bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences of oceanic ozone deposition on tropospheric photochemistry
Authors: Pound Ryan J. , Sherwen Tomás , Helmig Detlev , Carpenter Lucy J. , Evans Mat J.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The deposition of ozone to seawater is an important ozone sink. Despite constituting as much as a third of the total ozone deposition, it receives significantly less attention than the deposition to terrestrial ecosystems. Models have typically calculated the deposition rate based on a resistance-in-series model with a uniform waterside resistance. This leads to models having an essentially uniform deposition velocity of approximately 0.05 cm s−1 to seawater, which is significantly higher than the limited observational dataset. Following from Luhar et al. (2018) we include a representation of the oceanic deposition of ozone in the GEOS-Chem model of atmospheric chemistry and transport based on its reaction with sea-surface iodide. The updated scheme halves the calculated annual area-weighted mean deposition velocity to water from 0.0464 cm s−1 (25th and 75th percentiles of 0.0461 cm s−1 and 0.0471 cm s−1 respectively) to 0.0231 cm s−1 (25th and 75th percentiles of 0.0121 cm s−1 and 0.0303 cm s−1 respectively). The calculated ozone deposition velocity varies from 0.009 cm s−1 in polar waters to 0.040 cm s−1 at the tropics. This improves comparisons to observations. The variability is driven mainly by the temperature-dependent rate constant for the reaction between iodide and ozone, the temperature dependence of the solubility, and variations in the ocean iodide concentration. The calculated annual deposition flux of ozone to the ocean is reduced from 222 to 122 Tg yr−1, and overall deposition of ozone to all surface types reduces from 862 to 758 Tg yr−1. Tropospheric ozone burdens and global mean OH increase from 324 to 328 Tg, and from 1.17×106 to 1.18×106 molec.cm-3, respectively. A total of 34 % of surface grid boxes experience a 10 % or greater increase in ozone concentration. Comparisons between observations of surface ozone and the model are improved with the new parameterization notably around the Southern Ocean. Process-level representation of oceanic deposition of ozone thus appears essential for representing the concentration of surface ozone over the planet.
BPOP-v1 model: exploring the impact of changes in the biological pump on the shelf sea and ocean nutrient and redox state
Authors: Lovecchio Elisa , Lenton Timothy M.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The biological pump of the ocean has changed over Earth's history, from one dominated by prokaryotes to one involving a mixture of prokaryotes
and eukaryotes with trophic structure. Changes in the biological pump
are in turn hypothesized to have caused important changes in the
nutrient and redox properties of the ocean. To explore these hypotheses, we
present here a new box model including oxygen (O), phosphorus (P) and
a dynamical biological pump. Our Biological Pump, Oxygen and
Phosphorus (BPOP) model accounts for two – small and large – organic
matter species generated by production and coagulation,
respectively. Export and burial of these particles are regulated by
a remineralization length (zrem) scheme. We independently
vary zrem of small and large particles in order to study
how changes in sinking speeds and remineralization rates affect the
major biogeochemical fluxes and O and P ocean concentrations.
Modeled O and P budgets and fluxes lie reasonably close to present
estimates for zrem in the range of currently measured
values. Our results highlight that relatively small changes in
zrem of the large particles can have important impacts on
the O and P ocean availability and support the idea that an early
ocean dominated by small particles was nutrient rich due to the
inefficient removal of P to sediments. The results also suggest that
extremely low oxygen concentrations in the shelf can coexist with an
oxygenated deep open ocean for realistic values of zrem,
especially for large values of the small-particle
zrem. This could challenge conventional interpretations
that the Proterozoic deep ocean was anoxic, which are derived from
shelf and slope sediment redox data. This simple and computationally
inexpensive model is a promising tool to investigate the impact of
changes in the organic matter sinking and remineralization rates as
well as changes in physical processes coupled with the biological pump
in a variety of case studies.
An evapotranspiration model self-calibrated from remotely sensed surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and vegetation cover fraction: application to disaggregated SMOS and MODIS data
Authors: Ait Hssaine Bouchra , Merlin Olivier , Ezzahar Jamal , Ojha Nitu , Er-Raki Salah , Khabba Said
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Thermal-based two-source energy balance modeling is essential to estimate the land evapotranspiration (ET) in a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the use of thermal-derived land surface temperature (LST) is not sufficient to simultaneously constrain both soil and vegetation flux components. Therefore, assumptions (about either soil or vegetation fluxes) are commonly required. To avoid such assumptions, an energy balance model, TSEB-SM, was recently developed by Ait Hssaine et al. (2018b) in order to consider the microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture (SM), in addition to the thermal-derived LST and vegetation cover fraction (fc) normally used. While TSEB-SM has been successfully tested using in situ measurements, this paper represents its first evaluation in real life using 1 km resolution satellite data, comprised of MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) for LST and fc data and 1 km resolution SM data disaggregated from SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) observations. The approach is applied during a 4-year period (2014–2018) over a rainfed wheat field in the Tensift basin, central Morocco. The field used was seeded for the 2014–2015 (S1), 2016–2017 (S2) and 2017–2018 (S3) agricultural seasons, while it remained unploughed (as bare soil) during the 2015–2016 (B1) agricultural season. The classical TSEB model, which is driven only by LST and fc data, significantly overestimates latent heat fluxes (LE) and underestimates sensible heat fluxes (H) for the four seasons. The overall mean bias values are 119, 94, 128 and 181 W m−2 for LE and −104, −71, −128 and −181 W m−2 for H, for S1, S2, S3 and B1, respectively. Meanwhile, when using TSEB-SM (SM and LST combined data), these errors are significantly reduced, resulting in mean bias values estimated as 39, 4, 7 and 62 W m−2 for LE and −10, 24, 7, and −59 W m−2 for H, for S1, S2, S3 and B1, respectively. Consequently, this finding confirms again the robustness of the TSEB-SM in estimating latent/sensible heat fluxes at a large scale by using readily available satellite data. In addition, the TSEB-SM approach has the original feature to allow for calibration of its main parameters (soil resistance and Priestley–Taylor coefficient) from satellite data uniquely, without relying either on in situ measurements or on a priori parameter values.
Mental health system change
Authors: Wiederman Meagan , Everling Celina , Leili Nathan , Shahab Saba
Published: April 2020

