bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield and Tree Growth of Seven ‘Valencia’ Orange Type Cultivars on Four Rootstocks1
Authors: Hilgeman R. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Valencia’ cultivars (‘Campbell’ old line, ‘Campbell’ nucellar, ‘Frost’ nucellar, ‘Olinda’, ‘Cutter’, ‘Wood’, and ‘Chapman’) were budded on rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), ‘Cleopatra’ (C. reshni Hort ex Tan.) and ‘Willowleaf (C. delicosa Tenore) mandarins.

The first 5 were California cultivars with buds imported from the USDA Sub Tropical Fruit Station, Indio. The ‘Wood’ and ‘Chapman’ were local cultivars. All cultivars were disease free, excepting stubborn. Trees were planted in October 1959 near Peoria, Arizona and at 2 other locations.

‘Campbell’ old line produced highest yield at all locations. Fruit shape and quality were satisfactory, and tree growth vigorous. Up to 1966, trees on rough lemon rootstocks had the highest yield. Between 1968 and 1971, no difference in yield on trunk growth existed between trees on rough lemon, and ‘Willowleaf’ mandarin rootstocks. Lowest yield trees were on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin.
Improving Fruit Size and Breaking Alternate Bearing in ‘Wilking’ Mandarins by Ethephon and Other Agents1
Authors: Galliani S. , Monselise S. P. , Goren R.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), 200 ppm, and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 350 ppm, sprayed on fruitlets 1 cm in diameter, caused satisfactory thinning of heavily loaded ‘Wilking’ mandarin trees (Citrus reticulata Blanco) without significant decrease of yield in kg per tree. Individual fruit size was increased 64% with ethephon and by 48% with NAA, increasing profit by about 30% in both cases as compared with hand thinned controls. A summer pruning treatment had similar effects but the increase in fruit size was smaller. Ethephon reduced alternation of bearing and resulted in satisfactory yields the following year on 57% of the treated trees.
Cytokinin Activity in the Xylem Sap and Extracts of MM 106 Apple Rootstocks1
Authors: Greene D. W.
Published: September 2022

Cytokinin activity from purified xylem sap of ‘McIntosh’ apple trees on Malling Merton 106 (MM 106) rootstocks and from ethanol extracts of MM 106 rootstocks was determined using the soybean callus bioassay. Activity declined in the xylem sap by the third day after removal of the top of the tree. Over 2/3 of the cytokinin activity in young MM 106 rootstocks was found in the young leaves and actively growing stems. Shoots and leaves may be an important source and/or sink for cytokinins in apple trees.
Responses of ‘Diamond’ Grapes to Irrigation Frequency with and without Cover Crop1
Authors: Stevenson D. S.
Published: September 2022

Four- to 6-year old ‘Diamond’ grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) on sandy soil showed modest yield responses to frequent irrigations that sustained soil water suctions within narrow ranges from near zero (post-irrigation) to no higher than about 70 centibars for the driest treatment. At any given frequency cover crop depressed yields slightly as compared with cultivation. Titratable acidity and sugar levels of fruits were affected little or not at all.
Undergraduate Education in Plant and Soil Sciences at the University of Massachusetts1
Authors: Maynard Donald N. , Emino Everett R.
Published: September 2022

Undergraduate interest in courses and curriculum in the agricultural sciences, including horticulture and plant and soil sciences (1), is at an all time high. Enrollment in agriculture in member institutions of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges more than doubled from 1963 to 19743. This paper describes changes that have been made in the Department of Plant and Soil Science at the University of Massachusetts to serve our students and provides a vehicle for future changes in undergraduate horticultural education. Hopefully, other departments will report on their undergraduate activities so that others may benefit from their experience.
Effect of Hand Baits and Ground Sprays on Pine Vole Activity1
Authors: Byers R. E.
Published: September 2022

Pine vole, Microtus pinetorum LeConte, activity was reduced to very low levels with [(chloro-4-phenyl)-l-phenyl-1] acetyl-2-dioxo-l-3 indane (Chlorophacinone, CPN) ground cover spray at .2 kg/ha (.2 lb. per acre) and a CPN wax-grain pellet applied in two applications of 11.2 kg/ha (10 lb. per acre) each. Inadequate control of voles was obtained with traditional zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) treated apple and oat hand baits, CPN treated cracked com, CPN wax blocks, CPN apple baits, and 2-diphenylacetyl-l,3-indandone (Diphacinone, DPN) meal pellets. Ground cover sprays of ethyl 4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl isopropylphosphor-amdate (Nemacur) or methyl N′ N′-dimethyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-1-thiooxamimidate (Vydate) also did not give adequate vole control.
Photo-promotion of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Harvested Apples1
Authors: Bishop Richard C. , Klein Richard M.
Published: September 2022

Continuous fluorescent light did not shorten the induction period for anthocyanin synthesis in detached, green-mature ‘McIntosh’ apples, but after induction there was a proportionality between flux and synthesis. The optimum wavelength for anthocyanin synthesis is 440 nm; red light was additive. Ability of apples previously stored in air to synthesize anthocyanin under lights decreased sigmoidally with storage time; apples from controlled atmosphere (CA) storage showed no time-dependent decrease in synthetic ability but, if transferred to regular storage, they exhibited the same decline as did apples from regular storage. Cultivars differed in amounts of anthocyanin produced when illuminated. A fluorescent lamp for anthocyanin production in skins of mature, detached apples should emit a high intensity of blue and a low intensity of red radiation.
Influence of Benomyl and Oil on Photosynthesis of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Ferree D. C. , Hall F. R.
Published: September 2022

