bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A regulação do acesso à atenção especializada e a Atenção Primária à Saúde nas políticas nacionais do SUS
Authors: Melo Eduardo Alves , Gomes Gustavo Graça , Carvalho Jacqueline Oliveira de , Pereira Pedro Henrique Braga , Guabiraba Kennedy Pereira de Lima
Published: April 2021

Resumo Diferentes formulações têm dado destaque à Atenção Primária à Saúde como porta de entrada preferencial do sistema de saúde, base das redes de atenção e função de coordenação do cuidado. A regulação assistencial (ou do acesso), por sua vez, vem sendo considerada, no Brasil, uma estratégia e tecnologia central de gestão das redes. Este artigo objetivou caracterizar a interface entre atenção primária e regulação assistencial nas formulações e diretrizes nacionais sobre regulação assistencial do SUS, considerando o período de 2002 a 2017. Adotou-se a metodologia da análise documental, utilizando fontes de domínio público, notadamente portarias e manuais técnicos do Ministério da Saúde, organizando os conteúdos extraídos nas dimensões “conceitos de regulação”, “organização e gestão da regulação” e “estratégias e ferramentas de regulação”, dentro das quais se buscou caracterizar o lugar da atenção primária. Observou-se maior destaque para a interface entre regulação assistencial ambulatorial e atenção primária a partir de 2011 com a noção de microrregulação, de modo mais marcante nos documentos e iniciativas relacionados à gestão da atenção primária do que nos específicos da regulação, enfocando a elaboração de dispositivos de regulação a partir da atenção primária, destacando-se o Telessaúde.
Questões de gênero em Platão e Eurípedes: corpos antigos e gender performativity
Authors: Silva Vânia , Cornelli Gabriele
Published: April 2021

Resumo O presente artigo propõe uma análise de dois textos clássicos da Antiguidade grega, As Bacantes de Eurípedes e a República de Platão, à luz da teoria contemporânea de gender performativity de Judith Butler. O conceito de gender performativity será apropriado para ilustrar analogamente, mesmo que de forma anacrônica, o quanto que o imaginário grego, apesar de temporalmente distante, pode nos apresentar – seja a partir do discurso filosófico, seja a partir do discurso literário da tragédia grega – bons exemplos para uma das teorias mais sofisticadas, diríamos, no campo dos estudos de gênero hoje. A proposta é a de mostrar de que modo o conteúdo desses dois textos nos permite compreender o debate contemporâneo da teoria crítica das identidades de gênero. Trata-se de identidades fixadas em atos performativos que conformam o gênero ao sexo anatômico, limitando-o a duas possibilidades: masculino ou feminino. Considerando o contexto histórico e as questões que são próprias do mundo grego antigo, a análise aqui proposta nos permitirá jogar luz, especialmente, nas estratégias que Platão e Eurípedes empreenderam no sentido de deslocar as normas de gênero constituídas na pólis. O exame dos textos permitiu-nos identificar que na antiguidade, mas também na contemporaneidade, mesmo que de forma diferente, as discussões das relações de gênero estão ajustadas, principalmente, pelo discurso político a respeito dessas relações.
Linhas de criação em uma aula de história: o paradoxo do pensamento diante do dispositivo de banalização
Authors: Pacievitch Caroline , Pereira Nilton Mullet
Published: April 2021

Resumo Esse artigo discute a aula de história como oportunidade para pensar e problematizar o tempo, a partir das criações dos docentes. Tal oportunidade se constrói na mediação com os jovens e suas culturas, com os conhecimentos históricos e com questões sensíveis. Em tempos em que a opinião comum parece assumir lugar de destaque, em que multiplicam-se os ataques às aulas de história e em que se desenvolve um processo deliberado de desvalorização do pensamento e da produção científica, particularmente na área de história, nos propomos problematizar o que denominamos de dispositivo de banalização, com base nas ideias de Hannah Arendt e Michel Foucault. Nosso objetivo é refletir sobre a aula de história, tomando cenas de práticas de docência de estagiários e a literatura da área como fontes de pesquisa e de produção de conhecimento. Para este artigo, selecionamos uma aula que problematiza os imaginários que construímos sobre o Egito Antigo. A conexão que estabelecemos é que, enquanto o dispositivo de banalidade produz e reproduz olhares, leituras e relações na sociedade em geral, a sala de aula de história cria um refúgio para o pensamento ao abrir o espaço “entre” o passado e o futuro – lugar da imaginação que permite o reencontro criativo com os outros.
Adaptação cultural e atualização do questionário Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19 para o contexto brasileiro
Authors: Marziale Maria Helena Palucci , Cassenote Alex , Rocha Fernanda Ludmilla , Robazzi Maria Lucia , Palha Pedro Fredemir , Ballestero Jaqueline Garcia de Almeida , Terra Fábio de Souza , Mininel Vivian Aline , Santos Heloisa Ehmke Cardoso dos , Fracarolli Isabela , Garcia Gracielle Pereira Aires , Fortunato Maria Alice Barbosa , Lima Marcelo Marques de
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o questionário Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19 para o contexto brasileiro, elaborar e avaliar um “Questionário sociodemográfico e ocupacional: avaliação de risco e gestão da exposição de trabalhadores e estudantes de saúde no contexto da COVID-19”. Método: estudo metodológico, cujo processo de adaptação cultural para o contexto brasileiro do primeiro questionário foi realizado em cinco etapas:
An inorganic thermal insulation material with good performance prepared from obsidian
Authors: Huang Danlan , Liu Hao , Liao Libing , Mei Lefu , Lv Guocheng , Gao Huan , Wang Zejie , Zhu Guodian
Published: April 2021

