bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new solution to the safety dilemma
Authors: Mortini Dario
Published: April 2022

Despite the substantial appeal of the safety condition, Kelp (J Philos Res 34:21–31, 2009; Am Philos Q 53:27–37; Good Thinking. A Knowledge First Virtue Epistemology, Routledge, London, 2018) has raised a difficult challenge for safety-theoretic accounts of knowledge. By combining Gettier-style fake barn cases with epistemic Frankfurt cases, he concludes that no formulation of safety can be strong enough to predict ignorance in the former and weak enough to accommodate knowledge in the latter. In this note, my contribution is two-fold. Firstly, I take up Kelp’s challenge and I show that, once properly understood, safety successfully rises to it. Secondly, I draw a more general lesson on the safety condition: a satisfactory solution to Kelp’s challenge calls for a revision of the standard formulation of safety, which must be indexed tobothmethods and environments. My conclusion will be that an environment-relative version of safety not only meets Kelp’s challenge, but it also advances our understanding of the safety condition on knowledge.
On the indispensability of theoretical terms and entities
Authors: Johannesson Eric
Published: April 2022

Some realists claim that theoretical entities like numbers and electrons are indispensable for describing the empirical world. Motivated by the meta-ontology of Quine, I take this claim to imply that, for some first-order theory T and formula $$\delta (x)$$

δ
(
x
)

such that $$T \vdash \exists x \delta \wedge \exists x \lnot \delta $$

T
⊢
∃
x
δ
∧
∃
x
¬
δ

, where $$\delta (x)$$

δ
(
x
)

is intended to apply to all and only empirical entities, there is no first-order theory $$T'$$

T
′

such that (a) T and $$T'$$

T
′

describe the $$\delta $$
δ
:s in the same way, (b) $$T' \vdash \forall x \delta $$

T
′

⊢
∀
x
δ

, and (c) $$T'$$

T
′

is at least as attractive as T in terms of other theoretical virtues. In an attempt to refute the realist claim, I try to solve the general problem of nominalizingT (with respect to $$\delta $$
δ
), namely to find a theory $$T'$$

T
′

satisfying conditions (a)–(c) under various precisifications thereof. In particular, I note that condition (a) can be understood either in terms of syntactic or semantic equivalence, where the latter is strictly stronger than the former. The results are somewhat mixed. On the positive side, even under the stronger precisification of (a), I establish that (1) if the vocabulary of T is finite, a nominalizing theory can always be found that is recursive if T is, and (2) if T postulates infinitely many $$\delta $$
δ
:s, a nominalizing theory can always be found that is no more computationally complex than T. On the negative side, even under the weaker precisification of (a), I establish that (3) certain finite theories cannot be nominalized by a finite theory.
Simultaneous determination of diquat and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the toxicokinetic study
Authors: Mao Zhengsheng , Yu Youjia , Sun Hao , Wu Chao , Jiang Qiaoyan , Chu Chunyan , Zhao Chongwen , Zhou Yujie , Zhang Jinsong , Cao Yue , Chen Feng
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to develop and validate an ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to simultaneously determine diquat (DQ) and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma and its application to the toxicokinetic study.

Method

The chromatographic separation of DQ and its two primary metabolites was performed with hydrophilic interaction chromatography column by adding formic acid and ammonium acetate in mobile phase in stepwise elution mode. DQ and its two primary metabolites were detected by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in positive mode.

Results

The lower limit of quantification ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 ng/mL for DQ and its two primary metabolites was achieved by using only 50 μL of rat plasma. The maximum concentration (Cmax) was 977 ng/mL, half-life (t1/2) was 13.1 h, and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–t) was 2770 h*ng/mL for DQ, Cmax was 47.1 ng/mL, t1/2 was 25.1 h, and AUC0–t was 180 h·ng/mL for diquat monopyridone (DQ-M) and Cmax was 246 ng/mL, t1/2 was 8.2 h, and AUC0–t was 2430 h·ng/mL for diquat dipyridone (DQ-D), respectively.

Conclusions

The validated method was shown to be suitable for simultaneous determination of diquat and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma. This study is the first to study the toxicokinetics of DQ and its two primary metabolites.
Das Ansehen von Hausfrauen in Deutschland – Eine quantitativ-empirische Analyse differenzieller Wahrnehmungen
Authors: Stache Katrin , Ebner Christian , Rohrbach-Schmidt Daniela
Published: April 2022

