bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Arrest and Movement’: Tippett’s Second Piano Sonata and the Genesis of a Method
Authors: STANNARD IAIN
Published: February 2008

The terms ‘arrest’ and ‘movement’, deployed by Tippett in his Third Symphony (1970–2) as part of what Kemp defines as a ‘dialectic of strong contrasts’, were in fact significant at an earlier stage of the composer’s output. Some ten years previously Arrest and Movement appears as a possible title for his Second Piano Sonata in the pencil manuscript of the work. Tippett’s notebooks further reveal how these two categories determined the formation of two distinct types of temporality in the piece: one halting or stuttering, the other flowing. Art critic Henriette Groenewegen-Frankfort’s book Arrest and Movement: an Essay on Space and Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East, which was published in 1951 and which Tippett is known to have read, uses these terms to explore the relationship between spatial and temporal representation. This prompts investigation of the arrest–movement dialectic in Tippett’s Sonata along analogous lines, analysing structure, balance, and use of quasi-spatial proportions. The two threads converge by means of the criterion of ‘monumentality’, a term Groenewegen-Frankfort uses to describe works of particularly effective balance. While critical evaluation of the Sonata might suggest that this work itself falls short of ‘monumental’ stature, it is arguable that Tippett was able to carry forward lessons learned to works of his later œuvre (such as his Fourth Symphony), which do indeed approach this status.
The Musicology of Record Production
Authors: ZAGORSKI-THOMAS SIMON
Published: February 2008

This article, which is intended as a starting point for debate rather than a definitive statement, proposes an outline structure for a musicology of record production. While such a musicology cannot exist as an entity separate from other aspects of musical analysis, it is hoped that a coherent set of tools for analysing the production of recorded music will prove useful. The main discussion is divided into six sections, under the following headings: the development of technology; staging; ergonomics and embodiment; training and practice; the negotiation between performance practice and recording practice; and consumer influence. During the course of the article I examine the scope of existing work in this field and, in some instances, make suggestions for future investigation.
The Cambrian Fauna of the Leny Limestone, Perthshire, Scotland
Authors: Fletcher Terence P. , Rushton Adrian W. A.
Published: February 2008

Dark limestones in the old quarries at Leny, Perthshire contain sparse beds with tiny fossils. They are poorly preserved and, though barely affected by the Ordovician Grampian Event tectonism, there is some taphonomic distortion and many are corroded along stylolitised horizons. The fauna mainly comprises trilobites of two types, open-ocean miomerids and polymerid shelf dwellers. MiomeridsCondylopygecf.eliandKiskinella cristataindicate a stratigraphical position equivalent to the base of the paradoxidid Amgan Stage of Siberia; traditionally regarded as ‘Middle Cambrian’. However, the bulk of the Leny miomerids, notably species ofPagetides, are forms described from the outer edge of Laurentia, within theBonnia–OlenellusZone, where it is considered to be ‘Lower Cambrian’. The Leny polymerids were likely transported off-shelf and some are conspecific with taxa in the Laurentian allochthonous Quebec and New York successions of the Early–Middle Ordovician (Taconic) Appalachian Orogen. The Leny Limestone and Shale Member of the Keltie Water Grit Formation is part of the Dalradian Supergroup deposited in an off-shelf Caledonide Grampian Terrane of the Humber Tectonostratigraphical Zone, midway between the North American successions and the Greenland Caledonides.

Additional to the trilobites, brachiopods, sponges, hyoliths, bradoriids and a selection of indeterminable organic fragments occur; none of which has any particular age significance.
The affinities of the Carboniferous whip spider Graeophonus anglicus Pocock, 1911 (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
Authors: Dunlop Jason A. , Zhou George R. S. , Braddy Simon J.
Published: February 2008

The Late Carboniferous whip spiderGraeophonus anglicusPocock, 1911 (Arachnida: Amblypygi), is redescribed on the basis of the holotype and nine other specimens all preserved in sideritic nodules from the British Middle Coal Measures of Coseley, Staffordshire, UK. This species is clearly basal with respect to most living whip spiders, expressing numerous plesiomorphic character states and can be referred to both the suborder Paleoamblypygi and the ‘living fossil’ family Paracharontidae (with one Recent species), the latter based on an explict character of dorsal spination on the pedipalp femur. This suggests that crown-group Amblypygi originated by at least the mid-Palaeozoic.
Slab stiffness control of trench motion: Insights from numerical models
Authors: Di Giuseppe E. , van Hunen J. , Funiciello F. , Faccenna C. , Giardini D.
Published: February 2008

