bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loca1 Development Policy in the 1980s
Authors: Bandy Dewey
Published: March 2007

Mainstream local development policy in the 1980s is moving towards practices that are undemocratic and rest on an inadequate theoretical base. The increasingly popular concept of a public-private partnership is institutionalizing corporate domination over local government policy. This corporate domination is reflected in local policy trends towards reduced government regulation of business, antiunion practices, and efforts to transform the urban environment to meet the needs of corporate accumulation. These problems are compounded by the inadequate theoretical basis of mainstream policies, which are based on neoclassical theories of location and comparative advantage and on a revival of uneven development and growth pole theories of the 1 950s and 1960s. These theories, and the policies they inform, are ill-suited to deal with the new forms of spatial and internal organization being adopted by corporations in response to a new international division of labor. These deficiencies in theory and policy suggest that there are areas where leftist or alternative policies that promote a more democratically controlled local economy might be applied.
Regional Planning and Regional Governance in the United States 1979-1996
Authors: Weitz Jerry , Seltzer Ethan
Published: March 2007

Friedman and Weaver's book, Territory and Function, which includes a survey of ideas concerning regions and regionalism in the United States, was published in 1979. Much has happened since then. There is a renewed interest in regionalism, particularly in conjunction with efforts to analyze and manage entire metropolitan areas. This bibliography incorporates works on regionalism and regional governance published since 1979. It draws from major sources in planning, urban affairs, and public policy. Entries are arranged in eleven categories, beginning with existing literature reviews of the topic. The bibliography contains 168 annotated entries, a subject index, jurisdiction and planning organization indexes, and a periodicals index.
A Case Study of Battered Women's Shelters in Appalachia
Authors: Tice Karen W.
Published: March 2007

Case studies of women's organizations have focused on urban programs but neglected the unique problems faced by rural programs. This article explores the organizational politics of four rural battered women's programs in Appalachia. The lack of feminist networks, the defensiveness of communities, and organizational isolation present special challenges to rural women activists. These factors have shaped the organizational structures and tactics of rural-based organizations and have resulted in organizations that are different from their urban counterparts. A successful social movement to end male violence needs to maintain its flexibility of tone and method and to support its programs'adaptations to the communities in which they are located.
Pornography and Social Policy: Three Feminist Approaches
Authors: Collins Barbara G.
Published: March 2007

Arguments regarding sexuality and sexual expression have been central issues in feminist theory. This article explores three opposing feminist models for interpreting sexual imagery—the radical feminist, the libertarian feminist, and the socialist feminist-the conceptions of sexuality and representation on which each is based, and the resulting social policy positions regarding pornography. It analyzes the commonalities, differences, strengths, and weaknesses of each perspective and the corresponding policy argument and discusses the divisiveness of the feminist debates on pornography.
Explicitness: The Unspoken Mandate of Feminist Social Work
Authors: Lundy Marta
Published: March 2007

Feminist social work consists of the complementary elements of feminist theory and therapy and social work values and principles, producing an explicit clinical framework that is relevant for social workers. This article describes and applies feminist social work in four major components of therapy: (1) the therapeutic relationship, (2) the definition of problems and the identification of goals, (3) the generation of solutions, and (4) the evaluation of practice. A case example illustrates feminist social work with intrafamilial sexual abuse.
The Role of Mutuality in Mother-Daughter Relationships
Authors: Goldberg Joan E.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study of the role of mutuality in the relation ships of adolescent daughters and their mothers. It found that there was a positive relationship between mutuality in these relationships and the daughters'social adjustment and self-esteem.
Listening to the Voices of Battered Women: What Helps Them Escape Violence
Authors: Davis Liane V. , Srinivasan Meera
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study that used focus groups to determine what helps battered women get out of their abusive relationships and survive and grow once they have left their abusers. The principles for social work practice with battered women that were derived from this research are based on the women's accounts of their experiences and of their needs.
The Adult Bat Mitzvah: Its Use in the Articulation of Women's Identity
Authors: Kahn Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the adult bat mitzvah, a Jewish life-cycle ritual for adult women, for a link between it and a woman's negotiation of identity development. Vignettes from interviews with adult bat mitz vah celebrants demonstrate the ritual's use in specific identification functions and its ability to enable a woman to articulate a meaning system that encompasses the complexity of her identity.
Correlates of Stress Among African American Nuns
Authors: Bryant Shirley
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings of an exploratory study of the stress experienced by 72 African American nuns. The study found that the less satisfied the nuns were with their religious congregations and the less healthy they felt, the more stress they reported. Stress was also significantly correlated with current age, age at entrance into religious life, and length of time in religious life and in the current religious congregation.
Aggregation Bias and Woman Abuse
Authors: SCHWARTZ MARTIN D. , DeKESEREDY WALTER S.
Published: March 2007

