bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The privacy paradox in the context of online social networking: A self‐identity perspective
Authors: Wu Philip Fei
Published: November 2018

Drawing on identity theory and privacy research, this article argues that the need for self‐identity is a key factor affecting people's privacy behavior in social networking sites. I first unpack the mainstream, autonomy‐centric discourse of privacy, and then present a research model that illustrates a possible new theorization of the relationship between self‐identity and information privacy. An empirical study with Facebook users confirms the main hypotheses. In particular, the data show that the need for self‐identity is positively related to privacy management behaviors, which in turn result in increased self‐disclosure in online social networks. I subsequently argue that the so‐called “privacy paradox” is not a paradox per se in the context of online social networking; rather, privacy concerns reflect the ideology of an autonomous self, whereas social construction of self‐identity explains voluntary self‐disclosure.
Embryonic cell migratory capacity is impaired upon exposure to glucose in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Herion Nils Janis , Kruger Claudia , Staszkiewicz Jaroslaw , Kappen Claudia , Salbaum J. Michael
Published: November 2018

Background

Impairments in cell migration during vertebrate gastrulation lead to structural birth defects, such as heart defects and neural tube defects. These defects are more frequent in progeny from diabetic pregnancies, and we have recently provided evidence that maternal diabetes leads to impaired migration of embryonic mesodermal cells in a mouse model of diabetic pregnancy.

Methods

We here report the isolation of primary cell lines from normal and diabetes‐exposed embryos of the nonobese diabetic mouse strain, and characterization of their energy metabolism and expression of nutrient transporter genes by quantitative real‐time PCR.

Results

Expression levels of several genes in the glucose transporter and fatty acid transporter gene families were altered in diabetes‐exposed cells. Notably, primary cells from embryos with prior in vivo exposure to maternal diabetes exhibited reduced capacity for cell migration in vitro.

Conclusions

Primary cells isolated from diabetes‐exposed embryos retained a “memory” of their in vivo exposure, manifesting in cell migration impairment. Thus, we have successfully established an in vitro experimental model for the mesoderm migration defects observed in diabetes‐exposed mouse embryos.
Comprehensive analysis of the atenolol – DNA complex by viscometric, molecular docking and spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Kale Kishor B. , Ottoor Divya P.
Published: November 2018

This paper discusses multi‐spectroscopic and molecular docking analysis of the interaction between atenolol (ATN) and deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) using alizarin (ALZ) as a spectroscopic probe. ATN is a β1‐receptor antagonist belonging to the β‐blocker class of molecules. Experimental findings that were based on different spectroscopic analysis, melting studies, viscometric analysis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies revealed the presence of a grove‐binding mode. The effect of ionic strength was also studied, and observations suggested that electrostatic interaction also played a minor role during interaction. Molecular docking analysis suggested that the dominant force for the grove‐binding phenomenon was hydrogen bonding between the 24‐H residue of ATN and O of the 10‐G residue, and the 40‐H residue of ATN and N of the 17‐A base residue. Competitive binding study of the ALZ−DNA complex with ATN showed that, despite an increase in the amount of ATN in the ALZ−DNA complex, the overall absorbance remained unchanged. The decrease in fluorescence in the ALZ−DNA system may be due to new non‐fluorescent ATN−DNA−ALZ complex formation.
Enhanced production of glutaric acid by NADH oxidase and GabD‐reinforced bioconversion from l‐lysine
Authors: Hong Yun‐Gi , Moon Yu‐Mi , Choi Tae‐Rim , Jung Hye‐Rim , Yang Soo‐Yeon , Ahn Jung‐Oh , Joo Jeong‐Chan , Park Kyungmoon , Kim Yun‐Gon , Bhatia Shashi Kant , Lee Yoo Kyung , Yang Yung‐Hun
Published: November 2018

Glutaric acid is a promising alternative chemical to phthalate plasticizer since it can be produced by the bioconversion of lysine. Though, recent studies have enabled the high‐yield production of its precursor, 5‐aminovaleric acid (AMV), glutaric acid production via the AMV pathway has been limited by the need for cofactors. Introduction of NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) with GabTD enzyme remarkably diminished the demand for oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Supply of oxygen through vigorous shaking had a significant effect on the conversion of AMV with a reduced requirement of NAD
+. A high conversion rate was achieved in Nox coupled GabTD reaction under optimized expression vector, terrific broth (TB), and pH 8.5 at high cell density. Supplementary expression of GabD resulted in the production of 353 ± 35 mM glutaric acid with 88.3 ± 8.7% conversion from 400 mM AMV. Moreover, the reaction with a higher concentration of AMV could produce 528 ± 21 mM glutaric acid with 66.0 ± 2.7% conversion. In addition, the co‐biotransformation strategy of GabTD and DavBA whole cells could produce 282 mM glutaric acid with 70.8% conversion from lysine, compared to the 111 mM glutaric acid yield from the combined GabTD–DavBA system.
Virus study for continuous low pH viral inactivation inside a coiled flow inverter
Authors: David Laura , Maiser Benjamin , Lobedann Martin , Schwan Peter , Lasse Michael , Ruppach Horst , Schembecker Gerhard
Published: November 2018

Continuous processing for the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) gains more and more importance. Several solutions exist for all the necessary production steps, leading to the possibility to build fully continuous processes. Low pH viral inactivation is a part of the standard platform process for mAb production. Consequently, Klutz et al. introduced the coiled flow inverter (CFI) as a tool for continuous low pH viral inactivation. Besides theoretical calculations of viral reduction, no viral clearance study has been presented so far. In addition, the validation of continuous viral clearance is often neglected in the already existing studies for continuous processing.

