bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual MAC concept and its protocol design in virtualised heterogeneous wireless network
Authors: Fan Bo , Tian Hui , Zhang Yuexia , Zhang Yuan
Published: September 2016

As a prevailing concept in 5G, virtualisation provides efficient coordination among multiple radio access technologies (RATs) and enables multiple service providers to share different RATs’ physical infrastructures. This study proposes a generic framework for virtualising heterogeneous networks with different RATs. A novel virtual medium access control concept is introduced to realise resource offloading (allocation) and mobility management of the framework. The offloading and handover protocols are designed in detail. A novel resource offloading strategy is devised: First, to model the fact that different RATs possess different adaptability to different services, an ‘adaptability ratio’ concept is introduced and calculated using grey relational analysis. After that, a matching theory based framework is proposed to formulate the resource offloading problem and a ‘deferred acceptance’ algorithm is introduced to solve it. Through simulation, it is proved that the proposed protocols can efficiently reduce the service interruptions and improve the resource usage.
Psychometrische Güte der Selbst- und Fremdbeurteilungsinstrumente ADHS-SB und Wender-Reimherr-Interview bei Senioren mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung
Authors: Philipp-Wiegmann Florence , Zinnow Toivo , Retz Wolfgang , Rösler Michael , Retz-Junginger Petra
Published: September 2016

Ziel der Studie und Methodik Die Anwendbarkeit der etablierten ADHS-Verfahren für Erwachsene, ADHS-SB und Wender-Reimherr-Interview, im Senium wurde an einer Stichprobe von 324 Personen im Alter zwischen 60 und 99 Jahren überprüft.

Ergebnisse Die beiden Verfahren weisen für den Einsatz bei SeniorInnen eine geringere psychometrische Güte auf im Vergleich zur Anwendung bei Erwachsenen im jungen und mittleren Lebensalter. Es zeigt sich eine hohe Korrelation beider Verfahren mit der klinischen Beurteilung der Experten bei Personen im Seniorenalter.

Schlussfolgerung Als Ergänzung zur ausführlichen klinischen Exploration können die ADHS-SB und das WRI auch im Senium als valide Diagnoseinstrumente eingesetzt werden.
Zwischen Offenheit und Ablehnung – Die Einstellung von Psychiatriepflegenden gegenüber dem Risikoverhalten ihrer Patienten: eine qualitative Studie
Authors: Burr Christian , Richter Dirk
Published: September 2016

Ziel der Studie Beschreiben der Einstellung von Mitarbeitenden gegenüber dem Eingehen positiver Risiken ihrer Patienten, da darüber wenig bekannt ist und die Einstellung wesentlich zum Verständnis der aktuellen Praxis beiträgt.

Methodik Anhand der Inhaltsanalyse von 4 Fokusgruppeninterviews wurde die Einstellung der Pflegenden gegenüber dem Eingehen positiver Risiken ihrer Patienten untersucht und wie sie ihre Institution dabei wahrnehmen.

Ergebnisse Pflegende bewerten Risiken eher negativ, haben eine ambivalente Einstellung gegenüber positiven Risiken und nehmen ihre Institution auch so wahr.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse bestätigen Ergebnisse anderer Studien. Klare Leitlinien zum Thema fehlen in der Praxis.
High time resolved electron temperature measurements by using the multi-pass Thomson scattering system in GAMMA 10/PDX
Authors: Yoshikawa Masayuki , Yasuhara Ryo , Ohta Koichi , Chikatsu Masayuki , Shima Yoriko , Kohagura Junko , Sakamoto Mizuki , Nakashima Yousuke , Imai Tsuyoshi , Ichimura Makoto , Yamada Ichihiro , Funaba Hisamichi , Minami Takashi
Published: September 2016

High time resolved electron temperature measurements are useful for fluctuation study. A multi-pass Thomson scattering (MPTS) system is proposed for the improvement of both increasing the TS signal intensity and time resolution. The MPTS system in GAMMA 10/PDX has been constructed for enhancing the Thomson scattered signals for the improvement of measurement accuracy. The MPTS system has a polarization-based configuration with an image relaying system. We optimized the image relaying optics for improving the multi-pass laser confinement and obtaining the stable MPTS signals over ten passing TS signals. The integrated MPTS signals increased about five times larger than that in the single pass system. Finally, time dependent electron temperatures were obtained in MHz sampling.
Basis set convergence of CCSD(T) equilibrium geometries using a large and diverse set of molecular structures
Authors: Spackman Peter R. , Jayatilaka Dylan , Karton Amir
Published: September 2016

