bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imperialism and the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa
Authors: Ntalaja Nzongola
Published: May 2006

After the victories of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) and the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) against Portuguese colonialism, the liberation struggle in Southern Africa today consists of the heroic efforts being made by the black and brown peoples of South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe to destroy the system of racial oppression established in these countries by white settlers. This system, known in its extreme form of economic explotation and political and cultural oppression as apartheid in South Africa and Namibia, is closely tied to the survival of imperialist interests in Southern Africa. This is why any analysis of the difficulties being faced by the liberation movements of Southern Africa must include a discussion of the specific articulation of imperialism and settler colonialism in this area. For it provides the context in which the African liberation struggle must be understood.
Testimony before the Subcommittees on Africa and International Economic Policy and Trade
Authors: Robinson Randall
Published: May 2006

My name is Randall Robinson. I am the Executive Director of TransAfrica.

On September 25, 1976, the Congressional Black Caucus convened The Black Leadership Conference on Africa. The conference, comprising the leadership of virtually every national black civil rights and social organization, accomplished two noteworthy objectives. It authored the African-American Manifesto on Southern Africa which expressed grave concerns with the previous Administration’s negotiation initiatives for a Zimbabwe settlement. Secondly, it mandated a task force, chaired by me, to propose and execute an institutional vehicle through which black Americans could express to the Congress and the Administration their views on United States foreign policy vis-a-vis Africa and the Caribbean.
Directory of Current Research on Southern Africa
Authors: Crossey J. M. D.
Published: May 2006

This directory is a revision and updating of two earlier publications issued in limited numbers in xerox form, “A Select Register of Current and Recently Completed Research on South Africa in the Humanities and Social Sciences,” (New Haven, CT, 1977) and “Inventory of Current Research on Southern Africa” (2nd Preliminary version. New Haven, CT, 1977. Plus “Supplement,” Jan. 1978).
Confrontation Politics and Crisis Management: Nigerian University Students and Public Policy—a Social Commentary
Authors: Anise Ladun
Published: May 2006

A social scientist once described Nigerian political behavior and culture in terms of a continual ability to move dangerously closest to the edge of disaster before pulling back just in time to avoid falling into the deep. Nigerians in high and low places have a passion for insisting on the absolute rightness of their positions and claims sometimes with little regard to the consequences for others as well as for themselves. Sometimes groups in the nation act as if they will rather be dead right than heed the political necessity of mutual accommodation and prudent compromise. The Daily Times Opinion of April 29, recalls Thomas Hobbes, the English philosopher (1588-1679) when it declared that “Nigerians are brutish and nasty. They are contentious and cantankerous. They are irreverent. And they are ungovernable. . . . [They] are an intensely political people, the more so today, when the promise of a return to civilian government has understandably led to the flexing of muscles by all manner of interest groups.” This is national high-wire politics at its best! But it is also dangerous politics at its worst. It reflects an ingrained political attitude about which more should be learned.
Debt and Structural Adjustment in Africa: Realities and Possibilities
Authors: Callaghy Thomas M.
Published: May 2006

Since the middle of the 1970s Sub-Saharan African states have focused increasingly on their severe economic and fiscal crises. These involve wrestling with the burdens of debt service and the rigors of rescheduling, conducting difficult negotiations with bilateral and private creditors, bargaining over conditionality packages with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank or fending them off, distributing the painful costs of adjustment, coping with import strangulation and devising new development policies and strategies. Already highly dependent on the outside world, the intensity, stakes and levels of conditionality of these relations with external actors have increased substantially.
Academic Analysis and U.S. Economic Assistance Policy on Africa
Authors: Bratton Michael
Published: May 2006

Of all the policy issue areas that concern the U.S. government in its relations with Africa, economic assistance policy has attracted the deepest and widest involvement from U.S. university scholars. University-based analysts have enjoyed numerous avenues of access to officials who define, design, implement and evaluate U.S. foreign aid programs for sub-Saharan Africa. U.S. universities have stronger institutional linkages with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) than with any other Washington institution discussed in this ISSUE, including the U.S. Congress and agencies within the the national security bureaucracy.
African Cinema and (Re)Education: Using Recent African Feature Films
Authors: Petty Sheila
Published: May 2006

Over the past few years the Montreal World Film Festival has continued to increase its programming of films by African directors. The 1991 edition, which ran from August 22-September 2, was certainly no exception. I happened to turn on the television to the French station and caught Société Radio Canada’s “official” review of Laafi by Pierre Yameogo of Burkina Faso. The reviewers, Chantal Jolis and René Homier-Roy, dismissed Yameogo’s portrayal of a current African problem—braindrain—as weak in terms of artistic production. For example, they both agreed that Laafi had too many “monotonous moments.” Homier-Roy, in particular, seemed completely oblivious to the colonizing attitude he displayed when he spoke of how the film illustrated the “petit-nègre” (a phrase I have rarely heard spoken since I left France in 1987) side of Africans. He then proceeded to “legitimize” the comment by shrugging his shoulders and declaring, “It’s the Africans who are showing it this time, not us.” Finally, the reviewers decided that African films are really only useful for their “anthropological” information.
The “Persistent” Federation: Nigeria and its Federal Future
Authors: Lincoln Joshua
Published: May 2006

