bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in the Detection and Quantification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Surface Water
Authors: Glasscott Matthew W. , Dick Jeffrey E.
Published: August 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as a category encompass over 9000 synthetic chemical species with demonstrated links to negative health outcomes, largely attributed to ingestion and bioaccumulation via drinking water. PFASs vary widely in their physicochemical properties but categorically contain at least one carbon chain characterized by multiple C–F bonds. The relative strength of the C–F bond (130 kcal mol−1) results in environmental persistence based on sluggish degradation kinetics (e.g. by photolysis). Owing to various transport pathways (air, water, etc.), PFASs used in the manufacture of consumer products eventually enter the human food chain and bioaccumulate in liver tissue, catalyzing various hepatological disease states. Based on these health concerns, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a recommended combined concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), two of the most widely used PFASs, in drinking water at <70 ng L−1 (70 ppt). Current analytical methods for the quantification of PFASs rely on chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Although such methods are considered the “gold standard” based on their sensitivity and specificity, the instrumental architecture required confines such analyses to a dedicated laboratory environment. Therefore, alternative analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy and electrochemistry, are being actively explored to provide point-of-use, in-field sensors for PFASs. This chapter highlights the main analytical pathways used to quantify PFASs in aqueous matrices, namely chromatography coupled with spectrometry, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Each technique is discussed based on its specificity, sensitivity, and portability, followed by a discussion of critical limitations. Finally, we provide a future outlook, emphasizing the importance of commercially viable, portable PFAS detection technologies to enable citizen scientists.
Mineralization of Next-generation Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances by Use of Superheated Water
Authors: Hori H.
Published: August 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) show unique characteristics such as high thermal and chemical stability, high surface activity, and no light-absorbing ability. As a result, they have been used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer applications. Although PFASs show many functionalities, they have environmentally negative features: high persistence in the environment and bioaccumulation [especially perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)], and difficulties with waste treatment and recycling. In order to reduce the environmental impact of and to construct a recycling system for PFASs, it is necessary to convert their wastes to fluoride ions (i.e. mineralization). This chapter describes effective methodologies to mineralize next-generation PFASs (PFOS/PFOA alternative compounds and fluorinated ionic liquids) by use of superheated water combined with reductive or oxidative agents.
Selective detection of tartaric acid using amino acid interlinked silver nanoparticles as a colorimetric probe
Authors: Sahu Sushama , Ghosh Kallol K.
Published: August 2022

The synthesis of amino acid coronas and their characterization for the selective detection of tartaric acid in fruit samples.
Preparation of tannic acid and l-cysteine functionalized magnetic composites for synergistic enrichment of N-glycopeptides followed by mass spectrometric analysis
Authors: Wang Yuxuan , Xu Wenhui , Xu Hai , Jia Qiong
Published: August 2022

MTC was prepared and applied to specificly enrich N-glycopeptides based on the synergistic hydrophilic interaction between TA/L-Cys and N-glycopeptides.
Surface-modified nanotherapeutics targeting atherosclerosis
Authors: Li Wenpan , Gonzalez Karina Marie , Chung Jinha , Kim Minhyeok , Lu Jianqin
Published: August 2022

Modified nanoparticles for targeting atherosclerotic overexpressed receptors.
High-performance bilayer composites for the replacement of osteochondral defects
Authors: Oliveira A. S. , Silva J. C. , Figueiredo L. , Ferreira F. C. , Kotov N. A. , Colaço R. , Serro A. P.
Published: August 2022

Two novel bilayer constructs for the repair of osteochondral defects were developed from nanofibers and ceramic particles embedded into PVA matrices, exhibiting multiple promising properties similar to those of corresponding natural tissues.
Growth optimization of single-phase novel colloidal perovskite Cs3Bi2I9 nanocrystals and Cs3Bi2I9@SiO2 core–shell nanocomposites for bio-medical application
Authors: Vedi Santhana , Dheivasigamani Thangaraju , Selvam Govarthini Seerangan , Kawakami Takashi , Rajeswaran Narmadha , Rajendran Selvakumar , Muthukaruppan Alagar , AlFaify S. , Shkir Mohd.
Published: August 2022

Lead-free Cs3Bi2I9 material is chosen to eliminate its single-phase synthesis difficulty and implementing Cs3Bi2I9@SiO2 towards bioimaging applications. Cytotoxicity of Cs3Bi2I9@SiO2 was demonstrated using MTT assay in L929 fibroblast cells.
Evidence of dependence between the deoxygenation activity and metal–support interface
Authors: Abreu Teles Camila , Duong Nhung , Rabelo-Neto Raimundo Crisostomo , Resasco Daniel , Noronha Fábio Bellot
Published: August 2022

The deoxygenation of lignin-derived compounds occurs in the Pt–NbOx interface, with the HDO rate varying with its perimeter.
An acceptor-shielding strategy of photosensitizers for enhancing the generation efficiency of type I reactive oxygen species and the related photodynamic immunotherapy
Authors: Qu Jiamin , Zhang Yahui , Cai Zhengxu , Tong Bin , Xie Haiyan , Dong Yuping , Shi Jianbing
Published: August 2022

