bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Escaping from Revulsion - Disgust and Escape in Response to Body-Relevant Autobiographical Memories
Authors: von Spreckelsen Paula , Wessel Ineke , Glashouwer Klaske A. , de Jong Peter J.
Published: March 2021

The term Repulsive Body Image (RBI) refers to a schematic construct combining body-directed self-disgust and other negative body image features. As a self-schema, the RBI is assumed to bias information processing, including autobiographical memory retrieval. When specific memories about the own body are retrieved in a direct (automatic) fashion, intense self-disgust may arise. This may trigger attempts to escape from those memories which, in turn, might further strengthen the RBI. We asked 133 women with high (H-RBI; n = 63) and low (L-RBI; n = 70) levels of habitual body-directed self-disgust to recall autobiographical memories in response to 11 concrete body-related cue words in a minimal instructions Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Despite an overall low level of memory specificity, we found that RBI levels were associated with stronger disgust reactions and stronger tendencies to escape from body-related memories. In addition, increased disgust reactions to body-related memories accounted for the association between habitual levels of self-disgust and increased tendencies to escape from these memories. Thus, the findings indicated that women with body image concerns showed disgust-based escape from body-related memories. This disgust-based inclination to avert from body-related autobiographical memories might counteract the correction of an RBI, thereby contributing to the persistence of body image concerns and associated psychopathology.
Trajectories of change in internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal population-based study
Authors: Hyland Philip , Vallières Frédérique , Daly Michael , Butter Sarah , Bentall Richard , Fox Robert , Karatzias Thanos , MacLachlan Malcolm , McBride Orla , Murphy Jamie , Murphy David , Spikol Eric , Shevlin Mark
Published: March 2021

Background: Longitudinal data indicates that the mental health of the general population may not have been as badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as some had feared. Most studies examining change in mental health during the pandemic have assumed population homogeneity which may conceal evidence of worsening mental health for some. In this study, we applied a heterogeneous perspective to determine if there were distinct groups in the population characterised by different patterns of change in internalizing symptoms during the pandemic. Methods: Self-report data were collected from a nationally representative sample of Irish adults (N = 1,041) at four time-points between April and December 2020. Results: In the entire sample, mean levels of internalizing symptoms significantly declined from March to December 2020. However, we identified four distinct groups with different patterns of change. The most common response was ‘Resilience’ (66.7%), followed by ‘Improving’ (17.9%), ‘Worsening’ (11.3%), and ‘Sustained’ (4.1%). Belonging to the ‘Worsening’ class was associated with younger age, city dwelling, current and past treatment for a mental health problem, higher levels of empathy, and higher levels of loneliness. Limitations: Sample attrition was relatively high and although this was managed using robust statistical methods, bias associated with non-responses cannot be entirely ruled out. Conclusion: The majority of adults experienced no change, or an improvement in internalizing symptoms during the pandemic, and a relatively small proportion of adults experienced a worsening of internalizing symptoms. Limited public mental health resources should be targeted toward helping these at-risk individuals.
Effects of a Virtual Gender Swap on Social and Temporal Decision-Making
Authors: Bolt Elena , Ho Jasmine Tian-He , Roel Lesur Marte , Soutschek Alexander , Tobler Philippe N. , Lenggenhager Bigna
Published: March 2021

Mounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies are replaced with virtual surrogates, can strongly alter cognition and behavior even when the virtual body radically differs from one’s own. One particular emergent area of interest is the investigation of how virtual gender swaps can influence choice behaviors. Economic decision-making paradigms have repeatedly shown that women tend to display more prosocial sharing choices than men. To examine whether a virtual gender swap can alter gender-specific differences in prosociality, 48 men and 51 women embodied either a same- or different-gender avatar in immersive virtual reality. In a between-subjects design, we differentiated between specifically social and non-social decision-making by means of a virtually administered interpersonal and intertemporal discounting task, respectively. We hypothesized that a virtual gender swap would elicit social behaviors that stereotypically align with the gender of the avatar. To relate potential effects to changes in self-perception, we also measured implicit and explicit identification with gendered (or gender-typical) traits prior to and following the virtual experience, and used questionnaires that assessed the strength of the illusion. Contrary to our hypothesis, our results show that participants made less prosocial decisions (i.e., became more selfish) in different-gender avatars, independent of their own biological sex. Moreover, women embodying a male avatar in particular were more sensitive to temptations of immediate rewards. Lastly, the manipulation had no effects on implicit and explicit identification with gendered traits. To conclude, while we showed that a virtual gender swap indeed alters decision-making, gender-based expectancies cannot account for all the task-specific interpersonal and intertemporal changes following the virtual gender swap.
Back to Square One: The Bodily Roots of Conscious Experiences in Early Life
Authors: Ciaunica Anna , Safron Adam , Delafield-Butt Jonathan
Published: March 2021

