bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Decision Support System for Design of Transmission System of Low Power Tractors
Authors: Chandel Narendra Singh , Tewari Virendra Kumar , Mehta Champat Raj , Patil Manohar Bhagavan
Published: April 2015

A decision support system (DSS) was developed in Visual Basic 6.0 programming language to design transmission system of low horsepower agricultural tractors, which involved the design of clutch and gearbox. The DSS provided graphical user interface by linking databases to support decision on design of transmission system for low horsepower tractors on the basis of modified ASABE draft model. The developed program for design of tractor transmission system calculated clutch size, gear ratios, number of teeth on each gear, and various gear design parameters. Related deviation was computed for design of transmission system of tractors based on measured and predicted values (simulated). The related deviation was less than 7% for design of clutch plate outer diameter and less than 3% for inner diameter. There was less than 1% variation between the predicted results by the developed DSS and those obtained from actual measurement for design of gear ratio. The DSS program was user friendly and efficient for predicting the design of transmission system for different tractor models to meet requirements of research institutions and industry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:760–770, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21648
Current practices in cancer pain management in Asia: a survey of patients and physicians across 10 countries
Authors:   The ACHEON Working Group, Kim Yong‐Chul , Ahn Jin Seok , Calimag Maria Minerva P. , Chao Ta Chung , Ho Kok Yuen , Tho Lye Mun , Xia Zhong‐Jun , Ward Lois , Moon Hanlim , Bhagat Abhishek
Published: April 2015

In order to implement more effective policies for cancer pain management, a better understanding of current practices is needed. Physicians managing cancer pain and patients experiencing cancer pain were randomly surveyed across 10 Asian countries to assess attitudes and perceptions toward cancer pain management. A total of 463 physicians (77.3% oncologists) with a median experience of 13 years were included. Medical school training on opioid use was considered inadequate by 30.5% of physicians and 55.9% indicated ≤10 h of continuing medical education (CME). Of the 1190 patients included, 1026 reported moderate‐to‐severe pain (median duration, 12 months). Discordance was observed between physician and patient outcomes on pain assessment with 88.3% of physicians reporting pain quantification, while 49.5% of patients claimed that no scale was used. Inadequate assessment of pain was recognized as a barrier to therapy optimization by 49.7% of physicians. Additional barriers identified were patients' reluctance owing to fear of addiction (67.2%) and adverse events (65.0%), patients' reluctance to report pain (52.5%), excessive regulations (48.0%) and reluctance to prescribe opioids (42.8%). Opioid use was confirmed only in 53.2% (286/538) of patients remembering their medication. Pain affected the activities of daily living for 81.3% of patients. These findings highlight the need for better training and CME opportunities for cancer pain management in Asia. Collaborative efforts between physicians, patients, policy makers, and related parties may assist in overcoming the barriers identified. Addressing the opioid stigma and enhancing awareness is vital to improving current standards of patient care.
Altering the Regioselectivity of a Nitroreductase in the Synthesis of Arylhydroxylamines by Structure‐Based Engineering
Authors: Bai Jing , Zhou Yong , Chen Qi , Yang Qing , Yang Jun
Published: April 2015

Nitroreductases have great potential for the highly efficient reduction of aryl nitro compounds to arylhydroxylamines. However, regioselective reduction of the desired nitro group in polynitroarenes is still a challenge. Here, we describe the structure‐based engineering of Escherichia coli nitroreductase NfsB to alter its regioselectivity, in order to achieve reduction of a target nitro group. When 2,4‐dinitrotoluene was used as the substrate, the wild‐type enzyme regioselectively reduced the 4‐NO2 group, but the T41L/N71S/F124W mutant primarily reduced the 2‐NO2 group, without loss of activity. The crystal structure of T41L/N71S/F124W and docking experiments indicated that the regioselectivity change (from 4‐NO2 to 2‐NO2) might result from the increased hydrophobicity of residues 41 and 124 (proximal to FMN) and conformational changes in residues 70 and 124.
Comparison of Different Polymer‐ and Silica‐Supported 9‐Amino‐9‐deoxy‐epi‐quinines as Recyclable Organocatalysts
Authors: Porta Riccardo , Coccia Francesca , Annunziata Rita , Puglisi Alessandra
Published: April 2015

9‐Amino‐9‐deoxy‐epi‐quinine, properly modified by suitable linkers, was anchored on highly cross‐linked polystyrene, poly(ethylene glycol), and silica. The resulting species were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and tested as supported organocatalysts in the reaction between isobutyric aldehyde and trans‐β‐nitrostyrene. Polystyrene‐ and poly(ethylene glycol)‐supported catalysts outperformed their nonsupported counterpart affording the desired product in high yield and ee (>90 % ee). Silica‐supported catalysts proved to be less efficient in terms of both chemical yield and enantioselectivity. Polystyrene‐ and poly(ethylene glycol)‐supported 9‐amino‐9‐deoxy‐epi‐quinine were then used in the same reaction with different substrates, leading to the desired products in high yield and ee, as well as in three other reactions operating with different mechanism. An investigation of the recyclability of the polystyrene‐ and poly(ethylene glycol)‐supported systems showed that these could be recovered and recycled with no loss of stereochemical activity but with a marked erosion of chemical efficiency occurring at the fifth reaction cycle. This was ascribed to chemical degradation of the alkaloid occurring during the reaction.
Electrostatic Charge Measurements of Droplets of Various Liquids Falling over a Large Distance
Authors: Lüttgens Sylvia , Lüttgens Günter , Thulin Anders , Paillat Thierry , Touchard Gérard
Published: April 2015

