bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrationism: the politics of anti-Muslim racism
Authors: Kundnani Arun
Published: March 2008

It has long been the contention of those on the right of British politics that cultural diversity is a threat to national cohesion and security. However, cultural diversity has been attacked equally vigorously by liberals and by those on the centre left, especially since 2001. The new conventional wisdom is that a national story of Britishness must be promoted in order to bind the nation together around a set of core values, to which minorities must assimilate. This integrationism draws on a wider anti-Muslim political culture associated with the ‘war on terror’, in which the focus is on ‘self-segregation’, alien values and forced assimilation, rather than on institutional racism. But, it is argued here, there cannot be one national story of Britain. Nor can one set of ‘British values’ be imposed as a condition of citizenship. Instead, an integrated society can only be built out of universal values of human rights, justice and democracy – the very values the ‘war on terror’ tends to undermine.
Race Relations and Politics in Colonial Zambia: The Elwell Incident
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: March 2008

It is no use blinking our eyes to the fact that a strong and efficient colour bar exists at present and to the probability that the Europeans will do their best to preserve it. [Africans] are becoming increasingly conscious of it and everything is set for a struggle between the races, which is certain to come eventually, unless an unexpected change in the European attitude takes place or the managements are in a position to resist pressure from the European union.
The secret state
Authors: Thompson E.P.
Published: March 2008

Behind President Carter's 'human rights' rhetoric lies the reality of dozens of dependent dictatorships in the Third World. Meanwhile, in the developed capitalist nations, whose leaders pride themselves on the liberty enjoyed by their citizens, new measures of social control are being introduced. In Britain the targets of these attacks include the right of citizens to know what is done in their name.

The deportation from Britain of Philip Agee and Mark Hosenball and th prosecution, under the Official Secrets Act, of Crispin Aubrey, John Berry and Duncan Campbell have been part of a concerted campaign by the state to stop journalists from writing about matters of which it is determined the public should remain ignorant. By its actions the British state has focussed attention not only on official secrecy but also on the very questions it sought to hide from view — the operations of the CIA in Britain, western Europe and the Third World; the increased size of British security services and their brief to keep political activists under surveillance, and the role of Signal Intelligence (SIGINT), not only in monitoring the communist world, but in eavesdropping on the communications of many Third World countries.

E.P. Thompson, the historian, here takes up two aspects thrown up by these cases. First, the secrecy that surrounds the British state and especially those agencies concerned with surveillance and covert actions at home and abroad. Secondly, he takes the left to task for failing to respond on questions of civil liberties and democratic rights in the past decade. Throughout the last two hundred years the liber tarian strand of radical and working-class groups have come together to oppose repeated attempts by the state to curb political rights. This 'nerve of outrage' is in urgent need of re-discovery. In particular, he attacks those on the left who dismiss the need for action on the grounds that all states, all police, all law are bad. And, in doing so, Thompson takes up questions which are relevant not only to Britain but to all liberal democracies.
Memorial for an exile : Rashed Hussein (1936-77)
Authors: Ahmad Eqbal
Published: March 2008

On 2 February 1977 Rashed Hussein, Palestinian poet and journalist, died in New York City. A week later he was buried in Mus Mus, his ancestral home in Galilee. This restitution of his final right was made possible by the efforts of his friends in Israel and by international pressure. His funeral aroused deep emotions among the native Palestinians who turned out in their thousands to attend. Eqbal Ahmad spoke at his memorial service in New York.
Colour persecution on Tyneside: a historical note
Authors: Winters Mary , Hatch J.
Published: March 2008

We reprint an edited version of this article not only for its historical interest, but for the parallels it throws up with present-day harassment of black clubs, cafes and meeting places.
UK Millwall and after
Authors: Sivanandan A.
Published: March 2008

On 13 September 1993, the fascist British National Party (BNP) won its first ever election victory, when Derek Beackon was elected as a local councillor for the Millwall ward of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London.
Bantustanisation or bi-nationalism?
Authors: Usher Graham
Published: March 2008

Azmi Bishara, a Palestinian who is an Israeli citizen, has long been involved in the struggles of the Arab minority in Israel and against the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. He has also been active on the Israeli Left. A lecturer in philosophy at Birzeit University, he writes regularly in both the Israeli and the Arabic press in Israel and the occupied territories.
The standard colonial pattern
Authors: Rabbani Mouin
Published: March 2008

In the wake of the Gaza-Jericho Agreement, radical academic Noam Chomsky has renewed his criticism of US-Israeli collusion' in the Middle East. Chomsky, one of the foremost analysts of US foreign policy, is author, most recently, of World Orders, Old and New (Pluto, 1994).

