bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic behavior by market intermediaries
Authors: Olson Daniel M. , Waguespack David M.
Published: July 2020

Research summary

We explore how information intermediaries preserve relationships with firms they cover and differentiate from competitors while also maintaining legitimacy with their audiences. We find that intermediaries evaluating movies and video games delay disclosing more negative reviews of heavily marketed products so that they do not coincide with the major product marketing push. We also find that media organizations artificially differentiate themselves from their competitors. We demonstrate that critics are more deviant when they can observe another's opinion and that differentiation increases when they tend to evaluate the same types of products. Our interpretation is that information intermediaries do not simply provide objective reviews, but instead appear strategic in balancing pressures from product “suppliers” and competitors as they compete for the attention of their audiences.

Managerial summary

We argue that film and video game reviews by professional media outlets reflect two types of strategic behavior. First, intermediaries evaluating movies and video games delay disclosing more negative reviews of heavily marketed products. Second, critics artificially deviate their review scores from those of close competitors. We conclude that information intermediaries do not simply provide objective reviews, but instead appear strategic in balancing pressures from product “suppliers” and competitors as they compete for the attention of their audiences.
Effects of Water and Different Solutes on Carbon‐Nanotube Low‐Voltage Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Foudeh Amir M. , Pfattner Raphael , Lu Shiheng , Kubzdela Nicola S. , Gao Theodore Z. , Lei Ting , Bao Zhenan
Published: July 2020

Semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (swCNTs) are a promising class of materials for emerging applications. In particular, they are demonstrated to possess excellent biosensing capabilities, and are poised to address existing challenges in sensor reliability, sensitivity, and selectivity. This work focuses on swCNT field‐effect transistors (FETs) employing rubbery double‐layer capacitive dielectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene). These devices exhibit small device‐to‐device variation as well as high current output at low voltages (<0.5 V), making them compatible with most physiological liquids. Using this platform, the swCNT devices are directly exposed to aqueous solutions containing different solutes to characterize their effects on FET current–voltage (FET I–V) characteristics. Clear deviation from ideal characteristics is observed when swCNTs are directly contacted by water. Such changes are attributed to strong interactions between water molecules and sp2‐hybridized carbon structures. Selective response to Hg2+ is discussed along with reversible pH effect using two distinct device geometries. Additionally, the influence of aqueous ammonium/ammonia in direct contact with the swCNTs is investigated. Understanding the FET I–V characteristics of low‐voltage swCNT FETs may provide insights for future development of stable, reliable, and selective biosensor systems.
Hook Avoidance Induced by Private and Social Learning in Common Carp
Authors: Lovén Wallerius Magnus , Johnsson Jörgen I. , Cooke Steven J. , Arlinghaus Robert
Published: July 2020

It is essential for fish to respond appropriately when faced with a threatening situation. Accordingly, fish are able to reduce predation risk through learning. In addition to privately learned experiences, fish can acquire social information about a threat by observing the response of conspecifics and use such public information to adapt future behavior through learning. It is unclear if social learning can also influence the behavioral response of fish when faced with human‐induced threats in the form of angling. Using an experimental approach in the laboratory, we examined the influence of private (i.e., direct experience of hooking) and social information on angling vulnerability in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio—a species regularly exposed to catch‐and‐release angling. Compared with control groups, individuals with direct or social experience of catch‐and‐release angling expressed significantly elevated hook avoidance behavior during a short‐term vulnerability assessment hours after a catch‐and‐release experience. In the medium‐term vulnerability assessment, conducted within days after the threat event, fish with direct hooking experience continued to exhibit decreased angling vulnerability, whereas the social experience of catch and release did not consistently reduce angling vulnerability compared with controls. Yet, in a subsequent trial within days after the threat exposure, we found that fish with direct hooking experience and fish with only social hooking experience were both more cautious towards bait (corn) in the presence of a sham rig (i.e., a hookless rig with bait) than when only exposed to bait without a rig. Collectively, these results indicated that the combined influence of direct and social experience of catch‐and‐release angling induced a hook avoidance behavior in Common Carp. The extent to which the phenomenon of social hook avoidance learning exists in other recreationally targeted fish species and in the wild deserves further attention because of the potential to affect catch rates and population‐level catchability.
Voluntary Conservation, Not Regulation, Will Be Key to Monarch Butterfly Recovery
Authors: Mawdsley Jonathan R. , Simmons Tim , Rubinoff Daniel
Published: July 2020

