bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-pressure phase transformation as the mechanism of ductile chip formation in nanoscale cutting of silicon wafer
Authors: Cai M B , Li X P , Rahman M
Published: October 2007

In nanoscale cutting of silicon wafer, it has been found that under certain conditions ductile mode chip formation can be achieved. In order to understand the mechanism of the ductile chip formation, experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been conducted in this study. The results of MD simulations of nanoscale cutting of silicon showed that because of the high hydrostatic pressure in the chip formation zone, there is a phase transformation of the monocrytslline silicon from diamond cubic structure to both β silicon and amorphous phase in the chip formation zone, which results in plastic deformation of the workpiece material in the chip formation zone, as observed in experiments. The results further showed that although from experimental observation the plastic deformation in the ductile mode cutting of silicon is similar to that in cutting of ductile materials, such as aluminium, in ductile mode cutting of silicon it is the phase transformation of silicon rather than atomic dislocation that results in the plastic deformation.
Modelling and simulation for cooling processes in television panel manufacture
Authors: Zhou H , Cui S , Huang Z
Published: October 2007

Cooling design in the forming operation of the television (TV) panel is important because it significantly affects the part quality associated with residual stresses and productivity. A mathematical model and numerical simulation for the cooling process of the panel has been developed. The renormalization group turbulence model is applied for the jet impinging cooling, and a local one-dimensional transient analysis in the thickness direction is adopted for the part, which employs the finite difference method. The experimental verification shows a good agreement with the simulation results.
Topologically Different Two Pseudo-decahedral Hydrogen-bond Networks Composed of Triphenylmethylammonium Phosphonates
Authors: Yuge Tetsuharu , Kai Nobuyasu , Hisaki Ichiro , Miyata Mikiji , Norimitsu Tohnai
Published: October 2007

Novel two pseudo-decahedral hydrogen-bond networks with different topology are constructed with triphenylmethylammonium phosphonates. Phosphonate anions show four different hydrogen-bond manners, which lead to the topological diversity.
23 F redemption or derailment of Spanish democracy?
Authors: Sols Fernando Len
Published: October 2007

This article studies two competing discourses of one of the most emblematic events of recent Spanish history: the failed 23 February 1981 coup d'etat. It maintains that through the recourse to the metaphors of therapy and rite of passage, the dominant discourse (disseminated by an ample
majority of the Spanish press) interpreted the coup and its consequences as a moment of redemption in which Spain had left behind its Francoist past. This interpretation will be contrasted with the conceptualisation of the coup offered by the divergent discourse (as disseminated by Avui),
for which the coup partially triumphed in its political consequences and therefore constituted not a moment of redemption of Spanish democracy but rather a moment in which the fledgling Spanish democracy was derailed.
Ethical debates in Brazil concerning potential medical applications of embryonic stem cells
Authors: Marques Marília Bernardes
Published: October 2007

The potential use of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) as well as the disposable and destruction of human embryos produced for
Rapid Direct Excitation and Long-Lasting Enhancement of NMDA Response by Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activation of Hypothalamic Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neurons
Authors: Huang Hao , van den Pol Anthony N.
Published: October 2007

The effect of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1 and mGluR5) activation on identified melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons was studied using patch-clamp recording in hypothalamic slices from green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice.S-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), a selective group I mGluR agonist, depolarized MCH cells and increased spike frequency. The mGluR-mediated depolarization was not blocked with tetrodotoxin but was significantly reduced by replacement of extracellular Na+with Tris, by Ni2+or the Na+/Ca2+exchanger blocker KB-R7943, or with BAPTA in the pipette, consistent with a mechanism based on activation of the Na+/Ca2+exchanger. DHPG also decreased potassium currents. DHPG-induced depolarization was reduced by either mGluR1 or mGluR5 antagonists, suggesting involvement of both receptor subtypes. DHPG-induced depolarization desensitized; blockade of mGluR1 prevented the desensitization. Group I mGluR activation enhanced NMDA-evoked currents; this enhancement was remarkably long lasting and could be blocked by protein kinase A or C blockers. DHPG potentiated electrically evoked NMDA receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents, and mGluR5 antagonists blocked this action. Group I mGluRs increased spontaneous EPSCs in MCH neurons, possibly by stimulation of nearby mGluR-expressing hypocretin neurons. We found no tonic activation of mGluRs. However, electrical stimulation produced a slow inward current, which could be blocked by group I mGluR antagonists, suggesting high, but not low, levels of synaptically released glutamate activated mGluRs. Together, group I mGluRs increase MCH neuron activity by multiple presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms, suggesting mGluRs may therefore play a role in hypothalamic signaling relating to MCH neuron modulation of food intake and energy metabolism.
Learning-Related Plasticity in PE1 and Other Mushroom Body-Extrinsic Neurons in the Honeybee Brain
Authors: Okada Ryuichi , Rybak Jürgen , Manz Gisela , Menzel Randolf
Published: October 2007

