bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional efficacy of adenosine A2A receptor agonists is positively correlated to their receptor residence time
Authors: Guo Dong , Mulder‐Krieger Thea , IJzerman Adriaan P , Heitman Laura H
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The adenosine A2A receptor belongs to the superfamily of GPCRs and is a promising therapeutic target. Traditionally, the discovery of novel agents for the A2A receptor has been guided by their affinity for the receptor. This parameter is determined under equilibrium conditions, largely ignoring the kinetic aspects of the ligand‐receptor interaction. The aim of this study was to assess the binding kinetics of A2A receptor agonists and explore a possible relationship with their functional efficacy.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We set up, validated and optimized a kinetic radioligand binding assay (a so‐called competition association assay) at the A2A receptor from which the binding kinetics of unlabelled ligands were determined. Subsequently, functional efficacies of A2A receptor agonists were determined in two different assays: a novel label‐free impedance‐based assay and a more traditional cAMP determination.

KEY RESULTS A simplified competition association assay yielded an accurate determination of the association and dissociation rates of unlabelled A2A receptor ligands at their receptor. A correlation was observed between the receptor residence time of A2A receptor agonists and their intrinsic efficacies in both functional assays. The affinity of A2A receptor agonists was not correlated to their functional efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study indicates that the molecular basis of different agonist efficacies at the A2A receptor lies within their different residence times at this receptor.
Depositional evidence for marginal oscillations of the Irish Sea ice stream in southeast Ireland during the last glaciation
Authors: EVANS DAVID J. A. , COFAIGH COLM Ó
Published: February 2012

Late Devensian/Midlandian glacial deposits on the southeast Irish coast contain a record of sedimentation at the margins of the Irish Sea ice stream (ISIS). Exposures through the Screen Hills reveal a stratigraphy that documents the initial onshore flow of the ISIS (‘Irish Sea Till’) followed by ice stream recession and readvances that constructed glacitectonic ridges. Ice‐contact fans (Screen Member) were deposited in association with subglacial deformation tills and supraglacial/subaqueous mass flow diamicts. In SE Ireland, the ISIS moved onshore over proglacial lake sediments which were intensely folded, thrust and cannibalized producing a glacitectonite over which laminated and massive diamictons were deposited as glacitectonic slices. Ice marginal recession and oscillations are documented by: (a) ice‐proximal, subaqueous diamict‐rich facies; (b) isolated ice‐contact glacilacustrine deltas; (c) syn‐depositional glacitectonic disturbance of glacilacustrine sediments and overthrusting of ice‐contact outwash; (d) offshore moraine ridges; and (e) changing ice flow directions and facies transitions. Diagnostic criteria for the identification of dynamic, possibly surging, ice‐stream margins onshore include thrust‐block moraines, tectonized pitted outwash and stacked sequences of glacitectonites, deformation tills and intervening stratified deposits. In addition, the widespread occurrence of hydrofracture fills in sediments overridden and locally reworked by the ISIS indicate that groundwater pressures were considerably elevated during glacier advance. The glacigenic sediments and landforms located around the terrestrial margins of the ISIS are explained as the products of onshore glacier flow that cannibalized and tectonically stacked pre‐existing marine and glacilacustrine sediments. Localized tectonic thickening of subglacially deformed materials at the former margins of glaciers results in zones of net erosion immediately up‐ice of submarginal zones of net accretion of subglacial till. The more stable the ice‐stream margin the thicker and more complex the submarginal sedimentary stack.
Characterization of novel RHD alleles: relationship between phenotype, genotype, and trimeric architecture
Authors: Silvy Monique , Chapel‐Fernandes Sylvie , Callebaut Isabelle , Beley Sophie , Durousseau Cécile , Simon Sophie , Lauroua Pierre , Dubosc‐Marchenay Nadine , Babault Catherine , Mouchet Chantal , Ferrera Virginie , Chiaroni Jacques , Bailly Pascal
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: RH1 is one of the most clinically important blood group antigens in the field of transfusion and prevention of fetomaternal incompatibilities. New variant RHD alleles are regularly identified and their characterization is essential to ensuring patient safety.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood samples with uncertain RhD phenotypes not resolved by our first‐line SNaPshot assay were sequenced for all 10 RHD exons. RHD zygosity was investigated. Flow cytometry was performed to determine RhD antigen density and epitope pattern.

RESULTS: Seven novel RHD alleles were identified. Six, that is, RHD(T55P), RHD(A85G), RHD(G132R), RHD(G132E), RHD(D403V), and DAR(T203A), resulted from nucleotide polymorphisms. The seventh, that is, RHD(S182WfsX46), resulted from a 4‐bp deletion that led to a reading frame shift and the appearance of a premature stop codon. Study of RhD expression of the first five alleles at hemizygous state showed greatly reduced antigen densities ranging from 50 to 618 antigens per red blood cell (RBC). DAR(T203A) was classified as a partial D antigen with a weakened reactivity profile similar to that of DAR. As expected, no D antigen was detected on RBCs carrying the RHD(S182WfsX46) allele. In parallel, RhD expression of RHD(G336R)/weak D type 58, RHD(F410V), and suspected RHD(1‐9)‐CE was determined to be less than or equal to 50 antigens per RBC. RhAG/RhD2 trimer model supports the observed phenotypes.

