bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State‐of‐the‐Art Electron‐Selective Contacts in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Shijing , Buonassisi Tonio , Correa‐Baena Juan‐Pablo
Published: August 2018

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention as efficiencies go beyond 22%. To achieve these impressive numbers, the PSC scientific community is working to improve both the perovskite optoelectronic properties, and, importantly, the interfacial properties of the adjacent electron selective contacts (ESLs). Improvements in both fronts have happened concurrently and are responsible for these rapid efficiency gains. Here, the authors review the recent advances in understanding the role of ESLs on performance improvements. ESLs can be prepared from either organic and inorganic semiconductors, or a combination of both, and their key characteristics are summarized in detail. Current state‐of‐the‐art PSCs employ fully inorganic ESLs made of a thin mesoporous TiO2 or a planar SnO2, with reported certified efficiencies of 22.7 and 20.9%, respectively. While TiO2 shows excellent performance in the short term, it has also been shown to induce solar cell degradation due to its UV absorption properties. Understanding ESLs has been instrumental in the rapid development of PSCs; however, some challenges remain in terms of understanding the role of different ESLs on the long‐term stability of the devices.
All Printable Perovskite Solar Modules with 198 cm2 Active Area and Over 6% Efficiency
Authors: De Rossi Francesca , Baker Jenny A. , Beynon David , Hooper Katherine E. A. , Meroni Simone M. P. , Williams Daniel , Wei Zhengfei , Yasin Amrita , Charbonneau Cecile , Jewell Eifion H. , Watson Trystan M.
Published: August 2018

Perovskite solar cells based on an all printable mesoporous stack, made of overlapping titania, zirconia, and carbon layers, represent a promising device architecture for both simple, low‐cost manufacture, and outstanding stability. Here a breakthrough in the upscaling of this technology is reported: Screen printed modules on A4 sized conductive glass substrates, delivering power conversion efficiency (PCE) ranging from 3 to 5% at 1 sun on an unprecedented 198 cm2 active area. An increase in the PCE, due to higher VOC and fill factor, is demonstrated by patterning the TiO2 blocking layer. Furthermore, an unexpected increase of the performance is observed over time, while storing the modules in the dark, unencapsulated, at ambient conditions (with humidity increasing from 30 and 70% RH), resulting in 6.6% PCE and 6.3% stabilised at Vmax measured after over two months since fabrication. Equally impressive is the low light performance with 11 and 18% PCE achieved respectively at 200 and 1000 lux under fluorescent lighting. It is hoped that this demonstration of good performance on large area can unlock the viability of perovskite solar cells manufactured on an industrial scale.
General Dimension‐Controlled Synthesis of Hollow Carbon Embedded with Metal Singe Atoms or Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Song Xiaokai , Chen Si , Guo Linli , Sun Yu , Li Xiaopeng , Cao Xin , Wang Zhixian , Sun Jianhua , Lin Chao , Wang Yong
Published: August 2018

Metal–organic framework (MOF) derived carbonaceous nanocomposites have recently received enormous interest due to their intriguing physiochemical properties and diverse energy applications. However, there is a lack of general synthetic approaches that can achieve flexible dimension control while manipulating metal dispersion of MOF derived carbon composites. Herein, the authors present an attractive route for the growth of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) with different dimensions and types of metal nodes that can be further transformed into either core–shell nanoparticles or metal single atoms. The formation of a ZIF‐8 seed layer on ZnO template is identified as the key step, enabling uniform growth of various ZIF materials (e.g., Zn/Co‐ZIF, Zn/Fe‐ZIF, and ZIF‐7) with different dimensions (1D, 2D, and 3D). Simultaneously, this approach avoids free growth of 0D MOF particles and diminishing of the ZnO template. To demonstrate the importance of dimensional control over the growth of ZIF materials for energy application, the 1D and 2D ZnO@ZIF precursors are converted into carbon nanotube and carbon nanoplate, which are decorated with Co/CoS2 nanoparticles and Fe single atoms, respectively. Two high dimensional carbon nanocomposites deliver significantly enhanced performances compared to their 0D counterparts when employed as the Li‐ion battery anode and bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst.
Tungsten–Carbon Nanotube Composite Photonic Crystals as Thermally Stable Spectral‐Selective Absorbers and Emitters for Thermophotovoltaics
Authors: Cui Kehang , Lemaire Paul , Zhao Hangbo , Savas Timothy , Parsons Gregory , Hart A. John
Published: August 2018

Thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) is a promising energy conversion technology which can harvest wide‐spectrum thermal radiation. However, the manufacturing complexity and thermal instability of the nanophotonic absorber and emitter, which are key components of TPV devices, significantly limit their scalability and practical deployment. Here, tungsten–carbon nanotube (W‐CNT) composite photonic crystals (PhCs) exhibiting outstanding spectral and angular selectivity of photon absorbance and thermal emission are presented. The W‐CNT PhCs are fabricated by nanoscale holographic interferometry‐based patterning of a thin‐film catalyst, modulated chemical vapor deposition synthesis of high‐density CNT forest nanostructures, and infiltration of the CNT forests with tungsten via atomic layer deposition. Owing to their highly stable structure and composition, the W‐CNT PhCs exhibit negligible degradation of optical properties after annealing for 168 hours at 1273 K, which exceeds all previously reported high‐temperature PhCs. Using the measured spectral properties of the W‐CNT PhCs, the system efficiency of a GaSb‐based solar TPV (STPV) that surpasses the Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit at modest operating temperatures and input powers is numerically predicted. These findings encourage further practical development of STPVs, and this scalable fabrication method for composite nanostructures could find other applications in electromagnetic metamaterials.
All‐cellulose films with excellent strength and toughness via a facile approach of dissolution–regeneration
Authors: Cheng Geng , Zhu Puxin , Li Jiali , Cheng Fei , Lin Yi , Zhou Mi
Published: August 2018

