bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why species tell more about traits than traits about species: predictive analysis
Authors: Clark James S.
Published: May 2016

Trait analysis aims to understand relationships between traits, species diversity, and the environment. Current methods could benefit from a model‐based probabilistic framework that accommodates covariance between traits and quantifies contributions from inherent trait syndromes, species interactions, and responses to the environment. I develop a model‐based approach that separates these effects on trait diversity. Application to USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data in the eastern United States demonstrates an apparent paradox, that the analysis of species better explains and predicts traits than does direct analysis of the traits themselves; trait data contain less, not more, information than species on environmental responses. Whereas variation in some traits is dominated by inherent syndromes (tendency for certain traits to be associated with others within an individual and species), others are strongly controlled by variation in species diversity. There is substantial variation in environmental control on trait patterns, between traits and regionally. In terms of environmental response traits do not aggregate into defined plant functional types, as would be desirable for models.
Insights into the importance of the electrocardiogram in patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Gouda Pishoy , Brown Paul , Rowe Brian H. , McAlister Finlay A. , Ezekowitz Justin A.
Published: May 2016

Background

Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute heart failure (AHF) are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a routine investigation in patients with AHF used to identify potential causes and/or complications. It is unclear whether 12‐lead ECG characteristics can serve as a prognostic indicator in this population.

Methods and results

Patients with AHF from four hospital EDs were prospectively enrolled into the AHF – Emergency Management cohort. In addition to baseline data collection, the first available ECG was read in a core laboratory. Clinical outcomes (all‐cause mortality and readmission) were recorded and risk models were developed. Of 937 enrolled patients, 816 had a diagnosis of AHF and an available ECG. Median age of the population was 77 [interquartile range (IQR) 67–85], 47% were female and median ejection fraction was 45% (IQR 30–55). Abnormalities were common, with only 7.5% of patients having a normal ECG. During the median follow‐up of 25.7 months, there were 379 (46%) all‐cause deaths and 328 (40%) hospital readmissions. Sinus rhythm was associated with better outcomes [hazard ratio (HR) 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62, 0.94], while paced rhythms (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.11, 2.05), a wide QRS (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04, 1.59) and an ECG with any abnormality (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.01, 2.44) was associated with poorer outcomes. Other individual ECG characteristics were not related to clinical outcomes after risk adjustment.

Conclusions

Certain ECG abnormalities are common in patients with AHF and associated with poor outcomes. Used in conjunction with other clinical variables, the ECG may be a useful tool in long‐term risk stratifying patients.
Incidence and prognosis of mid‐back pain in the general population: A systematic review
Authors: Johansson M.S. , Jensen Stochkendahl M. , Hartvigsen J. , Boyle E. , Cassidy J.D.
Published: May 2016

Background and objective

Despite being common early in life and affecting individuals' quality of life to the same degree as neck and low back pain, research into epidemiological aspects of mid‐back pain (MBP) has been scarce. The purpose of our systematic review was therefore to describe the incidence and prognosis of MBP in the general population. The PRISMA Statement guided the study process.

Databases

A systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, PEDro, PsycINFO and Scopus.

Results

Of 3194 unique records identified, seven were included in our qualitative synthesis. The 3‐month and 2‐year incidence proportions of MBP in children and adolescents were approximately 4% and 50%, respectively. In adults, the 1‐month incidence proportion was less than 1%. The persistence or recurrence of MBP over a 1‐ to 4‐year period was between 13% and 45% in children and adolescents; a change in spinal pain location over time was common. Individuals reporting MBP have an increased risk of future care seeking compared with people without musculoskeletal complaints. No studies assessing adult MBP recovery trajectories or prognostic factors were identified.

Conclusions

Knowledge about the incidence and prognosis of MBP in the general population is limited. The incidence of MBP in children and adolescents seems to be similar to the incidence of neck and low back pain; in adults, it is lower than that of neck and low back pain. Studies investigating recovery trajectories of MBP in adults and prognostic factors for MBP are lacking.

What does this study add?

The incidence of mid‐back pain (MBP) in young individuals is similar to that of neck and low back pain, and ≤50% report persistent pain; however, the evidence base is limited.

Knowledge about adult trajectories and prognostic factors for MBP is lacking.
Comparing the relative sensitivity of ortho‐ and retronasal perception of a strawberry flavour model using omission testing
Authors: Delime Perrine , O'Mahony Kate , Desforges Neil , Taylor Andrew J. , Hort Joanne
Published: May 2016

Sensory omission experiments are used to identify the key volatiles contributing to a flavour but a review of the literature suggests that some omission studies are underpowered, with only five to 19 assessors. Here a more sensitive and powerful approach is described that combines a same‐different test with the Thurstonian measure d′ which enabled evaluation of the relative contributions of each volatile to the overall perceived flavour. A sensory panel evaluated the relative contributions of volatiles in a nine‐component, commercial strawberry flavour both ortho‐ and retro‐nasally. In addition, Odour Activity Values (OAVs) reported in the literature were compared to d′ values established in this study to determine if OAVs were representative of the individual contribution of volatiles to the perceived strawberry flavour. Compared to retronasal perception, orthonasal perception was more sensitive to the removal of all individual volatiles, except for two compounds, 2,3‐butandione and methyl dihydrojasmonate. OAVs did not always reflect the relative importance of individual volatiles in flavour represented by d′. This study highlights that the same‐different approach coupled with d′ measures represents an improved opportunity for the evaluation of the key components of flavour and that orthonasal omission tests may not best represent how flavours perform during consumption.

