bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of Including Borderline Cases in Trachoma Grader Certification
Authors: Gaynor Bruce D. , Amza Abdou , Gebresailassie Sintayehu , Kadri Boubacar , Nassirou Baido , Stoller Nicole E. , Yu Sun N. , Cuddapah Puja A. , Keenan Jeremy D. , Lietman Thomas M.
Published: July 2014

We assessed trachoma grading agreement among field graders using photographs that included the complete spectrum of disease and compared it with cases where there was consensus among experienced graders. Trained photographers took photographs of children's conjunctiva during a clinical trial in Ethiopia. We calculated κ-agreement statistics using a complete set of 60 cases and then recalculated the κ using a consensus set where cases were limited to those cases with agreement among experienced graders. When the complete set of 60 cases was used, agreement was moderate (κ = 0.61, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.56–0.67). When the consensus set was used, agreement improved significantly (κ = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.68–0.80). The κ of the consensus set was higher than the complete set by 0.14 (95% CI = 0.12–0.16) (P < 0.001). If testing sets remove difficult-to-grade cases, agreement in trachoma grading may be higher than actually seen in population-based trachoma surveys.
Using Simulation Education With Deliberate Practice to Teach Leadership and Resource Management Skills to Senior Resident Code Leaders
Authors: Burden Amanda R. , Pukenas Erin W. , Deal Edward R. , Coursin Douglas B. , Dodson Gregory M. , Staman Gregory W. , Gratz Irwin , Torjman Marc C.
Published: July 2014

Background

Cardiopulmonary arrests are rare, high-stakes events that benefit from using crisis resource management (CRM). Simulation-based education with deliberate practice can promote skill acquisition.

Objective

We assessed whether using simulation-based education to teach CRM would lead to improved performance, compared to a lecture format.

Methods

We tested third-year internal medicine residents in simulated code scenarios. Participants were randomly assigned to simulation-based education with deliberate practice (SIM) group or lecture (LEC) group. We created a checklist of CRM critical actions (which includes announcing the diagnosis, asking for help/suggestions, and assigning tasks), and reviewed videotaped performances, using a checklist of skills and communications patterns to identify CRM skills and communication efforts. Subjects were tested in simulated code scenarios 6 months after the initial assessment.

Results

At baseline, all 52 subjects recognized distress, and 92% (48 of 52) called for help. Seventy-eight percent (41 of 52) did not succeed in resuscitating the simulated patient or demonstrate the CRM skills. After intervention, both groups (n  =  26 per group) improved. All SIM subjects announced the diagnosis compared to 65% LEC subjects (17 of 26, P  =  .01); 77% (20 of 26) SIM and 19% (5 of 26) LEC subjects asked for suggestions (P < .001); and 100% (26 of 26) SIM and 27% (7 of 26) LEC subjects assigned tasks (P < .001).

Conclusions

The SIM intervention resulted in significantly improved team communication and cardiopulmonary arrest management. During debriefing, participants acknowledged the benefit of the SIM sessions.
Lichtgesteuertes Schalten von Azobenzol‐Oligoglycerin‐Konjugaten auf supramolekular funktionalisierten Oberflächen
Authors: Nachtigall Olaf , Kördel Christian , Urner Leonhard H. , Haag Rainer
Published: July 2014

Wir berichten über die Synthese, die Komplexierung und das Schalten in verschiedenen Umgebungen neuer difunktionaler Azobenzol‐Oligoglycerin‐Konjugate. Zunächst wurden die Schalter durch Wirt‐Gast‐Chemie an Goldoberflächen gekuppelt, und zwar über β‐Cyclodextrin‐Rezeptoren, die zuvor auf den entsprechenden Oberflächen immobilisiert worden waren, sowie eine Adamantylgruppe am Azobenzol. Das Isomerisierungsverhalten der amphiphilen Azobenzolderivate wurde in Lösung, auf Goldnanopartikeln und auf planaren Goldoberflächen untersucht. Durch die Bestrahlung mit Licht zweier Wellenlängen konnte die Benetzbarkeit der supramolekular funktionalisierten Oberflächen reversibel verändert werden. Zusätzlich zu den Photoisomerisierungsprozessen und den damit verbundenen Auswirkungen auf die Oberflächenfunktionalität wurde das thermische Rückschalten der cis‐Isomere und ihrer Komplexe zur trans‐Konfiguration beobachtet. So konnten thermische Halbwertszeiten der cis‐Isomere errechnet werden, um eine Aussage über ihre Stabilität treffen zu können.
Epidemiology and survivorship of soft tissue sarcomas in adults: a national cancer database report
Authors: Corey Robert M. , Swett Katrina , Ward William G.
Published: July 2014

