bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating Air Particulate Matter Using MODIS Data and Analyzing Its Spatial and Temporal Pattern over the Yangtze Delta Region
Authors: Xu Jianhui , Jiang Hong , Xiao Zhongyong , Wang Bin , Wu Jian , Lv Xin
Published: September 2016

The deteriorating air quality in the Yangtze delta region is attracting growing public concern. In this paper, seasonal estimation models of the surface particulate matter (PM) were established by using aerosol optical thickness (AOT) retrievals from the moderate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer (MODIS) on board NASA’s Terra satellite. The change of the regional distribution of the atmospheric mixed layer, relative humidity and meteorological elements have been taken into account in these models. We also used PM mass concentrations of ground measurements to evaluate the estimation accuracy of those models. The results show that model estimation of PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations were in good agreement with the ground-based observation of PM mass concentrations (p < 0.01, the R2 value of the PM2.5 concentrations experimental model for four seasons are 0.48, 0.62, 0.61 and 0.52 respectively. The R2 value of PM10 concentrations experimental model for four seasons are 0.57, 0.56, 0.64 and 0.68 respectively). At the same time, spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations were analysed over the Yangtze delta region from 2000 to 2013. The results show that PM2.5 and PM10 show a trend of increase in the Yangtze delta region from 2000 to 2013 and change periodically. The maximum mass concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 was in January–February, and the minimum was in July–August. The highest values of PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration are in the region of urban agglomeration which is grouped to a delta-shaped region by Shanghai, Hangzhou and Nanjing, while the low values are in the forest far away from the city. PM mass concentration over main cities and rural areas increased gradually year by year, and were increasing more quickly in urban areas than in rural areas.
Changes in Cropland Status and Their Driving Factors in the Koshi River Basin of the Central Himalayas, Nepal
Authors: Paudel Basanta , Gao Jungang , Zhang Yili , Wu Xue , Li Shicheng , Yan Jianzhong
Published: September 2016

In recent decades, human activities have significantly transformed land use and land cover (LULC) and the environment of the Central Himalayas region. LULC is a major component of environmental and climatic research. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in cropland status and its drivers in the Koshi River Basin (KRB) of the Central Himalayas region of Nepal between 1978 and 2010. The cropland status in 1978 was obtained from the Land Resources Mapping Project (LRMP) datasets. The cropland status in 1992 and 2010 was determined on the basis of satellite imagery, with an object-oriented classification method, together with field investigations. Advanced geographical tools were used for data processing and binary logistic regression models were used for the statistical analysis of potential driving factors of cropland change. A noticeable overall change in cropland area was found, with rapid increases from 1978 onward at differing rates and to different extents. The cropland area covered 7165 km2 in 1978. It peaked at 7867.49 km2 in 1992, and had reduced slightly (by 90 km2) to 7776.66 km2 by 2010. The change in cropland area was mainly related to four potential driving factors: topography (elevation, slope, and soil types), socioeconomics (population and foreign labor migration), climate (annual mean temperature and precipitation), and neighborhood factors (roads, rivers, and settlements). However, the effects of the different variables have occurred over various stages and at different rates. An understanding of long-term changes in cropland status in the KRB would be useful, and this could be extended to spatial reconstructions with the help of historical data, including cropland and climatic archives.
Research on the Synergy Degree of Aboveground and Underground Space along Urban Rail Transit from the Perspective of Urban Sustainable Development
Authors: Chen Zhilong , Su Lichang , Zhang Cheng
Published: September 2016

Aboveground and underground spaces along the urban rail transit (AUSURT) are integral parts of the urban space. Collaborative planning of AUSURT can help to improve the efficiency of urban space use and boost urban sustainable development (USD). This paper attempts to conduct a study of the synergetic degree of AUSURT on the spatial level. From the perspective of USD, a synergy system of AUSURT is created firstly, which consists of four sub-systems: land use, traffic condition, population effect and underground space. Then, taking the Phase-I Project of Shenzhen Rail Transit as the example, this paper uses a sequential synergy degree model to calculate the order degrees of the sub-systems in 1999, 2005 and 2015. The system’s synergy degrees from 1999 to 2005, from 1999 to 2015 and from 2005 to 2015 are obtained next. The study shows that the order degrees of the sub-systems increase at varying speeds, and all develop to an ordered state, while the system’s synergy degree rises to 0.505 in 2015 from 0.179 in 2005, which will boost USD. Above all, the results of the study can reflect the laws of the synergetic evolution of AUSURT, providing scientific judgment and rational decision-making references for the collaborative planning.
Extended FMEA for Sustainable Manufacturing: An Empirical Study in the Non-Woven Fabrics Industry
Authors: Nguyen Thanh-Lam , Shu Ming-Hung , Hsu Bi-Min
Published: September 2016