Despite obvious challenges and evidence of recent decline at certain overwintering sites, the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) remains widespread and ubiquitous throughout much of its recorded range within the United States, and adults still migrate in the tens of millions to overwintering sites in México. We share scientific as well as practical concerns with the initiative to list the monarch butterfly under the 1973 Endangered Species Act (as amended) of the United States. We note the existence of large‐scale strategic conservation commitments for this species that are being implemented at state, regional, and international levels, and argue that these strategies should be pursued before invoking the formal regulatory protections of the federal Endangered Species Act. We also note a persistent confusion regarding the units of conservation for migratory monarch butterflies: although multiple migratory populations are often posited based on differences in overwintering sites, multiple lines of evidence indicate that North American migratory monarch butterflies form a single, panmictic population. On a practical level, we note the difficulties inherent in applying provisions of the Endangered Species Act such as restrictions on “take” and the designation of “critical habitat” to a species that remains widespread and ubiquitous across much of North America and many other parts of the world. We encourage the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to decline to list the monarch butterfly under the Endangered Species Act at this time. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Consumption of Wild‐Harvested Meat in Society
Authors: Goguen Amber D. , Riley Shawn J.
Published: July 2020

Wild‐harvested meat, defined as meat obtained through legal hunting of free‐ranging wildlife, has been part of the food system for most of human existence. Nonetheless, description and measurement of current roles wild‐harvested meat plays in nonsubsistence communities is lacking. To better understand this system and inform policy choices, we sought to identify characteristics of consumers, their consumption patterns, and how wild‐harvested meat is distributed through society including opportunities and barriers to consumption. As part of a longstanding quarterly telephone survey with standardized protocol aimed at providing statistically robust representations of the Michigan, USA, population, we asked questions about wild‐harvested meat. We estimate a majority of the current Michigan population (75% [95% CI = 71–78%]) and nonhunter population (59% [95% CI = 54–65%]) have consumed wild‐harvested meat at least once in their life. Never having had an opportunity (22% [95% CI = 15–30%]), diet or lifestyle (16% [95% CI = 10–24%]), and taste or smell (14% [95% CI = 9–20%]) were the 3 reasons most frequently reported by nonhunters for never consuming wild‐harvested meat. Thirty‐three wildlife species were reported consumed, of which venison was the most common (96% [95% CI = 94–98%]). Among the general population, frequency of consumption during the 12 months prior to our survey was as follows: 28% (95% CI = 25–32%) never had previously consumed venison; 23% (95% CI = 20–26%) reported having consumed it, but not in the 12 months prior to the survey; 20% (95% CI = 17–23%) had consumed it once or twice in the 12 months prior to the survey; 15% (95% CI = 12–18%) had consumed it 3–10 times in the 12 months prior to the survey; and 14% (95% CI = 12–17%) had consumed it >10 times in the 12 months prior to the survey. Hunters’ social networks played a key role in distribution of wild‐harvested meat. Hunting experience, social network, and race were the only influential predictors of wild‐harvested meat consumption. Hunting experience, social network, and level of urbanization of residence were the only influential predictors of frequency of venison consumption. Results identified pathways for movement of wild‐harvested meat in human food systems and could inform policy that addresses wild‐harvested meat. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Introduction
Authors: Rennwald Line
Published: July 2020

Against the backdrop of renewed attention to the working-class vote in both the scientific community and the political sphere, the ambition of this book is to provide a careful examination of the relationship between social democracy and its working-class electorate. The introduction first presents the context and the goals of the study. It then explains the conditions required for a detailed and precise analysis of the class basis of social democracy and outlines the approach used throughout the book. It also reminds the reader of the origins of social democracy and the broad transformation and crisis in this party family. It finally presents the choice of the six social democratic/labour/socialist parties at the centre of this research.
A Reflection on Classes; a Reflection on Parties
Authors: Rennwald Line
Published: July 2020

This chapter proposes a reflection on classes, on parties and on the relationship between the two. In order to analyse the class basis of social democracy, the first step is to take sociology seriously. The challenge is to define social class and work with a class schema that captures important divisions in the labour market. The second step is to take politics seriously. Social class becomes a useful category for political analysis when one includes the crucial role of political actors in class mobilisation. The third step involves taking history seriously in order to precisely draw the contours of a working-class party. The challenge is to avoid the serious pitfalls of over-estimating or under-estimating the working-class character of social democracy. After having taken these three steps, the chapter concludes with a description of the Oesch class schema used in this book.
The Class Basis of Social Democracy at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Rennwald Line
Published: July 2020

This chapter is dedicated to an empirical analysis of the class basis of social democracy at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The analyses presented rely on data from the European Social Survey 2010–2015. They show a strong tendency of social democratic parties towards becoming cross-class parties, mobilising no specific social class in particular. Despite the widespread assumption, only a minority of social democratic parties have become new class parties strongly mobilising specific segments of the salaried middle classes. The chapter also demonstrates that the working-class vote has become much more fragmented. In this group, social democracy now competes with radical left parties, populist radical right parties and abstention.
Renewing Social Democracy by Re-mobilising the Working Class?
Authors: Rennwald Line
Published: July 2020