Laboratory and field application methods of (methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2 benzimidazolecarbamate) (benomyl) and oil were evaluated for their influence on net photosynthesis of leaves of potted apple trees. Superior 70-second viscosity oil applied as a dip caused a significant reduction in net photosynthesis of young leaves at both the 1.26 ml and 2.52 ml/liter levels, with the greater reduction at the higher level. Benomyl alone or in combination with oil had no influence on net photosynthesis. Spray application in the laboratory or by commercial field sprayers had no effect on net photosynthesis of fully expanded leaves.
Changes of Amino Acid Composition of Peach Proteins during Maturation1
Authors: Jen J. J. , Graham C. S. , Skelton B. J.
Published: September 2022

The changes of amino acid compositions of peach proteins from the Alcohol Insoluble Solids of peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Redhaven and Redskin at 5 stages of maturation were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. Most amino acids in the peach proteins showed gradual increases, as percent of total amino acid, throughout the maturation periods except aspartic acid in both peach cultivars and arginine in the ‘Redskin’ peaches. The amino acid profiles of the ripe fruits from both cultivars were nearly identical.
A Device for Measuring the Removal Force of Peaches1
Authors: Reid J. T. , Daniell J. W.
Published: September 2022

A device was designed to permit accurate and rapid measurement of the abscission or removal force of peaches when used with a mechanical force gauge. To handle fruit of different sizes, small and large units were constructed. A detail drawing of the two units is shown. This instrument was used to study the physiology of abscission, chemicals for thinning, and chemicals for uniform ripening of peaches for mechanical harvesting as related to the removal force.
Quality of Processed Tomato Products from Ethephon-ripened Fruit1
Authors: Russo Louis , Dougherty R. H. , Dostal H. C. , Wilcox G. E. , Nelson P. E.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied at 2.9 kg/ha to plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum MilUwhen 20-30% of the fruit were ripe, did not appreciably affect pH, total acidity, exterior color of the fruit, or consistency of the processed products. Organoleptic analyses of tomato juice indicated no differences in flavor between samples from ethephon-treated and untreated fruit. Chromatographic separation of fruit carotenoids showed that treated fruit synthesized more lycopene than controls.
Effect of Chronological Age on Composition and Firmness of Raw and Processed Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Scott L. E. , Bouwkamp John C.
Published: September 2022

Four cultivars of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) were sampled bi-weekly during the period of storage root development Although the root weight increased nearly 8-fold during the sampling period there was only a 35% increase in the number of roots. Alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) and % dry matter generally showed a slight increase throughout the season and specific gravity a slight decrease. Total sugars and reducing sugars failed to show a trend. In contrast, the processed roots tended to become softer as the season progressed. Firmness was related to chronological age of roots rather than harvest date. The later the planting the higher were total and reducing sugars but planting date had no consistent effect on other raw product attributes.
Effects of Salts and Application Methods on English Ivy1
Authors: Dirr Michael A.
Published: September 2022

Na2SO4, K2SO4, NaCl, KCl or CaCl2 at concentrations of 0.25N were applied daily as a soil drench or foliar spray to established plants of English ivy (Hedera helix L.). Marginal leaf necrosis developed after 28 days on plants drenched with Cl salts although necrosis was evident after 7 days and the injury was more severe on plants sprayed with Cl salts. Shoot dry weights of plants treated with Cl salts were significantly less than those of control or spray SO4 treatments. Leaf necrosis was not evident on plants drenched with SO4 salts, but shoot dry weights were significantly less than those of plants sprayed with SO4 salts or water. Shoot Na was greater from spray-applied Na salts compared to soil-treatments while shoot Cl was greater in soil-treated plants compared to spray Cl treatments. Shoot Cl generally corresponded with the severity of plant injury whereas shoot Na did not.
‘Brouwer’s Beauty’ Pieris, A New Interspecific Hybrid1
Authors: Jaynes Richard A.
Published: September 2022

Pieris floribunda Pursh (Benth. & Hook.) and P. japonica (Thunb.) D. Don are popular ornamentals in the U.S. where they have been grown commercially for over 100 years. Interest in these species has increased in the past decade and several new cultivars have been released. Most of these have been selections within P. japonica or its close allies: P. taiwanensis Hayata, P. formosa (Wall.) D. Don, and P. forrestii Harrow. Unfortunately, most of these cultivars lack cold hardiness (USDA zone 5 and below) and they are susceptible to lacebug, Stepanitus takeyai Drake and Maa (syn. S. globulifera). Winter hardiness and lacebug resistance are characteristic of P. floribunda, but this species, in contrast with the others, is almost impossible to root from cuttings. An interspecific hybrid of P. floribunda and P. japonica could lead to a recombinant having the best ornamental features of both parents, but controlled pollinations between these species have been unsuccessful. Several recent attempts by the author resulted in no seed production or seed that failed to produce viable offspring.
World Food Crisis
Authors: Freiberg S. R.
Published: September 2022

