bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triple shape memory effect in multiple crystalline polyurethanes
Authors: Chen Shaojun , Hu Jinlian , Yuen Chun‐Wah , Chan Laikuen , Zhuo Haitao
Published: August 2009

Remembering more than one permanent shape is an attractive research topic for shape memory materials (SMMs). In this paper, multiple crystalline shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) are prepared with PCL10000 and PTMG2900 by a three‐step polymerization method. DSC and WAXD results show that the obtained polyurethane contains, simultaneously and independently, two kinds of crystals. In addition, it is confirmed through DMA analysis that reversible soft phase and hard domains are formed in the PCL‐PTMG based SMPU system; and two‐step modulus decreases at low temperature range can be obtained in the SMPU with suitable mass proportion of PCL to PTMG, e.g., 1:7. Thus, shape memory effect (SME) can be achieved in this system. Moreover, it is found that the PTMG soft segment dominates the shape memory effect when the PCL mass is lower than that of PTMG; while the PCL soft segment dominates the SME when PCL mass is higher than that of PTMG; and a two‐step programing shape recovery can be achieved when the mass proportion of PCL/PTMG reaches a balance value, e.g., 3:5. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoluminescence and electrical properties of epitaxial Al‐doped ZnO transparent conducting thin films
Authors: Noh Jun Hong , Cho In‐Sun , Lee Sangwook , Cho Chin Moo , Han Hyun Soo , An Jae‐Sul , Kwak Chae Hyun , Kim Jin Yong , Jung Hyun Suk , Lee Jung‐Kun , Hong Kug Sun
Published: August 2009

Epitaxial ZnO and Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) thin films were grown on (0001)‐sapphire substrates using pulsed laser deposition. The photoluminescence spectrum of the highly conductive (1.3 × 103 S cm−1), as‐grown AZO shows a poor near band edge (NBE) emission (3.30 eV) and no deep level emission at room temperature. In addition, the peak (3.386 eV) for the free excitons of AZO showed thermal quenching behavior with two activation energies (38.2 and 10.0 meV). The poor NBE emission is attributed to the nonradiative recombination center created by Al doping. Highly conductive (6.0 × 102 S cm−1) and intense NBE emitting AZO films could be achieved by the reduction of the nonradiative recombination centers through hydrogen annealing.
Candida Isolation in Patients Hospitalized on a Surgical Ward: Significance and Mortality‐Related Factors
Authors: Marchena‐Gomez J. , Saez‐Guzman T. , Hemmersbach‐Miller M. , Conde‐Martel A. , Morales‐Leon V. , Bordes‐Benitez A. , Acosta‐Merida M. A.
Published: August 2009

Background

Infections caused by Candida are an emerging pathology on surgical wards. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence, characteristics, and predictive factors of mortality in patients colonized and/or infected by Candida spp. in this setting.

Methods

A consecutive series of 105 patients hospitalized on a general surgery ward between 2000 and 2004 were included, and 118 positive cultures for Candida were identified. The variables age, sex, previous medical history, current disease, anemia, ICU stay, type and localization of the microorganism, need for parenteral nutrition, and transfusions were recorded. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality. A univariate analysis was performed to determine which of these variables were associated with mortality. With a logistic regression model, independent prognostic factors of mortality were determined.

Results

The prevalence of patients colonized and/or infected by Candida on our surgical ward was 0.98% (CI 95%: 0.79–1.17), and the incidence was 49 cases per 1,000 patient‐years. Of the 105 patients in this series, 56 were men (53%) and 49 women (47%); the mean age was 63.8 years (SD ± 15.7). Twelve patients (11.4%) had candidemia. Crude mortality was 23% (24 patients), whereas the mortality attributable to candidemia was 25% (3/12 cases). Anemia (p = 0.001); transfusions (p = 0.003), and an ICU stay (p = 0.002) were associated with mortality. Candidemia was associated with neoplasms (p = 0.02) and the infection caused by Candida parapsilosis (p = 0.04). The only independent factor related to mortality was the anemia (p = 0.028; Odds Ratio: 6.43; 95% CI: 1.23–33.73).

Conclusions

Colonization and/or infection by Candida spp. in non‐ICU hospitalized surgical patients implies a relative high mortality. Anemia is an independent factor for mortality.
Recognition Memory for Self-Relevant Personality-Trait Words
Authors: Nieznański Marek
Published: August 2009

Two studies based on a signal detection model of recognition memory are presented. Both studies investigated detection and response bias in the recognition of personality-trait words with respect to their relation to the self. Study 1 employed a yes-no task in which participants were to recognize trait adjectives. Study 2 employed a rating task in which participants declared their confidence with respect to whether a noun or an adjective had been presented. After the recognition task, participants selected personality-trait words that described them and ones that described other people. The results indicated a stronger tendency to say “old” for self-descriptive than for non-self-descriptive adjectives and nouns. Study 2 suggested that self-descriptive nouns are better detected than non-self-descriptive nouns.
How Geoscientists Think and Learn
Authors: Kastens Kim A. , Manduca Cathryn A. , Cervato Cinzia , Frodeman Robert , Goodwin Charles , Liben Lynn S. , Mogk David W. , Spangler Timothy C. , Stillings Neil A. , Titus Sarah
Published: August 2009