Both obsidian and perlite belong to acid volcanic rock and have a similar structure and chemical composition, but the insulation material prepared from expanded obsidian cannot reach the performance level of that prepared from expanded perlite. To date, obsidian cannot be used in large quantities, although its resource is abundant. In order to comprehensively utilise this resource, in the present work the authors developed a new type of lightweight thermal insulation material by using obsidian as a main raw material which is energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. The effects of raw materials such as obsidian, sodium silicate, hydrogen peroxide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on physical properties including thermal conductivity, porosity, density and compressive strength were studied in detail. The optimised thermal insulation material exhibits low thermal conductivity (0.051–0.86 W m−1 K−1), low density (0.1–0.24 g/cm3) and adjustable compressive strength (0.09–1.52 MPa). Compared to other inorganic insulation materials, this new thermal insulation material is very light and has a better thermal insulation performance. Therefore, this work proposes a new energy-efficient way to prepare a promising noncombustible thermal insulation material, and also provides a way to use obsidian resources in large quantities.
Estimation models for creep and shrinkage of concrete made with natural, recycled and secondary aggregates
Authors: Lye Chao-Qun , Dhir Ravindra K. , Ghataora Gurmel S.
Published: April 2021

Besides strength and elastic modulus properties of concrete, creep and shrinkage are also important in designing structures as they can affect seriously their integrity in the long term. It is shown that design codes internationally, as well as researchers in general, have omitted to consider the influence of aggregate, in particular its stiffness, in the models developed for estimating creep and shrinkage of concrete. This paper shows that the American ACI, Australian AS 3600, European Eurocode 2, Japanese JSCE and B4 models are mostly found to estimate creep coefficient and shrinkage strain of concrete inaccurately, irrespective of the type of aggregate used – natural, recycled or secondary. It is proposed that the stiffness of aggregate can be represented reasonably by its pore structure and in turn, for ease of measurement, by its water absorption. Two empirical models are proposed for estimating creep coefficient and shrinkage strain of concrete covering a wide range of natural, recycled and secondary aggregates alone or in any combination of these, as well as the cement effect and its proportion effect in the form of aggregate/cement ratio.
Introduktion till postkvalitativ metodologi
Authors: Gunnarsson Karin , Bodén Linnea
Published: April 2021

Genom att introducera en postkvalitativ metodologi tar denna bok ett samlat grepp kring frågor om formulerandet av forskningsproblem, forskningsetiska överväganden samt konstruerandet och analyserandet av empiriskt material. Postkvalitativ metodologi beskrivs utifrån fyra centrala ingångar: posthumanistisk teori; forskning som verklighetsskapande; sammanvävning av diskurs, materialitet och affekt samt en feministisk ansats. Boken belyser hur postkvalitativ metodologi erbjuder experimenterande tillvägagångssätt och är en prövande berättelse om hur kunskap kan produceras och hur världen kan undersökas med ‘en metodologi i blivande’. Den är således inte någon handbok eller manual för hur forskning ska bedrivas utan ett teoretiskt och metodologiskt erbjudande som bland annat utforskar frågor om ontologi, epistemologi och etik. Med sin specifika utgångspunkt i postkvalitativ metodologi ger boken vägledning och inspiration inom många olika områden och vetenskapliga discipliner. Den är därför ett sällskap för studenter och forskare att arbeta tillsammans med i genomförandet av ett forskningsprojekt. Boken vänder sig framförallt till studenter på avancerad nivå, forskarstudenter samt forskare som undrar vad det innebär att arbeta och skapa kunskap med posthumanistisk teori.
Homeworking at the Soane
Authors: Dorey Helen
Published: April 2021

Helen Dorey considers parallels between our recent experience of homeworking and that of Sir John Soane, whose life as a homeworker was shaped by his architectural practice.
Türkiye Ekonomisi İçin Benoit Hipotezinin Geçerliliği
Authors: AYDIN Bayram
Published: April 2021

