bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hate Speech, Hate Crime, and the Constitution
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly
Published: October 2023

Imagine That John Doe, a white man screaming anti-Asian epithets, beats an Asian man with a baseball bat. Doe confesses that he dislikes Asian people, because he thinks they are responsible for his unemployment. Imagine further that Richard Roe, also a white man, beats an Asian man with a baseball bat, while screaming nonracist curses and obscenities. Roe explains that he was appalled and angered by the victim’s cheering for the Boston Red Sox and booing the New York Yankees. Both Doe and Roe are convicted of aggravated battery. Roe is sentenced to two years imprisonment, the usual sentence for aggravated battery. Doe is sentenced to seven years imprisonment, the judge explaining that his anti-Asian prejudice requires the severest possible sentence. Does Doe’s punishment violate the First Amendment? Civil libertarians, torn between commitments to equality and free speech, are divided on this question.
Policy Recommendations
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly
Published: October 2023

This book offers an extended argument against the formulation and enforcement of hate crime laws. These well-intentioned laws represent the importation of identity politics into criminal law by seeking to give special recognition to the victimization of members of historically discriminated against groups. But the fit is, at best, uneasy.
Dreams and Realities
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela , Waisman Sergio , Masiello Francine
Published: October 2023

One of the most dramatic figures among Latin America’s romantic writers and the distinguished woman writer of her century, Juana Manuela Gorriti brings passion and intrigue to the scene of writing. An exile from her native Argentina who sought refuge first in Bolivia and then in Peru, her lifetime of travel and displacement is echoed in her fictions. Her short stories tell of homelessness and nomadic yearnings, taking the reader from the Peruvian highlands, where Spanish colonizers plot to rob the treasures of the Incas, to the Argentine capital city plagued by sinister political intentions. Her later fictions move from Chile to scenes of the California Gold Rush. Covering the wide landscape of the Americas, Gorriti tracks the spirit of nineteenth-century adventurers and dandies, nation builders and soldiers who participate in the conflicts of settlement in a new and lawless land. Women are the protagonists here, mediating episodes of civil strife as they voice their despair about the treachery of fortune seekers in Latin America in the years following Independence from Spain. Dreams and Realities offers a sampling of Gorriti’s stories, showing the range of her commitment to political fiction drawn in the romantic style. Originally published in four volumes under the titles Suenos y realidades and Panoramas de la vida, her works deal with the tyranny of the Rosas regime, the mediating role of women, and the clash of European and indigenous cultures. Notwithstanding her personal political leanings, Gorriti’s stories and fictions provide a generous dose of swashbuckling adventure and romance. Translated into English for the first time by Sergio Weisman and with an Introduction, Chronology, and Critical Notes by Francine Maisello, the book gives a woman’s view of the world of political intrigue and civil unrest that marks Latin America’s turbulent nineteenth century.
The Victorian Prison: England, 1865-1965
Authors: Mcconville Sean
Published: October 2023

If I had the means of giving every man who is sentenced to hard labour in Stafford prison the full amount of discipline I am empowered to do by Act of Parliament, for two years, no man alive could bear it: it would kill the strongest man in England.
Institutions and Commitment
Authors: Spiller Pablo T
Published: October 2023

Oliver Williamson opened a new approach to institutions. In Markets and Hierarchies institutions are not seen simply as organigrams or chains of command whose layers are determined by the workings of communications channels. Instead, institutions are now seen as designed to deal with a basic time inconsistency inherent to most transactions, namely opportunism coupled with the inability to write fully contingent contracts.
Inertia and Change in the Early Years Employment Relations in Young, High Technology Firms
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Burton M Diane , Baron James N
Published: October 2023

How much do origins matter for organizations? This question has pivotal importance for understanding organizational change. Despite its theoretical importance, little effort has been directed at gaining evidence that speaks directly to it. This paper takes a first step in an effort to rectify this gap in our knowledge. It reports some early results from an effort to examine processes of imprinting in a sample of young, high technology companies.
Rape, Other Violence Against Women, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G , Resnick Heidi S , Saunders Benjamin E , Best Connie L
Published: October 2023

