bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability of North Sea pH and CO2 in response to North Atlantic Oscillation forcing
Authors: Salt Lesley A. , Thomas Helmuth , Prowe A. E. Friederike , Borges Alberto V. , Bozec Yann , de Baar Hein J. W.
Published: November 2013

High biological activity causes a distinct seasonality of surface water pH in the North Sea, which is a strong sink for atmospheric CO2 via an effective shelf pump. The intimate connection between the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean suggests that the variability of the CO2 system of the North Atlantic Ocean may, in part, be responsible for the observed variability of pH and CO2 in the North Sea. In this work, we demonstrate the role of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the dominant climate mode for the North Atlantic, in governing this variability. Based on three extensive observational records covering the relevant levels of the NAO index, we provide evidence that the North Sea pH and CO2 system strongly responds to external and internal expressions of the NAO. Under positive NAO, the higher rates of inflow of water from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic outflow lead to a strengthened north‐south biogeochemical divide. The limited mixing between the north and south leads to a steeper gradient in pH and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) between the two regions in the productive period. This is exacerbated further when coinciding with higher sea surface temperature, which concentrates the net community production in the north through shallower stratification. These effects can be obscured by changing properties of the constituent North Sea water masses, which are also influenced by NAO. Our results highlight the importance of examining interannual trends in the North Sea CO2 system with consideration of the NAO state.
Seasonal changes in peatland surface elevation recorded at GPS stations in the Red Lake Peatlands, northern Minnesota, USA
Authors: Reeve A. S. , Glaser P. H. , Rosenberry D. O.
Published: November 2013

Northern peatlands appear to hold large volumes of free‐phase gas (e.g., CH4 and CO2), which has been detected by surface deformations, pore pressure profiles, and electromagnetic surveys. Determining the gas content and its impact in peat is challenging because gas storage depends on both the elastic properties of the peat matrix and the buoyant forces exerted by pore fluids. We therefore used a viscoelastic deformation model to estimate these variables by adjusting model runs to reproduce observed changes in peat surface elevation within a 1300 km2 peatland. A local GPS network documented significant changes in surface elevations throughout the year with the greatest vertical displacements associated with rapid changes in peat water content and unloadings due to melting of the winter snowpack. These changes were coherent with changes in water table elevation and also abnormal pore pressure changes measured by nests of instrumented piezometers. The deformation model reproduced these changes when the gas content was adjusted to 10% of peat volume, and Young's modulus was varied between 5 and 100 kPa as the peat profile shifted from tension to compression. In contrast, the model predicted little peat deformation when the gas content was 3% or lower. These model simulations are consistent with previous estimates of gas volume in northern peatlands and suggest an upper limit of gas storage controlled by the elastic moduli of the peat fabric.
Novel Vaccine Delivery System Induces Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Based on Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Yue‐Qi , Wu Jie , Fan Qing‐Ze , Zhou Meng , Yue Zhan‐Guo , Ma Guang‐Hui , Su Zhi‐Guo
Published: November 2013

Aiming to enhance the immunogenicity of H5N1 split vaccine, the development of a novel antigen delivery system based on quaternized chitosan hydrogel microparticles (Gel MPs) with multiple mechanisms of immunity enhancement is attempted. Gel MPs based on ionic cross‐linking are prepared in a simple and mild way. Gel MPs are superior as a vaccine delivery system due to their ability to: 1) enhance cellular uptake and endosomal escape of antigens in dendritic cells (DCs); 2) significantly activate DCs; 3) form an antigen depot and recruit immunity cells to improve antigen capture. Further in vivo investigation shows that Gel MPs, in comparison to aluminum salts (Alum), LPS, and covalent cross‐linking quaternized chitosan MPs (GC MPs), induce higher humoral and cellular immune responses with a mixed Th1/Th2 immunity. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that Gel MPs are efficient antigen delivery vehicles based on multiple mechanisms to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses against H5N1 split antigen.
Modeling and validation of the iodine‐sulfur hydrogen production process
Authors: Guo Hanfei , Zhang Ping , Chen Songzhe , Wang Laijun , Xu Jingming
Published: November 2013

The iodine‐sulfur thermochemical water‐splitting cycle (I‐S process) is one of the highly efficient, CO2‐free, massive hydrogen production methods. We simulated the I‐S process through commercial software programs Aspen Plus and OLI database with the aid of self‐developed models to analyze the overall running status of the process and to decrease the investment and time consumption of experiments. A two‐phase separator model operating at 353 K and an electro‐electrodialysis (EED) cell model working at 338 K were built on the basis of experimental data. The entire flow sheet of the I‐S process was modeled based on the two self‐developed models. The simulation models were validated through the experimental results obtained from the closed cycle I‐S facility (IS‐10) in our laboratory. By employing the simulation program, sensitivity analyses of the important parameters in the process were carried out, including the ratio of the distillate to the feed rate of the H2SO4 distillation column, reflux ratio of the H2SO4 column, H2SO4 conversion ratio, HI molality in the EED cathode outlet stream, and HI mole fraction in the liquid and vapor distillates of the HI distillation column. The key parameters significantly affecting the input duty were determined; that is, the ratio of the distillate to the feed rate of the H2SO4 distillation column and the HI molality in the EED cathode outlet stream. The optimal values of the analyzed parameters were also discussed. The simulation program we developed is a useful tool that can evaluate and optimize the I‐S process. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 546–558, 2014
Nanostructured high‐energy xLi2MnO3·(1‐x)LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) cathode materials
Authors: Zhang Xiaofeng , Lengyel Miklos , Axelbaum Richard L.
Published: November 2013