CONCLUSION: Although the frequency of the new RHD alleles presented herein is low, their phenotypic and genotypic description adds to the repertoire of reported RHD alleles. These data can be useful for optimization of molecular screening tools.
Cryopreservation of umbilical cord blood with a novel freezing solution that mimics intracellular ionic composition
Authors: Nicoud Ian B. , Clarke Dominic M. , Taber Greta , Stolowski Kristin M. , Roberge Sarah E. , Song Melissa K. , Mathew Aby J. , Reems Jo‐Anna
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation protocols have remained relatively unchanged since the first umbilical cord blood banking program was established. This study evaluated the preservation efficacy of a novel intracellular‐like cryopreservation solution (CryoStor, BioLife Solutions, Inc.), the rate of addition of two cryopreservation solutions to cord blood units (CBUs), and reduced final dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentration of 5%.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Split‐sample CBUs were cryopreserved with either an in‐house 20% DMSO‐based cryopreservation solution or CryoStor CS10 at a rate of 1 mL/min (n = 10; i.e., slow addition) or as a bolus injection (n = 6; i.e., fast addition). Infrared images of exothermic effects of the cryopreservation solutions were monitored relative to the rate of addition. Prefreeze and postthaw colony‐forming unit assays, total nucleated cells, and CD34+ cell counts were compared.

RESULTS: Maximum temperature excursions observed were less than 6°C, regardless of the rate of solution addition. Fast addition resulted in peak excursions approximately twice that of slow addition but the magnitude and duration were minimal and transient. Slow addition of CryoStor CS10 (i.e., final concentration ≤5% DMSO) resulted in significantly better postthaw CD34+ cell recoveries; no other metrics were significantly different. Fast addition of CryoStor resulted in similar postthaw metrics compared to slow addition of the in‐house solution.

CONCLUSION: Slow and fast addition of cryopreservation solutions result in mean temperature changes of approximately 3.3 to 4.45°C. Postthaw recoveries with CryoStor were equivalent to or slightly better than with the in‐house cryopreservation solution. CryoStor also provides several advantages including reduced processing time, formulation consistency, and reduced DMSO in the frozen product (≤5%).
The Effect of Music‐Induced Mood on Aggressive Affect, Cognition, and Behavior1
Authors: KRAHé BARBARA , BIENECK STEFFEN
Published: February 2012

Two studies explored the role of pleasant music in buffering the adverse effects of provocation. In the first study, 111 participants listened to aversive, pleasant, or no music before receiving a provocation and completing a measure of aggressive behavior. Participants exposed to pleasant music reported more positive mood. Those in the aversive music condition reported more negative mood than did those in the no‐music control condition. The more positive the music‐induced mood, the less anger was experienced and aggressive behavior was shown after provocation. In Study 2 (N = 142), listening to pleasant music reduced anger following provocation, compared to aversive music and a no‐music control condition. Pleasant music also increased response latencies in recognizing aggressive words after provocation.
Experiencing Incivility in Organizations: The Buffering Effects of Emotional and Organizational Support1
Authors: MINER KATHI N. , SETTLES ISIS H. , PRATT‐HYATT JENNIFER S. , BRADY CHRISTOPHER C.
Published: February 2012

Research shows that being a target of organizational incivility is associated with negative outcomes, including declines in job satisfaction, physical health, and psychological well‐being. Two studies (90 property management company employees; 210 undergraduate students) were conducted to examine whether 2 types of social support—emotional and organizational—act as buffers of the relationship between incivility and outcomes in workplace and academic contexts. Two types of incivility were also examined: general workplace incivility and gendered incivility. Consistent with the hypotheses, the results of both studies indicated that employees and students who experienced higher levels of incivility reported better outcomes when they felt organizationally and emotionally supported. Implications for organizations are discussed.
Distinct overlapping sequences at the carboxy‐terminus of merlin regulate its tumour suppressor and morphogenic activity
Authors: Laulajainen Minja , Melikova Maria , Muranen Taru , Carpén Olli , Grönholm Mikaela
Published: February 2012

The Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2)gene product merlin is a tumour suppressor, which in addition to inhibiting cell proliferation regulates cell morphology. The morphogenic properties of merlin may play a role in tumour suppression, as patient‐derived tumour cells demonstrate cytoskeletal abnormalities. However, it is still unclear how these functions are linked. The N‐terminalFERM‐domain of merlin is highly homologous to the oncogenic protein ezrin, while the C‐termini are less conserved, suggesting that the opposite effect of the proteins on proliferation could be mediated by their distinct C‐terminal regions. In this study we characterize the role of the most C‐terminal residues of merlin in the regulation of proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, phosphorylation and intramolecular associations. In addition to the two full‐length merlin isoforms and truncating mutations found in patients, we focused on the evolutionally conserved C‐terminal residues 545‐547, also harbouring disease‐causing mutations. We demonstrate that merlin induces cell extensions, which result from impaired retraction of protrusions rather than from increased formation of filopodia. The residues 538‐568 were found particularly important for this morphogenic activity. The results further show that both merlin isoforms are able to equally inhibit proliferation, whereas C‐terminal mutants affecting residues 545‐547 are less effective in growth suppression. This study demonstrates that the C‐terminus contains distinct but overlapping functional domains important for regulation of the morphogenic activity, intramolecular associations and cell proliferation.
Geographic profiling as a novel spatial tool for targeting the control of invasive species
Authors: Stevenson Mark D. , Rossmo D. Kim , Knell Robert J. , Le Comber Steven C.
Published: February 2012

