bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Factorial Study of Labor Arbitration Cases
Authors: DREWES DONALD W. , BLANCHARD ROBERT E.
Published: December 2006

A Factor analysis of issues involved in labor arbitration cases was undertaken in order to determine if seemingly independent grievance issues may, in fact, be related to more basic underlying factors. A sample of 120 arbitration cases was drawn from those appearing in the Prentice‐Hall arbitration series. Two judges independently classified the issues involved in each case according to 17 grievance categories. These 17 grievance categories were intercorrelated and factored by use of the centroid method.

Five grievance factors were extracted and identified as (A) Economic Security, (B) Control of Job Environment, (C) Job Status and Recognition, (D) Union Security, and (E) Power Relations. It was concluded that the grievance cases considered in this study resulted from dissatisfactions which could be classified by these five grievance factors. This seems to suggest that the numerous grievance factors generally associated with arbitrations are indeed superfluous and, in fact, may be represented by only five factors, the most important of which seems to be Economic Security.
A Comparison of Foreman and General Foreman Conceptions of the Foreman's Job Responsibilities
Authors: MEYER HERBERT H.
Published: December 2006

This study was carried out to determine how foremen and general foremen differ in their concepts of the foreman's job responsibilities. It was also aimed at determining how foremen rated by their general foremen as “most effective” compared with foremen rated “least effective” in the way they viewed their job responsibilities. Specifically, it was hypothesized that foremen rated as “most effective” by their general foreman would be in better agreement with the general foreman regarding their job responsibilities than would foremen rated “least effective.”

Both general foremen and foremen in a number of manufacturing plants filled out a check‐list questionnaire indicating their conceptions of the degree of the foreman's responsibility for a number of specific job functions. The questionnaire results were analyzed by comparing the responses of the foremen to the responses of their respective general foremen. Attention was also focussed on differences between the responses of foremen rated as “most effective” and the responses of foremen rated “least effective.”

The study revealed: (a) a fairly high level of disagreement between foremen and general foremen regarding the responsibilities of the foreman; (b) that foremen rated “most effective” disagreed with their general foremen regarding their job responsibilities just as much as did foremen rated “least effective;” but (c) that “most effective” foremen, as compared with “least effective” foremen, did differ significantly in the direction of their disagreement. Specifically, “most effective” foremen characteristically claimed more responsibility for job functions than did “least effective” foremen.
Individuality as a Factor in the Success of Management Personnel
Authors: GHISELLI EDWIN E.
Published: December 2006

Sixty‐Three administrators in the Italian Civil Service were rated by their peers on 18 traits pertaining to their job performance. The intercorrelations among persons were computed and cluster analysed. Each man was scored in terms of the degree to which his pattern of traits was dissimilar to those characterizing men in any of the clusters. The coefficient of correlation between these values, termed measures of individuality, and over‐all job success was found to be .541.
IMPROVING THE PREDICTIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF PEER RATINGS
Authors: DOLL RICHARD E. , LONGO ALEXANDER A.
Published: December 2006

Low scores on peer ratings of leadership potential have been shown to predict failure to complete the Naval Air Training Program. It is hypothesized here, however, that low peer ratings awarded by reason of “anti‐social” personality traits are invalid as predictors of training failure and that the predictive effectiveness of low peer ratings would be improved by removing such cases from the sample.

Of 278 low‐rated cadets, 73 were identified as having been low‐rated for “anti‐social” reasons. There were significantly fewer failures to complete training among these men than among men who were low‐rated for other reasons.
MATURITY OF SELF‐PERCEPTION IN RELATION TO MANAGERIAL SUCCESS
Authors: GHISELLI EDWIN E.
Published: December 2006

Using a forced‐choice adjective check list, a scale measuring maturity of self‐perception was developed. Contrary to expectation, a positive relationship between maturity and success in managerial positions was not found. Rather those individuals whose self‐perceptions were like those of their own age were most likely to be successful managers and to achieve higher management positions.
EVALUATION OF A MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Authors: MOFFIE DANNIE J. , CALHOON RICHARD , O'BRIEN JAMES K.
Published: December 2006

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate a training course in problem‐solving and decision‐making given to three levels of management at a large southeastern paper mill. 1 The course was conducted early in 1963 by an instructor from a firm specializing in management development. 2 Approximately fifty management personnel attended the course. The twenty‐hour offering conducted during the afternoon and evening had as its objective to increase the speed and accuracy of problem‐solving and decision‐making by the course participants.

Evaluation of the training program involved the utilization of three distinct methods of appraisal. A course‐end questionnaire was used to obtain the reaction of trainees to the program. A controlled experiment was used to determine the effect of the training on learning. In addition, observations were made of trainee participation in the practical‐work periods during the course to determine any relation between learning and amount and types of participation.

The results of the course‐end questionnaire indicated that trainees felt the course was worthwhile and the material learned could be used on the job.