Die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten international wie auch in Deutschland merklich angestiegen, wohingegen das klassischeMale Breadwinner Modelzunehmend erodiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Studie zum Ziel, das gesellschaftliche Ansehen der zahlenmäßig geringer werdenden Gruppe von Hausfrauen, deren Haupttätigkeit in der Haus- und Familienarbeit liegt, mit aktuellen Befragungsdaten zu untersuchen. Die Analysen gehen zum einen der Frage nach, wie hoch das Ansehen generell von der Bevölkerung in Deutschland eingestuft wird und zum anderen, ob sich die Wahrnehmungen anhand von ausgewählten soziodemografischen Merkmalen systematisch unterscheiden. Die empirischen Befunde zeigen, dass das Ansehen von Hausfrauen in Deutschland im Allgemeinen höher eingeschätzt wird als das von Arbeitslosen sowie von Helfertätigkeiten, aber auch geringer als das Ansehen von beruflichen Tätigkeiten auf Fachkräfteniveau. Darüber hinaus variieren die Beurteilungen zum Hausfrauenprestige signifikant danach, welcher sozialen Gruppe (Geburtskohorte, Ausbildungsniveau, Erwerbsbeteiligung, Geschlecht) die Befragten angehören. Weiterführende Analysen von Interaktionseffekten verdeutlichen ferner ein differenziertes Zusammenspiel der Variable Geschlecht mit anderen Gruppenmerkmalen. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer ausführlichen Diskussion der Ergebnisse sowie einem Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschung.
Is Sleeve Gastrectomy as Effective in Older Patients as in Younger Patients? A Comparative Analysis of Weight Loss, Related Comorbidities, and Medication Requirements
Authors: Fernández-Ananín Sonia , Ballester Eulalia , Gonzalo Berta , Codina Claudia , Miñambres Inka , Pérez Antonio , Gich Ignasi J. , González Sandra , Serrano Cristina , Balagué Carmen
Published: April 2022

Background

Bariatric surgery in the older population has been the subject of ongoing debate but several studies have recently demonstrated its short-term advantages in this age group. It is not yet clear, however, whether these benefits are long-lasting.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed patients with morbid obesity who underwent laparoscopy sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). These patients were divided into two groups: those above 60 years of age (older group) and those of 60 years or under (younger group). Variables evaluated included demographics and anthropometrics data, comorbidities, and daily medication requirements.

Results

Two hundred fifty-two patients underwent LSG, 57 in the older group and 195 in the younger group. Outcomes related to weight loss in the older subjects were modest compared to those in the younger population (older group %EWL 41.6 vs younger group %EWL 51.1, p < 0.05, older group %TWL 24.9% vs younger group %TWL 25.2%, p < 0.05). During follow-up, both older and younger patients showed an improvement in all the comorbidities: hypertension (older 82.5% vs 38.1%, younger 52.6% vs 29.2%, p < 0.05), type 2 diabetes mellitus (older 38.6% vs 27.3%, 34.9% vs 23.9%, p < 0.05), hyperlipidemia (older 75.4% vs 42.9%, younger 35.9% vs 21.1%, p < 0.05), and OSAHS (older 57.9% vs 30%, younger 40.4% vs 7.1%, p < 0.05). The average number of daily medications used to manage comorbidities decreased in both groups.

Conclusion

LSG in older patients is effective in terms of weight loss, improvement of comorbidities, and lower daily medication requirements up to 5 years of follow-up.

Graphical abstract
Phenobarbital use in benzodiazepine and z-drug detoxification: a single-centre 15-year observational retrospective study in clinical practice
Authors: Sartori Simone , Crescioli Giada , Brilli Valentina , Traversoni Sara , Lanzi Cecilia , Vannacci Alfredo , Mannaioni Guido , Lombardi Niccolò
Published: April 2022

Given the increase in benzodiazepine (BZD) and Z-drug (ZD) use disorder, this study described the use of phenobarbital (PHB) as detoxification in clinical practice. A 15-year observational retrospective study was performed on medical records of BZD-ZD use disorder patients detoxified with PHB at the Toxicology Unit and Poison Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence (Italy). A multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odd ratios (ORs) and related 95% confidence intervals (CI) of “treatment failure” considering demographic and pharmacological characteristics. “Hospitalisation length”, “PHB discharge dose”, and “BZD-ZD free status” at discharge were also calculated. During detoxification, out of 355 patients (57% of men), with a mean age of 42.92 years, only 20 (5.6%) treatment failures were recorded: 19 were discharged against medical advice or due to misbehaviour, and only one for PHB-related non-serious skin rash. Analysis showed a higher probability to be BZD-ZD free at discharge for subjects who reported to be employed (OR 2.29; CI 95% 1.00–5.24), for those who abused oral drops of BZD-ZD (OR 2.16, CI 1.30–3.59), and for those treated with trazodone (OR 2.86, CI 1.14–7.17) during hospital stay. A hospitalisation length of > 7 days was observed for patients with opioid maintenance therapy (OR 2.07, CI 1.20–3.58) for substance use disorder, and for those treated with more than 300 mg/day of PHB equivalents at hospital admission (OR 1.68, CI 1.03–2.72). Our results suggested that PHB can be considered a valuable detoxification option for different types of BZD and ZD use disorder patients.
Computational methods for leakage localisation in a vacuum bag using volumetric flow rate measurements
Authors: Haschenburger A. I. , Onorato L. , Sujahudeen M. S. , Taraczky D. S. , Osis A. , Bracke A. R. S. , Byelov M. D. , Vermeulen F. I. , Oosthoek E. H. Q.
Published: April 2022