Extracellular recording were performed from mushroom body-extrinsic neurons while the animal was exposed to differential conditioning to two odors, the forward-paired conditioned stimulus (CS+; the odor that will be or has been paired with sucrose reward) and the unpaired CS− (the odor that will be or has been specifically unpaired with sucrose reward). A single neuron, the pedunculus-extrinsic neuron number 1 (PE1), was identified on the basis of its firing pattern, and other neurons were grouped together as non-PE1 neurons. PE1 reduces its response to CS+ and does not change its response to CS−after learning. Most non-PE1 neurons do not change their responses during learning, but some decrease, and one neuron increases its response to CS+. PE1 receives inhibitory synaptic inputs, and neuroanatomical studies indicate closely attached GABA-immune reactive profiles originating at least partially from neurons of the protocerebral–calycal tract (PCT). Thus, either the associative reduction of odor responses originates within the PE1 via a long-term depression (LTD)-like mechanism, or PE1 receives stronger inhibition for the learned odor from the PCT neurons or from Kenyon cells. In any event, as the decreased firing of PE1 correlates with the increased probability of behavioral responses, our data suggest that the mushroom bodies exert general inhibition over sensory–motor connections, which relaxes selectively for learned stimuli.
Cell-Autonomous Inhibition of α7-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Prevents Death of Parasympathetic Neurons during Development
Authors: Hruska Martin , Nishi Rae
Published: October 2007

Neurotrophic molecules are key retrograde influences of cell survival in the developing nervous system, but other influences such as activity are also emerging as important factors. In the avian ciliary ganglion, half the neurons are eliminated between embryonic day 8 (E8) and E14, but it is not known how cell death is initiated. Because systemic application of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists prevents this cell loss, we examined differences in receptor densities and responses of intracellular calcium to nicotine using the calcium-sensitive dye fura-2. In addition, we determined whether cell-autonomous inhibition of α7 activation in neurons prevented cell death. E8 neurons are heterogeneous with respect to α7-nAChR density, which leads to large increases in [Ca2+]iin some neurons; E8 neurons also exhibit a slower rate of Ca2+decay after nicotinic stimulation than E13 neurons. Expressing α-bungarotoxin that is tethered to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage (GPIαbtx) in ciliary ganglion neurons with the retroviral vector RCASBP(A) blocks increases in intracellular calcium induced by nicotine through α7-nAChRs and prevents neurons from dying. Expression of GPIαbtx in surrounding non-neural tissues, but not in neurons, does not prevent cell loss. Furthermore, the GPIαbtx is not efficiently expressed in the accessory oculomotor neurons, eliminating preganglionic inputs as another site for action of the antagonist. These results support the hypothesis that cholinergic inputs facilitate cell death in the developing autonomic nervous system by activating α7-nAChRs, possibly by leading to increases in intracellular calcium that exceed the threshold for cell survival.
Peptide YY3-36 Decreases Reinstatement of High-Fat Food Seeking during Dieting in a Rat Relapse Model
Authors: Ghitza Udi E. , Nair Sunila G. , Golden Sam A. , Gray Sarah M. , Uejima Jamie L. , Bossert Jennifer M. , Shaham Yavin
Published: October 2007

A major problem in treating obesity is high rates of relapse to maladaptive food-taking habits during dieting. This relapse is often provoked by acute re-exposure to palatable food, food-associated cues, or stress. We used a reinstatement model, commonly used to study relapse to abused drugs, to explore the effect of peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) on reinstatement of high-fat (35%, 45 mg pellets) food seeking induced by acute exposure to the pellets (pellet priming), a cue previously associated with pellet delivery (pellet cue), or yohimbine (2 mg/kg, a pharmacological stressor). Rats were placed on a restricted diet (16 g of chow per day) and lever-pressed for the pellets for 9–12 sessions (6 h/d, every 48 h); pellet delivery was paired with a tone–light cue. They were then given 10–20 extinction sessions wherein lever presses were not reinforced with the pellets and subsequently tested for reinstatement of food seeking. Systemic PYY3-36 injections (100–200 μg/kg) decreased pellet priming- and pellet cue-induced reinstatement of food seeking but not yohimbine-induced reinstatement. Arcuate nucleus (Arc) injections of PYY3-36 (0.4 μg per side) decreased pellet priming-induced reinstatement. The attenuation of pellet priming-induced reinstatement by systemic PYY3-36 was reversed by systemic (2 mg/kg) but not Arc (0.5 μg per side) injections of the Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246. Arc PYY3-36 injections did not decrease pellet cue-induced reinstatement. Finally, systemic PYY3-36 injections had minimal effects on ongoing food self-administration or heroin priming- or heroin cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. These data identify an effect of systemic PYY3-36 on relapse to food seeking that is independent of Y2 receptor activation in Arc and suggest that PYY3-36 should be considered for the treatment of relapse to maladaptive food-taking habits during dieting.
A Shift in Emphasis: Comments on CAE's New Mission Statement
Authors: Anderson‐Levitt Kathryn M.
Published: October 2007

