bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decay rate of reindeer pellet-groups
Authors: Skarin Anna
Published: February 2013

Counting of animal faecal pellet groups to estimate habitat use and population densities is a well known method in wildlife research. Using pellet-group counts often require knowledge about the decay rate of the faeces. The decay rate of a faecal pellet group may be different depending on e.g. substrate, size of the pellet group and species. Pellet-group decay rates has been estimated for a number of wildlife species but never before for reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). During 2001 to 2005 a field experiment estimating the decay rate of reindeer pellet groups was performed in the Swedish mountains close to Ammarnäs. In total the decay rate of 382 pellet groups in three different habitat types (alpine heath, birch forest and spruce forest) was estimated. The slowest decay rate was found in alpine heath and there the pellet groups persisted for at least four years. If decay was assumed to take place only during the bare ground season, the estimated exponential decay rate was -0.027 pellet groups/week in the same habitat. In the forest, the decay was faster and the pellet groups did not persist more than two years. Performing pellet group counts to estimate habitat use in dry habitats, such as alpine heath, I will recommend using the faecal standing crop method. Using this method makes it possible to catch the animals’ general habitat use over several years. Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning:Nedbrytningshastighet av renspillningInom viltforskningen har spillningsinventeringar använts under flera årtionden för att uppskatta habitatval och populationstäthet hos olika djurslag. För att kunna använda data från spillningsinventeringar krävs ofta att man vet hur lång tid det tar för spillningen att brytas ner. Nedbrytningshastigheten är olika beroende på marktyp och djurslag. Nedbrytningshastighet på spillning har studerats för bland annat olika typer av hjortdjur, men det har inte studerats på ren (Rangifer tarandus) tidigare. I området kring Ammarnäs genomfördes under åren 2001- 2005 ett fältexperiment för att uppskatta nedbrytningshastigheten av renspillning. Under tre somrar lades totalt 382 renspillningar ut i hägn i tre olika typer av habitat (fjällhed, fjällbjörkskog och granskog). Det visade sig att nedbrytningshastigheten var långsammast på fjällheden, där spillningshögarna fortfarande var kvar efter fyra år. Den exponentiella nedbrytningshastigheten beräknades till -0.027 högar/vecka om nedbrytningen antas ske under barmarksperioden. I skogshägnen gick nedbrytningen snabbare och alla högar var borta inom två år. Vid spillningsinventeringar på kalfjällsområdet eller områden med liknande marktyp, där syftet är att studera djurens habitatval över en längre tid rekommenderas att använda den så kallade ”faecal accumulation rate”-metoden, där man inventerar orensade ytor. Det ger en generell bild av hur djuren använt området under en längre period, eftersom nedbrytningen av spillning är långsam i sådana habitat.
The growth rate of Cladonia rangiferina and C. mitis in relation to forest characteristics in northeastern Finland
Authors: Helle Timo , Aspi J. , Tarvainen L.
Published: February 2013

The growth rate of Cladonia rangiferina and C. mitis was studied in Kuusamo, northeastern Finland, where they share more than 90 percent of the total lichen biomass. The material was collected from 5 pine forests of different ages in Calluna-Cladina heaths. The length growth rate of C. rangiferina varied by site from 3.9 to 4.3 mmyr -' and that of C. mitis from 3.0 to 3.5 mmyr-1 C. rangiferina achieved the fastest growth in a younger (60 years) shadowy forest; growth was slowest in a clear-felled area and in an old (180 years), already thinned forest. C. mitis grew fastest in a site with young (10 years old) pine plants and slowest in a younger shadowy site. The results do not support suggestions that clear-felling itself might negatively influence the growth of lichens. However, it is important also from the point of view of range management to create a new forest as soon as possible, since both species studied here grew faster in young forests than in clear-felled areas.

Harmaaporonjakalan ja mietoporonjakalan kasvunopeus eri-ikaisissa metsissa.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Harmaaporonjakalan (Cladonia rangiferina) ja mietoporonjakalan (Cladonia mitis) kasvunopeutta tutkittiin Kuusamossa. Aineisto kerattiin 5 puustoltaan eri-ikaiselti jakalakankaalta. Harmaaporonjakala kasvoi pituutta keskimaarin 3.9 - 4.3 mm/v ja mietoporonjakala 3.0 - 3.5 mm/v kasvupaikasta riippuen. Harmaaporonjakalan kasvu oli nopeinta nuorehkossa (60 v) tiheassa metsassa, hitainta paljaaksihakkuulla ja vanhassa (180 v), jo harventuneessa metsassa. Mietoporonjakala kasvoi nopeimmin 90 cm:n taimikossa ja hitaimmin varjoisimmalla kasvupaikalla. Tulosten perusteella on vaikea yhtya kasitykseen, etta paljaaksihakkuu sinansa vahentaa poronjakalien kasvunopeutta. Myos poronhoidon kannalta on kuitenkin tarkeaa, etta uusi metsa saadaan aikaan mahdollisimman nopeasti, silla molemmat lajit kasvavat nopeimmin eri-ikaisissa nuorissa metsissa.
Lødingen reinforskningsstasjon legges ned
Authors: Skjenneberg Sven
Published: February 2013

