bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of PCs, Smartphones, and Tablets in a Probability-Based Panel Survey
Authors: Lugtig Peter , Toepoel Vera
Published: February 2015

Respondents in an Internet panel survey can often choose which device they use to complete questionnaires: a traditional PC, laptop, tablet computer, or a smartphone. Because all these devices have different screen sizes and modes of data entry, measurement errors may differ between devices. Using data from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Study for the Social sciences panel, we evaluate which devices respondents use over time. We study the measurement error associated with each device and show that measurement errors are larger on tablets and smartphone than on PCs. To gain insight into the causes of these differences, we study changes in measurement error over time, associated with a switch of devices over two consecutive waves of the panel. We show that within individuals, measurement errors do not change with a switch in device. Therefore, we conclude that the higher measurement error in tablets and smartphones is associated with self-selection of the sample into using a particular device.
Households’ responses to spousal job loss: ‘all change’ or ‘carry on as usual’?
Authors: Gush Karon , Scott James , Laurie Heather
Published: February 2015

Economic theory suggests that when a primary earner within a couple loses their job, one potential response is for the secondary earner to seek additional paid work to bolster their household finances. The empirical quantitative evidence regarding any such ‘added worker effect’ is mixed, and, to investigate why this might be, the article explores processes behind couples’ responses to job loss. Drawing on in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with a purposive sample selected from the Understanding Society Innovation Panel, the analysis examines: (a) anticipation surrounding job loss and job search responses; (b) the extent to which couples adopt long- or short-term labour market perspectives; and (c) whether couples seek to preserve their established division of paid and unpaid labour or re-configure their joint labour supply. Findings indicate that the use of additional spousal labour is only one response among many alternatives and it is typically invoked in cases of serious financial hardship.
Youth Bulge
Authors: Gaan Narottam
Published: February 2015

With the end of Cold War the relative dominance of the military–political notion of security plummeted reflecting the widespread recognition of the sources of security being diversified away from the centre stage, that is, the state. In recent years what have catapulted into the centre stage of both policy and strategic thinking are the environmental apocalypse, poverty, economic decline and other social crisis of identity, drug and human trafficking and politics of racism, minority, human rights and feminist indignation and population age structure brushing aside the political–military construct of security hovered around state and its apparatus to the fringe. Out of all these non-traditional security threats population age structure stands preeminent in view of its impact on stability and liberal democratic character of a state. The very word people is no longer a homogenous term. If the number of youths of a particular age group surpasses the other age groups in a nation it has serious implications on its security, and political stability. This is termed as ‘youth bulge’ which can turn into violence and civil war in case of failure of the state in providing them jobs, education and economic sustenance. This article explains how youth bulge in Afghanistan can greatly affect its transition to liberal democracy in the context of American withdrawal from Afghanistan and failure of the government to address the socio-economic challenges the people face in the society. When state fails as a constitutional and institutional device to meet all these challenges, slipping into the hands of Taliban which provides better economic prospects can become a fait accompli. Then the devil is easily identified in the demography. The stranglehold of America on Taliban seems to be waning with its decision to withdraw and involvement of Taliban in the peace talk. This will aggravate the situation further in Afghanistan as its youth bulge is very much disenchanted with the existing socio-economic landscape casting a shadow over its stability and transition to democracy.
Rethinking Virtuality and Its Impact on Teams
Authors: Foster Mary K. , Abbey Augustus , Callow Michael A. , Zu Xingxing , Wilbon Anthony D.
Published: February 2015

We propose an extension of the Hollenbeck, Beersma, and Schouten team context model to include a fourth dimension: virtuality—the distance between team members. Based on an analysis of 29 unique approaches to conceptualizing virtuality and a critical comparison of these approaches with the Hollenbeck et al. framework, we recommend that virtuality be measured, along with skill differentiation, authority differentiation, and temporal stability when conducting team research. We conclude that the addition of this redefined construct, virtuality, is warranted based on the following: (a) its uniqueness versus the other dimensions, (b) its impact on team outcomes, and (c) the moderating or interaction effects between virtuality and the other contextual dimensions.
Leadership in the Product Development Process
Authors: McLoone Hugh E.
Published: February 2015

Creativity can be viewed as a chaotic or unplanned activity. The product design process often may seem like chaos as well, but this is not inevitable. Designers and human factors/ergonomics (HF/E) professionals follow a clear design process with phases, levels, and methods for creation of successful new products. Research methods are offered at the right time during this process to generate new concepts and to evaluate designs. We work together to create innovative, valued, and successful products via a generative, iterative, evaluative process.
How Media Scholars’ Attributes Affect Their Ratings of Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly
Authors: Ha Louisa , Yang Chen , Fang Ling , Zhang Tao , Chattopadhyay Dhiman , Wang Fang
Published: February 2015

