bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observational Pain Scales in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Stites Mindy
Published: June 2013

Pain is a common and distressing symptom in critically ill patients. Uncontrolled pain places patients at risk for numerous adverse psychological and physiological consequences, some of which may be life-threatening. A systematic assessment of pain is difficult in intensive care units because of the high percentage of patients who are noncommunicative and unable to self-report pain. Several tools have been developed to identify objective measures of pain, but the best tool has yet to be identified. A comprehensive search on the reliability and validity of observational pain scales indicated that although the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool was superior to other tools in reliably detecting pain, pain assessment in individuals incapable of spontaneous neuromuscular movements or in patients with concurrent conditions, such as chronic pain or delirium, remains an enigma.
Antibody-Secreting Cells with a Phenotype of Ki-67low, CD138high, CD31high, and CD38high Secrete Nonspecific IgM during Primary Hepatitis A Virus Infection
Authors: Hong Seokchan , Lee Hyun Woong , Chang Dong-Yeop , You Sooseong , Kim Jihye , Park Jun Yong , Ahn Sang Hoon , Yong Dongeun , Han Kwang-Hyub , Yoo Ook Joon , Shin Eui-Cheol
Published: June 2013

Although studies investigating the nature of Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) during acute infection with influenza or dengue virus found that the ASC response was dominated by virus-specific IgG secretion, the Ag specificity and phenotype of ASCs during primary acute viral infection were not identified. To this end, we investigated the nature of ASCs in direct ex vivo assays from patients with acute hepatitis A caused by primary infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV). We found that the frequency of CD27highCD38high ASCs was markedly increased in the peripheral blood during the acute phase of HAV infection. Moreover, substantial numbers of ASCs were non-HAV–specific and dominantly secreted IgM. We detected HAV-specific ASCs by staining with fluorochrome-tagged HAV-VP1 protein. As compared with HAV-specific ASCs, non-HAV–specific ASCs were Ki-67lowCD138highCD31highCD38high, demonstrating that non-HAV–specific ASCs had a bone marrow plasma cell–like phenotype whereas HAV-specific ASCs had a phenotype typical of circulating plasmablasts. These data suggest that non-HAV–specific ASCs might be mobilized plasma cells from the bone marrow or the spleen, whereas HAV-specific ASCs were newly generated plasmablasts. In this study, we provide evidence that pre-existing plasma cells are released into the circulation and contribute to Ag-nonspecific secretion of IgM during primary HAV infection.
Microscopic Residual Stresses Beneath a Scratch and Their Effects on Scratch-Related Crack Initiation of Thermally Treated UNS N06690 in High-Temperature Pressurized Water
Authors: Wang Jianqiu , Huang Fa , Han En-Hou , Meng Fanjiang
Published: June 2013

The microscopic residual stresses beneath scratches on thermally treated (TT) UNS N06690 have been measured using synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction; the effect of these residual stresses on initiating stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been studied in 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) + 10 g/L lead oxide (PbO) solution at 330°C. Results show that scratching causes local residual tensile stresses parallel to the scratching direction at the scratched surface and local residual compressive stress normal to the scratching direction beneath the scratch. The residual tensile stresses at the scratched surface will act as a precursor of SCC. The residual compressive stresses beneath the scratch cannot stop crack growth of N06690 TT in 10% NaOH + 10 g/L PbO solution at 330°C.
Adsorption Dynamics of Benzotriazole on Copper in Chloride Solution
Authors: Chen Y. , Jiang Y.Y. , Ye Z.Y. , Zhang Z.
Published: June 2013

Adsorption behavior of benzotriazole (BTAH) on a copper surface has been investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), UV adsorption spectra, and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The formation of BTAH film adsorbed on the copper surface has been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). EIS results revealed that BTAH was chemisorption onto copper surface. Three models were established to analyze adsorption dynamics. Adsorption of BTAH was in accord with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm when adsorption-desorption reached equilibrium state. BTAH film growth can best be represented by exponential decay law assuming the concentration of BTAH was constant over time. Higher-order model was established to evaluate adsorption dynamics considering the variation of BTAH concentration in the bulk solution. UV measurements demonstrate that this higher-order model fitted well to the experimental data.
Changing basal conditions during the speed-up of Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland
Authors: Habermann M. , Truffer M. , Maxwell D.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Ice-sheet outlet glaciers can undergo dynamic changes such as the rapid speed-up of Jakobshavn Isbræ following the disintegration of its floating ice tongue. These changes are associated with stress changes on the boundary of the ice mass. We investigate the basal conditions throughout a well-observed period of rapid change and evaluate parameterizations currently used in ice-sheet models. A Tikhonov inverse method with a Shallow Shelf Approximation forward model is used for diagnostic inversions for the years 1985, 2000, 2005, 2006 and 2008. Our ice softness, model norm, and regularization parameter choices are justified using the data-model misfit metric and the L-curve method. The sensitivity of the inversion results to these parameter choices is explored. We find a lowering of basal yield stress in the first 7 km of the 2008 grounding line and no significant changes higher upstream. The temporal evolution in the fast flow area is in broad agreement with a Mohr–Coulomb parameterization of basal shear stress, but with a till friction angle much lower than has been measured for till samples. The lowering of basal yield stress is significant within the uncertainties of the inversion, but it cannot be ruled out that there are other significant contributors to the acceleration of the glacier.
Testing functional and morphological interpretations of enamel thickness along the deciduous tooth row in human children
Authors: Mahoney Patrick
Published: June 2013

