bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skor Kelelahan pada Peserta Didik Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi
Authors: Heriwardito Aldy , Sugiarto Adhrie , Setiadi Bakti , Dwiputra Anggara Gilang , Hafidz Noor , Ramlan Andi Ade Wijaya
Published: March 2022

Latar Belakang: Prevalensi kelelahan secara global bervariasi antara 2,36-75,7%. Kelelahan merupakan konsekuensi yang dapat dialami oleh peserta Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis (PPDS) Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif Fakultas Kedokteran Universitasi Indonesia (FKUI) selama menjalami proses pendidikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat kelelahan pada PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FKUI/RSCM setelah bertugas selama 24 jam di RSCM dengan menggunakan penilaian FAS, serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya.

Metode: Metode penelitian adalah studi potong lintang dan acak. Analisis dilakukan terhadap 36 subjek peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FKUI tahap paripurna, mandiri dan magang selama periode penelitian. Subjek diberikan kuesioner berisi pertanyaan mengenai faktor yang dapat memengaruhi tingkat kelelahan. Kelelahan secara subjektif diukur dengan Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) setelah peserta PPDS bekerja di Rumah Sakit dr.Cipto Mangunkussumo (RSCM) selama ≥ 24 jam.

Hasil: Sebanyak 55,6% peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif mengalami kelelahan seetelah bekerja di RSCM selama > 24 jam, dengan rerata skor kelelahan berdasarkan FAS adalah 23,6±4,2 yang berada diatas titik potong skor kelelahan dari FAS yaitu > 22. Kelelahan fisik memiliki rerata nilai yang lebih besar (15,19±2,7) dibandingkan dengan kelelahan mental (10,61±2,2) dengan perbedaaan yang bermakna (p<0.01).  Kelelahan pada peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FKUI tidak dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik, gaya hidup dan karakteristik pekerjaan.

Kesimpulan: PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif mengalami kelelahan fisik pasca bekerja selama >24 jam di RSCM. Kelelahan tersebut tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor gaya hidup dan pola kerja.
Early Design Stage Analysis with Brain Imaging Method
Authors: Erkan ilker
Published: March 2022

This study focuses on the early design phase in architectural design and aims to examine how participants transform their knowledge to make the initial decisions regarding design. A total of 100 volunteers, 50 architects and 50 non-architects, participated in the study. Architect and non-architect participants were to make mobile phone designs, while brain activities were being monitored during the research. All designs were rated by an independent group of 12 people. Supporting architectural education methods relating to the study; the aim is to make conclusions that help explain the early design stage and the overall design process which effects how the design ideas begin to take form. The study reveals the contribution of the early stages of design regarding architectural education and also that architects versus non-architects begin to create more meaningful designs during/at this stage.
Collaborative web extensions: a P2P approach
Authors: Firmenich Sergio , Fernandez Alejandro , Gonzalez Rodolfo , Rossi Gustavo
Published: March 2022

Web extensions are powerful software artifacts that allow end-users to adapt and enrich a website. These extensions run on the user's web browser as a single-user software that manipulates available third-party web contents. Many of them offer some collaborative features that depend on a web application. The need of two co-depending software artifacts (the web application as back-end and the web extensions as front-end) increases complexity, making the system harder to develop and maintain. In this paper we tackle this problem by proposing a P2P approach to build collaborative web extensions. The approach involves a middleware and a framework. On the one hand, the middleware serves to manage the resources offered by the browser so multiple P2P extensions can coexist. It ensures that the overall performance of the browser is not degraded by the collaborative web extension. On the other hand, the proposed framework is intended to allow developers without experience in P2P to create collaborative web extensions on top of the middleware. This paper discusses the main challenges of building P2P web extensions, presents the approach, and two case studies focused on the use of the framework for inexperienced developers.
Transformation of HCI co-research with older adults - researchers’ positionality in the COVID-19 pandemic times
Authors: Cerna Katerina , Paluch Richard , Bäumer Fabian , Ertl Tanja , Muller Claudia
Published: March 2022

In the time of COVID-19, many measurements to contain the pandemic contributed to social isolation and loneliness. Older adults in particular experience various forms of ageism in this regard, for example by being stereotyped as digitally illiterate. Hence, we need to learn more about the aging discourse in the context of participatory approaches, as it is currently lacking. This article presents the results from two participatory research projects that were significantly affected by the 1st COVID-19 lockdown. We specifically focus on the ways the relationships and modes of cooperation with our older research partners, i.e. the positionalities, have been impacted. We draw on the projects’ results, reflecting on the possible implications for the involvement of older adults indesign and HCI research and specifically, technologies that are supportive and empowering for the individuals against the background of the pandemic situation.
Reseña de Mansilla y Milano (2018) Ciudad de Vacaciones. Conflictos urbanos en espacios turísticos
Authors: Araque Manzur Martin
Published: March 2022

