bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A case series of pure neural leprosy in patients diagnosed in a specialized center for the control of Hansen’s disease in Colombia
Authors: Serrano-Coll Héctor , Mieles Olinto , Escorcia Calixto , Díaz Amparo , Beltrán Camilo , Cardona-Castro Nora
Published: June 2018

La lepra neural pura se presenta como una neuropatía periférica sin presencia de lesiones cutáneas.La verificación del diagnóstico mediante el índice bacilar y la histopatología, no es posible en la mayoría de los pacientes.Se describen cuatro casos de lepra neural pura diagnosticados por clínica; la evolución de tres de los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento específico fue satisfactoria, en tanto que la otra paciente presentó deterioro progresivo a pesar de las medidas terapéuticas. Todos los pacientes fueron atendidos en un centro especializado en el manejo y control de la enfermedad de Hansen, ubicado en el municipio de Contratación, Santander, Colombia.
Mortalidad por enfermedades huérfanas en Colombia, 2008-2013
Authors: Martinez Julio César , Misnaza Sandra Patricia
Published: June 2018

Introducción. Las enfermedades huérfanas caracterizadas por su baja prevalencia, comúnmente son de origen genético y degenerativo, y amenazan la vida.Objetivo. Describir la mortalidad por enfermedades huérfanas y analizar la tendencia en Colombia entre 2008 y 2013.Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo. Se analizó la tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad a partir de los certificados de defunción entre el 2008 y el 2013. Se calcularon las tasas específicas de mortalidad y las ajustadas por edad y sexo.Resultados. Se atribuyeron 7.135 defunciones a enfermedades huérfanas; 51,4 % ocurrieron en hombres de todas las edades. La tasa media de mortalidad fue de 2,53 muertes por 100.000 personas. La tendencia mostró un patrón de ascenso, aunque muy heterogéneo, en el territorio nacional. Las mayores tasas de mortalidad por 100.000 habitantes se registraron en Bogotá (20,0), la región Andina (5,3) y la Caribe (3,7). Las principales causas de muerte en hombres fueron: leucemia linfoblástica aguda, distrofia muscular, displasia broncopulmonar originada en el periodo perinatal, esclerosis múltiple, síndrome de Guillain-Barré y gastrosquisis, y en mujeres, esclerosis múltiple, leucemia linfoide aguda, gastrosquisis, displasia broncopulmonar originada en el periodo perinatal, síndrome de Guillain-Barré y leucemia mieloide aguda. La tasa media de mortalidad por leucemia linfoblástica aguda fue de 0,17 por 100.000 hombres menores de 15 años, y la de mortalidad por esclerosis múltiplefue de 0,16 en mujeres mayores de 40 años.Conclusiones. Las causas de muerte mostraron un comportamiento similar en ambos sexos; sin embargo, la mayor carga de mortalidad se registró en la población masculina de todas edades en Bogotá.
Annual plankton community metabolism in estuarine and coastal waters in Perth (Western Australia)
Authors: Agusti Susana , Vigoya Lorena , Duarte Carlos Manuel
Published: June 2018

The planktonic metabolic balance that is the balance between gross primary production (GPP) and community respiration (CR) was determined in Matilda Bay (estuarine) and Woodman Point (coastal) in Perth, Western Australia. The rates of net community production (NCP = GPP – CR) and the ratio between GPP and CR (P/R) were assessed to evaluate whether the metabolic balance in the two coastal locations tends to be net autotrophic (production exceeding community respiration) or net heterotrophic (respiration exceeding production). We also analyzed environmental variability by measuring temperature, salinity, and nutrients and chlorophyll a concentration. Samples were collected biweekly from March 2014 to March 2015. During the study period the metabolic rates were three times higher in Matilda Bay than in Woodman Point. The predominant metabolism was net autotrophic at both sites with P/R ratios >1 in the majority of the sampling dates. In Matilda Bay, the metabolic rates were negatively correlated with salinity denoting river dynamics influence, and positively with chlorophyll a. In Woodman Point only the GPP was positively correlated with chlorophyll a. The positive correlation between P/R ratio and GPP in Matilda Bay and the positive correlations between the metabolic rates and chlorophyll a suggest that factors controlling autotrophic processes are modulating the planktonic metabolic balance in the coastal marine ecosystem in Perth. Significant correlations were found between CR and GPP-standardized to chlorophyll a and water temperature. The net autotrophic metabolic balance indicates that in both ecosystems planktonic communities are acting as a sink of CO2 and as a source of organic matter and oxygen to the system and are able to export organic matter to other ecosystems.
Sample Preparation and Quantitative Analysis for PowderX‐Ray Diffractometry
Authors: Ohbuchi Atsushi , Nakamura Toshihiro
Published: June 2018

Powder X‐ray diffractometry (PXRD) is widely used for various material analysis, including powders, thin films, and bulk samples. Some optics configurations are used for powder X‐ray diffractometer; Kα1optics can be used as high‐end laboratory system. Semiconductor detectors can enable high‐speed measurements, suppress increased background noise from X‐ray fluorescence, and allow two‐dimensional diffraction‐image measurement. For obtaining reproducible diffraction data, sample preparation and particle size of powder sample are very important factors. Several quantitative analysis methods are applied to calculate quantitative values of crystalline phases, such as calibrating method, internal standard method, standard addition method, RIR (reference intensity ratio) method, and the Rietveld refinement. In the Rietveld refinement, amorphous phase can be calculated using internal standard material. Measurement data for the Rietveld refinement can be obtained in short time using semiconductor detectors. Sample preparation of powder sample and quantitative analysis method are described in this article.
Methods Applied for the Allosteric Site Revelation
Authors: Ni Duan , Lu Shaoyong , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2018