Many researchers have been attracted to broad, national-level surveys as an antidote to the more usual practice of studying woman abuse in one location or campus and presuming that the results generalize to the entire population. However, the reverse error is also possible: presuming that one national rate may adequately represent a variety of different regions, types of schools, and cultural groups. This article analyzes the Canadian National Survey data to compare geographic regions, types of schools, and whether the students took the survey in French or English. None of these factors influenced the results. Male peer support measures, as hypothesized, did strongly affect male behavior in both physical and sexual abuse.
Sexual Harassment and Assault as Predictors of PTSD Symptomatology Among U.S. Female Persian Gulf War Military Personnel
Authors: WOLFE JESSICA , SHARKANSKY ERICA J. , READ JENNIFER P. , DAWSON REE , MARTIN JAMES A. , OUIMETTE PAIGE CROSBY
Published: March 2007

Rates and sequelae of sexual harassment and assault among women in a wartime military sample were examined. A second goal was to explore the comparative impacts of these stressors and combat exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. Army women (n=160) were interviewed on return from the Persian Gulf War and again 18 to 24 months later. Rates of sexual assault (7.3%), physical sexual harassment (33.1%), and verbal sexual harassment (66.2%) were higher than those typically found in civilian and peacetime military samples. Sexual assault had a larger impact on PTSD symptomatology than combat exposure. Frequency of physical sexual harassment was significantly predictive of PTSD symptomatology. Furthermore, the number of postwar stressful life events mediated the relationship between physical sexual harassment and symptomatology but was not related to combat exposure. Sexual assault, sexual harassment, and combat exposure appear to be qualitatively different stressors for women, with different correlates and mechanisms of action.
The Differentiation of Intrafamilial and Extrafamilial Heterosexual Child Molesters
Authors: BARSETTI IAN , EARLS CHRISTOPHER M. , LALUMIÈRE MARTIN L. , BÉLANGER NATHALIE
Published: March 2007

It is unclear whether intrafamilial and extrafamilial child molesters differ in their sexual interest toward children and adults. Some authors have reported that both intrafamilial and extrafamilial offenders show sexual interest in children; others have found that intrafamilial offenders evidence little interest in children. The authors compared the phallometrically measured sexual interests of 19 intrafamilial heterosexual child molesters, 20 extrafamilial heterosexual child molesters, and 18 heterosexual nonoffender men recruited from the community. Stimuli consisted of 27 audiotapes describing either consensual sex with an adult partner, sexual contacts with a child using different degrees of force and violence, nonsexual aggression against a child, and neutral interactions. Nonoffenders showed a clear preference for adult stimuli; intrafamilial and extrafamilial child molesters did not discriminate between the adult and child categories and showed very similar arousal patterns.
Measuring Sexual Aggression
Authors: KRAHÉ BARBARA , REIMER TORSTEN , SCHEINBERGER-OLWIG RENATE , FRITSCHE IMMO
Published: March 2007

This study examined the reliability of a German version of the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) using a retest design. A total of 114 respondents were asked to complete the SES twice within a period of 3 to 4 weeks. Overall percentages of consistent responses at the two data points were high, with a mean score of 95% across all items. Separate analyses for positive and negative responses revealed the high overall consistency to be due in large part to the high consistency of negative responses that dominated the response distribution. Positive responses, indicating experiences of sexual victimization or aggression, showed less stability over the two data points. Moreover, a distinct asymmetry in inconsistent responses was found, with retractions at Time 2 being far more frequent than revelations of previously undisclosed experiences. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the ability of the SES to detect sexual aggression and victimization.
Associations Between Childhood Abuse and Personality Disorder Symptoms in College Males
Authors: MILLER PAUL M. , LISAK DAVID
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between childhood abuse and personality disorder symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college males (N = 584, mean age = 28.8 years). Childhood sexual and physical abuse and personality disorder (PD) symptoms, among other variables, were assessed using self-report measures. Abuse histories were categorized into no abuse, sexual abuse only, physical abuse only, and both types of abuse. Also, a dimension of severity was measured by tallying, for sexual and physical abuse scales separately, the number of items meeting abuse criteria. Multivariate analyses indicate that even when statistically controlling for possible confounding variables, childhood abuse histories are associated with greater levels of adult symptomatology. The severity dimension predicted statistically significant, although clinically negligible, portions of the variance for three PD scales.
Relations Among Childhood Memory, a History of Abuse, Dissociation, and Repression
Authors: MELCHERT TIMOTHY P.
Published: March 2007

