bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond collusion and resistance: Academic–management relations within the neoliberal university
Authors: Shore Cris , Davidson Miri
Published: May 2014

As an early pioneer of market-led institutional reforms and New Public Management policies, New Zealand arguably has one of the most 'neoliberalised' tertiary education sectors in the world. This article reports on a recent academic dispute concerning the attempt by management to introduce a new category of casualised academic employee within one of the country's largest research universities. It is based on a fieldwork study, including document analysis, interviews and the participation of both authors in union and activist activities arising from the dispute. Whilst some academics may collude in the new regimes of governance that these reforms have created, we suggest that 'collusion' and 'resistance' are inadequate terms for explaining how academic behaviour and subjectivities are being reshaped in the modern neoliberal university. We argue for a more theoretically nuanced and situational account that acknowledges the wider legal and systemic constraints that these reforms have created. To do this, we problematise the concept of collusion and reframe it according to three different categories: 'conscious complicity', 'unwitting complicity' and 'coercive complicity'. We ask, what happens when one must 'collude' in order to resist, or when certain forms of opposition are rendered impossible by the terms of one's employment contract? We conclude by reflecting on ways in which academics understand and engage with the policies of university managers in contexts where changes to the framework governing employment relations have rendered conventional forms of resistance increasingly problematic, if not illegal.
From a whisper to a scream: Ethics and resistance in the age of neoliberalism
Authors: Madeloni Barbara
Published: May 2014

Neoliberal policies in teacher education marginalise faculty voice, narrow conceptions of teaching and learning and redefine how we know ourselves, our students and our work. Pressured within audit culture and the constant surveillance of accountability regimes to participate in practices that dehumanise, silence and de-form education, teacher educators are caught between compliance and complicity or the potential and risks of resistance. Written from my lived experience within the neoliberal regime of teacher education, this article examines the vulnerabilities, fears and risks that shape our choices, as well as the possibilities for ethical, answerable action.
Species richness and distribution patterns of echinoderms in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34-56°S)
Authors: Souto Valeria , Escolar Mariana , Genzano Gabriel , Bremec Claudia
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to compile and analyse available historical information on echinoderms in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean in order to make a synthesis of present taxonomical knowledge, to identify patterns of geographical distribution of echinoderm assemblages and to test the validity of the current zoogeographic scheme for this group. This study was conducted on the Argentinean continental shelf, southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34-56°S). An intensive research on geo-referenced data was carried out to make a knowledge synthesis on echinoderm species and thus create a historical database. Multivariate analysis was used to analyse the faunal composition through latitudinal and bathymetric gradients as well as echinoderm associations. The results confirmed the existence of two faunal associations that correspond to the traditional zoogeographic scheme established for the Argentine Sea: the Argentinean and Magellan Provinces. The Argentinean Province had 46 widely distributed species. Of the 86 species recorded in the Magellan Province, a high percentage (25%) were also found in Antarctic waters, suggesting a strong connection between the echinoderm fauna of this province and the Antarctic Region. The species richness between 34 and 56°S in the Atlantic Ocean showed a significant increase in reference to latitude, with the highest values being recorded between 46 and 56°S. In view of the high percentage of shared species with Antarctica, considered a hot-spot region in terms of echinoderm diversity, the pattern of distribution of species richness observed in our study area could correspond to a dispersion of this species from Antarctic to sub-Antarctic regions.
A Role for Intrathymic B Cells in the Generation of Natural Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Walters Stacey N. , Webster Kylie E. , Daley Stephen , Grey Shane T.
Published: May 2014

B cells inhabit the normal human thymus, suggesting a role in T cell selection. In this study, we report that B cells can modulate thymic production of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells (regulatory T cells [Tregs]). Mice with transgenic expression of BAFF (BAFF-Tg) harbor increased numbers of Helios+Foxp3+ thymic Tregs and, similar to some human autoimmune conditions, also exhibit increased numbers of B cells colonizing the thymus. Distinct intrathymic B cell subpopulations were identified, namely B220+, IgM+, CD23hi, CD21int cells; B220+, IgM+, CD23lo, CD21lo cells; and a population of B220+, IgM+, CD23lo, CD21hi cells. Anatomically, CD19+ B cells accumulated in the thymic medulla region juxtaposed to Foxp3+ T cells. These intrathymic B cells engender Tregs. Indeed, thymic Treg development was diminished in both B cell–deficient BAFF-Tg chimeras, but also B cell–deficient wild-type chimeras. B cell Ag capture and presentation are critical in vivo events for Treg development. In the absence of B cell surface MHC class II expression, thymic expansion of BAFF-Tg Tregs was lost. Further to this, expansion of Tregs did not occur in BAFF-Tg/Ig hen egg lysozyme BCR chimeras, demonstrating a requirement for Ag specificity. Thus, we present a mechanism whereby intrathymic B cells, through the provision of cognate help, contribute to the shaping of the Treg repertoire.
Till geochemical signatures of the Kiggavik uranium deposit, Nunavut
Authors: Robinson S V J , Paulen R C , Jefferson C
W , McClenaghan M B , Layton-Matthews D , Quirt D , Wollenberg P
Published: May 2014