Mental health is the psychological wellness of a person. Currently, mental health illnesses are treated by hospital and community. Due to the transition of this system from psychiatric institutes, the hospital and community are not necessarily well connected. It is essential that the hospital and community are connected since patients need to feel supported by their community at all stages of their recovery in order to make a network of wellness. In order to tackle the problem of connecting the hospital and community for the personal recovery of people with severe mental illness, my team, Re-MIND London, proposed an innovative solution suite, involving: a liaison between community and hospital; a shared menu of resources; information sharing through education and samplers; having patients engage on community outings; and providing peer mentor support. In installing this solution, we have re-kindled connection between Parkwood Institute for Mental Health and the Canadian Mental Health Association in London, ON, at an administrative level, as well as staffer and patient level. Patients report that they need to feel like they in the community to have hope towards a proper discharge plan. In installing sections of this innovative solution, our team learned self-empowerment to challenge the existing system, regardless of our position. We are connecting, at many levels, diverse individuals and organizations to leverage their strengths to form a strong and sustainable partnership that will insulate people with mental illness in a community throughout treatment.
Avaliação empírica de um instrumento de pesquisa socioambiental: a relevância do diagnóstico participativo
Authors: Almeida Ricardo , Hayashi Carlos Roberto Massao
Published: April 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a aplicação de um instrumento de pesquisa e seu potencial de avaliação socioambiental em amostra populacional. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostragem por conglomerados (22 por 10), desenvolvido em uma comunidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Fez-se uso de questionário validado por juízes e estruturado em quatro dimensões pontuadas em escala de Likert. Os dados foram analisados por meio de técnicas descritivas com apoio do software SPSS Statistics 22.0. Foram entrevistados 226 moradores. A coleta de dados possibilitou a construção de indicadores socioambientais relevantes para subsidiar ações de educação ambiental no campo de estudo. Os principais desafios do cenário relacionaram-se à percepção afetiva das pessoas pelo ambiente; à destinação de resíduos eletrônicos e orgânicos; e à interação social entre comunidade e instituições locais. O instrumento de pesquisa apresentou viabilidade de aplicação e potencial de avaliação diagnóstica para subsidiar um plano de intervenção em ações de educação ambiental. Ademais, firmou-se como uma oportunidade de interação com o sujeito de pesquisa, despertando-lhe interesse para enfrentamento dos problemas identificados.
Should We Stop Blaming Saturated Fats for Causing Coronary Heart Disease? A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Al Mashrafi Sulaiman , Al Shamsi Hilal , Almutairi Abdullah Ghthaith
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Saturated fats were known as a risk factor for CHD and dietary guidelines restrict the daily consumption of SFs. However, the association between SFs and higher risk of CHD is not clear. This systematic review includes 14 high-quality prospective cohort studies which reported the association between CHD and SFs.  OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to examine the association between SFs intake and higher risk of CHD among prospective cohort studies.DESIGN: A systematic review was conducted for published literaure in Scopus and ProQuest during the period 2000 to 2017. Studies included if they have a prospective cohort design with follow-up more than 4 years, published in English, and provide information about the association of interest. Data were extracted and summarised into three tables.RESULTS: A total number of 14 prospective cohort studies were included in this review in which all from developed countries and half of them were from the USA. The total number of participants ranging from 501 to 344,696 in follow-up period from 4.8 to 30 years where 26,322 events of CHD and 629 CHD deaths were reported. The highest positive association HR (95%CI) was 5.17 (1.64-16.36) for CHD mortality and 1.36 (0.98-1.88) for CHD incidence. In contrast, the highest inverse association was found 0.73 (0.53-1.01) for CHD mortality and 0.62 (0.35-1.11) for CHD incidence. CONCLUSION: This systematic review suggests that SFs intake was not associated with higher incidence or mortality of CHD.
Characteristics of Microbiological and Physicochemical of Complementary Foods Based on Maize (Zea mays) Fortification With Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea)
Authors: Mbata T. I. , Adeyemo S.
Published: April 2020

