bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIALEKTIKA AGAMA DAN BUDAYA DALAM TRADISI SELAMATAN PERNIKAHAN ADAT JAWA DI NGAJUM, MALANG
Authors: Roibin Roibin
Published: November 2015

Empirical analysis on the religion and culture dialectics in the selamatan ritual of Javanese wedding has not been explored by teologist, social scientist or religion anthropologist. Their studies on such a case mostly concern with ontological-philological text analysis not directly related with the religious tradition and socio-culture which is more dynamic and realistic. This study employs social definition paradigm and phenomenological theory approach limited to the dialectic pattern between religion and myth in the ritual selamatan of Javanese wedding. The data were collected though interviewing and observing religious leaders, ethnic leaders, and Muslim preacher in Ngajum, Malang. The study found two models of dialectic pattern namely theological-compromistic and theological-humanistic. The earlier describes the theological shift from emotional-naturalistic to rational-formalistic. The later describes the theological shift from personal to social awareness theology.

Telaah empirik seputar pola dialektika antara agama dan budaya dalam kasus ritual selamatan pernikahan adat Jawa, belum banyak dilakukan oleh para pakar agama, ilmuan sosial, maupun ilmuan antropolog agama. Kajian mereka terhadap kasus ini pada umumnya masih menekankan pada objek pembacaan teks secara ontologis-filologis, yang tidak bersinggungan secara langsung terhadap tradisi keagamaan dan budaya masyarakat yang lebih dinamis dan realistis. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma definisi sosial dan pendekatan teori fenomenologis, yang dibatasi pada pola dialektika antara agama dan mitos dalam kasus ritual selamatan pernikahan adat Jawa. Data diperoleh dengan cara menginterview dan mengobservasi para tokoh agama, tokoh adat, dan para da’i yang ada di Ngajum, Malang. Penelitian ini menemukan dua model yaitu pola dialektika teologis-kompromistik dan pola dialektika teologis-humanistik. Pola dialektika pertama, menggambarkan pergeseran teologis, dari teologi yang bersifat emosional-naturalistik menuju teologi yang bersifat rasional-formalistik. Adapun pola teologis-humanistik menggambarkan adanya pergeseran teologi yang bersifat personal menuju teologi yang berkesadaran sosial.
Tradisi Wuku Taun sebagai B entuk Integrasi Agama Islam dengan Budaya Sunda pada Masyarakat Adat Cikondang
Authors: Miharja Deni
Published: November 2015

This article write starts from some phenomena of the relation between religions and local cultures. Such relation is interesting to do research that interpretations of the relation between religion and local cultures to certain societies are various. The interaction between Islam and local cultures also undergoes variuos form of relation. Variety of the form of relation between Islam and local cultures in a society depends upon their understanding and interpretation of Islamic teachings itself. One of the forms of relation between Islam and local cultures can be found in traditional society of Cikondang. The form of relation between Islam and local cultures was occurred in traditional society in Cikondang tends to be the form of integration wich certain pattern. Therefore, the focus of this writer article is to describe relation between Islam and Sundanese cultures in form of integration with wuku taun. Based on data of research the tradisional society of Cikondang represents the part of Sundanese society in wich all of them are muslims. This goes hand in hand with the statement that Islam is Sunda and Sunda is Islam. Sundanese people are Muslims before Islam comes to Sundanese society.Tulisan artikel ini berangkat dari fenomena hubungan agama dengan budaya lokal. Dimana hubungan agama dengan budaya lokal pada suatu masyarakat, mengalami bentuk hubungan yang beragam. Begitu pun hubungan agama Islam dengan budaya lokal mengalami bentuk hubungan yang beragam pula. Beragamnya bentuk hubungan agama Islam dengan budaya lokal pada suatu masyarakat tergantung dari penghayatan terhadap ajaran Islam itu sendiri. Bentuk hubungan agama Islam dengan budaya lokal bisa ditemukan salah satunya pada masyarakat adat Cikondang. Bentuk hubungan yang terjadi antara Islam dengan budaya Sunda pada masyarakat adat Cikondang cenderung dalam bentuk integrasi dengan pola tertentu, sehingga fokus penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengungkap hubungan agama Islam dengan budaya Sunda dalam bentuk integrasi melalui tradisi wuku taun. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, masyarakat Cikondang merepresentasikan sebagian masyarakat Sunda yang seluruhnya beragama Islam. Hal ini tentu sejalan dengan beberapa pernyataan yang menyebutkan Islam itu Sunda dan Sunda itu Islam, orang Sunda sudah Islam sebelum Islam
Tradisi Pohulo’o Gorontalo dalam Tinjauan Fiqh
Authors: Sofhian Sofhian , Dilo Asna Usman
Published: November 2015

