bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propagation delays determine neuronal activity and synaptic connectivity patterns emerging in plastic neuronal networks
Authors: Madadi Asl Mojtaba , Valizadeh Alireza , Tass Peter A.
Published: October 2018

In plastic neuronal networks, the synaptic strengths are adapted to the neuronal activity. Specifically, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is a fundamental mechanism that modifies the synaptic strengths based on the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes, taking into account the spikes’ temporal order. In many studies, propagation delays were neglected to avoid additional dynamic complexity or computational costs. So far, networks equipped with a classic STDP rule typically rule out bidirectional couplings (i.e., either loops or uncoupled states) and are, hence, not able to reproduce fundamental experimental findings. In this review paper, we consider additional features, e.g., extensions of the classic STDP rule or additional aspects like noise, in order to overcome the contradictions between theory and experiment. In addition, we review in detail recent studies showing that a classic STDP rule combined with realistic propagation patterns is able to capture relevant experimental findings. In two coupled oscillatory neurons with propagation delays, bidirectional synapses can be preserved and potentiated. This result also holds for large networks of type-II phase oscillators. In addition, not only the mean of the initial distribution of synaptic weights, but also its standard deviation crucially determines the emergent structural connectivity, i.e., the mean final synaptic weight, the number of two-neuron loops, and the symmetry of the final connectivity pattern. The latter is affected by the firing rates, where more symmetric synaptic configurations emerge at higher firing rates. Finally, we discuss these findings in the context of the computational neuroscience-based development of desynchronizing brain stimulation techniques.
A compact multi-plane broadband (0.5-17 keV) spectrometer using a single acid phthalate crystal
Authors: Loisel G. P. , Lake P. W. , Nielsen-Weber L. B. , Wu M. , Dunham G. S. , Bailey J. E. , Rochau G. A.
Published: October 2018

Acid phthalate crystals such as KAP crystals are a method of choice to record x-ray spectra in the soft x-ray regime (E ∼ 1 keV) using the large (001) 2d = 26.63 Å spacing. Reflection from many other planes is possible, and knowledge of the 2d spacing, reflectivity, and resolution for these reflections is necessary to evaluate whether they hinder or help the measurements. Burkhalter et al. [J. Appl. Phys., 52, 4379 (1981)] showed that the (013) reflection has efficiency comparable to the 2nd order reflection (002), and it can overlap the main first order reflection when the crystal bending axis (b-axis) is contained in the dispersion plane, thus contaminating the main (001) measurement in a convex crystal geometry. We present a novel spectrograph concept that makes these asymmetric reflections helpful by setting the crystal b-axis perpendicular to the dispersion plane. In such a case, asymmetric reflections do not overlap with the main (001) reflection and each reflection can be used as an independent spectrograph. Here we demonstrate an achieved spectral range of 0.8-13 keV with a prototype setup. The detector measurements were reproduced with a 3D ray-tracing code.
Heterogeneous integration of InAs/GaSb tunnel diode structure on silicon using 200 nm GaAsSb dislocation filtering buffer
Authors: Liu J.-S. , Clavel M. , Pandey R. , Datta S. , Xie Y. , Heremans J. J. , Hudait M. K.
Published: October 2018

An InAs/GaSb tunnel diode structure was heterogeneously integrated on silicon by solid source molecular beam epitaxy using a 200 nm strained GaAs1-ySby dislocation filtering buffer. X-ray analysis demonstrated near complete strain relaxation of the metamorphic buffer and a quasi-lattice-matched InAs/GaSb heterostructure, while high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed sharp, atomically abrupt heterointerfaces between the GaSb and InAs epilayers. In-plane magnetotransport analysis revealed Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, indicating the presence of a dominant high mobility carrier, thereby testifying to the quality of the heterostructure and interfaces. Temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics of fabricated InAs/GaSb tunnel diodes demonstrated Shockley-Read-Hall generation-recombination at low bias and band-to-band tunneling transport at high bias. The extracted conductance slope from the fabricated tunnel diodes increased with increasing temperature due to thermal emission (Ea ∼ 0.48 eV) and trap-assisted tunneling. Thus, this work illustrates the significance of defect control in the heterointegration of metamorphic InAs/GaSb tunnel diode heterostructures on silicon when using GaAs1-ySby dislocation filtering buffers.
Theoretical investigation of the Ag filament morphology in conductive bridge random access memories
Authors: Xue Kan-Hao , Li Yun , Su Hai-Lei , Yuan Jun-Hui , Li Yi , Wang Zhuo-Rui , Zhang Biao , Miao Xiang-Shui
Published: October 2018