Decades ago, pioneering petroleum geologist Wallace Pratt pointed out that oil is first found in the human mind. His insight remains true today: Across geoscience specialties, the human mind is arguably the geoscientist's most important tool. It is the mind that converts colors and textures of dirt, or blotches on a satellite image, or wiggles on a seismogram, into explanatory narratives about the formation and migration of oil, the rise and fall of mountain ranges, the opening and closing of oceans. Improved understanding of how humans think and learn about the Earth can help geoscientists and geoscience educators do their jobs better, and can highlight the strengths that geoscience expertise brings to interdisciplinary problem solving.
Huge influence of hydrogenation on the magnetic properties and structures of the ternary silicide NdMnSi
Authors: Tencé S. , André G. , Gaudin E. , Bonville P. , Al Alam A. F. , Matar S. F. , Hermes W. , Pöttgen R. , Chevalier B.
Published: August 2009

The hydride NdMnSiH obtained by exposure of the ternary silicide NdMnSi under a pressure of 4 MPa of hydrogen at 523 K crystallizes in the tetragonal ZrCuSiAs-type structure where H atom occupies the tetrahedral [Nd4] sites. The hydrogenation of NdMnSi induces an increase in the unit cell volume close to 3.3%. The investigation of NdMnSiH by magnetization and specific heat measurements reveals the existence of two antiferromagnetic ordering, respectively, at TN1=565(5) K and TN2=103(4) K. Neutron powder diffraction shows that these Néel temperatures are associated with an antiferromagnetic arrangement of the (i) Mn substructure (TN1) and (ii) Nd substructure linked to a reorientation of the Mn one (TN2). Comparison of the TN1 and TN2 temperatures of NdMnSiH to those reported for the initial compound NdMnSi indicates a strong increase in TN1 (280 K→565 K) and a significant decrease in TN2 (185 K→103 K). The magnetic properties, magnetic structures, and values of Nd and Mn ordered magnetic moments are discussed using both band structure calculations and comparison with the behaviors of other ternary silicides and germanides based on manganese and rare earth elements.
Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic properties of hematite/magnetite nanocomposites
Authors: Lyubutin I. S. , Lin C. R. , Korzhetskiy Yu. V. , Dmitrieva T. V. , Chiang R. K.
Published: August 2009

A thermal reduction method has been developed to prepare magnetite/hematite nanocomposites and pure magnetite nanoparticles targeted for specific applications. The relative content of hematite α-Fe2O3 and magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the product was ensured by maintaining proper conditions in the thermal reduction of α-Fe2O3 powder in the presence of a high boiling point solvent. The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by F57e-Mössbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and magnetic measurements. The content of hematite and magnetite phases was evaluated at every step of the chemical and thermal treatment. It is established that not all iron ions in the octahedral B-sites of magnetite nanoparticles participate in the electron hopping Fe2+⇄Fe3+ above the Verwey temperature TV, and that the charge distribution can be expressed as (Fe3+)tet[Fe1.852.5+Fe0.153+]octO4. It is shown that surface effects, influencing the electronic states of iron ions, dominate the vacancy effect, and thus govern the observed specific features of the Verwey transition and magnetic properties. The sharp increase in coercivity observed in magnetite nanoparticles below TV is much stronger than for bulk magnetite.
Time-dependent quantum wave-packet description of H and D atom tunneling in N–H and N–D photodissociation of methylamine and methylamine-d2
Authors: Levi Chen , Kosloff Ronnie , Zeiri Yehuda , Bar Ilana
Published: August 2009

The degree to which tunneling through a barrier in the N–H and N–D photodissociation channels of methylamine (CH3NH2) and its deuterated variant (CH3ND2), respectively, plays a role was investigated by time-dependent quantum wave-packet dynamics calculations. Two dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) of methylamine, presenting the N–H stretch and the HNC bend, were constructed employing multireference ab initio electronic-structure methods, allowing full description of the H motion on the HC–NH2 plane. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation was solved employing the Fourier method for calculating the Hamiltonian operation together with the Chebychev polynomial expansion of the evolution operator. The results show that tunneling and decay to vibrational resonant states on the first excited electronic PES are faster for the H atom than for the D. The decay into two of the resonant states found on the first PES strongly depends on the initially excited vibrational state on the ground electronic PES.
How proteins squeeze through polymer networks: A Cartesian lattice study
Authors: Wedemeier Annika , Merlitz Holger , Wu Chen-Xu , Langowski Jörg
Published: August 2009

In this paper a lattice model for the diffusional transport of particles in the interphase cell nucleus is proposed. The dynamical behavior of single chains on the lattice is investigated and Rouse scaling is verified. Dynamical dense networks are created by a combined version of the bond fluctuation method and a Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm. Semidilute behavior of the dense chain networks is shown. By comparing diffusion of particles in a static and a dynamical chain network, we demonstrate that chain diffusion does not alter the diffusion process of small particles. However, we prove that a dynamical network facilitates the transport of large particles. By weighting the mean square displacement trajectories of particles in the static chain, network data from the dynamical network can be reconstructed. Additionally, it is shown that subdiffusive behavior of particles on short time scales results from trapping processes in the crowded environment of the chain network. In the presented model a protein with 30 nm diameter has an effective diffusion coefficient of 1.24×10−11 m2/s in a chromatin fiber network.
Incorporating model quality information in climate change detection and attribution studies
Authors: Santer B. D. , Taylor K. E. , Gleckler P. J. , Bonfils C. , Barnett T. P. , Pierce D. W. , Wigley T. M. L. , Mears C. , Wentz F. J. , Brüggemann W. , Gillett N. P. , Klein S. A. , Solomon S. , Stott P. A. , Wehner M. F.
Published: August 2009

