bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anticipatory‐Conjectural Policy Problems: A Case Study of the Avian Influenza
Authors: DeLeo Rob A.
Published: April 2010

Rarely, if ever, is the American policymaking process described as being a proactive one wherein policymakers strive to stave off or prepare for problems that have yet to have any substantive impact on a given population. Such problems, or “anticipatory‐conjectural policy problems,” are marked by acute uncertainty and thus demand a reconsideration of many of our fundamental assumptions about the nature of public policymaking. Using the H5N1 strain of avian influenza as a case study, the following work seeks to expand Thomas Birkland's concept of focusing events to encompass anticipatory‐conjectural policy problems. In addition, I will explore the unique agenda setting dynamics of these problems, paying particularly close attention to their definitional characteristics.
Securitization of Disease in the United States: Globalization, Public Policy, and Pandemics
Authors: Cook Alethia H
Published: April 2010

Recent spread of the diseases SARS, Bird Flu, and H1N1 have raised questions about how the US government will address the implications of a major pandemic. One of the key issues is whether a disease can become part of the national security agenda. This paper examines recent government activities in response to diseases to determine whether any disease has actually become a national security issue and the conditions under which this might happen in the future.
A Portrait of Complexity: New Actors and Contemporary Challenges in the Global Energy System and the Role of Energy Infrastructure Security
Authors: Giroux Jennifer
Published: April 2010

This article analyses the emergence of new actors and contemporary challenges that have increased the complexity of the global energy system and brought to light the significant role of energy infrastructure security. Working in two parts, the article first provides a general overview of ONG supply‐demand trends and the role of energy infrastructure (EI) in production and transport activities. The second part examines new security‐risks to EI by exploring similarities and distinctions of natural and human‐caused threats to EI. The argues concludes that energy infrastructure security will become a centerpiece in future energy security debate due to the growing dependence on ONG imports from conflict‐prone supplier and transit regions as well as the vulnerability of EI to natural disasters brought on by climate change.
The use of tristimulus colorimetry for the determination of hydrogen cyanide in air by a modified König method
Authors: Pitschmann Vladimír , Tusarová Ivana , Halámek Emil , Kobliha Zbyněk
Published: April 2010

A simple visual and tristimulus colorimetric method (threedimensional system CIE-L*a*b*) for the determination of trace amounts of hydrogen cyanide in air has been developed. The method is based on the suction of hydrogen cyanide through a chlorinating cartridge where cyanogen chloride is formed, which is further driven to an indicator disc made of a modified cotton fabric. This indicator disc is placed into an adapter. Prior to analysis, the disc is saturated with a chromogenic reagent, a solution of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) and 4-benzylpyridine in ethanol. In the presence of hydrogen cyanide (cyanogen chloride), a pink coloration emerges on the indicator disc, the intensity of which is evaluated either visually or by use of a tristimulus colorimeter. The detection limit is 0.1 mg m-3. The method is mainly suitable for mobile field analyses. It was applied for the CHP-5 chemical agent detector introduced into the equipment of the Czech Army corps.
Transition metal complexes with thiosemicarbazide-based ligands. Part 57: Synthesis, spectral and structural characterization of dioxovanadium(V) and dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with pyridoxal s-methylisothiosemicarbazone
Authors: Leovac Vukadin , Divjakovic Vladimir , Joksovic Milan , Jovanovic Ljiljana , Vojinovic-Jesic Ljiljana , Cesljevic Valerija , Mlinar Milena
Published: April 2010

This work is concerned with the synthesis of neutral dioxovanadium(V) and dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes with tridentate ONN pyridoxal S-methylisothiosemicarbazone (PLITSC) of the respective formulas [VO2(PLITSC-H)]?2H2O and [MoO2(PLITSC-2H)]. Structural X-ray analysis of the vanadium complex showed that it has an almost ideal square-pyramidal structure, while the molybdenum complex is supposed to have a polymeric octahedral structure. In addition to elemental analysis, both complexes were characterized by conductometric and magnetometric measurements, as well as by IR, UV-vis, 1H- and 13CNMR spectra.
Redox Modulation Protects Islets From Transplant-Related Injury
Authors: Sklavos Martha M. , Bertera Suzanne , Tse Hubert M. , Bottino Rita , He Jing , Beilke Joshua N. , Coulombe Marilyne G. , Gill Ronald G. , Crapo James D. , Trucco Massimo , Piganelli Jon D.
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

Because of reduced antioxidant defenses, β-cells are especially vulnerable to free radical and inflammatory damage. Commonly used antirejection drugs are excellent at inhibiting the adaptive immune response; however, most are harmful to islets and do not protect well from reactive oxygen species and inflammation resulting from islet isolation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to determine whether redox modulation, using the catalytic antioxidant (CA), FBC-007, can improve in vivo islet function post-transplant.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The abilities of redox modulation to preserve islet function were analyzed using three models of ischemia-reperfusion injury: 1) streptozotocin (STZ) treatment of human islets, 2) STZ-induced murine model of diabetes, and 3) models of syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic transplantation.

