bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expressing and legitimating ‘actionable knowledge’ from within ‘the moment of acting’
Authors: Shotter John
Published: September 2007

As living, embodied beings, communication begins in, and continues with, our living, spontaneous, expressive-responsive (gestural), bodily activities that occur in the meetings between ourselves and the others and othenesses around us. It is by our 1st-person expressions that we influence the actions of others — our tellings are much more important than our reportings . Thus, as I see it, abstract and general theories are of little help to us in the unique living of our unique lives together, either as ordinary people, as professional practitioners, or as action researchers. On the other hand, however, the specific words of others, uttered as ‘reminders’ at a timely moments within an ongoing practice, drawing out attention to unnoticed features of the practice, can be a crucial influence in developing and refining it further. In this paper I distinguish between two kinds of speech/writing: ‘withness (dialogic)’ -talk and ‘aboutness (monologic)’ -talk . Crucial in this distinction is our spontaneous, expressive, living, bodily responsiveness. While monological aboutness-talk is unresponsive to the activities of the others around us, dialogical withness-talk is not. In being spontaneously responsive both to the expressions of others, as well as our own, as I show in the paper, it engenders in us both unique anticipations as to what-next might happen along with, so to speak, ‘action-guiding advisories’ as to what-next we might do — a feature that is of central relevance for action research.
The new Finnish workplace development programme (TYKES-FWDP) as an approach to innovation
Authors: Alasoini Tuomo
Published: September 2007

The paper surveys the background, aims, and content of the Finnish Government’s new working-life development initiative for the
period 2004 to 2009. The aim of the new Finnish Workplace Development Program (TYKES-FWDP) is sustainable productivity growth,
where increases in productivity are combined with improvements in the quality of working life. In addition to funding development
projects in both companies and public-sector organizations, the program will promote method development, learning networks, and
continuing education for researchers on working life. As an innovation policy approach, TYKES-FWDP represents a "broad systemic
innovation policy" that focuses equally on all sectors of the economy and on the interaction and combination of technological,
organizational, and other kinds of social innovations.
From molecules to mindfulness
Authors: Anderson Carl M.
Published: September 2007

Fractal time fluctuations of the spectral “1/f” form are universal in natural self-organizing systems. Neurobiology is uniquely infused with fractal fluctuations in the form of statistically self-similar clusters or bursts on all levels of description from molecular events such as protein chain fluctuations, ion channel currents and synaptic processes to the behaviors of neural ensembles or the collective behavior of Internet users. It is the thesis of this essay that the brain self-organizes via a vertical collation of these spontaneous events in order to perceive the world and generate adaptive behaviors. REM sleep, which coalesces from self-similar clusters of burst-within-burst behavior during ontogeny, is essential to cognitive-emotional function, and has recurrent fractal organization. Empirical fMRI observations further support the association of fractal fluctuations in the temporal lobes, brainstem and cerebellum during the expression of emotional memory, spontaneous fluctuations of thought and meditative practice. Cognitive-emotional integration arises as amygdaloid-brainstem-cerebellar systems harmonize the vertical “1/f” symphony of coupled isochronous cortical oscillations in the pursuit of mindfulness.
Destructive emotions
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses the problem of destructive emotions by comparing Eastern and Western assumptions about emotions. In the case of anger, for example, Eastern thinkers straightforwardly posit that it is entirely possible to cultivate attitudes in which anger is naturally absent. In the West, by contrast, it is generally assumed that anger is a “basic” emotion that can be suppressed or managed, but not eliminated from one’s basic emotional constitution. Thus, in the Eastern way of thinking, emotion is a force that more easily harmonizes with rational approaches to life and to the specific problems in life.
An emotional-experiential perspective on creative symbolic-metaphorical processes
Authors: Getz Isaac , Lubart Todd
Published: September 2007

Following some initial interrogations on the experiential and creative nature of symbolic-metaphorical processes (e.g. Gendlin, 1997a; Gruber, 1988) and some work on the production and interpretation of linguistically novel metaphors (e.g. Gibbs, 1994; Lakoff & Turner, 1989), we propose a new, ‘emotional-experiential’ perspective on creative metaphors — perhaps, the most historically and sociologically important type of symbolic constructions. The emotional-experiential perspective accounts for the production and interpretation of creative metaphors through idiosyncratic emotion-based associations. Introspective, laboratory, and illustrative case study evidence from several Western cultures is provided. Implications for broad issues concerning creative metaphor and symbolization are discussed.
The fiction of phenomenal intentionality
Authors: Georgalis Nicholas
Published: September 2007

This paper argues that there is no such thing as “phenomenal intentionality”. The arguments used by its advocates rely upon an appeal to “what it is like” (WIL) to attend on some occasion to one’s intentional state. I argue that there is an important asymmetry in the application of the WIL phenomenon to sensory and intentional states. Advocates of “phenomenal intentionality” fail to recognize this, but this asymmetry undermines their arguments for phenomenal intentionality.

