bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elongin C (ELOC/TCEB1)-associated von Hippel–Lindau disease
Authors: Andreou Avgi , Yngvadottir Bryndis , Bassaganyas Laia , Clark Graeme , Martin Ezequiel , Whitworth James , Cornish Alex J ,   Genomics England Research Consortium, Houlston Richard S , Rich Philip , Egan Catherine , Hodgson Shirley V , Warren Anne Y , Snape Katie , Maher Eamonn R
Published: March 2022

Around 95% of patients with clinical features that meet the diagnostic criteria for von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) have a detectable inactivating germline variant in VHL. The VHL protein (pVHL) functions as part of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex comprising pVHL, elongin C, elongin B, cullin 2 and ring box 1 (VCB-CR complex), which plays a key role in oxygen sensing and degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors. To date, only variants in VHL have been shown to cause VHL disease. We undertook trio analysis by whole-exome sequencing in a proband with VHL disease but without a detectable VHL mutation. Molecular studies were also performed on paired DNA extracted from the proband’s kidney tumour and blood and bioinformatics analysis of sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) dataset was undertaken. A de novo pathogenic variant in ELOC NM_005648.4(ELOC):c.236A>G (p.Tyr79Cys) gene was identified in the proband. ELOC encodes elongin C, a key component [C] of the VCB-CR complex. The p.Tyr79Cys substitution is a mutational hotspot in sporadic VHL-competent RCC and has previously been shown to mimic the effects of pVHL deficiency on hypoxic signalling. Analysis of an RCC from the proband showed similar findings to that in somatically ELOC-mutated RCC (expression of hypoxia-responsive proteins, no somatic VHL variants and chromosome 8 loss). These findings are consistent with pathogenic ELOC variants being a novel cause for VHL disease and suggest that genetic testing for ELOC variants should be performed in individuals with suspected VHL disease with no detectable VHL variant.
Apple, Test of Insecticides, 1973
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 3 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 York Imperial. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Spray dates for test insecticides were: May 17, May 31 (June 1 for diazinon), June 15, July 2 and 16, August 2 and 20. During May, June and July, 2 lb Polyram 80W/acre was applied to the whole block at ca. 2 week intervals with an airblastsprayer; in August 2 sprays of 1 lb captan 80W plus 1 lb Polyram 80W/acre were applied similarly. Average temperatures were: May 56.63° F, June 71.30°F, July 73.32°F, and August 73.53°F. Rainfall in inches was: May 6.24, June 5.04, July 2.03, and August 4.57. Effecti veness of test chemicals on the European red mite was evaluated by making 3 counts of mites on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator Stethoruspunctum was evaluated by 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was evaluated by scoring for injury all drops after July 1 and a picked sample 15 days after the last spray from 3 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial. Apple samples averaged 239 fruits/replicate and 1,195/ treatment. Effectiveness on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting numphs on the underside of the leaves for both generations; on the apple aphid by counting the number of infested terminals/10 terminals/tree and calculating the percent infested. Another method was to count the number of aphid infested leaves/terminal.
Apple, Integrated Test, 1975
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W. , Mowery Paul D.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticide-acaricide programs were evaluated for insect control, mite suppression, and influence on the predator, Stethoruspunctum. Sprays were applied to 4-tree plots in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a York Imperial, Red Delicious, Jonathan, and Stayman Winesap. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Treated plots were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Treatments were applied as 6X concentrates with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Spray dates for insecticides-fungicides were: May 20 and 27; June 4, 11, 18 and 25; July 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30; August 7, 13, 20 and 27; and September 3. Polyram 80W, 2.0 lb/acre and sulfur 95W, 1.5 lb/acre were applied to all plots except the Dikar plot from May 20 to June 11; captan 50W, 1.5 lb/acre and sulfur at the same rate above were applied from June 18 to July 16; and captan by itself at the above rate was applied after July 16. Zolone 25W, 10 oz/acre was substituted for the rate listed in all plots receiving the Guthion-Zolone combination except the Dikar plot from June 18 to July 30. Lannate 25W, 0.25 lb/acre was applied only on July 2, 9, 16 and 23; the rate was changed to 0.5 lb/acre on July 30, August 7, 13, 20 and 27. Thiodan 50W, 1.0 lb/acre was applied on June 18 and 25 to all plots. Plictran 50W, 2 oz/acre was applied with the first 4 treatments on July 3 to stabilize the mite populations. Effectiveness of the treatments on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops from the variety Stayman Winesap after July 1 and a picked sample 14 days after the last spray. Apple samples averaged 121/replicate and 484/treatment. Effectiveness on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves/tree, 2 trees/replicate for both generations. Effectiveness of treatments on the European red mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/replicate (Stayman Winesap only), 80 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S.punctum was evaluated by 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees (Stayman Winesap and York Imperial). May 61.08°F, June 68.98° F, July 72.97° F, August 73.89° F, and September 61.13° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.05, June 7.60, July 3.12, August 2.01 and September 13.8.
Apple Insect and Mite Control, 1975
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 15-year-old apple trees at Winthrop, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and at a rate of 300 gallons per acre. Spray dates were May 30 (petal fall), June 9, 23, July 7, 22, August 4, and 18; each material was applied on all dates. The fungicide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/ 100 gal) at half-inch green and Polyram 80W (2 lb/100 gal) at each cover; Polyram was tank-mixed with each treatment. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 1 Cortland and 3 Mcintosh cultivars per treatment in Test 1; and 2 Melba, 1 Golden Delicious, and 1 Mcintosh per treatment in Test 2. In Test 3, trees were selected in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design, with 3 Mcintosh per treatment. Except for the test trees, this orchard was unsprayed. On September 4, 3/4 box of apples was picked from each tree and ca. 300-500 apples were examined per treatment on September 6-12 for external egg punctures (apple maggot), egg-laying scars (plum curculio), and typical feeding injuries (codling moth and lesser appleworm). Apples with maggot egg punctures were sliced to determine success of egg hatch and/or of maggot survival (success indicated by a penetration of more than 1/4 inch). Evaluation of apple aphid control was based on a count of all live aphids found on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves on each of 10 terminal vegetative shoots located around the periphery of each tree at a height of 3-6 feet. All mines of the spotted tentiform leafminer which were found on 10 vegetative terminals selected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree were recorded. European red mites were counted on 25 leaves per tree (33 or 34 leaves per tree in Test 3) collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. The leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Fall webworm control was evaluated from estimates made on September 6 of the length of each and every web encompassing a branch and leaves of each tree. Except for European red mite, no pest populations exerted serious pressure.
Apple,

