bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dorsal medial frontal cortex mediates automatic motor inhibition in uncertain contexts: Evidence from combined fMRI and EEG studies
Authors: Albares Marion , Lio Guillaume , Criaud Marion , Anton Jean‐Luc , Desmurget Michel , Boulinguez Philippe
Published: June 2014

Response inhibition is commonly thought to rely on voluntary, reactive, selective, and relatively slow prefrontal mechanisms. In contrast, we suggest here that response inhibition is achieved automatically, nonselectively, within very short delays in uncertain environments. We modified a classical go/nogo protocol to probe context‐dependent inhibitory mechanisms. Because no single neuroimaging method can definitely disentangle neural excitation and inhibition, we combined fMRI and EEG recordings in healthy humans. Any stimulus (go or nogo) presented in an uncertain context requiring action restraint was found to evoke activity changes in the supplementary motor complex (SMC) with respect to a control condition in which no response inhibition was required. These changes included: (1) An increase in event‐related BOLD activity, (2) an attenuation of the early (170 ms) event related potential generated by a single, consistent source isolated by advanced blind source separation, and (3) an increase in the evoked‐EEG Alpha power of this source. Considered together, these results suggest that the BOLD signal evoked by any stimulus in the SMC when the situation is unpredictable can be driven by automatic, nonselective, context‐dependent inhibitory activities. This finding reveals the paradoxical mechanisms by which voluntary control of action may be achieved. The ability to provide controlled responses in unpredictable environments would require setting‐up the automatic self‐inhibitory circuitry within the SMC. Conversely, enabling automatic behavior when the environment becomes predictable would require top‐down control to deactivate anticipatorily and temporarily the inhibitory set. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5517–5531, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Official Japanese Version of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale: Validation Against the Original English Version
Authors: Kashihara Kenichi , Kondo Tomoyoshi , Mizuno Yoshikuni , Kikuchi Seiji , Kuno Sadako , Hasegawa Kazuko , Hattori Nobutaka , Mochizuki Hideki , Mori Hideo , Murata Miho , Nomoto Masahiro , Takahashi Ryosuke , Takeda Atsushi , Tsuboi Yoshio , Ugawa Yoshikazu , Yamanmoto Mitsutoshi , Yokochi Fusako , Yoshii Fumihito , Stebbins Glenn T. , Tilley Barbara C. , Luo Sheng , Wang Lu , LaPelle Nancy R. , Goetz Christopher G. ,   MDS‐UPDRS Japanese Validation Study Group
Published: June 2014

The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS)‐sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS) has been developed and is now available in English. Part of the overall program includes the establishment of official non‐English translations of the MDS‐UPDRS. We present the process for completing the official Japanese translation of the MDS‐UPDRS with clinimetric testing results. In this trial, the MDS‐UPDRS was translated into Japanese, underwent cognitive pretesting, and the translation was modified after taking the results into account. The final translation was approved as the Official Working Draft of the MDS‐UPDRS Japanese version and tested in 365 native‐Japanese–speaking patients with PD. Confirmatory analyses were used to determine whether the factor structure for the English‐language MDS‐UPDRS could be confirmed in data collected using the Official Working Draft of the Japanese translation. As a secondary analysis, we used exploratory factor analyses to examine the underlying factor structure without the constraint of a prespecified factor organization. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that Comparative Fit Index for all parts of the MDS‐UPDRS exceeded the minimal standard of 0.90, relative to the English version, and therefore the Japanese translation met the prespecified criterion to be designated, called an official MDS translation. Secondary analyses revealed some differences between the English‐language MDS‐UPDRS and the Japanese translation; however, these differences were considered to be within an acceptable range. The Japanese version of the MDS‐UPDRS met the criterion as an Official MDS Translation and is now available for use (www.movementdisorders.org).
Vitamin K and musculoskeletal health in postmenopausal women
Authors: Hamidi Maryam S. , Cheung Angela M.
Published: June 2014

Aside from its important role in blood clotting, vitamin K is an important dietary factor in regulating bone and cartilage mineralization. The vitamin K requirements to maintain musculoskeletal health may be more than the current recommendations and subclinical vitamin K deficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Observational studies suggest that diets low in vitamin K are associated with increased risk of fractures and osteoarthritis in older adults. However, so far randomized controlled trials of vitamin K supplementation in Caucasian populations have not shown clinically significant improvements in bone mineral density at major skeletal sites. Supplementation with vitamin K may reduce the risk of fractures, but this conclusion comes from clinical trials with methodological limitations. At this time, only one randomized controlled trial has examined the effect of vitamin K supplementation on radiographic hand osteoarthritis and found no overall effect. Large well‐designed randomized controlled trials are needed to compare the efficacies of vitamin K1 and K2 on fractures and osteoarthritis among older adults. In summary, currently there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of vitamin K supplements for the prevention of bone loss, fractures, or osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women.
A portable single‐sided magnet system for remote NMR measurements of pulmonary function
Authors: Dabaghyan Mikayel , Muradyan Iga , Hrovat Alan , Butler James , Frederick Eric , Zhou Feng , Kyriazis Angelos , Hardin Charles , Patz Samuel , Hrovat Mirko
Published: June 2014