In a recent multimodel detection and attribution (D&A) study using the pooled results from 22 different climate models, the simulated “fingerprint” pattern of anthropogenically caused changes in water vapor was identifiable with high statistical confidence in satellite data. Each model received equal weight in the D&A analysis, despite large differences in the skill with which they simulate key aspects of observed climate. Here, we examine whether water vapor D&A results are sensitive to model quality. The “top 10” and “bottom 10” models are selected with three different sets of skill measures and two different ranking approaches. The entire D&A analysis is then repeated with each of these different sets of more or less skillful models. Our performance metrics include the ability to simulate the mean state, the annual cycle, and the variability associated with El Niño. We find that estimates of an anthropogenic water vapor fingerprint are insensitive to current model uncertainties, and are governed by basic physical processes that are well-represented in climate models. Because the fingerprint is both robust to current model uncertainties and dissimilar to the dominant noise patterns, our ability to identify an anthropogenic influence on observed multidecadal changes in water vapor is not affected by “screening” based on model quality.
Phylogeography of
Borrelia burgdorferi
in the eastern United States reflects multiple independent Lyme disease emergence events
Authors: Hoen Anne Gatewood , Margos Gabriele , Bent Stephen J. , Diuk-Wasser Maria A. , Barbour Alan , Kurtenbach Klaus , Fish Durland
Published: August 2009

Since its first description in coastal Connecticut in 1976, both the incidence of Lyme disease and the geographic extent of endemic areas in the US have increased dramatically. The rapid expansion of Lyme disease into its current distribution in the eastern half of the US has been due to the range expansion of the tick vector,
Ixodes scapularis
, upon which the causative agent,
Borrelia burgdorferi
is dependent for transmission to humans. In this study, we examined the phylogeographic population structure of
B. burgdorferi
throughout the range of
I. scapularis
-borne Lyme disease using multilocus sequence typing based on bacterial housekeeping genes. We show that
B. burgdorferi
populations from the Northeast and Midwest are genetically distinct, but phylogenetically related. Our findings provide strong evidence of prehistoric population size expansion and east-to-west radiation of descendent clones from founding sequence types in the Northeast. Estimates of the time scale of divergence of northeastern and midwestern populations suggest that
B. burgdorferi
was present in these regions of North America many thousands of years before European settlements. We conclude that
B. burgdorferi
populations have recently reemerged independently out of separate relict foci, where they have persisted since precolonial times.
Two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2 at saturation
Authors: Rickgauer John Peter , Tank David W.
Published: August 2009

We demonstrate that channelrhodopsin-2 (CR), a light-gated ion channel that is conventionally activated by using visible-light excitation, can also be activated by using IR two-photon excitation (TPE). An empirical estimate of CR's two-photon absorption cross-section at λ = 920 nm is presented, with a value (260 ± 20 GM) indicating that TPE stimulation of CR photocurrents is not typically limited by intrinsic molecular excitability [1 GM = 10
−50
(cm
4
s)/photon]. By using direct physiological measurements of CR photocurrents and a model of ground-state depletion, we evaluate how saturation of CR's current-conducting state influences the spatial resolution of focused TPE photostimulation, and how photocurrents stimulated by using low-power scanning TPE temporally summate. We show that TPE, like visible-light excitation, can be used to stimulate action potentials in cultured CR-expressing neurons.
Model for eukaryotic tail-anchored protein binding based on the structure of Get3
Authors: Suloway Christian J. M. , Chartron Justin W. , Zaslaver Ma'ayan , Clemons William M.
Published: August 2009

The Get3 ATPase directs the delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). TA-proteins are characterized by having a single transmembrane helix (TM) at their extreme C terminus and include many essential proteins, such as SNAREs, apoptosis factors, and protein translocation components. These proteins cannot follow the SRP-dependent co-translational pathway that typifies most integral membrane proteins; instead, post-translationally, these proteins are recognized and bound by Get3 then delivered to the ER in the ATP dependent Get pathway. To elucidate a molecular mechanism for TA protein binding by Get3 we have determined three crystal structures in apo and ADP forms from
Saccharomyces cerevisae
(
Sc
Get3-apo) and
Aspergillus fumigatus
(
Af
Get3-apo and
Af
Get3-ADP). Using structural information, we generated mutants to confirm important interfaces and essential residues. These results point to a model of how Get3 couples ATP hydrolysis to the binding and release of TA-proteins.
Sparsification of neuronal activity in the visual cortex at eye-opening
Authors: Rochefort Nathalie L. , Garaschuk Olga , Milos Ruxandra-Iulia , Narushima Madoka , Marandi Nima , Pichler Bruno , Kovalchuk Yury , Konnerth Arthur
Published: August 2009

