bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Trifluralin, Nitralin, and Oryzalin in Nursery Containers1
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E. , Butler Joel F.
Published: August 2022

Trifluralin applied as a spray to a growing medium in nursery containers remained near the surface over a 42 day period at all rates. Oryzalin moved readily through the containers at all rates and after only a small amount of leaching. Nitralin was intermediate in movement. Top and root growth measurements of Ilex cornuta (Lindl) ‘Burford’ treated with the 3 herbicides showed that as herbicide movement increased, fresh weights of tops and roots decreased. When herbicides were applied a second time during the growing season, damage from nitralin and oryzalin increased. Trifluralin did not damage established holly plants at the 4.5 or 8.9 kg rate after 1 or 2 applications.
Effects of Evaporative Cooling on Temperature and Development of Apple Buds1
Authors: Anderson J. L. , Ashcroft G. L. , Richardson E. A. , Alfaro J. F. , Griffin R. E. , Hanson G. R. , Keller J.
Published: August 2022

Mature ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees (Malus pumila Mill) were sprinkled intermittently with an overhead irrigation system after completion of winter rest. A 2-minute sprinkling cycle operated automatically whenever the ambient air temperature of the orchard exceeded 7°C until the control trees reached full bloom. Evaporative cooling of the treated trees reduced bud temperatures to within 2°C of the wet bulb temperature. Treated trees reached full bloom 17 days after the untreated controls.
The Relationship of Node Position to Bloom Date, Fruit Size, and Endosperm Development of the Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Sullivan’s Elberta1
Authors: Spencer Stuart , Couvillon G. A.
Published: August 2022

Fruits on uniform peach shoots selected from the periphery of trees were thinned to leave only those nodes of the terminal, intermediate, or basal regions of the shoot, or at 6” spacings along the shoot. The control consisted of unthinned shoots. During one year of the study the date of 90% bloom of buds at the various node positions and size of the subsequent fruit was determined. During the second year fruit volume and mean ovule length were determined for each thinning treatment.

Flower buds from the terminal nodes were the first to bloom the resulting fruit were the largest at harvest. Conversely, buds at the basal nodes were the last to bloom and produced the smallest fruit. In treatments that included fruit from all node positions, the mean fruit volume was smaller than for shoots having fruit only at the terminal nodes. Mean ovule length was also influenced by node position.
Effect of Peach/Plum Graft Incompatibility on Seasonal Carbohydrate Changes1
Authors: Breen Patrick J.
Published: August 2022

Spring-budded trees of peach/plum (Prunus persica Batsch. cv. Fay Elberta on the plum P. cerasifera Ehrh. × P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr. cv. Marianna 2624) showed foliar symptoms of incompatibility in early August, whereas a reciprocal combination, plum/peach, remained healthy. Within 2 weeks leaves and scion bark of the incompatible combination contained several times the concentration of starch found in comparable tissues of peach/peach trees. The level of polyols were similar in the peach scions of both combinations until end of summer. In the plum rootstock starch in the bark of the incompatible trees reached a maximum concentration at the beginning of August but was essentially depleted within the next 3 weeks, while the level of sorbitol decreased by half. In relation to compatible combinations, free sugars increased in the bark above the incompatible union and declined below. Presumably, failure of the phloem to function across the peach/plum union in mid-summer resulted in the markedly dissimilar carbohydrate levels in the graft components.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization of Southernpeas for One-time Harvest on a Sandy Soil1
Authors: Johnson W. A. , Evans Clyde E.
Published: August 2022

Different rates of N, P, and K on southernpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. grown for one-time harvest during 4 years in field experiments on Alaga sand (Typic Quartzipsamments) soil showed that N had the greatest effect on yield of mature green southernpeas. Pea yields increased to a maximum of 67 kg/ha of N. Soil test P ranged from high to extremely high in the untreated soil; therefore, fertilizer P did not affect yield. Yields were increased by K only in the location-year in which soil-test K was low. At 35 days there was an increase in leaf N concentration as the rates of N were increased from 34 to 101 kg/ha; at 49 days the N concentration was lower and was not affected by N rates. Increasing fertilizer rates of K increased leaf concentration of K at both 35 and 49 days. Fertilizer P did not affect N, P, or K concentration.
Reduction of Chilling Injury in Grapefruit by Thiabendazole and Benomyl during Long-Term Storage1
Authors: Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Chalutz E. , Waks J. , Dagan M.
Published: August 2022

Postharvest treatments with thiabendazole (TBZ) and benomyl reduced the incidence of chilling injury (Cl) in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi, MacFadyen) as expressed by peel pitting. The effect persisted during prolonged storage at 2, 5 and 8°C. Thiabendazole was more effective than benomyl. The effectiveness of both TBZ and benomyl in water suspension increased when followed by waxing, but the greatest reduction in Cl was obtained with the chemicals incorporated in the wax coating. The effect of TBZ was enhanced by increasing concentration and residues, while the effect of benomyl did not change with concentration. Both chemicals were effective in reducing rots during cold storage. There was a marked increase in the incidence of rots during shelf-life. These rots, primarily of the mold type—Penicillium digitatum Sacc. and P. italicum Wehmer, developed mostly in pits induced by the low storage temperatures.
Outcrossing in Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Tucker C. L. , Harding James
Published: August 2022