At the Azikiwe memorial conference held at Lincoln University near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in late April 1998, a longstanding observer of Nigerian politics pointedly informed the Nigerian ambassador to the United States that the so-called Federal Republic of Nigeria was in fact neither federal nor a republic. The remark was met with rowdy applause from the migrant/exile audience. It was certainly accurate at the time, but not even the audience could know for how much longer. While it is perhaps still premature to celebrate, by virtue of the recent elections Nigeria is once again at least nominally a republic in the Latin sense—res publica —a thing of the people. As for Nigerian federalism, Ali Mazrui’s characterization seems accurate: It is “alive, but not well,” and the recent elections do not augur well for its recovery.
The Political Economy of Nigeria’s Local Government Elections of December 1998
Authors: Amuwo ’Kunle
Published: May 2006

To all appearances, the transition program of General Abdusalam Abubakar has, from the beginning, been torn between two contradictory policy and strategic choices. The first is whether to appease the prodemocracy and human rights groups by accepting the convocation of a sovereign national conference, with all this entails, including a postponement of the disengagement date. The second is whether to ignore these groups, and organize a rapid, short, and sharp transition program, even if fundamental issues, such as the “National Question,” and restructuring the federation and the military, are sidetracked. By choosing the latter, the Abubakar junta demonstrated first that it would undertake the transition mainly on its own terms and with its own ideas.
Disguised Tourism and the Electoral Process in Africa: A Study of International Observers and the 1998 Local Government Elections in Nigeria
Authors: Soremekun Kayode
Published: May 2006

This article is based on the premise that the aid establishment views Africa as probably the world’s last backwater. Simply put, bureaucrats, politicians, and other policymakers in the western world are rather content with Africa’s present status, an attitude that not only accords with their career aspirations, but also spawns a certain amount of sybaritic pleasure about the inclement condition of the continent. It is against this background that this article examines the motives and aspirations of the international observers in the Nigerian electoral process, focusing on the attitudes and the impact of the observers in the 1998 local government elections.

International electoral observation and monitoring are an integral part of the global dimensions of democratization. Many writers have averred that one major reason for the upswing in Africa’s quest to democratize is the cessation of the power play between Moscow and Washington.
Military Hegemony and the Transition Program
Authors: Fayemi J.’Kayode
Published: May 2006

This article cautions that the democratization process in Nigeria is not a foregone conclusion. Given the nature of the competing interests within Nigeria’s military hierarchy, there is nothing to suggest that every officer within the ruling military elite has embraced this transition project. This article focuses on the place of the military in the transition program.

Although entrenched military interests are not the only threat to the transition program, there is no doubt that the prominent role played by retired and serving military officers in the whole process of party formation and selection of presidential candidates has exacerbated concerns about the specter of militarism. While some in Nigeria simply see the military as the armed wing of the dominant oligarchy, others conclude that the military actually is the oligarchy.
Mozambique and the United States: A Decade of Struggle and a Year of Decision
Authors: Isaacman Allen
Published: May 2006

I appreciate this opportunity to document the long struggle of the Mozambican people for independence and to examine United States policies in response to their quest for self-determination. Within this broad framework, I would like to focus on the long-range goals of FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front), the hostile position of the United States toward the liberation movement, and the achievements of the transitional government during the past year. In conclusion I will recommend some fundamental policy changes which are necessary if the United States is to adopt a progressive posture toward Southern Africa.
Testimony on Mozambique
Authors: Bailey Norman A.
Published: May 2006

Mozambique is a territory of approximately 300,000 square miles, bounded on the East entirely by the Indian Ocean, on the North by Tanzania and on the West and South by Malawi, Zambia, Rhodesia, Swaziland and the Republic of South Africa. Of the total population of ±7,000,000, there are perhaps 80,000-90,000 Portuguese left, 35,000 mulattoes, and 25,000 East Indians, Pakistanis and Chinese. Of the Black population, the largest ethnic groups are the Makua-Lomwe, perhaps 2,500,000 in the Center-North, the Shona, 1,600,000 strong in the Center, and the Thonga, about 1,300,000 in the South. The population is divided religiously between the Moslems North of the Zambezi River and the Christian or Pagan South. Mozambique, unlike Angola, is still overwhelmingly rural and tribal, and knowledge of the Portuguese language is not widespread outside the urban centers. Additionally, the Portuguese population of the territory, in contrast to Angola, has always been predominantly made up of either peasants or functionaries of the government or of Metropolitan Corporations. Thousands of these have left in the past year. In any case, the entrepreneurial spirit was largely lacking.
Statement on Angola
Authors: Marcum John A.
Published: May 2006

After a fifteen year colonial struggle, Angolan nationalists are on the verge of realizing or destroying an independent Angolan state. With the collapse and exit of the old colonial regime, three rival liberation movements have been left to compete for political ascendancy. It may be useful therefore to focus briefly on (1) the genesis and character of this political tripolarity, on (2) the tendency for it to encourage extensive external intervention and on (3) some thoughts concerning what, under the circumstances, might constitute an appropriate American response.
Testimony on Rhodesia and United States Foreign Policy
Authors: Lockwood Edgar
Published: May 2006

I appreciate very much this opportunity to present our views on what the United States should do to encourage political progress in Rhodesia.

