bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Tools and Techniques for Managing Construction Project Delivery in Small and Medium Enterprises in South African Construction Industry
Authors: Agumba Justus Ngala
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess the management tools and techniques that are used to manage time, cost and quality and determine if the management tools and techniques used were effective in managing time, cost and quality. Fifteen small and medium construction enterprises accepted to be interviewed after they were purposively sampled in Gauteng province in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. This study reports the findings of in-depth structured interviews with directors and construction managers of the small and medium construction enterprises. The results were analysed using content analysis and the findings reveal that the management tools and techniques used to manage time were bar charts or networks; in managing cost, cash flow and cost breakdown structure or bill of quantity, and in managing quality, inspection of work and specifications. The respondents agreed that in using these management tools and techniques they were able to effectively manage their projects and attained the targets set.
Ethonomics & the History of Economic Thought
Authors: Samimi Ahmad Jafari
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this paper is to survey the relationship between economics and ethics in the history of economic thought. So the descriptive methodology of research is applied to find study and analyze the references which have been written about the matter. The conclusion shows that economics not only hasnâ€™t been detached from ethics, but also has been the subdirectory of ethics in the beginning. In the other word economics grew out of moral philosophy and eventually became one of the moral sciences but these two sciences detached from each other as times go on, and this detachment is not part of the tradition of economics.
Organizational Commitment of IT Professionals in Public Sector
Authors: Awan Zahid Mehmood , . Muhammad Khalil Shahid
Published: January 2020

This study focuses on the factors like salary/incentives, interpersonal conflicts, employeesorganization interface, job satisfaction and organizational culture, in order to clarify the behavior of organizational commitment among information technology employees in public sector organizations. The study provides an insight of the culture of public sector organization, which managers may use for the improvement of organizational commitment. The study tested and analyzed the proposed model, which gave valuable results. The result of the study also claims that organizational commitment may be increased.
Competency Strategies in Alleviating Poverty for Sustainable Development in the Teaching and Learning of Home Economics Education
Authors: Omoregbe Obasigie
Published: January 2020

This study looked at poverty scenario in Edo State and how Home Economics graduate from the universities can use their competency to alleviate poverty for sustainable development. A self-developed questionnaire of 4 point instrument was used for data collection from150 respondents from 25 shops in 2 zones i .e commercial and residential areas in Edo State. The data collected was subjected to frequency distribution count and percentage rating analysis. The findings shows that majority of the home economics graduate from our universities exhibited low competencies of less than 15.0% in business management feasibility, business risk management, business finance management, and creativity ability in alleviating poverty in their chosen business ventures: the reasons being that they were all involved in buying and selling cake items for baking, interior decoration items, provision and toiletries among others. Findings further revealed that all the studied respondents were highly constrained by lack of competency strategies; solutions were thus proffered and established for sustainable development.
Revisiting Health in Colonial Bengal: A Literary Overview (1880 -1930)
Authors: Bhattacharya Tinni Goswami
Published: January 2020

The essential theme of this paper is to highlight the condition of health and hygiene in the British Bengal from the perspective of official documents and vernacular writings, with special emphasis on the journals and periodicals. The fatal effects of the epidemics like malaria and cholera, the insanitary condition of the rural Bengal and the cultivated indifference of the British Raj made the lives of the poor natives miserable and ailing. The authorities had a tendency to blame the colonized for their illiteracy and callousness, which became instrumental for the outbreak of the epidemics. On the other, in the late 19 th and the beginning of the 20th, the vernacular literature played the role of a catalyst in awakening health awareness, highlighting the issues related with ill health, insanitation and malnourishment. More importantly, it became an active link between the society and culture on the one hand, and health and people on the other. The present researcher wants to highlight these opposite trajectories of mentalities with a different connotation. The ideologies of the Raj and the native political aspirations often reflected in the colonial writings, where the year 1880 was considered as a landmark in the field of public health policies. On the other, the dichotomy between the masters and the colonized took a prominent shape during 1930s. Within these fifty years; the health of the natives witnessed many upheavals grounded on the social, economic and cultural tensions.
A Review of Post Privatization Performance of Ashaka Cement Manufacturing Company Nigeria PLC through the use of Financial Ratios
Authors: Magaji Abubakar Muhammed
Published: January 2020