Crime victimization, other traumatic events, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent within the general population, with prevalence of exposure to traumatic events observed at rates ranging from 39% to approximately 80% (Breslau et al., 1991; Kilpatrick et al., 1987; Norris, 1992; Resnick et al., 1993; Kessler et al., 1995). Given exposure to such events, rates of lifetime PTSD ranging from approximately 18% to 28% (Breslau et al., 1991; Kilpatrick et al., 1987; Resnick et al., 1993) have been found. Most recently, within a sample of 5,877 men and women, Kessler et al. reported lifetime PTSD rates in association with traumatic event histories of 20.4 and 8.1 among women and men, respectively. Current rates of PTSD are approximately 7% across studies (Kilpatrick et al., 1987; Norris, 1992; Resnick et al., 1993). Because being a victim of violent crime increases the risk for PTSD (Norris, 1992; Kilpatrick et al., 1989; Resnick et al., 1993), it is particularly important that more sophisticated methods be used to address the complexity of this problem. In this introductory section, we outline several issues that are important in the study of the history of violence in association with PTSD outcome in particular.
Relationships between Stressful Life Events and Episodes of Major Depression and Nonaffective Psychotic Disorders: Selected Results from a New York Risk Factor Study
Authors: Stueve Ann , Dohrenwend Bruce P , Skodol Andrew E
Published: October 2023

The notion that stressful life experiences contribute to psychopathology is hardly novel. Clinicians are routinely taught to inquire about recent events and interpersonal difficulties when treating new patients, and people readily explain their distress in terms of stressful experiences and circumstances. So it does not comprise that researchers, too, have focused on life events as a possible risk factor for psychiatric disorders and as a vehicle for understanding the social distribution of psychopathology. Yet despite the seeming obviousness of a relationship between stressful events and psychopathology, and despite more than two decades of research on this relationship, controversy persists about whether and to what extent life events play a causal role.
Monopolies In America
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

In this incisive and comprehensive history, business historian Charles Geisst traces the rise of monopolies from the railroad era to today's computer software empires. The history of monopolies has been dominated by strong and charismatic personalities. Adding a fascinating element to his book, Geisst tells the stories behind the individuals--from John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie to Michael Milken and Bill Gates--who forged these business empires with genius, luck, and an often ruthless disregard for fair competition. He also analyses the viewpoints of their equally colorful critics, from Louis Brandeis to Ralph Nader. These figures enliven the narrative, offering insight into how large businesses accumulate power. Viewed as either godsends or pariahs, monopolies have sparked endless debate and often conflicting responses from Washington. Monopolies in America surveys the important pieces of legislation and judicial rulings that have emerged since the post-Civil War era, and proposes that American antitrust activity has had less to do with hard economics than with political opinion. What was considered a monopoly in 1911 when Standard Oil and American Tobacco were broken up was not applied again when the Supreme Court refused to dismantle U.S. Steel in 1919. Charting the growth of big business in the United States, Geisst reaches the startling conclusion that the mega-mergers that have dominated Wall Street headlines for the past fifteen years are not simply a trend, but a natural consequence of American capitalism. Intelligent and informative, Monopolies in America skillfully chronicles the course of American big business, and allows us to see how the debate on monopolies will be shaped in the twentieth-first century.
Brain Tumor Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Neurosurgery has had major technical advances in the past 20 years, with stereotactic biopsy and resection. Radiation oncology has developed focal conformal radiation therapy (RT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SR), and interstitial RT. Despite these major technical advances, the median survival for patients with glioblastoma multiforme has not changed significantly in the past 20 years. The neurosurgeon is limited by the infiltrating growth pattern of brain tumors and the regionally specialized normal brain.
Oligodendroglioma and Oligo-Astrocytoma
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Oligodendroglioma was initially classified in 1926 by Bailey and Cushing1 and was considered to be a differentiated form of medulloblastoma. Three years later, Bailey and Bucy,2 applying a new histological technique developed by Rio-Hortega, proved the presence of oligodendroglia in oligodendrogliomas, and reclassified the tumor to glial lineage. Oligodendroglioma is composed of oligodendroglia (>80%); if greater than 20% of the cells are astrocytic, the tumor is an oligo-astrocytoma.
Epidural Tumors
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Neoplasms not originating from spinal structures differ in their propensity to metastasize to the spine. However, any malignancy with metastatic potential may appear in the spine and cause epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC). (The term spinal cord compression is used toinclude cauda equina compression unless otherwise noted.)
Inequality and Poverty in China in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

China’s explosive economic growth since 1988 has not resulted in an equal increase of income among all Chinese citizens. The authors explore a range of reasons for the disparity and base their conclusions on strong empirical evidence—especially the 1996 survey conducted by the State Statistical Bureau.
The Unfinished Bombing
Authors: Linenthal Edward T
Published: October 2023