The section tells about the closure of the Norwegian Reindeer Research Station at Kåringen in  North Norway in 1983. The research station started in 1957 and the Norwegian Reindeer Research started as an organisation of its own in 1969. The Agricultuaral Ministry decided to close the research station although it was in many ways of importance for the scientific development of reindeer husbandry in Norway.
The impact of large carnivores on the mortality of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) calves in Kainuu, southeastern reindeer-herding region of Finland
Authors: Nieminen Mauri
Published: February 2013

During 2006-2008 the survival of reindeer calves was studied in the reindeer-herding cooperative of Halla in Kainuu area where totally 546 calves were equipped with radio mortality collars mainly at the age of 1-3 days. The survival was monitored from the calving in May until winter round-ups in October to January. The rate, timing and causes of mortality of reindeer were assessed. In 2006-08 totally 177 radio-collared calves were found dead (mean mortality 32.4%) until mid-January. The results showed significant annual variation in calf mortality and predation. Independent of year the mortality of radio-collared calves was highest during the first two months after birth, and the total mortality was 30.7% at the end of October and reached 34.6% by mid-January. The sex of calves and pelt colour did not affect significantly survival of calves. Predation comprised 70.0% of total mortality. Predation by wolf, bear, lynx and wolverine comprised on average 38.4%, 20.3%, 9.0% and 2.3%, respectively. Birth weight of calves lost or killed by predators did not differ from surviving calves. However, birth weight of calves killed by brown bears was significantly lighter (mean 5.84 kg), whereas calves killed by Eurasian lynx was significantly heavier (mean 6.67 kg) than birth weight of calves that survived (mean 6.26 kg). Bears killed calves mainly in May to July, wolves in July to October and lynx in August to December. Of 209 radio-collared adult females, 17 were found dead (8.0%). These females had calved in May and they were killed mainly by wolves (52.0%) in August to October.
Annual and monthly range fidelity of female boreal woodland caribou in respons to petroleum development
Authors: Tracz Boyan V. , LaMontagne Jalene M. , Bayne Erin M. , Boutin Stan
Published: February 2013

Petroleum-sector development in northern Alberta, Canada has been implicated as one factor influencing the decline of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Previous research showed that caribou are farther from petroleum-sector disturbances within their home range than expected. As petroleum development increases, the distance caribou can selectively place themselves relative to industrial disturbance must decrease, because distances between disturbances decrease. Conceptually, the number of local disturbances becomes so large that caribou either abandon their local avoidance behaviour or leave their traditional home range. We evaluated whether an intense petroleum- development event in northern Alberta was sufficient to result in home range abandonment by female woodland caribou. Using well locations as an index of petroleum development, we found that caribou studied from 1992 to 2000 did not change their annual or monthly range fidelity as a function of development intensity. Caribou remained in peatland complexes containing a large number of petroleum-sector disturbances rather than move to new areas, presumably because the risks of dispersing across upland habitat to reach other suitable habitat are high. Such range fidelity may have fitness consequences for woodland caribou if they suffer greater predation in areas where petroleum development is occurring.
Programme and abstracts from the 16th Nordic Conference on Reindeer and Reindeer Husbandry Research, 16-18 November 2010, Tromsö, Norway
Authors: Haugerud Rolf Egil , Hatteng Björn , Nystad Eskonsipo (Editors) Berit M.
Published: February 2013

The conference was organized by the Nordic Council for Reindeer Husbandry Research (NOR) and the Centre for Sami Studies (SESAM), University of Tromsø. The 128 participants shared a well organized conference with 31 lectures and 19 posters at the University of Tromsø 16-18 November 2010.
Carcass records of autumn-slaughtered reindeer as indicator of long-term changes in animal condition
Authors: Olofsson Anna , Danell Öje , Åhman Birgitta , Forslund Pär
Published: February 2013

This study investigates the possibility of using carcass records from the commercial slaughter of reindeer as indicator of long-term changes in animal condition and, thus, the condition and use of their snow-free pasture. The aim was to assess the suitability of this indicator for use within adaptive management programmes for reindeer husbandry grazing resources. Data comprising measurements of carcass weight, conformation and fatness taken from commercial reindeer slaughter between 1994 and 2007, were analysed in relation to year, slaughter date, herding district, population density, and three categories of animals selected for slaughter. The carcass measures were significantly affected by year, and the effects were strongly correlated among the three animal categories. There were generally positive trends over the 14-year period studied. We identified several factors that should be considered when using carcass data to indicate long-term changes in animal body condition: (i) slaughter date had different effects depending on animal category; (ii) reindeer population density negatively affected female and calf carcasses, but not male carcasses. The effects of herding district were similar for carcasses of calves and females, but differed between females and males. Some of the differences between animal categories may be due to differing timing of slaughter (point i above), by different slaughter selection among districts, or have ecological explanations, e.g. sex differences in range use. Uncertainties in the classification of animals when using skeletal development to discriminate between calf and yearling carcasses, may also add to differences among districts. That population density effects on body condition were detectable together with the similarities in the effects of year and general long-term trends between animal categories support the suggestion that carcass measures can be used to indicate general changes in reindeer body condition and range use.
Woodland caribou calf recruitment in relation to calving/post-calving landscape composition
Authors: McCarthy Sara C. , Weladji Robert B. , Doucet Christine , Saunders Paul
Published: February 2013

