bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Follicular lymphoma: 2018 update on diagnosis and management
Authors: Freedman Arnold
Published: January 2018

Disease overview

Follicular lymphoma is generally an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by diffuse lymphadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, splenomegaly and less commonly other extranodal sites of involvement. In general, cytopenias can occur but constitutional symptoms of fever, nightsweats, and weight loss are uncommon.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on histology of preferably a biopsy of a lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining is positive in virtually all cases for cell surface CD19, CD20, CD10, and monoclonal immunoglobulin, as well as cytoplasmic expression of bcl‐2 protein. The overwhelming majority of cases have the characteristic t(14;18) translocation involving the IgH/bcl‐2 genes.

Risk stratification

The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index prognostic model for FL uses five independent predictors of inferior survival: age >60 years, hemoglobin <12 g/dL, serum LDH > normal, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, number of involved nodal areas > 4. The presence of 0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 adverse factors defines low, intermediate, and high‐risk disease. With the use of more modern therapies, outcomes have improved.

Risk‐adapted therapy

Observation continues to be adequate for asymptomatic patients with low bulk disease and no cytopenias, with no survival advantage for early treatment with either chemotherapy or rituximab alone. For patients needing therapy, most patients are treated with chemotherapy plus rituximab, which has improved response rates, duration of response and overall survival. Randomized studies have shown additional benefit for maintenance rituximab both following chemotherapy‐rituximab and single agent rituximab. Experimental therapies as well as stem cell transplantation (SCT) are considered for recurrent disease.
55 Year‐old Patient with Intranasal Mass
Authors: Kennedy David W. , Brody Robert
Published: January 2018

The patient is a 55 year old female who presented with a right sided intranasal mass in 2014. Surgery was recommended, but the patient cancelled the surgery. She returned three years later with a significant progression of the lesion. What is this lesion and how would you manage it?

Five months after resection of the lesion, the patient returns with pulsatile clear mucus visible on nasal endoscopy in the region of the prior mass excision. What does this represent and how should we proceed at this point? Is the patient developing a meningo‐encephalocele?
Lenders’ Trade Group Adopts Optional Arbitration Clause for Model Latin America Documentation
Authors: Gray Richard M.
Published: January 2018

The New York‐based Loan Syndications and Trading Association, or LSTA, is the leading industry organization in the Americas for lenders and investors in the syndicated loans market. See www.lsta.org.
Deep gray matter volume loss drives disability worsening in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Eshaghi Arman , Prados Ferran , Brownlee Wallace J. , Altmann Daniel R. , Tur Carmen , Cardoso M. Jorge , De Angelis Floriana , van de Pavert Steven H. , Cawley Niamh , De Stefano Nicola , Stromillo M. Laura , Battaglini Marco , Ruggieri Serena , Gasperini Claudio , Filippi Massimo , Rocca Maria A. , Rovira Alex , Sastre‐Garriga Jaume , Vrenken Hugo , Leurs Cyra E. , Killestein Joep , Pirpamer Lukas , Enzinger Christian , Ourselin Sebastien , Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A.M. Gandini , Chard Declan , Thompson Alan J. , Alexander Daniel C. , Barkhof Frederik , Ciccarelli Olga ,   on behalf of the MAGNIMS study group
Published: January 2018

Objective

Gray matter (GM) atrophy occurs in all multiple sclerosis (MS) phenotypes. We investigated whether there is a spatiotemporal pattern of GM atrophy that is associated with faster disability accumulation in MS.

Methods

We analyzed 3,604 brain high‐resolution T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans from 1,417 participants: 1,214 MS patients (253 clinically isolated syndrome [CIS], 708 relapsing‐remitting [RRMS], 128 secondary‐progressive [SPMS], and 125 primary‐progressive [PPMS]), over an average follow‐up of 2.41 years (standard deviation [SD] = 1.97), and 203 healthy controls (HCs; average follow‐up = 1.83 year; SD = 1.77), attending seven European centers. Disability was assessed with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). We obtained volumes of the deep GM (DGM), temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital and cerebellar GM, brainstem, and cerebral white matter. Hierarchical mixed models assessed annual percentage rate of regional tissue loss and identified regional volumes associated with time‐to‐EDSS progression.

Results

SPMS showed the lowest baseline volumes of cortical GM and DGM. Of all baseline regional volumes, only that of the DGM predicted time‐to‐EDSS progression (hazard ratio = 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.65, 0.82; p < 0.001): for every standard deviation decrease in baseline DGM volume, the risk of presenting a shorter time to EDSS worsening during follow‐up increased by 27%. Of all longitudinal measures, DGM showed the fastest annual rate of atrophy, which was faster in SPMS (–1.45%), PPMS (–1.66%), and RRMS (–1.34%) than CIS (–0.88%) and HCs (–0.94%; p < 0.01). The rate of temporal GM atrophy in SPMS (–1.21%) was significantly faster than RRMS (–0.76%), CIS (–0.75%), and HCs (–0.51%). Similarly, the rate of parietal GM atrophy in SPMS (–1.24‐%) was faster than CIS (–0.63%) and HCs (–0.23%; all p values <0.05). Only the atrophy rate in DGM in patients was significantly associated with disability accumulation (beta = 0.04; p < 0.001).

