bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying palaeoecological analogues to contemporary challenges: community-level effects of canopy gaps caused by systematic decline of a prevalent tree species
Authors: Webb Julia , Goodenough Anne E.
Published: September 2024

Temperate woodland vegetation is initially determined by spatiotemporal and historical factors, mediated by complex biotic interactions. However, catastrophic events such as disease outbreaks (e.g., sweet chestnut blight, ash dieback), infestations of insect pests, and human-accelerated climate change can create canopy gaps due to systematic decline in, or loss of, tree species that was once an important part of the canopy. Resultant cascade effects have the potential to alter the composition of woodland ecosystems quickly and radically, but inherent lag times make primary research into these effects challenging. Here, we explore change in woodland vegetation at 10 sites in response to canopy opening using the Elm Decline, a rapid loss of Ulmus in woodlands across northwestern Europe ~ 5800 years ago that coexisted alongside other stressors such as increasing human activity, as a palaeoecological analogue. For arboreal taxa, community evenness significantly decreased, within-site turnover significantly increased, and richness remained unchanged. Changes in arboreal taxa were highly site-specific but there was a substantial decline in woody climbing taxa, especially Hedera (ivy), across the majority of sites. For shrub taxa, richness significantly increased but evenness and turnover remained consistent. Interestingly, however, there was a significant increase in abundance of shrubs at 70% of sites, including Calluna (heather), Ilex (holly) and Corylus (hazel), suggesting structural change. Surprisingly, there was no change in richness, evenness or turnover for herb taxa, possibly because change was highly variable spatially. However, there was a marked uptick in the disturbance indicator Plantago (plantain). Overall, these findings suggest that woodlands with sustained reduction in, or loss of, a tree species that once formed an important part of the canopy has profound, but often spatially idiosyncratic, impacts on vegetation diversity (richness), composition (evenness), stability (turnover), and on abundance of specific taxa, especially within the shrub layer. Use of this palaeoecological analogue, which was itself complicated by cooccurring changes in human activity, provides a valuable empirical insight into possible cascade effects of similar change in canopy opening in contemporary settings, including Ash Dieback.
Ectoparasites of the Critically Endangered Giant Shovelnose Ray Glaucostegus typus in the Eastern Indian Ocean, with a Summary of the Known Metazoan Parasites
Authors: Ingelbrecht Jack , Lear Karissa O. , Lymbery Alan J. , Bateman Rebecca L. , Norman Bradley M. , Martin Storm B. , Fazeldean Travis , Morgan David L.
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study examined the metazoan ectoparasites of the Critically Endangered giant shovelnose ray, Glaucostegus typus, in the eastern Indian Ocean.

Methods

We screened 186 G. typus for ectoparasites in four coastal regions of Western Australia between 2020 and 2022: the Pilbara Region, Exmouth Gulf, Ningaloo Coast and Shark Bay.

Results

Five parasite taxa were encountered on 186 G. typus: Caligus furcisetifer (Copepoda: Caligidae), Dermopristis cairae (Monopisthocotyla: Microbothriidae), Branchellion plicobranchus and Stibarobdella macrothela (Hirudinida: Piscicolidae), and praniza larvae of unidentified gnathiid isopod/s (Isopoda: Gnathiidae). Two of these species, B. plicobranchus and S. macrothela, are reported for the first time on G. typus. Only C. furcisetifer and S. macrothela were relatively common, encountered on 31% and 40% of G. typus, respectively. Gnathiids were observed infrequently, encountered on 13% of G. typus, and D. cairae and B. plicobranchus were scarce, encountered on 1% and 2% of G. typus, respectively. Intensity of infection for C. furcisetifer and gnathiids increased with host length. Likelihood of infection varied seasonally for C. furcisetifer, being considerably lower in summer, and regionally for gnathiids, being greatest at Shark Bay. Intensity and likelihood of infection for S. macrothela increased with host length and varied regionally, being greatest at Shark Bay.

Conclusion

These findings improve our understanding of the downstream impacts for dependent parasites that might arise should populations of G. typus continue to decline.
“You’re Ugly and Bad!“: a path analysis of the interplay between self-criticism, alexithymia, and specific symptoms
Authors: Papa Carolina , D’Olimpio Francesca , Zaccari Vittoria , Di Consiglio Micaela , Mancini Francesco , Couyoumdjian Alessandro
Published: September 2024