In this work, we report initial results from a light‐weight, low field magnetic resonance device designed to make relative pulmonary density measurements at the bedside. The development of this device necessarily involves special considerations for the magnet, RF and data acquisition schemes as well as a careful analysis of what is needed to provide useful information in the ICU. A homogeneous field region is created remotely from the surface of the magnet such that when the magnet is placed against the chest, an NMR signal is measured from a small volume in the lung. In order to achieve portability, one must trade off field strength and therefore spatial resolution. We report initial measurements from a ping‐pong ball size region in the lung as a function of lung volume. As expected, we measured decreased signal at larger lung volumes since lung density decreases with increasing lung volume. Using a CPMG sequence withΔTE=3.5 ms and a 20 echo train, a signal to noise ratio ~1100 was obtained from an 8.8mT planar magnet after signal averaging for 43 s. This is the first demonstration of NMR measurements made on a human lung with a light‐weight planar NMR device. We argue that very low spatial resolution measurements of different lobar lung regions will provide useful diagnostic information for clinicians treating Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as clinicians want to avoid ventilator pressures that cause either lung over distension (too much pressure) or lung collapse (too little pressure). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translational applications of hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe
Authors: Walkup Laura L. , Woods Jason C.
Published: June 2014

Clinical magnetic resonance imaging of the lung is technologically challenging, yet over the past two decades hyperpolarized noble gas (3He and 129Xe) imaging has demonstrated the ability to measure multiple pulmonary functional biomarkers. There is a growing need for non‐ionizing, non‐invasive imaging techniques due to increased concern about cancer risk from ionizing radiation, but the translation of hyperpolarized gas imaging to the pulmonary clinic has been stunted by limited access to the technology. New developments may open doors to greater access and more translation to clinical studies.

Here we briefly review a few translational applications of hyperpolarized gas MRI in the contexts of ventilation, diffusion, and dissolved‐phase imaging, as well as comparing and contrasting 3He and 129Xe gases for these applications. Simple static ventilation MRI reveals regions of the lung not participating in normal ventilation, and these defects have been observed in many pulmonary diseases. Biomarkers related to airspace size and connectivity can be quantified by apparent diffusion coefficient measurements of hyperpolarized gas, and have been shown to be more sensitive to small changes in lung morphology than standard clinical pulmonary functional tests and have been validated by quantitative histology. Parameters related to gas uptake and exchange and lung tissue density can be determined using 129Xe dissolved‐phase MRI. In most cases functional biomarkers can be determined via MRI of either gas, but for some applications one gas may be preferred, such as 3He for long‐range diffusion measurements and 129Xe for dissolved‐phase imaging.

Greater access to hyperpolarized gas imaging coupled with newly developing therapeutics makes pulmonary medicine poised for a potential revolution, further adding to the prospects of personalized medicine already evidenced by advancements in molecular biology. Hyperpolarized gas researchers have the opportunity to contribute to this revolution, particularly if greater clinical application of hyperpolarized gas imaging is realized. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Core and Surface Characteristics for the Description and Theory of Personality Differences and Development
Authors: Kandler Christian , Zimmermann Julia , McAdams Dan P.
Published: June 2014

Individual differences in personality are often described on the basis of a small set of dimensional core characteristics that are commonly defined as largely consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions across time and situations. Some theoretical approaches even consider them to provide the biologically founded basis for individual differences in so–called surface characteristics such as self–related evaluations, social attitudes, values, goals or interests, which are commonly hypothesized to be less stable or more environmentally malleable than core characteristics. We examine these hypotheses by reviewing findings about potential core and surface characteristics on the basis of four criteria: (i) level of stability in individual differences; (ii) level of heritability; (iii) direction of causation; and (iv) shared genetic variance. The results from our review call into serious question the labelling of some sets of constructs as either core or surface characteristics of personality. Although certain dimensions—often labelled as basic traits (e.g. extraversion)—are systematically linked to more specific characteristics (e.g. social attitudes and interests), the so–called basic traits do not appear to provide an essential basis (i.e. the more stable and genetically anchored source) for these characteristics. We argue for more integrative models of personality in adulthood. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
Developmental Tasks as a Framework to Study Personality Development in Adulthood and Old Age
Authors: Hutteman Roos , Hennecke Marie , Orth Ulrich , Reitz Anne K. , Specht Jule
Published: June 2014