In order to contribute to a better understanding of the electrostatic phenomena appearing during splash filling of liquids and to clarify the reasons why this process is suspected to increase static electrification especially due to atomization, accurate experiments of charge measurements were made on droplets of various liquids falling over a large distance (5 m). Eleven liquids of different conductivity and surface tension were tested. The results confirm that no charge evolution appears even over a long falling distance. A possible explanation of the static charge increase in splash filling is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Type Alluaudite K0.4Na3.6Co(MoO4)3.
Authors: Nasri Rawia , Fakhar Bourguiba Noura , Zid Mohamed Faouzi
Published: April 2015

K0.4Na3.6Co(MoO4)3 is prepared by solid‐state reaction of Na2CO3, Co(NO3)2, K2CO3, and (NH4)2Mo4O13 in the molar ratio of Na:K:Co:Mo = 2:1:3:3 (porcelain crucible, 963 K, 2 weeks; cooling to 910 K at a rate of 5 °C/d).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Magnesium Copper(II) Bis[orthophosphate(V)] Monohydrate.
Authors: Khmiyas Jamal , Assani Abderrazzak , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: April 2015

Single crystals of Mg1.65Cu1.35 (PO4)2·H2O are grown under hydrothermal conditions using an aqueous mixture of AgNO3, MgO, Cu, and H3PO4 (85 wt%) in the molar ratio of 1:4:4.5:6, resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Na2RE2TeO4(BO3)2 (RE: Y, Dy—Lu): Luminescent and Structural Studies on a Series of Mixed Metal Borotellurates.
Authors: Feng Jiang‐He , Hu Chun‐Li , Xu Xiang , Kong Fang , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: April 2015

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reactions of Na2CO3, TeO2, H3BO3, and Ln2O3 (Ln: Y, Dy—Lu; Pt crucible, 830 °C, 10 d).
ChemInform Abstract: [V@Ge8As4]3‐ and [Nb@Ge8As6]3‐: Encapsulation of Electron‐Poor Transition Metal Atoms.
Authors: Mitzinger Stefan , Broeckaert Lies , Massa Werner , Weigend Florian , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: April 2015

The title compounds are characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Antimony‐Dependent Expansion for the Keggin Heteropolyniobate Family.
Authors: Zhang Zhe‐Yu , Peng Jun , Shi Zhen‐Yu , Zhou Wan‐Li , Khan Shifa Ullah , Liu Hong‐Sheng
Published: April 2015

Nine new Sb‐bicapped α‐Keggin‐type heteropolyoxoniobates are hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Bearing a Pyridine Moiety for the Copper‐Catalyzed Alkylation of N‐Sulfonylimines with Dialkylzinc Reagents.
Authors: Soeta Takahiro , Ishizaka Tomohiro , Tabatake Yuta , Ukaji Yutaka
Published: April 2015

Amino acid‐derived chiral imidazolium salts, each bearing a pyridine ring, are developed as N—heterocyclic carbene ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Difluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphorane — A Highly Active Catalyst for Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Bittner Bozena , Koppe Karsten , Bilir Vural , Frank Walter , Willner Helge , Ignat'ev Nikolai
Published: April 2015

Difluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphorane is shown to be a highly active catalyst for Diels—Alder reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Metalloamination of N,N‐Dimethylhydrazinoalkenes: A Versatile Method to Access Functionalized Piperidines and Pyrrolidines.
Authors: Sunsdahl Bryce , Smith Adrian R. , Livinghouse Tom
Published: April 2015

The metalloamination (cyclization)/electrophilic functionalization (allylation, acylation) sequence proceeds with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu/Fe‐Cocatalyzed Meyer—Schuster‐Like Rearrangement of Propargylic Amines: Direct Access to E‐β‐Aminoacryaldehydes.
Authors: Chen Ming , Peng Jiangling , Mao Tingting , Huang Jinbo
Published: April 2015

Whereas electronic effects do not influence the reaction efficiency, steric effects have a major impact, with 4‐substituted aryl amines providing the corresponding products in high yields, 3‐substituted aryl amines leading to moderate yields and 2‐substituted ones to only trace amounts of product.
ChemInform Abstract: A Robust and Efficient Catalyst Possessing an Electron‐Deficient Ligand for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Heteroarenes.
Authors: Jakab Alexandra , Dalicsek Zoltan , Soos Tibor
Published: April 2015

A unique thermally and air stable Pd(0)‐triarylphosphine catalyst is applied for direct C—H arylation of electronically varied heterocycles with a variety of aryl bromides to give the corresponding biaryls generally in reasonable yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Direct C—H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes Promoted by Mixed Potassium Alkoxides.
Authors: Wu Yinuo , Choy Pui Ying , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: April 2015

The use of mixed alkoxides as base is the key to success for the direct arylation of benzene with aryl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Aryl—Aryl Coupling Using Air as Terminal Oxidant.
Authors: Baars Hannah , Unoh Yuto , Okada Takeshi , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Tanaka Ken , Bolm Carsten , Miura Masahiro
Published: April 2015

as an efficient route for construction of the fluorene framework
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 3‐Alkylidene‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐isoindol‐1‐imines Through Cyclization of [1‐(2‐Cyanophenyl)alkylidene]aminide Intermediates Generated from the Reaction of 2‐(1‐Azidoalkyl)benzonitriles with NaH.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Ezaki Kosuke , Nozawa Ippei
Published: April 2015

