bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identyfikacja i wykorzystanie zasobów lokalnych w budowaniu przewagi konkurencyjnej - przykład regionu lubelskiego
Authors: Bański Jerzy
Published: March 2017

The local resources give rise to the competitive advantages of the area, on which they appear, since they are characterised by the rarity of occurrence. They can hardly be duplicated by the others or can hardly be replaced by other kinds of resources in other places. Further, such resources cannot be separated from the place of their appearance; they are deeply “rooted” in the local space and local society. Local resources may, therefore, constitute the basis for the development of the competitive edge of a single business, a small territorial unit, as well as an entire region. Local resources, in most general terms, may have material character (raw materials, products, environmental qualities, etc.) or the non-material one (interrelations, skills and capacities, interconnections, culture, etc.). Thus, we deal with a very wide spectrum of factors, having diverse origins and influencing the local and regional development in a variety of ways. These factors display also high spatial differentiation, owing to which they provide the possibility of elaborating various development scenarios and strategic solutions in the regions. A set of resources can be the basis to develop new products that will increase the region’s competitiveness. The main objective of this paper is the spatial identification and diagnosis of the specific resources in the Lublin region, as well as the assessment of their development-related potential. Examined region has a diversified structure of local resources, where predominate services and cultural elements. The spatial extent of their influence, however, is usually very limited. The level of uniqueness and usability of resources is usually medium or low and they have strong links with tourism and recreation. Among the resources that received the highest rating are: the Old Town in Zamość, Kazimierz Dolny town, coal, spa in Nałęczów town, stud in Janów Podlaski and high agricultural potential.
REPRESENTAÇÃO SOCIAL DE MÃES ACERCA DA FAMILIA
Authors: Chaves Antonio Marcos , Cabral Aila , Ramos Ana E. , Lordelo Lia , Mascarenhas Roberta
Published: March 2017

O estudo teve como objetivo estudar a representação social da família entre mães, uma vez que, culturalmente, elas têm sido consideradas como centrais dentro do contexto familiar. Apartir de uma fundamental revisão histórica das concepções de família ao longo dos séculos e da contextualização de suas imagens e funções, o estudo foi orientado teoricamente pela teoria das representações sociais. Foram entrevistadas doze mães de diferentes idades, níveis de instrução, estados civis e níveis sócio-econônicos. Os pontos criticas da entrevista relacionavam-se aos papéis da mãe na família: criação de filhos, manutenção da casa e questões relativas à convivênciaem família. A análise das informações coletadas revelou a importância da presença da mãe na família, assim como duas noções básicas da composição desta: uma nuclear (pai-mãe-filhos) e outra concepção mais ampla, na qual a convivência e a afinidade definiam os laços familiares. A distribuição de papéis e funções entre pai e mãe diferiu significativamente de acordo com a classe económica à qual pertenciam as entrevistadas. Finalmente, identificou-se a concepção defamília ideal, revelada pelo desejo das mães de possuir uma família estável, dentro de um modelo tradicional, em que o casamento e a manutenção do núcleo familiar foram considerados essenciais para a existência de uma família saudável.
O ABANDONO SOCIAI, DA INFÂNCIA E ADOLESCÊNCIA NA ÁTICA DOS COORDENADORES DE INSTITUIÇÕES DE ASSISTÊNCIA A CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES EM SITUAÇÃO DE RUA NA CIDADE DE GOIÂNIA
Authors: Câmara Michella Florência Barbosa , Medeiros Marcelo , Ferriani Maria Das Graças Carvalho , Gomes Romeu
Published: March 2017

Este estudo analisou as percepções de coordenadores de instituições que prestam assistência a crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua sobre a infância e a adolescência nestacondição. É um estudo qualitativo, realizado no Município de Goiania. Os dados foram obtidas em entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os coordenadores de programas e analisados na modalidade temática da análise de conteúdo. Os alores sociais, envolvidos nesta realidade, percebem o abandono social da infancia como resultado de uma desestruturação político-social de nosso país. Acreditam que o cumprimento real do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente será possível quando tivermos a garantia dos direitos sociais estipulados em nossa constituição.
ADOLESCÊNCIA E DESENVOLVIMENTO-NO-TEMPO (2ª PARTE)
Authors: Lesko Nancy
Published: March 2017

