bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro-comprehensive planning in Baltic Sea urban local areas
Authors: Berg P. G. , Eriksson T. , Granvik M.
Published: November 2010

Seven key community resources (physical, economic, biological, organisational, social, cultural and aesthetic resources) were studied in each of 22 common local urban townscape areas in 11 cities in the Baltic Sea region. A method was developed for multi-dimensional assessment of the sustainability status of the local communities according to the United Nations Habitat agenda. From an analysis of strong and weak points of the seven resources, a contextual micro-comprehensive plan for sustainable community development was outlined for each local area, comprising three components: universal, townscape-type-specific and place-specific strategies. The research also revealed unique key drivers for change for each area – either a specific problem or a vision for change. By addressing the key drivers, it is suggested that sustainable community development could be more efficiently introduced and implemented.
Dilemmas in developing a sustainable built environment index
Authors: Rydin Y. , Maguire S. , Austin P.
Published: November 2010

Indicators and indices are an important part of contemporary governance, giving a steer to preferred directions of change. Such indicators and indices are prepared not only by governmental bodies but also by non-government, economic and professional organisations. This paper presents a new index, commissioned by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, for measuring zero-carbon capacity in relation to the built environment. The index seeks to incentivise measures to build capacity at the national level for moving towards zero-carbon built environments. The paper discusses the methodological issues involved in preparing the index and the first two runs of results across an international sample. It highlights the choices that are inherent in any such index exercise.
Planning for peak oil: learning from Cuba's ‘special period’
Authors: Piercy E. , Granger R. , Goodier C.
Published: November 2010

It is against recent experiences of proliferative consumption of the earth's resources that planners and politicians must confront the challenge of peak oil over the coming years. With so few examples of peak oil available worldwide, this paper explores the realities of this in Cuba after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 – the so-called special period, which decimated the country's imports of energy, food and other vital supplies. Drawing on primary research collected in Cuba during 2008 and in an attempt to stimulate debate about how western countries and cities might respond to future losses of global resources, this paper examines the policy responses implemented in Cuba in the fields of transport, spatial planning, agriculture and energy. Despite the Cuban situation being politically different from other countries and the fact that the loss of resources during the special period were abrupt and unplanned, it is argued that there is still considerable scope for a wider application of the concepts to other towns and cities, if not countries and cultures.
COMPANION ANIMALS SYMPOSIUM: Microbes and gastrointestinal health of dogs and cats1
Authors: Suchodolski J. S.
Published: November 2010

Recent molecular studies have revealed complex bacterial, fungal, archaeal, and viral communities in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and cats. More than 10 bacterial phyla have been identified, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria constituting more than 99% of all gut microbiota. Microbes act as a defending barrier against invading pathogens, aid in digestion, provide nutritional support for enterocytes, and play a crucial role in the development of the immune system. Of significance for gastrointestinal health is their ability to ferment dietary substrates into short-chain fatty acids, predominantly to acetate, propionate, and butyrate. However, microbes can have also a detrimental effect on host health. Specific pathogens (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens) have been implicated in acute and chronic gastrointestinal disease. Compositional changes in the small intestinal microbiota, potentially leading to changes in intestinal permeability and digestive function, have been suggested in canine small intestinal dysbiosis or antibiotic-responsive diarrhea. There is mounting evidence that microbes play an important role in the pathogenesis of canine and feline inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current theories for the development of IBD favor a combination of environmental factors, the intestinal microbiota, and a genetic susceptibility of the host. Recent studies have revealed a genetic susceptibility for defective bacterial clearance in Boxer dogs with granulomatous colitis. Differential expression of pathogen recognition receptors (i.e., Toll-like receptors) were identified in dogs with chronic enteropathies. Similarly to humans, a microbial dysbiosis has been identified in feline and canine IBD. Commonly observed microbial changes are increased Proteobacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli) with concurrent decreases in Firmicutes, especially a reduced diversity in Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV (i.e., Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium spp.). This would indicate that these bacterial groups, important short-chain fatty acid producers, may play an important role in promoting intestinal health.
Restored Nature, Familiar Culture: Contesting Visions for Preferred Environments in Australian Cities
Authors: Trigger David S. , Head Lesley
Published: November 2010

How are preferences for “native” and “introduced” species of plants and animals given expression in Australian cities? Given the nation's predominantly European cultural heritage, how do urban Australians articulate multiple desires for living environments encountered in everyday life? In examining the cases of inner city parks, backyards, and more general views about flora and fauna appropriate for the city, the paper considers a range of deeply enculturated attachments to familiar landscapes. While residents have considerable interest in the possibilities of urban ecological restoration, our interviews, ethnographic observation, and textual analysis also reveal cultural preferences for introduced species and emplaced attachments to historically modified landscapes. These preferences and attachments are linked to senses of identity developed during formative life experiences. In the relatively young post-settler society of Australia, such drivers of environmental desires can sit uneasily alongside science-driven propositions about what is good for biodiversity and ecological sustainability.
Spontaneous Urban Vegetation: Reflections of Change in a Globalized World
Authors: Tredici Peter Del
Published: November 2010

