bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Planetary Terrestrial Analogues Library (PTAL)
Authors: Werner Stephanie C. , Poulet Francois , Rull Fernando ,   The PTAL Team
Published: March 2020

The Planetary Terrestrial Analogues Library project aims to build and exploit a spectral data base for the characterization of the mineralogical and geological evolution of terrestrial planets and small Solar System bodies. Basis for the library is our collection of natural field-collected and artificial planetary (often Martian) analogue materials as well as materials, which have been altered in laboratory experiments. All samples were characterized by XRD, thin sections as base and as input for the spectral library with standard commercial and dedicated spacecraft instrumentation (NIR, RAMAN, LIBS) under laboratory conditions. The database will allow users to jointly interpret laboratory results and newly gathered in-situ or remote sensing data using instruments (LIBS, NIR, Raman) on board of current and future space missions (e.g., Hayabusa-2, Curiosity, ExoMars, Mars2020). The main aim of the database is the use of spectra stored for purposes related to comparison, identification, quantification and spectral calculation when spectroscopic instruments such as NIR, Raman and LIBS operate in planetary missions and/or analyzing materials in the field or in the laboratory. This database features spectral tools allowing for the spectral data treatment implementation plans are the integration of the database management and algorithms in an end-user platform with graphical interfaces for the use of the data and analyzing tools. The public release of the Planetary Terrestrial Analogues Library will be at the end of year 2020. We will have a demonstration and tutorial during the EGU-GA 2020.

Acknowledgements: This project is financed through the European Research Council in the H2020-COMPET-2015 programme (grant 687302).
Multi-angular observation of forest canopy reflectance based on a hyperspectral UAV imaging platform
Authors: Qiu Feng , Zhang Qian
Published: March 2020

Forest canopy reflectance varies with solar and observation geometries and shows distinct anisotropic characteristics. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of forest canopies is influenced by canopy structure, leaf biochemistry and background reflectance. Multi-angular remote sensing observations of forest canopies provide much more information about canopy structure and background information compared with the nadir observations. The development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) provides great opportunities for multi-angular observations in forests. We developed a solid method to obtained bidirectional reflectance of forest canopies based on a hyperspectral UAV imaging platform in this study. With this multi-angular observation method, we obtained canopy reflectance images with the view zenith angle (VZA) varying from 60° (forward) to 60° (backward) at fixed interval (10°), as well as the hotspot and darkspot images in the principle plane in conifer forests. Since the single pixel with very high spatial resolution (around 10 cm) in the UAV images are not representative for the study of the whole forest canopy, several pixels in the central of each images were selected and averaged to determine the canopy reflectance. Variations of the averaged reflectance with ground distance represented by the selected pixels were analyzed and the optimum ground distance for study the multi-angular forest canopy reflectance was determined. The observed canopy reflectance peaks at the hotspot and clear images of the hotspot are observed. The sensitivities of canopy reflectance to VZAs vary with spectral bands. The reflectance at red bands near 680 nm are most sensitive to VZA. Some common used vegetation indices, such as NDVI, EVI, MTCI, PRI, also vary greatly with VZAs and demonstrate different spatial distribution patterns. The observations fit well with the 4-Scale geometric-optical model simulations. The multi-angular observation methods based on UAV platform have the advantages of efficient and effective in multi-angular observation with higher flexibility in VZA adjustment and lower cost, compared with the airborne or spaceborne sensors. This multi-angular observation method is very useful for study the BRDF and canopy structural and biochemical characteristics of forests and has great potential in forestry and ecological studies.
On the barriers limiting the adoption of the Earth Observation Copernicus data and services and their integration with non-conventional (e.g. citizen) observations: the EU CoRdiNet project contribution.
Authors: Lacava Teodosio , Bernardini Papalia Lucio , Paradiso Iole Federica , Proto Monica , Pergola Nicola
Published: March 2020

The Copernicus User Uptake Initiative is part of the European Union’s strategy for increasing the level of awareness of the Copernicus Program at European and worldwide level, fostering the adoption of Copernicus-based data/solution in the everyday life of each kind of potential stakeholder, from Local Regional Authorities (LRA) to Big and/or Small Enterprises to normal citizens. The CoRdiNet (Copernicus Relays for digitalization spanning a Network) projects was funded in the frame of Horizon 2020 Space Hubs call (grant agreement n. 821911), to implement and reinforce the user uptake actions among the network of the so called Copernicus Relays. The latter, as part of the Space strategy for Europe of the European Commission, act as Copernicus Ambassadors, providing their contribution for a better dissemination and promotion of Copernicus-based solution at local/regional scale. Among the goals of the Cordinet project there are: i) Supporting, promoting and stimulating digitalization and new business solutions based on Earth observation data from the Copernicus project; ii) bundling the local expertise in the civil use of Earth observation close to the needs and offers of citizens, administration and businesses.

