bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Descriptions and Illustrations of the First Instar of Diaspis boisduvalli Signoret (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
Authors: Hodges Greg S. , Howell James O.
Published: September 2017

The immature stages of many representatives of the Diaspididae have not been studied in detail. This work adds to the current knowledge by providing descriptions and illustrations for the male and female first-instar nymphs of Diaspis boisduvalli Signoret. Examination of the first instars indicated that the species followed similar patterns that were exhibited by D. echniocacti and D. bromeliae. Differences between D. boisduvalli and the other species included number of microducts on dorsum and differences in the pygidium.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen on Heart Contraction Rate of Navel Orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Zettler J. Larry , Soderstrom Edwin L. , Gill Richard F. , Mackey Bruce E.
Published: September 2017

Fifth instars of navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), were exposed to controlled atmospheres to measure the effects of elevated carbon dioxide and reduced oxygen concentrations and temperature on heart contraction rate. The atmospheres contained varying concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen and were produced by blending air with carbon dioxide or nitrogen. Carbon dioxide concentrations between 50% and 99.5% caused immediate cardiac arrest in A. transitella, but the heart contractions restarted after a transient delay. The length of this delay was directly proportional to the concentration of carbon dioxide, and contraction rate following restart was inversely proportional to the concentration of carbon dioxide. Cardiac arrest was irreversible in 100% carbon dioxide. Heart contraction rate of A. transitella was directly proportional to both temperature and oxygen content of the atmosphere through a range of 15°C to 50°C.
Impact of Insecticide Application and Mass Trapping on Infestation by Strawberry Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Authors: Rhainds Marc , English-Loeb Greg
Published: September 2017

The impact of insecticide application and mass trapping on the level of infestation by the strawberry sap beetle, Stelidota geminata Say (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), was assessed in cultivated strawberry. In total, more than 17,000 adults were captured in traps baited with whole wheat bread dough. Early in the season, captures were similar for traps at the periphery of and within the strawberry field, whereas captures were lowest within the field after fruits had begun to ripen. The presence of peripheral traps slightly increased captures of adults within the strawberry planting, suggesting that mass trapping of adults with food-baited traps may not be a viable management strategy. Applications of fenpropathrin at dusk or mid-day, between the appearance of ripe fruits and the first harvest, reduced infestation of fruits by sap beetle larvae. Fruits located on the ground were more heavily infested by sap beetles than fruits in the plant canopy, which either is due to foraging movements of adults on the ground or reflects differential suitability of strawberry fruits as a food resource for sap beetles. A positive relationship between captures of adults in traps and the abundance of ripe fruits suggests that the spatial distribution of foraging adults is influenced by the availability of food resources.
Effects of Color Pattern Arrangement and Size of Color Mass on Butterfly Visitation in Zinnia elegans
Authors: Reid Laurie S. , Culin Joseph D.
Published: September 2017

The popular literature abounds with design suggestions for creating successful butterfly gardens. In many of these sources of information, the implication is made that greater numbers of butterflies will be attracted to gardens having large masses of single, or similar, color flowers than to those having either several colors mixed together in an area, or those with single colors planted in narrow rows. In this study we used a variety of color forms of Zinnia elegans N. J. von Jacquin ‘Peter Pan’ to examine these two aspects of butterfly gardening. We found that changing the design of plots from blocks to rows to random placement of colors had no effect on butterfly visitation. We also found that increasing the size of single color plots resulted in increased numbers of butterflies visiting those plots.
Influence of Selected Insecticides on the Population Dynamics of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Its Parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), in Cabbage
Authors: Hill Travis A. , Foster Rick E.
Published: September 2017

The effects of insecticides on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L)., and its parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Cresson), were evaluated in the field. Insecticides applied for control of the diamondback moth caused variations in parasitism by D. insulare ranging from 20 to 84%. Permethrin applications were effective at controlling diamondback moth. Applications of spinosad also resulted in low diamondback moth populations; however, percent parasitism was higher than in untreated plots and over 4× higher than in plots treated with permethrin. Selective materials that conserve D. insulare populations and maintain diamondback moth populations below economic thresholds may reduce the frequency of application, thus prolonging the efficacy of these materials.
Effects of Previous Insect Feeding Injury to Sweet Potato on Resistance to Sweet Potato Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Storage Root Chemistry
Authors: Mao Lixin , Story Richard N. , Hammond Abner M. , Peterson Joseph K. , Labonte Don R.
Published: September 2017

