bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Trial of Heritage and the Legacy of Abraham
Authors: Rahman Najat
Published: April 2003

This article, which broadly explores the impact of myth on literature and history, locates contemporary articulations of masculine identity with the founding myths, particularly that of Abraham. The story of Abraham, as it has been rendered in the Old Testament and in the Qur’an and as it has been read in modern times, brings together religious and nationalist formulations of identity. The article examines the limitations of nationalist and fundamentalist readings of this myth which have not only foreclosed the narrative possibilities of this story but have also led to the enactment of violence and exclusion in history through such readings. The latter part of the article looks to recent literature and poetry that respond to this delimited old myth and that interrogate the closure that it presumably has. Through the writing of Mahmoud Darwish and Assia Djebar, the article attempts to show a complex interrogation of the figure of Abraham, one that would reveal how readings of Abraham are open to contestation, that would allow for new outcomes of this story, and that would make possible new imaginings of identity
Reading Between the Lines
Authors: Gadd David
Published: April 2003

This article discusses the relative merits of psychoanalytic and psychodiscursive approaches to the study of masculinities and men’s violence. The case histories of four men are presented and analyzed. Two of these men were antisexist men seeking to help other men to change, and the other two were men who were getting help to stop being violent. Using these case histories, this article seeks to demonstrate that psychic experience is not a simple product of social discourses, and therefore masculinity cannot be straightforwardly read off from what men say. The article concludes by arguing that the psychoanalytic notion of a defended subject draws our attention to the unities among men more effectively than psychodiscursive approaches precisely because it is able to acknowledge biographically mediated differences between men.
Failure Mechanisms and Modelling of Impact Damage in Sandwich Beams - A 2D Approach: Part I - Experimental Investigation
Authors: Shipsha Andrey , Hallström Stefan , Zenkert Dan
Published: April 2003

This paper addresses the effect of low velocity impact damage on post-impact failure mechanisms and structural integrity of foam core sandwich beams subjected to edgewise compression, shear and bending load cases. The study deals with a 2D configuration, where a sandwich beam is impacted by a steel cylinder across the whole width of the specimen. The impact damage is characterised as indentation of the core with sub-interface damage seen as a cavity while the GFRP faces remain virtually unaffected by the impact. Digital speckle photography (DSP) analysis is employed for in situ monitoring of crushing behaviour in the foam core during static indentation of sandwich specimens.

The static shear strength of impact-damaged sandwich beams is compared with specimens with fabricated sub-interface cracks of the same length. DSP analysis reveals that the face-core interface in the peripheral regions of 2D impact damage is not entirely separated. The crack analogy is thus not fully representable since the surfaces remain bridged resulting in higher strength, when compared with fabricated cracks. The post-impact resistance to compressive loads is lower than for the specimens with fabricated cracks due to the presence of the cavity and the crushed core with reduced foundation stiffness support. The properties of crushed foam core are experimentally determined as they appear to be important for accurate modelling and analysis of the residual strength of sandwich beams. Modelling and post-impact analysis of the specimens with impact damage is elaborated in detail in part II of this study.
Failure Mechanisms and Modelling of Impact Damage in Sandwich Beams - A 2D Approach: Part II - Analysis and Modelling
Authors: Shipsha Andrey , Hallström Stefan , Zenkert Dan
Published: April 2003

This study addresses the effect of low velocity impact damage on the post-impact residual strength and failure mechanisms of sandwich beams with Rohacell WF51 foam core. The considered impact damage has a form of a subinterface cavity surrounded by crushed core while the face sheet remains virtually undamaged. Part I of this study deals with experimental investigation of impact-damaged beams tested in transverse shear, bending and edgewise compression. It is shown that the crushed core and the bridging condition in the peripheral regions of the impact damage exert a significant effect on the post-impact critical loads and failure mechanisms.

In this paper, parameterised finite element (FE) models of impact damage with implemented crushed core properties are developed for numerical analyses of post-impact failure. In the analysis of the shear case, a model for II bridging condition in the peripheral regions of impact damage is introduced. A point-stress criterion is applied for predictions of failure loads and crack kink angle. Geometrically nonlinear FE analysis is employed for evaluation of critical loads for local buckling in the beams with impact damage. The FE analyses demonstrate good agreement with experimental results.
Fatigue Behavior of Foam Core Sandwich Beams with Sub-Interface Impact Damage
Authors: Shipsha Andrey , Zenkert Dan
Published: April 2003

The fatigue life of impact-damaged foam core sandwich beams with GFRP faces is investigated for constant load-amplitude cyclic loading. The damage produced by the low velocity/energy impact is characterised as a sub-interface cavity with surrounding crushed core whereas the face sheet is undamaged. The effect of bridging owing to the crushed core in the peripheral regions of impact damage, revealed in the preceding static study Shipsha et al. [1,2] is assessed under cyclic loading.