What happens in the next few years may well determine the course of human history for a long time. All nations must share in trying to resolve the food-population problem or else nations which export food, such as the U.S. and Canada, numbers 1 and 2 in food exports, will be faced with the decision of whether to institute the drastic action of triage which the Paddock Brothers talk about in their book Famine-1975 and decide which nations would receive food and which would not. The U.S. must take its fair share of its burden in solving the food population problem.
Florida’s Junior Citrus Institute
Authors: Crocker T. E. , Jackson L. K.
Published: September 2022

Florida has a unique training program for 4-H youths with interest in citrus. Extension specialists in the Department of Fruit Crops, county extension personnel and industry leaders cooperate in an annual Junior Citrus Institute held at 4-H Camp Cloverleaf near Lake Placid. Here, outstanding 4-H members spend a week learning horticultural operations such as fertilizing, spraying, pruning and cultivation, as well as nursery practices.
Photographic Estimation of Plant Size1
Authors: Sydnor T. D. , Fretz T. A. , Crean D. E. , Cobbs M. R.
Published: September 2022

A nondestructive photographic technique for measuring plant size is described. Photographs were taken of the sides and top of the plant with Kodak Direct Positive Panchromatic Film and photographic density was determined using a Beckman Model RB Analatrol resulting in a permanent measure of plant size. The results were highly correlated both to fresh and dry weight and provided a nondestructive alternative to weighing plants.
Chlormequat and Aldicarb Reduce Whitefly Infestation on Poinsettia1
Authors: Fischer Steven J. , Shanks James B.
Published: September 2022

Increasing levels of the systemic insecticide 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoy)oxime (aldicarb) and a plant growth retardant (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) reduced the mean population of whitefly on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). Chlormequat was effective only with the low level or with no aldicarb.
Experimental Hydroponic Germination and Growth of Turfgrass Seedlings1
Authors: Spomer L. Art
Published: September 2022

A method utilizing small, bouyant particles in a floating mat for the hydroponic germination and growth of small plants is described. The bouyant mat supports the seeds and small plants on the culture solution surface and allows easy, non-destructive removal of the plants analysis and re-insertion. This method was used successfully to germinate and grow seedlings of bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)
Electromagnetic Seed Treatment Increases Germination of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.1
Authors: Maronek Dale M.
Published: September 2022

Exposure of golden-rain tree seeds to an electromagnetic field of 100 gauss for 4.3 sec partially substitutes for cold stratification if applied after seed scarification. Germination was increased from 56 to 97%, when electromagnetic treatment was applied following scarification and before 84 days of cold stratification.
Seed Storage of Carica papaya L.1
Authors: Bass L. N.
Published: September 2022

Seed of papaya stored at 10°C and 50% relative humidity in cloth bags, and at 5° in sealed, moistureproof packages, retained their viability reasonably well during 6 years' storage.
Nutrient Levels in Horticultural Crops
Authors: Senti F. R. , Rizek R. L.
Published: September 2022

In another paper, Dr. Spiher has discussed the background for the GRAS regulation on the composition of new crop varieties which was adopted by FDA in 1971. In 1972 a task group was formed to identify the nutrients and toxic constituents which should be considered for monitoring in specific food crops (Table 1). I should like to discuss the criteria proposed by the task group for determining which nutrients and which food crops, as contributors of these nutrients, should be considered for monitoring. I shall also present background information prepared for consideration by the task group in application of these criteria and recommendations made by the task group on nutrients and food crops to be monitored.
Gras Legislation: Viewpoints of a Professional Horticulturist and plant Breeder
Authors: Gabelman W. H.
Published: September 2022

Plant breeding is a long-term program in which useful genetic variability in plants is brought together systematically to meet the needs of mankind. The tools of the plant breeder are genetic variability, controlled matings, selection pressure and phenotypic fixation in a form (the cultivar) useful to the ultimate user. The procedure is planned much as any engineer would plan an invention or an architect a new building.
Insect Pollinators of Onion in New York State1
Authors: Caron Dewey M. , Lederhouse Robert C. , Morse Roger A.
Published: September 2022

Honey bees and drone flies are the most common insects found on flowering onions in New York State; 1216 other insects, representing many species, were collected from 3 areas in the state. Dialictus sp. and Halictus sp. (Apoidea) and 3 Diptera species are common pollinators. The observed species are compared with those on onions in the western states.
Response of Radish to High CO21
Authors: Knecht G. N.
Published: September 2022

Growth of both plant tops and roots of radish (Raphanus sativa L. cv. Cherry Belle) was increased under elevated CO2 conditions in plastic, environmentally-controlled growth chambers. The root-shoot ratio was also favorably influenced by CO2 enrichment of the plant environment.
Effect of Injury and Relative Humidity during Curing on Weight and Volume Loss of Sweet Potatoes during Curing and Storage1
Authors: Kushman L. J.
Published: September 2022

Weight and volume losses of roots of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Centennial) during curing were reduced by increasing relative humidity (RH) from 80 to 90, 90 to 97, but not from 97 to 100%. Loss of skin increased loss of weight at all RH but significantly only at 80% RH. Loss of weight during storage was about the same for injured and non-injured roots unless weight loss during curing was high (above 6%), which resulted in a high loss during storage. Loss of weight during curing was highly and positively correlated with subsequent development of decay. During curing RH should be near saturation but during storage RH should not exceed 90%.
‘Benton’ Strawberry1
Authors: Lawrence F. J.
Published: September 2022

