bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional differences in the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among 13-year-old adolescents in Greece
Authors: Poulimeneas Dimitrios , Grammatikopoulou Maria G. , Dimitrakopoulos Leonidas , Kotsias Emma , Gerothanasi Dina , Kiranas Efstratios R. , Tsigga Maria
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives:

To assess regional differences in the weight status and abdominal obesity among 13-year-old Greek adolescents.

Design and setting:

Cross-sectional, nationwide study in Greece.

Patients and methods:

A representative sample of 4833 13-year-old adolescents (50.7% boys) was recruited throughout the nine regional districts of Greece from 2010 to 2012. Basic anthropometry measurements (weight, height, and waist circumference) were obtained. Abdominal obesity and weight status were assessed according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria.

Results:

The majority of the sample had a healthy body weight (60.3%), 4.1% were underweight, 27.2% were overweight, and 8.5% were obese. For boys, the highest prevalence of underweight was recorded in Epirus, normal body weight on the Ionian Islands, overweight in Central Greece and Macedonia, and obesity on the Ionian Islands. Among girls, the highest underweight prevalence was on the Ionian Islands, normal body weight in Macedonia, overweight in Central Greece and Macedonia, and obesity in Crete. Abdominal obesity affected 12.9% of the sample, with the greatest prevalence among Cretan boys and Thracian girls. Additionally, residing on the Greek islands was associated with a higher prevalence of central adiposity.

Conclusion:

Greek 13-year-old adolescents who are subjected to geographical changes exhibit high obesity and abdominal obesity rates. This study provides evidence to design regionally tailored interventions that aim to tackle and prevent the disease among the nine regional districts in Greece.
Local conduction during acute myocardial infarction in rats: Interplay between central sympathetic activation and endothelin
Authors: Kolettis Theofilos M. , Kontonika Marianthi , La Rocca Vassilios , Vlahos Antonios P. , Baltogiannis Giannis G. , Kyriakides Zenon S.
Published: September 2016

We investigated the effects of autonomic dysfunction and endothelin on local conduction and arrhythmogenesis during myocardial infarction. We recorded ventricular tachyarrhythmias, monophasic action potentials, and activation sequences in wild‐type and ETB‐deficient rats displaying high endothelin levels. Central sympathetic inputs were examined after clonidine administration. Clonidine mitigated early and delayed arrhythmogenesis in ETB‐deficient and wild‐type rats, respectively. The right ventricular activation delay increased in clonidine‐treated ETB‐deficient rats and slightly decreased in wild‐type rats. The left ventricular voltage rise decreased in all groups, whereas the activation delay increased mainly in clonidine‐treated ETB‐deficient rats. Central sympathetic activation and endothelin modulate ischemia‐induced arrhythmogenesis. Ischemia alters excitability, whereas endothelin impairs local conduction, an action partly counterbalanced by central sympathetic activity.
Examining An Ambitious World History Teacher's Knowledge for Planning
Authors: Harris Lauren McArthur , Shreiner Tamara L. , Hoelting Megan
Published: September 2016

The goal for this study was to better understand how an ambitious teacher uses pedagogical content knowledge while planning learning environments that focus on disciplinary, inquiry-based practices in world history. We used Monte-Sano and Budano's (2012) framework for pedagogical content knowledge for teaching history to examine the teacher's planning over the course of a year. Through interviews and analysis of artifacts, we found more specific sub-categories that represent the various ways that the teacher thought about transforming, representing, framing, and attending to students’ ideas about world history. Additionally, we found a hierarchical relationship in the aspects of the teacher's pedagogical content knowledge that aligned with her phases of planning (skeletal, unit planning, reflective) throughout the year. These findings highlight content-specific issues in planning world history courses—particularly those focused on the earliest eras—including questions about how teachers can find appropriate resources, organize world history content for teaching, and help students understand world historical narratives. We conclude with a discussion of these issues and implications for teacher education, curriculum design, and further research.
San Gregorio Magno, viaje entre memorias e identidad. Estudio socioantropológico de una comunidad del Mezzogiorno italiano
Authors: Re Arianna
Published: September 2016

Historias de vida y biografías guían el viaje de la memoria y sus procesos, especialmente a través de la aculturación y los cambios que ha provocado. En un ciclo anual de rituales y fiestas populares, este estudio recorre la vida, las costumbres y el contexto social de la comunidad, explorando así la supuesta continuidad de las tradiciones que redefinen en el tiempo las identidades y los valores de pertenencia.
Modelling the response of ice shelf basal melting to different ocean cavity environmental regimes
Authors: Gwyther David E. , Cougnon Eva A. , Galton-Fenzi Benjamin K. , Roberts Jason L. , Hunter John R. , Dinniman Michael S.
Published: September 2016

We present simulation results from a version of the Regional Ocean Modeling System modified for ice shelf/ocean interaction, including the parameterisation of basal melting by molecular diffusion alone. Simulations investigate the differences in melting for an idealised ice shelf experiencing a range of cold to hot ocean cavity conditions. Both the pattern of melt and the location of maximum melt shift due to changes in the buoyancy-driven circulation, in a different way to previous studies. Tidal forcing increases both the circulation strength and melting, with the strongest impact on the cold cavity case. Our results highlight the importance of including a complete melt parameterisation and tidal forcing. In response to the 2.4°C ocean warming initially applied to a cold cavity ice shelf, we find that melting will increase by about an order of magnitude (24 × with tides and 41 × without tides).
Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus placebo for uncomplicated
skin abscesses
Authors: Gottlieb Michael
Published: September 2016

Clinical question

In patients with uncomplicated abscesses receiving incision and drainage,
does the addition of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole result in improved clinical
resolution at 7 to 14 days after treatment when compared with placebo?

