bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America
Authors: Kubiak Cara , Grimes Vaughan , Van Biesen Geert , Keddie Grant , Buckley Mike , Macdonald Reba , Richards M. P.
Published: June 2022

Competition between taxa related to climate changes has been proposed as a possible factor in Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, and here we present isotope evidence of the diets of three co‐existing bear species [black bear (Ursus americanus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), and the now extinct short‐faced bear (Arctodus simus)] from a locale in western North America dating to the Late (Terminal) Pleistocene (~14.5–11.7 ka). The three bear species were found at several sites on Vancouver Island, on the western coast of Canada. To examine the chronological overlap and niche partitioning between these species of bear, we used direct radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis and ZooMS proteomic identification methods. Here we present new radiocarbon evidence from Terminal Pleistocene U. americanus, U. arctos and A. simus from several sites on the island, along with both bulk collagen and compound‐specific isotope data for these species. Radiocarbon dates confirm the chronological overlap of Arctodus and both Ursus species in the montane regions of the island at the end of the Pleistocene. Stable isotope data reveal niche differentiation between these species, with U. americanus occupying a distinctly lower trophic position than the other two taxa.
Yield of array‐CGH analysis in Tunisian children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chehbani Fethia , Tomaiuolo Pasquale , Picinelli Chiara , Baccarin Marco , Castronovo Paola , Scattoni Maria Luisa , Gaddour Naoufel , Persico Antonio M.
Published: June 2022

Background

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with strong genetic underpinnings. Microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) technology has been proposed as a first‐level test in the genetic diagnosis of ASD and of neurodevelopmental disorders in general.

Methods

We performed aCGH on 98 Tunisian children (83 boys and 15 girls) diagnosed with ASD according to DSM‐IV criteria.

Results

“Pathogenic” or “likely pathogenic” copy number variants (CNVs) were detected in 11 (11.2%) patients, CNVs of “uncertain clinical significance” in 26 (26.5%), “likely benign” or “benign” CNVs were found in 37 (37.8%) and 24 (24.5%) patients, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis involving genes spanning rare “pathogenic,” “likely pathogenic,” or “uncertain clinical significance” CNVs, as well as SFARI database “autism genes” in common CNVs, detected eight neuronal Gene Ontology classes among the top 10 most significant, including synapse, neuron differentiation, synaptic signaling, neurogenesis, and others. Similar results were obtained performing g: Profiler analysis. Neither transcriptional regulation nor immune pathways reached significance.

Conclusions

aCGH confirms its sizable diagnostic yield in a novel sample of autistic children from North Africa. Recruitment of additional families is under way, to verify whether genetic contributions to ASD in the Tunisian population, differently from other ethnic groups, may involve primarily neuronal genes, more than transcriptional regulation and immune‐related pathways.
Novel compound heterozygous SUCLG1 variants may contribute to mitochondria DNA depletion syndrome‐9
Authors: Chen Yi‐ming , Chen Wei , Xu Yue , Lu Chao‐sheng , Zhu Mian‐mian , Sun Rong‐yue , Wang Yihong , Chen Yuan , Shi Jiaming , Wang Dan
Published: June 2022

Background

Succinate‐CoA ligase/synthetase (SCS) deficiency is responsible for encephalomyopathy with mitochondrial DNA depletion and mild methylmalonic aciduria. Variants in SUCLG1, the nuclear gene encoding the alpha subunit of the SCS enzyme playing a pivotal role in maintaining mtDNA integrity and stability, are associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 9 (MTDPS9).

Methods

In this study, we reported an infant with clinical features of MTDPS9 from China. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to identify the genetic cause. Bioinformatic analysis and mtDNA level detection were performed to assess pathogenicity.

Results

The proband manifested with hypotonia, lactic acidosis, mild methylmalonic aciduria, hearing loss and psychomotor retardation. WES identified new compound heterozygous SUCLG1 variants of c.601A>G (p.R201G) in exon 6 and c.871G>C (p.A291P) in exon 8. Computational analysis predicted that these missense variants might alter structure stability and mitochondrial translocation of SUCLG1. qRT‐PCR showed 68% depletion of mtDNA content in proband as compared to controls.

Conclusion

Novel compound heterozygous variants c.601A>G (p.R201G) and c.871G>C (p.A291P) in SUCLG1 may cause MTDPS9 in this family. Our finding should be helpful for molecular diagnosis, genetic counseling and clinical management of SCS deficiency disorders.
Follicular‐fluid proteomics during equine follicle development
Authors: Ishak Ghassan M. , Feugang Jean M. , Pechanova Olga , Pechan Tibor , Peterson Daniel G. , Willard Scott T. , Ryan Peter L. , Gastal Eduardo L.
Published: June 2022