Since the establishment of the Washington Office on Africa in the fall of 1972, we have devoted much of our efforts to working with sympathetic members of Congress and citizens across the country to improve United States policy toward Rhodesia and specifically to repeal the Byrd Amendment, which three-and-a-half years ago created a statutory violation of this country’s treaty obligation to comply with the United Nations sanctions program. So we are pleased to participate in hearings on southern Africa and especially this one on Rhodesia.
Struggling in Hard Times: The Zambian Women's Movement
Authors: Keller Bonnie B.
Published: May 2006

The Women's Decade has had a substantial impact in Zambia. Before 1975 there was virtually no discussion about the economic and political situation of the nation's women. Since 1985, however, many of the issues raised during the Decade have been made specific to the Zambian situation by a small national women's movement. Professional women active in the movement have focused on changes in policy making and planning processes to improve women's economic situation, rather than on political mobilization and participation.
The African Studies Association: Priority Issues
Authors: Njisane Mlahleni
Published: May 2006

Thinking about the African Studies Association – what it could do, ought to be doing, or should have done – brings to mind the suggestion once offered by some prominent academic group that the priority of their university African studies program should be Phonetics.
Africanism
Authors: Njaka Mazi E. N.
Published: May 2006

To write about a culture and its relevance of thought using techniques and methodology invented in another culture can be deceptive. Every culture has its raison d’etre. The ideology of a society moulds its culture as well as the values of that society. Those members of a society who have been indoctrinated and miseducated in another cultural setting simply do not qualify to use the techniques they have learned in formulating a framework for the constructs and principles of the culture in which they were born. They do not have sufficient knowledge of their parent culture, thus their analysis can be misleading and full of disturbed facts and findings. However, they can attempt to rediscover their culture and ascertain the salutary effect that certain of its characteristics or modes of thought might have when applied or adapted to another culture.
Southern Africa Policy for the Seventies
Authors: Bowman Larry
Published: May 2006

The phrase communication for change is now entering the lexicon of America's Southern African policy makers with about the same regularity that President Nixon promises us that his foreign policy will lead to a full generation of peace. Both policies call for support as an article of faith since the payoffs – change and peace – will not be realized until Nixon, Secretary of State Rogers, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs Newsom, and most other current policy makers have moved on to corporate law practices and foundation presidencies. The mere fact that we are urged to accept policies by those who will not be around to be held accountable for them should concern us and perhaps give us cause for a healthy degree of skepticism. This article is intended to briefly assess the current state of American foreign policy toward Southern Africa and to consider how (if at all) current policy offers promise to the millions of Africans who live under racist regimes.
The Ratched-McMurphy Model Revisited: A Critique of Participatory Development Models, Strategies, and Projects
Authors: Gellar Sheldon
Published: May 2006

In recent years, development theorists, planners, and practitioners have placed much greater stress on the crucial importance of popular participation in promoting rural development. Twenty years ago it was fashionable to talk about national planning; today it is fashionable to talk about participatory development. As in the past, the wealthy, the well-educated, and the professionals define the contents of participatory development and how it should be applied to and by the rural masses. Socialist theorists attack the bourgeois state and pontificate on the transition to socialism; the capitalists denounce state intervention and invoke the magic of the market; the peasants look toward the sky and pray for rain; and the cows amble in search of grass unaware of their crucial role in the participatory development process.
Brain Drain within the ECOWAS Region
Authors: Adebayo Akin
Published: May 2006

The “Brain Drain” phenomenon has been characterized as the dramatic migration often permanently, of specialized human capital from developing to the technologically advanced countries of the world, particularly to the United States of America and Canada where there are better work facilities, and attractive remunerations for professionals such as physicians, surgeons, engineers, lawyers and others. Apart from these relative economic opportunities, the prevalence of political stability and freedom in the developed countries serves as an attractive force for the lamentable loss of intellectuals and professionals from the developing to the developed nations.
Tautologies from Pseudo-Random Generators
Authors: Krajíček Jan
Published: May 2006

We consider tautologies formed from a pseudo-random number generator, defined in Krajíček [11] and in Alekhnovich et al. [2]. We explain a strategy of proving their hardness for Extended Frege systems via a conjecture about bounded arithmetic formulated in Krajíček [11]. Further we give a purely finitary statement, in the form of a hardness condition imposed on a function, equivalent to the conjecture.
Caesar and the South of Russia
Authors: Rostovtseff M.
Published: May 2006

A new series of Chersonesus inscriptions published by V. V. Latishev in the supplements to the second edition of the “Inscriptiones orae septentrionalis Ponti Euxini” (I.O.S.P.E.) gives a great deal of hitherto unknown and very valuable information in regard to the history of Chersonesus.