Twelve common bean cultivars were utilized to obtain estimates of outcrossing at Davis in 1971 and 1972. The maximum and minimum rates of outcrossing were estimated to be 0.007 and zero. Thus, outcrossing blocks cannot be used successfully in environments like that at Davis in 1971 and 1972, and little or no isolation is needed to obtain selfed seed.
Effects of Lime and Phosphorus on Yield, Growth, and Petiole Composition of Papaya1
Authors: Awada M. , Suehisa R. , Kanehiro Y.
Published: August 2022

Papaya plants, Carica papaya L. cv. Solo, were treated with 3 levels of lime combined with 3 levels of P in a split-plot arrangement. Optimal yield of papaya was maintained when the pH of the surface soil ranged from 5.5 to 6.7. Liming lowered petiole concentrations of Mn, K, and Mg and raised those of Ca and P; petiole P was raised when P was applied only. Phosphorus fertilization increased the growth rate of the tree-trunk circumference only at the early stage of growth, while liming affected growth later than P. Phosphorus fertilization raised the petiole concentrations of P, N, Mn, and Zn and lowered petiole concentrations of K and Cu.
Effect of Storage Atmosphere on Postharvest Growth of Mushrooms1
Authors: Murr Dennis P. , Morris Leonard L.
Published: August 2022

Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage prolonged the shelf life of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, [Lange] Sing.) if the O2 concentration was 9% or the CO2 concentration was 25 or 50%. Concentrations of 2 to 10% O2 stimulated pileus expansion and stipe elongation with maximal stimulation of growth occurring at 5% O2. Levels of CO2 above 5% markedly inhibited growth, even after air was substituted for the CO2 treatment. Five percent CO2 stimulated stipe elongation and suppressed pileus expansion. Protein degradation, as indicated by protease activity and the level of a-amino N in the tissue, increased during postharvest maturation of mushrooms. As in starving bacteria, it is suggested that the main physiological function of proteolysis in the postharvest maturation of mushrooms is as a source of C and N.
Effects of Benomyl and Thiabendazole on Growth of Several Plant Species1
Authors: Schreiber L. R. , Hock W. K.
Published: August 2022

Benomyl and thiabendazole (TBZ) fungicides incorporated into soil greatly depressed the growth of seedlings of American elm (Ulmus americana L.), marigold (Tagetes sp.), buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and, to a lesser degree, silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). Both chemicals were phytotoxic to sycamore. Pepper (Capsicum sp.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), were less sensitive than the other species when grown in benomyl-treated soil. The growth of corn (Zea mays L.) and that of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were not affected. The growth of turfgrass was stimulated by benomyl. Neither benomyl nor TBZ affected the time of seed germination of American elm and marigold. Seedlings of these species, when transplanted to unamended soil, resumed normal growth. The activity of benomyl that had been incorporated into air-dried soil for 10 months was still high, but less than its activity in a fresh mix.
Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew in Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai1
Authors: Robinson R. W. , Provvidenti R.
Published: August 2022

Five hundred ninety accessions of Citrullus lanatus, obtained from 42 countries, were exposed to natural infection with Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht) Poll. Only one line, P.I. 269677 from Belize, was highly susceptible. The fungus attacked all aerial parts of plants of this line, including fruits. All other lines, including those from areas of the world where powdery mildew of watermelon commonly occurs, were resistant or tolerant to the race of the fungus prevailing in NY.
Effects of Storage and Germination Conditions on the Germination of Four Species of Wild Flowers1
Authors: Salac S. S. , Hesse M. C.
Published: August 2022

Seeds of 4 ornamentally useful species of native Nebraska wild flowers (butterfly milkweed, Asclepias tuberosa L.; rough gayfeather, Liatris aspera Michx; thickspike gayfeather, Liatris pvcnostachva Michx.; and shell-leaf pentstemon, Pentsemon grandiflorus Nutt.) were subjected to 3 storage conditions, 6 periods of storage, and 4 germination temp and photoperiod regimes in a germination study. Seeds of all species germinated best and most rapidly when stratified at 4C prior to germination although response to length of storage was generally variable. Depending on the species, germination incubators simulating Nebraska growing seasons of late spring or early fall, midsummer, and 1 with alternating temp provided the best germination conditions following an appropriate pregermination treatment.
Use of Ethephon to Stimulate Red Color Without Hastening Ripening of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Forshey C. G. , Styles W. C. , Green D. W. , Lord W. J. , Bramlage W. J.
Published: August 2022

A regional experiment was conducted to determine if 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) could be used to increase red color of ‘McIntosh’ apples without stimulating fruit ripening. Ethephon was applied at 75 or 150 ppm in combination with succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and either 20 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 10 ppm 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop). All combinations enhanced red color, but 150 ppm ethephon usually softened the fruit slightly. Following CA storage, apples treated with 150 ppm ethephron, or 75 ppm ethephon plus 20 ppm NAA, were slightly softer than ones sprayed with only SADH. Nevertheless, 5-member panels were generally unable to distinguish ripeness differences among the samples. We concluded that with careful restrictions, low concentrations of ethephon can be used to enhance red color without sacrificing fruit condition following storage.
Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L. III. Isolation of Indole-3-acetic Acid from the Seed1
Authors: Hopping Murray E. , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: August 2022

