bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Wall Thickness and Saccular Geometry on the Computational Wall Stress of Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Shang Eric K. , Nathan Derek P. , Sprinkle Shanna R. , Fairman Ronald M. , Bavaria Joseph E. , Gorman Robert C. , Gorman Joseph H. , Jackson Benjamin M.
Published: September 2013

Background—

Wall stress calculated using finite element analysis has been used to predict rupture risk of aortic aneurysms. Prior models often assume uniform aortic wall thickness and fusiform geometry. We examined the effects of including local wall thickness, intraluminal thrombus, calcifications, and saccular geometry on peak wall stress (PWS) in finite element analysis of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms.

Methods and Results—

Computed tomographic angiography of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (n=10 total, 5 fusiform and 5 saccular) underwent 3-dimensional reconstruction with custom algorithms. For each aneurysm, an initial model was constructed with uniform wall thickness. Experimental models explored the addition of variable wall thickness, calcifications, and intraluminal thrombus. Each model was loaded with 120 mm Hg pressure, and von Mises PWS was computed. The mean PWS of uniform wall thickness models was 410±111 kPa. The imposition of variable wall thickness increased PWS (481±126 kPa,
P
<0.001). Although the addition of calcifications was not statistically significant (506±126 kPa,
P
=0.07), the addition of intraluminal thrombus to variable wall thickness (359±86 kPa,
P
≤0.001) reduced PWS. A final model incorporating all features also reduced PWS (368±88 kPa,
P
<0.001). Saccular geometry did not increase diameter-normalized stress in the final model (77±7 versus 67±12 kPa/cm,
P
=0.22).

Conclusions—

Incorporation of local wall thickness can significantly increase PWS in finite element analysis models of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Incorporating variable wall thickness, intraluminal thrombus, and calcifications significantly impacts computed PWS of thoracic aneurysms; sophisticated models may, therefore, be more accurate in assessing rupture risk. Saccular aneurysms did not demonstrate a significantly higher normalized PWS than fusiform aneurysms.
KLF4 Regulates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Morphology and Deletion Attenuates Aneurysm Formation
Authors: Salmon Morgan , Johnston William F. , Woo Andrew , Pope Nicolas H. , Su Gang , Upchurch Gilbert R. , Owens Gary K. , Ailawadi Gorav
Published: September 2013

Background—

KLF4 mediates inflammatory responses after vascular injury/disease; however, the role of KLF4 in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) remains unknown. The goals of the present study were to (1) determine the role of KLF4 in experimental AAA; and (2) determine the effect of KLF4 on smooth muscle (SM) cells in AAAs.

Methods and Results—

KLF4 expression progressively increased at days 3, 7, and 14 after aortic elastase perfusion in C57BL/6 mice. Separately, loss of a KLF4 allele conferred AAA protection using ERTCre+ KLF4 flx/wt mice in the elastase AAA model. In a third set of experiments, SM-specific loss of 1 and 2 KLF4 alleles resulted in progressively greater protection using novel transgenic mice (MYHCre+ flx/flx, flx/wt, and wt/wt) in the elastase AAA model compared with control. Elastin degradation, MAC2, and cytokine production (MCP1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-23) were significantly attenuated, whereas α-actin staining was increased in KLF4 knockout mice versus controls. Results were verified in global KLF4 and SM-specific knockout mice using an angiotensin II model of aneurysm formation. KLF4 inhibition with siRNA attenuated downregulation of SM gene expression in vitro, whereas in vivo studies demonstrated that KLF4 binds to promoters of SM genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Finally, human aortic aneurysms demonstrated significantly higher KLF4 expression that was localized to SM cells.

Conclusions—

KLF4 plays a critical role in aortic aneurysm formation via effects on SM cells. These results suggest that KLF4 regulates SM cell phenotypic switching and could be a potential therapeutic target for AAA disease.
Correlates of Saphenous Vein Graft Hyperplasia and Occlusion 1 Year After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Une Dai , Kulik Alexander , Voisine Pierre , Le May Michel , Ruel Marc
Published: September 2013

Background—

Intimal hyperplasia of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) can lead to subsequent graft atherosclerosis and occlusion after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study examined whether patient characteristics, anatomic factors, and medications are associated with SVG intimal hyperplasia and occlusion after CABG.

Methods and Results—

We performed a post hoc analysis of the Clopidogrel After Surgery for Coronary Artery Disease (CASCADE) trial, where 322 grafts were assessed by angiography and 90 grafts were examined by intravascular ultrasound at 1 year after CABG. We assessed the following correlates for intimal hyperplasia and occlusion: patient characteristics, discharge medications, target vessel characteristics, and SVG diameter. At 1 year, the SVG mean intimal area was 4.3±2.1 mm
2
, and the occlusion rate was 6.2% (13/209). Independent correlates of hyperplasia were larger SVG diameter (1.9±0.2 mm
2
/mm;
P
<0.001), hypertension (0.7±0.3 mm
2
;
P
=0.03), and grafting to the right coronary territory (0.6±0.3 mm
2
;
P
=0.03), whereas statin (−0.8±0.3 mm
2
;
P
=0.01) and β-blocker use (−1.0±0.4 mm
2
;
P
=0.03) were associated with less hyperplasia. Low target vessel quality was an independent correlate of SVG occlusion (odds ratio, 5.2±3.1;
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

