bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Edge Feature Terminal of Intelligent Interactive System Based on Psychological Interactive Computer Test System
Authors: Yuan Tian
Published: April 2023

By studying the existing evaluation methods of human-computer interface usability, combined with some characteristics of the current human-computer interface, and based on the design principles of design psychology, the improvement of usability evaluation methods is proposed. Guided by these usability evaluation methods, then determine the interactive content and form, and design the interactive interface features to improve user experience; discuss the gesture recognition technology based on action fragments, face recognition technology and data based on WPF technology in the system implementation Resource integration and integrate holographic projection display technology into the display system. A real-time recommendation method of terminal security policy based on machine learning is proposed. The trained security policy selection model is deployed on the edge side to select and recommend terminal security policies in real time.
Investigation on the Current Situation of Mobile Short Video Empowering "Rural Revitalization"
Authors: Lin Ma , QiMing Yang
Published: April 2023

Rural revitalization must be achieved for national rejuvenation. At present, most of the research literature focuses on rural revitalization strategies, "three rural" work, industrial prosperity, and urban and rural development. The author found that with the rapid development of the Internet economy, the Internet has provided another revitalization path for rural revitalization. However, the Internet is a double-edged sword for rural revitalization. After literature research and field surveys, the author found that the organic integration of the new model of "short video" digital agricultural assistance with modern rural areas requires strengthening digital infrastructure and revitalizing rural areas. Multi-channels such as cultural space, improving media literacy, and cultivating the main body of rural revitalization stimulate the internal driving force of rural revitalization.
The Nexus between Liquidity and Credit Risks and Their Impact on Bank Stability
Authors: Ayinuola Tunde Folorunso , Gumel Babandi Ibrahim
Published: April 2023

This study examines the nexus between liquidity and credit risks and their impact on bank stability in Nigeria. In order to achieve the research objectives, this study utilizes secondary data, which covers 12 Nigerian banks from 2010 to 2021. The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) was estimated using the Arellano and Bond estimation technique. The results revealed that credit and liquidity risks negatively and significantly impacted bank stability individually and jointly in Nigeria. Furthermore, we deduced a positive correlation between credit and liquidity risks, with the correlation result statistically significant. Further investigation using the Pairwise Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality Tests indicated a one-way (uni-directional) causality from liquidity to credit risk. Further analysis showed that other internal bank-related indicators significantly impact bank performance. Bank Size, Equity, and Capital Adequacy positively and significantly impact bank performance. Likewise, macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth positively and significantly impact bank performance. In contrast, the inflation rate has a negative but insignificant impact on bank stability in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends joint management of credit and liquidity risks since a rise in liquidity risk will increase credit risk, resulting in bank instability. Thus, the results support bank regulation emphasizing the reduction of credit and liquidity risks in the banking sector since credit and liquidity risks have an attendant adverse effect on bank stability. The study will help bank managers balance liquidity, profit maximization, and risk minimization.
Structural and Rheological Properties of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Some Lactic Acid Bacterial Strains Isolated from Palm Wine
Authors: Adamu-Governor O. L. , Shittu T. A. , Afolabi O. R. , Elijah A. I. , Opara C. N. , Uzochukwu S. V. A.
Published: April 2023

Aims: This study evaluated the physical, chemical and rheological properties of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from palm wine.

Materials and Methods: EPSs from palm wine LAB strains were produced on 6% sucrose broth, purified and freeze-dried prior to analyses.  Molecular weights (MW), rheological and structural composition (functional groups) of the EPSs were determined using standard methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Results: The average MW of the EPSs ranged from 2.02×106 to 6.53×106 Da while the flow index (n) values ranged from 0.03-3.13 at 0.2%, 0.06-1.51 at 0.4%, 0.38 - 1.85 at 0.6%, 0.14 - 2.26 at 0.8% and 0.55 - 6.42 at 1% concentrations at elevated temperatures for EPS solutions from the ten LAB species. The FTIR spectrum revealed prominent peaks of various groups of OH (3420 cm-1) and CH3 bending (2090 cm-1) in all the EPSs corresponding to both hydroxyl and amine groups, and aliphatic C-H bonds, respectively. EPS synthesized by Leuconostoc lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum showed weak absorption peaks (1148 – 1145 cm-1) indicating the C-O-C and C-O bonds, while absorption peaks of Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (1267 – 1253 cm-1) indicated O- acetyl ester and other non-sugar components.

Conclusions: The FTIR spectra, rheological properties and molecular weight of EPSs synthesized by the ten LAB strains indicated potentials that could be exploited in different industrial applications, and as stabilizers in food industries
Effect of Distance from Wetland Borders on Hymenopteran Wasps and Spider Abundance in Maize-soybean Cropping System
Authors: Ojuu David , Kyamanywa Samuel , Lapaka Thomas Odong
Published: April 2023