Key findings – Same‐different testing and the use of the Thurstonian d′ value, was successfully applied to measure the relative contributions of the individual volatiles in a simple strawberry flavour to the overall flavour perception when delivered ortho‐ or retronasally. Results showed that orthonasal perception was more sensitive but does not necessarily represent retronasal perception. Comparison between d′ values and Odour Activity Values (OAV) showed that OAVs do not always reflect the relative importance of individual volatiles in flavour: the removal of ethyl butanoate was not perceived orthonasally, despite its relatively high OAV. On the contrary, the higher d′ measured for 2,3‐butandione (0.40) compared to other volatiles in the strawberry flavour could be due to synergistic interactions in this flavour. Although all orthonasal OAVs were above 1, the removal of seven out of nine individual volatiles was not perceived orthonasally (p > 0.05). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microglia replenished OHSC: A culture system to study in vivo like adult microglia
Authors: Masuch Annette , van der Pijl Rianne , Füner Lisa , Wolf Yochai , Eggen Bart , Boddeke Erik , Biber Knut
Published: May 2016

Recent data suggest that ramified microglia fulfil various tasks in the brain. However, to investigate this unique cell type cultured primary microglia are only a poor model. We here describe a method to deplete and repopulate organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) with ramified microglia isolated from adult mouse brain creating microglia‐replenished OHSC (Mrep‐OHSC). Replenished microglia integrate into the tissue and ramify to a degree indistinguishable from their counterparts in the mouse brain. Moreover, wild‐type slices replenished with microglia from TNFα‐deficient animals provide similar results as OHSC prepared from microglia‐specific TNFα‐knockout mice (CX3CR1cre/TNFαfl/fl). Furthermore, this study demonstrates that replenished microglia in OHSC maintain original functions and properties acquired in vivo. Microglia from ERCC1Δ/ko mice, a mouse model of accelerated aging, maintain enhanced Mac2 expression and their activated phenotype after replenishment to wild‐type OHSC tissue. Thus, the present study demonstrates that Mrep‐OHSC are a unique tool to construct chimeric brain slices allowing studying the function of different phenotypes of in vivo like microglia in a tissue culture setting. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2016;64:1285–1297
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on cognitive control functions, mental activity of the prefrontal cortex and stress reactivity in elderly adults with subjective memory impairment – a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Beck Stefanie M. , Ruge Hannes , Schindler Christoph , Burkart Martin , Miller Robert , Kirschbaum Clemens , Goschke Thomas
Published: May 2016

Objective

Cognitive control as well as stress reactivity is assumed to depend on prefrontal dopamine and decline with age. Because Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761® increases prefrontal dopamine in animals, we assessed its effects on cognitive functions related to prefrontal dopamine.

Methods

Effects of 240‐mg EGb761® daily on task‐set‐switching, response‐inhibition, delayed response, prospective‐memory, task‐related fMRI‐BOLD‐signals and the Trier Social Stress‐Test were explored in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind pilot‐trial in 61 elderly volunteers with subjective memory impairment.

Results

Baseline‐fMRI‐data showed BOLD‐responses in regions commonly activated by the specific tasks. Task‐switch‐costs decreased with EGb761® compared to placebo (ANOVA‐interaction: Group × Time × Switch‐Costs p = 0.018, multiple tests uncorrected), indicating improved cognitive flexibility. Go–NoGo‐task reaction‐times corrected for error‐rates indicated a trend for improved response inhibition. No treatment effects were found for the delayed response and prospective‐memory tasks and fMRI‐data. A non‐significant trend indicated a potentially accelerated endocrine stress‐recovery. EGb761® was safe and well tolerated.

Conclusion

We observed indications for improved cognitive flexibility without changes in brain activation, suggesting increased processing efficiency with EGb761®. Together with a trend for improved response inhibition results are compatible with mild enhancement of prefrontal dopamine. These conclusions on potential beneficial effect of EGb761® on prefrontal dopaminergic functions should be confirmed by direct measurements. © 2016 The Authors. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of posttraumatic fear and social support in the relationship between trauma severity and posttraumatic growth among adolescent survivors of the Yaan earthquake
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Wu Xinchun , Li Xin , Zhen Rui
Published: May 2016

Middle school students in Lushan county (N = 315) were assessed 6 months after the Yaan earthquake using a trauma severity questionnaire, a posttraumatic fear questionnaire, a social support questionnaire and a posttraumatic growth inventory to examine the effects of posttraumatic fear and social support in the relationship between trauma severity and posttraumatic growth (PTG). The results showed that posttraumatic fear mediated the relationship between trauma severity andPTG, and social support moderated the relationship between posttraumatic fear andPTG. These findings suggested that trauma severity could be positively associated withPTGin a direct way or in an indirect way through posttraumatic fear. Moreover, posttraumatic fear had a positive relation toPTGunder the condition of high social support level, whereas the relation was non‐significant when the level of social support was low. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for adolescents after trauma.
Robust and stimuli‐responsive POSS hybrid PDMAEMA hydrogels for controlled drug release
Authors: Chen Yi , Zeng Guangsheng , Liu Wenyong
Published: May 2016