Tam kamusal mal olarak nitelendirilen savunma harcamaları, ulusal güvenliğin sağlanabilmesi için ülkelerin vazgeçemeyeceği bir unsurdur. Bu nedenle savunma harcamaları, çoğu ülkede kamu harcaması içinde önemli büyüklükte paylara sahip olmakla birlikte, ülke ekonomileri üzerinde de büyük etkiye sahiptir. Savunma harcamalarının ülke ekonomileri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Benoit, 1973 yılında yaptığı çalışmada gelişmekte olan ülkelerde iktisadi büyüme ve askerî harcamalar arasında pozitif bir ilişkinin varlığını ortaya koymuştur. Bu sonuç iktisat literatüründe Benoit Hipotezi olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ekonomisi özelinde gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Benoit hipotezinin geçerliliğinin sınanması ve savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme için yardımcı bir unsur olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda 1960-2017 dönemindeki yıllık bazda veriler istihdam edilerek Türkiye ekonomisinde savunma harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin varlığı araştırılmıştır. Değişkenlerin uzun dönem ilişkisi ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla, nedensellik ilişkisi ise Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Analizi yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Türkiye ekonomisi için değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli pozitif ilişkinin varlığını ve savunma harcamalarından ekonomik büyümeye doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye neden olması ve bu ilişkinin tersinin olmaması, Türkiye’de askerî harcamaların büyüme hedefleri için etkin bir araç olması ve savunma kararlarının büyümeyi teşvik edecek şekilde alınmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar; Boneit Hipotezi bağlamında Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde beklenen bir durumdur. Sonuç olarak, ulaşılan bulgular Türkiye ekonomisi için Benoit Hipotezi’ni doğrulamaktadır.
Girişimci Liderlik Ölçeği’nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması ve Girişimci Liderliğin Bireysel Performansa Etkisi
Authors: BEKMEZCİ Mustafa , SAYGIN Muhammet , ORÇANLI Kenan
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak Renko vd. (2015) tarafından geliştirilen “Girişimci Liderlik Ölçeği”nin Türkçeye uyarlanması amacıyla tercümesi, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılmış; müteakiben girişimci liderlik davranışının, çalışanların bireysel performansını nasıl etkilediği araştırılmıştır. Araştırma evrenini Mersin’de faaliyette bulunan lojistik firma çalışanları oluşturmakta olup, çalışmanın anakütlesi 3000 kişi ve örneklemi ise 453 kişidir. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler, iki adet ölçek ile kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Çalışmada ölçeklerin geçerliklerin ve güvenirliklerin sağlanmasında açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesinde korelasyon analizi ve kurulan modelin yapısal olarak incelenmesinde yapısal eşitlik modeli yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada yapılan analizler, SPSS ve AMOS paket programları ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda; Girişimci Liderlik Ölçeği'nin tek boyutlu bir ölçek olduğu, belirlenen bir alt boyutun modelin toplam varyansını %65,807 oranında açıkladığı, faktör yüklerinin 0,7’nin üstünde olduğu ve uyum iyiliği değerlerinin; χ2/df: 2,758, GFI: 0,973, CFI: 0,987, RMSEA: 0,062 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca değişkenler arasındaki ilişinin anlamlı ve orta düzeyde aynı yönlü (r=0,451, p
Exacerbated inequalities: Implications of COVID-19 for the socio-economic rights of women and children in South Sudan
Authors: Akech Joseph Geng
Published: April 2021

This article critically examines measures adopted by the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity (TGoNU) in South Sudan to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyses the implications of such measures on constitutionalism and socio-economic rights of women and children. In so doing, it reveals that policy decisions adopted by the RTGoNU exclusively focused on fighting the Coronavirus at the expense of the socio-economic rights of zol meskin (common person). In particular, the decisions lack supportive social protection packages to cushion the low-income households that depend on daily hustling, impacted by the measures adopted. This led to a disproportionate impact on women and children whose rights to livelihoods and education are more adversely affected. Such policy decisions could deepen poverty margins that already exist in South Sudanese society. As schools remain closed, with the exception of primary eight and senior four candidates,1 the hope of more than 2.2 million children who are already out of the education system hangs in the balance.2 In sum, the article demonstrates that the fight against COVID-19 appears to have been won but at a cost of losing the fight against already-rampant socio-economic inequalities. This in part is due to the fact that, on the one hand, measures adopted to fight the pandemic appear to be successful at flattening the curve as revealed by the cumulative numbers of patients and deaths but, on the other, such policies have arguably exacerbated the socio-economic conditions of the poor who already live on the brink of famine as warned by the United Nations agencies in keeping with the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification reports.3 The article thus recommends that the government and policy makers should consider three critical lessons for the future: (a) strengthening social welfare sector to protect vulnerable households from sudden onsets; (b) enhance disaster risk and preparedness capacities to effectively deal with pandemics in a way that protects the most vulnerable people; and (c) strengthen democratic governance and rule of law as catalysts for well-managed emergency responses.
Child protection, safeguarding and the role of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child: Looking back and looking ahead
Authors: Johnson Afrooz Kaviani , Sloth-Nielsen Julia
Published: April 2021

