bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schmolling, Hoffmann, Hitzig, and the Problem of Legal Responsibility
Authors: Höcker Arne
Published: January 2021

This chapter details E. T. A. Hoffmann's involvement in the criminal case of Daniel Schmolling. In 1825, Julius Eduard Hitzig posthumously blamed his colleague and friend, the Romantic author and appellate court judge E. T. A. Hoffmann, for having been led by his poetic drive to overstep his legal competence in a criminal case that had been heard at the Berlin court a few years earlier. Only a footnote added by Hitzig to the publication of the proceedings from the murder case of Daniel Schmolling revealed Hoffmann's involvement in the case and his co-authorship of one of the deciding legal documents. It is because of this footnote and its revelation of authorship that the Schmolling case has attracted the attention of literary scholars and led them to look for intersections between Hoffmann's legal writings and his literary works. Through his legal involvement in the Schmolling case, Hoffmann develops a literary-philosophical perspective that informs his poetic program known as the Serapiontic principle, in which literature claims a position beyond the confines of reason.
Fantasy of Facts
Authors: Höcker Arne
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses Alfred Döblin's program of a “fantasy of facts.” It looks at his literary case history: The Two Girlfriends and Their Murder by Poisoning. Döblin's adaptation of the case of Elli Klein, who was accused together with her girlfriend, Grete Nebbe, of having poisoned her husband, appeared only a few months after the sensational trial of the women had been concluded. The literary case history was published in 1924 as the first volume of a series that the communist and poet Rudolf Leonhard initiated under the title Outsiders of Society: The Crimes of Today. Scholarship has emphasized the Outsider series' critical stance toward criminology and medical-forensic approaches to crime. As the opening case of the Outsider series, Döblin's short book can be seen as a precedent, doing justice to both positions that either emphasize the series' critical or rather reactionary character. With his double identity as a trained, practicing medical doctor with a pronounced interest in psychiatry and psychoanalysis and as a literary author, Döblin embodies the connection at stake in the series and seems an ideal representative of its program.
Conclusion
Authors: Höcker Arne
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies how the experience and cultivation of individual subjectivity that since the end of the eighteenth century was inextricably tied to literary discourse and narrative forms of storytelling seems to have been absorbed completely into a thinking and writing in cases. The previous chapters read Robert Musil's and Alfred Döblin's novels as poetological responses to this development. In The Man without Qualities, Musil suggests an essayistic style of writing with which the literary text distances itself from scientific and rational discourse without, however, lapsing into mere fiction. Moreover, the essay sets out to fictionalize rational discourse and pushes it to the very point where it coincides with the fiction that precedes it. Döblin, in contrast, confines his critique to that of narrative while affirming the validity of scientific methods. As a consequence, he rejects any psychological truth claim of literary discourse and attempts to turn the novel into a modern epos that approaches life in its unfiltered totality. The chapter then considers three phases of the discourse of literature, each of which reflects a transformation in the function of fiction that defines the particular historical status of narrative literature.
The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This book provides the first in-depth study of an ethnic minority region during the first decade of the People's Republic of China: the Amdo region in the Sino-Tibetan borderland. Employing previously inaccessible local archives as well as other rare primary sources, the book demonstrates that the Communist Party's goal in 1950s Amdo was not just state-building, but also nation-building. Such an objective required the construction of narratives and policies capable of convincing Tibetans of their membership in a wider political community. As the book shows, however, early efforts to gradually and organically transform a vast multiethnic empire into a singular nation-state lost out to a revolutionary impatience, demanding more immediate paths to national integration and socialist transformation. This led in 1958 to communization, then to large-scale rebellion and its brutal pacification. Rather than joining voluntarily, Amdo was integrated through the widespread, often indiscriminate use of violence, a violence that lingers in the living memory of Amdo Tibetans and others.
Tibetans do the Housework, but Han are the Masters
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the events in Zeku County and beyond from the end of the High Tide in summer of 1956 through the eve of the Great Leap Forward in late 1957. This period, referred to as an “un-Maoist interlude,” was marked by a retreat from plans for rapid collectivization and even saw a push during the One Hundred Flowers campaign to encourage open criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) so that its mistakes could be rectified. A centerpiece was soliciting critiques from United Front figures, particularly Han intellectuals but also leading minority nationality figures. Among the latter, many complained that the autonomy the CCP promised non-Han communities at the time of “Liberation” had proved more mirage than fact. Far from a reactionary stance, in the months following the Eighth Party Congress, this critique was widely promoted in Party and government circles.