A idade moderna é definida pelo tempo, por uma temporalização da experiência, isto é, por uma compreensão de que os acontecimentos e as mudanças são significativos na suaocorrência no e através do tempo. Narrativas de vida milenares, evolutivas e individuais partilham tais temporalizações enfatizando o final. Contudo, nem todos os tempos são os mesmos. Eu examino concepções da adolescência como participando do tempo panóptico, um tempo condensado construído sobre hierarquias de gênero, raça e classe, e compreendido como natural. O tempo panóptico coloca a ênfase nas metas finais em direção das quais a juventude deveprogredir e coloca o adolescente individual em uma narrativa sócio-cultural que requer o “domínio” como um princípio. Deste modo, coloco questões epistemológicas quanto ao desenvolvimento- no-tempo através do qual o adolescente é conhecido, consumido e governado. Eu concluo considerando os desafios contemporaneos quanto ao desenvolvimento do adolescente em um tempo lento e linear. (2^a parte).
AMPLIANDO A COMPREENSÃO DO PROCESSO DE VIDA DO IDOSO E DE SUAS NECESSIDADES
Authors: Mendonça Sarapathy N. T. G. , Teixeira Evanilda
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho contempla alguns aspectos psicossociais e fisiológicos do idoso, com a indicação de que esta população deve ser privilegiada como um mercado consumidor específico pois, embora tenha havido um expressivo crescimento populacional desta faixa etária, no Brasil e no mundo, os idosos ainda se encontram discriminados como mercado de consumo. Aponta especificamente para a necessidade de haver uma adequação dos produtos alimentares of erecidos à especificidade alimentar das pessoas idosas, explicitando algumas das características de seu status nutricional e fisiológico ao qual deveria corresponder e dar suporte.
ASPECTOS QUE INTERACTUAN EN EL PROCESO ADAPTATIVO ENTRE NIÑOS EN SITUACIÓN DE DESPLAZAMIENTO Y SUS NUEVOS ENTORNOS
Authors: López Venur Marina Morales , Valencia Yamile Guzmán , Echeverry Henry Granada
Published: March 2017

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RELAÇÕES CRECHE-FAMÍLIA SEGUNDO EDUCADORAS DE CRECHES
Authors: Veríssimo Maria L. Ó. R. , Rezende Magda A. , Fonseca Rosa M. G. S.
Published: March 2017

Neste trabalho, apresentamos parte dos resultados de uma investigação cujo objetivo foi apreender e analisar as representações de educadoras de creches acerca do cuidado da criança, segundo o referencial da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Os dados foram coletados em três creches de uma universidade pública, no município de São Paulo, SP, durante uma oficina pedagógica. A análise dos conteúdos referentes à interação creche-família caracterizaram-na como uma relaçãodifícil e delicada, pois as educadoras tinham expectativas idealizadas a respeito das mães e das famílias, bem como dificuldades para lidar com as manifestações de seus sentimentos, principalmente no que diz respeito a como conversar sobre tais assuntos. Esses fatores constituem- se em barreiras à interação, que precisam ser identificadas e trabalhadas para uma possível superação e construção de parcerias efetivas para o cuidado/educação infantil. Diante desses resultados, propomos que sejam incluídos, na formação das educadoras, conteúdos sobre habilidades e técnicas de comunicação terapêutica.
Editorial
Authors: Gallo Paulo Rogério
Published: March 2017

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AÇÕES ESTRATÉGICAS DE PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE VISUAL: RELATO DE UMA EXPERIENCIA
Authors: Sperandio Ana Maria Girotti
Published: March 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de descrever os passas estratégicos para a consbução e a implantação de um projeto que envolveu ações de promoção e proteção da saúde das crianças de O a 7 anos, do município de Morungaba, SP, de 2000 a 2003. A área escolhida foi a da ocular. Contou-se com a participação de atares sociais locais – educação, saúde, ONG e famílias – que interagem, de alguma forma com essa população infantil. As estratégias básicas foram o planejamento do processo de trabalho com os representantes locais; participação da comunidade; realização de parcenas; intersetorialidade e capacitação sobre noções de saúde ocular para atores sociais (empoderamento). Os resultados qualitativos foram considerados os mais relevantes. Foram implementadas no Município a partir do projeto: ações de educação em saúde desenvolvidas com os atores sociais e destes, com as crianças população-alvo; ações intersetoriais e interinstitucionais— Prefeitura, Educaçào, Saúde, ONG e parcerias com empresas locais. A liderança politico-institucional local assumiu e desencadeou o projeto,  comprometendo-se com sua continuidade por meio da criação de uma lei, institucionalizando ações de promoçao da saúde oculare prevenção de problemas visuais para crianças moradoras do Municipio; ocorreu a articulação do setor público com o privado e o Projeto passou a apresentar condições para ser auto-sustentável. Quanto aos resultados quantitativos, cerca de 1600 crianças foram triadas, até novembro de 2002. A triagem visual detectou 12% de crianças com prol~lemas visuais e em 2002 cerca de 10%. O projeto teve continuidade em 2003 com a ampliação das ações. As ações propostas e desenvolvidas foram de baixo custo utilizando a mão de obra local.
ADOLESCENTES NA AMÉRICA LATINA: ENCARANDO O FUTURO COM CETICISMO
Authors: Lehmann Lúcia De Mello e Souza
Published: March 2017

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O ADOLESCENTE, O TEMPO E O CONFLITO
Authors: Rosenburg Cornelio Pedroso
Published: March 2017