I shall not dwell to any extent on the three fragments—two new and one old—of the decree made in honour of an ambassador of Mithradates Eupator, giving almost the full text of the inscription, beautifully reconstructed by Latishev (I.O.S.P.E. I2 349).
A Roman Postal Service under the Republic
Authors: Ramsay A. M.
Published: May 2006

Modern writers have remarked with surprise upon the absence of a postal service under the Roman Republic. The fact that Latin literature makes no mention of any such service would not, taken alone, be sufficient to prove that it did not exist; but Suetonius in his account of the institution of the Imperial post by Augustus speaks as if it were a new departure in the history of Roman administration, and it is clear from many incidental references in Cicero's correspondence that in his time there was no government postal service which an official could make use of. A provincial governor sent his despatches by one of his own lictors or orderlies (statores) or by the tabellarii of the tax-farming companies, there being no other means of transmission available. “Your orderly has brought me two letters from you,” writes Cicero, then governor of Cilicia, to Sallustius, proquaestor of Syria. “I have thought it advisable to send my orderlies and lictors to you with despatches,” he writes about the same time to his own quaestor.
The Notitia Dignitatum
Authors: Bury J. B.
Published: May 2006

§ 1. The document (or rather two documents) which has come down under the title Notitia Dignitatum is well known to all students who have concerned themselves, however incidentally, with the government of the Roman empire in the fourth and fifth centuries. It sometimes strikes one that it is referred to in a way that betrays a defective realisation of what it was. Some of those who quote it appear to think that it was compiled for the purpose of giving information to the Roman public as to the organisation of the civil and military services and belongs to much the same class of work as e.g. the Synecdemus of Hierocles or the Notitia of Polemius Silvius. It was, of course, nothing of the kind, and it has been known since the days of Pancirolus precisely what it was; but even by some who were fully aware of its character and purpose deductions have been drawn which its character and purpose exclude. For students of Roman Britain it is particularly important to have a full grasp of the general questions connected with the Notitia, since it contains a great deal of the little evidence we have for the fortunes of that country at the beginning of the fifth century.

§ 2. The primicerius notariorum was one of the highest officials of the second class (i.e. those who had the rank of spectabilis). In A.D. 381 an imperial law elevated him above the vicarii and placed him in the same group as the proconsuls.
The Corbridge Gold Find of 1911
Authors: Macdonald George
Published: May 2006

The remarkable hoard of Roman gold coins found at Corbridge, Northumberland, in September, 1911, was discovered under circumstances which did not admit of any very obvious archaeological interpretation. The point as to whether it had been “of ancient time hidden” was of considerable practical importance, inasmuch as under the law of England gold or silver objects so hidden belong to the king, while such objects if they have been accidentally lost or deliberately abandoned may belong to the person who is fortunate enough to find them. Last December, in view of the situation that had arisen, the Crown authorities requested me to look carefully into the archaeological aspects of the matter for their guidance. The result was the following report which was addressed to the Solicitor to the Treasury, by whose permission it is here printed. The coins were surrendered as treasure trove to the Crown.
Three new Inscriptions from Pontus and Pisidia
Authors: Cumont F. , Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2006

The Rev. G. E. White of Anatolia College, Marsovan, to whom we owe the knowledge of several interesting inscriptions of Asia Minor, has laid us under a fresh obligation by sending copies of two epitaphs recently discovered in the district where he lives. These texts will be of interest to students of the Roman empire, and we take the opportunity of publishing them without delay in these pages.
Magister Gregorius de Mirabilibus Urbis Romae: A New Description of Rome in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Rushforth G. McN.
Published: May 2006

In 1917 Dr. M. R. James, now Provost of Eton College, discovered in a manuscript belonging to St. Catharine's College Cambridge, and printed in the English Historical Review, a description by a certain Magister Gregorius of the most remarkable sights or ‘wonders’ of the city of Rome. The manuscript appears to be English, of the last years of the thirteenth century; and Dr. James thinks that the author was an Englishman, and lived in the twelfth century. Though this is the only copy of the work that is known, it is not the first that we have heard of it, for it was used in the fourteenth century by Ranulf Higden (d. 1364) in the description of Rome in the first book of his Polychronicon. We now know that he passed over some of the most curious and interesting of Gregory's statements, so that the discovery of the original is a real addition to our knowledge.
The Caratacus Stone on Exmoor
Authors: Bruton F. A.
Published: May 2006