En un nuevo contexto que advierte una extrema restructuración de la industria turística es importante mirar atrás antes de dar el siguiente paso. El libro Ciudad de Vacaciones. Conflictos urbanos en espacios turísticos presenta conflictos que experimentan varias “ciudades de vacaciones” en la PenínsulaIbérica y en distintas latitudes de América Latina que han sido afectados por el fenómeno de la turistización masiva.
La casa mediterránea: la arquitectura del turismo y la apropiación de los referentes tradicionales en Cataluña y Baleares
Authors: Rosselló Maribel
Published: March 2022

A lo largo de la costa catalana y de las islas Baleares se reproducen durante todo el siglo XX numerosos diseños de construcción, principalmente casas unifamiliares de segunda residencia o de veraneo, que son identificados como viviendas mediterráneas, en una clara vinculación entre la condición de lugar de descanso y ocio con el pasado cultural, el paisaje y la arquitectura tradicional. El artículo indaga en las razones y los valores que vinculan a la arquitectura turística con la tradicional hasta llegar a tomarla como referente, incluso de manera descontextualizada, y analiza el modo como esta vinculación la va identificando con las características del diseño constructivo mediterráneo. Con este propósito se identifican y se analizan diferentes momentos y aproximaciones a lo largo del siglo a través de diversos estudios de casos conformadores de dicha arquitectura. El trabajo nos permite identificar el momento inicial de su conformación durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930 desde los planteamientos, por un lado, del noucentisme y del regionalismo y, por otro, desde la modernidad. También se resiguen los planteamientos que se reafirman desde sensibilidades muy diversas en las décadas de 1940 y 1950 y se constata que, con la eclosión turística a partir de la década de 1960, se popularizan y se asumen como propios.
Sobre cultura artística d’estampa a Catalunya a les acaballes del cicle barroc
Authors: Bosch Ballbona Joan
Published: March 2022

La identificació del conjunt de les fonts gràfiques que van guiar una part molt substancial dels relleus i del programa iconogràfic d’exaltació mariana que l’escultor Josep Pujol i Juhí creà a l’immersiu ambient de la capella dels Colls de l’església de Sant Llorenç de Morunys impulsa una sèrie de reflexions sobre la cultura artística «d’estampa» i la seva recepció als tallers pictòrics i escultòrics de la segona meitat del segle XVIII a Catalunya. L’estudi analitza amb més deteniment la peculiar traducció que Josep Pujol va fer-hi dels gravats que els germans Joseph Sebastian i Johann Baptist Klauber dedicaren als himnes marians de les Lletanies, la Salve i el Magnificat; i també el seu vincle en el retaule de Sant Pere de Matamargó amb la sèrie dels apòstols de la basílica de San Giovanni in Laterano, elaborada per l’equip integrat per Francesco Faraone Aquila, Vincenzo Franceschini i Giovanni Girolamo Frezza (o bé amb la realitzada més tard per Pietro Leone Bombelli). Igualment s’assenyala que la difusió internacional del gravat ajuda a llegir millor la trajectòria del pintor Francesc Pla, el Vigatà, i permet entendre un singular episodi rococó dins del segle XIX: el revestiment pictòric de l’encantadora església de Sant Pere de Madrona.
NON-TARIFF DIMENSION OF NEOPROTECTIONISM IN WORLD TRADE IN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS
Authors: Pawlak Karolina
Published: March 2022

The aim of this paper was to determine the scope of non-tariff measures used in the world agri-food trade in 2020. This study used data of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Global Trade Alert data. Applying the methodology developed by the UNCTAD and the World Trade Organization (WTO) three indexes were established to describe the use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) to trade, i.e., the Frequency Index, the Coverage Ratio and the Prevalence Ratio. The number of trade preferences and trade restrictions used by the largest exporters and importers of agri-food products was also measured. The analysis showed that the scope of use of non-tariff protection measures in world trade in agri-food products is much greater compared to other branches of the economy. In countries implementing a highly protectionist trade policy, such as Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Canada, the USA and Vietnam, non-tariff instruments were used in relation to all tariff lines and the entire value of import. To the greatest extent, non-tariff protection measures were adopted in the trade of non-processed plant origin products, including cereals, oilseeds and oleaginous fruit, fruit and vegetables, as well as dairy products. Countries most commonly implementing trade restrictions against their partners and, at the same time, at greatest risk of retaliatory actions on their part included EU countries, the USA and China.
Early Results of Total Cementless Hip Joint Arthroplasty with a Conical Screw Cup
Authors: Drobniewski Marek , Synder Marek , Krasińska Magdalena , Borowski Andrzej
Published: March 2022

