bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological Remodeling in Human Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: WAGONER DAVID R. VAN
Published: December 2004

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a progressive disease characterized by cumulative electrophysiological and structural remodeling of the atria. Cellular electrophysiological studies have revealed marked reductions in the densities of the L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ current, ICa,L, the transient outward K+ current, ITO, and the ultra‐rapid delayed rectifier K+ current, IKur, in atrial myocytes from patients in persistent or permanent AF. The density of the muscarinic K+ current (IKACh) is also reduced, however the inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) density is increased. The net shortening or lengthening of the action potential is dependent on the balance between changes in inward and outward currents. The prominent reduction in ICa,L appears to be sufficient to explain the observed decreases in action potential duration and effective refractory period that are characteristic of the fibrillating atria. Earlier studies have shown that calcium overload and perturbations in calcium handling play prominent roles in AF induced atrial remodeling. More recently, we have shown that AF is associated with evidence of oxidative injury to atrial tissue, and suggested that oxidative stress may directly contribute to the pathophysiology of AF. It is anticipated that insights gleaned from mechanistic studies will facilitate the development of improved pharmacological approaches to treat AF and to prevent the progression of arrhythmia. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:1572–1575)
Antibiosis‐type insect resistance in transgenic plants expressing a teratocyte secretory protein (TSP14) gene from a hymenopteran endoparasite (Microplitis croceipes)
Authors: Maiti Indu B. , Dey Nrisingha , Pattanaik Sitakanta , Dahlman Douglas L. , Rana Rico L. , Webb Bruce A.
Published: December 2004

We have isolated a teratocyte secretory protein (TSP14) gene product from a hymenopteran endoparasite that disrupts the growth of lepidopteran insect larvae. To evaluate the insecticidal activity of TSP14 for the protection of crops from insect damage, chimeric gene constructs of TSP14 were expressed in transgenic plants. The coding sequence of the TSP14 gene, with and without its native signal peptide, was placed between the modified peanut chlorotic streak virus (PClSV) full‐length transcript (FLt) promoter with duplicated enhancer domains and the terminator sequence from the rbcSE9 gene. These chimeric genes, expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) were stably inherited in successive plant generations (R0, R1 and R2 progeny) as shown by molecular analysis. A Western blot analysis of plant extracts showed the presence of a polypeptide of the expected size that cross‐reacted with TSP14‐specific antibodies. Larvae of the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) and tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) which were fed with several independent homozygous transgenic plant lines (R2 progeny) exhibited mortality and reduced growth rates compared to those fed with plants transformed by a vector control. Our results demonstrate the potential for introduction of the TSP14 gene into plants in order to achieve protection against lepidopteran pests.
Forestry's fertile crescent: the application of biotechnology to forest trees
Authors: Campbell Malcolm M. , Brunner Amy M. , Jones Helen M. , Strauss Steve H.
Published: December 2004

Relative to crop plants, the domestication of forest trees is still in its infancy. For example, the domestication of many crop plants was initiated some 10 000 years ago in the so‐called ‘Fertile Crescent’ of the Middle East. By contrast, the domestication of forest trees for the purposes of producing more fibre began in earnest in the last half century. The application of biotechnology to forest trees offers a great potential to hasten the pace of tree improvement for desirable end uses. This review outlines some of the progress that has been made in the application of biotechnology to forest trees, and considers the prospects for biotechnologically based tree improvement in the future.
Expression of the Arabidopsis ADS1 gene in Brassica juncea results in a decreased level of total saturated fatty acids
Authors: Yao Kening , Bacchetto Roberto G. , Lockhart Katherine M. , Friesen Laurie J. , Potts Derek A. , Covello Patrick S. , Taylor David C.
Published: December 2004

Brassica juncea plants transformed with the Arabidopsis ADS1 gene, which encodes a plant homologue of the mammalian and yeast acyl‐CoA Δ9 desaturases and the cyanobateria acyl‐lipid Δ9 desaturase, were found to have a statistically significant decrease in the level of saturated fatty acids in seeds. The decrease in the level of saturated fatty acids is largely attributable to decreases in palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), although arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0) and lignoceric acid (24:0) were also decreased in the transgenic seeds compared to the negative control lines. As a result, the level of oleic acid (18:1) was slightly increased in the transgenic seed lines compared to the non‐transformed controls. However, a decrease in saturated fatty acid is not always accompanied by the corresponding increase in mono‐unsaturated fatty acids. For example, palmitoleic acid (16:1), gondoic acid (20:1) and nervonic acid (24:1) were all found to be decreased in transgenic seeds. The levels of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were also notably changed in the transgenic lines compared to the controls.

The present study provides preliminary experimental data suggesting that the Arabidopsis ADS1 encodes a fatty acid Δ9 desaturase and could be useful in genetic engineering for modifying the level of saturated fatty acids in oilseed crops. However, the effect of ADS1 gene expression on seed oil fatty acid composition is beyond the changes of total saturated and mono‐unsaturated fatty acids, which suggests a complex mechanism is involved in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism.
Population structure of Armillaria species in managed Norway spruce stands in the Alps
Authors: Prospero Simone , Rigling Daniel , Holdenrieder Ottmar
Published: December 2004

The preferentially saprotrophic basidiomycete Armillaria cepistipes and the pathogenic Armillaria ostoyae occur sympatrically in many European forests.

