bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Typing from Dried Bloodstains—Under Indian Conditions
Authors: Sachdeva M. P. , Arora V. K. , Bhalla V.
Published: July 2017

As yet, there is no report available on the stability studies of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme in India. 469 bloodstains prepared in the laboratory using a variety of substrates commonly encountered in case examination have been analysed by starch gel electrophoresis. The utility of this parameter under various climatic conditions prevalent in India has also been evaluated. Except in the cases of relatively fresh samples of blood, the PGD isoenzyme system seems not to be very suitable in Indian conditions.
Fatal Suicidal Hangings among Prisoners in Jail
Authors: Copeland Arthur R.
Published: July 2017

A study of suicidal death by hanging, which occurred when the victim was in jail, was performed on the case files of the Metropolitan Dade County Medical Examiner Department in Miami, Florida, for the ten-year period July 1978 to July 1988. A total of 23 fatalities occurred. These were categorized epidemiologically A discussion ensues concerning what can be done to prevent such tragedies.
Violence by Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Aquilina C
Published: July 2017

A review of studies on violence by psychiatric in-patients is presented. Violence in various settings has been studied and a few general conclusions emerge. The assailant is commonly a young schizophrenic. Only few patients are repeatedly violent. Persistently violent schizophrenics have been shown to have neurological impairments. Violence usually occurs in crowded, unstructured settings. There is no agreed definition of assaults and how they should be graded. Although violence is common it rarely leads to serious physical consequences. Victims are most often nursing staff. Some staff and patients are assaulted more often than others. Violence is difficult to predict. Ways of preventing assaultive behaviour are discussed. After considering some problems with existing studies, areas for further study are suggested.
Assailants' Sexual Dysfunction during Rape Reported by Their Victims
Authors: Bownes Ian T. , O'Gorman Ethna C.
Published: July 2017

Sexual dysfunction is known to occur in a proportion of rapists during the assault. The most common dysfunctions are erectile insufficiency and absent or retarded ejaculation. The study assessed the incidence and characteristics of assailants' sexual dysfunction reported by 50 victims of rape 20% of victims reported that their assailant experienced erectile insufficiency at some point during the assault, and a further 12% reported retarded ejaculation or failure to ejaculate by their attacker. In attacks where sexual dysfunction occurred, there was a higher incidence both of intra-rape violence and commissioning of degrading sexual activity and this behaviour was related to the onset of the dysfunction. It was felt that the pattern of behaviour reported in those attacks where rapists' sexual dysfunction occurred might reflect a typologically distinct subgroup of offender. This finding has implications both for the safety of the victim during the attack and subsequent offender assessment.
Suicidal Stab Wounds of the Throat
Authors: Chadly A , Marc B , Paraire F , Durigon M
Published: July 2017

Suicide by stabbing one's throat remains very rare and very few cases have been reported in the forensic literature. In such cases, the important distinction is between suicide and homicide. The direction of stab wounds, their depth, site and number have particular importance in helping to recognize suicide.

Suicide when attempted by transfixion of the neck in middle aged and elderly adults often reveals a definite resolution to kill oneself.
Suicide in Wolverhampton (1976–1990)
Authors: Scott K W M
Published: July 2017

A total of 394 individuals died by their own hand in Wolverhampton from the years 1976 to 1990. The rate of suicide was 10.5/100, 000 per year, compared with the official statistics returned by HM Coroner of 232 cases in this 15-year period, or 6.2/100, 000 per year. Suicide does not appear to have increased in the Borough of Wolverhampton over these 15 years but the Coroner's Rules, which at present apply, have the effect of concealing the true numbers of suicides. The Coroner's figures in this series only reflected 59% of the probable true suicide rate.

The ratio of males to females was 1.96:1 and there was no significant difference in the average ages of male and female suicides. Drowning was found to be a common cause of suicide in the elderly population (over 60 years of age) and there was an increased incidence of hanging in Asians, especially young Asian females, as compared with their numbers in the population of the borough. A positive psychiatric history was present in 64.5% of suicides and such a history was more common in deaths due to drug overdose and drowning. There was no obvious seasonal variation found in the suicide rate.
Fatal Haemorrhage following Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation: A Case Report and a Brief Review of its Clinico-Pathological and Medico-Legal Aspects
Authors: Lau G
Published: July 2017

Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation may result in serious and possibly fatal vascular complications, such as arterial dissection, in as many as 20 per cent of cases. A significant proportion of these complications may go unrecognized clinically.

The following is an account of such a case from Singapore in which an elderly patient with a history of severe ischaemic heart disease died within 25 hours of coronary bypass surgery (resulting from massive intraperitoneal haemorrhage), as a consequence of post-operative intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. The clinico-pathological and medicolegal aspects of the case are also discussed, together with a brief mention of the role of post-mortem coronary angiography in assessing venous graft patency and integrity.
1. Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction and the Law: A Case Presentation from Nigeria
Authors: Obasohan A O , Ogiamien T B E
Published: July 2017

The possible legal implications of the failure of a mechanical prosthetic cardiac valve have been reviewed within the framework of the Nigerian legal system. This is the sequel to a clinical case we had recently, of primary mechanical failure of a cardiac prosthesis which led to the death of a 19-year-old medical student. A short account of the case as reported by the physicians is presented.