Geographic profiling (GP) was originally developed as a statistical tool in criminology, where it uses the spatial locations of linked crimes (for example murder, rape or arson) to identify areas that are most likely to include the offender's residence. The technique has been successful in this field, and is now widely used by police forces and investigative agencies around the world. Here, we show that this novel technique can also be used to identify source populations of invasive species, using their current locations as input, as a prelude to targeted control measures. Our study has two main parts. In the first, we use computer simulations to compare GP to other simple measures of spatial central tendency (centre of minimum distance, spatial mean, spatial median), as well as to a more sophisticated single parameter kernel density model. GP performs significantly better than any of these other approaches. In the second part of the study, we analyse historical data from the Biological Records Centre (BRC) for 53 invasive species in Great Britain, ranging from marine invertebrates to woody trees, and from a wide variety of habitats (including littoral habitats, woodland and man‐made habitats). For 52 of these 53 data sets, GP outperforms spatial mean, spatial median and centre of minimum distance as a search strategy, particularly as the number of sources (or potential sources) increases. We analyse one of these data sets, forHeracleum mantegazzianum, in more detail, and show that GP also outperforms the kernel density model. Finally, we compare fitted parameter values between different species, groups and habitat types, with a view to identifying general values that might be used for novel invasions where data are lacking. We suggest that geographic profiling could potentially form a useful component of integrated control strategies relating to a wide variety of invasive species.
Ecology and conservation biology of avian malaria
Authors: LaPointe Dennis A. , Atkinson Carter T. , Samuel Michael D.
Published: February 2012

Avian malaria is a worldwide mosquito‐borne disease caused byPlasmodiumparasites. These parasites occur in many avian species but primarily affect passerine birds that have not evolved with the parasite. Host pathogenicity, fitness, and population impacts are poorly understood. In contrast to continental species, introduced avian malaria poses a substantial threat to naive birds on Hawaii, the Galapagos, and other archipelagoes. In Hawaii, transmission is maintained by susceptible native birds, competence and abundance of mosquitoes, and a disease reservoir of chronically infected native birds. Although vector habitat and avian communities determine the geographic distribution of disease, climate drives transmission patterns ranging from continuous high infection in warm lowland forests, seasonal infection in midelevation forests, and disease‐free refugia in cool high‐elevation forests. Global warming is expected to increase the occurrence, distribution, and intensity of avian malaria across this elevational gradient and threaten high‐elevation refugia, which is the key to survival of many susceptible Hawaiian birds. Increased temperatures may have already increased global avian malaria prevalence and contributed to an emergence of disease in New Zealand.
The ecology of Anopheles mosquitoes under climate change: case studies from the effects of deforestation in East African highlands
Authors: Afrane Yaw A. , Githeko Andrew K. , Yan Guiyun
Published: February 2012

Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases. High‐elevation regions such as the highlands of Africa and those that have temperate climate are most likely to be affected. The highlands of Africa generally exhibit low ambient temperatures. This restricts the distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes, the vectors of malaria, filariasis, and O'nyong'nyong fever. The development and survival of larval and adult mosquitoes are temperature dependent, as are mosquito biting frequency and pathogen development rate. Given that various Anopheles species are adapted to different climatic conditions, changes in climate could lead to changes in species composition in an area that may change the dynamics of mosquito‐borne disease transmission. It is important to consider the effect of climate change on rainfall, which is critical to the formation and persistence of mosquito breeding sites. In addition, environmental changes such as deforestation could increase local temperatures in the highlands; this could enhance the vectorial capacity of the Anopheles. These experimental data will be invaluable in facilitating the understanding of the impact of climate change on Anopheles.
Distinguishing and Improving Mouse Behavior With Educational Computer Games in Young Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Executive Function‐Based Interpretation
Authors: Veenstra Baukje , van Geert Paul L. C. , van der Meulen Bieuwe F.
Published: February 2012

In this exploratory multiple case study, it is examined how a computer game focused on improving ineffective learning behavior can be used as a tool to assess, improve, and study real‐time mouse behavior (MB) in different types of children: 18 children (3.8–6.3 years) with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or comorbid ASD and ADHD, and 5 effectively learning (EL) children (3.5–3.8 years). The children's MB processes, for example “Errors” and “Reaction times,” were interpreted in terms of executive functions (EFs). Trajectories of averaged MB were compared among the groups of ASD, ADHD, comorbid, and EL children. Clinical groups showed differences in their MB, which were similar to the expected differences based on EF tests. In addition, a case study of a typical ASD, ADHD, and EL child was included in order to demonstrate typical individual MB patterns across time. MB processes might therefore provide a window into the processes of EF (dys)functioning.
Essential Elements of Internet Infidelity Treatment
Authors: Hertlein Katherine M. , Piercy Fred P.
Published: February 2012