When the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles was first announced in September 1993, you came out with an article which was neither openly supportive nor dismissive. You took a very cautious approach. Could you elaborate on your position?
Arthroscopic Salvage of Failed Arthroscopic Bankart Repair
Authors: Franceschi Francesco , Longo Umile Giuseppe , Ruzzini Laura , Rizzello Giacomo , Maffulli Nicola , Denaro Vincenzo
Published: March 2008

Background

Data on arthroscopic salvage of failed arthroscopic Bankart repair are lacking.

Purpose

To prospectively evaluate the surgical outcome of arthroscopic salvage of failed arthroscopic Bankart repair.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Operations were performed on 10 patients (8 male and 2 female; mean age at revision, 25.6 years; range, 18-41 years). The mean interval from the time of the revision surgery to the final follow-up was 68 months (range, 46-83 months). Objective testing included preoperative and postoperative range of motion. Outcome measures included the rating system of the University of California at Los Angeles. The surgical procedure was performed in a consistent manner: capsular plications, suture anchor repair of the displaced labrum, and, when indicated, rotator interval closure.

Results

The University of California at Los Angeles rating system showed a statistically significant improvement from a preoperative mean rating of 11.7 (range, 6-14) to a mean of 31.7 (range, 29-35) postoperatively ( P < .05). All patients had a full and equal postoperative range of motion compared with the preoperative range of motion. One patient experienced recurrent dislocations after the salvage procedure. None of the other 9 patients experienced a recurrent dislocation, with all returning to their previous sports levels.

Conclusion

Arthroscopic Bankart revision surgery is a reliable procedure with respect to recurrence rate, range of motion, and shoulder function in carefully selected patients.
Biomechanical and Radiographic Analysis of Partial Coracoclavicular Ligament Injuries
Authors: Mazzocca Augustus D. , Spang Jeffrey T. , Rodriguez Rudy R. , Rios Clifford G. , Shea Kevin P. , Romeo Anthony A. , Arciera Robert A.
Published: March 2008

Background

A spectrum of acromioclavicular joint injuries may exist between type II acromioclavicular joint disruption (coracoclavicular strain) and type III acromioclavicular joint injuries (coracoclavicular disruption). This may help explain the variability in outcomes seen in patients with type II acromioclavicular injuries.

Hypothesis

Injury to either the conoid or trapezoid ligaments would lead to instability of the acromioclavicular joint after complete acromioclavicular joint injury. A secondary hypothesis was that the resulting instability could be recognized with Zanca radiographs.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

The acromioclavicular ligaments were sectioned in 40 cadaveric shoulder specimens. Ten intact specimens were loaded to failure to evaluate the normal failure patterns of the coracoclavicular ligaments. Thirty specimens then had either the conoid or trapezoid ligament sectioned after creation of complete acromioclavicular joint injury. Preinjury and postinjury radiographs and stability testing quantified the effect of coracoclavicular joint injury on acromioclavicular joint stability.

Results

During failure testing, the conoid always failed first. Sectioning of the conoid led to significant increases in posterior and superior displacement on radiographs and with materials testing. Sectioning of the trapezoid led to significant increases in posterior displacement for materials testing and superior displacement on radiographs.

Conclusion

Sectioning of the acromioclavicular ligaments in conjunction with partial disruption of the coracoclavicular ligament complex led to significant changes in both radiographic and mechanical measures of acromioclavicular stability. The conoid fails first when a load is applied to the coracoclavicular complex in a superior direction.

Clinical Relevance

Zanca radiograph may detect incomplete injury to the coracoclavicular ligaments associated with acromioclavicular disruption.
Explaining Turnover Intention in State Government
Authors: Moynihan Donald P. , Landuyt Noel
Published: March 2008

This article tests a model of turnover intention on a large sample of Texas state employees focusing on four issues. First, the findings support a life cycle stability hypothesis, which suggests that age, experience, and geographic preferences reduce turnover intention, an effect compounded by economic/familial constraints for primary wage earners and members of large households. Second, contrary to previous research, the results show that females are significantly less likely to state an intention to quit. This finding reflects changing patterns of labor force participation, as well as the particular advantages that the public sector offers female employees. Third, the results distinguish between the relative contributions of three overlapping concepts: organizational loyalty, voice, and empowerment. Organizational loyalty and empowerment reduce turnover intention, but voice is not a significant factor. Finally, the article provides a detailed test of different personnel policies, providing particular support for diversity policies.
“Space—The Final Frontier”
Authors: Pastor Manuel , Scoggins Justin
Published: March 2008