Hypertension, SVG diameter, grafting to the right coronary artery, and low quality of the target vessel correlate with the development of SVG hyperplasia or occlusion by 1 year after CABG, whereas β-blockers and statins are associated with less SVG disease. These new findings further our understanding of SVG remodeling after bypass surgery and may guide future research to help prevent post-CABG SVG disease.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00228423
Load Dependency of Right Ventricular Performance Is a Major Factor to be Considered in Decision Making Before Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Authors: Dandel Michael , Potapov Evgenij , Krabatsch Thomas , Stepanenko Alexander , Löw Alexandra , Vierecke Juliane , Knosalla Christoph , Hetzer Roland
Published: September 2013

Background—

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) provide better outcome than biventricular devices, but it is a challenge to predict the impact of LV mechanical unloading on postoperative right ventricular (RV) function preoperatively. We assessed the load dependency in RV performance before and after LVAD implantation aiming to improve preoperative decision making.

Methods and Results—

Laboratory, echocardiography, and right heart catheterization data collected from 205 patients before LVAD implantation were tested for relationship with postoperative RV function. Comparing patients with different time-course of RV function after LVAD implantation, we found significant differences (
P
<0.01) in preoperative RV end-diastolic short-/long-axis and long-axis/length-area ratios, tricuspid annulus peak systolic velocity, RV peak longitudinal global systolic strain rate, systolic pressure gradient between RV and right atrium (Δ
P
RV−RA
), tricuspid regurgitation velocity-time integral, and pulmonary arterial pressure between patients with and without postoperative RV failure. High predictive values for postoperative RV failure were found for end-diastolic short-/long-axis ratio ≥0.6, tricuspid annulus peak systolic velocity <8 cm/s, and peak systolic longitudinal strain rate <0.6/s in patients with maximum Δ
P
RV−RA
<35 mm Hg. These parameters also seemed predictive for RV failure in patients with tricuspid regurgitation grade >2 and pulmonary arterial pressure <50 mm Hg. End-diastolic short-/long-axis ratio <0.6, tricuspid annulus peak systolic velocity ≥8 cm/s, and peak systolic longitudinal strain rate ≥0.6 in patients with maximum Δ
P
RV−RA
≥35 mm Hg showed high predictive values for postoperative freedom from RV failure. The RV load adaptation index seemed particularly predictive for RV function after LVAD implantation.

Conclusions—

RV geometry and velocity of contraction before LVAD implantation become more predictive for postoperative RV function and can improve decision making before VAD implantation if preoperative RV pressure load and tricuspid regurgitation are also considered.
Full Prescription Coverage Versus Usual Prescription Coverage After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Kulik Alexander , Desai Nihar R. , Shrank William H. , Antman Elliott M. , Glynn Robert J. , Levin Raisa , Reisman Lonny , Brennan Troyen , Choudhry Niteesh K.
Published: September 2013

Background—

Eliminating out-of-pocket costs for patients after myocardial infarction (MI) improves adherence to preventive therapies and reduces clinical events. Because adherence to medical therapy is low among patients treated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), we evaluated the impact of providing full prescription coverage to this patient subgroup.

Methods and Results—

The MI Free Rx Event and Economic Evaluation (FREEE) trial randomly assigned 5855 patients with MI to full prescription coverage or usual formulary coverage for all statins, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers. We assessed the impact of full prescription coverage on adherence, clinical outcomes, and healthcare costs using adjusted models among the 1052 patients who underwent CABG at the index hospitalization and 4803 who did not. CABG patients were older and had more comorbid illness (
P
<0.01). After MI, CABG patients were significantly more likely to receive β-blockers and statins but were less likely to receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker therapy (
P
<0.01). Receiving full drug coverage increased rates of adherence to all preventative medications after CABG (all
P
<0.05). Full coverage was also associated with nonsignificant reductions in the rate of major vascular events or revascularization for patients treated with CABG (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.66–1.25) or without CABG (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.06), with no interaction noted (
P
int
=NS). After CABG, full prescription coverage significantly reduced patient out-of-pocket spending for drugs (
P
=0.001) without increasing overall health expenditures (
P
=NS).

Conclusions—

Eliminating drug copayments after MI provides consistent benefits to patients treated with or without CABG, leading to increased medication adherence, trends toward improved clinical outcomes, and reduced patient out-of-pocket expenses.
Reproducible Porcine Model of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Eckhouse Shaina R. , Logdon Christina B. , Oelsen J. Marshall , Patel Risha K. , Rice Allison D. , Stroud Robert E. , Wince W. Benjamin , Mukherjee Rupak , Spinale Francis G. , Ikonomidis John S. , Jones Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2013

Background—

Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) develop secondary to abnormal aortic extracellular matrix remodeling, resulting in a weakened and dilated aortic wall that progressed to rupture if left unattended. Currently, no diagnostic/prognostic tests are available for the detection of TAA disease. This is largely driven by the lack of a large animal model, which would permit longitudinal/mechanistic studies. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to establish a reproducible porcine model of aortic dilatation, which recapitulates the structural and biochemical changes observed during human TAA development.