As the worldwide usage of the Internet tops 1.6 billion people, problems related to its use such as online Infidelity are becoming widespread issues for couples and, consequently, for their therapists. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how practicing therapists treat Internet infidelity through exploring the basic themes used in Internet infidelity treatment. We conducted in‐depth interviews of 15 therapists with experience in treating Internet infidelity. Our findings indicate that therapists go through a variety of steps in treatment, including: (a) develop physical boundaries, (b) develop psychological boundaries, (c) manage accountability, trust, and feelings, (d) increase client awareness around etiology of the Internet relationship, (e) assessment of the couple’s context and readiness for change, (f) assess the presence of unique circumstances, and (g) work toward forgiveness. Implications and future research are discussed.
Therapy with Transsexual Youth and Their Families: A Clinical Tool for Assessing Youth’s Readiness for Gender Transition
Authors: Coolhart Deborah , Baker Amanda , Farmer Sara , Malaney Meaghan , Shipman Dara
Published: February 2012

The World Professional Association for Transgender Health’s Standards of Care suggests a letter of recommendation be provided from a mental health professional if a transsexual desires hormone therapy or surgery. Therefore, transsexual clients have a unique dependence on therapists to obtain medical treatments needed to live life in their affirmed gender. Despite this need for therapeutic services, most therapists lack the training that is necessary to sensitively serve transsexual clients, particularly transsexual youth. While a published clinical assessment tool exists for therapists to determine readiness of adult transsexual clients for medical gender transition, no similar tool is available for therapists working with transsexual youth. This article discusses therapeutic issues specific to transsexual youth and families and presents a clinical assessment tool for determining transsexual youth’s readiness for medical treatments.
Ion Probe Study of Silicate Inclusions from Colomera (IIE) Iron Meteorite: the Rare Earth Element Perspective
Authors: Weibiao HSU
Published: February 2012

Abstract  Coupled with a petrographical study, I carried out an ion probe study of rare earth element microdistributions in mineral phases of silicate inclusions from the Colomera IIE iron meteorite. Most mineral grains have homogeneous REEs, but show considerable inter‐grain variations by a factor of 2 to 100. The whole rock REE abundances for Colomera, estimated by combining REE data with modal abundances, are relatively LREE‐enriched with REEs of ∼10′CI, which suggest that Colomera silicates were highly differentiated and might represent a low degree partial melt (∼10%) of a chondritic source. REE geochemistry of Colomera silicate inclusions points to an origin that involves differentiation, dynamic mixing, remelting, reduction, recrystallization, and subsequent rapid cooling near the surface of a planetary body.
LUNARINFO: A Data Archiving and Retrieving System for the Circumlunar Explorer Based on XML/Web Services
Authors: Wei ZUO , Chunlai LI , Ziyuan OUYANG , Jianjun LIU , Tao XU
Published: February 2012

Abstract  It is essential to build a modern information management system to store and manage data of our circumlunar explorer in order to realize the scientific objectives. It is difficult for an information system based on traditional distributed technology to communicate information and work together among heterogeneous systems in order to meet the new requirement of Internet development. XML and Web Services, because of their open standards and self‐containing properties, have changed the mode of information organization and data management. Now they can provide a good solution for building an open, extendable, and compatible information management system, and facilitate interchanging and transferring of data among heterogeneous systems. On the basis of the three‐tiered browse/server architectures and the Oracle 9i Database as an information storage platform, we have designed and implemented a data archiving and retrieval system for the circumlunar explorer—LUNARINFO. We have also successfully realized the integration between LUNARINFO and the cosmic dust database system. LUNARINFO consists of five function modules for data management, information publishing, system management, data retrieval, and interface integration. Based on XML and Web Services, it not only is an information database system for archiving, long‐term storing, retrieving and publication of lunar reference data related to the circumlunar explorer, but also provides data web Services which can be easily developed by various expert groups and connected to the common information system to realize data resource integration.
An Inverse Analysis of the Comprehensive Medium Parameters and a Simulation of the Crustal Deformation of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Tianwen LI , Jianbing CHEN , Guo'an TANG , Lin WU , Junfeng LI
Published: February 2012

Abstract  Based on the theory of finite element analysis, an inverse analysis model for the comprehensive medium parameters of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau is set up. With the help of GPS velocity field, the comprehensive crustal medium parameters of the plateau are inversely analyzed and the characteristics of the related movement macroscopically simulated. It is then concluded that the tectonic deformation of the plateau is mainly in the form of a N‐S compression accompanied by an E‐W stretching, and the present tectonic setting of the plateau should be the result of the collision between the Indian and the Eurasian continents during the Cenozoic.
Geochemistry of Ore Fluids and Rb‐Sr Isotopic Dating for the Wulong Gold Deposit in Liaoning, China
Authors: Junhao WEI , Xiaoping QIU , Dazhao GUO , Wenjuan TAN
Published: February 2012