Research consistently shows that personality development is a lifelong phenomenon, with mean–level and rank–order changes occurring in all life phases. What happens during specific life phases that can explain these developmental patterns? In the present paper, we review literature linking personality development in different phases of adulthood to developmental tasks associated with these phases. Building on previous work, we describe several categories of developmental tasks that are present in all phases of adulthood. However, the specific tasks within these categories change across adulthood from establishing new social roles in early adulthood to maintaining them in middle adulthood and preventing losses in old age. This trajectory is reflected in mean–level changes in personality, which indicates development towards greater maturity (increases in social dominance, conscientiousness, and emotional stability) in early and middle adulthood, but less so at the end of life. Importantly, developmental tasks are not only associated with mean–level changes, but the way in which people deal with these tasks is also related to rank–order changes in personality. We provide an outlook for future research on how the influence of historical time on the normativeness of developmental tasks might be reflected in personality development. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
What Drives Adult Personality Development? A Comparison of Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Specht Jule , Bleidorn Wiebke , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Hennecke Marie , Hutteman Roos , Kandler Christian , Luhmann Maike , Orth Ulrich , Reitz Anne K. , Zimmermann Julia
Published: June 2014

Increasing numbers of empirical studies provide compelling evidence that personality traits change across the entire lifespan. What initiates this continuing personality development and how does this development proceed? In this paper, we compare six theoretical perspectives that offer testable predictions about why personality develops the way it does and identify limitations and potentials of these perspectives by reviewing how they hold up against the empirical evidence. While all of these perspectives have received some empirical support, there is only little direct evidence for propositions put forward by the five–factor theory of personality and the theory of genotype → environment effects. In contrast, the neo–socioanalytic theory appears to offer a comprehensive framework that fits the empirical findings and allows the integration of other, more specialized, perspectives that focus on specific aspects of personality development like the role of time, systematic differences between categories of social roles or the active partake of the person himself or herself. We draw conclusions on the likely driving factors for adult personality development and identify avenues for future research. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
Nalmefene: first drug for reducing alcohol consumption
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Chick Jonathan
Published: June 2014

Nalmefene (Selincro) is the first drug approved for the reduction of alcohol consumption. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the data relating to its efficacy and adverse events, and Professor Jonathan Chick discusses its place in therapy.
Depression: current approaches to assessment and treatment
Authors: Reid Ian , Cameron Isobel , MacGillivray Steve
Published: June 2014

Depression is common and concerns persist regarding choice of effective treatments. Our Drug review discusses aspects of recommended management and changes in classification, followed by sources of further information and an analysis of the prescription data.
Erectile dysfunction: assessment and management in primary care
Authors: Rajendran Rajesh , Cummings Michael
Published: June 2014

PDE5 inhibitors are the first‐line treatment for erectile dysfunction and allow management of ED in general practice. Here, the authors outline the causes, assessment and treatment options for this distressing condition.
Improvements suggested by Enthoven and Maynard
Authors: Baines Darrin
Published: June 2014

In our series on the history of prescribing policy, Dr Darrin Baines traces how successive governments have attempted to curb drug costs. Here, he describes the proposals suggested by Alain Enthoven and Alan Maynard in the 1980s.
Comparison of measured rain attenuation in the 10.982‐GHz band with predictions and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Abdulrahman Yusuf , Rahman Tharek A. , Islam Rafiqul M. , Olufeagba Benjamin J. , Chebil Jalel
Published: June 2014

The campaign to collect rain attenuation data on terrestrial links had commenced in Malaysian tropical climates for almost two decades. The terrestrial data so far collected have been greatly utilized to derive useful statistics for various microwave applications, such as frequency scaling, rain rate conversion factor, 1‐min rain rate contour maps, wet antenna losses, and fade slope duration analysis. However, there is still severe scarcity of rain attenuation data on earth–space links in Malaysia. The results of the 2‐year measurement (January 2009–December 2010) of rain rates and rain‐induced attenuation in vertically polarized signals propagating at 10.982 GHz have been presented in this paper. The rain attenuation over the link path was measured at Islamic International University Malaysia and compared with ITU‐R P.618‐10 and Crane global models in this paper. The test results show that the two prediction models seem inadequate for predicting rain attenuation in the Ku‐band in Malaysia. Sensitivity analysis performed on measured data also reveals that the sensitivity variables depend on rain rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploiting cognitive radios for reliable satellite communications
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Mohammad J. , Krunz Marwan , Erwin Richard
Published: June 2014

Satellite transmissions are prone to both unintentional and intentional RF interference. Such interference has significant impact on the reliability of packet transmissions. In this paper, we make preliminary steps at exploiting the sensing capabilities of cognitive radios for reliable satellite communications. We propose the use of dynamically adjusted frequency hopping (FH) sequences for satellite transmissions. Such sequences are more robust against targeted interference than fixed FH sequences. In our design, the FH sequence is adjusted according to the outcome of out‐of‐band proactive sensing, carried out by a cognitive radio module that resides in the receiver of the satellite link. Our design, called out‐of‐band sensing‐based dynamic FH, is first analyzed using a discrete‐time Markov chain (DTMC) framework. The transition probabilities of the DTMC are then used to measure the ‘channel stability’, a metric that reflects the freshness of sensed channel interference. Next, out‐of‐band sensing‐based dynamic FH is analyzed following a continuous‐time Markov chain model, and a numerical procedure for determining the ‘optimal’ total sensing time that minimizes the probability of ‘black holes’ is provided. DTMC is appropriate for systems with continuously adjustable power levels; otherwise, continuous‐time Markov chain is the suitable model. We use simulations to study the effects of different system parameters on the performance of our proposed design. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling, conflict detection, and verification of a new virtualization role‐based access control framework
Authors: Luo Yang , Xia Chunhe , Lv Liangshuang , Wei Zhao , Li Yazhuo
Published: June 2014