This article examines how media scholars’ attributes affect ratings of Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ), based on the 2014 JMCQ readership survey. It compares the impacts of these attributes on five different types of subjective journal ratings. For instance, importance of journal impact factor in the respondent’s institution only affects the rating of the journal’s standing in the field. Attributes such as use and knowledge of the journal, research recognition received in the field, doctoral institution affiliation, and ethnicity consistently predict the rating of the journal’s standing in the field, overall ratings, and relevance to the respondents; but other attributes predict the ratings of the journal in serving the association members well and author-friendliness.
The romance of work: Gender and aspirational labour in the digital culture industries
Authors: Duffy Brooke Erin
Published: February 2015

Despite widespread interest in the changing technologies, economies and politics of creative labour, much of the recent cultural production scholarship overlooks the social positioning of gender. This article draws upon in-depth interviews with 18 participants in highly feminized sites of digital cultural production (e.g. fashion, beauty and retail) to examine how they articulate and derive value from their passionate activities. I argue that the discourses of authenticity, community building and brand devotion that they draw on are symptomatic of a highly gendered, forward-looking and entrepreneurial enactment of creativity that I term ‘aspirational labour’. Aspirational labourers pursue productive activities that hold the promise of social and economic capital; yet the reward system for these aspirants is highly uneven. Indeed, while a select few may realize their professional goals – namely to get paid doing what they love – this worker ideology obscures problematic constructions of gender and class subjectivities.
Maximum-likelihood methods for meta-analysis: A tutorial using R
Authors: Vevea Jack L. , Coburn Kathleen M.
Published: February 2015

The method of maximum likelihood provides a versatile way to estimate and conduct inference about moderators of effect size in meta-analytic models. The metafor package for the open-source statistical software R offers easy access to this method. We discuss inferential choices that the meta-analyst must make, and advocate the general choice of random-effects methods. We demonstrate the use of the metafor package using data from two meta-analyses that address group processes. These demonstrations illustrate two contrasting approaches to meta-analytic inference: a priori random-effects inference and conditionally random inference. The examples show that these approaches typically lead to the same conclusions when applied correctly.
Being mindful, heartful, and ecological in early years care and education
Authors: Dachyshyn Darcey M
Published: February 2015

We have been in the postmodern turn for some time in early years care and education. As a result, much has been said and written about what policies, theories, and practices we no longer wish to see govern us. However, alternative ways of being in the world with young children still are reticent to take hold. Proposed here is a turn East, a turn inward, and a return to our roots for wisdom to guide, inspire, and challenge us. Moment to moment living and being with self, others, and the Earth in deep humility, compassion, and empathy is explored as a pedagogical alternative to the doing ways of conventional early childhood practice.
Assemblages of desire: Infants, bear caves and belonging in early childhood education and care
Authors: Stratigos Tina
Published: February 2015

Belonging is emerging as an important concept in contemporary early childhood curricula, and calls have recently been made for belonging to be critically interrogated and further theorized. This article explores how belonging was operating for an infant in Australian family day care by looking at an episode that took place between the infant, a group of older children and the educator. The concepts of assemblage and desire from Deleuze and Guattari are used to problematize the episode and see something new. The complex and unresolved nature of belonging and infants’ roles and capacities within the politics of belonging are discussed. The paper attempts to stretch our thinking about how belonging operates for infants and the possibilities for theorizing belonging in early childhood education and care.
How Grassroots Groups Lose Political Imagination
Authors: Blee Kathleen
Published: February 2015

New activist groups brim with big ideas, but the decisions they make quickly constrain which actions and activities are seen as possible.
Discrimination and Dress Codes in Urban Nightlife
Authors: May Reuben A. Buford
Published: February 2015

The “velvet rope racism” of nightclubs means celebrating Black music while keeping young Black men off the guest list.
Expanding the History and Range of Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Maxwell Joseph A.
Published: February 2015

Presentations of the history and range of mixed methods research presented in textbooks, handbooks, and journal articles have typically ignored a great deal of earlier and contemporary research that integrated qualitative and quantitative approaches, but did not explicitly identify itself as “mixed methods.” This article reviews earlier research, in both the natural and social sciences, that clearly integrated qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods, and discusses some contemporary research traditions that use such integration without labeling this “mixed methods.” Important implications of these studies and traditions for the conceptualization and conduct of mixed methods research are discussed.
Investigation on the passivated Si/Al2O3 interface fabricated by non-vacuum spatial atomic layer deposition system
Authors: Lien Shui-Yang , Yang Chih-Hsiang , Wu Kuei-Ching , Kung Chung-Yuan
Published: February 2015