Methods and Results—

Descending TAAs were induced in Yorkshire pigs (20–25 kg; n=7) through intra-adventitial injections of collagenase (5 mL, 0.35 mg/mL) and periadventitial application of crystalline CaCl
2
(0.5 g). Three weeks after TAA induction, aortas were harvested and tissue was collected for biochemical and histological measurements. A subset of animals underwent MRI preoperatively and at terminal surgery. Results were compared with sham-operated controls (n=6). Three weeks after TAA induction, aortic luminal area increased by 38±13% (
P
=0.018 versus control). Aortic structural changes included elastic lamellar degradation and decreased collagen content. The protein abundance of matrix metalloproteinases 3, 8, 9, and 12 increased in TAA tissue homogenates, whereas tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 4 decreased.

Conclusions—

These data demonstrate aortic dilatation, aortic medial degeneration, and alterations in matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase abundance, consistent with TAA formation. This study establishes for the first time a large animal model of TAA that recapitulates the hallmarks of human disease and provides a reproducible test bed for examining diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies.
Normalization of Postinfarct Biomechanics Using a Novel Tissue-Engineered Angiogenic Construct
Authors: Atluri Pavan , Trubelja Alen , Fairman Alexander S. , Hsiao Philip , MacArthur John W. , Cohen Jeffrey E. , Shudo Yasuhiro , Frederick John R. , Woo Y. Joseph
Published: September 2013

Background—

Cell-mediated angiogenic therapy for ischemic heart disease has had disappointing results. The lack of clinical translatability may be secondary to cell death and systemic dispersion with cell injection. We propose a novel tissue-engineered therapy, whereby extracellular matrix scaffold seeded with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can overcome these limitations using an environment in which the cells can thrive, enabling an insult-free myocardial cell delivery to normalize myocardial biomechanics.

Methods and Results—

EPCs were isolated from the long bones of Wistar rat bone marrow. The cells were cultured for 7 days in media or seeded at a density of 5×10
6
cells/cm
2
on a collagen/vitronectin matrix. Seeded EPCs underwent ex vivo modification with stromal cell–derived factor-1α (100 ng/mL) to potentiate angiogenic properties and enhance paracrine qualities before construct formation. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal imaging confirmed EPC–matrix adhesion. In vitro vasculogenic potential was assessed by quantifying EPC cell migration and vascular differentiation. There was a marked increase in vasculogenesis in vitro as measured by angiogenesis assay (8 versus 0 vessels/hpf;
P
=0.004). The construct was then implanted onto ischemic myocardium in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. Confocal microscopy demonstrated a significant migration of EPCs from the construct to the myocardium, suggesting a direct angiogenic effect. Myocardial biomechanical properties were uniaxially quantified by elastic modulus at 5% to 20% strain. Myocardial elasticity normalized after implant of our tissue-engineered construct (239 kPa versus normal=193,
P
=0.1; versus infarct=304 kPa,
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—

We demonstrate restoration and normalization of post–myocardial infarction ventricular biomechanics after therapy with an angiogenic tissue-engineered EPC construct.
Impairment of Heart Rate Recovery After Peak Exercise Predicts Poor Outcome After Pediatric Heart Transplantation
Authors: Giardini Alessandro , Fenton Matthew , Derrick Graham , Burch Michael
Published: September 2013

Background—

A blunted heart rate recovery (HRR) from peak exercise is associated with adverse outcome in adults with ischemic heart disease. We assessed HRR after pediatric heart transplantation (HTx) and its prognostic use.

Methods and Results—

Between 2004 and 2010 we performed 360 maximal exercise tests (median, 2 tests/patient; range, 1–7) in 128 children (66 men; age at test, 14±3 years) who received HTx (age, 8.5±5.1 years) because of cardiomyopathy (66%) or congenital heart defects (34%). The change in heart rate from peak exercise to 1 minute of recovery was measured as HRR and was expressed as
Z
score calculated from reference data obtained in 160 healthy children. HRR was impaired soon after HTx (average in first 2 years
Z
=−1.9±3.5) but improved afterward (
Z
=+0.52/y), such that HRR
Z
score normalized in most patients by 6 years after HTx (average, 0.6±1.8). A subsequent decline in HRR
Z
score was noted from 6 years after HTx (rate of
Z
=−0.11/y). After 27±15 months from the most recent exercise test, 19 patients died or were re-heart transplantation. For the follow-up after 6 years, HRR
Z
score was the only predictor of death/re-heart transplantation (
P
=0.003). Patients in the lowest quartile of HRR
Z
score had a much higher 5-year event rate (event-free rate, 29% versus 84%; hazard ratio, 7.0;
P
=0.0013).