The “acceptor-shielding” strategy is adopted, that is, two dodecyls of the multiarylpyrroles are introduced into the acceptor that can enhance the production of pure type I ROS, for realizing the synergistic effect of PDT and immunotherapy.
Aqueous construction of raspberry-like ZIF-8 hierarchical structures with enhanced superhydrophobic performance
Authors: Wang Q. , Xie D. , Li F. Y. , Liu H. L. , Chen G. X. , Yu M. G.
Published: August 2022

A straightforward and versatile route was proposed for the large-scale synthesis of a monodispersed raspberry-like metal–organic framework (ZIF-8), which can be further used for the fabrication of superhydrophobic coatings.
Stimuli-responsive therapeutic systems for the treatment of diabetic infected wounds
Authors: Hu Yanling , Li Hui , Lv Xinyi , Xu Yan , Xie Yannan , Yuwen Lihui , Song Yingnan , Li Shengke , Shao Jinjun , Yang Dongliang
Published: August 2022

In this review, endogenous/exogenous stimuli-responsive therapeutic systems for diabetic infected wounds are summarized.
High temperature shape memory poly(amide-imide)s with strong mechanical robustness
Authors: Lei Xingfeng , Xiong Guo , Xiao Yuyang , Huang Tianhao , Xin Xiangze , Xue Shuyu , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: August 2022

Shape memory poly(amide-imide)s with strong mechanical robustness, outstanding heat resistance and low water uptake were fabricated.
Highly dispersive CoSe2 nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotube-grafted multichannel carbon fibers as advanced anodes for sodium-ion half/full batteries
Authors: Sui Yangyang , Guo Jia , Chen Xiaoyu , Guan Jinpeng , Chen Xinhe , Wei Huaixin , Liu Quan , Wei Bo , Geng Hongbo
Published: August 2022

Highly dispersive CoSe2 nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotube-grafted multichannel carbon fibers are synthesized through a confined-regulated interfacial engineering strategy, which delivers excellent electrochemical performance.
Dioxiranes: a half-century journey
Authors: El-Assaad Tarek H. , Zhu Jayden , Sebastian Anjitha , McGrath Dominic V. , Neogi Ishita , Parida Keshaba N.
Published: August 2022

Dioxiranes are extremely useful multitasking agents for a broad spectrum of chemical transformations. This review collates the history of dioxiranes over the last fifty years in the realm of organic and materials chemistry.
Rongalite in PEG-400 as a general and reusable system for the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted chalcogenophenes
Authors: Paixão Douglas B. , Soares Eduardo G. O. , Salles Helena D. , Silva Caren D. G. , Rampon Daniel S. , Schneider Paulo H.
Published: August 2022

Herein we report the use of rongalite in PEG-400 as a general, efficient, and environmentally benign reductive system for the synthesis of a wide range of 2,5-disubstituted chalcogenophenes from elemental sulfur, selenium and tellurium.
Fly ash derived calcium silicate hydrate as a highly efficient and fast adsorbent for Cu(ii) ions: role of copolymer functionalization
Authors: Sun Shengrui , Tang Ya , Li Jiayi , Kou Jiahui , Liu Yangqiao
Published: August 2022

Acumer2000 modified calcium silicate hydrate was prepared using fly ash, and displayed outstanding adsorption performance for Cu(ii) no matter whether in powder or film state through inhibiting the formation of by-products and enhancing surface complexation.
Insights into the solvothermal reaction for synthesizing tin(iv) oxide porous spheres
Authors: Taniguchi Ayano , Miyata Rei , Ohtani Masataka , Kobiro Kazuya
Published: August 2022

Various hetero-elements were combined with porous SnO2 spheres simply by adding hetero-element sources to the precursor solutions of optimized synthetic conditions.
The methodology for preparing domperidone: strategies, routes and reaction processes
Authors: Yu Lili , Shao Rixin , Guo Qingxiang , Hong Hailong , Zhu Ning
Published: August 2022

Domperidone is a powerful peripheral dopamine receptor antagonist; however, a systematic review of the synthetic methods and processes of this drug has not been reported so far.
Tuning the catalytic properties of La–Mn perovskite catalyst via variation of A- and B-sites: effect of Ce and Cu substitution on selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3
Authors: Zhang Wei , Xie Kang , Tang Yunhao , Cheng Shan , Qing Mengxia , Xuan Yanni , Qin Chuan , Dong Mengyao , Zhou Yunhe , Li Jie
Published: August 2022

Perovskites with flexible structures and excellent redox properties have attracted considerable attention in industry, and their denitration activities can be further improved with metal substitution.
Enhanced photocatalytic performance of carbon fiber paper supported TiO2 under the ultrasonic synergy effect
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Jiahui , Sun Hui , Xia Weiwei , He Junhui , Han Jie
Published: August 2022

SEM images of TiO2(R) nanorods and TiO2(A) nanoflakes grown on CFP. And the corresponding catalytic performances under solely visible light, solely ultrasonic field, and the combined conditions of visible light and ultrasonic field.
Deformation-induced phosphorescence shift in a 2D elastically flexible organic single crystal: role of chalcogen-centered weak interactions
Authors: Bhandary Subhrajyoti , Van Deun Rik , Kaczmarek Anna M. , Van Hecke Kristof
Published: August 2022