The author of this study investigated several questions regarding the relationships between a history of child abuse, recovered abuse memories, childhood memory in general, repression, and dissociation. Of the total sample (N = 560 undergraduate students), one quarter reported a history of child abuse, and 18% of these reported that they had a period when they lacked memories of their abuse. These participants endorsed a variety of descriptions of their recovered memories, many of which do not suggest a lack of conscious access to the memories. General quality of childhood memory was found to be unrelated to a history of abuse, and most participants, regardless of their abuse history, reported recovering memories from their childhood in general. Repressive personality traits were found to be unrelated to recovering abuse memories, but dissociative traits were found to be weakly associated with recovering abuse memories.
401(k) Bonanzas Wonft Promote a Rash of Early Retirements
Authors: Field Karen M.
Published: March 2007

(Response) In a rebuttal to Joel Rich, the author argues that increased use of 401(k) plans has been good for both employers and employees. Citing a recent KPMG Peat Marwick survey, the author points out that the vast majority of 401 (k) plan participants still have low levels of savings. Therefore, employers are unlikely to lose many employees to early retirement as a result of inflated 401(k) accounts. Nevertheless, the author concludes, employers may find their retirement plans becoming less effective as a retention tool; they may have to find other ways to influence employees' job choices.
Let the Evidence Speak:
Authors: Gupta Nina , Shaw Jason D.
Published: March 2007

[Opinion] Money matters in the workplace, no matter what kind of work people do. Money motivates us, and companies would be much more effective if money were accepted as the powerful motivator it is. While several studies demonstrate that financial incentives generate better employee performance, financial incentives can be misused and should not be seen as a panacea. Financial incentives should be used thoughtfully, with careful planning and attention to the potential abuses inherent in these systems.
Get Your Workforce Ready to Respond to Y2K Failures
Authors: Bremen John M. , Coil Maggi
Published: March 2007

Private and public organizations around the world have been fixated on the potential Y2K crisis that is now nearly here. Whether Y2K turns out to be a minor operational annoyance or a fullscale technological disaster, U.S. organizations alone have already spent over $1 trillion on Y2K compliance measures. In spite of the precautions taken and preparations made thus far, the authors find that few organizations have addressed the core issue of what human efforts will be required to maintain operations in the midst of the crisis.

The authors' research demonstrates that, while tremendous resources have been poured into averting computer-related disasters, considerably less is being done to prepare workforces to respond to customers' needs should system failures occur. If and when Y2K problems happen, customers will not care whose system "went down." They will care only about how well a company responds to their problems.

"Because workforce and customer service constituents appear to be underrepresented at the Y2K table," state the authors, "we strongly recommend that experts in areas including compensation, benefits, staffing, and training get involved in the Y2K problem now."
Decision-Making Of The District Attorney: Diverting Or Prosecuting Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse Offenders
Authors: Fridell Lorie A.
Published: March 2007

This research involves the assessment of the consistency between stated referral guidelines and the actual criteria used by a District Attorney's office to select defendants for participation in a pre-trial diversion program for intrafamilial child sexual abuse offenders. Diverted and non-diverted groups were compared with regard to two sets of factors (formal screening criteria and offender and offense variables that were unrelated to the formal diversion guidelines) to assess target population coverage and bias. The results are discussed in the context of legal parameters of prosecutorial discretion.
Analysis Of Justice Systems
Authors: Janeksela Galan M.
Published: March 2007

This article was prepared in an effort to delineate concepts that may serve to improve research investigations in the study of the justice system. The author demonstrates that there are specific data and research needs that require the attention of justice system students, scholars and practioners. A main theme of this article is the fact that the "system" of justice is not necessarily functioning as a system. The following concepts are discussed: variance in justice systems; external validity; formal vs. informal justice; the need for justice research; the need for a system of studies; and a system approach to justice information. There is a need for improvement in the areas of data collection and research. This author suggests that statewide and nationwide information systems be implemented in an effort to meet the data needs of practioners and researchers. The design of such a system would incorporate a standardized data set on the individual and on the system. This data set would be defined by a team of practitioners and researchers, and it would include an optional section which would allow agency data needs or temporary research needs to be addressed without disrupting the collection of standardized data.
Most Important" Drug Programs in Small Cities and Towns: Orientations, Funding, and Criteria of Success
Authors: McDermott M. Joan
Published: March 2007

This paper uses data from a national survey of small cities and towns in the United States to examine anti-drug initiatives. The paper presents a typology of "most important" drug programs in these communities, and then examines their orientations, sources of funding, and criteria of success.
The Role of Crisis Intervention in the Police Response to Domestic Disturbances
Authors: McKean Jerome , Hendricks James E.
Published: March 2007

Discussions of the police response to domestic violence often assume that domestic disturbance calls typically involve criminal violence by a man against a woman, and that the best way to respond is by arresting the assailant. After reviewing the research on the context of the low rates of arrest for domestic violence, we suggest that the police response may be as much due to the situational features of domestic disturbances as to broader sociocultural factors, and that an exclusive reliance on arrest to deal with disturbances may provide a rationalization for the police to do nothing in many instances. Crisis intervention, if understood as involv ing skills and services that may be needed by victims, should be viewed as a complimentary response to arrest, but may be the only possible response when arrest is not an option.
The Separation of Party and State as a Logistical Problem: a Glance at the Causes of State Weakness in Postcommunism
Authors: Ganev Venelin I.
Published: March 2007

... there were so many other curious things to think about...

Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

The moment of survival is the moment of power.

Elias Canetti, Crowds and Power
Was the Peasant Uprising a Revolution? the Meanings of a Struggle Over the Past
Authors: Simmonds-Duke E. M.
Published: March 2007

“The only absolutely certain thing is the future, since the past is constantly changing” (Yugoslav aphorism).
U.S. Policy toward the Demise of Yugoslavia: the “Virus of Nationalism”
Authors: Lytle Paula Franklin
Published: March 2007

The future of this part of the world is both auspicious and dangerous. I am reminded of the famous medical case of “Uncle Toby,” who suffered from a thyroid malfunction which reduced his metabolic rate to almost zero, effectively putting him in cold storage for seven years. When he was cured, it turned out that he had a malignant form of cancer which, after being dormant for those seven years, spread and quickly killed him. Eastern Europe, awakening from the cold storage of authoritarian repression, must now contend with the dangers of virulent nationalism. Yugoslavia is not immune.

U.S. Ambassador Warren Zimmermann
The Social Consequences of Long-Term Breastfeeding
Authors: Kendall-Tackett Kathleen A. , Sugarman Muriel
Published: March 2007

This study examined the social consequences for mothers of long-term breastfeeding in a non-supportive culture, and how mothers learned to cope with negative reactions and comments from others. One hundred seventy-nine women who were recruited from La Leche League area conferences nationwide from 1989 to 1991 completed a self-administered closed-ended questionnaire which asked about their breastfeeding and weaning experiences. The percentage of mothers who cited "social stigma" as a negative aspect of breastfeeding increased dramatically as the age of the child increased; 29 percent cited social stigma for breastfeeding past six months, 44 percent for breastfeeding past 12 months, and 61 percent for breastfeeding past 24 months. In spite of the social stigma, the women cited more positive aspects for breastfeeding (M=6.18 aspects) than they did negative aspects (M=.85 aspects). The positive aspects of breastfeeding emphasized the strong emotional bond between mother and child, and the emotional benefits they both received. Mother-to-mother support, spousal support, and a woman's own sense of confidence were important buffers against the criticism of others. And while the criticism of others was likely to cause negative feelings, the mothers reported that it had very little impact on their breastfeeding behaviors.
Maternal and Professional Assessment of Breastfeeding
Authors: Adams Denise , Hewell Sandra
Published: March 2007

This study explored the relationships among maternal and professional breastfeeding assessments and maternal reports of satisfaction with breastfeeding. Participants were 35 first-time breastfeeding mothers. The LATCH Breastfeeding Documentation Tool was used for data collection. This tool was used in its original version for professional assessment and in a modified version for maternal reporting. Results show high percentages (85.7 to 100) of agreement among lactation consultants using the LATCH tool which supports the reliability of the tool. Correlation coefficients between professional scores and maternal scores ranged from 0.18 for "A" (Audible swallowing) to 0.67 for "L" (Latch). It appears that, unlike lactation consultants, new mothers evaluate breastfeeding based upon their somatic experience rather than observation of infant behavior.
Long-Term Treatment of a Breastfeeding Mother with Fluconazole Resolved Nipple Pain Caused by Yeast: A Case Study
Authors: Bodley Vicki , Powers Diane
Published: March 2007

This case follows a breastfeeding mother with cracked nipples undergoing antibiotic treatment (dicloxacillin) for mastitis. Nipple candidiasis also presented with burning, stinging pain radiating from the nipples into the breast, lasting throughout feedings and beyond. Over a 7-week period, the asymptomatic infant was treated with the oral antifungal, nystatin. After other antifungal treatment regimens (oral nystatin, tristatin ointment) had been deemed unsuccessful for the mother, the physician prescribed fluconazole (200 mg loading dose plus 100 mg/day for 15 days) which reduced, but did not eliminate, the nipple yeast and accompanying pain. Fluconazole was continued for an additional 30 days (200 mg/day) for a total of 6 weeks of treatment with this medication. Concurrently, a topical yeast medication (tristatin ointment) was used for a total of 8 weeks on the nipples/areola, after which the overt pain was resolved. Although the mastitis resolved after 1 week, the cracked nipples did not completely heal for several months. During the initial 3 weeks of treatment, neither over-the-counter pain medication nor acetaminophen with codeine relieved this mother's pain. Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen (10/650 mg/tablet) (Lorcet) offered the pain relief necessary for this mother to continue to breastfeed.
Breastfeeding Anaphylaxis Case Study
Authors: MacDonell Jo Watson , Ito Shinya
Published: March 2007