As there has been no such case before any Nigerian Court, this review draws heavily upon salutary lessons from the USA and the UK, where such, or related, cases are more prevalent.
2. Intellectual Impairment, Memory Impairment, Suggestibility and Voir Dire Proceedings: A Case Study
Authors: Howells K , Ward M
Published: July 2017

The psychology and psychiatry of interrogation, confession and testimony have recently become the subjects of considerable theoretical analysis, research and professional interest (Gudjonsson, 1992). A case study is reported involving a defendant whose testimony under police interrogation incriminated himself and 13 other defendants in a murder trial. Issues of intellectual impairment, memory impairment, confabulation and suggestibility were addressed in voir dire proceedings, and are described in this paper. The case also demonstrates the importance of psychological tests being administered by suitably qualified personnel.
Mental Disorder amongst Defendants in Liverpool Magistrates' Court
Authors: Brabbins Clare J , Travers Raymond F
Published: July 2017

The Home Office advocates development of court liaison schemes to divert mentally disordered offenders into the care of health and social services. No-one has yet evaluated the amount of mental disorder that existing schemes fail to identify. We interviewed 136 defendants who had been detained by the police prior to their first appearance in Liverpool Magistrates' Court for their current alleged offence. We found very little mental illness but high levels of drug and alcohol misuse. Merseyside police policy advocates diversion at the earliest possible point and local general psychiatry services are willing to assess and treat offenders. The defendants with drug and alcohol problems are, however, neglected by the current initiatives in providing for this group. Addressing this need in a population which might not otherwise come to the attention of services could have an impact on personal and public health as well as on offending behaviour.
Aflatoxin Exposure in Singapore: Blood Aflatoxin Levels in Normal Subjects, Hepatitis B Virus Carriers and Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Chao Tzee Cheng , Lo Dst , Bloodworth B Chen , Gunasegaram R , Koh T H , Ng Han Seong
Published: July 2017

Blood screening conducted on Singaporeans over 1991–1992 showed exposure to predominately aflatoxin B1 and to a lesser extent G1.

The extent of exposure to B1 among three groups of residents in Singapore, namely normal subjects (n = 423), hepatitis B virus carriers (n = 302) and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) patients (n = 58) were extensive as reflected by the positive rates of 15.1, 0.7 and 1.7 per cent respectively. However, the degree of individual exposure to this toxin among the three groups was considered low as shown by the low respective mean blood levels of 5.4 ± 3.2 (range 3.0–17), 7.7 (range 7.5–7.9) and 7.5 picogrammes per ml of blood. It is not immediately clear whether or not such low levels would precipitate an undesirable health effect. The higher positive rate seen in normal subjects as compared with the other groups could be due to differences in dietary intake of aflatoxin B1, differences in metabolic patterns or both. About 70 per cent of PHC patients studied were carriers.

The degree of aflatoxin B1 exposure among normal subjects in Singapore was a factor of 22.1 times less than that in Japan, 40.9 times less than that in Indonesia and 51.3 times less than that in the Philippines. Similarly, the extent of exposure among hepatitis B carriers in Singapore was a factor of 8.2 times, 39.6 times and 24.2 times less than those in the other three Asiatic countries respectively. The results reflected stringent Government control over the quality of food stuff imported into this country. As Singapore imports almost all its dietary needs from elsewhere, it can afford to be selective at a cost.

Aflatoxin M1, a metabolite of B1, was most commonly encountered in the liver tissues of deceased (n = 154) who died of causes other than sickness or disease in 1992–93, consistent with our blood findings of prevalence of aflatoxin Bl.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection using one of the aflatoxins G2 or B2 as an internal standard was used for the detection and quantification of aflatoxins. The use of an internal standard structurally and chemically similar to those required to be quantified minimizes errors in quantifications. This is because differences in the quenching of fluorescence between specimen extracts and spiked-standard extracts were internally standardized and compensated for. The presence of an internal standard also helped to locate aflatoxins of interest more accurately.

Strict decontamination procedures for cleaning glassware and apparatus were adhered to, to reduce cross-contaminations.