In 2010, a drift prospecting study was initiated over the Kiggavik uranium deposit under the Geomapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Program. The objective of this study was to document the till geochemical signatures of the Kiggavik uranium deposit and to apply
these geochemical characteristics for future exploration for buried, drift-covered uranium deposits. The study area is within the zone affected by the migration of the Keewatin Ice Divide of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Mineralized bedrock and surface till samples (n=71) were collected directly
overlying, up-ice, and at various distances (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 500 m, 1 km, 2 km, 3 km, 5 km, and 10 km) in a fan-shaped pattern down-ice from the deposit with respect to the dominant north-northwest, northwest, and west ice-flow directions. Samples containing the highest metal contents were
located directly to the west of the deposit in locally derived, basement-dominated grey till, which markedly contrasts with the regional red till dominated by material eroded from the Baker Lake and Wharton Groups of the Dubawnt Supergroup. Till geochemistry exhibits a polymetallic dispersal
signature down-ice of the Kiggavik Main Zone outcrop. Uranium, Bi, Mo, Au, Ag, Co, Cs, Pb, and W range from elevated to anomalously high concentrations up to 1 km down-ice of the Main Zone and thus can be utilized as pathfinder elements. These pathfinder elements are also present down-ice from other
U deposits within the Kiggavik camp, demonstrating their broad applicability to U exploration in basement rocks near the Thelon Basin. Analysis of the <0.063 mm and <0.002 mm fraction of the till matrix shows that elemental abundances are significantly greater in the finer
fraction, indicating a strong geochemical partitioning based on grain size. Laboratory gamma-ray spectrometry, Pb isotopic analysis, and X-ray diffraction were conducted on the till samples. Results show that eU and Pb isotope ratios (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/206Pb) in the till matrix share a
strong correlation with U content in till and can be used as a geochemical tool for U exploration. The clay mineralogy of samples with elevated to anomalously high U is enriched in illite and kaolinite relative to quartz. Pebble lithological and Pb isotope ratio analyses have trends that can be
applied to deciphering till matrix provenance.
Additive efficacy of soil-applied pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone combinations
Authors: Tidemann Breanne D. , Hall Linda M. , Johnson Eric N. , Beckie Hugh J. , Sapsford Ken L. , Willenborg Christian J. , Raatz Lisa L.
Published: May 2014

Tidemann, B. D., Hall, L. M., Johnson, E. N., Beckie, H. J., Sapsford, K. L., Willenborg, C. J. and Raatz, L. L. 2014. Additive efficacy of soil-applied pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone combinations. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1245–1253. Efficacy of soil-applied herbicides can be influenced by edaphic factors including soil organic matter (OM) content, as well as by interactions with herbicide tank-mix partners. Field trials were conducted over 6 site-years in 2011 and 2012 across western Canada to examine the interaction of pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone when co-applied for control of false cleavers (Galium spurium L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in field pea. In the greenhouse, the nature of this interaction was further investigated for these two weed species, plus barley and canola; in a separate experiment, the effect of OM content on pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone efficacy was examined using three soils with 2.8, 5.5, and 12.3% OM content, respectively. Efficacy of pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone combinations was additive under both field and greenhouse conditions. Higher OM content generally required higher rates of herbicide to achieve similar efficacy for all tested species. Pyroxasulfone and sulfentrazone can be combined to aid in herbicide resistance management and broaden the weed spectrum compared with each product used alone, although rate selection may be OM dependent.
The effect of sodium hypochlorite solutions on in vitro seedling growth and regeneration capacity of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoliaScop.) hypocotyl explants
Authors: Yildiz Mustafa , Ekiz Hayrettin
Published: May 2014

Yildiz, M. and Ekiz, H. 2014. The effect of sodium hypochlorite solutions on in vitro seedling growth and regeneration capacity of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hypocotyl explants. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1161–1164. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) and temperatures (10, 20 and 30°C) of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions on in vitro seed germination, seedling growth and regeneration capacity of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hypocotyl explants. All parameters were negatively affected by concentrations of NaOCl over 2% and temperatures over 20°C while the best results were obtained when seeds were surface-sterilized with 2% NaOCl at 20°C for 30 min. following a pretreatment with 95% ethanol.
Reaction of dry bean cultivars grown in western Canada to root rot inoculation
Authors: Conner Robert L. , Hou Anfu , Balasubramanian Parthiba , McLaren Debra L. , Henriquez Maria A. , Chang Kan-Fa , McRae Kenneth B.
Published: May 2014

