bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOTECHNOLOGIES AND FOOD: ASSURING THE SAFETY OF FOODS PRODUCED BY GENETIC MODIFICATION
Authors: Romig William R.
Published: February 2019

Scientific experts from universities, government laboratories and food and biotechnology companies, have spent more than two years researching the report, titled, “Biotechnologies and Food: Assuring the Safety of Foods Produced by Genetic Modification.”

The IFBC report outlines criteria to determine the safety of foods or ingredients developed through genetic modification. Criteria focus on: foods and food ingredients derived from microorganisms; simple chemicals and simple mixtures; and whole foods and other complex mixtures.

The IFBC report presents “decision trees” to determine the safety of foods from non-traditional genetic modifications, which include such processes as recombinant DNA, cell fusion and direct mutagenesis. The decision trees comprise a series of detailed questions concerning the genetic origin, composition and safety of the food or food ingredient and culminate in a decision to accept, reject or subject the test material to further study.
GENETICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF INSECT AND MITE RESISTANCE IN GERANIUM
Authors: Craig Richard , Grazzini Richard A. , Mumma R.O.
Published: February 2019

Resistance to mites and small insects in geranium results from the production of a viscous exudate on tall glandular trichomes present on the plant surface. This exudate exhibits sticky-trap properties immobilizing pests and reducing feeding and fecundity. The exudate is composed of long-chain 6-alkyl salicylic acids known as anacardic acids. The exudate of resistant plants contains 86% unsaturated anacardic acids. Susceptible genotypes possess fewer tall glandular trichomes and a trichome exudate which is dry and ineffective in trapping pests. The exudate from susceptible plants contains 70% saturated anacardic acids, thus explaining the physical state of the exudate. A single dominant locus controls the production of predominantly unsaturated versus saturated anacardic acids and thus resistance versus susceptibility. Other loci condition the ratio of C22:C24 unsaturated anacardic acids and the density of tall glandular trichomes. Current research involves the elucidation of the enzymatic pathway(s) involved in anacardic acid biosynthesis, identification of the regulatory enzymes and isolation of the mRNA transcripts associated with pertinent genes.
STUDY OF NON-ETHYLENE VOLATILE ORGANIC MOLECULES IN ASSESSING PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF FRUITS
Authors: Fellman John K. , Mattheis James P.
Published: February 2019

Developments in analytical technology, most notably high resolution fused silica open tubular (FSOT) gas chromatography-mass spectromety (GC-MS), make it possible to investigate physiological roles of volatile molecules occurring at low (ppb-ppm) concentrations. Use of headspace and purge-and-trap sampling coupled with cryofocusing injection techniques minimizes artifacts often created when more traditional methods of volatile molecule extraction are used. A challenging aspect of the work is development of appropriate delivery methods for internal standard quantitation of the molecules of interest. Apparently, biosynthesis of certain volatile substances is O2 dependent and others are manufactured in response to a changing environment. FSOT GC-MS investigation revealed dramatic changes in content and quantity of `Bisbee' apple headspace and purgable flesh volatiles during a 5-week harvest maturity period and 4 months of subsequent refrigerated storage. Other studies with apple mesocarp cultures and other fruits show interesting volatile molecule profiles in response to different treatments.
CHANGES IN AROMA COMPOSITION DURING PEACH MATURATION
Authors: Horvat Robert J. , Chapman Glenn W. , Russell R. B.
Published: February 2019

Variations in the levels of volatile constituents during maturation of peaches were determined by means of capillary gas chromatography. C6 aldehydes were the major volatile compounds isolated from immature fruit, however, as the fruit matured, levels of the C6 aldehydes decreased. The final period of peach maturation (120 to 126 days after flowering) showed significant increases in benzaldehyde, linalool, γ- and δ- decalactone; γ- decalactone being the principal volatile compound. The major volatiles, sucrose, quinic acid, and the malic/citric acid ratio, either singly or in combination, appear to be useful indices for estimating maturity of peaches.
COMPOST CONTENTS AND USES
Authors: Gouin Francis R.
Published: February 2019

Compost varies according to content, comporting procedures, age, storage conditions and particle size. Compost made mostly from wood products will have a much lower nutrient and soluble salt concentration than one made from leaves, grass clippings, sewage sludge, manures or food processing waste. Compost from efficiently managed systems optimizing microbial activity will tend to have higher soluble salt levels than compost from piles that are neglected and/or undisturbed.

Regardless of which organic materials used in making compost it will have a pH between 6.2 and 7.2 when ready for use. The effectiveness of compost as a soil amendment and in formulating potting mixes is dependent on particle sizes and soluble salt concentrations. Particles should not be recognizable and less than 2.5 cm in diameter for optimum plant response. Soluble salt concentrations of the compost will determine rates of application and fertilizer regime.
MASTER COMPOSTERS
Authors: Bobbitt Van M.
Published: February 2019

“Yard wastes comprise 25% of the average person's garbage,” according to the King County (Washington) Solid Waste Division. In an effort to reduce the strain on landfills, municipalities are encouraging their citizens to compost yard wastes. Several communities in Washington State have organized Master Composter programs. Patterned after the successful Master Gardener program, volunteers receive intensive training in comporting. In return, they deliver this information to the public through lectures, demonstrations, brochures, and composing demonstration gardens.
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE IN THE CLASSROOM?
Authors: Linder Mark P.
Published: February 2019

Agriculture in the Classroom has become a major, positive force addressing the ag literacy challenge. In California, Ag in the Classroom began in 1980 when the San Francisco School District asked the California Farm Bureau to help develop ag education activities and materials for all grade levels. There is now an AITC effort in every state. Each state approaches Ag in the Classroom from the basis of its own needs and resources. The most successful state programs are a result of cooperation among agriculture, education, volunteers and government. The USDA serves as the communication link among states.