The complex composition of the follicular fluid (FF), the intimate proximity to the oocyte, and the continual changes in their composition have a major effect on folliculogenesis and oogenesis. To date, the profiling of FF proteomes during follicle selection, development, and ovulation has not been comprehensively investigated. Therefore, a shotgun proteomics approach and bioinformatics analyses were used to profile the proteomes of equine FF harvested in vivo from follicles at the following development stages: predeviation (18–20 mm), deviation (22–25 mm), postdeviation (26–29 mm), preovulatory (30–35 mm), and impending ovulation. A total of 294 proteins were detected in FF (FDR <1%), corresponding to 65 common proteins and 124, 142, 167, 132, and 142 proteins in the predeviation, deviation, postdeviation, preovulatory, and impending ovulation groups, respectively. The higher expression of properdin and several other proteins belonging to the complement system during the deviation time and ovulation suggested their contribution in the selection of the future dominant follicle and ovulation. Apolipoprotein A‐1 and antithrombin‐III appeared to be important throughout folliculogenesis. The “complement and coagulation cascades” was the major KEGG pathway across all stages of follicle development. The significant expression of several proteins belonging to the serine‐type endopeptidase indicated their likely contribution to follicle and oocyte development. Our data provide an extensive description and functional analyses of the equine FF proteome during follicle selection, development, and ovulation. This information will help improve understanding of the ovarian function and ovulatory dysfunctions and might serve as a reference for future biomarker discovery for oocyte quality assessment.
Fiber optic Raman spectroscopy for the evaluation of disease state in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: An assessment using the mdx model and human muscle
Authors: Alix James J. P. , Plesia Maria , Hool Sarah A. , Coldicott Ian , Kendall Catherine A. , Shaw DBE Pamela J. , Mead Richard J. , Day John C.
Published: June 2022

Introduction/Aims

Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique for the evaluation of muscle disease. In this study we evaluate the ability of in vivo intramuscular Raman spectroscopy to detect the effects of voluntary running in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We also compare mdx data with muscle spectra from human DMD patients.

Methods

Thirty 90‐day‐old mdx mice were randomly allocated to an exercised group (48‐hour access to a running wheel) and an unexercised group (n = 15 per group). In vivo Raman spectra were collected from both gastrocnemius muscles and histopathological assessment subsequently performed. Raman data were analyzed using principal component analysis–fed linear discriminant analysis (PCA‐LDA). Exercised and unexercised mdx muscle spectra were compared with human DMD samples using cosine similarity.

Results

Exercised mice ran an average of 6.5 km over 48 hours, which induced a significant increase in muscle necrosis (P = .03). PCA‐LDA scores were significantly different between the exercised and unexercised groups (P < .0001) and correlated significantly with distance run (P = .01). Raman spectra from exercised mice more closely resembled human spectra than those from unexercised mice.

Discussion

Raman spectroscopy provides a readout of the biochemical alterations in muscle in both the mdx mouse and human DMD muscle.
Bioequivalence of a biosimilar enoxaparin (Cloti‐Xa™) and its innovator (Clexane®): A single‐dose, randomized, double‐blind, two‐period, two‐treatment, two‐sequence, crossover, balanced study in healthy human subjects
Authors: Saxena Sumit , Chaudhary Manu , Chaudhary Saransh , Aggarwal Anmol
Published: June 2022

Currently, several biosimilars of low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWHs) with differing potencies are being developed and marketed globally. Thus, it is important that the potency of each biosimilar LMWH be compared with its innovator's molecule. The present study aimed to determine the bioequivalence of biosimilar (Cloti‐Xa™) and innovator (Clexane®) formulations of enoxaparin sodium (40 mg/0.4 ml) in healthy human volunteers. It was conducted as a single‐dose, randomized, double‐blind, two‐period, two‐treatment, two‐sequence, crossover, balanced, pharmacodynamic study (NCT05265676). The participants were sequentially and randomly administered subcutaneous injections of Cloti‐Xa™ (test) and Clexane® (reference), separated by a one‐week washout period. To assess the Anti‐Xa & Anti‐IIa activities, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) release and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), blood samples were obtained at various timepoints upto 24 h after the drug administration. Bioequivalence was concluded if the two‐sided 90% CI for the test to reference ratio of the population is within 80%–125% for each of the Ln‐transformed values of Amax and AUECt for Anti‐Xa and Anti‐IIa. TFPI and aPTT data were submitted as supportive evidence. The study sample consisted of twenty‐four male participants. The 90% CIs of Amax and AUECt for Anti‐Xa activity were 105.50%–113.90% and 103.97%–112.08%, and for Anti‐IIa activity were 106.56%–117.90% and 107.35%–124.86%, respectively. In addition, the 90% CI of the ratio of Anti‐Xa/Anti‐IIa activity falls within the acceptance criteria. TFPI and aPTT profiles were similar for both products. No serious adverse events were observed during the study. Conclusively, the results showed that Cloti‐Xa™ and Clexane® are bioequivalent and well‐tolerated.
Robust adaptive neural control for a class of perturbed nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics and output disturbances
Authors: Chen Chao‐Yang , Tang Yang , Lu Ming , Yan Huaicheng , Huang Tingwen
Published: June 2022

For a nonlinear system with unmodeled dynamics and output disturbances, an adaptive neural network based control strategy is designed. For the unknown output interference, this article introduces a new module between the system output and the tracking signal for the first time. By constructing a new state, system becomes a new system without unknown output interference. In order to alleviate the major influence caused by the system dynamic disturbance and unknown time delay, appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functions, and backstepping technology are employed. In designing some adaptive methods, the unmodeled dynamics, disturbances, and unknown time‐varying virtual coefficients are processed. Unknown function is approximated by neural network. All signals are semi‐global uniform ultimate boundedness. Simulation effectively verifies the control strategy.
Oscillation and dispersion of live grass carp egg settlement in static water: Laboratory experiments and theoretical models
Authors: Wan Yunjiao , Zeng Yuhong , Li Mingzheng , Yang Fan
Published: June 2022