Nanostructured lithium‐manganese‐rich nickel‐manganese‐oxide xLi2MnO3·(1‐x)LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) composite materials were synthesized via spray pyrolysis using mixed nitrate precursors. All the materials showed a composite structure consisting of Li2MnO3 (C2/m) and LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
components, and the amount of Li2MnO3‐phase appeared to increase with x, as observed from XRD analysis. These composite materials showed a high‐discharge capacity of about 250 mAhg−1. In the range of x considered, the layered 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 materials displayed the highest capacity and superior cycle stability. Nonetheless, voltage suppression from a layered‐spinel phase transition was observed for all the composites produced. This voltage suppression was dependent of the amount of Li2MnO3 phase present in the composite structure. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 443–450, 2014
Re‐writing the natural history of pain and related symptoms in the joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type
Authors: Castori Marco , Morlino Silvia , Celletti Claudia , Ghibellini Giulia , Bruschini Michela , Grammatico Paola , Blundo Carlo , Camerota Filippo
Published: November 2013

Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, hypermobility type (EDS‐HT) are two clinically overlapping connective tissue disorders characterized by chronic/recurrent pain, joint instability complications, and minor skin changes. Fatigue and headache are also common, although are not yet considered diagnostic criteria. JHS/EDS‐HT is a unexpectedly common condition that remains underdiagnosed by most clinicians and pain specialists. This results in interventions limited to symptomatic and non‐satisfactory treatments, lacking reasonable pathophysiologic rationale. In this manuscript the fragmented knowledge on pain, fatigue, and headache in JHS/EDS is presented with review of the available published information and a description of the clinical course by symptoms, on the basis of authors' experience. Pathogenic mechanisms are suggested through comparisons with other functional somatic syndromes (e.g., chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and functional gastrointestinal disorders). The re‐writing of the natural history of JHS/EDS‐HT is aimed to raise awareness among clinical geneticists and specialists treating chronic pain conditions about pain and other complications of JHS/EDS‐HT. Symptoms' clustering by disease stage is proposed to investigate both the molecular causes and the symptoms management of JHS/EDS‐HT in future studies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Body composition and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in captive baboons (Papio hamadryas sp.): Sexual dimorphism
Authors: Higgins Paul B. , Rodriguez Perla J. , Voruganti V. Saroja , Mattern Vicki , Bastarrachea Raul A. , Rice Karen , Raabe Timothy , Comuzzie Anthony G.
Published: November 2013

Baboons (Papio hamadryas sp.) exhibit significant sexual dimorphism in body size. Sexual dimorphism is also exhibited in a number of circulating factors associated with risk of cardiometabolic disease. We investigated whether sexual dimorphism in body size and composition underlie these differences. We examined data from 28 male and 24 female outdoor group‐housed young adult baboons enrolled in a longitudinal observational study of cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Animals were sedated with ketamine HCl (10 mg/kg) before undergoing venous blood draws, basic body measurements, and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry body composition scans. Percentage glycated hemoglobin A1c (%HbA1c) was measured in whole blood. Serum samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, C‐peptide, high‐density lipoprotein, and triglyceride concentrations. Males were heavier and had greater body length and lean tissue mass than females. Females had a greater body fat percentage relative to males (10.8 ± 6.4 vs. 6.9 ± 4.0, P = 0.01). Although C‐peptide, fasting glucose, and %HbA1c did not differ between the sexes, females had greater fasting insulin and triglyceride compared to their male counterparts. Insulin and percentage body fat were significantly correlated in males (r = 0.61, P = 0.001) and to a lesser extent in females (r = 0.43, P = 0.04). Overall, relations between adiposity and fasting insulin and fasting triglyceride were stronger in males. After accounting for differences in percentage body fat, fasting insulin and triglyceride were no longer statistically different between males and females. Despite stronger correlations between relative adiposity and insulin and triglyceride in males, the higher fasting insulin and triglyceride of female baboons may be underlain by their greater relative body fat masses. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:9–14, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Daily activity and light exposure levels for five species of lemurs at the duke lemur center
Authors: Rea Mark S. , Figueiro Mariana G. , Jones Geoffrey E. , Glander Kenneth E.
Published: November 2013

Light is the primary synchronizer of all biological rhythms, yet little is known about the role of the 24‐hour luminous environment on nonhuman primate circadian patterns, making it difficult to understand the photic niche of the ancestral primate. Here we present the first data on proximate light–dark exposure and activity–rest patterns in free‐ranging nonhuman primates. Four individuals each of five species of lemurs at the Duke Lemur Center (Eulemur mongoz, Lemur catta, Propithecus coquereli, Varecia rubra, and Varecia variegata variegata) were fitted with a Daysimeter‐D pendant that contained light and accelerometer sensors. Our results reveal common as well as species‐specific light exposure and behavior patterns. As expected, all five species were more active between sunrise and sunset. All five species demonstrated an anticipatory increase in their pre‐sunrise activity that peaked at sunrise with all but V. rubra showing a reduction within an hour. All five species reduced activity during mid‐day. Four of the five stayed active after sunset, but P. coquereli began reducing their activity about 2 hours before sunset. Other subtle differences in the recorded light exposure and activity patterns suggest species‐specific photic niches and behaviors. The eventual application of the Daysimeter‐D in the wild may help to better understand the adaptive evolution of ancestral primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:68–77, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shape‐directed platinum nanoparticle synthesis: nanoscale design of novel catalysts
Authors: Leong G. Jeremy , Schulze Maxwell C. , Strand Matthew B , Maloney David , Frisco Sarah L. , Dinh Huyen N. , Pivovar Bryan , Richards Ryan M.
Published: November 2013