A new polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) hybrid hydrogels were desinged and fabricated by introducing cationic octa‐ammonium (Oa)‐POSS) into chemically cross‐linked cationic PDMAEMA hydrogels via in situ radical freezing polymerization. The prepared gels (shorten as OP‐PD gels) show considerably improved properties through the effective incorporation and dispersion of Oa‐POSS particles in gels. Comparing to the Oa‐POSS‐free gels, the hybrid gels own better mechanical properties with higher tensile and compressive strength. Meantime, except the decreased swelling ratio in acid condition, the OP‐PD gels still keep excellent swelling ability with obvious pH and temperature double responsiveness, which is affected by the content of Oa‐POSS slightly. All OP‐PD gels exhibit an ultrarapid deswelling rate due to the interconnected micropores structure caused by freezing and the formation of microhydrophobic region around POSS particles. Moreover, the application potential of OP‐PD gels in drug release was exploited by using flutamide as target drug, the result showed that the increased Oa‐POSS could improve the drug loading ability, and OP‐PD gels showed well controlled‐release effect in simulated human stomachic condition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2345–2355, 2016.
Design and optimization of a novel bio‐loom to weave melt‐spun absorbable polymers for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Gilmore Jordon , Burg Timothy , Groff Richard E. , Burg Karen J. L.
Published: May 2016

Bone graft procedures are currently among the most common surgical procedures performed worldwide, but due to high risk of complication and lack of viable donor tissue, there exists a need to develop alternatives for bone defect healing. Tissue engineering, for example, combining biocompatible scaffolds with mesenchymal stem cells to achieve new bone growth, is a possible solution. Recent work has highlighted the potential for woven polymer meshes to serve as bone tissue engineering scaffolds; since, scaffolds can be iteratively designed by adjusting weave settings, material types, and mesh parameters. However, there are a number of material and system challenges preventing the implementation of such a tissue engineering strategy. Fiber compliance, tensile strength, brittleness, cross‐sectional geometry, and size present specific challenges for using traditional textile weaving methods. In the current work, two potential scaffold materials, melt‐spun poly‐l‐lactide, and poly‐l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone, were investigated. An automated bio‐loom was engineered and built to weave these materials. The bio‐loom was used to successfully demonstrate the weaving of these difficult‐to‐handle fiber types into various mesh configurations and material combinations. The dobby‐loom design, adapted with an air jet weft placement system, warp tension control system, and automated collection spool, provides minimal damage to the polymer fibers while overcoming the physical constraints presented by the inherent material structure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1342–1351, 2017.
Antiangiogenic 1‐Aryl‐3‐[3‐(thieno[3,2‐b]pyridin‐7‐ylthio)phenyl]ureas Inhibit MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines Through PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk Pathways
Authors: Machado Vera A. , Peixoto Daniela , Queiroz Maria João , Soares Raquel
Published: May 2016

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths among women worldwide. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxic effects and possible molecular mechanisms of the antiproliferative properties of the antiangiogenic 1‐aryl‐3‐[3‐(thieno[3,2‐b]pyridin‐7‐ylthio)phenyl]ureas 1a–e, prepared earlier by us, on two human breast cancer cell lines of distinct histological types: hormone‐dependent MCF‐7 (ER positive), and hormone independent MDA‐MB‐231 (ER/PR/HER2 negative), this latter being the most aggressive and difficult to treat. Our findings clearly demonstrated that compounds 1a–e suppress breast cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and colony formation at very low concentrations, not showing cytotoxicity in normal human mammary cells (MCF‐10A). TUNEL assay demonstrated that compounds 1a–e induced apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231, but not in MCF‐7 at the concentrations tested. PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk cell signaling pathways were investigated using Western blot analysis, revealing that these compounds decrease their activity in both breast cancer cell lines. Compounds 1b (R2 = F), 1c (R2 = Me), and 1e (R1 = Cl, R2 = CF3) were the most effective particularly in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Overall, 1c and 1e compounds are the most promising antitumor compounds. These findings, together with the antiangiogenic activity previously described by us, render these compounds a relevant breakthrough for cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2791–2799, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth Arrest‐Specific 6 (GAS6) Promotes Prostate Cancer Survival by G1 Arrest/S Phase Delay and Inhibition of Apoptosis During Chemotherapy in Bone Marrow
Authors: Lee Eunsohl , Decker Ann M. , Cackowski Frank C. , Kana Lulia A. , Yumoto Kenji , Jung Younghun , Wang Jingcheng , Buttitta Laura , Morgan Todd M. , Taichman Russell S.
Published: May 2016