The localisation of leakages during the vacuum bagging process of a composite is currently time intensive and reliant on human labour. The purpose of this article is to explore four computational methods for leakage localisation using volumetric flow rate (VFR) data to increase the automation of the process. The data used in this article is based on experiments on a square vacuum bag with four vacuum ports. The first method is based on potential flow theory to simulate the flow. In the second method, numerical regression was applied to find a relation between the VFRs and port-leakage distances. The third method consisted of calculating the fractional VFRs for every point on a grid and finding the grid point whose values most closely correspond to the observed fractional VFRs. The last method involved training a machine learning algorithm with experimental data. After the development of the methods, their performance was tested over the entire single-leakage dataset and compared. The results were in the same order of magnitude for all methods, with an area of $$10^5$$

10
5

mm$$^2$$

2

for the 95% confidence interval and a distance of $$10^2$$

10
2

mm for the average error. Further research is required for application to different vacuum bag shapes and multiple leakages cases. The method with the highest adaptability and performance is the method based on potential-flow theory. Machine learning and the potential-flow method is further applicable to multiple leakage localisation.
Work from Home Success: Agile work characteristics and the Mediating Effect of supportive HRM
Authors: Heidt Lukas , Gauger Felix , Pfnür Andreas
Published: April 2022

Work from home or teleworking, continues to expand not least due to the COVID-19-crisis and poses challenges for employees and companies. In uncertain and dynamic times, organisations wonder what skills make employees successful when working from home and which measures support employees. By performing in-depth research that addresses employee agility as skills and capabilities, a research framework is proposed. Based on an international survey of employees working from home during the COVID-19-crisis (N = 1,016), the impact of agile work characteristics on work from home success and the mediating effect (accounting for 48% of the total effect) of tailored support measures by HRM were investigated. The results of the mediation analysis show that agile work characteristics have a direct, positive and significant effect on the success of working from home. Part of the effect is explained by HRM measures as a mediator. The findings contribute to the research stream of dynamic capabilities by applying the theory to working from home. The comparatively simple research model provides companies with information on how they can best support employees in the dynamics of a crisis and the expansion of work from home and, therefore, has high relevance for practitioners.
Decomposing the Temporal Signature of Nitrogen Dioxide Declines during the COVID-19 Pandemic in UK Urban Areas
Authors: Calafiore Alessia , Macdonald Jacob L. , Singleton Alex
Published: April 2022

On March 23, 2020, a national lockdown was imposed in the UK to limit interpersonal contact and the spread of COVID-19. Human mobility patterns were drastically adjusted as individuals complied with stay-at-home orders, changed their working patterns, and moved increasingly in the proximity of their home. Such behavioural changes brought about many spillover impacts, among which the sharp and immediate reduction in the concentration of nitrogen-based pollutants throughout the country. This work explores the extent to which urban Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) concentration responds to changes in human behaviour, in particular human mobility patterns and commuting. We model the dynamic and responsive change in NO2 concentration in the period directly following national lockdown and respective opening orders. Using the national urban air quality monitoring network we generate a synthetic NO2 concentration series built from a time series of historic data to compare expected modelled trends to the actual observed patterns in 2020. A series of pre- and post-estimators are modelled to understand the scale of concentration responsiveness to human activity and varying ability of areas across the UK to comply with the lockdown closing and response to openings. Specifically, these are linked to workday commuting times and observed patterns of human mobility change obtained from Google mobility reports. We find a strong and robust co-movement of air pollution concentration and work-related mobility – concentrations of NO2 during typical weekday commuting hours saw a higher relative drop, moving in tandem with patterns of human mobility around workplaces over the course of lockdowns and openings. While NO2 concentrations remained relatively low around the time of reopening, particularly during commuting hours, there is a relatively fast responsiveness rate to concentrations increasing quickly in line with human activity. With one of the key Government advice for workers to take staggered transportation into work and lessen the burden of rush hours and adopting more flexible work-home arrangements, our results would suggest that reductions in NO2 in urban areas are particularly responsive to broader human patterns and dynamics over time as we transitioned towards new working routines.
A discussion on the implementation of the Polar Code and the STCW Convention’s training requirements for ice navigation in polar waters
Authors: Engtrø Espen
Published: April 2022

In 2017, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented theInternational Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(Polar Code), with mandatory requirements covering the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. In this conjunction, theInternational Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping(STCW) were amended in 2018. New training requirements were made applicable for dedicated personnel in charge of a navigational watch on ships with a Polar Ship Certificate (PSC) operating in polar waters. In association with the new training requirements amending the STCW Convention, the IMO, and Transport Canada (flag state authority) signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2017, for Canada to develop and deliver four regional capacity-building “train-the-trainer” workshops. The objectives of these events were to assist maritime education and training (MET) institutes in enhancing the skills and competence of instructors, to develop competence-based STCW training programs, for dedicated personnel on ships operating in polar waters. This paper examines the first workshop conducted in Canada (2019), to understand the mechanisms in the interaction taking place between the IMO and the Canadian workshop developers and instructors, using the System Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). Individual expert interviews are performed, with the main contributors directly involved in developing and conducting the workshop, to evaluate the event’s contribution to improving and specifying the STCW Convention’s training requirements, as referenced in the Polar Code, for seafarers operating in polar waters.
Thermo-optic phase shifters based on silicon-on-insulator platform: state-of-the-art and a review
Authors: Liu Shengping , Feng Junbo , Tian Ye , Zhao Heng , Jin Li , Ouyang Boling , Zhu Jiguang , Guo Jin
Published: April 2022

