bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of three-dimensional small scale structures in upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric composition as measured by GLORIA
Authors: Kaufmann M. , Blank J. , Guggenmoser T. , Ungermann J. , Engel A. , Ern M. , Friedl-Vallon F. , Gerber D. , Grooss J. U. , Guenther G. , Höpfner M. , Kleinert A. , Latzko Th. , Maucher G. , Neubert T. , Nordmeyer H. , Oelhaf H. , Olschewski F. , Orphal J. , Preusse P. , Schlager H. , Schneider H. , Schuettemeyer D. , Stroh F. , Suminska-Ebersoldt O. , Vogel B. , Volk C. M. , Woiwode W. , Riese M.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The three-dimensional quantification of small scale processes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is one of the challenges of current atmospheric research and requires the development of new measurement strategies. This work presents first results from the newly developed Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) obtained during the ESSenCe and TACTS/ESMVal aircraft campaigns. The focus of this work is on the so-called dynamics mode data characterized by a medium spectral and a very high spatial resolution. The retrieval strategy for the derivation of two- and three-dimensional constituent fields in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is presented. Uncertainties of the main retrieval targets (temperature, O3, HNO3 and CFC-12) and their spatial resolution are discussed. During ESSenCe, high resolution two-dimensional cross-sections have been obtained. Comparisons to collocated remote-sensing and in-situ data indicate a good agreement between the data sets. During TACTS/ESMVal a tomographic flight pattern to sense an intrusion of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere has been performed. This filament could be reconstructed with an unprecedented spatial resolution of better than 500 m vertically and 20 km × 20 km horizontally.
Forest summer albedo is sensitive to species and thinning: how should we account for this in Earth system models?
Authors: Otto J. , Berveiller D. , Bréon F.-M. , Delpierre N. , Geppert G. , Granier A. , Jans W. , Knohl A. , Kuusk A. , Longdoz B. , Moors E. , Mund M. , Pinty B. , Schelhaas M.-J. , Luyssaert S.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Although forest management is one of the instruments proposed to mitigate climate change, the relationship between forest management and canopy albedo has been ignored so far by climate models. Here we develop an approach that could be implemented in Earth system models. A stand-level forest gap model is combined with a canopy radiation transfer model and satellite-derived model parameters to quantify the effects of forest thinning on summertime canopy albedo. This approach reveals which parameter has the largest affect on summer canopy albedo: we examined the effects of three forest species (pine, beech, oak) and four thinning strategies with a constant forest floor albedo (light to intense thinning regimes) and five different solar zenith angles at five different sites (40° N 9° E–60° N 9° E). During stand establishment, summertime canopy albedo is driven by tree species. In the later stages of stand development, the effect of tree species on summertime canopy albedo decreases in favour of an increasing influence of forest thinning. These trends continue until the end of the rotation, where thinning explains up to 50% of the variance in near-infrared albedo and up to 70% of the variance in visible canopy albedo. The absolute summertime canopy albedo of all species ranges from 0.03 to 0.06 (visible) and 0.20 to 0.28 (near-infrared); thus the albedo needs to be parameterised at species level. In addition, Earth system models need to account for forest management in such a way that structural changes in the canopy are described by changes in leaf area index and crown volume (maximum change of 0.02 visible and 0.05 near-infrared albedo) and that the expression of albedo depends on the solar zenith angle (maximum change of 0.02 visible and 0.05 near-infrared albedo). Earth system models taking into account these parameters would not only be able to examine the spatial effects of forest management but also the total effects of forest management on climate.
Atmospheric inversion of the surface carbon flux with consideration of the spatial distributions of US crop production and consumption
Authors: Chen J. M. , Fung J. W. , Mo G. , Deng F. , West T. O.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In order to improve quantification of the spatial distribution of carbon sinks and sources in the conterminous USA, we conduct a~nested global atmospheric inversion with consideration of the spatial information of crop production and consumption. Spatially distributed county-level cropland net primary productivity, harvested biomass, soil carbon change, and human and livestock consumption data over the conterminous USA are used for this purpose. Time-dependent Bayesian synthesis inversions are conducted based on CO2 observations at 210 stations to infer CO2 fluxes globally at monthly time steps with a nested focus on 30 regions in North America. Prior land surface carbon fluxes are first generated using a biospheric model, and the inversions are constrained using prior fluxes with and without adjustments for crop production and consumption over the 2002–2007 period. After these adjustments, the inverted regional carbon sink in the US Midwest increases from 0.25 ± 0.03 Pg C yr−1 to 0.42 ± 0.13 Pg C yr−1, whereas the large sink in the US Southeast forest region is weakened from 0.41 ± 0.12 Pg C yr−1 to 0.29 ± 0.12 Pg C yr−1. These adjustments also reduce the inverted sink in the West region from 0.066 ± 0.04 Pg C yr−1 to 0.040 ± 0.02 Pg C yr−1 because of high crop consumption and respiration by humans and livestock. The general pattern of sink increase in crop production areas and sink decreases (or source increases) in crop consumption areas highlights the importance of considering the lateral carbon transfer in crop products in atmospheric inverse modeling, which provides an atmospheric perspective of the overall carbon balance of a region.
Biogeochemical variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean during the monsoon transition
