bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative trait loci for field resistance to barley stripe rust derived from malting line 95SR316A
Authors: Esvelt Klos Kathy , Hayes Patrick , del Blanco Isabel Alicia , Chen Xianming , Filichkin Tanya , Helgerson Laura , Fisk Scott , Bregitzer Phil
Published: March 2020

Developing improved barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germplasm with resistance to barley stripe rust (BSR) has been a goal of several breeding programs since the introduction of this disease into the Americas. The USDA–ARS two‐rowed spring malting barley breeding line 95SR316A, while susceptible at the seedling stage, has field resistance to BSR. This study was conducted to identify markers useful for marker‐assisted selection for resistance to BSR. This line was used as a parent in two biparental mapping populations: 95SR316A × ‘Lenetah’ (susceptible), and 95SR316A × ‘Grannelose Zwiezelige’ (GZ; seedling resistance). Progeny were observed for response to BSR infection in the field at four location–years per population. Disease severity was taken as the percentage of leaf area infected. The 95SR316A × GZ (F5–derived recombinant inbred line [RIL]) and 95SR316A × Lenetah (doubled haploid) populations were genotyped using Illumina's 50K barley array. Interval mapping revealed quantitative trait loci (QTL) in both populations on chromosome 2H (Qpsh.316A.2Ha) near the p‐terminal, with the allele derived from 95SR316A contributing to lower disease severity. In addition, the 95SR316A × GZ population was segregating for a QTL on chromosome 2H (Qpsh.316A.2Hb) at ∼35 cM with effects on BSR observed in two location years. The 95SR316A × Lenetah population was segregating for Qpsh.316A.7H at 94.04 cM on chromosome 7H with peak logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores of 25.81, 36.75, and 5.35 observed in Corvallis, OR, in 2018, Davis, CA, in 2018, and Mt. Vernon, WA, in 2018, respectively. The QTL on chromosomes 3H, 5H, and 6H were observed in only single location–years in the 95SR316A × Lenetah population.
“Waste to Wealth”: Lignin as a Renewable Building Block for Energy Harvesting/Storage and Environmental Remediation
Authors: Wang Ding , Lee Sahng Ha , Kim Jinhyun , Park Chan Beum
Published: March 2020

Lignin is the second most earth‐abundant biopolymer having aromatic unit structures, but it has received less attention than other natural biomaterials. Recent advances in the development of lignin‐based materials, such as mesoporous carbon, flexible thin films, and fiber matrix, have found their way into applications to photovoltaic devices, energy‐storage systems, mechanical energy harvesters, and catalytic components. In this Review, we summarize and suggest another dimension of lignin valorization as a building block for the synthesis of functional materials in the fields of energy and environmental applications. We cover lignin‐based materials in the photovoltaic and artificial photosynthesis for solar energy conversion applications. The most recent technological evolution in lignin‐based triboelectric nanogenerators is summarized from its fundamental properties to practical implementations. Lignin‐derived catalysts for solar‐to‐heat conversion and oxygen reduction are discussed. For energy‐storage applications, we describe the utilization of lignin‐based materials in lithium‐ion rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors (e.g., electrodes, binders, and separators). We also summarize the use of lignin‐based materials as heavy‐metal adsorbents for environmental remediation. This Review paves the way to future potentials and opportunities of lignin as a renewable material for energy and environmental applications.
Mucins and their receptors in chronic lung disease
Authors: Denneny Emma , Sahota Jagdeep , Beatson Richard , Thornton David , Burchell Joy , Porter Joanna
Published: March 2020

There is growing recognition that mucus and mucin biology have a considerable impact on respiratory health, and subsequent global morbidity and mortality. Mucins play a critical role in chronic lung disease, not only by providing a physical barrier and clearing pathogens, but also in immune homeostasis. The aim of this review is to familiarise the reader with the role of mucins in both lung health and disease, with particular focus on function in immunity, infection and inflammation. We will also discuss their receptors, termed glycan‐binding proteins, and how they provide an attractive prospect for therapeutic intervention.
Return of the lysergamides. Part VI: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐cyclopropanoyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1CP‐LSD)
Authors: Brandt Simon D. , Kavanagh Pierce V. , Westphal Folker , Stratford Alexander , Odland Anna U. , Klein Adam K. , Dowling Geraldine , Dempster Nicola M. , Wallach Jason , Passie Torsten , Halberstadt Adam L.
Published: March 2020

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a prototypical serotonergic psychedelic drug and the subject of many clinical investigations. In recent years, a range of lysergamides has emerged with the production of some being inspired by the existing scientific literature. Others, for example various 1‐acyl substituted lysergamides, did not exist before their appearance as research chemicals. 1‐Cylopropanoyl‐LSD (1CP‐LSD) has recently emerged as a new addition to the group of lysergamide‐based designer drugs and is believed to be psychoactive in humans. In this investigation, 1CP‐LSD was subjected to detailed analytical characterizations including various mass spectrometry (MS) platforms, gas and liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, solid phase and GC condensed phase infrared spectroscopy. Analysis by GC–MS also revealed the detection of artificially induced degradation products. Incubation of 1CP‐LSD with human serum led to the formation of LSD, indicating that it may act as a prodrug for LSD in vivo, similar to other 1‐acyl substituted lysergamides. The analysis of blotters and pellets is also included. 1CP‐LSD also induces the head‐twitch response (HTR) in C57BL/6 J mice, indicating that it produces an LSD‐like behavioural profile. 1CP‐LSD induced the HTR with an ED50 = 430.0 nmol/kg which was comparable to 1P‐LSD (ED50 = 349.6 nmol/kg) investigated previously. Clinical studies are required to determine the potency and profile of the effects produced by 1CP‐LSD in humans.
Characteristics of autism spectrum disorders are associated with longer duration of anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Saure Emma , Laasonen Marja , Lepistö‐Paisley Tuulia , Mikkola Katri , Ålgars Monica , Raevuori Anu
Published: March 2020