Full understanding of the settling process of drifting fish eggs in static water is crucial for improving predictions of fish egg drift in rivers, which can inform reservoir operations by incorporating the ecological requirements of fish. However, current understanding of the settling process remains limited. Observations and analysis of live grass carp egg settlement in static water, with a video capture technology and wavelet analysis, have improved understanding. Results reveal that microscale oscillation and dispersion occur during the settling process. The oscillating velocities of eggs had periods of 0.113 s in longitudinal and 0.135 s in vertical, with oscillating angles around 1.13°. The maximum position differences among eggs after stably settling for 14 s were 25.0 mm in vertical and 4.2 mm in longitudinal. Mechanical models were then established and employed to elucidate two settling phenomena. Simulated results revealed that microscale oscillation was related to biological attributes (the egg specific gravity and diameters of the egg and embryo), special inner structure of the live egg and random hydraulic disturbance of the surroundings. Dispersion was mainly caused by the difference between eggs (diameter and specific gravity). This work furthers understanding and forecasts of fish egg drift in rivers, from which river engineers and managers can better estimate the locations of fish spawning sites, calculate ecological water requirement, and designate ecological conservation areas.
4‐1: Development of Ultra‐Large 95inch 8K 120Hz OLED Display
Authors: Wu Zhongyuan , Li Yongqian , Yan Liangchen , Ye Lankai , Peng Yuqing , Shih Huaiting , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: June 2022

We presented so far the world's first largest 95inch 8K OLED display. To develop this OLED display with ultra‐large size and ultra‐high resolution, we have employed the new pixel structure, high speed driving technology and advanced compensation technique. The stunning ultra‐large OLED display not only reproduce the high quality image, but also create an immersive experience that allow the audience to feel as if they were a part of the scene.
6‐1: Invited Paper: Tutorial on Diffractive Liquid‐Crystal Devices for AR/VR Displays
Authors: Yin Kun , Zou Junyu , Li Yannanqi , Lin Tiegang , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2022

Present AR and VR displays are facing technical challenges in inadequate angular resolution, limited field‐of‐view, vergence‐accommodation conflict, chromatic aberrations, low optical efficiency, compact size, and lightweight. In this review paper, using novel diffractive liquid crystal devices, including deflectors and lenses, to mitigate these issues will be presented.
8‐2: Invited Paper: Development of Active‐Matrix NanoLED Display Using Heavy‐Metal‐Free QDs Patterned by Photolithography Process
Authors: Nakanishi Yohei , Kanehiro Masayuki , Okamoto Shota , Matsushita Kazuhiko , Horiue Shinichi , Utsumi Hisayuki , Qu Yang , Fu Xiaihuan , Konishi Katsuhiko , Oda Akihiro , Kitagawa Makoto , Ishida Takeshi , Ippen Christian , Barrera Diego , DaRos Jeffrey , Ma Ruiqing
Published: June 2022

We report and discuss the challenges to realize a nanoLED based display from the perspective of materials and processes. Additionally, we report on an active‐matrix nanoLED display using heavy metal free Quantum Dots (QDs) patterned by photolithography, realized by combining materials and process technology.
9‐4: Fabrication of the Indirect X‐Ray Detector Using Organic Photodiode
Authors: Kim Chaewon , An Kunsik , Cho Kwan Hyun , Kang Kyung-Tae
Published: June 2022

In this work, we introduce an indirect X‐ray detector with organic photodiode (OPD). OPD, as a photodetector, is attractive due to its easy fabrication of even large area or flexible form factor. The top electrode of OPD is fabricated with a translucent organic‐metal‐organic (OMO) structure to absorb more light energy by the surface plasmonic effect at the organic‐metal interface. In addition, the new fabricated OPD has a microcavity effect, which is generated between the top and bottom electrodes, makes the broad absorption spectrum of CuPc (active layer) narrower, and tune to the narrow Gd2O2S scintillator emission wavelength. Through X‐ray experiments, the microcavity effect was shown to be useful and controllable by varying the thickness of C60 in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure of the active layers which are composed of C60 and CuPc.
16‐1: Student Paper: Optical performance characterization of 5 cm aperture size continuous focus tunable liquid crystal lens for resolving Accommodation‐Convergence mismatch conflict of AR/VR/3D HMDs
Authors: Bhowmick Amit Kumar , Jamali Afsoon , Bryant Douglas , Pintz Sandro , Bos Philip J
Published: June 2022

Solving the accommodation‐convergence mismatch issue, which causes eye fatigue, remains a challenge in the field of AR/VR/3D HMDs. We propose a solution to tackle such vision fatigue by using a large aperture (5 cm) continuous focus tunable liquid crystal lens in addition to fixed power VR lens. To reduce the switching speed to achieve desire optical power swing, our device includes phase resets, similar to a Fresnel lens. Introduction of the phase resets increases response speed significantly, however, also introduces diffraction related issues that is the subject of this paper. In this paper, device demonstration and characterization a continuous tunable lens with power from 0 D to 1.6 D is shown.
16‐3: Compact Tunable Alvarez Lens Based on Pancharatnam‐Berry Optical Elements
Authors: Lin Junhao , He Ziqian , Zhuang Zhongsen , Li Yan , Su Yikai , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: June 2022

Alvarez lens, whose focal length can be continuously tuned by changing the relative lateral positions of its sub‐elements, holds promise in realizing vari‐ or multi‐focal augmented reality (AR) displays to eliminate vergence‐accommodation conflict and 3D visual fatigue. In this paper, we propose and realize a compact Alvarez lens based on planar Pancharatnam‐Berry optical elements. We also demonstrate an augmented reality display system using the proposed Alvarez lens, which allows virtual objects to appear at different focal depths.
20‐1: Distinguished Paper: Advanced Hybrid Process with Back Contact IGZO‐TFT
Authors: Honjo Masatomo , Takeda Yujiro , Aman Mehadi , Ito Kazuatsu , Tanaka Kohei , Matsukizono Hiroshi , Nakamura Wataru
Published: June 2022