In the last 10 years, virtualization has become a widespread technique in cloud computing; however, few of the access control models have ever addressed the security issue of multi‐domain and virtualized network management; this paper enhanced the classic role‐based access control model through two concepts: domain and virtual machine. We defined a new model named VRBAC in which authorized users can migrate or copy virtual machines from one domain to another without causing a conflict. Domain users or groups are allowed to share permissions of not only resources like shared files but also virtual machines with others either from the same or a different domain. Three kinds of VRBAC policy conflicts are defined in forms of ontologies, which provide extra access to description logic reasoning and facilitate the policy conflict detection. The experimental results based on Microsoft Active Directory and VMware vSphere suggest that all policy conflicts can be detected effectively and efficiently. Moreover, the generated reports can provide conflict details such as conflict types, positions, and causes, which will serve as guidance for further resolution of the improper authorizations and access violations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A ciphertext‐policy hidden vector encryption scheme supporting multiuser keyword search
Authors: Zhenhua Liao , Jinmiao Wang , Bo Lang
Published: June 2014

In cloud computing, large amount of data can be effectively stored and managed. People could outsource the encrypted data using searchable encryption (SE) for data security and efficient retrieval. However, most existing SE schemes only support the single‐user access, and multiuser searchable encryption is required in many enterprise applications. From the attribute‐based encryption (ABE), we found that the flexibility and usability of encryption schemes can be greatly improved by embedding attribute‐based access policy in the ciphertext. In this paper, by using the idea of ABE, we propose a ciphertext‐policy hidden vector encryption (CPHVE) scheme to support both encryption and search operations for multiple users. In the scheme, a keyword is encrypted with an attribute‐based access policy, which can be searched when the users' attributes satisfy the policy. The security of CPHVE is also defined and proved in this paper. Moreover, the CPHVE scheme is based on standard complexity assumptions on bilinear groups of prime order, thus it is more efficient than the existing schemes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing C60+ and (H2O)n+ clusters for mouse brain tissue analysis
Authors: Berrueta Razo Irma , Sheraz Sadia , Henderson Alex , Lockyer Nicholas P. , Vickerman John C.
Published: June 2014

Time‐of‐flight SIMS is applied to the analysis of single cells and different types of biological tissue samples enabling the generation of images with high spatial resolution and chemical specificity. However, the low yield of secondary ions from this type of sample still remains a challenge. This low yield could potentially be increased by enhancing the protonation of ions with the presence of water. Here, we have explored the application of a prototype water cluster ion beam for the analysis of mouse brain tissue samples. A series of experiments acquired with 20 keV (H2O)3000+ and 20 keV (H2O)4500+ were compared with 20 keV C60+, showing ion yield enhancement when a (H2O)n+ cluster ion is employed in the analysis. The results have demonstrated the potential benefits provided by the use of (H2O)n+ clusters for the analysis of mouse brain tissue samples. © 2014 The Authors. Surface and Interface Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Investigation of Cs surface layer formation in Cs‐SIMS with TOF‐MEIS and SIMS
Authors: Houssiau L. , Noël C. , Mine N. , Jung K. W. , Min W. J. , Moon D. W.
Published: June 2014

In this report, cesium surface layers formed by Cs+ ion bombardment on silicon and phenylalanine (Phe) samples were analyzed by TOF‐MEIS and ToF‐SIMS. Si wafers were bombarded with 500 eV Cs+ ions, then were subsequently bombarded with five different Cs+ fluences corresponding to the transient and equilibrium regimes. The Phe layers were evaporated on Si wafers, up to 100 nm thickness. The samples were subsequently bombarded at four different fluences. For Phe, TOF‐MEIS shows the formation of a sharp Cs surface layer of ~0.5 nm thickness, on which the peak height increases with Cs+ ion bombardment and a long Cs tail builds up, penetrating deep into the subsurface. For Si, a similar Cs surface peak forms, but it saturates quickly compared to Phe. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating Political Risk Forecasting Models: What Works?
Authors: Howell Llewellyn D.
Published: June 2014