Privatization as a reform policy package has been adopted by both developed and developing countriesâ€™ economies. Nigeria as a developing country has large public enterprises which has about 57 percent of fixed capital investment and about 66 percent of formal sector employment by 1997. These enterprises performed below expectation due to multiple problems. Technical Committee on Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC) was set up to privatize the enterprises and the privatization have since commenced. The paper reviewed Ashaka cement company performance as a privatized enterprise after privatization. Managers of business organization must have reliable analytical tools for taking a rational decision. Ratio is one of such tools. Time series data from Ashaka Cement Company was used. The performance of the company has improved after privatization.
The Impact of FDI on Economic Development of Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Muhammad Tahir
Published: January 2020

The foreign direct investment has made its position better as a bundle of benefits during the last three decades at the global level. The ultimate result of its benefits for the recipient countries is often sought in term of economic development. Such results do not appear in the same fashion in all recipient economies and so provide the space to investigate this nexus at country level. This study is an endeavor to examine empirically the impact of FDI on economic development of Pakistan. For this purpose, the time series data covering the period (1971-2009) were used. For data analysis, the bound testing approach to co integration within the framework of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was utilized. The findings of the study supported the hypothesis of positive impact of FDI on economic development of Pakistan. The results also endorsed the views that the FDI is more effective than that of domestic investment.
Urban Regeneration for Sustainable Economic Growth: the study of Boro Bazaar in Khulna, Bangladesh
Authors: Reazul S. M. , . A.F.M. Ashraful Alam
Published: January 2020

The major dynamic driving forces of cities in developing countries are economic and social forces to change the urban system with the growing demand of population and urbanization. Of course, the problems are different and unique to a particular city based on the city growth pattern, economic and social character. Khulna, the third largest metropolitan city in Bangladesh with 1.2 million populations within 45.6 square kilometer was developed as a medium scale industrial city since 1950s. Previously the city economy was completely established on river-based trade and the city developed around the river port locally named â€œBoror Bazaarâ€ means big market place. The changing city form gave Boro Bazaar the shape of mixed-use zone rather solely commercial or business zone. Now, as a central economic hub in the city centre, Boro Bazaar needs to be more dynamic to response to the city economy and its growth pattern. For last one decade, Boro Bazaar has faced compact unplanned haphazard development even along the riverside just to meet the demand of rapid urbanization process. Therefore, it has become an urban challenge to revitalize the Boro Bazaar area to make more effective response to the rapid economic growth and to ensure better urban environment for the residents, businesspersons and the employers.
Female farmers Views to Absorb Future Generation in Farmingâ€“A Study of Rural Area of Sikkim in North- Eastern India
Authors: Dwivedy Nidhi , . AjeyaJha
Published: January 2020

The present study has analyzed the existing information about female farmerâ€™s views to absorb future generation in farming in the rural area of Sikkim in North- Eastern India and suggested some points so that the socio-economic condition of the stakeholders can be improvedthus making them understand the dynamics of the existing structures and helping the farming sector make sustainablebyattracting the younger age band.Keeping this in mind, data has been collected from 230 female farmers through interviews using a pre-designed schedule from 24 circles from all the four districts of Sikkim State. Based on their subjective judgments, female farmerâ€™s views to absorb future generation in farminghave been measured and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). Some descriptive statistics, such as percentage, mean, standard deviation as well as one sample t-test of inferential statistics is used to interpret the data. The findings of the study revealthat significantly no more number of sample female farmers on an average feel satisfied with the income they get from agriculture. Data in the study area also discloses that significantly no more number of sample female farmers would like to absorb their future generation in agriculture.Results pertaining to these findings have been discussed in this paper.
Relevancy of Corporate Financial Policies and the Profit Maximization View of Islamic Banks
Authors: Taskinsoy John
Published: January 2020

This paper examines relevancy of corporate financial policies and documents similarities and/or differences of how profit maximization goal is viewed by Islamic banking institutions (IBIs). Management of the firm is ultimately responsible for maximizing profits and increasing shareholder value, however this challenging task may get plagued by agency problems as well corporate financial policy conflicts. Agency problem is real and it is assumed to occur in most companies worldwide. However, the theoryâ€™s controversial nature and its narrow focus have not really convinced many scholars whether agency theory in fact provides any broad benefits to firmâ€™s stakeholders or not. Scholars seem to be divided into two camps on agency theory. Some authors think that agency theory pays too much attention to short-term goal of share price valuation and it hardly provides any real answers to firmâ€™s real problems. On the other hand, some proponents of this theory believe agency theoryâ€™s useful impact on capital markets.
Perceptions of Capacity Building among Youths Involved In Vocational Skills Development
Authors: Amadi Bede Obinna
Published: January 2020

