bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“My Wife is Married and So is My Girlfriend”: Adaptations to the Threat of AIDS in an Arrestee Population
Authors: Decker Scott H. , Rosenfeld Richard
Published: March 2007

A study of behavioral adaptations by a sample of arrestees to the safe-sex campaign documents a high level of risk for HIV, even among those who practice safe sex. Subjects described their preferred safe-sex practices in confidential interviews. The modal response for both males and females was “none.” Large proportions of the sample reported adaptations of questionable effectiveness. Those reporting the officially prescribed safe-sex behaviors often practice a permissive form of safe sex. The results underscore the need for AIDS counseling for arrestees who believe that strict safe-sex practices place intolerable restraints on forming and sustaining sexual relationships.
A Meta-Analytic Assessment of Delinquency-Related Outcomes of Alternative Education Programs
Authors: Cox Stephen M. , Davidson William S. , Bynum Timothy S.
Published: March 2007

Although the alternative education movement continues to grow, uncertainty is present across the literature regarding the effectiveness of these programs. Prior reviews have found that alternative schools improve school performance, attitudes toward school, school attendance, and self-esteem, while decreasing delinquency. However, these reviews have been unable to determine the magnitude of these effects or examine potential correlates of success. The present study used meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize prior empirical research on alternative schools. The meta-analysis findings show that alternative education programs have a small overall effect on school performance, attitudes toward school, and self-esteem but no effect on delinquency. Furthermore, alternative education programs that target a specific population of at-risk delinquents or low school achievers produce larger effects than programs with open admissions.
When “Enough is Enough”: Battered Women's Decision Making Around Court Orders of Protection
Authors: Fischer Karla , Rose Mary
Published: March 2007

Different reasons compel battered women to seek court orders of protection. Battered women decide to invoke the legal system by determining that they have had “enough.” At this point women must often confront significant barriers to obtaining court orders, most of which involve symbolic and tangible fears. A number of motivations, however, seem to counteract these fears. In addition, women may experience psychological benefits from orders by gaining some measure of control in their lives. A greater understanding of the factors involved in such decision making may assist legal authorities who deal with battered women.
Intimate Partner Homicide in Chicago Over 29 Years
Authors: Block Carolyn Rebecca , Christakos Antigone
Published: March 2007

From 1965-1993, in Chicago 2,556 people were killed in intimate partner homicides (marital, ex-marital, common-law, ex-common-law, boyfriend/girlfriend or ex-boyfriend/girlfriend, or gay domestic relationship). These homicides ranged from fewer than 70 to more than 130 per year, occurred in a variety of situations, and involved about half male and half female victims of diverse ages and racial/ethnic groups. In this analysis, the authors identify the major trends in intimate homicide over this 29-year period discuss the people who are most at risk and the high-risk situations and explore implications for intervention strategies are explored.
Thinking about the Relationship Between Health Dynamics in the Free Community and the Prison
Authors: Marquart James W. , Merianos Dorothy E. , Cuvelier Steven J. , Carroll Leo
Published: March 2007

Prison organizations are not isolated institutions, thus social and economic change in the wider society affects their internal dynamics. The authors explore how health conditions within lower socioeconomic segments of the population influence the health characteristics of prisoner admissions, and demonstrate how health conditions within the wider society have major implications for prisoner health care systems. The effects of recent conservative crime control ideologies on institutional health care programs are also examined. The article concludes with the development of a research agenda on prisoner health care issues.
Working While in School and Delinquent Involvement: Implications for Social Policy
Authors: Wright John Paul , Cullen Francis T. , Williams Nicolas
Published: March 2007

Based on a national sample of 1,775 youths, the authors explored the relationship of labor market participation on delinquency. Consistent with the limited existing research, the results revealed that working while in school, as measured by hours employed each week, increased delinquent involvement among high-risk males. These findings caution that unless carried out carefully and in conjunction with other treatment modalities, delinquency prevention programs based on employment are likely to be ineffective if not criminogenic.
The Will of the People? The Public's Opinion of the Violent and Repeat Juvenile Offender Act of 1997
Authors: Schiraldi Vincent , Soler Mark
Published: March 2007

