bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Projected Climate Impacts for the Amphibians of the Western Hemisphere
Authors: LAWLER JOSHUA J. , SHAFER SARAH L. , BANCROFT BETSY A. , BLAUSTEIN ANDREW R.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Given their physiological requirements, limited dispersal abilities, and hydrologically sensitive habitats, amphibians are likely to be highly sensitive to future climatic changes. We used three approaches to map areas in the western hemisphere where amphibians are particularly likely to be affected by climate change. First, we used bioclimatic models to project potential climate‐driven shifts in the distribution of 413 amphibian species based on 20 climate simulations for 2071–2100. We summarized these projections to produce estimates of species turnover. Second, we mapped the distribution of 1099 species with restricted geographic ranges. Finally, using the 20 future climate‐change simulations, we mapped areas that were consistently projected to receive less seasonal precipitation in the coming century and thus were likely to have altered microclimates and local hydrologies. Species turnover was projected to be highest in the Andes Mountains and parts of Central America and Mexico, where, on average, turnover rates exceeded 60% under the lower of two emissions scenarios. Many of the restricted‐range species not included in our range‐shift analyses were concentrated in parts of the Andes and Central America and in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Much of Central America, southwestern North America, and parts of South America were consistently projected to experience decreased precipitation by the end of the century. Combining the results of the three analyses highlighted several areas in which amphibians are likely to be significantly affected by climate change for multiple reasons. Portions of southern Central America were simultaneously projected to experience high species turnover, have many additional restricted‐range species, and were consistently projected to receive less precipitation. Together, our three analyses form one potential assessment of the geographic vulnerability of amphibians to climate change and as such provide broad‐scale guidance for directing conservation efforts.
A Global Conservation System for Climate‐Change Adaptation
Authors: HANNAH LEE
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Climate change has created the need for a new strategic framework for conservation. This framework needs to include new protected areas that account for species range shifts and management that addresses large‐scale change across international borders. Actions within the framework must be effective in international waters and across political frontiers and have the ability to accommodate large income and ability‐to‐pay discrepancies between countries. A global protected‐area system responds to these needs. A fully implemented global system of protected areas will help in the transition to a new conservation paradigm robust to climate change and will ensure the integrity of the climate services provided by carbon sequestration from the world's natural habitats. The internationally coordinated response to climate change afforded by such a system could have significant cost savings relative to a system of climate adaptation that unfolds solely at a country level. Implementation of a global system is needed very soon because the effects of climate change on species and ecosystems are already well underway.
Vegetation Response to Early Holocene Warming as an Analog for Current and Future Changes
Authors: COLE KENNETH L.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Temperatures in southwestern North America are projected to increase 3.5–4 °C over the next 60–90 years. This will precipitate ecological shifts as the ranges of species change in response to new climates. During this shift, rapid‐colonizing species should increase, whereas slow‐colonizing species will at first decrease, but eventually become reestablished in their new range. This successional process has been estimated to require from 100 to over 300 years in small areas, under a stable climate, with a nearby seed source. How much longer will it require on a continental scale, under a changing climate, without a nearby seed source? I considered this question through an examination of the response of fossil plant assemblages from the Grand Canyon, Arizona, to the most recent rapid warming of similar magnitude that occurred at the start of the Holocene, 11,700 years ago. At that time, temperatures in southwestern North America increased about 4 °C over less than a century. Grand Canyon plant species responded at different rates to this warming climate. Early‐successional species rapidly increased, whereas late‐successional species decreased. This shift persisted throughout the next 2700 years. I found two earlier, less‐extreme species shifts following rapid warming events around 14,700 and 16,800 years ago. Late‐successional species predominated only after 4000 years or more of relatively stable temperature. These results suggest the potential magnitude, duration, and nature of future ecological changes and have implications for conservation plans, especially those incorporating equilibrium assumptions or reconstituting past conditions. When these concepts are extended to include the most rapid early‐successional colonizers, they imply that the recent increases in invasive exotics may be only the most noticeable part of a new resurgence of early‐successional vegetation. Additionally, my results challenge the reliability of models of future vegetation and carbon balance that project conditions on the basis of assumptions of equilibrium within only a century.
Understanding Recent Climate Change
Authors: SERREZE MARK C.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  The Earth's atmosphere has a natural greenhouse effect, without which the global mean surface temperature would be about 33 °C lower and life would not be possible. Human activities have increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases in trace amounts. This has enhanced the greenhouse effect, resulting in surface warming. Were it not for the partly offsetting effects of increased aerosol concentrations, the increase in global mean surface temperature over the past 100 years would be larger than observed. Continued surface warming through the 21st century is inevitable and will likely have widespread ecological impacts. The magnitude and rate of warming for the global average will be largely dictated by the strength and direction of climate feedbacks, thermal inertia of the oceans, the rate of greenhouse gas emissions, and aerosol concentrations. Because of regional expressions of climate feedbacks, changes in atmospheric circulation, and a suite of other factors, the magnitude and rate of warming and changes in other key climate elements, such as precipitation, will not be uniform across the planet. For example, due to loss of its floating sea‐ice cover, the Arctic will warm the most.
Matching the Multiple Scales of Conservation with the Multiple Scales of Climate Change
Authors: WIENS JOHN A. , BACHELET DOMINIQUE
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  To anticipate the rapidly changing world resulting from global climate change, the projections of climate models must be incorporated into conservation. This requires that the scales of conservation be aligned with the scales of climate‐change projections. We considered how conservation has incorporated spatial scale into protecting biodiversity, how the projections of climate‐change models vary with scale, and how the two do or do not align. Conservation planners use information about past and current ecological conditions at multiple scales to identify conservation targets and threats and guide conservation actions. Projections of climate change are also made at multiple scales, from global and regional circulation models to projections downscaled to local scales. These downscaled projections carry with them the uncertainties associated with the broad‐scale models from which they are derived; thus, their high resolution may be more apparent than real. Conservation at regional or global scales is about establishing priorities and influencing policy. At these scales, the coarseness and uncertainties of global and regional climate models may be less important than what they reveal about possible futures. At the ecoregional scale, the uncertainties associated with downscaling climate models become more critical because the distributions of conservation targets on which plans are founded may shift under future climates. At a local scale, variations in topography and land cover influence local climate, often overriding the projections of broad‐scale climate models and increasing uncertainty. Despite the uncertainties, ecologists and conservationists must work with climate‐change modelers to focus on the most likely projections. The future will be different from the past and full of surprises; judicious use of model projections at appropriate scales may help us prepare.
New antigen in the Dombrock blood group system, DOYA, ablates expression of Doa and weakens expression of Hy, Joa, and Gya antigens
Authors: Mayer Beate , Thornton Nicole , Yürek Salih , Wylie Dwane , Hue‐Roye Kim , Poole Joyce , Bartolmäs Thilo , Salama Abdulgabar , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Velliquette Randall W. , Yazdanbakhsh Karina , Reid Marion E.
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND: The Dombrock (Do) blood group system consists of five distinct antigens: Doa, Dob, Gya, Hy, and Joa. Our finding of a patient whose plasma contained a Do‐related alloantibody suggested the presence of a sixth antigen.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Standard hemagglutination, flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based methods were used throughout. Protein homology modeling was used to map the amino acid change on the protein structure.