A convenient and simple route for the synthesis of a variety of the title compounds (IV) starting from readily available materials is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium tert‐Butoxide‐Mediated Carboxylation Reactions of Unprotected Indoles and Pyrroles with Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Yoo Woo‐Jin , Nguyen Thanh V. Q. , Guiteras Capdevila Montse
Published: April 2015

The base‐mediated and transition metal‐free carboxylation reaction smoothly proceeds under ambient pressure of carbon dioxide with the use of a large excess of LiOtBu.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrosynthesis of 3,3‐Di(indolyl)indolin‐2‐one Nanorods
Authors: Ghanbari Khadijeh , Nikoofar Kobra
Published: April 2015

via condensation of various indole and isatin derivatives
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of New Benzimidazole Derivatives Promoted by Potassium Carbonate.
Authors: Zhang Dun‐Lin , Xue Meng‐Wei , Zhou Hong , Yang Jing‐Jing , Li Jian , Liu Shao‐Xian
Published: April 2015

An efficient method for the synthesis of new benzimidazoline derivatives (IV) (18 examples) via a one‐pot three‐component reaction of phenylenediamines with aromatic aldehydes and Ar2O is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Synthesis of Benzothiazolethiones from o‐Iodoanilines, Isocyanide, and Potassium Sulfide.
Authors: Dang Pan , Zeng Weilan , Liang Yun
Published: April 2015

A simple procedure is elaborated for the conversion of o‐iodoanilines into benzothiazolethiones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and NMR Analysis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles Tethered to Pyridine, Pyrimidine, and Pyrazine Rings.
Authors: Bolje Aljosa , Urankar Damijana , Kosmrlj Janez
Published: April 2015

Copper catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of terminal alkynes and aromatic or benzylic azides containing different six‐membered aromatic N‐heteroaryl substituents is examined to yield a variety of 1,2,3‐triazoles with the expected regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Mediated Efficient Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles and Their Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Parshad Mahavir , Verma Vikas , Kumar Devinder
Published: April 2015

Readily accessible pyrazolylchalcones (III) suffer an iodine‐mediated cyclization in DMSO leading to the title compounds (IV) in almost quantitative yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Aza‐Henry Reaction of Chiral tert‐Butanesulfinyl Imines with Methyl or Ethyl 4‐Nitrobutanoate: Easy Access to Enantioenriched 6‐Substituted Piperidine‐2,5‐diones.
Authors: Yus Miguel , Foubelo Francisco , Garcia‐Munoz M. Jesus
Published: April 2015

Base‐catalyzed addition of 4‐nitrobutanoates to chiral aldimines (II) proceeds with high facial selectivity (84—96%) furnishing the β‐nitroamine derivatives (III), which can be easily converted into enantioenriched 6‐substituted piperidinediones (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fused Quinoline and Quinoxaline Derivatives Enabled by Domino Radical Triple Bond Insertions.
Authors: Sun Xiaoyang , Li Jiahong , Ni Yunpeng , Ren Daan , Hu Zhentao , Yu Shouyun
Published: April 2015

The visible light mediated domino radical isocyanide/alkyne insertion reaction gives access to a wide range of quinolines, quinoxalines, and heterocycles (XV).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Convenient Syntheses for Fluorine‐Containing Pyrazolo[4,3‐c]quinolines, Isoxazoloquinolines, and 1,4‐Diazepino[6,5‐c]quinolines
Authors: Okada Etsuji , Hatakenaka Mizuki , Sakaemura Takushi
Published: April 2015

via facile and convenient reaction of 4‐quinolylamine (I) with hydrazines, hydroxylamine and 1,2‐diamines, respectively
ChemInform Abstract: A Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzodiazepin‐5‐ones, Privileged Scaffolds for Drug Discovery.
Authors: Viviano Monica , Milite Ciro , Rescigno Donatella , Castellano Sabrina , Sbardella Gianluca
Published: April 2015

An improved continuous‐flow synthetic method for the synthesis of benzodiazepinone derivatives (IV) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Nitrogen‐Containing 9‐Membered Ring Epoxy Vinyl Ethers via Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization Reactions of Acyclic 5‐Aza‐2,3‐epoxy‐7‐yn‐1‐ols.
Authors: Lin Hsin‐Hui , Chen Yi‐Ju , Liao Kuan‐Yu , Yeh Ming‐Chang P.
Published: April 2015

The attack of the alcohol functionality onto the gold(I)‐activated alkynes (II) leads to nine‐membered vinyl ether gold intermediates which undergo protodeauration furnishing the nine‐membered epoxy vinyl ethers (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Grignard Reagents to 3‐Silyl Unsaturated Esters for the Facile Preparation of Enantioenriched β‐Silylcarbonyl Compounds and Allylic Silanes.
Authors: Zhao Kai , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: April 2015

