bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MECHANISM OF THYROID ALLOGRAFT REJECTION
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Bootes A , Killby VAA , Burch W
Published: November 2007

Balb/c thyroids, held in organ culture for 26 days, survive and function as well as isografts for > 100 days in CBA recipients. Uncultured allografts are totally rejected by 20 days after transplantation. Prolonged allograft survival can also be achieved by the treatment of donor animals with cyclophosphamide prior to harvesting tissues for transplantation. These allografts do not survive as welt as 26 day cultured allografts, but cyclophosphamide pretreatment reduces the culture time required to achieve indefinite survival to 7 days.

The provision of an allogeneic (LD) stimulus by thyroid tissue that is I‐region incompatible with the host does not facilitate the rejection of a tolerated cultured allograft. However, activation of the host immune system by an uncultured graft syngeneic to a tolerated cultured allograft leads to the chronic rejection of the cultured transplant.

The transfer of a tolerated cultured allograft back to its strain of origin induces an acute inflammatory reaction that causes tissue damage within the transplant but does not lead to the total destruction of the tissue.
ISOLATED ISLET TRANSPLANTATION IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES
Authors: Gray Bruce N , Watkins Elton
Published: November 2007

Pancreatic islets have been isolated from the exocrine pancreas of inbred rats by the collagenase digestion method. Transplantation of isolated islets into the portal venous system of streptozotocin‐diabetic recipients resulted in complete abrogation of the diabetic state us measured by non‐fasting serum glucose levels, 24 h urinary output, rate of weight gain and glucose tolerance test. Transplantation to other sites resulted in less than optimal survival and function of islets. Allogeneic islets, transplanted across weak histocompatibility barriers, can survive and function for prolonged periods of time when transplant recipients are immunosuppressed with antilymphocyte serum (ALS). Recipients of allogeneic islets, after a period of immunosuppression with ALS, become permanently tolerant to the allografted islets and to subsequent skin grafts from similar allogeneic donors. Allografted islets are able to prevent the occurrence of diabetic renal and ophthalmic changes that occur in control diabetic animals which had not undergone transplantation.
LYMPHOCYTE‐LIKE CELLS OF THE TUNICATE, PYURA STOLONIFERA: BINDING OF LECTINS, MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES
Authors: Warr Gregory W , Decker Janet M , Mandel Thomas E , DeLuca Dominick , Hudson Richard , Marchalonis John J
Published: November 2007

In vitro investigations were carried out to determine whether lymphocyte‐like (small round) cells of the tunicate Pyura stolonifera react to allogeneic cells and mitogens in a manner comparable to that of vertebrate immunocytes. The lymphocyte‐like cells possessed receptors for concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and soybean lectin as shown by binding of radioiodinated lectins in scintillation counting and autoradiographic assays. This binding did not induce mitogenesis. Mixtures of cells of P. stolonifera individuals taken from the same or distinct localities did not show enhanced DNA synthesis when assayed at time intervals ranging from 3 to 10 days. The small round cells of this and other tunicates are not completely similar to vertebrate lymphocytes in morphology. Our observations support the concept that these cells are not directly homologous to immunologically competent vertebrate lymphocytes, but may serve as haemopoietic stem cells as proposed by others (Endean, 1954; Freeman, 1970).
SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULINS, A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE PERSISTENCE OF TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI IN THE CIRCULATION OF RATS
Authors: Ferrante A , Jenkin CR
Published: November 2007

The results presented below show that the dividing and adult forms of T. lewisi share common antigens and indicate that the persistence of adult forms in the circulation of rats immune to reinfection is not due to a change in surface antigens as has been postulated. Using a rabbit anti‐rat immunoglobulin serum, the presence of rat immunoglobulins on the surface of adult trypanosomes could be demonstrated. These immunoglobulins were not complement‐fixing or opsonic. It is suggested that these immunoglobulins are responsible for the persistence of the adult forms in the circulation of the rat.
MURINE CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS: DISEASE PATTERNS IN INTACT AND NUDE MICE OF VARIOUS GENOTYPES AND EXAMINATION OF SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORMAL AND INFECTED MACROPHAGES
Authors: Handman Emanuela , Ceredig Rhodri , Mitchell Graham F
Published: November 2007

