bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect crude aquatic extract of leaves Ocimum basilicum on caner and normal cell lines in vitro
Authors: Salmman Israa Sekar
Published: November 2021

Leaves of Ocimum basilicum were extracted with distilled water to prepare aquatic crude extract, five concentration from this extract (1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5)µg/ml were used to study the effect of extract on cancer cell lines(Larynex carcinoma hep-2, cervix carcinoma Hela and mammary gland adenocarcinoma AMN-3) and the time exposure 24 and 48 hours as well as the effect of aquous extract on normal cell line for embryonic mice fibroblast(MEF) was studied in vitro at 48hrs. exposure. The result showed that aqueous crude extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves has different effects on cancer cell lines with significante p<0.05 the high concentration 1000 µg/ml has more inhibitory effect on cancer cell line Hep-2 compared with low concentration at 24and 48 hrs.while the Hela cancer cell line has hormetic effect which recognized by contrast in low concentration inhibitory effect as compared with high concentration at 24 and 48 hr.that low ones inhibit cell proliferation while in high ones cell proliferation continue, but AMN-3 cancer cell line more affected by low concentrations from high concentrations. Normal cell line show no significant effect for all concentrations used of aquatic crude extract of Ocimum basilicum leaf except 62.5 µg/ml with high cell inhibition 16%.
Biodegradation of organic pollutants in oil industry waste water by Bacillus Bacteria
Authors: Jasime Shaima Fakhry , Hassan Khalid Falih , Salman Waleed Husain
Published: November 2021

Bacillus apiarus, Bacillus filicolonicus and Bacillus laterosporus were used to degrade organic pollutants from final discharge of Al Dura wastewater treatment plant in Baghdad and reduce their concentrations by measuring Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) in laboratories conditions of 25o c, pH 5.8-6.8 in batch culture system and 18hr period treatment, the bacteria Bacillus apiarus, Bacillus filicolonicus and Bacillus laterosporus showed ability to reduce COD concentration by(82, 88.5, 94)% and TOC concentration by (73, 82 ,84)% and TN concentration reduced by (86, 91, 81)% in 18 hr period treatment with highly significant differences P<0.01 for all bacterial treatments, the bacteria in the current study showed high ability to reduce TP concentration by 100% with highly significant differences P<0.01 for all bacterial treatments in 18hr period treatment.
Effect of static magnetic fields against some virulence factor of C.albicans: germ tube formation, adhesion ability and biofilm formation
Authors: Rezooqe Nada S.
Published: November 2021

In vitro, inhibitory effects of static magnetic fields in the type of two poles and negative and positive pole on some virulence factors belong to C.albicans as pathogenic microorganism was investigated in this study. According to the findings of this study static magnetic fields in the type of two poles and negative pole displayed a variable degree of inhibitory effects against this microorganism via its virulence factors such as: germ tube formation, adhesion ability and biofilm formation in which negative pole showed more strongly effect than two poles as inhibitory values ranged from 35% as germination ability, 30% adhesion ability after 3hrs of treatment and 2.2mg/disk dry weight as biofilm formation after 72hrs of treatment compared with the inhibitory values for two poles ranged from 30% as germination ability, 25% adhesion ability after 3hrs of treatment and 2.7mg/ disk dry weight as biofilm formation after 72hrs of treatment . Following our earlier demonstration, the effects of positive pole also investigated in this study as 10 % for germination ability, 10% adhesion ability after 3hrs of treatment and 3mg/ disk dry weight as biofilm formation after 72hrs of treatment. These results revealed that static magnetic fields in the type of negative pole may be useful as antifungal agent against Candida albicans.
Study of the Antimicrobial effect of Melia azedarach L. plant
Authors: Majeed Suad M
Published: November 2021

This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts of Melia azedarach L. plant against different pathogenic microorganisms such as (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, klebsilla sp., Candida albicans). Two plant extracts (Aqueous and ethanolic) under four different concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100) mg/ml were used by Agar-well diffusion method. Chemical detection of extract showed that the extracts contain tannins, flavonoids, terpins, steriods, alkaloids, and saponins. Aqueous leaf extract showed no effect against all tested microorganisms at (25, 50, 75, 100) mg/ml concentration except Candida albicans which was sensitive to 100mg/ml concentration. While Ethanolic (80%) leaf extract showed sensitivity on Staphylococcus aureus at 100mg/ml concentration.
Stimulation of Stem Callus and Regeneration of Ficus elastica "Decora" and from Apical Tips in vitro
Authors: Abdullah Ragad M. , AL-Mallah Mazahim K.
Published: November 2021

Calli cultures of stems and leaves explants excised from field -grown rubber, Ficus elastica Decora, plants were formed on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium.The results proved that MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 benzyl adenin (BA) and 0.8mg L-1 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) was suitable to stimulate stem’s callus at ratio 87.5% . Whereas supplementation of MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 of both BA and Indole -3-butyric acid (IBA)encouraged callus formation to reach76.6%. Leaves showed responses for callus initiation up to 75% at the same media. Stem calli showed limited ability to regenerate shoots on both agar solidified MS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1 2,4-D and kinetin (kin) 0.5 mg L-1 and MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 of both BA and IBA. Transferring of shoots to differentiation medium (MS+0.5 mg L-1 BA+ 0.1 mg L-1 IBA) stimulated the growth and elongation of these shoots. Shoots were transferred to agar-solidified MS medium free from growth regulators failed to form roots. Because of the less number of shoots, other rooting media were not tested. The data showed, that shoot tips succeeded to regenerate shoots when they were cultured in different MS. The results proved clear increase in chlorophyll and protein content of the rubber shoots as compared with content of field grown rubber plants. It was noticed that agar-solidified MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L-1 BA was considered the optimum medium for shoots regeneration. All plants regenerated from shoot tips were readily rooted in agar-solidified MS medium with increasing Potassium Nitrate KNO3 from 1900 mg L-1 to 2000 mg L-1, and at the same medium supplemented with 3.0 mg L-1 IBA and 1.0 mg L-1 BA. All these plants were successfully acclimated and transferred to peat moss.
The Inheritance of Elbow Crease Trait in a group of families in Erbil city/ Iraq
Authors: Ameen Nihad A. , Ameen Nihad A.
Published: November 2021