Eye-opening represents a turning point in the function of the visual cortex. Before eye-opening, the visual cortex is largely devoid of sensory inputs and neuronal activities are generated intrinsically. After eye-opening, the cortex starts to integrate visual information. Here we used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to explore the developmental changes of the mouse visual cortex by analyzing the ongoing spontaneous activity. We found that before eye-opening, the activity of layer 2/3 neurons consists predominantly of slow wave oscillations. These waves were first detected at postnatal day 8 (P8). Their initial very low frequency (0.01 Hz) gradually increased during development to ≈0.5 Hz in adults. Before eye-opening, a large fraction of neurons (>75%) was active during each wave. One day after eye-opening, this dense mode of recruitment changed to a sparse mode with only 36% of active neurons per wave. This was followed by a progressive decrease during the following weeks, reaching 12% of active neurons per wave in adults. The possible role of visual experience for this process of sparsification was investigated by analyzing dark-reared mice. We found that sparsification also occurred in these mice, but that the switch from a dense to a sparse activity pattern was delayed by 3–4 days as compared with normally-reared mice. These results reveal a modulatory contribution of visual experience during the first days after eye-opening, but an overall dominating role of intrinsic factors. We propose that the transformation in network activity from dense to sparse is a prerequisite for the changed cortical function at eye-opening.
The Articulation of Virginity in the Medieval Chanson de nonne
Authors: Colton Lisa
Published: August 2009

The chanson de nonne presents stereotypical images of young women whose bodies and voices are trapped within the confines of a nunnery. Close examination of the architectural metaphors used to describe virginity and chastity in the Middle Ages allows comparisons to be made between the structures — metaphorical, musical and textual — that held fictitious nuns within the frame of the clerical imagination at the centre of thirteenth-century motet production.
Opera for Sale: Folksong, Sentimentality and the Market
Authors: Goose Benjamin
Published: August 2009

TheLautenliedfrom Korngold'sDie tote Stadt andtheSchlummerliedfrom Schreker'sDie Schatzgräberflaunt their ‘folksong’ style in ways that are clearly similar. Contemporary criticism reveals the significance of this stylization. Folksong symbolized genuineness, but also, in its supposedly degenerate form, emotional manipulation of the masses. Both topics informed critics' reaction to diese two arias. Alongside analysis of the many recordings of Korngold's aria up to 1933, the article suggests how folksong characterization contributed to the opera's plot.
On Ballet at the Opéra, 1909–14, andLa fête chez Thérèse
Authors: Caddy Davinia
Published: August 2009

This article is broadly centred on the ballets staged at the Paris Opéra during the era in which Diaghilev's Ballets Russes were resident in the French capital. I seek initially to define the ways in which both troupes, the Opéra Ballet and the Russian, were received in the period press: in short, how the French company was implored to take its lead from Russian choreographic and scenic developments. My principal aim, though, is to offer a ‘thick’ description of one particular ballet – a commission from the Opéra enddedLa fête chez Thérèse, set to music by French salon composer Reynaldo Hahn and premièred on 16 February 1910. A close reading ofThérèse‘s narrative, structure and musical design reveals something of the ballet's cultural resonance: a resonance that extends from the ballet-pantomimes of the July Monarchy, through the extra-curricular endeavours of the composer Gustave Charpentier, to contemporary ideals of womanhood, social parity and dancers’ skirts. A new historical perspective emerges, one that prompts a revision of the taxonomies according to which narratives of the pre-war balletic scene are usually plotted, along with a reassessment of the dominant historiographical strategy itself.
Reduction of data from inverted-geometry time-of-flight instruments
Authors: Tregenna-Piggott Philip L.W. , Juranyi Fanni , Christiansen Peter , Willendrup Peter K. , Lefmann Kim
Published: August 2009

The validity of differing prescriptions for the reduction of data collected on inverted-geometry time-of-flight instruments has been investigated by means of Monte-Carlo ray-tracing simulations for a virtual instrument closely resembling OSIRIS at the ISIS facility and experimental measurements on the newly commissioned instrument, MARS at SINQ, PSI. In both cases, the prescription recently set out by Dorner [Bruno Dorner, J. Neutron Res. 13, 267–274 (2005)] yields the correct scattering function.
Measurement of temperature of neutrons emanating from H2O ice moderator at 77 K
Authors: Das Ramkrishna , Basu Saibal , Shaikh Akhtar Mehboob
Published: August 2009

The present study concentrates on the measurement of gain in the flux of cold neutrons emanating from an H2O ice moderator when it is cooled from ambient to a cryogenic temperature. The temperature of neutrons when the moderator is at cryogenic temperature has been determined from this gain. The integrated cold neutron flux is obtained by using a polycrystalline beryllium low pass filter in the path of a scattered neutron beam. A gain of about 7 in the cold neutron flux and a neutron temperature of about 100 K have been obtained when the temperature of water ice was reduced to 77 K.
Blob/hole formation and zonal-flow generation in the edge plasma of the JET tokamak
Authors: Xu G.S. , Naulin V. , Fundamenski W. , Hidalgo C. , Alonso J.A. , Silva C. , Gonçalves B. , Nielsen A.H. , Juul Rasmussen J. , Krasheninnikov S.I. , Wan B.N. , Stamp M.
Published: August 2009