P.

Ulmi

Summer Control, 1975
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250-300 psi. In Test 1, 25-year-old trees were sprayed at a rate of 250 gallons per acre; in Tests 2 and 3, 10-year-old trees were treated at 500 gallons per acre. Spray dates were July 10 and 18 (Tests 1 and 2) and July 28 and August 5 (Test 3); each material was applied on both dates. The fungicide and insecticide program during the course of these acaricide tests consisted of captan 80W (1 lb), Thiodan 50W (0.5 lb) and lead arsenate (2 lb/100 gal) on July 17, and Thylate 65W (1 lb) and Sevin 80W (1.25 lb/100 gal) on July 30. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treat-ment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 1 Red Delicious (RD) and 3 Golden Delicious (GD) cultivars per treatment in Test I; 1 Cortland (C) and 3 RD per treatment in Test 2; and 1 Early Mcintosh, 1 RD, 1 GD, and 1 C per treatment in Test 3. From each tree, 25 leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was very severe. At the prespray date egg populations ranged from 20-35 eggs/leaf (Tests 1 and 2) or from 40-80 eggs/leaf (Test 3). Late July and August were hot and dry.
Apple, Vendex-50 Miticide Selective Action, 1975
Authors: Holdsworth R. P.
Published: March 2022

The Vendex-50 label (ADP 75-109) claims control of European red mite at 1-3 lb/A, and claims the product to be relatively non-toxic to unspecified “beneficial mites”. The miticide was evaluated for effect on the predaceous mites Z.mali and A.fallacis at the manufacturer’s minimum recommended rate (1 lb/A) and at 2 lower rates, 8 and 6 oz/A. A no-miticide control was included for comparison. A single application was made on June 10, 1975 to 5-year-old Golden Delicious trees (MM106 rootstock), 1 qt/tree (27 gpa). Each treatment was replicated on 4 single tree plots. There were 4 blocks in the experimental design, with 1 tree of each treatment in each block. Application was made with a hand-held compressed air sprayer. Oil was withheld from all trees. The maintenance sprays were applied by air blast sprayer, 1 gal/tree (108 gpa); and consisted of 3 prebloom applications of Cyprex 65 WP, 1 lb/A, and 6 postbloom sprays of captan 50 WP, 6 lbs/A with Imidan 50-W, 3 lbs/A. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree, equally from the inside and outside of the lower half of the crown. Predaceous mites were first counted on individual leaves under a microscope and then European red mites were brushed off leaves and counted on a glass plate.
Black Walnut Curculio Control, Missouri 1973-75
Authors: Kearby W. H. , Gibson K.
Published: March 2022