Self-criticism is a transdiagnostic factor of significant clinical relevance. Research has studied its detrimental role on mental health without discriminating how this differs based on individual psychological functioning. Furthermore, little research has considered the lack of emotional awareness as an essential competence that contributes to dysfunctional self-critical processes and, consequently, to psychopathological outcomes. The objective of the study was to investigate how different forms of self-criticism are associated with specific symptoms, considering social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and eating disorder symptoms. Furthermore, we wanted to explore the role of alexithymia in this relationship. The sample comprised 564 subjects (M = 35.12, SD = 12.8), 389 females and 175 males. Participants completed online questionnaires to investigate levels of self-criticism, alexithymia, and specific symptoms. Hierarchical regression and path analyses showed that aspects of self-criticism have different importance in psychopathological features. Furthermore, the subscales of alexithymia differently mediate the relationship between self-criticism and symptomatological features, depending on the type of feature considered (social anxiety, eating or obsessive-compulsive). In light of the results, since self-criticism is a contributing factor to the onset and maintenance of many mental disorders, it becomes important to distinguish its specific characteristics and how they are linked to the disorders. A better understanding of these processes would help to prepare more targeted interventions.
Non-indigenous species of Bryozoa from anthropogenic habitats in the Bay of Cádiz (South Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: Souto Javier , Reverter-Gil Oscar
Published: September 2024

Samples of bryozoans collected from two localities in the Bay of Cádiz with different levels of anthropogenic impact are studied. A total of 25 species was identified, of which 8 are considered non-indigenous (NIS), 12 as native and 5 cryptogenic. A new species of Hippopodina, Hippopodina similis sp. nov., is here described, and corrections to the diagnosis of the genus are proposed. The species appears to be a recent immigrant in Cádiz, although it could also be present in the eastern Mediterranean. Aeverrilla setigera and the genus Hippopodina itself are recorded for the first time in the eastern Atlantic. Anguinella palmata is recorded for the first time in Spanish waters. Amathia vidovici was already recorded in the Iberian Peninsula, but previous records should be confirmed. Other species, such as Amathia verticillata, Biflustra tenuis, Watersipora subatra and Schizoporella errata, were already recorded in the Bay of Cádiz very recently.
Nanoquercetin based nanoformulations for triple negative breast cancer therapy and its role in overcoming drug resistance
Authors: Samantaray Adyasa , Pradhan Debasish , Nayak Nalini Ranjan , Chawla Saurabh , Behera Bandana , Mohanty Lalatendu , Bisoyi Saroj Kanta , Gandhi Sabnam
Published: September 2024

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and treatment-resistant subtype of breast cancer, lacking the expression of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. Conventional chemotherapy remains the primary treatment option, but its efficacy is often compromised by the development of drug resistance. Nanoquercetin has garnered the attention of researchers due to its potential in combating cancer. This antioxidant exhibits significant efficacy against various types of cancer, including blood, breast, pancreatic, prostate, colon, and oral cancers. Functioning as a potential anti-cancer agent, nanoquercetin impedes the development and proliferation of cancer cells, induces apoptosis and autophagy, and prevents cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Numerous processes, such as the inhibition of pathways linked to angiogenesis, inflammation, and cell survival, are responsible for these anticancer actions. Moreover, it shields DNA from degradation caused by radiation and other carcinogens. The cost-effectiveness of current cancer treatments remains a significant challenge in healthcare, imposing a substantial economic burden on societies worldwide. Preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials indicate that nanoquercetin-based therapies could offer a significant advancement in the management of TNBC, providing a foundation for future research and clinical application in overcoming drug resistance and improving patient outcomes. This article examines the latest data on nanoquercetin’s potent anti-cancer properties and interprets the accumulated research findings within the framework of preventive, predictive, and personalized (3P) medicine.

Graphical Abstract
Automated packing and piping in an Airbus A320 main landing gear bay: an industrial development case study
Authors: Neumaier Moritz , Schopper Claudia , Gundlach Till , Gast Christian , Döring Dietmar , Rudolph Stephan
Published: September 2024

The packing of given hydraulic equipment together with the hydraulic piping is a challenging design task. Both the hydraulic domain and the geometry domain are highly intercoupled as the packing determines the exact location of the connection points and tangents for the pipes but also defines the installation spaces for the equipment to be positioned which needs to be taken into account as an obstacle during the piping process. For the industrial case study, a mounting rack in an Airbus A320 main landing gear bay is used, where seven pieces of equipment should be packed and 22 pipes should be routed. In the first part of the study, the packing was done manually, assisted by automated routing, while the hydraulic piping was generated automatically. In the second part of the study the packing was automatized as well. For the automated packing process, a particle multi swarm optimisation was used. As objective function a pipe length minimization was implemented, which uses the Dubins Path as a pipe approximation. Constraints taken into account are the collision-free nature of the equipment and its placement on a plate inside the plates borders. The automated packing workflow was used to generate different variants of which for two a pipe work was generated exemplarily. Due to the model-based systems engineering approach, no further interaction in terms of the definition of the connection points, tangents and the installation space is necessary. This demonstrates that an automated packing and piping process in an industrial context using industrial geometries is now feasible.
Strategies for mitigating inter-crystal scattering effects in positron emission tomography: a comprehensive review
Authors: Lee Min Sun , Shim Hyeong Seok , Lee Jae Sung
Published: September 2024