We propose the new structure of hybrid backplane technology with IGZO‐TFT and LTPS. In this structure, IGZO is directly connected with inter metal to reduce the number of layers. The uniformity of contact resistance between IGZO and metal was less than 20n at G4.5 which is enough for using signal bass line. The characteristics of IGZO‐TFT uniformity and reliability were good enough for mass‐production. The panel with the new hybrid structure backplane has been adopted into practical use as the smartphone with 6.6 inches flexible OLED panel. We believe that the proposed structure would be useful for the mass production of high performance OLED display at low cost production.
25‐4: Contact Lens Embedded MicroLED displays
Authors: Martin Paul S.
Published: June 2022

Existing AR/VR headsets tether us to a display that creates a physical barrier to important human interactions. Mojo Vision's Contact Lens embedded AR/VR solution will fundamentally alter the way people receive and share information enabling information to be available during activities that require full use of the human body, a concept Mojo Vision calls “Invisible Computing.” MicroLEDs play a critical role in Invisible Computing because of their ability to create the pixel densities, brightness and foveal coverage required to augment images at the full visual acuity of the human visual system. Contact lens displays and their use on‐eye will be presented.
27‐3: Invited Paper: High‐Performance Sub‐50nm Channel Length 3D Monolithically Stackable Vertical IGZO TFTs for Active‐Matrix Application
Authors: Duan Xinlv , Huang Kailiang , Feng Junxiao , Yin Shihui , Wang Zhaogui , Jiao Guangfan , Wu Ying , Jing Weiliang , Wang Zhengbo , Li Jingyu , Xu Jeffrey , Chen Chuanke , Chen Qian , Chuai Xichen , Lu Congyan , Yang Guanhua , Geng Di , Li Ling , Liu Ming
Published: June 2022

For the first time, we propose a stackable vertical Channel‐All‐Around (CAA) IGZO FETs. The device is fabricated in a BEOL‐compatible process flow where the channel and gate stack is deposited by Plasma‐Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition (PEALD). The impact of IGZO cycle ratio and plasma power on the device electrical performance are studied. An optimized 50nm‐channel‐length CAA IGZO FET achieved Ion >30μA/μm and Ioff below 1.8×10‐17μA/μm at VDS = 1V.
32‐1: Oxide Semiconductor Field‐Effect Transistor for High‐Resolution Displays Capable of Deep Black Display
Authors: Okazaki Yutaka , Sawai Hiromi , Endo Masami , Motoyoshi Ryousuke , Shimada Daigo , Kunitake Hitoshi , Yamazaki Shunpei , Huang Kou-Chang , Yoshida Hiroshi , Chen Min-Cheng , Liao Ming-Han , Chang Shou-Zen
Published: June 2022

In this paper, a small‐sized oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor (OSFET) is developed as a driving transistor suited for small high‐resolution displays of virtual reality/augmented reality devices. We examine the electrical characteristics of an OSFET with a channel length of 200 nm to note its excellent saturation characteristics, high breakdown voltage, high reliability, and low off‐state current. Additionally, we fabricate a 3207‐ppi organic light‐emitting diode display to examine the performance of the OSFET in an active panel. The experimental results showed a high contrast ratio.
32‐2: An Optical Compensation Scheme for High PPI AMOLED Display
Authors: Han Ying , Zhu Mingyi , Lin Yicheng , Li Zhengliang , Xu Pan , He Jiayu , Huang Rui , Wang Lirong , Dong Zhiqiang , Wang Yu , Zhang Xing , Quan Wei , Luo Chengyuan , Li Tianji , Zhao Donghui , Chen Yi , Yang Fei , Yan Guang , Li Yongqian , Wu Zhongyuan , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: June 2022

This paper proposed an optical compensation scheme for a‐IGZO AMOLED with a high PPI pixel design solution. The PIN sensor is fabricated on the backplane and covers 8 sub‐pixels. The scheme is applied to a 5 inches AMOLED display. The results shows that the characteristics of a‐IGZO TFT still satisfy the needs for display. And the uniformity of the panel is improved a lot for all gray level.
33‐2: Invited Paper: Flexible OLED Displays with Ink‐Jet Printing Technology
Authors: Cao Weiran , Li Jinchuan , Li Xiang-Long , Liu Yunxi , Hsu Yuan-Jun , Wu Yuan-Chun , Zhang Xin , Yan Xiaolin
Published: June 2022

TCL CSOT has been investing in ink‐jet printing AMOLED technology for many years, and now CSOT has mastered the complete manufacturing process for IJP display technology, including rigid and flexible technology to manufacture middle and large size OLED displays. Flexible technologies such as panel design, substrate, TFT backplane, EL device, thin film encapsulation, module, and compensation have been developed. Attractive flexible prototypes including 14~31‐inch OLED have been demonstrated in the past three years. TCL CSOT expects to provide innovative flexible OLED displays in the near future.
34‐4: Invited Student Paper: UBplus/UB‐FFS‐Premium Performance for Liquid‐Crystal TV and IT Displays
Authors: Huang Lawrence , Laut Sven Christian , Wang Grace , Jung Ji-Hun , Zhao Peter
Published: June 2022

