bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemically Compatible Sacrificial Layer-Assisted Lift-Off Patterning Method for Fabrication of Organic Light-Emitting Displays
Authors: Choi Wonsuk , Kim Min-Hoi , Lee Sin-Doo
Published: August 2011

We developed a generic platform to pattern combinatorial functional layers composed of different classes of organic materials using a repetitive lift-off method based on a chemically compatible sacrificial layer (SL) for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The essential features come from the chemically compatible SL of a fluorous-polymer that can be generated by laser-inscription or transfer-printing. The precise registration of lateral patterns of different materials was achieved on a single substrate through a series of SL-assisted lift-off processes. The chemical compatibility of the SL and the stability of the light-emitting characteristics were shown in a fluorous-solvent treated monochrome OLEDs.
Chapter 1 An overview of the petroleum geology of the Arctic
Authors: Spencer Anthony M. , Embry Ashton F. , Gautier Donald L. , Stoupakova Antonina V. , Sørensen Kai
Published: August 2011

Nine main petroleum provinces containing recoverable resources totalling 61 Bbbl liquids+269 Bbbloe of gas are known in the Arctic. The three best known major provinces are: West Siberia–South Kara, Arctic Alaska and Timan–Pechora. They have been sourced principally from, respectively, Upper Jurassic, Triassic and Devonian marine source rocks and their hydrocarbons are reservoired principally in Cretaceous sandstones, Triassic sandstones and Palaeozoic carbonates. The remaining six provinces except for the Upper Cretaceous–Palaeogene petroleum system in the Mackenzie Delta have predominantly Mesozoic sources and Jurassic reservoirs. There are discoveries in 15% of the total area of sedimentary basins (
c.
8×10
6
km
2
), dry wells in 10% of the area, seismic but no wells in 50% and no seismic in 25%. The United States Geological Survey estimate yet-to-find resources to total 90 Bbbl liquids+279 Bbbloe gas, with four regions – South Kara Sea, Alaska, East Barents Sea, East Greenland – dominating. Russian estimates of South Kara Sea and East Barents Sea are equally positive. The large potential reflects primarily the large undrilled areas, thick basins and widespread source rocks.
Chapter 12 Depth model of the Barents and Kara seas according to geophysical surveys results
Authors: Ivanova N. M. , Sakulina T. S. , Belyaev I. V. , Matveev Yu. I. , Roslov Yu. V.
Published: August 2011

In 1995–2006 FSUE ‘Sevmorgeo’ within the framework of the Federal Program of state survey baselines network development performed geophysical works in the Barents and Kara seas along four regional profiles: 1-AR (Kola Peninsula–Heysa Island of Franz-Joseph Land Archipelago); 2-AR (Central part of the Barents region–Novaya Zemlya – Yamal Peninsula); 3-AR (White Sea–Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago); and 4-AR (Taimyr Peninsula–Franz-Joseph Land Archipelago). Geophysical surveys included works using seismic refraction–deep seismic sounding technique, seismic reflection–common-depth point technique, seismic acoustic profiling and gravimetric and magnetic measurements. Integrated geophysical surveys along the regional profiles enabled more exact definition of the Earth deep crustal structure and the sedimentary cover of the main tectonic elements.
Chapter 14 Lower Permian and Devonian carbonate reservoir rocks in the onshore and offshore areas of the Pechora Sea
Authors: Bagrintseva K. I. , Strelchenko V. V. , Stoupakova A. V.
Published: August 2011

In the northern part of the Varandey–Adzva zone carbonate reservoirs have developed that have porosity favourable for oil and gas accumulations. The void space in these reservoirs, besides primary porosity, is associated with fracturing, giving rise to good reservoir potential in both the onshore and offshore parts of the Varandey–Adzva zone. The similarity of today's structure and the development during the main stages of geological history for offshore and onshore parts, the availability in the section of productive oil- and gas-bearing reservoirs, the high capacity of the reservoirs, the uniformity of lithofacial composition of the productive intervals and the uniqueness of the deposits structure – all these features contribute to the oil and gas potential of the Pechora Sea structures.

Supplementary material:

Supplementary Tables 14.1–14.7 are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18473
.
Chapter 15 Triassic deltaic sequences in the northern Barents Sea
Authors: Høy T. , Lundschien B. A.
Published: August 2011

Seismic sequence interpretation, analysis of shallow boreholes and outcrop studies at Svalbard strongly indicate that the Triassic basin in the northern Barents Sea and eastern Svalbard was supplied by sediments from the south east by a large complex prograding delta system. The seismic facies interpretation suggests that the black Ladinian and Anisian shale (Botneheia Formation) is an integrated part of the prograding delta system and developed as the bottom sets of large pro-delta clinoforms. The clinoforms and their breaking points define a series of seismically detectable sequences at a shelf edge delta. Provenance areas are suggested to be Siberia, the Kola Peninsula and the Caledonides. Each sequence has a maximum thickness of 200–400 m and is interpreted to represent the water depth range in the basin. Seasonal flooding, stratified salinity and algal blooming are assumed to be important factors generating anoxic bottom conditions in a huge death zone in front of the prograding delta system. The folded and thrusted Triassic rocks in the western part of Svalbard are suggested to be part of an allochthonous nappe ejected from the Greenland region when Greenland moved northwards along the Hornsund Fault complex; their original position is suggested to be further south.
Chapter 16 Geological structure and petroleum potential of the eastern flank of the Northern Barents Basin
Authors: Khlebnikov P. A. , Belenky V. YA. , Peshkova I. N. , Kazanin G. S. , Shkarubo S. I. , Pavlov S. P. , Shlykova V. V.
Published: August 2011