This case describes a woman who experienced an anaphylatic reaction associated with breastfeeding. The reaction occurred with each feeding on day three postpartum and resolved on day four. Possible reasons for this severe reaction are suggested.
Nipple Care, Sore Nipples, and Breastfeeding: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Centuori Susanna , Burmaz Tea , Ronfani Luca , Fragiacomo Marina , Quintero Sofia , Pavan Carla , Davanzo Riccardo , Cattaneo Adriano
Published: March 2007

Sore and cracked nipples are common and may represent an obstacle to successful breastfeeding. In Italy, it is customary for health professionals to prescribe some type of ointment to prevent or treat sore and cracked nipples. The efficacy of these ointments is insufficiently documented. The incidence of sore and cracked nipples was compared between mothers given routine nipple care, including an ointment (control group), and mothers instructed to avoid the use of nipple creams and other products (intervention group). Breastfeeding duration was also compared between the two groups. Eligible mothers were randomly assigned, after informed consent, to one of the two groups. No difference was found between the control (n=96) and the intervention group (n=123) in the incidence of sore and cracked nipples and in breastfeeding duration. However, several factors were associated with sore nipples and with breastfeeding duration. The use of a pacifier and of a feeding bottle in the hospital were both associated with sore nipples at discharge (p=0.02 and p=0.03, respectively). Full breastfeeding up to 4 months postpartum was significantly associated with the following early practices: breastfeeding on demand, rooming-in at least 20 hours/day, non-use of formula and pacifier, no test-weighing at each breastfeed. The incidence of sore and cracked nipples and the duration of breastfeeding were not influenced by the use of a nipple ointment. Other interventions, such as providing the mother with guidance and support on positioning and latching, and modifications of hospital practices may be more effective in reducing nipple problems.
Mammary Candidosis in Lactating Women
Authors: Heinig M. Jane , Francis Jimi , Pappagianis Demosthenes
Published: March 2007

Though perceived to be a growing problem by lactation professionals, fungal infection of the breast (mammary candidosis) is largely unstudied. Candida albicans, a commensal organism encountered frequently in the vagina and gastrointestinal tract of humans, has been reported to be responsible for both superficial (cutaneous) and localized (ductal) infection of the mammary gland in lactating women, though the latter association is not universally accepted. Severe pain is considered to be characteristic of yeast infection of the breast and may be a cause of premature weaning among lactating mothers. Given that pain is often the complaint that prompts mothers to consult lactation professionals, it is important that healthcare providers working with lactating women be knowledgeable about this disease. In this article, current research regarding yeast infection of the breast is summarized, including morphology and pathology, diagnosis, risk factors, and common treatment options.
Being Urban David Karp, Gregory P. Stone, and William C. Yoels Lexington, Mass: D. C. Heath and Company, 1977, 242 pp.
Authors: Snow Robert P.
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and reviews solicited by the New Ethnographies Editor. Readers are invited to participate in the New Ethnographies section by discovering ethnographies, writing annotations of them, and sending in these annotations. Published works are to be preferred to the unpublished (M.A. or Ph.D theses), but exceptions may be made in particular cases. Please direct all correspondence to John Van Maanen, New Ethnographies Editor, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
CONSTRUCTING AIDS POLICY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Authors: SCHMITT TIFFANI MARI , SCHMITT RAYMOND L.
Published: March 2007

A male hemophiliac, who had contracted AIDS through a contaminated blood product, enrolled as a senior student in an Illinois public high school. The disruptive reactions that had emerged in similar situations were averted. The 13 processes that were primarily responsible for the successful integration of the student into the school system are delineated, illustrated, documented, and interpreted. Four methods—inside participant observation, analysis of documents, interviews, and survey questionnaires—were used to investigate the situation. The findings have implications for three areas: (a) the use of multiple methods in researching large social systems, (b) the sociological understanding of “overt ambiguous awareness contexts,” and (c) policies for the management of schoolchildren with AIDS. This study appears to be the first to intensively examine the reaction of an educational community to a student with AIDS while the reaction was actually emerging. Other studies have been retrospective.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
Authors: JOHNSON JAY
Published: March 2007

To enhance understanding about the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and intravenous drug use, this article proposes extending the goals, means, and scope of ethnopharmacology to community based drug abuse research. Data for this article were collected through the National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) project in Houston, Texas. The data consist of participant observations and in-depth life history interviews with intravenous drug users (IVDUs). This article reports examples of IVDUs' activities and talk, such as “frosting,”“tweeking,” and “feening,” mind-set suggestion, descriptions of drug aesthetic preference, and others. These examples are used to illustrate the usefulness of a sociologically informed ethnopharmacology for investigating the HIV epidemic among IVDUs. Suggestions are made for further applications of ethnopharmacology to research on HIV transmission and IV drug use.
(NO) TRIAL (BUT) TRIBULATIONS
Authors: SCARCE RIK
Published: March 2007