Objective

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with neuropsychological characteristics such as impairments in central coherence, cognitive flexibility, and emotion recognition. The same features also manifest in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and have been suggested to be associated with illness prolongation in AN. The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to examine whether pronounced neuropsychological characteristics related to ASD are associated with illness duration in AN.

Method

Four databases (Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, PubMed) were searched for eligible studies. Search terms were (a) “anorexia nervosa” and (b) “cognitive flexibility” or “set‐shifting” or “central coherence” or “emotion recognition” or “theory of mind”. The final sample consisted of 53 studies. Duration of AN was divided into three categories in order to investigate differences between the groups with varying illness duration. The meta‐analysis was performed with Review Manager using a random‐effects model.

Results

Deficits in central coherence, cognitive flexibility, and emotion recognition were pronounced among individuals with prolonged AN compared to those with shorter illness duration.

Discussion

A prolonged course of AN appears to be associated with underlying neuropsychological characteristics that are also distinctive to ASD. Neuropsychological impairments may lead to prolonged AN, and prolonged illness may contribute to the subsequent “neurological scar effect,” further strengthening these impairments.
Photocatalytic Synthesis of 3‐Sulfanyl‐ and 1,3‐Bis(sulfanyl)indolizines Mediated by Visible Light
Authors: Penteado Filipe , Gomes Caroline S. , Monzon Loana I. , Perin Gelson , Silveira Claudio C. , Lenardão Eder J.
Published: March 2020

A metal‐free method for the synthesis of 3‐sulfanyl indolizines from thiols and 2‐arylindolizines, is reported. The reaction is mediated by eosin Y under blue LED light irradiation and uses atmospheric oxygen as oxidant. By the use of a catalytic amount of I2, the corresponding 1,3‐bis‐sulfanyl indolizines are obtained, in good yields.
Numerical investigations of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in solar air collector with curved perforated baffles
Authors: El‐Said Emad M.S.
Published: March 2020

In this article, an improved double‐pass solar air heater with multiple curved perforated baffles is proposed; the solar air heater can enhance the heat transfer between air and heat absorber plate sufficiently by using a perforated baffles. At the same time, to reduce the flow resistance of air, a curved shape was created on the baffles. This research is aimed at evaluating a novel solar air heater design in terms of its thermal efficiency and temperature distributions within the solar air heater in forced convection. This investigation is performed based on numerical simulations in two‐dimensional, steady, incompressible Navier‐Stokes and energy equations utilizing CFDRC software with the shear stress transport turbulence model. The main factors including the hole diameter, baffle inclination angle, and air mass flow rate were evaluated. The effects of these factors on the thermal efficiency of solar air heater and the temperature and pressure difference between the inlet and outlet were analyzed. The results obtained for the different cases show that the maximum thermal efficiency of the air heater is about 77% at air mass flow rate = 0.03 kg/s, hole diameter = 3 mm, and baffle angle = 7°. However, the work section pressure drop across this new solar air heater is varied between about 15.05 and 1.7 N/m2. These numerical results are important for the application of this improved solar air heater and show that the curved perforated baffles in the air channel is a crucial factor for improving of collector performance.
Implications of Endectocide Residues on the Survival of Aphodiine Dung Beetles: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Finch Domhnall , Schofield Henry , Floate Kevin D. , Kubasiewicz Laura M. , Mathews Fiona
Published: March 2020

It is often difficult to compare studies examining the effects of endectocides on dung fauna because of different experimental approaches, for example, active ingredients (eprinomectin, doramectin, ivermectin, moxidectin) and formulations (injectable, pour-on, spiked). To gain a better understanding, we performed a quantitative meta-analysis using 22 studies to assess the overall effect of endectocide residues on the occurrence (presence or absence) and abundance of aphodiine dung beetles. Our results document a positive effect on the occurrence of adult beetles, indicating that adults tend to be attracted to dung with residues. Conversely, larvae are less likely to occur in the presence of residues. Thus, either adults that colonize dung with residues do not lay eggs or, more likely, the larvae that hatch from these eggs die early in development. Abundance of adult and larval stages was shown to be significantly reduced in dung containing residues. When individual endectocides were compared, only ivermectin demonstrated a significantly negative effect on the abundance of both adults and larvae, possibly owing to a small sample size for other agents. In laboratory studies, only dung “spiked” with endectocides reduced the abundance of larvae, whereas during field research, only pour-on applications were shown to reduce the abundance of larvae. The present study further documents the nontarget effects of endectocide residues on dung-dwelling organisms, provides robust evidence on the consequences of different application methods, and emphasizes the need for standardized methodological techniques in future studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:863–872. © 2020 SETAC
Efficient audit protocol supporting virtual nodes in cloud storage
Authors: Hou Gaopan , Ma Jianfeng , Liang Chen , Li Jiayi
Published: March 2020

