bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creep strength of a binary Al62Ti38 alloy
Authors: Sturm Daniel , Heilmaier Martin , Saage Holger , Aguilar Julio , Schmitz Georg J. , Drevermann Anne , Palm Martin , Stein Frank , Engberding Nico , Kelm Klemens , Irsen Stephan
Published: May 2010

Al-rich Ti – Al alloys, as compared to Ti-rich -TiAl-based alloys, offer an additional reduction in density of 20 %, better oxidation resistance and sufficient strength at high temperatures. High temperature creep of a binary Al62Ti28 alloy was studied in compression in the temperature range between 1 173 K and 1 323 K in air. It is shown that the alloy exhibits quite reasonable creep resistance at 1 173 K, especially in view of its low density of around 3.8 g cm– 3. Stress exponents calculated as the slope n = log (strain rate)/ log (stress) = 4 were found to be relatively constant for the temperature and stress regime investigated. This indicates that dislocation climb may be the rate controlling creep mechanism. The values of the activation energies for creep for the as-cast and the annealed Al62Ti38 material coincides well with those found in the literature for interdiffusion of Al in -TiAl.
The joint properties of dissimilar aluminum plates joined by friction stir welding
Authors: Sarsilmaz Furkan , Çaydaş Ulaş , Hasçalik Ahmet , Tanriover Levent
Published: May 2010

Friction stir welding (FSW) can be used to join dissimilar Al alloys which have different mechanical properties without causing any weld zone defects under a wide range of welding conditions. In this study, AA2024 and AA5052 aluminum alloys were successfully joined together using FSW. FSW process parameters such as tool rotational speed and traverse speed were varied to explore their effects on the microstructural and mechanical properties of welded couples. Tension and fatigue tests were carried out and hardness measurements were conducted on cross-sections of the weld zones. Fatigue tests were performed using a fatigue test machine and the fatigue strength was analyzed by drawing S–N curves and critically observing fatigue fracture surfaces of the tested samples. The microstructures of the alloys and fracture surfaces were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results indicate that microstructural and mechanical properties are significantly affected by changing welding parameters within the chosen range of conditions.
Platelet Proteome and Tumor Dormancy: Can Platelets Content Serve as Predictive Biomarkers for Exit of Tumors from Dormancy?
Authors: Almog Nava , Klement Giannoula Lakka
Published: May 2010

Although tumor dormancy is highly prevalent, the underling mechanisms are still mostly unknown. It is unclear which lesions will progress and become a disseminated cancer, and which will remain dormant and asymptomatic. Yet, an improved ability to predict progression would open the possibility of timely treatment and improvement in outcomes. We have recently described the ability of platelets to selectively uptake angiogenesis regulators very early in tumor growth, and proposed their use as an early marker of malignancy. In this review we will summarize current knowledge about these processes and will discuss the possibility of using platelet content to predict presence of occult tumors.
Ecological Processes and Contemporary Coral Reef Management
Authors: Dikou Angela
Published: May 2010

Top-down controls of complex foodwebs maintain the balance among the critical groups of corals, algae, and herbivores, thus allowing the persistence of corals reefs as three-dimensional, biogenic structures with high biodiversity, heterogeneity, resistance, resilience and connectivity, and the delivery of essential goods and services to societies. On contemporary reefs world-wide, however, top-down controls have been weakened due to reduction in herbivory levels (overfishing or disease outbreak) while bottom-up controls have increased due to water quality degradation (increase in sediment and nutrient load) and climate forcing (seawater warming and acidification) leading to algal-dominated alternate benthic states of coral reefs, which are indicative of a trajectory towards ecological extinction. Management to reverse common trajectories of degradation for coral reefs necessitates a shift from optimization in marine resource use and conservation towards building socio-economic resilience into coral reef systems while attending to the most manageable human impacts (fishing and water quality) and the global-scale causes (climate change).
Simulation of the Impact of SRT on Anaerobic Digestability of Ultrasonicated Hog Manure
Authors: Elbeshbishy Elsayed , Nakevski Angel , Hafez Hisham , Ray Madhumita , Nakhla George
Published: May 2010

Ultrasonication at a specific energy of 500 kJ/kgTS was applied to hog manure in a continuous mode completely mixed anaerobic digestion. A process model in BioWin was developed, calibrated and tested at different solids retention times (SRTs) to evaluate the process economics. The results showed that there was a 36% increase in volatile suspended solids (VSS) removal efficiency, a 20% increase in methane production rate, a 13.5% increase in destruction of bound proteins, and a reduction from 988 to 566 ppm in H2S concentration in the digester headspace. Furthermore, a calibrated model of the process using BioWin to assess the impact of SRTs on the economics of anaerobic digestion for unsonicated and sonicated hog manure revealed that ultrasonication resulted in a net benefit of $42–46/ton dry solids at SRTs of 15–30 days.
N-[(2,5-Dimethyl-3-oxo-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamothioyl]isonicotinamide
Authors: Aydin Fatma , Dağci Erdoğan
Published: May 2010