Prostate cancer (PCa) is known to develop resistance to chemotherapy. Growth arrest‐specific 6 (GAS6), plays a role in tumor progression by regulating growth in many cancers. Here, we explored how GAS6 regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis of PCa cells in response to chemotherapy. We found that GAS6 is sufficient to significantly increase the fraction of cells in G1 and the duration of phase in PCa cells. Importantly, the effect of GAS6 on G1 is potentiated during docetaxel chemotherapy. GAS6 altered the levels of several key cell cycle regulators, including the downregulation of Cyclin B1 (G2/M phase), CDC25A, Cyclin E1, and CDK2 (S phase entry), while the upregulation of cell cycle inhibitors p27 and p21, Cyclin D1, and CDK4. Importantly, these changes became further accentuated during docetaxel treatment in the presence of GAS6. Moreover, GAS6 alters the apoptotic response of PCa cells during docetaxel chemotherapy. Docetaxel induced PCa cell apoptosis is efficiently suppressed in PCa cell culture in the presence of GAS6 or GAS6 secreted from co‐cultured osteoblasts. Similarly, the GAS6‐expressing bone environment protects PCa cells from apoptosis within primary tumors in vivo studies. Docetaxel induced significant levels of Caspase‐3 and PARP cleavage in PCa cells, while GAS6 protected PCa cells from docetaxel‐induced apoptotic signaling. Together, these data suggest that GAS6, expressed by osteoblasts in the bone marrow, plays a significant role in the regulation of PCa cell survival during chemotherapy, which will have important implications for targeting metastatic disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2815–2824, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic Properties and Human Use Characteristics of an FDA‐Approved Intranasal Naloxone Product for the Treatment of Opioid Overdose
Authors: Krieter Philip , Chiang Nora , Gyaw Shwe , Skolnick Phil , Crystal Roger , Keegan Fintan , Aker Julie , Beck Melissa , Harris Jennifer
Published: May 2016

Parenteral naloxone has been approved to treat opiate overdose for over 4 decades. Intranasal naloxone, administered “off label” using improvised devices, has been widely used by both first responders and the lay public to treat overdose. However, these improvised devices require training for effective use, and the recommended volumes (2 to 4 mL) exceed those considered optimum for intranasal administration. The present study compared the pharmacokinetic properties of intranasal naloxone (2 to 8 mg) delivered in low volumes (0.1 to 0.2 mL) using an Aptar Unit‐Dose device to an approved (0.4 mg) intramuscular dose. A parallel study assessed the ease of use of this device in a simulated overdose situation. All doses of intranasal naloxone resulted in plasma concentrations and areas under the curve greater than those observed following the intramuscular dose; the time to reach maximum plasma concentrations was not different following intranasal and intramuscular administration. Plasma concentrations of naloxone were dose proportional between 2 and 8 mg and independent of whether drug was administered to 1 or both nostrils. In a study using individuals representative of the general population, >90% were able to perform both critical tasks (inserting nozzle into a nostril and pressing plunger) needed to deliver a simulated dose of naloxone without prior training. Based on both pharmacokinetic and human use studies, a 4‐mg dose delivered in a single device (0.1 mL) was selected as the final product. This product can be used by first responders and the lay public, providing an important and potentially life‐saving intervention for victims of an opioid overdose.
Synthesis of the olanzapine labeled by carbon‐14
Authors: Saadatjoo Naghi , Javaheri Mohsen , Saemian Nader , Amini Mohsen
Published: May 2016

Olanzapine is one of the most widely used antipsychotic drugs, which acts as an antagonist for multiple neurotransmitter receptor sites. 2‐Methyl‐4‐(4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl)‐10H‐thieno [2,3‐b][1,5] benzodiazepine (Olanzapine) labeled with carbon‐14 in the four positions has been synthesized as part of a three‐step sequence from 2‐amino‐5‐methylthiophene‐3‐carbonitrile‐[carbonitrile‐14C].
Comparison of multislice breath‐hold and 3D respiratory triggered T1ρ imaging of liver in healthy volunteers and liver cirrhosis patients in 3.0 T MRI
Authors: Yang Qihua , Yu Taihui , Yun Su , Zhang Hui , Chen Xiaodong , Cheng Ziliang , Zhong Jinglian , Huang Jingwen , Okuaki Tomoyuki , Chan Queenie , Liang Biling , Guo Hua
Published: May 2016

Purpose

To compare visual quality and quantitative measurements of multislice (MS) breath‐hold and 3D respiratory‐triggered T1ρ sequences.

Materials and Methods

T1ρ scans including MS BLOCK T1ρ, MS HS8 T1ρ, and 3D BLOCK T1ρ were performed on 40 healthy volunteers and 17 liver cirrhosis patients on 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MS breath‐hold methods scanned three slices while the 3D method covered 26 slices. Visual scores of image quality, T1ρ measurements of the three sequences, and T1ρ values of healthy volunteers and cirrhosis patients were compared using parametric tests.

Results

Average visual scores for volunteers and patients of the three sequences were 3.19 and 2.82 for MS BLOCK T1ρ; 3.71 and 3.59 for MS HS8 T1ρ; 3.29 and 3.59 for 3D BLOCK T1ρ, respectively. Difference of visual scores among the three groups was significant (P < 0.001). Differences in T1ρ values among the three methods were significant (P < 0.001). Difference of T1ρ between MS BLOCK T1ρ and 3D BLOCK T1ρ was not significant (volunteer: P = 0.82, patient: 0.92) while the difference of T1ρ between MS BLOCK T1ρ and MS HS8 T1ρ, MS HS8 T1ρ and 3D BLOCK T1ρ was significant in both volunteers and patients (P < 0.01). Differences of T1ρ between healthy volunteers and patients were all significant in three T1ρ sequences (P = 0.04, 0.004, 0.03).