In the controlled experiment, the criteria of learning employed were performance on the Watson‐Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and on problems similar to those used in the training program. The control group used in the experiment was made up of members of the top three levels of management at the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company Mill at Charleston, South Carolina. The portion of the experiment to show the effect of the training on learning resulted in no significant improvement in scores on the test devices used.

The observation of trainee participation during the practical‐work periods of the training program added little to the overall results of the evaluation. It did substantiate some of the suggestions for improving the training; and it showed an improvement in the attitude of trainees on the last day of training over what it had been the first day.

In view of the fact that the entire program lasted only twenty hours, it would probably have been presumptuous to expect a significant amount of improvement from the training. To realize improvement in learning and in performance on the job, it was recommended that the over‐all program be continued. In this regard it was suggested that formal refresher training be given to the original participants at periodic intervals and that a longer program be conducted for subsequent participants. 3
Comparative Work Value Systems
Authors: Friedlander Frank
Published: December 2006

Overthe past several years, a theory of job motivation has emerged which is predicated upon a system of needs and values hypothesized to exist in some degree in all employees. Little effort has been made to test the universality of these theories and predications across a variety of socially‐stratified levels, nor to consider the worker's values in the context of the stratified groups to which he belongs.

This report describes a study in which the prepotency of growth needs in relation to deficiency needs in the work environment is compared across three status levels in both white‐collar and blue‐collar occupations. Findings indicate that the task‐centered opportunities for self‐actualization are of prime importance to white‐collar workers only; the social environment is of paramount value to blue‐collar workers. Only minor variations in work values were found across adjacent status levels, although status and occupational levels interact with work characteristics with differential effects upon value hierarchies. Results are discussed in terms of the contrasting values which different subgroups attach to task‐centered and social work characteristics. Questions of causality and remedy are also considered.
THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL TRAINING LABORATORIES UPON THE EFFECTIVENESS AND INTERACTION OF ONGOING WORK GROUPS
Authors: FRIEDLANDER FRANK
Published: December 2006

The impact upon four work groups (N= 31) which participated in organizational training laboratory sessions is evaluated in comparison with eight similar groups (N= 60) which did not participate. Criteria were six‐factored dimensions, each composed of items gathered from earlier interviews which group members perceived as problems. Significant changes occurred in training groups in the following three dimensions: group effectiveness, mutual influence, and personal involvement. No significant changes occurred in leader approachability, intragroup trust, or in the evaluation of group meetings. The relevance of a work unit participating in training as a total group, rather than each member participating in a separate session, is discussed.
THE SUBORDINATE'S ROLE IN THE DELEGATION PROCESS1
Authors: MAIER NORMAN R. F.
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effect of two degrees of delegation on the foreman's behavior in a conference with his men. A simulated life situation, involving a foreman and three assembly workers, was used. Time‐study data indicated a source of inefficiency and raised the problem of improving work methods. Groups of four persons interacted under two conditions: in 85 of the groups the foreman was instructed by his superior to introduce a specific solution to a problem; in the other 86 groups he was instructed to share the problem with his men. All subjects were middle‐management personnel in government and industry, and all had been exposed to the concept of participation in gaining the acceptance of a decision. Equal samples from each population were tested under the two conditions.

Measures included the following: (1) types of decisions reached; (2) foreman's method of posing the topic for discussion; (3) men's acceptance of the decision; (4) foreman's perception of men who disagreed with him; and (5) whether or not the foreman shared the time‐study data with the men.

The results revealed that the two experimental conditions produced no differential effect on any of the measures. Persons serving as foremen conducted their meetings as they saw fit and were uninfluenced by their lack of freedom under one condition and their high degree of freedom under the other.
NEEDS AND NEED SATISFACTION AMONG CLERICAL WORKERS IN COMPLEX AND ROUTINE JOBS
Authors: BEER MICHAEL
Published: December 2006

Reliable measurement of needs and need satisfaction on Maslow's hierarchy is possible. Clerical employees (mainly female) indicated a high need for self‐actualization and autonomy. In this respect they are similar to lower level managers described by Porter (1962) and women described by Jurgensen (1949). There was no substantial difference in need satisfaction patterns between clerical employees in routine jobs and those in more complex clerical jobs. Similarly, no difference was found in the motivation of these two groups. It was concluded that jobs which appear to management as higher in responsibility and complexity, and which are commonly viewed as promotions, may not always provide additional satisfactions in self‐actualization, autonomy, or esteem. This study focused on the importance of defining accurately what constitutes job enlargement. An increase in variety and responsibility does not necessarily result in increasing higher order need satisfaction or motivation. How much job enlargement makes a difference in these variables is still open to question and must be the subject of further investigation.
EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE SENSORY QUALITY OF GROUND ARABICA COFFEE
Authors: ROSS CAROLYN F. , PECKA KRISTIN , WELLER KAREN
Published: December 2006