Protein-energy malnutrition is regarded as one of the public health problems in developing countries as a result of poor feeding practices due to poverty. The study was aimed at formulating complementary foods using on maize and Bambara groundnut with a view of reducing malnutrition in low income families. The blends 70% maize, 30% Bambara groundnut were subjected into proximate, sensory and biochemical analyses using standard procedures. Nutrend (a commercial formula) was used as control. The effect of some processing techniques such as germination, roasting, fermentation, boiling, and soaking were determined. The results obtained showed protein content were 15.0% for roasted Bambara groundnut maize germinated flour (RBMGF), 13.80% for boiled Bambara groundnut maize germinated flour (BBMGF), 15.18% for soaked Bambara groundnut maize germinated flour (SBMGF), values for maize flour and nutrend had 10.4% and 23.21% respectively. Energy value of RBMGF, BBMGF, SBMGF, maize flour and nutrend were 494.9, 348.97, 356.49, 351 and 467.2 kcal, respectively. The antinutrient composition of roasted Bambara groundnut maize germinated flour (RBMGF) and boiled Bambara groundnut maize germinated flour (BBMGF) were lower than of soaked Bambara groundnut maize germinated flour (SBMGF). The overall acceptability of SBMGF was rated higher than RBMGF, BBMGF and Maize flour, but lower than Nutrend.  Microflora gradually changed from gram negative enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter aerogenes, mold such a Penicillium citrinum, lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisae to be dominated by Gram positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts. Yeasts and LAB growth counts in the complementary food varied between 4.44 and 7.36 log cfu/ml. LAB number increased from 5.40 to 7.36 log cfu/ml during fermentation. Yeasts increased from 4.44 to 5.60 log cfu/ml. The use of Bambara groundnut fortification to traditional foods could promote the nutritional quality of African maize-based traditional food.
WASPSS: A Clinical Decision Support System for Antimicrobial Stewardship
Authors: Cánovas Segura Bernardo , Morales Antonio , M. Juarez Jose , Campos Manuel , Palacios Francisco
Published: April 2020

The increase of infections caused by resistant bacteria has become one of the major health-care problems worldwide. The creation of multidisciplinary teams dedicated to the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) is encouraged by all clinical institutions to cope with this problem. In this chapter, we describe the Wise Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Support System (WASPSS), a CDSS focused on providing support for ASP teams. WASPSS gathers the required information from other hospital systems in order to provide decision support in antimicrobial stewardship from both patient-centered and global perspectives. To achieve this, it combines business intelligence techniques with a rule-based inference engine to integrate the data and knowledge required in this scenario. The system provides functions such as alerts, recommendations, antimicrobial prescription support and global surveillance. Furthermore, it includes experimental modules for improving the adoption of clinical guidelines and applying prediction models related with antimicrobial resistance. All these functionalities are provided through a multi-user web interface, personalized for each role of the ASP team.
Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Patel Michael , Braga Daniel , Money Brad , Pirela Andres , Zybulewski Adam , Olivieri Brandon , Beasley Robert
Published: April 2020