This study shows in detail the development and execution of a virus study for continuous low pH viral inactivation inside a CFI. The concept presented is also valid for adaptation to other continuous viral clearance steps. The development of this concept includes the technical rationale for an experimental setup, a valid spiking procedure, and finally a sampling method. The experimental results shown represent a viral study using xenotropic murine leukemia virus as a model virus. Two different protein A (ProtA) chromatography setups with varying pH levels were tested. In addition, one of these setups was tested against a batch experiment utilizing the same process material. The results show that sufficient low pH viral inactivation (decadic logarithm reduction value >4) was achieved in all experiments. Complete viral inactivation took place within the first 14.5 min for both continuous studies and the batch study, hence showing similar results. This study therefore represents a successful virus study concept and experiment for a continuous viral inactivation step. Moreover, it was shown that the transfer from batch results to the continuous process is possible. This is accomplished by the narrow residence time distribution of the CFI, showing how close the setup approaches the ideal plug flow and with that batch operation.
Combinatorial impact of Sec signal peptides from Bacillus subtilis and bioprocess conditions on heterologous cutinase secretion by Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Hemmerich Johannes , Moch Matthias , Jurischka Sarah , Wiechert Wolfgang , Freudl Roland , Oldiges Marco
Published: November 2018

The impact of Sec signal peptides (SPs) from Bacillus subtilis in combination with isopropyl‐β‐
d‐1‐thiogalactopyranoside concentration and feeding profile was investigated for heterologous protein secretion performance by
Corynebacterium glutamicum using cutinase as model enzyme. Based on a comprehensive data set of about 150 bench‐scale bioreactor cultivations in fed‐batch mode and choosing the cutinase yield as objective, it was shown that relative secretion performance for bioprocesses remains very similar, irrespective of the applied SP enabling Sec‐mediated cutinase secretion. However, to achieve the maximal absolute cutinase yield, careful adjustment of bioprocess conditions was found to be necessary. A model‐based, two‐step multiple regression approach resembled the collected data in a comprehensive way. The corresponding results suggest that the choice of the heterologous Sec SP and its interaction with the adjusted exponential feeding profile is highly relevant to maximize absolute cutinase yield in this study. For example, the impact of Sec SP is high at low growth rates and low at high growth rates. However, promising Sec SPs could be inferred from less complex batch cultivations. The extensive data were also evaluated in terms of cutinase productivity, highlighting the well‐known trade‐off between yield and productivity in bioprocess development in detail. Conclusively, only the right combination of target protein, Sec SP, and bioprocess conditions is the key to success.
Creation and validation of a reactor engineering model for multiphase red wine fermentations
Authors: Miller Konrad V. , Oberholster Anita , Block David E.
Published: November 2018

Red wine fermentations are performed in the presence of grape skins and seeds to ensure the extraction of color and other phenolics. The presence of these solids results in two distinct phases in the fermentor, as the solids float to the top to form a “cap.” Modeling of red wine fermentation is, therefore, complex and must consider spatial heterogeneity to predict fermentation kinetics. We have developed a reactor‐engineering model for red wine fermentations that includes the fundamentals of fermentation kinetics, heat transfer, diffusion, and compressible fluid flow. To develop the heat transfer component of the model, the heat transfer properties of grapes were experimentally determined as a function of fermentation progression. COMSOL was used to solve all components of the model simultaneously utilizing a finite element analysis approach. Predictions from this model were validated using prior experimental work. Model prediction and experimental data showed excellent agreement. The model was then used to predict spatial profiles of active yeast cell concentration and ethanol productivity, as well as liquid velocity profiles. Finally, the model was used to predict how these gradients would change with differences in initial bioavailable nitrogen concentration, a key parameter in predicting fermentation outcome in nitrogen‐limited wine fermentations.
Structure of an engineered intein reveals thiazoline ring and provides mechanistic insight
Authors: Pearson C. Seth , Nemati Reza , Liu Binbin , Zhang Jing , Scalabrin Matteo , Li Zhong , Li Hongmin , Fabris Dan , Belfort Marlene , Belfort Georges
Published: November 2018

We have engineered an intein which spontaneously and reversibly forms a thiazoline ring at the native N‐terminal Lys‐Cys splice junction. We identified conditions to stablize the thiazoline ring and provided the first crystallographic evidence, at 1.54 Å resolution, for its existence at an intein active site. The finding bolsters evidence for a tetrahedral oxythiazolidine splicing intermediate. In addition, the pivotal mutation maps to a highly conserved B‐block threonine, which is now seen to play a causative role not only in ground‐state destabilization of the scissile N‐terminal peptide bond, but also in steering the tetrahedral intermediate toward thioester formation, giving new insight into the splicing mechanism. We demonstrated the stability of the thiazoline ring at neutral pH as well as sensitivity to hydrolytic ring opening under acidic conditions. A pH cycling strategy to control N‐terminal cleavage is proposed, which may be of interest for biotechnological applications requiring a splicing activity switch, such as for protein recovery in bioprocessing.
Low‐cost customizable microscale toolkit for rapid screening and purification of therapeutic proteins
Authors: Andar Abhay U. , Deldari Sevda , Gutierrez Erick , Burgenson David , Al‐Adhami Mustafa , Gurramkonda Chandrasekhar , Tolosa Leah , Kostov Yordan , Frey Douglas D. , Rao Govind
Published: November 2018