Acidic ethyl ether-soluble growth substances extracted from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) seeds were subjected to repeated paper chromatography. A growth promoting substance was isolated, active in both the Avena first internode and Avena curvature bioassays, with chromatographic and chromogenic properties similar to those of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). This tentative identification was strengthened by gas-liquid co-chromatography of the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of authentic IAA and the endogenous growth promoter. Conclusive confirmation that the growth promoting substance is IAA was provided by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Cherry Fruit Abscission: Peroxidase Activity in the Abscission Zone in Relation to Separation1
Authors: Wittenbach V. A. , Bukovac M. J.
Published: August 2022

Peroxidase activity was demonstrated in the abscission zone and adjacent tissues of sour cherry fruit (Prunus cerasus L., cv. Montmorency) from Stage I of fruit growth to maturity. Activity was markedly greater in the receptacle and abscission zone, than in the fruit tissues. A difference was observed histochemically in the peroxidase of the abscission layer from that of the adjacent tissues. Moreover, peroxidase activity in the abscission zone increased to a maximum at a stage of development coinciding with the initiation of the separation phase. This increase in activity was accompanied by an increase in 2 of the major isoenzymes and the appearance of a third. The relationship between changes in peroxidase and abscission in fruit explants was less clear. Ethylene and ethephon had no significant effect on total peroxidase activity; however, ethylene appeared to increase the activity of a basic isoenzyme. Cycloheximide treatment decreased total and isoenzyme activity. Lowering the endogenous ethylene level did not reduce total activity, although the activity of a basic isoenzyme was decreased.
Effect of N6-BA, GA3, and Removal of Terminal Buds on Dwarf Shoot Development in Pinus ponderosa1
Authors: Cohen Michael A. , Shanks James
Published: August 2022

Five year old container grown plants of Pinus ponderosa when treated with N6-BA at 500 and 1000 ppm during 1972 showed an increase in the number of dwarf shoots with developed buds on long shoots while lower concentrations used in 1971 were ineffective. Foliar applications of GA3 made during 1971 and 1972 were found not to increase bud development. Foliar applications of N6-BA applied in the spring of 1972 were more effective than fall applications. Removal of terminal buds also increased bud development within the dwarf shoot while combinations of N6-BA with removal of terminal buds was the most effective treatment.
Effects of Soil Temperature on Growth and Quality of Onion Bulbs (Allium cepa L.) Used for Dehydration1
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Paulson K. N. , Kinsella M. N. , Bernhard R. A.
Published: August 2022

Three cultivars of onions used for dehydration were grown in a greenhouse at constant soil (bulb) temperatures of 13°, 18°, 24°, and 29°C. Growth of tops was best at 24° and poorest at 13°; the number of foliage leaves increased until about the time the bulbs reached half maximum diameter; thereafter the number declined, due to cessation of new foliage leaves and senescence of old leaves. In all plants at 13°, visible bulbing occurred before emergence of the scape. Bulbs matured earliest at 29° but yields were highest at 18° and 24°. The length of bulbs increased with increasing temperature, but the diameters were not significantly different, resulting in very elongated bulbs at high soil temperatures. Soil temperature had no effect on lateral bud formation (doubles). Pungency or votatile propyl sulfur compounds were highly correlated with temperature but percent dry wt, total sugars, and bulb pinking were not correlated.
Effect of CO2 Enriched Internal Atmosphere on Tuberization and Growth of the Potato1
Authors: Paterson D. R.
Published: August 2022

Exposure of potato tubers to an atmosphere of 80% CO2-20% O2 increased sprout growth and yield. There was a significant interaction between CO2 treatment and cultivar. Treated potato tuber halves absorbed CO2 and had a higher respiratory rate than control pieces of the same tuber. Treated tissues demonstrated a greater rate of nonosmotic water uptake than similar nontreated tissue. Exposure of the root system of ‘Red LaSoda’ plants to 80% CO2 20% O2 atmosphere for 12 hours resulted in the formation of significantly more tubers than on checks. Treated plants showed either increased tuberization along the length of the stolons or vegetative tuber stolons and branching of the stolons. High levels of CO2 in the internal atmosphere of potato tubers were accompanied by physiologically active levels of ethylene (C2H4).
Juvenility and Photoperiod-Dependent Inflorescence Development of Salvia splendens Sello1
Authors: Lai C. H. , Weiler T. C.
Published: August 2022

The juvenile phase for flowering of daylength responsive salvia, ‘Bonfire’ and ‘Red Pillar’, ended at stem node 4–6. Then to 20 short days were required for evocation and initiation of flowering. There was a quantitative short-day requirement for inflorescence development in these cultivars. Inflorescence development of day-neutral salvia, ‘St. John’s Fire’ and ‘Fireball’, was not appreciably affected by photoperiod.
Translocation of Ethephon in Fig (Ficus carica L.) Shoots1
Authors: Puech Antoine A. , Crane Julian C.
Published: August 2022

Intact phloem appeared essential for basipetal translocation or sink-induced acropetal movement of 12C and 14C-ethephon [(2-chlorethyl) phosphonic acid]. A source-to-sink movement of 14C was indicated by the mobilization of radioactivity by fruits distal to a treated leaf. The amount of 14C mobilized by fruits was modified somewhat by their pattern of vascular connections. Over a period of time 14C diffused freely from bark tissue into wood. However, there was no indication that it was translocated in the transpiration stream. The radioactivity in extracts of fig fruits and branches was extracted and confirmed to be 14C-ethephon.
Inheritance of Sex Expression from Crosses of Dioecious Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)1
Authors: Scott J. W. , Baker L. R.
Published: August 2022