This study describes a green method for preparing all‐cellulose nanocomposites through a dissolution and regeneration process. Cotton linter pulp was dissolved in 7 wt % NaOH/12 wt % urea aqueous solution precooled to −12°C. Self‐assembly of cellulose molecules into nanostructured cellulose fiber is achieved by using water addition and controlling the temperature to regenerate cellulose. By changing the microenvironment of the cellulose solution, the morphology of the nanostructured cellulose fibers and the mechanical properties of the regenerated cellulose films can be tuned. Then, a series of regenerated cellulose films have been prepared and characterized from various aspects. Compared with other all‐cellulose films in the literature, the regenerated all‐cellulose nanocomposite films prepared in this work exhibited good optical transparency, thermal stability, and excellent tensile strength (up to 135 MPa) when the regeneration temperature was adjusted to 50°C. This work provided a green and promising approach to prepare high‐performance and environmentally friendly all‐cellulose nanocomposites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46925.
Improved mechanical, thermal, and flame‐resistant properties of polyurethane–imide foams via expandable graphite modification
Authors: Yao Yuanyuan , Tian Huafeng , Yuan Li , Wu Qiangxian , Xiang Aimin
Published: August 2018

Although polyurethane–imide (PUI) foams combine the advantages of both polyurethane foam and polyimide foam, the performance of PUI might still not reach certain high‐level requirements. Thus, expandable graphite (EG), as a kind of effective reinforcing filler, was introduced into the PUI matrix to improve the physical properties of the foam. Furthermore, to enhance the interfacial compatibility, EG was surface‐modified with a silane coupling agent. The experimental results show that the addition of EG was beneficial for enhancing the comprehensive performance of the PUI foams, especially their thermal stability and flame resistance. In particular, the surface‐modified, EG‐filled PUI foam exhibited outstanding enhancements compared to that with only pristine EG incorporation; not only the compressive strength but also the thermal degradation properties were greatly enhanced by the increased interfacial compatibility between PUI and EG. In addition, the flame‐resistant properties were improved by the surface modification of EG. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46990.
One‐pot self‐assembled TiO2/graphene/poly(acrylamide) superporous hybrid for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants
Authors: Zeng J. , Peng C. , Wang X. , Wang R. , Zhang N. , Xiong S.
Published: August 2018

We report the development of TiO2/graphene/poly(acrylamide) superporous hybrid by a radical polymerization reaction and explore its environmental application as photocatalyst of organic pollutants. During the polymerization reaction, graphene nanosheets and TiO2 nanoparticles homogeneously distribute on the hydrogel, in which TiO2 nanoparticles with a uniform size are densely anchored onto graphene and self‐assembled into different structures with various graphene contents. The resultant TiO2/graphene/poly(acrylamide) superporous hybrid experiences tremendous adsorption toward dye pollution before photodegradation, and it also displays similar photodecomposition efficiency with pristine TiO2. Moreover, the TiO2/graphene/poly(acrylamide) superporous hybrid is recyclable, which demonstrates the potential of hybrid as an attractive photocatalyst for wastewater treatment. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47033.
The Frequent Effects of Hydroxyl Radicals on the Oxidation of Crude Oil in Soil
Authors: Xu Jinlan , Cao Qianqian , Zhang Miaojia , Wang Fan , Huang Tinglin , Ren Junhao
Published: August 2018

The characteristics of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) frequently produced in the Fenton process and the effects of these radicals on the oxidation of hydrophobic total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in soil are investigated. Twelve groups of Fenton oxidation experiments are conducted using two kinds of crude‐oil‐contaminated soil samples (S1 and S2) with different soil organic matter (SOM) contents. The results show that the decrease of TPH increases by 6774 mg kg−1 (S1) and 5875 mg kg−1 (S2) by using the frequent •OH (•OHf). These results are two times the results obtained by using the single •OH (•OHs) (S1: 3410 mg kg−1, S2: 2918 mg kg−1). The decrease of hydrophobic long‐chain alkanes C21–C30 is greatly improved by using the •OHf, that is, oxidation of 1557–3011 mg kg−1 in soil S1 and 1371–2532 mg kg−1 in soil S2. Moreover, the C21–C30 alkanes in soil S1 with low SOM (3.89%) are more degraded after oxidation. The residual non‐aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) TPH content by using the •OHf (266–1200 mg kg−1) is much lower than that by using the •OHs (2519–4070 mg kg−1). The residual of the NAPL TPH by using the •OHf is 11–29% of the residual by using the •OHs. This result indicates that residual NAPL TPH is reduced by using the •OHf, and the TPH contents in the two soil samples are efficiently oxidized.
Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of ADAM10 and ADAM17 Highly Selective Bioimaging Probes
Authors: Camodeca Caterina , Nuti Elisa , Tosetti Francesca , Poggi Alessandro , D'Arrigo Cristina , Zocchi Maria Raffaella , Rossello Armando
Published: August 2018