An experimental control program for the black walnut curculio was conducted over a three-year period in a 5-acre stand of mature black walnut located in Cedar County, Missouri. Initial spray dates for the first two years were established on adult emergence dates obtained from available literature. For the final year, the first spray date was based on emergence dates established through adult trapping. Spray dates in 1973 were May 15, May 30, and June 12; in 1974, May 30 and June 17; and in 1975, May 7, May 15, and June 11. Trees were selected and flagged to represent three spray groupings and one control group of five trees each in one block. Three such blocks were established for a total of 60 trees. The spray groups received applications of Guthion 2S, Benlate (WP), and a mixture of the two. Guthion was mixed at a rate of 24 oz/100 gal water. Benlate was mixed at 2 lb/100 gal of water. Eight tablespoons of Plyac a spreader-sticker were added to each 100 gallon formulation. Benlate was tested in an effort to reduce walnut anthracnose. When possible, spraying was done in the evening. At all times the wind was less than 10 mph with temperatures in the lower 70’s. Sprays were applied with a 150 gallon capacity Broyhill power sprayer the first year. The following two years a farm tractor carrying a 55 gallon drum with a PTO powered pump served as the spray unit. As nuts dropped they were collected and dissected for curculio larvae. Data were recorded as to presence or absence of larvae and total nuts collected per spray group.
Potato Leafhopper Control, European Corn Borer Damage, Yield and Grade of Tenderette Var. Snap Beans
Authors: Libby J. L.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for control of these insects at the University of Wisconsin Experimental Farm, Hancock, Wisconsin. Each treatment consisted of four replicates in a complete block design. Plots consisted of 6 rows, 20 ft long with 36 inches between rows. Dieldrin-Captan treated seed was planted on June 20, 1975 with 2 row tractor mounted planter boxes. The 2 center rows of each plot were sprayed using a tractor mounted Myers sprayer with a 6 ft boom delivering 33 gal of spray per acre. Sprays were applied on July 9, 16, 23, 30 and August 6. Potato leafhopper counts were taken on July 29 using a 15 inch diameter insect sweep net. Two European corn borer egg masses per foot of row were pinned onto the plants on July 29. Plots were harvested, graded, and pods inspected for European corn borer damage on August 13. The soil type was Plainfield Loamy Sand with a pH 6.2. The total moisture (rainfall and irrigation) was 9.82 inches.
Cabbage Maggot Control with Directed Sprays and Drenches on Transplant Cabbage
Authors: Libby J. L.
Published: March 2022

‘Globe’ cabbage was transplanted in 27 ft rows, with 36 inch between rows, at 14 inch plant spacing. Drenches were applied at 4 oz of solution per plant (300 gal/acre). Directed sprays were applied with a solo knapsack sprayer usjng 72 gal spray/acre. Plots were planted and treated May 22, 1975. Each treatment consisted of 4 single row replicates in a randomized complete block design. Results were taken on Sept 10. The soil type was Piano silt loam with a pH 6.2. The soil composition was sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 18%. Total moisture (rainfall) was 13.53 inches.
Control of a Pod Borer in Asparagus Beans, 1974
Authors: Lange W. Harry , Su C. Y. , Kungand S. P. , Rose R. I.
Published: March 2022

Field plot insecticide evaluations were conducted in ten square meter plots. Each treatment was applied to four replicated plots in a RCB experimental design. For each planting, nine insecticides and one control were evaluated. Granular formulated insecticides were applied by hand with the amount for each row of the plot being previously weighed. Emulsifiable and wettable powder formulations were applied with 2.5 gallon air pressure sprayers, each calibrated with a stopwatch. Emulsifiable and wettable powder insecticides were applied in 500 ml spray during the pod filling stage. Methods of control evaluation were based on the dissection and count of the actual number larvae and the number of damaged pods of per plot.
Melonworm,

Diaphania

Hyaunata

, Control on Cucurbits, 1975
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

‘Morgan’ melon and ‘Poinsett’ cucumbers were planted on 0.8 m wide beds of Leon fine sand October 1, 1975 as subplots in a split-plot design with four replications. Subplots were 0.6 m double rows with five plants/row and were seep-irrigated. Treatments were applied October 17, 24 and 31 and ten runners/subplot examined for melonworm larvae on November 4. Data were transformed (X + 0.5) for analysis.
Insect Control on Sweet Peppers, Delaware, 1975
Authors: Burbutis Paul P.
Published: March 2022

Sweet peppers were transplanted June 10 in Williamsville (Sussex Co.) Del. Insecticide treatments were replicated 3 times and plots were 3 rows wide x 40 ft long with plants 1 ft apart in the row and 3 ft between rows. There was a 10 ft-wide alley between the randomized complete blocks. Spray materials were applied on a weekly schedule with a 2-gal, CO2 sprayer at 25 psi pressure in 1 gal water (= 38 gal water/acre) starting July 9 and ending September 16. The Furadan 10G treatment (= Standard) was applied by hand using a small shaker and placing the granules in a furrow ca 2 inch deep and 5 inch from the plant. This material was “side dressed” on June 24 at 2 lb a.i./acre and on July 23 at 3 lb a.i./a. Bio-film, 6 oz/100 gal, was added to the three Pirimor treatments. Peppers were harvested on August 19, September 11 and 30 from the middle rows of each plot and all fruit were inspected for “worm” infestations. The first and last harvests consisted of all the red and green peppers over 2 inch diameter at the stem end, and the second harvest was of commercial-sized reds only. Worm infestations in peppers harvested on September 30 were essentially the same as in those of the September 11 harvest. Green peach aphid populations were recorded weekly from leaves sampled at random from the middle rows of each plot.
Redbacked Cutworm Control in Peppermint, 1975
Authors: Berry Ralph E.
Published: March 2022