The objective of this study was to determine how long ground coffee beans could be stored at room and freezing temperatures before sensory changes could be detected, and to identify specific attribute changes associated with this storage. Ground beans were stored for 0 (fresh), 1, 2 and 3 weeks at room and freezing temperatures. Coffee was prepared from each of these treatments and difference testing was performed. Paired comparison tests were conducted on the fresh, 1‐ and 2‐week‐stored coffee grounds to examine the attributes of coffee aroma, flavor, bitterness and overall preference. At room temperature storage, results indicated significant (P < 0.05) differences in the coffee prepared from fresh versus the 2‐week‐stored ground beans. Coffee made from freshly ground beans had a stronger coffee aroma, less bitterness and was more preferred compared with the beans stored for 1 or 2 weeks (P < 0.05). At freezer storage, differences were detected between coffee prepared from coffee grounds stored for 1 or 2 weeks. Coffee prepared from grounds stored for 2 weeks had a stronger coffee aroma and was more bitter compared with the other storage times (P < 0.05).
EFFECT OF CaCl2AND CONVECTIVE‐OSMOTIC DRYING ON TEXTURE AND PREFERENCE OF APPLE
Authors: OCHOA‐MARTÍNEZ L.A. , GARCÍA‐QUINTERO M. , MORALES‐CASTRO J. , GALLEGOS‐INFANTE A. , MARTÍNEZ‐SÁNCHEZ C.E. , HERMAN‐LARA E.
Published: December 2006

Conventional air‐drying combined with osmotic dehydration was researched as a potential method for drying apple cubes of superior quality. Samples were pretreated with CaCl2at different temperatures and times. Pretreated apple cubes were dehydrated in a tray dryer. Then, osmotic dehydration with sucrose solutions was carried out. The curves for osmotic dehydration showed that the gain of solids was higher when 40% of water was removed by convective drying while the loss of weight was lower at the same level of dehydration at 65°Brix. Texture measurements indicated that the temperature of pretreatment affected the hardness and cohesiveness. Hardness values were higher at 40C, while cohesiveness values were lower at the same temperature. The CaCl2at a given temperature did not have a significant effect on texture. Sensory evaluation showed that samples pretreated at 25C and osmotically dried at 50°Brix had the higher preference by the judges.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF COMMON INORGANIC ANIONS IN BLACK AND HERBAL TEA BY SUPPRESSED ION CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: MICHALSKI RAJMUND
Published: December 2006

The suppressed ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of common inorganic anions (fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate) in tea infusions was developed and validated. The separation was performed on an anion‐exchange column within 15 min by isocratic elution with 3.2‐mM Na2CO3 + 1.0‐mM NaHCO3 as eluent, and determination was carried out by suppressed conductivity. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.14–0.98 mg/L. The spiked recoveries for the analyzed anions were in the range of 91–105%. The method does not need a special sample treatment (except filtration by 0.45 µm membrane filter) and was successfully applied to the analysis of five black and five herbal teas available on the market.
MEASUREMENT OF FIRMNESS OF STIRRED YOGURT IN ROUTINE QUALITY CONTROL
Authors: ARES GASTÓN , PAROLI CAROLINA , HARTE FEDERICO
Published: December 2006

The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the potential use of the vane method and penetration tests as a tool to measure the variability in firmness of stirred yogurt in routine quality control, and to evaluate the effect of distribution on yogurt firmness. Twelve batches of plain stirred yogurt of a commercial brand were studied, acquired both from a manufacturing plant and three retail stores. Both vane method and penetration tests allowed the detection of changes in the firmness of yogurts, confirming that they could be useful in routine quality control to characterize the firmness of yogurt. The yield stress of samples from the manufacturing plant varied within a range of 250 Pa. This important variation was partially explained by variations in the final acidity during fermentation, showing the importance of a standardized production in order to obtain a uniform texture. The yield stress of yogurts from the manufacturing plant was significantly higher than that of samples from the different retail stores. Averaged values being considered, the yogurts lost 53 Pa of their original yield stress during distribution and handling inside retail stores, probably due to mechanical damage. This mechanical damage also caused the occurrence of syneresis.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE, SUGAR AND TERTIARY BUTYLHYDROQUINONE ON COLOR, TEXTURE AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF PEANUT PASTE
Authors: ABEGAZ EYASSU G. , KERR WILLIAM L.
Published: December 2006

The effect of antioxidant, sugar, moisture and storage time on color, texture and microstructure of peanut paste were determined. The addition of 2 or 5% water resulted in decreased lightness (L*), hue angle (h°) and chroma (C) values, while tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and sugar levels had no effect on color. Peanut pastes with added moisture had increased hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness, and lower cohesiveness and springiness compared with treatments with no added moisture. TBHQ was not a significant factor for texture, but hardness increased with the level of added sugar. Scanning electron micrographs and image analysis of light micrographs confirmed the presence of aggregation of protein bodies in 2 and 5% moisture treatments. The addition of sugar or TBHQ produced no measurable changes in microstructural features.
Accounting and Valuation: How Helpful Are Recent Accounting Rule Changes?
Authors: Cornell Bradford , Landsman Wayne R.
Published: December 2006