Regional planning agencies often project future income at the neighborhood level to determine future needs for transportation, jobs, social services, and amenities. Despite a decade of methodological advances regarding the importance of spatial autocorrelation in altering or reducing the reliability of regression estimates, few forecasters have tried to include such spatial relationships in their neighborhood-level projections. Part of the reason is that controlling for spatial autocorrelation is complex and can require expensive software. The authors use a free and user-friendly software package to estimate spatial effects in forecasting and then show how to develop and utilize proxy variables that can mitigate such autocorrelation. They illustrate how the failure to include such controls in Southern California could lead to overestimates of income in poor areas and hence a tendency to underserve needy areas.
Using Self-Regulated Strategy Development to Support Students Who Have “Trubol Giting Thangs Into Werds”
Authors: Santangelo Tanya , Harris Karen R. , Graham Steve
Published: March 2008

Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) is a well-established, thoroughly validated instructional model used to teach a variety of writing strategies to elementary, middle, and high school aged students. In this article, an overview of SRSD is presented. Specifically, this includes a discussion about why students struggle with various aspects of the writing process and an explanation of how strategy instruction is uniquely well suited for writing instruction. Next, the SRSD stages are described and an example of how SRSD was used to teach a story grammar strategy to fifth-grade students is offered. Finally, the principles for evaluation and characteristics of effective instruction are discussed and additional resources are listed.
Circadian Rhythms of Photorefractory Siberian Hamsters Remain Responsive to Melatonin
Authors: Butler Matthew P. , Paul Matthew J. , Turner Kevin W. , Park Jin Ho , Driscoll Joseph R. , Kriegsfeld Lance J. , Zucker Irving
Published: March 2008

Short day lengths increase the duration of nocturnal melatonin (Mel) secretion, which induces the winter phenotype in Siberian hamsters. After several months of continued exposure to short days, hamsters spontaneously revert to the spring-summer phenotype. This transition has been attributed to the development of refractoriness of Mel-binding tissues, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), to long-duration Mel signals. The SCN of Siberian hamsters is required for the seasonal response to winter-like Mel signals, and becomes refractory to previously effective long-duration Mel signals restricted to this area. Acute Mel treatment phase shifts circadian locomotor rhythms of photosensitive Siberian hamsters, presumably by affecting circadian oscillators in the SCN. We tested whether seasonal refractoriness of the SCN to long-duration Mel signals also renders the circadian system of Siberian hamsters unresponsive to Mel. Males manifesting free-running circadian rhythms in constant dim red light were injected with Mel or vehicle for 5 days on a 23.5-h T-cycle beginning at circadian time 10. Mel injections caused significantly larger phase advances in activity onset than did the saline vehicle, but the magnitude of phase shifts to Mel did not differ between photorefractory and photosensitive hamsters. Similarly, when entrained to a 16-h light/8-h dark photocycle, photorefractory and photosensitive hamsters did not differ in their response to Mel injected 4 h before the onset of the dark phase. Activity onset in Mel-injected hamsters was masked by light but was revealed to be significantly earlier than in vehicle-injected hamsters upon transfer to constant dim red light. The acute effects of melatonin on circadian behavioral rhythms are preserved in photorefractory hamsters.
Nocturnal Behavior and Rhythmic Period Gene Expression in a Lancelet, Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Authors: Schomerus Christof , Korf Horst-Werner , Laedtke Elke , Moret Frédéric , Zhang Qian , Wicht Helmut
Published: March 2008

The authors here present the first anatomical, molecular biological, and ethological data on the organization of the circadian system of a lancelet, Branchiostoma lanceolatum, a close invertebrate relative of vertebrates. B. lanceolatum was found to be a nocturnal animal and, since its rhythmic activity persisted under constant darkness, it also appears to possess an endogenous, circadian oscillator. The authors cloned a homolog of the clock gene Period ( Per), which plays a central (inhibitory) role in the biochemical machinery of the circadian oscillators of both vertebrates and protostomians. This gene from B. lanceolatum was designated as amphiPer. Both the sequence of its cDNA and that of the predicted protein are more similar to those of the Per paralogs of vertebrates than to those of the single protostomian Per gene. A strong expression of amphiPer was found in a small cell group in the anterior neural tube. The amphiPer mRNA levels fluctuated in a rhythmic manner, being high early in the day and low late at night. The authors' data suggest a homology of the amphiPer expessing cells to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of vertebrates.
Reorganization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Coding for Day Length
Authors: Naito Emiko , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Tei Hajime , Yoshimura Takashi , Ebihara Shizufumi
Published: March 2008

