bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explaining Cross-National Variance in Administrative Reform: Autonomous versus Instrumental Bureaucracies
Authors: Knill Christoph
Published: July 2002

Notwithstanding an ever-growing body of literature on administrative reforms, the studies either focus on single countries or emphasize common tendencies in all countries; hence providing little systematic insight for the evaluation and explanation of administrative change from a comparative perspective. In the light of this deficit, it is the aim of this article to develop an analytical concept for explaining cross-national variances in patterns of administrative development. For this purpose, the concept of national administrative reform capacity is developed, arguing that the potential for reforming different administrative systems is basically dependent on the general institutional context in which these systems are embedded. On this basis, two ideal type constellations of administrative reform capacity and corresponding patterns of administrative development are identified and illustrated by a systematic comparison of administrative reform capacities and administrative changes in Germany and Britain.
Alzheimer's disease: a review of current economic perspectives
Authors: STEWART ALAN
Published: July 2002

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most widely known of
the organic
mental disorders described as dementias. It is apparent, in both the USA
and
the UK, that AD imposes a large economic burden in terms of both formal
and
informal costs. In the UK, one estimate is that annual costs are about
£1,039
million at 1990/91 prices and another, even higher, at £4,684
million. There
is an extremely heavy burden on informal caregivers, and on agencies
providing social services and residential accommodation.

After the onset of AD, the progress of the illness results in declining
levels of
functioning and increased dependency for patients, factors linked to higher

needs for care. Evidence from clinical trials indicates that some drugs
may
retard the effects of this decline. Economic evaluation of treatments has

focused on drug therapies and their ability to alter this progress. One

suggestion is that, through delaying the decline and consequent institutionalisation

of the patient, effective drug therapy would have economic
benefits and reduce health service costs, but this point has not been clearly

demonstrated and is open to question.
A qualitative study of adjustment to
caring for an older spouse with
psychiatric illness
Authors: MURRAY JOANNA , LIVINGSTON GILL
Published: July 2002

An understanding of ways in which older carers' perceptions of their marital
relationship and duty to their spouse underlie adjustment to care-giving is
required for the development of acceptable and efficacious services for spouse
carers. With this aim we conducted qualitative interviews with 20 spouses of
older people with a mental illness identified in a representative community
study. While carers acknowledged distressing changes in their spouse, a history
of reciprocity and intimacy emerged, comprising positive themes and perceived
continuity which favourably influenced adjustment to care-giving. Those
who still experience closeness in the relationship see themselves as coping
and are reluctant to accept formal help. Others describe long-term unhappiness
in marriage and experience feelings of entrapment in the role of carer. They
require early and comprehensive services. Hypotheses regarding these themes
are proposed.
Defining the outcomes of community care: the perspectives of older people with dementia and their carers
Authors: BAMFORD CLAIRE , BRUCE ERROLLYN
Published: July 2002

There is growing recognition of the need for outcome measures which reflect
the aims of services for people with dementia. The development and
application of existing outcome measures has often marginalised people with
dementia. ‘Experts’ and carers have been viewed as primary sources when
identifying relevant outcomes or domains of quality of life, and proxy
respondents have often been responsible for rating outcomes on the resulting
measures. This paper reports a small consultation with people with dementia
and their carers to identify the desired outcomes of community care. While
there was considerable overlap in the outcomes identified by people with
dementia and their carers, a number of limitations of relying solely on carers
as proxy respondents were identified. A key outcome, which has been
relatively neglected in previous work, was maximising a sense of autonomy. A
range of outcomes related to the ways in which services are delivered were also
identified. Future evaluative studies should encompass both quality-of-life
outcomes and service-process outcomes (the impacts of the ways in which
services are delivered) in addition to other outcome measures relevant to the
aims and objectives of the service.
Ageing 2000—questions for the 21st century
Authors: HARPER SARAH
Published: July 2002

‘Ageing of the population is … one of the most important socioeconomic
challenges … for the 21st Century’ Andrej Wojrczak, Director, WHO
Centre Health Development, Japan.

This statement (WHO 1998: 5), reflects the growing awareness among
politicians, policy makers and the general public of issues which have
been recognised by gerontologists for the past 30 years or so. In both
developed and less developed countries, demographic transition and
the shift in the age structure of the population is now being publicly
recognised as having fundamental implications for everyone in society.
As British gerontology enters a new century, the time appears ripe to
reflect on past achievements and highlight some future questions. In
the following discussion I consider ageing and later life, discussing both
societal and individual ageing, and the experiences, needs and
contributions of those in later life. The paper focuses on social
gerontology, defined as social, behavioural, historical, demographic
and economic aspects of the study of ageing and later life, including the
interface of these with health and health services. It thus touches upon
medical and biological aspects only when they are of appropriate
relevance.
Willis J. Nordlund, Silent Skies: The Air Traffic Controllers' Strike. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishing, 1998. ix + 205 p. $49.95 cloth.
Authors: Rachleff Peter
Published: July 2002