The hybrids and segregating populations obtained by crossing 4 gynoecious with 4 androecious lines were analyzed to determine the inheritance of sex expression in dioecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Sex expression of all F1 hybrids was characterized by plants with a continuous pistillate stage of flowering on the main stem. This included both gynoecious and predominantly female plants. No reciprocal cross differences were observed in the F1 and backcross generations. Backcrosses to the gynoecious parents produced plants with a continuous female stage. Backcrosses to the androecious parent produced plants with continuous pistillate, monoecious (without a continuous pistillate stage), and androecious expression in a 2:1:1 ratio, respectively. The F2 generation segregated 12:3:1 continuous pistillate, monoecious, and androecious phenotypes, respectively. Two major loci, a and acr, with epistasis are proposed to control sex expression. The a locus permits male (aa) as opposed to female (A –) flower expression. The acr locus conditions the intensity of femaleness.
Plant Population Studies with Pickling Cucumbers Grown for Once-over Harvest1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Phatak Sharad C.
Published: August 2022

Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.), ‘Bounty’ and ‘Premier’, were grown at 8 population densities ranging from 50,000 plants per ha (46 × 46 cm spacing) to 850,000 plants per ha (10 × 10 cm spacing). Sections of the field were harvested once-over on 2 sampling dates. Yields as dollars per ha and as tons per ha increased with increasing plant population at densities of 50,000 to 100,000 and 250,000 to 500,000 plants per ha. Over the common commerical populations, 100,000, 150,000, 200,000 and 250,000 plants per ha, yields did not increase as population increased. Delay in harvest for 4 days did not affect dollars per ha yield but doubled the tons per ha produced. Fruit sizing was slower in higher plant populations (250,000 to 850,000 plants per ha) than in the lower plant densities (50,000 to 200,000 plants per ha). The number of fruit per plant decreased with increasing plant population. Length to diameter ratios of ‘Premier’ were lower at the lowest plant population, 50,000 plants per ha. L:D ratios of ‘Bounty’ were unaffected by plant population. Varying plant populations did not affect the percent off-shape fruit, or fruit color (green quality and uniformity) of either cultivar.
Effects of Ethephon on Stomata, Ethylene Evolution, and Abscission in Olive (Olea europaea L.), cv. Coratina1
Authors: Vitagliano Claudio
Published: August 2022

Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) at 1500 ppm applied 8 to 15 days before harvest effectively reduced the fruit removal force (FRF) of ‘Coratina’ olive. Ethylene evolution from fruits and leaves occurred within 1 hour and reached a maximum about 48 hours after application of ethephon. This chemical also enhanced stomatal aperture, suggesting that it might have important implications with respect to CO2 uptake and transpiration.
Minimum Irrigation Requirements for Landscape Plants1
Authors: Sachs R. M. , Kretchun T. , Mock T.
Published: August 2022

Several field-established broadleaved and coniferous evergreen shrubs and 2 ground covers, Carpobrotus sp. and Hedera helix L., survived, and maintained adequate appearance with greatly restricted growth, without supplemental irrigation from May through September on deep soils at San Jose and Santa Ana, CA. Eugenia uniflora L. at Santa Ana required 1 irrigation (9.4 cm) in July to insure survival and both Coprosma baueri Endl. and Cotoneaster pannosa Franch. required 1 or 2 irrigations to insure adequate foliar density. At San Jose only Nerium oleander L. lost leaves or lost leaf color and turgidity in the non-irrigated plot. The plantings at both locations had viable roots down to 1 m and probably deeper. Non-irrigated and bimonthly irrigated soils were at or below the permanent wilting percentage down to 1 m. Leaf temp in the non-irrigated Xylosma congestum (Lour.) Merr. and Carpobrotus plots were 6 and 15° C, respectively, above ambient and yet no permanent foliar injury was observed. We suggest that leaf temp may be used to measure critical water stress in landscape plants. Our findings indicate that substantial savings in water costs and in controlling vegetative overgrowth can be realized by reducing irrigation frequency in established landscape plantings.
A Multiple Cropping System for Vegetable Production Under Subtropical, High Rainfall Conditions1
Authors: Standifer Leon C. , Noor bin Ismail Mohd
Published: August 2022

Over a 3-year test period a system of multiple cropping using minimum tillage was compared with conventional methods. The minimum tillage operation consisted of rebuilding raised beds in November of each year and planting successive crops with no preparation beyond that required to remove residues of the preceding crop. Using a cropping sequence of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), sweet corn (Zea mays, cv. Aristogold Bantam Evergreen), and southern peas (Vigna sinensis, cv. Calhoun Purple Hull), yields obtained with minimum tillage were equal or superior to those obtained using conventional methods. In addition, minimum tillage left enough time annually to produce a fourth crop of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris, cv. Earlytop 16).
Maturation and Ripening of ‘Canino’ Apricot as Affected by Combined Sprays of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and 2,4,5 Tri-chlorophenoxypropionic Acid (2,4,5-TP)1
Authors: Guelfat-Reich Sylvia , Ben-Arie Ruth
Published: August 2022