This chapter concludes by summarising the main results of the book. It closes with a discussion on the renewal of social democracy and reviews current proposals and experiences. With this aim, it evaluates the role of the working class in social democracy’s future electoral strategies. It discusses the risks for social democracy in abandoning the workers’ vote and examines some factors that would facilitate the electoral mobilisation of workers in the future. Based on current debates on the future of social democracy, it then reviews possible ideological reorientations of social democracy and evaluates their chances of success among its (potential) supporters.
Incremental Learning Robot Task Representation and Identification
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Wu Hongmin , Rojas Juan , Xu Zhihao , Li Shuai
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, we present a novel method for incremental learning robot complex task representation, identifying repeated skills, and generalizing to new environment by heuristically segmenting the unstructured demonstrations into movement primitives that modelled with a dynamical system. The proposed method combines the advantages of recent task representation methods for learning from demonstration in into an integrated framework. In particular, we use the combination of finite state machine and dynamical movement primitives for complex task representation, and investigate the Bayesian nonparametric hidden Markov model for repeated skill identification. To this end, a robot should be able to identify its actions not only when failure or novelty occurs, but also as it executes any number of skills, which helps a robot understand what it is doing at all times. Two complex, multi-step robot tasks are designed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed methods. We not only present the results in task representation, but also analyzing the performance of skill identification by various nonparametric models with various modality combinations.
Nonparametric Bayesian Method for Robot Anomaly Monitoring
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Wu Hongmin , Rojas Juan , Xu Zhihao , Li Shuai
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, we introduce an anomaly monitoring pipeline using the Bayesian nonparametric hidden Markov models after the task representation and skill identification in previous chapter, which divided into three categories according to different thresholds definition, including (i) log-likelihood-based threshold, (ii) threshold based on the gradient of log-likelihood, and (iii) computing the threshold by mapping latent state to log-likelihood. Those method are effectively implement the anomaly monitoring during robot manipulation task. We also evaluate and analyse the performance and results for each method, respectively.
Nonparametric Bayesian Method for Robot Anomaly Diagnose
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Wu Hongmin , Rojas Juan , Xu Zhihao , Li Shuai
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, we introduce two novel anomaly diagnose methods using the Bayesian nonparametric hidden Markov models when anomaly triggered, including i)multi-class classifier based on nonparametric models, ii) sparse representation by statistical feature extraction for anomaly diagnose. Additionally, the detail procedure for anomaly sample definition, the supervised learning dataset collection as well as the data augmentation of insufficient samples are also declared. We evaluated the proposed methods with a multi-step human-robot collaboration objects kitting task on Baxter robot, the performance and results are presented of each method respectively.
Learning Policy for Robot Anomaly Recovery Based on Robot Introspection
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Wu Hongmin , Rojas Juan , Xu Zhihao , Li Shuai
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, the anomaly recovery would be acted when both of the anomaly monitoring and diagnoses are analysed, which aim to respond the external disturbances from the environmental changes or human intervention in the increasingly human-robot scenarios. To effectively evaluate the exploration, we summarize the anomalies in a robot system include only two catalogues: accidental anomalies and persistent anomalies. In particular, we first diagnose the anomaly as accidental one at the beginning such that the reverse execution is called. If and only if robot reverse many times (not less than twice) and still couldn’t avoid or eliminate the anomaly, the human interaction is called. Our proposed system would synchronously record the multimodal sensory signals during the process of human-assisted demonstration. That is, a new movement primitive is learned once an exploring demonstration acquired. Then, we heuristically generate a set of synthetic demonstrations for augmenting the learning by appending a multivariate Gaussian noise distribution with mean equal to zeros and covariance equal to ones. Such that the corresponding introspective capabilities are learned and updated when another human demonstration is acquired. Consequently, incrementally learning the introspective movement primitives with few human corrective demonstrations when an unseen anomaly occurs. It is essential that, although there are only two different exploring strategies when anomaly occurs, numerous exploring behaviors can be generated according to different anomaly types and movement behaviors under various circumstances.
Positivity constraints on interacting pseudo-linear spin-2 fields
Authors: Alberte Lasma , de Rham Claudia , Momeni Arshia , Rumbutis Justinas , Tolley Andrew J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract

We explore the effective field theory for single and multiple interacting pseudo-linear spin-2 fields. By applying forward limit positivity bounds, we show that among the parameters contributing to elastic tree level scattering amplitude, there is no region of compatibility of the leading interactions with a standard local UV completion. Our result generalizes to any number of interacting pseudo-linear spin-2 fields. These results have significant implications for the organization of the effective field theory expansion for pseudo-linear fields.
Second-order post-Minkowskian scattering in arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Cristofoli Andrea , Damgaard Poul H. , Di Vecchia Paolo , Heissenberg Carlo
Published: July 2020