As a way of tackling youth unemployment in Nigeria, the National Directorate of Employment provides capacity building in the form of vocational skills development for unemployed youths who lack skills in their areas of interest and are eager to acquire relevant skills. This paper examined the youthsâ€™ perceptions of the components or dimensions of capacity building imparted in them. A structured survey questionnaire was used in collecting data to ascertain the levels of capacity building among the participants, while descriptive statistics was employed in analyzing the data. Findings from the study revealed that a greater percentage of the sampled youth reported high and moderate levels of their capacity building- implying that the vocational skills development was a successful scheme. It is however recommended that constraints that impede the success of the scheme be addressed by policy makers to make the outcome of the skills training more successful.
Green Transportation a More Eco-efficient Option
Authors: Zahedi Shamsalsadat
Published: January 2020

Due to our lifestyle and way of using energy, especially in transportation systems, increase in green house emissions has become a threatening reality at present time and its impacts will be worse in the near future. Green transportation system aims to maintain a pollution free environment with lesser emissions and less impact on human health and on the natural environment. An eco-efficient transportation system means improving environmental quality, efficiency, and profitability by reducing unnecessary inputs and outputs in production and operation processes of transportation system. According to World Business Council on Sustainable Development, eco-efficiency is being achieved by the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resources intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level at least in line with the Earthâ€™s estimated carrying capacity. Eco-efficiency is a bridge between economy and the environment and is about increasing resource productivity and decreasing environmental pressure. Green transportation depends heavily on the energy linked to vehicle movements. Energy efficiency is affected by vehicle design, road infrastructure and operations. Every one of these factors should be reviewed from eco-efficiency perspective and environmental issues should become a prominent element in green transportation strategies, operations and technologies. Article will end with some recommendations towards green transportation, which is more eco- efficient option.
Gender, Elder Care and Care Workers in Thai Governmental Home for the Aged
Authors: Narknisorn Boontarika
Published: January 2020

Thai government discouraged formal care. Research on care workers and care work in Thai governmental homes for the aged was limited and unvoiced. This research aimed to investigate gender, elder care and care workers in Thai governmental home for the aged by exploring (1.) gender and care workers, (2.) how elder care was performed, (3.) care workersâ€™ work condition and (4.) care workersâ€™ work satisfaction. Qualitative research was employed to understand care workersâ€™ perspectives. Research techniques were observation, focus group interview and in-depth interview with all care workers in one Thai governmental home for the aged and interview with key informants. Identifying themes and content analysis was applied. The results showed that there were more female than male care workers. Care work was socially constructed to womenâ€™s roles. There was an awareness to include both genders in care work, especially demanding for same sex of care workers and older persons for personal care. Since there were high numbers of older persons, care work demanded work that is more physical. Care work was not a professional work and attracted more women who were unemployed or had low level of education. Care work was linked to unpaid or low paid work. Since Thai government discouraged formal care, more care workers experienced poor work condition and dissatisfaction due to double disadvantages of under valuation of care work and formal care. There were more dissatisfied care workers who expressed poor working condition as no advancement, inadequate salary and benefits, poor coordination among departments, conflicts among coworkers, which affected personal goals, family life and health of care workers. However, satisfied care workers expressed mental and spiritual fulfillment as love, care, attachment, life meaning and morality that could overcome negative aspects of care work. Research, policy, practical implications and recommendations were to create more awareness of gender and care work that links to care workersâ€™ work condition and satisfaction in formal care in Thailand.
Impact of the Effective Internal Control System on the Internal Audit Effectiveness at Local Government Level
Authors: Badara Muâ€™azu Saidu
Published: January 2020

Effective internal control system plays an important role in ensuring objective achievement of organizations. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between effective internal control system and internal audit effectiveness at local government level. The paper is a literature review paper and the paper concluded that effective internal control system can influence the effectiveness of internal auditors at local level. The paper needs to be validated empirically.
New Sight to Economic Development Progress in Developing Countries
Authors: Galooyek Maryam Jafari
Published: January 2020