Conclusion

Of the tested sequences, the image quality of MS HS8 T1ρ was best, but 3D BLOCK T1ρ with respiratory triggering should also be considered as an alternative sequence for clinical diagnosis of liver cirrhosis due to its superior coverage. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:906–913.
Preoperative gait mechanics predict clinical response to total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Foucher Kharma C.
Published: May 2016

Some patients do not have an adequate clinical response to total hip arthroplasty (THA) for reasons that are not fully understood. Identifying modifiable factors that are associated with nonresponse could lead to new ways to identify and treat potential nonresponders. This study investigated whether any preoperative gait characteristics were associated with THA clinical response, and whether or not there were corresponding postoperative gait differences in THA nonresponders compared to responders. A secondary analysis was conducted of 124 subjects (age 61 ± 10 years; 64 female/60 male), evaluated before and 1 year after primary unilateral THA, using quantitative gait analysis and Harris Hip Scores (HHS). Responders and nonresponders were identified using the OMERACT‐OARSI responder criteria, modified for use with the HHS. Pre‐ and postoperative dynamic sagittal plane range of motion (ROM) and 3D peak external moments were compared, for responders and nonresponders, using t‐tests and logistic regression. 11.3% of subjects were nonresponders. Before surgery, the ROM was 26% higher for nonresponders than responders, but the peak external rotation moment was 30% lower (p = 0.003–0.043). Preoperative gait and HHS predicted response with a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 99.1%. There were persistent postoperative deficits in the peak external rotation moment in nonresponders compared to responders (p = 0.028). This study showed that gait analysis, where available, can augment clinical scores in predicting THA response. Moreover, it suggests that further analysis of the subtle role of transverse plane hip mechanics could lead to interventions to promote better THA response. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:366–376, 2017.
Controls on the sources and cycling of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Changjiang and Huanghe River estuaries, China: 14C and 13C studies
Authors: Wang Xuchen , Luo Chunle , Ge Tiantian , Xu Caili , Xue Yuejun
Published: May 2016

The Changjiang (Yangtze River) and Huanghe (Yellow River) are the two largest rivers in China, and they transport large amounts of terrestrial carbon to the coastal waters of the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea. The sources and cycling of riverine carbon in these two large river estuaries, however, have not been well studied. In this article, we present the results of dual isotope (Δ14C and δ13C) measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) collected in the low reaches of the Changjiang and Huanghe and their estuaries during two cruises in 2014. Our results indicate that both the Changjiang and Huanghe carry very high concentrations of DIC ranging from 1384 μmol kg−1 to 1732 μmol kg−1 and 2711 μmol kg−1 to 4120 μmol kg−1, respectively, and DIC levels varied with flow rates during high and low discharge periods. The cycling of DIC exhibited conservative behavior in both the Changjiang and Huanghe estuaries, suggesting DIC levels were controlled mainly by physical mixing processes.

Δ14C‐DIC values indicate that the Changjiang and Huanghe transport aged DIC (1060–1380 yr old). Both Δ14C‐DIC and δ13C‐DIC values also showed conservative mixing in the two estuaries. Using a dual carbon isotopic model, we calculated that atmospheric CO2 consumed mainly by silicate weathering was a major source, contributing 65.2 ± 9.0% and 73.4 ± 3.0% of DIC in the Changjiang and Huanghe, and 96.9–97.7% (by air‐sea exchange) of DIC in the coastal waters of the East China Sea (ECS) and Bohai Sea, respectively. Our results indicate that carbonate dissolution was an important (12.3–17.4%) but not major process controlling the high DIC levels in both rivers, as suggested previously. Compared with the large Amazon River, respiration of riverine organic matter (OM) played a less important role, contributing only 15.4–17.2% of DIC in the two Asian rivers. Flux calculations indicate that the Changjiang and Huanghe discharged 1.46 × 1013 g and 6.28 × 1011 g DIC into the ECS and Bohai Sea in 2014, which were 9 and 17 times higher than the DOC fluxes in the two rivers. These large fluxes of riverine DIC, especially of aged DIC, could have significant impacts on primary production and carbon cycling in the ECS and Bohai Sea.
Vena cava encirclement predicts difficult native hepatectomy
Authors: Panaro Fabrizio , Boisset Gildas , Chanques Gérald , Guiu Boris , Herrero Astrid , Bouyabrine Hassan , Pageaux Georges Philippe , Boudjema Karim , Navarro Francis
Published: May 2016