SADH affected color enhancement of ‘Canino’ apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) thereby increasing the percentage of fruit harvested during the first 2 harvests. The sprays at and after pit hardening had a greater effect on color than “after bloom” spray. Other parameters of ripening, however, were unaffected, or were even retarded, indicating the different effects of SADH on various species of stone fruits.
Growth of Tomato on a Tropical Soil under Plastic Cover as Influenced by Irrigation Practice and Soil Salinity1
Authors: Bower C. A. , Kratky B. A. , Ikeda N.
Published: August 2022

When soil-water tension in the rootzone was maintained below 0.2 bar the yield of marketable ‘Tropic’ tomato was 17% greater than when tension was maintained below 0.4 or 0.6 bar. At all 3 tensions yields and total amounts of irrigation water required under trickle irrigation did not differ significantly from yields and water required under basin irrigation. Soil salinity tended to increase with decreases in the total amount of irrigation water applied and with distance from the center of the row. These tendencies were slight under basin irrigation but marked with trickle irrigation. The salt tolerance of ‘Tropic’ appears to be lower than that reported for other cultivars; tolerance was considerably lower on highly acid soil (pH 4.1) than on limed soil (pH 5.7). With limed soil the electrical conductivities of the soil water at field capacity associated with yield decreases of 10, 25 and 50% were 3.5, 6.8 and 12.2 mmho/cm, respectively, as compared to corresponding U.S. Salinity Laboratory values of 8.0, 13.4 and 16.0 mmho/cm.
An Attempt to Overcome Iron-Induced Manganese Deficiency in ‘July Elberta’ Peach Trees with Manganese Chelate1
Authors: Rogers Ewell
Published: August 2022

Disodium manganous ethylenediamine tetraacetate (MnEDTA), applied to the soil with 113 and 227 g sodium ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetate) (FeEDDHA), increased the concentration of Mn and reduced the concentration of Fe in ‘July Elberta’ peach leaves (Prunus persica (L) Batsch). Both rates of the Fe chelate increased Fe and reduced Mn and K in the leaves when compared to non-treated ones. Both rates of the Fe chelate reduced Fe chlorosis and increased shoot growth and size and yield of fruit. Mangenase chelate with 113 g Fe chelate reduced N in the leaves and increased trunk growth. Manganese chelate with 227 g Fe chelate reduced P in leaves. The Zn content in leaves, size of fruit, leaf chlorosis, trunk and shoot growth were not affected by Mn chelate applied with Fe chelate.
The Relationship of Inheritance and Temperature to the Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Arnold Charles Y.
Published: August 2022

Over 90% of the increase in ear weight occurred between silk and harvest at 72% kernel moisture. The rate of increase was almost linear for first ears. For second ears, the rate was depressed by the successive abortion of individual ears. Whether induced by inherent or temperature variations, the differences in yield were associated with the combined effect of the rate of maturation of the kernels and the rate of increase in ear weight. The relationship of temperature to first ear yields was shown to be complicated by the fact that its relationship with the rate of maturation was linear and with weight increase it was curvilinear with an optimum temperature of 24° (76°F). The yield of second ears was not well correlated with temperature, but was highly correlated with the percent of ears reaching a usable condition. Total yields were significantly correlated with temperature but not as well as first ear yields. The optimum temperature was 23° (73°F). An application of these relationships to the prediction of yields in the processing industry is outlined.
Flavonoid Composition of Aechmea and Billbergia: Two Closely Allied Ornamental Bromeliads1
Authors: Ashtakala Syamala S.
Published: August 2022

Aechmea and Billbergia are 2 morphologically similar bromeliads which are considered to be closely related. Chromatographic comparisons of the leaf extracts of Aechmea glomerata Hook, and Billbergia vittata Brongn. support a close relationship of these 2 species, i.e., the common occurrence of apigenin, luteolin, tricin and quercetin among the flavones/flavonols, delphinidin, cyanidin and peonidin among the anthocyanidin glycosides and several phenolic acid derivatives. Apigenin and luteolin glycosides are predominant in both species although there is considerable variation with respect to glycosidic types. Billbergia vittata is characterized by the major flavone, scutellarein glucoside5 (6-hydroxyapigenin glucoside) and Aechmea glomerata contains apigenin 7-apiosylglucoside as the major compound. These major flavones appear to distinguish the one species of Aechmea which was examined from one species of Billbergia.
Inheritance of Fruit Detachment in Strawberry1
Authors: Brown G. R. , Moore J. N.
Published: August 2022

Diallel crosses were used to determine the inheritance patterns for capping percentage, capping force, and pedicel breaking force in Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cultivars. The diallel crosses were evaluated with the Jinks-Haymen formulae and these results were compared with the phenotypic evaluation of the parent cultivars. Capping percentage, capping force, and pedicel breaking force are different genetic traits but they were significantly correlated with each other. The pattern of inheritance for each trait was controlled by both additive and dominant genes. The overall direction of dominance for the respective traits was for higher capping percentage, lower capping force and lower pedicel breaking force. ‘Gorella’ exhibited extreme overdominance for low capping force. Because of the large environmental influence on these traits, progeny tests such as diallel crosses provide a better evaluation of the genetic potential of a cultivar than its phenotypic performance.
Inheritance in Sweet Corn for Resistance to Acute Ozone Injury1
Authors: Cameron James W.
Published: August 2022