On the very top of Winsford Hill, the southern limit of Exmoor, more than twelve hundred feet above the sea, two roads meet at right angles, at a point called Spire Cross. One connects the ancient (some say prehistoric) bridge known as Tarr Steps, on one side of the hill, with the picturesque village of Winsford, lying deep down in the valley of the Exe, on the other. The second road runs north-west from Dulverton to Exford, and so to Porlock and Lynmouth, passing on the left Hawkcombe Head, the favourite meeting-place of the Somerset and Devon Staghounds, and the Lorna Doone country.
A Roman sarcophagus at Pawlowsk and its fellows
Authors: Toynbee Jocelyn
Published: May 2006

In the collection of ancient sculpture at Pawlowsk, near Leningrad, there is a Roman sarcophagus which has never been published (plate I, a-c), though long known to students of ancient sarcophagi. A certain amount of information as to its history is supplied to us from the following sources. Stephani appends to his description of the sarcophagus in Die Antiken-Sammlung zu Pawlowsk, 1872, p. 24, no. 42, a short notice of its previous career. ‘Der Sarkophag ist in Rom im Mausoleum des Augustus, worin bekanntlich. nähere und fernere Verwandte der kaiserlichen Familie bis gegen die Zeit Hadrians beigesetzt wurden (Becker, Handb. der röm. Alterth. Th. I, s. 639), gefunden und gelangte zunächst in die Sammlung Lyde Brown—Cat. L. Br. 1779, sarcofaghi, no. I, “un bellissimo e ben conservato sarcofago, largo quattro piedi e mezzo, ornato con sei maschere di Fauni e Satiri e con festoni e putti di ottimo gusto; fu trovato nel Mausoleo d'Augusto.”’ On the negative side we can trace the history of the sarcophagus still further.
Augustan edicts from Cyrene
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2006

Readers of the Journal will no doubt welcome a reproduction of the highly interesting and important edicts of Augustus which came to light some six years ago in the course of the Italian excavations at Cyrene and have now been published by G. Oliverio in the rather inaccessible Notiziario Archeologico, fasc. iv, 1927, pp. 13–67. As I have busied myself with the interpretation of the documents to the extent of delivering an address on them to the Roman Society on October 25th, I repeat here the substance of what I then said, with some omissions and some additions. The purpose of my address was, not to furnish a complete commentary on the texts, but to attempt an estimate of their historical significance. In consenting to repeat it, I am well aware that pitfalls beset pioneers and that differences of view are not only possible, particularly in regard to the last edict of the series, but will no doubt find expression in the near future. But it is only by the interplay of various minds that the truth can be reached.
The Ordo of Pompeii
Authors: Gordon Mary L.
Published: May 2006

When Vespasian sought to give new vitality to the decadent aristocracy of Rome by admitting the local gentry of the Italian towns to the senate, he was drawing upon a class which was destined to play an important part in the government and defence of the Empire. The municipal nobility, first of Italy and later of the provinces, not only managed the affairs of all the smaller communities, but also came to fill most positions of authority, both military and civil, in the imperial administration. To understand the Empire, therefore, we must know something of this aristocracy, and must study it in that local setting which our literary authorities despise. Here Pompeii affords valuable evidence, through the comparative abundance of the material presented, and through the tragic definiteness of its chronological lower limit. It is true that this evidence, for all its copiousness, is defective, since a large part of Pompeii remains unexcavated; and our lists of magistrates and of candidates for office are compiled from casual finds, not from official sources, so that negative evidence cannot safely be used. It is true also that Pompeii, owing to its unusually favourable economic conditions, is less representative of other Italian municipia than could be wished. Within these limits, however, a study of its ruling Ordo should throw some light upon the character of these bodies in and even beyond Italy.
Festivals of Mên Askaênos in the Roman Colonia at Antioch of Pisidia
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2006

In the following article I propose to discuss a series of inscriptions discovered in the course of the excavations conducted in 1912 by Sir W. M. Ramsay, with the aid of Mr. W. M. Calder and myself, at the sanctuary of Mên on the hill of Karakuyu, which lies a little distance to the south of Pisidian Antioch. At first sight the subject might seem to lie outside the scope of a journal devoted to Roman studies: the documents are almost entirely Greek, and Mên was not a Roman god. But the Roman empire transcended nationality: it carried out in the east the work of civilisation which the Hellenic race did no more than begin, and that part of its history is the most varied and not the least important which deals with the diffusion of western culture over lands little affected, or wholly unaffected, by Hellenism. The foundation of Roman colonies was one of the means employed by the early empire to help on that work. In doing it these colonies lost themselves: they gradually lost their individuality and their Roman character; they adopted the local religion, as they were bound to do, and their descendants forgot the old Roman gods. Yet they left their mark behind, and the history of their fortunes is one of peculiar interest. Antioch was one of those Roman colonies, and my subject is a chapter of that history.
Asia Minor, 1924.: I.–Monuments from Iconium, Lycaonia and Isauria
Authors: Buckler W. H. , Calder W. M. , Cox C. W. M.
Published: May 2006

