bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Electrophoretic and Spectroscopic Characterization of Hgb M
Authors: GERALD PARK S.
Published: October 2019

The hemoglobin (hgb) from a patient with Hgb M disease was resolved into two components by starch block electrophoresis (at pH 7.0-7.2) of the oxidized hemolyzate. One component was identified electrophoretically and spectroscopically as Hgb A, and the other as Hgb M. Methods for the determination of the relative concentration of Hgb M were given. In the patient reported, Hgb M was found to comprise approximately 30 per cent of the total hgb.

Spectroscopic studies of electrophoreticably isolated Hgb M demonstrated that both the methgb and the cyanmethgb form were abnormal in their spectral curves. The reactions of the methgb form with low and high concentrations of cyanide were found to differ. The nature of the spectral changes were such as to indicate that some of the heme groups of the methgb form react abnormally and others apparently normally. The electrophoretic behavior of the patient’s hemolyzate after treatment with various combinations of cyanide and ferricyanide was consistent with this hypothesis. The differing reactivity of the heme groups was explained in the light of the biochemical genetics of the abnormal hemoglobins.
Acute Hemolytic Anemia in the Newborn Infant due to Naphthalene Poisoning: Report of Two Cases, with Investigations into the Mechanism of the Disease
Authors: DAWSON JEAN P. , THAYER WILLIAM W. , DESFORGES JANE F. , Manchester Alice C. , Lendraitis Reda
Published: October 2019

1. Two cases of naphthalene hemolytic anemia in the newborn period are reported.

2. Both exhibited glutathione instability upon incubation with acetyl phenylhydrazine and naphthol months to years later. Several members of their families exhibited a similar defect with evidence that it is inherited as a simple dominant.

3. In those individuals with glutathione instability there was deficient TPNH2 generation by their hemolysates in the presence of glucose-6-phosphate and TPN, indicating a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Glutathione reductase activity was normal or decreased.

4. TPNH2-linked reduction of methemoglobin by erythrocyte suspensions in the presence of glucose and methylene blue was also decreased in those subjects tested, a finding consistent with the deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Quantitative Assay of Intrinsic Factor Activity by Urinary Excretion of Radioactive Vitamin B12
Authors: ELLENBOGEN LEON , WILLIAMS WILLIAM L.
Published: October 2019

A technic for assaying consecutively up to 18 intrinsic factor preparations with one pernicious anemia patient is described. The use of repeated flushing doses appeared to have little effect on the respsonse in the urinary excretion test; nine patients were given up to 38 flushing doses of 1 mg. of nonradioactive B12 over a period of 44 days and showed essentially the same response to a standard intrinsic factor preparation at the beginning and end of this period.

The excretion of vitamin B12 in the test increased with increasing amounts of intrinsic factor in each of four different preparations, indicating that large amounts of intrinsic factor did not inhibit absorption. There was no relationship between the urinary excretion values obtained with radioactive B12 alone and the values obtained with radioactive B12 plus standard intrinsic factor in a series of tests on 127 pernicious anemia patients. It appears that total rather than net excretion values are to be preferred in evaluating preparations. Since it has been shown that pernicious anemia patients given intrinsic factor absorb more than 0.5 µg. of radioactive vitamin B12, an oral dose of 2.0 µg. of B12 which allows an absorption of more than 0.5 µg. is preferred in order to extend the range of intrinsic factor test doses that can be assayed.
Studies on Erythropoiesis
Authors: GOLDWASSER EUGENE , JACOBSON LEON O. , FRIED WALTER , PLZAK LOUIS F.
Published: October 2019

Eugene Goldwasser, Leon O. Jacobson, Walter Fried and Louis Plzak: Studies on erythropoiesis. V. The effect of cobalt on the production of erythropoietin. Blood 13:55-60 (January), 1958.

On page 57, beginning with line 5, the text should read as follows: storage site of the hormone may be stimulated to discharge its content of erythropoietin, or the site of synthesis may he stimulated for a short time to produce the factor at …
Some Observations on Blood Factors RhA, RhB and RC of the Rh-Hr Blood Group System
Authors: UNGER LESTER J. , WIENER ALEXANDER S.
Published: October 2019

The complex serologic behavior of the Rh-Hr agglutinogens has been underlined by the recent discovery that, with very rare exceptions, associated with blood factor Rho of Rh-positive blood, there are numerous other blood factors which may be designated RhA, RhB, RhC, etc. Rare Rh-positive individuals exist whose bloods have blood factor Rho but lack one or more of the other components. Such individuals can and have become sensitized to the missing blood factor. For example, in the case of an Rh-positive individual lacking blood factor RhA, anti-RhA may be produced. When RhB and/or RhC are lacking, anti-RhB and anti-RhC may be produced. In fact, we have identified all three antibodies. These three antiserums are indistinguishable from "standard" anti-Rho serum in parallel tests on a random series of blood specimens unless one of the rare Rh-positive bloods lacking blood factor RhA, RhB or RhC are included.