A new heterocyclic compound, N-[(2,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbamothioyl]isonicotinamide, was synthesized from isonicotinoyl isothiocyanate and 4-aminoantipyrine in acetonitrile solution. The title compound was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectroscopic methods. Physical parameters of the compound were examinated.
2,2'-(2,2'-Oxybis(ethane-2,1-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(N-(2,2'-bithiophen-5-ylmethylene)aniline)
Authors: Pedras Bruno , Gallego Daniel , Figueiredo Patrick , Nunes-Miranda Júlio Dinis , Capelo José Luis , Lodeiro Carlos
Published: May 2010

A new flexible fluorescent compound L derived from 1,5-bis(2-aminophenoxy)-3-oxapentane (A) has been synthesized by classical Schiff-base reaction between (A) and 2,2´-bithiophene carbaldehyde (B). The same synthesis was reproduced by a green methodology using an ultrasonication reaction in a classical sonication bath. The structure of the new compound was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS and EI-MS-spectra, UV-vis and fluorescence emission spectroscopy.
Progress of Multi Functional Properties of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid System, A[FeIIFeIIIX3] (A = (n-CnH2n+1)4N, Spiropyran; X = C2O2S2, C2OS3, C2O3S)
Authors: Kojima Norimichi , Enomoto Masaya , Kida Noriyuki , Kagesawa Koichi
Published: May 2010

In the case of mixed-valence systems whose spin states are situated in the spin crossover region, new types of conjugated phenomena coupled with spin and charge are expected. From this viewpoint, we have investigated the multifunctional properties coupled with spin, charge and photon for the organic-inorganic hybrid system, A[FeIIFeIIIX3](A = (n-CnH2n+1)4N, spiropyran; X = dto(C2O2S2), tto(C2OS3), mto(C2O3S)). A[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] and A[FeIIFeIII(tto)3] undergo the ferromagnetic phase transitions, while A[FeIIFeIII(mto)3] undergoes a ferrimagnetic transition. In (n-CnH2n+1)4N [FeIIFeIII(dto)3](n = 3,4), a new type of phase transition called charge transfer phase transition (CTPT) takes place around 120 K, where the thermally induced charge transfer between FeII and FeIII occurs reversibly. At the CTPT, the iron valence state dynamically fluctuated with a frequency of about 0.1 MHz, which was confirmed by means of muon spin relaxation. The charge transfer phase transition and the ferromagnetic transition for (n-CnH2n+1)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] remarkably depend on the size of intercalated cation. In the case of (SP)[FeIIFeIII(dto)3](SP = spiropyran), the photoinduced isomerization of SP under UV irradiation induces the charge transfer phase transition in the [FeIIFeIII(dto)3] layer and the remarkable change of the ferromagnetic transition temperature. In the case of (n-CnH2n+1)4N[FeIIFeIII(mto)3](mto = C2O3S), a rapid spin equilibrium between the high-spin state (S = 5/2) and the low-spin state (S = 1/2) at the FeIIIO3S3 site takes place in a wide temperature range, which induces the valence fluctuation of the FeS3O3 and FeO6 sites through the ferromagnetic coupling between the low spin state (S = 1/2) of the FeIIIS3O3 site and the high spin state (S = 2) of the FeIIO6 site.
A Green Method for Processing Polymers using Dense Gas Technology
Authors: Yoganathan Roshan B. , Mammucari Raffaella , Foster Neil R.
Published: May 2010

Dense CO2 can be used as an environmentally-benign polymer processing medium because of its liquid-like densities and gas-like mass transfer properties.In this work, polymer bio-blends of polycarbonate (PC), a biocompatible polymer, and polycaprolactone (PCL), a biodegradable polymer were prepared. Dense CO2 was used as a reaction medium for the melt-phase PC polymerization in the presence of dense CO2-swollen PCL particles and this method was used to prepare porous PC/PCL blends. To extend the applicability of dense CO2 to the biomedical industry and polymer blend processing, the impregnation of ibuprofen into the blend was conducted and subsequent dissolution characteristics were observed.
Characterization of the Volatile Substances and Aroma Components from Traditional Soypaste
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Xin , Lo Chih-Kang , Guo Shun-Tang
Published: May 2010

In this study, the flavor substances of soypaste were extracted by a simultaneous distillation method and identified by GC-MS. The characteristic aroma components of soypaste were determined by the GC-O technique and the FD value of the characteristic aroma components was determined by AEDA method. It could be inferred that the aroma of the soypaste should be attributed to the presence of heterocyclic compounds and organic acids, with the heterocyclic compounds playing a prominent role.
Effects of NSAIDs on Differentiation and Function of Human and Murine Osteoclasts – Crucial ‘Human Osteoclastology’
Authors: Kotake Shigeru , Yago Toru , Kawamoto Manabu , Nanke Yuki
Published: May 2010

Osteoclasts play a critical role in both normal bone metabolism and bone resorption in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It has been reported that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit murine osteoclastogenesis in vitro and murine arthritis models in vivo, but not the destruction of joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In the current review article, we review the recent findings in the effect of NSAIDs on the formation and function of human and murine osteoclasts both in vitro and in vivo, underlining the importance of studies using human osteoclasts. Since 2009, we have suggested a novel term ‘human osteoclastology’.
Evaluating Potential of MODIS-based Indices in Determining “Snow Gone” Stage over Forest-dominant Regions
Authors: Sekhon Navdeep S. , Hassan Quazi K. , Sleep Robert W.
Published: May 2010