The spatial population structure of both Armillaria species was investigated in three 1‐ha plots established in managed Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests in the Swiss Alps (1400 m asl). A total of 740 Armillaria isolates, 296 from rhizomorphs in the soil and 444 from the stumps, were recovered and identified to species and genets (somatic incompatibility groups).

The incidence of A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae varied greatly among the plots. Two to six genets of each Armillaria species were identified and mapped in each plot. Genets of the same species overlapped rarely and only on the borders. Large spatial overlaps between A. cepistipes and A. ostoyae genets were observed in the plot with the highest incidence of fragmented genets. In five subplots (c. 0.1 ha) established along interspecific boundaries, overlaps were found in all three plots.

Our study suggests a strong intraspecific competition in both Armillaria species. Evidence for competition between the two species, as indicated by spatial mutual exclusion, was only observed on parts of the investigated area.
Verne Grant and Louisiana Irises: Is there anything new under the sun?
Authors: Arnold Michael L. , Bouck Amy C. , Scott Cornman R.
Published: December 2004

The impact of Verne Grant's 1981 edition ofPlant Speciationreverberates as strongly today as it did 22 yr ago. His insights into the field of plant evolutionary biology continue to inform current and future research programmes. For example, Grant's work pointed the way for those who have argued that the consequences of natural hybridization are of primary importance in the evolution of many plant and animal species complexes. It is thus now widely accepted that numerous, important outcomes are afforded by crosses between divergent lineages. In the present paper we highlight some of the concepts that appear in Grant's seminal work. We address these in the context of their application by Grant to a plant species complex that we have studied for 15 yr, the Louisiana Irises. We consider Grant's inferences in light of new data and our own conclusions. In the main, we find ourselves supporting Grant's conceptual framework.
Gene flow, adaptive population divergence and comparative population structure across loci
Authors: Latta Robert G.
Published: December 2004

Many recent studies have sought to identify targets of diversifying selection by testing the neutral expectation that all loci will show similar levels of population divergence (Fst). Contrasts between quantitative traits (Qst) and molecular markers (Fst) suggest that quantitative traits typically diverge in response to local selection pressures more than do individual genes. Coalescence theory makes it possible to simulate the distribution ofFstandQstexpected under neutrality for many situations, including nonequilibrium conditions. Such simulations show that a very high variance ofFstandQstare expected under neutrality, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the action of selection on individual loci or traits. Recent quantitative genetic theory shows that, under diversifying selection on quantitative traits, covariances (linkage disequilibrium) among allele frequencies at underlying additive loci contribute a substantial fraction of the among‐population trait variance. Thus, adaptive trait divergence can be accomplished, with limited divergence of allele frequencies. However, the contribution of covariances among loci to the divergence of traits depends upon there being multiple loci underlying quantitative trait variation.
Rethinking classic examples of recent speciation in plants
Authors: Gottlieb L. D.
Published: December 2004

This paper reviews the evidence that three pairs of diploid annual plant species are related as progenitor and recent derivative. The species pairs are Layia glandulosa and Layia discoidea, Clarkia biloba and Clarkia lingulata, and Stephanomeria exigua ssp. coronaria and Stephanomeria malheurensis. The three cases are examples of Verne Grant's model of ‘Quantum Speciation’, in which a derived species is budded off and acquires new traits while the parental species continues more or less as before. The derived species differ from their progenitors in different ways and show different modes of reproductive isolation. However, the number of differences between each derivative and its progenitor appears to be few and relatively simple in genetic terms. Comparison of a recently evolved species with its progenitor can reveal what happens during speciation because overall divergence is minimal and the direction of evolution is clear. Evidence from DNA sequences may be particularly useful to recognize additional examples of progenitor and derivative relationship.
Diploid and polyploid reticulate evolution throughout the history of the perennial soybeans (GlycinesubgenusGlycine)
Authors: Doyle Jeff J. , Doyle Jane L. , Rauscher Jason T. , Brown A. H. D.
Published: December 2004

The perennial soybeans (GlycinesubgenusGlycine), are the sister group of the annual cultivated soybean (G. max). Among the approximately 20 species are diploids and polyploids, the former confined to Australia and neighboring islands and the latter more widespread. Although most subgenusGlycinespecies reproduce predominantly by selfing in cleistogamous flowers, phylogenetic evidence exists for reticulate evolution throughout the history of the subgenus. The entire genus is a paleopolyploid, and could possibly be allopolyploid, though there is as yet no evidence for a hybrid origin. Incongruence among the major nuclear genome groups in nuclear and chloroplast gene trees can be explained by several ancient introgressions. Within the B‐genome group there is substantial incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear single copy gene trees that is explained better by introgressive hybridization than by stochastic sorting of ancestral lineages. Several allopolyploids originated by hybridization among a subset of genome groups to form a single large interconnected polyploid complex. A number of allopolyploid combinations have arisen recurrently, some bidirectionally. Some recurrent polyploids show evidence of lineage recombination, indicating that their populations comprise a single biological species. Neopolyploidy has involved hybridization among a subset of subgenusGlycinegenome groups, and appears to have occurred recently, whereas hybridization at the diploid level has occurred throughout the history of the group.
A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Randomized Trial of Cladribine in Relpaasing‐Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Romine John S. , Sipe Jack C. , Koziol James A. , Zyroff Jack , Beutler Ernest
Published: December 2004