Article chosen

Talan DA, Mower WR, Krishnadasan A, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
versus placebo for uncomplicated skin abscess. N Engl J
Med 2016;374(9):823-32.

Objective

The primary objective of this study was to compare the clinical cure rates
at 7 to 14 days after the end of the treatment period among patients receiving
either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or placebo. Secondary outcomes
included composite cure; surgical drainage procedures; change in erythema size;
presence of swelling, induration, or tenderness; invasive infections; skin
infections at the same site and different sites; hospitalizations; similar
infections in household contacts; days missed from normal activities; days
missed from school or work; and days of analgesic use.
Pandemic H1N1 Vaccination and Incidence of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Manitoba
Authors: Jackson Alan C. , Mostaço-Guidolin Luiz C. , Sinnock Hasantha , Bozat-Emre Songul , Routledge Michael , Mahmud Salaheddin M.
Published: September 2016

Background: An increased incidence of hospital admissions coded as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) was noted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, during the second wave of the influenza pandemic from October 2009 to March 2010. However, it was not clear whether this was due to heightened awareness of potential neurological complications of influenza or influenza vaccination or an actual increase in the number of cases. Methods: We extracted data from the charts of 139 patients hospitalized with an International Classification of Diseases-10 discharge code indicating ADEM (G04.0) or unspecified noninfectious encephalitis or myelitis (G04.8, G04.9) between January 2006 and December 2012. Clinical and laboratory data were reviewed by a neurologist, and diagnoses were determined using the Brighton criteria. Results: Over the entire study period, there were 22 cases of ADEM. During the peak pandemic period (April-December 2009), seven patients were hospitalized with ADEM, corresponding to a rate of 7.8/million/year; 4.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.9-11.4) times higher than the rate before or after the pandemic period. Only one patient with ADEM had received the monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine within 12 weeks of hospitalization. Conclusions: We have found an increased incidence of ADEM during the pandemic period that may be related, at least in part, to the increased incidence of influenza during that period. However, there was no temporal relationship with the administration of A(H1N1)pdm09 or seasonal influenza vaccines. Our study provides reassurance that use of these vaccines was not associated with increased risk of ADEM.
PEER DISAGREEMENT AND THE DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: September 2016

I argue that recent evidence about our self-serving biases has radical implications for the epistemology of peer disagreement. I conclude that much of the time when you are disagreeing with someone you regard as your epistemic peer, you should not merely move halfway to her judgment, as The Equal Weight View has it. That is not conciliatory enough. Surprisingly often, you should be at least weakly confident that you are wrong, and that your disputant is right.
A Model-Based Strategy to Control the Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Simulate and Implement
Authors: DalBen Mirian de Freitas , Teixeira Mendes Elisa , Moura Maria Luisa , Abdel Rahman Dania , Peixoto Driele , Alves dos Santos Sania , Barcelos de Figueiredo Walquiria , Vitale Mendes Pedro , Utino Taniguchi Leandro , Bezerra Coutinho Francisco Antonio , Massad Eduardo , Levin Anna Sara
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE

To reduce transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in an intensive care unit with interventions based on simulations by a developed mathematical model.

DESIGN

Before-after trial with a 44-week baseline period and 24-week intervention period.

SETTING

Medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

All patients admitted to the unit.

METHODS

We developed a model of transmission of CRE in an intensive care unit and measured all necessary parameters for the model input. Goals of compliance with hand hygiene and with isolation precautions were established on the basis of the simulations and an intervention was focused on reaching those metrics as goals. Weekly auditing and giving feedback were conducted.

RESULTS

The goals for compliance with hand hygiene and contact precautions were reached on the third week of the intervention period. During the baseline period, the calculated R0 was 11; the median prevalence of patients colonized by CRE in the unit was 33%, and 3 times it exceeded 50%. In the intervention period, the median prevalence of colonized CRE patients went to 21%, with a median weekly Rn of 0.42 (range, 0–2.1).