New seismic research was carried out by JSC Marine Arctic Geological Expedition in 2006–2008, providing the first integrated geophysical grid (20×30 km). The main purpose was to study the geological structure of the sedimentary cover of the north Barents shelf and investigate the structural–tectonic plan at different stratigraphic levels. The geological results yielded new information on the tectonic structure, depositional environments, palaeobasin geometry, bathymetry and regional history of geological development. The geological interpretation of the Lower Palaeozoic part of the section provided the most interesting results.
Chapter 17 Uplift and erosion of the greater Barents Sea: impact on prospectivity and petroleum systems
Authors: Henriksen E. , Bjørnseth H. M. , Hals T. K. , Heide T. , Kiryukhina T. , Kløvjan O. S. , Larssen G. B. , Ryseth A. E. , Rønning K. , Sollid K. , Stoupakova A.
Published: August 2011

A regional net erosion map for the greater Barents Sea shows that the different areas in the Barents Sea region have been subject to different magnitudes of uplift and erosion. Net erosion values vary from 0 to more than 3000 m. The processes have important consequences for the petroleum systems. Reservoir quality, maturity of the source rocks and the migration of hydrocarbons are affected by the processes. Owing to changes in the PVT conditions in a hydrocarbon-filled structure, uplift and erosion increase the risk of leakage and expansion of the gas cap in a structure. Understanding of the timing of uplift and re-migration of hydrocarbons has been increasingly important in the exploration of the Barents Sea.
Chapter 18 Geology and petroleum potential of the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, Russia
Authors: Schenk Christopher J.
Published: August 2011

The Timan–Pechora Basin Province represents the northeastern-most cratonic block of Eastern European Russia. More than 16 billion barrels of oil (BBO) and 40 trillion cubic feet of gas (TCFG) have been discovered in this basin. Three geological assessment units (AU) were defined for assessing the potential for undiscovered oil and gas resources. The NW Izhma Depression AU encompasses all potential structures and reservoirs in the northwestern part of the Izhma–Pechora Depression, but this part of the basin contains little source and reservoir rocks and so was not assessed quantitatively. The Main Basin Platform AU includes all structures and reservoirs that developed in the central part of the basin where the tectonic evolution and development of petroleum systems were complex. The Foredeep Basins AU includes all potential reservoirs within the thick sedimentary section of the foredeep basins developed during the Permo-Triassic Uralian Orogeny. For the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, the estimated means of undiscovered resources are 3.3 BBO, 17 TCFG and 0.3 billion barrels of natural gas liquids (BBNGL). For the areas of the AUs north of the Arctic Circle in the Timan–Pechora Basin Province, the estimated means of undiscovered resources are 1.7 BBO, 9.0 TCFG and 0.2 BBNGL. The Pechora Sea was assessed with the South Barents Sea Province and is not included in this assessment.

Supplementary material:

Supplementary Appendices 1–3 are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18474
.
Chapter 2 Sedimentary successions of the Arctic Region (58–64° to 90°N) that may be prospective for hydrocarbons
Authors: Grantz Arthur , Scott Robert A. , Drachev Sergey S. , Moore Thomas E. , Valin Zenon C.
Published: August 2011

A total of 143 sedimentary successions that contain, or may be prospective for, hydrocarbons were identified in the Arctic Region north of 58–64°N and mapped in four quadrants at a scale of 1:11 000 000. Eighteen of these successions (12.6%) occur in the Arctic Ocean Basin, 25 (17.5%) in the passive and sheared continental margins of the Arctic Basin and 100 (70.0%) on the Circum-Arctic continents of which one (<1%) lies in the active margin of the Pacific Rim. Each succession was assigned to one of 13 tectono-stratigraphic and morphologic classes and coloured accordingly on the map. The thickness of each succession and that of any underlying sedimentary section down to economic basement, where known, are shown on the map by isopachs. Major structural or tectonic features associated with the creation of the successions, or with the enhancement or degradation of their hydrocarbon potential, are also shown. Forty-four (30.8%) of the successions are known to contain hydrocarbon accumulations, 64 (44.8%) are sufficiently thick to have generated hydrocarbons and 35 (24.5%) may be too thin to be prospective.
Chapter 21 The geological evolution and hydrocarbon potential of the Barents and Kara shelves
Authors: Stoupakova A. V. , Henriksen E. , Burlin Yu. K. , Larsen G. B. , Milne J. K. , Kiryukhina T. A. , Golynchik P. O. , Bordunov S. I. , Ogarkova M. P. , Suslova A. A.
Published: August 2011