Este artigo trata da importância que assume o fator idade (ou o tempo vivido) para a compreensão da conduta cotidiana do adolescente. O tempo é vital no processo de desenvolvimento integral do homem, ou seja, há diferentes formas de intercâmbio do ser com vários conceitos de tempo, tais como o tempo que passa, o tempo que dura, o tempo vivido, o tempo psicológico. Adolescência e adolescentes são temas amplamente discutidos, notando-se desde logo que e impossível tentar compreender tais etapas da vida em si mesmas, não só porque decorrem de etapas anteriores, mas também porque tem um significado extremamente importante nas que se sucederão. Quanto mais jovem é o indivíduo, mais conjuntural é a construção do seu presente. À medida que ele consegue ter mais vivências, tendo em conta perspectivas mais longas e mais demoradas, gradualmente ele se transforma de ser conjuntural em ser estrutural. Quanto mais jovem, quanto mais inicial é uma adolescência, mais circunstancial e a forma pela qual ela vive e utiliza o seu presente no seu processo de autoconstrução.
O ADOLESCENTE OBESO E SEU CORPO ANTES E DEPOIS DE PARTICIPAR DE UM PROGRAMA DE ASSISTÊNCIA
Authors: Silva Karine Z. , Martins Carnilla S. , Ferriani Maria Das Graças C.
Published: March 2017

O presente estudo tem como objetivo conhecer e analisar a percepção que o adolescente tem do seu corpo, antes e depois da participação no Programa Multidisciplinar de Assistênciaao Adolescente Obeso (PMAAO). Utilizamos abordagem qualitativa (Minayo, 1994); a amostra constitui-se de dois grupos de adolescentes, entre 10 e 13 anos, que participaram do PMAAO. O primeiro grupo, constituído por 14 jovens, concluiu o programa em 2002, o segundo, formado por 17 integrantes, iniciou sua participação em 2003. Os dados foram coletados em desenhos e textos por eles produzidos. Em relação à análise dos dados, foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática, obtendo-se dois núcleos temáticos: “O jovem obeso e seu corpo antes do Programa” e “O jovem obeso e seu corpo depois do Programa”. Concluímos que o adolescente obeso apresenta conflitos com o seu corpo, que devem ser trabalhados para refletir em uma melhor qualidade de vida.
Age-dependent diastolic heart failure in an in vivo Drosophila model
Authors: Klassen Matthew P , Peters Christian J , Zhou Shiwei , Williams Hannah H , Jan Lily Yeh , Jan Yuh Nung
Published: March 2017

While the signals and complexes that coordinate the heartbeat are well established, how the heart maintains its electromechanical rhythm over a lifetime remains an open question with significant implications to human health. Reasoning that this homeostatic challenge confronts all pulsatile organs, we developed a high resolution imaging and analysis toolset for measuring cardiac function in intact, unanesthetized Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that, as in humans, normal aging primarily manifests as defects in relaxation (diastole) while preserving contractile performance. Using this approach, we discovered that a pair of two-pore potassium channel (K2P) subunits, largely dispensable early in life, are necessary for terminating contraction (systole) in aged animals, where their loss culminates in fibrillatory cardiac arrest. As the pumping function of its heart is acutely dispensable for survival, Drosophila represents a uniquely accessible model for understanding the signaling networks maintaining cardiac performance during normal aging.
Random sampling causes the low reproducibility of rare eukaryotic OTUs in Illumina COI metabarcoding
Authors: Leray Matthieu , Knowlton Nancy
Published: March 2017

DNA metabarcoding, the PCR-based profiling of natural communities, is becoming the method of choice for biodiversity monitoring because it circumvents some of the limitations inherent to traditional ecological surveys. However, potential sources of bias that can affect the reproducibility of this method remain to be quantified. The interpretation of differences in patterns of sequence abundance and the ecological relevance of rare sequences remain particularly uncertain. Here we used one artificial mock community to explore the significance of abundance patterns and disentangle the effects of two potential biases on data reproducibility: indexed PCR primers and random sampling during Illumina MiSeq sequencing. We amplified a short fragment of the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) for a single mock sample containing equimolar amounts of total genomic DNA from 34 marine invertebrates belonging to six phyla. We used seven indexed broad-range primers and sequenced the resulting library on two consecutive Illumina MiSeq runs. The total number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) was ∼4 times higher than expected based on the composition of the mock sample. Moreover, the total number of reads for the 34 components of the mock sample differed by up to three orders of magnitude. However, 79 out of 86 of the unexpected OTUs were represented by <10 sequences that did not appear consistently across replicates. Our data suggest that random sampling of rare OTUs (e.g., small associated fauna such as parasites) accounted for most of variation in OTU presence–absence, whereas biases associated with indexed PCRs accounted for a larger amount of variation in relative abundance patterns. These results suggest that random sampling during sequencing leads to the low reproducibility of rare OTUs. We suggest that the strategy for handling rare OTUs should depend on the objectives of the study. Systematic removal of rare OTUs may avoid inflating diversity based on commonβdescriptors but will exclude positive records of taxa that are functionally important. Our results further reinforce the need for technical replicates (parallel PCR and sequencing from the same sample) in metabarcoding experimental designs. Data reproducibility should be determined empirically as it will depend upon the sequencing depth, the type of sample, the sequence analysis pipeline, and the number of replicates. Moreover, estimating relative biomasses or abundances based on read counts remains elusive at the OTU level.
Inferior Vena Cava Syndrome Caused by Port Site Hemorrhage as a Complication of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Authors: Uchida Hiroki , Hibi Yatsuka , Kagawa Chikara , Ogawa Kimio , Shimizu Yoshimi
Published: March 2017