Ten ft2 soil samples 2-inch deep were taken at random across each test plot to estimate the cutworm population prior to treatment. Subsequent soil samples were taken at weekly intervals from the same area in each plot. Each soil sample was placed in a plastic bag and screened through sieves to remove cutworm larvae. One-acre, unreplicated plots were treated May 16 with Orthene 75S (1.0 and 2.0 lb a.i./acre), N-2596 10G (2.0 and 4.0 lb a.i./acre), and Dyfonate 10G (4.0 lb a.i./acre) (Experiment no. 1). Orthene 75S was applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 26 gal water/A at 30 psi. N-2596 and Dyfonate were applied with a tractor-mounted M-l Cyclone broadcast spreader. Granular treatments were harrowed into the top 2 inch of soil immediately after application, then sprinkler irrigated. The soil type was Deschutes fine sandy loam with an organic matter content of > 1.0%. The soil temperature at application was 32°C at 2-inch. Additional experiments were conducted in small plots (50 x 50 ft), replicated twice (Experiment no. 2). These plots were treated with a tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 1 gal water/plot at 30 psi. Pre- and posttreatment estimates of the cutworm density were taken as before, except 4 ft2 soil samples were taken from each plot.
Effect of Timing and Method of Application of Systemic Insecticides on Insect Control and Yield of Potatoes, 1975
Authors: Kring James B.
Published: March 2022

General. Plots were randomized and replicated (4X). Granular insecticides were applied by hand in 2-inch bands, one on each side of the row, 3 inch to each side of the seed piece. Colorado potato beetle pressure was severe in both test areas. No fungicides or herbicides were used. Yields were weights of all potatoes dug by hand.
Potato

L.

Californicus

Control, Ellensburg, Washington, 1972
Authors: Toba H. H. , Landis B. J. , Fox L.
Published: March 2022

The soil type in the test plot is not known, but it was probably Naches Series, loam, with less than 3% organic matter. Broadcast and sidedress treatments were conducted as separate experi-ments, and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (34 inch apart) and 50 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On May 1 and 2, 1972, broadcast applica-tions of granular materials were made with a hand-operated grass seeder, and the Dyfonate EC (40 gal/acre) with a tractor-mounted sprayer, then disced within 1 hr after application. Potatoes were planted on or about May 8. Sidedress applications of granular materials were made on May 22 and 23, using tractor-mounted Gandy applicators; granules were placed in 1 inch bands, 4 inch to each side and level with the potato seed pieces. The plots were rill irrigated. Tuber samples were harvested on October 11 to 16, from the 2 center rows of each plot. Injury (any penetration of a tuber by wireworms) was assessed based on the number of injured tubers per 100 lb. Percentages of injured tubers were transformed to X + 0.5 and analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan’s new multiple range test.
Potato

Limonius

Control, Walla Walla, Washington, 1971
Authors: Toba H. H. , Landis B. J. , Foiles L. L.
Published: March 2022

The soil type in the test plot is not known, but it was probably Catherine Series, silt loam, with less than 3% organic matter. Each plot was 6 rows wide (34 inch apart) and 50 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Potatoes were planted on May 7, 1971. Test materials were sidedressed on May 19, using tractor-mounted Gandy applicators; granules were placed in 1 inch bands, 4 inch to each side and level with the potato seed pieces. The plots were rill irrigated. One row per plot was harvested on October 4. Injury (any penetration of a tuber by wireworms) was assessed based on percent injured by weight. Percentages of injured tubers were transformed to X + 0.5 and analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan’s new multiple range test.
Laboratory Insecticide Screening,

L.

Canus

, Yakima, Washington, 1970
Authors: Toba H. H. , Landis B. J. , Foiles L. L.
Published: March 2022

L. canus larvae were collected in the fall of 1969 from Grandview, Washington, and held at 40°F until the tests were conducted. The soli was “river-bottom soil”, sandy loam, < 5% organic matter, sifted with 8-mesh sieve. The bioassays were conducted as follows: insecticides were mixed with air-dry soil in a Twin shell dry blender for 15 min, after which water was added to the soil (2.7% moisture), and the treated soil was placed in 0.5-pt Mason fruit jars. The dosage rates simulated broadcast treatments, and the incorporation of materials to 6 inch in depth. Two boiled wheat grains were pushed down ca. 1 inch into the soil of each jar. One wireworm was placed in each jar; if the wireworm did not burrow into the soil within 1 min, the wireworm was replaced. Regular jar lids were used, but they were not secured tightly. Each treatment con-sisted of 10 jars. The jars were held in a laboratory maintained at ca. 20 to 25°C. The jars were checked once weekly to determine mortality, which included any dead or moribund larvae. At the weekly checks, moisture was added to the soil as required, two new boiled wheat grains were added, and the same live larvae were replaced in the corresponding jars. Five separate tests were conducted, and the results are summarized in the table.
Evaluation of Nematicides and Insecticides for Sweet Potatoes, 1975
Authors: Averre C. W. , Barker K. R. , Sorensen K. A.
Published: March 2022