The present study aimed to know the inheritance method of elbow crease trait in human from parents to their offspring, our study included (100) families (parents, sons and daughters) however we have studied the effect of parent degree of consanguinity, blood groups on the transmission of this trait from parents to their offspring. The result indicates there was no significant association between parent’s degree of consanguinity and transmission of elbow crease because the ratio of randomly selected foreigner parents were %65. In addition our study involved the study of some other factors like blood groups which has also no significant effect. There were several significant association of presence of elbow crease in both parents and their offspring.
Callus induction from Nerium oleander leaves and qualitative determination of some active compounds in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Jasaa Liqa,a Ali
Published: November 2021

Callus induction of Nerium oleander young leaves explants was studied using Murashige & Skooge (MS) Medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid( 2,4-D 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0) mg/l with Benzyle adinine (BA0.0, 0.5 or 1.0, mg/l). comparative study was made for qualitative determination of some active compounds between the initiated callus and leaves of fieled plant (intact plant). Results showed that 2,4-D at 1.0 or 2.0 mg/l with BA at 0.5 or 1.0, mg/l were the best for callus induction that gave the highest fresh and dry weight. Qualitative detection showed that (Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Tanins, Saponins, and Cardiac Glycosides) the main active compounds were found in callus and leaves of field-grown plant.
Effect of mechanical scarification, chilling, and gibberellic acid on germination of Leucaena leucocephala seeds
Authors: Omran Zaineb S.
Published: November 2021

Leucaena leucocephala is a tree species used for several agricultural purposes in Mediterranean region. The seeds of these species exhibit dormancy causing delayed germination. A series of experiments evaluated the effects of various treatments on the germination of leucaena leucocephela L. seeds. Germination of fresh seeds was 46% but it was improved (to about 70%) by mechanical scarification using sand paper. A germination of about 60% was obtained when dry seeds were pre-chilled at 4 ̊C for 2,3 and 4 weeks prior to germination that various storage periods of pre-chilling had no influence upon germination enhancement of seeds. Exposure of seeds to -18 ̊C inhibited germination in comparison to the control. There was no significant increase in germination percentage after cold treatment. Maximum improvement being achieved when seeds were kept dry under alternating cold/ warm temperatures for 8days at two day intervals prior to germination, since germination percentage increased to 73%. A significant promotion was recorded when seeds treated with 100 mg/l GA3 prior to germination and that pre-chilled treatment improved germination percentage compared with those un-chilled the maximum (70%) at 100 mg/l of GA3.The effect of nutrient media on seed germination was studied on MS and B5 media after being stored for one week in refrigerator (at 4°C) or in the freezer (-18°C). The germination percentage of Leucaena seeds cultured on MS medium showed a significant increase over the control for those stored one week at 4°C, when the effect of B5 medium on seed germination was found to be similar to the control (50%) for seeds stored one week at 4°C. These results demonstrate that alternating temperatures (cold/warm) provide faster and highest germination percentage and could be secured at low cost which would be adequate to large scale treatment of Leucaena leucocephala seeds.
Evaluation of some growth promoting bacterial strains exist on Eggplant root Solanumm elongena L. against Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Q. Waheed A. Q. , Hassan H. R. , Abbas B. A. , Nawar H. H.
Published: November 2021

In this study, six plant growth promoting bacterial strains were tested against eggplant root rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The bacterial strains were evaluated for their ability to promote growth and control R. solani in eggplant under greenhouse conditions. The results of antagonistic activity of the bacterial strains against R. solani showed that the tested strains controlled the radial growth of R. solani ranging from 24.66 to 40.33 mm, of these, Bacillus subtilis was the most promising strains which recorded 24.66 mm. Results of the treatment eggplant seeds with the bacterial suspension of the six strains showed that all tested strains significantly increased the percentage of seeds germination as compared to control treatment, B. subtilis strain was the best which recorded 92.16% as compared to 69.56% for control treatment. The greenhouse experiment revealed that the plants treated with B. subtilis recorded maximum (Shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight of plant, rate of fruits weight, plant productivity). All these parameters were increased by 93.83 cm, 26.50 cm, 589.30 g/ plant, 163.03 g/ plant, 101.63 g, 1180 g/ plant respectively, also the results showed B. subtilis significantly decreased disease incidence and severity of eggplant infected by R. solani which recorded 34.06, 0.23 respectively as compared to both positive without pathogen and negative with pathogen control treatment (4.4 %, 77.33), (0.07 %, 0.71) respectively.
Detection of Perforin in suspension of leukemia lymphocyte culture
Authors: Ahmed Najwa Sh. , Fayyad Amal G.S. , Yusoff Wan Mohter , Hamza Subhi Jawad , Al-Faisal Abdul Hussen , AL-Shami Adeeb A.
Published: November 2021