RESULTS: The patient's red blood cells (RBCs) typed as Do(a−b−), Hy+w, Jo(a+w), and Gy(a+w). The patient's plasma agglutinated RBCs with common Dombrock phenotypes. Reactivity with Hy– and Jo(a−) RBC samples was weak, and Gy(a−) RBC samples were nonreactive. DNA analysis showed the patient to be DO*793A (DO*A/DO*A), DO*323G, and DO*350C, which predicts the Do(a+b−), Hy+, and Jo(a+) phenotype, and revealed a homozygous single‐nucleotide change of 547T>G in Exon 2 that is predicted to change tyrosine at Amino Acid Position 183 to aspartic acid. This missense substitution introduced a BtgZI restriction enzyme site. The sequence data were confirmed with a PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and revealed that the patient's parents and children were heterozygous DO*547T/G. Homology modeling predicted that the 183Tyr substitution by Asp altered the Cys182 environment and influenced the formation and/or stability of the Cys182‐Cys231 disulfide bond.

CONCLUSION: The patient's DO genes have a single‐nucleotide change, which leads to the absence of the high‐prevalence antigen DOYA. The absence of this antigen is associated with 183Asp and silencing of Doa and weakening of Gya, Hy, and Joa antigens.
The African American church as a donation site: motivations and barriers
Authors: Shaz B.H. , James A.B. , Demmons D.G. , Schreiber G.B. , Hillyer C.D.
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND: In the United States, African Americans donate at approximately half the rate of whites and therefore are underrepresented in the volunteer blood donor pool. The goal of this study was to identify motivators and barriers to African Americans donating blood.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A consortium of 15 predominantly African American churches of varying denominations in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, participated in an 81‐item self‐administered survey. The questionnaire was designed to assess participant's demographic background, blood donation frequency, motivators and barriers to donation, knowledge and beliefs regarding donation, and overall health status.

RESULTS: A total of 930 participants completed the survey: 72% female, 55% age 40 or older, 99% African American, and 58% college‐educated. The most frequent reported motivators were donating to help save a life (96%) and donating because blood is needed (95%), while the most frequent barriers were that they rarely think about it and they were afraid, nervous, or anxious to give blood (35%). The association of barriers with donation status, age, gender, and education level was stronger than for motivators. Fear was more common in nondonors than lapsed and current donors, youngest compared to older adults, and women than men and less in those with higher income.