Conductive bridge random access memories (CBRAMs) usually involve active Ag or Cu metals, where the formation of metal filaments accounts for the low resistance state. For the application of neuromorphic computation, it is highly desirable to develop artificial neurons and synapses, which utilize the complicated volatile or nonvolatile resistive switching phenomena, respectively. This can be achieved by controlling the morphology and stability of the filaments, which requires a deep understanding of the filament formation and disruption mechanisms. Using ab initio calculations, we explored the physical mechanism behind various Ag filament morphologies and growth modes, using GeSe, ZrO2, SiO2, and a-Si as the examples. The roles of Ag and Ag+ stability inside the dielectric, the migration barrier of Ag+, and the Ag+ solvation effect have been investigated in detail. A comprehensive model has been proposed, which in particular could explain the diverse Ag filament morphology experimentally observed in sputtered SiO2 and PECVD SiO2. Our theoretical approach can serve as a pre-screening method in designing new solid-state electrolyte materials of CBRAM, aiming at new functionalities in neuromorphic computation or in-memory logic computing.
Three-dimensional heat transfer in the mixture of nanoparticles and micropolar MHD plasma with Hall and ion slip effects
Authors: Nawaz M. , Rana Shafia , Qureshi Imran Haider , Hayat T.
Published: October 2018

This study discusses Hall and ion-slip effects in 3D heat transfer in micropolar plasma. The solution of modeled hydrodynamic boundary value problems are computed by Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). Simulations for velocity, angular velocity and temperature are carried out. Momentum and thermal boundary thickness are greatly affected by Hall and ion currents. Magnitude of angular velocity has increasing behavior when micropolar parameter increased. In view of the results obtained from the present investigation, it is recommended to use micro-polar plasma like blood and plasma polymers if Joule heating dissipations are required. Micro-rotation due to the solid structure in micropolar increases when vortex viscosity is increased.
Kinetic simulation of magnetic field generation and collisionless shock formation in expanding laboratory plasmas
Authors: Fox W. , Matteucci J. , Moissard C. , Schaeffer D. B. , Bhattacharjee A. , Germaschewski K. , Hu S. X.
Published: October 2018

Recent laboratory experiments with laser-produced plasmas have observed and studied a number of fundamental physical processes relevant to magnetized astrophysical plasmas, including magnetic reconnection, collisionless shocks, and magnetic field generation by Weibel instability, opening up new experimental platforms for laboratory astrophysics. We develop a fully kinetic simulation model for first-principles simulation of these systems including the dynamics of magnetic fields—magnetic field generation by the Biermann battery effect or Weibel instability; advection by the ion flow, Hall effect, and Nernst effect; and destruction of the field by dissipative mechanisms. Key dimensionless parameters describing the system are derived for scaling between kinetic simulation, recent experiments, and astrophysical plasmas. First, simulations are presented which model Biermann battery magnetic field generation in plasmas expanding from a thin target. Ablation of two neighboring plumes leads to the formation of a current sheet as the opposing Biermann-generated fields collide, modeling recent laser-driven magnetic reconnection experiments. Second, we simulate recent experiments on collisionless magnetized shock generation, by expanding a piston plasma into a pre-magnetized ambient plasma. For parameters considered, the Biermann effect generates additional magnetic fields in the curved shock front and thereby increases shock particle reflection. Both cases show the importance of kinetic processes in the interaction of plasmas with magnetic fields and open opportunities to benchmark these important processes through comparison of theory and experiments.
Morphophysiological responses of Ormosia arborea (Fabaceae) seedlings under flooding and post-flooding conditions
Authors: Junglos Fernanda Soares , Junglos Mário Soares , Dresch Daiane Mugnol , Bento Larissa Fatarelli , Santiago Etenaldo Felipe , Mussury Rosilda Mara , Scalon Silvana de Paula Quintão
Published: October 2018

The success of restoration practices in areas subject to seasonal flooding is associated with the selection of plant species tolerant to both flooding and post-flooding conditions. Morphophysiological changes of Ormosia arborea (Vell.) Harms (Fabaceae) seedlings were studied to evaluate the plasticity related to the water regime. O. arborea seedlings were flooded for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. At the end of each flooding period, the seedlings were removed from the pools to assess seedling survival at 75 days after completion of the flooding regime. The seedlings survived under the flooding and post-flooding regime and expressed lenticel hypertrophy. During longer periods of flooding, the seedlings exhibited a reduction in the quantum efficiency of PSII and gas exchanges (except for the internal concentration of CO2, which increased during this period). During the reestablishment, the metabolism was resumed, however, when plants was submitted to more prolonged flooding (60 days), the photosynthetic rates and carboxylation efficiency were not completely recovered. Stomatal conductance and water use efficiency was not recovered at the level of the control independent of the flooding period. These morphophysiological adjustments indicate phenotypic plasticity and potential for survival in temporarily flooded areas.
Crystal Polymorphs and Multiple Crystallization Pathways of Highly Pressurized 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Nitrate
Authors: Abe Hiroshi , Takekiyo Takahiro , Yoshimura Yukihiro , Hamaya Nozomu , Ozawa Shinichiro
Published: October 2018