This work aimed to study the concentrations and hemolytic assay of perforin in serum and culture suspension of lymphocyte for acute lymphocyte leukemia ALL; chronic lymphocyte leukemia CLL, and control. To achieve this goal, blood samples were collected from 20 leukemic cases 10 ALL and 10 CLL, and isolation of lymphocyte done then proliferation of leukemia lymphocyte in culture for the detection of perforin concentration by ELISA kit and hemolytic activity of perforin in suspension lymphocyte culture and serum were impacted. The results, showed significant increase in the level of concentrations of perforin in both CLL and ALL as compared with the control, however, showed significant lower in level of hemolytic activity of perforin in these groups as compared to the control. The conclusion is that expression of perforin is strongly associated with leukemia patient in Iraqi population.
Screening of some rice Oryza sativa L. genotypes for drought tolerance using SSR-PCR technique
Authors: Aurabi Asmaa K. , Ibrahim Kadhim M. , Yousif Shatha A.
Published: November 2021

Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers were used to investigate the variations between drought sensitive and drought tolerant genotypes. Patterns obtained using RM328 and RM302 detected polymorphism between T14, T15 and Amber33, Amber Baghdad genotypes and those obtained using RM316 and RM201 for the tested genotypes suggested that these primers may have the ability to produce drought tolerance markers. According to the patterns obtained using RM189, RM3825 and RM212 primers indicated that these primers cannot be relied on as markers for drought tolerance.
Physiological and histological effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Garlic (Allium sativum) on testicular function of albino male mice treated with lead acetate
Authors: AL-chalabi Salah M.M. , Abdul-Lattif Rashaa F. , Sabrei Dalia A.
Published: November 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of oral administration of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Allium sativum (Garlic) on testicular function in male mice exposed to lead acetate. Sixty adult (7-8) weeks old male mice were divided into six groups (10 micegroup), first and second group were administered with 150mgkg body weight BWday of aqueous and alcoholic extract of plant respectively. However, the third group was treated with 100 mgkgBWday of lead acetate. While the fourth and fifth groups were administered with 150 mgkgBWday. Of aqueous and alcoholic extract combination with 100 gmkg. BW of lead acetate. The sixth group treated with distilled water and served as control group throughout five weeks. At the end of experiment, treated animals were sacrificed and sperm were collected from caudal epidydymis to use for following tests: sperm concentration, motility, deadalive sperm and morphological abnormalities. Serum was isolated to assay for the analysis of, FSH, LH and testosterone level. The results showed a significant increase in sperm concentration, motility and decrease in dead and abnormal sperm in the group treated with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Allium sativum. However, the results showed decrease in sperm concentration, motility and increase in dead and abnormal sperm in the group treated with lead acetate. The other groups of animals groups treated with aqueous and alcoholic extract combination with lead acetate showed improvement in sperm concentration and motility compared to that treated with lead acetate The FSH, LH and testosterone level significantly increased in treated groups with aqueous and alcoholic extract of plant compared to group treated with lead acetate. It's concluded that aqueous and alcoholic extract of Allium sativum were significantly improved fertility in treated medicine compared to animals treated with lead acetate.
Molecular epidemiology analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi used Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
Authors: Faik Ashna J. , Hassan Farook. K. , Al-Zaag Ali
Published: November 2021

Strain typing is an integral part of molecular epidemiology used to discern the clonality of Salmonella Typhi involved in local epidemics. The purpose of this study is to identify sporadic Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi by conventional and molecular methods that include characterization by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and to present molecular epidemiology analysis. Thirty isolstes of Salmonella typhi from sporadic clinical cases of typhoid fever were obtained. They represent cases from Baghdad, Basra, Babylon and Diala provinces during the period between June 2005 to July 2006. Two biotypes were obtained, 26 isolates under biotype I and four under biotype II. Two antibiogram patterns were obtained: twenty-nine isolates were susceptible to all antibiotic used while the remaining isolate was of different pattern. Plasmid profiling allowed little or no differentiation amongst these isolates. Only 4 (13.3%) isolates were found to contain plasmids which were of three patterns, the majority of strains 26 (86.7%) isolates did not show any plasmid. BOX-PCR fingerprinting has revealed 9 distinct patterns.Cluster analysis by UPGMA based dendrogram revealed six clusters with 90% similarity. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of digested chromosomal DNAs from these Salmonella Typhi isolates was performed using the restriction endonucleases XbaI (5'-TCTAGA-3') and SpeI (5'-ACTAGT-3'). XbaI-based analysis was superior to SpeI restriction patterns. PFGE fingerprinting with XbaI restriction have yielded sixteen distinct patterns. Cluster analysis by UPGMA based dendrogram revealed seven clusters with 90% similarity. PFGE fingerprinting with the comparative use of the XbaI and SpeI endonucleases have proved high discriminatory value to other molecular methods and a helpful tool for the epidemiological typing of Salmonella Typhi isolates.
Laboratory evaluation of azadirachtin isolated from Melia azedarach L. fruits against Anopheles pulcherrimus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Mehdi N. M. , Al-Rubeae H. F. , Ali M. A.
Published: November 2021