We conducted an 18‐month, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study to evaluate cladribine in the treatment of 52 patients with relpaasing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. Patients received either placebo or cladribine 0.07 mg/kg/day by subcutaneous injection for 5 consecutive days as six monthly courses for a total cumulative dose of 2.1 mg/kg. Analysis of results revealed a statistically significant favorable effect of cladribine on the joint frequency and severity of relpaases and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. MRI‐enhancing lesions were completely suppressed in the cladribine patients by the sixth month of treatment. Mild segmental herpes zoster occurred in two cladribine‐treated patients and one patient receiving placebo. Otherwise, there were no side effects or adverse events. We conclude that cladribine shows promise as a treatment for relpaasing‐remitting multiple sclerosis.
Antioxidant Vitamins and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Gaziano J. Michael
Published: December 2004

The hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins might reduce cardiovascular disease risk is based on a large body of both basic and human epidemiological research. One of the most consistent findings in dietary research is that those who consume higher amounts of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of heart disease and stroke as well as cancer. Recent attention has focused on the antioxidant content of fruits and vegetables as a possible explanation for the paaparent protective effects. Basic research provides a plausible mechanism by which antioxidants might reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. A large number of descriptive, case‐control, and cohort studies provide data suggesting that consumption of antioxidant vitamins is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease. These data raise the question of a possible role of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E and beta‐carotene, in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, but they do not provide a definitive answer. Randomized trial data will be essential in fully assessing whether or not there is a causal effect of antioxidants in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Results from several large‐scale randomized trials of antioxidant supplements are now available, and additional trial data should be forthcoming in the near future, which will better define the role of antioxidants in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease. At this point, antioxidants represent a possible but as yet unproven means to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Moderate Drinking and Cardiovascular Health
Authors: Zakhari Sam , Gordis Enoch
Published: December 2004

Moderate alcohol consumption (1–2 drinks a day) can be beneficial in reducing the risk of coronary artery disease. This article focuses on cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of moderate drinking, including increased plasma high‐density lipoprotein levels, changes in cellular signaling, reduction in platelet function, stimulation of fibrinolysis, and reduction in ischemia‐reperfusion injury. While moderate drinking may be protective against coronary artery disease for some individuals, populations such as pregnant women and individuals who are about to operate motor vehicles or heavy machinery should not drink alcoholic beverages. People with family histories of alcoholism should exercise extreme caution in their decision to drink.
Upregulated Surface Expression of Intracellularly Sequestered Igɛ Receptors (FcɛRII/CD23) Following Activation in Human Peripheral Blood Eosinophils
Authors: Sano Hiroyuki , Muñoz Nilda M. , Sano Akiko , Zhu Xiangdong , Herrnreiter Anja , Choi John , Leff Alan R.
Published: December 2004

We investigated the regulation, secretion, and surface expression of the low‐affinity FcεRII receptor (CD23) in eosinophils isolated from human blood using multiple monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed at different epitopes of human CD23. Substantial surface expression of CD23 was not demonstrated in the resting state. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) measured by flow cytometry was 7.1 ± 0.8 for 9P25 mAb (p = NS) and 15.7 ± 3.8 for BU38 mAb (p < .04) versus 5.3 ± 1.0 for IgG1 isotype control Ab. By contrast, MFI using BU38 mAb was 154 ± 18 for JY‐B lymphocytes (p < .0001 versus eosinophils). Despite weak surface expression, eosinophil permeabilization demonstrated substantial intracellular expression of CD23; MFI was 33.6 ± 5.2 for 9P25 mAb versus 4.4 ± 0.43 for IgG control (p < .001). Western blot analysis using both positive and negative controls demonstrated immunological identity with CD23 on JY‐B lymphocytes. Activation of eosinophils caused rpaaid translocation of CD23 to the surface membrane (160 ± 33 MFI; p < .005), which was maximal within 30 sec. Secretory CD23 was detected within the perfusate also at 30 sec and was fully reinternalized at 10 min. This is the first demonstration of the presence of intracellular CD23 in human eosinophils. Our data indicate that eosinophils rarely express CD23 on their surface but are cpaable of transient high‐level expression and secretion with rpaaid reuptake of intracellular stores of CD23.
Prospective Measure of Serum 3‐Nitrotyrosine Levels in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Correlation with Disease Activity
Authors: Oates Jim C. , Christensen Eric F. , Reilly Chris M. , Self Sally E. , Gilkeson Gary S.
Published: December 2004

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease. Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Several retrospective studies have indicated a correlation between serum nitrate and nitrite (NOX) and disease activity. This measure of NO production can be falsely elevated by exogenous dietary and medication sources of NOX and variably reduced by serum thiols. These variables can make NOX a less reliable tool for studying the role of NO in SLE. Peroxynitrite, a by‐product of NO and superoxide, nitrates tyrosine moieties. The resulting 3‐nitrotyrosine (3NT) serves as a long‐term indicator of NO‐mediated protein modifications that is not affected by exogenous sources of NOX or serum thiols. We hypothesized that for these reasons serum 3NT levels would correlate with lupus disease activity more significantly than serum NOX. To address this hypothesis, we prospectively evaluated lupus disease activity, serum protein 3NT levels, and NOX levels in a cohort of lupus patients at 3‐month intervals. Serum 3NT correlated with disease activity among African‐Americans, while NOX correlated with disease activity among Caucasians. Subjects with active lupus nephritis had higher levels of serum 3NT than those without renal disease. Immunohistochemical analysis of renal biopsies from subjects with active proliferative lupus nephritis revealed renal expression of inducible NO synthase. The results of this study suggest that overproduction of NO may play a pathogenic role in SLE and lupus nephritis. Serum 3NT may be a useful, new tool for studying the contributions of NO to the pathogenesis of SLE.
Biologic Aspects of Expression of Stably Integrated Transgenes in Cells of the Skin In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Krueger Gerald G. , Morgan Jeffery R. , Petersen Marta J.
Published: December 2004

The observation that transgenes can be stably integrated into the genome of fibroblasts using recombinant retroviruses enhanced interest in using these cells as a vector for gene therapy. This enthusiasm has lessened during the past 8 years, not because skin has lost the features that make it attractive for gene therapy, but rather because stable transgene expression in vivo has not been achieved. All investigators who have used genetically modified fibroblasts to study in vivo aspects of gene therapy have shown a decrease in transgene expression with time. This contrasts with transgene expression in similarly transduced fibroblasts in vitro, where expression is not lost or is lost very slowly.

We have initiated an approach to bring further understanding to the biology of transgene expression by fibroblasts carrying stably integrated transgenes in an in vivo setting. Experiments described permit the following conclusions. Expression by and survival of genetically modified fibroblasts a) requires a persistent matrix scaffold in in vivo settings; b) is prolonged if the matrix is allowed to mature in vitro; c) is enhanced if the matrix is partially sequestered behind a coating of normal fibroblasts; and d) can be substantively prolonged in vivo by immortalizing the cells. These observations support the notion that prolonged expression of transgenes by fibroblasts can be achieved in vivo and that gene therapy utilizing fibroblasts and other cells of the skin has clinical utility.
Papillomaviruses in Human Cancers
Authors: Zur Hausen Harald
Published: December 2004

Papillomaviruses have proved to be the most complex group of human pathogenic viruses. Eighty‐five genotypes have been fully characterized; approximately 120 additional isolates represent only partially characterized putative novel genotypes. Specific types, most notably human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, and a few others, have been shown to cause the majority of cervical cancers and their high‐grade precursor lesions. The viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are required for the initiation and maintenance of the malignant phenotype in HPV‐positive cancers. Proteins coded by these genes are multifunctional and interfere with important cell cycle regulatory proteins. Expression of viral oncogenes is tightly controlled in nondifferentiated keratinocytes by at least two signaling cascades, one operative at the functional level, the other at the transcriptional level. The latter has been partially characterized. Papillomaviruses are also suspected of playing a role in a subset of oropharyngeal cancers, in squamous cell cancers of the skin, and possibly also in esophageal cancers. Clinical trials are being conducted to test the preventive and therapeutic efficacy of HPV vaccines, directed particularly against HPV 16 and 18. If proven to be effective, their global application should have a measurable effect on the worldwide incidence of cancer.
Epstein‐Barr Virus: The First Human Tumor Virus and its Role in Cancer
Authors: Pagano Joseph S.
Published: December 2004

The Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is classically associated with three malignancies, Burkitt's lymphoma, B‐cell lymphoproliferative syndromes, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and, more recently, with Hodgkin's disease, T‐cell lymphomas, and gastric carcinoma, as well as being the causal agent for infectious mononucleosis. The relation of the virus to the malignancies varies from primary etiologic agent to necessary or contributory cofactor. Clonal EBV episomes are found in all the malignant conditions. EBV infects both epithelial and lymphoid cells, providing a pathobiological basis for these diverse associations. Most of the malignancies occur after years of viral dormancy and are accompanied or triggered by viral reactivation, in contrast to infectious mononucleosis, which results from primary infection with EBV. The EBV‐associated malignancies offer insights into the causation and early detection of cancer. The molecular virology and pathobiology of EBV infection states provide the basis for the specific diagnosis of these diseases and a framework for new therapies.
Hepatitis Viruses: Their Role in Human Cancer
Authors: Bradley Daniel W.
Published: December 2004

Hepatitis B virus ( HBV) has been shown to be linked causally to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. One of the HBV gene products, the “X” protein, has been specifically implicated in the malignant transformation of hepatocytes; mutations in one or more of the HBV structural proteins have also been linked to HCC. HBV DNA may act as an insertional mutagen in the myc family of genes. Mutations within the pre‐core and core promoter regions of HBV‐DNA have also been associated with the development of HCC. Patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) often develop cirrhosis; a significant proportion of these patients progress to HCC. Although numerous genotypes of HCV exist, type 1b is most often associated with the eventual development of HCC in chronically infected patients. The molecular mechanisms for the malignant transformation of hepatocytes by HCV have not been elucidated.
State of Evaluation: Community Health Workers
Authors: Nemcek Mary Ann , Sabatier Rosemary
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Disparity groups, especially racial and ethnic minority groups, are at greater risk for poor health yet experience numerous obstacles in accessing health care. Community health workers (CHWs) are indigenous, trusted, and respected members of the underserved community. They can serve as a bridge between peers and health professionals.

Use of CHWs has fluctuated since the federal government first endorsed their use for expanded health access to the underserved in the 1960s. National demands to eliminate health disparities and recent socioeconomic pressures have focused attention on use of CHWs to improve community health. Still, underutilization exists due to, in part, a lack of understanding of the CHW concept and a dearth of evaluation literature on CHWs.

 This article describes the CHW concept, provides a summary of CHW evaluation literature, and suggests quality care indicators to strengthen evaluation. The review of evaluation research relating to CHWs provides a preliminary state of the science for nurses to begin building an evidence‐based practice. Quality of care indicators pertinent to CHW are summarized from the existing evaluation literature. The three best practice domains (therapeutic alliance, risk reduction and health care utilization) are proposed along with suggestions for using quality indicators to improve evaluation. A reduction in health disparities can occur with enhanced CHW utilization.
Application of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change to the Physical Activity Behavior of WIC Mothers
Authors: Fahrenwald Nancy L. , Walker Susan Noble
Published: December 2004

Abstract  This descriptive‐correlational study examined the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change in relationship to the physical activity behavior of mothers receiving assistance from the Women, Infants, and Children program. A purposive sample (N = 30) of six women at each of the five stages of readiness for behavior change was used. Relationships between stage of behavior change (measured using the Stage of Exercise Adoption tool) and other TTM constructs were examined. The constructs and corresponding instruments included physical activity behavior (Seven‐Day Physical Activity Recall), pros, cons, decisional balance (Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale and two open‐ended questions), self‐efficacy (Self‐efficacy for Exercise scale), and processes of behavior change (Processes of Exercise Adoption tool and the Social Support for Exercise scale). Significant relationships were found between stage of behavior change and two physical activity energy expenditure indices (rs = 0.71–0.73, p < 0.01), daily minutes of moderate to very hard physical activity (rs = 0.81, p < 0.01), pros (rs = 0.56, p < 0.01), cons (rs = −0.52, p < 0.05), decisional balance (rs = 0.56, p < 0.01), and self‐efficacy (rs = 0.56, p < 0.01). Use of the 10 processes of change differed by stage of change. Pros to physical activity included a sense of accomplishment, increased strength, stress relief, and getting in shape after pregnancy. Cons included fatigue, childcare, and cold weather. Results support the TTM as relevant to WIC mothers and suggest strategies to increase physical activity in this population.
Generalized Perforating Granuloma Annulare in an Infant
Authors: Choi Jung‐Chul , Bae Jee‐Young , Cho Soyun , Choi Jee‐Ho , Sung Kyung‐Jeh , Moon Kee‐Chan , Koh Jai‐Kyoung
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Generalized perforating granuloma annulare presents with flesh‐ to red‐colored, 1–5 mm papules with a central umbilicated crust or scale that usually involves the extremities, face, neck, and trunk. Perforating granulomas are demonstrated on histopathology. Our patient is a 68‐day‐old girl with generalized perforating granuloma annulare.
Spontaneously Improving Michelin Tire Baby Syndrome
Authors: Sardana Kabir , Mendiratta Vibhu , Kakar Nirupma , Sharma R. C. , Koranne R. V. , Sethi Seema
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Michelin tire syndrome is described in a 22‐month‐old girl of Indian origin who had generalized folding of the skin, esotropia, epicanthic folds, and delayed speech. Histopathology showed diffuse lipomatous hypertrophy. The skin changes showed partial improvement on follow‐up. We report this case because of its rarity. Furthermore, the spontaneous improvement is significant, unlike the persistent course of other congenital nevi.
Genital Carriage of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) DNA in Prepubertal Girls with and without Vulval Disease
Authors: Powell Jennifer , Strauss Susanne , Gray Jim , Wojnarowska Fenella
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Human papilloma virus (HPV) can reach a child's anogenital area by vertical transmission or by close contact, which can be either sexual or nonsexual. Our objective was to compare HPV in prepubertal girls with and without lichen sclerosus (LS). We compared the frequencies and types of HPV in girls with LS with those in children with non‐LS vulval disease (vulval swab and urine) and in children with no known vulval disease (urine only). HPV DNA was detected using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with general and consensus primers amplifying a region of the L1 gene, and PCR amplicons were typed using reverse hybridization with labeled HPV type‐specific probes. Specimens untypeable by this method were typed by DNA sequencing. In the cohort of children with LS, we recorded the presence of maternal anogenital warts or a dysplastic cervical smear within 3 years of the affected child's birth. We found that HPV was present in the urine and vulval swabs of 8 of 32 children with LS and in 2 of 31 children with non‐LS vulval disease, but also in the urine of 7 of 29 controls. In those with LS, the frequency was not increased significantly, but the types were predominantly those commonly associated with dysplasia of the cervix, penis, vulva, and anus, as opposed to the broader spectrum of types found in the control group, not all dysplasia associated. Two of the 32 mothers reported warts, and 15 of 32 (46.9%) had an abnormal smear. (The national average of abnormal cervical smears is less than 10%.) We concluded that HPV appears to be common in all prepubertal girls, but children with LS carried types associated with dysplasia and their mothers had had a high incidence of dyskaryotic smears.
Two Girls with Necrobiosis Lipoidica and Type I Diabetes Mellitus with Transfollicular Elimination in One Girl
Authors: Pestoni Carmela , Ferreirós M. Mercedes Pereiro , De La Torre Carlos , Toribio Jaime
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a rare disorder that usually appears in the lower extremities and it is often related with diabetes mellitus (DM). There are few reported cases of NL in children. Transfollicular elimination of necrotic material has been described in adult patients with NL diabeticorum. Here we describe two new cases of NL in two girls with type I diabetes mellitus (DM). One of the cases is the first case, to our knowledge, of transfollicular elimination in a girl. The other case is the second case reported of lesions on the arms in a child with DM.
Calcinosis Cutis Following Liver Transplantation in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Larralde Margarita , Giachetti Ana , Kowalczuk Alicia , D'Agostino Daniel , Galimberti Ricardo
Published: December 2004

Abstract: We report the occurrence of calcinosis cutis in a 3‐year‐old girl after liver transplantation. The cutaneous lesions consisted of 5 mm white papules on an erythematous base in linear and rosette configurations that developed in the abdominal and lumbar areas 10 days after transplantation. The patient had received calcium chloride solution intravenously during surgery. We excluded other causes of ectopic calcification such as hyperparathyroidism, renal failure, and extravasation of calcium solution. We discuss the etiology of calcinosis cutis after liver transplantation. This sequence of events has not been previously described in pediatric patients.
Melanocyte Stimulation in Focal Dermal Hypoplasia with Unusual Pigmented Skin Lesions: A Histologic and Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Kanitakis Jean , Souillet Anne‐Laure , Butnaru Cristina , Claudy Alain
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) or Goltz syndrome is a rare genodermatosis transmitted in a dominant, X‐linked mode. It is characterized clinically by atrophic skin lesions, multiple mucocutaneous papillomas, hyperpigmented linear skin lesions, and several skeletal and visceral anomalies. We followed over several years a female patient with FDH, who had the characteristic atrophic cutaneous lesions and periorificial papillomas, who developed at the periphery of atrophic lesions peculiar lentigo‐like pigmented macules. Immunohistologically, increased melanin deposits within the epidermis and the dermis were seen, produced by stimulated epidermal melanocytes expressing the HMB‐45 antigen. These findings further support the contention that cutaneous lesions of FDH may be progressive, and provide a physiopathologic basis for understanding the hyperpigmented lesions of FDH.
Contact Sensitization to Disperse Dyes in Children
Authors: Giusti F. , Massone F. , Bertoni L. , Pellacani G. , Seidenari S.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: From January 1996 to December 2000, 1098 children, including 667 subjects with suspected allergic contact dermatitis and 431 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), were patch tested with seven disperse dyes: disperse blue 124 (DB124), disperse blue 106 (DB106), disperse red 1 (DR1), disperse yellow 3 (DY3), disperse orange 3 (DO3), p‐aminoazobenzene (PAAB), and p‐dimethylaminoazobenzene (PDAAB). Of these, 51 patients (4.6%; 34 girls and 17 boys) proved sensitized to disperse dyes. AD or history of AD was present in 30 patients (59%). The most common sensitizer was DY3 (17 patients), followed by DO3 (15 patients), and DB124 (14 patients). Among dye‐positive patients, about 12% were sensitized to disperse dyes alone and only 14% reacted to para‐phenylenediamine. In disperse dye‐sensitive children not affected by AD, the feet, axillae, and groin appeared to be the most common localizations, whereas in those with AD, involvement of the face and the flexural areas of the limbs was more common. In conclusion, our study showed that in children with suspected contact sensitization, disperse dyes should be regarded as potential triggering allergens.
Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans in Prepubertal Children
Authors: Silverberg Nanette B. , Herz Joshua , Wagner Annette , Paller Amy S.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) is a rare disorder of pigmentation that is most common in Hispanic patients. In adults, EDP has a slow onset and is unlikely to resolve spontaneously. The etiology and clinical course in children is poorly defined. Physical examinations, chart reviews, and telephone interviews were performed for eight pediatric patients with EDP who were followed at Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago between 1990 and 1998. All the patients available for long‐term follow‐up (five of the eight) experienced complete clearance without recurrence in an average of 2.5 years. In all of our patients, the onset was noted from July to December. The administration of aminopenicillins was coincident with the development of EDP in two of the patients. Review of the English‐language literature reveals that 25 prepubertal children have previously been reported. Including our patients, 69% of prepubertal children with EDP experienced resolution. We concluded that the clinical course of childhood (prepubertal) EDP differs from that of adult EDP, and it is more likely to resolve within 2–3 years.
A Report of Cutaneous Tuberculosis in Siblings
Authors: Nunez‐Gussman Janna , Starke Jeffrey , Correa Armando , Graviss Edward A. , Pan Xi , Popek Edwina , Metry Denise
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Cutaneous tuberculosis is rarely seen in the United States, and we are unaware of any reports of siblings sharing the diagnosis. We report an instance of cutaneous tuberculosis affecting two sisters. The first sibling had skin biopsy specimen findings suggestive of an infectious source, but special stains and cultures were negative. Only with further evaluation using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the diagnosis established. The second sibling had positive staining for acid‐fast bacilli, though her cultures were also negative. A high level of suspicion for tuberculosis should be maintained in otherwise healthy children with nonspecific, granulomatous disorders of the skin. PCR may be a useful tool for selected cases in which a high level of clinical suspicion exists, but special stains and cultures are negative.
Disseminated and Disfiguring Molluscum Contagiosum in a Child
Authors: Dave Shriya , Thappa Devinder Mohan , Karthikeyan Kaliaperumal
Published: December 2004

Abstract: We report widely disseminated and disfiguring lesions of molluscum contagiosum occurring in a 4‐year‐old girl secondary to a primary immunodeficiency disorder. The child, born of consanguineous parents, had multiple, asymptomatic, raised, skin‐colored and whitish lesions since 2 years of age. On physical examination she had growth retardation features with grade II protein energy malnutrition. Cutaneous examination revealed numerous, widespread, skin‐colored to translucent, firm, umbilicated papules of varying sizes (pinpoint to larger than 10 mm). They were distributed bilaterally over all four limbs, including the dorsum of the hands and feet, trunk, face (including lips), eyelids, auriculae, and perineal and gluteal areas. In places, they were linearly disposed and had coalesced to form plaques. A biopsy specimen from a representative skin lesion (arm) demonstrated lobulated epidermal growth consisting of keratinocytes with large intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies and a central crater. These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum. Topical therapies with phenol and trichloroacetic acid were ineffective The child succumbed to a fulminant systemic infection at home, 2 months after discharge from the hospital. The extent and distribution of molluscum contagiosum in our patient was remarkably vivid and has been hitherto reported only rarely.
Effectiveness of Percutaneous Neuromodulation Therapy for Patients with Chronic and Severe Low Back Pain
Authors: Seroussi Richard E. , Gliner Bradford E. , Steinitz Edgar , Schmitt Susan , Gamburd Robert , Firlik Andrew D.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Percutaneous neuromodulation therapy (PNT) is a minimally invasive approach to the treatment of low back pain (LBP), involving electrical stimulation applied to percutaneous electrodes placed within the lumbar paraspinal tissues during 30‐minute treatment sessions. This study reports the effects of PNT on a population of patients with chronic and severe levels of LBP. This study was performed in an outpatient clinical research setting. Thirty‐nine patients were enrolled who had stable levels of LBP lasting at least 6 months, with enrollment LBP visual analog scale (VAS) scores of at least 5 on a scale of 10. The patients were treated with PNT 2 times per week for 4 weeks. Baseline VAS scores of LBP, physical activity, sleep, and the Oswestry Questionnaire were recorded. The final assessment was made 48 hours after the last treatment. After 4 sessions, the patients completed a “responder screen” questionnaire whereby, to continue treatment, they had to indicate both a perceived benefit and improvement in LBP and/or activity levels. Thirty‐one patients completed the study protocol. Of the 18 patients (58% of 31) who passed the responder screen, 14 (78% of 18, 45% of 31) had ≥30% improvement in LBP and/or activity levels. Mean LBP scores decreased by 37% to 4.5 ± 2.2 from 7.1 ± 1.0 (P=0.0001); activity scores improved by 39% to 4.0 ± 2.1 from 6.7 ± 1.5 (P=0.0005); sleep scores improved by 40% from 6.2 ± 2.6 to 4.0 ± 2.6 (P=0.0003). Oswestry scores improved from 44 ± 12 to 33 ± 15 (P=0.002). In conclusion, for patients with chronic and severe stable levels of low back pain, PNT appears promising for pain level reduction and improvement in function.
Diagnosis and Management of the Painful Shoulder. Part 1: Clinical Anatomy and Pathomechanics
Authors: Sizer Phillip S. , Phelps Valerie , Gilbert Kerry
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Distinctive anatomical features can be witnessed in the shoulder complex, affording specific pathological conditions. Disorders of the shoulder complex are multifactoral and features in both the clinical anatomy and biomechanics contribute to the development of shoulder pain. The sternocalvicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral, and scapulothoracic joints must all participate in function of the shoulder complex, as each biomechanically contributes to functional movements and clinical disorders witnessed in the shoulder region. A clinician's ability to effectively evaluate, diagnose, and treat the shoulder is largely reliant upon a foundational understanding of the clinical anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder complex. Thus, clinicians are encouraged to consider these distinctions when examining and diagnosing disorders of the shoulder.
A Dominant Negative Mutant of Microphthalmia Transcription Factor (MITF) Lacking Two Transactivation Domains Suppresses Transcription Mediated by Wild Type MITF and a Hyperactive MITF Derivative
Authors: Vachtenheim Jiri , Drdová Blanka
Published: December 2004

Microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) positively regulates transcription of differentiation‐related genes in several cell lineages, including melanocytes. Recent data also indicate a new important role for MITF as a factor that appears to be required for survival of melanoma cells, suggesting a possibility that abrogation of MITF function in transformed melanocytes could lead to a decreased survival via attenuating anti‐apoptotic signals. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the role which MITF plays in melanoma cell survival, it is important to find efficient means of abolishing the transactivation of its target genes. Recently, a dominant negative MITF lacking the N‐terminus has been shown to down‐regulate tyrosinase and Trp1 expression in normal melanocytes and mouse B16 melanoma cells. Here, a dominant negative mutant of the melanocyte‐specific isoform of MITF is described carrying deletions of both N‐ and C‐terminal transactivation domains. Cotransfection of this mutant resulted in a complete inhibition of the wild type MITF function as tested on both the reporter‐linked tyrosinase promoter and an endogenous, ectopic MITF‐triggered tyrosinase gene in U2‐OS cells. The dominant negative construct also strongly repressed the activity of a hyperactive MITF‐Vp16 chimera. Importantly, deletion of both activation domains was necessary to eliminate the residual transcription activity observed when only the N‐terminal domain was removed and to achieve the repressive effect in human melanoma cells. If the activity of MITF plays a role in the long‐term survival of malignant melanocytes, overexpression of a strong dominant negative MITF mutant might be a useful strategy to suppress its transactivation function.
Tanning Devices – Fast Track to Skin Cancer?
Authors: Young Antony R.
Published: December 2004

The use of UVB and/or UVA emitting devices for cosmetic tanning is widespread in Western populations including young people and is especially prevalent in females. Several epidemiological studies, although not all, have shown a significant relationship between the use of tanning devices and malignant melanoma after, in some cases, adjustment for confounding factors such as solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. A relationship between solar exposure, especially intermittent exposure, and malignant melanoma is well established so it is not surprising that a similar connection has been reported for the use of tanning devices. Several epidemiological studies show that childhood exposure to sunlight is a risk factor for malignant melanoma and this may also be the case for the use of tanning devices, especially if sunburns are obtained. Some studies have evaluated the relationship between the use of tanning devices and non‐melanoma skin cancer and at least one has suggested an association. The use of tanning devices by a substantial minority of young people is a worrying trend in terms of a likely increased incidence of malignant melanoma, and possibly non‐melanoma cancers in the future. Although two recent reviews by epidemiologists conclude that a clear link between tanning devices and malignant melanoma is yet to be proven, there is a strong case for effective legislation to prohibit the use of tanning devices by people under 18 yr of age.
The Tyrosinase Gene of the i b Albino Mutant of the Medaka Fish Carries a Transposable Element Insertion in the Promoter Region
Authors: Iida Atsuo , Inagaki Hidehito , Suzuki Miho , Wakamatsu Yuko , Hori Hiroshi , Koga Akihiko
Published: December 2004

The i locus of the medaka fish contains the tyrosinase gene whose product is the key enzyme required for melanin biosynthesis. The ib allele at this locus, also denoted as i 5, causes oculocutaneous albinism in homozygous carriers. Its albino phenotype is very weak, characterized mainly by small and varying sized melanophores in juveniles. Cloning and sequencing analyses of the tyrosinase gene for the i b allele revealed the presence of a 4.7‐kb extra DNA fragment in the 5′ untranslated region, this being Tol2, a DNA‐based transposable element of the hobo Activator Tam3 (hAT) family which had previously been identified as a cause of another mutant allele i4. Its insertion point was 85 bp upstream of the main transcription initiation site and 50 bp downstream of the CATGTG motif that has been suggested to be essential for the promoter function of the tyrosinase gene. The transcription level of the tyrosinase gene was decreased in ib/ib fish, compared with wild‐type fish. The insertion is thus a likely cause of the weak albino phenotype. The Tol2 element transposes in a cut‐and‐paste fashion, and its excision is mostly imprecise, leaving some nucleotides and/or removing excess nucleotides. The i b mutant strain can thus be expected to serve as a source from which various other mutations in the promoter region can be derived.
Electrical Conductivity of Partially Ionized Gases
Authors: Pipkin A. C.
Published: December 2004

Transfer equations as given by Burgers are used to calculate the electrical conductivity of a partially ionized gas in the presence of a magnetic field. The result corresponds to what Chapman and Cowling call a ``second approximation,'' taking into account the influence of heat transfer. The importance of various terms occurring in the final expression is analyzed.