bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘DOES THE MODE MATTER?’ ‐ A COMPARISON OF THREE MODES OF QUESTIONNAIRE COMPLETION
Authors: Quine Susan
Published: August 2010

This paper includes a brief outline of the research literature on comparisons of different modes of questionnaire completion (face to face, telephone, self‐administered), and the results of a pilot study which used a questionnaire to obtain data on maternal experiences and exposures to drugs and environmental agents during pregnancy. Questionnaires were completed for the three modes and comparisons made of the quality of the data and the actual responses obtained. The findings suggest that when using a highly structured questionnaire, and where a favourable rapport has been established between the researcher and the respondents, there are few differences between the modes in those aspects examined in this study.
CHILDBIRTH IN SYDNEY TEACHING HOSPITALS: A STUDY OF LOW‐RISK PRIMIPAROUS WOMEN
Authors: Hewson Daphne , Bennett Adrienne , Holliday Susan , Booker Erica
Published: August 2010

Childbirth data from the hospital records of a random sample of 398 low‐risk primiparous women at five Sydney teaching hospitals were examined. Rates of medical interventions and medication use showed marked variability between hospitals, and most rates were relatively high compared with data from other states and countries. For example, the range across hospitals of forceps delivery was 29 per cent to 51 per cent with an average proportion of 43 per cent, compared with around 18 per cent in teaching hospitals in other states. Forceps use was three times more common when epidural anaesthesia was used. Women's ratings of interventions were generally neutral or positive but their overall satisfaction ratings were significantly lower in more difficult births.
A SURVEY OF HEALTH PROMOTION PRIORITIES IN THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Pierce J.P. , Yong C.S. , Dwyer T. , Chamberlain A. ,   “Quit. For Life” Steering Committee
Published: August 2010

As part of the evaluation of the “Quit. For Life” smoking intervention, 5,713 people in Sydney and Melbourne were asked to order a list of seven health issues in order of community concern. Drink driving appeared to be the major issue, with over 70 per cent in Sydney and nearly 90 per cent in Melbourne placing it in the top three issues. Smoking and stressful lifestyle rated next most highly and were followed by high blood pressure, lack of exercise, weight and cholesterol in that order of perceived importance. Drink driving was ranked most highly by the 14–29 year age groups and teenagers gave the highest priority to smoking.

The working age population of both sexes rated stress as more important than did other groups. Older age groups were more concerned with blood pressure and women more so than men. Younger people saw exercise as more important than did older people but a large proportion of all age and sex groups ranked exercise as being of least importance. An unexpected result was that, although older people rated weight as important, there was no sex effect. People appeared unwilling to nominate cholesterol as either important or unimportant, possibly indicating confusion about its relation to health. Suggestions are made as to how these findings can be used to promote healthy lifestyles.
IMPROVING THE PUBLIC'S PERCEPTION OF ROAD ACCIDENT RISK
Authors: Wilson D.H. , Hugo G.J. , Wakefield M.A.
Published: August 2010

The biggest killer of young adults is road accidents, yet the enormity of the problem does not seem to impinge significantly on the public consciousness, mainly because perception of risk on the road is faulty. The way in which road accident data are conventionally presented does little to correct this misconception. In this paper, life table theory has been adapted to calculate the chance of a sixteen year old male being killed or injured in a road accident before the age of twenty‐five years. This statistic, one chance in five, can be understood more readily and personalized and used as a basis to correct faulty risk perceptions, which in turn will lead to greater acceptance of legislative and behavioural countermeasures.
COMMENTARY: RSI AS A SOCIAL PROCESS
Authors: Willis Evan
Published: August 2010

Since 1982 there has been an ‘epidemic’ of repetitive strain injuries in the workplace. Its recency, widespread incidence and threat to industry make RSI an important medico‐social phenomenon of the 1980's.

This paper considers RSI in a process framework, one with important sociopolitical dimensions. Drawing upon the parallel historical example of the occupational injury of miners' nystagmus, two aspects of the sociopolitical process are developed.

The first is the mediation of the social relations of work by RSI. Using labour process theory it is argued that the injury must be understood in the context of the gradual dehumanisation of work, as involving a form of resistance which is transforming the industrial relations of occupational health and safety.

The second aspect to be addressed is the sociology of medical knowledge about RSI; the role of medical practitioners as arbiters in the mediation of social relations and the location of medical knowledge about RSI in the medico‐legal process. An attempt is made to account for the controversial nature of the medical knowledge about RSI. Finally, some implications of RSI for future industrial relations are considered.
A WORKPLACE SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM. A STRATEGY WITH POTENTIAL FOR MASS APPLICATION
Authors: Digiusto Erol
Published: August 2010

Twenty eight smokers (82 percent of all smoking employees) were enrolled in a smoking cessation program conducted at the factory where they worked. Objectively‐verified abstinence rates of 54 per cent at a one‐month follow‐up and 25 per cent at 18 months were achieved. It is proposed that such programs could significantly contribute to reducing the prevalence of smoking in the community and, in particular, would effectively comp***lement mass‐media interventions.
SLEEP PATTERNS AND PROBLEMS IN ELDERLY GENERAL PRACTICE ATTENDERS: AN AUSTRALIAN SURVEY
Authors: Mant Andrea , Eyland E. Ann
Published: August 2010

