bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Data Embedding Method for Digital Image with Human Visual Systems
Authors: Fujii Atsuhiro , Nakamoto Masayoshi , Muneyasu Mitsuji , Ohno Shuichi
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we consider a data‐embedding method in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain of digital images. A bit pattern embedding method with the human visual system (HVS) and correlation‐based detection have been proposed by Kino and Wada based on the watermarking scheme, which is referred to as the conventional method. In the conventional method, the capacity of embedding data depends on the potential correlation between the DWT coefficients of the host image and the watermark signal. We propose a new embedding and detection algorithm not affected by the potential correlation in order to increase the capacity of embedding data. The data‐embedding and detection in the proposed method are performed by considering the absolute value of the correlation between the watermarked DWT coefficients and the watermark signal. In simulations, we show that the capacity of the embedding data in the proposed method is increased compared with the conventional method at the same PSNR value (image quality).
3D‐Visualised Model of Temperature Distribution in the Brain for Investigation of Brain Cooling Effect
Authors: Honma Satoru , Takagi Yutaka , Wakamatsu Hidetoshi
Published: October 2014

Brain hypothermia requires control of its temperature within an appropriate range, considering the change of body temperature over a long period. Various mathematical models have been used for the study of control and cooling capability of brain temperature in hypothermia. In previous models, a lumped‐parameter hemisphere of uniform temperature has been assumed as a simplified brain model without considering the temperature distribution. In the present study, however, a new model is proposed to visualize the temperature distribution in the brain. The model has the approximate shape of the organs in the head based on MRI data, and may well reflect properties such as heat transfer coefficients, metabolic heat production, and heat capacity of human organs. The model has a pseudo‐blood‐flow component in which any temperature can be set as the initial value at the starting place of blood flow. Simulations using this model were performed with the temperature controlled by the introduction of Ringer's solution into any of the four arteries leading to the brain. The simulation results suggest that the various cooling effects are manifested in every region of brain, and that the temperature distribution can be known for applications to controlling brain temperature in a part of interest.
Effect of Atmospheric‐Pressure Helium Plasma Jet on Cell Culture Medium
Authors: Takamura Norimitsu , Wang Douyan , Satoh Takao , Namihira Takao , Saitoh Hisato , Akiyama Hidenori
Published: October 2014

Atmospheric‐pressure, nonthermal plasma jets produced by using helium gas have been studied for various applications. In particular, plasma applications for biological treatment have attracted attention and investigation all over the world. In this paper, various kinds of cell culture media were irradiated with a plasma jet, and its components were analyzed. The results showed that irradiating a cell culture medium with a plasma jet could cause changes in its pH, electrical conductivity, and so on. These results suggest that irradiating with a plasma jet might cause changes in the form of cells and produce cell death. Plasma jets also generate UV light, which may kill cells. It was found that the plasma jet irradiation time is a very important factor in the treatment of cells.
Extreme drought effects on summer evapotranspiration and energy balance of a grassland in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Rajan Nithya , Maas Stephan J. , Cui Song
Published: October 2014

We investigated the impact of the 2011 severe drought on summer evapotranspiration (ET) and energy partitioning of a managed Old World bluestem grassland in the Southern Great Plains and compared the results with those from 2010, a hydrologically wet year. Measurements of CO2, latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H) fluxes were made using an eddy covariance flux tower. In 2010, the total precipitation received during the summer months (June–August) was 82% above the 9‐year average precipitation, and in 2011, it was only 8% of the 9‐year average precipitation. The amount of net radiation (Rn) available at the surface was higher in the wet year (54.3% of the incident radiation) compared with the drought year (41.1% of the incident radiation). In 2010, LE consumed the majority of available energy resulting in a high evaporative fraction (EF). In 2011, less energy was converted to LE as soil moisture remained low, which also resulted in reduced plant growth. Thus, the energy partitioning in 2011 was dominated by H. Significant differences in bulk canopy conductance (Gs) were also observed between the two years. In both years,Gswas linearly correlated with soil volumetric water content in the top 4 cm of the soil profile. The gross primary production (GPP) was linearly correlated to ET. The water use efficiency was 2.63 g C kg−1of water in 2010 and 0.69 g C kg−1of water in 2011. Results from this study showed that, in semi‐arid grasslands, the ET and energy balance are strongly affected by water availability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave heating induces changes in the physicochemical properties of baru (Dipteryx alataVog.) and soybean crude oils
Authors: Borges Thays Helena , Malheiro Ricardo , de Souza Adriana Marques , Casal Susana , Pereira José Alberto
Published: October 2014

Baru oil is extracted from baru nuts (Dipteryx alataVog.) by cold mechanical pressing, and is exploited as a source of vitamins, fatty acids and antioxidants in the Brazilian food and pharmaceutical sectors. No information is available on this oil under domestic culinary processes and thermal conditions. So, in the present study we evaluated the response of crude baru oil under microwave heating (0, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 min), using crude soybean oil as comparison. Physical and chemical parameters were evaluated (free acidity, peroxide value, specific extinction coefficient at 232 and 270 nm, ΔKand color by CIELAB method), fatty acid profile, tocopherol composition, antioxidant activity, and oxidative stability. Until 3 min (1000 W) no significant adverse changes were observed in either oil. However, higher exposition times are more adverse to baru oil than to soybean oil. Tocopherols, oils stability and antioxidant activity drop abruptly. The typical yellow coloration is lost with heating, giving a less appealing appearance to the oils. By a principal component analysis, it was verified that microwave heating differently influenced each oil, and within the same oil, exposure time also caused distinct effect on properties, quality, and composition. Based on the obtained results, we discourage the use of baru oil for culinary process.