All of the Arctic Eurasian Basins – the Barents and Kara Seas and the adjacent parts of the Pechora and West Siberian basins – have intracratonic settings and were affected by phases of intracratonic rifting during Riphean, Early Palaeozoic, Devonian–Early Carboniferous, Early Triassic, Jurassic and Cenozoic times. Often these stages were simultaneous at remote areas. The rifting led to the development of extensional sag basins giving thick sedimentary complexes associated with linear rifts and creating trends favourable for hydrocarbon generation. These trends are defined by the major fault complexes bordering them and include linear positive inverted structures and thick sedimentary complexes. The tectonic processes within these trends influenced the later structuring of the whole basin and the distribution of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon generation started long before the present basins’ structural configuration formed, and oil and gas kitchens were associated mainly with extensional parts of the basins. Later phases of rifting and extension affected both the ancient oil and gas kitchens and the younger ones. Inversion caused trapping and affected fluid migration, mixing the petroleum systems. Inverted structures in the old rifts have the highest potential for large hydrocarbons accumulations but, in highly uplifted areas affected by faulting and erosion, exploration risk is high.
Chapter 24 Application of AVO analysis to seismic records on the Laptev Sea Shelf
Authors: Kirilova-Pokrovskaya T. A. , Djyachenko A. B. , Zavarzina G. A.
Published: August 2011

The Laptev Sea shelf basin was affected by phases of Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic rifting and has a thick sedimentary complex associated with linear grabens and horsts, creating trends favourable for hydrocarbon generation. Two groups of complexes are identified in the sedimentary cover: syn-rift between seismic horizon A and LS4 and post-rift between seismic horizon LS4 and seabed. The syn-rift complexes include strata of Late Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene–Middle Miocene ages. The post-rift complex includes Pliocene–Quaternary strata. Six seismostratigraphic complexes are identified and traced in the area, using wave field's seismostratigraphic analysis. The boundaries of these complexes are represented by surfaces of unconformities. The wave field of the sedimentary cover contains reflections from gas-bearing sandstones with types 1 and 3 of AVO anomalies. A shift of the anomalies' features from type 3 towards type 1 occurs with increasing depth of the potential deposits in the section.
Chapter 26 Crustal structure of the East Siberian continental margin, Podvodnikov and Makarov basins, based on refraction seismic data (TransArctic 1989–1991)
Authors: Lebedeva-Ivanova N. N. , Gee D. G. , Sergeyev M. B.
Published: August 2011

The
c
. 1500 km-long refraction and shallow reflection seismic profile, TransArctic 1989–1991 from the East Siberian shelf northwards across the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins, provides a four-layer model of the crust: layer I (
V
p
=1.7–3.8 km s
−1
) of sedimentary formations of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic age; layer II (
V
p
=5.0–5.4 km s
−1
) of older sedimentary rocks on the shelf and possibly also mafic volcanics in the basins; layer III (
V
p
=5.9–6.5 km s
−1
); and layer IV (
V
p
=6.7–7.3 km s
−1
) of crystalline crust. The East Siberian margin has
c
. 40 km thick continental crust, mainly composed of layers III and IV, both
c
. 15 km thick. Beneath the Podvodnikov Basin, the Moho depth varies from
c
. 20 km bsl at southern and northern ends to
c
. 30 km bsl at the centre beneath the Arlis Gap; it was probably formed by longitudinal extension of continental crust during the late Mesozoic. The edge of the Alpha–Mendeleev Ridge, separating the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins, has a crustal thickness of
c
. 25 km, mainly composed of layers III and IV. The deep Makarov Basin is probably composed of oceanic crust, 8–12 km thick, but includes spurs of continental crust, rifted off the Lomonosov Ridge.
Chapter 27 Geology and petroleum potential of the north and east margins of the Siberian Craton, north of the Arctic Circle
Authors: Klett T. R. , Wandrey C. J. , Pitman J. K.
Published: August 2011

The Siberian Craton consists of crystalline rocks and superimposed Precambrian sedimentary rocks deposited in rift basins. Palaeozoic rocks, mainly carbonates, were deposited along the margins of the craton to form an outwardly younger concentric pattern that underlies an outward-thickening Mesozoic sedimentary section. The north and east margins of the Siberian Craton subsequently became foreland basins created by compressional deformation during collision with other tectonic plates. The Tunguska Basin developed as a Palaeozoic rift/sag basin over Proterozoic rifts. The geological provinces along the north and east margins of the Siberian Craton are immature with respect to exploration, so exploration-history analysis alone cannot be used for assessing undiscovered petroleum resources. Therefore, other areas from around the world having greater petroleum exploration maturity and similar geological characteristics, and which have been previously assessed, were used as analogues to aid in this assessment. The analogues included those of foreland basins and rift/sag basins that were later subjected to compression. The US Geological Survey estimated the mean undiscovered, technically recoverable conventional petroleum resources to be approximately 28 billion barrels of oil equivalent, including approximately 8 billion barrels of crude oil, 103 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 3 billion barrels of natural gas liquids.
Chapter 28 Petroleum systems and forecasting the largest oil and gas fields in the offshore Russian Arctic basins
Authors: Grigorenko Yu. N. , Sobolev V. S. , Kholodilov V. A.
Published: August 2011

The approaches to the identification of petroleum systems and their possible use for forecasting the largest oil and gas fields in the offshore Russian Arctic are described. The significance of petroleum systems for forecasting at regional and local levels, using internal standards allowing determination of the size rank of free gas or liquid hydrocarbon fields in oil–gas complexes, are illustrated by examples from the Timan–Pechora and Barents–Kara oil–gas provinces.
Chapter 29 The potential for hydrocarbon resource development on the Russian Arctic Ocean Shelf
Authors: Kontorovich A. E. , Burshtein L. M. , Kaminsky V. D. , Kurchikov A. R. , Malyshev N. A. , Prischepa O. M. , Safronov A. F. , Stoupakova A. V. , Suprunenko O. I. , Epov M. I.
Published: August 2011