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAMs) are membrane‐bound metalloproteases responsible for the ectodomain shedding of various transmembrane proteins and play important roles in multiple relevant biological processes. Their altered expression is involved in several pathological conditions, and in particular ADAM10 or ADAM17 overexpression is found in various forms of cancer. To better understand how they are regulated in the cellular context, it is useful to visualize the specific ADAMs pathway by means of molecular imaging techniques. For this purpose, we synthesized bioactive fluorescent probes suitable for cell imaging and that are able to specifically target ADAM10 or ADAM17. Two previously developed ADAM17‐ and ADAM10‐selective inhibitors were chosen for conjugation, respectively, to a Cy5.5 dye and to Cy5.5 and FITC dyes. Herein we also report the synthesis of a gold‐labeled compound as an additional bioimaging probe for ADAM10. The newly synthesized ligands were found to be active in vitro on human recombinant ADAM10 and/or ADAM17, showing IC50 values in the nanomolar range and a good selectivity over matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Finally, these newly developed probes were successfully used for ADAMs staining on different lymphoma cell lines and lymph node mesenchymal stromal cells.
Biobased Benzoxazine Derived from Daidzein and Furfurylamine: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Thermal Properties Investigation
Authors: Dai Jinyue , Teng Na , Peng Yunyan , Liu Yuan , Cao Lijun , Zhu Jin , Liu Xiaoqing
Published: August 2018

A biobased benzoxazine resin (Dz‐f) demonstrating excellent thermal properties was synthesized from daidzein and furfurylamine by using a microwave heating method. The chemical structure of synthesized benzoxazine monomer was identified by FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C NMR) before it was cured and its thermal properties evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TGA, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The cured resin p(Dz‐f) exhibited a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 391 °C, a very high char yield of 68.7 %, and outstanding thermal stability; the Tg value obtained was the highest thermal stability value ever reported for polybenzoxazine with a high biobased content. Moreover, Dz‐f demonstrated a satisfying processability, which was rare for the high‐performance thermosetting resins. This work provided us with a new strategy for the preparation of high biocontent resins with excellent thermal properties. In addition, the combination of biobased feedstocks with a microwave‐assisted heating method as well as the potential application of this approach in high‐end fields might perpetuate remarkable progress towards the sustainable development of the polymeric industry.
Rapid Fabrication of Chip‐Based Physiometers for Neurobehavioral Toxicity Assays Using Rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus
Authors: Cartlidge Rhys , Wlodkowic Donald
Published: August 2018

An increased interest in implementations of Lab‐on‐a‐Chip (LOC) technologies for in‐situ analysis of multicellular metazoan model organisms and their embryonic stages demands development of new prototyping techniques. Due to size of multicellular organisms the fabrication of soft‐lithography molds requires features with high aspect ratios as well as deposition of layers with significant thicknesses. This makes them time consuming and difficult to fabricate using conventional photolithography techniques. In this work we describe development of a rapid technique capable of generating thick films achieved with high viscosity SU‐8 and used in fabricating master templates for high aspect ratio micro‐ and mesofluidic devices. The cost effective and rapid method eliminated the need for multiple spin coating cycles as well as edge bead artifacts while preserving low surface roughness and superior surface uniformity. Due to elimination of spin coating steps, typically constrained to clean room facilities, the new method allows to significantly reduce microfabrication costs. We have utilized the prototyping technique to develop proof‐of‐concept chip‐based devices capable of effectively caging freshwater rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus for high‐definition video‐microscopy analysis. The combination of time‐resolved video‐microscopy and chip‐based physiometers enabled us to demonstrate new applications for neurobehavioral assays utilizing non‐invasive sub‐lethal end‐points.
Modification of the isotopic composition of rainfall by throughfall and stemflow: The case of Scots pine and downy oak forests under Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Cayuela Carles , Llorens Pilar , Sánchez‐Costa Elisenda , Latron Jérôme
Published: August 2018

Most hydrological studies based on stable water isotopes (18O and D) use the isotopic composition of rainfall as input signal. Although stable water isotopes are conservative tracers, previous studies have shown that canopies modify the isotopic composition of rainfall. At present, there is a scientific agreement about the factors involved in isotopic modification, but the effect of each factor and the magnitude of the isotopic shift are still not clear. In this study, we analyse at an interevent and intraevent basis the spatio‐temporal differences between the isotopic composition of rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow for two different species (Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus pubescens Willd). The aim of the study is to analyse the isotopic modification that takes place in throughfall and stemflow and how meteorological variables and structural forest characteristics influence the observed changes. Rainfall and throughfall were sampled by a combination of bulk and sequential collectors, whereas stemflow was collected only by bulk collectors. Results showed that the isotopic modification occurred in both directions, although stemflow was consistently more enriched than throughfall. Despite the contrasting canopy structures, no significant differences between species were found. Moreover, the intraevent analysis suggested that all fractionation factors could occur during one event, but evaporation or isotopic exchange would have a higher impact at the beginning of rainfall, whereas canopy selection processes would be more important at the end of rainfall. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the isotopic composition of throughfall and stemflow in isotope‐related studies in forested catchments.
Effects of Aromatic Herb Flavoring on Carotenoids and Volatile Compounds in Edible Oil From Blue Sweet Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)
Authors: Multari Salvatore , Marsol‐Vall Alexis , Yang Baoru , Suomela Jukka‐Pekka
Published: August 2018

