bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disseminated sclerosing peritoneal mesothelioma in a dog
Authors: Gumber Sanjeev , Fowlkes Natalie , Cho Doo-Youn
Published: September 2011

A 7-year-old female German Shepherd Dog was presented with multiple petechiae and ecchymoses along the ventral abdomen, flank, and on the vaginal mucosa. The clinical diagnosis was severe hemoperitoneum and presumed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Postmortem examination revealed a 22 cm × 15 cm × 6 cm, firm, and convoluted peritoneal mass along with hemoperitoneum, and multifocal, ill-defined, 0.5–1.5 cm in diameter, white to tan nodules in the pulmonary parenchyma. Histologically, the peritoneal mass was composed of large anaplastic cells consistent with malignant mesothelioma interspersed in abundant fibrous connective tissue. Metastasis of the neoplastic cells occurred to the brain, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, and lungs. On immunohistochemical evaluation, neoplastic cells coexpressed cytokeratin and vimentin, and were negative for cluster of differentiation (CD)18. Electron microscopy revealed numerous surface microvilli around the entire circumference of the neoplastic cells, as well as tight junctions, and desmosome-like structures. Based on test findings, a disseminated sclerosing peritoneal mesothelioma was diagnosed.
Pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia in a dog
Authors: Sato Yoshihiko
Published: September 2011

Ovariohysterectomy in a healthy, nonpregnant, non-pseudopregnant, 9.5-month-old female dog revealed a 3 cm in diameter, swollen segmental portion of the uterus. A large amount of mucoserous fluid was present in the segmental portion, and the mucous membrane was covered by many yellowish-white villi protruding into the lumen. Histopathologic examination revealed endometrial hyperplasia associated with dilatation of the uterine glands in the segmental portion. The morphological findings were quite similar to those of a maternal placenta of pregnancy without the fetus and fetal membrane. Accordingly, this young female dog was diagnosed with spontaneous pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia.
Pseudorabies virus infection in Oklahoma hunting dogs
Authors: Cramer Sarah D. , Campbell Gregory A. , Njaa Bradley L. , Morgan Sandra E. , Smith Stephen K. , McLin William R. , Brodersen Bruce W. , Wise Annabel G. , Scherba Gail , Langohr Ingeborg M. , Maes Roger K.
Published: September 2011

Pseudorabies is caused by Suid herpesvirus 1, a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. Although pigs are the natural host of Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the virus has a broad host range and may cause fatal encephalitis in many species. The United States obtained PRV-free status in 2004 after the virus was eradicated from domestic swineherds, but the virus is still present in feral swine populations. The current report describes PRV infection in 3 dogs that were used to hunt feral swine. The dogs developed clinical signs including facial pruritus with facial abrasions, dyspnea, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, muscle stiffness, and death. Two were euthanized, and 1 died within approximately 48 hr after onset of clinical signs. The salient histologic changes consisted of neutrophilic trigeminal ganglioneuritis with neuronophagia and equivocal intranuclear inclusion bodies. Pseudorabies virus was isolated from fresh tissues from 2 of the dogs, and immunohistochemistry detected the virus in the third dog. Virus sequencing and phylogeny, based upon available GenBank sequences, revealed that the virus was likely a field strain that was closely related to a cluster of PRV strains previously identified in Illinois. Though eradicated from domestic swine in the United States, PRV is present in populations of feral swine, and should therefore continue to be considered a possible cause of disease in dogs and other domestic animals with compatible clinical history and signs. Continued surveillance is necessary to prevent reintroduction of PRV into domestic swine.
Characterization of tuberculous lesions in naturally infected African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Authors: Laisse Cláudio J. M. , Gavier-Widén Dolores , Ramis Guillermo , Bila Custódio G. , Machado Adelina , Quereda Juan J. , Ågren Erik O. , van Helden Paul D.
Published: September 2011

Tuberculosis pathology was studied on 19 African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer) from a herd in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park in South Africa. The animals tested positive with the comparative intradermal tuberculin test and were euthanized during a test-and-cull operation to decrease prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the park. The lymph nodes and lungs were examined grossly for presence of tuberculous lesions, which were scored on a 0–5 scale for macroscopic changes. The gross lesions were examined histologically and classified into grade I, II, III, or IV according to a grading system used for bTB lesions in domestic cattle. Macroscopic lesions were limited to the retropharyngeal, bronchial, and mediastinal lymph nodes and the lungs. The most frequently affected lymph nodes were the bronchial (in 16 animals) and mediastinal (in 11 animals). All four grades of microscopic lesions were observed, grade II lesions were the most frequent. Mycobacterium bovis was detected by PCR in 8 out of 19 animals, and acid-fast bacilli were seen in 7 out of 19 animals, together both techniques identified mycobacteria in 5 out of 19 animals. Lesions were paucibacillary, as acid-fast bacilli were only rarely observed. The absence of lesions in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the high frequency of lesions in respiratory tract associated lymph nodes suggest that the main route of M. bovis infection in African buffalo is by inhalation.
Identification of a novel herpesvirus associated with cutaneous ulcers in a fisher (Martes pennanti)
Authors: Gagnon Carl A. , Tremblay Josée , Larochelle Danielle , Music Nedzad , Tremblay Donald
Published: September 2011