CONCLUSION: Motivators and barriers to blood donation in African American church attendees differ depending on the respondents' demographics. To increase the effectiveness of church drives, donor recruitment should focus on addressing these barriers and motivators.
Venice Chart International Consensus Document on Ventricular Tachycardia/Ventricular Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: NATALE ANDREA , RAVIELE ANTONIO , AL‐AHMAD AMIN , ALFIERI OTTAVIO , ALIOT ETIENNE , ALMENDRAL JESUS , BREITHARDT GÜNTER , BRUGADA JOSEP , CALKINS HUGH , CALLANS DAVID , CAPPATO RICCARDO , CAMM JOHN A. , BELLA PAOLO DELLA , GUIRAUDON GERARD M. , HAÏSSAGUERRE MICHEL , HINDRICKS GERHARD , HO SIEW YEN , KUCK KARL H. , MARCHLINSKI FRANCIS , PACKER DOUGLAS L. , PRYSTOWSKY ERIC N. , REDDY VIVEK Y. , RUSKIN JEREMY N. , SCANAVACCA MAURICIO , SHIVKUMAR KALYANAM , SOEJIMA KYOKO , STEVENSON WILLIAM J. , THEMISTOCLAKIS SAKIS , VERMA ATUL , WILBER DAVID ,   for the Venice Chart members
Published: January 2010

(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 339–379, March 2010)
The Effect of Generalized Compliments, Sex of Server, and Size of Dining Party on Tipping Behavior in Restaurants1
Authors: Seiter John S. , Weger, Jr. Harry
Published: January 2010

This study examined the effects of food servers' sex, the use of generalized compliments, and the size of the dining party on tipping behavior in restaurants. Four food servers (2 males, 2 females) waited on 360 parties eating dinner, and either complimented or did not compliment the parties on their dinner selections. Results indicated that food servers received significantly higher tips when complimenting their parties than when not complimenting them, although as the size of the party increased, the effectiveness of compliments decreased. These results and their implications are discussed.
Two of a Kind? Leader–Member Exchange and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Leader–Member Similarity
Authors: Waismel‐Manor Ronit , Tziner Aharon , Berger Efrat , Dikstein Eli
Published: January 2010

This study investigates the role of similarity in ethnic origin between supervisor and employee as a potential moderator between subordinates' leader–member exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The results support the interaction effect of supervisor–subordinate ethnic differences with LMX and OCB. As hypothesized, OCB was positively related to LMX for both ethnically similar and dissimilar dyads, but the relationship was strongest for similar dyads.
A Multi‐Method, Multi‐Hazard Approach to Explore the Uniqueness of Terrorism Risk Perceptions and Worry1
Authors: Lee Jennifer E.C. , Lemyre Louise , Krewski Daniel
Published: January 2010

Developing ways to manage terrorism effectively requires a better understanding of how the public perceives this threat. In the present study, Canadians' perceptions of terrorism risk and 4 other hazards were assessed using a word‐association technique and rating scales reflecting key cognitive dimensions of risk (threat, uncertainty, control) and worry reactions. Data were collected in a national telephone survey. Canadians perceived terrorism as posing a lower threat, as more uncertain, and as less controllable, compared to the other hazards. Positive associations of perceived threat and of perceived uncertainty with worry about terrorism were observed. However, perceived control was unexpectedly positively associated with worry about terrorism. The findings also suggest that additional social contextual factors should be examined in future research.
Involvement of HAb18G/CD147 in T cell activation and immunological synapse formation
Authors: Hu Jinsong , Dang Nana , Yao Hui , Li Yu , Zhang Hongxin , Yang Xiangmin , Xu Jing , Bian Huijie , Xing Jinliang , Zhu Ping , Chen Zhinan
Published: January 2010

HAb18G/CD147, a glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin super‐family (IgSF), is a T cell activation‐associated molecule. In this report, we demonstrated that HAb18G/CD147 expression on both activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was up‐regulated. In vitro cross‐linking of T cells with an anti‐HAb18G/CD147 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 5A12 inhibited T cells proliferation upon T cell receptor stimulation. Such co‐stimulation inhibited T cell proliferation by down‐regulating the expression of CD25 and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), decreased production of IL‐4 but not interferon‐γ. Laser confocal imaging analysis indicated that HAb18G/CD147 was recruited to the immunological synapse (IS) during T cell activation; triggering HAb18G/CD147 on activated T cells by anti‐HAb18G/CD147 mAb 5A12 strongly dispersed the formation of the IS. Further functional studies showed that the ligation of HAb18G/CD147 with mAb 5A12 decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation and intracellular calcium mobilization levels of T cells. Through docking antibody–antigen interactions, we demonstrated that the function of mAb 5A12 is tightly dependent on its specificity of binding to N‐terminal domain I, which plays pivotal role in the oligomerization of HAb18G/CD147. Taken together, we provide evidence that HAb18G/CD147 could act as a co‐stimulatory receptor to negatively regulate T cell activation and is functionally linked to the formation of the IS.
Drawbacks with the use of microsatellites in phylogeography: the song sparrow Melospiza melodia as a case study
Authors: Zink Robert M.
Published: January 2010