Subduction zones are not static features, but trenches retreat (roll back) or advance. Here, we investigate the dominant dynamic controls on trench migration by means of two‐ and three‐dimensional numerical modeling of subduction. This investigation has been carried out by systematically varying the geometrical and rheological model parameters. Our viscoplastic models illustrate that advancing style subduction is promoted by a thick plate, a large viscosity ratio between plate and mantle, and a small density contrast between plate and mantle or an intermediate width (w ∼ 1300 km). Advancing slabs dissipate ∼45% to ∼50% of the energy in the system. Thin plates with relatively low viscosity or relatively high density, or wide slabs (w ∼ 2300 km), on the other hand, promote subduction in the retreating style (i.e., slab roll‐back). The energy dissipated by a retreating slab is ∼35% to ∼40% of the total dissipated energy. Most of the energy dissipation occurs in the mantle to accommodate the slab motion, whereas the lithosphere dissipates the remaining part to bend and “unbend.” With a simple scaling law we illustrate that this complex combination of model parameters influencing trench migration can be reduced to a single one: plate stiffness. Stiffer slabs cause the trench to advance, whereas more flexible slabs lead to trench retreat. The reason for this is that all slabs will bend into the subduction zone because of their low plastic strength near the surface, but stiff slabs have more difficulty “unbending” at depth, when arriving at the 660‐km discontinuity. Those bent slabs tend to cause the trench to advance. In a similar way, variation of the viscoplasticity parameters in the plate may change the style of subduction: a low value of friction coefficient weakens the plate and results in a retreating style, while higher values strengthen the plate and promote the advancing subduction style. Given the fact that also on Earth the oldest (and therefore probably stiffest) plates have the fastest advancing trenches, we hypothesize that the ability of slabs to unbend after subduction forms the dominant control on trench migration.
Wildfire smoke injection heights: Two perspectives from space
Authors: Kahn Ralph A. , Chen Yang , Nelson David L. , Leung Fok‐Yan , Li Qinbin , Diner David J. , Logan Jennifer A.
Published: February 2008

The elevation at which wildfire smoke is injected into the atmosphere has a strong influence on how the smoke is dispersed, and is a key input to aerosol transport models. Aerosol layer height is derived with great precision from space‐borne lidar, but horizontal sampling is very poor on a global basis. Aerosol height derived from space‐borne stereo imaging is limited to source plumes having discernable features. But coverage is vastly greater, and captures the cores of major fires, where buoyancy can be sufficient to lift smoke above the near‐surface boundary layer. Initial assessment of smoke injection from the Alaska‐Yukon region during summer 2004 finds at least about 10% of wildfire smoke plumes reached the free troposphere. Modeling of smoke environmental impacts can benefit from the combined strengths of the stereo and lidar observations.
Chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles formed from nucleation in Tecamac, Mexico: Evidence for an important role for organic species in nanoparticle growth
Authors: Smith J. N. , Dunn M. J. , VanReken T. M. , Iida K. , Stolzenburg M. R. , McMurry P. H. , Huey L. G.
Published: February 2008

We report Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS) measurements of the composition of ambient 10–33 nm diameter particles formed from nucleation on 16 March 2006 in Tecamac, Mexico during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) field study. On this day, nucleated particles contained far more organics than sulfates: average ion molar ratios with measurement uncertainties for nitrate, organics and sulfur species were 6 ± 2%, 84 ± 5%, and 10 ± 1%, respectively. The measured organic species include nitrogen‐containing organic compounds, organic acids, and hydroxy organic acids. Independent calculations show that sulfuric acid condensation could have accounted for only 10 ± 2% of the growth that was observed on this day, which is consistent with the TDCIMS measurements of composition. It follows that organic compounds play a dominant role the high growth rates that were observed.
Pickup oxygen ion velocity space and spatial distribution around Mars
Authors: Fang Xiaohua , Liemohn Michael W. , Nagy Andrew F. , Ma Yingjuan , De Zeeuw Darren L. , Kozyra Janet U. , Zurbuchen Thomas H.
Published: February 2008

We report a newly created highly parallelized global test particle model for resolving the pickup oxygen ion distribution around Mars. The background magnetic and convection electric fields are calculated using a three‐dimensional multispecies magnetohydrodynamic model, which includes the effect of the Martian crustal magnetic field. In addition to photo‐ionization, charge exchange collisions and solar wind electron impact ionization are included for the pickup ion generation. The most novel feature of our model is that more than one billion test particles are launched in the simulation domain in total. This corresponds to a profound enhancement by at least 3 orders of magnitude in the total number, compared to all existing test particle models. This substantial improvement enables an unprecedented examination of the pickup ion flux distribution in velocity space, which is not achievable in previous simulation studies due to the insufficient statistics arising from the limited number of test particles. Using the velocity space distribution of pickup O+ ions as a tool, the Mars‐solar wind interaction can be investigated in a unique way. It is shown that the velocity space distribution is highly non‐Maxwellian, exhibiting non‐gyrotropic and non‐symmetric distributions, including many beam‐like features. In the tail region, pickup ions have a prominent outflowing component in the whole energy range. The energy examination of particles traveling across the tail region shows that the acceleration highly depends on the source region where the particles originate. The strong convection electric field in the magnetosheath region is favorable to the pickup ion acceleration.
Tidal variability in the ionospheric dynamo region
Authors: Forbes J. M. , Zhang X. , Palo S. , Russell J. , Mertens C. J. , Mlynczak M.
Published: February 2008