On December 8, 2008, a male fisher ( Martes pennanti) housed in a quarantine enclosure at the St-Félicien Zoo was found dead with multiple skin ulcers on the muzzle and plantar pads. At necropsy, no major findings were found, and a specific cause of death was not determined microscopically. However, at the borders of ulcerated sites, there were increased numbers of koilocytes, with perinuclear vacuolation and nuclear enlargement. A pan-herpesvirus nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was conducted, and an expected PCR product of 230 nucleotides was obtained within tissues collected from around the skin ulcers. Other tissues, including intestines and pool of lung, liver, and kidney, tested negative. The obtained PCR amplicon was sequenced and was highly related to the partial viral DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene of Mustelid herpesvirus 1. Virus isolation was negative, and no virion was detected by electron microscopy. The pathogenic potential of this novel herpesvirus and its role in the death of the fisher are unknown.
Women and Cosmetic Breast Surgery
Authors: Boulton Tiffany N. , Malacrida Claudia
Published: September 2011

In this article we provide a comparative analysis of qualitative, semistructured interviews with 24 women who had undergone different forms of cosmetic breast surgery (CBS). We argue that women must negotiate three types of risk: potential medical risks, lifestyle risks connected with choosing “frivolous” self-enhancements, and countervailing social risks affiliated with pressures to maximize one’s feminine beauty. In addition, we highlight the challenges faced in negotiating these risks by examining the limits to traditional forms of medical informed consent provided to the women, who received little information on the medical risks associated with CBS, or who were given uncertain and contradictory risk information. Even respondents who felt that they were well informed expressed difficulties in making “wise” choices because the risks were distant or unlikely, and hence easily minimized. Given this, it is fairly understandable that the known social risks of “failed” beauty faced by the women often outweighed the ambiguous or understated risks outlined by medicine. We argue that traditional notions of informed consent and risk awareness might not be adequate for women choosing CBS.
Parent Stress and Its Relation to Parent Perceptions of Communication Following Parent-Coached Language Intervention
Authors: Smith Ashlyn L. , Romski Mary Ann , Sevcik Rose A. , Adamson Lauren B. , Bakeman Roger
Published: September 2011

The effects of a parent-coached language intervention on parent stress and its relation to parent perceptions of communication development were examined in 60 parents of toddlers with developmental delays. Results indicated that overall parent stress was not high prior to or following language intervention. Parents’ perceptions about the severity of their children’s communication deficits partially mediated the relationship between expressive language at preintervention and parent stress at postintervention. Parents of children who had better expressive language at the beginning of intervention perceived their children’s communication difficulties as less severe and had less parent stress following language intervention.
Management of human capital: discipline, security and controlled circulation in HRM
Authors: Weiskopf Richard , Munro Iain
Published: September 2011

This article provides a contribution to the Foucauldian problematization of HRM. It draws particular attention to Foucault’s lectures that were devoted to re-conceptualizing power relations to accommodate transformations that have arisen from the emergence of liberal and neoliberal forms of government. Whilst Foucauldian approaches to HRM have mainly focused on the centripetal elements of disciplinary power in modern management, they have tended to neglect the centrifugal mechanisms aimed at the controlled circulation of flows within networks. The article shows how these mechanisms gain in importance along with HRM’s reframing in terms of human capital. Our analysis outlines a number of modifications in the apparatus of power that emerge as a consequence of this reframing, showing how human capital management operationalizes a specific style of governmental rationality.
Proxy measurements in multiple sclerosis: agreement on different patient-reported outcome scales
Authors: Sonder JM , Bosma LVAE , van der Linden FAH , Knol DL , Polman CH , Uitdehaag BMJ
Published: September 2011

Background: Patient-reported outcome (PRO) scales are often used in multiple sclerosis (MS) research. Full understanding of items can be influenced by disease worsening, mood disturbances and cognitive problems of the MS patient. Earlier research with the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) showed that proxy respondents (i.e. partners of patients) can provide useful information.

Objective: To determine agreement between patients and proxy respondents on different MS PRO scales.

Methods: 139 Patients and partners completed the MSIS-29 (Physical and Psychological scale), Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12), Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire (MSNQ) and Guy’s Neurological Disability Scale (GNDS). We calculated the mean difference and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) on scale level and weighted kappas (κw) on item level.

Results: On all scales, except MSNQ, the partner score was higher. ICCs were good for MSWS, GNDS and MSIS Physical, and moderate for MSNQ and MSIS Psychological. κw was excellent for MSWS items, fair to good for GNDS, MSIS Physical and MSIS Psychological items, and poor for MSNQ items.

Conclusion: Partners of patients with MS can be a useful source of information for several PRO scales, especially when the focus is on physical functioning. For psychological functioning this seems to be less reliable.
Immunological and clinical consequences of treating a patient with natalizumab
Authors: Schwab Nicholas , Höhn Karin G , Schneider-Hohendorf Tilman , Metz Imke , Stenner Max-Philipp , Jilek Samantha , Du Pasquier Renaud A , Gold Ralf , Meuth Sven G , Ransohoff Richard M , Brück Wolfgang , Wiendl Heinz
Published: September 2011

Background: Long-term therapy with natalizumab increases the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Objectives: We present a patient study through therapy, the diagnosis of PML (after 29 infusions), plasma exchange (PE) and development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).