Microsatellites are commonly used molecular markers in phylogeography, and many view them as superior to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene trees. Being based on frequencies of alleles, and not gene trees, microsatellites exhibit the same analytical drawbacks that resulted in the abandonment of allozymes in genetic studies of population history. I illustrate some these familiar drawbacks by reanalyzing microsatellite data on the song sparrow. Subspecies were previously evaluated with hierarchical analyses of molecular variance, suggesting that subspecies explain 8% of the total variance in microsatellite frequencies. However, this useful heuristic technique only evaluates a priori groupings, and the objective of the study ought to be to discover such groupings, not assume them. In fact, other arbitrary groupings of samples explained the same or greater amounts of variance, and I suggest that for testing subspecies limits, a gene tree is preferable. Grouping population samples by subspecies in the San Francisco Bay area accounts for 1.2% of the microsatellite variation, and despite claims that this informs conservation planning, the data do not support any particular population or subspecies as being genetically or evolutionarily significant. A distance phenogram was used to infer a sequential colonization of the Aleutian Islands, but because individuals were pooled into a priori groups and the phenogram was arbitrarily rooted, this conclusion is tenuous. A plot of heterozygosity vs number of alleles per sample showed that an equally parsimonious interpretation is that current genetic diversity tracks effective population size. Microsatellites should be replaced in nuclear‐gene phylogeography by analyses of sequences, which will benefit the study of phylogeography, comparison of nuclear and mtDNA results, and aid in interpreting the results in a conservation context.
Alternative splicing: good and bad effects of translationally silent substitutions
Authors: Raponi M. , Baralle D.
Published: January 2010

Nucleotide variations that do not alter the protein‐coding sequence have been routinely considered as neutral. In light of the developments we have seen over the last decade or so in the RNA processing and translational field, it would be proper when assessing these variants to ask if this change is neutral, good or bad. This question has been recently partly addressed by genome‐wide in silico analysis but significantly fewer cases by laboratory experimental examples. Of particular relevance is the effect these mutations have on the pre‐mRNA splicing pattern. In fact, alterations in this process may occur as a consequence of translationally silent mutations leading to the expression of novel splicing isoforms and/or loss of an existing one. This phenomenon can either generate new substrates for evolution or cause genetic disease when aberrant isoforms altering the essential protein function are produced. In this review we briefly describe the current understanding in the field and discuss emerging directions in the study of the splicing mechanism by integrating disease‐causing splicing mutations and evolutionary changes.
The Relative Health Benefits of Different Sexual Activities
Authors: Brody Stuart
Published: January 2010

Introduction

Although many studies examine purported risks associated with sexual activities, few examine potential physical and mental health benefits, and even fewer incorporate the scientifically essential differentiation of specific sexual behaviors.

Aims

This review provides an overview of studies examining potential health benefits of various sexual activities, with a focus on the effects of different sexual activities.

Methods

Review of peer-reviewed literature.

Main Outcome Measures

Findings on the associations between distinct sexual activities and various indices of psychological and physical function.

Results

A wide range of better psychological and physiological health indices are associated specifically with penile–vaginal intercourse. Other sexual activities have weaker, no, or (in the cases of masturbation and anal intercourse) inverse associations with health indices. Condom use appears to impair some benefits of penile–vaginal intercourse. Only a few of the research designs allow for causal inferences.

Conclusions

The health benefits associated with specifically penile–vaginal intercourse should inform a new evidence-based approach to sexual medicine, sex education, and a broad range of medical and psychological consultations.
FAMILY BRIDGES: USING INSIGHTS FROM SOCIAL SCIENCE TO RECONNECT PARENTS AND ALIENATED CHILDREN*
Authors: Warshak Richard A.
Published: January 2010

This article describes an innovative educational and experiential program, Family Bridges: A Workshop for Troubled and Alienated Parent‐Child RelationshipsTM, that draws on social science research to help severely and unreasonably alienated children and adolescents adjust to court orders that place them with a parent they claim to hate or fear. The article examines the benefits and drawbacks of available options for helping alienated children and controversies and ethical issues regarding coercion of children by parents and courts. The program's goals, principles, structure, procedures, syllabus, limitations, and preliminary outcomes are presented. At the workshop's conclusion, 22 of 23 children, all of whom had failed experiences with counseling prior to enrollment, restored a positive relationship with the rejected parent. At follow‐up, 18 of the 22 children maintained their gains; those who relapsed had premature contact with the alienating parent.
COMMENTARY ON “FAMILY BRIDGES: USING INSIGHTS FROM SOCIAL SCIENCE TO RECONNECT PARENTS AND ALIENATED CHILDREN” (WARSHAK, 2010)
Authors: Kelly Joan B.
Published: January 2010