During 1983, interviews were conducted with 348 consecutive general practice patients, mean age 74 years, attending 31 practices in city and country areas of New South Wales, Australia. Disturbances in initiating and maintaining sleep were experienced by one‐third to one‐half of respondents. Twenty per cent of respondents felt they had a problem with sleeping at night and a further seventeen per cent felt they would have a problem if they did not take tablets. Those with a sleep problem were more often depressed, or disturbed by a noisy neighbourhood or a recent upset or crisis than those without. Sleeping tablets were taken by twenty‐four per cent of respondents. The desirability of a detailed sleep history prior to prescribing sleeping tablets is emphasised.
A SURVEY OF SLEEPING DIFFICULTIES IN AN AUSTRALIAN POPULATION
Authors: Lack Leon , Miller Wendy , Turner Debbie
Published: August 2010

The percentage of 216 respondents to a telephone study in Adelaide reporting that they “often have difficulty” with various aspects of sleep ranged from 13 per cent‐20 per cent, a prevalence at least as great as in Northern hemisphere populations. There were few overall differences between men and women in reporting sleep difficulties. Older people, particularly men, reported more nocturnal awakening and early morning awakening. Older people reported less daytime drowsiness and less insufficient sleep yet also reported more medical advice and medication for sleep problems. For many older people counselling and the provision of information may be more appropriate than hypnotic drug prescription. Delayed sleep phase syndrome was identified in about 6–7 per cent of the sample. This problem is associated with insufficient sleep and daytime drowsiness, and is therefore considered as a significant health problem in the community. The paper identifies some possible non‐drug treatments for delayed sleep phase syndrome.
COMMERCE OR CON: YOUNG PEOPLE AND CIGARETTE ADVERTISING
Authors: Ritchie Jane
Published: August 2010

One thousand two hundred and fifty‐four adolescents in Hamilton, New Zealand, ranging in age from 10 to 16, were questioned on their awareness of, and attitudes towards, cigarette advertising, and on their image of the young smoker. Most of the respondents felt that tobacco companies advertise to encourage people to buy their brands. Smokers were less likely than non‐smokers to feel that cigarette companies advertise to encourage young people to take up smoking. They were also more likely to agree that cigarette companies are generous, public spirited people. Non‐smokers were more likely to feel that cigarette advertising was effective in encouraging young people to smoke. Winfield, the most popular brand among smokers, was also the most well known. Smokers had a more positive image than non‐smokers of the young person who smokes.
USE OF BENZODIAZEPINES AMONG RESIDENTS OF AGED‐CARE ACCOMMODATION
Authors: Gilbert Andrew , Quintrell L. Neil , Owen Neville
Published: August 2010

Sleep disturbance and anxiety are common problems in the elderly, and drugs in the benzodiazepine class have become widely accepted as the drugs of choice for their treatment. Used properly, these drugs can be effective, and guidelines exist for appropriate use. However, evidence of prolonged use, of dependence, and of withdrawal symptoms has given rise to concerns. The elderly are heavy users of prescription drugs in general, and benzodiazepines in particular. In our study of benzodiazepine use among 397 residents of aged‐care accommodation, over 50 per cent had benzodiazepines prescribed for anxiety or insomnia during the survey period and 36 per cent of residents had taken at least one dose each day, continuously, for longer than one year. Some environmental, social and personal factors associated with prolonged use were identified: the extent of dependency on institutional care; the receipt of free medication; being female; and being in older age categories. There are obligations on the part of prescribers, caregivers, aged‐care accommodation administrators, and legislators to find ways to deal more appropriately with sleep disturbance and anxiety in the elderly; this should involve more judicious drug use, and the integration of drug therapy with appropriate environmental, social and educational strategies.
THE DEMISE OF WOLFE HOME: A CASE STUDY OF THE CLOSURE OF AN INPATIENT ALCOHOLISM UNIT
Authors: Howden‐Chapman Philippa
Published: August 2010

This paper explores the place of research in health policy decisions. Potential explanations of the closure of Wolfe Home, an inpatient alcoholism treatment unit are examined, with reference to a theoretical framework. A number of evaluations of Wolfe Home are described, and their implications analysed. Their recommendations are discussed in the context of Hospital Board and Health Department policy as identified by interviews with key informants. Tentative conclusions are drawn as to the influence of research information, management attitudes and professional group interests.
NEW ZEALANDERS' ATTITUDES TO HEALTH CARE POLICY
Authors: Chetwynd S. Jane
Published: August 2010

A fully national sample of over 1,000 New Zealanders were questioned about their attitudes to various health care policy issues.

In general terms there was greater support for a publicly‐provided health care system than for a privatized free market approach. Almost half the respondents were agreeable to a tax increase so as to improve public health care provision and a similar proportion were against it.

Advertising by doctors to increase competition between them was supported by only 33 per cent of the sample. However, the need for more information about doctors' performance was expressed by 49 per cent.

On the subject of priorities between high technology and low technology medical expenditure, the sample was fairly evenly divided with almost 40 per cent of the sample favouring each option.