The broader issue driving the advocacy of phenomenal intentionality is the belief that consciousness must somehow be implicated in intentionality. With this I agree. But because of the asymmetry of application of WIL, the path chosen by advocates of phenomenal intentionality to secure this conclusion cannot succeed. A brief overview of recent philosophy of mind explains the temptation to take this wrong path. Fortunately, there are other routes that implicate consciousness in intentionality. In consequence, though there is no phenomenal intentionality, there is a phenomenology of intentionality.
Proto-Indo-European ‘laryngeals’ were vocalic
Authors: Reynolds Elinor , West Paula , Coleman John S.
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY

We have argued that the ‘laryngeals’ reconstructed for PIE were vocalic in nature. This is in line with
Saussure’s original classification of the ‘laryngeals’ as vowels but runs counter to the prevalent modern
view that they were fricatives. According to the ‘vocalic’ hypothesis that we propose, the
‘laryngeals’ formed a subsystem of the PIE vowel inventory, and were characterized by metrical weakness. This
analysis draws upon contemporary phonological understanding of the interaction between a segment’s position within
syllable structure and its phonetic realization. The hypothesis allows phonetically plausible accounts to be formulated for each
of the observed developments in the daughter languages. Moreover, it is more credible from a typological perspective than any
of the proposals involving fricatives.

RÉSUMÉ

Nous avons soutenu que les ‘laryngales’ reconstruites pour le proto-indo-européen étaient de
forme vocalique. Ceci est en accord avec l’hypothèse de Saussure où les ‘laryngales’
étaient classées voyelles mais va à l’encontre de l’opinion moderne qu’elles étaient
fricatives. Selon l’hypothèse ‘vocalique’ que nous proposons les ‘laryngales’ formaient
un sous-système de l’inventaire vocalique proto-indo-européen characterisé par la faiblesse metrique.
Cette analyse fait appel à la compréhension phonologique contemporaine de l’interaction entre la position
d’un segment dans la syllabe et sa réalisation phonétique. Cette hypothèse permet des explications
raisonnables pour chaque développement observé dans les langues filles. D’ailleurs, dans une perspective
typologique cette hypothèse est plus croyable que les systèmes qui utilisent les fricatives.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Unserer Auffassung nach waren Laryngale, die für das Urindogermanische rekonstruiert worden sind, vokalischer
Natur. Diese Auffassung stimmt mit Saussures ursprünglicher Klassifikation, nach der Laryngale Vokale sind,
überein, widerspricht aber der gegenwärtig vorherrschenden Annahme, nach der es sich um Frikative handelt.
Gemäß der hier vorgestellten Hypothese bildeten die Laryngale eine Unterklasse der urindogermanischen Vokale,
und zeichneten sich durch metrische Schwäche aus. Dieser Analyse liegt ein gegenwärtig postuliertes phonologisches
Verständnis der Wechselwirkung zwischen der Lage eines Segmentes innerhalb der Silbenstruktur und seiner phonetischen
Realisierung zugrunde. Auf der Basis dieser Hypothese können phonetisch plausible Entwicklungen in den Tochtersprachen
erklärt werden. Desweiteren erscheint der hier vorgestellte Ansatz auch von einem typologischen Ansatz
überzeugender als andere, die für Frikative argumentieren.
Reconstructing the articulation of Early Germanic *r
Authors: Denton Jeannette Marshall
Published: September 2007

The seemingly contradictory influences of r on neighboring sounds in the early Germanic languages have fueled controversy over r’s articulation in Proto-Germanic and later dialects. In this paper, we examine a number of these early Germanic sound changes and compare their effects to those observed in recent phonetic studies of the coarticulation of different types of r on adjacent vowels. We conclude that an apical trill and a central approximant r are phonetically the most likely conditioners of the earliest Germanic sound changes, while later changes can be accounted for by rhotics which were phonetically related to these earlier articulations.
Where do conjugated infinitives come from?
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: September 2007

Although conjugated infinitives (CIs) occur in languages as diverse as Portuguese, Welsh, Hungarian, and West Greenlandic, the prototypical infinitive is nonfinite in the traditional sense: it has no subject person agreement. This paper argues that CIs are special in the sense that they cannot arise spontaneously in the course of language acquisition. Even in languages with obligatory agreement, CIs require salient triggers. Two common sources are identified: (1) purposive subjunctives; (2) pronominal elements (e.g., construed with a nominalization). These sources require one of two kinds of reanalysis, generally based on a surface ambiguity. In all of the cases documented here, more than one of these factors interacted to trigger a CI.
Rethinking the Tobler-Mussafia Law
Authors: Fischer Susann
Published: September 2007