Edward Linenthal has written or contributed to several books concerning the way Americans remember and memorialize the past. This new book, about the Oklahoma city bombing, is more specifically about how that horrific event has been commemorated by local residents and the nation at large. He describes it as the story of the formation of a bereaved community. Linenthal has closely followed the process of creating the official memorial of the bombing, and is the only ‘outside’ person with complete access to the archives and storerooms of the memorial commission. In the courese of his work, he has also gotten to know many of the survivors personally, and they will be a source of fascinating material as well (both their recollections, and examples of the outpouring of mail they received from all over the world). Linenthal’s book will be a unique and moving contribution to the growing literature on history and memory.
Cells, Tissues, and Disease
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: October 2023

This book provides an up-to-date and thorough introduction to general pathology. Disease processes are explained in the light of malfunctions at the cellular level, offering a rich understanding of the clinical correlates of all aspects of fundamental cellular physiology and basic biomedicine. The book has been fully revised and updated for this Second Edition, to present a current but deep understanding of disease states at the cell and tissue levels. It includes major sections on cellular pathology, inflammation, immunopathology, vascular disturbance, and tumour biology.
Cardiac Sensory Neurons
Authors: Armour J Andrew , Kember Guy C
Published: October 2023

The nervous system intrinsic to the heart contains all of the components necessary for information processing. That parasympathetic efferent postganglionic neurons are associated with the intrinsic cardiac nervous sys­ tem has been known for some time.22,63 Recently, afferent neurons,2,10,29A4 sympathetic efferent postganglionic neurons,25,86 and interconnecting local circuit neurons13,i4,37 have been identified within the intrinsic cardiac nervous system. As a matter of fact, it was the functional identification of the somata of afferent neurons within this system2 that permitted the development of the thesis that there is a little brain on the heart that modulates regional cardiodynamics on a beat-to-beat basis.10,63 Cardiac sensory nerve terminals (neurites) are associated with somata in ganglia located relatively distant from the heart, those in nodose and dorsal root ganglia.64,84 These neurons, plus those associated with sensory neurites in intrathoracic and cervical vessels, transduce the cardiac and intrathoracic vascular milieu to medullary (Chapter 6) and spinal cord (Chapter 5) neurons, respectively. Recent evidence indicates that afferent neuronal somata located in intrathoracic extracardiac ganglia are associated with sensory neurites in cardiac tissues and the adventitia of intrathoracic vessels.8,23 The latter population of afferent neurons transduces the cardiovascular milieu to cardiac postganglionic motor neurons in intrathoracic ganglia, doing so primarily via intrathoracic local circuit neurons.10 Each cardiac afferent neuron displays unique transduction capabilities so that the information they provide to second-order processing neurons within different levels of the cardiac neuronal axis varies. These in turn influence cardiac efferent neurons, some of which also receive indirect inputs via central neurons from afferent neurons with sen­sory neurites in extrathoracic tissues. The latter include the carotid arteries1,12 and skin of the extremities.
On Forgeries
Authors: Friedländer Max J
Published: October 2023

Many of the principles which I have outlined when treating of copies apply also to forgeries, only that the intention to deceive causes an ethical discord to penetrate into the domain of aesthetics, and that a cunning, stealthy attitude of mind replaces the circumspectly and honestly plodding one of the copyist. In face of the disguise, the affectation and hypocrisy which defile art, the connoisseur becomes a criminologist.
“Asian Capitalism” and the Financial Crisis
Authors: Singh Ajit
Published: October 2023

We saw the breakdown of the Berlin wall in 1989 and the massive shift away from central planning towards free market capitalist types of structures. Concur rent to that was the really quite dramatic, very strong growth in what appeared to be a competing capitalist-type system in Asia. And as a consequence of that, you had developments of types of structures which I believe at the end of the day were faulty, but you could not demonstrate that so long as growth was going at 10% a year.” Mr. Larry Summers, the former U.S. Treasury Under Secretary, puts the matter in slightly different terms.
History of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

The traditional litany on the history of the medical uses of electricity, beginning with the Roman use of electric fish to treat headaches (Harms, 1956; Sandford, 1966; Brandon, 1981), is simply beside the point; electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) evolved solely as a result of Ladislaus von Meduna’s original investigations on the effects of camphor-induced convulsions in schizophrenic patients. It is the chronology of the medical (and specifically, psychiatric) uses of convulsions that provides the appropriate historical perspective to his work.