The seasonal and interannual variability of migrating (Sun‐synchronous) and nonmigrating solar atmospheric tides at altitudes between 100 and 116 km are investigated using temperature measurements made with the SABER instrument on the TIMED spacecraft during 2002–2006. Quasi‐biennial variations of order ±10–15% in migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tidal amplitudes are found, presumably due to modulation by the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) as the tides propagate from their troposphere and stratospheric sources to the lower thermosphere. A number of nonmigrating tidal components are found that have the potential to produce significant longitudinal variability of the total tidal fields. The most prominent of these, i.e., those that appear at amplitudes of order 5–10 K in a 5‐year mean climatology, include the zonally symmetric (s = 0) diurnal tide (D0); the eastward propagating diurnal and semidiurnal tides with zonal wave numbers s = −2 (DE2 and SE2) and s = −3 (DE3 and SE3); and the following westward propagating waves: diurnal s = 2 (DW2); semidiurnal s = 1 (SW1), s = 3 (SW3), and s = 4 (SW4); and terdiurnal s = 5 (TW5). These waves can be plausibly accounted for by nonlinear interaction between migrating tidal components and stationary planetary waves with s = 1 or s = 2 or by longitudinal variations of tropospheric thermal forcing. Additional waves that occur during some years or undergo phase cancellation within construction of a 5‐year climatology include DW5, SE1, SE4, SW6, TE1, TW1, and TW7. It is anticipated that the winds that accompany all of these waves in the 100–170 km region will impose longitudinal variability in the electric fields produced through the ionospheric dynamo mechanism, thereby modulating vertical motion of the equatorial ionosphere and the concomitant plasma densities. In addition to the wave‐4 modulation of the equatorial ionosphere that has recently been discovered and replicated in modeling studies, the waves revealed here will generate wave‐1 (SW1, SW3, D0, DW2), wave‐2 (SW4, TW1), wave‐3 (DE2, SE1), wave‐4 (DE3, SE2, DW5, SW6, TE1, TW7), wave‐5 (SE3), and wave‐6 (SE4) components of this ionospheric variability, depending on year and time of year. However, the absolute and relative efficiencies with which these waves produce electric fields remains to be determined.
Global structure and dynamics of large‐scale fluctuations in the solar wind: Voyager 2 observations during 2005 and 2006
Authors: Burlaga L. F. , Ness N. F , Acũna M. H. , Wang Y.‐M. , Sheeley N. R. , Wang C. , Richardson J. D.
Published: February 2008

The Voyager 2 (V2) observations of daily averages of the solar wind during 2005 and 2006 from 75.3 AU to 81.6 AU between ≈25.7°S and 27.1°S show both a step‐like trend in the speed V(t) and “large‐scale fluctuations” of the magnetic field strength B, speed V, density N and temperature T. The distribution functions of B, N, and NV2observed by V2 are lognormal and that of V is approximately Gaussian. We introduce a method for specifying the boundary conditions at all latitudes (except near the poles) on a Sun‐centered surface of radius of 1 AU, based on solar magnetic field observations. This paper uses only the boundary conditions at the latitude of V2 and a 1‐D time‐dependent MHD model to calculate the radial evolution of the large‐scale fluctuations of B(t), V(t) and N(t) at distances between 1 and 90 AU. This model explains the V2 observations of a lognormal distribution of B and the Gaussian distribution of V, but not the observed lognormal distributions of N and NV2. The lognormal distribution of B observed by V2 was produced primarily by dynamical processes beyond 1 AU.
Measuring oxygen concentrations to improve the detection capabilities of an ocean circulation observation array
Authors: Brennan Catherine E. , Matear Richard J. , Keller Klaus
Published: February 2008

The North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) may weaken or even collapse in response to anthropogenic climate forcing, with potentially nontrivial socioeconomic impacts. One currently implemented MOC observation system uses temperature and salinity (as well as other) observations along a zonal transect in the North Atlantic. The resulting MOC estimate has, however, a relatively low signal‐to‐noise ratio due to large internal variability and observation errors. Observations of hydrographic tracers that are mechanistically linked to MOC changes may increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio. A MOC slowdown is associated in model simulations with a shoaling of the boundary between North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water. This shoaling results in detectable trends in water mass tracers. Here we deploy a virtual observation array into a numerical model starting in model year 2006 to test whether observing the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) in addition to the MOC estimate improves detection capabilities. Our detection method accounts for observation errors, autocorrelated variability, and uncertainty about the initial conditions. Neglecting the effects of observation errors and the uncertainty about the initial conditions results in artificially early detection times. The MOC signal alone enables reliable detection in roughly five decades. Adding AOU observations reduces this detection time by approximately 40%.
Adjustment of global precipitation data for orographic effects using observed annual streamflow and the LaD model
Authors: Xia Y.
Published: February 2008