Major objectives of AITC include: 1) contribute to a population with a greater understanding of agriculture's importance to our economy and society, 2) promote awareness of career opportunities in agriculture. Activities and materials are offered in: Teacher Training, Student Program, Resource Materials and Special Programs.

When given the opportunity, educators realize the importance of agriculture to them and their students. They have found that infusing ag information into the lessons they teach adds an exciting dimension to classroom activities.
Using Fruit Size to Predict Harvest Timing of California `Manzanillo' Olives for Ripe-black Processing
Authors: Ferguson Louise , Gawad Hesham , Sibbett G. Steven , Freeman Mark , Hatakeda James J.
Published: February 2019

A stepwise multiple regression analysis, using payment by processors as the dependent variable (Y) and numerous physical and chemical characteristics as the independent variables (X), demonstrated that the primary factor determining `Manzanillo' olive (Olea europaea L.) value at harvest was size. Optimal crop value correlated strongly with the combined percentage of standard, medium, large, and extra-large olives; R' values were 0.93***, 0.93***, and 0.42 (ns) in 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively. As the harvest season progressed, increased percentages of olives within these size classifications, not weight increases of individual olives within the size categories, produced the increase in value. Individual olives within size categories maintained the same weight through the harvest season, regardless of tree crop load. The best criterion for predicting optimal harvest time “is the total percentage of standard, medium, large, and extra-large olives.
Growth Suppression as a Control for Nectarine Pox
Authors: Baugher Tara Auxt , Miller Stephen S.
Published: February 2019

A 2-year study was designed to test the effect of four growth-suppressing treatments on the incidence of nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] pox, nectarine fruit quality, and the growth and nutritional status of nectarine trees. Root pruning was the only treatment that significantly reduced the incidence of nectarine pox. The percentage of red surface was increased by root pruning, foliar-applied paclobutrazol, and girdling. Root pruning and paclobutrazol suppressed extension shoot growth. Root pruning decreased fruit N, P, K, Mg, Mu, Fe, B, and Zn levels and increased fruit Ca. Results of the study support earlier observations that nectarine pox is associated with excessive shoot growth, excessive levels of fruit N and K, and low levels of fruit Ca. Chemical name used: Beta-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl] -alpha-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-l-H-1,2,4 -triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Survival and Growth of Transplanted Orchid Seedlings Enhanced by DCPTA
Authors: Keithly James H. , Jones Daniel P. , Yokoyama Henry
Published: February 2019

The growth-enhancing property of DCPTA was tested on transplanted seedlings of Brassolaeliocattleya × Hort. (Blc. Bryce Canyon × Lc. Pirate King), Dendrobium × Blume. Hickham Deb, Epidendrum radicans Pav. ex Lindl., Lueliocattleya × Rolfe Prism Palette `The Clown', and Phalaenopsis × Blume. [Pink Zebra × (Jutta Brungor × Music)]. After 3 to 6 months of greenhouse growth, plants treated with 30 μm DCPTA produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in root growth compared to the controls. Shoot growth, root: shoot ratio, and the survival of DCPTA-treated plants were increased significantly when compared with controls. Chemical name used: 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)triethylamine (DCPTA).
NM and Paclobutrazol Control Grapevine Suckers: Vine Performance and Fruit Tissue Residues
Authors: Reynolds Andrew G. , Cottrell A.C. , Wardle D.A. , Gaunce A.P.
Published: February 2019

`Okanagan Riesling' (Vitis spp. parentage unknown) vine trunks treated in 1984 with three levels of NM (0, 10,000, and 20,000 mg·liter-1) and three levels of paclobutrazol (PB; 0, 250, and 500 mg·liter-1, in white latex paint were subjected to a reapplication in June 1987 at the same rates of NAA and at 0, 1000, and 2000 mg PB/liter. Linear reductions in suckers per vine were observed with increasing NAA concentration but not PB. Yield and clusters per vine were reduced by PB in the season following retreatment (1988), while berry weight was increased by NAA in 1987. Titratable acidity was increased by NAA in 1988, and pH was highest that season with PB at 1000 mg·liter-1. No PB was detected in fruit tissue in 1987, but NAA levels of 2.4 and 2.0 μg·kg-1 were detected in clusters sampled from the 10,000- and 20,000-mg·liter -1 treatments, respectively. Chemical names used: l-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); β-1[(4-chlorophenyl)methy]-α-1 (l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Feeding Preference of Melon Thrips on Orchids in Hawaii
Authors: Hata Trent Y. , Hara Arnold H. , Hansen James D.
Published: February 2019

Feeding preference of melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was evaluated on 21 Dendrobium cultivars and the bamboo orchid Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. Pigmented flowers resembling the morphotype phalaenopsis from Phalaenanthe sections were preferred over nonpigmented phalaenopsis, Phalaenanthe × Ceratobium hybrids, and bamboo orchids. This study suggests the separation of susceptible cultivars from preferred cultivars as a pest management strategy for melon thrips control.
Water Use and Growth of Honey Locust and Tree-of-Heaven at High Root-zone Temperature
Authors: Graves William R. , Joly Robert J. , Dana Michael N.
Published: February 2019

Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Wind.) and tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle] sometimes are exposed to high root-zone temperatures in urban microclimates. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that seedlings of these species differ in how elevated root-zone temperature affects growth, leaf water relations, and root hydraulic properties. Shoot extension, leaf area, root: shoot ratio, and root and shoot dry weights were less for tree-of-heaven grown with the root zone at 34C than for those with root zones at 24C. Tree-of-heaven with roots at 34C had a lower mean transpiration rate (E) than those grown at 24C, but leaf water potential (ψ1) was similar at both temperatures. In contrast, shoot extension of seedlings of honey locust grown with roots at 34C was greater than honey locust at 24C, E was similar at both temperatures, and ψ1 was reduced at 34C. Hydraulic properties of root systems grown at both temperatures were determined during exposure to pressure in solution held at 24 or 34C. For each species at both solution temperatures, water flux through root systems (Jv) grown at 34C was less than for roots grown at 24C. Roots of tree-of-heaven grown at 34C had lower hydraulic conductivity coefficients (Lp) than those grown at 24C, but Lp of roots of honey locust grown at the two temperatures was similar.
Genotypic Differences in Shoot-forming Capacity of Cultured Leaf Explants of Lycopersicon hirsutum
Authors: Stommel John R. , Sinden Stephen L.
Published: February 2019

Cultured leaf explants obtained from 36 accessions of the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl., were evaluated for morphogenic capacity in response to three cytokinins (zeatin, BA, and kinetin) in combination with IAA. Media containing 0.1 μm IAA plus 4.6 or 9.2 μm zeatin were optimal for shoot induction. Cotyledon explants were superior to true leaf explants for obtaining shoot formation. Morphogenic responses of L. hirsutum f. typicum and L. hirsutum f. glabratum were clearly accession-dependent and ranged from exceptional with numerous shoots produced to recalcitrant with no shoots produced. The high morphogenetic capacity of leaf explants from L. hirsutum f. typicum accession 128644 was also evident in protoplast-derived calli that readily regenerated shoots. Chemical names used (E)-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-ol (zeatin), N-(phenylmethyl) -1H-purin-6-amine (BA), N- (2-furanylmethyl) -1H- purin-6-amine (kinetin), 1H- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Response of Micropropagated Apple Trees to Field Establishment Procedures
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: February 2019

Growth, flowering, and fruiting of micropropagated `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) transferred in Spring 1983 to the field from either a nursery, cold storage, or greenhouse were compared. First-year shoot and trunk growth was greatest for trees transplanted from the nursery and least for trees that were held in the greenhouse before being transferred to the field. Trees pruned low (35 cm) at planting time had more terminal shoot growth and less trunk cross-sectional area after the first growing season than those pruned high (90 cm). The effect of preplanting cultural practices on vegetative growth diminished in the 2nd year and disappeared by the end of the 3rd year in the orchard. Flowering began in 1985 and was only slightly affected by preplanting cultural practices and pruning treatments. Fruiting was not affected by the treatments.
Stem Banding Enhances Rooting and Subsequent Growth of M.9 and MM.106 Apple Rootstock Cuttings
Authors: Sun Wen-Quan , Bassuk Nina L.
Published: February 2019

Softwood shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks M.9 and MM.106 were banded with Velcro for up to 20 days before cuttings were propagated. Percent rooting and the number of roots per cutting were significantly improved by banding for 10 to 20 days, with and without IBA application. As the duration of stem banding increased from 0 to 20 days, percent rooting and the number of roots of both M.9 and MM.106 cuttings increased linearly or curvilinearly. Stem banding also stimulated budbreak of cuttings. In M.9, banding resulted in a higher survival rate and increased new shoot growth of transplanted cuttings after 4 months. Percent budbreak and new shoot growth were highly correlated with the number of roots per cutting in both cultivars. The effects of stem banding on budbreak and subsequent growth of the cuttings were largely due to the enhanced rooting of cuttings. Chemical names used: 1H-indole3-butyric acid (IBA).
Cold Storage of Selected Members of the Proteaceae and Australian Native Cut Flowers
Authors: Jones Rod , Faragher John
Published: February 2019

Five members of the Proteaceae and 13 Australian native cut flower cultivars were stored for 35 days under standard conditions at 1C to assess their ability to withstand long-term storage and transport. Protea cynaroides L., Leucadendron `Silvan Red', Leucospermum `Firewheel', Thryptomene calycina (Lindl.) Stapf., Telopea speciosissima R. Br., and Verticordia grandtiflora Endl. retained a vase life of at least 7 days after 21 days of storage. Leucospermum cordifolium Salisb. ex Knight, Protea neriifoli R. Br., Chamelaucium uncinatum `Alba', C. uncinatum `Purple Pride', Verticordia monadelpha Turcz., Verticordia plumosa (Desf.) Druce, and Verticordia nitens (Lindl.) Schau. suffered a decline in vase life ranging from 31% to 100% after 14 to 21 days of storage. Species of Verticordia and Chamelaucium were particularly susceptible to fungal infection. Anigozanthos pulcherrimus Hook. and the Anigozanthos cultivars Ruby Delight, Bush Harmony, Bush Haze, and Gold Fever all showed a significant reduction in vase life after 14 days of storage compared with unstored controls.
Carbon Isotope Discrimination Correlates with Bean Yield of Diverse Coffee Seedling Populations
Authors: Meinzer F.C. , Ingamells J.L. , Crisosto C.
Published: February 2019

