bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Literary Journalism of Guadalupe Loaeza and Cristina Pacheco
Authors: SHAW DEBORAH
Published: April 2005

Abstract
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This article examines the writings of the Mexican literary journalists, Guadalupe Loaeza and Cristina Pacheco. It traces the political agendas of the writers through an analysis of their work in two collected volumes, Las niñas bien (Loaeza) and Sopita de fideo (Pacheco). The paper argues that while each author focuses on opposite ends of the social scale, each piece of writing contains an implicit or explicit attack on the Mexican ruling classes which mismanage the economy, squander its wealth and condemn the majority to economic misery.
From Industrial Policy to Regional and Local Locational Policy: Experience from Santa Catarina/Brazil
Authors: MEYER‐STAMER JÖRG
Published: April 2005

Abstract —Industrial policy is no longer what it used to be. In the industrialised world and in advanced developing countries alike, the focus has shifted from a top‐down, statist approach that sought to create industries to a decentralised, networked approach whose aim is to shape competitive advantages and to create ‘systemic competitiveness.’ This reflects the fact that globalisation and localisation are parallel and mutually reinforcing processes: The firms which do better in a globalised market are rooted in well‐developed networks of supporting firms and institutions. The analysis of the case of Santa Catarina, a state which had a strong industrial growth record in the 1970s and 1980s, shows that the relevant actors tend to be slow to move to this kind of pattern. State‐level industrial policy mainly consists of participation in a ‘guerra fiscal’ geared to attracting external investment as well as, to a very limited extent, measures aimed at giving financial support to local firms. Yet there is no such thing as an explicit policy at the state level — to say nothing of the local level — designed to support firms by shaping locational advantages. This is due to limitations on the part both of the state and the private sector. As far as the state is concerned, a traditional clientelist and ad hoc style of policy making prevails. In the private sector the business associations (sindicatosand the Federation of Industries, local chambers of industry and commerce and their umbrella federation) are slowly adapting to the new conditions presented by an open economy and far more competitive pressure, though they have thus far lagged in putting more pressure on local and state government to support company‐level efforts to increase competitiveness. Within this general picture, however, there are differences between industrial clusters. The most advanced of them, made up of world‐class firms manufacturing ceramic tiles, may show the way by strengthening associations, shaping locational advantages, and articulating the demands of companies toward the state.
Reinaldo Arenas' Autobiography Antes Que Anochezca as Confrontational ‘Ars Moriendi’
Authors: RILEY NEREA
Published: April 2005

Abstract
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This article focuses on the posthumously‐published autobiography by Reinaldo Arenas. The main aim is to examine questions of genre, and, specifically, autobiography as ars moriendi, where issues of internal and external exile are explored and a fluid alternative narrative is offered, in contrast to the rigid official narrative on AIDS.
Mariano Arista and the 1850 Presidential Election in Mexico
Authors: COSTELOE MICHAEL P.
Published: April 2005

Abstract –This article examines the 1850 presidential election in Mexico. It is divided into five sections: party political background, electoral regulations, candidates, campaign, results. General Mariano Arista was the successful candidate in what was the first genuinely contested presidential election since independence.
The Peruvian press under recent authoritarian regimes, with special reference to theautogolpeof President Fujimori
Authors: Wood David
Published: April 2005

Among the many controversial actions of President Fujimori theautogolpeof April 1992 is one of the most widely known, appearing for a time to provide other beleaguered South American presidents with an alternative model as to a possible course of action. By means of textual analysis and interviews with the editors of newspapers and news magazines this paper examines the military and economic pressures exerted on the Peruvian printed media during Alberto Fujimori's first term in office, and relates them to the historical situation of the press in the country.
La Marcha Violenta? Railroads and Land in 19th‐century Mexico
Authors: Van Hoy Teresa M.
Published: April 2005

The impact of railroad development on land tenure and use in 19th‐century Mexico has long been central to interpretations of Mexico's rural history, in particular of the grievances culminating in the Revolution (1910–20). The prevailing interpretation, that railroads displaced Mexican peasants and smallholders from the land, has intuitive appeal but lacks empirical support. This article treats the question of the railroads' impact by studying the terms of the railroads' acquisition of land in southern Mexico. It argues that railroads failed to displace owners and occupants of the land, despite the governments's new laws and handpicked agents intended to oust recalcitrant residents with minimal delay and expense.
On the political consequences of privatisation: the case of Teléfonos de México
Authors: Clifton Judith
Published: April 2005

This article examines the political consequences of the most important single privatisation in Mexico, that of the national telecommunications company, Telmex. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, diverse observers of Mexico claimed that, as the government pursued a dramatic privatisation programme as part of a broader plan to liberalise the economy, democratic growth would be encouraged. This argument is challenged in the case of the Telmex privatisation. It is shown how privatisation generated new resources that were channelled to lubricate corporatist relations and that the so‐called new unionism emerging from the telephone workers’union did not represent a departure from, but a culmination of, traditional state‐labour relations in Mexico.
The resurgence of populism in Latin America
Authors: Cammack Paul
Published: April 2005