Authors: Strutton P. G. , Coles V. J. , Hood R. R. , Matear R. J. , McPhaden M. J. , Phillips H. E.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In this paper we examine time-series measurements of near-surface chlorophyll concentration from a mooring that was deployed at 80.5° E on the equator in the Indian Ocean in 2010. These data reveal at least six striking spikes in chlorophyll in October through December, with approximately 2 week periodicity, that coincide with the development of the fall Wyrtki jets during the transition between the summer and winter monsoons. Concurrent meteorological and in situ physical measurements from the mooring reveal that the chlorophyll pulses are associated with intensification of eastward winds at the surface and eastward currents in the mixed layer. These observations are inconsistent with upwelling dynamics as occurs in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, since eastward winds that force Wyrtki jet intensification should drive downwelling. The chlorophyll spikes could be explained by two alternative mechanisms: (1) turbulent entrainment of nutrients and/or chlorophyll from across the base of the mixed layer by wind stirring or Wyrtki jet-induced shear instability; or (2) enhanced horizontal advection of high chlorophyll concentrations into the convergent equatorial zone. The first mechanism is supported by the phasing and amplitude of the relationship between wind stress and chlorophyll, which suggests that the chlorophyll spikes are the result of turbulent entrainment driven by synoptic zonal wind events. The second mechanism is supported by satellite chlorophyll observations that reveal a clear connection between the increased chlorophyll concentrations at the mooring location and larger-scale topographic wake effects from the Chagos–Lacadive Ridge upstream. The biweekly periodicity of the chlorophyll spikes appears to be related to the presence of mixed Rossby-gravity waves, also known as Yanai waves, which can be seen throughout the time-series as a biweekly periodicity in the meridional velocities with upward phase propagation. Consistent with hypothesis 2, eastward flows over the Chagos–Lacadive Ridge generate high chlorophyll concentrations to the north of the equator and periodic southward advection in the meridional flows associated with Yanai waves produces the chlorophyll spikes that are observed in the mooring record. Yanai waves may also contribute to vertical shear across the base of the mixed layer that could help support entrainment. The OFAM3 eddy-resolving model suggests that both of our proposed mechanisms may be important. Climatological satellite chlorophyll data show that the elevated chlorophyll concentrations in this region are consistently observed year after year and so are reflective of recurring large-scale wind and circulation-induced productivity enhancement in the central equatorial Indian Ocean.
A new WRF-Chem treatment for studying regional scale impacts of cloud-aerosol interactions in parameterized cumuli
Authors: Berg L. K. , Shrivastava M. , Easter R. C. , Fast J. D. , Chapman E. G. , Liu Y.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. A new treatment of cloud-aerosol interactions within parameterized shallow and deep convection has been implemented in WRF-Chem that can be used to better understand the aerosol lifecycle over regional to synoptic scales. The modifications to the model to represent cloud-aerosol interactions include treatment of the cloud droplet number mixing ratio; key cloud microphysical and macrophysical parameters (including the updraft fractional area, updraft and downdraft mass fluxes, and entrainment) averaged over the population of shallow clouds, or a single deep convective cloud; and vertical transport, activation/resuspension, aqueous chemistry, and wet removal of aerosol and trace gases in warm clouds. These changes have been implemented in both the WRF-Chem chemistry packages as well as the Kain–Fritsch cumulus parameterization that has been modified to better represent shallow convective clouds. Preliminary testing of the modified WRF-Chem has been completed using observations from the Cumulus Humilis Aerosol Processing Study (CHAPS) as well as a high-resolution simulation that does not include parameterized convection. The simulation results are used to investigate the impact of cloud-aerosol interactions on regional scale transport of black carbon (BC), organic aerosol (OA), and sulfate aerosol. Based on the simulations presented here, changes in the column integrated BC can be as large as −50% when cloud-aerosol interactions are considered (due largely to wet removal), or as large as +40% for sulfate in non-precipitating conditions due to the sulfate production in the parameterized clouds. The modifications to WRF-Chem version 3.2.1 are found to account for changes in the cloud drop number concentration (CDNC) and changes in the chemical composition of cloud-drop residuals in a way that is consistent with observations collected during CHAPS. Efforts are currently underway to port the changes described here to WRF-Chem version 3.5, and it is anticipated that they will be included in a future public release of WRF-Chem.
MM5 v3.6.1 and WRF v3.2.1 model comparison of standard and surface energy variables in the development of the planetary boundary layer
Authors: Wilmot C.-S. M. , Rappenglück B. , Li X.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Air quality forecasting requires atmospheric weather models to generate accurate meteorological conditions, one of which is the development of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). An important contributor to the development of the PBL is the land-air exchange captured in the energy budget as well as turbulence parameters. Standard and surface energy variables were modeled using the fifth-generation Penn State/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model (MM5), version 3.6.1, and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, version 3.2.1, and compared to measurements for a southeastern Texas coastal region. The study period was 28 August–1 September 2006. It also included a frontal passage. The results of the study are ambiguous. Although WRF does not perform as well as MM5 in predicting PBL heights, it better simulates most of the general and energy budget variables. Both models overestimate incoming solar radiation, which implies a surplus of energy that could be redistributed in either the partitioning of the surface energy variables or in some other aspect of the meteorological modeling not examined here. The MM5 model consistently had much drier conditions than the WRF model, which could lead to more energy available to other parts of the meteorological system. On the clearest day of the study period MM5 had increased latent heat flux, which could lead to higher evaporation rates and lower moisture in the model. However, this latent heat disparity between the two models is not visible during any other part of the study. The observed frontal passage affected the performance of most of the variables, including the radiation, flux, and turbulence variables, at times creating dramatic differences in the r2 values.
