bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covalently grafting silane coupling agents onto MXene‐reinforced carbon fibers for epoxy composites with improved mechanical properties
Authors: Han Ping , Hu Shaokai , Meng Chao , Yu Ying , Wei Gang , Gu Zheng
Published: November 2024

Two‐dimensional (2D) MXene (MX) and silane coupling agents are increasingly used to modify carbon materials for the fabrication of composite functional materials, which exhibit enhanced electrical, optical, and mechanical properties due to the synergistic effects of both MX and silane. We demonstrate the modification of carbon fibers (CFs) with MX and three different kinds of silane coupling agents, including 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3‐glycidyloxypropyldimethoxymethylsilane, and 3‐mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, which are named as CF‐MX@N, CF‐MX@O, and CF‐MX@S, respectively, and further prepare the CF‐MX@silane/epoxy (EP) composites. The utilized silane coupling agents serve as bridges between MX and CFs, forming CF‐MX@silane composites. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the CF‐MX@S composites form a strong interface phase through covalent bonds, significantly enhancing the interface compatibility and revealing strong interface adhesion. The interfacial shear strength of the molded CF‐MX@S/EP composites increases to 119.7 MPa, with an 173.9% enhancement comparing to unmodified composites. This work can offer useful guidance and reference for selecting appropriate silane coupling agent to modify CFs with 2D materials to form high‐performance composite materials.

Highlights

Silane coupling agents are used as bridges to graft MXene‐modified CFs

The surface modification of CFs is achieved by a simple one‐step approach

Excellent interfacial phase is constructed through forming strong covalent bonds

Microstructure and failure interface are responsible to interface strengthen.
Spatial analysis with unoccupied aircraft systems data in wheat breeding yield trials
Authors: Herr Andrew W. , Campbell Kimberly Garland , Li Xianran , Carter Arron H.
Published: November 2024

An important aspect of reliable cultivar development is good field trial evaluations. Unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS also known as drones or UAVs) are a popular high‐throughput phenotyping tool that has been used to successfully evaluate plant stress and other canopy characteristics in a field. In precision agriculture applications, UAS imagery has been used to identify spatial variability in field settings. Here, we use UAS spectral imagery to improve field trial spatial analysis, better control spatial variability, and reduce errors for more reliable selections. UAS imagery data were collected across 47 breeding trials planted in an augmented complete block design (ACBD) or alpha‐lattice replicated designs from 2020 through 2023. Trials were evaluated using three spatial analysis strategies: linear models incorporating block effect, row‐column effect, or 2D splines. UAS‐derived spectral reflectance indices (SRI) were combined with each model as covariates. Modeling strategies were used across all trials and evaluated for autocorrelation, model fitness, and coefficient of variation (CV). Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to assess model fitness. For spatial analysis trials, SRIs significantly lowered model AIC by an average of 38.4 for alpha‐lattice trials and 69.1 for ACBD trials. CV scores were also lowered when SRIs were utilized, with average CV values being 2.6 lower for alpha‐lattice and 2.1 for ACBD trials. This study highlights the potential for SRIs to improve the analyses of field breeding trials despite extreme environmental variables and climate conditions, improving experiment reliability and changing the way breeders plan and implement breeding experiments.
Yield, growth, and labor demands of growing maize, beans, and squash in monoculture versus the Three Sisters
Authors: Cryan Ty , Musselman Olivia , Baumgardner Aaron W. , Osborn Sadie , Beuscher Caroline J. , Stehn Caitlin , Burt Ariane , Chaaban Ramsey , Lopez Alexis , Lewis Giles , Mata Gabriela , Rothenberg Milo , Plascencia‐Marquez Ayelen , Greer Rani , Stremlau Rose , Murphy Halle , Newman Lia Rose , Merrill Annie , Wadgymar Susana M.
Published: November 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Intercropping techniques like the Three Sisters, where maize, beans, and squash are grown in an intermixed arrangement, have sustained communities in the Americas for thousands of years and continue to be practiced around the world. In collaboration with the Catawba Indian Nation, we assessed the yield and labor demands required when farming with Three Sisters versus monoculture arrangements. Our results illustrate how farmers could use different planting strategies depending on their priorities (e.g., maximizing yield) and available resources (e.g., conserving land, seeds, or labor). Studies like these can help inform food sovereignty programs and support cultural initiatives in Native communities.

Many Native American communities have historically grown maize, beans, and squash in polyculture as the Three Sisters because of the reciprocal ecological benefits the species provide each other and the surrounding environment. For instance, archaeological remains indicate that the Catawba Indian Nation had grown the Three Sisters for hundreds of years before experiencing the expansion of the colonial market economy, a smallpox epidemic, and the drastic loss of land.

To support the Catawba Indian Nation's food sovereignty and traditional ecological knowledge initiatives, we assess the yield and labor demands of growing their traditional variety of maize, beans, and squash plants in the Three Sisters planting design versus in monoculture conditions.

While total maize yield was equivalent in monoculture and the Three Sisters, plants grew larger, had higher survival, and produced greater yield per plant and per unit area of land in the Three Sisters. [Correction added on 21 November 2024, after first online publication: The preceding sentence has been corrected.] Squash yield was highest in monoculture. Trellising bean plants in monoculture required the most labor, and altogether, yield per hour of labor was higher in monoculture than in the Three Sisters.