Recipient hepatectomy is a challenging liver transplantation (LT) procedure that has life‐threatening complications. The current predictive mortality clinic‐biological scores (Child/Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease [MELD]) do not take into consideration the recipient's liver anatomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the dorsal sector anatomy of a cirrhotic liver on the morbidity/mortality rates of hepatectomy. A multicenter retrospective study (clinic‐biological and morphologic) was performed from 2013 to 2014. The degree of encirclement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) by the dorsal sector of the liver was measured. The study population included 320 patients. Seventy‐four (23%) patients had complete IVC encirclement. A correlation (P = 0.01) has been reported between the existence of a circular dorsal sector and the number of transfusions during LT (4 packed red blood cell [PRBC] transfusions in the group without IVC versus 7 PRBC transfusions in the other group). The existence of such anatomy increases the relative risk of early reoperation for IVC bleeding by 31% (P = 0.05). There is a correlation between alcoholic cirrhosis and dorsal‐sector hypertrophy (126 cc versus 147.5 cc; P = 0.05). Concerning surgical time, we found no significant between‐group differences. Compared to the severity of cirrhosis, an inverse correlation was observed between the MELD and Child scores and the dorsal sector hypertrophy (P < 0.001). No significant difference in terms of transfusion was found between the temporary portocaval shunt group (n = 168) and the other group (n = 152). The presence of a circular sector is associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage during hepatectomy, as well as an immediate postoperative risk of reoperation. Liver Transplantation 22 906–913 2016 AASLD
Polyubiquitination of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 by Parkin
Authors: Scott Timothy L. , Wicker Christina A. , Suganya Rangaswamy , Dhar Bithika , Pittman Thomas , Horbinski Craig , Izumi Tadahide
Published: May 2016

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an essential protein crucial for repair of oxidized DNA damage not only in genomic DNA but also in mitochondrial DNA. Parkin, a tumor suppressor and Parkinson's disease (PD) associated gene, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase crucial for mitophagy. Although DNA damage is known to induce mitochondrial stress, Parkin's role in regulating DNA repair proteins has not been elucidated. In this study, we examined the possibility of Parkin‐dependent ubiquitination of APE1. Ectopically expressed APE1 was degraded by Parkin and PINK1 via polyubiquitination in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. PD‐causing mutations in Parkin and PINK1 abrogated APE1 ubiquitination. Interaction of APE1 with Parkin was observed by co‐immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay, and co‐localization in the cytoplasm. N‐terminal deletion of 41 amino acid residues in APE1 significantly reduced the Parkin‐dependent APE1 degradation. These results suggested that Parkin directly ubiquitinated N‐terminal Lys residues in APE1 in the cytoplasm. Modulation of Parkin and PINK1 activities under mitochondrial or oxidative stress caused moderate but statistically significant decrease of endogenous APE1 in human cell lines including SH‐SY5Y, HEK293, and A549 cells. Analyses of glioblastoma tissues showed an inverse relation between the expression levels of APE1 and Parkin. These results suggest that degradation of endogenous APE1 by Parkin occur when cells are stressed to activate Parkin, and imply a role of Parkin in maintaining the quality of APE1, and loss of Parkin may contribute to elevated APE1 levels in glioblastoma. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Survival of Unique Corporate Cultures
Authors: Epstein Gil S. , Lindner‐Pomerantz Renana
Published: May 2016

In this paper we identify two situations that can lead a firm to hire an executive who supports a corporate culture that differs from the firm's current culture. In the first case, there is a similarity between the firm's culture and that of the candidate, and in the second case, executives who support the firm's culture constitute a minority of the available candidates. In both cases the firm prefers to hire an available candidate, rather than risk a prolonged vacancy. We show how these scenarios can lead to the eradication of unique cultures and to the perpetuation of more common cultures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mosquito sperm's journey from male ejaculate to egg: Mechanisms, molecules, and methods for exploration
Authors: Degner Ethan C. , Harrington Laura C.
Published: May 2016

The fate of mosquito sperm in the female reproductive tract has been addressed sporadically and incompletely, resulting in significant gaps in our understanding of sperm‐female interactions that ultimately lead to fertilization. As with other Diptera, mosquito sperm have a complex journey to their ultimate destination, the egg. After copulation, sperm spend a short time at the site of insemination where they are hyperactivated and quickly congregate near the entrance of the spermathecal ducts. Within minutes, they travel up the narrow ducts to the spermathecae, likely through the combined efforts of female transport and sperm locomotion. The female nourishes sperm and maintains them in these permanent storage organs for her entire life. When she is ready, the female coordinates the release of sperm with ovulation, and the descending egg is fertilized. Although this process has been well studied via microscopy, many questions remain regarding the molecular processes that coordinate sperm motility, movement through the reproductive tract, maintenance, and usage. In this review, we describe the current understanding of a mosquito sperm's journey to the egg, highlighting gaps in our knowledge of mosquito reproductive biology. Where insufficient information is available in mosquitoes, we describe analogous processes in other organisms, such asDrosophila melanogaster, as a basis for comparison, and we suggest future areas of research that will illuminate how sperm successfully traverse the female reproductive tract. Such studies may yield molecular targets that could be manipulated to control populations of vector species.Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 897–911, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Molecular Reproduction and Development Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On bounded approximations of periodicity for computational homogenization of Stokes flow in porous media
Authors: Sandström Carl , Larsson Fredrik
Published: May 2016

By separation of scales and the homogenization of a flow through porous media, a two‐scale problem arises where a Darcy‐type flow is present on the macroscale and a Stokes flow on the subscale. In this paper, the problem is given as the minimization of a potential. Additional constraints imposing periodicity in a weak sense are added using Lagrange multipliers. In particular, the upper and lower energy bounds for the corresponding strongly periodic problem are produced, quantifying the accuracy of the weakly periodic boundary conditions. A numerical example demonstrates the evaluation of energy bounds and the performance of weakly periodic boundary conditions on a representative volume element. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Methods for using clinical laboratory test results as baseline confounders in multi‐site observational database studies when missing data are expected
Authors: Raebel Marsha A. , Shetterly Susan , Lu Christine Y. , Flory James , Gagne Joshua J. , Harrell Frank E. , Haynes Kevin , Herrinton Lisa J. , Patorno Elisabetta , Popovic Jennifer , Selvan Mano , Shoaibi Azadeh , Wang Xingmei , Roy Jason
Published: May 2016

Purpose

Our purpose was to quantify missing baseline laboratory results, assess predictors of missingness, and examine performance of missing data methods.