Foliar C isotope discrimination (Δ) and yield of green coffee (Coffea arabica L.) beans were evaluated for seedling populations from 14 diverse coffee cultivars growing in Hawaii. A was negatively correlated with yield of green coffee beans. The 2% variation in A observed in leaves sampled about 2 months after completion of the first harvest corresponded to a 3-fold variation in yield. Substantial variation in A exists among coffee cultivars, and foliar A analyses show promise as a means of selecting superior genotypes of long-lived woody crops.
Timing and Severity of Pruning Effects on Cranberry Yield Components and Fruit Anthocyanin
Authors: Strik Bernadine C. , Poole Arthur
Published: February 2019

Timing and severity of pruning in a 30-year-old commercial `McFarlin' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) bed were studied. Treatments in 1989 and 1990 consisted of early or late pruning and heavy, moderate, light, or no pruning. Yield component data were collected in Fall 1989 and 1990, just before harvest. Time of pruning did not affect yield components. In 1989, the unpruned and lightly pruned vines had a higher total plant fresh weight, fewer berries, higher berry yield, longer and more fruiting uprights, and fewer nonfruiting uprights (U,) compared with moderately or heavily pruned vines. Average length of UN and anthocyanin content of berries in 1989 were not influenced by pruning. In 1990, the effects of pruning severity were similar to 1989. In 1990, unpruned vines had a lower percent fruit set and berries contained less anthocyanin than pruned vines. Annual pruning with conventional systems in use decreases yield.
Verbena Seed Hilum Morphology Contributes to Irregular Germination
Authors: Maekawa Susumu , Carpenter William J.
Published: February 2019

The germination of verbena (Verbena × hybrids) seed was found to be sensitive to high substrate moisture content. Cultivars varied in sensitivity to excessive substrate moisture content, with `Romance Scarlet' having higher total germination (G) in the presence of free water than `Showtime Blaze' or seedling `Red A'. Hilum cavity measurements of dry seeds showed larger hilum apertures with reduced depths for seeds of `Romance Scarlet' than for the others. Seed imbibition resulted in a rapid and extensive thickening of the hilum wall. The extent of hilum aperture closure varied among cultivars and the quantity of water present. Free water reduced hilum apertures 45% for `Romance Scarlet', 60% for `Showtime Blaze', and 86% for `Red A'. Seeds of `Romance Scarlet' and `Showtime Blaze' failed to germinate with lanolin covering the hilum, while seeds coated with lanolin, except for the hilum, had 67% to 78% G of nontreated seeds. This difference indicates that essential oxygen for the embryo was obtained through the hilum and micropyle of the seeds. Total germination varied with substrate moisture content, with seeds placed horizontally on 2%, 1%, or 0.5% agar having 80%, 75%, and 65% germination, respectively, for `Romance Scarlet' and 59%, 41%, and “24%, respectively, for `Showtime Blaze'.
Ethephon Hastens Maturity of Passionfruit Grown as an Annual in a Temperate Zone
Authors: Dozier W.A. , Rodriguez-Kabana R. , Caylor A.W. , Himelrick D.G. , McDaniel N.R. , McGuire J.A.
Published: February 2019

The yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f flavicarpa Degener), a perennial vine grown in the tropics and subtropics, was successfully grown as an annual crop in a temperate zone. Fruit maturity was hastened by ethephon treatments to allow harvest before the mean date of the first killing frost. Maturity was advanced in a linear manner with application rates of 150, 300, and 600 ppm ethephon. Total yield was not affected by ethephon treatment; however, cull fruit producing no juice increased with increasing rates of ethephon, thereby reducing marketable yields. Soluble solids and ascorbic acid contents of the juice were not affected by ethephon treatment. Purple passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) did not produce blossoms.
Prestorage Heat Treatment Delays Development of Superficial Scald on `Granny Smith' Apples
Authors: Lurie Susan , Klein Joshua D. , Arie Ruth Ben
Published: February 2019

A prestorage heat treatment of 38C for 4 days applied to `Granny Smith' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) before regular air storage at 0C inhibited the development of superficial scald. Heat-treated apples stored for 3 months had superficial scald levels similar to diphenylamine (DPA)-dipped apples, while all nontreated control apples had scald. After 5 or 6 months of storage, this inhibition of scald development by prestorage heat treatment declined. The prestorage heat treatment inhibited the accumulation of α-farnesene and conjugated trienes in apple cuticle during storage, while DPA inhibited only α-farnesene oxidation. This treatment may be a substitute for chemical treatments against scald not only for short-term storage of `Granny Smith' but possibly also for other scald-susceptible apple cultivars.
Drought Avoidance Mechanisms of Selected Bermudagrass Genotypes
Authors: Hays K.L. , Barber J.F. , Kenna M.P. , McCollum T.G.
Published: February 2019