The course of the disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania tropica, differs markedly amongst various common inbred mouse strains. After intradermal injection of 1 × 106 promastigotes to young female specific pathogen‐free (SPF) derived mice, persistent infection characterized by an expanding ulcerous lesion is seen in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice. In the strains CBA/H, C3H/He and A/J, lesions resolve within 8 weeks, and in C57Bl/6 mice no real lesion typical of cutaneous leishmaniasis develops at the injection site. NZB mice are highly resistant. Macrophages harvested from the thioglycollate‐stimulated peritoneal cavity of NZB and C57Bl/6 mice appear to differ from macrophages of the other mouse strains in not supporting multiplication of L. tropica organisms in vitro. Nevertheless, hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice of C57B1/6 genotype, as well as CBA/H‐nu/nu and BALB/c‐nu/nu mice, develop large lesions with metastases to other cutaneous and visceral locations. In the intact mice in which infection resolves spontaneously, resistance to reinfection is complete. Using mouse antipromastigote sera and an indirect fluorescent antibody test in carefully controlled experiments, L. tropica antigens were detected on in vitro infected macrophages of both highly susceptible BALB/c and relatively resistant CBA/H genotypes. After incubation with a crude soluble antigen preparation from cultured promastigotes, infected macrophages of both genotypes) in being unable to sensitize syngeneic recipients for a delayed‐type hypersensitivity response to that antigen. When infected and uninfected macrophages were used as “blocking cell” in an in vitro alloreactive cytotoxic T cell system involving cells from congenic mice, evidence was obtained for reduced H‐2d expression on infected macrophages of the susceptible mouse strain, BALB/c. The data in this model system of cutaneous leishmaniasis raise the possibility that genetic susceptibility is associated with both a permissive macrophage and defective T cell recognition of parasite antigens on infected macrophage. Defective recognition may be the result of reduced functional expression of H‐2d antigens on infected BALB/c macrophages required for efficient recognition by syngeneic T cells of one or more sub‐populations.
IgG1 HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIA IN CHRONIC PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN MICE: MAGNITUDE OF THE RESPONSE IN MICE INFECTED WITH VARIOUS PARASITES
Authors: Chapman Colin B , Knopf Paul M , Hicks J Douglas , Mitchell Graham F
Published: November 2007

Mice chronically infected with 3 metazoan and 1 protozoan parasite contain in their circulation levels of IgG1 which are increased over the levels in uninfected mice by at least 10×. In the case of infection with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti. the serum IgG1 concentration can reach > 50 mg/ml and, with a half‐life of < 2 days, the number of cells engaged in IgG1 production is approximately 2 × 108. The IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia is not seen in infected hypothymic nude mice. Biosynthetic labelling studies with organ and tissue cultures established that in two of the chronic infections the organs principally involved in IgG1 synthesis were those pathologically involved or those “in line” for antigen capture: i.e. liver and spleen in the case of M. corti which is located in the liver and the peritoneal cavity, and various intestinal lymph nodes in the case of the gut‐dwelling nematode, Nematospiroides dubius. This apparently exaggerated response to chronic parasitic infection is of interest simply because of the potential magnitude of the effect and the fact that it involves an Ig isotype with very poorly defined biological function.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RAT EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS AND SOLEUS MUSCLES
Authors: Davey DF , Wong SYP
Published: November 2007

The ultrastructure of extensor dtgitorum logus (EDL) and soleus muscles from two groups of Wistar rats obtained from different colonies has been examined both qualitatively and morphometrically. Compared to soleus. EDL fibres are richer in sarco‐plasmic reticulum, but contain fewer mitochondria, lipid droplets and nuclei. The quantities of these organelles and related surface volume ratios in single morphometric samples varied, reflecting the heterogeneity of fibre ultrastructure within the muscles. There were significant differences in many features quantified between the two groups of rats; these differences present a problem in comparing different published reports but, fortunately, the EDL/soleus ratios were similar in both groups. Within each group, the fibre fractions occupied by mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum found in the morphometric samples were reciprocally related. The different amounts of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the two muscles is insufficient to explain the different calcium pumping capacities observed by Briggs, Poland and Solaro (1977), suggesting a control at the level of the pump protein synthesis.
SKELETAL MUSCLE LIPIDS IN NORMAL AND DYSTROPHIC MICE
Authors: Pearce PH , Kakulas BA
Published: November 2007

The lipids of muscle from normal and dystrophic mice of the Bar Harbor strain C57BL/6J were investigated with particular reference to the Fatty acid composition of the neutral lipids and phospholipids. Triglyceride, which together with cholesterol comprised most of the neutral lipid fraction, showed no significant changes in Fatty acid composition. There was no significant change in the amount of total phospholipid phosphorus in dystrophic muscle, hut analyses of the levels of individual phospholipids showed a decrease of 9% in phosphatidylcholine. In both phosphatidylcholine and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, large decreases were observed in the proportion of the fatty acid 16:0, while 18:0 and 18:1 increased significantly. In phosphatidylcholine 18:2 also increased, and a decrease occurred in 22:6 in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, Sphingomyelin showed increases in 16:0, 23:0 and 24:1 and decreases in 18:0 and 18:1. The other phospholipid Fractions showed less remarkable changes, with a significant increase in 18:0 in lysophosphatidylcholine and a decrease in 16:0 in cardiolipin.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SIX α1‐ANTITRYPSIN (PI) SUBTYPES FROM A SAMPLE OF BLOOD DONORS
Authors: Mulley John C
Published: November 2007

The PI M phenotype of α1‐antitrypsin was classified into six subtypes determined by three alleles: PI*MI, PI*M2 and PI*M3. Phenotypes were classified by isoelectric focusing and their distribution agreed closely with Hardy‐Weinberg expectations. The proportion of heterozygotes was 53%. which more than trebles the heterozygosity without subtyping, and is comparable to a recent estimate from U.S. whites.
REVERSAL OF DIABETES BY ALLOGENEIC ISLET TRANSPLANTATION WITHOUT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Authors: Bowen Kerry M , Lafferty Kevin J
Published: November 2007