A high degree of inheritance for resistance and susceptibility in sweet corn (Zea mays L.) to acute ozone leaf injury under field conditions was shown during 2 and 3 generations of breeding with 3 series of cultivars. Crosses of highly susceptible × resistant inbreds gave notably susceptible F1's. F2 families segregated quantitatively but extremes were sometimes recovered. Distribution in F2 was skewed toward low injury. Resistant X resistant crosses gave almost fully resistant F1's and F2's. A study involving a second series of inbreds also showed a close relationship between susceptibility in a parent and in its derived F1's. Three generations of selection and inbreeding, beginning with a segregating population, resulted in near fixation in resistant sublines but showed continued segregation in progenies from susceptible selections.
A Method for Determining the Pathways of Glucose Metabolism in Rose Petals1
Authors: Buxton Jack W. , Stoltz L. P.
Published: August 2022

A method is described for determining glucose metabolism by the C-6/C-1 ratio. After an initial lag period to allow for equilibration of labelled glucose, an increase of accumulated 14CO2 in rose petals was linear with time. By taking the limit of the ratio of the C-1 and C-6 lines, one can arrive at the C-6/C-1 ratio as a ratio of the slopes of the lines. The slope of each of the lines can be calculated with 2 determinations within a relatively short time period. This method reduces metabolic recycling of the glucose and other problems associated with the traditional method of determining the C-6/C-1 ratio.
Pectinolytic Enzyme Activity and Changes in Water Potential Components Associated with Internal Breakdown in ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Pollard James E.
Published: August 2022

A tissue macerating factor and pectinesterase activity were found in extracts from ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus svlvestris, L.) during development of internal breakdown. Pectinesterase activity increased significantly and activity of the tissue macerating factor decreased significantly accompanying development of internal breakdown; concentrations of both remained low throughout development of the disorder. With loss of fruit firmness, fruit tissue water potential decreased as a result of decreasing solute potential and decreasing pressure potential. The first component of fruit firmness to decrease, tissue rigidity, is believed to decrease as a result of hydrolysis of intercellular pectins. The second component, cell turgor, decreased due to an increase in permeability of cell membranes to water in the later stages of development of internal breakdown. Decrease in both components of fruit firmness appear to contribute to tissue softening accompanying development of internal breakdown.
Reciprocal Cross Differences and Combining Ability for Six Diverse Tomato Lines1
Authors: Trinklein D. H. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: August 2022

Reciprocal cross differences and combining ability in Lvcopersicon esculentum, Mill, were investigated using a diallel crossing technique. Six inbred lines with diverse origins were utilized to investigate differences and combining ability for components of yield, fruit quality attributes, radial fruit cracking, and blossom-end rot (BER).

Significant reciprocal differences were observed for fruit number, early yield, percentage early yield, and BER incidence (%). Missouri line 76-1-60-8 was the female parent in the majority of crosses showing significance for high early yield. In 60% of the crosses in which it was involved, small-fruited PI 118785 produced significantly fewer fruits when it was used as the female. The data suggest that either maternal or cytoplasmic influences were manifest for these characters by these lines.

Fruit quality traits tended to show prevalence of general combining (additive) effects, whereas significant specific combining ability effects indicated dominance fo fruit weight.
Regulation of Seed Dormancy in Cercis canadensis L.1
Authors: Hamilton D. F. , Carpenter P. L.
Published: August 2022

An examination of dormancy in seeds of Eastern Redbud, Cercis canadensis L., showed that dormancy is controlled by permeability of the testa. Scarification by H2SO4 or mechanical abrasion permitted rapid and complete germination of dormant seed. Stratification was necessary only if seed were not scarified. Nonscarified seeds showed almost no water uptake during 55 days at 5°C, while scarified seeds had a steep imbibitional gradient. Germination was not stimulated by adding oxygen. No growth inhibitors were detected in dormant seed, and no promoters were found in chilled seeds.
Developmental Studies of Pyriform Fruits of Grapefruit1,2
Authors: Gibson Arthur C.
Published: August 2022

A study of the structure and development of gynoecia from normal and pyriform samples of ‘Red Blush’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisii Macfad.) revealed that stages in organogenesis and histogenesis were essentially similar. Activity of a subovarian intercalary meristem prior to anthesis was responsible for enlargement of the ovary base and increase in thickness of the ovary wall during the last half of pistil ontogeny. Other meristematic areas accounted for development of locules, central core, ovary top, style, and stigma, but these regions were not involved in the elongation process. The evidence suggests that floral apices which form pyriform fruits tend to produce wider gynoecia, which are more robust than normal ones throughout the subsequent months of development. Size of pistils may be an important factor in relation to variation in fruit shape in grapefruit, and, therefore, prevention of pyriform fruit development is probably intimately related to the control of the growth rate of apices in a given year.
Effects of the Bi Locus in Cucumber on Preference by Degree of Damage and by Fecundity of the Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover1
Authors: Haynes Robert L. , Jones C. M.
Published: August 2022

Nymphs of Aphis gossypii Glover (Western Biotype) reared on bitter plants of ‘Tablegreen 65’ and ‘Marketmore 70’ cucumber required less time to reach maturity and produced more generations in 184 days than those reared on non-bitter plants. The greatest number of nymphs per adult aphid was produced by aphids on 8-week-old non-bitter plants of ‘Tablegreen 65’. Non-bitter plants of both cultivars supported a significantly greater aphid population density after 30 days than bitter plants.