This study was conducted to determine rooting characteristics, root carbohydrate content, and performance of 10 bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] genotypes exposed to drought. A greenhouse study was conducted twice to determine root distribution and carbohydrate content throughout the soil profile during simulated drought stress. Root distribution among genotypes and accumulation of total nonstructural carbohydrate within roots differed with depths. Root mass at 30, 60, 90, and 150 cm was significantly correlated with turf quality during drought stress (r = 0.72, 0.86, 0.80, and 0.81, respectively) only for one of the two tests. Root carbohydrate distribution was not significantly correlated with turf quality for the selected bermudagrass genotypes.
Specific Leaf Weight and Nitrogen Allocation Responses to Light Exposure within Walnut Trees
Authors: Klein I. , DeJong T.M. , Weinbaum S.A. , Muraoka T.T.
Published: February 2019

Exposure to photosynthetically active radiation and the consequent effect on leaf mass per unit leaf area (SLW) and nitrogen (percent dry weight and μg·mm-2) allocation within tree canopies was investigated in walnut (Juglans regia `Serr' and `Hartley') trees. Percent contribution of discrete light flux densities below light saturation (100-700 μmol·s-1·m-2) to the total light exposure of individual spurs, exposed up to 9 hour·day-1 to saturating light (>700 μmol·s-1·m-2), was minimal (<1 hour), indicating that individual spurs were either exposed or shaded most of the day. SLW and N content per unit leaf area of individual spurs were highly correlated (second-order polynomial curve fit) with light exposure within the tree canopy, indicating uneven allocation of available N for optimal utilization. Nitrogen expressed as percent dry weight was not correlated with light exposure and SLW. Leaf N content per leaf area was highly correlated (linear fit) with SLW.
Inheritance of Resistance to Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic Virus in White Acre-BVR' Cowpea
Authors: Ouattara Sohedjie , Chambliss Oyette L.
Published: February 2019

Reciprocal crosses were made between `White Acre-BVR', resistant to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BICMV), and the susceptible `California Blackeye No. 5' cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Seedlings from `California Blackeye No. 5', `White Acre-BVR', F1, F2, and backcrosses were mechanically inoculated with BICMV, and evaluated 4 weeks later for symptom expression in the greenhouse. Plants were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The resistance observed in the F1 and progeny from the backcross to the resistant parent indicated that resistance to BICMV in `White Acre-BVR' was dominant. Furthermore, a 1 resistant: 1 susceptible segregation of progeny from the backcross to the susceptible parent and a 3 resistant: 1 susceptible segregation of the F2 progenies suggested that the resistance to BICMV in `White Acre-BVR' was conferred by a single dominant gene.
Low-profile Containers for Nursery-grown Trees
Authors: Milbocker Daniel C.
Published: February 2019

Pyrus calleryana, Decne, `Aristocrat'; Cryptomeria japonica, D. Don; Populus maximowiczii, Henry × `Androscoggin' and Koelreuteria bipinnata, Franch. trees were grown in low-profile containers. The optimum height and width of these containers was 20 to 30 cm and 84 cm, respectively. Pine bark and mixtures containing 50% or more of pine bark were preferable to mixtures containing leaf mold for filling the containers because the former weigh less. Roots penetrated pine bark mixtures better than sphagnum peat mixtures and also retained their shape better during transplanting. When grown in low-profile containers, trees grew fibrous root systems; after transplanting, roots grew downwardly radial and trees were able to withstand extremely difficult landscape conditions.
DRIS Evaluation of the Nutritional Status of Crisphead Lettuce
Authors: Sanchez C.A. , Snyder G.H. , Burdine H.W.
Published: February 2019

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms were derived for crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) from field fertility experiments conducted over the past 20 years on mineral and organic soils in Florida. Preliminary testing indicates that DRIS diagnoses generally agree with diagnoses using the sufficiency range approach, with the advantage of predicting the degree of nutrient limitation. DRIS also appeared to correctly predict a response to K where sufficiency ranges currently used did not. Overall, DRIS appears to be a useful adjunct to the sufficiency range approach currently used to diagnose nutritional deficiencies in crisphead lettuce.
Dikegulac-Sodium Sprays Stimulate Shoot Emergence in Asparagus Under Lathhouse Conditions
Authors: Mahotiere Sauveur , Johnson Clarence , Howard Philamenia
Published: February 2019

One-year-old greenhouse-grown `Mary Washington', `Emerald', `UC 157 F,', and `UC 157 F,' asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) seedlings were sprayed on 23 Sept. 1988 with dikegulac concentrations ranging from O to 750 mg·liter-1 in 150-mg·liter-1 increments. No significant shoot emergence occurred before frost killed the ferns in December. With increasing temperature in Jan. and Feb. 1989, dikegulac promoted shoot emergence in all cultivars, except `Mary Washington'. At 600 mg·liter-1 dikegulac had increased shoot emergence in `Emerald', `UC 157 F,', and `UC 157 F2' by 310%, 161%, and 305%, respectively, over the control on 2 Feb. After frosts killed the first shoots, all cultivars responded to treatment as temperature increased. Dikegulac did not affect the height and dry weight of `Mary Washington' ferns, but it reduced the height of `Emerald' without affecting its dry weight. Both height and dry weight of `UC 1571 F' and `UC 157 F2' were reduced by the chemical. There was a significant effect of cultivar on shoot production regardless of treatment, but no significant cultivar × dikegulac interaction on shoot emergence. However, there were significant effects of cultivar and cultivar × dikegulac interaction on height and dry weight of the ferns. After the ferns had been cut off on 9 Aug. 1989, only `UC 157 F1' and `UC 157 F2' showed increased shoot emergence. A second treatment of the plants with the chemical on 23 Sept. 1989 resulted in no significant increase in shoot emergence before or after freezing temperatures killed the ferns. Chemical name used: 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(l-methyl ethylidene)-a-L-xylo-2 -hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac).
Bitter Pit Control by Sprays and Vacuum Infiltration of Calcium in `Cox's Orange Pippin' Apples
Authors: Hewett Errol W. , Watkins Christopher B.
Published: February 2019

