bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Internally Directed Behavior to Self-Reinforcement, Self-Esteem, and Expectancy Values for Exercise
Authors: Field Laura K. , Steinhardt Mary A.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

This study investigated two opposing orientations toward exercise and wellness behavior as related to selected personal characteristics. A “self-trusting” orientation focuses on process measures, and exercise and wellness behavior is internally directed. A “self-controlling” orientation focuses on outcome measures, and exercise and wellness behavior is externally directed.

Design.

Relationships among variables were assessed using Pearson correlation and step-wise multiple regression.

Setting.

One questionnaire was administered to all subjects under quiet classroom conditions.

Subjects.

Subjects were enrolled in university physical education activity classes (N = 154), a health promotion and fitness undergraduate class (N = 52), and a commercial aerobic dance program (N = 68).

Measures.

The questionnaire, containing 157 items, assessed exercise orientation, wellness orientation, general self-esteem, physical self-esteem, self-reinforcement, expectancy values for exercise, and level of physical activity.

Results.

Individuals who reported exercising to improve physical appearance and/or physical performance had higher control scores on the exercise scale; exercising for pleasure or social reasons served as suppressor variables. High control scores on wellness and exercise orientation were indicative of individuals less likely to positively self-reinforce their behavior. A high control score on the wellness scale was significantly related to lower general and physical self-esteem scores. Finally, higher physical self-esteem was significantly related to exercising for pleasure and athletic reasons; exercising to improve physical appearance served as a suppressor variable.

Conclusions.

These data strengthen the recommendation that health promotion professionals consider alternative approaches to promoting exercise and enhancing wellness. Programming strategies that foster internally directed exercise and wellness behaviors may be more centrally related to an individual's well-being than programs that support externally directed behavior.
Factors Influencing Acceptance of Mammography: Implications for Enhancing Worksite Cancer Control
Authors: Glanz Karen , Rimer Barbara K. , Lerman Caryn , Gorchov Patricia McGovern
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purposes of this article are to review what is known about participation in mammography programs and to propose several elements that warrant consideration in planning mammography screening programs in occupational settings. Breast cancer is the most common female cancer. Regular screening programs including mammography, clinical breast examination, and monthly breast self-examination can reduce breast cancer deaths by as much as 35%. However, mammography is underutilized. This review examines factors affecting acceptance of mammography and possible worksite-based strategies to increase its appropriate use.

Search Methods.

We identified the sources cited in this review through a combination of literature searches of computerized data bases, backward searches of reference lists, and contacts with active investigators. The article includes a selected subset of the most recent and relevant references.

Summary of Important Findings.

A variety of individual factors, environmental influences, health care system factors, and employer factors influence the acceptance of mammography. Workplace mammography programs can be especially important in reducing access barriers.

Major Conclusions.

Six program elements which are central to planning successful worksite mammography programs are discussed: location and facilities; health professional involvement; the range of services; education and referral; employer policies, and plans for follow-up and repeat screening.
Occupational Mental Health Promotion: A Prevention Agenda Based on Education and Treatment
Authors: Quick James Campbell ,   The American Psychological Association/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Promotion Panel, 1990 Work and Well-Being Conference
Published: December 2011

Purpose of the Review.

Psychological disorders are one of the 10 leading work-related diseases and injuries in the United States according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. This article addresses occupational mental health and preventive stress management in the workplace. The individual and organizational costs are briefly considered with concern for reducing the burden of suffering associated with these problems.

Search Method.

As an American Psychological Association interdisciplinary panel, we searched the psychological, medical, public health, and organizational literature. We selected articles relevant to the problem of psychological disorders in the workplace and to enhancing occupational mental health and preventive stress management.

Important Findings.

The panel proposed a national agenda of education and treatment, combined with a program of evaluation research, for addressing these issues. Target populations are identified, and the need for collaboration among a variety of national constituencies is considered. Advancing occupational mental health and promoting skills in preventive stress management is considered in the context of comprehensive health promotion.

Major Conclusions.

The panel concluded that there is a pressing need to: 1) set a ‘gold’ standard concerning the current state of knowledge in the domains of occupational mental health and stress management; 2) identify Diagnostically Related Groups (DRGs) which are stress-related; 3) establish assessment standards for stress and mental health; 4) set guidelines for reasonable interventions; and 5) establish acceptable post-outcome criteria.
Personal Crisis: Growth or Pathology?
Authors: Fahlberg Larry L. , Wolfer John , Fahlberg Lauri A.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The aim of this article is to present an emerging theoretical framework for viewing certain types of personal crises as developmentally healthy rather than as psycho-pathological. These types of crises are referred to as “spiritual emergence” and “spiritual emergency.”

Search Methods Used.

