bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the mechanism of the influence of flooding on the killing of empty wells
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhao Zaipeng , Li Xin , Zheng Yundong , Li Cuinan , Li Zhilin , Liu Xu
Published: August 2021

In empty well killing, in order to save the time and cost of killing the well, the dynamic replacement method is often used to kill the well. The main problem of the dynamic replacement method for killing wells is how to avoid terrible working conditions caused by flooding, such as gas carrying fluid, killing fluid being brought to the wellhead. Based on the principle of flooding formation and the basic tenets of flooding correlation experiment and dynamic replacement method, this paper incorporates the kill fluid viscosity, surface tension, droplet diameter, inclination angle, drill pipe joint outer diameter, and drill pipe eccentricity into the calculation range and establishes a new mathematical model suitable for dynamic replacement kill. Based on the calculation results, the influencing factors of flooding are analyzed, and the following conclusions are drawn: the increase of dynamic viscosity, gas density in the well, casing pressure, well angle, the outside diameter of drill pipe, the outer diameter of drill pipe joint, and eccentricity of drill pipe can promote the occurrence of flooding; The increase of surface tension, well-killing fluid density, and casing inner diameter have an obstacle to flooding.
A new group decision making approach based on incomplete probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy preference relations
Authors: Song Juan , Ni Zhiwei , Jin Feifei , Li Ping , Wu Wenying
Published: August 2021

As an enhanced version of probabilistic hesitant fuzzy sets and dual hesitant fuzzy sets, probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy sets (PDHFSs) combine probabilistic information with the membership degree and non-membership degree, which can describe decision making information more reasonably and comprehensively. Based on PDHFSs, this paper investigates the approach to group decision making (GDM) based on incomplete probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy preference relations (PDHFPRs). First, the definitions of order consistency and multiplicative consistency of PDHFPRs are given. Then, for the problem that decision makers (DMs) cannot provide the reasonable associated probabilities of probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy elements (PDHFEs), the calculation method of the associated probability is given by using an optimal programming model. Furthermore, the consistency level for PDHFPRs is tested according to the weighted consistency index defined by the risk attitude of DMs. In addition, a convergent iterative algorithm is proposed to enhance the unacceptable consistent PDHFPRs’ consistency level. Finally, a GDM approach with incomplete PDHFPRs is established to obtain the ranking of the alternatives. The availability and rationality of the proposed decision making approach are demonstrated by analyzing the impact factors of haze weather.
Extraction of Oleic Acid from Animals Oil and Its Anti-inflammatory Effect on Network Pharmacology
Authors: Yu Jiuwang , Wang Lu , Ding Jiang , Wu Lan
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and scar repair by Mongolian horse oil. We used TCM database and literature mining to collect active compounds of horse oil and used Swiss TargetPrediction and SuperPred server to find targets of compounds. Anti-inflammatory drug targets were collected through the CTD database. Go annotation of targets and KEGG pathway were enriched and analyzed through Metascape database platform. Molecular docking between active ingredients and targets was verified by AutoDock software. Metascape analysis revealed that the key candidate targets were significantly enriched in a number of pathways associated with inflammatory pathology. The results of molecular docking showed that oleic acid, a major component of animals oil, could influence the regulatory functions of TNF, NGF, IL6, IL1B, Jun, and CDK1. This suggests that animals oil can regulate the development of inflammation through its active ingredient, oleic acid, and can influence the expression of multiple signaling pathways, with theoretical endogenous interactions with TNF, NGF, IL6, IL1B, JUN, and CDK1 proteins.
What do we read to our children? Messages concerning ethnic diversity in popular children’s books in the Netherlands
Authors: de Bruijn Ymke , Emmen Rosanneke A. G. , Mesman Judi
Published: August 2021

Children’s books can create opportunities for children to see themselves as well as others in different settings and stories, but cultural details and specificity within these stories can play an important role in the messages that children take away. Therefore, the present study aims to provide insight in the messages concerning ethnic diversity and various cultures in a subset of popular books that Dutch young children are likely to be exposed to. Books aimed at young children that were sold or borrowed most often or were awarded between 2009 and 2018 in the Netherlands are examined through the combined lens of critical race theory and critical multicultural analysis. Specifically, books including a protagonist or secondary character of color were selected. The study provides insight in the degree of cultural specificity and cultural authenticity, as well as prevailing power relations between characters and ideologies that are portrayed within the books. Results indicate that while cultural stereotypes and ideologies including White supremacy and eurocentrism are found only in a few books, cultural details are generally lacking and colorblindness is common in books aimed at young children. The study therefore underlines the particular need for books that are culturally specific and include authentic cultural details, to improve the reflection of various cultures and experiences of characters of color.
Introduction to Modern Climate Change
Authors: Dessler Andrew E.
Published: August 2021

The third edition of this introductory textbook for both science students and non-science majors has been brought completely up-to-date. It reflects recent scientific progress in the field, as well as advances in the political arena around climate change. As in previous editions, it is tightly focussed on anthropogenic climate change. The first part of the book concentrates on the science of modern climate change, including evidence that the Earth is warming and a basic description of climate physics. Concepts such as radiative forcing, climate feedbacks, and the carbon cycle are discussed and explained using basic physics and algebra. The second half of the book goes beyond the science to address the economics and policy options to address climate change. The book's goal is for a student to leave the class ready to engage in the public policy debate on the climate crisis.
Dispute Management
Authors: Collins Pauline , Demeter Dalma , Douglas Susan
Published: August 2021