“Snow gone” (SGN) stage is one of the critical variables that describe the start of the official forest fire season in the Canadian Province of Alberta. In this paper, our objective is to evaluate the potential of MODIS-based indices for determining the SGN stage. Those included: (i) enhanced vegetation index (EVI), (ii) normalized difference water index (NDWI) using the shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands centered at 1.64 µm (NDWI1.64µm) and at 2.13 µm (NDWI2.13µm), and (iii) normalized difference snow index (NDSI). These were calculated using the 500 m 8-day gridded MODIS-based composites of surface reflectance data (i.e., MOD09A1 v.005) for the period 2006–08. We performed a qualitative evaluation of these indices over two forest fire prone natural subregions in Alberta (i.e., central mixedwood and lower boreal highlands). In the process, we generated and compared the natural subregion-specific lookout tower sites average: (i) temporal trends for each of the indices, and (ii) SGN stage using the ground-based observations available from Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. The EVI-values were found to have large uncertainty at the onset of the spring and unable to predict the SGN stages precisely. In terms of NDSI, it showed earlier prediction capabilities. On the contrary, both of the NDWI’s showed distinct pattern (i.e., reached a minimum value before started to increase again during the spring) in relation to observed SGN stages. Thus further analysis was carried out to determine the best predictor by comparing the NDWI’s predicted SGN stages with the ground-based observations at all of the individual lookout tower sites (approximately 120 in total) across the study area. It revealed that NDWI2.13µm demonstrated better prediction capabilities (i.e., on an average approximately 90% of the observations fell within ±2 periods or ±16 days of deviation) in comparison to NDWI1.64µm (i.e., on an average approximately 73% of the observations fell within ±2 periods or ±16 days of deviation).
Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor to Monitor Stress Kinetics in Drying Process of Commercial Latex Paints
Authors: De Lourenço Ivo , Possetti Gustavo R. C. , Muller Marcia , Fabris José L.
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we report a study about the application of packaged fiber Bragg gratings used as strain sensors to monitor the stress kinetics during the drying process of commercial latex paints. Three stages of drying with distinct mechanical deformation and temporal behaviors were identified for the samples, with mechanical deformation from 15 μm to 21 μm in the longitudinal film dimension on time intervals from 370 to 600 minutes. Drying time tests based on human sense technique described by the Brazilian Technical Standards NBR 9558 were also done. The results obtained shows that human sense technique has a limited perception of the drying process and that the optical measurement system proposed can be used to characterize correctly the dry-through stage of paint. The influence of solvent (water) addition in the drying process was also investigated. The paint was diluted with four parts paint and one part water (80% paint), and one part paint and one part water (50% paint). It was observed that the increase of the water ratio mixed into the paint decreases both the mechanical deformation magnitude and the paint dry-through time. Contraction of 5.2 μm and 10.4 μm were measured for concentrations of 50% and 80% of paint in the mixture, respectively. For both diluted paints the dry-through time was approximately 170 minutes less than undiluted paint. The optical technique proposed in this work can contribute to the development of new standards to specify the drying time of paint coatings.
Real Time Speed Estimation of Moving Vehicles from Side View Images from an Uncalibrated Video Camera
Authors: Doğan Sedat , Temiz Mahir Serhan , Külür Sıtkı
Published: May 2010

In order to estimate the speed of a moving vehicle with side view camera images, velocity vectors of a sufficient number of reference points identified on the vehicle must be found using frame images. This procedure involves two main steps. In the first step, a sufficient number of points from the vehicle is selected, and these points must be accurately tracked on at least two successive video frames. In the second step, by using the displacement vectors of the tracked points and passed time, the velocity vectors of those points are computed. Computed velocity vectors are defined in the video image coordinate system and displacement vectors are measured by the means of pixel units. Then the magnitudes of the computed vectors in image space should be transformed to the object space to find the absolute values of these magnitudes. This transformation requires an image to object space information in a mathematical sense that is achieved by means of the calibration and orientation parameters of the video frame images. This paper presents proposed solutions for the problems of using side view camera images mentioned here.
GPCA vs. PCA in Recognition and 3-D Localization of Ultrasound Reflectors
Authors: Luna Carlos A. , Jiménez José A. , Pizarro Daniel , Losada Cristina , Rodriguez José M.
Published: May 2010

In this paper, a new method of classification and localization of reflectors, using the time-of-flight (TOF) data obtained from ultrasonic transducers, is presented. The method of classification and localization is based on Generalized Principal Component Analysis (GPCA) applied to the TOF values obtained from a sensor that contains four ultrasound emitters and 16 receivers. Since PCA works with vectorized representations of TOF, it does not take into account the spatial locality of receivers. The GPCA works with two-dimensional representations of TOF, taking into account information on the spatial position of the receivers. This report includes a detailed description of the method of classification and localization and the results of achieved tests with three types of reflectors in 3-D environments: planes, edges, and corners. The results in terms of processing time, classification and localization were very satisfactory for the reflectors located in the range of 50–350 cm.
“Triple Bottom Line” as “Sustainable Corporate Performance”: A Proposition for the Future
Authors: Fauzi Hasan , Svensson Goran , Rahman Azhar Abdul
Published: May 2010