Interpretation

This large, multicenter and longitudinal study shows that DGM volume loss drives disability accumulation in MS, and that temporal cortical GM shows accelerated atrophy in SPMS than RRMS. The difference in regional GM atrophy development between phenotypes needs to be taken into account when evaluating treatment effect of therapeutic interventions. Ann Neurol 2018;83:210–222
Stereodivergent Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuroindoles through Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Dearomative Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Cheng Qiang , Zhang Fang , Cai Yue , Guo Yin‐Long , You Shu‐Li
Published: January 2018

A stereodivergent synthesis of tetrahydrofuroindoles through palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric dearomative formal [3+2] cycloaddition of nitroindoles with epoxybutenes was developed. The polarity of the solvent was found to play a key role in the diastereoselectivity. In toluene, good to excellent yields (70–99 %), diastereoselectivity (87/13‐>95/5 d.r.), and enantioselectivity (85/15–94/6 e.r.) were obtained, regardless of the properties of the substituents on nitroindoles. In acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuroindoles of a different diastereoisomer were produced with good to excellent yields (75–98 %) and stereoselectivity (78/22–93/7 d.r., 93/7–99/1 e.r.). Mechanistic studies were conducted to illustrate the origin of the diastereodivergency. The kinetic experiments indicate that the rate‐determining step of this reaction is different in different solvents. ESI‐MS experiments also support the existence of key palladium complex intermediates and the catalytic cycle of the reaction.
Implementing a Perioperative Nursing Student Summer Internship
Authors: Nash Janice , Kamel Teya C. , Sherer Joanne , Nauer Kathleen
Published: January 2018

Using qualitative research and a collaborative academic service partnership, we created an innovative 120‐hour perioperative nursing summer internship for eight undergraduate nursing students in 2016. Recognizing that perioperative exposure is limited in the traditional baccalaureate program, this unpaid internship served to clarify student perceptions of perioperative nursing care and encourage graduates to meet perioperative workforce demands. We based the theoretical and practical student learning experiences on the AORN Periop 101 learning modules and included faculty‐led discussions, student journaling, and onsite precepted clinical activities. Evaluation data revealed that students achieved an enhanced awareness of perioperative nursing, and a majority of the participants expressed a desire to enter the perioperative field after graduation. We suggest that stakeholders continue to strategize ways to maximize educational preparation to address the evolving health care market supply and demand.
Assessing Use Errors Related to the Interface Design of Electrosurgical Units
Authors: Estock Jamie L. , Li Airan , Casey Maureen C. , Taylor Matthew A. , Boudreaux‐Kelly Monique Y. , Choma Martin D. , Jacobs Katrina , Eibling David E.
Published: January 2018

Medical device use errors, such as instrument connection errors made with electrosurgical units (ESUs), can lead to adverse events. Current device acquisition processes at health care facilities do not typically include a proactive evaluation of use‐error risk before device purchase. We conducted an evaluation to identify ESU user interface design features that can help prevent or mitigate instrument connection errors during clinical care. Thirty‐six current ESU users participated in the evaluation. We used a randomized crossover design in which each participant used two ESU models in a simulated OR scenario. We compared participants’ instrument connection accuracy, efficiency, and subjective feedback regarding the user interface design across the two ESU models. Overall, we found that the ESU model that incorporated more user interface design principles resulted in better performance and increased acceptance from users. Based on the results, we designed a decision‐support tool to assess the risk of instrument connection errors before ESU purchase.
Surface grafting of styrene on polypropylene by argon plasma and its adsorption and regeneration of BTX
Authors: Luo Zhengwei , Chen Haonan , Xu Jianjian , Guo Mulin , Lian Zhouyang , Wei Wuji , Zhang Binghua
Published: January 2018

Active macromolecular free radicals were generated on polypropylene (PP) fiber surfaces by argon plasma irradiation, and surface‐modified PP fibers (PP‐g‐St fibers) were prepared by in situ grafting reaction of styrene monomers (St). The prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, NMR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Effects of reaction parameters on grafting percentage were studied, and adsorption capacities of PP‐g‐St fibers for benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) were evaluated. Regeneration adsorption efficiencies after adsorption of pure BTX and BTX emulsion and solution in water were explored. The results indicated that, using pure St as the monomer, the optimum input power, irradiation time, and grafting reaction time are 90 W, 3 min, and 3 h, respectively, and the grafting percentage of St reached 5.7% when pure St was used. The characterization results demonstrated that St was grafted onto the surface of the PP fibers. Compared to pristine PP fibers, the adsorption capacities of PP‐g‐St fibers toward toluene and xylene emulsions and solutions in water increased. In addition, regeneration adsorption efficiencies of modified fibers remained >90% after six cycles of regeneration adsorption experiments, which showed excellent regeneration ability. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46171.
Multi‐analytical approach for the morphological, molecular, and mechanical characterization after photo‐oxidation of polymers used in artworks
Authors: Saviello Daniela , Andena Luca , Gastaldi Dario , Toniolo Lucia , Goidanich Sara
Published: January 2018