Economic development is a current phrase that seems so easy to define, but in truth is too equivocal word. Although this word was born after the Second World War, Smithâ€™s invisible hand has already pointed the notion of economic development as growth in income per capita. Even today, economic development is synonym with the high level of income per capita and reduction of poverty to achieve the improved well-being and standard of living. It is the rational result of deep gap among poor and rich countries. Hence, development is not a word which we can put border for each especial dimensions. Development must include the other dimensions like social, economic, cultural and political development, all moving together. In this paper, we will show the usage of economic growth to explain a special filed of development is a mistake. A society will experience economic development when the whole of the dimensions of development is achieved along with economic growth. The final goal of this paper is to show a new viewpoint of development progress to prepare the background for human talent to flourish.
The Role of Corporate Culture in Maintaining Organizational Operations during the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Sabri Hala Abdulqader
Published: January 2020

The global financial crisis that unfolded in 2008 presents leaders and managers with many challenges. Yet, the lessons of this crisis also present opportunities to create more responsive and flexible organizations capable of overcoming the risks and troubles more effectively. However, in the midst of this crisis it is apparent that most of the attention seems to be devoted to changing regulatory structures and rules that affect corporate governance and the financial markets. This paper argues that the root causes of such crisis are deep and unlikely to be addressed through public policy or external means alone. Most of the problems during this financial crisis can be traced to that most CEOs and executives did not actually pay attention to their company's culture as they did with regard to their profits, assets, brands, and quality of products and services. The paper then explores the vulnerability of firms whose executives fail to manage their company's culture at the time of crisis with as much thoroughness as they apply to managing their financial, operational or technology risks. Finally, the paper lays out a leadership and management strategy based on the strengths of maintaining a strong corporate culture guided by adherence to the core values of the organization.
Characteristics of Thai Women Entrepreneurs: A Case Study of SMEs Operating in Lampang Municipality Area
Authors: Thakur Reema
Published: January 2020

Thai female entrepreneurs often establish entrepreneurial ventures as time-sensitive operations that are not necessarily intended to be the principal income generators for a household but act as supplementary sources of income. Such ventures might also provide other secondary benefits, including occupation for migrant women with no other occupation or qualifications, while the flexible nature of their operation can make it possible for operators to combine it with care for children or other dependents. It has also been found that network connections created and maintained by some entrepreneurs, including women, can be mobilized for other mutually advantageous purposes. This research study explored these issues through a questionnaire-based survey of 80 female Thai entrepreneurs. It was shown that the majority of these women started their businesses of their own volition and maintained autonomy over operations. The structure of these businesses is different, therefore, from family-owned businesses which tend and are intended to remain in operation for multiple generations and which have their destiny ultimately controlled by men. Various results of the study are discussed and used to draw conclusions and make recommendations about the management of such businesses in the future.
Bayesian Logistic Regression Modelling via Markov Chain Monte Carlo Algorithm
Authors: Acquah Henry De-Graft
Published: January 2020

This paper introduces Bayesian analysis and demonstrates its application to parameter estimation of the logistic regression via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. The Bayesian logistic regression estimation is compared with the classical logistic regression. Both the classical logistic regression and the Bayesian logistic regression suggest that higher per capita income is associated with free trade of countries. The results also show a reduction of standard errors associated with the coefficients obtained from the Bayesian analysis, thus bringing greater stability to the coefficients. It is concluded that Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm offers an alternative framework for estimating the logistic regression model.
Strategic Human Resource Practice: A Functional Framework and Causal Model of Leadership Behavior, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Job Performance
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: January 2020

Research objectives were to determine a functional framework and to synthesize a causal model of leadership behavior, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job performance of sugar company employees in Thailand. The study reported the responses of 591 operational employees from 24 sugar companies operating in different parts of Thailand. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS (version 11.5) and path analysis using LISREL (version 8). Research findings indicated that dimensions of leadership behavior, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment have mediated positive effect on job performance. Organizational commitment positively mediates the relationships between leadership behavior and job performance and between job satisfaction and job performance. Furthermore, leadership behavior is positively correlated with job satisfaction.
Human Capital for Quality Infrastructure Development in South Africa: A Project-Based Pedagogical Analysis
Authors: Qwabe Bongani Reginald
Published: January 2020