The effects of root and foliage feeding on sweet potato resistance to sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F.), and on the levels of resin glycoside and caffeic acid in sweet potato storage root periderm tissues were studied. Genotypes (“Beauregard,” “Excel,” “W-244,” “W250,” and “Sumor”) with varying levels of sweet potato weevil resistance were evaluated. Adult banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte, and larval Spodoptera latifascia (Walker) were introduced onto caged sweet potato plants in the field to elicit root feeding and defoliation on plants. Storage roots were evaluated for sweet potato weevil resistance by quantifying sweet potato weevil adult feeding, oviposition, larval survival, and pupal weight. Both root and foliage injuries were associated with an increase in oviposition (significant in 1998 but not in 1997), but there was no association with adult feeding, larval survival and pupal weight. Genotype had a significant effect on adult feeding, oviposition, and larval survival but not on pupal weight. Root and foliage injuries did not have a significant effect on the levels of resin glycoside and caffeic acid in storage roots. The levels of these compounds differed significantly among genotypes, but there was no apparent relationship between sweet potato weevil resistance (antibiosis) and the levels of these compounds.
Development of Integrated Pest Management Programs for the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)1
Authors: Drees Bastiaan M. , Gold Roger E.
Published: September 2017

The historic development of integrated pest management (IPM) approaches or programs for the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, are discussed. Initial attempts to eradicate this species in the U.S. failed. In the early 1980′s site-specific, goal-oriented approaches were developed by adapting IPM concepts to fire ant problem areas. These programs have evolved over time and, more recently, the concept of managing fire ants on an area-wide or community-wide basis has been demonstrated. Currently, efforts are being made to investigate biological control agents to develop biologically-intensive IPM programs.
Role of Oleoresin Flow in Initial Colonization of Loblolly Pine by Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Tisdale Robert A. , Nebeker T. Evan , Hodges John D.
Published: September 2017

The influence of total resin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on initial colonization by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was investigated. Resin flow of trees was manipulated mechanically so that it followed the same pattern of decrease and near cessation as seen in trees successfully attacked by southern pine beetle. There were also intermediate treatments where resin flow was allowed to recover after near cessation. Beetles were introduced by means of mesh cages attached to the mid-bole of trees and left until the end of the longest wounding treatment. In trees where resin flow was reduced, significant increases in number of attacks, total gallery length, and length of gallery free of resin occurred.
Fate of Conifer Terpenes in a Polyphagous Folivore: Evidence for Metabolism by Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Powell Jaimie S. , Raffa Kenneth F.
Published: September 2017

Conifers comprise a substantial portion of the host range of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. In this study, the effects and fates of the predominant conifer phytochemicals, monoterpenes and diterpene acids, were determined. Gypsy moth larvae were fed physiological levels of three monoterpenes (bornyl acetate, limonene, and myrcene) and two diterpene acids (isopimaric acid and neoabietic acid) for the duration of their second, third, and fourth stadia. Frass was collected daily, and larvae and exuviae were collected after the completion of the stadium. These samples were chemically analyzed for parent terpenes or their metabolites. Overall, gypsy moth larvae were highly tolerant of all terpenes administered, despite some treatment effects. Limonene, myrcene, isopimaric acid, and neoabietic acid were not recovered suggesting that, once ingested, these terpenes were converted into other products. Bornyl acetate was metabolized in part to borneol and also was recovered in small quantities from frass. Its metabolite borneol was mostly excreted, with a small amount remaining in body tissues. Additional experiments were performed, determining that monoterpenes were effectively ingested, and that monoterpenes were not lost substantially through volatilization from diet or larvae. There was no evidence that terpene metabolism was due to P450 enzymes or esterases, although these results are inconclusive. Gut bacteria do not appear to be primarily responsible for terpene metabolism.
Responses of Ips pini (Say), Pityogenes knechteli Swaine and Associated Beetles (Coleoptera) to Host Monoterpenes in Stands of Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Miller Daniel R. , Borden John H.
Published: September 2017

We conducted seven experiments in stands of mature lodgepole pine in southern British Columbia to elucidate the role of host volatiles in the semiochemical ecology of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with particular reference to the behavioral responses of predators and competing species of bark beetles. Our results demonstrated that the attraction of Ips pini and the bark beetle predators Lasconotus complex LeConte (Colydiidae), Thanasimus undatulus (Say) (Cleridae) and a Corticeus sp. (Tenebrionidae) were increased by 3-carene. In contrast, attraction of the bark beetle Pityogenes knechteli Swaine (Scolytidae) to ipsdienol was interrupted by 3-carene and α-pinene. Attraction of L. complex to ipsdienol was increased by γ-terpinene, a compound attractive to the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Scolytidae). Terpinolene interrupted the attraction of I. pini to ipsdienol.
Effects of Gyrase Inhibitors on the Total Protein Content of Pimpla turionellae L. Reared on an Artificial Diet
Authors: Büyükgüzel Kemal , İçen Ender
Published: September 2017