Ultimately, the most appropriate farming strategy for the Catawba Indian Nation to use will depend on their priorities (e.g., maximizing the production of one species versus all species). We discuss the challenges managers of small farms face when considering traditional versus modern agricultural methods and describe how a respectful partnership between the Catawba Nation and Davidson College expanded and enhanced the outcomes of this study.
Dangers of under‐treatment and over‐treatment with inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma
Authors: Hayes Breanne , Mahady Stacey , McGuire Amber , Sforza Amanda , Sforza Joseph , Piedimonte Giovanni , Skoner David P.
Published: November 2024

Two children, both under the care of specialists for mild persistent asthma, flirted with mortality. One lost and one won the battle. A 16‐year‐old boy never received ICS therapy despite extensive airway inflammation and remodeling and died due to mismanagement of an asthma exacerbation. A 6‐year‐old girl developed iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome during 18 months of continuous treatment with high, FDA‐unapproved doses of both ICS and INCS and nearly died during an adrenal crisis. The role of ICS under‐treatment and over‐treatment and the possibility that recommendations in asthma guidelines and information in FDA package labels could have prevented both outcomes are explored.
Post‐Discharge Growth Among Extremely Preterm Infants With or Without Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Kimoto Yasuka , Hirata Katsuya , Hirano Shinya , Wada Kazuko , Moriichi Akinori , Ito Yoshiya , Cho Kazutoshi , Mizuno Katsumi , Toyoshima Katsuaki , Kushima Reiko , Ishii Nozomi , Yamaguchi Takeshi , Hashimoto Keiji , Yada Yukari , Kono Yumi
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate whether bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and home respiratory care (HRC) after discharge, including home oxygen therapy (HOT) or home mechanical ventilation (HMV), were associated with the growth of extremely preterm infants.

Study Design

This secondary study uses data from a study on the infant and early childhood development survey of low‐birth‐weight infants in the Health, Labor, and Welfare Science Research. We enrolled 788 singleton extremely preterm infants appropriate for gestational age (GA). BPD was defined as the requirement of supplemental oxygen or respiratory support at 36 weeks corrected GA. We compared trends of anthropometric measurements from age 0 to 5 years among infants with non‐BPD, BPD without HRC, and BPD with HRC.

Results

We obtained 4113 weight and length measurements. At age 0−5 years, the BPD with the HRC group weighed less and was shorter than the other two groups. Lower GA and BPD status were significantly associated with growth failure of weight at 3 and 5 years after adjustment for potential risk factors. Lower GA was significantly associated with growth failure of length at 3 and 5 years. Conversely, although BPD status was significantly associated with growth failure of length at 3 years, it was not at 5 years.

Conclusion

Among extremely preterm infants, BPD with HRC was associated with a significant growth delay at 0−5 years compared with non‐BPD and BPD without HRC. However, the effect of different severities of BPD on growth failure of length was attenuated with age.
Favipiravir pharmacokinetics in Thai adults with mild COVID‐19: A sub‐study of interpatient variability and ethnic differences in exposure
Authors: Prasanchaimontri Ing‐orn , Manosuthi Weerawat , Pertinez Henry , Owen Andrew , Niyomnaitham Suvimol , Sirijatuphat Rujipas , Charoenpong Lantharita , Cressey Tim R. , Copeland Katherine , Mokmued Phongpan , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya
Published: November 2024

This sub‐study sought to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of favipiravir (FPV) within Thai adults and quantitatively assess differences in exposure to those previously reported in other populations as a basis to understand putative differences in efficacy between studies conducted in different regions. It was nested within a prospective trial of adults with symptomatic COVID‐19 infection without pneumonia receiving 1800 mg FPV twice‐daily on day 1 and 800 mg twice‐daily thereafter. Individual PK profiles were fitted with a one‐compartment disposition model (first‐order absorption). Eight adults (seven female) with a median age of 39 years and BMI of 27.9 kg/m2 were included. Seven adults achieved plasma concentrations above the EC90 in vitro target (25 mg/L), with minimum–maximum concentrations decreasing with repeat dosing. The mean FPV apparent clearance observed in this study was 1.1 L/h (coefficient of variation [CV]: 60%), apparent volume of distribution 20.6 L (CV: 40%), absorption rate constant 6.1 h (CV: 100%), and 2.4 daily % change in apparent clearance (CV: 315%). Higher exposures were observed in these Thai adults compared with data from previous studies in Chinese, Japanese, and Turkish populations, respectively. Current FPV doses recommended in Thailand achieved target plasma concentrations with higher exposures than those described previously in other populations. The limited sample size prohibits firm conclusions from being drawn but the presented data warrants confirmation with a view to interrogate the appropriateness of doses used in randomized clinical trials that failed to demonstrate efficacy.
Pharmacokinetics and brain uptake of sodium selenate and selenium in naïve rats and a lateral fluid percussion injury rat model
Authors: Li Chenxu , Casillas‐Espinosa Pablo M. , Saletti Patricia Grandizoli , Chi Tina , Yamakawa Glenn , Silva Juliana , Hudson Matt , Liu Wei , Jones Nigel C. , Shultz Sandy R. , Ali Idrish , Mishra Usha , Cloyd James C. , Moshe ́ Solomon L. , Galanopoulou Aristea S. , O'Brien Terence J. , Coles Lisa D.
Published: November 2024