Selected literature from psychology, psychiatry, and philosophy is used to describe the new paradigm, which views the development of human consciousness across the life span as going beyond the well-adjusted and productive adult ego. The intent is to introduce this paradigm and some of its implications for further critical consideration by health promotion professionals. It is not the authors' purpose to critically evaluate the relevant theoretical literature in this article.

Summary of Important Findings.

The new paradigm represents an expanded theory of human development that explicitly recognizes a spiritual dimension in personal growth and health. Within this paradigm, spiritual emergence and spiritual emergency are viewed as signs of transitional, personal growth rather than as symptoms of psychopathology. Accordingly, signs of growth need to be differentiated from symptoms of pathology. The first step in doing this is to contextualize human experience in a larger developmental framework.

Major Conclusions.

Health promotion professionals may benefit personally and professionally by being aware of the new developmental paradigm which differentiates spiritual growth from pathological symptoms. Further theoretical clarification and research will be needed before detailed recommendations for practice can be made.
Issues Related to Participation in Worksite Health Promotion: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Mavis Brian E. , Stachnik Thomas J. , Gibson Carl A. , Stöffelmayr Bertram E.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics associated with participation in worksite-based health promotion activities.

Design.

Follow-up interviews were used to identify demographic, attitudinal, and behavioral differences among three employee groups. Reasons employees chose not to participate in health promotion activities were also explored.

Setting.

All respondents were employed at a large midwestern university and were eligible to participate in free onsite health fairs and health promotion programs.

Subjects.

A stratified random sample of 89 nonparticipants, health fair participants, and behavior change program participants was interviewed.

Measures.

The interview was comprised of questions related to demographic information, personal health habits, physical activity, perceived health status, perceived self-efficacy, worksite norms, health promoting lifestyle factors, and knowledge about health promotion activities.

Results.

ANOVA and chi-squared comparisons revealed few group differences. Graduate students and employees with advanced degrees were most likely to take part in health fairs. Behavior change program participants were older, clerical-technical staff members, and women. Faculty members were least likely to participate. A lack of time was the most often cited reason for nonparticipation.

Conclusions.

The study was retrospective and the analyses limited due to low statistical power. The results suggest that different groups of employees are attracted to different types of health promotion activities.
Community Activation and Health Promotion: Identification of Key Organizations
Authors: von Korff Michael , Wickizer Thomas , Maeser Jennifer , O'Leary Penny , Pearson David , Beery William
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this study is to identify the kinds of community organizations community leaders consider important for community health promotion efforts.

Design.

Key informants were identified by reputational sampling of organizations relevant to community health promotion. Key informants were asked to list organizations they considered important for community health promotion. Differences in identified organizations were compared across informants from seven urban, five suburban, seven rural, and three Native American communities, with significance evaluated by chi-square tests.

Setting.

This survey was conducted in 22 Western U.S. communities comprising the intervention and control communities of the Community Health Promotion Grants Program of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

Subjects.

Key informants (N = 184) from community organizations, identified using a reputational sampling technique beginning with the health department, were interviewed by telephone.

Measures.

Key informants listed organizations considered important for community health promotion in five areas: adolescent pregnancy, substance abuse, tobacco use, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Results.

Informants frequently identified the health department (mentioned by 78% of informants overall), schools (72%), governmental agencies (55%), hospitals (47%), health clinics (42%), churches (33%), and newspapers (32%) as important. Organizations more prominent in urban and suburban areas than in rural and Native American areas included television stations, health-related private nonprofit organizations, substance abuse treatment centers, and colleges. Private physicians were frequently identified in rural areas (44% of informants). No more than one of the 25 informants in the Native American communities identified business organizations, private physicians, information/resource centers, senior citizen organizations, or community coalitions as important in their areas.

Conclusions.

Communities differ in the kinds of organizational resources available for community activation. These differences may need to be considered in planning community-based health promotion programs.
Risk-Rated Health Insurance Programs: A Review of Designs and Important Issues
Authors: Kaelin Mark A. , Barr Judith K. , Golaszewski Thomas , Warshaw Leon J.
Published: December 2011

Purpose of the Review.

The purpose of this review is to assist those who work in the field of health promotion when considering the implementation of an individually risk-rated health insurance plan. It does so by introducing the reader to the concept of individually risk-rating health insurance; uncritically reviewing selected risk-rated health insurance plans; and exploring several issues related to plan implementation, administration, and appropriateness.

Search Methods Used.

The review is based on the authors' awareness of the literature in the fields of preventive medicine, health promotion, and employee benefits. The six individually risk-rated health insurance programs that are reviewed were chosen because they demonstrate how aspects of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' Model have been implemented using various combinations of administrative procedures, verification strategies, and types of economic incentives or disincentives. This review is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the literature.

Summary of Important Findings.

