bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTEGRATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIE IN CASE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IN AN INDUSTRIAL CONTEXT
Authors: Salehi Vahid
Published: August 2021

Currently, inconsistent software versions lead to massive challenges for many car manufacturers. This is partly because within the product lifecycle management and the software engineering process, there is no correct handling of software versions for the “data entry” (installation of software on the ECU) of the vehicles. Furthermore, there are currently major challenges for many vehicle manufacturers to ensure transparency, integrity and full traceability of SW data status vis-à-vis the legislator. To counteract these challenges, new solutions in the field of vehicle engineering are to be developed based on a new platform called “CarEngChainNet” and Blockchain technology. On the basis of the “CarEngChainNet” platform, new main and sub-chain chains will be developed that allow tamper-proof SW data management (Peer to Peer and crypto technology) across the entire PLM chain with new methods such as model-based systems engineering of the requirement, function and integration of the SW components in different areas of vehicle development. The aim is to develop new transmission chains of vehicles with individually packaged software artefacts (e.g. ECU software) that can be securely transmitted from server to server into the vehicle.
INVESTIGATING DRIVERS AND BARRIERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEMS IN CAPITAL GOODS MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
Authors: Sarancic David , Pigosso Daniela C. A. , McAloone Tim C.
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this paper is to showcase initial considerations taken in the process of Product-Service Systems (PSS) development in the capital goods manufacturing companies. The focus is on the identification of both generic drivers and barriers that typically present themselves. Drivers and barriers are classified and compared, with respect to developed dimensions that aim to encompass different aspects relevant to PSS development. The classification presented in this paper has promise when researching how to support companies that aspire to develop and implement PSS, both to invigorate internal motivation for change and to understand crucial obstacles that might arise in the process. Furthermore, a chain of discovered motives and challenges for PSS is discussed, in an attempt to relate and connect the general manufacturing industry to the capital goods manufacturing industry.
METHOD FOR UPGRADING A COMPONENT WITHIN REFURBISHMENT
Authors: Ganter Nicola Viktoria , Bode Behrend , Gembarski Paul Christoph , Lachmayer Roland
Published: August 2021

One of the arguments against an increased use of repair is that, due to the constantly growing progress, an often already outdated component would be restored. However, refurbishment also allows a component to be modified in order to upgrade it to the state of the art or to adapt it to changed requirements. Many existing approaches regarding Design for Upgradeability are based on a modular product architecture. In these approaches, however, only the upgradeability of a product is considered through the exchange of components. Nevertheless, the exchange and improvement of individual component regions within a refurbishment has already been successfully carried out using additive processes. In this paper, a general method is presented to support the reengineering process, which is necessary to refurbish and upgrade a damaged component. In order to identify which areas can be replaced in the closed system of a component, the systematics of the modular product architecture are used. This allows dependencies between functions and component regions to be identified. Thus, it possible to determine which functions can be integrated into the intended component.
MODEL-BASED DESIGN OF AM COMPONENTS TO ENABLE DECENTRALIZED DIGITAL MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
Authors: Borgue Olivia , Stavridis John , Vannucci Tomas , Stavropoulos Panagiotis , Bikas Harry , Di Falco Rosa , Nyborg Lars
Published: August 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a versatile technology that could add flexibility in manufacturing processes, whether implemented alone or along other technologies. This technology enables on-demand production and decentralized production networks, as production facilities can be located around the world to manufacture products closer to the final consumer (decentralized manufacturing). However, the wide adoption of additive manufacturing technologies is hindered by the lack of experience on its implementation, the lack of repeatability among different manufacturers and a lack of integrated production systems. The later, hinders the traceability and quality assurance of printed components and limits the understanding and data generation of the AM processes and parameters. In this article, a design strategy is proposed to integrate the different phases of the development process into a model-based design platform for decentralized manufacturing. This platform is aimed at facilitating data traceability and product repeatability among different AM machines. The strategy is illustrated with a case study where a car steering knuckle is manufactured in three different facilities in Sweden and Italy.
MODELLING DESIGN TRADE-OFFS USING A SET THEORY APPROACH: ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR NAVIGATING TRADE-OFF SITUATIONS
Authors: Nickel Jordan , Hurst Ada , Duimering P. Robert
Published: August 2021

This paper synthesizes concepts from the design creativity and design optimization literatures to develop a conceptual descriptive model of trade-off situations in design. Using a set theory approach, a model of the design space is expanded to formalize the description of trade-offs as Pareto frontiers on this space. The modelling of design process and human biases and limitations on the structure of these design spaces explores the perceptions designers form of these design spaces. The model presented describes how altering the framing and formulation of the design space can be used to alter or bypass the original Pareto frontiers of that space, allowing trade-offs to be navigated outside of the original limitations.
NOVICE DESIGNERS TACKLE AND REFLECT ON THEIR PROCESS USING THE DESIGNERLY ACTIVITY THEORY
Authors: Tessier Virginie , Zahedi Mithra
Published: August 2021