Inter-crystal scattering (ICS) events in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) present challenges affecting system sensitivity and image quality. Understanding the physics and factors influencing ICS occurrence is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate its impact. This review paper explores the physics behind ICS events and their occurrence within PET detectors. Various methodologies, including energy-based comparisons, Compton kinematics-based approaches, statistical methods, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, which have been proposed for identifying and recovering ICS events accurately are introduced. Energy-based methods offer simplicity by comparing energy depositions in crystals. Compton kinematics-based approaches utilize trajectory information for first interaction position estimation, yielding reasonably good results. Additionally, statistical approach and AI algorithms contribute by optimizing likelihood analysis and neural network models for improved positioning accuracy. Experimental validations and simulation studies highlight the potential of recovering ICS events and enhancing PET sensitivity and image quality. Especially, AI technologies offers a promising avenue for addressing ICS challenges and improving PET image accuracy and resolution. These methods offer promising solutions for overcoming the challenges posed by ICS events and enhancing the accuracy and resolution of PET imaging, ultimately improving diagnostic capabilities and patient outcomes. Further studies applying these approaches to real PET systems are needed to validate theoretical results and assess practical implementation feasibility.
Integrating social policy dimensions into entrepreneurship education: a perspective from India
Authors: Snowden Michael , Towns-Andrews Liz , Halsall Jamie P. , Oberoi Roopinder , Mswaka Walter
Published: September 2024

Social innovation and social enterprise are often supposed as methodological solutions to address multifaceted socio-economic problems, due to the sharing of ideas and their involvement of stakeholders from different sectors. This cooperative treatise (Ziegler in Innov Eur J Soc Sci Res 30:388–405, 2017) is striking to legislators across the political gamut. This research is therefore positioned within the broader literature on social innovation and its policy relevance; even though social innovation is not a novel thought, the application of social innovation as a policy idea and its part in relation to the restructuring of the prevailing welfare establishment has gained momentum in recent years. Hence, in their paper the authors will examine how social enterprise as a concept can act as a positive catalyst for influencing policy (i.e. public and social) in the developing world. To meet the overall aim of this paper, the authors employed a case study of India and applied a three-step approach, namely: (1) a literature review process that explored a variety of policy methods that can influence on the accomplishment and measurement of social enterprises; (2) a policy survey, which entailed desk-based searches of national and state-level policies, followed by stakeholder consultation queries to complement online results; and (3) qualitative interviews with stakeholders from government agencies and departments at national and state levels, including the Ministry of Finance, representatives of private industry, chambers of commerce, social investors, social enterprise networks, and advocacy leads. The research findings that are presented in this paper were funded by Delhi School of Public Policy and Governance, Institute of Eminence at the University of Delhi.
Exploring deepfake technology: creation, consequences and countermeasures
Authors: Alanazi Sami , Asif Seemal
Published: September 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive examination of deepfakes, exploring their creation, production and identification. Deepfakes are videos, images or audio that are remarkably realistic and generated using artificial intelligence algorithms. While they were initially intended for entertainment and commercial use, their harmful social consequences have become more evident over time. These technologies are now being misapplied for the creation of explicit content, coercing individuals and disseminating false information, resulting in an erosion of and potentially negative societal consequences. The paper also highlights the significance of legal regulations in controlling the utilization of deepfakes and investigates methods for their identification through machine learning. In the modern digital world, comprehending the ethical and legal implications of deepfakes necessitates a thorough understanding of the phenomenon.
The role of encodings and distance metrics for the quantum nearest neighbor
Authors: Berti Alessandro , Bernasconi Anna , Del Corso Gianna M. , Guidotti Riccardo
Published: September 2024

Over the past few years, we observed a rethinking of classical artificial intelligence algorithms from a quantum computing perspective. This trend is driven by the peculiar properties of quantum mechanics, which offer the potential to enhance artificial intelligence capabilities, enabling it to surpass the constraints of classical computing. However, redesigning classical algorithms into their quantum equivalents is not straightforward and poses numerous challenges. In this study, we analyze in-depth two orthogonal designs of the quantum K-nearest neighbor classifier. In particular, we show two solutions based on amplitude encoding and basis encoding of data, respectively. These two types of encoding impact the overall structure of the respective algorithms, which employ different distance metrics and show different performances. By breaking down each quantum algorithm, we clarify and compare implementation aspects ranging from data preparation to classification. Eventually, we discuss the difficulties associated with data preparation, the theoretical advantage of quantum algorithms, and their impact on performance with respect to the classical counterpart.
Acceptability, Feasibility, and Appropriateness of the B-OK Bottles as an Implementation Strategy for Treatment Adherence Support by Medical Case Managers
Authors: Richterman Aaron , Klaiman Tamar , Connelly Rebecca , Palma Daniel , Ryu Eric , Schmucker Laura , Villarin Katherine , Grosso Gabrielle , Brady Kathleen A. , Thirumurthy Harsha , Buttenheim Alison
Published: September 2024