Most theoretical and empirical discussions about the nature of consciousness are typically couched in a way that endorses a tacit adult-centric and vision-based perspective. This paper defends the idea that consciousness science may be put on a fruitful track for its next phase by examining the nature of subjective experiences through a bottom-up developmental lens. We draw attention to the intrinsic link between consciousness, experiences and experiencing subjects, which are first and foremost embodied and situated organisms essentially concerned with self-preservation within a precarious environment. Our paper suggests that in order to understand what consciousness is, one should first tackle the fundamental question: how do embodied experiences arise from square one? We then highlight one key yet overlooked aspect of consciousness studies, namely that the earliest and closest environment of an embodied experiencing subject is the body of another human experiencing subject. We present evidence speaking in favour of fairly sophisticated forms of early sensorimotor integration of bodily signals and self-generated actions already being established in utero. We conclude that these primitive and fundamentally relational and co-embodied roots of our early experiences may have crucial impact on the way human beings consciously experience the self, body and the world across their lifespan.
Investigation of the effect of anesthesia implementation with bispectral index on postoperative neurocognitive functions and delirium in open heart surgery
Authors: Izzet Emir , Ferhat Borulu , Ceyhun Coskun , Hanedan Muhammed Onur , Ilker Mataracı
Published: March 2021

Background: Neurological complications of coronary artery bypass surgery are still the major causes of mortality and morbidity despite all advances in this field.
Aims and Objectives: We investigated the effect of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring of the patient consciousness on the postoperative neurocognitive functions in our study.
Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients in the age range from 25 to 75 years were included in our study, who were electively operated for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery in the period from January 2014 to June 2014. The patients were assigned to two groups based on whether BIS monitoring was performed or not. The patients were consecutively allocated to either group when they were found eligible to be included based on the exclusion criteria. Administration of the anesthesia was monitored with BIS in the respective group (Group 1). All patient follow-up parameters were compared in both groups. Neurocognitive function tests (the clock drawing test and standardized mini mental test) were administered to the patients in the preoperative and postoperative period(1 st day and day before discharge). The results were compared.
Results: There were no significant findings in the demographic features and the routine follow-up parameters between the two groups. The time of extubation, intensive care unit (ICU) follow-up parameters, and the length of stay in the ICU were not significantly different between the groups; however, the length of stay at the hospital was significantly longer in the group of patients, who were not monitored with BIS (p<0.05). The mean arterial blood pressure was statistically significantly higher in group 1 (BIS monitoring) at all phases of the operation and during the postoperative follow-ups. A significant acidosis was present in the arterial blood pressure tests of the patients in group 1 during their stay at the ICU. The Po2 values following cross-clamping and extubation were significantly higher in group 1. In the group monitored with BIS, the results of the neurocognitive tests, which were the clock drawing test and the standardized mini mental test, were both clinically and statistically superior (p<0.05).
Conclusıons: BIS monitoring provides favorable contributions for the follow-up of the patients undergoing CABG surgery and it is helpful in estimating the consciousness state of the patients after the surgery.
A study on oral clonidine vis a vis intravenous lignocaine for attenuation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation
Authors: Roy Sankar , Gharami Bidyut Bikas , Pandit Paramita , Biswas Arunava , Bhattacharya Dipasri , Sen Sukanta
Published: March 2021

Background: Hemodynamic change takes place during procedures like laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation due to reflex sympathetic discharge caused by epipharyngeal and laryngopharyngeal stimulation before a surgery under general anesthesia.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of oral clonidine and intravenous lignocaine as premedicant to obtund the stress response due to such mandatory maneuvers.
Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, double dummy-controlled study was undertaken for 11 months at a tertiary care hospital in the eastern part of India. A total (n=100) patient aged 30 to 50 years of either sex with ASA I and II waiting for elective abdominal surgery were randomized into two equal groups. Group C (n=50) received (4μg/kg) of oral clonidine 90 minute before laryngoscopy and Group L (n=50) received 1.5 mg/kg lignocaine 3 minute before laryngoscopy as active drugs and appropriate placebos were administered as double dummy technique. Comparable demographic and baseline parameters like heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were recorded at various time intervals. Similar anesthesia technique applied was in both the study arm.
Result: Attenuation of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and mean arterial pressure was statistically highly significant (p<0.0001) more in Group C as compared to Group L within first vital 10 minutes of intubation.
Conclusion: Oral clonidine attenuates the stress response better than intravenous lignocaine during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation with minimum adverse effects.
To compare the haemodynamic stress response of direct laryngoscopy and oro-tracheal intubation using McCoy and Macintosh blade in general anaesthesia
Authors: Maiti Arupratan , Moitro Sreya
Published: March 2021