RESULTS

Incubating human islets with catalytic antioxidant during STZ treatment protects from STZ-induced islet damage, and systemic delivery of catalytic antioxidant ablates STZ-induced diabetes in mice. Islets treated with catalytic antioxidant before syngeneic, suboptimal syngeneic, or xenogeneic transplant exhibited superior function compared with untreated controls. Diabetic murine recipients of catalytic antioxidant–treated allogeneic islets exhibited improved glycemic control post-transplant and demonstrated a delay in allograft rejection. Treating recipients systemically with catalytic antioxidant further extended the delay in allograft rejection.

CONCLUSIONS

Pretreating donor islets with catalytic antioxidant protects from antigen-independent ischemia-reperfusion injury in multiple transplant settings. Treating systemically with catalytic antioxidant protects islets from antigen-independent ischemia-reperfusion injury and hinders the antigen-dependent alloimmune response. These results suggest that the addition of a redox modulation strategy would be a beneficial clinical approach for islet preservation in syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic transplantation.
γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Is an Autocrine Excitatory Transmitter in Human Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Braun Matthias , Ramracheya Reshma , Bengtsson Martin , Clark Anne , Walker Jonathan N. , Johnson Paul R. , Rorsman Patrik
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

Paracrine signaling via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABAA receptors (GABAARs) has been documented in rodent islets. Here we have studied the importance of GABAergic signaling in human pancreatic islets.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Expression of GABAARs in islet cells was investigated by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and patch-clamp experiments. Hormone release was measured from intact islets. GABA release was monitored by whole-cell patch-clamp measurements after adenoviral expression of α1β1 GABAAR subunits. The subcellular localization of GABA was explored by electron microscopy. The effects of GABA on electrical activity were determined by perforated patch whole-cell recordings.

RESULTS

PCR analysis detected relatively high levels of the mRNAs encoding GABAAR α2, β3, γ2, and π subunits in human islets. Patch-clamp experiments revealed expression of GABAAR Cl− channels in 52% of β-cells (current density 9 pA/pF), 91% of δ-cells (current density 148 pA/pF), and 6% of α-cells (current density 2 pA/pF). Expression of GABAAR subunits in islet cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. β-Cells secreted GABA both by glucose-dependent exocytosis of insulin-containing granules and by a glucose-independent mechanism. The GABAAR antagonist SR95531 inhibited insulin secretion elicited by 6 mmol/l glucose. Application of GABA depolarized β-cells and stimulated action potential firing in β-cells exposed to glucose.

CONCLUSIONS

Signaling via GABA and GABAAR constitutes an autocrine positive feedback loop in human β-cells. The presence of GABAAR in non–β-cells suggests that GABA may also be involved in the regulation of somatostatin and glucagon secretion.
Increased Expression of β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase in Erythrocytes From Individuals With Pre-diabetes and Diabetes
Authors: Park Kyoungsook , Saudek Christopher D. , Hart Gerald W.
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and glucose toxicity. O-GlcNAcylation is regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which attaches O-GlcNAc to serine and/or threonine residues of proteins and by O-GlcNAcase, which removes O-GlcNAc. We investigated the expression of these two enzymes in erythrocytes of human subjects with diabetes or pre-diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Volunteers with normal condition, pre-diabetes, and diabetes were recruited through a National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) study and at the Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Diabetes Center. Erythrocyte proteins were extracted and hemoglobins were depleted. Global O-GlcNAcylation of erythrocyte proteins was confirmed by Western blotting using an O-GlcNAc–specific antibody. Relative OGT and O-GlcNAcase protein amounts were determined by Western blot analysis. Relative expression of O-GlcNAcase was compared with the level of A1C.

RESULTS

Erythrocyte proteins are highly O-GlcNAcylated. O-GlcNAcase expression is significantly increased in erythrocytes from both individuals with pre-diabetes and diabetes compared with normal control subjects. Unlike O-GlcNAcase, protein levels of OGT did not show significant changes.

CONCLUSIONS

O-GlcNAcase expression is increased in erythrocytes from both individuals with pre-diabetes and individuals with less well-controlled diabetes. These findings, together with the previous study that demonstrated the increased site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of certain erythrocyte proteins, suggest that the upregulation of O-GlcNAcase might be an adaptive response to hyperglycemia-induced increases in O-GlcNAcylation, which are likely deleterious to erythrocyte functions. In any case, the early and substantial upregulation of O-GlcNAcase in individuals with pre-diabetes may eventually have diagnostic utility.
The 11-β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor INCB13739 Improves Hyperglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled by Metformin Monotherapy
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Banarer Salomon , Fonseca Vivian A. , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Sun William , Yao Wenqing , Hollis Gregory , Flores Robert , Levy Richard , Williams William V. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Huber Reid ,   for the INCB13739-202 Principal Investigators
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) converts inactive cortisone into active cortisol, thereby amplifying intracellular glucocorticoid action. The efficacy and safety of the 11βHSD1 inhibitor INCB13739 were assessed when added to ongoing metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes exhibiting inadequate glycemic control (A1C 7–11%).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This double-blind placebo-controlled paralleled study randomized 302 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean A1C 8.3%) on metformin monotherapy (mean 1.5 g/day) to receive one of five INCB13739 doses or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. The primary end point was the change in A1C at study end. Other end points included changes in fasting glucose, lipids, weight, adverse events, and safety.