It has been argued repeatedly that the Old Romance clitics are phrasal in character and obey a Romance version of the Wackernagel law, i.e. the Tobler-Mussafia law (cf. Tobler 1875; Mussafia 1888). This law has been interpreted as a constraint that forbids clitics to appear in initial position, due to their status as phonologically enclitic elements, and it was often taken as the explanation of why Old Romance clitics could follow the verb in matrix sentences but never in embedded sentences. Under this view the change in clitic placement from Old to Modern Romance was explained with a change in the categorial status of the clitic itself, i.e. as long as clitics were moving as phrases the ban on clitic-first orders was active and thus clitics were sometimes forced to follow the verb in matrix sentences. Old Catalan clitics contradict this view. They precede and follow the verb in matrix as well as in embedded sentences even though they need to be analyzed as heads from the beginning onwards. In this paper I argue that the change in clitic placement is neither connected to the clitics’ phrasal character nor to their obedience to the Tobler-Mussafia law, but that it is the parameter determining the relative order between verb and clitic that has changed its value in the development from Old to Modern Catalan. The data I present is taken from a corpus of more than 7000 sentences covering the last eight centuries.
Into the past
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: September 2007

This study is concerned with Vegliote, the last remnant of the Dalmatian branch of the Romance languages, as used by its very last speaker in the last quarter of the 19th century. Specifically, I shall deal with a peculiar morphological neutralization of the distinction between present and past imperfect tenses, which becomes increasingly common in that speaker’s usage over the last twenty years of his life. After careful consideration of the status and significance of data gleaned from analysis of the idiolect of just this one speaker, I shall explain the analogical mechanisms of the change and argue that they constitute strong evidence for the diachronic importance of Aronoff’s notion of the ‘morphome’ — a recurrent distributional regularity, wholly lacking in extramorphological motivation, within the inflectional paradigm. I shall also consider the significance of these facts for our understanding of the morphological processes at work in language death.
A production account of sound changes affecting diphthongs and triphthongs in Romance
Authors: Recasens Daniel
Published: September 2007

This paper is an investigation processes of sound change (i.e., assimilations, dissimilations, elisions) affecting diphthongs and triphthongs derived from Latin mid low vowels in Romance. This analysis is carried out with reference to the Degree of Articulatory Constraint model of coarticulation according to which adaptation effects between consecutive segments in the speech chain, as well as their regressive or progressive direction, are determined by the requirements imposed by speakers upon the articulatory structures. Several findings are consistent with this theoretical framework, namely, assimilatory vowel raising in diphthongs and triphthongs appear to be facilitated by a homorganic onglide in accordance with the prominence of the carryover effects associated with the articulatory gestures for /j/ and /w/, and dissimilatory vowel lowering is not prone to be implemented in rising diphthongs with a (mid) high front vowel perhaps since speakers attempt to avoid vocalic sequences imposing high articulatory demands.
Reconstructing morpheme order in Bantu
Authors: Good Jeff
Published: September 2007

The morphological ordering relationships among a set of valence-changing suffixes found throughout the Bantu family have been of theoretical interest in a number of synchronic studies of the daughter languages. However, few attempts have yet been made to reconstruct the principles governing their ordering in the parent language. Based on a survey of over thirty Bantu languages, this paper proposes a reconstruction wherein the order of suffixes marking causativization and applicativization was fixed in Proto-Bantu. This reconstruction runs counter to approaches to morphosyntax where semantic scope is taken to determine the order of morphemes but is consistent with templatic approaches to morpheme ordering in the Bantu family.
Pre-diaspora Arabic
Authors: Owens Jonathan
Published: September 2007

Arabic dialects, the native spoken Arabic of about 250 million people, are spread over an immense, contiguous geographical area from Iran to Lake Chad, from Morocco to Yemen. Corresponding to this geographical spread is considerable linguistic diversity. An explanation for this diversity has proved elusive. The existence of variants found either in the modern dialects or in the Classical literature (or both), which are not self-evidently derivable from a normalized Classical Arabic (largely standardized by the ninth century), argues for a more diverse set of inputs into the Arabic which spread outwards from the Arabian Peninsula beginning in the seventh century. I elucidate this problem by comparing four varieties of Arabic located in widely separated areas and settled at different times. To account for the internal diversity of the areas compared, a dataset is established with 49 phonological and morphological features, which, using simple statistical procedures, permits a normalized comparison of the varieties. From this set of variables, two specific linguistic features are discussed in detail and reconstructions proposed, which place their origins in a pre-diaspora variety. I conclude that the Arabic which preceded the Arabic diaspora of the seventh century was considerably more diverse than interpretations of the history of Arabic traditionally allow for.