â€œTraditional/skills-based teaching doesnâ€™t meet the demands of our 21 st centuryâ€ -Garelick, 2012. The widespread effects of globalisation and new technologies demand rethinking of knowledge creation and labour force preparedness for 21st century development. The rise of a knowledge-based economy and information society requires public managers with human capital sufficient to fulfil developmental challenges. The demand for quality infrastructure in South Africa exceeds existing proficiency of human capital. The 21st century and South Africaâ€™s post 1994 challenges including infrastructure development demand a new generation of public managers and administrators equipped with acuity and negotiation outlooks, communication and problem-solving skills, research and analytical abilities, and cognitive capacity enabling them to promote, influence, and monitor project development and management in a substantially globalized world. From a pedagogical standpoint, while knowledge creation and innovative teaching strategies are arguably drivers of a labour force that meet challenge of development, the authors of this conceptual analytical article contend that traditional approaches of teaching project management in South African higher education institutions (HEIs) fail to adequately prepare students to manage â€˜real-world projectsâ€™ that foster growth and development. Rather, projectbased learning (PjBL) offers a strategic way forward to fill project management skills gap and project management knowledge deficit in the public sector, which should be subject to the recommended research agenda.
Service Innovation in Public Sector : A Case Study on PT. Kereta Api Indonesia
Authors: Anggadwita Grisna
Published: January 2020

Innovation is an important key for an organization to win the market competition, both in aspects of organization, culture, and business to produce an excellence service and product. Service innovation has been developed to respond quickly the demand of society that increasingly aware of the importance of quality service. PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) as one of the Indonesian state-owned companies engaged in public transportation made a breakthrough by launching a service product innovation, purchasing system of train tickets and new trains. This paper analyzes the types of service product innovation, success factors of innovation, and explore the barriers of innovation. This study used qualitative methods based on review of the innovation management literature and semi-structured interviews. The role of leadership has an important influence in shaping the behavior of the organization. These organizational learning concepts are used to gain a dynamic of service innovation, it suggests that the company should still perform improvement processes in developing service innovation to meet the challenges faced.
An analysis of Factors Contributing to the Increase of Tobacco Consumption in Bangladesh despite Restrictive Anti-Smoking Policies
Authors: Mursalin Ahmed Tariful , . Iftekhar Mahfuz
Published: January 2020

This paper examines an emerging issue rising up in a developing economy like Bangladesh â€œIndirect Marketing of Tobacco Productsâ€. This indirect marketing activity is currently moving under the radar of various government monitoring cells. As a result, there is an increase in the number of both underage and legal smokers in the country. The health risks due to the consumptions of the tobacco related products are now one of the widely discussed topics. Worldwide tobacco products are highly discouraged by both medical experts and governments. Governments in both developed and developing countries heavily regulated â€œAbove the Line Marketing Activitiesâ€ (ATL) utilized by the tobacco companies. Therefore, tobacco companies now employ â€œBelow the Line Marketing Activitiesâ€ to promote their products. Such activities include point of sale merchandizing, retailer advocacy and various discounting mechanisms. Tobacco companies in Bangladesh also employ such activities to advertise their brand portfolio. Although from a legal point of view, these marketing efforts are only employed to encourage the consumers to switch brands. However, the ripple effect of such marketing activities, growth of cigarette selling outlets (side effects of socio-economic condition of Bangladesh) and inefficiency in rigorous implementation of tobacco laws are encouraging underage/matured population of the country to become occasional smokers, who later on develop habitual smoking despite the restrictive anti-smoking laws. In this research, primary analysis is done through set questionnaires in the Sample Retail Universe (556 retailers randomly chosen from various parts of Bangladesh) along with â€œRetail Auditâ€ data used to obtain the industry trend analysis. A strong positive correlation can be observed between the industry growth and the different parameters used in the study such as effects of Below the Line Marketing Activity, growth of cigarette selling retail universe and weak implementation anti-smoking policies by the government. The research gives us an insight into the true picture of tobacco industryâ€™s surge with respect to the tobacco consumer behavior and the remedies needed to close the gap.
Micro-Credit in Conventional Banking: Would Islamic Banking be the Golden Age for Entrepreneurs? -The Mauritius Case Study
Authors: GUNPUTH Rajendra Parsad
Published: January 2020

The broad aim of this paper is to make an analogy between conventional banks and Islamic banking in micro-credit and the incentives they may provide for entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a Mauritian perspective? Indeed, in Mauritius traditional or conventional banks are more and more reluctant to give loans to entrepreneurs who are considered as high risk investors (their fragile entrepreneurs may collapse unexpectedly) despite they create jobs and employment. In contrast, in most Islamic countries Islamic banks allow businessmen and investors among others to have loans without interest (or riba) according to shaâ€™ria compliants and tailor made Islamic contracts (mudabara and musarakha) to support their innovations and proposals. Despite Islamic banking is at its burgeoning state it has expanded considerably in most Islamic and Arab countries. Would Islamic banks uproot conventional banks irrespective it is in Islamic countries or Western countries? This paper therefore adds to an already abundant literature on the subject-matter but it enlightens a central issue: would Islamic banking, shaâ€™ria law and Islamic economies be the golden age for entrepreneurs and SMEs in Mauritius and worldwide?
An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Budget Deficit and Inflation: a Case Study of Lao PDR
Authors: Saysombath Phouthanouphet
Published: January 2020