In a presidential address prepared for the 2006 Council on Anthropology and Education (CAE) meeting, I argue that the new mission statement for CAE represents not a new direction for the organization, but simply a shift in emphasis, albeit an important and timely shift.
Newborn Presentation of Connective Tissue Disorders
Authors: Hoffman Jodi D. , Estrella Elicia A.
Published: October 2007

Connective tissue disorders are a relatively common group of disorders that should be considered in any baby who has hypermobility or related multisystem involvement. Early diagnosis can decrease morbidity and improve many features of connective tissue disorders, including gross motor development, ambulation, and vision and hearing outcomes. Early echocardiography can identify congenital defects that need to be addressed surgically, treated prophylactically, or followed over time. Timely orthopedic management can address serious issues such as scoliosis, hip dysplasia, or fractures that must be treated to assure the best outcome possible. A genetic specialist often can aid in the initial recognition of signs and symptoms, guide molecular or protein analysis, explain information regarding recurrence risk and prognosis, and provide coordination of care throughout life.
Perinatal Implications of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Smith James F. , Druzin Maurice L.
Published: October 2007

Since their initial recognition 100 years ago, antiphospholipid antibodies and the syndrome associated with them have provided clinical, laboratory, and experimental challenges, and their specific pathogenesis in pregnancy-related complications remains an evolving story. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) involves arterial thrombosis, venous thrombosis, or recurrent pregnancy loss in association with the laboratory demonstration of the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. The two most commonly associated antibodies are anticardiolipin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant. APS can have a direct negative effect on the developing placenta in pregnancy, and maternal thrombosis may result from the additive thrombogenic combination of antiphospholipid antibodies and the pregnancy state. Pregnancy complications associated with APS include recurrent first-trimester miscarriage, second- or third-trimester fetal death, and preterm delivery. Treatment of APS in pregnancy is based primarily on consensus and expert opinion.
Neonatal Jaundice and Breastfeeding
Authors: de Almeida Maria Fernanda B. , Draque Cecilia Maria
Published: October 2007

Neonatal jaundice is related to breastfeeding in three primary clinical situations: exclusively breastfed healthy term newborns during the first postnatal week, newborns who receive inadequate breastfeeding and have high concentrations of indirect bilirubin during the first postnatal week (“nonfeeding” jaundice), and breastfed infants who experience prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (breast milk jaundice). Nonfeeding jaundice has been suggested to be related to a significantly greater weight loss on the third postnatal day compared with the birthweight following delayed initiation of or inadequate breastfeeding. This can be a particular problem among neonates discharged from the hospital within 48 hours, often requiring readmission for treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the source of breast milk jaundice, including the presence of a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inhibitor, beta-glucuronidase, or a yet-unidentified factor in human milk that could inhibit bilirubin excretion and result in hyperbilirubinemia. Careful education about breastfeeding and monitoring of mothers as well as assessment of newborns for the risk of developing severe hyperbilirubinemia can aid in preventing neonatal jaundice. Treatment of hyperbilirubinemia is based on total serum bilirubin concentrations and can range from administration of intravenous fluids and supplementation with milk formula to intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion. Experimental treatments include the use of stannsoporfin and beta-glucuronidase inhibitors as chemoprevention therapies and minimal aliquots of L-aspartic acid and enzymatically hydrolyzed casein to inhibit beta-glucuronidase.
Breastfeeding: Promotion of a Low-tech Lifesaver
Authors: Merewood Anne
Published: October 2007

Preterm infants are at higher risk from nonhuman milk feedings than term infants, but according to a recent study, are less likely to receive human milk. Provision of human milk to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit can be affected by numerous maternal factors, but also by the culture of the unit. Encouragement and support from clinicians, education about the benefits of human milk, training and provision of electric breast pumps, and personal peer support have been shown to be effective methods of increasing breastfeeding rates.
New facilities provided by the medicine and internet
Authors: Meskó Bertalan , Dubecz Attila
Published: October 2007

A világháló jelentőségét felfedezése, kialakítása után rögtön felismerték az orvosok, akkoriban elsősorban a kapcsolattartás eszközeként használták. 2004 óta egy új kifejezés, a web 2.0 látott napvilágot, amely a közösségi webet takarja. Olyan szolgáltatásokról van szó, amelyek többsége ingyenes, és használatuk nem igényel informatikai tudást, valamint a felhasználó számára lehetővé teszi a visszajelzést a szolgáltatóhoz. A szerzők cikkükben rövid összefoglalást adnak a web 2.0 orvosi felhasználásáról. Az orvosi információ demokratizálódása ebben a nagyrészt empirikus tudományban és a hozzá tartozó hierarchikus struktúrában, mint a legtöbb fejlődés, a már látható előnyök mellett számos, még kiszámíthatatlan, de megelőzhető veszéllyel is jár. Ezért a szerzők javasolják, hogy az orvosok, egészségügyi dolgozók ne csak passzív befogadói, hanem aktív előállítói legyenek az internetes információnak.
Activation of Growth Factor Receptors in Esophageal Cancer—Implications for Therapy
Authors: Ekman Simon , Bergqvist Michael , Heldin Carl-Henrik , Lennartsson Johan
Published: October 2007

Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive disease and is the seventh most common cause of cancer-related death in the western world. Worldwide, it ranks as the sixth most frequent cause of cancer death. Despite advances in surgical techniques and treatment, the prognosis of esophageal cancer remains poor, with very few long-term survivors. The need for novel strategies to detect esophageal cancer earlier and to improve current therapy is urgent.