Antiretroviral therapy treatment adherence support by medical case managers is an evidence-based practice, but effectiveness may be constrained by limited understanding of antiretroviral therapy’s benefits among people with HIV. We used mixed methods to evaluate the pre-implementation context of the B-OK Bottles (“B-OK”) — a visual aid designed to correct HIV mental models — as an implementation strategy for treatment adherence support by medical case managers in Philadelphia. We assessed outcomes of acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness among medical case managers and people with HIV. We conducted case manager focus groups at four agencies, and enrolled clients of case managers at these agencies. Clients received the B-OK intervention, a survey, and individual interviews. Among clients, we assessed implementation scales: Acceptability of Intervention Measure, Feasibility of Intervention Measure, and Intervention Appropriateness Measure. During focus groups, medical case managers (N = 29) found B-OK to be highly acceptable and feasible, and that it would be appropriate as a conversation starter. Individual interviews (N = 52) also demonstrated high degrees of B-OK acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness for use by case managers. Medical case managers and people with HIV felt that B-OK could improve individual motivation for medication adherence. However, participants also identified other substantial barriers to adherence besides knowledge and understanding. Quantitative results were consistent with our qualitative findings, with high scores on implementation scales. This study suggests that B-OK would be acceptable, feasible, and appropriate as an implementation strategy for treatment adherence support by medical case managers, but that a multifaceted approach is likely needed to achieve optimal adherence.
Goodbye Aunt Jemima: Consumer Preferences for Pancake Mix Following Rebranding
Authors: Kalaitzandonakes Maria , Ellison Brenna , Lusk Jayson L.
Published: September 2024

Corporate political engagement is increasingly noticeable at grocery stores; however, there is limited research evaluating the impact on consumer demand. Here, we investigate the case of Aunt Jemima (AJ), which responded to criticism that the branding was racist by removing the eponymous image and renaming the brand Pearl Milling Company. We evaluate the changes on demand for both the brand and their competitors and find that renaming the brand reduced both willingness to pay for and choice of AJ and increased choice of competitors. Finally, we show these effects are mitigated significantly by informing consumers of the reason for rebranding.
Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to Disaster Preparedness in Federally Qualified Health Centers in the United States: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Hassan Saria , Wiciak Michelle , Escobar Karla , González Montalvo Myrna del Mar , Richards Tess , Villanueva Hector , Ortiz Jean , Evans Dabney P. , Nunez-Smith Marcella
Published: September 2024

Objective

Severe weather events exacerbate existing health disparities due to poorly managed non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Our objective is to understand the experiences of staff, providers, and administrators (employees) of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands (USVI) in providing care to patients living with NCDs in the setting of recent climate-related extreme events.

Methods

We used a convergent mixed-methods study design. A quantitative survey was distributed to employees at 2 FQHCs in Puerto Rico and the USVI, assessing experience with disasters, knowledge of disaster preparedness, the relevance of NCDs, and perceived gaps. Qualitative in-depth interviews explored their experience providing care for NCDs during recent disasters. Quantitative and qualitative data were merged using a narrative approach.

Results

Through the integration of quantitative and qualitative data, we recognize: (1) significant gaps in confidence and preparedness of employees with a need for more training; (2) challenges faced by persons with multiple NCDs, especially cardiovascular and mental health disorders; and (3) most clinicians do not discuss disaster preparedness with patients but recognize their important role in community resilience.

Conclusion

With these results, we recommend strengthening the capacity of FQHCs to address the needs of their patients with NCDs in disasters.
Experiences of Health-Care Professionals Who Served the Migrant Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore and Its Impact on Morale: A Brief Report
Authors: Tam Wai Yi , Ong Huirou , @Nur Eisyah Tan Cherie Tan Sze Li , Narayanasamy Vijay Karthigeyan Naidu S/O , Balachandran Vannea
Published: September 2024

Objective

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused psychological distress among health-care professionals (HCP) worldwide, suggesting that morale could also be affected. This warrants further investigation as HCPs’ morale directly impacts delivery of quality care and work productivity. This study aims to explore the experiences of HCPs who served migrant workers in a local COVID-19 hotspot in Singapore and the impact on their morale.

Methods

Eleven volunteer HCPs from a regional hospital in Singapore who served migrant workers in a local COVID-19 hotspot were recruited. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted, and recordings were transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Morale of HCPs was evaluated based on responses.

Results

Four main themes emerged: motivators, challenges, support, and leadership. Motivators or factors that drove HCPs to serve include varying personal reasons and a sense of duty to do good. Challenges faced by HCPs include a language barrier, keeping up with rapidly changing workflows, fear of contagion, and coping with emotions. Support and leadership were revealed to have boosted HCPs’ morale.