In the present paper, anti-RhA serum from a sensitized type $$Word$$ mother whose child had erythroblastosis was used for studies on the distribution and heredity of the RhA blood factor. A total of 2012 blood specimens from Rho-positive individuals were tested; 951 from Caucasoids and 918 from Negroids. In tests on blood from Caucasoids, a "standard" Rho blood factor was invariably associated with a "standard" RhA blood factcr. In no instance where the reactions with anti-Rho serums were typical was the RhA factor absent or a variant. However, if the Rho factor was a variant, three possibilities with regard to factor RhA were identified. Either factor RhA was "standard," or factor RhA was a variant, or factor RhA was absent. This last possibility rarely occurs in Caucasoids since in our series only one Caucasoid blood or 0.1 per cent lacked RhA blood factor and in that case the Rho factor was a variant.

Among the 918 Rh-positive blood specimens from Negroids examined the situation was found to be somewhat different. While a "standard" Rho blood factor was almost always associated with a "standard" RhA blood factor, in 0.9 per cent the RhA factor was absent. Among blood specimens with a Rho variant blood factor, just as with Caucasoids, all three possibilities were identified, namely, bloods with "standard" RhA blood factor, with RhA variant blood factor and also bloods with blood factor RhA absent. The incidence of Rh-positive bloods lacking factor RhA was considerably higher among Negroids than among Caucasoids, namely, 1.6 per cent in Negroids, as compared with only 0.1 per cent in Caucasoids.

One interesting family was studied. The father’s blood had the "standard" Rho blood factor, but lacked the RhA component (type $$Word$$). The mother’s blood had the Rho variant blood factor, and also lacked blood factor RhA (type $$Word$$). The child’s blood was of the same type as its mother, namely, Rho variant and lacking blood factor RhA (type $$Word$$). Possible genetic explanations for these observations and their clinical significance are discussed.
Nutritional Megaloblastic Anemia Associated with Sickle Cell States
Authors: JONSSON ULFAR , ROATH O. STUART , KIRKPATRICK CHARLOTTE I. F.
Published: October 2019

Three patients with megaloblastic anemia complicating sickle cell anemia or sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease are reported. Previously reported cases of megaloblastic anemia in patients with pre-existing hemolytic anemia are reviewed. It is concluded that the megaloblastic blood formation in such patients may be due to excessive need for folic acid or vitamin B12.
Studies on the Genetics of Leukocyte Antigens
Authors: LALEZARI PARVIZ , SPAET THEODORE H.
Published: October 2019

A panel of sera with leukoagglutinin activity was obtained from patients who had received multiple blood transfusions. Leukocytes of identical twins presented identical reaction patterns when tested against these sera, although no two unrelated subjects had identical leukocytes. None of the sera had identical reaction patterns with a panel of leukocytes from different subjects. Family studies failed to identify specific leukocyte antigens. It is concluded that there is a multiplicity of leukocyte antigens and that these are not related to erythrocyte antigens. The data suggest that febrile transfusion reactions in patients with leukoagglutinins may be avoided by use of bloods with compatible leukocytes.
Lymph Node Reactivity. I. Non-Cancer Patients
Authors: BLACK MAURICE M. , SPEER FRANCIS D.
Published: October 2019

A study is made of the structure of lymph nodes removed at autopsy and at the time of surgery from patients with non-neoplastic diseases. The lymph node structure is evaluated by means of H&E and ammoniacal silver staining. A variety of recognizable patterns are identified and designated as: control, non-immune phagocytosis, recognition, reactive, immune SH and degenerative syncytial histiocytosis. The findings are discussed in terms of antigen-induced reactivity and antibody synthesis.
The Influence of Chemotherapy on Survival in Acute Leukemia
Authors: HAUT ARTHUR , ALTMAN STANLEY J. , WINTROBE M. M. , CARTWRIGHT G. E.
Published: October 2019

The longevity, reckoned from the symptomatic onset of acute leukemia as well as from the initiation of treatment, of a group of 89 cases including children and adults, treated in this clinic since March, 1954, was found to exceed that of a similar group of 78 patients treated in preceding years in the same clinic. The median survival of all cases considered as a unit was increased from three to six months, as measured from the date treatment was begun. The change was found to be statistically significant as well as clinically important. The longer survival found in the 1954-57 series correlated with the greater use of three, rather than only two, chemotherapeutic agents.

On analysis, improved survival was statistically proven only for individuals with lymphoblastic leukemia; for these, the median survival was 10 months after the symptomatic onset of leukemia and 7½ months after the start of treatment. Within this group, there was an even greater improvement for those whose leukocyte values immediately prior to the initiation of therapy were less than 10,000 per cu.mm.; half of these patients lived more than 12 months after treatment was begun. The reason for the exceptional longevity of patients with the lower pre-treatment leukocyte values is unknown. It appears that one can attribute at least part of the improvement to therapy.

The type of statistical analysis used presents the minimum figures for improvement in median survival. When the ultimate longevity is known for the 17 per cent of the cases surviving at the closing date of the study an additional small increment may be found.

The relative inefficacy of chemotherapy in myeloblastic leukemia should be a signal for greater screening of new agents in this type of tumor.
Serum Lactic Dehydrogenase and Serum Transaminase in Human Leukemia
Authors: MAGILL GORDON B. , WROBLEWSKI FELIX , LADUE JOHN S.
Published: October 2019

1. Serum lactic dehydrogenase (SLD) was measured in 66 patients with leukemia. Elevated levels were observed in 23 (77 per cent) of 30 adults with acute leukemia; in 7 (70 per cent) of 10 children with acute leukemia; in 15 (94 per cent) of 16 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, and in 6 (60 per cent) of 10 subjects with chronic lymphatic leukemia.