For a proper preservation of plastics objects, it is essential to study the degradation processes involved in both exposed and hidden areas of the polymeric materials. In fact, surface properties can differ significantly from the bulk and can have a strong effect on the artistic perception and the correct conservation strategy. In this work, a multi‐analytical investigation, including spectroscopic techniques, optical, and electronic microscopic observations and mechanical tests, was carried out to deeply investigate changes in the physic‐chemical and mechanical surface properties of selected polymers used in design objects and contemporary artworks. Accelerated photo‐oxidative ageing was performed on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene, and linear low density polyethylene. Overall, the analyzed materials have shown different behaviors following photo‐oxidation. The molecular and microscopic analyses highlighted the formation of different products of oxidation due to the dissimilar patterns of ageing leading to surface cracking and strong yellowing of the specimen, mainly for ABS, PVC, and PP. Moreover, mechanical properties, such as the variation of hardness and elastic modulus, were investigated at different depth scales (from 100 down to 1 µm) by using different techniques such as microscratch, micro‐, and nanoindentation. The selected polymers showed different mechanical behavior at different depth scales. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46194.
In Situ Growth of MnO2 Nanosheets on N‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes Derived from Polypyrrole Tubes for Supercapacitors
Authors: Ou Xu , Li Qi , Xu Dan , Guo Jiangna , Yan Feng
Published: January 2018

Nitrogen‐doped porous carbon nanotubes@MnO2 (N‐CNTs@MnO2) nanocomposites are prepared through the in situ growth of MnO2 nanosheets on N‐CNTs derived from polypyrrole nanotubes (PNTs). Benefiting from the synergistic effects between N‐CNTs (high conductivity and N doping level) and MnO2 nanosheets (high theoretical capacity), the as‐prepared N‐CNTs@MnO2‐800 nanocomposites show a specific capacitance of 219 F g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1, which is higher than that of pure MnO2 nanosheets (128 F g−1) and PNTs (42 F g−1) in 0.5 m Na2SO4 solution. Meanwhile, the capacitance retention of 86.8 % (after 1000 cycles at 10 A g−1) indicates an excellent electrochemical performance of N‐CNTs@MnO2 prepared in this work.
Teaching Introductory Ecology with Problem‐Based Learning
Authors: Burrow Angela K.
Published: January 2018

The popularity of ecology and historic trends toward larger class sizes have led to an increasing reliance on lecture and content‐driven learning; over‐reliance on these methods is associated with student difficulties in applying knowledge to solve complex environmental problems. Active learning is often cited as a remedy for poor student outcomes. Problem‐based learning, an active‐learning model, emphasizes student‐centered learning through problem‐solving activities driven by the search for problem solutions. This learning model develops critical thinking and problem‐solving skills while simultaneously advancing content knowledge. Problem‐based learning can enhance student knowledge and skill gains in introductory ecology courses; however, this method is rarely implemented in these courses. Adoption of active‐learning models is on the rise; however, instructors unfamiliar with educational theory and active‐learning methods may need support in understanding the efficacy of active learning and selecting a method from the multitude of instructional strategies available. To familiarize ecology instructors with one active‐learning model, problem‐based learning, the theoretical base, and evidence for its efficacy are reviewed. In addition, to assist instructors venturing into problem‐based learning, successful applications are highlighted and selected resources are provided for getting started.
A History of Ecological Research Derived from Titles of Articles in the Journal “Ecology,” 1925–2015
Authors: Gorham Eville , Kelly Julia
Published: January 2018

A century‐spanning history of ecological research in North America is apparent in the titles of articles in the journal “Ecology.” Term counts in titles, tracked by text analysis over a century, revealed changes in the amount of attention paid to different subfields of the discipline, the development of new subfields, and increasing interaction with other branches of science. They are also relevant to the concept of progress in ecology.
Neurodegenerative disease biomarkers Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42, tau, and p‐tau181 in the vervet monkey cerebrospinal fluid: Relation to normal aging, genetic influences, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Chen Jason A. , Fears Scott C. , Jasinska Anna J. , Huang Alden , Al‐Sharif Noor B. , Scheibel Kevin E. , Dyer Thomas D. , Fagan Anne M. , Blangero John , Woods Roger , Jorgensen Matthew J. , Kaplan Jay R. , Freimer Nelson B. , Coppola Giovanni
Published: January 2018

Background

The Caribbean vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) is a potentially valuable animal model of neurodegenerative disease. However, the trajectory of aging in vervets and its relationship to human disease is incompletely understood.

Methods

To characterize biomarkers associated with neurodegeneration, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42, total tau, and p‐tau181 in 329 members of a multigenerational pedigree. Linkage and genome‐wide association were used to elucidate a genetic contribution to these traits.

Results

Aβ1–40 concentrations were significantly correlated with age, brain total surface area, and gray matter thickness. Levels of p‐tau181 were associated with cerebral volume and brain total surface area. Among the measured analytes, only CSF Aβ1–40 was heritable. No significant linkage (LOD > 3.3) was found, though suggestive linkage was highlighted on chromosomes 4 and 12. Genome‐wide association identified a suggestive locus near the chromosome 4 linkage peak.