When labor historians construct lists of the ten most important strikes
in United States history, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers' (PATCO)
strike of August 1981 is certain to claim a prominent spot. Many labor activists
and scholars of the contemporary labor movement see Ronald Reagan's firing
of more than eleven thousand striking air traffic controllers as a sort of fall
from grace, the beginning of the decline of the labor movement. To be sure,
there are others who would disagree with them, but all would concur that this
strike was of major historic significance. Therefore, it is surprising that this
is the first book-length scholarly treatment of the strike. The author, Willis
Nordlund, is Dean of the School of Business at the College of West Virginia, a
veteran United States Department of Labor staff person, and a multiengine,
instrument-rated pilot. Silent Skies bears the imprint of his
background.
Introduction: The Interregnum
controversies in world politics, 1989–99
Authors: COX MICHAEL , BOOTH KEN , DUNNE TIM
Published: July 2002

The shock waves of what
happened in 1989 and after helped make the 1990s a peculiarly interesting decade,
and while all periods in history are by definition special, there was something
very special indeed about the years following the collapse of the socialist
project in the former USSR and Eastern Europe. Unfortunately, this has not been
reflected in the theoretical literature. Thus although there have been many books
on the end of the Cold War, even more on
the ‘new’ history of the Cold War itself, and several on the current state of international
relations after the ‘fall’, there has been relatively little work done so far on the
landscape of the new international system in formation. Moreover, while there
have been several post-Cold War controversies and debates—we think here of
Fukuyama's attempt to theorize the end of history,
Mearsheimer's realist reflections on the coming disorder in Europe, the various attempts to define the American
mission without a Soviet enemy, and Huntington's prediction about a coming clash of
civilizations—not much serious effort has been made to bring
these various discussions together in one single volume.
Implementation of a genetic algorithm for routing an autonomous robot
Authors: Wide Peter , Schellwat Holger
Published: July 2002

A practical implementation of a genetic algorithm for routing a real autonomous robot through a changing environment is described. Moving around in a production plant the robot collects information about its environment and stores it in a temporal map, which is virtually a square grid, taking account of changing obstacles. The evolutional optimizer continuously searches for short paths in this map using string representations of paths as chromosomes. The main features of the implementation include physical realization, random walk exploration, temporal mapping, and dedicated genetic operators.
Safety and reliability assessment techniques in robotics
Authors: Dhillon B.S. , Fashandi A.R.M.
Published: July 2002

A robot has to be safe and reliable. An unreliable robot may
become the cause of unsafe conditions, high maintenance costs, inconvenience,
etc.

Over the years, in general safety and reliability areas various assessment
methods have been developed, e.g. failure mode and effects analysis, fault tree
analysis, and Markovian analysis. In view of these, this paper presents an
overview of the most suitable robot safety and reliability assessment techniques.
A compliant controller dynamically updating the compliance center by contact
localization
Authors: Kang Sungchul , Hwang Yonk K. , Kim Munsang , Lee Chongwon , Lee Kyo-Il
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a compliant control method for insertion of complex objects with concavities. Most work on robot assembly using compliant motion control schemes focuses on overcoming jamming conditions for simple peg-in-hole problems, and cannot be used for complex shapes frequently encountered in assembly applications. When an object is being inserted to a hole or slot with a small clearance, a contact path is issued to compensate for uncertainties. When the object shape is complex, however, the contact state changes several times and severely, making compliant control difficult. The algorithm presented here is capable of generating satisfactory compliant motion control in spite of changing contact states. During the execution of a nominal motion plan, it computes the
actual position of the contact point from the force/torque sensor reading using a contact localization algorithm. It then dynamically updates the center for compliance to the computed contact point, and minimize the chance of jamming and unwanted collisions. The control
scheme has been implemented on hardware and tested on the task of inserting a T-shape into a C-shape involving a very tight tolerance. The insertion motion was accomplished by a
sequence of 2 translational and 1 rotational compliant motions, and successfully executed by the proposed compliant motion controller.
Becoming incrementally reactive: on-line learning of an evolving decision tree
array for robot navigation
Authors: Shah Hamzei G.H. , Mulvaney D.J. , Sillitoe I.
Published: July 2002

This paper proposes a novel hierarchical multi-layer
decision tree for representing reactive robot navigation knowledge. In this
representation, the perception space is decomposed into a hierarchical set
of worlds reflecting environments which are homogeneous in nature and
which vary in complexity in an ordered manner. Each world
is used to produce a corresponding decision tree which is
trained incrementally. The instantaneous perception of the robot is used
to select an appropriate rule from the decision tree and
a sequence of rule activations form the complete trajectory. The
ability to keep the knowledge complexity manageable and under control
is an important aspect of the technique.
Secondary singing inspected
Authors: Mills Janet
Published: July 2002