The effects of antibiotics, novobiocin, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, singly and in combinations, on the wet weight and total protein content of the hymenopterous endoparasitoid, Pimpla turionellae L., were investigated by rearing the larvae aseptically on chemically defined synthetic diets. Oxolinic acid, at all levels tested, caused a greater increase in the total protein content of the young pupae than other antibiotics; whereas, 2.25 mg of this agent decreased both the wet weight and total protein of adults. However, this antibiotic did not affect the pupal wet weight. High levels of novobiocin increased the protein content of the pupae but had no effect on that of the adults. The lowest level of this antibiotic significantly increased pupal and adult wet weight. While this level of antibiotic had no effect on pupal protein content, it significantly increased the protein content of adults. The highest tested level of nalidixic acid caused a significant decrease in the pupal and adult wet weight of the insect. This level increased total protein content of the pupae. None of the tested levels of this antibiotic had an effect on the protein content of the adults. The combinations with two antibiotics had no significant effects on the total protein content, while some increased the wet weight of the insect. Some ternary combinations of novobiocin, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid (6.0:2.0:0.75, 6.0:2.0:3,0, and 1.5:4.0:0.75 mg) significantly increased the total protein content in adults of the insect, and the combination of 6.0:2.0:0.75 increased the protein content and wet weight of pupae. It is suggested that these three antibiotics singly and in combination can be used in artificial rearing of this parasitoid.
Parasitoid Complex of the Mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Georgia, USA
Authors: Sun Jiang-Hua , Clarke Stephen R. , Debarr Gary L. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: September 2017

The parasitoid complex of the mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) was examined in two field populations in Georgia in 1995–96. Allotropa n. sp. and Zarhopalus debarri Sun were the primary endoparasitoids emerging from O. acuta. Adult abundance varied seasonally, with Allotropa n. sp. numbers peaking in June and Z. debarri in September. Parasitism rates of female O. acuta exceeded 60% at one site and ranged from 24 to 29% at the other site. The adult female was the preferred host stage for parasitism (76%), though Allotropa n. sp. and the endoparasitoid Acerophagus coccois E. Smith occasionally utilized second and third instar females as hosts. These two species exhibited gregarious parasitism, with up to 5 Allotropa n. sp. or 4 A. coccois emerging from a single host. Adult longevity of female and male Z. debarri averaged 6.4 and 5.3 days, respectively, and access to a food source usually increased adult lifespan. Female Z. debarri contained an average of 119 eggs, compared to 74 eggs per female for Allotropa n. sp.
Association of a Burrower Bug (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) with Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanut Kernels
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Dorner Joe W. , Thomas James S.
Published: September 2017

Aflatoxin contamination of peanut kernels, Arachis hypogaea L., was associated with feeding by a burrower bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say). Kernel samples were divided into three grade categories: total sound mature kernels (TSMK), other kernels (OK), and damaged kernels (DK); and each of these grade categories was subdivided based on evidence of burrower bug feeding. Within TSMK, 100% of detectable aflatoxin contamination was associated with burrower bug kernel feeding, and kernels with feeding sites had a significantly higher concentration of aflatoxin than kernels without feeding sites (7.5 vs 0.0 ppb). Within the OK grade category, differences in aflatoxin contamination were not significant due to the inability to conclusively examine these kernels for feeding sites. Within the DK grade category, aflatoxin concentration was significantly higher in kernels with feeding sites than in kernels without observable feeding sites (286.5 vs 0.4 ppb), and 99.9% of contamination was associated with burrower bug feeding. Across all grade categories, aflatoxin levels were 65X higher in kernels with observable burrower bug feeding, and 98% of all aflatoxin contamination was associated with burrower bug feeding. The DK grade category had the highest concentration of aflatoxin and accounted for 45% of total contamination. Burrower bug-induced aflatoxin contamination of the TSMK grade category is particularly significant because this source would be most difficult to remove from the food supply. Contamination of the DK category is also economically significant because this grade component is specifically examined for Aspergillus at the buying point, and growers are severely penalized for detection.
Production of the Parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Unicellular Rearing Trays Using the Host Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1
Authors: Riddick Eric W.
Published: September 2017

Factors that might affect parasitism rate and progeny production of Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), a solitary endoparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae, were considered in this study. Hosts were Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae, which were feeding gregariously on artificial diet within 270-mL unicellular rearing trays. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) parasitism and superparasitism rates increased as exposure time and parasitoid density increased, and (2) progeny production decreased as parasitoid age increased. Parasitism rate increased significantly as exposure to S. exigua larvae increased from 2 to 6 h, but not from 6 to 18 h. Superparasitism rate was not affected significantly by exposure time. Both parasitism and superparasitism rates were greatest at a density of 3 rather than 1 parental parasitoid per tray; no differences were evident between densities of 3 vs 2 or 2 vs 1 parasitoid per tray. Significantly more offspring were produced (with normal sex ratios) when parental females were inserted into rearing trays as adults rather than as pupae (in cocoons). Also, 1- to 2-d-old and 8- to 9-d-old females produced more progeny (with normal sex ratios) than 15- to 16-d-old females. This study suggests that inserting a single, mated 1- to 9-d-old C. marginiventris female into a unicellular rearing tray containing an abundance of putative hosts could limit superparasitism without seriously reducing progeny production. Partial automated rearing of C. marginiventris is possible.
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Parasitizing Domestic Dogs in Southeastern Georgia
Authors: Wells Alan B. , Durden Lance A. , Smoyer John H.
Published: September 2017