The significance of a gradient in enamel thickness along the human permanent molar row has been debated in the literature. Some attribute increased enamel thickness from first to third molars to greater bite force during chewing. Others argue that thicker third molar enamel relates to a smaller crown size facilitated by a reduced dentin component. Thus, differences in morphology, not function, explains enamel thickness. This study draws on these different interpretive models to assess enamel thickness along the entire human deciduous tooth row. Average enamel thickness (AET), the area and proportion of crown enamel and dentin, and a crown size proxy are calculated for incisors, canines, and molars. Allometric scaling relationships are assessed within each tooth class, and then comparisons are undertaken along the row. Generally, AET was correlated with crown size and scaled with isometry, except for second molars which scaled with positive allometry. Mean AET increased along the row and was greater on molars, where bite forces are reported to be higher. Second molars combined the largest crown size with the thickest enamel and the smallest proportion of dentin, which is consistent with a reduction in the potential for cusp fracture under high bite forces. Resistance to wear may also account for some enamel thickness variation between tooth classes. Dental reduction did not explain the trend in AET from central to lateral incisors, or from first to second molars. The gradient in AET along the deciduous tooth row is partly consistent with a functional interpretation of enamel thickness. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:518–525, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of particle size and electrical resistivity of filler on mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of linear low density polyethylene–zinc oxide composites
Authors: Özmıhçı Filiz Ömürlü , Balköse Devrim
Published: June 2013

The effects of particle size and electrical resistivity of zinc oxide (ZnO) on mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivities of composites made with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) were investigated. Micron sized (mZnO), submicron sized (sZnO), and nano sized (nZnO) powders having resistivities of 1.5 × 106, 1.5 × 109, and 1.7 × 108 were used to prepare composites with 5–20 vol % filler. The tensile strength was lowered and the modulus of elasticity of the composites was increased with ZnO addition. Rather than the particle size of the ZnO, its initial resistivity and aspect ratio affected the resistivity of composites. The resistivity of the LLDPE was lowered from 2.3 × 1016 Ω cm down to 1.4 × 1010 Ω cm with mZnO addition. Thermal conductivity of the composites was increased with ZnO addition 2.5–3 times of the polymer matrix. The composites can be used for electrostatically dissipating and heat sink applications due to their decreased electrical resistivity and increased thermal conductivity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2734–2743, 2013
The thermal properties of a carbon nanotube‐enriched epoxy: Thermal conductivity, curing, and degradation kinetics
Authors: Ventura Isaac Aguilar , Rahaman Ariful , Lubineau Gilles
Published: June 2013

Multiwalled carbon nanotube‐enriched epoxy polymers were prepared by solvent evaporation based on a commercially available epoxy system and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH–MWCNTs). Three weight ratio configurations (0.05, 0.5, and 1.0 wt %) of COOH–MWCNTs were considered and compared with neat epoxy and ethanol‐treated epoxy to investigate the effects of nano enrichment and processing. Here, the thermal properties of the epoxy polymers, including curing kinetics, thermal conductivity, and degradation kinetics were studied. Introducing the MWCNTs increased the curing activation energy as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry. The final thermal conductivity of the 0.5 and 1.0 wt % MWCNT‐enriched epoxy samples measured by laser flash technique increased by up to 15% compared with the neat material. The activation energy of the degradation process, investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, was found to increase with increasing CNT content, suggesting that the addition of MWCNTs improved the thermal stability of the epoxy polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2722–2733, 2013
Preparation of cationic exchange membranes based on organo‐montmorillonite/poly(vinylidene fluoride) by two‐step chemically induced grafting method
Authors: Tian Bo , Li Haixiao , Zhang Wei , Li Sanxi
Published: June 2013

In this research, OMMT/PVDF‐based cationic exchange membranes were prepared by two‐step chemically induced grafting method. The various preparation conditions, such as alkaline treatment, initiation, and grafting conditions, and the relationship between the preparation conditions and the cationic exchange membrane performance, such as area resistance and cationic permselectivity, were investigated. The chemical and crystal changes on the membrane surface were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Surface morphological changes were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that the OMMT/PVDF‐based cationic exchange membrane was successfully prepared by this method. The OMMT/PVDF‐based cationic exchange membrane doped 8.5% OMMT prepared using optimum preparation parameters showed excellent basic properties. The area resistance was measured as low as 1.8 Ω cm2, while the cationic permselectivity was as high as 93.4%. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2753–2763, 2013
Simultaneous determination of morniflumate and its major active metabolite, niflumic acid, in human plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography in stability and pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Cho Hea‐Young , Park Geun‐Kyeong , Lee Yong‐Bok
Published: May 2013