Schön used the metaphor of the swamp and mountain to express the divide between the problems tackled by practitioners and scientists. This research is concerned about the same persisting dilemma between design practice and design theory. In an attempt to discuss this dilemma, we propose to explore research through design (RtD) as a privileged approach where novice designers gain knowledge as practitioners and as researchers. Being aware that RtD approach has received criticisms regarding validity, bias and reliability, we put forward a set of theoretical tools allowing designers to simultaneously proceed with design activity and data gathering processes. To do so, the designerly activity theory framework was presented and explained to two novice designers. They were asked to use the theory's model during an internship project experience, to record their daily actions and later, to proceed with analysis of gathered data. Doing so, we gained a clearer interpretation of the impacts of using a theoretical model as a complement for research through design. We discuss the depth of the participants' reflections, the awareness to less noticeable components, and the enriched dialog between practice and theory.
PARAMETRIC MODELLING OF WEIGHT AND VOLUME EFFECTS IN BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES, WITH FOCUS ON THE GEARBOX
Authors: Nicoletti Lorenzo , Köhler Peter , König Adrian , Heinrich Maximilian , Lienkamp Markus
Published: August 2021

The modeling of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) still represents a challenge for vehicle manufacturers. The installation of the new types of components needed for BEVs gives rise to uncertainties in the quantification of parameters like the vehicle's weight. Indeed, vehicle weight plays a key role, since it has a drastic effect on the vehicle's range, which is an important selling point for BEVs. Uncertainties in weight estimation create weight fluctuations during the early development phase and the need to resize components like the electric machine or battery. This in turn affects the components' volume and weight. However, such resizing can also lead to component collision and unfeasibility of the vehicle architecture. To solve this problem and to support concept engineers during the early development phase, an iterative approach is required that is capable of estimating weight and volume fluctuations in the relevant components. The approach should also consider the geometrical interdependencies of the components, to ensure that no collisions occur between them. Taking the gearbox as an example application, this paper presents a novel approach that satisfies these requirements.
RESOLUTION OF SAFETY RELEVANT SECURITY THREATS IN THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DESIGN PHASE ON THE EXAMPLE OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Authors: Japs Sergej , Anacker Harald
Published: August 2021

Cyber-physical systems (CPS), like autonomous vehicles, are intelligent and networked. The development of such systems and its components requires interdisciplinary cooperation between different stakeholders. A lack of system understanding between stakeholders can lead to unidentified and unresolved security threats & safety hazards in early engineering phases, resulting in high costs in product development and potentially compromises compliance with the safety of CPS.

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) improves the system understanding between stakeholders by using models.

However, MBSE approaches only partially address security threats & safety hazards. In particular, their integrative consideration is not taken into account.

Established security & safety approaches are either only applicable to specific disciplines or only partially consider security threats & safety hazards.

In the context of this paper we present a method for the resolution of safety relevant security threats in the system architecture design phase using design patterns.

We illustrate our approach with the example of the automotive sector.

Finally, we present an evaluation of the method, based on an 8 week project with 67 master students.
APPROACH FOR THE AUTOMATED AND DATA-BASED DESIGN OF MECHANICAL JOINTS.
Authors: Zirngibl Christoph , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: August 2021

As a result of the increasing challenges in the field of lightweight constructions, the demand for efficient joining technologies is continuously rising. For this purpose, cold forming processes offer an environmental friendly and fast alternative to established joining methods (e.g. welding). However, to ensure a high reliability, not only the selection of an appropriate procedure, but also the dimensioning of the individual joint is essential. While product designers can rely on a wide range of design principles for thermal processes, the dimensioning and evaluation of mechanical joining processes is mainly based on expert knowledge and a few experimental tests. Although few studies already investigated the numerical analysis of mechanical joints, an approach for the sustainable and consistent optimization of the strength and reliability of joining connections for varying use-cases is not available yet. Motivated by this lack, this paper presents an approach for the automated transfer of information within the process chain and the data-based analysis of mechanical joints by using clinching as an example. Therefore, the CRISP-DM reference model is used for the systematic data mining.
ROBUST MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT WITH RESPECT TO USER-SCENARIO AND MANUFACTURING UNCERTAINTIES
Authors: Wolniak Philipp , Cramer Jakob , Lachmayer Roland
Published: August 2021