This commentary reviews the goals, structure, and content of the intensive educational intervention described by Warshak (2010); raises concerns; considers the meaning of “success” in child alienation cases; and makes suggestions for future research. Titled Family Bridges: A Workshop for Troubled and Alienated Parent‐Child Relationships, the program is a rigorous and disciplined approach designed to help participants repair severely derailed parent–child relationships. Family Bridges uses evidence‐based instruction principles to maximize learning and create a safe atmosphere enabling the alienated child(ren) and rejected parent to be, and work, together. The multimedia materials selected for the 4‐day program draw from social science research and focus on multiple and universal processes by which distortions of perception, memory, and thinking occur; negative stereotype formation; the impact of high conflict on children and parent–child relationships; effective communication and dispute resolution; and parenting skills training. Based on a small and diverse sample of families, Family Bridges demonstrates considerable promise as one type of intervention designed for these severely troubled relationships. Concerns include the cost of the intensive intervention, the absence of a parallel program for the favored parent, and whether the program can be replicated effectively. The family psychology and law fields would benefit significantly from research that evaluates Family Bridges and other educational and therapeutic interventions designed to help alienated children repair and strengthen balanced relationships with both parents.
OUTCOMES OF FAMILY COUNSELING INTERVENTIONS WITH CHILDREN WHO RESIST VISITATION: AN ADDENDUM TO FRIEDLANDER AND WALTERS (2010)
Authors: Johnston Janet R. , Goldman Judith Roth
Published: January 2010

Preliminary findings on the outcomes of family‐focused counseling interventions for alienated and estranged children are presented based upon data from a longitudinal study of children in chronic custody disputes who were interviewed as young adults and from the clinical records of long‐term therapy with these children who were resisting visitation.
A CALL TO CONGRESS TO GIVE BACK THE FUTURE: END THE “WAR ON DRUGS” AND ENCOURAGE STATES TO RECONSTRUCT THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
Authors: Gaudio Christina M.
Published: January 2010

While the “War on Drugs” has been criticized in many respects, there has been little attention given to the detrimental impact it has had on children. Fortunately, both state and federal governments are recognizing the problem and have begun taking steps to combat the negative effects the “War on Drugs” has had on children. More work however, still needs to be done. This Note advocates for Congress to amend the Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention Act to induce states to offer rehabilitation to nonviolent youth drug offenders, rather than incarceration, which will reduce incarceration and its detrimental effect on children, promote public safety and save money. As a funding stipulation, the amendment will require states to develop and implement deinstitutionalization programs for nonviolent juvenile drug offenders.
Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor gene diversity in a Caucasian population of Southern Brazil
Authors: Jobim M. , Salim P. H. , Portela P. , Wilson T. J. , Fraportti J. , Baronio D. , Gil B. , Penna L. S. , Roesler R. , Jobim L. F. , Schwartsmann G.
Published: January 2010

Killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) regulate the activity of natural killer and T cells through an interaction with specific human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on target cells. Diversity in KIR gene content, KIR allelic and haplotype polymorphism has been observed between different ethnic groups. However, most population studies on KIR variability have focused on Europe and Asia, while Americas, Oceania and Africa remain poorly studied. The aim of this study was to analyse the variability of KIR genes in 200 healthy nonrelated individuals from the Southern Brazilian population. KIR genes and HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐Cw were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific primers. Southern Brazilian population demonstrated several similarities to states that are closer geographically and distinct differences with Northern Brazil in the frequency of genes KIR2DS1, 2DS2, 2DS3, 2DS5, 3DL1, 3DS1, 2DL1 and 2DL2. The activating gene KIR2DS5 was the least frequent locus found in our group. Interaction of KIR/HLA was more common in the 2DS1−/2DL1+/C2+ association. This study demonstrated the diversity of KIR genes and of KIR/HLA association in a Caucasian group of Southern Brazil, establishing differences and similarities to other different populations.
Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their role in cholera
Authors: Vezzulli Luigi , Pruzzo Carla , Huq Anwar , Colwell Rita R.
Published: January 2010