The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) of the American College of Surgeons gather demographic and survival data on ~70% of cancers in the USA. We wanted to investigate the demographic and survivorship data on this potentially more representative cohort of patients with soft tissue sarcomas. We selected 34 of the most commonly encountered soft tissue sarcomas reported to the NCDB, provided that each entity contained a minimum of 50 cases. This report summarizes the demographic and survivorship data on 63,714 patients with these 34 histologically distinct soft tissue sarcomas reported to the NCDB from 1998 to 2010. The overall survivorships of these sarcomas were near the lower limits of many prior reports due to the all‐inclusive, minimally biased inclusion criteria. The overall best prognosis was Dermatofibrosarcoma NOS (not otherwise specified). (5‐year survivorship 92%). The worst prognosis was Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma (5‐year survivorship 19%). New observations included Biphasic Synovial Sarcoma demonstrating a better 5‐year survivorship (65%) compared to spindle‐cell synovial sarcoma (56%, P < 0.031) and Synovial Sarcoma, NOS (52%, P < 0.001). The demographic and 2‐ and 5‐year survivorship data for all 34 soft tissue sarcomas are presented herein. This extent of demographic and survival data in soft tissue sarcomas is unprecedented. Because of the large number of cases and the inclusive nature of the NCDB, without restriction to certain stages, categories, or treatments, it is less subject to selection bias. Therefore, these data are thought to be more reflective of the true overall prognosis given the current management of sarcoma across the NCDB contributing sites.
Microarray‐Based Identification of Lectins for the Purification of Human Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Directly from Urine Samples
Authors: Echevarria Juan , Royo Felix , Pazos Raquel , Salazar Lorena , Falcon‐Perez Juan Manuel , Reichardt Niels‐Christian
Published: July 2014

As cellular‐derived vesicles largely maintain the biomolecule composition of their original tissue, exosomes, which are found in nearly all body fluids, have enormous potential as clinical disease markers. A major bottleneck in the development of exosome‐based diagnostic assays is the challenging purification of these vesicles; this requires time‐consuming and instrument‐based procedures. We employed lectin arrays to identify potential lectins as probes for affinity‐based isolation of exosomes from the urinary matrix. We found three lectins that showed specific interactions to vesicles and no (or only residual) interaction with matrix proteins. Based on these findings a bead‐based method for lectin‐based isolation of exosomes from urine was developed as a sample preparation step for exosome‐based biomarker research.
GuA6DT, a Regiospecific Prenyltransferase from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Catalyzes the 6‐Prenylation of Flavones
Authors: Li Jianhua , Chen Ridao , Wang Ruishan , Liu Xiao , Xie Dan , Zou Jianhua , Dai Jungui
Published: July 2014

GuA6DT, a flavonoid prenyltransferase, was identified from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and it was found that this enzyme regiospecifically transfers a dimethylallyl moiety to apigenin at the C‐6 position. A further substrate specificity investigation indicated that the existence of hydroxyls at both the C‐5 and C‐7 positions of the flavone skeleton is critical for the prenylation. However, substitutions on the B‐ring had negligible influence on the prenylation. A comparison of GuA6DT expression in different organs revealed that mRNA is mainly expressed in the aerial parts. Moreover, the GuA6DT mRNA was found to be regulated at the transcriptional level, because methyl jasmonate induced upregulation in cultured cells. GuA6DT is the first identified flavone prenyltransferase to exhibit strict substrate specificity and regiospecificity.
Retroactive interference of object‐in‐context long‐term memory: Role of dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Martínez María Cecilia , Villar María Eugenia , Ballarini Fabricio , Viola Haydée
Published: July 2014

Retroactive interference (RI) is a type of amnesia in which a new learning experience can impair the expression of a previous one. It has been studied in several types of memories for over a century. Here, we aimed to study in the long‐term memory (LTM) formation of an object‐in‐context task, defined as the recognition of a familiar object in a context different to that in which it was previously encountered. We trained rats with two sample trials, each taking place in a different context in association with different objects. Test sessions were performed 24 h later, to evaluate LTM for both object‐context pairs using separate groups of trained rats. Furthermore, given the involvement of hippocampus (Hp) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in several recognition memories, we also analyzed the participation of these structures in the LTM formation of this task by the local infusion of muscimol. Our results show that object‐in‐context LTM formation is sensitive to RI by a different either familiar or novel object‐context pair trial, experienced 1 h later. This interference occurs in a restricted temporal window and works on the LTM consolidation phase, leaving intact short‐term memory expression. The second sample trial did not affect the object recognition part of the memory. Besides, muscimol treatment before the second sample trial blocks its object‐in‐context LTM and restores the first sample trial memory. We hypothesized that LTM‐RI amnesia is probably caused by resources or cellular machinery competition in these brain regions when they are engaged in memory formation of the traces. In sum, when two different object‐in‐context memory traces are being processed, the second trace interferes with the consolidation of the first one requiring mPFC and CA1 dorsal Hp activation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organic Host Materials for Solution‐Processed Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Wei , Li Jiuyan , Wang Miao
Published: July 2014