Biopharmaceutical separations require tremendous amounts of optimization to achieve acceptable product purity. Typically, large volumes of reagents and biological materials are needed for testing different parameters, thus adding to the expense of biopharmaceutical process development. This study demonstrates a versatile and customizable microscale column (µCol) for biopharmaceutical separations using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) as an example application to identify key parameters. µCols have excellent precision, efficiency, and reproducibility, can accommodate any affinity, ion‐exchange or size‐exclusion‐based resin and are compatible with any high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. µCols reduce reagent amounts, provide comparable purification performance and high‐throughput, and are easy to automate compared with current conventional resin columns. We provide a detailed description of the fabrication methods, resin packing methods, and µCol validation experiments using a conventional HPLC system. Finite element modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics was used to validate the experimental performance of the µCols. In this study, µCols were used for improving the purification achieved for granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) expressed using a cell‐free CHO in vitro translation (IVT) system and were compared to a conventional 1 ml IMAC column. Experimental data revealed comparable purity with a 10‐fold reduction in the amount of buffer, resin, and purification time for the μCols compared with conventional columns for similar protein yields.
Electronically‐tuned 2‐(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐4‐pyrenylthiazole through Bond Energy Transfer Donor–Acceptor Couples: Sensing and Biological Applications
Authors: Huh Joon Hyuk , Pandith Anup , Cho Chan Sik , Kim Hong‐Seok
Published: November 2018

A novel pyrene‐conjugated 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)thiazole probe (HPTP, 1) was prepared, and its photophysical and sensing properties were investigated and compared to those of four model compounds. HPTP effectively detects CN− and glycerol in DMSO, with “turn off” at 425 nm and “turn on” at 495 nm. The sensing ability of 1 towards CN− ions in DMSO, mediated by the hydrogen bonding‐induced disaggregation of aggregates, resulted in the quenching of ESIPT emission at 425 nm. By contrast, in a DMSO–glycerol mixed medium, the aggregate size increased together with the increased degree of intermolecular π–π interactions between two pyrene units located on adjacent molecules, and resulted in partial inhibition of energy/charge transfer from the pyrene unit to the thiazole unit in the excited state. Excitation energy transfer with increased photostability of the ESIPT core was effectively demonstrated in Candida albicans cell lines.
Doxorubicin‐induced heart failure in cancer patients: A cohort study based on the Korean National Health Insurance Database
Authors: Kim Young Ae , Cho Hyunsoon , Lee Nayoung , Jung So‐Youn , Sim Sung Hoon , Park In Hae , Lee Sunmi , Lee Eun Sook , Kim Hak Jin
Published: November 2018

Background

Doxorubicin is a typical anticancer drug that causes cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF). The aim of our study was to investigate incidence, risk factors for doxorubicin‐induced HF in Korean cancer patients and their survival rate, utilizing a nationwide population‐based cohort.

Methods

We analyzed 58 541 cancer patients who received doxorubicin between 2003 and 2010. Descriptive analysis was performed in patients with breast cancer, hematologic malignancy, gynecological malignancy, and sarcoma. Risk factors associated with doxorubicin‐induced HF were investigated using a Cox proportional hazards model. The survival rate of doxorubicin‐induced HF patients was compared with that of patients without doxorubicin‐induced HF.

Results

A total of 2324 (4%) were diagnosed with doxorubicin‐induced HF. In patients with breast cancer, predictive risk factors for doxorubicin‐induced HF included age over 65 years [hazard ratio (HR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05‐1.72], hypertension [HR 2.45 (2.12‐ 2.84)], diabetes mellitus [HR 1.26 (1.05‐1.51)], coronary artery disease [HR 2.08 (1.63‐2.66)], advanced stage [HR 1.31 (1.13‐1.50)], and trastuzumab administration [HR 2.94 (2.54‐3.40)]. In patients with hematologic malignancy, predictive risk factors included age over 65 years [HR 1.75 (1.49‐2.07)], hypertension [HR 1.62 (1.37‐1.92)], and coronary artery disease [HR 2.28 (1.80‐2.89)]. Five‐year survival rates of patients with doxorubicin‐induced HF were significantly lower relative to those of patients without HF in breast cancer and hematologic malignancy: 80% vs 84% and 69% vs 75%, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In cancer patients treated with doxorubicin, management of risk factors, early detection, and treatment for doxorubicin‐induced HF might be critical for patient survival.
Quantifying the Relationship between Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Experiences of Child Maltreatment: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Clayton Kylee , Lee Janelle Boram , Cheung Kristene , Theule Jennifer , Henrikson Brenna
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and experiences of child maltreatment. This study employed several meta‐analyses. Studies included in the meta‐analysis contained a comparison of experiences of child maltreatment in individuals with and without ADHD or assessed the relationship between ADHD symptoms and experiences of child maltreatment. There were 18 studies that met the eligibility criteria. Individuals with ADHD had higher odds of having been maltreated in childhood compared to individuals without ADHD (odds ratio = 2.39, p < 0.001). There was a significant association between ADHD symptoms and experiences of child maltreatment (r = 0.28, p < 0.001). Clinicians need to be cognisant of the risk of child maltreatment when working with individuals with ADHD, and vice versa.