The article reports the findings of a survey done by the Opinion Research Corporation on public support for the major tenets of a Senate bill that would amend the Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention (JJDP) Act. The poll was conducted in February 1998, with a national probability sample of 1,007 adults split evenly by gender. The report finds that more than two-thirds of respondents to the survey oppose the changes proposed to the JJDP Act contained in Senate Bill S. 10, the Violent and Repeat Juvenile Offender Act of 1997. The provisions the authors say run contrary to public opinion include alterations to the rules by which children are separated from adults in jails, rules governing the jailing of status offenders (runaways and curfew violators), the opening of juvenile arrest records to educators, and the funding for construction of new juvenile detention facilities.
Reconsidering Restorative Justice: The Corruption of Benevolence Revisited?
Authors: Levrant Sharon , Cullen Francis T. , Fulton Betsy , Wozniak John F.
Published: March 2007

Restorative justice has emerged as an increasingly popular correctional paradigm that is drawing support not only from conservatives but also from liberals. Although this approach has value, its ready embrace as a progressive reform is potentially problematic in two respects. First, the risk exists that restorative justice programs will be corrupted to serve nonprogressive goals and thus do more harm than good. Second, there is little reason to anticipate that restorative justice programs will have a meaningful effect on offender recidivism. Thus, restorative justice should be viewed and implemented with caution.
Criminal Sentencing in Florida: Determinate Sentencing's Hollow Shell
Authors: Griset Pamala L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the destabilization of determinate sentencing in Florida. In retaining the form but rejecting the substance of the determinate sentencing model, Florida's punishment policy is today an unwieldy mix of the worst features of the indeterminate and the determinate ideologies. The discussion places recent policy changes, including the authorization of extraordinarily wide sentencing ranges and the abolition of appellate review, in the context of Florida's two-decade odyssey with determinate sentencing. The article is based on interviews with policymakers and practitioners, along with a variety of official and unofficial documents. The potential ramifications of other states following Florida's lead are enormous and deserve scrutiny.
Economy and Ecology in an Era of Knowledge-Based Economies
Authors: Stehr Nico
Published: March 2007

Among the most widely discussed and hotly disputed contemporary topics, in both political and scientific arenas as well as in the developing and in the developed world, is the alleged contradiction, or at least antagonism, between ecological and economic principles and motives. In modern societies, conceived as knowledge societies, the relations between economy and ecology are transformed. In knowledge societies, the premise of a primacy of politics and of the ability of the political system - both nationally and transnationally - to impose its will on other major social institutions cannot be taken for granted anymore. The expectation that politics may heal the rift between ecology and economy does not hold in modern society. This article analyses what are novel and emergent interrelations between economy and ecology in knowledge societies. Both in the developing and in the developed world, we are moving towards knowledge-based economies. Economic growth is increasingly driven by knowledge. The tempo of social and economic change is accelerating. The changes under way afford unexpected ways of reconciling conflicting economic and ecological imperatives. The possibility of such reconciliation may well be the result of what are largely unintended consequences of purposive action in the pursuit of mundane economic interests.
Life Course: Innovations and Challenges for Social Research
Authors: Heinz Walter R. , Krüger Helga
Published: March 2007

Recent developments of life-course theory and research are discussed in a comparative framework. With accelerating social change, the life course has become a topic that centres on the interplay of personal and institutional dynamics through the life span that provides the temporal and social contexts for biographical planning and stock-taking. Modern life-course analysis asks to what extent biographies are losing their structural embeddedness in favour of negotiations among individuals, opportunities, institutions and social networks. First, a historical account about European and North American traditions of life-course research is presented, delineating the cohort/life-event and the life-history approaches. Second, three conceptual frameworks are illuminated that focus on the relationship between social change and human lives: linking mechanisms, structuration and institutional arrangements (with a focus on age and gender). Concerning methodology, longitudinal studies that use quantitative as well as qualitative methods are necessary to understand the interrelationships between social change and biography. Third, innovative themes for research are presented, relating to the issues of agency and institutions, the timing of transitions and linked lives. The article concludes with a call for more cross-cultural life-course research.
Towards a Sociology of Information Technology
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: March 2007

There is a strong tendency in the social sciences to understand and conceptualize the new information technologies in terms of their technical properties and to construct the relation to the sociological world as one of applications and impacts. Less work has gone into developing analytic categories that allow us to capture the complex imbrications of technology and society. This article addresses two particular aspects of this challenge through two organizing efforts. First, understanding the place of these new technologies from a sociological perspective requires avoiding a purely technological interpretation and recognizing the embeddedness and the variable outcomes of these technologies for different social orders. These technologies can indeed be constitutive of new social dynamics, but they can also be derivative or merely reproduce older conditions. Second, such an effort will, in turn, call for categories that capture what are now often conceived of as contradictory, or mutually exclusive, attributes. The article examines these two aspects by focusing on three analytic issues for sociology: the embeddedness of the new technologies, the complex interactions between the digital and the material world, and the mediating cultures that organize the relation between these technologies and users.
Environmental Inequalities: Literature Review and Proposals for New Directions in Research and Theory
Authors: Szasz Andrew , Meuser Michael
Published: March 2007