Abstract  On the basis of detailed geological studies of the Wulong gold deposit, three metallogenic stages can be identified. With quartz fluid inclusions as an object of study, the authors investigated phase characteristics, compositional variations, temperature and pressure changes, fluid evolution, Pb isotope tracing and Rb‐Sr isotopic dating of fluid inclusions entrapped in the above three metallogenic stages. The results show that Na+ is decreased obviously with metallogenic evolution, while K+ and other cations and gas compositions (H2, CO, CH4 and CO2) are increased slightly, and that the temperature and salinity vary in a pulsating manner along with the metallogenic evolution. Inverse calculation of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that at the first metallogenic stage the fluids were magmatic water, at the second stage they were dominated by magmatic water with a minor amount of meteoric water involved, and at the third stage, i.e., the final stage of metallogenesis, the fluids were composed completely of meteoric water. Its Pb isotopic composition implicates that the ore lead has some affinities with the lead in the Sanguliu granite, but the linear array of the ore‐lead isotopic data reflects a mixing source of two end members. It can be deduced that the ore‐forming materials and magma were both derived mainly from the same magma source region at depths. The Rb‐Sr isotopic ages of the fluid inclusions are 112.2±3.2 Ma, indicating that the Wulong gold deposit was formed during the Yanshanian period.
An ATP‐driven potassium pump promotes long‐term survival of Halobacterium salinarum within salt crystals
Authors: Kixmüller Dorthe , Greie Jörg‐Christian
Published: February 2012

Many extremely halophilic archaea belonging to the Halobacteriales have remarkable longevity. They are even known to persist for millions of years within fluid inclusions of salt crystals. However, the key systems responsible for this remarkable ability and the underlying physiological mechanisms have not yet been deciphered. This study revealed that the ATP‐dependent K+ uptake system KdpFABC of Halobacterium salinarum is essential for survival under desiccation and salt crystal inclusion and, thus, can be identified as at least one of these systems in this organism. The presence of the kdp genes promoted survival of H. salinarum entombed in halite, compared with cells in which these genes were deleted. Expression of the kdp operon was found to be induced already under desiccating conditions without halite entombment. The morphology of cells included in halite resembled that of cells grown under potassium limitation. Therefore, a steady potassium supply, even under unfavourable energetic conditions, plays a key role in long‐term survival and desiccation tolerance.
Reverse Shape Synthesis of the Hydropump Volute Using Stereo-Photogrammetry, Parameterization, and Geometric Modeling
Authors: Vučina Damir , Milas Zoran , Pehnec Igor
Published: February 2012

An automatic procedure for reverse 3D shape synthesis is proposed. Shape acquisition of an existing object involving stereo-photogrammetry, triangulation, and 3D reconstruction is applied to obtain the point clouds. Subsequent parameterization of the acquired geometry using mathematical surfaces yields a compact set of parameters as shape variables to be used in diagnostics. The developed procedure and several specific computational geometry operators are applied with a hydro-pump casing whose complex shape is processed and related to the volute design and flow theory.
Tribological Study of PTFE/Au Nanoparticle Composite Thin Films
Authors: Beckford Samuel , Osborn Luke , Zou Min , Cai Jiyu , Chen Jingyi
Published: February 2012

Low friction polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been studied extensively and is widely used in tribological applications in bulk form. Tribological properties of thin film PTFE are less reported due to its poor wear resistance. Here, we show that by incorporating Au nanoparticles in PTFE thin film, it is possible to significantly increase the wear resistance of the film. PTFE/Au nanoparticle composite thin films were fabricated on stainless steel substrates by dipping the substrate into a mixture of Au nanoparticle solution and PTFE aqueous dispersion. The friction and wear test results show that Au nanoparticles significantly reduced the wear of the PTFE thin film while preserving its low coefficient of friction (COF). Furthermore, substrate surface topography was found to have a significant effect on the friction and wear performances.
Tribological Film Formation in Hydraulic Motors
Authors: Michael Paul W. , Guevremont Jeffrey M. , Devlin Mark T. , Ziemer Charles G.
Published: February 2012

This paper presents an investigation of the tribological films formed in hydraulic motors. Hydraulic motors convert the fluid power energy produced by positive displacement pumps into rotary motion. Earlier research found that the efficiency of this energy transformation can be enhanced by reducing boundary friction. In order to study the nature of the boundary films formed in an orbital motor, a prototype ashless hydraulic fluid was evaluated in a low-speed high-torque dynamometer. The resulting tribofilm was probed via Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy. The results reveal that increasing the hydraulic system temperature raised the relative phosphorus level of the tribofilm.
Study of Lubrication Film Formation in Ball Bearings Under Starved Conditions
Authors: Svoboda Petr , Vrbka Martin , Sperka Petr , Krupka Ivan , Hartl Martin
Published: February 2012