Currently, aluminum oxide stacked with silicon nitride (Al2O3/SiNx:H) is a promising rear passivation material for high-efficiency P-type passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC). It has been indicated that atomic layer deposition system (ALD) is much more suitable to prepare high-quality Al2O3 films than plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system and other process techniques. In this study, an ultrafast, non-vacuum spatial ALD with the deposition rate of around 10 nm/min, developed by our group, is hired to deposit Al2O3 films. Upon post-annealing for the Al2O3 films, the unwanted delamination, regarded as blisters, was found by an optical microscope. This may lead to a worse contact within the Si/Al2O3 interface, deteriorating the passivation quality. Thin stoichiometric silicon dioxide films prepared on the Si surface prior to Al2O3 fabrication effectively reduce a considerable amount of blisters. The residual blisters can be further out-gassed when the Al2O3 films are thinned to 8 nm and annealed above 650°C. Eventually, the entire PERC with the improved triple-layer SiO2/Al2O3/SiNx:H stacked passivation film has an obvious gain in open-circuit voltage (V
oc) and short-circuit current (J
sc) because of the increased minority carrier lifetime and internal rear-side reflectance, respectively. The electrical performance of the optimized PERC with the V
oc of 0.647 V, J
sc of 38.2 mA/cm2, fill factor of 0.776, and the efficiency of 19.18% can be achieved.
Demand response visualization tool for electric power systems
Authors: Negnevitsky Michael , Wong Koon
Published: February 2015

Background

Demand response (DR) is referred to programs designed to manage and control electric loads. DR represents one of the vital tools utilized in power distribution networks to improve network efficiency. Effective implementation of DR programs delivers operational benefits such as reduced peak demands and relieved overloads, which are essential in a power system with growing penetration of fundamentally intermittent renewable energy sources.

Methods

This paper presents a visualization tool for optimising DR programs for domestic hot water systems in distribution power networks. The tool accurately models and predicts potential peak demand reductions through direct load control of domestic hot water systems. It employs a multi-layer thermally stratified hot water cylinder model and Monte Carlo simulations to generate hot water load profiles of domestic customers. To meet peak reduction targets set by the tool user, switching programs found via iterative optimizations are applied to hot water systems.

Results

The structure and individual components of the tool are described, and case studies are presented. Impacts of different switching programs on customer’s comfort are evaluated and discussed.

Conclusion

The visualization tool is designed to recommend optimum DR switching programs for domestic water heating systems. The tool can assess the performance of a DR switching program by estimating potential peak load reductions and customer comfort characterized by the probability of cold showers. A power system operator can use this tool to determine the available domestic water heating load in a controlled area, and predict the potential reduction in peak load.
Charge transfer between photosynthetic proteins and hematite in bio-hybrid photoelectrodes for solar water splitting cells
Authors: Faccio Greta , Gajda-Schrantz Krisztina , Ihssen Julian , Boudoire Florent , Hu Yelin , Mun Bongjin Simon , Bora Debajeet K , Thöny-Meyer Linda , Braun Artur
Published: February 2015

Functionalization of the hematite photoanode with the photosynthetic light antenna protein C-phycocyanin (PC) can yield substantial enhancement of the photocurrent density. Photoelectrochemical cells with bio-hybrid electrodes from photosynthetic proteins and inorganic semiconductors have thus potential for the use in artificial photosynthesis. We investigate here processing routes for the functionalization of hematite photoanodes with PC, including in situ co-polymerization of PC with enzymatically-produced melanin, and using a recombinant PC genetically engineered to carry a hexa-histidine tag (αHisPC). First, the effect of the immobilisation of PC on the electrode morphology and photocurrent production is evaluated. Then, the electronic charge transfer in dark and light conditions is assessed with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and valence band (VB) X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The relative shift of the VB spectrum towards the Fermi energy EF upon illumination is smaller for the more complex processed coating and virtually disappears for αHisPC immobilised with a melanin film. Optimal conditions for protein immobilisation are determined and the dark currents benefit most from the most advanced protein coating processes.
Development of microfluidic LED sensor platform
Authors: Kim Tae Hyeon , Lee Jong Min , Chung Bong Hyun , Chung Bong Geun
Published: February 2015

We developed the microfluidic light emitting diode (LED) sensor for methanol detection. The linear gradient-generating microfluidic device consists of two inlet and four outlet microchannels. The concentration gradients of methanol were stably generated in the microfluidic platform in a temporal and spatial manner. The methanol harvested from microfluidic platforms was analyzed by measuring electrical conductivity, showing that currents were decreased with the methanol content. The methanol in the microfluidic device was also observed by LED sensor. Therefore, this microfluidic LED device could be a powerful platform for methanol sensor applications.
Landslide hazard zonation mapping using frequency ratio and fuzzy logic approach, a case study of Lachung Valley, Sikkim
Authors: Anbalagan Rathinam , Kumar Rohan , Lakshmanan Kalamegam , Parida Sujata , Neethu Sasidharan
Published: February 2015

Background

Sikkim Himalaya is under consistent distress due to landslides. Abrupt thrust on infrastructure development in the valley regions of Sikkim Himalaya has led to a need for a prior planning to face landslide hazard. A comprehensive study for the identification of landslide hazard zones using landslide frequency ratio and fuzzy logic in GIS environment has been presented for the Lachung valley, Sikkim, India, where a number of hydroelectric projects are proposed.