This research describe pohulo’o tradition (pawning) in Gorontalo society that related with the pawn concepth in Islam. Pohulo’o (pawning) system is relationship of law between somebody with land other possession, who accepth pawning money from him. As long as pawning money return yet, the land dominated by hold on pawning. While pawning in Islam or rahn is hold out one of property of borrower as guarantee on loan that he accepth. Based on the result of research showed that there are two kinds of pawning in pohulo’o tradition. First, gave guarantee goods like land or plants like coconut tree with prerequirment (a) return loan money after fall of time, (b) not return loan money after fall of time or in term Gorontalo society is pajaki. Second, without gave guarantee goods like land or plants like coconut tree, but who gave loan accepth 1/3 result of harvest as long as pawning time or back again money loan. The relevance with fiqh rahn view that from law, there are simillary in requirment and contract while the differenciate at used of land, property as pawning then the risk of pohulo’o.Penelitian ini menggambarkan tradisi pohulo’o (gadai) pada masyarakat Gorontalo yang dikaitkan dengan konsep gadai dalam Islam. Sistem pahulo’o (gadai) adalah hubungan hukum antara seseorang dengan tanah milik orang lain, yang telah menerima uang gadai darinya. Selama uang gadai belum dikembalikan, tanah tersebut dikuasai oleh “pemegang gadai” . Sedangkan gadai dalam Islam atau rahn yaitu penahanan harta salah satu milik peminjam sebagai jaminan atas pinjaman yang diterimanya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 2 jenis gadai dalam tradisi pohulo’o. Pertama, menyerahkan barang jaminan berupa lahan atau tanaman seperti pohon kelapa dengan ketentuan mengembalikan uang yang dipinjam setelah jatuh tempo dan tidak mengembalikan uang setelah jatuh tempo atau yang dikenal masyarakat Gorontalo dengan istilah pajaki. Kedua, tidak menyerahkan barang jaminan berupa lahan atau tanaman seperti pohon kelapa, tetapi pemberi pinjaman mendapat 1/3 hasil panen sepanjang kontrak gadai berlangsung atau sampai pinjamannya dikembalikan. Relevansinya dengan fiqh rahn Islam yakni dari segi hukum ada kesamaan dalam hal syarat dan akad sedangkan perbedaanya pada pemanfaatan lahan, harta yang digadaikan serta risiko yang timbul akibat praktek pohulo’o.
DINAMIKA RUANG WISATA RELIGI MAKAM SUNAN GIRI DI KABUPATEN GRESIK
Authors: Santosa Budi , Antariksa Antariksa , Dwi Wulandari Lisa
Published: November 2015

Space is the product of an activity, which involves economic and technical activities owned by a group of people, so it has political and strategic nature. The relationship between space and activity is very close, where the space has a concept of a container and content. This study concerns the dynamics of space in Sunan Giri Tomb  formed because of the conflict and activities in the tomb tourist site. The visitors’s space dimension of Sunan Giri Tomb can not be physically limited as each visitor has his own movement space and purpose of his activities. The aim of this study is to analyze the dynamics of space for visitor’s activity in  the tomb. The  method used is descriptive qualitative, deciphering the visitor’s behavior as the research object. The finding shows that space once had  a specific function, but because of the activity and condition adjustment at one time, then the dynamics in space happen. The dynamics contain changes in the function and meaning or the space character which is associated with the context of time and influenced by human activities.
Menimbang metode Syaikh Ab dul Qadir Al-Jilani dalam memahami Sifat-sifat Allah
Authors: Hakim Abdul
Published: November 2015

The way of understanding to the mutasyabihat attributes of God, often become
an object of discussion or even the reasons to mislead another Muslims. This
happens since the past until today. The Effort to introduce more tolerant methods
are needed to enable people aqidah and to maintain Islamic brotherhood.
Shaykh Abdul Qadir al-Jilani was the leader that was recognized by scholars
across schools of thought among Muslims. He was also known by Indonesian
Muslims. So that the ideas of his thinking should be spread, like the methods
to understand the mutasyabihat attributes of God. In understanding the
mutasyabihat attributes of God, al-Jilani would prefer to use tafwidh method.
But he did not directly assume misguiding people who disagreed with him. He
only revealed that misguiding people in understanding the attributes of God
are, first; people who personified God like creatures (such as Syi’ah ghaliyah);
second; people who denied the attributes of God, although they reasoned to clean
Him (such as Jahmiyah).
Cara memahami terhadap sifat-sifat Allah yang mutasyabihat, seringkali menjadi
bahan diskusi bahkan alasan untuk menyesatkan di antara kaum muslim.
Hal tersebut terjadi sejak dulu hingga sekarang. Upaya mengenalkan metode
pemahaman yang lebih bersifat toleran diperlukan supaya aqidah umat tetap
terjaga dan ukhwuah di antara mereka pun tetap terpelihara.  Syaikh Abdul
Qadir al-Jilani adalah tokoh yang diakui oleh para ulama lintas madzhab
dan kelompok-kelompok yang ada di antara umat Islam. Ia pun dikenal
luas oleh umat Islam Indonesia. Sehingga penyebaran ide-ide pemikirannya
layak dilakukan, misalnya terkait metode memahami sifat-sifat Allah yang
mutasyabihat. Dalam memahami sifat-sifat Allah yang mutasyabihat, Syaikh
Abdul Qadir al-Jilani lebih memilih menggunakan metode tafwidh. Namun ia
tidak otomatis menganggap sesat orang yang berbeda pendapat dengannya tentang
pemilihan metode tersebut. Ia hanya mengungkapkan bahwa yang sesat dalam
memahami sifat-sifat Allah adalah pertama, mereka yang mempersonifikasikan
Allah seperti makhluk (seperti kelompok syi’ah ghaliyah); kedua, mereka yang
mengingkari sifat-sifat Allah, meskipun dengan alasan untuk mensucikan-Nya
(seperti kelompok Jahmiyah).
Pemikiran Mistisisme Annemarie Schimmel
Authors: Thohir Umar Faruq
Published: November 2015