The longstanding debate over the proper definition of “earnings”—whether investors when setting stock prices focus primarily on GAAP earnings or other measures like operating cash flow—is both misguided and theoretically unresolvable. The biggest problem faced by investors in evaluating earnings reports is not their inability to understand the effects of the different accounting methods companies use when aggregating accounting line items into reported net income. More challenging, and more critical to the investment process, is getting complete and reliable information about the line items themselves. The authors' underlying premise is that investors, when provided sufficient information about these “components” of earnings, can combine or reconfigure them in whatever way they find most useful. But without sufficient and reliable information about the individual line items, investors will find it difficult to understand how earnings are generated and thus to produce the forecast of future earnings necessary to value a company.

In the past few years, there have been significant rule changes in accounting for employee options, derivatives, and special purposes entities. The authors evaluate the extent to which the new rules encourage disclosures that are helpful from a valuation perspective. Although there has been some progress, financial reporting in each of the three areas continues to fall well short of providing the complete, disaggregated data required to value a firm with confidence.
The Promise of Credit Derivatives in Nonfinancial Corporations (and Why It's Failed to Materialize)
Authors: Smithson Charles , Mengle David
Published: December 2006

Although industrial companies played a big part in the growth of foreign exchange, interest rate, and commodity price derivatives, such companies have had almost no role in the growth of credit derivatives. As the authors point out, industrial corporates are exposed to credit risk in a variety of ways, including customer accounts receivable, longer‐term supply contracts, loans to customers and vendors, and counterparty exposures. Credit derivatives, moreover, would allow corporate users to avoid a number of drawbacks associated with other methods for managing credit risk, including credit insurance, factoring, and surety bonds or securitization. But, as both surveys and interviews with credit derivatives dealers suggest, corporates' direct use of credit derivatives has been very limited, accounting for less than 5% of the credit protection purchased using credit derivatives.

As the surveys and interviews also indicate, there are a number of reasons why corporates may be reluctant to use credit derivatives: (1) Unlike the cases of interest rate or currency risk, credit risk management is typically the purview of business units rather than the corporate treasury, and the business units tend to have considerably less experience with derivatives. (2) The protection provided by a credit derivative is unlikely to provide a perfect match for the loss that would be suffered by a corporate in the event of a default. (3) The liquidity in credit derivatives tends to be greatest in maturities that are much longer than those of most corporate credit exposures. (4) It is harder for a corporate to determine how much protection to buy than for a financial. (5) While the existing credit derivative documentation (which is based on loans or bonds) works well for banks and investors, it is less satisfactory for the credit risk faced by corporates, which is often based on “payment.” (6) While accounting standards require that credit derivatives be marked to market, the inability of corporates to mark to market their underlying exposure being hedged leads to unwanted volatility of earnings.

Nevertheless, as the authors predict in closing, if the corporate demand for credit risk transfer becomes large and urgent enough, these obstacles will likely turn out to be temporary roadblocks.
Incorporating Strategic Risk into Enterprise Risk Management: A Survey of Current Corporate Practice
Authors: Gates Stephen
Published: December 2006

Since ERM is a relatively recent activity and has yet to be fully implemented in most companies, there has been little academic research about its accomplishments and about the obstacles to further progress. In particular, very little has been published about corporate attempts to identify and manage corporate strategic risks while integrating them into a corporate‐ wide ERM framework. This article uses responses collected from a survey of 271 risk and financial executives in North American and European companies to address the following questions: What forces are behind this push for a more organized and integrated management of significant risks? What challenges are companies encountering as they implement implement ERM? Once fully in place, how does ERM affect the company's ability to implement its strategy?

The primary drivers of ERM are said to be corporate governance requirements and other regulatory pressures, and management and investor demand for greater understanding of strategic and operating risks. The benefits of full ERM implementation are increased management accountability and better governance practices, greater managerial understanding of and consensus about corporate strategy, and, in some cases, higher credit ratings and hence a lower cost of capital. The tools and techniques to measure the impact of strategic risks appear to vary, depending on the stage of ERM implementation. For advanced ERM companies, the most frequently used tools and techniques are key risk indicators, self‐assessments, and scenario analysis.
Managing M&A Risk with Collars, Earn‐outs, and CVRs*
Authors: Caselli Stefano , Gatti Stefano , Visconti Marco
Published: December 2006

M&A transactions expose both the bidder and target shareholders to a number of major risks both prior to the close of the deal and during the post‐close integration phase. The main pre‐closing risk is the possibility that fl uctuations of bidder and target stock prices will affect the terms of the deal and reduce the likelihood the deal closes. After the closing, a major risk for bidder shareholders is the failure of the target to perform up to expectations, thus resulting in overpayment.