Conclusions

Overall, these results support the vervet as a non‐human primate model of amyloid‐related neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and highlight Aβ1–40 and p‐tau181 as potentially valuable biomarkers of these processes.
Don't let social media distract you from traditional media
Authors: Minkoff Randy
Published: January 2018

The recent debacle with the University of Tennessee's attempts to hire Ohio State's Greg Schiano as their new football coach has been directly linked to the rise of social media. USA Today even proclaimed a “new reality settled in over this pressure‐packed business,” due to Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, et al.
Venous access closure: From A to Z
Authors: Seth Ashok , Modi Ranjan
Published: January 2018

Key Points

Points to increasing need for achieving safe and secure closure of femoral venous access site after large caliber venous sheath for after structural interventions.

Emphasizes the role of a simple, easy to learn “Z‐stitch” for achieving femoral vein hemostasis leading to early ambulation.

Cautions and advocates the use of multiple complimentary techniques for venous access closure after extreme large bore devices.
One arterial puncture: Radial, please; if two? Make one radial, please
Authors: Butman Samuel M.
Published: January 2018

Key Points

There is less bleeding with a radial approach

There is less bleeding with a radial approach

See above
Patient preference: An important emerging factor in operator access site selection
Authors: Chatterjee Arka , Hillegass William B.
Published: January 2018

Key Points

Patient preference should emerge as a third component influencing radial versus femoral access for cardiac catheterization.

Ideally dually experienced “switch‐operators” will consider co‐morbidities, technical procedural factors, and patient preferences to choose a tailored approach with each patient.

A tailored and tempered three component approach to access selection which includes patient preferences will likely optimize patient‐centered outcomes.
Percutaneous transaxillary access for TAVR: Another opportunity to stay out of the chest
Authors: Rogers Toby , Lederman Robert J.
Published: January 2018

Key Points

Axillary arteries are less calcified and tortuous than iliofemoral arteries

Axillary artery minimal luminal diameters are usually >5.0 mm even in patients with iliofemoral artery diameters < 5.0 mm

Axillary and transcaval access are the only non‐surgical fully percutaneous options for large‐bore arterial access for TAVR or mechanical circulatory support devices
Retrograde transmitral paravalvular leak closure through an antegrade transseptal approach: A novel technique
Authors: Cubeddu Roberto J. , Crespo Hector J. , Novaro Gian M.
Published: January 2018

Mitral paravalvular leak (PVL) remains a well‐known complication after mitral valve replacement. Since the first report over 25 years ago, several catheter‐based PVL closure techniques have been described. Most of these comprise of either an antegrade transseptal approach, or a retrograde transaortic or transapical approach. We herein report a novel percutaneous mitral PVL closure technique that was safely and successfully performed after failed attempt using a conventional antegrade approach.
Aneurysm of the inferior vena cava with thrombosis
Authors: Inoue Masashi , Sudo Takeshi , Yamaguchi Megumi , Seo Shingo , Miyamoto Tatsuya , Misumi Toshihiro , Shimizu Wataru , Irei Toshimitsu , Suzuki Takahisa , Onoe Takashi , Shimizu Yosuke , Hinoi Takao , Tashiro Hirotaka
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical Message

Inferior vena cava (IVC) aneurysms are extremely rare. Patients can be asymptomatic, have thrombosis, rupture, or pulmonary embolism. Thrombosis of the IVC aneurysm may mimic a retroperitoneal tumor. Surgical treatment of abdominal venous aneurysms with thrombosis is warranted and is necessary for the management of intraoperative bleeding and thrombosis.
Transgastric decompression using a newly developed nasojejunal tube in a postgastrostomy patient with adhesive small bowel obstruction
Authors: Nakamura Haruna , Wong Toh Yoon Ezekiel
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical Message

For postgastrostomy patients suffering from adhesive small bowel obstruction, transgastric decompression with a multiluminal nasojejunal tube is an effective and more comfortable alternative to conventional nasal tubing using an ileus tube.
CFD simulation of hydrodynamics characteristics in a tank stirred by a hollow self‐inducing impeller
Authors: Li Liangchao , Chen Ning , Xiang Kefeng , Xiang Beiping
Published: January 2018

Hollow self‐inducing impellers are often used in gas‐liquid stirred tanks in many industrial processes. To understand the hydrodynamics characteristics of this type of stirred tank under aerated and unaerated conditions, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation study was conducted. The predicted gas self‐inducing flow rate, power consumption, and impeller power number were compared with the experimental data in the literature and discussed. Under unaerated conditions, liquid level in the hollow shaft relies on the impeller speed, and is slightly influenced by the impeller clearance. Self‐inducing impeller power number remains almost unchanged with impeller speed, while increasing with the rise of the impeller clearance. Under aerated conditions, gas is easy to accumulate in the centre of the upper and lower circulation loops. Gas self‐inducing flow rate, global gas holdup, and power consumption increase with higher impeller speed. The critical impeller speed for gas self‐induction decreases with higher impeller clearance. At the same impeller speed, gas self‐inducing flow rate and global gas holdup increase, while power consumption reduces with increasing of impeller clearance.
Inside Cover: Upgrading CO2 by Incorporation into Urethanes through Silver‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Stepwise Amidation Reaction (Chin. J. Chem. 2/2018)
Authors: Song Qing‐Wen , Liu Ping , Han Li‐Hua , Zhang Kan , He Liang‐Nian
Published: January 2018