‘Examine[s] the association between ADHD and experiences of child maltreatment’
Antineoplastic Constituents from the Chemical Diversified Extract ofRadix puerariae
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Long , Xu Wei , Zhou Zhen‐Ru , Li Juan , Jiang Lin‐Lin , Zhang Xing‐Xiao , Jiang Ren‐Wang
Published: November 2018

To enhance the structural diversity of isoflavonoids and provide more derivatives for the biological screening, a semisynthetic mixture was generated by diversification of the crude extract ofRadix puerariae(Pueraria montanavar. lobata) through the chemical reaction with hydrazine hydrate. Eleven 3,4‐diarylpyrazoles (1–11) and two 5‐phenyl‐6‐benzyldihydropyridazinones (12and13) were isolated from the semisynthetic mixture, and their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods in combination with X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Among them, nine compounds (5–13) were new derivatives. All the compounds were evaluated on the inhibitory activities against the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC3. Compounds12and13were found to exhibit much more potent inhibitory activities against the androgen dependent LNCaP cells than the androgen independent PC3 cells. Rapid synthesis of new 3,4‐diarylpyrazoles and two 5‐phenyl‐6‐benzyldihydropyridazinones with significant biological activity highlights the great potential of one‐pot combinatorial modification for the diversification of natural products.
Therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia after chemotherapy in extensive disease‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Ueda Naoko , Fujita Kohei , Okuno Yoshiaki , Nakatani Koichi , Mio Tadashi
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

We experienced therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia (t‐AML) in a patient with extensive disease‐small cell lung cancer (ED‐SCLC). This case is rare and has educational message because ED‐SCLC has a poor prognosis and often cannot survive until developing therapy related hematological malignancy. Furthermore this case had unique chromosomal abnormalities. With recent advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the prognosis of lung cancer has improved, while t‐AML has been increasing in frequency.
One‐Shot Measurement of Effectiveness Factors of Chemical Conversion in Porous Catalysts
Authors: Chmelik Christian , Liebau Michael , Al‐Naji Majd , Möllmer Jens , Enke Dirk , Gläser Roger , Kärger Jörg
Published: November 2018

From the earliest days of heterogeneous catalysis, high surface area solids were extensively used for attaining largest possible densities of active sites and, correspondingly, for maximizing turnover. Since sites are active in the real sense of the word only if they are occupied by reactants, i. e., by molecules still to be converted, the relative fraction of pore volume occupied by reactants (the “effectiveness factor”) is a key number for the efficiency of a catalyst in a given reaction. Its determination, so far generally based on reaction rate measurements with purposefully varied catalyst particles, remained to date a challenging task since it must be based on additional assumptions. The “one‐shot determination” of effectiveness factors by IR microimaging, here exemplified on considering the catalytic hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane by platinum dispersed on nanoporous glass, is shown to open up a promising route to overcome these limitations.
Toward High‐Voltage, Energy‐Dense, and Durable Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: Role of the Supporting Electrolytes
Authors: Chen Ruiyong
Published: November 2018

Sustainable energy supply from renewable sources requires highly efficient and economically competitive energy‐storage technologies. With flexible design, high energy‐storage efficiency, and long‐term cyclability, redox flow batteries are superior candidates for peak shaving and load leveling for smart grids in the energy generation, storage and distribution networks. With natural abundance, structural diversity and tunability, redox‐active organic species as valuable alternatives to the traditional inorganic‐based materials are promising to tackle the resource and performance limitations. To design aqueous organic redox flow batteries toward energy‐dense, high‐rate performance and durability, in this Review, strategies to maximize the cell voltage, effective concentration of organic species, and operating current density are discussed. Besides the inherent nature of the organic molecules, suitable solvents and supporting ions can affect their solvation behavior and promote their chemical stability.
Conductive Polypyrrole Coated Hollow NiCo2O4 Microspheres as Anode Material with Improved Pseudocapacitive Contribution and Enhanced Conductivity for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Yani , Guo Ruisong , Li Tingting , Li Fuyun , Meng Leichao , Yang Zhiwei , Wan Yizao , Luo Honglin
Published: November 2018

Conductive polypyrrole (PPy) coated urchin‐like hollow NiCo2O4 (NCO) porous microspheres (NCO@PPy) were synthesized by an easy and cost‐effective method. The NCO@PPy shows improved cycling stability and rate capability in comparison with the pure NiCo2O4 when used as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. In order to undersatnd the improvement of electrochemical performance of NCO@PPy, kinetic parameters and the lithium storage mechanism are investigated by EIS spectra and sweep voltammetry measurements. The sweep‐rate‐dependent CV (cyclic voltammetry) curves demonstrate an ever‐increasing redox capacitive‐controlled lithium storage originating from both, the hierarchical hollow structure and the effect of the PPy coating layer. The apparent Li+ ion diffusion coefficient of NCO@PPy and NCO derived from EIS and CV curves indicates that PPy coating layer reduces the charge‐transfer resistances and improves the lithium‐ion diffusion coefficient.
Efficient variable selection algorithm adopting variance inflated resampling weight vector into model population analysis
Authors: Mahanty Biswanath
Published: November 2018