Conclusions

Peer and social support and effective leadership have potential protective effects on HCPs’ morale against negative experiences faced during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Impact of “Soft” and “Hard” Flood Adaptation Measures on Affected Population’s Mental Health: A Mixed Method Scoping Review
Authors: El-Mousawi Fatima , Ortiz Ariel Mundo , Berkat Rawda , Nasri Bouchra
Published: September 2024

Background

The frequency and severity of floods has increased in different regions of the world due to climate change. It is important to examine how adaptation measures impact the mental health of individuals affected by these disasters.

Objective

The goal of this scoping review was to document the existing studies on the impact of flood adaptation measures in affected populations to identify the best preventive strategies and limitations that deserve further exploration.

Methods

This study followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Inclusion criteria focused on studies in English or French available in MEDLINE and Web of Science that examined the impact of adaptation measures on the mental health of flood victims. Literature reviews or non-study records were excluded from the analysis.

Results

A total of 857 records were obtained from the examined databases. After 2 rounds of screening, 9 studies were included for full-text analysis. Six studies sought to identify the factors that drive resilience in flood victims, whereas 3 studies analyzed the impact of external interventions on their mental health.

Conclusions

The limited number of studies demonstrates the need for public health policies to develop flood adaptation measures that can be used to support the mental health of flood victims.
Making Systemic Risk Assessments Work: How the DSA Creates a Virtuous Loop to Address the Societal Harms of Content Moderation
Authors: Eder Niklas
Published: September 2024

The European Union’s Digital Services Act (DSA) introduces a new regulatory approach to address the societal harms of online platforms: Systemic risk assessments. While a core component of the DSA, the regulation only outlines the standards and processes governing systemic risk assessments in broad strokes. It remains unclear what these systemic risk assesments will entail in practice. This Article develops a proposal of how systemic risk assessments should be implemented. It situates systemic risk assessments as a critical step toward platform accountability as they address societal harms, while existing approaches, such as remedy mechanisms, only protect user rights. Engaging with intangible harms and regulating speech and public discourse, risk assessments also entail significant challenges. Conventional reference points for content moderation regulation, such as terms and conditions, contractual freedom, fundamental rights and expertise, do not provide practical and legitimate bases to concretize risk assessment obligations. Public actors, such as the European Commission, should refrain from defining substantive standards, too, as they are directly bound by freedom of expression guarantees. Instead, the Article argues, the Commission should foster a procedural framework, a “virtuous loop,” which empowers civil society and allows it to specify and refine the standards governing systemic risks over time. Developing this framework, the Article explains how systemic risk assessment can fix “multistakeholderism,” and “multistakeholderism,” in turn, can help make systemic risk assessments work.
Democratic Revisability and the Legitimacy of Constitutional Entrenchments: A Content-Specific Approach
Authors: Hohnerlein Jakob
Published: September 2024

As modern constitutions bind democratic legislation to entrenched norms, they are in tension with the democratic idea that laws should be open to revision by new majorities. Against a widespread view, constitutional norms cannot be considered to be “more democratic” than ordinary laws due to specific qualities of the constitution-making process. Rather, the higher-level law of constitutions can fulfil a specific function as it may provide standards that ensure that laws made by the majority can be justified to everyone. On that basis, I evaluate for different types of constitutional norms whether there are good reasons for constraining legislation. In particular, entrenching cultural traditions and economic policy is more problematic than guarantees of the democratic process and rights ensuring respect for individuals. In sum, a two-tiered law-making system has important values, but people engaging in constitution-making and constitutional interpretation should be wary that the constitutional form is not abused.
Nudging and the Safeguards of the Rule of Law
Authors: Zeilstra Rebecca
Published: September 2024

Nudging is a policy tool that steers people’s behavior through noncoercive psychological pushes. This has consequences for people’s lives to varying degrees. For example, the nudge of a sticker of a fly in a urinal encourages peeing inside a urinal, while an organ donation default brings people to agree to donating their organs after their decease. Governments do not yet systematically examine which nudges have to be subjected to all safeguards of the rule of law—for example, parliamentary control, judicial review, or compliance with legal principles such as proportionality. This article argues that a legal doctrine is necessary to carry out this examination. Moreover, it contributes to the development of such a doctrine, using the approach of the European Court of Human Rights as a source of inspiration. The doctrine consists of a “de minimis” principle for nudges: Public institutions only need to ensure that a nudge complies with rule of law safeguards when the nudge has substantial consequences. In addition, the doctrine includes a criterion to determine which nudges have such substantial consequences. In particular, it is argued that a nudge should be subjected to at least some safeguards when it has a serious effect on people’s autonomy.
More and Happier Women: On the Political Significance of Wittgenstein and Hinge Epistemology
Authors: Coliva Annalisa
Published: September 2024