Rolling elements (e.g. rolling bearings, gears, cams and followers, etc.) fall into the most frequently used and highly loaded machine parts in machinery industry. These parts must operate correctly, often over prolonged periods with sufficient performance. One of the most important parameters determining the performance and life of machine parts is a lubrication film thickness, which is generated within elastohydrodynamic lubricated (EHL) non-conformal contacts. The entrainment velocity and the lubricant viscosity have the main effect on the film thickness formation in the classic fluid film lubrication. In some engineering applications e.g. grease lubricated rolling bearings, the available lubricant is not enough to fill the gap between the two contact surfaces thereby a poor lubrication conditions occur. Insufficient supply of lubricant may result in starvation and consequently in lubrication film collapse. With decreasing amounts of lubricant, the inlet meniscus approaches the contact entrance and finally causes lubrication film breakdown because of contact starvation. This paper is focused on the study of effect of starved lubrication conditions on lubrication film formation of non-conformal contacts operated under pure rolling conditions. A new optical test rig with multiple EHL contacts was developed for experimental study of lubrication film formation in the thrust ball bearing. Nevertheless to start this research the first experiments will be performed using ball on disc optical test rig where EHL contact is realized only between one ball and disc.
Thermal Effects on the Friction of Sliding Rough Surfaces
Authors: Spijker Peter , Anciaux Guillaume , Molinari Jean-Franc¸ois
Published: February 2012

We use large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to model the sliding of deformable bodies in close contact, where both bodies have self-affine rough surfaces at the atomistic level. We keep both bodies at room temperature, while changing the surface roughness and the applied load. We compared our current results with similar cases at zero Kelvin and find surprisingly that a mild thermal increase from 0 to 300 K of the material enhances friction at the atomic scale.
Friction and Wear Characteristics of H25, H188, H214 Against Hastelloy X
Authors: Coskun M. Bulut , Aksoy Serdar , Basaran Necdet , Aksit Mahmut F.
Published: February 2012

Increasing, demand for more efficient power generation forces turbomachinery to operate at higher temperatures and compression ratios. High speeds combined with high temperatures make turbomachinery sealing applications even more challenging. In order to confirm sufficient service life, seal material pairs should be tested similar to engine operating conditions. The high temperature friction and wear characteristics of cobalt superalloys, Haynes 25, 188 and 214 sheets, rubbed against Hastelloy X pins are presented in this work. Tests are conducted at 25, 200 and 400°C with a validated custom design linear reciprocating tribometer. Sliding speed and distance are 1Hz and 1.2 Km respectively. Friction coefficients are calculated with friction force data acquired from load cell and the dead weight where wear coefficient is calculated through mass loss after the tests.
Extended 3-D Thermo-Hydrodynamic Model of Radial Foil Bearing
Authors: Kim Daejong , Ki Jeongpill , Kim Youngcheol , Ahn Kookyoung
Published: February 2012

A turbine simulator with foil bearing supports mimicking 50kW power generation gas turbine was designed. In this paper, the 3-D thermo-hydrodynamic (THD) model developed for single radial FB was further extended to the turbine simulator configuration by extending the solution domains to surrounding structures. In addition, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model on the leading edge groove on the foil bearing was developed for better prediction of inlet thermal boundary conditions for the bearing. Several case studies are presented for hydrodynamically preloaded three-pad radial FB in the hot section. It is found that both bearing and rotor should be provided with cooling air to maintain both the rotor and top foil below 300°C. It is also found that the higher thermal contact resistance between the rotor and hot impellers reduces the axial temperature gradient of the rotor.
Vibration Control of a High Speed Rotor Supported by the Combined Smart Bearing
Authors: Jeong Se Na , Kim Tae Ho , Kim Chang Ho , Lee Yong Bok
Published: February 2012

Combined smart bearing (CSB) integrates two oil free bearing technologies to take advantage of the strengths of each bearing with minimizing each other weaknesses. It is for enhancing dynamic stability and load carrying capacity [1]. Moreover, CSB have a shorter length than size of hybrid bearing suggested by Heshmat in same performance [2]. So, it has the advantage of the design in high speed turbo machinery. This paper presents vibration control of a high speed rotor supported by CSB. An experiment set-up of a rotor bearing system is built. And rotor dynamic analysis of the rigid rotor on critical speeds is performed. For the experimental approach, unbalance responses of the rigid rotor supported by each bearings: air foil bearing (AFB) and CSB are compared to verify the effectiveness of the CSB. First, the PD control parameters of the magnetic bearing were to find out in stable range experimentally. Then according to the angle of unbalance experiments, compared the performance of AFB and CSB. The result, the shaft vibration in a critical speed is significantly suppressed by the CSB rather than AFB.
SOME TOPOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF 4-FOLD SYMMETRIC QUANDLE INVARIANTS OF 3-MANIFOLDS
Authors: HATAKENAKA ERI , NOSAKA TAKEFUMI
Published: February 2012