A highly enantioselective conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to 3‐silyl unsaturated esters to deliver synthetically useful chiral β‐silylcarbonyl compounds is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Secoeuphoractin, a Minor Diterpenoid with a New Skeleton from Euphorbia micractina
Authors: Xu Wen‐Dong , Tian Ye , Guo Qing‐Lan , Yang Yong‐Chun , Shi Jian‐Gong
Published: April 2015

isolation, structure elucidation, biogenetic pathway and HIV‐1 replication inhibitory activity
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Desmos cochinchinensis var. fulvescens BAN
Authors: Wu Tung‐Ying , Cheng Yuan‐Bin , Cheng Fu‐Ting , Hsu Yu‐Ming , Tran Dinh Thang , Chang Fang‐Rong , Wu Yang‐Chang
Published: April 2015

isolation and structure of two new compounds, 1β,7α‐dihydroxyeudesman‐4‐one (I) and 5αH‐megastigm‐7‐ene‐3α,4α,6.beta,9‐tetrol (II), along with nine known terpenoids
ChemInform Abstract: A New Steroidal Glycoside and Potential Anticancer Cytotoxic Activity of Compounds Isolated from the Bulbs of Lilium callosum.
Authors: Wang Xiao , Wu Guo Qing
Published: April 2015

The new steroidal glycoside, callosum A (I), is isolated along with five known steroidal glycosides from the butanol soluble fraction of Lilium callosum.
ChemInform Abstract: Eight New Polyketide Metabolites from the Fungus Pestalotiopsis vaccinii endogenous with the Mangrove Plant Kandelia candel (L.) Druce.
Authors: Liu Yonghong , et al.
Published: April 2015

Seven new prenylated phenols, vaccinols A‐G [e.g. A (I) and C (II)], and one new naphthalene derivative, vaccinal A (III), are isolated together with five known phenol derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic, Antiinflammatory, and Antibacterial Sulfur‐Containing Polybromoindoles from the Formosan Red Alga Laurencia brongniartii.
Authors: Fang Hui‐Yu , Chiou Shu‐Fen , Uvarani Chokkalingam , Wen Zih‐Hong , Hsu Chi‐Hsin , Wu Yang‐Chang , Wang Wei‐Lung , Liaw Chih‐Chuang , Sheu Jyh‐Horng
Published: April 2015

A new polybrominated indole (I) together with eleven known metabolites are isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Phthalides from Gnaphalium adnatum.
Authors: Zheng Xing‐Ping , Cui Qiong‐Fang , Zhao Jing‐Feng , Yang Li‐Juan , Zhang Hong‐Bin , Yang Xiao‐Dong , Li Liang
Published: April 2015

isolation, structure elucidation, and antitumor activity of new phthalides, gnaphalides A‐C (I)‐(III)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Molecular Editing, and Biological Assessment of the Potent Cytotoxin Leiodermatolide.
Authors: Fuerstner Alois , et al.
Published: April 2015

The total synthesis of leiodermatolide (I) allows the unambiguous assignment of the stereocenters especially on the six‐membered lacton ring unit.
ChemInform Abstract: Coprecipitation: An Excellent Tool for the Synthesis of Supported Metal Catalysts — From the Understanding of the Well Known Recipes to New Materials
Authors: Behrens Malte
Published: April 2015

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Targeted Crystal Growth of Rare Earth Intermetallics with Synergistic Magnetic and Electrical Properties: Structural Complexity to Simplicity
Authors: Schmitt Devin C. , Drake Brenton L. , McCandless Gregory T. , Chan Julia Y.
Published: April 2015

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Development of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazines: Synthesis, Reactivity and Their Biological Applications
Authors: Goel Richa , Luxami Vijay , Paul Kamaldeep
Published: April 2015

Review: [96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of AApeptides
Authors: Niu Youhong , Hu Yaogang , Wu Haifan , Cai Jianfeng
Published: April 2015

Review: 35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Antimicrobial Peptoids
Authors: Hansen Paul R. , Munk Jens K.
Published: April 2015

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rotaxanes and Pseudorotaxanes with Threads Containing Pyridinium Units
Authors: Deska Malgorzata , Kozlowska Jolanta , Sliwa Wanda
Published: April 2015

Review: synthesis, properties and possible applications; 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetico‐Mechanistic Studies on C—X (X = H, F, Cl, Br, I) Bond Activation Reactions on Organoplatinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Crespo Margarita , Martinez Manuel , Nabavizadeh S. Masoud , Rashidi Mehdi
Published: April 2015

Review: 193 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tools for Identifying Gelator Scaffolds and Solvents
Authors: Zurcher Danielle M. , McNeil Anne J.
Published: April 2015

Review: [47 refs.
Use of variance spectra for in‐line validation of process measurements in continuous processes
Authors: Feital Thiago , Pinto José Carlos
Published: April 2015

In‐line oil blending/certification, custody transfer, and performance monitoring are usually carried out with the help of analyzers that measure specific, and typically complex, properties or compositions, which must be reliable and verifiable for economic and regulatory reasons, as well as for safety and quality requirements. In these operations, in‐line measuring devices can generate process data at very high frequencies in typical continuous industrial plants. For this reason, it is proposed here that variance spectra generated by in‐line monitoring devices be used for validation of process measurements and implementation of quality control procedures, while laboratory practices/standards are used to support and evaluate the reliability of the proposed monitoring scheme on a regular basis. The illustrative application studies reveal the great influence that uncertainties and disturbances can exert upon decision‐making in continuous chemical processes and how the proposed monitoring schemes can allow for improvement of process operation and identification of process failures.
Variation in insurance status by patient demographics and tumor site among nonelderly adult patients with cancer
Authors: Grant Stephen R. , Walker Gary V. , Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh , Koshy Matthew , Allen Pamela K. , Mahmood Usama
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

In the United States, an estimated 48 million individuals live without health insurance. The purpose of the current study was to explore the Variation in insurance status by patient demographics and tumor site among nonelderly adult patients with cancer.