Only duplicate-positive results were taken to be positive.
Employing Simulated Data to Illustrate an Important Cause of the ‘Steepling’ Effect in Breath Alcohol Analysis
Authors: Gullberg Rod G.
Published: July 2017

The ‘steepling’ effect (large excursions in analytical data over time) is a debated issue in forensic breath alcohol analysis with various explanations being postulated. Simulated breath alcohol data was generated according to a hypothetical kinetic model where single random samples as well as means of duplicate random samples were plotted with respect to time at 0.2 hour intervals. In addition, the simulated data was compared when both two or more digit treatment was employed. Results showed the occurrence of significant noise or ‘steepling’ when single, two-digit breath alcohol samples were employed as compared to a four-digit mean computed from three-digit duplicates. The magnitude of variability was quantified by means of nonlinear regression resulting in the residual sum of squares (RSS) = 0.00202 for the single analysis and RSS = 0.00053 for the mean of duplicates. The method of data collection and treatment appears to contribute significantly to the ‘steepling’ phenomenon. Intuitively, replicate analyses reduce variability and allow for more accurate kinetic modelling employing breath alcohol analysis.
Hemlock: Murder before the Lord
Authors: Davies M Lloyd , Davies T A Lloyd
Published: July 2017

Two healthy young men were killed by a plume of hemlock (Conium maculatum) emitted when contaminated incense was vaporized during religious rites about the middle of the thirteenth century BC.
Male Rape: The Impact of a Legal Definition on the Clinical Area
Authors: Rogers Paul
Published: July 2017

Recently the awareness of the issues surrounding male rape has received increased attention by both mental health workers and the general public following the introduction of the Sexual Offences Act 1994, and the recent case at the Old Bailey where a historical breakthrough was made in June 1995 following the first conviction for male rape under the new law. However, most of this attention has not resulted in many clinical breakthroughs in helping male rape survivors overcome the post-assault impact.

Little is known about the prevalence, types of assault, consequences facing survivors and therapeutic options.

Some evidence is being reported that male rape survivors develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder following the assault. It has long been recognized that this is the case with female rape survivors, but to date there have been no significant UK prevalence studies which have examined this relationship. This paper discusses some of the issues surrounding male rape by focusing on the possible effects of the recent legal change on the clinical area.
Suicide and Homicide in Costa Rica
Authors: Lester David
Published: July 2017

Suicide and homicide rates are lower in Costa Rica than in the United States. Firearms are used less often for suicide and for murder in Costa Rica than in the United States; hanging is more common as a method for suicide in Costa Rica and cutting/piercing more common as a method for murder. Suicide rates do not increase with age in Costa Rica, while the chances of being murdered do increase with age, unlike the United States.
Automatism Re-Visited: Post-Traumatic Automatism as a Defence to a Serious Criminal Charge
Authors: Wright N , Elfer D , Wright I
Published: July 2017

A case is described of a policeman who assaulted the man he was arresting after receiving a concussive blow to the head. The defence argued he was suffering from post-traumatic automatism and after juries were unable to agree a verdict in two trials he was acquitted. Aspects of post-traumatic automatism in English law are described and theories of the neurology of concussion and aggressive behaviour are discussed. Guidelines are proposed for the evaluation of cases of post-traumatic automatism.
Male Afro-Caribbean Patients Admitted to Rampton Hospital between 1977 and 1986 — A Control Study
Authors: Shubsachs A P W , Huws R W , Close A A , Larkin E P , Falvey J
Published: July 2017

All Afro-Caribbean patients admitted to the Mental Illness Division of Rampton Hospital (a Special Hospital) between 1977 and 1986 and a randomly selected control cohort of Non Afro-Caribbean patients admitted in the same period, were compared on a variety of sociodemographic, psychiatric, criminological, treatment and outcome variables. Significantly, fewer of the Afro-Caribbean patients attracted the legal classification of Psychopathic Disorder. Detailed analysis was thus restricted to mentally ill patients in the two ethnic groupings. Similarities outweighed differences.

There was no difference between the groups in terms of index offence, previous custodial sentence, in-patient psychiatric admission (including previous Special Hospital admission), admission source, Mental Health Act section, length of admission (including readmission) to Special Hospitals, likelihood of discharge or place to which discharged. Medication history in Special Hospitals was similar at one year and three years after admission.

Afro-Caribbean patients had a lower incidence of childhood institutional care, a decreased likelihood of a previous supervision order, an increased likelihood of a previous Court appearance and received higher doses of antipsychotic medication four weeks after admission to Special Hospital.
2. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Lipoma: The Presence of Fat Tissue in the Spinal Canal
Authors: Roesdahl Ingeborg , Thomsen Jørgen L
Published: July 2017

An epidural lipoma in the spinal canal in a case of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is described. Histologic sections from ten SIDS cases were compared with five controls. It is concluded that there are no indications that an increased amount of fat in the spinal canal plays a role in the pathogenesis of SIDS.
Transsexualism in Portugal: The Legal Framework and Procedure, and its Consequences for Transsexuals
Authors: Costa-Santos Jorge , Madeira Rosa
Published: July 2017

Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in transsexuals is not allowed under Portuguese law which means that individuals have turned for aid to other countries to achieve the corresponding bodily‘correction’. Furthermore, those who submitted to SRS abroad suffered a stressful experience involving an unpredictable outcome when they asked for a subsequent change of their civil status records so as to update the data concerning sex and forename in their birth certificate and identity papers.

