bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a UK Police Domestic Violence Unit Using Repeat Victimisation as a Performance Indicator
Authors: Farrell Graham , Buckley Alistair
Published: March 2003

Since overall changes in crime rates are largely independent of the work of the police, the level of crime per se is not a measure of police performance. Where policing is a response to victimisation, a more appropriate measure would be the level of repeat victimisation. The empirical study is an evaluation of the first year of a police divisional Domestic Violence Unit (DVU) which operated in response to calls to ‘domestic’incidents. In the first year of operation of the DVU, repeat calls to domestic incidents declined in the division, while those in the six other divisions increased. However, this pattern did not hold when ‘all calls’were the measure, so that a potentially beneficial effect would have been missed. The substantive implications for the policing of domestic violence and the use of repeat victimisation as a measure for the evaluation of police crime prevention work are considered.
Equal Opportunities and the Prison Service in England and Wales
Authors: Enterkin Jill
Published: March 2003

This article examines the Prison Service's cross‐posting policy, its key strategy for compliance with the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. The impact on the development of cross‐posting policy of two influential industrial tribunals and a dispute with the prison officers’ union' illustrate the confusion and lack of commitment within the Service to this policy, as well as the general misunderstanding of the intent of the law. Research shows that while administrators have focused on promoting secondary equality programmes, integration has been strongly influenced by sexual stereotyping and an informal and arbitrary application of the deployment policy.
Desistance from Offending: Experiences of Probation
Authors: Rex Sue
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to make connections between two different research fields: the ‘What Works?’ literature on the effectiveness of community programmes in bringing about a reduction in reoffending; and, from the criminal careers literature, the discussion of the wider social processes by which people themselves come to stop offending. It does this by examining desistance from the point of view of a group of probationers and their supervisors. Reporting the extent to which probationers who were interviewed linked their experiences of supervision to a reduction in their offending, the article discusses the contribution which they saw those experiences as making to changes in their behaviour. Relating these accounts to what is known about the factors which cause people to desist from crime, the article considers the implications for how probation officers might be able to motivate and assist moves towards law‐abiding conduct.
Aftermath and the Construction of Victimisation: ‘The Other Victims of Crime’
Authors: Howarth Glennys , Rock Paul
Published: March 2003

Aftermath, a self‐help and counselling organisation established by and for the families of serious offenders, defines its members as ‘he other victims of crime’. That is a claim which raises important and interesting questions not only about procedures for establishing moral identity but also about the reach and impact of crime.
Re‐visioning Men's Violence Against Female Partners
Authors: Morris Allison , Gelsthorpe Loraine
Published: March 2003

This article considers some of the tensions surrounding criminal justice interventions to deal with men's violence against their female partners. Some commentators argue for the increased criminalisation and penalisation of violent men, and others focus on a more caring vision of justice, for example. This article reviews what has been achieved to deal with men's violence via the law and criminal justice system and explores the potential of more restorative approaches in this sphere.
The Diploma in Probation Studies in the Midland Region: Celebration and Critique after the First Two Years
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: March 2003

After a decade of uncertainty, a new form of training for probation officers, separate from social work training, was established by the New Labour government in 1997. This article deals with the development of the academic contribution – a BA Community Justice – to the Diploma in Probation Studies at the University of Birmingham, one of nine universities contracted nationally to deliver the new qualification. It sets the new award in the context of the history of probation training at the University of Birmingham, and explores how the personal beliefs and experiences of the author have shaped his teaching on it. As such, it seeks to contribute to the under‐explored area of how criminology is taught in higher education, how it might be shaped to suit the needs of trainee probation officers, and to add a new chapter to established histories of probation training. The article was written to celebrate the graduation of the first cohort of newly trained officers.
Factors Contributing to Rising Imprisonment Figures in Germany
Authors: Suhling Stefan
Published: March 2003

The number of people incarcerated in German prisons has increased since the beginning of the 1990s. This article investigates possible reasons for the growth. By comparing two states (‘Länder’), it is shown that it is not so much the developments in crime that are essential. Rather, the data suggest that decision making by the prosecution and the courts plays an important role. Requirements for further research are outlined.
Models of Union Wage Determination: What Have We Learned Since Dunlop and Ross?
Authors: Kaufman Bruce E.
Published: March 2003