We examine the basis set convergence of the CCSD(T) method for obtaining the structures of the 108 neutral first- and second-row species in the W4-11 database (with up to five non-hydrogen atoms). This set includes a total of 181 unique bonds: 75 H—X, 49 X—Y, 43 X=Y, and 14 X≡Y bonds (where X and Y are first- and second-row atoms). As reference values, geometries optimized at the CCSD(T)/aug′-cc-pV(6+d)Z level of theory are used. We consider the basis set convergence of the CCSD(T) method with the correlation consistent basis sets cc-pV(n+d)Z and aug′-cc-pV(n+d)Z (n = D, T, Q, 5) and the Weigend–Ahlrichs def2-n ZVPP basis sets (n = T, Q). For each increase in the highest angular momentum present in the basis set, the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) over the bond distances is decreased by a factor of ∼4. For example, the following RMSDs are obtained for the cc-pV(n+d)Z basis sets 0.0196 (D), 0.0050 (T), 0.0015 (Q), and 0.0004 (5) Å. Similar results are obtained for the aug′-cc-pV(n+d)Z and def2-n ZVPP basis sets. The double-zeta and triple-zeta quality basis sets systematically and significantly overestimate the bond distances. A simple and cost-effective way to improve the performance of these basis sets is to scale the bond distances by an empirical scaling factor of 0.9865 (cc-pV(D+d)Z) and 0.9969 (cc-pV(T+d)Z). This results in RMSDs of 0.0080 (scaled cc-pV(D+d)Z) and 0.0029 (scaled cc-pV(T+d)Z) Å. The basis set convergence of larger basis sets can be accelerated via standard basis-set extrapolations. In addition, the basis set convergence of explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12 calculations is investigated in conjunction with the cc-pVnZ-F12 basis sets (n = D, T). Typically, one “gains” two angular momenta in the explicitly correlated calculations. That is, the CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVnZ-F12 level of theory shows similar performance to the CCSD(T)/cc-pV(n+2)Z level of theory. In particular, the following RMSDs are obtained for the cc-pVnZ-F12 basis sets 0.0019 (D) and 0.0006 (T) Å. Overall, the CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVDZ-F12 level of theory offers a stellar price-performance ratio and we recommend using it when highly accurate reference geometries are needed (e.g., in composite ab initio theories such as W4 and HEAT).
A loop-gap resonator for chirality-sensitive nuclear magneto-electric resonance (NMER)
Authors: Garbacz Piotr , Fischer Peer , Krämer Steffen
Published: September 2016

Direct detection of molecular chirality is practically impossible by methods of standard nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that is based on interactions involving magnetic-dipole and magnetic-field operators. However, theoretical studies provide a possible direct probe of chirality by exploiting an enantiomer selective additional coupling involving magnetic-dipole, magnetic-field, and electric field operators. This offers a way for direct experimental detection of chirality by nuclear magneto-electric resonance (NMER). This method uses both resonant magnetic and electric radiofrequency (RF) fields. The weakness of the chiral interaction though requires a large electric RF field and a small transverse RF magnetic field over the sample volume, which is a non-trivial constraint. In this study, we present a detailed study of the NMER concept and a possible experimental realization based on a loop-gap resonator. For this original device, the basic principle and numerical studies as well as fabrication and measurements of the frequency dependence of the scattering parameter are reported. By simulating the NMER spin dynamics for our device and taking the 19F NMER signal of enantiomer-pure 1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-ol, we predict a chirality induced NMER signal that accounts for 1%-5% of the standard achiral NMR signal.
Tensor decomposition in potential energy surface representations
Authors: Ostrowski Lukas , Ziegler Benjamin , Rauhut Guntram
Published: September 2016

In order to reduce the operation count in vibration correlation methods, e.g., vibrational configuration interaction (VCI) theory, a tensor decomposition approach has been applied to the analytical representations of multidimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs). It is shown that a decomposition of the coefficients within the individual n-mode coupling terms in a multimode expansion of the PES is feasible and allows for convenient contractions of one-dimensional integrals with these newly determined factor matrices. Deviations in the final VCI frequencies of a set of small molecules were found to be negligible once the rank of the factors matrices is chosen appropriately. Recommendations for meaningful ranks are provided and different algorithms are discussed.
Ethanol production potential from conservation buffers in the inland Pacific Northwest
Authors: Williams John D. , Robertson Dave S. , Long Dan S. , Wuest Stewart B. , Kumar Deepak , Juneja Ankita , Murthy Ganti S.
Published: September 2016

Meeting the goals set by the Energy Independence and Security Act requires evaluation of all potential feedstock sources including arid and semi-arid portions of the western United States (U.S.). The objective of this study was to assess the lignocellulosic feedstock potential in stream buffers of the inland Pacific Northwest. A 3-yr (2010–2012) experiment was conducted at two sites within each of the three precipitation zones (low, mid, and high). At each site, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., cultivar Ladak), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum Podp. cultivar Alkar) (TWG), and a mix of alfalfa and tall wheatgrass (MIX) were planted in a randomized complete block experimental design. Productivity followed precipitation; in the high and mid precipitation zones, the MIX and TWG treatments showed potential production of 3,079 ± 262 l ha−1 and 3,062 ± 235 l ha−1. Productivity in the low zone was inadequate or unreliable as a source of feedstocks. A geographic information system was then used to identify the area available for stream buffers with soil resources that matched the experimental results within each precipitation zone. In 3.7 × 106 ha of dryland cropland, 44 656 ha (1.5%) available within the mid and high precipitation zones is capable of producing 147 million liters of ethanol. This potential contribution is 0.3% of the lignocellulosic ethanol production expected by the year 2022. Though not a substantial contribution, the added benefit of producing energy for on-farm consumption might provide an additional incentive for landowners and managers to install conservation buffers.
Scanning probe microscopy and field emission schemes for studying electron emission from polycrystalline diamond
Authors: Chubenko Oksana , Baturin Stanislav S. , Baryshev Sergey V.
Published: September 2016