CONCLUSIONS

The simulations helped establish and achieve specific goals to control the high prevalence rates of CRE and reduce CRE transmission within the unit. The model was able to predict the observed outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study in infection control to measure most variables of a model in real life and to apply the model as a decision support tool for intervention.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;1–8
Vortex synchronization in the cylinder wake due to harmonic and non-harmonic perturbations
Authors: Konstantinidis Efstathios , Bouris Demetri
Published: September 2016

This paper reports a numerical study of two-dimensional periodically perturbed flow past a cylinder. Both harmonic and non-harmonic perturbation waveforms of the inflow velocity are considered for a maximum instantaneous Reynolds number of 180. Phase portraits of the lift force are employed to identify the dynamical state of the cylinder wake and determine the range of kinematical parameters for which primary synchronization occurs, that is the regime where vortex formation is phase-locked to the subharmonic of the perturbation frequency. The effect of different perturbation waveforms on the synchronization range and on patterns of vortex formation is examined in detail over the normalized amplitude–frequency space. It is shown that systematic shifts of the synchronization range, towards either higher or lower frequencies, can be attained by imposing different perturbation waveforms. As a consequence, in certain regions of the parameter space it is possible to obtain multiple periodic and/or quasi-periodic wake states for waveforms of exactly the same amplitude and frequency. For the range of parameters where synchronization occurs, different vortex patterns are attained in the wake involving the shedding of solitary and binary vortices, or mixtures thereof, which can be controlled by the perturbation waveform. The phenomenology of these patterns, which result from modification of the basic Kármán mode in the unperturbed wake, is discussed and explained in terms of the generation of circulation that is induced by perturbations in the relative velocity. Vortex patterns from cylinders oscillating either in line with or transverse to a free stream are recast in the framework of the relative velocity.
Hovering in oscillatory flows
Authors: Huang Yangyang , Nitsche Monika , Kanso Eva
Published: September 2016

We investigate the hovering dynamics of rigid bodies with up-down asymmetry placed in oscillating background flows. Recent experiments on inanimate pyramid-shaped objects in oscillating flows with zero mean component demonstrate that the resulting aerodynamic forces are sufficient to keep the object aloft. The mechanisms responsible for this lift production are fundamentally unsteady and depend on the shed vorticity. Here, we consider a model system of a two-dimensional flyer and compute the unsteady, two-way coupling between the flyer and the surrounding fluid in the context of the vortex sheet model. We examine in detail the flow properties (frequency and speed) required for hovering and their dependence on the flyer’s characteristics (mass and geometry). We find that, at low oscillation frequencies, a flyer of a fixed mass and shape requires a constant amount of flow acceleration to hover, irrespective of the frequency and speed of the oscillating flow. Meanwhile, at high oscillation frequencies, the flow speed required to hover is constant. In either case, the aerodynamic requirements to hover (flow acceleration or flow speed) are an intrinsic property of the flyer itself. This physical insight could potentially have significant implications on the design of unmanned air vehicles as well as on understanding active hovering of live organisms that can manipulate their flapping motion to favour a larger oscillation amplitude or frequency.
A closure for Lagrangian velocity gradient evolution in turbulence using recent-deformation mapping of initially Gaussian fields
Authors: Johnson Perry L. , Meneveau Charles
Published: September 2016

The statistics of the velocity gradient tensor in turbulent flows is of both theoretical and practical importance. The Lagrangian view provides a privileged perspective for studying the dynamics of turbulence in general, and of the velocity gradient tensor in particular. Stochastic models for the Lagrangian evolution of velocity gradients in isotropic turbulence, with closure models for the pressure Hessian and viscous Laplacian, have been shown to reproduce important features such as non-Gaussian probability distributions, skewness and vorticity strain-rate alignments. The recent fluid deformation (RFD) closure introduced the idea of mapping an isotropic Lagrangian pressure Hessian as the upstream initial condition using the fluid deformation tensor. Recent work on a Gaussian fields closure, however, has shown that even Gaussian isotropic velocity fields contain significant anisotropy for the conditional pressure Hessian tensor due to the inherent velocity–pressure couplings, and that assuming an isotropic pressure Hessian as the upstream condition may not be realistic. In this paper, Gaussian isotropic field statistics is used to generate more physical upstream conditions for the recent fluid deformation mapping. In this new framework, known isotropy relations can be satisfied by tuning the free model parameters and the original Gaussian field coefficients can be directly used without direct numerical simulation (DNS)-based re-adjustment. A detailed comparison of results from the new model, referred to as the recent deformation of Gaussian fields (RDGF) closure, with existing models and DNS shows the improvements gained, especially in various single-time statistics of the velocity gradient tensor at moderate Reynolds numbers. Application to arbitrarily high Reynolds numbers remains an open challenge for this type of model, however.
Design and Reliability Assessment of Novel 3D-IC Packaging
Authors: Su Y.-F. , Chiang K.-N. , Liang Steven Y.
Published: September 2016

Presently, physical limitations are restricting the development of the microelectronic industry driven by Moore's law. To achieve high-performance, small form factor, and lightweight applications, new electronic packaging methods have exceeded Moore's law. This research proposes a double-chip stacking structure in an embedded fan-out wafer-level packaging with double-sided interconnections. The overall reliability of the solder joints and redistributed lines is assessed through finite element analysis. The application of soft lamination material and selection of a carrier material whose coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is close to that of the printed circuit board can effectively enhance the reliability of solder joints over more than 1,000 cycles. A trace/pad junction whose direction is parallel to the major direction of the CTE mismatch is recommended, and the curved portion of trace lines can absorb the expansion of metal lines and filler material. Design-on-simulation methodology is necessary to develop novel packaging structures in the electronic packaging industry.
ON THE AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE NONSPLIT CARTAN MODULAR CURVES OF PRIME LEVEL
Authors: DOSE VALERIO
Published: September 2016