With ten years of development, cloud computing has been widely used in more and more field. As a part of cloud computing, cloud storage has earned more and more attentions. It becomes a new trend that users employ cloud storage to outsource their data. Instead of the traditional approach to store data in a local server, users' data cannot be controlled once data outsourcing in cloud storage. At the same time, as the cloud service provider is honest‐but‐curious, it becomes a challenge to make sure that cloud service provider can provide storage service with high quantity. In this paper, we focus on the issue of cloud storage security audit. In particular, we propose a novel public audit scheme, which employs chameleon authentication tree in the third‐party audit model to significantly reduce the huge computation cost of data dynamic operation. Meanwhile, our scheme can effectively prevent the fraud of dishonest cloud service provider, with supporting dynamic data update and batch audit. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is more secure and efficient compared with the existing schemes.
The gains of a 4‐week cognitive training are not modulated by novelty
Authors: Biel Davina , Steiger Tineke K. , Volkmann Torben , Jochems Nicole , Bunzeck Nico
Published: March 2020

Cognitive training should not only improve performance of the trained task, but also untrained abilities. Exposure to novelty can improve subsequent memory performance, suggesting that novelty exposure might be a critical factor to promote the effects of cognitive training. Therefore, we combined a 4‐week working memory training with novelty exposure. Neuropsychological tests and MRI data were acquired before and after training to analyze behavior and changes in gray matter volume, myelination, and iron levels. In total, 83 healthy older humans participated in one of three groups: Two groups completed a 4‐week computerized cognitive training of a two‐back working memory task, either in combination with novel or with familiarized nature movies. A third group did not receive any training. As expected, both training groups showed improvements in task specific working memory performance and reaction times. However, there were no transfer or novelty effects on fluid intelligence, verbal memory, digit‐span, and executive functions. At the neural level, no significant micro‐ or macrostructural changes emerged in either group. Our findings suggest that working memory training in healthy older adults is associated with task‐specific improvements, but these gains do not transfer to other cognitive domains, and it does not lead to structural brain changes.
Precipitation and phase transformation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate in electrolyte solutions of simulated body fluids: Thermodynamic modeling and kinetic studies
Authors: Rabadjieva Diana , Sezanova Kostadinka , Gergulova Rumyana , Titorenkova Rositsa , Tepavitcharova Stefka
Published: March 2020

The metastable and stable equilibria of a precipitation in the biomimetic system Simulated Body Fluid (SBF)–CaCl2–K2HPO4–KOH–H2O were modeled in the pH region 3–7 at a Ca/P molar ratio of 1 using a thermodynamic approach. Saturation indices (SI) of the solid phases were calculated and used to prognose the salt precipitation/dissolution processes. At рН < 4, the solutions are undersaturated (SI < 0) in respect of all solid phases; co‐precipitation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and hydroxyapatite (HA) occurs at рН 4 while at рН > 4 the stable phase is DCPD but the number of other co‐precipitated solid phases increases. This result is associated with the increase in HPO42−, CaHPO40, and KНРО4− species in the studied solution. The phase transformations of five model DCPD‐based calcium phosphate precursors in three simulated body fluids differing in their composition, to more stable octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite was thermodynamically prognosed and experimentally confirmed by kinetic studies, as well as by chemical, XRD, SEM, and IR methods.
GTP‐binding inhibitors increase LRRK2‐linked ubiquitination and Lewy body‐like inclusions
Authors: Thomas Joseph M. , Wang Xiaobo , Guo Gongbo , Li Tianxia , Dai Bingling , Nucifora Leslie G. , Nucifora Frederick C. , Liu Zhaohui , Xue Fengtian , Liu Chunfeng , Ross Christopher A. , Smith Wanli W.
Published: March 2020

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common movement disorders with loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies in certain brain areas. However, it is not clear how Lewy body (inclusion with protein aggregation) formation occurs. Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) can cause a genetic form of PD and contribute to sporadic PD with the typical Lewy body pathology. Here, we used our recently identified LRRK2 GTP‐binding inhibitors as pharmacological probes to study the LRRK2‐linked ubiquitination and protein aggregation. Pharmacological inhibition of GTP‐binding by GTP‐binding inhibitors (68 and Fx2149) increased LRRK2‐linked ubiquitination predominantly via K27 linkage. Compound 68‐ or Fx2149 increased G2019S‐LRRK2‐linked ubiquitinated aggregates, which occurred through the atypical linkage types K27 and K63. Coexpression of K27R and K63R, which prevented ubiquitination via K27 and K63 linkages, reversed the effects of 68 and Fx2149. Moreover, 68 and Fx2149 also promoted G2019S‐LRRK2‐linked aggresome (Lewy body‐like inclusion) formation via K27 and K63 linkages. These findings demonstrate that LRRK2 GTP‐binding activity is critical in LRRK2‐linked ubiquitination and aggregation formation. These studies provide novel insight into the LRRK2‐linked Lewy body‐like inclusion formation underlying PD pathogenesis.
Does overwintering change the inoculum effect on methane emissions from stored liquid manure?
Authors: Le Riche Etienne L. , VanderZaag Andrew C. , Wood Jeffrey D. , Wagner‐Riddle Claudia , Dunfield Kari , McCabe John , Gordon Robert
Published: March 2020