Background: Direct Laryngoscopy and intubation lead to extensive stress response and sympathetic stimulation in the body which can be critical for some patient subsets like cardiac ischemia, raised intracranial tension, cerebral aneurysm, open globe injury, glaucoma etc. Hence reduction of the intense stress response is of utmost importance for a stable and safe hemodynamics in those patients.
Aims and Objectives: 1. To find out the hemodynamic stress response exerted by the Macintosh blade and McCoy blade. 2. To compare the hemodynamic stress responses between the two blades.
Materials and Methods: In this study we had selected 60(male and female in equal number) ASA grade-1 and grade- 2 patients posted for elective general surgery. They were randomly divided into two groups - group 1(laryngoscopy done by McCoy blade)and group 2(laryngoscopy done by Macintosh blade). Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure , Mean Blood Pressure and Heart Rate were recorded before and after anaesthesia induction, just after intubation and one, three and six minutes after orotracheal intubation.
Results: The results were compared over time between the two groups. Mean values of Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Mean Blood Pressure and heart rate were significantly higher in group 2 as compared to group 1(with p values as 0.009, 0.008, 00.004 and 0.000 respectively).
Conclusion: Thus we conclude that the stress response was significantly higher when laryngoscopy was done with Macintosh blade as compared with McCoy blade. We would also like to stress that the art of laryngoscopy should just not be mastered but all anaesthesiologists should think of and practise techniques which would make laryngoscopy smooth and less stressful for our patients. Intubation with McCoy laryngoscope blade is one such technique.
Evaluation of Cardiac function in COPD patients and correlation with disease severity: A cross sectional study
Authors: Basak Subhadip , Mukherjee Rishav , Chowdhury Sampurna , Roy Sabyasachi , Banerjee Reet , Bhattacharya Raja
Published: March 2021

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has considerable effects on cardiac functions, including those of the right ventricle, left ventricle, and pulmonary blood vessels. Most of the increased mortality associated with COPD is due to cardiac involvement. Echocardiography provides a rapid, non-invasive portable, and almost accurate method to evaluate the right ventricle function, right ventricular filling pressure, tricuspid regurgitation, left ventricular function, and valvular functions. Early diagnosis and intervention for cardiac comorbidities would reduce mortalities in COPD.
Aims and Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate cardiac function with echocardiography in COPD patients which may further help to assess the prognosis and assist in identifying the individuals likely to suffer increase morbidity and mortality.
Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study in which 100 patients over a period of 1 year were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and cardiac comorbidities were observed in COPD patients by 2D echocardiography. All patients were studied on the basis of following variables- Demographic evaluation, Clinical evaluation, Pulmonary function test, echocardiography.
Results: Distribution of the study population showed that a large number of COPD patients developed cardiac complication - Right and left ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension especially in higher grades of COPD patients which can contribute to increased morbidity and mortality.
Conclusion: Cardiac dysfunction is quite common in COPD patients, especially in the higher grades of COPD. So, we recommend that echocardiography should be included in routine evaluations of all COPD patients for early diagnosis and management of cardiac complications.
Children, comorbidities and COVID-19 - What tilts the balance?
Authors: Shukla Umesh , Radhakrishnan Nita , Bhakhri Bhanu Kiran , Shankar Ravi , Ghosh Sohini , Jain Vikas , Singh Dharmendra K , Gupta Devendra K
Published: March 2021

Background: Data on the outcome of children with SARS-COV-2 infection (COVID-19) is still evolving as the pandemic unfolds.
Aims and Objective: The present study aims at describing the clinical severity, course and outcome of COVID-19 in children who had underlying illnesses or co-infections.
Materials and Methods: Retrospective, single center, observational study, conducted in a pediatric tertiary care center at Noida (National Capital Region, India).
Results: We analyzed the data of 15 children with co-morbidities associated with COVID-19. Cancer (n=4, 26.6%), co-infections (n=5, 33.3%), Thalassemia major (n=2, 13.3%) and one child each with celiac disease, cholelithiasis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and multiple rib fractures were diagnosed with COVID-19. None were asymptomatic. 9 children (60%) had mild symptoms and 4 had moderate symptoms (26.6%) with respiratory distress. 2 children had severe respiratory distress requiring high flow oxygen. Convalescent plasma, IVIG, Oseltamivir, Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine were given as treatment in varying combinations. All children recovered from COVID-19.
Conclusion: Active malignancy, hypogammaglobinemia, underlying lung disease were associated with moderate to severe symptoms in this series of patients. Convalescent plasma helped in both children with severe hypoxia.
Study of association of urine albumin to creatinine ratio with endothelial dysfunction in HIV patients on HAART
Authors: Hoskera Sharana Basava , Rajanna Avinash Hanbe , Gurav Nitish Ashok , ML Ashok
Published: March 2021

Background: In HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) positive patients several factors have been proposed to explain the cardiovascular (CV) risk, which include pro-athero-thrombotic viral effect, infection-mediated immune dysfunction and possible effects of HAART(Highly active antiretroviral therapy). Presence of endothelial dysfunction, an early CV risk marker, in HIV-infected patients on long-term HAART. Endothelial dysfunction can be measured by bFMD (Brachial artery flow mediated vasodilatation). Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) is frequent in HIV patients and is predictor of cardiovascular risk. UACR and endothelial dysfunction are positively associated in HIV affected patients thereby increased UACR might help to identify endothelial dysfunction in HIV patients on HAART.
Aims and Objectives: • To measure urine albumin to creatinine ratio in HIV patients on HAART. • To find out correlation between UACR and bFMD.
Materials and Methods: Study was conducted on HIV Patients admitted to hospital, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Detailed clinical history, examination and Blood investigations were done. Endothelial function was assessed by brachial artery flow mediated vasodilatation(bFMD).
Results: Among 100 HIV patients, 14% had UACR <30 and 86% had UACR >30 and mean UACR is 90 ±06. Mean BFMD was 8.44 ± 7.65. We identified a significant Negative correlations were found between bFMD and UACR(r=- 0.832, P=<0.001).
Conclusion: Use of urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) as a routine screening tests in those who are HIV positive on HAART can be used to find out those cases of HIV who are progressing towards cardiovascular impairment so that newer approaches can be used in them to prevent further cardiovascular involvement.
Blaski i cienie pracy mózgu. O miłości, sztuce i pogoni za szczęściem
Authors: Zeki Semir
Published: March 2021