Dispute management processes are becoming the norm as a precursor, or an alternative, to traditional court-based litigation. Dispute Management is a clear and concise introduction to an expansive range of dispute processes. Beginning with communication theory and practice, and the historical, philosophical and cultural considerations of dispute management, the book then addresses the traditional topics of negotiation, mediation and litigation, as well as interviewing, collaborative law and arbitration. Each topic is well-researched, offering the necessary depth, socio-legal considerations and balanced coverage of theory and practice. Chapters address relevant ethical and cultural issues and is supported by array of interesting examples that promote discussion. Case studies at the end of each chapter link theory to practice and present disputes between neighbours, conflict in the workplace and cases that make it to trial. Offering a combination of theoretical insights and practical information Dispute Management is a vital resource for students, lawyers and dispute practitioners.
Plasma preheating technology for replicating planetary re-entry surface temperatures
Authors: Iyinomen D.O.
Published: August 2021

Arc-jet facilities have been the norm for ablation experiments used to calibrate computational models to date. However, the arc jet has a few major limitations and challenges, including non-uniform enthalpy distribution, non-equilibrium state, change of surface quality during testing and the extent of oxidation, to name but a few. A novel plasma technique for preheating axisymmetric heatshield samples in hypersonic impulse facilities is presented herein. The major aim of this innovative work is to help reduce the large variations of ablation rate predictions, space vehicle materials and missile design/testing, obtain strongly coupled hypersonic boundary layers and achieve lower cost of aerothermodynamics experiments. This present work remains one of the most highly anticipated solutions to maximise payload success and replicate high surface temperatures identical to those experienced by real flight vehicles. This work makes a useful contribution to re-entry studies under conditions that replicate the characteristics of re-entry flights. Future applications for the technique are expected to be found in hypersonic impulse facilities that can simulate the true flow energy under re-entry conditions.
The Recruitment Innovation Center: Developing novel, person-centered strategies for clinical trial recruitment and retention
Authors: Wilkins Consuelo H. , Edwards Terri L. , Stroud Mary , Kennedy Nan , Jerome Rebecca N. , Lawrence Colleen E. , Kusnoor Sheila V. , Nelson Sarah , Byrne Loretta M. , Boone Leslie R. , Dunagan Julia , Israel Tiffany , Rodweller Casey , Drury Bethany , Kost Rhonda G. , Pulley Jill M. , Bernard Gordon R. , Harris Paul A.
Published: August 2021

Clinical trials continue to face significant challenges in participant recruitment and retention. The Recruitment Innovation Center (RIC), part of the Trial Innovation Network (TIN), has been funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health to develop innovative strategies and technologies to enhance participant engagement in all stages of multicenter clinical trials. In collaboration with investigator teams and liaisons at Clinical and Translational Science Award institutions, the RIC is charged with the mission to design, field-test, and refine novel resources in the context of individual clinical trials. These innovations are disseminated via newsletters, publications, a virtual toolbox on the TIN website, and RIC-hosted collaboration webinars. The RIC has designed, implemented, and promised customized recruitment support for 173 studies across many diverse disease areas. This support has incorporated site feasibility assessments, community input sessions, recruitment materials recommendations, social media campaigns, and an array of study-specific suggestions. The RIC’s goal is to evaluate the efficacy of these resources and provide access to all investigating teams, so that more trials can be completed on time, within budget, with diverse participation, and with enough accrual to power statistical analyses and make substantive contributions to the advancement of healthcare.
The dialectics of heroin and methadone in Ireland
Authors: Saris A. Jamie
Published: August 2021

In this paper, I reflect on two of my intertwined research interests. The first is my professional engagement with researching drug use and abuse in Ireland, especially heroin addiction, in applied ethnographic projects, generally answering a specific set of questions on how services for ‘drug addiction’ work. My second interest is the historical construction of ‘addiction’ and the discursive intersections that produce various kinds of power, subjects, and techniques around this concept. I find the dialectical relationship between heroin and methadone in Ireland, especially the emergence of heroin ‘injecting rooms’, as a window into how drugs are social things. Drugs and the bodies who take them live in complex moral worlds, not as inert objects surrounded by abstract human creations. These worlds are an integral part of how ‘addiction’ works and how drugs treating addiction are actually used. Without a deeper understanding of such complexities we will continue to miss key issues in the lives of people we hope to help.
The relative Bruce–Roberts number of a function on a hypersurface
Authors: Lima-Pereira B. K. , Nuño-Ballesteros J. J. , Oréfice-Okamoto B. , Tomazella J. N.
Published: August 2021