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially methane (CH4), from manure storage facilities can be substantial. Methane production requires adapted microbial communities (“inoculum”) to be present in the manure. Complete removal of liquid dairy manure (thus removing all inoculum) from storage tanks in the spring has been shown to significantly reduce CH4 emissions over the following warm season. This study examined whether the same mitigation effect would occur after fall removal of liquid dairy manure. Emissions of CH4, nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and CO2 were measured from six 11.88‐m3 tanks equipped with flow‐through chambers. There were three inoculated controls (20% inoculum) and three uninoculated treatments, where inoculum was completely removed in the fall/winter (0% inoculum). Direct N2O and NH3 (indirect N2O) were minor contributors to the total GHG budget, contributing <2% on a CO2 equivalent (CO2e) basis. Removal of inoculum led to a 34% decrease in total emissions on a CO2e basis and to a 29% decrease in the CH4 conversion factor compared with the inoculated control (0.37 vs. 0.52; p = .01). Overall, removing inoculum in the fall reduced CH4 emissions from manure storage tanks; however, fall inoculum removal was less effective than in a previous study where inoculum was removed in the spring. The timing of inoculum removal may affect the efficiency of this CH4 mitigation strategy. However, this method may be impractical for larger manure storage tanks. Further study is required to overcome challenges of time‐sensitive, complete inoculum removal from farm‐scale storage tanks.
Clinical outcome of a highly flexible duodenal stent for gastric outlet obstruction: A multicenter prospective study
Authors: Miwa Haruo , Sugimori Kazuya , Kaneko Takashi , Ishii Tomohiro , Iwase Shigeru , Irie Kuniyasu , Sanga Katsuyuki , Tozuka Yuichiro , Hirotani Akane , Komiyama Satoshi , Sato Takeshi , Tezuka Shun , Goda Yoshihiro , Numata Kazushi , Maeda Shin
Published: March 2020

Background and Aim

Endoscopic duodenal stenting for patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) has been widespread; however, clinical trials evaluating the structures of duodenal stents are lacking. Thus, we aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of a highly flexible duodenal stent for GOO patients.

Methods

A prospective study of duodenal stenting for GOO patients from five hospitals between August 2017 and August 2018 was performed. WallFlex Duodenal Soft were used in all procedures. The primary endpoint was clinical success, defined as an improvement in the GOO scoring system.

Results

The study enrolled 31 patients (12 women, 19 men) with GOO, with a median age of 70 (range 52–90) years. Primary diseases were pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, biliary tract cancer, and others in 14, 10, 3, and 4 patients, respectively. The technical success rate was 97%, and the clinical success rate was 87%. Simultaneous biliary drainage was performed in 19% of patients. Adverse events occurred in three patients. Chemotherapy was given in 41% of clinically successful cases, and the median overall survival time after stent placement was 82 days (range, 30–341 days), and. Stent dysfunction occurred in 30% of clinically successful cases (stent ingrowth in seven and stent overgrowth in one patient). The median time to stent dysfunction was 157 days (range, 11–183 days). Six patients were treated with additional stent placement after dysfunction.

Conclusion

Placement of a highly flexible duodenal stent is an effective and safe treatment for patients with GOO (UMIN‐CTR 000028783).
A simple and facile synthesis of novel 1,2,3‐triazole substituted pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Bakkolla Mahesh Goud , Taduri Ashok Kumar , Bhoomireddy Rama Devi
Published: March 2020

A series of novel indole and pyrimidine scaffolds bearing 1,2,3‐triazoles have been designed and synthesized using click chemistry reaction conditions. Target compounds 9a‐j were synthesized in the multi‐step process. In the first step 5‐substituted‐1‐methyl‐1H‐indole‐3‐carbaldehyde 2a‐b reacted with ethyl cyanoacetate 3 and guanidine hydrochloride 4 in presence of L‐Proline in ethanol undergoes cyclisation to form 5a‐b. Further, 5a‐b condensed with various benzaldehydes to form Schiff's base 6a‐f, which further proporgylated with propargyl bromide to form 7a‐f. Finally, 7a‐f was subjected to click‐chemistry with various azides in the presence of CuSO4.5H2O + sodium ascorbate mixture in Dimethylformamide at room temperature to obtain 2 + 3 cycloaddition products 9a‐j in high yield. All these synthetic methods are mostly green and inexpensive with excellent yields.
ICAM-1: A master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation, injury resolution, and tumorigenesis
Authors: Bui Triet M , Wiesolek Hannah L , Sumagin Ronen
Published: March 2020