This study surveys the development and current status of models of union wage determination since Dunlop and Ross first wrote on the subject in the 1940s. To start, I identify eight empirical dimensions of the union wage effect that models have endeavored to explain and predict. A number of alternative theoretical models are then examined, starting with Dunlop's “economic” and Ross' “political” models and extending to the plethora of models and extensions found in the modern‐day literature. Examples include standard monopoly, efficient contract, and bargaining models, as well as offshoots such as median voter, insider‐outsider, property rights, and principal‐agent models. The article then examines the extent to which these various models generate hypotheses and insights apropos to explaining the eight major empirical dimensions of the union wage effect. The conclusion summarizes what has been learned, the major shortcomings of this literature, and steps for further progress.
Wage and Performance Appraisal Systems in Flux: A Japan–United States Comparison
Authors: Shibata Hiromichi
Published: March 2003

Unionized Japanese and American firms made changes in their wage and performance appraisal systems during the 1990s that were inspired by features of each others’ traditional employment systems. Although Japanese firms made greater changes in the wage–setting process compared to American firms, outcomes in Japan changed little. Even with these changes, the wage and performance appraisal systems in the two countries retain distinctive characteristics. In the American firms’“segregation” between white– and blue–collar employees and high– and low–performers remains a feature of wage and performance appraisal systems; the Japanese system maintained its characteristic “integrated” form, but underwent moderate modifications.
An Empirical Equilibrium Job Search Model With Search on the Job and Heterogeneous Workers and Firms
Authors: Bontemps Christian , Robin Jean‐Marc , Van den Berg Gerard J.
Published: March 2003

In this article we present and estimate a synthesis of previous equilibrium search models, allowing for continuous distributions of workers' opportunity costs of employment as well as firms' productivities. The model allows for on‐the‐job search, and we assume that job offer arrival rates for workers are independent of their labor‐market state. We derive the theoretical implications of these assumptions, we provide simulations, and we develop a semiparametric estimation procedure that we apply to a dataset of individual labor‐market histories.
Equilibrium Search with Continuous Productivity Dispersion: Theory and Nonparametric Estimation
Authors: Bontemps Christian , Robin Jean‐Marc , Van Den Berg Gerard J.
Published: March 2003

In this article we develop an equilibrium search model with a continuous distribution of firm productivity types within a given labor market. We characterize equilibrium, derive expressions for the endogenous equilibrium wage distributions, and characterize the set of wage distributions that can be generated by the model. We develop a structural nonparametric estimation method for the productivity distribution. We estimate the model using French longitudinal survey data on labor supply, and we compare the results with those from a French panel data set of firms. The results are informative on the degree to which firms exploit search frictions.
Keiretsu and Relationship‐Specific Investment: A Barrier To Trade?
Authors: Spencer Barbara J. , Qiu Larry D.
Published: March 2003

This article develops a model of informal procurement within Japanese keiretsu so as to consider effects on intermediate‐good imports, such as auto parts. Parts‐suppliers make relationship‐specific investments that benefit the automaker and prices are determined by bargaining after investment has been sunk. Although this investment raises efficiency, it limits the range of imports to less important parts, such as tailpipes, and it is possible that no parts are imported, despite lower foreign costs. Lack of information concerning investment rents combined with counterintuitive responses of imports to changes in output and costs could create unwarranted perceptions of a trade barrier.
DYNAMIC TRADING IN A DURABLE GOOD MARKET WITH ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION*
Authors: JANSSEN MAARTEN C. W. , ROY SANTANU
Published: March 2003

We analyze a dynamic version of the Akerlof–Wilson “lemons” market in a competitive durable good setting. There is a fixed set of sellers with private information about the quality of their wares. The price mechanism sorts sellers of different qualities into different time periods—prices and average quality of goods traded increase over time. Goods of all qualities are traded in finite time. Market failure arises because of the waiting involved—particularly for sellers of better quality. The equilibrium path may exhibit intermediate breaks in trading.
Learning and Noisy Equilibrium Behavior in an Experimental Study of Imperfect Price Competition*
Authors: Monica Capra C. , Goeree Jacob K. , Gomez Rosario , Holt Charles A.
Published: March 2003

We consider a duopoly pricing game with a unique Bertrand–Nashequilibrium. The high‐price firm has a nonvanishing market share, however, and intuition suggests that observed prices may be positively related to this market share. This relationship is implied by a model in which players make noisy (logit) best responses to expected payoff differences. The resulting logit equilibrium model was used to design an experiment in which the high‐price firm's market share varies. The model accurately predicts the final‐period price averages. A naive learning model predicts the observed differences in the time paths of average prices.
The Distribution of Earnings in an Equilibrium Search Model with State‐Dependent Offers and Counteroffers*
Authors: Postel‐Vinay Fabien , Robin Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2003