The effects of fumigant and nonfumigant nematicides and insecticides on nematodes, and insects, and on yield and quality of sweet potatoes were studied in a deep Norfolk Sandy Loam (pH = 6.0, O. M. = 0.7%, silt = 85.2%, sand = 10.1%, clay = 4.7%). The site had been planted to tobacco the previous year. A moderate infestation of root-knot nematode larvae (ca. 1000/cc soil) was present in March, 1975. On June 3, the field was disked. On June 4, 7-day preplant treatments were applied; soil temperature at 4 in. was 84°F, moisture was estimated at 90% of field capacity. On June 11, at planting treatments, Vernam 6EC herbicide (2/3 pt/A), and fertilizer (500 lb/A 6-12-6) were applied, and sweet potato plants free of nematode infection were planted. Soil temperature was 76°F at 4 in., moisture was estimated at ca. 50% of field capacity. Granular products were broadcast over proper plots, mixed in the top six inches with a “roto-tiller”; in-row applications were banded 12-inches wide and bedded up. Telone was placed 6-inches deep with a hand injector on 12-inch spacing in the row. Emulsifiable concen-trates were disolved in ca. 1.9 gal of water (500 gal/A) and drenched over proper plots. Plots were single rows, 50 ft long on 40-inch centers with ca. 12-inch spacing between plants. Treatments were randomized in four blocks. On July 29, layby treatments were broad-cast over the plants. On September 3, twelve soil borings (2 to 12-inch zone) were taken in each plot, composited, and assayed for nematodes (extracted by sugar solution flotation technique), and on October 8, roots were harvested and yields were recorded in pounds by U.S.D.A. size grades (jumbo. No. 1, canner). Nematode infestation was counted by slicing 1/3 to 1/2 of the distal portion of the root in 2-mm sections from five roots in each grade and counting internal lesions. Insect damage and overall quality were assessed visually. The root-knot level was high and wireworm injury was moderate. The growing season was normal and plants were not subject to prolonged drought stress. Moderate rains prior to harvest caused some roots to rot.
Tomato Pinworm Control, 1975
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes were direct seeded January 20, 1975 in Rockdale soil. Plots were thinned to give a density of 1 plant per ft. Plots consisted of single rows on 6 ft centers, 36 ft long. Insecticides were applied weekly from March 20 to April 25. The first two applications were made with a 2-gal hand held sprayer which delivered 50 gal per acre at 30 to 40 psi. The remaining applications were made with a tractor mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles per row. These treatments were applied at a pressure of 150 psi in 100 gal of water per acre. On April 16 the number of pinworm mines per 4th leaf from the plant terminal of 10 randomly selected leaves per plot were counted. All the fruit was picked and weighed April 28. The percent pinworm damaged fruit was determined by examining 25 randomly selected tomatoes from each plot. Means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range statistic.
Tomato Miscellaneous Pests
Authors: York Alan C.
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes were planted in the field from seed on May 12,1975 in 25 ft rows on 5 ft centers. Soil type was Ockley silt loam, 2 to 4% organic matter. Fifteen treatments including the check were arranged in a randomized block design, 1 row per treatment separated from the next treatment by an untreated row. Four replicates were used. Four applications were made at 10 day intervals beginning August 7 using a Back-pack mist blower (Vandermolen KWH 66), output of which was about 15 gallons per acre. Aphid counts were made by selected 10 leaves from each replicate and counting the aphids thereon. Numbers thereof were about equally divided between M.euphorbiae and M.persicae. Fruit damage by fruitworms and hornworms was assessed by examining from each replicate the first 100 fruit for characteristic feeding damage.
Alfalfa Weevil Larval Control, Missouri, 1975
Authors: Huggans J. L.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a new (fall) seeding of MFA’s WL-307 alfalfa. The soil Shelby loam with 5 to 10% slope and 4 to 8 inch surface soil. Results of soil tests conducted prior to seeding showed 4.6% organic matter and pH of 5.4. Effective neutralizing material (limestone) was applied to adjust pH to 6.1. One week prior to test application the field was sprayed with 3 qt 2,4-DB per acre to reduce a heavy accumulation of spring weeds. Sprays of the compounds under test were applied May 7 to 20 ft x 50 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in 4/replications. Spray treatments at the rate of 20 gallons per acre were applied at 40 psi with an IH cub tractor with a 20 ft spray boom and a power take-off roller pump. Eleven FS-6 nozzles with 50 mesh filter screens were spaced equidistance along the boom. Evaluation samples were taken May 14-15, 21-22, and 28-29. Primary sampling for efficacy against weevil larvae was by plucking individual stems of alfalfa from each plot and extracting the living larvae by heating in modified “Tulgren” funnels. Samples consisted of 25 stems per plot per sampling date. Labeled materials recommended for weevil control by the University were included in the test for standard of comparison. They were Furadan 4F 0.25 lb, Imidan 70WP 1.0 lb and en-capsulated me-parafhion (Penncap M 2EC) 0.5 lb A/A. The numbers of larvae recovered by stem pluck sampling at 7, 14, and 21 days post treatment are presented in Table 1.
Insecticidal Sprays Applied to Second Cutting Alfalfa, 1975
Authors: Wesley Stephen W. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Insecticidal sprays were applied to 0.1 acre plots of second cutting ‘Ranger’ alfalfa at Rosemount, Minn. A complete randomized block design of 3 replications was used. Each of the spray treatments applied to one set of plots was July 3, when the alfalfa was ca 6 inches tall, and to a second set of plots July 17, when the alfalfa was ca 12 inches tall. The sprays were applied by boom sprayer in 48 gal water/acre at 175 psi. Arthropod populations were sampled by vacuum machine. Each sample consisted of 10 “put-downs” of the 8 inch dia vacuum hose (equivalent to 3.5 ft2/plot). Plots were sampled July 18 and July 31. Yields were taken from a 12 ft wide swath across each plot August 1.
Corn -