As a new technology for flat‐panel displays and general lighting sources, solution‐processed phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) unfurl a bright future, due to their merits of high quantum efficiency and easy fabrication. In recent years, great progress has been made in the device performance of solution‐processed PhOLEDs, by developing both high‐efficiency organometallic phosphors and novel solution‐processable organic host materials. This review highlights recently developed organic host materials for triplet guest emitters in solution‐processed PhOLEDs. The solution‐processable host materials are classified into three types – small molecule, dendrimer, and polymer – according to their molecular architecture and molecular weight. The material design concept and the relationships between the molecular structure, material properties and device performance are the focus of this discussion. A future strategy for the development of high‐performance solution‐processed host materials is proposed.
A New Class of Luminescent Platinum(II) Complexes of 1,3‐Bis(N‐alkylbenzimidazol‐2′‐yl)benzene‐Type Ligands and Their Application Studies in the Fabrication of Solution‐Processable Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Lam Elizabeth Suk‐Hang , Tam Anthony Yiu‐Yan , Chan Mei‐Yee , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: July 2014

A novel class of luminescent platinum(II) bzimb (1,3‐bis(N‐alkylbenzimidazol‐2′‐yl)benzene) complexes has been designed and synthesized. With the incorporation of various substituents on the anionic phenyl ring of the bzimb ligand, the emission color can be readily tuned. Their photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescence properties have been studied. These platinum(II) bzimb complexes have been demonstrated to be capable of serving as phosphorescent dopants. Efficient solution‐processable OLEDs (organic light‐emitting devices), with a maximum external quantum efficiency of up to 4.85 %, can be achieved. This class of platinum(II) bzimb complexes represents a promising class of phosphorescent dopants for solution‐processable OLEDs.
Mini‐review: soft sensors as means for PAT in the manufacture of bio‐therapeutics
Authors: Mandenius Carl‐Fredrik , Gustavsson Robert
Published: July 2014

This mini‐review discusses how soft sensors can contribute to accomplish FDA's process analytical technology (PAT) ambitions in the manufacture of bio‐therapeutics. Focus is on applications with protein‐based drugs (proteins, antibodies), but also gene therapy vectors as well as cell cultures are considered where chemical and bio‐analytical as well as mathematical and statistical methods are used as tools.

An overview of existing soft sensor alternatives and how these can be configured to meet typical industrial needs is provided. It is noted how several of these needs coincide with the PAT regulatory incentives but do also address process economic aspects of bio‐therapeutic manufacture. Evaluation of soft sensor alternatives is highlighted in relation to the production targets, quality attributes and the specification of these as well as shortcomings and needs for further improvements. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of sigma phase on the low cycle fatigue property of Z3CN20.09M cast duplex stainless steel in high temperature water
Authors: Wu H. C. , Yang B. , Wang Y.Q.
Published: July 2014

The effect of sigma phase on the low cycle fatigue (LCF) property of Z3CN20.09M cast duplex stainless steel (DSS) was investigated by corrosion fatigue cracking test system and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the fatigue lives of the aged Z3CN20.09M DSS specimens decreased with the increase of aging time. The Cr‐depleted zones around the sigma phase are sensitive to pitting and preferential to forming fatigue cracks. Moreover, the precipitation of sigma phase was also found to degrade markedly the fatigue property of the DSS as it leads to fracture of ferrite during fatigue tests.
Modeling of potential distribution of subsea pipeline under cathodic protection by finite element method
Authors: Marcassoli P. , Bonetti A. , Lazzari L. , Ormellese M.
Published: July 2014

This paper deals with the evaluation of the subsea pipeline integrity through the combination of potential profile, electric field gradient, and the modeling of the electric field originated by bracelet galvanic anodes by finite element method (FEM). The potential profile as well as the electric field gradient measured during a survey provide the representation of the cathodic protection (CP) level and the location of anodes and coating defects. Nevertheless, by overlapping the electric field calculated by a dedicated FEM modeling, a more accurate interpretation is achieved in order to estimate the critical coating defect size and to evaluate the effect of the presence of multiple defects. FEM modeling was based on a simplified 2D domain reproducing the main geometrical, physical, and electrochemical parameters, such as sea depth, mud burial depth, seawater and mud resistivity, current density and potential distribution. Boundary conditions were defined by assuming constant potential at galvanic anode, electrical insulation of the coating and by considering Butler–Volmer equation for steel surface at coating defects. Coating defect size, sea depth, mud burial depth were considered in a generalized parametric equation. An example of the application of the model is shown on the basis of results obtained by an inspection campaign.
An Acrylic Latex Filled with Zinc Oxide by Miniemulsion Polymerization as a Protective Coating for Stones
Authors: Serra Chiara Letizia , Tulliani Jean‐Marc , Sangermano Marco
Published: July 2014

An acrylic latex filled with ZnO by miniemulsion polymerization are developed for stone protection. The main latex chemical properties are determined through dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Contact angle determination, capillary water absorption, scanning electron microscopy observations, and colorimetric measurements are also used to evaluate the coating. The accelerated photo‐aging of the dried films are monitored by infrared spectroscopy. The synthesis of a water dispersion product and the photostability reached through the introduction of ZnO represent the main advantages of this coating for the use in the field of stone conservation.
Acceleration of near‐surface strong winds in a dry, idealised extratropical cyclone
Authors: Slater Tim P. , Schultz David M. , Vaughan Geraint
Published: July 2014