‘Benton’ is a vigorous, productive strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) that has had consistently good performance, especially for the fresh market, in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. It was named for Benton County, Oregon.
On Selecting a Department Chairman
Authors: Childers Norman F.
Published: September 2022

The system of selecting and appointing a department chairman (or head, or chief) in agricultural colleges over the country has been changing. At this writing there are 11 horticulture department headships open in the U.S. There apparently is increased difficulty in finding qualified and, at least, semiexperienced candidates who will accept a department chairmanship. Are the posts as attractive as they were? Does a department chairman have the security, the delegated responsibility, freedom, and incentive to act that he once had?
Humidity in Horticulture1
Authors: Grierson W. , Wardowski W. F.
Published: September 2022

Humidity as related to horticulture is discussed in terms of: ways of expressing humidity levels; physical properties of water vapor; and temperature-humidity and air circulation-humidity interactions. The role of humidity in transpiration, killing freezes, and storage and transport of fruits and vegetables is discussed. Also given are sources of information on methods of recording and controlling humidity in postharvest applications.
Moisture Relations in Transplanted Container Plants1
Authors: Costello L. , Paul J. L.
Published: September 2022

Container-grown plants of sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were transplanted to the Held and soil moisture tension of the transplanted rootball was recorded following transplantation and irrigation. Tension in the transplanted rootball increased more rapidly than in the control or in the soil adjacent to the rootball. Greater moisture loss from the transplant is attributed to loss of available water from the rootball as a result of drainage by the field soil profile following irrigation. To avoid moisture stress irrigation frequency of a new transplant may need to be even greater than required had it remained in the container.
Tetrazolium Reduction in Citrus Cold Hardening1
Authors: Yelenosky G.
Published: September 2022

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction measures glucose equivalents of substances diffusing from plant tissues. Amounts of diffusing substances are greater from cold-hardened than unhardened citrus. These differences are colorimetrically distinguishable and identify citrus plants exposed to low temp in controlled environment studies.
Apple Tree Response to Dichlobenil1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Greene D. W.
Published: September 2022

Annual applications of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) from 1969 to 1974 at 17.93 (twice the registered rate) and 22.41 kg/ha reduced trunk circumference increase of young ‘McIntosh’ apple trees for 5 consecutive years. However, the effect of these rates on terminal growth was slight. At rates of 13.44 and 17.93 kg/ha, dicholbenil increased leaf nitrogen only slightly.
Sprout Control of Apple and Pear Trees with NAA1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas
Published: September 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was applied in the spring to pruned apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees for control of sprouting on trunks and scaffold limbs. After one growing season, sprouting was completely controlled on trunks and scaffold limbs of ‘Delicious’ apple and ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pear trees. After two growing seasons, about 80 to 90% of the sprouts were inhibited on the scaffold limbs of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Winesap’ apple trees. NAA controlled sprouting at 1% with no added benefit at 2%; 0.5% NAA was least effective.
Predictive Environmental and Phenological Components of Flower Bud Hardiness in Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Bittenbender H. C. , Howell G. S.
Published: September 2022

Environmental and phenological factors considered potential components of flower bud hardiness of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium australe Small) were regressed against hardiness (T50). Three multiple regression equations were derived from 1 year’s hardiness and component data on 7 commercial highbush cultivars. Factors considered in the models were air temperature, photoperiod, bud dry weight, bud moisture content, bark color, date of leaf drop and pollen tetrad formation in the field and time to 50% flowering. The standard deviations of the estimated T50 values from the actual T50’s were 1°C or less.
In Vitro Reproductiveness of Asparagus Stem Segments with Branch-shoots at a Node1
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen , Clore W. J.
Published: September 2022

More rooted Asparagus officinalis L. plantlets were obtained in vitro from stem segments with 3 or more branch-shoots than from those with 1 or 2 branch-shoots; those without branch-shoots produced the fewest plantlets.
Use of Growth Regulators for Increased Quality of New Zealand Spinach1
Authors: Kays S. J. , Austin M. E.
Published: September 2022

Repression of specific growth parameters of Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze (syn. Tetragonia expansa Murray) was studied after application of two types of growth regulators. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) decreased stem height and dry weight progressively with increased concentration. Ratio of leaf dry weight to stem dry weight increased with concentration. Maleic hydrazide (MH) caused substantial reduction of fruit weight, with fruit number decreasing only at higher concentrations. Whole plant fresh weight and leaf area decreased only with a multiple 500 ppm application of MH. Leaf to fruit fresh weight ratio increased with concentration and number of applications. A formulation C6 to C12 fatty alcohols (Off-Shoot T) had little effect on fruit development and leaf area.
Independence of Scab and Bacterial Wilt Resistance and Ten Seedling Markers in Cucumber1
Authors: Abul-Hayja Z. , Williams P. H. , Whelan E. D. P.
Published: September 2022

In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) no linkage was detected between genes for scab resistance, Ccu or bacterial wilt resistance, Bw and the 10 seedling marker genes: nonbitter cotyledon, bi; glabrous, gl; glabrate, gib; light sensitive, Is; revolute cotyledon, rc; stunted cotyledon, sc; crinkled leaf, cr; mottled cotyledon, me; and 2 yellow cotyledon genes, yc-1 and yc-2. All 12 traits were inherited monogenically. Methods were developed for the screening of scab and bacterial wilt resistance in the seedling stage.
A Technique for Measuring the Rate of CO2 and Ethylene Production of Melon Fruits on the Plant1
Authors: Zisman U. , Temkin-Gorodeiski Naomi
Published: September 2022