We study the automorphisms of the nonsplit Cartan modular curves$X_{\text{ns}}(p)$of prime level$p$. We prove that if$p\geqslant 29$all the automorphisms preserve the cusps. Furthermore, if$p\equiv 1~\text{mod}~12$and$p\neq 13$, the automorphism group is generated by the modular involution given by the normalizer of a nonsplit Cartan subgroup of$\text{GL}_{2}(\mathbb{F}_{p})$. We also prove that for every$p\geqslant 29$the existence of an exceptional rational automorphism would give rise to an exceptional rational point on the modular curve$X_{\text{ns}}^{+}(p)$associated to the normalizer of a nonsplit Cartan subgroup of$\text{GL}_{2}(\mathbb{F}_{p})$.
The Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder: Performance of the Boolardy Engineering Test Array
Authors: McConnell D. , Allison J. R. , Bannister K. , Bell M. E. , Bignall H. E. , Chippendale A. P. , Edwards P. G. , Harvey-Smith L. , Hegarty S. , Heywood I. , Hotan A. W. , Indermuehle B. T. , Lenc E. , Marvil J. , Popping A. , Raja W. , Reynolds J. E. , Sault R. J. , Serra P. , Voronkov M. A. , Whiting M. , Amy S. W. , Axtens P. , Ball L. , Bateman T. J. , Bock D. C.-J. , Bolton R. , Brodrick D. , Brothers M. , Brown A. J. , Bunton J. D. , Cheng W. , Cornwell T. , DeBoer D. , Feain I. , Gough R. , Gupta N. , Guzman J. C. , Hampson G. A. , Hay S. , Hayman D. B. , Hoyle S. , Humphreys B. , Jacka C. , Jackson C. A. , Jackson S. , Jeganathan K. , Joseph J. , Koribalski B. S. , Leach M. , Lensson E. S. , MacLeod A. , Mackay S. , Marquarding M. , McClure-Griffiths N. M. , Mirtschin P. , Mitchell D. , Neuhold S. , Ng A. , Norris R. , Pearce S. , Qiao R. Y. , Schinckel A. E. T. , Shields M. , Shimwell T. W. , Storey M. , Troup E. , Turner B. , Tuthill J. , Tzioumis A. , Wark R. M. , Westmeier T. , Wilson C. , Wilson T.
Published: September 2016

We describe the performance of the Boolardy Engineering Test Array, the prototype for the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder telescope. Boolardy Engineering Test Array is the first aperture synthesis radio telescope to use phased array feed technology, giving it the ability to electronically form up to nine dual-polarisation beams. We report the methods developed for forming and measuring the beams, and the adaptations that have been made to the traditional calibration and imaging procedures in order to allow BETA to function as a multi-beam aperture synthesis telescope. We describe the commissioning of the instrument and present details of Boolardy Engineering Test Array’s performance: sensitivity, beam characteristics, polarimetric properties, and image quality. We summarise the astronomical science that it has produced and draw lessons from operating Boolardy Engineering Test Array that will be relevant to the commissioning and operation of the final Australian Square Kilometre Array Path telescope.
Precise Orbital Solutions for KEPLER Eclipsing Binaries of W UMa Type Showing Total Eclipses
Authors: Şenavcı H. V. , Doğruel M. B. , Nelson R. H. , Yılmaz M. , Selam S. O.
Published: September 2016

We aim to discover the accuracy of photometric mass ratios (qph) determined for eclipsing binary stars, in the case of the system having at least one ‘flat bottom’ as a minimum profile, as well as the accuracy of data used in that sense. Within this context, we present the results of two-dimensional grid search (q – i) for some W UMa-type eclipsing binaries showing total eclipses, based on the high precision photometric data provided by the KEPLER Mission. The radial velocity data obtained for KIC10618253 in this study, enables us to compare both qph and the corresponding spectroscopic mass ratio (qsp) values. The results indicate that the high precision photometric data for overcontact eclipsing binaries showing total eclipses allow us to obtain the photometric mass ratios as accurate as the spectroscopic values.
From the Bronze Age to the Roman Conquest: the Oppidum of Monte Bernorio (Northern Spain)
Authors: Torres-Martínez Jesús F. , Fernández-Götz Manuel , Martínez-Velasco Antxoka , Vacas-Madrid David , Rodríguez-Millán Elina
Published: September 2016