The letter introduces a diagram that rationalizes tunneling atomic force microscopy (TUNA) observations of electron emission from polycrystalline diamonds as described in the recent publications [Chatterjee et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 171907 (2014); Harniman et al., Carbon 94, 386 (2015)]. The direct observations of electron emission from the grain boundary sites by TUNA could indeed be the evidence of electrons originating from grain boundaries under external electric fields. At the same time, from the diagram, it follows that TUNA and field emission schemes are complimentary rather than equivalent for results interpretation. It is further proposed that TUNA could provide better insights into emission mechanisms by measuring the detailed structure of the potential barrier on the surface of polycrystalline diamonds.
Field emission characteristics of a small number of carbon fiber emitters
Authors: Tang Wilkin W. , Shiffler Donald A. , Harris John R. , Jensen Kevin L. , Golby Ken , LaCour Matthew , Knowles Tim
Published: September 2016

This paper reports an experiment that studies the emission characteristics of small number of field emitters. The experiment consists of nine carbon fibers in a square configuration. Experimental results show that the emission characteristics depend strongly on the separation between each emitter, providing evidence of the electric field screening effects. Our results indicate that as the separation between the emitters decreases, the emission current for a given voltage also decreases. The authors compare the experimental results to four carbon fiber emitters in a linear and square configurations as well as to two carbon fiber emitters in a paired array. Voltage-current traces show that the turn-on voltage is always larger for the nine carbon fiber emitters as compared to the two and four emitters in linear configurations, and approximately identical to the four emitters in a square configuration. The observations and analysis reported here, based on Fowler-Nordheim field emission theory, suggest the electric field screening effect depends critically on the number of emitters, the separation between them, and their overall geometric configuration.
Seed dormancy and germination in different populations of the Argentinan endemic halophyte grass, Sporobolus phleoides (Poaceae: Chloridoideae)
Authors: Richard Geraldina Alicia , Cerino María Carolina , Pensiero José Francisco , Zabala Juan Marcelo
Published: September 2016

Sporobolus phleoides Hack. is an endemic grass of Argentina that is considered an important genetic resource for saline environments. Knowledge of its germination behaviour is an indispensable requirement for the future potential use of this species. Thus, the effects of different factors on germination were evaluated in six representative populations collected from plants cultivated in a uniform environment. In addition, we investigated how the different parts of the seed contributed to dormancy and intraspecific variability. S. phleoides has non-deep physiological dormancy that appeared to be related to its testa. Thereby, dormancy was completely removed with puncturing treatments. High levels of germination were also obtained in seeds stratified at 8°C over 100 days in a solution of nitrates. After-ripening treatment did not have a significant effect in breaking dormancy. Similar germination behaviour and dormancy levels were observed in the different populations, especially when they were subjected to cold stratification. Although further work is needed, cold stratification appears to be the major factor in determining the time of seedling establishment in natural environments for this species.
The problem of the Old Finnish passive
Authors: de Smit Merlijn
Published: September 2016

Old Finnish (1540–1809) shows variation between non-promotional and promotional passives. Historically, there is reason to suppose that the Finnic passive was originally promotional and that a shift to a non-promotional passive already took place during Proto-Finnic times. At first sight, the Old Finnish promotional passive could be based on contact with German, Swedish, and the classical languages — but it could also be a Proto-Finnic remnant conserved partially through these language contacts. To ascertain which is the case, I apply the notion advanced byTimberlake (1977)that a syntactic process of reanalysis and extension will first proceed in contexts which are least marked from the viewpoint of the new analysis, to a corpus of Old Finnish texts. The result is that some texts do indeed exhibit a stepwise generalization of non-promotional passives with, for example, indefinite and divisible arguments. This generalization is restricted to non-periphrastic passives: periphrastic passives are generally promotional. I argue that this state of affairs is best explained by assuming that a Proto-Finnic promotional passive remained in use in the language of the Finnish educated elite until early Old Finnish times, and that the non-promotional passive of Old Finnish is innovative.
Prospects for indigenous language bilingualism in Mexico
Authors: Francis Norbert
Published: September 2016