In the aquatic environment, Vibrio cholerae has been reported to be associated with a variety of living organisms, including animals with an exoskeleton of chitin, aquatic plants, protozoa, bivalves, waterbirds, as well as abiotic substrates (e.g. sediments). Most of these are well‐known or putative environmental reservoirs for the bacterium, defined as places where the pathogen lives over time, with the potential to be released and to cause human infection. Environmental reservoirs also serve as V. cholerae disseminators and vectors. They can be responsible for the start of an epidemic, may be critical to cholera endemicity, and affect the evolution of pathogen virulence. To date, in addition to the generally recognized role of zooplankton as the largest environmental reservoir for V. cholerae, other environmental reservoirs play some role in cholera epidemiology by favouring persistence of the pathogen during inter‐epidemic periods. Little is known about the ecological factors affecting V. cholerae survival in association with aquatic substrates. Studies aimed at these aspects, i.e. understanding how environmental reservoirs interact, are affected by climate, and contribute to disease epidemiology, will be useful for understanding global implications of V. cholerae and the disease cholera.
Fibrosarcoma arising at the site of a retained surgical sponge in a cat
Authors: Haddad Jamie L. , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Patel Reema T.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:An 8‐year‐old female spayed domestic shorthair cat had an abdominal mass palpated as an incidental finding on physical examination. Cytologic findings in ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirates of the mass were most compatible with a sarcoma, with abundant mineralized material and mixed inflammation. The mass was removed surgically and on gross examination was white‐tan, firm, associated with the mesentery, and when transected contained a gauze sponge in its center. On histopathologic examination, an area of central necrosis with mineralization and numerous refractile fibers consistent with sponge material was surrounded by dense fibrous connective tissue (gossypiboma). Within the connective tissue was a population of highly pleomorphic spindle cells consistent with a fibrosarcoma. Immunohistochemically, most neoplastic cells stained strongly positive for vimentin and a low number of cells were positive for smooth muscle actin. The results were consistent with a fibrosarcoma arising at the site of a retained surgical sponge. At a follow‐up visit 2 months postoperatively, ultrasonographic and cytologic evidence of metastasis was found in the spleen and mesentery. To our knowledge, this is the first report of malignant transformation at the site of a retained surgical sponge in a cat and the first report of a fibrosarcoma arising within a gossypiboma in a domestic animal.
An Advocate for Everything: Exploring Exhibit Development Models
Authors: Kamien Janet A.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  This article presents six models, from within and outside the museum profession, useful to consider when creating exhibition teams. The focus is on five roles—client, content specialist, designer, content interpreter, and project manager—and the authority and responsibility assigned to these roles in the different models. The author examines the pros and cons of the models and provides examples from museums in which they were instituted. The developer model was created at The Field Museum of Natural History to replace the team approach model. Both of these models replaced the curatorial model. The broker model was developed at The Children's Museum in Boston. From outside the museum field, the author presents the architectural model and the theatrical model. Each of the models, in differing ways, defines a process, a point of view about the expected outcomes, and assigns specific authorities and responsibilities to staff members in each of the five roles. The author argues that it is not so important which of the models is chosen for any given exhibition project, but emphasizes that the importance lies in being certain that a model be chosen and rigorously implemented. The appendix also includes a sample exhibit process document from one museum.
Behavior vs. Time: Understanding How Visitors Utilize the Milan Natural History Museum
Authors: Chiozzi Giorgio , Andreotti Lidia
Published: January 2010

Abstract  To evaluate visitors' use of the exhibitions and the communication strategy of the Milan Natural History Museum, we compared results gathered with two methods, based respectively on the timing of visitors and on the unobtrusive observation of exhibit‐use behaviors. We collected data from a sample of 100 groups of visitors (not guided), randomly selected at the museum entrance. We recorded the following data for each group: halls visited, length of stay in each hall, any kind of behavior showing visitor/exhibition interaction and the displays where interactions occurred. The study shows that visiting time does not give enough information about the actual use of exhibits by the audience. The investigation of visitor/exhibition interactions revealed itself to be the most usual method to describe the visitors' use of the exhibitions. The most important factor influencing visits to the Milan Natural History Museum is the communication technique used in the exhibition areas.
Nodes and Connections: Science Museums in the Network Age1
Authors: Semper Rob
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Museums have embraced the World Wide Web in many ways. For some it is a convenient way to market their offerings, for others it has become a fundamental cornerstone of their practice. Questions still remain about the role of the Web in the museum world and the interplay between the physical and virtual worlds. Developing a strong research agenda and fostering a shared community of practice are two necessary components if museums are to maximize the potential that the Web has to offer them.
Museums and Virtuality
Authors: Müller Klaus
Published: January 2010