Methods: Routine diagnostics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), immunological status (flow cytometry, T-cell migration assays and T-cell repertoire analysis), and brain biopsy with immunohistological analysis.

Results: CD49d decreased after 12 months of treatment. At PML diagnosis, CD49d expression and migratory capacity of T cells was low and peripheral T-cell receptor (TCR) complexity showed severe perturbations. The distribution of peripheral monocytes changed from CCR5+ to CCR7+. After PE some changes reverted: CD49d increased and overshot earliest levels, migratory capacities of T cells recovered and peripheral TCR complexity increased. With no clinical, routine laboratory or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes, MRI 2 months after PE demonstrated progressive lesion development. Brain histopathology confirmed the presence of infiltrates indicative of IRIS without clinical signs, immunologically accompanied by CCR7/CCR5 recovery of peripheral monocytes.

Conclusion: Natalizumab-associated immunological changes accompanying PML were reversible after PE; IRIS can occur very late, remain asymptomatic and be elusive to CSF analysis. Our study may provide insights into the changes under treatment with natalizumab associated with JC virus control.
Pathological study of subacute autoimmune encephalopathy with anti-AQP4 antibodies in a pregnant woman
Authors: Yaguchi Hiroaki , Yabe Ichiro , Takai Yoshiki , Misu Tatsuro , Matsushima Masaaki , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Kubota Kanako C. , Akimoto Sachiko , Fujihara Kazuo , Sasaki Hidenao
Published: September 2011

A pregnant woman with extensive brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging was tested positive for anti-aquaporin4 (AQP4) antibodies. An open biopsy of the left temporal lobe showed pathological changes in both the white and gray matter. Hematoxylin and eosin, Klüver–Barrera, and myelin basic protein staining results were indicative of demyelination in the white matter. Loss of AQP4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein was observed in the white matter, and this finding is consistent with the neuropathological findings of neuromyelitis optica spinal lesions. Moreover, loss of AQP4 was observed in the gray matter. The presence of anti-AQP4 antibodies, and the pathology, led to the diagnosis of anti-AQP4 antibodies-related encephalopathy.
A Study of the Ventilation and Thermal Comfort of the Environment Surrounding a New University Building under Construction
Authors: Zhang W. , Mak C.M. , Ai Z.T. , Siu W.M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a new building which can impose on its immediate ambient environment, on air movement and thermal comfort of people using the area. The effect of eight prevailing wind directions around the building was simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The CFD simulation was validated by two wind tunnel experiments. The CFD results were used to conduct an air ventilation assessment using velocity ratio (VR) indicator and to assess thermal comfort by an extended predicted mean vote (PMV) evaluation. An analysis of the relationship of VR and PMV with the to-be-built building (the front area index λf and plan area density λp) was also conducted. The result indicates that the PMV trend was generally opposite to the VR trend. The λp would increase due to the new building and the λf would increase in all wind directions except East-South-East and South-East. There could be a significant change in thermal comfort when the λf became smaller than 12% and a significant change in ventilation efficiency if the λf was smaller or larger than 12%. It means that λf can be used as an urban planning parameter for the thermal comfort study in the natural ventilated urban environment.
Quantitative Reduction Method of Draft in High-Rise Buildings, Using Revolving Doors
Authors: Lee Joonghoon , Hwang Taeyon , Song Doosam , Kim Jeong Tai
Published: September 2011

Drafts in high-rise buildings caused by the stack effect can cause noise and reduce the performances of ventilation, cooling and heating systems as well as the building’s energy efficiency. Revolving doors are generally used as a method to reduce drafts; however, the effect would only be limited to the main entrance on the lobby floor.

Revolving doors have two main advantages; that their opening areas are seldom changed by people passing through the doors, and the doors do not have the pressure-related functional problems. Considering these advantages, this study examined a quantitative draft reduction method using revolving doors in high-rise buildings. This method would contribute to the design process to install revolving doors to buildings and consists of 10 steps with two key steps of selecting the installation locations of revolving doors and to calculate the air leakage area of revolving doors. Verification through simulations showed that, based on this process, the use of revolving doors could reduce the drafts in buildings by a quantified target value. Furthermore, the possibility of problems due to the stack effect in the other walls of buildings would decrease due to the pressure sharing of the additional walls fitted to revolving doors.
Investigation of the Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emission Characteristics of Pre-stressed Composite Beams
Authors: Hong Won-Kee , Park Seon-Chee , Jeong Su-Young , Lim Gyun-Taek
Published: September 2011