The author, a Ph.D. candidate in sociology, recently was jailed for 159 days after refusing to reveal the content of confidential research interviews to a federal grand jury that was investigating vandalism by an animal rights group. The case makes clear that social science researchers who gather original data, in general, and ethnographers, in particular, have little legal protection against compelled testimony or seizure of their data. For their own good and that of their subjects, it is incumbent on researchers to be aware of this and to prepare themselves for the worst case, jail, if they pursue risky research. It appears that the only feasible long-term approach for researchers to take is to seek congressional legislation affirming the freedom of the press, including academic freedom.
Local-Global Partnerships for High-Tech Development: Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Models
Authors: Parker Paul
Published: March 2007

Advocates of high-tech development use conflicting top-down and bottom-up models to respond to the challenge of the increasing knowledge intensity of the global economy. The trend for policies in the United States, Canada, and Australia is to shift the emphasis from federal government and external resources to increased state and local responsibility. The competing top-down and bottom-up approaches are reviewed and then illustrated with case studies. Canada’s Technology Triangle and Australia’s Multi-Function Polis were both initiated in 1987 and then transformed in 1997. The evaluation of these case studies identifies weaknesses in the original models and calls for the integration of the two development approaches into a model of local-global partnership for high-tech development based on the building of local capacity through partnerships with local and external actors.
State Economic Policy: The Emerging Paradigm
Authors: Fosler R. Scott
Published: March 2007

The conventional paradigm of state economic development policy focused on the attraction of firms from outside the state. Since the early 1970s, the states have expanded their concern to include development of the state economy as a whole. Out of the ad hoc experimentation of the past 2 decades is emerging a new paradigm of state economic development policy with three principal elements. The first is a concept of economic development as a process rooted in a market-driven private sector. The second is a new set of state responsibilities, including a wide range of public actions that affect the process of development. And the third is a set of new institutional capacities required for shaping and carrying out those new responsibilities. During the 1980s, states attempted to devise economic strategies that accounted for their new responsibilities, which had been only dimly defined. In the 1990s, states also will need institutional change strategies required to develop the capacity to more sharply define and carry out those responsibilities.
Trouble in Paradise? Employment Trends and Forecasts for a Service-Oriented Economy
Authors: Fik Timothy J. , Malecki Edward J. , Amey Robert G.
Published: March 2007

The phenomenal growth of Florida's service sector over the past three decades can be largely attributed to the impacts of elderly in-migration and flourishing recreational and tourist industries. The demands of seasonal migrants, a soaring population, and an increasing share of elderly provided the state with an apparent economic boom. Over 40% of the state's personal income is now derived from interstate income transfers. Although these income flows have undoubtedly helped Florida experience modest gains in many sectors, the ability of these dollars to provide adequate stimulus for further growth remains questionable. As income transfers level off the growth of Florida's retail and service sectors is likely to slow. Projected structural deficits are likely to offset the benefits of three decades of expansion. State economic development planners must, therefore, seek to promote initiatives aimed at reducing Florida's reliance on transfer income and consumer services.
Critical Perspectives on Local Development Policy Evaluation
Authors: Reese Laura A. , Fasenfest David
Published: March 2007

Local economic development policies and programs should integrate the reality that values are inherent in the design and conduct of any evaluation. This article outlines the content of several attempts in the subsequent articles in this issue to define alternative strategies and methodologies for evaluation. Some of these articles provide concrete examples of such methods; others offer parameters for and considerations on new methodologies and factors that should be included. Taken as a whole, this collection of articles represents a first stab at seeking an answer to the question, What are the benefits to the public of programs funded by public funds?
THE IMPACT OF MILITARY PRESENCE IN LOCAL LABOR MARKETS ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN
Authors: BOOTH BRADFORD , FALK WILLIAM W. , SEGAL DAVID R. , SEGAL MADY WECHSLER
Published: March 2007

This article uses Public Use Microsample (PUMS) data drawn from the 1990 census to explore the relationship between military presence, defined as the percentage of the local labor force in the active-duty armed forces, and women's employment and earnings across local labor market areas (LMAs) in the United States. Comparisons of local rates of unemployment and mean women's earnings are made between those LMAs in which the military plays a disproportionate role in the local labor market and those in which military presence is low. Results suggest that women who live in labor market areas with a substantial (5 percent or greater) military presence have, on average, lower annual earnings and higher rates of unemployment than their counterparts who live in nonmilitary LMAs. The argument is made that through the interaction of several socially situated conditions—including gender, family, labor markets, human capital, and place—the military emerges as a source of inequality in labor market outcomes for women working on or around military installations.
PERUVIAN FEMALE INDUSTRIALISTS AND THE GLOBALIZATION PROJECT
Authors: de BOWMAN OLGA CELLE
Published: March 2007