Streptozotocin‐induced diabetes is temporarily reversed following the allo‐transplantation of BALB/c (H‐2d) islet tissue to normal CBA (H‐2k) recipients, but by 2–4 weeks post‐transplantation these animals return to their initial diabetic condition. Organ culture of allogeneic islet tissue in 95% O2 and 5% CO2 for 7 days prior to transplantation reduces the immunogenicity of the tissue, and cultured allografts give prolonged (> 110 days) reversal of diabetes in normal allogeneic recipients. The non‐fasting blood sugar level remains in or very close to the normal range, urine glucose output is one to two orders of magnitude less than that of diabetic control animals and allografted animals regain their pre‐morbid body weight within 60 days of transplantation. Surgical removal of the allograft results in a rapid return of the animal to the initial diabetic condition.
THE BINDING OF LECTINS TO SHEEP TISSUES AND CIRCULATING CELLS: PEANUT AGGLUTININ, A MARKER FOR PRESUMPTIVE T‐LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Fahey Kevin J
Published: November 2007

A study was undertaken into the binding of 7 fluorescein (FITC)‐labelled, lectins to sheep tissues and cells. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), conconavalin A (Con A) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) bound strongly to all sheep tissues and circulating cells, while Dolichos biflorus (DBA) and Ulex europaeus (UEA) did not bind at all. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) and soybean agglutinin (SBA) bound to thymus and lymph node cell suspensions and to a proportion of circulating cells, but only weakly to the other sheep tissues tested. PNA and SBA bound to polymorphs and monocytes, making it necessary to treat whole blood with carbonyl‐iron and a magnet to remove the phagocyctic cells before purification of the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL).

PNA bound to 40 to 50% of carbonyl‐iron treated PBL and to 65 to 70% of the cells in efferent popliteal lymph. Using a rhodamine‐labelled anti‐sheep Ig reagent > 98% of PNA‐* cell in lymph and carbonyl‐iron treated PBL were sIg−Furthermore, using an FITC‐labelled F(ab)2 anti‐sheep Ig reagent, the sum of the % PNA+ cells and sIg+ cells in individually labelled preparations was equal to She percentage of cells labelled when both reagents were added simultaneously. Cells binding PNA were found in more dense regions of buoyant density gradients and were less adherent to nylon wool than cells having surface immunoglobulin (sIg). Approximately 20 to 30% of PBL and 10 to 20% of the cells in lymph were PNA−/sIg− and these were termed ‘null’ cells.

Although Con A induced sheep PBL to transform in tissue culture, PNA, SBA and WGA all failed to stimulate the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine at the concentrations tested.

Sorting lymph cells from BCG vaccinated sheep into PNA+ and PNA− sub‐populations showed that the cells able to transform in vitro to the specific antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD) or the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were in the PNA + but not PNA− population.
URIDINE AND INOSINE: PRESSOR NUCLEOSIDES FROM MAN, RAT AND DOG
Authors: MacDonald GJ , Burcher E , Fisher WK , Bagnara AS , Barrow KD , Thompson EOP , Duffield AM
Published: November 2007

Short‐acting pressor compounds isolated from rat kidney, brain, heart and spleen have been identified as inosine and uridine by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, high pressure liquid chromatography and analysis of ultraviolet spectra. Inosine was further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. These compounds have also been found in kidneys from hypertensive man, rejected renal transplants and dog and beef kidney.

Tissues were extracted by acid ethanol extraction followed by gel filtration and high voltage paper electrophoresis. Compounds found to be pressor in the anaesthetised rat resisted proteolytic enzymes, boiling for 10 min, extremes of pH and incubation with plasma from the source species for up to 20 min.

The pressor effects of bolus injections of active gel filtration fractions, uridine and inosine were short‐lived with a maximum effect at 5‐6 s. Intravenous (I.V.) infusions of extracts gave a sustained pressor response without a concurrent change in heart rate. The effect on blood pressure was not accompanied by increased heart rate and persisted when the pressor effects of angiotensin II, noradrenaline and 5‐hydroxy‐tryptamine were blocked pharmacologically.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE (rnunz) NUDE RAT. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM
Authors: Douglas‐Jones Anthony , Nelson Jan , Jansen Vernon , Miller Thomas
Published: November 2007

A nude mutant (rnunz) arose spontaneously in a colony of Wistar albino rats (the wild‐type strain) in Wellington, New Zealand. On gross examination no thymus could be found in the mediastina of young animals, whereas in older mutants lobules of fatty tissue mimicked the appearance of the thymus of the wild‐type strain. Lymph nodes from the rnunz strain showed a marked lymphocyte depletion in the thymus‐dependent para‐cortical region of the node. Peyer's patches from the nude animals also showed a reduced density of small lymphocytes in the interfollicular zones. In the spleen, tissue from the reticular framework surrounding individual arterioles was sometimes completely empty of lymphocytes but the degree of depletion varied. Total leucocyte numbers in the rnunz strain were 28% lower than the wild‐type strain. In 10 out of 13 animals T cells were less than 3% of the lymphocytes present (wild‐type 35% T cells). The findings are in agreement with studies of the Rowett nude rat (rnu) and the nude mouse.
CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS AND SOLEUS MUSCLES IN SPINAL CORD TRANSECTED RATS
Authors: Davey DF , Dunlop C , Hoh JFY , Wong SYP
Published: November 2007