Platinum‐based catalytic materials have received significant attention, particularly in the shape and size control of faceted materials for catalysis. More recently, there has been a rapid increase in the number of reports of successful preparations in this field; however, a fundamental understanding of controlled growth towards catalytic material design is essential for future implementation and broad application. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent findings reported since 2009, focusing on methods for shape control as well as the effects of exposed surface facets on select catalytic reactions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The properties (rheological, dielectric, and mechanical) and microtopography of spherical fullerene‐filled poly(arylene ether nitrile) nanocomposites
Authors: Yang Wei , Yang Xulin , Pu Zejun , Xu Mingzhen , Liu Xiaobo
Published: November 2013

Poly (arylene ether nitrile)/fullerene (PEN/fullerene) nanocomposites were prepared by a facile solution‐cast method and the rheological, dielectric, mechanical, and morphological properties of the resulted nanocomposites were systematically studied and compared. Rheological studies showed PEN/fullerene nanocomposites percolation network formed at fullerene containing of 1.50 wt %, when the shear frequency was fixed at 0.1 Hz, the fitted rheological percolation threshold was about 1.55 wt %, very close to the experimental observations. The dielectric transaction occurs when the fullerene loading reached 1.50 wt %, that is very close to its rheological percolation threshold. At this point, PEN/fullerene nanocomposites also showed the optimal mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 93.6 MPa and modulus of 1951.5 MPa, which is increased by 27% and 15% compared with the pure PEN. SEM and TEM images have manifested the separate fullerene aggregated to fullerene bundles in PEN/fullerene nanocomposites, and the dispersion of fullerene bundles begin to go bad when the containing above 1.50 wt %. The PEN/fullerene nanocomposites can be widely used due to its excellent dielectric and mechanical performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40100.
Tacrine–Flurbiprofen Hybrids as Multifunctional Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Chen Yao , Sun Jianfei , Peng Sixun , Liao Hong , Zhang Yihua , Lehmann Jochen
Published: November 2013

Five tacrine–flurbiprofen hybrid compounds (3a–e) were synthesized as multi‐target‐directed compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Compared to tacrine, two compounds (3dand3e) showed better acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and others (3b–e) better or the same butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activity. Notably,3dshowed a mixed‐type inhibitory action for AChE, indicating a “dual‐binding site action” of both toward the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS), whereas for BuChE, a competitive inhibitory action was observed. Furthermore, a cell‐based assay on amyloid‐β inhibition demonstrated that the selected target compound3deffectively inhibits the formation of amyloid‐βin vitro.
A Facile Access to Polyfunctional Oxygen‐containing Heterocycles via Intramolecularly Formed Protic Oxonium Ylide Trapping Processes
Authors: Guo Xin , Liu Wei , Hu Wenhao
Published: November 2013

Based on the assumption that intramolecularly formed protic oxonium ylides could be trapped by electrophiles, transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions of diazoesters bearing a primary hydroxy group with electron‐deficient aldehydes and isatins were examined. Good to high chemo‐ and diastereoselectivities were achieved with reactions catalyzed by Cu(hfacac)2. The reactions were assumed to occur via tandem intramolecular protic oxonium ylide formation and subsequent aldol‐type addition. They not only provided an efficient entry to 3‐substituted 1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one heterocycles with at least one quaternary carbon center but also provided experimental evidence for a stepwise pathway for the transition‐metal‐catalyzed intramolecular OH insertion of diazo compounds.
Carbon Nanotube‐Enhanced Polarization of Fluorescent Peptides: A Novel Amplification Strategy for Homogeneous Detection of Proteases
Authors: Huang Yong , Hu Kun , Zhao Shulin , Li Mei , Chen Zhen‐Feng , Lv Qiuju , Liang Hong
Published: November 2013