Background. With the development of hip arthroplasty, there are increasingly more indications for effective use of this surgical method. Endoprostheses are now being more and more commonly used in difficult cases of secondary coxarthrosis and in increasingly younger patients. The aim of this study is to present the early results of hip joint arthroplasty with the Zweymüller conical screw cup.
Materials and methods. The study enrolled 117 patients (64 women and 53 men) who underwent a total of 123 hip joint arthroplasties with the Zweymüller conical screw cup. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 60.8 years (range: 26-81 years). The mean follow-up period was 7.7 years (range: 5-12.6 years).
Results. Pre-operative Merle d’Aubigne-Postel scores (modified by Charnley) of the study group were poor in all patients. Mean post-operative improvement was 6.3 points. The outcomes were classified as excellent in 42 cases (34.15%), good in 56 cases (45.53%), satisfactory in 14 (11.38%) and poor in 11 cases. Poor results were always associated with implant loosening. Heterotopic ossification was noted in 8 cases (6.5%). According to the Kaplan-Meier estimator, 5-year survival probability was 91.1% for the whole implant and 94.3% for the stem alone.
Conclusions. 1. Our follow-up data (from a mean follow-up period of more than 7 years) indicate that the Zwey­müller conical screw cup affords excellent clinical and functional results in patients operated on for advanced hip osteoarthritis. 2. In patients correctly qualified for this procedure, with good surgical technique and in the absence of complications, the risk of aseptic loosening is minimal. 3. As only medium-term follow-up data are available, there may be more cases of loosening over time, indicating a need of regular long-term follow-up.
Chronic, Neglected Medial Subtalar Dislocation with Associated Talar and Calcaneal Fractures. A Case Report
Authors: Sikora Hanna , Kopeć Konrad , Dudko Sławomir , Bereza Przemysław , Kusz Damian
Published: March 2022

Subtalar dislocation is a very rare injury that accounts for just approximately 1% of traumatic dislocations. Stan­dard treatment in acute subtalar dislocations is immediate closed reduction and cast immobilization. Early reduction is of key importance and allows avoiding further damage to soft tissues, nerves and blood vessels. Neglected, chronic subtalar dislocations are seen extremely rarely and only a few cases have been reported in the literature to date. Considering the lack of guidelines and very few literature reports relating to the treatment of such injuries, we have decided to present the case of a male patient with a chronic, neglected, closed medial subtalar dislocation of the right foot with associated fractures of the talar and calcaneal bones. The patient was admitted 4 months post trauma to his right ankle joint caused by a fall from a ladder. An open subtalar reduction was performed with arthrodesis of the talocalcaneal joint and the talonavicular joint of the right foot. The treatment was effective and recreated the me­chanical axis of the limb. One year after the surgery, the patient reported no pain and no limitations in everyday functioning, work and activities. At the one-year follow-up, his AOFAS score was 88/100.
LEVEL OF FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN POLANDLEVEL OF FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN POLAND
Authors: Łaba Sylwia , Łaba Robert , Szczepański Krystian , Kamińska-Dwórznicka Anna
Published: March 2022

The aim of the present paper is to show the results of the studies of food losses, as conducted in Poland in 2019, and to estimate the amount of the food waste at the level of the primary (agricultural) production in Poland during the period of 2017-2018. Also, the differences between the food losses and food waste, based upon the current definitions and legal regulations obligatory in Poland and in the European Union, were indicated. The studies of the food losses in the primary production were carried out at the territory of the whole Poland on the representative sample of 1,378 respondents from six sectors of economy, with the utilization of survey-questionnaire, by PAPI (Paper& Pen Personal Interview) method. The mass of the food waste was estimated on the grounds of the results of food losses and wastage, with the consideration of the methods of management, excluding destination for the consumption purposes or for animal feeds. From the conducted studies it is followed that the directions of management of the food losses in the primary (agricultural) production are different and are greatly dependent on the sector, i.e. type of the managed raw material, the causes of the resulting losses and the stage of production where the mentioned losses are generated. The food losses in the agricultural production constitute 15% of total food losses in Poland, i.e. 749.48 thousand tonnes annually whereas the food waste are estimated at the level of 507.94 thousand tonnes per year. The appropriate management of the losses in accordance with the hierarchy of proceeding with the waste reduces the quantity of the waste, decreasing, in effect, a negative impact on the environment.
Territorial defense forces in hybrid warfare in the light of experience of the conflict in Ukraine
Authors: Horyń Wojciech , Tomasik Robert
Published: March 2022

One of the experiences of the initial stages of the development of the eastern Ukraine conflict was the decision of the authorities in Kyiv to establish the so-called volunteer battalions (BTRO) and, among them, the territorial defense battalions. This article presents synthetically the tasks set for the above military formations. The authors consider which of the BTRO designed capabilities can be useful and effective against an aggressor using hybrid combat methods. They refer primarily to the course of events taking place during the conflict in Eastern Ukraine and the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula.
The authors discuss the capabilities of territorial defense subunits of the Armed Forces of Ukraine that can effectively defend against hybrid warfare. While looking to answer the question presented, materials and articles on current Russian war preparation and warfare concepts were analyzed. Attention was primarily paid to their practical application during the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea. Subsequently, documents and publications related to the creation and tasks posed to the Territorial Defense Battalions of the Ukrainian Armed Forces were examined. Assumptions concerning their organization and functioning were considered in the context of achieving the designed operational capabilities.
The summary presents the conclusions of the compilation of the above work. They concern particularly the concept of territorial application of the discussed military formations, the possibility of their establishing cooperation with regular subunits of the Armed Forces to supplement their ability to perform tasks, as well as issues related to cooperation with local authorities and communities.
Assessment of road transport ecological security impact in Poland
Authors: Korneć Radosław
Published: March 2022