METHODS

A total of 688,794 patients aged 18 to 64 years who were diagnosed with one of the top 25 incident cancers (representing 95% of all cancer diagnoses) between 2007 and 2010 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were analyzed. Patient characteristics included age, race, sex, marital status, and rural or urban residence. County‐level demographics included percent poverty level. Insurance status was defined as having non‐Medicaid insurance, Medicaid coverage, or no insurance.

RESULTS

On multivariate logistic regression analyses, younger age, male sex, nonwhite race, being unmarried, residence in counties with higher levels of poverty, and rural residence were associated with being uninsured versus having non‐Medicaid insurance (all P <.001). The highest rates of non‐Medicaid insurance were noted among patients with prostate cancer (92.3%), melanoma of the skin (92.5%), and thyroid cancer (89.5%), whereas the lowest rates of non‐Medicaid insurance were observed among patients with cervical cancer (64.2%), liver cancer (67.9%), and stomach cancer (70.9%) (P <.001). Among uninsured individuals, the most prevalent cancers were lung cancer (14.9%), colorectal cancer (12.1%), and breast cancer (10.2%) (P <.001). Lung cancer caused the majority of cancer mortality in all insurance groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Rates of insurance coverage vary greatly by demographics and by cancer type. The expansion of health insurance coverage would be expected to disproportionally benefit certain demographic populations and cancer types. Cancer 2015;121:2020–2028. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Membrane fission: A computational complexity perspective
Authors: Macías‐ramos Luis F. , Song Bosheng , Valencia‐Cabrera Luis , Pan Linqiang , Pérez‐jiménez Mario J.
Published: April 2015

Membrane fission is a process by which a biological membrane is split into two new ones in the manner that the content of the initial membrane is separated and distributed between the new membranes. Inspired by this biological phenomenon, membrane separation rules were considered in membrane computing. In this work, we investigate cell‐like P systems with symport/antiport rules and membrane separation rules from a computational complexity perspective. Specifically, we establish a limit on the efficiency of such P systems which use communication rules of length at most two, and we prove the computational efficiency of this kind of models when using communication rules of length at most three. Hence, a sharp borderline between tractability and NP–hardness is provided in terms of the length of communication rules. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 321–334, 2016
A small fully digital open‐loop clock and data recovery circuit for wired BANs
Authors: Derogarian Fardin , Ferreira João Canas , Tavares Vítor Grade
Published: April 2015

This paper proposes a new open‐loop and low complexity (small size) fast‐lock synchronization circuit for clock and data recovery in wearable systems. The system includes sensors embedded in textile and connected by conductive yarns. Synchronization is based on the open‐loop selection of the correct phase of the receiver clock synchronously with the incoming signal. The clock generator of the receiver is an autonomous oscillator set to operate at the same nominal frequency. The circuit lock time is at most one clock cycle, faster than all methods based on phase‐locked loops or delay‐locked loops. The circuit can be used for baseband communication independently of the signal coding method used in the physical layer, making it suitable for many applications. The fully digital circuit (including non‐return‐to‐zero inverted decoder) occupies 0.0022 in a 0.35 complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, a smaller implementation than many existing circuits, and supports a maximum system clock frequency of 70 for a 35‐data rate. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed circuit robustly generates a synchronous clock for data recovery. The circuit is suitable for systems that tolerate some jitter but requires fast lock time, small size, and low energy consumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin Crossover in cis Manganese(III) Quinolylsalicylaldiminates
Authors: Sirirak Jitnapa , Harding David J. , Harding Phimphaka , Murray Keith S. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Liu Lujia , Telfer Shane G.
Published: April 2015

Two new MnII/III redox pairs, [Mn(qsal‐Cl)2]0/+ 10/+ and [Mn(qsal‐Br)2]0/+ 20/+ have been synthesized employing the tridentate Schiff base ligands, 5‐X–N‐(8‐quinolyl)salicylaldimine (Hqsal‐X, X = Cl and Br). The neutral MnII complexes 1 and 2 were prepared from MnCl2 and Hqsal‐Cl and Hqsal‐Br while oxidation of 1 or 2 with AgOTf yields the cationic MnIII complexes, [Mn(qsal‐Cl)2]OTf, 1+, and [Mn(qsal‐Br)2]OTf, 2+. 1 and 2 have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as CH2Cl2 solvates. The Mn centres adopt a strongly distorted octahedral geometry with cis O donors due to the pair of meridionally bound qsal‐X ligands. Electrochemical studies indicate two reversible one‐electron redox processes, Mn2+/3+ and Mn3+/4+. Spectroscopic studies show the LMCT bands move to lower wavelengths by ca. 30 nm while the νC=N stretches are little changed in the cationic complexes. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that 1+ and 2+ undergo gradual half spin crossover, despite having cis O donors. DFT calculations reveal a small HS–LS gap in the MnIII systems consistent with spin crossover and provide insight into the ligand design necessary for spin crossover in cis‐N4O2 MnIII compounds.
Ruthenium Carboxylate Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Propargylic Alcohols
Authors: Jeschke Janine , Gäbler Christian , Korb Marcus , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich
Published: April 2015