The first experimental evidence showing the connection between blob/hole formation and zonal-flow generation was obtained in the edge plasma of the JET tokamak. Holes as well as blobs are observed to be born in the edge shear layer, where zonal-flows shear off meso-scale coherent structures, leading to disconnection of positive and negative pressure perturbations. The newly formed blobs transport azimuthal momentum up the gradient of the azimuthal flow and drive the zonal-flow shear while moving outwards. During this process energy is transferred from the meso-scale coherent structures to the zonal flows via the turbulent Reynolds stress, resulting in nonlinear saturation of edge turbulence and suppression of meso-scale fluctuations. These findings carry significant implications for the mechanism of structure formation in magnetically confined plasma turbulence.
Overview of the results on divertor heat loads in RMP controlled H-mode plasmas on DIII-D
Authors: Jakubowski M.W. , Evans T.E. , Fenstermacher M.E. , Groth M. , Lasnier C.J. , Leonard A.W. , Schmitz O. , Watkins J.G. , Eich T. , Fundamenski W. , Moyer R.A. , Wolf R.C. , Baylor L.B. , Boedo J.A. , Burrell K.H. , Frerichs H. , deGrassie J.S. , Gohil P. , Joseph I. , Mordijck S. , Lehnen M. , Petty C.C. , Pinsker R.I. , Reiter D. , Rhodes T.L. , Samm U. , Schaffer M.J. , Snyder P.B. , Stoschus H. , Osborne T. , Unterberg B. , Unterberg E. , West W.P.
Published: August 2009

In this paper the manipulation of power deposition on divertor targets at DIII-D by the application of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) for suppression of large type-I edge localized modes (ELMs) is analysed. We discuss the modification of the ELM characteristics by the RMP applied. It is shown that the width of the deposition pattern in ELMy H-mode depends linearly on the ELM deposited energy, whereas in the RMP phase of the discharge those patterns are controlled by the externally induced magnetic perturbation. It was also found that the manipulation of heat transport due to the application of small, edge RMP depends on the plasma pedestal electron collisionality
. We compare in this analysis RMP and no RMP phases with and without complete ELM suppression. At high
, the heat flux during the ELM suppressed phase is of the same order as the inter-ELM and the no-RMP phase. However, below this collisionality value, a slight increase in the total power flux to the divertor is observed during the RMP phase. This is most likely caused by a more negative potential at the divertor surface due to hot electrons reaching the divertor surface from the pedestal area along perturbed, open field lines.
Level-crossing function in the analysis of edge plasma turbulence
Authors: Rajković Milan , Watanabe Tomo-Hiko , Škorić Miloš
Published: August 2009

The amplitude variability of the confined fusion plasma turbulence is neglected in order to study solely its zero-crossing information. The retained zero-crossing set enables insight into various aspects of edge plasma turbulence. Certain common features with neutral fluid turbulence are recognized in the low confinement regime (L-mode). Spectral characteristics of the zero-crossing set are compared between L-mode, dithering H-mode and H-mode plasma edge turbulence and a scaling exponent characterizing the tendency of small scales to cluster is introduced. A transformation invariant level-crossing function is shown to be a more reliable indicator of stable equilibrium states than the probability density function. In particular the zero-crossing function detects L–H transitions and recognizes edge localized modes as catastrophic events in the sense of stochastic catastrophe theory. The method may be of significant importance in the analysis and control of edge plasma trubulence.
Progress of high power 170 GHz gyrotron in JAEA
Authors: Sakamoto Keishi , Kasugai Atsushi , Kajiwara Ken , Takahashi Koji , Oda Yasuhisa , Hayashi Kazuo , Kobayashi Noriyuki
Published: August 2009

Recent progress on the high power gyrotron development in JAEA is presented. The gyrotron is featured to have a triode-type magnetron injection gun, a cylindrical resonator working at 170 GHz with TE31,8 mode, a water-cooled diamond window and a depressed collector. After the demonstration of the ITER basic performance, the gyrotron has been operated for 3 years, and recorded ∼200 GJ of total output energy. Next, a gyrotron which oscillates in higher order resonator mode, TE31,12, is designed and fabricated to study the long pulse oscillation at greater than 1 MW. In parallel, feasibility studies of a CW-power modulation for neoclassical tearing mode stabilization, a dual frequency gyrotron and a rapid frequency control are carried out. It is shown that these gyrotrons will be available with current technology.
YADA: a tool for taking the most out of high-resolution spectra
Authors: Carvalho Paulo C. , Xu Tao , Han Xuemei , Cociorva Daniel , Barbosa Valmir C. , Yates John R.
Published: August 2009

Summary: YADA can deisotope and decharge high-resolution mass spectra from large peptide molecules, link the precursor monoisotopic peak information to the corresponding tandem mass spectrum, and account for different co-fragmenting ion species (multiplexed spectra). We describe how YADA enables a pipeline consisting of ProLuCID and DTASelect for analyzing large-scale middle-down proteomics data.