We consider the relative Bruce–Roberts number $\mu _{\textrm {BR}}^{-}(f,\,X)$ of a function on an isolated hypersurface singularity $(X,\,0)$. We show that $\mu _{\textrm {BR}}^{-}(f,\,X)$ is equal to the sum of the Milnor number of the fibre $\mu (f^{-1}(0)\cap X,\,0)$ plus the difference $\mu (X,\,0)-\tau (X,\,0)$ between the Milnor and the Tjurina numbers of $(X,\,0)$. As an application, we show that the usual Bruce–Roberts number $\mu _{\textrm {BR}}(f,\,X)$ is equal to $\mu (f)+\mu _{\textrm {BR}}^{-}(f,\,X)$. We also deduce that the relative logarithmic characteristic variety $LC(X)^{-}$, obtained from the logarithmic characteristic variety $LC(X)$ by eliminating the component corresponding to the complement of $X$ in the ambient space, is Cohen–Macaulay.
On Perspective and Possibility in Mediterranean History
Authors: Viscomi Joseph John
Published: August 2021

Transnational patriotism widens our understanding of the Mediterranean and the interactions and entanglements that constituted its social and political landscapes at a conjuncture of great transformation. Zanou's anti-teleological reading of early nineteenth-century intellectual mobility challenges hegemonic frameworks of the nation-state that obscure her book's protagonists in national historiographies. The perspective of the Ionian and Dalmatian characters (to simplify the complex array of languages of expression and locations of origin) retells in compelling fashion the history of modernity's possibilities and contributes to a growing body of scholarship on these Adriatic worlds. Zanou takes the reader on a journey beyond the sea's shores and into various hinterlands, but we also travel beyond ideas about exchange and interaction that insist upon port cities as primary nodes in regional connectivity. That geographical framework has come to dominate much of the recent historiography in and of the Mediterranean and, in Zanou's book, we learn how invariably intertwined are patterns of social and political relocation. She illustrates how ‘patria’ and belonging are at the centre of these mercurial intellectual circles, but that their definitions do not conform to ex post facto renderings imposed by the social and political containers of the nation-state. In focusing on this transformative conjuncture of meaning which defines the transition from early modern to modern worlds, Transnational patriotism is a welcome addition to the historiography of the Mediterranean.
Risk factors and health status among older adults in Europe: a socioeconomic analysis
Authors: Tur-Sinai Aviad , Becker Nir
Published: August 2021

The risk of developing a major non-communicable disease is critically affected by lifestyle choices. This study examined the consequences of factors that might predict a change in the self-rated health of older adults and aimed to assess their monetary costs. In particular, two predisposing risk factor moderators were studied: high blood pressure and high cholesterol. The effects of these on two serious adverse cardiovascular events – heart attack and stroke – were estimated. Using data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) carried out in 2014, a two-stage procedure was applied as well as pairwise comparison. The results revealed the significant role of socioeconomic status in health outcomes. Behavioural risk factors were found to be significant predictors for heart attack and stroke. The findings support the claim that variables such as age, wealth and behavioural risk factors are additional predictors of a change in these two diseases. The monetary consequences can reach up to 12.8 thousand Euros for older adults per unit of predisposing risk factor. Since national health budgets are limited, health policies might be prioritized.
Morphological and molecular assessment of the diversity of trematode communities in freshwater gastropods and bivalves in Los Tuxtlas tropical rainforest
Authors: Velázquez-Urrieta Y. , Pérez-Ponce de León G.
Published: August 2021

Trematode life cycles involve molluscs as first intermediate hosts. The identification of trematodes based on the morphology of cercariae released from molluscs is challenging because the identification relies on adult forms obtained from their definitive hosts. Several studies have recently genetically characterized these larval forms establishing a link with adults sampled from their vertebrate hosts, allowing their identification at species level. In Los Tuxtlas tropical rainforest, in south-eastern Mexico, 57 species of trematodes have been reported from wildlife vertebrates; however, studies evaluating the diversity of trematode cercariae in molluscs are lacking. Here, we studied 11 species of molluscs to assess the diversity of cercariae in two lakes of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico; six of the 11 species were infected. Twelve cercarial morphotypes were collected and characterized morphologically. Sequences of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene were generated to allocate each morphotype into a family using the most recent phylogenetic classification of the Digenea as a framework; molecular work revealed 16 genetic lineages; some cercariae were identified up to genus (Apharyngostrigea, Ascocotyle, Centrocestus, Echinochasmus, Lecithodendrium and Posthodiplostomum), and some to species levels (Gorgoderina rosamondae, Langeronia macrocirra, Oligogonotylus manteri and Phyllodistomum inecoli) based on their phylogenetic position within the tree, and the genetic distance with respect to other sequenced congeners. Therefore, the cercarial morphotypes in the present study represent at least 16 putative species. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the trematode diversity in an area of high vertebrate species diversity, and to the knowledge of trematode life cycles.
Morphological description of Arctic sea anemone Haliactis arctica Carlgren, 1921 and taxonomic status of Halcampactinidae Carlgren, 1921 and Haliactinidae Carlgren, 1921
Authors: Ivanova Natalia Yu.
Published: August 2021