Empty Stomachs and Unforgivable Crimes
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the aftermath of the Amdo Rebellion and its pacification. It highlights the scale of the violence committed in 1958 and afterward and considers its impact on both the lives of Amdo Tibetans and the Chinese state's nation-building ambitions. Evidence of this violence is littered throughout official Chinese sources and a spattering of Tibetan eyewitness accounts. If the latter are to be believed, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and auxiliary security forces responded to the rebellion with a campaign similar in tactics and cruelty to many of history's infamous counterinsurgencies. This included the widespread use of torture, extrajudicial killings, the emptying of population centers, mass incarcerations, and strategy-induced famine and epidemics. State security forces were not the only ones to commit acts of brutality. One report accused the insurgents of massacring livestock, looting, arson, sabotage, and even murdering and dismembering cadres and activists. Nonetheless, Chinese documents tend to buttress Tibetan descriptions of the state's systematic use of violence and terror against Tibetan and other communities.
Greek Orthodoxy Arrives in America
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter recounts the arrival and settlement of the Greek immigrants and culminates in the creation of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in 1922. It talks about the first churches the Greek immigrants established that provided them with a sense of community and security and underscored their ties with the Greek homeland. It also looks into the decision of immigrants to not become absorbed in the Russian Orthodox Church. This chapter explores the settlement of the Greek immigrants that was laden with difficulties, ranging from the uneven quality of the immigrant priests to divisions that reflected the political polarization that had occurred in Greece. It also discusses the dynamic metropolitan that was sent to the United States by the Greek government that restored order by creating a centralized governing body with authority over Greek Orthodox affairs all over the United States.
Toward an American Greek Orthodoxy
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter charts the Greek Orthodox Church's efforts to accelerate and deepen its American character. It talks about the Americanized second- and third-generation Greek Orthodox Americans that had been instilled with a strong sense of Greek Orthodox identity. It discusses the pan-Orthodox conference held at the Antiochian Church's retreat in Ligonier, Pennsylvania that acquired a degree of notoriety because of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople's rejection of its outcome. The chapter discusses Charles Moskos, a Greek immigrant who became an authority on the sociology of the US military. It analyzes Moskos's belief that Greek immigrants need to reorder their lives on arrival and conform to the socioeconomic realities of the New World and to its cultural norms.
Introduction
Authors: Lindsay Jon R.
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between information technology and military power. Digital systems now mediate almost every effort to gather, store, display, analyze, and communicate information. As a result, military personnel now have to struggle with their own information systems as much as with the enemy. Local representations of the world must be coordinated with whatever distant reality they represent. When personnel can perceive things that are relevant to their mission, distinguish friend from foe, predict the effects of their operations, and get reliable feedback on the results, then they can fight more effectively. When they cannot do these things, however, then tragedies like friendly fire, civilian deaths, missed opportunities, and other counterproductive actions become more likely. If military organizations are unable to coordinate their representations with reality, then all of their advantages in weaponry or manpower will count for little. The chapter describes the organizational effort to coordinate knowledge and control as information practice. It argues that the quality of practice, and thus military performance, depends on the interaction between strategic problems and organizational solutions.
Chicago Conquers the Midwest, 1850–1890
Authors: Spinney Robert G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Chicago in the 1850s, which had been thriving but remained an unspectacular frontier town and the unglamorous home of thirty thousand residents and miles of mud. It mentions the Swedish novelist Fredrika Bremer who described Chicago as one of the most miserable and ugliest cities she has yet seen in America, which she observed during her visit in 1853. The chapter talks about Chicago's population that would grow to 1.7 million, making it the second largest city in the United States. It points out the observation made by the French political scientist Emile Boutmy in the late 1800s regarding the United States as primarily a commercial society and only secondarily a nation. It also investigates how Chicago emerged as the preeminent “commercial company” in the world between 1850 and 1900.
The Fire, the Bomb, and the Fair, 1871–1893
Authors: Spinney Robert G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes three events that served both to define Chicago and reveal the city to the nation during the years between 1871 and 1893. It discusses the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the Haymarket Bombing of 1886, and the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. It also emphasizes on the enthralling stories of the three events that provided windows through which the late 1800s Chicago can be viewed by the world. The chapter talks about the fire, the bomb, and the fair that occurred within the context of late nineteenth-century apprehensions regarding Chicago. It also highlights how urban leaders managed the three events in order to combat the perception that cities were dangerous, immoral, and unnatural.