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are encountered by many healthcare providers such as interventional radiologists, vascular surgeons, cardiologists, and general practitioners. Much effort has been placed in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of AAA with somewhat little understanding of its pathophysiology. AAA is a complex disease typically segmented into a process of proteolysis, inflammation, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis with oxidative stress balancing its components. AAA and other aortic syndromes such as aortic dissection share this same process. On the other hand, AAA formation and aortic pathology may be acquired through infection like in mycotic aneurysm or may be genetic in origin such as seen with Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan syndromes.
Awareness and Performance on Standard Precautions of Hospital-acquired Infection Control in Nursing Students: The Mediating Effect of Internal Health Locus of Control
Authors: Yang Sun Yi , Lim Hyo Nam
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the status of performance on standard precautions among nursing students and to examine the mediating effects of internal health locus of control on the relationship between awareness and performance on standard precautions of hospital-acquired infection control. Methods: The participants in this study were 134 nursing students. The measurements included a standard precautions awareness and performance scale, and a multidimensional health locus of control scale. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, $Scheff{acute{e}}$ test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and simple and multiple regression techniques. Mediation analysis was performed by the Baron and Kenny's method and Sobel test. Results: The mean score of standard awareness, standard performance, and internal health locus of control about standard precaution were $174.30{pm}9.08$; $169.48{pm}12.04$; and $20.43{pm}2.82$; respectively. There was a positive correlation between standard awareness and performance (r=.414, p<.001). Also, standard awareness was significantly correlated with internal health locus of control (r=.413, p=.014). Internal health locus of control showed partial mediating effects in the relationship between awareness and performance. Conclusion: The results indicate a need to improve the internal health locus of control of nursing students. Therefore, an internal health locus of control improvement program should improve performance on standard precautions for patients and themselves.
Self-efficacy, Depression and Health Promotion Behaviors of Nursing and Non-nursing Female College Students
Authors: Jeong Yeon Hee , Song Min Sun
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the self-efficacy, depression, and health promotion behaviors of nursing and non-nursing female college students, and to develop a program to improve the health promotion behaviors of female college students. Methods: One hundred sixty-six females (84 nursing, 82 non-nursing) college students participated in the study. Data collection was conducted between November 20 and December 8, 2017. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, ${chi}^2$ test, ANCOVA, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 22.0. Results: The results of health promotion behaviors of the nursing college students were higher than non-nursing college students (F=7.14, p=.008). Both nursing and non-nursing college students showed a positive correlation between health promotion behaviors and self-efficacy, and there was a negative correlation between health promotion behaviors and depression. Self-efficacy was the most influential factor in health promotion behaviors for both nursing and non-nursing female college students. Conclusion: In order to improve the health promotion behaviors of female college students, it is necessary to educate individuals to help them improve their self-efficacy and be able to maintain healthy lifestyles by perceiving and managing their own health conditions.
The Influence of Self-efficacy and Activities of Daily Living on Depression among Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Kim Myoung Sook
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-efficacy and activities of daily living on the level of depression among elderly nursing home residents. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using a self-reported questionnaires completed by 163 elderly. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheff? test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 20.0. Results: The mean score for depression was 9.24, for self-efficacy 3.19, and for activities of daily living 1.85. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to examine the influences of research variables. Activities of daily living and self-efficacy were significant predictors of depression. The model explained 24.0% of the variables. Conclusion: As a result of this study, the activities of daily living and self-efficacy were defined as an important influential on depression. Therefore, the development nursing intervention programs is needed to reduce depression levels in the elderly to enhance daily living activities and self-efficacy.
University Freshman's Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes, and Satisfaction of Sex Education
Authors: Min Hae Young , Lee Jung Min , Min Hye Young , Jeong Yeo Won
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sexual knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction of sex education in university freshman. Methods: The participants were 275 freshman students under the age of 20 years old. Data were collected in 2017 using a self-report questionnaire. Results: The average scores of participants' sexual knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction of sex education were $24.22{pm}4.94$ out of 38 points, $90.81{pm}15.86$ out of 168 points, and $11.05{pm}3.08$ out of 20 points, respectively. With respect to the demographic characteristics, there were statically significant differences in sexual knowledge according to chances of relationship engagement (F=6.19, p=.002) and residence type (F=3.67, p=.013). Both sexual attitudes and satisfaction of sex education showed significant differences by major (t=3.20, p=.002; t=2.65, p=.009), types of high school (F=3.39, p=.019; F=3.53, p=.015), and interest in previous sex education during teenage years (F=2.88, p=.015; F= 6.22, p<.001). Sexual knowledge showed a statistically significant correlation with attitudes (r=.153, p=.011). Conclusion: There is insufficient sex information available for college students. It is necessary in the future to develop sex education programs that are matched to college students' needs.
The Moderating Effect of Interpersonal Skills on the Relationship between Childhood Emotional Trauma and Depression in Nursing Students
Authors: Jung Gye Hyun , Park Min Hyang
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional trauma and depression. Methods: From June to July, 2017, a convenience sample of 226 nursing students was recruited. Research data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: 68.1% (154) respondents experienced emotional abuse, and 48.1% (110) emotional neglect in childhood emotional trauma. The average depression score was 10.76. There were 54.4% (123), 34.5% (78), 12.8% (29), and 7.1% (16) of respondents with mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. The average interpersonal skills score was 3.59. There was a significant correlation between childhood emotional trauma (emotional abuse, emotional neglect), interpersonal skills and depression. And the moderating effect of interpersonal skills on the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and depression was significant. Conclusion: Interpersonal skills play a role as a moderating variable influencing the relationship between emotional neglect of childhood emotional trauma and depression, and also reduce the effects of childhood emotional trauma on depression. When developing a depression prevention program for nursing college students, such programs should consider strategies to reduce the negative effects of childhood emotional trauma and to improve interpersonal skills.
Image of a village in the discourses of pseudo-traditionalism
Authors: Prilutskii Aleksander Mikhailovich , Lebedev Vladimir Yur'evich
Published: April 2020