It is well established that growth factors and growth factor receptor–mediated signaling pathways are important components of the transformation process in many forms of cancer, including esophageal cancer. With the recent advances in drug development, there are emerging possibilities to use growth factor signal transduction pathways in targeted therapy. This review provides a summary of the role of growth factors and their receptors in esophageal cancer and discusses their potential roles as biomarkers and as targets in therapy.
Patient Gender Is Associated with Distinct Patterns of Chromosomal Abnormalities and Sex Chromosome–Linked Gene-Expression Profiles in Meningiomas
Authors: Tabernero María Dolores , Espinosa Ana Belén , Maillo Angel , Rebelo Olinda , Vera Jaime Fernandez , Sayagues José María , Merino Marta , Diaz Pedro , Sousa Pablo , Orfao Alberto
Published: October 2007

The female predominance of meningiomas has been established, but how this is affected by hormones is still under discussion. We analyzed the characteristics of meningiomas from male (n = 53) and female (n = 111) patients by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH). In addition, in a subgroup of 45 (12 male and 33 female) patients, tumors were hybridized with the Affymetrix U133A chip. We show a higher frequency of larger tumors (p = .01) and intracranial meningiomas (p = .04) together with a higher relapse rate (p = .03) in male than in female patients. Male patients had a higher percentage of del(1p36) (p < .001), while loss of an X chromosome was restricted to tumors from female patients (p = .008). In turn, iFISH studies showed a higher frequency of chromosome losses, other than monosomy 22 alone, in meningiomas from male patients (p = .002), while female patients displayed a higher frequency of chromosome gains (p = .04) or monosomy 22 alone (p = .03) in the ancestral tumor clone. Interestingly, individual chromosomal abnormalities had a distinct impact on the recurrence-free survival rate of male versus female patients. In turn, gene expression showed that eight genes (RPS4Y1, DDX3Y, JARID1D, DDX3X, EIF1AY, XIST, USP9Y, and CYorf15B) had significantly different expression patterns (R2 > 0.80; p < .05) in tumors from male and female patients. In summary, we show the existence of different patterns of chromosome abnormalities and gene-expression profiles associated with patient gender, which could help to explain the slightly different clinical behavior of these two patient groups.
Channel Tunnel Rail Link section 2: Ebbsfleet valley
Authors: Twine David
Published: October 2007

Ebbsfleet International station on section 2 of the Channel Tunnel Rail link – now known as High Speed 1 – in Kent is a new, high-tech gateway station that opens up major travel opportunities for people living in a wide arc east of London. It is also the first tangible piece of infrastructure in one of the UK's most ambitious and large-scale regeneration projects, the Thames Gateway. This paper describes the design and construction of the station and associated 16 km of rail track, structures and parking for 9000 cars.
Channel Tunnel Rail Link section 2: Thames tunnel
Authors: Burgess Martin , Davies Hadyn
Published: October 2007

Tunnelling under the Thames estuary was considered to be the greatest risk to section 2 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link project – now known as High Speed I. However, it was delivered safely and ahead of programme by the application of risk management and sound engineering by the tunnel-boring machine manufacturer and contractors. This paper describes the award-winning design and construction of the 3.6 km long, twin-bore crossing.
Channel tunnel Rail Link section 2: London tunnels
Authors: Woods Eddie , Battye Gordon , Bowers Keith , Mimnagh Frank
Published: October 2007

The London tunnels of section 2 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link – now known as High Speed 1 – carry the new railway from the eastern edge of London into the centre at St Pancras, a distance of approximately 20 km. The scheme required civil engineering and particularly mechanised tunnelling to be pushed to the limits of technology. Successful delivery of the works required strong emphasis on proactive risk management and a single team approach throughout the design and construction phases. This in turn led to an unusual but effective procurement approach. Together these factors have resulted in the successful delivery of a major new transport asset with little disruption to the everyday life of Londoners.
Channel Tunnel Rail Link section 2: St Pancras Thameslink station
Authors: Gates-Sumner Martin , Chodorowski Adam
Published: October 2007

Section 2 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link – now known as High Speed 1 – included the construction of a new station for the existing Thameslink rail service under St Pancras International station. This paper describes the construction of the Thameslink box on the route of the existing tunnel along with a direct passenger interchange with the new international station. Two new tunnels were also constructed forming a potential connection to the existing East Coast main-line route.
The Impact of Partner Stalking on Mental Health and Protective Order Outcomes Over Time
Authors: Logan TK , Cole Jennifer
Published: October 2007