Abstract

We extract the long-range gravitational potential between two scalar particles with arbitrary masses from the two-to-two elastic scattering amplitude at 2nd Post-Minkowskian order in arbitrary dimensions. In contrast to the four-dimensional case, in higher dimensions the classical potential receives contributions from box topologies. Moreover, the kinematical relation between momentum and position on the classical trajectory contains a new term which is quadratic in the tree-level amplitude. A precise interplay between this new relation and the formula for the scattering angle ensures that the latter is still linear in the classical part of the scattering amplitude, to this order, matching an earlier calculation in the eikonal approach. We point out that both the eikonal exponentiation and the reality of the potential to 2nd post-Minkowskian order can be seen as a consequence of unitarity. We finally present closed-form expressions for the scattering angle given by leading-order gravitational potentials for dimensions ranging from four to ten.
Critical collapse in K-essence models
Authors: Gannouji Radouane , Baez Yolbeiker Rodríguez
Published: July 2020

Abstract

We study gravitational collapse in K-essence model with shift symmetry. For these models, we have the formation of two types of horizons, event and sonic. For the particular case K (X ) = X + βX2 we found three different regimes. In the weak field regime the scalar field disperses to infinity, in the very strong regime both horizons form at the same time and finally for the intermediate regime, the sonic horizon could form first or both horizons form at the same time. The threshold of formation of the horizon is found in the regime where the sonic horizon forms first. We observe a universal behavior with a scaling parameter γ ≃ 0.51. Interestingly this universal behavior is encoded in the sonic horizon even if an event horizon is expected to never form because of loss of hyperbolicity of the equations.
Artificial miRNAs targeting CAG repeat expansion in ORFs cause rapid deadenylation and translation inhibition of mutant transcripts
Authors: Ciesiolka Adam , Stroynowska-Czerwinska Anna , Joachimiak Paweł , Ciolak Agata , Kozlowska Emilia , Michalak Michal , Dabrowska Magdalena , Olejniczak Marta , Raczynska Katarzyna D. , Zielinska Dominika , Wozna-Wysocka Magdalena , Krzyzosiak Wlodzimierz J. , Fiszer Agnieszka
Published: July 2020

Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are incurable neurological disorders caused by CAG repeat expansion in the open reading frames (ORFs) of specific genes. This type of mutation in the HTT gene is responsible for Huntington’s disease (HD). CAG repeat-targeting artificial miRNAs (art-miRNAs) were shown as attractive therapeutic approach for polyQ disorders as they caused allele-selective decrease in the level of mutant proteins. Here, using polyQ disease models, we aimed to demonstrate how miRNA-based gene expression regulation is dependent on target sequence features. We show that the silencing efficiency and selectivity of art-miRNAs is influenced by the localization of the CAG repeat tract within transcript and the specific sequence context. Furthermore, we aimed to reveal the events leading to downregulation of mutant polyQ proteins and found very rapid activation of translational repression and HTT transcript deadenylation. Slicer-activity of AGO2 was dispensable in this process, as determined in AGO2 knockout cells generated with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. We also showed highly allele-selective downregulation of huntingtin in human HD neural progenitors (NPs). Taken together, art-miRNA activity may serve as a model of the cooperative activity and targeting of ORF regions by endogenous miRNAs.
Condition monitoring of hydraulic cylinder seals using acoustic emissions
Authors: Shanbhag Vignesh V. , Meyer Thomas J. J. , Caspers Leo W. , Schlanbusch Rune
Published: July 2020

In recent years, there has been a growing concern for fluid spill from hydraulic cylinders in the offshore oil and gas industry. To diagnose the leakage from hydraulic cylinders, there have been attempts made in literature using fluid and pressure-based condition monitoring techniques. However, there have been limited attempts to monitor leakage from hydraulic cylinders using acoustic emissions. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been made to understand the fluid leakage in the hydraulic cylinder based on acoustic emissions. An experimental study was performed using a test rig (with a water-glycol as hydraulic fluid) which closely replicates the operation of a hydraulic cylinder. As piston rod seal failure is the foremost cause for leakage, experiments were performed using unworn, semi-worn, and worn piston rod seals. For each seal condition, experiments were performed for five strokes at pressure conditions of 10, 20, 30, and 40 bar. In this study, the continuous acoustic emission signal was observed for each hydraulic cylinder stroke. Acoustic emission data was analysed using different techniques such as time domain, frequency domain, and time-frequency technique. By using acoustic emission features such as root mean square (RMS), peak, skewness, median frequency, and mean frequency, it was possible to identify and separate non-leakage and leakage conditions in the test rig. By using AE bandpower and power spectral density features, it is also possible to identify the leakage due to semi-worn seal and worn seal in the test rig. This study lays a strong basis to develop a real-time monitoring technique based on acoustic emissions to monitor the health of piston rod seals used in the hydraulic cylinder in the offshore industry.
Psychology in management accounting and control research: an overview of the recent literature
Authors: Wibbeke Lisa-Marie , Lachmann Maik
Published: July 2020