This chapter draws extensively, and often without specific attribution, from the excellent historical reviews of the subject by Mowbray (1959), Sandford (1966), Fink (1979, 1984), Brandon (1981), Kalinowsky (1982, 1986), Endler (1988), and Endler and Persad (1988); from Cerletti’s (1950) personal recollections; from the English translations of the autobiography of Meduna (1985); from Accomero’s (1988) eyewitness account of the discovery of ECT; and from my own numerous conversations over 25 years and my published interview with Lothar Kalinowsky (Abrams, 1988a).
Dissenters and Mavericks
Authors: Sabin Margery
Published: October 2023

Dissenters and Mavericks ambitiously reinstates individual authors at the centre of its inquiry into the complex relationship between literature and history. Offering fresh and provocative interpretations of both well-known and unfamiliar texts, the book joins what is still a tentative movement to open postcolonial studies to the competing values traditionally associated with literary criticism, where the exceptional matters as much as the typical, and analysis seeks to identify the distinctive qualities of thought and language in particular writers. Without proposing an honour roll of heroic dissenters, Margery Sabin discloses the presence of more skeptical questioning and more variety of thought and expression in the record of writing in English about India than the prevailing categories of postcolonial analysis register. After an introduction that explores the tension in methods and values between so-called "discourse analysis" and literary criticism, Sabin proceeds to eight chapters about writers who achieve a measure of freedom from the orthodoxies and stereotypes of their diverse, historical moments. Sabin chooses materials from a variety of genres, including letters, political oratory, memoirs, novels, journalism, and travel writing. Many English voices circulate in the first half of the book: Horace Walpole and Edmund Burke in the eighteenth century, Wilkie Collins in the nineteenth, along with lesser-known colonial historians and administrators. Part two features the Indian writers Nirad Chaudhuri, V. S. Naipaul, and Pankaj Mishra, along with lesser-known journalists, novelists, and other Indian intellectuals. Dissenters and Mavericks reinvigorates the interdisciplinary study of literature, history, and politics through an approach to reading that allows the voices heard in writing a chance to talk back, to exert pressure on the presuppositions and preferences of a wide range of readers.
Macro Markets and Financial Security
Authors: Athanasoulis Stefano , Shiller Robert , van Wincoop Eric
Published: October 2023

Today, people have a rich set of investment options, ranging from low-risk money market instruments to high-risk growth stocks. They can choose to invest in mutual funds, hedge funds, and pension plans. They can hedge themselves with options and other derivatives while investing both at home and across the globe. Plenty of opportunities are available for diversifying their portfolios and avoiding excess exposure to sectoral or geographic risk. Nonetheless, there is good reason to believe that most people’s wealth is not well diversified. For example, although investors can diversify through equity markets, corporate profits account for less than 10 percent of national income. That figure suggests that about 90 percent of an average person’s income is sensitive to sectoral, occupational, and geographic uncertainty.
Law Without Justice
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T
Published: October 2023

If an innocent person is sent to prison or if a killer walks free, we are outraged. The legal system assures us, and we expect and demand, that it will seek to “do justice” in criminal cases. So why, for some cases, does the criminal law deliberately and routinely sacrifice justice? In this unflinching look at American criminal law, Paul Robinson and Michael Cahill demonstrate that cases with unjust outcomes are not always irregular or unpredictable. Rather, the criminal law sometimes chooses not to give defendants what they deserve: that is, unsatisfying results occur even when the system works as it is designed to work. The authors find that while some justice-sacrificing doctrines serve their intended purpose, many others do not, or could be replaced by other, better rules that would serve the purpose without abandoning a just result. With a panoramic view of the overlapping and often competing goals that our legal institutions must balance on a daily basis, Law without Justice challenges us to restore justice to the criminal justice system.
The Impacts of IDA Programs on Family Savings and Asset Holdings
Authors: Stegman Michael A , Faris Robert
Published: October 2023

This chapter supplements the growing body of empirical analysis of the national individual development account (IDA) demonstration known as the American Dream Demonstration (ADD). The subject of the chapter is the financial impacts of ADD on the net savings and asset holdings of program participants. The methodological focus and unique contribution of this research lie in our efforts to answer the important counterfactual question of what ADD participants would have saved had they not joined an IDA program. Because it deals with a hypothesis, we cannot answer this question exclusively from program data and participant interviews. Until results of an IDA experiment become available, we must rely upon statistical analysis using a different counterfactual question.
The Universal Piggy Bank: Designing and Implementing a System of Savings Accounts for Children
Authors: Goldberg Fred
Published: October 2023

The most challenging design issues relate to funding and distribution rules. With respect to funding, the choices are (a) a universal system funded through a 100-percent refundable tax credit (or direct government outlay) automatically provided to all eligible children, (b) a voluntary system funded through voluntary contributions encouraged by tax incentives, or (c) a hybrid system with both universal and voluntary features. Within the context of a voluntary system, a further fundamental design issue is the type(s) of tax incentives used to encourage contributions, for example, refundable or nonrefundable tax credits, tax deductible contributions, or elimination of taxes on accumulated earnings. In addition, under a voluntary system tax credit, deduction and contribution limits must be determined, and eligibility requirements must be established (e.g., the amount that could be contributed, the amount of credit or deduction associated with contributions, and whether benefits are phased out for upper-income taxpayers).
A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G
Published: October 2023