The goals of this article are to examine stalking victimization over time among a large sample (n = 662) of women who received a protective order against a violent partner and to examine the impact of stalking on mental health and protective order outcomes. Findings suggest that stalking is a significant risk factor for other forms of partner violence (e.g., psychological, physical, and sexual violence) and that the experience of being stalked by a violent partner contributes uniquely to women’s perceptions of psychological distress, personal safety, and perceptions of protective order effectiveness. Both the criminal justice system and victim service representatives need to be vigilant in educating women about the increased risk of stalking to their safety and mental health. Further, study findings suggest that stalking must be addressed to prevent future physical and psychological harm in partner violence cases.
Require Comprehensive Safety Data for All Chemicals
Authors: Guth Joseph H. , Denison Richard A. , Sass Jennifer
Published: October 2007

Reform No. 5 of the Louisville Charter addresses the pervasive lack of publicly available information about the effects of many chemicals on human health and the environment. This lack of information persists for the majority of chemicals in commerce because the current laws in the United States do not systematically require it to be produced or motivate its voluntary production. These information gaps undermine the effectiveness of the existing environmental statutes, the liability system, the ability of the market to stimulate development of safer chemicals and, if they persist, complete realization of the other elements of the Louisville Charter. Therefore, this Reform calls for manufacturers of chemicals to be required to provide health and safety information as a condition for placing and keeping a chemical on the market.
Take Immediate Action to Protect Communities and Workers
Authors: Wilding Roberta Chase , Lewis Sharon E.
Published: October 2007

In many areas throughout America, thousands of industrial and military facilities and agricultural operations put large numbers of people at risk of serious injury or death due to accidental chemical releases, explosions, fires, and grossly inadequate occupational exposure standards. While some companies are moving toward “greener” production, many others do the minimum required by government agencies. As evidenced by the thousands of permit violations and accidental releases of hazardous chemicals, this means that facilities across the country consistently fail to meet regulations, incorporating the cost of fines and penalties into the cost of doing business and passing that cost on to consumers. Workers at such facilities and residents of the surrounding communities cannot wait for the eventual implementation and enforcement of federal environmental laws or adequate testing of the effect chemicals may have on the human population. Immediate action is needed to protect communities and workers at risk from chemical exposures that can compromise their health.
Do Imaginary Companions Die? An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert , Fox Lynn
Published: October 2007

Adults in this exploratory study usually recalled that their childhood imaginary companions faded away or were dismissed as other options for social interaction became more appealing. However, eight participants reported that their IC had died. Analysis of these deaths offers a glimpse of the child's talent for transitional thought processes that navigate between the emerging constraints of logic and the continuing appeal of fantasy. It is suggested that young children are testing the limits and possibilities of what it means to be “real” at the same time they are trying to puzzle out “alive” and “dead.”
Children of the Condemned: Grieving the Loss of a Father to Death Row
Authors: Beck Elizabeth , Jones Sandra J.
Published: October 2007

This article explores the effects of a death sentence and execution on the children of the accused. Insight into the unique bereavement of this population is provided, while contributing to the literature on death and dying. The experience of losing a father to death row and eventual execution is compared to the wider population of children with incarcerated parents and it is determined that children of death row inmates contend with a much more complicated grief process, one that has gone largely unstudied. This article contains a brief discussion of disenfranchised grief and nonfinite loss, two theories that, we argue, shape the children's grief process. The results section of the article uses qualitative data gathered from 19 children to explore the role that nonfinite loss and disenfranchised grief share in the nature of their bereavement. Our discussion focuses on the impact of stigma and violence on the grieving process. Following a discussion of the unique challenges confronting the children of death row inmates is a discussion of the implications that their experience has for practice.
Electronegative LDL Impairs Vascular Endothelial Cell Integrity in Diabetes by Disrupting Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) Autoregulation
Authors: Lu Jonathan , Jiang Wei , Yang Jun-Hai , Chang Po-Yuan , Walterscheid Jeffrey P. , Chen Hsin-Hung , Marcelli Marco , Tang Daming , Lee Yuan-Teh , Liao Warren S.L. , Yang Chao-Yuh , Chen Chu-Huang
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—L5, a circulating electronegative LDL identified in patients with hypercholesterolemia or type 2 diabetes, induces endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis by suppressing fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 expression. FGF2 plays a pivotal role in endothelial regeneration and compensatory arteriogenesis. It is likely that vasculopathy and poor collateralization in diabetes is a result of FGF2 dysregulation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—To investigate this mechanism, we isolated L5 from type 2 diabetic patients. In cultured bovine aortic ECs (BAECs), L5 inhibited FGF2 transcription and induced apoptosis. Because FGF2 stimulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway, we examined whether FGF2 transcription is regulated by Akt through a feedback mechanism.