Earth Observation data from space, in fact, can provide products and services to citizens and can be profitably integrated with non-conventional data, e.g the ones coming from citizen observatories and sciences. However, presently Copernicus data and information are still under-exploited and further efforts are needed to engage stakeholders (including normal citizens), investigating the causes that have prevented from a more systematic and diffuse use of Copernicus/EO data so far. In fact, an increased awareness about the Copernicus program, its data, products and services, will allow for a better integration of non-conventional (e.g. citizen-based) observations, enabling new services and solutions, more close to the citizen needs and requirements for a better quality of life.

With this aim, one of the tasks of the project was specifically devoted to the identification and engagement of the stakeholders within the CoRdiNet partner geographic regions, including also the external ones involved by a specific call for expression of interest, and it was carried out by TeRN in collaboration with CNR-IMAA. In particular, after their engagement, stakeholders were asked to answer to a questionnaire aimed at analyzing their needs and capabilities and evaluating which barriers have prevented for a more systematic use of Copernicus solutions so far in their own activities. Results achieved analyzing collected feedback will be presented and discussed in this work, providing also a few preliminary recommendations about how to cope with the identified gaps.
Exploration of the Dynamics in the Swedish Water-Energy-Land-Food-Climate Nexus: Lessons from Combining Policy Analysis and System Dynamics Modeling
Authors: Blicharska Malgorzata , Susnik Janez , Masia Sara , van den Heuvel Lotte , Grabs Thomas , Teutschbein Claudia
Published: March 2020

Global change is a growing problem, governed by demographic, economic and climatological drivers. Such developments are leading to an increasing demand for natural resources. Traditionally, management of products and services from water, energy, and food sectors has been addressed with a sectoral policy approach (siloes) or through thematic modeling within individual sectors. However, this led to neglecting potential impacts of policy or resource changes in one sector on other sectors. A novel way to address this complexity is the nexus approach, which attempts to identify synergies and trade-offs between sectors. The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus approach offers opportunities to consider holistic policy integration and the nexus-wide impacts of adopted policies on physical interactions. In addition to the traditional WEF sectors, we believe that the climate and land sector are also of particular importance, because of their large potential influence on water, energy and food.

Consequently, in the present study, we adopted a multi-centric nexus approach to systematically investigate synergies, conflicts and trade-offs between the five nexus sectors of water, land, energy, food and climate in Sweden, that emerge both in interactions between physical resources and between different policy goals. This was done by combining a policy coherence analysis and system dynamics modelling. The policy analysis enabled us to identify key nexus-relevant policies, assess the coherence between them, and reveal the most important synergies and conflicts, while the system dynamics modelling allowed for the exploration of the physical interactions in this complex system. We here present the results of this extensive analysis, which was based on expert judgement, literature reviews, quantitative modelling and multi-stakeholder engagement at all stages of the project. The value of multi-stakeholder involvement is highlighted, and critical lessons learned for exploring nexus interactions are presented.
Validation of JAXA Himawari-8 Aerosol Optical Depth Products over China with AERONET and CARSNET Observations
Authors: Gao Ling , Li Chengcai , Chen Lin , Li Jun , Che Huizheng
Published: March 2020

The performance of JAXA Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) aerosol optical depth (AOD) products over China is evaluated with ground-based AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and Sun-Sky Radiometer Observation Network (CARSNET) observations as well as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD products. Considering the quality and quantity of valid data, the study was limited to AOD products from AHI with a Quality Assurance Flag (QA_Flag) of “good” and “very good.” The spatial distribution of the AHI AOD product is similar to that of the MODIS AOD product. The AOD correlation between AHI and MODIS is better in the morning than in the afternoon after March, however, using MODIS AOD as a reference resulted in underestimation in the morning and overestimation in the afternoon. The bias is also larger in spring and autumn than in summer and winter. Validation with sun-photometer observations indicates good correlation between AHI AOD and ground-based observations with correlation coefficients larger than 0.75 (N>1000) when barren and sparsely vegetated surfaces are excluded. At 02:30 UTC, 53% of the collocated AHI AOD observations fall in the expected error (EE) range and at 5:30 UTC, 59.3% fall above the EE. The AHI AOD overestimation was apparent at the Northern China stations in April and after October, whereas the underestimation was apparent in southern China throughout the year. The temporal variations of AHI and AERONET AOD also show that the overestimation occurred in the afternoon and underestimation occurred in the morning.

The assumption that the solar geometries were nearly identical and the surface reflectance unchanged for a month causes the surface reflectance underestimation and leads to the AOD overestimation for barren surfaces in autumn and winter. Because background aerosols were neglected, the surface reflectance was overestimated, leading to AOD underestimation in vegetated surfaces.

