bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entwicklung der Frequenz und des Spektrums von Rettungsdiensteinsätzen in Deutschland
Authors: Sieber F. , Kotulla R. , Urban B. , Groß S. , Prückner S.
Published: October 2020

Hintergrund

Die Berichterstattung aus einzelnen Bundesländern zeigt über viele Jahre kontinuierlich steigende Einsatzzahlen im bodengebundenen Rettungsdienst.

Fragestellung

Ziel der Arbeit ist es aufzuzeigen, wie stark sich die Einsatzzahlen und das Einsatzspektrum im Rettungsdienst in den letzten Jahren entwickelt haben.

Material und Methode

Die Arbeit führt nach Literaturrecherche geeignete Publikationen synoptisch zusammen, um einen umfassenden Überblick der aktuellen Erkenntnisse zu geben.

Ergebnisse

Vollerhebungen der Einsatzzahlen einzelner Bundesländer sowie Hochrechnungen der Rettungsdiensteinsätze auf Bundesebene zeigen jährliche Zuwachsraten von etwa 5 %. Zudem belegen einzelne Untersuchungen vor allem einen Anstieg nichttraumatologischer Einsatzgründe. Sowohl die Einsatzzunahme als auch die Änderung im Einsatzspektrum können, neben weiteren Einflussfaktoren, u. a. auf den demografischen Wandel zurückgeführt werden.

Schlussfolgerungen

Um dem Anstieg und der Änderung der Inanspruchnahme zu begegnen, erscheint neben der Ausweitung bestehender Angebote der Notfallversorgung die Etablierung alternativer Ansätze (z. B. Telenotarzt) zielführend. Begleitend sollte eine umfassende Datenerfassung und -auswertung erfolgen, um im Rahmen des Qualitätsmanagements ein kontinuierliches Nachsteuern des Systems zu erlauben.
Evidence for the cholinergic markers ChAT and vAChT in sensory cells of the developing antennal nervous system of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Ehrhardt Erica , Boyan George
Published: October 2020

Sensory and motor systems in insects with hemimetabolous development must be ready to mediate adaptive behavior directly on hatching from the egg. For the desert locust S. gregaria, cholinergic transmission from antennal sensillae to olfactory or mechanosensory centers in the brain requires that choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAChT) already be present in sensory cells in the first instar. In this study, we used immunolabeling to demonstrate that ChAT and vAChT are both expressed in sensory cells from identifiable sensilla types in the immature antennal nervous system. We observed ChAT expression in dendrites, neurites and somata of putative basiconic-type sensillae at the first instar stage. We also detected vAChT in the sensory axons of these sensillae in a major antennal nerve tract. We then examined whether evidence for cholinergic transmission is present during embryogenesis. Immunolabeling confirms that vAChT is expressed in somata typical of campaniform sensillae, as well as in small sensory cell clusters typically associated with either a large basiconic or coeloconic sensilla, at 99% of embryogenesis. The vAChT is also expressed in the somata of these sensilla types in multiple antennal regions at 90% of embryogenesis, but not at earlier (70%) embryonic stages. Neuromodulators are known to appear late in embryogenesis in neurons of the locust central complex, and the cholinergic system of the antenna may also only reach maturity shortly before hatching.
The accuracy and precision of age determination by dental cementum annuli in four northern cervids
Authors: Veiberg Vebjørn , Nilsen Erlend B. , Rolandsen Christer M. , Heim Morten , Andersen Roy , Holmstrøm Frode , Meisingset Erling L. , Solberg Erling J.
Published: October 2020

Individual age is an important element in models of population demographics, but the limitations of the methods used for age determination are not always clear. We used known-age data from moose (Alces alces), red deer (Cervus elaphus), semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) to evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of age estimated by cementum annuli analysis of longitudinally sectioned permanent incisors. Four observers with varying experience performed blind duplicate age estimation of 37 specimens from each cervid. The relationship between known age and estimated age was linear, except for Svalbard reindeer where a quadratic model gave a slightly better fit. After correcting for observer ID and animal ID, there was a slightly declining probability to assess the correct age with increasing age for moose, red deer and Svalbard reindeer. Across cervids and observers, estimated age equalled known age in 69% of all readings, while 95% age ± 1 year. Predicted probability of correct age assessment for experienced observers was 93% for red deer, 89% for Svalbard reindeer, 84% for moose and 73% for semi-domestic reindeer. Regardless of observer experience and cervid, there was a high agreement between repeated assessments of a given animal’s tooth sections. The accuracy varied between cervids but was generally higher for observers with former ageing experience with a given cervid. We conclude that the accuracy of estimated age using longitudinally sectioned incisors is generally high, and even more so if performed by observers with former ageing experience of a given species. To ensure consistency over time, a reference material from known-age individuals for each species analysed should be available for calibration and training of observers.
Defining accurate delivery dates in make to order job-shops managed by workload control
Authors: Mezzogori Davide , Romagnoli Giovanni , Zammori Francesco
Published: October 2020