2. The degree of SLD elevation appeared to be significantly greater in the chronic myelocytic than in the chronic lymphatic group.

3. Serial determinations of SLD were performed for periods of from 1 to 82 weeks in 55 patients, of whom 43 had elevated levels at one time or another. Fair to good correlation between SLD and conventional parameters of leukemic activity was noted in 7 (33 per cent) of adult acute leukemias; in 2 (40 per cent) of child leukemias; in 8 (67 per cent) of chronic myelocytic leukemias; and in 1 (20 per cent) of the chronic lymphatic group.

4. Possible sources of enzymes are discussed. At the present time the mechanism of SLD elevation in leukemia remains an unsolved problem.

5. Serum transaminase (SGOT) levels were studied in 61 subjects. Levels greater than 100 units were seen in only 8 patients, of whom 7 had either viral or toxic hepatitis and 1 had terminal septicemia. Other types of liver impairment, including leukemic infiltration, were associated with normal or slightly elevated SGOT.
Recovery of Blood Group Antibodies from Erythrocyte Powder
Authors: MILGROM FELIX , ORELLANA CARLOS , LAYRISSE MIGUEL
Published: October 2019

A powder from dried human erythrocyte stromata was prepared to determine whether normal autoantibodies could be recovered from unsensitized erythrocyte powder and to study some of the properties of anti-A, anti-B and anti-Rho(D) antibodies recovered from sensitized powder.

Twenty-five samples of unsensitized erythrocyte powder of all ABO blood groups were tested. The amount of eluted powder was as great as 200 mg., representing about 25 ml. of packed red cells. In no instance could antibody be detected in the eluates. This negative finding could be explained in three ways: by lack of antibody production, in disagreement with Landsteiner’s rule; by neutralization of antibody by a corresponding antigen before it reached the circulation; or by immediate elimination of sensitized erythrocytes from the circulation.

The eluate of A erythrocyte powder sensitized with O serum agglutinated both A and B red cells. After neutralization with A polysaccharides, the anti-A antibody disappeared and anti-B remained. These experiments appear to support the theory of the multispecific character of natural antibodies.

Rh-positive erythrocyte powder was sensitized with an incomplete anti-D (anti-Rho) serum and eluted in saline. The eluate did not agglutinate Rhpositive cells, but sensitized them for the action of Coombs’ serum. The mixture of Coombs’ serum with the eluate also produced agglutination of Rh-positive cells. These phenomena are explained as being due to the lack of or the very small amount of ballast proteins in the saline eluate.
Plasma Copper and Iron Levels and Plasma Paraphenylene Diamine Oxidase Activity (Plasma Copper Oxidase Activity) in Kwashiorkor
Authors: REIFF B. , SCHNIEDEN H.
Published: October 2019

1. The plasma copper and iron levels, the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration and the total plasma protein concentration were significantly lower in patients with kwashiorkor than in controls of the same age group.

2. There was a significant diminution in total circulating copper in the kwashiorkor patients.

3. Paraphenylene diamine oxidase activity was lower in the patients with kwashiorkor than in controls, indicating that there is a diminution in the level of the active group of ceruloplasmin which contains copper.

4. Whether the low plasma copper found is due to dietary deficiency, to malabsorption of copper, or whether it is secondary to inadequate protein intake is discussed.
A Quantitative Method for Measuring the Gastrointestinal Absorption of Iron
Authors: BONNET JOHN D. , HAGEDORN ALBERT B. , OWEN CHARLES A.
Published: October 2019

A simple test is proposed for evaluating the gastrointestinal absorption of iron. It begins with an oral dose of 50 µg. of stable iron labeled with 1 µc. of Fe59, to which about 300 mg. of ascorbic acid are added. Feces are assayed for Fe59 until any single stool contains less than 1 per cent of the dose. Absorption is determined on the assumption that all unrecovered Fe59 has been absorbed. The test was designed to minimize handling of stools by assaying whole specimens, and this process has the added virtue of increasing statistical accuracy of the measurement of radioactivity.

The main advantage of the procedure using a 50 µg. dose is that with it one obtains a normal value for absorption which is about one-half of the dose. This permits measurement of either increased or decreased iron absorption.

With our standard test method, 19 normal women absorbed an average of 62 per cent of the dose and 22 normal men absorbed 40 per cent. In addition to this sex difference, not explained by the difference in their blood hemoglobin levels, there seemed to be a tendency toward reduced absorption with greater age.

Preliminary results of this test in patients with hypochromic anemia and steatorrhea are reported.

Increased absorption of iron followed the administration of ascorbic acid whether the iron was in the ferric or the ferrous form. The concept that ferrous iron is better absorbed by man requires re-evaluation.
Proteases of Human Leukocytes
Authors: MOUNTER L. A. , ATIYEH WASFI
Published: October 2019

Cell extracts possessing considerable proteolytic activity have been obtained from human leukocytes by ultrasonic breakdown or by treatment with surface active agents. Three proteolytic enzymes are present; one with an optimum at approximately pH 8 is inhibited by organophosphorus compounds and resembles chymotrypsin. This enzyme is derived from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lymphocytes contain two proteases with pH optima of 3.0 and 5.5, respectively.
Certain Aspects of Glycine and Histidine Metabolism in Patients with Sprue
Authors: BUTTERWORTH C. E. , SOLER JOSE , SANTINI RAFAEL , PEREZ-SANTIAGO ENRIQUE
Published: October 2019

1. The administration of serine to seven patients with megaloblastic anemia due to sprue produced a suboptimal but definite reticulocytosis in four, and an equivocal reticulocyte elevation in two. It is believed that serine served as a formylating agent, leading to the formation of CF from THFA. Two subjects excreted normal quantities of folic acid in the urine during serine therapy.