This article describes a number of tools that can be used to manage such risks, using a number of examples to illustrate the structure and pricing of such tools. In the case of pre‐closing risks, offers with “collars” can protect target company shareholders from a drop in bidder company share prices while at the same protecting acquirers from excessive dilution. Post‐closing instruments such as earn‐outs and contingent value rights can be used to manage the risk of substandard performance and the overpayment that would result from underperformance.
Two cases of dysuria as a complication of single‐session bilateral triple pelvic osteotomy
Authors: Papadopoulos G. , Tommasini Degna M.
Published: December 2006

Dysuria is a rare, but nevertheless severe postoperative complication associated with single‐session bilateral triple pelvic osteotomy. Two cases are described in which contrast radiography of the lower urinary tract was used to diagnose urethral compression due to pelvic canal narrowing. Relief of the pressure on the urethra was achieved with an external fixation device, which distracted the acetabular fragments of the pelvis. In both cases the dysuria was resolved. The significance of this complication and its possible causes, especially regarding surgical technique, are discussed.
Infection of a total hip prosthesis in a dog caused byAchromobacter(Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans
Authors: Girling S. L. , Innes J. F.
Published: December 2006

A four‐year‐old male, neutered Labrador retriever was presented with progressive left hindlimb lameness 10 months following total hip replacement. Radiography revealed changes consistent with infection and culture of joint fluid from the left coxofemoral joint revealedAchromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans.The prosthesis was removed. Culture of the acetabular cup confirmedAchromobacter xylosoxidans. Achromobacter xylosoxidansis an uncommon but serious cause of nosocomial epidemics in hospitals for human beings. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of total hip prosthetic infection withAchromobacter xylosoxidans. Little is reported about its pathogenicity in human beings and the authors failed to retrieve any reports of its clinical significance in animals.
Successful treatment of disseminated cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a dog
Authors: Swift IM , Griffin A , Shipstone MA
Published: December 2006

A 7‐year‐old castrated male Whippet developed deep ulcerative skin lesions whilst receiving immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone and cyclosporine for the treatment of immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia. The lesions were determined to be a phaeohyphomycosis, caused by Curvularia lunata. The dog was treated with a combination of systemic antifungals and weaning off immunosuppressants and made a complete recovery. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report of the successful treatment of disseminated cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a dog.
Enteral fluid therapy in large animals
Authors: Rainger JE , Dart AJ
Published: December 2006

Enteral fluids administered alone, or in conjunction with intravenous fluids, are reported to be useful for the treatment of dehydration and electrolyte loss associated with diarrhoea in a number of species, following exercise in horses and for feed impaction of the large intestine of horses. Enteral fluids are suitable for treatment of mild to moderately dehydrated patients with some intact intestinal epithelium and motile small intestine. In patients that will drink voluntarily or tolerate nasal intubation the use of enteral fluids may avoid the complications associated with intravenous fluid administration. However the labour costs associated with repeated nasal intubation in intensively managed patients requiring large volumes of fluids may make the use of enteral fluids less economical than intravenous fluid administration. Enteral fluid use alone is contraindicated in patients that are severely dehydrated and/or in hypovolaemic shock, however, if used in conjunction with intravenous fluids, the effects of villous atrophy and malnutrition may be ameliorated and the duration of hospitalisation shortened. There is a variety of commercially available enteral fluids available to veterinary practitioners. While the key components of these fluids are sodium, chloride and carbohydrates, the amounts of ions and other ingredients such as potassium, alkalising agents, amino acids and shortchain fatty acids may vary. The species of the animal, the underlying condition, and the constituents of the fluid, should influence the choice of an enteral fluid.
Genetic characterisation of Australian strains of porcine circovirus types 1 and 2
Authors: Muhling J , Raye WS , Buddle JR , Wilcox GE
Published: December 2006

Objective  As post‐weaning multi‐systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) has not been identified within Australia, to determine if the absence of disease was associated with genetic differences between the strains of porcine circovirus (PCV) present in Australia and those from countries in association with PMWS.

Design  Pig tissues were obtained from weaned pigs found dead or presenting with clinical signs of illthrift and also from neonatal pigs with congenital tremors and used as a source of virus DNA for sequence analysis.

Procedure  DNA was extracted from the tissues and PCV detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR with PCV type‐specific primers was used to amplify the entire genome from selected tissues. The genomes of three strains of PCV1 and seven strains of PCV2 from three Australian states were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis using standard procedures.