The oft-lamented decline of singing in school, like many other reported declines in education (Mills 1996), is probably more imaginary than real. Ask adults to reminisce about singing when they were at school, and their stories of off-task antics during massed renditions of ‘Greensleeves’, ‘The British Grenadiers’ or ‘Nymphs and Shepherds’, of grunters, groaners and pupils asked by their teachers just to mouth the words, do not speak of a golden age of singing in schools. Certainly, any golden age had passed when I started teaching in 1976, and I needed to work as hard as any teacher must now to persuade pupils to sing with effort, concentration and sensitivity, to vary the mood of their singing, when appropriate, from that suited to ‘Football Crazy’, and to cease to use their imagination to produce what they thought were amusing alternatives to printed lyrics. Yes, there was sometimes singing, of a sort, in assembly. And yes, many music teachers ran choirs and other activities for pupils who were particularly interested in singing. But then, as now, it was difficult to draw in boys, and girls whose time was sought also by PE teachers. But the fact that no decline in singing at school is proven does not excuse any complacence about the quality of singing in schools now. To judge from the high standards that may be observed in some schools, they could be much higher generally. This article considers some of the background to singing in secondary school, and describes some of the more successful approaches to singing by pupils aged eleven to fourteen that have been observed by HM Inspectors (HMI).
Symposium on Amartya Sen's philosophy: 4 Reply
Authors: Sen Amaryta
Published: July 2002

I am most grateful to Elizabeth Anderson (2000), Philip Pettit (2000) and Thomas Scanlon (2000) for making such insightful and penetrating comments on my work and the related literature. I have reason enough to be happy, having been powerfully defended in some respects and engagingly challenged in others. I must also take this opportunity of thanking Martha Nussbaum, for not only chairing the session in which these papers were presented followed by a splendid discussion (which she led), but also for taking the initiative, in the first place, to arrange the session.
NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF ADDITIVE NONLINEAR ARX TIME
SERIES: LOCAL LINEAR FITTING AND PROJECTIONS
Authors: Cai Zongwu , Masry Elias
Published: July 2002

We consider the estimation and identification of
the components (endogenous and exogenous) of additive nonlinear
ARX time series models. We employ a local polynomial fitting
scheme coupled with projections. We establish the weak
consistency (with rates) and the asymptotic normality of
the projection estimates of the additive components. Expressions
for the asymptotic bias and variance are given.
TESTING FOR SERIAL CORRELATION OF UNKNOWN FORM USING WAVELET
METHODS
Authors: Lee Jin , Hong Yongmiao
Published: July 2002

A wavelet-based consistent test for serial correlation
of unknown form is proposed. As a spatially adaptive estimation
method, wavelets can effectively detect local features
such as peaks and spikes in a spectral density, which can
arise as a result of strong autocorrelation or seasonal
or business cycle periodicities in economic and financial
time series. The proposed test statistic is constructed
by comparing a wavelet-based spectral density estimator
and the null spectral density. It is asymptotically one-sided
N(0,1) under the null hypothesis of no serial correlation
and is consistent against serial correlation of unknown form.
The test is expected to have better power than a kernel-based
test (e.g., Hong, 1996, Econometrica 64, 837–864)
when the true spectral density has significant spatial inhomogeneity.
This is confirmed in a simulation study. Because the spectral
densities of time series arising in practice usually have
unknown smoothness, the wavelet-based test is a useful
complement to the kernel-based test in practice.
ADAPTIVE ESTIMATION OF ERROR CORRECTION MODELS
Authors: Hodgson Douglas J.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers adaptive maximum likelihood
estimation of reduced rank vector error correction models.
It is shown that such models can be asymptotically efficiently
estimated even in the absence of knowledge of the shape
of the density function of the innovation sequence, provided
that this density is symmetric. The construction of the
estimator, involving the nonparametric kernel estimation
of the unknown density using the residuals of a consistent
preliminary estimator, is described, and its asymptotic
distribution is derived. Asymptotic efficiency gains over
the Gaussian pseudo–maximum likelihood estimator
are evaluated for elliptically symmetric innovations.
The structure of ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae) at fig fruit falls (Moraceae) in a terra firme rain forest near Manaus (Brazil)
Authors: PAARMANN WILFRIED , ADIS JOACHIM , STORK NIGEL , GUTZMANN BURKHARD , STUMPE PHILIPP , STARITZ BERT , BOLTE HUBERTUS , KÜPPERS STEFFEN , HOLZKAMP KARSTEN , NIERS CLEMENS , DA FONSECA CLAUDIO R. V.
Published: July 2002

The carabid beetle assemblage found feeding on fig fruit falls at night was studied in a terra firme rain
forest near Manaus (Amazonia) from July 1991 to August 1996. A total of 8926 carabid beetles were collected on 64
fruit falls from 10 fig species. The most abundant genus was Notiobia with eight species, N. pseudolimbipennis being
the most abundant. The Notiobia species comprised 92% of all specimens collected and all feed on small fig seeds.
Their species abundance patterns varied considerably between individual fruit falls and during the course of a single
fruit fall. However, the species abundance patterns for all Notiobia at all observed fruit falls for each of the two
commonest fig species (Ficus subapiculata, F. guianensis), as well as for fruit falls of the remaining fig species, were
very similar. Through feeding and breeding experiments and observations of reproductive success by dissection of
females, only two of the eight Notiobia species were found to be specialized fig seed feeders, being able to reproduce
only on fig fruit falls. The remaining six species of this genus use fig fruit falls as alternate hosts or ‘stepping stones’
between fruit falls of their host trees, which are widely separated both in time and space.
Spatial patterns of two rodent-dispersed rain forest trees Carapa procera (Meliaceae) and Vouacapoua americana (Caesalpiniaceae) at Paracou, French Guiana
Authors: Forget Pierre-Michel , Mercier François , Collinet Frédérique
Published: July 2002