Since the 1990s, Newfoundland’s woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) population has declined by an estimated 66%. Low calf recruitment has been associated to the decline, possibly triggered by increasing calf predation and/or decreasing resources. To investigate the role of landscape composition in this system, we studied the yearly (2005-2008) calving/post-calving range (CPCR) of 104 satellite-collared females belonging to six herds. We mapped nine disturbance factors (e.g. roads, logging, etc), as well as vegetation cover types (e.g. coniferous, deciduous forests, etc), and determined the total area they occupied within CPCRs yearly for each herd. Using an information theoretic approach, we assessed the model that best explained variation in recruitment using these components. Based on corrected Akaike Information Criterion, the model that best explained variation in calf recruitment included total disturbance and deciduous forest area, both showing the expected negative relationship with calf recruitment. Other landscape variables among the models with ΔAICc < 2 were mixed forest, also with a suggested negative relationship, and barrens and wetlands with a significant positive trend. This study highlights the need to minimize total disturbance footprint and account for resulting changes in forest composition within CPCRs during land use planning. Expanding forestry operations and road infrastructure in critical woodland caribou habitat across Canada may additionally contribute to habitat loss via fragmentation. This in turn, may lead to range recession beyond the initial local avoidance footprint. We see the possibility of using calf recruitment models based on landscape parameters, among others, to predict the impact of new industrial developments on calf recruitment.
Genetic polymorphism of adult reindeer coat colour in a herding cooperative in Finnish Lapland
Authors: Lauvergne Jean J. , Nieminen Mauri
Published: February 2013

In a random sample of 188 adult reindeer belonging to a reindeer herding cooperative in Finnish Lapland, the following coat colour mutants were identified: Abf at the locus Agouti (A), kalppinokka (WNk) at the locus White Nose (WN) and white at the locus W (White). Coefficients of coat colour phenotypic polymorphism K were estimated, in order to quantify this genetic polymorphism. Estimations of K were 12.8% for the locus A (Agouti), 5.1% for the locus WN (White Nose), and 7.5% for the locus W (White). This polymorphism results probably from a change in fitness coefficient of genotypes carrying colour mutants following domestication in a random mating context which has not yet been proved.
Harvest impacts on caribou population dynamics in South West Greenland
Authors: Witting Lars , Cuyler Christine
Published: February 2013

We examined the effects of hunting on caribou populations in South West Greenland from year 1999 to 2007. In the Ameralik area a reported average annual harvest of 2950 caribou coincided with a population decline from 31 000 (90% CI: 22 000 - 44 000) animals in 1999 to 8900 (90% CI: 5800 - 13 000) in 2007. A survey estimate from 2006 indicates that a suggested target caribou density of 1.2 / km2 was met. A Bayesian population model estimates the annual replacement for Ameralik at minus 170 individuals (90% CI: -550 - 460), which indicates that the target density may or may not be maintained even in the total absence of a hunt. For the Qeqertarsuatsiaat area an average annual harvest of 230 caribou appears to have left the density unaffected, remaining steady on target with an abundance of approximately 5000 individuals. The harvest in this area increased from 100 animals in 2000 to 440 in 2006. With an estimated 2007 replacement of 190 (90% CI: -190- 960) caribou per year the target density may not be maintained in the future unless hunting restrictions are implemented. The density of caribou in Qeqertarsuatsiaat may, however, be maintained over the short term if the emigration of animals from Ameralik into Qeqertarsuatsiaat continues.
Anatomy of a reindeer dissected in Copenhagen in 1672 by Niels Stensen as reported by Thomas Bartholin. I. Introduction by Troels Kardel. II. Translation by Paul Maquet
Authors: Kardel Troels , Maquet Paul
Published: February 2013

A report by Professor Thomas Bartholin on the dissection of a reindeer performed in 1672 by his former student Niels Stensen as Royal Anatomist in Copenhagen is presented in English translation with biographical introduction and bibliographical notes. The report is most likely the first of its kind being an early contribution to comparative anatomy.
Aboriginal talking circle: Aboriginal perspectives on caribou conservation - Overview by the Aboriginal Talking Circle Coordinating Team
Authors: Simmons Deborah , Bayha Walter , Beaulieu Danny , Gladu Daniel , Manseau Micheline
Published: February 2013

The 13th North American Caribou Workshop in 2010 was the venue for a remarkable forum of Aboriginal knowledge holders in which experiences and ideas about caribou research and stewardship were shared in a Talking Circle format. Facilitated by Danny Beaulieu (Denesųłıné /Deninu Kųę First Nation) and Walter Bayha (Dé lįnęgotı˛nę/Dé lı˛nę First Nation), the Aboriginal Talking Circle took place over a full day as well as a half day, totalling more than ten hours. At least thirty-six Aboriginal people contributed to the discussion, representing thirty organisations and nearly as many First Nation, Inuit and Métis nations. Delegates converged from a geographical area spanning caribou ranges in six provinces and all three territories of northern Canada.
A giant step forward: Notes from the Aboriginal Talking Circle
Authors: Zoe John B.
Published: February 2013

The text was adapted from the closing plenary presentation by John B. Zoe, who shared a perspective on key messages from the Aboriginal Talking Circles.
Tłįcho˛ stories for Ekwò˛ management
Authors: Judas Joseph
Published: February 2013