A new fluorescence polarization (FP) amplification strategy based on the use of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the FP enhancer was developed for the simple, sensitive, and universal monitoring of protease activity in homogeneous solution. A fluorophore‐labeled peptide that includes a protease‐cleavable element and ten histidine residues for binding MWCNTs is adsorbed on MWCNTs through strong π–π stacking and electrostatic interactions. When the fluorophore‐labeled peptide/MWCNT complexes are exposed to a protease target, specific peptide cleavage by the protease target occurs, thus releasing fragments carrying the fluorophore from the surface of MWCNTs, which in turn results in a significant decrease in the FP value. The detection limits of this assay for two proteases, thrombin and chymotrypsin (CTP), were estimated to be 0.5 pM and 0.3 pM, respectively. In addition, it is also demonstrated that this MWCNT‐enhanced FP assay is suitable for protease inhibitor screening.
Optimization of pedestrian phase patterns at signalized intersections: a multi‐objective approach
Authors: Ma Wanjing , Liu Yue , Head K. Larry
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a multi‐objective optimization model and its solution algorithm for optimization of pedestrian phase patterns, including the exclusive pedestrian phase (EPP) and the conventional two‐way crossing (TWC) at an intersection. The proposed model will determine the optimal pedestrian phase pattern and the corresponding signal timings at an intersection to best accommodate both vehicular traffic and pedestrian movements. The proposed model is unique with respect to the following three critical features: (1) proposing an unbiased performance index for comparison of EPP and TWC by explicitly modeling the pedestrian delay under the control of TWC and EPP; (2) developing a multi‐objective model to maximize the utilization of the available green time by vehicular traffic and pedestrian under both EPP or TWC; and (3) designing a genetic algorithm based heuristic algorithm to solve the model. Case study and sensitivity analysis results have shown the promising property of the proposed model to assist traffic practitioners, researchers, and authorities in properly selecting pedestrian phase patterns at signalized intersections. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal ultrasound findings observed in the Wolf‐hirschhorn syndrome: Data from the registry of congenital malformations in auvergne
Authors: Debost‐Legrand Anne , Goumy Carole , Laurichesse‐Delmas Hélène , Déchelotte Pierre , Beaufrère Anne‐Marie , Lémery Didier , Francannet Christine , Gallot Denis
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

Wolf‐Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is associated with facial dysmorphism including high forehead, high nasal bridge, hypertelorism and severe mental retardation. WHS results from a 4p16.3 deletion. Only a small number of reports have been made on the prenatal ultrasound findings observed in WHS.

CASES

Here we report our experience on 10 cases of WHS ascertained prenatally between 1983 and 2009 through the CEMC‐Auvergne registry of congenital malformations.

CONCLUSION

The assumption that a “Greek warrior helmet” facies is pathognomonic of WHS could lead to misdiagnosis. Other clinical findings such as severe and early onset intrauterine growth retardation, facial dysmorphism (high forehead, high nasal bridge, low‐set ears, micrognathia, hypertelorism), atrial or ventricular septal defect, and renal dysplasia should help obstetricians to suspect the diagnosis of WHS prenatally. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 97:806–811, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbimazole/methimazole embryopathy in siblings: A possible genetic susceptibility
Authors: Goel Himanshu , Dudding Tracy
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

The teratogenic effects of antenatal exposure of antithyroid drugs, carbimazole and methimazole have been well reported in the literature. These comprise of typical facial features and a wide variety of malformations such as choanal atresia, tracheo‐esophageal anomalies, congenital heart disease and ectodermal defects. However, the longitudinal studies have failed to establish the consistent teratogenicity of these drugs.

CASES

we report here two siblings with physical features consistent with carbimazole/methimazole embryopathy. We also describe previously unreported minor dental anomalies in these siblings with antenatal exposure of carbimazole.

CONCLUSION

Generally, only a small proportion of prenatally exposed children have the typical manifestations, and the presence in siblings supports a possible hereditary susceptibility to carbimazole/ methimazole embryopathy. This highlights the importance of recognizing this diagnosis before a subsequent pregnancy. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:755–758, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of extremely low frequency, low energy electromagnetic fields and combined mechanical stimulation on chondrocytes in 3‐D constructs for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Hilz Florian M. , Ahrens Philipp , Grad Sibylle , Stoddart Martin J. , Dahmani Chiheb , Wilken Frauke L. , Sauerschnig Martin , Niemeyer Philipp , Zwingmann Jörn , Burgkart Rainer , von Eisenhart‐Rothe Rüdiger , Südkamp Norbert P. , Weyh Thomas , Imhoff Andreas B. , Alini Mauro , Salzmann Gian M.
Published: November 2013

Articular cartilage, once damaged, has very low regenerative potential. Various experimental approaches have been conducted to enhance chondrogenesis and cartilage maturation. Among those, non‐invasive electromagnetic fields have shown their beneficial influence for cartilage regeneration and are widely used for the treatment of non‐unions, fractures, avascular necrosis and osteoarthritis. One very well accepted way to promote cartilage maturation is physical stimulation through bioreactors. The aim of this study was the investigation of combined mechanical and electromagnetic stress affecting cartilage cells in vitro. Primary articular chondrocytes from bovine fetlock joints were seeded into three‐dimensional (3‐D) polyurethane scaffolds and distributed into seven stimulated experimental groups. They either underwent mechanical or electromagnetic stimulation (sinusoidal electromagnetic field of 1 mT, 2 mT, or 3 mT; 60 Hz) or both within a joint‐specific bioreactor and a coil system. The scaffold‐cell constructs were analyzed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA content, histology, and gene expression of collagen‐1, collagen‐2, aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), Sox9, proteoglycan‐4 (PRG‐4), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐3 and ‐13). There were statistically significant differences in GAG/DNA content between the stimulated versus the control group with highest levels in the combined stimulation group. Gene expression was significantly higher for combined stimulation groups versus static control for collagen 2/collagen 1 ratio and lower for MMP‐13. Amongst other genes, a more chondrogenic phenotype was noticed in expression patterns for the stimulated groups. To conclude, there is an effect of electromagnetic and mechanical stimulation on chondrocytes seeded in a 3‐D scaffold, resulting in improved extracellular matrix production. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:116–128, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation study of delivery of subnanosecond pulses to biological tissues with an impulse radiating antenna
Authors: Guo Fei , Yao Chenguo , Bajracharya Chandra , Polisetty Swetha , Schoenbach Karl H. , Xiao Shu
Published: November 2013