In the last few years some people, especially doctors, have been taking steps to remove political, judicial and medical prejudices and attitudes in relation to the transsexuals' situation in this country; however, the main obstacles and procedures remain practically unchangeable.

Based upon their medico-legal experience in such cases, the authors point out some aspects related to the situation of the transsexuals examined at the Institute of Legal Medicine of Lisbon since 1982, as well as their judicial outcome.

In order to draw attention to the present situation of transsexuals within the Portuguese legal framework, this is compared with those of other European Union countries.

Recognizing that this situation has become a heavy burden for transsexuals, the urgent necessity for Portugal to follow the main principles of Recommendation 1117 (1989) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe is stressed.
Estimation of Fetal Age by Histological Study of Kidney
Authors: Kumar K Uday , Pillay V V
Published: July 2017

An attempt has been made to correlate the gestational age of a fetus with a histological study of the sequential development of nephrons in the kidneys. One hundred and eighteen dead fetuses aged between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation were examined. In each case, paraffin sections from the kidneys were studied microscopically and the number of glomerular generations present was counted and correlated with the reported period of gestation based on obstetric calculations. The results were analysed and statistically confirmed a high degree of correlation, indicating that this could be a reliable method of estimating fetal age in forensic situations, such as infanticide and criminal abortion.
A Retrospective Study of Suicides in a Rural Health District over Ten Years
Authors: Roberts A P , Simpson C J , Wilkinson J R
Published: July 2017

The suicides over a 10-year period in a rural area were examined. There was no overall increase in suicide rate, but more violent methods were used.
Homicide Patterns in the Toyama Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Kominato Yoshihiko , Shimada Ichiro , Hata Nobuhide , Takizawa Hisao , Fujikura Takashi
Published: July 2017

Homicides occurring in the Toyama prefecture, Japan, during the past 10 years were reviewed. Between 1985 and 1994, 56 offenders committed 63 homicides. The mean death rate for homicide was 0.55 per 100,000. The ratio of male to female victims was 1:1, while 82% of the assailants were male and 18% were female. The victim and the assailant had a close family relationship in 58.7% of the cases. Dyadic death (homicide followed by suicide) accounted for 27% of all victims. Twenty-nine per cent of the victims were murdered by mentally unstable offenders, and in almost half (44%) of the cases the offender was convicted. Homicides during robbery were rare (only two cases), and there was only one homicide during sexual assault. Death was caused by blunt instrument injury in 38.1% of cases, asphyxia in 31.7%, stabbing in 17.5%, burns in 9.5% and shooting in 3.2% (only two cases). The majority (80%) of homicides occurred at the residence of the victim(s). None of the victims had a history of drug abuse. Social conditions in Toyama prefecture, and their possible relevance to local homicide patterns, are discussed briefly.
A Review of Outrage of Modesty Offenders Remanded in a State Mental Hospital
Authors: Chan A O M , Lim L E C , Ong S H
Published: July 2017

Minor sexual offences have been increasing over the years. These include parasexual offences such as exhibitionism, frotteurism and its variant. In Singapore, a common minor sexual offence which involves touching, grabbing, kissing or fondling is known as outrage of modesty or molestation. To date no known studies have been made on this subtype of sexual offender. This is a five-year retrospective study looking into the profile of 157 outrage of modesty offenders remanded to Woodbridge Hospital, a state mental hospital. Results showed that schizophrenia was the predominant psychiatric diagnosis amongst the offenders (45.3%) followed by mental retardation (21.7%). Only 28.7% of those suffering from a mental illness experienced active psychiatric symptoms at the time of the sexual offence. Touching, stroking or fondling were the most frequently reported type of molestation (60.5%). The majority of the offences took place between 6 am and 6 pm. Only 15.3% had a past history of sexual offences and the majority (94.9%) were of sound mind at the time of the offence. There were no statistically significant differences between first time and repeat offenders with regard to age, ethnic group, educational level, marital status, diagnoses, place of offence, time and type of offence, soundness of mind and fitness to plead.
Gender Differences in the Use of Seclusion
Authors: Mason Tom
Published: July 2017

This paper offers a contribution to the research on the use of seclusion by focusing specifically on gender. The study was carried out in a special hospital which provides care in conditions of high security. Data were collected on all seclusions over a one-year period which resulted in a database of 823 episodes of seclusion. The results indicate that female patients account for more seclusions than their male counterparts and that they are secluded more often but for shorter durations. Whereas the mentally ill category are subject to more seclusions it is the psychopathically disordered classification that is responsible for more female episodes. Further research is under way to examine the reasons for the disparities.
DVLA and GMC Guidelines on ‘Fitness to Drive’ and Psychiatric Disorders: Knowledge following an Educational Campaign
Authors: Morgan J F
Published: July 2017