The SCOPSCO drilling project recovers more than 1.2 million years of history from Lake Ohrid
Authors: Wagner B. , Wilke T. , Krastel S. , Zanchetta G. , Sulpizio R. , Reicherter K. , Leng M. J. , Grazhdani A. , Trajanovski S. , Francke A. , Lindhorst K. , Levkov Z. , Cvetkoska A. , Reed J. M. , Zhang X. , Lacey J. H. , Wonik T. , Baumgarten H. , Vogel H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) project is an international research initiative to study the influence of major geological and environmental events on the biological evolution of lake taxa. SCOPSCO drilling campaigns were carried out in 2011 and 2013. In 2011 we used gravity and piston coring at one of the five proposed drill sites, and in 2013 we undertook deep drilling with the Deep Lake Drilling System (DLDS) of Drilling, Observation and Sampling of the Earth's Continental Crust (DOSECC). In April and May 2013, a total of 2100 m sediments were recovered from four drill sites with water depths ranging from 125 to 260 m. The maximum drill depth was 569 m below the lake floor in the centre of the lake. By retrieving overlapping sediment sequences, 95% of the sediment succession was recovered. Initial data from borehole logging, core logging and geochemical measurements indicate that the sediment succession covers >1.2 million years (Ma) in a quasi-continuous sequence. These early findings suggest that the record from Lake Ohrid will substantially improve the knowledge of long-term environmental change and short-term geological events in the northeastern Mediterranean region, which forms the basis for improving understanding of the influence of major geological and environmental events on the biological evolution of endemic species.
A new hybrid pressure-coring system for the drilling vessel Chikyu
Authors: Kubo Y. , Mizuguchi Y. , Inagaki F. , Yamamoto K.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Retrieving core samples without releasing the in situ hydrostatic pressure during core recovery is one of the many technical challenges in scientific drilling. We report here a newly developed hybrid pressure-coring system for the use on the drilling vessel Chikyu and its successful use during expeditions 906 and 802 in the Nankai Trough of Japan. The system is gas-tight and hence enables researchers to study in situ geophysical and geochemical characteristics of sediments containing gaseous components, such as methane hydrates that cannot be reliably recovered with nonpressure coring systems. In addition, pressure coring is a powerful tool, not only for scientific but also for hydrocarbon resources research.
IODP Deep Biosphere Research Workshop report – a synthesis of recent investigations, and discussion of new research questions and drilling targets
Authors: Orcutt B. N. , LaRowe D. E. , Lloyd K. G. , Mills H. , Orsi W. , Reese B. K. , Sauvage J. , Huber J. A. , Amend J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. During the past decade, the IODP (International Ocean Discovery Program) has fostered a significant increase in deep biosphere investigations in the marine sedimentary and crustal environments, and scientists are well-poised to continue this momentum into the next phase of the IODP. The goals of this workshop were to evaluate recent findings in a global context, synthesize available biogeochemical data to foster thermodynamic and metabolic activity modeling and measurements, identify regional targets for future targeted sampling and dedicated expeditions, foster collaborations, and highlight the accomplishments of deep biosphere research within IODP. Twenty-four scientists from around the world participated in this one-day workshop sponsored by IODP-MI and held in Florence, Italy, immediately prior to the Goldschmidt 2013 conference. A major topic of discussion at the workshop was the continued need for standard biological sampling and measurements across IODP platforms. Workshop participants renew the call to IODP operators to implement recommended protocols.
Sea ice and the ocean mixed layer over the Antarctic shelf seas
Authors: Petty A. A. , Holland P. R. , Feltham D. L.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. An ocean mixed-layer model has been incorporated into the Los Alamos sea ice model CICE to investigate regional variations in the surface-driven formation of Antarctic shelf waters. This model captures well the expected sea ice thickness distribution, and produces deep (> 500 m) mixed layers in the Weddell and Ross shelf seas each winter. This results in the complete destratification of the water column in deep southern coastal regions leading to high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) formation, and also in some shallower regions (no HSSW formation) of these seas. Shallower mixed layers are produced in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas. By deconstructing the surface processes driving the mixed-layer depth evolution, we show that the net salt flux from sea ice growth/melt dominates the evolution of the mixed layer in all regions, with a smaller contribution from the surface heat flux and a negligible input from wind stress. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas receive an annual surplus of mixing energy at the surface; the Amundsen shelf sea energy input in autumn/winter is balanced by energy extraction in spring/summer; and the Bellingshausen shelf sea experiences an annual surface energy deficit, through both a low energy input in autumn/winter and the highest energy loss in spring/summer. An analysis of the sea ice mass balance demonstrates the contrasting mean ice growth, melt and export in each region. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas have the highest annual ice growth, with a large fraction exported northwards each year, whereas the Bellingshausen shelf sea experiences the highest annual ice melt, driven by the advection of ice from the northeast. A linear regression analysis is performed to determine the link between the autumn/winter mixed-layer deepening and several atmospheric variables. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas show stronger spatial correlations (temporal mean – intra-regional variability) between the autumn/winter mixed-layer deepening and several atmospheric variables compared to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen. In contrast, the Amundsen and Bellingshausen shelf seas show stronger temporal correlations (shelf sea mean – interannual variability) between the autumn/winter mixed-layer deepening and several atmospheric variables.
(Re)Interpreted: A Review of De Oscuro’s Macbeth
Authors: Bia Jesse
Published: April 2014