Additional information and data: http://german.lss.wisc.edu/Diachronica/Owens/pdfs.htm
Understanding the present through the past
Authors: Terkourafi Marina
Published: September 2007

Studies of Greek as spoken today in Cyprus draw attention to a generalised variety of Cypriot Greek, free from local variation within the island, yet diverging in several ways from the standard spoken on the mainland. In this article, I attempt first to classify this variety, examining whether it exhibits structural and sociohistorical characteristics of koinés. Having established today's generalised Cypriot variety as a koiné, I then trace its evolution, arguing that an early koiné already came into existence in the late 14th c., playing an important role in the formation of both the modern Cypriot dialect and today's koiné.
[ATR] reversal in Jumjum
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: September 2007

Jumjum, a Western Nilotic language, has an eight-vowel system divided into two sets by the feature [ATR] (Advanced Tongue Root), which is the basis of vowel harmony. A comparison with other Western Nilotic languages shows that (i) this vowel system goes back to a ten-vowel system in Proto-Western Nilotic (PWN), (ii) PWN high [−ATR] vowels have become high [+ATR] vowels in Jumjum, and (iii) conversely, PWN high [+ATR] vowels have become high [−ATR] vowels in Jumjum. The sequence of changes that resulted in this [ATR] reversal in Jumjum relative to PWN provides a historical explanation of synchronically odd, grammatically conditioned vowel-quality alternations in this language.
From prefixes to suffixes
Authors: Harvey Mark , Green Ian , Nordlinger Rachel
Published: September 2007

This article provides a counterexample to the commonly held, if unexamined, proposition that morphemes reconstructed as affixes do not change their position with respect to the root. We do not expect to find that a proto-prefix has suffix reflexes, nor that a proto-suffix has prefix reflexes. In this paper we show, through detailed reconstruction, that paradigms of class/case suffixes in a number of Northern Australian languages derive historically from a paradigm of proto-prefixes, through the encliticization and reduction of prefixed demonstratives to nominals. This process has only left a few traces of the demonstrative stems in the synchronic forms.
Morphological factors in the grammaticalization of the Catalan “go” past
Authors: Juge Matthew L.
Published: September 2007

The Catalan periphrastic perfective past is a so-called “go” past: Vaig cantar, lit. “I-go to-sing”, “I sang” vs. Vaig allà, lit. “I-go there”, “I go there”. Its semantic development has been much discussed, but it presents morphological issues as well. Previous analyses ignore key morphological factors, especially the shift from the early mix of preterit and present auxiliary forms to exclusive use of the present and the development of several variant auxiliary forms. The auxiliary-plus-infinitive construction shares some but not all forms with the lexical verb anar “to go”. Early examples use mostly preterit auxiliary forms but later the small number of present forms grows and the preterit forms disappear. I argue that the present-preterit syncretism in the first person plural of anar, anam, allowed for reinterpretation of the construction as one with a present tense auxiliary rather than a preterit auxiliary. This analysis runs counter to the typical ‘narrative present’ account. Subsequently, the unique third person singular va allowed for new auxiliary forms influenced by the synthetic preterit. This case shows the importance for typological study of detailed analysis of this type to counterbalance the risk of superficial analysis inherent in crosslinguistic studies.
Layering, competition and a twist of fate
Authors: Tagliamonte Sali A. , Smith Jennifer
Published: September 2007

This paper examines an area of ongoing change in English — deontic modality — and uses an archive of synchronic dialect data from England, Scotland and Northern Ireland to discover new information about its development. History records a cline in this system from must to have to to have got to. By taking a cross-dialectal perspective and utilizing comparative sociolinguistic methods we present a possible reconstruction of the later steps in this process. The results reveal dialectal contrasts in the proportion of older and newer forms, but similar patterns of use. Must is obsolescent and there is an unanticipated resurgence of have to alongside pan-dialectal grammatical reorganization: (1) have to is being used in contexts traditionally encoded by must and (2) have got to is specializing for indefinite reference. Young women are the leading edge in these developments suggesting that systemic adjustments in grammar combine with sociolinguistic influences to advance linguistic change.
Do facial structural characteristics communicate information about health?
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , Larsen Randy J.
Published: September 2007

High levels of sex hormones may lower immunocompetence, making it difficult for a person’s body to fight off infections. Facial characteristics that reveal high levels of sex hormones might signal the presence of a robust immune system. In men, high testosterone levels are associated with prominent cheekbones, wide jaw, and long chin. In women, high estrogen levels are associated with prominent cheekbones, narrow jaw, and short chin. We examined whether facial features associated with immunocompetence positively covary with health. Participants from 2 groups of university students (67 women, 34 men, in total) completed daily measures of psychological, emotional, and physical health over a one-month period. Physiological fitness was assessed via cardiac recovery time following exercise. A facial photograph of each participant was rated along several personality dimensions, activity level, and attractiveness. Using the photographs, we measured participants’ jaw width, chin length, and cheekbone prominence. Results provide unimpressive evidence for the hypotheses that (1) women displaying an estrogenized face and (2) men displaying a testosteronized face are physiologically, psychologically, and emotionally healthier. Discussion highlights directions for future work on whether facial structural characteristics might communicate information about underlying health.
Meaning = Life (+ Culture)
Authors: Zlatev Jordan
Published: September 2007