Results  The three Australian PCV1 strains had 98 to 99% nucleotide identity to strains in other countries and the seven Australian PCV2 strains had 94 to 99% identity to PCV2 strains in other countries where PMWS has occurred. Six of the seven Australian PCV2 strains were genetically similar to each other, while the seventh was more distantly related. There were no consistent differences in the predicted amino acid sequence of the Australian strains of PCV2 and strains associated with PMWS in other countries.

Conclusion  There were no consistent differences between Australian strains of PCV and those that have been associated with PMWS in other countries and it appears likely that other factors are responsible for the absence of PMWS in Australia.
Geometrical effects on the tuning of Chinese and Korean stone chimes
Authors: Yoo Junehee , Rossing Thomas D.
Published: December 2006

The vibrational mode frequencies and mode shapes of ancient stone chimes are analyzed and their dependence on stone shapes are discussed. Mode shapes and frequencies of several chime models are determined by using finite element methods, and these show good agreement with mode shapes and frequencies observed in Korean pyeongyeong chime stones using holographic interferometry and experimental modal testing. The dependence of mode shapes and frequencies on vertex angle and base curvature suggests that the geometries used in late Chinese bianqing and Korean pyeongyeong may have been selected to give the best sound.
Noniterative analytical formula for inverse scattering of multiply scattering point targets
Authors: Marengo Edwin A. , Gruber Fred K.
Published: December 2006

This paper derives, in the exact framework of multiple scattering theory for point targets, a noniterative analytical formula for the nonlinear inversion of the target scattering strengths from the scattering or response matrix that can be applied after the target positions have been estimated in a previous step via, e.g., time-reversal multiple signal classification or another approach. The new formula provides a noniterative analytical alternative to the iterative numerical solution approach for the same problem presented in a recent paper [A. J. Devaney, E. A. Marengo, and F. K. Gruber, “Time-reversal-based imaging and inverse scattering of multiply scattering point targets,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 3129–3138 (2005)]. The two methods (noniterative versus iterative) are comparatively investigated with two numerical examples.
Finite element analysis of broadband acoustic pulses through inhomogenous media with power law attenuation
Authors: Wismer Margaret G.
Published: December 2006

Acoustic waves in tissues and weakly attenuative fluids often have an attenuation parameter, α(ω), satisfying α(ω)=α0ωy in which α0 is a constant, ω is the frequency, and y is between 1 and 2. This power law attenuation is not predicted by the classical thermoviscous wave equation and researchers have proposed different modified viscous wave equations in which the loss term is a convolution operator or a fractional spatial or temporal derivative. In this paper, acoustic waves undergoing power law attenuation are modeled by a modification to the thermoviscous wave equation in which the time derivative of the viscous term is replaced by a fractional time derivative. An explicit time domain, finite element formulation leads to a stable algorithm capable of simulating axisymmetric, broadband acoustic pulses propagating through attenuative and dispersive media. The algorithm does not depend on the Born approximation, long wavelength limit, or plane wave assumptions. The algorithm is validated for planar and focused transducers and results include radiation patterns from a viscous scatterer in a lossless background and signals reflected from a viscous layer. The program can be used to determine scattering parameters for large, strong, possibly viscous scatterers, in either a lossless or viscous background, for which analytic results are scarce.
Noise suppression using the coherent onion peeler
Authors: Wilson James H. , Nuttall Albert H. , Prater Robert A.
Published: December 2006

An innovative noise suppression algorithm, called the coherent onion peeler (COP) (patent detained) is derived by minimizing the error in the coherent subtraction of the data from a single plane wave model. The COP solution “collapses” for all beamforming algorithms to the same solution at the complex hydrophone FFT level. Thus, any beamformer can be applied to the residual FFTs after the COP has been applied. The COP is applied to the strongest interferer first and the residual FFTs represent the acoustic field with this interferer coherently “peeled back” like the outer skin of an onion. This procedure can be repeated any number of times to coherently suppress the noise from all interferers present. A new nonadaptive beamformer is developed that “blends” together the best beam pattern properties of conventional beamforming (CBF) near array design frequency and the generalized fourier integral method (GFIM) at very low frequencies (VLF). In between these frequency extremes, the GFIM-CBF Blend (patent pending) (G-C Blend) is a frequency-dependent weighted average of both individual beamformers. COP and G-C Blend are applied to the broadband noise emitted by the tow ship, which severely degrades the performance of the towed array; COP reduced this broadband noise by over 19dB in a single pass.
Observations of polarized seismoacoustic T waves at and beneath the seafloor in the abyssal Pacific ocean
Authors: Butler Rhett
Published: December 2006