RESULTS

After 12 weeks, 200 mg of INCB13739 resulted in significant reductions in A1C (−0.6%), fasting plasma glucose (−24 mg/dl), and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (−24%) compared with placebo. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were all significantly decreased in hyperlipidemic patients. Body weight decreased relative to placebo after INCB13739 therapy. A reversible dose-dependent elevation in adrenocorticotrophic hormone, generally within the normal reference range, was observed. Basal cortisol homeostasis, testosterone in men, and free androgen index in women were unchanged by INCB13739. Adverse events were similar across all treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS

INCB13739 added to ongoing metformin therapy was efficacious and well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycemic control with metformin alone. 11βHSD1 inhibition offers a new potential approach to control glucose and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes.
Inoculation of Peanuts on Farmers' Fields in Alabama1
Authors: Hiltbold A. E. , Hartzog D. L. , Harrison R. B. , Adams Fred
Published: April 2010

Farmers occasionally put land into peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production that has not been cropped with peanuts in recent history. These fields are generally sparsely populated, if at all, by peanut rhizobia and may be responsive to application of effective peanut inoculant. To field test the need for inoculants, 13 experiments were conducted during 1980-1982 on “new” land on farms in the peanut producing region of southeastern Alabama. Treatments were (1) uninoculated control, (2) granular inoculant applied in-furrow at 3X recommended rate, and (3) ammonium nitrate at 56 kg/ha of N at planting. In 1980, an additional 56 kg N was applied at early bloom. The soil was sampled prior to treatment and numbers of rhizobia capable of nodulating peanuts determined by the most probable number (MPN) procedure. Numbers ranged from nil to 1600 rhizobia per g of soil. Although the soil at six locations contained fewer than 20 rhizobia per g, no yield responses to applied inoculant were obtained. Vine growth, leaf color, and nitrogen content of leaves were unaffected by inoculant. The inoculant provided 1 million rhizobia per seed, which is considered abundant. Lack of any yield responses to fertilizer nitrogen during the 3-year study indicated nitrogen sufficiency in the peanut plants, derived through nodulation and nitrogen fixation by native soil rhizobia. While peanut was not a host legume for these rhizobia during the years prior to these experiments, the rhizobia apparently persisted on alternate legume hosts in the cowpea miscellany in numbers adequate for effective inoculation of peanuts.
Effect of Host Plant, Rhizobium Strain and Host x Strain Interaction on Symbiotic Variability in Peanut1
Authors: Wynne J. C. , Elkan G. H. , Isleib T. G. , Schneeweis T. J.
Published: April 2010

Varability of the plant-Rhizobium symbiosis can be attributed to additive effects of the plant genotype and the Rhizobium strain and the nonadditive effects of specific plant and Rhizobium combinations. The relative contribution of these sources of variability is important in adopting the best procedure to maximize nitrogen fixation. Six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were grown in all possible combinations with 10 Rhizobium strains in order to estimate the relative importance of the three genetic components of symbiotic variability. Additive genetic effects of host and Rhizobium genotype were significant for plant color, nodule number and weight, N2 (C2H2) fixed, and shoot dry weight. Nonadditive variation attributable to specific host-strain combinations was significant for all traits measured except for shoot dry weight. The large additive effects of the host genotype for nodule weight and shoot weight suggest that the variability for these traits can best be exploited by selection of host plants. However, the large nonadditive effects for nodule number and N2 (C2H2) fixed suggest that these traits can best be improved by simultaneous selection of both host and bacterium. Rhizobial strains NC123 and 3G4b21 were found to have significant stability variances indicating that these strains show host specificity, whereas strain RP182-13 exhibited a nonsignificant stability variance with a high mean for all traits in symbiosis with all host genotypes.

The poor response to inoculation of the Spanish genotypes in comparison to the nitrogen control suggests that superior strains for these genotypes must be identified.
Peanut Yield, Market Quality and Value Reductions Due to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1,2
Authors: Pataky J. K. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C. , Carlson G. A.
Published: April 2010

The effects of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on yield, market quality and monetary value of the peanut crop were determined for Florigiant, NC 8C and two advanced generation CBR-resistant breeding lines. Percentage extra large kernels (ELK) and fancy size pods (FS) were decreased by CBR. The reduction of ELK has a minor effect on value. The reduction of FS had no effect on value. Reduction of value due to CBR was primarily the result of lower peanut yields. A highly significant proportion of the variation in yield and value was explained by regressions of yield and value on % CBR incidence measured approximately 1 wk before digging. Yield losses ranged from 250 to 450 kg/ha and value reductions for Florigiant and NC 8C were from $170 to $190/ha in 1980 and 1981 and from $270 to $290/ha in 1982 for each 10% CBR incidence. The relationships among CBR and yield, quality and value were similar for NC 8C and Florigiant. Therefore, NC 8C should sustain lower losses due to CBR than Florigiant because NC 8C is moderatley CBR-resistant.
Variations in the Methionine-rich Protein Composition of the Genus Arachis1
Authors: Basha Sheikh M. , Pancholy Sunil K.
Published: April 2010