Conner, R. L., Hou, A., Balasubramanian, P., McLaren, D. L., Henriquez, M. A., Chang, K.-F. and McRae, K. B. 2014. Reaction of dry bean cultivars grown in western Canada to root rot inoculation. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1219–1230. Root rot is an important disease of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) that is caused by a complex of root pathogens. Cultural and fungicidal controls are available to reduce the adverse impact of this disease on seedling emergence, plant growth and yield, but none of these practices are highly effective. The development of disease-resistant dry bean cultivars is considered to be an important component of an integrated management system for root rot control. A 5-yr field study was conducted to identify potential sources of resistance to seedling blight and root rot in dry bean cultivars that are widely grown in western Canada. A total of 37 dry bean cultivars, representing all the bean classes grown in the region, were tested against the root rot pathogens Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, F. redolens and F. acuminatum. Partial root rot resistance was detected in the navy bean cultivar Navigator and the black bean cultivars Black Violet and CDC Jet. The greatest root rot resistance occurred in the cranberry bean cultivars Etna and Cran 09. Reductions in root rot severity were not consistently associated with greater seedling emergence, which indicates that resistance to seedling blight and root rot may be independent traits. Inoculation with R. solani had the most adverse effect on seedling emergence, while infection by F. solani f. sp. phaseoli resulted in the most severe root rot ratings.
Research Note: Promoting the International Demand for Agritourism: Empirical Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Data Model
Authors: Santeramo Fabio Gaetano
Published: May 2014

Tourism is a major economic activity for Italy, and one of its most important income sources. In recent years, tourism supply has changed considerably and rural tourism has been growing rapidly. Studies of agritourism are increasing, but the determinants of the international demand for rural tourism remain largely under-investigated. This paper empirically investigates the determinants of the international demand for agritourism in Italy. It shows the luxury nature of rural tourism and demonstrates that international flows are demand-driven. To the extent that entrepreneurs and policy makers wish to encourage rural tourism, subsidies, policy interventions and marketing campaigns may differ substantially according to the foreign countries targeted. The paper investigates these differences.
Developmental rates of the Lappet Moth Streblote panda Hübner (1820) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) at constant temperatures
Authors: Calvo D. , Molina J.M.
Published: May 2014

Streblote panda Hübner (1820) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is a potential pest of forest, floricultural and horticultural plants. This paper reports the rate of development of this species at six constant temperatures between 16.0 and 31.0 deg C (3 deg C increments). Individuals were monitored daily and egg, larval and pupal development times recorded. The development rate was calculated as the reciprocal of the median number of days required to complete development. Linear regression methods were used to estimate lower temperature thresholds and the number of degree-days (DDs) needed for the development of each stage (and total development) under these laboratory conditions. The average hatching time was 18.0 days at 16 deg C and 7.2 days at 31 deg C; the average larval development time was 131.8 days at 16 deg C and 31.7 days at 31 deg C. The egg-to-adult development time ranged from 189.0 days at 16 deg C to 48.5 days at 31 deg C. The threshold temperatures were 7.9, 11.9, 12.5 and 11.3 deg C for egg, larval, pupal and egg-to-adult development respectively. Differences between larval instars were found; threshold temperatures were lower for late instars. The number of degree days (DDs) for egg-to-adult development was estimated at 1000.0 above 11.9 deg C. The results suggest three full generations are possible per year in SW Spain.
Water use in three rice flooding management systems under Mediterranean climatic conditions
Authors: Aguilar M. , Borjas F.
Published: May 2014

Andalusia is the main rice producing region in Spain (40,000 ha). During the last decade it has suffered several years of water shortage leading to a decrease in crop area. In this work, studies have been performed to optimise water delivery and energy costs, comparing three flooding management systems: 1) irrigating seven days a week (control system: traditional continuous flooding system), 2) five days a week and 3) four days a week (maintaining the traditional irrigation management until 55 days after seeding in both tested systems). Total water used (water delivery) in 2000 corresponded to 44,917 cubic m haE1 (traditional), 34,445 cubic m haE1 (five days a week) and 29,209 cubic m haE1 (four days a week). In 2001 these values were 45,607, 34,271 and 28,958 cubic m haE1 respectively. No significant differences (LSD > 0.05) were found among the three flooding management systems in rice growth and yield. In 2000, irrigating five days a week, 23.31% of pumping energy was saved, and 34.97% when irrigating four days a week. In 2001 these values were 24.86% and 36.51%, respectively. These improvements, combined with the generalisation of integrated production procedures, will render Andalusian rice production more sustainable.
Effect of moderate irrigation on grape composition during ripening
Authors: De la Hera-Orts M.L. , Martínez-Cutillas A. , López-Roca J.M. , Gómez-Plaza E.
Published: May 2014

The effect of moderate irrigation on berry composition during the ripening of Monastrell grapes and the quality of wines produced from these grapes in a very dry area of southeastern Spain have been studied. The results showed that irrigated grapes reached higher weights but this did not impair sugar accumulation. Titratable acidity and pH were only slightly affected by irrigation, titratable acidity was higher in only one year in the most irrigated grapes at the end of ripening, mainly due to a higher malic acid content. Anthocyanin content in must was slightly lower in irrigated grapes. The results of the sensory analysis of the wines showed that wines made from non irrigated grapes usually obtained the highest scores for quality and intensity of color and aroma although differences were small.
Length polymorphism in the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacers of Lens species
Authors: Fernández M. , Ruiz M.L. , Pérez de la Vega M.
Published: May 2014