A technique for measurement of CO2 and ethylene production by melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Ogen) while still attached to the plant is described. Metal cans of different dimensions are used, the lid being put on the pedicel while the fruit is very young. Once a week throughout the growing period the melon was hermetically enclosed in the cans and a sample of accumulated atmosphere was withdrawn with a syringe and used for determination of CO2 and ethylene production.
Pollen Collector: An Instrument for Separation of Particles from the Air Stream1
Authors: Izhar S. , Frankel R. , Araq Yona
Published: September 2022

The need to collect small samples of small particles exists in many areas, i.e. flower pollen is often collected for artificial fertilization on a commercial scale or by plant breeders for breeding purposes, fungi spores are collected from infected plants or from the air, dust samples in the air and other air-polluting particles are collected and in the laboratory, the scratched thin layer of the TLC is often collected for further tests. For these purposes, a collector of a vacuum cleaner type or of a cyclone type is often used. This paper describes a new collector which has several advantages over the present ones available. It is well suited for small quantities, the collected sample can be easily transferred to another container, and it is very easy and inexpensive to construct.
‘Hawaiian Super-sweet #6’ Corn1
Authors: Brewbaker James L. , Banafunzi Nuren
Published: September 2022

‘Hawaiian Super-sweet #6’ is a high-sucrose, high-protein vegetable corn cultivar based on the gene, brittle-2. It is harvestable over a much longer period than sweet (sugary-1) corns, and has exceptional quality retention following harvest. When rehydrated following air- or freeze-drying, ‘Hawaiian Super-sweet #6’ makes a highly acceptable vegetable.
Commercial and Small Scale Cultivation of the Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.
Authors: San Antonio James P.
Published: September 2022

The world’s total production of cultivated fleshy fungi is estimated to be about 6 × 108 kg/year. Approximately 75% of this production is of one species, the so-called cultivated mushroom or champignon, Agaricus bisporus. Shiitake, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing., is second in importance with about 20% or 1.2 × 108 kg. Included in the remaining production of 2.5 × 107 kg are species of Volvariella (Paddy straw mushroom), Pleurotus (oyster mushroom), Tuber, (truffles), Auricularia (ear fungus), and Tremella (jelly fungus) (16, 40, 46). Flammulina velutipes (Fr.) Sing. (winter mushroom) also is cultivated commercially. About 1/4 of the world’s production of Agaricus bisporus, 1.3 × 108 kg, was produced in the U.S. in 19742. Present farm value of the U.S. mushroom crop is about $123 million. Today, especially in Europe and Asia there is considerable interest in commercial production of cultivated mushrooms other than A. bisporus.
Reducing Energy Consumption in Cold Protection1
Authors: Proebsting E. L.
Published: September 2022

An accurate frost alert system is the first step in planning for frost protection. Forecasting methods are being updated by statistical studies from historical records at the fruit frost forecast stations. It is planned to put information in a computer at Yakima, Washington, which will permit retrieval of data for all past days with meteorological characteristics similar to the day of the forecast (7). Florida uses a regression-based model to relate forecast temp of 300 stations to actual forecasts for 15 key stations. Forecasts are updated at 10 pm based on new weather data and reports from growers on current conditions including extrapolations made with inexpensive net radiometer measurements (14, 23).
Correlation of Temperature and Rainfall with Thiocyanate Ion Content in Roots of Radishes Grown on Two Soil Types1
Authors: Bible B. , Chong Calvin
Published: September 2022

Thiocyanate ion (SCN-) content was greater in roots of radishes (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Burpee White) grown on organic soil than on loam soil. Root SCN- content increased under cooler conditions and was positively correlated with accumulated cold units (degree day accumulation below 18°C) on both soil types, but was negatively correlated with mean daily air temperature only on organic soil and positively correlated with rainfall accumulation only on loam soil. Cold unit accumulation appears to be a reliable index of root SCN- yield despite variable effects of soil and climate.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C.
Published: September 2022

The importance of monitoring air pollutants has been dramatically emphasized by the occurrence of killer smogs in major cities throughout the world. However, many other valid reasons exist for monitoring air pollutants. Nearly 40 years ago the United States and Canada were entangled in an air pollution controversy which emphasized that air pollutants ignore national boundaries. There is nothing to stop the estimated 264 million tons of air pollutants discharged annually in the United States from wandering over neighboring borders. Such a trip is even facilitated by the fact that almost 90% of this air pollution is invisible. As horticulturists, we are most concerned about air pollution effects on plants. Crop losses in the United States due to air pollution amount to approximately 500 million dollars annually. Some of this damage may come from pollutants generated outside the United States. However, air pollutants generated in the United States have been responsible on several occasions for crop damage in Canada. Scandinavian and other countries sharing common borders often share their air pollutants just as North Americans do. Fifteen years ago a World Health Organization publication indicated that sampling, analysis, and instrumentation in the field of air pollution monitoring was in a state of chaos. This symposium will show that out of the chaos has come order and that the science of monitoring air pollutants has become quite sophisticated and most complex, though many problems still remain to be solved. As an example, during the past year a disagreement on how to measure air pollution in California was reported on prime time television in the United States. Problems such as this are discouraging and most unfortunate. Nonetheless, they illustrate the heart of the air pollutant monitoring problem, which is that man has become biologically obsolete in sensing pollution hazards and we must develop new and more accurate methods and sensitive instruments to detect these hazards for ourselves, our animals, and our plants if life is to survive.
Drip Irrigation of Vegetables with Saline Water1
Authors: Shmueli M.
Published: September 2022