Temporal remote sensing data was used to generate significant landslide causative factors in addition to landslide inventory. Primary topographic attributes namely slope, aspect and relative relief were derived from digital elevation model. Landslide frequency ratio approach was adopted to correlate landslide causal factors with landslide incidences. Further, fuzzy logic method was used for the integration of landslide causative factors in order to delineate the landslide hazard zones. Fuzzy memberships were derived from the landslide frequency ratio values. Different gamma values were used in fuzzy gamma integration process, which resulted different landslide hazard index maps. Receiver operating characteristic curves were prepared to analyze consistency of the resulting landslide hazard index maps.

Results

Landslide frequency ratio values have emphasised the importance of factors/classes in landsliding. High slope angle (35°-45°), very high slope category (>45°), High and very high relative relief categories; south, southeast and southwest aspects; drainage and lineaments buffer range of 0-50m, 50-100m and 100 to 150m; quartzite/garnet schist and migmatite type of lithology; Sandy loam and Rock/loam classes of soils; fallow land and sparse vegetation classes of land use/land cover were found to be associated with landsliding. Five landslide hazard zonation maps with each comprising five relative landslide hazard zones namely; very low, low, moderate, high and very high hazard zones were prepared by using five fuzzy gamma operators. Maps indicated that steep talus slopes, close proximity to drainages, ridges and spars fall under high hazard zones. Settlement areas were observed in low to moderate hazard zones. Very high hazard zones were observed in steep slopes, cliffs and cut slopes excavated for the roads. Low hazard zones were observed in agricultural terraces and permafrost areas.

Conclusions

Hence it can be concluded that landslide causative factor’s integration using fuzzy logic has yielded good results for Lachung valley. Frequency ratio method for determination of fuzzy membership value has reduced subjectivity in the model. The final LHZ map (γ = 0.92) can be used for the planning of future infrastructure, settlement and ecological development in Lachung region.
Muscle composition is regulated by a Lox-TGFβ feedback loop
Authors: Kutchuk Liora , Laitala Anu , Soueid-Bomgarten Sharon , Shentzer Pessia , Rosendahl Ann-Helen , Eilot Shelly , Grossman Moran , Sagi Irit , Sormunen Raija , Myllyharju Johanna , Mäki Joni M. , Hasson Peleg
Published: February 2015

Muscle is an integrated tissue composed of distinct cell types and extracellular matrix. While much emphasis has been placed on the factors required for the specification of the cells that comprise muscle, little is known about the crosstalk between them that enables the development of a patterned and functional tissue. We find in mice that deletion of lysyl oxidase (Lox), an extracellular enzyme regulating collagen maturation and organization, uncouples the balance between the amount of myofibers and that of muscle connective tissue (MCT). We show that Lox secreted from the myofibers attenuates TGFβ signaling, an inhibitor of myofiber differentiation and promoter of MCT development. We further demonstrate that a TGFβ-Lox feedback loop between the MCT and myofibers maintains the dynamic developmental homeostasis between muscle components while also regulating MCT organization. Our results allow a better understanding of diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in which LOX and TGFβ signaling have been implicated and the balance between muscle constituents is disturbed.
A MEIG1/PACRG complex in the manchette is essential for building the sperm flagella
Authors: Li Wei , Tang Waixing , Teves Maria E. , Zhang Zhengang , Zhang Ling , Li Hongfei , Archer Kellie J. , Peterson Darrell L. , Williams David C. , Strauss Jerome F. , Zhang Zhibing
Published: February 2015

A key event in the process of spermiogenesis is the formation of the flagella, which enables sperm to reach eggs for fertilization. Yeast two-hybrid studies revealed that meiosis-expressed gene 1 (MEIG1) and Parkin co-regulated gene (PACRG) interact, and that sperm-associated antigen 16, which encodes an axoneme central apparatus protein, is also a binding partner of MEIG1. In spermatocytes of wild-type mice, MEIG1 is expressed in the whole germ cell bodies, but the protein migrates to the manchette, a unique structure at the base of elongating spermatid that directs formation of the flagella. In the elongating spermatids of wild-type mice, PACRG colocalizes with α-tubulin, a marker for the manchette, whereas this localization was not changed in the few remaining elongating spermatids of Meig1-deficient mice. In addition, MEIG1 no longer localizes to the manchette in the remaining elongating spermatids of Pacrg-deficient mice, indicating that PACRG recruits MEIG1 to the manchette. PACRG is not stable in mammalian cells, but can be stabilized by MEIG1 or by inhibition of proteasome function. SPAG16L is present in the spermatocyte cytoplasm of wild-type mice, and in the manchette of elongating spermatids, but in the Meig1 or Pacrg-deficient mice, SPAG16L no longer localizes to the manchette. By contrast, MEIG1 and PACRG are still present in the manchette of Spag16L-deficient mice, indicating that SPAG16L is a downstream partner of these two proteins. Together, our studies demonstrate that MEIG1/PACRG forms a complex in the manchette and that this complex is necessary to transport cargos, such as SPAG16L, to build the sperm flagella.
Extramacrochaetae functions in dorsal-ventral patterning ofDrosophilaimaginal discs
Authors: Spratford Carrie M. , Kumar Justin P.
Published: February 2015