2. The administration of histidine to one patient led to an excessive urinary excretion of FIGLU. Three other subjects with sprue excreted increased amounts of FIGLU in the urine without a prior loading dose of histidine.

3. Since the folic acid co-factors concerned with glycine and serine metabolism appear to function adequately in sprue patients, and since similar co-factors are concerned with histidine metabolism, the urinary excretion of FIGLU by these patients suggests an abnormality of the enzyme which converts FIGLU to glutamic acid (FIGLU transferase). Further studies will be necessary to clarify this inference.

4. The findings are discussed, and the view that folic acid may have a "pharmacologic" effect in certain forms of megaloblastic anemia is considered.
Leukemia in Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Survivors
Authors: HEYSSEL ROBERT , BRILL A. BERTRAND , WOODBURY LOWELL A. , NISHIMURA EDWIN T. , GHOSE TARUNENDU , HOSHINO TAKASHI , YAMASAKI MITSURU
Published: October 2019

The incidence of leukemia is higher among those closely exposed than among those more remote from the hypocenter. This increase was first manifest approximately three years following exposure. It apparently reached its peak between the years 1950 and 1952. Thereafter, the incidence has been diminishing, but 13 years after exposure it is still higher than would be expected in the general population. The type of leukemia most increased in incidence is the chronic granulocytic variety. No apparent difference in the natural history of the specific types of leukemia in exposed and nonexposed Japanese has been observed. Preliminary analyses of the data show a linear relation between dose of radiation and incidence of leukemia above 50 to 100 rad. Below this dose, the shape of the curve is not certain.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: The Role of Antibodies in the Diagnostic Thrombin Test
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. , BENJAMIN NAOMI R.
Published: October 2019

1. The thrombin test for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) consists in the demonstration that PNH hemolysis in vitro is increased by the addition of a small amount of thrombin. This ability of thrombin is not substantially changed by preliminary removal of the heterophil antibodies which are present in commercial preparations of bovine thrombin, provided the test is performed in the way it was originally described.

2. Dilution of the serum with saline and the addition of imidazole buffer abolish the phenomenon of thrombin enhancement of PNH hemolysis.

3. Certain commercial thrombin preparations contain additives which inactivate the PNH hemolytic system. These materials are unsuitable for use in the thrombin test.
A Polysaccharide Component in the Vascular Lesions of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: MOORE RICHARD D. , SCHOENBERG MELVIN D.
Published: October 2019

Four cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura have been used in this study. The typical vascular lesions associated with this syndrome were present in all instances. They consistently disclosed an accumulation of acidic polysaccharide similar to chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronic acid. This is presented as further evidence for a primary alteration of the vessel walls in this disease.
The Effects of Concentrated Eluted Anti-Red Blood Cell Antibodies on the in Vivo Survival of Normal Red Blood Cells
Authors: CULP NEIL W. , CHAPLIN HUGH
Published: October 2019

1. A method has been described for the preparation and sterilization of a concentrated eluate from human red cell stroma.

2. Red cells sensitized by such an eluate prepared from normal control red cells showed entirely normal in vivo survival, as did cells sensitized by eluate from anti-H coated cells.

3. Sensitization of red cells by concentrated eluates from a patient with Coombs-negative acquired hemolytic anemia and from a patient with Coombs-positive acquired hemolytic anemia did not cause significant alteration in the in vivo survival of the red cells.

4. Red cells sensitized by the concentrated eluate from anti-D sensitized cells disappeared from the recipient’s circulation very rapidly and were sequestered in the spleen, indicating preservation of the physiologic properties of the antibody throughout the elution, concentration and sterilization procedures.
The Good Factor as a Possible Cause of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: FRUMIN ABRAHAM M. , PORTER MARY MCKEE , EICHMAN MARY F.
Published: October 2019

A new human blood factor is described for which the name Good is proposed. The Good factor has not been found in 1703 blood specimens thus far tested, whereas the antibody has been found in five instances. The anti-Good antibody is a gamma globulin of the 7 S class, active at 22 and 37 C., both in saline and albumin.
Analysis of Fibrinolysis by the Use of Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid: Preliminary Report
Authors: FUKUTAKE KATSUHIRO , SHIDA KEIJI , ARAKAWA TOYOME , KATO KATSUJI
Published: October 2019

From the foregoing analysis of the inhibitory action of ε-aminocaproic acid in the fibrinolytic process, it is evident that the process involves two reaction phases, fibrinolysis and metafibrinolysis.

Fibrinolysopeptide and metafibrin are split off from fibrin in fibrinolysis. The former is a peptide with N-terminal glycine, while the latter is a monochloracetic acid-soluble metaprotein having both aspartic acid and tyrosine as N-terminal amino acids.
Megaloblastic Anemia of Pregnancy: Characteristics of Pure Megaloblastic Anemia and Megaloblastic Anemia Associated with Iron Deficiency
Authors: LAYRISSE MIGUEL , AGUERO OSCAR , BLUMENFELD NORMA , WALLIS HENRY , DUGARTE IRIS , OJEDA ADELINA
Published: October 2019

Morphology of the peripheral blood and bone marrow, iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 metabolism and estimation of erythrokinetics have been made in 17 patients with megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.