A rapid, sensitive and stable high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of morniflumate and its major active metabolite, niflumic acid, in human plasma. HPLC analysis was carried out using a 5 µm particle size, C18‐bonded silica column with a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.005 m potassium phosphate monobasic in water (60:40, v/v) as the mobile phase and UV detection at 287 nm. The method involved the treatment with 50 μL of 0.4 m hydrochloric acid for the stability of morniflumate, extraction with diethylether and evaporation to dryness under a nitrogen stream. The lower limit of quantitation for morniflumate and niflumic acid was 50 and 500 ng/mL, respectively. The calibration curves for morniflumate and niflumic acid were linear over the concentration range of 50–20,000 ng/mL and 500–50,000 ng/mL, respectively, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9995 and inter‐ or intra‐batch coefficients of variation not exceeding 13.79%. The variability (percentage difference) of incurred sample re‐analysis did not exceed 11.72% and all of the repeat samples fell within 20% of the mean value. This assay procedure was applied successfully to an examination of the pharmacokinetics of morniflumate and its metabolite, niflumic acid, in human subjects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of intravascular ultrasound on the long‐term clinical outcomes in the treatment of coronary ostial lesions
Authors: Patel Yogesh , Depta Jeremiah P. , Patel Jayendrakumar S. , Masrani Shriti K. , Novak Eric , Zajarias Alan , Kurz Howard I. , Lasala John M. , Bach Richard G. , Singh Jasvindar
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the long‐term outcomes of patients with ostial lesions who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with and without the use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).

Background

A higher rate of adverse cardiac events is associated with PCI of ostial lesions as compared with nonostial disease.

Methods

From 7/2002 to 8/2010, 225 patients with 233 coronary ostial lesions underwent PCI with (n = 82) and without (n = 143) IVUS guidance. Ostial lesions included both native aorto‐ostial or major coronary vessel (left anterior descending, left circumflex, and ramus intermedius) lesions. Clinical outcomes [cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR)] at a mean follow‐up of 4.2 ± 2.5 years were compared between patients undergoing PCI of an ostial lesion with and without use of IVUS using univariate and propensity score adjusted analyses.

Results

Aorto‐ostial lesions (n = 109) comprised 47% of lesions, whereas the remaining lesions (53%) involved major coronary vessels. After propensity score adjustment, IVUS use was associated with lower rates of the composite of cardiovascular death, MI, or TLR (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.29‐0.99; P = 0.04), composite MI or TLR (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18–0.83; P = 0.01), and MI (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11–0.85; P = 0.02) as compared with no IVUS. The use of IVUS was also associated with a trend towards a lower rate of TLR (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.17–1.02; P = 0.06).

Conclusions

PCI of coronary ostial lesions with the use of IVUS was associated with significantly lower rates of adverse cardiac events.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Late embolization of a vascular plug III device after mitral paravalvular leak closure
Authors: Arzamendi Dabit , Li Chi Hion , Serra Antoni
Published: June 2013

We present a case report of an 80‐year‐old frail woman with hemolytic anemia and cardiac failure secondary to mitral severe paravalvular regurgitation. Her clinical history was significant for mitral valve replacement that was complicated with a paravalvular leak two months after surgery. The leak was closed percutaneously with an Amplatzer Vascular Plug III single device. A year later she is readmitted with heart failure and the transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a severe paravalvular leak beside the Vascular Plug III device that seemed to be dislodged and rocking. During a new attempt of percutaneous leak closure, while trying to lasso the old device, it embolized to the iliac bifurcation. The old device could be removed from the right femoral artery and the leak could be closed with two new Vascular Plug III devices deployed simultaneously. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of a late embolization of a Vascular Plug III device. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the linear complexity of generalized cyclotomic binary sequences of length 2pq
Authors: Chang Zu‐Ling , Li Dandan
Published: June 2013

In this paper, a new class of generalized cyclotomic binary sequences with period of 2pq is established. The linear complexity and minimal polynomials of proposed sequences of length 2pq are determined. The results show that such sequences of length 2pq have high linear complexity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Immunocytochemical expression of P53, PTEN, FAS (CD95), P16INK4A and HPV L1 major capsid proteins in ThinPrep cervical samples with squamous intraepithelial lesions”
Authors: Grapsa D. , Frangou‐Plemenou M. , Kondi‐Pafiti A. , Stergiou E. , Nicolopoulou‐Stamati P. , Patsouris E. , Chelidonis G. , Athanassiadou P.
Published: June 2013