Crystal polymorphs and multiple crystallization pathways of a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) were observed only under high pressure (HP). The RTIL was 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, [C2mim][NO3]. The HP-crystal polymorphs were related to conformations of the C2mim+ cation, and the HP-crystal pathways determined by the presence or absence of the planar′ (P′) conformation of the C2mim+ cation were switched at the bifurcation pressure (PB). Above PB, modulated crystal structures derived from the HP-inherent P′ conformer. Simultaneous X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry measurements, accompanied by optical microscope observations, confirmed the normal low-temperature crystallization of [C2mim][NO3] under ambient pressure.
Incongruent cladistics reveal a new hydrozoan genus (Cnidaria : Sertularellidae) endemic to the eastern and western coasts of the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Song Xikun , Gravili Cinzia , Ruthensteiner Bernhard , Lyu Mingxin , Wang Jianjun
Published: October 2018

Molecular phylogenetics provides objective references for zoological systematics which sometimes are inconsistent with morphological data. This applies particularly for some primitive phyla such as Cnidaria. The marine hydrozoan Symplectoscyphus turgidus (Sertularellidae) is a recent questionable case reported to occupy an unexpected phylogenetic position and suggested to belong to a new genus. However, its position, based on a single Californian specimen, seemed doubtful. Here we contributed 16S, 18S and 28S rRNA data of another morphologically related species from the Yellow Sea, forming a monophyletic clade with the Californian sample, confirming the clade stability. Further integrative analyses support describing this clade as the new genus Xingyurella, gen. nov., and lead to a taxonomic revision of species characterised by three hydrothecal marginal teeth and strong gonothecal spines. This resulted in a new species and three new combinations: Xingyurella xingyuarum, sp. nov., X. gotoi, comb. nov., X. pedrensis, comb. nov. and X. turgida, comb. nov. Future investigations are required to understand the evolution and speciation involved in the transoceanic distribution pattern of Xingyurella. The approach used herein for dealing with non-monophyletic conditions may be indicative for further studies by integrating trophosome and gonosome traits for Sertularellidae and other hydrozoans. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E99F8777-8E31-4C4B-A065-71C71371EEBC.
Factors affecting the mortality of Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) by vehicle strike
Authors: Shima Amy L. , Gillieson David S. , Crowley Gabriel M. , Dwyer Ross G. , Berger Lee
Published: October 2018

Context Vehicle strike is a major issue where wildlife habitat is intersected by busy roads. Near Threatened Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is a large (5–10 kg) semi-arboreal mammal found in populated rural and forested areas of north-eastern Australia. Warning signs, rope bridges and underpasses have not prevented ~20 animals being killed on the road each year. Aims To identify factors influencing Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo vehicle strike to help inform mitigation options. Methods Citizen sightings (1998–2000) and 90 road-kills collected over 4.5 years on the Atherton Tablelands, Australia, were examined to determine the causes of vehicle strike in Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo. The spatial distributions of sightings and road-kills were characterised using nearest-neighbour analysis, and the relationship between them was determined using a Bayesian approach that accounted for spatial autocorrelation. Gender, age, weight, season, rainfall, road and verge characteristics, traffic volumes, speed limits and mitigation measures were recorded to assess their influence on road-kill risk. Adequacy of speed limits to prevent collisions along road sections with more than four road-kills per 8 km (hazard zones) was assessed from visibility and stopping distances. Key results Vehicle strikes mainly affected male tree-kangaroos (2–5 years, 5.5–8 kg), occurred where live animals were most frequently sighted and were most likely on roads with narrow verges, low visibility and medium traffic volumes. Speed limits at hazard zones were inadequate to prevent collisions. Few warning signs corresponded with these zones, and road mortalities persisted where they did. Conclusions Unpredictable dispersal of young males and vehicle speeds unsuited to road conditions drive road mortalities in Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo. Because tree-kangaroos do not appear to respond to existing mitigation measures, reducing traffic speeds, and increasing visibility, appear to be the most effective mitigation strategies for reducing tree-kangaroo road mortality. Implications Our findings suggest that tree-kangaroo road-kill can be reduced by reducing speed limits in line with government recommendations and increasing visibility by clearing road verges along sections of road with the highest tree-kangaroo mortality. Warning signage should be re-evaluated to determine whether its effectiveness can be improved.
Magnetic map in nonanadromous Atlantic salmon
Authors: Scanlan Michelle M. , Putman Nathan F. , Pollock Amanda M. , Noakes David L. G.
Published: October 2018

Significance

Diverse species that undertake long-distance migrations use geomagnetic “map” information to orient. Whether this is true for nonmigratory populations within these species or those migrating over considerably shorter distances is less studied. We show nonanadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can extract map information from the geomagnetic field. Despite having no recent history of ocean migration and being translocated from Maine to Oregon approximately 60 years ago, juveniles exposed to magnetic fields characteristic of the North Pacific displayed adaptive orientation responses similar to those of anadromous Pacific salmonids. This navigational ability generates some concern since Atlantic salmon are transported throughout the world for aquaculture. Escaped individuals might have greater potential to successfully navigate, and thus invade, novel habitats than previously suspected.
Protective immunity in recurrent
Staphylococcus aureus
infection reflects localized immune signatures and macrophage-conferred memory
Authors: Chan Liana C. , Rossetti Maura , Miller Lloyd S. , Filler Scott G. , Johnson Colin W. , Lee Hong K. , Wang Huiyuan , Gjertson David , Fowler Vance G. , Reed Elaine F. , Yeaman Michael R. ,   the MRSA Systems Immunobiology Group, Bayer Arnold S. , Chan Liana C. , Chang Yu-Ling , Filler Scott G. , Fowler Vance G. , Gjertson David , Hoffmann Alexander , Medie Felix , Mikkaichi Tsuyoshi , Mitchell Simon , Reed Elaine F. , Rossetti Maura , Ruffin Felicia , Qin Yan , Sharma Batu , Sheu Katherine , Thaden Joshua , Waring Alan J. , Xiong Yan Q. , Zhing Ying , Yeaman Michael R.
Published: October 2018