Urban habitats are characterized by high levels of disturbance, impervious paving, and heat retention. These factors, acting in concert, alter soil, water, and air conditions in ways that promote the growth of stress-tolerant, early-successional vegetation on abandoned or unmaintained land. In most urban areas, a cosmopolitan array of spontaneous plants provide important ecological services that, in light of projected climate change impacts, are likely to become more significant in the future. Learning how to manage spontaneous urban vegetation to increase its ecological and social values may be a more sustainable strategy than attempting to restore historical ecosystems that flourished before the city existed.
Off Track, in Nature: Construction Ecology on Old Rail Lines in Paris and New York
Authors: Foster Jennifer
Published: November 2010

This paper considers the transformation of two decommissioned rail lines, in Paris and New York City, into ecologically-oriented green space. Situating the restoration of these rail lines within dominant trajectories of urbanization helps to understand how ecological restoration projects may function as financial instruments that intensify experiences of social injustice. This paper considers how the design and aesthetics of New York's High Line and Paris' Sentier Nature construct ecologies that also produce environmental subjectivities, and how these spaces reflect uneven investment in nature across urban landscapes. While the two case studies are aesthetically distinct, they are both woven into existing global patterns of urban transformation, and their evolution from disused industrial space to public park shares an emotional attachment to safety that demands removal of threatening inhabitants.
Shades of Green: Measuring the Ecology of Urban Green Space in the Context of Human Health and Well-Being
Authors: Jorgensen Anna , Gobster Paul H.
Published: November 2010

In this paper we review and analyze the recent research literature on urban green space and human health and well-being, with an emphasis on studies that attempt to measure biodiversity and other green space concepts relevant to urban ecological restoration. We first conduct a broad scale assessment of the literature to identify typologies of urban green space and human health and well-being measures, and use a research mapping exercise to detect research priorities and gaps. We then provide a more in-depth assessment of selected studies that use diverse and innovative approaches to measuring the more ecological aspects of urban green space and we evaluate the utility of these approaches in developing urban restoration principles and practices that are responsive to both human and ecological values.
Synthesis of 3-Allylchromones, Homoisoflavones and Bischromones from (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(N,N-Dimethylamino)prop-2-en-1-One
Authors: Panja Suman Kalyan , Maiti Sourav , Bandyopadhyay Chandrakanta
Published: November 2010

( E)-1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-( N,N-dimethylamino)prop-2-en-1-one reacts with allyl bromide, prenyl bromide, benzyl bromide and α,α’-dibromo- p-xylene in DMF to produce 3-allyl-, 3-prenyl-chromones, homoisoflavones and bischromones, respectively. Similar compounds were also obtained by deformylative allylation or benzylation of 3-formylchromone.
Efficient Synthesis of Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidines and Related Fused Systems
Authors: Aly Aly A. , Behalo Mohamed S.
Published: November 2010

The synthetic potency of readily accessible, ethyl 2-amino-4-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenoxy)thiophene-3-carboxylate (1) as a versatile precursor for the synthesis of novel polyfunctionally substituted thienopyrimidines is reported. The latter derivatives undergo further heterocyclisation to the related polycyclic fused systems via reactions with different reagents.
Synthesis of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)Pyridine Derivatives Through Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Geng Li-Jun , Feng Guo-Liang , Yu Jiu-Gao
Published: November 2010

A straightforward and practical approach is established for the synthesis of 2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)pyridine derivatives achieved through the one-pot three-component reaction of chalcone, 3-(2-cyanoacetyl)-1 H-indole and ammonium acetate. This method offers several advantages such as short reaction time, high yields, and simple procedure.
Ytterbium(III) Bis(Perfluorooctanesulfonyl)Imide Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]Pyrans in Fluorous Biphase System
Authors: Hong Mei , Cai Chun
Published: November 2010

Ytterbium(III) bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)imide [Yb(NPf2)3] has been prepared, and used as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 4 H-benzo[ b]pyran derivatives by a one-pot three-component condensation of aldehydes, active methylene compounds, and dimedone in a fluorous biphase system (FBS). The reaction proceeds smoothly and affords the corresponding 4 H-benzo[ b]pyrans in moderate to excellent yields. The catalyst is selectively dissolved in the fluorous phase, can be recovered simply by phase separation and reused several times without any obvious decrease of activity.
Synthesis and Spectral Studies of 2-Salicylidine-4-Aminophenyl Benzimidazole and its Reaction with Divalent Zn, Cd and Hg: Crystal Structure of the Cadmium Bromide Complex
Authors: Chandrakala M. , Sheshadri B.S. , Gowda N.M. Nanje , Murthy K.G.S. , Nagasundara K.R.
Published: November 2010

2-salicylidine-4-aminophenyl benzimidazole (SAPbzlH, LH) has been synthesised and its complexes, formulated as ZnX2L y. nH2O (X = Cl, y = 1.5, n = 1; X = Br, y = 2, n = 2; X = CH3COO, y = 1.5, n = 2), CdX2L.CH3OH.0.5H2O (X = Cl, Br) and HgX2L.nH2O (X = Cl, n = 2; X = Br, n = 0), have been characterised. A single crystal X–ray diffraction study of [Cd2Br4L2].2CH3OH.H2O has revealed its binuclear structure with dibromide and SAPbzlH bridges, the environment around each metal ion being distorted trigonal bipyramidal. A similar structure is envisaged for the chloride analogue of cadmium as well as the mercury complexes.
An Efficient Aerobic Oxidation for p-xylene to p-toluic Acid by Unsymmetrical Schiff Base Manganese(III) Complexes with Pendant Benzo-10-Aza-Crown Ether or Morpholino-Groups
Authors: Li Jian-Zhang , Yang Zhu-Zhu , He Xi-Yang , Zeng Jun , Qin Sheng-Ying
Published: November 2010