In response to macroscopic elastical bending, single crystals of dual emissive dibenzothiophene depict a significant blue shift (∼20 nm) of RTP emission when compared to their pristine crystals (straight and naturally bent).
Competition between clustering and phase separation in binary mixtures containing SALR particles
Authors: Munaò Gianmarco , Costa Dino , Malescio Gianpietro , Bomont Jean-Marc , Prestipino Santi
Published: August 2022

Equilibrium configurations upon increasing the range of the square-well cross attraction in comparison with the size of particles.
Highly ionic conductive, self-healable solid polymer electrolyte based on reversibly interlocked macromolecule networks for lithium metal batteries workable at room temperature
Authors: Huang Zi Xin , Xie Zhen Hua , Zhang Ze Ping , Zhang Ting , Rong Min Zhi , Zhang Ming Qiu
Published: August 2022

A self-healing solid polymer electrolyte based on reversibly interlocking polymer networks (RILNs) with enhanced mechanical properties and ionic conductivity is developed for lithium metal batteries workable at room temperature.
Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy studies of electrochemical activation and capacitive behavior of Mn3O4 supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Yang Wenjuan , Eraky Haytham , Zhang Chunyang , Hitchcock Adam P. , Zhitomirsky Igor
Published: August 2022

For the first time scanning transmission X-ray microscopy is used for analysis of activation and charging mechanism of Mn3O4 supercapacitor electrodes.
Intercalation and surface modification of two-dimensional transition metal carbonitride Ti3CNTx for ultrafast supercapacitors
Authors: Xu Shuaikai , Li Zhemin , Wei Guodong , Wang Yuanhao , Yang Ya
Published: August 2022

The capacitance and rate performance of Ti3CNTx-based films can be significantly improved by interlayer intercalation and surface modification.
Achieving the theoretical limit of strength in shell-based carbon nanolattices
Authors: Wang Yujia , Zhang Xuan , Li Zihe , Gao Huajian , Li Xiaoyan
Published: August 2022

Recent developments in mechanical metamaterials exemplify a new paradigm shift called mechanomaterials, in which mechanical forces and designed geometries are proactively deployed to program material properties at multiple scales. Here, we designed shell-based micro-/nanolattices with I-WP (Schoen’s I-graph–wrapped package) and Neovius minimal surface topologies. Following the designed topologies, polymeric microlattices were fabricated via projection microstereolithography or two-photon lithography, and pyrolytic carbon nanolattices were created through two-photon lithography and subsequent pyrolysis. The shell thickness of created lattice metamaterials varies over three orders of magnitude from a few hundred nanometers to a few hundred micrometers, covering a wider range of relative densities than most plate-based micro-/nanolattices. In situ compression tests showed that the measured modulus and strength of our shell-based micro-/nanolattices with I-WP topology are superior to those of the optimized plate-based lattices with cubic and octet plate unit cells and truss-based lattices. More strikingly, when the density is larger than 0.53 g cm
−3
, the strength of shell-based pyrolytic carbon nanolattices with I-WP topology was found to achieve its theoretical limit. In addition, our shell-based carbon nanolattices exhibited an ultrahigh strength of 3.52 GPa, an ultralarge fracture strain of 23%, and an ultrahigh specific strength of 4.42 GPa g
−1
cm
3
, surpassing all previous micro-/nanolattices at comparable densities. These unprecedented properties can be attributed to the designed topologies inducing relatively uniform strain energy distributions and avoiding stress concentrations as well as the nanoscale feature size. Our study demonstrates a mechanomaterial route to design and synthesize micro-/nanoarchitected materials.
A temporal gradient of cytonuclear coordination of chaperonins and chaperones during RuBisCo biogenesis in allopolyploid plants
Authors: Li Changping , Ding Baoxu , Ma Xintong , Yang Xuan , Wang Hongyan , Dong Yuefan , Zhang Zhibin , Wang Jinbin , Li Xiaochong , Yu Yanan , Yu Yiyang , Liu Bao , Wendel Jonathan F. , Li Yidan , Wang Tianya , Gong Lei
Published: August 2022

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) has long been studied from many perspectives. As a multisubunit (large subunits [LSUs] and small subunits[SSUs]) protein encoded by genes residing in the chloroplast (
rbcL
) and nuclear (
rbcS
) genomes, RuBisCo also is a model for cytonuclear coevolution following allopolyploid speciation in plants. Here, we studied the genomic and transcriptional cytonuclear coordination of auxiliary chaperonin and chaperones that facilitate RuBisCo biogenesis across multiple natural and artificially synthesized plant allopolyploids. We found similar genomic and transcriptional cytonuclear responses, including respective paternal-to-maternal conversions and maternal homeologous biased expression, in chaperonin/chaperon-assisted folding and assembly of RuBisCo in different allopolyploids. One observation is about the temporally attenuated genomic and transcriptional cytonuclear evolutionary responses during early folding and later assembly process of RuBisCo biogenesis, which were established by long-term evolution and immediate onset of allopolyploidy, respectively. Our study not only points to the potential widespread and hitherto unrecognized features of cytonuclear evolution but also bears implications for the structural interaction interface between LSU and Cpn60 chaperonin and the functioning stage of the Raf2 chaperone.
The effectiveness of COVID-19 testing and contact tracing in a US city
Authors: Wang Xutong , Du Zhanwei , James Emily , Fox Spencer J. , Lachmann Michael , Meyers Lauren Ancel , Bhavnani Darlene
Published: August 2022