Allostery is the functional change at one site on a protein due to alterations at a distant site. Allosteric modulators by targeting allosteric site can fine‐tune protein's activity. Drugging allosteric sites has therefore been regarded as a novel direction in drug discovery. However, identification of allosteric sites by experimental approaches is serendipitous. Since bioinformatics and structural biology develop rapidly, protein dynamics and structures can be better understood and allosteric drug discovery is on the cusp of a novel era of rational computational methodologies. Various computational allosteric site prediction models have therefore been put forward. Computational prediction is helpful for exploration of potential allosteric sites due to its higher accuracy and relatively shorter timescale. Here, we review the state‐of‐the‐art computational allosteric sites prediction methods. We first classify different approaches according to their underlying theoretical models, then algorithms and fundamental theories behind them are revealed, and finally successful examples are presented. We put forward the current challenges faced by these approaches. Possible solutions are provided with the latest advances in the field of computational biology, and tactics to resolve these demanding tasks are also discussed.
Palliative Care
Authors: ten Have Henk A. M. J.
Published: June 2018

Palliation has always been a goal of medicine, besides cure and prevention. Modern palliative care has emerged since the 1960s due to the growing power of medicine. Palliative care as defined by the WHO has specific characteristics: it is focused on improvement of quality of life, symptom control and pain relief, accomplishment of a good death, and prevention of euthanasia. It is also connected to specific virtues such as compassion and restraint. It provides total care, with the involvement of patients and relatives, as well as an interdisciplinary approach. This entry discusses the ethical queries of palliative care, particularly sedation, euthanasia, and research. It concludes with a review of recent developments such as the emphasis on integration of care, the growth of research efforts, the need for better communication, especially advance care planning, and the global demand for palliative care.
Hart, H. L. A.
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: June 2018

H. L.A. Hart was the foremost legal philosopher and one of the foremost political philosophers of the twentieth century. He is best known for his contributions to legal philosophy generally and to legal positivism specifically. In his classic 1961 bookThe Concept of Lawand in a number of essays written approximately contemporaneously, he presented a hugely influential account of the ways in which different types of norms combine to form the structure of a legal system. In opposition to various natural law theorists, he upheld the general insistence of legal positivism on the separability of law and morality. Many of Hart's other writings made major contributions to sundry additional areas of legal and political and moral philosophy: the philosophy of rights, the philosophy of criminal responsibility and punishment, the political philosophy of Millian liberalism, and the philosophy of causation.
G. A. Cohen
Authors: Wolff Jonathan
Published: June 2018

G. A. Cohen (1941–2009) was a central figure in contemporary political philosophy, as well one the most important late twentieth‐century interpreters and defenders of Marx's theory of history, writing his first book, and many articles, on the topic. His work then turned to a critique of the libertarianism of Robert Nozick, and an examination of the concept of self‐ownership, and its implications. Then followed a highly influential account of the nature of distributive equality, particularly engaging with the work of Ronald Dworkin. The final major stage of his work consisted in an extended critique of aspects of the work of John Rawls, looking first at the relation between incentives and justice, and then at the role of empirical facts in theories of justice. Cohen was especially known for the analytical sharpness of his critiques, and his ability to turn what at first looked to detailed criticism to constructive use.
A Novel Solid–Solid Phase Change Material: Pentaglycerine/Expanded Graphite Composite PCMs
Authors: Zhang Nan , Song Yanlin , Du Yanxia , Yuan Yanping , Xiao Guangming , Gui Yewei
Published: June 2018

In this work, a novel solid–solid phase change material (SS‐PCM), pentaglycerine/expanded graphite (PG/ExG) is developed. ExG is introduced into PG to enhance its thermophysical properties. The results of SEM, FT‐IR, and XRD indicate that PG and ExG are physically well combined in the composites. DSC results show that the phase change temperature of the PG/ExGs are not significantly different from those of PG. The melting latent heat of PG/ExG containing 1, 2, and 4 wt% ExG are 163.8, 161.6, and 160.1 J g−1, respectively. Although the latent heat of PG/ExG decreases with the addition of ExG, the total heat storage capacity of PG/ExG increases due to the increase in specific heat of composite PCMs. The thermal conductivities of PG/ExG containing 1, 2, and 4 wt% ExG are 0.647 W/(m · K), 0.863 W/(m · K), and 0.944 W/(m · K), respectively, while that of PG is just 0.232 W/(m · K). Thermal performance tests further verify the enhancement to heat transfer performance of PG with ExG. The results of thermal cycling tests substantially indicate that the PG‐based SS‐PCMs have noticeable thermal reliabilities after 100 cycles. In conclusion, the PG/ExG composite PCMs with comprehensive properties will have potential for usage in energy storage and thermal management systems.
Clustering in Age‐Hardenable Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Dumitraschkewitz Phillip , Gerstl Stephan S. A. , Stephenson Leigh T. , Uggowitzer Peter J. , Pogatscher Stefan
Published: June 2018