The dramatic rise in the world oil and gas demand has led to concerns about the energy future for mankind. In the twenty-first century the sedimentary basins of the Arctic Ocean will play a leading role as petroleum provinces, including its Russian shelf areas. This article deals with the characteristics and assessment of resources in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean offshore areas. One can predict with 0.90 probability that the Arctic Ocean initial in-place hydrocarbon resources exceed 90 billion tons oil equivalent (toe). The assessments lead to the conclusion that during these years a petroleum production industry will develop on the Arctic Ocean Shelf.
Chapter 30 The genetic evolution of Arctic North America and Greenland and implications for petroleum systems
Authors: Creaney S. , Sullivan M. A.
Published: August 2011

The sedimentary basins of Arctic North America and Greenland are diverse in their genesis. This diversity controls petroleum systems within these basins as well as their exposure to post-accumulation destructive forces. The Canadian Shield has been a significant influence on basin development due to its 60 km thick core of well-annealed, highly buoyant continental crust. This large, stable craton facilitated the deposition of multiple Early Palaeozoic source rocks and resisted subsequent collisions which could have been destructive to petroleum systems. The Ellesmerian collision quickly segregated the Sverdrup Basin from the Franklinian platform. The Ellesmerian–Caledonian suture attempted to rift numerous times. These failed rifts were conducive to source rock accumulation with lacustrine and marine (Kimmeridgian) sources being deposited. Opening of the Arctic Basin in the Early Cretaceous provided a restricted locus for the deposition of high organic carbon sediments throughout the Cretaceous. The movement of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province from the Arctic in the Cretaceous into the North Atlantic drove rifting to the east side of Greenland. Cenozoic opening of the Atlantic, with abundant associated volcanism, propagated into the Arctic with the opening of the Eurasian Basin. Atlantic rifting drove Greenland into the Sverdrup Basin producing the Eurekan Orogeny which initiated maturation and trap formation as well as some trap breaching. Pacific subduction generated the Western Cordillera and the Brooks Range. Associated forelands began to be rapidly loaded with Cretaceous–Cenozoic sediment driving all source rocks into maturity. The Cenozoic draining of the continent produced the Mackenzie Delta, which entered an inside corner of the transform rift margin and has been constantly ‘forced’ by ongoing Cordilleran tectonics, resulting in significant trap rupture in the Western Mackenzie Delta. Cenozoic deltaic sediments contain ‘coaly’ source rocks responsible for the offshore petroleum systems in that area.
Chapter 31 A Palaeozoic NW Passage and the Timanian, Caledonian and Uralian connections of some exotic terranes in the North American Cordillera
Authors: Colpron Maurice , Nelson Joanne L.
Published: August 2011

Exotic terranes of inferred Arctic affinity form an outer belt within the North American Cordillera extending from Alaska to northern California. The geological history, fossil and detrital zircon data for these terranes show strong correlations and linkages among them, and many features in common with the northern Caledonides, the Timanide orogen and the Urals. They probably occupied an intermediate position between Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia, in proximity to the northern Caledonides in Early Palaeozoic time. Westward dispersion of these terranes is interpreted to result from development of a Scotia-style subduction system between Laurentia–Baltica and Siberia in Mid-Palaeozoic time – the NW Passage – following closure of the Iapetus ocean. Diachronous orogenic activity from Late Silurian in Arctic Canada to Early Devonian in north Yukon and Alaska records passage of some of these terranes. Westward propagation of a narrow subduction zone coupled with a global change in plate motion, linked to closure of the Rheic Ocean are proposed to have led to initiation of subduction along the western margin of Laurentia. This is recorded by the Late Devonian initiation of arc magmatism along western Laurentia, and the Late Devonian–Early Mississippian Antler orogeny in the western US and Ellesmerian orogeny in the Canadian Arctic.
Chapter 33 Stratigraphic and tectonic framework of the US Chukchi Shelf: exploration insights from a new regional deep-seismic reflection survey
Authors: Kumar Naresh , Granath J. W. , Emmet P. A. , Helwig J. A. , Dinkelman M. G.
Published: August 2011

The US Chukchi Shelf is a proven petroleum province similar to the prolific hydrocarbon-bearing region in the adjacent North Slope of Alaska. This shelf is part of the Arctic Alaska plate that was presumably connected to the Canadian Arctic Islands until the opening of the Canada Basin. A new data set (3130 km) of deep 2D seismic reflection profiles, acquired in 2006 and depth processed to 40 km, provides excellent images of the drillable (
c
. 8 km depth) stratigraphy as well as of deeper structures. The data also permit regional mapping of the tops of crystalline basement and the Moho discontinuity. The area has a tectonic history of multiple phases of rifting: a pre-Late Devonian phase that culminated in inversion and thrusting; a Late Devonian–Mississippian phase that accommodated Ellesmerian sedimentary deposits as a sag sequence; and a Jurassic to Early Cretaceous phase that is contemporaneous with the opening of the Canada Basin. Hanna Trough is recognized as a Palaeozoic basin with a multistage history while the North Chukchi Basin formed in early Cretaceous as an extensional basin. Only five wells have been drilled in the area; hence numerous opportunities for further exploration exist in the Chukchi Shelf.
Chapter 39 Using discovery process and accumulation volumetric models to improve petroleum resource assessment in Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Chen Zhuoheng , Osadetz Kirk G.
Published: August 2011