This paper is adapted from contributions to the NACW Aboriginal Talking Circles, as well as the author’s contributions to two co-authored presentations: “Using dual knowledge systems to inform management decisions: a Wek’èezhìı Renewable Resources Board example,” with Jody Snortland; and “Monitoring Caribou and People,” with Allice Legat and John B. Zoe.
Renewing our traditional laws through joint ekwǫ (caribou) management
Authors: Sangris Fred
Published: February 2013

This paper is adapted from contributions by Fred Sangris at the NACW Aboriginal Talking Circle.
Surviving with tuktu (caribou)
Authors: Pokiak Devalynn
Published: February 2013

This paper is adapted from Devalynn Pokiak’s contributions to the NACW Aboriginal Talking Circle.
The Null Hypothesis: Co-management doesn’t work
Authors: Urquhart Doug
Published: February 2013

For the past 40 years I have been an active participant in all aspects of co-management from biologist and facilitator to executive director, member and chair of several organizations. Over this time I have become aware of a few patterns that are both disturbing and endlessly repeated. I thought that a different approach to the whole issue might challenge the norms and inspire some readers to be more courageous and adventurous in how they address co-management.
Using temporary dye marks to estimate ungulate population abundance in southwest Yukon, Canada
Authors: Hegel Troy M. , Russell Kyle , Jung Thomas S.
Published: February 2013

We describe the protocols of two mark-resight abundance surveys, using temporary dye-marks, for the Aishihik woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) populations (herds) in the southwest Yukon Territory, Canada. We also provide recommendations based on experiences from these surveys for biologists and managers considering this approach. The Aishihik woodland caribou herd was the focus of intensive management in the 1990s aimed at recovering the herd. Following recovery activities, a target size of 2000 animals was determined and the Champagne-Aishihik Traditional Territory Community-Based Wildlife Management Plan recommended an estimate of the herd’s size be completed before the year 2013. We used an aerial mark-resight approach to estimate the herd’s size in March 2009. Caribou (n = 59) were marked from a helicopter with temporary dye, delivered via a CO2-powered rifle. Two independent resighting sessions were subsequently carried out via helicopter. The herd was estimated at 2044 animals (90% CI: 1768 – 2420) with an overall resighting rate of 0.47. The mean annual growth rate (λ) of the herd from 1997 – 2009 was 1.05 (SE = 0.01). The Aishihik wood bison herd was estimated at 1151 (90% CI: 998 – 1355). Our study suggests that ungulates temporarily marked with dye can be successfully used to obtain statistically sound population estimates.
Forord
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Det annet møte om reinforskning i NORs regi ble avviklet på Kongsvoll, Norge i dagene 9.-12. oktober 1984.
Infångande, hantering och transport av renar med hjälp av Domedesan R preparat
Authors: Nieminen M. , Tanhuanpää E. , Vähä-Vahe T.
Published: February 2013

Tama renar och vilda skogsrenar var låtta att hantera ungefar 6 minuter efter Domosedaninjectionen och preparatet inverkade i medeltal 2,5 timmars tid, varierande från 30 minuter till 4 timmar beroande på dosens storlek.
Kjell J. Nilssen; Factors affecting energy expenditure in reindeer
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

The thesis Factors affecting energy expenditure in reindeer by Kjell J. Nilssen was approved for the Phil, dr's degree at the University of Tromsø. The dissertation took place in Tromsø December 15.1984.
1) Stress hos tamrein 2) Arbeidsgruppe om forskning
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

1) NOR har adoptert et opprinnelig svensk prosjekt for å klarlegge i hvilken grad moderne reindriftsteknologi kan tenkes å påvirke reinen slik at det utvikles symptomer på stress. Det er særlig to forhold som har gjort NOR interessert i et slikt prosjekt, nemlig stressforandringers innvirkning på kjøttkvalitet samt i hvilken grad stresspåvirkninger kan medføre langtidseffekter som har innvirkning på dyrenes overlevelsesevne under vanskelige vinterforhold, altså på reintapenes størrelse. Begge disse to momenter har direkte innvirkning på reinnæringens økonomi.

2) Forskning, veiledning og utdanning i reindriften i Norge.

Den arbeidsgruppe som det norske Landbruksdepartementet den 30. august 1983 oppnevnte for å utrede ovennevnte tema, avga 14. mai 1985 sin betenkning. Denne skisserer gruppens forslag til langtidsplan.
An intra ruminal heat exchanger for use in large concious animals
Authors: Mercer James B. , Johnsen Helge K. , Mathiesen Svein D. , Blix Arnoldus Schytte
Published: February 2013

A method is described whereby it is possible to alter total body core temperature independently of environmetal temperature and/or exercise in conscious reindeer. The method employs the use of a simple heat exchanger introduced through a permanent rumen fistula. The heat exchanger consists of a 7 m long coil of flexible plastic tubing (OD, 10.0 mm, ID, 8.0 mm). By perfusing the tubing with thermostatically controlled water, heat can be added to or subtracted from the body core at rates equalling several times resting heat production. It is suggested that the method could be used in any large ruminant species.

