consumed nearly 400 eggs and nymphs of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster. Most organophosphate pesticides tested were highly toxic to D. b. piceatus when applied directly to nymphs or adults but 7-day-old residues of these chemicals were only moderately toxic. Nonphosphate pesticides allowed fair to good survival of D. b. piceatus but do not fit into the total summer control program for pear pest control.
EFFECT OF FORMICA OBSCURIPES (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) ON THE PREDATOR–PREY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYPERASPIS CONGRESSIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) AND TOUMEYELLA NUMISMATICUM (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE)
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: December 2009

The scale insect Toumeyella numismaticum Pettit and McDaniel occurred in small areas of heavy infestation in jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., stands of southeastern Manitoba, where it was present in the same areas every year. The large populations of Formica obscuripes Forel present in the scale-infested areas lessened the effectiveness of the main predator of the scale, the coccinellid Hyperaspis congressis Watson, through interference with the Hyperaspis adults.
SPRUCE CONE INSECTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THEIR CONTROL
Authors: Hedlin A. F.
Published: December 2009

Insects cause considerable loss of seed in white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and Engelmann spruce, P. engelmannii Parry, in British Columbia. The most important species are a maggot, Hylemya anthracina (Cz.), and a seed moth, Laspeyresia youngana (Kit.). Other insects are: a seed chalcid, Megastigmus piceae Roh., a cone axis midge, Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, a gall midge, D. canadensis Felt, a seed midge, Mayetiola carpophaga Tripp, and a scale-feeding midge. These insects also occur in cones of Sitka spruce, P. sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., and black spruce, P. mariana (Mill.) BSP.

The systemic insecticides dimethoate and formothion proved to be effective against these insects when applied as sprays following pollination in mid-June.
EFFECTS OF COLD TEMPERATURES ON HATCHING OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Wetzel B. W. , Kulman H. M. , Witter J. A.
Published: December 2009

Egg masses of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner, were collected from new and old infestation areas of northern Minnesota before development started in the spring. Mortality of embryos was recorded after laboratory exposure to −10°, −15°, −20°, −25°, and −30° C for 12, 24, and 72 hours at 1, 2, 3, and 4 days before anticipated hatch. Length of treatment and temperatures of −10° and −15°C had minimal effect on survival. Mortality of embryos varied with days before hatch in an erratic cyclic pattern with temperatures and years. Temperature treatments of −20°, −25°, and −30 °C caused about 50%, 66%, and 100% embryo mortality. Mortality in new infestation areas was consistently higher than in older areas for all treatments.
NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK WITCH MOTH, EREBUS ODORA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: December 2009

On 27 August 1970, Mr. G. Mogridge, Kilbride, St. John's West, submitted a large (135 mm wingspan) living moth which he found on the sidewalk near the United Nail and Foundry Building, Hamilton Avenue, St. John's. The moth was identified as Erebus odora Linnaeus and was thought to be a first record for that species in Newfoundland. However, this was a second occurrence (see below).
DIVERSIFICATION AND SECONDARY INTERGRADATION OF TWO CHRYSOPA CARNEA STRAINS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)
Authors: Tauber Catherine A. , Tauber Maurice J.
Published: December 2009

Analysis of larval and adult characters, as well as biological data from various geographic populations, indicates that Chrysopa mohave Banks and Chrysopa carnea Stephens represent two strains of a single species and C. mohave is therefore designated a new synonym of C. carnea. The carnea strain occurs allopatrically throughout eastern and midwestern North America and the mohave strain is probably indigenous to California.