The incidence of external and internal bitter pit in `Cox's Orange Pippin' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) fruit sprayed with normal therapeutic sprays either with or without Ca salts at 2-week intervals during the growing season was determined after 6 weeks of storage over 7 consecutive years. Following harvest, fruit was either vacuum-infiltrated with CaCI2 or received no further treatment. Although there was a tendency for fruit that had been sprayed and vacuum-infiltrated with Ca to exhibit the greatest degree of bitter pit control, this treatment was not significantly superior to Ca sprays alone. Vacuum infiltration alone reduced the disorder to a lesser extent than Ca sprays and was more effective in reducing external than internal bitter bit. The results suggest that Ca applications over the growing season are superior to postharvest vacuum-infiltration with Ca in the prevention of bitter pit.
Citrus Pentaploids from Small Seeds of Diploid × Diploid Crosses
Authors: Oiyama Iwao , Kobayashi Shozo
Published: February 2019

Seedlings from some small seeds of diploid × diploid crosses using `Miyauchi iyokan' (Citrus iyo Hort. ex Tanaka) as the seed parent were found to be pentaploid (2n = 5x = 45). The growth of pentaploid seedlings was extremely weak on their own roots, but was much more vigorous when micrografted on seedlings of tetraploid trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. Diploid `Miyauchi iyokan' produced hexaploid seedlings from small seeds in addition to triploid and tetraploid seedlings from normal seeds when crossed with tetraploid `Funadoko' (C. funadoko Hort. ex Y. Tanaka) and `Trovita' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Based on this phenomenon, the origin of pentaploids is discussed.
Yield and Quality of Vitis Hybrid `Suwannee' as Affected by Training System and Pruning Severity
Authors: Andersen Peter C. , Sims Charles A.
Published: February 2019

The influence of bilateral cordon (BC) and cane training systems and level of pruning severity on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Vitis hybrid `Suwannee' were determined from 1987 to 1989. In 1987, yield and quality were similar on BC- and cane-trained vines. In 1988, shoot count, yield, and quality were similar regardless of training system and pruning severity (50, 70, or 90 nodes per vine). When data from both training systems were combined, yield was related to the number of shoots. Vines pruned more severely compensated by producing more shoots from non-count (non-node) positions on the canes, cordon, or spurs. Similarly, in 1989 yield and berry quality were not affected by training system or levels of pruning severity (50, 70, 90, or 110 nodes), although berry weight was affected by training system, and shoot count and shoot length were affected by level of pruning severity. Interactive effects of training system and pruning level were not significant in either year. An analysis of combined data for 1989 indicated that yield was affected by the number of nodes and shoots. Thus, `Suwannee' may be trained to the BC system, which is more readily adapted to mechanization. Pruning to a specific number of nodes per vine was not critical.
Flooding Reduces Gas Exchange and Growth in Snap Bean
Authors: Singh Bharat P. , Tucker Kevin A. , Sutton James D. , Bhardwaj Harbans L.
Published: February 2019

This study was conducted to determine the effect of various flooding durations on the growth, water relations, and photosynthesis of the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Greenhouse-grown plants of cv. Blue Lake 274 were flooded for 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Leaf water potential (ψ), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and net photosynthesis (Pn) were measured at the completion of the flooding period and after recovery for 7 days. Root, stem, and leaf dry weights were recorded after plants were allowed to recover from the flooding stress for 7 days. The values for ψ, gs, E, and Pn decreased quadratically with the increase in the duration of flooding. The Pn of plants flooded for 1 day was 17% lower than that of the control and it reached near zero in plants flooded for 7 days. The decrease in Pn after 1 day of flooding was not associated with ψ or gs; however, for longer duration of flooding, Pn decline coincided with the decline in gs. A week after the cessation of flooding, the level of recovery in ψ, E, and Pn was linear and that in gs quadratic to the duration of prior stress experienced by the plant. However, after recovering for 7 days, none of the flooded plants regained gas exchange activities at par with the control. The relationship of stem dry weight to duration of flooding was linear, while a quadratic model provided the best fit for the regression of root and leaf dry weight on the number of days of flooding. Overall, even 1 day of flooding reduces photosynthesis in snap bean and causes a decrease in dry weight of the plant. the extent of decrease in both increasing with the duration of flooding.
Toxic Effects of Manure, Alfalfa, and Ammonia on Emergence and Growth of Cucumber Seedlings
Authors: Ells James E. , MeSay Ann E. , Workman Stephen M.
Published: February 2019

Chopped alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), alfalfa hay extract, and ammonium hydroxide produced free ammonia in media and inhibited both germination and seedling growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Toxic levels of ammonia were not produced by the quantities of manure added to the media. Alfalfa extract enhanced cucumber seedling growth in sand medium while inhibiting growth in sand-soil media. This difference is attributed to a reduced level of microbial activity in the sand. With higher levels of microbial activity, rapid decomposition of the extract may have resulted in a burst of ammonia evolution that proved damaging to cucumbers. The natural buffering capacity of the soil medium apparently mitigated the effects of the ammonia. Ammonium hydroxide, which did not depend on microbiological activity to release ammonia, proved lethal to cucumbers grown in sand. A diminished effect on growth was observed as the cation exchange capacity of the medium increased. Because high levels of alfalfa hay and ammonium hydroxide were required to produce toxic levels of ammonia in soil, it is unlikely that cucumbers would be harmed under normal field usage of alfalfa hay.
Rooting and Lateral Shoot Elongation of Verbena Following Benzylaminopurine Application
Authors: Svenson Sven E.
Published: February 2019