This review gives an overview of the effects of clusters in various aluminum alloys. Characterization methods are discussed in general and results for the important AlMgSi alloys are presented in detail. Indirect characterization methods, such as hardness, tensile testing, electrical resistivity, differential scanning calorimetry, and positron annihilation spectroscopy are discussed, as well as atom probe tomography for the direct measurement of clusters. A particular focus is set on atom probe tomography, where possible artifacts influencing the cluster measurements as well as different cluster finding methods are summed up. A comprehensive summary of investigated alloys and cluster algorithm parameters is given. Moreover, the findings in AlMgSi alloys regarding clusters and changes upon different heat treatments are discussed, starting from early to the latest works. Drawn conclusions are discussed and compared to give a résumé.
Aging Response of an A357 Al Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Casati Riccardo , Vedani Maurizio
Published: June 2018

The A357 Al–Si–Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting is investigated in order to evaluate its response to thermal aging. Solution annealing followed by water quenching reveals responsible for the transformation of the interconnected Si network, typical of the as built material, into a dispersion of globular, and coarser constituent and for the formation of an equiaxed grain structure. The microstructural changes lead to a reduction of material hardness. DSC and aging curves show that as built condition can be considered as fully appropriate for an effective dispersion strengthening process by artificial aging. Natural aging reduces the amount of available sites for heterogeneous nucleation of β” phase and it is considered as detrimental for tensile properties.
Design Principles and Material Engineering of ZnS for Optoelectronic Devices and Catalysis
Authors: Xu Xiaojie , Li Siyuan , Chen Jiaxin , Cai Sa , Long Zhenghao , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: June 2018

ZnS, as one of the first semiconductors discovered and a rising material star, has embraced exciting breakthroughs in the past few years. To shed light on the design principles and engineering techniques of ZnS for improved/novel optoelectronic properties, the fundamental mechanisms and commonly employed strategies are proposed in this review. Recent progress on modifications of ZnS allows it to be extensively and effectively used in versatile applications, including transparent conductors, UV photodetectors, luminescent devices, and catalysis, which are clearly and comprehensively summarized in this work. Novel functional devices springing up from the newly developed ZnS‐based materials are highlighted as well. This review not only provides a scientific insight into the advances of ZnS‐based materials, but also touches on the future opportunities in this inspiring field.
Phase Inversion Strategy to Flexible Freestanding Electrode: Critical Coupling of Binders and Electrolytes for High Performance Li–S Battery
Authors: Wahyudi Wandi , Cao Zhen , Kumar Pushpendra , Li Mengliu , Wu Yingqiang , Hedhili Mohammed N. , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Cavallo Luigi , Li Lain‐Jong , Ming Jun
Published: June 2018

Development of flexible and freestanding electrode is attracting great attention in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, but the severe capacity fading caused by the lithium polysulfides (PSs) shuttle effect remains challenging. Herein, a completely new polymeric binder of polyethersulfone is introduced. Not only it enables massive production of flexible/current‐free electrode by a novel concept of “phase‐inversion” approach but also the resultant polymeric networks can effectively trap the soluble polysulfides within the electrode, owing to the higher hydrophilicity and stronger affinity properties than the routine polyvinylidene fluoride. Coupling with polysulfide‐based electrolyte, the Li–S cell shows a higher capacity of 1141 mAh g−1, a lower polarization of 192 mV, and a more stable capacity retention with 100% Coulombic efficiency over 100 cycles at 0.25C. The advantages of favored binder and electrolyte are further demonstrated in lithium‐ion sulfur full battery with lithiated graphite anode, which demonstrates much improved performance than those previously reported. This work not only introduces a novel strategy for flexible freestanding electrodes but also enlightens the importance of coupling electrodes and electrolytes to higher performances for Li–S battery.
Efficient Mechanoluminescent Elastomers for Dual‐Responsive Anticounterfeiting Device and Stretching/Strain Sensor with Multimode Sensibility
Authors: Wu Chen , Zeng Songshan , Wang Zhaofeng , Wang Fu , Zhou Hui , Zhang Jiachi , Ci Zhipeng , Sun Luyi
Published: June 2018

In this work, an environmentally friendly and novel oxide‐based mechanoluminescent material, Sr3Al2O6: Eu3+, which can serve as the alternative for the widely used but environmentally hazardous transition metal–doped sulfides is reported. This oxide could exhibit highly efficient photoluminescence, but even more efficient mechanoluminescence as embedded into polydimethylsiloxane matrix under mechanical stimulation. The emitting color of the resultant Sr3Al2O6: Eu3+/polydimethylsiloxane elastomer composites could be further manipulated by adjusting the synthesis atmosphere of the Sr3Al2O6: Eu3+ based on its unique self‐reduction characteristic. Moreover, by combining the wavelength selectivity of photoluminescence and dynamic stress response of mechanoluminescence, Sr3Al2O6: Eu3+ enables the design of two types of intriguing devices. They are a dual‐responsive anticounterfeiting flexible device activated by either photons or mechanics, and a comprehensive stretching/strain sensor capable of sensing both strain level and stretching states. In comparison to the conventional luminescent materials, with a rare combination of efficient photoluminescence, highly sensitive mechanoluminescence, and facile color tunability, Sr3Al2O6: Eu3+ is much more versatile and ideal for various advanced applications.
Zero Linear Compressibility in Nondense Borates with a “Lu‐Ban Stool”‐Like Structure
Authors: Jiang Xingxing , Yang Yi , Molokeev Maxim S. , Gong Pifu , Liang Fei , Wang Shuaihua , Liu Lei , Wu Xiang , Li Xiaodong , Li Yanchun , Wu Shaofan , Li Wei , Wu Yicheng , Lin Zheshuai
Published: June 2018