Silicon photonic platforms offer relevance to large markets in many applications, such as optical phased arrays, photonic neural networks, programmable photonic integrated circuits, and quantum computation devices. As one of the basic tuning devices, the thermo-optic phase shifter (TOPS) plays an important role in all these applications. A TOPS with the merits of easy fabrication, low power consumption, small thermal time constant, low insertion loss, small footprint, and low crosstalk, is needed to improve the performance and lower the cost of the above applications. To meet these demands, various TOPS have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated on different foundry platforms In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art of TOPS, including metal heater, doped silicon, silicide, with silicon substrate undercut for heat insulation, folded waveguide structure, and multi-pass waveguide structure. We further compare these TOPSs and propose the directions of the future developments on TOPS.

Graphical abstract
Hydrothermal synthesized delafossite CuGaO2 as an electrocatalyst for water oxidation
Authors: Gao Han , Yang Miao , Liu Xing , Dai Xianglong , Bao Xiao-Qing , Xiong Dehua
Published: April 2022

Hydrogen production from water splitting provides an effective method to alleviate the ever-growing global energy crisis. In this work, delafossite CuGaO2 (CGO) crystal was synthesized through hydrothermal routes with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O and Ga(NO3)3·xH2O used as reactants. The addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was found to play an important role in modifying the morphology of CuGaO2 (CGO-CTAB). With the addition of CTAB, the morphology of CGO-CTAB samples changed from irregular flake to typical hexagonal sheet microstructure, with an average size of 1–2 μm and a thickness of around 100 nm. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic activity of CGO-CTAB crystals for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was also studied and compared with that of CGO crystals. CGO-CTAB samples exhibited better activity than CGO. An overpotential of 391.5 mV was shown to be able to generate a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The as-prepared samples also demonstrate good stability for water oxidation and relatively fast OER kinetics with a Tafel slope of 56.4 mV/dec. This work highlights the significant role of modification of CTAB surfactants in preparing CGO related crystals, and the introduction of CTAB was found to help to improve their electrocatalytic activity for OER.

Graphical abstract
Urteile und Entscheidungen im Kinderschutz
Authors: Bastian Pascal , Freres Katharina , Schrödter Mark
Published: April 2022

Im DFG-geförderten Projekt „Fallkonstitutive Urteilsbildung am Beispiel von Kindeswohlgefährdungseinschätzungen – das Zusammenwirken von Jugendämtern und Familiengerichten“ führen wir unsere Forschungen zur Urteils- und Entscheidungspraxis im Kinderschutz weiter. Es handelt sich um ein ethnographisches Projekt, in dem wir das von uns bereits erschlossene Urteilsnetzwerk innerhalb der Jugendämter durch weitere Akteur*innen ergänzen und dabei vor allem den Blick auf den zentralen Stellenwert der Familiengerichte in der Urteilspraxis lenken. Ziel ist es, zu einem breiteren Verständnis der Praktiken im Kinderschutz zu gelangen, jenseits einfacher Defizitzuschreibungen hinsichtlich der Professionalität von Fachkräften.
Data augmentation in natural language processing: a novel text generation approach for long and short text classifiers
Authors: Bayer Markus , Kaufhold Marc-André , Buchhold Björn , Keller Marcel , Dallmeyer Jörg , Reuter Christian
Published: April 2022

In many cases of machine learning, research suggests that the development of training data might have a higher relevance than the choice and modelling of classifiers themselves. Thus, data augmentation methods have been developed to improve classifiers by artificially created training data. In NLP, there is the challenge of establishing universal rules for text transformations which provide new linguistic patterns. In this paper, we present and evaluate a text generation method suitable to increase the performance of classifiers for long and short texts. We achieved promising improvements when evaluating short as well as long text tasks with the enhancement by our text generation method. Especially with regard to small data analytics, additive accuracy gains of up to 15.53% and 3.56% are achieved within a constructed low data regime, compared to the no augmentation baseline and another data augmentation technique. As the current track of these constructed regimes is not universally applicable, we also show major improvements in several real world low data tasks (up to +4.84 F1-score). Since we are evaluating the method from many perspectives (in total 11 datasets), we also observe situations where the method might not be suitable. We discuss implications and patterns for the successful application of our approach on different types of datasets.
Tertiary butyl alcohol plumes in southern california groundwater from leaking underground storage tank sites
Authors: Toumari A. , Suffet I. H.
Published: April 2022