Sufism is the unique esoteric way to close to Allah as The Creator of this universe. Sufism teaches its scholars to purify their souls from the sins or something prohibited by Allah, and fulfill them with a good actions and characters. Sufism also coaches its scholars to base their actions with love to Allah, since love to Allah will guide scholars to love all Allah's creations such as like human, animal, tree, and all inside this universe. Loving Allah also drags people to be easy in obeying Allah's commandments where without love, people possibly hard to apply them. In all these terms, Sufism understood by its insiders (scholars) as a doctrine to be closer to Allah  that must be obeyed. In opponent with these insiders, the outsiders acknowledge Sufism is mere tenet that not must be obeyed totally, but can be absorbed and adopted partly. Annemarie Schimmel is one of outsiders Sufism. Schimmel adopted al-Rumi's Sufism taught without becoming Moslem who al-Rumi becomes. Schimmel only looks Sufism from the outside. She judges Sufism as a mystical taught which not only found in Islam, but also in other religions which have a mystical method. That's why she felt not need to be a Moslem, even she adopted and applied al-Rumi's taught, because she did not view al-Rumi as a Moslem teacher but a mystical teacher. Even Schimmel was not a Moslem, but, her study to Sufism should be appreciated, because outsider typically objective in their study.
MODEL PERSAMAAN STRUKTURAL (STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL) PENGUJIAN MODEL HUBUNGAN SOCIAL IDENTITY DENGAN GROUP DECISION MAKING
Authors: Yahya Yahya
Published: November 2015

This article examines the model theory of out-group threaths, Social Identity and Group Decision Makings and finds out the contribution of out-group threaths and Social Identity toward the decision makings process by applying structural equation model, AMOS 6. Results showed that while out-group threats are salients influenced the positive of social identit which affected to the group decision making process.  These findings support previous research conducted by Thompson dan Kray (1998) found that there is a positive relations between social identity and group decision making.
Kampus Islam Sebagai Agent Of Change
Authors: Tharaba M. Fahim
Published: November 2015

A man is Abdullah and Khalifatullah, he must understand, internalize, apply, and adopt Islamic values in his believe. Therefore, it requires two comitment, firstly, a comitment to Allah (habl min Allah) and comitment to other human (habl min an-nas and habl min al-alam). The Islamic campus not only has a role as an “agent of concervation” but also producer of an “agent of change”. These agents should be equipped by the universal and objective values (nilai Ilahiyah) which live in our tradition. These values should be configured and adapted through the time, condition, and place. Similarly, local values and subjectif values (nilai insaniyah) should be modified and dynimicaly changed to meet the present needs of the sosiety. The campus (education) gives should preserve and sustain values in the right position and place.

 
METODE PENETAPAN MAQOSHID AL SYARI'AH: Studi Pemikiran Abu Ishaq al Syatibi
Authors: Aziz Muhammad , Sholikah Sholikah
Published: November 2015

The spirit and core of each something that is prescribed by Islam, is basically between humans and bring benefit to prevent danger to him. Thus, it is important to note that in addition to undergoing the whole law of God entrusted to his servant, there are also others, is to know the ins and outs of determining the intent and purpose of the pensyariatan a particular law. In this study, before determining how to define maqashid Islamic better writer would also browse and find out how to convey maqashid sharia (thuruq al ma'rifah li maqashid al Sharia), which by the way; research on the particulars of the Quran al Sunnah and al Ijma, in addition, specific temporal aspects, the approach can be based on the proposition logic (aqli) and optimization of the use of reason and the correct ratio through a series of experiments, the empirical habit, a collection of hypotheses. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al Syathibi is among so many scholars' are very well known in this field of study. According to him, how to set maqashid al sharia: 1) Mujarrad al amr wa al nahy al ibtida'i at tasrihi, 2) Illat consider the context of each command and prohibition, 3) Nothing all maqashid derivatives (at tabi'ah), 4) The absence of information Sharai (sukut al syar'i).
Korelasi Antara Hasta Brata (Konsep Keemimpinan dalam Perspektif Budaya Jawa) dan Islamic leadership (Konsep Kepemimpinan dalam perspektif Islam)
Authors: Hamim Muhammad
Published: November 2015