D

.

Longicornis

Control, Recommended Insecticides, 1975
Authors: Musick G. J. , Szatmari-Goodman Gary
Published: March 2022

Corn, variety OYO 220, was planted at Wooster, Ohio, on May 2 and 15 and at Ashland, Ohio, on April 30 and May 16. Recommended soil insecticides (Furadan, Counter, Dasanit, Dyfonate, Lorsban, Mocap, and Thimet) were applied at planting in a 7-inch band in front of the presswheel with Gandy granular insecticide boxes mounted on a 2-row John Deere corn planter. Applications were made at a ground speed of 3 mph. Plots were 2 rows wide, 40 ft long, with 25 ft alleyways between each of 4 replications. A split-plot design was used with the date of planting assigned to the whole plot and insecticide to the split plot. Soils at both locations were silt loams. Rainfall during May was near normal with June and July below normal. Soil temperature (4 inch depth) at planting on the early dates (April 30 and May 2) was ca 13°C and on the later dates (May 15 and 16) was ca 16°C. Treatments were evaluated by removing 24 root systems from each treatment and rating the rootworm damage to each root system on a scale of 1-6 ( 1 = no damage; 4 = 1 node of roots (or equivalent) destroyed; 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots destroyed). These ratings were made July 28 to August 5.
Suppression of Corn Rootworm Larvae in Illinois, 1975
Authors: Sechriest Ralph E.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticides were evaluated as 7-inch band and furrow applications in 4 experimental fields with high rootworm populations. The fields were located in Henderson, Warren, Woodford, and Champaign Counties. Single-row plots 100 ft long in 3 randomized blocks were planted and treated between May 5 and May 10, 1975. Eval-uations were made by counting stand, rating root damage, counting number of lodged plants, and harvesting the plots by combine. Ten plants were dug and washed per plot for damage ratings. A root rating of “1” indicated little or no injury, “2” light feeding, but no major root pruning, “3” three roots pruned to less than one inch of stalk, “4” one node or roots removed, “5” two nodes of roots removed, and “6” three nodes of roots removed. One hundred corn plants were counted and those plants lodged at the base more than 30% were recorded. The data were analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The soil types and pH in the counties were: Henderson - Tama Muscatine silt loam, 5.2; Warren - Muscatine silt loam, 6.1; Woodford - Muscatine, 5.7; and Champaign - Flanagan, 6.3. Rainfall was normal and well spaced during the summer. Henderson and Warren County fields received normal fertilizer applications, Woodford received light fertilizer, and Champaign received no fertilizer.
Control of Corn Borers in Corn, 1974 and 1975
Authors: Su C. Y. , Kung S. P. , Rose R. I.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide field tests for the control of com borers in sweet corn and field corn were conducted in 1974 and 1975. Each treatment was applied in 1 litre of spray to 4 replicated 10 square meter plots using a RCB experi-design. Insecticides were applied with 2.5 gal air pressure sprayers, each calibrated with a stopwatch and charged to 40 psi for each plot. Spraying was begun upon the initiation of silking and continued at weekly intervals until harvest. For each crop planting, 9 insecticides and 1 control were tested. Control efficacy was based on the number of tunnels and com borers in the stalks and the number of com borers in the ears of comparative samples.
Cotton,

H.

Zea

,

H.

Virescens

,

A.

Grandis

Control, Altus, 1975
Authors: Price Richard G. , Coakley Jerry , Young Jerry H.
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 7A and Lankart XL571 were planted on May 8 and 9 at 20 lbs per acre. Eight row plots, 200 ft long; replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design were used. Spray applications were made with a Hahn Hi-Boy sprayer traveling at a speed of 4 mph at 40 psi. Insecticide applications consisted of using 5 gal of total spray mixture per acre, with one number 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle per row. Seven applications were made between July 30 and Sept 6, 1975. Intervals between applications ranged from 4 to 11 days. Due to field irrigation and rainfall during the treatment period, the interval between several spray applications had to be lengthened. Plots were irrigated on July 16 and August 7. Rainfall during the treatment period totaled 1.96 inches. Damage was estimated by collecting at random 100 fruit prior to spraying from the upper one-third of the plants in each plot. Bollworm-budworm populations, 55% and 45% respectively, were considered moderate to heavy during the application period while boll weevil populations were light.
Cotton,

H

.