Workload control (WLC) is a lean oriented system that reduces queues and waiting times, by imposing a cap to the workload released to the shop floor. Unfortunately, WLC performance does not systematically outperform that of push operating systems, with undersaturated utilizations levels and optimized dispatching rules. To address this issue, many scientific works made use of complex job-release mechanisms and sophisticated dispatching rules, but this makes WLC too complicated for industrial applications. So, in this study, we propose a complementary approach. At first, to reduce queuing time variability, we introduce a simple WLC system; next we integrate it with a predictive tool that, based on the system state, can accurately forecast the total time needed to manufacture and deliver a job. Due to the non-linearity among dependent and independent variables, forecasts are made using a multi-layer-perceptron; yet, to have a comparison, the effectiveness of both linear and non-linear multi regression model has been tested too. Anyhow, if due dates are endogenous (i.e. set by the manufacturer), they can be directly bound to this internal estimate. Conversely, if they are exogenous (i.e. set by the customer), this approach may not be enough to minimize the percentage of tardy jobs. So, we also propose a negotiation scheme, which can be used to extend exogenous due dates considered too tight, with respect to the internal estimate. This is the main contribution of the paper, as it makes the forecasting approach truly useful in many industrial applications. To test our approach, we simulated a 6-machines job-shop controlled with WLC and equipped with the proposed forecasting system. Obtained performances, namely WIP levels, percentage of tardy jobs and negotiated due dates, were compared with those of a set classical benchmark, and demonstrated the robustness and the quality of our approach, which ensures minimal delays.
Simulating Urban Land Expansion in the Context of Land Use Planning in the Abuja City-Region, Nigeria
Authors: Enoguanbhor Evidence Chinedu , Gollnow Florian , Walker Blake Byron , Nielsen Jonas Ostergaard , Lakes Tobia
Published: October 2020

In the Global South, including the Sub-Saharan African city-regions, the possible future urban expansion patterns may pose a challenge towards improving environmental sustainability. Land use planning strategies and instruments for regulating urban expansion are faced with challenges, including insufficient data availability to offer insights into the possible future urban expansion. This study integrated empirical data derived from Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and surveys of experts to offer insights into the possible future urban expansion under spatial planning scenarios to support land use planning and environmental sustainability of city-regions. We analyzed the spatial determinants of urban expansion, calibrated the land cover model using the Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network and Markov, and developed three scenarios to simulate land cover from 2017 to 2030 and to 2050. The scenarios include Business As Usual that extrapolates past trends; Regional Land Use Plan that restricts urban expansion to the land designated for urban development, and; Adjusted Urban Land that incorporates the leapfrogged settlements into the land designated for urban development. Additionally, we quantified the potential degradation of environmentally sensitive areas by future urban expansion under the three scenarios. Results indicated a high, little, and no potential degradation of environmentally sensitive areas by the future urban expansion under the Business As Usual, Adjusted Urban Land, and Regional Land Use Plan scenarios respectively. The methods and the baseline information provided, especially from the Adjusted Urban Land scenario showed the possibility of balancing the need for urban expansion and the protection of environmentally sensitive areas. This would be useful to improve the environmental sustainability of the Sub-Saharan African city-regions and across the Global South, where insufficient data availability challenges land use planning.
Dynamic State Reconstruction of Quantum Systems Subject to Pure Decoherence
Authors: Czerwinski Artur
Published: October 2020

The article introduces efficient quantum state tomography schemes for qutrits and entangled qubits subject to pure decoherence. We implement the dynamic state reconstruction method for open systems sent through phase-damping channels, which was proposed in: Czerwinski and Jamiolkowski Open Syst. Inf. Dyn. 23, 1650019 (2016). In the present article we prove that two distinct observables measured at four different time instants suffice to reconstruct the initial density matrix of a qutrit with evolution given by a phase-damping channel. Furthermore, we generalize the approach in order to determine criteria for quantum tomography of entangled qubits. Finally, we prove two universal theorems concerning the number of observables required for quantum state tomography of qudits subject to pure decoherence. We believe that dynamic state reconstruction schemes bring advancement and novelty to quantum tomography since they utilize the Heisenberg representation and allow to define the measurements in time domain.
Comparison of Disfluent and Ungrammatical Speech of Preadolescents with and without ASD
Authors: Wiklund Mari , Laakso Minna
Published: October 2020

This paper analyses disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions in the speech of 11–13-year-old Finnish-speaking boys with ASD (N = 5) and with neurotypical development (N = 6). The ASD data were from authentic group therapy sessions and neurotypical data from teacher-led group discussions. The proportion of disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions was greater in the speech of participants with ASD (26.4%) than in the control group (15.5%). Furthermore, a qualitative difference was noted: The ASD group produced long, complex disfluent turns with word searches, self-repairs, false starts, fillers, prolongations, inconsistent syntactic structures and grammatical errors, whereas in the control group, the disfluencies were mainly fillers and sound prolongations. The disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions occurring in the ASD participants’ interactions also caused comprehension problems.
Viscoelastic type magnetic effects and self-gravity on the propagation of MHD waves
Authors: Franchi Franca , Lazzari Barbara , Nibbi Roberta
Published: October 2020