Methionine-rich proteins (MRP) from seeds of different species of the Genus Arachis were isolated and analyzed by gel electrophoresis to detect possible compositional differences. One-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis showed presence of quantitative and qualitative variations among the MRP-fractions. Following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the MRP-fractions were found to contain three groups of polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of approximately 21,000; 19,000 and 16,000, and isoelectric points between 5.1 and 5.8. Within each molecular weight group the number of polypeptides varied between 1 and 3.
An Efficient Procedure for Purification of an Isolate of Peanut Mottle Virus from Wild Peanut and Determination of Molecular Weights of the Viral Components1
Authors: Sherwood John L.
Published: April 2010

An efficient procedure was developed for purification of peanut mottle virus (PMV) from pea (Pisum sativum cv. Little Marvel) that yielded 10–19 mg virus/ kg infected tissue. Virus was extracted from frozen infected tissue in 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, with 0.001 M dithioerythritol, followed by clarification with chloroform (15%, v/v) and precipitation by KCl and polyethylene glycol. Virus was resuspended in 0.01 M borate-phosphate buffer, pH 8.3, with 0.2 M urea prior to density gradient centrifugation. Purified virus sedimented as a single component with a sedimentation coefficient of 149 S. The molecular weight of the single coat protein was estimated as 36,100 daltons in 12% polyacrylamide gels. The single nucleic acid isolated from PMV on sucrose gradients was degraded by RNase, but not DNase. The molecular weight of the RNA was estimated as 3.1 × 106 daltons on nondenaturing and denaturing sucrose gradients.
Overspace Environment in Mechanically and Naturally Ventilated Peanut Storages
Authors: Smith J. S. , Davidson J. I. , Sanders T. H. , Cole R. J.
Published: April 2010

Two adjacent peanut storages, one mechanically ventilated and one naturally ventilated were instrumented to monitor overspace air temperatures midway between the peanuts and the roof at 2-hour intervals from mid-October through March. Overspace relative humidity measurements were recorded for each storage between the peanuts and the roof ridge.

Data were analyzed at bimonthly intervals for 11 periods. There were no differences between east and west side overspace temperatures or roof surface temperatures in the naturally ventilated storage during any given period. The mechanically ventilated storage had differences in overspace air and roof surface temperatures in some of the periods. Overspace air and roof surface temperatures were more uniform in the naturally ventilated storage, whereas the east side overspace air and roof surface temperatures were lower in the mechanically ventilated storage. Relative humidities were approximately the same throughout the test for both storages except for being higher in the naturally ventilated storage during the first and second periods and lower during the last period. The mechanically ventilated storage had less condensation potential during early storage than the naturally ventilated storage, but this trend reversed after the first 3 periods of storage.
Effect of Barren Soil Borders and Weed Border Treatments on Movement of the Twospotted Spider Mite into Peanut Fields1,2,3
Authors: Boykin L. S. , Campbell W. V. , Nelson L. A.
Published: April 2010

Barren soil borders, weed border treatments, and caged barren soil were evaluated for their effect on movement of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, into peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields. In field cage tests when a 3, 4.5, or 6 m strip of barren soil separated a source of mite-infestation from initially mite-free peanut, mite damage to peanut was inversely related to the distance of barren soil crossed. In uncaged field tests, similar barren soil borders did not prevent mite movement into peanut fields, however, the number of mites were inversely related to the distance from the field border. There were no significant differences among weed border treatments and total numbers of mites entering peanut fields over time. There were, however, differences among weed border treatments on early mite movement and establishment trends into peanut fields. Mowing weed borders significantly increased the number of aerially dispersing twospotted spider mites within the adjacent peanut field.
Foreign Material Extractors for Peanut Flowpipes
Authors: Blankenship P. D. , Davidson J. I. , Sanders T. H. , Layton R. C. , Willis J. W.
Published: April 2010

Foreign material extractors were installed and evaluated in farmers stock peanut flowpipes during the harvest seasons of 1978, 1979, and 1980. Three of the extractors evaluated were commercially available and consisted of a stationary, inclined screen manufactured by Suffolk Iron Works, Inc., Suffolk, VA; an inclined, mechanical tumbler-extractor manufactured by Hobbs-Adams Engineering Company, Suffolk, VA; and an inclined, mechanical roller screen manufactured by Bev. Mathison's Spring Works, Warwick, Queensland, Australia. Two additional experimental extractors including a stationary, inclined screen and an aspirator were also tested along with aspiration hoods used in conjunction with the commercial extractors. The weight per tonne (t) of peanuts of foreign materials removed by the various extractors ranged from 0.8 kg to 21.3 kg. Aspiration generally doubled the amount of foreign materials removed by the extractors. The primary materials removed by the extractors were dirt, peanut stems, sticks, leaves, small rocks, and some broken or loose shelled peanut meats.
Screening Virginia-Type Farmers' Stock Peanuts Before Storage1
Authors: Dickens J. W.
Published: April 2010