Definitions of “political risk” abound, including with “assessments” or “analysis,” but even though ratings are widely used by investors, few understand either the theory behind particular instruments or what the ratings say about their potential investment. The assessment of political risk works backward from losses to foreign investors (not domestic) that could have been insured or protected, to a determination of how high the risk is, what the cost of the likely loss might be, the type of insurance coverage that might be necessary, and then to what an investor should be willing to pay to protect against that risk. A wide range of potential losses and potential causes of those losses is covered by the many political risk assessment firms and indices that are available to potential investors. BERI, the PRS Group, ICRG, the Eurasia Group, PERC (Hong Kong), and many others provide an array of ratings that investors can employ in making their choices. Few of these focus on the critical element of forecasting. Insurance doesn't relate to circumstances of the moment but rather those of the future. What will they be? Just a few of the risk assessments (PRS, BERI, ICRG) deal explicitly with the future, as good as that might be. Few also deal with the matter of risks to particular industries, companies, regions of a country, or external circumstances (what are the country's neighbors up to?). This article offers some suggestions on improving the political risk assessment business. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Palm Oil Enzymatic Interesterification on Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Mixed Fat Blends
Authors: Danthine Sabine , Lefébure Emilie , Trinh Hoa Nhu , Blecker Christophe
Published: June 2014

The physicochemical properties of binary and ternary fat systems made of commercial samples of palm oil (PO) blended with anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and/or rapeseed oil (RO) were studied. Physical properties such as solid fat content by pulsed‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (p‐NMR), melting profile by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polymorphism of the blends were investigated. Palm oil was then batch enzymatically interesterified for 27 h, using Lipozyme® TL IM as biocatalyst, and further blended with AMF and/or RO in the same way. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of batch enzymatic interesterification (B‐EIE) of palm oil on physical characteristics of the investigated fat blends. For that purpose, iso‐solid diagrams have been constructed from p‐NMR data. It was shown that B‐EIE of palm oil modifies its melting behaviour, but also its polymorphic stability and miscibility with other fats. Under dynamic conditions, after B‐EIE, the non‐ideal behaviour (eutectic) detected at low temperatures in the ternary PO/AMF/RO system disappears in the corresponding EIE‐PO/AMF/RO. After static crystallization followed by a tempering, the hardness of palm oil is increased after B‐EIE, as well as the hardnesses of the blends containing this fat compared to the native one. Polymorphism stability of the binary and ternary fat systems is also modified after B‐EIE compared to the corresponding native systems.
Die Zukunft der Landnutzung in Deutschland – Darstellung eines methodischen Frameworks
Authors: Hoymann Jana , Goetzke Roland
Published: June 2014

The research project CC-LandStraD analyses interactions between land use and climate change. It therefore contributes to the challenges of climate change and the availability of scarce land resources. Within the project, land use scenarios are developed for Germany until the year 2030. The focus of this study is on the development of settlement and transport area. The approach applies the simulation model Land Use Scanner that integrates and combines different types of data. This includes statistical information on the socio-economic development as well as numerous spatial data sets like current land use, physical properties or spatial planning regulations. The paper introduces the different data sets, describes the modeling approach and demonstrates how the various data sets are used in the simulation model Land Use Scanner to calculate a spatial land use scenario for Germany in 2030. The model therefore integrates data sets of different spatial, temporal and thematic resolutions and consistently merges the information of different scales. The results of the model show that despite demographic change some regions still face high pressure of urban density in Germany.
Perceptions of self, mother and family and behavior of prepubertal depressed children
Authors: Brand-Gothelf A. , Yoeli-Bligh N. , Gilboa-Schechtman E. , Benaroya-Milshtein N. , Apter A.
Published: June 2014

Purpose:

To characterize the perceptions of self, mother and family of prepubertal children and to determine if the perceptions of children with depression and their behavior towards their mothers are different from children with anxiety disorders and nonpsychiatric controls.

Methods:

Children (aged 7–13 years) with major depressive disorder (n = 30), anxiety disorders (n = 37) and nonpsychiatric controls (n = 32) underwent structured psychiatric evaluations and completed questionnaires on their perceptions of themselves and their relations with their mothers and families. The child–mother dyad was observed during structured interactions.

Results:

Self-perceptions of depressed children were significantly more negative than those of children with anxiety and controls. Depression severity negatively correlated with the child's self-perception and positively correlated with perceptions of the mother as being more rejecting, controlling, less accepting and less allowing autonomy, and of the family as being less cohesive. Depression severity was also positively associated with the child's hostile attitude towards the mother during the interactions.