Based upon a review of corporate performance, corporate financial performance and corporate social performance, we propose that the concept of “triple bottom line” (TBL) as “sustainable corporate performance” (SCP) should consist of three measurement elements, namely: (i) financial, (ii) social and (iii) environmental. TBL as SCP is proposed to be derived from the interface between them. We also propose that the content of each of these measurement elements may vary across contexts and over time. Furthermore, TBL as SCR should be interpreted to be a relative concept that is dynamic and iterative. Continuous monitoring needs to be performed, adapting the content of the measurement elements to changes that evolve across contexts and over time in the marketplace and society. TBL as SCP may be seen as a function of time and context.
Lipid Metabolism and HCV Infection
Authors: Targett-Adams Paul , Boulant Steeve , Douglas Mark W. , McLauchlan John
Published: May 2010

Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to severe liver disease and is a global healthcare problem. The liver is highly metabolically active and one of its key functions is to control the balance of lipid throughout the body. A number of pathologies have been linked to the impact of HCV infection on liver metabolism. However, there is also growing evidence that hepatic metabolic processes contribute to the HCV life cycle. This review summarizes the relationship between lipid metabolism and key stages in the production of infectious HCV.
The Roman Danube: An Archaeological Survey
Authors: Wilkes J. J.
Published: May 2010

The subject is the Roman occupation and control of the river Danube between the river Inn and the Black Sea, with a special emphasis on recent research and discoveries. Themes examined include the pattern of recent research and publication in the dozen modern states that now exist in the area; the construction of strategic roads linking the upper and lower Danube basins with the rest of the Roman world; military history and the creation of the military cordon along the river and the civil and military settlements associated with this. Recent research on social, economic, and cultural themes is also reviewed. Detailed accounts of major roads to the Danube and sites along the river are provided in two topographical appendices.
Freedmen and Decurions: Epitaphs and Social History in Imperial Italy
Authors: Mouritsen Henrik
Published: May 2010

The article investigates the social profile of Roman funerary epigraphy, focusing on Ostia and Pompeii, and reconsiders the predominant role of freedmen in this material. Comparing the epigraphic behaviour of decurions and freedmen, it concludes that the ‘epigraphic habit’ was not uniformly adopted throughout Roman society; different classes used inscriptions in different ways and for different purposes. The epitaphs do not therefore reflect the overall composition of the Roman population as much as the particular concerns and aspirations of individual social groups and categories within it.
Mark Antony's Judiciary Reform and its Revival under the Triumvirs
Authors: Ramsey John T.
Published: May 2010

This article discusses the probable aims and provisions of Mark Antony's judiciary law of September 44 B.C. and challenges the prevailing view that this law had no further existence after it was annulled by the Senate in January 43 B.C. Instead, it is demonstrated that Antony's law was almost certainly reinstated under the Triumvirs and thus radically altered the composition of juries in Rome's criminal courts. This realization makes it possible to reconstruct the likely nature and timing of Augustus' judicial reforms, which can now be regarded as measures designed to reverse major changes that had been introduced by Antony's legislation.
Settlement and Society in Early Imperial Etruria
Authors: Witcher Robert
Published: May 2010

This paper compares the early imperial period results from thirty surveys in and around regio VII Etruria in order to identify similarities and differences of settlement, population, and economy. Three sub-regional patterns are defined: the suburbium, coastal Etruria, and inland Etruria. Consideration of methodological issues of survey comparison suggests the problem is real, but not insuperable. A range of interpretative models is discussed with particular reference to the impact of the Urbs on economic, agricultural, and social developments. The structural connections between these sub-regions are emphasized, particularly the organization of labour, demography, and agricultural strategies. The results reveal varied responses to Roman control, leading to more not less diversity. More generally, the results underline the value of comparing regional survey data.
Greco-Roman Seismology and Seneca on Earthquakes in Natural Questions 6
Authors: Williams G. D.
Published: May 2010

This paper seeks to locate Seneca's treatment of earthquakes in Natural Questions 6 in the broader ancient seismological tradition; and, more particularly, to examine the initiatives which potentially transform his treatment into a highly original mode of literary-philosophical investigation not just into the cause of earthquakes, but also of how a ‘scientific’ understanding of them can at least partially quell the intimidating effect of such wonders of nature. On this approach Natural Questions 6 is perhaps concerned not so much with earthquakes per se but with shaping attitudes towards the natural world as a whole, inculcating in us a vision of such phenomena as but ‘normal’ aspects of cosmic functioning. By this method the book promotes within us a different, engagingly Senecan appreciation of cosmic integrity.
A Revisionist View of Roman Money
Authors: Harris W. V.
Published: May 2010

