bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A unified and automated approach to attractor reconstruction
Authors: Kraemer K H , Datseris G , Kurths J , Kiss I Z , Ocampo-Espindola J L , Marwan N
Published: February 2021

We present a fully automated method for the optimal state space reconstruction from univariate and multivariate time series. The proposed methodology generalizes the time delay embedding procedure by unifying two promising ideas in a symbiotic fashion. Using non-uniform delays allows the successful reconstruction of systems inheriting different time scales. In contrast to the established methods, the minimization of an appropriate cost function determines the embedding dimension without using a threshold parameter. Moreover, the method is capable of detecting stochastic time series and, thus, can handle noise contaminated input without adjusting parameters. The superiority of the proposed method is shown on some paradigmatic models and experimental data from chaotic chemical oscillators.
Approximate analytical solutions and mean energies of stationary Schrödinger equation for general molecular potential
Authors: E S Eyube , B O Rawen , N Ibrahim
Published: February 2021

The Schrödinger equation is solved with general molecular potential via the improved quantization rule. Expression for bound state energy eigenvalues, radial eigenfunctions, mean kinetic energy, and potential energy are obtained in compact form. In modeling the centrifugal term of the effective potential, a Pekeris-like approximation scheme is applied. Also, we use the Hellmann–Feynman theorem to derive the relation for expectation values. Bound state energy eigenvalues, wave functions and meanenergies of Woods–Saxon potential, Morse potential, Möbius squared and Tietz–Hua oscillators are deduced from the general molecular potential. In addition, we use our equations to compute the bound state energy eigenvalues and expectation values for four diatomic molecules viz. H2, CO, HF, and O2. Results obtained are in perfect agreement with the data available from the literature for the potentials and molecules. Studies also show that as the vibrational quantum number increases, the mean kinetic energy for the system in a Tietz–Hua potential increases slowly to a threshold value and then decreases. But in a Morse potential, the mean kinetic energy increases linearly with vibrational quantum number increasing.
High-responsivity solar-blind photodetector based on MOCVD-grown Si-doped β-Ga2O3 thin film*
Authors: Zhi Yu-Song , Jiang Wei-Yu , Liu Zeng , Liu Yuan-Yuan , Chu Xu-Long , Liu Jia-Hang , Li Shan , Yan Zu-Yong , Wang Yue-Hui , Li Pei-Gang , Wu Zhen-Ping , Tang Wei-Hua
Published: February 2021

Si-doped β-Ga2O3 films are fabricated through metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD) based on the films is fabricated by standard photolithography, and the photodetection properties are investigated. The results show that the photocurrent increases to 11.2 mA under 200 μW⋅cm−2 254 nm illumination and ± 20 V bias, leading to photo-responsivity as high as 788 A⋅W−1. The Si-doped β-Ga2O3-based PD is promised to perform solar-blind photodetection with high performance.
Fusion reactions around the barrier for Be+238U *
Authors: Mei Bo , Balabanski Dimiter L. , Hua Wei , Zhang Yu-Hu , Zhou Xiao-Hong , Yuan Cen-Xi , Su Jun
Published: February 2021

Fusion-evaporation cross sections of

U(

Be, 5n)

Cm are measured over a wide energy range around the Coulomb barrier. These measured cross sections are compared with model calculations using two codes, namely HIVAP2 and KEWPIE2. HIVAP2 calculations overestimate the measured fusion-evaporation cross sections by a factor of approximately 3. In KEWPIE2 calculations, two approaches, namely the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation and the empirical barrier-distribution (EBD) method, are used for the capture probability; both of them properly describe the measured cross sections. Additionally, fusion cross sections of

Be+

U measured in two experiments are applied to constrain model calculations further through three codes, i.e., HIVAP2, KEWPIE2, and CCFULL. Parameters in these codes are also examined by comparison with measured fusion cross sections. All the comparisons indicate that the KEWPIE2 calculations using the WKB approximation agree well with the measured cross sections of both fusion reactions

Be+

U and the fusion-evaporation reaction

U(

Be, 5n)

Cm. Calculations using the fusion code CCFULL are also in good agreement with the measured fusion cross sections of

Be+

U.
The international reference system for pure beta-particle emitting radionuclides: an evaluation of the measurement uncertainties
Authors: Coulon Romain , Judge Steven , Liu Haoran , Michotte Carine
Published: February 2021