Variable iterative space shrinkage approach (VISSA) is an important variable selection algorithm known for its improved accuracy and outcome stability in partial least squares (PLS) regression models. However, time efficiency of VISSA is not very promising. In this work, three strategies to inflate the variance of resampling weight vector (RWV) have been proposed to accelerate the space shrinkage in VISSA. The original RWV (ie, average binary frequency of variables) is replaced with average of unit normalized regression coefficients (UNRC), fitness normalized regression coefficients (FNRC), or logarithmically transformed regression coefficients (LTRC) of selected PLS sub‐models. Although prediction efficiencies for UNRC and FNRC are marginally inferior to the original binary‐weight VISSA, the stability of retained variables and remarkable improvements in algorithm speed is evident for relatively large size NIR data set (700 variables). LTRC with moderate degree of RWV variance inflation is indisputably a better choice. Chimeric algorithm, incorporating UNRC, FNRC, or LTRC in first round of original VISSA, maintained the model fitness per se while significantly improving time efficiency. With small dimensional NIR data set (100 variables), proposed weighting schemes have no additional advantage over original VISSA implementation.
Gas Phase Hydrolysis and Oxo‐Exchange of Actinide Dioxide Cations: Elucidating Intrinsic Chemistry from Protactinium to Einsteinium
Authors: Vasiliu Monica , Gibson John K. , Peterson Kirk A. , Dixon David A.
Published: November 2018

Gas‐phase bimolecular reactions of metal cations with water provide insights into intrinsic characteristics of hydrolysis. For the actinide dioxide cations, actinyl(V) AnO2+, melding of experiment and computation provides insights into trends for hydrolysis, as well as for oxo‐exchange between actinyls and water that proceeds by a hydrolysis pathway. Here this line of inquiry is further extended into the actinide series with CCSD(T) computations of potential energy surfaces, for the reaction pathway for oxo‐exchange through hydrolysis of nine actinyl(V) ions, from PaO2+to EsO2+. The computed surfaces are in accord with previous experimental results for oxo‐exchange, and furthermore predict spontaneous exchange for CmO2+, BkO2+, CfO2+and EsO2+, but not for AmO2+. Natural Bond Order analysis of the species involved in both hydrolysis and oxo‐exchange reveals an inverse correlation between the barrier to hydrolysis and the charge on the actinide centre,q(An). Based on this correlation, it can be concluded that hydrolysis, and related phenomena such as oxo‐exchange, become less favourable as the charge on the metal centre decreases. The new results provide a straightforward rationalization of trends across a wide swathe of the actinide series.
The effect of Ir content on the stability of Ti/IrO2‐SnO2‐Sb2O5 electrodes for O2 evolution
Authors: Qin Xusong , Zhao Yang , Li Jiaying , Chen Guohua
Published: November 2018

Ternary IrO2‐SnO2‐Sb2O5 is among the best electrocatalysts for O2 evolution. Its compositions, especially its Ir content, have significant impacts on the electrochemical stability, activity, and cost of the electrode. In this paper, the effects of Ir content on the electrochemical stability and activity of the Ti/IrO2‐SnO2‐Sb2O5 electrodes were investigated. Experimental results show that the electrochemical stability initially increased with nominal Ir content until 10 mol%. From 10–30 mol%, the effect of Ir composition gives insignificant difference. Further increase in Ir content beyond 30 mol% resulted in a decrease in the electrochemical stability. The performance of the electrode depends on all the steps it was made with about 15 % variation observed at Ir content of 20 mol%, where the longest average accelerated service life was found to be 1063 h under the conditions of anodic current density of 10 000 A/m2 in 3 mol/L H2SO4 electrolyte at 70 °C. The study on electrode degradation and failure mechanism reveals that the development of cracks or pores in the coating surface, the loss of Sb and Ir contents, and crystalline structure change of the coating during the life test facilitated the deactivation of the electrode. Moreover, the non‐conductive TiO2 interlayer formation was found to be responsible for the peeling of the coating layer, leading to the failure of Ti/IrO2‐SnO2‐Sb2O5, especially with high Ir content (> 30 mol% in nominal).
Influence of Oil Sands Composition on Bitumen Quality During Non‐Aqueous Bitumen Extraction from the Athabasca Deposit
Authors: Geramian Mirjavad , Liu Qi , Ivey Douglas G. , Etsell Thomas H.
Published: November 2018

The aim of the present work is to identify the most important species affecting a non‐aqueous bitumen extraction process and bitumen quality. This investigation was carried out on four petrologic end member samples from Syncrude's North Mine collected in 2012 (NM12), i.e., marine claystone (MC), marine sand (MS), estuarine claystone (EC), and estuarine sand (ES). Each end member was separately mixed with cyclohexane at a ratio of 40:60 (cyclohexane:end member), and the bitumen‐cyclohexane solutions were collected at different settling times (1–30 min). These solutions were analyzed to determine the amount, particle size distribution, and mineralogical composition of suspended fine solids (SFS), water content, as well as the bitumen content using a focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) particle size analyzer, Karl Fischer (KF) titration, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), quantitative XRD (QXRD), and elemental analysis. The SFS was composed of mainly illite and kaolinite after cyclohexane extraction from MC, MS, EC, and ES. Although mixed layer expandable clay minerals (i.e., illite‐smectite and kaolinite‐smectite) were identified in the original clay, end members (EC and MC), illite‐smectite, and kaolinite‐smectite were not observed in the SFS of the bitumen‐cyclohexane solutions obtained from the four petrologic end members. The SFS content and bitumen quality of the bitumen product were affected slightly but significantly by the end member composition and settling time, respectively. Illite and kaolinite were identified as the main minerals in the SFS of the bitumen products after relatively long settling times.
Probing Membrane Protein Insertion into Lipid Bilayers by Solid‐State NMR
Authors: Najbauer Eszter E. , Movellan Kumar Tekwani , Schubeis Tobias , Schwarzer Tom , Castiglione Kathrin , Giller Karin , Pintacuda Guido , Becker Stefan , Andreas Loren B.
Published: November 2018