The aim of this study was to further investigate the immunocytochemical expression of p53, PTEN, Fas, p16, and HPV L1 capsid proteins in cervical smears with low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL, respectively). A total of 92 ThinPrep cervical samples, comprising 11 cases of HSIL, 61 cases of LSIL, and 20 negative cases were studied by immunocytochemical methods. The results obtained in LSIL cases were correlated with the available follow up data. Abnormal p53, PTEN, or Fas expression was found in a subset of HSIL cases, while positive expression for p16 was significantly associated with the diagnosis of HSIL (P < 0.0001, P = 0.001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). Among cases positive for p16 expression, the staining pattern was weak in 88.9% of LSIL cases and strong in 80% of HSIL cases (P < 0.0001). The p16 negative/L1 positive and p16 positive/L1 negative staining patterns were significantly associated with the presence of LSIL and HSIL, respectively (P < 0.0001). None of these markers had a significant prognostic value in LSIL cases (P > 0.05). Our results suggest that loss of PTEN or Fas expression and p53 overexpression may be involved in the process of neoplastic transformation of the cervical epithelium. Furthermore, negative or weak immunocytochemical staining for p16 in a Pap smear may strongly argue against the presence of a high grade lesion, while the combined p16/L1 staining pattern may be useful as a diagnostic adjunct for differentiating between LSIL and HSIL. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:465–475. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recognizing breast ductal carcinoma in situ on fine‐needle aspiration: A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Guo Hui‐Qin , Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Zhao Huan , Zhao Lin‐Lin , Pan Qin‐Jing
Published: June 2013

In this study, we evaluated cytomorphologic features of different subgroups of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); we compared seven cytologic features between DCIS and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) aspirates to determine whether diagnosis of stromal invasion can be made based on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) findings. There were 142 cases of DCIS and 1,978 cases of IDC enrolled in our study. FNA analysis revealed 80.3% sensitivity for DCIS and 94.7% sensitivity for IDC. High and intermediate grade DCIS exhibited marked nuclear abnormality (92.1% vs. 35.7%, 30.0%; P1 < 0.001, P2 < 0.001) and necrosis (69.7% vs. 0%, 10.0%; P1 < 0.001, P2 = 0.001) in a higher percentage of cases compared to low grade DCIS and intraductal/intracystic papillary carcinoma. The rates of background macrophages (71.3% for DCIS and 21.9% for IDC, P < 0.001) and extensive necrosis (54.0% for DCIS and 16.7% for IDC, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in DCIS compared to IDC. Lymphocytes were observed in conjunction with tumor cells more frequently in IDC (81.3%) compared to DCIS (36.8%, P < 0.001). Stromal fragments associated with tumor cells were only observed in invasive lesions (11.9% micro‐invasive DCIS and 52.1% IDC). Tubular structures were found exclusively in IDC (11.5%). Cytologic criteria for diagnosis of high and low grade DCIS are different. The suspicion of DCIS is raised when background macrophages and extensive necrosis are observed. Stromal invasion is suggested by FNA if lymphocytes are entwined around tumor cells or if stromal fragments associated with tumor cells or tubular structures are observed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:710–715. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case report: Different metastatic components from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in mediastinal and neck lymph nodes simultaneously diagnosed by FNA
Authors: Costaldi Mark E. , Zhou Zhongren
Published: June 2013

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare but aggressive form of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma which arises from previously well‐differentiated thyroid carcinomas, such as papillary carcinoma or follicular carcinoma. We report on an interesting case of ATC found in an enlarging neck mass with metastatic papillary carcinoma found in mediastinal lymph nodes sampled by endoscopic bronchial‐ultrasound guided‐ fine‐needle aspiration, due to the incidental finding of a lung mass by CT scan. Divergent morphologies on cytology preparations were resolved by immunohistochemistry, which aided in the identification of both sites of malignancy and the common thread between them. The eventual palliative resection demonstrated the various components including undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, and background lymphocytic thyroiditis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:694–699. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytoplasmic vacuoles: Clue in the fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of melanoma
Authors: Chen Liansong , Raza Anwar S. , Simental Raul G. , Iverson Kiva T. , Cobb Camilla J.
Published: June 2013

For the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of melanoma recognition of characteristic morphologic features is key. In our practice we noted that cytoplasmic vacuoles in Romanowsky‐stained FNA smears of melanoma appeared to be a frequent finding.

To investigate this premise, we examined 36 consecutive melanoma FNA cases that had both adequate Papanicolaou‐stained and Romanowsky‐stained smears in an effort to determine the prevalence, and thereby, the potential diagnostic utility of cytoplasmic vacuoles in the diagnosis of melanoma compared to established cytomorphologic parameters of melanoma.

We found pigment in 21 cases (58%) and plasmacytoid cells in 28 cases (78%), and in all 36 cases (100%) we found bi/multinucleation, intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions and prominent nucleoli. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were present in 30 cases (83%) and were found in air‐dried Romanowsky‐stained smears only.

These findings suggest that in FNA smears of melanoma cytoplasmic vacuoles in Romanowsky‐stained smears have prevalence and potential diagnostic utility that are comparable to widely recognized cytomorphologic features of melanoma. Numerous articles have focused on the cytomorphologic criteria for the FNA diagnosis of melanoma, but few have noted the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles in FNA smears of melanoma, and rare reports suggest this finding to be a useful clue to the FNA diagnosis of melanoma. This report appears to be the first to focus on the prevalence and potential diagnostic utility of cytoplasmic vacuoles in FNA samples of melanoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42: 143–146. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large values of hydraulic roughness in subglacial conduits during conduit enlargement: implications for modeling conduit evolution
Authors: Gulley J. D. , Spellman P. D. , Covington M. D. , Martin J. B. , Benn D. I. , Catania G.
Published: June 2013