The paper presents a Wittgensteinian account of the concept woman, in terms of family resemblance. This approach is deemed superior to the Carnapian account, championed by Sally Haslanger, in that it allows for more inclusivity and to locate the source of sexism not so much in the very concept of woman but in the beliefs sexist people have about women. The compatibility of this account with semantic externalism is explored, as well as its relationship with stereotypes and paradigmatic examples of women. It is further shown how present-day attempts to extend the application of the concept of woman beyond human females may be made sense in terms of a change of hinges—that is, of the rules of evidential significance, which a community of speakers brings to bear on the determination of whether a person is a woman. Finally, it is argued that, despite Wittgenstein's metaphilosophical quietism, such an account is politically significant. This in turn shows that in fact Wittgenstein's metaphilosophical pronouncements far from being inimical to political and societal change may in fact be conducive to it.
Climate change and health: the role of health professionals
Authors: Crowley P. , O’Connor C. , Power E. , Cannon M. , Cotter D. , McNicholas F.
Published: September 2024

Climate change is no longer a problem for future generations and the impact is already taking a toll in many parts of the world. Climate change has already caused substantial, and increasingly irreversible, damage to ecosystems. All these issues combined will inevitably lead to an increase in human suffering and forced displacement. This has significant ramifications for health care systems. In this editorial we outline how climate change is already impacting both physical and mental health. Health professionals have a role to play in addressing this great challenge of our time. Health professionals should reflect on how to promote means of climate change mitigation and adaptation within their spheres of influence – clinical, education, advocacy, administration, and research.
Obituary: Professor Ivor Browne, FRCPI FRCPsych MSc (Harv.) DPM
Authors: Kelly B. D.
Published: September 2024

Professor William Ivory (Ivor) Browne, consultant psychiatrist, who died on 24 January 2024, was a remarkable figure in the history of medicine in Ireland and had substantial influence on psychiatric practice and Irish society. Born in Dublin in 1929, Browne trained in England, Ireland, and the US. He was chief psychiatrist at St Brendan’s Hospital, Grangegorman, Dublin from 1965 to 1994 and professor of psychiatry at University College Dublin from 1967 to 1994. Browne pioneered novel and, at times, unorthodox treatments at St Brendan’s. Along with Dr Dermot Walsh, he led the dismantling of the old institution and the development of community mental health services during the 1970s and 1980s. He established the Irish Foundation for Human Development (1968–1979) and, in 1983, was appointed chairman of the group of European experts set up by the European Economic Community for reform of Greek psychiatry. After retirement in 1994, Browne practiced psychotherapy and pursued interests in stress management, living system theory, and how the brain processes trauma. For a doctor with senior positions in healthcare and academia, Browne was remarkably iconoclastic, unorthodox, and unafraid. Browne leaves many legacies. Most of all, Browne is strongly associated with the end of the era of the large ‘mental hospital’ at Grangegorman, a gargantuan task which he and others worked hard to achieve. This is his most profound legacy and, perhaps, the least tangible: the additional liberty enjoyed by thousands of people who avoided institutionalisation as a result of reforms which Browne came to represent.
What’s moral wiggle room? A theory specification
Authors: Fahrenwaldt Alina , tho Pesch Fiona , Fiedler Susann , Baumert Anna
Published: September 2024

The term ‘moral wiggle room’ (MWR) is often used to describe features of social situations that reduce the transparency between behaviors and their consequences. Previous research found that MWR decreases the likelihood of prosocial behavior and inferred that prosocial behavior is driven not only by genuine prosocial preferences but also by the desire to appear prosocially. Unfortunately, this postulation has never been specified as a theory. Consequently, studies testing the MWR effect reveal substantial heterogeneity in the understanding of core concepts, their operationalizations, and boundary conditions. To advance the field of MWR research, we remove these ambiguities by providing a verbal proposition-based theory specification. We first outline the original formulation of the MWR effect and its mediating mechanism, and we identify its loopholes. On this basis, we propose, refine, and distinguish between core propositions and auxiliary assumptions as well as relevant concepts and their operationalizations. The result is a fully testable theory of MWR (MWR-T) that includes a sharpened concept of MWR, distinguishes between three underlying psychological mechanisms of the behavioral MWR effect (i.e., anticipated social image damage, perceived social norms, and anticipatory guilt), and takes into account the role of individual differences in susceptibility to MWR (i.e., the joint effect of dispositional other-regarding preferences and social image concerns). Lastly, we relate MWR-T to existing theories and draw a roadmap for future work. With our contribution, we hope to stimulate more rigorous research on MWR and provide an example of the utility of verbal proposition-based theory specification.
Modon solutions in an N-layer quasi-geostrophic model
Authors: Crowe Matthew N. , Johnson Edward R.
Published: September 2024

Modons, or dipolar vortices, are common and long-lived features of the upper ocean, consisting of a pair of counter-rotating monopolar vortices moving through self-advection. Such structures remain stable over long times and may be important for fluid transport over large distances. Here, we present a semi-analytical method for finding fully nonlinear modon solutions in a multi-layer quasi-geostrophic model with arbitrarily many layers. Our approach is to reduce the problem to a multi-parameter linear eigenvalue problem which can be solved using numerical techniques from linear algebra. The method is shown to replicate previous results for one- and two-layer models and is applied to a three-layer model to find a solution describing a mid-depth propagating, topographic vortex.
Resurrection of a superhydrophobic cylinder impacting onto liquid bath
Authors: Zhang Wanqiu , Mei Yaochen , Fu Chenyu , Zhou Xinping
Published: September 2024

