bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Component Analysis of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Training
Authors: Dewe Carolyn , Krawitz Roy
Published: May 2007

Objective: This paper aims to examine patient perceptions of the relative effectiveness of components of dialectical behavior therapy group skills training.

Method: Nineteen patients rated their perceptions of the relative effectiveness of 27 separate dialectical behavior therapy skills after completing 6 months standard dialectical behavior therapy. Two-tailed t-tests were used, comparing the first ranked skill with all other skills.

Results: The 27 skills were ranked by means in order of perceived value. Eleven skills were statistically significantly different from the first ranked skill.

Conclusions: The data in this pilot study contributes in a small way to dialectical behavior therapy dismantling research and warrants a larger multi-centred study. A planned future study will compare patient rankings of skills with clinical outcomes.
Searching the Silver Trail: Charles van Onselen, Joe Silver and Jack the Ripper
Authors: Kaplan Robert
Published: May 2007

Objective: South African historian Charles van Onselen's discovery of the identity of Jack the Ripper is described. The author was consulted by van Onselen during the writing of the latter's book, “The Fox and the Flies: Joe Silver, Racketeer and Psychopath”, which suggested the identity of Jack the Ripper and was first published earlier this year.

Conclusions: van Onselen's investigations into the life of Joe Silver, a Polish Jewish brothel owner in the early days of Johannesburg, revealed an extraordinary criminal career starting in London and covering the Atlantic zone before ending on the Eastern front during World War I, where he was executed by the Austrians. Research over decades showed that Silver fitted the profile of The Ripper and spent the rest of his life trying to cover his trail to avoid detection. Having contracted syphilis, he bore an extreme hatred towards women and initiated the Autumn of Terror in a catathymic crisis when his daughter was born. Driven by obsessive ambivalence towards his mother, at the end of his life he made a final doomed attempt to achieve some kind of union with her.
ADHD and Substance Use Disorders: Developmental Aspects and the Impact of Stimulant Treatment
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2007

Adolescents and adults with substance use disorders often demonstrate symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. These core symptoms of ADHD may contribute to the development of substance use disorders by promoting antisocial behavior and substance use; conversely, substance use itself can adversely affect these symptoms. Common deficits in self‐regulatory processes could underlie the developmental progression of these disorders, deficits further worsened by ongoing substance use. Some investigators have questioned whether stimulant treatment itself could promote substance abuse, while others have argued that such treatment reduces substance abuse. With an increased awareness of the phenomenon of adult ADHD and its relevance to substance‐abusing persons, there is an increased awareness of the potential benefit of ADHD treatment on substance abuse treatment outcome. Consideration of an individual's developmental relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and substance use can inform treatment planning among patients seeking substance abuse treatment.
Do Individuals with ADHD Self‐Medicate with Cigarettes and Substances of Abuse? Results from a Controlled Family Study of ADHD
Authors: Wilens Timothy E. , Adamson Joel , Sgambati Stephanie , Whitley Julia , Santry Alison , Monuteaux Michael C. , Biederman Joseph
Published: May 2007

Studies report increased rates of cigarette and substance use in youths with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), though the mechanism of risk remains unclear. The present study tests the hypothesis that ADHD individuals “self‐medicate” with cigarettes and substances of abuse. As part of five‐ and ten‐year case‐control longitudinal family studies of ADHD, responses to the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) were examined for evidence of self‐medication. DUSI data from 90 ADHD probands and 96 control probands were obtained. Thirty‐six percent of subjects reported self‐medication, 25% used to get high, and 39% had unknown motivation. No significant differences were found between ADHD and controls in motivation. ADHD symptoms did not differ between self‐medicators and subjects using to get high. DUSI problem scores were higher in ADHD (versus controls), those using to get high (versus self‐medicators), and subjects using alcohol (versus other substances). More than one‐third of adolescents and young adults endorsed using cigarettes and substances for self‐medication. Studies clarifying the role of self‐medication in substance use disorders are necessary.
Effects of Intratumoral Injection of CCL2 on Monocyte–Endothelial Cell Interactions in Mouse Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Okudaira Keisuke , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Hokari Ryota , Miyazaki Junichi , Mataki Norikazu , Komoto Shunsuke , Okada Yoshikiyo , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Nagao Shigeaki , Itoh Kazuro , Miura Soichiro
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Objective: Although monocyte infiltration is an important aspect of the host response to tumor growth, the mechanisms of recruitment and their impact on tumor growth are still unknown. The authors studied monocyte–endothelial interaction and the effect of chemokine CCL2 in orthotopic mouse pancreatic cancer.

Methods: The rolling and adhesion of labeled monocytes in peritumoral and intratumoral areas were assessed by using an intravital microscope. Further, the effects of intratumoral injection or superfusion of CCL2 on in situ recruitment of monocytes and other immune cells and adhesion molecules were investigated.

Results: More monocytes were recruited in the peritumoral area than in the intratumoral area with increased vascular interaction, and the effect was more apparent by intratumoral CCL2 injection than superfusion. In both CCL2‐treated groups infiltration of CD11b+, CD68+, and CD4+ cells were increased, but the magnitude of increase was larger in intratumoral injection. Quantitative RT‐PCR for the tumor tissue revealed that ICAM‐1 expression was increased by the injection of CCL2.

Conclusion: These results show intratumoral injection of CCL2 induces effective interaction between monocytes and endothelial cells in the peritumoral area of pancreatic cancer accompanied by the upregulation of ICAM‐1 and may possibly become a tool for immunotherapy by promoting the infiltration of immune cells in cancers.
Influence of phonology on morpho‐syntax in Romance languages in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Authors: Aguilar‐Mediavilla Eva , Sanz‐Torrent Mònica , Serra‐Raventós Miquel
Published: May 2007

Background: The profiles of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) differ greatly according to the language they speak. The Surface Hypothesis attempts to explain these differences through the theory that children with SLI will incorrectly produce elements in their language with low phonological weights or that are produced in a non‐canonical prosodic structure.

Aims: Previous studies have shown that the most characteristics errors produced by Catalan and Spanish‐speaking children with SLI include function word omission (morpho‐syntax) and weak syllable omission (phonology). The omission of function words points to a morpho‐syntactic explanation of SLI, while weak syllable omission supports a phonological explanation of SLI. Yet, function words are weak syllables; thus, it is possible that the same mechanism underlies both problems.

Methods & Procedures: Data were extracted from spontaneous language produced by five children with SLI and five comparison children matched for age and MLU‐w. They were assessed on two occasions: at 3;10 and 4;9 years of age. These interviews were then transcribed and the morphological and phonological errors coded. A non‐parametric mean analysis and various regression analyses were conducted.

Outcomes & Results: The results show that function word omission and weak syllable omission were the most characteristic errors made by Spanish and Catalan‐speaking children with SLI and established that omissions increase as prosodic weight decreases. They also indicated that weak syllabic omission may explain most function word omissions.

Conclusions & Implications: The data support the Surface Hypothesis and suggest that the same impaired mechanism may underlie the morphological and phonological problems SLI children display.
Aetiological relationship between language performance and autistic‐like traits in childhood: a twin study
Authors: Dworzynski Katharina , Ronald Angelica , Hayiou‐Thomas Marianna , Rijsdijk Frühling , Happé Francesca , Bolton Patrick F. , Plomin Robert
Published: May 2007

Background: Impairments in language and communication are core features of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The basis for this association is poorly understood. How early language is related to each of the triad of impairments characteristic of ASDs is also in need of clarification.

Aims: This is the first study that aims to determine the extent to which shared genetic and environmental factors underlie the association between early language performance and autistic‐like traits (ALTs) in middle childhood.

Methods & Procedures: Data came from a population‐based twin sample (n = 6087 pairs) assessed prospectively at 2, 3, 4 and 8 years. ALTs measured by the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST) at 8 years were investigated in relation to language assessed by the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) at 2, 3 and 4 years. Multivariate model fitting techniques were used to analyse the origins of this association.

Outcomes & Results: Total CAST scores, as well as Social and Communication subscales, at 8 years were weakly but significantly negatively correlated with language ability at 2, 3 and 4 years. Correlations between language and restrictive and repetitive behaviours and interests (RRBI) were not significant. The phenotypic correlations between language and Social and Communication ALTs were almost entirely mediated by shared genetic influences. There were specific genetic influences on early language that were not shared with ALTs, and specific genetic influences on ALTs not shared with earlier language performance.

Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate shared genetic influences in relation to language performance as an early antecedent of later ALTs. These results support the idea that the triad of core features in ALTs are aetiologically heterogeneous, with early language relating to social and communication impairments but not RRBIs.
Long‐ and short‐term results of children's and adolescents' therapy courses for stuttering
Authors: Laiho Auli , Klippi Anu
Published: May 2007

Background: It is widely known that most young children recover from stuttering. Evaluations of this spontaneous recovery vary from 40 to 80% of stuttering children. However, if the child is already older than 6 years of age, the spontaneous recovery will be less likely. The effectiveness of stuttering treatment, and especially fluency shaping methods, has been frequently studied. Good results in the treatment of stuttering for school‐aged children have been accomplished by several treatment methods. However, stuttering modification treatments have not been studied so intensively.

Aims: This study addresses the effects of intensive therapy courses on the stuttering behaviour of children and adolescents. The courses included speech therapy, where stuttering modification treatment was used, and also parental guidance.

Methods & Procedures: Taking part in the study were 21 children/adolescents who stutter, and 29 of their mothers/fathers took part in the study. The children were between the ages of 6.8 and 14.0 years. The effectiveness of therapy was evaluated in three ways. First, the speech of the children who stutter was videotaped at both the beginning and the end of the course and the samples were transcribed and analysed. Second, the parents and adolescents completed a feedback questionnaire at the end of the course. And third, the parents and adolescents completed a follow‐up questionnaire 9 months after the course. The aim was to evaluate the changes in stuttering behaviour after the therapy course.

Outcomes & Results: The results indicate that stuttering severity became milder or did not change during the course. The percentage of syllables stuttered dropped with two‐thirds of the participants. This result was replicated with avoidance behaviour and struggle behaviour. The quality of stuttering became milder, and by the end many children had shorter moments of stuttering and more repetitions and prolongation instead of blocks. Two participants did not complete the questionnaire. Of those who did, all but one adolescent, and all except one parent, reported that the positive changes in stuttering behaviour had continued during the follow‐up period.

Conclusions: The implication is that intensive therapy courses can be helpful to some participants who stutter.
Counting Span and the Identification of Primary Language Impairment
Authors: Danahy Kerry , Windsor Jennifer , Kohnert Kathryn
Published: May 2007

Background: In recent research, verbal working memory has been proposed as a primary area of deficit for children with language impairment (LI), and therefore a source of more sensitive assessment measures. In addition, research on non‐linguistic tasks has suggested that children with LI may have deficits that extend beyond the linguistic domain. These dual lines of research can be connected to the drive for non‐biased assessment tasks for children with diverse language learning experiences (such as bilingual children), because linguistic tasks may be intrinsically biased against such children.

Aims: To investigate the usefulness of a working‐memory task with a minimal linguistic load as a potential screening tool for children with primary LI.

Methods & Procedures: Three groups of children aged 7;10–13;11 participated in the study: monolingual English‐speaking children with LI, typical monolingual English‐speaking children, and typical Spanish–English bilingual children with several years of English experience. Performance of the three groups on the Counting Span task was explored through group comparisons and likelihood ratios.

Outcomes & Results: Children with LI had significantly lower Counting Span Set score accuracy than either typical group, with the monolingual and bilingual groups showing equivalent task performance. However, results from likelihood ratios showed that Counting Span accuracy did not have compelling diagnostic power when the entire age group was considered. Children with less than 67% accuracy were only three times more likely to be from the LI group than from either of the two typical groups. In addition to language status (typical or LI), chronological age was a key contributor to Counting Span performance in this age group. Likelihood ratios for children aged 10;0 and above showed that children with less than 67% accuracy were nine times more likely to come from the LI group than the typical groups.

Conclusions: This intermediate diagnostic ability suggests that performance on the Counting Span alone is insufficient to identify LI among linguistically diverse learners. However, Counting Span may be a very useful component of a larger LI assessment battery, particularly for children over the age of 10;0.
Teaching phoneme awareness to pre‐literate children with speech disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hesketh Anne , Dima Evgenia , Nelson Veronica
Published: May 2007

Background: Awareness of individual phonemes in words is a late‐acquired level of phonological awareness that usually develops in the early school years. It is generally agreed to have a close relationship with early literacy development, but its role in speech change is less well understood. Speech and language therapy for children with speech disorder involves tasks that appear, either implicitly or explicitly, to require a phonemic level of awareness. However, children typically attend for intervention at a pre‐school, pre‐literate stage, i.e. before they would be expected to have developed the relevant phoneme segmentation and manipulation skills.

Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to teach phoneme awareness skills to pre‐literate children with speech disorder.

Methods & Procedures: In a randomized controlled trial design 42 children with speech disorder, aged 4;0–4;6, were allocated to either a phonological awareness or a language stimulation programme. Children were assessed on four measures of phoneme awareness (alliteration awareness, phoneme isolation, word segmentation and phoneme addition/deletion) immediately before and after the programme and categorized as ‘improved’ or ‘not improved’ according to predetermined criteria. Fisher's Exact test was used to compare outcome in the two groups.

Outcomes & Results: Significantly more children improved in the phonological awareness group than in the language stimulation group for three out of the four measures (all except alliteration awareness). However, for the two most advanced tasks (segmentation and addition/deletion) only a small minority of children showed improvement. A marked improvement in Phoneme Isolation was made by the majority of children in the phonological awareness group.

Conclusions: It is possible to teach some advanced phoneme awareness skills to some pre‐literate children. Phoneme Isolation was the most easily learned and is a skill that appears very relevant to speech and language therapy. However, phoneme addition, deletion and word segmentation showed relatively limited improvement and only in a small number of cognitively able and older children. Whereas isolation of word initial consonants appears to be a skill that can be triggered at 4;0–4;6 by relevant activities, most children in the study were not cognitively ready for more advanced, abstract phoneme manipulation tasks. This raises questions about how speech and language therapists should tackle many common errors and the age at which we should aim to develop or draw on phoneme awareness to stimulate speech change.
A terminal diagnosis: The carers’ perspective
Authors: Riley Jacqueline , Fenton Gaynor
Published: May 2007

This qualitative study explored the views of spouse carers in relation to the emotional impact of caring for a partner with a chronic or terminal illness. The study population consisted of nine full‐time spouse carers, recruited using a snowball sampling strategy.

Semi‐structured interviews took place in the carers’ homes. These were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were then analysed using constant comparative analysis. Themes identified included the emotional and physical health of the carer, personality changes in the spouse, relationship issues, denial, anticipating death, accessing support and coping strategies. Findings indicate that these carers experienced a whole range of feelings and emotions, which impacted on their health and well‐being. They included fatigue, stress, distress, anxiety, depression, feelings of isolation and suicidal thoughts. These were particularly profound around the time of diagnosis, end of treatment, during a relapse and most particularly around the time of death. An increasing number of terminally ill people are now expressing a preference to be cared for at home. The potential risks to the health of caregivers therefore need to be taken into account. This study highlights the importance of assessing the needs of carers in order to identify those at risk of compromised health, which would then allow those requiring support to be offered prompt referral to specialist services.
Theory‐building case studies of counselling and psychotherapy
Authors: Stiles William B.
Published: May 2007

In addition to their potential for healing, psychotherapy and counselling offer extraordinary opportunities to observe human experience and behaviour. I suggest practitioners have expertise in and daily access to the phenomena that theories of counselling and psychotherapy seek to explain. Practitioners’ clinical experience can be accumulated and shared through theory-building case study research. This article summarizes the logic of theory‐building case studies and offers practical suggestions for conducting case study research.
The concept of intelligence
Authors: Hand Michael
Published: May 2007

Analyses of the ordinary concept of intelligence are few and far between in philosophical literature. Such analyses as there have been in recent years are heavily influenced by Ryle's suggestion that to act intelligently is to act well or competently in a particular domain.
Here I show that there are serious problems with Ryle's account and try to offer a more adequate analysis. I argue that to be intelligent is to have an aptitude for theory-intensive activities. I go on to explain why I think the ordinary concept of intelligence is a useful one for those
professionally involved in the practice of education.
The concept of intelligence: a reply to Michael Hand
Authors: Gingell John
Published: May 2007

Michael Hand's interesting analysis of the concept of intelligence crucially depends upon three assumptions: firstly, that there is an ordinary use of the term which, when applied to an individual is perfectly general and not context dependent. Secondly, that this use is best cashed
in terms of aptitude. Thirdly, that the aptitude in question is to be explained in terms of theorizing. I shall argue in what follows that the first assumption may be true, but, if it is true, this presents a problem for Hand's analysis and not a path to a solution. That the second assumption
is false but, even if it were true, it would sit badly with assumption one. And, finally, that the third assumption runs into too many difficulties to be acceptable.
Stress‐inducible flavodoxin from photosynthetic microorganisms. The mystery of flavodoxin loss from the plant genome
Authors: Zurbriggen Matías D. , Tognetti Vanesa B. , Carrillo Néstor
Published: May 2007

Flavodoxins (Flds) are mobile electron carriers containing flavin mononucleotide as the prosthetic group. They are isofunctional with the ubiquitous electron shuttle ferredoxin (Fd), mediating essentially the same redox processes among a promiscuous lot of donors and acceptors. While Fds are distributed throughout all kingdoms from prokaryotes to animals, Flds are only found in some bacteria and oceanic algae, in which they are induced to replace Fd functions under conditions of iron starvation and environmental stress that cause Fd decline. They thus play a key adaptive role in photosynthetic microorganisms, allowing survival and reproduction under adverse situations. The Fld gene disappeared from the plant genome somewhere between the green algal ancestor and the first terrestrial plants, and the advantages of this adaptive resource were irreversibly lost. However, reintroduction of a cyanobacterial Fld gene in the chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco resulted in remarkably enhanced tolerance to iron starvation and abiotic stress, indicating that the compensatory functions of Fld were still valuable in higher plants. A hypothesis is formulated to explain why Fld, in spite of its proven advantage, was lost from the plant genetic pool. The contention is based on two tenets: (i) iron availability was the major imperative for Fld conservation and adaptive value, and (ii) photosynthetic eukaryotes followed a succession of ecological adaptations, from the open oceans to coastal regions, and from there to the firm land, facing very different scenarios with respect to iron abundance and accessibility.
IUBMB Life, 59: 355‐360, 2007
Sensitivity of the Soccer Defending Skill Scale: A comparison between teams
Authors: Suzuki Koya , Nishijima Takahiko
Published: May 2007

The aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of the Soccer Defending Skill Scale (SDSS) using multiple‐group analysis and a structured mean model. The data were 469 defending performances in the finals of the FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan 2002TM, which were measured as distances, angles between attackers and defenders, and the number of players using 6‐point interval scales. The results of multiple‐group analysis indicated that the model, which had factor loading, intercept and factor correlation, and F3/F4/F6 variances invariant across Brazil and Germany, represented the best fit to the data (e.g. Tucker‐Lewis index = 1.001, confirmatory fit index = 1.000, root mean square error of approximation = 0.000). Furthermore, the latent mean model comparison between teams revealed significant differences in latent mean with respect to “defence to attackers without the ball” (Brazil < Germany). We conclude that our results provide strong support for the sensitivity of the SDSS.
The effects of acute vitamin C supplementation on cortisol, interleukin‐6, and neutrophil responses to prolonged cycling exercise
Authors: Davison Glen , Gleeson Michael
Published: May 2007

The depression of immune cell function that is typically observed after prolonged exercise is thought to be largely mediated by increased concentrations of stress hormones and cytokines as well as, possibly, oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to measure immunoendocrine responses, with acute vitamin C or placebo ingestion, before and during prolonged exercise. In a single‐blind, randomized, counterbalanced/crossover design, eight healthy males ingested a bolus of 500 mg and 1000 mg vitamin C 2 h and 14 h pre‐exercise respectively, then cycled for 2½ h at approximately 60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). They also consumed either placebo or vitamin C (1500 mg · l−1) beverages (2.5 ml · kg−1body mass) every 15 min during exercise. Compared with the placebo trial, resting and post‐exercise plasma vitamin C concentration and antioxidant capacity were higher and post‐exercise oxidative stress markers were lower in the vitamin C trial. There was no difference between trials in the magnitude of post‐exercise increases in circulating neutrophil numbers, plasma cortisol and interleukin (IL)‐6 concentrations. There was a significant (2‐way ANOVA) main effect of trial (P=0.039) and trial×time interaction (P=0.008) for PMA (phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate)‐stimulated chemiluminescence per neutrophil, with the post‐exercise values significantly higher in the vitamin C trial (P<0.05). The results suggest that acute vitamin C supplementation may improve post‐exercise neutrophil oxidative burst capacity. Given that there was no effect on cortisol, IL‐6, and the circulating neutrophil count, a likely explanation is that acute vitamin C ingestion reduced (auto)oxidative “damage” to neutrophils, which could result in less impairment of their functional capacity after exercise.
Muscle damage and soreness following a 50‐km cross‐country ski race
Authors: Takashima Wataru , Ishii Kojiro , Takizawa Kazuki , Yamaguchi Taichi , Nosaka Kazunori
Published: May 2007

In this study, we examined indirect markers of muscle damage and muscle soreness following a 50‐km cross‐country ski race completed in 2 h and 57 min to 5 h and 9 min by 11 moderately trained male university students. Maximal strength of the knee extensors, several blood markers of muscle damage and inflammation, and muscle soreness (visual analog scale: 0 = “no pain”, 50 mm = “unbearably painful”) were measured one day before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 144 h after the race. Changes in the measures over time were analysed using one‐way repeated‐measures analysis of variance and a Fisher's post‐hoc test. Maximal strength of the knee extensors decreased significantly (P<0.05) immediately after the race (mean −27%, s=6), but returned to pre‐exercise values within 24 h of the race. All blood markers increased significantly (P<0.05) following the race, peaking either immediately (lactate dehydrogenase: 253.7 IU · l−1, s=13.3; myoglobin: 476.4 ng · ml−1, s=85.5) or 24 h after the race (creatine kinase: 848.0 IU · l−1, s=151.9; glumatic oxaloacetic transaminase: 44.3 IU · l−1, s=4.2; aldolase: 10.0 IU · l−1, s=1.3; C‐reactive protein: 0.36 IU · l−1, s=0.08). Muscle soreness developed in the leg, arm, shoulder, back, and abdomen muscles immediately after the race (10–30 mm), but decreased after 24 h (<15 mm), and disappeared 48 h after the race. These results suggest that muscle damage induced by a 50‐km cross‐country ski race is mild and recovery from the race does not take long.
A Study of the Temperature Dependence of Bienzyme Systems and Enzymatic Chains
Authors: Kotov N. V. , Baker R. E. , Dawidov D. A. , Platov K. V. , Valeyev N. V. , Skorinkin A. I. , Maini P. K.
Published: May 2007

It is known that most enzyme‐facilitated reactions are highly temperature dependent processes. In general, the temperature coefficient, Q10, of a simple reaction reaches 2.0–3.0. Nevertheless, some enzyme‐controlled processes have much lower Q10 (about 1.0), which implies that the process is almost temperature independent, even if individual reactions involved in the process are themselves highly temperature dependent. In this work, we investigate a possible mechanism for this apparent temperature compensation: simple mathematical models are used to study how varying types of enzyme reactions are affected by temperature. We show that some bienzyme‐controlled processes may be almost temperature independent if the modules involved in the reaction have similar temperature dependencies, even if individually, these modules are strongly temperature dependent. Further, we show that in non‐reversible enzyme chains the stationary concentrations of metabolites are dependent only on the relationship between the temperature dependencies of the first and last modules, whilst in reversible reactions, there is a dependence on every module. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which the metabolic processes taking place within living organisms may be regulated, despite strong variation in temperature.
Docking Simulations and QM/MM Studies between Isoniazid Prodrug, Catalase‐Peroxidase (KatG) and S315T Mutant from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: da Cunha E. F. F. , Ramalho T. C. , de Alencastro R. B. , Maia E. R.
Published: May 2007

Isoniazid (INH), an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis (TB), is a prodrug requiring activation by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG (mtKatG). In the present work, theoretical calculations were carried out to locate the most energetically‐favorable INH–KatG interaction modes using the experimental structure of a wild type and mutant mtKatG active site. The S315T mutation significantly affects the ability of the enzyme to convert INH to isonicotinic acid in vitro. The results showed that significant changes occur in the INH binding pattern when serine is replaced by threonine.
Interaction of SNAREs with ArfGAPs Precedes Recruitment of Sec18p/NSF
Authors: Schindler Christina , Spang Anne
Published: May 2007

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are key components of the fusion machinery in vesicular transport and in homotypic membrane fusion. We previously found that ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating proteins (ArfGAPs) promoted a conformational change on SNAREs that allowed recruitment of the small GTPase Arf1p in stoichiometric amounts. Here, we show that the ArfGAP Gcs1p accelerates vesicle (v)-target membrane (t)-SNARE complex formation in vitro, indicating that ArfGAPs may act as folding chaperones. These SNARE complexes were resolved in the presence of ATP by the yeast homologues of α-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, Sec17p and Sec18p, respectively. In addition, Sec18p and Sec17p also recognized the “activated” SNAREs even when they were not engaged in v-t-SNARE complexes. Here again, the induction of a conformational change by ArfGAPs was essential. Surprisingly, recruitment of Sec18p to SNAREs did not require Sec17p or ATP hydrolysis. Moreover, Sec18p displaced prebound Arf1p from SNAREs, indicating that Sec18p may have more than one function: first, to ensure that all vesicle coat proteins are removed from the SNAREs before the engagement in a trans-SNARE complex; and second, to resolve cis-SNARE complexes after fusion has occurred.
The Focus on the Basic Structure
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: May 2007

This chapter marks the beginning of the remainder of the book's focus, which is on Rawls's most prominent work in political philosophy, A Theory of Justice. It examines the key idea of the “basic structure”, which is the term Rawls employs to describe a society's major social institutions. Based on the fact of reasonable pluralism, people who cannot agree on religious, moral, or philosophical ideals can still reach a moral consensus restricted to a political conception of justice, which he calls an overlapping consensus. In a society, there must be a moral justification for a public criterion of justice, which is used to assess and justify the basic structure of that society.
A Top‐Tier Criterion of Justice
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: May 2007

This chapter introduces Rawls's three-tiered approach to justice. How Rawls comes to adopt a purely recipient-oriented criterion of justice is discussed. Another important element of a criterion of justice that is discussed is the anonymity condition. Why Rawls chose to focus on fundamental interests rather than, say, happiness as the appropriate metric of well-being, is examined.
The Second Principle of Justice
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses the second principle of justice, which is made up of the opportunity principle and the difference principle. The difference principle and how it is meant to operate as an element of the basic structure is illustrated in detail, and supplemented with an example of how it might be applied to a hypothetical society. What the opportunity principle entails and why its lexical priority over the difference principles might be agreed to in the original position are described. Differences in different social regimes are considered in terms of how well they would satisfy Rawls's criterion.
Mary
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: May 2007

This chapter looks at the portrayal of Mary, Jesus' mother, in the Gospels and in the Jesus biopics. The films ask two major questions: What was Mary's role in Jesus' infancy and childhood? And, what sort of relationship did Mary and Jesus have in his adulthood? It concludes that Mary's cinematic portrayal is affected by the conventional psychological assumptions of modern western society: the connection between childhood experiences and adult identity, and the notion that one of the marks of a mature adult is the quality of her or his relationship with parents and other family members. Also crucial is the role of Mary in Christian, particularly Catholic, theology. While Mary's role in film may be empowering for some women, she is generally cast in a supportive and secondary role.
The Pharisees
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: May 2007

The biopic genre requires that the hero confront hostility and opposition. The Gospels point to a bewildering array of Jewish groups who are hostile to Jesus: scribes, elders, chief priests, Herodians (Mark 3:6), Pharisees, and Sadducees. But during Jesus' ministry, it is the Pharisees who constitute Jesus' most implacable opposition. Were the Pharisees merely another long-gone 1st-century Jewish sect, their portrayal would pose no problem for filmmakers. While the Pharisees are no longer in existence as such, they are nevertheless considered within the Jewish tradition to be the forerunners of the rabbis who shaped Jewish belief and practice as they are still known today. The filmmaker's dilemma arises from this contradiction between the Pharisees' hateful role as Jesus' enemies within the Christian scriptures and their heroic place in Jewish tradition. The danger is that in portraying the Pharisees as Jesus' harsh enemies, filmmakers become vulnerable to the charge of anti-Semitism.
Introduction
Authors: Morrisson Mark S.
Published: May 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a brief history of alchemy. It then discusses the alchemical revival in occult circles, which helped inform and was profoundly shaped by the emerging science of radioactivity and radioactive transformation. An overview of the chapters included in the volume is presented.
Hanuman's Tale
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip
Published: May 2007

This book offers a comprehensive introduction to one of the most beloved and widely worshiped of Hindu deities: the “monkey-god” Hanuman. It details the historical expansion of Hanuman's religious status beyond his role as helper to Rama and Sita, the divine hero and heroine of the ancient Ramayana storytelling tradition. Additionally, it surveys contemporary popular literature and folklore through which Hanuman's mythological biography is celebrated, and describes a range of religious sites and practices that highlight different aspects of his persona. Emphasizing Hanuman's role as a “liminal” deity who combines animal, human, and divine qualities, and as a “middle-class” god within the Hindu pantheon, the book argues that such mediatory status has made Hanuman especially appealing to upwardly-mobile social groups as well as to Hindus of many sectarian persuasions.
A Reader's Guide to the Hanumāyana
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip
Published: May 2007

This chapter provides annotations for each of the forty tales recounted in the previous chapter. These notes trace, when possible, the literary history of each story, examine significant interpretations and variants on it, and provide relevant contextual information, e.g., on the Hindu time scheme of cyclically recurring epochs or yugas. A final section proposes that the complete “biographical” corpus of Hanuman tales may be understood, in part, as an idealized human life-narrative.
Marks of His Wounds
Authors: Jones Beth Felker
Published: May 2007

This book articulates a Christian theology of the body in light of both the doctrine of the resurrection of the body and the ethical concerns of feminism. In conversation with Augustine and Calvin, the book assesses the strengths and weaknesses of their theologies of the body and shows how the Christian tradition contains resources for conceptualizing a theology of the body as it coheres with resurrection doctrine. Beginning with eschatology, rather than creation, allows the book to address the disorder of bodies under the condition of sin while offering a constructive proposal for understanding the redeemed body through Christology. The book proposes a grammar in which human psychosomatic unity becomes the conceptual basis for sanctification. Using gender as an illustration, it interrogates the difference resurrection doctrine makes for holiness. The last part of the book suggests that access to human bodies comes through the body of Jesus Christ. Because death has been overcome in his resurrected body, human embodiment can bear witness to the Triune God.
CalEnergy: Claiming Official Political Risk Insurance
Authors: Wells Louis T.
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines another foreign investor that chose not to renegotiate. Although the investor proceeded to arbitration ahead of the Karaha Bodas Company (KBC), the driving force appears to have been its insurance from the US government agency the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). Like KBC's owners, this investor showed no interest in maintaining business prospects in Indonesia or elsewhere in the developing world. US intervention was particularly strong in this case and may have contributed to deteriorating relations with Indonesia at a time when cooperation between the two countries was of growing importance in the battle against radical Islamic terrorism.
The Berkelian Basics
Authors: Roberts John Russell
Published: May 2007

The chapter begins the task of elucidating Berkeley's active/passive distinction by focusing on his understanding of the concept of existence. The latter is elucidated by mapping Berkeley's understanding of its relationship to concepts such as simplicity, unity, identity, and substance. Berkeley's view of existence is contrasted with the competing views of Descartes and Locke. Throughout the chapter, the bundle-theory interpretation of spirits is used as a stalking horse and shown to be incompatible with Berkeley's account of existence as it applies to spirits.
Prophecy and History
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian
Published: May 2007

Prophecy plays an important role in the Old Testament. This importance does not end but continues throughout early Judaism, albeit under different forms and genres such as apocalyptic literature, eschatological prophecy, clerical prophecy, and sapiental prophecy. It equally continues in the history and writings of the early church. The New Testament portrays Christ as the supreme prophet in not merely forwarding words of God to God's people, but being the word of God. Prophecy continued to mutate in the history of Christianity but kept its vigor. It re-emerged in the monastic movements, medieval visionary mysticism, passion mysticism, the great Marian apparitions, augmenting in the 19th century, and in possible contemporary prophetic personalities such as the Greek-Orthodox Vassula Rydén.
Prophecy and Revelation
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian
Published: May 2007

Christian prophecy can only be judged on the backdrop of the theology of revelation. It is possible to consider revelation as a concept of experience with different modes of divine communication: visions, apparitions, locutions, etc., and where we must compare inspiration and experience. It is also possible to see revelation as a concept of reflection, identifying different models of revelation that lead to different models of prophecy: dogmatic, epiphanic, historical, dialectic, ontological, and personalistic models. From a rather dogmatic model with little room for prophecy, revelation has emerged into a more personalistic concept, where revelation is seen as God's gift of self, calling his people to respond to his truth, often through prophecy.
Prophecy and the End of Revelation
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian
Published: May 2007

The Christian belief that Christ is the epitome of God's revelation has led to the notion of the “end of revelation with the last apostle”. This notion has undergone significant historical development. From signifying merely that Christ is the most complete but not the last form of Divine revelation, it has come to imply a literal end of divine communication in the writings of some theologians, leading to the widespread denial of the feasibility or even possibility of Christian prophecy. A more detailed treatment of the “end-notion” leads to important conclusions with regards to prophecy; it is not at all clear when revelation should have “ended”: with Christ, with the last apostle, or with the closure of the biblical canon.
Prophecy and Truth
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian
Published: May 2007

Prophecy has never gone without opposition, mainly due to the danger of false prophecy, a danger that can rightly be called the “Achilles heel” of prophecy. Without the process of testing the validity and truth of prophecy, prophecy will have no role to play in the life of the church. Throughout the centuries, various criteria have been developed that help towards the aim of discernment. They can be classified in intrinsic and extrinsic criteria. The intrinsic criteria relate to the physiology, psychology, and spiritual life of the prophet. The extrinsic criteria relate to how the church approves or rejects a prophetic revelation, and how we may define the nature of the church's judgment. The process of discernment and jugdment is necessary but contains an important ambiguity: it is the church that must judge a prophetic revelation, despite the fact that prophecy often is critical of the church that will judge it. Until that judgment is pronounced, must believers wait before they give heed to a prophetic message?
Introduction
Authors: Mincer Jacob
Published: May 2007

Jacob Mincer is one of the most important economists of the second half of the 20th century whose work had tremendous importance for contemporary economics, especially labor economics. However, little work has been done on his lifetime contribution to economic science. The main purpose of this book is to contribute to those efforts in promoting a better understanding of Mincer's work and its relevance to the development of contemporary economics. This introductory chapter starts by providing a brief biographical sketch of Mincer and the main characteristics of his research. It then presents an outline of the book.
In Contradiction
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

This book advocates and defends the view that there are true contradictions (dialetheism), a view that has flown in the face of orthodoxy in Western philosophy since Aristotle's time. The book has been at the centre of the controversies surrounding dialetheism ever since the first edition was published in 1987. This text contains the second edition of the book. It expands upon the original in various ways, and also contains the author's reflections on developments over the last two decades.
Semantic Paradoxes
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

This chapter defends the view that the semantic paradoxes are bona fide sound arguments. It states a set of conditions sufficient for contradiction and then defends the view that natural language satisfies these conditions (or if not these, then others which have the same effect). The upshot of the discussion is that the putative solutions to the paradoxes betray a pattern which not only gives strong inductive evidence that the paradoxes cannot be solved, but also indicates why not. Tarski, Kripke, truth value gaps, the T-scheme, extended paradoxes and semantic ascent are discussed.
Pragmatics
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

This chapter shows that dialetheism poses no particular problems for pragmatics; that is, a dialetheic pragmatics faces no problems other than those faced by a non-dialetheic one. A number of objections to dialetheism drawn from pragmatics are formulated and answered. The areas of assertion, belief, rational belief, and rational change of belief are also considered.
The Disjunctive Syllogism and Quasi-Validity
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

In this chapter the disjunctive syllogism is discussed. This is not valid in the semantics of the previous chapters. It is argued that the form of inference may be used in consistent situations, though the understanding of this claim has to be handled with care. A notion of quasi-validity is developed, and the paraconsistent recapture of classical reasoning is discussed.
Rawlsian Fair Equality of Opportunity
Authors: Mason Andrew
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines Rawls' account of fair equality of opportunity. Rawls argues that fair equality of opportunity requires not only ‘careers to be open to talents’, but also that those with the same talents and ability and willingness to use these talents should have equal chance of success. Whilst defending Rawls' account against some influential criticisms that have been levelled against it, it is argued that the idea that fair equality of opportunity is lexically prior to the difference principle cannot be justified.
Individualism and Personal Responsibility
Authors: Mason Andrew
Published: May 2007

Critics of responsibility-sensitive egalitarianism have often claimed that it is individualistic in an objectionable way. ‘Individualism’ is a slippery term that is employed in many different senses. This chapter distinguishes some of these different senses and explores the extent to which responsibility-sensitive egalitarianism counts as individualist in each of them, and it determines what problems it may face as a result.