Overall, the JAXA AOD provides a reliable and high temporal resolution aerosol product for environmental and climate research and the aerosol retrieval algorithm requires improvement.
The CO2 balance of a boreal fen is more sensitive to drought than surrounding forests
Authors: Nilsson Mats , Ratcliffe Joshua , Klosterhalfen Anne , Zhao Peng , Chi Jinchu , Peichl Matthias
Published: March 2020

The boreal zone is one of the most carbon-dense biomes in the world and is comprised of a highly interconnected mosaic of forest and wetlands which are warming at a rate several times the global average with extreme weather events, such as droughts, becoming increasingly common. At the ecosystem scale, both forests and peatlands are often vulnerable to drought-induced carbon loss, however, the relative resilience of these two ecosystems within the boreal landscape is not well understood. Here we study the effect of the 2018 drought on CO2 fluxes in two boreal forests and a boreal peatland within <20km radius, i.e. experiencing the same weather conditions. The peatland displayed the strongest response to the drought, with the site becoming a net annual source for CO2 for the first time in 17 years, with the CO2 sink slow to recover after the drought broke. In contrast, the response of the forests was mixed, a  spruce/pine forest on glacial till remained unaffected by the drought, whereas a nearby pine forest, situated on drier sandy soil, responded strongly to vapour pressure deficit and declining soil moisture content, decreasing with CO2 uptake weakening, but still allowing the forest to function as a CO2 sink. In contrast to the bog, the pine forest CO2 sink quickly recovered following the end of the drought. We conclude that boreal peatlands are likely to be the most vulnerable component of the boreal landscape to drought and that soil type is likely to play a role in regulating the response of boreal forests.
Reducing uncertainty in quantifying and reporting GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from European farming landscapes
Authors: Islam Syed Faiz-ul , Khalil Mohammad Ibrahim , Klumpp Katja , Osborne Bruce A.
Published: March 2020

 It has been widely reported that although IPCC methodologies appropriate for national-level accounting purposes, they lack the farm level resolution and holistic approach required for whole-farm systems analysis. The importance of evaluating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crop production, animal farming and agroforestry within the whole farm setting is being realized as more important than evaluating these emissions in isolation. Thus, whole-farm systems modelling is widely used for farm-level analysis. Here we compare three whole-farm models e.g. FarmSim, Holos and IFSM to simulate the effect of management practices on GHG emissions at the whole farm level and evaluate the carbon sequestration and methane oxidation potential of afforestation as a compensation mechanism for the mitigation of farm-level GHG emissions. Ideally, we would also want information on model performance in predicting GHG emissions in future climatic scenarios. Initial results indicate that these models can accurately predict CO2 emissions but the accuracy of these models for predicting methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is quite low. We found that the most prominent drivers for GHG emissions in a whole farm setting were the enteric CH4 from animal farming and N2O emissions from soil management in cropland.  Thus, the low prediction accuracy for CH4 and N2O emissions in whole-farm models may introduce substantial errors into GHG inventories and lead to incorrect mitigation recommendations, which necessitates further fine-tuning of these models. Efforts are ongoing to integrate carbon sequestration and soil methane oxidation potential of farm-level afforestation in the whole farm models. There are indications that afforestation can be an effective mitigation strategy. The variation we found in farm system parameters, and the inherent uncertainties associated with emissions of CH4 and N2O can have substantial implications for reported agricultural emissions requiring uncertainty or sensitivity analysis in any modelling approach. Although there is considerable variation among the quality of farm data, boundary assumptions, the emission factors used we suggest that whole-farm systems models are an appropriate tool to develop and measure GHG mitigation strategies for the European farmed landscape.
Monitoring Ambient Nitrate Radical by Open Path Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Haichao , Lu Keding
Published: March 2020

We described an open-path cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OP-CEAS) technique for ambient measurement of nitrate radical (NO3) near 662 nm. Compared with the close type CEAS system with a sampling line, the OP-CEAS is featured with high accuracy due to free of quantifying NO3 loss in the sampling line and cavity. Based on a 0.84 m long open path cavity, the effective absorption length of ~5 kilometers is achieved by a coupled high reflectivity mirrors with the reflectivity of 0.99985 at 662 nm. The detection limit of OP-CEAS for NO3 measurement is 3.0 pptv (2σ) in 30 seconds. The uncertainty is 11.2% and dominated by the cross section of NO3. The instrument was successfully applied in a field measurement at low particulate matter (PM) loading condition. As the sensitive would be decreased due to the strong PM extinctions under heavy PM pollution condition, we highlight the feasibility of this OP-CEAS configuration in the field application under the low PM condition, such as the forest region affected by anthropogenic emissions. This technique also appropriates to be expended in the field detection of other reactive trace gases in future studies.
Vulnerability of Amazonian tree communities to global change
Authors: Esquivel‐Muelbert Adriane , Pugh Thomas , Baker Timothy , Dexter Kyle , Lewis Simon , Galbraith David , Phillips Oliver ,   RAINFOR Network
Published: March 2020