This comprehensive text on the pharmacological, medical, and legal aspects of drug abuse has been thoroughly updated for the Fourth Edition, and a new chapter on club drugs added. The chapter on medical effects was completely rewritten to focus on infections that develop in i.v. drug abusers, and information on the international regulation of drug use was added to the chapter on drug abuse and the law. The book is written at a level appropriate for upper level undergraduate students, graduate or medical students, and drug counselors. All major drugs of abuse are covered: tobacco, opiods, central stimulants (including cocaine, amphetamine, and caffeine), alcohol and other sedatives marijuana, club drugs (MDMA, GHB, and ketamine), hallucinogens, and volatile solvents. For each type the authors discuss history and culture, the characteristic patterns of use, subjective and physiological effects, mechanisms of pharmacological action, and toxic effects. Epidemiological aspects are discussed as well as pharmacological treatment possibilities where applicable.
The 1919 Revolution
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

By March 1919, as Koreans rose in protest against Japanese rule, events were coming to a head in Egypt as well. With tensions rising in Europe and across the empire, the British authorities in Egypt grew increasingly anxious over the Wafd’s success in mobilizing the Egyptian public behind its program of resistance to British rule. It was time, they decided, to move forcefully against its leadership. On March 6, the commander of the British forces in Egypt, General Watson, summoned Zaghlul and several of his lieutenants for an interview and warned them to stop their campaign against the British presence in Egypt.
Boolean Combinations and Search Limitations
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

Several techniques of searching can be used in multiple databases, and will enable you to be much more efficient in zeroing in quickly on the best sources. Among these techniques are Boolean combinations of terms, component word searching within controlled subject strings, word truncation, proximity searches, and limitations of sets by various specifications (language, date, geographic area code, document type). “Boolean” combinations derive their name from the British mathematician and logician George Boole (1815–1864); they refer to the capacities of most databases to combine multiple search elements within one inquiry. For example, a researcher interested in the topic “computer-assisted instructional techniques in the field of geography” was initially referred to the ERIC database, the largest index to journals and research reports in the field of education. This index has a list of controlled descriptor terms, somewhat analogous to the Library of Congress Subject Headings list used to standardize headings in book catalogs.
Making Sense Of Risk: An Agenda for Congress
Authors: Graham John D
Published: October 2023

The American people are suffering from what can be called “a syndrome of paranoia and neglect” about potential dangers to their health, safety, and the environment. This leads to a paradox that is becoming increasingly recognized. Large amounts of resources are devoted to slight or speculative dangers while substantial and well­ documented dangers remain unaddressed.
The Mirror Of The Gods
Authors: Bull Malcolm
Published: October 2023

By the end of the 15th century, the remains of the ancient gods littered the landscape of Western Europe. Christianity had erased the religions of ancient Greece and Rome and most Europeans believed the destruction of classical art was God's judgment on the pagan deities. How, then, did European artists during the next three centuries create such monumental works as Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus and Raphael’s Parnassus? In The Mirror of the Gods, Malcolm Bull tells the revolutionary story of how the great artists of Western Europe—from Botticelli and Leonardo to Titian and Rubens—revived the gods of ancient Greece and Rome. Each chapter focuses on a different deity and sheds dazzling new light on such familiar figures as Venus, Hercules, and Bacchus. Bull draws on hundreds of illustrations to illuminate the ancient myths through the eyes of Renaissance and Baroque artists, not as they appear in classical literature. When the wealthy and powerful princes of Christian Europe began to identify with the pagan gods, myth became the artist’s medium for telling the story of his own time. The Mirror of the Gods is the fascinating and extraordinary story of how Renaissance artists combined mythological imagery and artistic virtuosity to change the course of western art. The Mirror of the Gods profoundly deepens our understanding of some of the greatest and most subversive artwork in European history. This delightfully told, lavishly illustrated, and extraordinary book amply rewards our ongoing fascination with classical myth and Renaissance art.
The Lees of Virginia
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