A look at the works of Dante, Balzac, Zola, Mann and the great poets of the Orient, as well as Michelangelo’s sculptures, Cezanne’s paintings, and Wagner’s music from a brain science perspective. The fascinating publication in the field of neuroesthetics. Describing the neurobiological foundations of aesthetic perception, the author extends the considerations from fine arts to music, literature and philosophy.
Kiedy przejść na emeryturę? Opłacalność odraczania emerytury w systemie emerytalnym ZUS
Authors: Wiśniewski Marian
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, we analyze the circumstances that one should consider while deciding when to retire. In Poland, over 90 percent of workers decide to retire either at the retirement age or shortly after. However, the results of our models indicate that ability to compare the individual and the general life expectancy allows one to benefit from postponing retirement. The demographic causes and the current Polish pension scheme make the odds of profit in favour of women.
Autismo: concepções de profissionais de diferentes áreas sobre a intervenção precoce
Authors: Sponchiado Denise Aparecida Martins , Alberti Gabrielly
Published: March 2021

O artigo é recorte de um trabalho de conclusão do curso de graduação em Pedagogia, intitulado como “Autismo: Concepções de profissionais de diferentes áreas sobre a intervenção precoce” o qual traz a importância da intervenção precoce no transtorno do espectro autista (TEA). Teve como objetivo conhecer as percepções dos profissionais de diferentes áreas quanto à intervenção precoce em crianças diagnosticadas com TEA, a qual envolve uma grande variedade de serviços e de atividades em nível social, médico e pedagógico. É uma pesquisa de campo e a metodologia utilizada para realização da pesquisa foi qualitativa, centrando-se na compreensão e explicação dos oito profissionais entrevistados sobre o atendimento precoce de crianças autistas. Através da análise dos dados obtidos, nota-se que a maioria dos pacientes com TEA, que foram diagnosticados e tratados precocemente, podem evoluir e ter uma vida autônoma e funcional sem apresentar mais sintomas, o que é mais conhecido como “sair do espectro”. A intervenção precoce deverá proporcionar “redes de apoio” formal e informal, coordenadas, com a finalidade de melhorar o bem-estar da unidade familiar, nuclear e alargada, promovendo o desenvolvimento da criança, respondendo assim às preocupações e necessidades da família através de um processo de capacitação e fortalecimento progressivo com vista à sua melhor adaptação e inserção social.
Refletindo sobre redes sociais digitais com jovens nas aulas de artes
Authors: Rodrigues João Alberto
Published: March 2021

Este trabalho se propõe a refletir de que maneira jovens estudantes percebem as redes sociais digitais e como estas operam mudanças em nossas relações. Neste artigo apresento reflexões advindas de um projeto para as aulas de artes com turmas de 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de cerca de 15 e 16 anos, de uma escola estadual da rede pública do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, em 2017 e 2018, na qual trabalhei. O estudo pautou-se pelas percepções desses estudantes em relação às redes, mediante conversas, trabalhos poéticos e leituras. Foi proposto como uma pesquisa-intervenção, a partir das referências de autoras como Laura Barros (2015) e Virginia Kastrup (2015). Para refletir sobre as múltiplas performances que circulam pelas redes, suas telas e imagens, busquei embasamento em teóricos como Byung-Chul Han (2016; 2017), Guy Debord (1997), Paula Sibilia (2016), Zygmunt Bauman (2011), dentre outros. No decorrer, apresento trabalhos poéticos realizados em aula, com os quais estabeleço relações teóricas. Este estudo realizado com jovens permitiu ver um conjunto de indícios e situações referentes às nossas relações mediadas pelas redes. Por fim, o presente artigo pretende ser uma ferramenta para ampliar os modos de relacionamento e a compreensão de jovens estudantes.
Using the ideology of geospatial data infrastructure to create a system of accounting and management of land and property complexes of enterprises and local communities, including UTC
Authors:   Land Management Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dorosh Y. , Ibatullin S. ,   Land Management Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tarnopolskyi Ye. ,   Land Management Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tarnopolskyi A. ,   Land Management Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kravchenko O. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
Published: March 2021