Poland’s location in the central part of Europe means international communications routes connecting north and south of the continent and east and west. Many Polish roads are transit routes that pass through environmentally valuable areas, run through forests and swamps, and cross migration routes of animals. A physical impact of transport on the environment is multipronged; it concerns, in particular, the quality of air, water, and soil, as well as disturbance of biodiversity, landscape planning, acoustic climate, the danger of vibrations and road security. Moreover, environmental resources are necessary for the efficient functioning of the transport system to generate energy, but on the other hand, to build infrastructure facilities.
Apart from sustainable development, ecological security is one of the approaches to understand and solve environmental problems. Simultaneously, compared to issues connected with economics, politics, social and military problems, attempts to securitize ecology and the environment have a relatively short story. The article aims to identify threats for ecological security and solutions connected with road transport functioning in Poland.
A INFLUÊNCIA DA INTERNET NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA LIBERDADE POLÍTICA COM BASE NA LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO
Authors: Souto Ana Flávia Lins
Published: March 2022

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a teoria de Amartya Sen, o conceito de liberdades políticas apresentado por este autor pode ser dividido em duas vertentes: princípio democrático, que pode ser analisado sob dois ângulos, o negativo e o positivo; e, a segunda vertente pode ser verificada na liberdade de expressão em sentido amplo, isto é, a liberdade de expressar-se e de acesso à informação. Sabe-se que a democracia é criadora de conjuntos de oportunidades, porque abrange a prática da democracia e de direitos políticos. Isto é, a permanência dos direitos políticos é tida como não apenas um meio para se atingir o desenvolvimento, mas como um caminho constitutivo do desenvolvimento. Foi utilizado o método histórico comparativo, com acervo de documentação indireta para garantir uma pesquisa mais aprofundada. Conclui-se que liberdade de expressão é o liame para se atingir o desenvolvimento, para acabar com uma privação de liberdade e garantir a inclusão social que atualmente é mais comum com a participação ativa da população que utiliza as suas opiniões, consegue promover a união da sociedade com o intuito de se trasmudar de um mero expectador para um participante ativo das decisões políticas.
IL FENOMENO FISCALE ITALIANO AL TEMPO DELLA CRISI DELLE CONCEZIONI GIURIDICHE TRADIZIONALI
Authors: Icolari Maria assunta
Published: March 2022

La disamina muove dal bisogno di una profonda riflessione del sistema tributario italiano dopo che la stagione della crisi, politica ma anche economica, ha sortito i suoi effetti sia sul rapporto mai paritario tra Amministrazione finanziaria e contribuente che sulla nozione di tributo. Pertanto oggetto di attenzione sono per un verso le problematiche legate alla mancanza sia di un vero e paritario contraddittorio nell’azione tributaria, per cui l’Amministrazione fiscale spesso è in una posizione di intollerabile supremazia, sia di un vero coordinamento con il diritto penale; per altro verso del bisogno di adeguare la nozione di tributo agli indirizzi che provengono dal giudice costituzionale.
A RESPONSABILIZAÇÃO DO ADVOGADO PÚBLICO PARECERISTA PERANTE O TRIBUNAL DE CONTAS E O PRISMA TRAZIDO PELO NOVO CÓDIGO DE PROCESSO CIVIL DE 2015
Authors: Reis Jair Teixeira dos , Souza Arthur Moura de
Published: March 2022

O presente trabalho aborda o posicionamento da doutrina e do Supremo Tribunal Federal acerca da possibilidade da responsabilização do advogado público parecerista perante os Tribunais de Contas. Inicialmente, procura-se demonstrar a evolução que significou o estabelecimento dos parâmetros fixados pela doutrina e pelo STF acerca da responsabilização do advogado público em razão da manifestação da sua opinião, limitando-se a possibilidade de penalização pelas Cortes de Contas apenas àquelas hipóteses em que pudessem ser verificadas a ocorrência do dolo, culpa ou erro inescusável. Entretanto, em razão da dificuldade de se estabelecer o que seria culpa ou erro inescusável, e em razão da edição do Código de Processo Civil de 2015, pretende-se demonstrar duas razões pelas quais a responsabilização do advogado público parecerista nos processos administrativos deve seguir a regra judicial, qual seja, limitada ao “erro ou fraude”.
Meteorological Drought and Temperature in Sudano-Sahelian Region of Nigeria under Increasing Global Warming
Authors: F. Ati Ojonigu , Aremu Kayode , F. Olatunde Adewale , B. Abaje Iliya , O. Oladipo Emmanuel
Published: March 2022

This study examinesmeteorological drought and temperature in the Sudano-Sahelian region of Nigeria under increasing global warming. Rainfall data of 60 years (1961 to 2020) and temperature of 40 years (1981–2020) for nine stations were used to quantify drought occurrences as well as the pattern of temperature. The Bhalme and Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) and Student’s t-test were used to indicate if changes have occurred in the amount of rainfall and temperature (increase or decrease) over space and time in the study region. The BMDI was used because it is simple and able to depict historically documented droughts better than other indices. The student’s t-test was used to determine if the sub-period means of the series have altered significantly over time. Results show that the spatial and temporal occurrence and duration varied from one sub-area to another. Also, its intensity was mainly from mild to moderate. Results also show a consistent alternation between drought and wet years over the study period. The trend of temperature shows a tendency towards decreasing temperature during the period of study although it was not significant. The study concludes that the study region experiences climate variability that may well be part of global climate change.
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Liquefied Natural Gas and Marine Fuel for Ship from Well to Hull
Authors: Jwa Kyeonghun , Kim Yanghwa , Lim Ocktaeck
Published: March 2022