Sverdrup Basin hosts a structural petroleum play in Mesozoic clastic reservoirs. Twenty-one discovered fields (eight crude oil and 25 natural gas pools) have 294.1×10
6
m
3
crude oil, and 500.3×10
9
m
3
natural gas, original in-place contingent resources. We discuss and compare discovery process and volumetric assessment methods that, respectively, predict a 673.1×10
6
m
3
or 698.7×10
6
m
3
median crude oil resource and a 1187.4×10
9
m
3
or 1202.8×10
9
m
3
median natural gas resource. Both methods predict that the largest crude oil and third-largest natural gas pools are undiscovered, a result inferred to be consistent with available data and the exploration history. Volumetric assessments can precede any discoveries and they use common geoscience data inputs; however, they can be affected by data interdependencies and biases from exploratory sampling and subjective parameter estimates, particularly those affecting the number of accumulations. Discovery process methods solve for the accumulation numbers and size distribution simultaneously, accounting for sampling bias and free of data interdependencies, but only once sufficient discoveries exist. The Sverdrup Basin dataset and exploration history permit us to cross-validate volumetric and discovery process assessments and validate their predictions, for example undiscovered pool sizes, against a regional geoscience dataset. The discovery process results agree well with geoscience constraints, but the initial volumetric assessment must be restricted to predict undiscovered pool sizes consistent with the geoscience dataset. Our analysis illustrates advantages and potential pitfalls for volumetric and discovery process assessments and shows that cross-validation between methods and against available data constrains resource potentials and improves confidence in result.
Chapter 44 Geology and petroleum potential of the Lincoln Sea Basin, offshore North Greenland
Authors: Sørensen Kai , Gautier Don , Pitman Janet , Jackson H. Ruth , Dahl-Jensen Trine
Published: August 2011

A seismic refraction line crossing the Lincoln Sea was acquired in 2006. It proves the existence of a deep sedimentary basin underlying the Lincoln Sea. This basin appears to be comparable in width and depth to the Sverdrup Basin of the Canadian Arctic Islands. The stratigraphy of the Lincoln Sea Basin is modelled in analogy to the Sverdrup Basin and the Central Spitsbergen Basin, two basins between which the Lincoln Sea intervened before the onset of seafloor spreading in the Eurasian Basin. The refraction data indicates that the Lincoln Sea Basin is capped by a kilometre-thick, low-velocity layer, which is taken to indicate an uplift history similar to, or even more favourable than, the fairway part of the Sverdrup Basin. Tectonic activity in the Palaeogene is likely to constitute the major basin scale risk. We conclude that the Lincoln Sea Basin is likely to be petroliferous and contains risked resources on the order of 1×10
9
barrels of oil, to which comes an equivalent amount of (associated and nonassociated) gas.
Chapter 48 Geology and petroleum potential of the Eurasia Basin
Authors: Moore Thomas E. , Pitman Janet K.
Published: August 2011

The Eurasia Basin petroleum province comprises the younger, eastern half of the Arctic Ocean, including the Cenozoic Eurasia Basin and the outboard part of the continental margin of northern Europe. For the USGS petroleum assessment (CARA), it was divided into four assessment units (AUs): the Lena Prodelta AU, consisting of the deep-marine part of the Lena Delta; the Nansen Basin Margin AU, comprising the passive margin sequence of the Eurasian plate; and the Amundsen Basin and Nansen Basin AUs which encompass the abyssal plains north and south of the Gakkel Ridge spreading centre, respectively. The primary petroleum system thought to be present is sourced in
c
. 50–44 Ma (Early to Middle Eocene) condensed pelagic deposits that could be widespread in the province. Mean estimates of undiscovered, technically recoverable petroleum resources include <1 billion barrels of oil (BBO) and about 1.4 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of nonassociated gas in Lena Prodelta AU, and <0.4 BBO and 3.4 TCF nonassociated gas in the Nansen Basin Margin AU. The Nansen Basin and Amundsen Basin AUs were not quantitatively assessed because they have less than 10% probability of containing at least one accumulation of 50 MMBOE (million barrels of oil equivalent).
Chapter 5 Palaeogeographic and tectonic evolution of the Arctic region during the Palaeozoic
Authors: Lawver Lawrence A. , Gahagan Lisa M. , Norton Ian
Published: August 2011

The Palaeozoic motion of the future Arctic continents is presented in the animation found in the accompanying CD-ROM. The animation shows snapshots of the motion of the tectonic blocks from 550 to 250 Ma in 3 million year steps. The locations of the blocks are controlled mainly by palaeomagnetic pole values for the blocks tied to known geological events, particularly the three main Arctic orogenies: the Scandian Caledonian which began in the Silurian, the Ellesmerian in the Late Devonian and the Uralian that began in the Late Pennsylvanian. Perhaps the most significant observation to come out of the animation is that the future Arctic continents were never very far from one another during the Palaeozoic. The maximum distance from Baltica to Laurentia may have reached 6000 km during the Middle Cambrian but the Arctic continents all surrounded the same eastern Iapetus Ocean and, by Silurian, they were quite close. Reliance on the ‘Y-loop’ palaeomagnetic data causes extremely rapid motion of Gondwana during the Silurian. Consequently the ‘X-path’ for that period is used. The palaeomagnetic poles for 422 and 406 Ma have been eliminated so that Gondwana motion is within the bounds of present day plate motion.