The inside cover picture shows an outline of significant advances on exhaust gas e.g. sustainable CO2 recycling into urethanes via effective and renewable silver catalysis. Through one‐pot two‐step stepwise reaction of propargylic alcohols, CO2, and various amines, a wide range of urethanes are obtained in excellent yields and selectivity together with unprecedented high TON and TOF value under mild conditions. Here, robust catalyst is compared to Magician's hand for its versatility in organic synthesis, and the picture indicates the meanings of greenness and transformation. More details are discussed in the article by Zhang et al. on page 147–152.

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Inside Back Cover: Fabrication of Neutral Supramolecular Polymeric Films via Post‐electropolymerization of Discrete Metallacycles (Chin. J. Chem. 2/2018)
Authors: Yin Guangqiang , Chen Lijun , Wang Cuihong , Yang Haibo
Published: January 2018

The inside back cover picture shows the construction of neutral supramolecular polymeric films containing well‐defined metallacycles as the main scaffolds through combination of coordination‐driven self‐assembly with post‐electropolymerization. A new 120° triphenylamine substituted dicarboxylate donor ligand and the complementary 120° triphenylamine functionalized di‐Pt(II) acceptor were employed to build neutral multi‐triphenylamine functionalized 2‐D metallacycles with the well‐defined shape and size via the formation of oxygen‐to‐platinum coordination bonds. Subsequent post‐electropolymerization of the obtained neutral multi‐triphenylamine containing metallacycles allowed for fabrication of a new type of neutral polymeric film with well‐controlled cavity sizes and thickness, which may have potential applications in neutral molecule detection, separation, and capture. More details are discussed in the article by Yang et al. on page 134–138.

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Flow pattern analysis in type B aortic dissection patients after stent‐grafting repair: Comparison between complete and incomplete false lumen thrombosis
Authors: Wan Ab Naim Wan Naimah , Ganesan Poo Balan , Sun Zhonghua , Lei Jing , Jansen Shirley , Hashim Shahrul Amry , Ho Teik Kok , Lim Einly
Published: January 2018

Endovascular stent graft repair has become a common treatment for complicated Stanford type B aortic dissection to restore true lumen flow and induce false lumen thrombosis. Using computational fluid dynamics, this study reports the differences in flow patterns and wall shear stress distribution in complicated Stanford type B aortic dissection patients after endovascular stent graft repair. Five patients were included in this study: 2 have more than 80% false lumen thrombosis (group 1), while 3 others had less than 80% false lumen thrombosis (group 2) within 1 year following endovascular repair. Group 1 patients had concentrated re‐entry tears around the abdominal branches only, while group 2 patients had re‐entry tears that spread along the dissection line. Blood flow inside the false lumen which affected thrombus formation increased with the number of re‐entry tears and when only small amounts of blood that entered the false lumen exited through the branches. In those cases where dissection extended below the abdominal branches (group 2), patients with fewer re‐entry tears and longer distance between the tears had low wall shear stress contributing to thrombosis. This work provides an insight into predicting the development of complete or incomplete false lumen thrombosis and has implications for patient selection for treatment.
Rate of Cough During Treatment With Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trials
Authors: Vukadinović Davor , Vukadinović Aleksandra Nikolovska , Lavall Daniel , Laufs Ulrich , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Böhm Michael
Published: January 2018

Use of protective angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐I) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is sometimes limited by incident coughing. In clinical trials, cough occurred also on placebo. We performed a meta‐analysis including randomized, placebo‐controlled trials reporting cough on ACE‐I in patients with CVD. We evaluated the attributable fraction of cough on ACE‐I accounting rate on placebo: placebo‐adjusted ACE‐I (%) = (ACE‐I (%) – Placebo (%)) / ACE‐I (%). In total, 65,054 patients from 22 included studies were analyzed. Placebo‐adjusted ACE‐I cough was 37% of 13.5% reported cases on ACE‐I, while 8.5% reported cases on placebo were equivalent to 63% of cases on ACE‐I, indicating potential other factors for cough than ACE‐I in a substantial number of cough cases on ACE‐I. Placebo‐adjusted ACE‐I cough had the highest rates of arterial hypertension (85%) and the lowest of heart failure (29%). Therefore, other causes of cough, particularly in heart failure, should be excluded before ACE‐I withdrawal.
When accommodations conflict, documentation is important
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: January 2018

An unusual lawsuit highlights the importance of documentation when resolving conflicting claims to accommodations. Two students at Ohio State University lived in the same sorority house. One of the students claimed to be allergic to dogs and to have Crohn's disease with Crohn's symptoms exacerbated by anxiety from her allergic response to dogs, but because no dogs then resided in the sorority house, she did not immediately need or seek an accommodation related to dogs, though she obtained several Crohn's‐related academic accommodations. The other student later secured a lease and sought and obtained authorization to keep a dog as an emotional support animal as an accommodation for her psychiatric impairments.
Recognize and be prepared to accommodate students with chemotherapy‐related cognitive deficits
Authors: Bedrossian Louise
Published: January 2018