This study investigates the carotenoid and volatile compositions of one sample of lupin oil (Lupinus angustifolius) and five samples of lupin oil flavored with aromatic herbs, namely, basil, chives, rosemary, sage, and thyme. Flavored oils are obtained by macerating lupin oil with the herbs for 15 days, in the dark at 15 ± 1 °C. Overall 11 carotenoids are identified by HPLC‐DAD‐MS‐(APCI). (all‐E)‐Lutein and β‐carotene are the most abundant. Thyme flavored oil results the richest in carotenoids, with a cumulative carotenoid content of 195 ± 13 μg mL−1. Volatile organic compounds are detected by HS‐SPME‐GC/MS analysis. Overall, 50 aroma compounds are determined, with alcohols, furans, and terpenoids being the most abundant classes. Chives flavored oil is the only sample to provide organosulfur compounds. Qualitatively, terpenoids are responsible for great differences among the samples, since unique terpenoid profiles are observed, for example, isoterpinolene is detected only in sage flavored oil, β‐myrcene in rosemary flavored oil, and thymol in thyme flavored oil. The relative odor activity value (ROAV) is determined and employed to evaluate the contributions of the single compounds to the overall odor. The compounds with the greatest odor activity are 3‐hexen‐1‐ol, hexanal, α‐pinene, eucalyptol, and 2‐pentylfuran.

Practical Applications: Aromatic herbs have been traditionally used to enhance the flavor of food. The effects of herbs addition on lupin products has not been investigated yet. Additionally, this is the first study that explores some quality characteristics of commercial lupin oil. Data indicate that the maceration of lupin oil with aromatic herbs has limited effects on the content of total carotenoids, nonetheless, it modifies markedly the composition and relative proportions of the volatile organic compounds, and likely the overall aromas. Consumers are generally not familiar with the culinary use of lupin oil, nevertheless, the aromatization with herbs could increase its use. Lupin oil results rich in carotenoids. This is useful information for the production of functional products with healthy properties. Lupin oil can be recommended as a carotenoid‐rich product and as an alternative to more traditional table oils. Data from this study can contribute to the economic valorization of lupin oil.

This study assesses the effects of the maceration of lupin oil with aromatic herbs, e.g., basil, chives, rosemary, sage, and thyme on the content of volatile organic compounds, and investigates the carotenoid profile of the flavored oils. Flavored oils are prepared by macerating lupin oil with the herbs (6% w/w) for 15 days, in the dark at 15 ± 1°C. Plain lupin oil and basil, chives, and thyme flavored oils are relatively rich in 2‐pentylfuran, whereas rosemary flavored oil is abundant in α‐pinene. (all‐E)‐Lutein is the predominant carotenoid in all the experimental oils, followed by β‐carotene.
Scientific Advisory Committees at the World Health Organization: A Qualitative Study of How Their Design Affects Quality, Relevance, and Legitimacy
Authors: Gopinathan Unni , Hoffman Steven J. , Ottersen Trygve
Published: August 2018

Governments and international organizations frequently convene scientific advisory committees (SACs) to support decision‐making with scientific advice. In this study, thematic analysis of interviews with 35 senior WHO staff identified five main themes characterizing WHO's experience with designing SACs to ensure quality, relevance, and legitimacy of scientific advice. First, in addition to technical matters, SACs are established to serve broader strategic objectives, including consensus building to promote high‐level political messages. Second, for SACs to be fully independent, they must have autonomy from the institutions convening or funding them, from the institutions from where SAC members are recruited, and from the institutions to whom the advice is directed. Third, since choices affecting quality, relevance, and legitimacy are closely linked, designing SACs often require trade‐offs among these three attributes. Fourth, staff supporting SACs need to balance between safeguarding SACs from external influence and being receptive to the external political environment. Fifth, the design of SACs need to balance the involvement of stakeholders with the power to act on recommendations against the need to protect the independence and integrity of the scientific process. Overall, this study highlights key choices conveners of SACs must make when seeking to promote quality, relevance, and legitimacy of scientific advice.
Decreased gastrostomy tube incidence and weight loss after transoral robotic surgery for low‐ to intermediate‐risk oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Heah Harold , Goepfert Ryan P. , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Garden Adam S. , Gunn G. Brandon , Fuller Clifton D. , Lewin Jan S. , Kupferman Michael E. , Holsinger F. Christopher , Hessel Amy C. , Gross Neil D.
Published: August 2018

Background

Functional outcomes after treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are increasingly prioritized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of gastrostomy tube placement and weight loss in patients with oropharyngeal SCC who may be eligible for either transoral robotic surgery (TORS) or nonsurgical management.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of previously untreated T1 to T2 and N0 to N2b oropharyngeal SCC to determine the rates of gastrostomy tube placement and weight loss according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) criteria. Multivariate regression models were fit to compare these end points between groups.

Results

Two hundred twenty‐three patients were included, comprised of 66 patients who underwent TORS and 157 patients who underwent (chemo)radiation. Thirty‐two (48.5%) of the TORS patients received adjuvant radiation. On multivariate analysis, patients treated nonsurgically were 10.6 times and 8.1 times more likely to receive a gastrostomy tube and experience greater than CTCAE grade 1 weight loss, respectively.