Significance

Staphylococcus aureus
(SA) is the leading cause of skin and skin structure infections (SSSI), which are the main portal of entry for life-threatening invasive infections. Treatment failures are increasingly common due to antibiotic resistance. Importantly, SA SSSI exhibit high 1-year recurrence, despite high antibody levels against staphylococcal antigens. Therefore, critical determinants of immune protection against recurrent SA SSSI are not well understood. The present study offers important insights in this area, including: (
i
) macrophages can confer protective memory transferrable to naïve hosts; (
ii
) SA SSSI can induce memory in bone marrow myeloid precursors; and (
iii
) specific memory against recurring SA SSSI is localized and distinct from disseminated infection. These findings will accelerate novel strategies to prevent and treat SA infections.
p38α MAPK signaling drives pharmacologically reversible brain and gastrointestinal phenotypes in the SERT Ala56 mouse
Authors: Robson Matthew J. , Quinlan Meagan A. , Margolis Kara Gross , Gajewski-Kurdziel Paula A. , Veenstra-VanderWeele Jeremy , Gershon Michael D. , Watterson D. Martin , Blakely Randy D.
Published: October 2018

Significance

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by communication and social behavior deficits, repetitive behaviors, and medical comorbidities, including gastrointestinal dysfunction. No pharmacologic treatments are available that ameliorate core symptoms. Genetic variants in the serotonin transporter (SERT) are linked to ASD. Here we demonstrate that administration of a CNS-penetrant p38α MAPK antagonist normalizes multiple physiological and behavioral perturbations reminiscent of ASD in adult, SERT Ala56 mice. Conditional genetic manipulations validate a requirement for 5-HT neuron p38α MAPK signaling in establishing perturbations observed in SERT Ala56 mice. Our findings suggest that p38α MAPK may be a potential target for treatment of adults with ASD, particularly in relation to traits driven by elevated SERT activity and diminished 5-HT signaling.
Toxicity of an Fc-engineered anti-CD40 antibody is abrogated by intratumoral injection and results in durable antitumor immunity
Authors: Knorr David A. , Dahan Rony , Ravetch Jeffrey V.
Published: October 2018

Significance

Antibodies blocking inhibitory checkpoints on T cells have been a major advance in cancer treatment. However, agonistic antibodies have had less success due to toxicity concerns. Harnessing the knowledge that agonistic antibodies require the inhibitory Fc receptor (FcR), we engineered a CD40 antibody with improved in vivo activity. Because current models fail to recapitulate important dose-limiting toxicities in patients, we developed a mouse model carrying human CD40 and FcRs. This model mirrors human toxicities and allowed for the development of an in situ vaccination approach leading to durable tumor control. These results support the rational design of immune modulating antibodies as well as stress the importance, and possible reconsiderations needed, for optimal preclinical models allowing parallel efficacy and toxicity analyses.
Multilingualism and education in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Chimbutane Feliciano
Published: October 2018

The management of multilingualism has been a challenging issue around the world, in particular in post-colonial contexts whereby former colonial languages are usually associated with upward socioeconomic mobility while local languages are often linked with informal domains, thus assumed as low-status languages. This situation poses challenges to language-in-education planning, policy and practice. Among other things, education planners, teachers and parents are required to make choices between the attested relevance of first language based education and education in a second or foreign language, widely perceived as the best way to equip the students with the linguistic resources and skills that will allow them to compete in national and global markets. Despite some discursive and policy shift in sub-Saharan Africa, from a multilingualism-as-problem to multilingualism-as-resource orientation, monolingualism in education is still the norm. This chapter describes typical language constellations and assumptions in sub-Saharan Africa, discusses their implications in language-in-education policies and practices and how these policies and practices influence personal attitudes and social relations. The chapter is based on a critical examination of past and current language planning and policy processes in sub-Saharan Africa, as presented and discussed in different documents. The analytical perspective adopted in this study takes account of the fact that discursive orientations to multilingualism and actual practices are crucially shaped by historical and sociopolitical processes at local, national, regional and global levels. The main message of the chapter is that multilingualism should be viewed as a resource in education and in the wider society rather than a threat to successful education and social integration or cohesion.
Identity and investment in multilingual classrooms
Authors: Norton Bonny
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the trajectory of Bonny Norton’s research on identity and language learning, highlighting her construct of investment, developed as a sociological complement to the psychological construct of motivation (Norton 2013). An important focus of the chapter is the expanded 2015 model of identity and investment (Darvin & Norton 2015), which responds to the changing communicative landscape of an increasingly digital world, and locates investment at the intersection of identity, capital, and ideology. Norton exemplifies her theories with data drawn from her collaborative research on language learning in Uganda and Iran. She concludes that the challenge for language teachers internationally is to promote learner investment in the language and literacy practices of classrooms by increasing the range of identities available to language learners.
“One day a father and his son going fishing on the Lake.” – A study on the use of the progressive aspect of monolingual and bilingual learners of English
Authors: Lorenz Eliane
Published: October 2018