Conclusions—

HRR is blunted soon after HTx but normalizes at ≈6 years, potentially as a result of parasympathetic reinnervation of the graft, but then declines. This late decline in HRR
Z
score is associated with worse outcome.
Post-transplant Outcomes of Children Bridged to Transplant With the Berlin Heart EXCOR Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Eghtesady Pirooz , Almond Christopher S.D. , Tjossem Christine , Epstein Deirdre , Imamura Michiaki , Turrentine Mark , Tweddell James , Jaquiss Robert D.B. , Canter Charles
Published: September 2013

Background—

Recent data suggest that Berlin Heart EXCOR Pediatric (EXCOR) ventricular assist device improves waiting list survival for pediatric heart transplant candidates. Little is known about their post-transplant outcomes. The aim of this analysis was to determine whether there was a difference in early survival for children bridged to transplant with EXCOR versus status 1A pediatric heart transplant patients not transplanted with ventricular assist device support.

Methods and Results—

Pediatric heart transplant patients (n=106) bridged to transplantation with EXCOR were compared with a similarly aged cohort (n=1021) within the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) database (both cohorts from May 2007 to December 2010). In the EXCOR group, 12-month post-transplant survival (88.7%) was similar to OPTN patients listed status 1A who were not on ventricular assist device support at transplant (89.3%;
P
=0.85) and significantly better than 12-month survival in OPTN patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at transplant (60.3%;
P
<0.001). Rejection (50%) was a significantly (
P
=0.005) higher cause of 12-month post-transplant mortality in the EXCOR compared with the OPTN group. Death after transplant was also higher in EXCOR patients with congenital heart disease compared with those with cardiomyopathy (26.1% versus 7.2%;
P
=0.02). Post-transplant survival was similar in EXCOR patients with ≥1 serious adverse event during ventricular assist device support as those without an event during support.

Conclusions—

The 12-month post-transplant survival with EXCOR is comparable with overall pediatric heart transplant survival and superior to survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Neither adverse events during support nor factors associated with mortality during support influence post-transplant survival. Rejection was a significantly greater cause of post-transplant mortality in EXCOR than in OPTN patients.
Type A Aortic Dissection After Nonaortic Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Stanger Olaf , Schachner Thomas , Gahl Brigitta , Oberwalder Peter , Englberger Lars , Thalmann Markus , Harrington Debbie , Wiedemann Dominik , Südkamp Michael , Sheppard Mary N. , Field Mark , Rylski Bartosz , Petrou Mario , Carrel Thierry , Bonatti Johannes , Pepper John
Published: September 2013

Background—

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with mechanical manipulation of the ascending aorta that occasionally leads to type A aortic dissection (AAD).

Methods and Results—

One hundred three patients with surgical repair for AAD following nonaortic cardiac surgery were identified. With the use of logistic regression modeling, coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), either isolated or combined with another procedure in the initial operation, was associated with significantly higher operative mortality in comparison with patients with non-CABG procedures at the time of AAD repair both for all patients (odds ratio, 2.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–7.72;
P
=0.033) and for patients with acute and chronic AAD ≥30 days after the initial operation (odds ratio, 3.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–11.54;
P
=0.03). In patients who developed AAD late after the initial operation, operative mortality was highest in patients without preoperative coronary angiography and appropriate management of their native coronary artery disease and graft disease (odds ratio, 5.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.68–17.0;
P
=0.002). Nearly all the intimal dissection tears were located at sites of previous surgical trauma. Most of the ascending aortas that had dissected initially had a diameter ≥40 mm with histological evidence of medial degeneration in resected tissue samples.

Conclusions—

In patients who have undergone previous cardiac surgery, preexisting aortic wall pathology contributes to AAD with typical intimal damage at sites of mechanical trauma. The operative mortality was the highest in patients with previous CABG in comparison with patients with non-CABG procedures. Preoperative coronary angiography and operative management of native coronary and graft disease were significantly associated with outcome in patients with previous CABG.
Risk of Lower and Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Transfusions, and Hospitalizations With Complex Antithrombotic Therapy in Elderly Patients
Authors: Abraham Neena S. , Hartman Christine , Richardson Peter , Castillo Diana , Street Richard L. , Naik Aanand D.
Published: September 2013

Background—

Complex antithrombotic therapy (CAT) prescribed to elderly patients increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. We quantified upper (UGIE) and lower gastrointestinal (LGIE) events, transfusions, and hospitalizations in a national cohort of elderly veterans prescribed CAT.