The New Immigration, 1880–1920
Authors: Spinney Robert G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the large numbers of immigrants who came to Chicago in the years between 1880 and 1920. It talks about the 2.5 million immigrants that were mostly from southern and eastern Europe. It also mentions the Irish and Germans that remained the largest immigrant groups in Chicago in 1880. The chapter draws attention to the pre-1880 immigrants, who were a product of what historians call the “old immigration” and quite different from the newcomers who constituted the “new immigration” of the 1880s, 1890s, 1900s, and 1910s. It points out that most of the pre-1880 immigrants hailed from northern and western Europe. Many of them, like the Irish and British, already spoke English and were familiar with Anglo-American culture.
Progressivism and Urban Reform, 1890–1915
Authors: Spinney Robert G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter speaks of Judge Murray F. Tuley and the Municipal Voters' League who sought to save the city from the Chicago City Council and their conspirators, the elected city aldermen. It analyzes how the Chicago City Council allegedly degraded the city by means of what Chicagoans called boodle, which was the selling of municipal favors or privileges by politicians for personal profit. It also describes Tuley's sense of a noble crusade of righteousness that was typical of Progressive Era reformers, who sought to purge their cities of corruption, dishonesty, and bad government. The chapter highlights the Progressive movement that swept America, manifesting itself in the reform of both national and local politics between 1890 and 1915. It explores the Progressive Era reforms that accompanied America's transition from a nation of farmers and artisans to a nation characterized by immigration, industrialization, and urbanization.
Reverend Edwards
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about Rev. Dr. Alvin Edwards, pastor of Mount Zion First African Baptist Church in Charlottesville. After the Charleston murders, Edwards reflected on what religious groups in Charlottesville could do to prevent a similar event of racial hate. It describes how Edwards realized that the lack of interaction between the black and white clergy in Charlottesville symbolized a broader theme in American life, the difference between diversity and integration. Viewed statistically, Charlottesville's religious community was racially “diverse,” but the lack of meaningful interaction between black and white clergy exposed a lack of authentic integration. This chapter discusses how Edwards countered the habit of estrangement among race by forming the Charlottesville Clergy Collective. A God-centered faith community of prayer, solidarity, and impact within the Charlottesville-Albemarle Region of Central Virginia.
Cue the Klan—Stage Right
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about the Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, based in Pelham, North Carolina that got into the Charlottesville act and applied for a permit to hold a rally in Charlottesville. It mentions the Loyal White Knights leaders Christopher Barker and his wife, Amanda Barker, who led the protest against Charlottesville's plan to remove the Robert E. Lee statue from Emancipation Park in order to stop cultural genocide. It also discusses Glendon Scott Crawford, a Ku Klux Klan member from Albany, New York, who claimed to have invented a radiation-spewing “death ray” gun that he planned to use to kill Muslims. The chapter highlights Jason Kessler's displeasure with Christopher Barker and the Pelham Ku Klux Klan's involvement in the Charlottesville arena. It also discloses Richard Spencer's disinterest and distanced himself from the Klan rally.
The Day of the Cross
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter recounts the call to conscience issued by Congregate Charlottesville, Black Lives Matter, and their allies, coupled with the ugly events in Charlottesville at the Ku Klux Klan rally on July 8. It mentions the sense of personal accountability for the storm of hate speeches that occurred in Charlottesville for several months. It also points out that the Stonewall Jackson, and Robert E. Lee statues were all erected during the Jim Crow years, in brazen defiance of the dignity of blacks. The chapter explains how the Lee and Jacksons monuments are suffused with the righteousness of the South's cause during the Civil War, which was slavery. It discusses the most intense hate speech in America known as cross burning, a symbolic ritual long associated with the Ku Klux Klan.
Sen
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws attention to Sen, the fifth Saigon sister. It mentions how Sen disliked politics but empathized deeply with the suffering of her people under the French. It also talks about her appeal to aspects of outdoor life in the maquis, especially working with peasants, as well as her condemnation of several practices, including the resistance marrying young city girls to older, uneducated soldiers. The chapter points out how Sen never shared her friend's “Far Left” tilt on the political spectrum. It also delves into Sen's observation of leaders chasing girls of a different class and her conclusion that most marriages in the maquis were for the worse because couples did not share similar culture, education, and customs.
Le An
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Le An as she joined an artistic troupe that performed for military units and youth groups during the war and spent over two decades living in northern Vietnam with the military. It mentions Le An and her troupe's crossing of the border and performance in southern Laos in 1971. It also details how Le An survived a period at the Seventeenth Parallel that was punctuated by the heavy bombing of Binh Dinh and Quang Binh Provinces. The chapter recounts Le An's return to southern Vietnam to reunite with her husband, who served in the army in North Vietnam. It points out how Le An's husband was not able to recognize her when she walked up to him at the rendezvous point in Can Tho after not being able to see each other for so long.