This paper reports on a questionnaire study of psychiatrists' knowledge of DVLA and GMC guidelines on ‘fitness to drive', following the distribution of a synopsis of the DVLA regulations by the DVLA and the Royal College of Psychiatrists. In the context of a high response rate (74%) the results indicated a better level of knowledge than in previous studies. However, understanding of GMC guidelines on breaking confidentiality and the general knowledge of driving regulations amongst junior trainees remain areas of concern. Ways of addressing these deficits are suggested.
A Qualitative and Quantitative Survey of Forensic Odontologists in England and Wales, 1994
Authors: Atkinson Sally A
Published: July 2017

Forty forensic odontologists in England and Wales, as listed for the British Association for Forensic Odontology in Spring 1994, were surveyed by post. The 27 responses received, representing 67.5 per cent of those surveyed, were collated. The aims of the survey were to establish the distribution of experience between those forensic odontologists; to confirm the geographic areas covered by them; to establish the most likely source of introduction to forensic work; to ascertain the proportion of work involving court appearances; to establish a pattern of trends or common risk factors, if any, of susceptibility towards bitemark injury in respect of motive, age, gender, race, socioeconomic factors, and family background in relation to child abuse and adult sexual assault; and to establish if there are preferential sites for bitemark injury according to motive. The survey concluded that most of the work is almost exclusively conducted by a few forensic odontologists, with little or no experience gained for the majority of those available.
1. An Accidental Suffocation by a Rubber Balloon
Authors: Meel B L
Published: July 2017

This report presents an autopsy case of a 10-year -old child, who was accidentally suffocated by a rubber balloon that adhered tightly to the epiglottis, occluding air entry. Suffocation by rubber balloon is not uncommon, but the mechanism in this case was unique. The post-mortem findings are given and the conclusion is drawn that such death could have been avoided.
Prevalence of Cannabinoids in Urine Samples from Forensic Autopsies
Authors: Hansen A. Carsten , Kristensen I. Bayer , Dragsholt C.
Published: July 2017

Urine samples from 393 forensic autopsies were tested for the presence of cannabinoids by means of the radio-immunoassay test kit from DPC, Los Angeles. Fifteen per cent were found positive, mainly men and young adults. Use of cannabis was found to be closely related to drug addiction, and thus in cannabis-positive drug addicts, non-natural manners and causes of death dominate. In non-addicts the prevalence of cannabis use was 7.5%, and in non-addicted cannabis users, manners and causes of death were not very different from those found in cannabis-negatives.
Reasons for Non—Use of Family Planning Methods at Ilorin, Nigeria: Male Opposition and Fear of Methods
Authors: Fakeye O , Babaniyi O
Published: July 2017

This study reports the main reasons given for nonuse of contraception by non-pregnant women aged 15–44 years, who are at risk of unplanned pregnancy and living in the Ilorin Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Six hundred and forty-six women were derived from a stratified cluster sample and interviewed using a questionnaire. Almost one-third (31.4%) of respondents gave male opposition to family planning as the reason for current non-use. Another 13.3% expressed fear of methods, 6.3% did not want to use contraception until the first child was born, and 13.6% until the desired number of children were born. Sociodemographic variables including age, educational level, religion, and residence as reasons for non-use were reported. Other important findings included a high awareness of, low availability of, or poor accessibility to contraceptive methods. Short and long term intervention strategies using information, education and communication materials are proposed to combat low levels of contraceptive use in this area.
Comparison between Stool Examination, Serology and Large Bowel Biopsy in Diagnosing Schistosoma Mansoni
Authors: Yasawy Mohamed Ismail , Mohamed Abdel Rahman El Shiekh , Al Karawi Mohamed Ali
Published: July 2017

This report evaluates the diagnostic method in 167 patients with colonic schistosomiasis. These patients formed a part of a large number of patients who had sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy for various gastrointestinal problems.

During sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy examination, typical intestinal Schistosomia lesions could be seen and at the same time several biopsies could be taken.

Stool examination showed Schistosoma mansoni ova in only 19 patients (11.37%) of the 167 patients whose colonic biopsies were positive for Schistosoma mansoni. Serological tests were carried out in 115 of these patients and 88 patients (52.69%) had a titre of 64 or more.

This study shows that endoscopic colonic biopsy is a better method than stool examination and serological tests in the diagnosis of intestinal or hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.
Deliberate Burns in Nigerians
Authors: Datubo-Brown Difini D
Published: July 2017

Eleven cases of deliberate burns in Nigerians were studied. Three major reasons for burning were recognized. Ignorance was identified as a factor in the aetiology of some of these avoidable burns.

Primary prevention of the burns and the secondary prevention of their complications are outlined. The management of the patients is discussed.
Acute Isovolaemic Haemodilution: The Best Option for Autologous Blood Transfusion in Africa?
Authors: Berege Zacharia A , Jacobs Bart , Matasha Michael R , Mpelumbe Frank , Kimaro Ernestini
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify the best method of autologous blood transfusion to be applied in an East African hospital.