Contemporary manifestations of “neopopulism” are situated in an analysis of the role of political institutions in capitalist societies, and the idea of structural and institutional crisis. It is argued that “populist” and “neopopulist” discourse alike must be understood in terms of their relationship to specific conjunctural projects for the reorientation of capitalist reproduction. This approach directs attention back to the contrasting conjunctures in which classical populist and contemporary neopopulist political projects were launched. It also provides a basis on which contemporary projects which adopt elements of populist strategy and discourse can be compared and evaluated.
Populisms old and new: the Peruvian case⋆
Authors: Crabtree John
Published: April 2005

President Fujimori is often seen as exemplary of the Latin American “neopopulist”. Having inherited a country in crisis, he managed to engineer profound changes in the economic sphere, legitimising his government through a direct rapport with the mass of the population that marginalised representative institutions. This article seeks to place this “neopopulism” in an historical context by focusing on the socio‐economic and political characteristics that have sustained a tradition of populism in Peru. It argues that “top‐down” styles of political mobilisation have long had a debilitating effect on the development of a representative party system, and that populist traits can be traced through regimes of widely differing ideological orientations.
Neopopulism and its limits in Collor's Brazil
Authors: Panizza Francisco
Published: April 2005

The election of Fernando Collor de Mello as President of Brazil in 1989 was regarded as part of a new wave of neopopulist leaders in contemporary Latin America. The article explores the conditions of emergence of Collor's neopopulist project, the nature of his appeal and the causes of his downfall. The article argues that the emergence of Collor's neopopulist challenge was the result of a crisis of representation in Brazil's edging democratic order. The article concludes that Collor's demise from power in 1992 had to do with the precarious nature of his appeal and his failure to ground his project in a new set of political institutions.
Populist possibilities and political constraints in Mexico
Authors: Philip George
Published: April 2005

This article defines populism (in Latin American context) as a form of politics that is based mainly upon a personalist appeal, attracts significant popular support and, if successful, significantly redesigns social or political institutions. Neopopulism is defined as a form of populism which begins outside the state as opposed to classic populism which originates within the state. The main theoretical argument is that the study of populism can be made significant for comparative politics if we emphasise the issue of institutional redesign and then conceptualise it in structure vs agency terms. The comparative question then becomes whether a particular set of political institutions is robust enough to withstand the challenge of a charismatic individual. The empirical background is that Latin America has seen a significant number of populist movements that have indeed fundamentally altered institutional structures. By the same token, there have been an even larger number of populist attempts which ultimately failed. Having made this point, the discussion then focuses on Mexico. It seeks to understand the different sets of conditions which allowed Lázaro Cárdenas to succeed as classic populist in the 1930s, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas to come close to success as a neopopulist in the 1980s and which greatly reduce the likelihood of successful neopopulism in the near future.
Book reviews
Authors: Lewis Colin M.
Published: April 2005

Adelman, Jeremy (1999), Republic of Capital: Buenos Aires and the Legal Transformation of the Atlantic World.

Walker, Charles F. (1999), Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840.

Schmidt‐Nowara, Christopher (1999), Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833+1874.

Lauria‐Santiago, Aldo (1999), An Agrarian Republic: Commercial Agriculture and the Politics of Peasant Communities in El Salvador, 1823–1914.

Austin‐Broos Diane J. (1997), Jamaica Genesis: Religion and The Politics of Moral Orders.

V. Montecinos (Ed.) (1998), Economists, Politics and the State: Chile 1958–1994, vol. viii.

A. Hira (ed.) (1998); Ideas and Economic Policy in Latin America: Regional, National and Organizational Case Studies.

Cullather, Nick (1999), Secret History: The CIA's Classified Account Of Its Operations in Guatemala 1952+1954.

Wilson Samuel (ed.) (1999), The Indigenous People of the Caribbean.

Gary H. Gossen (1999), Telling Maya Tales. Tzotzil Identities in Modern Mexico.

Lievesley, Geraldine, Democracy in Latin America: Mobilisation, Power and the search for a New Politics.

Gould Jeffrey (1998), To Die in This Way. Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of Mestizaje, 1880–1965.

Torres, Carlos Alberto and Puiggrós, Adriana (1998), Latin American Education. Comparative Perspectives.

Archetti, Edwardo (1999), Masculinities, Football, Polo and the Tango in Argentina.