The first battles that led to the formation of the Environmental Justice movement also produced the first studies of race and exposure to toxins. Subsequently, demographers, geographers, sociologists, political scientists, historians and legal scholars have all contributed to an ever-expanding body of studies. We review the most important works that have been published in the 1990s, focusing especially on studies of waste sites, studies of toxic industrial emissions and, finally, on local histories that have begun to show in detail how environmental inequalities develop over time. We explore the ways that the close association between movement and research produced both gains and losses for that research. The political power and moral force of the movement gave the research effort great impetus, but it also defined the research agenda in ways that steered inquiry away from certain potentially important topics or themes. We end the paper with brief discussions of two of these neglected topics: first, investigating where economic elites and their exclusive residential communities are situated geographically in relation to toxic hazards; second, setting environmental inequality in global and historical contexts and theorizing it as one facet or moment of the larger social inequalities that have characterized modern society from its inception.
The Impact of Emerging Market-Based Public Policy on Urban Schools and a Democratic Society
Authors: Ridenour Carolyn S. , Lasley Thomas J. , Bainbridge William L.
Published: March 2007

Education is being transformed at a rapid pace because of a variety of political and social forces. One of those forces is an increased emphasis on market-based policy and practice. School reform advocates in general and political conservatives in particular see the market approach as one that can and will positively affect educational practices. Ridenour, Lasley, and Bainbridge examine the efficacy of the market approach as it has been evidenced in the development of charter schools and choice options. The authors conclude that the rate of change needs to be managed to protect students and that strategic partnerships must be created to ensure more collaboration between those with conflicting views. Whereas business benefits from competition, education requires a type of “coop-petition” to ensure that all students are provided an adequate education.
Learn
Authors: Mclaughlin H. James , Liljestrom Anna , Lim Jae Hoon , Meyers Dawn
Published: March 2007

This article describes the process and findings of a community study that was part of a task force to improve educational experiences for new English learners, particularly the large number of Latinos. Based on the analysis of a series of focus group interviews and a survey, the article discusses how students coming from other countries are usually accustomed to a different classroom environment and may be confused about how to relate with their teachers and with other students during class. At the same time, educators may not possess adequate knowledge about students’prior educational experiences and the cultural models of schooling in Latino communities. The article argues that educators need to consider both the risk and success factors for new immigrant students and examine more closely the nature of communication between students, teachers, and parents.
The OCDQ an Application and Some Implications
Authors: Watkins J. Foster
Published: March 2007

This article discusses an application of the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire in a particular research situation and presents a critique of the instrument as a research tool.
Toward an Educationally Appropriate Legal Definition of Disruptive Student Behavior
Authors: Ladd Edward T.
Published: March 2007

While it is universally accepted that schools must have the authority to control student behavior which disrupts the school program or the process of education, there is room for disagreement as to the kinds of behavior that fall into that category. Administrators have tended to interpret "disruption" broadly—at the expense of student freedom. It appears, however, that only where there is a substantial degree of freedom, which means some disorder, can good education take place. The author, a Professor of Education at Emory University and a student of the problem of classroom discipline, argues from educational principles that the kinds of student behavior which it is proper to define as disruptive are more limited than has been thought.
Explicating the Complexity of Participative Management: An Investigation of Multiple Dimensions
Authors: Somech Anit
Published: March 2007

The present study aimed to refine the participative management concept in schools by adopting a multidimensional approach. Specifically, the author examined simultaneously five dimensions of participative management: decision domain, degree of participation, structure, target of participation, and rationale. The data were obtained from a sample of 99 elementary school principals. The results of the present study highlight the readiness of principals to utilize participative approaches to decision making mainly out of pragmatic motives to achieve valued organizational results. Principals tended to involve teachers more in the technical domain than in the managerial domain mostly by using consultative methods of participation, and they preferred to include teachers based on their motivation rather than their expertise. The findings suggest that participative management is a complex concept that consists of several dependent yet distinct dimensions; therefore, its conceptualization and operationalization should be examined by themselves, before an investigation of their antecedents and consequences.
Religion and Employment: How Extensive is a Teacher's Religious Freedom?
Authors: Beezer Bruce
Published: March 2007