Individually risk-rated health insurance programs have been established using a variety of administrative procedures, verification strategies, and types of economic incentives or disincentives. The frequency with which these programs are being established is increasing. As the number of risk-rated programs grows, it will be increasingly important to address the many issues that implementing such plans generate: How should lifestyle behaviors be verified? Will healthy lifestyles save money? Can employees fully control their risk factors? Is risk-rating socially responsible?

Major Conclusions.

As risk-rating becomes more widespread, there will be a continuing need to address the business, medical, ethical, and legal issues these programs create and to refine them accordingly. The health promotion community has both an opportunity and obligation to see to it that individually risk-rated health insurance programs are implemented in a socially acceptable manner and that the outcomes they generate are cost-beneficial.
A Comparison of Participants and Nonparticipants in a Worksite Cholesterol Screening
Authors: Hyman David J. , Paradis Gilles , Flora June A.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this study is to determine if worksite cholesterol screening reaches only those who are already aware of their cholesterol and interested in lifestyle modification.

Design.

A voluntary worksite cholesterol screening was conducted followed by a survey of a random sample of nonparticipants.

Setting.

A large university worksite was the setting for this study.

Subjects.

Out of 9,137 university employees, 1,583 attended the voluntary screening, and a random sample of nonparticipants was obtained (n = 154), of which 87% (n = 138) responded.

Measures.

Subjects completed a questionnaire on health behaviors, perceived risk, self-efficacy for diet change, and attention to media messages. A capillary blood cholesterol level was also taken.

Results.

Nonparticipants were more likely to be male (64% versus 39%) and smokers (17% versus 9%), more likely to exercise, to have had a prior cholesterol measurement (64% versus 49%), and to “know” their cholesterol value (56% versus 26%). The two groups were otherwise similar. Over half (51%) of the participants were receiving their first cholesterol measurement. These subjects were younger, less educated, had less perceived risk, were less attentive to media messages, and more likely to be from a minority group than those individuals who had prior measurements.

Discussion.

These findings suggest that worksite cholesterol screening does not only reach those already aware of their cholesterols, but also can reach some persons not previously screened or concerned.
Three-Year Follow-up of Pawtucket Heart Health's Community-Based Weight Loss Programs
Authors: Del Prete Linda , English Catherine , Caldwell Marjorie , Banspach Stephen W. , Lefebvre Craig
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based weight loss program.

Design.

A questionnaire was administered by telephone to subjects one to three years following participation in a weight loss program.

Setting.

The study took place in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The Pawtucket Heart Health Program is part of this setting.

Subjects.

A stratified sample of 400 subjects was randomly selected from 2,186 people who participated in weight loss programs between 1985 and 1987. A total of 285 subjects completed the questionnaire; 229 subjects provided sufficient information to be included in the study.

Intervention.

The subjects participated in community-based and worksite-based weight loss programs.

Measures.

Self-reported heights and weights before and after intervention and demographic data were collected. Desirable body weight and Garrow's health risk classifications were calculated.

Results.

Overall, there was a 3.2% reduction in body weight between time of entrance into weight loss programs and time of interview. Eighty percent of the participants lost weight in the program; mean weight loss was 11 pounds. At time of follow-up interview one to three years later, 65% of subjects weighed less than at entrance into the community programs; on average, subjects weighed six pounds less. Sixty-nine percent of the sample was above 20% desirable body weight at entrance and 26% of this group lost enough weight to lower their health risk category.

Conclusions.

Weight loss in this community-based program compares favorably with those reported by more intense and expensive clinic-bound programs. The community approach may be an alternative to more expensive clinic-based programs.
Factors Influencing the Adoption and Maintenance of Canadian, Facility-Based Worksite Health Promotion Programs
Authors: Wolfe Richard , Slack Trevor , Rose-Hearn Teresa
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to determine senior management's rationale for adopting and maintaining worksite health promotion programs and the congruence of this rationale with the program objectives of health professionals who manage the programs.

Design.

A multiple case study design was used.

Setting.

Nine major Canadian organizations which had adopted facility-based health promotion programs were the settings for this study.

Data Collection.

Semi-structured interviews (22 conducted) and two questionnaires (36 completed) were the methods used to collect data.

Respondents.

Senior managers involved in program adoption, senior managers responsible for program budgets, and senior health professionals responded to the interviews and questionnaires.

Results.

Impetus for health promotion program adoption in the organizations we studied had more to do with tangential issues such as an organization moving to a new facility or having access to unused space than with employee health or organizational performance considerations. The most common program adoption rationale was related to employee recruitment/retention. Program continuance was based on process issues such as participation rates and the quality of activity offerings rather than on health or organizational outcomes. While health professionals and senior management both considered human relations and morale more important than cost savings outcomes, health professionals considered cost savings outcomes more important than did senior management.