We have numerically studied the delivery of subnanosecond pulsed radiation to biological tissues for bioelectric applications. The antenna fed by 200 ps pulses uses an elliptical reflector in conjunction with a dielectric lens. Two numerical targets were studied: one was a hemispherical tissue with a resistivity of 0.3–1 S/m and a relative permittivity of 9–70 and the other was a realistic human head model (HUGO). The electromagnetic simulation shows that despite tissue heterogeneity of the human head, the electric field converges to a spot 8 cm in depth and the spot volume is approximately 1 cm × 2 cm × 1 cm in both cases when using only the reflector and a lens as an addition. Rather than increasing as it approaches the converging point, the electric field decreases strongly with distance from the skin to the converging point due to tissue resistive loss. The electric field distribution, however, can be reversed by making the dielectric lens lossy with the two innermost layers being partially resistive. The lossy lens causes an attenuation of the electric field near the axis, but the electric field generated by the waves which pass the lens at a wider angles compensate for this loss. A local maximum electric field in a deeper region of the tissue may form with the lossy lens. The study shows that it is possible to generate the desired electric field distribution in the complex biological target by modifying the dielectric properties of the lens used in conjunction with the reflector antenna. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:145–159, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induced electric fields in workers near low‐frequency induction heating machines
Authors: Kos Bor , Valič Blaž , Kotnik Tadej , Gajšek Peter
Published: November 2013

Published data on occupational exposure to induction heating equipment are scarce, particularly in terms of induced quantities in the human body. This article provides some additional information by investigating exposure to two such machines—an induction furnace and an induction hardening machine. Additionally, a spatial averaging algorithm for measured fields we developed in a previous publication is tested on new data. The human model was positioned at distances where measured values of magnetic flux density were above the reference levels. All human exposure was below the basic restriction—the lower bound of the 0.1 top percentile induced electric field in the body of a worker was 0.193 V/m at 30 cm from the induction furnace. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:222–226, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular modeling of ErbB4/HER4 kinase in the context of the HER4 signaling network helps rationalize the effects of clinically identified HER4 somatic mutations on the cell phenotype
Authors: Telesco Shannon E. , Vadigepalli Rajanikanth , Radhakrishnan Ravi
Published: November 2013

In the ErbB/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases, the deregulation of the EGFR/ErbB1/HER1, HER2/ErbB2, and HER3/ErbB3 kinases is associated with several cancers, while the HER4/ErbB4 kinase has been shown to play an anti‐carcinogenic role in certain tumors. We present molecular and network models of HER4/ErbB4 activation and signaling in order to elucidate molecular mechanisms of activation and rationalize the effects of the clinically identified HER4 somatic mutants. Our molecular‐scale simulations identify the important role played by the interactions within the juxtamembrane region during the activation process. Our results also support the hypothesis that the HER4 mutants may heterodimerize but not activate, resulting in blockage of the HER4‐STAT5 differentiation pathway, in favor of the proliferative PI3K/AKT pathway. Translating our molecular simulation results into a cellular pathway model of wild type versus mutant HER4 signaling, we are able to recapitulate the major features of the PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT activation downstream of HER4. Our model predicts that the signaling downstream of the wild type HER4 is enriched for the JAK‐STAT pathway, whereas downstream of the mutant HER4 is enriched for the PI3K/AKT pathway. HER4 mutations may hence constitute a cellular shift from a program of differentiation to that of proliferation.
Flocculating Zymomonas mobilis is a promising host to be engineered for fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Zhao Ning , Bai Yun , Liu Chen‐Guang , Zhao Xin‐Qing , Xu Jian‐Feng , Bai Feng‐Wu
Published: November 2013

Whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae uses the Embden‐Meyerhof‐Parnas pathway to metabolize glucose, Zymomonas mobilis uses the Entner‐Doudoroff (ED) pathway. Employing the ED pathway, 50% less ATP is produced, which could lead to less biomass being accumulated during fermentation and an improved yield of ethanol. Moreover, Z. mobilis cells, which have a high specific surface area, consume glucose faster than S. cerevisiae, which could improve ethanol productivity. We performed ethanol fermentations using these two species under comparable conditions to validate these speculations. Increases of 3.5 and 3.3% in ethanol yield, and 58.1 and 77.8% in ethanol productivity, were observed in ethanol fermentations using Z. mobilis ZM4 in media containing ∼100 and 200 g/L glucose, respectively. Furthermore, ethanol fermentation bythe flocculating Z. mobilis ZM401 was explored. Although no significant difference was observed in ethanol yield and productivity, the flocculation of the bacterial species enabled biomass recovery by cost‐effective sedimentation, instead of centrifugation with intensive capital investment and energy consumption. In addition, tolerance to inhibitory byproducts released during biomass pretreatment, particularly acetic acid and vanillin, was improved. These experimental results indicate that Z. mobilis, particularly its flocculating strain, is superior to S. cerevisiae as a host to be engineered for fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass.
Retrograde approach to coronary chronic total occlusion via an occluded saphenous bypass graft: a case report
Authors: Alhejily Wesam A. , Kong David F. , Magnus Ohman E.
Published: November 2013