We construct an equilibrium job search model with on‐the‐job search in which firms implement optimal‐wage strategies under full information in the sense that they leave no rent to their employees and counter the offers received by their employees from competing firms. Productivity dispersion across firms results in wage mobility both within and across firms. Workers may accept wage cuts to move to firms offering higher future wage prospects. Equilibrium productivity dispersion across ex ante homogeneous firms can be endogenously generated. Productivity dispersion then generates a nontrivial wage distribution which is generically thin‐tailed, as typically observed in the data.
Inflation And Efficiency In A Search Economy*
Authors: Fershtman Chaim , Fishman Arthur , Simhon Avi
Published: March 2003

We present a model in which purely monetary inflation systematically affects efficiency, welfare, and relative prices. The model focuses on the microeconomics of trade in search markets under inflation. Inflation, by increasing the cost of holding money, undermines the market's ability to sustain long‐term customer relationships. Because those relationships generate the most efficient transactions patterns, overall welfare unambiguously declines.
Complexities in International Organizational Socialization
Authors: Chao Georgia T.
Published: March 2003

The growing number of expatriates highlights the importance of organizational socialization as these people strive to adjust to a new work environment in a foreign country. Research hypotheses presented by Feldman (1997) are reviewed for their impact on future research. The complexities of organizational socialization or work adjustment within an international context are believed to transcend the bounds of simple linear relationships. Five of the hypotheses are discussed to illustrate these complexities and to offer new ideas for future research.
The Psychometric Properties of 360 Degree Feedback: An Empirical Study and a Cautionary Tale
Authors: Fletcher Clive , Baldry Caroline , Cunningham‐Snell Nicole
Published: March 2003

Amongst the purported advantages of multi‐rater feedback systems is their greater accuracy and objectivity. It is argued here that these benefits may be more imagined than real, and that there is no reason to believe such systems will avoid many of the rating errors and distortions found in traditional top‐down appraisal. The first study reported in this paper investigates the psychometric soundness and concurrent validity of a pilot 360 degree feedback scheme operated by a multi‐national oil company. The second study describes how analysis of the data provided by the first study was used to re‐design the rating form, and demonstrates the resulting improvement achieved in the psychometric properties of the 360 degree scheme. It also examined some of the variables that influence rater’s assessment of the target managers. The conclusion is drawn that unless such feedback systems — irrespective of whether they are used for development or for appraisal — are constructed and evaluated along the lines associated with psychometric tests, they may produce assessments that are seriously misleading.
360 Degree Feedback and Leadership Development
Authors: Alimo‐Metcalfe Beverly
Published: March 2003

If we had to identify the major areas of growth in relation to techniques for supporting leadership development, it would have to include use of 360 degree feedback. At two recent US conferences (The 24th International Congress on Assessment Centre Methods, May 1996, held in Washington, DC, and the First Annual Leadership Development Conference held in October 1996 in Boston), dedicated to presentations by researchers and practitioners on the subject of leadership assessment and development, the topic of multi‐rater or multi‐source feedback, as it is also known, formed a key component. This paper will outline some of the reasons why this is the case, and some of the research findings that have emerged in the last few years including issues relating to gender and perceptions of leadership. It will also describe how the author has been involved in introducing 360 degree feedback processes in several public sector organizations in the UK, together with lessons that have emerged.
Validity of Stimulus and Response Components in a Video Test of Social Competence
Authors: Funke Uwe , Schuler Heinz
Published: March 2003

Various stimulus components (video, orally‐presented questions) and response components (multiple‐choice, written, orally‐given replies) of situational judgement tests of occupational social competency were investigated as to their impact upon the validity for a behavior‐oriented role playing criterion while keeping test content constant. The stimulus component video alone had no impact upon validity. The response components contributed to validity. Validity increased with improved fidelity of response components. Concerning stimulus‐response‐combinations, the validity of two video tests (r = 0.17 and r = 0.36) was not higher than the validity of similar oral questioning (r = 0.13 and r = 0.37) but was significantly lower than a situational interview (r = 0.59). Response fidelity proved to be a bottleneck regarding validity of video tests. As a result, it is recommended that, in order to maximize validity of video and multimedia efforts, the developers of video‐ and multimedia tests focus special attention on response fidelity.
Managerial Recruitment Advertisements – Just How Market Orientated Are They?
Authors: Mathews Brian P. , Redman Tom
Published: March 2003

There is a wealth of advice offered by ‘experts’ in HRM concerning the content of the effective job advertisement. This study considers whether following such advice would provide the potential job applicant with the information they want and questions the extent to which employers actually heed this advice.