Jesse Bia's review of Welsh performance company De Oscuro's Macbeth, performed at the Linbury Stuio, won the third prize in the UCL Graduate School Review Competition 2013/2014.
Curiosity: Art and the Pleasures of Knowing
Authors: Sterling Colin
Published: April 2014

Colin Sterling's review of the exhibition Curiosity: Art and The Pleasures of Knowing at the Turner Contemporary won the first prize in the UCL Graduate School Review Competition 2013/2014.
The Applied Value of Theoretical Anthropology. A Review of State Healthcare, and Yanomami Transformations: A Symmetrical Ethnography
Authors: Uzel Kaya
Published: April 2014

A review of Jose Kelly’s ethnographic monograph on the integration of an indigenous Amazonian people in South Venezuela into the Venezuelan state health care system.Kaya Uzel's review won the second prize in the UCL Graduate School Review Competition 2013/2014.
Mediastinal lymph node staging by EBUS-TBNA and CT: Characteristics of lymph node enlargement caused by anthracosis and other benign conditions
Authors: Kirchner Johannes , Broll Michael , Müller Philipp , Kirchner Esther Maria , Pomjanski Natalia , Biesterfeld Stefan , Liermann Dieter , Kickuth Ralph
Published: April 2014

Objectives: Aim of this comparative study was to assess the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) and endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for mediastinal lymph node staging in cases of lymph node enlargement due to anthracosis and other benign conditions. Methods: In a retrospective analysis we report on the MSCT findings of 39 patients (28 males, 11 females) with EBUS-TBNA confirmed diagnosis of 53 enlarged lymph nodes due to anthracosis. A control group comprised 20 consecutive patients with 27 enlarged lymph nodes (11 males, 9 females) due to chronic lymphadenopathy (n = 14) or sarcoidosis (n = 13). Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding size (mean short axis diameter 13.7mm vs. 14.5mm), shape (most often oval) or presence of lymph node confluence (32.1% vs. 33.3%), contrast enhancement (3.8% vs. 3.7%), and fatty involution (3.8% vs. 3.7%). In comparison with the control group anthracotic lymph nodes were significantly less often ill-defined in EBUS (5.7 vs. 25.9, p = 0.025) as well as in CT (1.9% vs. 18.5%, p = 0.01), but more often showed calcifications in CT (24.5% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.017). Lymph node colliquation was seen neither in anthracosis nor in other benign conditions. Conclusions: Mediastinal lymph node enlargement due to anthracosis, lymphadenopathy and sarcoidosis show some different findings in EBUS and CT but cannot definitely be differentiated. Advances in knowledge: Radiologists should be aware of mediastinal lymph node enlargement due to anthracosis.
From surviving to community benefit: A proposed rural health services research agenda
Authors: Wilson Asa B. , Kerr Bernard J. , Bastian Nathaniel , Fulton Lawrence V.
Published: April 2014

Background: The research history of rural hospitals from 1980 forward is reviewed. This summary, in turn, becomes a foundation for proposing an updated applied research agenda; one focused on ensuring health services for rural America. Research history: From 1980 to 1997 rural hospitals closed at a disproportionally higher rate than non-rural facilities. This trend prompted an academic search (Phase I) for the factors associated with the closure-conversion threat to hospitals. The public policy response was the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 and the creation of the Critical Access Hospital (CAH). Once the closure-conversion threat diminished as a result, the research focus (Phase II) shifted from survival to financial performance monitoring, economic efficiency, quality of care, and patient safety of CAHs. Phase II research demonstrates that CAHs can sustain themselves and are not necessarily victims of adverse rural circumstances. Today, CAHs, Rural Health Clinics (RHC) and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) exist as an established rural health safety net. Also, the 1332 CAHs are considered the hub of health services for rural communities. Significance: The rural environment remains a changing, challenging arena in which to ensure care for it residents. As such, the expanded Internal Revenue Service (IRS) definition of Community Benefit, specifically the periodic Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA), provides a template for assessing the rural health safety net’s capacity to meet local health needs and improve the health status of its communities. This rubric also balances fiscal stewardship with positive health service outcomes. It is argued that the CHNA expansion of Community Benefit is an ideal research template and performance standard for all rural hospitals. It enables one to offer researched answers to the enduring question, “What is the best way to ensure health services for rural America?”
Musical Efficacy: Musicking to Survive—the Case of the Pygmies
Authors: Rouget Gilbert , Buckner Margaret
Published: April 2014