Analysis of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacers (IGS) (i.e., the IGS of 18S, 5.8S and 24S rDNA, and the NTS or non-transcribed spacer of 5S rDNA) of lentil cultivars and landraces (L. culinaris spp. culinaris) showed to have very low intraspecific length variability. PCR products of approximately 3200 bp were obtained from all cultivated materials; no significant electrophoretic differences were found between them. However, observable intraspecific polymorphism increased with the digestion of PCR-amplified IGSs by the restriction endonucleases BspHI, StuI and BstBI. This was also the case when specific PCR primers designed to amplify a particularly variable segment of the IGS were used. This segment includes two families of short, tandemly arranged, repeated sequences. Both methods revealed differences between some of the cultivated materials, yielding genetic markers that might be useful in further genetic mapping and breeding studies. Several NTS amplification products were observed in each plant, ranging from approximately 300 to 900 bp in the cultivated lentil. Differences between L. culinaris spp. culinaris and its related wild species (including the wild ancestor of the cultigen, L. culinaris spp. orientalis) were observed in the total length of their IGSs, the restriction patterns of the latter, and in their NTS variants.
Avaliação da efetividade da cirurgia de artroplastia total de joelho associada à fisioterapia sob o ponto de vista da funcionalidade
Authors: Oliveira Tássia Virginia de Carvalho , Carvalho Rosley Robyne de Jesus Carvalho , Cândido Edna Aragão Farias , Lima Paulo Autran Leite , Santana Lícia Santos
Published: May 2014

A osteoartrose (OA) é uma doença de caráter inflamatório e degenerativo progressivo que acomete as estruturas articulares causando dor, incapacidade funcional e perda da mobilidade. Mais de 80% dos portadores de OA apresentam limitações na realização das atividades da vida diária (AVDs), como a mobilidade dentro e fora de casa, na execução das tarefas domésticas e no trabalho, comprometendo a qualidade de vida. Quando há insucesso do tratamento conservador os pacientes com OA grave são encaminhados para a cirurgia de Artroplastia Total de Joelho (ATJ), a qual consiste na substituição de toda a articulação por uma prótese metálica, a fim de promover o alívio da dor e restauração da função do joelho. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da cirurgia de ATJ associada à fisioterapia sob o ponto de vista da funcionalidade em pacientes pós-operatório de ATJ. Participaram do estudo 25 pacientes voluntários que se submeteram à cirurgia de ATJ realizada pelo mesmo cirurgião e com o mesmo tipo de prótese. O estudo foi realizado nas instalações das clínicas CEOT e UNIMED Fisioterapia localizadas na cidade de Aracaju-Sergipe. Os voluntários que concordaram com a pesquisa responderam ao questionário WOMAC no primeiro dia do tratamento fisioterapêutico e após quatro semanas, totalizando 20 sessões. Os resultados demonstram que houve melhora significativa nos indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de ATJ após intervenção fisioterapêutica de quatro semanas nas três dimensões do WOMAC: dor, rigidez e função (p
Análise dos efeitos de forma sistêmica da aplicação dérmica do óleo essencial da Alpinia zerumbet (Zingiberaceae) em camundongos (Mus musculos) adultos
Authors: Cândido Janaína Farias , Freitas Mayanna Machado , Nunes Santos Fernanda Emeliana , Oliveira Tássia Virgínia de Carvalho , Cândido Edna Farias Aragão
Published: May 2014

A medicina popular é uma terapêutica milenar, onde nos primórdios, indígenas e curandeiros dominavam estes conhecimentos. A Alpinia zerumbet é um exemplar nordeste alvo de muitas pesquisas. Nos dias atuais a mesma é bem utilizada por grande parte da população. A triagem farmacológica comportamental é considerada um dos primeiros passos para pesquisar ação de drogas ou extratos de plantas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de forma sistêmica da aplicação dérmica do óleo essencial da Alpinia zerumbet, Zingiberaceae, em camundongos (Mus musculos) adultos. A pesquisa consistiu em um estudo analítico do tipo experimental e observacional onde foi utilizada uma triagem farmacológica avaliada estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA ONE-WAY e o pós-teste de Bartlett's, com comparação dos grupos tratados com doses de 0,5, 5,5 e 8,3µl com o controle, levando assim em consideração valores significativos com p
Advances in Documentation, Digital Curation, Virtual Exhibition, and a Test of 3D Geometric Morphometrics
Authors: Selden Robert Z. , Perttula Timothy K. , O’Brien Michael J.
Published: May 2014

Three-dimensional (3D) digital scanning of archaeological materials is typically used as a tool for artifact documentation. With the permission of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, 3D documentation of Caddo funerary vessels from the Vanderpool site (41SM77) was conducted with the initial goal of ensuring that these data would be publicly available for future research long after the vessels were repatriated. A digital infrastructure was created to archive and disseminate the resultant 3D datasets, ensuring that they would be accessible by both researchers and the general public (CRHR 2014a). However, 3D imagery can be used for much more than documentation. To illustrate this, these data were utilized in a 3D morphometric analysis of the intact and reconstructed vessels to explore the range of variation that occurs in ceramic vessel shape and its potential contribution to the local ceramic taxonomy. Results of the 3D morphometric analysis demonstrate the potential for substantive analytical gains in discussions of temporal resolution and ceramic technological organization in the ancestral Caddo region.
Feeling Extended
Authors: Robinson Douglas
Published: May 2014

A new view of the extended mind thesis argues that a stark binary opposition between really extending and seeming to extend oversimplifies the issue.