The antiquities described below were seen by us during a visit to Konia and the Isaurian hill-country in June, 1924. One of us (Buckler) spent ten days at Konia while the other two were travelling in the south; after this we were together in Konia for four days. As a result of the instructions kindly given by the Ministers of the Interior and of Public Instruction, we were extremely well treated by the local authorities, and desire particularly to thank the Director of the Konia Museum for his courtesy. We would also express our gratitude to H.E. Halil Edhem Bey, Director of the Museum of Antiquities in Constantinople, to Professor Reisch and Dr. Josef Keil of the Austrian Archaeological Institute who have given invaluable help, and to Sir W. M. Ramsay for his kind aid and criticism.
Studies in the Roman province Galatia: VI. Some Inscriptions of Colonia Caesarea Antiochea
Authors: Ramsay William Mitchell
Published: May 2006

Sterrett mentioned long ago that there are twelve mahale (divisions) in the modern town of Yalowatch. Two of these are separate from the rest on the SW. I have often tried to get a list of the mahale; but no two persons agreed about them and, as the town has grown, the distinction seems to have been forgotten as inconsistent with modern ‘progress.’ Once I gathered a group of men, and instituted a regular ‘third degree’ questioning. There was general acquiescence in the number 12; it is a good number; but some maintained that some quarter of the town was a mahale, while others declared that it was not really a mahale. Probably the classification represents the persistence and gradual disappearance of a former condition. Yalowatch was in the fourteenth century one of the six great cities of Hamid (H.G.A.M. p. 390).
The Origins of the Second Macedonian War
Authors: McDonald A. H. , Walbank F. W.
Published: May 2006

There is little need now to emphasise the importance of the declaration of war against Philip V of Macedon in the history of Roman imperialism, or to formulate the problem of the causes of the Roman decision to intervene in the East. The work of M. Holleaux has defined the problem and indicated its historical implications, and subsequent research has kept the issue clear. We have rather to justify a paper upon this subject which returns to details of reconstruction already fully treated. Yet the reconstruction of events has not received its final exposition, and a better understanding of the details is essential for the historical interpretation of the political situation in 200 B.C.
‘Verbum non amplius addam’
Authors: MacDonald George
Published: May 2006

When a tag from a colophon usurps the place of a title, a word of apology may be in season. In this instance, then, the motive for the choice was a desire to allay at the outset any alarm that might be felt lest the Journal should be caught in the maelstrom of a never-ending controversy. Those who are apprehensive on that score may rest assured that, unless fresh facts of real moment come to light, this will be my last word upon the subject. Indeed, it is with the greatest reluctance that I have intervened now. Thanks to the indulgence of long-suffering editors, my views have already been set out so fully, partly in these pages and partly elsewhere, that I had believed myself free to stand aside and await the verdict of informed opinion. But I was too sanguine. My arguments, as reflected in ‘The Fate of Agricola's Northern Conquests’, are sometimes so grievously distorted and obscured, doubtless through my own failure to state them clearly, that one more effort to be intelligible is imperative. The obligation is all the stronger because my critics announce that they are ‘reserving fuller treatment for another place’; it would be unfair to leave them in any dubiety as to the case they have to meet. Unfortunately one cannot be explicit without some expenditure of words. I will do my best, however, to be economical in that respect and, as an earnest of my good intentions, I will refrain from touching upon the various ‘general grounds’ to which the opening pages of the article that has set my pen in motion are devoted. They are too nebulous for brief debate. I cannot, however, leave unchallenged the attempt to rule out my interpretation of a crucial phrase.
The Urbanization of Palestine
Authors: Jones A. H. M.
Published: May 2006

The object of this paper is to trace the administrative development in Roman times of the Judaeo-Samaritan territory proper, that is of Galilee, Peraea, Samaria and Judaea as delimited by Josephus, excluding the tetrarchy of Philip and the cities of the Decapolis and of the coast. My reasons for choosing this region are that it affords a highly interesting, because singularly well-documented, example of that development from a centralised bureaucratic administration to a régime of autonomous city-states, which was generally promoted by the Roman government, and that it incidentally throws some light on that subject of perennial interest,—the attitude of the Roman authorities to the Jews.

During the first century of our era, each of the four regions enumerated above formed an administrative unit. Each had its capital and was subdivided into smaller units, termed toparchies. The evidence is fullest for Judaea. Here Jerusalem was the capital, and there were eleven toparchies. The list according to Josephus is Jerusalem, Gophna, Acrabatta, Thamna, Lydda, Emmaus, Pella, Idumaea, Engaddi, Herodium and Jericho. A similar list is given by Pliny who, however, omits Idumaea and Engaddi and calls Pella Bethleptapha.
Five Town-Walls in Hispania Citerior
Authors: Richmond I. A.
Published: May 2006

The affinities of the group of Spanish town-walls now to be described are little known, and the walls themselves are of small fame outside Spain. Mélida's book containing a short account of the Lugo wall is rare; Astorga, Barcelona, León and Zaragoza have not been described in detail. Yet they form a distinct group, with common peculiarities which deserve attention, apart from the date and significance of the whole.
Roman Britain in 1930
Authors: Collingwood R. G. , Taylor M. V.
Published: May 2006

Mathrafal, the ancient seat of the Princes of Powys, has in the past been regarded as a Roman site, on the strength of certain tiles found there. Mr. F. N. Pryce has investigated the site; he finds that the tiles are not Roman and are associated with much modern pottery, and suggests that they belong to the seventeenth or eighteenth century.