The non-crop habitats within agroecosystems are important resources for ecological and biological insect pest management. Diversified cropping systems are known to influence pests populations, however, how neighboring habitats to the agricultural fields affect insect pest natural enemies population dynamics is not clear. This study focused on understanding the influence of wetland borders on Hymenoptera wasps and predatory spider prevalence in a maize-soybean intercrop system. The Hymenoptera wasps and spiders population estimates were carried out in twelve farmers’ fields stratified within 0-300 and 500-1100 meters from the wetland borders. Data were collected once a week starting one week from the emergence of maize and soybean plants until post-flower growth of the two crops. Results showed crop fields within 0-300 meters from the wetland borders had significantly higher numbers of wasps and spiders, while crop fields set up at 500-1100 meters from the wetland borders, the population of Hymenoptera wasps and spiders was significantly reduced. The findings of this study indicate that stable habitats such as wetland borders harbour higher numbers of natural enemies of crop pests and crop fields at close proximity benefit from quick migration of natural enemies from the pool in stable habitats. These findings can be used to design field architectures such as field margins or borders that can support insect pest natural enemies survival and migration into crop fields.
A late 14th-century coin hoard from Tranent, East Lothian
Authors: Bateson J D , Stott P
Published: April 2023

A find of one hundred and fifty Scottish and English silver coins provides a valuable and fully documented addition to the small number of coin hoards attributable to the reign of Robert II. Au
Excavation at Auchindoun Castle, Moray District, in 1984
Authors: Wordsworth Jonathan
Published: April 2023

A clearance excavation in an L-shaped tower-house prior to masonry consolidation was undertaken to attempt to examine and interpret the entrance into the tower. Extensive stone-robbing frustrated this aim, but a stone-lined chamber cut into the bedrock beneath the floor of the main cellar was found. The function of this chamber remains uncertain. MH
The Rhind Lectures 1989-90: a synopsis
Authors: Gojda Martin
Published: April 2023

A summary of the 1990 Rhind lectures by Martin Gojda.
Reconnaissance excavations on Early Historic fortifications and other royal sites in Scotland, 1974-84: 4, excavations at Alt Clut, Clyde Rock, Strathclyde, 1974-75
Authors: Alcock Leslie , Alcock Elizabeth A
Published: April 2023

As part of a long-term programme of research on historically documented fortifications, excavations were carried out in 1974--75 at Dumbarton Castle, anciently known as Alt Clut or Clyde Rock. These disproved the hypothesis that a nuclear fort, after the pattern of Dunadd or Dundurn, could be identified on the Rock, but revealed a timber-and-rubble defence of Early Historic date overlooking the isthmus which links the Rock to the mainland. Finds of especial interest include the northernmost examples of imported Mediterranean amphorae of the sixth century AD, and fragments from at least six glass vessels of Germanic manufacture. Discussion centres on early medieval harbour sites and trade in northern and western Britain. A detailed excavation record and finds catalogue is located on microfiche. Appendices include a `Gazetteer of coastal and inland sites, AD 450--850' (130--8), `The recovery rate of B1 amphora sherds' (138--9), and `Early medieval sculpture at Dumbarton' by John Higgitt (139--42). Au
A silver pendant cross from Dumbarton Castle
Authors: Caldwell David H
Published: April 2023

Describes a silver pendant cross, dating to the late thirteenth or fourteenth century, found at Dumbarton Castle.
The fortifications and siege of Leith: a further study of the map of the siege in 1560
Authors: Harris Stuart
Published: April 2023

Reviews current understanding of the siege and fortifications of Leith in the light of study of the 1560 map of the siege in the archives of Petworth House, Sussex.
The House of Pitsligo
Authors: McKean Charles
Published: April 2023

Outlines the background to the commissioning of a model of the `castle' or House of Pitsligo, Buchan, as it was in the mid seventeenth century the assumptions made in the reconstruction of the dilapidated ruin, and how those assumptions were tested. The investigation revealed the need to re-evaluate the architecture of the period, whose quality has been underestimated.
David Hume's Tomb: a Roman mausoleum by Robert Adam
Authors: Brown Iain Gordon
Published: April 2023

Designs for the mausoleum are examined in the context of the social and cultural history of Enlightenment Edinburgh. Sources for the various designs of 1777 are suggested and the Roman inspiration for the one selected is discussed.
Excavation of a cairn at Wind Hamars, Outnabreck Hill, Scalloway, Shetland
Authors: Hamilton Jamie , MacSween Ann
Published: April 2023

Describes the excavation of a ruinous cairn, possibly heel-shaped.
The Rhind Lectures 1990-91: a synopsis
Authors: Walker David M
Published: April 2023

A summary of the 1991 Rhind lectures by David M Walker.
Meetings of the Society, 1991-2
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 1991 – 1992.
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Front matter for Volume 122

Table of Contents

Office Bearers and Representatives of the Society, 1991-2

Patron and Honorary Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1991-2

Laws of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
The investigation of two cropmark sites near Inverness
Authors: Carter Stephen , Russell-White Christopher
Published: April 2023

An archaeological assessment of the proposed line of the Inverness Southern Distributor Road led to the excavation of two cropmark sites, the Hilton `pit alignments' and the Glendruidh `timber halls or enclosures'. Neither site was located in excavation. It is concluded that the pit alignment cropmark could be the product of recent agricultural activity, but the cause of the Glendruidh cropmark, and therefore the existence of the timber halls or enclosures, remains uncertain.
Dalginross and Dun: excavations at two Roman camps
Authors: Rogers Ian M , Carter Stephen , Boardman Sheila
Published: April 2023