We take up the challenge to explain the correlation between the Jeans instability topic towards star formation within the accelerated expansion of universe and the role of torsional shear-like Alfven waves in triggering the formation of network patterns, by proposing new mathematical models for self-gravitating interstellar non ideal MHD plasmas. The diffusion of the gravitational field is included via a parabolic Einstein’s equation with the cosmological constant, whereas anomalous resistive features are described through non ideal Ohm’s laws incorporating inertia terms, to account of relaxation and retardation magnetic responses. We perform a spectral analysis to test the stability properties of the novel constitutive settings where dissipative and elastic devices act together, by emphasizing the differences with previous models. As a main result, we highlight the definition of a lower critical threshold, here called the Jeans-Einstein wavenumber, against collapse formation towards the formation of longitudinal gravito-magneto-sonic waves and transverse non gravitational Alfven waves exhibiting larger effective wavespeeds, due to the hyperbolic-parabolic diffusion of the magnetic field. Consequently shorter collisional times are allowable so, beyond the plasma-beta, another interesting key point is the definition of the Ohm number to revisit the timescale topic, towards reviewed Reynolds and Lundquist numbers able to better capture the microphysical phenomena of Magnetic Reconnection in narrow diffusion regimes.
Maximum likelihood estimation of a social relations structural equation model
Authors: Nestler Steffen , Lüdtke Oliver , Robitzsch Alexander
Published: October 2020

The social relations model (SRM) is widely used in psychology to investigate the components that underlie interpersonal perceptions, behaviors, and judgments. SRM researchers are often interested in investigating the multivariate relations between SRM effects. However, at present, it is not possible to investigate such relations without relying on a two-step approach that depends on potentially unreliable estimates of the true SRM effects. Here, we introduce a way to combine the SRM with the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework and show how the parameters of our combination can be estimated with a maximum likelihood (ML) approach. We illustrate the model with an example from personality psychology. We also investigate the statistical properties of the model in a small simulation study showing that our approach performs well in most simulation conditions. An R package (called srm) is available implementing the proposed methods.
Hippocampal connectivity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): more than Papez circuit impairment
Authors: Trojsi Francesca , Di Nardo Federica , Caiazzo Giuseppina , Siciliano Mattia , D’Alvano Giulia , Ferrantino Teresa , Passaniti Carla , Ricciardi Dario , Esposito Sabrina , Lavorgna Luigi , Russo Antonio , Bonavita Simona , Cirillo Mario , Santangelo Gabriella , Esposito Fabrizio , Tedeschi Gioacchino
Published: October 2020

Emerging evidence suggests that memory deficit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease with varying impairment of motor abilities and cognitive profile, may be independent from executive dysfunction. Our multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach, including resting state functional MRI (RS-fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM), aimed to investigate structural and functional changes within and beyond the Papez circuit in non-demented ALS patients (n = 32) compared with healthy controls (HCs, n = 21), and whether these changes correlated with neuropsychological measures of verbal and non-verbal memory. We revealed a decreased functional connectivity between bilateral hippocampus, bilateral parahippocampal gyri and cerebellum in ALS patients compared with HCs. Between-group comparisons revealed white matter abnormalities in the genu and body of the corpus callosum and bilateral cortico-spinal tracts, superior longitudinal and uncinate fasciculi in ALS patients (p < .05, family-wise error corrected). Interestingly, changes of Digit Span forward performance were inversely related to RS-fMRI signal fluctuations in the cerebellum, while changes of both episodic and visual memory scores were inversely related to mean and radial diffusivity abnormalities in several WM fiber tracts, including middle cerebellar peduncles. Our findings revealed that ALS patients showed significant functional and structural connectivity changes across the regions comprising the Papez circuit, as well as more extended areas including cerebellum and frontal, temporal and parietal areas, supporting the theory of a multi-system pathology in ALS that spreads from cortical to subcortical structures.
Intelligent automation of dental material analysis using robotic arm with Jerk optimized trajectory
Authors: Damaševičius Robertas , Maskeliūnas Rytis , Narvydas Gintautas , Narbutaitė Rūta , Połap Dawid , Woźniak Marcin
Published: October 2020

Many types of biomaterial analysis require numerous repetition of the same operations. We suggest applying the principles of Total Laboratory Automation (TLA) for analysis of dental tissues in in-vitro conditions. We propose an innovative robotic platform with ABB high precision industrial robotic arm. We programmed the robot to achieve 3000 cycles of submerging for analysis of the stability and thermal wear of dental adhesive materials. We address the problem of robot trajectory planning to achieve smooth and precise trajectory while minimizing jerk. We generate different variants of trajectory using natural cubic splines and adopt the NSGA II multiobjective evolutionary algorithm to find a Pareto-optimal set of robot arm trajectories. The results demonstrate the applicability of the developed robotic platform for in-vitro experiments with dental materials. The platform is suitable for small or medium size dental laboratories.
On the definition of a concentration function relevant to the ROC curve
Authors: Gasparini Mauro , Sacchetto Lidia
Published: October 2020