Unsymmetrical Schiff base Mn(III) complexes with pendant aza-crown or morpholino groups have been synthesised and studied as catalysts in aerobic oxidation of p-xylene to p-toluic acid (PTA). The oxidation of p-xylene to p-toluic acid with air at 120 °C under normal atmospheric pressure occurred efficiently in the presence of aza-crown ether substituted unsymmetrical Schiff base Mn(III) complexes. Significant selectivity (up to ~90%) and conversion levels (up to ~40%) were obtained. The effect of the pendant aza-crown ether group in Mn(III) Schiff base complexes on the oxidation of p-xylene was also investigated by comparison with the pendant morpholino-group analogues. The addition of Na+ cation accelerated the rate of conversion of p-xylene to p-toluic acid.
Effect of Thermal Treatment of MCM-41 on the Nature and Catalytic Properties of MCM41-supported Alkoxo-Titanium Species in Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides
Authors: Khedher Ilyes , Ghorbel Abdelhamid
Published: November 2010

Titanium tetra-isopropoxide reacts with the silanol groups of MCM41 calcined at two different temperatures, 550 and 750°C, to form well-defined surface organometallic species. For MCM41 calcined at 550°C, the amount of available silanol allows mainly the formation of the bipodal titanium complex, (≡SiO)2Ti(O iPr)2, while calcination at 750°C leads to the formation of the monopodal titanium complex ≡SiO-Ti(O iPr)3. Ti-MCM41(750) was found to be more active and selective in the oxidation of sulfides, compared to Ti–MCM41(550), and this can be attributed to the development of a large amount of tetrahedral isolated titanium (IV) which seems to be the active site in this reaction. In the asymmetric oxidation of sulfide by H2O2, Ti–MCM41(750) was found also more reactive than Ti–MCM41(550), since it develops the singly bonded titanium species, ≡SiO-Ti(O iPr)3, which appears to be the chiral active site in this reaction.
Reactions of 1-Amino-5-Morpholino-6,7,8,9-Tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c] Isoquinoline- 2-Carbonitrile
Authors: El-Dean Adel M. Kamal , Radwan Shaban M. , Zaki Remon M.
Published: November 2010

1-Amino-5-morpholino-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3- c]isoquinoline-2-carbonitrile has been converted to the chloro-acetylamino derivative which was subjected to nucleophilic substitution reactions with different amines. Reaction of 1-amino-5-morpholino-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3- c]isoquinoline- 2-carbonitrile with triethyl orthoformate followed by cyclisation with hydrazine yielded an aminoiminopyrimidine derivative. The latter was used as a starting material for the synthesis of a variety of fused heterocyclic compounds which include triazolopyrimidothienotetrahydroiso-quinolines.
The Role of Molecular Biology in the Biomonitoring of Human Exposure to Chemicals
Authors: Muñoz Balam , Albores Arnulfo
Published: November 2010

Exposure to different substances in an occupational environment is of utmost concern to global agencies such as the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization. Interest in improving work health conditions, particularly of those employees exposed to noxious chemicals, has increased considerably and has stimulated the search for new, more specific and selective tests. Recently, the field of molecular biology has been indicated as an alternative technique for monitoring personnel while evaluating work-related pathologies. Originally, occupational exposure to environmental toxicants was assessed using biochemical techniques to determine the presence of higher concentrations of toxic compounds in blood, urine, or other fluids or tissues; results were used to evaluate potential health risk. However, this approach only estimates the presence of a noxious chemical and its effects, but does not prevent or diminish the risk. Molecular biology methods have become very useful in occupational medicine to provide more accurate and opportune diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the role of the following common techniques: (1) Use of cell cultures; (2) evaluation of gene expression; (3) the “omic” sciences (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) and (4) bioinformatics. We suggest that molecular biology has many applications in occupational health where the data can be applied to general environmental conditions.
Review of the Two-Step H2O/CO2-Splitting Solar Thermochemical Cycle Based on Zn/ZnO Redox Reactions
Authors: Loutzenhiser Peter G. , Meier Anton , Steinfeld Aldo
Published: November 2010

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the work to date on the two‑step solar H2O and/or CO2 splitting thermochemical cycles with Zn/ZnO redox reactions to produce H2 and/or CO, i.e., synthesis gas—the precursor to renewable liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The two-step cycle encompasses: (1) The endothermic dissociation of ZnO to Zn and O2 using concentrated solar energy as the source for high-temperature process heat; and (2) the non-solar exothermic oxidation of Zn with H2O/CO2 to generate H2/CO, respectively; the resulting ZnO is then recycled to the first step. An outline of the underlying science and the technological advances in solar reactor engineering is provided along with life cycle and economic analyses.
A Highly Efficient Bismuth Salts-Catalyzed Route for the Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonates
Authors: Banik Antara , Batta Sahil , Bandyopadhyay Debasish , Banik Bimal K.
Published: November 2010