Limited excavations at Dalginross, Comrie, Perthshire, uncovered an entrance of the Stracathro type and showed that the camp was of two phases of construction; at Dun, Angus, only the enclosure ditches were identified. There are specialist contributions by Stephen Carter `Micromorphological analysis' (283--5) and Sheila Boardman `Charred plant material' (285, 288--9 & microfiche).
A decorated skaill knife from Skara Brae, Orkney
Authors: Saville Alan
Published: April 2023

A newly recognised stone implement is described. The implement is of expedient nature and its schematic incised motifs suggest a trial piece, perhaps linked to the design of pottery decoration.
Excavation of pits containing grooved ware at Hillend, Clydesdale district, Strathclyde Region
Authors: Armit Ian , Cowie Trevor , Ralston Ian , Boardman Sheila , Clarke Ann , Coles Geraint , Finlayson Bill , Wilson Martin
Published: April 2023

Limited excavations were carried out in advance of pipeline construction in the area between two adjacent  cropmark enclosures at Hillend, near Roberton, Clydesdale District, Strathclyde Region. The principal features

comprised three pits which produced an assemblage of Grooved Ware, strengthening the possibility that one of the enclosures may have been a henge monument and inviting speculation as to the date and relationship of the other enclosure, hitherto identified tentatively as a later prehistoric settlement. An isotopic date for one of the pits is discussed. The archaeological potential of the sites has been highlighted and their fragility  demonstrated.
The excavation and environmental investigation of a sub-peat stone bank near Loch Portain, North Uist, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Mills Coralie M , Crone Anne , Edwards Kevin J , Whittington Graeme
Published: April 2023

Reports probing, excavation, microfossil analysis, and radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dates indicate construction in the first half of the first millennium BC. Pollen analysis revealed contemporary poor heath-grassland with no apparent arable farming. Microscopic charcoal evidence indicates burning activity in the second millennium BC.
George Petrie and the 'brochs' of Papa Westray
Authors: Lowe Christopher
Published: April 2023

Proposes an alternative identification for a nineteenth-century drawing of Petrie's and thus questions the interpretation of Castle of Bothikan as a bona fide broch.
Excavations at Pluscarden Priory, Moray
Authors: McCormick Finbar , Buckland Paul , Carter Stephen , Cerón-Carrasco Ruby , Fawcett Richard , Ford Barbara , Ambrose Flavell Dom , Hamilton-Dyer Sheila , Home Lorimer Daphne , Mills Coralie , Murray Charles , Gabra-Sanders Thea , Pennington J B , Middleton J P , Nicholson C , Jones A K G , Skidmore P
Published: April 2023

This report, prefaced by a brief history of Pluscarden Priory, and by a description of the church, describes  excavations on the western side of the Priory. Features investigated include the western end of the nave, a 

series of burials, a stone-lined pit containing a rich organic deposit, and walls associated with the medieval  monastic complex. The excavation was arranged and funded by Historic Scotland.
Scottish yetts and window-grilles
Authors: Maxwell-Irving Alastair M T
Published: April 2023

A summary of research carried out by the writer considering the first appearance, construction techniques, and location of yetts and window-grilles. Appendix one provides an `Analysis of the yett at Comlongon' in Dumfriesshire (448--50), and appendix two details `Yetts recorded by Christison' (451).
A mesolithic and later flint scatter at Little Gight, Grampian Region
Authors: Baird Douglas , Finlayson Bill
Published: April 2023

Describes work in 1990, concluding that little of the site itself survived.
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Front matter for Volume 124

Table of Contents

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Council, 1993-4

Patron and Honorary Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1993-4
Medieval features and finds from Balfarg/Balbirnie, Fife
Authors: Russell-White Christopher J , Ford Barbara A , Graham Catriona M M , Hall Derek W , Holmes Nicholas McQ , Stevenson Sylvia
Published: April 2023

Reports shallow pits and a possible mill-lade found whilst excavating an earlier site. There are details of: `The pottery' by Derek W Hall (1011--13); `Metal, glass, coins and jet' by Barbara A Ford (1014--15); `Coins' by Nicholas McQ Holmes (1015--16); and `Documentary sources' by Catriona M M Graham (1016).
Excavations at the former Lauder Technical College, Dunfermline
Authors: Lewis John
Published: April 2023

Excavations revealed a stretch of precinct wall of Dunfermline Abbey -- probably fourteenth-century in date. A medieval corn-drying kiln and a probable nineteenth-century loom stance were also located. There are details of `The pottery' by Robert Will & George Haggarty (1034--6), `Clay tobacco pipes' by Dennis B Gallagher (1036--7), and `Palaeoenvironmental analyses' by Tim Holden, Dorothy Rankin & Alan Duffy (1037--9).
Abbey, market and cemetery: topographical notes on Coupar Angus in Perthshire, with a description of archaeological excavations on glebe land by the parish church
Authors: O'Sullivan Jerry , O'Sullivan Tanya , Carter Stephen
Published: April 2023

A general review of the topography and archaeology of Coupar Angus, particularly the Cistercian Abbey site. Early settlement evidence and cemetery data are noted. There are details of `Soil sample analysis' by Stephen Carter (1062--3), and `Human skeletal remains' by Tanya O'Sullivan~(1063). `Appendix 1: modern accounts and images of Coupar Angus' (1065--6), `Appendix 2: primary sources' (1066), and `Appendix 3: finds catalogue' (1067) conclude proceedings.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s finances and the President delivered the President’s Address. The Council for the following session was then elected, as were new applicants for Fellowship. A list of Fellows who died during 1994-1994 was presented.