With 30 years since the adoption of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, this article discusses how the Charter has contributed to understanding and addressing children's rights to protection. Looking back, the article examines the impetus for the Charter in the context of an emerging field of child protection on the continent. Next, the article charts the paradigm shift in the child protection sector that occurred after the adoption of the Charter and the gradual development of African jurisprudence on child protection and safeguarding. This analysis is based on a comprehensive review of Concluding Observations and Recommendations by the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and relevant documents, including General Comment 5 on State Party Obligations under the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (article 1) and Systems Strengthening for Child Protection. Looking ahead, the article posits future directions for child protection and safeguarding, including addressing new risks and harms enabled by digital technology. In conclusion, the article underscores the importance of the Children's Committee in articulating African perspectives and catalysing state party action to realise children's rights to protection in accordance with the Charter. Through the state party reporting process and with reference to General Comment 5 and forthcoming guidance, the Committee can continue meaningful dialogue with state parties to address persistent and new challenges to child protection taking a systemic approach.
A missed opportunity? Derogation and the African Court case of APDF and IHRDA v Mali
Authors: Kombo Brenda K
Published: April 2021

The permissibility and application of derogation from human rights obligations in the African human rights system are far from clear. Based on the absence of a derogation clause in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has interpreted the Charter as prohibiting derogation even in emergency situations. However, this interpretation is inconsistent with the Commission's practice of reviewing states of emergency during state reporting and creates confusion when considered together with the Commission's conflation of derogation and limitation as well as its references to non-derogable rights. The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights is yet to pronounce itself on this question. Although Mali invoked a force majeure defence in APDF and IHRDA v Republic of Mali, the Court dismissed the defence without elaborating on its reasoning. As such, the article contends that the Court missed an opportunity to develop its jurisprudence on derogation.
Standing to litigate in the public interest in Lesotho: The case for a liberal approach
Authors: 'Nyane Hoolo , Maqakachane Tekane
Published: April 2021

In Lesotho, standing to litigate is still based on the private law doctrine of locus standi in judicio. This doctrine requires the person who institutes an action in a court of law, regardless of whether it is in the private or public interest, to satisfy the court that he or she is directly and substantially interested in the outcome of the decision. Section 22(1) of the Constitution of Lesotho provides that any person who alleges that the Bill of Rights in the Constitution has been violated 'in relation to him' may approach the court of law for redress. Although the Constitution is silent about the enforcement of the other non-Bill of Rights parts of the Constitution, the courts have readily invoked section 22(1) to exclude litigants who are not 'directly and substantially' interested in the outcome of the case. This restrictive approach notwithstanding, a more liberal approach has been adopted in pockets of public law decisions of the superior courts in Lesotho. The purpose of this article is to amplify this liberal approach. The article argues that constitutional democracy in Lesotho will benefit from a liberal approach as opposed to a restrictive approach to standing. This is supported by a discernible movement in modern-day public law towards a more liberal approach to standing.
Eswatini's legislative response to COVID-19: Whither human rights?
Authors: Shongwe Musa Njabulo
Published: April 2021

Having been confronted with the COVID-19 pandemic, the Kingdom of Eswatini has had to adopt both soft and hard response measures. The constitutional emergency response framework had not envisaged the type of emergency brought about by COVID-19, forcing the state to enact extraordinary regulatory measures. Unprecedented emergency powers have been conferred on state functionaries. Questions have arisen as to the nature of these emergency powers, the manner in which these powers have been exercised and the absence of special oversight mechanisms. The response measures and regulations have had an unparalleled impact on lives and livelihoods of Emaswati. This article explores the nature of emergency powers in the laws of Eswatini, and the particular effects of the COVID-19 regulations on human rights. This article commences with an analysis of constitutional emergency powers in Eswatini and the limitations thereof, and considers the question of why the state did not invoke a constitutional state of emergency. The article proceeds to examine the nature of statutory emergency powers under the Disaster Management Act, and considers whether there are effective legal limitations on the exercise of executive authority and effective safeguards against the abuse of power. The article then deals with the particular impact of the COVID-19 response legal framework on human rights protection. In this regard, the article advances examples of situations where rights have been infringed. Finally, the article proposes that the state's response measures should continuously endeavour to mitigate the long-term impact on human rights.
Implications of Lesotho's COVID-19 response framework for the rule of law
Authors: Shale Itumeleng
Published: April 2021