Outtes Joel (ed.) (1997), O Recife: gênese do urbanismo, 1927+1943.
‘Paz, progreso, justicia y honradez’: law and citizenship in Alta Verapaz during the regime of Jorge Ubico⋆
Authors: Sieder Rachel
Published: April 2005

Prospects for the ‘rule of law’ in the present are shaped by historical experiences of law by elite and non‐elite groups in the past. In this article I explore changing conceptions and practices of‘rights’and‘justice’as expressed in the legal and administrative encounters between indigenous people and state officials during the regime of Jorge Ubico (1931–1944). The extension of the state's coercive and administrative apparatus to remote rural areas, new legislation and changes in public administration transformed relations between working people, coffee fmqueros and the state in Guatemala. This implied new obligations and exactions for Mayans, but also provided them with new opportunities to contest and negotiate their conditions. Indigenous people strategically engaged with the law to contest the terms of their domination by elite actors and to mediate conflicts between themselves. As state ideologies of‘moral behaviour’led to increasing regulation of the private sphere, this was particularly important in the case of conflicts over gendered rights and obligations. Although formally excluded from the category of citizens, indigenous people used the official language and discourse of citizenship to further their claims, in turn reshaping Guatemalan nation‐state.
Everyday forms of state decomposition: Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, 1954⋆
Authors: Grandin Greg
Published: April 2005

This essay explores how Guatemala's 1952 agrarian reform played out among Quetzalteco K'iche's. Much of the academic writing on the revolution is concerned with the way the agrarian reform affected indigenous communities. These studies either view the reform as creating bitter political conflicts within the community, thereby weakening or destroying local institutions of communal politics and identification, or else they understand the reform as deepening incipient class divisions. In all of these studies,‘conflict’is understood to be something antithetical to‘community’. Yet conflict is as essential to communal formation as are more visible identity markers, suggesting an intriguing correlation: the greater the degree of communal conflict, the greater the level of communal identification.
Indians are drunks and drunks are Indians: alcohol and indigenismo in Guatemala, 1890–1940
Authors: Garrard‐Burnett Virginia
Published: April 2005

This article explores the ways in which the use of alcohol articulated with the discourse of indigenismo in Guatemala between the late 1890s and the late 1930s. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the public language of alcoholism merged with that of indigenismo. By the early 1930s, during presidency of Jorge Ubico (1931–1944), the theoretical conflation of alcoholism and indigenismo was fully evolved, providing a seamless paradigm for those who would place the credited Guatemala's‘drunken’and‘racially degenerate’indigenous majority with the nation's underdevelopment. The article utilises indigenista literature, newspapers, contemporary legislation and judicial records on the alcohol contraband trade and drunkenness to construct this argument.
The origins of APRA in Cajamarca, 1928–1935⋆
Authors: Taylor Lewis
Published: April 2005

From its foundation in 1930 until the late 1980s, the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) comprised the largest and best organised political party in Peru, but surprisingly few studies exist on how the organisation was established and built up a mass following at the provincial level. This article examines the birth of APRA in the Andean department of Cajamarca. It highlights the support the organisation obtained among key middle–class groups (i.e. lawyers, schoolteachers, cattle dealers, etc.), and the links they forged with the rural and urban poor. APRA's efforts to mobilise “new” social actors, such as women and students, are also described.
The politics of indigenous land rights Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Georgia O.
Published: April 2005

Brazilian indigenous rights policy has been exclusionary. As a result indigenous people and their supporters have mobilised and politicised indigenous issues. Politicisation led to inclusion of indigenous rights in the 1988 Constitution. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that this process led to a retrenchment of interests opposed to indigenous rights. This analysis compares the asymmetric access to the policy‐formation process granted to political and economic interests and indigenous people. The argument is that democratisation has yet to open the policy‐making process to disenfranchised groups such as indigenous people. To illustrate the argument evidence of setbacks to indigenous land rights is examined.
Is Brazil becoming a “boring” country?
Authors: Panizza Francisco
Published: April 2005

The article looks at the condition of Brazil's political system in light of the 1998 electoral results. It critically examines arguments that electoral volatility, political fragmentation and weak institutionalisation have produced a highly unstable political system unsuitable for sound policy‐making and processing change. While not underestimating the influence of electoral rules, it argues that given the combination of political, institutional and economic turmoil of the 1980s, it is not surprising that electoral volatility over the period was amongst the highest in the world. Arguably, however, these factors are now having a diminished impact on the political system, lessening volatility and allowing the emergence of a more institutionalised party system.
La ñata contra el vidrio: urban violence and democratic governability in Argentina
Authors: Tedesco Laura
Published: April 2005

The article argues that the increase in crime and urban violence in Argentina, especially in Buenos Aires, can be explained as an outcome of the interaction of four factors: the new social relations established by neoliberalism; the incapacity of the state to resolve the social conflicts which have arisen from these new social relations; the failure to democratise the security forces; and the exclusion of a sector of society from the rights of effective democratic citizenship. The increase in crime and urban violence is, thus, analysed as a problem of governability.
Earnings Management through Transaction Structuring: Contingent Convertible Debt and Diluted Earnings per Share
Authors: MARQUARDT CAROL , WIEDMAN CHRISTINE
Published: April 2005