Tree mortality is the principal mechanism whereby forests lose living biomass. This process has been observed to have increased across the Amazon forest over recent decades. Greater tree mortality rates have been attributed largely to an increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts, and to the intensification of competition, as a consequence of greater tree growth stimulated by higher CO2concentrations. Analysing the trends in mortality for different taxa allows us to test the contribution of these different drivers to the rise in tree mortality. Droughts are expected to kill wet-affiliated, large, and low wood density taxa. Increased competition is likely to affect slow growth, understory taxa. We assess data from over 30 years of forest monitoring across the Amazon to investigate the changes in mortality across different taxa, providing a greater understanding of the drivers of increased tree mortality across the basin and the vulnerability of these forests to water stress. We observed that the proportion of dead trees across different taxa has changed across the Amazon forest. We show an increase in the mortality of drought-vulnerable trees, particularly in those areas where dry climatic events have intensified over the last 30 years. However, the proportion of large taxa within the dead trees has not changed over the length of this study. We also observed indications of increasing competition-driven mortality represented by a decrease in abundance of slow-growth shade-tolerant species. A suite of mechanisms, varying regionally in importance, are acting synchronically to drive recent increases in tree death across Amazonia. The patterns and mechanisms observed here are amenable to incorporation within the latest generation of global vegetation models and Earth system models, providing a basis for improved simulations of forest dynamics in one of the world’s most carbon-dense ecosystems.
DAMSAT: An operational system for tailings dam monitoring by bringing together remote sensing, meteorological and on-site observations with site metadata
Authors: Roca Marta , Ainscoe Eleanor , Petkovsek Gregor , Wetton Mark , Liu Ye , Davison Mark , Riera Alberto
Published: March 2020

Tailings dams and storage facilities store toxic mine waste and effluent. Failure of a tailings storage facility can cause dramatic local ecosystem damage, water contamination and, if a tailings dam fails, loss of life due to inundation of the downstream area. The failure rate of tailings dams is known to be significantly greater than that of conventional water retention dams, but monitoring all tailings dams and storage facilities through frequent site visits could be an expensive and resource-demanding task.

Monitoring tools based on remote sensing and internet of things (IoT) sensors have the potential to reduce the risk from tailings storage failures by enabling the organisations responsible to conduct some monitoring remotely, and hence direct their resources for detailed monitoring more efficiently.

We present an overview of DAMSAT (Dam Monitoring from SATellites), an operational tool for monitoring tailings dams, tailings deposit areas and water dams. The tool consists of several different modules. Radar and optical satellite remote sensing data, and in situ internet of things (IoT) sensors are used to monitor surface movement and indicators of pollution at tailings storage sites. Meteorological forecasts are coupled to hydrological models in order to forecast changes in water level at the dams. DAMSAT presents the monitoring information together with risk information from hazard, consequence and evacuation models of possible dam failures in one integrated platform. The project is a partnership between UK and Peruvian organisations. This approach, alongside proactive user engagement activities and user requirements analysis, is designed to ensure that the system is developed with the needs of the user community in mind.
Upper mantle structure beneath the Dinarides and the Alps from surface wave tomography
Authors: Kolínský Petr , Belinić Tena , Stipčević Josip , Bianchi Irene , Fuchs Florian , Bokelmann Götz , Working Group the AlpArray
Published: March 2020

The Alpine-Dinarides are a complex orogenic system, with its tectonic evolution controlled by the ongoing convergence between Eurasian and African plates with the Adriatic microplate wedged between them. Our study focuses on the upper mantle of the wider Alpine-Dinarides region, and we present surface-wave tomography of two overlapping subregions, interpreting the seismic velocity features in the context of regional geodynamics.

In the first part, we use records of 151 teleseismic earthquakes (2010-2018) at 98 stations distributed across the wider Dinarides region. Surface-wave phase velocities are measured in the range of 30 – 160 s by the two-station method at pairs of stations aligned along the great circle paths with the epicenters. We apply several data-quality tests before the dispersion curves are measured. We use Rayleigh waves recorded on both radial and vertical components. Only the dispersions measured coherently at both components are used for the tomography. In total, we reach the number of 9000 phase velocity measurements for the period of 50 s. Tomographic results including resolution estimates are provided for various frequencies; the local dispersion curves are inverted for depths from the surface down to 300 km. Results are shown as maps for various depths and as cross-sections along several profiles of shear-wave velocities in the whole region.