There were some differences between various sectors of the population in the attitudes held. In general terms, those with the greatest need for health care and those with the least financial resources were more strongly in favour of public provision.
ADULTS' BELIEFS ABOUT THE DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESSFUL DIETARY CHANGE
Authors: McConaghy Julie
Published: August 2010

This study, using a random survey technique was designed to assess the number of changes people were making to their diet and what factors they considered would most influence them to make a dietary change.

Seventy‐seven per cent of respondents claimed to be making changes to their diet, and the most common changes such as reducing fat, salt and sugar and increasing fibre, were in line with the Australian Dietary Guidelines. In addition, 79.3 per cent of respondents indicated that suffering from a serious illness and thinking a dietary change might aid recovery would have a strong effect on their decision to change diets. Conversely, less than 10 per cent of all respondents indicated that speaking to a family member or friend, or information in the media would have a strong effect on them deciding to change their diet. With regard to the maintenance of dietary change, respondents indicated that experiencing the positive effects of dietary change on their health and well‐being was the most important factor, while other important factors were liking the taste‐texture of the new foods in the diet, having strong support from a spouse or partner and having a strong wish to change.

Those in higher educational or occupational groups indicated the above factors to be more important than those in lower occupational and educational groups. The latter were more concerned with such factors as the cost and ease of preparing new foods in the diet, having few stresses at home and the support of friends and workmates. These results suggest that the design and implementation of dietary change programs should be targeted to specific groups in the community.
NUTRITION AND PUBLIC HEALTH: DIVISION OF LABOUR IN THE STUDY OF NUTRITION
Authors: Duff John
Published: August 2010

This article draws inferences from changes in the style of a nutrition journal which was originally published by the Commonwealth Department of Health, and is now published by the Australian Dietitians' Association. The changes reflect developments in the field of nutrition, towards more ‘scientific’ styles of inquiry and publishing, against the backdrop of a division of labour in which (mainly male) laboratory scientists produced scientific knowledge which was then communicated by (mainly female) dietitians and nutritionists. Consistent with the approach of the ‘new public health’, this paper argues that reliance upon ‘scientific’ methods alone diverts attention from the social, economic and political conditions which help explain not only the improvements earlier in the century, but current difficulties in bringing about further improvements.
THE STATE OF THE ART OF COSTING HEALTH CARE FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION
Authors: Donaldson Cam
Published: August 2010

In this paper, the principles of costing health care for economic evaluation are outlined. Hypothetical and published examples are used to illustrate these principles. First, the economic concept of opportunity cost is defined. Secondly, the techniques of economic evaluation which follow from this definition are introduced: they are cost‐benefit analysis, cost‐effectiveness analysis and cost‐utility analysis. Thirdly, a list of costs which should be considered for inclusion in either of these types of evaluation is provided, this listing being based on the concept of opportunity cost. Problems of measurement and valuation of costs are then outlined, focusing in particular on inflation, discounting, marginal costing, patient‐based versus per diem costing, allocating overheads, costing capital and equipment and adjusting distorted market valuations. An example of sensitivity analysis is provided and also a checklist of questions to ask when setting up any costing exercise within an economic evaluation.
FLAWED FOUNDATION: A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR A DENTAL BENEFIT FROM FLUORIDATION
Authors: Colquhoun John
Published: August 2010

The scientific basis for a dental benefit from water fluoridation is critically examined. Professional responses and the “mind set” about fluoridation are described and discussed.
Geological Notes from Kansu
Authors: Andersson J. G.
Published: August 2010

(Abstract) The specimen is collected from a small outcrop near the Lolo village of Mao Mao Kou, some 30 km. N.N.W. of Hui Li district in S. Szechuan, on the N. slope of Lung Tsao Shan, a prominant mountain some 8,000 feet above the sea, entirely covered by a basaltic lava of Permian age. The latter weathers into a residual red clay which covers the lower slopes. The contact of the syenite with the Lung Tsao Shan lava was not observed owing to the thick cover. East of the occurrence a series of steep dipping red shales appears. The exact relation of this series with the syenite is not clear, but it is probable that they are in actual contact. Further east the red shale series is thrown into contact with a coal series containing Rhætic plant fossils—probably by an overthrust as the whole coal series is highly folded.
The Deposits of the Sang Kan Ho Valley
Authors: Barbour G. B.
Published: August 2010

(Abstract) The specimen is collected from a small outcrop near the Lolo village of Mao Mao Kou, some 30 km. N.N.W. of Hui Li district in S. Szechuan, on the N. slope of Lung Tsao Shan, a prominant mountain some 8,000 feet above the sea, entirely covered by a basaltic lava of Permian age. The latter weathers into a residual red clay which covers the lower slopes. The contact of the syenite with the Lung Tsao Shan lava was not observed owing to the thick cover. East of the occurrence a series of steep dipping red shales appears. The exact relation of this series with the syenite is not clear, but it is probable that they are in actual contact. Further east the red shale series is thrown into contact with a coal series containing Rhætic plant fossils—probably by an overthrust as the whole coal series is highly folded.
On the Stratigraphy of North Shensi
Authors: Wang C. C.
Published: August 2010