In this study, well-to-hull was obtained by life cycle assessment (LCA) and GREET, which is developed by Argonne National Laboratory to evaluate the environmental impact of marine LNG and marine fuel. This study compared the environmental impact of marine LNG and marine fuels, which were caused by green house gases (GHGs) emissions and energy consumption. The effect resulted from well-to-pump (WTP) process and pump to hull (PTH). Natural gas has the potential to generate more greenhouse gases than liquid fuels due to the amounts of leaks of the gas that were sent out of the air during production and processing. Nevertheless, the results showed that the greenhouse gases produced during transportation were enough to reduce the disadvantages (pump-to-hull process). The research expects that the results will be under the environmental policy of South Korea.
Transformation Action to Combat Desertification: A Direct Carbon Saving Mechanism in South Syria for Post-Conflict Management
Authors: Fawwaz Haddad Fidaa
Published: March 2022

Climate change has been visible through observed deterioration in the environment. Despite the different mitigation policies, greenhouse gas emission growth have increased over the last decade. Undeniably, war and conflict have the potential to further exacerbate inequalities and put major stress on meeting the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Despite the civil war in Syria entering its 10th year, carbon emissions have declined by 1.5 percent from 2015 due to the economic slowdown, which resulted in approximately 13 million Syrians in need of humanitarian assistance. As a consequence of the protracted crisis, families have suffered significant losses of assets and income generation opportunities, in both rural and urban areas, which has increased the vulnerability of the land, fostered illegal over-pumping of irrigation water, and poverty of the population in South Syria. Investing in renewable energy, such as installing solar panels to pump water for irrigation, or operating medium-small factories, can help communities in coping with the impact of climate change including drought, hence improving their resilience. The research investigated the current humanitarian initiatives on solar panels, at a small scale of households and industrial uses as a twin-track approach, for humanitarian, development, and peace nexus. This process helps in laying the basis for climate change resilience and combatting land desertification.
Towards Sustainable Community Conservation in Tropical Savanna Landscapes: A Management Intervention Framework for Ecotourism Projects in a Changing Global Climate
Authors: Mudzengi Boycen
Published: March 2022

Community-based conservation embedded in the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources, as exemplified by the Mahenye ecotourism project, faces numerous challenges due to climate change. It, therefore, becomes imperative to adopt community-based conservation models for the changing global climatic dynamics. The specific objectives of the research were to do the following: (i) identify the shocks emanating from climate change at Mahenye ecotourism project, (ii) indicate adaptations to make the ecotourism model at Mahenye more resilient in the face of shocks emanating from climate change, and (iii) develop a management intervention framework for ecotourism projects in a changing global climate. We approached the research from a qualitative perspective. The shocks emanating from climate change at the Mahenye ecotourism project included a shortage of water and forage for wild animals during drought years, flood-induced damage of buildings and roads due to increased incidence and severity of tropical cyclones, reduced bioclimatic comfort due to temperature rises, and increased theft of flora and fauna due to climate change-related socio-economic deprivation. The adaptations include recalibrating variables ranging from amenities, income streams, marketing, and linkages. The research results could inform environmental planners on strategies for ensuring the sustainability of community ecotourism in a changing climate.
Anterior Segment Trauma: The Fundamentals of Management
Authors: Gopal Pradeep Thanuja , Rameshbabu Honniganur Deepthi
Published: March 2022

Anterior segment trauma is the one of most common ocular condition seen in accident and emergency The ocular trauma may vary from minor injury such as a corneal abrasion to a grievous sight threatening injury such as a corneo-scleral tear or a chemical injury. The most crucial element in the management of ocular injuries is a thorough examination to identify all possible injuries to the eye and institute the appropriate treatment. The initial management plays a very important role in determining the prognosis of the vision, the need for further surgeries and also provide us with a realistic goals of visual rehabilitaion. In this chapter we aim to enumerate the common modes of ocular injury, manifestations of ocular trauma, the diagnostic features and provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the treatment instituted. We will also include the accepted international trauma scoring systems and their utility in prognosticating the visual rehabilitation.
Implications of Mycotoxins in Food Safety
Authors: Alina Marc Romina
Published: March 2022

The chapter aims to address an overview of the implications of mycotoxins in food safety and the presence of mycotoxins in various foods. Nowadays, everyone wants safe food with a long shelf life. Food safety has become a major strategic issue worldwide and has attracted worldwide attention. Mycotoxins are widely found in food and feed, and dietary exposure to them can induce various types of adverse health effects in humans and animals. Contamination of food by fungi and mycotoxins results in loss of dry matter, quality and nutrition, and poses a significant danger to the food chain. Moreover, mycotoxin contamination decreases product quality and reduces export values, which can lead to significant economic losses for producing countries. Mycotoxin contamination directly reduces food availability and has its own contribution to hunger and malnutrition, and the consumption of food contaminated with mycotoxins has major repercussions on human health.
Neuropsychological Assessment of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Misciagna Sandro
Published: March 2022

Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous and common group of disorders that have a relevant impact on children’s academic function. The most common learning disorders consist of dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia or other non-verbal learning disorders. These disorders are commonly associated with neurological or behavioral disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. Understanding of cognitive and mental problems of children with learning disorders is an interesting challenge, and various approaches have been applied for their study, including medical, genetic, educational, epidemiologic and experimental psychologist. Nowadays, clinical neuropsychological approach, which is based on neurocognitive models, is one of the best existing models for description and interpretation of learning disorders. This approach assumes that there is a strong relationship between the various learning deficits and brain functioning. This paper consists of a descriptive review about components of a specialized neuropsychological approach that can be applied for the assessment of children with learning disabilities.
Autoimmune Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Hypothyroidism: Novel Aspects
Authors: Kostoglou-Athanassiou Ifigenia , Athanassiou Lambros , Athanassiou Panagiotis
Published: March 2022

Autoimmune Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an organ specific autoimmune disorder. It affects the thyroid gland and it is characterized by the presence of antibodies to thyroid proteins, namely, thyroid peroxidase, TPOab and thyroglobulin, Tgab and thyroid tissue invasion by lymphocytes. The presence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis may be associated with normal thyroid function or hypothyroidism. In many cases of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with normal thyroid function may progress to subclinical hypothyroidism or overt hypothyroidism. Risk factors for the development of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are genetic and environmental. Genetic factors are HLA-DR4, CD40, CTLA-4 and PTP-N22 and genetic factors related to thyroglobulin gene and TSH receptor gene. Environmental factors include the presence of iodine excess in the environment, infectious agents such as hepatitis C virus and the SARS-CoV-2 virus, smoking, alcohol, selenium deficiency, drugs such as amiodarone, interferon-a, highly active antiretroviral therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Female sex is also a risk factor for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The disease runs a variable course. Presently there are experimental efforts to pause or reverse the autoimmune process which leads to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and may progress to the destruction of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism is treated by the administration of thyroxine usually for life.
Gene Therapy for Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Mendiola Pla Michelle , Chiang Yuting , Roan Jun-Neng , E. Bowles Dawn
Published: March 2022

Gene therapy is an advanced treatment approach that alters the genetic composition of cells to confer therapeutic protein or RNA expression to the target organ. It has been successfully introduced into clinical practice for the treatment of various diseases. Cardiac transplantation stands to benefit from applications of gene therapy to prevent the onset of post-transplantation complications, such as primary graft dysfunction, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and rejection. Additionally, gene therapy can be used to minimize or potentially eliminate the need for immunosuppression post-transplantation. Several animal models and delivery strategies have been developed over the years with the goal of achieving robust gene expression in the heart. However, a method for doing this has yet to be successfully translated into clinical practice. The recent advances in ex vivo perfusion for organ preservation provide potential ways to overcome several barriers to achieving gene therapy for cardiac transplantation into clinical practice. Optimizing the selection of the gene-carrying vector for gene delivery and selection of the therapeutic gene to be conferred is also crucial for being able to implement gene therapy in cardiac transplantation. Here, we discuss the history and current state of research on gene therapy for cardiac transplantation.
Maximizing the Discovery of Data Sets in the Yale University Library Catalog
Authors: Griem Rowena , Sugiyama Yukari , Meier Tachtorn
Published: March 2022

In response to the desire to include data set holdings in the Yale University Library (YUL) catalog, the Dataset Cataloging Task Force was formed in spring 2019 to assess the existing cataloging practices and current integrated library system environment. This paper describes the process of developing cataloging guidelines in the absence of authoritative resources while implementing best practices for cataloging data sets with the goal of optimizing the discoverability and accessibility of data sets in the online library catalog. The authors recommend the establishment of a national group to discuss, establish, and document national guidelines for cataloging data sets so that these increasingly important resources are treated in a consistent manner in institutional, consortial, and global catalogs.
Actual research on the problems of breeding, genetics and biotechnology in animal husbandry
Authors: Shcherbak O. V. , Kovtun S. I.
Published: March 2022

XIX All-Ukrainian Scientific Conference of Young Scientists and Postgraduate Students with International Participation "Actual research on the problems of breeding, genetics and biotechnology in animal husbandry", which was dedicated to the Day of Science in Ukraine, took place on June 30, 2021 at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M. V. Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine to discuss the research of young scientists and graduate students on breeding, genetics, biotechnology, reproduction and conservation of animal biodiversity.Keywords: breeding of farm animals, conservation of animal biodiversity, research in genetics and biotechnology of reproduction.
Hvordan påvirkes vælgerne af meningsmålinger? Effekten af meningsmålinger på danskernes stemmeadfærd og sympati for partierne
Authors: Dahlgaard Jens Olav , Hansen Jonas Hedegaard , Hansen Kasper Møller , Larsen Martin Vinæs
Published: March 2022