The fatigue test results are analysed in a stress-life S-N diagram and compared with published data from undamaged beams. The effect of two load ratios R = 0.1 and -1 is investigated. The fatigue threshold load levels are experimentally quantified from the S-N curves. Furthermore, a modified point-stress criterion based on the threshold stress intensity factor, Kth, is proposed to estimate the “no-crack growth” limit loads. The results show good agreement with performed experiments.
Elk Velvet Antler in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Phase II Trial
Authors: Allen Marion , Oberle Kathleen , Grace Michael , Russell Anthony
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this phase II clinical trial was to examine safety of elk velvet antler taken concurrently with rheumatoid arthritis medications and to determine efficacy by dose to enable sample size estimation and dose standardization for a larger study. Forty patients with stage II rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 arms of 10 patients each. One group received placebo and the other 3 groups received 2, 4, or 6 capsules (215 mg) of elk velvet antler with appropriate placebos to total 6 capsules daily. All subjects continued to take their arthritis medications. Outcome variables were reported adverse events and health status. At 1 month, there were no significant differences between groups in number of adverse events or health status. The greatest improvement was in the 6 elk velvet antler group, the least was in the placebo group. Differences were not statistically significant. It was concluded that elk velvet antler can be taken safely in conjunction with a number of rheumatoid arthritis medications and should be studied further to assess efficacy.
Effects of Separation and Separation with Supplemental Stroking in BALB/c Infant Mice
Authors: Groër Maureen W. , Hill Janet , Wilkinson J. Erby , Stuart Alice
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate selected stress, immune, and growth consequences of maternal separation and separation with supplemental stroking in neonatal BALB/c infant mice and their dams. Three groups of 5 litters each (7 pups per litter) were studied. Control litters were undisturbed. Separated litters experienced 3 h of daily maternal deprivation on postnatal days 6 to 10. Separated/stroked litters were separated also, but for 2 h, which was then followed by 1 h of stroking with a wet paintbrush to simulate maternal tactile stimulation. After the experimental period, all animals were returned to the nest and left undisturbed for 5 additional days. One pup fromeac h litter was sacrificed on postnatal days 6, 8, 10, and 15. Spleens and thymuses were removed, weighed, and homogenized for cell sorting, cytokine analysis, and proliferation studies. Blood was drawn for corticosterone levels and hematocrit. Hematocrits and thymus weights were lower in separated mice, suggesting decreased growth and protein synthesis. Separated/stroked pups had increased splenic proliferation responses to conconavalin A and phytohemagglutinin at day 15. Separated dams’ proliferative response to Con A was lower than control dams at day 15. Day 15 decreases in thymic CD8 cells occurred in pups, with an increased thymic H:S ratio in separated pups. CD90 cells were higher at day 15 in separated/stroked pups as were CD25s at day 10 in spleen and thymus. However, gene expression of cytokines was not measurable in spleen and thymic cells, with the exception of-IFN in separated/stroked animals. Pooled organ homogenates were used in this preliminary work, and further studies are needed to more precisely analyze the stress, immune, and growth effects of these interventions.
Treatment and Prevention of Diaphragm Fatigue Using Low-Dose Dopamine
Authors: Pierce Janet D. , Clancy Richard L. , Smith-Blair Nan , Kraft Robert
Published: April 2003

There is increasing evidence that diaphragm fatigue is a major cause of failure in weaning patients frommechanical ventilation. Patients in intensive care units are often administered dopamine to improve renal blood flow without regard to its effect on diaphragmblood flow. The aimof this study was to investigate if intravenous low-dose dopamine, equivalent to the dose used in intensive care units, can treat and prevent diaphragmfatigue. Diaphragmfatigue was produced in anesthetized rats by inspiratory resistance loading (IRL). The effect on diaphragmshortening, diaphragmblood flow, and aortic blood flow was determined. When diaphragm fatigue was attained, group I was given saline for 30 min while maintaining IRL. At the time of diaphragm fatigue, group II was given low-dose dopamine (2 μg/kg/min) for 30 min while maintaining IRL. In group III, dopamine administration was started before and continued throughout the period of IRL. Administering dopamine after the development of diaphragm fatigue (group II) increased diaphragm performance as measured by increased diaphragmshortening and was accompanied by an increased diaphragmblood flow. Administering dopamine prior to and throughout IRL (group III) prevented diaphragmfatigue. Low-dose dopamine can prevent and/or reverse diaphragmfatigue in rats without a significant change in aortic blood flow. This effect of dopamine may be due to increased oxygen delivery associated with the increased diaphragm blood flow, resulting in less free radical formation and thus less muscle damage.
Changes in Nutritional Status and Postoperative Outcomes in Elderly CABG Patients
Authors: DiMaria-Ghalili Rose Ann
Published: April 2003