One of the seminal events in the history of a tissue is the establishment of the anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral (D/V) and proximal-distal axes. Axis formation is important for the regional specification of a tissue and allows cells along the different axes to obtain directional and positional information. Within the Drosophila retina, D/V axis formation is essential to ensure that each unit eye first adopts the proper chiral form and then rotates precisely 90° in the correct direction. These two steps are important because the photoreceptor array must be correctly aligned with the neurons of the optic lobe. Defects in chirality and/or ommatidial rotation will lead to disorganization of the photoreceptor array, misalignment of retinal and optic lobe neurons, and loss of visual acuity. Loss of the helix-loop-helix protein Extramacrochaetae (Emc) leads to defects in both ommatidial chirality and rotation. Here, we describe a new role for emc in eye development in patterning the D/V axis. We show that the juxtaposition of dorsal and ventral fated tissue in the eye leads to an enrichment of emc expression at the D/V midline. emc expression at the midline can be eliminated when D/V patterning is disrupted and can be induced in situations in which ectopic boundaries are artificially generated. We also show that emc functions downstream of Notch signaling to maintain the expression of four-jointed along the midline.
Endocytic deficiency induced by intersectin-1s knockdown alters the Smad2/3-Erk1/2 signaling balance downstream of Alk5
Authors: Bardita Cristina , Predescu Dan N. , Sha Fei , Patel Monal , Balaji Ganesh , Predescu Sanda A.
Published: February 2015

Recently, we demonstrated in cultured endothelial cells (ECs) and in vivo that intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s) deficiency impairs caveolae and clathrin-mediated endocytosis and functionally upregulates compensatory pathways and their morphological carriers (i.e., enlarged endocytic structures, membranous rings/tubules), underrepresented under normal conditions. We show now that these endocytic structures internalize Alk5, a broadly expressed transforming growth factor beta receptor I (TGFβ–RI), leading to its ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, the apoptotic/activated vascular cells of the ITSN-1s knockdown mice (KD-ITSN) release in the systemic circulation Alk5-bearing microparticles (MPs) able to interact and transfer the Alk5/TGFβ–RI to endocytic-deficient ECs; the interaction results in lung ECs survival and phenotypic alteration toward proliferation in a process involving Erk1/2 activation. We also show that non-productive assembly of Alk5/Smad/SARA (Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation) signaling complex and preferential formation of Alk5/mSos/Grb2 complex account for Erk1/2 activation downstream of Alk5 and proliferation of pulmonary ECs. Altogether, our studies demonstrate a functional relationship between the intercellular transfer of Alk5 via MPs and ECs survival/proliferation and define a novel molecular mechanism for TGFβ/Alk5-dependent Erk1/2MAPK signaling significant for proliferative signaling and abnormal growth.
Reciprocal osmotic challenges reveal mechanisms of divergence in phenotypic plasticity in the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Brennan Reid S. , Galvez Fernando , Whitehead Andrew
Published: February 2015

The killifish Fundulus heteroclitus is an estuarine species with broad physiological plasticity enabling acclimation to diverse stressors. Previous work suggests freshwater populations expanded their physiology to accommodate low salinity environments, however, it is unknown if this compromises their tolerance to high salinity. We employed a comparative approach to investigate the mechanisms of a derived freshwater phenotype and the fate of an ancestral euryhaline phenotype after invasion of a freshwater environment. We compared physiological and transcriptomic responses to high and low salinity stress in fresh and brackish water populations and found an enhanced plasticity to low salinity in the freshwater population coupled with a reduced ability to acclimate to high salinity. Transcriptomic data identified genes with a conserved common response, a conserved salinity dependent response, and responses associated with population divergence. Conserved common acclimation responses revealed stress responses and alterations in cell-cycle regulation as important mechanisms in the general osmotic response. Salinity-specific responses included the regulation of genes involved in ion transport, intracellular calcium, energetic processes, and cellular remodeling. Genes diverged between populations were primarily those showing salinity-specific expression and included those regulating polyamine homeostasis and cell cycle. Additionally, when populations were matched with their native salinity, expression patterns were consistent with the concept of “transcriptomic resilience,” suggesting local adaptation. These findings provide insight into the fate of a plastic phenotype after a shift in environmental salinity and help to reveal mechanisms allowing for euryhalinity.
Distinct physiological strategies are used to cope with constant hypoxia and intermittent hypoxia in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)
Authors: Borowiec Brittney G. , Darcy Kimberly L. , Gillette Danielle M. , Scott Graham R.
Published: February 2015