Hydraulic roughness accounts for energy dissipated as heat and should exert an important control on rates of subglacial conduit enlargement by melting. Few studies, however, have quantified how subglacial conduit roughness evolves over time or how that evolution affects models of conduit enlargement. To address this knowledge gap, we calculated values for two roughness parameters, the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor (f) and the Manning roughness coefficient (n), using dye tracing data from a mapped subglacial conduit at Rieperbreen, Svalbard. Values of f and n calculated from dye traces were compared with values of f and n calculated from commonly used relationships between surface roughness heights and conduit hydraulic diameters. Roughness values calculated from dye tracing ranged from 75–0.97 for f and from 0.68–0.09 s m‐1/3 for n. Equations that calculate roughness parameters from surface roughness heights underpredicted values of f by as much as a factor of 326 and values of n by a factor of 17 relative to values obtained from the dye tracing study. We argue these large underpredictions occur because relative roughness in subglacial conduits during the early stages of conduit enlargement exceeds the 5% range of relative roughness that can be used to directly relate values of f and n to flow depth and surface roughness heights. Simple conduit hydrological models presented here show how parameterization of roughness impacts models of conduit discharge and enlargement rate. We used relationships between conduit relative roughness and values of f and n calculated from our dye tracing study to parameterize a model of conduit enlargement. Assuming a fixed hydraulic gradient of 0.01 and ignoring creep closure, it took conduits 9.25 days to enlarge from a diameter of 0.44 m to 3 m, which was 6–7‐fold longer than using common roughness parameterizations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limited influence of dry deposition of semivolatile organic vapors on secondary organic aerosol formation in the urban plume
Authors: Hodzic A. , Madronich S. , Aumont B. , Lee‐Taylor J. , Karl T. , Camredon M. , Mouchel‐Vallon C.
Published: June 2013

The dry deposition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and its impact on secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are investigated in the Mexico City plume. Gas‐phase chemistry and gas‐particle partitioning of oxygenated VOCs are modeled with the Generator of Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO‐A) from C3 to C25 alkanes, alkenes, and light aromatics. Results show that dry deposition of oxidized gases is not an efficient sink for SOA, as it removes <5% of SOA within the city's boundary layer and ~15% downwind. Dry deposition competes with the gas‐particle uptake, and only gases with fewer than ~12 carbons dry deposit while longer species partition to SOA. Because dry deposition of submicron aerosols is slow, condensation onto particles protects organic gases from deposition, thus increasing their atmospheric burden and lifetime. In the absence of this condensation, ~50% of the regionally produced mass would have been dry deposited.
The limitations of bias correcting regional climate model inputs
Authors: White R. H. , Toumi R.
Published: June 2013

We investigate the theoretical limitations of applying statistical bias corrections to general circulation model data prior to downscaling with a regional climate model (RCM). Two methods from recent literature are compared: linear (LC) and quantile‐quantile (QQ) corrections. An LC method is limited to correcting biases only in the distribution mean but retains all first‐order spatial and intervariable dependencies. Conversely, the QQ method corrects any bias in the distribution function but cannot retain intervariable dependencies and adds variability to smooth spatial fields. An RCM's boundary relaxation scheme dampens the effect of imbalanced variables but may not remove the spurious variability from the QQ method. Case study results of precipitation over a South African river catchment show that both correction methods improve RCM‐simulated monthly climatology, but the QQ correction creates a 20% bias in interannual monthly variability. We recommend the LC method as an effective bias correction for RCM inputs.
Observations of vertical turbulent nitrate flux across the Kuroshio
Authors: Kaneko Hitoshi , Yasuda Ichiro , Komatsu Kosei , Itoh Sachihiko
Published: June 2013

The vertical turbulent nitrate flux was calculated across the Kuroshio based on direct turbulence measurements and nitrate concentrations. Profile data were analyzed relative to the main axis of the Kuroshio front, the location of maximum surface velocity. Large upward nitrate flux on the northern side of the front, O(10−6) mmol N m−2 s−1, was observed from 300 m up to the base of the euphotic layer. Enhanced turbulence and a large vertical nitrate gradient contributed to this flux. On this side, high concentrations of chlorophyll‐a were also observed near the surface, and the large nitrate flux is consistent with a previous estimate of the rate of new production. In contrast, south of the axis, the nitrate flux was O(10–8–10−7) mmol N m−2 s−1 because of the small vertical nitrate gradient, although vertical diffusivity at the euphotic layer base remained relatively high.
Aspiration pneumonia after chemo–intensity‐modulated radiation therapy of oropharyngeal carcinoma and its clinical and dysphagia‐related predictors
Authors: Hunter Klaudia U. , Lee Oliver E. , Lyden Teresa H. , Haxer Marc J. , Feng Felix Y. , Schipper Mathew , Worden Francis , Prince Mark E. , McLean Scott A. , Wolf Gregory T. , Bradford Carol R. , Chepeha Douglas B. , Eisbruch Avraham
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess aspiration pneumonia (AsPn) rates and predictors after chemo‐irradiation for head and neck cancer.