The article presents the outlines of an integrative theory of meaning based on the concept of value, understood both as a biological and as a socio-cultural category, synthesizing ideas from evolutionary and developmental psychology, semiotics and cybernetics. The proposal distinguishes between four types of meaning systems, cue-based, associational, mimetic and symbolic, forming an evolutionary and epigenetic hierarchy. The theory is applied to phylogenetic and human ontogenetic development, pointing out significant parallels between the two processes, involving both continuity and discontinuity between the different levels. Since one of the basic tenets of the theory is that only living systems have intrinsic value, which is a necessary and sufficient condition for possessing the category meaning, negative implications are drawn for the meaning potential of (current) artificial systems.
Conference Interpreting
Authors: Baigorri-Jalón Jesús
Published: September 2007

Based on original sources, both written and oral, the paper offers an overview of the path followed by the profession of conference interpreting since its birth at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference until now, with a diachronic perspective that may serve as a useful compass to forecast its future course.
Simultaneous interpretation in Russia
Authors: Chernov Ghelly V.
Published: September 2007

Simultaneous conference interpretation was first practiced in Russia towards the end of the 1920s on rather primitive equipment. Research in simultaneous interpretation began in the 1960s and the concepts of the primacy of the sense of the message and the significance of interpreters' extra-linguistic knowledge underlay the training from the very beginning. A brief description is given of the history of the few schools of translation and interpreting existing in Russia. The author shows to what extent ongoing research in SI in Russia had an impact on the curricula of the schools. Finally, several suggestions are made on how to improve both training methods and lab equipment in future.
Interpreters are Made not Born
Authors: Mackintosh Jennifer
Published: September 2007

Conference interpreter (CI) training since the Nuremberg Trials, where simultaneous interpretation was successfully used on a wide scale for the first time, is discussed. The establishment of interpreting schools and development of the CI curriculum and training paradigm are followed through to the present day. Curriculum models are identified and the content of training programmes discussed. The role played by AIIC in establishing the CI training paradigm via symposia, workshops and publications is presented. The increasing importance of theory in CI teaching is considered and doctoral programmes in CI studies are mentioned. The training of CI trainers is identified as a recent development and existing training possibilities reviewed. The paper goes on to discuss courses organised to meet special needs (e.g. new languages in the European Union) and the European Masters programme in CI being developed jointly by the European Union and a consortium of European Universities. It concludes with a brief indication of important issues in CI training for the future.
Existential problems
Authors: Bülow-Møller Anne Marie
Published: September 2007

Clauses containing elements of irrealis seem to cause problems in simultaneous interpretation, primarily round negation and epistemic modality. An experiment was conducted to test a) if this area produced more mistakes than straightforward statements of fact, b) if increased top-down processing made any difference, and c) if so, if this applied more particularly to professional interpreters or to less experienced students.
From eight protocols obtained it appeared that the four professionals made all their mistakes under the scope of irrealis; better knowledge of the text was made available through immediate repetition of the same task, but this did not bring down the number of mistakes. The four students in the same task corrected mistakes more frequently than the professionals.
It is concluded that all irrealis is cognitively cumbersome and therefore vulnerable in interpretation if there is a choice of scopes; however it is primarily epistemic modality elements that are in danger of not registering as carriers of salient meaning, thereby giving rise to misleading inferences.
Learning consecutive interpretation
Authors: Ficchi Velia
Published: September 2007

In an attempt to meet the undeniable need for an empirical approach to interpretation research, this paper suggests an approach to consecutive interpretation learning, based on the observation of recurrent and persistent errors among learners. Although traditional teaching methods will not be discredited, this paper aims to show that since consecutive interpretation requires a personal effort of creation, both students and teachers can be encouraged to more frequently adopt learning and teaching strategies based on self-management, autonomy and self-directed work.
After setting out a general framework based on what has been said and written about interpretation teaching methods, we describe how the experiment was conducted. The data collected is analysed and the concept of autonomy and its possible application to consecutive interpretation learning are discussed.
On the basis of the findings, and recognising that learning consecutive interpretation requires a personal approach, alternative learning strategies will be proposed which are based on a more autonomous approach on the part of the student.
In spite of the inevitable limits of such a small-scale study, it could be suggested that given the recurrence and persistence of certain errors, learners might hope to reduce them by self-observation and by developing autonomous learning strategies according to their needs and experiences.
Listening to a second language through the ears of a first
Authors: Cutler Anne
Published: September 2007