The spatial distribution of two rain forest tree species, Carapa procera (Meliaceae) and Vouacapoua americana (Caesalpiniaceae) was analysed within and between plots of different sizes (6.25 and 25 ha) at Paracou, French Guiana. The L(d) function was used to characterize spatial patterns, and the Lij(d) intertype to study independancy between young and adult trees. Although both species are known to be dispersed by caviomorph rodents within short distances (c. 10–20 m and up to 50 m) of parent tree crowns, the analysis of tree positions led to different spatial patterns between species depending on soil drainage characteristics. Overall, while V. americana showed a strongly aggregated spatial distribution, C. procera had a weaker propensity to depart from complete spatial randomness (CSR). A complex distribution, sometimes clustered in areas with hydromorphic soils (swamps and around streams) and sometimes very near CSR outside these areas characterized the C. procera population. When C. procera tree aggregation occurred, there was a slight attraction between juveniles and adults. The aggregation of V. americana trees was evidenced at different levels depending on the scale of investigation. Within small plots (6.25 ha), a first level of aggregation with short distance radii of c. 10–25 m giving small clusters, and a second level which is composed of small clusters aggregated at c. 40–50 m distance radius, were observed. A third level of aggregation was suggested by analysing the tree population at the larger scale (25 ha) whose boundaries outside the plot were not delimited. Aggregation of V. americana trees at all levels was enhanced by a strong attraction between juveniles and adults. These results were discussed in light of seed and seedling ecology, especially with regard to seedling and sapling gap-dependence and soil drainage, which likely affected the recruitment of juvenile trees, and henceforth final tree spatial pattern.
Canopy tree mode of death in a western Ecuadorian rain forest
Authors: Gale Neil , Barfod Anders S.
Published: July 2002

All dead trees ≥ 20 cm DBH were counted in the first 6 mo of 1994 in 10 ha of wet lowland rain forest, in the Hoja Blanca Hills, western Ecuador. The trees were classified by their mode of death. Thirty-four per cent of the trees were uprooted, 35% had snapped, 15% had died standing and 16% were unclassified. Regression analyses found that slope position and whether an individual was a dicotyledonous tree or a palm (Iriartea deltoidea) to be both strongly related to the mode of death. Slope, altitude and the presence of buttresses also influenced the mode of tree death. Tree diameter, however, was not found to have any effect. Dicotyledonous trees predominantly uprooted and snapped while Iriartea mostly died standing and snapped. Uprooted and snapped trees were significantly spatially clumped while trees which died standing were distributed at random. It was concluded that the predominance of uprooting and snapping in Hoja Blanca mostly resulted from the steep terrain and high precipitation (c. 5000 mm y−1) as well as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) downpours. The implications of mode of death are discussed. The different modes created different types of gaps and could thereby potentially influence forest regeneration.
The role of the state in shaping women's and men's entrance
into the
labour market: Spain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Authors: SARASÚA CARMEN
Published: July 2002

In contemporary societies, status as a wage worker is a fundamental

source of social and political identity. Wage labour is also the main source

of income for individuals, conditioning – to a large extent –
access to
property, patterns of consumption, and receipt of public benefits. In Jane

Lewis's words, despite an unequal wage structure between the sexes,
the
‘best way of avoiding poverty risks, for both men and women, according

to statistics, is being in the labour market’.

Labour markets have
almost always
had gender disparities, with
women in a secondary position in terms of wage levels and promotion
opportunities. In present-day Europe, public policies are the primary
mechanism for counterbalancing women's secondary position in the
labour market and also within the family. But this has not always been

the case. Among the profound changes in the character of European states

during the nineteenth century was their transformation from being one of

the mechanisms reinforcing and organizing labour markets along gender
lines to becoming an institution that has promoted equal-opportunity
policies in the twentieth century and attempted to improve women's

disadvantaged position.
A review of machine learning
Authors: DUTTON DAVID M. , CONROY GERARD V.
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews Machine Learning (ML), and extends and complements previous work (Kocabas, 1991; Kalkanis and Conroy, 1991). Although this paper focuses on inductive learning, it at least touches on a great many aspects of ML in general. In addition, incremental induction is also reviewed. Therefore, a general review of ML is presented, but specific detail which has been covered previously is omitted, although other relevant references are noted, and later material is commented upon.
Robots, softbots, immobots: The 1997 AAAI Workshop on Theories of Action, Planning and Control
Authors: GOLDMAN ROBERT P. , BARAL CHITTA
Published: July 2002