Inferior vena cava (IVC) syndrome results from obstruction of the IVC. Occlusion of the IVC caused by external pressure is a well-recognized complication of malignancy; meanwhile, benign causes of IVC obstruction are not frequently encountered without deep vein thrombosis. There have been a few reports of benign external compression of the IVC. We here show a rare and unique case of benign IVC syndrome in a 47-year-old woman, which was caused by hemorrhage as a complication of laparoscopic adrenalectomy on postoperative day 1. She had undergone laparoscopic adrenalectomy, performed successfully for primary aldosteronism, but she lost consciousness for about 10 seconds on postoperative day 1. After emergency medical care, her sinus rhythm and stable hemodynamic status were restored. At that time, computed tomography showed retroperitoneal hematoma caused by port site bleeding with the IVC compressed excessively, and we considered that drastic IVC syndrome may have occurred. Hemostatics and complete rest improved her general condition gradually, and she left the hospital on postoperative day 20. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is technically feasible and has several advantages over open adrenalectomy, such as less intraoperative blood loss and a shorter hospital stay. However, surgeons must be careful of potential critical complications.
Contribution of temperature and precipitation anomalies to the California drought during 2012–2015
Authors: Luo Lifeng , Apps Deanna , Arcand Samuel , Xu Huating , Pan Ming , Hoerling Martin
Published: March 2017

The recent multiyear drought over California was characterized by large precipitation deficits and abnormally high temperatures during both wet and dry seasons. This study investigates and quantifies the contributions of precipitation and temperature anomalies to the development of the multiyear drought with a set of modeling experiments where the anomalies are either removed or randomly replaced with other historical observations. The study reveals that precipitation deficits have been largely responsible for producing the extreme agricultural drought (i.e., large soil moisture deficits) while warmer temperatures have only marginally intensified the drought. However, the warmer temperatures over the high‐elevation areas during the wet season have contributed equally or more than the precipitation deficits to the reduction of snowpack. The interplay between temperature and precipitation anomalies in space and time also appears to be important for the drought development.
Satellite‐observed drop of Arctic sea ice growth in winter 2015–2016
Authors: Ricker Robert , Hendricks Stefan , Girard‐Ardhuin Fanny , Kaleschke Lars , Lique Camille , Tian‐Kunze Xiangshan , Nicolaus Marcel , Krumpen Thomas
Published: March 2017

An anomalous warm winter 2015–2016 lead to the lowest winter ice extent and highlights the sensitivity of the Arctic sea ice. Here we use the 6 year record of an improved sea ice thickness product retrieved from data fusion of CryoSat‐2 radar altimetry and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity radiometry measurements to examine the impact of recent temperature trend on the Arctic ice mass balance. Between November 2015 and March 2016, we find a consistent drop of cumulative freezing degree days across the Arctic, with a negative peak anomaly of about 1000 degree days in the Barents Sea, coinciding with an Arctic‐wide average thinning of 10 cm in March with respect to the 6 year average. In particular, the loss of ice volume is associated with a significant decline of March first‐year ice volume by 13%. This reveals that due to the loss of multiyear ice during previous years, the Arctic ice cover becomes more sensitive to climate anomalies.
Investigating the development of double‐peak subauroral ion drift (DSAID)
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: March 2017

This study focuses on the newly described ionospheric feature, called double‐peak subauroral ion drift (DSAID), which is a subclass of the well‐known single‐peak SAID. Double‐layer Region 2 (R2) field aligned currents (FACs) could be the main driver of DSAID. Our aim is to gain new insights into the development of DSAID during its two‐stage progression. Observational results are provided by five scenarios, each demonstrating a certain progression sequence of DSAID. Results show that SAID/DSAID occurred during flux transfer events and was accompanied by flow channels (FCs) associated with dayside magnetopause (FC‐2) and nightside magnetotail (FC‐3) reconnections, with westward electrojet (eastward FC), and with auroral streamers (FC‐4). In the premidnight magnetic local time (MLT) sector of stage 2, DSAID development was due to the short‐circuiting of the reconnection‐injected plasma jets during substorms or pseudobreakups. Thus, the related ring current pressure buildup enhanced the downward R2 FACs leading to double/multiple circuits forming double‐layer R2 FACs. During the midnight MLT hours of stage 2, DSAID development was closely related to the westward traveling surge (WTS)/substorm current wedge (SCW). WTS/SCW‐related strong upward R1 FACs closed with meriodional currents producing eastward and downward (i.e., downward R2 FAC‐style) return currents enhancing the downward R2 FACs and thus leading to double/multiple circuits forming double‐layer R2 FACs. Auroral streamers/FC‐4 represent a substorm substructure and their occurrence with DSAID after stage 2 demonstrates that this substructure occasionally includes DSAID. Our results demonstrate also that the short‐circuited system underlying SAID/DSAID acted sometimes as a current generator and sometimes as a voltage generator.
Strong temperature gradients and vertical wind shear on MLT region associated to instability source at 23°S
Authors: Andrioli V. F. , Batista P. P. , Xu Jiyao , Yang Guotao , Chi Wang , Zhengkuan Liu
Published: March 2017