ICAM-1 is a cell surface glycoprotein and an adhesion receptor that is best known for regulating leukocyte recruitment from circulation to sites of inflammation. However, in addition to vascular endothelial cells, ICAM-1 expression is also robustly induced on epithelial and immune cells in response to inflammatory stimulation. Importantly, ICAM-1 serves as a biosensor to transduce outside-in-signaling via association of its cytoplasmic domain with the actin cytoskeleton following ligand engagement of the extracellular domain. Thus, ICAM-1 has emerged as a master regulator of many essential cellular functions both at the onset and at the resolution of pathologic conditions. Because the role of ICAM-1 in driving inflammatory responses is well recognized, this review will mainly focus on newly emerging roles of ICAM-1 in epithelial injury-resolution responses, as well as immune cell effector function in inflammation and tumorigenesis. ICAM-1 has been of clinical and therapeutic interest for some time now; however, several attempts at inhibiting its function to improve injury resolution have failed. Perhaps, better understanding of its beneficial roles in resolution of inflammation or its emerging function in tumorigenesis will spark new interest in revisiting the clinical value of ICAM-1 as a potential therapeutic target.
Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease‐19
Authors: Qu Rong , Ling Yun , Zhang Yi‐hui‐zhi , Wei Li‐ya , Chen Xiao , Li Xu‐mian , Liu Xuan‐yong , Liu Han‐mian , Guo Zhi , Ren Hua , Wang Qiang
Published: March 2020

Since December 2019, novel coronavirus infected pneumonia emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China. In severe novel coronavirus pneumonia cases, the number of platelets, their dynamic changes during the treatment, platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were a concern. We sought to describe the platelet feature of these cases. Single‐center case series of the 30 hospitalized patients with confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19 in Huizhou municipal central hospital from January 2020 to February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic, clinical, blood routine results, other laboratory results, and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes of severe patients and nonsevere patients were compared. Univariate analysis showed that: age, platelet peaks, and PLR at peak platelet were the influencing factors in severe patients, multivariate analysis showed that the PLR value at peak platelet during treatment was an independent influencing factor in severe patients. The average hospitalization day of patients with platelet peaks during treatment was longer than those without platelet peaks (P < .05). The average age of patients with platelet peaks during treatment was older than those without platelet peaks (P < .05). The patients with significantly elevated platelets during treatment had longer average hospitalization days. And the higher PLR of patients during treatment had longer average hospitalization days. Single‐center case series of the 30 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID‐19 in Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, presumed that the number of platelets and their dynamic changes during the treatment may have a suggestion on the severity and prognosis of the disease. The patient with markedly elevated platelets and longer average hospitalization days may be related to the cytokine storm. The PLR of patients means the degree of cytokine storm, which might provide a new indicator in the monitoring in patients with COVID‐19.
Opposite spatial variability of climate change‐induced surface temperature trends due to soil and atmospheric moisture in tropical/subtropical dry and wet land regions
Authors: Khanna Jaya , Cook Kerry H. , Vizy Edward K.
Published: March 2020

Regional responses to surface warming are strongly influenced by the availability of surface or atmospheric moisture. For example, differences in evapotranspiration, atmospheric temperature lapse rate and heat capacity due to the availability of water over oceans and its lack over land contribute to an observed land/ocean warming ratio that is greater than one. This study shows that mechanisms related to the distributions of soil or atmospheric moisture could result in variations in regional climate change over land in the tropics and subtropics. Using atmospheric reanalyses and observations for the satellite era (1979–2016) within ±30° latitude, the analysis shows that dry regions such as northern and southern Africa and south‐central Australia have a significant negative regional spatial correlation between time‐averaged soil moisture/evapotranspiration and surface temperature trends. In contrast, wet tropical regions such as Amazonia and the Congo Basin display a significant positive spatial correlation between these quantities. Spatial correlations suggest that a regional amplification of surface temperature trends in wet regions could be associated with a robust positive longwave radiative effect of high clouds which co‐occur with wet soils. This positive relationship is strongest during austral summer, dominated by the summer seasons in the Amazon and Congo basins. These differences in regional sensitivity to greenhouse gas warming can be consequential for regional climate change assessment, for both tropical forests, which could already be operating at their high temperature limit, and also for dry desert regions, which are already marginal for supporting life.
Fascia and soft tissues innervation in the human hip and their possible role in post‐surgical pain
Authors: Fede Caterina , Porzionato Andrea , Petrelli Lucia , Fan Chenglei , Pirri Carmelo , Biz Carlo , De Caro Raffaele , Stecco Carla
Published: March 2020

Persistent symptoms, most commonly pain, may remain after otherwise successful hip replacement surgery. Innervation of fascia and soft tissues has become increasingly important in etiopathogenesis of pain, but the relative importance of the various anatomical structures in the hip region is still not known. Innervation of skin, superficial adipose tissue, superficial fascia, deep adipose tissue, deep fascia, muscles, capsule, capsule ligament, ligamentum teres, and tendon in the human hip from 11 patients and 2 cadavers were quantified by staining with anti‐S100 antibody for myelin‐forming Schwann cells, to obtain the percentage of antibody positivity, density and mean diameter of the nerve fibers. The skin was the most highly innervated (0.73% ± 0.37% of positive area in patients; 0.80% ± 0.28% in cadavers); the tendon was the least innervated (0.07% ± 0.01% in patients, 0.07% ± 0.007% in cadavers). The muscles (vasto‐lateral and gluteus medius) were the second most innervated structure according the percentage (0.31% ± 0.13% in living humans, 0.30% ± 0.07% in cadavers), but with only a few nerves, with large diameters (mean diameter 36.4 ± 13.4 µm). Instead, the superficial fasciae showed 0.22% ± 0.06% and 0.26% ± 0.05% of positive areas in living humans and cadavers, respectively. Fasciae were invaded by networks of small nerve fibers, revealing a possible role in pain. The superficial fascia was the second most highly innervated tissue after the skin, with a density of 33.0 ± 2.5/cm2, and a mean nerve sizes of 19.1 ± 7.2  µm. Lastly, the capsule turned out to be poorly innervated (0.09%), showing that its removal does not necessarily lead to painful consequences. Statement of clinical significance: Deeper knowledge about the innervation of the soft tissue in the human hip joint will enhance study and understanding of the best surgical procedures to follow during hip arthroplasty to reduce post‐operative pain.
Cannabinoids Improve Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Parenteral Nutrition–Dependent Patient With Chronic Intestinal Pseudo‐Obstruction
Authors: Zemrani Boutaina , Lambe Cécile , Goulet Olivier
Published: March 2020

Chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (CIPO) is a rare and challenging cause of pediatric intestinal failure, requiring long‐term parenteral nutrition in most cases. Despite optimal management, some patients experience chronic abdominal pain and recurrent obstructive episodes with a major impact on their quality of life. Cannabinoids have been successfully used in some conditions. However, their use in CIPO has never been reported in the literature. We report a case of successful use of medicinal cannabinoids in a patient with CIPO, resulting in a significant reduction of abdominal pain, vomiting, and subocclusive episodes and increased appetite and weight, without major adverse events. Although further observations are required to consolidate these findings, this case may be helpful for other patients suffering from the same condition.
Reversal of Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease by Increasing Fish Oil in a Multi‐Oil Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in Adult Short Bowel–Syndrome Patients
Authors: Park Hyo Jung , Lee Sanghoon , Park Chi‐Min , Yoo Keesang , Seo Jeong‐Meen
Published: March 2020

Background

Intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD) is a serious complication of parenteral nutrition (PN). We report 2 cases of IFALD, which occurred in adult patients while on a regimen of multi‐oil intravenous lipid emulsion containing fish oil.

Methods

Patients initially received PN containing 1‐g/kg/d SMOFlipid 20% (SMOFlipid). When IFALD developed, lipid composition in PN was altered to include higher proportions of fish oil.

Results

Case 1 was a 23‐year‐old man with short‐bowel syndrome. He had been fully dependent on PN for approximately 11 months with a direct bilirubin level of 15.1 mg/dL. Doses of 0.15‐g/kg/d pure fish oil and 0.3–0.6‐g/kg/d SMOFlipid were administered for 56 days, and IFALD was resolved 59 days after adding fish oil. Case 2 was an 85‐year‐old man who received extensive small‐bowel resection because of internal herniation and small‐bowel necrosis. He had elevated direct bilirubin levels and was diagnosed with IFALD. Fish‐oil treatment was initiated after 50 days of receiving PN. The average daily amount of fish oil given was 0.14 g/kg/d. IFALD was resolved 44 days after adding Omegaven (Fresenius Kabi Austria Gmbh, Austria).

Conclusion

Two patients with advanced IFALD showed reversal of cholestasis by altering the lipid content of their PN to include more fish oil.
Effects of enamel matrix derivative on clinical and inflammatory outcomes in periodontal maintenance patients: Randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Jasa Erica E. , Gradoville Jessica M. , Christiansen Mary M. , Samson Kaeli K. , Reinhardt Richard A. , Payne Jeffrey B. , Killeen Amy C.
Published: March 2020

Background

Efficient methods to treat persistent pockets during periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT) require further investigation. The hypothesis of this randomized controlled clinical trial was that local application of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) added to papilla reflection/root preparation (PR/RP) could enhance clinical and inflammatory outcomes, primarily clinical attachment level (CAL).

Methods

Fifty PMT patients with generalized stage III‐IV, grade B periodontitis presenting with a 6‐ to 9‐mm interproximal PD were randomly allocated to (PR/RP+EMD; n = 24) and control (PR/RP+saline; n = 26) therapies by sex and smoking status. Roots were treated with reflection of interproximal papillae, root planing assisted with endoscope evaluation, and acid etching, followed by EMD or saline application. Probing depth (PD), CAL, plaque index (PI), and interproximal bone height were evaluated at baseline and 12‐months post‐therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid, bleeding on probing (BOP), and interleukin‐1β were tested (ELISA) at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 and 12 months. Groups were compared over time and between groups with Wilcoxon Rank Sum and t‐tests.

Results

Both PR/RP+ EMD and PR/RP+S resulted in significant improvements in clinical outcomes (PD and CAL, BOP) from baseline to 12 months. No significant differences were found in clinical or inflammatory outcomes between the experimental and control groups.

Conclusions

The addition of EMD to PR/RP does not significantly improve clinical or inflammatory outcomes compared with PR/RP alone during periodontal maintenance therapy.
Let's travel: Voices from the millennial female Muslim travellers
Authors: Oktadiana Hera , Pearce Philip L. , Li Jing
Published: March 2020

The main aim of this study was to examine the content of the travel blogs of millennial female Muslim travellers and understand the meanings and directives in such writing. The theoretical framework of critical media discourse analysis was used to frame the study, while Leximancer and content analysis were used to analyse data. Key results extended beyond specifying the need for halal food and included supporting female travel, and specifying quite specific Muslim‐friendly requirements. Further, the desire to reduce negative stereotypes of Islam was identified and advocacy that Muslim women seize travel opportunities was highlighted.
Histopathology of maxillary sinus mucosa with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis
Authors: Sato Kiminori , Chitose Shun‐ichi , Sato Kiminobu , Sato Fumihiko , Ono Takeharu , Umeno Hirohito
Published: March 2020

Objective

Histopathology of the maxillary sinus mucosa with intractable odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) was investigated and the role endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) plays in its pathophysiology was clarified.