There are few American families that feature such a collection of characters, both heroic and ignoble, who have made such a mark on history as the Lees. In The Lees of Virginia, Paul Nagel chronicles seven generations of Lees, covering over two hundred years of accolades and scandals. We meet Thomas Lee, who dreamed of America as a continental empire, and his son, Arthur Lee, who created a political storm with his accusations against Benjamin Franklin. Arthur's cousin was Light-Horse Harry Lee, a controversial cavalry officer in the Revolutionary War, whose wild real estate speculation led to imprisonment for debt and finally self-exile in the Caribbean. One of Harry's sons, Henry Lee, further disgraced the family by seducing his sister-in-law and frittering away Stratford, the Lees' ancestral home. It was a third son, Robert E. Lee, who would become the family's redeeming figure, a brilliant tactician still revered for his lofty character and military success. In these and numerous other portraits, Nagel discloses how, from 1640 to 1870, a family spirit united the Lees, making them a force in Virginian and American affairs. This Bicentennial Edition, celebrating the birth of Robert E. Lee in 1807, features a new Preface by the author in which he discusses the ways in which family biographies can contribute to the ongoing debate about what constitutes "family values." Paul Nagel is a leading chronicler of families prominent in our history. His Descent from Glory, a masterful narrative account of four generations of Adamses, was hailed by Chicago Sun-Times as "a magnificent embarrassment of biographical riches." Now, in The Lees of Virginia, Nagel brings his skills to bear on another major American family, taking readers inside the great estates of the Old Dominion and the turbulent lives of the Lee men and women.
Introduction to the Economics of Financial Markets
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

There are many textbooks for business students that provide a systematic, introductory development of the economics of financial markets. However, there are as yet no introductory textbooks aimed at more easily daunted undergraduate liberal arts students. Introduction to the Economics of Financial Markets fills this gap by providing an extremely accessible introductory exposition of how economists analyze both how, and how well, financial markets organize the intertemporal allocation of scarce resources. The central theme is that the function of a system of financial markets is to enable consumers, investors, and managers of firms to effect mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. James Bradfield uses the standard concept of economic efficiency (Pareto Optimality) to assess the efficacy of the financial markets. He presents an intuitive, and introductory, understanding of the primary theoretical and empirical models that economists use to analyze financial markets, and then uses these models to discuss implications for public policy. Students who use this text will acquire an understanding of the economics of financial markets that will enable them to read, with some sophistication, articles in the public press about financial markets and about public policy toward those markets. The book is addressed to undergraduate students in the liberal arts, but will also be useful for undergraduate and beginning graduate students in programs of business administration who want an understanding of how economists assess financial markets against the criteria of allocative and informational efficiency.
The Wealth of Wives
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: October 2023

London became an international center for import and export trade in the late Middle Ages. The export of wool, the development of luxury crafts and the redistribution of goods from the continent made London one of the leading commercial cities of Europe. While capital for these ventures came from a variety of sources, the recirculation of wealth through London women was important in providing both material and social capital for the growth of London's economy. A shrewd Venetian visiting England around 1500 commented about the concentration of wealth and property in women's hands. He reported that London law divided a testator's property three ways allowing a third to the wife for her life use, a third for immediate inheritance of the heirs, and a third for burial and the benefit of the testator's soul. Women inherited equally with men and widows had custody of the wealth of minor children. In a society in which marriage was assumed to be a natural state for women, London women married and remarried. Their wealth followed them in their marriages and was it was administered by subsequent husbands. This study, based on extensive use of primary source materials, shows that London's economic growth was in part due to the substantial wealth that women transmitted through marriage. The Italian visitor observed that London men, unlike Venetians, did not seek to establish long patrilineages discouraging women to remarry, but instead preferred to recirculate wealth through women. London's social structure, therefore, was horizontal, spreading wealth among guilds rather than lineages. The liquidity of wealth was important to a growing commercial society and women brought not only wealth but social prestige and trade skills as well into their marriages. But marriage was not the only economic activity of women. London law permitted women to trade in their own right as femmes soles and a number of women, many of them immigrants from the countryside, served as wage laborers. But London's archives confirm women's chief economic impact was felt in the capital and skill they brought with them to marriages, rather than their profits as independent traders or wage labourers.
Introduction
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: October 2023

Women in London were in a unique position to have an impact on the city’s growing economy in the late Middle Ages. As London became a leading commercial city in Europe, women contributed to the household economy and the retail trade, but they also helped to provide the capital for London’s expansion in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as it became a leading commercial city in Europe. The city was a major participant in the international trade in raw wool to the weavers of Flanders and Italy and also established itself as a distribution center for goods such as wine, fine cloth imported from the Continent, and, increasingly, luxury items produced in London itself. Trade and merchant guilds gained in power, and—although revolts of the ordinary people occurred—London’s government became more oligarchic and more stable. Major officers, such as the mayor, were selected from among citizens who were members of the most powerful guilds. International trade, the presence of the royal government in Westminster, and crafts (particularly in the production of luxury items such as silk weaving and goldsmithing) fueled the city’s growing wealth. The Hundred Years’ War contributed to London’s importance, perhaps even providing silver and gold looted from France for the goldsmiths of the city to work and for wealthy Londoners to place in their homes. All of these economic and political roles Introduction involved men and seem to leave little role for women, but London’s laws were generous to women in terms of inheritance, dower, dowry, and wardship of their children and their inheritances. Women had access to courts to preserve their rights, and city officials oversaw the administration of laws regarding women, their children, and their property.
Recovery of Dower and Widows’ Remarriage
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: October 2023