Practical applications:The use of baru oil for prolonged culinary processes is discouraged due to lower stability and low content in antioxidants. Baru oil is more suitable for seasoning for usage in domestic consumption at RT. Exposure to microwave heating is completely discouraged at an exposure higher than 3 min.

Microwave heating changes appearence of baru and soybean crude oils.
Investigation of the effect of nanoclay on the properties of quince seed mucilage edible films
Authors: Shekarabi Azadeh Sadat , Oromiehie Abdul Rasoul , Vaziri Ali , Ardjmand Mahdi , Safekordi Ali Akbar
Published: October 2014

Some physical properties like Gas barrier, thermal stability, and mechanical properties and brittleness of pure biopolymers film are inadequate for food packaging. The functional properties of quince seed mucilage‐based films were enhanced by addition of nanoclay (NC) (Cloisite 30B). Edible films were cast from heated aqueous solutions of quince seed (10% w/w) and NC (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% w/w of quince seed). The effect of NC was studied in terms of tensile properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nano composite films. In films containing NC, ultimate tensile strength enhanced to 22 MPa, and elongation increased from 2.48% to 6.5%. The addition of NC also improved gas barrier properties of the films. In films containing 2% NC, WVP decreased from 6.69 × 10−7 g·m−1·h−1·Pa−1 to 1.10 × 10−7 g·m−1·h−1·Pa−1 and oxygen permeability declined to 13.68 mL·day·m−2. NC also influences glass transition temperature significantly. The study demonstrated that the properties of quince seed mucilage edible films can be significantly improved using NC as reinforcement.
Feasibility of transoral robotic‐assisted high‐resolution microendoscopic imaging of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Patsias Alexis , Giraldez‐Rodriguez Laureano , Polydorides Alexandros D. , Richards‐Kortum Rebecca , Anandasabapathy Sharmila , Quang Timothy , Sikora Andrew G. , Miles Brett
Published: October 2014

Background

Transoral robotic‐assisted oncologic surgery of the head and neck offers promising functional results. Nonetheless, the efficacy of oncologic surgery remains critically dependent on obtaining negative margins. We aimed to integrate a miniaturized high‐resolution fiber‐optic microendoscope (HRME), which provides real‐time histological assessment, with the da Vinci robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA).

Methods

Three patients undergoing transoral robotic surgery (TORS) were prospectively enrolled in this study. Optical imaging of the oropharynx was performed intraoperatively with the robotic‐assisted HRME.

Results

All patients underwent the procedure successfully with no complications. The HRME was successfully integrated with the da Vinci robotic system. Several sites of the oropharynx and associated malignancy were imaged, which correlated with the standard histopathological analysis.

Conclusion

Transoral robotic‐assisted HRME imaging of the oropharynx is a safe and technically feasible approach, providing a real‐time histological assessment and may serve as a valuable aid in oncologic surgery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E99–E102, 2015
Water's Way at Sleepers River watershed – revisiting flow generation in a post‐glacial landscape, Vermont USA
Authors: Shanley James B. , Sebestyen Stephen D. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , McGlynn Brian L. , Dunne Thomas
Published: October 2014

The Sleepers River Research Watershed (SRRW) in Vermont, USA, has been the site of active hydrologic research since 1959 and was the setting where Dunne and Black demonstrated the importance and controls of saturation‐excess overland flow (SOF) on streamflow generation. Here, we review the early studies from the SRRW and show how they guided our conceptual approach to hydrologic research at the SRRW during the most recent 25 years. In so doing, we chronicle a shift in the field from early studies that relied exclusively on hydrometric measurements to today's studies that include chemical and isotopic approaches to further elucidate streamflow generation mechanisms. Highlights of this evolution in hydrologic understanding include the following: (i) confirmation of the importance of SOF to streamflow generation, and at larger scales than first imagined; (ii) stored catchment water dominates stream response, except under unusual conditions such as deep frozen ground; (iii) hydrometric, chemical and isotopic approaches to hydrograph separation yield consistent and complementary results; (iv) nitrate and sulfate isotopic compositions specific to atmospheric inputs constrain new water contributions to streamflow; and (v) convergent areas, or ‘hillslope hollows’, contribute disproportionately to event hydrographs. We conclude by summarizing some remaining challenges that lead us to a vision for the future of research at the SRRW to address fundamental questions in the catchment sciences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's Earliest Experiences with Death: Circumstances, Conversations, Explanations, and Parental Satisfaction
Authors: Renaud Sarah‐Jane , Engarhos Paraskevi , Schleifer Michael , Talwar Victoria
Published: October 2014

Parents (n = 140) of children 2 to 7 years responded to an online survey regarding their children's experiences and conversations about death. A total of 75% of parents indicated that they had spoken to their child about death, and the majority of conversations were first initiated when children were between 3 and 3.5 years of age. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors that could predict conversations about death. Parents (n = 88) provided narratives of the explanations of death that they gave their child and subsequently reported their level of satisfaction with their explanation. The content of the explanations was coded and examined in relation to children's age and parental satisfaction. Results revealed that parents who provided explanations to a continued existence after death reported significantly higher levels of satisfaction than those parents who discussed the absence of a future physical relationship after death. Finally, explanations of a continued existence were not always in reference to an afterlife and could include discussing the memory of the deceased or their continued impact even after death. Thus, when talking to young children about death, parents may feel greater satisfaction in finding ways to discuss the continued legacy of those who have died compared to more biological explanations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Study of Indium in a Water‐Stable 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Chloride/Tetrafluoroborate Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
Authors: Yang Ming‐Huan , Sun I‐Wen
Published: October 2014