(Abstract) The specimen is collected from a small outcrop near the Lolo village of Mao Mao Kou, some 30 km. N.N.W. of Hui Li district in S. Szechuan, on the N. slope of Lung Tsao Shan, a prominant mountain some 8,000 feet above the sea, entirely covered by a basaltic lava of Permian age. The latter weathers into a residual red clay which covers the lower slopes. The contact of the syenite with the Lung Tsao Shan lava was not observed owing to the thick cover. East of the occurrence a series of steep dipping red shales appears. The exact relation of this series with the syenite is not clear, but it is probable that they are in actual contact. Further east the red shale series is thrown into contact with a coal series containing Rhætic plant fossils—probably by an overthrust as the whole coal series is highly folded.
List of New Members
Authors: Fellows A.
Published: August 2010

(Abstract) The specimen is collected from a small outcrop near the Lolo village of Mao Mao Kou, some 30 km. N.N.W. of Hui Li district in S. Szechuan, on the N. slope of Lung Tsao Shan, a prominant mountain some 8,000 feet above the sea, entirely covered by a basaltic lava of Permian age. The latter weathers into a residual red clay which covers the lower slopes. The contact of the syenite with the Lung Tsao Shan lava was not observed owing to the thick cover. East of the occurrence a series of steep dipping red shales appears. The exact relation of this series with the syenite is not clear, but it is probable that they are in actual contact. Further east the red shale series is thrown into contact with a coal series containing Rhætic plant fossils—probably by an overthrust as the whole coal series is highly folded.
Development Thinking as Cultural Neo‐Colonialism—the Case of Sri Lanka1
Authors: Goonatilake Susantha
Published: August 2010

Summary The independence struggle in Sri Lanka gave rise to various counter‐ideologies challenging the imposed ideologies of the colonialists. During the post‐independence period it seemed that the counter‐ideologies had come into their own and were beginning to be put into effect. Yet from the 1950s a new imposed ideology, arising from Western definitions of the problems of'development', began increasingly to be adopted in centres of official decision‐making, and the counter‐ideologies which arose from actual political debate in the country began to recede. This paper describes the sociological mechanisms by which this imposed structure of knowledge is maintained, the air of unreality surrounding it, and the stultifying effects it has on discussions of the real issues, of what development is about.

RESUME Théories sur le développement en tant que néo‐colonialisme culturel—lecasdeSri Lanka

La lutte pour I'indépendance à Sri Lanka fit naître diverses idéologies mettant en question celles des colonialistes. Pendant la période qui a suivi I'indépendance il a semblé que ces idéologies occupaient le terrain et commençaient à être concrétisées. Cependant, à partlr des années '50 s'est imposée une nouvelle idéologie dérivée des définitions occidentales de développement, progressivement adoptée par les organismes de décision officiels; et les idéologies nées du débat politique au sein du pays ont subi un recul. Cette étude décrit les mécanismes sociologiques par lesquels se maintient cette structure imposée de connaissances, I'atmosphère irréelle qui I'entoure, et ses effets répressifs sur la discussion des vrais thèmes du développement.

RESUMEN La ideología del desarrollo como neocolonialismo cultural—El casodeSri Lanka Susantha Goonatilake

La lucha la independent en Sri Lanka dio origan a varias contraideologías que se oponían a las ideologías impuestas por los colonialistas. Durante el período que siguió a la independencia pareció que las contra‐ideologías se habían consolidado estaban empezando a ser puestas en práctice. Sin embargo desde la déceda de 1950 una nueva Ideología externa, emanada de las definiciones occidentales de los problemas del ‘desarrollo’, empezó a ser adoptada en forma creciente en los centros de decisión oficial, las contra‐ideologías que surgieron del debate político real en el país empezaron a perder terreno. Este artlculo describe los mecanismos sociológicos que hacen posible la mantención de esta estructura de conocimiento impuesta, el aire de irrealidad que ía rodea, losefectos esterilizadores que tiene en las discusiones de los problemas reales, de la verdadera problemática del desarrollo.
The New International Economic Order— what's in it for the rich?*
Authors: Jolly Richard
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Improvement of the international economic order must come from negotiations, not shotgun demands. These are areas of shared interest between the developing and the industrialised countries. The current recession involves enormous loss of potential production to the industrial world, a part of which can be attributed to the disruption caused by lack of preparation for and suddeness of an un‐negotiated shift of potential spending power to the OPEC countries of a mere 2 per cent of world GNP. Timely concessions are worth making to avoid such disruptions, It is in the rich countries' interest to find a pattern of production in harmony with the needs of the developing world for a fairer share of world income.

RESUMEN EI Nuevo Orden Económico Internacional—qué pueden ganar los ricos

El mejoramiento del orden económico internacional debe provenir de negociaciones, no de exigencias violentas. Existen áreas de interés común entre los palses en desarrollo y los industrializados. La recesión actual implica enormes pérdidas de producción potencial para el mundo industrial, parte de las cuales pueden atribuirse a la dislocación producida por una transferencia no negociada de capacidad potencial de gasto de no más de un dos por ciento del PNB mundial en favor de los paises de la OPE P. Vale la pena hacer concesiones a tiempo para evitar tales dislocaciones. Encontrar un padrón de producción de acuerdo a las necesidades de los paises en desarrollo de obtener una parte más justa del ingreso mundial es también materia de interés para los paises ricos.