Conclusion:

Our findings of greater negative perceptions of self, mother and family in depressed children compared to children with anxiety disorders and nonpsychiatric children suggest that approaches specifically addressing negative perceptions and targeting familial relationships could be especially effective for treating young children with depression.
Identification of a SecM segment required for export‐coupled release from elongation arrest
Authors: Nakamori Kenta , Chiba Shinobu , Ito Koreaki
Published: June 2014

SecM in Escherichia coli has two functionally crucial regions. The arrest motif near the C‐terminus interacts with the ribosomal exit tunnel to arrest its own translational elongation. The signal sequence at the N‐terminus directs the SecM nascent polypeptide to the Sec‐mediated export pathway to release the arrested state of translation. Here, we addressed the importance of the central region of SecM. Characterization of internal substitution and deletion mutants revealed that a segment from residue 100 to residue 109 is required for the export‐coupled release of the SecM nascent chain from the elongation‐arrested state. Thus, the central region of SecM is not just a geometric linker but it participates actively in the regulation of translation arrest.
Polyols accumulated in ribose‐5‐phosphate isomerase deficiency increase mitochondrial superoxide production and improve antioxidant defenses in rats' prefrontal cortex
Authors: Stone V. , Kudo K.Y. , August P.M. , Marcelino T.B. , Matté C.
Published: June 2014

The ribose‐5‐phosphate isomerase deficiency is an inherited condition, which results in cerebral d‐arabitol and ribitol accumulation. Patients present leukoencephalopathy, mental retardation, and psychomotor impairment. Considering that the pathophysiology of this disorder is still unclear, and literature are sparse and contradictory, reporting pro and antioxidant activities of polyols, the main objective of this study was to investigate some parameters of oxidative homeostasis of prefrontal cortex of rats incubated with d‐arabitol and ribitol. We found evidences that ribitol promoted an increase in antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), probably secondary to enhanced production of superoxide radical, measured by flow cytometry. Oxidation of proteins and lipids was not induced by polyols. Our data allow us to conclude that, at least in our methodological conditions, arabitol and ribitol probably have a secondary effect on the pathophysiology of ribose‐5‐phosphate isomerase deficiency.
Autism‐relevant social abnormalities in mice exposed perinatally to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields
Authors: Alsaeed Ibrahim , Al‐Somali Faisal , Sakhnini Lama , Aljarallah Omar S. , Hamdan Rayan M.M. , Bubishate Saleh A. , Sarfaraz Ziyab Khan , Kamal Amer
Published: June 2014

The incidence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been rising, but the causes of ASD remain largely unidentified. Collective data have implicated the increased human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the increasing incidence of ASD. There are established biological effects of extremely low‐frequency (ELF) EMF, but the relation to ASD is not investigated enough. In this study we examined the effects of perinatal exposure to ELF EMF on some ASD‐relevant behavioral parameters in mice. The EMF was delivered via a Helmholtz coil pair. Male BALB/C mice were used and divided into exposed and control groups (n = 8 and n = 9, respectively). Tests were used to assess sociability, preference for social novelty, locomotion, anxiety, exploratory behavior, motor coordination, and olfaction. The examined mice were all males and exposed to EMF during the last week of gestation and for 7 days after delivery. The exposed mice demonstrated a lack of normal sociability and preference for social novelty while maintaining normal anxiety‐like behavior, locomotion, motor coordination, and olfaction. Exposed mice also demonstrated decreased exploratory activity. We concluded that these results are supportive of the hypothesis of a causal link between exposure to ELF–EMF and ASD; however, replications of the study with further tests are recommended.
Psychosocial care needs of the parents having children with epilepsy
Authors: Rajalakshmi Ramu , Lalitha Krishnasamy
Published: June 2014

Aim The present study aimed to assess the psychosocial care needs of parents having children with epilepsy.

Methods Descriptive research design was adapted and it was conducted in neurology OPD at NIMHANS, Bangalore. Fifty subjects that are parents having children with epilepsy were selected after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria through simple random sampling method. The study subjects were interviewed for socio demographic characteristics and psychosocial care needs using Socio Demographic Data Sheet and Parent Report Psychosocial Care Needs Scale (Austin et al 1998) respectively. ANOVA and t test, Frequency and mean percentage were used to identify the psychosocial care needs of the parents.

Results Majority of the parents received lesser information about seizure than they wanted and expressed strong need for information about epilepsy diagnostic procedures, treatment and management at home and school and they were not expressed much concern and fear towards causes and complications of the children's seizure. There were no significant associations seen between parent psychosocial care needs and their socio demographic characteristic but family history of epilepsy and number of drugs used by the children was associated significantly.

Conclusion The findings showed that majority of the study subjects received lesser information than they needed about epilepsy and not had much concern about the causes and the complications of epilepsy, but at the same time most of the parents expressed that they need information about the management of children's seizure.
Discrete-vortex method with novel shedding criterion for unsteady aerofoil flows with intermittent leading-edge vortex shedding
Authors: Ramesh Kiran , Gopalarathnam Ashok , Granlund Kenneth , Ol Michael V. , Edwards Jack R.
Published: June 2014