This article is dedicated to analysis of the phenomenon of pseudo-traditionalism on the example of interpretation of image of a village in the discourses of modern culture. The concepts and processes that cursory are perceived as traditional, but modernistic in their essence, are referred to pseudo-traditional. The authors understand pseudo-traditionalism as a result of stylistic mimicry based on the partial digestion of separate elements of the traditional semiotic system borrowed extra-contextually and uncoupled from other elements, with which they are in a state of structural-systemic relations within the framework of real tradition. The article is carried out in the context of semiotic-hermeneutic approach towards analysis of the phenomena of modern culture. The sources include the literary text of clearly traditional orientation, as well as materials collected in the course of sociological interview. The authors prove that the opposition city – village carries mythological character, equally to demonization of city and idealization of village in pseudo-traditionalistic discourses. The article also analyzes various aspects and modi of the modern mythological image of a village, including religious (eschatological). The author examines the impact of historical and social contexts upon the formation of ancient mythology.
Reform of the system of oil and gas natural resource payments for the purposed of attracting investments: the experience of the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Panfilov Gleb , Gao Yui
Published: April 2020

The subject of this research consists in the analysis of the experience of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on reform of the system of taxation of oil and natural gas extraction, which can present significant interest for Russian executive branch and researchers in the conditions of reform of Russian natural resource legislation, as well as introduction of the excess profit tax (Article 25.4 of the Taxation Code of the Russian Federation). Moreover, this is the first Russian-language writer article on exploring the content of the new PRC law “On Resource Tax”, which will be enacted from September 1, 2020. Based on the works of Russian, American, and Chinese scholars alongside Russia’s and China’s legislations, the article employs the method of synchronized and diachronic (historical) comparison and general scientific methods (formal-logical, analysis, synthesis) for determining peculiarities of China’s approach towards execution of legal reforms. The following specificities of China’s legal reforms were determined: preliminary formulation of goals of the legislative changes at the highest levels of state government, testing of the legislative changes in the territories of separate provinces, priority of goals of national development over budget revenue, adaptation of traditions of China’s legal technique to the requirements of foreign investors. The conclusions made in this research can be of interest for lawmakers, as well as all parties interested in comparative legal studies.  
Patient Rights to Participate in Treatment Decisions: Choice, Consultation and Knowledge
Authors: Cave Emma , Reinach Nina
Published: April 2020

Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights supports the right to participate in decisions that affect our lives. Article 8 was a relevant factor in the Supreme Court decision of Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board [2015] which makes significant advances in patient-centred
care. Focusing on adult patients with capacity, this article considers Article 8's influence across three routes to participatory protection: the right to choose, the duty to consult, and the right to know. We set out current limitations of the right to choose and consider the potential for
Article 8 to influence the extension of a wider duty to consult and right to know. We find that there are impediments to legal development. Patient status leads to the elevation of aspects of participation that do not always comply with patient needs and expectations. We consider a reimagining
of our expectations of patient rights to better acknowledge the relevance of partnership between patients and professional experts and to extend information provision beyond informed consent.
Genome-wide identification of the PEBP genes in pears and the putative role of PbFT in flower bud differentiation
Authors: Zhao Shuliang , Wei Yarui , Pang Hongguang , Xu Jianfeng , Li Yingli , Zhang Haixia , Zhang Jianguang , Zhang Yuxing
Published: April 2020

Although Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) genes have been identified in several plants, little is known about PEBP genes in pears. In this study, a total of 24 PEBP genes were identified, in which 10, 5 and 9 were from Pyrus bretschneideri genome, Pyrus communis genome and Pyrus betuleafolia genome, respectively. Subsequently, gene structure, phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal localization, promoter regions, collinearity and expression were determined with these PEBP genes. It was found that only PbFT from PEBP genes of P. bretschneideri was relatively highly expressed in leaves during flower bud differentiation. Whereas, expression patterns of TFL1 homologues, gene23124 and gene16540, were different from PbFT in buds. The expression pattern and the treatment of reduction day-length indicated that the expression of PbFT in leaves were regulated by day-length and circadian clock. Additionally, the phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis suggested that PbFT played a role in not only promoting flower bud differentiation, but also regulating the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth. These results may provide important information for further understanding of the evolution and function of PEBP genes in pears.
Sensitizing jurors to eyewitness evidence using a counterfactual mindset induction
Authors: Rodriguez Dario N. , Berry Melissa A.
Published: April 2020