The development towards an ever more multilingual society has an influence on the awareness of (multiple) language acquisition, the need for mastering foreign languages and the fact that nowadays, school children within one class do not come from just one but a number of societies and have differing linguistic backgrounds. This study aims to present evidence that there is a difference in the performance of English between monolingual and bilingual learners. Additionally, as a minor sub-section, it calls attention to resulting consequences for language instruction in multilingual classrooms. The scope of the investigation is the progressive aspect: monolingual and bilingual 12 and 16-year-old school children wrote an English text based on a picture story. This corpus, together with social background information of the participants, is the basis of the analysis.
Learning English demonstrative pronouns on bilingual substrate
Authors: Siemund Peter , Schröter Stefanie , Rahbari Sharareh
Published: October 2018

An eminent question in current discussions of cross-linguistic transfer concerns the role of previously acquired languages for the learning and acquisition of subsequent languages. While for monolinguals learning a second language it seems obvious that all cross-linguistic influence must be traceable to the first language, the source of cross-linguistic influence is much harder to pin down in bilingual and multilingual constellations, as all previously acquired languages can in principle interact in the acquisition process of a further language. Which language is selected for cross-linguistic influence and under what conditions is a matter of much debate. The present study explores a sample of 172 learners of English as an additional language who had acquired German in combination with a heritage language (Russian, Turkish, Vietnamese) before they started to learn English. The students were 12 and 16 years old when they were recorded on the basis of picture stories, interviews, and questionnaires. The grammatical phenomenon we are interested in here concerns demonstrative pronouns, which function differently in the languages under consideration in the present context. We consider determinative and identificational uses of demonstratives, but also the subordinating function of the demonstrative that. Our results show important differences in the usage of demonstratives among the two different age groups and among the three heritage languages involved. We argue that these differences can be interpreted in different ways, cross-linguistic influence being one of them, though this is not necessarily the most important factor. Additional factors include academic performance, register differences (oral versus written), and the age of the students.
Why C-luckreally isa problem for compatibilism
Authors: Schoonover S. B. , Guajardo Ivan
Published: October 2018

Some philosophers have recently argued that luck at the time of decision is a problem for compatibilists and libertarians alike. But conceptual ambiguity regarding deterministic luck at the time of decision – henceforth C-luck – has obscured recognition of the problem C-luck poses to compatibilism. This paper clarifies C-luck and distinguishes it from present luck, showing that the former arises from contingent factors at the time of decision instead of presupposed free will requirements. We then argue that empirical findings confirm the existence of C-luck thereby raising a fundamental challenge to compatibilist accounts of moral responsibility.
Characterization of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) beta-defensin 1: implications for its role in inflammation control
Authors: Yang Kun , Hou Boren , Ren Fangfang , Zhou Hong , Zhao Taiqiang
Published: October 2018

Considering that fish grows in a complex aquatic environment, there is an increasing interest in fish β-defensins, which is an important group of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) β-defensin 1 (gcdefb1) was isolated using homology cloning technology. Tissue distribution assay showed that gcdefb1 transcripts were expressed with the highest levels in brain and liver, followed by some mucous tissues. To examine gcDefb1 bioactivities, the recombinant gcDefb1 proteins fused with thioredoxin tag protein (Trx) (Trx-Defb1) were induced for production in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami2(DE3)pLysS under optimal expression conditions. The antibacterial activity of Trx-Defb1 against Aeromonas hydrophila was assessed and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 36 μM. Interestingly, Trx-Defb1 significantly inhibited LPS-induced Tnf-α (gcTnf-α) secretion and nitric oxide production in grass carp head kidney monocytes/macrophages (HKM), although Trx-Defb1 alone had no effect. Our studies provide the first evidence of fish β-defensin 1 engaging in both antimicrobial and inflammation suppression process.
Levels of Reasons Why and Answers to Why Questions
Authors: Lawler Insa
Published: October 2018

According to Skow, correct answers to why questions cite only causes or grounds, but not nonaccidental regularities. Accounts that cite nonaccidental regularities typically confuse second-level reasons with first-level reasons. Only causes and grounds are first-level reasons why. Nonaccidental regularities are second-level reasons why. I first show that Skow’s arguments for the accusation of confusion depend on the independent thesis that only citations of first-level reasons why are (parts of) answers to why questions. Then I argue that this thesis is false. Consequently, the claim that correct answers to why questions cite only causes or grounds is refuted as well.
The Efficiency of the Countercurrent Blowdown in the Membrane-Sorption System with Three Adsorbers
Authors: Gurkin V N , Laguntsov N I , Skuridin I E , Tishin A A
Published: October 2018