It firstly compares the normative guidelines with what potential applicants' for managerial posts consider to be important. A second strand to the analysis examines the extent to which advertising practice mirrors the requirements of the job‐seeker market. The results give some solace to recruiters but also demonstrates that there is a long way to go before job advertisements achieve the content that job‐seekers require.
Multiple Dimensions of Procedural Justice: Longitudinal Effects on Selection System Fairness and Test‐Taking Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Truxillo Donald M. , Bauer Talya N. , Sanchez Rudolph J.
Published: March 2003

To demonstrate the multidimensionality of test fairness, we examined the reactions of 246 police applicants to two consecutive selection tests (written and video‐based) in terms of eight dimensions of fairness. As hypothesized, each test was seen as more fair in terms of certain dimensions. Furthermore, test fairness measured immediately after each test predicted perceptions of overall selection system fairness measured after candidates received their test results and after controlling for applicants’ selection outcomes (i.e., whether they were eligible for further consideration in the selection process). Job‐relatedness/content for the video‐based test interacted with test score to affect test‐taking self‐efficacy. Our discussion focuses on the multidimensionality of test fairness, the contribution of these dimensions to overall selection system fairness, and the consideration of these dimensions in selection system design.
Work satisfaction, burnout, and turnover among social workers in Israel: a causal diagram
Authors: Abu‐Bader Soleman Hassan
Published: March 2003

This study developed a causal diagram addressing the predictors of work satisfaction, burnout and turnover among professional social workers in Israel. A random sample of 218 social workers completed self‐administered surveys. Multiple regression and canonical correlation analyses were conducted to estimate a causal model that best predicts work satisfaction, burnout, and turnover among social workers. The results indicated that higher satisfaction, lower burnout, and lower turnover were a function of higher collegial relationship, greater supervision, adequate working conditions, greater opportunities for promotion, and Jewish ethnicity. In addition, higher satisfaction and lower burnout were a function of higher education and greater autonomy, whereas higher turnover was related to a lower salary and the social worker's relative youth. Limitations of the study and recommendations are discussed.
Peace building: a conceptual framework
Authors: Moshe Merav
Published: March 2003

An interdisciplinary legal and social work framework for peace building is presented. Inequality and its eradication are identified as linking factors transforming conflict into coexistence. Peace building is determined to entail participation in the struggle for social justice. Three conditions are identified as central to the peace building process. The first necessitates the establishment of inclusive, autonomous communities, each free to express religious, cultural and national aspirations and identity. The second requires the recognition of the legitimacy of each community to assert rights and claims without denying those of the other. This premise supports the view of the individual in relation and notes that coexistence can only be advanced through the building of mutual relationships. Finally, peace building requires recognition of human rights as a tool to promote relationships both within and between societies.
The generational bargain
Authors: Collard David
Published: March 2003

This paper builds on the notion of a bargain or contract across the generations. It argues that the idea of a generational bargain is helpful when thinking about a range of problems in economic and social policy, from pension reform to the extended family. The standard bargain (usually implicit) is that the working generation makes transfers of human capital to the young and consumption to the old on the understanding that other generations will behave in a similar way. Thus there are at least three generations involved in the process. The paper examines the roles of altruism and of self‐interest in generational transfers and the stability of the bargain against “bad” behaviour by particular generations and against fractures in the generational cluster.
Using critical social theory to develop a conceptual framework for comparative social work
Authors: Houston Stan , Campbell Jim
Published: March 2003

This paper sets out a conceptual framework for comparing and contrasting social work within nation‐states and across international boundaries. The framework is “situated” theoretically within a (late)modernist understanding of events within advanced capitalism and draws primarily on Habermas' critical social theory. The authors apply this framework to explicate the development of social work in Northern Ireland, a region in which high levels of political conflict mark it out as a site of local, national and international interest. It is suggested that the ideas developed from the case study have relevance for the social professions in other countries, particularly where social conflict is in evidence.
Inequality in the welfare state? Local variation in care of the elderly – the case of Sweden
Authors: Trydegård Gun‐Britt , Thorslund Mats
Published: March 2003

This article uses Sweden as an example to describe and analyse municipal variation in services and care for elderly people. Responsibility for these services lies with the municipalities. National statistical data on municipalities are analysed to map out the variations in old‐age care; to study compensating factors in the care system; and to explore the connection with municipal structural and political conditions. The overall finding of the bivariate analyses was that most relations with structure and policy were weak or non‐existent. The final multivariate model explained only 15% of the variance. The large differences between municipalities makes it more appropriate to talk about a multitude of ‘welfare municipalities’ rather than one single welfare state. The article concludes that this municipal disparity constitutes a greater threat to the principle of equality in care of the elderly than gender and socio‐economic differences.
Rebellion and revenge: the meaning of suicide of women in rural China
Authors: Meng Liu
Published: March 2003