Failure modes and effects analysis ( F M E A ) substantially facilitates the efforts of industrial manufacturers in prioritizing failures that require corrective actions to continuously improve product quality. However, the conventional approach fails to provide satisfactory explanation of the aggregate effects of a failure from different perspectives such as technical severity, economic severity, and production capacity in some practical applications. To fulfill the existing gap in the F M E A literature, this paper proposes an extension by considering associated quality cost and the capability of failure detection system as additional determinants to signify the priority level for each failure mode. The quality cost and capacity are considered as key factors for sustainable survival and development of an industrial manufacturer in the fierce competition market these days. The performance of the extended scheme was tested in an empirical case at a non-woven fabrics manufacturer. Analytical results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the traditional one and remarkably reduces the percentage of defective fabrics from about 2.41% before the trial period to 1.13%,thus significantly reducing wastes and increasing operation efficiency, thereby providing valuable advantages to improve organizational competition power for their sustainable growth.
Organization and ELISA-Based Results of the First Proficiency Testing to Evaluate the Ability of European Union Laboratories to Detect Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type B (SEB) in Buffer and Milk
Authors: Nia Yacine , Rodriguez Mélanie , Zeleny Reinhard , Herbin Sabine , Auvray Frédéric , Fiebig Uwe , Avondet Marc-André , Munoz Amalia , Hennekinne Jacques-Antoine
Published: September 2016

The aim of this work was to organize the first proficiency test (PT) dedicated to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) detection in milk and buffer solutions. This paper describes the organization of the PT trial according to EN ISO 17043 requirements. Characterization of the SEB stock solution was performed using SDS-PAGE and SE-specific ELISA, and amino acid analysis was used to assign its protein concentration. The solution was then used to prepare six PT materials (four milk and two buffer batches) at a ng/g toxin level, which included one blank and one SEA-containing milk as specificity control. Suitable material homogeneity and stability were assessed using screening and quantitative ELISAs. Among the methods used by the participants, ELISA-based methods demonstrated their efficiency for the detection of SEB in both simple and complex matrices. The results serve as a basis for further improving the detection capabilities in expert laboratories and can therefore be considered as a contribution to biopreparedness.
Binding of RNA by the Nucleoproteins of Influenza Viruses A and B
Authors: Labaronne Alice , Swale Christopher , Monod Alexandre , Schoehn Guy , Crépin Thibaut , Ruigrok Rob
Published: September 2016

This paper describes a biochemical study for making complexes between the nucleoprotein of influenza viruses A and B (A/NP and B/NP) and small RNAs (polyUC RNAs from 5 to 24 nucleotides (nt)), starting from monomeric proteins. We used negative stain electron microscopy, size exclusion chromatography-multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) analysis, and fluorescence anisotropy measurements to show how the NP-RNA complexes evolve. Both proteins make small oligomers with 24-nt RNAs, trimers for A/NP, and dimers, tetramers, and larger complexes for B/NP. With shorter RNAs, the affinities of NP are all in the same range at 50 mM NaCl, showing that the RNAs bind on the same site. The affinity of B/NP for a 24-nt RNA does not change with salt. However, the affinity of A/NP for a 24-nt RNA is lower at 150 and 300 mM NaCl, suggesting that the RNA binds to another site, either on the same protomer or on a neighbour protomer. For our fluorescence anisotropy experiments, we used 6-fluorescein amidite (FAM)-labelled RNAs. By using a (UC)6-FAM3′ RNA with 150 mM NaCl, we observed an interesting phenomenon that gives macromolecular complexes similar to the ribonucleoprotein particles purified from the viruses.
An Evaluation of Quantitative PCR Assays (TaqMan® and SYBR Green) for the Detection of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis, and a Novel Fluorescent-ITS1-PCR Capillary Electrophoresis Method for Genotyping B. bovis Isolates
Authors: Zhang Bing , Sambono Jacqueline , Morgan Jess , Venus Bronwyn , Rolls Peter , Lew-Tabor Ala
Published: September 2016

Babesia spp. are tick-transmitted haemoparasites causing tick fever in cattle. In Australia, economic losses to the cattle industry from tick fever are estimated at AUD$26 Million per annum. If animals recover from these infections, they become immune carriers. Here we describe a novel multiplex TaqMan qPCR targeting cytochrome b genes for the identification of Babesia spp. The assay shows high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, and allows quantification of parasite DNA from Babesia bovis and B. bigemina compared to standard PCR assays. A previously published cytochrome b SYBR Green qPCR was also tested in this study, showing slightly higher sensitivity than the Taqman qPCRs but requires melting curve analysis post-PCR to confirm specificity. The SYBR Green assays were further evaluated using both diagnostic submissions and vaccinated cattle (at 7, 9, 11 and 14 days post-inoculation) showed that B. bigemina can be detected more frequently than B. bovis. Due to fewer circulating parasites, B. bovis detection in carrier animals requires higher DNA input. Preliminary data for a novel fluorescent PCR genotyping based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 region to detect vaccine and field alleles of B. bovis are described. This assay is capable of detecting vaccine and novel field isolate alleles in a single sample.
Comparative Pathogenesis of Cancers in Animals and Humans
Authors: Modiano Jaime
Published: September 2016

