bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress analysis of pressure-assisted sintering for the double-side assembly of power module
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Hao , Wang Lingen , Fan Xuejun , Zhang Guoqi , Sun F.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Crack and stress distribution on dies are key issues for the pressure-assisted sintering bonding of power modules. The purpose of this research is to build a relationship among stress distributions, sintering sequences and sintering pressures during the sintering processes.

Design/methodology/approach

Three sintering sequences, S(a), S(b) and S(c), have been designed for the double-side assembly of power module in this paper. Experiments and finite element method (FEM) analysis are conducted to investigate the crack and stress distribution.

Findings

The sintering sequence had significant effects on the crack generation in the chips during the sintering process under 30-MPa pressure. The simulation results revealed that the module sintered by S(a) showed lower chip stress than those by the other two sintering sequences under 30 MPa. In contrast, the chip stress is the highest when the sintering sequence follows S(b). The simulation results explained the crack generation and prolongation in the experiments. S(a) was recommended as the best sintering sequence because of the lowest chip stress and highest yield rate.

Originality/value

This study investigated the stress distributions of the double-side sintered power modules under different sintering pressures. Based on the results of experiments and FEM analysis, the best sintering sequence design is provided under various sintering pressures.
Urban Political Ecology Beyond Methodological Cityism
Authors: Connolly Creighton
Published: October 2018

The concept of planetary urbanization has emerged in recent years amongst neo‐Lefebvrian urban scholars who see urbanization as a process taking place at all spatial scales. This article analyses recent critiques of the urban political ecology (UPE) literature which argue that much of the work in the field has been guilty of focusing exclusively on the traditional bounded city unit rather than urbanization as a process. In response, the article reviews various strands of the UPE literature which have (always) moved beyond ‘the city’ to consider the various metabolisms and circulations of humans and non‐humans connecting cities with places outside of their borders at a variety of scales. Furthermore, it suggests how these approaches can productively work with the insights of the planetary urbanization literature, in considering both the changing nature of urbanization and also the socio‐ecological and political implications of these changes. Finally, the article suggests how the methodological approach of the ‘site multiple’ and its focus on everyday practices and lived experiences can be useful for researching diverse urban phenomena and their more‐than‐urban connections.
Histopathological Profile In Fatal Yellow Phosphorous Poisoning
Authors: Das Siddhartha , Reddy Uppalapati Venkata Uma Vamsidhar , Hamide Abdoul , Badhe Bhawana , Ravichandran Muthusamy , Murthy Abilash Srinivasa
Published: October 2018

Yellow phosphorous (YP) is the toxic form of elemental phosphorous and the chief constituent of firecrackers and rodenticides. In India, the rodenticide paste is frequently used for the suicidal purpose. This study is an autopsy‐based observational study which describes the histopathological features of heart, lungs, liver, and kidney of fatal cases of YP poisoning. The most common autopsy features in the viscera were congestion and petechial hemorrhage. The liver histopathology findings were microvesicular steatosis (68%), hepatic necrosis (62%), macrovesicular steatosis (50%), inflammatory cells (46%), sinusoidal congestion (40%), cholestasis (32%), and toxic hepatitis (18%). Hepatic necrosis ranged from being focal to centrizonal in distribution. Congestion was the most common feature observed in the lungs and the kidney. This is the largest autopsy‐based study on YP poisoning till date. The histopathological features of liver were consistent with YP poisoning whereas the findings of heart, lungs, and kidney were nonspecific in nature.
Finding stories in noise: Mitochondrial portraits from RAD data
Authors: Stobie Cora Sabriel , Cunningham Michael J. , Oosthuizen Carel J. , Bloomer Paulette
Published: October 2018

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has formed the backbone of phylogeographic research for many years; however, recent trends focus on genome‐wide analyses. One method proposed for calibrating inferences from noisy next‐generation data, such as RAD sequencing, is to compare these results with analyses of mitochondrial sequences. Most researchers using this approach appear to be unaware that many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from genome‐wide sequence data are themselves mitochondrial, or assume that these are too few to bias analyses. Here, we demonstrate two methods for mining mitochondrial markers using RAD sequence data from three South African species of yellowfish, Labeobarbus. First, we use a rigorous SNP discovery pipeline using the program stacks, to identify variant sites in mtDNA, which we then combine into haplotypes. Second, we directly map sequence reads against a mitochondrial genome reference. This method allowed us to reconstruct up to 98% of the Labeobarbus mitogenome. We validated these mitogenome reconstructions through blast database searches and by comparison with cytochrome b gene sequences obtained through Sanger sequencing. Finally, we investigate the organismal consequences of these data including ancient genetic exchange and a recent translocation among populations of L. natalensis, as well as interspecific hybridization between L. aeneus and L. kimberleyensis.
2018 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference: Advancing Pediatric Emergency Medicine Education Through Research and Scholarship
Authors: Klig Jean E. , Fang Andrea , Fox Sean M. , Hom Jeffrey , Strobel Ashley , Tat Sonny , Wall Jessica J. , Bhat Rahul , Weinberg Eric , Deninghoff Kurt R. , Ishimine Paul , Kou Maybelle
Published: October 2018