In this work, the energy efficiency and CO2 emission characteristics of a pre-stressed steel-framed reinforced concrete composite beam were investigated for application in high rise apartment buildings. The beam consisted of pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete with a structural T at the end section of the pre-cast concrete. As a result, CO2 emissions were significantly reduced by decreasing the quantity of steel. The composite beams were tested which demonstrated acceptable structural performance as flexural members. The measured flexible strengths of the pre-stressed composite beams were compared with the calculated flexural strengths based on the strain compatibility approach in the yield limit state and maximum load limit state. Good agreement between the experimental and analytical flexural capacities was observed. The application of the pre-stressed composite beams capable of enhancing energy efficiencies while decreasing CO2 emissions could provide a safe structure for a comfortable built environment and will be of great benefits to the welfare of a community as well. This work demonstrates that reduced CO2 emissions can be achieved by introducing pre-stressing in a concrete composite beam and by installing a structural T only at the end of the composite beam.
Social cohesion and skilled Muslim refugees in Australia
Authors: Fozdar Farida
Published: September 2011

Muslims are often the target of those arguing that diversity threatens social cohesion. However, little research has focused on the settlement and integration of migrant Muslims. This article reports research comparing skilled Muslim refugees’ experiences of integration into the Australian employment market and the wider society with the experiences of skilled non-Muslim refugees. Quantitative data from the study indicates no relationship between religion and social exclusion as evidenced in negative employment outcomes, social networks, satisfaction with life or perceptions of discrimination, although qualitative data shows some skilled Muslim refugees and some employers see religion as a key facet of cultural difference disadvantaging Muslims. The influence of religion on other aspects of settlement, including social engagement, integration and well-being is also surprising, demonstrating that Muslims in the sample generally feel no more excluded than other refugees. The findings challenge the assumptions that skilled Muslim refugees find it more difficult than others to adapt to ‘western’ culture, and that religious difference threatens social cohesion.
The assessment of vertical daylight factors across the walls of atrium buildings, Part 1: Square atria
Authors: Du J , Sharples S
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the impact of well geometry and surface reflectance on the vertical daylight factors of walls in atria with square plan forms under a CIE standard overcast sky. Artificial sky scale model measurements were used to validate predicted values of vertical daylight factors using the software package Radiance. More simulated vertical daylight factors data for a much wider range of square atrium geometries and surface reflectances were then produced. From the results the variations of the vertical daylight factor on the walls of square atria were assessed and explained and some empirical functions derived. Some guidelines for supporting design are presented.
The Application of a Multiphase Triangulation Approach to Mixed Methods
Authors: Youngs Howard , Piggot-Irvine Eileen
Published: September 2011

Mixed methods research has emerged as a credible alternative to unitary research approaches. The authors show how a combination of a triangulation convergence model with a triangulation multilevel model was used to research an aspiring school principal development pilot program. The multilevel model is used to show the national and regional levels in the research design, whereas the convergence model illustrates how data were analyzed through a series of phases so that both formative and summative findings could emerge. The authors illustrate through some of the findings how their design contributed to adjustments to the program and to their findings. The challenges of undertaking such a mixed methods design reveal a complexity not always evident in abstract conceptual models.
Animating with Facts: The Performative Process of Documentary Animation in the ten mark (2010)
Authors: Ward Paul
Published: September 2011

This article examines how animated films re-present and re-interpret real world occurrences, people and places, focusing on an area that has been overlooked to date: the process of performance and how this manifests itself in animated documentary films. Not simply a notion of ‘performance’ as we might understand it in an ‘acting’ sense (someone playing a role in a re-enactment), but that of the animator performing specific actions in order to interpret the factual material. The central questions addressed are: how does an understanding of ‘performance’ and the related term ‘performativity’ help us to frame animated/nonfictional acting? What ontological questions are raised by thinking about notions of acting in animation (and the performance instantiated in the very action of animating)? How do viewers relate to, interpret or ‘believe in’ animated films that are asserting real/factually-based stories? The article uses a recent film, the ten mark, as a case study to explore possible answers to these questions.
Computed Tomography Angiography in the Assessment of Patients With Stroke/TIA
Authors: Menon Bijoy K. , Demchuk Andrew M.
Published: September 2011

Rapid advance in medical technology has resulted in the availability of numerous tests and treatment strategies in the management of acute stroke. The increasingly evidence-based context of clinical medicine necessitates that clinicians use only appropriate tools to facilitate the diagnostic process and patient management. In this review, we seek to explore the use of computed tomography angiography (CTA) in the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with acute stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). We present evidence in favor of the use of CTA, highlight the disadvantages of this imaging modality, and present a heuristic model based on our experience at utilizing CTA for decision making in acute stroke and TIAs.
Bone marrow dendritic cell progenitors sense pathogens via Toll-like receptors and subsequently migrate to inflamed lymph nodes
Authors: Schmid Michael A. , Takizawa Hitoshi , Baumjohann Dior R. , Saito Yasuyuki , Manz Markus G.
Published: September 2011