The electrochemistry of indium species was investigated at glassy carbon, tungsten and nickel electrodes in a basic 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride/tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid. Amperometric titration experiments suggest that In(III) chloride is complexed as [InCl5]2− in this ionic liquid. The electrochemical reduction of [InCl5]2− to indium metal is preceded by overpotential driven nucleations. The effective anodic dissolution of indium to indium(III) requires, however, the presence of sufficient chloride ions at the electrode surface. The electrodeposition of indium at glassy carbon and tungsten electrodes proceeds via three‐dimensional instantaneous nucleation with diffusion‐controlled growth of the nuclei. At the nickel electrode, the deposition proceeds via three‐dimensional progressive nucleation with diffusion‐controlled growth of the nuclei. Raising the deposition temperature decreases the average radius of the individual nuclei, r. Scanning electron microscopic and x‐ray diffraction data indicated that bulk crystalline indium electrodeposits could be prepared on nickel substrates within a temperature range between 30 and 120 °C.
A New Turbidimetric Method for Determination of Melamine Based on its Reaction with Mercury(II)
Authors: Farajzadeh M. A. , Rahmani N. Abdi
Published: October 2014

A turbidimetric technique based on a reaction between Hg(II) and melamine is described for the measurement of melamine content of wastewater of a petrochemical company. The present technique is rapid and simple, uses a small amount of reagent and is set up with low‐cost equipment, making this system economically viable. The experimental conditions such as volume of reagent, pH of buffer, stirring time, stirring speed, ionic strength, etc. were optimized and used in plotting the calibration curve. The linear dynamic range was 1–70 mg/L with a limit of detection of 0.3 mg/L. Repeatability of the proposed method is good, and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) is less than 1.5%. Interferences studies showed that the common compounds existing in wastewater have no negative effect on the efficiency of the method at relatively high concentrations. Finally, the proposed method has been successfully used in determination of melamine in wastewater of Urmia Petrochemical Company.
Sulfur‐assisted Chloride and Triphenylphosphine Dissociation of Palladium(II) Complex with Phenyloxythiocarbonyl, PhOC(S), Containing Ligand: X‐Ray Structure of [Pd(PPh3)2{η1‐C(S)OPh}(Cl)]
Authors: Yih Kuang‐Hway , Lee Gene‐Hsiang
Published: October 2014

Treatment of Pd(PPh3)4 with phenylchlorothionoformate, PhOC(S)Cl, in dichloromethane at −20 °C produces the phenyloxythiocarbonyl complex [Pd(PPh3)2{η1‐C(S)OPh}(Cl)], 1. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 1 shows the dissociation of either the chloride or the triphenylphosphine ligand to form complex [Pd(PPh3)2(η2‐SCOPh)][Cl], 2 or the dipalladium complex [Pd(PPh3)Cl]2(μ,η2‐SCOPh)2, 3. Continuous stirring of the dichloromethane solution of 1 at room temperature for 4 h forms the dipalladinum complex [Pd(PPh3)Cl]2(μ,η2‐SCOPh)2, 3 as the final product. Respective reactions of 1 and Et2NCS2Na or dppa {bis(diphenylphosphino)amine} gives complex [Pd(PPh3){η1‐C(S)OPh}(η2‐S2CNEt2)], 4 or [Pd(PPh3){η1‐C(S)OPh}(η2‐dppa)][Cl], 5. Complex 1 is determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21 with Z = 4. The cell dimensions of 1 are as follows: a = 9.5613(1) Å, b = 33.6732(3) Å, c = 12.2979(1) Å.
Synthesis, Dissociation Behavior and Crystal Structures of Palladium(II) Complexes with N,N‐Dimethylthiocarbamoyl, Me2NC=S, Containing Ligand: Structures of [Pd(PPh3)2(η1‐SCNMe2)(Cl)], [Pd(PPh3)(Cl)]2(μ,η2‐SCNMe2)2, [Pd(PPh3)2{η1‐C(SMe)(NMe2)}(η2‐S2CO)], and [Pd{η1‐SC(O)NMe2}Pd(Cl)](μ,η2‐SCNMe2)(μ,η2‐dppm)2
Authors: Lin Ying‐Chih , Yih Kuang‐Hway , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Huang Shou‐Ling , Wang Yu
Published: October 2014

Treatment of Pd(PPh3)4 with N,N‐dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride, Me2NC(=S)Cl, in dichloromethane at −20 °C produces complex [Pd(PPh3)2(η1‐SCNMe2)(Cl)] (1). In solution state, complex 1 shows the intramolecular dissociation of the chloride or intermolecular dissociation of the triphenylphosphine ligands to form η2‐thiocarbamoyl complex [Pd(PPh3)2(η2‐SCNMe2)][Cl] (2) or the bridging η2‐thiocarbamoyl dipalladium complex [Pd(PPh3)Cl]2(μ,η2‐SCNMe2)2 (3). Treatment of 1 with MeOCS2K yields [Pd(PPh3){η1‐C(SMe)(NMe2)}(η2‐S2CO)] (5a). The Fischer‐type carbene‐complex 5a is formed via methyl migration of the methyldithiocarbonate to thiocarbamoyl ligand. Complex 1 reacts with EtOCS2K resulting in the formation of η2‐dithiocarbonate complex [Pd(PPh3)(η1‐SCNMe2)(η2‐S2COEt)] (4b) and carbene‐complex [Pd(PPh3){η1‐C(SEt)(NMe2)}(η2‐S2CO)] (5b) with ratios of 10:1 from the integration of 31P{1H} NMR spectra. By continuously stirring the mixtures 4b and 5b in CH2Cl2 solution for 2 h, complex 5b was formed as the final product. Complex [Pd(η1‐SCNMe2)(η2‐Phen)(Cl)] (6) or [Pd{η1‐SC(O)NMe2}Pd(Cl)](μ,η2‐SCNMe2)‐(μ,η2‐dppm)2 (7) is accessible by the reaction of 1 with phen (1,10‐phenanthroline) or dppm {bis(diphenylphosphino)methane} in dichloromethane at room temperature. All of the complexes are identified by spectroscopic methods and complexes 1, 3, 5a, and 7 are determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The complexes 1 and 3 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n and P21/c with Z = 4, respectively, whereas 5a and 7 belong to the triclinic space group P&1bar; with Z = 2. The cell dimensions are as follows: for 1, a = 12.8248(1) Å, b = 18.6358(2) Å, c = 14.9692(1) Å, β = 105.1513(4)°; for 3, a = 9.8782(1) Å, b = 11.7238(1) Å, c = 20.7353(2) Å, α = 103.9126(5)°, β = 97.8453(3)°, γ = 104.9669(5)°; for 5a, a = 16.3638(2) Å, b = 9.3374(1) Å, c = 15.7117(2) Å, β = 98.2957(6)°; for 7, a = 12.1128(1) Å, b = 14.0133(2) Å, c = 17.7873(2) Å, α = 82.1939(5), β = 79.6190(6)°, γ = 80.9551(5)°.
Flash Pyrolysis of Lakhara Lignite Utilizing Effective Radical Transfer
Authors: Awan Iftikhar A. , Mahmood Tahira , Nisar Jan
Published: October 2014