The processes by which listeners recognize spoken language are highly language-specific. Listeners’ expectations of how meaning is expressed in words and sentences are formed by the lexicon and grammar of the native language; but the phonology plays an even more immediate role. Thus the native phoneme repertoire constrains listeners’ ability to discriminate phonetic contrasts; and a further area in which such constraints arise is the segmentation of continuous speech into its component words. A large body of research is summarised here, motivating three conclusions: (1) In segmenting speech, speakers of different languages apply different heuristic procedures, efficiently exploiting the specific phonological structure of their various languages. (2) These procedures have become part of the listeners’ processing system, to an extent that they are also applied when listening to nonnative languages, even though this may lead to inefficiency. (3) It may be impossible to acquire the use of multiple procedures of this kind; but it is possible to inhibit the misapplication of native procedures to other languages for which they are inefficient.
Images of shadowing and interpreting
Authors: Tommola Jorma , Laine Matti , Sunnari Marianna , Rinne Juha O.
Published: September 2007

We begin by noting that, in addition to the more or less established trends of cognitive modelling and neurolinguistic or behavioural experimentation, a more recent orientation in research on interpreting (IR) as a complex cognitive process is functional neuroimaging. We then describe current brain imaging methods — electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and near-infrared spectroscopy — and provide selected examples of their use in language processing and interpreting research, accompanied with brief evaluations of their applicability for IR. In spite of limitations related to invasiveness, temporal resolution, and experimental design, positron emission tomography (PET) is potentially the strongest tool for investigations of the neural substrates of ongoing interpreting performance. Finally, we describe what we believe is the first published study of speech shadowing and professional simultaneous interpreting using PET. Shadowing of the non-dominant language produces more extensive activations in the temporal cortex and motor regions than shadowing of the dominant language, which suggests that even in the simultaneous repetition task, the less automatized language recruits more neural resources. Simultaneous interpreting, whether into the dominant or into the non-dominant language, predominantly activates left-hemispheric structures. Activation patterns are, however, clearly modulated by the direction of interpreting, with more extensive activation during interpreting into the non-dominant language.
Expertise in interpreting
Authors: Ericsson K. Anders
Published: September 2007

This paper describes how the expert-performance perspective differs from the common-sense view of professional ability and how this approach can be applied to the study of professional interpreting. The expert-performance approach is first introduced with findings from many traditional domains of expertise, such as chess, music, medicine, and sports. Most importantly, expert performance is shown to be primarily acquired through the engagement in designed training activities, namely deliberate practice (Ericsson et al., 1993). The second part of the paper briefly discusses earlier research on expert interpreting motivated by more traditional views of expertise in interpreting. Finally, the expert-performance approach is applied to the study of superior interpreting performance and potential studies of superior interpreting under representative conditions are outlined.
Interpreting omissions
Authors: Napier Jemina
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses findings of a study conducted on Australian Sign Language (Auslan)/English interpreters in a university lecture, with consideration given to factors that influenced the interpreters’ omissions. The hypothesis of the study was that interpreters would make recourse to omissions both consciously and unconsciously, depending on their familiarity with the discourse environment and the subject matter. Through exploration of theoretical perspectives of interpreting and discourse studies, it is argued that interpreters use omissions as linguistic strategies for coping with the discourse environment. The findings of the study present interpreters with a new perspective on omissions in interpreting, which can be applied to both signed- and spoken-language interpreting.
Users’ experiences of interpreters
Authors: Edwards Rosalind , Temple Bogusia , Alexander Claire
Published: September 2007

This article explores the experiences of people who need interpreters to gain access to and use of a range of services, drawing on semi-structured interviews with people from Chinese, Kurdish, Bangladeshi, Indian and Polish minority ethnic groups living in Manchester and London, UK. We describe our research methodology, and place the study in its political and community context. We look at the qualities the people we interviewed considered made for a good interpreter, and their experiences using both professional interpreters, and family and friends as interpreters. We show how personal character and trust are important in people’s understandings of good interpreting, leading them to prefer interpreters drawn from their own informal networks. We consider the implications of this for policy and practice.
Doctor–patient consultations in dyadic and triadic exchanges
Authors: Valero-Garcés Carmen
Published: September 2007

This article presents the results of a study on doctor–patient interaction in dyadic and triadic exchanges. The analysis is based on transcripts of recordings done at healthcare centres in northern Madrid, Spain, and Minneapolis, USA. The methodological approach is that of institutional discourse analysis as developed by Drew and Heritage (Drew & Heritage 1992; Heritage 1995, 1997; Drew & Sorjonen 1997). Three different types of doctor–patient interaction are examined: (1) doctor/foreign-language patient; (2) doctor/ foreign-language patient/ad hoc interpreter; (3) doctor/ foreign-language patient/trained interpreter. Topics such as the assignment of participant roles, changes in the general structure, turn-taking, and asymmetrical relationships will be explored. The study is mainly descriptive and qualitative, but also includes some comparative quantitative analyses.
Dialogue interpreting as a specific case of reported speech
Authors: Bot Hanneke
Published: September 2007