RESUME Le nouvel ordre économique international—que rapporte‐t‐il aux riches?

L'amélioration de l'ordre économique international ne saurait se réaliser que par négociation—et non par revendications militantes. Que les nations industrialisées et pays en développement aient des intérêts communs est incontestable. Le ralentissement économique se traduit pour le monde industrialisé en perte énorme de capacité productive, attribuable en partie aux bouleversements occasionnés par le virement, non‐negocié, vers des pays de l'OPEP d'un pouvoir d'achat ne moyennant que de 2 p.100 du PNB mondial. Mieux vaut faire des concessions opportunes que de provoquer de tels bouleversements. Les pays riches ont intérêt à élaborer un modèle de production qui puisse assurer au monde en développement une plus équitable répartition des revenus mondiaux.
How to Strengthen Co‐operation among Developing Countries
Authors: Streeten Paul
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Solidarity among developing countries is an important condition for the joint exercise of bargaining power. Such solidarity is difficult in the case of producer cartels since the more effective they are, the greater the reward of any one member which breaks it, Institutional devices can, however, provide incentives that make defection less attractive, Funds to compensate the losses of producers which withhold supplies, and diversification funds, together with technical assistance for diversification, are two such devices.

RESUMEN Cómo Fortalecer la Cooperación entre los Países en Desarrollo

La solidaridad entre los paises en desarrollo es condición importante para el ejercicio conjunto de su poder de negociación. Dicha solidaridad es dificil en el caso de los carteles de productores, ya que cuanto más efectivos son, tanto más grande es el beneficio potencial para el miembro que quiera romperlo. Hay, sin embargo, mecanismos institucionales que pueden otorgar incentivos que hagan menos atractiva la deserción. Dos de estos mecanismos son : los fondos para compensar las pérdidas de los productores que reduzcan sus suministros, y los fondos de diversificación, conjuntamente con asistencia técnica para la diversificatión.

RESUME Consolidation de la coopération entre pays en developpement

La solidarité parmi les pays en développement fait fonction très importante de l'action concertée qu'ils portent à l'exercise conjoint de leur capacité de négociation. Les cartels de producteurs défavorisent cette solidarité: plus qu'ils sont éfficaces plus sont importants les bénéfices d'un quiconque membre récalcitrant. Mais l'octroi de stimulants institutionaux (tels que transferts pour pallier aux pertes des producteurs occassionnées par le retenu des livraisons; subventions et assistance technique pour encourager la diversification) réduisent l'allure séduisante de la défaillance.
Appropriate Methodology for Development Research*
Authors: Belshaw D. G. R.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY A research‐planning‐development sequence model in an agricultural sector is outlined. Applied development studies research in Eastern Africa is examined to see the extent to which applied research does not yield the information required by agricultural planners. The Special Rural Development Project in Kenya is reviewed from this point of view, and several advantages of action‐research are discussed.

RESUME Une Méthodologie appropriée à une recherche sur le Developpement

On met en relief dans cet article un modèle séquentiel en développement pour la planification de la recherche dans un secteur agricole. La recherche appliquée concernant le développement en Afrique de l'Est est analysée afin d'évaluer à quel point elle ne rapporte pas la somme d'informations nécessaires aux planificateurs de l'agriculture. Le Projet Spécial de Développement Rural au Kenya est reconsidéré dans cette optique, et plusieurs avantages d'une recherche axée sur l'action sont discutés.

RESUMEN Metodologia Apropiada para la Investigación del Desarrollo

Se bosqueja un modelo de planificación da la investigación de secuencias de desarrollo para el sector agrícola. Se examina la investigación de estudios de desarrollo aplicado en Africa Oriental para ver en qué medida la investigación aplicada no produce la información que necesitan los planificadores agrícolas. Desde este punto de vista se revisa el Proyecto Especial de Desarrollo Rural de Kenya y se discuten varias ventajas de la investigación activa.
The Limits to Health Care Planning
Authors: Heller Tom
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Health care is not a ‘thing’ to be ‘delivered’ to other people. Current approaches to health care planning in many countries are criticized. The lessons that could be derived from the Chinese model are reviewed and their broader socio‐political context identified.

RESUME Les Limites de la Planification dans la Protection de la Santé

La Protection de la Santé pas un ‘produit’ que l'on peut ‘livrer’ à autrui. On critique ici les méthodes courantes d'approche de cette planification dans plusieurs pays. Les lecons que l'on pourrait tirer de l'exemple Chinois sont passées en revue, et leur contexte élargi, aussi bien politique que social est identifié.