Conclusion

In selected patients with oropharyngeal SCC, TORS may help avoid critical weight loss and gastrostomy tube placement in the acute treatment period.
Neuraminidase‐mediated desialylation augments AAV9‐mediated gene expression in skeletal muscle
Authors: Zhu Hongling , Wang Tao , John Lye Robert , French Brent A. , Annex Brian H.
Published: August 2018

Background

Following systemic delivery, AAV9‐mediated gene expression is significantly increased in ischemic versus non‐ischemic muscle, suggesting that AAV9 is an attractive vector for treating peripheral arterial disease. Potential mechanisms underlying ischemia‐augmented expression include: (i) increased vascular permeability and (ii) “unmasking” of endogenous AAV9 receptors. In the present study, we aimed to reconstitute the ischemic induction of AAV9 in vivo, using local injection of histamine (to increase vascular permeability) and neuraminidase (to desialylate cell surface glycans).

Methods

Bioassays were performed to optimize the effects of histamine and neuraminidase after intramuscular injection. Histamine and/or neuraminidase were then injected intramuscularly shortly before intravenous injection of an AAV9 vector expressing luciferase. Luciferase expression was serially assessed with bioluminescence imaging. At the end of the study, tissues were harvested for assays of luciferase activity and AAV9 genome copy number aiming to assess AAV‐mediated gene expression and transduction, respectively.

Results

Intramuscular injection of either neuraminidase or neuraminidase plus histamine significantly increased both transduction and gene expression, whereas histamine alone had little effect. Pre‐injection with neuraminidase increased AAV9‐mediated gene delivery by four‐ to nine‐fold and luciferase activity by 60–100‐fold. Luciferase activity in neuraminidase‐injected muscle was > 100‐fold higher than in any off‐target tissue (including heart, liver and brain).

Conclusions

The ischemic induction of AAV9‐mediated gene expression in muscle can largely be reconstituted by pre‐injecting neuraminidase intranmuscularly. This strategy may prove useful in future human gene therapy protocols as a quick and efficient means to selectively target systemically injected AAV9 to localized regions of muscle, thus decreasing the potential for adverse effects in off‐target tissues.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel bis Polyfunctional Pyridine, Pyran, and Thiazole Derivatives
Authors: El‐Sayed Elsherbiny H. , Fadda Ahmed A.
Published: August 2018

In continuation of our efforts to find a new class of antimicrobial agents, treatment of N,N′‐(1,4‐phenylene)bis(2‐cyanoacetamide) (1) with formaldehyde and either benzoylacetonitrile or malononitrile to afford pyridine derivatives 5 and 8, respectively. Similarly, treatment of 1 with different types of aldehydes afforded benzylidene derivatives 9–15, followed by the reaction with rmalononitrile dime to give polyfunctional pyridine derivative 18. Moreover, cyanoacetamide 1 was reacted with chalcone, benzylidenemalononitrile, and 1,3‐diketone to afford pyran derivatives 21, 25, and 28, respectively, followed by the reaction with ammonium acetate to afford polyfunctional pyridine derivatives 22, 26, and 29, respectively. Furthermore, thiazole derivative 32 was prepared via treatment of 1 with elemental sulfur and phenyl isothiocyanate. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated as antimicrobial activities.
Preparation of Pyrido[2,3‐b]indole Derivatives Using Silicates of Group 1 and 2 Metals
Authors: Sheikh Setareh , Fazlinia Abbas
Published: August 2018

An efficient synthesis of 2,4‐diaryl‐9H‐pyrido[2,3‐b] indole derivatives in aqueous medium via the three‐component reaction of indolin‐2‐one, a chalcone and ammonium acetate was developed using Na2SiO3, K2SiO3, Li2SiO3, CaSiO3, MgSiO3, BaSiO3, SrSiO3, and ZnSiO3 as catalysts. Results of activity evaluations indicated that among of the metal silicate used alkali metal silicates exhibits much higher activity than other samples due to the stronger basicity power and higher solubility in water. Under the optimum reaction conditions, all of the reactions with diverse aromatic aldehydes provided high yields in low reaction times.
Prospective comparison between DCE‐MRR and 99mTc‐DTPA‐based SPECT for determination of allograft renal function
Authors: Wan‐Li Zhou , Jun Tao , Yu‐Dong Zhang , Fei Shuang , Zhijian Han , Chen‐Jiang Wu , Zijie Wang , Yongjun Li , Hongliang Que , Zhengkai Huang , Zengjun Wang , Ruoyun Tan , Min Gu
Published: August 2018

Background

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a preferred indicator of allograft renal function, but direct measurement of GFR remains complicated.

Purpose

To prospectively compare dynamic contrast‐enhanced MR renography (DCE‐MRR) with 99mTc‐DTPA‐based single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for determination of allograft renal function.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Seventy kidney‐transplant recipients

Field Strength

A low‐dose DCE‐MRR with a 3.0T scanner and a 99mTc‐DTPA‐based SPECT after renal transplantation were performed.

Assessment

A Baumann‐Rudin (BR) and a modified two‐compartment model (JZ2C) were used for DCE‐MRR analysis. Standard Gate's method was used for SPECT analysis. An endogenous creatinine clearance rate (CCr) constituted the reference standard.