This paper reports on what is often referred to as “translating in the first person” or retaining the perspective of person as an aspect of consecutive interpreting that generates attention whenever the quality of interpreting is being considered. The study draws on six videotaped interpreter-mediated psychotherapy sessions and constitutes part of a PhD research project (described in Bot forthcoming) on the communication processes in interpreter-mediated psychotherapeutic dialogue. The study shows it is possible to distinguish between two types of changes in the perspective of person: the addition of a reporting verb (e.g. “he says”), generally at the beginning of a rendition, and a change in personal pronoun (usually from “I” into “he” or “she”) in what follows. All three of the interpreters in the data sample introduce these two types of changes, at different frequencies and for various reasons. The findings show that the addition of a reporting verb not only serves to indicate who is speaking, but also plays a role in the organization of turn-transfer. They also suggest that changes in the perspective of person are less of a problem than generally assumed. Although such shifts do serve to indicate the specific position of the interpreter as intermediary between therapist and patient, this does not seem to alienate therapist and patient, but merely recognizes the interactive reality of this type of talk.
Working memory performance in expert and novice interpreters
Authors: Köpke Barbara , Nespoulous Jean-Luc
Published: September 2007

Simultaneous interpreting is generally assumed to be particularly demanding with respect to cognitive resources such as attention and working memory, which are thought to gradually increase with professional practice. Experimental data to corroborate this assumption is still rather sparse, however. Here we report an in-depth investigation of working memory capacity among 21 professional interpreters (experts), 18 second-year interpreting students (novices) and two control groups (20 multilinguals and 20 students). Tests involved either short-term retention alone; short-term retention and processing in a recall task with articulatory suppression, a listening span task, and a category and rhyme probe task; or attention alone in a unilingual and bilingual Stroop test. No between-group differences in simple span tasks and the Stroop test were found. Significant group effects were observed in free recall with articulatory suppression, in the category probe task and in the listening span task. The best performance was always produced by the novice interpreters rather than by the experts. These findings are discussed in relation to (a) the novice–expert distinction and the role of working memory in the development of interpreting skills, and (b) the nature of the task and possible strategies involved.
Essential characteristics of sign language interpreting students
Authors: Shaw Sherry , Hughes Gail
Published: September 2007

Interpreter educators who strive to recruit and retain students with the potential to succeed in their post-secondary programs want to be able to identify the complex personal and cognitive characteristics typical of these students. The present investigation expanded upon previous studies of second-language students and working interpreters by focusing on the characteristics of sign language interpreting students who had transitioned from language learning into interpretation coursework. An instrument was designed to evaluate student and faculty perceptions of the academic habits and skills, information processing, and personality traits most important for success in interpretation courses and those that needed the most development. A sample of sign language interpreting students and faculty (N = 1,357) was recruited in Austria, Canada, Great Britain and the United States, and participants selected online or paper versions of the instrument. Results indicated that achievement might be affected by factors such as interaction in the native sign language community, interaction with instructors, and repetition of language courses for enhancement. The responses of students and faculty were compared for agreement on the characteristics most likely to motivate students to complete rigorous interpreting programs and for characteristics that must be developed to improve confidence and performance.
Verb lexicons in SLI: Some experimental data from Modern Greek
Authors:   Stavrakaki
Published: September 2007

The aim of this study is to investigate the verb lexicons of Greek children with SLI on the basis of experimental data from production and comprehension tasks. Two groups of children participated in the experiments: one group of 4 SLI children and one control group of normally developing children matched on chronological age. As the production data analysis indicates, SLI children use a limited verb lexicon comprising a considerable number of light verbs that were often used in a non-adult fashion. Despite the apparent differences between SLI children’s verb production and that of the control group, it is argued that the verb lexicons of SLI children are compatible with the adult verb system in Modern Greek. Based on comprehension data, it is suggested that SLI children’s problems in verb production can be attributed to difficulties in verb retrieval rather than to completely impaired lexical representations.
The Evolution of the Demonstrative System in Greek
Authors: Manolessou Io
Published: September 2007

The distribution of the Greek demonstratives, i.e. the available word order options, has remained constant throughout the history of the language, from Ancient to Modern Greek (henceforth AG and MG); however, the lexical items participating in it have not. Greek passes from a tripartite to a bipartite system, a cross-linguistically common development (Frei 1944: 119, Lyons 1999: 110). The facts and chronology of the evolution are known, but the causes behind it remain obscure. This paper attempts to explain them.