The spinal cord of rats 25 days of age was transected at the thoracic level, and the contractile properties as well as the ultrastructure of their extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles was examined. In the normally slow‐twitch soleus muscle, the operation produces a marked reduction of contraction time as well as the appearance of other contractile characteristics of a fast‐twitch muscle, namely, post‐tetanic potentiation and cooling potentiation of the isometric twitch. This operation has little effect on the fast‐twitch EDL. The ultrastructure of the EDL is similarly unaffected by the motor paralysis introduced by transection, but little change to the soleus structure was found, except for an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum surface to fibre volume ratio. These results provide little evidence that muscle structure, especially the amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum, plays a major role in the determination of contractile speed, and confirms that structure may be regulated independently by the nerve.
CHANGES IN SOMATOMEDIN‐LIKE ACTIVITY AND GROWTH HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE PLASMA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)
Authors: Falconer J , Harvey S , Forbes JM , Scanes CG
Published: November 2007

Variations to immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) and bioassayable somatomedin‐like activity (SLA) were determined in the plasma of the domestic fowl. The plasma concentrations of SLA (potency relative to a pooled serum standard) and GH were both inversely age‐related in growing cockerels (Thornber 909) between 3 and 20 weeks of age (SLA, r = 0·454; P<0·01, GH, r = 0·548; P<0·01) and directly related to each other (r = 0·54, P<0·01). In immature birds maintained on a photoperiod of 16 h light, 8 h darkness, plasma concentrations of SLA were highest during the first hour of darkness (1·19 ± 0·18 units/ml (u/ml) mean ± S.E.M., n = 6) and significantly lower 1 h after dawn (0·78 ± 0·07 u/ml n =6). No diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of GH were observed. Deprivation of food in two strains of chickens (Thornber 909 and broiler) significantly reduced plasma concentrations of SLA in both strains and increased plasma concentrations of GH in the Thornber strain. Re‐feeding fasted Thornber chickens caused the plasma concentrations of SLA and GH to return to normal within 24 h but had no effect in broilers. Deprivation of water, which also reduces food intake, for 12, 18 and 24 h markedly reduced plasma concentrations of SLA hut had no effect on plasma GH concentration in Thornber cockerels.
CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CORTISOL IN MILK DURING DIFFERENT STAGES OF HUMAN LACTATION
Authors: Kulski JK , Hartmann PE
Published: November 2007

A study was undertaken to determine by radioimmunoassay the changes in concentrations of cortisol in the mammary secretion of individual women during late pregnancy, lactogenesis established lactation and after cessation of breast‐feeding. The concentration of cortisol In colostrum averaged 7·5% of that found in serum during late pregnancy. The concentration of cortisol (mean ± S.E.M.) was relatively high in the mammary secretions during late pregnancy (25·5 ± 1·8 ng/ml) and decreased within 2 days after delivery (10·2 ± 20 ng/ml) to reach low values by 10 days post partum (1·8 ± 0·7 ng/ml.) During advanced lactation the cortisol values varied between 0·2 to 32 ng/ml but the mean concentration was significantly (p < 0·05) less (7·2 ± 0·8 ng/ml. n = 75) than during late pregnancy, With the abrupt termination of breast‐feeding, the concentration of cortisol generally increased above the values determined during established lactation, but, even during involution, the progressive changes in concentration varied markedly (range 0·5–40·0 ng/ml).

The function of milk cortisol for the newborn is not known. However, it is possible that cortisol in breast milk may help lo control the transport of fluids and salts from the gastrointestinal tract of infants.
Making Water Work: Intermediating between Regional Strategy and Local Practice
Authors: Medd Will , Marvin Simon
Published: November 2007

Since the early 1990s there has been a proliferation of calls for integrated water resource management as a strategy for sustainable water management. While literatures have examined the extent to which institutions can adapt to management defined by hydrological zones, the significance of other sociotechnical spaces to sustainable water management has been overlooked in these debates. In this paper, having demonstrated the hybridity of the hydrological cycle, we argue that more attention needs to be given to the interaction between regional, network, and fluid spatialities in sustainable water management. More specifically, we examine the fluid work of intermediaries in between regional and network spaces in the translation of regional strategies into local practice. We conclude by looking at the implications of understanding the relationship between regions, networks, and fluids for water governance specifically and environmental governance more generally.
AtMCP1b, a chloroplast-localised metacaspase, is induced in vascular tissue after wounding or pathogen infection
Authors: Castillo-Olamendi Luis , Bravo-Garcìa Armando , Morán Julio , Rocha-Sosa Mario , Porta Helena
Published: November 2007

cDNA corresponding to the Arabidopsis type I metacaspase AtMCP1b was isolated from plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae. A positive correlation between AtMCP1b expression and cell death was observed in the presence of staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor that induces programmed cell death. The tissue localisation of an AtMCP1b promoter-GUS fusion was observed in the vascular tissue of transgenic plants. GUS activity increased in response to an incompatible DC3000 (avrRpm1) or a compatible DC3000 P. syringae infection, or to wounding. Confocal and immunohistochemical analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) leaves showed that an AtMCP1b-GFP fusion protein was localised in the chloroplasts. Our data support a positive correlation between AtMCP1b gene expression and cell death in response to wounding or pathogenic interactions. Moreover, the localisation of AtMCP1b gene expression within vascular tissue and cells of abscission regions strongly supports a role for AtMCP1b in programmed cell dismantling events in response to environmental and developmental triggers. The AtMCP1b-GFP subcellular localisation infers a role for the plastid organelles in PCD and, thus, in responses to pathogen attack and development.
Essential role of Epac2/Rap1 signaling in regulation of insulin granule dynamics by cAMP
Authors: Shibasaki Tadao , Takahashi Harumi , Miki Takashi , Sunaga Yasuhiro , Matsumura Kimio , Yamanaka Mami , Zhang Changliang , Tamamoto Atsuko , Satoh Takaya , Miyazaki Jun-ichi , Seino Susumu
Published: November 2007