Post‐traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a life‐long complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The development of PTE is associated with neurological morbidity and increases the risk of mortality. An aim of EpiBioS4Rx (Epilepsy Bioinformatics Study for Antiepileptogenic Therapy) was to test potential therapies to prevent the development of PTE in the lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) rat model of TBI, in which rats were subjected to injury at the left parietal cortex. Sodium selenate has been reported to be antiepileptogenic post‐TBI in rodent models by activating protein phosphatase 2A and reducing phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) protein. We aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and brain uptake of sodium selenate using naïve control and LFPI rats. Rats received either a single bolus dose or a single bolus dose followed by a 7‐day subcutaneous minipump infusion of sodium selenate. Sodium selenate and selenium concentrations in plasma and brain were analyzed and used for PK estimation and brain exposure assessment. Selenium concentrations rapidly increased after sodium selenate administration, demonstrating biotransformation from sodium selenate to selenium. Sodium selenate and selenium PK parameters were estimated using non‐compartmental analysis. Sodium selenate clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (Vd/F) varied by dose and route of administration, suggesting differences in bioavailability and nonlinear pharmacokinetics at the doses tested. Brain‐to‐plasma partition coefficients (AUCbrain/AUCplasma) for sodium selenate and selenium were found to be 0.7–1.3 and 0.1–0.3 following single‐dose injection, respectively, indicating active transport of sodium selenate across the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
Dynamic spatial network simulation accounting for multiple ecological factors provides practical recommendations for biosecurity early detection and rapid response (EDRR) strategies
Authors: Cervigni Eleanor May , Pires Rodrigo , Trevenen Elizabeth Joan , Britton David , Waterhouse Barbara , Royer Jane Evelyn , Renton Michael
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Globally the spread of invasive pests is being facilitated by increased human mobility and climate change. Simulation modelling can help assess biosecurity strategies for early detection and rapid response (EDRR), but has struggled to account for important factors in the invasion process, such as spatial and temporal variability in habitat suitability and connectivity; population dynamics; and multiple dispersal pathways.

We developed a novel dynamic spatial network simulation approach based on spatial network theory that enables integration of a wider range of spatio‐temporal factors than previous studies, calibrated it against extensive historical trapping data, and applied it to comprehensively analyse the EDRR strategy for Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis; OFF) in northern Australia.

RESULTS

Simulations indicated that the chance of OFF reaching the mainland in the next 20 years could be up to 20% under the current EDRR strategy, depending on how optimistic or pessimistic model assumptions are, and highlighted possible improvements to the EDRR strategy for further consideration. Simulations under optimistic assumptions indicate that transport via wind is most important in OFF reaching the mainland, but under pessimistic assumptions transport via people carrying infected fruit becomes more important.

CONCLUSION

Our new dynamic spatial network simulation approach can account for a wide range of spatio‐temporal ecological factors to provide practical real‐world recommendations. At a minimum, this approach only requires weather and population data, both of which are available globally from a variety of free and open sources, making it broadly applicable to assessing the EDRR strategies in place for different species in other locations. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
K/Ka‐Band–GaN–High‐Electron‐Mobility Transistors Technology with 700 mS mm−1 Extrinsic Transconductance
Authors: Yazdani Hossein , Beleniotis Petros , Brunner Frank , Ostermay Ina , Würfl Joachim , Rudolph Matthias , Heinrich Wolfgang , Hilt Oliver
Published: November 2024

In this study, the impacts of fabrication technology and epitaxial layer design on the transconductance (gm) of radio frequency AlGaN/GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMTs) are examined. Optimization of the SiNx passivation and AlGaN barrier design of 150 nm gate HEMTs enhances the extrinsic (at Vds = 10 V) and intrinsic (at Vds = 15 V) transconductance from ≈0.47/0.65 to ≈0.62/1.1 S mm−1. Notably, an extrinsic gm of 0.70 S mm−1 at Vds = 5 V is achieved, setting a new benchmark for the extrinsic transconductance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs designed for the K/Ka frequency range with a breakdown voltage exceeding 100 V.
Tetrandrine Alleviates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Modulating Lung Microbiota‐Derived Metabolism and Ameliorating Alveolar Epithelial Cell Senescence
Authors: Zhuo Jinzhong , Chu Lanhe , Liu Dongyu , Zhang Jinming , Chen Weimou , Huang Haohua , Yu Qi , Meng Xiaojin , Zou Fei , Cai Shaixi , Dong Hangming
Published: November 2024