Abstract  This paper investigates issues of museums and virtuality. In considering the diverse ways that museums are approaching virtuality, the focus here is on the common ground and shared objectives, rather than the differences between museums and their virtual re‐creations. Put simply, on‐site museums and their online counterparts are merely two ways of exhibiting cultures. In this sense, “virtuality” is a fundamental exhibition practice. The World Wide Web has become increasingly relevant to such core museum tasks as collecting, preserving, and exhibiting. Digitization of objects in digital heritage programs has led to new forms of collection management and unparalleled access to virtual replicas of museum artifacts. This transformation is inspiring new forms of preserving and displaying cultures both on‐ and off‐line. A successful digital expansion will largely influence whether museums can sustain their cultural authority and position in the 21st century.
Evaluation for Effective Web Communication: An Australian Example
Authors: Gillard Patricia , Cranny‐Francis Anne
Published: January 2010

Abstract  The communications platform of the Internet and the World Wide Web has provided a new medium for disseminating the work of museums and cultural institutions. In this article, we argue that while we remain influenced by the technology and systems‐thinking which built the platform, we have not re‐thought its creative possibilities for education, communication and expression of cultural values.
Creating Extraordinary Learning Environments
Authors: Walter Charlie H.
Published: January 2010

There is more to developing effective exhibitions than following a particular process model. The Fort Worth Museum of Science and History utilizes a strategy that includes a clearly articulated framework of core purpose and values, development teams that think systemically and focus on maintaining positive relationships, along with the help of outside experts, professional literature, and visitor feedback to continually infuse the team's thinking. This strategy has led to exhibits that more clearly reflect the institution, and at the same time are deemed extraordinary learning environments by two important stakeholders: the advisors whose content and technical expertise supported the project, and by visitors.
A Conversation on Object‐Centered Learning in Art Museums
Authors: Rice Danielle , Yenawine Philip
Published: January 2010

Danielle Rice and Philip Yenawine are veteran art museum educators who have wrestled for decades with the thorny issues involved in teaching about and learning from art objects in the museum setting. While there is general agreement within art museums today that the object should be the focus of educational practice, debate continues as to the most effective processes for facilitating learning. Gallery teaching is one of the most contested arenas, with much of the disagreement centering on the place of information in teaching beginning viewers. In art museums, the issue of what and how to teach is complicated by the fact that many people, including artists, museum professionals, psychologists and educators consider art primarily as something to be enjoyed, and they posit this enjoyment in direct opposition to learning about art. Partly because of this, the function of art museum education and gallery‐based instruction is still evolving.
Mission, Message, and Visitors: How Exhibit Philosophy Has Evolved at the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Authors: Ramberg Jenny Sayre , Rand Judy , Tomulonis Jaci
Published: January 2010

Since the Monterey Bay Aquarium opened in 1984, its exhibit teams have been guided by an exhibit philosophy that is mission‐driven, message‐driven, and visitor‐driven. Balancing mission, message, and visitors over the years has meant that the exhibit philosophy has evolved as the aquarium learned about their visitors, changed their mission, and kept the focus on the Monterey Bay. Like many aquaria and zoos, MBA's mission has shifted from raising awareness about nature to advocating and inspiring conservation of nature. This article reviews the history of these changes from a developer's point of view and reports on how the aquarium is continuing to examine how mission, message, and visitors interrelate. The current challenge of inspiring visitors to care about the ocean and to take action on its behalf is proving to be the most difficult challenge yet.
Reinventing a State Funding Program for Museums
Authors: Baron Robert
Published: January 2010

While state funding represents a primary source of support for museums, its characteristics and significance have eluded recognition and analysis. Programs and funding mechanisms vary considerably among states, ranging from support for specific projects in museums by agencies that fund multiple types of cultural institutions to state agencies exclusively devoted to museums. The Museum Program of the New York State Council on the Arts, which supports all disciplines of museums, faced critical challenges to its leadership role as funding was restored following a period of severe retrenchment. It engaged in open dialogue with the museum community as it developed new initiatives and services to the field. The Program worked with service organizations to create new approaches for professional learning about museum practices, made revisioning permanent collections an overarching guidelines theme and challenged exhibition applicants to explore neglected topics. It also emphasized multiple interpretive perspectives, mutual engagement with communities and sequential educational activities that provide in‐depth learning experiences.
Users or Supporters? Understanding Motivations and Behaviors of Museum Members
Authors: Slater Alix
Published: January 2010

Research into museum membership schemes and their members is limited and fragmented. This study presents an overview of existing research as a contextual framework for a study of the motivations and behavior of members of a British national museum. The paper examines factors such as members' motives for joining, their usage of benefits, the value they place on membership, and their feelings about the host organization. It concludes with advice as to how membership managers can more effectively manage their own membership organization.
A Jewish Museum in an Arab Country
Authors: Hein Hilde
Published: January 2010

Jews have lived in comparative peace with their neighbors in North Africa for millennia. In the last century, however, political forces have altered an ancient live‐and‐let‐live ethos. A Peace Corps volunteer who began work at the Museum of Moroccan Judaism—the only Jewish museum in the Arab world—just before the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York describes the shock waves engulfing her small museum and the Jewish communities whose artifacts it shelters.
Museums and Impact
Authors: Scott Carol
Published: January 2010