cAMP is well known to regulate exocytosis in various secretory cells, but the precise mechanism of its action remains unknown. Here, we examine the role of cAMP signaling in the exocytotic process of insulin granules in pancreatic beta cells. Although activation of cAMP signaling alone does not cause fusion of the granules to the plasma membrane, it clearly potentiates both the first phase (a prompt, marked, and transient increase) and the second phase (a moderate and sustained increase) of glucose-induced fusion events. Interestingly, all granules responsible for this potentiation are newly recruited and immediately fused to the plasma membrane without docking (
restless newcomer
). Importantly, cAMP-potentiated fusion events in the first phase of glucose-induced exocytosis are markedly reduced in mice lacking the cAMP-binding protein Epac2 (

Epac2
ko/ko

). In addition, the small GTPase Rap1, which is activated by cAMP specifically through Epac2 in pancreatic beta cells, mediates cAMP-induced insulin secretion in a protein kinase A-independent manner. We also have developed a simulation model of insulin granule movement in which potentiation of the first phase is associated with an increase in the insulin granule density near the plasma membrane. Taken together, these data indicate that Epac2/Rap1 signaling is essential in regulation of insulin granule dynamics by cAMP, most likely by controlling granule density near the plasma membrane.
Accuracy and precision in the detection of articular cartilage lesions using magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 tesla in an in vitro study with orthopedic and histopathologic correlation
Authors: Schaefer F. K. W. , Kurz B. , Schaefer P. J. , Fuerst M. , Hedderich J. , Graessner J. , Schuenke M. , Heller H.
Published: November 2007

Background: Magnetic resonance (MR) sequences for cartilage visualization have been the target of numerous studies, and the optimal sequence for cartilage imaging remains a matter of debate in the literature.

Purpose: To compare MR findings with different MR sequences for the detection of cartilage lesions in fresh deep-frozen human cadaveric patellae in an in vitro setting.

Material and Methods: Ten cadaveric patellae were imaged on a 1.5T MR scanner with a 2×2 channel carotid sandwich coil and a conventional knee coil, and compared with orthopedic findings and gold-standard histopathology. MR sequences were: a) fat-saturated (FS) proton density-weighted (PDw) turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence (TR/TE 4000/39 ms); b) T2-weighted (T2w) double-echo steady-state (DESS) 3D water-excitation (we) sequence (TR/TE 17/4.7 ms); c) 3D-PDw-SPACE (sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolutions)-we sequence (TR/TE 1800/19 ms). Accuracy, Kendall's tau-b correlation, and weighted kappa coefficients were calculated.

Results: Accuracy for cartilage lesion detection with the FS PDw-TSE sequence and the carotid coil was 78.3%, and with the knee coil 73.9%. For the T2wDESS-3D-we sequence, the corresponding values were 69.5% and 65.2%, and for the 3D-PDw-SPACE-we sequence 65.2% and 60.8%, respectively. Kendall's tau-b correlation ranged between 0.508 for the 3D-PDw-SPACE-we sequence (knee coil) and 0.720 for the FS PDw-TSE sequence (carotid and knee coil). Weighted kappa coefficient was lowest for the 3D-PDw-SPACE-we sequence (knee coil) at 0.607, and highest for the carotid coil and FS PDw-TSE sequence at 0.779.

Conclusion: The evaluated FS PDw-TSE sequences are superior in comparison to the T2wDESS-3D-we and 3D-PDw-SPACE-we sequences in the in vitro setting for the detection of cartilage lesions, and are comparable to results reported in the literature.
Impact of the baited hook fishery on the recovering endemic fish species in Lake Victoria
Authors: Mkumbo Oliva C. , Mlaponi Enock
Published: November 2007

As gillnet yields of Nile perch stagnated in the middle of the 1990s, the hook and line fishery intensified in Lake Victoria. Frame surveys show that the number of hooks used in this fishery grew tenfold in the Tanzanian waters between 1992 and 2002. The increased use of endemic fish species as bait has gone largely unnoticed, but is thought to impede the recovery of these species in the lake. A survey was conducted in March 2003, covering 51 sites, to assess the impact of this fishery targeting Nile perch on the endemic species. The species used as bait were juvenile Clarias (41%), haplocromines (37%), dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea) (10%), Synodontis (3%), Mormyrus (2%), and Labeo (1%).