It is certainly nothing new to point out that Pygmies, hunter-gatherers of the African equatorial rainforest, are known as a people who sing and dance—in other words, who “music“†—a lot. Their music, for the most part vocal polyphony, has been abundantly recorded and reproduced on 78-rpm records and on CDs. Many
Rethinking Musical Instrument Classification: Towards a Modular Approach to the Hornbostel-Sachs System
Authors: Weisser Stéphanie , Quanten Maarten
Published: April 2014

In 1914, Erich von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs created a hierarchic ordering (macrotaxonomy) of all musical instruments, even though they (and many others after them, see Kartomi 1990 and 2001) pointed out the difficulty of developing a systematic classification of all musical instruments (Hornbostel and Sachs 1961:5). This conceptual framework implies that the classifier has to walk one and only one route in the process of classifying objects. This cut-off “tracing” cannot possibly encompass all the possible features that make an instrument what it is and inevitably eliminates several other essential qualities of the object.
Uniqueness Re-Examined: The Vietnamese Lute Đàn Đáy
Authors: Jährlichen Gisa
Published: April 2014

In October 2009, the genre ca trù of the Việt people was listed as a part of the World's Intangible Heritage in need of urgent safeguarding due to its uniqueness, its importance to the cultural identity of its bearers, and its alarming degree of disappearance. In the relevant proposal submitted to the UNESCO Secretariat, the genre was officially called “ca trù singing,” due to the proposer's emphasis on its vocal qualities. Since the syllable ca already means “singing” or “chanting,” I forgo “singing” as being redundant. Furthermore, it is a complex genre that includes interaction with a lutenist and with a drummer, not to mention that the singer herself plays a compulsory bamboo slab. Thus, “ca trù singing” does not reflect the intended content. It is not the “singing” alone that is highly endangered. And it is not the singing alone that needs to be safeguarded for its uniqueness. Playing the đàn đáy lute is not only an essential constituent but an indivisible part of ca trù, and it is indeed forced to experience the same fate as the singing due to the fact that this long-necked lute is almost exclusively used for only one traditionally distinct genre. Whenever ca trù is mentioned, the đàn đáy as an object will become a symbol for this cultural treasure of the Việt people as depicted in journals and newspapers. The automatic association of the đàn đáy with ca trù indicates an ambiguity in the Vietnamese public's assumptions about ca trù: on the one hand, it is taken to be a traditional vocal practice; on the other, it is acknowledged to be an ensemble of which the đàn đáy is an essential component.
Change at the International Istanbul Music Festival
Authors: Hall Leslie
Published: April 2014

The year 1973 marked the opening of the Bosphorus Bridge, the first bridge to link the European and Anatolian sides of the city of Istanbul, the only city in the world that spans two continents. The same year, the first Istanbul Festival took place from 21 June to 15 July to help celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Turkish Republic. The festival included Western orchestral, opera, and chamber music, dance, theatre, and Turkish music. The festival was the idea of businessman Dr. Nejat Eczacibaşi, who gathered thirteen other Turkish businessmen to form the Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts (İstanbul Kültür ve Sanat Vakfi), a non-profit, non-governmental organization, abbreviated İKSV.
The Representation and Performance of African Music in German Popular Culture
Authors: Carl Florian
Published: April 2014

Africa constituted a vivid part of the popular European imagination as early as the nineteenth century. Fascinated by travel accounts and adventure novels and, towards the end of the nineteenth century, by ethnographic shows and colonial exhibitions, audiences in Europe followed with great interest the “scramble for Africa,” with its spectacular discoveries on the periphery of the expanding colonial empires, just as people marvelled at the images of the first landing on the moon a century later (Lindfors 1999; Rotberg 1970). Towards the turn of the nineteenth century, new media technologies and forms of representation emerged such as the panorama or the cinematograph, conveying ever new images of seemingly exotic worlds. Thus, at Berlin's Kolonialpanorama which opened its doors for the public in 1885, a 115-metre long cyclorama, showing scenes of Germany's colonial occupation of Africa, awaited visitors. In exhibition rooms, ethnographic objects from the colonies were on display. Palm trees, a special lighting system, and artificial fog were installed to create a “tropical atmosphere” (Zeller 2002). The holistic, three-dimensional experience panoramas so created led Erlmann to speak of the “first mass medium to set up a perfect enclosure, a proto-cyberspace that enabled the viewer to become an inhabitant of image-space, someone who enters an image rather than someone who contemplates it from the outside” (1999:5–6). Other technologies such as phonography imparted not only a sonic but, as it were, a new “psychophysical” reality to the myth of Africa as a continent persisting in a seemingly timeless past (Carl 2004:126–31; see also Kittler 1986).
Hereditary Angioedema due to C1 Inhibitor Deficiency: C1-INH Replacement Therapy
Authors: Cancian Mauro
Published: April 2014