Balancing the variety of religious beliefs of teachers and the public schools 'secular purpose poses a difficult problem for educational policy makers. Case law and the constitutional issues related to religious freedom and employment practices are reviewed in this article. Implications for practice and avenues forfurther analysis are suggested on the basis of the review.
Evolution in the Professorship: Past, Philosophy, Future
Authors: Willower Donald J
Published: March 2007

The professorship in educational administration is considered in terms of its recent past-the times and the context. Then aphilosophical position is advanced along with implications for the professorship. Finally, in light of the past and the philosophical position, some suggestions are made for the future.
The Conception of Size and the Internal Allocation of School District Resources
Authors: Monk David H.
Published: March 2007

The effects of organizational size on school processes are studied in this article through the use of a resource allocation model. The model stresses the importance of including nonpurchased resources provided outside of school in the calculation of educational costs. Distinctions are drawn among various conceptions of school district size, and resource allocation implications for each are derived. Empirical evidence from New York State is used to test the proposition that the consequences of differences in size are distributed unequally among categories of students. This within district inequality could be viewed as a potentially serious denial of equal educational opportunity.
Letting Go of Outlived Professional Identities: A Study of Role Transition and Role Strain for Principals in Restructured Schools
Authors: Bredeson Paul V.
Published: March 2007

Restructuring in schools has become one strategy for making significant changes in education. This article takes a preliminary empirical look at role transitions and role strain resulting from restructuring initiatives in schools in four districts. General support was found for role transition theory. The interview data provided evidence that these twenty principals had learned to deal with role transitions and the effects of role strain. Cognitive restructuring and environmental factors were important factors which moderated the effects of role strain. Experience, tenure in position, traditions of trust among staff, congruence of personal leadership style with role changes, school-level autonomy, and leadership and support from the superintendent and school board affected role strain intensity. The data also revealed that restructuring had resulted in a change in how these principals viewed their own leadership in schools: from managers in charge to facilitators on call.
Teacher Work Redesign and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Conley Sharon , Levinson Ralph
Published: March 2007

Current literature that suggests that work redesign contributes positively to teacher job satisfaction hasa largely theoretical as opposed to empirical, basis. By using data from one state-sponsored career ladder program, this study examines the interrelationships between work redesign, work rewards, values, and teacher job satisfaction. Participation in work redesign is found to be associated with job satisfaction among more experienced teachers but not among their less experienced counterparts. The interpretation of results explores this dichotomy of findings related to teachers with differing experience levels.
Foundations of Educational Administration: Traditional and Emerging Perspectives
Authors: Hoy Wayne K.
Published: March 2007

The University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA) commissioned seven study teams to identify the traditional and emerging perspectives in educational administration. In an attempt to pique your curiosity about their work, I first summarize overviews for each of the knowledge domains and then identify and discuss three common themes from the overviews: goals of education, paradigm wars, and causes and effects. We hope this will be a beginning of an ongoing dialogue about the knowledge base for our field
The Principal and Community-School Connections in Chicago's Radical Reform
Authors: Smylie Mark A. , Crowson Robert L. , Chou Victoria , Levin Rebekah A.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a case of a coordinated children's service project in Chicago's decentralizing school system. This case identifies issues, problems, and lessons concerning school-site administration that emerge from the unique combination of policy initiatives designed to open schools to community influence and at the same time extend schools' service outreach to the community. It focuses specifically on how principals shape a complicated and often contradictory array of community-school connections associated with this reform within a reform. The case is analyzed using theory examining persistence and change in organizations.
Reassessing Levels of Androcentric Bias in Educational Administration Quarterly
Authors: Epp Juanita Ross , Sackney Larry E. , Kustaski Jeanne M.
Published: March 2007

Androcentric bias occurs when male experience is treated as the norm, whereas female realities are not considered or are relegated to the abnormal. In 1986, Shakeshaft and Hanson identified the level of androcentric bias evident in the issues of Educational Administration Quarterly (EAQ) published during the 1970s. The present article is a similar study of the articles published in EAQ during the 1980s. Androcentric bias had diminished in the areas in which it was most easily identified and addressed, that is, in the gender of contributing authors and in the use of inclusive language. Other less obvious indicators, such as gender-balanced samples and the use of unbiased research instruments, remained largely unchanged. Many indicators were difficult to assess, especially with the advent of inclusive language. Although the use of inclusive language was intended to affirm the inclusion of female experiences, it tended instead to mask androcentric bias. That is, studies based on unbalanced samples, which reiterated androcentric theory, or employed biased instruments, did not appear to be biased when reported using gender-inclusive terms. In summary, the modest improvement in the level of androcentric bias noted in this study suggested that, although bias was diminishing, it was still present and was sometimes masked by the corrections, such as inclusive language, which were intended to help eradicate it.
Reassessing the Principal's Role in School Effectiveness: A Review of Empirical Research, 1980-1995
Authors: Hallinger Philip , Heck Ronald H.
Published: March 2007