The current literature on suicide in China shows that the female suicide rate is extraordinarily higher than the rate for males. Many studies have been conducted on the prevalence and perpetrating factors for suicidal incidents. Few have attempted to understand women’s suicide acts. In this article, the ethnographic data are used to explore the special meaning of the suicide act in a Chinese family and its impact on the other family members. Research has shown that suicide may have a different meaning in the Chinese context, especially for women with an inferior status within the family. Suicide is taken as an act of revenge in a moral and spiritual sense. The act of suicide is very powerful; it grants the woman so much power that she may achieve what she could not during her lifetime. The suicide event remains in the collective memory of the relatives and other people who knew the person. Its powerful meaning is related to the memory of the transgressive event of taking one’s own life as well as to the collective and personal guilt connected with the event.
Training, Vocational Qualifications and Employee Performance in Care Work in the UK
Authors: Fearfull Anne
Published: March 2003

This article draws on research conducted in an English organisation engaged in the provision of care in the community. A qualitative methodology has been employed as a means of investigating more thoroughly the nature and processes of care/support work in order to reach more meaningful conclusions regarding the impact of NVQ participation in this area. The article examines training provision within the organisation and assesses its adequacy before going on to describe the background and purpose of NVQs. A range of problems associated with NVQs is then addressed before the introduction of NVQs in the case study organisation is examined. The article concludes with a discussion which draws together the threads and examines whether NVQs in care can contribute to an enhancement in employee performance and their contribution to the provision of quality care.
The missing link? Understanding the relationship between individual and organisational learning
Authors: McDougall Marilyn , Beattie Rona S
Published: March 2003

This article recognises that individual learning plays a key role in organisational learning. It identifies that there has been little empirical research to date exploring the interaction between individual and organisational learning. New research is presented from a company engaged in organisational learning, by a case study investigation utilising qualitative and quantitative research methods. The article explores key issues in training and development related to the interaction of individual and organisational learning, and concludes that individual learning is related to organisational learning through a range of factors including positive learning climate, active informal learning by individuals, and effective communication of skills and knowledge.
Competency identification, modelling and assessment in the USA
Authors: Rothwell William J. , Lindholm John E.
Published: March 2003

Competency efforts in the USA programmes have evolved from an early focus on distinctions between best‐in‐class (exemplary) and fully‐successful performers to become a link between organisational strategy and organisational and individual performance. Interest in competency‐based approaches is growing. Training and development professionals are using competency models to clarify organisation‐specific competencies to improve human performance and unify individual capabilities with organisational core competencies. Educators and government policymakers are using competency models as one means to clarify and link workplace requirements to educational programmes and curricula.
International briefing 6: Training and development in the United States
Authors: Marquardt Michael J. , Nissley Nick , Ozag Robert , Taylor Tamara L.
Published: March 2003

Increasingly, training and development is playing an important and strategic role in the economic success of US organisations (Marquardt, 1999, Tannenbaum and Yukl, 1992). US organisations recognise that they now operate in a new global economy, an economy which involves the use of advanced technologies and increased responsiveness to customers’ needs. It is becoming one that requires greater and greater innovation and flexibility in production, service delivery and market know‐how. American firms realise more than ever that employee knowledge gained through training and development has become a strategic necessity and more and more the source of strategic advantage (Drucker, 1994).
‘Old age’ and Ageism in Urban Research: The Case of Fear of Crime
Authors: Pain Rachel H.
Published: March 2003

A critique has recently been made of research and theory on ageing in spatial research, arguing for the development of approaches which are informed by critical theoretical perspectives. Perhaps the most significant of these is the recognition that ‘old age’ is culturally constructed. This paper illustrates the value of such an approach with reference to understanding of fear of crime. It is suggested that many difficulties with past research result from epistemological problems, including ageism. A number of assumptions about elderly people and crime can be contested if scrutiny is informed by humanistic, feminist and social constructionist perspectives. Drawing on in depth interviews with elderly people, some of the problems and prospects of work on old age are discussed. Age is only one dimension by which people situate themselves and are situated by others in relation to the risk of crime. Local contexts, life course experiences and other social identities are involved in the constitution of fear for each individual. While the role of ageing can be understood within a framework of power relations, its positive as well as negative impacts on reactions to crime require representation. Similar analysis could profitably be developed in other areas of urban research.
Economic restructuring and state intervention in Holdenist suburbia: understanding urban poverty in Australia
Authors: Winter Ian , Bryson Lois
Published: March 2003