To understand near‐surface strong winds in extratropical cyclones, a simulation of a dry, idealised baroclinic wave is presented. The forces that accelerate the winds are analysed using the terms in the horizontal momentum equation. Two regions of strong near‐surface winds developed within the simulation: one to the east of the low centre and the other to the southwest. The flow to the east, resembling the cold conveyor belt, accelerated as it passed through the strong pressure gradient associated with the warm‐frontal zone. This acceleration was reduced by friction near the surface. The winds to the southwest were characterised by three airstreams. One airstream consisted of air parcels that started north of the warm front near the surface, accelerated north of the warm front, encircled the low and continued to accelerate to the southwest of the low. The increases in wind speed in this airstream (also part of the cold conveyor belt) resulted from the along‐flow pressure gradient force being greater than friction. The second airstream consisted of air parcels that descended west of the cold front and maintained their speed during descent until they were slowed either by friction in the boundary layer, or as they moved southward against the local pressure gradient. Between these two airstreams, a third airstream was characterised by air parcels that accelerated during descent from the mid to lower troposphere whilst moving around the bent‐back front. This airstream bears some resemblance to the sting jet and was accelerated by the pressure gradient force on descent until it encountered increased friction or moved against the local pressure gradient.
Genome-wide analysis captures the determinants of the antibiotic cross-resistance interaction network
Authors: Lázár Viktória , Nagy István , Spohn Réka , Csörgő Bálint , Györkei Ádám , Nyerges Ákos , Horváth Balázs , Vörös Andrea , Busa-Fekete Róbert , Hrtyan Mónika , Bogos Balázs , Méhi Orsolya , Fekete Gergely , Szappanos Balázs , Kégl Balázs , Papp Balázs , Pál Csaba
Published: July 2014

Understanding how evolution of antimicrobial resistance increases resistance to other drugs is a challenge of profound importance. By combining experimental evolution and genome sequencing of 63 laboratory-evolved lines, we charted a map of cross-resistance interactions between antibiotics in Escherichia coli, and explored the driving evolutionary principles. Here, we show that (1) convergent molecular evolution is prevalent across antibiotic treatments, (2) resistance conferring mutations simultaneously enhance sensitivity to many other drugs and (3) 27% of the accumulated mutations generate proteins with compromised activities, suggesting that antibiotic adaptation can partly be achieved without gain of novel function. By using knowledge on antibiotic properties, we examined the determinants of cross-resistance and identified chemogenomic profile similarity between antibiotics as the strongest predictor. In contrast, cross-resistance between two antibiotics is independent of whether they show synergistic effects in combination. These results have important implications on the development of novel antimicrobial strategies.
Femtosecond spectroscopy of the dithiolate Cu(ii) and Ni(ii) complexes
Authors: Plyusnin Victor F. , Pozdnyakov Ivan P. , Grivin Vjacheslav P. , Solovyev Aleksey I. , Lemmetyinen Helge , Tkachenko Nikolai V. , Larionov Stanislav V.
Published: July 2014

Femtosecond spectroscopy was applied to study the ultrafast dynamics for the excited states of dithiolate Cu(ii) and Ni(ii) complexes.
Metal-free oxidative olefination of primary amines with benzylic C–H bonds through direct deamination and C–H bond activation
Authors: Gong Liang , Xing Li-Juan , Xu Tong , Zhu Xue-Ping , Zhou Wen , Kang Ning , Wang Bin
Published: July 2014

An oxidative olefination reaction between aliphatic primary amines and benzylic sp3 C–H bonds has been achieved using N-bromosuccinimide as catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant.
Neural correlates of auditory streaming in an objective behavioral task
Authors: Itatani Naoya , Klump Georg M.
Published: July 2014

Significance

When we listen in the real world, we often segregate sounds into different streams based on their acoustical features. This “auditory streaming” allows us to individuate and separately process sounds from different sources, like different voices at a cocktail party. In the present study we investigated the neuronal mechanism of streaming in a songbird while it performed a sound discrimination task that gave us an objective measure of the streamed percept. The study revealed that the songbirds' primary auditory forebrain area represents stimulus features with a high sensitivity that reflects the birds' ability for streaming. However, the bird's perceptual decisions about streamed sounds are not reflected in the neuronal responses in this auditory area, a result consistent with evidence obtained in earlier non-invasive studies on auditory streaming in human listeners.
Prepaying the entropic cost for allosteric regulation in KIX
Authors: Law Sean M. , Gagnon Jessica K. , Mapp Anna K. , Brooks Charles L.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Understanding how proteins are regulated through the binding of an effector molecule at a nonoverlapping site is a central problem in protein allostery. However, connecting the changes in structural dynamics to changes in the binding affinity can be challenging. Here, we investigate the allosteric mechanism involving a promiscuous protein that serves as a hub for a variety of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). By using a coarse-grained model to simulate the interactions between the protein and two IDPs, we were able to recapitulate experimental binding affinities, capture relevant structural dynamics, and provide a thermodynamic and kinetic description of the allosteric mechanism. It is presumable that the features identified in this allosteric mechanism are conserved between the central protein and other IDPs.
Substance Use and School and Occupational Performance
Authors: Popovici Ioana , French Michael T.
Published: July 2014