As Guest Editor of Veterinary Sciences, I am honored to introduce the special issue, “Comparative Pathogenesis of Cancers in Animals and Humans”.[...]
Spatiotemporal Characterization of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and CDOM-DOC Relationships for Highly Polluted Rivers
Authors: Li Sijia , Zhang Jiquan , Mu Guangyi , Ju Hanyu , Wang Rui , Li Danjun , Shabbir Ali
Published: September 2016

Spectral characteristics of CDOM (Chromophoric dissolved organic matter) in water columns are a key parameter for bio-optical modeling. Knowledge of CDOM optical properties and spatial discrepancy based on the relationship between water quality and spectral parameters in the Yinma River watershed with in situ data collected from highly polluted waters are exhibited in this study. Based on the comprehensive index method, the riverine waters showed serious contamination; especially the chemical oxygen demand (COD), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg) and dissolved oxygen (DO) were out of range of the contamination warning. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total suspended matter (TSM) with prominent non-homogenizing were significantly high in the riverine waters, but chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was the opposite. The ternary phase diagram showed that non-algal particle absorption played an important role in total non-water light absorption (>50%) in most sampling locations, and mean contributions of CDOM were 13% and 22% in the summer and autumn, respectively. The analysis of the ratio of absorption at 250–365 nm (E250:365) and the spectral slope (S275–295) indicated that CDOM had higher aromaticity and molecular weight in autumn than in summer, which is consistent with the results of water quality and the CDOM relative contribution rate. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the environmental variables OSM (Organic suspended matter) had a strong correlation with CDOM absorption, followed by heavy metals, e.g., Mn, Hg and Cr6+. However, for the specific UV absorbance (SUVA254), the seasonal values showed opposite results compared with the reported literature. The potential reasons were that more UDOM (uncolored dissolved organic matter) from human sources (wastewater effluent) existed in the waters. Terrigenous inputs simultaneously are in relation to the aCDOM(440)-DOC relationship with the correlation coefficient of 0.90 in the summer (two-tailed, p < 0.01), and 0.58 in the autumn (two-tailed, p < 0.05). Spatial distribution of the CDOM parameters exhibited that the downstream regions focused on dry land have high CDOM molecular weight and aromatic hydrocarbon. Partial sampling locations around the cities or countries generally showed abnormal values due to terrigenous inputs. As a bio-optical model parameter, the spectral characteristic of CDOM is helpful in adjusting the derived algorithms in highly polluted environments. The study on organic carbon and pollutants in highly polluted waters had an important contribution to global carbon balance estimation and water environment protection.
Groundwater Level Mapping Using Multiple-Point Geostatistics
Authors: Li Liangping , Huang Guanxing
Published: September 2016

Methods based on two-point geostatistics have been routinely used to interpolate random variables such as groundwater level and concentration and to estimate their values at un-sampled locations. These methods use the observed data to analyze spatial two-point correlations and ignore the higher order moments that may play a key role in the characterization of complex patterns. In this work, a multiple-point geostatistics method is applied to interpolate groundwater level data. To do this, the ensemble simulated groundwater level maps after modeling full physics are used as training images to derive the multiple correlations. An example shows the advantages of using multiple-point geostatistics compared with the traditional two-point geostatistics methods (such as Kriging) for the interpolation of groundwater level data in a complex geological formation.
A Wnt Pathway Activator Induces Apoptosis and Cell Death in Mouse Monocytic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Kato Yoshiro , Naiki Yoshikazu , Komatsu Takayuki , Takahashi Kazuko , Nakamura Jiro , Koide Naoki
Published: September 2016

A Wnt agonist, 2-amino-4-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)benzylamino]-6-(3-methoxyphenyl) pyrimidine, is a cell-permeable pyrimidine compound that has been shown to mimic the effect of Wnt. In this study, leukemic mouse cell lines, RAW 264.7 and J774.1, were incubated with the Wnt agonist. The
Wnt agonist showed cell death in the concentration of 1‐10 μM. The Wnt agonist did not show inhibition of GSK-3β activity but induced β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus. The Wnt agonist showed caspase-independent cell death, but no further involvement in cell death ER
stress signaling. Here we discuss the possible mechanism of Wnt agonist-induced apoptotic cell death in RAW 264.7 cells.
Overexpression of miR-140 Inhibits Proliferation of Osteosarcoma Cells via Suppression of Histone Deacetylase 4
Authors: Xiao Qianren , Huang Lu , Zhang Zhongzu , Chen Xiang , Luo Jiaquan , Zhang Zhanmin , Chen Shaoqing , Shu Yong , Han Zhimin , Cao Kai
Published: September 2016

miRNAs play a pivotal role in the development and progression of osteosarcoma (OS). Previous studies indicated that miR-140 acts as a tumor suppressor in many cancers. However, its accurate expression and exact function in OS cells remain unknown. Herein, we demonstrated the lower expression
of miR-140 in 40 paired OS tissues. Restoring miR-140 expression in OS cells had a marked effect on inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion, inducing cell apoptosis in vitro, and suppressing tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, a bioinformatics prediction indicated that the histone deacetylase
4 (HDAC4) is a target gene of miR-140 and is involved in miR-140-mediated suppressive effects. In conclusion, our findings show that miR-140 acts as a tumor suppressor in OS by targeting HDAC4.
Stress‐induced memory alters growth of clonal offspring of white clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: González Alejandra Pilar Rendina , Chrtek Jindřich , Dobrev Petre I. , Dumalasová Veronika , Fehrer Judith , Mráz Patrik , Latzel Vít
Published: September 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

The phenotype of an individual can be modified by the environment experienced by its predecessors, a phenomenon called transgenerational or maternal effects. These effects are studied mostly across sexual generations and are thought to be mediated also by epigenetic variation. However, we do not know how important transgenerational effects are across asexual generations of clonal plants.