Haliactis arctica is a poorly known species of sea anemone of the family Halcampactinidae known only from the Arctic. So far, there have been no reports of it after the original description, based on a few specimens from Greenland, Spitsbergen, the Barents Sea, Novaya Zemlya and the Chukchi Sea. The rich collection of the Zoological Institute RAS, which includes more than 100 specimens, has allowed a detailed morpho-anatomical study of this sea anemone. Examination of the external and internal morphology of H. arctica indicates a noticeable variability of structural features, especially the retractor muscles, parietal muscles and acontia. Comparison of characters between H. arctica with the other representatives of Halcampactinidae shows significant differences in the organization of these anemones. Their morphological differences and also significant geographic remoteness suggest that they should be attributed to different families, however, at present it is impossible to conduct thorough molecular genetic studies that can confirm or refute this assumption.
Variation sets in the speech directed to toddlers in Argentinian households.SES and type of activity effects
Authors: ALAM Florencia , ROSEMBERG Celia Renata , GARBER Leandro , STEIN Alejandra
Published: August 2021

The study adopts a naturalistic perspective, looking at the relationship between socio-economic status (SES), activities and variation sets in child-directed speech (CDS) to Spanish-speaking Argentinian toddlers. It aims to determine the effect of SES and type of activity on the proportion of words and utterances in variation sets and on the pragmatic function they serve in interaction. Thirty two children (mean: 14.3 months) and their families were audio-recorded for four hours and the middle two hours were analyzed using CLAN. We developed an automatic algorithm for variation sets extraction that compares noun, verb and adjective lexemes in successive utterances. Mixed-effects beta regression showed SES and activity type effects on the proportion of variation sets and on the pragmatic function served by variation sets. Findings revealed that the contextual variables considered impact on how interlocutors organize the information to young children at the local level of natural at home interactions.
The making and UN-making of consensus: Institutional inertia in the UNESCO World Heritage Committee
Authors: Liuzza Claudia
Published: August 2021

This article examines the process of text-based negotiations surrounding the documents of the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. It focuses on revisions to the Operational Guidelines of the Convention and utilizes ethnographic observation and textual examination to show how alternative, and often the most controversial, proposals are silenced through the practice of consensus. It expands anthropological perspectives on the inner workings of intergovernmental institutions and adds to the literature on heritage regimes by providing examples from United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) most prestigious intergovernmental committee. Ultimately, the article enhances our understanding of the political tensions and practical limitations of policymaking within intergovernmental organizations in the United Nations, including UNESCO.
LOCALIZED RADIAL BASIS FUNCTIONS FOR NO-ARBITRAGE PRICING OF OPTIONS UNDER STOCHASTIC ALPHA–BETA–RHO DYNAMICS
Authors: THAKOOR N.
Published: August 2021

Closed-form explicit formulas for implied Black–Scholes volatilities provide a rapid evaluation method for European options under the popular stochastic alpha–beta–rho (SABR) model. However, it is well known that computed prices using the implied volatilities are only accurate for short-term maturities, but, for longer maturities, a more accurate method is required. This work addresses this accuracy problem for long-term maturities by numerically solving the no-arbitrage partial differential equation with an absorbing boundary condition at zero. Localized radial basis functions in a finite-difference mode are employed for the development of a computational method for solving the resulting two-dimensional pricing equation. The proposed method can use either multiquadrics or inverse multiquadrics, which are shown to have comparable performances. Numerical results illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method and, more importantly, that the computed risk-neutral probability densities are nonnegative. These two key properties indicate that the method of solution using localized meshless methods is a viable and efficient means for price computations under SABR dynamics.
FINITE MATURITY AMERICAN-STYLE STOCK LOANS WITH REGIME-SWITCHING VOLATILITY
Authors: LU XIAOPING , PUTRI ENDAH R. M.
Published: August 2021

We study finite maturity American-style stock loans under a two-state regime-switching economy. We present a thorough semi-analytic discussion of the optimal redeeming prices, the values and the fair service fees of the stock loans, under the assumption that the volatility of the underlying is in a state of uncertainty. Numerical experiments are carried out to show the effects of the volatility regimes and other loan parameters.
Art and Indiscernibility: Arthur C. Danto and the Dynamics of Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Hmiel John Erik
Published: August 2021

Arthur C. Danto was one of the most influential and prolific philosophers of art of the second half of the twentieth century. More particularly, his encounter with the art of Andy Warhol in 1964 became a crucial moment that would catapult his lifelong attempt to spell out the theoretical conditions of contemporary art, and the implications those conditions held for art history and criticism. In this article, however, I show that Danto was in fact primed for his encounter with Warhol by the newly emerging identity of Anglo-American analytic philosophy at mid-century. Using unpublished archival material, I show that Danto's fundamental insights in his first two major essays in the philosophy of art, “The Artworld” (1964) and “Artworks and Real Things” (1973), were in place at least two years before his chance meeting with Warhol's artwork. In making this more modest historical claim, however, I argue that Danto was part of a broader generation of philosophers who were attempting to work through some of the fundamental problems raised by the naturalist tradition of American thought since the late nineteenth century, problems that became central to the emerging identity of analytic philosophy in its early stages. Among the most pressing of these problems was how values functioned in a naturalistic universe absent theological or metaphysical grounding. Drawing from this philosophical space, Danto's account of art deeply influenced the direction of Anglo-American philosophy of art during the second half of the twentieth century. In the process, he became one of the most significant theorists of contemporary art in the English-speaking world.
Strategies to terminate summer cover crops for weed management in no-tillage vegetable production in southeast Brazil
Authors: Branco Roberto Botelho Ferraz , Carvalho Fernando de , Oliveira João Paulo , Alves Pedro Luis da Costa
Published: August 2021