Supplementary material:

A Quicktime™ movie of palaeogeographic and tectonic evolution of the Arctic region during the Palaeozoic is available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18472
.
Chapter 6 Phanerozoic palaeoenvironment and palaeolithofacies maps of the Arctic region
Authors: Golonka Jan
Published: August 2011

Sixty-three maps illustrate geodynamic evolution and development of palaeoenvironments and palaeolithofacies of the Circum-Arctic region during Phanerozoic times. After the break-up of Rodinia and Pannotia in the Early Palaeozoic, the major Arctic plates Baltica, Siberia and Laurentia drifted from their original position around the South Pole towards the Supercontinent Pangea, which existed in the equatorial position during Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic times. During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plates gathered around newly formed Arctic Ocean. Large continental masses were assembled from major plates and numerous small plates and terranes on the northern hemisphere and around the North Pole. All the continents were by now connected. Carbonates were abundant in Siberia and Laurentia during Palaeozoic times. Clastic sedimentation prevailed during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. The distribution of lithofacies shows climatic change associated with continental assembly and disassembly as well as with the steady northward drift of the continents.
Chapter 7 Hydrocarbon finds in the Arctic basins: discovery history, discovered resources and petroleum systems
Authors: Chew Kenneth J. , Arbouille Didier
Published: August 2011

Over the past 75 years, hydrocarbon exploration of Arctic regions north of the Arctic Circle (66°N) has yielded some 450 discoveries which collectively account for 2.5% of global conventional liquids discovered to date and 15.5% of the world's discovered conventional natural gas. Accumulations occur in rocks ranging from Cambrian to Pleistocene in age but 94% of all Arctic hydrocarbon resources occur in clastic reservoirs of Mesozoic age. Although discoveries have been reported from 15 different basins onshore and offshore Alaska, Canada, Norway and Russia, 75% of all discovered resources are located in the portion of Russia's Western Siberia Basin that lies north of 66°N. Hydrocarbon accumulations discovered in the Arctic region have been generated from nearly 40 different petroleum systems. The main elements of these petroleum systems such as sources, reservoirs and seals are described and the chronology of these depositional events is summarized in two chronologic charts representing the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Altered lipid metabolism in Hfe-knockout mice promotes severe NAFLD and early fibrosis
Authors: Tan Terrence C. H. , Crawford Darrell H. G. , Jaskowski Lesley A. , Murphy Therese M. , Heritage Mandy L. , Subramaniam V. Nathan , Clouston Andrew D. , Anderson Gregory J. , Fletcher Linda M.
Published: August 2011

The HFE protein plays a crucial role in the control of cellular iron homeostasis. Steatosis is commonly observed in HFE-related iron-overload disorders, and current evidence suggests a causal link between iron and steatosis. Here, we investigated the potential contribution of HFE mutations to hepatic lipid metabolism and its role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Wild-type (WT) and Hfe knockout mice ( Hfe−/−) were fed either standard chow, a monounsaturated low fat, or a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFD) and assessed for liver injury, body iron status, and markers of lipid metabolism. Despite hepatic iron concentrations and body weights similar to WT controls, Hfe −/− mice fed the HFD developed severe hypoxia-related steatohepatitis, Tnf-α activation, and mitochondrial respiratory complex and antioxidant dysfunction with early fibrogenesis. These features were associated with an upregulation in the expression of genes involved in intracellular lipid synthesis and trafficking, while transcripts for mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and adiponectin signaling-related genes were significantly attenuated. In contrast, HFD-fed WT mice developed bland steatosis only, with no inflammation or fibrosis and no upregulation of lipogenesis-related genes. A HFD led to reduced hepatic iron in Hfe −/− mice compared with chow-fed mice, despite higher serum iron, decreased hepcidin expression, and increased duodenal ferroportin mRNA . In conclusion, our results demonstrate that Hfe −/− mice show defective hepatic-intestinal iron and lipid signaling, which predispose them toward diet-induced hepatic lipotoxicity, accompanied by an accelerated progression of injury to fibrosis.
SDF-1/CXCR4 mediates acute protection of cardiac function through myocardial STAT3 signaling following global ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Huang Chunyan , Gu Hongmei , Zhang Wenjun , Manukyan Mariuxi C. , Shou Weinian , Wang Meijing
Published: August 2011

Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1) has been reported to mediate cardioprotection through the mobilization of stem cells into injured tissue and an increase in local angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. However, little is known regarding whether SDF-1 induces acute protection following global myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and if so, by what molecular mechanism. SDF-1 binding to its cognate receptor CXCR4 has been shown to activate STAT3 in a variety of cells. STAT3 is a cardioprotective factor and may mediate SDF-1/CXCR4-induced acute protection. We hypothesized that SDF-1 would improve myocardial function through CXCR4-increased STAT3 activation following acute I/R. Isolated mouse hearts were subjected to 25-min global ischemia/40-min reperfusion and divided into groups of 1) vehicle; 2) SDF-1; 3) AMD3100, a CXCR4 inhibitor; 4) SDF-1 + AMD3100; 5) Stattic, a STAT3 inhibitor; 6) SDF-1 + Stattic; 7) cardiomyocyte-restricted ablation of STAT3 (STAT3KO); 8) STAT3KO + SDF-1; 9) Ly294002, an inhibitor of the Akt pathway; and 10) SDF-1 + Ly294002. Reagents were infused into hearts within 5 min before ischemia. SDF-1 administration significantly improved postischemic myocardial functional recovery in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, pretreatment with SDF-1 reduced cardiac apoptotic signaling and increased myocardial STAT3 activation following acute I/R. Inhibition of the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 neutralized these protective effects by SDF-1 in hearts subjected to I/R. Notably, inhibition of the STAT3 pathway or use of STAT3KO hearts abolished SDF-1-induced acute protection following myocardial I/R. Our results represent the first evidence that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis upregualtes myocardial STAT3 activation and, thereby, mediates acute cardioprotection in response to global I/R.
Chewing reduces sympathetic nervous response to stress and prevents poststress arrhythmias in rats
Authors: Koizumi So , Minamisawa Susumu , Sasaguri Kenichi , Onozuka Minoru , Sato Sadao , Ono Yumie
Published: August 2011