To achieve high‐quality emergency care for pediatric patients nationwide, it is necessary to define the key elements for pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) education and scholarship that would: 1) close the gaps in fundamental PEM education and 2) promote systems and standards that assure an ongoing communication of best practices between tertiary pediatric institutions, general (nonchildren's) hospital emergency departments, and urgent care centers. A working group of medical educators was formed to review the literature, develop a framework for consensus discussion at the breakout session, and then translate their findings into recommendations for future research and scholarship. The breakout session consensus discussion yielded many recommendations. The group concluded that future progress depends on multicenter collaborations as a PEM education research network and a unified vision for PEM education that bridges organizations, providers, and institutions to assure the best possible outcomes for acutely ill or injured children.
What Is the Specificity of the Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score in a Low‐prevalence Population?
Authors: Ohle Robert , Anjum Omar , Bleeker Helena , McIsaac Sarah
Published: October 2018

Background

Acute aortic syndrome (AAS) is a time‐sensitive and difficult‐to‐diagnose aortic emergency. The American Heart Association (AHA) proposed the acute aortic dissection detection risk score (ADD‐RS) as a means to reduce miss rate and improve time to diagnosis. Previous validation studies were performed in a high prevalence population of patients. We do not know how the rule will perform in a lower‐prevalence population. This is important because application of a rule with low specificity would increase imaging rates and complications. Our goal was to assess if the diagnostic accuracy of the score would be maintained in a low‐prevalence population that we are attempting to risk stratify in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

Retrospective cohort of patients age 18 years old and older who presented to two tertiary care EDs from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015, and underwent a computed tomographic angiography to rule out AAS. Two trained reviewers extracted data using a standardized data collection form. AAS was defined according to accepted radiologic standards. The components of the AHA risk score were defined a priori. Agreement was measured using kappa statistic. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 University Edition.

Results

A total 370 patients underwent computed tomography for suspected AAS. Chief presenting symptoms were chest pain (207, 58%), back pain (26, 7%), abdominal pain (32, 8.6%), syncope (7, 2.6%), and symptoms of stroke (6, 1.6%). AAS was finally diagnosed in 12 (3.2%) patients: five (1.4%) type A aortic dissection, four (1%) type B aortic dissection, two (0.5%) an aortic intramural hematoma, no penetrating aortic ulcer, and one a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The presence of one or more ADD risk markers (ADD‐RS ≥ 1) was associated with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI = 73.5%–100%) and a specificity of 12.3% (95% CI = 9.1%–16.2%) for the diagnosis of AAS. The negative likelihood ratio was 0 and the positive likelihood ratio was 1.14 (95% CI = 1.1–1.2).

Conclusions

Our study confirms that in North America the prevalence of AAS in those undergoing advanced imaging is low. The ADD‐RS in this population has a low specificity. A lack of defined inclusion criteria and a low specificity limits the application of this rule in practice.
The interactive effects of perceived peer drinking and personality profiles on adolescent drinking: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Pocuca Nina , Hides Leanne , Quinn Catherine A. , White Melanie J. , Mewton Louise , Newton Nicola Clare , Slade Tim , Chapman Cath , Teesson Maree , Andrews Gavin , Allsop Steve , McBride Nyanda
Published: October 2018

Aims

(1) To classify Australian adolescents according to their alcohol consumption trajectories; and (2) to assess the direct and interactive effects of perceived peer drinking (PPD) and personality on adolescent drinking.

Design

Prospective cohort study comprising secondary analysis of six waves of prospective data (collected between 2014 and 2016) from the control arm of the Climate Schools Combined Study.

Setting

Nineteen schools across three Australian states.

Participants

A total of 1492 socio‐demographically diverse students (mean age at baseline: 13.47; 68% female; 82% born in Australia).

Measurements

Alcohol consumption trajectories were assessed using self‐reported sipping of alcohol, full standard drink consumption, binge drinking and quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. One item assessed PPD and personality was assessed using the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale.

Findings

Eight hundred and sixty‐four (58%) adolescents consumed alcohol across the study period. Four drinking trajectories were identified: abstaining (n = 513; reference group); onset (n = 361; initiated after baseline); persistent (n = 531; initiated prior to baseline); and decreasing (n = 50; consumed alcohol at baseline but ceased or decreased thereafter). A significant PPD × anxiety sensitivity (AS) interaction affected probability of belonging to the onset (P < 0.001) and persistent (P = 0.003) trajectories. The effect of PPD on probability of belonging to the onset trajectory was only significant when adolescents reported low [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.464–2.646, P < 0.001], but not high AS. The effect of PPD on probability of belonging to the persistent drinking trajectory was stronger at low (95% CI = 2.144–3.283, P < 0.001), compared with high (95% CI = 1.440–2.308, P < 0.001) AS.