To systematically examine the pattern of nutritional status over time in older people undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and the extent to which nutritional status affects health outcomes postdischarge. Design. The sample consisted of 91 community-dwelling English-speaking persons 65 (72.27 4.85) years of age with normal cognitive function and no active cancer. Data collected prospectively at 3 time points (preoperatively, postoperatively on day 5, and 4 to 6 weeks postdischarge) included serum albumin, transferrin, and calculated Body Mass Index (BMI). The Short-Form 36 Health Status Survey Questionnaire was administered 4 to 6 weeks postdischarge as a primary health outcome measure. Results. Nutritional status changed over time. For albumin and transferrin, the pattern of change corresponded to the phases of surgical stress (P = 0.001). The BMI decreased from preoperative to 4 to 6 weeks postdischarge (P = 0.001), and this decrease explained 13.8% of the variance in physical health 4 to 6 weeks postdischarge (P=0.008). The change in the BMI corresponds to an average weight loss of 5% from preoperative to postdischarge. Conclusions. Older people undergoing CABG who lose significant weight from preoperative to postdischarge aremore likely to have lower self-reported physical health.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Tetramer Technology: An Evaluation
Authors: Constantin Carolyn M. , Bonney Elizabeth E. , Altman John D. , Strickland Ora L.
Published: April 2003

Single-cell assays are currently favored to quantitate T-cell responses. Staining antigen-specific T-cells with fluorescently labeled tetrameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide complexes has greatly enhanced the ability to assess the cellular dynamics of an immune response at the single-cell level.This article reviews MHC tetramer technology, defining it, discussing how MHC tetramers are made, outlining the benefits of this technology, comparing and contrasting it to other methods for evaluating immune responses, and describing current applications.
A Critical Reexamination of the Morphology, Neurovasculature, and Fiber Architecture of Knee Extensor Muscles in Animal Models and Humans
Authors: Glenn Loyd Lee , Samojla Brad G.
Published: April 2003

The purposes of the present study were to resolve a number of major inconsistencies found in the literature on the structure of the quadriceps femoris muscle and to extend knowledge of its structure using descriptive, qualitative methodology. The quadriceps femoris muscle was investigated in 41 cats, and the findings were confirmed in 6 human cadavers. Two aponeuroses with major biomechanical functions (rectus-vastus and vastus aponeurosis), neither of which had been previously described in the literature, were characterized in both species. The study also resolved many major inconsistencies in the literature: The muscle sometimes described as vastus intermedius (VI) was found to be the articularis genu, the muscle sometimes described as vastus medialis (VM) was found to be the VI, the rectus femoris head was found to have an additional proximal nerve branch not previously recognized, no anomalous 5th head was ever found, and the distal VM were not found to have 2 heads (in either cats or humans). The authors’ anatomical descriptions and bimechanical models of the muscles, tendons, and neurovascular should provide a helpful foundation for future studies on the quadriceps. Two general recommendations are made: 1) that the feline model be considered a viable model to elucidate human knee pathomechanics; and 2) that regardless of the anatomical structure of interest, orthopedic nurses, orthopedic surgeons, and research investigators should routinely use the research literature for anatomical guidance instead of standard anatomical textbooks.
Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction in Subgrouped Fibromyalgia Patients
Authors: Raak Ragnhild , Hurtig Ingrid , Wahren Lis Karin
Published: April 2003

The present study describes pain- and stress-coping strategies and life satisfaction in subgroups of fibromyalgia patients. Thirty-two females with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and 21 healthy pain-free women were studied. Those with FMS were classified as thermal (both heat and cold) pain sensitive or slightly cold pain sensitive based on pain thresholds determined using a Thermotest device. Global stress-coping styles, life satisfaction, and specific pain-coping strategies were measured. Patients classified as thermal pain sensitive were affected by physical symptoms to a greater extent than were those classified as slightly cold pain sensitive. The thermal pain sensitive group used more diverting attention coping strategies than the slightly cold pain sensitive group did. Separating fibromyalgia patients into subgroups might increase the potential for improving nursing care of these patients. Through the use of effective coping strategies in dealing with stress and pain, life satisfaction may also be enhanced.
Factors Contributing to the Occurrence of Emerging Infectious Diseases
Authors: Lashley Felissa R.
Published: April 2003