This retrospective overview looks back twenty years to the first series of reports from the field on a study of bilingualism and literacy learning. Continuing research in the same community during this period allows today for a reassessment of the claims, proposals and overall approach of the project. The particular language contact situation, that of indigenous language (IL)-national language (NL) bilingualism, adds an important dimension to the discussion, one that has attracted much attention in recent years: the problem of language erosion/language shift in the context of widespread mastery of, and expanding literacy in, the national language. This condition of language replacement still requires further study for the purpose of gaining clarity on important theoretical questions as well as pressing practical applications related to the development of language abilities among the new generation of school-age bilinguals.
Introduction
Authors: Dickinson Jennifer A.
Published: September 2016

This special issue of Pragmatics brings together a collection of articles by linguistic anthropologists studying the interplay between the production and interpretation of written language on one hand, and the language ideologies that organize that production and interpretation on the other. This introductory essay offers an overview of the common theoretical foundations upon which the authors in this volume build their analyses of language ideologies and writing systems and underscores the thematic connections across the articles.
Lebanese political advertising and the dialogic emergence of signs
Authors: Riskedahl Diane
Published: September 2016

This paper evaluates the role of written language in the construction of difference by looking at the emergence of two political advertising campaigns in Lebanon in 2006-2007. I will discuss how ad campaigns mounted by opposing Lebanese political factions were engaged in a battle over representing popular sentiment. Specific choices of typography, juxtaposition of codes, layout and physical placement of ads within the political landscape of urban Beirut all directly contributed to creating unique interdiscursive ideological framings for each party coalition. Due to the inter-sectarian nature of the political coalitions, the use of religious symbols was problematic in the construction of coalition identity. Other differentiating aspects such as class, patterns of consumption, and attitudes towards mourning became elemental in the creation of political distinctions and were indexically configured into this dialogue of signs.
Complimenting behaviour on Facebook
Authors: Placencia María Elena , Lower Amanda , Powell Hebe
Published: September 2016

Compliment responses in face-to-face interaction have been extensively studied in different languages and cultures. Studies on complimenting behaviour in social-digital contexts are beginning to emerge (cf. Cirillo 2012; Placencia and Lower 2013; Maíz-Arévalo 2013). This paper aims to contribute to this emerging body of work by examining the responses to compliments made on Facebook (FB) by a group of women within an FB network in the US. While they received 1057 compliments, they produced only 205 responses. These results contrast with findings for face-to-face interactions, where non-response is exceptional, suggesting a strong influence of the medium on social norms. Regarding compliments which were responded to, acceptance predominated over rejection, in line with previous work within English-speaking communities (cf. Holmes 1986). Supplementary data from interviews with a group of American FB users revealed that their expectations are, overall, different from face-to-face interaction, with various factors influencing their compliment response behaviour.
Argument in professional-client encounters
Authors: Solberg Janne
Published: September 2016

Adopting the methods of Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis, this article aims to add to our knowledge of the dynamics and resistance in professional-client encounters. It does this by examining the argumentative function of second-hand assessments in the setting of vocational rehabilitation. In the situated negotiation of appropriate work-targeted initiatives (education, job training, etc.), the practice of reporting second-hand assessments functions either as ‘opposing’ the professional’s investigations, or, when used in initiating turns, as ‘promoting’ the client’s case. Regarding the first, second-hand assessments provide opportunities to oppose and redirect the institutional agenda. That is, the issue introduced by the professional is fended off more or less openly through second-hand accounts, which provide a presumptive better grasp on the matter at hand.
Enacting and negotiating power relations through teasing in distributed leadership constellations
Authors: Choi Seongsook , Schnurr Stephanie
Published: September 2016

This paper explores how power relations are enacted and negotiated in the largely under-researched non-hierarchal leadership constellation of distributed leadership. Drawing on more than 300 hours of audio-recorded interactions of a corpus of interdisciplinary research group meetings, we analyse how members of a team that does not have an officially assigned leader or chair regularly draw on teasing thereby enacting and reflecting, as well as sometimes challenging existing power relations. Findings show that the highly ambiguous discursive strategy of teasing enables all members, regardless of their official role or position, to contribute to the team’s leadership performance. However, findings also show that although teasing has the potential to facilitate more collaborative approaches to leadership, the ways in which power is actually enacted in our data resembles more traditional hierarchical leadership constellations.
Preserving plant diversity on extensive green roofs – theory to practice
Authors: Vasl Amiel , Heim Amy
Published: September 2016

The growing phenomenon of green roofs throughout the world mostly results in the establishment of extensive green roofs with low species diversity. However, research from the last few decades has shown that several advantages can accrue from diverse ecological systems, such as increased faunal diversity, storm water retention, thermal stability, pollution mitigation, and visual appeal. The maintenance of diversity on extensive green roofs has not been closely examined and few studies incorporate methods to ensure long-term coexistence into green roof design. Theoretical work has placed much focus on the niche and neutral theories that attempt to explain diversity as a result of the existence of different habitats or of demographic and dispersal patterns, respectively. These theories have resulted in several theoretical and practical recommendations for the maintenance of diversity in ecological systems and could suggest additional practices that would support biodiverse green roofs. We hereby review and discuss relevant theory and supporting research to provide suggestions regarding future research in the field as well as practical green roof construction recommendations and species selection.
Julie Forman-Kay: Dynamic views on protein structure
Authors: Casadio Melina , Jordan Shawn
Published: September 2016