En intra-rumenal varmeveksler til bruk i større, uanesteserte dyr.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Vi har i denne undersøkelsen beskrevet en metode for hvordan kroppstemperatur hos uanesteserte reinsdyr kan endres uavhengig av omgivelsestemperatur og om dyret løper eller ikke. Metoden innebærer bruk av en enkel varmeveksler som plasseres i dyrets vom gjennom en permanent vom-fistel. Varmeveksleren består av en 7 m lang kveil av fleksibel plastslange (ytre diameter 10.0 mm, indre diameter 8.0 mm). Ved å perfundere slangen med vann av en bestemt temperatur er det mulig å fjerne eller tilføre kroppen en varmemengde som tilsvarer flere ganger dyrets varmeproduksjon. Vi mener at denne metoden kan tilpasses alle store drøvtyggere.

Potsiin asetettavan låmpotilan muuttajan kåytto suurilla nukkumattomilla elåimillå.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Tutkimuksessa olemme kuvanneet menetelman, jolla voidaan muuttaa nukuttamattoman poron ruumiinlåmpotilaa riippumatta ulkolampotilasta tai siita juokseeko elåin vai ei. Menetelmassa kåytaan yksinkertaista låmpotilan muuttajaa, joka asetetaan elaimeen pysyyan potsifistulan kautta. Låmpotilan muuttaja kasittåa 7 m pitkan muoviletkurullan (letkun halkaisija 10.6 mm, reian halkaisija" 8.0 mmJTTayttåmålla letku tietyn lampoisellå vedella on mahdollista joko laskea tai nostaa ruumiin lampomååråa niin, etta se vastaa moninkertaisesti elaimen omaa låmmontuottoa. Oletamme, etta menetelmåa voidaan kayttaå kaikille suurille mårehtijoille.
Forord - Preface
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

The third yearly conference of Nordic reindeer researcher was organized by Nordic Council for Reindeer Research in Rovaniemi, Finland, October 15-17, 1986. The conference was to a high degree marked by the Chernobyl reactor accident which had caused serious fallout problems to the reindeer industry in Fennoscandia, especially in Norway and Sweden. The conference language was Scandinavian, but a lot of the manuscripts are delivered in English. All presentations and debates on the first day of the conference were recorded on a tape recorder. The reports are partly done by the editor on the basis of these records. The lecturers were given opportunity to correct and accept the reports.
Studier av radioaktivt cesium i svenska renar. Oversikt over pågående undersokningar 1986
Authors: Åhman Gustaf
Published: February 2013

I samband med den forskning och forsöksverksamhet som bedrivits vid renforsöksavdelningen har vi arbetat med metodik och teknik som kan tillämpas vid studier av radioaktivt cesium i renbetesväxter och i renar. På betessidan har vi bl.a. arbetat med kontaminering av tungmetaller från gruvindustrin och nitrat efter kvävegödsling. Omfattande studier har utförts av renens mineralstatus och mineralämnesomsättning. Erfarenheter och kunskaper från dessa områden har utnyttjats for planering och genomförande av de studier som nu pågår beträffande radioaktivt cesium i renbetesväxter och renar.
Reinens hud- og svelgbrems (Oedemagena tarandi L. og Cephenemyia trompe Modeer), økologi og atferd
Authors: Nilssen Arne C. , Anderson John R.
Published: February 2013

Dette forskningsprosjektet på de økonomisk viktige artene for reindriften startet i 1983. Prosjektet er et internasjonalt samarbeid mellom forfatterne og med Økologisk Avdeling ved Universitetet i Tromsø under ledelse av professor Odd Halvorsen. Siktemålet med forskningen er å skaffe grunnleggende kunnskaper om disse to bremseartenes biologi, adferd, fysiologi og epidemiologi. Det ligger videre anvendte perspektiver, især når det gjelder mulighetene for biologisk kontroll, til grunn for prosjektet. Utviklingsfondet for reindrift og Universitetet i Tromsø har støttet prosjektet økonomisk. Feltarbeidet har i hovedsak foregått i Vest¬Finnmark.
Steve G. Fancy; Daily energy budgets of caribou: a simulation approach
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

S.G. Fancy successfully defended his Ph.D. Thesis, «Daily energy budgets of caribou: a simulation approach», at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, on March 12, 1986.
Summer range fidelity of radio-collared caribou in Alaska's Central Arctic Herd
Authors: Cameron R.D. , Whitten K.R. , Smith W.T.
Published: February 2013

Sixty-four adult (2 + years) female caribou (Rangifer tarandus grand), radio-collared in April or May 1975 - 82, were relocated during the following June and/or July within the summer range of the Central Arctic Herd (CAH). Relocations made during the following three summers were used to assess range fidelity. Cumulative relocations of radio-collared females in the Central Arctic region were equivalent to 91% of the projected availability based on transmitter life. A chronological analysis indicates that 98%, 91%, and 82% of radio-collared females were found there one, two, and three years later; most of the progressively lower relocation success is probably attributable to transitter malfunctions rather than emigration. These observations suggest that summer range fidelity of adult females in the CAH is at least 90%, and may approach 100%.
Distribution and habitat use of the Bluenose caribou herd in mid-winter
Authors: Carruthers D. R. , Ferguson S. H. , Jakimchuk R. D. , Sopuck L. G.
Published: February 2013