Tests of aphids in greenhouse cages indicated no significant differences in damage caused by melon aphids to bitter and non-bitter plants of ‘Tablegreen 65’ and ‘Marketmore 70’.
Effect of Water Stress on Seed Yield and Quality of the Sweet Corn Inbred ‘Luther Hill’1
Authors: El-Forgany M. , Makus D. J.
Published: August 2022

The sweet corn inbred ‘Luther Hill’ (Zea mays L.) was subjected to soil moisture depletions of −3 and −5 bar either during, 3 weeks after or 6 weeks after silking. The presence of stalk rot (Fusarium moniliforme Sheld.) was significantly increased by increasing soil moisture depletion, particularly when stress occurred at the silking stage. Stress at silking significantly reduced both seed yields and subsequent seed vigor index over all other treatments. Marketable seed and seed size distribution were unaffected by any of the stress treatments.
In Vitro Culture and Propagation of Episcia Sp. (Flame Violets)1
Authors: Bilkey Peter C. , McCown Brent H.
Published: August 2022

Stock cultures of 5 cultivars of Episcia, Gesneriaceae, were readily maintained as callus and shoot regeneration was rapid and dependable. Callus initiation was best from 1–2 mm stem tips or 5 × 10 mm leaf sections on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 0.1mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg/liter benzyladenine (BA). Cytokinin or auxin concentrations up to 5.0mg/liter did not greatly affect sub-cultured callus growth. Even a medium lacking growth regulators supported rapid callus growth, doubling in size every 4 days. Shoot formation from callus occurred when calli reached about 3g, thus showing a dependency on initial subculture size. Frequent subculturing maintained the callus state. Cytokinin concentration did not affect quantity of shoots produced, however shoot quality was affected. Albino callus from two chimeral cultivars inhibited shoot development more than its green counterpart. Response in culture varied considerably between cultivars. Using certain cultivars, as many as 800,000 Episcia plantlets could be produced annually per square meter of microculture space.
Performance of ‘Owari’ Satsuma Mandarin and ‘Washington’ Navel Orange on Trifoliate Orange and Citrange in Louisiana1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Brown Ralph T. , Thibodeaux Sidney
Published: August 2022

Fruit production of ‘Owari’ satsuma mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) on 16 rootstocks was best on Argentina, Christiansen, Benecke, and English Small trifoliate oranges (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) and Carrizo citrange (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck). The lowest yielding trees were on Rusk citrange and English Large trifoliate. Navel orange on Rubidoux trifoliate, Troyer, Carrizo and Uvalde citranges were more productive than trees on Rusk or Citremon C46216 (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus limon (L.)). Satsuma and navel on Troyer and Carrizo citranges produced the heaviest fruit. Fruit weight and production were not always correlated. In general, the larger fruit had thicker rinds. Satsuma on Rubidoux, Christiansen, Norton and Carrizo had darker orange colored rinds; whereas those on Troyer were much greener in color. Navel orange on Rubidoux had the better rind color. Rootstocks had no influence on juice color of navels or satsumas. Fruit from navel orange trees on Rusk had the highest solids/acid ratio of the navel oranges. Satsuma on Rubidoux had the highest juice percentage, those on English Large had the highest soluble solids and titratable acidity. Satsuma and navel orange trees on citrange rootstocks, with the exception of Rusk, were larger than those on trifoliate oranges. However, trees on citranges had less cold hardiness than on trifoliates.
Chloride and Boron Tolerance of Young ‘Ruby Red’ Grapefruit Trees Affected by Rootstock and Irrigation Method 1
Authors: Peynado A. , Sluis Norman J.
Published: August 2022

Young ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.) trees on 20 rootstocks were tested for chloride (Cl−) and boron (B) tolerance by trickle and flood irrigation methods. Hybrids with trifoliate orange parentage had high, lemons moderate, and Alemow and limes low Cl− levels. Citrumelo W-2, the limes, most of the lemons, and Alemow had Cl− tolerance similar to that of Cleopatra mandarin, a Cl−-tolerant rootstock. Trees had similar vigor and Cl− toxicity symptoms in the trickle and flood treatments but took up more Cl− in the flood. All rootstocks except the two Alemows accumulated excessive B. The rootstocks took up similar amounts of B in the flood and trickle treatments but were more vigorous and exhibited more B toxicity symptoms in the latter.
Gene Effects of Some Vegetative Characters of Cucumber 1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Lower R. L.
Published: August 2022

Parents, F1, F2, and backcross generations of a cross ‘Addis’ × ‘SMR 18’ were grown in a controlled environment with day/night temperature of 30°/20°C and a 15 hour photoperiod. Generation means for traits with significant differences were analyzed using an unweighted least squares procedure. An additive-dominance model accounted for most of the variation among generations for root, stem and total dry weight, shoot/root dry weight ratio, height, number of nodes and length of internodes. Some interallelic interactions were involved in the variation among generations for root and total plant fresh weight.
Floral Development and Blindness in Roses: An SEM Study1
Authors: Nell T. A. , Rasmussen H. P.
Published: August 2022