For decades, management accounting and control (MAC) researchers have employed a diverse set of source disciplines to predict and examine behavior, and psychology is among the most frequently drawn upon. Although the literature confirms that psychological theories are highly relevant to MAC research, the existing knowledge on this field remains fragmented. Given this background, we examine recent MAC research through a systematic review of the different subfields of psychology to investigate the development of this stream of research. To do so, we collect 125 relevant articles from nine leading accounting journals between 2000 and 2019 and analyze their contents. On this basis, we provide a detailed overview of the use of psychological theories in recent literature and identify links between specific theories and MAC topics. We find that the quantity and proportion of psychology-based MAC research and the diversity of psychology subfields all increase during our investigation period, especially between 2015 and the first half of 2019. Overall, most studies address performance measurement and evaluation topics, and social psychology concepts are the most frequently applied. However, we find considerable differences in the application of psychological theories across different MAC topics. Our review provides insights into the content of this research stream and, thus, serves as a valuable source for researchers seeking an overview of previous investigations drawing on different subfields of psychology.
Sweat chloride assay by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: a confirmation test for cystic fibrosis diagnosis
Authors: Marvelli Antonella , Campi Beatrice , Mergni Gianfranco , Di Cicco Maria Elisa , Turini Paola , Scardina Paolo , Zucchi Riccardo , Pifferi Massimo , Taccetti Giovanni , Paolicchi Aldo , la Marca Giancarlo , Saba Alessandro
Published: July 2020

The current guidelines for sweat chloride analysis identify the procedures for sweat collection, but not for chloride assay, which is usually performed by methods originally not aiming at the low concentrations of chloride found in sweat. To overcome this limitation, we set up, characterized, and adopted an original inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for sweat chloride determination, which was designed for its easy use in a clinical laboratory. The method was linear in the range 8.5E−3 to 272.0E−3 mM, precision exhibited a relative standard deviation < 6%, and accuracy was in the range 99.7–103.8%. Limit of blank, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation were 2.1 mM, 3.2 mM, and 7.0 mM, respectively, which correspond to real concentrations injected into the mass spectrometer of 3.9E−3 mM for LOD and 8.5E−3 mM for LOQ. At first, the method was tested on 50 healthy volunteers who exhibited a mean chloride concentration of 15.7 mM (25–75th percentile 10.1–19.3 mM, range 2.8–37.4 mM); then, it was used to investigate two patients with suspected cystic fibrosis, who exhibited sweat chloride values of 65.6 mM and 81.2 mM, respectively. Moreover, the method was cross-validated by assaying 50 samples with chloride concentration values in the range 10–131 mM, by both ICP-MS and coulometric titration, which is the technology officially used in Tuscany for cystic fibrosis newborn screening. The reference analytical performances and the relatively low cost of ICP-MS, accompanied by the advantageous cost of a single sweat chloride assay, make this technology the best candidate to provide a top reference method for the quantification of chloride in sweat. The method that we propose was optimized and validated for sweat samples ≥ 75 mg, which is the minimum amount requested by the international protocols. However, the method sensitivity and, in addition, the possibility to reduce the sample dilution factor, make possible the quantification of chloride even in samples weighting < 75 mg that are discarded according to the current guidelines.
The Knowledge and Value Basis of Private Forest Management in Sweden: Actual Knowledge, Confidence, and Value Priorities
Authors: Eriksson Louise , Fries Clas
Published: July 2020

With growing demands on forests, there is a need to understand the drivers of managing the forest for diverse objectives, such as production, recreation, and climate adaptation. The aim of this study was to examine the knowledge and value basis of forest management behaviors, including different management strategies and management inactivity, among private forest owners in Sweden. Different dimensions of knowledge (declarative and procedural knowledge, assessed in terms of objective and subjective knowledge measures) and value priorities (basic values and forest values), as well as the role of forest owner identity, were examined. The study was conducted by means of a postal questionnaire to a random sample of private forest owners in Sweden (n = 3000, response rate 43%). The distinctions between actual knowledge (objective knowledge), confidence (subjective knowledge), and value priorities, in addition to the hierarchical structure of how these factors are linked to management behaviors, proved to be valuable. Results revealed that different knowledge dimensions and value priorities were jointly important for forest management behaviors. In addition, the role of forest owner identity for management behaviors was confirmed. Insights from the study may be used to develop policy and outreach to private forest owners and thereby facilitate different forest functions in private forestry.
Surgical Management of Primary Small Bowel NET Presenting Acutely with Obstruction or Perforation
Authors: Rajaretnam N. S. , Meyer‐Rochow G. Y. ,   The Commonwealth Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Collaborative (CommNETs) Surgical Section, Hallett Julie , Law Calvin , Pasieka Janice , Koea Jonathan , Meyer‐Rochow Goswin
Published: July 2020