The other study focuses on the Alps. The AlpArray seismic network stretches hundreds of kilometers in width and more than thousand kilometers in length. It is distributed over the greater Alpine region (Europe) and consists of around 250 temporary and around 400 permanent broadband stations with interstation distances around 40 km. The earthquakes are selected between years 2016-2019. The methodology differs from the Dinarides case in a sense, that while before we used many earthquakes and less stations pairs (due to sparser station coverage), for the Alps, we use less earthquakes (32) and many more stations pairs (tens of thousands) making use of the dense station coverage of the AlpArray network.

Results of the depth inversion of the local dispersion measurements for the Alps are compared with local surface-wave phase-velocity measurement obtained from the (sub)array approach.
Local Seismicity in the Eastern Alps From GPU-Based Template Matching
Authors: Hofman Rens , Kummerow Joern , Cesca Simone , Wassermann Joachim , Plenefisch Thomas ,   AlpArray Working Group
Published: March 2020

The AlpArray programme "Mountain Building Processes in 4D" is an interdisciplinary project aimed to image the structure of the Alps and understand their formation. The goal is to be able to model the entire crust-mantle system in three dimensions, and investigate its evolution through time. Seismicity can reveal spatial and temporal patterns of faulting and thereby help to understand the current tectonic structure and motions in the Earth's crust. The south-eastern Alps are of special interest as they include the current plate boundary between Adria and Eurasia, but their undelying structure is poorly resolved and seismicity seems to be scarce. Being able to detect the smallest earthquakes is therefore of key importance.

Swath-D was an AlpArray complementary experiment in which approximately 150 broadband seismic stations were deployed in the Eastern Alps from late 2017 to late 2019. With a station spacing of around 15 km, it is much denser than the AlpArray Backbone network. In this work, data from these stations, combined with publicly available broadband data from the region, were used to detect, localize, and characterize microseismic events. A combination of energy-based detection and template matching was applied to both discover previously unidentified seismic activity and yield a high number of detections. An efficient GPU-based implementation was of critical importance to handle computationally demanding detection methods and the large data volume. Here, we present our methods and workflow, and a new map of seismicity in the south-eastern Alps.
Evaluation of the European Seasonal forecast Models for hydrological forecasting for improved water management in Africa
Authors: Gebrechorkos Solomon Hailu , Sheffield Justin
Published: March 2020

Extreme drought and floods have a large societal impact if not appropriately monitored and if mitigation/adaptation measures are not developed and modified based on early warning of these events. Currently, there are only a few global seasonal forecast models available with a high temporal (e.g., daily) but coarse spatial resolution (~1°) that can provide early warning operationally. Application of these forecast models for long-term (up to 6-7 months) hydrological forecasting first requires evaluation of their skill against observed data. In this study, five European seasonal forecast models; Copernicus Climate Change Service (ECMWF), UK Met Office, Météo France, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), and Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), are used. The Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) and Princeton Global Forcing (PGF) available at high spatial and temporal resolution are used as a reference dataset for precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature, respectively. Multiple methods such as correlation, percentage of bias and root mean square error and rainfall onset and cessation are used to evaluate the skill of individual models on daily, monthly, seasonal, and climatological periods. In addition, extreme indices (e.g., consecutive dry and wet days) developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) are used. Finally, a bias-corrected multi-model weighted ensemble forecast is developed as input into a global hydrological model (Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC)) for seasonal hydrological forecasting in Africa.
Response of the quasi-biennial oscillation to a warming climate in global climate models
Authors: Richter Jadwiga , Lott Francois ,   QBOi contributors
Published: March 2020

We compare the response of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) to a warming climate in eleven atmosphere general circulation models that performed time-slice simulations for present-day, doubled,  and  quadrupled CO2 climates.  No consistency was found among the models for the QBO period response, with the period decreasing by eight months in some models and lengthening by up to thirteen months in others in the doubled CO2  simulations.  In the quadruped CO2 simulations  a reduction in QBO period of 14 months was found in some models, whereas in several others the tropical oscillation no longer resembled the present day QBO, although could still be identified in the deseasonalized zonal mean zonal wind timeseries.  In contrast, all the models projected a decrease in the  QBO amplitude in a warmer climate with the largest relative decrease  near 60 hPa. In simulations with doubled and quadrupled CO2 the multi-model mean QBO amplitudes decreased by 36\% and 51\%, respectively. Across the  models the differences in the QBO period response were most strongly related to how the gravity wave momentum flux entering the stratosphere and tropical vertical residual velocity responded to the increases in CO2 amounts. Likewise it was found that the robust decrease in QBO amplitudes was correlated across the models to changes in vertical residual velocity, parameterized gravity wave momentum fluxes, and to some degree the resolved upward wave flux.  We argue that uncertainty in the representation of the parameterized gravity waves is the most likely cause of the spread among the eleven models in the QBO's response to climate change.
Study on The Extraction Method and Spatial-temporal Characteristics of Irrigated Land in Zhangjiakou City
Authors: Zhu Zijuan , Zuo Lijun , Zhang Zengxiang , Zhao Xiaoli , Sun Feifei , Pan TianShi
Published: March 2020