This work provides a definition of concentration curve alternative to the one presented on this journal by Schechtman and Schechtman (Metron 77:171–178, 2019). Our definition clarifies, at the population level, the relationship between concentration and the omnipresent ROC curve in diagnostic and classification problems.
Making ethics teaching more effective with a three step model
Authors: Teke Hans
Published: October 2020

In this study, the impacts of two different “methods” for teaching ethics as part of the religious education in the Swedish upper secondary school were compared by means of a non-randomized controlled trial in two parts, involving 542 students. The question was which “method” had the greatest capacity to generate long-term ethical awareness in the students. The intervention condition consisted of students whose teachers were instructed to teach according to the Three Step Model, a teaching method influenced by research concerning how moral autonomy and ethical awareness could be increased by means of instruction and training. The control condition consisted of students whose teachers were instructed to teach basically as usual but with some added guidelines. During the trial, all students were given a pre-test before the ethics section had started and a post-test 10–12 weeks after it was finished. When quantified and summarized, the results showed an advantage of the intervention condition in measure B (development of demonstrable knowledge) but an advantage of the control condition in measure A (self-assessed ethical awareness); however, the advantage of the intervention condition was clearer and stronger. Even though the intervention students did not experience a stronger development, they appeared to have learned significantly more, not least in terms of procedural knowledge in ethical problem solving. The tentative conclusion is therefore that the Three Step Model is a more effective method for increasing ethical awareness, at least if one defines ethical awareness and measures it the way it was done in this study.
The Fama-French Five-Factor Model Plus Momentum: Evidence for the German Market
Authors: Dirkx Philipp , Peter Franziska J.
Published: October 2020

We implement the Fama-French five-factor model and enhance it with a momentum factor for the German market using recent monthly data from 2002 to 2019. We construct the factors associated with the market, size, value, profitability, investment, and momentum for the CDAX constituents and examine to what extent this six-factor model captures the return premia in the German market. Our preliminary analysis does not document any significant evidence on the profitability or investment premium.

The results on the six-factor model compared with the three-factor model reveal that the additional factors do not add significant explanatory power to the analysis. We conclude that the relevance of the profitability and investment factors within the context of international asset pricing studies cannot be transferred to the country- specific case of the German market.
Method of extraction and proteome profiling of mycobacteria using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Bajaj Amol , Saraswat Suraj , Freeke Joanna , Barker Adam
Published: October 2020

Advances in massively parallel sequencing, of complete bacterial genomes, have led to many novel findings in the field of genomics. However, these data often lack correlation with expressed protein profiles. It has been demonstrated that even very closely related genomes, such as in mycobacteria, express drastically different phenotypes. These phenotypes often have major roles in pathogenicity. Therefore, it is just as important to have a method for examining the proteome of a bacterium as well as its genome. These studies are further complicated in mycobacteria due to the cell wall and mycolic acid. A comprehensive method for the identification and characterization of the whole mycobacterium protein profile is needed. In the present study, a simple, sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the extraction, purification and profiling the mycobacterial proteome in various species. During development, sonication and bead-beating cell lysis protocol was tested using 15% Acetonitrile and 6 M guanidine-HCl (GuHCl) as extraction solvent. Sonication lysis in 6 M GuHCl with glass beads was the preferred method for cell lysis. This method was developed using reverse phase liquid chromatography and a Q Exactive ™ Plus Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer for peptide and protein identification. Bottom-up liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LC–MS analysis resulted in identification of greater than 2500 proteins.
Modeling of surfactant adsorption on coated quartz crystal surfaces during surfactant flooding process
Authors: Nourani Meysam , Tichelkamp Thomas , Gaweł Bartlomiej , Norrman Jens , Øye Gisle
Published: October 2020

The focus of this study was the experimental determination of surfactant adsorption during low salinity water injection combined with surfactant flooding (LSW-SF) into an oil reservoir and development of an analytical model to predict this adsorption. The experimental model used was surfactant adsorption on silica and aluminosilicate coated quartz crystal surfaces in a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), taking into consideration different surfactant concentrations, different surfactants, and the effect of different oils. In a previous study, the authors developed a method for determining the oil desorption from surfaces in QCM measurements. In this method the frequency decrease due to surfactant adsorption was determined experimentally by carrying out the blank measurements, and the role of the oil in the surfactant adsorption process was neglected. Therefore, in the developed calculation procedure for simplicity and practicality, it was assumed that the surfactant adsorption is independent of the oil properties. The analytical solution of the developed theoretically model in this study and the associated QCM experiments with different oils showed that taking into account the role played by the oil, it was possible to predict the difference in surfactant adsorptions with different type of oils, and there is a good agreement between analytical and experimental results. The results of the model reveal that surfactant\oil replacement on silica surfaces increased with increasing concentration of surfactant on silica surfaces. On the other hand, it decreased on aluminosilicate crystals with increasing surfactant concentrations.
Network dependence in multi-indexed data on international trade flows
Authors: Fischer Manfred M. , LeSage James P.
Published: October 2020