The northern regions of the Iberian Peninsula have traditionally been excluded in international debates on Iron Age urbanisation. However, the hillforts and oppida of the Cantabrian area show considerable similarities to the situation found in wide parts of Temperate Europe during the 1st millenniumbc. One of the most important centres is the oppidum of Monte Bernorio, which was occupied between the Late Bronze Age and the Roman Conquest. This paper offers a first overview of the archaeological fieldwork carried out over the last decade, which has revealed the existence of an extremely complex and extensive system of multivallate fortifications enclosing an area of about 90 ha. Therefore, it is one of the largest Iron Age fortified sites of the whole of the Iberian Peninsula. The material culture recovered at the settlement – including large amounts of pottery, animal remains, metal objects, and glass beads – testifies both local production and long-distance networks. Moreover, the recovery of a tessera hospitalis with written text constitutes a prime example of the existence of legally sanctioned ‘citizenship rights’ among the pre-Roman communities of the Cantabrian area. Finally, recent discoveries at the oppidum itself and at the nearby Roman military camp of El Castillejo indicate a siege and conquest by the Roman army in the course of the Cantabrian Wars led by Emperor Augustus in the 20sBC. The evidence points towards the existence of one of the major battlefields of Rome’s imperial expansion in the West.
Successfully Dating Rock Art in Southern Africa Using Improved Sampling Methods and New Characterization and Pretreatment Protocols
Authors: Bonneau A , Staff R A , Higham T , Brock F , Pearce D G , Mitchell P J
Published: September 2016

Worldwide, dating rock art is difficult to achieve because of the frequent lack of datable material and the difficulty of removing contamination from samples. Our research aimed to select the paints that would be the most likely to be successfully radiocarbon dated and to estimate the quantity of paint needed depending on the nature of the paint and the weathering and alteration products associated with it. To achieve this aim, a two-step sampling strategy, coupled with a multi-instrument characterization (including SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy analysis) and a modified acid-base-acid (ABA) pretreatment, was created. In total, 41 samples were dated from 14 sites in three separate regions of southern Africa. These novel protocols ensure that the14C chronology produced was robust and could also be subsequently applied to different regions with possible variations in paint preparation, geology, weathering conditions, and contaminants.
Speed Dating: A Rapid Way to Determine the Radiocarbon Age of Wood by EA-AMS
Authors: Sookdeo Adam , Wacker Lukas , Fahrni Simon , McIntyre Cameron P , Friedrich Michael , Reinig Frederick , Nievergelt Daniel , Tegel Willy , Kromer Bernd , Büntgen Ulf
Published: September 2016

Radiocarbon measurements in tree rings can be used to estimate atmospheric 14C concentration and thereby used to create a 14C calibration curve. When wood is discovered in construction sites, rivers, buildings, and lake sediments, it is unclear if the wood could fill gaps in the 14C calibration curve or if the wood is of historical interest until the age is determined by dendrochronology or 14C dating. However, dendrochronological dating is subjected to many requirements and 14C dating is costly and time consuming, both of which can be frivolous endeavors if the samples are not in the age range of interest. A simplified 14C dating technique, called Speed Dating, was thus developed. It can be used to quickly obtain 14C ages as wood samples are neither chemically treated nor graphitized. Instead, wood is combusted in an elemental analyzer (EA) and the CO2 produced is carried into an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) with a gas ion source. Within a day, 75 samples can be measured with uncertainties between 0.5–2% depending on the age, preservation, and contaminants on the material and Speed Dating costs about one-third of conventional AMS dates.
The introduction of emergency cricothyroidotomy simulation training in Zimbabwe contributed to the saving of two lives
Authors: Avnstorp M B , Jensen P V F , Dzongodza T , Matinhira N , Chidziva C , Melchiors J , Von Buchwald C
Published: September 2016

Background:

In developing countries with limited access to ENT services, performing emergency cricothyroidotomy in patients with upper airway obstruction may be a life-saving last resort. An established Danish–Zimbabwean collaboration of otorhinolaryngologists enrolled Zimbabwean doctors into a video-guided simulation training programme on emergency cricothyroidotomy. This paper presents the positive effect of this training, illustrated by two case reports.

Case reports:

A 56-year-old female presented with upper airway obstruction due to a rapidly progressing infectious swelling of the head and neck progressing to cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated and a secure surgical airway was established via an emergency cricothyroidotomy, saving the patient. A 70-year-old male presented with upper airway obstruction secondary to intubation for an elective procedure. When extubated, the patient exhibited severe stridor followed by respiratory arrest. Re-intubation attempts were unsuccessful and emergency cricothyroidotomy was performed to secure the airway, preserving the life of the patient.

Conclusion:

Emergency cricothyroidotomy training should be considered for all surgeons, anaesthetists and, eventually, emergency and recovery room personnel in developing countries. A video-guided simulation training programme on emergency cricothyroidotomy in Zimbabwe proved its value in this regard.
Temporal variability in copepod gut pigments over the central western continental shelf of India
Authors: D'souza Analiza Maria , Gauns Mangesh Uttam
Published: September 2016