 

Instructions for Contributors are appended.
Excavations at Sueno's Stone, Forres, Moray
Authors: McCullagh Roderick P J
Published: April 2023

Reports work surrounding the stone, undertaken prior to the construction of a protective glass pavilion around it.
Four excavations in Perth, 1979-84
Authors: Bowler David , Cox Adrian , Smith Catherine , Brann Martin , McGavin Neil , Clark Peter , Blanchard Linda , Hall Derek , Ford Barbara , Underwood Catherine , Cameron Neil , Hodgson Ian , Bruce Margaret , Bennett Helen , Thomas Clare , Walsh Alice , Moran Frank
Published: April 2023

Reports: medieval--post-medieval malting kilns at `Mill Street' by Martin Brann & Neil McGavin (ed David Bowler) (918--30); early medieval buildings at `King Edward Street' by Peter Clark & Linda Blanchard (ed David Bowler) (931--8); investigations into possible Dominican Friary site at `Kinnoull Street' by David Bowler & Derek Hall (939--47) including cemetery evidence; `Blackfriars House' by David Bowler & Derek Hall (947--54). The artefacts section, by B Ford (959--79) includes notes on: `Horse equipment' by B Ellis (963); `Numismatica' by N Holmes (965); `Porous ceramic material' by C Underwood (965); `Stone shot' by M Brann (966); `Doorway pediment' by N Cameron & D Bowler (966); `Ceramic building material' by D W Hall (968, 970); `Textiles' by H Bennett (971); `Leather' by C Thomas & A Walsh~(971). There are details of `The human skeletal remains from Kinnoull Street' by M Bruce (ed A Cox) (979--85), `Animal bone' by C Smith (986--9), `The botanical remains: Mill Street & King Edward Street' by D Robinson (ed C Smith) (990--3). Finally, `Pollen and particle size analysis of ditch deposits' by D Robinson (ed C Smith) (994) concludes proceedings.
Lecture summaries
Authors: Harding D W , Clarke Simon , Groenman-van Waateringe G W , Cruft Kitty , Norman A V B , Carrington Ann
Published: April 2023

Six lecture summaries:The Castle Complex revisited: recent research on the Atlantic Iron AgeThe Newstead excavations: a Roman frontier post and its people revisitedThe Iceman - a mountaineer of 5000 years agoEnclosing, planting and building: the contribution of the Montgomery Act of 1770 on the agriculture and landscape of the Border countiesThe Auld Stane ManA typology of the equestrian chase motif in early medieval Pictish sculpture
Excavation of pits containing decorated Neolithic pottery and early lithic material of possible Mesolithic date at Spurryhillock, Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Alexander Derek , Cowie T G , Finlayson B , Clarke C
Published: April 2023

This report describes a number of pits and a linear feature close to the scheduled cropmark site at Farrochie. The remains of a shallow curvilinear ditch and eight pits were recovered in one area which produced evidence for possible Mesolithic and Neolithic activity. In another trench a number of truncated pits with no associated artefacts were recorded. There are notes on: `The chipped stone' by B Finlayson (20); `Palaeoenvironmental results' by C Clarke (20--1); and `The Neolithic pottery sherds' by T G Cowie (22--4).
The excavation of a square-ditched barrow and other cropmarks at Boysack Mills, Inverkeilor, Angus
Authors: Murray Diana , Ralston Ian , Ashmore P J , Harman M , Shepherd I A G , Thoms L
Published: April 2023

This report describes the excavation in 1977 of a square-ditched barrow probably dating from the first or second century AD, together with the damaged remains of a second square-ditched barrow, a crescentic feature (possibly the very damaged remains of a ring-ditch or ring-ditch house), and a circular enclosure, possibly of Neo date and measuring 18cm in diameter. A burial accompanied by a Beaker was recovered from the quarry shortly after the main excavation. There is a note on the `Radiocarbon dates' by Patrick J Ashmore (376 & 377) and an `Appendix 1: the Beaker burial' by Lisbeth M Thoms (381--3) which includes notes on `The Beaker' by Ian A G Shepherd (382--3) and `The skeletal remains' by Mary Harman (383).
Excavation of a cropmark enclosure at Brixwold, (Dalhousie Mains), Bonnyrigg, Midlothian
Authors: Crone Anne , O'Sullivan J , Carrott J , Duffy A , Holden T , Issitt M , Kenward H , Large F , O'Sullivan T , Rees T
Published: April 2023

Excavation recorded a large, sub-rectangular, ditched enclosure, previously identified from aerial photographic evidence as a cropmark. The deep U-shaped ditch contained waterlogged deposits with preserved organic materials. The radiocarbon dates obtained from waterlogged seeds in the ditch indicate two phases of activity, one in the fourth to second centuries BC and one in the first to second centuries AD. Analyses of the macroplant and insect assemblages from these deposits have provided evidence of the environment within, and immediately surrounding, the ditch as well as some slight evidence of human activity. No significant features or artefacts were recorded in the interior, probably as a result of extensive plough damage. A hollow feature with possible floor layers and a hearth was excavated outwith the south-west perimeter of the enclosure and is tentatively identified as a remnant sunken house floor. There are separately authored reports on: `The macroplant assemblage' by T Holden (395--6); `The invertebrate assemblage' by H Kenward, F Large, J Carrott & M Issitt (396--400); `Flint' by Thomas Rees (400); and `Animal bone' by Tanya O'Sullivan (400--1).
The excavation of two later Iron Age fortified homesteads at Aldclune, Blair Atholl, Perth & Kinross
Authors: Hingley Richard , Moore H L , Triscott Jon E , Wilson G , Ashmore P J , Cool H E M , Dixon D , Lehane D , Máté I D , McCormick F , McCullagh R P J , McSweeney K , Spearman R M
Published: April 2023