In this article we examine whether firms structure their convertible bond transactions to manage diluted earnings per share (EPS). We find that the likelihood of firms issuing contingent convertible bonds (COCOs), which are often excluded from diluted EPS calculations under Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) 128, is significantly associated with the reduction that would occur in diluted EPS if the bonds were traditionally structured. We also document that firms' use of EPS‐based compensation contracts significantly affects the likelihood of COCO issuance and find weak evidence that reputation costs, measured using earnings restatement data, play a role in the structuring decision. These results are robust to controlling for alternative motivations for issuing COCOs, including tax and dilution arguments. In addition, an examination of announcement returns reveals that investors view the net benefits and costs of COCOs as offsetting one another. Our results contribute to the literature on earnings management, diluted EPS, financial reporting costs, and financial innovation.
Firms' Off‐Balance Sheet and Hybrid Debt Financing: Evidence from Their Book‐Tax Reporting Differences
Authors: MILLS LILLIAN F. , NEWBERRY KAYE J.
Published: April 2005

We match large U.S. corporations' tax returns during 1989–2001 to their financial statements to construct a firm‐level proxy of firms' use of off‐balance sheet and hybrid debt financing. We find that firms with less favorable prior‐period Standard & Poor's (S&P) bond ratings or higher leverage ratios in comparison to their industry report greater amounts of interest expense on their tax returns than to investors and creditors on their financial statements. These between‐firm results are consistent with credit‐constrained firms using more structured financing arrangements. Our within‐firm tests also suggest that firms use more structured financing arrangements when they enter into contractual loan agreements that provide incentives to manage debt ratings. Specifically, we find that after controlling for S&P bond rating and industry‐adjusted leverage, our sample firms report greater amounts of interest expenses for tax than for financial statement purposes when they enter into performance pricing contracts that use senior debt rating covenants to set interest rates. Furthermore, we find that the greatest book‐tax reporting changes occur when firms become closer to violating these debt rating covenants. These latter findings are consistent with firms' contractual debt covenants influencing their use of off‐balance sheet and hybrid debt financing.
Consequences of Financial Reporting Failure for Outside Directors: Evidence from Accounting Restatements and Audit Committee Members
Authors: SRINIVASAN SURAJ
Published: April 2005

I use a sample of 409 companies that restated their earnings from 1997 to 2001 to examine penalties for outside directors, particularly audit committee members, when their companies experience accounting restatements. Penalties from lawsuits and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) actions are limited. However, directors experience significant labor market penalties. In the three years after the restatement, director turnover is 48% for firms that restate earnings downward, 33% for a performance‐matched sample, 28% for firms that restate upward, and only 18% for technical restatement firms. For firms that overstate earnings, the likelihood of director departure increases in restatement severity, particularly for audit committee directors. In addition, directors of these firms are no longer present in 25% of their positions on other boards. This loss is greater for audit committee members and for more severe restatements. A matched‐sample analysis confirms this result. Overall, the evidence is consistent with outside directors, especially audit committee members, bearing reputational costs for financial reporting failure.
Disability Associated With Headaches Occurring Inside and Outside the Menstrual Period in Those With Migraine: A General Practice Study
Authors: Dowson Andrew J. , Kilminster Shaun G. , Salt Rebecca , Clark Matthew , Bundy Michael J.
Published: April 2005

Objectives.—This study investigated the disability of females who have migraine and other headache attacks occurring during and outside the menstrual period.

Methods.—One thousand four hundred and thirty‐four of 3470 female patients (41.3%) aged 14 to 50 years registered at a UK general practice completed two questionnaires. The first questionnaire assessed the prevalence of headache, depression, and bodily pain in the total population. The second questionnaire assessed the disability of all headaches over a 2‐month period (to capture a complete menstrual cycle) for patients reporting migraine who were still menstruating. Disability was assessed as the time lost and time spent at less than 50% productivity in normal activities due to headache, and analyzed as rank sums using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test.

Results.—The first part of the study showed that the prevalence of headache (66.1%), depression (55.4%), and bodily pain (40.6%) were high in this population of women. Thirty migraine patients who were still menstruating reported 89 migraine and 114 nonmigraine headache episodes in the second part of the study. For migraine, the rank order of time at less than 50% productivity was greater for attacks taking place inside the menstrual period than for those occurring outside the menstrual period. The comparison was significant for time at less than 50% productivity (P= .01). For nonmigraine headaches, the rank order of time lost was greater for attacks taking place outside the menstrual period than for those occurring inside the menstrual period. The comparison was not significant for time lost (P= .06).

Conclusions.—For those with migraine, migraine attacks that took place during the menstrual period tended to be slightly more disabling than those taking place outside the menstrual period, but the opposite was true for nonmigraine headache.
Aspirin Is Efficacious for the Treatment of Acute Migraine
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Goldstein Jerome , Baggish Jeffrey S. , Yataco Alberto R. , Sorrentino James V. , Quiring John N.
Published: April 2005

Background.—More than 50% of migraine sufferers rely on over‐the‐counter medications for the treatment of migraine. Along with other over‐the‐counter products, aspirin is considered by the US Headache Consortium to be an option for first‐line migraine treatment. This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of aspirin versus placebo for the acute treatment of a single acute attack of migraine.