The tower at Coed-y-Garreg (Whitford parish, Flints.), whose identification as a Roman lighthouse was long ago rejected by Haverfield, is dated by Mr. B. H. St. J. O'Neil to the sixteenth or early seventeenth century.
The Decline of the Roman Power in Western Europe. Some Modern Explanations
Authors: Baynes Norman H.
Published: May 2006

It is the purpose of this paper to consider a few of the more outstanding contributions towards the solution of this familiar problem propounded since the publication in 1898 of Sir Samuel Dill's book on Roman Society in the last century of the Western Empire (2nd edn., 1899). It may well appear somewhat surprising that I should venture to speak on such a topic, since my own work, such as it is, has been concerned rather with the history of the Byzantine Empire. And yet for a student of Byzantine history the problem has a special interest: he is forced to consider that problem not merely as a West European issue, but rather to compare and contrast the historical development in the western and eastern provinces of the Empire. He is compelled to raise the question: why was it that the Roman Empire failed to survive in Western Europe while it endured for a further millennium in the East ? The very fact that he is primarily interested in the history of the Byzantine Empire enables him to approach the Western problem from a different angle and to treat that problem in a wider setting and not in isolation.
The Unique Character of Classical Roman Law
Authors: Pringsheim F.
Published: May 2006

The unique character of Roman law has been treated for centuries; hymns enough have been sung. My purpose is different: I restrict the problem to Roman classical law and therefore have intentionally added this adjective to the title. Roman private law—and I have only private law to consider here—is not the same throughout the thousand years of its history. Modern research distinguishes in the legislation of Justinian what belongs to the Byzantine epoch from what is genuinely classical. Secondly, we now know more about pre-classical law so that we are better able to contrast classical with archaic law. A third reason for a revision of our view is the developed study of the oriental, the cuneiform, law, and some new research in Greek law. Owing to this threefold progress we can try to sketch the unique character of Roman classical law in comparison with other laws. I discern three periods of Roman law: archaic (or pre-classical) up to 150 B.C., classical from 150 B.C. to A.D. 300, Byzantine (or post-classical) from A.D. 300 to 565. These are the usual periods, except that I carry back the classical period to 150 B.C. I know that there are transitions; but if we take the years 150 B.C. and A.D. 300, we shall roughly mark the turning points and have before us three distinct periods of Roman law.
Albunea
Authors: Tilly Bertha
Published: May 2006

At rex sollicitus monstris oracula Fauni,

fatidici genitoris, adit lucosque sub alta

consulit Albunea, nemorum quae maxima sacro

fonte sonat saevamque exhalat opaca mephitim.

hinc Italae gentes omnisque Oenotria tellus

in dubiis responsa petunt.

The traditional view from the time of Servius onwards has been that this passage refers to a shrine in the neighbourhood of Tibur, and that the waters described are those of the sulphur lakes of Albula, white and strong-smelling, which lie two miles away in the open country. This view was first challenged by Bonstetten in 1805, and his theory has been further developed by Carcopino. The main objections to the old view are, firstly, that Albula lies about thirty miles north in the Sabine region, well away both from the district in which is set the action of the last six books of the Aeneid, and from the home of Latinus, whether the latter was at Laurentum (the existence of which is now doubted by some scholars) or at Lavinium; secondly, the difference in name, for that the springs near Tibur were called ‘Albula’ is well attested by ancient notices; and thirdly, the difficulty of access. Both Bonstetten and Carcopino are in agreement in locating the oracle at the sulphur springs near Pratica di Mare, the ancient Lavinium : neither, however, seems to have investigated the site as fully as was desirable, and it may be of interest to give the results of a further exploration.
‘In eo solo dominium Populi Romani est vel Caesaris’
Authors: Jones A. H. M.
Published: May 2006

The doctrine that dominium in provincial soil was vested in the Roman people or in Caesar has been taken far more seriously in modern, than it ever was in ancient, times. There is no evidence, as the late Professor Tenney Frank argued in volume xvii of this Journal, that the doctrine had any effect on the policy of the Roman government under the Republic or in the early years of the Principate. It may be added that there is equally little evidence that it was put to any practical use at any later period. At no time did the Roman government treat provincial landholders as tenants at will, or assume the right of arbitrarily dispossessing them: confiscation always remained a penal measure. Julius Frontinus, writing under Domitian, does, it is true, use the doctrine to explain why provincial landholders pay tribute: ‘possidere enim illis quasi fructus tollendi causa et praestandi tributi condicione concessum est.’ But it may be questioned how seriously Frontinus intended these words to be taken: the ‘quasi’ suggests that he is speaking figuratively. And in any case the theory had no effect on administrative practice. A tenant could be evicted for failing to pay his rent: a landowner who did not pay his tribute remained, despite the theory, liable only for the amount of his debt to the State.
Who was Decidius Saxa?
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: May 2006