The peripheral blood showed the classic picture of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy previously reported. Nine cases exhibited megaloblastic series in the marrow and 8 cases intermediate megaloblastic series.

Folic acid malabsorption was observed in 12 cases. The malabsorption was still present after remission in 6 of 7 cases studied. Folic acid induced complete or partial remission in all the cases but one. In cases with partial remission iron deficiency anemia developed and responded adequately to iron therapy.

The average of the serum level of vitamin B12 showed a diminution of approximately 39 per cent below normal level. Normal pregnant women belonging to the same social condition of the patients and well-to-do pregnant women showed the same reduction.

The erythrokinetics demonstrated that megaloblastic hyperplasia and iron turnover values do not correlate with the reticulocyte count. This indicates that the marrow activity was ineffective in terms of red cell production. This marrow dysfunction was associated with an increased rate of red cell destruction: approximately 4 times normal.

The clinical and laboratory data collected suggest the division of megaloblastic anemia cf pregnancy into two types: pure megaloblastic anemia of pregancy, and megaloblastic anemia associated with iron deficiency. The morphologic characteristics, the amount of hemosiderin contained in the bone marrow, the reticulocyte count, plasma iron, T ½ plasma iron clearance, plasma iron turnover, and response to treatment may permit one to separate one type from another.
Busulfan Therapy in Myeloid Metaplasia
Authors: OISHI NOBORU , SWISHER SCOTT N. , TROUP STANLEY B.
Published: October 2019

1. Seven patients with myeloid metaplasia, massive splenomegaly and hypermetabolism were treated with busulfan in eight courses of therapy. In each instance, reduction in spleen size and improvement of symptoms occurred.

2. The total dose of busulfan in five of the cases ranged between 212 and 290 mg. Three of the patients developed leukopenia of moderate degree necessitating discontinuance of drug therapy.

3. It would appear that initial and maintenance doses of busulfan should be lower in patients with myeloid metaplasia than the doses customarily used in the treatment of patients with chronic myclocytic leukemia.
Toxic Porphyria
Authors: CETINGIL ARIF I. , ÖZEN MUHLIS A.
Published: October 2019

1. Numerous cases of porphyria of the "cutanea tarda" type were observed recently in the southeastern districts of Turkey. The toxic agents appear to have been fungicides, including two mercury compounds together with hexachlorobenzol which were added to seed wheat. The disease did not appear in peasants who did not consume this seed wheat. There were no indications of buckwheat toxicity; furthermore, this seed is not cultivated in Turkey.

Six of the affected patients were treated in our clinic.

2. Clinically the patients presented cachexia, bullae, hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis, i.e., skin lesions of the cutanea tarda type of porphyria. There were no cases of splenomegaly, and no abdominal or neurologic signs.

3. The patients were found to have an organic and functional liver disease. No suprarenal cortical dysfunction was recorded. X-rays of the bones were normal. No signs of hemolysis were present. Bone marrow studies revealed slight normoblastic hyperplasia.

4. Urinary porphobilinogen was repeatedly found to be negative. Urinary and fecal uroporphyrin 1 and coproporphyin 111 were present in excess. The fecal excretion of coproporphyrin 111 was greater than that of uroporphyrin 1, whereas in the urine the relation was reversed. The bone marrow content of porphyrin was not increased. No fluorescence was recorded in the fresh unstained blood smears by fluorescence microscopy.

5. Our cases had the clinical and laboratory findings consistent with the cutanea tarda type of porphyria.

6. The advanced and severe alteration of our patients' porphyrin metabolism may not be reversible. Although the bullae disappeared during their hospital residence, the excessive porphyrin excretion was still present on their departure from the clinic.

7. For therapy, the patients were given a high caloric diet of protein rich food and treated with liver extracts, vitamin B1, B2, B12 and whole B-complex preparations. We can express no opinion as to the value of this treatment.
Erythropoietic Response to Anemia or Erythropoietin Injection in Uremic Rats With or Without Functioning Renal Tissue
Authors: REISSMANN KURT R. , NOMURA TAKEO , GUNN RICHARD W. , BROSIUS FRANK
Published: October 2019

Ureter-ligated rats, whose blood urea nitrogen concentration equalled that of nephrectomized animals, responded nearly like normal controls to bleeding or phenylhydrazine anemia, and erythropoietin was demonstrated in their plasma. This eliminates the urea retention as a depressing factor of erythropoiesis in uremia.

Bilaterally nephrectomized or mercury-bichloride poisoned rats did not respond significantly to anemic stimuli. No erythropoietin was found in the plasma of bled or phenylhydrazine-poisoned nephrectomized rats. The injection of erythropoietin produced significant increases in the erythropoiesis of nephrectomized or mercury-bichloride poisoned rats, but the response was substantially smaller than in ureter-ligated or sham-operated animals.