Conclusions

In Australian adolescents, self‐reported drinking onset and persistent drinking appear to be more strongly associated with perceived peer drinking in those with low anxiety sensitivity than those with high anxiety sensitivity.
Early adipose deposits in sheep: comparative analysis of the perirenal fat transcriptome of Assaf and Churra suckling lambs
Authors: Suárez‐Vega A. , Arranz J. J. , Pérez V. , de la Fuente L. F. , Mateo J. , Gutiérrez‐Gil B.
Published: October 2018

Adipose deposits influence the quality of ruminant carcasses, and in suckling lambs, internal types of adipose deposits represent a notable proportion of total fat. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the perirenal fat transcriptomes of suckling lambs from two breeds with different growth and carcass characteristics. The perirenal fat tissue from 14 suckling lambs (Assaf,n = 8; Churra,n = 6) was used for theRNA‐seq analysis. The functional enrichment analysis of the 670 highly expressed genes (>150 fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped) in the perirenal fat transcriptome of both breeds revealed that the majority of these genes were involved in energy processes. The expression of theUCP1gene, a classical biomarker of brown fat, and the presence of multilocular adipocytes in the two breeds supported the presence of brown fat at the transition stage towards white fat tissue. The differential expression analysis performed identified 373 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two compared breeds. Brown/white fat gene biomarkers were not included in the list ofDEGs. In Assaf lambs,DEGs were enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes related to fatty‐acid oxidation, whereas in Churra lambs, the majority of the significantly enrichedGOterms were related to cholesterol synthesis, which suggests that upregulatedDEGs in Assaf lambs are implicated in fat burning, whereas the Churra upregulatedDEGs are linked to fat accumulation. These results can help to increase knowledge of the genes controlling early fat deposition in ruminants and shed light on fundamental aspects of adipose tissue growth.
Vessel of God/Access to God: American Sign Language Interpreting in American Evangelical Churches
Authors: Friedner Michele Ilana
Published: October 2018

According to professional understandings, American Sign Language (ASL) interpreters provide language and communication access. This article draws on ethnographic research and interviews with ASL interpreters in the United States to analyze the category of “faith‐based” interpreting in relation to “professional” or “secular” interpreting. Through such a comparison, and through attention to the ethical, linguistic, and communicative practices of faith‐based interpreters, this article explores the stakes of foregrounding the concepts of access and agency in the context of disability. The concept of disability access is tethered tightly to secular epistemologies that deny the possibility of differential, distributed, or divine agency as well as forms of mediation that are not focused on language or communication. In centering principles of equal participation and inclusion, and the need for interpreters to have linguistic skills and specific orientations toward deaf people, the field of ASL interpreting has ignored a range of skills and competencies that exist outside the realm of the secular. Through an engagement with scholarship from disability studies and the anthropology of Christianity, this article argues for attending to and valuing extralinguistic forms of interpretation and the need for more capacious understandings of access and agency in the context of disability and beyond. [deafness, interpretation, accessibility, disability, Christianity]
Tales of Esnesv: Indigenous Oral Traditions about Trader‐Diplomats in Ancient Southeastern North America
Authors: Bloch Lee
Published: October 2018

Material assemblages excavated from sites across eastern North America indicate the existence of ancient exchange networks that once spanned from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes and from the Atlantic to the Ozarks. Yet identifying specific mechanisms of trade is more difficult. This article investigates oral traditions about esnesv—persons who acted as travelers, traders, diplomats, and acolytes—told in a Native American community in the US South whose members identify as of Muskogee (Creek) ancestry. Esnesv traveled great distances, enjoyed impunity in enemy territories, facilitated exchanges of knowledge and materials with important celestial qualities, and mediated peacemaking between peoples. Esnesv stories provide Indigenous perspectives on ancient exchange and diplomacy practices as a historically particular and archaeologically viable alternative to elite‐controlled trade models. These stories describe trade goods that are simultaneously of earth and sky, furthering archaeological understandings of landscape and cosmology by rethinking difference, distance, and materiality. Esnesv threaded earthly fragments of the sky and Milky Way through peoples’ relationships with foreign others, making exchange and peace within a world of roads connecting diverse, place‐based lifeways. In doing so, they rebalanced the world, facilitating circulations of mobile landscapes and cosmic substances that generated new connectivities and ways of being. [oral traditions, exchange, decolonizing methodologies, Native American and Indigenous peoples, North America]
Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea in Swedish adolescents
Authors: Söderman Lisa , Edlund Måns , Marions Lena
Published: October 2018

Introduction

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents and its effect on daily life.

Material and methods

A web‐based questionnaire with questions regarding menstrual symptoms was distributed to all girls born in 2000 and residing in Stockholm City (n = 3998). Questions regarding pain severity, other menstrual‐related symptoms, medical treatment, healthcare visits, and social and academic absenteeism were included in the questionnaire.