Methods.—This prospective, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a single, 1000‐mg dose of aspirin for the treatment of acute moderate to severe migraine, with or without aura. Subjects recorded all study evaluations in a diary at baseline and at .5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours after treatment. Pain was rated on a 4‐point ordinal scale from no pain to severe pain. The primary efficacy end point was headache response at 2 hours. Secondary efficacy parameters included reduction of nausea, photophobia and phonophobia, pain intensity difference, and headache recurrence at 24 hours.

Results.—Of 485 subjects enrolled, 409 took study medication and 401 treated a confirmed migraine attack (201 with aspirin and 200 with placebo). Baseline demographic and migraine characteristics were not significantly different between groups. The 2‐hour headache response rate was 52% with aspirin versus 34% with placebo (P < .001). Aspirin was significantly more effective than placebo for pain reduction beginning 1 hour after dosing (P < .001) and continuing throughout the 6‐hour evaluation period. Significantly (P < .05), more subjects were pain free from the 1‐hour evaluation through the 6‐hour evaluation. Of the aspirin‐treated subjects, 20% were pain free at 2 hours versus only 6% of placebo‐treated subjects. At 24 hours, the headache recurrence rate was 21.8% for aspirin (23 of 105 subjects) and 27.7% for placebo (19 of 68 subjects). Only 34% of aspirin‐treated subjects needed rescue medication at 24 hours compared with 52% of placebo‐treated subjects (P < .001). Aspirin was well tolerated, and adverse events were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions.—This study demonstrates that aspirin is safe and effective for treatment of acute migraine in appropriately selected patients.
Duration of Migraine Is a Predictor for Response to Botulinum Toxin Type A
Authors: Eross Eric J. , Gladstone Jonathan P. , Lewis Susan , Rogers Robert , Dodick David W.
Published: April 2005

Objective.—To identify the clinical characteristics and/or injection parameters that predict a favorable response to botulinum toxin type A in patients with episodic and chronic migraine.

Background.—There is emerging scientific and clinical evidence to support the utility of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT‐A) in the prophylaxis of episodic and chronic migraine headache. However, the patient characteristics and injection strategies that predict a favorable treatment response are unknown.

Methods.—We conducted a prospective, open‐label study on 74 patients from our clinic receiving BoNT‐A for episodic or chronic migraine. For all patients, migraine‐related disability (Migraine Disability Assesment [MIDAS]), headache frequency, and average headache intensity were obtained at baseline and at 3 months post‐BoNT‐A. Information regarding demographic characteristics and injection parameters was also collected.

Results.—Sixty‐one patients met the study criteria and were available for 3‐month follow‐up. At the 3‐month follow‐up visit, the mean MIDAS scores of the 61 qualified study patients had decreased from 102 at baseline to 49 (52% decrease, P < .001). The mean number of headache days was reduced from 60 to 39 (P < .001), and the mean headache intensity decreased from 7.6 at baseline to 5.9 (P < .001). Frequency of migraine attacks, presence of analgesic overuse, total BoNT‐A dose, and presence of underlying muscle tenderness were not predictive of treatment response. Age and duration of migraine were the only clinical factors significantly predictive of treatment response. Age likely was a predictor only as a consequence of duration of illness as subjects with migraine duration greater than 30 years were significantly less likely to respond to treatment with BoNT‐A.

Conclusion.—BoNT‐A may be effective in decreasing headache frequency, headache intensity, and headache‐related disability in episodic and chronic migraine patients. Duration of illness emerged as a predictor of treatment response. Randomized controlled studies should evaluate headache‐related disability as a primary endpoint in patients with episodic and chronic headache.
One‐Year Follow‐Up of Headache in an Adult General Population
Authors: Boardman Helen F. , Thomas Elaine , Millson David S. , Croft Peter R.
Published: April 2005

Objective.—To investigate variation in headache occurrence and characteristics over 1 year.

Background.—Headache is a common condition which can affect the work, home, and social lives of sufferers, yet surprisingly little is known about how headache changes over time.

Methods.—Postal survey to a random general population sample of 5000 adults aged 18 years plus, with follow‐up survey to all baseline responders at 1 year and a subsample of 500 being surveyed at 3‐monthly intervals between the baseline and 1‐year surveys.

Results.—A total of 1589 (74% response) responded to the 1‐year follow‐up and 282 of the subsample responded to all five surveys at 3‐monthly intervals. Among 1‐year respondents with recent headache at baseline (defined as occurring during the previous 3 months), nearly all (94%) also reported headache during the follow‐up year. One‐third of respondents without recent headache at baseline reported a new episode of headache during the follow‐up year. Most (85%) respondents with recent headache at both baseline and 1‐year follow‐up reported a variation in at least one headache characteristic. These findings were replicated in the sample completing the 3‐monthly surveys. Although most of this subgroup reported their headache occurrence status was unchanged during each 3‐month period, only a few (3%) respondents with headache in each period reported no variation at all in headache characteristics during the study.