The paper relates the 4-fold symmetric quandle homotopy (cocycle) invariants to topological objects. We show that the 4-fold symmetric quandle homotopy invariants are at least as powerful as the Dijkgraaf–Witten invariants. As an application, for an odd prime p, we show that the quandle cocycle invariant of a link in S3 constructed by the Mochizuki 3-cocycle is equivalent to the Dijkgraaf–Witten invariant with respect to ℤ/pℤ of the double covering of S3 branched along the link. We also reconstruct the Chern–Simons invariant of closed 3-manifolds as a quandle cocycle invariant via the extended Bloch group, in analogy to [A. Inoue and Y. Kabaya, Quandle homology and complex volume, preprint(2010), arXiv:math/1012.2923].
QUANTUM ISOMETRY GROUPS OF SYMMETRIC GROUPS
Authors: LISZKA-DALECKI JAN , SOŁTAN PIOTR M.
Published: February 2012

We identify the quantum isometry groups of spectral triples built on the symmetric groups with length functions arising from the nearest-neighbor transpositions as generators. It turns out that they are isomorphic to certain "doubling" of the group algebras of the respective symmetric groups. We discuss the doubling procedure in the context of regular multiplier Hopf algebras. In the last section we study the dependence of the isometry group of Snon the choice of generators in the case n = 3. We show that two different choices of generators lead to nonisomorphic quantum isometry groups which exhaust the list of noncommutative noncocommutative semisimple Hopf algebras of dimension 12. This provides noncommutative geometric interpretation of these Hopf algebras.
On the Numerical Treatment of Hydrometeor Sedimentation in Bulk and Hybrid Bulk–Bin Microphysics Schemes
Authors: Morrison Hugh
Published: February 2012

Hybrid bulk–bin microphysics schemes discretize particle size distributions into bins for calculating microphysical process rates, while retaining a limited number of bulk prognostic quantities and assuming an underlying analytic functional form for the particle size distributions as in traditional bulk microphysics schemes. In this paper, the treatment of sedimentation in two-moment bulk and hybrid schemes is compared using different numerical methods. Using the first-order upwind method for calculating sedimentation in conjunction with a widely used, two-step, time-splitting approach that updates model fields after transport by air motion followed by calculation of sedimentation, it is shown analytically that despite using a spectrum of fall speeds corresponding to different particle sizes, hybrid schemes converge with increasing bin resolution toward bulk schemes that utilize only characteristic moment-weighted particle fall speeds. While not strictly convergent, it is also shown that solutions using bulk and hybrid schemes are often similar for other numerical methods and approaches. Noticeable improvement using the hybrid scheme occurs in a few circumstances: when the Courant number associated with falling precipitation is large (>>1), requiring substepping, semi-implicit, or Lagrangian-type methods for numerical stability; or when a one-step approach is employed that calculates hydrometeor transport in a single step using a velocity that combines both vertical air motion and particle fall speed. Thus, it is concluded that the use of hybrid rather than bulk schemes is justified for some, but not all, applications, and care should be taken to determine the appropriateness of hybrid schemes for specific applications.
Martin Fishbein’s Legacy
Authors: Ajzen Icek
Published: February 2012

The reasoned action approach that Martin Fishbein pioneered has emerged as the dominant conceptual framework for predicting, explaining, and changing human social behavior. The most popular model in this tradition, the theory of planned behavior, has generated a great deal of empirical research supporting the premises of this approach. It has been shown that behavioral, normative, and control beliefs provide the basis, respectively, for attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; that these three factors jointly account for a great deal of variance in behavioral intentions; and that intentions and perceived control can be used to predict actual behavior. Based on these insights, investigators have been able to design effective behavior change interventions.
The Reasoned Action Approach in HIV Risk-Reduction Strategies for Adolescents
Authors: Jemmott John B.
Published: February 2012

Adolescents worldwide are at high risk for adverse consequences of sexual activity, including HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, and unintended pregnancy. Effective intervention strategies are needed to address this risk. This article discusses the advantages of the reasoned action approach for developing such strategies, including the ability to integrate population-specific qualitative information with the approach to develop an intervention that is both theoretically grounded and culturally appropriate. It also describes an application of the approach in developing “Let Us Protect Our Future,” a culturally appropriate HIV risk-reduction intervention for adolescents in South Africa, where sexually transmitted HIV infections are having an especially devastating impact. The results of a randomized controlled trial revealed that grade 6 students in schools that received the intervention were less likely to report having sexual intercourse, unprotected sexual intercourse, and multiple sexual partners during the 12-month follow-up period than their counterparts in control schools.
Europeanizing the Social Aspects of the Greek Sport Policy
Authors: Sakka Stavroula , Chatzigianni Efthalia
Published: February 2012

European policy has many implications on the formation of national policy and decision-making process. Although European Union has no direct competence in the area of sport, its value-added is apparent in the promotion of sport-related activities and the exchange of good practice, influencing sport policy in the member states. The aim of this article is to explore the impact of the European Union on Greek sport policy making. Focusing on the social dimension of sport, this article argues that the Europeanization of Greek sport policy is limited because of its reliance on weak and indirect mechanisms. Yet it perceives a kind of a selective adoption of EU initiatives and recommendations for Greece to accomplish particular goals and meet national priorities. One of the benefits of this interaction is that Greece has slowly entered into a “learning” process where EU provides a platform for sport-related policy transfer and exchange of ideas among member states.
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 functional promoter polymorphism G1575A is associated with elevated circulatory MMP-2 levels and increased risk of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Bahrehmand F , Vaisi-Raygani A , Kiani A , Rahimi Z , Tavilani H , Navabi SJ , Shakiba E , Hassanzadeh N , Pourmotabbed T
Published: February 2012

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is a zinc dependent endonuclease that degrades type IV collagen, the major structural component of basement membranes. MMP-2 functional promoter polymorphism G1575A affects circulating level of MMP-2 and may be considered an important genetic determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. In this study, association between MMP-2 1575A allele with serum MMP-2, neopterin and lipid-lipoprotein levels and with SLE and developing CVD was investigated.