Results

A total of 1785 (45%) young women responded to the questionnaire. Of these, 1580 (89%, 95% CI 87‐90) stated that they had dysmenorrhea. Severe dysmenorrhea, scores 8‐10 on the numeric rating scale for pain, was reported by 574 of 1580 women (36%, 95% CI 34‐39). Fatigue was reported by 1314 of 1580 women (83%, 95% CI 81‐85), headache by 1296 (82%, 95% CI; 80‐84), dyschezia by 578 (37%, 95% CI 34‐39) and dysuria by 560 (35%, 95% CI 33‐38). A suboptimal use of analgesics was reported. Hormonal therapy as pain treatment was used by 10% (157/1580, 95% CI 9‐12). Healthcare facilities, including school nurses, had been visited by 525 of 1580 women (33%, 95% CI; 31‐36). Doctors had been consulted by 7% (116/1580, 95% CI 6‐9). Fifty‐nine percent (930/1580, 95% CI 56‐61) reported refraining from social activities due to dysmenorrhea. Absenteeism from school was reported to occur monthly by 228 of 1580 women (14%, 95% CI 13‐16), and several times per year by 716 (45%, 95% CI 43‐48).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that menstrual pain is prevalent among teenagers in Stockholm. The results indicate that many women are disabled in their daily life and that only a small number of women seek medical attention, although possible selection bias might have affected the results. Information and education are needed to optimize the use of existing treatment options and more awareness is needed to reduce normalization of disabling dysmenorrhea.
Review findings included diminished coronary flow reserve after surgery in children with congenital heart disease and inflammation
Authors: Pesonen Erkki , Liuba Petru , Aburawi Elhadi H.
Published: October 2018

Aim

The aim of this review was to develop a deeper knowledge of the physiology of coronary blood flow and coronary flow reserve in young patients with congenital heart disease and inflammatory diseases.

Methods

We searched for papers published in English on coronary blood flow and coronary flow reserve using the PubMed and Google search databases. This identified 42 papers extending back to 1976 and a book from 2008 (Davis et al. Microcirculation. Boston, MA: Elsevier, 2008: 161–284).

Results

Our review showed that the implications of coronary blood flow and coronary flow reserve in paediatric patients with congenital heart disease and inflammatory diseases are still not fully understood. However, a key finding was that coronary flow reserve was diminished in patients with congenital heart disease and inflammation after surgery, with or without a cardiopulmonary bypass. Other findings discussed by this review relate to volume and pressure overload in acyanotic congenital heart disease, reduced myocardial perfusion and cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Conclusion

We still have much to discover about paediatric patients with congenital heart disease and inflammatory diseases. Understanding the pathophysiology of coronary blood flow could help the postoperative treatment of such patients.
The effect of indapamide vs. bendroflumethiazide for primary hypertension: a systematic review
Authors: Macfarlane Tatiana V. , Pigazzani Filippo , Flynn Robert W.V. , MacDonald Thomas M.
Published: October 2018

The aims of the current review were to compare the efficacy of monotherapy with bendroflumethiazide vs. indapamide on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes, blood pressure, need for intensification of treatment and treatment withdrawal. Two authors independently screened the results of a literature search, assessed the risk of bias and extracted relevant data. Randomized clinical trials of hypertensive patients of at least a 1‐year duration were included. When there was disagreement, a third reviewer was consulted. Risk ratio (RR) and mean differences were used as measures of effect. Two trials comparing bendroflumethiazide against placebo, one comparing indapamide with placebo and three of short duration directly comparing indapamide and Bendroflumethiazide, were included. No statistically significant difference was found between indapamide and bendroflumethiazide for all deaths [RR 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57, 1.18], cardiovascular deaths (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.55, 1.20), noncardiovascular deaths (0.81; 95% CI 0.54, 1.22), coronary events (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.30, 1.79) or all cardiovascular events (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.67, 1.18). Indapamide performed worse for stroke (RR 2.21; 95% CI 1.19, 4.11), even though a reduction in RR compared with placebo was observed in both groups. There was no statistically or clinically significant difference between indapamide and bendroflumethiazide in blood pressure reduction (mean absolute difference <1 mmHg). The present review highlights a lack of studies to answer the review question but also a lack of evidence of superiority of one drug over the other. Therefore, there is a clear need for new studies directly comparing the effect of these drugs on the outcomes of interest.
Significantly lower CYP2D6 metabolism measured as the O/N‐desmethylvenlafaxine metabolic ratio in carriers of CYP2D6*41 versus CYP2D6*9 or CYP2D6*10: a study on therapeutic drug monitoring data from 1003 genotyped Scandinavian patients
Authors: Haslemo Tore , Eliasson Erik , Jukić Marin M. , Ingelman‐Sundberg Magnus , Molden Espen
Published: October 2018

Aims

CYP2D6*9, CYP2D6*10 and CYP2D6*41 are the most frequent reduced‐function CYP2D6 alleles in Caucasians. Despite lacking in vivo evidence, they are collectively classified with an enzyme activity score of 0.5. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the functional impact of CYP2D6*9, CYP2D6*10 and CYP2D6*41 on CYP2D6 metabolism in a large patient population.

Methods

A total of 1003 patients (mainly Caucasians) with data on CYP2D6 genotype and serum concentrations of venlafaxine and metabolites were included from a therapeutic drug monitoring service in Oslo, Norway. The O‐desmethyl‐to‐N‐desmethyl‐venlafaxine metabolic ratio (MR) was applied as CYP2D6 biomarker and compared (Mann–Whitney) between carriers of CYP2D6*9–10 (merged) and CYP2D6*41, either combined with CYP2D6*1 or non‐coding (null) alleles. MR subgroup estimates were obtained by multiple linear regression for calculations of CYP2D6*9–10 and CYP2D6*41 activity scores.