Leadership is a process when one directs, guides, affects or control the thoughts,feelings, or behavior of others. It is obvious that leadership is one’s action orperformance that causes someone else or a group moves toward specific purposes.There are three things that need to be distinguished, the leader, leadership andleading. The position of “leader” is a role in a particular system. Those in aformal role do not necessarily have the leadership skills and not necessarily ableto lead. Leadership, is basically related to one’s skills, expertise, and level ofpower. Leadership can be owned by people who are not “leaders”. Leadershipability affects others in various ways, while leading is the result of the use ofone’s role. The leadership concept in the perspective of Javanese and Islam isexplored in this article.
KONTEKSTUALISASI JIHAD PERSPEKTIF KE-INDONESIA-AN
Authors: Nizar Coirun
Published: November 2015

Jihad, sungguh merupakan kosa kata yang paling sering memiliki multi-interpretasi, tidak tepat memahaminya, akan menimbulkan kontroversi pemikiran dan sikap yang berkepanjangan. Terjadi kebrutalan (ekstrimis), karena dalih jihad. Pasif dalam menerima kemungkaran non-muslim, dalam rangka implementasi sikap jihad. Mengasingkan diri dari pergaulan sosial bisa terjadi, disebabkan untuk jihad nafsu dll. Pemaknaan itu, akhirnya haruskah tunduk pada persepsi atau sang pembawa kepentingan!. Adapun yang ingin  diungkap dalam tulisan ini adalah; Bagaimana makna jihad dalam al-Qur’an? Bagaimana upaya kontekstualilasi jihad dengan setting lokasi ke-Indonesia-an ?

Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa, jihad yang terdapat dalam al-Quran tidak hanya bermakna peperangan melawan musuh. Ada yang berhubungan dengan peperangan, dan ada pula yang tidak ada hubungannya dengan  peperangan sama sekali. Pada intinya, jihad dapat diartikan sebagai segala upaya maksimal yang dilakukan oleh seorang Muslim untuk menggapai ridha Allah baik berupa peperangan maupun tidak. Pada sisi ini, selain Muslim Indonesia harus bertindak aktif, negara atau kelompok yang selama ini selalu mencitraburukkan Islam juga perlu membuang stigmatisasi terhadap Islam dan umatnya, yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan dialog-dialog antara muslim dan bangsa Indonesia di satu pihak, dan kelompok atau negara yang memiliki sikap prejudis terhadap Islam di pihak lain. Melalui gerakan ganda dan komprehensif itu, capaian-capaian signifikan (semoga) akan segera terwujud dalam waktu yang relatif tidak terlalu lama.
Membincang Ayat-ayat Muhkam Dan Mutasyabih
Authors: Firdausi Muhammad Anwar
Published: November 2015

Al Quran telah menjadi pedoman bagi seluruh umat muslim di dunia. Al Quran tidak bisa diperbandingkan dengan kitab-kitab Nabi sebelumnya yang telah diturunkan oleh Allah. Oleh karena itu ia menjadi mukjizat terbesar, teragung, terindah sepanjang masa dalam dinamika kehidupan manusia. Bahkan dengan mukjizatnya, menjadi landasan prinsip hidup, filosofi hidup yang relevan serta tak pernah kunjung padam meski harus senantiasa bergesekan dengan alur pikir manusia yang selalu berkembang. Hal itu bisa dibuktikan dengan semakin percaya manusia  pada setiap huruf, lafad, kalimat  yang teruntai dengan logika bahasa, sehingga yakin akan kebenarannya.  Namun dalam memahami al Quran manusia, khususnya umat muslim masih menemukan kesulitan dalam memahami arti secara benar, sebab dalalm didalamnya terdapat ayat-ayat yang masih memerlukan penjelasan lebih lanjut. Dalam kajian studi Islam hal tersebut biasa disebut dengan ayat-ayat muhkam dan mutasyabihat. Dalam memahami kedua masalah tersebut para ulamapun banyak berselisih pendapat, meskipun pada subtansinya sama-sama benar, hanya caranya yang berbeda.
Improving phylogenetic regression under complex evolutionary models
Authors: Mazel Florent , Davies T. Jonathan , Georges Damien , Lavergne Sébastien , Thuiller Wilfried , Peres‐Neto Pedro R.
Published: November 2015

Phylogenetic Generalized Least Square (PGLS) is the tool of choice among phylogenetic comparative methods to measure the correlation between species features such as morphological and life‐history traits or niche characteristics. In its usual form, it assumes that the residual variation follows a homogenous model of evolution across the branches of the phylogenetic tree. Since a homogenous model of evolution is unlikely to be realistic in nature, we explored the robustness of the phylogenetic regression when this assumption is violated. We did so by simulating a set of traits under various heterogeneous models of evolution, and evaluating the statistical performance (type I error [the percentage of tests based on samples that incorrectly rejected a true null hypothesis] and power [the percentage of tests that correctly rejected a false null hypothesis]) of classical phylogenetic regression. We found that PGLS has good power but unacceptable type I error rates. This finding is important since this method has been increasingly used in comparative analyses over the last decade. To address this issue, we propose a simple solution based on transforming the underlying variance–covariance matrix to adjust for model heterogeneity within PGLS. We suggest that heterogeneous rates of evolution might be particularly prevalent in large phylogenetic trees, while most current approaches assume a homogenous rate of evolution. Our analysis demonstrates that overlooking rate heterogeneity can result in inflated type I errors, thus misleading comparative analyses. We show that it is possible to correct for this bias even when the underlying model of evolution is not known a priori.
SAGD Well-Pair Completion Optimization Using Scab Liner and Steam Splitters
Authors: Ghesmat Karim , Zhao Litong
Published: November 2015

The steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD) process has been widely used commercially in western Canada for bitumen production. Improving the oil-production rate and reducing the steam/oil ratio (SOR) have been the focus of the industry. In heterogeneous reservoirs, oil production could be impeded by steam breakthrough at one location of the producer and higher liquid level above the other sections of the producer. Various completion methods have been proposed to improve production efficiency. Outflow-control devices (OCDs), such as steam splitters, are used to match steam delivery to reservoir requirements, and inflow-control devices (ICDs) may be used in producers to maximize oil production. Scab liners are the most widely used type of ICD. In general, oil drainage into producers may need to be slowed at some locations and sped up at other locations of the well. In this study, we address how to design SAGD injector and producer completions using steam splitters and scab liners. Results from reservoir simulation with coupled wellbore hydraulics will be presented to show how a well pair could be optimized by attaining favorite pressure profiles inside the injector and producer liners. This investigation will also address sensitivities on steam-splitter location, size, and number of holes, as well as size and length of scab liners.
Formation Evaluation Logoff Results Comparing New Generation Mining-Style Logging Tools to Conventional Oil and Gas Logging Tools for Application in Coalbed Methane (CBM) Field Development
Authors: Gan T.. , Balmain B.. , Sibgatullin A.. , Ward M.. , Liu F.. , Murphy E.. , Cook L..
Published: November 2015

Acceptable data quality for formation evaluation forms the foundation for understanding the petrophysical & reservoir properties, coal quality and properties and pay zones identification. The petrophysical logs are used in both subsurface modelling and to optimise the well completion strategy, ensuring effective coal dewatering and desorption for gas production. At the moment, the industry common practice for data acquisition is to use open-hole wireline logging tools, which were developed primarily for the oil and gas industry. These tools are designed for higher pressure and temperature specifications compared to the reservoir conditions normally seen in CSG operations. This results in heavier tools, bigger logging trucks and increased manpower requirements than seen in mining logging operations.

Arrow's CBM development projects in Queensland, Australia, are designed with a large volume of wells (more than ~1000 wells) that will need to be drilled and evaluated over the next ten years. At present, the cost of logging (direct wireline contractors and associated rig time cost) is forcing Arrow to choose between early data coverage (eroding project economics value) versus restricted logging (increasing project risk). In order to resolve this issue, Arrow has embarked on a series of technology trials to investigate various cost effective formation evaluation solutions, while still ensuring data quality and operational safety.

This paper will present the results of a comparison (logoff) of state-of-the-art mining logging technology and conventional oil and gas logging technology. Also, the paper will focus on the mining-style logging technology data quality, equipment footprint, tool handling, calibration procedures, limitations and general operational efficiency.
Estimating Cleat Characteristics in Reservoir Simulation Models of Coal Seam Gas Reservoirs Using Welltest Analysis
Authors: Bahrami Nick , Byfield Russell , Hossain Mofazzal , Chitgar Alireza , Wong Joanna
Published: November 2015

Coal Seam Gas reservoirs are naturally fractured and the flow of fluid throughout the coal occurs by diffusion through the coal matrix and then via the cleats (network of fractures) towards the wellbore. Effective permeability of the cleats and Langmuir isotherm parameters of the matrix coal blocks are the key parameters in determining the economic viability of producing from a CSG reservoir.

Welltest analysis in CSG wells is more complicated than conventional reservoirs due to the stress sensitive permeability of the cleats and the great heterogeneity of coal. Fluid pressure inside the cleats initially controls the stress sensitive permeability. During production and at the reduced pressure near the wellbore region, the cleats have smaller aperture and less permeability than the cleats away from the wellbore due to the in-situ stresses. Conversely during injection, the cleats near the wellbore have higher permeability than the cleats away from the wellbore.

The common well test analysis methods normally provide undefined values of average permeability and skin factor, rather than addressing the effective permeability of the cleats. This study presents how to interpret the skin factor in a CSG welltest, and also proposes a methodology using integration of welltest analysis and image log data processing results for estimation of cleat characteristics in CSG reservoirs to be input in a dual porosity CSG reservoir simulation model.
Delaware Basin Bone Springs. A Study of the Evolving Completion Practices to Create an Economically Successful Play
Authors: Lehman Lyle V. , Andress Randy , Mullen Mike , Johnson Ray
Published: November 2015

The Bone Springs play of South East New Mexico USA is currently in full development. The play contains three pay sections, with all, two or sometimes just one pay section providing economic hydrocarbons for Operators to develop and exploit. This paper will discuss the evolution of how the play was developed by abandoning vertical wellbores, and then using horizontal wells with multi-stage fracture treatments. The paper will focus on how each hurdle was overcome to discover economically beneficial technology including: lateral azimuth; lateral length; frac fluid and proppant selection; fracture design and evaluation as well as production results for each hurdle.