Methods

Using the Mini‐Sentinel Distributed Database from three sites, we selected three exposure–outcome scenarios with laboratory results as baseline confounders. We compared hazard ratios (HRs) or risk differences (RDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from models that omitted laboratory results, included only available results (complete cases), and included results after applying missing data methods (multiple imputation [MI] regression, MI predictive mean matching [PMM] indicator).

Results

Scenario 1 considered glucose among second‐generation antipsychotic users and diabetes. Across sites, glucose was available for 27.7–58.9%. Results differed between complete case and missing data models (e.g., olanzapine: HR 0.92 [CI 0.73, 1.12] vs 1.02 [0.90, 1.16]). Across‐site models employing different MI approaches provided similar HR and CI; site‐specific models provided differing estimates. Scenario 2 evaluated creatinine among individuals starting high versus low dose lisinopril and hyperkalemia. Creatinine availability: 44.5–79.0%. Results differed between complete case and missing data models (e.g., HR 0.84 [CI 0.77, 0.92] vs. 0.88 [0.83, 0.94]). HR and CI were identical across MI methods. Scenario 3 examined international normalized ratio (INR) among warfarin users starting interacting versus noninteracting antimicrobials and bleeding. INR availability: 20.0–92.9%. Results differed between ignoring INR versus including INR using missing data methods (e.g., RD 0.05 [CI −0.03, 0.13] vs 0.09 [0.00, 0.18]). Indicator and PMM methods gave similar estimates.

Conclusion

Multi‐site studies must consider site variability in missing data. Different missing data methods performed similarly. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KinasePA: Phosphoproteomics data annotation using hypothesis driven kinase perturbation analysis
Authors: Yang Pengyi , Patrick Ellis , Humphrey Sean J. , Ghazanfar Shila , James David E. , Jothi Raja , Yang Jean Yee Hwa
Published: May 2016

Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based quantitative phosphoproteomics has become a key approach for proteome‐wide profiling of phosphorylation in tissues and cells. Traditional experimental design often compares a single treatment with a control, whereas increasingly more experiments are designed to compare multiple treatments with respect to a control. To this end, the development of bioinformatic tools that can integrate multiple treatments and visualise kinases and substrates under combinatorial perturbations is vital for dissecting concordant and/or independent effects of each treatment. Here, we propose a hypothesis driven kinase perturbation analysis (KinasePA) to annotate and visualise kinases and their substrates that are perturbed by various combinatorial effects of treatments in phosphoproteomics experiments. We demonstrate the utility of KinasePA through its application to two large‐scale phosphoproteomics datasets and show its effectiveness in dissecting kinases and substrates within signalling pathways driven by unique combinations of cellular stimuli and inhibitors. We implemented and incorporated KinasePA as part of the “directPA” R package available from the comprehensive R archive network (CRAN). Furthermore, KinasePA also has an interactive web interface that can be readily applied to annotate user provided phosphoproteomics data (http://kinasepa.pengyiyang.org).
Proton transfer reactions of a bridged bis‐propyl bis‐imidazolium salt
Authors: Massey Richard S. , Quinn Peter , Zhou Shengze , Murphy John A. , O'Donoghue AnnMarie C.
Published: May 2016

Tetraazafulvalene 1 has found broad application in reduction and other related transformations and is conveniently generated from bis‐propyl bis‐imidazolium salt 4 with a strong base in a non‐protic solvent. The proposed mechanism for the formation of 1 involves initial deprotonation at C(2) to give a mono‐carbene 9 followed by intramolecular reaction at the second azolium centre. Herein, we report the second‐order rate constants for deuteroxide‐catalysed exchange in aqueous solution of the C(2)‐hydrogens of bis‐propyl bis‐imidazolium di‐iodide salt 4 and related monomeric dipropyl imidazolium iodide 10 of kDO = 1.37 × 104 and 1.79 × 102 M−1 s−1, respectively, and used these data to calculate pKa values of 21.2 and 23.1. The greater C(2)‐H acidity of the doubly bridged bis‐propyl bis‐imidazolium salt 4 relative to 10 may be attributed to the inductive or electrostatic destabilization of the conjugate acid dicationic azolium ion 4 relative to the monocationic carbene 9, which is enhanced by bis‐tethering. Formation of tetraazafulvalene 1 was not observed under the aqueous conditions employed highlighting that carbene reprotonation significantly outcompetes dimerization under these conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infancy and pediatric cancer: an exploratory study of parent psychological distress
Authors: Vernon L. , Eyles D. , Hulbert C. , Bretherton L. , McCarthy M. C.
Published: May 2016

Background

Research on the psychological experiences of parents of infants within pediatric oncology is sparse. This study examined rates and indicative risk factors for psychological distress in parents where there is either an infant patient or infant sibling of a patient.