Common dendritic cell progenitors (CDPs) in the bone marrow (BM) regenerate dendritic cells (DCs) in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. How the dissemination of progenitor-derived DCs to peripheral tissues is regulated on need remains elusive. Microbes are sensed by pathogen recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We found that CDPs in the BM express TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. On TLR stimulation, CDPs down-regulated CXCR4, the nonredundant chemokine receptor for their BM retention, up-regulated CCR7, and migrated to lymph nodes (LNs). When TLR agonists were injected locally, CDPs preferentially gave rise to DCs in inflamed LNs in expense of noninflamed LNs and the BM, but they did not alter their lineage differentiation and proliferative activity. Consequently, BM DC progenitors can sense TLR agonists and, via regulation of CXCR4 and CCR7, support the replenishment of DCs in reactive LNs. This mechanism likely developed to support DC homeostasis on specific need at sites of inflammation.
The BCR-ABL35INS insertion/truncation mutant is kinase-inactive and does not contribute to tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: O'Hare Thomas , Zabriskie Matthew S. , Eide Christopher A. , Agarwal Anupriya , Adrian Lauren T. , You Huihong , Corbin Amie S. , Yang Fei , Press Richard D. , Rivera Victor M. , Toplin Julie , Wong Stephane , Deininger Michael W. , Druker Brian J.
Published: September 2011

Chronic myeloid leukemia is effectively treated with imatinib, but reactivation of BCR-ABL frequently occurs through acquisition of kinase domain mutations. The additional approved ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) nilotinib and dasatinib, along with investigational TKIs such as ponatinib (AP24534) and DCC-2036, support the possibility that mutation-mediated resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia can be fully controlled; however, the molecular events underlying resistance in patients lacking BCR-ABL point mutations are largely unknown. We previously reported on an insertion/truncation mutant, BCR-ABL35INS, in which structural integrity of the kinase domain is compromised and all ABL sequence beyond the kinase domain is eliminated. Although we speculated that BCR-ABL35INS is kinase-inactive, recent reports propose this mutant contributes to ABL TKI resistance. We present cell-based and biochemical evidence establishing that BCR-ABL35INS is kinase-inactive and does not contribute to TKI resistance, and we find that detection of BCR-ABL35INS does not consistently track with or explain resistance in clinical samples from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
The role of the annexin A2 heterotetramer in vascular fibrinolysis
Authors: Madureira Patricia A. , Surette Alexi P. , Phipps Kyle D. , Taboski Michael A. S. , Miller Victoria A. , Waisman David M.
Published: September 2011

The vascular endothelial cells line the inner surface of blood vessels and function to maintain blood fluidity by producing the protease plasmin that removes blood clots from the vasculature, a process called fibrinolysis. Plasminogen receptors play a central role in the regulation of plasmin activity. The protein complex annexin A2 heterotetramer (AIIt) is an important plasminogen receptor at the surface of the endothelial cell. AIIt is composed of 2 molecules of annexin A2 (ANXA2) bound together by a dimer of the protein S100A10. Recent work performed by our laboratory allowed us to clarify the specific roles played by ANXA2 and S100A10 subunits within the AIIt complex, which has been the subject of debate for many years. The ANXA2 subunit of AIIt functions to stabilize and anchor S100A10 to the plasma membrane, whereas the S100A10 subunit initiates the fibrinolytic cascade by colocalizing with the urokinase type plasminogen activator and receptor complex and also providing a common binding site for both tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen via its C-terminal lysine residue. The AIIt mediated colocalization of the plasminogen activators with plasminogen results in the rapid and localized generation of plasmin to the endothelial cell surface, thereby regulating fibrinolysis.
Mast cell modulation of the vascular and lymphatic endothelium
Authors: Kunder Christian A. , St John Ashley L. , Abraham Soman N.
Published: September 2011

Mast cells (MCs) promote a wide range of localized and systemic inflammatory responses. Their involvement in immediate as well as chronic inflammatory reactions at both local and distal sites points to an extraordinarily powerful immunoregulatory capacity with spatial and temporal versatility. MCs are preferentially found in close proximity to both vascular and lymphatic vessels. On activation, they undergo a biphasic secretory response involving the rapid release of prestored vasoactive mediators followed by de novo synthesized products. Many actions of MCs are related to their capacity to regulate vascular flow and permeability and to the recruitment of various inflammatory cells from the vasculature into inflammatory sites. These mediators often work in an additive fashion and achieve their inflammatory effects locally by directly acting on the vascular and lymphatic endothelia, but they also can affect distal sites. Along these lines, the lymphatic and endothelial vasculatures of the host act as a conduit for the dissemination of MC signals during inflammation. The central role of the MC-endothelial cell axis to immune homeostasis is emphasized by the fact that some of the most effective current treatments for inflammatory disorders are directed at interfering with this interaction.
Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis as a presentation of AIDS in a patient from the Congo: the role of skin biopsy
Authors: Borges-Costa João , Marques Tiago , Soares-Almeida Luís , Sacramento-Marques Manuel
Published: September 2011

Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis is frequently fatal in HIV patients, and the standard diagnostic techniques can cause treatment delay. Skin biopsy can help in the differential diagnosis, allowing also an earlier treatment initiation.
The Pocket Erodometer Test: Development and Preliminary Results
Authors: Briaud J.-L. , Bernhardt M. , Leclair M.
Published: September 2011