Two small `forts', probably large round houses, occupying a natural eminence and further defended by banks and ditches, were excavated in advance of road building. Construction began at Site 2 between the first and second centuries BC and at Site 1 between the second and third centuries AD. Two major phases of occupation were found at each site. There are notes on: `Natural topography and landuse' by I D Máté (411--12); `Charcoal identification' by R McCullagh (431--2); `Radiocarbon dates' by P J Ashmore (432--6); `Metalwork' (436--9), `Ceramics' (439), `Querns and worked stone' (439--44), all by H E M Cool; `Petrology of the stone artefacts' by D Dixon (445); `Chipped stone' by D Lehane (445); `Metalworking debris' by R M Spearman (445--6); `Animal bone' by F McCormick (446); and `Human bone' by K McSweeny [K McSweeney] (446).
Meetings of the Society 1996-7
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 1996 – 1997.
Excavation of a Bronze Age ring cairn at Cloburn Quarry, Cairngryffe Hill, Lanarkshire
Authors: Lelong Olivia , Pollard Tony , Roberts J A , Shepherd I A G
Published: April 2023

Reports on work carried out over a number of seasons beginning in 1986 which revealed a complex funerary structure in the form of a pre-cairn monument with a central scoop, encircled by rings of timber posts, cremation pits and stone, followed by later pit and stone arrangements containing cremations. There are specialist contributions on: `The cremated bone' by Julie A Roberts (119--23); `The pottery' by Olivia Lelong (123--30) which includes Early Neolithic material; `Jet beads and button' by Ian A G Shepherd (130--2); and the `Stone artefact assemblage' by Tony Pollard (132--6) pieces of which may represent Mesolithic or Neolithic activity.
The excavation and survey of prehistoric enclosures at Blackshouse Burn, Lanarkshire
Authors: Lelong Olivia , Pollard Tony , Crone A , Jordan D , Ramsay S
Published: April 2023

Reports on work carried out between 1985 and 1986 at a large banked enclosure with an associated smaller enclosure, on the edge of an ancient bog. It is suggested that the site had both ritual and domestic associations. There are specialist contributions on: `Soils' by David Jordan (35--7); `Pollen analysis' by Susan Ramsay (37--40); `Pottery' by Olivia Lelong (40); `Worked stone' by Tony Pollard (40--1); and `Dendrochronological analysis of three wooden posts' by Anne Crone (42--3).
Typology of Bronze Age wooden containers: new dating evidence from Islay
Authors: Earwood Caroline
Published: April 2023

Discusses finds made in the 1960s which are now housed in the Museum of Islay Life, in particular, a two-piece grooved tub from Allt Garadh Ealabais which produced a radiocarbon date of 1400--1090 BC thus making it one of the earliest known examples of its kind from Britain or Ireland.
Survey and excavation at Kilearnan Hill, Sutherland, 1982-3
Authors: McIntyre Alison , James H , McCullagh R , Radley A , Triscott J , Barber J , Birnie J F , Cowie T , Lehane-Magee D , Sheil R
Published: April 2023

Reports on work carried out in advance of forestry development which revealed Bronze Age hut circles, cairns and burnt mounds.
Excavation of cropmark features at Drum Farm, Bo'ness, West Lothian
Authors: Rees Alastair R
Published: April 2023

Notes the find of two samian sherds from what appears to be a native enclosure and considers a possible association with the vicus at Carriden.
Archaeological and palynological investigations on the Antonine Wall near Glasgow Bridge, Kirkintilloch
Authors: Dunwell Andrew , Coles Geraint
Published: April 2023

Discusses work carried out in 1992 which defined the ditch and rampart of the frontier and produced a pollen diagram outlining environmental and economic activities in the area for 500--600 years after its construction in a possibly established open landscape.
The Skeith Stone, Upper Kilrenny, Fife, in its context
Authors: Trench-Jellicoe Ross
Published: April 2023

Describes a monument located on the ancient road to Kilrenny which has a chi-rho element in its design and is the first of its kind recognised in a Pictish context. Suggests that it is both a route and boundary marker associated with a former monastic site now only seen in earthworks.
The discovery of medieval deposits beneath the Earl's Palace, Kirkwall, Orkney
Authors: McB Cox Eoin , Owen Olwyn , Pringle Denys , Crone A , Paterson L
Published: April 2023

Discusses the 1982 archaeological investigations below the tennis courts and walls of the seventeenth-century palace which revealed a range of medieval features and deposits probably associated with the earlier Bishop's Palace or Palace of the Yards. A major find of the excavations was a wooden Scandinavian-type comb and it is suggested that it may have been brought from Trondheim in Norway in the thirteenth century (given the close connection between the two ecclesiastical settlements). Anne Crone writes on `Waterlogged wood' (576) and Leonie Paterson on `Faunal remains' (576--7).
A copper flat axehead from Wester Cartmore Farm, Lochgelly, Fife: a cautionary tale
Authors: Whittington Graeme , Cowie Trevor , Yeoman Peter
Published: April 2023