In product development, user-scenarios are a way of tailoring requirements to defined customer groups. Furthermore, a product design often involves multiple conflicting objectives that are analyzed within an iterative process. The models typically used for the analysis often do not accurately reflect the real-world representation. This can be alleviated by finding robust product designs. While usually uncertainties due to manufacturing tolerances are investigated, we additionally consider uncertainties in the user-scenario. Therefore, we present a robustness evaluation in a multi-objective numerical optimization in product development. For this, we consider manufacturing tolerances using an adjusted Latin Hypercube Sampling as well as deviations in the user-scenario by means of a Gaussian distribution. In the case study, we present the robust development of a customer specific coffee machine, where we show the robustness evaluation and the impact of the proposed adjustments. The advantage of the presented process is a product design tailored to the customer's requirements under specified uncertainties. In addition, this enables a time benefit in the product development due to the automated analysis used in the optimization.
SEMANTIC NETWORKS FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN: A SURVEY
Authors: Han Ji , Sarica Serhad , Shi Feng , Luo Jianxi
Published: August 2021

There have been growing uses of semantic networks in the past decade, such as leveraging large-scale pre-trained graph knowledge databases for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks in engineering design research. Therefore, the paper provides a survey of the research that has employed semantic networks in the engineering design research community. The survey reveals that engineering design researchers have primarily relied on WordNet, ConceptNet, and other common-sense semantic network databases trained on non-engineering data sources to develop methods or tools for engineering design. Meanwhile, there are emerging efforts to mine large scale technical publication and patent databases to construct engineering-contextualized semantic network databases, e.g., B-Link and TechNet, to support NLP in engineering design. On this basis, we recommend future research directions for the construction and applications of engineering-related semantic networks in engineering design research and practice.
SERVICE CREATION FOR RE-NORMALISING ESSENTIAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT: A PREVENTION BASED DIGITAL TECH APPROACH
Authors: Maurya Santosh , Shin Tezuka , Watanabe Kentaro , Nakagoe Hiroshi
Published: August 2021

This research investigates service creation in/after effect of coronavirus pandemic targeting the essential business environment. It follows prevention through design approach to facilitate business owners to maintain their business environments at low COVID contraction risks, for both customers and staff. The effectiveness of recommended prevention practices (like social distancing and hand-sanitising) is uncertain at public workplaces, simply due to inevitable workers and customers interactions. Such uncertainty, especially in cases of retail stores and hospitals, raises a need for the design of services and support systems for common/necessary public business activities to reduce the burden on people involved. This research investigates the risk-related metrics to realise such digital services, focussing on three types: congestion at the work environment, disinfection of store area/objects, and sanitisation of people and staffs involved. Based on this, a digital technology-based service COVSAFE was created and tested through a proof-of-concept implementation for a supermarket business environment. This implementation and its evaluations highlight the bottlenecks/challenges for realising this system in everyday scenarios.
SUPPORTING HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN IN PSYCHOLOGICALLY DISTANT PROBLEM DOMAINS: THE DESIGN FOR CYBERSECURITY CARDS
Authors: Rao Vivek , Moore George , Jung Hyun Jie , Kim Euiyoung , Agogino Alice , Goucher-Lambert Kosa
Published: August 2021

Increasingly digital products and services make cybersecurity a crucial issue for designers. However, human-centered designers struggle to consider it in their work, partially a consequence of the high psychological distance between designers and cybersecurity. In this work, we build on the Design for Cybersecurity (DfC) Cards, an intervention to help designers consider cybersecurity, and examine a project-based design course to understand how and why specific DfC cards were used. Three findings result. First, designers found the intervention useful across all design phases and activities. Second, the cards helped design teams refocus their attention on the problem domain and project outcome. Third, we identify a need for support in framing and converging during user research, opportunity identification, and prototyping. We argue that the psychological distance between designers and the problem space of cybersecurity partially explains these findings, and ultimately exacerbates existing challenges in the design process. These findings suggest that design interventions must consider the psychological distance between designer and problem space, and have application in design practice across many complex problem domains.
BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF IMPLEMENTING DESIGN THINKING IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF A BUSINESS TO BUSINESS COMPANY
Authors: Ramanujam Harshavardhan , Ravichandran Balachandar , Nilsson Susanne , Ivansen Lars
Published: August 2021