Forman-Kay provides key structural insights into the biological functions of intrinsically disordered proteins.
Microbial antigen mimics activate diabetogenic CD8 T cells in NOD mice
Authors: Tai Ningwen , Peng Jian , Liu Fuqiang , Gulden Elke , Hu Youjia , Zhang Xiaojun , Chen Li , Wong F. Susan , Wen Li
Published: September 2016

Both animal model and human studies indicate that commensal bacteria may modify type 1 diabetes (T1D) development. However, the underlying mechanisms by which gut microbes could trigger or protect from diabetes are not fully understood, especially the interaction of commensal bacteria with pathogenic CD8 T cells. In this study, using islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit–related protein (IGRP)–reactive CD8 T cell receptor NY8.3 transgenic nonobese diabetic mice, we demonstrated that MyD88 strongly modulates CD8+ T cell–mediated T1D development via the gut microbiota. Some microbial protein peptides share significant homology with IGRP. Both the microbial peptide mimic of Fusobacteria and the bacteria directly activate IGRP-specific NY8.3 T cells and promote diabetes development. Thus, we provide evidence of molecular mimicry between microbial antigens and an islet autoantigen and a novel mechanism by which the diabetogenicity of CD8+ T cells can be regulated by innate immunity and the gut microbiota.
D-VASim: an interactive virtual laboratory environment for the simulation and analysis of genetic circuits
Authors: Baig Hasan , Madsen Jan
Published: September 2016

Simulation and behavioral analysis of genetic circuits is a standard approach of functional verification prior to their physical implementation. Many software tools have been developed to perform in silico analysis for this purpose, but none of them allow users to interact with the model during runtime. The runtime interaction gives the user a feeling of being in the lab performing a real world experiment. In this work, we present a user-friendly software tool named D-VASim (Dynamic Virtual Analyzer and Simulator), which provides a virtual laboratory environment to simulate and analyze the behavior of genetic logic circuit models represented in an SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language). Hence, SBML models developed in other software environments can be analyzed and simulated in D-VASim. D-VASim offers deterministic as well as stochastic simulation; and differs from other software tools by being able to extract and validate the Boolean logic from the SBML model. D-VASim is also capable of analyzing the threshold value and propagation delay of a genetic circuit model.

Availability and Implementation

D-VASim is available for Windows and Mac OS and can be downloaded from bda.compute.dtu.dk/downloads/.
Executive Summary: Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines: Treatment of Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis
Authors: Nahid Payam , Dorman Susan E. , Alipanah Narges , Barry Pennan M. , Brozek Jan L. , Cattamanchi Adithya , Chaisson Lelia H. , Chaisson Richard E. , Daley Charles L. , Grzemska Malgosia , Higashi Julie M. , Ho Christine S. , Hopewell Philip C. , Keshavjee Salmaan A. , Lienhardt Christian , Menzies Richard , Merrifield Cynthia , Narita Masahiro , O'Brien Rick , Peloquin Charles A. , Raftery Ann , Saukkonen Jussi , Schaaf H. Simon , Sotgiu Giovanni , Starke Jeffrey R. , Migliori Giovanni Battista , Vernon Andrew
Published: September 2016

The American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Infectious Diseases Society of America jointly sponsored the development of this guideline for the treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis, which is also endorsed by the European Respiratory Society and the US National Tuberculosis Controllers Association. Representatives from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Canadian Thoracic Society, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, and the World Health Organization also participated in the development of the guideline. This guideline provides recommendations on the clinical and public health management of tuberculosis in children and adults in settings in which mycobacterial cultures, molecular and phenotypic drug susceptibility tests, and radiographic studies, among other diagnostic tools, are available on a routine basis. For all recommendations, literature reviews were performed, followed by discussion by an expert committee according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Given the public health implications of prompt diagnosis and effective management of tuberculosis, empiric multidrug treatment is initiated in almost all situations in which active tuberculosis is suspected. Additional characteristics such as presence of comorbidities, severity of disease, and response to treatment influence management decisions. Specific recommendations on the use of case management strategies (including directly observed therapy), regimen and dosing selection in adults and children (daily vs intermittent), treatment of tuberculosis in the presence of HIV infection (duration of tuberculosis treatment and timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy), as well as treatment of extrapulmonary disease (central nervous system, pericardial among other sites) are provided. The development of more potent and better-tolerated drug regimens, optimization of drug exposure for the component drugs, optimal management of tuberculosis in special populations, identification of accurate biomarkers of treatment effect, and the assessment of new strategies for implementing regimens in the field remain key priority areas for research. See the full-text online version of the document for detailed discussion of the management of tuberculosis and recommendations for practice.
Factors Influencing the Quality of Dietary Proteins: Implications for Pulses
Authors: Nosworthy Matthew G. , House James D.
Published: September 2016