This study presents a sociological profile of Peruvian female industrialists and some narratives of their struggle for personal independence and entrepreneurial success within the context of global restructuring and local deindustrialization. The study adopts the classical definition of woman's economic independence as a result of women's participation in the world of paid labor.
MAKING MEN INTO DADS
Authors: CURRAN LAURA , ABRAMS LAURA S.
Published: March 2007

Recent revisions in child support and paternity establishment legislation enacted under the 1996 welfare reform act, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), significantly alter the American welfare state's relationship to men's fathering. Through a critical review of prior research and social service literature, the authors argue that PRWORA actively constructs fatherhood not only through state policies that maintain males as “breadwinners” but also through state-sponsored social service programs that seek to influence men's identities as fathers. PRWORA's policies and their accompanying discourses simultaneously reproduce and undermine gender hierarchy yet tacitly maintain structural race and class inequalities.
THE BLACKER THE BERRY
Authors: THOMPSON MAXINE S. , KEITH VERNA M.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the National Survey of Black Americans, this study examines the way in which gender socially constructs the importance of skin tone for evaluations of self-worth and self-competence. Skin tone has negative effects on both self-esteem and self-efficacy but operates in different domains of the self for men and for women. Skin color is an important predictor of self-esteem for Black women but not Black men. And color predicts self-efficacy for Black men but not Black women. This pattern conforms to traditional gendered expectations of masculinity and femininity. Moreover, there are conditions of success that allow women to escape the effects of colorism. The impact of skin tone on self-esteem was much weaker for women from higher social class. Those who had lower self-esteem scores were dark-skinned women from working classes and dark-skinned women who were judged unattractive.
THE SEXUAL POLITICS OF MURDER
Authors: CAPUTI JANE
Published: March 2007

In mainstream discussion, violent crimes against women frequently are presented as inexplicable and their perpetrators as social deviants. Feminists have argued for an awareness of the sexually political and conformist nature of such crimes and have invented the word gynocide to name the range of systematic violence against women by men. I look at the issues raised by three recent manifestations of gynocide in the United States: the battering of Hedda Nussbaum and murder of Lisa Steinberg by Joel Steinberg, the execution of serial killer Ted Bundy, and a series of murders of “prestigeless” women.
FRATERNITIES AND RAPE ON CAMPUS
Authors: MARTIN PATRICIA YANCEY , HUMMER ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

Despite widespread knowledge that fraternity members are frequently involved in the sexual assaults of women, fraternities are rarely studied as social contexts-groups and organizations-that encourage the sexual coercion of women. An analysis of the norms and dynamics of the social construction of fraternity brotherhood reveals the highly masculinist features of fraternity structure and process, including concern with a narrow, stereotypical conception of masculinity and heterosexuality; a preoccupation with loyalty, protection of the group, and secrecy; the use of alcohol as a weapon against women's sexual reluctance; the pervasiveness of violence and physical force; and an obsession with competition, superiority, and dominance. Interfraternity rivalry and competition-particularly over members, intramural sports, and women-encourage fraternity men's commodification of women. We conclude that fraternities will continue to violate women socially and sexually unless they change in fundamental ways.
SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES ON WIFE ABUSE:
Authors: KURZ DEMIE
Published: March 2007

Two major social science perspectives on wife abuse have emerged in the last decade. One is a family violence perspective; the other is a feminist perspective. The purpose of this article is to compare the basic premises, methodology, and conclusions of these two perspectives with respect to their views of women and gender. The perspectives differ in the priority that they assign to gender as a factor in the abuse of women by husbands and male intimates, and these differences have implications for research and policy on wife abuse. I argue that the feminist perspective portrays the realities of battering more accurately, and I conclude with directions for future research.
Asian Self-Effacement or Feminine Modesty?
Authors: CRITTENDEN KATHLEEN S.
Published: March 2007

This report describes the attributional styles of women university students in Taiwan and compares these patterns to those of men students in Taiwan and women students in the United States. Using a self-presentational perspective on attributions and drawing on data involving audience reactions to attributional accounts in Taiwan and the United States, the author explains the patterns in terms of two sociocultural factors: cultural norms and gender-role stereotypes. Women students in Taiwan are more self-effacing than Taiwan men students and are more external and self-effacing than American women students. They are relatively external because they are Chinese; they are self-effacing and modest because they conform to Chinese cultural values and, more important, to gender-role stereotypes within that culture. Both attributional styles and gender-role stereotypes characterize women as socially responsible and likable but relatively incompetent.
BARRIERS TO WOMEN'S SMALL-BUSINESS SUCCESS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: LOSCOCCO KARYN A. , ROBINSON JOYCE
Published: March 2007