Methods

Participants were mothers (n = 41) and fathers (n = 25) of infants under 2 years who either had a cancer diagnosis (n = 37; infant patients) or was an infant sibling of an older child with cancer (n = 29; infant siblings) recruited from a single oncology center. There were 21 couple dyads. Parents completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales short form and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist.

Results

Mothers (47.5%) and fathers (37.5%) reported elevated, cancer‐related posttraumatic stress symptoms. Rates of depression (12.2% of mothers and 12.0% of fathers) and anxiety symptoms (17.1% of mothers and 8.0% of fathers) were lower. Compared with parents of infant patients, parents of infant siblings reported significantly higher rates of depressive symptoms and trends toward higher rates of posttraumatic stress symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Parent anxiety was higher with increased time post diagnosis. No demographic or illness‐related variables were associated with psychological distress, with the exception of the number of children in the family.

Conclusions

Parent–child relationships are of fundamental importance during infancy. This study provides novel data highlighting the psychological impact for parents when a cancer diagnosis is made during this critical developmental period, including the contribution of family structure to parental distress. Results provide further support for applying a traumatic stress framework when exploring parent experiences of pediatric cancer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: O'Toole Mia S. , Zachariae Robert , Renna Megan E. , Mennin Douglas S. , Applebaum Allison
Published: May 2016

Objective

Informal caregivers (ICs) of patients with cancer and cancer survivors report a number of psychological and physical complaints because of the burden associated with providing care. Given the documented effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on ICs' common psychological complaints, such as anxiety and depression, the objective was to conduct a meta‐analysis on the effect of CBTs for adult ICs.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in order to identify all intervention studies on adult ICs that employed at least one therapeutic component defined as a CBT component.

Results

Literature searches revealed 36 unique records with sufficient data. These studies were subjected to meta‐analyses using random effects models. A small, statistically significant effect of CBTs (Hedge's g = 0.08, p = 0.014) was revealed, which disappeared when randomized controlled trials were evaluated alone (g = 0.04, p = 0.200). A number of variables were explored as moderators. Only the percentage of female participants was positively associated with the effect size.

Conclusions

Based on the negligible effect of CBTs across outcomes, future studies should consider moving beyond traditional CBT methods as these do not appear efficacious. It is suggested that future interventions orient towards advances in the basic affective sciences and derived therapies in order to better understand and treat the emotional struggles experienced by ICs. © 2016 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A systematic review of sleep in hospitalized pediatric cancer patients
Authors: Lee Soeun , Narendran Gaya , Tomfohr‐Madsen Lianne , Schulte Fiona
Published: May 2016

Objective

The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the occurrence of sleep disruptions in pediatric cancer patients and to identify and discuss the factors related to the hospital sleep environment that may be associated with disturbed sleep.

Methods

A total of 108 articles were located in five databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Medline, CancerLit, and Google Scholar), and seven met our inclusion criteria and formed the basis of this review.

Results

Participants ranged from 1 to 18 years (n = 147). Data from objective and subjective assessments of sleep showed that child sleep was disrupted in the hospital when compared to previously established age‐related norms. Noise, light levels, and staff room interruptions were associated with decreased total sleep minutes and increased nighttime awakenings. Methodological limitations of the current research as well as potential directions for future research are discussed.

Conclusions

Investigations into the sources of increased sleep difficulties can be used to inform hospital procedures to create a more supportive sleep environment and more effective screening tools for patients who may be at greater risk for sleep difficulties. This may help to minimize the role that hospitalization plays in precipitating and perpetuating chronic sleep disturbances in pediatric cancer patients.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical calculation and prediction for experimental design to obtain spin crossover complexes
Authors: Shahbazi‐Raz Farsheed , Adineh Maryam , Safari Nasser , Zahedi Mansour
Published: May 2016

DFT methods were utilized to study SCO complexes. [Fe(2btz)2(NCX)2] (2btz = 2,2′‐bithiazoline, X = S (1) and Se (2)), [Fe(phen)2(NCX)2] (phen = 1,10‐phenantroline, X = S (3) and Se (4)), and [Fe(bpy)2(NCS)2] (5) (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) compounds, which have experimentally shown SCO behavior, were calculated. B3LYP, B3LYP*, OPBE, and OLYP with 6‐31G* and 6‐311 + G** basis sets were employed to calculate the ΔEHS/LS energy gap as a clue to find complexes with SCO behavior. It is found that calculated result by B3LYP* with c3 = 0.14 and OPBE methods and 6‐31G* basis set are in agreement with experimentally observed SCO complexes. Then, newly designed Fe(N‐N)2(X)2 complexes, where N‐N are bidentate nitrogen donor chelating ligands and X= SCN‐, SeCN‐, Cl‐, Br‐, I‐,
were chosen to see their potential to be SCO compounds. ΔEHS/LS for potential SCO complexes are estimated from 0.8 to 6.5 kcal/mol in B3LYP* and 0.6–5.7 kcal/mol in OPBE. These calculations suggest [Fe(bpy)2(NCSe)2], [Fe(5dmbpy)2(NCS)2], and [Fe(3‐BrPhen)2(NCSe)2] compounds have the ability to show SCO behavior. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.