Lesotho's COVID-19 response was proactive. A state of emergency was declared prior to confirmation of any positive case of the virus in the country. The approach was two-pronged in that, first, a state of emergency was declared under section 23 of the Constitution with effect from 18 March 2020 and, second, a disaster-induced state of emergency was declared in terms of sections 3 and 15 of the 1997 Disaster Management Act with effect from 29 April to 28 October 2020. An ad hoc body aimed at oversight of the response was also established, but was disbanded after four weeks and replaced with another similarly ad hoc body. On the basis of the three core principles of the rule of law, this article interrogates the repercussions of this approach on the principle of the rule of law, in particular, compliance with international human rights obligations contained in ICCPR, the African Charter as well as municipal laws, namely, the Constitution and the Disaster Management Act. It is argued that while Lesotho had to act swiftly in order to protect lives, in so acting the existing legal and institutional frameworks were ignored in violation of the rule of law principle. The article concludes by recommending that in order to avoid similar challenges in the future, the existing legal and institutional frameworks must be strengthened rather than replaced as such duplication of institutions depletes meagre resources and creates a platform for the misuse of public funds and corruption.
Livelihoods and legal struggles amidst a pandemic: The human rights implications of the measures adopted to prevent, contain and manage COVID-19 in Malawi
Authors: Nkhata Mwiza Jo , Mwenifumbo Anganile Willie
Published: April 2021

Malawi's COVID-19 response has evinced a measure of fluidity. This has been manifested by, among other things, the adoption of two sets of subsidiary legislation on COVID-19, the judicial intervention striking down proposed lockdown measures and the constant change in the institutional arrangements meant to spearhead the country's response. A key challenge that the response has had to contend with is the balance between saving lives and preserving livelihoods. This article analyses Malawi's response to COVID-19 and establishes that aside from its rather haphazard nature, serious questions of legality have been implicated by the measures adopted. Specifically in relation to lives and livelihoods, the articles focuses on the right to economic activity, to highlight some of the challenges that Malawi's response generated to the preservation of livelihoods. The human rights implications of some of the measures adopted are also briefly analysed.
Jesus se kruisiging en opwekking: 'n Akademies-historiese waardering van die bronne
Authors: Scholtz L
Published: April 2021

Die kern van die Christelike geloof is die belydenis dat Jesus van Nasaret gekruisig is en op die derde dag uit die dood opgewek is. Daarsonder maak die geloof geen sin nie. Vir die moderne sekulêre wêreld is die vraag egter: Het dit werklik gebeur? Hoe weet ons dit? Die doel van dié artikel is dus om die bronne ágter die geloof aan 'n sekulêre en akademies-historiese ondersoek te onderwerp en te kyk hoe betroubaar hulle is. Agtereenvolgens word buite-Bybelse bronne, die vier evangelies en die Pauliniese sendbriewe ondersoek. Die akademiese toets vir betroubaarheid is die afstand tussen 'n (beweerde) gebeurtenis en die optekening daarvan. Dit geld sowel tydsafstand as die hoeveelheid skakels tussen gebeurtenis en getuienis. Die religieuse agenda van die opstellers van die getuienisse is eweneens relevant. Die buite-Bybelse bronne is almal 'n eeu of meer ná die tyd opgestel en bevestig slegs dat die verhale oor die opwekking van Jesus wyer bekend was. Die evangelies is nie objektiewe kronieke of geskiedskrywing soos ons dit vandag ken nie, maar geloofsgetuienisse. Tog blyk 'n ondersoek van die eerste drie, die sinoptiese evangelies, dat die skrywers hul verhale nie uit die lug gegryp het nie, maar van bronne gebruik gemaak het. Die drie evangelies is waarskynlik ook vroeër opgeteken as wat algemeen aanvaar word - omtrent 20 tot 40 jaar ná die gebeure waarvan daar verslag gedoen word. Die Evangelie van Johannes is minstens deels 'n ooggetuieverslag. In die eerste brief van Paulus aan die Korintiërs kom die heel oudste ooggetuieverslag voor, wat waarskynlik tot drie jaar ná Jesus se kruisiging teruggedateer kan word. Verder maak die evangelies in beduidende mate staat op die getuienis van vroue - iets wat in die destydse Joodse kultuur as uiters onbetroubaar geag is. Onderling verskil die geskrifte se besonderhede, wat daarop dui dat hier nie sprake van onderlinge afstemming kan wees nie. Dit alles maak die bronne akademies gesproke redelik geloofwaardig.
Suid-Afrika se hoogste hof gee die gemeenregtelike verweer van ouerlike bevoegdheid tot redelike en matige tugtiging 'n doodskoot: Nabetragting oor die saak van Freedom of Religion SA v Minister of Justice and Others 2020 (1) SA 1 (KH)
Authors: Bekink B
Published: April 2021