The international bureau of weights and measures (BIPM) is the centre for governments to act in common on matters relating to metrology, co-ordinating the world-wide measurement system and providing capabilities for international measurement comparisons on a shared-cost basis. The ionizing radiation department maintains and develops high-precision instrumentation to enable national metrology institutes to demonstrate the equivalence of primary standards of radioactivity. The scope of this service is expanding: the ‘extended international reference system (ESIR)’ project aims to provide a stable instrument capable of comparing standards of pure beta-emitting radionuclides, complementing existing instruments for gamma-emitters. In 2019, the members of the ESIR project devised a liquid scintillation system that is capable of producing very stable reference values over a long timescale, using a method inspired by the ‘triple-to-double coincidence ratio’ (TDCR) technique. This article sets out the approach that will be used for evaluating uncertainties in future comparison exercises using the ESIR. The method adopted was based on the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement published by the joint committee for guides in metrology. Particular care has been taken in choosing the evaluation method: the response of the TDCR instrument cannot be linearized, so a Monte-Carlo method was implemented and a technique to manage correlated input data was developed. A novel sampling technique was used for the input multi-variate distribution of coincident count rates; this approach may also be relevant to primary standards realized using the TDCR technique. Calculation have shown that standard uncertainties of the order of 0.1 % will be achievable for a typical radionuclide.
Research on XBRL Financial Reporting Model under Big Data
Authors: Wen Yong
Published: February 2021

The third wave of informatization marked by cloud computing, Internet of Things, and big data is coming. The application of informatization is expanding from the enterprise level to the social level. The enterprises will face the reconstruction of computing platforms and information platforms, as well as the reconstruction of enterprise operation management models and business models. This article conducts extensive surveys and statistics on the application of XBRL financial reports under the big data environment from the two dimensions of the supervisory level and the enterprise, and conducts visual analysis and in-depth discussion, in order to use big data technology to improve the quality of XBRL financial report submission information.
Three-dimensional measurements of animal paths using handheld unconstrained GoPro cameras and VSLAM software
Authors: Brady Parrish C
Published: February 2021

I present the system PATMOS (paths and tessellated meshes from ORB_SLAM2) for measuring three-dimensional paths of animals in situ using two handheld GoPro cameras and a small spatial reference object. Animal paths were triangulated from mobile camera positions obtained from a modified version of ORB_SLAM2, an open-source visual simultaneous localization and mapping software package. In addition to path calculation, this process provided a virtual three-dimensional surface approximation to the environment from which path to environment distances can be quantified. PATMOS can also fit a tranquil water’s surface to an analytic plane if there are a sufficient number of visible objects intersecting the water’s surface and can track objects over the water’s surfaces with a single camera by measuring the object with its reflection. This technology was highly portable, could follow moving animals, and gave comparable spatial and temporal resolutions to fixed camera systems that use commercial cameras. An investigation of falling objects yielded a gravitational constant measurement of 978 ± 40 cm s−2. I demonstrated PATMOS’s utility in terrestrial and aquatic environments by quantifying dragonfly flight characteristics and the inter-spatial distances between substrate and damselfish.
Recent progress in nanoformulations of cabazitaxel
Authors: Chen Yu , Pan Yue , Hu Danrong , Peng Jinrong , Hao Ying , Pan Meng , Yuan Liping , Yu Yongyang , Qian Zhiyong
Published: February 2021

The antitumor efficacy of various paclitaxel (PTX) and docetaxel (DTX) formulations in clinical applications is seriously affected by drug resistance. Cabazitaxel, a second-generation taxane, exhibits greater anticancer activity than PTX and DTX and has low affinity for the P-glycoprotein efflux pump because of its structure. Therefore, cabazitaxel has the potential to overcome taxane resistance. However, owing to the high systemic toxicity and hydrophobicity of cabazitaxel and the instability of its commercial preparation, Jevtana®, the clinical use of cabazitaxel is restricted to patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who show progression after DTX-based chemotherapy. Nanomedicine is expected to overcome the limitations associated with cabazitaxel application and surmount taxane resistance. This review outlines the drug delivery systems of cabazitaxel published in recent years, summarizes the challenges faced in the development of cabazitaxel nanoformulations, and proposes strategies to overcome these challenges.
Drivers of change in US residential energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, 1990–2015
Authors: Berrill Peter , Gillingham Kenneth T , Hertwich Edgar G
Published: February 2021

Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from residential energy use in the United States peaked in 2005 at 1.26 Gt CO2-eq yr−1, and have since decreased at an average annual rate of 2% yr−1 to 0.96 Gt CO2-eq yr−1 in 2019. In this article we decompose changes in US residential energy supply and GHG emissions over the period 1990–2015 into relevant drivers for four end-use categories. The chosen drivers encompass changing demographics, housing characteristics, energy end-use intensities, and generation efficiency and GHG intensity of electricity. Reductions in household size, growth in heated floor area per house, and increased access to space cooling are the main drivers of increases in energy and GHG emissions after population growth. Growing shares of newer homes, and reductions in intensity of energy use per capita, household, or floor area have produced moderate primary energy and GHG emission reductions, but improved generation efficiency and decarbonization of electricity supply have brought about far bigger primary energy and GHG emission reductions. Continued decline of residential emissions from electrification of residential energy and decarbonization of electricity supply can be expected, but not fast enough to limit climate change to 1.5 °C warming. US residential final energy demand will therefore need to decline in absolute terms to meet such a target. However, without changes in the age distribution, type mix, or average size of housing, improvements in energy efficiency are unlikely to outweigh growth in the number of households from population growth and further household size reductions.
Wilson loops for triangular contours with circular edges
Authors: Dorn Harald
Published: February 2021