Efficacy of different concentration of azadirachtin isolated from fruits of Melia azedarach was investigated on the different stages of Anopheles pulcherrimus under lab. condition. Results showed that there was non-significant reduction in eggs hatching rate. There were high significant in larval mortalities which were depending on concentration. Different larval deformities were found. Second instars larvae were more sensitive then fourth larva instar , LC50 and LC90 for the second instars larvae were 35.99 and 67.99 ppm respectively and for the fourth instars larvae it was 63.09 and 139.8 respectively, significant prolongation in larval development period.
Study of o Catechins as Antioxidant Extract from black, white shada seeds and waste of squeezed grape
Authors: Monir Ashraq , Mohammad Nidhal , Thabet Akram
Published: November 2021

Catechins were extracted from black shada, white shada seeds and waste of squeezed grape by mixed each sample with distilled water(1:10), with ethyl acetate(1:1) v/v. Detection of active compounds in the extracts done using IR technique β-carotene bleaching test and peroxide value(POV). Results showed that the black grape seed and the waste of squeezed grape have high antioxidant activity( 64 and 52 g/k grespectively), in comparison with BHT, while it was lower than PG which were 48 and 41.6g/kg compared with PG. On the other hand white grape seed extraction was in the middle between obvious two extractions and was 48 and 36g/kg in comparative with BHT and PG respectively. Peroxide value was determined in sunflower oil for 14 days at 65oc, and showed that these extractions have antioxidant activity and similar to butylated hydroxyl toluene BHT and propyl galate PG.
Effect of explant source and growth regulators on in vitro callus induction and organogenesis of Melia azedarach L. trees
Authors: Salim Siham Abd Al-Razzaq
Published: November 2021

Melia azedarach L. is one of the important plants because it’s a good source of natural compounds thathave insecticide and antimicrobial effect. The main aim of this research is to investigate the effect of explants source and plant growth regulators on in vitro callus induction and regeneration of organs from it. Callus was induced from nodes, internodes from one-year-old seedlings and seeds of Melia plant by culturing them on MS medium supplemented with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mg/L and 6- benzyl adenine (BA) 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 mg/L, then shoot regeneration from callus was occurred. Results showed that there was a different response from explants towards callus induction and adventitious shoots formation according to plant growth regulators combination. Seeds gave superior percentage for callus induction 24.4% compared with node and internode 15.6, 12.8% respectively. Combination of 0.3 mg/L NAA + 3.0 mg/L BA was the best for callus induction in all explants 86.6% . Shoot regeneration was achieved in 0.3 mg/L NAA + 4.0 mg/L BA and 0.4 mg/L NAA + 4.0 mg/L BA for callus from seeds and internodes respectively, while the combination 0.3 mg/L NAA + 3.0 mg/L BA or 0.4 mg/L NAA + 3.0 mg/L BA was the best for node callus. The shoots were rooted well in MS + 0.25 mg/L NAA . Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in small plastic pots filled with peat moss: river soil (1 :1 v/v ), then transferred to the soil.
Effect of chemical elicitors on secondary metabolite induction of Solanum nigrum In vitro.
Authors: Abdulrazzak Baan M. , Mahmood Saadia H. , Ibrahim Kadhim M.
Published: November 2021

This project aimed to increase the production of some secondary metabolites using chemical elicitors in tissue cultures of Solanum nigrum L. plants. The quality and quantity of phytochemicals were estimated using methanolic extracts of dried leaves and callus were analyzed using HPLC. Callus was initiated from leaf discs cultured on Murashig and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 or 5.0 mg/l and BA at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mg/l for S. nigrum callus initiation. The same combination was used for callus maintenance for the plant. The results showed an increase in the concentration of secondary metabolites in methanol extracts induced from leaves. Callus cultures induced from leaf discs were treated with some chemical stimuli such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, (2,4,6, 8 mg/l jasmonic acid), or (50, 100, 150, 200 mg/l salicylic acid). Result showed that there were significant differences between the various treatment, the best concentration of jasmonic acid to stimulate and increase the production was 8 mg/l for S. nigrum. Moreover, Salicylic acid at 100 mg/l stimulated the production of secondary metabolites in callus culture of S. nigrum.
Use of GADD45A and CDKN1A Gene Expression Changes as Biomarker in Assessment of DNA Damage for Ionizing Radiation Exposure
Authors: Ali Abdulsahib K. , Abdullah Nasr Farhan , Zhoa Shu-Hong
Published: November 2021

The present study aims to determination of GADD45 and CDKN1A expression genes as a biomarkers for ionizing radiation in white mice Mus musculus Balb/C by using the real-time quantitative PCR assay. Seventy- two white mice (36 males and 36 females) were divided into two groups; their whole body was exposed to 5 cGy and 100 cGy of X-ray radiation at a dose rate of 200 cGy/min, in addition to the control group. Total RNA was isolated using Trizol method from liver samples of mice after 6, 48 hours and 10 days of exposure to radiation as well as of the control group. Complementary DNA was used in amplification of genes used in the present study, two types of primers pairs were selected for the genes amplification Growth arrest and DNA-damage inducible A (GADD45A) and Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), which have a relation with ionizing radiation in addition to the primers for internal control (β-actin) gene. The size amplified product were 95 bp and 162 bp nitrogen-base pair for GADD45A and CDKN1A genes, respectively. The existence of significant elevation p <0.05 in the amount of gene expression of the GADD45A gene in samples of mice liver exposed to doses 5 cGy and 100 cGy after 6 hours of exposure to radiation. It was found that this gene having up-regulation level after 6 hours in the liver of mice exposed to these doses in comparison with the control group. The presence of a significant reduction (p <0.05) in the amount of gene expression of the CDKN1A gene in samples of mice liver exposed to doses 5 cGy and 100 cGy after 6 hours of exposure to radiation and this reduction continued after 24 hours and 10 days. Moreover, it was found that this gene had a down-regulation level after 6 hours in the liver of mice exposed to these doses in comparison with the control group. The organizational level in the high dose of 100 cGy is higher than that at the low dose 5 cGy. In conclusion, the results indicated that there is a possibility of using the changes in the level of GADD45A and CDKN1A genes expression as useful biomarkers in assessment of DNA damage for low and high radiation exposure.
Effect of aqueous extract of Broccoli plant on liver enzymes in laboratory animals treated by carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Alwan Iqbal Fadhel , Al-Jumaelly Essam F. , Hamood Amar M.
Published: November 2021