Study Design

Histopathological analysis of the OMS mucosa.

Methods

Surgical specimens were obtained from 20 patients who underwent ESS for intractable OMS. For rigid endoscopic observation of the mucosae, a 70° rigid endoscope 4 mm in diameter with an attached high definition surgical camera was used. Histopathological analyses of the maxillary sinus mucosa were conducted by light and scanning electron microscopy.

Results

All the maxillary sinuses were filled, not with viscous, but with purulent secretions. The high‐definition camera showed that the maxillary sinus mucosa had gyrus‐like appearance. Light microscopic histopathological studies revealed that the surface of the maxillary sinus mucosa was convoluted. Light and scanning electron microscopic histopathological studies revealed that the ciliated cells of the epithelium had not decreased and their goblet cells were not hypertrophic, indicating that the damage of the ciliated columnar epithelium was not severe and they were not injured irreversibly.

Conclusion

The ciliated columnar epithelium with intractable OMS was not severely damaged and not irreversibly injured. Hence, the pathophysiology of intractable OMS is one of the reasons why ESS is highly indicated for maxillary sinusitis requiring surgery and the treatment results are exceptionally good when the ventilation and drainage of the maxillary sinus is successfully restored after surgery.

Level of Evidence

NA
Strengthening mechanisms of pure tungsten subjected to high pressure torsion: Deviation from classic Hall‐Petch relation
Authors: Li P. , Hua Y.‐L. , Yan S.‐L. , Zhou Y.‐F. , Wei X.‐F. , Xue K.‐M.
Published: March 2020

In this work, the ultrafine grained (UFG) tungsten has been fabricated via high pressure torsion (HPT) of various turning numbers at a temperature of 823 K and a pressure of 1.5 GPa. The microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of initial and high pressure torsion processed tungsten have been comparatively investigated by means of x‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and microhardness tests. It is shown that high pressure torsion leads to microstructure refinement with an average grain size of ∼0.92 μm and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries (HAGB) increasing to 62.9 %. Moreover, the dislocation density increases from initial 1.17×1014 m−2 to 3.89×1014 m−2. The microhardness tests revealed that hardness increased gradually and its distribution became more homogeneous with torsion strain increasing. The strengthening model was established considering the grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening mechanisms. Resultantly, deviation of Hall‐Petch slope was found from the classic values, which is attributed to the easy movement of the extrinsic dislocations in the high angle grain boundaries with high distortion energy and high density of defects.
Fine‐mapping of ZDHHC2 identifies risk variants for schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Han , Li Xiuli , Ma Chuanchuan , Wang Ke , Zhou Juan , Chen Jianhua , Wang Yonggang , Shi Yongyong
Published: March 2020

Background

ZDHHC2 is a member of the DHHC protein family, mediating palmitoylation of postsynaptic density‐95 (PSD‐95) and A‐kinase‐anchoring protein 79/150 (AKAP79/150). Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified ZDHHC2 as a candidate gene for schizophrenia (SCZ). We aimed to fine‐map variants of ZDHHC2 conferring risk to SCZ in the Han Chinese population.

Methods

Targeted sequencing of whole‐exome sequences including untranslated regions (UTRs) along with neighboring regions in 1,827 schizophrenic patients and 1,004 normal controls of Han Chinese origin.

Results

A total of 123 variants, including five common and 118 rare variants, were identified. Among common variants, rs73198534, rs530313445, and rs74406481 were significantly associated with SCZ. Nine nonsynonymous rare variants, p.Glu96fs, p.Arg127X, p.Val145Ile, p.Ala177Thr, p.Arg269Gln, p.Asn312His, p.Glu319Lys, p.Gln340X, and p.Ile347Val, identified only in patients; eight are located in the important domains, including two stop‐gain variants. The 3D structural analysis and functional prediction revealed that all these eight variants may affect AMPAR expression or function, and influence the synaptic plasticity by regulating the palmitoylation of PSD95 and AKAP79/150.

Conclusion

Our results first show strong supportive evidences of the association between the ZDHHC2 and SCZ, and also provide a fine‐mapping of variants of this gene in Han Chinese SCZ patients.
A complementary Sierpinski gasket fractal antenna array integrated with a complementary Archimedean defected ground structure for portable 4G/5G UWB MIMO communication devices
Authors: Sohi Arashpreet K. , Kaur Amanpreet
Published: March 2020