In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian pacemaker, receives light information via the retina and functions in the entrainment of circadian rhythms and in phasing the seasonal responses of behavioral and physiological functions. To better understand photoperiod-related alterations in the SCN physiology, we analyzed the clock gene expression in the mouse SCN by performing in situ hybridization and real-time monitoring of the mPer1::luc bioluminescence. Under long photoperiod (LP) conditions, the expression rhythms of mPer1 and Bmal1 in the caudal SCN phase-led those in the rostral SCN; further, within the middle SCN, the rhythms in the ventrolateral (VL)—like subdivision advanced compared with those in the dorsomedial (DM)—like subdivision. The mPer1::luc rhythms in the entire coronal slice obtained from the middle SCN exhibited 2 peaks with a wide peak width under LP conditions. Imaging analysis of the mPer1::luc rhythms in several subdivisions of the rostral, middle, caudal, and horizontal SCN revealed wide regional variations in the peak time in the rostral half of the SCN under LP conditions. These variations were not due to alterations in the waveform of a single SCN neuronal rhythm. Our results indicate that LP conditions induce phase changes in the rhythms in multiple regions in the rostral half of the SCN; this leads to different circadian waveforms in the entire SCN, coding for day length.
Anion Gap, Anion Gap Corrected for Albumin, and Base Deficit Fail to Accurately Diagnose Clinically Significant Hyperlactatemia in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Chawla Lakhmir S. , Jagasia Dhiraj , Abell Lynn M. , Seneff Michael G. , Egan Melinda , Danino Natale , Nguyen Aline , Ally Mazer , Kimmel Paul L. , Junker Christopher
Published: March 2008

Anion gap, anion gap corrected for serum albumin, and base deficit are often used as surrogates for measuring serum lactate. None of these surrogates is postulated to predict hyperlactatemia in the critically ill. We prospectively collected data from September 2004 through August 2005 for 1381 consecutive admissions. Patients with renal disease, ketoacidosis, or toxic ingestion were excluded. Anion gap, anion gap corrected for albumin, and base deficit were calculated for all patients. We identified 286 patients who met our inclusion or exclusion criteria. The receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve for the prediction of hyperlactatemia for anion gap, anion gap corrected for albumin, and base deficit were 0.55, 0.57, and 0.64, respectively . Anion gap, anion gap corrected for albumin, and base deficit do not predict the presence or absence of clinically significant hyperlactatemia. Serum lactate should be measured in all critically ill adults in whom hypoperfusion is suspected.
Analytic Review: Pituitary Tumor Apoplexy: A Review
Authors: Nawar Rita N. , AbdelMannan Dima , Selman Warren R. , Arafah Baha M.
Published: March 2008

Pituitary tumor apoplexy is an uncommon syndrome resulting often spontaneously from hemorrhage or infarction of a pre-existing pituitary adenoma. As the primary event involves the adenoma, the syndrome should be referred to as pituitary tumor apoplexy and not as pituitary apoplexy. The sudden increase in sellar contents compresses surrounding structures and portal vessels, resulting in sudden, severe headache, visual disturbances, and impairment in pituitary function. Initial management of patients with pituitary tumor apoplexy includes supportive therapy (intravenous fluids and corticosteroids), following which many patients exhibit clinical improvement. Because those patients can be effectively managed with supportive measures, many who remain clinically and neurologically unstable might benefit from urgent surgical decompression by an experienced neurosurgeon. All patients presenting with this syndrome require long-term follow-up to treat any residual tumor and/or pituitary dysfunction. Close interaction between members of the management team is necessary for optimal patients' outcome.
How Can Virtual Reality Reshape Furniture Retailing?
Authors: Oh Hyunjoo , Yoon So-Yeon , Shyu Chi-Ren
Published: March 2008

The authors explore the potential that Virtual Reality (VR) offers for the future of furniture retailing. For that purpose, they develop an Internet-based Virtual Reality Integrated Solution (VRIS) system that allows viewers to select furniture (sofa, chair, and table) to set up a living room. They also develop a two-dimensional static, image-based system as a control to test the effectiveness of VR over conventional formats of two-dimensional interfaces. The results demonstrate that enhancing consumers' ability to visualize furniture coordination produces significant, positive differences in their product experiences and decision-making. The authors propose that VR-integrated Web sites should function as a virtual front door to brick-and-mortar stores. They outline a click-and-brick strategy for furniture retailing and describe how the VRIS system can contribute to shaping furniture retailing in fast-moving and unpredictable markets.
Guns, Offense Type, and Virginia Exile
Authors: Payne Brian K. , Gainey Randy R.
Published: March 2008