Results

MR was significantly lower in carriers of CYP2D6*41 than CYP2D6*9–10 (P < 0.002). The majority of CYP2D6*41/null carriers (86.7%) had MR in the observed range of CYP2D6null/null carriers compared with the minority of CYP2D6*9–10/null carriers (17.4%). CYP2D6 genotype explained 60.7% of MR variability in the multivariate analysis providing subgroup estimates of 9.54 (95% CI; 7.45–12.20), 3.55 (2.06–6.10), 1.33 (0.87–2.05) and 0.47 (0.35–0.61) in carriers of CYP2D6*1/null (n = 269), CYP2D6*9–10/null (n = 17), CYP2D6*41/null (n = 30) and CYP2D6null/null (n = 95), respectively. Based on these estimates, the calculated activity score of CYP2D6*41 was 0.095 compared to 0.34 for CYP2D6*9–10.

Conclusions

CYP2D6 metabolism measured as the O/N‐desmethylvenlafaxine ratio is significantly lower in Scandinavian carriers of CYP2D6*41 vs. CYP2D6*9–10. Thus, these alleles should be differentiated when classifying CYP2D6 phenotype from genotype.
Mitochondrial network structure homeostasis and cell death
Authors: Xie Long‐long , Shi Feng , Tan Zheqiong , Li Yueshuo , Bode Ann M. , Cao Ya
Published: October 2018

Mitochondria are the major cellular energy‐producing organelles and intracellular source of reactive oxygen species. These organelles are responsible for driving cell life and death through mitochondrial network structure homeostasis, which is determined by a balance of fission and fusion. Recent advances revealed that a number of components of the fission and fusion machinery, including dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1), mitofusin1/2 (Mfn1/2) and Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), that have been implicated in mitochondrial shape changes are indispensible for autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis. Drp1 is the main regulator of mitochondrial fission and has become a key point of contention. The controversy focuses on whether Drp1 is directly involved in the regulation of cell death and, if involved, whether is it a stimulator or a negative regulator of cell death. Here, we examine the relevance of the homeostasis of the mitochondrial network structure in 3 different types of cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis. Furthermore, a variety of cancers often exhibit a fragmented mitochondrial phenotype. Thus, the fragmented ratio can reflect tumor progression that predicts prognosis and therapeutic response. In addition, we investigate whether the targeting of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 could be a novel therapeutic approach.
Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence
Authors: Mukherjee Nandini , Sutter Thomas R. , Arshad Syed Hasan , Holloway John W. , Zhang Hongmei , Karmaus Wilfried
Published: October 2018

Background

Cigarette smoke contains compounds similar to coal tar, an ancient remedy of eczema. Some studies have reported protective effects of maternal gestational smoking on offspring eczema; however, others have shown no or increased risks. Similarly, studies linking breastfeeding duration and eczema have demonstrated contradictory findings. No study has yet investigated combined effects of these two factors on eczema.

Objective

Since tobacco compounds can pass to offspring via breast milk, we investigated their combined effects on eczema development from childhood to adolescence.

Methods

We obtained information regarding gestational smoking, exclusive breastfeeding duration, and eczema at ages 1‐or‐2, 4, 10, and 18 years from the Isle of Wight (IOW) birth cohort, UK. Using generalized estimating equations, we assessed the interaction of gestational smoking and residual exclusive breastfeeding duration (Resid‐BF‐duration, obtained by regressing the latter on maternal smoking) on eczema over time adjusting for confounders. For the three transition periods of 1‐or‐2 to 4 years, 4‐10, and 10‐18 years, we estimated risks of persistent, incident, and remitting eczema associated with the interaction using repeated measurements.

Results

If the mother smoked during gestation, longer Resid‐BF‐duration was associated with a lower risk of eczema, compared to if she did not smoke. The risk ratios (95% CI) if the mother smoked during gestation and exclusively breastfed for at least 3, 9, 15, 21 weeks are 0.7 (0.6, 1.7), 0.6 (0. 4, 0.9), 0.5 (0.3, 0.8), and 0.4 (0.2, 0. 8), respectively. Additionally, in all three transition periods, the risk of persistent eczema was lower with longer Resid‐BF‐duration if the mother smoked during gestation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results suggest a protective effect of gestational smoking combined with longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding on early‐onset persistent eczema. Future studies should examine underlying biological mechanisms. Prolonged breastfeeding should be encouraged even if the mother smoked during gestation.
Oxytocin receptor gene variants are associated with emotion recognition and resilience, but not with false‐belief reasoning performance in healthy young Korean volunteers
Authors: Kim Hae Won , Kang Jee In , An Suk Kyoon , Kim Se Joo
Published: October 2018

Aims

A growing body of literature has indicated that oxytocin is associated with several domains of social cognition and behavior. Nevertheless, the effects of oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms on social phenotypes remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to explore the genetic influence of OXTR variants on social cognition (social perception and theory of mind) and resilience in healthy individuals.