Premium displays that offer outstanding characteristics are becoming more important in liquid crystal display market. Globally, researchers are looking for ways to improve contrast, transmittance, viewing angle dependency, resolution and switching speed while keep the high reliability level of liquid crystal devices. UB (Ultra Bright)‐technology (UBplus and UBFFS) can increase panel transmittance by using negative dielectric anisotropy LC mixtures compared with traditional FFS Mode, supporting higher resolution devices. In this paper we demonstrate the advantage of UB‐LC technology for TV as well as IT applications and summarize the recent developments of such liquid crystal mixtures in terms of contrast, switching speed and reliability.
34‐5: Invited Paper: C‐PS‐VA — Innovative LC Materials Enabling Super‐High Transmittance for High‐Resolution Displays
Authors: Chuang Susan , Chen Fred , Chou Ray , Hsieh Joseph , Lin Randy , Chen Zoe
Published: June 2022

In recent years, and for the next generation of TVs and monitors, increasing resolution is a key trend. One challenge is keeping the transmittance while pixel density increases. Chiral Polymer Stabilized Vertical Alignment (C‐PS‐VA) technology uses LC mixtures with higher birefringence and a chiral dopant and increases transmittance by more than 10% compared to conventional Polymer Stabilized Vertical Alignment (PS‐VA). This paper summarizes the recent developments of liquid crystal mixtures for C‐PS‐VA.
36‐1: Invited Paper: Liquid‐Crystal Lasers: Recent Advances and Future Opportunities
Authors: Hands Philip J. W. , Brown Calum M. , Dickinson Daisy K.E. , Morris Stephen M. , Lin Jia-De
Published: June 2022

Liquid crystal (LC) lasers use a layer of chiral nematic liquid crystal to form a self‐organising resonant cavity. When doped with fluorescent dye and suitably excited, they form versatile micro‐lasers with high efficiencies, low thresholds, and selective wavelength emission across a continuous range of the visible spectrum. This, combined with their scalable fabrication, makes them attractive candidates for a wide variety of photonic applications, including laser displays. This paper includes a review of the principles of operation, of recent enhancements that are advancing the technology closer to market, and concludes with demonstrations of LC lasers used for medical imaging and low‐speckle holography.
37‐3: Student Paper: Method of Color Amplitude‐Only Hologram Generation for Speckle Noise Suppression
Authors: Li Zhao-Song , Zheng Yi-Wei , Li Yi-Long , Wang Di , Wang Qiong-Hua
Published: June 2022

In this paper, a calculation method of color amplitude‐only computer‐generated hologram (CGH) that can suppress speckle noise is proposed. Firstly, the amplitude information of the red, green and blue channels of the object is extracted. Secondly, to reduce the speckle noise, the convolution result of the amplitude information with a constrained random phase is used as the complex amplitude distribution of the object. Then, the multi‐frame amplitude‐only CGHs for each color channel of the object are generated by using the modified double‐step Fresnel diffraction algorithm. Finally, the digital micromirror device is used to refresh the multi‐frame amplitude‐only CGHs, and the speckle noise is suppressed by using the time‐averaging method. The validity of the computational method is verified.
40‐2: Invited Paper: Prolonging Device Lifetime of Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Sunghan
Published: June 2022

Improving EL efficiency in blue seems to be critical to enhance the quality of display products by lowering power consumption. In order to increase execution usage in blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), phosphorescent and TADF based OLEDs have emerged from the surface, however insufficient to meet the device lifetime of blue fluorescent OLEDs. This is largely owing to the degradation of materials in emitting layer upon device operation, which motivated our research to increase device lifetime. Here, we will demonstrate our current research status on blue phosphorescent and TADF OLEDs along with our plan to utilize the technologies in the display products.
42‐2: Spatial resolution‐tripled integral imaging light field displays with no loss of angular resolution by recombining subpixels with zero sampling error
Authors: Yang Wenchao , Cheng Yunfan , Zou Guowei , Yang Bo-Ru , Qin Zong
Published: June 2022

We previously proposed to recombine subpixels across elemental images to triple the spatial resolution of integral imaging light field displays; however, the sampling errors of subpixels force us to waive a portion of subpixels, resulting in a reduced angular resolution. In this study, the sampling errors of all subpixels are demonstrated to be zero under a specific system configuration; thus, no angular resolution is lost with a tripled spatial resolution.
45‐4: A High Performance Full‐fluorescent Electroluminescent Solution with a 96.5% Coverage of B.T. 2020 Color Gamut
Authors: Zhang Xiaojin , Liu Xinghua , Sun Haiyan , Wu Yong , Wang Siqi , Li Xuan , Liu Tongzhi , Wang Dan
Published: June 2022

Green and red hyperfluorescent devices meeting the B.T. 2020 standard have been achieved by appropriate device engineering. Further, a high performance full‐fluorescent R/G/B solution with a 96.5% coverage of B. T. 2020 color gamut is developed in this work, which is estimated to basically satisfy requirement of mass production.
46‐1: Student Paper: High‐Performance Fiber‐Based Red OLEDs and TFTs for Truly Wearable Textile Displays
Authors: Hwang Yong Ha , Kim Chan Young , Kong Seong Uk , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: June 2022

High‐performance fiber‐based red OLEDs and TFTs for high‐quality visualization systems and bio/medical applications based on full comprehension of cylindrical fiber and device structures are suggested. These wearable devices provide a foundation for realizing fiber‐based complete textile displays and their use in bio/medical applications.
48‐4: LTPO Technology Development for Enhanced Display Performance: Image Sticking Phenomena, Circuit Operation and Backplane Process Integration
Authors: Cho Daeyoun , Moon Jiho , Kihm T.-Y. , Choi Y.-T. , Park Jongwoo
Published: June 2022