Records the find of a Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age artefact from a boggy glacial depression with disturbed organic deposits. Discusses the possibility that it may have votive significance but considers it unlikely based on an examination of palynological evidence.
St Kilda: quarries, fields and prehistoric agriculture
Authors: Fleming Andrew , Edmonds Mark
Published: April 2023

On the western side of Village Bay, on the island of Hirta in the St Kilda archipelago, there are extensive dolerite quarries for the extraction of stone for production of `flaked stone bars' or hoe-blades, which are closely comparable to similar tools found in Neolithic and Bronze Age contexts in the Northern Isles. Broken hoe-blades are widely distributed among the walls and buildings of the village abandoned in 1930. Their use was probably coeval with that of irregular walled field systems in Village Bay and Gleann Mór. A viable community evidently occupied Hirta well before the Iron Age. These findings suggest that current views of the prehistory of Hirta and of the role of agriculture in the island's history should be revised.
Edin's Hall fort, broch and settlement, Berwickshire (Scottish Borders): recent fieldwork and new perceptions
Authors: Dunwell Andrew , Cressey M , Eremin K , Hunter F , Miller S , Moran J
Published: April 2023

A survey and excavations were undertaken in 1996 at Edin's Hall fort, broch and settlement — a monument in the care of Historic Scotland — in response to evidence of rabbit damage to the earthworks. The work has shown that the evolution of the site is considerably more complex than had been recognized hitherto. The broch may have been constructed during the lifetime of the settlement. The status and wealth of the site are discussed, and considered in relation to aspects of Roman/native interaction. The project was wholly funded by Historic Scotland.
The Twentieth Legion and the history of the Antonine Wall reconsidered
Authors: Swan Vivien G
Published: April 2023

The study of utilitarian pottery from the Antonine Wall has distinguished small numbers of locally made vessels with North African affinities at nine or ten forts. Similar vessels at Chester and others made by Legio XX at the Holt works depot, one with a potter's graffito in neo-Punic suggest the presence of North Africans. It is suggested that detachments sent from Britain to Pius' Mauretanian war of AD 146-49 may have brought North Africans back with them to Britain. At the western sector of the Antonine Wall, changes in the legionary work-stints may be linked to troop reductions for the war, as the mural barrier and Bearsden Duntocher fort interiors were still unfinished. After the conflict, Bearsden and Duntocher were each partitioned to make an annexe and their internal buildings re-planned and completed; a programme of annexe construction began at other forts, and secondary alterations were made to many existing fort interiors. All may be connected with changes in units or in the composition of the returning garrisons, now perhaps mixed and augmented with small numbers of North African troops. Possible relevant epigraphic evidence is examined.
Meetings of the Society 1998-9
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 1998 – 1999.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s finances. The Council for the following session was elected, as were new applicants for Fellowship. A list of Fellows who died during 1998-1999 was presented. The President then gave the President's Address.At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s finances. The Council for the following session was elected, as were new applicants for Fellowship. A list of Fellows who died during 1998-1999 was presented. The President then gave the President's Address.

Notes for Contributors are appended.
Excavation of an Early Bronze Age cemetery and other sites a the West Water Reservoir, West Linton, Scottish Borders
Authors: Hunter Fraser , Carter S , Davis M , Finlayson B , Hallén Y , Lunt D , Miller S , Saville A , Sheridan A , Tipping R , O'Neil M , Braby A
Published: April 2023

An Early Bronze Age flat cist cemetery was excavated after it was exposed by reservoir erosion. Nine surviving cists were found, containing a mixture of inhumations and cremations. Grave goods included food vessels and a unique cannel coal and lead necklace. Where skeletal remains survived, most of the deceased were sub-adult or young adults. Evidence of floral tributes was found in three burials. A number of other features, one containing Beaker sherds, may be connected to rituals taking place at the site. In addition a number of less coherent sites were excavated elsewhere around the reservoir. Discussion attempts to place the cemetery within its wider Bronze Age context, considering aspects such as the deliberate infilling of burials and the interpretation of grave goods. Includes separately authored reports on:
Marion Campbell of Kilberry
Authors: Fisher Ian
Published: April 2023

Marion Campbell was the last survivor of a remarkable generation of female heads of historic Argyll families, all born during or shortly after the First World War.
An Early Bronze Age multiple burial cist from Mill Road Industrial Estate, Linlithgow, West Lothian
Authors: Cook Murray , Ellis C , McSweeney K , Mills C , Rees T
Published: April 2023

Evaluation of a short cist discovered during construction works revealed five inhumations and a cremation. The burial group consisted of a minimum of five children and an adult with a misshapen skull. Four of the burials have been dated to the Early Bronze Age. The burials were accompanied by a piece of flint debitage and a retouched tool. The cist has been placed in a substantial pit an constructed in such a way that it could be reopened. It is argued that the cist was the focus of complex burial rituals that took place periodically and involved the specific selection of individual for insertion in the cist. Includes separately authored reports on:
Prelims
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Front matter for Volume 130

Table of Contents

Editorial Board for the Proceedings, 1999-2000

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Council for 1999-2000

Patron and Honorary Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1999-2000