The possibility and expediency of using the ideology of geospatial data infrastructure (hereinafter NIGD) to create a system of accounting and management of land complexes of enterprises and local communities, including UTC, is considered. The need to create accounting systems and management of land and property complexes is due to: large-scale transition to digital technologies in the management of enterprises, institutions and territories, real estate taxation, decentralization processes, the creation of the National Geospatial Data Infrastructure. The necessity to take into account the principles and standards of the national infrastructure of geospatial data is substantiated. Areas have been formed in which information on land and property complexes can be used to fill the National Infrastructure of geospatial data and justify management decisions. Among the key issues that will ensure the use of the ideology of NIGD to create a system of accounting and management of land complexes of enterprises and local communities, including UTC, it is necessary to address the interoperability of data on land complexes, the use of a single cartographic basis, principles and data validation procedures, data error correction, data access mechanisms for process participants, reusability and data licensing.
Kedaruratan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Responsif: Studi Kasus Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar di Indonesia
Authors: Rahmat Saputra
Published: March 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengalisis kedaruratan dalam perspektif hukum responsif terhadap pembatasan sosial berskala besar di Indonesia. Pemerintah Indonesia dalam menghadapi status kedaruratan wabah Covid-19 mengeluarkan PP No. 21 Tahun 2020 tentang Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB), namun belum berjalan efektif. Data 17 September 2020 mencapai 232.628 kasus positif dan masyarakat melanggar PSBB dengan alasan Covid-19 tidak berdampak dan implementasi kebijakan yang tidak konsisten, terutama hubungan pusat dan daerah dalam kebijakan PSBB. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian perpustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan yuridis- normatif. Hasil penelitian, pertama, hukum itu harus fungsional, pragmatik, bertujuan dan rasional. Bentuk hukum yang responsif adalah kejelasan instrumen hukum yang digunakan, penanganan Covid-19 ibarat suatu piramida keselamatan rakyat atau Salus Populi Suprema Lex. Kedua, tujuan menetapkan standar bagi kritik terhadap apa yang berjalan. Bentuk hukum yang responsif dengan merubah budaya dan semangat serta kebiasaan baru dengan pemahaman yang baik terhadap pencegahan Covid-19 akan tercipta protokol-protokol berupa imbauan dalam menjaga kesehatan. Bentuk lain hukum yang responsif adalah peran serta aktif masyarakat yang berbasis keluarga, komunitas, dan individu dalam menciptakan tatanan kehidupan berkelanjutan sebuah negara. Hingga akhirnya diharapkan akan tercipta sustainable welfare yang mendorong masyarakat untuk bersaing secara sehat dalam menciptakan kehidupan baru setelah semuanya berakhir.
Taxonomic notes on some aphid species of the subtribe Anuraphidina (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Stekolshchikov A.V.
Published: March 2021

New synonymies: Brachycaudus subgenus Mordvilkomemor Shaposhnikov, 1950 = Scythaphis Kadyrbekov, 2002; Dysaphis (Pomaphis) plantaginea (Passerini, 1860) = Dysaphis rotalis Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999. New combinations: Brachycaudus (Mordvilkomemor) eurotiae (Mamontova, 1968) for Scythaphis eurotiae; Protaphis flaviovis (Zhang, Chen, Zhong & Li, 1999) for Dysaphis flaviovis.
Slow progress in the visibility of women in neurosurgery in the United States: opportunity for improvement
Authors: Ganju Aruna , Mahajan Uma V. , Kemeny Hanna , Frankel H. Gregory , Benzil Deborah L.
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to analyze the visibility of women within organized neurosurgery, including leadership positions, lectureships, and honored guest/award recipients at neurosurgical conferences.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was used to analyze the gender demographics within the five major national neurosurgical societies (Congress of Neurological Surgeons [CNS], American Association of Neurological Surgeons [AANS], Society of Neurological Surgeons [SNS], American Board of Neurological Surgery [ABNS], and Council of State Neurosurgical Societies [CSNS]) from 2000 to 2020. Data for top leadership positions, keynote speakers, honored guests, and invited lectureships at these neurosurgical societies were reviewed. Additionally, national neurosurgical residency match data from 2018 to 2020 were collected. For each aforementioned data point, gender was determined and confirmed via publicly available data. Data from the US News and World Report best hospitals publication for 2020 were applied for analyzing gender trends within neurosurgical residencies specifically.

RESULTS

In the past 2 decades (2000–2020), top leadership positions across the neurosurgical organizations were held by 45 individuals, of whom 5 (11.1%) were women. Spanning from 2000 to 2018, just 8.1% (50 of 618) of guests/honored speakers on the national neurosurgical stage of the CNS, AANS, SNS, and CSNS meetings have been female. Excluding the Louise Eisenhardt Lecture (honoring women), the percentage of female guests/honored speakers at the AANS meeting was just 5% (17 of 367). For the CNS annual meetings, 13.4% (20 of 149) of the speakers were women from 2000 to 2018, whereas the CSNS annual meeting data from 2001 to 2018 found that 11.9% (7 of 59) of speakers were women. From 1952 to the present, there have been no female honored guests at the CNS annual meeting. Across the residency match cycles from 2018 to 2020, the percentages of matched applicants identifying as female have been 22.7%, 28.1%, and, most recently, 25.3%. The percentage of female residents is 28.5% (top 20 program) versus 24.3% (non–top 20 program) (p = 0.267).