Methods

We examined the influence of 10 common OXTR variants on social cognitive abilities, including facial emotion recognition and theory of mind, and trait resilience in 264 unrelated, healthy participants.

Results

We found a significant association between the A‐C haplotype at rs237887‐rs2268490 and facial affect recognition. In addition, the single marker rs2254298 was significantly associated with participants’ scores on the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale. In contrast, variations in OXTR did not affect participants’ performance on the false‐belief reasoning task.

Conclusions

Single makers or haplotypes at OXTR may contribute to individual differences in facial emotion recognition and psychological resilience.
Differential diagnosis of late‐type reactions to injected local anaesthetics: Inflammation at the injection site is the only indicator of allergic hypersensitivity
Authors: Trautmann Axel , Stoevesandt Johanna
Published: October 2018

Background

Anaphylaxis‐like reactions developing within a few minutes are the most frequent complications of subcutaneous or submucosal injections of local anaesthetics (LAs), and topically applied LAs are potential contact allergens. In addition, injected LAs have been reported to induce delayed reactions, including local inflammation at the injection site, and various general symptoms.

Objectives

To assess the frequency and symptoms of late‐type hypersensitivity occurring several hours after LA injections.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated clinical data and test results from all patients referred to our allergy clinic in a period of 20 years for diagnostic work‐up of LA‐associated late‐type reactions.

Results

Of 202 patients reporting symptoms with onset at least 1 hour after LA injection, 40 had cutaneous inflammation confined to the injection site, and 162 reported various systemic symptoms. LA hypersensitivity could be excluded in all patients with systemic complaints by means of skin testing and subsequent subcutaneous provocation. In 8 of the 40 patients (20%) with local inflammatory reactions, late‐type allergic LA hypersensitivity was confirmed.

Conclusions

Late‐type LA allergy commonly causes inflammatory skin reactions confined to the injection site. Conversely, LAs are highly unlikely to trigger delayed systemic symptoms such as urticarial or exanthematous skin eruptions.
Aptamer‐targeted DNA nanostructures with doxorubicin to treat protein tyrosine kinase 7‐positive tumours
Authors: Liu Mengting , Ma Wenjuan , Li Qianshun , Zhao Dan , Shao Xiaoru , Huang Qian , Hao Liying , Lin Yunfeng
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Aptamer sgc8c is a short DNA sequence that can target protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), which was overexpressed on many tumour cells. This study aimed to fabricate a novelty DNA nanostructure drug delivery system target on PTK7‐positive cells—CCRF‐CEM (human T‐cell ALL).

Methods

Aptamer‐modified tetrahedron DNA was synthesized through one‐step thermal annealing process. The sgc8c‐TDNs (s‐TDNs) loading DOX complexes were applied to investigate the effect to PTK7‐negative and ‐positive cells.

Results

When s‐TDN:DOX acted on PTK7‐positive and ‐negative cells respectively, the complexes exhibited specific toxic effect on PTK7‐positive cells but not on PTK7‐negative Ramos cells in vitro research.

Conclusions

In this work, we successfully constructed a PTK7‐targeting aptamer‐guided DNA tetrahedral nanostructure (s‐TDN) as a drug delivery system via a facile one‐pot synthesis method. The results showed that s‐TDN:DOX exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against PTK7‐positive CCRF‐CEM cells, with a minor effect against PTK7‐negative Ramos cells. Hence, this functionalized TDNs drug delivery system displayed its potential application in targeting PTK7‐positive tumour T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Distinct feeding strategies of generalist and specialist spiders
Authors: Pompozzi Gabriel , García Luis F. , Petráková Lenka , Pekár Stano
Published: October 2018

1. Feeding behaviour of generalist and specialist predators is determined by a variety of trophic adaptations. Specialised prey‐capture adaptations allow specialists to catch relatively large prey on a regular basis. As a result, specialists might be adapted to exploit each item of prey more thoroughly than do generalists.

2. It was expected that obligatory specialist cursorial spiders would feed less frequently than generalists but for a longer time and, thus, that their foraging pause would be longer. First, the feeding frequencies of three generalist spider species (Cybaeodamus taim, Harpactea hombergi, Hersiliola sternbergsi) were compared with those three phylogenetically related specialist species: myrmecophagous Zodarion rubidum, and araneophagous Nops aff. variabilis and Palpimanus orientalis.

3. Generalists captured more prey, exploited each item of prey for a significantly shorter time, and had a shorter foraging pause than was the case for specialists. Generalists also gained significantly less relative amount of prey mass than did specialists.

4. Second, the study compared the prey DNA degradation rate in the gut of generalists and specialists by means of PCR. The degradation rate was not significantly different between specialists and generalists: the detectability half‐life was estimated to exist for 14.3 days after feeding.