Up to 35% of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) may present with an acute intra‐abdominal complication including obstruction, perforation, bleeding or ischemia and may require emergency surgical treatment in centers not normally accustomed to managing patients with neuroendocrine tumors. These patients may have a known diagnosis of SBNET, be suspected as suffering from SBNET or have SBNET diagnosed as an incidental finding on presenting radiology or postoperative pathology. Perioperative priorities include obtaining both clinical and radiological staging with cross‐sectional imaging and clinical examination, screening for the presence of carcinoid syndrome and right‐sided cardiac disease and assessment of prognosis. Intraoperatively careful attention should be paid to noting the presence and location of multifocal primary and metastatic disease. Ideally, surgical resection with mesenteric lymph node dissection is the treatment of choice for obstructing and perforating lesions. Extended lymphadenectomy along the SMA, SMV and behind the pancreas should be primarily considered an elective procedure. In unwell patients with advanced disease surgical bypass (jejuno or ileocolic) or proximal defunctioning should be undertaken but, given the excellent long‐term survivals in patients with stage IV disease, could be considered bridging procedures to elective resection following formal staging and multidisciplinary review.
The multi-mode resource investment problem: a benchmark library and a computational study of lower and upper bounds
Authors: Gerhards Patrick
Published: July 2020

The multi-mode resource investment problem (MRIP) is the multi-mode extension of the resource investment problem, which is also known under the name resource availability cost problem. It is a project scheduling problem with a given due date as well as precedence and resource constraints. The goal is to find a precedence feasible schedule that minimises the resource costs of the allocated resources. To compute these costs, the maximum resource peak is considered regarding renewable resource types, whereas the sum of allocated nonrenewable resource units is used in the case of nonrenewable resources. Many practical and complex project scheduling settings can be modelled with this type of problem. Especially with the usage of different processing modes, time and cost compromises can be utilised by the project manager. In the literature, some procedures for the MRIP have been investigated; however, the computational experiments in these studies have not been carried out on common benchmark instances. This makes a fair comparison of methods difficult. Therefore, we generated novel instances specifically designed for this problem and published them on the website https://riplib.hsu-hh.de. On this website, the instances as well as best-known solution values are available and researchers can also contribute their findings. We investigate these novel instances by proposing and evaluating lower bounds for the MRIP. Additionally, we analyse the proposed instances by applying heuristic as well as exact methods. These experiments suggest that most of the instances are challenging and further research is needed. Finally, we show some computational complexity properties of the NP-hard MRIP.
Learning wavelet coefficients for face super-resolution
Authors: Ying Liu , Dinghua Sun , Fuping Wang , Pang Lim Keng , Kiang Chiew Tuan , Yi Lai
Published: July 2020

Face image super-resolution imaging is an important technology which can be utilized in crime scene investigations and public security. Modern CNN-based super-resolution produces excellent results in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio and the structural similarity index (SSIM). However, perceptual quality is generally poor, and the details of the facial features are lost. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel deep neural network to predict the super-resolution wavelet coefficients in order to obtain clearer facial images. Firstly, this paper uses prior knowledge of face images to manually emphases relevant facial features with more attention. Then, a linear low-rank convolution in the network is used. Finally, image edge features from canny detector are applied to enhance super-resolution images during training. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve competitive PSNR and SSIM and produces images with much higher perceptual quality.
Ballistic protective properties of material representative of English civil war buff-coats and clothing
Authors: May Brian , Critchley Richard , Carr Debra , Peare Alan , Dowen Keith
Published: July 2020

One type of clothing system used in the English Civil War, more common amongst cavalrymen than infantrymen, was the linen shirt, wool waistcoat and buff-coat. Ballistic testing was conducted to estimate the velocity at which 50% of 12-bore lead spherical projectiles (V50) would be expected to perforate this clothing system when mounted on gelatine (a tissue simulant used in wound ballistic studies). An estimated six-shot V50 for the clothing system was calculated as 102 m/s. The distance at which the projectile would have decelerated from the muzzle of the weapon to this velocity in free flight was triple the recognised effective range of weapons of the era suggesting that the clothing system would provide limited protection for the wearer. The estimated V50 was also compared with recorded bounce-and-roll data; this suggested that the clothing system could provide some protection to the wearer from ricochets. Finally, potential wounding behind the clothing system was investigated; the results compared favourably with seventeenth century medical writings.
Interactive tool to create adjustable anatomical atlases for mouse brain imaging
Authors: Sack Markus , Zheng Lei , Gass Natalia , Ende Gabriele , Sartorius Alexander , Weber-Fahr Wolfgang
Published: July 2020

Objective

Brain atlases are important research tools enabling researchers to focus their investigations on specific anatomically defined brain regions and are used in many MRI applications, e.g. in fMRI, morphometry, whole brain spectroscopy, et cetera. Despite their extensive use and numerous versions they usually consist of predefined rigid brain regions with a given level of detail often degrading them to a non-ideal tool in special research topics.