A convenient synthesis of different types of α-amino phosphonates via one-pot solvent-free three component reactions of aldehydes, amines and phosphites catalyzed by bismuth salts has been investigated. Bismuth triflate is found to be the most effective catalyst for this reaction.
Study on Suitability of KOD DNA Polymerase for Enzymatic Production of Artificial Nucleic Acids Using Base/Sugar Modified Nucleoside Triphosphates
Authors: Kuwahara Masayasu , Takano Yuuki , Kasahara Yuuya , Nara Hiroki , Ozaki Hiroaki , Sawai Hiroaki , Sugiyama Akio , Obika Satoshi
Published: November 2010

Recently, KOD and its related DNA polymerases have been used for preparing various modified nucleic acids, including not only base-modified nucleic acids, but also sugar-modified ones, such as bridged/locked nucleic acid (BNA/LNA) which would be promising candidates for nucleic acid drugs. However, thus far, reasons for the effectiveness of KOD DNA polymerase for such purposes have not been clearly elucidated. Therefore, using mutated KOD DNA polymerases, we studied here their catalytic properties upon enzymatic incorporation of nucleotide analogues with base/sugar modifications. Experimental data indicate that their characteristic kinetic properties enabled incorporation of various modified nucleotides. Among those KOD mutants, one achieved efficient successive incorporation of bridged nucleotides with a 2′-ONHCH2CH2-4′ linkage. In this study, the characteristic kinetic properties of KOD DNA polymerase for modified nucleoside triphosphates were shown, and the effectiveness of genetic engineering in improvement of the enzyme for modified nucleotide polymerization has been demonstrated.
Spiritual Needs of Patients with Chronic Diseases
Authors: Büssing Arndt , Koenig Harold G.
Published: November 2010

For many patients confronted with chronic diseases, spirituality/religiosity is an important resource for coping. Patients often report unmet spiritual and existential needs, and spiritual support is also associated with better quality of life. Caring for spiritual, existential and psychosocial needs is not only relevant to patients at the end of their life but also to those suffering from long-term chronic illnesses. Spiritual needs may not always be associated with life satisfaction, but sometimes with anxiety, and can be interpreted as the patients’ longing for spiritual well-being. The needs for peace, health and social support are universal human needs and are of special importance to patients with long lasting courses of disease. The factor, Actively Giving, may be of particular importance because it can be interpreted as patients’ intention to leave the role of a `passive sufferer´ to become an active, self-actualizing, giving individual. One can identify four core dimensions of spiritual needs, i.e., Connection, Peace, Meaning/Purpose, and Transcendence, which can be attributed to underlying psychosocial, emotional, existential, and religious needs. The proposed model can provide a conceptual framework for further research and clinical practice. In fact, health care that addresses patients’ physical, emotional, social, existential and spiritual needs (referring to a bio-psychosocial-spiritual model of health care) will contribute to patients’ improvement and recovery. Nevertheless, there are several barriers in the health care system that makes it difficult to adequately address these needs.
Medicine for the Spirit: Religious Coping in Individuals with Medical Conditions
Authors: Cummings Jeremy P. , Pargament Kenneth I.
Published: November 2010

Religious coping now represents a key variable of interest in research on health outcomes, not only because many individuals turn to their faith in times of illness, but also because studies have frequently found that religious coping is associated with desirable health outcomes. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with recent investigations of religious coping in samples with medical conditions. The present article will begin by describing a conceptual model of religious coping. The article will then provide data on the prevalence of religious coping in a range of samples. After presenting findings that illustrate the general relationship between religious coping and health outcomes, the article will review more specific pathways through which religious coping is thought to impact health. These pathways include shaping individuals’ active coping with health problems, influencing patients’ emotional responses to illness, fostering social support, and facilitating meaning making. This article will also address the darker side of religious coping, describing forms of coping that are linked to negative outcomes. Examples of religious coping interventions will also be reviewed. Finally, we will close with suggestions for future work in this important field of research.
Riding Quality Model for Asphalt Pavement Monitoring Using Phase Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR)
Authors: Suanpaga Weerakaset , Yoshikazu Kamiya
Published: November 2010

There are difficulties associated with near-real time or frequent pavement monitoring, because it is time consuming and costly. This study aimed to develop a binary logit model for the evaluation of highway riding quality, which could be used to monitor pavement conditions. The model was applied to investigate the influence of backscattering values of Phase Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR). Training data obtained during 3–7 May 2007 was used in the development process, together with actual international roughness index (IRI) values collected along a highway in Ayutthaya province, Thailand. The analysis showed that an increase in the backscattering value in the HH or the VV polarization indicated the poor condition of the pavement surface and, of the two, the HH polarization is more suitable for developing riding quality evaluation. The model developed was applied to analyze highway number 3467, to demonstrate its capability. It was found that the assessment accuracy of the prediction of the highway level of service was 97.00%. This is a preliminary study of the proposed technique and more intensive investigation must be carried out using ALOS/PALSAR images in various seasons.
Mind the Gap: How Some Viruses Infect Their Hosts
Authors: Prevelige Peter E.
Published: November 2010

Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) provide structural insights into complex biological processes. The podoviridae are dsDNA containing phage with short, non-contractile tails which nevertheless translocate their DNA into the cytoplasm of their host cells. Liu et al. [1] used a combination of cryo-EM and cryo-ET to study the structural changes accompanying infection of P. marinus by the phage P-SSP7 and thereby provide unique molecular insight into the process by which the DNA transits from phage to host during infection.
Regionalization of SWAT Model Parameters for Use in Ungauged Watersheds
Authors: Gitau Margaret W. , Chaubey Indrajeet
Published: November 2010

There has been a steady shift towards modeling and model-based approaches as primary methods of assessing watershed response to hydrologic inputs and land management, and of quantifying watershed-wide best management practice (BMP) effectiveness. Watershed models often require some degree of calibration and validation to achieve adequate watershed and therefore BMP representation. This is, however, only possible for gauged watersheds. There are many watersheds for which there are very little or no monitoring data available, thus the question as to whether it would be possible to extend and/or generalize model parameters obtained through calibration of gauged watersheds to ungauged watersheds within the same region. This study explored the possibility of developing regionalized model parameter sets for use in ungauged watersheds. The study evaluated two regionalization methods: global averaging, and regression-based parameters, on the SWAT model using data from priority watersheds in Arkansas. Resulting parameters were tested and model performance determined on three gauged watersheds. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies (NS) for stream flow obtained using regression-based parameters (0.53–0.83) compared well with corresponding values obtained through model calibration (0.45–0.90). Model performance obtained using global averaged parameter values was also generally acceptable (0.4 ≤ NS ≤ 0.75). Results from this study indicate that regionalized parameter sets for the SWAT model can be obtained and used for making satisfactory hydrologic response predictions in ungauged watersheds.
A Nonredundant Role for Canonical NF-κB in Human Myeloid Dendritic Cell Development and Function
Authors: van de Laar Lianne , van den Bosch Aniek , van der Kooij Sandra W. , Janssen Harry L. A. , Coffer Paul J. , van Kooten Cees , Woltman Andrea M.
Published: November 2010

The plastic role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the regulation of immune responses has made them interesting targets for immunotherapy, but also for pathogens or tumors to evade immunity. Functional alterations of DCs are often ascribed to manipulation of canonical NF-κB activity. However, though this pathway has been linked to murine myeloid DC biology, a detailed analysis of its importance in human myeloid DC differentiation, survival, maturation, and function is lacking. The myeloid DC subsets include interstitial DCs and Langerhans cells. In this study, we investigated the role of canonical NF-κB in human myeloid DCs generated from monocytes (monocyte-derived DCs [mo-DCs]) or CD34+ progenitors (CD34-derived myeloid DCs [CD34-mDCs]). Inhibition of NF-κB activation during and after mo-DC, CD34-interstitial DC, or CD34-Langerhans cell differentiation resulted in apoptosis induction associated with caspase 3 activation and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Besides regulating survival, canonical NF-κB activity was required for the acquisition of a DC phenotype. Despite phenotypic differences, however, Ag uptake, costimulatory molecule and CCR7 expression, as well as T cell stimulatory capacity of cells generated under NF-κB inhibition were comparable to control DCs, indicating that canonical NF-κB activity during differentiation is redundant for the development of functional APCs. However, both mo-DC and CD34-mDC functionality were reduced by NF-κB inhibition during activation. In conclusion, canonical NF-κB activity is essential for the development and function of mo-DCs as well as CD34-mDCs. Insight into the role of this pathway may help in understanding how pathogens and tumors escape immunity and aid in developing novel treatment strategies aiming to interfere with human immune responses.
The Igκ Gene Enhancers, E3′ and Ed, Are Essential for Triggering Transcription
Authors: Zhou Xiaorong , Xiang Yougui , Garrard William T.
Published: November 2010

The mouse Igκ gene locus has three known transcriptional enhancers: an intronic enhancer (Ei), a 3′ enhancer (E3′), and a further downstream enhancer (Ed). Previous studies on B lymphocytes derived from mutant embryonic stem cells have shown that deletion of either Ei or E3′ significantly reduces Igκ gene rearrangement, whereas the combined deletion of both Ei and E3′ eliminates such recombination. Furthermore, deletion of either E3′ or Ed significantly reduces rearranged Igκ gene transcription. To determine whether the combined presence of both E3′ and Ed are essential for Igκ gene expression, we generated homozygous double knockout (DKO) mice with targeted deletions in both elements. Significantly, homozygous DKO mice were unable to generate κ+ B cells both in bone marrow and the periphery and exhibited surface expression almost exclusively of Igλ-chains, despite the fact that they possessed potentially functional rearranged Igκ genes. Compared with their single-enhancer–deleted counterparts, Igκ loci in homozygous DKO mice exhibited dramatically reduced germline and rearranged gene transcription, lower levels of gene rearrangement and histone H3 acetylation, and markedly increased DNA methylation. This contributed to a partial developmental block at the pre-B cell stage of development. We conclude that the two downstream enhancers are essential in Igκ gene expression and that Ei in homozygous DKO mice is incapable of triggering Igκ gene transcription. Furthermore, these results reveal unexpected compensatory roles for Ed in E3′ knockout mice in triggering germline transcription and Vκ gene rearrangements to both Jκ and RS elements.
Cutting Edge: The Transcription Factor Kruppel-Like Factor 4 Regulates the Differentiation of Th17 Cells Independently of RORγt
Authors: Lebson Lori , Gocke Anne , Rosenzweig Jason , Alder Jonathan , Civin Curt , Calabresi Peter A. , Whartenby Katharine A.
Published: November 2010