Faced with the problem that conventional multidimensional fixed effects models only focus on unobserved heterogeneity, but ignore any potential cross-sectional dependence due to network interactions, we introduce a model of trade flows between countries over time that allows for network dependence in flows, based on sociocultural connectivity structures. We show that conventional multidimensional fixed effects model specifications exhibit cross-sectional dependence between countries that should be modeled to avoid simultaneity bias. Given that the source of network interaction is unknown, we propose a panel gravity model that examines multiple network interaction structures, using Bayesian model probabilities to determine those most consistent with the sample data. This is accomplished with the use of computationally efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation methods that produce a Monte Carlo integration estimate of the log-marginal likelihood that can be used for model comparison. Application of the model to a panel of trade flows points to network spillover effects, suggesting the presence of network dependence and biased estimates from conventional trade flow specifications. The most important sources of network dependence were found to be membership in trade organizations, historical colonial ties, common currency, and spatial proximity of countries.
Different position from traditional left lateral for colonoscopy? A meta‐analysis and systematic review of randomized control trials
Authors: Lin Snow Yunni , Yaow Clyve Yu Leon , Ng Cheng Han , Wong Neng Wei , Tham Hui Yu , Chong Choon Seng
Published: October 2020

Background

Colonoscopy requires the intubation of the cecum for screening of colorectal diseases. The conventional position used for colonoscopy is the left lateral position (LLP). However, alternative positions have also been utilized to enhance the success of intubation. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a meta‐analysis of the different positions to determine the effectiveness of the individual positions for successful colonoscopy.

Methods

Medline, Embase and Cochrane trials electronic databases were searched for studies on colonoscopy positions. The primary outcome was defined as the cecal intubation rate. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the rates of cecal intubation were estimated. Secondary outcomes such as the cecal intubation time and adenoma detection rate were further analyzed qualitatively.

Results

After reviewing 644 identified records, 7 randomized control trials (RCT) studies were included. No significant difference was observed in either comparisons, between the LLP vs. supine position (SP) (RR = 1.01, 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.04, P = 0.55) or the LLP vs. prone position (PP) (RR = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.06, P = 0.27).

Conclusions

Amidst available literature, the use of other positions can be considered when performing colonoscopy. These further highlights that the existential practice is based predominantly on familiarity instead of evidence‐based‐research.
Mathematical Intuitionism
Authors: Posy Carl J.
Published: October 2020

L. E. J. Brouwer, the founder of mathematical intuitionism, believed that mathematics and its objects must be humanly graspable. He initiated a program rebuilding modern mathematics according to that principle. This book introduces the reader to the mathematical core of intuitionism – from elementary number theory through to Brouwer's uniform continuity theorem – and to the two central topics of 'formalized intuitionism': formal intuitionistic logic, and formal systems for intuitionistic analysis. Building on that, the book proposes a systematic, philosophical foundation for intuitionism that weaves together doctrines about human grasp, mathematical objects and mathematical truth.
Capitalism As Civilisation
Authors: Tzouvala Ntina
Published: October 2020

Methodologically and theoretically innovative, this monograph draws from Marxism and deconstruction bringing together the textual and the material in our understanding of international law. Approaching 'civilisation' as an argumentative pattern related to the distribution of rights and duties amongst different communities, Ntina Tzouvala illustrates both its contradictory nature and its pro-capitalist bias. 'Civilisation' is shown to oscillate between two poles. On the one hand, a pervasive 'logic of improvement' anchors legal equality to demands that non-Western polities undertake extensive domestic reforms and embrace capitalist modernity. On the other, an insistent 'logic of biology' constantly postpones such a prospect based on ideas of immutable difference. By detailing the tension and synergies between these two logics, Tzouvala argues that international law incorporates and attempts to mediate the contradictions of capitalism as a global system of production and exchange that both homogenises and stratifies societies, populations and space.
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Indian Nationals Evacuated From Iran
Authors: Saurabh Suman , Kumar Ritesh , Kumar Nitesh , Bhardwaj Pankaj , Nag Vijaya Lakshmi , Garg Mahendra Kumar , Misra Sanjeev
Published: October 2020

Objective:

During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, Indian nationals evacuated from Iran were quarantined at Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. We wished to study the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in this closed population.

Methods:

A basic susceptible, exposed, infected, and removed (SEIR) compartmental model was developed using the daily stepwise approach in Microsoft Excel. An advanced model using standard differential equations in Python software version 3.6 was used to estimate R0 based on model fit to actual data.