Efforts to curb gun crimes are the cornerstone of many criminal justice policies. Recent policies have called for different strategies including stiffer penalties, targeting hot spots, and targeting specific types of offenses. In this article, attention is given to whether gun reduction policies should focus on specific offense types as was outlined in Virginia Exile, a statewide policy aiming to deter gun violence. Case files ( n = 559) from one prosecutor's office in southeastern Virginia were reviewed to determine the degree to which gun offenses were tied to three offenses—robbery, homicide, and drug offenses. Attention was also given to the dynamics surrounding crimes in which guns were used. The results suggest that guns were rarely used in drug offenses (which included possession offenses). Also, offenders from nearby communities were more likely to carry guns than those who lived in the community where they were arrested. Implications are provided.
Historians, Supercomputing, and the U.S. Manuscript Census
Authors: Burton Vernon , Finnegan Terence
Published: March 2008

Though the supercomputing revolution has yet to have a significant impact on the humanities, it promises to do so in the near future. Technological improvements now make it possible to convert old records, such as U.S. manuscript census returns, to machine-readable form. This will allow historians and other social scientists to develop a better understanding of our nation's past. The use of supercomputers to further humanistic research will help reintegrate the scientific and humanistic communities, which will be a significant accomplishment in its own right. Hopefully the general public will also be able to participate in the supercomputmg revolution through humanistic endeavors like the U.S. census database project. Keywords: manuscript census, history supercomputmg, optical scanning, database.
An Algorithm for Fast Recovery of Sparse Causal Graphs
Authors: Spirtes Peter , Glymour Clark
Published: March 2008

Previous asymptotically correct algorithms for recovering causal structure from sample probabilities have been limited even in sparse causal graphs to a few variables. We describe an asymptotically correct algorithm whose complexity for fixed graph connectivity increases polynomially in the number of vertices, and may in practice recover sparse graphs with several hundred variables. From sample data with n = 20,000, an implementation of the algorithm on a DECStation 3100 recovers the edges in a linear version of the ALARM network with 37 vertices and 46 edges. Fewer than 8% of the undirected edges are incorrectly identified in the output. Without prior ordering information, the program also determines the direction of edges for the ALARM graph with an error rate of 14%. Processing time is less than 10 seconds. Keywords DAGS, Causal Modelling.
Priorities for Social Science Computing: A Survey of Leading-Edge Practitioners
Authors: Mechling Jerry
Published: March 2008

This paper presents priorities for social science computing as identified by a survey of leading edge practitioners at the Conference on Advanced Computing in the Social Sciences held April 10-12, 1990 in Williamsburg, Virginia. Respondents gave top priority to "very large databases" and "friendlier interfaces"—priorities of concern outside the social sciences as well. They called for increased attention to funding and to personal recognition for computing work. They also voted strongly against proposals involving "great leaps forward." Keywords: social science computing priorities, interfaces, digital databases, career incentives.
History and Computing: Expansion and Achievements
Authors: Morris R.J.
Published: March 2008

Increasingly cheap and user-friendly computing has brought a massive increase in computer use by historians in the past 10 years. The formation of the Association for History and Computing in 1987 and the publication of its journal, History and Com puting, in 1989 has provided a focus for this activity. The creation of several large databases is beginning to bring substantial increases in historical understanding, in family, urban, political, medieval and many other areas of history. Text analysis and graphical databases promise further advances for historians. This activity receives necessary and increasing support from data archive work and computer-based teaching in history Keywords: Association for History and Computing, historical databases, text analysis, graphical databases, teaching and computers, data archives.
Artificial Intelligence and the Study of Democracy
Authors: Kimber Richard
Published: March 2008

This paper explores how two relatively new methods, which may be categorized loosely as "artificial mtelligence" (AI) approaches, might be used in analyzing the relationship between socioeconomic data and democracy. The ID3 algorithm is used as a preprocessor in the construction of neural networks which are used to predict the potential level of democracy of communist countries on the basis of socioeconomic variables for 147 countries.
A Comparison of Neural Network and Expert Systems Algorithms with Common Multivariate Procedures for Analysis of Social Science Data
Authors: Garson G. David
Published: March 2008

New computer techniques for data analysis, notably the algorithms associated with neural networks and with expert systems, have not caught on to a significant extent in social science. To appraise these developments, an empirical assessment is conducted in which expert systems and neural network approaches are compared with multiple linear regression, logistic regression, effects analysis, path analysis, and discriminant analysis. A simple method of partitioning neural network output layer connections in terms of input nodes (corresponding to independent variables) is also presented, allowing neural net analysis for modeling as well as classification purposes. It is concluded that back-propagation (neural networks) is more effective than other procedures, sometimes strikingly so, in correctly classifying the dependent, even when the amount of noise in the model is high. Back-propagation was of less help, however, in causal inference. None of the techniques performed well by this important criterion. The ID3 algorithm is found to provide a useful mode of knowledge representation quite different from other procedures. While this may be preferred by some analysts for certain types of research, ID3 is not consistently superior to procedures in the multiple linear general model (MLGH) family in terms of effectiveness, either for classification or for causal inference. Keywords: statistical inference, computers, modeling, simulation, regression, discriminant analysis, effects analysis, path analysis, expert systems, ID3, neural networks, back-propagation.
The Enigma of the Micro: Lessons from the British Home Computer Boom
Authors: Haddon Leslie , Skinner David
Published: March 2008