Precipitation is one of the most important forcing data sets to drive land surface models to simulate global and regional water balances. However, precipitation cannot be accurately measured in high‐latitudes and mountainous regions because of gauge undercatch and orographic effects, and estimation of precipitation is also difficult in these regions. In this study, a calibration method is developed to make a globally consistent adjustment for the underestimation of gridded precipitation in mountainous regions. This method contains an optimization algorithm, a land surface model, and a global digital elevation model. The calibration results show that when precipitation is adjusted by orographic bias and gauge undercatch, the optimization algorithm gives the smallest root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and modeled runoff ratio in 24 basins over the world. Either gauge undercatch correction or orographic bias correction of precipitation can only reduce the error between observed and modeled runoff ratio; however, it cannot generate the smallest RMSE. Evaluation and validation of 12 basins in the continental US (CONUS) show that optimally adjusted precipitation is close to reference precipitation.
HTDMA analysis of multicomponent dicarboxylic acid aerosols with comparison to UNIFAC and ZSR
Authors: Moore R. H. , Raymond T. M.
Published: February 2008

The deliquescence and hygroscopic growth of laboratory‐generated aerosols containing inorganic salts and/or mixtures of 1–10 different multifunctional dicarboxylic acids were observed using an hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA), and the results were compared to predictions from the Zdanovskii‐Stokes‐Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule and Universal Quasi‐Chemical Functional Group Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC) group contribution method. Dicarboxylic acids were chosen because of their atmospheric ubiquity. The results show that mixtures of five or more multifunctional dicarboxylic acids exhibit similar hygroscopic growth, to within experimental uncertainty, despite different chemistries. UNIFAC predictions of water uptake were observed to be in good agreement with the complex organic mixture data, while Modified UNIFAC overpredicted water uptake. Continuous growth curves for these mixtures indicate that particles are likely hydrated even at low RHs. Predictions were inconsistent for fewer‐component mixtures, and ZSR was used to model incomplete dissolution of some species to better approximate the HTDMA data. Individual mixture species do not necessarily contribute equally to overall water uptake and are discussed in detail. Finally, it was observed that the deliquescence point and water uptake were significantly depressed for mixtures of organics and an inorganic salt, relative to the pure inorganic salt. Predictions from the ZSR mixing rule based on experimental measurements were in good agreement with the data. These results suggest that the behavior of complex mixtures of dicarboxylic acids exhibit water uptake consistent with the total number of moles present in solution, but irrespective of individual component hygroscopicity. This simplification will aid in incorporating these compounds into parameterizations of aerosol growth.
Estimation of surface longwave radiation components from ground‐based historical net radiation and weather data
Authors: Park Gi‐Hyeon , Gao Xiaogang , Sorooshian Soroosh
Published: February 2008

A methodology for estimating ground upwelling, clear‐sky and cloud downwelling longwave radiations (L↑, Lsky↓, and Lcld↓) and net shortwave radiation (Sn) at 30‐min temporal scales based on long‐term ground‐based net radiations and meteorological observations is described. Components of surface radiation can be estimated from empirical models, cloud radiation models, and remote sensing observations. The proposed method combines the local calibration of empirical models and the radiative energy balance method to obtain the dual‐directional, dual‐spectral components of the surface radiation for the offline land surface process modeling and ecosystem study. By extracting information of radiation components from long‐term net radiation and concurrent weather data, the utility of tower net radiation observations is maximized. Four test sites with multiyears' radiation records were used to evaluate the method. The results show that when compared with the results of empirical models using default parameters the proposed method is able to produce more accurate estimates of longwave surface components (Lg↑, Lsky↓, Lcld↓) and net shortwave radiation (Sn). Overall, the estimated and observed surface radiation components show high correlations (>0.90), high index of agreement (>0.89), and low errors (root mean square error <30 W m−2 and bias <11 W m−2) at all of the test sites. The advantage of this scheme is that the refinement is achieved using the information from the historical net radiation and weather data at each observation site without additional measurements. This method is applicable for many existing observation sites worldwide which have long‐term (at least 1 year) continuous net radiation records.
Recent variability and trends of Antarctic near‐surface temperature
Authors: Monaghan Andrew J. , Bromwich David H. , Chapman William , Comiso Josefino C.
Published: February 2008

A new monthly 1° × 1° Antarctic near‐surface temperature reconstruction for 1960–2005 is presented. The use of numerical model fields to establish spatial relationships between fifteen continuous observational temperature records and the voids to which they are interpolated inherently accounts for the effects of the atmospheric circulation and topography on temperature variability. Employing a fixed observation network ensures that the reconstruction uncertainty remains constant in time. Comparison with independent observations indicates that the reconstruction and two other gridded observational temperature records are useful for evaluating regional near‐surface temperature variability and trends throughout Antarctica. The reconstruction has especially good skill at reproducing temperature trends during the warmest months when melt contributes to ice sheet mass loss. The spatial variability of monthly near‐surface temperature trends is strongly dependent on the season and time period analyzed. Statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) positive trends occur over most regions and months during 1960–2005. By contrast, 1970–2005 trends are weakly negative overall, consistent with positive trends in the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM) during summer and autumn. Subtle near‐surface temperature increases during winter from 1970 to 2000 are consistent with tropospheric warming from radiosonde records and a lack of winter SAM trends. Widespread but statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) warming over Antarctica from 1992 to 2005 coincides with a leveling off of upward SAM trends during summer and autumn since the mid‐1990s. Weakly significant annual trends (p < 0.10) of about +1 K decade−1 are found at three stations in interior and coastal East Antarctica since 1992. The subtle shift toward warming during the past 15 years raises the question of whether the recent trends are linked more closely to anthropogenic influences or multidecadal variability.
Eocene exhumation and basin development in the Puna of northwestern Argentina
Authors: Carrapa B. , DeCelles P. G.
Published: February 2008