Reducing stress is important in preventing sudden death in patients with cardiovascular disease, as stressful events may cause autonomic imbalance and trigger fatal arrhythmias. Since chewing has been shown to inhibit stress-induced neuronal responses in the hypothalamus, we hypothesized that chewing could ameliorate stress-induced autonomic imbalance and prevent arrhythmias. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed changes in radiotelemetered electrocardiograms in rats that were allowed to chew a wooden stick during a 1-h period of immobilization stress. Chewing significantly reduced the occurrence of ventricular premature beats (VPBs) and complex ventricular ectopy after immobilization and prevented stress-induced prolongation of the QT interval of VPBs throughout the 10-h experimental period. It also prevented prolongation of the QRS complex and fluctuations in the QT interval in normal sinus rhythm beats preceding VPBs during both immobilization and in the poststress period. Fast Fourier transform-based spectral analysis of heart-rate variability further showed that chewing significantly inhibited the stress-induced increase in the power ratio of low-to-high frequency activity (LF/HF: a marker of sympathetic activity) during immobilization and in addition was associated with blunting of the stress-induced increase in plasma noradrenaline observed at the termination of immobilization. Similar suppressive effects on the occurrence of VPBs and the LF/HF were observed in rats that were administered the β-adrenergic blocker propranolol before immobilization. These results indicate that chewing can ameliorate sympathetic hyperactivity during stress and prevent poststress arrhythmias and suggest that chewing may provide a nonpharmacological and cost-effective treatment option for patients with a high risk of stress-induced fatal arrhythmia.
The α7β1-integrin increases muscle hypertrophy following multiple bouts of eccentric exercise
Authors: Zou Kai , Meador Benjamin M. , Johnson Brian , Huntsman Heather D. , Mahmassani Ziad , Valero M. Carmen , Huey Kimberly A. , Boppart Marni D.
Published: August 2011

Mechanical stimuli increase skeletal muscle growth in a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)- and p70S6K-dependent manner. It has been proposed that costameric proteins at Z bands may sense and transfer tension to these initiators of protein translation, but few candidates have been identified. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a role exists for the α7-integrin in the activation of hypertrophic signaling and growth following eccentric exercise training. Five-week-old, wild-type (WT) and α7BX2-integrin transgenic (α7Tg) mice were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) sedentary (SED), or 2) exercise training (EX). Exercise training consisted of downhill running 3 sessions/wk for 4 wk (−20°, 17 m/min, 30 min). Downhill running was used to induce physiological mechanical strain. Twenty-four hours following the final training session, maximal isometric hindlimb plantar flexor force was measured. Gastrocnemius-soleus complexes were collected for further analysis of signaling changes, which included AKT, mTOR and p70S6K, and muscle growth. Despite increased p70S6Kactivity in WT/EX, no significant changes in cross-sectional area or force were observed in WT/EX compared with WT/SED. AKT, mTOR, and p70S6Kactivation was higher, and whole muscle hypertrophy, relative muscle weight, myofibrillar protein, and force were significantly elevated in α7Tg/EX compared with α7Tg/SED. A marked increase in average myofiber cross-sectional area was observed in α7Tg/EX compared with all groups. Our findings demonstrate that the α7β1-integrin sensitizes skeletal muscle to mechanical strain and subsequent growth. Thus the α7β1-integrin may represent a novel molecular therapy for the treatment of disuse muscle atrophy.
Exercise training increases mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain
Authors: Steiner Jennifer L. , Murphy E. Angela , McClellan Jamie L. , Carmichael Martin D. , Davis J. Mark
Published: August 2011

Increased muscle mitochondria are largely responsible for the increased resistance to fatigue and health benefits ascribed to exercise training. However, very little attention has been given to the likely benefits of increased brain mitochondria in this regard. We examined the effects of exercise training on markers of both brain and muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in relation to endurance capacity assessed by a treadmill run to fatigue (RTF) in mice. Male ICR mice were assigned to exercise (EX) or sedentary (SED) conditions ( n = 16–19/group). EX mice performed 8 wk of treadmill running for 1 h/day, 6 days/wk at 25 m/min and a 5% incline. Twenty-four hours after the last training bout a subgroup of mice ( n = 9–11/group) were euthanized, and brain (brain stem, cerebellum, cortex, frontal lobe, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and midbrain) and muscle (soleus) tissues were isolated for analysis of mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1α), Silent Information Regulator T1 (SIRT1), citrate synthase (CS), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) using RT-PCR. A different subgroup of EX and SED mice ( n = 7–8/group) performed a treadmill RTF test. Exercise training increased PGC-1α, SIRT1, and CS mRNA and mtDNA in most brain regions in addition to the soleus ( P < 0.05). Mean treadmill RTF increased from 74.0 ± 9.6 min to 126.5 ± 16.1 min following training ( P < 0.05). These findings suggest that exercise training increases brain mitochondrial biogenesis, which may have important implications, not only with regard to fatigue, but also with respect to various central nervous system diseases and age-related dementia that are often characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants protect skeletal muscle against immobilization-induced muscle atrophy
Authors: Min Kisuk , Smuder Ashley J. , Kwon Oh-sung , Kavazis Andreas N. , Szeto Hazel H. , Powers Scott K.
Published: August 2011