Although testing, contact tracing, and case isolation programs can mitigate COVID-19 transmission and allow the relaxation of social distancing measures, few countries worldwide have succeeded in scaling such efforts to levels that suppress spread. The efficacy of test-trace-isolate likely depends on the speed and extent of follow-up and the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the community. Here, we use a granular model of COVID-19 transmission to estimate the public health impacts of test-trace-isolate programs across a range of programmatic and epidemiological scenarios, based on testing and contact tracing data collected on a university campus and surrounding community in Austin, TX, between October 1, 2020, and January 1, 2021. The median time between specimen collection from a symptomatic case and quarantine of a traced contact was 2 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 2 to 3) on campus and 5 days (IQR: 3 to 8) in the community. Assuming a reproduction number of 1.2, we found that detection of 40% of all symptomatic cases followed by isolation is expected to avert 39% (IQR: 30% to 45%) of COVID-19 cases. Contact tracing is expected to increase the cases averted to 53% (IQR: 42% to 58%) or 40% (32% to 47%), assuming the 2- and 5-day delays estimated on campus and in the community, respectively. In a tracing-accelerated scenario, in which 75% of contacts are notified the day after specimen collection, cases averted increase to 68% (IQR: 55% to 72%). An accelerated contact tracing program leveraging rapid testing and electronic reporting of test results can significantly curtail local COVID-19 transmission.
Transcription–replication conflicts in primordial germ cells necessitate the Fanconi anemia pathway to safeguard genome stability
Authors: Yang Yajuan , Xu Weiwei , Gao Fei , Wen Canxin , Zhao Simin , Yu Yongze , Jiao Wenlin , Mi Xin , Qin Yingying , Chen Zi-Jiang , Zhao Shidou
Published: August 2022

Preserving a high degree of genome integrity and stability in germ cells is of utmost importance for reproduction and species propagation. However, the regulatory mechanisms of maintaining genome stability in the developing primordial germ cells (PGCs), in which rapid proliferation is coupled with global hypertranscription, remain largely unknown. Here, we find that mouse PGCs encounter a constitutively high frequency of transcription–replication conflicts (TRCs), which lead to R-loop accumulation and impose endogenous replication stress on PGCs. We further demonstrate that the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is activated by TRCs and has a central role in the coordination between replication and transcription in the rapidly proliferating PGCs, as disabling the FA pathway leads to TRC and R-loop accumulation, replication fork destabilization, increased DNA damage, dramatic loss of mitotically dividing mouse PGCs, and consequent sterility of both sexes. Overall, our findings uncover the unique source and resolving mechanism of endogenous replication stress during PGC proliferation, provide a biological explanation for reproductive defects in individuals with FA, and improve our understanding of the monitoring strategies for genome stability during germ cell development.
Repertoire-scale measures of antigen binding
Authors: Arora Rohit , Arnaout Ramy
Published: August 2022

Antibodies and T cell receptors (TCRs) are the fundamental building blocks of adaptive immunity. Repertoire-scale functionality derives from their epitope-binding properties, just as macroscopic properties like temperature derive from microscopic molecular properties. However, most approaches to repertoire-scale measurement, including sequence diversity and entropy, are not based on antibody or TCR function in this way. Thus, they potentially overlook key features of immunological function. Here we present a framework that describes repertoires in terms of the epitope-binding properties of their constituent antibodies and TCRs, based on analysis of thousands of antibody–antigen and TCR–peptide–major-histocompatibility-complex binding interactions and over 400 high-throughput repertoires. We show that repertoires consist of loose overlapping classes of antibodies and TCRs with similar binding properties. We demonstrate the potential of this framework to distinguish specific responses vs. bystander activation in influenza vaccinees, stratify cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected cohorts, and identify potential immunological “super-agers.” Classes add a valuable dimension to the assessment of immune function.
Encapsulated bacteria deform lipid vesicles into flagellated swimmers
Authors: Le Nagard Lucas , Brown Aidan T. , Dawson Angela , Martinez Vincent A. , Poon Wilson C. K. , Staykova Margarita
Published: August 2022

We study a synthetic system of motile
Escherichia coli
bacteria encapsulated inside giant lipid vesicles. Forces exerted by the bacteria on the inner side of the membrane are sufficient to extrude membrane tubes filled with one or several bacteria. We show that a physical coupling between the membrane tube and the flagella of the enclosed cells transforms the tube into an effective helical flagellum propelling the vesicle. We develop a simple theoretical model to estimate the propulsive force from the speed of the vesicles and demonstrate the good efficiency of this coupling mechanism. Together, these results point to design principles for conferring motility to synthetic cells.
Endothelial VWF is critical for the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusive episode in a mouse model of sickle cell disease
Authors: Shi Huiping , Shao Bojing , Gao Liang , Venkatesan Thamizhiniyan , McDaniel John Michael , Zhou Meixiang , McGee Samuel , Yu Pengchun , Ahamed Jasimuddin , Journeycake Janna , George James N. , Xia Lijun
Published: August 2022