This workshop brought together researchers concerned with fundamental issues of modelling action, those developing automated planning techniques and those attempting to implement autonomous agents acting in the world. In the past, these research communities have been separate from each other to a surprising extent. Researchers interested in theories of action have busied themselves with finding solutions to the frame and ramification problems, for very expressive theories of action. On the other hand, researchers interested in developing planning systems have typically concentrated on efficiency over expressiveness and assumed away the frame and ramification problems by means of the “STRIPS assumption”. Finally, researchers interested in implementing autonomous agents have found their attention occupied by issues of execution monitoring and sensing.
THE STRUCTURE AND STATUS OF PIDGINS AND CREOLES.Arthur K. Spears & Donald Winford (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1997. Pp.
viii + 461. $90.00 cloth.
Authors: Winkler Elizabeth Grace
Published: July 2002

This book brings together some of the foremost scholars in pidgin and creole linguistics to
address key issues confronting the field—most especially, the inability to provide
generally agreed upon structural classifications of pidgin and creole languages, and in particular,
less prototypical varieties like semi-creoles, post-pidgins, and post-creoles.
“FRANCOPHONIE” IN THE 1990S: PROBLEMS AND
OPPORTUNITIES.Dennis Ager. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 1996.
Pp. 215. $26.95 paper.
Authors: Field Thomas T.
Published: July 2002

A landscape of popular perceptions increasingly indifferent to French has sent
teachers around the United States scurrying for new books that will draw students to the
language they love. In many cases, the profession has fixed on Francophonie as a
solution, offering, it seems, the practical, down-to-earth usefulness that the profession thinks
students want and providing, at the same time, a neat link to popular and sometimes
simple-minded notions of multiculturalism. Ager's new book, 6 years after his excellent
Sociolinguistics and Contemporary French, demonstrates that
Francophonie is far more problematic than many have thought. Less technical than the
earlier book, this emphatically interdisciplinary work ought to be required reading for all
prospective teachers of
French.
L2 ACQUISITION AND OBLIGATORY HEAD MOVEMENT
Authors: Beck Maria-Luise
Published: July 2002

This paper presents results of a
response-latency (RL) experiment with English-speaking learners of German that investigated to
what extent—if any—two different groups of second language (L2) learners permit
raising of the thematic verb. The framework under which the study was conducted involves
varying theoretical predictions derived from the native-language (NL) transfer view of Schwartz
and Sprouse (1994, 1996), the gradual-development view of Vainikka and Young-Scholten
(1994, 1996), the underspecification view of Eubank (1993/1994), and a local-impairment
view that presents a more parsimonious solution to the L2 developmental problem than standard
“no access” views. The L2 results reported here show that learners respond in
different ways to stimulus sentences with raised and unraised verbs depending on the
subjects' level of development. Surprisingly, it is the less advanced learners who exhibit
an RL preference for apparently raised-verb experimental stimuli; the more advanced learners do
not differentiate between raised-verb and unraised-verb stimuli. Analysis of these findings
reveals that the less advanced group may only project VPs, consistent with the
gradual-development view of Vainikka and Young-Scholten. Crucially, however, the Local
Impairment Hypothesis is the only view that is consistent with the results from the more
advanced learners, especially when they are seen in developmental context.
INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY ACQUISITION IN A SECOND LANGUAGE
Authors: Huckin Thomas , Coady James
Published: July 2002

It is widely agreed that much second language vocabulary learning occurs incidentally while
the learner is engaged in extensive reading. After a decade of intensive research, however, the
incidental learning of vocabulary is still not fully understood, and many questions remain
unsettled. Key unresolved issues include the actual mechanism of incidental acquisition, the type
and size of vocabulary needed for accurate guessing, the degree of exposure to a word needed for
successful acquisition, the efficacy of different word-guessing strategies, the value of teaching
explicit guessing strategies, the influence of different kinds of reading texts, the effects of input
modification, and, more generally, the problems with incidental learning. This article briefly
surveys the empirical research that has been done on these issues in recent years.
LEXICAL PROCESSING STRATEGY USE AND VOCABULARY LEARNING
THROUGH READING
Authors: Fraser Carol A.
Published: July 2002

This article reports on a strategy training study that investigated the lexical processing
strategies (LPSs; ignore, consult, infer) used by L2 learners when they encounter unfamiliar
vocabulary while reading and the impact of these strategies on vocabulary learning. A time-series
with repeated-measures design was used. Introspective data were gathered from eight participants
(Francophone university students, intermediate ESL proficiency) on eight texts over 5 months to
elicit LPS use on self-identified unfamiliar words. Then, 1 week after each reading, participants
completed a cued recall task to measure their learning of these words. An analysis of overall LPS
use (changes in patterns and effectiveness of strategy use with LPS-focused instruction) and word
retention rates demonstrates the potential for vocabulary learning through reading and indicates
that some LPSs lead to higher retention rates than others. This research increases our
understanding of the role of LPS use in vocabulary learning and suggests some reevaluation of
current pedagogic practice.
DISCUSSION
Authors: Gass Susan
Published: July 2002

This paper takes the papers in this special collection as a starting point and raises issues
concerning key terms, with particular emphasis on incidental. It is argued that there is
no clear way to show that a word has been learned incidentally, if one means that specific
attention is not drawn to that word either by some external force or by the learner. I further argue
that, to understand vocabulary learning, linguists cannot limit the investigation to word meaning.
Essential to a study of the lexicon is the study of syntax—in particular, the incorporation of
syntactic subcategorizations. Taking all of these factors into account, a more nuanced approach to
the study of incidental vocabulary learning is needed.
Late-talking toddlers: MLU and IPSyn outcomes at 3;0 and 4;0
Authors: RESCORLA LESLIE , DAHLSGAARD KATHERINE , ROBERTS JULIE
Published: July 2002