Tertiary butyl alcohol in the groundwater was evaluated using closed leaking underground storage tank sites in Southern California between 2016 and 2019. Tertiary butyl alcohol is not regulated and lacks a maximum contaminant level in California. The current level of 12 µg per liter in drinking water (notification level) is advisory and not enforceable. As high as 88% of sites during 2018–2019 fiscal year were closed with tertiary butyl alcohol higher than its notification level in groundwater. Twenty-five percent of the time, the maximum tertiary butyl alcohol concentrations in the groundwater at closure were higher than 2,300 µg per liter during 2016–2017, 7,600 µg per liter during 2017–2018, and 4,400 µg per liter during 2018–2019, respectively. The plume length of the maximum tertiary butyl alcohol increased from 649 feet in 2016 to 1,128 feet in 2019. Considering the proximity of drinking water wells to the leaking underground storage tank sites in California, this points to an increase risk of impact on the drinking water resources. Tertiary butyl alcohol remained above 12 µg/L in a substantial percentage (70% in 2016–1017, 72% in 2017–2018, and 88% in 2018–2019) of sites. Site closure practices at Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board should be more stringent toward tertiary butyl alcohol contamination. Despite documented health hazards, tertiary butyl alcohol has not received sufficient attention from government agencies. The toxicological evaluation of tertiary butyl alcohol indicates significant human health concerns. Based upon the toxicological evidence, an MCL should be considered for tertiary butyl alcohol in drinking water.
A Sub-Nanostructural Transformable Nanozyme for Tumor Photocatalytic Therapy
Authors: Hu Xi , Wang Nan , Guo Xia , Liang Zeyu , Sun Heng , Liao Hongwei , Xia Fan , Guan Yunan , Lee Jiyoung , Ling Daishun , Li Fangyuan
Published: April 2022

The structural change-mediated catalytic activity regulation plays a significant role in the biological functions of natural enzymes. However, there is virtually no artificial nanozyme reported that can achieve natural enzyme-like stringent spatiotemporal structure-based catalytic activity regulation. Here, we report a sub-nanostructural transformable gold@ceria (STGC-PEG) nanozyme that performs tunable catalytic activities via near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated sub-nanostructural transformation. The gold core in STGC-PEG can generate energetic hot electrons upon NIR irradiation, wherein an internal sub-nanostructural transformation is initiated by the conversion between CeO2 and electron-rich state of CeO2−x, and active oxygen vacancies generation via the hot-electron injection. Interestingly, the sub-nanostructural transformation of STGC-PEG enhances peroxidase-like activity and unprecedentedly activates plasmon-promoted oxidase-like activity, allowing highly efficient low-power NIR light (50 mW cm−2)-activated photocatalytic therapy of tumors. Our atomic-level design and fabrication provide a platform to precisely regulate the catalytic activities of nanozymes via a light-mediated sub-nanostructural transformation, approaching natural enzyme-like activity control in complex living systems.
Pre-trained models are not enough: active and lifelong learning is important for long-term visual monitoring of mammals in biodiversity research—Individual identification and attribute prediction with image features from deep neural networks and decoupled decision models applied to elephants and great apes
Authors: Bodesheim Paul , Blunk Jan , Körschens Matthias , Brust Clemens-Alexander , Käding Christoph , Denzler Joachim
Published: April 2022

Animal re-identification based on image data, either recorded manually by photographers or automatically with camera traps, is an important task for ecological studies about biodiversity and conservation that can be highly automatized with algorithms from computer vision and machine learning. However, fixed identification models only trained with standard datasets before their application will quickly reach their limits, especially for long-term monitoring with changing environmental conditions, varying visual appearances of individuals over time that differ a lot from those in the training data, and new occurring individuals that have not been observed before. Hence, we believe that active learning with human-in-the-loop and continuous lifelong learning is important to tackle these challenges and to obtain high-performance recognition systems when dealing with huge amounts of additional data that become available during the application. Our general approach with image features from deep neural networks and decoupled decision models can be applied to many different mammalian species and is perfectly suited for continuous improvements of the recognition systems via lifelong learning. In our identification experiments, we consider four different taxa, namely two elephant species: African forest elephants and Asian elephants, as well as two species of great apes: gorillas and chimpanzees. Going beyond classical re-identification, our decoupled approach can also be used for predicting attributes of individuals such as gender or age using classification or regression methods. Although applicable for small datasets of individuals as well, we argue that even better recognition performance will be achieved by improving decision models gradually via lifelong learning to exploit huge datasets and continuous recordings from long-term applications. We highlight that algorithms for deploying lifelong learning in real observational studies exist and are ready for use. Hence, lifelong learning might become a valuable concept that supports practitioners when analyzing large-scale image data during long-term monitoring of mammals.
Parental Decisions and Influence on Young Women’s Education to Work Transitions and Possible Selves Futures in Nepal
Authors: Basnet Neha
Published: April 2022

Statistics show that Nepal has made significant progress in achieving gender parity, especially in the areas of access to education and female literacy rates. However, despite significant advances made towards equal access to education, Nepali society, to a large extent, still privileges a patriarchal mindset which favours a son over a daughter in access to resources. Using a sample of 12 young females, this paper assesses parental choices in education influencing the education to work transition of young females and also their sense of selves. The findings show that the career pathways of young female participants were directly affected by their parents’ choices and intervention in their secondary education. For some, parents’ influence on selecting an education stream turned out to be an opportunity for a better career and life, while for the others it acted as a barrier. The paper highlights the implications of parents’ choices for the young females as they transition from education to work and their sense of selves, both positively and negatively.
Lifetime and Mission reliability assessment of multi-mode ion thruster
Authors: Zhang Xueer , Zhang Tianping , Li Detian
Published: April 2022