Som al anden information kan meningsmålinger påvirke opinionen. Vi præsenterer to hypoteser til at forstå, hvordan meningsmålinger påvirker opinionen: bandwagon- og underdog-effekten. Bandwagon-effekten hævder, at vælgerne “springer med på vognen”, således at et parti i fremgang vil opleve yderligere tilslutning og omvendt, hvis partiet står til tilbagegang. Underdog-effekten fremhæver, at et parti, som står til tilbagegang, høster sympatistemmer. De to hypoteser testes via et survey-eksperiment. Vi finder belæg for bandwagon-effekten, og effekten er stærkest i positiv retning: Når et parti går frem, trækker det flere med. Der er også tendens til den negative bandwagon-effekt. Der findes ikke belæg for underdog-effekten. Effekterne er i samme retning uafhængigt af partiets størrelse. Vi afslutter med at diskutere forbud mod offentliggørelse af meningsmålinger.
Anmeldelse af Parliaments and Coalitions. The Role of Legislative Institutions in Multiparty Governance
Authors: Jensen Henrik
Published: March 2022

Lanny W. Martin og Georg Vanberg, Parliaments and Coalitions. The Role of Legislative Institutions in Multiparty Governance. ECPR/Oxford University Press, 2011 (anmeldt af Henrik Jensen)
Service users’ response to increased public services: Results from a randomized field experiment in education
Authors: Andersen Simon Calmar , Nielsen Helena Skyt , Thomsen Mette Kjærgaard
Published: March 2022

Recent studies indicate that service users may respond to increased investments in the public service production (in education) by lowering their contribution to the service production. This is unfortunate as it reduces the overall effect of increased public investments. However, coproduction theory suggests that service users’ response depends on whether they perceive the increased public effort as complementary to their own input or as a substitute. In a randomized field experiment in primary education we examined the behavioral response of service users to three different, but comparable public initiatives. In one initiative, the academically weakest students were assigned significantly more homework in an attempt to involve their parents in helping them with homework. According to our results, the children experienced that their parents did help them more. This suggests that if the design of such public initiatives makes service users perceive their contribution as a complement to the public effort the effect can be strengthened rather than weakened.
Global eller regional jihad? Foreign fighters og al-Qaida-retorik i al-Shabaabs nationalistiske oprørskamp
Authors: Andersen Lars Erslev , Moe Louise Wiuff
Published: March 2022

Foreign fighters bliver set som en massiv sikkerhedstrussel for vestlige lande. Især Syrienskrigerne har senest været i fokus, men debatten startede langt tidligere, særligt med henvisninger til truslen som siges at udgå fra den somaliske oprørsgruppe al-Shabaab. Hvad er det empiriske grundlag for den påståede kobling mellem regionale konflikter, jihadgrupper og en stigende og massiv trussel mod Vesten? Er der entydige eksempler på, at al-Shabaab organiserer angreb eller rekrutterer og træner fighters til at vende tilbage til Vesten med henblik på at udføre terrorisme? Empiri fra åbne kilder og analyse af al-Shabaab indikerer, at denne påståede sammenhæng mangler empirisk grundlag men ikke desto mindre bliver brugt som legitimerende begrundelse for at udvide støtte til antiterrorismeinitiativer og øge ressourcer og beføjelser til efterretningstjenester.
The man behind the evil. How Breivik killed without shame
Authors: Nielsen Andrea Kiel
Published: March 2022

How was Breivik able to carry out the terror attacks without any signs of guilt? An analysis of his motivation and his justification of the attacks explains that he prior to, during and after the attacks disengaged the moral self-regulatory mechanisms from his acts. A strong anti-Islamic ideology was a major source of justification for his acts. This enabled him to erase feelings of guilt and regret; it gave him a sense of pride and a grandiose self-image as a war hero, which matched his narcissistic tendencies.
Erik Rasmussen, Niels Bohr og værdirelativismen – i anledning af Kasper Lippert-Rasmussens bog om Erik Rasmussen
Authors: Ougaard Morten
Published: March 2022

En svaghed ved Kasper Lippert-Rasmussens i øvrigt udmærkede bog om Erik Rasmussen er, at den forbigår den sene Rasmussens bog om komplementaritet og statskundskab. Bogen var vigtig for Rasmussen, og den bør indgå i hans faglige eftermæle. Den rummer videnskabsteoretiske argumenter af stor relevans, ikke mindst med hensyn til værdirelativismen. Rasmussen viser, at komplementaritetsbegrebet i Bohrs vigtige men oversete filosofi kan bidrage væsentligt til at afklare teoretisk-metodiske problemer i statskundskab, herunder forholdet mellem struktur og handling og mellem mikro- og makroanalyse, samt ikke mindst forholdet mellem normative og kognitive udsagn. Efter mødet med Niels Bohrs filosofi står Rasmussens værdirelativisme både skarpere og stærkere end før, og Kasper Lippert-Rasmussens karakteristik af denne position som et ubegrundet dogme i dansk politologi er ikke overbevisende.
Killing in the name of …? Ethnic group identities and civil war
Authors: Rørbæk Lasse Lykke
Published: March 2022