The effects of aqueous extracts of broccoli plant against liver enzymes (ALP, ALT,AST,GST) in the laboratory animals treated with carbon tetrachloride were studied. Conducted tests on the overlap between the three concentration 100, 200,300 mg / kgm of aqueous extract of broccoli and 3.2 mg / kgm of carbon tetrachloride with interaction included two types of treatment (pre- ccl4 and post-ccl4) through oral dosage and for a period of 7 days. The study shows that the concentration 300mg / kgm is the best concentration of aqueous extract there was used and study suggests that use the concentrations of this focus and fact that the plant is used for human consumption broadly.
The Antifungal activity of alcohol extract of Peganum harmala seeds
Authors: Alkhazraji Alkhazraji A.A.H , Khalaf Khalaf E.A , Salman Salman A.S , Hamza Hamza E.SH , Gulboy Gulboy A. Nasir
Published: November 2021

The study was conducted to evaluate the inhibition activity of alcohol extract of Peganum harmala seeds in somepathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium spp.), which was isolated in food researchcenter/ Ministry of Science and Technology. Results revealed that alcohol extract of Peganum harmala seeds wasinhibited the growth of all kind of fungi under study at the extract concentrations (0.012,0.05, 0.25,0.5,1,5,20,50,100 ,200 and 300 mg/ml), colonies diameters for Aspergillus niger was 27, 25 mm at the concentrations 0.012 and0.05 mg/ml respectively in the comparison with its colonies diameter in the control group which was 38 mm forboth concentrations, and it was 26,21 mm for Aspergillus flavus at the same concentration (0.012 and 0.05 mg/ml)respectively, whereas the colonies diameter was decreased to 9,7 mm for Penicillium spp. at 0.012 and 0.05 mg/mlof alcohol extract respectively. In general, the inhibition activity of Peganum harmala seeds alcohol extract wasincreased with the increasing of extract concentrations. The growth rate of all kinds of fungi under study wascompletely inhibited at 0.25mg/ml concentration and above.
The mutagenicity and anti-mutagenicity effect of aqueous leaves extract of Vinca rosea by bacterial system (Part one)
Authors: Abbas Ali Hafedh Abbas , Sagban Likaa Hasoun Sagban , Obaid Hind Hussein Obaid , Abdul Ameer Ishrak Abdul Ameer , Kubba Rasha Hussein Kubba , Ez-Aldeen Shaymaa Adnan Ez-Aldeen
Published: November 2021

This study was carried out in order to determine the toxic, mutagenic and anti-mutagenic effectsfor aqueous extract of Vinca rosea dried leaves against the mutagenic effect of Methotrexate(MTX) as a chemical mutagen and Ultra Violet rays (UV) as a physical mutagen. The effect wasstudied in a bacterial system (G-system). The used system consisted of three wild isolatesG3Bacillus spp., G12Arthrobacter spp. and G27Brevibacterium spp., The study depended onrecording survival fraction (Sx) as an indicator for the induction of Streptomycin and Rifampic inresistance mutants as a genetic marker. Aqueous extract was prepared from dried leaves, gradualconcentrations of plant aqueous extract was used to choose the suitable concentration which isremembered the negative control, the optimum concentration of aqueous extract was 200 µl/mlcomparing with the negative control. The interactions included three types of treatments (premutagen, with-mutagen and post-mutagen) in order to determine the mechanisms of this plantextracts in preventing or reducing the genotoxic effect of mutagen (MTX and UV).The resultsshowed that the interaction effect between the optimum concentration of aqueous extract and themutagen on survival fraction (Sx) increase the survival fraction value of the of G-system isolates toreach normal value compare with positive control (MTX), the results of the interaction betweenoptimum concentration for extracts and the treatment with mutagen to induce resistance mutantfor streptomycin and rifampicin found that the MTX had no effect to induce resistance mutantfor these two antibiotics, for all types of treatment (pre-MTX, with-MTX, and post-MTX), theaqueous extract suppress or repair mutant and give 100% protection for bacterial cells, while theUV had some effects to induce resistance mutant for these two antibiotics for pre-UV and withinUV treatments and the aqueous extract showed suppressing or repairing mutant partially withpost-UV treatment and gave 100% protection for bacterial cells.
The effect of microwave on different stages of fig moth, Ephestia cautella )Walk) Lepidoptera:Pyralidae ) in stored date)
Authors: Naher Falah H. Naher , Khalaf Mohammed Z. Khalaf , Alrubeai Hussain F. Alrubeai
Published: November 2021