A Venetian writing of his visit to England around 1500 observed the concentration of wealth and property in women’s hands. He accurately reported that London law divided a testator’s property three ways, allowing a third to the wife for her life use, a third for immediate inheritance of the heirs, and a third for burial and the benefit of the testator’s soul. But he also commented that the wife managed during her lifetime to secret away some extra wealth. The widow took into a second marriage, as well as her portion, the inheritance of minor children, for the new husband’s use, if not ownership. The children, he claimed, never received the full value of their father’s estate. The Italian visitor observed that in London, unlike Venice, long patrilineages did not exist, and he blamed this on the division of property when the head of the family died. The twentieth-century scholar of London Sylvia Thrupp argued that the reason that strong patrilineages did not develop in London was that as soon as merchant families acquired wealth, usually in two generations, they married into the gentry families or bought estates in the country and were absorbed into the gentry. But the Italian visitor might also have been correct about the reason that London seemed to have more horizontal social ties than the vertical ones that were common in Venice, Florence, and Ghent. London’s laws were generous with daughters, wives, and widows, with the result that a significant amount of London’s real estate and liquid wealth passed through the hands of women.
Women as Entrepreneurs
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: October 2023

Women’s economic activities included entrepreneurship and work in various occupations. Women’s work was essential for the medieval economy in both the rural and urban areas, but it was not highly paid, and in urban centers women might move through a variety of jobs, including service, vending, and crafts. Despite London’s law permitting married wives to trade as femmes soles and widows to take over a husbands’ businesses, few women became entrepreneurs. Necessary as female labor was, it had less of an economic impact on London’s capital formation than the money and property that passed through women in the form of inheritance, dowry, dower, and their role in the consumer economy. If women did not contribute to London’s capital formation as entrepreneurs, their labor was essential for the functioning of the city, if they were helping in their husbands’ shops, spinning, or working in service positions. Women were also important to the economy as mothers, household managers, trainers of servants, and caregivers. This unpaid labor was basic for a functioning society and economy. This chapter, however, looks at women in the real estate market, their management of property, and their business ventures.
Phase III (1981–88): Liberalization By Stealth
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

As discussed in detail in the previous chapter, by the time the first oil price crisis hit the world economy, Mrs. Gandhi had implemented the key components of the Ten-Point Program. All major banks, insurance companies, oil companies, and coal mines had been nationalized. With some exceptions, foreign companies were in the process of being brought under the purview of FERA, 1973, which required most of them to lower foreign equity to 40 percent and to register in India as Indian companies. Activity of big business houses and large enterprises was subject to tight controls and confined to a narrow range of industries. A number of products came to be reserved for manufacture exclusively by small-scale enterprises. Licensing reigned supreme in virtually all industries. Entry and expansion of firms came to be governed by a series of lists subject to a complex web of rules. The most important of these lists were the following: Schedule A of the Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR), 1956 listed industries reserved for the public sector, though the state reserved the right to invite the private sector to cooperate if it saw such cooperation as in the national interest.
Phase IV (1988–2006): Triumph Of Liberalization
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

Phase IV began with an unprecedented growth spurt that ended in a balance of payments crisis. The response to the crisis was a major liberalization on both the domestic and the external fronts. The economy was successfully stabilized, and growth at the higher rate resumed within a short period. The higher growth has been maintained to date, and prospects are good that with some key reforms it can be raised further. Though the necessity to borrow from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank had subjected the initial liberalization package to the conditionality of these institutions, the proposed reforms were essentially domestic in origin. The crisis and the conditionality did speed up the initial liberalization, but the measures essentially reflected the consensus that had emerged among the Indian policymakers. Contrary to the assertions by many, the influence of the IMF and the World Bank was confined to the first set of actions. After the World Bank structural adjustment loan (SAL) of December 1991, which concluded in December 1992, the government of India was back in the driving seat. From then on, it was the World Bank that needed India rather than the opposite. It wanted to maintain the appearance of being involved in India’s liberalization process, and therefore continued to lend money. For example, the trade and investment liberalization loan that followed the SAL was an entirely opportunistic move on the part of the Bank and came without conditions.
The external sector On the Road to Capital Account Convertibility?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