One hundred and nine consecutive patients for whom major blood loss was anticipated were enrolled. Seventeen patients donated 1 unit of blood 3 days preoperatively and 92 underwent acute isovolaemic haemodilution prior to induction of anaesthesia.

For the haemodiluted patients a 2:1 ratio of sterile pryogen-free saline to collected blood was used. One of the 16 patients from whom 2 units were withdrawn by haemodilution experienced hypovolaemia which was rapidly restored by additional transfusion of colloid. Of the patients who donated blood preoperatively only 23.5% were autotransfused compared to 98.9% of the haemodiluted patients. Of the latter 23.9% (22) had an intraoperative blood loss exceeding 15% of their total blood volume and 7.6% (7) lost more than 25%. Only one received homologous blood in addition.

For hospitals with limited blood bank facilities and regular cancellation of surgery, the use of acute isovolaemic haemodilution is recommended. A 3:1 ratio of saline to blood is now advised when 1 unit is withdrawn and a part replacement with crystalloid when 2 units are collected.
Training General Practitioners in Surgical and Obstetrical Emergencies in Ethiopia
Authors: Loutfi A , McLean APH , Pickering J
Published: July 2017

A 6-month course for training general practitioners (GPs) in surgical emergencies was developed and piloted in Ethiopia. The course was designed after an assessment of the surgical manpower needs in Ethiopia. Seven GPs were selected by the Ministry of Health (MOH) from rural hospitals that had no surgical specialists but had operating facilities. The course consisted of 1 week of lectures followed by 11 weeks each in obstetrics/gynaecology and general surgery. The GPs trained in district hospitals under the supervision of surgical specialists. Emphasis was placed on practical experience in managing a limited number of previously identified surgical emergencies.

Follow up 9 months after completion of the course showed that five of the seven GPs had completed significant numbers of life saving procedures. Complications occurred largely in advanced disease. Difficulties remain with the recognition of the GPs' training and their supervision.

We conclude that GPs can be trained to provide life saving surgery in a short training programme at a modest cost, but mechanisms for ensuring ongoing support need to be established.
Basic Care Reduces Neonatal Hyperbilirubinaemia
Authors: Daga S R , Desai N V , Shende S R , Kinikar N A
Published: July 2017

We studied the frequency of jaundice, bilirubin estimations, phototherapy administration and exchange transfusions performed at 5 year intervals (1981, 1986 and 1991) among babies admitted to special care unit and those managed in postnatal ward, showing a decline which was significant except for the number of exchange transfusions performed. The number of term babies with serum bilirubin >15 mg/dl and preterm babies with serum bilirubin > 10 mg/dl also declined significantly without prophylactic phototherapy or pharmacotherapy.
Diagnosis of HIV Infection
Authors: Balint G A
Published: July 2017

AIDS is the clinical manifestation of cellular immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection. A characteristic feature of HIV-infection is the lifelong coexistence of HIV and antibodies against it in the blood. The routine diagnosis of HIV-positivity is based mainly on HIV-antibody screening by ELISA and confirmation by Western blotting. Improvements in diagnostic sensitivity are expected from the introduction of HIV-genome detection by polymerase chain reaction technique.
The Social Character of Children's Television Viewing
Authors: Frazer Charles F.
Published: July 2017

This study considers some social dimensions of children's television viewing. Review of the literature shows a paucity of data on the subject and a tendency to focus research attention on television rather than children. This study is grounded on symbolic interactionist principles and utilizes naturalistic observation in data collection. Specimens of viewing behavior are offered and an argument for sociologically grounded investigation is made.
Perceptual Veridicality in Esthetic Communication: A Model, General Procedure, and Illustration
Authors: Holbrook Morris B. , Bertges Stephen A.
Published: July 2017

The validity of much artistic criticism rests upon two crucial assumptions about the nature of esthetic communication. The first (Hypothesis H1) holds that objective esthetic features are accurately perceived by audience members. The second (Hypothesis H2) asserts that such perceptual veridicality does not depend upon one's degree of education or training, so that critics and audience members tend to share cognitive responses t o artistic messages and offerings. However, the empirical verification of H1 and H2 has received little attention. Indeed suitable models and methods for addressing these issues cppear to be missing. Accordingly. this article proposes a model of perceptual veridicality in esthetic communication. describes a procedure for assessing perceptual accuracy. and illustrates this approach in a study of perceptual responses to stylistic aspects of classical piano performances. Specifically. a keyboard piece by Bach is played in all 16 possible combinations of variations in 4 stylistic features: tempo, rhythm, dynamics, and phrasing. Subjects' adjectival ratings of these performances are factor analyzed into a reduced set of perceptual indices that are then submitted to multiple discriminant analysis to obtain a multidimensional perceptual space. The correlational fits of this perceptual space to the objective stylistic features support the hypotheses by indicating high overall perceptual veridicality (H1) and equivalent accuracy for expert and naive subjects (H2).
Enterocystoma of the head and neck
Authors: Crawley Donald E. , Miller Robert H.
Published: July 2017