Customer centricity is described as placing value creation for customers at the core of business decisions and organizational practices and is progressively regarded as a foundation of sustainable competitive advantage by companies. Hence in recent years, there is a shift from companies being product-centric to them adapting customer-centric practices as a practice to create balanced and sustainable businesses. Although there are several methods and processes that can help companies become customer-centric; Design Thinking (DT) is championed by many practitioners and academics alike as being effective in introducing customer-centricity in organizations. Despite being a highly researched topic in the last decade, the bulk of the research is focused on success stories or one-off cases of using design thinking in Business to Customer (B2C) environments. This paper is based on a qualitative study performed at a high-tech Swedish electronics company and focuses on highlighting the barriers and opportunities of adapting DT in Business to Business (B2B) companies with established product development processes. The barriers we identified can help companies to address the impediments and will make the DT implementation easier for companies
THE INFLUENCE OF DESIGN BRIEF INFORMATION ON CREATIVE OUTCOMES BY NOVICE AND ADVANCED STUDENTS
Authors: Koronis Georgios , Casakin Hernan , Silva Arlindo , Kang Jacob Kai Siang
Published: August 2021

This study centers on using different types of brief information to support creative outcomes in architectural and engineering design and its relation to design expertise. We explore the influence of design briefs characterized by abstract representations and/or instructions to frame design problems on the creativity of concept sketches produced by novice and advanced students. Abstract representations of problem requirements served as stimuli to encourage associative thinking and knowledge transfer. The Ishikawa/Fishbone Diagram was used to foster design restructuring and to modify viewpoints about the main design drives and goals. The design outcomes generated by novice and advanced engineering/architecture students were assessed for their creativity using a pairwise experimental design. Results indicated that advanced students generated more novel design solutions while also contributing the most useful solutions overall. Implications for creativity in design education and professional practice are presented. Educational programs aimed at promoting creativity in the design studio may find it helpful to consider that the way design briefs are constructed can either promote or inhibit different aspects of design creativity.
VALUE ANALYSIS TO IMPROVE SYSTEM ARCHITECTING
Authors: Lalevée Alexis , Troussier Nadège , Blanco Eric , Chakroun Mahmoud
Published: August 2021

Value Analysis (VA) is a collaborative method that could be used to make a decision in the early phase of complex projects. In this framework, Stakeholders are involved into the process of decisionmaking and project success is facilitated. Systeme Architechting (SA) is a set of processes used for the conceptual phase of the design of complex systems while System Engineering (SE) is the set of processes used for the design phase of the system. In complex projects, Stakeholders are multiple and carry specific technical, social and environmental expectations that define their perceived Value of the project. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that VA and SA are two complementary approaches to collect and analyse Stakeholder needs in a complex project. The article presents an analysis of the literature review on VA and SA / SE. Based on this analysis, an illustration case is proposed to show how to integrate VA into SA to understand the needs of Stakeholders. The article concludes that the two methods VA and SA can be combined to analyze and would allow following several dimensions of Value (economic, social and environmental) within a complex project.
WHAT CAN BE LEARNT FROM 130 CHILDREN'S DREAM WHEELCHAIR DESIGNS? ELICITING CHILD-CENTRED INSIGHTS USING AN INTERDISCIPLINARY DESIGN ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK
Authors: O'Sullivan Cara , Nickpour Farnaz , Bernardi Francesca
Published: August 2021

The design of inclusive paediatric mobility (IPM) interventions, such as children's wheelchairs, are entangled with technological, health and social considerations. As narratives around childhood, disability and mobility shift and transform, these entanglements evolve. In order to optimise the experience of childhood mobility, IPM designers must understand and respond to such changes and channel children's own requirements, desires and 'dreams' into the design process; this can be achieved by utilising a child-centred design approach. This paper identifies meaningful child-centred IPM design insights and opportunities through the interdisciplinary analysis of 130 dream wheelchair designs by disabled children, aged 4 to 17 years. A novel interdisciplinary and child-centred design analysis framework is developed to dissect, categorise and code the topics and features expressed through visuals and written descriptions in each of the children's dream wheelchair designs. Children's mobility narratives, desires and requirements are elicited and trending topics are discussed. It is proposed that valuing children's voices in the IPM design process could alter both the process of designing IPM interventions as well as the product outcomes.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAPPING OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ISSUES THAT CAN BE MANAGED DURING THE DESIGN PROCESS - APPLICATION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Authors: Capomaccio Anne-Laure , Reyes Carrillo Tatiana , Garcia Julien
Published: August 2021

Sustainability is a key issue for manufacturing companies, which detail in their annual corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports how they plan to operationalise the seventeen sustainable development goals set by the United Nations in 2016. Design is deemed particularly relevant to integrate sustainability issues, and many design for sustainability (DFS) approaches have developed since the 1980s. However, the lack of understanding of the relationship between CSR and design prevents DFS approaches from enabling sustainability issues to be integrated in the design process in a relevant manner with the CSR strategy of a company. Consequently, we developed a mapping methodology in order to provide a better understanding of the CSR-design relationship. This mapping methodology consists in (1) identifying the relevant CSR goals that can be managed during the design process, (2) gathering information about the links between these CSR goals and the design process through semi-structured interviews, and (3) building a map representing these links. We started to apply our mapping methodology in an application case in the automotive industry. The first results of this application are presented in this article.
CONTROL OF A DRONE WITH BODY GESTURES
Authors: Gio Nicolas , Brisco Ross , Vuletic Tijana
Published: August 2021