Eggs, larvae, pupa and adults of date moth Ephestia cautella were exposed to three levels ofmicrowave power 600, 800 and 1000 W at different exposure time (0,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20 and 20second). The results showed that microwave had high ability to kill different stages of fig moth. Theeffect increased by increasing of microwaves power and exposure time. The percentage of eggmortality was %100 at 600 and 800 W, and exposure time. Similarly, egg mortality was alsoincreased at 1000 W in less than 12 sec. The highest motility of larvae was %90 at 600 W and%96.67 at 800 W, when the exposure time was 10 sec., while, the mortality was %100 at 1000 W and18 sec. male and female pupal mortality rates was %100 at 800 W, when the exposure times were 20and 18 sec., respectively. The ranges of lethal time of %50 and %95 ( LT 50 , LT 95 ) at 600-1000 Wwere 501-9.9 and 15.7 – 34.2 , 3.0-7.5 and 9.0-50.0and 3.2-4.8 and 7.9-39.1 for egg , larvae andpupae, respectively. However, the results showed that all adult treatments significantly affected ageaverage and emergence of adult male and female. The age of emerged males and females did notexceeded 4.267 and 5.267 days respectively, at 600 W and 6 sec. exposure. While, adult emergencestopped at 800 W and 14 and 16 sec. for male and female pupae respectively. The results of thisinvestigation indicated the affectivity of using microwaves technique and further research efforts isneeded before the feasibility microwave technique can be evaluated as alternative in stored dateschemical method using Methyl Bromide.
Study the Inhibitory Effect of Garlic Extract on S. aureus and E. coli of MultiResistance to Antibiotics.
Authors: Al-Daherie Batool Hazim Al-Daherie , Abbas Oruba Khalid Abbas
Published: November 2021

This Study aimed to investigate the effect of garlic extract against multidrug resistance ofStaphylococcus aureus and E. coli isolated from urine. Isolates were identified by usingbiochemical tests. The susceptibility of these microorganisms towards the most effectiveantibiotics were studied by using disc diffusion method. The multidrug resistancemicroorganisms were challenged with garlic extract using serial dilutions and the technology ofELISA spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that ten isolates of E. coli and eightisolates of Staphylococcus aureus out of sixty isolates were resistant to all antibiotics. Garlicextract significantly inhibits the growth of these bacteria in a concentration independent manner.This study showed that garlic extract exerts a promising antibacterial effect against multidrugresistance of Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli.
Efficient Regeneration of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants from cell suspension derived-callus
Authors: Mohammed Amjad Abdul-Hadi Mohammed , Al-Mallah Mozahim Kassim Al-Mallah
Published: November 2021

This study succeeded in establishment carrot cell suspension cultures from stem callus in liquidMS medium containing 1.0 mg L-1of each NAA and BA. Its density approach 3.4 ×105cell ml-1atthe third day of culture. These cells ,continued, when embedded in agar drop using MultipleDrop Array (MDA) technique, in division and forming cellular colonies which producingnumerous callus primordia that developed to callus cultures. When transferred to the soliddifferentiation medium (MS+ 1.0 mg L-1 NAA+ 1.5 mg L-1 BA), two hundreds and seventy-threeshoots produced. They readily rooted in agar-solidified MSO medium after three weeks andadapted in conditions of culture room. They were not transferred to field due to the unfavorableenvironmental conditions at that time. Cell suspension-derived callus tissues contained 82.62 μganthocyanin gm-1 of callus fresh weight, and 0.555 mg beta-carotene 100 gm-1of callus freshweight in the third period of extraction compared with their quantity calculated in stems calluswhich recorded 52.4 μg gm-1and 1.988 mg gm-1respectively.
Immunohistochemical study of tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α) in the tumor microenvironment sample of Iraqi breast cancer
Authors: Abdul- Razaq Fatima Samir Abdul- Razaq , Edan Ekhlass Mushref Edan , Abdulla Ahmed Rushadi Abdulla
Published: November 2021

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of carcinoma death inwomen. The tumor microenvironment consist from cellular microenvironment, cytokines andchemokines. Its plays an important role in tumor development such as initiation, progression,metastasis and drug resistance. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the malignant tumorprogression is maintained by dynamic interplay between tumor cells and many distinct cell typesexisting in the adjacent microenvironment. Objective of this study is to detect of TNF-α in tumormicroenvironment in histological sections of breast cancer and compare it with that of benign breastlesions. This study included 32 patients with breast cancer and 21 patients with benign breast lesions,prognostic factors were registered including: age, histopathological subtype, degree ofdifferentiation& stage of breast carcinoma. Results revealed positive expression of TNF-α in 20cases, while 12 cases were negative out of 32 samples of breast cancer. In benign lesions 11 cases werepositive, While 10cases were negative. Statistical analysis showed significant difference in rate ofTNF-α expression between malignant breast samples and benign samples(P ≤0.05).
The Effect of Sex Chromatin on Some Reproductive Traits of local Sheep in Erbil
Authors: Ameen Nihad Ahmad Ameen , Raoof Salim Omar Raoof
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted on local sheep belongs to private flock in Erbil plain during the period 4/11/2011 till 25/10/2012. The investigation included 65 local sheep to study the effect of sex chromatinfrequency on the Daily Milk Yield (DMY), weight and age of ewes in addition the calculation ofRegression and Correlation coefficients between the studied traits of local sheep. The overall means offrequency of sex chromatin (drum stick, Appenx without stick, tear drop and small club). Appearedwith normal Neutrophils were 1.897, 1.034, 1.241, 0.741 and 95.86% respectively. The overall means ofDMY was 533.6g. The results showed that there was significant (P≤0.05) in relationship to DMY, thehighest rate of DMY was shown among the sheep had sex chromatin drum stick (675. 5g), while the rateof DMY was at lowest production among the sheep which had sex chromatin of small club (425.4g). Asignificant effect of weights and age of sheep on the patterns of sex chromatin were observed. Thehighest rate of DMY among the sheep was at the age of 4 years raised high rate of sex chromatin type(drum stick). A significant(P≤0.05) positive Correlation coefficient between DMY and sex chromatintype (drum stick) with value of 0.673, while there was a negative and significant (P≤0.05). Regressioncoefficient of DMY on sex chromatin coefficient (small club ) with coefficient of Regression value (-0.074). In addition the highest value of Correlation between the DMY and sex chromatin of (drum stick)was (0.856), followed with Correlation coefficient value between type of birth and weights of ewes(0.784), while the lowest Correlation value was (-0.087) between DMY and sex chromatin of (small club).
Increasing the Production of Spilanthol in Spilanthes acmella (L.)Murr. by Using Tissue Culture Techniques
Authors: Alwash Bushra M. Jaber Alwash , Jazar Zena H. Jazar
Published: November 2021