The Indian Western continental shelf (IWCS) is amongst the most productive regions of the world, being noteworthy for upwelling (south-west monsoon) and downwelling (north-east monsoon) that tunes the water biogeochemistry. The present study provides baseline information on temporal variation of in situ copepod gut pigments from IWCS. The copepods were collected between November 2011 and October 2013 and gut pigment contents and composition were estimated using the gut fluorescence method. Results revealed that copepods procured high gut pigment content in monsoon that coincided with ambient water pigment credited to discrete upwelling. Fluorometric analyses of copepod orders revealed presence of gut chlorophyll a (Chl a) throughout the study with highest gut Chl a (0.31 ± 0.25 ng copepod−1; N = 21) and total gut pigments (2.01 ± 2.15 ng copepod−1; N = 21) recorded in Calanoida. Consecutively, Calanoida and Poecilostomatoida chiefly consumed autotrophic biomass that was evident from presence of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin as dominant gut pigments. Interestingly, the marker pigment of Cryptophyceae was present only in Calanoida during monsoon and post-monsoon. Collectively these results conclude that copepods predominantly showed omnivory with discrete temporal variability by grazing upon autotrophic biomass that in turn probably supports the fishery.
Littoral Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) of Madeira and Porto Santo (Portugal)
Authors: Packmor Jana , George Kai Horst
Published: September 2016

The aim of the present investigation is a thorough inventory of the Harpacticoida (Copepoda) of the Portuguese islands Madeira and Porto Santo to provide a basis for comparisons of the harpacticoid faunas of successive elevations of the so called ‘Madeira Hot Spot Track’. Quantitative samples from 10 sampling locations at the coastlines of both islands were analysed (eight from Madeira and two from Porto Santo) and revealed a total of 27 families of Harpacticoida. Nine of the families were determined on species level comprising 43 species of which 31 were new to science. Comparisons of the family and species assemblages at the different Madeiran sampling locations indicate strong habitat heterogeneity as well as differences of the southern from all remaining locations. The sampling locations at the north and east coast are predominately characterized by interstitial taxa, those of the south coast by more robust burrowing or epibenthic taxa. Furthermore the two easternmost sampling locations of Madeira show clear similarity in terms of their harpacticoid assemblages with the sampling locations of Porto Santo. Eighty-eight per cent of the determined species of Porto Santo occur at the coast of Madeira as well (predominately at the easternmost sampling locations) indicating dispersal of Harpacticoida between both islands.
OnBlastocystissecreted cysteine proteases: a legumain-activated cathepsin B increases paracellular permeability of intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers
Authors: NOURRISSON C. , WAWRZYNIAK I. , CIAN A. , LIVRELLI V. , VISCOGLIOSI E. , DELBAC F. , POIRIER P.
Published: September 2016

Blastocystisspp. pathogenic potential remains unclear as these anaerobic parasitic protozoa are frequently isolated from stools of both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects.In silicoanalysis of the whole genome sequence ofBlastocystissubtype 7 revealed the presence of numerous proteolytic enzymes including cysteine proteases predicted to be secreted. To assess the potential impact of proteases on intestinal cells and gut function, we focused our study on two cysteine proteases, a legumain and a cathepsin B, which were previously identified inBlastocystissubtype 7 culture supernatants. Both cysteine proteases were produced as active recombinant proteins. Activation of the recombinant legumain was shown to be autocatalytic and triggered by acidic pH, whereas proteolytic activity of the recombinant cathepsin B was only recorded after co-incubation with the legumain. We then measured the diffusion of 4-kDa FITC-labelled dextran across Caco-2 cell monolayers following exposition to eitherBlastocystisculture supernatants or each recombinant protease. BothBlastocystisculture supernatants and recombinant activated cathepsin B induced an increase of Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability, and this effect was significantly inhibited by E-64, a specific cysteine protease inhibitor. Our results suggest that cathepsin B might play a role in pathogenesis ofBlastocystisby increasing intestinal cell permeability.
Eco-social processes influencing infectious disease emergence and spread
Authors: JONES BRYONY A. , BETSON MARTHA , PFEIFFER DIRK U.
Published: September 2016

The complexity and connectedness of eco-social processes have major influence on the emergence and spread of infectious diseases amongst humans and animals. The disciplinary nature of most research activity has made it difficult to improve our understanding of interactions and feedback loops within the relevant systems. Influenced by the One Health approach, increasing efforts have recently been made to address this knowledge gap. Disease emergence and spread is strongly influenced by host density and contact structures, pathogen characteristics and pathogen population and molecular evolutionary dynamics in different host species, and host response to infection. All these mechanisms are strongly influenced by eco-social processes, such as globalization and urbanization, which lead to changes in global ecosystem dynamics, including patterns of mobility, human population density and contact structures, and food production and consumption. An improved understanding of epidemiological and eco-social processes, including their interdependence, will be essential to be able to manage diseases in these circumstances. The interfaces between wild animals, domestic animals and humans need to be examined to identify the main risk pathways and put in place appropriate mitigation. Some recent examples of emerging infectious disease are described to illustrate eco-social processes that are influencing disease emergence and spread.
Ordeals: an economic vindication of ancient Indian “nonsense”
Authors: Wiese Harald
Published: September 2016