Cover crop residue left on the soil surface as organic mulch in no-tillage crop production provides several environmental benefits, including weed suppression. Thus, many farmers who use cover crops attempt to reduce the use of agricultural inputs, especially herbicides. Therefore, our objectives were to study the potential of different cover crop species to suppress weeds and produce an in situ organic mulch and to evaluate the effect of the organic mulch with and without spraying glyphosate on weed suppression for vegetable (tomato [Solanum lycopersicumL.] and broccoli [Brassica oleraceaL. var.botrytis]) growth and yield. Five cover crop treatments (sunn hemp [Crotalaria junceaL.], jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis(L.) DC.], pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum(L.) R. Br.], forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ssp.bicolor], and no cover crop [control]) were used in the main plots; and glyphosate was or was not sprayed on the flattened cover crop in the subplots of this split-plot experimental design. Organic mulch from pearl millet, sorghum, and sunn hemp resulted in lower weed biomass during the early seasons of both tomato and broccoli than mulch from jack bean and no cover crop (control). Spraying glyphosate after roller-crimping reduced weed biomass by 103 g m−2and 20 g m−2by 45 and 60 d after transplanting (DATr) of tomato, respectively, and resulted in a better tomato yield compared with not spraying. Glyphosate reduced weed biomass by 110 g m−2in the early season of broccoli (30 DATr) but did not affect yield. Terminating high-biomass cover crops with a roller-crimper is a promising technique for weed management in vegetable crops that has the potential to reduce or even eliminate the need for herbicide.
Bennu's Natural Sample Delivery Mechanism: Estimating the Flux of Bennuid Meteors at Earth
Authors: Melikyan R. E. , Clark B. E. , Hergenrother C. W. , Chesley S. R. , Nolan M. C. , Ye Q.‐Z. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: August 2021

NASA's OSIRIS‐REx mission observed millimeter‐ to centimeter‐scale pebbles being ejected from the surface of asteroid (101955) Bennu, indicating that Bennu is an active asteroid. About 30% of these particles escape from Bennu, and the minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) between Bennu and Earth suggest the possibility of a “Bennuid” particle flux at Earth. We characterize the evolution of Bennu's particle stream and potential for meteor flux by simulating weekly particle ejections between the years 1780 and 2135 continuing their dynamical evolution until 2200. Ejections are modeled as a discrete release of 95 particles every week. The meteoroid stream is found to be fully distributed around Bennu's orbital path in years. Individual particles and streams remain associable to Bennu for the entire 420 years simulated. Particle flux at Earth is predicted to begin in 2101, as the Bennu‐Earth MOID reaches minimum values. The year of highest particle flux, 2182, experiences 161 Earth intersections and accounts for 1/4 of our predicted meteors. Our methods can be expanded to study the history and structure of the general meteoroid population and to estimate flux from specific near‐Earth asteroids.
Cosmological Tool Helps Archaeologists Map Earthly Tombs
Authors: Sima Richard
Published: August 2021

A new study employs a method originally developed to help map stars and galaxies to describe how ancient tombs are clustered. The research helps archaeologists studying remote or inaccessible sites.
Particulate Organic Matter Distributions in the Water Column of the Chukchi Sea During Late Summer
Authors: Goñi Miguel A. , Juranek Lauren W. , Sipler Rachel E. , Welch Kylie A.
Published: August 2021

Two oceanographic cruises were completed in September 2016 and August 2017 to investigate the distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) across the northeast Chukchi Shelf. Both periods were characterized by highly stratified conditions, with major contrasts in the distribution of regional water masses that impacted POM distributions. Overall, surface waters were characterized by low chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl Fl < 0.8 mg m−3) and particle beam attenuation (cp < 0.3 m−1) values, and low concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC < 8 mmol m−3), chlorophyll and pheophytin (Chl + Pheo < 0.8 mg m−3), and suspended particulate matter (SPM ∼2 g m−3). Elevated Chl Fl and Chl + Pheo (∼2 mg m−3) values measured at mid‐depths below the pycnocline defined the subsurface chlorophyll maxima (SCM), which exhibited moderate POC (∼10 mmol m−3), cp (∼0.4 m−1) and SPM (∼3 g m−3). In contrast, deeper waters below the pycnocline were characterized by low Chl Fl and Chl + Pheo (∼0.7 mg m−3), high cp (>1.5 m−1) and SPM (>8 g m−3) and elevated POC (>10 mmol m−3). POM compositions from surface and SCM regions of the water column were consistent with contributions from active phytoplankton sources whereas samples from bottom waters were characterized by high Pheo/(Chl + Pheo) ratios (>0.4) indicative of altered phytoplankton detritus. Marked contrasts in POM were observed in both surface and middepth waters during both cruises. Increases in chlorophyll and POC consistent with enhanced productivity were measured in middepth waters during the September 2016 cruise following a period of downwelling‐favorable winds, and in surface waters during the August 2017 cruise following a period of upwelling‐favorable winds.
Modeling Asian Dust Storms Using WRF‐Chem During the DRAGON‐Asia Field Campaign in April 2012
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐Min , Kim Si‐Wan , Choi Myungje , Kim Mijin , Kim Jhoon , Shin Inchul , Kim Jeongeun , Chung Chu‐Yong , Yeo Huidong , Kim Sang‐Woo , Joo Seung Jin , McKeen Stuart A. , Zhang Li
Published: August 2021