Discovering materials that exhibit zero linear compressibility (ZLC) behavior under hydrostatic pressure is extremely difficult. To date, only a handful of ZLC materials have been found, and almost all of them are ultrahard materials with densified structures. Here, to explore ZLC in nondense materials, a structural model analogous to the structure of the “Lu‐Ban stool,” a product of traditional Chinese woodworking invented 2500 years ago, is proposed. The application of this model to borates leads to the discovery of ZLC in AEB2O4 (AE = Ca and Sr) with the unique “Lu‐Ban stool”‐like structure, which can obtain a subtle mechanical balance between pressure‐induced expansion and contraction effects. Coupled with the very wide ultraviolet transparent windows, the ZLC behavior of AEB2O4 may result in some unique but important applications. The applications of the “Lu‐Ban stool” model open a new route for pursuing ZLC materials in nondense structural systems.
Combinatorial Synthesis of Macromolecular Arrays by Microchannel Cantilever Spotting (µCS)
Authors: Atwater Jordyn , Mattes Daniela S. , Streit Bettina , von Bojničić‐Kninski Clemens , Loeffler Felix F. , Breitling Frank , Fuchs Harald , Hirtz Michael
Published: June 2018

Surface‐bound microarrays of multiple oligo‐ and macromolecules (e.g., peptides, DNA) offer versatile options in biomedical applications like drug screening, DNA analysis, or medical diagnostics. Combinatorial syntheses of these molecules in situ can save significant resources in regard to processing time and material use. Furthermore, high feature densities are needed to enable high‐throughput and low sample volumes as generally regarded in combinatorial chemistry. Here, a scanning‐probe‐lithography‐based approach for the combinatorial in situ synthesis of macromolecules is presented in microarray format. Feature sizes below 40 µm allow for the creation of high‐density arrays with feature densities of 62 500 features per cm2. To demonstrate feasibility of this approach for biomedical applications, a multiplexed array of functional protein tags (HA‐ and FLAG‐tag) is synthesized, and selective binding of respective epitope recognizing antibodies is shown. This approach uses only small amounts of base chemicals for synthesis and can be further parallelized, therefore, opening up a route to flexible, highly dense, and cost‐effective microarrays.
Fabrication of Millimeter‐Scale, Single‐Crystal One‐Third‐Hydrogenated Graphene with Anisotropic Electronic Properties
Authors: Chen Hui , Bao De‐Liang , Wang Dongfei , Que Yande , Xiao Wende , Qian Guojian , Guo Hui , Sun Jiatao , Zhang Yu‐Yang , Du Shixuan , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Gao Hong‐Jun
Published: June 2018

Periodically hydrogenated graphene is predicted to form new kinds of crystalline 2D materials such as graphane, graphone, and 2D CxHy, which exhibit unique electronic properties. Controlled synthesis of periodically hydrogenated graphene is needed for fundamental research and possible electronic applications. Only small patches of such materials have been grown so far, while the experimental fabrication of large‐scale, periodically hydrogenated graphene has remained challenging. In the present work, large‐scale, periodically hydrogenated graphene is fabricated on Ru(0001). The as‐fabricated hydrogenated graphene is highly ordered, with a √3 × √3/R30° period relative to the pristine graphene. As the ratio of hydrogen and carbon is 1:3, the periodically hydrogenated graphene is named “one‐third‐hydrogenated graphene” (OTHG). The area of OTHG is up to 16 mm2. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the OTHG has two deformed Dirac cones along one high‐symmetry direction and a finite energy gap along the other directions at the Fermi energy, indicating strong anisotropic electrical properties. An efficient method is thus provided to produce large‐scale crystalline functionalized graphene with specially desired properties.
Mesoscopic and Microscopic Strategies for Engineering Plasmon‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Li Zhi‐Yuan
Published: June 2018

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in noble metal nanoparticles and nanostructures offers an efficient means to transport and localize the energy of light into some nanoscale space regions called hot spots, where the electromagnetic field is enhanced by many orders of magnitude upon the incident light. This local field enhancement can induce very huge enhancement of Raman signal for a molecule embedded within the hot spot, which has tremendous applications in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). Here, a discussion is presented on how to engineer this SPR‐enhanced Raman scattering from both the mesoscopic and microscopic levels. The mesoscopic level focuses on engineering and optimizing the geometric and physical configurations of plasmonic nanoparticles in order to have as large as possible electromagnetic field enhancement factor in the hot spot. The microscopic level focuses on investigating the light–molecule interaction (both chemical and physical) in the microscopic level, either classical or quantum, in order to have deep and complete understanding of the key microscopic issues influencing the Raman scattering and then exploring microscopic means to further enhance the Raman scattering as large as possible. Although in many situations these two scopes can be considered separately, there are also many situations where these two scopes need to be considered together. A prominent example, discussed here, is the critical role of molecule Rayleigh scattering in a plasmonic nanogap. Furthermore, several important issues are pointed out that need attention and caution in exploring and evaluating the quantitative SPR‐based Raman enhancement, including the quantum plasmonics correction, surface and interface electron scattering correction, and the validity of classical electromagnetics and electrodynamics approaches used in single and few atom scale plasmonics.
All‐Solution‐Processed Metal Oxide/Chalcogenide Hybrid Full‐Color Phototransistors with Multistacked Functional Layers and Composition‐Gradient Heterointerface
Authors: Cho Sung Woon , Kim Young Been , Jung Sung Hyun , Baek Seung Ki , Kim Joo Sung , Lee Minkyung , Cho Hyung Koun , Kim Yong‐Hoon
Published: June 2018