The pivot of this account is the re-interpretation of the AG demonstrative system as relying mainly not on person distinctions but on distinctions of distance and deixis vs. anaphora. By comparing synchronic systems of the language, facts acquire a new significance and a unified picture emerges. It is also demonstrated that Greek constitutes a clear counter-example to cross-linguistically well attested grammaticalisation patterns concerning the evolution of demonstrative pronouns, which thus cannot be argued to have universal value.

First, a short history of the process of lexical replacement is given, then an analysis of the AG demonstrative system is developed, and finally the new suggestions concerning the causality of the developments is elaborated.

The distribution of the Greek demonstratives, i.e. the available word order options, has remained constant throughout the history of the language, from Ancient to Modern Greek (henceforth AG and MG);1 however, the lexical items participating in it have not. Greek passes from a tripartite to a bipartite system, a cross-linguistically common development (Frei 1944: 119, Lyons 1999: 110).2 The facts and chronology of the evolution are known, but the causes behind it remain obscure. This paper attempts to explain them.
 The pivot of this account is the re-interpretation of the AG demonstrative system as relying mainly not on person distinctions but on distinctions of distance and deixis vs. anaphora.3 By comparing synchronic systems of the language, facts acquire a new significance and a unified picture emerges. It is also demonstrated that Greek constitutes a clear counter-example to cross-linguistically well attested grammaticalisation patterns concerning the evolution of demonstrative pronouns, which thus cannot be argued to have universal value.
 First, a short history of the process of lexical replacement is given, then an analysis of the AG demonstrative system is developed, and finally the new suggestions concerning the causality of the developments is elaborated.
On the acquisition of syllabic structure in Greek
Authors: Kappa Ioanna
Published: September 2007

This study presents the results of an investigation into the acquisition of phonology of Greek by one child, between the ages 1;10–2;10. Our claim is that these results are relevant to the study of prosodic structure, specifically to syllable structure. We provide evidence that at the early stage of acquisition the child has only the unmarked CV-syllables and that codas are acquired at a later stage in interaction with morphological development. We will also provide an example of constraints that are fully satisfied in child language becoming minimally violable later in development, that is development as constraint reranking.
Pain as process in Modern Greek
Authors: Hatzidaki Ourania , Lascaratou Chryssoula
Published: September 2007

This paper presents the results of a pilot study of the verbal expression of pain in Modern Greek and forms part of an on-going, large-scale, corpus-based investigation. On the basis of a first taxonomy of lexico-phraseological forms and syntactic structures derived from authentic doctor–patient dialogues, it will be shown that, in Greek, pain is primarily viewed as process, secondarily as participant and only marginally as quality. In the light of Halliday’s (1985/1994) functional analysis, we shall focus on the wording of pain through the verb ponao ‘hurt’, viewed from the standpoint of transitivity. On the strength of our spoken data, it will be argued that in Greek there is a clear tendency for pain to be predominantly configured as an intransitive personal process, with the body part only rarely being construed as the locus of pain. This tendency reveals that pain is understood as residing in the sufferer’s self as a whole rather than in just some part of the body.
Lexical access and representation of Modern Greek derived words with the suffix -dzis
Authors: Kehayia Eva , Manouilidou Christina
Published: September 2007

This article presents a psycholinguistic investigation probing the recognition of derived words with the suffix -dzis in Modern Greek. We investigate the mode of lexical access, as well as the effect that features such as [±concrete], carried by the stem of the derived words, may have on word recognition. Participants (native speakers of Modern Greek) were divided into two age groups in order to investigate possible differences in their performance in two experiments, one on-line and one off-line. Results show that derived words in -dzis are accessed through decomposition. Furthermore, the features [±concrete] of the stem do appear to play a role in the computation of derived words. Finally, age-related differences are found to exist, at least during on-line word recognition.
A note on ‘shared’ allomorphs
Authors: Drachman Gaberell
Published: September 2007

The paper first questions the traditional assumption that all derivations are in fact ‘derived’ from more basic forms. Examples of such ‘shared allomorphy’ are examined from diverse areas of Modern Greek morphology, such as de-verbal Nominals, plural-extensions, loss of voiced spirants in Cypriot, and initial vowel-loss. We conclude that allomorphs have independent status, but are (as in Burzio 1998) more or less closely/distantly interrelated, so that there is no need for the notion ‘derived from’ or even the prime ‘paradigm’. The paper goes on to ask how semantic ambiguities arise in complex verbs, comparing the idiosyncratic vs. cumulative readings provoked by one and the same prefix. To answer the question we adopt a syntax-based analysis (as in Marantz 2001) for all complex forms, extending this approach to so-called ‘incorporation’ for Greek.