In this study we try to attempt investigating the dynamic relation between budget deficit and the inflation in the Lao PDR. Using annual data for the period 1980-2010, we apply ARDL cointegration method in conjunction with the structural VAR (SVAR) analysis to provide evidence for both the long and short run dynamics between the variables. We find that there is no long-run relation between the budget deficit and the inflation in Laos. In addition, we also find that there is Granger causality between the budget deficit and the inflation in Laos. The impulse response results in the SVAR model indicate that the budget deficit does not cause inflation but the inflation does cause the budget deficit.
Regional Inequalities of Land associated to Health Facilities in Rural India
Authors: Poddar Moumita
Published: January 2020

Rural population is often considered as a homogeneous population. The wide diversity among rural population is often ignored when health related issues are considered. The study emphasizes that heterogeneous composition of rural population leads to improper implementation of rural health facilities, which in turn leads to poor health conditions. It is argued that wide divergences in rural sector should be understood to roll out any such policy for the rural sector in particular. This paper attempts to show how heterogeneity in rural population affects the health status. The burden of disease and its effects are disproportionately seen in the poor, with a clear gradient in illness and morbidity. The most affected are the poor and vulnerable section of the population. The privileged section in rural society is termed as â€˜Rural eliteâ€™. Attempts have been made to define rural elites in terms of ownership of better facilities and endowments (like land). It is argued that the elites enjoy health facilities and have better health conditions. On the contrary, health status of rural poor is abysmal. The objective of the study is to explore the disparities between these two groups and examine how these disparities affect health conditions. The study reveals that the incidence of selective diseases is much lower in the case of rural elites. Despite progress in improving access to health care, inequalities by socioeconomic status continue to persist.
The Significance of the Agrarian reform in Nicaragua
Authors: Johannes Wilm
Published: January 2020

The term "land reform" is in Nicaragua often-times presented as a feature only associated with the government of the Frente Sandinista de LiberaciÃ³n Nacional (FSLN) of the 1980s (see for example Rocha, 2010; â€œLand reform reformed,â€ 1997; Zalkin, 1990), yet in this article I argue that some type of land redistribution has been the policy of all governments both before and after the 1980s, and that this process continues during the current FSLN government, but that the direction and the magnitude of the redistribution has changed significantly over time. One needs to understand this history and the considerations about Nicaraguans make about previous land redistribution patterns in order to make sense of what land ownership means in this country. While the land reform of the 1980s was the most direct redistribution, this article argues that land reform in favor of small-scale producers has been taken up again after 2007, even though it does not form part of official government policy. At the same time other factors seem to be if more importance in lowering economic differences.
Characteristics and Role of Women at Small Industries Manufacturing Leading in Sumedang-Indonesia and gender inequality are felt
Authors: Zuraida Umi , . Sri Herliana , . Sri Hartati
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study is to know the characteristics, role and gender inequality that was received in a workplace and in the home by women who work at small industries manufacturing leading in Sumedang district. Result of study can be used as a reference in realizing the government's policy of increasing role of women's doubles at the small industries. The research use descriptive analysis. Sample is 60 women who work at 15 main small industries that were taken by purposive. Primary data with questionnaire accompanied by interviews and direct observation. Women who engaged in small industries in manufacturing commodity Sumedang district have characteristic: all within the productive age with the highest number (76%) between 16 -30 years. Majority (60%) from primary school and 90% earn below the minimum wages. 50% of respondents turn over all the proceeds to the family, because motivation of their work is 53% to help their husbands in order to improve economy of family. Contribution to the family economy is 60% contribute very small, because their contribution just becomes part of the contribution of all other family members. Their role is majority (60 %) at finishing and packing. The respondent feel there is gender equality at the workplace, but there is still inequality in the family even though they not feel that it is an inequality.
Illicit Drug Syndication Threat towards Juvenile in Malaysia
Authors: Dan Zarina Othman
Published: January 2020