The Puna is part of the larger Puna‐Altiplano Plateau (also known as the Central Andean Plateau), characterized by high elevation, low relief, and aridity, located in the central Andes of Bolivia and Argentina. Tertiary sedimentary rocks preserved within the Puna contain a unique archive of information regarding the paleogeography, depositional environments, and timing of sediment source exhumation during the early stages of Andean mountain building. The Eocene Geste Formation in the Salar de Pastos Grandes area (within the central Puna of northwestern Argentina) consists of deposits that are the result of confined to unconfined flows in a sandy to gravelly, braided fluvial system and alluvial fans proximal to the source terrane. Paleocurrent data document an overall eastward flow direction. Up‐section coarsening of the Geste Formation suggests that topographic relief in the source area increased through time, possibly owing to enhanced tectonic activity and source terrane unroofing. Sandstone petrography and conglomerate clast‐count data document quartzose and phyllitic compositions typical of Ordovician rocks preserved just west of the Salar de Pastos Grandes area. Paleocene‐Eocene detrital apatite fission track age populations (P1: ∼35–52 Ma; P2: ∼52–65 Ma) of the Geste Formation and their consistent trends up‐section suggest moderate to rapid (∼0.4 mm/a to >1 mm/a) exhumation of western sediment sources during the early to mid‐Tertiary stages of Andean mountain building. Sedimentation rates increase up‐section from ∼0.1 mm/a to 1 mm/a. Our data, when combined with other structural, stratigraphic and seismic evidence from surrounding regions, suggest that the Geste Formation was deposited in response to crustal shortening and resulting erosion and sedimentation, which started as early as Cretaceous in the Chilean Cordillera de Domeyko and in the Salar de Pastos Grandes area by Eocene time. The Geste Formation could be interpreted either as a local wedge‐top accumulation on the eastward propagating central Andean orogenic wedge, or as a local intermontane basin. The similarities between wedge‐top deposits preserved in Bolivia and Eocene deposits in northwestern Argentina, south of ∼25°S, lead us to favor the wedge‐top scenario for the Geste Formation. If correct, this implies that the deformation front of the Andean orogenic wedge incorporated both thin‐ and thick‐skinned structures as it migrated, possibly unsteadily, from the Cordillera de Domeyko during the Cretaceous‐Paleocene to areas within the Puna and Eastern Cordillera by mid‐late Eocene time. Contemporaneously, a regional‐scale foreland basin system developed over an along‐strike distance of at least 650 km.
Dating groundwater with trifluoromethyl sulfurpentafluoride (SF5CF3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), CF3Cl (CFC‐13), and CF2Cl2 (CFC‐12)
Authors: Busenberg Eurybiades , Plummer L. Niel
Published: February 2008

A new groundwater dating procedure using the transient atmospheric signal of the environmental tracers SF5CF3, CFC‐13, SF6, and CFC‐12 was developed. The analytical procedure determines concentrations of the four tracers in air and water samples. SF5CF3 and CFC‐13 can be used to date groundwaters in some environments where the CFCs and SF6 have previously failed because these new tracers have increasing atmospheric input functions, no known terrigenic source, and are believed to be stable under reducing conditions. SF5CF3 has a dating range from 1970 to modern; the mixing ratio (mole fraction) in North American air has increased from the detection limit of 0.005 parts per trillion (ppt) to the 2006 mole fraction of about 0.16 ppt. No evidence was found for degradation of SF5CF3 in laboratory anaerobic systems. The solubility of SF5CF3 was measured in water from 1 to 35°C. Groundwater samples that contained large amounts of terrigenic SF6 did not contain terrigenic SF5CF3. CFC‐13 is a trace atmospheric gas with a dating range in groundwater of about 1965 to modern. CFC‐13 has been used primarily in very low‐temperature refrigeration; thus groundwater environments are less likely to be contaminated with nonatmospheric sources as compared to other widely used CFCs. Because of the low solubility of SF5CF3 and CFC‐13 in water, an excess air correction must be applied to the apparent ages. The new dating procedure was tested in water samples from wells and springs from Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Viruses in granitic groundwater from 69 to 450 m depth of the Äspö hard rock laboratory, Sweden
Authors: Kyle Jennifer E , Eydal Hallgerd S C , Ferris F Grant , Pedersen Karsten
Published: February 2008