The effect of drip irrigation with water of varying salinity levels (desalinated water, water containing about 500 mg Cl/liter - normal water of the region, and water prepared so as to contain about 1000 and 1500 mg Cl/liter) was tested on four vegetable crops in the Arava desert of Israel. With all crops there was a reduction in fruit size with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. There were also treatment effects on emergence, growth, yield components, and soil salinity. The use of water containing about 1500 mg Cl/liter to irrigate tomatoes and transplanted peppers under the conditions prevailing in the experiment seems practical. However, crops sensitive to salinity, such as peas, will be seriously injured by water containing about 500 mg Cl/liter even under the conditions of the present experiment. Successful vegetable crop culture under Arava desert conditions requires leaching of the soil before the start of each growing season.
Softening of ‘McIntosh’ Apples Reduced by a Post-harvest Dip in Calcium Chloride Solution plus Thickener1
Authors: Mason J. L. , Jasmin J. J. , Granger R. L.
Published: September 2022

Softening of ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) during storage was reduced by dipping fruit 2 days after harvest in 4% CaCl2 solution (40 g of commercial CaCl2 in 1 liter of water). The addition of Keltrol, a commercial food thickener, at 3 g/liter to retain more Ca solution on the fruit increased the effectiveness of the treatment. After 4 months storage at 0°C, fruit treated with CaCl2 and with CaCl2 plus Keltrol was 0.30 and 0.56 kg firmer by the pressure test than untreated fruit.
‘Harko’ Nectarine1
Authors: Layne R. E. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Harko’ is an attractive, freestone, yellow-fleshed, midseason nectarine [Prunus pérsica var. nectarina (Ait.) Maxim.] that ripens about 5 days after ‘Nectared 2’ and about 6 days before ‘Nectared 4’. It has shown greater cold hardiness and disease tolerance as well as superior fruit quality to ‘Nectared 2’, ‘3’, and ‘4’, respectively. It was introduced in 1974 to meet the need for a better adapted midseason nectarine for the Ontario fresh market.
W-13 and W-178 Sweet Potato Germplasm1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Cuthbert F. P.
Published: September 2022

Two breeding lines of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] were released in 1975. They possess unusual combinations of disease and insect resistances with other useful characteristics. Both lines originated from mass selection for multiple disease and soil insect resistances in a sweet potato population incorporating a wide gene base. Both lines flower and set seed without any special treatment; traits of particular value in breeding
G1117A, G1102A, and G1106A Cytosterile Broccoli Inbreds1
Authors: Dickson M. H.
Published: September 2022

Commercial F1 hybrids of Brassica oleracea L. are currently produced by using self incompatibility. This system has some disadvantages due to the nature and variation of incompatibility and because much hand pollination work is required to produce selfed seed on the self incompatible parents.
High Density “Tree Walls”1
Authors: Emerson F. H. , Hayden R. A.
Published: September 2022

The general trend to higher tree density in apple orchards has been almost totally dependent on the use of the size-controlling rootstocks with more dwarfing rootstocks required as the tree density increased. With the use of such rootstocks becoming common in commercial orchards and the continued evaluation by researchers, a number of problems have become apparent including poor anchorage; greater susceptibility to winter injury, drought or “wet feet”, root rot, crown rot and fireblight; and graft incompatibility. In the case of peaches, nectarines, and other stone fruits, the lack of satisfactory size controlling rootstocks has dampened the trend to high density as observed in apple plantings. Several peach rootstocks have been evaluated and may show promise for increased hardiness or other beneficial effects but none have more than a minimal effect on size control.
Influence of Controlled-atmospheres on the Quality and Condition of Stored Nectarines1
Authors: Olsen Kenneth L. , Schomer Harold A.
Published: September 2022

The most favorable atmospheres for storage of nectarines (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Stark’s Red Gold) at −0.5°C contained about 5% CO2 which was about equally effective when combined with air or with 2.5% O2. Dessert quality of the fruit was good after 6 weeks in controlled atmosphere storage with either 5 or 2.5% CO2, but maximum storage possible may vary from year to year. Breakdown and decay was excessive in all lots after 10 to 11 weeks’ storage.
Clonal Propagation of Coffea arabica L. from Callus Culture1
Authors: Herman E. B. , Haas G. J.
Published: September 2022

Large numbers of coffee organoids were produced from callus cultures derived from leaf blade segments. Organoids developed from callus grown on a modified Linsmaier-Skoog medium, containing 0.1 mg per liter kinetin and 0.1 mg per liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), typically consisted of rudimentary stems and leaves only. Roots were formed and the organoids developed into coffee plants upon transfer of the organoids to a Gresshoff-Doy medium containing 0.1 mg per liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) but no kinetin. The plants continued to grow after being transferred to soil.
An Unusual Flowering and Fruiting Habit of Grapefruit in the Khuzestan Area of Iran1
Authors: Samadi M. , Cochran L. C.
Published: September 2022