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have been receiving increasing attention for more than two decades. Such attention has resulted from observations of increasing resistance of microorganisms to the usual antibiotics, the identification of formerly unknown disease agents and the diseases they cause, and the realization that the concept of globalization includes global exposure to disease agents formerly confined to small, endemic, or remote areas. Sadly, in the fall of 2001, the potential for using microbial agents as instruments of terror and destruction became obvious with the incidents of anthrax spread in the United States, mainly through the mail, although chemical and biological agents had already been used in this way in the past century. The relationship between infectious diseases and social, political, and economic change from the earliest times to the present has been well documented. Emerging infectious diseases and their basic causes present a threat to the stability of nations and indeed the world. Reasons for the emergence/reemergence of infectious diseases are complex and interrelated. The global village provides global economic and social opportunities but also opportunities for disease emergence and transmission. Although characteristics of microorganisms such as genetic adaptive changes are important in the emergence of infectious diseases, factors under human control play a large role. Behavioral and lifestyle choices are also a major influence on the emergence and spread of many EIDs and require attention. Factors contributing to the appearance of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are discussed.
New Challenges for Public Health Care: Biological and Chemical Weapons Awareness, Surveillance, and Response
Authors: Dudley Joseph P.
Published: April 2003

Recent events in the United States have demonstrated a critical need for recognizing nurses and emergency health care providers as important elements of the nation’s first line of defense and response against terrorist attacks involving biological, chemical, or radiological weapons. The anthrax letter attacks of September/October 2001 demonstrate the importance of vigilance and attention to detail while interviewing and attending patients and when entering, reviewing, and cataloging patient records. Nursing professionals, emergency care responders, and physicians can perform a crucial role in our first-line defense against terrorism by detecting and reporting unusual or anomalous illness(es) consistent with possible exposure to biological or chemical agents. Nursing professionals should become more familiar with the etiology and clinical symptoms of biological agents of greatest current concern (smallpox, anthrax, tularemia, plague) and be alert for potentially anomalous or unfamiliar combinations of symptoms that could point to unwitting exposure to biological toxins, toxic chemicals, or cryptic radiological agents. Public health surveillance systems must be developed that encourage and facilitate the rapid reporting and follow-up investigation of suspect illnesses and potential disease outbreaks that will ensure early identification and response for covert attacks involving biological, chemical, or radiological weapons.
Smallpox: An Update for Nurses
Authors: Constantin Carolyn M. , Martinelli Angela M. , Bonney Elizabeth A. , Strickland Ora L.
Published: April 2003

The global eradication of smallpox in the late 1970s was a major achievement of the 20th century and brought out the best in science and public health. Prior to eradication, smallpox was a devastating disease with an overall mortality rate of approximately 5% to 30% for the most common form of the disease depending on vaccination status and the clinical presentation. The more severe forms of smallpox (i.e., flat and hemorrhagic type) had case fatality rates of approximately 96% to 100%. Currently, there is heightened international concern regarding the potential use of the smallpox virus as an agent for bioterrorism. Therefore, it is imperative that health care workers become familiar with clinical aspects of this disease as part of the national efforts to ensure homeland security. This article reviews the history, disease progression, and adverse events of smallpox; immunization practices; and nursing considerations.
Safeguarding Our Nation’s Children: The Diagnosis, Management, and Containment of Smallpox in Infants and Children
Authors: Veenema Tener Goodwin
Published: April 2003

Smallpox continues to be a major national health concern as it poses the most serious bioterrorist threat to the US population at this time. Due to similarities in clinical presentation, smallpox may easily be confused with varicella (chickenpox) in young children. Management of a large-scale outbreak of smallpox in young children would require an intensive health care response. In addition, the current debate concerning potential revisions to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) interim guidelines for vaccination against smallpox has significant health implications for high-risk children and infants. As such, the diagnosis, management, and containment of smallpox in infants and children deserve special consideration.
From the margins to mainstream?
Authors: Huq Rupa
Published: April 2003

This article looks at the youth musical cultures of bhangra and Asian underground alongside wider societal shifts relating to British Asian youth in recent decades. The article first examines previous youth studies research, primary media source material and data from qualitative interviews; it then looks at these twin hybrid musically expressive forms fusing Indian instrumentation and fashion which have been principally produced by second-generation British-born youth of Asian origin - a group who have hitherto not been particularly noteworthy in either UK pop lore or youth studies. The data presented in the main body of the article are based on a number of semi-structured interviews in which the subjects’ own discursive framing of, and qualitative reasons for, their actions and reactions to events and cultural products are given. The fieldwork was carried out at various bhangra and Asian underground musical events in London and Manchester, allowing a longitudinal picture to develop of British Asian music and its place in the representations and realities of Asian youth.
Youth and education
Authors: Mørch Sven
Published: April 2003