Asian mineral dust substantially influences air quality as well as weather and climate. It is important to forecast dust storms as a part of air quality modeling to protect public health and minimize the disruption to essential daily routines. In this study, we simulated the dust episodes during the DRAGON‐NE Asia field campaign in April 2012 utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF‐Chem) with 5 dust emission options and evaluated the model results with the measurements from multiple instruments including Korean geostationary satellites Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) and Meteorological Imager (MI). The model well predicted the dust occurrences, transport, and vertically elevated structure, compared to the satellite aerosol optical depths (AOD), the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) AOD and size distribution parameter Angstrom Exponent (AE), the ground‐based lidar and in‐situ observations. However, the model dust concentration varied depending on the selected dust emission option. The model also did not accurately simulate both AOD and AE. When the model AOD agreed with the AERONET AOD, AE did not agree. In general, the model concentrations were overestimated for large size particles (diameter 6–20 μm) and were underestimated for small size particles (0.5–3.6 μm), compared to the observed aerosol size distributions at surface in Korean Peninsula. Our analysis of the episode suggests that the dust is possibly mixed with the aerosols of anthropogenic origins in the Asian region. Therefore, accurate simulations of both anthropogenic aerosols and dust are helpful for evaluating models in the downwind region of the dust sources.
Building Tangent‐Linear and Adjoint Models for Data Assimilation With Neural Networks
Authors: Hatfield Sam , Chantry Matthew , Dueben Peter , Lopez Philippe , Geer Alan , Palmer Tim
Published: August 2021

We assess the ability of neural network emulators of physical parametrization schemes in numerical weather prediction models to aid in the construction of linearized models required by four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation. Neural networks can be differentiated trivially, and so if a physical parametrization scheme can be accurately emulated by a neural network then its tangent‐linear and adjoint versions can be obtained with minimal effort, compared with the standard paradigms of manual or automatic differentiation of the model code. Here we apply this idea by emulating the non‐orographic gravity wave drag parametrization scheme in an atmospheric model with a neural network, and deriving its tangent‐linear and adjoint models. We demonstrate that these neural network‐derived tangent‐linear and adjoint models not only pass the standard consistency tests but also can be used successfully to do 4D‐Var data assimilation. This technique holds the promise of significantly easing maintenance of tangent‐linear and adjoint codes in weather forecasting centers, if accurate neural network emulators can be constructed.
Is the Sokal or EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS) score a better predictor of responses and outcomes in persons with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving tyrosine-kinase inhibitors?
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Shuai , Gale Robert Peter , Huang Xiao-Jun , Jiang Qian
Published: August 2021

Data from 1661 consecutive subjects with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) receiving initial imatinib (n = 1379) or a 2nd-generation tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (2G-TKI; n = 282) were interrogated to determine whether the Sokal or European Treatment and Outcome Study for CML (EUTOS) long-term survival (ELTS) scores were more accurate responses and outcome predictors. Both scores predicted probabilities of achieving complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), major molecular response (MMR), failure- and progression-free survivals (FFS, PFS), and survival in all subjects and those receiving imatinib therapy. However, the ELTS score was a better predictor of MR4, MR4.5, and CML-related survival than the Sokal score. In subjects receiving 2G-TKI therapy, only the ELTS score accurately predicted probabilities of CCyR, MMR, MR4, FFS, and PFS. In the propensity score matching, subjects classified as intermediate risk by the ELTS score receiving a 2G-TKI had better responses (p < 0.001~0.061), FFS (p = 0.002), and PFS (p = 0.03) but not survival. Our data suggest better overall prediction accuracy for the ELTS score compared with the Sokal score in CML patients, especially those receiving 2G-TKIs. People identified as intermediate risk by the ELTS score may benefit more from initial 2G-TKI therapy in achieving surrogate endpoints but not survival, especially when a briefer interval to stopping TKI therapy is the therapy objective.
Niche partitioning by photosynthetic plankton as a driver of CO2-fixation across the oligotrophic South Pacific Subtropical Ocean
Authors: Duerschlag Julia , Mohr Wiebke , Ferdelman Timothy G , LaRoche Julie , Desai Dhwani , Croot Peter L , Voß Daniela , Zielinski Oliver , Lavik Gaute , Littmann Sten , Martínez-Pérez Clara , Tschitschko Bernhard , Bartlau Nina , Osterholz Helena , Dittmar Thorsten , Kuypers Marcel M M
Published: August 2021