From the mid‐1940s to the mid‐1960s a particular conjuncture of capital‐state relations formed in Australia, leading to the development of a distinctive urban form —‘Holdenist suburbia’: built by government; of a large scale and uniform appearance; constructed of poor quality, cheap materials; home to relatively high percentages of public renters; comprised of predominantly working‐class families; adjacent to manufacturing employment; and stigmatized. An examination of one such Holdenist suburban estate in 1966 and 1991 illustrates how certain aspects of economic restructuring and state intervention have forged such spaces as sites of urban poverty. With the broad aim of connecting Australian urban studies to ongoing international debates about the nature of contemporary urban poverty, it is noted that distinctive characteristics of Australian urban and welfare state development render the application of concepts derived from different cultural settings problematic. This paper makes two points. First, a ‘finer‐combed’ interpretation of Australian postwar suburban development is required to delineate the role of the state in shaping a particular urban form during this period — the Holdenist suburban form. Second, this delineation is particularly important to understanding contemporary urban poverty in Australia, for the social provisions of state policy have, in contradictory fashion, both prevented the full development of outcast ghettos (Marcuse, 1996) and, in conjunction with the processes of economic restructuring, forged sites of urban poverty.
Informal Spaces: The Geography of Informal Economic Activities in Brussels
Authors: Kesteltoot Christian , Meert Henk
Published: March 2003

This paper unravels the relations between different categories of the informal economy and their spatial distribution in the geographical setting of Brussels. Micro perspectives (households as economic agents) and macro perspectives (the informal economy related to economic recession) are combined in order to deal with categories of informal activities which are homogenous in terms of their spatial logic. In the first part we review several classifications of informal economic activities and assess them in terms of their congruence with the distinctions of economic actors and spatial logic. The second part elaborates on the raisons d’être of three large categories of informal economic activities in relation to urban development and on the production environments of these activities in Brussels: the domestic sector and suburban development; economic recession and survival strategies in the inner city; and, finally, flexibility and informalization in urban light industry. Polanyi’s concept of modes of economic integration (market, redistribution and reciprocity) offers a powerful tool to understand informal economic activities as a set of interrelations between households and other economic actors in order to gain access to their living resources

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Ce texte analyse les relations entre différentes catégories d’activités économiques informelles et leur répartition spatiale à Bruxelles. Les perspectives micro (les ménages en tant qu’agents économiques) et macro (l’économie informelle liée à la récession économique) sont combinées pour aboutir à des catégories d’activit’és’économiques informelles homogènes en termes de logique spatiale. Dans une première partie nous considérons plusieurs classifications des activités économiques informelles pour évaluer au niveau théorique leur congruence avec les types d’acteurs et les logiques spatiales. La seconde partie décrit les raisons d’?tre de trois grandes catégories d’activités économiques informelles et les met en relation avec le développement urbain et leurs milieux de production à Bruxelles. On distingue ainsi le secteur domestique liéà la péri‐urbanisation, les stratégies de survie liées à la récession dans le centre‐ville et la flexibilité et l’informalisation de l’industrie urbaine. Le concept de modes d’intégration économique de Polanyi (échange marchand, redistribution et réciprocité) constitue un outil d’analyse efficace pour comprendre ces activités économiques informelles en tant que combinaisons précises d’interrelations entre ménages et autres acteurs économiques permettant aux premiers d’accéder à leurs moyens d’existence.
Social Agents, the Provision of Buildings and Property Booms: The Case of Sã0 Paulo
Authors: Soares de Magalhãs Claudio
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the systems of social relations underpinning the late 1980s’ office boom in São Paulo, Brazil. Using ‘institutionalist’ approaches to provide an empirical examination of these systems, it focuses on the nature of the dominant agents and their strategies, the linkages that allow them to perform their functions, and the relative position and power of the agents in the production and use of built structures. The paper tries to situate these systems in their economic and social environment and to point to the connections between socially constructed property markets, their environment, and the characteristics and outcomes of the property boom. In doing so, it aims to cast some light on the processes through which a mix of economic, social and cultural impulses, of global and ã local origins, are related to the structures of provision of offices in the context of So Paulo and lead to the production of specific forms of built environment.

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Cet article examine les sytèmes de relations sociales qui a soutenu le boom des bureaux à S ão Paulo à la fin les années quatre‐vingt. Utilisant des approches ‘institutionnalistes’ afin de fournir une examination empirique de ces systèmes, il se concentre sur la nature des agents principaux et sur leurs stratègies, sur les liens qui leur permettent d’assurer leurs fonctions, et sur la position de pouvoir relatif de ces agents dans la production et l’utilisation des structures bâties. Cet article essaie de situer ces sytèmes dans leur environnement social et économique, et de montrer les rapports entre les marchés immobiliers construits socialement, leur environnement et les caractéristiques et résultats de l’essor immobilier. Ce faisant, il entend éclaicir les processus par lesquels un mélange d’impulsions économiques, sociales et culturelles d’origine locale et globale est lié aux structures de construction des bureaux dans le contexte de S ão Paulo et conduit à la production de formes spécifiques d’environnement construit.
The Development of Open‐air Markets in East‐Central Europe
Authors: Sik Endre , Wallace Claire
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the way in which open‐air markets have developed as a legacy of both the communist and pre‐communist systems, but have taken distinctive forms in the post‐communist context. The small‐scale capitalism represented by open‐air markets is often informal and not often analysed in the context of the transformation process in East and Central Europe. However, this paper argues that they can represent an important indicator of some aspects of the nature and extent of economic and social transformation. The paper considers theoretical insights for analysing open‐air markets and particular features of post‐communist open‐air markets: the degree of informalization; the role of ethnic communities; moral perspectives on markets; open‐air markets and social capital or other forms of informal social control; and the role of social structure in understanding open‐air markets.