In order to balance the economic and ecological interests, suitable farmland structures in different regions need be established which require understanding the current distribution pattern of irrigated and dry croplands, as well as the evolution rules and reasons of that. In this paper, irrigated croplands in 1985, 2000 and 2015 in Zhangjiakou city which is in the northwest from Beijing were extracted. The study area was divided into Bashang and Bxia aeras depending climate, terrain and agrotype. NDVIs and NDWIs from May to August reflecting vegetation growth and water indexes reflecting vegetation water content were adopted and decision tree classification method was employed. As a result, classification accuracies were high and meet the replying demand with 80.05% and 93.00% in Bashang and Baxia areas respectively. The classification results show that the area of irrigated lands was extended lightly, increasing about 12.73%, reached to 686127 km2. Among them, there was 331438 km2 converted from dryland with the proportions as 54.45%. By contrast, about 272419 km2 irrigated croplands were transformed to drylands. But the plots areas of irrigated croplands were larger, showing a group development trend which is related to the large-scale development of the local vegetable industry in Bashang area. The total area of irrigated croplands was become bigger in intermontane plain around the rivers, while decreased in mountainous areas in Baxia area.
Decadal change in summer precipitation over the east of Northwest China and its associations with atmospheric circulations and sea surface temperatures
Authors: Shang Shasha , Zhu Gaofeng , Li Ruolin , Xu Jie , Gu Juan , Chen Huiling , Liu Xiaowen , Han Tuo
Published: March 2020

As global warming has progressed, precipitation patterns over arid Northwest China have undergone significant change. In this study, changes in summer (JJA) precipitation over the eastern part of Northwest China (ENWC) from 1980 to 2014 were investigated using the China gridded monthly precipitation dataset (CN05.1). The results showed that summer precipitation over the ENWC experienced a decadal wet-to-dry shift in 1998. Westerlies played an important role in the upper atmospheric levels in terms of water vapor transport; the decadal variations in summer precipitation were principally controlled by the water vapor input from the ENWC's western boundary. In addition, the decadal variations in summer precipitation in the ENWC appear to be associated with a meridional teleconnection around 110°E and a zonal pattern over 45–60°N in the lower troposphere. These two teleconnections led to cyclonic anomalies in the ENWC and enhanced water vapor transport into the ENWC, resulting in above-normal precipitation during the 1989–1998 decadal period. Further, the warmer (colder) sea surface temperatures (SSTs) observed in the tropical Eastern Pacific correspond to the southward (northward) displacement of the Asian jet stream and a negative (positive) phase of the Silk Road pattern, resulting in a wet (dry) ENWC. Moreover, the SST anomalies in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific may affect summer precipitation over the ENWC via a zonal teleconnection in the middle troposphere. Details about the results will be presented in the conference.
3D gravity and magnetic model of the Rogaland Igneous Complex in southwest Norway: a tank for ilmenite, apatite and magnetite resources
Authors: Pastore Zeudia , McEnroe Suzanne
Published: March 2020

The Rogaland Igneous Complex (RIC), in southwest Norway, is well known for its iron-titanium ore deposits (i.e. Storgangen and Tellnes), and potential apatite and vanadium-rich magnetite deposits. A better understanding of the subsurface structure of the complex and surrounding anorthosites will help to locate new mineral deposits, and in estimating the extent of the known mineralized zones. The RIC consists of anorthosites, leuconorites, mangerites, and the Bjerkreim-Sokndal (BK) layered intrusion. These igneous rocks were intruded into granulite facies rocks at 0.93-0.92 Ga, during the late-stage of the Sveconorwegian orogeny.

There is a strong correlation between the geology of the RIC and the magnetic and gravity anomaly patterns, with contrasting signatures between the three large anorthosite bodies (Egersund-Ogna, Haland-Helleren, and Ana-Sira) and the extensive BK layered intrusion.