We saw in the last chapter that the government budget is intimately linked to the external sector. For example, the government partially finances its expenditures by borrowing abroad. This fact directly links the government budget to the external sector. In turn, the external debt the government accumulates has important bearing on the conduct of its fiscal policy. The government’s spending also impacts the current account in an essential way, which further links the budget and the external account. In this chapter, we frontally focus on the external account. Specifically, we consider the current account and capital account transactions and their effects on the broad aggregates of the economy such as prices, exchange rate, and monetary policy. We begin by returning to the investment-savings and balance of payments identities introduced in the last chapter. To recapitulate, we saw in the last chapter that foreign savings must fill the gap between private domestic investment and private plus public domestic savings. Foreign savings themselves equal the current account deficit. In turn, the balance of payments identity dictates that the current account deficit be equal to the net external capital inflows minus the change in the volume of foreign exchange reserves held by the RBI.
International Trade Carrying Liberalization Forward
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

India grew 6.3 percent per annum during 1988–2006. During 2003–07, the annual growth rate was 8.6 percent. The 2007–08 budget places the quick estimate for 2005–06 at 9 percent and the advance estimate for 2006–07 at 9.2 percent (the central Statistical Organization produces GDP estimates at various stages and revises them as better information becomes available. Advance Estimate is the most tentative and is followed by Quick Estimate.) The possibility that the long-run growth rate of India may have shifted to the levels achieved by the East Asian tigers in the 1960s and 1970s can no longer be ruled out. Yet, even as the economy picks up pace and poverty continues to decrease, there remain doubts about the transformation of India from a primarily agricultural and rural economy to a modern one in the foreseeable future. This transformation has not progressed as far as one would expect, based on the experience of other Asian countries. For example, the proportion of the workforce employed in agriculture in the Republic of Korea fell from 68 percent in 1960 to 50 percent in 1970 and to 34 percent in 1980. In India, the decline has been far more attenuated: from 67 percent in 1991 to 58 percent in 2001. In terms of rural-urban split, the data give an even more pessimistic picture: Rural population fell from 79 percent of the total population in 1991 to just 77 percent in 2001.
Tax Reform Toward A Uniform Goods And Services Tax
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

In part III, we considered taxes and revenues at the aggregate level in relation to the fiscal deficit. In doing so, we restricted ourselves to macroeconomic issues such as how gaps between total taxes and expenditures contribute to budget deficits, and how they should be adjusted over time on the way to reducing the latter. We now turn to microeconomic aspects of taxes and expenditures, focusing in particular on the efficiency implications of their overall level and allocation across different sectors.
Transportation A Solvable Problem
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

There are four modes of transportation: roads, railways, air, and water. In each case, we must deal with issues related to the building of infrastructure: airports, ports, roads, and railway tracks. In addition, we must consider issues related to the organizational structure of the commercial vehicles industries that move the traffic on each mode: trucks and buses on the roads, passenger and freight trains on the railway tracks, passenger and cargo planes at the airports, and vessels of various sizes moving into and out of ports. In this chapter, I will consider both aspects of infrastructure, though the emphasis will vary from mode to mode. For example, I will consider the airline industry in detail, but not shipping.
Doubting Vision
Authors: Turvey Malcolm
Published: October 2023

The film theories of Jean Epstein, Dziga Vertov, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer have long been studied separately from each other. In Doubting Vision, film scholar Malcolm Turvey argues that their work constitutes a distinct, hitherto neglected tradition, which he calls revelationism, and which differs in important ways from modernism and realism. For these four theorists and filmmakers, the cinema is an art of mass enlightenment because it escapes the limits of human sight and reveals the true nature of reality. Turvey provides a detailed exegesis of this tradition, pointing to its sources in Romanticism, the philosophy of Henri Bergson, modern science, and other intellectual currents. He also shows how profoundly it has influenced contemporary film theory by examining the work of psychoanalytical-semiotic theorists of the 1970s, Stanley Cavell, the modern-day followers of Kracauer and Walter Benjamin, and Gilles Deleuze. Throughout, Turvey offers a trenchant critique of revelationism and its descendants. Combining the close analysis of theoretical texts with the philosophical method of conceptual clarification pioneered by the later Wittgenstein, he shows how the arguments theorists and filmmakers have made about human vision and the cinema’s revelatory powers often traffic in conceptual confusion. Having identified and extricated these confusions, Turvey builds on the work of Epstein, Vertov, Balazs, and Kracauer as well as contemporary philosophers of film to clarify some legitimate senses in which the cinema is a revelatory art using examples from the films of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Jacques Tati.