This paper details the low temperature poly‐crystalline silicon oxide (LTPO) thin‐film transistor (TFT) technology development primarily focused on image sticking (IS) and recovery behaviors, the backplane process optimization, which is painstaking multi‐faceted approach from TFT to panel to circuit, in order to ensure display performance and reliability. Palpable understanding on light induced IS and recovery, the dependency of bias layout design and backplane process integration are crucial.
53‐2: Analysis on the Advantages of Water‐drop Shape Foldable Display
Authors: Shi Shiming , Li Zhao , Luo Xiaofei , Zhu Wenxiu , Zhang Song , Wang Dawei , Du Shuang , Wang Tao , Yang Xuekai
Published: June 2022

Inward foldable AMOLED display is one form of foldable display applications. It can provide size as well as good protection to the display. Wedge form and water‐drop form are two kinds of folding shapes in inward foldable AMOLED. Space saving, waviness and optical performance of Wedge form with radius 1.5mm and waterdrop form with radius 2.6mm are compared in this paper. The film stresses at low temperature are also discussed. By optimizing the stack design, water‐drop form can benefit more than wedge form.
54‐3: Reduced Solar‐Loading Using Micro‐Mirror Array in Automotive HUD
Authors: Li Kenneth
Published: June 2022

Automotive head‐up displays (HUDs) use windshields as part of the display system and are used as partial reflectors for reflecting the images formed inside the dash board towards the driver. The locations of the aerial images are usually at the bumper of the vehicle and beyond, depending on the requirements. One of the major issues with such HUD system is the solar loading created by sunlight shining into the system through the image forming optics with focusing properties especially when the sun is shining into the HUD system in an off‐axis manner. This paper describes a HUD system where the imaging system uses a Micro‐Mirror Array Plate (MMAP) with an optical design that eliminates the issues associated with the off‐axis sunlight. Solar loading is an important design criterion as the HUD optics concentrate the sunlight to levels that can damage the display panel. Based on the aerial imaging properties of MMAP, this design would be applicable to the use of Dihedral Corner Reflector Array (DCRA), and Aerial Imaging by Retro‐Reflection (AIRR). Bench‐top system has been set up using MMAP from ASKA3D, Japan with the expected imaging properties. A complete prototype is being fabricated and will be reported.
58‐2: ELM: A Revolutionary New Smart Glass Technology
Authors: Massard Romaric , Slack Anthony
Published: June 2022

A revolutionary new smart window technology based on electrophoretic effect demonstrates unprecedented optical contrast transitioning from 0.2% to more than 70% transmittance while exhibiting fast switching performance. Adapted to already existing manufacturing display facilities, ELM (Electrophoretic Light Modulator) technology developed by eLstar Dynamics is highly scalable and based on known robust electrophoretic operation. ELM technology is exceptionally versatile and can be adapted to many product specifications and applications.
60‐3: Invited Paper: Active‐Matrix Digital Microfluidics System for Single Cells Manipulation
Authors: Wang Dongping , Hu Siyi , Ma Hanbin
Published: June 2022

The emerging microfluidic tools bring new methods for miniaturized analytical systems and single cells manipulation. This study presents an active‐matrix digital microfluidic platform for single cells generation and manipulation. The microfluidic chip was fabricated by amorphous silicon (a‐6i) thin‐film transistor (TFT) technology. The active device contains 26,368 electrodes that can be independently addressed to perform multiple and simultaneous droplets manipulation. The electrode array consists of electrodes differing in shape and size. The combination of various electrodes can give full play of their advantages, thus improve the droplet movement stability and generation uniformity. This work paves new ways for conducting low‐cost and high‐throughput applications in single cells manipulation.
61‐1: Invited Paper: OLED Technology for Automotive Display Applications
Authors: Tarnowski Tomasz , Kreuzer Markus , Haidenthaler Robert , Aichholz Markus , Pohl Matthias , Pross Achim
Published: June 2022

The automotive market becomes one of the most interesting application areas for OLED display technology, creating modern and very exciting environment. Many believe that the use of OLED technology can revolutionize the premium automotive display sector, offering a variety of new properties such as flexible integration or superior image quality that would not be possible with other enabling display technologies. However, the harsh environmental conditions of automotive display applications shall be considered in order to satisfy the lifetime of the product and overall quality requirements. Furthermore, the final integration and use case shall be taken into account. We present a general guideline, testing criteria and application properties of an OLED display product, which allowed us to overcome the feasibility issues of OLED technology and successfully introduce it into Mercedes‐Benz passenger cars.
62‐3: Distinguished Paper: High Precise Laser Glass Cutting for Future Display
Authors: Jung Woohyun , Kim Hyungsik , Voronov Alexander , Park Sunggyu , Ryu Jekil , Jeong SeongHo , Roh Cheol Lae
Published: June 2022

As one of the various attempts to reduce the size of display bezel, high‐precision glass cutting process is required to be developed for future displays. In this study, the Bessel‐beam Laser Cutting (BLC) process has been studied, which is capable of minimizing the thermal deformation of the black matrix (BM) material on glass. In an experimental setup composed of IR ps laser with bessel‐beam optics, the smallest thermal degradation of BM and the highest cutting precision are achieved as 40μm and 10μm, respectively. When reducing thermal effects caused by high‐order beams without sacrificing glass breaking strength, effective heat affected zone (HAZ) could be reduced nearby 30um width from the cutting line. This high precision cutting technology will contribute to realize extremely narrow bezel display near future.
63‐3: Student Paper: High‐Directivity Emitting Pixel Devices for Advanced Display Applications
Authors: Chen Po-Jui , Chang Chi-Jui , Lee Wei-Kai , Cyue Zih-Rou , Yu Li-Yu , Lin Hoang Yan , Su Guo-Dung J. , Chen Chung-Chia , Lin Wan-Yu , Kwak B. Leo , Visser Robert Jan , Wu Chung-Chih
Published: June 2022