Although ever-increasing numbers of women in the United States have been choosing small-business ownership in an apparent attempt to escape their well-documented inequality in the labor market, in this country, small businesses owned by women tend to be less successful than those owned by men. This article brings together the scattered pieces of data available in order to shed light on women's inability to gain greater parity with men in the small-business arena in the United States. Analysis suggests that U.S. women's influx into small capitalism results from their movement into expanding, but highly competitive, industrial niches that are relatively unattractive to men. The authors find that these woman-owned businesses are concentrated within traditionally female-typed fields with lower average business receipts than male-typed fields. Moreover, even within the same industrial subcategories, women owners achieve less economic success than men owners. Although some of the immediate barriers faced by U.S. women in the small-business arena-such as lack of access to capital and government contracts-differ from those that confront women employees, the underlying causes are similar. The authors' discussion suggests that women in the United States carry their labor market disadvantage with them to the small-business sphere, where it is compounded by new manifestations of the same institutional barriers.
WOMEN'S PERSISTENCE IN UNDERGRADUATE MAJORS:
Authors: ROGERS STACY J. , MENAGHAN ELIZABETH G.
Published: March 2007

Women's lack of participation in science and technology careers is foreshadowed by their low participation in these undergraduate majors. Kanter's theory of tokenism suggests that the effects of being in the numerical minority are responsible for women's absence from the science and technology pipeline. This article uses data from a sample of undergraduate women at a large state university to consider the effects of gender-disproportionate enrollment on women's persistence in majors. Many of the male-dominated majors were in science and technology fields. The authors tested Kanter's theory of tokenism, including the effects of sex ratio in the major, performance pressure, and role entrapment on undergraduate women's likelihood of persistence. In support of Kanter's model, the authors found that performance pressure has a significant, negative effect on likelihood of persistence. However, contrary to Kanter's argument, women in more gender-balanced majors were most likely to be contemplating a change in major.
WOMEN'S POWER AND THE GENDERED DIVISION OF DOMESTIC LABOR IN THE THIRD WORLD
Authors: SANCHEZ LAURA
Published: March 2007

The study described in this article examines whether wives' relative resources and material conditions affect husbands' domestic labor within varying economic development contexts. The study tests: (1) whether wives' relative resources increase husbands' regularity of housework participation and (2) whether the effects of wives' relative resources on husbands' regularity of housework participation vary in quantity and effect at different levels of economic development. The study indicates that wives' material conditions and relative resources have no consistent, significant effects on husbands' regularity of housework participation. Levels of national economic development also have little effect.
WOMEN AND THE MILITARY:
Authors: COCK JACKLYN
Published: March 2007

Militarization—the mobilization of resources for war—is a gendering process. It both uses and maintains the ideological construction of gender in the definitions of masculinity and femininity. This article draws on material from contemporary South Africa to illustrate the relation between gender and militarization in four respects: how women actively contribute toward the process of militarization; the similarities in the position of women in both conventional and guerrilla armies; the durability of patriarchy and the fragility of the gains made for women during periods of war; and, finally, how the South African experience sharpens the debate about the relation between equal rights and women's participation in armies. The article concludes that there is no necessary relation between demilitarization and gender equality.
LABOR RECRUITMENT AND THE LURE OF THE CAPITAL:
Authors: REPAK TERRY A.
Published: March 2007

This case study of Central American migration to Washington, DC closely examines how gender is related to the decision to migrate, as well as the choice of destination. The study investigates the social and economic conditions in sending Central American countries as well as those in a receiving city in the United States to determine why women predominate in certain labor migrations. A macrostructural analysis accounts for the conditions that delimit the flow of international migrants, but a concept termed gendered labor recruitment provides the link between macro- and microlevels of analysis. Results of the research indicate that approximately seventy percent of the initial Central American migrants to the nation's capital in the 1960s and 1970s were women and that their migration may be attributed partly to informal labor recruitment. Over the years, Washington's government, diplomatic and professional workforce “recruited,” made arrangements for, or returned to the nation's capital with foreign workers who could provide basic services, primarily as domestics and child-care providers.
GENDER, CLASS, FAMILY, AND MIGRATION
Authors: TORO-MORN MAURA I.
Published: March 2007

Using in-depth interviews with women in the Puerto Rican community of Chicago, this article explores how migration emerged as a strategy for families across class backgrounds and how gender relations within the family mediate the migration of married working-class and middle-class Puerto Rican women. The women who followed their husbands to Chicago participated in another form of labor migration, since some wives joined their husbands in the paid economy and those who did not contributed with the reproductive work that supported their husbands and families. This article also explores how Puerto Rican women confront the basic duality of reproductive and productive work.