The objectives of this study were to determine if viruses exist in deep granitic groundwater and to analyse their abundance and morphological diversity. Fluorescent microscopy counts on 10 groundwater samples ranging from 69 to 450 m depth were in the range of 104–106 TNC ml−1 (TNC, total number of prokaryotic cells) and 105–107 VLP ml−1 (VLP, virus-like particles). A good positive correlation of VLP with TNC (r=0.91, P=0.0003) was found with an average VLP/TNC ratio of 12. Transmission electron microscopy revealed four distinct bacteriophage groups (polyhedral, tailed, filamentous and pleomorphic) with at least seven phage families of which some are known to be lytic. Our results suggest the presence of viruses in deep granitic groundwater up to 450 m depth. If they are active and lytic, they will constitute an important group of predators that might control the numbers of microorganisms in the analysed groundwater.
Relative Contributions of Adiposity and Muscularity to Physical Function in Community‐dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Jankowski Catherine M. , Gozansky Wendolyn S. , Van Pelt Rachael E. , Schenkman Margaret L. , Wolfe Pamela , Schwartz Robert S. , Kohrt Wendy M.
Published: February 2008

Objective: To determine the relative contributions of adiposity and muscularity to multi‐dimensional performance‐based and perceived physical function in older adults living independently.

Methods and Procedures: Data from 109 women and men, aged 60 or older, with low serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate levels were included in this cross‐sectional analysis of baseline measures from a single‐site, randomized, controlled trial of DHEA replacement therapy. Physical function was determined by means of performance on the 100‐point Continuous Scale‐Physical Functional Performance (CS‐PFP) test and by self‐reporting using the physical function subscale of the Medical Outcomes Short Form‐36 (SF36PF). Body composition was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Linear regression analyses were used to determine the contributions of body mass index (BMI; kg body mass/m2), fat index (FI; kg fat/m2), and appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI; kg muscle/m2) to the CS‐PFP and SF36PF scores, adjusted for age and sex.

Results: Age‐adjusted regression analyses indicated that FI, but not ASMI, was a significant (P < 0.001) determinant of CS‐PFP (R 2 = 0.54) and SF36PF (R 2 = 0.37). When adjusted for age and sex, BMI was nearly as good a predictor of CS‐PFP (R 2 = 0.50) and SF36PF (R 2 = 0.34) as FI.

Discussion: Adiposity was a stronger predictor of measured and self‐reported physical function than was muscularity in older adults living independently. BMI, adjusted for sex, is a reasonable substitute for adiposity in the prediction of physical function.
Sequential Responses to High‐fat and High‐calorie Feeding in an Obese Mouse Model
Authors: Chan Mei‐Yen , Zhao Yulan , Heng Chew‐Kiat
Published: February 2008

Objective: Reports on the immediate and long‐term responses to high‐fat and high‐calorie (HFC) feeding are controversial. Therefore, we examined the sequential effects of an HFC diet.

Methods and Procedures: C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to consume either the control (C) or the HFC diet. Body weights and food intake were measured weekly and other measurements at weeks 2, 4, and 10. Microarrays were used for screening the transcriptional response of the livers at the three time points. Genes, encoding enzymes regulating key steps of lipid metabolism, were then selected from the microarray data for validation by quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and their protein expression by western blot assays.

Results: Mice fed with HFC diet for 2 weeks showed no increase in food intake and no difference in weight gain compared to the C mice. At weeks 4 and 10, the HFC mice increased their food intake and gained more weight than their controls (by 1.4 times and 2.5 times, respectively) (P < 0.01 at week 10). Genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) were initially upregulated and then downregulated, whereas the lipogenic genes and genes involved in cholesterol synthesis showed reverse trends. The differential mRNA expression of Cpt1L, Fas, and Hmgcr were confirmed by RT‐PCR and their protein expression by western blot assays.

Discussion: Our findings suggested that when mice were fed an HFC diet, they could develop initial compensatory response to resist the increased energy balance; however, a prolonged consumption of an HFC diet appeared to disrupt this adaptation.
Brain Activity in Hunger and Satiety: An Exploratory Visually Stimulated fMRI Study
Authors: Führer Dagmar , Zysset Stefan , Stumvoll Michael
Published: February 2008

Objective: To explore neuroanatomical sites of eating behavior, we have developed a simple functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm to image hunger vs. satiety using visual stimulation.

Methods and Procedures: Twelve healthy, lean, nonsmoking male subjects participated in this study. Pairs of food‐neutral and food‐related pictures were presented in a block design, after a 14‐h fast and 1 h after ad libitum ingestion of a mixed meal. Statistically, a general linear model for serially autocorrelated observations with a P level <0.001 was used.

Results: During the hunger condition, significantly enhanced brain activity was found in the left striate and extrastriate cortex, the inferior parietal lobe, and the orbitofrontal cortices. Stimulation with food images was associated with increased activity in both insulae, the left striate and extrastriate cortex, and the anterior midprefrontal cortex. Nonfood images were associated with enhanced activity in the right parietal lobe and the left and right middle temporal gyrus. A significant interaction in activation pattern between the states of hunger and satiety and stimulation with food and nonfood images was found for the left anterior cingulate cortex, the superior occipital sulcus, and in the vicinity of the right amygdala.