Na lidar temperature measurements were taken successfully from 2007 to 2009 in the mesopause region over São José dos Campos (23.1°S, 45.9°W). Strong gradients on these vertical temperature profiles are often observed. A simple theoretical study has shown that temperature gradient of at least −8 K/km is required concurrently with the typical tidal wind shear in order to generate dynamical instability in the MLT region. We have studied vertical shear in horizontal wind related to atmospheric tides, inferred by meteor radar, with the aim of analyzing instability occurrence. These wind measurements were taken from an all‐sky meteor radar at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45°W). Two years of simultaneous data, wind and temperature, were used in this analysis which represent 79 days, totalizing 589 h of simultaneous observations. We realize that the condition for the local Richardson number (Ri) dropping below the critical value of instability (Ri < 0.25) is often reached in 98% of the analyzed cases. The mean probabilities for occurrence of convective and dynamical instabilities, in the altitude region between 82 and 98 km, were observed to be about 3% and 17.5%, respectively. Additionally, vertical distribution of these probabilities has revealed a weak occurrence of dynamical instability around 90 km, and this fact can be related to the double mesopause typically observed in this site.
Distinctive features of internally driven magnetotail reconnection
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Merkin V. G. , Pritchett P. L. , Swisdak M.
Published: March 2017

Onset of reconnection in a tail‐like equilibrium with a finite Bz magnetic field component is studied using 3‐D explicit particle‐in‐cell simulations. Due to a region of a tailward Bz gradient the onset develops spontaneously as the magnetic flux release instability with dominant earthward ion flows. The instability drives the change of magnetic field topology internally, without any external forcing. The distinctive features of this regime are: previously unreported Hall magnetic field patterns; energy conversion near the dipolarization front prior to the X line formation; asymmetry of the energy conversion, plasma heating, and anisotropy relative to the X line, with regions of ion and electron heating out of phase both along and across the tail. These features distinguish the internally driven reconnection regime from similar processes in antiparallel magnetic field configurations as well as interchange and externally driven magnetotail reconnection regimes and can be used to identify the different regimes in upcoming Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission tail season observations.
Scaling laws for the inner structure of the radiation belts
Authors: Mourenas D. , Ma Q. , Artemyev A. V. , Li W.
Published: March 2017

Accurately modeling the evolution of the electron radiation belts within the plasmasphere represents both an imperative goal for space weather forecasting and a great challenge. Combining previously developed approximate analytical expressions of electron lifetimes with recent statistical models of plasma density, ULF, whistler‐mode, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, we demonstrate that geomagnetic activity and plasma density actually govern the inner structure of the radiation belts through several simple analytical scaling laws when Kp < 3. Many of the observed characteristic features of electron fluxes in the energy versus L shell parameter space are straightforwardly explained. In particular, the upper energy limit of significant electron fluxes at L = 1.5 is estimated as ∼1 MeV in agreement with recent satellite observations. This approximate analytical model represents a very simple and powerful tool for exploring and better understanding the complex variations of the inner structure of the radiation belts with geomagnetic activity during relatively quiet times.
The First Peloponnesian War, 460–446
BC
Authors: Echeverría Fernando
Published: March 2017

Various inter‐Greek conflicts in the years 460–446 
bc
are, for convenience, labeled the First Peloponnesian War. The unifying theme was the attempt by the supremely confident democratic Athens to dominate central Greece and undermine Sparta's reputation as Greece's leading military power. Athens secured considerable successes against nearby Aegina, Megara, Corinth, and Boeotia, but substantial losses in campaigns against the Persians in Egypt revealed that the Athenians were overstretched. Athens reaffirmed its authority over its island allies but renounced attempts to control mainland Greece.
Latin, Etruscan, Aequian, Volsci, and Gallic Wars, 499–340
BC
Authors: Cornell Tim
Published: March 2017

The sources for warfare in early Roman history cannot be trusted; even its nature is uncertain. In 509 
bc
Rome expelled its last king and became a republic. In the ensuring decades it faced constant pressure from the peoples of the interior of Italy, including the Latins, Etruscans, Aequi, and Volsci. Rome gradually made territorial gains in southern and eastern Latium, and in 396 it captured Veii. In 390, however, Rome was sacked by the Gauls; though it left a lasting psychological scar, this event hardly slackened the pace of Roman expansion. Rome's regional dominance was underlined in 340 when it successfully crushed a rebellion of its Latin allies.
The Roman Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul, 201–191BC
Authors: Rawlings Louis
Published: March 2017

In 201bc, the Romans attacked tribes in Cisalpine Gaul who had allied themselves with Hannibal, but they were defeated and their consul killed. In 200, the emboldened tribes marked south, besieging Cremona, but were decisively crushed by a junior commander's novel tactics. Besides a rash incursion into the lands of the Insubres, 199–198 was spent in reorganizing displaced Roman colonists. In 197, with more troops available, both consuls were sent into Cisalpine Gaul, where they defeated the tribes in detail and forced them into their fortified towns. By 194 the Insubres had been pacified, and, after further campaigning, the resistance of the Boii was finally crushed in 191. The Boii were forced to cede half their territory to Rome.
The Third Punic War, 149–146
BC
Authors: Hoyos Dexter
Published: March 2017