Statistical Tests

Pearson correlation test and Bland–Altman agreement analysis.

Results

The reference CCr‐GFR was 59.58 ± 23.72 mL/min/1.73 m2. GFR determined by eGFR, BR, JZ2C, and SPECT was 90.22 ± 34.38, 36.78 ± 14.46, 48.99 ± 23.88, and 67.32 ± 18.44 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. DCE‐MRR using JZ2C had the best overall performance, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.81, a bias of –10.58 mL/min/1.73 m2, and a precision of 14.61 mL/min/1.73 m2, as well as high accuracy (30–50% intervals: 74.3–90.0%). Although SPECT had a small bias (7.74 mL/min/1.73 m2), it had a poor correlation coefficient (0.38), poor precision (23.93 mL/min/1.73 m2), and low accuracy (64.3–72.3%) as compared with DCE‐MRR using JZ2C.

Data Conclusion

DCE‐MRR using JZ2C is superior to 99mTc‐DTPA‐based SPECT to determine allograft renal function.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:262–269.
Discriminating between empirical studies and nonempirical works using automated text classification
Authors: Langlois Alexis , Nie Jian‐Yun , Thomas James , Hong Quan Nha , Pluye Pierre
Published: August 2018

Objective: Identify the most performant automated text classification method (eg, algorithm) for differentiating empirical studies from nonempirical works in order to facilitate systematic mixed studies reviews.

Methods: The algorithms were trained and validated with 8050 database records, which had previously been manually categorized as empirical or nonempirical. A Boolean mixed filter developed for filtering MEDLINE records (title, abstract, keywords, and full texts) was used as a baseline. The set of features (eg, characteristics from the data) included observable terms and concepts extracted from a metathesaurus. The efficiency of the approaches was measured using sensitivity, precision, specificity, and accuracy.

Results: The decision trees algorithm demonstrated the highest performance, surpassing the accuracy of the Boolean mixed filter by 30%. The use of full texts did not result in significant gains compared with title, abstract, keywords, and records. Results also showed that mixing concepts with observable terms can improve the classification.

Significance: Screening of records, identified in bibliographic databases, for relevant studies to include in systematic reviews can be accelerated with automated text classification.
Novel Sugar‐Based Gemini Surfactants and Their Surface Properties
Authors: Gan Changsheng , Li Hong , Cai Kunliang
Published: August 2018

A group of novel sugar‐based gemini surfactants, N, N′‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐3‐alkyloxylpropyl) ‐N, N′‐bis(gluconylamide)‐ethylenediamine (alkyl: n‐C8H17, n‐C12H25, n‐C14H29, n‐C16H33), were synthesized and characterized. Their surface properties, including surface tension, γ, critical micelle concentration, CMC, maximum surface excess, Гmax, minimum area per molecule, Amin, and standard free energy of micellization and adsorption, and , were investigated. The members of this family could reduce the surface tension of water to approximately 20–25 mN m−1 at the concentration level of 10−5 mol L−1, considerably lower than that commonly achieved with monomeric surfactants. Their adsorption and aggregation behavior were further studied by means of dynamic light scattering and X‐ray diffraction. The relationship of the aggregate size of the synthesized gemini surfactants with the length of the hydrocarbon chain and their concentration was discussed.
Task‐driven latent active correction for physics‐inspired input method in near‐field mixed reality applications
Authors: Zhang Zhenliang , Li Yue , Guo Jie , Weng Dongdong , Liu Yue , Wang Yongtian
Published: August 2018

Calibration accuracy is one of the most important factors to affect the user experience in mixed reality applications. For a typical mixed reality system built with the optical see‐through head‐mounted display, a key problem is how to guarantee the accuracy of hand–eye coordination by decreasing the instability of the eye and the head‐mounted display in long‐term use. In this paper, we propose a real‐time latent active correction algorithm to decrease hand–eye calibration errors accumulated over time. Experimental results show that we can guarantee an effective calibration result and improve the user experience with the proposed latent active correction algorithm. Based on the proposed system, experiments about virtual buttons are also designed, and the interactive performance regarding different scales of virtual buttons is presented. Finally, a direct physics‐inspired input method is constructed, which shares a similar performance with the gesture‐based input method but provides a lower learning cost due to its naturalness.
Increased current flow enhances the risk of organic carbon loss from Zostera marina sediments: Insights from a flume experiment
Authors: Dahl Martin , Infantes Eduardo , Clevesjö Rosanna , Linderholm Hans W. , Björk Mats , Gullström Martin
Published: August 2018