Enterocystomas of the head and neck are exceedingly rare lesions; only 21 cases have been reported previously. We describe a case of a newborn infant with an enterocystoma of the anterior tongue. All of the previously reported cases and the three theories of embryogenesis are reviewed. Diagnostic evaluation includes computerized axial tomography and radioiodine thyroid scan, particularly if the tongue is involved. Complete surgical excision is the only appropriate therapy and is curative.
Human tracheal mucin: A preliminary study of physicochemical properties and mucociliary transport
Authors: Wetmore Ralph F. , Brown David T. , Litt Mitchell , Potsic William P.
Published: July 2017

Human tracheal secretions were collected from patients with chronic tracheostomies in the intensive care unit and through an endotracheal tube from pediatric surgical patients under general anesthesia. These secretions were dialyzed, fractionated on an agarose column, and lyophilized to recover the tracheal mucin fraction. Analysis of pooled mucin samples included determination of amino acids, carbohydrates, and sulfates. Intrinsic viscosity, microrheometry, and mucociliary transport studies were also performed. Structural and functional differences between several pools of specimens are cited with an emphasis on possible clinical correlations.
Surgical management of cholesteatoma in an only hearing ear
Authors: Glasscock Michael E. , Johnson Glenn D. , Poe Dennis S.
Published: July 2017

The patient with a cholesteatoma in an only hearing ear presents a management dilemma: how best to treat the patient to minimize the chances of developing a severe hearing loss in that ear. Twelve patients managed surgically for cholesteatoma in their only hearing ear are reviewed. The location and extent of the cholesteatoma, the type of operation performed, and postoperative hearing results are presented. Eleven of the 12 patients maintained their bone‐conducted speech reception threshold to within 5 dB of the preoperative level during follow‐up periods of 2 months to 4 years. Recommendations are made regarding preoperative evaluation, perioperative use of antibiotics and steroids, operative planning, ossicular reconstruction, and postoperative care. Special attention is given to the evaluation and management of the ear that has a fistula eroding into the cochlea and semicircular canals, both when suspected from preoperative imaging studies and when discovered intraoperatively.
Asking the Experts: Engaging Students in Self-Assessment and Goal Setting Through the Use of Portfolios
Authors: Wagner Lyn , Lilly Dana H.
Published: July 2017

In this article, we show what happens when students are asked to tell some of what they know about something on which they are experts—them— selves. In particular, students' views of their own learning and personal literacy goals are shared. The article discusses reasons for engaging students in self assessment and goal setting through the use of portfolios. Recommended strategies and procedures to support both processes are also presented.
‘Locating’ the Irish Diaspora
Authors: Hickman Mary J
Published: July 2017

This article offers an overview of the broad trends in analysis of diaspora and of analyses of the Irish diaspora. Through an assessment of the Ireland/diaspora relationship it argues for the importance of studying the Irish diaspora not only to inform wider diaspora studies and extend the ethnic historiographies which characterise much work on the Irish ‘abroad’ but also for understanding the social and cultural formation of Ireland. A case is made for combining both structural/materialist approaches with a post-modern emphasis on hybridities, differences and identities in the study of the Irish diaspora.
Work and the Diaspora: Locating Irish Workers in the British Labour Market
Authors: O'Connor Henrietta , Goodwin John
Published: July 2017

Irish migrant workers still make a significant contribution to the UK labour force, but this contribution is confined to particular occupation and industry groups. This paper begins with a brief review of the literature on Irish workers employment and an argument is developed that the work of Irish-born people in Britain is still both racialised and gendered. Then, using data from the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), the work experiences of over one thousand Irish-born people in the UK are explored. The findings suggest that Irish-born men and women still work in the stereotyped occupations of the past. For example, most women work in public administration and health while twenty six per cent of men work in construction. The majority of Irish-born men work in manual skilled or unskilled jobs. The paper concludes that there has been no real qualitative change in the way that Irish-born workers experience employment in the UK.
‘The ‘Craic’1 Market’: Irish Theme Bars and the Commodification of Irishness in Contemporary Britain
Authors: McGovern Mark
Published: July 2017

This article analyses the rise of the Irish theme bar in Britain during the last decade as an example of cultural commodification in the context of Late Capitalism. The paper is also designed to examine the form such bars have taken and suggests that this process represents an example of the reification and consumption of an ethnic identity through a system of signification. The article begins by exploring the emergence of a ‘night-time economy’ in the ‘post-industrial city’ as the material context for the commodification of Irishness in the form of the theme bar. It then traces the development and spread of such theme bars from the early 1990s onward. The relationship between the growth of such bars and the advertising campaigns and marketing strategies of a number of major brewing companies will also be viewed. The nature of long-established images of Irish people in general and of the Irish migrant community in Britain in particular will also be discussed as an important context for the symbolic representations of the Irish theme bar. Ultimately the paper will argue that an essentialised conception of an imagined Irish ethnic identity is represented in such theme bars through this pool of pre-existent signs and symbols. In addition, the paper will suggest that such signs and symbols are the means by which cultural practices often closely associated with the Irish migrant community in particular are viewed, commodified and consumed.
Beyond a Black—White Dualism: Racialisation and Racism in the Republic of Ireland and the Irish Diaspora Experience
Authors: Ghaill Mairtin Mac An
Published: July 2017