An approach to quantify the lifetime and mission reliability of multi-mode ion thruster is presented. The reliability of LIPS-300S thruster completing the Asteroid Exploration Mission is assessed. The procedure of this approach is (i) assess the life margin factor (LMF) against each failure mode according to the wear test results, then identify the engineering failure modes whose LMFs are less than 1.5; (ii) quantify the uncertainty in the lifetime based on each engineering failure mode and identify the key failure mode with the minimum LMF; (iii) sample the lifetime based on the key failure mode and obtain its 3-parameter Weibull distribution; (iv) simplify the throttle profile as operations at several representative throttle levels, then obtain the conditional lifetime distribution for each operation based on previous operations; (v) considering all possible failure modes, integrate the probability of completing each operation as the total reliability index. The results show that LIPS-300S can complete the Asteroid Exploration Mission with a reliability of 100%.
The politics of future war: Civil-military relations and military doctrine in Britain
Authors: Morgan-Owen David , Gould Alex
Published: April 2022

Tensions between civil and military authorities over issues such as budgets and strategic posture are unavoidable in pluralistic societies. Scholars of Civil-Military Relations (CMR) have identified a range of practices through which civil-military contestation occurs, and examined their implications for issues such as military effectiveness. This literature, however, has yet to incorporate critical approaches to knowledge into its analysis. Seeking to fill this gap, this article explores how the British military's presentation of its professional knowledge has been increasingly shaped by the political context of British defence policy. More specifically, it argues that the British armed forces’ presentation of opaque imaginations of future war in military doctrine has sought to entrench the role of Defence in an environment of increasingly integrated governmental responses to security challenges. To do this, the article focuses specifically on two concepts that have become increasingly significant in the British defence establishment's articulation of its professional authority and strategic purpose – Multi-Domain Integration (MDI) and the Integrated Operating Concept (IOpC). The article therefore contributes to the literature a fresh perspective of the role of military doctrine and epistemic practices in civil-military contestation, as well as a critical account of the politics of knowledge in British defence.
Paleodiet of Lamini camelids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the Pleistocene of southern Brazil: insights from stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ18O)
Authors: Carrasco Thayara S. , Scherer Carolina S. , Ribeiro Ana Maria , Buchmann Francisco S.
Published: April 2022

Camelids (Camelidae) were a diverse and widely distributed group in South America during the Pleistocene. According to the fossil record, three species inhabited southern Brazil in the recent past: Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Lama guanicoe, and Vicugna vicugna. The analysis of carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios in bioapatite provides insight into the paleobiology of nonliving animals and the environment they used to inhabit. We applied this tool to investigate the diet of camelids from two geological localities in southern Brazil: Touro Passo and Santa Vitória Formations (H. paradoxa, n = 7; L. guanicoe, n = 6; V. vicugna, n = 4). Carbon stable isotopes from enamel, dentin, and bone indicated that H. paradoxa and L. guanicoe had diets comprising mostly C3 grasses, but the latter showed a broader diet due to one individual with a mixed diet, whereas V. vicugna had a mixed C3–C4 diet. These different foraging behaviors may have minimized interspecific competition and favored niche partitioning and the coexistence of related species. Combined oxygen and carbon isotope data showed a consistent diet according to climate, probably due to the greater availability in glacial periods of cool-season grasses, which mainly use the C3 photosynthetic pathway. Given their adaptations to grazing, the climate amelioration, followed by the loss of grasslands, likely had a great impact on camelid populations, leading to their extinction in southern Brazil. These results, therefore, contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of paleocommunities in this region.
Meeting Again at Tahirova: German Expertise in Turkish Agriculture in the 20th Century
Authors: Hartmann Heinrich
Published: April 2022

Rural modernisation was at the core of postwar development programmes, not least in the Mediterranean. The notion of ‘modernisation’ inherited a number of assumptions about the nexus between economic and social development from experiences in Western and Central European ‘internal colonisation’ projects. The Turkish case reveals how such concepts travelled alongside exiled scholars in the Nazi period. However, they were also renegotiated at the local and regional levels, in particular after the Second World War. Kemalist conceptions of a ‘modern’ countryside came into conflict with international policies. This article analyses these expert encounters through the prism of the German model farm of Tahirova. Zooming in on a particular breeding project of the Tahirova sheep, it seeks to untie the rationales of different actors and the ways in which they shaped Turkey's role in postwar Europe, deeply influenced by cryptocolonial representations of the Mediterranean as Europe's agricultural (and demographic) reservoir.
Evaluation and prioritisation of actions on food environments to address the double burden of malnutrition in Senegal: perspectives from a national expert panel
Authors: Manga Julien Soliba , Diouf Adama , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Diagne Maty , Kwadjode Komlan , Dossou Nicole , Thiam El Hadji Momar , Ndiaye Ndeye Fatou , Moubarac Jean-Claude
Published: April 2022

Objective:

To evaluate the extent of implementation of public policies aimed at creating healthy eating environments in Senegal compared to international best practice and identity priority actions to address the double burden of malnutrition.