Ruthenium complexes [Ru(CO)2(PPh3)2(O2CR)2] – 3a (R = CH2OCH3), 3b (R = iPr), 3c (R = tBu), 3d (R = 2‐cC4H3O), and 3e (R = Ph) – were synthesized by treatment of Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2 with the corresponding carboxylic acids. The molecular structures of the newly synthesized complexes in the solid state are discussed. Compounds 3a–e were successfully applied as catalysts in the addition of carboxylic acids to propargylic alcohols to give the corresponding β‐oxo esters in good to excellent yields even in air. The different carboxylate ligands do not have an influence on the productivities, because the carboxylates exchange rapidly under the applied reaction conditions, as was confirmed by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopic studies. The addition of catalytic amounts of Na2CO3 resulted in an increase in β‐oxo ester formation. The reaction is tolerant to the use of versatile functional groups on the propargylic alcohols and carboxylic acids, revealing a broad substrate generality. In contrast to most other known catalytic systems, even sterically hindered substrates, including 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoic acid, 1,1‐diphenylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol, or the biologically active steroid ethisterone, were successfully converted.
Synthesis of Substituted γ‐ and δ‐Lactams through Mannich‐Type Reactions of Solid‐Supported N‐Acyliminium Ions
Authors: Komnatnyy Vitaly V. , Taveras Kennedy M. , Nandurkar Nitin S. , Le Quement Sebastian T. , Givskov Michael , Nielsen Thomas E.
Published: April 2015

We report the results of our recent investigations into the reactivity of cyclic solid‐supported N‐acyliminium ions. An intermolecular Mannich‐type transformation of these intermediates was used to generate libraries of substituted lactams. Masked aldehyde building blocks were readily prepared and coupled to peptides immobilized on PEGA800(polyethylene glycol dimethyl acrylamide) resin through an HMBA [4‐(hydroxymethyl)benzoic acid] linker. When treated with acid, the aldehyde was cleanly released and condensed with the amide backbone to form a hydroxylactam/N‐acyliminium ion, which underwent intermolecular reactions with a series of nucleophilic heterocycles, such as substituted indoles, thiophenes, furans, and electron‐rich benzenes. The resulting lactams were formed within a few minutes and in high purities (typically >85 %).
Quantile benchmark dose estimation for continuous endpoints
Authors: Wheeler Matthew W. , Shao Kan , Bailer A. John
Published: April 2015

Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) characterizes the risk of an adverse health outcome for an organism exposed to a chemical, environmental, physical, or other hazard. Historically, QRAs define risk based upon the increased probability of adverse response because of exposure when compared with the background probability of response in unexposed individuals. For a specified risk level, the exposure–response relationship is inverted to find an exposure (or dose) for minimizing risk; these exposures are often called the benchmark dose (BMD). For continuous endpoints, BMD analyses have employed strong assumptions on the form of the response distribution which may not be met for most toxicology data sets. We propose a reformulation of the BMD for use in QRA for continuous response that is based upon milder assumptions using quantile regression and monotone smoothing splines. This method takes into account the uncertainty in the response distribution as well as uncertainty in the exposure–response relationship. We apply this method to a data example and show through a simulation study that the approach is often superior to current practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salts affect the interaction of ZnO or CuO nanoparticles with wheat
Authors: Stewart Jacob , Hansen Trevor , McLean Joan E. , McManus Paul , Das Siddhartha , Britt David W. , Anderson Anne J. , Dimkpa Christian O.
Published: April 2015

Exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) that release metals with potential phytotoxicity could pose problems in agriculture. The authors of the present study used growth in a model growth matrix, sand, to examine the influence of 5 mmol/kg of Na, K, or Ca (added as Cl salts) and root exudates on transformation and changes to the bioactivity of copper(II) oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs on wheat. These salt levels are found in saline agricultural soils. After 14 d of seedling growth, particles with crystallinity typical of CuO or ZnO remained in the aqueous fraction from the sand; particles had negative surface charges that differed with NP type and salt, but salt did not alter particle agglomeration. Reduction in shoot and root elongation and lateral root induction by ZnO NPs were mitigated by all salts. However, whereas Na and K promoted Zn loading into shoots, Ca reduced loading, suggesting that competition with Zn ions for uptake occurred. With CuO NPs, plant growth and loading was modified equally by all salts, consistent with major interaction with the plant with CuO rather than Cu ions. Thus, for both NPs, loading into plant tissues was not solely dependent on ion solubility. These findings indicated that salts in agricultural soils could modify the phytotoxicity of NPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2116–2125. © 2015 SETAC
Effect of methyl cellulose coating on physicochemical properties, porosity, and surface diameter of pistachio hull
Authors: Moslehi Zainab , Garmakhany Amir Daraei , Araghi Maryam , Moslehi Marzie
Published: April 2015

Pistachio is a nut with high consumption that can be affected by aflatoxin contamination. Regarding influence of this fungus on global trade, broad studies in this area seem to be necessary. In this research, pistachio nuts were coated with methyl cellulose at different concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% by immersion method. Samples were stored in an incubator (25°C) for 4 months. Imaging was performed by electron microscope using SEM method and chemical changes (moisture, iodine, peroxide, and acidic value) were investigated during storage periods. Results showed that variations in storage time and methyl cellulose concentration had significant effect on moisture content and peroxide value (P < 0.05). Also, in case of acidic value, a significant difference was observed between treatments so that pistachio at concentration of 2% showed the highest acidic value. The highest iodine value loss was related to a concentration of 0.1% and the lowest value was observed in the control sample.
Corrective Taxes and Cigarette Characteristics
Authors: Calcott Paul , Petkov Vladimir
Published: April 2015