Ordeals (by fire, by water, etc.) are a judicial institution in which defendants try to prove their innocence by divine judgement. In a recent law and economics paper, Leeson (2012) suggests that (medieval) ordeals “work” because, and if, ordeal takers have sufficient belief in them and because the priests administering ordeals “manipulate” them in an appropriate manner. We find that Leeson's theory also helps us understand Indian ordeals. Interestingly, some dharma texts require that the accuser agrees to the ordeal too, a requirement absent in Leeson's theory. We extend Leesons's model accordingly.
Highly efficient X-band relativistic twistron
Authors: Totmeninov E.M. , Pegel I.V. , Tarakanov V.P.
Published: September 2016

The paper proposes a new scheme of high-power microwave oscillator of twistron type using a moderately relativistic high-current electron beam. In numerical experiment using axisymmetric version of the completely electromagnetic PiC code KARAT, a 56% conversion efficiency of electron beam power to electromagnetic radiation was demonstrated. With 340 kV accelerating voltage, 3.3 kA electron beam current, and 2.2 T guiding magnetic field strength, the simulated microwave power was 630 MW at 9.7 GHz. The “electronic efficiency” of the source reaches 66%.
Parameterized gait pattern generator based on linear inverted
pendulum model with natural ZMP references
Authors: Ho Ya-Fang , Li Tzuu-Hseng S. , Kuo Ping-Huan , Ye Yan-Ting
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a parameterized gait generator based on linear inverted
pendulum model (LIPM) theory, which allows users to generate a natural gait
pattern with desired step sizes. Five types of zero moment point (ZMP)
components are proposed for formulating a natural ZMP reference, where ZMP moves
continuously during single support phases instead of staying at a fixed point in
the sagittal and lateral plane. The corresponding center of mass (CoM)
trajectories for these components are derived by LIPM theory. To generate a
parameterized gait pattern with user-defined parameters, a gait planning
algorithm is proposed, which determines related coefficients and boundary
conditions of the CoM trajectory for each step. The proposed parameterized gait
generator also provides a concept for users to generate gait patterns with
self-defined ZMP references by using different components. Finally, the
feasibility of the proposed method is validated by the experimental results with
a teen-sized humanoid robot, David, which won first place in the sprint event at
the 20th Federation of International Robot-soccer Association (FIRA) RoboWorld
Cup.
Quaternionic Artin representations of ℚ
Authors: ROHRLICH DAVID E.
Published: September 2016

Isomorphism classes of dihedral Artin representations of ℚ can be counted asymptotically using Siegel's asymptotic averages of class numbers of binary quadratic forms. Here we consider the analogous problem for quaternionic representations. While an asymptotic formula is out of our reach in this case, we show that the asymptotic behaviour in the two cases is quite different.
Using Vector Space Models to Understand the Circulation of Habeas Corpus in Hawai'i, 1852–92
Authors: Romney Charles W.
Published: September 2016

Habeas corpus arrived in the Hawaiian Kingdom in the 1840s and 1850s when it appeared in the kingdom's legislative proceedings, in the 1852 Constitution, and in a published legal decision. However, a description of the transmission and transplantation of a common-law concept to a particular place in the Pacific Ocean does little to explain how people in the kingdom used habeas corpus. Habeas corpus circulated widely in the kingdom between 1852 and 1892. Did the application of the writ in Hawai'i change the conceptual architecture of habeas corpus? Legal historians have several different methods to find out how habeas corpus functioned and how judges, lawyers, and litigants molded the writ's legal identity. Reading the published judicial opinions preserved in print volumes or subsequently digitized in databases provides a window into the way judges construed habeas corpus. The archival records of the legal cases illuminate how local lawyers and ordinary litigants wielded habeas corpus to achieve their goals. In addition to these traditional methods of legal and historical research, computer code identifies conceptual patterns in a digitized corpus of the kingdom's legal decisions. Each of these methods—close reading, archival research, and computational analysis—represent different angles on the operation and legal content of the writ.
Influence of demographics on clinical outcome of dengue: a cross-sectional study of 6703 confirmed cases in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
Authors: VICENTE C. R. , CERUTTI JUNIOR C. , FRÖSCHL G. , ROMANO C. M. , CABIDELLE A. S. A. , HERBINGER K.-H.
Published: September 2016

Dengue presents a wide clinical spectrum of signs and symptoms, with characteristics of the host potentially influencing the disease evolution. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of gender and age on dengue clinical outcomes in a recent outbreak situation in Brazil, applying a cross-sectional design and including 6703 dengue cases with laboratory confirmation, occurring in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, between 2007 and 2013. Data were obtained from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases. Overall, 11·3% of the sample presented with severe dengue, which affected 13·0% of males, 10·0% of females, 8·8% of children, 12·5% of adolescents, 10·5% of adults and 15·5% of the elderly. Age was higher in the severe dengue group (P = 0·03). Severe dengue was associated with males and the elderly (P < 0·01); however, considering only severe cases, children presented haemorrhage and plasma leakage more frequently than older age groups. The results emphasize the importance of a differentiated protocol for management of dengue cases, taking into consideration host factors like age. These findings also suggest the elderly and children as priority groups for immunization in a future implementation of a vaccine.
Effect of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on dengue fever and leptospirosis infections in Manila, the Philippines
Authors: SUMI A. , TELAN E. F. O. , CHAGAN-YASUTAN H. , PIOLO M. B. , HATTORI T. , KOBAYASHI N.
Published: September 2016