Th17 cells play a significant role in inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Although a number of molecular pathways that contribute to the lineage differentiation of T cells have been discovered, the mechanisms by which lineage commitment occurs are not fully understood. Transcription factors play a key role in driving T cells toward specific lineages. We have identified a role for the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 4 in the development of IL-17–producing CD4+ T cells. KLF4 was required for the production of IL-17, and further, chromatin immunoprecipation analysis demonstrated binding of KLF4 to the IL-17 promoter, indicating a direct effect on the regulation of IL-17. Further, KLF4-deficient T cells upregulated expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt similar to wild-type during the polarization process toward Th17, suggesting that these two transcription factors are regulated independently.
Emergent Properties Resulting from Type‐II Band Alignment in Semiconductor Nanoheterostructures
Authors: Lo Shun S. , Mirkovic Tihana , Chuang Chi‐Hung , Burda Clemens , Scholes Gregory D.
Published: November 2010

The development of elegant synthetic methodologies for the preparation of monocomponent nanocrystalline particles has opened many possibilities for the preparation of heterostructured semiconductor nanostructures. Each of the integrated nanodomains is characterized by its individual physical properties, surface chemistry, and morphology, yet, these multicomponent hybrid particles present ideal systems for the investigation of the synergetic properties that arise from the material combination in a non‐additive fashion. Of particular interest are type‐II heterostructures, where the relative band alignment of their constituent semiconductor materials promotes a spatial separation of the electron and hole following photoexcitation, a highly desirable property for photovoltaic applications. This article highlights recent progress in both synthetic strategies, which allow for material and architectural modulation of novel nanoheterostructures, as well as the experimental work that provides insight into the photophysical properties of type‐II heterostructures. The effects of external factors, such as electric fields, temperature, and solvent are explored in conjunction with exciton and multiexciton dynamics and charge transfer processes typical for type‐II semiconductor heterostructures.
Structural development of poly(ethylene terephthalate) during uniaxial stretching above the glass‐transition temperature: Study of the statistical influence of the stretching variables
Authors: Todorov Lyudmil V. , Martins Carla I. , Viana Júlio C.
Published: November 2010

In this article, we present an investigation of the structural development of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) during uniaxial stretching above the glass‐transition temperature; this followed a statistical design of experiment approach to determine the influence of the stretching variables on the structural development. Amorphous PET was submitted to a stretching program with variations in the stretching temperature (Tst), stretching rate (
$\dot {\varepsilon}_{st}$), and stretching ratio (λst). Stretched samples were rapidly quenched and characterized by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, optical birefringence, and differential scanning calorimetry. The relevance and influence of the stretching variables on the obtained parameters (phase fraction, phase orientation, and thermal parameters) were analyzed. The strain‐induced crystallinity was controlled by Tst, λst, and the interactions between them. Mesophase development was not dependant on Tst but on the interactions between
$\dot {\varepsilon}_{st}$
and λst. The molecular orientation was proportionally dependent on Tst, λst, and their interactions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer coatings with the multiple bulk copolymerization method for solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Hu Xiaogang , Pan Jialiang , Hu Yuling , Li Gongke
Published: November 2010

The multiple bulk copolymerization method, which was developed in our previous works, was further investigated with prometryn, tetracycline, and propranolol as templates for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coatings on silicon fibers for solid‐phase microextraction. The preparation conditions (e.g., the solvent, monomer, crosslinker, component proportions, polymerization time, and number of coating procedures) were investigated systemically in an effort to enhance the coating thickness, surface morphology, and reproducibility. The methodology was examined, and some common specialties were explored in the preparation of three MIP‐coated fibers. Even after the coating procedure was repeated 10 times, the prometryn, tetracycline, and propranolol MIP‐coated fibers were prepared reproducibly with coating‐thickness relative standard deviations of 2.6, 3.0, and 5.1%, respectively; they were highly homogeneous, and a compact morphological structure was obtained. The extraction capacities of prometryn, tetracycline, and propranolol with corresponding MIP‐coated fibers were approximately 10.4, 3.9, and 3.3 times as much as those with the nonimprinted polymer (NIP)‐coated fibers, respectively, and the selectivity factors of prometryn, tetracycline, and propranolol MIP coatings for the template molecules and structural analogues were 2.2–10.4, 2.2–3.9, and 1.3–3.3, respectively, in comparison with the corresponding NIP coatings. In comparison with commercial polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene coatings that were approximately 3 times thicker, the extracted amounts of prometryn, tetracycline, and propranolol were 4.2, 12.3, and 7.7 times higher with prometryn, tetracycline, and propranolol MIP coatings, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The outcome of 5‐ALA‐mediated photodynamic treatment in melanoma cells is influenced by vitamin C and heme oxygenase‐1
Authors: Grimm Stefanie , Mvondo Dagmar , Grune Tilman , Breusing Nicolle
Published: November 2010