METHODS:

We investigated the role of different drought intensities and durations experienced by parental plants ofTrifolium repenson the growth of offspring ramets after transplantation of clonal cuttings to control conditions. We also treated half of the plants with 5‐azacytidine, which is a demethylating agent, to test the potential role of DNA methylation on transgenerational effects.

KEY RESULTS:

Transgenerational effects were manifested as increased biomass of offspring ramets if parental plants experienced medium drought applied for a short period and decreased biomass of offspring ramets if parental plants experienced intense drought for a short period. These transgenerational effects were not observed for offspring of parents from the same treatments if these were treated with 5‐azacytidine, whose application significantly decreased the amount of 5‐methyl‐2′‐deoxycytidine in plants.

CONCLUSIONS:

Transgenerational effects might play an important role in the clonal plantTrifolium repensand are probably mediated by epigenetic variation. The growth and behavior of clonal plants might be affected not only by the ambient environment but also by environments that are no longer present at the time of clonal reproduction. This phenomenon can have yet unacknowledged ecological and evolutionary implications for clonal plants.
Diameter-driven crossover in resistive behaviour of heavily doped self-seeded germanium nanowires
Authors: Connaughton Stephen , Koleśnik-Gray Maria , Hobbs Richard , Lotty Olan , Holmes Justin D , Krstić Vojislav
Published: September 2016

The dependence of the resistivity with changing diameter of heavily-doped self-seeded germanium nanowires was studied for the diameter range 40 to 11 nm. The experimental data reveal an initial strong reduction of the resistivity with diameter decrease. At about 20 nm a region of slowly varying resistivity emerges with a peak feature around 14 nm. For diameters above 20 nm, nanowires were found to be describable by classical means. For smaller diameters a quantum-based approach was required where we employed the 1D Kubo–Greenwood framework and also revealed the dominant charge carriers to be heavy holes. For both regimes the theoretical results and experimental data agree qualitatively well assuming a spatial spreading of the free holes towards the nanowire centre upon diameter reduction.
Economical and scalable synthesis of 6-amino-2-cyanobenzothiazole
Authors: Hauser Jacob R , Beard Hester A , Bayana Mary E , Jolley Katherine E , Warriner Stuart L , Bon Robin S
Published: September 2016

2-Cyanobenzothiazoles (CBTs) are useful building blocks for: 1) luciferin derivatives for bioluminescent imaging; and 2) handles for bioorthogonal ligations. A particularly versatile CBT is 6-amino-2-cyanobenzothiazole (ACBT), which has an amine handle for straight-forward derivatisation. Here we present an economical and scalable synthesis of ACBT based on a cyanation catalysed by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and discuss its advantages for scale-up over previously reported routes.
IMAGING THE PHOTOEVAPORATING DISK AND RADIO JET OF GM AUR
Authors: Macías Enrique , Anglada Guillem , Osorio Mayra , Calvet Nuria , Torrelles José M. , Gómez José F. , Espaillat Catherine , Lizano Susana , Rodríguez Luis F. , Carrasco-González Carlos , Zapata Luis
Published: September 2016

Photoevaporation is probably the main agent for gas dispersal during the last stages of protoplanetary disk evolution. However, the overall mass-loss rate in the photoevaporative wind and its driving mechanism are still not well understood. Here we report multi-configuration Very Large Array observations at 0.7, 3, and 5 cm toward the transitional disk of GM Aur. Our radio continuum observations allow us to image and spatially resolve, for the first time, the three main components at work in this stage of the disk evolution: the disk of dust, the ionized radio jet perpendicular to it, and the photoevaporative wind arising from the disk. The mass-loss rate inferred from the flux density of the radio jet is consistent with the ratio between ejection and accretion rates found in younger objects, suggesting that transitional disks can power collimated ejections of material apparently following the same physical mechanisms as much younger protostars. Our results indicate that extreme-UV (EUV) radiation is the main ionizing mechanism of the photoevaporative wind traced by the free–free emission. The required low EUV photon luminosity of ∼6 × 1040 s−1 would produce a photoevaporation rate of only

yr−1. Therefore, other mechanisms are required to disperse the disk in the timescale imposed by observations.
SOLAR MODULATION OF THE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR SPECTRUM WITH VOYAGER 1, AMS-02, PAMELA, AND BESS
Authors: Corti C. , Bindi V. , Consolandi C. , Whitman K.
Published: September 2016