This article first outlines the early development of the home computer in Britain, focusing particularly on the sahence of the first "boom" years. Based on later interviews with users, we illustrate the symbolic and collective nature of home computmg. We show that there were, in fact, competing conceptions of the role of this product. Producer debates about these were also reflected in consumer evaluations. Finally, we argue that it would be wrong to evaluate early British micros in too narrowly utilitarian terms—the utility of other technological products has also had to be constructed by producers and consumers. Keywords: adoption, Britain, consumption, history, hobby, home, microcomputer, production.
The Future of Psychology and Technology in Assessment
Authors: Schlosser Barry
Published: March 2008

This essay reviews general computer-related technology trends over the next 10-15 years and probes the impact of advances in computers, software, and hardware on the field of psychological assessment. Concepts explored include human-computer interfaces, advanced computing architectures, computer-mediated teletesting, computer-based assessment, virtual realities, and ethical considerations regarding the implementation of leading edge computing technologies. Keywords: assessment, computer, future, interface, prediction, psychology, psychometrics, technology, testing, virtual reality.
The Research Process: Additional Automation via Authoring Software
Authors: Carpenter Edwin H.
Published: March 2008

From the perspective of the sociology of science, it appears that we have again reached a threshold in the progression of scientific advances when we can expect to see great strides toward the automation and routinization of additional parts of the research process. It is quickly becoming possible for a researcher trained in a particular type of research, but not trained in computer programming languages, to create a piece of software that instructs him/her on how to accomplish one or more parts of the research endeavor important to his/her ongoing work. With each such piece of software, we are moved closer to the "black boxing" of the entire research process. The purpose of this article is to discuss briefly science and black boxes, authoring and programming, substantive experts as authors, disciplinary diversity in research, and the evolution of authonng and black boxes to support the premise that the authonng software packages now available will contribute the needed ingredient for launching the rapid black boxing of the social science research process. Fifteen authonng software packages for microcomputers will be explored as will several auxiliary packages that help the researcher complete the authoring process. Keywords: authoring, programming, automated research, microcomputer software, black boxes.
The Social Impacts of Computing: Computer Technology and the Graying of America
Authors: Ogozalek Virginia Z.
Published: March 2008

As the proportion of Americans aged 65 and older increases, the study of technology and aging is emerging as an interdisciplinary field. Literature on computer use by the elderly is reviewed, with a focus on selected topics in five areas of special concern to elders: health care, work and retirement, communication and social interaction, life-style, and economics. Keywords: elderly, computers and society, technology and aging, human factors.
Simulating Individual and Collective Action in Temporary Gatherings
Authors: McPhail Clark , Powers William T. , Tucker Charles W.
Published: March 2008

Perception control systems and hierarchies of such systems are described. Perception control system theory asserts that human beings adjust their actions to control their perceptions. Purposive individuals adjust their actions to counter variable circumstances that prevent their perceptions from matching their objectives. Collective action can occur when two or more purposive individuals generate similar objectives independently, or when they do so interdependently, or when they adopt them from a third party. This explanation addresses the most characteristic feature of human behavior in temporary gatherings (crowds): alternating and vaned sequences of individual and collective action. A simulation program is described that varies up to three separate sets of control systems (seeking a destination, avoiding collisions, and seeking the path of other individuals) for each of 1 to 255 individuals constituting a gathering. The program features are illustrated with successive panels of screen prints of the development of nine different sequences of individual and collective action observed repeatedly in field research on temporary gathenngs. Theoretical, research, and practical implications are noted. An appendix descnbes program parameters. Keywords: perception, cybernetic, control systems theory, crowds, gatherings, individual action, collective action, simulation.
Designing Rule-Based Tools for International Relations Research: A Tutorial on Prolog
Authors: Mills William deB.
Published: March 2008

The process of coding a rule-based expert system in Prolog is described in terms designed to (1) clarify the conditions under which this analytical methodology is an appropriate social science research tool and (2) encourage social scientists unfamiliar with this analytical technology to experiment with it. The application is Sino-Soviet diplomatic negotiating sessions. Code for a simplified working version is presented, along with instructions for adapting it—perhaps as a classroom exercise—to other problems. Keywords: international relations, political science, methodology, Prolog, programming, tutonal, expert systems, artificial intelligence.
Linking Empirical Data to Continuous-Time, Continuous-State Computer Simulation
Authors: Patrick Steven
Published: March 2008