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an important clinical approach for cancer treatment. It involves the administration of a photosensitizer, followed by its activation with light and induction of cell death. The underlying mechanism is an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to oxidative stress, which is followed by cell death. However, effectiveness of PDT is limited due to an initiation of endogenous rescue response systems like heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) in tumor cells. In recent years, consuming of antioxidant supplements has become widespread, but the effect of exogenously applied antioxidants on cancer therapy outcome remains unclear. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate if exogenous antioxidants might decrease ROS‐induced cytotoxicity in photodynamic treatment. Lycopene, β‐carotene, vitamin C, N‐acetylcysteine, trolox, and N‐tert‐butyl‐α‐phenylnitrone in different doses were administered to human melanoma cells prior exposure to photodynamic treatment. Supplementation with vitamin C resulted in a significant decrease of the cell death rate, whereas the other tested antioxidants had no effect on cell viability and oxidative stress markers. The simultaneous application of vitamin C with the HO‐1 activity inhibitor zinc protoporphyrine IX (ZnPPIX) caused a considerable decrease of photodynamic treatment‐induced cytotoxicity compared to ZnPPIX alone. It can be summarized that exogenously applied antioxidants do not have a leading role in the protective response against photodynamic treatment. However, further studies are necessary to investigate more antioxidants and other substances, which might affect the outcome of photodynamic treatment in cancer therapy.
The antianxiety‐like effect of astaxanthin extracted from Paracoccus carotinifaciens
Authors: Nishioka Yasushi , Oyagi Atsushi , Tsuruma Kazuhiro , Shimazawa Masamitsu , Ishibashi Takashi , Hara Hideaki
Published: November 2010

Astaxanthin is a red carotenoid pigment and is widely found in living organisms. Astaxanthin has a potent antioxidative ability and has been reported as having various biological effects on the central nerve system, such as a protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury and improvement in cognitive function. In this study, to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on anxiety and depression, we performed some behavioral trials including the elevated plus maze test, hole‐board test, forced swim test, and tail suspension test. Astaxanthin (100 and 300 mg/kg/day for 10 days, p.o.) significantly increased the time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze test and increased the head‐dipping count and duration in the hole‐board test. On the other hand, astaxanthin (10, 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg/day for 10 days, p.o.) did not change the immobility time in the forced swim test or the tail suspension test. In conclusion, in mice, astaxanthin exerted anxiolytic‐like effects, but not antidepressant‐like effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Redetermination of Na3TaF8.
Authors: Langer Vratislav , Smrcok Lubomir , Boca Miroslav
Published: November 2010

The crystal structure of Na3TaF8 is redetermined at 153 K and well determined bond distances and angles are provided.
ChemInform Abstract: The Oxygen Deficient Cubic Perovskite SrFe1‐xScxO3‐δ (x ≤ 0.5; 0.1 ≤ δ ≤ 0.5): Structural Features and Physical Properties.
Authors: Rizki Youssef , Breard Yohann , Le Breton Jean‐Marie , Folcke Emeric , Lechevallier Luc , Kobayashi Wataru , Maignan Antoine
Published: November 2010

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reactions of SrO2, Fe2O3, and Sc2O3 (1200 °C, 12 h) and characterized by XRD, 57Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy, TEM, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchona Alkaloid Ester Derivatives as Ligands in the Asymmetric Dihydroxylation and Aminohydroxylation of Alkenes.
Authors: Chen Hui , Wang Qiao Feng , Sun Xiao Li , Luo Jing , Jiang Ru
Published: November 2010

A range of new cinchona alkaloid ester derivatives having a phthaloyl or pyridyl spacer group are synthesized and successfully applied as chiral ligands in the title asymmetric hydroxylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroalkenes Using a Primary Amino Acid Lithium Salt.
Authors: Yoshida Masanori , Sato Atsushi , Hara Shoji
Published: November 2010

Enantioselective Michael addition of aldehydes to various aromatic nitroalkenes is successfully carried out by the present new procedure catalyzed by L‐phenylalanine lithium salt, affording γ‐nitroaldehydes in good yields and high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Room‐Temperature Cycloisomerization of Alkynes and Unactivated Enolizable Ketones.
Authors: Davies Paul W. , Detty‐Mambo Christelle
Published: November 2010

This new method for cycloisomerization of unactivated ketones with alkynes proceeds under gold catalysis at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethyl Nitrones: From Fluoral to Optically Active Hydroxylamines.
Authors: Milcent Thierry , Hinks Nathan , Bonnet‐Delpon Daniele , Crousse Benoit
Published: November 2010

A novel method for the preparation of trifluoromethyl nitrones is presented which is also applicable to optically active compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Primary Aryl Amines Through a Copper‐Assisted Aromatic Substitution Reaction with Sodium Azide.
Authors: Markiewicz John T. , Wiest Olaf , Helquist Paul
Published: November 2010

It provides a convenient approach to a wide range of primary aryl amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Reliable and Diverse Synthesis of Aryl Azides Through Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of Boronic Acids or Esters with TMSN3.
Authors: Li Yu , Gao Lian‐Xun , Han Fu‐She
Published: November 2010