A 750-kg sample considered to be representative of Virginia-type peanuts marketed in North Carolina during the fall of 1979, was separated into 7 size categories by passing it over counter-rotating, parallel rollers spaced 12.70, 11.11, 9.52, 7.94, 6.35 and 4.76 mm apart. The material in each size category was then separated into pods, shelled kernels (LSK) and 6 different types of foreign material (FM). The LSK and peanuts shelled from the pods were graded according to U.S. Grade Standards. The data indicate that the 9.52-mm (3/8-inch) roller spacing effectively separated the pods from most of the LSK and troublesome FM such as small stones, dirt clods, pieces of glass, corn kernels and soybeans. However, the benefits and costs of separately storing and processing the mixture of LSK and FM will have to be evaluated by the individual sheller.
Utilization of Wild Relatives in Genetic Improvement of Arachis hypogaea L. VI. Fertility in Triploids: Cytological Basis and Breeding Implications1
Authors: Singh A. K. , Moss J. P.
Published: April 2010

The triploid hybrids between Arachis hypogaea L. and diploid species of section Arachis nom. nud. which had been observed to be sterile at Reading, England, produced pegs and pods at the ICRISAT Center. Cytological investigations of these and other triploid hybrids revealed (1) spindle abnormalities resulting in restitution nuclei and unreduced gametes, and (2) unequal segregation of chromosomes resulting in haploid to hyperdiploid gametes. Of the 225 F2 plants derived from triploids, 82% were hexaploid, 8% were tetraploid, and 10% had chromosome numbers from 20–59. This indicates that the above processes occurred both at micro- and mega-sporogenesis and that unreduced gametes were more effective in fertilization resulting in a higher percentage of hexaploid progenies. The implications of these results are that triploids can be used in Arachis interspecific breeding for increased recombination between chromosomes and quick recovery of Arachis hypogaea like tetraploid lines.
The HPLC Analysis of Aflatoxins in Raw Peanuts with Sep-pak® Cleanup
Authors: Hurst W. Jeffrey , Snyder Kevin P. , Martin Robert A.
Published: April 2010

An HPLC method for the determination of aflatoxins is described. The aflatoxins are extracted with aqueous acetone and interfering compounds precipitated with CuCO3. After defatting, the aflatoxins are extracted into CH2Cl2 for cleanup with silica Sep-pak® which eliminates other interfering compounds. The resulting extract is then treated with TFA to form the hemiacetal derivatives prior to final HPLC analysis. Data indicated that the method exhibits excellent accuracy and precision. In addition, it is time and solvent conservative.
Influence of Twin Rows on Yield and Weed Control in Peanuts1
Authors: Wehtje G. , Walker R. H. , Patterson M. G. , McGuire J. A.
Published: April 2010

Fresh weed weights and yields were compared between Florunner peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in twin 18 cm rows and conventional 91 cm rows when subjected to a series of weed control systems ranging from none to intense. Reductions in grasses in the twin row spacing were evident in 2 out of 3 years in the untreated check, where grass infestations were at a maximum. Comparable reductions in broadleaves, and increases in yield were sporatic. While the twin row spacing affected weeds and yield in a favorable manner, the consistency was insufficient to premit any reduction in herbicide inputs.
Evaluation of the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos for Activity Against Southern Stem Rot of Peanut
Authors: Csinos A. S.
Published: April 2010

Chlorpyrifos, a soil insecticide reported to have activity in controlling southern stem rot of peanuts, was evaluated in an area heavily infested with the southern stem rot pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. over a three year period (1981-1983). Chlorpyrifos 4E at 0, 1.12 or 2.24 kg ai/ha was applied preplant incorporated broadcast followed by 0, 1.12 or 2.24 kg ai/ha chlorpyrifos 15G or 4E at pegging in a 40 cm band over the row. Combinations of chlorpyrifos and PCNB were also evaluated as a formulated granule and as concomitantly applied separate materials. Disease loci were enumerated during the season and at inverting and yields were determined for plots. Chlorpyrifos alone did not significantly decrease disease in any of the tests over the three year period at any rate or method of application tested. A PCNB + chlorpyrifos (11.2-2.24 kg ai/ha) combination granule and the two chemicals applied concomitantly were as effective as PCNB + fensulfothion (11.2-3.36 kg ai/ha) in reducing disease and increasing yield. Potential niches for the use of chlorpyrifos in reducing southern stem rot are discussed.
Screening Peanut Germplasm for Resistance to Corn Earworm1
Authors: Holley R. N. , Weeks W. W. , Wynne J. C. , Campbell W. V.
Published: April 2010

The corn earworm (Heliothis zea Boddie) commonly causes damage to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina. Resistance to the corn earworm has been identified in peanut and correlated with resistances to tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds), potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris), and the southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber). Development of corn earworm-resistant cultivars which might also assist in managing several insect pests could be aided by an understanding of the nature and inheritance of corn earworm resistance.