For advanced displays like AR or light‐field 3D displays, highly narrow emission patterns (high directivity) from display pixels are highly desired for achieving angular resolutions or higher optical efficiency. In this work, we report an OLED pixel device architecture that can generate highly directional emission and yet also keep decent efficiency. By combining with other optical elements and optical systems, such OLED pixel device architecture shall find use in advanced displays.
64‐2: Ultra‐Thin RGB Mini‐LED Backlight for High‐end Professional Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Meng Xianqin , Chen Xiaochuan , Peng Weiting , Zhang Shunhang , He Wei , Sun Shuang , Ling Qiuyu , Wang Wei , Liang Pengxia , Tan Qiaofeng , Dong Xue
Published: June 2022

This report discusses a glass based ultra‐thin Red, Green and Blue Mini‐LED direct back light for high‐end professional liquid crystal displays. In this work, a gradient reflected pattern combined Mini‐LED driving lines reflect light scattering between the patterns and back reflector of back light unit, and therefore enlarge Mini‐LED optical length. A group of a red, green and red Mini‐LED is using to generate white for display, replacing a 0.3–0.5mm thick color changing film. The total thickness of Mini‐LED direct back light is reduced to 1.595mm when the Mini‐LED pitch is about 4.75mm. This direct back light can realize high‐dynamic range to improving display quality without cost consumption and then extend lifetime liquid crystal display lifetime in coming decent years.
67‐3: Predicting the Impact Resistance of Flexible Display Panels Based on Mo Thin‐Film Residual Stress
Authors: Park Jung Hwa , Jang Jincheol , Lee Jaehan , Park Myeongkyu , Ahn Nari
Published: June 2022

In the present work we developed advanced system for not only diagnosing but also predicting the impact resistance of flexile display panel by evaluating residual stress of Mo thin film with non‐destructive X‐ray diffraction. The impact resistance property of flexible display was dominantly affected by the residual stress of Mo thin film. When Mo thin film has the compressive residual stress, the panel has a tolerable impact resistance. In contrast, the panel has a poor impact resistance with tensile residual stressed Mo thin film. Therefore, precisely controlled the Mo thin film residual stress can be able to design robust flexible display panels.
68‐2: Considering the Effects of Display Persistence on Eye Movements and Readability in Virtual Reality
Authors: Wu Xiuyun , Murdison T. Scott
Published: June 2022

We measured reading speed and oculomotor metrics in a novel saccadic rapid‐serial‐visual‐presentation task to understand how persistence affects common activities in head‐mounted displays. Surprisingly, we did not observe any effects of persistence on reading performance or oculomotor metrics. We discuss the implications for current and future VR and AR displays.
69‐1: Inkjet‐Printable Optically Clear Silicone Resin for Display Fabrication
Authors: Yook Ju Young , Gunn Jo , Kyeong Minkyu , Kim Hyochul , Kim Deokgu , Park Yoojun
Published: June 2022

Inkjet‐printable optically clear silicone resins and fast photocurable optical silicone adhesive, exhibiting suitable viscosity for processability such as inkjet printing and dispensing, and excellent optical stability are described. The target utility of the optically clear resin is to provide a reliable solution for the fabrication of high quality display modules that require long‐term reliability.
70‐2: A Design for Near Eye Light Field Display
Authors: Gao Jian , Ma Sen , Hong Tao , Liang Pengxia
Published: June 2022

In this paper, a light field display system with the continuous imaging depths that can be focused by the monocular eye is proposed. Similar to viewing the real world, the different imaging depths can be viewed by the crystalline lens focusing without the visual fatigue.
72‐3: Deep Learning Based Visual Defect Detection in Noisy and Imbalanced Data
Authors: Cheng Qisen , Qu Shuhui , Lee Janghwan
Published: June 2022

Despite the immense potential, deep learning‐based visual defect detection is often impaired by the inadequate quality of real‐world data. Here, we leverage Confident Learning and One‐class Classification to tackle two major data issues: 1) mislabeling and 2) limited defects for model development, achieving ≥0.85 AUROC on intentionally polluted industrial data.
74‐2: Invited Paper: Highly Reliable Dielectric Interlayers for Flexible Displays and e‐Paper
Authors: Yamamoto Atsuko , Yokoyama Daishi , Takahashi Megumi , Fuke Takashi , Shibayama Seishi , Yamasaki Akira , Lin Cho-Yin
Published: June 2022

With the strong increase of mobile data‐communication needs, mobile devices become more important than ever. To be able to provide the users the best experience, display sizes will need to increase while portability needs to be maintained. Flexible, foldable and rollable displays are serving these emerging user needs. This challenges every layer in the display, requiring the display panel to become thinner and thinner while maintaining robustness and reliability. This paper will talk about highly reliable photo patternable interlayers in TFT stacks and touch sensor layers based on inorganic‐organic hybrid polymers. A novel solution, that improves process‐ability for flexible display devices. In addition, hybrid polymer‐based films provide good process durability, higher transparency, and higher environmental durability. Therefore, these new formulations are a key enabler for foldable and rollable OLED and e‐paper displays.
75‐1: Student Paper: Brightness and Vividness of High Dynamic Range Displayed Imagery
Authors: Hellwig Luke , Stolitzka Dale , Yi Yongwoo , Fairchild Mark D.
Published: June 2022