The present method offers several advantages over the available methods that include an increased safeness and a broadened functional group compatibility.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclen‐Catalyzed Henry Reaction under Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Vovard‐Le Bray Chloe , Jiang Fan , Wu Xiao‐Feng , Sortais Jean‐Baptiste , Darcel Christophe
Published: November 2010

The procedure allows the preparation of a broad spectrum of β‐nitro alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Brucine N‐Oxide‐Catalyzed Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Vinyl Ketones: A Mechanistic Implication of Dual Catalyst System with Proline.
Authors: Oh Kyungsoo , Li Jian‐Yuan , Ryu Jinhyang
Published: November 2010

Amine N‐oxide‐catalyzed Morita—Baylis—Hillman reaction of vinyl ketones with various aldehydes (Ia‐h) results in the formation of racemic products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Approach to Optically Active α‐Alkylidene‐β‐amino Esters by Thermal Overman Rearrangement.
Authors: Lee Sung Il , Moon Soon Young , Hwang Geum‐Sook , Ryu Do Hyun
Published: November 2010

The rearrangement of various racemic hydroxycarboxylic ester substrates is investigated in the presence of (II) to give the (E)‐configurated amino acid esters nearly exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Highly Enantioselective Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of Brassard′s Diene with Aromatic Aldehydes by Combined Lewis Acid Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Guowei , Zhao Jinfeng , Zhou Yuhan , Wang Baomin , Qu Jingping
Published: November 2010

The catalyst generated promotes the asymmetric reaction of the diene (I) with aromatic and conjugated aldehydes to give functionalized esters of type (III) with excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Catalytic N‐Phosphonyl Imine Chemistry: The Use of Primary Free Amino Acids and Et2AlCN for Asymmetric Catalytic Strecker Reaction.
Authors: Kaur Parminder , Pindi Suresh , Wever Walter , Rajale Trideep , Li Guigen
Published: November 2010

A new and efficient method allows formation of various arylated α‐amino nitriles with excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Chelation‐Assisted Pentafluorophenylation of Oximes.
Authors: Levin Vitalii V. , Gritsenko Roman T. , Dilman Alexander D. , Belyakov Pavel A. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Arkhipov Dmitry E. , Struchkova Marina I. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A.
Published: November 2010

Pentafluorophenylation of salicylic aldehyde oximes is easily achieved via their preliminary transformation into difluoroboryl chelate complexes of type (II), which react with (C6F5)3SiF.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Substituent Effects on the Selectivity of 4π‐Electrocyclization of 1,3‐Diarylallylic Cations for the Formation of Highly Substituted Indenes.
Authors: Smith Chris D. , Rosocha Gregory , Mui Leo , Batey Robert A.
Published: November 2010

Both nature and position of the substituents have a strong effect on the regio‐ and chemoselective outcome of the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Utility of Allylic Azides for the Synthesis of Fused Triazoles and Tetrazoles via Intramolecular Cycloaddition.
Authors: Mishra Amita , Hutait Samiran , Bhowmik Subhendu , Rastogi Neeraj , Roy Raja , Batra Sanjay
Published: November 2010

Starting from Baylis—Hillman adducts, the synthesis of different annulated triazoles and tetrazoles using an intramolecular cycloaddition approach is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Fluoroalkanesulfonyl Azides with Pyrrole and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Xiong Wanting , Xin Yong , Han Jianwei , Zhu Shizheng
Published: November 2010

The reactions between the title compounds proceed smoothly under mild conditions affording the 3‐(fluoroalkanesulfonylamido) pyrroles (III) and (V) as exclusive products in good to very good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Aminoenone via Direct Reaction of the Chloroalkyl Enone with NaN3: Rapid Access to Polycyclic Alkaloids.
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Ming , Gu Peiming , Tu Yong‐Qiang , Zhang Hai‐Jun , Zhang Qing‐Wei , Fan Chun‐An
Published: November 2010

The formation of the target compounds proceeds via formation of triazoline intermediates and subsequent 1,2‐migration.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Construction of Spiro[4H‐pyran‐3,3′‐oxindoles] Through a Domino Knoevenagel/Michael/Cyclization Sequence Catalyzed by Cupreine.
Authors: Chen Wen‐Bing , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Pei Qing‐Lan , Cun Lin‐Feng , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng
Published: November 2010

The process is highly efficient for the preparation of alkaloid structures and drug candidates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity Evaluation of Some Sulfonamide and Amidine Derivatives of 4‐Aryl‐3‐(2 or 4‐picolyl)‐2‐imino‐4‐thiazolines.
Authors: Sondhi Sham M. , Dwivedi Amrender Dhar , Singh Jaiveer , Gupta P. P.
Published: November 2010

Compound (VIIa) exhibits antiinflammatory activity comparable to that of ibuprofen.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Modification of Substituted 2‐Azaanthraquinones.
Authors: Welzel Thomas , Weiss Dieter , Beckert Rainer , Goerls Helmar
Published: November 2010

The complex cycloaddition—ring transformation reaction of pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrazines (I) with substituted naphthoquinones is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diarylazolo[a]pyridines from [(Z)‐2,4‐Diaryl‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenyl]azolium Salts
Authors: Potikha L. M. , Turelyk A. R. , Kovtunenko V. A. , Turov A. V.
Published: November 2010

via base initiated cyclization of corresponding quaternary azolium salts