Die regsdebat oor die geldigheid van die gemeenregtelike verweer waaroor ouers tot onlangs nog binne die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel beskik het, naamlik die bevoegdheid tot redelike en matige tugtiging van hulle kinders, word al meer as 'n honderd jaar lank in Suid-Afrika gevoer. Nieteenstaande die lang duur van die debat en die belangrike uitwerking van die staatsregtelike ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika onder die Grondwet van die RSA, 1996, in samehang met die vereistes van die internasionale reg, het daar eers in September 2019 regsekerheid oor dié bepaalde regsvraag gekom. In Freedom of Religion SA v Minister of Justice and Others het die Konstitusionele Hof, Suid-Afrika se hoogste hof, beslis dat die gemeenregtelike verweer van ouerlike bevoegdheid tot redelike en matige tugtiging van hulle kinders, selfs in hulle private wonings, ongrondwetlik en derhalwe ongeldig is. Ná opweging van al die mededingende belange en regte van sowel ouers as hulle kinders kom die hof tot die finale beslissing dat daar regtens geen regverdiging meer bestaan vir die voortgesette behoud van fisieke ouerlike tugtiging nie, selfs nie eens op grond van godsdienstige riglyne nie, en derhalwe ook nie vir die volgehoue inbreukmaking op die regte van kinders wat aan sodanige tugtigingspraktyke blootgestel word nie. Tensy daar ander regswysigings binne die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel aangebring word, beteken hierdie beslissing van die hof dat die toediening deur ouers van redelike en matige fisieke tugtiging aan hulle kinders 'n finale doodskoot gekry het.
Die dra van die Islamitiese hidjab deur lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag
Authors: Carnelley M
Published: April 2021

Die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) se uniformreëls maak nie voorsiening vir enige uitsonderings gebaseer op die godsdienstige oortuigings van lede nie. 'n Islamitiese weermaglid wat genoop voel om 'n hidjab by haar uniform te dra, verbreek tans die voorgeskrewe regulasies en kan gevolglik gedissiplineer en selfs afgedank word. Hierdie artikel redeneer dat die gebrek aan 'n godsdiensgebaseerde spesifieke en beperkte uitsondering ongrondwetlik is in die lig van die individu se reg op godsdiensvryheid, menswaardigheid en gelykheid. Dergelike regte van weermaglede word opgeweeg teen die grondwetlik erkende dissiplinevereiste van die SANW aan die hand van die beperkingsklousule. Met verwysing na regterlike presedent in Suid-Afrika en twee voorbeelde van soortgelyke uitsonderings in die krygsmag van ander lande word geargumenteer dat 'n uitsondering op die uniformreëls nie die dissiplinedoelwit van die SANW sal affekteer nie. Daar is 'n minder beperkende wyse moontlik om hierdie doel te bereik sonder om die grondwetlike regte van die lede aan te tas. Sodanige uitsondering sal ook in ooreenstemming wees met die akkommodasiemodel van toepassing op die Suid-Afrikaanse interpretasie van die skeiding tussen staat en kerk.
Evaluating the jurisprudence of the African Commission on evidence obtained through human rights violations
Authors: Nanima Robert Doya
Published: April 2021