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) were collected from family-owned domestic dogs, Canis familiaris L., in Bulloch Co., GA, from 1996 to 2003 and from dogs maintained in a shelter in Emanuel Co., GA, in 2002 and 2003. A total of 2,466 ticks representing 9 species was recovered. The most frequently recovered species from family-owned dogs were the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (54.6% of all ticks from this group of dogs), and American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (27.7%). Collections from shelter-maintained dogs were dominated by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (73.6%). Except for 39 nymphs of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), 12 nymphs of R. sanguineus, 7 nymphs of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1 nymph of D. variabilis and 72 larvae of the gopher tortoise tick, Amblyomma tuberculatum Marx, only adult ticks were present. Seasonally, I. scapularis adults were recorded from October through May and were most common in the fall; whereas, A. americanum, A. maculatum, A. tuberculatum, D. variabilis, and Ixodes affinis Neumann were all found only during the spring, summer and/or early fall. Two species of ticks collected during this study, A. tuberculatum and I. affinis, have Coastal Plain distributions in the southern U.S. and would only be expected to parasitize dogs within this region.
Impact of Solenopsis invicta Buren Suppression on Arthropod Ground Predators and Pest Species in Soybean
Authors: Seagraves Michael P. , McPherson Robert M. , Ruberson John R.
Published: September 2017

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, reportedly contributes to the biological control of key soybean pests. However, S. invicta may negatively affect ground-dwelling natural enemies such as ground beetles and earwigs. Information on the interactions between natural enemies is important for anticipating the success of biological control in agroecosystems with multiple interacting entomophagous species. Ground arthropods were monitored in soybean using pitfall traps in the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons to determine their response to selected fire ant controls. Three treatments were examined: an untreated check, Amdro™ (hydramethylnon) bait (ant-specific), and Lorsban™ (chlorpyriphos) (broad spectrum) plus Amdro. Fire ant captures in pitfall traps were lower in the Amdro and in the Amdro plus Lorsban treatments compared to the untreated control. Reduced fire ant density plus chemical treatment impacted the abundance of certain ground predators. Spiders, primarily Lycosidae, were significantly more abundant in the untreated control plots on some sampling dates; whereas, the earwig Labidura riparia Pallas was more abundant in the Lorsban and Amdro plots, presumably due to the removal of fire ants and other natural enemies. Ground beetles (Carabidae) were not different between treatments on any sampling dates. This study supports the assumption that spiders are compatible with fire ants as natural enemies and that earwigs are not compatible with fire ants. Numbers of lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zeller, were not affected by the suppression of fire ant predation or the chemical treatments in 2000, the only year when they were captured. Crickets (Gryllidae), mole crickets (Gryllotalpridae), click beetles (Elateridae), scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae), and false darkling beetles (Melandryidae) also were not different between the fire ant suppression treatments.
Spatial and Temporal Within-Canopy Distribution of Egglaying by Plum Curculios (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Apples in Relation to Tree Size
Authors: Piñero Jaime C. , Prokopy Ronald J.
Published: September 2017

In a 3-yr study, we determined the spatial and temporal distribution of egglaying by adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), among fruit within the canopies of small, medium and large apple trees located in unsprayed sections of commercial orchards in Massachusetts. For large and medium trees, fruit from 6 different tree sectors, corresponding to 3 canopy levels (top, mid and bottom) and 2 branch zones (outer vs inner), were sampled on a ~weekly basis. For small trees, fruit was sampled also ~weekly from the 3 to 4 sectors into which the tree canopies were divided. For large trees, early in the season more fruit were damaged at the tree tops, with a tendency towards a relatively homogeneous distribution of damage (from top to bottom) at the end of the sampling period. As the season progressed, more fruit was damaged at outer than inner zones of branches of large trees. For medium trees, the distribution of fruit damage according to canopy level varied across years: it tended to be uniform early in the season but, as the season progressed, damage to fruit was greatest at bottom and mid levels (2000) or at the tree tops (2001 (2002). In general, the extent of damage to fruit was similar at inner and outer zones of branches of medium trees. For small trees, level of fruit damage was similar at each of the canopy sectors and for each of the sampling periods. In most cases, a homogeneous or heterogeneous distribution of fruit having plum curculio injury corresponded with a homogeneous or heterogeneous within-canopy distribution of fruit size.
Spatial Distribution Patterns of the Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Sugar Cane
Authors: Spurgeon D. W. , Raulston J. R.
Published: September 2017