Many students attending colleges and universities are cancer survivors who have undergone chemotherapy at some point in their lives, and many have also experienced cognitive side effects of their treatment. It is incumbent upon disability services providers to recognize and understand these functional limitations and accommodate students appropriately.
People with disabilities face greater risk of arrest by age 30
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: January 2018

Those with a cognitive, physical, emotional, or sensory disability are more likely to be arrested by the time they reach their late 20s than their peers without a disability. That finding comes from data published in the American Journal of Public Health, which analyzed data on 9,000 Americans who were born between 1980 and 1984.
Variation in reproductive outcomes of women with histories of bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, or eating disorder not otherwise specified relative to the general population and closest‐aged sisters
Authors: Tabler Jennifer , Utz Rebecca L. , Smith Ken R. , Hanson Heidi A. , Geist Claudia
Published: January 2018

Objective

This study seeks to examine the long‐term reproductive consequences of eating disorders (ED), to assess variation in reproductive outcomes by ED type, and to examine reproductive differences between women with previous ED diagnosis and their discordant sisters.

Method

Using a sample of women with previous ED diagnosis generated by the Utah Population Database, this study compares the fecundity (parity) and age at first birth of women by ED subtype (bulimia nervosa [BN], anorexia nervosa [AN], and ED not otherwise specified [EDNOS]) (n = 1,579). We also employed general population match case–control, and discordant sibling pair analyses, to estimate the magnitude of association between EDs and reproductive outcomes.

Results

Women previously diagnosed with AN or EDNOS experienced delayed first birth (HRR = 0.33, HRR = 0.34, respectively) and lower parity (IRR = 0.19, IRR = 0.22, respectively) relative to BN (p < .05), the general population (p < .05), and closest‐aged sisters (p < .05). Women previously diagnosed with BN experienced more moderate reductions and delays to their reproduction, and had similar reproductive outcomes as their discordant sisters.

Discussion

Clinicians should consider ED type and family fertility histories when addressing the long‐term reproductive health needs of women with prior AN, BN, or EDNOS diagnosis. Women previously diagnosed with AN or EDNOS likely experience the greatest reductions and delays in reproduction across their lifespan. Reproductive health screenings may be especially critical for the wellbeing of women with a history of AN or EDNOS.
Niche divergence along a fine‐scale ecological gradient in sympatric color morphs of a coral reef fish
Authors: Whitney Jonathan L. , Donahue Megan J. , Karl Stephen A.
Published: January 2018

Color polymorphisms offer unique opportunities for testing the role of ecological adaptation and natural selection in the origin of species. However, the ecological conditions that facilitate the coexistence and speciation of color morphs in nature remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the ecological mechanisms maintaining the color polymorphism in the arc‐eye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus), which consists of two common morphs (pink white‐striped [PWS] and melanistic [MEL]) and less common intermediates that all coexist on shallow coral reefs throughout the Indo‐Pacific. Our approach was to test whether ecologically based disruptive selection on color could explain the maintenance of and possible incipient divergence between sympatric color morphs. We compared patterns of spatial distribution, abundance, habitat use and preference, and niche overlap among color morphs at nine sites along the leeward coast of Hawaii Island. We demonstrate that despite co‐occurring at all sites, sympatric color morphs show significant niche divergence along a steep ecological gradient. Morph frequencies correlate strongly with a multivariate gradient in coral community and reef topography, which explained 81% of the variability in relative abundance of the two main color morphs. Melanistic morphs were more frequent in shallow, steep surge zones dominated byPocilloporacorals. In contrast, PWS morphs were more frequent in deeper, sub‐surge zones with higher coral cover dominated byPoritescorals. Niche overlap analyses highlight how the two main morphs are partitioned on opposite ends of this continuous ecological gradient, while phenotypic intermediates are mostly restricted to intermediate habitats. The strong correlation between phenotype and environment suggests that morphs have fitness advantages in their respective habitats. We speculate that disruptive natural selection on color pattern to increase crypsis in heterogeneous visual environments has led to divergence in habitat preferences. The resulting ecological isolation provides a plausible mechanism for the persistence of multiple coexisting color phenotypes inP. arcatus. If divergence in color also affects mate choice, the evolution of reproductive isolation is likely to be promoted.
Urban stream microbial communities show resistance to pharmaceutical exposure
Authors: Rosi E. J. , Bechtold H. A. , Snow D. , Rojas M. , Reisinger A. J. , Kelly J. J.
Published: January 2018