Counterfactual thinking is a form of mental simulation that informs causal judgments regarding the role antecedent events played in producing present outcomes. We examined whether inducing participants to think counterfactually about a case involving eyewitness evidence would sensitize them to variations in eyewitness evidence quality. Participants read a transcript of a murder trial in which we manipulated the quality of witnessing and identification conditions associated with the prosecution's eyewitness. A counterfactual mindset induction manipulation was embedded in the defense's closing arguments. The counterfactual induction produced a sensitization effect. Participants in the counterfactual condition rated the prosecution's eyewitness as weaker and convicted less frequently when the eyewitness evidence conditions were unfavorable to accuracy. However, evaluations and convictions did not increase when these conditions were favorable to accuracy. Verdicts among participants in the control condition did not differ as a function of the eyewitness evidence manipulation.
Highly Conductive, Scalable, and Machine Washable Graphene‐Based E‐Textiles for Multifunctional Wearable Electronic Applications
Authors: Afroj Shaila , Tan Sirui , Abdelkader Amr M. , Novoselov Kostya S. , Karim Nazmul
Published: April 2020

Graphene‐based textiles show promise for next‐generation wearable electronic applications due to their advantages over metal‐based technologies. However, current reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based electronic textiles (e‐textiles) suffer from poor electrical conductivity and higher power consumption. Here, highly conductive, ultraflexible, and machine washable graphene‐based wearable e‐textiles are reported. A simple and scalable pad−dry−cure method with subsequent roller compression and a fine encapsulation of graphene flakes is used. The graphene‐based wearable e‐textiles thus produced provide lowest sheet resistance (≈11.9 Ω sq−1) ever reported on graphene e‐textiles, and highly conductive even after 10 home laundry washing cycles. Moreover, it exhibits extremely high flexibility, bendability, and compressibility as it shows repeatable response in both forward and backward directions before and after home laundry washing cycles. The scalability and multifunctional applications of such highly conductive graphene‐based wearable e‐textiles are demonstrated as ultraflexible supercapacitor and skin‐mounted strain sensors.
Single‐Material Graphene Thermocouples
Authors: Harzheim Achim , Könemann Fabian , Gotsmann Bernd , van der Zant Herre , Gehring Pascal
Published: April 2020

On‐chip temperature sensing on a micro‐ to nanometer scale is becoming more desirable as the complexity of nanodevices keeps increasing and their downscaling continues. The continuation of this trend makes thermal probing and management more and more challenging. This highlights the need for scalable and reliable temperature sensors, which have the potential to be incorporated into current and future device structures. Here, it is shown that U‐shaped graphene stripes consisting of one wide and one narrow leg form a single material thermocouple that can function as a self‐powering temperature sensor. It is found that the graphene thermocouples increase in sensitivity with a decrease in leg width, due to a change in the Seebeck coefficient, which is in agreement with previous findings and report a maximum sensitivity of ΔS ≈ 39 μV K−1.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of a New Polymeric Carbon Nitride—C3N3 with Good Photoelectrochemical Performance
Authors: Feng Jiaxin , Li Ming
Published: April 2020

Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been extensively researched in recent years. This research has mainly focussed on C3N4 because types of PCN are quite limited and other types are not easily synthesized. Therefore developing new types of easily‐synthesized PCN beyond C3N4 offers new opportunities. C3N3 has been predicted but it has not been successfully synthesized before. Herein it is prepared in large scale from cheap cyanuric chloride on a copper surface under nonvacuum conditions. The C3N3 has a good photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity for water splitting and can be exfoliated to 2D polymeric films. This breakthrough work not only enlarges the family of PCN, but also opens the door for large‐scale synthesis of other similar C–C bonded 2D conjugated polymers based on Ullmann polymerization. Similar to graphene and C3N4, follow‐up research related to this C3N3 in different fields may emerge in the near future.
Highly Efficient All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Appropriate Active Layer Morphology by Side Chain Engineering of Donor Molecules and Thermal Annealing
Authors: Qiu Beibei , Chen Zeng , Qin Shucheng , Yao Jia , Huang Wenchao , Meng Lei , Zhu Haiming , Yang Yang (Michael) , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Li Yongfang
Published: April 2020

It is very important to fine‐tune the nanoscale morphology of donor:acceptor blend active layers for improving the photovoltaic performance of all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (SM‐OSCs). In this work, two new small molecule donor materials are synthesized with different substituents on their thiophene conjugated side chains, including SM1‐S with alkylthio and SM1‐F with fluorine and alkyl substituents, and the previously reported donor molecule SM1 with an alkyl substituent, for investigating the effect of different conjugated side chains on the molecular aggregation and the photophysical, and photovoltaic properties of the donor molecules. As a result, an SM1‐F‐based SM‐OSC with Y6 as the acceptor, and with thermal annealing (TA) at 120 °C for 10 min, demonstrates the highest power conversion efficiency value of 14.07%, which is one of the best values for SM‐OSCs reported so far. Besides, these results also reveal that different side chains of the small molecules can distinctly influence the crystallinity characteristics and aggregation features, and TA treatment can effectively fine‐tune the phase separation to form suitable donor–acceptor interpenetrating networks, which is beneficial for exciton dissociation and charge transportation, leading to highly efficient photovoltaic performance.
Seeing the Unseen: The Role of Liquid Crystals in Gas‐Sensing Technologies
Authors: Esteves Carina , Ramou Efthymia , Porteira Ana Raquel Pina , Moura Barbosa Arménio Jorge , Roque Ana Cecília Afonso
Published: April 2020