Methods

The was a prospective study of 72 patients with stage III to IV oropharyngeal cancer treated definitively with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) concurrent with weekly carboplatin and paclitaxel. AsPn was recorded prospectively and dysphagia was evaluated longitudinally through 2 years posttherapy by observer‐rated (Common Toxicity Criteria version [CTCAE]) scores, patient‐reported scores, and videofluoroscopy.

Results

Sixteen patients (20%) developed AsPn. Predictive factors included T classification (p = .01), aspiration detected on videofluoroscopy (videofluoroscopy‐asp; p = .0007), and patient‐reported dysphagia (p = .02–.0003), but not observer‐rated dysphagia (p = .4). Combining T classification, patient reported dysphagia, and videofluoroscopy‐asp, provided the best predictive model.

Conclusion

AsPn continues to be an under‐reported consequence of chemo‐irradiation for head and neck cancer. These data support using patient‐reported dysphagia to identify high‐risk patients requiring videofluoroscopy evaluation for preventive measures. Reducing videofluoroscopy‐asp rates, by reducing swallowing structures radiation doses and by trials reducing treatment intensity in patients predicted to do well, are likely to reduce AsPn rates. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 120–125, 2014
Effect of postoperative brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy on functional outcomes of immediate facial nerve repair after radical parotidectomy
Authors: Hontanilla Bernardo , Qiu Shan‐Shan , Marré Diego
Published: June 2013

Background

There is much controversy regarding the effect of radiotherapy on facial nerve regeneration. However, the effect of brachytherapy has not been studied.

Methods

Fifty‐three patients underwent total parotidectomy of which 13 were radical with immediate facial nerve repair with sural nerve grafts. Six patients (group 1) did not receive adjuvant treatment whereas 7 patients (group 2) received postoperative brachytherapy plus radiotherapy. Functional outcomes were compared using Facial Clima.

Results

Mean percentage of blink recovery was 92.6 ± 4.2 for group 1 and 90.7 ± 5.2 for group 2 (p = .37). Mean percentage of commissural excursion restoration was 78.1 ± 3.5 for group 1 and 74.9 ± 5.9 for group 2 (p = .17). Mean time from surgery to first movement was 5.7 ± 0.9 months for group 1 and 6.3 ± 0.5 months for group 2 (p = .15).

Conclusion

Brachytherapy plus radiotherapy does not affect the functional outcomes of immediate facial nerve repair with nerve grafts. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 113–119, 2014
Risk of second primary malignancies after nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A population‐based cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Charlene , Lin Shih‐Wei , Weng Shih‐Feng , Lin Yung‐Song
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to examine the risk of second primary malignancy (SPM) after nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

We compared the incidence of SPM in patients diagnosed with NPC at the end of 2009 using the data extracted from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database between 2001 and 2008 (n = 10,299), with age‐matched controls (1:10; n = 102,990).

Results

We found a 55% increased risk of SPM in patients diagnosed with NPC, compared to the risk of first malignancy in the age‐matched controls (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.55; p < .0001). Although the diagnosis of SPM was negatively correlated with the survival of patients with NPC (p = .0011), primary NPC did not display any synergic effect on the survival of patients with SPM, compared to age‐matched controls with a newly diagnosed malignancy (p = .8986).

Conclusion

NPC is associated with an increased risk of developing an SPM. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 209–214, 2014
Developing a system to track meaningful outcome measures in head and neck cancer treatment
Authors: Walters Ronald S. , Albright Heidi W. , Weber Randal S. , Feeley Thomas W. , Hanna Ehab Y. , Cantor Scott B. , Lewis Carol M. , Burke Thomas W.
Published: June 2013

Background

The health care industry, including consumers, providers, and payers of health care, recognize the importance of developing meaningful, patient‐centered measures. This article describes our experience using an existing electronic medical record largely based on free text formats without structured documentation, in conjunction with tumor registry abstraction techniques, to obtain and analyze data for use in clinical improvement and public reporting.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 2467 previously untreated patients treated with curative intent who presented with laryngeal, pharyngeal, or oral cavity cancer in order to develop a system to monitor and report meaningful outcome metrics of head and neck cancer treatment. Patients treated between 1995 and 2006 were analyzed for the primary outcomes of survival at 1 and 2 years, the ability to speak at 1 year posttreatment, and the ability to swallow at 1 year posttreatment.

Results

We encountered significant limitations in clinical documentation because of the lack of standardization of meaningful measures, as well limitations with data abstraction using a retrospective approach to reporting measures. Almost 5000 person‐hours were required for data abstraction, quality review, and reporting, at a cost of approximately $134,000. Our multidisciplinary teams document extensive patient information; however, data is not stored in easily accessible formats for measurement, comparison, and reporting.