If cigarette design was exogenous, inefficiencies arising from smoking could be addressed either with a tax per packet or with an ad valorem tax. However, it is well known that the consequences of these two instruments differ when product characteristics are endogenous. We consider three such characteristics: nicotine, tar, and flavor. Implementation of the first‐best social optimum typically requires the capacity to tax or regulate harmful ingredients. Without such a capacity, the next‐best policy often combines a per‐unit tax on cigarettes with an ad valorem subsidy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convallaria keiskei as a novel therapeutic alternative for salivary gland cancer treatment by targeting myeloid cell leukemia‐1
Authors: Lee Haeng‐Eun , Nam Jeong‐Seok , Shin Ji‐Ae , Hong In‐Sun , Yang In‐Hyoung , You Myung‐Jo , Cho Sung‐Dae
Published: April 2015

Background

Various chemotherapeutic agents have been used largely for the treatment of salivary gland cancer. However, results are disappointing, and these agents can cause some serious side effects. Therefore, recent studies have focused on the possible roles of natural products to overcome these limitations.

Methods

Salivary gland cancer cells treated with or without Convallaria keiskei (MECK) for 24 hours. Apoptotic changes were evaluated by live/dead assay, immunoblotting, and expression levels of caspase‐3 and B‐cell lymphoma‐2 family member.

Results

MECK significantly inhibited salivary gland cancer growth. At the molecular level, MECK dramatically reduced myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (Mcl‐1) in a translation‐dependent manner and thereby induced apoptosis through Bax/Bid. Furthermore, we found that Mcl‐1 could be a potential therapeutic target of MECK‐induced apoptosis and its stability is regulated by extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling

Conclusion

MECK can be used as a safe and efficient therapeutic alternative for the treatment of salivary gland cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E761–E770, 2016
Predictors of mucositis in oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer in patients treated with volumetric modulated radiation treatment: A dose–volume analysis
Authors: Mazzola Rosario , Ricchetti Francesco , Fersino Sergio , Fiorentino Alba , Giaj Levra Niccolò , Di Paola Gioacchino , Ruggieri Ruggero , Alongi Filippo
Published: April 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess predictors of mucositis in oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer after definitive or adjuvant volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) +/− chemotherapy.

Methods

Fifty patients were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed for the following parameters as potential predictors of mucositis ≥ G2: total oral mucosa and oral mucosa minus target high‐low radiation dose regions (planning target volumes [PTVs]), mean dose (Dmean), maximum dose (Dmax), chemotherapy, weight loss, and dysphagia.

Results

Mucositis ≥ G2 was found to be statistically related to chemotherapy, weight loss, dysphagia ≥ G2, total oral mucosa Dmean ≥50 Gy and Dmax ≥65 Gy, V45 Gy >40%, V50 Gy >30%, and V55 Gy >20% of the oral mucosa minus target PTVs. A ratio between total oral mucosa and oral mucosa minus target PTVs >2.5 is related to G3 mucositis (p = .03).

Conclusion

New parameters were found as predictors of moderate‐severe mucositis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E815–E819, 2016
Establishing Biomechanical Mechanisms in Mouse Models: Practical Guidelines for Systematically Evaluating Phenotypic Changes in the Diaphyses of Long Bones
Authors: Jepsen Karl J , Silva Matthew J , Vashishth Deepak , Guo X Edward , van der Meulen Marjolein CH
Published: April 2015

Mice are widely used in studies of skeletal biology, and assessment of their bones by mechanical testing is a critical step when evaluating the functional effects of an experimental perturbation. For example, a gene knockout may target a pathway important in bone formation and result in a “low bone mass” phenotype. But how well does the skeleton bear functional loads; eg, how much do bones deform during loading and how resistant are bones to fracture? By systematic evaluation of bone morphological, densitometric, and mechanical properties, investigators can establish the “biomechanical mechanisms” whereby an experimental perturbation alters whole-bone mechanical function. The goal of this review is to clarify these biomechanical mechanisms and to make recommendations for systematically evaluating phenotypic changes in mouse bones, with a focus on long-bone diaphyses and cortical bone. Further, minimum reportable standards for testing conditions and outcome variables are suggested that will improve the comparison of data across studies. Basic biomechanical principles are reviewed, followed by a description of the cross-sectional morphological properties that best inform the net cellular effects of a given experimental perturbation and are most relevant to biomechanical function. Although morphology is critical, whole-bone mechanical properties can only be determined accurately by a mechanical test. The functional importance of stiffness, maximum load, postyield displacement, and work-to-fracture are reviewed. Because bone and body size are often strongly related, strategies to adjust whole-bone properties for body mass are detailed. Finally, a comprehensive framework is presented using real data, and several examples from the literature are reviewed to illustrate how to synthesize morphological, tissue-level, and whole-bone mechanical properties of mouse long bones. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The p27 Pathway Modulates the Regulation of Skeletal Growth and Osteoblastic Bone Formation by Parathyroid Hormone–Related Peptide
Authors: Zhu Min , Zhang Jing , Dong Zhan , Zhang Ying , Wang Rong , Karaplis Andrew , Goltzman David , Miao Dengshun
Published: April 2015