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that for all the data points surveyed, including leadership positions, invited lectureships at national neurosurgical meetings, and successful neurosurgical residency applicants, disproportionate female underrepresentation was evident. Consistent lack of visibility leads to a negative impact on progress in the recruitment and retention of women in neurosurgery. Visibility, mentorship, role models, and sponsorship are highly interrelated processes and are essential for meaningful progress.
Biographies of international women leaders in neurosurgery
Authors: Casillo Stephanie M. , Venkatesh Anisha , Muthiah Nallammai , Agarwal Nitin , Scott Teresa , Romani Rossana , Fernández Laura L. , Aristizabal Sarita , Ginalis Elizabeth E. , Ozair Ahmad , Bhat Vivek , Faruqi Arjumand , Bajaj Ankur , Sonkar Abhinav Arun , Ikeda Daniel S. , Chiocca E. Antonio , Lonser Russell R. , Sutton Tracy E. , McGregor John M. , Rea Gary L. , Schunemann Victoria A. , Ngwenya Laura B. , Marlin Evan S. , Porensky Paul N. , Shaikhouni Ammar , Huntoon Kristin , Dornbos David , Shaw Andrew B. , Powers Ciarán J. , Gluski Jacob M. , Culver Lauren G. , Goodwin Alyssa M. , Ham Steven , Marupudi Neena I. , Bhat Dhananjaya I. , Berry Katherine M. , Wu Eva M. , Wang Michael Y.
Published: March 2021

We received so many biographies of women neurosurgery leaders for this issue that only a selection could be condensed here. In all of them, the essence of a leader shines through. Many are included as “first” of their country or color or other achievement. All of them are included as outstanding—in clinical, academic, and organized neurosurgery. Two defining features are tenacity and service. When faced with shocking discrimination, or numbing indifference, they ignored it or fought valiantly. When choosing their life’s work, they chose service, often of the most neglected—those with pain, trauma, and disability. These women inspire and point the way to a time when the term “women leaders” as an exception is unnecessary.

—Katharine J. Drummond, MD, on behalf of this month’s topic editors
The 1917 Debate on the Teaching of the God’s Law in Schools (Based on the Materials of the Diocese of Kostroma)
Authors: Кашин Ферапонт
Published: March 2021

В статье на примере Костромской епархии рассматриваются события 1917 г., связанные с попытками исключить Закон Божий из числа обязательных предметов, преподававшихся в начальных и средних школах. Описываются действия духовенства и православных мирян, отстаивавших сохранение прежнего статуса Закона Божия.

The article considers (on the example of the Kostroma diocese) the events of 1917 associated with attempts to exclude the Law of God from compulsory subjects taught in primary and secondary schools. It describes the actions of the clergy and Orthodox laity who upheld the former status of the God’s Law.
The Evolution of Light Images in the Works of I. S. Shmelev
Authors: Макаров Денис Владимирович
Published: March 2021

Основная цель исследования - изучение эволюции световых образов в творчестве И. С. Шмелёва. В работе применяется сравнительно-исторический метод и метод филологического анализа. Для достижения указанной цели анализируются световые образы в прозе писателя за период с 1895 по 1937 г. Наиболее важные результаты исследования: художественное мышление Ивана Сергеевича Шмелёва изначально было связано с образами света; в ранних произведениях преобладает свет естественный, который отождествляется с положительными началами жизни; начиная с периода Первой мировой войны в художественном мире Шмелёва появляется евангельский образ духовного света - «свет во тьме»; в произведениях Шмелёва, написанных после 1917 г., духовный свет открывается герою на грани земного бытия, как правило, перед лицом смерти. Значение основных результатов исследования в том, что в нём освещается процесс эволюции световых образов в творчестве И. С. Шмелёва и раскрывается глубокая укоренённость писателя в православной культурной традиции.

The main purpose of the study is to disclose the evolution of light images in the works of I. S. Shmelev. The paper uses comparative-historical method and the method of philological analysis. To achieve this goal, light images in the writer’s prose in the period from 1895 to 1937 are analyzed. The most important results of the study: the artistic thinking of Ivan Shmelev was initially associated with the images of light; natural light prevails in the early works, which is identified with positive beginnings of life; since the period of World War One Evangelical image of spiritual light appears in the artistic world of Shmelev - «light in darkness»; the works of Shmelev written after 1917 show how spiritual light opens to the protagonist on the verge of earthly existence, usually in the face of death. The significance of the main results of the study is that it highlights the process of light images evolution in the works of I. S. Shmelev and reveals the deep rootedness of the writer in the Orthodox cultural tradition.
Peace and War: A Christian Alternative to the Metaphysics of Violence
Authors: Давыдов Олег Борисович
Published: March 2021

В статье рассматривается богословская концепция «мирной онтологии» (ontology of peace), противопоставляющейся «онтологии насилия» (ontology of violence). Данное различение принадлежит современному богослову Джону Милбанку и обладает эвристической ценностью для христианской метафизики при её диалоге с постмодернистскими философскими и богословскими нарративами. «Мирная онтология» выступает фундаментальной истиной христианского мышления и жизненной практики, позволяющей признать весомость и значимость различий как дара божественной аналогии.