The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), is the primary pest of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas; yet, few studies have examined its economic impact. Knowledge of the spatial patterns of the rice borer and associated damage in sugarcane would be useful in designing studies to further investigate the economic importance of this pest. We examined the respective spatial patterns of larvae, pupae, tunnels and damaged internodes using Taylor's power law for population estimates based on plots or sites within fields and based on fields. Estimates based on plots or sites featured smaller sample sizes and greater variability than estimates based on fields. Analyses based on plots or sites also indicated between-field heterogeneity in estimates of Taylor's b for small, medium and large larvae, and for pupae. Such heterogeneity was not observed for total larvae, tunnels and bored internodes. In contrast, analyses based on fields indicated that common-slopes models were appropriate for each population category. The inconsistencies between results of analyses for plots or sites compared with those for fields probably resulted from the inadequacy of population estimates derived from the smaller-sized sample units. Based on samples from fields, counts exhibited mild clumping except for medium-sized larvae (random distribution) and pupae (regular distribution). Our results indicate that counts of most population categories of the rice borer are mildly clumped and that the observed distribution pattern is sensitive to sample size.
Timing and Release Rates for Control of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by Nephaspis oculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under Confined Conditions
Authors: Liu Tong-Xian , Stansly Philip A.
Published: September 2017

The potential of a lady beetle, Nephaspis oculatus (Blatchley), to serve as a biological control agent of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biotype “B” (= B. argentifolii Bellows & Perring), was evaluated on hibiscus under confined conditions, in large cages (60 × 60 × 60 cm) and on sweetpotato leaves in small clear cup cages (0.9 L). Nephaspis oculatus suppressed B. tabaci populations and provided marketable hibiscus plants when released 1 d after whitefly introduction in large cages at ratios of 1:4 and 1:20 beetle:whitefly. When beetles were released 7 d after the whitefly infestation, significant pest reduction and marketable plants were obtained with the 1:4 beetle:whitefly ratio but not the 1:20 ratio. In clear cup cages on sweet potato leaves, significant suppression was obtained at beetle:whitefly ratios of 1:6.7, 1:10 and 1:20 when N. oculatus was released 1 d after the whitefly infestation. These results help define release parameters for successful use of N. oculatus as a biological control agent of whiteflies under confined conditions.
Comparison of Lygus elisus Van Duzee and Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) Feeding Injury to Pre-bloom Cotton
Authors: Armstrong J. Scott , Camelo Leonardo D. A. , Thorvilson Harlan G. , Thompson Leslie D.
Published: September 2017

Feeding injury and abscission of 6th, 9th and 11th node, first-position cotton squares exposed to Lygus hesperus Knight and L. elisus Van Duzee for 24 h were investigated in field and laboratory studies in 2001 and 2002. Square abscission was not significantly different for L. elisus or L. hesperus in six separate field trials over 2 yrs; however, the control was significantly lower in abscission in two of the six trials. Final square abscission averaged across the 2 yrs was 82.5% for the control, 90.0% for L. hesperus, and 86.3% for L. elisus. Square injury, as measured by estimating the surface area affected by Lygus feeding, was significantly higher for L. elisus compared with L. hesperus in three of the six of trials (6th node in 2002, 11th node for 2001 and 2002) indicating that, in some cases, L. elisus damage is higher than L. hesperus. However, when seed-cotton yield was obtained from squares that did not abcise, there was no significant difference for the control or the two Lygus species. This result was similar to other published studies of infesting cotton with L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) where yield compensation negated any differences in yield when infested cotton was compared to the control. Lygus elisus, a little known and often misidentified plant bug pest of Texas High Plains cotton, should be considered as damaging as L. hesperus.
Silk Glands and Capture Nets of Hydropsyche kozhantschikovi Martynov (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) Larvae
Authors: Kim Myoung Chul , Park Sang Chan , Chun Dong Jun , Kang Suk Woo , Seo Young Rok , Yu Chai Hyeock , Han Sung Sik
Published: September 2017

Histological studies of the silk glands of the caddisfly larvae of Hydropsyche kozhantschikovi Martynov demonstrated that these structure fold twice into a ‘Z’ shape with the volume in the center comparatively thicker than in other sections. The glands are more slender towards the mouth and unite with the labium. A pair of muscles, an apodeum between the muscles and the body wall, and a tendon between the muscles and the glands were observed within the thorax. We assumed that silk is spewed through these structures. Examination of the material from the inside of the silk glands showed varying composition. The center was loose and heterogeneous, while the surrounding area was homogeneous. These differences were verified through immunohistochemistry. Scanning electron microscopy show that capture nets of H. kortizantschikovi larvae have randomly arranged silk strands.
A Long-Term Survey of Parasitoid Species Composition and Parasitism of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Minnesota Cabbage
Authors: Wold-Burkness Suzanne J. , Hutchison W. D. , Lee Jana C. , Hines R. L. , Bolin P. C. , Heimpel G. E.
Published: September 2017