RESULTS—Diabetic L5 reduced FGF2 release to the medium but enhanced caspase-3 activity, with resultant apoptosis. Inhibition of PI3K with wortmannin or suppression of Akt activation with dominant-negative Akt inhibited FGF2 expression. Transfection of BAECs with FGF2 antisense cDNA depleted endogenous FGF2 protein. In these cells, not only was Akt phosphorylation inhibited, but FGF2 transcription was also critically impaired. In contrast, transfecting BAECs with FGF2 sense cDNA augmented Akt phosphorylation. Treatment with constitutively active Akt enhanced FGF2 expression. Augmentation of either FGF2 transcription or Akt phosphorylation rendered BAECs resistant to L5.

CONCLUSIONS—These findings suggest that FGF2 is the primary initiator of its own expression, which is autoregulated through a novel FGF2-PI3K-Akt loop. Thus, by disrupting FGF2 autoregulation in vascular ECs, L5 may impair reendothelialization and collateralization in diabetes.
Influenza Vaccination: An Unmet Need in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Schaffner William , Rehm Susan J. , Elasy Tom A.
Published: October 2007

IN BRIEF

Influenza vaccinations remain low in people with diabetes. Influenza vaccinations should be offered to all individuals with diabetes ≥ 6 months of age. This simple, effective, and safe treatment can prevent an uncomfortable and potentially severe viral infection across the age span.
Halophilic bacteria are able to decontaminate dichlorvos, a pesticide, from saline environments
Authors: Oncescu Tatiana , Oancea Petruta , Enache Madalin , Popescu Gabriela , Dumitru Lucia , Kamekura Masahiro
Published: October 2007

Dichlorvos (DDVP) is an organophosphorous pesticide with a high degree of dangerous effect towards the environment. We have investigated the growth and susceptibility to DDVP of halophilic bacteria isolated from Romanian salt lakes. The growth of four strains was affected by DDVP, which may be correlated with the rate constant values of DDVP disappearance from the saline solutions. This is due not to a chemical degradation in solution but to the diffusion process and namely DDVP penetration into the cell cytoplasm by an “organic-osmolyte” mechanism. The permeability coefficient P was calculated.
3D-representation of phase and property diagrams in multi-component systems
Authors: Hack Klaus , Cerfontaine Philippe , Fried Eduard , Kuhlen Torsten , Bischof Christian , Senk Dieter , Babich Alexander
Published: October 2007

This paper shows the potential of three-dimensional diagrams, using up-to-date computer graphics techniques. In contrast to the past perspective diagrams can now be generated from quantitative calculations of phase equilibria for systems with any number of components. These diagrams can even be made quantitatively readable. Furthermore new visualisation techniques from the field of virtual reality are used to make the complex data easier to understand.
Constrained Gibbs energy minimisation
Authors: Koukkari Pertti , Pajarre Risto , Hack Klaus
Published: October 2007

Computation of chemical equilibria and phase diagrams for multi-phase and non-ideal systems by the material-balance constrained Gibbs free energy minimisation is a modern application of the thermodynamic theory with increasing practical uses. However, in many prospective applications, the behaviour of matter is influenced by additional constraining factors, such as kinetic inhibitions, or electrochemical, charge transport and surface phenomena. For those situations, an extended Gibbs energy method can be applied. In this technique, the supplementary work-coefficient or affinity related condition is introduced to the Gibbs energy calculation as an additional undetermined Lagrange multiplier, which represents the constraint potential. A number of new phenomena can thus be included in Gibbsian calculations. The extended Gibbs energy method is illustrated with some very basic examples.
Detailed phase diagram mapping: T–X data for solidi and liquidi of the alloy system manganese–carbon
Authors: Fenstad Jo , Kr. Tuset Johan
Published: October 2007

The liquidus lines of the binary system Mn – C were studied, mainly by solubility determinations (at high carbon) and thermal analysis (at low carbon). The low carbon part of the liquidus was mapped in unprecedented detail. The poorly defined phase Mn4C1– X is probably the highest melting manganese carbide (i. e. not Mn7C3). No (stable) peritectics exist below 1326 °C, but three eutectics were identified: one meta-stable and two stable. Also, transistion temperatures were identified for some Mn carbides, as well as γ-Mn (austenitic manganese), and δ-Mn (ferritic). Literature data were co-opted to quantify the enthalpy of melting for δ-Mn (8.3 ± 1.5 kJ · mol−1) which is 3 to 5 kJ lower than given by current tabulations and databases. Several transition temperatures within Mn – C (including the melting of pure δ-Mn) are markedly affected by even minor amounts of oxygen and nitrogen.
Assessing Feasibility of Transport Megaprojects
Authors: Nash Andrew , Weidmann Ulrich , Buchmueller Stefan , Rieder Markus
Published: October 2007

Results of the Swissmetro European Market Study are presented. Swissmetro is a proposed high-speed passenger ground transportation system that would operate magnetically levitated trains in underground tunnels with reduced air pressure by using linear motor technology. The market study considered the market feasibility of constructing Swissmetro on potential European corridors. It evaluated technology, market conditions, European policy, investment costs, and risks associated with the project. The study conclusion was that there is not sufficient market potential for the Swissmetro system in European long-distance transport. The main problems with Swissmetro identified in the study were the long time necessary to bring the technology to commercial deployment; the lack of obvious corridors (most high-demand corridors will be served by high-speed rail by 2020); strong competition from other modes, such as air and high-speed rail; European Union policy of supporting an interoperable system of rail lines; Swissmetro's high capital and operating costs—plus the risk that these costs may be significantly underestimated—and Swissmetro's long construction time.
Survey of Current High-Speed Rail Planning Efforts in the United States
Authors: Schwieterman Joseph P. , Scheidt Justin
Published: October 2007