Availability:  http://fields.scripps.edu/yada

Contact:  paulo@pcarvalho.com

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Dynamic Rearrangements Determine Genome Organization and Useful Traits in Soybean
Authors: Kim Kyung Do , Shin Jin Hee , Van Kyujung , Kim Dong Hyun , Lee Suk-Ha
Published: August 2009

Soybean (Glycine max) is a paleopolyploid whose genome has gone through at least two rounds of polyploidy and subsequent diploidization events. Several studies have investigated the changes in genome structure produced by the relatively recent polyploidy event, but little is known about the ancient polyploidy due to the high frequency of gene loss after duplication. Our previous study, regarding a region responsible for bacterial leaf pustule, reported two homeologous Rxp regions produced by the recent whole-genome duplication event. In this study, we identified the full set of four homeologous Rxp regions (ranging from 1.96 to 4.60 Mb) derived from both the recent and ancient polyploidy events, and this supports the quadruplicated structure of the soybean genome. Among the predicted genes on chromosome 17 (linkage group D2), 71% of them were conserved in a recently duplicated region, while 21% and 24% of duplicated genes were retained in two homeologous regions formed by the ancient polyploidy. Furthermore, comparative analysis showed a 2:1 relationship between soybean and Medicago truncatula, since M. truncatula did not undergo the recent polyploidy event that soybean did. Unlike soybean, M. truncatula homeologous regions were highly fractionated and their synteny did not exist, revealing different rates of diploidization process between the two species. Our data show that extensive synteny remained in the four homeologous regions in soybean, even though the soybean genome experienced dynamic genome rearrangements following paleopolyploidy events. Moreover, multiple Rxp quantitative trait loci on different soybean chromosomes actually comprise homeologous regions produced by two rounds of polyploidy events.
A Serine Carboxypeptidase-Like Acyltransferase Is Required for Synthesis of Antimicrobial Compounds and Disease Resistance in Oats
Authors: Mugford Sam T. , Qi Xiaoquan , Bakht Saleha , Hill Lionel , Wegel Eva , Hughes Richard K. , Papadopoulou Kalliopi , Melton Rachel , Philo Mark , Sainsbury Frank , Lomonossoff George P. , Roy Abhijeet Deb , Goss Rebecca J.M. , Osbourn Anne
Published: August 2009

Serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) proteins have recently emerged as a new group of plant acyltransferases. These enzymes share homology with peptidases but lack protease activity and instead are able to acylate natural products. Several SCPL acyltransferases have been characterized to date from dicots, including an enzyme required for the synthesis of glucose polyesters that may contribute to insect resistance in wild tomato (Solanum pennellii) and enzymes required for the synthesis of sinapate esters associated with UV protection in Arabidopsis thaliana. In our earlier genetic analysis, we identified the Saponin-deficient 7 (Sad7) locus as being required for the synthesis of antimicrobial triterpene glycosides (avenacins) and for broad-spectrum disease resistance in diploid oat (Avena strigosa). Here, we report on the cloning of Sad7 and show that this gene encodes a functional SCPL acyltransferase, SCPL1, that is able to catalyze the synthesis of both N-methyl anthraniloyl- and benzoyl-derivatized forms of avenacin. Sad7 forms part of an operon-like gene cluster for avenacin synthesis. Oat SCPL1 (SAD7) is the founder member of a subfamily of monocot-specific SCPL proteins that includes predicted proteins from rice (Oryza sativa) and other grasses with potential roles in secondary metabolism and plant defense.
Chemokines and common variable immunodeficiency; possible contribution of CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7 to immune dysregulation
Authors: Fevang B , Yndestad A , Damås J K , Halvorsen B , Holm A M , Beiske K , Aukrust P , Frøland S S
Published: August 2009

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by defective immunoglobulin production and high frequency of bacterial infections, autoimmunity and manifestations of chronic inflammation. The homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 are associated with modulation of inflammatory responses. CVID patients have decreased proportions of CCR7+ T cells in peripheral blood and we hypothesized a further dysregulation of CCL19/CCL21/CCR7 in CVID. Serum levels of CCL19 and CCL21 were compared in CVID patients and controls. T cell expression of CCR7 was related to clinical characteristics in CVID patients. Spleens extirpated from CVID patients were analysed for expression of CCL19, CCL21 and CCR7. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CVID patients and controls were analysed for cytokine response on stimulation with CCL19 and CCL21. The main findings were: (i) CVID patients have raised serum levels of CCL19 and CCL21 independently of features of chronic inflammation; (ii) CCL19 and CCR7 have similar expression in spleens from CVID patients and controls, while CCL21 is variably down-regulated in spleens from patients; (iii) T cell expression of CCR7 is particularly low in patients characterized by chronic inflammation in vivo; and (iv) PBMC from CVID patients had attenuated cytokine response to stimulation with CCL19 and CCL21. CVID patients have raised circulatory levels of CCL19 and CCL21, and an attenuated cytokine response to stimulation with these chemokines. Because CCR7, CCL19 and CCL21 are key mediators balancing immunity and tolerance in the immune system, the abnormalities of these mediators might contribute to the profound immune dysregulation seen in CVID.
Small unilateral jaw gap variations: equilibrium changes, co‐contractions and joint forces
Authors: SCHINDLER H. J. , LENZ J. , TÜRP J. C. , SCHWEIZERHOF K. , RUES S.
Published: August 2009