The consensus view that all Roman money consisted of coins has been undermined in recent times and should be discarded. The inhabitants of the Roman Empire frequently and on a significant scale made payments by means of credit-money, creating a ‘multiplier effect’, which meant that in high classical times the Roman economy was not constricted, as is often supposed, by an inelastic money-supply. Yet the monetary system was not modern; rather it had its counterparts in such economies as those of seventeenth-and early eighteenth-century Britain.
Rome, the Cosmos, and the Emperor in Seneca's Natural Questions
Authors: Hine Harry M.
Published: May 2010

This paper examines the political content and context of Seneca's Natural Questions. It argues that, on the one hand, Rome is marginalized in the context of the immensity of the cosmos; and philosophy is elevated above traditional Roman pursuits, including political activity and historical writing. But at the same time the work is firmly anchored in its Roman geo-political context; Seneca situates himself in a long and continuing tradition of investigation of the natural world, where Roman writers can stand alongside Greeks and others; and the current emperor Nero is presented not just as princeps and poet, but as sponsor of geographical and scientific investigation.
Auxilia and Gymnasia: A Sicilian Model of Roman Imperialism
Authors: Prag Jonathan R. W.
Published: May 2010

This paper examines the evidence for military activity in the Republican provincia of Sicily from the Punic Wars to the Civil Wars, and the implications of this for our understanding of Republican Sicily and Republican imperialism. After the Second Punic War there was very little use of Roman or Italian allied soldiers on the island, but extensive use, by Rome, of local Sicilian soldiers. The rich evidence for gymnasia suggests one way in which this use of local manpower was based upon existing civic structures and encouraged local civic culture and identity. These conclusions prompt a reassessment of the importance of auxilia externa under the Roman Republic and of models for Republican imperial control of provinciae.
The Colonate in Justinian's Reign
Authors: Sirks A. J. B.
Published: May 2010

Justinian's codification may be considered a coherent aggregate of all the law existing in A.D. 530–534. On the basis of this and his subsequent legislation it appears that the condicio coloniaria existed in his reign in two forms. One, the adscripticiate, based on a contract by which a person fixated his origo from a town onto an estate. This implied his coming under the potestas of the estate owner and the treatment of his possessions as if peculium, while his descendants were tied to this origo and its implications. The other, a colonate with the origo also fixed to an estate, but without the implications mentioned before: hence ‘free’ coloni. This latter colonate came primarily into existence if an adscripticius had performed services during thirty years.
Rome, Constantinople and the Near Eastern Church under Justinian: Two Synods of C.E. 536
Authors: Millar Fergus
Published: May 2010

This article surveys three important and interlinked aspects of Justinian's policy in his first decade: reconquest in the West; the establishment of a set of fundamental texts of Roman Law; and the achievement of unity of belief within the Church. In that context, it looks at the remarkable record preserved in Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum III, of five successive sessions of a synod held at Constantinople, and one synod in Jerusalem. Its purpose is both to illustrate contacts and influences across the Mediterranean and, more particularly, to bring out distinctive features of the Church in the Near Eastern provinces.
Aristocrats and Agriculture in the Middle and Late Republic
Authors: Rosenstein Nathan
Published: May 2010

This paper asks how much money Republican aristocrats could make from agriculture and approaches the question from the perspective of supply rather than demand. Potential growers of wheat, wine, and grain were so numerous in second- and first-century B.C. Italy that its urban population could not have provided a market large enough to enable each of them to derive a substantial income from meeting its demand for staple foods. Agriculture is not likely to have furnished the economic foundation for most senators' lavish life-styles. Instead, money-lending and other commercial activities were where the profits were, while prestige and similar non-economic factors guided their decisions about investments in land.
Livy's Camillus and the Political Discourse of the Late Republic
Authors: Gaertner Jan Felix
Published: May 2010

An analysis of the parallel accounts in Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Plutarch shows that the seemingly Augustan traits of Livy's Camillus already featured in late annalistic sources. Camillus' speech at Livy 5.51–4 condenses and expands late annalistic themes and fuses them with Ciceronian reminiscences. One reason for this fusion is Cicero's own self-fashioning as a new Camillus (particularly, in his post-exilic speeches). The accounts of the Civil War suggest that Pompey and Caesar, too, exploited the Camillus paradigm. The parallels between Livy's Camillus and Augustus probably result from the latter's attempt to silence the Republican opposition by appropriating one of its most powerful paradigms.
Postscript to the Lupercalia: from Caesar to Andromachus
Authors: North J. A. , McLynn Neil
Published: May 2010

As a postscript to the two articles on the Lupercalia, and to bridge the gap in time between them, it is argued that there is no evidence to suggest a major reform of the festival in the period of Augustus' principate and that the traditional celebration continued into the Empire. There does, however, seem to be artistic evidence that from the third century onwards the celebrations became more dramatic, perhaps, violent, implying that there was some reform, perhaps to be connected with the suggestion inferred from Gelasius' text that the Luperci or those who took over responsibility from them started to employ actors instead of the original priestly runners. We bring evidence to support this theory.
The Text of the Lex Irnitana
Authors: Crawford M. H.
Published: May 2010