Conclusion

We recommend identifying measures meaningful to patients, providers, and payers to be documented throughout the patients' entire treatment cycle, and significant investment in the improvements to electronic medical records and tumor registry reporting in order to provide meaningful quality measures for the future. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 226–230, 2014
Clinical significance of indeterminate pulmonary nodules in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Alford Raphael E. , Fried David V. , Huang Benjamin Y. , Weissler Mark , Shores Carol , Shockley William , Hackman Trevor , Zanation Adam , Hayes Neil , Weiss Jared , Grilley–Olson Juneko , Jewells Valerie , Birchard Katherine , Chera Bhishamjit S.
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine whether indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPNs) at staging are predictive of lung metastasis, primary lung carcinoma, or survival in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

One hundred ten patients with IPN at staging who had follow‐up imaging and 100 patients without IPN were identified from an HNSCC database. The primary endpoints were lung progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

Two‐year lung PFS for the IPN and No‐IPN cohorts were 66% versus 61% (p = .92) and the OS for these cohorts were 71% versus 68% (p = .77). Within the IPN cohort, level IV/V lymph node involvement (odds ratio = 4.34; p = .03), hypopharynx primary (odds ratio = 21.5; p = .005), and race (odds ratio = 9.29; p = .001) were independent predictors of developing lung malignancy.

Conclusion

IPNs at staging in patients with HNSCC do not affect prognosis and should neither influence initial treatment planning nor the frequency of posttreatment surveillance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 334–339, 2014
Tonsillar cancer: The Peter MacCallum experience with unilateral and bilateral irradiation
Authors: Liu Chen , Dutu Gaelle , Peters Lester J. , Rischin Danny , Corry June
Published: June 2013

Background

The primary purpose of this study was to review the efficacy of unilateral treatment of lateralized tonsil primaries, in particular whether laterality of the primary is a more powerful determinant of contralateral neck failure than advanced ipsilateral nodal classification.

Methods

A retrospective study of all patients with tonsillar cancer treated with curative intent between January 1990 and December 2002 was performed.

Results

There were 167 patients, 76% men, median age 58 years, 86% current or ex‐smokers. The majority of patients (58%) had stage IV disease. Five‐year local, nodal, locoregional, and distant failure rates were 14%, 4%, 18%, and 8%, respectively. Of the 58 patients treated unilaterally, 33% had N2a, N2b, or N3 nodal disease. There were no contralateral nodal failures in the unilaterally treated group.

Conclusion

These results support the potential use of unilateral radiation therapy (RT) for lateralized tonsil primaries even with advanced ipsilateral nodal disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 317–322, 2014
Sinonasal mucosal melanomas: The prognostic value of tumor classifications
Authors: Michel Justin , Perret–Court Audrey , Fakhry Nicolas , Braustein David , Monestier Sandrine , Richard Marie‐Aleth , Grob Jean‐Jacques , Giovanni Antoine , Dessi Patrick
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic value of the 3 staging systems found in the literature for sinonasal mucosal melanomas tumors: the Ballantyne staging system modified by Prasad (Ballantyne/Prasad staging system), the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM classification for mucosal melanomas (mmTNM), and the 2009 AJCC TNM classification for carcinomas of the nasal cavity and sinuses (carTNM).

Methods

A retrospective study of 35 patients treated between 1995 and 2010 was conducted for this study. Each patient was retrospectively staged using the Ballantyne/Prasad staging system, mmTNM, and carTNM.

Results

There were 20 women (57.1%) and 15 men (42.9%). Only carTNM was significantly correlated with overall survival (p = .012) and disease‐free survival (p = .041). The other 2 classifications were not correlated with survival except for metastatic patients whose overall survival was lower (p = .032).

Conclusion

On the basis of these findings, we believe that carTNM should be the primary staging system for patients with mucosal melanomas of the sinonasal tract. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 311–316, 2014
Pain levels associated with ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy for neck masses
Authors: Lo Wu‐Chia , Cheng Po‐Wen , Wang Chi‐Te , Yeh Shu‐Tin , Liao Li‐Jen
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pain levels associated with ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of neck masses.

Methods

The pain immediately and 5 minutes after the procedure without use of local anesthesia was evaluated via 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS), 11‐point numeric rating scale (NRS), and 4‐category verbal rating scale (VRS) in 154 patients.

Results

The mean scores (SDs) for VAS, NRS, and VRS immediately versus 5 minutes after the procedure were 30.5 (24.4) versus 7.3 (13.7), 3.3 (2.2) versus 0.8 (1.6), and 1.3 (0.6) versus 0.3 (0.6), respectively (all ps < .001). Immediately after ultrasound‐guided FNAB, the pain scores associated with lymph node aspiration (VAS, 36.7 [25.5]; NRS, 3.9 [2.1]) were significantly higher (both ps < .05) than those associated with thyroid nodule aspiration (VAS, 25.0 [21.2]; NRS, 2.8 [2.0]).

Conclusion

Ultrasound‐guided FNAB of thyroid nodules was less painful than that of cervical lymphadenopathy. Most patients tolerated mild transient pain after the procedure without use of local anesthesia. Nevertheless, local anesthesia was necessary for the small subgroup of patients who experienced significant pain. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 252–256, 2014
Telomerase‐specific oncolytic adenovirus: Antitumor effects on radiation‐resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Takahashi Hideaki , Hyakusoku Hiroshi , Horii Chihiro , Takahashi Masahiro , Nishimura Goshi , Taguchi Takahide , Kondo Norio , Sakakibara Atsuko , Urata Yasuo , Sano Daisuke
Published: June 2013

Background

Radioresistance remains a critical issue in the use of radiotherapy for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study evaluated the efficacy of combination treatment with OBP‐301, a telomerase‐specific replication‐selective adenovirus, and radiotherapy in overcoming radioresistance by examining its effect on radiation‐resistant HNSCC cells.