Cet article analyse la façon dont les marchés en plein air, se sont développés à partir de leurs origines dans les systèmes pré‐communistes et communistes, tout en prenant des formes distinctes dans le contexte post‐communiste. Le capitalisme à petite échelle représenté par les marchés en plein air est souvent informel et rarement analysé dans le contexte du processus de transformation en Europe de l’est et en Europe centrale. Néanmoins, cet article soutient qu’ils peuvent ?tre un indicateur important de certains aspects de la nature et du degré de transformation sociale et économique. Les éléments théoriques sont mis en relation avec l’analyse des marchés en plein air et leurs éléments caractéristiques après le communisme: L’importance de l’economie soutenue; le rôle des communautés ethniques; les perspectives morales sur les marchés; les marchés en plein air et le capital social ou d’autres formes de contrôle social officieux; et le rôle de la structure sociale pour comprendre les marchés en plein air.
National Enterprises, National States and Labour Relations after the End of Globalization
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this essay:

Edwards, Paul and Tony Elger (eds.) The global economy, national states, and the regulation of labour

Waddington, Jeremy (ed.) Globalization and patterns of labour resistance

Rugman, Alan The end of globalization
Urban Development under Ambiguous Property Rights: A Case of China’s Transition Economy
Authors: Zhu Jieming
Published: March 2003

Property rights play a key role in maintaining sustainable growth and in achieving efficient development. China’s economic reforms have stimulated urban physical development through the commodification and marketization of land‐use rights and building construction. Property rights over urban land have been decentralized, but the gradualist reform of state assets has not assigned and delineated property rights clearly between the principal and agents. Within a short space of time, Shanghai, a city in a transition economy, is facing a great property glut for the first time in its history. It is the two‐tier incentive structure that has created the dynamics of Shanghai’s urban physical development since 1980. The marketization of buildings makes property development a viable business. Capitalization on valued properties in the open domain motivates key actors in the development process to initiate redevelopment projects. Rapidly rising price benchmarks established by the booming property market escalate the urge to transform rents in the unsecured public domain to physical assets that are protected by the socialist use right.

Les droits de propriété jouent un rôle essentiel dans la réussite d’une expansion durable et d’un aménagement efficace. En Chine, les réformes économiques ont stimulé un urbanisme construit, via une banalisation et une marchandisation des droits d’utilisation du sol et de la construction de bûtiments. Les droits de propriété sur les terrains urbains ont été décentralisés; cependant, la réforme gradualiste des biens de l’État n’a ni attribué ni délimité clairement les droits de propriété entre commettant et mandataires. En un court laps de temps, Shanghai, ville en économie de transition, se trouve confrontée à une surabondance de biens immobiliers pour la première fois de son histoire. C’est une structure incitative à deux niveaux qui a généré la dynamique de l’urbanisme construit de Shanghai depuis 1980. La marchandisation des immeubles fait de la promotion immobilière une activité lucrative. La capitalisation sur des propriétés valorisées dans un marché libre motive les acteurs‐clés du processus de développement à lancer des projets de réaménagement. Les prix de référence en croissance rapide, instaurés par le marché immobilier florissant, intensifient la tendance à transformer les loyers sans garantie du domaine public en biens construits protégés par le droit d’usage socialiste.
Social Movements and Public Administration: Spontaneous Citizens’ Committees in Florence
Authors: Della Porta Donatella , Andretta Massimiliano
Published: March 2003

Urban protest is often carried out by citizens’ committees: that is, political groups that mobilize on issues affecting a small territorial area, use various forms of protest, and are organized in very loosely structured forms. Based on interviews with members of citizens’ committees in Florence, this article discusses their identities, strategies and organizational models, as well as their interaction with local authorities. Active mainly in issues of pollution and security, the Florentine committees frame their demands in terms of defending or improving quality of life in a defined territory. Mobilizing citizens who have often had previous experience in voluntary and/or political associations, citizens’ committees evidence a strongly participatory organizational model, with, however, notably discontinuous levels of activity. Whilst privileging moderate forms of protest, citizens’ committees also seem to have more and more channels of access to the institutions of local government, which sometimes perceive them as a source of information and aggregate consensus. The quality of the interactions between citizens’ committees and the public administration plays an important role in determining the extent to which this type of urban protest produces social capital.