RESUMEN Los Límites de la Planificación de la Atencíoń de la Salud

La atención de la salud no es una ‘cosa’ que pueda ser ‘entregada’ a la demás gente. El articulo critica los enfoques sobre planificación de la atención de la salud que prevalecen en varios países. Se revisan las lecciones que pueden extraerse del modelo chino y se identifica su contexto socio‐político más amplio.
The Significance of Culture for Development Studies
Authors: Peel J. D. Y.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Though many arguments for the role of cultural factors in development have been circular or ideological, development is necessarily a culturally determined process. It is an attempt to realize certain aspirations which, however universal, are still held in the context of other goals particular to national or religious traditions which the subjects of development wish to preserve. Cultures also provide particular institutional means (sex roles, forms of organization, etc.) of development. As a precipitate of history, culture also includes people's ideas about the conditions of development itself. If we are seriously to engage with the subjects of development, these above all cannot be ignored.

RESUME L'Impact de la Tradition Culturelle sur le Développement

Si maintes arguments apportés a l'appui du rôle culturel dans le développement sont de nature péremptoire ou idéologique, le processus de développement reste essentiellement conditionné par la culture. Ce processus vise à la réalisation de certaines aspirations, si universelles qu'elles soient, qui demeurent toujours axées sur d'autres objectifs particuliers à la culture, nationale ou réligieuse que les intéressés en voie de développement tiennent à conserver. La culture inspire la forme des instruments institutionnels de développement (rôles sexuels, modèles d'organisation); sur le plan historique, elle représente les notions humaines sur la nature même du développement. Aucun chercheur sérieux, se consacrant à l'étude du développement ne peut se permettre d'ignorer ces considérations.

RESUMEN La Importancia de la Cultura para los Estudios del Desarrollo

Aunque es cierto que muchos de los argumentos relacionados con el rol de los factores culturales en el desarrollo han sido de carácter circular o ideológico, el desarrollo es por necesidad un proceso determinado culturalmente. Es un intento de llevar a cab o ciertas aspiraciones que, si bien son universales, están sin embargo envueltas en el contexto de otras metas, correspondientes a las tradiciones nacionales o religiosas que los sujetos del desarrollo desean preservar. Las diferentes culturas proveen además medios institucionales específicos para el desarrollo (rol de los sexos, formas de organización, etc. . . .). Como un precipitado de la historia, la cultura también incluye las ideas que la gente tiene acerca de las condiciones del desarrollo mismo. Si se trata de interesarse seriamente en los sujetos del desarrollo, éstos, por sobre todo, no pueden ser ignorados.
The Development of Development Thinking
Authors: Sunkel Osvaldo
Published: August 2010

Summary This article examines some of the main trends in the evolution of development thinking over the last 25 years or so, from three main perspectives: the nature of the political economies that constitute the object of development thought since 1950, and their international context; the nature of the economic thought prevailing when development became a fundamental issue in the early 1950s; and the ways in which development thinking has evolved in reaction to actual development processes, problems and policies.

Resume Le développement de la conception du développement

Cet article examine quelques‐unes des principales tendances dans l'évolution de la conception du développement au cours des quelque vingt‐cinq dernières années, à partir de trois points de vue: la nature des économies politiques qui constituant l'objet de la conception de développement depuis 1950, et leur contexte international; la nature de la pensée économique prédominante au moment où le développement devint une question fondamentale au début des années cinquante; et l'évolution de la conception du développement face aux réels processus, problèmes et politiques de développement.

Resumen El Desarrollo del Pensamiento sobre el Desarrollo

Este artículo examina algunos de las principales tendencias en la evolución del pensamiento sobre desarrollo en los últimos 25 años aproximadamente. Dicha evolución se enfoca desde tres perspectivas principales : la naturaleza de las economías y sociedades que constituían el “objeto” del pensamiento sobre desarrollo alrededor de 1950, y su contexto internacional; la naturaleza del pensamiento económico disponible cuando el problema del desarrollo económico se convirtió en el tópico central de la política económica a comienzos de la década de 1950; y la forma en la cual evolucionó y cambió el pensamiento sobre el desarrollo en respuesta a los problemas que enfrentó la política de desarrollo en las últimas décadas.
The Third World Professional and Collective Self‐Reliance—Towards the Barefoot Accountant?
Authors: Godfrey Martin
Published: August 2010

Summary The economic recession of the last few years has reduced the volume of migration of Third World professionals, affording an opportunity to consider the underlying question: the nature of the professions and of professional training in and for less developed countries. The professions as they stand are quite functional in relation to effective demand as expressed in the market place, but would become disfunctional if an attempt were made to shift to a system based on satisfying needs. Any government seriously committed to moving towards collective self‐reliance would need to embark at an early stage on remoulding the professions, which at the moment constitute an important potential obstacle to such a strategy.

Resume L'autonomie professionnelle et collective dans le Tiers Monde—verrons‐nous les comptables pieds nus?

La récession économique de ces dernières années a entrainé une diminution du volume de l'émigration des professions libérales des pays du Tiers Monde, ce qui permet d'examiner la question fondamentale, à savoir, la nature des professions et de la formation professionnelle dans les pays moins développés ou pour eux. Les professions libérales telles qu'elles sont à l'heure actuelle sont assez fonctionnelles en ce qu'elles répondent à la demande réelle telle qu'elle s'exprime sur le marché, mais elles deviendraient vite inadaptées si l'on s'avisait de passer à un systême visant à satisfaire les besoins. Tout gouvernement ayant pris sérieusement l'engagement de promouvoir l'autonomie collective devrait entreprendre suffisamment tôt la restructuration des professions libérales, qui, telles qu'elles sont à l'heure actuelle, constituent un obstacle en puissance à une telle stratégie.