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare condition affecting about 1 in 50.000 individuals and caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), which is involved in the control of complement, clotting, fibrinolytic and kinin pathways. HAE is characterized by plasma outflow from blood vessels, leading to fluid collecting (edema) in the deep tissue layers of the face, larynx, abdomen, and extremities. Three different types of HAE have been identified: in type I the mutation leads to the lack of production of C1-INH, in type II the mutation leads to the production of dysfunctional C1-INH, while type III is extremely rare and still not fully understood. Therapeutic approaches for HAE include on-demand treatments to stop angioedema attacks and prophylactic treatment to prevent attacks both by pre-procedural (short-term) and routine (long-term) prophylaxis. Aim of the present review is to present an overview of C1-INH replacement therapy with the plasma-derived concentrate of C1-INH Berinert® (CSL Behring GmbH) in the treatment of type I and II HAE.
Bivalirudin in the Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Jayasinghe Rohan , Maxwell Ryan , Sridhar Vaishnavi
Published: April 2014

Periprocedural anticoagulation continues to be a vital aspect in the management of coronary artery disease. Bivalirudin is a relatively new drug that has caught much attention in the last decade, especially in the context of percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes. Multiple clinical trials have shown the efficacy, safety profile and limitations of bivalirudin in contrast to previously used heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. These trials have included patients with moderate to high-risk stable angina, unstable angina, non-ST-elevation and ST-elevation myocardial infarctions requiring PCI. The growing body of evidence on bivalirudin has also improved the understanding of its applicability and efficacy over other hirudin-based anticoagulants, however continual review of more recent evidence is important in order to integrate bivalirudin more widely across the various guidelines. This article aims to study the cross-section of the evidence base to date on the clinical use, efficacy and risks related to the use of bivalirudin and attempts to provide the clinician with a practical overview of the role of bivalirudin in the most recent guidelines.
An Imperial Railway Failure: The Indochina—Yunnan Railway, 1898–1941
Authors: Rousseau Jean-François
Published: April 2014

Imperial railway projects emphasised military, geopolitical and economic objectives but often failed to achieve their planned outcomes. This article addresses this gap in the case of the French-built Indochina—Yunnan railway project. It introduces the doubts the railway project raised and the challenges associated with building it. The article demonstrates that the railway's contribution to securing France's power in Indochina and its economic impacts pale in comparison with the bottomless money pit it had become by the time Japanese occupation troops bombarded sections of the line in 1940.
Marketing Ocean Travel: Cunard and the White Star Line, 1910–1940
Authors: Gladden Graham P.
Published: April 2014

The Cunard shipping line regarded itself as the premier provider of transatlantic passenger transport. As the structure of society on both sides of the Atlantic changed between 1910 and 1940 the company sought to maintain its market amongst the richest of society whilst attracting new passengers from the emerging middle class. Accordingly, Cunard adjusted its marketing in advertisements, brochures, promotional films and ship designs. Two passenger classes, the well-established First Class and the new Tourist Third Class are used to show how the company used all these media to both influence potential passengers' travel decisions and to reassure them of a safe, comfortable voyage in surroundings appropriate to their status, tastes and expectations.
Routes of Conflict: Building Roads and Shaping the Nation in Mexico, 1941–1952
Authors: Bess Michael K.
Published: April 2014

This essay explores the social, political, and economic impact of road building in Mexico during the Second World War and early Cold War years. It examines the evolution of federal road-building policy alongside regional case studies of construction efforts in the states of Veracruz and Nuevo León to highlight how local politics were influenced by broader transnational processes related to the U.S.—Mexico bilateral relationship. The author argues that road building was an essential component of Mexican economic modernisation in the 1940s and early 1950s, which facilitated new rural—urban market connections and established the development of key commercial industries in the country.
Meaningful Mobilities: The Experience of Underground Travel in the Buenos Aires Subte, 1913–1944
Authors: Singh Dhan Zunino
Published: April 2014

The paper explores the experience of travelling on Buenos Aires' Underground Railways ( Subte) during the first decades of the twentieth-century. Reconstructing representations of passengers and their experiences through visual and textual sources, the paper shows how this underground mobility was a meaningful practice that expressed ambivalent sentiments towards progress and the rhythm of modern urban life. On the one hand, there was popular fascination with new technologies as well as a celebration and exaltation of this encapsulated mobility as a rational organisation of space in relation to time. On the other hand, the Subte was criticised as a form of regimentation and dehumanisation which turned passengers into automatons.
Symmetry breaking in reconstituted actin cortices
Authors: Abu Shah Enas , Keren Kinneret
Published: April 2014