The present case–control study consisted of 109 SLE patients with and without CVD (mean age, 35.6 years) and 101 gender- and age-matched, unrelated, healthy controls (mean age, 37.1 years) from the population in the west of Iran. MMP-2 1575G/A polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction (restriction fragment length polymorphism) PCR-RFLP, serum MMP-2, neopterin and lipid levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme assay, respectively.

The presence of MMP-2 G1575A allele was found to be associated with SLE and developed CVD (OR = 1.78, p = 0.029 and OR = 3.43, p = 0.025, respectively). The SLE patients with MMP-2 A (G/A + A/A) allele had higher MMP-2 activity (301 ± 166 vs. 194 ± 35.5, p = 0.002), neopterin (29.4 ± 39.4 vs. 7.3 ± 4.6, p = 0.005), LDL-C (120 ± 25.7 vs. 87 ± 39.3, p = 0.045) and lower HDL-C (39.6 ± 11 vs. 45.9 ± 11.8, p = 0.031) levels than the control subjects. There was a significantly positive correlation between MMP-2 level with neopterin, total cholesterol and TG levels and negative correlation with HDL-C level in SLE patients with CVD.

MMP-2 G1575A allele may be a risk factor for SLE. The carriers of this allele have high levels of MMP-2, neopterin, total cholesterol and TG and lower levels of HDL, thus, they are more likely to develop heart disease.
Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the DEFB1 gene are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Southern Brazilians
Authors: Sandrin-Garcia P , Brandão LAC , Guimarães RL , Pancoto JAT , Donadi EA , Lima-Filho JL de , Segat L , Crovella S
Published: February 2012

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that results in inflammation and tissue damage. The etiology of SLE remains unknown, but recent studies have shown that the innate immune system may have a role in SLE pathogenesis through the secretion of small cationic peptides named defensins. The aim of the study was to determine the possible involvement in SLE of three functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (c.−52G>A, c.−44C>G and c.−20G>A) in the 5’UTR region of DEFB1 gene, by analyzing them in a population of 139 SLE patients and 288 healthy controls. The c.−52G>A SNP showed significant differences in allele and genotype frequency distribution between SLE patients and controls ( p = 0.01 and p = 0.02 respectively) indicating protection against SLE (A allele, OR = 0.68, AA genotype OR = 0.51). Significant differences were also observed for c.−44C>G SNP, the C/G genotype being associated with susceptibility to SLE (OR = 1.60, p = 0.04). Moreover , statistically significant differences between patients and controls were found for two DEFB1 haplotypes (GCA and GGG, p = 0.01 and p = 0.02 respectively). When considering DEFB1 SNPs and SLE clinical and laboratory manifestations, significant association was found with neuropsychiatric disorders, immunological alterations and anti-DNA antibodies. In conclusion, our results evidence a possible role for the c.−52G>A and c.−44C>G DEFB1 polymorphisms in SLE pathogenesis, that can be considered as possible risk factors for development of disease and disease-related clinical manifestations. Additional studies are needed, to corroborate these results as well as functional studies to understand the biological role of these SNPs in the pathogenesis of SLE.
Effects of incorporating germinated brown rice on the antioxidant properties of wheat flour chapatti
Authors: Gujral H. Singh , Sharma P. , Bajaj R. , Solah V.
Published: February 2012

Brown rice after germinating for 24 and 48 h was milled into flour and incorporated in whole wheat flour at a level of 10% to prepare chapattis. The objective was to use chapatti as a delivery vehicle for germinated brown rice. The flour blends and chapattis made from the flour blends were evaluated for their antioxidant properties. Incorporating germinated brown rice flour increased the total phenolic content of the flour blend from 1897 to 2144 µg FAE/g. The total flavonoids content increased significantly from 632.3 to1770.9 µg CAE/g and metal chelating activity significantly increased by 71.62%. Antioxidant activity increased significantly by the addition of brown rice flour and addition of 24- and 48-h germinated brown rice flour further increased the antioxidant activity significantly. The total phenolic content and total flavonoids content decrease significantly in all the blends after baking the flour into chapatti. A decrease of 3% to 29% was observed in the total phenolic content and a decrease of 25% to 42% was observed in the total flavonoids content. However, baking of the flour blends into chapatti increased the reducing power, metal chelating activity by three folds and antioxidant activity from 64% to 104%.