Fast, real‐time detection of gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an emerging research field relevant to most aspects of modern society, from households to health facilities, industrial units, and military environments. Sensor features such as high sensitivity, selectivity, fast response, and low energy consumption are essential. Liquid crystal (LC)‐based sensors fulfill these requirements due to their chemical diversity, inherent self‐assembly potential, and reversible molecular order, resulting in tunable stimuli‐responsive soft materials. Sensing platforms utilizing thermotropic uniaxial systems—nematic and smectic—that exploit not only interfacial phenomena, but also changes in the LC bulk, are demonstrated. Special focus is given to the different interaction mechanisms and tuned selectivity toward gas and VOC analytes. Furthermore, the different experimental methods used to transduce the presence of chemical analytes into macroscopic signals are discussed and detailed examples are provided. Future perspectives and trends in the field, in particular the opportunities for LC‐based advanced materials in artificial olfaction, are also discussed.
Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Indoles and Related (Hetero)arenes: A Ligandless and Solvent‐free Approach
Authors: Pandey Dilip K. , Shabade Anand B. , Punji Benudhar
Published: April 2020

A ligandless and solvent‐free copper‐catalyzed method for the regioselective C−H bond arylation of indoles and related heteroarenes is reported. The use of CuCl efficiently catalyzes the direct coupling of diverse heteroarenes with aryl iodides via chelation‐assistance. This reaction could tolerate sensitive and structurally diverse functionalities, including halides, ethers, thioethers, amines, indolyl, pyrrolyl and carbazolyl groups. The directing group, 2‐pyridinyl can be smoothly removed to generate C‐2 arylated free‐NH indoles, and the arylated indoles can further be functionalized into Tryptamine derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic study revealed a radical pathway for the arylation reaction.

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2D Material Optoelectronics for Information Functional Device Applications: Status and Challenges
Authors: Tan Teng , Jiang Xiantao , Wang Cong , Yao Baicheng , Zhang Han
Published: April 2020

Graphene and the following derivative 2D materials have been demonstrated to exhibit rich distinct optoelectronic properties, such as broadband optical response, strong and tunable light–mater interactions, and fast relaxations in the flexible nanoscale. Combining with optical platforms like fibers, waveguides, grating, and resonators, these materials has spurred a variety of active and passive applications recently. Herein, the optical and electrical properties of graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXene, and their derivative van der Waals heterostructures are comprehensively reviewed, followed by the design and fabrication of these 2D material‐based optical structures in implementation. Next, distinct devices, ranging from lasers to light emitters, frequency convertors, modulators, detectors, plasmonic generators, and sensors, are introduced. Finally, the state‐of‐art investigation progress of 2D material‐based optoelectronics offers a promising way to realize new conceptual and high‐performance applications for information science and nanotechnology. The outlook on the development trends and important research directions are also put forward.
Sequential Synthesis and Active‐Site Coordination Principle of Precious Metal Single‐Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Qingtao , Li Yongcheng , Zheng Lirong , Shang Jiaxiang , Liu Xiaofang , Yu Ronghai , Shui Jianglan
Published: April 2020

Carbon‐supported precious metal single‐atom catalysts (PM SACs) have shown promising application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the coordination principle of the active site, consisting of one PM atom and several coordinating anions, is still unclear for PM SACs. Here, a sequential coordination method is developed to dope a large amount of PM atoms (Ir, Rh, Pt and Pd) into a zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF), which are further pyrolyzed into nitrogen‐coordinated PM SACs. The PM loadings are as high as 1.2–4.5 wt%, achieving the highest PM loadings in ZIF‐derived SACs to date. In the acidic half‐cell, Ir1‐N/C and Rh1‐N/C exhibit much higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities than nanoparticle catalysts Ir/C and Rh/C. In the contrast, the activities of Pd1‐N/C and Pt1‐N/C are considerably lower than Pd/C and Pt/C. Density function theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the ORR activity of PM SAC depends on the match between the OH* adsorption on PM and the electronegativity of coordinating anions, and the stronger OH* adsorption is, the higher electronegativity is needed for the coordinating anions. PEMFC tests confirm the active‐site coordination principle and show the extremely high atomic efficiency of Ir1‐N/C. The revealed principle provides guidance for designing future PM SACs for PEMFCs.
Irrigation scheduling technologies reduce water use and maintain turfgrass quality
Authors: Serena Matteo , Velasco‐Cruz Ciro , Friell Joshua , Schiavon Marco , Sevostianova Elena , Beck Leslie , Sallenave Rossana , Leinauer Bernd
Published: April 2020