Particularly, the Bouguer gravity map shows gravity lows over the anorthosites and the granulites, while a positive gravity anomaly ranging from 10 to 30 mGal correlates with the norite and mangerite rocks. In the aeromagnetic anomaly map, the anorthosites correlate with moderate to strong negative magnetic anomalies (below background) while mangerites and granulites have positive anomalies. More complex is the magnetic pattern over the BK layered intrusion. The latter is made up by 6 mega-cyclic units subdivided into a sequence of zones, defined by the presence or absence of certain index minerals which control the magnetic properties of the rocks and the magnetic pattern. This is clearly visible in the striking negative anomaly observed on the east limb of the Bjerkrem Lobe at Heskestad, with amplitude of -13000 nT in a high-resolution helicopter survey, and below -30000 nT in ground magnetic survey.

This area has long been explored, and a large set of geophysical data have been collected during multiple campaigns including gravity, seismic, airborne magnetic and radiometric data. Recently acquired ground magnetic data over the BK layered intrusion complement these data. Here, we used the geophysical data, and an extensive petrophysical dataset of over 1000 samples to investigate the shallow and deep structure of the RIC. A 3D gravity and magnetic model of the study area, built across multiple cross-sections, is presented. The BK layered intrusion is modeled in a doubly-plunging syncline structure and has a preliminary depth extent of approximately 4 km which agrees with previous seismic interpretations indicating the base at 4 to 5 km.
Interactive Jupyter Notebooks for the visual analysis of critical choices in Global Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Noacco Valentina , Peñuela-Fernandez Andres , Pianosi Francesca , Wagener Thorsten
Published: March 2020

With earth system models growing ever more complex, a comprehensive, transparent and easily communicable analysis of the interacting model components is becoming increasingly difficult. Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) provides a structured analytical approach to tackle this problem by quantifying the relative importance of various model inputs and components on the variability of the model outputs. However, there are a number of critical choices needed to set up a GSA, such as selecting the appropriate GSA method for the intended purpose and defining the inputs to be tested and their variability space. In this work, we test the use of interactive visualization to analyze the impacts of such critical choices on GSA results and hence achieve a more robust and comprehensive understanding of the model behavior. To this end, we combine the Python version of the Sensitivity Analysis For Everybody (SAFE) toolbox, which is currently used by more than 2000 researchers worldwide, with the literate programming platform Jupyter Notebooks, and interactive visualizations. Unlike traditional static visualization, interacting visualizations allow the user to interrogate in real time the impact of user choices on the analysis result.  Due to computational constraints of most earth system models, not all impacts can be visualized in real time (e.g. only those not requiring the model to be re-run). In those cases where a model needs to be re-run (e.g. to test the impact of the definition of the inputs space of variability), interactive visualizations still offer a useful tool, which allows to highlight only specific features of interest (e.g. behavior of the input/output samples for extreme values of the inputs or outputs). Jupyter Notebooks, by combining text, code and figures, enhance the transparency, transferability and reproducibility of GSA results. Interactive visualizations strengthen the understanding of the impacts of the choices made to run GSA and the robustness of GSA result (e.g. by being able to easily assess the impact of varying output metrics or the GSA method on the analysis results). In general, this work offers an example of how the use of notebooks and interactive visualizations can increase the transparency and communication of complex modelling concepts.
Analysing landforms, borehole logs, and geophysics, for localization and assessment of active faults in the central Vienna Basin (Austria)
Authors: Weissl Michael , Kurt Decker , Flores-Orozco Adrian , Steiner Matthias
Published: March 2020

The formation of pull apart basins and normal faulting at splays along the Vienna Basin strike-slip fault system resulted in the dissection of the Pleistocene river terraces of the Danube. Displacements of terrace segments are visible on the surface as fault scarps or dells what allows mapping the system of active faults. Furthermore displacement rates can be estimated from the elevation of the basis and the thickness of Quaternary fluvial sediments.

With regard to the prospective utilization of geothermal resources in the area of Vienna a research group was built (Geotief Explore 3D, funded by Wien Energie and FFG) with the objective to identify, map, and assess, Quaternary faults, because such rupture zones are not suitable for the reinjection of thermal water in view of the hazard of triggered earthquakes.

Normal splay faults define the eastern and western margins of Pleistocene Danube terraces north of Vienna. The bodies of these terraces are built up of coarse sandy gravel and sand whereas their surfaces are covered with aeolian and alluvial sediments of the last glacial. Tectonic displacements during the Pleistocene left distinct marks in the late glacial landform configuration of the terraces. Therefore many fault scarps and fault related valleys are clearly cognizable in high resolution LiDAR and satellite images.

During the last decade three distinct fault scarps of the Vienna Basin Transform Fault situated at the terrace edges could be investigated by trenching and transect analysis. Actual research has the objective to model the 3D geometry of the base of the Quaternary strata (horizon Base Quaternary) from a compilation of shallow drillings and the construction of a regional isopach map showing the thickness of Quaternary (growth-) strata.