Key Clinical Message

Retrograde coronary intervention of chronic total coronary occlusion remains challenging. We describe a successful retrograde intervention of chronically occluded right coronary artery ostium via an occluded vein graft. An occluded saphenous vein graft can be a useful means to access the distal coronary bed, enabling delivery of retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) equipment.
Effect of Cation–π Interactions and Steric Bulk on the Catalytic Action of Oxidosqualene Cyclase: A Case Study of Phe728 of β‐Amyrin Synthase from Euphorbia tirucalli L
Authors: Ito Ryousuke , Hashimoto Ippei , Masukawa Yukari , Hoshino Tsutomu
Published: November 2013

The function of the active‐site residues of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) has been presumed mainly in light of the product distribution; however, not much research has been performed into the enzymatic activity of mutated OSCs. β‐Amyrin, which is widely found in the plant kingdom, is classified as an OSC; mutational studies on β‐amyrin cyclase are very limited. Six site‐specific mutations targeted at the Phe728 residue of Euphorbia tirucalli β‐amyrin synthase (EtAS) were constructed to inspect the function of this aromatic residue. We developed a simple method to evaluate the in vivo enzymatic activity; the expression levels of EtASs and the quantities of the cyclic triterpenes produced were determined by use of western blot and GC analyses, respectively. Measurement of the relative in vivo activity of the mutants versus that of the wild‐type enzyme showed that the Ala, Met, His, and Trp variants had significantly decreased activity, but that the Tyr mutant had a high activity, which was nearly the same as that of the wild‐type enzyme. In contrast to Tyr, Ala and Met possess no π‐electrons; thus, the role of Phe728 is to stabilize the cationic intermediates, resulting in facilitation of the ring‐expansion processes, especially by stabilizing the secondary cations. The decreased activity of the Trp mutant is ascribed to the introduction of a large steric bulk, leading to looser binding of oxidosqualene in the Trp variant. The His mutant afforded germanicol as the main product, indicating that the Phe residue is located near the D/E‐ring‐formation site. Changes in the steric bulk gave some cationic intermediates, resulting in the formation of 13 cyclic triterpenes, including an unnatural triterpene, (17E)‐dammara‐17(20),24‐dien‐3β‐ol, and isoursenol, which has rarely been found in nature. In this study, we provide the first experimental evidence that cation–π interactions play a key role in the catalytic action of OSCs.
La2@Cs(17 490)‐C76: A New Non‐IPR Dimetallic Metallofullerene Featuring Unexpectedly Weak Metal–Pentalene Interactions
Authors: Suzuki Mitsuaki , Mizorogi Naomi , Yang Tao , Uhlik Filip , Slanina Zdenek , Zhao Xiang , Yamada Michio , Maeda Yutaka , Hasegawa Tadashi , Nagase Shigeru , Lu Xing , Akasaka Takeshi
Published: November 2013

Although all the pure‐carbon fullerene isomers above C60 reported to date comply with the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), non‐IPR structures, which are expected to have different properties from those of IPR species, are obtainable either by exohedral modification or by endohedral atom doping. This report describes the isolation and characterization of a new endohedral metallofullerene (EMF), La2@C76, which has a non‐IPR fullerene cage. The X‐ray crystallographic result for the La2@C76/[NiII(OEP)] (OEP=octaethylporphyrin) cocrystal unambiguously elucidated the Cs(17 490)‐C76 cage structure, which contains two adjacent pentagon pairs. Surprisingly, multiple metal sites were distinguished from the X‐ray data, which implies dynamic behavior for the two La3+ cations inside the cage. This dynamic behavior was also corroborated by variable‐temperature 139 La NMR spectroscopy. This phenomenon conflicts with the widely accepted idea that the metal cations in non‐IPR EMFs invariably coordinate strongly with the negatively charged fused‐pentagon carbons, thereby providing new insights into modern coordination chemistry. Furthermore, our electrochemical and computational studies reveal that La2@Cs(17 490)‐C76 has a larger HOMO–LUMO gap than other dilanthanum‐EMFs with IPR cage structures, such as La2@D3h(5)‐C78 and La2@Ih(7)‐C80, which implies that IPR is no longer a strict rule for EMFs.
Mixed Oligoureas Based on Constrained Bicyclic and Acyclic β‐Amino Acids Derivatives: On the Significance of the Subunit Configuration for Folding
Authors: André Christophe , Legrand Baptiste , Moulat Laure , Wenger Emmanuel , Didierjean Claude , Aubert Emmanuel , Averlant‐Petit Marie Christine , Martinez Jean , Amblard Muriel , Calmes Monique
Published: November 2013