The normative framework of the African Commission, which regulates the admission of evidence obtained through human rights violations, is largely based on a number of instruments. These include the Tunisian Resolution, the Dakar Declaration, the Robben Island Guidelines and the Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Representation in Africa. It is argued that the emerging jurisprudence on evidence obtained through human rights violations has a limited developmental framework, owing to the normative framework. This contribution discusses the normative framework, and qualifies the limited jurisprudence. The final step engages the jurisprudence of the Commission followed by a conclusion and recommendations.
Tuberculosis of the extra-axial skeleton in paediatric patients
Authors: Vajapey Sravya
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal tuberculosis (MSK TB) is a disease entity that often mimics other orthopaedic conditions in its radiographic and clinical presentation, which can delay diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical and radiographic presentation as well as the accuracy of various diagnostic tests, treatment, complications and outcome in paediatric patients diagnosed with MSK TB. We aim to provide insight into typical presenting features in order to expedite diagnosis in this perplexing disease. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 77 consecutive patients with extra-axial MSK TB treated at our institution over a ten-year period from 2008 to 2018. We collected data on initial clinical presentation, laboratory values, radiographic findings, diagnostic testing, treatment and outcomes. We performed quantitative and qualitative analysis to look for patterns in presentation that can help with diagnosis and factors affecting the clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The most common clinical presentation was pain of the affected limb. Constitutional symptoms were uncommon. Our patients presented with thrombocytosis and anaemia, but normal white cell counts. Inflammatory markers were mildly elevated. Of diagnostic tests employed, the Mantoux skin test yielded the most positive results (70%) followed by tissue PCR (53%). The hip was most frequently involved, followed by the knee and elbow. Most patients presented with normal appearing X-rays. We had a medical compliance rate of 94% with all patients followed up to completion of treatment having resolution of active disease. Thirty-nine per cent of our patients had residual joint stiffness or deformity following completion of treatment, ranging from ankylosis to mildly decreased joint range. CONCLUSION: Patients with MSK TB usually present with non-specific symptoms and signs, and a high index of suspicion should be maintained in endemic areas. Typical haematological findings are an elevated ESR and CRP accompanied by anaemia and thrombocytosis. Radiographs at presentation are non-specific in more than 50% of patients. A combination of diagnostic modalities should be employed as no single test is 100% sensitive or specific. Compliance with medical treatment reliably leads to resolution of the disease. Residual joint pathology is common and needs to be addressed secondarily. Level of evidence: Level 4 Keywords: musculoskeletal tuberculosis, paediatric tuberculosis, joints, anti-tuberculosis treatment, deformity, GeneXpert
Intra-operative extracorporeal radiation therapy for skeletally immature patients with malignant bone tumours
Authors: Shah Manish R , Shah Manisha Μ , Agrawal Aditya Κ , Shah Malkesh D , Desai Sarvang Μ
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Management of malignant bone tumours has changed dramatically in recent years. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, irradiation and conservative surgery have improved local control as well as functional outcome. Depending on the histology of the lesion, other modalities like chemotherapeutic agents or radiation can be selected in place of surgical intervention. Operative intervention is the main modality with wide marginal excision and fixation of bone graft from different sources or mega prosthesis to maintain congruity of the bone anatomy. Reconstruction, optimum fit and stability at the affected site are the major areas of concern with this modality. Radiation given outside the body to kill the tumour cells in the bone is called extracorporeal radiotherapy (ECRT). After resection of the bone, it is cleaned of all the surrounding soft tissue and marrow contents and placed in a container. It is then subjected to 50 Gy of radiation which kills all the tumour cells. METHODS: The study was conducted from June 2014 to May 2020, and included 15 patients (out of 18) diagnosed with either Ewing's sarcoma or osteosarcoma. They were followed up for an average of 4.44 years, up to May 2020. All 15 cases were analysed for bony union at the osteotomy sites. Cases reported with poorly differentiated sarcomas (total three) were subjected to immunohistochemistry and managed with other modalities of treatment. RESULTS: The average time for union of irradiated bone was 8.1 months (range 5-10; the metaphyseal end united faster than the diaphyseal end). At the final follow-up, the functional status was determined using the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) scoring system. Ninety-three per cent of patients had involvement of the lower limb (14 out of 15). All patients (except one who developed recurrence) did not have symptoms of the disease and no one had died at last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Biological limb salvage procedures are considered a successful treatment and a welcome alternative for patients who either cannot afford or be treated with an endoprosthesis. Early diagnosis and referral to specialised unit is of vital importance. This procedure can be used for selected patients with malignant bone tumours. Cost factors, and social and cultural considerations also play a role Level of evidence: Level 4. Keywords: ECRT, extracorporeal radiation therapy, malignant bone tumours, bone sarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma
Intraprosthetic dislocation after a revision hip replacement: a case report
Authors: Sekeitto Allan R , van der Jagt Kaeriann , Sikhauli Nkhodiseni , Mokete Lipalo , van der Jagt Dick R
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The dual mobility cup (DMC) was initially design in 1974. It was designed to offer additional stability in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and to prevent dislocations. The dissociation of a DMC has been termed an intraprosthetic dislocation (IPD) and is a rare complication. It is defined as separation of the articulation between the polyethylene and head articulation in the DMC. As the utilisation of DMCs in orthopaedic surgery increases, we can expect an increase in this rare complication. We report a case of an IPD in the setting of revision hip arthroplasty in a 72-year-old female. CASE REPORT: The report is on a 72-year-old female patient who underwent revision hip arthroplasty. The articulation utilised was of the dual mobility type. Some eight months later she dislocated her hip. An attempted closed reduction under general anaesthesia with muscle relaxant was unsuccessful. Thereafter she was taken to surgery to perform an open reduction of the hip. Intra-operatively it was found that the dual mobility head had dissociated, with the polyethylene component remaining in the metal liner. A revision of the components was performed. DISCUSSION: We postulate on the mechanisms of dissociation of the dual mobility head. We review the current literature related to IPD and discuss the risk factors associated with this rare complication. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of IPD is an indication for revision surgery of the DMC. When utilising a DMC, care should be taken to mitigate against the known risk factors for IPD. All dual mobility dislocations should be reduced under general anaesthesia with muscle relaxant Level of evidence: Level 4.. Keywords: intraprosthetic dislocation, dual mobility cup, revision hip arthroplasty
Institutional Erosion of Science and Education: Postmodern Grimaces
Authors:   Katanov Khakass State University, Abakan, Republic of Khakassia, Russian Federation, Ibragimov Radiy
Published: April 2021

The article is a reaction to the article written by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov ‘Carnival Time: Russian Higher School and Science in the Postmodern Era’. The author agrees with the analytical diagnosis of the state and situation in the Russian science and higher education, shares the concern expressed by colleagues about the fate of the most important social institutions for our civilization. The author proposes a number of considerations that develop the topics raised in the reference article. The author draws attention to the historical inversion of the positivist social project, which appears to be at the forefront of the emerging social architecture of a new scientific-technocratic elite; another thing is that its social configuration does not coincide with institutional boundaries of academic and University science. The author speculates upon the analogy of science with prostitution, which is currently undergoing a noticeable institutionalization. The author considers its phasing to be universal. It is suggested that prostitution can be extrapolated to other social institutions, including science and education. The potential of their resistance and survival is determined by how effectively passionarity accumulates in the structure of these social institutions. This indicator is directly proportional to the efficiency of the formation of human capital in the system. According to the author, problems, voiced by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov, are explained by the passion drift, the overcoming of which is not an automatic macro-social act, but the craft of each scientific and pedagogical worker.
Phenomenology of the Life-World and Naturalistic Epistemology
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation, Frolov Aleksander
Published: April 2021