Hydrodynamic processes are important for carbon storage dynamics in seagrass meadows, where periods of increased hydrodynamic activity could result in erosion and the loss of buried carbon. To estimate hydrodynamic impacts on the resuspension of organic carbon (Corg) in seagrass‐vegetated sediments, we exposed patches (0.35 × 0.35 cm) of Zostera marina (with different biomass, shoot densities, and sediment properties) to gradually increased unidirectional (current) flow velocities ranging from low (5 cm s−1) to high (26 cm s−1) in a hydraulic flume with a standardized water column height of 0.12 m. We found that higher flow velocities substantially increased (by more than threefold) the proportion of Corg in the suspended sediment resulting in a loss of up to 5.5% ± 1.7% (mean ± SE) Corg from the surface sediment. This was presumably due to increased surface erosion of larger, carbon‐rich detritus particles. Resuspension of Corg in the seagrass plots correlated with sediment properties (i.e., bulk density, porosity, and sedimentary Corg) and seagrass plant structure (i.e., belowground biomass). However, shoot density had no influence on Corg resuspension (comparing unvegetated sediments with sparse, moderate, and dense seagrass bed types), which could be due to the relatively low shoot density in the experimental setup (with a maximum of 253 shoots m−2) reflecting natural conditions of the Swedish west coast. The projected increase in the frequency and intensity of hydrodynamic forces due to climate change could thus negatively affect the function of seagrass meadows as natural carbon sinks.
Robust Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in MgO/Co2FeAl/MgO Stacks Induced by MgO over Layer and Annealing Temperature
Authors: Lakshmanan Saravanan , Muthuvel Manivel Raja , Delhibabu Prabhu , Annal Therese Helen
Published: August 2018

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in Co2FeAl (CFA)/MgO stacks deposited on the MgO buffer layer is studied as a function of MgO over‐layer thickness and annealing temperature. It reveals that MgO over‐layer (thickness between 0 and 1.5 nm) improves the PMA of CFA grown on MgO buffer layer. It is identified that MgO over‐layer thickness is a crucial factor that affects the magnetic anisotropy. The maximum effective PMA energy density (Keff) of ≈1.22 × 106 erg cm−3 is observed at 400 °C. Besides, PMA is also realized for room temperature (RT) films. Moreover, enhancement in the perpendicular saturation magnetization (Ms┴) with PMA is effectively induced by the CFA/MgO or CFA/Mo interface and is discussed in detail. The grain distribution and surface roughness are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) for without and with MgO over‐layer in MgO/CFA/tMgO (0 and 0.5 nm)/Mo stacks at higher annealing temperature. Therefore, this MgO/CFA/MgO can be an ideal system for the p‐MTJs‐based new generation low power consuming large density data storage spintronic devices with improved thermal stability.
Chiral thiophene derivatives with optimal two‐photon absorption in near‐infrared window I and II
Authors: Ye Chuanxiang , Wang Bin , Ren Can , Zhang Teng , Gao Yang , Zhang Junmin , He Tingchao
Published: August 2018

Thiophene derivatives are outstanding organic materials due to their wide spectral response, superior optoelectronic properties, and excellent environmental stability, which have attracted widespread attention in both theory and applications. However, their chiral analogues and corresponding chiroptical behaviors have been rarely investigated. Herein, a series of chiral thiophene derivatives are firstly designed by taking both optical chirality and two‐photon absorption (TPA) response into consideration, and are then investigated by modern analytical response theory. The calculated results demonstrate that these novel chiral thiophene derivatives show optimal TPA in the near‐infrared (NIR) window I and II, indicating that they are promising for biological applications. More importantly, they exhibit reasonable two‐photon circular dichroism (TPCD) signals, which are desirable candidates for chiral recognition regions. Furthermore, the calculations of orbital transitions shed light on that the intramolecular charge transfer plays an important role in their excellent TPA and TPCD behaviors in NIR regions.
Approaches, success factors, and barriers for technology transfer in software engineering—Results of a systematic literature review
Authors: Brings Jennifer , Daun Marian , Brinckmann Sarah , Keller Kevin , Weyer Thorsten
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Technology transfer aims at supporting the transfer of results from software engineering research from academia to industrial application.

Objective

This paper reports on the current state of technology transfer in software engineering.

Method

We conducted a systematic literature review, in which we investigated 3070 papers. We identified in total 70 relevant papers, which were subject of a detailed analysis.

Results

Many different approaches are proposed to foster technology transfer in software engineering. The majority of these approaches suggest direct collaboration between industry and academia or teaching new technologies in industrial training or university education. In addition, a considerable number of experience reports on technology transfer exist. Hence, a multitude of best practices, success stories, and lessons learned is reported. Among others, empirical evidence, maturity, and adaptability of the technology seem important preconditions for successful transfer, while social and organizational factors seem important barriers to successful technology transfer.

Conclusion

Our findings can aid software engineering researchers in determining how best to support the transfer of their research results into practice. Furthermore, analysis of the literature also revealed that no reports exist on the combination of various technology transfer approaches, which could increase advantages of existing approaches while reducing their disadvantages.
Efficient Double Buffer Layer Sb2 (SexS1–x)3 Thin Film Solar Cell Via Single Source Evaporation
Authors: Ishaq Muhammad , Deng Hui , Yuan Shengjie , Zhang Huan , Khan Jahangeer , Farooq Umar , Song Haisheng , Tang Jiang
Published: August 2018