Unsteady aerofoil flows are often characterized by leading-edge vortex (LEV) shedding. While experiments and high-order computations have contributed to our understanding of these flows, fast low-order methods are needed for engineering tasks. Classical unsteady aerofoil theories are limited to small amplitudes and attached leading-edge flows. Discrete-vortex methods that model vortex shedding from leading edges assume continuous shedding, valid only for sharp leading edges, or shedding governed by ad-hoc criteria such as a critical angle of attack, valid only for a restricted set of kinematics. We present a criterion for intermittent vortex shedding from rounded leading edges that is governed by a maximum allowable leading-edge suction. We show that, when using unsteady thin aerofoil theory, this leading-edge suction parameter (LESP) is related to the $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}A_0$ term in the Fourier series representing the chordwise variation of bound vorticity. Furthermore, for any aerofoil and Reynolds number, there is a critical value of the LESP, which is independent of the motion kinematics. When the instantaneous LESP value exceeds the critical value, vortex shedding occurs at the leading edge. We have augmented a discrete-time, arbitrary-motion, unsteady thin aerofoil theory with discrete-vortex shedding from the leading edge governed by the instantaneous LESP. Thus, the use of a single empirical parameter, the critical-LESP value, allows us to determine the onset, growth, and termination of LEVs. We show, by comparison with experimental and computational results for several aerofoils, motions and Reynolds numbers, that this computationally inexpensive method is successful in predicting the complex flows and forces resulting from intermittent LEV shedding, thus validating the LESP concept.
Voice Climate Perceptions: A Multidimensional Model as a Determinant of Affective Commitment, Work Engagement, Neglect and Exit
Authors: Ditchburn Graeme J. , Hames Kate
Published: June 2014

This study explored the multidimensionality of voice climate, extending the theoretical model to incorporate three components: encouragement, safety, and efficacy. The utility of this multidimensional conceptualisation as a determinant of affective organisational commitment, work engagement, neglect, and exit was then examined. Online questionnaires were completed by 119 employees from several organisations (Mage= 36,SD= 14). Factor analysis confirmed the multidimensional nature of voice climate and path analysis suggested that organisations may benefit by focusing on each of the voice climate dimensions. Voice encouragement was positively associated with work engagement and affective organisational commitment, while voice climate efficacy was positively related to work engagement. Future research should consider the specific antecedents of each component of voice climate as well as their differential impact on important organisational outcomes, while factoring in appropriate time lag effects.
Gene–environment interplay between parent–child relationship problems and externalizing disorders in adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Samek D. R. , Hicks B. M. , Keyes M. A. , Bailey J. , McGue M. , Iacono W. G.
Published: June 2014

Background

Previous studies have shown that genetic risk for externalizing (EXT) disorders is greater in the context of adverse family environments during adolescence, but it is unclear whether these effects are long lasting. The current study evaluated developmental changes in gene–environment interplay in the concurrent and prospective associations between parent–child relationship problems and EXT at ages 18 and 25 years.

Method

The sample included 1382 twin pairs (48% male) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, participating in assessments at ages 18 years (mean = 17.8, s.d. = 0.69 years) and 25 years (mean = 25.0, s.d. = 0.90 years). Perceptions of parent–child relationship problems were assessed using questionnaires. Structured interviews were used to assess symptoms of adult antisocial behavior and nicotine, alcohol and illicit drug dependence.

Results

We detected a gene–environment interaction at age 18 years, such that the genetic influence on EXT was greater in the context of more parent–child relationship problems. This moderation effect was not present at age 25 years, nor did parent-relationship problems at age 18 years moderate genetic influence on EXT at age 25 years. Rather, common genetic influences accounted for this longitudinal association.

Conclusions

Gene–environment interaction evident in the relationship between adolescent parent–child relationship problems and EXT is both proximal and developmentally limited. Common genetic influence, rather than a gene–environment interaction, accounts for the long-term association between parent–child relationship problems at age 18 years and EXT at age 25 years. These results are consistent with a relatively pervasive importance of gene–environmental correlation in the transition from late adolescence to young adulthood.
High profile rape trials and policy advocacy
Authors: Coulter Kristine , Meyer David S.
Published: June 2014

Activists try to use high profile trials to advance their political agendas, and we want to understand why they occasionally succeed in promoting policy reforms. We begin by reviewing literature on agenda setting and social problem construction, conceptualising high profile trials as “focusing events” that offer activists a chance to advance their definitions and remedies for particular social problems. We next outline the feminist movement against sexual violence as a useful example of activists trying to use trials for their own political purposes. Using events data from theNew York Timesand the secondary treatment of 13 high profile trials from 1960 to 1997, we examine factors that help or hinder activists’ efforts to use a trial to forward their cause. We see that both the nature of the trial and the political context surrounding it affect the likelihood that a movement gains control of its meaning and secures policy reform.
Editorial
Authors: FAUTLEY MARTIN , MURPHY REGINA
Published: June 2014