Many fish encounter hypoxia on a daily cycle, but the physiological effects of intermittent hypoxia are poorly understood. We investigated whether acclimation to constant (sustained) hypoxia or to intermittent diel cycles of nocturnal hypoxia (12 h normoxia: 12 h hypoxia) had distinct effects on hypoxia tolerance or on several determinants of O2 transport and O2 utilization in estuarine killifish. Adult killifish were acclimated to normoxia, constant hypoxia, or intermittent hypoxia for 7 or 28 days in brackish water (4 ppt). Acclimation to both hypoxia patterns led to comparable reductions in critical O2 tension and resting O2 consumption rate, but only constant hypoxia reduced the O2 tension at loss of equilibrium. Constant (but not intermittent) hypoxia decreased filament length and the proportion of seawater-type mitochondrion-rich cells in the gills (which may reduce ion loss and the associated costs of active ion uptake), increased blood haemoglobin content, and reduced the abundance of oxidative fibres in the swimming muscle. In contrast, only intermittent hypoxia augmented the oxidative and gluconeogenic enzyme activities in the liver and increased the capillarity of glycolytic muscle, each of which should facilitate recovery between hypoxia bouts. Neither exposure pattern affected muscle myoglobin content or the activities of metabolic enzymes in the brain or heart, but intermittent hypoxia increased brain mass. We conclude that the pattern of hypoxia exposure has an important influence on the mechanisms of acclimation, and that the optimal strategies used to cope with intermittent hypoxia may be distinct from those for coping with constant hypoxia.
Preparation of Poly(1,2-dihydroxyethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)s as Polymer Homologues of Methanol/Ethanol
Authors: Suzuki Mikio , Takahashi Akio , Oyama Toshiyuki
Published: February 2015

Poly(1,2-dihydroxyethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)s (P(DHE-VA)s) as polymer homologues of methanol/ethanol mixtures were prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of poly(vinylene carbonate-co-vinyl acetate)s. The obtained P(DHE-VA)s were soluble in water reflecting their repeating structures. P(DHE-VA)s were found to show higher thermal stability than poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Membranes composed of P(DHE-VA)s and phosphoric acid exhibited higher ionic conductivity than PVA/phosphoric acid under unhumidified condition, reflecting denser OH groups on the main chains of P(DHE-VA)s.
Comprehensive monitoring as a factor to ensure the quality of additional professional education
Authors: ������������  , Rastashanskaya Tatyana , ���������  , Mansurova Svetlana
Published: February 2015

The article considers approaches to assessing the quality of additional professional programs (APP), including in the framework of the concepts of effectiveness

and relevance. The problem of timely software update and confirmation of their quality is considered from the standpoint of modern legislation

in the field of continuing professional education (CPE). Quality education is presented as a key feature of the system of additional professional education.

the validity of introducing the concept of "comprehensive monitoring" is displayed, internal and external factors of CPE /APP quality are revealed. Components

of quality management: compliance with APP regulations and needs of students and employers; qualified teachers, quality of APP, teaching

materials and facilities allowing to implement innovative technologies and learning path; quality and management efficiency. additional professional

education portal is analyzed From the point of view of new approaches to the creation of a modern APP bank. the importance of the institutional model

of CPE quality assurance is Substantiated.
Research potential of schoolchildren in terms of universal educational activities
Authors: ���������  , Makotrova Galina
Published: February 2015

The author considers the use of universal educational activities stipulated in new State Educational Standard for high school classes as a didactic field of

modelling innovative technologies of inquiry-based learning of high school students. Correlation of universal educational activities (UEA) with separate

indicators of schoolchildren�s research potential enables a teacher to plan, to conduct and to measure its development precisely. In terms of UEA indicators

of schoolchildren�s motivation to research (cognition) are considered as individual learning outcomes, indicators of their scientific way of thinking,

creativity and technological readiness for research � as meta-objective learning outcomes.
Exploring Trade-offs in the Organization of Scientific Work: Collaboration and Scientific Reward
Authors: Bikard Michaël , Murray Fiona , Gans Joshua S.
Published: February 2015

When do scientists and other innovators organize into collaborative teams, and why do they do so for some projects and not others? At the core of this important organizational choice is, we argue, a trade-off scientists make between the productive efficiency of collaboration and the credit allocation that arises after the completion of collaborative work. In this paper, we explore this trade-off by developing a model to structure our understanding of the factors shaping researcher collaborative choices, in particular the implicit allocation of credit among participants in scientific projects. We then use the annual research activity of 661 faculty scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology over a 31-year period to explore the trade-off between collaboration and reward at the individual faculty level and to infer critical parameters in the collaborative organization of scientific work.