Discussion: These preliminary data from a homogenous healthy male cohort suggest that central nervous system (CNS) activation is not only altered with hunger and satiety but that food and nonfood images have also specific effects on regional brain activity if exposure takes place in different states of satiety. Wider use of our or a similar approach would help to establish a uniform paradigm to map hunger and satiety to be used for further experiments.
Unprecedented twofold intramolecular hydroamination in diam(m)ine-dicarboxylatodichloridoplatinum(iv) complexes – ethane-1,2-diaminevs.ammine ligands
Authors: Reithofer Michael R. , Galanski Mathea S. , Arion Vladimir B. , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: February 2008

The NH moities of coordinated am(m)ine ligands can intramolecularly attack CC bonds in platinum(iv) complexes involving either both (ethane-1,2-diamine) or only one (ammine) coordinated nitrogen atom(s).
Design Considerations for Collaborative Visual Analytics
Authors: Heer Jeffrey , Agrawala Maneesh
Published: February 2008

Visualizations leverage the human visual system to support the process of sensemaking, in which information is collected, organized, and analyzed to generate knowledge and inform action. Although most research to date assumes a single-user focus on perceptual and cognitive processes, in practice, sensemaking is often a social process involving parallelization of effort, discussion, and consensus building. Thus, to fully support sensemaking, interactive visualization should also support social interaction. However, the most appropriate collaboration mechanisms for supporting this interaction are not immediately clear. In this article, we present design considerations for asynchronous collaboration in visual analysis environments, highlighting issues of work parallelization, communication, and social organization. These considerations provide a guide for the design and evaluation of collaborative visualization systems.
Stories in GeoTime
Authors: Eccles Ryan , Kapler Thomas , Harper Robert , Wright William
Published: February 2008

A story is a powerful abstraction used by intelligence analysts to conceptualize threats and understand patterns as part of the analytical process. This paper demonstrates a system that detects geo-temporal patterns and integrates story narration to increase analytic sense-making cohesion in GeoTime. The GeoTime geo-temporal event visualization tool was augmented with a story system that uses narratives, hypertext-linked visualizations, visual annotations, and pattern detection to create an environment for analytic exploration and communication, thereby assisting the analyst in identifying, extracting, arranging, and presenting stories within the data. The story system lets analysts operate at the story level with higher level abstractions of data, such as behaviors and events, while staying connected to the evidence. The story system was developed in collaboration with analysts. A formal evaluation was completed that showed high utility and usability.
An overview on TRIUMF’s developments on ion source for radioactive beams (invited)
Authors: Bricault Pierre , Ames Friedhelm , Achtzehn Tobias , Dombsky Marik , Labrecque Francis , Lassen Jens , Lavoie Jean-Phillipe , Lecesne Nathalie
Published: February 2008

The ISAC facility at TRIUMF utilizes up to 100μA from the 500MeV H− cyclotron to produce the radioactive ion beam (RIB) using the isotopic separation on line method. The ISAC-I facility comprised the RIB production target stations, the mass separator, and the beam delivery to low energy area and to a room temperature linear accelerator composed of a four-rod radio frequency quadrupole and an interdigital H-type structure drift tube LINAC. ISAC-I linear accelerator can provide beam from A=3to30amu with an energy range from 0.15to1.5AMeV. Since the beginning of operations target development program has been to increase proton beam currents on targets. Now we routinely operate our target at 50–85μA and recently we have operated our target at 100μA. Other developments are in place to add other ion sources, laser, force electron beam induced are discharge and electron cyclotron resonance ion source to the actual surface ion source. The last two five year plans were mainly devoted to the construction of a heavy ion superconducting LINAC (ISAC-II) that will upgrade the mass and the energy range from 30 to 150 and from 1.5to6.5AMeV, respectively. The intermediate stage E⩽4.2AMeV is already completed and commissioned; three experiments using Li11, Li9, and Na29 have been completed this summer.
Development of a strongly focusing high-intensity He+ ion source for a confined alpha particle measurement at ITER
Authors: Kisaki M. , Shinto K. , Kobuchi T. , Okamoto A. , Kitajima S. , Sasao M. , Tsumori K. , Nishiura M. , Kaneko O. , Matsuda Y. , Wada M. , Sakakita H. , Kiyama S. , Hirano Y.
Published: February 2008

A strongly focusing high-intensity He+ ion source has been designed and constructed as a beam source for a high-energy He0 beam probe system for diagnosis of fusion produced alpha particles in the thermonuclear fusion plasmas. The He+ beam was extracted from the ion source at an acceleration voltage of 18–35kV. Temperature distributions of the beam target were observed with an IR camera. The 1∕e-holding beam profile half-width was about 15mm at optimum perveance (Perv) of 0.03 (Ibeam=2.4A). A beam current about 3A was achieved at an acceleration voltage of 26.7kV with an arc power of 10kW (Perv=0.023).
Some plasma aspects and plasma diagnostics of ion sources (invited)
Authors: Wiesemann Klaus
Published: February 2008