For the development of cost‐effective, ultrasensitive, fast dynamic, and full‐color photodetection platforms, an all‐solution‐processed metal oxide/chalcogenide semiconductor hybrid‐structure‐based visible‐light phototransistor with (i) multistacked functional materials, (ii) a chemically stable solution‐based construction, and (iii) defect‐suppressed composition‐gradient heterointerfaces is proposed. Herein, the functional multistacked structure (a‐ZTO/cc‐CdS/a‐ZTO) consists of high‐mobility amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO) (a‐ZTO bottom), a high‐efficiency coarsened crystalline CdS (cc‐CdS) visible‐light absorber, and defective surface passivation a‐ZTO (top) to boost photosensitivity via efficient generation/transport and spontaneous separation/confinement of photocarriers. Chemically stable solution‐based multistacking is achieved via careful choice of chemically durable oxide and chalcogenide semiconductors (Sn‐eqi ZTO and CdS). The composition‐gradient heterointerfaces formed near ZTO/CdS and CdS/ZTO junctions via thermally activated healing processes provide instantaneous photoresponse and full‐color sensing performance. Finally, the all‐solution‐processed a‐ZTO/cc‐CdS/a‐ZTO hybrid phototransistor achieves repeatable/reproducible real‐time full‐color detection with high photosensitivity, fast phototransient speeds, and no persistent photocurrent behavior under dynamic stimulus using primary colors. It is believed that the all‐solution processed oxide/chalcogenide hybrid phototransistor with multistacked functional materials and composition‐gradient heterointerfaces will facilitate the development of cost‐efficient, ultrasensitive, fast dynamic, and full‐color visible‐light detection system.
Soft Lithography to Fabricate 3D Patterning Organic Microrings towards High‐Performance Near‐Infrared Laser Arrays
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyi , Wang Zhen , Xu Zhenzhen , Gao Qinggang , Liu Peng , Ren Jiahuan , Li Meili , Zhou Cong , Liao Qing , Fu Hongbing
Published: June 2018

Optical resonator arrays are highly important fundamental units for integrated photoelectric devices, such as on‐chip logical circuits, high‐precision sensors, and laser displays. Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microrings (MRs) could reduce the optical losses and provide a small mode volume, which is helpful for the integration of miniaturized devices. However, there still is a great challenge to produce and pattern the circular resonator. Here, a facile poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) ring‐hole‐stamp confined solution‐growth method is used to fabricate organic (E)‐3‐(4‐(di‐p‐tolylamino)phenyl)‐1‐(1‐hydroxynaphthalen‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (DPHP) MR arrays. Low‐threshold multi‐mode near‐infrared lasing is successfully achieved in the single MRs and DPHP MR arrays at room temperature. At the same time, their lasing behaviors change obviously in the lasing intensity, emission position, lasing mode, and lasing threshold after contacting with water and NaOH solution. The present work is a major step for realizing compact near‐infrared optoelectronic devices.
Efficient and Color Stable White Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency Over 23%
Authors: Zhang Heng , Su Qiang , Sun Yizhe , Chen Shuming
Published: June 2018

White quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (WQLEDs) with different structures are developed. By mixing red (R), blue (B) and green (G) quantum dots (QDs) together, the optimal WQLEDs exhibit a peak current efficiency (CE) of 22.54 cd/A and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.07%. The relatively poor performance is due to the efficient nonradiative Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) among B‐, G‐ and R‐QDs. To address this issue, tandem WQLEDs are developed. By stacking the blue and the yellow QLEDs, the two‐unit tandem WQLEDs exhibit a peak CE of 30.3 cd/A and a maximum EQE of 15.2%. To further improve the color stability and the efficiency, the R/G/B three‐unit tandem WQLEDs are developed, which exhibit an impressive CE of 55.06 cd/A, a high EQE of 23.88% and a high luminance of 65690 cd/m2, which are the highest values ever reported. Moreover, the optimal tandem WQLED exhibits a high color stability, a pure white color with a 1931 Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of (0.33, 0.34) and a color rendering index of 80. The demonstrated tandem WQLEDs, with high efficiency, pure white color, high color stability and high color‐rendering, would be promising candidates for next generation solid‐state lighting and full‐color display.
High‐Efficiency Sky Blue to Ultradeep Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Diodes Based on Ortho‐Carbazole‐Appended Triarylboron Emitters: Above 32% External Quantum Efficiency in Blue Devices
Authors: Lee Young Hoon , Park Sunghee , Oh Jihun , Woo Seung‐Je , Kumar Ajay , Kim Jang‐Joo , Jung Jaehoon , Yoo Seunghyup , Lee Min Hyung
Published: June 2018