This study was conducted to develop a laboratory procedure to screen for corn earworm resistance, to determine the relationship between laboratory and field measurements of resistance, to determine the chemical basis of resistance, and to determine the inheritance of resistance.

Neither the laboratory measurement of larval growth after feeding of fresh leaf tissue nor after feeding on a synthetic diet containing ground freeze-dried leaf tissue consistently separated resistant and susceptible germplasms. Because of the inconsistency in laboratory tests, the relationship between lab and field results was inconsistent. Since these procedures did not always distinguish resistant and susceptible genotypes, these techniques cannot be used in lieu of field screening. However, these studies do suggest that antibiosis is a major component of corn earworm resistance. Chemical analyses indicate that a flavone glycoside is probably responsible for the antibiotic response. Neither field nor laboratory evaluations of progencies from the cross of NC 6 (resistant) and Florigiant line C (susceptible) could be used to separate plants into resistant and susceptible classes. Antibiosis did appear to be a dominant trait for this cross.
Automatic Monitoring and Cutoff of Peanut Dryers
Authors: Blankenship Paul D. , Davidson James I.
Published: April 2010

A method for automatic cutoff of full-scale peanut dryers when peanuts approach a prescribed moisture content without periodic moisture sampling is described. Final weight is mathematically predicted from initial weight and moisture content. Peanut weight loss is monitored and dryer operation subsequently controlled through electronics. Six of 8 drying wagon loads of peanuts dried with the method were dried to a satisfactory moisture content at grading. Additional drying was required on 2 loads. Test results indicate that the method will require less labor, provide better moisture control, and reduce the danger of overdrying compared to conventional methods.
Response of Nodulating and Non-Nodulating Peanuts to Foliarly Applied Nitrogen1
Authors: Walker M. E. , Branch W. D. , Gaines T. P. , Mullinix B. G.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted on Lakeland sand (Thermic, coated Typic Quartz-ipsaments) during 1981-82 to determine the effect of foliarly applied N on yield, grade, and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration of leaves and seed of nodulating and non-nodulating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Nodulating cultivars; Florunner, Early Bunch, and Tifrun, and three non-nodulating experimental lines were sprayed 0, 1, 2 or 4 times at 13.5 kg N/ha beginning 28 days after emergence. Foliar application of N increased the yield of Florunner, Tifrun, and all non-nodulating lines, but had no effect on Early Bunch. The addition of N to non-nodulating peanut increased the percent fancy pods, extra large kernels, and weight of seed. Seed N concentration of non-nodulating lines increased with higher rates of N, but was higher in the nodulating cultivars. Seed of non-nodulating lines contained higher levels of P, K, and Mg than seed of nodulating lines. Nodulating lines had higher concentration of leaf N than did non-nodulating lines. The leaves of the non-nodulating lines contained higher levels of P, Ca, and Mg than those of the nodulating cultivars; whereas levels of K were higher for nodulating lines.
Growth Regulator Effects on the Market Quality of Five Virginia-Type Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Mozingo R. W. , Steele J. L.
Published: April 2010

The growth regulator succinic acid 2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied to the foliage of five virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in 1980, 1981, and 1982 in Martin County, North Carolina, and Suffolk, Virginia. Treated and untreated peanuts at each location were harvested on two dates each year. Market grade, yield, and value/ha evaluations were made on the cultivars Florigiant, NC 6, NC 7, VA 81B, and NC 8C. Yield and value/ha within each cultivar were statistically different across years and locations. The growth regulator significantly reduced the percentage of fancy pods for all cultivars except VA 81B while significantly increasing the percentage of extra large kernels for all cultivars except NC 8C. The percentage of total kernels was not affected with Florigiant or NC 7, but significant reductions were observed with growth regulator application to NC 6, VA 81B, and NC 8C. The yield and value/ha of Florigiant and NC 6 increased significantly with growth regulator applications. Yield/ha of NC 7 increased with growth regulator application but was not statistically different; however, the NC 7 value/ha increased significantly. Growth regulator applications on NC 8C and VA 81B affected neither yield nor value/ha. Thus, applications of the growth regulator SADH can be a beneficial peanut production practice for some cultivars; however, the response within cultivars was inconsistent across years and locations.
Management Tactics that Complement Host Resistance for Control of Cylindrocladium Black Rot of Peanuts1,,2
Authors: Black M. C. , Pataky J. K. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C.
Published: April 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were evaluated in field microplots infested with Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loose) Bell and Sobers. In experiment I there were three genotypes, two inoculum densities, and two levels (0, 100 kg/ha) of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. A non-nodulating peanut genotype was less susceptible to C. crotalariae than either of its nodulating parents. Application of N to the nodulating parents decreased disease severity if inoculum density was low. Application of N to the non-nodulating line increased disease severity compared to disease in unfertilized plots of the non-nodulating line. Experiment II evaluated effects of cultivar (susceptible Florigiant, resistant NC 8C), two inoculum denities, N fertilizer [0, 100 kg/ha), and high carbon:nitrogen organic matter amendment (0, 400 kg/ha). Root rot severity was reduced if the cultivar was resistant, if inoculum density was low, and if N was applied. Soil amendment did not affect disease severity. In experiment III, planting date effects on disease severity were evaluated on resistant NC 8C and resistant NC 18016. Planting on May 2, when minimum soil temperature was below 18 C, resulted in more severe disease than planting on May 17, or May 30, 1983 when minimum soil temperature was above 18 C. Benefits of combining management tactics of resistance, preventing high inoculum densities, N management, and proper planting date are discussed.
Performance of the Visual, Minicolumn and TLC Methods in Detecting Aflatoxin in 20 Contaminated Lots of Farmers Stock Peanuts
Authors: Davidson J. I. , Dickens J. W. , Chew V. , Sanders T. H. , Holaday C. E. , Cole R. J. , Whitaker T. B.
Published: April 2010