Over the last 20 years, several tools have been developed in an effort to quantify the erodibility of a soil; however, they all require a significant amount of time for set up and sample preparation. The pocket erodometer test (PET) is a simple test which can be performed in a few seconds with an inexpensive, compact, and very light instrument. The pocket erodometer is a regulated mini jet impulse generating device. The jet is aimed horizontally at the vertical face of the sample. The depth of the hole in the surface of the sample created by 20 impulses of water is recorded. The hole depth is compared to an erosion chart to determine the erodibility category of the soil. This erosion category allows the engineer to make preliminary decisions in erosion related work. This paper describes the development of the pocket erodometer idea and the PET test procedure as well as the erosion chart. PET results are presented for various soils and compared to previous EFA test results. These parallel tests are used to introduce the values in the erosion chart and easily obtain the erosion category for the soil. The advantages and disadvantages of this very simple tool and its place as a preliminary erosion estimator are also discussed.
Measurement of Total Soil Suction Using Filter Paper: Investigation of Common Filter Papers, Alternative Media, and Corresponding Confidence
Authors: Randy Rainwater N. , McDowell Lori A. , Drumm Eric C.
Published: September 2011

The small range of moisture contents measured with typical filter paper media in test method ASTM D5298 Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper, require that the mass of the paper be measured to 0.0001 g. The accuracy and resolution of several readily available filter papers was investigated, along with investigating a polymer material as a possible alternative media. The importance of calibrating the filter paper was supported by the study, and suggested that because the slope of the calibration curve varies from paper to paper, the filter papers with the capability of measuring a broad range of water contents (low slope of the water content suction calibration curve) provide increased measurement resolution. The polymer media strips were found to have a much greater range of the moisture content than any of the filter papers, providing even greater resolution in the prediction of suction. The polymer strips performed just as well as the filter papers and showed repeatability in the measured suction values. The primary limitation in using polymer material is the lack of mass production of the material in a form suitable for suction measurements.
On The Shear Behavior of Ballast-Geosynthetic Interfaces
Authors: Indraratna Buddhima , Karimullah Hussaini Sd. K. , Vinod J. S.
Published: September 2011

Large-scale direct shear tests were performed to explore the behavior of rail ballast-geogrid interfaces and establish the role of geogrid aperture size on the interface shear strength. Fresh latite ballast with an average particle size (D50) of 35 mm, and seven geogrids with equivalent aperture sizes ranging from 20.8 to 88 mm were used for this current study. The laboratory experimental results confirm that the interface shear strength is influenced by the geogrid aperture size. The interface efficiency factor (α), defined as the ratio of the shear strength of the interface to the internal shear strength of the ballast varies from 0.8 to 1.16, and the ballast-geosynthetic interface friction angles vary from 52 to 67°. Moreover, a criterion to determine the minimum and maximum aperture sizes required to generate the beneficial effects of the geogrid has been identified in this study.
Laboratory Simulation of the Stresses Within Inclined Stopes
Authors: Hung Ting Ching , Sivakugan Nagaratnam , Kumar Shukla Sanjay
Published: September 2011

In the process of mining for earth resources, large underground voids called stopes are created that are later backfilled. For stability analysis of the backfilled stopes, it is necessary to understand the stress developments within the stope while the filling is in progress. Due to an arching effect, a substantial fraction of the fill weight is carried by the stope walls, depending on the physical characteristics of the walls. This paper describes the development of a laboratory model that simulates mine backfilling in an inclined stope and enables determination of the average vertical stress at any depth within the fill. The experimental results are validated against numerical models and stresses determined from an analytical expression. The effect of arching is the least when the stope is inclined at about 80° to the horizontal, giving highest vertical stresses at any depth. This fact is not captured in both the mathematical and numerical models developed in the past and the ones discussed herein. The model tests show that the lateral earth pressure coefficient is closer to K0 for vertical stopes and Ka for inclined stopes. In the case of walls with dissimilar frictional characteristics, the analytical expression can still be used with an average value of the wall-fill friction angle.
Molecular characterization of bovine placental and ovarian 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Authors: Naidansuren Purevjargal , Park Cha-Won , Kim Sang-Hwan , Nanjidsuren Tseeleema , Park Jong-Ju , Yun Seong-Jo , Sim Bo-Woong , Hwang Seongsoo , Kang Myung-Hwa , Ryu Buom-Yong , Hwang Sue-Yun , Yoon Jong-Taek , Yamanouchi Keitaro , Min Kwan-Sik
Published: September 2011

The enzyme 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD) catalyzes the conversion of progesterone to its inactive form, 20α-hydroxyprogesterone. This enzyme plays a critical role in the regulation of luteal function in female mammals. In this study, we conducted the characterization and functional analyses of bovine 20α-HSD from placental and ovarian tissues. The nucleotide sequence of bovine 20α-HSD showed significant homology to that of goats (96%), humans (84%), rabbits (83%), and mice (81%). The mRNA levels increased gradually throughout the estrous cycle, the highest being in the corpus luteum (CL) 1 stage. Northern blot analysis revealed a 1.2 kb mRNA in the bovine placental and ovarian tissues. An antibody specific to bovine 20α-HSD was generated in a rabbit immunized with the purified, recombinant protein. Recombinant 20α-HSD protein produced in mammalian cells had a molecular weight of ∼37 kDa. Bacterially expressed bovine 20α-HSD protein showed enzymatic activity. The expression pattern of the 20α-HSD protein in the pre-parturition placenta and the CL1 stage of the estrous cycle was similar to the level of 20α-HSD mRNA expression. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed that bovine 20α-HSD protein was intensively localized in the large luteal cells during the late estrous cycle.
An Early Loaded Implant-Supported Mandibular Complete Arch Fixed Prosthesis in a Young Completely Edentulous Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Mathew Miriam , John Bobby , George Arun
Published: September 2011