Laws of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

Editorial
Roman counterfeiters' moulds from Scotland
Authors: Holmes Nicholas M McQ , Hunter Fraser
Published: April 2023

Three clay moulds for making cast counterfeits of third-century coins are discussed in terms of their relationship to items of similar type found elsewhere and of their possible significance in a Scottish context. Includes
Excavations by the late G D B Jones and C M Daniels along the moray Firth littoral
Authors: Gregory Richard A
Published: April 2023

Between 1984 and 1990 the late G D B Jones and C M Daniels undertook excavation at four large rectilinear cropmark sites at Easter Galcantray (Nairnshire), Thomshill and Balnageith (Morayshire) and Boyndie (Banffshire). This work successfully identified discrete phases of activity dating from the Neolithic through to historic times. The excavators believed that the rectilinear enclosures had been Roman military fortifications linked to the Agricolan advance into north-eastern Scotland. The paper documents the evidence acquired through this fieldwork, and attempts to present and assess the interpretation which the excavators placed on their discoveries.
Meetings of the Society 2000-2001
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 2000 – 2001.
Some excavations on the line of the Antonine Wall, 1994-2001
Authors: Dunwell Andrew , Bailey Geoff , Leslie Alan , Smith Andrea , Atkinson J , Bailey G , Cameron K , Duffy A , Ellis C , Evans J , Glendinning B , Gooder J , Hastie M , Leslie A , McCullagh R , Photos-Jones E , Robins P , Speller K , Strachan R
Published: April 2023

The results of over thirty separate excavations and watching briefs along the line of the Antonine Wall are presented. The alignment and character of the frontier works and fort defences were clarified in several places. New information was obtained regarding a possible enclosure on the north side of the Wall near Auchendavy. Material includes:
Philology on Tacitus's Graupian Hill and Trucculan Harbour
Authors: Breeze Andrew
Published: April 2023

Considers evidence for the site of Mons Graupius and the meaning of the name.
Excavations of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, 1998
Authors: Strachan Richard , Dunwell Andrew , Clarke A , Cressey M , McGill C , Pelling R , Warren G
Published: April 2023

Several archaeological sites were located and excavated by the Centre for Field Archaeology, University of Edinburgh (CFA) during a watching brief associated with the construction of a c 13km gas pipeline from St Fergus to Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, in the summer of 1998. The discoveries comprised two Neolithic artefact scatters, Bronze Age structures and an enclosure, and two features akin to burnt mounds. Penspen Limited commissioned the work on behalf of Scottish Hydro-Electric plc.
A walk along the Antonine Wall in 1825: the travel journal of the Rev John Skinner
Authors: Keppie Lawrence
Published: April 2023

In 1825 the Rev John Skinner, an Anglican clergyman from Camerton in Somerset, walked the length of the Antonine Wall from east to west, as part of an extensive Scottish tour. He recorded his observations at length in a journal and prepared daily a series of pencil sketches which constitute an invaluable record of the monument at a fixed date. His sketches include sculptures and inscriptions subsequently lost, and a few sites otherwise unrecorded. He also visited the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow in order to view its collection of Roman stones.
John Stewart, Duke of Albany, Lord Governor of Scotland, and his political role in 16th-century France
Authors: Bentley-Cranch Dana , Marshall Rosalind K
Published: April 2023

The discovery of three hitherto undocumented letters to John Stewart, Duke of Albany and Lord Governor of Scotland from the French government minister, Florimond Robertet, allows us to glimpse the diplomatic dealings of a powerful 16th-century personage who moved between the courts of Scotland and France. It also reveals something of his close personal relationship with François I’s leading political adviser to whom, for example, he sent the touching gift of a crystal charmstone. Albany, this Scot who had been brought up in France, was indeed a cosmopolitan figure and the letters, recounting the latest news of the momentous Sack of Rome by the Imperial army of Charles V, place the Lord Governor in a wider European context.
The excavation of a Bronze Age cemetery at Seafield West, near Inverness, Highland
Authors: Cressey Michael , Sheridan Alison , Clarke Ciara , Church Mike , Gabra-Sanders Thea , McKinley Jacqueline , Northover Peter , Warren Graeme
Published: April 2023

Excavations in 1996 in advance of a major commercial development at Seafield West revealed a Bronze Age cemetery. Inside a ring-ditch were two adjacent graves with wooden coffins, one a boat-shaped hollowed tree-trunk, the other plank-built. Both had probably contained crouched inhumation burials. Grave goods in the former included a bronze dagger of ‘Butterwick’ type whose scabbard of wood and cattle hide produced a date of 3385 ± 45 BP (1870–1520 cal BC at 2s), slightly later than expected; those in the latter included an ‘Irish Bowl’ Food Vessel, believed to date to c 2000 BC. Both items indicate links with Ireland. Also inside the ring-ditch were: a short stone cist; a pit containing cremated human remains accompanied by three burnt barbed-and-tanged arrowheads and a mandible fragment, probably of a dog or fox; and three pits, at least one of which might have been an inhumation grave. Outside, and to the east, was a second short stone cist with a Beaker; to the west, a cluster of truncated pit graves containing cremated human bone and pyre debris, and in one case the remains of an urn and accessory vessel. One of these pit graves, dated to 3360 ± 50 BP (1750–1510 cal BC at 2s), contained the remains of an adult with cut marks on the skull. The cemetery is around 700m from – and on the same gravel ridge as – the multi-phase site at Stoneyfield, Raigmore, whose later phases featured a cist cemetery and a pit with a Cordoned Urn cremation burial. Some residual lithic evidence for Mesolithic activity in the area was also recovered.
An Early Bronze Age 'dagger grave' from Rameldry Farm, near Kingskettle, Fife
Authors: Baker Louise , Sheridan Alison , Cowie Trevor , Aheuser K , Cameron E , Chambers S , Davis M , Henderson D , Heron C , Northover P , O'Connor B , Redvers-Jones H
Published: April 2023