Tetrandrine (TET) is a minimally toxic drug extracted from the root of Stephania tetrandra. We previously demonstrated that TET could ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis (PF) by modulating autophagy. However, the mechanism behind TET's protective effects on PF remains unclear. In this study, we utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing, nontargeted metabolomic analysis, and network pharmacology to identify changes in lung microbiota and metabolites that mediate alveolar epithelial cell senescence in bleomycin (BLM)‐induced PF in mice. Additionally, we employed Western blot analysis, RT‐PCR, and immunofluorescence staining to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of TET and its influential bacterial metabolites on PF. The TET intervention alleviated PF by regulating the compositions of lung microbial communities (Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Altererythrobacter, Atopostipes, Candidatus Cloacimonas, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Sphingomonas, Listeria, Blautia, and Pseudomonas) and metabolites (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (3,4‐DHPPA), 6‐Aminonicotinamide, N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine, and resiniferatoxin). Through network pharmacological analysis, it was determined that 3,4‐DHPPA played a crucial role in alleviating PF by further inhibiting the senescence of alveolar epithelial cells, a finding further validated in ex vivo experiments. TET mitigated BLM‐induced PF in murine models through the modulation of lung microbiota composition and metabolism. Specifically, TET augmented the level of the microbiota‐derived metabolite, 3,4‐DHPPA, which in turn attenuated alveolar epithelial cell senescence.
Enterovirus Antibodies: Friends and Foes
Authors: Mbani Chaldam Jespère , Morvan Corentin , Nekoua Magloire Pandoua , Debuysschere Cyril , Alidjinou Enagnon Kazali , Moukassa Donatien , Hober Didier
Published: November 2024

Enteroviruses (EV) initiate replication by binding to their cellular receptors, leading to the uncoating and release of the viral genome into the cytosol of the host cell. Neutralising antibodies (NAbs) binding to epitopes on enteroviral capsid proteins can inhibit this infectious process through several mechanisms of neutralisation in vitro. Fc‐mediated antibody effector functions such as antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity and antibody‐dependent cellular phagocytosis have also been described for some EV. However, antibody binding to virions does not always result in viral neutralisation. Non‐neutralising antibodies, or sub‐neutralising concentrations of antibodies, can enhance infection of viruses, leading to more severe pathologies. This phenomenon, known as antibody‐dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, has been described in vitro and/or in vivo for EV including poliovirus, coxsackievirus B and EV‐A71. It has been shown that ADE of EV infection is mediated by FcγRs expressed by monocytes, macrophages, B lymphocytes and granulocytes. Antibodies play a crucial role in the diagnosis and monitoring of infections. They are valuable markers that have been used to establish a link between enteroviral infection and chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies targeting enteroviral proteins have been developed and shown to be effective to prevent or combat EV infections in vitro and in vivo. In addition, vaccines are under development, and clinical trials of vaccines are underway or have been completed, providing hope for the prevention of diseases due to EV. However, the ADE of the infection should be considered in the development of anti‐EV antibodies or safe vaccines.
The infinite framework: Enhancing sustainable development and circularity in value chains
Authors: Esteban‐Amaro Rosa , Estelles‐Miguel Sofia , Lengua Ismael , Yannou Bernard , Bouillass Ghada
Published: November 2024

The manufacturing sector is a major contributor to material consumption, pollution, and waste generation. Despite global actions and policies promoting sustainable development and circularity, the global economy has yet to show significant signs of change. This article introduces a framework designed to transform current value chains into collaborative networks, involving a wide range of stakeholders who take responsibility for the process. The study identifies key shortcomings of current systems‐thinking approaches, which often fail to effectively prioritise hotspots along the value chain and assess them from environmental, social, economic, and governance perspectives. The proposed framework addresses these gaps, contributing to a necessary paradigm shift towards sustainable production. The article utilises case examples from the photovoltaic and textile sectors to illustrate implementation. By creating an inclusive and enabling ecosystem, this framework empowers decision‐makers and stakeholders to develop resilient pathways through the co‐creation of initiatives and policies, aligning attitudes with sustainable production practices.
Theoretical Study on BiCoO3: Pressure‐Tuned Transformation of Structure, Magnetism, Charge, and Spin State
Authors: Meng Junling , Zhang Yao , Yao Fen , Huang Wan , Zhou Shuang , Zhang Lifang , Xu Na , Zhao Lina
Published: November 2024

The atomic structures, electronic structures, magnetic properties, and spin states of BiCoO3 multiferroic material under hydrostatic pressure are comprehensively investigated by using first‐principles calculation based on density functional theory. Firstly, we found the pressure‐tuned structural symmetry transition from tetragonal P4 mm (No. 99) to cubic Pmm (No. 221) space group. The structural transformation prompts the Co─O polyhedral coordination transfer from a CoO5 pyramidal to a CoO6 distorted octahedron. Secondly, the pressure‐induced magnetic change from C‐type antiferromagnetic state to ferromagnetic state and then to paramagnetic configuration occurred after continuous compression of the volume. Essentially, the fundamental reason for the transition of the magnetic structure lies in the change of the internal atomic structure, such as the pressure induced abrupt changes of Co─O bond length and  bond angle. Meanwhile, an obvious volume collapse was observed when the pressure was applied to 51–56 GPa. Finally, as the pressure increases, the magnetism changes from C‐type antiferromagnetic state to paramagnetic configuration, accompanying the transformation from high spin state with b2g2eg2a1g1b1g1 configuration in pyramid structure to low spin state with t2g6eg0 in octahedral field. Therefore, our results demonstrate that applied hydrostatic pressure in BiCoO3 can trigger the transformation of structure, magnetism, charge, and spin state.
In Situ Formed Continuous and Dense Inorganic Borate‐Based SEI for High‐Performance Li‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Liu Yuying , Huang Tao , Huang Zhencheng , Huang Weiyuan , Chen Jing , Jia Hao , He Xuanlong , Chen Weibin , Wei Haoran , Li Liewu , Ren Xiangzhong , Ouyang Xiaoping , Liu Jianhong , Ye Shenghua , Yang Xuming , Pan Feng , Zhang Qianling , Hu Jiangtao
Published: November 2024

The practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is largely hindered by the notorious lithium dendrite growth, low cycle efficiency associated with insufficient electrode–electrolyte interphase dynamics, and electrolyte combustion. Here, an advanced electrolyte using a combination of three kinds of salts dissolved in carbonate‐based solvents is developed. The salt anions dominate a primary solvation sheath, resulting in weak interaction between Li+ and the solvents, as well as the in situ formation of an inorganic‐rich bilayer solid electrolyte interface (SEI). The designed electrolyte enables high cycle stability in LMBs with a high‐loading NMC cathode (approximately 20 mg cm−2), exhibiting 89.89% capacity retention after 200 cycles with the cutoff voltage of 4.5 V. Cryo‐TEM characterization and density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the borate‐based bilayer SEI, characterized by an exceptional dense structure, effectively suppresses lithium dendrite growth, and certify the crucial role of inorganic component continuity and density within the SEI, which surpasses the absorption and migration energy barrier in terms of significance. This profound understanding of SEI structure holds great potential for advancing the development of high‐stable LMBs and can be expanded to other battery system.
Construction of 2D/2D Pd Metallene/COFs System with Strong Internal Electric Field for Outstanding Solar Energy Photocatalysis
Authors: Hu Haijun , Sun Xiaodong , Li Hui , Pan Hongge , Ma Yali , Huang Hongwei , Ma Tianyi
Published: November 2024

Due to the severe recombination of charge carriers, the photocatalytic activity of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) materials is limited. Herein, through simple ultrasound and stirring processes, the Pd metallene (Pde) is successfully combined with 2D COFs to form Pde/TpPa‐1‐COF (Pde/TPC) composites. Obviously, a strong internal electric field (IEF) is successfully formed in Pde/TPC hybrid materials, which significantly boosts the separation of photogenerated charges. In addition, the matched 2D structure of the two materials can also lead to electronic coupling effects, plentiful active sites, and shortened carrier migration paths. Thus, the Pde/TPC hybrid materials own extraordinary carrier separation ability with a longer carriers lifetime (3.3 ns for Pde/TPC and 2.7 ns for TPC), which can be proved series of photoelectrochemical and spectroscopic tests. Benefiting from the formation of IEF and the matched 2D structure, the 8% Pde/TPC demonstrates the highest photocatalytic H2 evolution efficiency, with H2 production rate reaching up to 5.85 mmol g−1 h−1, which is over 25 times greater than that of pristine COFs, also exceeding that of many reported COFs‐based photocatalysts. This research provides new perspectives and innovative approaches to further research on enhancing the internal electric field of COFs to promote their photocatalytic performance.
One‐Step Spray‐Deposited CsPbBr3 Thick Films as a Defect‐Tolerant Platform for Solar Module Fabrication
Authors: Han Yiran , Kang Kaiyuan , Pan Xiaodong , Yang Yangyang , Liang Yongqi
Published: November 2024

All‐inorganic CsPbBr3 thick films (≈10 μm) are prepared via a one‐step spray‐deposition method on TiO2‐covered fluorine doped tin oxide substrates. After carbon is pasted on top as the electrode without a hole‐transport layer in between, power conversion efficiency of 8.80% and 4.35% is achieved for large‐area solar cells (0.5 cm2) and solar modules (9.5 cm2), respectively. Tolerant to the impurity phases and rough surface morphology, the CsPbBr3 thick films fabricated through such a scalable method may serve as a platform for further construction of colorful photovoltaic cells and X‐ray‐detection devices.
A Dynamic Watermarking Integrated With Kalman Filter‐Based Cyber Attack Detection Strategy in Cyber‐Physical Microgrid
Authors: Priya E. , Roselyn J. Preetha , Vedachalam N. , Devaraj D.
Published: November 2024

Cyber‐physical power system (CPPS) has emerged due to the integration of communication, and information advancement in the electrical grid. Owing to the extensive growth of the DC‐microgrid (DC‐MG) network, and even with the implementation of advanced control, monitoring, and operating methods, these networks remain vulnerable to a range of cyber attacks in the near future. Thus, it is crucial to defend against assaults on these networked cyber‐physical systems (CPS). In this work, false data injection (FDI) attacks, time delay attacks, replay attacks, and malware‐based attacks are created in the test system and the system performance is measured. These attacks can be identified and recognized by the proposed cyber attack detection methodology based on dynamic watermarking with a Kalman filter for analyzing the terminal current, and load current using smart sensors, actuators, and controllers to eliminate the state of the system. The dynamic signals with watermarking can identify malicious misbehavior from sensors and actuators. This paper also demonstrates how networked systems of sensors and actuators can be secured using the proposed cyber detection approach. The aforementioned cyber attacks are created in the DC‐MG test system with four distributed generation units representing four physical nodes in a networked cyber‐physical power system created in MATLAB environment version 2023b. The purpose of examining the simulation results for various attacks is to assess the performance of the proposed methodology. The results shows the performance of the proposed strategy can give a more reliable and accurate decision method.
Function‐Valued Marked Spatial Point Processes on Linear Networks: Application to Urban Cycling Profiles
Authors: Eckardt Matthias , Mateu Jorge , Moradi Mehdi
Published: November 2024