Sb2(SexS1–x)3 has been proven a very promising light absorbing material for photovoltaic applications due to its high stability, tunable band gap, non‐toxic element, and high extinction coefficient. For Sb2(SexS1–x)3 alloy film deposition, the authors develop a single source based rapid‐thermal‐evaporation (RTE) method instead of the traditional in‐situ sulfurization or double source co‐evaporation based RTE method. The absorber band gap can be precisely tuned from 1.1 to 1.7 eV by simply varying the molar ratio of Sb2Se3 and Sb2S3 source powder. From the systematical composition screening, FTO/CdS/Sb2(Se0.68S0.32)3/Au devices show higher power conversion efficiency (PCE ∼ 4.17%) when compared with other absorber compositions based devices. In order to achieve thinner ETL layers and simultaneously avoid pinholes led by rough FTO surface, we introduce for the first time double buffer layer in the Sb2(Se0.68S0.32)3 device system which could further improve the device efficiency from 4.17% to 5.73%. The double buffer layer ZnO/CdS helped to form graded energy band alignment, suppress charge recombination and efficiently extract electrons. The devices obtained higher Jsc and Voc supported by various physical characterization analyses. The facile single source deposition method, efficient double buffer layer device structure and notable PCE are expected to pronouncedly promote antimony chalcogenide device development.
Industrial Furnaces for Steel Processing – 90 Years of Continuous Improvement
Authors: Pfeifer Herbert
Published: August 2018

Industrial furnaces are important facilities for the production of high quality metallic materials including melting, reheating, and heat treatment. The topics of the last 90 years are summarized for heat and mass transfer and furnaces for the reheating of cast steel (ingots, billets, blooms, and slabs) and for the recrystallization annealing of cold rolled strips. The fundamental task over decades is the calculation and simulation of the exact temperature field in metallic materials by analytical and at least numerical methods. Energy efficiency, use of different fuels, continuous improvement of quality, and productivity are also topics over the last nine decades. Actually, the improvement of the cooling sections of continuous annealing lines concerning higher cooling rate, flatness, and strip stability is a field of research and development.
Dynamic RNA holo‐editosomes with subcomplex variants: Insights into the control of trypanosome editing
Authors: Cruz‐Reyes Jorge , Mooers Blaine H. M. , Doharey Pawan K. , Meehan Joshua , Gulati Shelly
Published: August 2018

RNA editing causes massive remodeling of the mitochondrial mRNA transcriptome in trypanosomes and related kinetoplastid protozoa. This type of editing involves the specific insertion or deletion of uridylates (U) directed by small noncoding guide RNAs (gRNAs). Because U‐insertion exceeds U‐deletion by a factor of 10, editing increases the nascent mRNA size by up to 55%. In Trypanosoma brucei, the editing apparatus uses ~40 proteins and >1,200 gRNAs to create the functional open reading frame in 12 mRNAs. Thousands of sites are specifically recognized in the pre‐edited mRNAs and a myriad of partially edited transcript intermediates accumulates in mitochondria. The control of editing is poorly understood, but past work suggests that it occurs during substrate recognition, the initiation and progression of editing, and during the life‐cycle in different hosts. The growing understanding of the editing proteins offers clues about editing control. Most editing proteins reside in the “RNA‐free” RNA editing core complex (RECC) and in the accessory RNA editing substrate complex (RESC) that contains gRNA. Two accessory RNA helicases are known, including one in the RNA editing helicase 2 complex (REH2C). Both the RESC and the REH2C associate with mRNA, providing a rationale for the assembly of mRNA or its mRNPs, RESC, and the RECC enzyme. Identified variants of the canonical editing complexes further complicate the model of RNA editing. We examine specific examples of complex variants, differential effects of editing proteins on the mRNAs within and between T. brucei life stages, and possible control points in RNA holo‐editosomes.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
A model for cellular mechanotransduction and contractility at finite strain
Authors: Bouklas N. , Sakar M. S. , Curtin W. A.
Published: August 2018

In this work we introduce a theoretical and computational modeling framework for the contractile response of single cells triggered by external mechanical stimuli. The structural response due to the formation and dissociation of stress fibers is modeled following isotropic anisotropic contractile phases with an orientation that evolves with time and strain. The passive and active structural components are postulated to act in parallel, and the re‐orientation process drives the anisotropic phase of stress fiber orientation to align with the direction of the maximum principal stretch. A reduced form of the Hai‐Murphy model is used to follow kinetics of myosin states considering the combined effect of “latch”‐ and “cross”‐bridge states. The introduction of distinct isotropic and anisotropic activation allows modeling of the contractile intensity of each phase. Tractions on the cell surface initiate bio‐chemical signaling through the RhoA pathway, which in turn controls both myosin contraction and F‐actin polymerization. A signaling model is introduced to effectively connect intracellular events with the tractions on the cell surface. The overall model is defined by a free energy density function that couples the deformation and the activation, and associated equilibrium and kinetic models for evolution. Features of the model are highlighted via implementation in a finite element model and application to benchmark problems. The model captures the dynamic contractile responses of cells and stress fiber re‐alignment under complex load histories. For example, physiologically relevant scenario such as relaxation of cells to their initial state upon removal of applied loads can be simulated.
Min(max)imization of horizontal and vertical displacements of a fibre‐reinforced magneto‐elastic cantilever rod
Authors: Khurshudyan Asatur Zh.
Published: August 2018

In this brief note we suggest a procedure for extremization of horizontal and vertical displacements of a nonlinear fibre‐reinforced magneto‐elastic rod subjected to an oblique magnetic field and a concentrated load applied at the rod end‐point. The control parameter is the angle formed by the magnetic field and the rod axis. The governing equation is nonlinear in both the unknown function and in the control parameter. The exact (implicit) solution of the governing equation is obtained. Moreover, we apply the Bubnov‐Galerkin procedure and the Newton‐Raphson iterative method to obtain an approximate solution to the problem. Numerical analysis of the approximate solution allows to study the influence of the magnetic field and concentrated force on the rod displacement field.