The time is unripe for a new edition of the Lex Irnitana — more work is needed and more text might appear — but it seems desirable, given the availability via JSTOR of the text published in JRS 76 (1986), to publish a bare list of those places where that text is in serious need of correction. Most of the corrections are due to the sharp eye of Alan Rodger, who also observes that the action de sponsione in ch. LXXXIV is not an actio famosa, but an allegation that needs a causae cognitio and hence the intervention of the praetor.
Estudio comparativo de la reacción álcali-sílice (RAS) en áridos graníticos
Authors: Velasco-Torres A. , Alaejos P. , Soriano J.
Published: May 2010

La reacción entre los componentes de la fase intersticial del hormigón y áridos con minerales como el ópalo o la sílice metaestable, se encuentra bien documentada. Sin embargo, en este estudio, se ha detectado que dentro de un mismo tipo de roca, como es el granito, puede haber diferencias en el tipo de reacción (lenta o rápida) dependiendo del componente reactivo que aparezca en la misma.
Se han fabricado barras de mortero con los áridos extraídos de dos presas españolas afectadas por la reacción álcali-sílice. Estos áridos son rocas graníticas y la diferencia entre ambos reside en que una de las muestras contiene cuarzo microcristalino como componente reactivo y, la otra, cuarzo deformado.
Mediante el estudio petrográfico de barras de mortero y el teñido del gel álcali-sílice se ha podido observar la evolución y progreso de la reacción para cada uno de los componentes reactivos.
La principal conclusión que se puede extraer de este estudio es que la formación y almacenamiento del gel se asocia a microfracturas en lugar de a límites de grano.
Human Tumor Antigen-Specific Helper and Regulatory T Cells Share Common Epitope Specificity but Exhibit Distinct T Cell Repertoire
Authors: Fourcade Julien , Sun Zhaojun , Kudela Pavol , Janjic Bratislav , Kirkwood John M. , El-Hafnawy Talal , Zarour Hassane M.
Published: May 2010

CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulate at tumor sites and play a critical role in the suppression of immune responses against tumor cells. In this study, we show that two immunodominant epitopes derived from the tumor Ags (TAs) NY-ESO-1 and TRAG-3 stimulate both CD4+ Th cells and Tregs. TA-specific Tregs inhibit the proliferation of allogenic T cells, act in a cell-to-cell contact dependent fashion and require activation to suppress IL-2 secretion by T cells. TRAG-3 and NY-ESO-1–specific Tregs exhibit either a Th1-, a Th2-, or a Th0-type cytokine profile and dot not produce IL-10 or TGF-β. The Foxp3 levels vary from one Treg clone to another and are significantly lower than those of CD4+CD25high Tregs. In contrast to NY-ESO-1–specific Th cells, the NY-ESO-1–specific and TRAG-3–specific Treg clonotypes share a common TCR CDR3 Vβ usage with Foxp3+CD4+CD25high and CD4+CD25− T cells and were not detectable in PBLs of other melanoma patients and of healthy donors, suggesting that their recruitment occurs through the peripheral conversion of CD4+CD25− T cells upon chronic Ag exposure. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the same epitopes spontaneously stimulate both Th cells and Tregs in patients with advanced melanoma. They also suggest that TA-specific Treg expansion may be better impaired by therapies aimed at depleting CD4+CD25high Tregs and preventing the peripheral conversion of CD4+CD25− T cells.
Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein Regulates Inside-Out Signaling of β2 Integrins in Neutrophils
Authors: Deevi Ravi K. , Koney-Dash Madhuri , Kissenpfennig Adrien , Johnston James A. , Schuh Kai , Walter Ulrich , Dib Karim
Published: May 2010

The monomeric GTPase Rap1 controls functional activation of β2 integrins in leukocytes. In this article, we describe a novel mechanism by which the chemoattractant fMLP activates Rap1 and inside-out signaling of β2 integrins. We found that fMLP-induced activation of Rap1 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils and differentiated PLB-985 cells was blocked by inhibitors of the NO/guanosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate–dependent protein kinase (cGKI) pathway [N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, DT-3 peptide, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphothioate, Rp-isomer triethylammonium salt–guanosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate], indicating that the downstream signaling events in Rap1 activation involve the production of NO and guanosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate, as well as the activation of cGKI. Silencing the expression of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a substrate of cGKI, in resting PLB-985 cells or mice neutrophils led to constitutive activation of Rap1. In parallel, silencing VASP in differentiated PLB-985 cells led to recruitment of C3G, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap1, to the plasma membrane. Expression of murine GFP-tagged phosphodeficient VASP Ser235Ala mutant (murine serine 235 of VASP corresponds to human serine 239) in PLB-985 cells blunted fMLP-induced translocation of C3G to the membrane and activation of Rap1. Thus, bacterial fMLP triggers cGKI-dependent phosphorylation of human VASP on serine 239 and, thereby, controls membrane recruitment of C3G, which is required for activation of Rap1 and β2 integrin-dependent antibacterial functions of neutrophils.
Injective Convolution Operators on ℓ∞(Γ) are Surjective
Authors: Choi Yemon
Published: May 2010

Let Γ be a discrete group and let f ∈ ℓ1(Γ). We observe that if the natural convolution operator ρf : ℓ∞(Γ) → ℓ∞(Γ) is injective, then f is invertible in ℓ1(Γ). Our proof simplifies and generalizes calculations in a preprint of Deninger and Schmidt by appealing to the direct finiteness of the algebra ℓ1(Γ).