Expressive language outcomes measured by MLU and the Index of
Productive Syntax (IPSyn) at ages 3;0 and 4;0 were investigated in 34
late talkers with normal receptive language identified between 2;0 to 2;7
and 16 typically developing comparison children matched on age, SES,
and nonverbal ability. Late talkers made greater gains than comparison
children between 3;0 and 4;0 in both MLU and IPSyn raw score.
However, when age-standardized z-scores were analysed, the late talkers
were about 2·5 standard deviations below comparison children on both
measures at both ages. At 3;0, 41% of the late talkers had MLUs above
the 10th percentile based on Scarborough's (1990) benchmark sample;
by 4;0, 71% did so. Using the IPSyn, a more stringent measure, 34%
scored above the 10th percentile at 3;0 and only 29% did so at 4;0.
MLU was significantly correlated with the IPSyn at both ages for the
late talkers, but only at 3;0 for the comparison children. A converging
set of regression analyses indicated no group differences in the predictive
relationship between MLU and IPSyn, suggesting that the late talkers
were delayed on both measures but not deviant in their development.
Vocabulary development in Italian children: a longitudinal evaluation of quantitative and qualitative aspects
Authors: D'ODORICO LAURA , CARUBBI STEFANIA , SALERNI NICOLETTA , CALVO VINCENZO
Published: July 2002

In this study vocabulary development of a sample of 42 Italian children
was evaluated through monthly administration of the Italian version of
the CDI. Data collection started at 1;0–1;1 for 32 children and at
1;3–1;4 for the remaining subjects and continued until children's
vocabulary reached 200 words. At fixed stages of vocabulary size (50,
100 and 200 words), individual differences in percentile scores and
vocabulary composition were examined. Individual growth curves were
analysed in order to verify the presence of a vocabulary spurt and the
type of lexical items which contributed most to rapid acceleration in
vocabulary growth.

Stylistic differences in vocabulary composition were examined regarding
the ‘referential–expressive’ distinction, controlling vocabulary
size. Data have shown that general trends in vocabulary development are
quite similar to those obtained for other languages using CDI adaptations.
Moreover, all children in this sample eventually exhibited a
vocabulary spurt, even if some can be defined as ‘late spurters’. The
type of lexical items which are learned during the spurt depend on both
infant vocabulary size and referential score. About 28% of infants in this
sample were defined ‘referential’ when their vocabulary size was about
50 words, but the stylistic differences disappeared at the 100- and 200-word stages.

Composition of vocabulary did not differ in relation to precocity in
reaching different stages of vocabulary development. The only exception
was that infants who reached the 50-word stage first also had a
vocabulary with a lower proportion of function words.
Differential productivity in young children's use of

nouns and verbs
Authors: TOMASELLO MICHAEL , AKHTAR NAMEERA , DODSON KELLY , REKAU LAURA
Published: July 2002

A fundamental question of child language acquisition is children's

productivity with newly learned forms. The current study addressed

this question experimentally with children just beginning to combine

words. Ten children between 1;6 and 1;11 were taught four new words,

two nouns and two verbs, over multiple sessions. All four words were

modelled in minimal syntactic contexts. The experimenter gave children

multiple opportunities to produce the words and made attempts to elicit

morphological endings (plural for nouns, past tense for verbs). Overall,

children combined the novel nouns productively with already known

words much more often than they did the novel verbs – by many orders

of magnitude. Several children also pluralized a newly learned noun,

whereas none of them formed a past tense with a newly learned verb. A

follow-up study using a slightly different methodology confirmed the

finding of limited syntactic productivity with verbs. Hypotheses accounting

for this asymmetry in the early use of nouns and verbs are discussed.
On the 3-part of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture
Authors: ZHANG SHAOWEI
Published: July 2002

Let K=ℚ(√−3). Assume E is an
elliptic curve defined over K, with complex
multiplication by OK, the ring of integers
of
K. Ω∈[Copf ]X is a minimal period of E.
For
each prime v of K, let cv
denote
the Tamagawa number
[E(Kv)[ratio ]
E0(Kv)]. Let
L(E/K,
s) denote the Hasse–Weil L-function of
E/K.
[lfloor ][mid ][rfloor ](E/K)=
ker{H1(K, E)→
[oplus ]vH1(Kv,
E)} denotes the Tate-Shafarevic group of E/K.
Pointwise lower bounds on the heat kernels of higher order elliptic
operators
Authors: DAVIES E. B.
Published: July 2002

Suppose that H=H*[ges ]0 on
L2(X, dx) and that
e−Ht has an integral kernel
K(t, x, y) which is a continuous
function of all three variables. It follows from the
fact that e−Ht is a non-negative self-adjoint
operator
that K(t, x, x)[ges ]0 for all t>0
and
x∈X. Our main abstract results, Theorems 2 and 3,

provide a positive lower
bound on K(t, x, x) under
suitable general hypotheses. As an application we obtain
a explicit positive lower bound on K(t, x, y)

when x is close enough to y and H is a
higher order uniformly elliptic operator in divergence form acting in
L2(RN, dx); see

Theorem 6.