Although the is little disagreement conquering the belief that principals have an impact on the lives of teachers and students, both the nature and degree of this effect continues to be open to debate. The relationship is complex and not easily subject to empirical verification. This article reviews the empirical literature on the relationship between the principal's role and school effectiveness during the period from 1980 to 1995. We specifically focus on the conceptual underpinnings of several theoretical models to study the role, the relationship between models and methods of investigation, an4 consequently, to what has been learned about the nature of the principal impact. We conclude by framing a possible research agenda for the next generation of studies on the effects of school administration.
Images of Teaching and Proposals for Reform: A Comparison of Ideas from Cognitive and Organizational Research
Authors: Firestone William A.
Published: March 2007

Organizational analysis and studies of teacher thinking both contribute to discussion about how to professionalize teaching, but these two bodies of research have not been well synchronized. Teacher-thinking research examines teachers' thought processes and makes recommendations for training. Organizational analysis emphasizes the importance of teacher commitment and the redesign of existing schools to increase teacher collegiality and participation. This article juxtaposes these two literatures to clarify and suggest ways to combine divergent images of the good teacher. It also suggests that recommendations for reform are incomplete and argues that these ideas need to be put into a wider frameworke.
Conditions Fostering Organizational Learning in Schools
Authors: Leithwood Kenneth , Leonard Lawrence , Sharratt Lyn
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of synthesizing evidence from three independent studies of conditions that foster organizational learning in schools carried out in different contexts but with comparable methods. Its purpose was to identify such conditions from state, district, and school sources and to assess the context sensitivity of each of the conditions. Qualitative data were provided by a total sample of 111 teachers in 14 schools. Results identified a large number of conditions that fostered organizational learning in all schools. Among the most important of these conditions was transformational forms of principal leadership.
Efficiency and Effectiveness Analysis of Chicago Public Elementary Schools: 1989, 1991, 1993
Authors: Anderson Lascelles , Walberg Herbert J. , Weinstein Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article reports on research designed to respond to a set of problems normally associated with the assessment of school performance. It is more concerned with specific resource effects in specific schools than with effectiveness and efficiency in the use of individual school resources in the assessment of a system 's performance over time. The emphasis is on the overall performance of the entire set of elementary schools in the Chicago Public School System rather than on the resource use in each school. Joining standard regression techniques with the results of data envelopment analysis, the basic questions asked are the following: Are there discernible changes in the performance of Chicago elementary schools following the fundamental school reforms of 1988-1989? Are these changes in the desired direction? The results suggest encouraging improvement in schooling outcomes over the period of study.
A Primer on the Understanding, Use, and Calculation of Confidence Intervals that are Based on Central and Noncentral Distributions
Authors: Cumming Geoff , Finch Sue
Published: March 2007

Reform of statistical practice in the social and behavioral sciences requires wider use of confidence intervals (CIs), effect size measures, and meta-analysis. The authors discuss four reasons for promoting use of CIs: They (a) are readily interpretable, (b) are linked to familiar statistical significance tests, (c) can encourage meta-analytic thinking, and (d) give information about precision. The authors discuss calculation of CIs for a basic standardized effect size measure, Cohen’s δ (also known as Cohen’s d), and contrast these with the familiar CIs for original score means. CIs for δ require use of noncentral t distributions, which the authors apply also to statistical power and simple meta-analysis of standardized effect sizes. They provide the ESCI graphical software, which runs under Microsoft Excel, to illustrate the discussion. Wider use of CIs for δ and other effect size measures should help promote highly desirable reform of statistical practice in the social sciences.
A Statistical Model for the Examination of the Validity of Prerequisites
Authors: Pryor Norman M. , Gordon Michael E.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this paper was to develop and demonstrate an empirical method of estimating the validity of course prerequisites. By comparing the distributions of grades in upper division classes for students who had and who had not completed the "necessary" subject matter prerequisites with a multivariate analysis of variance procedure known as step-down analysis, it was possible to determine the actual importance of these lower division courses for future academic success. Grade point average was found to be the variable most closely associated with the level of performance in the target courses, whereas the percentage of prerequisites accounted for approximately two per cent of the variance. Results of this investigation were examined in the light of possible revisions in educational policies governing admission requirements to upper division courses.
A Computer Program for Deterministic and Probabilistic Models of Order Analysis
Authors: Krus David J.
Published: March 2007