The issue of international drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking is a problem that is often associated with transnational organised crimes. Malaysia is of no exception where the threat from drug syndicates has become more prevalent especially since the existence of the internet facilities all over the world. Thus, this paper examines the reason why the juvenile are exposed to illicit drugs and are vulnerable to become victims to these substances to an extent that they are caught as Juvana offenders. This paper applying neolibralisme theoretical approach, as a guiding and analyzing the issue of juvenile involvement in illicit drug trafficking in Malaysia. Primary data was collected through document analysis, interviews, and for the case study, an interview was carried out on selected Juvana offenders. The findings of the research have shown the roles of the syndicates, to recruit the juvenile as trafficker as well as to bind them from staying away from the syndicate after they are released from the detention. It is hoped that by creating a more effective and systematic policy, the threat on juvenile from the illicit drug issue can be addressed accordingly and in turn, will enable them to contribute to the development and security of the country in the future.
Consumers of a Special Product Service Within a Changing Business and Social Environment
Authors: Trifu Alexandru
Published: January 2020

We consider that around the Consumer gravitate all the problems concerning any provider (supplyer) or distributor. The actual economic and financial world crisis shown, once more, that the firms have to conceive and develop theirs products and services according to the needs, the preferences and the budgets of the potential consumers. The domain of mobile telephony is the the specific production and service aspect addressed in this paper. Despite the crisis effects, this domain continued its expansion in Romania and not only. The communication is a necessity and the facilities, the devices and the revolutionary new IT technologies are essential in these days for many people, among them the Romanian consumers. The study case is based on the experience of a Romanian company, Vegastel (partner of the corporate entity "O", which has realised remarkable economic and financial results, just by the special attention to the requirements, preferences and financial potential of the clients (individuals or firms). The importance of the domain and its continuing improvement and reshaping entail for the firms in the field, including Vegastel, to permanent adapt the offer and take into account the consumersâ€™ feedback, such that to gain profits and to remain sustainable on the market.
Impact Analysis of the Village Fund Allocation (ADD) Toward Economic Community (Case Study on the Rural District of Namlea Siahoni), Buru Regency
Authors: Hehamahua Hayati
Published: January 2020

Rural development is the subject of development, as the movement of people in carrying out development based on the awareness to improve life better, given more than 60% of Indonesia's population lives in the village. The position is a strategic village a capital base that must be understood as a whole and integrated, both in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and constraints, as well as relationships with strategic environment, regional, national and international. Strategic implications of independence of the village in the welfare society is still a big question, because the village government's ability to use the budget. This study intends to investigate whether the allocation of funds village (ADD) to contribute to the economic empowerment. With institutional economics approach, the findings of this study are: Directional distribution of ADD for this can be seen from the reality that most of the village allocates its budget ADD to repair /improvement of physical roads, buildings, irrigation. Low contribution in encouraging community development and very little village which directs its budget for financing ADD more productive example BUMDes formation, Village Bank, and the Village Market. Capital revolving loan without interest for the development activities of small and medium enterprises as well.
Why Does New Payment System and Products (NPSPs) Vulnerable to Money Laundering?
Authors: Lisanawati Go
Published: January 2020

This paper will assess on the impact of the newest development on payment systems, which has been manifested in such kinds of payments products and threatening through money laundering. In order to increase the quality of peopleâ€™ lives in this technologically advanced era, many sophisticated products have been produced, such as virtual currencies, or other stored value cards. The anonymity characteristic of new payment systems and products is vulnerable to money laundering exploitation. The study of FATF, as reported by APG, shows that the AML/CFT risk has associated with the payment method (means as virtual currencies). There are some reason which may indicate the potentiality of AML/CFT. (APG, 2014). As a part of Scientific Research, this legal research will be using qualitative methods. It will assess on the implementation of virtual currencies in real world which is causing problem for anti money laundering. It is a doctrinal research and using conceptual approach to solve the problem. The result of this research shows that anti money laundering rules and regulation should be strictly implemented to virtual currenciesâ€™s problem in order to anticipate its vulnerabililty to money laundering. The Due Diligence should be developed further.
Islamic Entrepreneurship in the Light of Maqasid Al-Shariâ€™ah: A Critical Review
Authors: Shehu Farida Mohammed , . Al-Hasan Al-Aidaros
Published: January 2020