Introduction
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides a background of the American conservative movement. The conservative movement grew out of a once-isolated sect of anti-Communist activists; and as it moved beyond its parochial starting point, it gained in both sophistication and moderation. Today at its best, it supposedly advocates for civility in American politics and for the application of “values” to common life. Although the conservative movement, which has expanded as a media presence, admits to having changed over the years, it still offers a problematic self-portrait. Two developments are critical for understanding the direction in which the conservative movement has gone, particularly since the 1980s. One is the rise of the neoconservatives as the dominant force within the movement. The other development that would shape the movement, and one related to the neoconservative ascendancy, has been a growing flexibility on social questions. Over the years, one encounters different forms of “American conservatism,” some of which have vanished over time and others of which have been stifled or weakened by better-funded groups claiming the conservative label.
The Tory Right and the American Conservative Movement
Authors: Havers Grant
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the distinctions between the Tory tradition and what now passes for American conservatism. In the post-World War II era, many prominent voices of the American conservative movement portrayed their cause as a noble continuation of the traditional English conservatism that such worthies as Edmund Burke and Benjamin Disraeli defended in an earlier era. The chapter maintains that these claims are unfounded. By focusing on self-described Tory traditionalist writers such as George Grant, one can locate a wide gap between the neoconservative valorization of capitalist democracy and the inveterate conservative suspicion of what contemporary American conservatives are taught to venerate. Unlike traditional Tories, the advocates of “democratic capitalism,” wherever they are present, represent globalization, not a conservative defense of particularity and organic social relations.
Why the Alt Right Is Not Going Anywhere (Regardless of What We Call It)
Authors: Marcy Richard T.
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the Alt Right and how it has developed as a response to the perceived inadequacies of the authorized conservative movement. It focuses primarily on its psychological and cultural aspects. As the Alt Right comprises a number of different groups, each serving its own strategic purpose and distinct audience, it might be useful to unpack some of the different roles that individuals and groups are playing within the movement; one might then better understand the strategies and tactics of those individuals and subgroups. The chapter then cites examples of these tactics—for example, provocations leading to moral outrage from the Left and Republican establishment—and situates them within a broader cultural war. It stresses the efforts of a marginalized group to attract attention through outrageous gestures while at the same time aiming to join the political conversation. The chapter draws on relevant psychological and sociological literature and integrates historical scholarship dealing with earlier artistic-political avant-garde movements and their revolts against mainstream culture.
Comeback
Authors: Feldmann Doug , Ditka Mike
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how, for Bob Thomas, the arrival of 1983 represented a deliverance from the struggles and uncertainties of the past year. In February, he conducted an interview with the Notre Dame-based newspaper Go Irish! in which he detailed his experiences from 1982 and how an unshakable trust in God helped him navigate the storm to maintain his career in the National Football League (NFL). Thomas's solace in his reestablishment as the Chicago Bears' kicker permitted him to focus on off-season law work with Bochte and Kuzniar. Looking to grow in his second profession as well, Thomas soon came across another opportunity in 1983 that would allow him to pursue his true passion in the law. While in the courtroom one day that winter, he was arguing a motion against local attorney Jack Callahan, whose firm of Casey, Krippner, and Callahan almost exclusively performed trial work. Shortly after speaking with Callahan, Thomas was presented with an offer to join the firm, which he accepted. In addition to taking depositions and preparing and answering interrogatories, the new position also allowed Thomas to practice the legal activity he had been seeking—to be in the courtroom on a regular basis.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Feldmann Doug , Ditka Mike
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how, a full year before his defamation trial against Bill Page and the newspaper was to begin (and two years after the lawsuit was filed), Bob Thomas started his three-year stint as the chief justice of the Supreme Court in September of 2005 after being chosen by his colleagues to follow Justice Mary Ann McMorrow. Among other duties, it was Thomas's job as chief to set the discussion agenda for the justices when the court was in term. A few years earlier, Thomas participated in a conference in DuPage County, the Roger O'Reilly Symposium, which was named after a deceased attorney from Wheaton who long exemplified the virtues attorneys were expected to display. Among other presentations at the symposium, Thomas participated on a panel discussion about courtroom professionalism. What followed was the establishment of the Illinois Supreme Court Committee on Civility.
Regimes and Resilience Reconceptualized
Authors: Weiss Meredith L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that the durability of electoral authoritarianism rests not just on one party's winning elections, but on that party's using the opportunity those successive victories provide to reshape the political landscape, institutionally as well as culturally. It explains macrolevel policy enactments that not only build loyalty but also change citizens' incentives and approach to political legitimacy. At the subnational level, dominant parties magnify their own importance and opposition parties cultivate niches through partisan machines they deploy not just for elections, but also for tailored, ongoing service provision and outreach. The chapter also talks about a strong-party framework, in which politicians foster a personal vote by maintaining clientelist linkages with constituents. It focuses on dimensions that provide a different logic and are more oriented around elections as targets of manipulation and indicators for regime classification.