Race, ethnicity and racism are currently of major significance to Western societies. Recent social and cultural changes, associated with the crisis in modernity, involving global economic restructuring, mass migrations and increasing cultural exchange have highlighted a wide range of processes of social exclusion and marginalisation. These changes have challenged older conceptual frameworks of racism and anti-racism based on a black-white dualism. This paper focuses upon the question of the racialisation of the Irish within the Republic of Ireland and the argument for a specific rather than generalised American-based analysis of racism. This is an under-developed area of Irish sociology that requires a socio-historical perspective. However, the Irish – both in Ireland and as emigrants – have played a central role in the formation of race and racism in early and late modernity. The monocultural Irish state is often elided with the travelling ‘multi-coloured’, Irish people – one of the world's most transnational populations. There is a particular concern here with the experiences of the Irish diaspora in Britain, which may be of value as a conceptual resource, at a time when there is much confusion around the issue of race and politics in the Republic of Ireland. Sociology has a specific role to play in making public space for explanations that produce more inclusive accounts of Ireland and Irishness, as a territorially based national identity is in the process of being re-configured in the South.
A Question of Interpretation: The Politics of an Environmental Dispute at Mullaghmore. Response to Brian McGrath
Authors: Taylor George
Published: July 2017

The Mullaghmore dispute was part of a wider upsurge in environmental concern across Ireland. This reply argues that McGrath fails to examine the changing nature of the environmental arena and suggests that this arena can only be understood by considering the strategies of actors such as the industrial and agricultural policy communities, who have played a critical role in organising new forms of consent on what is an acceptable level of Irish environmental regulation.
(De)constructing Irishness in the 1990s—The Gaelic Athletic Association and Cultural Nationalist Discourse Reconsidered
Authors: Doak Richard
Published: July 2017

Using a constructionist model of nation-ness, this paper argues that given the changes in the balance of class forces in the contemporary Irish Republic, Ireland has been re-imagined as a normal, modern, metropolitan nation-state. These discursive constructions require their backward and ‘traditional‘ other; the GAA is regularly invoked as a signifier of such traditionalism. In the representational struggle between tradition and modernity, cultural nationalism is seriously misread and scapegoated. In order to facilitate a re-reading, the paper advocates a theoretical intervention involving a critical postmodernism which can deconstruct, and ultimately move beyond, the disabling binary oppositionalism which permeates these contestations.
Framing Processes and the Celtic Television Campaigns
Authors: Hourigan Niamh
Published: July 2017

Speakers of Welsh, Irish and Scots Gaelic have expressed a demand for television services in their respective languages since the mid-sixties. This demand however, has manifested itself in very different forms in each linguistic community. In this article, frame alignment, the newest strand of social movement analysis developed by advocates of resource mobilization, is used to account for these differences. The tactical repertoires which the collective actors established to achieve their demands are compared and the frames which each campaign group drew on to contextualize their campaigns are examined. The analysis suggests is that a similarity in the framing process can help to account for the congruence in tactics between the Welsh and Irish campaign groups in the early stages of the Irish campaign.
Reflexive Modernization and Systematically Distorted Communications: An Analysis of an Environmental Protection Agency Hearing
Authors: Keohane Kieran
Published: July 2017

This paper critically examines oral hearings conducted by the Irish state Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on proposed industrial developments in Clare and Limerick. Data comes from participant observation at two hearings, and documentary analysis of submissions. The hypothesis that the oral hearing can be formulated as an example of ‘reflexive modernization’ (as in Beck) is tested against the standard of ideal speech preferred by Habermas. The evidence suggests that the institution of the EPA Public Hearing is best understood as an instance of systematically distorted communication.
Thermal buckling analysis of double-walled carbon nanotubes considering the small-scale length effect
Authors: Arani A Ghorbanpour , Mohammadimehr M , Saidi A R , Shogaei S , Arefmanesh A
Published: July 2017

In this article, the buckling analysis of a double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) subjected to a uniform internal pressure in a thermal field is investigated. The effects of the temperature change, the surrounding elastic medium based on the Winkler model, and the van der Waals forces between the inner and the outer tubes are considered using the continuum cylindrical shell model. The small-length scale effect is also included in the present formulation. The results show that there is a unique buckling mode corresponding to each critical buckling load. Moreover, it is shown that the non-local critical buckling load is lower than the local critical buckling load. It is concluded that, at low temperatures, the critical buckling load for the infinitesimal buckling of a DWCNT increases as the magnitude of temperature change increases whereas at high temperatures, the critical buckling load decreases with the increasing of the temperature.