Conclusions.—While prevalence of recent headache was stable over time for individuals, there was considerable variation in headache characteristics.
Botox Therapy for Refractory Chronic Migraine
Authors: Conway Stafford , Delplanche Curtis , Crowder Jessica , Rothrock John
Published: April 2005

Chronic migraine is unfortunately both common and often resistant to treatment even with prophylactic medications known to be effective in populations with episodic migraine. We undertook an open‐label study to evaluate the safety and utility of botulinum toxin type A injection therapy for patients with chronic migraine who previously had failed to respond to at least three prophylactic medications.
Neuroleptics in Headache
Authors: Siow Hua C. , Young William B. , Silberstein Stephen D.
Published: April 2005

Objectives.—To review the mechanism of action of neuroleptics, the evidence for their efficacy, and their clinical use in headache treatment.

Background.—Neuroleptics and antiemetics have long been used for headache treatment; however, they have not been widely utilized because of general unfamiliarity with them and concerns about their adverse events. With the recent advent of the atypical neuroleptics and their improved adverse event profile, our armamentarium for headache treatment has expanded. In this review, we explore the mechanism of action of these classes of drugs, their adverse events, and the evidence for their efficacy. We also detail our experience with the different drugs and how we use them as both acute and preventive headache therapy.

Design.—A review of published literature was obtained through a MEDLINE search on the use of neuroleptics in headache therapy.

Conclusion.—Neuroleptics have widespread evidence supporting their use in headache treatment and present an important part of the armaterium against headache.
Successful Treatment of Status Migrainosus After Electroconvulsive Therapy With Dihydroergotamine
Authors: Stead Matt , Josephs Keith A.
Published: April 2005

We describe a case of status migrainosus precipitated by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) that was refractory to treatment with triptan medications but which resolved with dihydroergotamine (DHE). We briefly review some of the receptor pharmacology possibly related to this observation.
Intracranial Hypotension: Aggravation of Headache at High Altitude
Authors: Batsis John A. , Phy Michael P.
Published: April 2005

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an increasingly recognized disorder, often, although not always, characterized by the triad of low‐opening cerebrospinal fluid pressure on lumbar puncture, postural headache, and diffuse parenchymal meningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging of the head. We describe an unusual case of a patient with spontaneous intracranial hypotension presenting with postural headache and tinnitus, aggravated at high altitudes.
Ischemic Colitis Associated With Naratriptan and Oral Contraceptive Use
Authors: Charles James A. , Pullicino Patrick M. , Stoopack Paul M. , Shroff Yogini
Published: April 2005

Ischemic colitis has not been reported in association with naratriptan therapy. We describe the occurrence of ischemic colitis in a patient who was treated with abortive doses of naratriptan for migraine and was also taking long‐term oral contraceptives. Concurrent use of naratriptan and oral contraceptives should probably be avoided.
Long‐Term Cure of Tolosa‐Hunt Syndrome After Low‐Dose Focal
Authors: Foubert‐Samier Alexandra , Sibon Igor , Maire Jean‐Phillipe , Tison François
Published: April 2005

Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare cause of painful ophtalmoplegia due to chronic granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus. While corticoids are the treatment of reference, corticodependence and corticoresistance are frequent, hence radiotherapy has been proposed as an alternative treatment. We report a case of long‐term improvement (8 years) of THS after low‐dose (20 Gy) radiotherapy in a patient with recurrences and corticodependence.
Migraine: Epidemiology, Impact, and Risk Factors for Progression
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Bigal Marcelo E.
Published: April 2005

Migraine is a chronic and sometimes progressive disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of headache and associated symptoms. This article reviews the epidemiology of and the risk factors for migraine described in population studies, and discusses the burden of disease and the socioeconomic costs of migraine. In the years prior to puberty, migraine is more common among boys than girls. By the onset of puberty, migraine is more prevalent in girls, and by the late teens, females are about twice as likely to suffer from migraine as males. The prevalence of migraine peaks in both sexes during the most productive years of adulthood (age 25 to 55 years) and, in the United States, the prevalence is higher in individuals of lower socioeconomic status. Direct costs of migraine include the cost of migraine medications and health care expenses. Indirect costs associated with migraine include reduced productivity due to absenteeism and reduced performance while at work. Recent evidence suggests that a subgroup of migraine patients may have a clinically progressive disorder. Future epidemiologic studies should focus on identifying patients who are at higher risk for progression and on assessing the impact of intervention strategies on disease progression.
Molecular Pharmacology of Topiramate: Managing Seizures and Preventing Migraine
Authors: White H. Steve
Published: April 2005

Topiramate is a neuromodulatory compound with stabilizing properties that was initially introduced for the management of partial seizures. Topiramate has been demonstrated to modify several receptor‐gated and voltage‐sensitive ion channels, including voltage‐activated Na+ and Ca2+ channels and non‐NMDA receptors. These receptors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both epilepsy and migraine. The pharmacological mechanisms of action for topiramate that may explain its antiepileptic and migraine preventive activities will be discussed in this review. In addition, the potential relationship between the molecular activities of topiramate and its efficacy in epilepsy and migraine prevention will be emphasized.
Practical Use of Topiramate for Migraine Prevention
Authors: Brandes Jan Lewis
Published: April 2005