Smart irrigation controllers have demonstrated potential for turfgrass water conservation in humid and temperate environments but have not been comprehensively tested in arid environments. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of a wireless capacitance sensor over a wide soil moisture range and to ascertain if smart irrigation controllers resulted in water savings without reducing quality of tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). A two‐yr study was conducted to compare turfgrass quality, root morphology, and water use of plots irrigated with a constant run time to plots for which irrigation was scheduled using soil moisture sensors (SMS), evapotranspiration (ET) [Climate Logic (CL)] controllers, or 80% of historic ET (ET80) for tall fescue and 60% (ET60) for bermudagrass. Sensors accurately tracked soil moisture up to salinity levels of 4 dS m−1. Turf performance and root morphology were not affected by irrigation treatments for either grass. Compared to tall fescue plots irrigated with constant run time, plots irrigated using ET80 and CL required 38% less water, and SMS plots used 44% less than tall fescue. Scheduling bermudagrass irrigation by ET60, CL, and SMS resulted in a 29, 42, and 39% reduction in water applied compared to constant run time. The majority of water savings was in spring and fall. Water requirement for bermudagrass during the summer did not differ between the scheduling treatments. Our study confirms that smart irrigation controllers can be used as an effective measure to conserve water in an arid environment.
Ground‐based optical canopy sensing technologies for corn–nitrogen management in the Upper Midwest
Authors: Paiao Gabriel D. , Fernández Fabián G. , Spackman Jared A. , Kaiser Daniel E. , Weisberg Sanford
Published: April 2020

Optical canopy sensing tools may improve corn (Zea mays L.) nitrogen (N) management, but their usefulness in far northern latitudes remains unclear. For this reason, the utility of SPAD, GreenSeeker normalized difference vegetation index (GS‐NDVI), RapidSCAN normalized difference vegetation index (RS‐NDVI), and RapidSCAN normalized difference red edge (RS‐NDRE) were evaluated to predict corn grain yield, plant N accumulation, and plant N deficiency in 12 site‐years throughout Minnesota. Six to seven N rates (35−45 kg urea‐N ha−1 increment) were pre‐plant applied. Canopy sensing measurements and aboveground plant N accumulation were obtained at V4, V8, V12, and R1 stages. Regardless of the tool, low predictive power of grain yield, plant N accumulation, and N deficiency occurred at V4, likely because of low crop N demand and sufficient N supply. At V8, sensors provided good estimations of grain yield (R2 = .75−.85) but underestimated the agronomic optimum nitrogen rate (AONR) by 33, 94, 102, and 46 kg N ha−1 with the SPAD, GS‐NDVI, RS‐NDVI, and RS‐NDRE, respectively. At V12 RS‐NDRE measurements provided the most accurate estimations of grain yield (R2 = .92) and AONR [R2 = .84 and N rate differential from agronomic optimum nitrogen rate (dAONR) at −2 kg N ha−1]. At R1 SPAD also provided good estimations of grain yield and N deficiency. The mismatch between the best timings for predicting N fertilizer requirements (V12 and R1) and the best timings for sidedressing (V4−V8) highlight that sensing tools may have limited utility to improve the standard maximum return to N approach in the Upper Midwest.
Estimation of the number of workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica by industry: Analysis of OSHA compliance data (1979‐2015)
Authors: Doney Brent C. , Miller William E. , Hale Janet M. , Syamlal Girija
Published: April 2020

Background

Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) can potentially cause silicosis, lung cancer, and renal failure. The current study estimates the percentages of workers potentially overexposed to concentrations of RCS dust and silicosis proportional mortality rates (PMRs) by industry.

Methods

Occupational Safety and Health Administration compliance inspection sampling data for RCS collected during 1979 to 2015 were used to estimate percentages of workers exposed. The results were used in combination with US Census Bureau estimates to produce industry specific worker population estimates for 2014. Estimates of the numbers and percentages of workers exposed to RCS concentrations at least 1, 2, 5, and 10 times the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended exposure limit (REL) were calculated by industry using the 2002 North American Industry Classification System. Silicosis PMRs by industry were estimated using National Center for Health Statistics multiple cause of death data.

Results

RCS concentrations/workers exposed were highest in the poured concrete foundation and structure contractors; commercial and institutional building construction; and masonry contractors. Approximately 100 000 workers were exposed above the RCS REL, and most (79%) worked in the construction industry. Tile and terrazzo contractors (12%); brick, stone, and related construction merchant wholesalers (10%); masonry contractors (6%) and poured concrete foundation and structure contractors (6%) were the highest percentages of workers potentially overexposed. PMRs were highest for the structural clay product manufacturing and the foundries industries.

Conclusion

Percentages of workers exposed to RCS varied by industry and in some industries workers are exposed over 10 times the REL. Exposures can be reduced below the REL by implementing the hierarchy of controls.