Protein content has been a leading trend in product development in recent years. Similarly, a growing desire for non‐animal‐based protein sources has led to an interest in plant‐based protein such as cereals and pulses. Pulses constitute the dried seeds of nonoilseed legume crops, including dried peas, chickpeas, beans, and lentils. Their crude protein content (typically 21–26% by weight) positions pulses as plant‐based alternatives to meats within international dietary guidelines. A major consideration with respect to the inclusion of pulses in processed foods relates to the quality of the dietary protein. Protein quality is generally assessed as a function of the ability of the constituent amino acids found within the food to meet the biological needs of the consumer. Different methods exist to determine the quality of dietary proteins, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Because preparation methods also alter the product's protein quality, these factors must also be considered. This review will discuss recent advances in the determination of protein quality and the factors that influence the quality of pulse proteins for use in human foods.
Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Extruded Nixtamalized Corn Flour and Tortillas Enriched with Sorghum Bran
Authors: Buitimea‐Cantúa Nydia Estrellita , Torres‐Chávez Patricia Isabel , Ramírez‐Wong Benjamín , Serna‐Saldívar Sergio Othón , Rouzaud‐Sández Ofelia , Rosas‐Burgos Ema Carina , Platt‐Lucero Luis Carlos , Salazar‐García María Guadalupe
Published: September 2016

Sorghum bran (SB) is a good source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity that increases the antioxidant activity (AOX) of tortillas prepared with extruded nixtamalized corn flour. The objective of this research was to study the effects of bran addition (0, 5, or 10%) before (ENBESB) or after (ENAFSB) extrusion, in the features and composition of baked tortillas in terms of total phenolic compounds (TPC), AOX, color (L, a, b, hue, chroma, and E value), and tortilla firmness. It was possible to retain more than 81.8 and 89.9% of TPC and AOX, respectively, in ENBESB‐10% flour. Tortillas prepared with ENAFSB‐10% flour retained more than 92 and 76% of TPC and AOX, respectively, compared with ENBESB. However, tortillas elaborated with ENAFSB flour showed a higher firmness and lower flexibility than counterparts produced from ENBESB. The use of extrusion to produce nixtamalized corn flours and the strategy of adding the SB to the corn meal before extrusion were essential to retain TPC and AOX and, additionally, to enhance texture of tortillas.
Carbohydrate Profile of a Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Panel Encompassing Broad Genetic Variability for Cooking Time
Authors: Hooper Sharon , Wiesinger Jason A. , Echeverria Dimas , Thompson Henry J. , Brick Mark A. , Nchimbi‐Msolla Susan , Cichy Karen A.
Published: September 2016

Dry beans are typically consumed as a whole food, and cooking time is one of the most important processing quality attributes. A panel of eight dry bean entries with variability in cooking time was established, grown in three locations, and used to test the hypothesis that carbohydrate components are major underlying contributors to genetic variability in cooking time. The cooking times ranged from 17 to 160 min. In general, faster cooking bean genotypes had higher levels of soluble dietary fiber in both the raw and cooked samples. Resistant starch levels in the raw beans, although not correlated with cooking time, were of interest because of the large genotypic variability, and they ranged from 1.5 to 35%. One genotype in particular, a yellow bean from Africa, Cebo Cela, had low resistant starch levels in the raw seeds of 1.5–2.5%, whereas average resistant starch levels in the entire panel were 26–30%. Resistant starch levels (3.9–4.2%) in the cooked seed of Cebo Cela were comparable to the other genotypes (3.4–4.3%). Based on light microscopy, the cell walls did not remain intact in the raw milled seed used for the analyses, but they did remain intact in the cooked samples, suggesting the differences in resistant starch in the raw seed are related to starch structure.
Evidence for a Disease Complex Between Pythium aphanidermatum and Root-knot Nematodes in Cucumber
Authors: Morris Kelly A. , Langston David B. , Dutta Bhabesh , Davis Richard F. , Timper Patricia , Noe James P. , Dickson Donald W.
Published: September 2016

A field trial in 2012 indicated a possible disease complex between Pythium aphanidermatum and the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita in cucumber. Two growth chamber trials were conducted to investigate this potential disease complex. The results indicate that control of RKN may be important for managing Pythium damping-off in cucumber.