In the literature on spatial point processes, there is an emerging challenge in studying marked point processes with points being labelled by functions. In this paper, we focus on point processes living on linear networks and, from distinct points of view, propose several mark summary characteristics that are of great use in studying the average association and dispersion of the function‐valued marks. Through a simulation study, we evaluate the performance of our proposed mark summary characteristics, both when marks are independent and when some sort of spatial dependence is evident among them. Finally, we employ our proposed mark summary characteristics to study the spatial structure of urban cycling profiles in Vancouver, Canada.
Synthesis of Superabsorbent Polymers Based on Sulfated Starch and Study of Their Water Absorption Properties
Authors: Kaewtong Chatthai , Saikrasun Sunan , Tanpichai Supachok , Cheerarot Onanong
Published: November 2024

This study aims to synthesize and characterize a sulfated‐starch‐based superabsorbent polymer (S‐SAP). The S‐SAP is prepared by grafting 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylic acid (AA) onto sulfated starch, which is subsequently crosslinked using N,N‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (MBA) via free radical polymerization with ammonium persulfate as the initiator. The successful grafting of AA and AMPS onto the starch backbone improves the thermal stability and increases the swelling capacity of the polymer. The swelling capacity and reusability of the S‐SAP are compared with those of commercial superabsorbent polymers (C‐SAPs). The swelling capacity of the S‐SAP is higher than those of C‐SAPs, reaching 417 g g−1 in distilled water and 47 g g−1 in a 0.15 M NaCl solution. The water absorption kinetics of the S‐SAP shows a good fit with the pseudo‐second‐order model. The polymer prepared herein has potential applications in horticulture and agriculture.
Punching shear behavior of steel fiber‐reinforced slabs with Filigran® punching shear reinforcement
Authors: Faustmann Sören , Landler Josef , Fischer Oliver , Bauermeister Ulrich , Furche Johannes
Published: November 2024

For strengthening punching shear endangered areas, both (1) punching shear reinforcement such as stirrups, headed studs or lattice girders and (2) the use of steel fiber‐reinforced concrete (SFRC) have been investigated and applied for many years. In contrast, the combination of both of these strengthening methods is way less investigated and there are mainly studies on slabs with stirrups or headed studs in combination with SFRC which show a high potential for increasing the load‐bearing capacity for the same slab geometry. Relevant investigations with other types of punching shear reinforcement in combination with SFRC are not known. In order to fill this gap, four full‐scale tests were performed on slabs made of SFRC combined with a high‐performance punching shear reinforcement (Filigran FDB). These tests are based on a plain concrete benchmark test with FDB punching shear reinforcement from the literature. The present paper describes and discusses the design, execution, key results and lessons learnt from these experimental tests. The addition of steel fibers strengthens the punching shear reinforcement, leads to smaller crack widths, and increases the ductility of the compression zone around the column. This results in significantly higher punching shear resistance. While the tested punching shear reinforcement (FDB) increases the resistance of the plain concrete benchmark test to 2.16 times the resistance of plain concrete without shear reinforcement (VRk,c), the addition of steel fibers in the tests shows resistances up to 2.79 · VRk,c. Thus, the additional increase due to the fibers was up to 30%.
The Factors Facilitate Teachers’ Use of Textbooks: An NCM Story
Authors: Wu Jiaqi , Yu Guowen , Zhang Dan , Qian Shouwang
Published: November 2024

Studying the influence mechanism of textbooks on teachers is of great significance to the compilation and improvement of textbooks. Based on the questionnaire survey on the impact of NCM (New Century Mathematics) mathematics textbooks on teachers this study selected 16 teachers for semi-structured interviews to explore how textbooks influence teachers and the factors facilitate teachers’ use of textbooks. Through the analysis of the text, it is found that the textbooks all contribute to teaching but in different ways. Besides the teachers’ internal motivation, teaching experience and teaching and research activities affect teachers’ use of textbooks.
Pursuing Mathematics Textbooks’ Education—Orientation Through Building Up Systematic Problems-Based Designs: An Overall Introduction to the Ideas of Developing Mathematics Textbooks for Grade 7-9 Published by Beijing Normal University Press
Authors: Ma Fu , Zhu Chenfei
Published: November 2024

Textbook development should be based on careful researches and will experience many iterated progressive revising cycles. After this time’s revising cycle, Mathematics Textbooks for Grade 7-9 Published by Beijing Normal University Press (shorted as “BNUM (7-9)” hereafter) are “education-oriented” and have systematic “problems-based” designs for the seek of possessing sufficient educational values. This paper firstly explains the conception of “education-oriented textbooks” and its main features. Then, it illustrates the idea about “problems-based designs” and why do those designs work. Lastly, it clarifies design principles, structures and layouts, and characteristics of “problems-based” in BNUM (7-9).
Problem Posing Tasks in the BNU Middle School Mathematics Textbooks in China
Authors: Gu Jiling , Zhao Xiaoyan
Published: November 2024