Flash pyrolysis of raw and tetralin treated coal samples were carried out in nitrogen atmosphere. Two representative coal samples from Lakhra coalmines labeled Lakhra‐3 (L3) and Lakhra‐6B (L6B) were pyrolyzed in their raw state and after treatment with tetralin. Initial experiments were carried out at 700 °C with 2 milligrams of 80 mesh size samples. The main hydrocarbon products detected from both samples were methane, ethylene, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). The ratio of the total hydrocarbon yield from L3 and L6B raw samples is 1:1.49, respectively, while the relative yield of aliphatic C1‐C5 straight chain products to BTX are 7.65:5.49. Theses differences in product yields clearly indicate the compositional variation between the two samples. The total hydrocarbon yield (C1‐C5 +BTX) of tetralin swollen L3 coal and L6B coal was larger than the raw coal at all temperatures, and larger by 50.6% and 32.6%, respectively, at 700 °C. The treatment of coal samples has a more pronounced effect on BTX yield than C1‐C5 aliphatic hydrocarbons. BTX yield of tetralin treated L3 coals at 700 °C was 3.5 times higher while for L6B coal the BTX yield was 2.1 times higher than the raw samples. These significant increases in hydrocarbons yields can be explain in terms of the suppression of the cross‐linking reactions of coal fragments due to the penetration of tetralin in to the micropores of coal, as well as the effective H radicals transfer from tetralin to coal fragments during pyrolysis.
Highly Selective PVC‐Based Membrane Electrode Based on 2,6‐Diphenylpyrylium Fluoroborate
Authors: Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Akbar Vahideh , Daftari Azadeh , Norouzi Parviz , Pirelahi Hooshang , Mouradzadegun Arash
Published: October 2014

A highly selective PVC‐membrane electrode based on 2,6‐diphenylpyrylium fluoroborate is presented. The electrode reveals a Nernstian potentiometric response for sulfate ion over a wide concentration range (5.0 × 10−6‐1.0 × 10−1 M). The electrode has a response time of about 10 s and can be used for at least 2 months without any divergence. The proposed sensor revealed very good selectivities for sulfate over a wide variety of common organic and inorganic anions and could be used over a wide pH range (2.5–9.5). The detection limit of the sensor is 3.0 × 10−6 M. It was successfully applied to the direct determination of salbutamol, paramomycin tablets, and as an indicator electrode for potentiometric titration of sulfate ions with barium ions.
New Access to the Chemistry of Piperonylidinyl‐4‐[2.2]‐Paracyclophanylamine and Some Electron π‐Deficients
Authors: El‐Shaieb Kamal M.
Published: October 2014

Piperonylidinyl‐4‐[2.2]paracyclophanylamine 1 reacted with some electron π‐deficients via charge‐transfer complexation and afforded amino derivatives of [2.2[paracyclophane 2–9. Transannular electronic interaction existing in a cyclophane molecule plays an essential role for product formation.
New Regioselective Synthesis and Biological Activity of Substituted 1H‐[1,2,4]Triazolo[3,4‐c][1,2,4]Triazoles
Authors: Shawali A. S. , Abdallah M. A. , Abbas I. M. , Eid G. M.
Published: October 2014

Two regioselective synthetic approaches for the title compounds 7 via reaction of hydrazonoyl halides 1 with 3‐methylthio‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazole 3 and base‐catalyzed cyclization of N‐phenyl‐N‐(5‐phenyl‐s‐triazol‐3‐yl)thiohydrazides 6 are described. The mechanisms of the reactions studied and the biological activity of the isolated products 6 and 7 are pointed out.
Diels‐Alder Reaction in Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Zinc‐Containing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Sun I‐Wen , Wu Shin‐Yi , Su Chia‐Hao , Shu Yu‐Lin , Wu Pei‐Lin
Published: October 2014

Diels‐Alder reactions in a number of air‐ and moisture‐stable dialkylimidazolium halide‐ZnCl2 ionic liquids are reported. High yields and high endo selectivities have been observed. The ionic liquids could then be recyclable without loss of reactivity.
An Isomer Specific, Highly Selective Fluorescent Chemosensor for K+ from a Bis‐Naphtho‐15‐Crown‐5 Derivative
Authors: Yen Yao‐Pin , Huang Tien‐Peng
Published: October 2014