In this article educational challenges and developments are analysed from a youth studies perspective. Youth research is engaged in understanding the links between societal change and youth responses with a focus on the relation between social integration and individualization. The article shows how a new analysis of the relation between youth, modernization and competence might influence both the general understanding of youth understanding and educational developmental perspectives. In modern society, the period of youth is changing from being a transition to a highly valued period in its own right. In this way, youth life functions as a reserved situation of fragmented contextualization of modern development. This change questions the traditional educational perspective and underlines the new challenge of developing general competence for modern life. In this situation, conversely, young people should not learn to be adults but to be youth.
Immigrant youth and the dynamics of marginalization
Authors: Andersson Mette
Published: April 2003

This article explores the usefulness of traditional sociological perspectives on inequality in light of marginalization processes affecting immigrant youth in Norway and in other Western societies of today. Departing from general theories on inequality and marginalization, and the more specific perspectives on ethnic minority youth in Europe, a trenchant argument in the article is that increasing attention to the construction of normality and otherness in respect to majority-minority relations is needed. The 1990s public debate about immigrant youth in Norway, as earlier in many other Western societies, has been characterized by sensational media stories about ‘problems’ with youth gangs and forced marriages. Another characteristic of the Norwegian public debate is making links between ad hoc political ‘needs’ to solve these problems and researchers’ definitions of the energizing factors of marginalization. In relating the Norwegian situation to the broader European one, where an increasing support for populist right-wing parties and differentialist racist arguments has been a major trend throughout the 1990s, various visions of the future for immigrant youth in Norway are examined.
At the Wall of Darkness
Authors: Packwood Nicholas
Published: April 2003

Despite the crowd of television crews and academics on sabbatical packed into the air-less amphitheatre of the Collège de France to hear Pierre Bourdieu read out his last book, some of the most interesting sociology students in Paris are still at the old Sorbonne where, under a blackened painting depicting a forgotten epic scene in the Salle Durkheim, Michel Maffesoli’s séminaire de doctorat on L’Ethique de l’esthétique unfolds.

—Shields (1991, p. 1)
Embodied Space(s)
Authors: Low Setha M.
Published: April 2003

Embodied space is the location where human experience and consciousness takes on material and spatial form. After identifying the inherent difficulties in defining the body, body space, and cultural explanations of body experience, the author traces the evolution of approaches to embodied space including proxemics, phenomenological understandings, spatial orientation, and linguistic dimensions. Embodied space is presented as a model for understanding the creation of place through spatial orientation, movement, and language.
Reflexivity, Relationism, & Research
Authors: Maton Karl
Published: April 2003

Pierre Bourdieu’s “epistemic reflexivity” is the cornerstone of his intellectual enterprise, underpinning his claims to provide distinctive and scientific knowledge of the social world. This article considers what this notion offers for research and how it needs to be developed further to underpin progress in social science. Many reflexive research practices are sociological, individualistic, and narcissistic, and the article contrasts this to Bourdieu’s conception of reflexivity as epistemological, collective, and objective. The author then illustrates how, despite Bourdieu’s intentions, this conception when enacted tends toward the very pitfalls it is intended to avoid. Building on a developing conceptualization of the relations of knowledge, the author identifies this problem as intrinsic to Bourdieu’s framework, showing how it bypasses the significance of knowledge structures and so provides the social but not the epistemological conditions for social scientific knowledge. Bourdieu’s reflexivity objectifies objectification but needs development to help achieve objective knowledge. The article concludes by introducing the notion of “epistemic capital” as a first step toward developing a properly epistemic reflexivity and so realizing the potential of Bourdieu’s enterprise.
Culture, Tolerance and Gender
Authors: Saharso Sawitri
Published: April 2003

Defenders of multiculturalism have been recently criticized for failing to address gender inequality in minority cultures. Multiculturalism would seem incompatible with a commitment to feminism. This article discusses two empirical cases that pose a problem for public policy in the Netherlands: a conflict over wearing headscarves (hijab) and requests for surgical hymen repair. These cases evoke widespread public controversy, in part because they are presumed to express or accommodate traditions in violation of women's rights and thus raise the question of tolerance. While recognizing the potential discrepancies between feminism and multiculturalism, the author argues that committed feminists can be multiculturalists as well, and that good feminism might well require acts of multiculturalism. In addition, she advocates a contextual approach to tolerance. Her argument is that general justice arguments are too indeterminate to make for good judgement in concrete cases. The national political culture and institutional setting in which multicultural conflicts take place should be considered as morally relevant factors and co-determine our moral considerations. The dispute over feminism and multiculturalism cannot be settled in abstracto. Using a contextual approach, the author argues that wearing a headscarf and hymen repair are justifiable and consonant with feminist concerns in the Dutch educational and medical contexts.
The Emergence and Uncertain Outcomes of Prostitutes' Social Movements
Authors: Mathieu Lilian
Published: April 2003