There is currently a debate taking place in the UK as to the form and nature of public examinations. This has been caused in part by the influence of the Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA process as it is more commonly known, but also by the notion of a government wishing to take a tough stance on standards. Music has not escaped this attention, and questions are being asked about the type, purpose and role of examinations in music in schools, and the sorts of curricula that are appropriate.
Monodominance of Parashorea chinensis on fertile soils in a Chinese tropical rain forest
Authors: van der Velden Nic , Ferry Slik J. W. , Hu Yue-Hua , Lan Guoyu , Lin Luxian , Deng XiaoBao , Poorter Lourens
Published: June 2014

Monodominance in the tropics is often seen as an unusual phenomenon due to the normally high diversity in tropical rain forests. Here we studied Parashorea chinensis H. Wang (Dipterocarpaceae) in a seasonal tropical forest in south-west China, to elucidate the mechanisms behind its monodominance. Twenty-eight 20 × 20-m plots were established in monodominant and mixed forest in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province. All individuals ≥1 cm stem diameter and 16 soil variables were measured. Parashorea chinensis forest had a significantly higher mean tree dbh compared with mixed forest. Diversity did not differ significantly between the two forest types. However, within monodominant patches, all diversity indices decreased with an increase in P. chinensis dominance. Floristic composition of P. chinensis forest did differ significantly from the mixed forest. These differences were associated with more fertile soils (significantly higher pH, Mn, K and lower carbon pools and C:N ratio) in the P. chinensis forest than the mixed forest. In contrast to current paradigms, this monodominant species is not associated with infertile, but with fertile soils. Parashorea chinensis seems to be especially associated with high manganese concentrations which it can tolerate, and with edaphic conditions (water, K) that allow this tall and exposed emergent species to maintain its water balance. This is in contrast with most previous studies on monodominance in the tropics that found either no effect of soil properties, or predict associations with nutrient-poor soils.
Ficus natalensisfacilitates the establishment of a montane rain-forest tree in south-east African tropical woodlands
Authors: Fujita Tomohiro
Published: June 2014

Nucleation, leading to the formation of tropical forest patches in open areas, has occurred in many parts of the world. This study examined the role ofFicus natalensisas a nucleus and estimated seed dispersers in the nucleation process. Seed rain and post-dispersal fate ofSyzygium guineensessp.afromontanum(a common forest tree species) under eightF.natalensiscrowns were compared with those in other woodland microsites. In addition, focal observations of frugivore were conducted atF.natalensisin the woodlands andS.guineensessp.afromontanumin the forest, when both species were fruiting. Most dispersed seeds (85%) were found underF.natalensis, and the number of dispersed seeds was significantly greater underF.natalensisthan at other microsites. Germination (n = 600) and survival percentages (n = 384) were greater underF.natalensiscompared with those in treeless open microsites. These results suggest thatF.natalensisact as efficient nuclei in nucleation process. Results of focal observations atS.guineensessp.afromontanum(100 h) showed that Schalow's turaco consumed 63% of fruit and swallowed all pecked fruit. Schalow's turaco also visited fruitingF.natalensisfrequently (0.4 h−1) during 80 h of observations, indicating that Schalow's turaco is an important seed disperser during nucleation.
Diet selection is related to breeding status in two frugivorous hornbill species of Central Africa
Authors: Lamperti Aaron M. , French Aaron R. , Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Fogiel Mark K. , Whitney Kenneth D. , Stauffer Donald J. , Holbrook Kimberly M. , Hardesty Britta D. , Clark Connie J. , Poulsen John R. , Wang Benjamin C. , Smith Thomas B. , Parker V. Thomas
Published: June 2014

Avian diet selection is hypothesized to be sensitive to seasonal changes in breeding status, but few tests exist for frugivorous tropical birds. Frugivorous birds provide an interesting test case because fruits are relatively deficient in minerals critical for reproduction. Here, we quantify annual patterns of fruit availability and diet for two frugivorous hornbill (Bucerotidae) species over a 5.5-y period to test for patterns of diet selection. Data from the lowland tropical rain forest of the Dja Reserve, Cameroon, are used to generate two nutritional indices. One index estimates the nutrient concentration of the diet chosen byCeratogymna atrataandBycanistes albotibialison a monthly basis using 3165 feeding observations combined with fruit pulp sample data. The second index is an estimate of nutrient concentration of a non-selective or neutral diet across the study area based on tree fruiting phenology, vegetation survey and fruit-pulp sample data. Fifty-nine fruit pulp samples representing 40 species were analysed for 16 nutrient categories to contribute to both indices. Pulp samples accounted for approximately 75% of the observed diets. The results support expected patterns of nutrient selection. The two hornbill species selected a diet rich in calcium during the early breeding season (significantly so forB. albotibialisin July and August). Through the brooding and fledging periods, they switched from a calcium-rich diet to one rich in iron and caloric content as well as supplemental protein in the form of invertebrates. Calcium, the calcium to phosphorus ratio and fat concentration were the strongest predictors of breeding success (significant for calcium and Ca:P forB. albotibialisin June). We conclude that hornbills actively select fruit based on nutritional concentration and mineral concentration and that the indices developed here are useful for assessing frugivore diet over time.