Design:

The Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) was used by a local expert panel to assess the level of implementation of forty-three good practice policy and infrastructure support indicators against international best practices using a Likert scale and identify priority actions to address the double burden of malnutrition in Senegal.

Setting:

Senegal, West Africa.

Participants:

A national group of independent experts from academia, civil society, non-governmental organisations and United Nations bodies (n =15) and a group of government experts from various ministries (n =16) participated in the study.

Results:

Implementation of most indicators aimed at creating healthy eating environments were rated as ‘low’ compared to best practice (31 on 43, or 72 %). The Gwet AC2 inter-rater reliability was good at 0·75 (95 % CI 0·70, 0·80). In a prioritisation workshop, experts identified forty-five actions, prioritising ten as relatively most feasible and important and relatively most effective to reduce the double burden of malnutrition in Senegal (e.g. develop and implement regional school menus based on local products (expand to fourteen regions) and measure the extent of the promotion of unhealthy foods to children).

Conclusions:

Significant efforts remain to be made by Senegal to improve food environments. This project allowed to establish an agenda of priority actions for the government to transform food environments in Senegal to tackle the double burden of malnutrition.
Sub-terahertz propagation characteristics up to 150 GHz for 6G mobile communication systems
Authors: Inomata Minoru , Yamada Wataru , Kuno Nobuaki , Sasaki Motoharu , Kitao Koshiro , Nakamura Mitsuki , Tomie Takahiro , Oda Yasuhiro
Published: April 2022

Extreme-high-speed communication exceeding 100 Gbps is one requirement for 6G. To satisfy extreme-high-speed-communication, one solution is to utilize terahertz bands above 100 GHz. To determine the new radio-interface technologies and service frequency bands for 6G, terahertz propagation characteristics above 100 GHz need to be understood. In this paper, we introduce our new radio-network topology for 6G and then show the frequency dependency of key propagation phenomena such as the characteristics of path loss in an urban environment, human blockage, and scattering from a rough building surface up to 150 GHz. Human blockage loss increases and the scattering is more diffused as the frequency increases. In the path-loss characteristics, it was found that path-loss frequency dependency is stronger than that given by conventional path-loss model because of scattering effects from a rough building surface.
Modeling Contaminant Microbes in Rivers During Both Baseflow and Stormflow
Authors: Drummond J. D. , Aquino T. , Davies‐Colley R. J. , Stott R. , Krause S.
Published: April 2022

Rivers transport contaminant microorganisms (including fecal indicator bacteria and human pathogens) long distances downstream of diffuse and point sources, posing a human health risk. We present a mobile‐immobile model that incorporates transport as well as immobilization and remobilization of contaminant microbes and other fine particles during baseflow and stormflow. During baseflow conditions, hyporheic exchange flow causes particles to accumulate in streambed sediments. Remobilization of stored particles from streambed sediments occurs slowly during baseflow via hyporheic exchange flow, while remobilization is vastly increased during stormflow. Model predictions are compared to observations over a range of artificial and natural flood events in the dairy contaminated Topehaehae Stream, New Zealand. The model outputs closely matched timing and magnitude of E. coli and turbidity observations through multiple high‐flow events. By accounting for both state‐of‐flow and hyporheic exchange processes, the model provides a valuable framework for predicting particle and contaminant microbe behavior in streams.
The Effect of Convective Injection of Ice on Stratospheric Water Vapor in a Changing Climate
Authors: Smith Jacob W. , Bushell Andrew C. , Butchart Neal , Haynes Peter H. , Maycock Amanda C.
Published: April 2022

Stratospheric water vapor affects the Earth's radiative balance and stratospheric chemistry, yet its future changes are uncertain and not fully understood. The influence of deep convection on stratospheric water vapor remains subject to debate. This letter presents a detailed process‐based model study of the impact of convective ice sublimation on stratospheric water vapor in response to CO2 forced climate change. The influence of convective injection is found to be limited by the vertical profile of temperature and saturation vapor pressure in the tropical tropopause layer, not by the frequency of occurrence. Lagrangian trajectory analysis shows the relative contributions to stratospheric water vapor from sublimation and large‐scale transport are approximately unchanged when CO2 is increased. The results indicate the role of convective ice injection for stratospheric water vapor in a warmer climate remains constrained by large‐scale temperatures.
Critical Role of Tropical North Atlantic SSTA in Boreal Summer in Affecting Subsequent ENSO Evolution
Authors: Jiang Leishan , Li Tim , Ham Yoo‐Geun
Published: April 2022

The season‐dependent impacts of the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) on subsequent El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) evolution were investigated through observational and modeling studies. The results indicate that, although the maximum amplitude of the TNA SSTA occurs during boreal spring, the TNA SSTA in boreal summer generates a stronger rainfall response in situ, which can further induce a significantly stronger zonal wind anomaly over the equatorial western Pacific via Kelvin and Rossby wave processes. The cause of a stronger precipitation response in boreal summer is attributed to the northward migration of the climatological Atlantic warm pool and the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone. Idealized Coupled General Circulation Model experiments further demonstrate that a persisting TNA SSTA forcing up to boreal summer is critical in conveying the TNA impact to subsequent ENSO evolutions in the Pacific.
Depletions of Multi‐MeV Electrons and Their Association to Minima in Phase Space Density
Authors: Drozdov A. Y. , Allison H. J. , Shprits Y. Y. , Usanova M.E. , Saikin A. , Wang D.
Published: April 2022