Accepted for publication 29 August 2016.
Top-Down Beta Oscillatory Signaling Conveys Behavioral Context to Primary Visual Cortex
Authors: Richter Craig G. , Coppola Richard , Bressler Steven L.
Published: September 2016

Top-down modulation of sensory processing is a critical neural mechanism subserving a number of important cognitive roles. Principally, top-down influences appear to inform lower-order sensory systems of the current ‘task at hand’, and thus may convey behavioral context to these systems. Accumulating evidence indicates that top-down cortical influences are carried by directed interareal synchronization of oscillatory neuronal populations. An important question currently under investigation by a number of laboratories is whether the information conveyed by directed interareal synchronization depends on the frequency band in which it is conveyed. Recent results point to the beta frequency band as being particularly important for conveying task-related information. However, little is known about thenatureof the information conveyed by top-down directed influences. To investigate the information content of top-down directed beta-frequency influences, we measured spectral Granger Causality using local field potentials recorded from microelectrodes chronically implanted in visual cortical areas V1, V4, and TEO, and then applied multivariate pattern analysis to the spatial patterns of top-down spectral Granger Causality in the visual cortex. We decoded behavioral context by discriminating patterns of top-down (V4/TEO → V1) beta-peak spectral Granger Causality for two different task rules governing the correct responses to visual stimuli. The results indicate that top-down directed influences in visual cortex are carried by beta oscillations, and differentiate current task demands even before visual stimulus processing. They suggest that top-down beta-frequency oscillatory processes may coordinate the processing of sensory information by conveying global knowledge states to early levels of the sensory cortical hierarchy independently of bottom-up stimulus-driven processing.
REVEALING COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS VIA SYMBOLIC REGRESSION
Authors: Chen Yize , Angulo Marco Tulio , Liu Yang-Yu
Published: September 2016

Complex ecosystems, from food webs to our gut microbiota, are essential to human life. Understanding the dynamics of those ecosystems can help us better maintain or control them. Yet, reverse-engineering complex ecosystems (i.e., extracting their dynamic models) directly from measured temporal data has not been very successful so far. Here we propose to close this gap via symbolic regression. We validate our method using both synthetic and real data. We firstly show this method allows reverse engineering two-species ecosystems, inferring both the structure and the parameters of ordinary differential equation models that reveal the mechanisms behind the system dynamics. We find that as the size of the ecosystem increases or the complexity of the inter-species interactions grow, using a dictionary of known functional responses (either previously reported or reverse-engineered from small ecosystems using symbolic regression) opens the door to correctly reverse-engineer large ecosystems.
Predicting binding free energies: Frontiers and benchmarks
Authors: Mobley David L. , Gilson Michael K.
Published: September 2016

Binding free energy calculations based on molecular simulations provide predicted affinities for biomolecular complexes. These calculations begin with a detailed description of a system, including its chemical composition and the interactions between its components. Simulations of the system are then used to compute thermodynamic information, such as binding affinities. Because of their promise for guiding molecular design, these calculations have recently begun to see widespread applications in early stage drug discovery. However, many challenges remain to make them a robust and reliable tool. Here, we briefly explain how the calculations work, highlight key challenges, and argue for the development of accepted benchmark test systems that will help the research community generate and evaluate progress.

Manuscript version 1.1.1 pre-releaseSeehttps://github.com/mobleylab/benchmarksetsfor all versions.
Design principles of autocatalytic cycles constrain enzyme kinetics and force low substrate saturation at flux branch points
Authors: Barenholz Uri , Davidi Dan , Reznik Ed , Bar-On Yinon , Antonovsky Niv , Noor Elad , Milo Ron
Published: September 2016

A set of chemical reactions that require a metabolite to synthesize more of that metabolite is an autocatalytic cycle. Here we show that most of the reactions in the core of central carbon metabolism are part of compact autocatalytic cycles. Such metabolic designs must meet specific conditions to support stable fluxes, hence avoiding depletion of intermediate metabolites. As such, they are subjected to constraints that may seem counter-intuitive: the enzymes of branch reactions out of the cycle must be overexpressed and the affinity of these enzymes to their substrates must be relatively weak. We use recent quantitative proteomics and fluxomics measurements to show that the above conditions hold for functioning cycles in central carbon metabolism ofE.coli. This work demonstrates that the topology of a metabolic network can shape kinetic parameters of enzymes and lead to seemingly wasteful enzyme usage.
Risky decision-making in major depression is stable and intact
Authors: Chung Dongil , Kadlec Kelly , Aimone Jason A. , McCurry Katherine , King-Casas Brooks , Chiu Pearl H.
Published: September 2016

The clinical diagnosis and symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) have been closely associated with impairments in reward processing. In particular, various studies have shown blunted neural and behavioral responses to the experience of reward in depression. However, little is known about whether depression affects individuals’ valuation of potential rewards during decision-making, independent from reward experience. To address this question, we used a gambling task and a model-based analytic approach to measure two types of individual sensitivity to reward values in participants with MDD: ‘risk preference,’ indicating how objective values are subjectively perceived and ‘inverse temperature,’ determining the degree to which subjective value differences between options influences participants’ choices. On both of these measures of value sensitivity, participants with MDD were comparable to non-psychiatric controls. Both risk preference and inverse temperature were also stable over four laboratory visits and comparable between the groups at each visit. Moreover, neither value sensitivity measure varied with severity of clinical symptoms in MDD. These data suggest intact and stable value processing in MDD during risky decision-making.
Staff ability to carry out behavioural strategies for individuals with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours
Authors: Klaver Marian , van den Hoofdakker Barbara , Bruinsma Eke , de Kuijper Gerda , Hoekstra Pieter J. , de Bildt Annelies
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of studies that focused on variables likely to affect staff ability to carry out behavioural strategies for challenging behaviours in individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Design/methodology/approach

Literature review: studies that were published in a peer reviewed journal, between 1999 and 2016, were selected for this review.