Hybrid membrane-sorption systems are used to solve the problems of the gas mixtures separation, as air enrichment with oxygen or compressed air drying. Investigation of the waste flow of the PSA stage showed that the flow contains a significant amount of the target component. Thus, it is possible to increase the efficiency of the plant without additional energy costs by implementing a scheme, in which waste flow is used for expulsion. Considered scheme with the sorbent regeneration by the method of blowdown is applicable for various gas mixtures separation, in which it is necessary to separate out the low-sorption component. A demanded application of this scheme can be the solution of the air drying problem.
Multimodal network diffusion predicts future disease–gene–chemical associations
Authors: Lin Chih-Hsu , Konecki Daniel M , Liu Meng , Wilson Stephen J , Nassar Huda , Wilkins Angela D , Gleich David F , Lichtarge Olivier
Published: October 2018

Motivation

Precision medicine is an emerging field with hopes to improve patient treatment and reduce morbidity and mortality. To these ends, computational approaches have predicted associations among genes, chemicals and diseases. Such efforts, however, were often limited to using just some available association types. This lowers prediction coverage and, since prior evidence shows that integrating heterogeneous data is likely beneficial, it may limit accuracy. Therefore, we systematically tested whether using more association types improves prediction.

Results

We study multimodal networks linking diseases, genes and chemicals (drugs) by applying three diffusion algorithms and varying information content. Ten-fold cross-validation shows that these networks are internally consistent, both within and across association types. Also, diffusion methods recovered missing edges, even if all the edges from an entire mode of association were removed. This suggests that information is transferable between these association types. As a realistic validation, time-stamped experiments simulated the predictions of future associations based solely on information known prior to a given date. The results show that many future published results are predictable from current associations. Moreover, in most cases, using more association types increases prediction coverage without significantly decreasing sensitivity and specificity. In case studies, literature-supported validation shows that these predictions mimic human-formulated hypotheses. Overall, this study suggests that diffusion over a more comprehensive multimodal network will generate more useful hypotheses of associations among diseases, genes and chemicals, which may guide the development of precision therapies.

Availability and implementation

Code and data are available at https://github.com/LichtargeLab/multimodal-network-diffusion.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effect of impaired cardiac conduction after alcohol septal ablation on clinical outcomes: insights from the Euro-ASA registry
Authors: Jensen Morten Kvistholm , Faber Lothar , Liebregts Max , Januska Jaroslav , Krejci Jan , Bartel Thomas , Cooper Robert M , Dabrowski Maciej , Hansen Peter Riis , Almaas Vibeke Marie , Seggewiss Hubert , Horstkotte Dieter , Adlova Radka , Berg Jurriën ten , Bundgaard Henning , Veselka Josef
Published: October 2018

Aims

We analysed the impact of bundle branch block (BBB) and pacemaker (PM) implantation on symptoms and survival after alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Methods and results

Among 1416 HCM patients from the Euro-ASA registry, 58 (4%) patients had a PM and 64 (5%) patients had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) before ASA. At latest follow-up (5.0 ± 4.0 years) after ASA, 118 (8%) patients had an ICD and 229 (16%) patients had a PM. In patients without an implantable device prior to ASA 13% had a PM and 5% had an ICD implanted following ASA. New onset BBB was present in 44% (right BBB in 31%) of patients without previous BBB. At latest follow-up, we found no associations between BBB and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class 3–4 [odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63–1.51; P = 0.91] or Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) Class 3–4 (OR 1.5, CI 0.32–6.7; P = 0.62), respectively, and no associations between PM and NYHA Class 3–4 (OR 1.2, CI 0.70–2.0; P = 0.52) or CCS 3–4 (OR 1.3, CI 0.24–6.6; P = 0.79), respectively. The survival after ASA was not reduced in patients with BBB [hazard ratio (HR) 0.73, CI 0.53–1.01; P = 0.06] or PM (HR 0.78, CI 0.52–1.17; P = 0.24).

Conclusions

Development of BBB or need for a PM after ASA in patients with obstructive HCM was not associated with inferior symptomatic outcome or reduced survival, thus concerns for the negative impact of impaired cardiac conduction on the clinical outcome after ASA were not confirmed.
Activated platelets promote an osteogenic programme and the progression of calcific aortic valve stenosis
Authors: Bouchareb Rihab , Boulanger Marie-Chloé , Tastet Lionel , Mkannez Ghada , Nsaibia Mohamed J , Hadji Fayez , Dahou Abdellaziz , Messadeq Younes , Arsenault Benoit J , Pibarot Philippe , Bossé Yohan , Marette André , Mathieu Patrick
Published: October 2018

Aims

Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is characterized by a fibrocalcific process. Studies have shown an association between CAVS and the activation of platelets. It is believed that shear stress associated with CAVS promotes the activation of platelets. However, whether platelets actively participate to the mineralization of the aortic valve (AV) and the progression of CAVS is presently unknown. To identify the role of platelets into the pathobiology of CAVS.