This article presents the design, development, and experimental validation of an aperture coupled complementary Sierpinski gasket equilateral triangular fractal antenna array for portable 4G/5G UWB communication devices. The proposed antenna array is printed on two FR‐4 substrate layers (ε
r = 4.4, height = 1.57 mm, and tan δ = 0.024) with two fractal triangular patches on the top layer (separated by a distance of 3λ/2) and feed network on the bottom layer of FR‐4. The fractal patches (optimized up to second order of iteration) are fed using an aperture‐coupled feeding mechanism, where the aperture slots in the ground layer are modified to complementary Archimedean spiral slots which are interconnected by a modified “X” shaped slot to improve the impedance matching at the operational bands. The proposed array has overall volumetric dimensions of 41 × 99.4 × 3.245 mm3 and provides a size reduction of 46% for the metallic area using the fractal geometry. The proposed array shows a simulated UWB response from 4.3 to 11.6 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 91.8% at 7.95 GHz) with a simulated peak gain of 4.7 dB (at 9.2 GHz) and port‐to‐port isolation of ≤−15.8 dB for the entire band. For validation of simulated responses, the proposed array is fabricated and tested for S‐parameters (S11, S22, S12, and S21). A measured impedance bandwidth of 6.3 GHz is observed for a frequency band from 5.7 to 12 GHz. Two additional frequency bands are also exhibited by the array from 4.1 to 4.25 GHz and 4.7 to 5.3 GHz. The array diversity parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (≤0.007 [simulated], ≤0.0057 [measured]), diversity gain (≥9.999 [simulated], ≥9.971 [measured]), mean effective gain (≥−3.9 dB [simulated], ≥−5.1 dB [measured]), and channel capacity loss, (≤0.37 bits/s/Hz [simulated], ≤0.4 bits/s/Hz [measured]) which are calculated using the simulated and measured S‐parameters of the array are also observed. These parameters allow the proposed fractal array to be implemented in a diversity combining technique to improve the overall SNR and hence support a high data rate for 4G/5G multimedia services.
Dose‐Response Meta‐Analysis of the Impact of Body Mass Index on Mortality in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Khalooeifard Razieh , Djafarian Kurosh , Safabakhsh Maryam , Rahmani Jamal , Shab‐Bidar Sakineh
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Both low and high body mass index (BMI) are associated with mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although many studies have been done to determine the relationship between BMI and risk of mortality in the ICU, their results were inconsistent. This study aimed to conduct a dose‐response meta‐analysis of published observational studies to assess the effect of BMI on the risk of mortality in patients admitted to the ICU.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched to identify articles up to May 2019. A total of 31 relevant articles, with 238,961 patients and a follow‐up period of 1 month to 11 years, were analyzed.

Results

Linear analysis showed a 0.6% decrease in mortality rate per unit (kg/m2) increase in BMI (odds ratio: 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98–0.99). In addition, nonlinear analysis showed a decrease in risk of mortality for a BMI of 35 (P < .001) and then increased the risk of mortality with a BMI > 35 (P < .001).

Conclusion

This dose‐response meta‐analysis revealed that a BMI ≤ 35 can be a protective agent against mortality, but a BMI > 35 is a life‐threatening factor in patients admitted to the ICU.
Maternal thyroid disease and its effects on the fetus and perinatal outcomes
Authors: Huget‐Penner Sawyer , Feig Denice S.
Published: March 2020

Thyroid disease is common in women of childbearing age and can have significant effects on the development of the fetus and perinatal outcomes. Maternal thyroid hormone is critical for proper fetal neurodevelopment, and the fetus relies on thyroid hormone from its mother for the first half of pregnancy. Both overt maternal hypothyroidism and overt maternal hyperthyroidism have been shown to be associated with adverse effects on central nervous system gray matter and neurocognitive development of offspring as well as increased obstetrical risks. Treatment of overt thyroid conditions improves outcomes. Subclinical maternal hypothyroidism may increase adverse neurocognitive and obstetrical outcomes although data are conflicting. To date, treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism has not shown benefit. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is well tolerated in pregnancy. Thyroid autoantibodies alone may also affect neurodevelopment and obstetrical outcomes; however, recent data have shown no improvement with levothyroxine treatment. Several rare maternal genetic thyroid conditions can affect the fetus including a thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor mutation leading to hypersensitivity to human chorionic gonadotropin and thyroid hormone resistance. The thyroid plays a crucial role in fetal health and understanding it is important for optimal care.
Co‐Assembly of Gd(III)‐Based Metallosurfactant and Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles in Organosilica Cross‐Linked Block Copolymer Micelles for Highly Efficient MRI and Fluorescent Bimodal Imaging
Authors: Xu Kehan , Xu Na , Zhu Yanchao , Zhang Mengsi , Tang Weijun , Ding Yun , Hu Aiguo
Published: March 2020

Conformity of two biological imaging entities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging, is achieved through co‐assembly of a Gd(III)‐based metallosurfactant, conjugated polymeric nanoparticles, and amphiphilic block copolymer F127 (PEO106PPO70PEO106) followed by crosslinking with organosilica. The cross‐linked micelles with a size around 100 nm exhibit outstanding dispersion stability in aqueous and phosphate buffered saline solutions, bright fluorescence emission, and high relaxivities, providing a new approach to synthesize highly efficient bimodal contrast agents. The relaxivities of the co‐assembled micelles are synergistically enhanced by incorporation of Gd(III) complexes with high hydration number (q = 3) and elongation of rotation correlation time to achieve r1 values up to 105.37 mm−1 s−1 (at 1.5 T), which is over 20 times that of clinically used MRI contrast agents and among the highest values of all the nanoparticular MRI contrast agents. The external PEO layer endows these micelles with very low cytotoxicity for both in vitro and in vivo imaging. Meanwhile, thanks to the enhanced permeability and retention effect originating from their nanoscale sizes, the bimodal contrast agents show a prolonged blood circulation time in vivo and targeted accumulation at tumor regions to display outstanding MRI imaging performance.