Health economists have been actively investigating the relationships between substance use and educational achievement/labor market performance outcomes. Although researchers agree on the direction and magnitude of the relationships between substance use and some of these outcomes, many questions remain unanswered. For instance, the literature generally indicates that drug use has a negative impact on most academic outcomes. Less evidence exists, however, of a negative impact of alcohol use on education. Although results suggest that drinking is associated with lower grades, and most research shows that drinking negatively impacts the probability of graduating from high school, several studies have been unable to find significant relationships between alcohol consumption and the number of years of schooling completed. Similarly, although most studies find a wage premium for moderate alcohol users, results on the effect of problem drinking or the use of other drugs on the probability of employment are mixed.
Economic and Demographic Developments
Authors: Marzagalli Silvia
Published: July 2014

The reassessment of the driving forces leading to the French Revolution provoked the rejection of the traditional Marxist interpretation according to which the Revolution was led by an emerging capitalistic bourgeoisie strengthened by long-term industrial and trade growth, and the emergence of interpretations based on political and ideological developments. This chapter argues that demography and economy still offer important keys to understand the origins of the Revolution if they are embedded within a broader analysis, taking social, cultural, and political aspects into account. In stressing the escalation of social tensions provoked by an unequal redistribution of resources, analysis of the demographic and economic developments highlight the background against which the convergence of political and short-term subsistence crises pushed rural and urban masses to revolt in 1789. Without their actions, the political revolution led by a majority of the representatives who met at the Estates-General in 1789 would have been repressed.
The New Regime
Authors: Crook Malcolm
Published: July 2014

This chapter aims to establish the first years of the French Revolution as a radical experiment in the practice of democracy, and to overturn the ‘moderate’ or ‘liberal’ perspective that many historians have adopted. Following the wholesale destruction of the ancien régime and the principles laid down in 1789 for the creation of a replacement, a new political culture emerged. The administrative framework that was rapidly instituted was by no means decentralized, but it proved incapable of controlling the great explosion of political activity and discussion, which subverted rather than supported the foundation of representative government. The analysis of elections, clubs and newspapers that flourished nationwide demonstrates these unruly dynamics of revolutionary citizenship, which the constitutional monarchy struggled to circumscribe. Despite the concerted efforts made to close this period of upheaval with the inception of the Constitution in the autumn of 1791, the Revolution was far from over.
Urban Violence in 1789
Authors: Sutherland D. M. G.
Published: July 2014

This contribution examines the political violence of urban crowds in 1789. It endorses previous contributions that emphasize the importance of subsistence issues for urban consumers and the hopes the calling of the Estates-General stimulated for a drastic transformation. It argues, however, that popular consciousness should not be envisaged as moving from a less to a more sophisticated level. Instead, new slogans, aspirations, and heroes were grafted onto older sentiments like revenge for insults, assaults on hate figures, and the like. The crowd also enacted justice through the carnival of mock or real executions and the maiming of individuals they had killed. The revolutionary crowd could be shocking and inspiring at the same time. Many politicians and journalists approved of these extremely violent and lawless activities or excused them, so that the distinction between ‘crowd’ and ‘civil society’ was fluid.
Seeing Sexuality
Authors: Engel Stephen M.
Published: July 2014

This chapter lays out the parameters of one developmental approach to sexuality politics in the United States. Whereas much scholarship in LGBTQ politics has focused on public opinion, interest groups, and social movement behavior, this chapter focuses on citizenship as the primary unit of analysis since citizenship, as it connotes a relationship between the individual and the state in which the latter acknowledges the former to fall within its responsibility to regulate and protect, brings the connection between state development and sexual identity to the fore. State institutions have recognized the LGBTQ citizen in distinct ways, often simultaneously, creating frictions among multiple regulatory orders and laws and creating additional opportunity and motivation for social change. The chapter details five such modalities of state recognition and regulation suggesting that the nature of sexual citizenship is contingent on the particular order of authority with which the LGBTQ individual engages.
Contingency Headhunters: What They Do—and What Their Activities Tell Us About Jobs, Careers, and the Labor Market
Authors: Coverdill James E. , Finlay William
Published: July 2014

This chapter overviews the work of contingency headhunters, who earn a fee from a client company when a candidate they have identified and presented is hired. It begins by describing the financial footing of the industry and the three central activities of headhunting: establishing business relationships with client companies, identifying and presenting candidates for positions, and facilitating encounters between clients and candidates. A second section explores how headhunters provide insights into who is on the market for a new job, who fits a job well, and who appears to fit a job well. In a third section, it draws out several issues that demand more scholarly attention, such as a lack of information about the industry, international practices, client companies, and consequences for clients and candidates of headhunter-facilitated job changes. A final section offers guidelines for individuals who might encounter or use a headhunter.
Adaptations of Psychotherapy for Psychopathology During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Authors: Segre Lisa S. , O'Hara Michael W. , Perkhounkova Elena
Published: July 2014