Methods and results

Explanted control non-mineralized and mineralized AVs were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the presence of activated platelets. In-depth functional assays were carried out with isolated human valve interstitial cells (VICs) and platelets as well as in LDLR−/− apoB100/100 IGFII (IGFII) mice. Scanning electron microscope and immunogold markings for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) revealed the presence of platelet aggregates with fibrin in endothelium-denuded areas of CAVS. In isolated VICs, collagen-activated platelets induced an osteogenic programme. Platelet-derived adenosine diphosphate induced the release of autotaxin (ATX) by VICs. The binding of ATX to GPIIb/IIIa of platelets generated lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA) with pro-osteogenic properties. In IGFII mice with CAVS, platelet aggregates were found at the surface of AVs. Administration of activated platelets to IGFII mice accelerated the development of CAVS by 2.1-fold, whereas a treatment with Ki16425, an antagonist of LysoPA receptors, prevented platelet-induced mineralization of the AV and the progression of CAVS.

Conclusions

These findings suggest a novel role for platelets in the progression of CAVS.
Association Between Environmental Factors and Oral Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Loads: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study in China
Authors: He Yong-Qiao , Liao Xiao-Yu , Xue Wen-Qiong , Xu Ya-Fei , Xu Feng-Hua , Li Fang-Fang , Li Xi-Zhao , Zhang Jiang-Bo , Wang Tong-Min , Wang Fang , Yu Huan-Lin , Feng Qi-Sheng , Chen Li-Zhen , Cao Su-Mei , Liu Qing , Mu Jianbing , Jia Wei-Hua
Published: October 2018

Background

Oral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status reflects host EBV activity and potentially links to EBV-associated diseases, however, factors influencing oral EBV loads or reactivation, such as environmental exposures or host factors, are not fully understood.

Methods

A 2-stage, multicenter, cross-sectional study of 6558 subjects from 21 administrative cities of southern China and 3 populations from representative geographical areas in China (referred to as the south, north, and northeastern populations) was performed. The relationships between demographical factors and environmental exposures to EBV loads were analyzed by logistic regression models.

Results

Current smoking, with a dose-response effect, was found to be strongly associated with higher oral EBV loads in the pooled data, with an odds ratio of 1.58 (95% confidence interval, 1.39–1.79), as well as in each of the separate populations. The odds ratio increased to 3.06 when current smokers in southern China were compared to never smokers in northern China. Additionally, higher oral EBV loads tended to be detected in older participants, male participants, and participants in southern China.

Conclusions

This study provided evidence linking the effect of host-environmental factors, particularly smoking, to oral EBV activity. It could strengthen our understanding of the possible causal roles of EBV-related diseases, which may help to prevent or mitigate EBV-associated diseases.
Adverse Drug Reactions in Paediatric In-Patients in a South African Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Makiwane Memela , Decloedt Eric , Chirehwa Maxwell , Rosenkranz Bernd , Kruger Mariana
Published: October 2018

Background

The prevalence of adverse drug reaction (ADR) rates in children in sub-Saharan Africa is unknown.

Objectives

To describe the prevalence of ADRs in paediatric in-patients at a tertiary hospital in South Africa.

Methods

This is a prospective study during a 3-month study period. Data collected included age, sex, diagnosis, medicines received and ADRs experienced. Causality were assessed, using the 10-question Naranjo probability scale and classified according to the Hartwig severity scale.

Results

There were 61 ADRs in 18.4% (52 of 282) of patients. Median age of patients was 1.4 years (interquartile range: 0.5–5.3 years). ADR was the primary admission reason in 31%. The majority of the ADRs were moderate 45.9% (28 of 61), and only 11.5% severe (7 of 61). Paediatric oncology patients suffered significantly more ADRs (56.5%; 13 of 23) [odds ratio 7.3 (3.0–17.9), p < 0.01], followed by HIV-infected patients (42.9%; 9 of 21).

Conclusion

The prevalence of ADRs was 18.4%, while 31% was the reason for admission.
Secondary antibody deficiency in neurology
Authors: Tallantyre Emma C. , Robertson Neil P. , Jolles Stephen
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review

Induction of lymphocyte depletion is increasingly used as a therapeutic strategy for central and peripheral neuroinflammatory disease. However, there is also a growing recognition of the treatment-related complication of secondary antibody deficiency (SAD). Although the occurrence of hypogammaglobulinaemia is a recognized phenomenon during immunomodulation, robust data on the coexistence of impaired responses to immunization, and significant and/or atypical infections is scarce. Here we review the literature on SAD in anti-CD20 therapy.