This study was aimed to increase the production of Spilanthol from S. acmella by using tissue cultures.Seeds were sterilized and cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations 2.0,4.0,6.0mg/l of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA),1.0 , 2.0 , 3.0 mg/l Benzyl adenine (BA)and 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mg/l Benzylamino purine (BAP). These growth regulaters were used for callus induction from leaf segments, plus 0.1gm casein hydrolysate in combination with the same growth regulaters for callus induction and Spilantholproduction. Quality and quantity of Spilanthol were investingated using high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC), results showed that using 1.5% sodium hypochlorate for 15 min was veryeffective for disinfecting and survival . The combination of 3.0 mg/ l BAP, 6.0 mg/l NAA with 0.1 gm caseinhydrolysed was most effective for callus induction from leaf segments ,The highest mean fresh weight andthe highest amount of Spilanthol reached to 80.46 mg/g in combination of 2.0 mg/lBAP, 2.0 mg/l NAA with0.1 g casein hydrolysed. This increased the Spilanthol compound to its highest amount when compairedwith the original plant.
Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Process Combining Pre-digestion with Methanization
Authors: Mohaibes Mohammed
Published: November 2021

Anaerobic digestion of a mixture of manure and sewage sludge by combination of the biological predigestion at 73°C with methanization at 55°C was studied with regard to the biogas process efficiency,energy balance and sanitation effect. Performance of the two-stage digestion was compared with theconventional, one-stage moderate thermophilic digestion at 55°C and mesophilic digestion at 37°C,respectively. The best performance was achieved by the two-stage treatment both in terms of VolatileSolids (VS) removal and biogas yield. Up to 60% of VS was removed and a specific methane yield of 300ml CH4 gVS-1 was achieved. Sanitation effect was measured as inactivation of the indicators of bacterialpathogens - the faecal enterococci and spores of Clostridium perfringens. Elimination of faecal enterococcito non-detectable level occurred only during treatments at 73°C and 55°C. Numbers of Clostridiumperfringens spores were reduced solely by the combined 73°C/55°C treatment.
The Exposure Effect of Water Pipe Smoke (WPS) on the Total Count leukocyte, Mitotic Index, Micronucleus Formation and Chromosome Aberration in Albino Male Mice
Authors: Al-Halbosiy Mohammad M. F. , Al-Jumaily Rakad M. Kh. , Lafta Fadhel M.
Published: November 2021

The present study was carried out to evaluate the hematological and cytogenetic effects of waterpipe smoke (WPS) in albino male mice. The investigated parameters were total count ofleukocytes (TCL), mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) formation and chromosomalaberrations. The results of our study showed that, mice were exposed to WPS using a specialinhalation glass chamber (whole body exposure). Mice exposed daily to 100 puffs of WPS on thebases of (1h exposure per day). The exposure experiment continued daily for the periods of 3, 5, 7weeks consequently. The results revealed that the TCL significantly decreased in the second andthird treatment (5930, 4120 cell/ cu. mm. blood) respectively, in comparison to control (6200 cell/cu. mm. blood), while the MI decreased in all 3 treatment after 3, 5, 7 weeks. Nevertheless, boththe MN cells and chromosomal aberration remain the same percentage as the control in the firsttreatment and then began to be higher than the control in the second and third treatment. Theresults indicated that the WPS has cytotoxic and mutagenic effects, according to the obtainedresults of MN cells and chromosomal aberration assays in the three types of treatment.
زيادة قدرة نبات السيسبان Sesbania rostrataعلى تحمل الكادميوم والرصاص بالزراعة النسيجية
Authors: Al-Taee Altefat , Ibraheem Kadhim , AL-Musawi Ali hashim
Published: November 2021