Women experiencing depressive symptoms often do not seek timely treatment from a mental health professional. This review focuses specifically on adapted approaches and tailored interventions for perinatal depression that increase their acceptability and accessibility. The effects of these adapted depression interventions cover a broad range; to compare these new treatments only those resulting in statistically significant improvement are reviewed. Some adaptations, even those provided by non–mental health specialists, produced effects equal to or surpassing those achieved by traditional treatment strategies. Suggestions for future research have two foci. First, because depressed perinatal women are also likely to suffer from comorbid disorders such as anxiety, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of adapted treatments on complex cases. Second, the implementation setting of adapted treatments has generally been limited. Evaluating how these interventions might be incorporated into new settings as part of a stepped-care approach moves research from the bench into clinical settings.
Case Study Research
Authors: Simons Helen
Published: July 2014

This chapter explores case study as a major approach to research and evaluation. After first noting various contexts in which case studies are commonly used, the chapter focuses on case study research directly Strengths and potential problematic issues are outlined and then key phases of the process. The chapter emphasizes how important it is to design the case, to collect and interpret data in ways that highlight the qualitative, to have an ethical practice that values multiple perspectives and political interests, and to report creatively to facilitate use in policy making and practice. Finally, it explores how to generalize from the single case. Concluding questions center on the need to think more imaginatively about design and the range of methods and forms of reporting requiredto persuade audiences to value qualitative ways of knowing in case study research.
Genetic diversity along the life cycle of the cyanobacterium Microcystis: highlight on the complexity of benthic and planktonic interactions
Authors: Sabart Marion , Misson Benjamin , Jobard Marlène , Bronner Gisèle , Donnadieu‐Bernard Florence , Duffaud Emilie , Salençon Marie‐José , Amblard Christian , Latour Delphine
Published: July 2014

Microcystis is a toxic freshwater cyanobacterium with an annual life cycle characterized by the alternation of a planktonic proliferation stage in summer and a benthic resting stage in winter. Given the importance of both stages for the development and the survival of the population, we investigated the genotypic composition of the planktonic and benthic Microcystis subpopulations from the Grangent reservoir (France) during two distinct proliferation periods. Our results showed a succession of different dominant genotypes in the sediment as well as in the water all along the study periods with some common genotypes to both compartments. Analysis of molecular variance and UniFrac analysis confirmed the similarity between some benthic and planktonic samples, thus evidencing exchanges of genotypes between water and sediment. Thanks to these data, recruitment and sedimentation were proven not to be restricted to spring and autumn, contrary to what was previously thought. Finally, genetic diversity was significantly higher in the sediment than in the water (P < 0.01; Student's t‐test). Taken together, our results shed light on the hidden contribution of the benthic compartment in maintaining the genetic diversity of Microcystis populations throughout their annual cycle, which could explain their ecological success in aquatic ecosystems.
‘I want this place to thrive’: volunteering, co‐production and creative labour
Authors: Warren Saskia
Published: July 2014

Until now geographical research on creative labour has tended to characterise it either in terms of ‘hot’ jobs in ‘buzzing’ places or precarious, often poorly paid working conditions. This article argues for a subtler consideration of the complex combination of factors at play within the cultural ecology of art‐making. The lure of creative labour has been explained by three key rationales: intrinsic motivators of personal satisfaction and social status; risk‐taking; and the challenging, self‐affirming nature of creative work. Place‐making is advanced here as a fourth rationale for volunteering in creative labour. The co‐production of Yorkshire Sculpture Park as an affective, practised and material (art) place is explored through the new concept of embodied and emotional philanthropy. Capturing the unbounded and processual qualities of place‐making, this paper provides insights into how volunteers labour beside the artist and paid workers to help co‐create an internationally renowned art and environmental attraction. Philanthropy is therefore opened from referring to rich, individualistic donors, to include those who gift time, passion and labour. The paper also argues that volunteering, as a form of gifting, is especially significant during times of economic instability.
Wearable computing: Will it make people prosocial?
Authors: Nasiopoulos Eleni , Risko Evan F. , Foulsham Tom , Kingstone Alan
Published: July 2014