A novel approach to highly efficient, blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters is proposed. A series of ortho‐carbazole‐appended triarylboron compounds (1–5) are prepared with various substituents, including tert‐Bu, Me, and OMe, introduced to the carbazole donor and/or to the dimesitylphenylboron (PhBMes2) acceptor. Depending on the substituents on the donor and/or acceptor moieties, the emission color is finely tuned over the entire blue region from sky blue to ultradeep blue. Retention of a twisted donor (D)–acceptor (A) structure enabled by the ortho D–A connectivity and bulky triarylboron leads to small energy splitting (ΔEST) between singlet and triplet excited states, resulting in very efficient TADF. High‐efficiency blue TADF organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are realized by using the proposed ortho D–A compounds as emitters. Among them, the blue OLEDs incorporating a BuCzMeoB (2) emitter exhibit a very high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 32.8% at Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates of (0.135, 0.266). The high device efficiency is attributed to both the high photoluminescence quantum yield of 2 in a given host film (93%) and the high horizontal transition dipole ratio (Θ) of 0.76. Ultradeep blue OLEDs with a record‐high efficiency are also fabricated with a CzOMeoB (5) emitter, exhibiting an EQE of 14.9% at CIE coordinates of (0.151, 0.058).
Broadband Circular Polarizing Film Based on Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Cao Yuanyuan , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: June 2018

Films capable of broadband circular polarization of light are important for many optical applications. Owing to their intrinsic chiral nematic mesostructure, freestanding films of cellulose nanocrystals can reflect circularly polarized light, but this is typically restricted to a narrow part of the spectrum. A new micelle‐assisted self‐assembly strategy is discovered to prepare freestanding films of cellulose nanocrystals that display circularly polarized reflection across the visible spectrum. The inexpensive and simple approach distorts the chiral nematic domains with variations of helical pitches and helical axis orientations, leading to broadband polarization. This novel method may be applicable to modifying the optical properties of other chiral nematic liquid crystals, which are widely used in display technologies.
Diastereoselective Trifluoromethylation of Chiral α,β‐Unsaturated N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Ketimines with Ruppert‐Prakash Reagent: Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Tertiary Trifluoromethyl Allylic Amines
Authors: Liu Peng , Lei Zhong‐Liang , Peng Ying‐Ying , Liu Zhen‐Jiang , Zhu Feng‐Qun , Liu Jin‐Tao , Wu Fanhong
Published: June 2018

The diastereoselective trifluoromethylation of chiral α,β‐unsaturated N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl ketimines with Ruppert‐Prakash reagent (TMSCF3) has been attained, which provided a convenient and straightforward method for the asymmetric synthesis of structurally diverse α‐tertiary trifluoromethyl allylic amines in high yields and with excellent diastereoselectivities (dr up to > 99:1). The stereochemical outcome of the present diastereoselective trifluoromethylation of the α,β‐unsaturated N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl ketimines suggested that a cyclic six‐membered transition state is involved in the reaction, which is remarkably different from that of the trifluoromethylation of N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl aldimines.

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Hyperbaric Oxygen Potentiates Doxil Antitumor Efficacy by Promoting Tumor Penetration and Sensitizing Cancer Cells
Authors: Wu Xian , Zhu Yanhong , Huang Wei , Li Jingqiu , Zhang Bixiang , Li Zifu , Yang Xiangliang
Published: June 2018

Hypoxia is a fundamental hallmark of solid tumors and helps contribute to chemotherapy resistance. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy can overcome tumor hypoxia and promote chemotherapy antitumor efficacy; however, the simultaneous administration of some conventional chemotherapies, including doxorubicin (DOX), with HBO is considered an absolute contraindication. Here, DOX‐loaded liposome (Doxil) is coadministered with HBO to assess the safety and efficacy of this combination treatment. By overcoming tumor hypoxia, HBO not only improves Doxil tumor penetration by decreasing the collagen deposition but also sensitizes tumor cells to Doxil. As a result, the combination treatment synergistically inhibits H22 tumor growth, with a tumor inhibition rate of 91.5%. The combination of HBO with Doxil shows neither extra side effects nor promotion of tumor metastasis. These results collectively reveal that the combination of HBO with Doxil is an effective and safe treatment modality. As both HBO and Doxil are routinely used, their combination could quickly translate to clinical trials for patients with hypoxic solid tumors.
Interfacial Effects of Tin Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition in Metal Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Palmstrom Axel F. , Raiford James A. , Prasanna Rohit , Bush Kevin A. , Sponseller Melany , Cheacharoen Rongrong , Minichetti Maxmillian C. , Bergsman David S. , Leijtens Tomas , Wang Hsin‐Ping , Bulović Vladimir , McGehee Michael D. , Bent Stacey F.
Published: June 2018