Drones are becoming more popular within military applications and civil aviation by hobbyists and business. Achieving a natural Human-Drone Interaction (HDI) would enable unskilled drone pilots to take part in the flying of these devices and more generally easy the use of drones. The research within this paper focuses on the design and development of a Natural User Interface (NUI) allowing a user to pilot a drone with body gestures. A Microsoft Kinect was used to capture the user’s body information which was processed by a motion recognition algorithm and converted into commands for the drone. The implementation of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) gives feedback to the user. Visual feedback from the drone’s onboard camera is provided on a screen and an interactive menu controlled by body gestures and allowing the choice of functionalities such as photo and video capture or take-off and landing has been implemented. This research resulted in an efficient and functional system, more instinctive, natural, immersive and fun than piloting using a physical controller, including innovative aspects such as the implementation of additional functionalities to the drone's piloting and control of the flight speed.
CORRELATING DESIGN PERFORMANCE TO EEG ACTIVATION: EARLY EVIDENCE FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Authors: Li Shumin , Becattini Niccolò , Cascini Gaetano
Published: August 2021

This paper presents an EEG (Electroencephalography) study that explores correlations between the neurophysiological activations, the nature of the design task and its outputs. We propose an experimental protocol that covers several design-related tasks: including fundamental activities (e.g. idea generation and problem-solving) as well as more comprehensive task requiring the complex higher-level reasoning of designing. We clustered the collected data according to the characteristics of the design outcome and measured EEG alpha band activation during elementary and higher-level design task, whereas just the former yielded statistically significant different behaviour in the left frontal and occipital area. We also found a significant correlation between the ratings for elementary sketching task outcomes and EEG activation at the higher-level design task. These results suggested that EEG activation enables distinguishing groups according to their performance only for elementary tasks. However, this also suggests a potential application of EEG data on the elementary tasks to distinguish the designers' brain response during higher-level of design task.
CURRENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF PRODUCT MODULARISATION – A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Mertens Kai G. , Rennpferdt Christoph , Greve Erik , Krause Dieter , Meyer Matthias
Published: August 2021

Product modularisation continuously draws attention of scholars and practitioners since it supports organizations and industries to sustain in high product and service variety at reasonable costs and greater flexibility. This paper aims at revealing current trends and developments in the field of product modularisation by identifying the intellectual structure using a bibliometric review. Our sample accrues 1,366 publications from 2016 up to 2020 across disciplines while using bibliometric coupling composes a network. Analysing the network on similarities, we can not only find clusters of servitisation, closed-loop supply chains, and platform collaboration, because we also identify three trends of digital innovation, sustainability, and platform eco-systems. An analysis of authors currently indicates less integrated communities, which do not entirely refer to each other despite the similarity in their research. Collectively, the study suggests a timely update of current scholar activities and discussions in the field of product modularisation.
DECISION QUALITY IN COMPLEX PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: REFLECTIONS ON A CASE STUDY
Authors: Siyam Ghadir , Salgueiro Mariely , Kennedy John
Published: August 2021

Conceptual design projects are increasingly known as an intense decision-making process. Much of the decision-making is comparing the degree of preference between choices. In the complex projects of the upstream business of oil and gas, good decisions are crucial for success. Decisions are typically made within a dynamic environment, wide range of uncertainty, and have to account for the asset life cycle. This paper reflects on the application of the decision quality framework with a focus on decision modelling. Using an industrial example, a systematic approach to visualise and improve decision making process is proposed. The approach applies a Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and Decision Quality frameworks and identified opportunities for future research.
Acoustic speech markers for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a diagnostic and symptom-recognition tool
Authors: de Boer J. N. , Voppel A. E. , Brederoo S. G. , Schnack H. G. , Truong K. P. , Wijnen F. N. K. , Sommer I. E. C.
Published: August 2021

Background

Clinicians routinely use impressions of speech as an element of mental status examination. In schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, descriptions of speech are used to assess the severity of psychotic symptoms. In the current study, we assessed the diagnostic value of acoustic speech parameters in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, as well as its value in recognizing positive and negative symptoms.

Methods

Speech was obtained from 142 patients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and 142 matched controls during a semi-structured interview on neutral topics. Patients were categorized as having predominantly positive or negative symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Acoustic parameters were extracted with OpenSMILE, employing the extended Geneva Acoustic Minimalistic Parameter Set, which includes standardized analyses of pitch (F0), speech quality and pauses. Speech parameters were fed into a random forest algorithm with leave-ten-out cross-validation to assess their value for a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis, and PANSS subtype recognition.