Standard grade samples (16) from each of 20 selected minilots were used to evaluate three methods for detecting minilots of farmers stock peanuts with unacceptable concentrations of aflatoxin. A visual, a minicolumn and a modified thin layer chromatography (TLC) method were used to compare analytical results, variation, and probability of acceptance for minilots having mean aflatoxin concentrations ranging from 8–255 ppb. Mean values obtained by each of the three methods increased linearly with mean aflatoxin concentrations of the minilots and variation for each method as determined by the variance and coefficient of variation (CV) was very large. The CV for all three methods decreased as aflatoxin concentration increased. Overall performances of the three methods were similar in accepting and rejecting these minilots on the basis of the 1.8 kg grade samples. The greatest difference in the three methods occurred at the zero acceptance level where the modified TLC, minicolumn and visual methods rejected 97, 98 and 88%, respectively, of the minilots with more than 60 ppb aflatoxin. At this acceptance level the TLC, minicolumn and visual methods also rejected 55, 50 and 30%, respectively, of the minilots with less than 30 ppb aflatoxin.
Studies on Competition, Persistence, and Methods of Application of a Peanut Rhizobium Strain, NC 921
Authors: Nambiar P. T. C. , Rao B. Srinivasa , Anjaiah V.
Published: April 2010

A series of different field experiments were conducted at ICRISAT to assess the practical utility of a strain of Rhizobium, NC 92, as an inoculant for peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. Experiments were conducted in soil where substantial native Rhizobium populations exist (102 −104 cells/g dry soil), and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was used to identify NC 92 nodules. The results indicate that inoculation with strain NC 92 (a) results in 25-40% of the total nodules formed (b) mixing with other strains reduces the percent success of the inoculated strain in some experiments (c) whenever fungicides are used for seed treatment, direct application of rhizobia to the soil as liquid (by mixing the peat containing Rhizobium with water and pouring the resulting mixture into the furrow just before sowing) results in the formation of more nodules by the inoculated strain than the conventional seed inoculation method (d) very few NC 92 nodules are formed when the rate of inoculum is 104 cells/seed or less (e) the inoculated strain, NC 92 is able to survive in the soil for the following season.
Field Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Peanuts in Ontario1
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Roy R. C.
Published: April 2010

Acephate, carbaryl, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin and methidathion applied as foliar sprays were evaluated in the field for crop protection against the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), infesting valencia peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., in Ontario. All of the insecticides significantly suppressed nymphal populations and the results obtained were consistent over the 3 years. The residual toxicity of each material at the rates applied was discussed. Sampling data demonstrated that monitoring of nymphs can be used successfully to schedule insecticidal sprays for control of this pest on peanuts grown commercially in Ontario.
Potential for Improved Control of Southern Stem Rot of Peanut with Resistance and Fungicides1
Authors: Shew B. B. , Beute M. K. , Bailey J. E.
Published: April 2010

Potential for improved control of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was evaluated by combining moderate resistance with fungicide use. Various fungicides including carboxin, oxycarboxin, propiconazol, OAC 3890, and PCNB were applied to peanut lines NC 8C, NC Ac 18016, and Florigiant in North Carolina during 1980, 1981, and 1982. Consistently fewer disease loci occurred on NC Ac 18016 than on NC 8C or Florigiant. At least one fungicide reduced stem rot incidence in two of three years tested, but fungicide use did not result in greater yields. Effects of disease resistance and fungicides on suppression of stem rot development were additive.
Some Effects of Conventional and Low-Oxygen Atmosphere Storage and Processing Methods on Florunner Peanut Seed
Authors: Slay W. O. , Ferguson W. G. , Pomplin J. A.
Published: April 2010