The combination of a non‐functionalized constrained bicyclo[2.2.2]octane motif along with urea linkages allowed the formation of a highly rigid 2.512/14 helical system both in solution and the solid state. In this work, we aimed at developing stable and functionalized systems as promising materials for biological applications in investigating the impact of this constrained motif and its configuration on homo and heterochiral mixed‐oligourea helix formation. Di‐, tetra‐, hexa‐, and octa‐oligoureas alternating the highly constrained bicyclic motif of (R) or (S) configuration with acyclic (S)‐β3‐amino acid derivatives were constructed. Circular dichroism (CD), NMR experiments, and the X‐ray crystal structure of the octamer unequivocally proved that the alternating heterochiral R/S sequences form a stable left‐handed 2.5‐helix in contrast to the mixed (S/S)‐oligoureas, which did not adopt any defined secondary structure. We observed that the (−)‐synclinal conformation around the CαCβ bond of the acyclic residues, although sterically less favorable than the (+)‐synclinal conformation, was imposed by the (R)‐bicyclic amino carbamoyl (BAC) residue. This highlighted the strong ability of the BAC residue to drive helical folding in heterochiral compounds. The role of the stereochemistry of the BAC unit was assessed and a model was proposed to explain the misfolding of the S/S sequences.
A Self‐Assembled Nanohybrid Composed of Fluorophore–Phenylamine Nanorods and Ag Nanocrystals: Energy Transfer, Wavelength Shift of Fluorescence and TPEF Applications for Live‐Cell Imaging
Authors: Kong Lin , Yang Jia‐xiang , Li Sheng‐li , Zhang Qiong , Xue Zhao‐ming , Zhou Hong‐ping , Wu Jie‐ying , Jin Bao‐kang , Tian Yu‐peng
Published: November 2013

A fluorophore–phenylamine derivative (L) has been coupled with silver nanocrystals (NCs) to construct an L–Ag nanohybrid. Owing to synergic effects of the L and Ag components, the exciton–plasmon interactions between L and Ag increase the strength of the donor–acceptor interaction within the nanohybrid, a fact that results in an energy‐transfer process and further brings about a dramatic redshift of single‐photon absorption and fluorescence, and a decreased fluorescence FL lifetime. The coupling effect also leads to enhancement of a series of nonlinear optical properties, including two‐photon‐excited fluorescence (TPEF), two‐photon‐absorption (TPA) cross section (δ), two‐photon‐absorption coefficient (β), nonlinear refractive index (γ), and third order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)). The enhanced two‐photon fluorescence of the nanohybrid is proven to be potentially useful for two‐photon microscopy of live cells, such as HepG2. Moreover, cytotoxicity tests show that the low‐micromolar concentrations of the nanohybrid do not cause significant reduction in cell viability over a period of at least 24 h and should be safe for further biological studies.
An Iron Impurity in Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Complexes with Chitosan that Biomimics the Heme‐Peroxidase Function
Authors: Gayathri Prakasam , Kumar Annamalai Senthil
Published: November 2013

A new biomimetic functional system having an impure multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT‐Fe)–chitosan biopolymer (H2N–CHIT) chemically modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/[MWCNT‐Fe:H2N‐CHIT]) has been developed and demonstrated efficient hydrogen peroxide electrocatalytic and electrochemical sensing applications in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The hybrid system showed a stable and well‐defined surface confined redox peak at an apparent electrode potential, E°′=−0.22 V versus Ag/AgCl with surface excess value 13.63 nmol cm−2. Physicochemical characterizations of the hybrid by using FESEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and various control electrochemical experiments revealed that the iron impurity in the MWCNT interacted with the amino functional group of the chitosan polymer and thereby formed an unique complex‐like structure ([MWCNT‐FeIII/II:NH2‐CHIT]), similar to heme peroxidase with a central FeIII/II‐redox‐active site. The biomimetic system followed Michaelis–Menten‐type reaction kinetics for the H2O2 reduction reaction with a KM value of 0.23 mM. At pH 7, amperometric i–t sensing and flow‐injection analysis of H2O2 on the biomimetic system showed calibration plots in windows 5–500 and 50–2500 μM, with detection‐limit values of 2.3 and 9.7 μM, respectively. Unlike most of the previously reported systems that undergo serious interferences in physiological pH, the biomimetic system displayed a remarkable tolerance to other co‐existing interferants (such as cysteine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nitrate, and nitrite), at a H2O2 detection potential similar to the peroxidase enzyme. The ability of the biosensor system to perform routine analyses was demonstrated by the detection of H2O2 present in simulated milk and clinical and cosmetic samples with appreciable recovery values.
Pharmacokinetics of darunavir after administration of an oral suspension with low‐dose ritonavir and with or without food
Authors: Kakuda Thomas N. , Sekar Vanitha , Lavreys Ludo , De Paepe Els , Stevens Tanja , Vanstockem Marc , Vangeneugden Tony , Hoetelmans Richard M.W.
Published: November 2013

This 2‐part, phase 1, open‐label, randomized, crossover study (NCT00752310) assessed ritonavir‐boosted darunavir bioavailability (oral suspension vs. tablets), and steady‐state darunavir pharmacokinetics (suspension). Part 1: 20 healthy adults randomly received 3 treatments with a ≥7‐day washout between treatments; twice‐daily ritonavir (100 mg, days 1–5) with darunavir (600 mg, day 3) as 2 × 300‐mg tablets (fed, reference), or 6 mL of a 100‐mg/mL suspension (fed or fasted, test). Part 2: 18 healthy volunteers received twice‐daily darunavir (suspension, 600 mg days 1–6, one dose day 7) with twice‐daily ritonavir (100 mg, days 1–9). Darunavir pharmacokinetics were evaluated (part 1 day 3; part 2 day 7). Safety/tolerability were assessed. In part 1, 90% confidence intervals for darunavir Cmax and AUC were all within 80–125% for suspension (fed or fasted) versus tablets (fed). Steady‐state darunavir (suspension) pharmacokinetics in part 2 were similar to historic controls (tablets). No clinically relevant differences in adverse events or laboratory abnormalities occurred between treatments. Darunavir administered as an oral suspension or tablets (both with low‐dose ritonavir) showed comparable bioavailability in healthy adults after a single dose. Steady‐state darunavir pharmacokinetics (suspension, 600/100 mg twice daily) were consistent with historic controls; this formulation is considered suitable for pediatric use and for adults who cannot swallow tablets.
Evaluation of the effect of ruxolitinib on cardiac repolarization: A thorough QT study
Authors: Punwani Naresh , Yeleswaram Swamy , Chen Xuejun , Bowman Jill , Soloviev Maxim , Williams William
Published: November 2013