Characteristics of the corridors being considered by state and regional agencies for high-speed rail service (HSR) in the United States were surveyed. Through use of a data set of 21 systems at various stages of development, the study shows that initiatives under way involve 64 corridors, tracks of 21 freight railroads, and 15,552 unique mi of route. Findings show that these corridors reach 163 of the 250 largest metropolitan areas in the continental United States. More than 87% of the existing railroad mileage identified for high-speed service is operated by freight-oriented railroads, with 74% being single track. The choice of technology and the need to acquire nonrailroad land to support the development of corridors differ sharply between interstate and intrastate routes. These and other findings illustrate the many opportunities—and challenges—facing proponents of HSR throughout the country.
Development and Pilot Testing of Crew Resource Management Training Program for Railroad Industry
Authors: Morgan Curtis A. , Olson Leslie E. , Kyte Tobin B.
Published: October 2007

Between 2001 and 2005, a research team at the Texas Transportation Institute worked with FRA and the BNSF Railway (formerly the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway) to develop a training course in improved crew resource management (CRM) for use in the U.S. rail industry. Initial tasks included site visits to a cross section of railroad types in various U.S. locations, identification of railroad team makeup and tasks, and classification of railroad teams. Subsequent tasks included the design and pilot implementation of a CRM training course at various locations on the BNSF Railway. The course was designed to be used for training a variety of railroad crafts in technical proficiency, situational awareness, communications, teamwork, and assertiveness. There were 186 railroad workers trained during the pilot testing program, with positive employee response to the course materials and content.
Transportation Planning and Infrastructure Delivery in Major Cities and Megacities
Authors: Amekudzi Adjo A. , Thomas-Mobley Linda , Ross Catherine
Published: October 2007

The number of major cities and megacities is increasing globally. How the distinctive opportunities and risks of major cities and megacities are managed will either erode or enhance the quality of life for their communities. Whereas only one megacity existed in 1950, more than 20 megacities currently exist–and ongoing urbanization inevitably will ensure that several major cities achieve megacity status. The megaregion is increasingly important in infrastructure development that not only solves existing metropolitan problems in a transient manner but proactively recognizes and capitalizes on supraregional opportunities to create sustainable alternatives. Transportation planning and infrastructure delivery are recast in this context, with recognition of the specific changes necessary to support the emerging urban form of megacities and megaregions. Specifically, the scope of the long-range transportation planning framework, infrastructure performance reporting practices, and public-private partnerships (PPPs) is examined in relation to providing adequate transportation infrastructure for megacities. For supraregional planning that involves multiple states and a cohesive vision and standards for the national transportation system, findings indicate that sustainable solutions may involve extending geographic and temporal frames of reference for long-range planning and expanding performance measures to capture appropriate planning inputs that evaluate planning effectiveness according to desired outcomes, a public-sector commitment to involve the private sector in infrastructure delivery, and federal and state leadership to pass laws that create a PPP-enabling environment.
Demand Forecasting for Rural Transit
Authors: Painter Kathleen , Jessup Eric , Gossard Marcia Hill , Casavant Ken
Published: October 2007

Rural transit demand forecasting is a tool that aids planners and analysts in the allocation of scarce resources for typically underserved populations. As the number of privately owned automobiles has increased over the past several decades, the provision of public transportation has decreased and lessened the ability of nondrivers to participate in the workforce, take advantage of social service programs, and receive adequate medical care. With Washington State as the case study, three models were developed on the basis of usage characteristics for several existing transportation systems in four Washington counties. Peer analysis was used to create three models with varying levels of complexity and data requirements to predict ridership on countywide public transportation systems. Results indicate that the disaggregated transit demand (DTD) model estimation techniques are the most refined and flexible. The DTD model provides a significant starting point for developing accurate equations for predicting transit need and demand for underserved areas in Washington State.
Estimating User Costs and Economic Impacts of Roadway Construction in Six Federal Lands Projects
Authors: Hardy Matthew H. , Larkin James J. , Wunderlich Karl E. , Nedzesky A. J.
Published: October 2007