La contestation urbaine est souvent menée par des comités citoyens, c’est–à–dire des groupes politiques qui se mobilisent sur des problèmes affectant une zone territoriale limitée, emploient diverses formes de protestation et s’organisent selon des structures très informelles. A partir d’entretiens avec des membres de comités citoyens de Florence, cet article étudie leurs identités, stratégies et modèles d’organisation, ainsi que leur interaction avec les autorités locales. Surtout actifs sur des questions de pollution et de sécurité, les comités florentins formulent leurs revendications en termes de défense ou d’amélioration de la qualité de la vie dans un territoire donné. Mobilisant les citoyens qui, souvent, ont déjà eu une expérience dans des associations bénévoles et/ou politiques, ces comités démontrent un modèle organisationnel fortement participatif avec, toutefois, des degrés d’activité particulièrement intermittents. Bien que privilégiant des formes modérées de contestation, les comités citoyens semblent disposer de moyens toujours plus nombreux d’accéder aux institutions des gouvernements locaux, lesquelles les considèrent parfois comme une source d’informations et de consensus collectif. La qualité des interactions entre les comités citoyens et l’administration publique est importante si l’on veut déterminer dans quelle mesure ce type de contestation urbaine génère un capital social.
Temporary and Illegal Labour Migration: The Israeli Experience
Authors: Borowski Allan , Yanay Uri
Published: March 2003

In recent years, Israel has become a major recipient of documented and undocumented temporary labour migrants from many countries outside the Middle East region. The purposes of this article are to describe Israel’s experience of temporary labour migration and its concomitant, illegal labour migration; and also to explore what her policies on temporary labour migration indicate about the nature of the policy‐making process in this policy domain in Israel.

To these ends the article traces the evolution of temporary labour migration – legal and illegal – and recent policy initiatives of the Israeli government. It then considers some of the major conceptions of the policy‐making process found in public policy literature. The article concludes by pointing to the uniqueness of Israel’s experience of temporary labour migration and to the fact that her policies have been overwhelmingly reactive – inadequately considered, ill‐conceived, ambivalent in relation to their ultimate purpose and, in the course of implementation, vulnerable to “privatization” (being taken over by vested interest groups).

Analysis of the most recent policy initiatives designed to reduce the number of legal labour migrants and address the problem of illegal labour migrants, reflect a policy‐making process that is not followed by commensurate action.
Brazilian Immigration to Ontario
Authors: Goza Franklin
Published: March 2003

Immigration to Canada from non‐traditional donor nations has increased in recent years and is likely to continue to increase in the long‐term. This article examines one flow of “new” immigrants: from Brazil to Toronto, Ontario. Their adaptation experiences are analysed from primary data collected from 205 Brazilians interviewed during 1991.

A large proportion of the immigrants who arrived after 1987, the year a visa requirement was initiated for Brazilians, gained entry by claiming to be “refugees”. Because of numerous court system delays, this strategy permitted them to work, study and collect social benefits until all their appeals, no matter how spurious, were exhausted. Meantime, many acquired English skills and on‐the‐job training which enabled them to score high enough on the Canadian immigrant point scale to become legal permanent residents.

Results also demonstrate that immigrants from Brazil are relatively well educated and highly motivated to succeed. Although the group included some target earners who will return to Brazil, many have become well integrated into Canadian society and desire to remain permanently.
The Receipt of Transfer Payments by Immigrants in Sweden
Authors: Hammarstedt Mats
Published: March 2003

Using the native‐born as a benchmark, this article examines the reliance of immigrants on Sweden’s social safety net. Both in the raw data, and after conditioning on a number of explanatory variables, we find that there are differences between immigrants and natives regarding participation in the Swedish income security system. We also find that there are differences in this respect between immigrants from different regions as well as between more recent and earlier cohorts of immigrants. As regards unemployment insurance benefits and cash labour market assistance, no clear pattern can be discerned in the results. In the case of early retirement pension and social assistance, however, the picture looks different. Immigrants arriving at an early date from typical labour immigration regions are over‐represented in early retirement. Immigrants, especially non‐European immigrants with a recent date of arrival, are over‐represented among recipients of social assistance. The overall conclusion is that the immigrants’ total rate of participation in the income security system is determined by their rate of unemployment and their state of health. On the other hand, the distribution of their participation among the different components of the income security system is highly dependent on their length of residence in Sweden and where they come from.