Methods

Radiation‐resistant HNSCC cells were treated with OBP‐301 and radiation in vitro and in an orthotopic nude mouse model in vivo and synergism was assessed. Apoptosis and expression of MRN complex, which plays a key role in DNA repair machinery, were also analyzed.

Results

Infection with OBP‐301 was found to enhance the antitumor efficacy of radiation both in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting MRN complex expression and increasing apoptosis induction.

Conclusion

Combined OBP‐301 and radiation therapy seems to overcome radioresistance in HNSCC cells by inhibiting DNA repair machinery, and may thus be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating HNSCC. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 411–418, 2014
Src inhibitors in suppression of papillary thyroid carcinoma growth
Authors: Henderson Ying C. , Toro–Serra Rafael , Chen Yunyun , Ryu Junsun , Frederick Mitchell J. , Zhou Ge , Gallick Gary E. , Lai Stephen Y. , Clayman Gary L.
Published: June 2013

Background

Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy. Most papillary thyroid carcinomas contain BRAF mutations or RET/PTC rearrangements, thus providing targets for biologic therapy. Our previous studies had suggested papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) with a BRAF mutation and the RET/PTC1 rearrangement have different sensitivities to MEK1/2 inhibitors, suggesting different signaling transduction pathways were involved.

Methods

Src signaling transduction pathway in PTC cells was examined using Src inhibitors (PP2, SU6656, or dasatinib) and si‐Src RNA in vitro by Western blot analysis and proliferation analysis. An orthotopic xenograft mouse model was used for the in vivo studies using dasatinib.

Results

In PTC cells, Src inhibitors suppressed p‐Src and p‐FAK and inhibited cell growth. In addition, significant suppression and extension of the p‐ERK1/2 dephosphorylation were detected in RET/PTC1‐rearranged cells in combination with an MEK inhibitor (CI‐1040). The Src family kinase/ABL inhibitor, dasatinib, significantly decreased tumor volume in mice inoculated with PTC cells carrying the RET/PTC1 rearrangement. In BRAF‐mutated PTC cells, Src inhibitors effectively suppressed p‐Src expression and dasatinib significantly decreased tumor volume with twice daily treatment.

Conclusion

Src inhibitors effectively inhibited the Src signaling transduction pathway in PTC cells in vitro and dasatinib suppressed tumor growth in vivo. These results suggested that Src signaling transduction pathway plays an important role in regulating growth in PTC cells. Combination of Src and MEK1/2 inhibitors extended the dephosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in PTCs carrying the RET/PTC1 rearrangement suggesting that combination therapy with complementary inhibitors of other signaling transduction pathways may be needed to effectively suppress growth and induce apoptosis in these cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 375–384, 2014
Intensity‐modulated versus conventional radiation therapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma: Long‐term dysphagia and tumor control outcomes
Authors: McBride Sean M. , Parambi Ron J. , Jang Joanne W. , Goldsmith Tessa , Busse Paul M. , Chan Annie W.
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative clinical benefits of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) versus conventional radiotherapy (CRT) in the treatment of patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Methods

We compared tumor control and toxicity outcomes in 132 patients with stage III to IVA/B oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with definitive chemoradiation in the human papillomavirus (HPV) era.

Results

Patients treated with IMRT had lower rates of xerostomia (p = .01) and shorter duration of gastrostomy‐tube dependence (p < .0001), but increased risk of cervical esophageal stricture (p = .03). The overall rates of late dysphagia were not different between the 2 groups (p = .40). In multivariate analysis, IMRT was a significant predictor of decreased disease‐specific mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.24; p = .03) after adjustment for T‐category and active smoking. After adjustment for T classification, IMRT use was associated with a trend toward a significant decrease in locoregional failure (HR = 0.17; p = .08).

Conclusion

The incidence of late dysphagia is similar in IMRT and CRT, but the mechanism of dysphagia is different. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 492–498, 2014
Regeneration of facial nerve defects with xenogeneic acellular nerve grafts in a rat model
Authors: Zhu Guochen , Lou Weihua
Published: June 2013

Background

Because of ease of harvest and low immunogenicity, xenogeneic acellular nerve graft (XANG) may be an alternative to autologous nerve to repair facial nerve defects.

Methods

Facial nerve defects of Wistar rats were repaired by XANG, and nerve gap regeneration was investigated by electrophysiological test, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing and histomorphometric analysis, as compared to autograft.

Results

Twenty weeks after the grafting, electrophysiology showed that whisker pad muscles responded to the electrical stimuli given at the site proximal to the transplantation in 2 groups. Some HRP‐labeled facial motorneurons were located on the facial nucleus of the operated side, and an abundance of myelinated axons were found at the middle of the grafts and obvious motor endplates in the target muscles in 2 groups, although they were inferior to the contralateral side in numbers.

Conclusion

XANG represents an alternative approach for the reconstruction of peripheral facial nerve defects. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 481–486, 2014