We recently reported that people who wear an eye tracker modify their natural looking behaviour in a prosocial manner. This change in looking behaviour represents a potential concern for researchers who wish to use eye trackers to understand the functioning of human attention. On the other hand, it may offer a real boon to manufacturers and consumers of wearable computing (e.g., Google Glass), for if wearable computing causes people to behave in a prosocial manner, then the public's fear that people with wearable computing will invade their privacy is unfounded. Critically, both of these divergent implications are grounded on the assumption that the prosocial behavioural effect of wearing an eye tracker is sustained for a prolonged period of time. Our study reveals that on the very first wearing of an eye tracker, and in less than 10 min, the prosocial effect of an eye tracker is abolished, but by drawing attention back to the eye tracker, the implied presence effect is easily reactivated. This suggests that eye trackers induce a transient social presence effect, which is rendered dormant when attention is shifted away from the source of implied presence. This is good news for researchers who use eye trackers to measure attention and behaviour; and could be bad news for advocates of wearable computing in everyday life.
SIRPB1 copy‐number polymorphism as candidate quantitative trait locus for impulsive‐disinhibited personality
Authors: Laplana M. , Royo J. L. , García L. F. , Aluja A. , Gomez‐Skarmeta J. L. , Fibla J.
Published: July 2014

Impulsive‐disinhibited personality (IDP) is a behavioral trait mainly characterized by seeking immediate gratification at the expense of more enduring or long‐term gains. This trait has a major role in the development of several disinhibitory behaviors and syndromes, including psychopathy, attention‐deficit and hyperactivity disorder, cluster‐B personality disorders, criminality and alcoholism. Available data consistently support a strong heritable component, accounting for 30–60% of the observed variance in personality traits. A genome‐wide analysis of copy‐number variants was designed to identify novel genetic pathways associated with the IDP trait, using a series of 261 male participants with maximized opposite IDP scores. Quantitative trait locus analysis of candidate copy‐number variants (CNVs) was conducted across the entire IDP continuum. Functional effects of associated variants were evaluated in zebrafish embryos. A common CNV mapping to the immune‐related gene SIRPB1 was significantly associated with IDP scores in a dose‐dependent manner (β = −0.172, P < 0.017). Expression quantitative trait locus analysis of the critical region revealed higher SIRPB1 mRNA levels associated with the haplotype containing the deleted allele (P < 0.0007). Epigenetic marks highlighted the presence of two potential insulators within the deleted region, confirmed by functional assays in zebrafish embryos, which suggests that SIRPB1 expression rates are affected by the presence/absence of the insulator regions. Upregulation of SIRPB1 has been described in prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia, providing a link between SIRPB1 and diseases involving disinhibition and failure to control impulsivity. We propose SIRPB1 as a novel candidate gene to account for phenotypic differences observed in the IDP trait.
‘Healthy on Hormones’: improving the experience of men with advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Fleure Louisa
Published: July 2014

Long‐term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for advanced prostate cancer can result in significant and distressing side effects and longer‐term adverse metabolic effects. A seminar‐based service improvement initiative was developed to provide information and strategies to understand ADT, to manage side effects and to provide lifestyle advice regarding cardiovascular and bone issues. The seminars were evaluated with patient questionnaires and were positively received. This approach has proven to be a valuable tool in the care of this patient group.
A laboratory comparison between two liquid skin barrier products
Authors: Woo Kevin Y , Chakravarthy Debashish
Published: July 2014

Exposure of skin to friction and moisture is detrimental to skin health. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the ability of a cyanoacrylate polymer film to protect human skin against moisture and abrasion. A secondary purpose of this study was to compare this cyanoacrylate material to a traditional barrier film. Twelve healthy subjects participated in the wash‐off resistance test to determine the percentage of dye that was left on the skin after repeated washing. Ten subjects participated in the abrasion test. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured before and after abrasion to determine the level of skin damage, as high water loss seen post‐abrasion is indicative of skin damage post‐abrasion. Skin treated with cyanoacrylate had significantly more dye remaining than sites treated with traditional film barrier or control sites. The change in TEWL was statistically lower for cyanoacrylate‐treated areas.
Solid‐State Synthesis and Properties of Relaxor (1−x)BKT–xBNZ Ceramics
Authors: Wefring Espen T. , Morozov Maxim I. , Einarsrud Mari‐Ann , Grande Tor
Published: July 2014

Conventional solid‐state synthesis was used to synthesize dense and phase pure ceramics in the (1−x) Bi0.5K0.5TiO3–xBi0.5Na0.5ZrO3 (BKT–BNZ) system. Structural characterization was done using X‐ray diffraction at both room temperature and elevated temperatures, identifying a transition from tetragonal xBi0.5Na0.5ZrO3 (xBNZ, x = 0–0.10) to pseudo cubic xBNZ for x = 0.15–0.80. Dielectric properties were investigated with respect to both temperature (RT = 600°C) and frequency (1–106 Hz). Relaxor‐like behavior was retained for all the materials investigated, evident by the broadening of the relative dielectric permittivity peaks at transition temperatures as well as frequency dispersion at their maximum. The maximum dielectric constant at elevated temperature was found for 0.15 BNZ. Electric field‐induced strain and polarization response were also investigated for several compositions at RT and the largest field‐induced strain was observed for the 0.10 BNZ ceramics. The composition range with best performance coincides with the transition from tetragonal to cubic crystal structure.
Looking for coeliac disease in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Porter Jody A , MacKenzie Karen , Darlow Brian , Day Andrew S
Published: July 2014

Aim

To establish how clinicians in New Zealand (NZ) approach screening for and management of coeliac disease (CD) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in their paediatric patients.