Methods and Results—

Veterans ≥60 years of age prescribed anticoagulant-antiplatelet, aspirin (ASA)-antiplatelet, ASA-anticoagulant, or triple therapy (ie, TRIP, anticoagulant-antiplatelet-ASA) were identified from the national pharmacy database (October 1, 2002 to September 30, 2008). Prescription-fill data were linked to Veteran Affairs and Medicare encounter files, each person-day of follow-up was assessed for CAT exposure, and outcomes were defined by using diagnostic code algorithms derived following chart abstraction. Incidence density ratios (compared with the reference category of no CAT) and survival analysis was conducted. Among 78 133 veterans (98.6% white; mean age, 72.3 [standard deviation 7.7]), 64% were prescribed ASA-antiplatelet and anticoagulant-antiplatelet and 6% were prescribed TRIP. The incidence of UGIE was 20.1/1000 patient-years, and the incidence of LGIE was 70.1/1000 patient-years. ASA-anticoagulant and TRIP were associated with the highest incidence of transfusion and hospitalization. A 40% to 60% increased risk of UGIE was observed with all strategies. LGIE was 30% higher with anticoagulant-antiplatelet, and transfusion increased with ASA-anticoagulant (hazard ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 5.2–7.1) and TRIP (hazard ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 4.2–5.8). Increased risk of hospitalization was noted with all strategies. The number needed to harm for UGIE or LGIE ranged from 52 to 65 and 15 to 23, respectively. The number needed to harm for hospitalization was 39 (anticoagulant-antiplatelet), 34 (ASA-anticoagulant), 67 (ASA-antiplatelet), and 45 (TRIP) patients.

Conclusions—

Among elderly patients, CAT-related LGIE and UGIE are clinically relevant risks resulting in increased hospitalizations and transfusions.
Who Enrolls in the Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit Program? Medication Use Among Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Eapen Zubin J. , Hammill Bradley G. , Setoguchi Soko , Schulman Kevin A. , Peterson Eric D. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Curtis Lesley H.
Published: September 2013

Background

Dispensing data from Medicare Part D standalone prescription drug plans are now available, but characteristics of enrollees with heart failure have not been well described.

Methods and Results

We identified 81 874 patients with prevalent heart failure as of January 1, 2010, in a nationally representative 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries. We classified patients according to enrollment in a Medicare Part D plan as of January 1, 2010. Demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and prescriptions were compared by enrollment status. A total of 49 252 (60.2%) were enrolled in a Medicare Part D plan as of January 1. Enrollees were more often women, black, and of lower socioeconomic status. Enrollees with heart failure more often filled prescriptions for loop diuretics than angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, β‐blockers, or aldosterone antagonists. During the first 4 months of 2010, 5444 (12.3%) reached the coverage gap, and 566 (1.3%) required catastrophic coverage beyond the gap.

Conclusions

Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure differ significantly according to enrollment in Part D prescription drug plans and represent a population underrepresented in clinical efficacy trials. Many face the coverage gap, and few select Medicare Part D plans that provide coverage during the gap. Linking Medicare Part D event data with clinical registries could help to determine whether eligible enrollees are undertreated for heart failure.
Halojulellaceae a new family of the order Pleosporales
Authors: ARIYAWANSA HIRAN A. , JONES EVAN B.G. , SUETRONG SATINEE , ALIAS SITI A. , KANG JI-CHUAN , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: September 2013

Halojulellaceae fam. nov. and Halojullela gen. nov. are introduced to accommodate Julella avicenniae, a marine species in the suborder Pleosporineae, order Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Justification for the new family is based on combined gene analysis of the large and small subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (LSU, SSU) and two protein coding genes RPB2 and TEF1, as well as morphological characters.  Halojulellaceae and Halojulella are characterized by immersed to semi-immersed, clypeate ascomata, with short, papillate ostioles, cellular, hyphae-like, pseudoparaphyses, 8-spored, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical asci with a well-developed apical apparatus, a moderately long pedicel with a club-like base and hyaline or golden brown, ellipsoidal, muriform ascospores and is typified by Halojulella avicenniae. Halojullela differs from Julella, (type J. buxi) in its marine habitat and distinctly differing ascus with the apical apparatus being well-developed and moderately long club-like pedicel. Morphological characters and molecular data show that H. avicenniae belongs in the Pleosporales, outside any of the known families, and thus a new family is introduced to accommodate it. Julella is maintained as a distinct genus which is presently most likely polyphyletic with saprobic and lichenized elements and needs further study as no molecular data is presently available for any species.
A new species of Chrysosphaerella (Chrysophyceae: Chromulinales), Chrysosphaerella rotundata sp. nov., from Finland
Authors: Skaloudova Magda , Skaloud Pavel
Published: September 2013

Chrysosphaerella rotundata sp. nov. is described from a small lake in Finland. Ultrastructural morphology of C. rotundata scales is similar, even identical, to the morphology of C. brevispina scales. However, C. rotundata possesses three types of scales: scales characterized by a circular or almost circular outline were found in addition to the larger and smaller oval scales. Significant genetic differences were recognized in ITS rDNA sequences between C. rotundata and C. brevispina. Results of the molecular analyses and the observed morphological variation of scales have been discussed, clearly showing the existence of a hidden diversity within the genus Chrysosphaerella.
Primula mianyangensis (Primulaceae), a new species from Sichuan, China
Authors: WU XING , XU YUAN , HU CHI-MING , HAO GANG
Published: September 2013