Three isomeric series of bis(crown ether)s have been synthesized by condensation of the appropriate formylnaphthocrown with 1,4‐phenylenediacetonitrile. The interaction of these ligands with K+ and Na+ has been investigated by UV and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Among them the bis(crown ether) 2a exhibits excellent K+‐selectivity over Na+ and a dramatic increase in the fluorescence intensity of chromophores.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of 3,3‐Dialkylated 4,5‐Diphenyl‐3H‐Pyrazoles: A New Route to the Formation of the Solvent Adducts
Authors: Yen Yao‐Pin , Huang Tseng‐Min , Tseng Yu‐Ping , Lin Hsuan‐Yu , Lai Ching‐Cheng
Published: October 2014

3,3‐Dialkyl‐4,5‐diphenyl‐3H‐pyrazoles undergo readily photoinduced electron transfer (PET) reaction with 2,4,6‐triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPP+) in acetonitrile to produce cyclopropenes and 2H‐pyrroles. During prolonged irradiation, the new ring‐closure products derived from 2H‐pyrroles as the secondary photoproducts are also produced. However, the corresponding ester analog exhibits different behavior to obtain the cyclopropene as the primary photoproduct and a [2+2] dimer of the cyclopropene as the secondary photoproduct. A rationale for the different behavior is offered.
Pyranoxanthones from Calophyllum Inophyllum
Authors: Cheng Hung‐Chuan , Wang Li‐Tang , Khalil Ashraf Taha , Chang Yao‐To , Lin Yu‐Chi , Shen Ya‐Ching
Published: October 2014

Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Calophyllum inophyllum resulted in the isolation of a new dipyrenoxanthone, calophinone (1), together with four related xanthones (2–5). Identification of the isolated compounds was achieved through intensive studies of their spectral data, especially 2D NMR.
Angiogenic gene therapy does not cause retinal pathology
Authors: Prokosch Verena , Stupp Tobias , Spaniol Kristina , Pham Emmanuel , Nikol Sigrid
Published: October 2014

Background

The potential negative influence of angiogenic gene therapy on the development or progression of retinal pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) or age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) has led to the systematic exclusion of affected patients from trials. We investigated the role of nonviral fibroblast factor 1 (NV1FGF) in two phase II, multinational, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, gene therapy trials (TALISMAN 201 and 211).

Methods

One hundred and fifty‐two subjects with critical limb ischemia or claudication were randomized to receive eight intramuscular injections of 2.5 ml of NV1FGF at 0.2 mg/ml or 0.4 mg/dl or placebo. One hundred and fifty‐two patients received a plasmid dose of NV1FGF of up to 32 mg or placebo. All patients underwent a systematic ophthalmologic examination at baseline and at 3, 6 or 12 months following gene therapy. Twenty‐six of these patients (Münster subgroup) received a retinal fluorescence angiography at baseline and at final examination.

Results

Among those 26 patients, four of nine patients with diabetes suffered from nonproliferative DR. Three patients showed non‐exsudative AMD. No change of retinal morphology or function was observed in Münster subgroup of both TALISMAN trials independent of the intramuscular NV1FGF dosage applied.

Conclusions

Angiogenic gene therapy using NV1FGF is safe even in diabetics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acylgruppenwanderung, VIII. Enolester der α‐Formylindanone
Authors: Wachsen Eberhard , Matusch Rudolf , Krampitz Dieter , Hartke Klaus
Published: October 2014

Der kristalline Essigsäure‐enolester des 2‐Formyl‐ I ‐indanons liegt E‐konfiguriert als 1E vor. UV‐Bestrahlung von 1E in Lösung führt zum photochemischen Gleichgewicht 1E ⇄1A; eine nachfolgende thermische Acetylwanderung 1A ⇄ 1C ist 1H‐NMR‐spektroskopisch nicht nachweisbar. UV‐Bestrahlung von kristallinem 1E liefert das Cyclobutan 2D. Formylierung des 2‐Indanons (3) mit Ameisensäure‐äthylester ergibt 1,3‐Bis(hydroxymethylen)‐2‐indanon (6), das sich mit Acetylchlorid zum E‐konfigurierten 1,2‐Bis(acetoxymethylen)‐2‐ indanon (7) umsetzt und durch UV‐Bestrahlung in Lösung dimerisiert.
Reaktionen mit Hexafluoracetonazin, XIII. Regiochemie der gemischten „cris‐cross”︁‐Cycloaddition
Authors: Burger Klaus , Schickaneder Helmut , Thenn Willy , Ebner Gertraud , Zettl Claus
Published: October 2014

2‐[3,3‐Bis(trifluormethyl)‐l‐pyrazolin‐l‐ylio]‐1,1,1.3,3,3‐hexafluor‐2‐propanide ‐ die [I : I]‐ Zwischenstufen der „criss‐cross”︁‐Cycloaddition ‐ liefern sowohl mit elektronenreichen als auch mit elektronenarmen Kohlenstoff‐Mehrfachbindungssystemen [3 + 21‐Cycloaddukte. Die Regiochemie der gemischten „criss‐cross”︁‐Cycloaddition wird anhand der spektroskopischen Daten der synthetisierten 1, 5‐Diazabicyclo[3.3.O]oct‐2‐ene und 1,5‐Diazabicyclo‐[3.3 .O]octane abgeleitet.
Vorzugskonformation des Phenylringes in 2‐Phenyl‐1,3‐dioxanen
Authors: Eliet Ernest L , Bailey William F , Wiberg Kenneth B. , Connon Helen , Nader Franz W.
Published: October 2014