Conclusions.

It is important for health promotion professionals to develop program objectives which are shared by organizational management. Future program adoptions and maintenance will be influenced by closer analyses of the effect of these programs on organizational performance.
Cardiovascular Health among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders: An Examination of Health Status and Intervention Approaches
Authors: Chen Moon S.
Published: December 2011

Purpose of the Review.

The purpose of this review is to examine the cardiovascular health status of Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders by primary risk factor and review current intervention approaches targeting this population. Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in the United States have experienced triple digit percentage increases in population for every decade since 1970. Despite their rapidly increasing numbers, little is known about their cardiovascular health status.

Search Methods Used.

This article reviews the literature on the demographics, mortality, and prevalence of major cadiovascular risk factors among Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders. Selected intervention programs are also described.

Summary of Important Findings.

Data on cardiovascular disease mortality for Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders are relatively limited because few states collect ethnically specific mortality statistics. Data on cardiovascular risk factors, particularly smoking and hypertension, for certain Asian American/Pacific Islander groups portend excessive cardiovascular disease burdens.

Major Conclusions.

Data specific to ethnic groups comprising Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders need to be culled. Also, scientifically valid and linguistically appropriate interventions approved by ethnic community leaders are needed to address Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders.
The Impact of Incentives and Competitions on Participation and Quit Rates in Worksite Smoking Cessation Programs
Authors: Matson Dyann M. , Lee Jerry W. , Hopp Joyce W.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this review is to determine whether incentive-based programs conducted at worksites increase participation and long-term smoking cessation rates.

Methods.

Published studies of workplace smoking cessation programs involving incentives and competition were identified through all available years up to winter of 1992 in MEDLINE (1966–1992), Psychlit (1967–1992), Smoking and Health (1960–1992), and Combined Health Information (1973–1992) computer databases and article reference lists. Programs were considered incentive programs when they involved either cash or other prizes paid to the participant for quitting smoking. Incentive competition programs typically involve groups contesting for prizes by having the greatest smoking cessation rates. Thirty studies were found, out of which 15 quasi-experimental and experimental studies are reviewed. The 15 studies that did not have comparison groups were excluded from this report.

Results.

Only eight studies had a comparison group in which the effects of incentives and competition were separated from the effects of other interventions. Only one study separated the effects of competition from incentives. Five of these studies evaluated smoking rates after six months, and three after 12 months from the program start. Three of these studies showed that incentives increased participation rates, and five enhanced smoking reduction. No study showed, however, that incentives and/or competition enhanced smoking cessation past six months.

Conclusions.

It appears that incentives/competition may be useful for increasing participation and smoking reduction. Further research needs to be conducted to determine whether incentives and/or competition enhance long-term quit rates, and what are the most effective types of incentive procedures.
Researching and Preventing Alcohol Problems at Work: Toward an Integrative Model
Authors: Walsh Diana Chapman , Rudd Rima E. , Biener Lois , Mangione Tom
Published: December 2011

Purpose of Proposal.

A consolidated framework is proposed to highlight modifiable factors in work organizations that may contribute to alcohol-related problems. This research model serves to organize existing knowledge, highlight pathways for new research initiatives, and offer insights into the design of primary and secondary preventive strategies.

Contributing Influences.

Current research on problem drinking in the workplace either locates problems in individual drinkers or looks to the social environment to understand how drinking problems unfold. There is a clear need for a more complete theoretical model which incorporates social, cultural, organizational, and personal factors.

Proposal Summary.

This article elaborates on a model for examining problem drinking at work which integrates policy, normative, and psychosocial influences. It emphasizes the structures within which health-related decisions and actions are contained and constrained. The focus here on the connections between alcohol use and work builds on the premise that health is socially produced.
Behavioral Risk Factor and Illness Day Changes with Workplace Health Promotion: Two-Year Results
Authors: Bertera Robert L.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The impact of a workplace health promotion program was evaluated to determine changes in the number and level of seven behavioral risks and self-reported illness days.

Design.

The study employed a pretest/posttest intervention group (N=7,178) with a two-year follow-up and a time-lagged, nonequivalent comparison group (N=7,101).

Setting.

The study population was drawn from a large manufacturing company with more than 100 United States locations.

Subjects.

Approximately one half of the study population was 40 years of age or older, 75 % were males, 90 % were white, and about 40 % were hourly manufacturing employees.

Intervention.

The program consisted of 1) training and support of coordinators; 2) health risk appraisals; 3) on-site classes, safety meetings, and self-help options; 4) environmental changes, e.g., smoking policy, cafeteria offerings, and blood pressure machines; and 5) recognition.

Measures.

A 38-item health appraisal included self-report of illness days and behavioral risks, as well as information from company physical examinations.

Results.