A new species assigned to Primula section Aleuritia Duby is described and illustrated under the name P. mianyangensis G.Hao & C.M.Hu. The new species resembles P. socialis Chen & C.M.Hu in lacking a scape and having farinose leaves, but differs by its much taller stature, long-petioled leaves and larger flowers.
Eddy-Driven Exchange between the Open Ocean and a Sub–Ice Shelf Cavity
Authors: Årthun Marius , Holland Paul R. , Nicholls Keith W. , Feltham Daniel L.
Published: September 2013

The exchange between the open ocean and sub–ice shelf cavities is important to both water mass transformations and ice shelf melting. Here, the authors use a high-resolution (500 m) numerical model to investigate to which degree eddies produced by frontal instability at the edge of a polynya are capable of transporting dense high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) underneath an ice shelf. The applied surface buoyancy flux and ice shelf geometry is based on Ronne Ice Shelf in the southern Weddell Sea, an area of intense wintertime sea ice production where a flow of HSSW into the cavity has been observed. Results show that eddies are able to enter the cavity at the southwestern corner of the polynya where an anticyclonic rim current intersects the ice shelf front. The size and time scale of simulated eddies are in agreement with observations close to the Ronne Ice Front. The properties and strength of the inflow are sensitive to the prescribed total ice production, flushing the ice shelf cavity at a rate of 0.2–0.4 × 106 m3 s−1 depending on polynya size and magnitude of surface buoyancy flux. Eddy-driven HSSW transport into the cavity is reduced by about 50% if the model grid resolution is decreased to 2–5 km and eddies are not properly resolved.
A Multisensor Comparison of Ocean Wave Frequency Spectra from a Research Vessel during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment
Authors: Cifuentes-Lorenzen Alejandro , Edson James B. , Zappa Christopher J. , Bariteau Ludovic
Published: September 2013

Obtaining accurate measurements of wave statistics from research vessels remains a challenge due to the platform motion. One principal correction is the removal of ship heave and Doppler effects from point measurements. Here, open-ocean wave measurements were collected using a laser altimeter, a Doppler radar microwave sensor, a radar-based system, and inertial measurement units. Multiple instruments were deployed to capture the low- and high-frequency sea surface displacements. Doppler and motion correction algorithms were applied to obtain a full 1D (0.035–1.3 ± 0.2 Hz) wave spectrum. The radar-based system combined with the laser altimeter provided the optimal low- and high-frequency combination, producing a frequency spectrum in the range from 0.035 to 1.2 Hz for cruising speeds ≤3 m s−1 with a spectral rolloff of f−4 Hz and noise floor of −20/−30 dB. While on station, the significant wave height estimates were comparable within 10%–15% among instrumentation. Discrepancies in the total energy and in the spectral shape between instruments arise when the ship is in motion. These differences can be quantified using the spectral behavior of the measurements, accounting for aliasing and Doppler corrections. The inertial sensors provided information on the amplitude of the ship’s modulation transfer function, which was estimated to be ~1.3 ± 0.2 while on station and increased while underway [2.1 at ship-over-ground (SOG) speed; 4.3 m s−1]. The correction scheme presented here is adequate for measurements collected at cruising speeds of 3 m s−1 or less. At speeds greater than 5 m s−1, the motion and Doppler corrections are not sufficient to correct the observed spectral degradation.
Toward Producing the Chukchi–Beaufort High-Resolution Atmospheric Reanalysis (CBHAR) via the WRFDA Data Assimilation System
Authors: Liu Fuhong , Krieger Jeremy R. , Zhang Jing
Published: September 2013

The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and its variational data assimilation system (WRFDA) are applied to the Chukchi–Beaufort Seas and adjacent Arctic Slope region for high-resolution regional atmospheric reanalysis study. To optimize WRFDA performance over the study area, a set of sensitivity experiments are carried out to analyze the model sensitivity to model background errors (BEs) and the assimilation of various observational datasets. Observational data are assimilated every 6 h and the results are verified against unassimilated observations. In the BE sensitivity analyses, the results of assimilating in situ surface observations with a customized, domain-dependent BE are compared to those using the WRF-provided global BE. It is found that the customized BE is necessary in order to achieve positive impacts from WRFDA assimilation for the study area. When seasonal variability is incorporated into the customized BE, the impacts are minor. Sensitivity analyses examining the assimilation of different datasets via WRFDA demonstrate that 1) positive impacts are always seen through the assimilation of in situ surface and radiosonde measurements, 2) assimilating Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) winds improves the simulation of the 10-m wind field over ocean and coastal areas, and 3) selectively assimilating Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrieved profiles under clear-sky and snow-free conditions is essential to avoid degradation of assimilation performance, while assimilation of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) retrievals has little impact, most likely due to limited data availability. Based on the sensitivity results, a 1-yr (2009) experimental reanalysis is conducted and consistent improvements are achieved, particularly in capturing mesoscale processes such as mountain barrier and sea-breeze effects.
Pediatric Residents’ Perceptions of Family-Centered Rounds as Part of Postgraduate Training
Authors: Pinto Jamie M. , Chu Dorothy , Petrova Anna
Published: September 2013