We give simple examples to show that in general one cannot replace ℓ∞ with ℓp, 1 ≤ p < ∞, nor with L∞(G) for nondiscrete G. Finally, we consider the problem of extending the main result to the case of weighted convolution operators on Γ, and give some partial results.
On Surfaces withpg= 0 andK2= 5
Authors: Werner Caryn
Published: May 2010

We construct new examples of surfaces of general type withpg= 0 andK2= 5 as ℤ2× ℤ2-covers and show that they are genus three hyperelliptic fibrations with bicanonical map of degree two.
Asymptotics of Perimeter-Minimizing Partitions
Authors: Maurmann Quinn , Engelstein Max , Marcuccio Anthony , Pritchard Taryn
Published: May 2010

We prove that the least perimeterP(n) of a partition of a smooth, compact Riemannian surface intonregions of equal areaAis asymptotic ton/2 times the perimeter of a planar regular hexagon of areaA. Along the way, we derive tighter estimates for flat tori, Klein bottles, truncated cylinders, and Möbius bands.
Smooth Mappings with Higher Dimensional Critical Sets
Authors: Pintea Cornel
Published: May 2010

In this paper we provide lower bounds for the dimension of various critical sets, and we point out some differential maps with high dimensional critical sets.
A model of aerosol evaporation kinetics in a thermodenuder
Authors: Cappa C. D.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Aerosol thermodenuders provide a measure of particle volatility. The information provided by a thermodenuder is fundamentally related to the kinetics of evaporation and condensation within the device. Here, a time-dependent, multi-component model of particle and gas-phase mass transfer in a thermodenuder is described. This model empirically accounts for the temperature profile along the length of a typical thermodenuder and distinguishes between the influence of the heating section and of the adsorbent denuder section. It is shown that "semi-volatile" aerosol is particularly sensitive to the inclusion of an adsorbent denuder in the model. As expected, the mass loss from evaporation of particles as they pass through the thermodenuder is directly related to the compound vapor pressure, although the assumptions regarding the enthalpy of vaporization are shown to also have a large influence on the overall calculated mass thermograms. The model has been validated by comparison with previously measured mass thermograms for single-component aerosols and is shown to provide reasonable semi-quantitative agreement. The model that has been developed here can be used to provide quantitative understanding of aerosol volatility measurements of single and multi-component aerosol made using thermodenuders that include adsorbent denuder sections.
The effect of horizontal gradients and spatial measurement resolution on the retrieval of global vertical NO2 distributions from SCIAMACHY measurements in limb only mode
Authors: Puķīte J. , Kühl S. , Deutschmann T. , Dörner S. , Jöckel P. , Platt U. , Wagner T.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Limb measurements provided by the Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on the ENVISAT satellite allow retrieving stratospheric profiles of various trace gases on a global scale. Combining measurements of the same air volume from different viewing positions along the orbit, a tomographic approach can be applied and 2-D distribution fields of stratospheric trace gases can be acquired in one inversion. With this approach, it is possible to improve the accounting for the effect of horizontal gradients in the trace gas distribution on the profile retrieval. This was shown in a previous study for the retrieval of NO2 and OClO profiles in the Arctic region near the polar vortex boundary. In this study, the tomographic retrieval is applied on measurements during special limb-only orbits performed on 14 December 2008. For these orbits the distance between consecutive limb scanning sequences was reduced to ~3.3° of the orbital circle (i.e. more than two times with respect to the nominal operational mode). Thus, the same air volumes are scanned successively by more than one scanning sequence also for midlatitudes and the tropics. It is found that the profiles obtained by the tomographic 2-D approach show significant differences to those obtained by the 1-D approach. In particular, for regions close to stratospheric transport barriers (i.e. near to the edge of the polar vortex and subtropical transport barrier) up to 50% larger or smaller NO2 number densities (depending on the sign of the gradient along the line of sight) for altitudes below the peak of the profile (around 20 km) are obtained. The limb-only measurements allow examining the systematic error if the horizontal gradient is not accounted for, and studying the impact of the gradient strength on the profile retrieval on a global scale. The findings for the actual SCIAMACHY observations are verified by sensitivity studies for simulated data for which the NO2 distributions to be retrieved are known in advance. In addition, the impact of the horizontal distance between consecutive limb scanning sequences on the quality of the tomographic 2-D retrieval is investigated and a possibility to take into account the horizontal gradients by an interpolation approach is studied.
On misleading solar-climate relationship
Authors: Legras B. , Mestre O. , Bard E. , Yiou P.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. A key issue of climate change is to identify the forcings and their relative contributions. Solar-climate relationship is currently the matter of a fierce debate. We address here the need for high quality observations and adequate statistical approach. A recent work by Le Mouël et al. (2010) and its companion paper by Kossobokov et al. (2010) show spectacular correlations between solar activity and meteorological parameters. We question both the data and the method used in these works. We stress 1) that correlation with solar forcing alone is meaningless unless other forcings are properly accounted and that sunspot counting is a poor indicator of solar irradiance, 2) that long series of temperature require homogenization to remove historical artefacts that affect long term variability, 3) that incorrect application of statistical tests leads to interpret as significant a signal which arises from pure random fluctuations. As a consequence, we reject the results and the conclusions of Le Mouël et al. (2010) and Kossobokov et al. (2010). We believe that our contribution bears some general interest in removing confusion from the scientific debate.