The extended-mind thesis (EMT), usually attributed to Andy Clark and David Chalmers, proposes that in specific kinds of mind-body-world interaction there emerges an extended cognitive system incorporating such extracranial supports as pencils, papers, computers, and other objects and environments in the world. In Feeling Extended, Douglas Robinson accepts the thesis, but argues that the usual debate over EMT—which centers on whether mind really (literally, actually, materially) extends to body and world or only seems to—oversimplifies the issue. When we say that mind feels as if it extends, Robinson argues, what extends is precisely feeling—and mind, insofar as it arises out of feeling.

Robinson explores the world of affect and conation as intermediate realms of being between the physical movements of body and the qualitative movements of mind. He shows that affect is transcranial and tends to become interpersonal conation. Affective-becoming-conative sociality, he argues, is in fact the primary area in which body-becoming-mind extends. To make his case, Robinson draws on a wide spectrum of philosophical thought—from the EMT and qualia debates among cognitivists to the prehistory of such debates in the work of Hegel and Peirce to continental challenges to Hegelianism from Bakhtin and Derrida—as well as on extensive empirical research in social psychology and important sociological theories of face (Goffman), ritual (Connerton), and habitus (Bourdieu).
Deliberating American Monetary Policy
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl , Bailey Andrew
Published: May 2014

A systematic analysis of Federal Reserve and congressional deliberations on monetary policy, drawing on textual analysis software and in-depth interviews with participants.

American monetary policy is formulated by the Federal Reserve and overseen by Congress. Both policy making and oversight are deliberative processes, although the effect of this deliberation has been difficult to quantify. In this book, Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey provides a systematic examination of deliberation on monetary policy from 1976 to 2008 by the Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee (FOMC) and House and Senate banking committees. Her innovative account employs automated textual analysis software to study the verbatim transcripts of FOMC meetings and congressional hearings; these empirical data are supplemented and supported by in-depth interviews with participants in these deliberations. The automated textual analysis measures the characteristic words, phrases, and arguments of committee members; the interviews offer a way to gauge the extent to which the empirical findings accord with the participants' personal experiences.

Analyzing why and under what conditions deliberation matters for monetary policy, the author identifies several strategies of persuasion used by FOMC members, including Paul Volcker's emphasis on policy credibility and efforts to influence economic expectations. Members of Congress, however, constrained by political considerations, show a relative passivity on the details of monetary policy.
Research Misconduct Policy in Biomedicine
Authors: Redman Barbara K.
Published: May 2014

An analysis of current biomedical research misconduct policy that proposes a new approach emphasizing the context of misconduct and improved oversight.

Federal regulations that govern research misconduct in biomedicine have not been able to prevent an ongoing series of high-profile cases of fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing scientific research. In this book, Barbara Redman looks critically at current research misconduct policy and proposes a new approach that emphasizes institutional context and improved oversight.

Current policy attempts to control risk at the individual level. But Redman argues that a fair and effective policy must reflect the context in which the behavior in question is embedded. As journalists who covered many research misconduct cases observed, the roots of fraud “lie in the barrel, not in the bad apples that occasionally roll into view.” Drawing on literature in related fields—including moral psychology, the policy sciences, the organizational sciences, and law—as well as analyses of misconduct cases, Redman considers research misconduct from various perspectives. She also examines in detail a series of clinical research cases in which repeated misconduct went undetected and finds laxity of oversight, little attention to harm done, and inadequate correction of the scientific record. Study questions enhance the book's value for graduate and professional courses in research ethics.

Redman argues that the goals of any research misconduct policy should be to protect scientific capital (knowledge, scientists, institutions, norms of science), support fair competition, contain harms to end users and to the public trust, and enable science to meet its societal obligations.
The News Gap
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J. , Mitchelstein Eugenia
Published: May 2014

An analysis of divergent online news preferences of journalists and consumers and what this means for media and democracy in the digital age.

The websites of major media organizations—CNN, USA Today, the Guardian, and others—provide the public with much of the online news they consume. But although a large proportion of the top stories these sites disseminate cover politics, international relations, and economics, users of these sites show a preference (as evidenced by the most viewed stories) for news about sports, crime, entertainment, and weather. In this book, Pablo Boczkowski and Eugenia Mitchelstein examine the divergence in preferences and consider its implications for the media industry and democratic life in the digital age.

Drawing on analyses of more than 50,000 stories posted on twenty news sites in seven countries in North and South America and Western Europe, Boczkowski and Mitchelstein find that the gap in news preferences exists regardless of ideological orientation or national media culture, and that it is not affected by innovations in forms of storytelling, such as blogs and user-generated content on mainstream news sites. Drawing upon these findings, they explore the news gap's troubling consequences for the matrix that connects communication, technology, and politics in the digital age.
Tax Systems
Authors: Slemrod Joel , Gillitzer Christian
Published: May 2014

An approach to taxation that goes beyond an emphasis on tax rates to consider such aspects as administration, compliance, and remittance.