The total annual weight of the mostly undersized and illegally caught (beach seining, gillnets below 3″ mesh) baitfish was estimated at 7,465 t. The size of the Nile perch caught is bait-dependant, with catches using Clarias bait having a modal length at 61–62 cm TL of which 20% is above the legal upper size limit. Catches with haplochromines and dagaa bait have a mode at 49–50 cm TL, with 62% below the legal lower size limit. Seasonal variations in the fishery and management implications of its legalization are discussed, while the threats to biodiversity conservation and the stability of the ecosystem are addressed.
Differential decline and recovery of haplochromine trophic groups in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake Victoria
Authors: Witte F. , Wanink J. H. , Kishe-Machumu M. , Mkumbo O. C. , Goudswaard P. C. , Seehausen O.
Published: November 2007

Lake Victoria had a fish fauna dominated by 500+ species of haplochromine cichlids that made up more than 80% of the fish mass. The five main trophic groups caught with bottom trawlers in the sub-littoral areas of the Mwanza Gulf were: detritivores, zooplanktivores, insectivores, molluscivores and piscivores. The detritivores (13+ species) formed the most important guild, making up 60–80% of the number of individuals, followed by the zooplanktivores (12+ species), which comprised 10–30%. In the 1980s the haplochromines from the sub-littoral and offshore areas (estimated at some 200 species) vanished almost completely. Commercial trawl fishery, the upsurge of the introduced Nile perch, and an increase of eutrophication were potential causes of this decline. In the 1990s, when Nile perch was heavily fished, a recovery of some haplochromine species was observed. We studied the decline and partial recovery of the different haplochromine trophic groups in the northern part of the Mwanza Gulf. The rate at which the trophic groups declined differed; the relatively large piscivores, insectivores and molluscivores were the first to disappear from the catches. The small detritivores and zooplanktivores declined at lower rates, especially the latter group. From the beginning of the 1990s a resurgence of both groups was observed. By 2001, the zooplanktivores had reached their previous level of abundance, but their diversity declined from more than 12 species to only three. Though four detritivorous species began being regularly caught again, they constituted only about 15% of the number of individuals, while the zooplanktivores made up more than 80%. The patterns of decline and recovery indicate that, though fishery played a role locally, predation by Nile perch and eutrophication were the main factors determining the fate of the haplochromines. However, it has so far been impossible to establish the causal relationship between the two, and the relative impact of each of these phenomena separately. The potential effects of the changed trophic dominance, and the importance of the haplochromines for the ecosystem and a sustainable fishery, are discussed.
Can life‐history and defence traits predict the population dynamics and natural enemy responses of insect herbivores?
Authors: VELDTMAN RUAN , McGEOCH MELODIE A. , SCHOLTZ CLARKE H.
Published: November 2007

Abstract 1. Life‐history differences between herbivorous insects with eruptive and latent population dynamics are potentially useful for predicting population size variability. An association has also been demonstrated between herbivorous insect defence traits and the responses of various natural enemies.

2. Here predictions of population dynamics and natural enemy responses based on life‐history and defence traits are tested using Gonometa postica Walker and G. rufobrunnea Aurivillius, two Southern Hemisphere Macrolepidoptera (Lasiocampidae) species. The temporal and spatial variation in pupal abundance and patterns of pupal parasitism and predation for both species are described and quantified for the first time.

3. Eleven sites were sampled over four generations across the region where both species have historically reached high population densities. Although there was evidence suggesting that population synchrony is driven by weather patterns, site‐specific environmental differences contributed to the observed population variability. This study is the first to quantify the extent of population size variability of a species with an intermediate position on the eruptive–latent population dynamic gradient, where data on insect population dynamics is scarce.

4. Support for the life‐history–population dynamic relationship was found, as intermediate population size variability for these species was observed. Larval and pupal defence traits, however, were poor and inconsistent predictors of mortality rate. Pupal cocoon structure differences, previously documented for these Gonometa species, may in fact explain the interspecific differences in natural enemy responses found.

5. Predicted population dynamics and natural enemy responses may, however, be overridden by ecological conditions. Nevertheless, life‐history and defence traits provide a useful basis for predicting population dynamics of poorly studied species.
Wood ants are wood ants: deforestation causes population declines in the polydomous wood antFormica aquilonia
Authors: SORVARI JOUNI , HAKKARAINEN HARRI
Published: November 2007

Abstract1. One of the main themes in ecology is adaptation for survival in different habitats and the potential of the environment to regulate populations.

2. The effects of clear‐cutting on nest‐abandonment rate and local population sizes in the polydomous wood antFormica aquiloniawas studied, using uncut forest stands as controls.

3. The nest‐abandonment rate was clearly higher in clear‐cuts than in forest interiors. In clear‐cuts, 39% of pre‐deforestation nests and 73% of new bud‐nests were abandoned 4–5 years after deforestation, whereas in forest interiors fewer than 2% of nests were abandoned at the same time period. Local population size decreased 30% in clear‐cuts, but fewer than 2% in forest interiors.

4. The results demonstrate that despite modern logging practices in which mechanical harming of nest mounds is reduced, nest mounds are abandoned at high rate, and despite frequent establishment of new bud‐nests, populations start to decline.

5. The likely reason for the high nest‐abandonment rate in clear‐cuts is a combination of changed abiotic conditions, resource limitation, and disturbed reproduction.