The actin cortex plays a pivotal role in cell division, in generating and maintaining cell polarity and in motility. In all these contexts, the cortical network has to break symmetry to generate polar cytoskeletal dynamics. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms responsible for regulating cortical dynamics in vivo and inducing symmetry breaking are still unclear. Here we introduce a reconstituted system that self-organizes into dynamic actin cortices at the inner interface of water-in-oil emulsions. This artificial system undergoes spontaneous symmetry breaking, driven by myosin-induced cortical actin flows, which appears remarkably similar to the initial polarization of the embryo in many species. Our in vitro model system recapitulates the rich dynamics of actin cortices in vivo, revealing the basic biophysical and biochemical requirements for cortex formation and symmetry breaking. Moreover, this synthetic system paves the way for further exploration of artificial cells towards the realization of minimal model systems that can move and divide.
Eficácia de herbicidas no controle pós-emergente de Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. e Agrostis sp.
Authors: Cesarin Anne Elise , Martins Juliano Francisco , Giancotti Paulo Roberto Fidelis , Nepumuceno Mariluce Pascoina , Alves Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar
Published: April 2014

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas no controle em pós-emergência de duas espécies de plantas daninhas que recentemente foram relatadas infestando a cultura da cebola no município de Monte Alto, SP. Foram testados 14 herbicidas, isolados ou em misturas, para o controle de Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. e uma espécie ainda não identificada do gênero Agrostis sp. Os herbicidas utilizados foram: flumioxazin, bentazon + ioxynil + oxyfluorfen, fluazifop-p-butyl, fluazifop-p-butil + ioxynil, fluazifop-p-butil + oxyfluorfen, paraquat + oxyfluorfen, paraquat + fluazifop-p-butil + oxyfluorfen, metribuzin, sethoxydim, clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, oxadiazon, trifluralin e oxyfluorfen. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias após a aplicação. Os herbicidas paraquat + oxyfluorfen, paraquat + fluazifop-p-butil + oxyfluorfen e metribuzin foram eficientes no controle de Agrostis e bentazon + ioxynil + oxyfluorfen e paraquat + oxyfluorfen no controle de S. micranthum.
Suscetibilidade de biótipos de milhã (Digitaria ciliaris) a herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase
Authors: Fontana Lisiane Camponogara , Agostinetto Dirceu , Ulguim André Da Rosa , Oliveira Claudia De , Langaro Ana Claudia
Published: April 2014

As espécies pertencentes ao gênero Digitaria incluem-se entre as principais plantas daninhas que infestam as lavouras de arroz e de soja. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a suscetibilidade diferencial de biótipos de milhã, encontrados em lavouras no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), aos herbicidas cyhalofop ou clethodim. Conduziram-se três experimentos em casa de vegetação, no período de 2009 a 2011. Sementes de Digitaria spp. foram coletadas em diferentes localidades no RS, abrangendo áreas de produção de arroz irrigado e soja, totalizando 169 biótipos. Para verificar a suscetibilidade dos biótipos aos herbicidas, aplicou-se 225 g i.a. ha-1 de cyhalofop ou 96 g i.a. ha-1 de clethodim, sendo selecionados oito biótipos de Digitaria ciliaris que apresentaram maior e menor tolerância após aplicação dos herbicidas, para os estudos de curva de dose resposta. Verificou-se que os biótipos que apresentaram maior tolerância ao cyhalofop os oriundos de Santa Vitória do Palmar, Viamão, Santa Bárbara do Sul e Cruz Alta, com controles entre 50 e 60%. Os biótipos de milhã selecionados apresentaram-se suscetíveis ao herbicida clethodim, com controle superior a 90%. As populações de D. ciliaris coletadas em lavouras de arroz e soja dos municípios do RS foram suscetíveis ao herbicida clethodim, quando aplicado na dose recomendada, enquanto que a suscetibilidade da espécie ao herbicida cyhalofop foi diferencial entre biótipos.
Evaluation of three different methods of distance learning for postgraduate diagnostic imaging education: A pilot study
Authors: Poirier Jean-Nicolas , Cooley Jeffrey R. , Wessely Michelle , Guebert Gary M. , Petrocco-Napuli Kristina
Published: April 2014

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceived effectiveness and learning potential of 3 Web-based educational methods in a postgraduate radiology setting.

Methods

Three chiropractic radiology faculty from diverse geographic locations led mini-courses using asynchronous discussion boards, synchronous Web conferencing, and asynchronous voice-over case presentations formatted for Web viewing. At the conclusion of each course, participants filled out a 14-question survey (using a 5-point Likert scale) designed to evaluate the effectiveness of each method in achieving specified course objectives and goals and their satisfaction when considering the learning potential of each method. The mean, standard deviation, and percentage agreements were tabulated.

Results

Twenty, 15, and 10 participants completed the discussion board, Web conferencing, and case presentation surveys, respectively. All educational methods demonstrated a high level of agreement regarding the course objective (total mean rating >4.1). The case presentations had the highest overall rating for achieving the course goals; however, all but one method still had total mean ratings >4.0 and overall agreement levels of 70%–100%. The strongest potential for interactive learning was found with Web conferencing and discussion boards, while case presentations rated very low in this regard.