Fast‐localized electron loss, resulting from interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, can produce deepening minima in phase space density (PSD) radial profiles. Here, we perform a statistical analysis of local PSD minima to quantify how readily these are associated with radiation belt depletions. The statistics of PSD minima observed over a year are compared to the Versatile Electron Radiation Belts (VERB) simulations, both including and excluding EMIC waves. The observed minima distribution can only be achieved in the simulation including EMIC waves, indicating their importance in the dynamics of the radiation belts. By analyzing electron flux depletions in conjunction with the observed PSD minima, we show that, in the heart of the outer radiation belt (L* < 5), on average, 53% of multi‐MeV electron depletions are associated with PSD minima, demonstrating that fast localized loss by interactions with EMIC waves are a common and crucial process for ultra‐relativistic electron populations.
Automatic Identification and New Observations of Ion Energy Dispersion Events in the Cusp Ionosphere
Authors: da Silva D. , Chen L. J. , Fuselier S. , Wang S. , Elkington S. , Dorelli J. , Burkholder B. , Sibeck D.
Published: April 2022

In this paper we present an algorithm which identifies ion energy dispersion events in low altitude cusp observations. Such an algorithm is suitable for implementation to prioritize data for downlink, or to be run on the ground for data mining. The energy dispersion events, sometimes known as dispersed particle precipitation, have been interpreted as due to time‐of‐flight effects of energized ions from magnetopause reconnection sites. Our algorithm utilizes a novel method of integrating a scoring function across moving time windows to capture the dispersion structure. The algorithm is implemented and prototyped with Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data but specified in terms that apply to other missions for both ions and electrons. Two new types of dispersion events are uncovered with the algorithm, consisting of a cold inverse double dispersion event where one population dominates, and a V‐type dispersion event during northward interplanetary magnetic field.
Time‐Varying Magnetopause Reconnection During Sudden Commencement: Global MHD Simulations
Authors: Eggington J. W. B. , Desai R. T. , Mejnertsen L. , Chittenden J. P. , Eastwood J. P.
Published: April 2022

In response to a solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement, the compression of the magnetosphere generates strong ionospheric signatures and a sharp variation in the ground magnetic field, termed sudden commencement (SC). While such compressions have also been associated with a contraction of the ionospheric polar cap due to the triggering of reconnection in the magnetotail, the effect of any changes in dayside reconnection is less clear and is a key component in fully understanding the system response. In this study, we explore the time‐dependent nature of dayside coupling during SC by performing global simulations using the Gorgon magnetohydrodynamic code and impact the magnetosphere with a series of interplanetary shocks with different parameters. We identify the location and evolution of the reconnection region in each case as the shock propagates through the magnetosphere, finding strong enhancement in the dayside reconnection rate and prompt expansion of the dayside polar cap prior to the eventual triggering of tail reconnection. This effect pervades for a variety of interplanetary magnetic field orientations, and the reconnection rate is most enhanced for events with higher dynamic pressure. We explain this by repeating the simulations with a large explicit resistivity, showing that compression of the magnetosheath plasma near the propagating shock front allows for reconnection of much greater intensity and at different locations on the dayside magnetopause than during typical solar wind conditions. The results indicate that the dynamic behavior of dayside coupling may render steady models of reconnection inaccurate during the onset of a severe space weather event.
Simulation of Cold Ion Transport Originating From the SED Plume Into Dayside Magnetosphere
Authors: Qiao Zheng , Yuan Zhigang , Tu Jiannan
Published: April 2022

In this study, based on the Dynamic‐Kinetic Fluid (DyFK) model, we conduct simulations on the field‐aligned transport of cold ions (<1 eV) within three independent closed flux tubes from different starting points (L = 3.0 Re, L = 3.122 Re and L = 3.5 Re, respectively) during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm. These flux tubes magnetically connect the plasmaspheric plume with the ionospheric Storm Enhanced Density (SED) plume but drift toward the dayside magnetopause under E×B effects. Meanwhile, we can obtain the density variations of three ions species (H+, O+, and He+, respectively) around the flux tubes' apex (at the magnetic equator) as a function of the L shell. The simulations present the temporal evolution of cold plasma along these drifting flux tubes. We found that with increasing initial L shell location of the flux tube, there are more ionospheric cold light ions (H+ and He+) flowing into the equatorial region while the inflows of cold heavy ions (O+) toward the equator decrease. As the simulated flux tube drifts toward dayside magnetopause from the main plasmasphere (L = 3.0 Re), the SED sourced heavy ions pile up near the magnetic equator at low L shells (L < 4.0 Re) due to gravitational effects, while the light ions rapidly reach density equilibrium along the flux tube. With the flux tube drifting beyond L > 4.0 Re, the piled‐up cold heavy ions will later transport into the magnetic equatorial region and furnish the dayside magnetosphere, demonstrating that the SED is another supplier of magnetospheric cold heavy ions (O+).