The mid-winter distribution and densities of the Bluenose caribou herd were compared with previous surveys over six years and were similar in all years except 1981 when exceptionally mild weather prevailed. Differences in group size, distribution and habitat use between sexes were noted in 1983. Caribou were distributed disproportionately to availability of vegetation types and used lakes significantly more than expected based on their occurrence. Male groups used conifer cover more than did female-calf groups which used open areas (lakes, fens, bogs) more than males. Cow-calf groups chose areas with a higher small lake density compared to lake density generally available. Generally caribou preferred habitat between 200 and 300 m in elevation with high densities of lakes less than 1 km2 in size. Snow depths and hardness were greater in most unoccupied habitats than in occupied habitats. Wolves were associated with high densities of cow/calf groups.
Effects of a road system on caribou distribution during calving
Authors: Dau J. R. , Cameron R. D.
Published: February 2013

In winter 1981 - 82, a 29-km road system was built in a high-use caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) calving area near Milne Point, Alaska. Aerial surveys of this area were conducted annually during the calving period for 4 years before and 4 years after road construction. Effects of the road system on the distribution of caribou were investigated by comparing survey data obtained during these two periods. The 41 400-ha study area was partitioned into 40 quadrats; after construction (1982 - 85), significantly fewer caribou were observed within quadrats encompassing the present road system than before construction (1978 - 81). The area within 6 km of the road system was stratified into six 1-km intervals, and differences in the distribution of caribou among those strata were examined using linear regression analysis. After construction, the density of maternal females was positively correlated with distance, whereas no such relationship was apparent before construction. Density of nonmaternal adults was unrelated to distance during both periods. The results suggest that a local displacement of maternal caribou has occurred in response to roads and associated human activity.
Caribou calf deaths from intraspecific strife — a debatable diagnosis
Authors: Miller Frank L. , Gunn Anne
Published: February 2013

led to the deaths of several newborn barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) calves within a short period of time and on a small area. This event took place during calving in June 1958 on the calving ground of the Beverly caribou herd in the Northwest Territories. The lack of other examples of multiple deaths of newborn caribou calves from intraspecific strife and our findings on the same calving ground during a study of calf mortality in June 1981, 1982, and 1983 and a study of cow-calf behaviour in June 1981 and 1982 cause us to question the published explanation. As we rarely saw aggressive behaviour among cows and newborn calves that involved actual physical contact and none that resulted in injury or death and because we found instances of multiple killings of calves by wolves {Canis lupus) we suggest that a probable alternative explanation of the 1958 findings is surplus killing by wolves. Most importantly, only direct observation of an event allows separation of a death caused by injuries due to intraspecific strife from a death caused by accidental injuries.
Effect of adverse weather on neonatal caribou survival — a review
Authors: Miller Frank L. , Gunn Anne
Published: February 2013

This paper reviews the relationship between adverse weather and neonatal caribou (Rangifer tarandus spp.) survival in North America by examining the available literature and our own findings. The viewpoint that adverse weather on the calving ground can result in major losses of newborn barren-ground caribou (R. t. groenlandicus) calves is largely unsupported. Published reports of calf mortality caused by adverse weather are questionable because causes of death were rarely determined by postmortem examinations. Circumstantial evidence associated with the small samples of dead calves does not support published assumptions that the mortality was weather related, or that high losses due to adverse weather are common events. The applicability of results from physiological testing are questionable, because the calves were restrained and the behaviour of unrestrained animals was ignored in the conclusions drawn from the tests. The relationship between adverse weather and calf mortality is more speculation than documentation yet often has been uncritically cited. In our view, healthy newborn barren-ground caribou are well adapted physiologically and behaviourally to cope with all but the most severe adverse weather.
«Pepper's patches» on Rangifer pelage
Authors: Pruitt, Jr. William O. , Pepper Hubert
Published: February 2013

We describe and give frequencies of occurrence of a rarely-mentioned pattern of spots in Rangifer pelage. We also show that the pattern was well-known to Palaeolithic humans who recorded it in their cave art. We also discuss some of the symbolic possibilities resulting from the recognition by Palaeolithic humans of the biological characteristics of the pattern in Rangifer.
Transferrin variation and evolution of Alaskan reindeer and caribou, Rangifer tarandus L.
Authors: Røed Knut H. , Whitten Ken R.
Published: February 2013

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyse transferrin variation in wild caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and domestic reindeer (R.t. tarandus) from Alaska. Eighteen alleles were detected in caribou and ten alleles were detected in reindeer. The most common allele was Tf 1 with a frequency of 0.304 and 0.408 in caribou and reindeer, respectively. The allele frequency distributions were significantly different in reindeer and caribou. This finding, together with the absence in reindeer of nine alleles present in caribou, suggests that little genetic exchange has taken place between caribou and reindeer in Alaska. The allele frequency distribution in Alaska caribou and reindeer are compared with those for other populations of caribou and reindeer. This comparison indicates that Alaskan caribou as well as Eurasian reindeer have evolved from a common ancesteral population different from the ancesteral population of Peary cairbou (R.t. pearyi) and Svalbard reindeer (R.t. platyrhynchus).
Movements of tagged and radio-instrumented wild reindeer in relation to habitat alteration in the Snøhetta region, Norway
Authors: Skogland Terje
Published: February 2013

In winter, 1981, 103 reindeer, out of a population of 3600, were herded into a fence by snowmobiles and marked. During the next 4 1/2 years reindeer were followed from the ground, or by radiolocations from an airplane. On the average one animal was tagged per 42 animals in any group. A total sample of 175 locations in all seasons indicated that snow conditions, traffic on a road lying parallel to a railroad, and the damming of a lake significantly affected annual distribution as compared with expected modern as well as prehistoric distribution.
Mineral absorption in relation to nutritional ecology of reindeer
Authors: Staaland H. , Hove K. , White R. G.
Published: February 2013