Since the 1980s, governments throughout the western industrialized world have required greater emphasis on fiscal and public accountability within the public sector. As a result, museum value has been constructed in response to economic rationalism and government policies without sufficient input from the museum sector itself. This paper asserts that any discussion of the role of museums, the contribution they make to societies and appropriate ways of evaluating their impact requires the perspectives and contributions of all stakeholders. It examines preliminary findings from a study that asked about the impact of museums from the perspective of museum professionals and end‐users. It reports significant areas of agreement between public and professional cohorts regarding the role museums play and the contribution they make both to individuals and to the social and economic development.
Time to Listen
Authors: Jennings Gretchen
Published: January 2010

This article is a reflection on two aspects of the exhibition development process that are important but elusive. One is a habit of listening, and the other is the importance of allowing time for listening—to advisers, visitors, and other members of the exhibition team. The team that developed the touring exhibition Invention at Play used visitor research throughout the process of exhibition development to explore the links between the work of inventors and familiar human activities such as exploration, imagination, and play. The exhibition won an award of excellence at the AAM convention in Portland, Oregon in 2003. It was used as a case study on integrating accessibility into exhibition planning and design at an international conference, ADA Coordinators and Accessibility Managers in the Cultural Arts, sponsored by the Kennedy Center in 2002.
Visitors' Long‐term Memories of World Expositions
Authors: Anderson David
Published: January 2010

This article reports on the outcomes of a study that investigated the nature and character of visitors' long‐term memories associated with their experiences at large‐scale exhibitions. The study investigated themes that characterized visitors' memories of two global exhibitions: World Expo 86, hosted in Vancouver, Canada in 1986; and World Expo 88, hosted in Brisbane, Australia in 1988. There are a few studies in the literature that have considered long‐term memories associated with visits to informal learning environments, but no studies to date that have considered the impact and long‐term memories associated with large‐scale exhibitions such as world expositions. This study probed the long‐term memories of a total of 50 visitors who attended either Expo 86 or Expo 88, through in‐depth face‐to‐face interviews. Analysis of the interview data suggests that the key themes in memories of these events center on the social dimensions of visitors' experiences, visitors' recalled agendas at the time of the experience, and the socio‐cultural identities of visitors at the time of the experience.
Book Review
Authors: Ducan Sally Anne
Published: January 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Whose Muse?: Art Museums And The Public Trust: James Cuno, ed.

Vastly More Than Bricks And Mortar: Reinventing The Fogg Art Museum In The 1920s: Kathryn Brush.
How Families Use Questions at Dioramas: Ideas for Exhibit Design
Authors: Ash Doris
Published: January 2010

This paper explores the role of questioning in scientific meaning‐making as families talk, look and gesture in front of realistic and artful dioramas at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. The focus is on the ways questioning can either enable movement towards scientific understanding or hinder such progress. The socio‐cultural framework of this research emphasizes Vygotsky's interpretation of the zone of proximal development (zpd). Questions are viewed as tools for mediation in the zpd. This paper examines three families' dialogues, excerpted from a larger study of collaborative sense‐making among family groups in a natural history museum. It seeks to understand how collaborative dialogue meshes everyday understandings with canonical science, in this case through the use of questions.
From Living to Virtual: Learning from Museum Objects
Authors: Eberbach Catherine , Crowley Kevin
Published: January 2010

Interactive museum exhibits have increasingly placed replicated and virtual objects alongside exhibited authentic objects. Yet little is known about how these three categories of objects impact learning. This study of family learning in a botanical garden specifically focuses on how 12 parent‐child family units used explanations as they engaged with three plant types: living, model, and virtual. Family conversations were videotaped, transcribed, and coded. Findings suggested that: 1) explanations of biological processes were more frequent than other types; 2) model and virtual plants supported more process explanations than did the living plants; 3) the model plant supported more references to school than did the living and virtual plants; and 4) the living plant supported more references to everyday experiences than did the virtual plant.
The Puzzle of Museum Educational Practice: A Comment on Rounds and Falk
Authors: Spock Daniel
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Museum practice is in the midst of a fascinating practical and theoretical trajectory. The mandate that museums place education at the center of their public service role has had the effect of framing a new set of questions and—inevitably—problems. If museums have primary value to society as educational institutions, what kind of learning actually happens in them? Jay Rounds and John Falk, writing at the leading edge of this inquiry, explore curiosity, motivation and self‐identity as paramount considerations for the special type of learning museums promote. Their analyses present interesting challenges for the museum practitioner, who may observe that people find the pursuit of curiosity pleasurable and value it more highly than knowledge acquisition. The practitioner may conclude that museums have a calling: They stand for the value of curiosity for its own sake, and for that reason will never wear out their welcome.