Both the number and the level of behavioral risk factors improved over two years. The proportion of employees with three or more risk factors decreased by 14% (p<.001). The number of self-reported illness days in this group decreased by 12% during the same period (p<.001). No change in illness days was observed in the group with fewer than three risk factors. Risk levels improved (range = 4.5% to 79%) for six of seven factors among high-risk individuals.

Conclusions.

This intervention appears to have had a positive impact on the number and level of behavioral risk factors; most of the improvement occurred among high-risk participants. The extent to which this study's results can be generalized to other populations is limited by several methodological limitations including several key variables are self-reported, a time-lagged rather than concurrent comparison group was used, the intervention group response rate was low, and the intervention group differed from the comparison group on four of five demographic variables.
The Impact of Participation in Health Promotion on Medical Costs: A Reconsideration of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Indiana Study
Authors: Sciacca John , Seehafer Roger , Reed Roger , Mulvaney Dallas
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether participation in a comprehensive worksite health promotion program was associated with reduced employee health care costs.

Design.

Four independent study groups, two treatment and two comparison, were identified based on type and date of first participation in the intervention. Two years of pre-program health cost data and five years of post-program data were collected for each subject. The Jonckheere-Terpstra statistical test was used to analyze the data.

Setting.

The health promotion program was offered at Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Indiana corporate headquarters. The study period began on January 1, 1976, and continued through December 31, 1982.

Subjects.

Seven hundred and forty-three men and women employed continuously by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Indiana throughout a seven-year period were studied.

Intervention.

The health promotion program consisted of four progressive phases which involved 1) health risk reduction mass education, 2) completion of a health risk appraisal and risk reduction counseling, 3) health promotion classes such as smoking cessation and nutrition education, and 4) follow-up and maintenance.

Measures.

The principal dependent variable was pre-program to post-program changes in health costs as measured by employee health care expense claims paid for by the company's health insurance plan.

Results.

This study found that program participation was not associated with reduced health care costs.

Conclusions.

It would be prudent to remain guarded about the health cost savings effects of worksite health promotion programs.
An Analysis of Comprehensive Health Promotion Programs' Consistency with the Systems Model of Health
Authors: Meek Julie
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this article is to report a review and analysis of the concordance between current comprehensive corporate health promotion programs as described in the published literature and the systems model of health and to explore emerging trends in the field of health promotion.

Search Methods.

MEDLINE, BIOSIS, and PsycINFO searches were conducted from 1985 to 1991, and the bibliographies of articles thus obtained were back searched for additional descriptions of corporate health promotion programs. Inclusive criteria included “comprehensive” corporate programs, published in peer-reviewed journals or books, and descriptions adequate enough to permit coding in the majority of analysis matrix categories. Out of 63 identified programs, 16 met the inclusion criteria; 47 were excluded. A common reason for rejection was the limitation imposed by inadequate program descriptions in the published literature.

Major Findings.

On average, the comprehensive corporate programs reviewed were initiated between 1984 and 1987 and set in the context of a manufacturing firm with over 10,000 employees. A minority of programs (12.5%) consistently satisfied systems model criteria. The most common category of programs were those which were inconsistent (44%), meeting some of the criteria of a systems model of health promotion, but not all. The mechanistic medical and public health models predominated strongly (63%) with the preeminent goal being individual risk factor modification.

Conclusions.

The limitations of the published literature do not permit strong conclusions about the number or degree to which current corporate comprehensive programs are concordant with the systems model of health. Although mechanistic models of health predominated, there is evidence that a number of comprehensive programs were inconsistent with the mechanistic model, meeting some of the criteria, but also meeting some systems model criteria. To continue the advancement of health promotion with clarity and focus, further research is needed to clarify outcomes across different “world view” models of health promotion. Health promotion specialists need to carefully scrutinize programs emanating from different “world view” models as they design, develop, implement, and evaluate corporate programs.
Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Albani Jihad‐René
Published: December 2011

Fluorescence imaging methodology is described. Principles are given, along with different fluorophores that can be used. Applications such as immunofluorescence, vascular, burns and tumors studies are detailed.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy In Vivo
Authors: Vishwanath Karthik , Ramanujam Nimmi
Published: December 2011

Diagnostic techniques based on optical spectroscopy have the potential to link biochemical and morphological properties of tissues to individual patient care. In particular, these techniques are fast, noninvasive, and quantitative. Furthermore, they can be used to elucidate key tissue features, such as cellular metabolic rate, vascularity, intravascular oxygenation, and alterations in tissue morphology. These tissue features can be interpreted to shed light on a variety of clinical problems, such as precancerous and cancerous growth and atherosclerosis. The goal of this article is to review development and application of optical spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral regions, as a diagnostic tool in clinical applications. Particular emphasis is placed on steady‐state UV/VIS fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of precancers and cancers, in vivo.
Human Factors for Maintenance Engineers and Others: A Prerequisite for Success
Authors: Bennett Simon A.
Published: December 2011