Field studies were conducted near Rosemount, MN, during the years 1991–1994, 1996–1997, and 1999–2003, to assess the diversity of and parasitism by larval and pupal parasitoids of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Species composition, parasitism rate, and species abundance (Hill's N1) were determined for each pest species. Voria ruralis (Fallen), Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead), and Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) were the dominant parasitoids of T. ni; Phryxe pecosensis (Townsend), Cotesia glomerata (L.), and Pteromalus puparum (L.) are the dominant parasitoids of P. rapae; and Diadegma insulare (Cresson) is the dominant parasitoid of P. xylostella. In addition, the first records of the introduced parasitoid, C. concinnata, parasitizing T. ni and P. rapae, and Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) parasitizing P. rapae are documented for Minnesota.
Impact of a Brazilian Nucleopolyhedrovirus Release on Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Secondary Insect Pests, and Predators on Soybean in Mexico
Authors: Avila J. , Rodríguez-del-Bosque L. A.
Published: September 2017

A 4-yr study (2000–2003) in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico, compared the impact of a Brazilian nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgNPV) and cypermethrin on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, secondary pests, and arthropod predators in soybean fields. Areas treated with AgNPV had consistently low levels of A. gemmatalis beginning soon after application, while other arthropods within the agroecosystem remained in balance. Cypermethrin was highly effective against A. gemmatalis, but caused its rapid resurgence and increased secondary pests, mainly Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), as a result of elimination of the beneficial fauna. Densities of Nezara viridula (L.) were higher in the AgNPV plot than in the cypermethrin plot only during 2000, with no significant differences in the subsequent years. Overall (2000–2003), numbers of the predators Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant), hemipterans and lynx spiders were generally five times higher in the AgNPV plots than in the cypermethrin plots. Additional observations made only during 2003 showed a moderate presence of other predators (Calosoma sp. and Polistes sp.) and parasitism by Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) on A. gemmatalis and P. includens up to 40% in the AgNPV plot, in contrast with the cypermethrin plot, where these beneficials were not detected. This study showed the potential of AgNPV as a biocontrol-based IPM strategy for soybeans in Mexico.
Comparison of Searching Behavior of Parasitoid, Toxoneuron nigriceps Vierick, for Three Tobacco Herbivores
Authors: Tillman P. Glynn
Published: September 2017

Host searching behavior of females of the endoparasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps Vierick (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was observed in the field for three tobacco herbivores, Heliothis virescens (F.), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The only developmentally suitable host for the parasitoid was H. virescens. Hovering, searching, and oviposition (for plants with herbivores) by T. nigriceps were observed for a combination of two plant types, plants with only herbivore-induced plant volatiles or damaged plants with herbivores, and three insect species. The six treatments were as follows: (1) plants with only H. virescens-induced plant volatiles, (2) plants with only H. zea-induced plant volatiles, (3) plants with only M. sexta-induced plant volatiles, (4) plants damaged by H. virescens, (5) plants damaged by H. zea, and (6) plants damaged by M. sexta. Parasitoid females readily hovered around and searched on plants of both types. However, females spent more time foraging for H. virescens than for the nonhosts, H. zea and M. sexta. For plants with only herbivore-induced plant volatiles, T. nigriceps females spent more time searching on H. virescens plants than on H. zea and M. sexta plants. For damaged plants, parasitoid females visited more H. virescens plants than M. sexta plants and spent more time searching for H. virescens larvae than for M. sexta and H. zea larvae. Even though T. nigriceps females laid eggs in M. sexta and H. zea larvae, oviposition was higher for H. virescens than for the nonhosts. In conclusion, T. nigriceps females utilized more of their energy searching for and parasitizing H. virescens over the nonhosts on tobacco.
Prepupal Morphology of Trachypus denticollis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), with Comments on Larval Characters in the Subfamily Philanthinae
Authors: Tormos José , Polidori Carlo , Boesi Roberto , Asís Josep Daniel
Published: September 2017

The mature postdefecating larva of Trachypus denticollis Spinola is described. Larval morphology permits the separation of Trachypus Klug from Philanthus F., the two genera forming the subtribe Philanthina. The presence, in Trachypus, of maxillae with a pigmented lateral area represents an autapomorphy that allows recognition of the last larval stage of this genus.
Effect of Temperature and Host Plant on Survival and Development of Altica litigata Fall
Authors: Pettis Gretchen V. , Braman S. Kristine
Published: September 2017

Altica litigata Fall (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is oligophagus, feeding on numerous plants in the Lythraceae and Onagraceae families which include weeds and cultivated plants, such as primroses (Oenothera spp.) often found in commercial nurseries. Adult A. litigata are important pests of crapemyrtles (Lagerstroemia spp.; Lythraceae) grown in container nurseries in the southern United States. The severity of the pest problem attributed to feeding by these beetles has increased substantially during the past decade. Whereas commonly recommended pesticides easily control these beetles, knowing when to time applications to avoid large defoliation events could focus scouting efforts and prevent economic loss.