Further discussions will emphasize the selection of lateral landing depth and the impact of depth on propping each fracture, the evolution from perf-and-plug to selective isolation with usage of sliding sleeve technology as well as the final state-of-the art on well design for the play. All of these facets are proven to demonstrate an improved production and cash flow to generate an optimized well plan.

Key learnings will be in the area of logic, the workflow to determine key anchor points from data and understanding trade-offs for less expensive yet not as rewarding technologies and practices.
A Practical Workflow for Characterizing Stress-Dependent Behaviour of Coal from Changes in Well Productivity
Authors: Burgoyne M.. , Shrivastava R..
Published: November 2015

Stress (or pressure) dependence of coal permeability is a commonly observed and generally accepted dynamic behaviour that is often ignored from production performance forecasting. Reasons for this omission typically include (a) the difficulties in reliably characterizing stress dependent effects from a limited number of pressure buildup tests, and (b) large uncertainties in our understanding of both the porosity and compressibility of coals. This paper demonstrates a new analytical workflow, and proposes a new set of equations that overcomes some of those limitations through acknowledging and accounting for stress dependent permeability (SDP) behaviour with radius - during testing and production - by translating expected permeability changes with pressure, to productivity changes with pressure gradient.

This paper utilizes a slightly modified form of Palmer-Mansoori (P&M) model in a workflow that includesEstimation of coal cleat volume compressibility using permeability-depth trendsCharacterization of mechanical skins from interpreted apparent skinsCalculation of "stress dependent pseudo pressure" (SDPP) – converting permeability changes with pressure to productivity changes with pressure gradient – enabling the use of well productivities over time as part of a SDP characterization processThe matching through regression of relative changes in well productivity indices in groups of wells - utilizing the SDPP approach – with a single stress dependent controlling parameter, in a way that is suited to extrapolating away from well control.

The paper provides the theoretical support for this approach via derivations from published models, and then outlines the methodology – sharing the results of a field example – demonstrating the relative ease with which the analytical process can be applied. Further, it highlights pitfalls of using well productivities as a direct proxy for permeability changes, or even utilizing coarse grid numerical simulation in the matching process. Finally, it also discusses further applications and limitations of its application.

This paper addresses existing knowledge gaps in the CSG industry by providing a simple, yet efficient, workflow for characterizing and incorporating stress-dependence of permeability in CSG Reservoir Engineering. This is achieved through the application of new analytical equations to characterize stress dependent pseudo pressure, enabling the direct use of well productivity changes, and can be used standalone, or as a means to accelerate a numerical history matching workflow.
Reservoir Characterisation of the Spring Gully Coal Seam Gas Field
Authors: Lin Xuejun , Weatherstone Petrina , Weichman David
Published: November 2015

The Spring Gully coal seam gas (CSG) field, operated by Origin Energy on behalf of Australia Pacific LNG, is located in the southern region of the Bowen Basin. Commercial production commenced in 2005 from the Late Permian Bandana coal seams. This paper describes the reservoir characterisation methodology employed to history match geologically unique regions of the Spring Gully field and to understand production mechanisms across the field. In addition, the paper presents a detailed discussion on how learnings from the developed region of the field has been applied to characterise the future development regions of the field for forecasting.

The Spring Gully CSG field exhibits a large degree of localized heterogeneity and extensive regional geological variability. Strong gas productivity and rapid water gas ratio decline have been observed in the north-eastern region of the field. While in the western portion of the field there exists moderate gas productivity and minimal water decline. A comprehensive, multi-disciplinary evaluation of the Spring Gully CSG field reservoir and production characteristics was performed in 2014. A reservoir simulation model has been constructed based on a number of geological and reservoir characterisation studies, combined with reservoir inputs and production analysis. The integrated subsurface model forms the basis to understand Spring Gully CSG field production mechanisms and ultimately to perform production forecasts for reserve and resource estimates, for ongoing reservoir management needs and appropriately size gas and water treatment facilities.

A novel approach of constructing the permeability and porosity distribution in the reservoir model was implemented. Historical well peak water and gas rate, rig testing water rate and welltest-derived permeability were used to construct the permeability distribution in the model. The permeability distribution was transformed to porosity distribution. The faulting and compartmentalisation were introduced in the north-eastern region of Spring Gully reservoir model during the history match stage to match the rapid decline of reservoir pressure. The learnings obtained from studying well production mechanisms and model history matching were subsequently applied to the undeveloped regions of the field. Extensive validation and quality control of forecast methodology, forecast parameters assumptions and life-of-field production forecasting were performed.
Effect of Volcanic Intrusions and Mineral Matters on Desorption Characteristics of Coals (Case Study)
Authors: Salmachi Alireza , Wainman Carmine C. , Rajabi Mojtaba , McCabe Peter
Published: November 2015

In this study, coal seams properties in two coal core wells are studied to identify dominant parameters controlling desorption characteristics of coals. Available published data from desorption canister tests including sorption time and gas content (lost gas, desorbed gas, and residual gas) are employed. Proximate analysis data assists in coal characterization and data from high pressure adsorption tests are used to investigate the methane adsorption on coal as a function of pressure. For fracture and cleat analysis, gamma ray, density, and acoustic image logs are used. All data and analysis combined with regional geology assist to study desorption properties of different coal seams in these two wells.