This paper addresses the way which absorption of minerals relate to nutritional ecology and mineral conservation processes. A latin square designed experiment was used to assess the effects of diet on mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Na) absorption processes in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.). Three male calves were fed 3 different diets: concentrate with 25% grass meal (RF-71), lichens, and a mixed diet of lichens and RF-71. Two other male calves were fed the lichen or mixed diet, supplemented with 4 g Ca/day. Ca supplementation significantly increased fecal Ca excretion, reduced the excretion of K and Mg, but had no significant effect on Na excretion. Rates of intake and fecal exretion of Ca, Mg and K were highly correlated (P<0.001), while no correlations were found for Na. Negative digestibilities of Ca, Mg and K, and a positive Na digestibility were noted for the lichen diet. For the other diets, all minerals were in positive digestibility, and Ca supplements increased the digestibility of all minerals. Digesta from different sections of the alimentary tract were collected after termination of the experiment. Alimentary pools of Ca and K were equal for animals fed lichen or RF-71, whereas the Na pool was largest on the lichen diet and the Mg pool largest on the RF-71 diet. Rumen turnover time (rumen mineral pool size/daily mineral intake) was consistently less than 3 days for Ca and Mg, but was 22 and 82 days for Na on the RF-71 and lichen diets respectively. Estimates of mineral exchange in various parts of the tract showed that the intestines play and important role in scavanging endogenously secreted minerals. Results are discussed with respect to mineral binding by lichens and the possible role of natural mineral supplements in the nutritional ecology of reindeer.
Antler possession by west Greenland female caribou in relation to population characteristics
Authors: Thing Henning , Olesen Carsten Riis , Aastrup Peter
Published: February 2013

The frequency of antlerless adult female caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) was studied in four separate populations in west Greenland. Between the herds antlerlessness varied from 21% to 79%. An inverse relationship between winter range quality and percentage of unantlered cows is demonstrated. Relationship between calf percentage and maternal antler status was studied in one population and antlerless cows showed higher reproductive rate than antlered ones. In another population antlerless cows were almost absent outside the calving area. Calves of antlerless mothers were more susceptible to diseases and had significantly higher summer mortality than other calves, 42% and 27% respectively. The relative importance of factors influencing antler development under various environmental conditons are assessed and a close relationship between antlerlessness, physical condition, lactation, and length of period between calving and midsummer is discussed.
Calving distribution of Alaska's Steese-Fortymile caribou herd: A case of infidelity?
Authors: Valkenburg Patrick , Davis James L.
Published: February 2013

The Steese-Fortymile caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) herd has changed its calving distribution frequently during the past 30 years. A «traditional» calving area, used for decades, west of the Steese Highway (Preacher Creek) was abandoned after 1963. By the early 1970's, a new calving area had been established 74 km to the southeast in the Birch Creek drainage. This new calving area was abandoned after 1976. From 1977 through 1983, calving occurred in annually variable locations approximately 136 km southeast of the Birch Creek calving area. In 1984, however, the herd again calved in the general vicinity of the Birch Creek calving area. General characteristics of the various calving areas are described, and calving distribution is discussed in relation to herd size, development and disturbance, predator abundance, and other factors. Location of calving in recent years was unpredictable, which warrants reconsidering the merit of protecting only previously important calving grounds.
Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer populations in the USSR
Authors: Baskin Leonid M.
Published: February 2013

The population differences in ecology and behaviour of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus spp.) is closely paralleled by the characteristic features of reindeer husbandry which reveals the close relationship between behaviour and husbandry. The western portion of the reindeer husbandry region in the USSR is vast. The reindeer are maintained on a semi-loose basis; the herd is scattered over the range; the social activity of the reindeer is lower; the herdsmen gather the herd using dogs, the herdsmen migr.ate together with the herd during the summer, grazing the herd in the vicinity of the tent for 2-5 days at a time. In the eastern portion of the region (Yakutia, Chukotka, Kamchatka), the ranges are more restrictive; the reindeer are grazed in a compact mass in summer; their feeding and movement are rigidly regulated; their social activity is high; the herd is gathered in foot without dogs. In summer, herdsmen follow the herd with light tents, the place of grazing being changed almost daily. In the taiga reindeer are raised mostly for transportation, although the hides and meat are also important; the reindeer are bigger, tamer and can be used for riding. The herds are small and the management of them is aimed at retaining the reindeer near home or the camp; migrations are short; often forest reindeer husbandry is of a sedentary nature. Attempts to change the pattern of reindeer husbandry and the methods of herding are not always successful. The harmony of environmental conditons, morphology, physiology, ecology and behaviour of reindeer and methods of husbandry are more easily disrupted than altered.
A note on the manipulation of sodium and potassium concentrations in the rumen of reindeer and the possible effect on digestibility
Authors: Staaland Hans , Garmo Torstein
Published: February 2013

Rumen Na+ and K+ concentrations in reindeer were manipulated by introducing 4 M KC1 or 4 M NaCl into the reindeer rumen. A positive correlation was found between salivary and ruminal concentrations of Na+ and K+. Decreased ruminal Na+ concentrations seemed to decrease dry matter digestibility in nylon bags incubated in the rumen.