This article is a comparative study of five prostitutes' social movements. The emergence of these movements is one of the major developments in the politics of prostitution: for the first time, prostitutes are politically organizing and expressing their claims and grievances in the public debate about prostitution — a debate from which they are usually excluded. But, as is the case for most stigmatized populations, this pretension to enter into the public debate is faced with many difficulties. Some of these are inherent to the world of prostitution, which is an informal, competitive and violent world, in which leaders face constant challenges to establish and maintain their authority and legitimacy. The article also emphasizes the crucial, but ambiguous, role played by alliances between prostitutes and people from other parts of society (especially feminists). Prostitutes' dependence on these supporters leads the author to consider their social movements to be heteronomous mobilizations.
Feminism, Politics, Theories and Science
Authors: Calloni Marina
Published: April 2003

Are women's movement and feminist theories still connected to radical politics and the interest in changing social inequalities, when feminism has been `institutionalized', for instance in the academia, and has become a mainstreaming issue in social policies? This main question was put to eminent feminist scholars, with the aim of investigating the renewed critical role of international feminism and women's/gender studies in society, science, information, education and research. A reconstruction of the main changes which have occurred to women's movements and feminist theories in the last decades were the core of the interview, stressing differences and disagreement, also in relation to the new sociopolitical claims, supported by younger generations. The conclusion was that feminism has not lost its historical political mission, even though the world scenario and ideologies have dramatically changed. Indeed, feminism has become transcultural and `glocal', facing new socioeconomic inequities induced by globalization both in western societies and countries in development, confronting with the transformation of collective/gender identities and questioning the increasing importance of (bio)technologies.
Managing Doctors and Saving a Hospital: Irony, Rhetoric and Actor Networks
Authors: Dent Mike
Published: April 2003

This article examines the changing configuration of professional-management relations within the English health service, focusing on hospital doctors and managers. It draws on a case study of a hospital apparently under threat of closure during a period when management is pursuing a policy of attempting to rationalize medical work, for example, by expanding day surgery. At the same time, the strategies of medical staff for the defence of their professional interests are also explored. The usefulness of rhetoric, irony and actor-network theory for the analysis of the threatened hospital closure and the implications for professional-managerial relations is explored within the broader context of `governmentality' (Foucault).
Communities of Coping: Collective Emotional Labour in Service Work
Authors: Korczynski Marek
Published: April 2003

This article argues that communities of coping among frontline service workers are an important part of what Hochschild has called `collective emotional labour' in service work. The analysis is framed in a sociological understanding of the customer as a key source of both pleasure and pain for service workers. Irate and abusive customers, who are systematically part of the social relations of the service workplace, may occasion real pain to service workers. The structure of workers' social situation means that they are likely to turn to each other to cope with this pain, forming informal communities of coping. Drawing on extensive research in four call centres in Australia and the USA, the article highlights this process in action. The communities of coping were an important social process in these workplaces, creating informal, dense cultures among the workforce. These cultures had important implications for how far the social relations of the workplace were open to management control.
(Un)Popular Strangers and Crises (Un)Bounded: Discourses of Sex-trafficking, the European Political Community and the Panicked State of the Modern State
Authors: BERMAN JACQUELINE
Published: April 2003

While the `trafficking in persons' is a problem that has long plagued the international community, sensationalized media coverage and governmental anti-organized crime initiatives have produced a new set of discursive practices that conflate violent crime against women with complex forms of post-communist gendered migration. These discourses refer to many different forms of exploitation and migration as `trafficking in women for purposes of sexual exploitation'. In other words, they portray all international, often illegal, migration and labour as acts of violated gender and raced innocence and of international organized crime. In this frame, criminalization of all activities related to trafficking appears to be the most logical and effective means of redressing this problem. It simultaneously, however, subjects all East European migrant sex workers to categorizations that defuse what may function as the challenges presented by their sovereign and symbolic boundary transgressions. A focus on crime and violated borders (rather than on the conditions under which women migrate or are forced to work) extends barriers to migration and renders it more dangerous for women while not necessarily hindering movement or assisting the actual victims. Because it emphasizes the role of state-based institutions in fighting international organized crime, criminalization also serves as a means through which practices of `statecraft' work to reiterate the privileged place of the state in IR. As such, discourses of sex-trafficking provide a particularly incisive site at which to examine European integration, immigration, `globalization' and their effects on IR in a gendered and race-cognizant frame.
Succession and Change in the Sociocultural Use of Memory: Building-in the Past in Communicative Action
Authors: Middleton David
Published: April 2003