Problem posing tasks presented in textbook series are of great importance for teachers’ daily teaching and students’ learning. In this paper it is investigated the problem posing tasks in the textbook series published by Beijing Normal University Press (BNU). A coding framework was developed which includes four main categories. The amount of problem posing tasks for each grade, content stands and problems types were reported. And three concrete examples of problems posing tasks regarding function were illustrated. In conclusion, various learning opportunities were provided in BNU textbook series in order to promote students’ ability of problem posing.
Understanding the Feature of Geometrical Graphics in Thinking and Answering Reasoning Questions
Authors: Liu Xiaomei , Yang Junna
Published: November 2024

In recent years, the importance of geometry in cross-domain applications has become prominent. This is not only because geometry is used in a wide variety of fields, such as from robotics to computer graphics for film, from crystallography to architecture, from neuroscience to the nature of our universe, but because new geometric concepts are emerging in different fields.
The Influence of Teachers’ Teaching Idea and Behaviour on Students’ Problem Posing: An Explorative Study
Authors: An Zhijun , Hu Yaodong , Hou Yangyang , Zhao Jing , Xing Pengfei , Sun Fei
Published: November 2024

This paper explored how teachers applying problem posing as an teaching activity at classroom level based on “Conjecture, Proof and Extension”, which is the synthesis and practice of textbook series published by Beijing Normal University Press (BNU). The students’ ability to pose problems is evaluated from five dimensions. It was analysed both horizontally among different teachers and vertically between two different lessons given by the same teacher. It was found that teachers’ teaching behaviour has a significant impact on students’ problem posing, and there is a great difference between the same teacher’s two lessons. After the second round of collective discussion, teachers have a deeper understanding of how to apply problem posing at classroom level.
Investigating the Features of Nepali 8th Grade Mathematics Textbook
Authors: Basyal Deepak , Mainali Bhesh
Published: November 2024

A textbook is considered to be one of the primary resources for teaching and learning mathematics around the world. The role of textbooks is even more important in developing nations such as Nepal, where the textbook is the main curriculum resource. Thus, it is important to have rich mathematical tasks in a textbook to enhance the teaching and learning of mathematics. The rich mathematical task includes various features such as the usage of appropriate representations, a combination of contextual vs. non-contextual tasks, a balanced number of open vs. closed-ended problems, and utilization of high vs. low cognitive demand tasks. Using a multi-dimensional framework, we examined 1359 mathematics problems from an 8th-grade textbook published by the government of Nepal. The study revealed that the textbook did not include problems based on the various features of rich tasks. 87% of the problems are of low cognitive demand and non-contextual, and almost all problems are closed-ended.
Research on Teaching Resources Facilitating Prospective Mathematics Teacher of Designing Project-Based Learning
Authors: Liu Lizhe , Qi Chunxia
Published: November 2024

The application of Project-based Leaning (PBL) in mathematics has gradually become the focus of international mathematics education research since students benefited greatly from PBL. This also makes the teacher-educators who teach prospective teachers (PTs) about PBL in courses need to find abundant teaching resources for PTs’ deeply understanding on PBL design. This research collected and analysed PTs’(n = 20) reflective journals and other transcript data of the course based on the theoretical framework of Activity Theory to answer what kind of teaching resources were needed and how they influence the teaching and learning process. There are two major findings: (1) The course enabled the teaching resources to contribute to PTs’ understanding of PBL design; (2) the teaching resources varied from forms, topics of relevant knowledge, and developable resources influence PTs on PBL design in different ways.
Representations of Mathematicians in Lower Secondary Chinese Mathematics Textbooks
Authors: Ma Junhai , Zhang Weizhong
Published: November 2024

We conduct a study focused on representations of mathematicians in mathematics textbooks of lower secondary schools, adopting Foucauldian discourse analysis approach. The study shows that there is a stereotyped representation of mathematicians. The discourse of mathematicians is heterogeneity. The textbooks convey a cultural view of mathematics. The discourse of mathematicians in textbooks produces different subjectivities. The Foucauldian analysis of representations of mathematicians in textbooks can promote compilers of textbooks to reflect on the selection and presentation of mathematicians in textbooks, enhance teachers’ ability of critical analysis and provide a new perspective for textbook evaluation.
Comparative Study of the “Vectors in the Plane” in Senior High School Mathematics Textbooks of the Three Editions
Authors: Yan Fei , Lv Shihu
Published: November 2024