In recent years, the increasing precision of direct cosmic rays measurements opened the door to high-sensitivity indirect searches of dark matter and to more accurate predictions for radiation doses received by astronauts and electronics in space. The key ingredients in the study of these phenomena are the knowledge of the local interstellar spectrum (LIS) of galactic cosmic rays and the understanding of how the solar modulation affects the LIS inside the heliosphere. Voyager 1, AMS-02, PAMELA, and BESS measurements of proton and helium fluxes provide valuable information, allowing us to shed light on the shape of the LIS and the details of the solar modulation during solar cycles 22-24. A new parametrization of the LIS is presented, based on the latest data from Voyager 1 and AMS-02. Using the framework of the force-field approximation, the solar modulation parameter is extracted from the time-dependent fluxes measured by PAMELA and BESS. A modified version of the force-field approximation with a rigidity-dependent modulation parameter is introduced, yielding better fits than the force-field approximation. The results are compared with the modulation parameter inferred by neutron monitors.
First record of the monotypic genus Acanopsilus Kieffer, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea: Diapriidae) from the Eastern Palaearctic region
Authors: Kim Chang-Jun , Lee Jong-Wook
Published: September 2016

The monotypic genus Acanopsilus (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), is hitherto known only from Europe, where it is widely distributed.

The genus is here recorded for the first time from South Korea and China, which constitutes the first formal record of the species from the entire Eastern Palaearctic region. A detailed redescription and photographs of Acanopsilus heterocerus (Haliday, 1857) are provided. Also, Acanopsilus brevinervis Kieffer, 1909 is proposed as junior synonym of Anommatium ashmeadi Mayr, 1856 (syn. nov.).
Diabetes Control and Adherence in Adolescence
Authors: Foster Christy , Bellando Jayne , Wang Yu-Chi Annie
Published: September 2016

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease that can lead to severe complications if poorly controlled. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to worsening diabetes control due to changes in physiology, family dynamics, and social interactions. Good diabetes control requires following a regimen of frequent blood glucose checks, accurate carbohydrate counts, and compliance with insulin administration. Patients who are challenged in controlling their diabetes do tend to respond to behavioral interventions; however, the effect of the intervention wanes over time. Using technology to provide interventions has shown promise in terms of improving compliance. Positive family support and adequate knowledge of the developmental stages is important to ensure a successful transition from childhood to adolescence. Providers should also incorporate a structured transition from adolescent to adult diabetes care.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(9):e327–e331.]
Postmodification by infinitive clauses. Something about which to have a bit of a discussion
Authors: Girard Geneviève , Malan Naomi
Published: September 2016

On peut se demander s’il est pertinent de définir une catégorie de "relatives infinitives” ou s’il convient plutôt de parler de "postmodification” par une infinitive.L’article développe des arguments en faveur de la première hypothèse, en proposant une description aussi précise que possible des différences et ressemblances existant entre ces deux types de relative. La relative infinitive se caractérise principalement par l’absence obligatoire du pronom relatif, à une exception près : lorsque le pronom est complément d’une préposition : with which / with whom, etc. Elle diffère des relatives avec temps exprimé en refusant l’opposition which/that, ce qui, dans la mesure où elle fonctionne comme relative déterminative, affaiblit, semble-t-il, toute thèse sur une valeur fondamentale de which et de that.Ces relatives paraissent proches des circonstancielles de but et des interrogatives indirectes, mais elles s’en distinguent sur plusieurs plans, et constituent donc une catégorie syntaxique bien définie.
Notes on peripeteic when clauses
Authors: Ranger Graham
Published: September 2016

On considère généralement que la catégorie des subordonnées adverbiales possède un fonctionnement selon lequel une subordonnée repère permet de localiser une principale repérée. Certains emplois de when, cependant (il s’agit du ‘when de péripétie’) semblent remettre en cause cette représentation, dans la mesure où les rapports repère-repéré habituels sont à première vue inversés. Une description précise des propriétés aspectuo-modales des procès en cause permet d’effectuer un classement bipartite parmi ces énoncés, distinguant ceux qui marquent une succession immédiate de procès, et ceux qui marquent l’interruption d’un premier procès par un deuxième. On s’aperçoit également que le fonctionnement de ce type d’énoncé peut être rapproché à celui des constructions corrélatives. A partir de la problématisation et de la description, on mettra à l’épreuve trois hypothèses d’explication. On trouvera, enfin, que le fonctionnement du when de péripétie relève d’un processus de réanalyse selon laquelle l’instabilité quantitative de la lexis marquée comme la subordonnée la rend inapte à jouer un rôle de repère. Sa stabilisation passe par la recherche d’un site, qui se trouve dans la principale. L’effet corrélatif est donc induit par un conflit entre les contraintes de la syntaxe et celle de rénonciation. La réanalyse "en cours d’énonciation” ainsi opérée pourrait être vue comme le reflet iconique de l’effet de péripétie, décrit dans le Petit Robert comme un "changement subit de situation dans une action dramatique, un récit”.
De l’instabilité du sens des composés devenir d’un élément en composition : exemple de gate
Authors: Clauzure Émilie
Published: September 2016