In February 2000, ploughing disturbed the capstone of a cist, located on the side of a prominent knowe at Rameldry Farm, near Kingskettle in central Fife. Excavation by Headland Archaeology Ltd on behalf of Historic Scotland revealed a short cist which contained the crouched inhumation of a man aged 40–50, who had suffered from arthritis, some tooth loss and possibly Paget’s Disease. He had been buried wearing a garment adorned with six V-perforated buttons. Five of these are of Whitby jet (including one with unique decoration including inlaid tin); the sixth is of the mineral lizardite, and has an enigmatic coating, possibly a glaze. Behind his shoulder was a dagger, of ‘Milston type (East Kennet variant)’; it had had a fancy horn hilt and a scabbard lined with animal skin. The scabbard yielded two AMS radiocarbon dates, with a mean value of 2280–1970 cal

BC at 2s.
Emeritus Professor Derek Douglas Alexander Simpson
Authors: Megaw J V S
Published: April 2023

Derek Simpson was a product of what those of us fortunate enough to be students at the time regard as the golden years of archaeology at the University of Edinburgh.
A pair of presentation curling stones - Abercairney 1864
Authors: Smith David B
Published: April 2023

Description of two curling stones made as presentations to individuals who had fostered the game of curling during the mid-nineteenth century.
Bronze Age banks at the Black Crofts, North Connel, Argyll, a synthesis and re-assessment
Authors: Carter Stephen , Dalland Magnar
Published: April 2023

The excavation and publication of the Bronze Age banks discovered at the Black Crofts, North Connel, in the years around 1970 may be considered a landmark in prehistoric archaeology in Scotland and, in particular, the study of archaeology under blanket peat. Investigations at the site continued up to 1978 but the results of this later work were never fully published. Recent archaeological investigations, triggered by housing developments in the Black Crofts, have led to renewed interest in the site and the earlier archaeological studies. This paper provides a summary of all the work undertaken at this site and undertakes a re-assessment of the published interpretations of the bank system in the light of more recent research. Includes
Improving the roads and bridges of the Stirling area c 1660-1706
Authors: Harrison John G
Published: April 2023

The later 17th century saw a marked improvement in the public road system of the Stirling area, with new bridges, better road surfaces and probably some straightening and widening of the roads. In Stirlingshire this work was co-ordinated by the Justices of the Peace, whilst in Clackmannanshire the Justices joined in a more general committee for administering the sheriffdom. They used a combination of statute labour, taxes, fines and charitable donations to finance the work, which was sufficiently effective to make a recognizable contribution to the local economy. It is likely that similar improvements were taking place in other areas, at least in southern and central Scotland, during the same period. An alphabetical Appendix of the bridges recorded in this paper, giving further details of dating, work undertaken etc will be deposited with the National Monuments Record of Scotland and with Stirling Council Archives.
Research in inscriptional palaeography (RIP). Tombstone lettering in Dumfries and Galloway
Authors: Thomson George
Published: April 2023

A comprehensive and detailed survey was made of lettering on all accessible tombstone inscriptions in Dumfries and Galloway. Using statistical and other analytical techniques, a large amount of data was extracted. From this, comparisons were made with data from the author's previous study of inscriptional lettering throughout Scotland. The distributions of a number of letterform attributes were mapped, in some instances revealing clear geographical trends. The interesting subregional groupings in Dumfries and Galloway identified in the initial national survey were confirmed when the comprehensive data were used, though the distinctions were not so clear-cut. The rise of three more or less distinct area profiles identified using 42 letterform attributes is likened to the development of a dialect or accent, not learned by imitation, but subconsciously acquired as a consequence of living in local divergent communities.
Bronze Age pastoral practices in the Clyde Valley
Authors: Toolis Ronan , Cook M , Crone A , Dixon J , Engl R , Hall A , Inglis R , MacSween A
Published: April 2023

In November 2002, AOC Archaeology Group carried out the archaeological excavation of a roundhouse and associated palisades prior to a housing development at West Acres, Newton Mearns. The excavation revealed a ring-groove roundhouse, bounded on the south by a curvilinear palisade trench and on the north by another two curvilinear palisade trenches, one that preceded the roundhouse and another that succeeded the roundhouse. It is proposed that these palisades represent evidence of stock management practices. Charcoal recovered from the roundhouse and the palisade features date this settlement to the second millennium BC. A considerable quantity of pottery sherds was recovered from within the roundhouse and supports a Bronze Age date for the occupation of the site.
Prelims
Authors: - -
Published: April 2023

Front matter for Volume 135

Table of Contents

Editorial Board for the Proceedings, 2004-5

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Council for 2004-5

Patron and Honorary Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2004-5

Laws of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland