bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of E-Cadherin and β-Catenin Immunoreactivity for Determining Undifferentiated Cells in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Kanematsu Risa , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Tanaka Aki , Suzuki Ayana , Higuchi Miyoko , Kuma Seiji , Hayashi Toshitetsu , Miyauchi Akira
Published: July 2021

Introduction: An immunohistochemical study has occasionally been performed to diagnose anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). However, antibodies to confirm the undifferentiated nature of ATC have not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate E-cadherin and β-catenin expressions in immunoreactivity to determine undifferentiated carcinoma cells in the diagnosis of ATC. Methods: We immunohistochemically examined 29 ATCs, 30 poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs), 22 well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTCs), and 3 squamous cell carcinomas. Antibodies for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), paired-box gene 8 (PAX8), β-catenin, and E-cadherin were used. Results: All WDTCs tested positive for TTF-1, PAX8, and E-cadherin. The positive rates of TTF-1, PAX8, and E-cadherin were 93.3, 93.3, and 100%, respectively, in PDTCs and 17.2, 51.7, and 10.3%, respectively, in ATCs. WDTC expressed the lateral cell membrane staining for β-catenin and E-cadherin, whereas PDTC showed circumferential cell membranous expression (fishnet pattern). β-catenin cell membrane expression in ATCs is lost or discontinuous. Carcinoma cells with β-catenin nuclear expression without cell membranous expression were scattered in 72.4% of ATCs but were not observed in the other carcinomas. Conclusion: We propose 3 immunohistochemical findings to determine undifferentiated carcinoma cells in the diagnosis of ATC: (1) β-catenin nuclear expression with no or reduced cell membranous expression, (2) the loss or discontinuous pattern of E-cadherin expression, and (3) the loss of PAX8 nuclear expression.
Epidemiological Influences and Requirements of Global Childhood Obesity Research
Authors: Klingelhöfer Doris , Braun Markus , Quarcoo David , Brüggmann Dörthe , Groneberg David Alexander
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Obesity is classified as a global epidemic and judged to be the greatest public health threat in Western countries. The tremendously increasing prevalence rates in children lead to morbidity and mortality in adults. In many countries, prevalence has doubled since the 1980s. Other countries show a continuous increase or stagnate at a very high level. Given these regional differences, this study aims to draw a global world map of childhood obesity research, including regional epidemiological characteristics, to comprehensively assess research influences and needs. Methods: In addition to established bibliometric parameters, this study uses epidemiological data to interpret metadata on childhood obesity research from the Web of Science in combination with state-of-the-art visualization methods, such as density equalizing map projections. Results: It was not until the 1990s that belated recognition of the dangerous effects of childhood obesity led to an increase in the number of publications worldwide. In addition, our findings show that countries’ study output does not correlate with epidemiologic rates of childhood obesity. In contrast, the primary driver of the research efforts on childhood obesity appears to be largely driven government funding structures. Discussion/Conclusion: The geographical differences in the epidemiological background of childhood obesity complicate the implementation of transnational research projects and cross-border prevention programs. Effective realization requires a sound scientific basis, which is facilitated by globally valid approaches. Hence, there is a need for information exchange between researchers, policy makers, and private initiatives worldwide.
Mast Cells in Human Cutaneous Neurofibromas: Density, Subtypes, and Association with Clinical Features in Neurofibromatosis 1
Authors: Kallionpää Roope A. , Ahramo Kaisa , Martikkala Eija , Fazeli Elnaz , Haapaniemi Pekka , Rokka Anne , Leivo Ilmo , Harvima Ilkka T. , Peltonen Juha , Peltonen Sirkku
Published: July 2021

Background: Cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs) are hallmarks of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and cause the main disease burden in adults with NF1. Mast cells are a known component of cNFs. However, no comprehensive characterization of mast cells in cNFs is available, and their contributions to cNF growth and symptoms such as itch are not known. Methods: We collected 60 cNFs from ten individuals with NF1, studied their mast cell proteinase content, and compared the mast cell numbers to selected clinical features of the tumors and patients. The tumors were immunolabeled for the mast cell markers CD117, tryptase, and chymase, and the percentage of immunopositive cells was determined using computer-assisted methods. Results: The median proportions of positive cells were 5.5% (range 0.1–14.4) for CD117, 4.0% (1.2–7.0) for tryptase, and 5.0% (1.1–15.9) for chymase. The median densities of cells immunopositive for CD117, tryptase, and chymase were 280, 243, and 250 cells/mm2, respectively. Small tumors, growing tumors, and tumors from patients below the median age of 33 years displayed a high proportion of mast cells. Cells expressing both tryptase and chymase were the predominant mast cell type in cNFs, followed by cells expressing chymase only. Conclusion: The results highlight the abundance of mast cells in cNFs and that their number and subtypes clearly differ from those previously reported in unaffected skin.
Gene Hunting Approaches through the Combination of Linkage Analysis with Whole-Exome Sequencing in Mendelian Diseases: From Darwin to the Present Day
Authors: Susgun Seda , Kasan Koray , Yucesan Emrah
Published: July 2021

Background: In the context of medical genetics, gene hunting is the process of identifying and functionally characterizing genes or genetic variations that contribute to disease phenotypes. In this review, we would like to summarize gene hunting process in terms of historical aspects from Darwin to now. For this purpose, different approaches and recent developments will be detailed. Summary: Linkage analysis and association studies are the most common methods in use for explaining the genetic background of hereditary diseases and disorders. Although linkage analysis is a relatively old approach, it is still a powerful method to detect disease-causing rare variants using family-based data, particularly for consanguineous marriages. As is known that, consanguineous marriages or endogamy poses a social problem in developing countries, however, this same condition also provides a unique opportunity for scientists to identify and characterize pathogenic variants. The rapid advancements in sequencing technologies and their parallel implementation together with linkage analyses now allow us to identify the candidate variants related to diseases in a relatively short time. Furthermore, we can now go one step further and functionally characterize the causative variant through in vitro and in vivo studies and unveil the variant-phenotype relationships on a molecular level more robustly. Key Messages: Herein, we suggest that the combined analysis of linkage and exome analysis is a powerful and precise tool to diagnose clinically rare and recessively inherited conditions.
Cell Block and Its Impact in the Diagnosis of Jaw Lesions over Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Authors: Hallikeri Kaveri , Babu Biji , Sudhakaran Archana , Monteiro Roshni
Published: July 2021

Objectives: To determine the role and efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell block in diagnosis of jaw lesions and compare the agreement between FNAC and cell block to predict the diagnosis. Method: The sample comprised 51 cases, including 12 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), 8 ameloblastomas, 22 radicular cysts, 7 dentigerous cysts, and 1 each of intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT). FNAC samples remaining after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained cytosmear diagnosis were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and sediment mixed with 2–3 mL alcohol and filtered. To this, 10% formalin was added, filtered, taken for routine processing, and stained with H&E. The result of FNAC smear and cell block was compared with histopathological diagnosis. Results: On cytological examination of the smears, 7 OKCs and 22 radicular cysts were diagnosed, whereas ameloblastomas, AOT, intraosseous MEC, and dentigerous cysts were not. This gave an agreement of 56.8% with the biopsy reports. Cell block sections stained with H&E of 12 OKCs, 22 radicular cysts, 1 MEC, and 3 cases of ameloblastoma offered a diagnosis in accordance with the biopsies giving an agreement of 74.5%, while dentigerous cyst and AOT failed to do so. In comparison with FNAC, additionally 5 cases of OKC and 1 of MEC could be detected, and in ameloblastoma, out of 8 cases, only 3 yielded a concordant diagnosis through the cell block technique. Conclusion: In comparison with FNAC, the architectural pattern and the morphology of the cells were better preserved by the cell block technique. This substantiates that cell block could be used as an ancillary technique to aid in definitive diagnosis of head and neck swellings.
Telogen Effluvium after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Series of Cases and Possible Pathogenetic Mechanisms
Authors: Rossi Alfredo , Magri Francesca , Sernicola Alvise , Michelini Simone , Caro Gemma , Muscianese Marta , Di Fraia Marco , Chello Camilla , Fortuna Maria Caterina , Grieco Teresa
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Physicians have largely studied the cutaneous involvement of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but only few reports have focused on telogen effluvium (TE) as a possible sequela of COVID-19. We assessed 14 cases of hair loss occurring after SARS-CoV-2 infection using trichoscopy and trichogram to investigate patterns related to COVID-19. Furthermore, we discussed possible mechanisms involved in COVID-19 TE. Case Presentation: Fourteen individuals were referred to our post-COVID-19 dermatology office complaining acute hair loss after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical evaluation included pull test, trichoscopy, and trichogram. CO­VID-19 TE occurred after a median of 2 months (range 1–3 months) following SARS-CoV-2 infection. The median duration of hair loss was 5 months (range 1–6 months). Trichoscopy showed variable but typical TE patterns. Trichogram showed different telogen/anagen ratio depending on the interval between onset of hair loss and trichological visit. Discussion/Conclusion: Our cases showed TE between 1 and 3 months after the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus earlier than classic TE. Trichoscopic features and trichogram showed no variations from classic TE. Different pathogenetic mechanisms including pro-inflammatory cytokines and direct viral damage on the hair follicle can be hypothesized; further studies on a larger sample are needed to better understand this condition.
The Biography of Specimen “09.04.1954, 3.4 mm” from the “Blechschmidt Collection of Human Embryos” at Göttingen University with a Special Focus on the Production and Usage of Enlarged 3D Replicas of Embryos in the Anatomical Research on Human Embryos
Authors: Männer Jörg , Markert Michael
Published: July 2021

The “Blechschmidt Collection of Human Embryos” housed at the Anatomical Institute of Göttingen University (Germany) is an important historical collection of human embryo specimens whose history dates back up to the mid-1940s. It is named after its founder Prof. Erich Blechschmidt (1904–1992). A 2-year research project was conducted from 2017 to 2019 with the aim of clarifying the provenience of the human embryo specimens collected by Blechschmidt. This project not only has provided information on the origin of the specimens but, additionally, led to the discovery of photographic documents illustrating the process by which Blechschmidt built the enlarged 3-dimensional replicas of human embryos that are shown in a dedicated exhibition hall in the basement of the Anatomical Institute. Here, we report on an embryo from the Blechschmidt collection whose biography as a microscopical specimen as well as a source for objects of Blechschmidt’s collection of 3-dimensional replicas of human embryos is documented by letters, lab-books, and photographs. Our report is complemented by a short historical review on the production and usage of enlarged 3-dimensional replicas in research on the anatomy of human embryo.
Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 Regulates Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Li Wentong , Yu Wenjuan , Xu Weichang , Xiong Jianxian , Zhong Xuehong , Hu Shuo , Yu Junjian
Published: July 2021

To investigate the role of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) in cardiac ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in vivo, and to determine whether the process is regulated by nuclear factor E2-associated factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1). Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression level of DAPK1 at different time points. The hemodynamic parameters and apoptosis of cardiac I/R injury in vivo were observed using DAPK1 knockdown lentivirus. The oxidative stress of I/R in vivo was observed. Nrf2-IN-1 was applied to determine whether the role of DAPK was regulated by Nrf2/keap1. Results show that the DAPK1 expression increased to a peak after 12 h of I/R. Moreover, the level of DAPK1 expression decreased, as determined by Western blot, after DAPK1 knockdown lentivirus administration. In addition, the hemodynamic parameters of the DAPK1-shRNA group were improved. The apoptosis level (Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, and TUNEL staining) increased in the I/R group, and the DAPK1 knockdown lentivirus could reverse the injury. The oxidative stress indices (CK, cTn-1, CAT, LDH, GSH-PX, MDA, and SOD) also improved in the DAPK1-shRNA group. Finally, Nrf2-IN-1 inhibited tNrf2, nNrf2, and Bcl-2 expression and boosted keap1, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 expression after DAPK1 lentivirus administration. These findings suggest that DAPK1 may regulate the oxidative stress in cardiac I/R, and Nrf2/keap1 may be the downstream target factor of DAPK1.
Current Understanding of Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 in Glomerular Disease
Authors: Shimmel Allison , Shaikhouni Salma , Mariani Laura
Published: July 2021

Background: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an evolving pandemic with significant mortality. Information about the impact of infection on glomerular disease patients in particular has been lacking. Understanding the virus’s effect in glomerular disease is constantly changing. This review article summarizes the data published thus far on COVID-19 and its manifestations in pre-existing and de novo glomerular disease. Summary: While patients with glomerular disease may be at higher risk of severe COVID-19 due to their immunosuppressed status, some data suggest that a low amount of immunosuppression may be helpful in mitigating the systemic inflammatory response which is associated with high mortality rates in COVID-19. There have been a few case reports on COVID-19 causing glomerular disease relapse in patients. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for kidney injury, proteinuria, and hematuria in the setting of COVID-19. More commonly, these are caused by direct tubular injury due to hemodynamic instability and hypoxic injury. However, the cytokine storm induced by COVID-19 may trigger common post-viral glomerular disease such as IgA nephropathy, anti-GBM, and ANCA vasculitis that have also been described in COVID-19 patients. Collapsing glomerulopathy, a hallmark of HIV-associated nephropathy, is being reported SARS-CoV-2 cases, particularly in patients with high-risk APOL1 alleles. Direct viral invasion of glomerular structures is hypothesized to cause a podocytopathy due to virus’s affinity to ACE2, but evidence for this remains under study. Key Messages: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 may cause glomerular disease in certain patients. The mechanism of de novo glomerular disease in the setting of COVID-19 is under study. The management of patients with existing glomerular disease poses unique challenges, especially with regard to immunosuppression management. Further studies are needed to inform clinician decisions about the management of these patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Distal Medium Vessel Occlusions Can Be Accurately and Rapidly Detected Using
Tmax
Maps
Authors: Amukotuwa Shalini A. , Wu Angel , Zhou Kevin , Page Inna , Brotchie Peter , Bammer Roland
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:

Distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs) are increasingly considered for endovascular thrombectomy but are difficult to detect on computed tomography angiography (CTA). We aimed to determine whether time-to-maximum of tissue residue function (
Tmax
) maps, derived from CT perfusion, can be used as a triage screening tool to accurately and rapidly identify patients with DMVOs.

Methods:

Consecutive code stroke patients who underwent multimodal CT were screened retrospectively. Two experienced readers evaluated all patients’
Tmax
maps in consensus for presence of delay in an arterial territory (territorial
Tmax
delay). The diagnostic accuracy of this surrogate for identifying DMVOs was determined using receiver-operating characteristic analysis. CTA, interpreted by 2 experienced neuroradiologists with access to all imaging data, served as the reference standard. Diagnostic performance of 4 other readers with different levels of experience for identifying DMVOs on
Tmax
versus CTA was also assessed. These readers independently assessed patients’
Tmax
maps and CTAs in 2 separate timed sessions, and areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves were compared using the DeLong algorithm. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to comparatively assess diagnostic speed.

Results:

Three hundred seventy-three code stroke patients (median age, 70 years; 56% male, 70 with a DMVO) were included. Territorial
Tmax
delay had a sensitivity of 100% (CI
95
, 94.9%–100%) and specificity of 87.8% (CI
95
, 83.6%–91.3%) for presence of a DMVO, yielding an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves of 0.939 (CI
95
, 0.920–0.957). All 4 readers achieved sensitivity >95% and specificity >84% for detecting DMVOs using
Tmax
maps, with diagnostic accuracy (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves) and speed that were significantly (
P
<0.001) higher than on CTA.

Conclusions:

Territorial
Tmax
delay had perfect sensitivity and high specificity for a DMVO.
Tmax
maps were accurately and rapidly interpreted by even inexperienced readers, and causes of false positives are easy to recognize and dismiss. These findings encourage the use of
Tmax
to identify patients with DMVOs.
Phaeorrhiza (Physciaceae), a new lichen genus record to China
Authors: ZHONG QIUYI , ZHANG YANYUN , WANG XINYU , TIMDAL EINAR , GONG HEDE , WANG ZIZHI , WANG LISONG
Published: July 2021

The genus Phaeorrhiza is reported as new for the Chinese lichen biota, including the two species, Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt and P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa. (Tr. Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt. The genus grows on soil in alpine meadows, morphologically characterized by a squamulose to subfoliose thallus, rhizohyphae, and Beltraminia-type ascospores. P. nimbosa has cryptolecanorine to eulecanorine apothecia, while P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa has lecideine apothecia. Descriptions, a key and a phylogram of these species are provided.
Two new species of Begonia (sect. Platycentrum, Begoniaceae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam: B. villosula and B. lophura
Authors: HOANG THANH SON , LIN CHE-WEI
Published: July 2021

Two new species of Begonia L., namely Begonia villosula T.S.Hoang & C.W.Lin and B. lophura T.S.Hoang & C.W.Lin, from the Central Highlands of Vietnam, are described and illustrated. They are assigned to Begonia sect. Platycentrum based on several characters including axillary inflorescence, 4-tepaled staminate flower and 5-tepaled pistillate flower with bilocular ovary, each with two placentae. Begonia villosula resembles B. thomsonii, but it is different in its leaf margins crenate to crenulate (vs. irregularly serrulate), stamens 80–120 (vs. 35–70), pistillate flower 4-tepaled (vs. 5-tepaled) and ovary hirsute (vs. villous). Begonia lophura is somewhat similar to B. pavonina, but it is different in having widely ovate (vs. ovate) and abaxially red hirsute (vs. glabrous) leaves, bracts persistent (vs. caducous), tepals hirsute (vs. glabrous) in both of staminate and pistillate flowers, capsule scabrous (vs. glabrous) and abaxial wing strongly swollen (vs. thin, not swollen). The conservation status of the two new species are assessed as Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List criteria.
Additions to the knowledge on the genus Philanthus Fabricius, 1790 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Philanthinae) from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: KUMAR P. GIRISH , MONKS JOSEPH , SHEIKH ALTAF HUSSAIN
Published: July 2021

Additional information on the genus Philanthus Fabricius from the Indian subcontinent is provided, with a key to species. Two new synonymies are proposed: Philanthus avidus Bingham, 1896 and P. scrutator Nurse, 1902 are synonymised under P. basalis F. Smith, 1856. P. nepalensis Bingham and P. triangulum Fabricius are reported for the first time from India. The distribution data of P. basalis F. Smith, P. dentatus Cameron, P. depredator F. Smith, P. pulcherrimus F. Smith, and P. ramakrishnae Turner within various states of India are augmented.
New records and taxonomic notes on Cryphalus Erichson, 1836 in Hawaiʻi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: JOHNSON ANDREW J. , HONSBERGER DAVID , BEAVER ROGER A.
Published: July 2021

We review the taxonomy and provide identification resources for the species of Cryphalus Erichson, 1836 from the Hawaiian Islands. Five species are present, Cryphalus brasiliensis (Schedl, 1976) new country record, Cryphalus mangiferae Stebbing, 1914, Cryphalus negrosensis Browne, 1979, Cryphalus sylvicola (Perkins, 1900), and Cryphalus trypanoides (Beeson, 1935) (= Cryphalus mollis Schedl, 1955 syn. nov.). Additionally, while reviewing the species, two species not present in Hawaiʻi are resurrected from synonymy with C. sylvicola: Cryphalus pini (Hopkins, 1915) stat. res. and Cryphalus swezeyi (Schedl, 1942) stat. res. None of the Hawaiian species are endemic, and most are known from most major Pacific islands, and presumed introduced. Cryphalus negrosensis is a likely recent introduction and is a frugivorous scolytine, collected from a wide range of fruits, and found breeding in Artocarpus altilis fruit pulp.
Effect of Superparamagnetic DMSO@γ-Fe2O3 Combined with Carmustine on Cervical Cancer
Authors: Wen Shu , Xing Weiping , Gao Lingxue , Zhao Shuping
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of DMSO@γ-Fe2O3 nanomagnetic fluid thermotherapy combined with the chemotherapy drug carmustine on cervical cancer cells under a certain intensity of alternating magnetic field. And the role of Mir-590-3P
in the development and progression of cervical cancer. The optimal thermotherapy concentration of γ-Fe2O3 nanomaterials on cervical cancer cells was determined by in vitro heating. In addition, the MTT colorimetric method was used to evaluate the toxic
effect of γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles on cervical cancer cells, and the optimal therapeutic concentration of carbachol on cervical cancer cells was optimized (0.015 g · L−1). The cervical cancer cells were divided into control,
γ-Fe2O3 hyperthermia, chemotherapy, and DMSO@γ-Fe2O3 combined chemotherapy groups. After 2 h exposure to hypothermic conditions, flow cytometry was used to assess cell apoptosis for each group. The heating effect of the
γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanomaterials was apparent. When the concentration of γ-Fe2O3 was ≥6 g· L−1, the temperature rise above 41 °C. γ-Fe2O3 is non-toxic to cervical
cancer cells and has good biocompatibility. Taking the drug concentration of IC25 as the working concentration of this study, the working concentration of carmustine was 0.015 g · L−1. Both the 41 °C heat treatment and chemotherapy alone had a killing effect on
glioma and cervical cancer cells (P < 0.05). Additionally, the combined inhibitory effect of DMSO@γ-Fe2O3 nanomagnetic fluid thermotherapy and drugs at this temperature was significantly stronger than that of thermotherapy and chemotherapy alone (P <
0.05). For the control, gamma-Fe2O3 hyperthermia, chemotherapy, and DMSO@γ-Fe2O3 combined chemotherapy groups, the apoptosis rates of the cervical cancer cells were 1.4%, 18.6%, 24.12%, and 38.97%, respectively. DMSO@γ-Fe2O3
nanomagnetic fluid thermotherapy combined with the chemotherapeutic drug carmustine exerted a noticeable toxic effect on the cervical cancer cells, and DMSO@γ-Fe2O3 significantly enhanced the killing effect of carmustine on cervical cancer cells.
Potato Peel Based Carbon–Sulfur Composite as Cathode Materials for Lithium Sulfur Battery
Authors: Andreas Arie Arenst , Lenora Shealyn , Kristianto Hans , Frida Susanti Ratna , Kee Lee Joong
Published: July 2021

Lithium sulfur battery has become one of the promising rechargeable battery systems to replace the conventional lithium ion battery. Commonly, it uses carbon–sulfur composites as cathode materials. Biomass based carbons has an important role in enhancing its electrochemical characteristics
due to the high conductivity and porous structures. Here, potato peel wastes have been utilized to prepare porous carbon lithium sulfur battery through hydrothermal carbonization followed by the chemical activation method using KOH. After sulfur loading, as prepared carbon–sulfur composite
shows stable coulombic efficiencies of above 98% and a reversible specific capacity of 804 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at current density of 100 mA g−1. These excellent electrochemical properties can be attributed to the unique structure of PPWC showing mesoporous
structure with large specific surface areas. These results show the potential application of potato peel waste based porous carbon as electrode’s materials for lithium sulfur battery.
Non-Antibacterial and Antibacterial ZnO Nanoparticles Composed of Different Surfactants
Authors: Gharpure Saee , Jadhav Tushar , Ghotekar Chetan , Jagtap Anuja , Vare Yogita , Ankamwar Balaprasad
Published: July 2021

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using different surfactants such as SDS, CTAB, Triton X-100, PVP K-30 and ethylene glycol. ZnO NPs were tested for antibacterial activity before and after calcination against different micro-organisms like E. coli and P. aeruginosa
(Gram negative) as well as S. aureus and B. subtilis (Gram positive). Antibacterial activity was observed in SDScapped ZnO NPs only against B. subtilis. Antibacterial activity of ZnO-capped SDS was tested in a concentration range 0.625–10 mg/mL. Increased antibacterial
activity was observed before calcination as compared to after calcination. Minimum concentration at which uncalcinated as well as calcinated SDS-capped ZnO NPs show antibacterial activity is 2.5 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL respectively. Non-antibacterial nature of ZnO NPs highlights its further use
in drug delivery due to its inert nature, enhanced efficacy in association with therapeutic drugs as well as easy disposal.
Demonstration of a Consistent Relationship between Dual-Frequency Reflectivity and the Mass-Weighted Mean Diameter in Measurements of Frozen Precipitation from GCPEX, OLYMPEX, and MC3E
Authors: Duffy George , Mcfarquhar Greg , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Bennartz Ralf
Published: July 2021

The retrieval of the mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) is a fundamental component of spaceborne precipitation retrievals. The Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite is the first satellite to use dual-wavelength ratio measurements—the quotient of radar reflectivity factors (Z) measured at Ku and Ka wavelengths—to retrieve Dm. While it is established that DWR, being theoretically insensitive to changes in ice crystal mass and concentration, can provide a superior retrieval of Dm compared to Z-based retrievals, the benefits of this retrieval have yet to be directly observed or quantified. In this study, DWR–Dm and Z–Dm relationships are empirically generated from collocated airborne radar and in situ cloud particle probe measurements. Data are collected during nine intensive observation periods (IOPs) from three experiments representing different locations and times of year. Across IOPs with varying ice crystal concentrations, cloud temperatures, and storm types, Z–Dm relationships vary considerably while the DWR–Dm relationship remains consistent. This study confirms that a DWR–Dm relationship can provide a more accurate and consistent Dm retrieval than a Z–Dm relationship, quantified by a reduced overall RMSE (0.19 and 0.25 mm, respectively) and a reduced range of biases between experiments (0.11 and 0.32 mm, respectively).
Importance of Supersaturation in Arctic Black Carbon Simulations
Authors: Matsui Hitoshi , Liu Mingxu
Published: July 2021

Black carbon (BC) aerosol particles in the Arctic heat the atmosphere and snow/ice surfaces and may strengthen the snow-albedo feedback that amplifies Arctic warming. Model simulations of BC concentrations in the Arctic depend strongly on the representation of microphysical processes such as aging, activation, and wet removal. Most BC modeling studies have classified BC particles into hydrophobic BC, which cannot form cloud droplets, and hydrophilic BC, which can form cloud droplets, by assuming a globally constant critical supersaturation threshold value (Sthre), without considering its consistency with cloud maximum supersaturation (Smax). Here we show that it is essential to consider the consistency of Sthre with Smax in global model simulations to reduce uncertainties in near-surface ambient BC concentrations in the Arctic. Previous studies often obtained good agreement between simulated and observed near-surface Arctic BC mass concentrations when a low Sthre (~0.1%) was assumed in their models. However, this Sthre may be too low (activation and wet removal of BC may be underestimated) for the Arctic, because some recent observations and our model simulations suggest that Smax may actually be higher (~0.3%) there. We also demonstrate that spatially varying Sthre values and their consistency with Smax, which previous studies did not consider, must be represented in models for more accurate estimation of BC budget in the Arctic. Because both Smax and BC-aging speed depend on climatic conditions, our findings are an important step toward better simulations of BC impacts on past, present, and future Arctic climates.
Comparisons of IMERG Version 06 Precipitation At and Between Passive Microwave Overpasses in the Tropics
Authors: Rajagopal Manikandan , Zipser Edward , Huffman George , Russell James , Tan Jackson
Published: July 2021

The Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (IMERG) is a global precipitation product that uses precipitation retrievals from the virtual constellation of satellites with passive microwave (PMW) sensors, as available. In the absence of PMW observations, IMERG uses a Kalman filter scheme to morph precipitation from one PMW observation to the next. In this study, an analysis of convective systems observed during the Convective Process Experiment (CPEX) suggests that IMERG precipitation depends more strongly on the availability of PMW observations than previously suspected. Following this evidence, we explore systematic biases in IMERG through bulk statistics.

In two CPEX case studies, cloud photographs, pilot’s radar, and infrared imagery suggest that IMERG represents the spatial extent of precipitation relatively well when there is a PMW observation but sometimes produces spurious precipitation areas in the absence of PMW observations. Also, considering an observed convective system as a precipitation object in IMERG, the maximum rain rate peaked during PMW overpasses, with lower values between them. Bulk statistics reveal that these biases occur throughout IMERG Version 06. We find that locations and times without PMW observations have a higher frequency of light precipitation rates and a lower frequency of heavy precipitation rates due to retrieval artifacts. These results reveal deficiencies in the IMERG Kalman Filter scheme, which have led to the development of the Scheme for Histogram Adjustment with Ranked Precipitation Estimates in the Neighborhood (SHARPEN; described in a companion paper) that will be applied in the next version of IMERG.
Economic Consequences and the Motive to Discriminate
Authors: Stroube Bryan K.
Published: July 2021

Past research indicates that increasing the economic consequences of evaluations should theoretically discourage discrimination by making it more costly. I theorize that such consequences may also encourage discrimination in settings in which evaluators may be motivated by performance expectations, e.g., stereotypes. I explore this theory using data from an online lending platform whose loan guarantee policy reduced the potential economic consequences of using borrowers’ demographics during lending decisions. I find evidence that with the policy in place, lenders evaluated female borrowers less favorably than male borrowers. This finding is consistent with the theory that the policy discouraged performance-motivated discrimination (that driven by beliefs about performance abilities) and simultaneously encouraged consumption-motivated discrimination (that driven by a like or dislike of others because of their demographic traits). Because I theorize about underlying motives for discrimination, the insights developed here should apply to a wide range of types of discrimination that vary according to these motives, including classic taste-based discrimination, homophily-driven discrimination, statistical discrimination, and status-based discrimination. Economic consequences may therefore represent an important dynamic link between different types of discrimination.
Rendezvous Under Temporal Uncertainty
Authors: Patton Colleen E. , Wickens Christopher D. , Noble Kayla M. , Clegg Benjamin A. , Smith C. A. P.
Published: July 2021

Objective

Three experiments sought to understand performance limitations in controlling a ship attempting to meet another moving ship that approached from various trajectories. The influence of uncertainty, resulting from occasional unpredictable delays in one’s own movement, was examined.

Background

Cognitive elements of rendezvous have been little studied. Related work such as the planning fallacy and bias toward underestimating time-to-contact imply a tendency toward late arrival at a rendezvous.

Methods

In a simplified simulation, participants controlled the speed and/or heading of their own ship once per scenario to try to rendezvous with another ship. Forty-five scenarios of approximately 30 s were conducted with different starting geometries and, in two of three experiments, with different frequencies and lengths of the unexpected delays.

Results

Perfect rendezvous were hard to obtain, with a general tendency to arrive late and pass behind the target vessel, although this was dependent on the angle of approach and relative speed. When occasional delays were introduced, less frequent but longer delays disrupted performance more than shorter but more frequent delays. Where delays were possible, but no delay occurred, there was no longer evidence of a general tendency to more frequently pass behind the target ship. Additionally, people did not wait to see if the unpredictable delays would occur before executing a course of action. Different control strategies were deployed and dual axis control was preferred.

Conclusions

The tendency to arrive late and the influence of the possibility of uncertain delays are discussed in relationship to control strategies.
The micro/macro mechanical approach of reinforced braid composite used in tribology
Authors: Zahabi Saeed Reza , Sheikhzadeh Mohammad , Shahramforouz Fatemeh , Ko Frank
Published: July 2021

Self-lubricant composite is a flourish scope of technology that merits academic and industry attention, as it is a specific part which essentially employed in acute operation conditions. In the present study, the mechanical properties of the self-lubricating composite of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) braid were investigated. The composites contained Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers as a lubricant and glass, carbon, and Kevlar as a reinforcement, hierarchically incorporated into the structure. In order to study the composite behavior as well as to determine the modulus and hardness of the sample, an indentation test, which is very similar in loading to abrasion tests, was applied. A microband test was also conducted to assess the adhesion between the resin and the PTFE fiber. Shear punch tests were performed to evaluate the total shear strength and impact test to estimate energy absorption and impact strength. The results showed that PTFE/epoxy matrix has poor adhesion. Composites with higher PTFE volume fraction had good energy absorption and, at the same time, low shear strength. The higher modulus of carbon composites was concerned.
Osteoconductivity of Porous Titanium Structure on Implants in Osteoporosis
Authors: Ko S.Y. , Hong J.Y. , Lee W. , Chang Y.Y. , Park K.B. , Yun J.H.
Published: July 2021

In compromised bone conditions such as osteoporosis, developments of the implant surface are necessary to secure the stability of implants. This study investigated the effect of the surface porous titanium structure (PS) on the osseointegration of implants in osteoporotic bone. Bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) was performed in 4 female beagle dogs to induce osteoporosis for 32 wk. Success of induction was based on the evaluation of bone mineral density by Hounsfield units (HU) in computed tomography images. Posterior teeth in both mandibles were extracted 1 wk after OVX, and a total of 30 implants (15 implants in each group) were placed after 32 wk of osteoporosis induction. The control group implant underwent resorbable blast media (RBM) surface treatment, whereas the test group underwent RBM surface treatment in the coronal two-thirds and a PS added to the apical 3-mm portion. HU values in the mandibular trabecular bone, lumbar, and femoral head significantly decreased 32 wk after OVX, confirming osteoporotic condition after induction. Resonance frequency analysis and removal torque test showed comparable values between the 2 groups at 4 wk after implant placement. The surface topography of the implant after removal showed hard tissue integration at the PS in the test group. Bone-to-implant contact length was greater in the apical portion of the test group, although statistical significance was not found between the groups. Interthread bone area in the apical portion of the test group showed a significant increase compared to the control group (control: 0.059 ± 0.041 mm2, test: 0.121 ± 0.060 mm2, P = 0.028) with the histological feature of bone ingrowth at the PS. The findings of the study demonstrated that the surface PS could improve osteoconductivity in the osteoporotic trabecular bone by bone ingrowth at the pore space, thereby enhancing the osseointegration and stability of the implants.
Climb Data Mountain: How Components of Self-Determination Can Support Oral Reading Fluency Practice
Authors: Didion Lisa , Toste Jessica R.
Published: July 2021

Data Mountain is a program that teaches three self-determination skills: positive attributions, self-monitoring, and goal setting. Instruction of these skills is situated within the context of oral reading fluency (ORF) practice. There is evidence of positive impacts to ORF performance when instructors teach students to self-monitor and set goals related to ORF performance, specifically when using the Data Mountain program (Didion & Toste, 2021). Further, the Data Mountain program teaches students to connect their use of strategies to goal achievement. We provide detailed guidelines and examples of how to train students to self-monitor and goal set, as well as implement the Data Mountain program alongside repeated ORF practice.
Predictors of laboratory spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in children with high-grade tumours in Uganda
Authors: Apiyo Mirriam , Bongomin Felix , Balagadde Joyce , Mupere Ezekiel , Ndeezi Grace
Published: July 2021