6. Species that are sensitive to changes in the size of habitat patch, such asF. aquilonia, likely are harmed by logging, even employing biodiversity oriented management practices. Hence there is a need for conservation actions that are based on the size of protection areas.
Comparison of drying behaviour, quality and yield of copra processed in either a solar hybrid dryer on in an improved copra kiln
Authors: Thanaraj Thiruchelvam , Dharmasena Nimal D. A. , Samarajeewa Upali
Published: November 2007

Drying copra in a solar hybrid dryer reduces the moisture content from around 50% to 7% after 71 h of continuous drying. The copra was graded as 73% white copra, 21% Milling Ordinary Grade II (M.O.GII) and the remaining 6% M.O.GIII (dusty copra). Thermal efficiency was about 10%. In the Coconut Research Institute copra kiln, the moisture content of copra was reduced from around 52% to 8% in 62 h of intermittent dying. The copra was graded as about 82% M.O.GI and the remaining 18% M.O.GIII (burnt copra). Thermal efficiency was about 15.5%. High quality white copra could be processed in solar hybrid drying. However, no white copra could be processed in kiln drying.
Osmotic dehydration kinetics of apple, banana and potato
Authors: Tortoe Charles , Orchard John , Beezer Anthony
Published: November 2007

Osmotic dehydration rate constants were established for the rate constants k1, k2 and k3 for the first, second and third falling periods of osmotic dehydration of Golden Delicious, Cox, banana and potato by the method of slopes from the rate of water loss curves of the various materials. The rate constants k1, k2 and k3 were identified in Golden Delicious and Cox and k1 and k2 were identified in banana and potato. The Arrhenius equation was applied to evaluate the reaction rate (k) and its temperature dependence. The Arrhenius plots of rate constants k1, k2 and k3 for Golden Delicious, Cox, banana and potato were established, which were excellent under some treatments in the various plant materials. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the rate constant k3 for Golden Delicious in 60% sucrose solution was 0.99. Similar values of R2 were obtained for Cox, banana and potato. In some cases the Arrhenius plots of the rate constants k1, k2 and k3 were scattered. The highest activation energies were observed in the rate constant k1, a reflection of the highest rate constants estimated from the falling rate curves for water loss over immersion time.
Elaboration of a fruit wine from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pulp
Authors: Dias Disney Ribeiro , Schwan Rosane Freitas , Freire Evandro Sena , Serôdio Rogério dos Santos
Published: November 2007

The objectives of this study were the selection of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the elaboration of a fermentative process using cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fruit pulp, and the assessment of the acceptance of the elaborated beverage. Three S. cerevisiae strains (CA116, CA1162 and CA1183) were assessed while growing in a fruit pulp medium at different temperatures. The ethanol:biomass and glycerol:biomass ratios showed that there were no significant differences among the three strains at different temperatures. However, the strain CA1183 reached a higher ethanol production and yield and it was chosen as a starter to produce the cocoa beverage. The concentration of higher alcohols, methanol, esters and acetaldehyde found in the elaborated beverage was in accordance with the standards established for table wine. Sensory analysis revealed a high degree of acceptance amongst the great majority of tasters. It can be concluded that pulp processing into an alcoholic beverage is a realistic additional way of utilisation of the cocoa fruit.
Development of sea buckthorn mixed fruit jelly
Authors: Selvamuthukumaran Meenakshisundaram , Khanum Farhath , Bawa Amarinda Singh
Published: November 2007

Sea buckthorn mixed fruit jelly was prepared by blending sea buckthorn juice with papaya, watermelon or grapes in varying proportions maintaining a constant level of total soluble solids (TSS) and acidity in the final product. Among the above blends, the sea buckthorn–grape jelly exhibited good organoleptic characteristics with high sensory score. The shelf stability of the jelly samples was evaluated at ambient temperature as well as at 37 °C for a period of 6 months. The physicochemical properties of the sea buckthorn–grape jelly, such as TSS, reducing sugar, acidity and browning significantly increased during storage at 37 °C temperature conditions. Total sugars, vitamin C, vitamin E, total phenols, total carotenoids and total anthocyanins decreased significantly during storage at 37 °C. The sea buckthorn–grape jelly remained acceptable up to 6 months of storage under ambient temperature conditions when stored in PET bottles. The microbial load of stored jelly under above conditions was found to be within the acceptable limits.
The characterization and application of Calotropis procera, a coagulant in Nigerian Wara cheese
Authors: Raheem Dele , Suri Narinder , Saris Per E.
Published: November 2007

The proteolytic enzymes from Calotropis procera (Sodom apple leaves) were extracted by aqueous infusion and characterised for its thermal and pH stabilities. The rennet strength of this extract was found to be 7% compared with animal rennet at 35 °C, and increasing the incubation temperature to 70 °C increased the rennet strength 28‐fold. The molecular weight of the partially purified protease determined by SDS‐PAGE combined with zymography was found to be approximately 60 kDa. The high proteolytic activity at 70 °C supported the suitability of the protease enzyme as a coagulant in future commercial production of Nigerian Wara cheese.
Quantitative determination of commercially relevant species in foods by real‐time PCR
Authors: Laube Ines , Zagon Jutta , Broll Hermann
Published: November 2007

Defined samples were examined regarding the proportion of beef, pork, lamb, goat, chicken and turkey utilising TaqManTM PCR. A quantification was performed for determining the proportion of animal species in relation to the total proportion of meat in the food products. The adoption of published real‐time PCR systems (International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2005) permitted a quantitative statement in processed meat products and in canned foods down to a concentration of 0.1%. Different factors influencing the amount of species determined were investigated.
The synergistic effect of moderate heat and pressure on the physical properties and pectic substances of potato tissue
Authors: Islam M. Shahidul , Igura Noriyuki , Shimoda Mitsuya , Hayakawa Isao
Published: November 2007