Vaso-occlusive episode (VOE) is a common and critical complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). Its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. von Willebrand factor (VWF), a multimeric plasma hemostatic protein synthesized and secreted by endothelial cells and platelets, is increased during a VOE. However, whether and how VWF contributes to the pathogenesis of VOE is not fully understood. In this study, we found increased VWF levels during tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–induced VOE in a humanized mouse model of SCD. Deletion of endothelial VWF decreased hemolysis, vascular occlusion, and organ damage caused by TNF-induced VOE in SCD mice. Moreover, administering ADAMTS13, the VWF-cleaving plasma protease, reduced plasma VWF levels, decreased inflammation and vaso-occlusion, and alleviated organ damage during VOE. These data suggest that promoting VWF cleavage via ADAMTS13 may be an effective treatment for reducing hemolysis, inflammation, and vaso-occlusion during VOE.
Large phonon thermal Hall conductivity in the antiferromagnetic insulator Cu3TeO6
Authors: Chen Lu , Boulanger Marie-Eve , Wang Zhi-Cheng , Tafti Fazel , Taillefer Louis
Published: August 2022

Phonons are known to generate a thermal Hall effect in certain insulators, including oxides with rare-earth impurities, quantum paraelectrics, multiferroic materials, and cuprate Mott insulators. In each case, a special feature of the material is presumed relevant for the underlying mechanism that confers chirality to phonons in a magnetic field. A fundamental question is whether a phonon Hall effect is an unusual occurrence—linked to special characteristics such as skew scattering off rare-earth impurities, structural domains, ferroelectricity, or ferromagnetism—or a much more common property of insulators than hitherto believed. To help answer this question, we have turned to a material with none of the previously encountered special features: the cubic antiferromagnet Cu3TeO6. We find that its thermal Hall conductivityκxyis among the largest of any insulator so far. We show that this record-highκxysignal is due to phonons, and it does not require the presence of magnetic order, as it persists above the ordering temperature. We conclude that the phonon Hall effect is likely to be a fairly common property of solids.
Photoredox catalysis may be a general mechanism in photodynamic therapy
Authors: Li Mingle , Xu Yunjie , Pu Zhongji , Xiong Tao , Huang Haiqiao , Long Saran , Son Subin , Yu Le , Singh Nem , Tong Yunkang , Sessler Jonathan L. , Peng Xiaojun , Kim Jong Seung
Published: August 2022

Elucidating the underlying photochemical mechanisms of action (MoA) of photodynamic therapy (PDT) may allow its efficacy to be improved and could set the stage for the development of new classes of PDT photosensitizers. Here, we provide evidence that “photoredox catalysis in cells,” wherein key electron transport pathways are disrupted, could constitute a general MoA associated with PDT. Taking the cellular electron donor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as an example, we have found that well-known photosensitizers, such as Rose Bengal, BODIPY, phenoselenazinium, phthalocyanine, and porphyrin derivatives, are able to catalyze its conversion to NAD
+
. This MoA stands in contrast to conventional type I and type II photoactivation mechanisms involving electron and energy transfer, respectively. A newly designed molecular targeting photocatalyst (termed CatER) was designed to test the utility of this mechanism-based approach to photosensitizer development. Photoexcitation of CatER induces cell pyroptosis via the caspase 3/GSDME pathway. Specific epidermal growth factor receptor positive cancer cell recognition, high signal-to-background ratio tumor imaging (SBRTI = 12.2), and good tumor growth inhibition (TGI = 77.1%) are all hallmarks of CatER. CatER thus constitutes an effective near-infrared pyroptotic cell death photo-inducer. We believe the present results will provide the foundation for the synthesis of yet-improved phototherapeutic agents that incorporate photocatalytic chemistry into their molecular design.
Withdrawal Statement
Authors: Publishing CABI
Published: August 2022

This is to confirm that the article "Comparative Efficacy of Apneic Oxygenation versus Facamask Alone pre-oxygenation to prevent hypoxia during endotracheal intubation of elective Pediatric surgical patients" has been withdrawn, because it is incomplete.
Non-invasive stimulation with temporal interference: optimization of the electric field deep in the brain with the use of a genetic algorithm
Authors: Stoupis D , Samaras T
Published: August 2022