The objectives of entrepreneurship in Islam are guided by the Maqasid Al-Shariah. However, there is a mismatch between Islamic entrepreneurship objectives and Maqasid Al-Shariah based on available literatures, which have not been critically investigated. This paper presents a critical review of the literature within the Islamic entrepreneurship objectives and Maqasid Al-Shariah framework. The exploratory study adopting content analysis to achieve its aim found that the existing literature covered both the Din and Muâ€™amalah based objectives of Islamic entrepreneurship. However, there is dearth of literature that integrates the connection between objectives of Islamic entrepreneurship and Maqasid Al-Shariâ€™ah. It is therefore suggested that researchers should conduct more researches to examine the integration of Maqasid Al-Shariah in Islamic entrepreneurship, particularly in respect to decision making in handling entrepreneurship issues.
A Strategic Policy Initiative for the Post-relocation of Street Vendors: Case of Surakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Permatasari Anggraeni
Published: January 2020

Street vendors have emerged as a form of social response to maintain the survival of communities in going through economic challenges. However, street vendors have begun to have an uncontrolled growth; hence create social issues, particularly in large cities. In Surakarta, Indonesia, the relocation process of street vendors has been successfully executed by the municipal government. They have successfully managed to make street vendors agree to peacefully move to another area. Apparently, the relocation program is only sustained for several years. Most of street vendors have returned to their previous location, creating a huge chronic problem. This brief study aims at utilizing system thinking approach, using a causal loop diagram, to provide a framework for managing changes and complexity in the relocation process and to identify strategic indicators that may occur after relocation. The results are expected to contribute a defined framework for decision making process based on an analysis over the complex and dynamic systems of the relocation program. The results indicate that the municipal government of Surakarta may need to begin to formulate innovative activities through an improved public education and an enhanced street vendorsâ€™ empowerment.
The Analysis of Cocoa Production in Manokwari (The Case Study in Asai and Mubraidiba Village)
Authors: Marei Dominggus
Published: January 2020

The objectives of the research are used to determine: (1) the factors affecting the level of cocoa production in Asai and Mubraidiba village, Manokwari, (2) the difficulties faced by cocoa farmers there, and (3) the efforts to improve the productivity of cocoa in Manokwari. The analytical tool used is multiple linear regressions with a sample of 100 cocoa farmers. The results showed that negative factor that influence the level of cocoa production in Asai and Mubraidiba village in Manokwari is the wide of area (X1), age of plant (X2), the amount of fertilizer (X3) and total amount of the employee (X4). Among those several factors, the dominant factor that influence the level of cocoa production the most in Asai and Mubraidiba village, Manokwari is negative of wide area (b1) has a positive value in 6419 followed by the amount of negative number of employee (b4) also in positive value, 007. Then, age of plants (b2) has a negative value in -22 962, and the last negative factor is the amount of fertilizer (b3) also in negative, -.001. The difficulties faced by farmers in Asai and Mubraidiba are the absence of mentoring. Mentoring is needed by the farmers to give them some solutions for their difficulties. The efforts to improve the productivity of cocoa in Manokwari are harvest, pruning, sanitation and fertilization that are called as PSPSP, in Bahasa means Panen Sering, Pemangkasan, Sanitasi dan Pemupukan.
A Study of Participation Rate, Transparency and Accountability of Special Autonomy Funds Management in Jayapura
Authors: Mesak IEK
Published: January 2020

The aim of this study is to identify and review financial planning and management issues from Papua's Special Autonomy Funds in the fields of education and health over a period of 5 years (2008-2012) in Jayapura and to assess what issues of public concern in that planning and management. The observed object of study is the input, output and outcome of the implementation of the planning and budgeting of Special Autonomy funds related to the services for indigenous people in the education and health sectors in Jayapura. The population in this study is the local work units (SKPD) that manage the funds in both sectors and legislature in the government of Jayapura. The sampling techniques are non-multistage random sampling, non-random and purposive sampling. Data collection is through (1) Questionnaire. (2) Interviews (3) Study of Literature (4) Focus Group Discussion. All the collected date was analysed through the descriptive statistics and case studies. The results show that the medical staff at the health centres (Puskesmas dan Pustu), teachers and principals at the education centres as well as society consider that that level of participation, transparency and accountability in the management of public funds is less satisfactory for indigenous Papuans. Planning through village and districtâ€™s development planning meetings (Musrenbang) do not get involved health and educational institutions. The community is more involved in the planning process of the Strategic Plans of Village Development (Respek) Funds than the use of special autonomy funds; therefore the information about spending of Respek funds is easier obtained than the government spending on the special autonomy fund. In the compilation of the Proposed Definitive Plan, Development Planning Agency (Bapeda) need to get involved all SKPDs as fund users and the discussion of the Plan needs more consistency in funds allocation of the priority sectors as indicated in the Law 21 of 2001.