We calculate Wilson loops in lowest order of perturbation theory for triangular contours whose edges are circular arcs. Based on a suitable disentanglement of the relations between metrical and conformal parameters of the contours, the result fits perfectly in the structure predicted by the anomalous conformal Ward identity. The conformal remainder function depends in the generic 4D case on three cusp and on three torsion angles. The restrictions on these angles imposed by the closing of the contour are discussed in detail and also for cases in 3D and 2D.
Small mechanical vibration reduction system based on adaptive hydraulic gasket
Authors: Lv Xin
Published: February 2021

This project designs an adaptive small mechanical damping system based on hydraulic gaskets. The main function is to realize the active damping of small sports machinery and the self-adaptive automatic centering of shafting machinery. The system is mainly composed of hydraulic gaskets, controllers, sensors, and external power sources. The hydraulic vibration reduction device is miniaturized and applied to small power machinery with low cost and high applicability. The vibration damping platform is based on a small power machine designed with a unique hydraulic gasket and an active and passive composite damping system is constructed.
Design of Comprehensive Utilization System of Semiconductor Thermal Power Generation
Authors: Wu Yuzhe
Published: February 2021

For the solar steam generation system, optical materials are obtained through experimental comparison and verification. A nanofluid material composed of a double-layer structure with a light absorber on the upper layer and an insulating material with two-dimensional or three-dimensional water transport channels on the lower layer is proposed, which is hydrophilic It uses capillary force and promotes fluid flow to the hot zone, and interconnected pores are used for fluid flow in and out of the structure. The device is embedded with a semiconductor thermoelectric power generation sheet in the lower layer, the upper surface is in contact with the photothermal layer, and the lower surface is in contact with bulk water. The temperature difference is formed and the electromotive force is generated, which makes the energy utilization efficiency higher.
Research on Application of Self-locking Anchor Rods in the Improvement of wind turbine generator tower foundation
Authors: Hu Junjie , Li Ming , Liao Jiehong , Tan Xingzhou , Gao Zuoping , Zhou Zhiyong
Published: February 2021

This article provides a solution to replace the upper equipment while retaining the foundation during the technical transformation of wind power generation. Due to load changes and the damage and defects of the original foundation ring, the connection method to connect the new wind turbine tower and the existing foundation should be redesigned, and the original wind turbine generator tower foundation should be reinforced accordingly. This paper introduces the scheme of using common self-locking anchor rod and prestressed self-locking anchor rod to connect the upper tower and foundation, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the two schemes. Two schemes for increasing the foundation and strengthening the foundation with prestressed rock bolts are proposed and compared. Both the ordinary bolt scheme and the prestressed bolt can meet the mechanical properties, but the ordinary bolt construction is convenient and economical; the foundation reinforcement using the prestressed rock anchor scheme is more economical and environmentally friendly.
Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical and Electrical Transient of Variable-Speed Pumped Storage Units
Authors: Xie Huan , Liu Lili , Li Shanying , Liang Hao , Tan Qibang , Song Wenqian , Li Mengdi
Published: February 2021

In order to study the operation characteristics of large capacity variable-speed pumped storage units connected to the system, the electromechanical transient model is established. Firstly, based on the basic equations of the doubly-fed machine, the generator model represented by an equivalent voltage source is built. Secondly, on the premise of coupling term cancellation, the frequency conversion controller, frequency converter and generator connection module are normalized. Then, the generator model and variable frequency controller model are integrated to form the electromechanical transient model of the unit, which is not only the fitting of external characteristics but also retains the dynamic process of the motor flux linkage and the dynamic characteristics of the controller’s inner loop. Finally, the electromechanical transient model is simulated on the RTDS platform. The simulation results show that the model is correct and effective, which is of great significance to the study of transient problems of large-capacity doubly-fed units connected to the grid.
Research on mechanical compensation power recovery hydraulic pump-motor test system
Authors: Niu Yuxiang , Jin Xiaxie , Xing Keli
Published: February 2021

In this paper, an online closed-loop control mechanical compensation power recovery scheme is designed. This solution is based on PID algorithm to control the displacement of the loading motor to match the optimal system loading flow; At the same time, the variable control method of the loading hydraulic motor is improved to make the variable characteristics of the hydraulic loading motor better. Based on this scheme, a simulation model was built and analyzed in MapleSim. Finally, the effectiveness of the scheme was verified by experiments.
Research on Utilization of Flue GasFromTitanium Slag Smelting in the Closed Electric Arc Furnace
Authors: Huang Shihong , Long XianHao , Cui Yan , Lei Ting
Published: February 2021

According to the nature of the tail gas produced from titanium slag smelting process in the closed electric arc furnace, the feasibility of the tail gas utilization scheme is discussed for the titanium slag smelting environment, and the purification process and utilization scheme of the tail gas from titanium slag smelting are introduced. The purified electric furnace tail gas is used for preheating the titanium concentrate raw materials, which can save 15-20% of electric energy and reduce production costs.
VR Technology in Building Environment and Energy Application Engineering Major Education
Authors: Yu Wenhong , Zhao Yue , Zhao Junlan
Published: February 2021