Crewresource management (CRM) has made commercial aviation safer by improving teamwork on the flight‐deck, in the cabin, and between the flight‐deck and cabin. Aviation, however, is a complex activity involving numerous actors whose talents must be allowed to flourish and whose actions require close co‐ordination. These actors include air traffic controllers, dispatchers, fuellers, loaders, and maintenance engineers. Maintenance, calibration, and testing account for up to 65% of human performance problems in engineering. Unlike pilots and cabin crew, maintenance engineers have generally not had the benefit of CRM training. It is argued that CRM training for engineers would reduce maintenance error: (i) by improving communication and co‐ordination (thus helping engineers maintain a
singular
mental model/situation assessment); (ii) by encouraging engineers to question instructions or practices they consider ill‐advised; and (iii) by bringing every useful resource (both physical and experiential) into play. While some engineering teams may practise certain CRM skills naturally, it is important that such skills are learned in a structured environment away from the shop‐floor. Only in this way can competencies be calibrated and a consistent standard established. Maintenance engineers must be allowed the time and space to reflect on praxis.

Since pertinent problems and their solutions are similar across virtually all organizations, this article draws upon examples across engineering in general and even beyond where this enables a point to be made with particular clarity.
Characterization of Whole Body Cholesterol Fluxes in the Mouse
Authors: Brufau Gemma , Groen Albert K.
Published: December 2011

Atherosclerosis is characterized by excessive cholesterol accumulation in the vessel wall. Current therapies mainly aim at decreasing influx through lowering plasma LDL‐cholesterol levels. The challenge is to develop therapeutic interventions to increase efflux of excess cholesterol from the vessel wall. The pathway that mediates this efflux from vessel wall to final excretion in the feces is called reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, it has become apparent that the intestine plays an important regulatory role in this pathway. This article describes in detail a variety of experimental approaches to measure cholesterol fluxes in the hepatobiliary system as well as in the intestinal pathway. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:413‐427 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploration of the Visual System: Part 1: Dissection of the Mouse Eye for RNA, Protein, and Histological Analyses
Authors: Escher Pascal , Schorderet Daniel F.
Published: December 2011

Due to the power of genetics, the mouse has become a widely used animal model in vision research. However, its eyeball has an axial length of only about 2 mm. The present protocol describes how to easily dissect the small rodent eye post mortem. This allows collecting different tissues of the eye, i.e., cornea, lens, iris, retina, optic nerve, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and sclera. We further describe in detail how to process these eye samples in order to obtain high‐quality RNA for RNA expression profiling studies. Depending on the eye tissue to be analyzed, we present appropriate lysis buffers to prepare total protein lysates for immunoblot and immuno‐precipitation analyses. Fixation, inclusion, embedding, and cryosectioning of the globe for routine histological analyses (HE staining, DAPI staining, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization) is further presented. These basic protocols should allow novice investigators to obtain eye tissue samples rapidly for their experiments. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:445‐462 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Myofiber Damage Evaluation by Evans Blue Dye Injection
Authors: Wooddell Christine I. , Radley‐Crabb Hannah G. , Griffin Jacob B. , Zhang Guofeng
Published: December 2011

Evans blue dye (EBD) can be used in live mice to study muscle pathology or injury, including exercise‐induced muscle damage. EBD is excluded from intact cell membranes but leaks into cells, including muscle fibers, when the cell membrane is ruptured. EBD can be visualized by its autofluorescence under a fluorescence microscope. EBD‐stained myofibers can be quantified from microscope images of muscle cross‐sections. These myofibers are often in clusters that lend themselves to morphometric analysis. When the damaged myofibers are interspersed among intact myofibers, however, a more suitable approach is to count individual myofibers in the field of view. A much faster approach to measure EBD in muscles from different strains of mice or between treatment groups is to extract the EBD from muscle samples and quantitate it using a spectrophotometric microplate reader. The advantages and disadvantages of using each of these approaches are discussed here. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:463‐488 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fabrication and Fibroblast Attachment Property of Regenerated Silk Fibroin/Tetramethoxysilane Nanofibrous Biocomposites
Authors: Wei Kai , Kim Byoung‐Suhk , Abe Koji , Chen Guo‐Qiang , Kim Ick‐Soo
Published: December 2011