5. This study shows that the feeding strategies of cursorial generalist and obligatory specialist spiders are different. Obligatory specialists have evolved a feeding strategy that is based on thorough exploitation of a few large prey, whereas generalists have evolved a strategy that is based on short exploitation of multiple small items of prey.
Australia's innovation in youth mental health care: The headspace centre model
Authors: Rickwood Debra , Paraskakis Marie , Quin Diana , Hobbs Nathan , Ryall Vikki , Trethowan Jason , McGorry Patrick
Published: October 2018

Aim

headspace is Australia's innovation in youth mental healthcare and comprises the largest national network of enhanced primary care, youth mental health centres world‐wide. headspace centres aim to intervene early in the development of mental ill‐health for young people aged 12 to 25 years by breaking down the barriers to service access experienced by adolescents and emerging adults and providing holistic healthcare. Centres have been progressively implemented over the past 12 years and are expected to apply a consistent model of integrated youth healthcare. Internationally, several countries are implementing related approaches, but the specific elements of such models have not been well described in the literature.

Method

This paper addresses this gap by providing a detailed overview of the 16 core components of the headspace centre model.

Results

The needs of young people and their families are the main drivers of the headspace model, which has 10 service components (youth participation, family and friends participation, community awareness, enhanced access, early intervention, appropriate care, evidence‐informed practice, four core streams, service integration, supported transitions) and six enabling components (national network, Lead Agency governance, Consortia, multidisciplinary workforce, blended funding, monitoring and evaluation).

Conclusion

Through implementation of these core components headspace aims to provide easy access to one‐stop, youth‐friendly mental health, physical and sexual health, alcohol and other drug, and vocational services for young people across Australia.
COSUM: Text summarization based on clustering and optimization
Authors: Alguliyev Rasim M. , Aliguliyev Ramiz M. , Isazade Nijat R. , Abdi Asad , Idris Norisma
Published: October 2018

Text summarization is a process of extracting salient information from a source text and presenting that information to the user in a condensed form while preserving its main content. In the text summarization, most of the difficult problems are providing wide topic coverage and diversity in a summary. Research based on clustering, optimization, and evolutionary algorithm for text summarization has recently shown good results, making this a promising area. In this paper, for a text summarization, a two‐stage sentences selection model based on clustering and optimization techniques, called COSUM, is proposed. At the first stage, to discover all topics in a text, the sentences set is clustered by using k‐means method. At the second stage, for selection of salient sentences from clusters, an optimization model is proposed. This model optimizes an objective function that expressed as a harmonic mean of the objective functions enforcing the coverage and diversity of the selected sentences in the summary. To provide readability of a summary, this model also controls length of sentences selected in the candidate summary. For solving the optimization problem, an adaptive differential evolution algorithm with novel mutation strategy is developed. The method COSUM was compared with the 14 state‐of‐the‐art methods: DPSO‐EDASum; LexRank; CollabSum; UnifiedRank; 0–1 non‐linear; query, cluster, summarize; support vector machine; fuzzy evolutionary optimization model; conditional random fields; MA‐SingleDocSum; NetSum; manifold ranking; ESDS‐GHS‐GLO; and differential evolution, using ROUGE tool kit on the DUC2001 and DUC2002 data sets. Experimental results demonstrated that COSUM outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art methods in terms of ROUGE‐1 and ROUGE‐2 measures.
Identification of I‐equivalent subnetworks in Bayesian networks to incorporate experts' knowledge
Authors: Lee Sang Min , Kim Seoung Bum
Published: October 2018

Bayesian networks (BNs) have been widely used in causal analysis because they can express the statistical relationship between significant variables. To gain superior causal analysis results, numerous studies have emphasized the importance of combining a knowledge‐based approach and a data‐based approach. However, combining these two approaches is a difficult task because it can reduce the effectiveness of the BN structure learning. Further, the learning schemes of BNs for computational efficiency can cause an inadequate causal analysis. To address these problems, we propose a knowledge‐driven BN structure calibration algorithm for rich causal semantics. We first present an algorithm that can efficiently identify the subnetworks that can be altered to satisfy the learning condition of the BNs. We then reflect experts' knowledge to reduce erroneous causalities from the learned network. Experiments on various simulation and benchmark data sets were conducted to examine the properties of the proposed method and to compare its performance with an existing method. Further, an experimental study with real data from semiconductor fabrication plants demonstrated that the proposed method provided superior performance in improving structural accuracy.
An Implementation Study of Relationship Checkups as Home Visitations for Low‐Income At‐Risk Couples
Authors: Coop Gordon Kristina , Cordova James V. , Roberson Patricia N. E. , Miller Melanie , Gray Tatiana , Lenger Katherine A. , Hawrilenko Matt , Martin Kerri
Published: October 2018

Couples with the greatest need for relationship health maintenance and intervention are often least able to afford and access it; therefore, accessible, affordable, effective, and brief interventions are needed to improve relationship health for those who need it most. Consequently, this paper examined whether a brief relationship intervention could be effectively implemented with a low‐income, underserved population. All enrolled participants (N = 1,312) received the Relationship Checkup, which consists of an assessment and a feedback session delivered in their homes or at a local clinic at their request. Measures assessed relationship satisfaction, communication, psychological and physical aggression, and intimacy at baseline and 1‐month follow‐up, and program and relationship satisfaction at 6‐month follow‐up. All participants reported significant improvements on all outcomes with small effect sizes. However, moderation analyses suggested that distressed couples reported significantly larger effects across the board. Overall, participants reported that they were highly satisfied with the intervention both immediately after its delivery and 6 months later. Findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of this brief checkup and point to the utility of offering these kinds of low‐cost brief interventions in flexible formats for those who might have the most difficulty accessing them.
An Exploratory Study of Predictors of Relationship Commitment for Cisgender Female Partners of Transgender Individuals
Authors: Platt Lisa F.
Published: October 2018