The restoration of the mandibular arch up to the first molars with 5 one-piece implants presents a viable and cost-effective treatment plan in patients with adequate bone volume and favorable ridge relationships. The early loading of the implants with a provisional restoration reduces the period of edentulousness and restores the patient's ability to eat, talk, and smile effectively. Implants in younger patients prevent resorption of the residual alveolar ridge. This article presents a case report of the restoration of an edentulous mandibular arch with an early loaded implant-supported fixed restoration in a young patient.
Clinical, Histological, and Histomorphometrical Analysis of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Using Inorganic Bovine in Humans: Preliminary Results
Authors: Bassil Joseph , Naaman Nada , Lattouf Raed , Kassis Cynthia , Changotade Sylvie , Baroukh Brigitte , Senni Karim , Godeau Gaston
Published: September 2011

The aim of the present study was to evaluate bone formation after maxillary sinus augmentation using bovine bone substitute material Bio-Oss alone by means of clinical, histological, and histomorphometrical examination of human biopsies. Deproteinized bovine bone (DPBB, Bio-Oss) was used to fill cavities after elevation of the sinus mucosa following major sinus pneumatization. Twenty patients with edentulous posterior maxillae were treated with 20 sinus augmentation procedures using a 2-stage technique. Residual lateral maxillary bone height was less than 3 mm. Forty-nine Straumann endosseous implants were used to complete the implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. Forty cylinder-shaped bone biopsies were taken from the augmented maxillary region 8 months after grafting during the second-stage surgery before implant placement. All implants were loaded 3 months after insertion, and no failures were recorded. Histomorphometrical analysis showed an average percentage of newly formed bone of 17.6% (±2.8%) and a proportion of residual bone substitute material of 29.9% (±4.9%) of the total biopsy area. Intimate contact between newly formed bone and Bio-Oss was detected along 28.2% (±6.8%) of the particle surfaces. The results also showed that in all cases, the DPBB granules had been interconnected by bridges of vital newly formed bone. Inorganic bovine bone appears to be biocompatible and osteoconductive, and it can be used with success as a bone substitute in maxillary sinus augmentation procedures.
A Technique for Removal of a Fractured Implant Abutment Screw
Authors: Kurt Murat , Güler Ahmet Umut , Duran İbrahim
Published: September 2011

The aim of this technique report was to present a procedure for removal of a fractured implant abutment screw. Whatever the cause, when an abutment fracture has occurred, the fractured screw segment inside the implant must be removed. The methods used by the clinicians may include the use of an endo-explorer self-made screwdriver and the use of implant repair kit available for some implant systems. The advantage of the presented method is that it may be extended to other implant systems that do not have a special repair kit and also that the technique is simple and does not require special equipment.
Effect of Different Storage Media on the Regenerative Potential of Autogenous Bone Grafts: A Histomorphometrical Analysis in Rabbits
Authors: Rocha Flaviana Soares , Batista Jonas Dantas , Zanetta-Barbosa Darceny , Dechichi Paula
Published: September 2011

The success of autogenous bone graft is related to the graft cell viability. In bone-grafting procedures, harvested grafts are often maintained in extraoral media while the recipient site is prepared. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the effect of storage media over autogenous bone grafts during the transsurgical time. Two grafts were removed bilaterally from the calvaria of 18 rabbits. One graft was immediately fixed in the mandibular angle (control group), and the other was maintained in air exposure (dry group), 0.9% NaCl solution (saline group), or platelet-poor plasma (PPP group) during 30 minutes and stabilized in the symmetrical location of control grafts. After 28 days, the animals were euthanized and the bone fragments were removed, demineralized, and embedded in paraffin. Histological evaluation was performed under light microscope. Empty lacunae and bone graft area quantification were carried out for the sections. The histomorphometrical analysis revealed reduction of the graft area and increase of empty lacunae in the dry group when compared with control. No significant differences were found in the number of empty lacunae or bone graft area between the saline group and its control and also between the PPP group and its control. The dry group showed more empty lacunae and less graft area than the saline and PPP groups. In accordance with the results, PPP and physiologic solution demonstrated osteocyte preservation and bone graft area maintenance, being satisfactory storage media for autogenous bone grafts during the transsurgical period.
Immediate Loading of Single Post-Extractive Implants in the Anterior Maxilla: 12-Month Results From a Multicenter Clinical Study
Authors: Grandi Tommaso , Garuti Giovanna , Samarani Rawad , Guazzi Paolo , Forabosco Andrea
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to evaluate survival and peri-implant bone levels of single, immediately loaded post-extractive implants in the anterior maxilla 12 months after implant placement. Thirty-six consecutive patients from 3 study centers were included in the study. The concerned sites were upper premolars, canines, and incisors. For each patient the following data were recorded: reason for tooth extraction, bone quality, implant size, and final insertion torque. Implants were placed using a flapless technique and immediately loaded with a nonoccluding temporary restoration. Final restorations were provided 4 months later. Peri-implant bone resorption was evaluated radiographically after 6 and 12 months. The average final insertion torque was 70.55 Ncm. One implant inserted in D3 quality bone with a 35-Ncm seating torque was lost. All other implants had a final insertion torque ranging between 50 and 80 Ncm. The average peri-implant bone loss was 0.437 and 0.507 mm at 6 and 12 months, respectively. All the sites maintained excellent papillae and peri-implant soft-tissue conditions. The resulting 1-year success rate was 97.2%. Immediate nonfunctional loading of single post-extractive implants in the anterior maxilla is a predictable treatment. And it seems that achieving high insertion torques by placing self-tapping/self-condensing implants in an underprepared osteotomy is favorable.
Human TCR Transgenic Bet v 1-Specific Th1 Cells Suppress the Effector Function of Bet v 1-Specific Th2 Cells
Authors: Neunkirchner Alina , Leb-Reichl Victoria M. , Schmetterer Klaus G. , Mutschlechner Sonja , Kueng Hans J. , Haiderer Daniela , Schuch Karina , Wallner Michael , Jahn-Schmid Beatrice , Bohle Barbara , Pickl Winfried F.
Published: September 2011