This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Priority Allocation in a Rental Model with Decreasing Demand
Authors: Jain Apurva , Moinzadeh Kamran , Dumrongsiri Aussadavut
Published: February 2015

We analyze a model of rental and return process where limited inventory of a product is rented to two customer classes that differ in their return behavior and penalty costs. The rental demand is a decreasing function of time. We consider two cases: where a demand that is not met is lost and where an unmet demand returns. We show that to minimize penalty cost, the optimal allocation policy may give priority to different classes at different points in time and may decline lower-class demand for some time. Computational results show the benefit of the optimal allocation policy over a priority scheme reportedly used in practice.
Optimizing Reorder Intervals for Two-Echelon Distribution Systems with Stochastic Demand
Authors: Shang Kevin H. , Tao Zhijie , Zhou Sean X.
Published: February 2015

We consider a periodic-review inventory system in which N non-identical retailers replenish from a warehouse, which further replenishes from an outside vendor with ample supply. Each facility faces Poisson demand and replenishes according to a base-stock policy in a fixed time interval. Fixed costs are incurred for placing an order. The warehouse fills the retailers’ orders in the same sequence as the occurrence of the demand at the retailers. The objective is to minimize the average system cost per period. This paper develops an evaluation scheme and provides a method to obtain the optimal base-stock levels and reorder intervals. Specifically, with fixed reorder intervals, we show that the optimal base-stock levels can be obtained by generalizing the result in the literature. To find the optimal reorder intervals, we first allocate the total system cost to each facility and then construct a lower bound to the allocated facility cost. These lower bound functions, which are separable functions of reorder intervals, can be used to derive bounds for the optimal reorder intervals. The key to tightening the bounds is to obtain a near-optimal total cost. Thus, we propose a simple heuristic that modifies the algorithm that solves the deterministic counterpart. The results of numerical studies suggest that the optimal reorder intervals tend to satisfy integer-ratio relationships and that the suggested heuristic can generate effective integer-ratio policies for large systems.
Energy-Efficient Urban Traffic Management: A Microscopic Simulation-Based Approach
Authors: Osorio Carolina , Nanduri Kanchana
Published: February 2015

Microscopic urban traffic simulators embed the most detailed traveler behavior and network supply models. These simulators represent individual vehicles and can therefore account for vehicle-specific technologies. They can be coupled with instantaneous fuel consumption models to yield detailed network-wide fuel consumption estimates. Nonetheless, there is currently a lack of computationally efficient optimization techniques that enable the use of these complex integrated models to design sustainable transportation strategies.

This paper proposes a methodology that combines a stochastic microscopic traffic simulation model with an instantaneous vehicular fuel consumption model. The combined models are embedded within a simulation-based optimization algorithm and used to address a signal control problem that accounts for both travel times and fuel consumption. The proposed technique couples detailed, stochastic, and computationally inefficient models, yet is an efficient optimization technique. Efficiency is achieved by combining simulated observations with analytical approximations of both travel time and fuel consumption.

This methodology is applied to a network in the Swiss city of Lausanne. Within a tight computational budget, the proposed method identifies signal plans with improved travel time and fuel consumption metrics. It outperforms traditional methodologies, which use only simulated information or only analytical information. The case study illustrates the added value of combining simulated and analytical information when performance metrics with high variance, such as fuel consumption, are used. This method enables the use of disaggregate instantaneous vehicle-specific information to inform and improve traffic operations at the network-scale.
Accountability for Resources and Outcomes: An Introduction
Authors: Darling-Hammond Linda , Snyder Jon
Published: February 2015

This special issue furthers the conversation begun in the August 2014 of edition of Education Policy Analysis Archives in the article Accountability for College and Career Readiness: Developing a New Paradigm by Linda Darling-Hammond, Gene Wilhoit, and Linda Pittenger. That paper posits that as schools across the country take on the challenge of preparing all children for success in college, career, and life, states must in turn move toward creating more aligned systems of assessment and accountability. The authors recommend, “an accountability approach that focuses on meaningful learning, enabled by professionally skilled and committed educators, and supported by adequate and appropriate resources, so that all students regardless of background are prepared for both college and career when they graduate from high school” (p. 1). In this, the third of three focused volumes of EPAA, we hope to further that discussion and debate by focusing, one issue at a time, on each of the three elements of a truly responsible accountability system: 1) meaningful learning, 2) professional capacity and accountability, and 3) equitable and wisely used resources.
Root-n Consistent Kernel Density Estimation in Practice
Authors: Henderson Daniel J. , Parmeter Christopher F.
Published: February 2015

This paper details implementation of the recently proposed root-
A linear model for estimating optimal service error fraction in volleyball
Authors: Burton Tristan , Powers Scott
Published: February 2015