Fresh, unfixed meristems of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) were viewed in the scanning electron microscope to determine the morphological differences and organogenesis of flowering and blind shoots. Gluteraldehyde fixed, ethanol dehydrated and critical point dried tissue was severely desiccated with individual cell walls becoming concave. Fresh tissue remained turgid for at least 10 min in the microscope. Visible signs of flower initiation were evidenced by the presence of sepal primordia followed by differentiation of petals, anthers and stigma. No evidence of flower initiation was observed in the blind shoot.
Blindness in Roses: Effects of High Intensity Light and Blind Shoot Prediction Techniques1
Authors: Nell T. A. , Rasmussen H. P.
Published: August 2022

‘Tropicana’ rose plants (Rosa hybrida L.) were exposed to increasing periods of high intensity light (640 W/m2) beginning immediately after flower removal, in the fall and winter of 1975 and spring and summer of 1976. Flowers were also removed from ‘Forever Yours’ and ‘Cara Mia’ plants in the summer of 1976 and shoot length, stem diameter and bud diameter were evaluated as morphological indicators of blind shoot development. Plants were transferred to a growth chamber (300 W/m2) following the high intensity lighting treatment. Plants grown in the growth chamber without supplemental lighting had the highest percentage of blind shoots. Maximum blindness occurred during the winter months regardless of lighting treatments. Blind shoot production decreased with increased duration of supplemental lighting. Shoot length proved to be an effective indicator of blind shoots as early as 10 days following lateral bud initiation on all cultivars. The value of bud diameter and stem diameter as indicators of blindness was dependent on cultivars.
Red Raspberry Establishment from Root Cuttings1
Authors: Torre Louis C. , Barritt Bruce H.
Published: August 2022

Root cuttings and dormant plants were compared for field establishment of red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). Each type was dug in January, and held in cold storage at −1°C until planting in March and April. Root cuttings were placed in hills at rates of 3 to 126 g/hill or placed continuously along the row at rates of 10 to 126 g/91 cm of row. Number of new canes longer than 91 cm and top growth weight were determined in September. The number of new canes produced was correlated, r = .81, with root cutting rate; 60 g of root cuttings per 91 cm of row were needed to produce the same number of new canes as dormant plants and 42 g per 91 cm of row needed to produce the same weight of top growth as dormant plants. Root cuttings and dormant plants were dug in January and held in cold storage until planting in September, October and November. The September planting of root cuttings produced significantly more new 91 cm canes the following summer than did the dormant plants. The October and November plantings failed to produce significant growth the following summer.
Selection Criteria for Eating Quality in Steamed Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Villareal R. L. , Tsou S. C. , Lai S. H. , Chiu S. L.
Published: August 2022

Steamed roots of promising breeding lines of sweet potato (Ipomoea batastas (L.) Lam) and cultivars were evaluated for flavor, dryness, stickiness, color, and general acceptability to determine selection criteria that influence general acceptability. The acceptability ranking of roots varied according to the nationality of the panel member. Based on the results of stepwise multiple regression analysis, it appeared that flavor and color would be good eating quality characteristics for predicting general acceptability of steamed sweet potato roots. Alcohol insoluble solids and total soluble solids after steaming contributed 85% to the variation of dryness in sweet potato roots.
Effect of 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propionic Acid and 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propionamide Applications on Fruit Size and Maturity of Peach1
Authors: Shaybany B. , Costa G. , Brown S. S. , Obenauff G. , Martin G. C. , Gerdts M.
Published: August 2022

2-(3-Chlorophenoxy) proprionic acid (3-CP) and 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy) proprionomide (3-CPA) were applied to leaves of ‘Loadel’ and ‘Suncrest’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) at 9 weeks postbloom in 1976. Both chemicals significantly increased fruit diameter. There were no significant differences between the 2 chemicals nor among different rates of 3-CP. Fruit firmness was not altered by either chemical. Both growth regulators significantly increased preharvest drop of ‘Loadel’, but not that of ‘Suncrest’. The soluble solids content of ‘Suncrest’ was unaffected by either chemical, while 3-CP increased that of ‘Loadel’ at all concentrations indicating earlier ripening. In 1977, 3-CP was applied to leaves of ‘Andross’ and ‘Fay Elberta’. A small increase in ‘Andross’ fruit size was noted. Firmness and percent soluble solids were not enhanced significantly by 3-CP on ‘Andross’, while the treatment did significantly decrease preharvest abscission. 3-CP had no effect on weight, size, firmness, or percent soluble solids of ‘Fay Elberta’.
Cold Hardiness of the Genus Camellia1
Authors: Sakai Akira , Hakoda Naotoshi
Published: August 2022

To determine the frost hardiness of some important Camellia species and their cultivars, dormant twigs wintering in Tokyo were collected mainly in midwinter and artificially hardened at −3°C for 15 days to induce the maximum hardiness. Camellia japonica which extends north as far as 40°51′ was the most hardy species, resisting freezing from −18 to −20°C. A great difference in the hardiness was observed in the flower buds among many species and cultivars, ranging from −15 to −5° or above; though the leaves, vegetative buds and twig tissues were all hardy to temperatures from −10 to −15°C in the camellias tested. Except for C. japonica and its cultivars, the peduncle was found to be the least hardy tissue of the flower buds in the genus Camellia.