We consider plasma properties in the most advanced type of plasma ion sources, electron cyclotron resonance ion sources for highly charged ions. Depending on the operation conditions the plasma in these sources may be highly ionized, which completely changes its transport properties. The most striking difference to weakly ionized plasma is that diffusion will become intrinsically ambipolar. We further discuss means of plasma diagnostics. As noninvasive diagnostic methods we will discuss analysis of the ion beam, optical spectroscopy, and measurement of the x-ray bremsstrahlung continuum. From beam analysis and optical spectroscopy one may deduce ion densities, and electron densities and distribution functions as a mean over the line of sight along the axis (optical spectroscopy) or at the plasma edge (ion beam). From x-ray spectra one obtains information about the population of highly energetic electrons and the energy transfer from the driving electromagnetic waves to the plasma—basic data for plasma modeling.
The change of atomic distribution and hardness by nitrogen implantation into aluminum alloy
Authors: Chung J. P. , Lee J. S. , Kim K. R. , Choi B. H.
Published: February 2008

Through many studies of the nitrogen implantation into aluminum alloy, researchers have concluded that AlN (aluminum nitride) formation is the key to hardening the aluminum surface. We implanted nitrogen ions into the Al6061, using an ion implanter which has a modified Bernas ion source. We changed the incident ion energies (25keV, 50keV) and fluences (1×1017–2×1018ions∕cm2). To measure the depth hardness of implanted samples, we used nanoindentation test. The test results showed that the hardness of the implanted sample increased as the incident ion fluence increased until 1×1018ions∕cm2. However, the hardness did not increase at the fluence of 2×1018ions∕cm2. Furthermore, another result showed that the hardness was slightly decreased. To see the depth distribution of elements, we used Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis with depth profiling. Through the AES analysis, we observed that the nitrogen atomic ratio did not increase; since the atomic ratio reached its maximum point (50%), the depth profile formed a flat curve in the AES. It is determined by the AlN structure (1:1 combination), that is, by the stoichiometrical rule. The nitrogen atoms diffused to the inner and outer sides rather than made a narrowly ranged accumulation. We observed that the flat curve was lowered downward a little at the fluence of 2×1018ions∕cm2. Observing the atomic distribution of oxygen in AES, we could conclude that the lowered curve was due to the recoil implantation of oxygen which had been originally combined with the aluminum surface in the aluminum oxide (Al2O3) layer. Comparing the AES result and the nanoindention result, we concluded that the recoiled oxygen atoms are not effective on hardening the Al surface. In this study, we observed the tendency to stop increasing the samples’ hardness over the ion fluence of 1×1018ions∕cm2. We observed the saturation of the atomic ratio by the stoichiometrical rule.
In-line ion detector
Authors: Becker R. , Kester O.
Published: February 2008

An in-line particle detector (IPD) uses secondary electrons for the detection of multiply charged ions with low to medium energy (10–10keV). The ion detector does not physically intercept the ion beam line and is fully transparent to ions without applied voltages. The activation of the detector is performed by applying appropriate voltages to electrodes, which avoids any physical movement. Equipped with a channel electron multiplier, single particle counting is possible as well as measurement of currents. This detector therefore has a large dynamical range from about 10−17to10−3A. The basic principle also allows for ion beam diagnostics.
The radioactive ion beam production systems for the SPIRAL2 project
Authors: Lecesne N. , Eleon C. , Feierstein C. , Gaubert G. , Huguet Y. , Jardin P. , Lemagnen F. , Leroy R. , Pacquet J. Y. , Pellemoine F. , Pichard A. , Bajeat O. , Essabaa S. , Lau C. , Launay F. , Serani L. , Demonchy C.-E.
Published: February 2008

The SPIRAL2 project, currently under construction at GANIL, will include an isotope separator on line based facility for the production and acceleration of radioactive ion beams. A superconducting linear accelerator will accelerate 5mA deuterons up to 40MeV and 1mA heavy ions up to 14.5MeV∕u. These primary beams will be used to bombard both thick and thin targets. We are investigating three different techniques to produce the radioactive ion beams: (1) the neutron induced fission of uranium carbide, (2) the direct interaction of deuterons in a uranium carbide target, and (3) the interaction of a heavy ion beam with a target. All these production systems will be coupled to an ion source. Four kinds of ion sources are foreseen for the ionization of the radioactive atoms: an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, a surface ionization ion source, a forced electron beam induced arc discharge ion source, and a laser ion source depending on the characteristics of the desired radioactive ion beam in terms of intensity, efficiency, purity, etc. A presentation of the SPIRAL2 project and of the different production systems is given.
Interfacial tension model for catalytically driven nanorods
Authors: Bala Saidulu N. , Sebastian K. L.
Published: February 2008

We present an analysis of the interfacial tension model for the movement of the catalytically driven nanorod. The model considers the convective reaction-diffusion equation for the production and diffusion of oxygen around the bimetallic nanorod. We solve the equation and find the concentration difference, which drives the nanorod. We use our expression to calculate the force on the nanorod and find that the result is within 20% of the results found earlier [W. Paxton et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 14881 (2006)] by an approximate method. Unlike the earlier results, our results are valid from short to long lengths of the nanorod.