Results:

Forty-eight SARS-CoV-2 infections were found among the 474 quarantined individuals. Out of these, 44 (92%) were asymptomatic. R0 for the overall duration was found to be 2.29 (95% CI: 1.84–2.78). Male gender and age ≥ 60 years were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (RR = 4.33, 95% CI: 2.07–9.05 and 5.32, 95% CI: 3.13–9.04, respectively). Isolation of infected individuals and stricter quarantine of remaining individuals reduced the R0 from 2.41 initially to 1.17 subsequently.

Conclusion:

R0 value was found comparable to the earlier studies indicating similar transmission dynamics among quarantined individuals in India. Universal testing and prompt isolation of infected individuals reduced the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Smaller group sizes should be preferred to large groups during facility-based quarantine in evacuation situations. The role of asymptomatic individuals appears to be strong in SARS-CoV-2 transmission within closed populations.
Classification of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms under some rigid conditions
Authors: CARRASCO PABLO D. , PUJALS ENRIQUE , RODRIGUEZ-HERTZ FEDERICO
Published: October 2020

Consider a three-dimensional partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism. It is proved that under some rigid hypothesis on the tangent bundle dynamics, the map is (modulo finite covers and iterates) an Anosov diffeomorphism, a (generalized) skew-product or the time-one map of an Anosov flow, thus recovering a well-known classification conjecture of the second author to this restricted setting.
Elastoplastic Constitutive Modeling for Reinforced Concrete in Ordinary State-Based Peridynamics
Authors: Li Tianyi , Gu Xin , Zhang Qing , Xia Xiaozhou
Published: October 2020

A non-local, ordinary state-based, peridynamic elastoplastic model is formulated to numerically simulate the fracture of reinforced concrete materials. Several basic definitions are first discussed to avoid confusion; and then, a detailed derivation of the force vector state is presented, leading to a unified expression of force state for one-, two- and three-dimensional elasticity problems. Furthermore, an ordinary state-based peridynamic (OSB PD) elastoplastic analysis approach is developed for both plastic compressible and incompressible materials, including the constitutive relationship, the yield function, the consistency condition and the plasticity flow rule. The peridynamic predictions of a quasi-static deformation of the steel rods are in good agreement with the analytical solution. Moreover, the OSB PD plasticity is verified by analyzing a square plate with or without a central hole suffering different loading-unloading paths. Finally, a two dimensional reinforced concrete clamped beam subjected to impact loading is simulated with the proposed OSB PD elastoplasticity, demonstrating its capability in capturing the damage characteristics and structural failure behavior. Simulation results show good accuracy of the peridynamics in simulating elastoplastic problems.
Nature, Labour, and the Making of Ecological Peripheries
Authors: Ross Corey
Published: October 2020

This article briefly considers how the integration of the biophysical world into our analyses of the past can enhance our understanding of the socio-economic inequalities of the modern world. Taking Ulbe Bosma'sThe Making of Peripheryas its central reference point, it argues that the process of “peripheralization” – generally treated as an economic or social phenomenon – can also be usefully approached as an interaction between human and non-human forces. It uses the example of Southeast Asian rubber production to show how the different arrangements of people, plants, soil and water on European estates and indigenous smallholdings gave the latter distinct ecological advantages that boosted their oft-cited economic competitiveness, and that consequently forced plantations to extract even more value from cheap labour. In this sense, the environmental history of Southeast Asian rubber offers further evidence for Bosma's core theses about the heterogeneity of peripheralization processes and the importance of demography and labour relations in shaping them.
Polygenic prediction of PTSD trajectories in 9/11 responders
Authors: Waszczuk Monika A. , Docherty Anna R. , Shabalin Andrey A. , Miao Jiaju , Yang Xiaohua , Kuan Pei-Fen , Bromet Evelyn , Kotov Roman , Luft Benjamin J.
Published: October 2020

Background

Genetics hold promise of predicting long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) outcomes following trauma. The aim of the current study was to test whether six hypothesized polygenic risk scores (PRSs) developed to capture genetic vulnerability to psychiatric conditions prospectively predict PTSD onset, severity, and 18-year course after trauma exposure.

Methods

Participants were 1490 responders to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster (mean age at 9/11 = 38.81 years, s.d. = 8.20; 93.5% male; 23.8% lifetime WTC-related PTSD diagnosis). Prospective longitudinal data on WTC-related PTSD symptoms were obtained from electronic medical records and modelled as PTSD trajectories using growth mixture model analysis. Independent regression models tested whether six hypothesized psychiatric PRSs (PTSD-PRS, Re-experiencing-PRS, Generalized Anxiety-PRS, Schizophrenia-PRS, Depression-PRS, and Neuroticism-PRS) are predictive of WTC-PTSD outcomes: lifetime diagnoses, average symptom severity, and 18-year symptom trajectory. All analyses were adjusted for population stratification, 9/11 exposure severity, and multiple testing.

Results

Depression-PRS predicted PTSD diagnostic status (OR 1.37, CI 1.17–1.61, adjusted p = 0.001). All PRSs, except PTSD-PRS, significantly predicted average PTSD symptoms (β = 0.06–0.10, adjusted p < 0.05). Re-experiencing-PRS, Generalized Anxiety-PRS and Schizophrenia-PRS predicted the high severity PTSD trajectory class (ORs 1.21–1.28, adjusted p < 0.05). Finally, PRSs prediction was independent of 9/11 exposure severity and jointly accounted for 3.7 times more variance in PTSD symptoms than the exposure severity.