When treating patients with migraine, clinicians should consider prescribing appropriate combinations of acute and preventive therapies. An effective migraine‐preventive therapy should be prescribed to patients with frequent (≥2 migraines per month) or severe migraine. Topiramate has been shown to be an effective and generally well‐tolerated migraine prophylaxis (preventive) therapy in adults, as demonstrated in several large, controlled trials. The most common adverse events in these trials were paresthesia, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, taste alteration, and diarrhea. Most adverse events were mild to moderate and transient in nature. Although patients should take migraine‐preventive medications for approximately 2 to 3 months before evaluating effect, topiramate has shown efficacy as early as the first month of treatment. This article describes “real‐world” approaches to using topiramate as a migraine‐preventive therapy. Topiramate has received regulatory approval for the prophylaxis of migraine headache in adults in the United States and many other countries. The practical issues discussed in this article will enable clinicians to maximize the effectiveness while minimizing the side effects associated with this preventive agent.
Terrorism and Transportation Policy and Administration: Balancing the Model and Equations for Optimal Security
Authors: Johnston Van R.
Published: April 2005

September 11 was the catalytic event that clearly demonstrated that transportation security was a virtual myth. We had obviously overinvested in efficiency‐based mechanisms and procedures while the security and safety standards provided by effectiveness considerations were being increasingly ignored. This article analyzes the increasingly dangerous situation as it unfolded and provides an Emerging Entrepreneurial Management and Public Policy Model designed to provide insights towards rebalancing our transportation security and public policy considerations as we attempt to design, implement, and pay for optimal security systems to deal with the terrorism threats we face in the early twenty‐first century. Rebalancing the model and the equations will require increased focus, will, and skills. It will also be a lot more expensive . . . in both the private and the public sectors.
Terrorism, Airport Security, and the Private Sector
Authors: Seidenstat Paul
Published: April 2005

September 11, 2001, led to renewed emphasis on airport security in the United States. Before the tragedy, government policy led to a suboptimal level of security. The fundamental problem was not simply the use of private security firms, but rather the reliance on airline financing and poor Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) oversight. After 9/11 a federalized security system was put in place. The current system of tightened security is substantially more costly and should be evaluated in terms of its cost‐effectiveness compared to a public–private approach.
Terrorism and the Railroads: Redefining Security in the Wake of 9/11
Authors: Plant Jeremy F.
Published: April 2005

This article examines the impact of the 9/11 attacks on railroad security. Railroad security has been traditionally defined as a problem of trespass and liability for deaths, injuries, and property damage sustained or caused by trespassers. It argues that the private freight railroad industry, not government, has largely directed the efforts to prevent terrorism and share information on suspected terrorist threats, through the prompt formation of a loosely coupled network of organizations coordinated by the industry trade association, the American Association of Railroads. The freight railroad network approach is contrasted with the efforts of Amtrak to gain public funds for its security efforts by connecting its survival with homeland security. Kingdon's model of the policy process is used to explain how 9/11 has presented an opportunity for railroads to use policy windows to gain benefits for the industry while at the same time resisting possible reregulation. It contrasts the network approach with the traditional hierarchical‐bureaucratic form of organization used in the design of the Department of Homeland Security, and suggests it poses a valuable case study to see how information can be shared between widely divergent types of organizations, and test how best to prevent future terrorist events.
Reducing the Risk of Terror Events at Seaports1
Authors: Price Willard
Published: April 2005

There are several paths of terror at seaports, terminals, inland waterways, and pipelines for entry of persons, materials, and weapons and for access to destroy seaport infrastructure, ships, equipment, and people so as to disrupt economic activity. This research seeks to:

Examine the probability of terror events via these paths and to determine a strategy to create barriers to entry and access, and to ensure the likelihood of these events is near zero.

Identify specific actions taken, and by whom, to accomplish the above objective, considering interacting government levels and public–private partnerships.

Suggest apparent inaction where a probability of terror remains, albeit judged more qualitatively than quantitatively.