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) initiates flowers and sets fruits only in the center of the trees under the canopy of leaves in the hot area of the Khuzestan plain of Iran. This is a virtue since the fruit is protected from sunburn and heat injury. This unusual habit of fruiting appears to be the result of temperatures high enough at the critical time to prevent flower induction on the outer portion of trees.
Carnation Propagation from Shoot Tips Cultured in Liquid Medium1
Authors: Earle E. D. , Langhans R. W.
Published: September 2022

Shoot tips of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. CSU White Pikes Peak) formed multiple shoots on agar nutrient medium containing 0.5 mg/liter kinetin and 0.1 mg/liter α-napthaleneacetic acid. Tissue with shoots was transferred to liquid medium on a culture wheel rotating 1 rpm. Many axillary shoots formed and eventually separated from the parent shoot. Tissue could be subcultured into fresh medium, stored at 4.5°, or rooted, potted and grown to flowering. All 175 plants flowered had normal white flowers with characteristic red flecks, indicating that the chimeral arrangement of the petal tissues had not been disturbed by the culture procedure.
Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Georgia1
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Martin Willis C. , Marcus Karen A. , Goslin William E.
Published: September 2022

Drenches and sprays of α-cyclopropyl-α (p-methoxyphenyl)-5 pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) were comparable to 2,4-dichlorobenzyl-tributylphosphonium chloride (CBBP, Phosfon) in inhibiting stem growth of the ‘Georgia’ Easter lily. Both materials produced plants with enlarged, thin-walled sclerenchymatous stem cells. Some of the higher rates of ancymidol delayed flowering and reduced the number of flowers per plant. Drenches of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and sprays of ethyl hydrogen 1-propylphosphonate (EHPP) showed some promise as deflowering agents in commercial lily bulb production.
Phytotoxicity of Copper Treated Burlap on Balled and Burlapped Cotoneaster divaricata Rehd. & Wils.1
Authors: Kuhns Larry J. , Sydnor T. Davis
Published: September 2022

Phytotoxicity of burlap treated with 6 concentrations of CuSO4 or copper naphthenate (Cu Nap) was determined by enclosing the root balls of Cotoneaster divaricata in the treated burlaps, observing their growth for 40 weeks, and analyzing root, stem and leaf tissue for Cu, Fe, and Mn. Burlap treated with up to 4.0% Cu Nap or levels of CuSO4 less than 0.2% was not phytotoxic. Burlap treated with solutions of CuSO4 ≥0.2% was phytotoxic. Tissue analyses indicate that the injury from CuSO4 treated burlap was the result of high Cu concentrations in the roots of enclosed plants.
Critical Level of Airborne Sea Salt Inducing Foliar Injury to Bean1
Authors: Williams David J. , Moser Bruno C.
Published: September 2022

Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender (green bean) treated with sea salt aerosols, similar to ambient seashore conditions displayed foliar injury from exposures of 8, 168, and 480 hr at sedimentation rates of 27, 5.7 and 1.5 μg/m2/sec, respectively. Sodium and chloride uptake was linear with time. Toxicity symptoms corresponded with a critical leaf tissue level of 2.6% Cl regardless of exposure time or sedimentation rate.
Celery Yield Increased by Sowing Germinated Seeds1
Authors: Biddington N. L. , Thomas T. H. , Whitlock A. J.
Published: September 2022

Germinated seeds of celery (Apium graveolens L.) sown suspended in a gel, gave earlier and greater seedling emergence and increased final crop yields compared with seeds sown in a conventional manner.
Correlation Between Methods to Determine the Protein Content of Potato Tubers1
Authors: Vigue Jerry , Li P. H.
Published: September 2022

Tubers of potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) ranging from 6.9 to 18.6% total amino acids, on a dry weight basis, were analyzed by 6 methods which determine protein content: 1) total amino acids minus free amino acids determined by column chromatography, 2) Kjeldahl N × 5.7, 3) Kjeldahl N × 5.7 minus free amino acids determined by column chromatography, 4) Kjeldahl N × 5.7 minus ninhydrin determined free amino acids, 5) ninhydrin total minus ninhydrin free amino acids, and 6) Folin-Lowry analyses. The results of the latter 5 methods were correlated to the data of method 1 (column chromatography). All of the methods, except 4, had correlation coefficients above the 99% level of significance. When compared to the data obtained from column chromatography, methods 6 and 4 gave low, while method 3 gave approximately equal protein values. Method 2 is excellent for determining total tuber amino acids, (r = 0.96**) and is the method of choice for screening large numbers of tubers for protein, (r = 0.92**). Kjeldahl N × 5.7 correlates high with tuber protein, because there is a high correlation between tuber free and protein bound amino acids, (r = 0.74**). However, Kjeldahl N × 5.7 gives high tuber protein values. Based upon their correlation coefficients, methods 2, 5 and 6 are applicable for screening, but their individual shortcomings must be considered when interpreting results from tubers.
Initiation of Lycopene Synthesis in the Tomato Mutant rin as Influenced by Oxygen and Ethylene Interactions1
Authors: Frenkel Chaim , Garrison Stephen A.
Published: September 2022