Russia's Entangled Embrace
Authors: Riegg Stephen Badalyan
Published: January 2021

This book traces the relationship between the Romanov state and the Armenian diaspora that populated Russia's territorial fringes and navigated the tsarist empire's metropolitan centers. By engaging the ongoing debates about imperial structures that were simultaneously symbiotic and hierarchically ordered, the book helps us to understand how, for Armenians and some other subjects, imperial rule represented not hypothetical, clear-cut alternatives but simultaneous, messy realities. The book examines why, and how, Russian architects of empire imagined Armenians as being politically desirable. These circumstances included the familiarity of their faith, perceived degree of social, political, or cultural integration, and their actual or potential contributions to the state's varied priorities. Based on extensive research in the archives of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Yerevan, the book reveals that the Russian government relied on Armenians to build its empire in the Caucasus and beyond. Analyzing the complexities of this imperial relationship—beyond the reductive question of whether Russia was a friend or foe to Armenians—allows us to study the methods of tsarist imperialism in the context of diasporic distribution, interimperial conflict and alliance, nationalism, and religious and economic identity.
The Embrace of an Empire, 1801–1813
Authors: Riegg Stephen Badalyan
Published: January 2021

This chapter clarifies the forging of the Russo-Armenian political partnership in the fires of the First Russo-Persian War, during which the shah's Armenians systematically assisted the tsar's military and political agents. It examines Russo-Georgian and Armeno-Georgian tensions and Russia's rivalries with its Western and Eastern counterparts. The chapter also explores how, and why, Armenians emerged as imperial Russia's primary partners in the early nineteenth century. Although the political symbiosis between Russia and Armenia blossomed in that era, they were already familiar to each other well before the onset of tsarist imperialism in the Caucasus. It investigates the Russo-Armenian encounter that happened centuries before the Romanov incorporation of Eastern Armenia in 1828.
From Manchukuo to Marriage
Authors: Yamaura Chigusa
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers a historical background of Japanese–Chinese cross-border marriages and investigates the ways current cross-border marriages are rendered comprehensible in light of history. It demonstrates that the notion of familiarity embedded and enacted within the Japanese–Chinese marriages examined here is enfolded in multiple layers of historical, political, economic, and cultural meaning. Revealing such relations shows how seemingly positive claims, such as those concerning familiarity or intimacy, are also produced within both past and present power dynamics. Moreover, the forms and implications of desires for border crossing are shaped by local particularities. Thus, by addressing the specific local histories within which the participants are embedded, the chapter produces a more complex picture of the logic of desire at work, one that incorporates local differences in ways a discussion of large-scale nation-to-nation relations cannot capture. In doing so, it suggests an alternative logic by which colonial memories create (dissimilar) conceptions of familiarity key to negotiations of marriageability.
Nostalgia and the Remains of Everyday Life
Authors: Nadkarni Maya
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that the various attempts to distance the past became the condition of Hungary for its return in the form of nostalgia for socialist mass and popular culture. It discusses the remains of socialism from anachronistic monuments and devalued historical narratives to the detritus of an everyday life now on the brink of vanishing, such as candy bars and soda pop. Despite appearances, this nostalgia did not represent a wistful desire to return to the previous era nor simply to the gleeful impulse to laugh at state socialist kitsch found years earlier. The chapter explains the detachment of fond communal memories of certain objects from the political system that produced them. It points out the ironic invocation of the international discourse of cultural heritage that legitimate the trash of the previous era and enabled Hungarians to redefine themselves as both savvy capitalist consumers and cultured democratic citizens.
Interlude
Authors: Gilbert Andrew C.
Published: January 2021

This interlude presents the sites, methods, and social settings of the author's fieldwork in northwestern Bosnia. The municipalities of Prijedor in the Republika Srpska and Sanski Most in the Muslim-Croat Federation were an ideal place to investigate intervention encounters because of the intensity of the refugee-return process there. The international community paid special attention to Prijedor because it had been iconic of the tactics of “ethnic cleansing” ever since the summer of 1992. The violence in the camps was accompanied by systematic efforts throughout the region to eliminate the physical evidence of the presence and culture of its substantial non-Serb population. It is for this reason that foreigners were initially bewildered by the desire of tens of thousands of Muslim refugees from Prijedor to return to their prewar homes. Though the institutions of the international community were reluctant to do what it would take to make such “minority return” successful, this did not stop those who wanted to return home. Across these sites of encounter, the author explored the discursive and institutional practices through which foreigners came to understand Bosnian society and politics, as well as their roles in Bosnia.