Kalorimetrische Messungen zeigen, daß die ungewöhnlich kleine Konformationsenergie (‐ΔG) der Phenylgruppe am C‐2 des 1,3‐Dioxanrings (1: 3.1 kcal/mol) mit einer noch kleineren Konformationsenthalpie (‐ΔH) von etwa 2.0 kcal/mol korrespondiert. Ein Teil der äquatorialen Vorzugskonformation der Phenylgruppe entfällt in diesem Fall also auf den Entropieanteil, da die äquatoriale Phenylgruppe – unbeeinflußt von den Ringsauerstoffatomen – vermutlich als nahezu freier Rotor zu betrachten ist, während sie in axialer Stellung auf die Ebene senkrecht zur Symmetrieebene beschränkt ist (Schema). Die freie Rotation der äquatorialen Phenylgruppe erklärt, warum die Ebene des Phenylsubstituenten im kristallinen r‐2‐(p‐Bromphenyl)‐c‐4,c‐6‐dimethy1‐1,3‐dioxan (Schema 4) nahezu in der Dioxan‐Symmetrieebene liegt, während sie im analogen 2‐(p‐Chlorphenyl)‐1‐3‐dioxan (Schema 3) senkrecht zu dieser Ebene steht. Dieser Unterschied ist vermutlich auf die Kristallpackung zurückzuführen. Die Nichtadditivität der ΔG‐Werte der 2‐Phenylgruppen im 2‐Methyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxan (3) erklärt sich aus der Behinderung der freien Rotation der äquatorialen Phenylgruppe durch die geminale Methylgruppe. Der geringe ΔH‐Wert des 2‐Phenylsubstituenten am 1,3‐Dioxan kann sterischen Faktoren zugeschrieben werden (Fehlen einer Kompression zwischen O‐H und Ring ‐O) oder einem anomeren Effekt oder beiden Faktoren.
Organische Peroxide, XVl. 4‐(Alkylperoxy)pyrimidine and 4‐(Alkylperoxy)pyridine and ihre Umlagerung
Authors: Kropf Heinz , Ball Michael
Published: October 2014

4‐Chlor‐6‐menthypyrimidin(10a), 2,4‐Dichlor‐6‐methylphyrimidin(10b) and 2,4‐Dichlornicotinsäure‐äthylester (11) ergeben mit Barium‐tert‐butylperoxid 4‐tert‐Butylperoxy‐6‐methylpyrimidin(12b) und 4‐tert‐Butylperoxy‐2‐chlornicotinsäure (13). Die Peroxide lagern sich radikalisch zu 5‐tert‐Butoxy‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidon(15), 5‐tert‐Butoxy‐2‐chlor‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidon (18) und 5‐tert‐Butoxy‐2‐chlor‐4‐oxo‐1, 4‐dihydropyridin‐3‐carbonsäure‐äthylester(19) um. Mit Natrium‐7‐cumylperoxid erhält man aus 19b 2‐Chlor‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl (16) und α‐Methylstyrol sowie daneben 2‐Chlor‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidon (17) und Phenol.
Diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of the human language pathways: Moving into the clinical realm
Authors: Muthusami Prakash , James Jija , Thomas Bejoy , Kapilamoorthy T.R. , Kesavadas Chandrasekharan
Published: October 2014

The functional correlates of anatomical derangements are of interest to the neurological clinician. Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) is a relatively new tool in the arsenal of functional neuroimaging, by which to assess white matter tracts in the brain. While much import has been given to tracking corticospinal tracts in neurological disease, studying language pathway interconnections using DTT has largely remained in the research realm. Hardware and software advances have allowed this tool to ease into clinical practice, with several radiologists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons now familiar with its applications. DTT images, although visually appealing, are founded in mathematical equations and assumptions, and require a more than basic understanding of principles and limitations before they can be integrated into routine clinical practice. Cognitive pathways like that of language, that are normally hard to assess and especially more so when pathologically affected, have been at the receiving end of several opposing and often controversial hypotheses, and the past decade has seen the clarification, validation or rejection of several of these by the in vivo charting of functional connectivity using DTT. The focus of this review is to illustrate DTT of the language pathways with emphasis on practical considerations, clinical applications, and limitations.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1041–1053. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A correlation between tocopherol content and antioxidant activity in seeds and germinating seeds of soybean cultivars
Authors: Lee Yu Young , Park Hyang Mi , Hwang Tae Young , Kim Sun Lim , Kim Mi Jung , Lee Seuk Ki , Seo Min Jung , Kim Kee Jong , Kwon Young‐Up , Lee Sang Chul , Kim Yul Ho
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Tocopherols are crucial lipid‐soluble antioxidants and essential nutrients. There is increasing interest in the biofortification of crops with vitamin E for reducing micronutrient malnutrition. However, relatively little is known about the development of soybean cultivars with high levels of tocopherol through combined breeding.

RESULT

Tocopherol contents of seeds and germinating seeds of 28 Korean soybean cultivars were analyzed and evaluated for health‐promoting activities. Total tocopherol concentrations ranged from 203.9 to 503.1 µg g−1 in seeds and from 20.1 to 230.1 µg g−1 in germinating seeds. The traditional landraces of HaNagari (HN, 503.1 µg g−1), Orialtae (OL, 486.6 µg g−1), SuMoktae (SM, 476.5 µg g−1) and SoRitae (SR, 475.5 µg g−1) showed high levels of tocopherol content. The contents of the four isomers of tocopherol in seeds and germinating seeds were correlated with lipid peroxidation. The γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol contents in seeds were related to 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (0.434; P < 0.01 and 0.373; P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Total tocopherol content was higher in soybean landraces as compared with modern cultivars developed by cross‐breeding. These results suggest that soybean breeding is necessary to increase tocopherol levels. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Degradable Cationic Nanohydrogel Particles for Stimuli‐Responsive Release of siRNA
Authors: Nuhn Lutz , Braun Lydia , Overhoff Iris , Kelsch Annette , Schaeffel David , Koynov Kaloian , Zentel Rudolf
Published: October 2014