Oligotrophic ocean gyre ecosystems may be expanding due to rising global temperatures [1–5]. Models predicting carbon flow through these changing ecosystems require accurate descriptions of phytoplankton communities and their metabolic activities [6]. We therefore measured distributions and activities of cyanobacteria and small photosynthetic eukaryotes throughout the euphotic zone on a zonal transect through the South Pacific Ocean, focusing on the ultraoligotrophic waters of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). Bulk rates of CO2 fixation were low (0.1 µmol C l−1 d−1) but pervasive throughout both the surface mixed-layer (upper 150 m), as well as the deep chlorophyll a maximum of the core SPG. Chloroplast 16S rRNA metabarcoding, and single-cell 13CO2 uptake experiments demonstrated niche differentiation among the small eukaryotes and picocyanobacteria. Prochlorococcus abundances, activity, and growth were more closely associated with the rims of the gyre. Small, fast-growing, photosynthetic eukaryotes, likely related to the Pelagophyceae, characterized the deep chlorophyll a maximum. In contrast, a slower growing population of photosynthetic eukaryotes, likely comprised of Dictyochophyceae and Chrysophyceae, dominated the mixed layer that contributed 65–88% of the areal CO2 fixation within the core SPG. Small photosynthetic eukaryotes may thus play an underappreciated role in CO2 fixation in the surface mixed-layer waters of ultraoligotrophic ecosystems.
Microglia as hackers of the matrix: sculpting synapses and the extracellular space
Authors: Crapser Joshua D. , Arreola Miguel A. , Tsourmas Kate I. , Green Kim N.
Published: August 2021

Microglia shape the synaptic environment in health and disease, but synapses do not exist in a vacuum. Instead, pre- and postsynaptic terminals are surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM), which together with glia comprise the four elements of the contemporary tetrapartite synapse model. While research in this area is still just beginning, accumulating evidence points toward a novel role for microglia in regulating the ECM during normal brain homeostasis, and such processes may, in turn, become dysfunctional in disease. As it relates to synapses, microglia are reported to modify the perisynaptic matrix, which is the diffuse matrix that surrounds dendritic and axonal terminals, as well as perineuronal nets (PNNs), specialized reticular formations of compact ECM that enwrap neuronal subsets and stabilize proximal synapses. The interconnected relationship between synapses and the ECM in which they are embedded suggests that alterations in one structure necessarily affect the dynamics of the other, and microglia may need to sculpt the matrix to modify the synapses within. Here, we provide an overview of the microglial regulation of synapses, perisynaptic matrix, and PNNs, propose candidate mechanisms by which these structures may be modified, and present the implications of such modifications in normal brain homeostasis and in disease.
Metabolic programming in dendritic cells tailors immune responses and homeostasis
Authors: Møller Sofie Hedlund , Wang Limei , Ho Ping-Chih
Published: August 2021

It is being increasingly acknowledged that immune cells depend on certain metabolic traits to perform their functions and that the extracellular environment can influence cell metabolism and vice versa. Dendritic cell (DC) subsets traffic through highly diverse environments from the bone marrow, where they develop, to the various peripheral tissues, where they differentiate and capture antigens, before they migrate to the lymph node to present antigens and prime T cells. It is plausible that DC subsets modulate their stimulatory abilities in response to unique metabolic programming. The metabolic requirements of DCs are just recently being discovered, and subset- and context-specific metabolic phenotypes in DCs are highly intertwined with DC functions. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of DC metabolism, how they regulate DC function with examples from tumor biology and in interaction with the microbiota, and discuss how this can be applied therapeutically.
The MURAL collection of prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts enables discovery through preclinical models of uro-oncology
Authors: Risbridger Gail P. , Clark Ashlee K. , Porter Laura H. , Toivanen Roxanne , Bakshi Andrew , Lister Natalie L. , Pook David , Pezaro Carmel J. , Sandhu Shahneen , Keerthikumar Shivakumar , Quezada Urban Rosalia , Papargiris Melissa , Kraska Jenna , Madsen Heather B. , Wang Hong , Richards Michelle G. , Niranjan Birunthi , O’Dea Samantha , Teng Linda , Wheelahan William , Li Zhuoer , Choo Nicholas , Ouyang John F. , Thorne Heather , Devereux Lisa , Hicks Rodney J. , Sengupta Shomik , Harewood Laurence , Iddawala Mahesh , Azad Arun A. , Goad Jeremy , Grummet Jeremy , Kourambas John , Kwan Edmond M. , Moon Daniel , Murphy Declan G. , Pedersen John , Clouston David , Norden Sam , Ryan Andrew , Furic Luc , Goode David L. , Frydenberg Mark , Lawrence Mitchell G. , Taylor Renea A.
Published: August 2021

Preclinical testing is a crucial step in evaluating cancer therapeutics. We aimed to establish a significant resource of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of prostate cancer for rapid and systematic evaluation of candidate therapies. The PDX collection comprises 59 tumors collected from 30 patients between 2012–2020, coinciding with availability of abiraterone and enzalutamide. The PDXs represent the clinico-pathological and genomic spectrum of prostate cancer, from treatment-naïve primary tumors to castration-resistant metastases. Inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity in adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine phenotypes is evident from bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data. Organoids can be cultured from PDXs, providing further capabilities for preclinical studies. Using a 1 x 1 x 1 design, we rapidly identify tumors with exceptional responses to combination treatments. To govern the distribution of PDXs, we formed the Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL). This PDX collection is a substantial resource, expanding the capacity to test and prioritize effective treatments for prospective clinical trials in prostate cancer.
DMRT1-mediated reprogramming drives development of cancer resembling human germ cell tumors with features of totipotency
Authors: Taguchi Jumpei , Shibata Hirofumi , Kabata Mio , Kato Masaki , Fukuda Kei , Tanaka Akito , Ohta Sho , Ukai Tomoyo , Mitsunaga Kanae , Yamada Yosuke , Nagaoka So I , Yamazawa Sho , Ohnishi Kotaro , Woltjen Knut , Ushiku Tetsuo , Ozawa Manabu , Saitou Mitinori , Shinkai Yoichi , Yamamoto Takuya , Yamada Yasuhiro
Published: August 2021