The presence of funtioning renal (tubular) tissue appears to be necessary for a normal erythropoietic response. Renal formation of erythropoietin with a rapid normal turnover, or the accumulation of an inhibitor, distinct from urea and normally inactivated by the kidneys, are discussed as possible mechanisms.
Catheptic Activity of Leukocytes in Normal and Leukemic Subjects
Authors: FRAENKEL-CONBAT J. , CHEW W. B.
Published: October 2019

1. A method has been described for the determination of the catheptic activity of leukocytes.

2. The catheptic activity of the leukocytes of normal and leukemic individuals has been investigated.

3. The leukocytes from all cases of untreated lymphatic leukemia, either chronic or acute, show lower catheptic activity than the leukocytes from any of the untreated myelogenous leukemias, either chronic or acute; the values for normal cases ranged between these two classes with much overlap.

See PDF for Table

4. The lymphocyte fractions separated from the blood of normal subjects possess essentially the same catheptic activity as the total unfractionated leukocyte populations.

5. An attempt to isolate granulocytes from the blood of normal subjects for separate analysis was not successful.
The Role of Haptoglobin in the Clearance and Distribution of Extracorpuscular Hemoglobin
Authors: MURRAY ROBERT K. , CONNELL GEORGE E. , PERT JAMES H.
Published: October 2019

Free hemoglobin is cleared from the plasma of the rabbit significantly faster than the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. This difference can be partly attributed to the fact that free hemoglobin passes readily through the renal glomerulus whereas the complex is too large to pass through. The liver is the principal organ of hemoglobin-haptoglobin catabolism.

In the nephrectomized rabbit hemoglobin is cleared from the plasma significantly faster than the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex, and both molecules are catabolized in the same organs, principally the liver. The iron of both hemoglobin and the complex is rapidly recirculated to the bone marrow via transferrin.
Platelet and Fibrinogen Survival in Normal and Abnormal States of Coagulation
Authors: ADELSON EDWARD , RHEINGOLD JACK J. , PARKER OLIVE , BUENAVENTURA AMPERO , CROSBY WILLIAM H.
Published: October 2019

1. Platelet and fibrinogen survival have been studied by isotope tagging in normal and abnormal states of coagulation in humans and dogs.

2. By our technic, the normal curve of platelet survival is exponential. Evidence is given that such a curve is obtained because of random utilization of the platelets in the continuous process of coagulation.

3. In the postoperative subject and in the subject receiving epinephrine injections, platelet survival is shortened because the process of coagulation is speeded up. In the hypocoagulable, the curve of platelet survival becomes more nearly linear because random platelet destruction ceases.

4. When a massive thrombus forms, platelet survival is shortened. Evidence is given that this may be due to escape of thrombin from the clot into the systemic circulation—with a resultant hypercoagulable state.

5. Fibrinogen survival was not altered in those states in which increased platelet utilization occurred. This is explained by the theory that the alteration in the hemostatic mechanism had not penetrated to the fibrinogen-fibrin stage.

6. Hypercoagulability is defined as that state in which platelet utilization is accelerated—whether or not thrombosis occurs.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Platelets
Authors: WURZEL HAROLD , MCCREARY THOMAS , BAKER LIESEL , GUMERMAN LEWIS
Published: October 2019

The concentration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was found to be 150-350 units per billion platelets in 52 normal individuals. In 21 of 27 patients with thrombocytopenia the enzyme was found in normal concentrations.

Of the six cases showing thrombocytopenia with lowered enzyme concentration, five were examples of acute leukemia and one of disseminated lupus erythematosus.

In three individuals with "primaquine sensitive" erythrocytes the defect in the platelet G-6-PD was also present.

The significance of the lowered enzyme activity in the six patients with thrombocytopenia is not known.
The Diego Factor in a Puerto Rican Family: A Case of Anti-Diego
Authors: VAN PEENEN HUBERT J. , SCUDDER JOHN , JACK JAMES A. , AWER ERIKA
Published: October 2019

The Diego blood group factor was shown to be present in a family of Puerto Ricans. 609 other Puerto Ricans were Diego negative.

The fourth reported case of anti-Diego is presented. The antibody was unusual in that it was discovered incidentally and did not cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Histochemical Demonstration of Diaphorases and Dehydrogenases in Normal Human Leukocytes and Platelets
Authors: BALOGH KAROLY , COHEN RICHARD B.
Published: October 2019

A method for the cytochemical demonstration of oxidative enzyme activity in the white cells and platelets of peripheral blood is described. The technic depends upon the reduction of a colorless ditetrazolium salt to a blue granular insoluble diformazan at the site of enzyme activity. Identification of the cells is accomplished by phase microscopy thus avoiding the deleterious effects of fixation and counterstaining. The distribution of oxidative enzyme activity in normal peripheral blood as observed by this method is discussed.
Studies on Homologous Bone Marrow Transplantation in Irradiated Rabbits
Authors: PIOMELLI SERGIO , BROOKE MARCUS S.
Published: October 2019

White New Zealand rabbits were exposed to 1100 r as a split dose of 600 r followed 24 hours later by 500 r and transplanted with fresh or frozen, lyophilized, sonicated homologous bone marrow. Fresh marrow was infused 24 hours or 72 hours after x-irradiation. All these animals received antibiotics and, in addition, another group received antibiotics only. Donors were females differing, on the basis of Cohen’s HgADF allelomorphic system for erythrocytes, from the recipient males. It was therefore possible to follow the success of the graft qualitatively by the occurrence of female heterophil leukocytes, and semiquantitatively by the presence of donor erythrocytes in the circulation of the recipient. Complete correlation between these two parameters did not occur: sometimes leukocytes, sometimes erythrocytes, and sometimes both elements of the donor were found in the circulation of the recipient. If animals retained their graft, complete repopulation with donor erythrocytes occurred at about the tenth week postirradiation and transplantation. The number of donor leukocytes present in the blood of the chimeras suggested a mixed population.