In this study, regenerated silk fibroin (RSF)/tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) composite electrospun fibers with improved hydrophilicity were successfully prepared by electrospinning method, which was superior for fibroblast attachment. The electrospinning process caused adjacent fibers to “weld” at contact points, as confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that TMOS has been well incorporated into the silk fibroin electrospun fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to quantify the water content in RSF/TMOS composite electrospun fibers. The cytotoxicity and L929 adhesion of three‐dimensional RSF/TMOS fibrous biocompoaites were investigated and compared to pure RSF membrane. The water contact angle of RSF/TMOS nanofibrous composites showed a sharp decrease compared to the pure RSF electrospun fibers, which has a great effect on the early stage of cell attachment behavior due to an relatively enhanced hydrophilicity.
Reduction of Biofilm Infection Risks and Promotion of Osteointegration for Optimized Surfaces of Titanium Implants
Authors: Gasik Michael , Van Mellaert Lieve , Pierron Dorothée , Braem Annabel , Hofmans Dorien , De Waelheyns Evelien , Anné Jozef , Harmand Marie‐Françoise , Vleugels Jozef
Published: December 2011

Titanium‐based implants are widely used in modern clinical practice; however, complications associated with implants due to bacterial‐induced infections arise frequently, caused mainly by staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas spp. and coliform bacteria. Although increased hydrophilicity of the biomaterial surface is known to be beneficial in minimizing the biofilm, quantitative analyses between the actual implant parameters and bacterial development are scarce. Here, the results of in vitro studies of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis proliferation on uncoated and coated titanium materials with different roughness, porosity, topology, and hydrophilicity are shown. The same materials have been tested in parallel with respect to human osteogenic and endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The experimental data processed by meta‐analysis are indicating the possibility of decreasing the biofilm formation by 80–90% for flat substrates versus untreated plasma‐sprayed porous titanium and by 65–95% for other porous titanium coatings. It is also shown that optimized surfaces would lead to 10–50% enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation versus reference porous titanium coatings. This presents an opportunity to manufacture implants with intrinsic reduced infection risk, yet without the additional use of antibacterial substances.
Styrenated sunflower oil polymers from raft process for coating application
Authors: Alemdar Neslihan , Erciyes A. Tuncer , Bicak Niyazi
Published: December 2011

Oil‐based macroinitiator (MI) obtained from sunflower oil was styrenated using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) in the presence of phenacyl morpholine dithiocarbamate (PMDC) as chain transfer agent. The solvent effect and effect of the molar ratio of the transfer agent, PMDC, on polydispersity and molecular weight of the polymers were investigated. The obtained results showed that, 1,4‐dioxane is a better solvent and 1/4 molar ratio of [MI]/[PMDC] provides relatively low polydispersities. No homopolystyrene was detected under these conditions, indicating the efficiency of PMDC in the chain transfer process. Livingness of the polymerization process was confirmed by chain extension with styrene using the preformed polymer as macrotransfer agent. The film properties of styrenated oil samples were determined according to the related standards. To improve film properties, the polymer obtained by RAFT technique was modified by reaction with MI. The resulting material gave transparent films with good film properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Health Promotion in International Documents: Strengths and Weaknesses from the Perspective of Community Empowerment
Authors: Capone Vincenza , Petrillo Giovanna
Published: December 2011

Informed by a community psychology perspective, which takes an integrated and systemic, or holistic view of health and health promotion, this study presents quali‐quantitative analysis of health documents, produced by the World Health Organization (WHO) over the last 30 years. Textual analysis facilitated the identification of the typical specificities of international WHO health promotion documents, highlighting the lexical contexts of health promotion, particularly in relation to responsibilities for health and the concept of community health. Further, this textual analysis demonstrated how these understandings of health and health promotion have evolved over the last 30 years. Drawing on theory from within the field of community psychology, the changes proposed throughout international WHO documentation in conceptualizations of health and health promotion and in defining strategies to achieve the stated goals of health promotion are discussed critically. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: NaSr3Be3B3O9F4: A Promising Deep‐Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Material Resulting from the Cooperative Alignment of the [Be3B3O12F]10‐ Anionic Group.
Authors: Huang Hongwei , Yao Jiyong , Lin Zheshuai , Wang Xiaoyang , He Ran , Yao Wenjiao , Zhai Naixia , Chen Chuangtian
Published: December 2011

Colorless crystals of the title compound as large as 20 x 20 x 10 mm are prepared by spontaneous crystallization using B2O3 and NaF as flux media.
ChemInform Abstract: A 121Sb and 151Eu Moessbauer Spectroscopic Investigation of EuCd2X2 (X: P, As, Sb) and YbCd2Sb2.
Authors: Schellenberg Inga , Pfannenschmidt Ulrike , Eul Matthias , Schwickert Christian , Poettgen Rainer
Published: December 2011

The title compounds are characterized by powder XRD, magnetic measurements, and 121Sb and 151Eu Moessbauer spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Superconductivity up to 35 K in the Iron Platinum Arsenides (CaFe1‐xPtxAs) 10Pt4‐yAs8 with Layered Structures.
Authors: Loehnert Catrin , Stuerzer Tobias , Tegel Marcus , Frankovsky Rainer , Friederichs Gina , Johrendt Dirk
Published: December 2011