As a new science and technology, VR technology occupies a pivotal position in social development and progress. It is an indispensable link in the current college teaching field. This article elaborates on the connotation and characteristics of VR technology, analyzes and discusses the necessity of VR technology in building environment and energy application engineering major education, and VR technology application in the major.
Progress in combined modification of rubberized asphalt
Authors: Xiao Mao , Jitao Yao , Chen Liuzhuo
Published: February 2021

The traditional rubberized asphalt has various disadvantages such as low resistance to rutting, difficulty in stabilized during manufacture, poor fluidity during processing and pollution. Combined modification of rubberized asphalt is reviewed in this paper for developing an effective way to resolve the above mentioned problems. According to the chemical properties of rubber asphalt composite modifiers, it is divided into four types: polymer, inorganic substance, plasticizer and other four types. The reasons for the incorporation of each type of composite modifier and the current research and application status at home and abroad are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages and modification mechanisms of various composite modifiers are reviewed. It is believed that the existence of chemical cross-linking network of rubber powder brings challenges to the compounding process and effect evaluation. Nevertheless, compound modification and environmentally friendly processing of multiple modifiers under the premise of green de-crosslinking is the future development direction of rubber asphalt.
Review on self compacting concrete with manufactured sand
Authors: Yankun ZHANG , Guangzhi CAI , Dongya QIAN
Published: February 2021

With the decrease of natural sand, the manufactured sand is used instead of natural sand to prepare concrete. The research and application of self compacting concrete with manufactured sand in recent years are reviewed in the paper, including influence of the content of stone powder, aggregate gradation to self compacting concrete with manufactured, and the problems and the future work are proposed.
Research on the Development Policy of Prefabricated Building based on asymmetric Evolutionary Game
Authors: Xia Yuxin , Qi Yuan , Chen Jiayao
Published: February 2021

With the rapid development of modern society and economy and the continuous acceleration of industrialization in China, the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry is imminent, meanwhile, the development of prefabricated building is a strong starting point at present. In order to promote the healthy and rapid development of prefabricated construction market, the government should play a leading role and provide effective incentives to construction enterprises and consumers. This paper takes the theory and method of game theory as the tool, constructs the game model of government-construction enterprise, government-consumer respectively, and then uses Matlab to verify the model analysis results. Finally, it is concluded that a sound compensation system issued by the government to alleviate the financial pressure of construction enterprises and consumers is an important factor to promote the development of the market at present, and the best guidance strategies and suggestions are put forward for the government.
Analysis of the Influence of Short-Time Load on Deep Foundation Pit
Authors: Yu Tao , Liu Yan , Zhu Shiqi , Wang Hao
Published: February 2021

The foundation pit of shield working well needs to meet the requirements of shield assembly, starting, and hoisting. The short-time load at the edge of the pit is frequent and the construction conditions are more complicated. This paper takes the foundation pit of a certain project in Jinan as the research background. Based on field measured data, based on theoretical analysis. The force and deformation laws of the underground diaphragm wall + internal bracing structure under short-term load are studied, and some conclusions can be used to guide the design and construction.
The Physical Quality Assessment of Residential Area in Jabodetabek – Indonesia with Green and Livable Settlement Concept
Authors: Nurdiani N , Katarina W
Published: February 2021

Green architecture as one of the concepts of Green & Livable Settlement has begun to be applied on the designing of residential areas in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi). To find out whether the residential area meets the criteria specified in the Green & Livable Settlement concept, it is necessary to conduct a study on the Physical Quality Assessment of Residential Areas in Jabodetabek with the Green & Livable Settlement Concept. The study was conducted using descriptive methods, through surveys, observations and interviews. The results of the study can provide an assessment overview of the physical quality of housing in Jabodetabek. This assessment can be used to improve the architectural design of residential area. The assessment also shows that the use of the green theme gives the benefit for the promotion of property, and the physical quality of residential area better than other residential area.
Synthesis and characterization of Eu3+ doped TiO2 thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis technique for photocatalytic application
Authors: AL-Shomar S M
Published: February 2021

In this study, nanocrystalline TiO2: Eu3+ thin films are successfully formed by spray pyrolysis technique deposited on glass substrate. Structure, optical, electrical, surface morphology, and photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue have been examined. The XRD analysis illustrate the tetragonal crystal structure of films with anatase phase and reduces crystallite size linearly with increasing Eu3+ concentration. The optical properties of the films are analyzed using transmittance and reflectance spectra, which are measured using UV–vis-NIR double-beam spectrophotometer. Optical properties such as refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), optical conductivity (σ) and Urbach energy (Eu) have been calculated as a function of Eu3+ concentration. Film thickness were evaluated using the refractive index dependence on wavelength. The films thickness were determined as 97.13, 122.62, 123.24, 117.14 and 128.25 nm, respectively, for Eu doped TiO2 at 0,4, 6, 8 and 10 wt % doping concentration. The band gap values raised from 3.29 to 3.42 eV with increasing the Eu3+ dopant concentration. The highest electrical conductivity was found to be 3.01 × 10−2(Ω·cm)−1 at high doping level with 10 wt% Eu3+. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated consistent allocation of irregular and spherical shaped grains covering the substrate surface. The average grain size in range of 82.5—51.1 nm is observed and films show porous nature. The photocatalytic effect of TiO2: Eu3+ thin films is predicted from the degradation of methylene blue (MB) at room temperature under UV light irradiation. An enhancement in photocatalytic degradation observed by increasing the amount of Eu3+ due to increase in the (electron-hole) pair production and increase of film thickness. These results make TiO2: Eu3+ thin films as attractive candidate for photovoltaic cells and other optoelectronic device applications.
Palladium-coated thiourea core-shell nanocomposite as a new, efficient, and magnetic responsive nanocatalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions
Authors: Eivazzadeh-Keihan Reza , Bahrami Negar , Radinekiyan Fateme , Maleki Ali , Mahdavi Mohammad
Published: February 2021

In this research, according to the important aspects of palladium components in conducting Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions and formation of biphenyl compounds, magnetic responsive palladium/thiourea nanocomposite as a new magnetic nanocatalyst was designed, synthesized, and characterized using FT-IR, EDX, FE-SEM, and VSM analyses. The catalytic performance of this new nanocomposite with magnetic susceptibility was evaluated in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Based on the functionalized surface of Fe3O4 magnetic cores with SiO2, CPTMS, thiourea shells, and especially Palladium ions shell, the formation of biphenyl derivatives in a green and eco-friendly reaction condition was highlighted.
Preparation and high CO2/CH4 selectivity of ZSM-5/Ethyl cellulose mixed matrix membranes
Authors: Xu Shuangping , Zhou Hailiang , Jia Hongge , Xu Jingyu , Liu Da , Zhang Mingyu , Qu Yanqing , Ma Wenqiang , Jiang Pengfei , Zhao Wenwen , Wang Xintian
Published: February 2021

It is known that natural gas is extracted with a large amount of CO2, which reduces the amount of heat generated during the combustion of natural gas. How to remove some of the CO2 from the natural gas is a problem that needs to be solved. The significant breakthroughs of the membrane technology, specifically the mixed matrix membrane (MMM) has revealed a promising CO2/CH4 separation performance. In this study, a series of ZSM-5/EC mixed matrix membranes with ethyl cellulose (EC) as matrix and ZSM-5 as inorganic dispersant in tetrahydrofuran were prepared under high speed and ultrasonic vibration-assisted, the ZSM-5/EC membranes were fabricated by using the casting solution. The successful ZSM-5/EC mixed matrix membranes were confirmed by Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ZSM-5/EC membranes exhibited good membrane forming ability, heat resistance and mechanical properties; The CO2/CH4 selectivity of the ZSM-5/EC membranes were 10.7, 15.4, 19.7, 25.5 and 11.7, respectively, increased up to 1.3, 1.9, 2.4, 3.1 and 1.4 times as compared to pure EC (8.20) with a feed composition of 50:50 for CO2/CH4.
Multifunctionalities enabled by the synergistic effects of mesoporous carbon dots and ZnO nanorods
Authors: Kavitha T , Kumar S
Published: February 2021

In this study, CD/ZnO nanohybrids were synthesised by a simple, one-pot, cost-effective method and their structure and properties were investigated by physicochemical methods. The CD/ZnO nanohybrid exhibits excellent sunlight induced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity validating the development of remarkably efficient catalytic systems and effective bactericidal agents. The IV measurements of CD/ZnO nanohybrid shows over 12-fold increase in photocurrent compared to ZnO, opening pathways for the fabrication of efficient light harvesting system. Electrochemical property measurements demonstrate that CD/ZnO nanohybrid has large integral area of cyclic voltammetry loop, demonstrating their potential for supercapacitor applications. The study presents green chemistry strategy for the synthesis of CD/ZnO nanohybrids which exhibit multifunctionalities due to the synergy between CD and ZnO. The findings of the study demonstrate the potential of CD/ZnO nanohybrids for a multitude of energy and environmental solutions.
Lifetime, quasi-Fermi level splitting and doping concentration of Cu-rich CuInS2 absorbers
Authors: Adeleye Damilola , Lomuscio Alberto , Sood Mohit , Siebentritt Susanne
Published: February 2021

Cu(In,Ga)S2–based solar cells have been shown by Hiroi et al (Hiroi et al 2015 IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
6 309–312) to achieve higher efficiencies with absorbers processed at high deposition temperatures. Additionally, it is known for CuInS2 cells that the main improvement from higher deposition temperatures is the reduction in the density of deep defects and increased quasi-Fermi level splitting. The increased quasi-Fermi level splitting could result from a reduction in the rate of recombination or from an increase in doping concentration. To investigate which effect is the dominant one, we perform time-resolved photoluminescence measurements and estimate the doping concentration from carrier lifetime and quasi-Fermi level splitting. We find no changes in the effective lifetime, which is in the range of 200 ps. The doping concentration increases from 1016 cm−3 to 1017 cm−3. Our study shows that the increase in quasi-Fermi level splitting with higher deposition temperatures is not due to reduction in non-radiative recombination but due to increased doping concentration.
Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of W-Ni3Al alloys prepared by ball milling and two-step sintering
Authors: Liu Bobo , Dong Hongfeng , Li Peiyou , Ai Taotao , Li Wenhu
Published: February 2021

In this paper, W-Ni3Al alloys with the different Ni3Al contents were prepared via ball milling and two-step sintering processes. The relationship of Ni3Al contents, microstructural evolution, and mechanical properties of W-Ni3Al alloys were also clarified. The results show that the milled powder has a lamellar structure and cold welding phenomenon. This structure encloses a small amount of ethanol, and this causes an Al2O3 phase to form when it undergoes an oxidizing reaction of Ni3Al with oxygen in ethanol during ball milling and drying. The W-rich phase is the network structure, and this structure is finer and denser with an increase in Ni3Al contents as a result of the grain refining effect of Al2O3 particles and the densification effect of liquid sintering. Under a load, the Al2O3 particles at the interface of W/binder phases increase the resistance of crack growth and compressive strain, which improves the mechanical properties and deformability of W-Ni3Al alloys. The Ni3Al binder provides a new strategy for improving the mechanical properties of tungsten alloys.
Denoising PET images for proton therapy using a residual U-net
Authors: Sano Akira , Nishio Teiji , Masuda Takamitsu , Karasawa Kumiko
Published: February 2021

The use of proton therapy has the advantage of high dose concentration as it is possible to concentrate the dose on the tumor while suppressing damage to the surrounding normal organs. However, the range uncertainty significantly affects the actual dose distribution in the vicinity of the proton range, limiting the benefit of proton therapy for reducing the dose to normal organs. By measuring the annihilation gamma rays from the produced positron emitters, it is possible to obtain a proton induced positron emission tomography (pPET) image according to the irradiation region of the proton beam. Smoothing with a Gaussian filter is generally used to denoise PET images; however, this approach lowers the spatial resolution. Furthermore, other conventional smoothing processing methods may deteriorate the steep region of the pPET images. In this study, we proposed a denoising method based on a Residual U-Net for pPET images. We conducted the Monte Carlo simulation and irradiation experiment on a human phantom to obtain pPET data. The accuracy of the range estimation and the image similarity were evaluated for pPET images using the Residual U-Net, a Gaussian filter, a median filter, the block-matching and 3D-filtering (BM3D), and a total variation (TV) filter. Usage of the Residual U-Net yielded effective results corresponding to the range estimation; however, the results of peak-signal-to-noise ratio were identical to those for the Gaussian filter, median filter, BM3D, and TV filter. The proposed method can contribute to improving the accuracy of treatment verification and shortening the PET measurement time.
Measuring prompt gamma-ray emissions from elements found in tissue during passive-beam proton therapy
Authors: Jeyasugiththan Jeyasingam , Nieto Camero Jaime , Symons Julyan , Jones Pete , Buffler Andy , Geduld Dieter , Peterson Stephen W
Published: February 2021

Prompt gamma detection during proton radiotherapy for range verification purposes will need to operate in both active and passive treatment beam environments. This paper describes prompt gamma measurements using a high resolution 2″ × 2″ LaBr3 detector for a 200 MeV clinical passive-scatter proton beam. These measurements examine the most likely discrete prompt gamma rays emitted from tissue by detecting gammas produced in water, Perspex, carbon and liquid-nitrogen targets. Measurements were carried out at several positions around the depth corresponding to the location of the Bragg peak for water and Perspex targets in order to investigate prompt gamma emission as a function of depth along the beam path. This work also focused on validating the Geant4 Monte Carlo model of the passive-scatter proton beam line and LaBr3 detector by making a direct comparison between the simulated and experimental results. The initial prompt gamma measurements were overwhelmed by the high amount of scattered radiation when measuring at isocenter, shifting the target further downstream from the final collimator significantly reduced the background radiation. Prompt gamma peaks were then clearly identified for the water, Perspex and graphite targets. The developed Geant4 Monte Carlo model was able to replicate the measured prompt gamma ray energy spectra, including production for important photopeaks to within 10%, except for the 4.44 MeV peak from the water target, which had more than a 50% overestimation of the number of produced prompt gamma rays. The prompt gamma measurements at various depths correlated well with the proton dose deposition; the 4.44 and 6.13 MeV photopeak profiles peaked within 1 cm of the Bragg peak and the R50% value for the 3–7 MeV energy range predicted the proton range within 8 mm.
The investigation of OH radicals produced in a DC glow discharge by laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: LIU Feng , ZHUANG Yue , CHU Haijing , FANG Zhi , WANG Wenchun
Published: February 2021

In this paper the OH radicals produced by a needle–plate negative DC discharge in water vapor, N2 + H2O mixture gas and He + H2O mixture gas are investigated by a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) system. With a ballast resistor in the circuit, the discharge current is limited and the discharges remain in glow. The OH rotation temperature is obtained from fluorescence rotational branch fitting, and is about 350 K in pure water vapor. The effects of the discharge current and gas pressure on the production and quenching processes of OH radicals are investigated. The results show that in water vapor and He + H2O mixture gas the fluorescence intensity of OH stays nearly constant with increasing discharge current, and in N2 + H2O mixture gas the fluorescence intensity of OH increases with increasing discharge current. In water vapor and N2 + H2O mixture gas the fluorescence intensity of OH decreases with increasing gas pressure in the studied pressure range, and in He + H2O mixture gas the fluorescence intensity of OH shows a maximum value within the studied gas pressure range. The physicochemical reactions between electrons, radicals, ground and metastable molecules are discussed. The results in this work contribute to the optimization of plasma reactivity and the establishment of a molecule reaction dynamics model.
Diagnostics of a microhollow cathode discharge at atmospheric pressure
Authors: ZHOU Chen , LI Yueying , YU Zhi , YAO Jingfeng , YUAN Chengxun , ZHOU Zhongxiang
Published: February 2021

Based on a sandwich-like structure, a microhollow cathode discharge device is designed, and a stable discharge is realized by injecting helium into the discharge region of the device at atmospheric pressure. A wall probe is used to determine the relevant parameters of the plasma generated by the device, such as particle density, electron temperature, and the electron distribution function. At the same time, a sink parameter is used to correct the electron distribution function of the wall-probe diagnostics, and to further study the relationship between electron density and the electron temperature of the corrected electron distribution function.
Holocaust Experience and Mortality Patterns: 4-Decade Follow-up in a Population-Based Cohort
Authors: Youssim Iaroslav , Gorfine Malka , Calderon-Margalit Ronit , Manor Orly , Paltiel Ora , Siscovick David S , Friedlander Yechiel , Hochner Hagit
Published: February 2021

Research on mortality associated with exposure to the Holocaust is relevant for a better understanding of the effects of genocides on survivors. To our knowledge, previous studies have not investigated the long-term cause-specific mortality of Holocaust survivors. We compared mortality rates among Israelis born in European countries controlled by the Nazis during World War II with those among Israelis of European descent who did not have this exposure. Records of 22,671 people (45% women; 5,042 survivors) from the population-based Jerusalem Perinatal Study (1964–1976) were linked to the Israeli Population Registry, which was updated through 2016. Cox models were used for analysis, with 2-sided tests of statistical significance. Risk of all-cause mortality was higher among exposed women (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 1.27) than in unexposed women. No association was found between Holocaust exposure and male all-cause mortality. In both sexes, survivors had higher cancer-specific mortality (HR = 1.17 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.35) in women and HR = 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.28) in men). Exposed men also had excess mortality due to coronary heart disease (HR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.77) and lower mortality from other known causes combined (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.99). In summary, experiencing the Holocaust was associated with excess all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in women and cancer- and coronary heart disease–specific mortality in men.
Measurement of Telomere Length for Longitudinal Analysis: Implications of Assay Precision
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Gadalla Shahinaz M , Lai Tsung-Po , Susser Ezra , Bateson Melissa , Aviv Abraham
Published: February 2021

Researchers increasingly wish to test hypotheses concerning the impact of environmental or disease exposures on telomere length (TL), and they use longitudinal study designs to do so. In population studies, TL is usually measured with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based method. This method has been validated by calculating its correlation with a gold standard method such as Southern blotting (SB) in cross-sectional data sets. However, in a cross-section, the range of true variation in TL is large, and measurement error is introduced only once. In a longitudinal study, the target variation of interest is small, and measurement error is introduced at both baseline and follow-up. In this paper, we present results from a small data set (n = 20) in which leukocyte TL was measured twice 6.6 years apart by means of both qPCR and SB. The cross-sectional correlations between qPCR and SB were high at both baseline (r = 0.90) and follow-up (r = 0.85), yet their correlation for TL change was poor (r = 0.48). Moreover, the qPCR data but not the SB data showed strong signatures of measurement error. Through simulation, we show that the statistical power gain from performing a longitudinal analysis is much greater for SB than for qPCR. We discuss implications for optimal study design and analysis.
Beyond Differences: Assessing Effects of Shared Linguistic Features on L2 Writing Quality of Two Genres
Authors: Zhang Xiaopeng , Lu Xiaofei , Li Wenwen
Published: February 2021

This study explored the relationship between linguistic features and the rated quality of letters of application (LAs) and argumentative essays (AEs) composed in English by Chinese college-level English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. A corpus of 260 LAs and 260 AEs were analyzed via a confirmatory factor analysis. Latent variables were EFL writing quality, captured by writing scores, and lexical sophistication, syntactic complexity, and cohesion, each captured by different linguistic features in the two genres of writing. Results indicated that lexical decision times, moving average type-token ratio with a 50-word window, and complex nominals per clause explained 55.5 per cent of the variance in the holistic scores of both genres of writing. This pattern of predictivity was further validated with a test corpus of 110 LAs and 110 AEs, revealing that, albeit differing in genre, higher-rated LAs and AEs were likely to contain more sophisticated words and complex nominals and exhibit a higher type-token ratio with a 50-word window. These findings help enrich our understanding of the shared features of different genres of EFL writing and have potentially useful implications for EFL writing pedagogy and assessment.
Onabotulinumtoxin Type A Dosage for Upper Face Expression Lines in Males: A Systematic Review of Current Recommendations
Authors: Kandhari Rajat , Imran Al , Sethi Nitin , Rahman Eqram , Mosahebi Afshin
Published: February 2021

Background

Botulinum toxin injection is the most commonly performed minimally invasive aesthetic procedure in men. Despite various recommendations by experts on the use of onabotulinumtoxin type A in the literature, distinct guidelines for its use in males and females do not exist.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to delineate safe and effective doses for the use of onabotulinumtoxin type A in males for correction of upper facial expression lines.

Methods

PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, the Cochrane database, and Google Scholar were searched from 2002 to 2019 inclusive. Three researchers independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, checked for accuracy, and assessed the evidence with AGREE II.

Results

Average dosing recommended for the treatment of upper face expression lines was specific to glabellar frown lines, crow’s feet, and horizontal forehead lines. Changing trends and gender variation was noted in each of the studies. Six of the 11 recommendations suggest the need to alter dosing in male patients, although do not give separate recommendations.

Conclusions

There is an urgent need for up-to-date recommendations for the use of onabotulinumtoxin type A in upper face expression lines of male patients.
Fat Repositioning With a Combination of Internal Fixation and External Fixation in Transconjunctival Lower Blepharoplasty
Authors: Chen Jianwu , Zhang Tao , Zhu Xuanru , Huang Wenhua
Published: February 2021

Background

Various methods on transconjunctival fat repositioning have been promoted to treat tear trough deformities in patients with eye bags.

Objectives

The authors present a modified approach based on the facial soft-tissue spaces with the combined fixation method.

Methods

A total 226 patients underwent this procedure. Through a preseptal approach, the premaxillary and prezygomatic spaces were sequentially separated. Orbital fat was repositioned into the spaces together with the septum. The proximal part of the septum-fat flap was sutured to orbital rim with internal fixation, and their distal stumps were fixed to the end of the soft spaces with externalized percutaneous sutures. Surgical outcome was assessed by surgeons based on Hirmand’s grading system. Patients’ satisfaction and quality of life were measured using FACE-Q scales. Magnetic resonance imaging was employed to assess the long-term fate of the transposed fat.

Results

Tear trough deformities were eliminated in 86.7% of cases. Scores of lower eyelid FACE-Q decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Patients demonstrated enhanced social confidence (P < 0.05) and high satisfaction (74.3 ± 17.2) and were satisfied with their decision to undergo blepharoplasty (78.2 ± 18.7). Undercorrection occurred in 1 patient. Additional complications included transient granulomas, dye eye, unexplained swelling, and numbness, which resolved in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed viability of the transposed fat within 6 to 8 months follow-up.

Conclusions

Transconjunctival fat repositioning, utilizing a combination of internal fixation and external fixation, is an effective approach to treat eye bags and tear trough deformities with good patient and surgeon satisfaction.

Level of Evidence: 4
DeFusion: a denoised network regularization framework for multi-omics integration
Authors: Wang Weiwen , Zhang Xiwen , Dai Dao-Qing
Published: February 2021

With diverse types of omics data widely available, many computational methods have been recently developed to integrate these heterogeneous data, providing a comprehensive understanding of diseases and biological mechanisms. But most of them hardly take noise effects into account. Data-specific patterns unique to data types also make it challenging to uncover the consistent patterns and learn a compact representation of multi-omics data. Here we present a multi-omics integration method considering these issues. We explicitly model the error term in data reconstruction and simultaneously consider noise effects and data-specific patterns. We utilize a denoised network regularization in which we build a fused network using a denoising procedure to suppress noise effects and data-specific patterns. The error term collaborates with the denoised network regularization to capture data-specific patterns. We solve the optimization problem via an inexact alternating minimization algorithm. A comparative simulation study shows the method’s superiority at discovering common patterns among data types at three noise levels. Transcriptomics-and-epigenomics integration, in seven cancer cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas, demonstrates that the learned integrative representation extracted in an unsupervised manner can depict survival information. Specially in liver hepatocellular carcinoma, the learned integrative representation attains average Harrell’s C-index of 0.78 in 10 times 3-fold cross-validation for survival prediction, which far exceeds competing methods, and we discover an aggressive subtype in liver hepatocellular carcinoma with this latent representation, which is validated by an external dataset GSE14520. We also show that DeFusion is applicable to the integration of other omics types.