Not only were the grafts often incomplete but in many instances they were not permanent. Initially, all but one animal had a successful graft, but of the 18 animals which had received fresh marrow and survived at least 12 weeks 12 retained their graft.

Much better results in terms of permanent takes were obtained when the marrow was infused 24 hours, rather than 72 hours, after x-irradiation. Nonviable marrow had no protective effect, whereas antibotics did decrease the mortality.

An immune hemolytic anemia was shown to be part of the secondary disease syndrome. Antibodies specific to stored recipient erythrocytes were found in the sera of all chimeras between the third and seven weeks after transplantation. When donor erythrocytes were used, the test was positive on only 3 animals. These 3 animals died between the third and eighth weeks postirradiation with secondary disease. When stored recipient erythrocytes were thawed, labeled with Cr51, and infused into chimeras three or four weeks after irradiation and transplantation, they had in every case a greatly shortened half-life commensurate with a hemolytic anemia. Donor erythrocytes were infused into other chimeras and in all but one instance had a normal half-life. It is suggested that all rabbit chimeras develop secondary disease to some extent, as indicated by a weight loss and fall in hematocrit, but that the situation is not necessarily fatal, except when recovery of the host’s immune mechanism occurs in the presence of a graft which is actively producing antibodies against the host.
Brief Note: Hemoglobin S in Eti-Turks and the Allewits in Lebanon
Authors: AKSOY MUZAFFER
Published: October 2019

(1) The incidence of sickling among 966 people belonging to the Eti-Turk community in southern Turkey was found to be 16.8 per cent.

(2) Among the Allewits living in Lebanon—who are considered to have the same racial background as the Eti-Turks—the incidence of sickling was only 4 per cent.
Electron Microscopic Study of Leukocytes in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: PAEGLE ROLAND D.
Published: October 2019

(1). Leukocytes from eight patients with infectious mononucleosis, one with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and from three normal individuals were examined with the light and the electron microscope.

(2). Most of the mononuclear cells in infectious mononucleosis belonged to the lymphocytic series.

(3). Mitochondria in lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis were generally larger and more varied in appearance than those from normal individuals and from the patient with leukemia.

(4). Although there was some variation in the density of the cytoplasm, number of PNA granules, and appearance of the mitochondria, the differences were insufficient to justify an electron microscopic classification of lymphocytes as atypical or typical, as is possible with Wright-stained smears in light microscopy.

(5). Different forms of granules and inclusions in leukocytes were shown and their possible significance discussed.

(6). Electron dense deposits in channels interpreted as endoplasmic reticulum were demonstrated in some neutrophils.
Studies of a Patient with Selective Deficiency in Absorption of Vitamin B12
Authors: COLLE E. , GREENBERG L. , KRIVIT WILLIAM
Published: October 2019

A 2 year old girl with a megaloblastic anemia secondary to B12 deficiency was presented. The mechanism appeared to be a specific inability to absorb vitamin B12 from the small bowel in the absence of any other functional disability.

Evidence of absorption of vitamin B12 was obtained when intestinal juice from a normal patient was administered with the test dose of vitamin B12. This evidence consisted of (1) an increased urinary excretion of the test dose (positive Schilling test), (2) a decreased fecal excretion of the labelled B12 and (3) the presence of significant counts over the liver (positive Glass test).

A generalized malabsorption can only be totally and absolutely disproven by testing over many years. It is considered more probable, however, that this patient lacks an intestinal factor required for the absorption of vitamin B12.
A Case of Juvenile Pernicious Anemia : Study of the Effects of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Authors: CLEMENT DAVID H. , NICHOL CHARLES A. , WELCH ARNOLD D.
Published: October 2019

David H. Clement, Charles A. Nichol and Arnold D. Welch: A case of juvenile pernicious anemia: Study of the effects of folic acid and vitamin B12. Blood 17:618-631 (May), 1961.

On page 625, the footnote to figure 3 should begin "Indicates …"

On page 628, the first sentence which begins in the text under table 1 should read: "Furthermore, recent evidence obtained from the study of the formation from homocysteine of its methylated derivative, methionine, suggests that vitamin B12 may be involved in the formation or utilization of a derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid.20,21"
A Syndrome Resembling Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency Associated with Long Term Busulfan (Myleran) Therapy
Authors: KYLE ROBERT A. , SCHWARTZ ROBERT S. , OLINER HERMAN L. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM
Published: October 2019

Four patients who developed a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperpigmentation of the skin, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia and nausea while on long-term treatment with busulfan were described. The etiology of the disorder, although clearly related to the busulfan therapy, is obscure, but may be related to "dethiolation".
Anemia with Positive Direct Coombs' Test Induced by Trypan Blue
Authors: BROWN DAVID V. , BOEHNI EVA M. , NORLIND LORNA M.
Published: October 2019