Results

The machine-learning speech classifier attained an accuracy of 86.2% in classifying patients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and controls on speech parameters alone. Patients with predominantly positive v. negative symptoms could be classified with an accuracy of 74.2%.

Conclusions

Our results show that automatically extracted speech parameters can be used to accurately classify patients with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder and healthy controls, as well as differentiate between patients with predominantly positive v. negatives symptoms. Thus, the field of speech technology has provided a standardized, powerful tool that has high potential for clinical applications in diagnosis and differentiation, given its ease of comparison and replication across samples.
Termite transects from Buton Island, Sulawesi, have a low diversity compared with Sundaland sites
Authors: Hasan F. , Jones D. T. , Syaukani S. , Eggleton P.
Published: August 2021

We used a standardised transect method to compare lowland forest termite assemblages in Buton Island, Sulawesi, with transects in Sundaland. The four Buton transects were extremely depauperate with species density ranging from 1 to 6 species, which is around 10% of the species density in 11 described Sundaland transects. Soil-feeding species were absent from the Buton transects but represent some 43% of species in the Sundaland transects. The Buton transects have relatively high soil pH (6.7–7.9), which may be associated with depauperate termite assemblages. Most termite genera recorded in Sulawesi are wood nesters that can raft in floating wood, which is probably how they arrived in Sulawesi. The Macrotermitinae (fungus-growers) do not raft and probably flew across serendipitously. Geographic isolation, both on Buton and in Sulawesi more generally, and Buton’s underlying geology causing high soil pH, may account for the near-absence of soil-nesters and soil-feeders, none of which are known to raft.
Niche partitioning between hummingbirds and well-matched flowers is independent of hummingbird traits
Authors: Bueno Raquel de Oliveira , Zanata Thais Bastos , Varassin Isabela Galarda
Published: August 2021

Among nectarivorous birds, the highest niche partitioning occurs between hummingbirds and plants. Although hummingbirds tend to visit morphologically well-matched resources, as ornithophilous species, they can also visit flowers with other traits. Here, we investigated whether the niche partitioning in hummingbird-plant interactions is also observed with ornithophilous species only. We also explored if hummingbird traits predicted resources use. We recorded a plant-ornithophilous species network in a semi-deciduous forest in Brazil. We quantified interaction partitioning through network connectance, complementary specialisation, and modularity. The influence of hummingbirds’ traits into their visits was investigated through methods of functional ecology and ecological networks. We recorded 948 interactions between nine hummingbirds and seven ornithophilous plants. We detected similar patterns of niche partitioning between hummingbirds and ornithophilous plants in comparison to networks considering the entire plant community. However, hummingbird species with the most specialised interactions are different from those when the whole system is evaluated. Therefore, we cannot downscale the patterns from one scale to the other. The pattern of interaction with ornithophilous plants was not related to hummingbirds’ traits. Therefore, the coexistence of species with shared traits might be occurring through facilitative and competitive processes, leading to trait mismatching and maintaining niche partitioning among ornithophilous plants.
Numerical homogenization beyond scale separation
Authors: Altmann Robert , Henning Patrick , Peterseim Daniel
Published: August 2021

Numerical homogenization is a methodology for the computational solution of multiscale partial differential equations. It aims at reducing complex large-scale problems to simplified numerical models valid on some target scale of interest, thereby accounting for the impact of features on smaller scales that are otherwise not resolved. While constructive approaches in the mathematical theory of homogenization are restricted to problems with a clear scale separation, modern numerical homogenization methods can accurately handle problems with a continuum of scales. This paper reviews such approaches embedded in a historical context and provides a unified variational framework for their design and numerical analysis. Apart from prototypical elliptic model problems, the class of partial differential equations covered here includes wave scattering in heterogeneous media and serves as a template for more general multi-physics problems.
Optimal transportation, modelling and numerical simulation
Authors: Benamou Jean-David
Published: August 2021

We present an overviewof the basic theory, modern optimal transportation extensions and recent algorithmic advances. Selected modelling and numerical applications illustrate the impact of optimal transportation in numerical analysis.
Barriers and facilitators to participant adherence of dietary recommendations within comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation programmes: a systematic review
Authors: Vanzella Lais Manata , Rouse Veronica , Ajwani Fatim , Deilami Niloufar , Pokosh Maureen , Oh Paul , Ghisi Gabriela Lima de Melo
Published: August 2021

Objective:

To identify individual-, provider- and system/environmental-level barriers and facilitators affecting cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participants’ adherence to dietary recommendations.