Kalbar-1 and Peebs-1 are the two core wells in this study. Entirely different patterns (gas content versus depth) are observed which can be explained by their different geological setting. A major volcanic intrusion of approximately 60m in thickness and a few minor intrusions in the area explain abnormally high gas content of shallow coal seams. The methane Langmuir adsorption isotherm for shallow coals (composite sample) is steep and has higher gas adsorption capacity compared to other seams. The shallow coal seams have been cooked by volcanic intrusions and have higher than expected gas content.

For Peebs-1, the composite plot of gas content, sorption time, and ash content combined with gamma ray, density, and acoustic image logs provides a useful set to study desorption properties of coal seams. The fracture and cleat analysis reveals that low sorption time generally belongs to coal seams with higher cleat and fracture density. The existence of open cleats and fractures might facilitate gas release from coal matrix. The inverse correlation observed between sorption time and ash content while maceral composition is fairly similar suggests that desorption properties might be controlled by mineral matters in this well.
A Coupled Model for Fractured Shale Reservoirs with Characteristics of Continuum Media and Fractal Geometry
Authors: Wei Yunsheng , He Dongbo , Wang Junlei , Qi Yadong
Published: November 2015

The principle focus of this work is on proposing a new model to evaluate the production performance of complexly-fractured well in shale reservoirs for conducting rate transient analysis (RTA) and pressure transient analysis (PTA). The model is established on the trilinear-flow idealization presented by Brown et al. (2009) for fractured horizontal well and associated with continuum geometry, fractal characterization and anomalous diffusion. The coupled model could take into account the non-uniform distribution of fracture network within stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and property heterogeneity among hydraulic fractures in the configuration of multiple fractured horizontal well (MFHW).

The second focus is put on developing a novel semi-analytical solution to fill the gap between trilinear-flow model for single-fracture hypothesis and actual MFHW configuration. The new solution could account for the effect of fracture-production interaction and property heterogeneity among fractures. Calculative results show that the type, sequence and duration of flow regimes are determined by fractal characteristics, associated anomalous diffusion, fracture number/spacing, fracture conductivity, etc. Hence, it is possible to observe the feature of long-period linear flow trends in the production performance of fractured well and explain the presentation of new flow regimes which are generally not identified by conventional trilinear-flow model. In addition, approximate solutions for corresponding flow regimes have also been proposed to interpret the production performance using straight forward method. Furthermore, a field example from Sichuan Shale in China is presented to demonstrate the practical application of the new model for interpreting production data analysis of MFHW. The model provides us with new knowledge and insight into understanding production characteristics and allows us to correctly predict well performance in fractured shale reservoirs
Proving the Concept of Unconventional Gas Reservoirs in Saudi Arabia Through Multistage Fractured Horizontal Wells
Authors: Al-Momin Ali , Kurdi Mohammed , Baki Sohrat , Mechkak Karim , Al-Saihati Ali
Published: November 2015

Saudi Arabia has embarked on an exploration journey for its unconventional gas resources by recently targeting three different areas across the Kingdom. The targeted formations include tight sandstone, shale and tight carbonate with a permeability range of 200 nano-darcy to 0.1 MD. Extensive exploratory work has been performed in each of the areas through drilling vertical wells to identify and characterize potential targets through coring and open-hole logging along with flow potential testing of those targets after placing vertical fractures, which is beyond the scope of this paper. This paper highlights the progress of the unconventional program through drilling horizontal mono-bore wells and stimulating them with multistage fracturing using Plug-N-Perf technique. Three case studies, one from each targeted formations, are presented in this paper. The subjects addressed are:

Well completion including the selection of tubing and liner sizes, metallurgy and grades along with performing stress and thermal analysis simulating the expected loads during proppant fracturing to determine the maximum safe loads at each stage. Proppant fracturing design including the number of stages and clusters, the spacing of stages, proppant type, size and volume, and fracturing fluid systems. The design is based upon the geomechanical and petrophysical interpretations of the openhole logs together with onsite calibrations and measurements. Plug-N-Perf and fracture stimulation operations and execution Fracture fluid clean up and flow testing