The Federal Lands Highway (FLH) Division staff faces myriad challenges when designing roadway construction projects for roads located on federal lands. An increasingly prevalent challenge is considering not only the “hard” costs of a construction project (e.g., labor and materials) but also the “soft” costs of user delay and the economic impacts on roadway users (e.g., residents, visitors, staff, and local businesses). These soft costs affect every roadway construction project but rarely are considered in design and operation because they often are difficult to estimate and justify. FHWA's 1998 report Meeting the Customer's Needs for Mobility and Safety During Construction and Maintenance Operations identifies this issue and recommends that engineers begin to address it, for small- as well as large-scale projects. As part of its responsibility to promote the development and deployment of applied research, FLH staff initiated the development of FLH-QuickZone to help estimate these soft costs of roadway construction. As part of its development, FLH-QuickZone was tested and prototyped in six FLH construction projects: three in national parks, two on forest highways, and one in a national recreation area. Where FLH-QuickZone fits in a spectrum of other estimation tools for work zone delay and how it was used in the six FLH roadway construction projects are summarized. Observations about the challenge of addressing the soft cost of roadway construction projects–with FLH-QuickZone or other analytical tools–also are presented.
A French place without a cheese
Authors: Filippucci Paola
Published: October 2007

In France, the classic produit du terroir, the local product that with its mix of skill and raw materials embodies the distinctive tie between people and their terroir (soil), is cheese. Thus, when inhabitants of the Argonne say that it “does not even have a cheese”, they imply that it lacks a patrimoine (cultural heritage). On the other hand, they do make passionate claims about 'being Argonnais', conveying a marked recognition of, and attachment to, a named place in relation to which they identify themselves and others. Focusing on this paradox, this article will highlight certain assumptions regarding the definition of cultural heritage found in public policy.
Intellectual property protection of folklore
Authors: von Lewinski Silke
Published: October 2007

The possible protection of indigenous cultural expressions has reemerged as a topic in international debates in recent years. This article provides a legal perspective on the topic. Existing copyright and neighboring right laws do not apply to such cultural expressions per se, since they do not fulfill the relevant criteria of protection. However, indirect protection is granted to those who record indigenous expressions onto phonograms, films, and photographs, and for those who collect or perform indigenous cultural expressions. Protection concerning authenticity is possible by way of trademarks (in particular collective marks and certification marks) and geographical indications. Particular rules about unfair competition may protect against the disclosure of confidential information. Works based on traditional cultural expressions are regularly protected by copyright. Following early (unsuccessful) attempts for international protection of traditional cultural expressions per se, new ways are currently being developed including sui generis protection regimes which integrate customary laws and practices. Any successful solution will have to be based on better mutual interest and understanding between indigenous peoples and Western users.
And a merciful God did not come
Authors: Carbonella August
Published: October 2007

The 'Viet Nam War' entered the 2004 US presidential election in a most uncanny fashion, sparking a surrogate discussion of the limits of present imperial ambition and doctrine. This essay explores the limitations and possibilities of this proxy discussion to facilitate an understanding of John Kerry's political unraveling, as well as the continuing political dilemmas facing the US left.
Governing ethnic diversity in rainbow nations
Authors: Giordano Christian
Published: October 2007

The present article analyzes how, after its independence in 1957, Malaysia has been able to manage the difficult coexistence among its three numerically most relevant ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian). This complex situation, a legacy of the British colonial-like plural society, has been governed via a specific model of multi-racial citizenship, which is significantly unlike the Western European ones in which, as a rule, the equivalence between nationality and citizenship predominates. Starting from the specific example of Penang in Peninsular Malaysia, the article intends to highlight two points. Firstly, that citizenship must be perceived as an agonistic process with competition, tensions and conflicts as well as permanent negotiations. Secondly, that the Occidental agenda, based on liberal principles, can no longer be regarded as the only valid one. Therefore, believing that the Western type of citizenship could be a universalistic institution exportable anywhere is misleading. Consequently, citizenship ought to be analyzed instead as a 'concrete abstraction' that is set up in strict correlation with the specific historical contexts and with particular circumstances of a sociological nature, relative to the characteristics of each society.
Editorial
Authors: Kalb Don
Published: October 2007

My native country, the Netherlands, has just been sucked into its next cycle of popular culturalist violence. Last week (November 2, 2004) in Amsterdam, the filmmaker T. Van Gogh was shot from his bike, his throat slit, and stabbed through the heart by a 26-year-old Dutch Moroccan. Van Gogh had recently produced (with Hirsi Ali, see Focaal 42) an intentionally offensive and facile drama, Submission, broadcast on television, about perceived Islamic intrusions on the female body.
On separating memory from historical science
Authors: Rebel Hermann
Published: October 2007

To illustrate its critique of a professional-academic practice of separating 'scientific history' from 'popular memory' perceptions, this article examines three examples from current Austrian historiography and memorial constructions. The cases under consideration, all relevant to Austrian historians' representation of the national Holocaust experience, focus firstly, on relationships between present historical perceptions of the Austrian 'foreign police', particularly of the latter's so-called Schubsystem, and their fatal popular memory enactments, both 'then' and 'now'; secondly, on historical-scientific representations of Eastern European family formations as a, possibly ingenuous, popular memory repetition of similar historical-analytical perceptions by Nazi social science; and thirdly, on the selective appearance of the forced labor and death camp Mauthausen in official histories of the Austrian Nazi experience as possible collaborations with the camp's ceremonial restructuring into a ritual object for popular memory engineering that in effect destroys the material evidence of the crime being commemorated.