Result

To overcome this intrinsic weakness we present a graphical user interface application which allows researchers to easily create mouse brain atlases with an adjustable user-defined level of detail and coverage to match specific research questions.
Sarcoma of the breast: breast cancer history as etiologic and prognostic factor—A population-based case–control study
Authors: Karlsson Fredrik , Granath Fredrik , Smedby Karin E. , Zedenius Jan , Bränström Robert , Nilsson Inga-Lena
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Sarcomas of the breast account for about 1% of all breast malignancies. The aim of this national survey was to explore etiologic and prognostic factors.

Methods

Utilizing national Swedish registers, all patients registered with mesenchymal tumors in the breast during the period 1993–2013 (n = 344) were identified and compared to up to ten age and gender matched controls. Cancer history was retrieved for cases and controls. Conditional Poisson regression models were used for calculation of odds ratios.

Results

Previous breast cancer was overrepresented among patients with angiosarcoma. The highest risk occurred ≥ 5 years after treatment for breast cancer (OR 73.9, 95% confidence interval, CI, 25.4–215; P < 0.001). An increase in incidence of angiosarcoma was observed during the study period (1.10, 95% CI 1.05–1.16; P < 0.001). The overall incidence of breast sarcoma increased from 1.52 to 2.04 cases per million per year. Angiosarcoma of the breast was associated with a significant excess mortality compared to age-matched controls (HR 4.65, 95% CI 3.01–7.19; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Angiosarcoma increased in incidence and displayed a more severe clinical course, with significantly shorter survival. The strong association between a history of breast cancer 5 years or more prior to the diagnosis of angiosarcoma points to radiotherapy as a contributing factor.
Effect of aeration, iron and arsenic concentrations, and groundwater matrix on arsenic removal using laboratory sand filtration
Authors: Coles Cynthia A. , Rohail Danial
Published: July 2020

Natural groundwater from the towns of Wabana and Freshwater and treated well water from the town of Wabana in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada were tested separately and together in sand columns to study the removal of arsenic. The most ideal conditions for arsenic removal appeared to include an arsenic concentration of approximately 35 µg/L and lower, an Fe:As mass ratio in the order of 65 and lower, and aeration of the sand media. Active aeration by pumping air though the filter, passive aeration by scraping off top layers of sand and virtual aeration by diluting the strength of the water being treated, were employed and compared. For tests where groundwater from the towns of Wabana and Freshwater was combined, arsenic removal was optimized and other elements, in addition to iron, were also correlated with effluent arsenic. Further, for these same tests there was a gradual increase in effluent pH that could have been due to oxygen depletion or gradually more reducing conditions in the sand column. Where Ni, Mn and Zn were correlated with effluent arsenic it was concluded that the increase in pH increased heavy metal removal and arsenic release. In the test where the treated Wabana water made up a greater proportion of the mix than the Wabana groundwater, lithium was also correlated with arsenic.
Corona and value change. The role of social media and emotional contagion
Authors: Steinert Steffen
Published: July 2020

People share their emotions on social media and evidence suggests that in times of crisis people are especially motivated to post emotional content. The current Coronavirus pandemic is such a crisis. The online sharing of emotional content during the Coronavirus crisis may contribute to societal value change. Emotion sharing via social media could lead to emotional contagion which in turn could facilitate an emotional climate in a society. In turn, the emotional climate of a society can influence society’s value structure. The emotions that spread in the current Coronavirus crisis are predominantly negative, which could result in a negative emotional climate. Based on the dynamic relations of values to each other and the way that emotions relate to values, a negative emotional climate can contribute to societal value change towards values related to security preservation and threat avoidance. As a consequence, a negative emotional climate and the shift in values could lead to a change in political attitudes that has implications for rights, freedom, privacy and moral progress. Considering the impact of social media in terms of emotional contagion and a longer-lasting value change is an important perspective in thinking about the ethical long-term impact of social media technology.
Making the (Business) Case for Clinical Ethics Support in the UK
Authors: Machin L. L. , Wilkinson Mark
Published: July 2020