Volleyball coaches are frequently forced to address the question of athlete service errors as a part of their overall service strategy. This is usually done in an ad hoc fashion with an arbitrarily selected maximum allowable service error fraction or maximum allowable service error-to-ace ratio. In this article, an analysis of service outcomes leads to a mathematical expression for the point-scoring fraction in terms of service ace fraction, service error fraction, and opponent modified sideout fraction. These parameters are assumed to be monotonic functions of an athlete or team’s serving aggressiveness and a linear model for the service error-to-ace ratio is used to close the point-scoring optimization problem. The model provides estimates of the optimal service error fraction for individual athletes based on their service ace fraction and the opponent modified sideout fraction against the server overall and also when restricted to only serves that led to perfect passes. Case studies of the Bay to Bay 17 Black Boys’ USAV Juniors team and the Brigham Young University Men’s NCAA Division I team are used to demonstrate the application of the model and standard errors for the predicted optimal service error fractions are calculated with bootstrap resampling.
Organic food consumption by athletes in Lithuania
Authors: Baranauskas Marius , Stukas Rimantas , Tubelis Linas , Žagminas Kęstutis , Šurkienė Genė , Dobrovolskij Valerij , Jakubauskienė Marija , Giedraitis Vincentas Rolandas
Published: February 2015

Background: With environmental pollution
increasing, interest in organic farming and organic foodstuffs
has been growing all over the world. Data on organic
food consumption by Lithuanian athletes is not yet available.
This lack of data determined the aim of this study: to
identify the particulars of organic foodstuff consumption
among athletes.

Methods: In September–November 2012, we polled 158 of
the best-performing athletes of the Olympic sports team
through direct interviews. An approved questionnaire
was used to identify the specifics of organic foodstuff consumption
among athletes.

Results: The survey results showed that 97% of athletes
consume organic foodstuffs, and 80% of athletes highlighted
the positive impact of organic food on health.
Nevertheless, a slim majority of athletes (51.7%) consume
organic foodstuffs seldomly, 2–3 times per week. The range
of organic foodstuffs consumed depends on the gender of
athletes, and the consumption of some products depends
on monthly incomes.

Conclusions: Survey results confirm the need for the production
and expansion of the variety of organic foodstuffs.
In the course of the development of the organic food
market, it should be beneficial for manufacturers to target
high-performance athletes and physically active people.
Effects of hypothermia on skeletal ischemia
reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Ekinci Şafak , Kaldırım Ümit , Akyıldız Faruk , Bilgiç Serkan , Koca Kenan , Poyrazoğlu Yavuz , Uysal Ozgür Selim , Turğut Hasan , Türkkan Selim , Erşen Ömer , Topal Turgut , Ozkan Huseyin
Published: February 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate
the effect of hypothermia (H) on skeletal ischemia-reperfusion
(IR) injury in rats by measuring malondialdehyde
(MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase
(GSH-Px), nitric oxide (NO), and interleukin-1 beta
(IL-1β) in muscle, and measureing immunohistochemical-
inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) staining of skeletal
muscle.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen Wistar Albino rats were
divided randomly into three groups (sham, IR, hypothermia)
(n=6). The sham group had all procedures without
the IR period. The lower right extremity of rats in the IR
and hypothermia groups was subjected to 2 hours of ischemia
and 22 hours of reperfusion by applying a clamp on
the common iliac artery and a rubber-band at the level of
the lesser trochanter under general anesthesia. Rats in the
hypothermia group underwent 4 hours of hypothermia
during the first four hours of reperfusion in addition to a
2-hour ischemia and 22-hour reperfusion period. All rats were sacrificed at end of the IR period using a high dose of
anesthesia. The tibialis anterior muscles were preserved.
Immunohistochemical iNOS staining was performed, and
MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, NO, and IL-1β were measured in the
muscle.

Results: The level of MDA, NO, and IL-1β in muscle was
increased in the IR group compared with that in the sham
group, but these parameters were decreased in the hypothermia
group compared with the IR group. The activities
of SOD and GSH-Px in muscle were decreased in the IR
group; however, these parameters were increased in the
hypothermia group. The score and intensity of iNOS staining
of skeletal muscle was dens in IR group, mild in hypothermia
group, and weak in sham group.

Conclusion: The present study has shown that hypothermia
reduced IR injury in the skeletal muscle by decreasing
the levels of MDA, NO, and IL-1β, and increasing the
activities of SOD and GSH-Px. In addition, hypothermia
attenuated the score and intensity of iNOS staining.
Die Vielteilchen-T-Matrix und ihre Anwendung in der Theorie realer Gase von mittlerer Dichte /
Authors: Baerwinkel K .
Published: February 2015

The improved Landau equation governing nonequilibrium behaviour of quantum gases of moderate density is shown to yield the exact second virial coefficient B(T). After simplifying the collisional operator the linearized stress tensor is evaluated to give the lowest order virial correction to the shear viscosity.