Detached fruits of the rin mutant in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) synthesized little or no lycopene in the presence of 10, 100, or 1000 ppm ethylene in air. However, lycopene synthesis was initiated in fruits kept in 60% or 100% O2 (elevated tensions of oxygen) in the presence of 10 ppm ethylene.
A Rapid Spot Test for Ascorbic Acid in Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Rymal K. S. , Rice C. A.
Published: September 2022

A portable, rapid, and relatively simple spot test is applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in the juice from single fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). For this application reference strips with ranges of 12.5 to 100 mg/ml (± 12.5 mg/ml) and 30 to 46 mg/ml ±2 mg/ml were prepared. Standard titrimetric estimations conducted on the same samples consistently confirmed the spot test results.
Release of Lettuce Seed Thermodormancy by Plant Growth Regulators Applied in Organic Solvent1
Authors: Braun Joseph W. , Rao V. Sivaji , Khan Anwar A.
Published: September 2022

The emergence of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cvs. Grand Rapids and Mesa 659) seeds was enhanced by the pre-sowing permeation via acetone of growth regulators into the dry seeds. Emergence of photosensitive ‘Grand Rapids’ seeds from soil medium at moderate temperatures (20-18°C) was enhanced by permeation with gibberellic acid (GA3) alone. At supraoptimal soil temperatures, emergence of both cultivars was enhanced most effectively by a combination of GA3, kinetin and (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) ethephon).
Thinning ‘Washington’ Navel and ‘Late Valencia’ Sweet Orange Fruits with Photosynthetic Inhibitors1
Authors: Moss G. I.
Published: September 2022

Compounds found to reduce photosynthesis of sweet orange leaves were tested for fruit thinning activity. Two applications of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) at 7 × 10−4m, or N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-NN-dimethylurea (DCMU) at 0.25% w/v during fruit-setting significantly reduced fruit-set in ‘Washington’ navel sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Two applications of a plastic film-forming emulsion (Acropol) reduced fruit-set, but not significantly. Acropol had less effect on photosynthesis than PMA or DCMU. Residue problems would exclude the practical use of these substances so monomethyl n-decenyl succinic acid (MDSA) was screened and tested in the field. MDSA caused stomatal closure at 660 ppm for at least 4 days, and reduced the yield of ‘Late Valencia’ sweet orange the following year when applied at 700 ppm 6 weeks after full bloom. PMA and MDSA stimulated ethylene production from fruitlets up to 4 days after application. DCMU did not stimulate ethylene production but did reduce photosynthesis and thinned fruitlets, although significantly less effectively than PMA. This suggests that fruit setting in sweet orange may be determined by competitive inhibition, and that a reduction in photosynthesis may cause fruit abscission.
Development of Aflatoxin in ‘Stuart’ Pecans as Affected by Shell Integrity1
Authors: Schroeder Harry W. , Storey James B.
Published: September 2022

The intact shell of pecans Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch cv. Stuart provided a protective barrier to invasion of the kernels by Aspergillus flavus and to the development of kernel discoloration. After 28 days exposure to high humidity on A. flavus infested soil 36% of the surface area of pecan kernels from sound inshell nuts was discolored compared to 100% of the surface area of kernels from pecans with cracked shells. Aflatoxins were detected after 8 days in kernels (not obviously discolored or moldy) from cracked inshell nuts at a concentration of 3500 ppb and reached a maximum concentration of 1,000,000 ppb after 21 days. Aflatoxins (840 ppb) were detected in pecans with sound shells after only one of 5 exposure periods (21 days) suggesting that one nut may have had a defective shell or may have been previously contaminated. The mycotoxin, zearalenone, was extracted from kernels with sound shells after 28 days.
Cold Storage Maintenance of Strawberry Meristem Plantlets1
Authors: Mullin R. H. , Schlegel D. E.
Published: September 2022

Long preservation of potentially valuable germplasm of strawberry (Fragaria spp.) was facilitated by cold storage of “pathogen-free” meristem plantlets. More than 50 different cultivars have been maintained for up to 6 years as meristem plantlets in sterile culture tubes at 4°C air temperature in darkness.
Relation of Pruning Time and Inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae van Hall to Short Life of Peach Trees Growing on Old Peach Land1
Authors: Chandler Webster A. , Daniell Jeff W.
Published: September 2022

Three-year-old peach trees [Prunus persica (L) Batsch. cv. Elberta] growing on old peach land where a high incidence of bacterial canker was suspected in previous plantings, were pruned or pruned and inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae van Hall in October, December, February, or April. All trees pruned and inoculated in October or December were either dead or dying by May. P. syringae was recovered from all of the October-inoculated and from 86% and 71% of the December- and February-inoculated trees, respectively. Also, 43% mortality occurred in February-pruned and inoculated trees. Uninoculated but early-pruned trees showed severe short life or decline symptoms with 43% mortality following October and December pruning. On the other hand, April-pruned trees, whether inoculated or not, showed less short life or decline symptoms than early-pruned trees and no deaths occurred in April-pruned and inoculated trees.
The Effect of Covering Apples during Development1
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Lougheed E. C.
Published: September 2022

Covering apples with foil bags about 1 month after bloom to harvest had no effect on fruit size or starch content, had inconsistent effects on fruit firmness, and reduced soluble solids, anthocyanin and chlorophyll. Uncovering fruits at various times before harvest allowed formation of anthocyanin, maximum amounts being dependent on cultivar and time of exposure.