Design:

A systematic review of the medical literature was conducted. Six databases were searched from inception through March 2021: APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Embase, Emcare, Medline and PubMed. Only those studies referring to barriers and facilitators reported by CR participants were considered. Pilot and case report studies, non-peer-reviewed literature and studies published in a language other than English, Portuguese or Spanish were excluded.

Results:

Data were extracted and analysed on the basis of individual-, provider- and system/environmental-level factors. Of 2083 initial citations, sixteen studies were included, with nine being qualitative and seven observational in design. From these, ten multi-level barriers and seven multi-level facilitators were identified. Dietary recommendations included developing healthy eating habits, transitioning to vegetarian-rich diets and increasing fish oil and n-3 intake. Only one study reported on all of the nutrition education programme factors recommended by the Workgroup for Intervention Development and Evaluation Research.

Conclusion:

To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to summarise specific barriers and facilitators to recommendation adherence among CR participants. Few of the studies offered any conclusions regarding programme design that could facilitate improved dietary adherence practices. Future studies should aim to explore patient perspectives on the nutritional patterns and recommendations outlined in the Mediterranean Diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet, Vegetarian or Vegan diets and the Portfolio Diet.
Tomayto, Tomahto?
Authors: Ebert Thea , Bipp Tanja
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Although job crafting finds widespread application as a leading approach to bottom-up work design, the foundation of the construct is rather shaky: two different theoretical perspectives exist within the research field that have largely been treated separately. An empirical examination of their congruency is missing so far, threatening construct validity, the informative value of the emerging literature, and comparability of effects in practice. In two studies, we investigated the comparability and possible integrative approaches for the two perspectives, including different versions of existing measurement instruments. Our results, based on two large samples of employees stemming from diverse backgrounds and countries ( N1 = 295, N2 = 557), indicate distinct differences in terms of the internal structure of existing job crafting measures and with regard to theoretically anticipated relationships between subdimensions. A first empirical attempt to integrate both perspectives provided promising results for overarching approach/avoidance as well as targets of crafting factors. In general, our results provide cause for concern that the two perspectives should not be regarded as one uniform construct, nor should they be used interchangeably in theory or practice.
Integrating Discharge‐Concentration Dynamics Across Carbon Forms in a Boreal Landscape
Authors: Gómez‐Gener Lluís , Hotchkiss Erin R. , Laudon Hjalmar , Sponseller Ryan A.
Published: August 2021

The flux of terrestrial carbon across land‐water boundaries influences the overall carbon balance of landscapes and the ecology and biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems. The local consequences and broader fate of carbon delivered to streams is determined by the overall composition of carbon inputs, including the balance of organic and inorganic forms. Yet, our understanding of how hydrologic fluxes across different land‐water interfaces regulate carbon supply remains poor. We used 7 years of data from three boreal catchments to test how different land‐water interfaces (i.e., forest, wetland, and lake) modulate concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane, as well as the balance among forms (e.g., DOC:CO2). Seasonal patterns in concentrations and C‐Q relationships for individual carbon forms differed across catchments. DOC varied between chemostasis and transport limitation in the forest catchment, between supply limitation and chemostasis in the wetland catchment, and was persistently chemostatic in the lake outlet stream. Carbon gases were supply limited overall, but exhibited chemostasis or transport limitation in the forest and wetland catchments linked to elevated flow in summer and autumn. Unique C‐Q relationships for individual forms reflected the properties of different interfaces and underpinned changes in the composition of lateral carbon supply. Accordingly, DOC dominated the carbon flux during snowmelt, whereas gas evasion increased in relative importance during other times of the year. Integrating the C‐Q dynamics of individual carbon forms provides insight into the shifting composition of lateral export, and thus helps to predict how hydrologic changes may alter the fate of carbon supplied to streams.
Stratospheric Ozone and Climate Forcing Sensitivity to Cruise Altitudes for Fleets of Potential Supersonic Transport Aircraft
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wuebbles Donald , Kinnison Douglas , Baughcum Steven L.
Published: August 2021