Metrics that predict the perceptual brightness of displayed imagery are vitally important, especially as wide color gamut, high dynamic range displays become more widespread. We implemented a color appearance modeling pipeline derived from the iCAM image color appearance framework and CAM76 color appearance model that allows for the accurate prediction of color appearance attributes, such as brightness, colorfulness, and vividness, of high dynamic range displayed imagery. Building on previous work on the Perceptual Contrast Length metric, we propose an updated Color Perceptual Contrast Length that correlates well with subjective ratings of display brightness.
76‐2: Development of Custom Shaped OLED Display
Authors: Wu Zhongyuan , Sun Li , Xu Pan , Yuan Zhidong , Zhou Bin , Liu Jun , Li Huihui , Wang Huifeng , Ma Kaihong , yang Fei , Li Yongqian , Shih Huaiting , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: June 2022

We presented custom shaped OLED display prototype. It can meet the customer's personalized requirement to develop the nonregula shaped display with very low cost and high speed. The custom shaped OLED display is based on the LTPS backplane and inkjet printing process. We create a design methodology with specific pixel, driver circuit and fanout design rule. Also, the optical compensation method is upgraded to fit with non‐regular shape display. It can improve the display quality effectively.
76‐3: Invited Paper: Slim MiniLED Backlight for HDR‐Compatible Mobile Displays
Authors: Watanabe Hisashi , Masuda Takeshi , Yasunaga Hirotoshi , Tanaka Atsuyuki , Takase Kenji
Published: June 2022

Recently, ultra‐slim, direct lit backlights with 2‐dimensional local dimming control have come to the forefront because of increased demand for HDR compatible LCDs for mobile devices. We present a newly developed Mini‐LED backlight that offers an effective solution to those demands.
P‐17: Outstanding Image Sticking Performance via L‐SWTFT Channel Ā Tuning in AMOLED Display Application
Authors: Wu Xing , Zhang Di , Xie Haitao , Zhou Zilin , Fu Qiang , Zhang Kai , Li Dong , Song Zunqing , Bi Ruilin , Liu Zheng , Huang Yinglong
Published: June 2022

This paper introduces a convenient technique for improving AMOLED image sticking performance which is currently a tough problem in the display industry. Based on our experimental results together with TFT device simulation outcome, by changing the L‐SWTFT (Dual‐gate SWTFT, T2) gate size in our 7T1C circuit, the outstanding voltage‐writing ratio in charging phase is realized, so as to get better image sticking performance. Different from the conventional image sticking improvement method, this technique provides a more feasible design‐related change proposal to replace the process optimization of traditional TFT‐related film quality and interface. Only by reducing the channel length of L‐SWTFT, the driver TFT gate working voltage can be easier to be written to the target value right after the L‐SWTFT Ion increases, so as to refresh the influence of residual electrical charges due to picture switching from the previous frame. Our image sticking evaluation results reveal the average ISFOM score for T0 is increased by about 14.3% with the maximum score increased by about 28.1% and the average ISFOM score for T300 is improved by 23.4% with the best value of 42.2% when the L‐SWTFT length is reduced, which shows a significant improvement for image sticking performance.
P‐23: A Monolithically Integrated Artificial Compound Eye for Proximity Pattern Recognition
Authors: Zhou Zhichao , Hu Yushen , Shi Runxiao , Wang Sisi , Xia Zhihe , Wong Man
Published: June 2022

A biomimetic artificial compound eye is constructed as an array of pixels each consisting of in‐pixel circuits made of several metal‐oxide thin‐film transistors, a hydrogenated amorphous silicon photodiode and a structured optical path. An in‐pixel amplifier is incorporated to enhance the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The peak fabrication temperature of 300 �C is compatible with flexible substrates. Using an artificial neural network implementation, the compound eye has been trained for proximity pattern recognition at a separation of 12 mm and achieving an inference accuracy of 95%. Sensing at a larger separation is being implemented by re‐designing the optical path, leading to potential recognition of dynamic gestures.
P‐54: Development of Heat Free / Low Temperature Process High Refractive Index Materials for Display
Authors: Urakawa Kazuki , Chisaka Hiroki , Hikida Jiro , Yamanouchi Atsushi , Shiota Dai , Ohmori Katsumi
Published: June 2022

The rapid development of display devices has led to the increasing exploration of high performance materials, especially those with high refractive index. Moreover, process condition control is important for device and material development. To meet such demand, we have developed heat free / low temperature process high refractive index materials.
P‐59: In‐Fab Raman Spectroscopy for Defect Analysis of Random Failures
Authors: Lim Yong-Woon , Kim Hyo-Jin , Jang Won Hyuk , Kyeong Yunyoung , Lee Kyong-Hun , Park Bongjoon , Kim Hyeon Hwan
Published: June 2022

Random defects, which account for more than 90% of electronic product manufacturing defects, are defects caused by foreign substances. Although the detection ability has been improved through various efforts using optical inspection and image features, the ultimate enhancement to improve quality and yield cannot be achieved just by detecting defects. In particular, there was a limit to classifying and specifying the failure source because the ingredients were not known, and it was often impossible to eliminate defects even after spending a lot of time. We developed a world first in‐fab Raman spectroscopy microscopy to be applied to the analysis of foreign substances in the entire area of the 8.5th generation glass substrate and applied it in real time between manufacturing. As a result, it is possible to detect defective sources in real time and to improve quality and yield through process control and ultimate improvement.