This paper aims to reveal parallels between the phenomenological concept of the life-world in Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty and the naturalistic epistemology of Gerhard Vollmer, in which a central concept is the mesocosmos (“world of medium size”). Such a comparison is necessary because the concepts of life-world and mesocosmos are quite similar in content, since they both refer to the human dimension of our world experience, to our natural position in the world. However, these concepts are far from identical. In Husserl’s case, the world of life is the world of pre-scientific experience taking place before scientific idealizations. According to Merleau-Ponty, the world of life is primarily a world of perceptual experience, in which I participate not as a subject of culture, but as an anonymous subject of perception, as a living perceptive body. Both philosophers call for a return to the life-world as a ground of scientific idealizations in order to overcome a crisis brought about by an excessive trust in scientific knowledge and “objectifying thinking”. In turn, Vollmer interprets the mesocosmos as a “world of medium size” that we can successfully explore due to the evolutionary adaptation of our cognitive abilities. This is our “ecological niche”, but while Husserl and Merleau-Ponty encourage us to return to this “cradle of humankind” to take root in it, Vollmer emphasizes that we are not bound to our ecological niche and can expand our knowledge both in the direction of the microworld and in the direction of the “world of mega scales”. He calls this process the objectification and deanthropomorphization of our picture of the world, and this is, in his view, the main trend of the development of scientific knowledge in its history, which is supported by the views of some prominent scientists of the 20th century.
LISMA_HDS language for modeling heterogeneous dynamic systems
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Popov Evgeny , Shornikov Yury ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
Published: April 2021

Heterogeneous dynamic systems (HDS) simultaneously describe processes of different physical nature. Systems of this kind are typical for numerous applications. HDSs are characterized by the following features. They are often multimode or hybrid systems. In general, their modes are defined as initial value problems (Cauchy problems) for implicit differential-algebraic systems of equations. Due to the presence of heterogeneous dynamic components or processes evolving in both time and space, the dimension of the complete system of equations may be pretty high. In some cases, the system of equations has an internal structure, for instance, the differential-algebraic system of equations approximating a partial differential equation by the method of lines. An original huge system of equations can then be algorithmically rewritten in a compact form. Moreover, heterogeneous hybrid dynamical systems can generate events of qualitatively different types. Therefore one has to use different numerical event detection algorithms. Nowadays, HDSs are modeled and simulated in computer environments. The modeling languages widely used by engineers do not allow them to fully specify all the properties of the systems of this class. For instance, they do not include event typing constructs. That is why a declarative general-purpose modeling language named LISMA_HDS has been developed for the computer-aided modeling and ISMA simulation environment. The language takes into account all of the characteristic features of HDSs. It includes constructs for plain or algorithmic declaration of model constants, initial value problems for explicit differential-algebraic systems of equations, and initial guesses for variables. It also allows researchers to define explicit time events, modes and transitions between them upon the occurrence of events of different types, to use macros and implement event control. LISMA_HDS is defined by a generative grammar in an extended Backus-Naur form and semantic constraints. It is proved that the grammar belongs to the LL(2) subclass of context-free grammars.
A biophysical model of the recognition process of skin response patterns to optical activation
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Belavskaya Svetlana , Gevorgyan Irina ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Lisitsyna Liliya ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Navrotsky Leonid ,   Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
Published: April 2021

This paper presents a biophysical model of the recognition process of glow patterns (response) of the skin in the area of biologically active zones to external optical activation. The model was developed to increase the efficiency of the process of identifying the causes of differences in glow patterns. The structures of glow patterns are described and their differences are described. A rationale for the use of forced radiation of skin cells in current studies is given (recognition of weak signals of spontaneous radiation is technically difficult). Forced radiation of biological objects appears as a result of excitation of the biological environment by an external action and is much higher than spontaneous radiation. Spontaneous optical radiation of skin cells under certain conditions is one of the characteristic features of the skin. This radiation can be caused by a field form of intercellular interaction, which causes biochemiluminescence in the form of spontaneous weak signals ensuring intercellular communication. The model uses a biotechnical system related to the human physical state, its characteristics, type of meridian and external conditions. We have identified subsystems (biological and technical), the main elements of the system, determined the links between them, necessary and sufficient for drawing conclusions, formulated the main requirements for the system, determined the initial data. The results of the preliminary experimental investigations with the use of the developed model are presented in which some dependence of the luminescence patterns on the meridian type is revealed. It is noted that final conclusions on the causes of skin glow patterns differences in certain points of biologically active zones will be made when more extensive statistical data is collected using the developed model.