When a moderate heat (75–95 °C) and pressure (100 MPa) treatment (MHPT) was applied to potato, there were changes in texture, colour and tissue sloughing. Water‐soluble pectin release was determined and related to potato tissue firmness. Potato texture, after MHPTs at 75–85 °C, was firmer than that after heat treatments (HT). However, the firmness was almost the same in the MHPTs and HTs at 90 and 95 °C, and cooking at 100 °C for 20 min. The release of pectic substances was lower in MHPTs when compared with HTs at 75–85 °C and atmospheric pressure. There were almost no differences in colour between the treatments, and tissue sloughing was slightly higher in MHPTs. These results indicate that MHPT could be an effective alternative to conventional thermal or ultra‐high‐pressure processing. It provides higher food quality when texture, colour and tissue sloughing of potato are measured.
Comparative study of volatile compounds in traditional Chinese Nanjing marinated duck by different extraction techniques
Authors: Liu Yuan , Xu Xing‐lian , Zhou Guang‐hong
Published: November 2007

In order to determine the entire flavour profile of traditional Chinese Nanjing marinated duck (NJMD), three sampling techniques including solid phase microextraction (SPME) with a carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibre, purge and trap (P&T) using Tenax‐TA absorbent and simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) were compared. Total 116 volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, authentic compounds and Krátz retention index, which included thirty‐one aldehydes, four esters, fourteen alcohols, seven acids, twenty‐five hydrocarbons, fifteen ketones, five N‐containing compounds, eight S‐containing compounds and seven furans. SPME and P&T methods provided better extraction for volatiles with low molecular masses, while SDE method extracted more heavy volatiles. In this study, SPME method was better than P&T method, and SPME with SDE method may well complement each other. Results indicated that major volatiles identified were oxidation and degradation products of fatty acids, which were considered to account for the typical flavour of traditional Chinese NJMD.
EDXRF determination of iron during infant cereals production and its fitness for purpose
Authors: Perring Loïc , Blanc Joëlle
Published: November 2007

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a rapid and efficient method for the determination of iron in commercial infant cereals using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. Two EDXRF devices were tested: Spectro Xepos and PANalytical Minipal 2.20 samples were used for calibration of the XRF apparatus. The technique was validated using a second set of twenty other samples and comparing results of the reference method (inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP‐AES) and those of the EDXRF. No significant bias was found between the two methods. Three pellets per sample are prepared under 10 tonnes of pressure and analysed. The total time of analysis for iron is less than 20 min and this technique appears to be adequate for process control during infant cereals production.
Combined effects of nisin, lactic acid and modified atmosphere packaging on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes in raw ground pork
Authors: López‐Mendoza María C. , Ruiz Pilar , Mata Carmen M.
Published: November 2007

The individual and combined antilisterial efficiency of nisin, lactic acid and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was investigated. Raw ground pork was inoculated with a strain of Listeria monocytogenes and samples were distributed into twelve lots. Half of the lots were stored aerobically and the other six lots were packaged using the MAP. A different combination of nisin (N) and/or lactic acid (LA) was added to each lot (300 ppm N, 500 ppm N; 2% LA; 300 ppm N and 2% LA; 500 ppm N and 2% LA). All samples were stored at 4 °C for 21 days (samples with MAP) or 7 days (samples stored aerobically). The inactivation of L. monocytogenes in samples stored aerobically was attained mainly with the combination of 500 ppm N + LA; however, in samples with MAP, the L. monocytogenes population decreased 3.45 log with the addition of LA, and the combination N + LA increased the inactivation other 0.5 log.
Effect of egg proteins on the quality and refrigerated storage life of chicken patties made with broiler‐spent hen meat and by‐products†
Authors: Kalaikannan A. , Anjaneyulu A. S. R. , Santhi D.
Published: November 2007

The effects of whole egg powder (WEP), dried albumen (DA), dried yolk (DY) at a 1% level and liquid egg (LE) at a 3.7% level on the quality characteristics and refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) stability of chicken patties made with meat and by‐products of broiler‐spent hens were evaluated. The addition of egg powders significantly enhanced the emulsion stability (ES) and product yield compared with control and LE. There was a marked increase in moisture content and sensory attributes by the addition of egg powders. During the refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C), thio‐barbituric acid number (TBARS), aerobic plate count (APC) and psychrophilic count increased in all samples. Incorporation of DA and DY significantly reduced the TBARS number and APC during the storage over control. The addition of DA, DY and WEP significantly lowered the psychrophilic counts. Treated and control patties packaged in LDPE (low‐density polyethylene) pouches were acceptable for 20 days and 15 days, respectively.
Effect of Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop on the glucosinolate content of rapeseed
Authors: Haddad Joseph , Allaf Karim
Published: November 2007

The suitability of rapeseed as a protein supplement for human consumption and in animal feed is limited because of toxicity problems caused by the presence of antinutritional factors such as glucosinolates. There are a number of procedures for removing or decreasing the quantity of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products but all these processes have major drawbacks such as protein loss, incomplete inactivation, cost and a lack of economic viability. In this study, Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop (Détente Instantanée Contrôlée DIC®) treatment was evaluated on rapeseed meal. The results demonstrate the efficiency of DIC® as a new process for the detoxification of rapeseed. Indeed, glucosinolate content decreased by 40% after 1 min of treatment and by 98% after a 7‐min treatment, demonstrating the efficiency of DIC® as a new process for rapeseed treatment.