We emphasize that our results are not applicable to second order elliptic
operators
(except in one space dimension). For such operators much stronger lower
bounds can
be obtained by an application of the Harnack inequality. For higher order
operators,
however, we believe that our result is the first of its type which does
not impose any
continuity conditions on the highest order coefficients of the operators.
‘Turn right at the Traffic Lights’: The Requirement for Landmarks in Vehicle Navigation Systems
Authors: Burnett Gary
Published: July 2002

This paper argues for the use of landmarks (for example, traffic lights, churches, petrol
stations) within the turn-by-turn visual and voice directions given by in-vehicle navigation
systems. Such prominent features of the driving environment are consistent with basic
human navigational strategies, are valued by drivers, and have been shown significantly to
improve the usability of electronic in-car navigational aids. For future systems actively to
include such information, it is critical that (a) only ‘good’ landmarks are used, (b) such
landmarks are presented to the driver in the most appropriate way, and (c) the practical
needs of industry are fully accounted for.
Finding Distance – The Fiske Rangefinders
Authors: Ifland Peter
Published: July 2002

Finding the distance has always been a challenge to the mariner. What is the
distance to the lighthouse at the mouth of the harbour? Am I far enough off the rocks
and shoals? My assigned station in the formation is bearing 300°, range 1500 yards
from the guide ship, am I on station? What is the range for gunfire to the enemy
flagship?
Urban Fleet Monitoring with GPS and GLONASS
Authors: Tsakiri M. , Stewart M. , Forward T. , Sandison D. , Walker J.
Published: July 2002

The increasing volume of traffic in urban areas has
resulted in steady growth of the mean
driving time on fixed routes. Longer driving times lead to
significantly higher transportation
costs, particularly for vehicle fleets, where efficiency in
the distribution of their transport tasks
is important in staying competitive in the market. For bus fleets, the
optimal control and
command of the vehicles is, as well as the economic requirements, a basic
function of their
general mission. The Global Positioning System (GPS)
allows reliable and accurate positioning
of public transport vehicles except within the physical
limitations imposed by built-up city
‘urban canyons’. With a view to the next generation of
satellite positioning systems for public
transport fleet management, this paper highlights the
limitations imposed on current GPS
systems operating in the urban canyon. The capabilities
of a future positioning system operating
in this type of environment are discussed. It is suggested
that such a system could comprise
receivers capable of integrating the Global Positioning System (GPS)
and the Russian
equivalent, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS),
and relatively cheap
dead-reckoning sensors.
An outbreak of echovirus 11 in a children's home
Authors: SOMEKH E. , SHOHAT T. , HANDSHER R. , SEROUR F.
Published: July 2002

An outbreak of echovirus 11 infection was observed in a children's home that housed 16 children. Nine children younger than 1 year shared a large room on the first floor, which contained a large basin. Three of them presented with aseptic meningitis with CSF and stool samples positive for echovirus 11. The other six infants who shared the room were asymptomatic but their stools were positive for echovirus 11. Seven infants aged 1–2 years stayed on the second floor and were asymptomatic. One of them had positive stool culture for echovirus 11. No virus was isolated from stool samples taken from the 26 staff members. However, serology was suggestive for recent echovirus 11 infection in seven asymptomatic staff members. All seven worked either exclusively on the first floor or alternately on both floors. Our survey demonstrated that echovirus 11 may spread very efficiently in children's homes. The rate of meningitis in the infected infants was 30% while all the recently infected adults were asymptomatic.
Spatial distribution patterns of Echinococcus
multilocularis (Leuckart 1863) (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea:
Taeniidae) among red foxes in an endemic focus in Brandenburg,
Germany
Authors: TACKMANN K. , LÖSCHNER U. , MIX H. , STAUBACH C. , THULKE H.-H. , CONRATHS F. J.
Published: July 2002

Over a period of 40 months, 4374 foxes were randomly
sampled from an area located in
northwestern Brandenburg, Germany, and examined parasitologically
for infections with
Echinococcus multilocularis. Spatial analysis of the
origin of infected animals identified two (one
central and one southeastern) high-endemic foci with an estimated
prevalence of 23·8%. By
contrast, a prevalence of 4·9% was found in the remaining
(low-endemic) area. The prevalences
among juvenile and adult foxes were compared in the high-endemic
and the low-endemic areas.
To analyse the central high-endemic focus further, the random
sample was stratified by zones
representing concentric circles with a radius of 13 km (zone 1)
or xn−1+7 km for the remaining
three zones from the apparent centre of this focus (anchor point).
Prevalences calculated for
each zone showed a decrease from zone 1 (18·8%) to zone
4 (2·4%) with significant differences
for all zones but zones 3 and 4. The relative risk of an
infection decreased rapidly in a distance
range of 26 km around the high-endemic focus, whereas the
relative risk remained unchanged
within a distance of 5 km around the anchor point. The importance
of heterogeneous spatial
distribution patterns for the diagnosis and epidemiology of
the infection is discussed.
Implementation and evaluation of a measles/rubella
vaccination campaign in a campus university in the UK
following an outbreak of rubella
Authors: STEVENSON J. , MURDOCH G. , RILEY A. , DUNCAN B. , McWHIRTER M. , CHRISTIE P.
Published: July 2002