Zea

,

H

.

Virescens

,

A.

Grandis

Control, Chickasha, 1975
Authors: Price Richard G. , Young Jerry H.
Published: March 2022

Lockett 4789A was planted on June 5, 1975 at 20 lb per acre. Eight row plots, 200 ft long, replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design were used. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer traveling at a speed of 4.5 mph at 40 psi. Insecticide applications consisted of using 5 gal of total spray mixture per acre, with 1 number 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle per row. Eight applications were made between August 6 and September 6. Intervals between applications ranged from 4 to 6 days. Plots were not irrigated. Rainfall was light during the test period and did not effect the treatment schedule. Damage was estimated by collecting at random 100 fruits prior to spraying from the upper one-third of the plants in each plot. Heliothis sp. and boll weevil populations were moderate to heavy. On August 22, 50 larvae were collected for species determination. Sixty-two percent were H.zea and 38% H.virescens. On September 2, 11 larvae were collected and 57% were H.zea and 43% H. virescens
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Peanuts. EMPORIA, VA, 1975
Authors: Smith John C.
Published: March 2022

An existing spider mite infestation was located in a grower’s field on June 3, 1975. Plots of 3 rows (36 inch spacing) by 12 ft length were established in a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Sprays were applied over the row in a 10 inch band with a CO2 regulated, knapsack sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gal/acre at 50 psi. Efficacy counts were made on 10 randomly selected leaves (40 leaflets) from the center row of each plot. All growth stages were counted at 72 hours and 22 days after treatment.
Budworm Control on Sweet Corn, Fall, 1983
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 12 Sep in Myakka fine sand on the University of Florida’s Central Florida Research and Education Center in Sanford. Lasso 15G 3 lb (AI)/acre was incorporated in a 15 inch band at planting time for weed control. Treatments were applied to single row, 40 ft plots with 12 inch plant spacing. Rows were spaced 5 ft apart. Treatments were replicated 5 times in randomized complete blocks separated by 10 ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers model G tractor. Three nozzles (D3-45) were used per row; 1 overhead and 1 drop on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gpa with a boom pressure of about 50 psi and a speed of 3 mph. Sprays were applied 5, 7, and 11 Oct. Twenty plants per plot were rated for damage on 12 Oct as follows: 0 = no apparent feeding damage; 1 = etching or feeding holes in outer leaves, no whorl damage; 2 = light whorl damage (some whorl leaves without damage); 3 = heavy whorl damage (all whorl leaves damaged). Damage ratings were taken when the plants were 12 to 18 inches tall; the stage considered most susceptable to bud destruction by fall armyworm. Only the percentage of plants showing ratings of 2 and 3 were included in the table since a rating of 1 was not considered a threat to the plant.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluation, 1984
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature semi-dwarf York trees on 1 May (pink), 21 May (petal-fall), 6 Jun, 20 Jun, 6 Jul, 19 Jul, 2 Aug, 15 Aug and 29 Aug. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Single tree treatments were used and replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. RAA populations were evaluated on 16 May by counting all colonies found in 3 min/tree and opening the leaves to determine survival from the 1 May treatments. Aphid colonies were counted again on 4 Jun (3 min/tree) to determine increases in population and effectiveness of the 21 May treatment sprays. WHAL populations were evaluated on 16 May by counting nymphs and adults on 25 leaves per replicate. Apple aphid populations were examined on 28 Jun by checking for live aphids on 10 randomly selected terminals/replicate. ERM populations were evaluated on 11 Jun, 26 Jul and 6 Aug by randomly collecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing with a modified Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine onto glass plates and counting mites and eggs with the aid of a binocular microscope. SP counts were made on 7 Aug by counting adults and larva in a timed count of 3 min/replicate. On 8 Oct, 400 apples/treatment (100/rep) were harvested and evaluated. All significant damage was the result of feeding by the leafroller complex (RBLR, VL, TABM). Percent clean fruit is shown and allows for light damage from other pests. Average fruit size was measured and a finish rating of 1 to 5 (5 being worst) was given each apple.
Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 29 Jun near Georgetown, DE. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 40-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using one nozzle per row delivering 69 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 15, 20, and 23 Aug. At harvest maturity (27 Aug), all ears from each plot were examined for economic damage and all live CEW, ECB, and FAW larvae were counted.
Control of Melon Aphid on Cucumber, 1983
Authors: Cartwright Bob , Frazier S. W. , Martinez J. M.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested for the control of melon aphid in 2 cucumber fields in Starr and Hidalgo counties. Plots consisted of two beds (60-inch spacing) 25 ft long using a 5-ft buffer. Aphids were counted on 20 leaves/plot 1 day prior to insecticide application and twice post-treatment. Foliar applications of each insecticide were made on 10 Nov in each test using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer mounted with #8003 nozzles at a rate of 24 gal/acre. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design.
Control of Onion Thrips on Seeded Onions, 1984
Authors: Capinera John L. , Epsky Nancy D. , Liewehr David
Published: March 2022