The technique of order analysis was proposed as an inferential alternative to factor analysis. The method reconceptualizes the problem of analysis of data matrices from the perspective of formal logic. Dominance matrices preserving the direction of variance were used in lieu of the correlation matrix of factor analysis. The roots of linear equations, as dimensionality indicators, were supplanted by branching routines developed within the context of graph theory. The program provides for graphic construction of the manifest and latent structures of the data matrix and does not analyze patterns of random variation.
Experience With Computer Generation and Scoring of Tests for a Large Class
Authors: Emerson Phillip L.
Published: March 2007

In an introductory psychology class of size 200, a computer-based testing and scoring system was tried out. Individual test forms were generated by a random process from an item pool and were printed by computer; test-response data were scored by computer; and test-score records for each student were maintained by computer. Advantages included: (1) increased frequency of tests, (2) immediacy of feedback, (3) accessibility and currency of cumulative records, (4) decreased opportunities for cheating, (5) decrease in difliculties and extra work associated with retests and make-up examinations, (6) decreased need for typing and secretarial services, (7) shortened lead time between initial stages of test preparation and administration, and (8) autonomy of the process, as it required little high-level decision making once in progress. Cost analysis indicated that such a system would be feasible for adoption by an individual instructor, given the required facilities at the university computer installation.
Factor Structure of Self-Actualization as Measured from Shostrom's Sav Scale
Authors: Wright Logan , Wyant Kerry
Published: March 2007

Shostrom's SAV Scale was administered to 393 students at a large southwestern university. Items were factor analyzed according to a principle components solution. Nine factors were derived, which collectively accounted 57% of the total matrix variance. Five of the factors corresponded closely to components of Maslow's self-actualization theory upon which the scale was theoretically based. Two factors corresponded to a single Maslow component, and one appeared to be a combination of two of his categories. One derived factor seemed better explained by Freudian than Maslow theory. In general, the results supported Maslow's 15-component scheme for conceptualizing self-actualization.
Factorial Validity of a Student Evaluation of Teaching Instrument
Authors: Covert Robert W. , Mason Emanuel J.
Published: March 2007

The validity of the Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET) used in the College of Education, University of Kentucky was studied using 3573 individual student evaluations from 254 graduate and undergraduate classes taught by 126 instructors in one semester in the College of Education. As a result of principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation performed on the 17 item 5-point Likert Scale variables of the 22 item questionnaire, three factors were identified. The first factor was considered to be a measure of method and style of teaching. The second factor was made up of items relating to a student's perception of self as it relates to the course. The third factor had high loading on items concerning materials and resources. It was concluded that the SET instrument was somewhat useful in evaluating teaching because items associated with teaching emerged as the primary distinct factor.
The Relative Validity of Scales Prepared By Naive Item Writers and Those Based On Empirical Methods of Personality Scale Construction1
Authors: Jackson Douglas N.
Published: March 2007

In an effort to evaluate alternative strategies of personality scale construction, the extent to which relatively naive item writers could produce valid personality scales was investigated. Each of 22 undergraduate psychology students was asked individually to prepare 16 items for one of three scales: Social Participation, Tolerance, and Self-Esteem. These items were administered to a sample of 116 females, comprising pairs of roommates, together with like-named scales from the empirically-derived California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and from the Jackson Psychological Inventory (JPI). Self-ratings and roommate ratings on these trait dimensions which served as the two criterion measures were also obtained. Student scale validities, which were much higher than those obtained for the CPI, were almost comparable to those for the JPI. Student scale scores were less free from desirability variance than were JPI scale scores. Like the earlier Ashton-Goldberg study, the results were interpreted as supporting a construct-oriented over an external-empirical strategy of personality scale construction.
Sampling Characteristics of Kelley's ε and Hays' ω
Authors: Carroll Robert M. , Nordholm Lena A.
Published: March 2007

Statistics used to estimate the population correlation ratio were reviewed and evaluated. The sampling distributions of Kelley's ε2 and Hays' ω2 were studied empirically by computer simulation within the context of a three level one-way fixed effects analysis of variance design. These statistics were found to have rather large standard errors when small samples were used. As with other correlation indices, large samples are recommended for accuracy of estimation. Both ε2 and ω2 were found to be negligibly biased. Heterogeneity of variances had negligible effects on the estimates under conditions of proportional representativeness of sample sizes with respect to their population counterparts, but combinations of heterogeneity of variance and unrepresentative sample sizes yielded especially poor estimates.
Fortran Iv Program to Determine the Proper Sequence of Records in a Datafile
Authors: Jones Michael P. , Yoshida Roland K.
Published: March 2007