Methods

All clinicians caring for children under 15 years with T1DM in NZ in 2010 were asked to complete an online survey detailing their personal and departmental approach to diagnosing and managing patients with CD and T1DM.

Results

Thirty‐four from 37 clinicians responded to the survey. Most clinicians in NZ have a protocol for screening for CD in T1DM, and 25/34 respondents will screen for CD at diagnosis of T1DM. Those who do not screen will use symptoms, growth and hypoglycaemia as indicators to test. All use anti‐tissue transglutaminase to screen for CD, and 32/34 use biopsy‐proven CD as a criterion for commencing gluten‐free diet (GFD). Nearly all consultants will still advise a GFD in symptom‐free CD and will try to encourage the patients to adopt a GFD if they initially decline.

Conclusions

Most clinicians in NZ screen for CD, but there is a wide variation in practice.
Prevalence and correlates of firesetting behaviours among offending and non‐offending youth
Authors: Watt Bruce D. , Geritz Kerry , Hasan Tasneem , Harden Scott , Doley Rebekah
Published: July 2014

Purpose

Adolescents represent a disproportionate number of firesetters relative to their adult counterparts. There is limited understanding, however, in the differing rates of firelighting behaviours between subgroups of youth.

Method

Utilizing the recently developed Youth Fire Behaviours and Interests Scale, the differences in firesetting behaviours between adolescents adjudicated as offenders and non‐offenders were evaluated. The associations for firesetting behaviours with antisocial behaviours and callous–unemotional traits (CUT) were examined utilizing items from the Antisocial Process Screening Device and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Participants were recruited across south‐east Queensland; young offenders on community orders or in a youth detention centre (n = 138), and adolescents from two private schools (n = 136).

Results

The young offender sample reported significantly higher prevalence of having lit a fire (67.4%) compared to non‐offending youth (37.5%). Of concern, approximately one in five participants from both samples reported having lit 10 or more previous fires. Repeat firelighting behaviour in both samples was significantly predicted by history of antisocial behaviours, positive affect regarding fire, fire‐related interests, and preoccupation with fire. CUT had a complex association with firesetting that was only statistically significant after accounting for fire‐specific predictors. Findings from the current study are limited by the reliance on self‐report measures without verification from carers or other collateral sources.

Conclusion

Interventions for preventing adolescent firesetting should include appraisal of general antisocial actions and more specific fire‐interest characteristics. Further investigation of the association between CUT and firesetting is required before recommendations are proffered.
Surface Study in a Non-conventional (Electrical Discharge Machining) Process for Grade 6 Titanium Material
Authors: Khan Md. Ashikur Rahman , Rahman M. M.
Published: July 2014

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) produces complex shapes and permits high-precision machining of any hard or difficult-to-cut materials. The performance characteristics such as surface roughness and microstructure of the machined face are influenced by numerous parameters. The selection of parameters becomes complicated. Thus, the surface roughness (Ra) and microstructure of the machined surface in EDM on Grade 6 titanium alloy are studied is this study. The experimental work is performed using copper as electrode material. The polarity of the electrode is maintained as negative. The process parameters taken into account in this study are peak current (Ip), pulse-on time (Ton), pulse-off time (Toff), and servo-voltage (Sv). A smooth surface finish is found at low pulse current, small on-time and high off-time. The servo-voltage affects the roughness diversely however, a finish surface is found at 80 V Sv. Craters, cracks and globules of debris are appeared in the microstructure of the machined part. The size and degree of craters as well as cracks increase with increasing in energy level. Low discharge energy yields an even surface. This approach helps in selecting proper process parameters resulting in economic EDM machining.
Strength and Ductility of High-Strength Concrete Cylinders Externally Confined with Steel Strapping Tensioning Technique (SSTT)
Authors: Lee Hoong-Pin , Awang Abdullah Zawawi , Omar Wahid
Published: July 2014

This research study is to introduce and investigate an effective technique of external pre-tensioning using steel strapping (SSTT) to reduce the brittleness and enhance the ductility of high-strength concrete cylinders.  Fifteen cylinders with dimension of 150 mm and 300 mm in diameter and height respectively were casted, pre-tensioned with two and four layers of steel strapping and tested to failure under uniaxial monotonic and cyclic compression. The behaviour of SSTT confined cylinders was studied through their stress-strain relationship upon the longitudinal deflection, transverse strain, mode of failure, confinement ratio, and existence of an envelope curve. It is experimentally proved that SSTT confinement do helps in controlling the brittleness problem of high-strength concrete and at the same time, enhancing both the concrete ductility and compressive strength up to 46.2 % and 112.5 % respectively. The envelope curve of uniaxial cyclic loading also coincides with the corresponding monotonic loading curve, regardless of any loading activity. The observed stress-strain relationship of confined cylinders with different confining ratios are compared with existing strength and strain models and a stress-strain prediction model, the result showed a linear relationship between the compressive strength and strain enhancement and confining ratio, with acceptable agreement between the prediction model.