Resumen El Profesional del Tercer Mundo y la Autosuficiencia Colectiva: ¿hacia el contable descalzo?

La recesión económica de los últimos años ha reducido el volumen de emigración de profesionales del Tercer Mundo, proporcionando la oportunidad de estudiar la cuestión de fondo: el carácter de las profesiones y de la formación profesional en los países menos desarrollados y para ellos. Las profesiones, según su situación actual, son bastante funcionales en relación con la demande efectiva, expresada en el mercado, pero dejaría de ser funcional si se intentase el movimiento hacia un sistema basado en la satisfacción de las necesidades. Cualquier gobierno seriamente comprometido a avanzar hacia la autosuficiencia colectiva necesitaría embarcarse, en una fase bastante temprana, en remodelar las profesiones, que de momento constituyen un obstáculo importante potencial de una estrategia de esta índole.
Development Studies: The Struggle for Recognition
Authors: Fuller Colin
Published: August 2010

Summary This article examines some of the problems associated with the teaching of development studies to public officials within a University context. It is concluded that there is an obvious need for greater understanding across the disciplines, to avoid costly arguments on identity and legitimacy.

Resume Etudes sur le développement: Lutte pour se faire reconnaître

Cet article examine quelques‐uns des problèmes liés à l'enseignement des études sur le développement à des fonctionnaires dans le cadre de l'université. L'auteur conclut qu'il y a un besoin évident de meilleure compréhension entre les diverses disciplines, afin d'éviter des discussions coûteuses sur l'identité et la légitimité.

Resumen Estudios de Desarrollo: La lucha por el reconocimiento

En este artículo se examinan algunos de los problemas asociados con la enseñanza de estudios de desarrollo a funcionarios públicos dentro del contexto universitario. Se llega a la conclusión de que existe una necesidad evidente para conseguir mayor comprensión a través de todas las disciplinas, a fin de evitar costosos debates sobre identidad y legitimidad.
Development and Underdevelopment in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Minogue Martin
Published: August 2010

Summary Students of development may use diverse definitions of development and underdevelopment, but invariably these definitions are related to regions or states which are regarded as disadvantaged by comparison with Britain or other rich countries. This focus has produced a neglect of ‘developmental material' on our own doorstep: the existence of pockets of social and regional underdevelopment has long been recognised in Britain and Ireland. Studies of structural attributes, official policies, the institutional apparatus and the consequences of development strategies are relevant to the general corpus of development studies, suggesting the need for a revised definition of development.

Resume Développement et sous‐développement en Grande‐Bretagne et en Irlande

Dans les études sur le développement on trouve parfois différentes définitions du développement et du sous‐développement, mais invariablement ces définitions se rapportent à régions ou états qui sont considérés comme désavantagés par rapport à la Grande‐Bretagne ou aux autres pays riches. De ce fait on a négligé des zones candidates pour le développement sur notre propre seuil: depuis longtemps l'existence de poches de sous‐développement social et régional a été reconnu en Grande‐Bretagne et en Irlande. L'étude des caractéristiques structurales, des politiques officielles, de l'appareil institutionnel et des conséquences des stratégies de développement sont autant de sujets qui intéressent l'ensemble des études sur le développement, ce qui suggère qu'il faudrait revoir la définition du développement.

Resumen Desarrollo y subdesarrollo en la Grañ Bretana e Irlanda

Los estudiantes del desarrollo podrán utilizar diversas definiciones de desarrollo y subdesarrollo, pero estas definiciones siempre se refieren a regiones o estados que se consideran desventajados en comparación con la Gran Bretaña y otros países ricos. Esta manera de enfocar la situación ha producido un abandono de “material de desarrollo” a nuestra misma puerta. En la Gran Bretaña e Irlanda se ha reconocido desde hace tiempo que existen concentracciones sociales y regionales de subdesarrollo. Los estudios sobre los atributos estructurales, las políticas oficiales, el aparato institucional y las consecuencias de las estrategias del desarrollo son pertinentes para el conjunto general de los estudios de desarrollo, sugiriendo la necesidad de una definición revisada del desarrollo.
Militarism: Force, Class and International Conflict
Authors: Luckham Robin
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article carries forward the analysis of militarism begun in IDS Bulletin Vol 8 No 3. It examines the difficult problems of ensuring peace when pressures for military expansion are sustained both by internal class conflict and by international rivalry. The military's interstitial position between the nation State and the international system means that it plays a critical role in reproducing the national class structure and transmitting international influences to Third World countries. It tends to reinforce authoritarian government nationally and great power dominance internationally, although potential for change is created by struggles within military bureaucracies.