Combined seismic and hydrophone observations show that the traditional T wave propagates as a seismoacoustic polarized interface wave (Ti) coupled to the seafloor. Seismoacoustic Ti waves propagating at the sound speed of water are routinely observed over megameter distances at the deep (4979m) seafloor Hawaii-2 Observatory (H2O) between Hawaii and California, even though the seafloor site is within a shadow zone for acoustic wave propagation. Ti has also been observed on seismometers 225 km SSW of Oahu at the OSN1 site at the seafloor and within an ODP borehole into the basalt basement. Analyses of timing, apparent velocity, energy, and polarization of these interface waves are presented. At low frequency (<∼5Hz) Ti propagates dominantly in the sediments and is consistent with higher-mode Rayleigh waves. At higher frequencies the observed Ti waves dominantly propagate acoustically with characteristics suggesting local scattering. The observation of Ti from an earthquake in Guatemala at OSN1, whose path is blocked by the Island of Hawaii, is consistent with scattering from the vicinity of the Cross Seamount.
Acoustic scattering from mud volcanoes and carbonate mounds
Authors: Holland Charles W. , Weber Thomas C. , Etiope Giuseppe
Published: December 2006

Submarine mud volcanoes occur in many parts of the world’s oceans and form an aperture for gas and fluidized mud emission from within the earth’s crust. Their characteristics are of considerable interest to the geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and underwater acoustics communities. For the latter, mud volcanoes are of interest in part because they pose a potential source of clutter for active sonar. Close-range (single-interaction) scattering measurements from a mud volcano in the Straits of Sicily show scattering 10–15dB above the background. Three hypotheses were examined concerning the scattering mechanism: (1) gas entrained in sediment at/near mud volcano, (2) gas bubbles and/or particulates (emitted) in the water column, (3) the carbonate bio-construction covering the mud volcano edifice. The experimental evidence, including visual, acoustic, and nonacoustic sensors, rules out the second hypothesis (at least during the observation time) and suggests that, for this particular mud volcano the dominant mechanism is associated with carbonate chimneys on the mud volcano. In terms of scattering levels, target strengths of 4–14dB were observed from 800to3600Hz for a monostatic geometry with grazing angles of 3–5°. Similar target strengths were measured for vertically bistatic paths with incident and scattered grazing angles of 3–5° and 33–50°, respectively.
A comparison of broadband models for sand sediments
Authors: Buchanan James L.
Published: December 2006

Chotiros and Isakson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116(4), 2011–2022 (2004)] recently proposed an extension of the Biot-Stoll model for poroelastic sediments that makes predictions for compressional wave speed and attenuation, which are in much better accord with the experimental measurements of these quantities extant in the literature than either those of the conventional Biot-Stoll model or the rival model of Buckingham [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108(6), 2796–2815 (2000)]. Using a local minimizer, the Nelder-Mead simplex method, it is shown that there are generally at least two choices of the Chotiros-Isakson parameters which produce good agreement with experimental measurements. Since one postulate of the Chotiros-Isakson model is that, due to the presence of air bubbles in the pore space, the pore fluid compressibility is greater than that of water, an alternative model based on a conjecture by Biot [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34(5), 1254–1264 (1962)], air bubble resonance, is considered. While this model does as well or better than the Chotiros-Isakson model in predicting measured values of wave speed and attenuation, the Rayleigh-Plesset theory of bubble oscillation casts doubt on its plausibility as a general explanation of large dispersion of velocity with respect to frequency.
On formulation of a transition matrix for electroporoelastic medium and application to analysis of scattered electroseismic wave
Authors: Yeh Chau-Shioung , Chen Szu-Miau , Teng Tsung-Jen , Lee Yang-Jye
Published: December 2006

On the basis of Pride’s theory (1994) which couples Biot’s theory for poroelastic medium (1956) and Maxwell equations via flux/force transport equations, we extend Yeh et al. (2004) approach for poroelastic medium to develop a transition matrix for electroporoelastic medium. The transition matrix, which relates the coefficients of scattered waves to those of incident waves, is then derived through the application of Betti’s third identity and the associated orthogonality conditions for the electroporoelastic medium. To illustrate the application, consider a simple case of the scattering problem of a spherical electroporoelastic inclusion, embedded within the surrounding electroporoelastic medium subjected to an incident plane compressional wave is considered.
Computation of the homogeneous and forced solutions of a finite length, line-driven, submerged plate
Authors: DiPerna Daniel T. , Blake William K. , DiPerna Xingguang Z.
Published: December 2006

A formulation is developed to predict the vibration response of a finite length, submerged plate due to a line drive. The formulation starts by describing the fluid in terms of elliptic cylinder coordinates, which allows the fluid loading term to be expressed in terms of Mathieu functions. By moving the fluid loading term to the right-hand side of the equation, it is considered to be a force. The operator that remains on the left-hand side is the same as that of the in vacuo plate: a fourth-order, constant coefficient, ordinary differential equation. Therefore, the problem appears to be an inhomogeneous ordinary differential equation. The solution that results has the same form as that of the in vacuo plate: the sum of a forced solution, and four homogeneous solutions, each of which is multiplied by an arbitrary constant. These constants are then chosen to satisfy the structural boundary conditions on the two ends of the plate. Results for the finite plate are compared to the infinite plate in both the wave number and spatial domains. The theoretical predictions of the plate velocity response are also compared to results from finite element analysis and show reasonable agreement over a large frequency range.
Binaural comodulation masking release: Effects of masker interaural correlation
Authors: Hall Joseph W. , Buss Emily , Grose John H.
Published: December 2006

Binaural detection was examined for a signal presented in a narrow band of noise centered on the on-signal masking band (OSB) or in the presence of flanking noise bands that were random or comodulated with respect to the OSB. The noise had an interaural correlation of 1.0 (No), 0.99 or 0.95. In No noise, random flanking bands worsened Sπ detection and comodulated bands improved Sπ detection for some listeners but had no effect for other listeners. For the 0.99 or 0.95 interaural correlation conditions, random flanking bands were less detrimental to Sπ detection and comodulated flanking bands improved Sπ detection for all listeners. Analyses based on signal detection theory indicated that the improvement in Sπ thresholds obtained with comodulated bands was not compatible with an optimal combination of monaural and binaural cues or to across-frequency analyses of dynamic interaural phase differences. Two accounts consistent with the improvement in Sπ thresholds in comodulated noise were (1) envelope information carried by the flanking bands improves the weighting of binaural cues associated with the signal; (2) the auditory system is sensitive to across-frequency differences in ongoing interaural correlation.
Application of a nonlinear boundary condition model to adhesion interphase damage and failure
Authors: O’Neill Brian E. , Maev Roman Gr.
Published: December 2006

In an earlier paper [J. Sadler, B. O’Neill, and R. Maev, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 51–59 (2005)], a set of generalized boundary conditions were proposed, based on a thin layer (thickness ⪡ wavelength) model of the acoustic interface. In this paper, the model is extended to cover the more pathological nonlinearity of the adhesion interphase—that is, the critically important thin layer where bonds are formed between adhesive and substrate. First, the boundary conditions are shown to be sufficiently general to cope with all manner of interphase nonlinearity, including unilateral cases such as clapping or slipping. To maintain this generality, an analytic time domain solution is proposed based on expansion in terms of the layer thickness rather than the conventional expansion in terms of harmonics. Finally, the boundary conditions are applied to an interphase failure model based upon basic continuum damage mechanics principles. It is proposed that such a model, which can predict the evolution of the interphase damage under stressful conditions, may allow a proper prediction of the ultimate adhesion strength based on nonlinear parameters measured nondestructively with ultrasound.
Studying the mechanical behavior of a plastic, shock-resisting, antitank landmine
Authors: Kirkpatrick Alberts W. C. , Waxler Roger , Sabatier James M.
Published: December 2006

Modal behavior in landmines has recently become a topic of interest for acoustic landmine detection. It is well known that landmines exhibit mechanical resonance behavior that enhances the soil velocity over a buried landmine. Recent experimental work by Zagrai et al. [A. Zagrai, D. Donskoy, and A. Ekimov, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118 (6), 3619–3628 (2005)] demonstrates the existence of structural modes in several landmines. The work reported herein parallels the work of Zagrai et al. in studying the structural modes of the pressure plate of a plastic, cylindrically symmetric, antitank landmine. The pressure plate is considered to act as an elastically supported thin elastic plate. An observed perturbation of the first symmetric mode of the pressure plate is caused by the landmine’s shock-resisting mechanism. This is validated by a lumped element model for the first symmetric mode coupled to the shock-resisting mechanism.
Columella footplate motion and the cochlear microphonic potential in the embryo and hatchling chicken
Authors: Kim Young S. , Jones Timothy A. , Chertoff Mark E. , Nunnally William C.
Published: December 2006

A piezoelectric (PZE) vibrator was used to mechanically drive the columella footplate and stimulate the cochlea of chicken embryos and hatchlings. Our objectives were to characterize the motion of the PZE driver and determine the relationship between columella footplate motion (displacement/velocity) and the cochlear microphonic recorded from the recessus scala tympani (CMrst). At each frequency, displacement of the PZE driver probe tip was linearly related to the applied voltage over a wide range of attenuation levels (−60 to −20dBre:50Vp-p). The mean displacement across frequencies (100–4000Hz) was 0.221±0.042μmp-p for a constant applied voltage level of −20dBre:50Vp-p. Displacement was within 1.5dB of the mean for this stimulus level at all frequencies except for 4000Hz, where it was ∼3dB higher (p<0.01). CMrst amplitudes in hatchlings were larger than amplitudes in embryos (p=0.003). For a given frequency, CM was linearly related to footplate displacement and velocity at both ages. The transform ratio of CMrst∕A (CM amplitude/displacement) increased at ∼6dB∕octave at frequencies between 100 and 1000Hz in hatchlings suggesting that cochlear impedance (Zc) was resistive at these frequencies. In a large fraction of the embryos, Zc exhibited reactive behavior.