Using the method of combining qualitative and quantitative methods, the content of the “vectors in the plane” in the compulsory mathematics textbook of ordinary senior high school published by People’ s Education Press, Beijing Normal University Press and Hunan Education Press in 2019 is compared and analyzed from two aspects of content structure and content difficulty. In terms of content structure: the overall structure of the “vectors in the plane and its application” in the textbook of the three editions is basically consistent; The presentation mode in the PEP focuses on considering the existing knowledge structure of students, the BNUP pays attention to the unity of the internal logic and the physical background of the vector, and the HEP pays attention to the rigor of mathematical; the BNUP has the largest number of examples and exercises, the HEP is in the middle, and the PEP is the least. In terms of the content difficulty: the content difficulty of the “vectors in the plane” in the HEP is the most difficult, the BNUP is in the middle, and the PEP is the smallest.
Predicting Feynman periods in ϕ4-theory
Authors: Balduf Paul-Hermann , Shaban Kimia
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We present efficient data-driven approaches to predict the value of subdivergence-free Feynman integrals (Feynman periods) in ϕ4-theory from properties of the underlying Feynman graphs, based on a statistical examination of almost 2 million graphs. We find that the numbers of cuts and cycles determines the period to better than 2% relative accuracy. Hepp bound and Martin invariant allow for even more accurate predictions. In most cases, the period is a multi-linear function of the properties in question. Furthermore, we investigate the usefulness of machine-learning algorithms to predict the period. When sufficiently many properties of the graph are used, the period can be predicted with better than 0.05% relative accuracy.

We use one of the constructed prediction models for weighted Monte-Carlo sampling of Feynman graphs, and compute the primitive contribution to the beta function of ϕ4-theory at L ∈ {13, … , 17} loops. Our results confirm the previously known numerical estimates of the primitive beta function and improve their accuracy. Compared to uniform random sampling of graphs, our new algorithm is 1000-times faster to reach a desired accuracy, or reaches 32-fold higher accuracy in fixed runtime.

The dataset of all periods computed for this work, combined with a previous dataset, is made publicly available. Besides the physical application, it could serve as a benchmark for graph-based machine learning algorithms.
The Search for Radiation Standards and Science Diplomacy in the Interwar Period
Authors: Nielsen Aske Hennelund , Rentetzi Maria
Published: November 2024

This paper argues that international cooperation on devising radiation standards and measuring devices has been an issue not only of national concern but of binational and international conflict in the interwar period. Moreover, the production of radiation safety standards and radiation units gradually became a diplomatic process that underlined national rivalries and depended on political and diplomatic interests. As a result of this diplomatic process, early major scientific actors on radiation research lost prominence. The need to decide on radiation standards that could address medical, military and industrial concerns was therefore acute long before the 1950s and the establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), that took the lead in regulating the uses of ionizing radiation in the postwar period.
NT-proBNP improves prediction of cardiorenal complications in type 2 diabetes: the Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank
Authors: Ma Ronald C. W. , Tam Claudia H. T. , Hou Yong , Lau Eric S. H. , Ozaki Risa , Lui Juliana N. M. , Chow Elaine , Kong Alice P. S. , Huang Chuiguo , Ng Alex C. W. , Fung Erik G. , Luk Andrea O. Y. , So Wing Yee , Lim Cadmon K. P. , Chan Juliana C. N. ,   for the Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank Study Group
Published: November 2024

Aims/hypothesis

N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a natriuretic peptide that is strongly associated with congestive heart failure (CHF). The utility of NT-proBNP for prediction of cardiovascular events and renal endpoints, compared with clinical risk factors, has not been evaluated in detail. We hypothesise that NT-proBNP can improve risk stratification and prediction of cardiorenal events in type 2 diabetes, beyond that provided by clinical risk factors.

Methods

NT-proBNP was measured in 1993 samples from the Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank, a multicentre prospective diabetes cohort and biobank. A cut-off of ≥125 pg/ml was used to define elevated NT-proBNP. Associations between elevated NT-proBNP and incident cardiovascular and renal endpoints were examined using Cox regression, adjusted for sex, age and duration of diabetes, as well as other covariates. Prognostic and incremental predictive values of NT-proBNP in diabetes cardiorenal complications, compared with those of the Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation risk equations for CHD, CHF and kidney failure, were evaluated using the concordance index (C index), net reclassification improvement index, integrated discrimination improvement index and relative integrated discrimination improvement index.

Results

A total of 24.7% of participants had elevated NT-proBNP. Participants with elevated NT-proBNP at baseline had a more adverse cardiometabolic profile, with 2–4-fold higher frequency of complications at baseline. Adjusting for age at baseline, sex and duration of diabetes, elevated NT-proBNP was associated with incident atrial fibrillation (HR 4.64 [95% CI 2.44, 8.85]), CHD (HR 4.21 [2.46, 7.21]), CVD (HR 3.32 [2.20, 5.01]) and CHF (HR 4.18 [2.18, 8.03]; all p<0.001). All these associations remained significant after further adjustment for additional covariates. Elevated NT-proBNP had good discriminative ability for various cardiorenal endpoints, with C index of 0.83 (95% CI 0.76, 0.90) for CHD, 0.88 (0.81, 0.94) for atrial fibrillation, 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) for CHF, 0.81 (0.77, 0.84) for 40% drop in eGFR and 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) for kidney failure. Models incorporating NT-proBNP had improved prediction compared with established clinical risk models. Sensitivity analyses including alternative cut-off of NT-proBNP, as well as use of other risk engines of CHD, yielded similar results.

Conclusions/interpretation

NT-proBNP demonstrated a promising ability to serve as a prognostic marker for a variety of cardiorenal complications in type 2 diabetes. Considering NT-proBNP in clinical assessments could potentially help identify high-risk individuals who may benefit from more intensive therapies.

Graphical Abstract