The article discusses two competing understandings of the relationship between ethnic group identities and civil war. The first one stresses the differences between ethnic group identities and proposes that religious and racial boundaries are particularly conflict-prone. According to the other understanding, ethnic groups generally have dense social networks, and their incentives and opportunities for fighting are associated with their political status and resources rather than their specific identity types. The article finds no statistical evidence that the probability of civil war onset is affected by whether ethnic groups primarily are mobilized around religious, linguistic, racial, or regional boundaries. The analysis thus suggests that different ethnic group identities are alike in terms of conflict escalation.
Electoral democracy and civil war
Authors: Bartusevičius Henrikas , Skaaning Svend-Erik
Published: March 2022

The democratic civil peace hypothesis has generated considerable debate in conflict research. This debate has centered on three general claims: democracies have lower risk of civil conflict; autocracies have as low a risk of civil conflict as democracies; and hybrid regimes have the highest risk of civil conflict. This study reassesses the relationship between regime type and civil conflict by employing the newly constructed Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED). This measure enables us both to distinguish between levels of electoral democracy and distinct regime types. In contrasts to previous studies, our global statistical analysis shows that hybrid regimes do not have the highest risk of civil conflict. Rather, full autocracies are the most conflict prone, while full electoral democracies are least likely to experience civil conflict.
Hvorfor stemmer folk ikke altid på krigsherrer? En simpel model over free-riding-problemet i valg med voldelige kandidater
Authors: Hansen Bertel Teilfeldt
Published: March 2022

I litteraturen om post-konfliktvalg er det et udbredt fund, at væbnede grupper, som ikke får tilstrækkeligt med stemmer, ofte genoptager konflikten. Det er imidlertid uklart, hvorfor denne situation overhovedet opstår: Hvorfor stemmer rationelle vælgere ikke altid på truende kandidater for dermed at undgå konflikt? Dette opstiller jeg et teoretisk svar på. I et spil med en enkelt periode vælger borgerne mellem en civil kandidat og en ”krigsherre”, som udøver vold mod dem i omvendt proportion med antallet af stemmer, han eller hun modtager. Modellen viser, at hvis vælgerne individuelt opnår ekspressiv nytte ved at stemme på den civile kandidat, vil de alle ende med at gøre dette, selvom de foretrækker, at krigsherren bliver valgt, og volden afsluttes. I ligevægten udøves den maksimale mængde vold.
Små stater i den perfekte storm: krisehåndtering og økonomisk troværdighed i Irlands og Islands finansielle kriser
Authors: Carstensen Martin B.
Published: March 2022

Til trods for at Irland og Island siden 2008 har gennemlevet nogle af historiens største finansielle og økonomiske kriser, nyder de to små åbne økonomier nu relativt høje vækstrater og lav arbejdsløshed og anses som succeshistorier. I begge lande har krisehåndteringen haft fokus på at genoprette internationale kapitalmarkeders tillid til de to økonomier, men hvor Island har kompenseret befolkningen gennem en socialt afbalanceret sparepolitik og gældseftergivelse, har Irlands sparepolitik fulgt en mere ortodoks europæisk tilgang med betydelige ulighedsskabende effekter. Islands heterodokse tilgang var mulig gennem kapitalkontrol og en devaluering af valutaen, hvorimod Irland hverken kunne devaluere eller nedskrive bankernes gæld. Artiklen viser, hvordan afhængigheden af internationale kapitalmarkeder og opgivelsen af monetær politik begrænser den fleksibilitet, små stater tidligere har nydt, og øger afhængigheden af heldige udviklinger i verdensøkonomien.
Civil servants as guardians of virtue or servants of democracy
Authors: Smith Bo , Christensen Jørgen Grønnegård
Published: March 2022

West European civil servants see themselves as political bureaucrats, working closely with ministers to prepare and implement governmental policies. These political bureaucrats operate within ministerial cultures emphasizing their ability to accommodate without strict hierarchical commands and controls. Even if these countries basically have upheld a merit civil service, some countries to some extent rely on political appointees. However, there is no indication that this limited politicization influences the quality of governance.
Embedsmandsdyderne og det ministerielle hierarki
Authors: Christensen Jørgen Grønnegård , Wang Julie Grunnet , Opstrup Niels
Published: March 2022

Flere sager har rettet opmærksomheden mod samspillet mellem ministrene og ministeriernes embedsmænd. Det er grundlæggende et principal-agent-problem. Det har to sider: agentens (embedsværkets) tilraning af magten fra principalen (ministeren), og principalens (ministerens) misbrug af agenten til politiske formål, som ikke er legitime. Med udgangspunkt i data indsamlet i Bo Smith-udvalgets regi identificeres et sæt normer for korrekt embedsmandsadfærd, hvorpå embedsmændenes håndtering af normerne analyseres. Embedsmændene har meget differentierede vurderinger af henholdsvis lovlighedskravet og kravene om sandhed og faglighed. Det er samtidig sådan, at departementerne og de ministerielle chefer indtager en nøglerolle, når det gælder håndhævelsen af respekten for lovlighedskravet.