Dengue fever (DF) and leptospirosis are serious public problems in tropical regions, especially in Manila, the Philippines. In attempting to understand the causes of DF and leptospirosis seasonality, meteorological factors have been suspected, but quantitative correlation between seasonality and meteorological factors has not been fully investigated. In this study, we investigated correlation of temporal patterns of reported numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases of both DF and leptospirosis with meteorological conditions (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall) in Manila. We used time-series analysis combined with spectral analysis and the least squares method. A 1-year cycle explained underlying variations of DF, leptospirosis and meteorological data. There was a peak of the 1-year cycle in temperature during May, followed by maxima in rainfall, relative humidity and number of laboratory-confirmed DF and leptospirosis cases. This result suggests that DF and leptospirosis epidemics are correlated not only with rainfall but also relative humidity and temperature in the Philippines. Quantifying the correlation of DF and leptospirosis infections with meteorological conditions may prove useful in predicting DF and leptospirosis epidemics, and health services should plan accordingly.
On the Chromatic Number of Random Cayley Graphs
Authors: GREEN BEN
Published: September 2016

Let G be an abelian group of cardinality n, where hcf(n, 6) = 1, and let A be a random subset of G. Form a graph ΓA on vertex set G by joining x to y if and only if x + y ∈ A. Then, with high probability as n → ∞, the chromatic number χ(ΓA) is at most $(1 + o(1))\tfrac{n}{2\log_2 n}$. This is asymptotically sharp when G = ℤ/nℤ, n prime.
Lisbon, new Rome and emporium: comparing an early modern imperial capital, 1550–1750
Authors: BERMEJO SAÚL MARTÍNEZ
Published: September 2016

Early modern European capitals competed to demonstrate their imperial status, and contemporary urban praise often drew comparisons between them, situating these cities within a shifting hierarchy. Authors frequently combined actual perceptions of cities with metaphors of a New Rome and other classical motifs. This article explores how various writers asserted Lisbon's greatness and civic identity within this shared comparative European discourse. More particularly, it shows how they defended its changing political status as a capital while also developing a strong commercial discourse that centred on the city as an emporium. Views and descriptions of Lisbon and its port paralleled contemporary descriptions of London in particular, as both cities were increasingly defined as paradigms of imperial commerce.
150 YEARS OF BOOM AND BUST: WHAT DRIVES MINERAL COMMODITY PRICES?
Authors: Stuermer Martin
Published: September 2016

This paper provides long-run evidence on the dynamic effects of supply and demand shocks on commodity prices. I assemble and analyze a new data set of price and production levels of copper, lead, tin, and zinc from 1840 to 2014. Using a novel approach to identification, I show that price fluctuations are primarily driven by demand, rather than supply shocks. Demand shocks affect the price for up to 15 years, whereas the effect of mineral supply shocks persists for up to 5 years. Price surges caused by rapid industrialization are a recurrent phenomenon throughout history. Mineral commodity prices return to their declining or stable trends in the long run.
PRODUCTIVITY GAPS AND TAX POLICIES UNDER ASYMMETRIC TRADE
Authors: Bretschger Lucas , Valente Simone
Published: September 2016

We build a two-country model of endogenous growth to study the welfare effects of taxes on tradable primary inputs when countries engage in asymmetric trade. We obtain explicit links between persistent gaps in productivity growth and the incentives of resource-exporting (importing) countries to subsidize (tax) domestic resource use. The exporters' incentive to subsidize hinges on slower productivity growth and is disconnected from the importers' incentive to tax resource inflows—i.e., rent extraction. Moreover, faster productivity growth exacerbates the importers' incentive to tax, beyond the rent-extraction motive. In a strategic tax game, the only equilibrium is of Stackelberg type and features, for a wide range of parameter values, positive exporters' subsidies and positive importers' taxes at the same time.
Gender matters: From L1 grammar to L2 semantics
Authors: COOK SVETLANA V.
Published: September 2016

The study investigates the effects of grammatical gender on bilingual processing. Native speakers of Russian (a gendered language) learning English and monolingual English controls performed a self-paced reading task in English (a non-gendered language). As predicted, bilingual speakers showed delayed latencies to gendered pronouns (he or she) that were incongruent with the noun's grammatical gender in Russian, indicating that first language (L1) grammatical gender assignment can be interpreted as biological gender in nonnative (L2) processing. The L1 gender bias was only found in sentences containing animate, but not inanimate, nouns. These results speak against the syntactic mechanism being solely responsible for gender biases, but rather support a semantic transfer account due to coactivation of linguistic and conceptual features as proposed in the sex and gender hypothesis (SAGH, Vigliocco, Vinson, Paganelli & Dworzynski, 2005). Overall, the study provides clear evidence for the L1 grammatical gender bias in bilingual processing, albeit constrained by animacy.