The article discusses the theological concept of «ontology of peace», which is opposed to the «ontology of violence». This distinction belongs to the modern theologian John Milbank and has heuristic value for Christian metaphysics in the need for its dialogue with postmodern philosophical and theological narratives. «Ontology of peace» is the fundamental truth of Christian thinking and life practice, allowing us to recognize the weight and significance of differences as a gift of divine analogy.
HUBUNGAN PROFIL GURU TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR DI KECAMATAN INDERALAYA UTARA OGAN ILIR
Authors: Yuharto Yuharto
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe Purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between teacher profiles on learning outcomes of secial science elementary school students in the northern Inderalaya sub-district, there are 4 components examined : (Gender, background (academic qualifications), years of service and professional teachers on results studying social scienceelementary school students in in the northern Inderalaya sub-district, Ogan Ilir). This research uses the ex post facto method. The results of this research : 1. There are is no positive and significant relationship between teacher gender dan learning outcomes. 2. There are is no positive and significant relationship between teacherâ€™s final education on learning outcomes. 3. There are is positive and significant relationship between disciplines of learning outcomes. 4. There are is no positive and significant relationship between the duration of the teacherâ€™s teaching experience on the learning outcomes. 5. There are is no positive andsignificant relationship between teacher training/ training and learning outcomes. 6. There are is no positive and significant relationship between professional teachers and learning outcomesKeywordss: Teacher Profile, learning outcomes, Elementary students
PELAKKSANAAN KURIKULUM DI SEKOLAH DASAR MILIK YAYASAN XAVERIUS PALEMBANG
Authors: Triwidayati Katarina Retno
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe curriculum becomes one of the important things in the implementation of learning activities. This is because the curriculum contains the objectives to be achieved through learning activities. Changes in curriculum in Indonesia certainly need to be accompanied by understanding and implementation in school. This study describes theimplementation of the curriculum in elementary schools belonging to the Palembang Xaverius Foundation. This study is part of the research on the development of teaching materials and was carried out in six elementary schools under the auspices of the Palembang Xaverius Foundation in September 2016. The interviews were used to collect data and data analysis was carried out with reference to qualitative research procedures. The results showed that the six schools studied carried out the 2013Curriculum for one semester and continued with returning to the Education Unit Level Curriculum. in the year the research was carried out, the government determined to implement the 2013 Curriculum for several schools.Keyword: curriculum, elementary school, curriculum implementation
DISSOLUTION KINETIC OF MELOXICAM FROM HYDROPHILIC MATRIX-TYPE FILMS FOR TRANSDERMAL THERAPY
Authors: ANTONOAEA PAULA
Published: March 2021

Taking into consideration the fact the transdermal administration of the active pharmaceutical ingredients can represent a therapeutic approach that increases the patient’s compliance, this study aims to evaluate the release of meloxicam (MX), a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, incorporated in hydrophilic polymer-based matrices for transdermal therapeutic systems was studied. Three different formulations were realized by solvent casting method containing two types of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMCE5 with low viscosity and HPMC15000 with high viscosity) whose concentration was also varied. The drug release test was performed by Franz diffusion cell and the dissolution curves were analysed from a kinetical point of view by model dependent and model independent methods. Linearization by simple regression allowed the flux calculations of values that varied between 0.183 and 32.270 g/(cm2h). Based on the results obtained with the mathematical analysis, we can conclude that the MX release is influenced by the pH of the dissolution media and by the type and concentration of the matrix forming agent. Discrimination of model dependent mathematical models was done by the Akaike index with values between 49 and -62. The kinetic analysis of the MX releasing curves from the proposed formulations showed that Korsmeyer-Peppas was more suitable for the release characterisation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from the transdermal therapeutic systems analysed.
Emotions in the political discourse of Romania. A corpus-driven analysis of multiword expressions
Authors: BIRO Daniel
Published: March 2021

Emotions in political language use can have considerable repercussions on a society, especially on the expression of solidarity and ostracism, which are closely connected to the emotions of trust and aversion. Driven2 by a sub-corpus of spoken presidential texts from 1992 to 2004, this analysis constructs on the basis of multiword expressions emotion profiles of the political actors. To do so, it draws from Robert Plutchik’s wheel of emotions3 and the Romanian Emotion Lexicon (RoEmoLex)4 and focuses on hints for trust and aversion. The findings indicate a high degree of expressions of trust while aversion is nearly non-existent. Moreover, an increase of emotions during the three presidential terms of Ion Iliescu and Emil Constantinescu is remarkable from a diachronic perspective and constitutes a transition from the topics of internal stability and security to global cooperation and responsibility.
Evaluative language in Romanian and US regional newspapers – A comparative approach
Authors: CHEFNEUX Gabriela
Published: March 2021