Despite its theoretical elegance, the standard optimal tax model has significant limitations. In this book, Joel Slemrod and Christian Gillitzer argue that tax analysis must move beyond the emphasis on optimal tax rates and bases to consider such aspects of taxation as administration, compliance, and remittance.

Slemrod and Gillitzer explore what they term a tax-systems approach, which takes tax evasion seriously; revisits the issue of remittance, or who writes the check to cover tax liability (employer or employee, retailer or consumer); incorporates administrative and compliance costs; recognizes a range of behavioral responses to tax rates; considers nonstandard instruments, including tax base breadth and enforcement effort; and acknowledges that tighter enforcement is sometimes a more socially desirable way to raise revenue than an increase in statutory tax rates. Policy makers, Slemrod and Gillitzer argue, would be well advised to recognize the interrelationship of tax rates, bases, enforcement, and administration, and acknowledge that tax policy is really tax-systems policy.
TAF7L modulates brown adipose tissue formation
Authors: Zhou Haiying , Wan Bo , Grubisic Ivan , Kaplan Tommy , Tjian Robert
Published: May 2014

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an essential role in metabolic homeostasis by dissipating energy via thermogenesis through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Previously, we reported that the TATA-binding protein associated factor 7L (TAF7L) is an important regulator of white adipose tissue (WAT) differentiation. In this study, we show that TAF7L also serves as a molecular switch between brown fat and muscle lineages in vivo and in vitro. In adipose tissue, TAF7L-containing TFIID complexes associate with PPARγ to mediate DNA looping between distal enhancers and core promoter elements. Our findings suggest that the presence of the tissue-specific TAF7L subunit in TFIID functions to promote long-range chromatin interactions during BAT lineage specification.
Cyclin D activates the Rb tumor suppressor by mono-phosphorylation
Authors: Narasimha Anil M , Kaulich Manuel , Shapiro Gary S , Choi Yoon J , Sicinski Piotr , Dowdy Steven F
Published: May 2014

The widely accepted model of G1 cell cycle progression proposes that cyclin D:Cdk4/6 inactivates the Rb tumor suppressor during early G1 phase by progressive multi-phosphorylation, termed hypo-phosphorylation, to release E2F transcription factors. However, this model remains unproven biochemically and the biologically active form(s) of Rb remains unknown. In this study, we find that Rb is exclusively mono-phosphorylated in early G1 phase by cyclin D:Cdk4/6. Mono-phosphorylated Rb is composed of 14 independent isoforms that are all targeted by the E1a oncoprotein, but show preferential E2F binding patterns. At the late G1 Restriction Point, cyclin E:Cdk2 inactivates Rb by quantum hyper-phosphorylation. Cells undergoing a DNA damage response activate cyclin D:Cdk4/6 to generate mono-phosphorylated Rb that regulates global transcription, whereas cells undergoing differentiation utilize un-phosphorylated Rb. These observations fundamentally change our understanding of G1 cell cycle progression and show that mono-phosphorylated Rb, generated by cyclin D:Cdk4/6, is the only Rb isoform in early G1 phase.
Gesture Recognition with Accelerometers for Game Controllers, Phones and Wearables
Authors: Whitehead Anthony D.
Published: May 2014

Hidden Markov Models have been effectively used in time series based pattern recognition problems in the past. This work explores using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to do 3D gesture recognition from accelerometer data. Our work differs from much of the previous work in that we examine the use of discreet HMMs rather than continuous HMMs. An interesting side effect of this is that method is therefore theoretically transportable to other devices that have a 3D sensor output system. In essence this brings us a mechanism to use the HMM model across a series of different sensor devices for gesture recognition. We achieve recognition results with accuracy rates approaching 90 percent for users who are not in the training samples. The speed of our system is also of interest as we are able to classify gestures at a rate of several hundred times per second. As long as the sen-sor system is capable of outputting information about the 3 axes of motion, and the outputs can be discretized to volumetrically equivalent cubic sub-spaces; that information can then be used in this generic model for accurate, high speed gesture recognition.
Comparative Analysis of 8-Bit Adder Cells Using CLRCL Full Adder Logic
Authors: Kumar Keshav , Grover Amit , Grover Neeti
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we propose a modified low power 10-T Adder design using 10 transistors & 12 transistors featuring higher computing speed, lower operating voltage, and lower energy consumption compared with peer designs. The simulation results, based on 0.18um process models, indicate that the proposed design has the lowest working Vdd and highest working frequency among all designs using 10 transistors & 12 transistors. It also features the lowest energy consumption per addition among these designs. In addition, the performance edge of the proposed design in both speed and energy consumption becomes even more significant as the word length of the adder increases.
Replication and cross‐phenotype study based upon schizophrenia GWASs data in the Japanese population: Support for association of MHC region with psychosis
Authors: Saito Takeo , Kondo Kenji , Iwayama Yoshimi , Shimasaki Ayu , Aleksic Branko , Yamada Kazuo , Toyota Tomoko , Hattori Eiji , Esaki Kosei , Ujike Hiroshi , Inada Toshiya , Kunugi Hiroshi , Kato Tadafumi , Yoshikawa Takeo , Ozaki Norio , Ikeda Masashi , Iwata Nakao
Published: May 2014