Well‐defined nanogels have become quite attractive as safe and stable carriers for siRNA delivery. However, to avoid nanoparticle accumulation, they need to provide a stimuli‐responsive degradation mechanism that can be activated at the payload's site of action. In this work, the synthetic concept for generating well‐defined nanohydrogel particles is extended to incorporate disulfide cross‐linkers into a cationic nanonetwork for redox‐triggered release of oligonucleotide payload as well as nanoparticle degradation under reductive conditions of the cytoplasm. Therefore, a novel disulfide‐modified spermine cross‐linker is designed that both allows disassembly of the nanogel as well as removal of cationic charge from residual polymer fragments. The degradation process is monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Moreover, siRNA release is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and a fluorescent RNA detection assay. The results exemplify the versatility of the applied nanogel manufacturing process, which allows alternative stimuli‐responsive core cross‐linkers to be integrated for triggered oligonucleotide release as well as effective biodegradation for reduced nanotoxicity.

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Talent Mobility and the Shifting Geographies of Latourian Knowledge Hubs
Authors: Jöns Heike
Published: October 2014

This paper outlines how the mobility of academic talent as a significant dimension of highly skilled migration has impacted on the formation and shifting of global knowledge centres. By conceptualising talent mobility as an integral part of multifold mobilisation processes in Latourian centres of calculation, the paper aims to contribute to an ongoing development of the theoretical resources underpinning migration studies. Using Latour's concept, it examines two case studies on the global circulation of researchers and academics in the 20th century to discuss what their insights imply for future geographies of knowledge production. The analysis shows how academic mobility from and to Europe has contributed to the emergence and reinforcement of an Anglo‐American hegemony in science and higher education since the early 20th century. Based on these historical experiences, it is argued that the recent increase in transnational academic mobility from and to Asia‐Pacific indicates future changes in the global geographies of knowledge production by shifting the emphasis from transatlantic to transpacific knowledge flows. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward More Governmental Social Responsibility; the Case of Natural or Intentional Outbreaks of Highly Contagious Diseases
Authors: Ivanusa Teodora , Podbregar Iztok , Rosi Bojan
Published: October 2014

Social responsibility includes government's role modelling in responsibility for one's impacts over society. European Union suggests application of ISO 26000, which includes interdependence and holistic approach linking all contents; thus, European Union requires systemic behavior. This may include the societal care for population's safety. We discuss how much more success one could yield in the governmental action for safety, if one applied more systemic thinking. Case: the Critical Infrastructures (CI) are crucial safety issues, but CI's official international concept is not holistic enough to cover all potential threats with the traditionally foreseen safety measures, if a natural or intentional outbreak of the highly contagious diseases happens. CI needs redefinition; we suggest one which is closer to social responsibility as a new socio‐economic order. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis in Laparoscopic Colon Surgery Training
Authors: Alba Mesa Francisco , Sanchez Hurtado Miguel Angel , Sanchez Margallo Francisco Miguel , Gomez Cabeza de Vaca Virginia , Komorowski Andrzej L.
Published: October 2014

Aim

To evaluate if application of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to laparoscopy training can help surgeons acquire laparoscopy skills.

Methods

After preparing a FMEA matrix of laparoscopic sigmoidectomy, we have introduced it during three laparoscopy courses. Forty‐eight surgeons, divided into 24 teams of two surgeons, have participated in three courses. During each course, every team has performed three laparoscopic sigmoidectomies in three experimental animals (1 OR session every day). Risk priority number (RPN) has been calculated for every surgery, and the results have been discussed at the end of each training day with all participants.

Results

We have observed a decline in the median RPN from 1339 during the first OR session through 62 during second OR session to reach 0 in the third OR session. Only two teams out of 24 were not able to reach a RPN of less than 300 during third OR session. When the type of failures were analysed, we have observed a shift from procedure‐type failures to technical failures that depended on each participant technical abilities.

Conclusion

Application of FMEA principles to laparoscopy training can help acquire non‐technical skills necessary for safe laparoscopic surgery.
Exercise in muscle glycogen storage diseases
Authors: Preisler Nicolai , Haller Ronald G , Vissing John
Published: October 2014

Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) are inborn errors of glycogen or glucose metabolism. In the GSDs that affect muscle, the consequence of a block in skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown or glucose use, is an impairment of muscular performance and exercise intolerance, owing to 1) an increase in glycogen storage that disrupts contractile function and/or 2) a reduced substrate turnover below the block, which inhibits skeletal muscle ATP production. Immobility is associated with metabolic alterations in muscle leading to an increased dependence on glycogen use and a reduced capacity for fatty acid oxidation. Such changes may be detrimental for persons with GSD from a metabolic perspective. However, exercise may alter skeletal muscle substrate metabolism in ways that are beneficial for patients with GSD, such as improving exercise tolerance and increasing fatty acid oxidation. In addition, a regular exercise program has the potential to improve general health and fitness and improve quality of life, if executed properly. In this review, we describe skeletal muscle substrate use during exercise in GSDs, and how blocks in metabolic pathways affect exercise tolerance in GSDs. We review the studies that have examined the effect of regular exercise training in different types of GSD. Finally, we consider how oral substrate supplementation can improve exercise tolerance and we discuss the precautions that apply to persons with GSD that engage in exercise.
Zur Bedeutung endogener Potenziale in klein- und mittelstädtisch geprägten Regionen – Überlegungen vor dem Hintergrund der Territorialen Agenda 2020
Authors: Harfst Jörn , Wirth Peter
Published: October 2014