The new arsenides Ca5Fe4.75Pt1.75As9 (I), Ca5Fe5Pt1.82As9 (II), and Ca5Fe4.35Pt2.65As9 (III) are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (alumina crucibles, 700—1100 °C) and characterized by single crystal and powder XRD, magnetic measurements, and DFT band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of in situ Carbon‐Coated Li2FeSiO4 Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Battery.
Authors: Yan Zipeng , Cai Shu , Miao Lijuan , Zhou Xing , Zhao Yongming
Published: December 2011

Li2FeSiO4/C composites are synthesized by a sol—gel method based on acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis/condensation of tetraethoxysilane using sucrose or L‐ascorbic acid as carbon additive and LiOAc and Fe(NO3)3 as metal sources (autoclave, 120 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectrum Properties, and Electronic Structure of a New Barium Aluminoborate, Ba8 [(Al6IV)(Al2IV) (Al2V)B12IIIO41] ∞.
Authors: Chen Xuean , Chu Zhipeng , Chang Xinan , Zang Hegui , Xiao Weiqiang
Published: December 2011

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a 3:3:5 mixture of BaCO3, Al(OH)3, and H3BO3 in the presence of Bi2O3 as a fluxing agent (Au crucible, 770 °C, 4 weeks).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropanation of Alkynols with the CH2I2—R3Al System.
Authors: Ramazanov I. R. , Yaroslavova A. V. , Dzhemilev U. M. , Nefedov O. M.
Published: December 2011

Substituted cyclopropanes are obtained in the reaction of acetylenic alcohols bearing two or three methylene groups between the triple bond and hydroxy group with CH2I2 in the presence of trialkylalanes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Recyclable Polystyrene‐Supported Gold(I) Catalyst.
Authors: Cao Wenjie , Yu Biao
Published: December 2011

A polystyrene‐benzotriazole‐gold(I) catalyst is prepared und used in three model transformations.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Bi(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Oxidative Deprotection of tert‐Butyldimethyl Silyl Ethers with TEMPO and Co‐Oxidants.
Authors: Barnych Bogdan , Vatele Jean‐Michel
Published: December 2011

The process allows the selective deprotection of Tbs ethers in the presence of acid‐sensitive groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverted Domino Reactivity in Tertiary Skipped Diynes: A Convenient Access to Polyfunctionalized Cyclohexadienones and Multivalent Aromatic Scaffolds.
Authors: Tejedor David , Lopez‐Tosco Sara , Gonzalez‐Platas Javier , Garcia‐Tellado Fernando
Published: December 2011

Diynes (I) undergo a selective ring closure with secondary amine (II) to give cyclohexadienones (III) or (V) with excellent atom economy.
ChemInform Abstract: Propargylic Amines Constructed via Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling of Terminal Alkynes, Benzal Halides and Amines.
Authors: Lin Zhewang , Yu Dingyi , Zhang Yugen
Published: December 2011

Diethylamine is found to be the component of choice in the reactions with dibromide (II) and dichloride (VIII) under slightly different conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids via a Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer Process.
Authors: Tang Guo , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: December 2011

The air‐stable nickel complex catalyzes the β‐alkylation of lactic acid with primary alcohols to afford the corresponding coupled α‐hydroxy carboxylic acids via a hydrogen transfer process.
ChemInform Abstract: Trimethylaluminum‐Facilitated Direct Amidation of Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Chung Seung Won , Uccello Daniel P. , Choi Huiwon , Montgomery Justin I. , Chen Jinshan
Published: December 2011

The reaction of free carboxylic acids with primary and secondary amines is effected by AlMe3 with moderate to good efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Reduction of Sulfoxides with NaBH4, CoCl2·6H2O Catalyst, and Moist Alumina.
Authors: Yakabe Shigetala , Hirano Masao , Morimoto Takashi
Published: December 2011

The reduction is assumed to occur on the alumina surface, since its absence results in a negligible conversion of the starting sulfoxide.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Addition of Thiophenol to α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Acylbenzotriazoles.
Authors: Xia Ziming , Lv Xin , Wang Wencun , Wang Xiaoxia
Published: December 2011

Depending on the additive (ZnCl2 or silica gel) and the reaction temperature, different types of addition products can be obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon—Sulfur Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Pd—NHC Complex.
Authors: Shi Yanhui , Cai Zhengyuan , Guan Pei , Pang Guangsheng
Published: December 2011

A monoligated Pd‐complex is shown to be an excellent precursor for a NHC catalyst to improve the C—S coupling of various aryl halides with thiophenol and benzyl mercaptan.