Recent findings

Several factors that may increase the incidence of SAD have now been identified, including low levels of immunoglobulins prior to the commencement of B-cell ablation therapy, duration of maintenance therapy, and concurrent or prior use of other immunosuppressing agents such as cyclophosphamide and steroids. Measurement of disease-specific antibodies and vaccine response are likely to be helpful adjuncts to measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels during B-cell depleting therapy. Supportive treatment may include amending the treatment schedule to limit cumulative dose.

B-cell depleting agents offer considerable therapeutic benefit in neurology. We propose modifications in current practice that include risk stratification and early identification of SAD, with the aim of minimising morbidity and mortality related to this underappreciated condition.
Intraoperative Cone Beam Tomography and Navigation for Displaced Acetabular Fractures: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sebaaly Amer , Jouffroy Pomme , Emmanuel Moreau Pierre , Rodaix Camille , Riouallon Guillaume
Published: October 2018

Objectives:

To evaluate the accuracy of reduction of the acetabular articular surface using an intraoperative computed tomography scanner (O-Arm) and screw navigation compared with a classical open technique.

Design:

Prospective matched cohort study.

Setting:

Tertiary referral center.

Patients/Participants:

Adult patients with acute acetabular fractures were included in the study. All patients were treated by 2 senior surgeons using intraoperative imaging and screw navigation.

Main Outcome Measurements:

The primary outcome measure was articular reduction. Secondary outcomes were radiation dosage, operative variables [operative time, time for image acquisition, intraoperative bleeding (cell saver), number of surgical plates, and number of screws], and postoperative variables (first postoperative day pain on the visual analog scale, postoperative transfusion, and hemoglobin change). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Thirty-five patients were treated in the inclusion period (2016–2017) and were matched to 35 cases in our database (2013–2016). Mean age was 43 years, and the most common fracture type was a both-column fracture (OTA/AO type C). Postoperative image analysis showed that reduction was achieved in 87.1% of the cases in the O-Arm group versus 64.7% in the control group (P < 0.05). Mean gap of the articular fragments was 3.6 mm in the O-Arm group compared with 5.6 mm (P = 0.01) in the control group. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in regards to all other studied variables except a decrease in intraoperative blood loss and transfusions and an increase in surgical time with the O-Arm group. Finally, the total radiation dose was decreased using the intraoperative O-Arm compared with a routine postoperative computed tomography scan (dose length product in O-Arm: 498 mGy.cm; dose length product in historical group: 715 mGy.cm).

Conclusions:

Using intraoperative imaging and screw navigation for displaced acetabular fractures allow screw navigation with increasing articular surface reduction accuracy. Operative and anesthesia times were not increased, whereas radiation exposure to the patient was significantly decreased. We recommend the use of intraoperative imaging for the treatment of displaced acetabular fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Clinical significance of cerebroplacental ratio
Authors: Kalafat Erkan , Khalil Asma
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review

Two-thirds of the pregnancies complicated by stillbirth demonstrate growth restriction. Identification of the foetus at risk of growth restriction is essential to reduce the risk of stillbirth. The aim of this review is to critically appraise the current evidence regarding clinical utility of cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) in antenatal surveillance.

Recent findings

The CPR has emerged as an assessment tool for foetuses at increased risk of growth disorders. CPR is a better predictor of adverse events compared with middle-cerebral artery or umbilical artery Doppler alone. The predictive value of CPR for adverse perinatal outcomes is better for suspected small-for-gestational age foetuses compared with appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) foetuses. CPR could be useful for the risk stratification of small-for-gestational age foetuses to determine the timing of delivery and also to calculate the risk of intrapartum compromise or prolonged admission to the neonatal care unit. Although there are many proposed cut-offs for an abnormal CPR value, evidence is currently lacking to suggest the use of one cut-off over another. CPR appears to be associated with increased risk of intrapartum foetal compromise, abnormal growth velocity, and lower birthweight in AGA foetuses as well. Moreover, birthweight differences are better explained with CPR compared to other factors such as ethnicity. However, the role of CPR in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes such as acidosis or low Apgar scores in AGA foetuses is yet to be determined.

CPR appears to be a useful surrogate of suboptimal foetal growth and intrauterine hypoxia and it is associated with a variety of perinatal adverse events.
The patient perspective: perceptions of the quality of the abortion experience
Authors: Altshuler Anna L. , Whaley Natalie S.
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review

Abortion services are essential in sexual and reproductive health and should be held to the same standards as other health services. Patient (or person)-centeredness is a key dimension of healthcare quality that incorporates the perspectives of patients in care provision. The purpose of this review is to summarize studies published in the last year examining women's experiences with abortion care and to describe facilitators and barriers to person-centered care.

Recent findings

Considering person-centeredness in abortion care using dimensions of dignity, autonomy, privacy, communication, social support, supportive care and health facility environment allows for critical evaluation of data describing women's experiences with abortion and postabortion services. Review of the available literature shed light on the impact of social stigma, health policy and abortion restrictions on women's abortion experiences.

Considering multiple domains and varied settings, current data suggest abortion services worldwide generally fail to provide person-centered care. Institutions and providers may be limited in their ability to provide patient-centered abortion care because of deeply embedded social stigma, institutional regulations and legal restrictions.