A schism exists between the empirical testing of dynamic models and the dynamic modeling of social theory Although the methods of longitudinal data analysis are powerful, important problems persist in the collection and analysis of data. A method of testing dynamic models is introduced that counters some of the problems of stochastic models. The empirically parameterized, computer-assisted, continuous-time, continuous-state deterministic simulation method provides strengths not available with other methods. the use of meta-analysis and computer simulation allows the analysis of time shapes and general tends, while keeping independent the theory formalization, methods, and data used to test the theory. Keywords: simulation, organizations, deterministic, stochastic, empirical, meta-analysis.
A Relational Database Primer
Authors: Brookshire Robert G.
Published: March 2008

For most social scientists, data come m a rectangular form similar to a spreadsheet, where columns represent variables and rows are observations. For a few years now, however, a more complex view of data has been evolving in the fields of computer science and management information systems. The purposes of this paper are to introduce this relational view of data to social scientists and to argue that this way of looking at data can be much more powerful than the traditional view. The first part of the paper introduces the terminology and concepts of the relational model. This is followed by a discussion of relational operators, normalization, and the entity-relationship diagram—a technique used to visualize a relational database. The paper then illustrates these concepts with crime and justice data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Keywords: database, data management, relational database.
Computer-assisted Test Construction
Authors: Boekkooi-Timminga Ellen
Published: March 2008

This paper deals with the problem of selecting tests from item banks. In an item bank, items are stored with their characteristics, such as item format, content descnptors, and psychometric parameters (e.g., item difficulty). The test construction problem is to select a test from an item bank that fits all requirements stated by the test constructor. Researchers have approached this problem from a linear programming point of view. The topic of this paper is to give an introduction to this approach. Keywords: test construction, linear programming, psychometrics, educational measurement, computerized testing, test theory.
Student Modeling in Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Acquisition of Cognitive Skill and Tutorial Interventions
Authors: Brokken Frank B. , Been Pieter H.
Published: March 2008

In intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) student models are used for diagnosis resulting in didactical choices. Among others, didactical choices concern at a global level decisions about the sequencing of learning materials and at a local level decisions about presenting additional material and remediation. In ITS didactical choices are often implicit. In some cases choices are derived from models of human tutoring behavior. As far as ITS are based on student (and expert) models, which are plausible from the cognitive psychological point of view, implicit didactical choices or human tutor models can be avoided. When a student model is constructed according to the principles of ACT*, predictions of the effects of didactical interventions on learning outcomes can be made. It can be shown that learning outcomes as speed of processing and probability of correct response are mediated by the storage-and-strengthening parameters of the control structure. Storage and strengthemng in turn are induced by specific types of instruction, such as outcome feedback, working through examples, and providing the correct answer. A provided theoretical analysis explains why the buggy rule approach is, as such, of limited benefit. The results of this analysis are further illustrated by empirical research. The comparison of our predictions about the effects of feedback with the results obtained in empirical research in the domain of concept learning shows that optimal provisions for feedback (direct or postponed) depend on the type of learning: deterministic or probabilistic. This factor should be taken into account when designing didactical modules. Keywords: ITS, intelligent tutoring systems, student models, didactical interventions.
Using Virgil to Analyze Public Policy Arguments: A System Based on Toulmin's Informal Logic
Authors: Ball William J.
Published: March 2008

Public policy analysis has begun to adopt methods designed for the study of argumen tative logic. The most prominent approach, however, that of Stephen Toulmin, cannot be used to study policy arguments of realistic complexity. Toulmin's model becomes useful only when extended in specific ways and implemented in a computerized appli cation. I describe a program ( Virgil) that provides an easily expandable framework for applying Toulmin's model to policy arguments and for further articulating the model itself. Keywords: public policy analysis, argumentation, logic, Toulmin, HyperCard, hypertext.
Interviewer Attitudes Toward Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI
Authors: Couper Mick P. , Burt Geraldine
Published: March 2008

Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) is an increasingly popular method of data collection for large-scale household surveys of the general population. Despite its widespread use in the United States and abroad, little research has been done on the effect such a new technology may have on those people most directly involved in the process of data collection, the survey interviewers. This paper explores the attitudes of interviewers toward CAPI, both before and after initial experience with a particular CAPI implementation. The findings are examined in the light of both the more general computer attitudes on literature and recent reports from CAPI studies. Keywords: computer-assisted personal interviewing, survey data collection, inter viewers, computer attitudes.
Grand Computing Challenges for Sociology
Authors: Bainbridge William Sims
Published: March 2008