Small and medium-sized towns are often the losers in times of economic crisis, as their internal innovation and growth potentials are low. Such places are especially reliant on external investment and public funding, a fact which aggravates the economic, social and demographic repercussions of the current crisis. Against this background this paper discusses the role that endogenous growth potentials—also highlighted in the EU’s Territorial Agenda 2020—might play in stabilizing such regions. The argument rests on two case-studies in old industrial regions, where the strategic utilization of such potentials by local actors is analysed and their overall influence on regional development discussed. By linking these examples to discussions from the 1980s and 1990s on endogenous potentials, the paper points out that today the primary consideration is not the direct economic impact of potentials. Instead the focus is on the role of endogenous potentials in triggering regional development processes (catalyzing function), highlighting regional uniqueness (identification function) and strengthening regional self-confidence (symbolic function).
Anticancer drug mithramycin interacts with core histones: An additional mode of action of the DNA groove binder
Authors: Banerjee Amrita , Sanyal Sulagna , Kulkarni Kirti K. , Jana Kuladip , Roy Siddhartha , Das Chandrima , Dasgupta Dipak
Published: October 2014

Mithramycin (MTR) is a clinically approved DNA‐binding antitumor antibiotic currently in Phase 2 clinical trials at National Institutes of Health for treatment of osteosarcoma. In view of the resurgence in the studies of this generic antibiotic as a human medicine, we have examined the binding properties of MTR with the integral component of chromatin – histone proteins – as a part of our broad objective to classify DNA‐binding molecules in terms of their ability to bind chromosomal DNA alone (single binding mode) or both histones and chromosomal DNA (dual binding mode). The present report shows that besides DNA, MTR also binds to core histones present in chromatin and thus possesses the property of dual binding in the chromatin context. In contrast to the MTR–DNA interaction, association of MTR with histones does not require obligatory presence of bivalent metal ion like Mg2+. As a consequence of its ability to interact with core histones, MTR inhibits histone H3 acetylation at lysine 18, an important signature of active chromatin, in vitro and ex vivo. Reanalysis of microarray data of Ewing sarcoma cell lines shows that upon MTR treatment there is a significant down regulation of genes, possibly implicating a repression of H3K18Ac‐enriched genes apart from DNA‐binding transcription factors. Association of MTR with core histones and its ability to alter post‐translational modification of histone H3 clearly indicates an additional mode of action of this anticancer drug that could be implicated in novel therapeutic strategies.
An agency perspective on service triads: Linking operational and financial performance
Authors: Zhang Jie J. , Lawrence Benjamin , Anderson Chris K.
Published: October 2014

We explore one prolific type of service triad, the franchise triad, involving three primary stakeholders: the franchisor, the franchisee and the customer. In this triad, franchisees use their affiliation with the franchisor's brand to attract customers to their local outlets. In exchange for the right of assuming the identity of the brand, the franchisee pays the franchisor royalties and retains residual profits. Applying Agency Theory, this paper examines the inherent conflict of interests between a principal (i.e., franchisor) that controls and manages brand equity as a shared resource and an agent (i.e., franchisee) that retains pricing right and profits from the identity of the brand by interacting directly with customers. We empirically isolate the effect of triad structure on outlet performance by matching two unique datasets. One set of data captures operational performance in the form of aggregated online review scores and the other financial performance including average daily hotel rate and revenue per available room. We find that franchisees charge higher prices than their corporate counterparts even when controlling for operational performance. Even though franchisees charge higher prices they maintain similar financial performance in terms of revenue per available room. These results suggest that the triad structure plays a significant role in franchisees’ ability to free‐ride on shared brand equity and have important managerial implications for effective outsourcing, contract design and performance evaluation for a wide range of service industries.
A novel strategy for targeted killing of tumor cells: Induction of multipolar acentrosomal mitotic spindles with a quinazolinone derivative mdivi‐1
Authors: Wang Jingnan , Li Jianfeng , Santana-Santos Lucas , Shuda Masahiro , Sobol Robert W. , Van Houten Bennett , Qian Wei
Published: October 2014

Traditional antimitotic drugs for cancer chemotherapy often have undesired toxicities to healthy tissues, limiting their clinical application. Developing novel agents that specifically target tumor cell mitosis is needed to minimize the toxicity and improve the efficacy of this class of anticancer drugs. We discovered that mdivi‐1 (mitochondrial division inhibitor‐1), which was originally reported as an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1, specifically disrupts M phase cell cycle progression only in human tumor cells, but not in non‐transformed fibroblasts or epithelial cells. The antimitotic effect of mdivi‐1 is Drp1 independent, as mdivi‐1 induces M phase abnormalities in both Drp1 wild‐type and Drp1 knockout SV40‐immortalized/transformed MEF cells. We also identified that the tumor transformation process required for the antimitotic effect of mdivi‐1 is downstream of SV40 large T and small t antigens, but not hTERT‐mediated immortalization. Mdivi‐1 induces multipolar mitotic spindles in tumor cells regardless of their centrosome numbers. Acentrosomal spindle poles, which do not contain the bona‐fide centrosome components γ‐tubulin and centrin‐2, were found to contribute to the spindle multipolarity induced by mdivi‐1. Gene expression profiling revealed that the genes involved in oocyte meiosis and assembly of acentrosomal microtubules are highly expressed in tumor cells. We further identified that tumor cells have enhanced activity in the nucleation and assembly of acentrosomal kinetochore‐attaching microtubules. Mdivi‐1 inhibited the integration of acentrosomal microtubule‐organizing centers into centrosomal asters, resulting in the development of acentrosomal mitotic spindles preferentially in tumor cells. The formation of multipolar acentrosomal spindles leads to gross genome instability and Bax/Bak‐dependent apoptosis. Taken together, our studies indicate that inducing multipolar spindles composing of acentrosomal poles in mitosis could achieve tumor‐specific antimitotic effect, and mdivi‐1 thus represents a novel class of compounds as acentrosomal spindle inducers (ASI).