Objective. Since the introduction of transcranial temporal interference stimulation, there has been an ever-growing interest in this novel method, as it theoretically allows non-invasive stimulation of deep brain target regions. To date, attempts have been made to optimize the electrode montages and injected current to achieve personalized area targeting using two electrode pairs. Most of these methods use exhaustive search to find the best match, but faster and, at the same time, reliable solutions are required. In this study, the electrode combinations as well as the injected current for a two-electrode pair stimulation were optimized using a genetic algorithm, considering the right hippocampus as the region of interest (ROI). Approach. Simulations were performed on head models from the Population Head Model repository. First, each model was fitted with an electrode array based on the 10–10 international EEG electrode placement system. Following electrode placement, the models were meshed and solved for all single-pair electrode combinations, using an electrode on the left mastoid as a reference (ground). At the optimization stage, different electrode pairs and injection currents were tested using a genetic algorithm to obtain the optimal combination for each model, by setting three different maximum electric field thresholds (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 V m−1) in the ROI. The combinations below the set threshold were given a high penalty. Main results. Greater focality was achieved with our optimization, specifically in the ROI, with a significant decrease in the surrounding electric field intensity. In the non-optimized case, the mean brain volumes stimulated above 0.2 V m−1 were 99.9% in the ROI, and 76.4% in the rest of the gray matter. In contrast, the stimulated mean volumes were 91.4% and 29.6%, respectively, for the best optimization case with a threshold of 0.8 V m−1. Additionally, the maximum electric field intensity inside the ROI was consistently higher than that outside of the ROI for all optimized cases. Objective. Given that the accomplishment of a globally optimal solution requires a brute-force approach, the use of a genetic algorithm can significantly decrease the optimization time, while achieving personalized deep brain stimulation. The results of this work can be used to facilitate further studies that are more clinically oriented; thus, enabling faster and at the same time accurate treatment planning for the stimulation sessions.
Agricultural livelihoods, adaptation, and environmental migration in sub-Saharan drylands: a meta-analytical review
Authors: Hoffmann Roman , Wiederkehr Charlotte , Dimitrova Anna , Hermans Kathleen
Published: August 2022

Drylands in sub-Saharan Africa are strongly affected by the impacts of climate change. Temperature increases, changes in rainfall patterns, and land degradation pose serious threats to food security, health, and water availability in the region. The increase in livelihood insecurity can in turn trigger migration as a way to adapt or cope with stress. Based on 89 original case studies, this study uses review and meta-analytical techniques to systematically explore the relationship between environmental change, adaptation, and migration in rural areas in sub-Saharan drylands. We show that households use a diverse range of strategies to respond to environmental hardships in different livelihood and ecological contexts. While migration is common in some communities, it is of less relevance to others, and it can take various forms. Our findings indicate that migration is often used as a complementary strategy to other forms of adaptation, which can vary depending on situational needs. We use cluster analysis to identify adaptation clusters and show how linked response strategies differ by socioeconomic conditions. We find that migration can serve as a last resort measure for highly vulnerable groups, or be used in combination with in-situ strategies for diversifying income and adapting agricultural practices. Our results have important implications highlighting the role of local conditions and complementary forms of coping and adaptation for understanding environmental migration.
Abrasive wear resistance of idler roll polymeric materials
Authors: Kouketsu Fernanda , Pacholok Daniel , Cousseau Tiago , da Silva Carlos Henrique
Published: August 2022

Idler rolls are an integral part of belt conveyors. Recently, steel idler rolls have been replaced with polymeric ones in low to middle load applications, bringing several advantages due to the polymer’s lightweight and low abrasiveness in the conveyor belt. However, using polymeric material for high load application brings challenges, particularly presenting similar structural and abrasion resistance to steel. This work puts forwards a methodology using a rubber-wheel tribometer to evaluate the abrasion resistance of polymeric idler rolls in their most severe operating condition (halted idler roll) and defines a threshold limit based on the results obtained with steel idler rolls. The methodology was applied to 07 different polymeric materials. To further understand materials abrasions resistance, scratching tests were performed, and the main wear mechanisms, verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and abrasion factor (FAB), were discussed along with the material properties. The main conclusions are: i) some polymeric materials present abrasion resistance similar to steel rolls; ii) the wear micromechanisms, verified by SEM and FAB, are good indicators of abrasion resistance of the materials but insufficient because they do not include temperature and fatigue effects resulting from multi abrasive events; iii) the additive fillers significantly altered the abrasive resistance of materials, although they do not change the material properties significantly.
Solving Poisson equation with slowing-down equilibrium distribution for global gyrokinetic simulation
Authors: ZHONG Qi , XIAO Yong
Published: August 2022

Fusion-born alpha particles in burning plasmas are usually regarded as have a slowing-down distribution, which differs significantly from the Maxwellian distribution of thermal particles in velocity space. A generalized multi-point average method has been developed for gyrokinetic Poisson equation with slowing-down equilibrium distribution using optimization in Fourier space. Its accuracy is verified in both long and short wavelength limits. The influence of changing equilibrium distribution from Maxwellian to slowing-down on gyrokinetic Poisson equation is analyzed to illustrate the significance of the new method. The effect of critical speed in the slowing-down distribution on the field solver is also presented. This method forms an important basis for global gyrokinetic simulation of low-frequency drift Alfvénic turbulence in burning plasmas.
Copying safety and liveness properties of computational artefacts
Authors: Angius Nicola , Primiero Giuseppe
Published: August 2022

This paper shows how safety and liveness properties are not necessarily preserved by different kinds of copies of computational artefacts and proposes procedures to preserve them, which are consistent with ethical analyses on software property rights infringement. Safety and liveness are second-order properties that are crucial in the definition of the formal ontology of computational artefacts. Software copies are analysed at the level of their formal models as exact, inexact and approximate copies, according to the taxonomy in [3]. First, it is explained how exact copies are the only kind of copies that preserve safety and liveness properties, and how inexact and approximate copies do not necessarily preserve them. Secondly, two model checking algorithms are proposed to verify whether inexact and approximate copies actually preserve safety and liveness properties. Essential properties of termination, correctness and complexity are proved for these algorithms. Finally, contraction and expansion algorithmic operations are defined, allowing for the automatic design of safety- and liveness-preserving approximate copies. As a conclusion, the relevance of the present logical analysis for the ongoing debates in miscomputation and computer ethics is highlighted.
Osteoporosis
Authors: Harvey Nicholas C. , Compston Juliet , Cooper Cyrus
Published: August 2022

Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and disruption of bone architecture, resulting in increased bone fragility and fracture risk, with fractures of the distal radius (Colles’ fracture), spine, and proximal femur being most characteristic. One in two women and one in five men over the age of 50 years will suffer an osteoporotic fracture during their remaining lifetime, with massive cost to healthcare services. Osteoporotic fractures are termed fragility fractures (defined as occurring after a fall from standing height or less). They may occur at several skeletal sites but fractures of the distal radius (Colles’ fracture), spine, and proximal femur are most characteristic. The incidence of osteoporotic fractures increases markedly with age; in women, the median age for Colles’ fractures is 65 years and for hip fracture, 80 years.
COVID-19 in pregnancy
Authors: Nana Melanie , Nelson-Piercy Catherine
Published: August 2022

In January 2020 the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared a global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has since been established that pregnant women appear no more or less likely to contract this disease than the background population. However, as is the case with other viral illnesses including influenza and varicella, they may be at increased risk of developing severe disease compared to their non-pregnant counterparts, particularly in the third trimester. Pregnant women who contract SARS-CoV-2 are at higher risk of developing severe disease requiring admission to an intensive care unit and invasive ventilation than those who are not pregnant, particularly if infected with the Delta variant of concern. Their commonest presenting symptoms are cough, fever, dyspnoea or myalgia. Risk factors for severe disease, typically a phenomenon of the late second or third trimester, reflect those in the non-pregnant population. There is an increased risk of pre-term birth and Caesarean section.
Mechanisms of pulmonary endothelial permeability and inflammation caused by extracellular histone subunits H3 and H4
Authors: Ramasubramanian Baalachandran , Kim Junghyun , Ke Yunbo , Li Yue , Zhang Chen‐Ou , Promnares Kamoltip , Tanaka Kenichi A. , Birukov Konstantin G. , Karki Pratap , Birukova Anna A.
Published: August 2022

Extracellular DNA‐binding proteins such as histones are danger‐associated molecular pattern released by the injured tissues in trauma and sepsis settings, which trigger host immune response and vascular dysfunction. Molecular events leading to histone‐induced endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction remain poorly understood. This study performed comparative analysis of H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone subunits effects on human pulmonary EC permeability and inflammatory response. Analysis of transendothelial electrical resistance and EC monolayer permeability for macromolecues revealed that H3 and H4, but not H1, H2A, or H2B caused dose‐dependent EC permeability accompanied by disassembly of adherens junctions. At higher doses, H3 and H4 activated nuclear factor kappa B inflammatory cascade leading to upregulation EC adhesion molecules ICAM1, VCAM1, E‐selectin, and release of inflammatory cytokines. Inhibitory receptor analysis showed that toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 but not TLR1/2 or receptor for advanced glycation end inhibition significantly attenuated deleterious effects of H3 and H4 histones. Inhibitor of Rho‐kinase was without effect, while inhibition of Src kinase caused partial preservation of cell–cell junctions, H3/H4‐induced permeability and inflammation. Deleterious effects of H3/H4 were blocked by heparin. Activation of Epac‐Rap1 signaling restored EC barrier properties after histone challenge. Intravenous injection of histones in mice caused elevation of inflammatory markers and increased vascular leak. Post‐treatment with pharmacological Epac/Rap1 activator suppressed injurious effects of histones in vitro and in vivo. These results identify H3 and H4 as key histone subunits exhibiting deleterious effects on pulmonary vascular endothelium via TLR4‐dependent mechanism. In conclusion, elevation of circulating histones may represent a serious risk of exacerbated acute lung injury (ALI) and multiple organ injury during severe trauma and infection.
Mechanical Power Differs Between Pressure-Controlled Ventilation and Different Volume-Controlled Ventilation Modes
Authors: Rietveld Petra J. , Snoep Jacob W. M. , Lamping Marjolein , van der Velde Franciska , de Jonge Evert , van Westerloo David W. , Schoe Abraham
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVES:

Mechanical power (MP) is a way of estimating the energy delivered by the ventilator to the patient. For both volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) methods have been described to calculate the MP. The pressure-volume (PV) loop, from which the MP is calculated, is different for VCV compared with PCV. We aimed to compare the MP of VCV with zero pause time (VCV-0), VCV with 10% pause time (VCV-10), and PCV within patients in different patient categories based on severity of lung injury.

DESIGN:

In a proof-of-concept study, we enrolled 46 mechanically ventilated patients without spontaneous breathing efforts. Baseline measurements were done in pressure-controlled mode. Subsequently, measurements were done in VCV-0 and VCV-10. Tidal volume and all other settings were kept the same.

SETTING:

ICU, single university medical center.

PATIENTS:

Fifty-eight cases in 46 patients on controlled ventilation modes.

INTERVENTIONS:

Comparison between the MP of PCV, VCV-0, and VCV-10.

MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS:

The mean MP of VCV-0, VCV-10, and PCV was 19.30, 21.80, and 20.87 J/min, respectively (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). The transpulmonary MP of VCV-0, VCV-10, and PCV was 6.75, 8.60, and 7.99 J/min, respectively (p < 0.05 for all comparisons).

CONCLUSIONS:

In patients ventilated in a controlled mode, VCV without pause time had the lowest MP followed by PCV. VCV with 10% pause time had the highest MP.
Estrogen therapy and breast cancer in randomized clinical trials: a narrative review
Authors: Pan Kathy , Lavasani Sayeh , Aragaki Aaron K. , Chlebowski Rowan T.
Published: August 2022

Importance and Objective

In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trial with 10,739 postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy, conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) alone significantly reduced breast cancer incidence and breast cancer mortality. In contrast, epidemiological studies in a meta-analysis from the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (Collaborative Group) with 108,647 breast cancers and the Million Women’s Study cohort significantly associated estrogen-alone therapy with higher breast cancer incidence and breast cancer mortality. The Collaborative Group included a meta-analysis of five smaller randomized trials and the WHI randomized trial; however, findings were restricted to the Collaborative Group appendix. Our objective is to facilitate understanding of these discordant results.

Methods

Data sources supporting our review findings include the randomized WHI CEE-alone trial and the meta-analysis of five smaller randomized trials evaluating estrogen alone. We summarize the smaller randomized trials’ details of breast cancer relevance and place the findings in clinical context. We review findings of the WHI randomized trial evaluating CEE alone in the context of issues raised by Collaborative Group and the Million Women Study authors. We trace the evolution of the time-from-menopause, “window of opportunity” concept and augment the Collaborative Group meta-analysis by including the most recent WHI findings.

Discussion and Conclusions

Consideration of the smaller randomized trials evaluating estrogen alone with breast cancer signals that the WHI findings of lower breast cancer incidence and lower breast cancer mortality with CEE-alone use are not a “stand-alone” outcome or due to the play of chance. The serial reports of consistent favorable breast cancer findings through 20 years of cumulative follow-up suggest CEE-alone use initiates changes that persist. After full consideration of risks and benefits, randomized trial evidence provides reassurance for postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy who are close to menopause considering estrogen alone for climacteric symptom management.
Physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ruiz-Rios Maitane , Maldonado-Martin Sara
Published: August 2022

Importance

The apparent cardioprotective effects of endogenous estrogens to prevent cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women are reduced with the loss of estrogen post-menopause. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors are closely related to physical activity levels.

Objective

This study conducted a critical assessment of studies for health prevention that analyze the effects of physical activity programs on cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in women, comparing premenopausal and postmenopausal states, through a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Evidence Review

A computerized literature search was performed to include articles up until December 2021 in the following online databases: PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science. Regarding physical activity intervention, women of all ages were engaged. The PEDro scale and Oxford's evidence levels were used for the assessment of the risk of bias in the included articles.

Findings

Fourteen scientific articles met the inclusion criteria. Great variability was found in physical activity variables. All the studies found an improvement in at least one variable. The risk of bias was high, with all the articles obtaining a low methodological quality, except two with high methodological quality. Only one article considered the differences in the menopausal state observing the effects of physical activity intervention and highlighting the importance of physical activity in both states.

Conclusions and Relevance

To strengthen the evidence for the benefits of physical activity programs in women and to observe the effects depending on their menopausal state, there is an ongoing need for more rigorous randomized controlled trials of appropriate length and dose, with individualized exercise intensity.
A Systematic Review of Muscle Synergies during a Walking Gait to Define Optimal Donor-Recipient Pairings for Lower Extremity Functional Reconstruction
Authors: Magrath Walker J. , Qiu Cecil S. , Hanwright Philip J. , Tuffaha Sami H. , Khavanin Nima
Published: August 2022

Background:

Functional lower extremity reconstruction primarily aims to restore independent ambulation. We sought to define the synergies recruited during a walking gait to inform donor selection for various motor deficits. With these findings, we discuss the functional neuromuscular components of independent gait with the goal of informing lower extremity reconstruction.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE for articles published between January 2000 and December 2020. Search terms included (1) “motor module(s),” “synergy,” “motor pattern,” or “motor primitive” and (2) “gait,” “walking,” “ambulation,” or “locomotion.” Abstracts/full texts were reviewed by two independent reviewers.

Results:

A total of 38 studies were selected. The average reported number of synergies and variance accounted for was 4.5 ± 0.9 and 88.6% ± 7.7%, respectively. Four motor modules were conserved across nearly all studies.

Conclusions:

Walking can be reduced to the sequential activation of four motor modules. Activities during the stance phase are critical for both standing stability and forward progression and should be prioritized for reconstruction with the goal of preserving efficient gait. Muscles recruited during swing, except those used for ankle dorsiflexion, are less prone to injury and benefit from greater redundancy, less often necessitating reconstruction. With the emphasis on stability during stance, several synergistic or sometimes even antagonistic tendons can be used to replace their counterparts and restore efficient, independent ambulation. With a finite supply of donor tissues, and in the absence of well-defined clinical outcomes data, this research allows us to effectively prioritize reconstructive goals and maximize patient outcomes.