Consideration of four possible grand computing challenges in sociology suggests that progress will come from wholly fresh approaches, rather than from mere improvements in current kinds of social science computing. Although it will be useful to access ordinary libraries over the future universal communications net, placing conventional sociological data sets on it will accomplish little. More valuable would be development of technologies that would allow social scientists far greater access to data already collected by government and industry while protecting the confidentiality of information about individuals. Especially exciting would be automatic systems to read data from hand-written records like the massive historical censuses of the 19th century. In nearly every area of social science, artificial social intelligence has the potential to revolutionize research and theory. Keywords: computing, sociology, networks, government data sets, U.S. census, artificial intelligence.
Working Smarter: Computers As Stimulants for Human Creativity
Authors: Mills William de B.
Published: March 2008

Computers have traditionally been used as tools to raise efficiency. To realize the true value of computers, one should view them as tools to enhance human creativity. Nearest-neighbor matching, knowledge-based systems, and machine induction are examples of technologies that can now be used by social scientists to analyze data and identify patterns of behavior. These analytical techniques are based on human cognitive models but work in ways that have important differences—complementing the way humans think and thereby extending their analytical abilities—enabling social scientists to work not just faster but smarter. Keywords: computing, creativity, cognition, human judgment, rule-based systems, social science.
A Study of the Potential for Cooperation Between Models and Modelers
Authors: Stevens S.S. , Tonn B.E. , Southworth F.
Published: March 2008

Modeling is discussed with reference to applications undertaken by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Topics treated include strategies for linking models, software tools and techniques, and problems and opportunities arising from collaborative modeling. Keywords: modeling, simulation, computing, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, collaborative work.
Information Access: Public Goods or Private Goods?
Authors: Dowling Sherwood A.
Published: March 2008

With emerging product technology such as CD-I, DV-I, and so forth, and the possibility of charging user fees for online access, the privatization of government information dissemination offers the prospect of revenue that some argue would be sufficient to permit expanded access to currently unavailable information and possibly even surplus revenue. Drawing on the literature of public goods and microeconomic theory, this essay argues that privatization of access to public information is inefficient with respect to social welfare, is discriminatory, and is not in the public interest. Conversely, dissemination of government information as a public good would increase economic benefits by leveraging positive externalities and would provide more equal access consistent with the demands of a pluralistic and democratic society. Keywords: information access, privatization, private goods, public goods.
Illinois's Longitudinal and Relational Child and Family Research Database
Authors: Goerge Robert , Van Voorhis John , Bong Joo Lee
Published: March 2008

The Integrated Database on Children and Family Services in Illinois is a state-level longitudinal and relational database constructed out of administrative data main tained by public agencies serving children and families. This database, which when complete will document all child contact with Illinois public services over 7 or more years, links individual client records both longitudinally and across agencies. The database yields a dynamic, client-level view of human services and can support a wide variety of research. This paper describes the major challenges involved in creating such a database: acquiring and working with agency data, database design, record matching, creating summary records, and normalization. We also briefly discuss some methods of analysis, such as event-history and geographical analysis, to which the data is particularly suited. Keywords: data archive, relational database, event- history analysis, human services research, children's policy.
History: Teaching American Federalism with a Computer
Authors: Waldrep Christopher
Published: March 2008

Computer technology has yet to redefine how historians conceive the past. This article shows that a computer database is a better metaphor for antebellum legal activity than the leading cases scholars usually present to their students. A database can present a picture of an island community's determinedly local peculiarities better than data structured by a researcher's assumption that, within a national or even world context, one neighborhood is much the same as another. In the future, computers will allow scholars to disaggregate the past for their students, making comprehensible the decentralized reality of traditional society. Keywords: education, federalism, computers, databases, Mississippi.
Using Electronic Mail Surveys and Computer-Monitored Data for Studying Computer-Mediated Communication Systems
Authors: Anderson Susan E. , Gansneder Bruce M.
Published: March 2008

The methodology used in this study demonstrated an effective and relatively cost- and time-efficient means of studying a public telecomputing system using computer-mon itored data and a lengthy electronic mail survey. The 72-item questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 600 drawn from a relatively heterogeneous population of users. The response rate was 68%. Respondents tended to be experienced computer users who used the system more and perceived it as more accessible than did nonrespondents. Keywords: data collection methods, survey research, communication research, elec tronic mail, computer-mediated communication, computer networks.
The Information Society: O Brave New World
Authors: Miller Roberta Balstad
Published: March 2008

This essay discusses the ways that information technology is transforming research and how it is creating a new environment for the use of social science data in public policy. It also discusses how the very opportunities created by the information society at the intersection of research and policy could cause problems for both social scientists and public policy. Keywords: telecommunications, information technology, social science research, public policy.