Parathyroid hormone–related peptide (PTHrP) 1–84 knock-in mice (Pthrp KI) develop skeletal growth retardation and defective osteoblastic bone formation. To further examine the mechanisms underlying this phenotype, microarray analyses of differential gene expression profiles were performed in long bone extracts from Pthrp KI mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. We found that the expression levels of p27, p16, and p53 were significantly upregulated in Pthrp KI mice relative to WT littermates. To determine whether p27 was involved in the regulation by PTHrP of skeletal growth and development in vivo, we generated compound mutant mice, which were homozygous for both p27 deletion and the Pthrp KI mutation (p27-/-Pthrp KI). We then compared p27-/-Pthrp KI mice with p27-/-, Pthrp KI, and WT littermates. Deletion of p27 in Pthrp KI mice resulted in a longer lifespan, increased body weight, and improvement in skeletal growth. At 2 weeks of age, skeletal parameters, including length of long bones, size of epiphyses, numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive chondrocytes, bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, osteoblast numbers, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-, type I collagen-, and osteocalcin-positive bone areas were increased in p27-/- mice and reduced in both Pthrp KI and p27-/-Pthrp KI mice compared with WT mice; however, these parameters were increased in p27-/-Pthrp KI mice compared with Pthrp KI mice. As well, protein expression levels of PTHR, IGF-1, and Bmi-1, and the numbers of total colony-forming unit fibroblastic (CFU-f) and ALP-positive CFU-f were similarly increased in p27-/-Pthrp KI mice compared with Pthrp KI mice. Our results demonstrate that deletion of p27 in Pthrp KI mice can partially rescue defects in skeletal growth and osteoblastic bone formation by enhancing endochondral bone formation and osteogenesis. These studies, therefore, indicate that the p27 pathway may function downstream in the action of PTHrP to regulate skeletal growth and development. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Interexamination repeatability and spatial heterogeneity of liver iron and fat quantification using MRI‐based multistep adaptive fitting algorithm
Authors: Sofue Keitaro , Mileto Achille , Dale Brian M. , Zhong Xiaodong , Bashir Mustafa R.
Published: April 2015

Purpose

To assess the interexamination repeatability and spatial heterogeneity of liver iron and fat measurements using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based multistep adaptive fitting algorithm.

Materials and Methods

This prospective observational study was Institutional Review Board‐approved and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act‐compliant. Written informed consent was waived. In all, 150 subjects were imaged on 3T MRI systems. A whole‐liver volume acquisition was performed twice using a six‐echo 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence during two immediately adjacent examinations. Colocalized regions of interest (ROIs) in three different hepatic segments were placed for R2* and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) measurements by two readers independently. Mean R2* and PDFF values between readers and acquisitions were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), linear regression, Bland–Altman analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

The mean R2* and PDFF values across all ROIs and measurements were 51.2 ± 25.2 s−1 and 6.9 ± 6.4%, respectively. Mean R2* and PDFF values showed no significant differences between the two acquisitions (P = 0.05–0.87). Between the two acquisitions, R2* and PDFF values demonstrated almost perfect agreement (ICCs = 0.979–0.994) and excellent correlation (R2 = 0.958–0.989). Bland–Altman analysis also demonstrated excellent agreement. In the ANOVA, the individual patient and ROI location were significant effects for both R2* and PDFF values (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

MRI‐based R2* and PDFF measurements are repeatable between examinations. Between‐measurement changes in R2* of more than 10.1 s−1 and in PDFF of more than 1.7% are likely due to actual tissue changes. Liver iron and fat content are variable between hepatic segments. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:1281–1290.
Mr‐derived cerebral spinal fluid hydrodynamics as a marker and a risk factor for intracranial hypertension in astronauts exposed to microgravity
Authors: Kramer Larry A. , Hasan Khader M. , Sargsyan Ashot E. , Wolinsky Jerry S. , Hamilton Douglas R. , Riascos Roy F. , Carson William K. , Heimbigner Jared , Patel Vipulkumar S. , Romo Seferino , Otto Christian
Published: April 2015

Purpose

To quantify the change in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) production rate and maximum systolic velocity in astronauts before and after exposure to microgravity and identify any physiologic trend and/or risk factor related to intracranial hypertension.

Materials and Methods

Following Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, with waiver of informed consent, a retrospective review of 27 astronauts imaged at 3T was done. Qualitative analysis was performed on T2‐weighted axial images through the orbits for degree of flattening of the posterior globe according to the following grades: 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe. One grade level change postflight was considered significant for exposure to intracranial hypertension. CSF production rate and maximum systolic velocity was calculated from cine phase‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging and compared to seven healthy controls.

Results

Fourteen astronauts were studied. The preflight CSF production rate in astronauts was similar to controls (P = 0.83). Six astronauts with significant posterior globe flattening demonstrated a 70% increase in CSF production rate postflight compared to baseline (P = 0.01). There was a significant increase in CSF maximum systolic velocity in the subgroup without posterior globe flattening (P = 0.01).

Conclusion

The increased postflight CSF production rate in astronauts with positive flattening is compatible with the hypothesis of microgravity‐induced intracranial hypertension inferring downregulation in CSF production in microgravity that is upregulated upon return to normal gravity. Increased postflight CSF maximum systolic velocity in astronauts with negative flattening suggests increased craniospinal compliance and a potential negative risk factor to microgravity‐induced intracranial hypertension. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1560–1571.