Low-oxygen atmosphere methods of storing and processing peanut seed were evaluated to determine if they offered improvement over conventional methods. Florunner (runnertype) peanut seed from each of six newly harvested certified seed lots were shelled, treated with fungicide and placed in low-oxygen atmosphere containers. The containers were stored in ambient air conditions in a metal-clad warehouse from October 1981 until planted in April 1982. Controls were randomly selected from the six lots in April 1982 after conventional storage and processing. Germination, moisture content and selected grade factors were measured before and after storage to determine if changes occured. Yields were measured after the peanuts were harvested in September 1982. Germination declined in both storage conditions. At planting there was no significant difference in germination between the low-oxygen and controls in three of the seed lots. In two of the seed lots, the control was better than the low-oxygen, and in one seed lot, the low-oxygen had better germination than the control. The controls averaged 1.4% greater loss of moisture during storage and inert material was 3% higher. Yields and grades were not significantly different in peanuts harvested from the low-oxygen and control plantings within each lot, but there were differences between lots. Besides less moisture loss during storage and less inert material in the seed packages, the low-oxygen methods produced higher whole kernel outturn at shelling and the containers provided much better protection for the peanuts from insects, dirt, mold, rodents, and other forms of contamination or destruction.
Field Evaluation of Peanut Genotypes for Resistance to Infection by Aspergillus parasiticus1,2
Authors: Kisyombe C. T. , Beute M. K. , Payne G. A.
Published: April 2010

Fourteen peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea) were evaluated for resistance to Aspergillus parasiticus infection in 1983 and 1984 in rain-shaded field microplots where water stress conditions were simulated, and in unshaded microplots under normal rainfall conditions. A brown color mutant of A. parasiticus (ATCC 24690) was grown on cracked corn and the colonized corn was spread on the soil in each microplot. Soil moisture and soil and air temperature were monitored. Infection of peanut pegs, pods, kernels and tap and fibrous roots was enhanced by low soil moisture. Infection of kernels differed among genotypes; all other tissues were found to be infected at moderate to high frequency and no genotype differences were observed.

Genotypes J-11 and Lampang were characterized as resistant to A. parasiticus under both dry (1983) and moist (1984) field conditions. Although percentage infection of kernels varied with genotype, ranking of genotypes reported to have drought resistance was consistent under both dry and moist field conditions. Thirty-four peanut genotypes, including those tested in field microplots, were also evaluated for dry seed resistance to A. parasiticus infection in the laboratory. Genotype J-11 and PI 337409 were highly resistant. Except for J-11, there was no correlation between genotype rankings for resistance to dry seed infection and resistance under field conditions.
Row Pattern and Weed Management Effects on Peanut Production1
Authors: Colvin Daniel L. , Walker Robert H. , Patterson Michael G. , Wehtje Glenn , McGuire John A.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted from 1981 through 1983 on a Dothan sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudults) at Headland, Alabama, to investigate the effects of row patterns and weed management systems on weed control, peanut yield, and net returns to land and management. Treatments consisted of three row patterns, a) conventional 91-cm rows, b) dual twin 18-cm rows, and c) triple twin 18-cm rows, and six weed management systems ranging from none to various combinations of herbicide and mechanical inputs. The experimental area was naturally infested with bristly starbur (Acanthospermum hispidum DC), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.). Results showed that weed control was affected somewhat by row patterns with broadleaf weeds being more responsive to row pattern manipulation than grass weeds. Weed fresh weights were generally lower as row patterns narrowed from conventional 91-cm spacing, however exceptions did occur. Highest yields and net returns were obtained when peanuts were planted in the dual twin 18-cm rows and weed management included benefin applied preplant incorporated, plus alachlor applied preemergence, and two timely cultivations.
Evaluation of Peanut Genotypes for Membrane Thermostability1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L.
Published: April 2010

Optimum mean ambient temperatures for vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants are in the range of 25 to 30 C, while those for reproductive growth may be somewhat lower (20 to 25 C). Under field conditions the peanut crop is frequently subjected to temperatures in the range of 35 to 40 C, which adversely affect growth and development. Differences in heat tolerance have been found among genotypes of other crops. This was determined by the extent of electrolyte leakage from leaf discs exposed to elevated temperature treatment in vitro. These investigations were undertaken to use the in vitro leaf disc method as a means to evaluate field-grown peanut genotypes for membrane thermostability. A preliminary test in 1981 with ten genotypes showed significant differences in membrane injury among genotypes (G) and a significant day after planting (DAP) effect. However, CV's were excessive (about 38%). Modification of the procedure and method of leaf sampling reduced CV's to an acceptable level for field data (15–20%). Significant G and DAP effects were found. Hovever, G X DAP interactions were significant at P<O.05 in only one of three years of the tests, and this was due to the response of just one cultivar. Genotype differences also varied between seasons. Thus, the in vitro leaf disc method of testing for membrane thermostability appears useful for selecting peanut genotypes for improved crop tolerance to temperatures that adversely affect presently grown cultivars.