In vivo reprogramming provokes a wide range of cell fate conversion. Here, we discover that in vivo induction of higher levels of OSKM in mouse somatic cells leads to increased expression of primordial germ cell (PGC)-related genes and provokes genome-wide erasure of genomic imprinting, which takes place exclusively in PGCs. Moreover, the in vivo OSKM reprogramming results in development of cancer that resembles human germ cell tumors. Like a subgroup of germ cell tumors, propagated tumor cells can differentiate into trophoblasts. Moreover, these tumor cells give rise to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with expanded differentiation potential into trophoblasts. Remarkably, the tumor-derived iPSCs are able to contribute to non-neoplastic somatic cells in adult mice. Mechanistically, DMRT1, which is expressed in PGCs, drives the reprogramming and propagation of the tumor cells in vivo. Furthermore, the DMRT1-related epigenetic landscape is associated with trophoblast competence of the reprogrammed cells and provides a therapeutic target for germ cell tumors. These results reveal an unappreciated route for somatic cell reprogramming and underscore the impact of reprogramming in development of germ cell tumors.
Redox-enabled direct stereoconvergent heteroarylation of simple alcohols
Authors: Liu Yongbing , Tao Ran , Lin Zhi-Keng , Yang Guoqiang , Zhao Yu
Published: August 2021

The direct transformation of racemic feedstock materials to valuable enantiopure compounds is of significant importance for sustainable chemical synthesis. Toward this goal, the radical mechanism has proven uniquely effective in stereoconvergent carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. Here we report a mechanistically distinct redox-enabled strategy for an efficient enantioconvergent coupling of pyrroles with simple racemic secondary alcohols. In such processes, chirality is removed from the substrate via dehydrogenation and reinstalled in the catalytic reduction of a key stabilized cationic intermediate. This strategy provides significant advantage of utilizing simple pyrroles to react with feedstock alcohols without the need for leaving group incorporation. This overall redox-neutral transformation is also highly economical with no additional reagent nor waste generation other than water. In our studies, oxime-derived iridacycle complexes are introduced, which cooperate with a chiral phosphoric acid to enable heteroarylation of alcohols, accessing a wide range of valuable substituted pyrroles in high yield and enantioselectivity.
Gate-tunable plasmons in mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Wang Sheng , Yoo SeokJae , Zhao Sihan , Zhao Wenyu , Kahn Salman , Cui Dingzhou , Wu Fanqi , Jiang Lili , Utama M. Iqbal Bakti , Li Hongyuan , Li Shaowei , Zibrov Alexander , Regan Emma , Wang Danqing , Zhang Zuocheng , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Zhou Chongwu , Wang Feng
Published: August 2021

Surface plasmons, collective electromagnetic excitations coupled to conduction electron oscillations, enable the manipulation of light–matter interactions at the nanoscale. Plasmon dispersion of metallic structures depends sensitively on their dimensionality and has been intensively studied for fundamental physics as well as applied technologies. Here, we report possible evidence for gate-tunable hybrid plasmons from the dimensionally mixed coupling between one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional (2D) graphene. In contrast to the carrier density-independent 1D Luttinger liquid plasmons in bare metallic carbon nanotubes, plasmon wavelengths in the 1D-2D heterostructure are modulated by 75% via electrostatic gating while retaining the high figures of merit of 1D plasmons. We propose a theoretical model to describe the electromagnetic interaction between plasmons in nanotubes and graphene, suggesting plasmon hybridization as a possible origin for the observed large plasmon modulation. The mixed-dimensional plasmonic heterostructures may enable diverse designs of tunable plasmonic nanodevices.
Identification of two-dimensional layered dielectrics from first principles
Authors: Osanloo Mehrdad Rostami , Van de Put Maarten L. , Saadat Ali , Vandenberghe William G.
Published: August 2021

To realize effective van der Waals (vdW) transistors, vdW dielectrics are needed in addition to vdW channel materials. We study the dielectric properties of 32 exfoliable vdW materials using first principles methods. We calculate the static and optical dielectric constants and discover a large out-of-plane permittivity in GeClF, PbClF, LaOBr, and LaOCl, while the in-plane permittivity is high in BiOCl, PbClF, and TlF. To assess their potential as gate dielectrics, we calculate the band gap and electron affinity, and estimate the leakage current through the candidate dielectrics. We discover six monolayer dielectrics that promise to outperform bulk HfO2: HoOI, LaOBr, LaOCl, LaOI, SrI2, and YOBr with low leakage current and low equivalent oxide thickness. Of these, LaOBr and LaOCl are the most promising and our findings motivate the growth and exfoliation of rare-earth oxyhalides for their use as vdW dielectrics.