Carthage recovered much of its trade after the Second Punic War, but its lands were progressively seized by Rome's ally, Masinissa. In 150
bc
, the Carthaginians went on the offensive against Masinissa but in doing so violated a clause of the peace treaty with Rome. Using this as a pretext, the Senate sent a large force to North Africa. The Carthaginians offered unconditional surrender, but, after the Romans replied with impossible demands, reluctantly declared war. Inept siege operations followed, with desultory campaigning against Carthage's allies. In 147, Scipio Aemilianus was made commander by popular demand. He pressed the siege vigorously, defeated the Carthaginian field forces, and in spring 146 assaulted the much weakened city. He burned it to the ground, and Carthage's remaining territories were annexed as a province.
Invasions of Britain, 55 and 54
BC
Authors: Rawlings Louis
Published: March 2017

Caesar first crossed to Britain in 55
bc
, though his actions were little more than a reconnaissance in force and probably dictated by propaganda concerns. The British tribes submitted after the initial assault but returned to the offensive when a storm damaged Caesar's fleet. Caesar made an orderly withdrawal, and the Senate voted 20 days of thanksgiving on hearing the news. More extensive preparations were made to ship a larger force across the Channel in 54. Cassivellaunus was selected to command a coalition of British tribes, but Caesar successfully forced the crossing of the river Thames and the coalition collapsed. Cassivellaunus’ stronghold was assaulted and, following an unsuccessful attack on the Roman beachhead, the British came to terms. Caesar returned to Gaul in the autumn, but his campaign brought little booty and was received less enthusiastically at Rome.
The Severan Campaigns, 194–235
Authors: Roth Jonathan P.
Published: March 2017

A succession of wars were fought by Septimius Severus and his successors, generally against rivals for the throne rather than for territorial aggrandizement. Septimius Severus moved east in 195, annexing Osrhoene, but was compelled to turn west to face the usurper Clodius Albinus. In 197, the eastern campaign resumed, but, after initial successes, disaffection in the ranks twice thwarted sieges of Hatra. In 203, campaigns in Africa pushed the Roman frontier southward. In 208, northern Britain was overrun by hostile forces: Severus invaded Scotland in 209, but the campaign was abandoned on his death in 211. Severus’ son Caracalla turned to the German frontier; in 215 he launched a successful invasion of Parthia, but he was assassinated in 217. A series of civil wars ensued. In 224 the Sassanids came to power in Parthia and in 229 they took the province of Mesopotamia, but they were checked in 231 by the emperor Alexander. In 234, he too was assassinated while leading his army over the Rhine. The instability of the latter part of this period was caused by Caracalla's increase of the soldiers’ pay, which led to acute financial difficulties.
Cell Generator: A Self‐Sustaining Biohybrid System Based on Energy Harvesting from Engineered Cardiac Microtissues
Authors: Xu Bingzhe , Lin Xudong , Li Wei , Wang Zixun , Zhang Wenchong , Shi Peng
Published: March 2017

Biohybrid soft robotic devices present unique advantages for designing biologically active machines that can dynamically sense and interact with complex bioelectrical signals. Here, a controllable cell‐based machine is developed that harvests energy from arrays of beating cardiomyocytes to generate electricity for biomedical microscale robotic applications. The “Cell Generator” device is based on an array of piezoelectric microcantilevers wrapped with 3D patterned cardiac cells. Spontaneous contraction of the engineered cardiac constructs provides the source of mechanical energy for electricity generation. It is demonstrated that a single “Cell Generator” unit with 40 cantilevers can output peak voltages of ≈70 mV, and a larger array of 540 cantilevers can directly generate a pulsed output as high as ≈1 V. When integrated with an electrical rectification and storage circuit, it is further shown that the “Cell Generator” can provide functional outputs and work as a self‐powered neural stimulator to evoke action potentials in cultured neuronal networks. This demonstration of “Cell Generator” technology provides an innovative perspective of exploiting live biological powering system on biomedical microscale robotic devices in the human body.
Environmentally Robust Black Phosphorus Nanosheets in Solution: Application for Self‐Powered Photodetector
Authors: Ren Xiaohui , Li Zhongjun , Huang Zongyu , Sang David , Qiao Hui , Qi Xiang , Li Jianqing , Zhong Jianxin , Zhang Han
Published: March 2017