Determination of the environment surrounding a protein is often key to understanding its function and can also be used to infer the structural properties of the protein. By using proton‐detected solid‐state NMR, we show that reduced spin diffusion within the protein under conditions of fast magic‐angle spinning, high magnetic field, and sample deuteration allows the efficient measurement of site‐specific exposure to mobile water and lipids. We demonstrate this site specificity on two membrane proteins, the human voltage dependent anion channel, and the alkane transporter AlkL from Pseudomonas putida. Transfer from lipids is observed selectively in the membrane spanning region, and an average lipid‐protein transfer rate of 6 s−1 was determined for residues protected from exchange. Transfer within the protein, as tracked in the 15N‐1H 2D plane, was estimated from initial rates and found to be in a similar range of about 8 to 15 s−1 for several resolved residues, explaining the site specificity.
Alteration of T Cell Phenotypes in HIV‐Neurotuberculosis Coinfection
Authors: Rao Deepashri , Venkataswamy Manjunatha M. , Vasanthapuram Ravi , Satishchandra P. , Desai Anita
Published: November 2018

Background

Neurotuberculosis is one of the commonest HIV associated opportunistic infections of the central nervous system in India. HIV‐TB coinfection may lead to altered frequencies of T cells, thereby influencing the course and progression of the disease.

Methods

We examined the frequencies of T cell subsets in HIV infected individuals with neurotuberculosis (HIV+nTB+) as compared to individuals with HIV associated systemic TB (HIV+sTB+), asymptomatic HIV (HIV+TB‐), non‐HIV neuro TB (HIV‐nTB+), non‐HIV systemic TB (HIV‐sTB+), and healthy controls (HIV‐TB‐). Activation and senescence profiles of CD4 and CD8 T cells and memory subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied by flow cytometry.

Results

The significant observations among the T cell subsets in HIV+nTB+ were: (1) Naïve T cells: decreased CD4 T cells compared to HIV‐sTB+ (P = 0.005); decreased CD8 T cells compared to HIV‐nTB+ and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.007), (2) Memory T cells: expanded CD4 TEMRA cells compared to HIV‐nTB+, HIV‐sTB+, and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.003); expanded CD8 TEMRA cells compared to HIV‐nTB+ and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.005), (3) Activated T cells: higher CD4 T cells compared to HIV‐nTB+, HIV‐sTB+, and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.004); higher CD8 T cells compared to HIV + TB‐, HIV‐nTB+, HIV‐sTB+, and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.001), and (4) Senescent T cells: increased CD8 T cells compared to HIV‐nTB+ and HIV‐TB‐ groups (P = 0.000).

Conclusions

Increased activation compared to HIV+TB‐, HIV‐nTB+, HIV‐sTB+, and HIV‐TB‐ groups and increased senescence compared to HIV‐nTB+ and HIV‐TB‐ groups were observed in CD8 T cells in HIV+nTB+, suggesting that the frequencies of these T cell subsets are altered to a greater extent in these individuals. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Craniofacial skeleton of MEXICAN tetra (Astyanax mexicanus): As a bone disease model
Authors: Atukorala Atukorallaya Devi Sewvandini , Bhatia Vikram , Ratnayake Ravindra
Published: November 2018

A small fresh water fish, the Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) is a novel animal model in evolutionary developmental biology. The existence of morphologically distinct surface and cave morphs of this species allows simultaneous comparative analysis of phenotypic changes at different life stages. The cavefish harbors many favorable constructive traits (i.e., large jaws with an increased number of teeth, neuromast cells, enlarged olfactory pits and excess storage of adipose tissues) and regressive traits (i.e., reduced eye structures and pigmentation) which are essential for cave adaptation. A wide spectrum of natural craniofacial morphologies can be observed among the different cave populations. Recently, the Mexican tetra has been identified as a human disease model. The fully sequenced genome along with modern genome editing tools has allowed researchers to generate transgenic and targeted gene knockouts with phenotypes that resemble human pathological conditions. This review will discuss the anatomy of the craniofacial skeleton of A. mexicanus with a focus on morphologically variable facial bones, jaws that house continuously replacing teeth and pharyngeal skeleton. Furthermore, the possible applications of this model animal in identifying human congenital and metabolic skeletal disorders is addressed. Developmental Dynamics 248:153‐161, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homodinuclear {LnIII2} (LnIII = GdIII, TbIII, HoIII, and DyIII) Complexes: Field‐Induced SMM Behavior of the DyIII and TbIII Analogues
Authors: Kalita Pankaj , Goura Joydeb , Manuel Herrera Martínez Juan , Colacio Enrique , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli
Published: November 2018