The paper summarizes the workflow adopted, the lessons learned and challenges overcome after drilling, completing, fracturing and flow testing of several unconventional gas wells in Saudi Arabia.
Geochemical Assessment of the Huntly Coalbed Methane (CBM) Field, New Zealand Using a Chloride, Bicarbonate, and Boron Ternary Diagramme
Authors: Abu Bakar H.. , Zarrouk S. J.
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the chemical signature of produced water from the Huntly coalbed methane (CBM) using a newly proposed Cl-HCO3-B ternary diagram. This ternary diagram is used to identify the source of fluid in the different aquifers (ground water, CBM and deep basement) and the potential communication between these aquifers. A comparison study of Huntly with other CBM fields (Maramarua, Powder River Basin, San Juan Basin, Raton, Atlantic Rim, Liulin and Alberta) was also carried out to help characterize and verify the water being abstracted. Results from the ternary diagram show that produced water samples from Huntly CBM wells are plotted in the middle along chloride-bicarbonate axis. This indicates that the water samples are CBM water originated from moderate to good permeability coal seams. The water samples also indicate that they have some communication with shallow aquifer due to significant bicarbonate concentration. Meanwhile water samples from basement well (B1) are plotted near to Boron side along Boron-chloride axis, which signifies basement water. The water originated from low permeable formations and afar from recharge area. Furthermore, results from schoeller diagrams show that Huntly water samples from CBM wells, shallow monitoring well and basement well exhibit distinct water chemistry patterns. The CBM water pattern shows sodium, bicarbonte and chloride as the predominant ions. It is similar to the typical CBM water pattern and comparable with CBM water from selected methane producing CBM fields with minor differences. Water samples from the basement well on the other hand shows sulfate and magnesium as the primary ions and the concentration for all ions are lower than CBM water. Shallow water sample exhibits the lowest concentration for all ions compared to CBM water and basement water with bicarbonate as the main ion. In conclusion, this ternary diagram is a reliable tool to identify the possible links between deep and shallow aquifers, formation permeability and origin of the water in one diagram. It enhances the understanding of the natural CBM reservoir setting for future field development, wastewater management and water quality monitoring.
Evaluating Ion Effect on Residue Content of Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Singh D.. , Inyang U. A. , Chopade P. D. , Boontheung P..
Published: November 2015

Historically, guar-borate fluids have been the most commonly used crosslinked gel system in fracturing applications. Low cost, shear tolerance, and operational ease of guar-borate fluids often makes them the preferred candidates compared to other fluid systems for viscous fluid applications of fracturing services. However, residue generated in broken guar-borate fluids can have a negative impact on the conductivity of the fractures placed into the reservoir and the permeability of the proppant pack. This paper focuses on evaluating residue generated from guar-based fracturing fluids in the presence of various ions using extensive laboratory methods.

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used for improving hydrocarbon production from conventional and unconventional reservoirs. The process sometimes involves pumping a high viscosity, proppant laden fluid into the reservoir to create the desired fracture geometry. Crosslinkers are often used to amplify the fluid viscosity of the base polymer to create wider fractures and to support proppant transport into and within the fractures. Breakers then reduce fluid viscosity before and during cleanup to ease flowback of the broken polymer gel. Both cleanup and flowback are crucial steps that can directly impact production of hydrocarbon from the fractured reservoir.

Laboratory results have shown that some ions, when present in the water source, can significantly impact the amount of residue generated from guar-based fracturing fluid. This paper presents a systematic study on the effect of ions, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium, on guar and guar derivative residue and their hydration properties.

Residue generated after breaking guar-based fluids can have negative impact on the conductivity of the reservoir and the permeability of the proppant pack, which can significantly lower hydrocarbon production. Understanding the impact of various ions on cleanup properties of fracturing fluid can improve fluid design and therefore improve the conductivity of the proppant pack and formation.
Acoustic-based Methodology of Assessing Zonal Production Contribution, Hydraulic Fracture Productive Height, and Reservoir Fluid Type in Tight Gas Condensate and Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Mohsin Labib , Marmin Norhafiz , Mukha Alexander
Published: November 2015

For a tight reservoir, assessment of zonal production contribution is often possible only after the reservoir has been hydraulically fractured. Spinner survey is commonly the tool of choice for diagnosing relative production contribution across perforated interval in a cased-hole and by extension, minimum productive fracture height at the wellbore. However, its limited radial resolution renders such tool unreliable in evaluating flow characteristic within fracture body and across fracture planes. The acquired data is generally insufficient for resolving relative contribution of various productive horizons intersected by the fracture. As the measurements are focused on flow characteristics inside the wellbore, fracture height diagnosis is limited by the extent of perforation interval. Alternatively, radioactive tracing and microseismic survey allow one to see through the casing wall albeit at the expense of heightened cost and operational complexity. Thermal logging, being a cheaper alternative, is time-sensitive and not deployable immediately following proppant placement due to restricted wellbore access. Most importantly, hydraulic and propped fracture heights diagnosed by these methods may not necessarily coincide with effective fracture height that contributes directly to well productivity.

Integrating acoustic logging to conventional production logging measurements may, in addition to increasing resolution for low flow measurement, significantly extend the investigation radius beyond casing wall. Different acoustic characteristics potentially exhibited by flow of different fluid phases may also validate conventional log-derived reservoir fluid types. The paper describes the application of acoustic logging in diagnosing zonal production contribution, fracture height, and reservoir fluid type across hydraulically fractured tight gas condensate and oil reservoirs.

In four naturally flowing wells, zonal production contribution derived from acoustic wave analysis and conventional production log data were both in good agreement. The analysis of depth-specific acoustic wave amplitude provided useful insight in the diagnosis of zonal production contribution and by extension, productive fracture height. In one well, acoustic-derived fracture height could be closely corroborated with that of radioactive tracer data. In addition, one may also observe distinct shape of maximum amplitude of first sound wave arrival in a gas well compared to that in an oil well.