The pattern of variation found in larvae and adults from different populations suggests that the carnea strain was secondarily introduced into California where it interbred with the mohave strain. This hybridization resulted in genetically varied populations with predominantly carnea characteristics in California’s Central Valley. Populations of the mohave strain occur in the California foothill and coastal areas because adults of the mohave strain, unlike the carnea strain, can aestivate during the hot, dry summers when food is sparse. Summer irrigation increases the abundance of larval and adult food which the non-aestivating carnea strain needs. It appears that the native mohave strain will compete successfully only in those areas of California which are unmodified by agricultural practices.
A NEW GENUS OF PYRGOMORPHIDAE (ACRIDOIDEA: ORTHOPTERA) FROM THE ISLAND OF SOCOTRA
Authors: McE. Kevan D. Keith
Published: December 2009

A new, endemic monotypic genus of Pyrgomorphidae, Xenephias, is described from Socotra. The single known species, X. socotranus n. sp., proves to be a member of the widely distributed tribe Sphenariini. It shows some similarities to eastern Asiatic genera, but is apparently closest to the isolated east African genus Sphenexia Karsch.
THE PLACE OF CLASSICAL TAXONOMY IN MODERN SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ORTHOPTEROID INSECTS
Authors: McE. Kevan D. Keith
Published: December 2009

The nature of systematics and its fundamental importance to other branches of biology have already been ably discussed by such authors as Simpson (1961) and Mayr (1963, 1969). Thus, in defining systematic entomology, we may paraphrase Simpson (1961): Systematic entomology is the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of insects and associated arthropods and any and all [biological] relationships among them. “Modern” merely implies current and recent, not avant-garde, although this is not excluded.
BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND THE HIGHER CATEGORIES
Authors: Stephen W. P.
Published: December 2009

The premises for biochemical systematics are outlined, including the demonstration of colinearity between polypeptides and the nucleotide sequence of the gene, and subsequent comparative studies based on amino acid sequencing of proteins. Distinct differences in the stability in the amino acid sequences among various proteins demands that the systematist select those most appropriate to the taxonomic problem to be resolved. As sequencing is a difficult and time consuming task, an alternative analytical means of obtaining objective data by which taxa may be phenetically compared is proposed. Electrophoretic studies on the enzyme GDH from cockroaches and bumble bees are outlined and the use of the data in superspecific classifications is documented.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE OAK LEAF-MINING SAWFLY, PROFENUSA LUCIFEX (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H.
Published: December 2009

Profenusa lucifex (Ross), a blotch-mining sawfly on oak, Quercus L., is occasionally abundant in Ontario. The adults occur on host trees in June. The larvae, which are described and illustrated, mine the leaves from about mid-June to late July with a small partial second generation in the fall. The insect overwinters in the soil. Three species of chalcid parasites are known to attack eggs and larvae.
CUTEREBRA TENEBROSA: DESCRIPTION OF IMMATURE STAGES AND A REDESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT (DIPTERA: CUTEREBRIDAE)
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Graham Charles L.
Published: December 2009

Immature stages of the rodent bot fly, Cuterebra tenebrosa Coquillett, from central Washington are described and illustrated. Redescription of both sexes of the adult fly are also provided. Larval cuticular spines and posterior spiracular patterns are distinctive for second instars. Important characters of third instars include shape and number of points on cuticular spines and papillae arrangement. C. tenebrosa parasitizes bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) and desert wood rats (N. lepida) in the western United States and western Canada.
IMPORTANCE OF STARCHES TO SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Shaw G. G.
Published: December 2009

It was found that five different starches incorporated into artificial diet in place of sucrose made the diets significantly less nutritious for spruce budworm larvae (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)).

The applicability of this to the natural situation — budworm larvae feeding on growing foliage — is unknown.
REPELLENCY OF WHEAT GERM EXTRACTS PREPARED WITH PEROXIDE-CONTAINING ETHER TO ADULTS OF TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: McGinnis A. J. , Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

The fat soluble components of raw wheat germ were extracted with diethyl ether, and the extracts assayed for aggregant or arrestant activity with adults of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum. Some extracts elicited a strong response, others had little effect, and still others were repellent. The concentration of peroxide in the ether was shown to be inversely correlated with the aggregating response evoked by the extract. In the preparation of extracts of biological material, therefore, solvents other than ether should be used unless the peroxide component is completely eliminated immediately before use.
A NEW GENUS FOR NOCTUELIOPSIS RADIALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: ODONTIINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Odontivalvia n. gen. is described for Noctueliopsis radialis Munroe from Texas.