This FORTRAN IV program executes an essential editing procedure which determines whether a datafile contains an equal number of records (cards) per case which are also in the intended sequential order. The program which requires very little background in computer programming is designed primarily for the user of packaged statistical procedures.
Biographical and Educational Correlates of Graduate and Professional School Admissions Test Scores
Authors: Baird Leonard L.
Published: March 2007

To understand the functions of graduate level admission tests, the characteristics of students who scored high compared with those who scored low on three tests were examined on the basis of correlates of each of the tests with a large number of other variables reflecting the students' background and educational characteristics. From a large and diverse sample of college seniors in 94 colleges, students were identified who had taken the Graduate Record Examinations, the Law School Admission Test, and the Medical College Admission Test. In general, the test scores were associated with characteristics reflecting academic success, confidence in academic abilities, and interests and values generally congruent with the academic way of life. However, they were also associated with some personal characteristics which could be interpreted as showing bias in the test. However, it is argued that they probably provide reasonably accurate assessments of the academic talent of the applicants at the time they take the test.
A Program to Perform Analyses of Variance for Data from Round-Robin Experiments
Authors: Gleason John R.
Published: March 2007

A round-robin experiment involves observation of all possible pairs of subjects within each experimental condition. A program is described which performs analyses of variance for data arising from such experiments. Output of the program includes an ANOVA summary table, exact or quasi- F statistics for tests of various hypotheses, and least squares estimates of all relevant parameters.
The Relation of Sample Size to the Number of Variables in Using Factor Analysis Techniques
Authors: Aleamoni Lawrence M.
Published: March 2007

The relationship of sample size to number of variables in the use of factor analysis has been treated by many investigators. In attempting to explore what the minimum sample size should be, none of these investigators pointed out the constraints imposed on the dimensionality of the variables by using a sample size smaller than the number of variables. A review of studies in this area is made as well as suggestions for resolution of the problem.
A Table for the Determination of Experimentwise Error Rate (Alpha) From Independent Comparisons
Authors: Jacobs Keith W.
Published: March 2007

When a series of statistical tests are employed in the same experiment, the researcher is obligated to consider the error rate (probability of making a type I error) in terms of the experiment, not merely in terms of each comparison. A table is provided for the rapid determination of experimentwise alpha level when a number of independent statistical tests are employed in the same experiment. Suggested applications and the rationale for this procedure are supplied.
Relationship Between Performance on a Piagetian Liquid Conservation Task and Reading Achievement in Seven Year Old Children
Authors: Orpet R.E. , Meyers C.E. , Grein Susan
Published: March 2007

The relationship of a Piagetian measure of liquid conservation in children with reading ability was obtained to determine the predictive ability of such a task. A six-step conservation-of-fluid task, yielding a score of 0-6, was individually administered to 52 middle-class white children of CA 73-87 months. Reading was assessed 8 weeks later with the Stanford Achievement Test, Reading. A non-significant r of .13 was obtained. Mean reading scores of 3 groups of subjects divided by Piagetian stage of nonconservation-conservation did not significantly differ. Results confirmed most previous studies in finding that Piagetian task scores are not predictive of early academic achievement.
Relationship Between Clinical Ratings and Inventory Measures of Intrapersonal Styles: Validity of the Pair Attraction Inventory
Authors: Shostrom Franz Larry , Knapp Robert R.
Published: March 2007

The classification of intrapersonal interaction styles assessed in terms of clinical judgment was compared with assessment based on the Pair Attraction Inventory (PAI). That the degree of agreement was highly significant for five of the seven PAI categories was considered to be evidence for the validity of the Inventory.
Fortran Computer Programs for the Development of New MMPI Scales
Authors: Clopton James R. , Neuringer Charles
Published: March 2007

To develop a new MMPI scale, an item analysis is performed comparing the MMPI response frequencies (number of "True" answers and number of "False" answers) of a criterion group with the response frequencies of a suitable comparison group. A set of computer programs is described which not only performs this item analysis, but also performs several additional tasks necessary for evaluation of a new MMPI scale. To avoid the laborious task of keypunching each subject's responses to all 566 MMPI items, the authors recommend the use of an MMPI answer sheet which is suitable for optical scanning and automated keypunching.
Ordering Items by Endorsement Value and its Effect Upon Test Validity
Authors: Kuncel Ruth Boutin
Published: March 2007