The objective of our research was to define more closely the relationship between temperature, host plant and development of A. litigata to permit prediction of damaging stages of the beetle on landscape and nursery plants. A. litigata completed development between 15 and 30°C on six weedy or cultivated hosts: Gaura lindheimeri Engelman & A. Gray ‘Siskyou pink’, G. lindheimeri ‘Corries gold’, G. lindheimeri ‘Whirling butterflies’, Oenothera speciosa Nutt., Oenothera laciniata J. Hill and Oenothera missourensis_Simms. Development was optimal on Oenothera spp. Duration of development from eclosion to adult emergence ranged from 13.3 d at 30°C on O. speciosa to 64.0 d at 15°C on G. lindeimeri ‘Whirling butterflies.’ Duration of egg development ranged from 4.5 d at 30°C to 15.8 d at 15°C. The relationship between temperature and rate of development was expressed as a linear thermal unit model for each stage and for combined larval/pupal development. Development parameters varied with host plant. Averaged among the six hosts, larval and pupal development required 237.3 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 9.2°C. Eggs required 87.5 DD above a 9.8°C threshold. Observation of beetles or feeding injury on indicator plants such as weedy or cultivated Oenothera spp. in late winter or early spring can alert nursery or landscape managers to anticipate a new generation within 300–400 DD above the approximate 10°C developmental threshold used for many DD calculator models for landscape and nursery pests.
Morphological Characteristics of Mating in Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Villavaso Eric J.
Published: September 2017

Tarnished plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) were dissected and photographed to show the morphological characteristics of mated and unmated individuals. The presence of what appears to be a spermatophore, and/or the enlargement of the genital pouch and the seminal depository through infusion of fluids from the male was evidence of females having mated. Loss of relative size and white material from the accessory glands of males held from females for 7 d prior to mating was evidence of males having mated. Decreased size of seminal vesicles resulting from insemination was not seen to be an indicator of males having mated. The photographs provide a simple method for determining mating, and when used in conjunction with drawings of tarnished plant bug morphology provided by early authors, may facilitate the understanding of other aspects of tarnished plant bug reproductive morphology.
Consumption of Amino Acid Solutions by Anastrepha suspensa Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Nigg Herbert N. , Schumann Rhonda A. , Yang Jing J. , Fraser Suzanne
Published: September 2017

The consumption of amino acids by Anastrepha suspensa Loew (Caribbean fruit fly) was quantified by measuring individual fly consumption. For no-choice tests, there were no differences in consumption between 0.2 M sucrose and 0.2 M sucrose plus L-alanine, L-glycine, L-histidine, L-phenylalanine, or L-serine solutions. There was increased consumption of 0.05 M L-lysine by 6-d males and of 0.03 M L-valine solutions by 6-d females compared to sucrose alone. Choice tests showed higher consumption of 0.2 M sucrose plus L-lysine, L-valine, and L-glycine, particularly by 6-d-old flies. There was a 3–8X increase in consumption of 0.05 M L-valine in 0.2 M sucrose for 6-d males and females. Commercial L-lysine, L-methionine, and L-taurine were not different from controls in no-choice tests; L-cysteine was about 95% inhibitory for consumption. Based on these data, better consumed A. suspensa baits might be formulated by eliminating L-cysteine and including 0.05 M L-valine.
Thysanoptera Inhabiting Native Terrestrial Orchids in Northern Florida and Southern Georgia
Authors: Funderburk Joe , Mound Laurence , Sharma Jyotsna
Published: September 2017

A survey was conducted to identify the thrips species associated with native terrestrial orchids in northern Florida. The above-ground plant structures were sampled when each species was flowering yielding adults of polyphagous species of the common flower thrips Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford). There is little indication that the orchids were reproductive hosts of these species. Other species of thrips that are more host-specific to orchids were collected and included adults of the orchid-living species Aurantothrips orchidaceus (Bagnall) and Pseudothrips beckhami Beshear and Howell. The presence of larvae of P. beckhami indicated the suitability of at least some orchid species as reproductive hosts. The adults of 2 predatory species in the Family Phlaeothripidae also were collected, Leptothrips mali(Fitch) and Karnyothrips melaleucus (Bagnall).
Laboratory Effects of Two Organically-Certified Insecticides on Trichopoda pennipes (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Tillman Glynn
Published: September 2017

The objective of this laboratory study was to determine the effects of two organically-certified insecticides, azadirachtin and spinosad, on the stink bug parasitoid Trichopoda pennipes (F.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) in residual, topical, and oral toxicity tests. The insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was used as a conventional crop production standard for control of lepidopterous pests. Azadirachtin was the only insecticide in which T. pennipes adults survived after exposure to dried residues, topical applications, and insecticide-treated food. Spinosad was as highly toxic to this parasitoid as lambda-cyhalothrin in all 3 tests even though spinosad was slower acting than lambda-cyhalothrin. These results suggest that azadirachtin would probably be safer to T. pennipes adults than spinosad in organically-grown crops.
Erratum: Field Evaluation of Pearl Millet for Chinch Bug (Heteroptera: Blissidae) Resistance
Authors: Ni Xinzhi , Wilson Jeffrey P. , Rajewski John A. , Buntin G. David , Dweikat Ismail M.
Published: September 2017

The Abstract of an article appearing in Volume 42, Issue 4 (pages 467-480) inadvertently contained an extraneous phrase. The corrected Abstract is printed below in its entirety. The authors and editorial board apologize for this oversight.

The chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) (Heteroptera: Blissidae), is the most important insect pest of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) production in the southeastern and central United States. Chinch bug feeding causes stunting and leaf sheath necrosis of the young seedlings and loss of crop stand in severe infestations. Sixteen germplasm entries (including hybrids and inbreds) of pearl millet were screened for chinch bug resistance on two planting dates. ‘Dove’ proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was interplanted in two-row strips among experimental plots to attract adult chinch bugs and establish initial chinch bug infestations. Use of a proso millet trap crop strip was effective in establishing chinch bug infestations for screening of pearl millet for chinch bug resistance in the field. Weekly samplings were begun when plants were at the 5-leaf stage. Significant differences in adult and nymph numbers, stunting and necrosis ratings, percent tiller loss, crop stand loss, and chlorophyll content were recorded for the 16 pearl millet germplasm entries. Combining all injury evaluation parameters (i.e., stunting and necrosis ratings, percent tiller loss, and crop stand loss), we identified that ‘TifGrain 102’ had moderate level of chinch bug resistance. Entries 637 (i.e., 59668A × NM-5B), 639 (59668M × 9Rm/4Rm), 648 (i.e., 02GH973 × Tift 454), and 653 (i.e., NM-5A1 × NM-7R1R5) were the most resistant; whereas, entries 640 (i.e., Tift 99B), 641 (i.e., Tift 454), and 644 (i.e., 02F 289 - 1) were the most susceptible to chinch bug feeding. The study showed the combination of nondestructive visual ratings (i.e., stunting and necrosis ratings, tiller loss, and stand loss) and chlorophyll content could be used for evaluating chinch bug resistance in pearl millet.
Temporal Progression of Herpetomonas muscarum Leidy (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Midgut of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Nayduch Dana
Published: September 2017

Herpetomonas muscarum Leidy (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is a protistan symbiont that colonizes the hindgut of the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). The temporal location and transition of this symbiont within the fly has been understudied. In this study, the progression of Herpetomonas within the mid and hindgut with reference to the peritrophic matrix (PM) was examined microscopically and was compared with the fate of a bacterium (GFP-tagged E. coli). The housefly PM is a double-layered, open-ended physical barrier that separates ingested substances from the midgut epithelium and terminates near the hindgut. In the midgut, bacteria were confined within the inner PM, lysed by digestive enzymes, and compacted into fecal pellets within 12 h. In contrast, Herpetomonas initially resided within the inner PM, but many protists moved to the interPM space within a few hours. Additionally, protists rapidly progressed to the open end of the PM at the midgut/hindgut junction, in as little as 4–6 h postingestion, entering the ectoperitrophic space and attaching to the hindgut epithelium. Unlike bacteria, Herpetomonas demonstrated a hastened progression to the hindgut and avoided being immobilized, lysed and enclosed in a fecal pellet by the inner PM. Thus, whereas flies do not have permanent bacterial “flora” (because bacteria cannot escape the PM and are trapped and lysed), this protist has found a way to circumvent this fate and establish as a permanent hindgut symbiont. These results have applicable relevance to human-parasitic trypanosomatids that use stercorarian (posterior station) transmission from vectoring insects, such as Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas in triatomine bugs.
Changes in Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) Gut Cellulolytic Activities in Response to Hardwood, Softwood and Cellulose Diets
Authors: Smith Joseph A. , Scharf Michael E. , Pereira Roberto M. , Koehler Philip G.
Published: September 2017

Three cellulase activities (endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase) were assayed for each gut region of field-fed Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) workers, in comparison with population subsamples kept in the laboratory on 3 diets: red oak (Quercus spp.), pine (Pinus spp.) and filter paper. The 3 cellulase activities were generally higher in the field-fed termites compared with the 3 subpopulations that were fed on laboratory diets, especially the oak and pine diets. Endoglucanase activity was evenly distributed in the foregut and hindgut with ~36 - 50% of the activity associated with the hindgut. This finding provides good supporting evidence that endoglucanases are produced both endogenously and also by symbionts that enhance cellulose digestion in the hindgut. Exoglucanase activities were mainly located in the hindgut (>87 - 95% of total), suggesting that partially digested cellulose travels from the foregut and midgut to the hindgut where it is exposed to symbiont-derived exoglucanases. β-glucosidase activity was found distributed through all 3 gut regions with ~37 - 56% of the activity found in the hindgut. Cellulolytic activities in R. flavipes can thus change to accommodate dietary composition. One hypothesis is that this change is accomplished via changing hindgut protozoan community composition. However, another equally plausible hypothesis is that endogenous cellulase activities can be altered via differential gene expression in response to changing diet. This flexibility apparently allows R. flavipes to efficiently use a variety of wood and wood-derived materials that contain a variety of lignocellulose compositions.