Residues of pharmaceuticals are increasingly detected in surface waters throughout the world. In four streams in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, we detected analgesics, stimulants, antihistamines, and antibiotics using passive organic samplers. We exposed biofilm communities in these streams to the common drugs caffeine, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, and diphenhydramine. Respiration rates in the least urban stream were suppressed when exposed to these drugs, but biofilm functioning in the most urban stream was resistant to drug exposure. Exposure to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin altered bacterial community composition at all sites, with the greatest change occurring in the most urban stream. These results indicated that continuous exposure to drugs in urban streams may select for sub‐populations of highly resistant bacteria that maintain community function in response to urban contaminants.
Modeling leaf area index in North America using a process‐based terrestrial ecosystem model
Authors: Qu Yang , Zhuang Qianlai
Published: January 2018

Leaf area index (LAI) is often used to quantify plant production and evapotranspiration with terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs). This study evaluated theLAIsimulation in North America using a data assimilation technique and a process‐based TEM as well as in situ and satellite data. We first optimized the parameters related toLAIin theTEMusing a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, and AmeriFlux site‐level and regionalLAIdata from advanced very high‐resolution radiometer. The parameterized model was then verified with the observed monthlyLAIof major ecosystem types at site level. SimulatedLAIwas compared well with the observed data at sites of Harvard Forest (R2 = 0.96), University of Michigan Biological Station (R2 = 0.87), Howland Forest (R2 = 0.96), Morgan Monroe State Forest (R2 = 0.85), Shidler Tallgrass Prairie (R2 = 0.82), and Donaldson (R2 = 0.75). The root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) between modeled and satellite‐based monthlyLAIin North America is 1.4 m2/m2for the period of 1985–2010. The simulated average monthlyLAIin recent three decades increased by (3 ± 0.5)% in the region, with 1.24, 1.46, and 2.21 m2/m2on average, in Alaska, Canada, and the conterminous United States, respectively, which is consistent with satellite data. The model performed well for wet tundra, boreal forest, temperate coniferous forests, temperate deciduous forests, grasslands, and xeric shrublands (RMSE < 1.5 m2/m2), but not for alpine tundra and xeric woodlands (RMSE > 1.5 m2/m2). Both the spring and fallLAIin the 2000s are higher than that in the 1980s in the region, suggesting that the leaf phenology has an earlier onset and later senescence in the 2000s. The averageLAIincreased in April and September by 0.03 and 0.24 m2/m2, respectively. This study provides a way to quantifyLAIwith ecosystem models, which will improve future carbon and water cycling studies.
Fire‐induced change in floral abundance, density, and phenology benefits bumble bee foragers
Authors: Mola John M. , Williams Neal M.
Published: January 2018

Fire is a dominant, and well‐studied, structuring force in many temperate and semi‐arid communities; yet, few studies have investigated the effects of fire on multi‐trophic interactions. Here, we ask how fire‐induced changes in flowering affect the abundance of bumble bee foragers (Bombus vosnesenskii) and whether differences in floral resource availability are due to changes in plant species composition or lengthened bloom of a consistent set of species within burned and unburned grasslands. Following fire, burned and unburned sites had similar early spring bee and floral abundances. However, after the early bloom, forager activity remained high only in burned sites, where floral abundance persisted for longer. Importantly, the increased floral abundance following fire was due to a lengthening of within‐species flowering phenology, as burned areas later in the season retained floral abundance and composition similar to that of unburned areas early in the season. Furthermore, density of flower patches chosen by bumble bee foragers was significantly higher at burned sites, suggesting an increase in patch quality for foragers in post‐fire communities. Our results suggest positive effects of fire for bumble bee foragers and forb communities in California grassland ecosystems in the year following disturbance, namely through differences in plant phenology and floral density. We conclude that fire‐induced changes in flowering phenology can alter interspecific interactions and benefit pollinators.
Age and level of self‐organization affect the small‐scale distribution of springtails (Collembola)
Authors: Widenfalk Lina A. , Leinaas Hans Petter , Bengtsson Jan , Birkemoe Tone
Published: January 2018

In studies of community assembly, species are often assumed to have similar spatial distributions and responses to the environment regardless of age or size. Under this assumption, it is possible to use species and species‐level traits in community composition studies. Here, we test this assumption for two species of soil‐living arthropods (springtails: Collembola) with direct development but assumed differences in self‐organizing behavior. We expected that the species with more pronounced social interactions (Hypogastrura tullbergi) should be less influenced by environmental factors and species interactions across all age classes, thanFolsomia quadrioculatathat is not known to exhibit social behavior. We used variance partitioning to examine the relative contributions of soil variables, vegetation composition, and other Collembola, vs. spatial variables (as a proxy for intraspecific interactions, i.e., self‐organization), on the distribution of the two species and three of their age classes. We show that two coexisting species with clear aggregation patterns greatly differ in how much the environment contributes to affecting the species’ spatial structure. LocalF. quadrioculataabundance was explained by different spatial and environmental variables depending on age class. In contrast, forH. tullbergi,spatial variables explained more of the abundance variation in all age classes. These differences have implications for the general predictability of changes in spatial structuring of species, as self‐organized species may be less likely to respond to changes in environmental factors. Our results show that because age classes may be differentially affected by environmental conditions, caution should be taken when assuming that species traits can be applied to all developmental stages in a species.
Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species
Authors: Pocius Victoria M. , Debinski Diane M. , Pleasants John M. , Bidne Keith G. , Hellmich Richard L.
Published: January 2018