This study attempted to improve test validity by presenting positively keyed items from a single trait in descending order of endorsement and encouraging subjects to respond in terms of the resulting Guttman scale. This approach should explicate trait content and available scale points, thus increasing inter-and intra-subject consistency in responding. In general, the procedure produced increases in internal consistency, and in construct and concurrent validity. Increases in validity were contingent upon increases in internal consistency. Possible time-saving advantages of the ordering procedure are noted.
Using a Semantic Differential in Predicting Counselor-Trainees' Success in Practicum
Authors: Walker Betty A. , Robinson Rick
Published: March 2007

This investigation was concerned with the development of a prediction model for conselor-trainees' success in a required practicum course at the University of Southern California's Counseling Department. An attempt was made to evaluate the utility of the semantic differential within the context. The semantic differential was devised by faculty members whose orientation is Humanistic-Existential. The initial instrument was validated and revised on a sample of 33 practicum counselor-client pairs. After this aspect of the study was completed, the faculty members derived a number of instrument subscales based on Osgood's Evaluative, Activity, and Potency dimensions. The revised instrument, which was administered to 49 counselor-trainees in the practicum course was evaluated in terms of its predictive powers. As the semantic differential was not useful in predicting counselor-trainee success in practicum, alternative approaches are suggested.
A Note on the G Analysis for Non-Dichotomized Data
Authors: Vegelius Jan
Published: March 2007

A generalization of the G analysis to cases where the variables are on an interval or ordinal scale is described. It can be based on various transformations which are consistent with the usual G index generalizations for those scales. The placement system used in the description is distance-based, but other systems may also be applied.
Removing the Restriction of an Even Number of Trials for the Shine Combined Anova
Authors: Shine Lester C.
Published: March 2007

Some recent developments for the Shine-Bower single-subject ANOVA and the Shine Combined ANOVA are integrated in order to remove the restriction of an even number of trials for the Shine Combined ANOVA.
The "Cannot Decide" Option in Thurstone-Type Attitude Scales
Authors: Madden Theodore M. , Klopfer Frederick J.
Published: March 2007

Sociology students were administered two Thurstone-type attitude scales (Capital Punishment and Sunday Observance), each under two conditions (with and without the option of responding"?" for "Cannot Decide"), and a measure of Ambiguity Tolerance. When available, "?" was used by a slight majority of subjects on both scales. The use of "?" was not found to be related to scores on the measure of ambiguity tolerance. Correlations between "?" and "no?" administrations were significant, and significantly stronger for Capital Punishment than for Sunday Observance, but means did not differ significantly between conditions, and mean differences did not differ significantly between scales. More use of "?" appeared in the Capital Punishment scale than in the Sunday Observance scale but "?" substituted fairly evenly for "Agree" and "Disagree" in Capital Punishment, while in Sunday Observance "?" substituted mainly for "Disagree." Allowance for "?" is recommended. Observed differences are discussed in terms of assimilation-contrast theory, mainly the constructs of statement-attitude congruity, involvement with the attitude object, strength of the attitude, and development of the attitude.
Conceptual and Statistical Refinement and Extension of the Measurement of Actualizing Concurrent Validity of the Personal Orientation Dimensions (POD
Authors: Knapp Robert R. , Knapp Lila
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) and the Personal Orientation Dimensions (POD), a refinement and extension of the assessment of concepts of actualizing first measured by the POI. Correlations between conceptually similar scales ranged in magnitude from .50 to .70, coefficients which are held to give further support to the construct validity of scales in the two instruments.
A Modification of Hoyt's Analysis of Variance Reliability Estimation Procedure
Authors: Huck Schuyler W.
Published: March 2007

Given a set of n individuals and k test items, Hoyt's analysis of variance procedure for estimating reliability assumes that the residual mean square estimates error variability. Based on the assumption that an individual's true score should be allowed to vary across items (rather than remain constant), the present author argues that the residual mean square estimates two components—error and interaction—and hence Winer's modification of Hoyt's formula, ( MSexam - m'MS res)/ MSexam, underestimates the reliability of the test. Tukey's procedure for partitioning MSres into nonadditive and error components is discussed, with the recommendation made that MSbalance be used in place of MSres in the Hoyt formula.
Improved Counseling Information Through Rotation of Discriminant Functions
Authors: Lunneborg Clifford E. , Lunneborg Patricia W.
Published: March 2007

Results of discriminant analyses are of restricted value in the counseling setting because discriminant functions often lack psychological interpretability. Proposed is a technique for obtaining rotated discriminant function scores which should have the clarity of meaning as do rotated factors from factor analyses. This technique is successfully illustrated with data for the prediction of graduating college majors from aptitude, achievement and interest measures obtained in high school.