Rooting and growth of Verbena cuttings (Verbena × hybrids Voss) were measured to determine response to foliar-applied benzylaminopurine (BA). There was no rooting response to BA application when visible nodal roots were present at the base of the cutting. There was no response to 30, 100, or 300 mg BA/liter applied to the foliage 48 or 96 hours after excision from the stock plant. Rooting-zone dry mass, total cutting dry mass, and number of roots were increased by 30 mg BA/liter applied immediately after excision when there were no visible nodal roots at the base of the cuttings. Foliar application of BA at 10 or 30 mg·liter-1 increased lateral bud elongation of subsequently rooted shoots by 20% and 49%, respectively. Application of BA during cutting propagation to enhance subsequent lateral bud elongation does not appear to inhibit rooting in Verbena stem cuttings. Chemical name used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).
Thiabendazole and Imazalil Applied at 53C Reduce Chilling Injury and Decay of Grapefruit
Authors: McDonald Roy E. , Miller William R. , McCollum T.G. , Brown G. Eldon
Published: February 2019

The fungicides thiabendazole (TBZ) or imazalil were applied at 1 g·liter-1 at 24 or 53C to `Marsh' and `Redblush' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to reduce fruit susceptibility to chilling injury (CI) and decay. Generally, there was more CI and decay on `Marsh' grapefruit than on `Redblush'. Severity of CI was lower in grapefruit that had been dipped at 53C than at 24C. Fruit dipped in fungicides had less CI than fruit dipped in water alone. Imazalil was more effective in reducing CI than TBZ. Fungicides reduced decay at both temperatures, and imazalil was better than TBZ. Chemical names used: 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole (thiabendazole, TBZ); 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl] -1H -imidazole (imazalil).
Cryoprotectants Influence Freezing Resistance of Grapevine Bud and Leaf Tissue
Authors: Himelrick David G. , Pool Robert M. , McInnis Philip J.
Published: February 2019

Several cryoprotectant chemicals were tested for their ability to increase the freeze resistance of grapevine (Vitis labruscana Bailey) leaf and dormant bud tissue. DuPont Surfactant WK, ethylene glycol, and BRIJ 35 were effective in lowering the low-temperature exotherm (LTE) in `Concord' grape buds below controls by 5.4, 5.1, and 3.9C, respectively, in March. Measurements taken in April showed BRIJ 35 and Surfactant WK to be notably superior to the other products, giving LTEs 14.1 and 12.2C below controls, respectively. Ethylene glycol, Frostguard, and Frost Free were less effective. LTEs were also significantly decreased in grape leaf disks 4.1C by BRIJ 35, 2.1C by Frostguard, and 0.4C by Frost Free treatments. Chemical name used: trimethylnonylpolyethoxyethanol (DuPont Surfactant WK).
A Rapid Method for Screening Sweetpotato Genotypes for Oviposition Stimulants to the Sweetpotato Weevil
Authors: Son Ki-Cheol , Severson Ray F. , Kays Stanley J.
Published: February 2019

Methodology was developed for the rapid quantitative and qualitative screening of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] germplasm for the concentration of the major sweetpotato weevil oviposition stimulant, boehmeryl acetate, and its alcohol, boehmerol. The major surface components were rapidly quantified, using a minimum of plant material. Boehmeryl acetate, present in methylene chloride root extracts, did not degrade when held under normal laboratory conditions for 45 days. Boehmeryl acetate and boehmerol were found only in the outer 1 to 1.2 mm of periderm and the distribution of the compounds appeared to be relatively uniform over the surface of the root.
FIELD ESTABLISHMENT OF TISSUE-CULTURED `HERITAGE' RED RASPBERRY
Authors: Trinka David L.
Published: February 2019

Tissue-cultured (TC) plantlets are gaining wide acceptance as the standard transplanting stock within both the fruit and nursery industry. However, research and grower experiences suggest that management practices used for conventionally propagated raspberry plants may need to be tailored for successful field establishment of the TC plantlet. The effects of weed control practices, rowcovers, and fertilizer placement on the performance of newly planted TC `Heritage' red raspberry were evaluated during two years. Weed control treatments included straw mulch (ST), black polyethylene mulch (B), white on black polyethylene mulch (WB), napropamide herbicide (N), simazine herbicide (S), hand-weeding (HW), and an untreated control (U). Rowcovers were used during the first six weeks of establishment on the mulched and hand-weeded treatments. Calcium nitrate was placed in the planting hole or on the soil surface around the plant. Second year yields were directly proportional to soil moisture levels during the summer of the planting year. Plants mulched with ST, B, or WB during the planting year produced greater early yields during the fruiting year. Primocane density was highest in the ST treatment. Rowcovers consistently increased both soil temperature and soil moisture, but tended to cause a reduction in cane length the first growing season. Fertilizer placement had no consistent effect on any measured variable.
AN ICE-NUCLEATION BARRIER IN COLD HARDY AZALEA BUDS THE EFFECT OF SUBLETHAL HEAT TREATMENT UPON BARRIER INTEGRITY AND RESULTANT BUD HARDINESS
Authors: Chalker-Scott Linda
Published: February 2019