Entextualization and the Making of International Authority
Authors: Gilbert Andrew C.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the role played by an understudied but widespread practice of international intervention: entextualization, or the production and circulation of English-language text artifacts. It demonstrates how entextualization practices helped foreigners manage the uncertainty created by the expectation that they did not need to know much about Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to transform it, and their experience that their ability to fulfill their roles was limited precisely by their lack of this knowledge. Entextualization processes stabilized foreign knowledge of Bosnian politics and society by rendering it in terms that foreigners could understand, and this knowledge became the basis for intervention projects of various kinds. But the reliance on entextualization also created problems in intervention encounters between the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) officials and returning refugees. The chapter shows how the very practices designed to decrease uncertainty for foreign officials actually increased uncertainty for returnees, and this limited the ability of OSCE officials to fulfill their mandate to combat human rights violations and promote refugee return.
Space, Mobility, and Shifting Identities in the Constitution of the “Field”
Authors: Vora Neha , Kanna Ahmed , Le Renard Amélie
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on the experiences of the authors during a combined three decades of research in Dubai, Doha, and Riyadh, highlighting their shifting and contingent subject positions as they moved through urban spaces in the Arabian Peninsula and interacted with various interlocutors during their dissertation research. It examines how prevalent ideas about identity in North American and European societies, which have heavily influenced postcolonial and postmodern anthropological attempts to be more inclusive and attentive to subject position, are also forms of baggage that academics bring to the field. The chapter draws on feminist and postcolonial traditions of reflexive ethnography that have deconstructed the figure of the social scientist as a neutral and unmarked observer. It also looks at the production of the Gulf expat as a symbolic field in which imperial histories, concepts of race, neoliberal urban development, and nationalism intersect. By exploring the role of Gulf expats as both migrant laborers and participants in labor exploitation and class hierarchy, the chapter encourages an approach to labor and migration in the Gulf that highlights the region's connection to global networks rather than one that reproduces tropes of its supposed exceptionalism.
The Ascent of Market Efficiency
Authors: Polillo Simone
Published: January 2021

This book weaves together historical narrative and quantitative bibliometric data to detail the path financial economists took in order to form one of the central theories of financial economics—the influential efficient-market hypothesis—which states that the behavior of financial markets is unpredictable. As the notorious quip goes, a blindfolded monkey would do better than a group of experts in selecting a portfolio of securities, simply by throwing darts at the financial pages of a newspaper. How did such a hypothesis come to be so influential in the field of financial economics? How did financial economists turn a lack of evidence about systematic patterns in the behavior of financial markets into a foundational approach to the study of finance? Each chapter focuses on these questions, as well as on collaborative academic networks, and on the values and affects that kept the networks together as they struggled to define what the new field of financial economics should be about. In doing so, the book introduces a new dimension—data analysis—to our understanding of the ways knowledge advances.
Introduction
Authors: Polillo Simone
Published: January 2021

This chapter is based on a long tradition in the sociology of knowledge originating from the strong program that found answers by examining alternative arguments, disagreements, and pathways that were not followed. It mentions financial economists, who built their discipline on new ways of manipulating data. In the 1950s, these financial economists developed the capacity to muster data with ease in formats that permitted endless manipulations. And as a result, they began to use those data as truthful representations of markets. The chapter explains how financial economists use those truthful representations of markets to produce empirical patterns to which they could give economic meaning rather than frame data as foundations for new theoretical advances. In the case of market efficiency, financial economists articulated the notion of unpredictability of future prices from the data rather than from theory.
How Financial Economics Got Its Science
Authors: Polillo Simone
Published: January 2021

This chapter divides the scientific status of the discipline into two empirical questions concerning the degree to which finance is scientific and the kind of science financial economists pursue. Focusing on articles published in the Journal of Finance between 1950 and 2000, the chapter investigates the forms and practices financial economists came to rely on to communicate their results to one another. It also documents the ways in which financial economics changed as mathematics and statistics became dominant, and how mathematics and statistics changed the affective dispositions of financial economists. The chapter analyzes how financial scholars used specific communicative practices and inscription devices as a function of how they conceptualized expertise. It draws the more general lesson that techniques of quantitative analysis are no substitute for relationships of trust among knowledge producers, while pointing to the limited role numbers play in the construction of social knowledge when they are not backed by social relationships.
Regular Soldiers, Irregular War
Authors: Manekin Devorah S.