نفذت عدة تجارب لغرض دراسة تحمل نبات السيسبان Sesbania rostrata للكادميوم والرصاص على مستوى النبات الكامل ومزارعه النسيجية. أستحث الكالس وأديم على وسط موراشيج وسكوج 1962 والمجهز 0.3 ملغم/لترمن الكاينتين و2.0 ملغم/لتر من حامض 2,4 داي مثيل فينوكسي بإستعمال الفلق كمصدر لنشوء الكالس أضيفت تراكيز مختلفة من الكادميوم أوالرصاص بصورة مباشرة أو تدريجية الى الوسط الغذائي كعوامل تلوث لغرض دراسة تأثير هذه الملوثات في نمو النبات ومزارعه النسيجية. ومن ثم عزل خطوط الخلايا المتحملة وإختبار قابليتها للإخلاف. أظهر الكالس تحملاً للإضافة التدريجية أكثر من الإضافة المباشرة، اذ بلغ تركيز الكادميوم والرصاص  27، 24 جزء بالمليون على التوالي عند إضافة 1.0، و2.0 ملغم/لتر من الكادميوم والرصاص على التوالي. وتضمنت الدراسة تأثير السايتوكاينين بنزل ادنين (BA) والأوكسين نفثالين حامض الخليك (NAA) في نشوءالأفرع من الكالس المتحمل للملوثات حيث أعطى أعلى نسبة 78،76% للكالس المتحمل للرصاص والكادميوم على التوالي عند تداخل 0.7 ملغم/لتر BAو0.2  ملغم/لتر NAA. ودرس تأثير الأوكسين اندول حامض الخليك (IBA) في تجذير الأفرع المتحملة للملوثات حيث أعطى التركيز 0.7 ملغم/لتر أعلى نسبة تجذير بلغت 70،66% للأفرع المتحملة للرصاص والكادميوم على التوالي، تضمنت الدراسة تأثير الملوثات في إرتفاع النبات والاوزان الطرية اذ تفوقت الأوزان الطرية للمجموع الخضري على الأوزان الطرية للمجموع الجذري عند التراكيز 1.0، 2.0 جزء بالمليون للكادميوم والرصاص بلغا 8.7 و 7.5غم على التوالي. أعلى تركيز لتراكم الكادميوم بلغ 12.5 جزء بالمليون في المجموع الخضري، في حين لوحظ بان الرصاص 10.5جزء بالمليون في المجموع الجذري.
التعبير المظهري على الأجزاء النباتية المفصولة من نبات عين البزون Catharanthus roseous الناتج من التلقيح بعزلات من بكتيريا .Agrobacterium sp المعزولة محليا
Authors: Hadi Sabah
Published: November 2021

عزلت بكتيريا تابعة للجنس .Agrobacterium sp من التربة المحلية في الجادرية, بغداد-العراق وتم تشخيصها باستخدام الاوساط الانتقائية والفحوصات الكيموحيوية, تم الحصول على 21 عزلة معظمها كانت تابعة للنوع rhizogens Agrobacterium. اظهرت جميع العزلات قدرتها على انتاج الكاتاليزوالاوكسديزوغاز H2S والنمو في الوسط الملحي 2% كلوريد الصوديوم, معظم العزلات كانت تابعة للنمط الحيوي 2 وذلك لتمكنها من النمو في الوسط الزرعي .New and Kerr اختبرت القدرة الآمراضية للبكتيريا بوساطة تقنية زراعة الآنسجة النباتية وباستخدام اوراق نبات عين البزون Catharanthus roseous وزراعتها في الوسط الزرعي  B5والحاوي على 30 ملغم /لتر سكروز والخالي من منظمات النمو. أظهرت عزلات النوع rhizogens.A قدرتها على أحداث مرض التجذر الشعري في الآوراق اما النوع  A. tumefaciens فأظهر قدرته على احداث مرض التورم التاجي بعد اصابتها بالبكتيريا.
Control of Fusarium Wilt Disease in Pepper Caused by Fusarium oxysporum by using Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate) Bio fumigation
Authors: Kareem T. A. , Hatem Mena , Abdulkareem Eman
Published: November 2021

Fusarium wilt disease one of the most important disease worldwide. This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of cabbage leaves for three concentrations of (2.5, 5 and 10g/ 1kg) in controlling soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum that causes wilting pepper. The results showed that the effectiveness of fresh cabbage leaves in reducing the severity of infection and the percentage of pepper wilt disease with significant differences in comparison with the control treatment. The cabbage leaves added to the soil at concentration of 10 g / 1 kg soil achieved the highest percentage of reduction in the severity of the disease and in at percentage of the disease, amounting to 8.75% and 0.5%, respectively, followed by Cabbage leaves treatment concentration of 5 g / 1 kg soil at 35% and  5%, respectively then followed by treatment with Cabbage leaves a concentration of 2.5 g / 1 kg soil at 55%, 10%, respectively, which all differed significantly from the treatment with pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum showed that the severity of the infection and the percentage of infection were 82% 0.45%, respectively. The results also showed that all Cabbage leaves treatment with concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10 g / 1 kg soil has not adversely affected the growth standards parameters for Pepper plants length, width of their leaves, and fresh and dry weight of the plants after 40 days of cultivation of pepper seedlings as it did not differ significantly from the control treatment. While the results showed that there were significant differences in the value of vigor index for treatments with Cabbage leaves which ranged from 2663 - 2745 compared to the treatment of pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum, which amounted to 1545 while not significantly differ from the treatment of the control as a vigor index reached in 2574.
Assessment of Urinary Tract Infection and Anti Lactoferrin Antibodies Levels in Iraqi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Jameel Sanaa khudhur
Published: November 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that may be triggered by urinary tract infection (UTI) especially if they are investigated in the presence of lactoferrin antibodies. The objective is to determine anti lactoferrin antibodies in RA and its association with urinary tract infection. Out of 162 autoimmunity Iraqi patients, UTI and levels of anti lactoferrin antibodies were assessed in 98 (60.49 %) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), compared with 30 apparently healthy control and 74.48 % were observed to have UTI, the predominant bacteria identified as a cause of UTI; Proteus spp. was present as a single causative pathogen in 58.90 %, while E. coli was observed in 17.80 %. Anti lactoferrin antibodies were significantly higher in RA patients was observed in UTI+ve versus UTI-ve cases in total patients compared with healthy control that P value (≤0.05).