Large‐size 2D black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have been successfully synthesized by a facile liquid exfoliation method. The as‐prepared BP nanosheets are used to fabricate electrodes for a self‐powered photodetector and exhibit preferable photoresponse activity as well as environmental robustness. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) tests demonstrate that the current density of BP nanosheets can reach up to 265 nA cm−2 under light irradiation, while the dark current densities fluctuate near 1 nA cm−2 in 0.1 M KOH. UV–vis and Raman spectra are carried out and confirm the inherent optical and physical properties of BP nanosheets. In addition, the cycle stability measurement exhibits no detectable distinction after processing 50 and 100 cycles, while an excellent on/off behavior is still preserved even after one month. Furthermore, the PEC performance of BP nanosheets‐based photodetector is evaluated in various KOH concentrations, which demonstrates that the as‐prepared BP nanosheets may have a great potential application in self‐powered photodetector. It is anticipated that the present work can provide fundamental acknowledgement of the performance of a PEC‐type BP nanosheets‐based photodetector, offering extendable availabilities for 2D BP‐based heterostructures to construct high‐performance PEC devices.
Porous Organic Field‐Effect Transistors for Enhanced Chemical Sensing Performances
Authors: Lu Jingjing , Liu Dapeng , Zhou Jiachen , Chu Yingli , Chen Yantao , Wu Xiaohan , Huang Jia
Published: March 2017

The thin‐film structures of chemical sensors based on conventional organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) can limit the sensitivity of the devices toward chemical vapors, because charge carriers in OFETs are usually concentrated within a few molecular layers at the bottom of the organic semiconductor (OSC) film near the dielectric/semiconductor interface. Chemical vapor molecules have to diffuse through the OSC films before they can interact with charge carriers in the OFET conduction channel. It has been demonstrated that OFET ammonia sensors with porous OSC films can be fabricated by a simple vacuum freeze‐drying template method. The resulted devices can have ammonia sensitivity not only much higher than the pristine OFETs with thin‐film structure but also better than any previously reported OFET sensors, to the best of our knowledge. The porous OFETs show a relative sensitivity as high as 340% ppm−1 upon exposure to 10 parts per billion (ppb) NH3. In addition, the devices also exhibit decent selectivity and stability. This general and simple strategy can be applied to a wide range of OFET chemical sensors to improve the device sensitivity.
General Method for Large‐Area Films of Carbon Nanomaterials and Application of a Self‐Assembled Carbon Nanotube Film as a High‐Performance Electrode Material for an All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitor
Authors: Song Li , Cao Xuebo , Li Lei , Wang Qiaodi , Ye Huating , Gu Li , Mao Changjie , Song Jiming , Zhang Shengyi , Niu Helin
Published: March 2017

Rational assembly of carbon nanostructures into large‐area films is a key step to realize their applications in ubiquitous electronics and energy devices. Here, a self‐assembly methodology is devised to organize diverse carbon nanostructures (nanotubes, dots, microspheres, etc.) into homogeneous films with potentially infinite lateral dimensions. On the basis of studies of the redox reactions in the systems and the structures of films, the spontaneous deposition of carbon nanostructures onto the surface of the copper substrate is found to be driven by the electrical double layer between copper and solution. As a notable example, the as‐assembled multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) films display exceptional properties. They are a promising material for flexible electronics with superior electrical and mechanical compliance characteristics. Finally, two kinds of all‐solid‐state supercapacitors based on the self‐assembled MWCNT films are fabricated. The supercapacitor using carbon cloth as the current collector delivers an energy density of 3.5 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 28.1 kW kg−1, which are comparable with the state‐of‐the‐art supercapacitors fabricated by the costly single‐walled carbon nanotubes and arrays. The supercapacitor free of foreign current collector is ultrathin and shows impressive volumetric energy density (0.58 mWh cm−3) and power density (0.39 W cm−3) too.
Efficient Semitransparent Solar Cells with High NIR Responsiveness Enabled by a Small‐Bandgap Electron Acceptor
Authors: Liu Feng , Zhou Zichun , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Jianyun , Hu Qin , Vergote Thomas , Liu Feng , Russell Thomas P. , Zhu Xiaozhang
Published: March 2017

Inspired by the remarkable promotion of power conversion efficiency (PCE), commercial applications of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) can be foreseen in near future. One of the most promising applications is semitransparent (ST) solar cells that can be utilized in value‐added applications such as energy‐harvesting windows. However, the single‐junction STOPVs utilizing fullerene acceptors show relatively low PCEs of 4%–6% due to the limited sunlight absorption because it is a dilemma that more photons need to be harvested in UV–vis–near‐infrared (NIR) region to generate high photocurrent, which leads to the significant reduction of device transparency. This study describes the development of a new small‐bandgap electron‐acceptor material ATT‐2, which shows a strong NIR absorption between 600 and 940 nm with an Egopt of 1.32 eV. By combining with PTB7‐Th, the as‐cast OPVs yield PCEs of up to 9.58% with a fill factor of 0.63, an open‐circuit voltage of 0.73 V, and a very high short‐circuit current of 20.75 mA cm−2. Owing to the favorable complementary absorption of low‐bangap PTB7‐Th and small‐bandgap ATT‐2 in NIR region, the proof‐of‐concept STOPVs show the highest PCE of 7.7% so far reported for single‐junction STOPVs with a high transparency of 37%.
Ultrathin Double‐Shell Capsules for High Performance Photon Upconversion
Authors: Kang Ji‐Hwan , Lee Sang Seok , Guerrero Josefa , Fernandez‐Nieves Alberto , Kim Shin‐Hyun , Reichmanis Elsa
Published: March 2017