RESUME Militarisme: Lutte de force, lutte de classes et lutte internationale

Cet article constitue le prolongement de l'analyse du militarisme entamée dans le IDS Bulletin Vol 8 No 3. Il examine les difficultés qui s'attachent au maintien de la paix, lorsque la poussée à l'expansion militaire est alimentée, et par la lutte intérieure des classes, et par les rivalités internationales. De par sa position interstitielle, entre l'Etat national et le système international, l'armée joue un rôle crucial en ce qui concerne la reproduction de la structure nationale des classes et la transmission d'influences internationales aux pays du Tiers Monde. Elle tend à renforcer un gouvernement autoritaire à l'échelon national, et la dominance des grandes puissances, à l'échelon international, quoique les conflits nés au sein des bureaucraties militaires ne manquent pas de créer des possibilités de changement.

RESUMEN El militarismo: su fuerza, clase y conflicto internacional

En este artículo se desarrolla el análisis del militarismo iniciado en el Boletín IDS Vol 8, No 3. En él se examinan los difíciles problemas de garantizar la paz. Se mantienen nuevas presiones para la expansión militar, tanto mediante el conflicto interno de ciases como por la rivalidad internacional. La posición de los militares incrustados entre el estado nacional y el sistema internacional significa que desempeñan una función crítica en la reproducción de la estructura de clases nacional y trasmitiendo las influencias internacionales a los países del Tercer Mundo. Tiende a reforzar el gobierno autoritario en la esfera nacional y el predominio internacional de las grandes potencias, aunque las posibilidades de cambio se crean mediante las luchas dentro de las burocracias militares.
US Influence and a Caribbean Post‐Colonial State
Authors: Lamb Geoff
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY This article deals with the political changes produced in Trinidad by the intensification of the 'anti‐imperialist' political struggle—overwhelmingly working‐class in origin— against foreign domination of the Trinidad economy. The outcome of political and economic crisis has been to emphasize the hegemony of American capital, to underline the subordinate status of national capital in the dominant political alliance, and to encourage the emergence of a specifically working‐class political movement as the major force challenging current political arrangements.

RESUME Influence des USA et un état post‐colonial

Cet article traite des changements politiques entrainés à la Trinité par l'intensification de la lutte anti‐impérialiste— d'origine éminemment ouvrière—contre la domination étrangère de l'économie de l'ile. L'issue de la crise politique et économique fut de mettre l'accent sur l'hégémonie du capital américain, de souligner le rang secondaire du capital national au sein de l'alliance politique dominante, et d'encourager l'apparition d'un mouvement politique spécifiquement ouvrier, comme principal opposant de l'organisation politique actuelle.

RESUMEN La influencia de los Estados Unidos y un estado post‐colonial

En este artículo se reseñan los cambios políticos que se han producido en Trinidad mediante la intensificación de la lucha política “anti‐imperialista”—cuyo origen es abruma‐doramente de clase obrera—contra el dominio extranjero de la economía de Trinidad. El resultado de la crisis política y económica ha consistido en poner de relieve la hegemonía del capital estadounidense, para subrayar la condición subordinada del capital nacional en la alianza política dominante y para estimular el resurgimiento de un movimiento político concretamente de clase obrera como la fuerza más importante que se enfrenta con la actual situación política.
Energy and Conservation
Authors: Ward Barbara
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY It is now recognised that the days of cheap energy are over. But most future forms of energy will be even more costly, because of greatly increased capital costs and steady exhaustion. This article argues that given Britain's relative lack of capital, its energy policies need radical reconsideration. Such a programme would include a comparison of capital costs for a range of fuels, and a far‐reaching study of energy conservation, some requiring a revolution in thinking, research and planning. The main areas requiring study are identified, and include energy use in agriculture, waste at point of production and point of use, and recycling.

RESUME L'énergie et la conservation

On reconnait à présent que le temps de l'énergie à bon marche est révolu. Mais la plupart des formes d'énergie dans l'avenir coûteront encore plus cher à cause de la hausse considérable du coût des capitaux et l'épuisement continu. Cet article soutient que la Grande‐Bretagne, étant donné son manque relatif de capital, aurait besoin de repenser d'une manière radicale ses programmes énergétiques. Un tel programme comprendrait une comparaison des frais d'investissement pour différents combustibles, et une étude de grande envergure de la conservation de l'énergie, nécessitant dans certains cas une révolution dans la pensée, la recherche et le planning. Les principaux domaines devant être étudiés sont identifiés: ils comprennent l'utilisation de l'énergie en agriculture, la déperdition au point de la production et au point de l'utilisation, et le recyclage.

RESUMEN La energía y la conservación

Todo el mundo está de acuerdo actualmente en que ya han pasado los días en que la energía costaba poco dinero, pero las formas futuras de energía serán todavía más caras, a causa del coste básico cada vez mayor y de su agotamiento constante. En este artículo se pretende demostrar que, dada la relativa falta de capital en Gran Bretaña, su política energética exige una reconsideración a fondo. Un programa de esta índole debería presentar un análisis de los costes concretos de toda una gama de combustibles, así como un estudio a largo plazo de la cuestión de la conservación de la energía, lo cual probablemente constituiría una revolución intelectual en cuanto a la investigación y la planificación. Se señalan aquí los principales puntos a estudiar que incluyen el empleo de la energía en la agricultura, las cantidades que se desperdician en la fase de producción y de consumo y, por último, el problema de la reutilización.