Prolonged periods of muscular inactivity (e.g., limb immobilization) result in skeletal muscle atrophy. Although it is established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in inactivity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, the cellular pathway(s) responsible for inactivity-induced ROS production remain(s) unclear. To investigate this important issue, we tested the hypothesis that elevated mitochondrial ROS production contributes to immobilization-induced increases in oxidative stress, protease activation, and myofiber atrophy in skeletal muscle. Cause-and-effect was determined by administration of a novel mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant (SS-31) to prevent immobilization-induced mitochondrial ROS production in skeletal muscle fibers. Compared with ambulatory controls, 14 days of muscle immobilization resulted in significant muscle atrophy, along with increased mitochondrial ROS production, muscle oxidative damage, and protease activation. Importantly, treatment with a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant attenuated the inactivity-induced increase in mitochondrial ROS production and prevented oxidative stress, protease activation, and myofiber atrophy. These results support the hypothesis that redox disturbances contribute to immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and that mitochondria are an important source of ROS production in muscle fibers during prolonged periods of inactivity.
Macrophage Elovl6 Deficiency Ameliorates Foam Cell Formation and Reduces Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice
Authors: Saito Ryo , Matsuzaka Takashi , Karasawa Tadayoshi , Sekiya Motohiro , Okada Nazuki , Igarashi Masaki , Matsumori Rie , Ishii Kiyoaki , Nakagawa Yoshimi , Iwasaki Hitoshi , Kobayashi Kazuto , Yatoh Shigeru , Takahashi Akimitsu , Sone Hirohito , Suzuki Hiroaki , Yahagi Naoya , Yamada Nobuhiro , Shimano Hitoshi
Published: August 2011

Objective—

Elovl6, a long-chain fatty acid elongase, is a rate-limiting enzyme that elongates saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and has been shown to be related to obesity-induced insulin resistance via modification of fatty acid composition. In this study, we investigated the roles of Elovl6 in foam cell formation in macrophages and atherosclerosis in mice.

Methods and Results—

To investigate the roles of Elovl6 in macrophages in the progression of atherosclerosis, we transplanted bone marrow cells of wild-type or Elovl6
−/−
mice into irradiated LDL-R
−/−
mice that were fed a western diet. Aortic atherosclerotic lesion areas and infiltration of macrophages were significantly smaller in Elovl6
−/−
bone marrow cells-transplanted LDL-R
−/−
mice than in wild-type. Accumulation of esterified cholesterol on exposure to acetylated-LDL was less severe in peritoneal macrophages from Elovl6
−/−
mice than those from wild-type. Cholesterol efflux and expression of cholesterol efflux transporters were increased in Elovl6
−/−
macrophages, although no difference in uptake of acetylated-LDL was found between the two groups. On analysis of fatty acid composition of the esterified cholesterol fraction in macrophages, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were decreased by absence of Elovl6.

Conclusion—

These findings suggest that Elovl6 in macrophages may contribute to foam cell formation and progression of atherosclerosis.
Human Neutrophil Peptides Mediate Endothelial-Monocyte Interaction, Foam Cell Formation, and Platelet Activation
Authors: Quinn Kieran L. , Henriques Melanie , Tabuchi Arata , Han Bing , Yang Hong , Cheng Wei-Erh , Tole Soumitra , Yu Hanpo , Luo Alice , Charbonney Emmanuel , Tullis Elizabeth , Lazarus Alan , Robinson Lisa A. , Ni Heyu , Peterson Blake R. , Kuebler Wolfgang M. , Slutsky Arthur S. , Zhang Haibo
Published: August 2011

Objective—

Neutrophils are involved in the inflammatory responses during atherosclerosis. Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) released from activated neutrophils exert immune modulating properties. We hypothesized that HNPs play an important role in neutrophil-mediated inflammatory cardiovascular responses in atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

We examined the role of HNPs in endothelial-leukocyte interaction, platelet activation, and foam cell formation in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that stimulation of human coronary artery endothelial cells with clinically relevant concentrations of HNPs resulted in monocyte adhesion and transmigration; induction of oxidative stress in human macrophages, which accelerates foam cell formation; and activation and aggregation of human platelets. The administration of superoxide dismutase or anti-CD36 antibody reduced foam cell formation and cholesterol efflux. Mice deficient in double genes of low-density lipoprotein receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein (LRP), and mice deficient in a single gene of LRP8, the only LRP phenotype expressed in platelets, showed reduced leukocyte rolling and decreased platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in response to HNP stimulation.

Conclusion—

HNPs exert proatherosclerotic properties that appear to be mediated through LRP8 signaling pathways, suggesting an important role for HNPs in the development of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.