The paper analyses the way in which evaluative language in used in two regional newspapers – a US and a Romanian one. It starts from two articles that cover a similar topic, namely the mining disasters that took place in the two areas, and studies the way in which the disaster and the people responsible for it are presented. The analytical framework for the analysis is based on Martin and White’s definition of appraisal in terms of attitude, engagement and graduation and the analysis focuses on the similarities and differences between the two articles in terms of evaluation and its linguistic realizations.
How the imagined audience is involved and represented in TV news broadcasts
Authors: ŽÁKOVSKÁ Iveta
Published: March 2021

"This study uses data collected from prime-time TV news broadcasts on three most popular Czech TV channels. The aim is to analyse how the imagined audience is addressed and how it is represented. Closer attention is paid to the format of “vox pops” and the tendency to categorise the speakers involved in news broadcasts. The findings show that the imagined audience is involved in the news discourse in conformity with the tendency towards conversationalization and consumerization. The boundaries between the format of vox pops and other interviews and sound-bites are blurred. The speakers are often classified into categories and also represent various categories of the imagined audience. There is a tendency not to present the speakers as completely anonymous and emphasis is put on their experience with the events which they comment on."
THE EFFECT OF GIVING DATE FRUIT AT THE END OF PREGNANCY TOWARDS CERVICAL RIPENING
Authors: Andriani Rezah
Published: March 2021

One of the nonpharmacological therapies to trigger the performance of the oxytocin hormone for cervical ripening and acceleration of first stage labor is consuming fresh dates. Dates contain the oxytocin which can help stimulate contractions in the uterine muscles. Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera) contain carbohydrate can be directly absorbed by the body. Dates can be useful for labor, by consuming dates 60-70 grams per day at 4 weeks before giving birth to pregnant women it will be useful for cervical ripening and acceleration of first stage labor. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving dates at the end of pregnancy on cervical ripening in pregnant women at PMB Ellna and Zuniawati in 2020. This study used a quantitative approach, the method was a quasi-experimental type of posttest control group design. The result the mean bishop score in the treatment group (11.1) was higher than control group (8.6). The mean duration of the first stage labor in the treatment group(231.1 minutes) was faster than control group (297.8 minutes). Statistically there was a significant difference in the bishop score and the duration of the first stage labor between the treatment group and the control group p <0.05.
Lisa Hultman, Jacob D. Kathman and Megan Shannon: Peacekeeping in the Midst of War
Authors: Valíková Barbora
Published: March 2021

Are United Nations peacekeeping missions effective at reducing violence incivil wars? Although UN peacekeeping is a notable intervention tool, theinternational community lacks systematic knowledge of how well itmitigates civil war violence. Given that UN peacekeeping is increasinglyused in the midst of war, this is a significant research gap with direct policyrelevance. This book systematically explores if and how the capacity andconstitution of UN peacekeeping missions a!ect the amount of violence incivil conflicts. It argues that peacekeeping e!ectiveness needs to beassessed in relative terms, theorizing that more robust missions areincreasingly capable of addressing combatant incentives for employingviolence. The authors conduct large-n analyses of the number ofcombatants and civilians killed during each month for all civil wars globallyfrom 1992 to 2014, measuring the capacity and constitution of UN missionswith unique data on the number and type of peacekeeping personneldeployed. The analyses reveal that increasing UN military troop and policepersonnel deployed to a conflict significantly reduces violence againstcivilians, and increasing UN military troop personnel significantly mitigatesbattle-related violence. By contrast, smaller missions and missionscomposed of observers are not associated with reduced violence. The bookcomplements the large-n analyses with qualitative explorations ofpeacekeeping mechanisms on violence in Côte d’Ivoire and the DemocraticRepublic of Congo. The authors conclude that while peacekeeping is notwithout detriments, it is an effective tool of violence reduction.
Klaus Dingwerth, Antonia Witt, Ina Lehmann, Ellen Reichel and Tobias Weise: International Organisations under Pressure: Legitimating Global Governance in Challenging Times
Authors: Svoboda Ondřej
Published: March 2021

The book reconstructs how the normative yardsticks that underpinevaluations of international organizations have changed since 1970. Basedon in-depth case studies of normative change in five internationalorganizations over a period of five decades, the authors argue that, thesedays, international organizations confront a longer and moreheterogeneous list of normative expectations than in previous periods. Twochanges are particularly noteworthy. First, international organizations needto demonstrate not only what they do for their member states, but also forthe individuals in member states. Second, while international organizationscontinue to be evaluated in terms of what they achieve, they areincreasingly also measured by how they operate. As the case studies reveal,the more pluralist patchwork of legitimacy principles today’s internationalorganizations confront has multiple origins. It includes the politicization ofexpanding international authority, but also a range of other driving forcessuch as individual leadership or normative path dependence. Despitevariation in the sources, however, the consequences of the normative shiftare similar. Notably, a longer and more heterogenous list of normativeexpectations renders the legitimation of international organizations morecomplex. Strikingly, then, at a time when many feel internationalcooperation is needed more than ever, legitimating the forms in which suchcooperation takes place has become most difficult. Internationalorganizations have come under pressure.