Recent genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) of schizophrenia (SCZ) identified several susceptibility genes and suggested shared genetic components between SCZ and bipolar disorder (BD). We conducted a genetic association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected according to previous SCZ GWAS targeting psychotic disorders (SCZ and BD) in the Japanese population. Fifty‐one SNPs were analyzed in a two‐stage design using first‐set screening samples (all SNPs: 1,032 SCZ, 1,012 BD, and 993 controls) and second‐set replication samples (“significant” SNPs in the first‐set screening analysis: 1,808 SCZ, 821 BD, and 2,321 controls). We assessed allelic associations between the selected SNPs and the three phenotypes (SCZ, BD, and “psychosis” [SCZ + BD]). Nine SNPs revealed nominal association signals for all comparisons (Puncorrected < 0.05), of which two SNPs located in the major histocompatibility complex region (rs7759855 in zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 31 [ZSCAN31] and rs1736913 in HLA‐F antisense RNA1 [HLA‐F‐AS1]) were further assessed in the second‐set replication samples. The associations were confirmed for rs7759855 (Pcorrected = 0.026 for psychosis; Pcorrected = 0.032 for SCZ), although the direction of effect was opposite to that in the original GWAS of the Chinese population. Finally, a meta‐analysis was conducted using our two samples and using our data and data from Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC), which have shown the same direction of effect. SNP in ZSCAN31 (rs7759855) had the strongest association with the phenotypes (best P = 6.8 × 10−5 for psychosis: present plus PGC results). These data support shared risk SNPs between SCZ and BD in the Japanese population and association between MHC and psychosis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of endothelial progenitor cells on rat atherosclerosis
Authors: Wang Xianyou , Wang Feng , Li Nana , Hu Min , Chen Yun , Tan Mengqun
Published: May 2014

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a progressive disease characterized by endothelial injury and lipid aggregation in the arterial walls. Studies have reported that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from the bone marrow (BM) might provide an endogenous repair mechanism by differentiating into endothelial cells to replace the dysfunctional endothelium. Our study aims to investigate the effect of EPCs derived from rat BM on AS. EPCs transduced by recombinant adeno‐associated virus‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) were transplanted into a rat AS model. After 2 months of transplantation, the localization of GFP‐labeled cells, morphology, and lipid content in the aorta were examined. GFP‐labeled EPCs were found in the endothelial monolayer of the artery vessel in the GFP/EPC group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining suggested that the lipid deposits in the aortic endothelium in the EPC/GFP group were less compared with those in the untreated group. Oil Red O staining of liver slices showed that lipid droplets were obviously decreased in the GFP/EPC group. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase and apolipoprotein E mRNA levels in the GFP/EPC group were significantly higher, but the intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 mRNA level was significantly lower compared with the control group. The results suggest that EPCs derived from the BM can repair the injured endothelium and promote an atherosclerotic lesion regression. Therefore, EPCs may provide a useful tool for the treatment of AS.
Altered white matter microstructure underlies listening difficulties in children suspected of auditory processing disorders: aDTIstudy
Authors: Farah Rola , Schmithorst Vincent J. , Keith Robert W. , Holland Scott K.
Published: May 2014

Introduction

The purpose of the present study was to identify biomarkers of listening difficulties by investigating white matter microstructure in children suspected of auditory processing disorder (APD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Behavioral studies have suggested that impaired cognitive and/or attention abilities rather than a pure sensory processing deficit underlie listening difficulties and auditory processing disorder (APD) in children. However, the neural signature of listening difficulties has not been investigated.

Methods

Twelve children with listening difficulties and atypical left ear advantage (LEA) in dichotic listening and twelve age‐ and gender‐matched typically developing children with typical right ear advantage (REA) were tested. Using voxel‐based analysis, fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean, axial and radial diffusivity (MD,AD,RD) maps were computed and contrasted between the groups.

Results

Listening difficulties were associated with altered white matter microstructure, reflected by decreasedFAin frontal multifocal white matter regions centered in prefrontal cortex bilaterally and left anterior cingulate. IncreasedRDand decreasedADaccounted for the decreasedFA, suggesting delayed myelination in frontal white matter tracts and disrupted fiber organization in theLEAgroup. Furthermore, listening difficulties were associated with increasedMD(with increase in bothRDandAD) in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (sublenticular part) at the auditory radiations where auditory input is transmitted between the thalamus and the auditory cortex.

Conclusions

Our results provide direct evidence that listening difficulties in children are associated with altered white matter microstructure and that both sensory and supramodal deficits underlie the differences between the groups.
Introduction of the arc‐length continuation technique in the chemical engineering graduate program at KFUPM
Authors: Binous Housam , Shaikh Abdullah A.
Published: May 2014

The present paper describes the arc‐length continuation method; a mathematical technique that can solve a wide variety of chemical engineering problems. Several case studies involving distillation, reaction engineering, and thermodynamics are treated with the help of this method. The approach is powerful enough to elucidate situations when several turning points occur. Finally, the authors conclude with their experience teaching this technique. Indeed, this methodology was introduced to the graduate students of the nonlinear dynamics course at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:344–351, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21604
Early metabolic development of posteromedial cortex and thalamus in humans analyzed via in vivo quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Degnan Andrew J. , Ceschin Rafael , Lee Vince , Schmithorst Vincent J. , Blüml Stefan , Panigrahy Ashok
Published: May 2014

The posteromedial cortex (PMC) including the posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and medial parietal cortex/precuneus is an epicenter of cortical interactions in a wide spectrum of neural activity. Anatomic connections between PMC and thalamic components have been established in animal studies, but similar studies do not exist for the fetal and neonatal period. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows for noninvasive measurement of metabolites in early development. Using single‐voxel 3‐T MRS, healthy term neonates (n = 31, mean postconception age 41.5 weeks ± 3.8 weeks) were compared with control children (n = 23, mean age 9.4 years ± 5.1 years) and young adults (n = 10, mean age 24.1 years ± 2.6 years). LCModel‐based calculations compared metabolites within medial parietal gray matter (colocalizing to the PMC), posterior thalamus, and parietal white matter voxels. Common metabolic changes existed for neuronal−axonal maturation and structural markers in the PMC, thalamus, and parietal white matter with increasing NAA and glutamate and decreasing myoinositol and choline with age. Key differences in creatine and glucose metabolism were noted in the PMC, in contrast to the thalamic and parietal white matter locations, suggesting a unique role of energy metabolism. Significant parallel metabolite developmental changes of multiple other metabolites including aspartate, glutamine, and glutathione with age were present between PMC and parietal white matter but not between PMC and thalamus. These findings offer insight into the metabolic architecture of the interface between structural and functional topology of brain networks. Further investigation unifying metabolic changes with functional and anatomic pathways may further enhance the understanding of the PMC in posterior default mode network development. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3717–3732, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BMP signaling participates in late phase differentiation of the retina, partly via upregulation of Hey2
Authors: Kuribayashi Hiroshi , Baba Yukihiro , Watanabe Sumiko
Published: May 2014

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays pivotal roles in early retinal development. However, its roles in the late phase of retinal development remain unclear. We found that BMP receptors and ligands were expressed in the postnatal mouse retina. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed that phosphorylated Smads were enriched in various cells types in the inner nuclear layer postnatally. However, phosphorylated Smads were not detected in photoreceptors, suggesting that BMP may play roles in retinal cells in the inner nuclear layer. Forced expression of constitutively active BMP receptors during retinal development resulted in an increased number of bipolar cells and Müller glia and a decreased number of rod photoreceptors; however, proliferation was not perturbed. The expression of dominant negative BMP receptors resulted in a decreased number of Müller glia and bipolar cells. In addition, inhibiting BMP signaling in retinal monolayer cultures abrogated Müller glial process extension, suggesting that BMP signaling also plays a role in the maturation of Müller glia. The expression of the basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor Hey2 was induced by BMP signaling in retinas. The coexpression of sh‐Hey2 with constitutively active BMP receptors suggested that the effects of BMP signaling on retinal differentiation could be attributed partly to the induction of Hey2 by BMP. We propose that BMP signaling plays pivotal roles in the differentiation of retinal progenitor cells into late differentiating retinal cell types and in the maturation of Müller glia; these effects were mediated, at least in part, by Hey2. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1172–1183, 2014
Experienced Carers Helping Others (ECHO): Protocol for a Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial to Examine a Psycho‐educational Intervention for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa and Their Carers
Authors: Rhind Charlotte , Hibbs Rebecca , Goddard Elizabeth , Schmidt Ulrike , Micali Nadia , Gowers Simon , Beecham Jennifer , Macdonald Pamela , Todd Gillian , Tchanturia Kate , Treasure Janet
Published: May 2014

Experienced Carers Helping Others (ECHO) is an intervention for carers of people with eating disorders. This paper describes the theoretical background and protocol of a pilot multicentre randomised controlled trial that will explore the use of two variants of ECHO for improving outcomes for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) referred for outpatient care. Adolescent patients and their carers (typically parents and close others in a supportive role) will be recruited from 38 eating disorder outpatient services across the UK. Carers will be randomly allocated to receive ‘ECHOc’ guided self‐help (in addition to treatment as usual), ‘ECHO’ self‐help only (in addition to treatment as usual) or treatment as usual only. Primary outcomes are a summary measure of the Short Evaluation of Eating Disorders at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. Secondary outcomes are general psychiatric morbidity of AN patients and carer, carers' coping and behaviour, and change in healthcare use and costs at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. Therapist effects will be examined, and process evaluation of ECHOc will be completed. The findings from this pilot trial will be used in preparation for executing a definitive trial to determine the impact of the preferred variant of ECHO to improve treatment outcomes for AN. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.