The world of learning owes debts many and varied to Sir Henry Stuart Jones: it is the Camden Professor and historian of Rome that Oxford knows best. In Roman history, wherever knowledge may be deepened and however horizons may be widened, the transformation of the Roman State and the transition from Republic to Principate must ever claim the centre of interest. For this reason a paper concerning one of Caesar's partisans, a military man from Spain, may be offered as a tribute from the School of Literae Humaniores—and from one of the three Colleges with which Sir Henry's life in Oxford has been identified.
Commemorative Arches and City Gates in the Augustan Age
Authors: Richmond I. A.
Published: May 2006

In three years' time, a hundred years will have passed since Luigi Rossini issued his series of plates illustrating Roman triumphal arches in Italy, delineations of interest not only for their accuracy and beauty, but also because Rossini made them the basis of the first detailed study of the Triumphal Arch as an artistic object in itself, treated apart from the surroundings which it embellished. All subsequent workers, Curtis, Nilsson, Loewy and Noack, took the same point of view: and the object of this study is to supplement their valuable research by reconstructing the surroundings of a group of arches connected with city gates, and seeing what light is shed by the relationship of the two structures upon the development of the decorative arch. It is not always possible to reconstruct the ancient grouping in full, nor can it be recovered so easily now as a century ago. But it will emerge that there is always something to be discovered which helps to determine the place of a given arch in the environment which it decorated.
The Servian Reforms
Authors: Last Hugh
Published: May 2006

The origin and purpose of the centuriate organization are a subject for which the surviving evidence is too scanty to permit of any confident interpretation; and it might well be argued that, when so much has been written already about so little, it is idle to write more. Nevertheless, I have ventured to put down the remarks which follow because, unless I am wrong, there are still some relevant facts which have not been taken into account, and also because certain recent treatments of the matter, by concentrating on selected details without regard to the fundamental problem of the reason why the Servian system, was introduced, seem to me to have moved rather away from the truth than towards it. But for the conclusions suggested below at most I do not claim more than that they deserve consideration.

In dealing with so complicated a piece of history within the limits of an article it is obviously both necessary to be selective and more than usually desirable to be clear. So I have not hesitated either to pass by the less relevant detail in silence or to mention points on which opinion is now generally agreed when such points are essential to make the argument intelligible. For help in an attempt to attain these ends I owe my hearty thanks to four friends—Professors Buckland and de Zulueta, Dr. David Daube and Dr. Momigliano, and in particular also to the first three of them for their generosity in putting at my disposal their knowledge of recent literature in the field of private law. They must not, however, be assumed to share any of the views here outlined.
Decorated Ware from Lavoye
Authors: Oswald Felix
Published: May 2006

Twenty years ago my friend, Monsieur Georges Chenet, who had excavated several sites of Lavoye potteries in the Argonne, sent me a representative collection of fragments of moulds and bowls from these potteries. He had already published several articles on the rich material he had excavated, but he informed me that he intended to write a large and comprehensive monograph on the subject. However, he went with Professor C. F. A. Schaeffer to Syria to excavate the important site of Ras Shamra, and his Lavoye work fell into abeyance. It is, therefore, an opportune moment to publish this collection, which he so kindly sent me; for the account given by Fölzer was incomplete and not systematic enough in differentiating the work of the various potters, although the description was founded on material discovered by Dr. Meunier and M. Chenet. Unfortunately nearly all their material was looted or destroyed by the Germans in the last war and possibly M. Chenet's later collections may have suffered the same fate in this war.
The First Age of Roman Coinage
Authors: Mattingly Harold
Published: May 2006

The Romans of later times knew very little about the origins of their coinage. Thus, Pliny the Elder could assign the first issue of bronze to Servius Tullius, and the mint-master of Trajan could mistake denarii of somewhere near 200 B.C. for issues of Horatius Cocles and Decius Mus. Apart from isolated notices in metrological and other writers, we have a limited amount of coherent tradition, notably in Pliny the Elder, Varro and Festus, which increases in value as it approaches the Empire. But, even here, we do not find the sure ground on which we should choose to construct our system. The tradition, we all agree, has some relation to facts, and therefore some value: but it is impossible to trust it blindly—it must be checked and criticized and, if need be, adapted to fit the evidence of the coins themselves.
Inscriptions from Jerash.—Part II
Authors: Jones A. H. M.
Published: May 2006

61. Fig. 6. Three blocks forming the lintel of a doorway at the head of the steps descending into the Fountain Court from the north. The inscription originally ran across all three blocks, but the part on the last block has been completely obliterated by weathering. Height of inscribed face, 15 cm.; lengths, 78 cm. and 92 cm. Height of letters, 3·5 cm. The sign rendered ἔτους is L.