The possibility of commercial and business supersonic aircraft that fly in the lower stratosphere is being discussed and specific designs are under consideration. Emissions from supersonic transports have raised crucial environmental concerns regarding ozone and climate. The atmospheric response is sensitive to a range of factors regarding aircraft types, designs, and deployment parameters. This study conducts a series of sensitivity experiments of possible future cruise altitudes to evaluate the potential atmospheric response for a fleet of supersonic aircraft assumed to be fully operational in 2050. Cruise emissions in the sensitivity studies were varied in 2 km bands over the 13–23 km altitude range. We show that the supersonic aircraft can induce both ozone increase and decrease depending on altitude primarily as a result of emissions of nitrogen oxides, and the changes in total column ozone depend on the cruise altitude. The total column ozone change is shown to have a small increase flying from 13 to 17 km, with the ozone impact not very dependent on cruise altitude. As cruise altitude transitions from 17 to 23 km, the ozone impact transitions from production to depletion and the column ozone depletion strongly depends on cruise altitude. We also explore the seasonal ozone loss, changes in ozone, and climate radiative forcing per unit of fuel burn as a function of cruise altitude. The climate impact of water vapor emissions shows a larger effect associated with higher cruise altitude, with more than 1 mW m−2 Tg−1 yr for cruise altitudes above 19 km.
Stress-related emotional and behavioural impact following the first COVID-19 outbreak peak
Authors: Benjamin Asaf , Kuperman Yael , Eren Noa , Rotkopf Ron , Amitai Maya , Rossman Hagai , Shilo Smadar , Meir Tomer , Keshet Ayya , Nuttman-Shwartz Orit , Segal Eran , Chen Alon
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic poses multiple psychologically stressful challenges and is associated with an increased risk for mental illness. Previous studies have focused on the psychopathological symptoms associated with the outbreak peak. Here, we examined the behavioural and mental-health impact of the pandemic in Israel using an online survey, during the six weeks encompassing the end of the first outbreak and the beginning of the second. We used clinically validated instruments to assess anxiety- and depression-related emotional distress, symptoms, and coping strategies, as well as questions designed to specifically assess COVID-19-related concerns. Higher emotional burden was associated with being female, younger, unemployed, living in high socioeconomic status localities, having prior medical conditions, encountering more people, and experiencing physiological symptoms. Our findings highlight the environmental context and its importance in understanding individual ability to cope with the long-term stressful challenges of the pandemic.
Marked progress in AL amyloidosis survival: a 40-year longitudinal natural history study
Authors: Staron Andrew , Zheng Luke , Doros Gheorghe , Connors Lawreen H. , Mendelson Lisa M. , Joshi Tracy , Sanchorawala Vaishali
Published: August 2021

The recent decades have ushered in considerable advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis. As disease outcomes improve, AL amyloidosis-unrelated factors may impact mortality. In this study, we evaluated survival trends and primary causes of death among 2337 individuals with AL amyloidosis referred to the Boston University Amyloidosis Center. Outcomes were analyzed according to date of diagnosis: 1980-1989 (era 1), 1990-1999 (era 2), 2000-2009 (era 3), and 2010-2019 (era 4). Overall survival increased steadily with median values of 1.4, 2.6, 3.3, and 4.6 years for eras 1–4, respectively (P < 0.001). Six-month mortality decreased over time from 23% to 13%. Wide gaps in survival persisted amid patient subgroups; those with age at diagnosis ≥70 years had marginal improvements over time. Most deaths were attributable to disease-related factors, with cardiac failure (32%) and sudden unexpected death (23%) being the leading causes. AL amyloidosis-unrelated mortality increased across eras (from 3% to 16% of deaths) and with longer-term survival (29% of deaths occurring >10 years after diagnosis). Under changing standards of care, survival improved and early mortality declined over the last 40 years. These findings support a more optimistic outlook for patients with AL amyloidosis.
Global upper-atmospheric heating on Jupiter by the polar aurorae
Authors: O’Donoghue J. , Moore L. , Bhakyapaibul T. , Melin H. , Stallard T. , Connerney J. E. P. , Tao C.
Published: August 2021

Jupiter’s upper atmosphere is considerably hotter than expected from the amount of sunlight that it receives1–3. Processes that couple the magnetosphere to the atmosphere give rise to intense auroral emissions and enormous deposition of energy in the magnetic polar regions, so it has been presumed that redistribution of this energy could heat the rest of the planet4–6. Instead, most thermospheric global circulation models demonstrate that auroral energy is trapped at high latitudes by the strong winds on this rapidly rotating planet3,5,7–10. Consequently, other possible heat sources have continued to be studied, such as heating by gravity waves and acoustic waves emanating from the lower atmosphere2,11–13. Each mechanism would imprint a unique signature on the global Jovian temperature gradients, thus revealing the dominant heat source, but a lack of planet-wide, high-resolution data has meant that these gradients have not been determined. Here we report infrared spectroscopy of Jupiter with a spatial resolution of 2 degrees in longitude and latitude, extending from pole to equator. We find that temperatures decrease steadily from the auroral polar regions to the equator. Furthermore, during a period of enhanced activity possibly driven by a solar wind compression, a high-temperature planetary-scale structure was observed that may be propagating from the aurora. These observations indicate that Jupiter’s upper atmosphere is predominantly heated by the redistribution of auroral energy.