An age shift in rubella infection to young adults has occurred
in Scotland since the
introduction of a first dose measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination
in 1988 and a
second dose measles/rubella (MR) vaccination in 1994/95.
The Health Board was alerted to an
outbreak of rubella at Stirling University by the notification of 6 cases
amongst male students
aged 18–28 years with dates of onset between 3 March and 21 March
1996. In response, a MR
vaccination campaign was conducted to enhance population immunity to rubella
within the
university population and to reduce the likelihood of further cases. A
total of 1795 students,
staff and visitors were vaccinated. Vaccine coverage of 46% was estimated
to be sufficient to
boost rubella immunity in full time male students in university accommodation

to 88·7–91·0%,
just above the upper critical level of herd immunity for rubella of
85–88%. Students in colleges
and universities in the UK will remain at increased risk of outbreaks of
rubella and measles
until the cohort who have received a two dose schedule of MR form the bulk
of the college
population. It may be prudent for tertiary education colleges and other
institutions in the UK
with young adults living in shared residential accommodation to offer MR
vaccination to new
entrants, targeting those who have not previously received the vaccine,
between now and the
year 2000.
Non-participation bias in unlinked anonymous HIV-prevalence surveys in England and Wales
Authors: DUONG T. , ADES A. E. , ROGERS P. , NICOLL A.
Published: July 2002

The objective was to assess the potential bias in unlinked anonymous HIV-seroprevalence
surveys from objections to specimens being included. Objection rates in seroprevalence surveys
were examined. Statistically large clusters of objections were considered to be the result of
health care worker behaviour, and were disregarded. Underlying objection rates were estimated
from remaining data and compared to seroprevalence. Overall objection rates approached or
exceeded seroprevalence in many participating centres. However, underlying objection rates
declined with time while prevalences were generally unchanging. Also, underlying rates
correlated poorly with observed seroprevalences. Findings were therefore consistent with
processes producing the clusters of objections and underlying objection rates independently of
serostatus of individuals. Although national seroprevalence estimates produced by the surveys
are reasonably free from objection bias, regional seroprevalence estimates outside London
remain vulnerable to bias as a result of some centres returning data whose quality cannot be
guaranteed.
Management of an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in
a Sudanese refugee camp in Northern Uganda
Authors: SANTANIELLO-NEWTON A. , HUNTER P. R.
Published: July 2002

We describe an outbreak of meningitis at a Sudanese refugee camp in Northern Uganda that
lasted over a year from February 1994. Some 291 cases occurred in a refugee population of
96860 (averaged over the year), an attack rate of 0·30%. The case fatality rate was 13·3%.
From a small number of samples taken for culture N. meningitidis serogroup A, serotype
21[ratio ]P1·9, clone III-1 was identified as the causative organism. The outbreak started in the
camp's reception centre which had the highest attack rate. Spread from the reception centre
was rapid and the epidemic reached its peak within 3 weeks. All of the cases amongst residents
of the reception centre reported having had meningococcal vaccine before arriving at the camp
and so were not immunized on arrival as would normally have been the case. Some 37547
doses of meningococcal vaccine were used in a mass immunization campaign in February and
March 1994. Following this the outbreak was declared over in August 1994 when no cases
were registered for 2 consecutive weeks. However, following a massive and sudden influx of
refugees a new epidemic peak occurred during February 1995. Many of these new refugees
were also not immunized on arrival due to pressures of numbers. A follow-up immunization
campaign then brought an end to the outbreak. Our experience confirms the effectiveness of
timely and high-coverage immunization campaigns in controlling group A meningitis outbreaks
amongst refugees in Africa.
The development of attachment in new relationships: Single subject analyses for
10 foster infants
Authors: STOVALL K. CHASE , DOZIER MARY
Published: July 2002

This paper presents single-subject analyses of newly developing attachment relationships in
10 foster infant–caregiver dyads. Using a diary methodology, at least 2 months of daily
data were provided by foster parents on infants' attachment behaviors. Foster infant
attachment was also assessed using the Strange Situation. Foster mother state of mind regarding
attachment was measured using the Adult Attachment Interview. For eight infants, diary data
revealed predominant patterns of attachment behavior emerging within 2 months of placement.
In most cases, diary data predicted Strange Situation classifications. Both Strange Situation and
diary data indicated that the three children placed in foster care before 12 months of age with
foster parents having primary or secondary autonomous states of mind were classified as having
secure attachments. The five children placed after 12 months of age showed predominantly
insecure attachment behavior in the diary and were classified as insecure in the Strange Situation.
Contingency analyses of behavioral sequences reported in the diary revealed that foster parents
tended to complement their foster childrens' attachment behaviors.