Pollinosis to birch pollen is a common type I allergy in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, birch pollen-allergic individuals sensitized to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 frequently develop allergic reactions to stone fruits, hazelnuts, and certain vegetables due to immunological cross-reactivity. The major T cell epitope Bet v 1142–153 plays an important role in cross-reactivity between the respiratory allergen Bet v 1 and its homologous food allergens. In this study, we cloned and functionally analyzed a human αβ TCR specific for the immunodominant epitope Bet v 1142–153. cDNAs encoding TCR α- and β-chains were amplified from a Bet v 1142–153-specific T cell clone, introduced into Jurkat T cells and peripheral blood T lymphocytes of allergic and nonallergic individuals, and evaluated functionally. The resulting TCR transgenic (TCRtg) T cells responded in an allergen-specific and costimulation-dependent manner to APCs either pulsed with Bet v 1142–153 peptide or coexpressing invariant chain::Bet v 1142–153 fusion proteins. TCRtg T cells responded to Bet v 1-related food and tree pollen allergens that were processed and presented by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Bet v 1142–153-presenting but not Bet v 14–15-presenting artificial APCs coexpressing membrane-bound IL-12 polarized allergen-specific TCRtg T cells toward a Th1 phenotype, producing high levels of IFN-γ. Coculture of such Th1-polarized T cells with allergen-specific Th2-differentiated T cells significantly suppressed Th2 effector cytokine production. These data suggest that human allergen-specific TCR can transfer the fine specificity of the original T cell clone to heterologous T cells, which in turn can be instructed to modulate the effector function of the disease initiating/perpetuating allergen-specific Th2-differentiated T cells.
Ginger Phenylpropanoids Inhibit IL-1β and Prostanoid Secretion and Disrupt Arachidonate-Phospholipid Remodeling by Targeting Phospholipases A2
Authors: Nievergelt Andreas , Marazzi Janine , Schoop Roland , Altmann Karl-Heinz , Gertsch Jürg
Published: September 2011

The rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale) is employed in Asian traditional medicine to treat mild forms of rheumatoid arthritis and fever. We have profiled ginger constituents for robust effects on proinflammatory signaling and cytokine expression in a validated assay using human whole blood. Independent of the stimulus used (LPS, PMA, anti-CD28 Ab, anti-CD3 Ab, and thapsigargin), ginger constituents potently and specifically inhibited IL-1β expression in monocytes/macrophages. Both the calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2)-triggered maturation and the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-dependent secretion of IL-1β from isolated human monocytes were inhibited. In a fluorescence-coupled PLA2 assay, most major ginger phenylpropanoids directly inhibited i/cPLA2 from U937 macrophages, but not hog pancreas secretory phospholipase A2. The effects of the ginger constituents were additive and the potency comparable to the mechanism-based inhibitor bromoenol lactone for iPLA2 and methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate for cPLA2, with 10-gingerol/-shogaol being most effective. Furthermore, a ginger extract (2 μg/ml) and 10-shogaol (2 μM) potently inhibited the release of PGE2 and thromboxane B2 (>50%) and partially also leukotriene B4 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Intriguingly, the total cellular arachidonic acid was increased 2- to 3-fold in U937 cells under all experimental conditions. Our data show that the concurrent inhibition of iPLA2 and prostanoid production causes an accumulation of free intracellular arachidonic acid by disrupting the phospholipid deacylation-reacylation cycle. The inhibition of i/cPLA2, the resulting attenuation of IL-1β secretion, and the simultaneous inhibition of prostanoid production by common ginger phenylpropanoids uncover a new anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism of dietary ginger that may be exploited therapeutically.