The current exploratory study investigates which variables predict commitment among cisgender women currently in a relationship with a transgender‐identified partner. This study includes variables specific to gender diverse couples such as years in the relationship, amount of prior knowledge about transgender identity, and gender role beliefs. Also included are the general relationship factors of satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investment size, and the outcome variable of commitment, as described in the Investment Model of Commitment. Using convenience sampling from online support groups, the sample was n = 138 cisgender female partners. The findings of the regression analyses indicate one's personal resilience and the number of years in the relationship prior to transition are significantly related to partner commitment, with satisfaction mediating both associations. The longer a participant was in the relationship at the time of a gender transition of a partner, the less satisfaction they report, thus reducing commitment to the relationship. Additionally the more personal resilience a partner endorses, the higher the relationship satisfaction, and in turn, more commitment is reported. The results offer information about the important factors related to staying in relationships during and after a gender transition.
Effect of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, on the protective action of antiepileptic drugs against pentylenetetrazole‐induced clonic seizures in mice
Authors: Łukawski Krzysztof , Raszewski Grzegorz , Czuczwar Stanisław J.
Published: October 2018

It has been demonstrated that certain angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonists can possess anticonvulsant activity. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor and a novel antihypertensive drug, against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced clonic seizures in mice and on the protective activity of conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in this seizure model. Effects of aliskiren on the PTZ threshold and the protective efficacy of AEDs, such as clonazepam (CLO), phenobarbital (PB), valproate (VPA), and ethosuximide (ETX) in the PTZ test, were evaluated in adult Swiss mice. Aliskiren and AEDs were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) while PTZ (50–100 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously (s.c.). The rota‐rod and passive avoidance test were used to assess the adverse effects of the combined treatment with aliskiren and AEDs. Aliskiren, at the dose of 75 mg/kg, significantly raised the PTZ threshold (P < 0.05). Furthermore, aliskiren, at the subthreshold dose of 50 mg/kg, significantly enhanced the protective action of CLO (P < 0.01), PB (P < 0.01), and VPA (P < 0.05) but not ETX (P > 0.05) in the s.c. PTZ test. Motor coordination in the rota‐rod test and long‐term memory in the passive avoidance task were not impaired by the combined treatment of the drugs. This study suggests that treatment with aliskiren can be useful in hypertensive patients with myoclonic seizures. Certainly, a clinical verification of using aliskiren in such patients would be necessary.
On the actual recruitment of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in the River Ems, Germany
Authors: Diekmann Markus , Simon Janek , Salva Jens
Published: October 2018

Data from the historical River Ems glass eel fisheries in the 20th Century have been used for the ICES recruitment series. Commercial catches ceased from 1980 and dropped to zero; thus, eel recruitment data are since lacking. The present study assessed the actual eel recruitment to the River Ems with regard to the local tidal conditions. Standardised measurements were performed on relative glass eel occurrence at the tidal weir from 2014 and quantitative sampling at the next weir upstream from 2013. Eel migration at the tidal weir was dominated by glass eels and increased 2–3 month earlier than at the upstream weir, where migration was dominated by pigmented eels. In 2016, glass eels were marked at the tidal weir and pigmented elvers were sampled at the upstream weir. The 2016 eel recruitment was estimated at about 1% of the mean historical recruitment. Eel recruitment at the two weirs was not directly linked. Many eels seem not to pass the upstream weir. Further investigations are needed to reveal whether the results represent a regular pattern. In the long run, the perpetuation of the recruitment series is also foreseen.
Amenity as educator: Geographies of education, citizenship, and the CPRE in 1930s England
Authors: Church Francesca
Published: October 2018

This article examines the spaces, materiality, and practices of (in)formal education and citizenship bound up in the educational cultures of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England (CPRE) in 1930s England. Founded in 1926, the CPRE aimed to preserve rural amenities through concerted action, by working through their constituent societies as a centre for furnishing or obtaining advice and information, and importantly, by educating public opinion. While much work has examined inter‐war preservationism and the CPRE's focus on planning legislation and design, less attention has been paid to the CPRE's cultures of education for children and young people. Drawing on archival research, this paper considers two educational topics, namely, nature study and school design, and makes three key contributions to the geographies of education. First, that the CPRE mobilised the notion of amenity to provide an experiential and intuitive education in preservationism: amenity was both education and educator. Second, that this education was linked to notions of (future) citizenship, hope, and (future) preservationism, becoming an education that would remain with the child throughout their life. Third, this article explores the CPRE's authority, revealing the ways in which it was often complex and precarious, as well as the ways in which the Council drew on other forms of authoritative identities, spaces, and structures. In so doing, this paper contributes to ongoing academic debates on the complex and fluid boundaries of (in)formal education.