In the course of research it becomes apparent that within the tectonically subsided areas evidence of neotectonics is overprinted by fluvial sediments and alluvium what hinders accurate localization of faults. However, the sinuosity of palaeochannels in the Danube floodplain seems to be related to tectonics and therefore the pattern of former river channels can be used as sign for tectonic activity during the Pleistocene. In places where signs for active faulting are completely overprinted by fluvial sedimentation and cryoturbation the approved methods for the localization and the assessment of active faults are electrical resistivity tomography and near-surface seismics.
Relative magnetic helicity dissipation during the major flares
Authors: Wang Quan , Yang Shangbin , Zhang Mei , Wiegelmann Thomas
Published: March 2020

    Magnetic helicity is conserved in ideal magnetic fluid and is still approximately conserved in the process of fast magnetic reconnection when the magnetic Reynolds number is large enough. We can derive the magnetic helicity injecting into corona from the magnetic helicity flux through photoshpere. A statistical research is carried out to investigate the dissipation of magnetic helicity during the major flares. We choose 69M-up flares from 16 major flare-productive active regions in 24th cycle to research the helicity in corona. Among these flares, 19 is X-up flares. We utilize Differential Affine Velocity Estimator for Vector Magnetograms (DAVE4VM) and 12-min successive vector magnetograms from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to derive the flux of magnetic helicity through photosphere. At the same time, we extrapolate the vector magnetic field in corona to calculate the relative helicity by the suppose of Non-linear Force Free Field (NLFFF). The calculation window is 12-18 minutes before and after flares. A well correlation is shown between the magnetic free energy and magnetic helicity, the threshold of triggering M-up flare is the change of magnetic helicity above 2×1042Mx2 and the change of magnetic free energy above 3 × 1031erg . Considering one fifth of magnetic helicity injecting into corona, the dissipation of magnetic helicity during the flares is 6-7 % , which is corresponding to the result of previous numerical simulation results, which strongly support that the magnetic helicity is approximate conserved during the major flares.
Future projections of river floods hazard over the multiple CORDEX-CORE domains
Authors: Raffaele Francesca , Di Sante Fabio ,   CORDEX-CORE
Published: March 2020

One of the most largely recognized effect of the Global Warming is the change of weather extremes. The increase of extreme precipitation events is directly linked to a greater availability of precipitable water induced by a warmer atmosphere.The flood projected signals are heterogeneous and influenced by different phenomena. As an example, the rise in temperature could increase the risk of floods over the regions sensible to extreme precipitations and at the same time could reduce the risk of floods over the regions sensible to the melted snow accumulated during the cold season. In this work the CORDEX-CORE simulations completed using two different Regional Climate Models (RegCM and REMO) are used to estimate the future changes on flood risk for eight CORDEX domains (North-America, Central-America, South-America, Europe, Africa, West-Asia, East-Asia, South-East-Asia and Australasia). A river-routing model is applied to simulate the river discharge of a high resolution grid (0.06 degree) for three different driving Global Climate Models, two different scenarios (rcp2.6 and rcp8.5) and for each of the domains. The simulated discharges are hence used to fit a generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to estimate the change on flood risk related to the future climate projections.
Does rhizosphere priming effect explain the greater soil respiration in well-watered and drought stressed maize?
Authors: Abdalla Khatab , Ahmed Mutez , Pausch Johanna
Published: March 2020

The projected global warming risks due to high emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly from anthropogenic activities, increases the need for an agricultural practice with high carbon sink capacity and low water requirements without compromising on environment and productivity. On one hand, it’s well accepted that soil moisture directly affects microbial activity, whereas on the other hand, drought stress was recently postulated to increase root exudates, which in turn will accelerate soil organic matter mineralization “priming effects”. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the interplay between soil moisture (well-watered and drought stressed) and maize (Zea mays L.) root exudates on soil CO2 efflux. The experiment consisted of three treatments, which are well-watered, drought stressed maize plus a control (without plants) lysimeters (1 m3), Soil CO2 efflux, soil temperature and moisture content were measured weekly during the growing season (April to September) and monthly in the fallow period. Under well-watered conditions, the annual average of CO2 efflux was 0.12 g CO2-C m-2 hr-1, which was 24.5 and 20% significantly higher than under drought stressed and the control, respectively. Moreover, well-watered treatment had significantly greater primed carbon than drought stressed maize. Soil temperature in deeper soil layers (25, 50 and 75 cm) correlated positively (with the CO2 efflux, while soil moisture correlated negatively at the 5 cm and 25 cm. Overall, these results suggested that the root exudates decreased under drought conditions, which decreasing soil respiration. Drought tolerance varieties could be an option to decrease soil respiration and maintain productivity.