Summary  After complex prosthetic reconstructions, small differences in vertical distances between the left and right side of the jaw may occur during jaw closing, nevertheless providing bilateral tooth contacts in intercuspation by small deformations of the mandible. Their effects on the co‐contraction of the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint reaction forces, and the point of application of the resultant bite force vector in the maxillary occlusion plane – the so‐called reduction point – have not been investigated, thus far simultaneously in one sample. The main goal of this study was to investigate variations of these measures in an experimental intercuspation simulated by one anterior and two posterior force transmission points.
Deficiency in a cytosolic ribose‐5‐phosphate isomerase causes chloroplast dysfunction, late flowering and premature cell death in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xiong Yuqing , DeFraia Christopher , Williams Donna , Zhang Xudong , Mou Zhonglin
Published: August 2009

The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) is part of central metabolism, consisting of two distinct phases: the oxidative phase and the non‐oxidative phase. The non‐oxidative phase of the oxPPP generates carbon skeletons for the synthesis of nucleotides, aromatic amino acids, phenylpropanoids and their derivatives, which are essential for plant growth and development. However, it is not well understood how the non‐oxidative phase of the oxPPP contributes to plant growth and development. Here, we report the characterization of Arabidopsis T‐DNA knockout mutants of the RPI2 gene (At2g01290), which encodes a cytosolic ribose‐5‐phosphate isomerase (RPI) that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of ribulose‐5‐phosphate and ribose‐5‐phosphate in the non‐oxidative phase of the oxPPP. Although recombinant Arabidopsis RPI2 protein exhibits marked RPI enzymatic activity, knockout of the RPI2 gene does not significantly change the total RPI activity in the mutant plants. Interestingly, knockout of RPI2 interferes with chloroplast structure and decreases chloroplast photosynthetic capacity. The rpi2 mutants accumulate less starch in the leaves and flower significantly later than wild‐type when grown under short‐day conditions. Furthermore, the rpi2 mutants display premature cell death in the leaves when grown at an above‐normal temperature (26°C). These results demonstrate that a deficiency in the non‐oxidative phase of the cytosolic oxPPP has pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development and causes premature cell death.
Ethical nursing practice: inquiry‐in‐action
Authors: Doane Gweneth Hartrick , Storch Janet , Pauly Bernie
Published: August 2009

Although the need to theorize ethics within the complexities of nursing practice has been identified within the nursing literature, to date the link between ethics epistemology and specific nursing actions has received limited attention. In particular, little exploration has been carried out to examine how nurses ‘know’ what is ethical and the knowledge they draw upon to inform their nursing actions within the complexities of their everyday practice. This study describes a participatory inquiry project that focused on developing and articulating an epistemology of ethics while in the midst of everyday nursing work. Epistemological and methodological insights are discussed in light of the challenges nurses face in contemporary healthcare contexts.
International nurse migration: U‐turn for safe workplace transition
Authors: Tregunno Deborah , Peters Suzanne , Campbell Heather , Gordon Sandra
Published: August 2009

Increasing globalization of the nursing workforce and the desire for migrants to realize their full potential in their host country is an important public policy and management issue. Several studies have examined the challenges migrant nurses face as they seek licensure and access to international work. However, fewer studies examine the barriers and challenges internationally educated nurses (IEN) experience transitioning into the workforces after they achieve initial registration in their adopted country. In this article, the authors report findings from an empirically grounded study that examines the experience of IENs who entered Ontario’s workforce between 2003 and 2005. We found that migrant nurses unanimously described nursing as ‘different’ from that in their country of origin. Specifically, IENs reported differences in the expectations of professional nursing practice and the role of patients and families in decision‐making. In addition, problems with English language fluency cause work‐related stress and cognitive fatigue. Finally, the experience of being the outsider is a reality for many IENs. This study provides important insights as policy and management decision‐makers balance the tension between increasing the IEN workforce and the delivery of safe patient care.
Factors influencing the performance of English as an Additional Language nursing students: instructors’ perspectives
Authors: Donnelly Tam Truong , McKiel Elaine , Hwang Jihye
Published: August 2009