Findings

In total, 29 articles were selected. Several factors likely affect staff ability to appropriately carry out behavioural interventions were identified: staff assumptions, distressing emotions elicited by challenging behaviours, reciprocal reinforcement systems, service characteristics and cultural systems.

Originality/value

These findings raise the question what staff need in order to be able to change their naturally occurring behaviours in response to challenging behaviours and to carry out behavioural interventions. Future research may identify barriers and facilitators underlying the provision of effective interventions, taking into account the possible role of staff beliefs, their emotions, service characteristics and cultural systems.
A survey of consultant psychiatrists in intellectual disability based in England
Authors: Guinn Ashley , Jaydeokar Sujeet , McCarthy Jane , Roy Ashok , Hassiotis Angela
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Community mental health services are of increasing importance for people with an intellectual disability (ID), as the government aims to reduce the number of people treated within inpatient services. However, due to limited evidence base, it is unclear which service models are most effective for treating people with both ID and a mental health condition. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to carry out a survey in order to gain a better understanding of the current state of ID community services.

Design/methodology/approach

The survey was e-mailed to 310 consultant psychiatrists based in England and whose main specialism was in ID. In total, 65 consultants responded to the survey with 53 complete data sets.

Findings

In total, 84 per cent of consultants identified themselves as working in a generic community ID team. The majority of services were not integrated with social care (71 per cent). Regional differences were found. In contrast to the rest of England, the majority of services in London were integrated with social care. The Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for people with Learning Disabilities (HoNOS-LD) was found to be the most common outcome measure used by services. A range of interventions are widely available across services including psychological therapies and specialist memory assessments. The survey also provides evidence for increased decommissioning of specialist inpatient units and a need for more robust community services.

Research limitations/implications

Findings limited by low return rate (21 per cent) and because responses could not be matched to specific services. The implications of this survey are that there is still a variable level of integration with social care and that lack of integration could affect the quality of service. While HoNOS-LD is used consistently across services, there may be a need to supplement it with other outcome measures. There is a need for larger scale and higher quality studies in this area to strengthen the evidence base and therefore demonstrate the benefits of integration and specialisation more convincingly to health professionals and commissioners.

Originality/value

This survey presents an overview of the current state of community services for adults with ID in England. This information can be harnessed to add to revised approaches to mental health service models for people with ID.
Hierarchical plateau and turnover intention of employees at the career establishment stage
Authors: Xie Baoguo , Xin Xun , Bai Guanglin
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Applying the theory of work adjustment (TWA), the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the effect of hierarchical plateau on the turnover intention of employees at the career establishment stage is mediated by job satisfaction and moderated by person-job fit.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey method was used and data were collected from 248 Chinese employees at the career establishment stage. Hierarchical regression analysis and moderated mediation analysis were used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

The results demonstrated that hierarchical plateau was positively related to the turnover intention of employees at the career establishment stage and that job satisfaction played a mediating role in the relationship. Person-job fit moderated the relationship between hierarchical plateau and job satisfaction, and the indirect effect of hierarchical plateau on turnover intention via job satisfaction.

Originality/value

This research offers new insights into the links between hierarchical plateau and employees’ work attitudes and withdrawal behaviour within the TWA. The results suggest that managers can lessen the negative effects of hierarchical plateau on employees’ attitudes and withdrawal behaviour by improving employees’ overall person-job fit.
Antecedents of work engagement among high potential employees
Authors: Khoreva Violetta , van Zalk Maarten
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The implicit assumption since the beginning of the science and practice of human resource management (HRM) has been that if we do HRM well, this will somehow make organizations perform more effectively. The purpose of this paper is to address this “somehow” by investigating the antecedents of work engagement among high potential employees.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected through a web-based survey from 439 high potential employees of 11 Finnish multinational enterprises. Structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the data.

Findings

In line with the social exchange perspective, the findings demonstrate that it is through the fulfillment of psychological contract and through increased organizational identification that high potential employees become more engaged with their organizations in response to participation in leadership development activities.

Research limitations/implications

Given its cross-sectional nature, the authors cannot completely exclude the possibility of common method bias having impact on the study results. The authors thus call for longitudinal research to examine the nature of causality within the associations analyzed in this study.

Originality/value

This is one of the first empirical studies, which examines the previously underexplored association between leadership development activities and employee attitudes. In addition, this study addresses the lack of research investigating such a specific group of employees as high potential employees, those employees who rank at the top in terms of performance and competencies, and who are considered to be of highest concern for organizations.