Due to constant changes in reality, our vocabulary must keep pace and evolve. In order to describe new phenomena, it adopts new terms which are often the result of a complete or partial borrowing from existing words. The human tendency is often to establish a relationship between the unknown and the familiar.Regarding affixation and compounding, the two chief processes of word-formation, the latter has in recent times been regarded with favour and proves to be most innovative.This paper focuses on the base gate, its first use in the compound Water-gate, and analyses the various shifts in meaning it has experienced since then.
She had been healthy a when he married her
Authors: Roussel Emmanuelle
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the main points of a contrastive study of English and French based on the way the two time systems work. First the behaviour of the English past perfect -when transposed into French -is examined, and the author gives the real reason why it can correspond to three different forms in French (namely the plus-que-parfait, the passé antérieur and the imparfait). Then the author explains why some statements in the past perfect will be translated into an imparfait (only). Finally the interest lies in the way comment is expressed in each language. Actually the past perfect cannot be used to comment on something, whereas the imparfait can. The author shows here how the phenomenon works and what its consequences are concerning translation. She also puts forward a new definition of the way the whole time system of English is organised. Mainly in terms of preconstruction.
IFN-β Facilitates Neuroantigen-Dependent Induction of CD25+ FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells That Suppress Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Wang Duncheng , Ghosh Debjani , Islam S. M. Touhidul , Moorman Cody D. , Thomason Ashton E. , Wilkinson Daniel S. , Mannie Mark D.
Published: September 2016

This study introduces a flexible format for tolerogenic vaccination that incorporates IFN-β and neuroantigen (NAg) in the Alum adjuvant. Tolerogenic vaccination required all three components, IFN-β, NAg, and Alum, for inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and induction of tolerance. Vaccination with IFN-β + NAg in Alum ameliorated NAg-specific sensitization and inhibited EAE in C57BL/6 mice in pretreatment and therapeutic regimens. Tolerance induction was specific for the tolerogenic vaccine Ag PLP178-191 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55 in proteolipid protein– and MOG-induced models of EAE, respectively, and was abrogated by pretreatment with a depleting anti-CD25 mAb. IFN-β/Alum–based vaccination exhibited hallmarks of infectious tolerance, because IFN-β + OVA in Alum–specific vaccination inhibited EAE elicited by OVA + MOG in CFA but not EAE elicited by MOG in CFA. IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicited elevated numbers and percentages of FOXP3+ T cells in blood and secondary lymphoid organs in 2D2 MOG-specific transgenic mice, and repeated boosters facilitated generation of activated CD44high CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) populations. IFN-β and MOG35–55 elicited suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs in vitro in the absence of Alum via a mechanism that was neutralized by anti–TGF-β and that resulted in the induction of an effector CD69+ CTLA-4+ IFNAR+ FOXP3+ Treg subset. In vitro IFN-β + MOG–induced Tregs inhibited EAE when transferred into actively challenged recipients. Unlike IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccines, vaccination with TGF-β + MOG35-55 in Alum did not increase Treg percentages in vivo. Overall, this study indicates that IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicits NAg-specific, suppressive CD25+ Tregs that inhibit CNS autoimmune disease. Thus, IFN-β has the activity spectrum that drives selective responses of suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs.
IL-27 Directly Enhances Germinal Center B Cell Activity and Potentiates Lupus in Sanroque Mice
Authors: Vijayan Dipti , Mohd Redzwan Norhanani , Avery Danielle T. , Wirasinha Rushika C. , Brink Robert , Walters Giles , Adelstein Stephen , Kobayashi Masao , Gray Paul , Elliott Michael , Wong Melanie , King Cecile , Vinuesa Carola G. , Ghilardi Nico , Ma Cindy S. , Tangye Stuart G. , Batten Marcel
Published: September 2016

Germinal centers (GC) give rise to high-affinity and long-lived Abs and are critical in immunity and autoimmunity. IL-27 supports GCs by promoting survival and function of T follicular helper cells. We demonstrate that IL-27 also directly enhances GC B cell function. Exposure of naive human B cells to rIL-27 during in vitro activation enhanced their differentiation into CD20+CD38+CD27lowCD95+CD10+ cells, consistent with the surface marker phenotype of GC B cells. This effect was inhibited by loss-of-function mutations in STAT1 but not STAT3. To extend these findings, we studied the in vivo effects of IL-27 signals to B cells in the GC-driven Roquinsan/san lupus mouse model. Il27ra−/−Roquinsan/san mice exhibited significantly reduced GCs, IgG2a(c)+ autoantibodies, and nephritis. Mixed bone marrow chimeras confirmed that IL-27 acts through B cell– and CD4+ T cell–intrinsic mechanisms to support GCs and alter the production of pathogenic Ig isotypes. To our knowledge, our data provide the first evidence that IL-27 signals directly to B cells promote GCs and support the role of IL-27 in lupus.
Butyrophilin 3A/CD277–Dependent Activation of Human γδ T Cells: Accessory Cell Capacity of Distinct Leukocyte Populations
Authors: Nerdal Patrik Theodor , Peters Christian , Oberg Hans-Heinrich , Zlatev Hristo , Lettau Marcus , Quabius Elgar Susanne , Sousa Sofia , Gonnermann Daniel , Auriola Seppo , Olive Daniel , Määttä Jorma , Janssen Ottmar , Kabelitz Dieter
Published: September 2016

Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize in a butyrophilin 3A/CD277–dependent way microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) or endogenous pyrophosphates (isopentenyl pyrophosphate [IPP]). Nitrogen-bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZOL) trigger selective γδ T cell activation because they stimulate IPP production in monocytes by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway downstream of IPP synthesis. We performed a comparative analysis of the capacity of purified monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4 T cells to serve as accessory cells for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation in response to three selective but mechanistically distinct stimuli (ZOL, HMBPP, agonistic anti-CD277 mAb). Only monocytes supported γδ T cell expansion in response to all three stimuli, whereas both neutrophils and CD4 T cells presented HMBPP but failed to induce γδ T cell expansion in the presence of ZOL or anti-CD277 mAb. Preincubation of accessory cells with the respective stimuli revealed potent γδ T cell–stimulating activity of ZOL- or anti-CD277 mAb-pretreated monocytes, but not neutrophils. In comparison with monocytes, ZOL-pretreated neutrophils produced little, if any, IPP and expressed much lower levels of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Exogenous IL-18 enhanced the γδ T cell expansion with all three stimuli, remarkably also in response to CD4 T cells and neutrophils preincubated with anti-CD277 mAb or HMBPP. Our study uncovers unexpected differences between monocytes and neutrophils in their accessory function for human γδ T cells and underscores the important role of IL-18 in driving γδ T cell expansion. These results may have implications for the design of γδ T cell–based immunotherapeutic strategies.
The cultural context of development: language as a means for thinking and problem-solving
Authors: Muthivhi Azwihangwisi
Published: September 2016

The present study, located in the socio-cultural tradition of research in developmental psychology, uses experimental tasks, adapted from the groundbreaking Lurian study (Luria, 1979, 1976) to investigate South African children’s acquisition and development of thinking and concepts – involving classification and generalisation, and how these concepts are linked to the specific cultural context of their manifestation.The paper provides new ways of understanding possible causes of contemporary problems that children encounter during classroom learning by examining the developmental roots of the specific modes of thinking and concept development in their concrete learning and developmental settings and specific tradition of learning within their schooling.
IsiZulu and English in KwaZulu-Natal rural schools: how teachers fear failure and opt for English
Authors: Mashiya Nontokoza
Published: September 2016

In this article, factors inhibiting the use of mother tongue as the language of learning and teaching (LoLT) in rural foundation phase classes is investigated. I analysed qualitative data from focus group interviews with 20 foundation phase teachers that were selected through purposive sampling. Findings show that factors such as prior learner knowledge, better opportunities for children, time constraints, low self-concepts of African teachers, failure of the education system, teachers’ lack of proficiency in the language of teaching and learning, directly translated resources, lack of parental involvement in decision making, and ‘invisible’ school language policies inhibit the use of children’s primary language in the classroom. These nine factors are discussed and the article makes recommendations to suggest ways to alleviate these challenges.
First additional language teaching in the foundation phase of schools in disadvantaged areas
Authors: Lenyai Ellen
Published: September 2016

Second language learning in South African schools is of supreme importance given the multilingual nature of the country. However, there is no certainty that teachers in the foundation phase of schools in poor environments have the skills to teach literacy in the first additional language and produce competent learners. This investigation revealed that the methods that teachers used to teach English, as the first additional language did not develop children’s comprehension and communication skills. It argues that if teachers do not use methods that encourage children to communicate in English the children might not acquire the competence needed to use English as the language for learning in Grade 4. Policy makers are advised to monitor the implementation of the first additional language policy and to oversee the development of an English literacy-training programme in the foundation phase that could provide teachers with the necessary skills and appropriate approaches for teaching the target language.
Voices from different cultures: Foundation Phase students’ understanding across
Authors: Botha Annalie
Published: September 2016

From “How was your day?” to “Remember the time we …”, we use stories as a way to share our experiences, understandings and concerns with others. Stories extend our knowledge and understanding of other people and situations, other culturesand languages by including the emotional expressions of factual information. When so much of family and community life in South Africa remains insular and disconnected from other cultures, other languages and other belief systems, storiescan extend boundaries beyond our single perspectives and experiences to the varying perspectives of others. This becomes particularly important for teachers of young children who may have very different life experiences from those of the children they teach. In this project, we examined storytelling as a way to cross-cultural boundaries and of harnessing the diverse worlds of South African citizens pedagogically. We asked fourth year students in a Foundation Phase teacher education programme to identify a person from a different cultural and linguistic group; and to have that person share a story with them to discover how the experience of listening to stories from different cultures, languages, and belief systems might influence their attitudes towards teaching children with those characteristic differences.
Pre-school children’s understanding of Mathematical patterns
Authors: Hutchinson Erica
Published: September 2016