A family of four dinuclear complexes, [NHEt3]2[Ln2(µ‐NO3)2(NO3)2(HL)2] [Ln = GdIII (1), TbIII (2), HoIII (3), DyIII (4)], were synthesized by the reaction of an enolizable multidentate Schiff base ligand H3L (H3L = N′‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐5‐nitrobenzylidene)‐2‐(hydroxyimino)propanehydrazide) with hydrated lanthanide nitrates in the presence of NEt3. The molecular structure of complexes 1–4 was confirmed by single‐crystal XRD analysis. All of the centrosymmetric complexes are dianionic, isostructural and each of the LnIII centers is nine‐coordinate and adopts a muffin like coordination geometry as indicated by SHAPE analysis. The dynamic magnetization studies revealed that the compounds 2 and 4 are field‐induced single‐molecule magnets with effective energy barriers,Ueff = 34(2) K (for 2) and 80(3) K (for 4) and pre‐exponential factors, τo = 1.1 × 10–8 s (for 2) and 1.15 × 10–7 s (for 4).
Combining Photo‐Organo Redox‐ and Enzyme Catalysis Facilitates Asymmetric C‐H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Zhang Wuyuan , Fueyo Elena Fernandez , Hollmann Frank , Martin Laura Leemans , Pesic Milja , Wardenga Rainer , Höhne Matthias , Schmidt Sandy
Published: November 2018

In this study, we combined photo‐organo redox catalysis and biocatalysis to achieve asymmetric C–H bond functionalization of simple alkane starting materials. The photo‐organo catalyst anthraquinone sulfate (SAS) was employed to oxyfunctionalise alkanes to aldehydes and ketones. We coupled this light‐driven reaction with asymmetric enzymatic functionalisations to yield chiral hydroxynitriles, amines, acyloins and α‐chiral ketones with up to 99 % ee. In addition, we demonstrate functional group interconversion to alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids. The transformations can be performed as concurrent tandem reactions. We identified the degradation of substrates and inhibition of the biocatalysts as limiting factors affecting compatibility, due to reactive oxygen species generated in the photocatalytic step. These incompatibilities were addressed by reaction engineering, such as applying a two‐phase system or temporal and spatial separation of the catalysts. Using a selection of eleven starting alkanes, one photo‐organo catalyst and 8 diverse biocatalysts, we synthesized 26 products and report for the model compounds benzoin and mandelonitrile > 97 % ee at gram scale.
Body movements as pain indicators in older people with cognitive impairment: A systematic review
Authors: Strand Liv Inger , Gundrosen Kim Fredrik , Lein Regina Küfner , Laekeman Marjan , Lobbezoo Frank , Defrin Ruth , Husebo Bettina S.
Published: November 2018

Background and objective

Pain assessment tools for cognitively impaired older people, unable to self‐report pain, are commonly founded upon observation of pain behaviour, such as facial expressions, vocalizations and body movements. The scientific basis for claiming that body movements may indicate pain has not formerly been investigated in a systematic review. The objective was to explore research evidence for body movements being pain indicators in older people with cognitive impairment.

Data bases and data treatment

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. Two researchers independently identified and consented on studies to be included. PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews was followed. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for critical evaluation of study quality.

Results

A total of 2,096 records from the literature searches were identified, and 17 quantitative and eight qualitative studies were included in the review, the studies mainly related to older people with dementia. Quality scores ranged from 50% to 100%. We combined 62 items of body movements into 13 similar or synonymous items, and criteria for evidence were defined. Strong evidence was found for restlessness (agitation), rubbing, guarding, rigidity and physical aggression as the behaviours frequently responded (increased or decreased) to pain provoking activities, painful procedures and/or pain medication.

Conclusions

Among 13 categories of body movements, we found five with strong and five with moderate evidence of validity. As few items were typically included in many studies reflecting criterion validity, all should be included in future studies of patients with different characteristics, location and duration of pain.

Significance

Pain assessment tools for older people with cognitive impairment or dementia should include valid pain behaviour items. Our review shows strong scientific evidence for the following body movements indicating pain: restlessness (agitation), rubbing, guarding, rigidity and physical aggression.
Synergistic enantioseparation systems with either cyclodextrins or cyclofructans and L‐alanineTertbutyl ester lactate
Authors: Nicolaou Athina G. , Mavroudi Maria C. , Stavrou Ioannis J. , Weatherly Choyce A. , Kapnissi‐Christodoulou Constantina P.
Published: November 2018