This paper provides a series of reflections on making the case to senior leaders for the introduction of clinical ethics support services within a UK hospital Trust at a time when clinical ethics committees are dwindling in the UK. The paper provides key considerations for those building a (business) case for clinical ethics support within hospitals by drawing upon published academic literature, and key reports from governmental and professional bodies. We also include extracts from documents relating to, and annual reports of, existing clinical ethics support within UK hospitals, as well as extracts from our own proposal submitted to the Trust Board. We aim for this paper to support other ethicists and/or health care staff contemplating introducing clinical ethics support into hospitals, to facilitate the process of making the case for clinical ethics support, and to contribute to the key debates in the literature around clinical ethics support. We conclude that there is a real need for investment in clinical ethics in the UK in order to build the evidence base required to support the wider introduction of clinical ethics support into UK hospitals. Furthermore, our perceptions of the purpose of, and perceived needs met through, clinical ethics support needs to shift to one of hospitals investing in their staff. Finally, we raise concerns over the optional nature of clinical ethics support available to practitioners within UK hospitals.
Natural hydrogels R&D process: technical and regulatory aspects for industrial implementation
Authors: Catoira Marta Calvo , González-Payo Javier , Fusaro Luca , Ramella Martina , Boccafoschi Francesca
Published: July 2020

Since hydrogel therapies have been introduced into clinic treatment procedures, the biomedical industry has to face the technology transfer and the scale-up of the processes. This will be key in the roadmap of the new technology implementation. Transfer technology and scale-up are already known for some applications but other applications, such as 3D printing, are still challenging. Decellularized tissues offer a lot of advantages when compared to other natural gels, for example they display enhanced biological properties, due to their ability to preserve natural molecules. For this reason, even though their use as a source for bioinks represents a challenge for the scale-up process, it is very important to consider the advantages that originate with overcoming this challenge. Therefore, many aspects that influence the scaling of the industrial process should be considered, like the addition of drugs or cells to the hydrogel, also, the gelling process is important to determine the chemical and physical parameters that must be controlled in order to guarantee a successful process. Legal aspects are also crucial when carrying out the scale-up of the process since they determine the industrial implementation success from the regulatory point of view. In this context, the new law Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on biomedical devices will be considered. This review summarizes the different aspects, including the legal ones, that should be considered when scaling up hydrogels of natural origin, in order to balance these different aspects and to optimize the costs in terms of raw materials and engine.
Toward artificial governance? The role of artificial intelligence in shaping the future of corporate governance
Authors: Hilb Michael
Published: July 2020

The article explores the impact of the ongoing progress and adaptation of artificial intelligence on the practice of the corporate governance. It applies three lenses to artificial governance—the business, technology and society lenses—to assess the desirability, feasibility and responsibility of automating board-level decision-making to ensure effective corporate governance. Based on an assessment of the potential and limitations of human and machine learning for effective board-level decision-making, the article proposes five scenarios of artificial governance, i.e. assisted, augmented, amplified, autonomous and autopoietic intelligence, that are likely to shape the governance of organizations today, tomorrow and beyond. It discusses the implications of both the governance of and the governance with artificial intelligence in the three horizons and concludes with an appeal to board members to take an active role in understanding, imagining and shaping the future of artificial governance.
In Situ UV Measurements by MSL/REMS: Dust Deposition and Angular Response Corrections
Authors: Vicente-Retortillo A. , Martínez G. M. , Rennó N. O. , Lemmon M. T. , de la Torre-Juárez M. , Gómez-Elvira J.
Published: July 2020

Measurements by the REMS/UV sensor onboard the MSL Curiosity rover constitute the first in situ dataset of UV radiation flux at the surface of Mars. Due to its position on the Curiosity deck, the UV sensor has been directly exposed to dust deposition. Inaccuracies in the original angular response calibration functions have led to discrepancies between measured and physically-expected UV fluxes when the solar zenith angle ($\theta $
θ
) relative to the rover frame is between $20^{\circ}$

20
∘

and $55^{\circ}$

55
∘

. Here we present a methodology to correct UV fluxes when $\theta < 55^{\circ}$
θ
<

55
∘

for both effects, and show results of the corrected data set for the first 2003 sols (∼3 Martian Years, MY) of the MSL mission, from L$_{\mathrm{s}} \sim 151^{\circ}$

∼

s

151
∘

in MY 31 to L$_{\mathrm{s}} \sim 149^{\circ}$

∼

s

149
∘

in MY 34. Close to noon, when $\theta $
θ
values are typically < $30^{\circ}$

30
∘

, relative differences between corrected and original UV fluxes are ∼35 – 40% on average. Outside hours close to noon, when $\theta $
θ
is typically > $30^{\circ}$

30
∘

, relative differences are greater than 100%. Measurements acquired when $20^{\circ}$

20
∘

< $\theta < 55^{\circ}$
θ
<

55
∘

represent ∼45% of the whole dataset with $\theta < 90^{\circ}$
θ
<

90
∘

. UV fluxes generated in this study are available in the NASA Planetary Data System (https://atmos.nmsu.edu/PDS/data/mslrem_1001/DATA_UV_CORRECTED/), and are important to study the effect of UV radiation on the variability of atmospheric constituents, to recreate accurate UV doses for biological laboratory experiments, to perform combined analyses of satellite and ground-based measurements, and to allow comparisons of the UV radiation environment at different locations with the upcoming ExoMars 2020 and Mars 2020 missions.