High-grade malignancy is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and is prone to the spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome. However, data on spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome remain scanty in our setting. We sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with laboratory spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in children in Uganda. We conducted a cross-sectional study among children <18 years old with histologically confirmed high-grade malignancy between October 2013 and April 2014. Laboratory spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome was defined as the presence of ≥2 of each of hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperuricaemia and hyperphosphatemia prior to administration of chemotherapy when alternative diagnoses had been excluded. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of 108 children, of median age 7.7 years, where boys outnumbered girls 2:1, high-grade, malignancy included Burkitt’s lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, acute myeloid leukaemia and Burkitt’s leukaemia, with 14 suffering with laboratory spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome. Hypocalcaemia was its most common electrolyte imbalance; and four children died prior to commencement of chemotherapy. Bulky disease, lactate dehydrogenase levels ≥500 iu/l and serum creatinine levels >1.2 mg/dl were associated with laboratory spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome. However, only bulky disease was significantly predictive of laboratory spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome. Such children would benefit from routine screening.
PP/POE thermoplastic elastomer prepared by dynamic vulcanization and its flame retardant modification
Authors: Li Mingchao , Wang Yi , Shen Chunhui , Gao Shanjun
Published: July 2021

Flame retardant thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) with excellent mechanical properties and thermal oxidative aging resistance was prepared by dynamic vulcanization technology with ethylene-octene copolymer (POE) and polypropylene (PP) as raw materials. The paper first discussed the effect of the amount of vulcanizing agent on the properties of PP/POE TPE. Based on the study of tensile strength, elongation at break, cross-section morphology, processability and aging properties of TPE, it was found that the TPE prepared with 0.6 phr of bis(1-(tert-butylperoxy)-1-methylethyl)-benzene (BIPB) and 40/60 of PP/POE had the best properties. Then silicone powder (GM) is added to the traditional low-halogen bromine-phosphorus flame retardant system for flame retardant modification. The results show that the addition of GM can effectively enhance the stability of the carbon layer, prevent the material from dripping during combustion, and increase the residual carbon content of TPE at 800°C. When 3 phr of GM is combined with a bromine-phosphorus system. The comprehensive performance is the best, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of TPE increased to 29.8%, reaching the V-0 level. At the same time, the processing fluidity and aging resistance of TPE materials have also been improved.
A Teaching Innovation Project on Writing Critical Essays in a History of Psychology Course
Authors: Granado-Peinado Miriam , Huertas Juan Antonio
Published: July 2021

Background

Since its integration into the European Higher Education Area, the Spanish educational system has evolved, introducing innovations into university teaching methodologies. This new approach entails the development of capacities, competencies, and skills that enable students to develop their critical thinking.

Objective

This work aims to present an innovation project conducted in a History of Psychology course, part of the Degree in Psychology in the Spanish university system.

Method

The current study was launched to evaluate the effectiveness of the Teaching Innovation Project, which itself arose from the need for students to improve their critical essay writing skills, incorporating such evidence-based methodologies as explicit instructions, online platforms, collaborative peer work, and rubrics.

Results

A comparison of outcomes among three cohorts showed a marked improvement in student performance on critical essays and final exam scores after implementing new methodologies.

Conclusion

It is possible to improve students’ critical essay writing skills in the context of the History of Psychology through the intentional implementation of evidence-based practices, changing the pedagogical focus from teacher-centered to student-centered.

Teaching implications

Psychology instructors who teach courses with writing skill development as a course goal could consider incorporating elements of the Teaching Innovation Project program.
The Association Between Presenting Visual Impairment, Health, and Employment Status
Authors: McDonnall Michele C. , McKnight Zhen S.
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual impairment and correctable visual impairment (i.e., uncorrected refractive errors) on being out of the labor force and on unemployment. The effect of health on labor force status was also investigated.

Method:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2008 ( N = 15,650) was used for this study. Participants were classified into three vision status groups: normal, correctable visual impairment, and visual impairment. Statistical analyses utilized were chi-square and logistic regression.

Results:

Having a visual impairment was significantly associated with being out of the labor force, while having a correctable visual impairment was not. Conversely, having a correctable visual impairment was associated with unemployment, while having a visual impairment was not. Being out of the labor force was not significantly associated with health for those with a visual impairment, although it was for those with correctable visual impairments and normal vision.

Discussion:

Given previous research, it was surprising to find that health was not associated with being out of the labor force for those with visual impairments. Perhaps other disadvantages for the people with visual impairments identified in this study contributed to their higher out-of-the-labor-force rates regardless of health.

Implications for practitioners:

Researchers utilizing national data sets that rely on self-reports to identify visual impairments should realize that some of those who self-identify as being visually impaired may actually have correctable visual impairments. Current research is needed to understand why a majority of people with visual impairments are not seeking employment and have removed themselves from the labor force.