Onions were seeded 19 Mar in a field under furrow irrigation at the Northern Colorado Research and Development Center in Greeley, Colorado (Weld Co.). Plots were 8 x 30 ft and treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2 hand sprayer delivering 48 gal/acre (24 gal/acre in treatments with 1/2 volume) at 30 psi on 21 Aug. Evaluations were made by counting the number of nymphs and adults on 15 plants (2 days postspray) and 10 plants (9 days postspray) in each plot. There were no insecticide applications prior to the test. Pest infestation Was low (adults) to moderate (nymphs) at time of testing.
Control of Potato Psyllid and Green Peach Aphid, Ft. Collins, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 25 May at the C.S.U. Bay Farm, Ft. Collins, CO. Plots were 5-row, 11 ft in length, separated by unplanted borders and arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Applications were made 9 Jul and 27 Jul using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 100 gal/acre. A higher rate (200 gal/acre) was used with soap sprays. Primary emphasis of the trial was an evaluation of products for potato psyllid control which were available to homeowners.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1983
Authors: Powell Donnie M.
Published: March 2022

Two experiments were conducted at Yakima, Washington to evaluate insecticides for control of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB): One against first generation larvae (from the overwintering), and the other against first generation adults. Potatoes were planted on 13 Apr in Ritzville silt loam soil (Mesic Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) pH 6.2 and organic matter 1.6% at Yakima, Washington. The insecticides were applied with a 2-row 4-nozzle portable boom, CO, powered sprayer at 50 psi in 50 gal of water per acre. Each plot was 2 rows (34 inch) wide and 25 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. There were no untreated check plots. At the time of the first experiment, applied on 9 Jun, the potato plants were infested with 2nd, 3rd and 4th stages of CPB larvae, but few adults. At the time of the second experiment, applied 10 Jul, the plants were infested with newly emerged adults of the 1st generation, but few larvae. The potatos were normally sprinkler irrigated with ca. 0.75 acre inch of water applied at 5 to 7-day intervals, but was not irrigated the first 7 days after treatment. The foliage on the 2-row plots was agitated with the hand to dislodge the insects and the number of dead and live CPB larvae or adults per m2 of soil surface per plot were counted on 10 Jun (24 h posttreatment) first experiment, on 11 Jul second experiment. The % control for each plot was calculated based on the number of dead and live CPB adults or larvae found on the soil surface. The % defoliation was estimated (10 Jun) to determine the severity of CPB infestation in the plots. The number of CPB adults and larvae on the plants in 6-row ft per plot were counted 3 days posttreatment to determine the number of insects surviving the treatment and returning to the plants.
Potato, Wireworm Control with Dyfonate, Thimet and Vapam, Hermiston, Or, 1983
Authors: Toba H. H.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate treatments for reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 8 Mar, ’83, nine wireworms were found in 20 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. One treatment of Vapam was applied as a drench in fall (4 Nov 1982) and another in spring (16 Mar 1983). Vapam (73 oz) was diluted in 311 gal water and the entire volume was sprinkled on a plot, an equivalent of 50 gal Vapam/acre in 1 acre-inch of water. On 14 Apr ’83, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of Dyfonate were made; granules were broadcast with a hand-operated spreader and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches immediately after applications. On 25 Apr, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications of Dyfonate and Thimet were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing 1-inch bands of granules in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. Each treatment plot measured 30 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Adjacent plots were separated laterally by 2 border rows. On 5 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/ row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Efficacy and Yield Evaluations of Resmethrin Treatments on Pumpkin, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Spirit bush type pumpkin plants were transplanted 17 Jun on black plastic in a loam soil field in Giles Co, VA. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Each replicate consisted of three 30-ft rows (7-ft row centers) with 10 plants per row (3-ft plant spacing) and 5-ft alleys between replicates. Insecticides were applied on the following dates: 19, 25 Jun; 3, 10, 18, 24 Jul; 2, 9, 15 and 31 Aug. A compressed air sprayer was used for placement of the insecticide over each treated row of plants. One Teejet 8003 fan-type nozzle, delivering 20 gal/acre at 30 psi was used on 19 and 25 Jun. On all other application dates 2 Teejet 8004 fan-type nozzles (30-inch boom nozzle spacing), delivering 50 gal/acre each at 30 psi, were used. Maintenance fungicide treatments (Bravo 500 g/1 at 2.75 pt/acre, 19 Jun-31 Aug, and Bayleton 50 WP at 2.0 oz/acre, 9 Aug-31 Aug) were applied separately on each respective application date.