Hardy buds of Azalea spp. were subjected to a sublethal heat stress of 45°C for 2 hours. Two hours after treatment the low temperature exotherms (LTE's) of the primordia were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The LTE's of buds exposed to heat stress were either fewer in number and/or occurred at higher temperatures than in controls. Visual examination of the flower buds following DTA confirmed that treated buds were killed at higher temperatures than control buds. Cold hardy buds which have been pretreated as described also have lower resultant hardiness compared to controls as evidenced by controlled freezing experiments. These studies suggest the presence of an ice barrier within the buds of the plants which avoid freezing by supercooling, and that the barrier is partially overcome by sublethal heat stress.
EFFECT OF MINI-TUNNEL TYPE AND VENTILATION ON TOMATO
Authors: Nelson Linda , Stewart K.A.
Published: February 2019

In 1988 and 1989, three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, Springset (cold-tolerant), Celebrity (standard) and Hope No. 1 (heat-tolerant) were grown under clear and white perforated mini-tunnels that were either vented ten days prior to anthesis to maintain temperatures below 29°C or non-vented. Controls had no mini-tunnel treatment. Maximum temperatures were highest under the clear-nonvented tunnels. Minimum temperatures were lower in the clear and white vented tunnels compared to the control and non-vented tunnels in 1989. Springset had the highest early and Celebrity the highest total yield .The clear non-vented tunnels gave significantly lower early yields compared to the other tunnel treatments in 1988. In 1989, treatments had no effect on early yield. The percentage of early yield that was marketable varied from 58-82 % in 1988 and 72-85% in 1989. For both years, total yields did not differ significantly.
INFLUENCE OF WINTER PROTECTION ON EARLINESS OF STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION
Authors: Lamarre Michel , Lareau Michel J
Published: February 2019

A 3-year study was carried out on the use of row covers as a substitute to straw for winter protection of five strawberry cultivars. Seven cover treatments were tested: “Agronet” removed on May 2, 12 and 19; “Kimberlay farms” removed May 19; perforated polyethylene removed May 16; conventionnal straw mulch removed in mid-April, and no row cover protection. Row covers advanced first harvest for all cultivars. There was a 10-day gain in earliness with perforated polyethylene followed in decreasing order by “Kimberley farms”, “Agronet”, straw mulch, and no protection. Treatments favoring early yields tended to shorten the period of production and to reduce total yield. Of the “Agronet” treatments, the May 12 removal increased the yield for the first 4 harvests compared to the May 2 and May 19 removals.
MULCHING STRAWBERRIES WITH CHOPPED NEWSPAPER - A PRELIMINARY TRIAL
Authors: Boyce Bertie , Heleba David
Published: February 2019

A preliminary trial was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using chopped newspaper for winter mulch over strawberries. Crown temperatures recorded throughout the winter suggested that the insulating value of the newspaper was comparable to that of straw mulch with both decreasing if they were not kept dry. Yields however, were lower when paper was used compared to straw and also lower when both paper and straw mulch were covered with clear polyethylene plastic. Preventing chopped paper mulch from blowing was a major problem.
THE INFLUENCE OF RASPBERRY CANE TYPE AND CULTIVAR IN A SCHEDULED PLANTING AND HARVESTING SYSTEM
Authors: Lareau Michel J , Lamarre Michel
Published: February 2019

A new raspberry production system has indicated the feasibility of marketing fresh fruit during August and September, 60-90 days after planting. Full length dormant canes planted late and managed similarly to the strawberry plantings using “waiting bed” plants produced more than 6.0 t/ha. Large canes (>13 mm) produced more laterals and 3 times more fruit than small ones but fruit size was the same. There was little difference between the June 1 and June 20 plantings and `Killarney' outyielded `Festival'. In spite of higher establishment costs, it appears that the higher value for the fruit marketed in late summer and the possibility of using this system for the establishment of a new planting would justify its use.
ALTERNATIVES TO ROCKWOOL; COAL BOTTOM ASH AND PINE WOOD PEELINGS IN NUTRICULTURE.
Authors: Woodard M.A. , Bearce B.C. , Townsend E.C.
Published: February 2019

A recycling nutriculture system was redesigned to improve growth and flowering of Tagetes erecta L., cv., Inca Yellow in four media; loose rockwool (RW), coal bottom ash (CBA), pinewood peelings (PWP) and CBA:PWP (1:1, v/v). Three nutricycle frequencies of 12, 6 and 4 per 12 hour light period were set with a nutricycle duration of 5 minutes. Volume, height and fresh and dry weights of marigolds in CBA, PWP and CBA: PWP were comparable to that of marigolds in RW. Flower diameters of plants in CBA, PWP and CBA:PWP were increased and days to harvest decreased compared to plants in RW. Plants in CBA: PWP increased in fresh weight compared to CBA or PWP plants. No interaction occurred between media and nutricycle frequency at 12 or 4 cycles per 12 hours; however a malfunctioning timer caused prolonged flooding of plant root zones at the 6 cycle setting. This resulted in decreased plant volume and fresh and dry weights at this frequency. These results show that growth and flowering of marigolds in CBA and PWP comparable with that in RW can be achieved with more than 1 nutricycle frequency.