This study explored the patterning abilities of eight children between the ages of four and five-and-a-half. Task-based interviews were conducted where children were required to produce their own repeat pattern, to copy and extend a given repeat pattern, and complete missing parts of a repeat pattern. The findings show that most children were able to copy and extend a pattern, but few could produce their own repeat pattern. While most children tended to focus on “what comes next”, some children paid attention to pattern structure, but were not able to isolate the pattern element.
The educational and psychological support of educators to include learners from childheaded
Authors: Taggart Nadia
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to comprehensively capture teachers’ classroom experiences and establish what educational and psychological support would help them as they were trying to include learners from child-headed homes in theirclassrooms and schools. The sample of teachers from two different Gauteng districts included members from the school management and school-based support teams. Data were collected through individual and focus group interviews, in addition to collages made by the teachers, survey questionnaires in which they were respondents, observations of their practice and concomitant field notes. Firstly, the findings indicate that teachers are not always aware that learner’s are orphans or head their own households. They do not know how to assist learners in coping with the effects of orphanhood, which include: increased learning difficulties, incomplete schoolwork,failure to participate, school absenteeism, hunger, concentration difficulties, signs of sexual abuse, and accelerated adulthood. The efforts of teachers to create supportive learning environments include; impartial treatment, learning support provision, accessing support services and meeting their learners’ basic needs for food, clothing, love, belonging, reassurance, motivation and encouragement.
Ready or not: Kindergarten classroom engagement as an indicator of child school readiness
Authors: Fitzpatrick Caroline
Published: September 2016

Children’s preparedness for school is an important predictor of their eventual academic attainment, health, and personal success well into adulthood. Although kindergarten knowledge of numbers and vocabulary represent robust indicators of children’s readiness to learn at school entry, theory and research suggest that self-directed learning skills are also important in meeting the challenges of the elementary school classroom. This review examines evidence related to the potential benefits (e.g. improving children’s academic outcomes) of targeting classroom engagement skills, a person-environment fit characteristic reflecting task-orientation and industriousness. Reviewed studies suggest that classroom engagement skills are malleable and robust predictors of later elementary school achievement. Research also suggests that cognitive control skills in the form of executive functions are likely to underlie individual differences in classroom engagement. This paper provides evidence that developing pre-school and kindergarten curriculum that target cognitive control can be a useful strategy for enhancing student engagement behaviour. Developing early interventions that bolster school readiness can then help social impairments in childhood and adolescence.
Strengthening foundation phase teacher education through mentoring
Authors: Dixon Kerryn
Published: September 2016

This paper explores a multidimensional mentorship model implemented between lecturers from the foundation phase at the Wits School of Education and four master’s students from the University of Limpopo, as part of the Departments of Education’s research initiative to strengthen foundation phase teacher education. Using three critical incidents, we interrogate mentors’ experiences of their mentoring practices. Two sets of literature, mentoring and social capital are used as a lens for analysing these incidents. Initial findings suggest the relationship has moved from the initiation to cultivation stage (Kram, 1985; Ragins & Kram, 2007). But, cultural preconceptions, implicit assumptions and institutional practices can impede or enhance information flows and trust. It is argued that weak ties characterised by mentors’ heterogeneity is a strength that has resulted in growing professional development. Through a process of reflection-on-practice, we have begun to think of ourselves as a fledging community of practice. This opens up possibilities for the larger research project.
Early Childhood Education, Child Development and School Readiness: Evidence from Zambia
Authors: Zuilkowski Stephanie Simmons , Fink Gunther , Moucheraud Corrina , Matafwali Beatrice
Published: September 2016

While early childhood education has received increasing attention in the developing world in recent years, relatively little evidence is available from sub-Saharan Africa on its effects on child development and subsequent school enrolment. We use a prospective case-control design to evaluate the developmental impact of a community-based early childhood center in an urban area in Zambia. Comparing 40 children attending the center to 40 children not attending the center from the same community, we find that center attendance was associated with significantly better performance in an assessment of task orientation, and was also weakly associated with increased letter familiarity. We also observed higher performance among center students on tests of receptive language and pencil-related fine motor skills. These associations were, however, smaller and not statistically significant. We conducted a follow-up one year after the initial assessment, when children were seven years old and should have been in first grade. At follow-up, 27% of non-attendees were not yet enrolled in primary school, compared to just 11% of center students, suggesting that participation in early education encourages a timely transition into first grade.
Reading Literacy within a Teacher Preparation Programme: What we Know and What we Should Know
Authors: Van der Merwe Zelda Elizabeth , Nel Carisma
Published: September 2016

Various South African and international studies indicate that the preparation of teachers to teach reading is inconsistent across universities worldwide. Teacher preparation programmes lack rigorous research-based findings as the grounding for their programme design. Recommendations of some studies point to the fact that evidence-based research should be incorporated to address this inconsistency. There is a need for a comprehensive curriculum to guide pre-service teachers toward a coherent knowledge base for the effective teaching of reading, as many teachers do not have an understanding of what to teach. The study on which we report analysed a teacher preparation programme with the aim of identifying which reading literacy components (that are embedded in knowledge of language structure) are included in the programme. The results show that the reading literacy components are included haphazardly within the teacher preparation programme and there is no evidence-based research included in the curriculum of the pre-service teachers.