An interesting resurrection phenomenon (including the initial complete submersion, subsequent resurfacing and final rebounding) of a superhydrophobic sphere impacting onto a liquid bath was observed in experiments and direct numerical simulations by Galeano-Rios et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 912, 2021, A17). We investigate the mechanisms of the liquid entry for a superhydrophobic cylinder in this paper. The superhydrophobic cylinder, commonly employed as supporting legs for insects and robots at the liquid surface, can exhibit liquid-entry mechanisms different from those observed with the sphere. The direct numerical simulation method is applied to the impact of a two-dimensional (2-D) superhydrophobic cylinder (modelled as a pseudo-solid) onto a liquid bath. We find that for the impacting cylinder the resurrection phenomenon can also exist, and the cylinder can either rebound (get detached from the liquid surface) or stay afloat after resurfacing. The cylinder impact behaviour is classified into four regimes, i.e. floating, bouncing, resurrecting (resurrecting-floating and resurrecting-bouncing) and sinking, dependent on the Weber number and the density ratio of the cylinder to the liquid. For the regimes of floating and bouncing, the force analysis indicates that the form drag dominates the motion of the cylinder in the very beginning of the impact, while subsequently the surface tension force also plays a role with the contact line pinning on the horizontal midline of the cylinder. For the critical states of the highlighted resurrecting regime, our numerical results show that the rising height for the completely submerged cylinder of different density ratios remains nearly unchanged. Accordingly, a relation between the maximum ascending velocity and the density ratio is derived to predict whether the completely submerged cylinder can resurface.
The Paradox of Sanctuary: How Punitive Exceptions Converge to Criminalize and Punish Latinos/as
Authors: Alvear Moreno Enrique
Published: September 2024

Sanctuary cities define themselves as metropoles that refuse to share information, personnel, and facilities with federal immigration authorities to police immigrants. While research suggests that sanctuary cities contest the criminalization of migration, a growing literature depicts how these urban sanctuaries could, in practice, perpetuate hierarchies and exclusionary politics against noncitizens. Yet, most of these studies conceive of urban sanctuary as local policies designed to challenge federal power and, thus, fail to fully capture how sanctuary policies could actually rely on the criminalization of migration to govern cities’ political problems. Drawing upon 1,900 pages of archival materials and 100 newspaper articles, this article takes the case of Chicago to study how and why the urban sanctuary expands immigrants’ rights while reinforcing policing with punitive implications for Latino “undeserving” noncitizens. As a form of racialized governance, I argue that Chicago’s sanctuary policies activate a set of punitive exceptions that—in response to distinct political urgencies—allow law and immigration enforcement to converge and control Latino undocumented workers, “criminals,” and “gangs.” This study not only challenges the premise that sanctuary cities necessarily resist federal power but also illustrates how they could strengthen the legitimacy of the state and racialized police power.
“You Don’t Need a Rocket Scientist to Figure Out What Could Happen”: Reasoning Practices in Police Use of Force Trials
Authors: Nave Carmen , Meehan Albert J. , Dennis Ann Marie
Published: September 2024

Trials involving police as defendants are rare but are significant events that give insight into police violence and its adjudication. This article explores the reasoning practices through which court actors navigate the disjunctive accounts created by competing claims of “what happened” in a police shooting. The data is drawn from trial testimony of officers and “use of force experts” in police deadly force cases in the United States. We focus on use of force experts who use a veneer of science and police logic to assert particular visions of officer “reasonableness.” We suggest that the systems of reasoning that lawyers and witnesses use in these cases create accounts of police violence that conflict with mundane reasoning and challenge credibility. We show that the proliferation of different reasoning practices and the elaboration of a “police logic” serve to insulate officers from criticism and accountability—albeit, not always successfully.
On a supersonic-sonic patch arising from the two-dimensional Riemann problem of the compressible Euler equations
Authors: Hu Yanbo , Wang Guodong
Published: September 2024

We are interested in the two-dimensional four-constant Riemann problem to the isentropic compressible Euler equations. In terms of the self-similar variables, the governing system is of nonlinear mixed-type and the solution configuration typically contains transonic and small-scale structures. We construct a supersonic-sonic patch along a pseudo-streamline from the supersonic part to a sonic point. This kind of patch appears frequently in the two-dimensional Riemann problem and is a building block for constructing a global solution. To overcome the difficulty caused by the sonic degeneracy, we apply the characteristic decomposition technique to handle the problem in a partial hodograph plane. We establish a regular supersonic solution for the original problem by showing the global one-to-one property of the partial hodograph transformation. The uniform regularity of the solution and the regularity of an associated sonic curve are also discussed.
New data fails to replicate the small-scale radiocarbon anomalies in the early second millennium CE
Authors: Scifo A , Abi Nassif T , Conti M , Bayliss A , Doeve P , Dee M W
Published: September 2024