Metal halide perovskites offer a wide and tunable bandgap, making them promising candidates for top‐cell absorbers in tandem photovoltaics. In this work, the authors aim to understand the atomic layer deposition (ALD) precursor–perovskite interactions of the tin oxide ALD system and the role of organic fullerenes at the perovskite–tin oxide interface while establishing a framework for developing alternative perovskite‐compatible ALD processes in the future. It is shown, in the case of tin oxide ALD growth with tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin(IV) and water on FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite, that perovskite stability is most sensitive to metal–organic exposure at elevated temperatures with an onset near 110 °C, resulting in removal of the formamidinium cation. Transitioning from ALD to pulsed‐chemical vapor deposition tin oxide growth can minimize the degradation effects. Investigation of fullerenes at the perovskite interface shows that thin fullerene layers offer minor improvements to perovskite stability under ALD conditions, but significant enhancement in carrier extraction. Fullerene materials are undesirable due to fabrication cost and poor mechanical stability. Compositional tuning of the perovskite material can improve the fullerene‐free device performance. This method is demonstrated with a bromine‐rich perovskite phase to enable an 8.2% efficient perovskite device with all‐inorganic extraction layers.
Mapping Nonfullerene Acceptors with a Novel Wide Bandgap Polymer for High Performance Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Liao Xunfan , Yao Zhaoyang , Gao Ke , Shi Xueliang , Zuo Lijian , Zhu Zonglong , Chen Lie , Liu Feng , Chen Yiwang , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: June 2018

A new weak electron‐deficient building block, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) 2,5‐bis(5‐bromothiophen‐2‐yl) thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐3,6‐dicarboxylate (TT‐Th), is incorporated to construct a wide‐bandgap (1.88 eV) polymer PBDT‐TT for nonfullerene polymer solar cells (NF‐PSCs). PBDT‐TT possesses suitable energy levels and complementary absorption when blended with both ITIC analogues (ITIC and IT‐M) and a near‐infrared (NIR) acceptor (6TIC). Moreover, PBDT‐TT exhibits good conjugated planarity and preferable face‐on orientation in the blended thin film, which are beneficial for charge transfer and carrier transport. The PSCs based on PBDT‐TT:IT‐M and PBDT‐TT:6TIC blend films yield high power conversion efficiencies of 11.38% and 11.03%, respectively. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the PCE of 11.03% for PBDT‐TT:6TIC‐based device is one of the highest values reported for NIR NF‐PSCs. This work demonstrates that TT‐Th is a useful new electron‐accepting building block for making p‐type wide bandgap polymers for efficient NIR NF‐PSCs.
Ir‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intra‐ and Intermolecular Formal C−H Conjugate Addition to β‐Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Kurita Hisaki , Onoda Sahoko , Kanyiva Kyalo Stephen
Published: June 2018

An enantioselective intramolecular formal C−H conjugate addition of 4‐methyl 1‐aryl 2‐methylfumarates proceeded using a chiral iridium catalyst. A benzoylamide group served as a directing group, and chiral γ‐lactones with a quaternary all‐carbon stereogenic center were obtained with up to excellent ee. In the intermolecular reaction of N‐arylbenzamides with β‐substituted acrylates, C−H bond activation selectively occurred at the ortho‐position of carbonyl groups, and highly enantioselective formal C−H conjugate addition proceeded.
Nanofluidic Ion Transport and Energy Conversion through Ultrathin Free‐Standing Polymeric Carbon Nitride Membranes
Authors: Xiao Kai , Giusto Paolo , Wen Liping , Jiang Lei , Antonietti Markus
Published: June 2018

Ions transport through confined space with characteristic dimensions comparable to the Debye length has many applications, for example, in water desalination, dialysis, and energy conversion. However, existing 2D/3D smart porous membranes for ions transport and further applications are fragile, thermolabile, and/or difficult to scale up, limiting their practical applicability. Now, polymeric carbon nitride alternatively allows the creation of an ultrathin free‐standing carbon nitride membrane (UFSCNM), which can be fabricated by simple CVD polymerization and exhibits excellent nanofluidic ion‐transport properties. The surface‐charge‐governed ion transport also endows such UFSCNMs with the function of converting salinity gradients into electric energy. With advantages of low cost, facile fabrication, and the ease of scale up while supporting high ionic currents, UFSCNM can be considered as an alternative for energy conversion systems and new ionic devices.
A Fluorescent G‐Quadruplex Sensor for Chemical RNA Copying
Authors: Giurgiu Constantin , Wright Tom H. , O'Flaherty Derek K. , Szostak Jack W.
Published: June 2018

Non‐enzymatic RNA replication may have been one of the processes involved in the appearance of life on Earth. Attempts to recreate this process in a laboratory setting have not been successful thus far, highlighting a critical need for finding prebiotic conditions that increase the rate and the yield. Now a highly parallel assay for template directed RNA synthesis is presented that relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of a 2‐aminopurine modified G‐quadruplex. The application of the assay to examine the combined influence of multiple variables including pH, divalent metal concentrations and ribonucleotide concentrations on the copying of RNA sequences is demonstrated. The assay enables a direct survey of physical and chemical conditions, potentially prebiotic, which could enable the chemical replication of RNA.
Switching the Statistical C3/C1 Ratio in the Threefold Aromatic Substitution of Tribenzotriquinacenes towards the C3 Isomer
Authors: Wagner Philippe , Rominger Frank , Mastalerz Michael
Published: June 2018

Tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) is a bowl‐shaped molecule that has been widely used as a molecular building block in supramolecular and materials chemistry. Especially C3‐symmetric threefold‐substituted TBTQs are interesting for these purposes. Until now a general and selective synthetic approach to those C3‐symmetric products was lacking, mainly because the typically used electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of the parent TBTQ hydrocarbons produce predominantly the C1 isomer over the C3 isomer (3:1 statistical ratio). Herein we introduce a threefold borylation of TBTQ with the C3 isomer as the main product (2.6:1 C3/C1 ratio). The borylated TBTQ can be converted in good yields into other C3‐symmetric TBTQs, thus allowing straightforward synthetic access to new building blocks for supramolecular and materials chemistry.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Persistent Clonal T Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Expansions in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Schwaneck Eva C. , Renner Regina , Junker Lara , Einsele Hermann , Gadeholt Ottar , Geissinger Eva , Kleinert Stefan , Gernert Michael , Tony Hans‐Peter , Schmalzing Marc
Published: June 2018

Objective

Up to one‐third of patients with T cell large granular lymphocyte (T‐LGL) leukemia display symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In Crohn's disease and psoriasis, treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors is associated with hepatosplenic γδ T cell lymphoma and with clonal expansion of γδ T cells, respectively. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of clonal T‐LGL cells in patients with RA and define risk factors for this rare hematologic malignancy.

Methods

A total of 529 RA patients were recruited between November 2013 and August 2015. Eight‐color flow cytometry (fluorescence‐activated cell sorting [FACS]) was performed to screen for aberrant T cell populations of LGLs. Molecular analysis of the T cell receptor was used to confirm the diagnosis in patients with suggestive FACS findings. Electronic patient files were used to determine risk factors. Patients with clonal populations were monitored prospectively for up to 4 years.

Results

The median patient age was 61 years, and 74% were female. The median duration of RA was 12 years. The median Disease Activity Score in 28 joints was 2.8, and 69.9% of patients had ever been treated with biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs. We identified clonal T‐LGL expansions in 19 patients, equaling a prevalence of 3.6%. The T‐LGL cell clone was constant over time in most patients and was significantly associated with the duration of the exposure to TNF‐blocking agents (P = 0.01). No other risk factors could be detected.

Conclusion

RA patients with long‐term exposure to TNF‐blocking agents were at a greater risk of developing clonal expansions of LGLs. This finding may prompt clinicians to refrain from using these substances in RA patients with known T cell aberrations.
May the Fittest Protein Evolve: Favoring the Plant‐Specific Origin and Expansion of NAC Transcription Factors
Authors: Mathew Iny Elizebeth , Agarwal Pinky
Published: June 2018

Plant‐specific NAC transcription factors (TFs) evolve during the transition from aquatic to terrestrial plant life and are amplified to become one of the biggest TF families. This is because they regulate genes involved in water conductance and cell support. They also control flower and fruit formation. The review presented here focuses on various properties, regulatory intricacies, and developmental roles of NAC family members. Processes controlled by NACs depend majorly on their transcriptional properties. NACs can function as both activators and/or repressors. Additionally, their homo/hetero dimerization abilities can also affect DNA binding and activation properties. The active protein levels are dependent on the regulatory cascades. Because NACs regulate both development and stress responses in plants, in‐depth knowledge about them has the potential to help guide future crop improvement studies.
The Red‐/Green‐Switching GAF3 of Cyanobacteriochrome Slr1393 from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Regulates the Activity of an Adenylyl Cyclase
Authors: Hu Ping‐Ping , Guo Rui , Zhou Ming , Gärtner Wolfgang , Zhao Kai‐Hong
Published: June 2018

Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are photoreceptors in cyanobacteria that present a bilin chromophore‐binding GAF domain as a photochromic element to control the activity of a downstream enzyme or regulator. CBCR Slr1393 from Synechocystis PCC 6803 carries three GAF domains, but only the third one binds phycocyanobilin covalently. Slr1393 shows photochromicity between red and green absorbing states and regulates a C‐terminally located histidine kinase. In this work, we fused this third GAF domain to an adenylyl cyclase (AC) from Microcoleus chthonoplastes PCC7420 that in its genuine form is under blue‐light control from a LOV domain. A series of RGS‐AC variants were constructed with various lengths of the linkers between RGS and AC. Assays in vitro and in living Escherichia coli cells (AC‐deletion mutant) demonstrated that the activity of AC was light regulated, namely, the red‐light‐converted form of RGSΔ14‐Δ4AC (in vitro) was about three times more active than the green‐light‐converted form. Expression of the fusion protein RGSΔ14‐Δ4AC in vivo again showed highest light regulation with at least threefold amplification of the AC function. In some experiments, even tenfold higher activity was observed, which indicated that the protein, if expressed under in vivo conditions, was part of the E. coli physiological conditions and thereby subjected to more complex and variable regulation through other E. coli inherent factors.
Enhanced BTX Production in Refineries with Sulfur Dioxide Oxidation by Thermal Integrated Model
Authors: Karimi Mohsen , Rahimpour Mohammad Reza , Iranshahi Davood
Published: June 2018

More stringent environmental regulations as well as limitations of traditional energy sources lead to the development of innovative techniques to supply the required energy of different industries. Multifunctional autothermal reactors as a novel strategy in process integration technology have been introduced as a response to this requirement. The catalytic naphtha reforming process is one of the main processes in the refinery industries which demand several sources of energy to manage the existing reactions. Also, oxidization of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide as a highly exothermic reaction is one of the typical solutions to reduce and control this greenhouse gas in various industries. According to the main aims of process integration and by considering environmental regulations, a novel thermal integration model is proposed. The results demonstrate the aromatic upgrading and high conversion of sulfur dioxide in this model.