Over the past two decades, the population of monarch butterflies east of the Rocky Mountains has experienced a significant decline in overwintering numbers. Habitat restoration that includes planting milkweeds is essential to boost monarch numbers within the breeding range. Milkweeds are the only host plants for larval monarch butterflies, but female oviposition preference for different milkweed species, especially those with overlapping ranges, is not well documented. We examined the relative inclination to lay eggs on nine milkweed species native to Iowa (no choice), and oviposition preference (choice) among the four most commonly occurring Iowa species (Asclepias incarnata, Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias tuberosa, and Asclepias verticillata). In both experiments, eggs were counted daily for four days. The milkweeds tested were Asclepias exaltata (poke milkweed), Asclepias hirtella (tall green milkweed), A. incarnata (swamp milkweed), Asclepias speciosa (showy milkweed), Asclepias sullivantii (prairie milkweed), A. syriaca (common milkweed), A. tuberosa (butterfly milkweed), A. verticillata (whorled milkweed), and Cynanchum laeve (honeyvine milkweed). When females were given only a single species on which to lay eggs, there were significant differences among milkweed species in the average number of eggs laid; A. incarnata had the highest average egg count. When females were given a choice among A. incarnata, A. syriaca, A. tuberosa, and A. verticillata, there were also differences among milkweed species in the number of eggs laid; again, A. incarnata had the highest average number of eggs laid. Additionally, females laid more total eggs when four plants of different milkweed species were available than when there were four plants of a single milkweed species. Our results show that monarch butterflies will lay eggs on all nine milkweeds, but that there are clear preferences for some milkweed species over others.
Effects of environmental variables on invasive amphibian activity: using model selection on quantiles for counts
Authors: Muller Benjamin J. , Cade Brian S. , Schwarzkopf Lin
Published: January 2018

Many different factors influence animal activity. Often, the value of an environmental variable may influence significantly the upper or lower tails of the activity distribution. For describing relationships with heterogeneous boundaries, quantile regressions predict a quantile of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable. A quantile count model extends linear quantile regression methods to discrete response variables, and is useful if activity is quantified by trapping, where there may be many tied (equal) values in the activity distribution, over a small range of discrete values. Additionally, different environmental variables in combination may have synergistic or antagonistic effects on activity, so examining their effects together, in a modeling framework, is a useful approach. Thus, model selection on quantile counts can be used to determine the relative importance of different variables in determining activity, across the entire distribution of capture results. We conducted model selection on quantile count models to describe the factors affecting activity (numbers of captures) of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in response to several environmental variables (humidity, temperature, rainfall, wind speed, and moon luminosity) over eleven months of trapping. Environmental effects on activity are understudied in this pest animal. In the dry season, model selection on quantile count models suggested that rainfall positively affected activity, especially near the lower tails of the activity distribution. In the wet season, wind speed limited activity near the maximum of the distribution, while minimum activity increased with minimum temperature. This statistical methodology allowed us to explore, in depth, how environmental factors influenced activity across the entire distribution, and is applicable to any survey or trapping regime, in which environmental variables affect activity.
Resistance and resilience of social–ecological systems to recurrent typhoon disturbance on a subtropical island: Taiwan
Authors: Chang Chung‐Te , Vadeboncoeur Matthew A. , Lin Teng‐Chiu
Published: January 2018

Tropical cyclones (TCs) have major effects on ecological and social systems. However, studies integrating the effects of TCs on both social and ecological systems are rare, especially in the northwest Pacific, where the frequency of TCs (locally named typhoons) is the highest in the world. We synthesized studies of effects of recurrent typhoons on social and ecological systems in Taiwan over the last several decades. Many responses to TCs are comparable between social and ecological systems. High forest ecosystem resistance, evident from tree mortality below 2% even following multiple strong typhoons, is comparable with resistance of social systems, including the only 4% destruction of river embankments following a typhoon that brought nearly 3000 mm rainfall in three days. High resilience as reflected by quick returns of leaf area index, mostly in one year, and streamwater chemistry, one to several weeks to pre‐typhoon levels of ecosystems, are comparable to quick repair of the power grid within one to several days and returns of vegetable price within several weeks to pre‐typhoon levels of the social systems. Landslides associated with intense typhoons have buried mountain villages and transported large quantities of woody debris to the coast, affecting the coastal plains and reefs, illustrating a ridge‐to‐reef link between ecological and societal systems. Metrics of both social and ecological function showed large fluctuations in response to typhoons but quickly returned to pre‐disturbance levels, except when multiple intense typhoons occurred within a single season. Our synthesis illustrates that the social–ecological systems in Taiwan are highly dynamic and responsive to frequent typhoon disturbance, with extraordinarily high resistance and resilience. For ecosystems, the efficient responsiveness results from the selective force of TCs on ecosystem structure and processes. For social systems, it is the result of the effects of TCs on planning and decision making by individuals (e.g., farmers), management sectors, and ultimately the government. In regions with frequent TCs, the social–ecological systems are inevitably highly dynamic and rapid responses are fundamental to system resistance and resilience which in turn is key to maintaining structure and function of the social–ecological systems.