The need for secrecy and the reality of erroneous public information complicates the task of researcher and terrorist alike.
International Transportation Security
Authors: Szyliowicz Joseph S.
Published: April 2005

Since the September 11 tragedy, all aspects of our lives, including our approach to transportation security, have been transformed. In this article, the ways in which transportation has become a global and intermodal enterprise are analyzed with specific attention to the implications of these developments for the security of the system. Such issues as the security of land borders and sea and air entry points as well as the role of containerized freight and aviation are discussed in terms of the situation that existed before September 11 and the changes that have occurred since then. Existing shortcomings and probable future developments are analyzed with particular attention to the potential of energy and other technologies and the role of foreign policy, economic and social development, and conflict resolution.
From Bakke to Grutter and Gratz: The Supreme Court as a Policymaking Institution
Authors: Naff Katherine C.
Published: April 2005

Finding the best means for ensuring equal opportunities for women and minorities has long been controversial and initial efforts to do so were addressed by executive orders, and later the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, this paper argues, since its initial Bakke decision in 1978, it is the Supreme Court that has set policy in this area. In the twenty‐five years between that decision and the recent Gratz and Grutter decisions, the court has shifted in its stance, in many cases declaring unconstitutional what it once sanctioned. That shift has not resulted from changes in laws or new amendments to the Constitution, nor can it be seen as reflecting public opinion, as that is not clear‐cut. Rather, affirmative action policy has reflected the ideological stances of the justices sitting at the time a decision was rendered. The paper concludes with an assessment as to what this means for a democracy.
I Respectfully Dissent: Consensus, Agendas, and Policymaking on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1888–1999
Authors: Hurwitz Mark S. , Lanier Drew Noble
Published: April 2005

Scholars have been intrigued by the abrupt change in the rate of nonconsensual opinions that the Supreme Court has published over time, which substantially increased beginning with the battles concerning the court's New Deal transition in the 1930s. Notwithstanding, none of the prior studies on this topic has made any link, whether theoretical or empirical, between the Supreme Court's issuance of these special opinions and the justices’ policy preferences. We utilize fractional cointegration to examine the relationship between consensus, agendas, and decisionmaking on the Supreme Court. We find that there is a systematic interrelation between the justices’ policy preferences and their issuance of nonconsensual opinions that is dependent upon the policy agenda before the court. In turn, this connection influences the court's policy outcomes, demonstrating that the justices’ behavior regarding nonconsensual opinion writing is a classic example of judicial policymaking.
Properties and Crystallization of Rare‐Earth Si–Al–O–N Glasses Containing Mixed Trivalent Modifiers
Authors: Pomeroy Michael J. , Nestor Elizabeth , Ramesh Raghavendra , Hampshire Stuart
Published: April 2005

Thirteen glasses of the general formula (M1, M2)9.33Si14Al5.33O41.5N5.67 where M1=La or Nd and M2=Y or Er have been prepared with M1/(M1+M2) fractions of 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, and 0. Data for molar volume (MV), glass compactness (C), Young's modulus (E), microhardness (H), glass transition temperatures (Tg), and dilatometric softening temperatures (Td) have been recorded. In addition, temperatures at which crystallization exotherms arise have also been determined as well as crystalline phases present after the glasses had been heat treated to 1300°C in nitrogen. The results clearly demonstrate that glass properties vary linearly with effective cation field strength (CFS) of the combined modifiers (M1, M2), which is calculated from the atomic fractions of M1 and M2 and their associated CFSs. Glass stability in both the La–Y and La–Er systems reaches a maximum at M1 and M2 fractions of 0.5 because of the relative stability of different oxynitride and disilicate phases with changes in ionic radius. Furthermore, La appears to stabilize the α polymorph of yttrium disilicate because of combined La–Y ionic radius effects.
Fabrication and Electrical Properties of Mn–Ni–Co–Cu–Si Oxides Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistors
Authors: Park K.
Published: April 2005

The microstructure and electrical properties of Mn–Ni–Co–Cu–Si oxides negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors were studied. The as‐sintered (Mn1.62Ni0.72Co0.57−x CuxSi0.09)O4 (0≤x≤0.12) and (Mn1.2Ni0.78Co0.87−xCu0.15Six)O4 (0≤x≤ 0.15) ceramics showed the solid solutions of Mn–Ni–Co–Cu–Si oxides with a cubic spinel structure. The addition of SiO2 led to an increase in the temperature coefficient of resistivity. This demonstrates that the SiO2 addition is desirable for developing highly sensitive NTC thermistors. In addition, the resistivity and the temperature coefficient of resistivity for (Mn1.62Ni0.72Co0.57−xCuxSi0.09)O4 and (Mn1.2Ni0.78Co0.87−x Cu0.15Six)O4 NTC thermistors were controlled by changing the composition.
Kinetics of the Hydrogen Reduction of Silica Incorporating the Effect of Gas‐Volume Change upon Reaction
Authors: Han Gilsoo , Sohn Hong Yong
Published: April 2005

The kinetics of the reduction of SiO2 in hydrogen in the temperature range of 1285°–1450°C have been studied by analyzing experimental data obtained by thermogravimetry. The rate analysis was performed by the use of rate equations that incorporate the effect of the net change in the gas volume upon reaction on the interphase mass transfer rate. The calculated Gibbs‐free energy and overall reaction rate at each temperature are in good agreement with the reported Gibbs free energy and the experimental data. This indicates that the overall reaction rate is controlled by the convective mass transfer in the diffusion boundary layer, and the effect of the net change in the gas volume upon reaction must be incorporated to analyze correctly the rate of the hydrogen reduction of silica.