Conclusions

The perceived effectiveness in achieving the course objective and goals was high for each method. Residency-based distance education may be a beneficial adjunct to current methods of training, allowing for international collaboration. When considering all aspects tested, there does not appear to be a clear advantage to any one method. Utilizing various methods may be most appropriate.
Causative mechanisms for the occurrence of a triple layered mesospheric inversion event over low latitudes
Authors: Ramesh K. , Sridharan S. , Vijaya Bhaskara Rao S.
Published: April 2014

The temperature profile obtained from the space borne instrument “Sounding of Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry” instrument onboard “Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics” shows a triple layered mesospheric inversion event on the night of 23 September 2011, when there is an overpass near the low‐latitude sites Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) and Tirunelveli (8.7°N, 77.8°E). The three mesospheric inversion layers (MILs) are formed in the height region around ~70 (lower), ~80 (middle), and ~90 km (upper) with amplitudes ~11, ~44, and ~109 K and thickness of 3.4, 4.9, and 6.6 km, respectively. The formation of the lower and middle MILs can only be observed in the Rayleigh lidar temperature profiles over Gadanki due to upper height limitation of the system. Nearly all the dominant causative mechanisms are examined for the occurrence of the MIL event. The lower MIL at ~70 km is inferred to be due to planetary wave dissipation, as there is a sudden decrease of planetary wave activity above 70 km. Further, it is demonstrated that the middle MIL at ~80 km is due to the turbulence generated by gravity wave breaking which is in turn due to gravity wave‐semi‐diurnal tidal interaction, though the height of the middle MIL descends at the rate of ~1 km/h, which is nearly the vertical phase speed of diurnal tide, whereas the upper MIL at above 90 km is due to the large chemical heating rate (~45 K/day) generated by the dominant exothermic reaction O + O + M → O2 + M.
Geomagnetic main field modeling with DMSP
Authors: Alken P. , Maus S. , Lühr H. , Redmon R. J. , Rich F. , Bowman B. , O'Malley S. M.
Published: April 2014

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) launches and maintains a network of satellites to monitor the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar‐terrestrial physics environments. In the past decade, geomagnetic field modelers have focused much attention on magnetic measurements from missions such as CHAMP, Ørsted, and SAC‐C. With the completion of the CHAMP mission in 2010, there has been a multiyear gap in satellite‐based vector magnetic field measurements available for main field modeling. In this study, we calibrate the special sensor magnetometer instrument on board DMSP to create a data set suitable for main field modeling. These vector field measurements are calibrated to compute instrument timing shifts, scale factors, offsets, and nonorthogonality angles of the fluxgate magnetometer cores. Euler angles are then computed to determine the orientation of the vector magnetometer with respect to a local coordinate system. We fit a degree 15 main field model to the data set and compare with the World Magnetic Model and Ørsted scalar measurements. We call this model DMSP‐MAG‐1, and its coefficients and software are available for download at http://geomag.org/models/dmsp.html. Our results indicate that the DMSP data set will be a valuable source for main field modeling for the years between CHAMP and the recently launched Swarm mission.
Seasonal variation of ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere: Southern tropics are different from northern tropics
Authors: Stolarski Richard S. , Waugh Darryn W. , Wang Lei , Oman Luke D. , Douglass Anne R. , Newman Paul A.
Published: April 2014

We examine the seasonal behavior of ozone by using measurements from various instruments including ozonesondes, Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II. We find that the magnitude of the annual variation in ozone, as a percentage of the mean ozone, exhibits a maximum at or slightly above the tropical tropopause. The maximum is larger in the northern tropics than in the southern tropics, and the annual maximum of ozone in the southern tropics occurs 2 months later than that in the northern tropics, in contrast to usual assumption that the tropics can be treated as a horizontally homogeneous region. The seasonal cycles of ozone and other species in this part of the lower stratosphere result from a combination of the seasonal variation of the Brewer–Dobson circulation and the seasonal variation of tropical and midlatitude mixing. In the Northern Hemisphere, the impacts of upwelling and mixing between the tropics and midlatitudes on ozone are in phase and additive. In the Southern Hemisphere, they are not in phase. We apply a tropical leaky pipe model independently to each hemisphere to examine the relative roles of upwelling and mixing in the northern and southern tropical regions. Reasonable assumptions of the seasonal variation of upwelling and mixing yield a good description of the seasonal magnitude and phase in both the southern and northern tropics. The differences in the tracers and transport between the northern and southern tropical stratospheres suggest that the paradigm of well‐mixed tropics needs to be revised to consider latitudinal variations within the tropics.
Warm streaks in the U.S. temperature record: What are the chances?
Authors: Craigmile Peter F. , Guttorp Peter , Lund Robert , Smith Richard L. , Thorne Peter W. , Arndt Derek
Published: April 2014

A recent observation in NOAA's National Climatic Data Center's monthly assessment of the state of the climate was that contiguous U.S. average monthly temperatures were in the top third of monthly ranked historical temperatures for 13 straight months from June 2011 to June 2012. The chance of such a streak occurring randomly was quoted as (1/3)13, or about one in 1.6 million. The streak continued for three more months before the October 2012 value dropped below the upper tercile. The climate system displays a degree of persistence that increases this probability relative to the assumption of independence. This paper puts forth different statistical techniques that more accurately quantify the probability of this and other such streaks. We consider how much more likely streaks are when an underlying warming trend is accounted for in the record, the chance of streaks occurring anywhere in the record, and the distribution of the record's longest streak.