Purpose. Although family-centered rounds (FCRs) are recommended as standard practice, limited data address pediatric residents’ opinions of FCRs. In the present study, we assessed residents’ perceptions with respect to rounding experience and postgraduate year (PGY). Methods. An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to pediatric residents from nine accredited programs in New Jersey. Results. Of 95 residents who completed questionnaires, 69.5% participated in FCRs and traditional rounds, 17.9% in FCRs, and 12.6% in traditional rounds. Irrespective of rounding experience and PGY, the majority believed that FCRs benefit families and pediatric training, felt that an attending’s style greatly affects their experience, report discomfort sharing sensitive information and answering questions, and did not support the superiority of FCRs for efficiency and professional satisfaction. Conclusions. Concerns regarding discomfort, attending approach and efficiency are potential barriers to residents’ full acceptance of FCRs that should be addressed to improve the efficacy of postgraduate pediatric training.
A logical response to the demands of the labour market? Young people living alone in Australia
Authors: Hughes Jody
Published: September 2013

It is clear that increasing numbers of young adults are choosing to live alone, both in Australia and elsewhere around the world. What is less clear is why they are living alone and, specifically, to what extent this housing trend might be driven by the pressures and demands of an employment structure that makes intimate relationships less possible. One aspect of the individualisation thesis that has been under-explored is the argument it makes that social and institutional conditions in late modern societies require individuals to prioritise paid work and remain ‘free and flexible’ in their personal lives – a logical explanation for the growth of living alone. This article assesses this argument using a study of young adults living alone in Australia. In-depth qualitative interviews indicate that only a minority perceive that their work has influenced their decision to live alone. However, this claim needs to be placed in the context of a simultaneous awareness that they are all ‘very busy’, with lives that are universally perceived as being easier to manage when living alone. The article considers the implications of these ‘busy lives’ for young adults’ relationship futures and current work–life experiences, thus contributing to knowledge about individualisation, identity and the role of paid work in young people’s housing decisions.
Generalized trust among Christians in urban China: Analysis based on propensity score matching
Authors: Hu Anning
Published: September 2013

Drawing on a recently collected nationwide survey in mainland China, this article examines the average level of generalized trust among urban Protestants. This is the first rigorous quantitative study addressing the relationship between religion and trust in the context of mainland Chinese society. Through propensity score matching, this study also demonstrates how to deal with potential selection bias, a long-time overlooked issue in the sociology of religion. The findings in this article reveal that both male and female urban Protestants, compared with non-Protestants, show a significantly lower level of generalized trust in an average person. A similar pattern was not detected in Buddhists. Finally, urban Protestants in contemporary China on average exhibit a higher level of trust in religious adherents and religious organizations. Taken together, this study provides a preliminary portrait of urban Protestants in terms of their attitudes towards the trustworthiness of generalized others, religious followers, and religious organizations.
Relative Prices, Trade, Technology and Wage Inequality: Evidence from India
Authors: Srivastava Archana , Mathur Somesh Kumar
Published: September 2013

This article examines the link between relative export, import and domestic goods’ prices and relative wages over the years by empirically testing the Stolper–Samuelson theorem for India. It also examines the role of other factors such as manufacturing trade, liberalization phase, inflation, foreign and domestic technology, etc. on rising wage inequality in the manufacturing sector in India.

 The results seem to prove the validity of Stolper–Samuelson theorem. The results also throw some light on Rybczynski theorem, which shows the relationship between output and endowment and factor price insensitivity elasticity, and the link between factor endowments and factor prices. The empirical testing is done using estimates of the translog production function and translog cost function along with the share equations. The elasticity of substitution between factors of production has been worked out using Allen’s and Morishima’s formulae, which in turn use estimates of the translog cost function.
Optimization of circular composite patch reinforcement on damaged carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminate involving both mechanics-based and genetic algorithm in conjunction with 3D finite element analysis
Authors: Bhise Vishwajeet S , Kashfuddoja Mohammad , Ramji M
Published: September 2013

Composites are significantly used in aerospace, automotive and civil structures due to their high specific strength, high stiffness, corrosion resistant and longer fatigue life. During service life, composite structures are susceptible to damage, which reduces their structural integrity. For extending its service life, the damage needs to be repaired. In case of low velocity impact damage adhesively bonded patch repair is found to be effective in extending the service life of damaged parts. The repair performance is mainly influenced by patch stacking sequence, patch shape, patch thickness, overlap length and adhesive thickness and its shear strength. In the present work, both numerical and experimental works are carried out to study the mechanics of composite patch repair on damaged carbon fiber reinforced polymer panel of configuration [45/−45/0/90]s subjected to tensile load. The influence of patch stacking sequence, patch thickness, adhesive thickness and overlap length on repair performance is investigated through a mechanics-based design approach involving finite element analysis. Stress concentration factor and shear stress in adhesive layer are considered to analyze the repair performance. Later, a genetic algorithm-based approach in conjunction with finite element analysis is implemented for arriving at an optimized patch dimension and adhesive thickness. Experimental study is then carried out with optimized geometry using non-contact optical-based technique namely digital image correlation. The strain field from digital image correlation is compared against the finite element results.
Mechanical properties of woven jute–glass hybrid-reinforced epoxy composite
Authors: Gujjala Raghavendra , Ojha Shakuntala , Acharya SK , Pal SK
Published: September 2013