An anemia with a positive direct and indirect Coombs' test was induced in Wistar strain rats by injection of the dye trypan blue. The anemia was characterized by a shortened red cell survival time, increased osmotic fragility and reticulocytosis. There was an associated leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The positive Coombs' tests were regarded as a nonimmunologic phenomena and attributed to the protein binding properties of the dye. Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy were constant findings in the anemic animals. Splenectomy did not alter the course of the anemia. The pathway of erythrocyte destruction was thought to involve the sequestration and destruction of protein coated cells in the spleen, lymph nodes and liver.
Abnormal ("Ringed") Sideroblasts in Various Hematologic and Non-Hematologic Disorders
Authors: BOWMAN WARREN D.
Published: October 2019

Seventy-six patients with various hematologie and nonhematologic conditions were studied to determine the incidence of sideroblasts containing excessive numbers of Prussian-blue positive granules arranged in a ring around the nucleus. Large numbers of these cells were found in "refractory, normoblastic anemia," a condition characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, and in certain infections. They also could be produced by nitrogen mustard. Aside from this, they were found in small to moderate numbers in a wide variety of conditions, and no conclusions could be drawn.
Studies on Iron Absorption. I. The Relationships Between the Rate of Erythropoiesis, Hypoxia and Iron Absorption
Authors: MENDEL GERALD A.
Published: October 2019

(1) Evidence is presented that the augmentation of iron absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract produced by hypoxia can occur independently of acceleration of erythropoiesis.

(2) It is demonstrated that the hormone erythropoietin is capable of enhancing iron absorption; and that this property of erythropoietin is indirect, being dependent on acceleration of erythropoiesis.

(3) An experimental model for the study of those factors that affect iron absorption and are independent of increased red cell production is presented.
Functional Cytology of the Human Basophil in Allergic and Physiologic Reactions: Technic and Atlas
Authors: SHELLEY WALTER B. , JUHLIN LENNART
Published: October 2019

(1) A simple method is described for the rapid liquid fixation, concentration and staining of the blood basophil in man and in experimental animals.

(2) Morphologic alterations in basophils have been illustrated and a technic of classifying them has been presented.
Determination of Lymphocyte Turnover by Continuous Infusion of H3 Thymidine
Authors: LITTLE J. R. , BRECHER GEORGE , BRADLEY T. R. , ROSE S.
Published: October 2019

The use of an osmotic pump for continuous infusion of H3 thymidine in rats is described. Estimates of turnover times of cells in the peripheral blood are 4 days for granulocytes, 60 days for large lymphocytes and in excess of 100 days for small lymphocytes. These turnover times include initial delay in release or maturation after the last mitosis in the marrow or nodes, and any time spent outside the circulation prior to final disappearance of a given cell from the peripheral blood. The data exclude reutilization as an explanation for the observed longevity of lymphocytes.
Studies on Congenital Hemolytic Syndromes. IV. Gastrointestinal Absorption of Iron
Authors: ERLANDSON MARION E. , WALDEN BEATRICE , STERN GERTRUDE , HILGARTNER MARGARET W. , WEHMAN JACQUELINE , SMITH CARL H.
Published: October 2019

1. Results of studies of gastrointestinal absorption of ferrous iron in normal children and those with heterozygous thalassemia were similar.

2. In one patient with absent erythropoiesis but severe anemia, no increase in the amount of iron absorbed was noted.

3. In sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease and hereditary spherocytosis having only slight anemia in the presence of increased erythropoiesis, normal amounts of iron were absorbed.

4. Patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia major in whom there was active erythropoiesis and marked anemia absorbed abnormally large amounts of iron. The amount absorbed by individuals with the latter disease could be reduced by administration of transfusions and concomitant suppression of erythropoiesis.

5. Usual values for serum iron and latent iron-binding capacity in several congenital hemolytic syndromes have been presented and their significance discussed.

6. No specific effect on absorption was noted by increased or reduced amounts of tissue or serum iron or by reduced or increased latent iron-binding protein.
Erythroagglutination Reactions in Cancer, Tuberculosis and Pregnancy
Authors: BETTS ANTHONY , RIGBY PERRY G. , FRIEDELL GILBERT H. , EMERSON CHARLES P.
Published: October 2019

A modified anti-human serum erythroagglutination reaction was found to be positive in 48 of 52 cancer patients. Reactions of 13 of 46 pregnant patients, 10 of 35 postpartem patients and 20 of 42 patients with tuberculosis were also positive. Four of 104 random non-cancer patients showed positive tests, but these four patients also exhibited a positive Coombs test or spontaneous autoagglutination in albumin. It has been suggested that the erythrocytes of these patients may be coated by some material of undetermined origin, presumably a globulin and possibly an antibody, which usually escapes detection by the standard Coombs test. This sensitization may be a significant factor in the hemolytic process of patients with malignant or chronic inflammatory states.
Thrombotic State after a Hemorrhagic Diathesis, a Possible Complication of Therapy with Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid
Authors: NAEYE RICHARD L.
Published: October 2019

A hemorrhagic state with afibrinogenemia developed in an 81 year old man with disseminated carcinoma of the prostate. Following administration of epsilon-aminocaproic acid and hydrocortisone, widespread intravascular thromboses developed. It is postulated that epsilon-aminocaproic acid inhibited fibrinolysis and thereby helped to "unmask" a process of intravascular coagulation that had initiated the hemorrhagic diathesis. Although the evidence is less convincing, the administered hydrocortisone may also have contributed to the thrombotic disorder.