The study of memory as a cultural phenomenon is for the most part focused on the intentional social organization of past experience. However, the past features in unintentional ways in how we conduct our lives in the changing modes of narrative, figurative representation and in the fashioning and collecting of cultural artefacts. This paper provides analysis that illustrates how we can study such ‘in-builtness’ of the past in the present if we examine how people orient to and use dilemmas of permanence and change in talk and text. The argument is that we can examine ways in which people take account of continuity and change in the communicative organization of their accounts. Two ways in which this is accomplished are discussed: first, in the way people make claims concerning the past in terms of whether their experience was incidental or intentional when claiming the salience of the past for present and future circumstances; second, in the way people establish trajectories of significance and participation in terms of experience as both individually and collectively relevant. This provides an approach to the way of approaching succession and change as in-built in the communicative use of the past in the present.
Distancing Theory: Looking at Early Ontogeny through Sigel’s Perspective
Authors: Bourdais CÈcile
Published: April 2003

We propose a comment on Sigel’s Psychological Distancing Model, dealing with a transactional perspective and direct links between a specific parental input and a child’s competence. We examine how (as Sigel [2002] has postulated) the PDM is suitable for the study of early maternal interventions. We discuss why it is, however, necessary to adjust the PDM to the specific preverbal age, from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. An empirical study reports findings with 12- to 21-month-old children.
Contextual and Situational Motivation in Education: A Test of the Specificity Hypothesis
Authors: Ntoumanis Nikos , Blaymires Gary
Published: April 2003

The purpose of the present study was to test the specificity hypothesis in the area of education. This hypothesis is derived from Vallerand’shierarchical model of motivation and argues that situational motivation towards a specific activity should be mainly influenced by contextual motivation towards this activity, and not so much by contextual motivation towards a non-related activity. Furthermore, comparative differences in self-determination between physical education (PE) and classroombased education were examined. Participants were 102 British pupils aged between 12 and 14 years who reported their contextual motivation towards PE and classroom-based education. A month later, these pupils also reported their situationalmotivation toward a PE lesson and a science lesson (physics). Results from regression analyses offered full support to the specificity hypothesis. Furthermore, comparisons of self-determination levels showed that pupils were more self-determined in PE than in the classroom at both the contextual and situational levels. The specificity effect indicates that motivation at school is a multidimensional construct and, therefore, interventions to promote motivation should target each aspect of schooling independently.
Parentsí Conceptions of the Influences of Participation in a Sports Programme on Their Children and Adolescents with Physical Disabilities
Authors: KristÈn Lars , Patriksson Goran , Fridlund Bengt
Published: April 2003

Parents of children and adolescents with physical disabilities have an important role in strengthening and supporting their children in everyday life. Children and adolescents with physical disabilities do not ordinarily have natural access to club activities, nor do they receive the same supportfor physical activities as their peers without disabilities. The aim of this Swedish study was to describe parents’ conceptions of the influences of participation in a sports programme on their children and adolescents with physical disabilities. The data were collected from 20 parents of children and adolescents with disabilities in the 9–15 year age group through interviews based on a holistic view. The method of analysis used was inspired by phenomenography. Three descriptive categories emerged: achievinggood health, being part of a social group and learning a sporting activity.The findings show that the parents regarded sport as a form of health education and as a means for their children to achieve increased participation in society. The findings also show that the learning process was important for empowering the children to influence their life situation.
Assessment of Childrenís and Adolescentsí Physical Activity Levels
Authors: Guerra Sandra , Santos Paula , Ribeiro JosÈ C. , Duarte JosÈ A. , Mota Jorge , Sallis James F.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to examine the effects of specific cut-off scoring points on the estimated prevalence of meeting health-related guidelines for physical activity in youth and, second, to document the differences in gender physical activity patterns according to two different cut-off points. The sample for the present study comprised 157 children (boys n= 64 and girls n= 93), aged 8 to 16 years old. Based on activities’ intensity (MET), the daily time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was calculated using an equation regression developed for adults. In addition, based on the same procedures (MET)data were analysed using the cut-off points (ranging between 614 counts. min- 1 at 6 years old to 1880 counts. min-1 for 16 years old) specially developed for children. The data analysis from youth’s cut-off points reveal that both sexes engaged in significantly ( p= 0.01) more MVPA when compared with cut-off points designed for adults. Boys engaged in significantly ( p= 0.01) more MVPA activities than girls regardless of the CSA cut-off point used. Our data also showed that, except for boys aged 14–16 years old, the percentage of students that reach the physical activity health-related criteria (at least 60 minutes of MVPA/day) was significantly higher in both boys (77.3% vs 93.9%; p< 0.05) andgirls (50% vs 79.3%; p< 0.01) when the youth’s cut-off point was used. The youth-specific cut-off points used could be an important improvement in studies that develop prescription guidelines for children and adolescents. This still needs to be refined, and as a result healthrelated criteria for young people need to be based on further research evidence.
Risk Perception and Decision-making Processes in Candidates for Genetic Testing for Huntington’s Disease: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Smith Jonathan A. , Michie Susan , Stephenson Mike , Quarrell Oliver
Published: April 2003