The increasing number of immigrants in Canada has led to more nursing students for whom English is an additional language (EAL). Limited language skills, cultural differences, and a lack of support can pose special challenges for these students and the instructors who teach them. Using a qualitative research methodology, in‐depth interviews with fourteen EAL nursing students and two focus group interviews with nine instructors were conducted. In this paper, the instructors' perspectives are presented. Data acquired from the instructors suggest that the challenges experienced by EAL students and instructors reside in a lack of awareness and support at the institutional and structural levels rather than solely on capacities of individual EAL students or instructors. From this study, identification of supportive activities for nurse educators and education sector decision makers emerged.
Are pollination syndromes useful predictors of floral visitors in Tasmania?
Authors: KINGSTON ANDREW B. , Mc QUILLAN PETER B.
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Diurnal visitors to the flowers of many native plant species were identified in a wide range of Tasmanian sclerophyllous vegetation between September 1996 and April 1997. These foraging profiles were analysed to determine whether they were characteristic of various floral morphologies in predictable ways. It was found that although visitor profiles were sometimes consistent with classic pollination syndromes, these syndromes were unreliable predictors of floral visitors. Very few flowers were exclusively bird‐pollinated, and none were strictly fly‐, beetle‐, wasp‐, or butterfly‐pollinated. The majority of flowering plants were unspecialized in their morphology, and consequently hosted a diverse array of visitors. In addition, visitor profiles to congeners with similar floral morphologies, and even to conspecifics, differed between habitats. Altitude was a major factor in determining visitors, with flies being the most abundant visitors above 700 m. However, congeners in several genera of Epacridaceae, as well as the genus Correa, which differed in floral morphology also differed in visitor profiles. Tubular flowers were associated with birds, while flowers with more accessible nectar were visited by insects. The only taxa exhibiting a bee‐pollination syndrome that were largely visited by bees were the Fabaceae and Goodenia ovata Sm. Several species with purple or pink flowers were also predominantly visited by bees, but did not strictly conform to the melittophilous syndrome. In contrast, other flowers exhibiting an ostensibly mellitophilous syndrome hosted very few bees. Of these, species that occurred at high altitude were mainly visited by flies, while others received very few potential pollen vectors.
Neuroticism and Morning Cortisol Secretion: Both Heritable, But No Shared Genetic Influences
Authors: Riese Harriëtte , Rijsdijk Frühling V. , Rosmalen Judith G. M. , Snieder Harold , Ormel Johan
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Neuroticism is widely used as an explanatory concept in etiological research of psychopathology. To clarify what neuroticism actually represents, we investigated the phenotypic and genetic relationship between neuroticism and the morning cortisol secretion. In the current classic twin study, 125 female twin pairs (74 monozygotic and 51 dizygotic pairs) participated. For each participant, 4 different neuroticism scores were available to calculate a neuroticism composite score that was used in the statistical analyses. The morning cortisol secretion was assessed by 4 salivary samples in the 1st hour after awakening. Significant genetic influences for the neuroticism composite score (55%), and each of the 4 cortisol samples (52%–69%) were found. There was no phenotypic or genotypic relationship between neuroticism and morning cortisol secretion. Although neuroticism and cortisol were both heritable traits, they did not share any genetic influences.
Developing Construction Management Events in Situational Simulations
Authors: Dossick Carrie S. , Mukherjee Amlan , Rojas Eddy M. , Tebo Corey
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  The challenge and promise of educational computer simulations are to provide user experiences that allow for immersion into a dynamic system in which participants discover the ramifications of their decisions in a complex environment. Researchers at the University of Washington, in collaboration with Michigan Technological University, are developing situational simulations to meet the needs of construction management education. This article explores the development of simulation events where simulation variables are changed due to an event, and then the player is challenged to interact with the simulation by making decisions that impact the project outcome. A simulation event includes the player's experience, variables altered by the event, and variables changed by the player. This article defines the concept of simulation events within the context of situational simulations; explains how events are triggered, represented, and handled within the simulation and database; describes how players engage with the simulation; and identifies the challenges of incorporating the social dynamics of project management into the simulation environment.
The colonial roots of land inequality: geography, factor endowments, or institutions?
Authors: FRANKEMA EWOUT
Published: August 2009

Land inequality is one of the crucial underpinnings of long‐run persistent wealth and asset inequality. This article assesses the colonial roots of land inequality from a comparative perspective. The evolution of land inequality is analysed in a cross‐colonial multivariate regression framework complemented by an in‐depth comparative case study of three former British colonies: Malaysia, Sierra Leone, and Zambia. The main conclusion is that the literature tends to overemphasize the role of geography and to underestimate the role of pre‐colonial institutions in shaping the colonial political economic context in which land is (re)distributed from natives to colonial settlers.
The changing distribution of earnings in Ireland, 1937 to 1968
Authors: ATKINSON ANTHONY B. , NOLAN BRIAN
Published: August 2009

Data from the Irish Census of Industrial Production are used to illuminate changes in the distribution of earnings from 1937 to 1968, an important period in Irish economic history, relevant to debates about globalization and inequality. Between the late 1930s and mid‐1950s there was a greater compression of earnings than in the US's ‘great compression’ of the same period. Sectoral data suggest that this occurred quite generally. The degree of integration with the British labour market is key, and the impact of out‐migration, wage controls during the Second World War, and industrial protection all merit in‐depth investigation.
Does hedonic price indexing change our interpretation of economic history? Evidence from Swedish electrification
Authors: EDQUIST HARALD
Published: August 2009

Rapid price decreases for ICT products in the 1990s have been largely attributed to the introduction of hedonic price indexes. Would hedonic price indexing also have had large effects on measured price and productivity during earlier technological breakthroughs? This article investigates the impact of hedonic and matched model methods on historical data for electric motors in Sweden from 1900–35. The results show rapidly decreasing prices in the industry producing electric motors in the 1920s. However, the price decreases of electric motors in the 1920s were not on a par with price decreases for ICT equipment in the 1990s, even if hedonic indexing is used.
In vitro antibacterial activities of eleven antibiotics against S. faecalis
Authors: Hartzen Susanne Hartvig , Frimodt‐MÖLler Niels , Andreasen Jan Jesper
Published: August 2009

The in vitro antibacterial activitites of penicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone against 198 S. faecalis strains were investigated, employing an agar dilution technique. Results were generally in accord with those of other studies. Ampicillin and penicillin showed equal activities. Twenty percent of the strains were resistant to erythromycin, which correlated with resistance to clindamycin. The activity of cefotaxime was fairly good, but the clinical importance of this observation warrants further investigation. Twenty percent showed high‐level resistance to streptomycin. High‐grade resistance to gentamicin was noted for one isolate only, making gentamicin the first‐choice aminoglycoside for combination treatment at present.