Conclusions

Psychiatric PRSs prospectively predicted WTC-related PTSD lifetime diagnosis, average symptom severity, and 18-year trajectory in responders to 9/11 disaster. Jointly, PRSs were more predictive of subsequent PTSD than the exposure severity. In the future, PRSs may help identify at-risk responders who might benefit from targeted prevention approaches.
Resolving Contradictions: Samuel Hirsch and the Stakes of Modern Jewish Thought
Authors: Erlewine Robert
Published: October 2020

This essay treats the contradictions that beset Samuel Hirsch'sDie Religionsphilosophie der Judenin order to clarify the nature of the study of modern Jewish thought. I begin by examining how Emil Fackenheim presents the contradiction in Hirsch's thought as evidence of the incompatible assumptions underlying dominant strands of modern philosophy and “authentic” Jewish theology. Agreeing with Fackenheim that Hirsch's work is contradictory, this essay diverges on both the nature of this contradiction and its implications for Jewish thought. I claim that the argument ofDie Religionsphilosophie der Judenfounders as a result of Hirsch's refusal to choose between three different, and ultimately incompatible, strategies for articulating the relationship between God and human beings. I then conclude by exploring the implications of the collapse of Hirsch's position with regard to the dispute between theocentrists and ethical monotheists and for the field of modern Jewish thought more broadly.
The Marquis of Anglesey: working and social relationships on a Dorset estate (c. 1812–1844)
Authors: Beardmore Carol
Published: October 2020

The Marquis of Anglesey on his Dorset estate was an absentee landlord who maintained close relationships with his estate through extensive correspondence with his land agent William Castleman. The surviving letters are a very rich source by which to examine the minutiae of rural life and a way to reconstruct social and working relationships within the nineteenth-century English landed estate. By focusing on a range of customary and unwritten rights, this article will consider issues such as how tenants navigated renegotiation of their leases, sought rent abatements or compensation for damage to their crops from hunting. Working and social relationships on such an estate were closely interlinked, as is widely shown here. The article also raises more contentious estate issues such as who had the rights to fallen and standing timber, the customs affecting courts, the repair of churches, and the responsibilities for building and maintaining schools. Throughout, the issue of ‘social control’ is assessed. Together the range of documented work and social interactions provide a fuller picture of the functioning of a southern English great estate in the early nineteenth century, and allow us to examine this rural community beyond the remit of its agricultural history.
Global Public Health Database Support to Population-Based Management of Pandemics and Global Public Health Crises, Part II: The Database
Authors: Burkle Frederick M. , Bradt David A. , Green Joseph , Ryan Benjamin J.
Published: October 2020

This two-part article examines the global public health (GPH) information system deficits emerging in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It surveys past, missed opportunities for public health (PH) information system and operational improvements, examines current megatrend changes to information management, and describes a new multi-disciplinary model for population-based management (PBM) supported by a GPH Database applicable to pandemics and GPH crises.
Assessing the scale and spread of an experiential teaching kitchen in after-school programming among school-age children
Authors: Heerman William J , Elsakary Yasmeen , Sommer Evan C , Escarfuller Juan , Barkin Shari L
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To scale-out an experiential teaching kitchen in Parks and Recreation centres’ after-school programming in a large urban setting among predominantly low-income, minority children.

Design:

We evaluated the implementation of a skills-based, experiential teaching kitchen to gauge programme success. Effectiveness outcomes included pre–post measures of child-reported cooking self-efficacy, attitudes towards cooking, fruit and vegetable preference, intention to eat fruits and vegetables and willingness to try new fruits and vegetables. Process outcomes included attendance (i.e., intervention dose delivered), cost, fidelity and adaptations to the intervention.

Setting:

After-school programming in Parks and Recreation Community centres in Nashville, TN.

Participants:

Predominantly low-income minority children aged 6–14 years.

Results:

Of the twenty-five city community centres, twenty-one successfully implemented the programme, and nineteen of twenty-five implemented seven or more of the eight planned sessions. Among children with pre–post data (n 369), mean age was 8·8 (sd 1·9) years, and 53·7 % were female. All five effectiveness measures significantly improved (P < 0·001). Attendance at sessions ranged from 36·3 % of children not attending any sessions to 36·6 % of children attending at least four sessions. Across all centres, fidelity was 97·5 %. The average food cost per serving was $1·37.

Conclusions:

This type of nutritional education and skills building experiential teaching kitchen can be successfully implemented in a community setting with high fidelity, effectiveness and organisational alignment, while also expanding reach to low-income, underserved children.
Relationships Matter – The Impact of Working Alliances in Employment Services
Authors: Ravn Rasmus Lind , Bredgaard Thomas
Published: October 2020

A central assumption in social policy research and practice is that a strong working alliance between caseworkers and clients produces the best outcomes. There is, however, limited empirical evidence to support this assumption. This is especially the case within Active Labour Market Policies, where existing research focuses on programme effects rather than relationship effects.