The combined use of chiral ionic liquids (CILs) and conventional chiral selectors (CSs) in CE, to establish a synergistic system, has proven to be an effective approach for the separation of enantiomeric pairs. In this study, a new CE method was developed, employing a binary system of a CS, either a cyclodextrin (CD) or a cyclofructan (CF), and a chiral amino acid ester‐based ionic liquid (AAIL), for the chiral separation of four basic, acidic and zwitterionic drug compounds. In particular, the enantioseparation of two anticoagulants, warfarin (WAR) and coumachlor (COU), a non‐opioid analgesic, nefopam (NEF) and a third‐generation antihistamine, fexofenadine (FXD), was examined, by supporting the BGE with a CS and the chiral AAIL L‐alaninetertbutyl ester lactate (L‐AlaC4Lac). Parameters, such as the type of the CS, the concentration of both the CS and L‐AlaC4Lac, and the BGE pH, were methodically examined in order to optimize the chiral separation of each analyte. It was observed that, in some cases, the addition of the AAIL into the BGE improved both resolution (Rs) and efficiency (N) significantly. In other cases, the synergistic effect enabled baseline separation of analyte enantiomers, at a much lower concentration of the CS. Finally, after optimization of separation conditions, baseline separations (Rs>1.5) of all four analytes were achieved in less than 5 min.
Rapid quantification of quinine by multi‐stacking in a portable microchip electrophoresis system
Authors: Tai Chee Tung , See Hong Heng
Published: November 2018

A new multi‐stacking pre‐concentration procedure based on field‐enhanced sample injection (FESI), field‐amplified sample stacking, and transient isotachophoresis was developed and implemented in a compact microchip electrophoresis (MCE) with a double T‐junction glass chip, coupled with an on‐chip capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) system. A mixture of the cationic target analyte and the terminating electrolyte (TE) from the two sample reservoirs was injected under FESI conditions within the two sample‐loading channels. At the double T‐junction, the stacked analyte zones were further concentrated under field‐amplified stacking conditions and then subsequently focused by transient‐isotachophoresis and separated along the separation channels. The proposed multi‐stacking strategy was verified under a Universal Serial Bus (USB) fluorescence microscope employing Rhodamine 6G as the model analyte. This developed approach was subsequently used to monitor the target quinine present in human plasma samples. The total analysis time for quinine was approximately 200 s with a sensitivity enhancement factor of approximately 61 when compared to the typical gated injection. The detection and quantification limits of the developed approach for quinine were 3.0 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, respectively, with intraday and interday repeatability (%RSDs, n = 5) of 3.6 and 4.4%. Recoveries in spiked human plasma were 98.1–99.8%.
Scientific Controversy, Issue Salience, and E‐Cigarette Regulation: A Comparative Study of Policy Debates in Germany and England
Authors: Ettelt Stefanie , Hawkins Benjamin
Published: November 2018

Electronic cigarettes pose a regulatory challenge to governments seeking to balance their potential risks and benefits in the absence of conclusive scientific evidence. This comparative paper aims to explain the presence and absence of controversy about e‐cigarette regulation in England and Germany, respectively. It identifies three sets of factors that help explain why e‐cigarettes regulation became highly controversial in England, while in Germany this debate has been almost entirely absent. These factors relate to (1) differences in the perceived salience of e‐cigarettes resulting from existing tobacco control measures, prevalence of e‐cigarette use, the presence of the tobacco industry, and the role of public health community in public debate; (2) differences in institutional context and pathways of policy‐making; and (3) differences in approaches to legitimize policy decisions through science and the judiciary. The paper highlights the complex interplay of political, institutional, and cultural factors in explaining differences in public health decision making.
Analytical modeling of productivity of multi‐fractured shale gas wells under pseudo‐steady flow conditions
Authors: Zhang Chengli , Wang Peng , Guo Boyun , Song Guoliang
Published: November 2018

Multistage hydraulic fracturing has become a common well completion for horizontal shale gas wells. Some well test data from horizontal shale gas wells have shown pseudo‐steady flow conditions after a period of production. Considering linear flow from reservoir to fracture and linear flow in the fracture, an analytical model is established to calculate the productivity of horizontal shale gas wells under pseudo‐steady flow conditions. The equations in the analytical model are very simple. The production rates calculated by the analytical productivity model are in good agreement with actual gas wells production rates of a well in North American field and 12‐2 well in Fuling shale gas reservoir of China. Sensitivity analysis with the analytical productivity model shows that the different matrix permeability corresponds to the different reasonable fracture conductivity, and the higher the matrix permeability is, the greater the reasonable fracture conductivity. In the process of fracturing for a well, in order to increase production and save fracturing costs, there is no need to generate high‐conductivity fractures, the reasonable fracture conductivity should be determined based on economic evaluations in the real production process. The analytical model provides a practical way to predict production rate for optimization of fracturing design.
Recording inter‐annual changes on a boulder beach in Galicia, NW Spain using an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Gómez‐Pazo Alejandro , Pérez‐Alberti Augusto , Trenhaile Alan
Published: November 2018

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was flown over a boulder beach (area 20 000 m2) on the southern coast of Galicia (northwestern Spain) in May 2016, continuing earlier work based on flights over the same beach in July 2012, May 2013, and late March 2014. Digital surface models (DSMs) with 1.8 cm resolution were constructed from the 2014 and 2016 data to identify changes in beach morphology over the intervening period. Analyses were conducted using a Limit of Detection (LoD) of 0 cm and 3.71 cm. In both cases, the analyses showed that erosion dominated over 19% of the beach area. Accretion occurred over the rest of the beach, which acquired an additional 1500 m3 of material over the study period. Re‐analysis of the data from earlier flights suggested that erosion dominated on the beach in 2012–2013 and deposition in 2013–2014. Without any clear relationship between beach behaviour and storm severity during each winter period, it is proposed that gravitationally induced erosion and storm‐wave induced deposition are the result of perturbations about an equilibrium beach gradient. The UAV data also suggested that an essentially random component modulates regional patterns of movement. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.