This was a randomized, four‐way crossover study that evaluated the effects of placebo, single doses of ruxolitinib 25 and 200 mg, and a single dose of moxifloxacin 400 mg on heart rate‐corrected QT interval in healthy subjects. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) and pharmacokinetic samples were obtained on each dosing day; baseline ECGs were taken pre‐dose. The primary endpoint was placebo‐subtracted change from baseline heart rate‐corrected QT (Fridericia formula [ΔΔQTcF]). The ΔΔQTcF for either dose of ruxolitinib ranged from −3.09 to 3.28 milliseconds (1‐sided 95% confidence interval of 0.06–6.62 milliseconds). The ΔΔQTcF for moxifloxacin (lower confidence interval) was significantly >5 milliseconds at 1, 2, and 3 hours post‐dose. Individual QTcF >450 milliseconds and QTcF from baseline >30 milliseconds following ruxolitinib were similar to placebo. Based on the International Conference on Harmonization E14 guidance, the study results were considered negative for QTc prolongation. In conclusion, ruxolitinib did not have a clinically significant effect on QT interval.
Data analysis using circular causality in networks
Authors: Lloret‐Climent M. , Nescolarde‐Selva J.
Published: November 2013

Complex systems in causal relationships are known to be circular rather than linear; this means that a particular result is not produced by a single cause, but rather that both positive and negative feedback processes are involved. However, although interpreting systemic interrelationships requires a language formed by circles, this has only been developed at the diagram level, and not from an axiomatic point of view. The first difficulty encountered when analysing any complex system is that usually the only data available relate to the various variables, so the first objective was to transform these data into cause‐and‐effect relationships. Once this initial step was taken, our discrete chaos theory could be applied by finding the causal circles that will form part of the system attractor and allow their behavior to be interpreted. As an application of the technique presented, we analyzed the system associated with the transcription factors of inflammatory diseases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 19: 15–19, 2014
Polarization anisotropy of photoluminescence from triphenylamine‐based molecular single crystals
Authors: Prutskij T. , Percino M. J. , Perova T. S.
Published: November 2013

We present an experimental study of the polarization of the photoluminescence (PL) emission from a (Z)‐3‐(4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)‐2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐acrylonitrile (DPPyACN) single organic crystal. Our measurements show that the photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum of the crystal consists of three highly polarized PL bands with different polarization ratios. The spectral position of one of these bands is the same as that of the PL emission of the molecule in dilute solutions in different “poor” solvents. Thus, we relate the different polarization ratios of the PL bands to different physical origin of the PL emission.
The Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Oxygenate Reforming: CC Bond Scission, Carbon Formation, and Noble‐Metal‐Free Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Lykhach Yaroslava , Neitzel Armin , Ševčíková Klára , Johánek Viktor , Tsud Nataliya , Skála Tomáš , Prince Kevin C. , Matolín Vladimír , Libuda Jörg
Published: November 2013

Towards a molecular understanding of the mechanism behind catalytic reforming of bioderived hydrocarbon oxygenates, we explore the CC bond scission of C2 model compounds (acetic acid, ethanol, ethylene glycol) on ceria model catalysts of different complexity, with and without platinum. Synchrotron photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the reaction pathway depends very specifically on both the reactant molecule and the catalyst surface. Whereas CC bond scission on Pt sites and on oxygen vacancies involves intermittent surface carbon species, the reaction occurs without any carbon formation and deposition for ethylene glycol on CeO2(111).
Structure, nonlinearity, and system theory
Authors: Gluskin Emanuel
Published: November 2013

The suggestion of writing, for some problems, nonlinear state equations not as dx/dt = F(x,u,t), but as dx/dt = [A(t,x)]x + [B(t,x)]u(t), which is more ‘constructive’ as re system perception and possible structural generalizations, is considered, supported by arguments related to the classification of switched circuits as linear and nonlinear. The point of the distinction is mainly that when solving dx/dt = F(x,u,t), one immediately dwells into the analytical problems related to pure mathematics, whereas for dx/dt = [A(t,x)]x + [B(t,x)]u(t), considering first a constant matrix [A], one introduces the system's physical structure and considering then [A(x)] sees the nonlinearity of the system as a dependence of the structure on the processes in it or on system's input. (This might be named structural response). The thinking in terms of structure better observes the engineering and physical degrees of freedom, which are relevant regarding applications. Some electronic systems and physical systems (e.g., hydrodynamic) are considered in these terms. The logical side is always the focus, and the pedagogical (even philosophical) side is not ignored. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.