In this article, we examine whether strong working alliances produce higher employment and education outcomes for disadvantaged jobseekers. The case is a Danish municipality that invested in reducing the caseloads of caseworkers working with disadvantaged social assistance recipients. The data combine survey data on social assistance recipients with outcome data from national administrative registers. Based on linear regressions, the analysis indicates that strong working alliances are positively related to subsequent employment and education outcomes. We discuss the implications, limitations and generalisability of this finding and the conditions for providing stronger working alliances in employment services.
Diversity in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.): insights into fruit characterization for the identification of superior genotypes
Authors: Dhakar M.K. , Das Bikash , Sarkar P.K. , Nath Vishal , Singh A.K. , Bhatt B.P.
Published: October 2020

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a nutritious crop from the Moraceae family. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of fruit characteristics using a set of 27 standardized fruit descriptors to describe 28 jackfruit genotypes. These data were used to identify the superior jackfruit genotype that could be used for commercial cultivation. The data revealed a wide range of differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied. Cluster analysis classified the genotypes into four major groups that confirmed the wide diversity among them. Principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed that 80.22% of the variability among the jackfruit genotypes was explained by the first five principal components (PCs). Based on the overall results, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Research Complex for Eastern Region (ICAR-RCER) JS 6/3 and 10/3 genotypes were found to be the most promising for table purposes (medium fruit size, pulp percentage >50 and total soluble solid (TSS) >20°Brix), whereas the ICAR-RCER JS 7/7 genotype with large fruit size, pulp percentage >50 and TSS >20°Brix was found to be suitable for processing. The coefficient of variation was the least for traits such as TSS (12.56%) and average seed length (13.56%). Hence, priority may also be given to the TSS and seed size when exploring promising genotypes and operating a selection procedure for crop improvement in jackfruit. The information generated under the study forms a potential baseline for fruit breeders to use in selecting genotypes with superior fruit qualities for jackfruit crop improvement programmes in the future.
The Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent in Three Generations of Global Climate Models and Glider Observations
Authors: Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Jakoboski Julie , Johnston T. M. Shaun , Owens W. Brechner , Rudnick Daniel L. , Todd Robert E.
Published: October 2020

The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is a vital component of the coupled ocean‐atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific. The details of its termination near the Galápagos Islands in the eastern Pacific have an outsized importance to regional circulation and ecosystems. Subject to diverse physical processes, the EUC is also a rigorous benchmark for global climate models (GCMs). Simulations of the EUC in three generations of GCMs are evaluated relative to recent underwater glider observations along 93°W. Simulations of the EUC have improved, but a slow bias of ~36% remains in the eastern Pacific, along with a dependence on resolution. Additionally, the westward surface current is too slow, and stratification is too strong (weak) by ~50% above (within) the EUC. These biases have implications for mixing in the equatorial cold tongue. Downstream lies the Galápagos, now resolved to varying degrees by GCMs. Properly representing the Galápagos is necessary to avoid new biases as the EUC improves.
Antileukemic activity of the VPS34-IN1 inhibitor in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Meunier Godelieve , Birsen Rudy , Cazelles Clarisse , Belhadj Maya , Cantero-Aguilar Lilia , Kosmider Olivier , Fontenay Michaela , Azar Nabih , Mayeux Patrick , Chapuis Nicolas , Tamburini Jerôme , Bouscary Didier
Published: October 2020

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis. Vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34) is a member of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase lipid kinase family that controls the canonical autophagy pathway and vesicular trafficking. Using a recently developed specific inhibitor (VPS34-IN1), we found that VPS34 inhibition induces apoptosis in AML cells but not in normal CD34+ hematopoietic cells. Complete and acute inhibition of VPS34 was required for the antileukemic activity of VPS34-IN1. This inhibitor also has pleiotropic effects against various cellular functions related to class III PI3K in AML cells that may explain their survival impairment. VPS34-IN1 inhibits basal and l-asparaginase-induced autophagy in AML cells. A synergistic cell death activity of this drug was also demonstrated. VPS34-IN1 was additionally found to impair vesicular trafficking and mTORC1 signaling. From an unbiased approach based on phosphoproteomic analysis, we identified that VPS34-IN1 specifically inhibits STAT5 phosphorylation downstream of FLT3-ITD signaling in AML. The identification of the mechanisms controlling FLT3-ITD signaling by VPS34 represents an important insight into the oncogenesis of AML and could lead to new therapeutic strategies.
Correction: NanoSIMS single cell analyses reveal the contrasting nitrogen sources for small phytoplankton
Authors: Berthelot Hugo , Duhamel Solange , L’Helguen Stéphane , Maguer Jean-Francois , Wang Seaver , Cetinić Ivona , Cassar Nicolas
Published: October 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.