Over the last decade, the field of radiocarbon analysis has been revolutionized by the discovery of single-year anomalies, because they can be used as markers of space weather events and as time anchors for exact dating. Brehm et al. (2021) recently analyzed two new anomalies, in the years 1052 CE and 1279 CE. These candidates show consecutive year Δ14C increases of 5.9‰ and 6.5‰, respectively. In this study, we measured and analyzed dendrochronologically dated oak wood samples from northern Europe spanning both these years. Our results, although statistically consistent with those presented in the original publication, show effectively no increase in Δ14C (1 and 2.5 times the measurement error, respectively). Nonetheless, we proceed to analyze our datasets with the aid of the open-source Python package ticktack. Our modeled outputs confirm that radiocarbon production barely rose above background levels across these two periods, and no event of clearly resolvable start date or duration could be detected. Additionally, we conduct the same analyses on a new sample spanning the years 531–550 CE. Here, once again, only weak evidence was obtained for any increase in radiocarbon production, and no significant annual rise was evident. The gradual increases exhibited by all three of these samples, and the ubiquity of these patterns across the calibration curve, call into question any likely cosmic event in these cases, and illustrate how challenging it will be to distinguish lower magnitude events in the radiocarbon record.
THE PLAN, FURNISHING AND FUNCTION OF A JACOBEAN COUNTRY HOUSE: BRAMSHILL, HAMPSHIRE, IN THE 1620s AND 1630s
Authors: Cole Emily , Rothwell James
Published: September 2024

This article focuses on Bramshill, Hampshire, one of the most important country houses of the early modern period. From 1605 Bramshill was the home of Edward la Zouche (1556–1625), 11th Baron Zouche – a major courtier during the reigns of Elizabeth i and James i – and was reworked in phases up to and just beyond his death. Based on rare-surviving documents from the 1630s as well as analysis of the house’s fabric, this article reconstructs Bramshill’s plan and interiors as they existed in the late Jacobean and Caroline years. It reveals the arrangement of two significant state apartments – for king and queen – and also the lodgings of the owner, his family and guests, as well as service areas. The rich source material additionally allows the furnishings to be analysed. By using Bramshill as an example, the article aims to shed light on English country houses of similar size and date. The early modern period is important as representing an apogee in the history of country house building – reflecting the ambition of owners such as Lord Zouche and the popularity of the royal progress. Visitors to Bramshill in the early seventeenth century included James i, Charles i and Queen Henrietta Maria.
EMENDATIONS IN VALERIUS FLACCUS, ARGONAUTICA BOOK 8
Authors: Kayachev Boris
Published: September 2024

The article makes a case for a thorough reappraisal of the text of Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica by discussing a number of textual problems in Book 8. It proposes some twenty new conjectures, as well as reviving six old ones that seem to have been undeservedly forgotten.
Trematode species diversity in the faucet snail, Bithynia tentaculata at the western edge of its native distribution, in Ireland
Authors: Faltýnková A. , O’Dwyer K. , Pantoja C. , Jouet D. , Skírnisson K. , Kudlai O.
Published: September 2024

Trematodes and their snail hosts have developed intimate parasite-host associations, with snails supporting a diverse and often species-specific trematode fauna. In the faucet snail, Bithynia tentaculata (Caenogastropoda, Littorinimorpha), a unique trematode fauna has been recorded recently. However, knowledge of the exact species identity, phylogenetic relationships, and geographical distribution remains limited as many of the species belong to groups with unclear or controversial taxonomical assignment. To contribute to our knowledge of the trematodes, we investigated the trematode fauna of B. tentaculata by examining a total of 556 snails from lakes in County Galway, Ireland. Using an integrative taxonomic approach including DNA sequence data analyses (28S rRNA gene, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, ITS2, cox1, nad1) and morphological tools (taxonomical drawings and measurements), we identified nine trematode species of seven families, with seven species occurring as cercariae (Cyathocotyle prussica, Lecithodendrium linstowi, Lecithodendrium sp., Asymphylodora progenetica, Sphaerostoma bramae, Metorchis xanthosomus, and Notocotylus sp.) and three species occurring as metacercariae (A. progenetica, Parasymphylodora parasquamosa, and Sphaeridiotrema sp.). Except for S. bramae, all are new species records for Ireland and provide the most western distribution of these trematodes in Europe. The trematode species recorded are known to use a wide range of definitive hosts and have a wide geographical distribution; among them are species members of genera that are zoonotic (Metorchis) and pathogenic to wildlife (Cyathocotyle, Sphaeridiotrema, and Notocotylus). There remains an ongoing need for precise identification of the trematode species to ensure that wider ecological contexts are correctly understood and biodiversity and disease threats can be accurately evaluated.