This study is concerned with how candidates for pre-symptomatic genetic testing for Huntington’s disease represent their risk status and how they describe the process involved in their deciding whether or not to take the test. Transcripts of semi-structured interviews with five women offered testing were analysed by interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The women find it difficult to conceptualize their current risk, and express reasons for a perceived enhanced or diminished risk based on, for example, number of previous family members affected or pre-selection of a likely recipient of the genetic mutation. The article then illustrates the contextual factors, such as family discussion or a key triggering event, which can influence the decision process of whether or not to take the genetic test. The study has implications both for psychological models of decision making and for the practice of genetic counselling.
Making Sense of Risk: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Vulnerability to Heart Disease
Authors: Senior Victoria , Smith Jonathan A. , Michie Susan , Marteau Theresa M.
Published: April 2003

This study investigates perceptions of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and its genetic basis in patients diagnosed with, and receiving treatment for, FH. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven patients. Transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Participants reported engaging in an active process of seeking causes for their FH. FH was invariably attributed to genes. In some cases diet and stress were also considered as causes of FH. Causal attributions appear to be both a determinant and a result of behavioural strategies to reduce risk. On the whole, FH was perceived as unproblematic, a perception that appeared to reflect downward social comparison processes. Nonetheless, participants reported acting in ways consonant with the perception of an increased risk of heart attack, in particular, being vigilant to symptoms of a possible heart attack.
Rethinking Communication in the E-health Era
Authors: Neuhauser Linda , Kreps Gary L.
Published: April 2003

There is substantial epidemiological evidence that widespread adoption of specific behavior changes can significantly improve population health. Yet, health communication efforts, while well intentioned, have often failed to engage people to change behavior within the complex contexts of their lives. `E-health communication', health promotion efforts that are mediated by computers and other digital technologies, may have great potential to promote desired behavior changes through unique features such as mass customization, interactivity and convenience. There is growing initial evidence that e-health communication can improve behavioral outcomes. However, we have much to learn about whether the technical promise of e-health communication will be effective within the social reality of how diverse people communicate and change in the modern world. This article examines current evidence concerning e-health communication and evaluates opportunities for e-health applications.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Health Behavior Change Programs on the Internet
Authors: Evers Kerry E. , Prochaska Janice M. , Prochaska James O. , Driskell Mary-Margaret , Cummins Carol O. , Velicer Wayne F.
Published: April 2003

Full reviews were conducted on 37 public websites on health behavior change for disease prevention and management. All had at least four of five of the `5A's for effective health behavior change treatment on the Internet' (advise, assess, assist, anticipatory guidance and arrange follow-up) that are assumed to be minimum criteria for a program to have the potential for producing behavior change. The strength of these 37 programs included: rationales provided for assessments; privacy and confidentiality protections; some form of feedback provided; and some form of interactivity. The weaknesses included: few were theory driven; few had individualized tailoring; few had empirically based tailoring; and few were evidence based or reported subsequent plans for evaluation.
Measuring the Relevance of Evaluation Criteria among Health Information Seekers on the Internet
Authors: Barnes Michael D. , Penrod Christy , Neiger Brad L. , Merrill Ray M. , Thackeray Rosemary , Eggett Dennis L. , Thomas Evan
Published: April 2003

This study identified the criteria that are valued among Internet users when rating and accessing health information on the World Wide Web. Participants ( N = 578) successfully completed a Web-based survey by ranking 12 criteria for evaluating health information. Then, by applying those same evaluation criteria, rated the quality of three preselected health-related websites and indicated their preference for one of the three sites. Six criteria including content, design and aesthetics, currency of information and contact addresses were significant predictors for selecting high-quality health information on the Internet. However, compared to their perceived importance, participants' perceptions about quality health information on the Internet were not consistent when selecting quality websites. This study identified the implications for evaluation criteria among Internet users, health professionals and website developers.