Published: January 2021

What explains differences in soldier participation in violence during irregular war? How do ordinary men become professional wielders of force, and when does this transformation falter or fail? This book presents a theoretical framework for understanding the various forms of behavior in which soldiers engage during counterinsurgency campaigns—compliance and shirking, abuse and restraint, as well as the creation of new violent practices. Through an in-depth study of the Israeli Defense Forces' repression of the Second Palestinian Intifada of 2000—2005, including interviews with and a survey of former combatants, the book examines how soldiers come both to unleash and to curb violence against civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign. It argues that variation in soldiers' behavior is best explained by the effectiveness of the control mechanisms put in place to ensure combatant violence reflects the strategies and preferences of military elites, primarily at the small-unit level. Furthermore, the book develops and analyzes soldier participation in three categories of violence: strategic violence authorized by military elites; opportunistic or unauthorized violence; and “entrepreneurial violence”—violence initiated from below to advance organizational aims when leaders are ambiguous about what will best serve those aims. By going inside military field units and exploring their patterns of command and control, the book sheds new light on the dynamics of violence and restraint in counterinsurgency.
The Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Violence
Authors: Manekin Devorah S.
Published: January 2021

This chapter identifies and analyzes the category of violence that is neither strictly strategic nor opportunistic. It builds on the assumption that in large, complex organizations, organizational strategy is a more complex phenomenon than implied by the conventional top-down or bottom-up dichotomy between strategy and opportunism. From the perspective of soldiers, the chapter attempts to recreate violent strategy on the ground in an environment of persistent ambiguity. It argues that, under conditions of uncertainty regarding the limits of permissible behavior, junior and mid-level officers have incentives to develop violent practices, sustained by the ambiguity maintained by the higher ranks. It also seeks to further identify and theorize the middle category of military violence.
Discursive Regimes and Everyday Practices
Authors: Rios Jodi
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the discursive regimes—the making and unmaking of truth—upon which cultural politics in North St. Louis County relies. The cultural politics of space deploys culture as a regulatory discourse to produce spatial imaginaries and social meanings that explain disparity as a “natural consequence” of inferior Black culture. Using a discursively produced cultural politics of suburban citizenship and capitalizing on expectations of suffering in spaces qualified as urban, leaders, administrators, and judges police residents. An emphasis on “good suburban citizens” is clearly part of the politics of truth used by leaders in North St. Louis County to justify state violence. Antiblackness, which is historically dependent on a dialectical construct of civilization and its other, is thus embedded in a localized understanding of citizenship and the terms for belonging. Modern interpretations of good citizenship based on capital accumulation further set the terms for good suburban subjects as functions of self-reliance and consumption that reinforce a self-perpetuating cycle of capitalism. This results in complex and nuanced relationships of race, space, and power that cannot be reduced to simplified readings of economic rationalism, identity politics, or racial imbalances in the police force.
Ontologies of Resistance
Authors: Rios Jodi
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the conflicts that arose between Ferguson protesters and local and national activist organizations, as well as the misrecognitions concerning relationships to, and alliances with, the Black Lives Matter organization and subsequent movements. These contestations of meaning, belonging, and territory, as well as concerns regarding who may speak for whom, reveal the multivalent and fluid conditions and constructions of blackness and gender. The Black diasporic subject is fundamentally shaped by shared loss, displacement, trauma, and forms of political death. However, the ways individuals and groups generatively (and differently) practice sociality and antagonize beliefs about “civil society” are creative acts that draw from particularized experiences across space and time. In this way, blackness is “the irreparable disturbance of ontology's time and space.” The resistance that emerged in Ferguson interrogated the boundaries of Black intelligibility and exposed the tensions and contradictions that simultaneously exist within the ontological totality of Black struggle. The chapter looks at some of those tensions in order to foreground the complexity and contradictions of an ontological blackness.
Coda
Authors: Rios Jodi
Published: January 2021

This coda explains how a cultural politics of race and space relies on the logics of antiblackness as described throughout the previous chapters. As a fundamental technique of biopower, power over life, this politics deploys culture to produce and police disposable yet profitable bodies in North St. Louis County. But to theorize the experience of living under the “racial state of municipal governance” as solely a form of social death denies how relations of power are dependent upon possibilities for resistance. While most people outside the protest family consider the Ferguson Protest Movement to be over, those whose lives were transformed across space and time are committed to fight in registers that go beyond those recognized by the liberal state. This resistance and the capacity to imagine other worlds crop up across the globe and are connected through a radical relationality that not only multiplies “the reals” but maps that which is currently unimaginable. Together these outcroppings create archipelagoes of life that sit within the sea of unsustainable ways of being and doing.
Media and the Making of a Buryat Public
Authors: Graber Kathryn E.
Published: January 2021

This chapter clarifies why the Buryat cultural leaders pursue ethnonational visibility within the multicultural “Friendship of the Peoples.” It talks about the native-language media that have been a special site of social action in Asian Russia in order to indigenize state-driven modernizing projects and build a Soviet Buryat public. It also explains the native–language media as a way to reclaim local and regional power through a minority elite and further linguistic and cultural revitalization projects. This chapter examines the role of native-language media in evoking a minority-language public alongside media that circulate other local, national, and international scales. It also focuses on mid-level, regional scales of belonging between the hyperlocal and the federation as a corrective to studies of media and globalization.
Description and rediagnosis of the crested hadrosaurid (Ornithopoda) dinosaurParasaurolophus cyrtocristatuson the basis of new cranial remains
Authors: Gates Terry A. , Evans David C. , Sertich Joseph J.W.
Published: January 2021

For nearly 60 years, skulls ofParasaurolophusspecies have been differentiated primarily on the basis of crest shape rather than on unique morphologic characters of other cranial elements. Complicating matters is the fact that crests dramatically change shape throughout ontogeny. Without a complete growth series, it has become difficult to assess the taxonomic distinctness of each species through the lens of allometric growth.Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatushas proven to be especially troublesome to assess because of the poorly preserved nature of the type and only skull. A new, partial skull from the Fossil Forest Member of the Fruitland Formation—the same geologic unit as the type specimen—is the first opportunity to re-diagnose this species as well as redefine the genus with many new traits. An undescribed, short-crested subadult skull from the Kaiparowits Formation of Utah previously assigned to cf.P. cyrtocristatusallows detailed comparisons to be made between the unnamed Utah taxon and the material of this species from the type locality. We find that several characteristics of the squamosal, supraoccipital, and premaxilla shared between the referred skull and the type skull are unique toP. cyrtocristatus(senso stricto) within the genus, irrespective of the overall crest shape. A phylogenetic analysis that includes six new characters posits thatP. cyrtocristatusandP. tubicenare sister taxa, and that the latter does not share a closest common ancestor with the long-crestedP. walkerias previously hypothesized. This result helps to explain why both taxa are found in northeastern New Mexico, USA and in sequential geologic units (Fruitland Formation and Kirtland Formation, respectively). Additionally, the exquisitely preserved new skull provides the first opportunity to unequivocally identify the osteological make-up of theParasaurolophuscranial crest. Unlike in previous reconstructions, the crest composition inParasaurolophusfollows what is seen in other lambeosaurines such asCorythosaurus, where the dorsal process of the premaxilla dominates the crest, with the nasal forming 80% of the ventral paired tubes, and the lateral premaxillary process acting a lateral cover between the dorsal and ventral tubes. The skull ofP. cyrtocristatusis still incompletely known, so more complete material will likely reveal new features that further differentiate this species and aid in determining the pace of ornamental crest evolution.
Literatura y crisis: escribir la dignidad
Authors: Olea Raquel
Published: January 2021

Este ensayo se pregunta por la escritura y los modos de narrar la crisis producida por el estallido social. Se trata de pensar los lenguajes posibles de algunas producciones estéticas: textos, cuerpos, signos individuales y colectivos que han permitido proponer sentidos. Escritos durante o después del estallido social, en un género tradicional o en una propuesta aún inédita de escrituras en papel o en otros soportes; con autorías reconocidas o en el anonimato de la calle y la voz popular. Estos lenguajes hacen ver que lo desconocido, lo todavía no dicho, lo aún sin historia se nombra en la potencia imaginaria de escrituras diversas. Esta diversidad produce un enriquecimiento de lo literario, en sus modos de relación con la historia
Trenes cordilleranos en documentales argentinos de la década del 40: figuras de integración territorial y trabajo épico
Authors:   Universidad Central, Vergara Ximena Andrea
Published: January 2021

En este texto se revisa la presencia de imágenes de vehículos motorizados, que aparecen en documentales argentinos de la década del cuarenta, y que dan cuenta de problemáticas como el territorio, la frontera chileno-argentina o el trabajo épico. Se analiza La amistad de dos naciones (Sucesos Argentinos, productor Ángel Díaz, 1942-1943) a partir de tensiones limítrofes entre Chile y Argentina; y El trasandino del Norte (Fernando Ayala, 1949), en relación a la figura del trabajador. Se consideran, como antecedentes o contrastes, filmes del periodo silente argentino y chileno, en este último caso, por medio de registros de prensa.