Om manipulering av natrium og kalium konsentrasjoner i vomma hos rein og om de mulige effekter på fordøyeligheten.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Na+ og K+ konsentrasjoner i vomma hos rein ble regulert ved å gi reinen 4 M KC1 eller 4 M NaCl direkte i vomma. Det ble funnet en positiv korrelasjon mellom spytt og vomkonsentrasjoner av Na+ og K+. Redusert Na+ konsentrasjon i vomma synes å redusere tørrstoff-fordøyelighet i nylonposer plassert i vomma.

Poron pötsin natrium- ja kaliumkonsentraation kokeellisesta mu-uttamisesta ja tämän mahdollisesta vaikutuksesta sulavuuteen.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Poron potsin natrium- ja kaliumkonsentraatioita muutettiin antamalla 4 M KC1 tai 4 M NaCl suo-raan potsiin. Syljen ja potsin Na ja K -konsentraatioiden vålillå todettiin positiivinen korrelaatio. Alentunut Na -konsentraatio potsisså nåyttåå våhentåvån kuiva-aineen sulavuutta potsiin sijoitetuissa nailonpusseissa.
Radiocesium concentrations in wild reindeer at Dovrefjell, Norway
Authors: Skogland Terje
Published: February 2013

Seasonal radiocesium concentrations varied about 6 times in wild reindeer following the Chernobyl accident, from 8 KBq/kg in August to 46 KBq/kg in March. These results agree with the predictions of earlier models. The within-season coefficient of variation was 52-62%. Between one half and 3/4 of this variation was explained by altitudinal and geographical factors, i.e. a 5-fold increase in concentrations from the westernmost to the easternmost locations across the watershed at Dovrefjell, and a 6-fold increase in concentrations from feeding locations in the subalpine to the high alpine zone in autumn. The positive correlation with altitude was reversed in winter for animals foraging in the subalpine coniferous zone on arboreal lichens.

Radiocesium-konsentrasjoner hos villrein på Dovrefjell, Norge.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Konsentrasjonene»av radiocesium hos villrein gjennom sesongene som fulgte Tsjernobyl-ulykken varierte meget, fra 8 KBq/kg i august til 46 KBq/kg i mars. Disse resultater samsvarer med hva som kunne forutsies i tidlige modeller. Variasjonskoeffisienten innen sesong var 52-62%. Mellom halvdelen og tre fjerdedeler av variasjonen kunne forklares fra høydemessige og geografiske faktorer, d.v.s. en 5-foldig økning i konsentrasjonen fra den vestligste til de østligste lokaliseringer over vannskillet på Dovrefjell og en 6-foldig økning i konsentrasjonene fra beitelokaliseringer fra den subalpine til den høyalpine sone om høsten. Den positive korrelasjon med høyden ble snudd om vinteren for dyr som beitet på skjegglav i den subalpine bar-skogsone.
Artificial feeding and nutritional status of semi-domesticated reindeer during winter
Authors: Nieminen Mauri , Pokka Aune-Sinikka , Heiskari Ulla
Published: February 2013

Three feeding experiments were done during 1980-82 with semi-domesticated reindeer in captivity out of doors in Northern Finland. Calves and adult hinds were fed with lichens (Cladina spp.), hay, dry molasses pulp and other feeds containing different amounts of proteins and other nutrients. The body weight, blood and faecal N were lowest in lichen fed groups. Slightly higher values were measured in groups fed with dry or ground hay, dry molasses pulp, oat bran and commercial feeds.

Poron kunto talvella keimoruokinnalla.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Vuosina 1980-82 tehtiin poroilla tarhaoloissa Pohjois-Suomessa kolme ruokintakoetta. Vasoja ja vaatimia ruokittiin jåkålållå (Cladina spp.), heinållå, melassileikkeellå ja muilla rehuilla, joissa oli eri mååriå valkuaista ja muita ravintoaineita. Porojen elopaino, veriarvot ja ulosteen typpipitoisuus olivat alhaisimmat jåkålållå ruokitulla poroilla. Hieman karkeampia arvoja mitattiin muissa ryhmisså, joita ruokittiin, kuivalla tai jauhetulla heinållå, melassileikkeellå, kaurajauholla ja kaupallisilla rehuilla.

Foring og næringsstatus hos finsk rein gjennom vinteren.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Tre forsøk med foring av rein ble utført i årene 1980-82. Dyrene ble holdt utendørs i innhegning i Nord-Finland. Kalver og voksne simler ble gitt lav (Cladina spp.), høy, tørket melasse-pulp og andre forsor-ter med forskjellig innhold av protein og andre næringsstoffer. Kroppsvekt, blod verdier og total-N-innhold i fæces var lavest i de lav-forede grupper. Litt høyere verdier ble målt i andre grupper som ble gitt vanlig eller malt høy, tørket melasse-pulp, havrekli og kommersielle forsorter.
Research news; The new reindeer research station in Finland
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

The new reindeer research station in Finland After a long planning time, it is now decided to build a reindeer research station in Finland. The station will be situated near Ivalo in Lapland, the northernmost county in Finland. Hopefully it will be completed within 1990. The floor space will be approximately 900 m2 and enclosures will cover more than 200 hectares. Completed, the staff will go up to 17, including 5 research officers who will cover different fields