As major historical periods such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, the development of new materials was the fundamental to all the periods. In the present investigation, a new hybrid composite with epoxy as a resin and reinforcing both biowaste (jute) and traditional fiber (glass) as continues layered mat composites and also study experimentally the effect of the stacking sequence on tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear properties. Composites were prepared by using hand lay-up technique. All the laminates were prepared with a total of four piles, by varying the position of glass and jute. One group of all jute and glass laminate was also fabricated for comparison purpose. Specimen preparation and testing were carried out as per ASTM standards. Tests were conducted on INSTRON H10KS Material Test System at room temperature using automatic data acquisition software. The results indicated that the jute fiber and hybrid composite give encouraging results when compared with the neat epoxy. The morphologies of the composites are also studied by scanning electron microscope.
Preparing the Future STEM Workforce for Diverse Environments
Authors: Daily Shaundra Bryant , Eugene Wanda
Published: September 2013

Following the belief that diversity breeds innovation in scientific endeavors, there is a national push for more diversity in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce in order to maintain national economic competitiveness. Currently, STEM-related employment is only 28% non-White; however, greater efforts to recruit and retain underrepresented minorities should increase this figure. Amidst the attention given to supporting “leaky pipelines,” less emphasis has been placed on mitigating challenges associated with bringing diverse cultures together. This article presents a framework for supporting underrepresented minorities in building STEM-relevant skills and enhancing their ability to collaborate with peers different from themselves.
Civic Competence of Dutch Children in Female Same-Sex Parent Families
Authors: Bos Henny , Gartrell Nanette , Roeleveld Jaap , Ledoux Guuske
Published: September 2013

This study examined whether Dutch children reared in families headed by female same-sex parents differ in civic competence from Dutch children reared by opposite-sex parents. The participants, drawn from a national sample, included 32 children (11-13 years old) parented by female same-sex couples who were matched on demographic characteristics with 32 same-aged children parented by opposite-sex couples. The comparison revealed that children raised by female same-sex parents scored significantly higher on several civic competencies, specifically on attitudes concerning acting democratically, dealing with conflicts, and dealing with differences. These results suggest that growing up in a nontraditional family may be associated with a greater appreciation of diversity and the development of good citizenship.
Recent pharmacological advances for treating venous thromboembolism: are we witnessing the demise of warfarin?
Authors: Kumar Shankar , Howell John , Mattock Christopher
Published: September 2013

Vitamin K antagonists, such as warfarin, have been the mainstay in treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. However, warfarin has many disadvantages including a narrow therapeutic window, numerous potential drug interactions, modulation of effect by alcohol and foods containing vitamin K and genetic variation in metabolism of warfarin, all of which contribute to the unpredictability of therapy. This has provided the impetus for developing new oral anticoagulants with a rapid onset of action, wide therapeutic window, predictable and reversible action, with few drug or dietary interactions, no requirement for routine coagulation monitoring or dose adjustment and acceptable cost. No single agent incorporates all these characteristics, but new factor Xa and direct thrombin inhibitors are being introduced into clinical practice that fulfil some of these aims. Here, we briefly discuss the current practice with its limitations and pitfalls, and then review important trials that have launched new oral anticoagulants into clinical practice.
Observer-based multiple-model adaptive output feedback control for a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Chen Jie , Chen Wei , Sun Jian
Published: September 2013

In this paper a systematic observer-based multiple-model adaptive controller design method is proposed for Lipschitz nonlinear systems. By introducing a compensator in the observer-based controller, the uncertainty due to the estimation error is decreased and the steady-state response is improved significantly. In order to deal with the uncertainty of system dynamics, a multiple-model switching scheme is introduced to improve the transient performance. A state-dependent dwell-time-based switching logic is used to ensure the asymptotic stability as it can cancel the possible increase of Lyapunov function in each switching. A simulation result is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Effect of Psychoeducation on the Functioning Level of Patients With Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Kurdal Ebru , Tanrıverdi Derya , Savaş Haluk Asuman
Published: September 2013

Bipolar disorder has adverse effects on the lives of the individuals and the people around them and causes disability due to impaired social and occupational functioning, risk of suicide, and frequent relapses. This study was conducted as a two-group pretest–posttest design to determine the effect of psychoeducation on the functioning levels of patients with bipolar disorder. A total of 80 patients were assigned to either the experimental ( n = 40) or the control group ( n = 40). The data were collected using a questionnaire form, and the Bipolar Disorder Functioning Questionnaire. The experimental group scored significantly higher on the functioning levels (emotional functioning, intellectual functioning, feelings of stigmatization, social withdrawal, household relations, relations with friends, participating in social activities, daily activities and recreational activities, taking initiative and self-sufficiency, and occupation) ( p < .05) compared with the control group after psychoeducation. Psychoeducation has become considerably effective in increasing the functioning levels of patients with bipolar disorder.