CARINA data synthesis project: pH data scale unification and cruise adjustments
Authors: Velo A. , Pérez F. F. , Lin X. , Key R. M. , Tanhua T. , de la Paz M. , Olsen A. , van Heuven S. , Jutterström S. , Ríos A. F.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Data on carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruise data sets in the Artic Mediterranean Seas (AMS), Atlantic Ocean and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged to a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic Ocean). These data have gone through rigorous quality control (QC) procedures to assure the highest possible quality and consistency. The data for most of the measured parameters in the CARINA database were objectively examined in order to quantify systematic differences in the reported values. Systematic biases found in the data have been corrected in the data products, three merged data files with measured, calculated and interpolated data for each of the three CARINA regions; AMS, Atlantic Ocean and Southern Ocean. Out of a total of 188 cruise entries in the CARINA database, 59 reported pH measured values. All reported pH data have been unified to the Sea-Water Scale (SWS) at 25 °C. Here we present details of the secondary QC of pH in the CARINA database and the scale unification to SWS at 25 °C. The pH scale has been converted for 36 cruises. Procedures of quality control, including crossover analysis between cruises and inversion analysis are described. Adjustments were applied to the pH values for 21 of the cruises in the CARINA dataset. With these adjustments the CARINA database is consistent both internally as well as with the GLODAP data, an oceanographic data set based on the World Hydrographic Program in the 1990s. Based on our analysis we estimate the internal consistency of the CARINA pH data to be 0.005 pH units. The CARINA data are now suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates, for ocean acidification assessment and for model validation.
Data of hydraulic properties of North East and Central German soils
Authors: Schindler U. , Müller L.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. The paper presents a data base of soil hydrological properties of North East and Central German soils. Included are measured data of the soil water retention curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function. Information to geo reference, soil type and horizon are given. Additional soil physical data like particle size distribution, dry bulk density, organic matter content and other variables are presented and its measurement is methodically described. The data base includes original measurement results of 278 organic and of 497 mineral soil samples from 103 sites. The mineral soils cover a wide range of texture classes and dry bulk densities. The organic soils and samples vary in dependence on the degree of decomposition and mineralization, the dry bulk density and the total porosity.
Physically-based data assimilation
Authors: Levy G. , Coon M. , Nguyen G. , Sulsky D.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Ideally, a validation and assimilation scheme should maintain the physical principles embodied in the model and be able to evaluate and assimilate lower dimensional features (e.g., discontinuities) contained within a bulk simulation, even when these features are not directly observed or represented by model variables. We present such a scheme and suggest its potential to resolve or alleviate some outstanding problems that stem from making and applying required, yet often non-physical, assumptions and procedures in common operational data assimilation. As proof of concept, we use a sea-ice model with remotely sensed observations of leads in a one-step assimilation cycle. Using the new scheme in a sixteen day simulation experiment introduces model skill (against persistence) several days earlier than in the control run, improves the overall model skill and delays its drop off at later stages of the simulation. The potential and requirements to extend this scheme to different applications, and to both empirical and statistical multivariate and full cycle data assimilation schemes, are discussed.
A dynamic probability density function treatment of cloud mass and number concentrations for low level clouds in GFDL SCM/GCM
Authors: Guo H. , Golaz J.-C. , Donner L. J. , Larson V. E. , Schanen D. P. , Griffin B. M.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Successful simulation of cloud-aerosol interactions (indirect aerosol effects) in climate models requires relating grid-scale aerosol, dynamic, and thermodynamic fields to small-scale processes like aerosol activation. A turbulence and cloud parameterization, based on multivariate probability density functions (PDFs) of sub-grid vertical velocity, temperature, and moisture, has been extended to treat aerosol activation. This dynamics-PDF approach offers a solution to the problem of the scale gap between the resolution of climate models and the scales relevant for aerosol activation and a means to overcome the limitations of diagnostic estimates of cloud droplet number concentration based only on aerosol concentration. Incorporated into a single-column model for GFDL AM3, the dynamics-PDF parameterization successfully simulates cloud fraction and water content for shallow cumulus, stratocumulus, and cumulus-under-stratocumulus regimes. The extension to treat aerosol activation predicts droplet number concentrations in good agreement with large eddy simulation (LES). The dynamics-PDF droplet number concentrations match LES results more closely than state-of-the-science diagnostic relationships between aerosol concentration and droplet number concentration.