Triplet‐fusion‐based photon upconversion capsules with ultrathin double shells are developed through a single dripping instability in a microfluidic flow‐focusing device. An inner separation layer allows use of a brominated hydrocarbon oil‐based fluidic core, demonstrating significantly enhanced upconversion quantum yield. Furthermore, a perfluorinated photocurable monomer serves as a transparent shell phase with remote motion control through magnetic nanoparticle incorporation.
Atomic Layer Deposition Enabled Perovskite/PEDOT Solar Cells in a Regular n–i–p Architectural Design
Authors: Koushik Dibyashree , Verhees Wiljan J. H. , Zhang Dong , Kuang Yinghuan , Veenstra Sjoerd , Creatore Mariadriana , Schropp Ruud E. I.
Published: March 2017

Perovskite solar cells employing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as hole transport layer on top of methylammonium lead halide are reported, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 11% and a 6% stabilized power output. An atomic layer deposition assisted interface architectural approach is adopted to fabricate the n–i–p perovskite/PEDOT devices. The results present a promising next step toward efficient low‐cost perovskite‐based photovoltaic technology.
High‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties Generated by Different Electron Transition Processes of NiO Nanosheets and Applications to Ultrafast Lasers
Authors: Sun Bin , Zhang Yuxia , Zhang Rui , Yu Haohai , Zhou Guowei , Zhang Huaijin , Wang Jiyang
Published: March 2017

Manipulation of the electron transition process is the foundation of modern photonics and electronics and its progress will boost the advancement of science. Associated with strongly electron correlated properties, this study reports on the manipulation of electron transition processes in NiO nanosheets. This study finds that these transition processes evoke different optical responses that bestow multifunctional photonics properties, including optical limiting, three‐photon absorption and emission, and saturable absorption. The thickness‐dependence of electron transitions is investigated and experimentally connected to an increase in the thickness of the nanosheet. NiO optical behavior switches from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption and then back to saturable absorption again, a phenomenon which is the result of dynamic balancing among intraband transitions, Pauli blocking, and three‐photon interband transitions and emission. With a sample optimized for saturable absorption, broadband mode‐locked lasers with wavelengths of 1.06 and 1.34 µm are successfully realized. This study shows that strongly correlated electron materials are promising candidates for the manipulation of the electron transition process, expands these materials into optoelectronics, and provides a multifunctional device design for ultrafast photonics. Moreover, the present mechanism may be helpful for future photonic and electronic device design.
Multigenerational pedigree with STAR syndrome: A novel FAM58A variant and expansion of the phenotype
Authors: Boczek Nicole J. , Kruisselbrink Teresa , Cousin Margot A. , Blackburn Patrick R. , Klee Eric W. , Gavrilova Ralitza H. , Lanpher Brendan C.
Published: March 2017

STAR syndrome is a rare X‐linked dominant disorder characterized by toe Syndactyly, Telecanthus, Anogenital malformations, and Renal malformations, and is caused by loss‐of‐function variants in FAM58A. Our proband presented with the hallmark features of STAR syndrome, as well as some additional less typical features including tethered cord and hearing loss. The proband's mother and maternal half‐sister had similar clinical histories, but had variability in phenotypic severity. Clinical whole exome sequencing revealed a novel pathogenic nonsense variant, c.651G>A (p.Trp217X; NM_152274), in FAM58A in the proband, mother, and maternal half‐sister. This pedigree represents the 11–13th patients described with STAR syndrome and the third instance of familial inheritance. To our knowledge, this is the first occurrence of a nonsense variant in FAM58A described in individuals with STAR syndrome and the phenotype in this pedigree suggests that tethered cord and hearing loss are features of STAR syndrome.
A novel aberrant splice site mutation in COL27A1 is responsible for Steel syndrome and extension of the phenotype to include hearing loss
Authors: Gariballa Nesrin , Ben‐Mahmoud Afif , Komara Makanko , Al‐Shamsi Aisha M. , John Anne , Ali Bassam R. , Al‐Gazali Lihadh
Published: March 2017

Steel syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by skeletal abnormalities and dysmorphic features. The first mutation associated with this syndrome was reported in Puerto Rican children. In this study, we identified a novel homozygous splice site variant in COL27A1 (c.3556‐2A>G) in a consanguineous Emirati family with a child affected by Steel syndrome. In addition, the affected child had severe non‐progressive sensorineural hearing loss not reported previously. The variant segregated in the family in an autosomal recessive manner and we show that the variant alters mRNA splicing. Furthermore, relative quantitative analysis revealed a marked reduction in gene expression in the proposita compared to healthy controls. Segregation analysis of heterozygous variants, related to hearing loss, identified by whole exome sequencing in the child (ILDR1: c.1159T>C, SYNE4: c.313G>C, and GPR98: c.18746T>G) excluded them from being responsible for the hearing loss in the proposita. In addition, the products of these genes are not interacting in the same pathway and have only been reported to cause deafness in an autosomal recessive manner. Therefore, we conclude that the novel splice‐site variant identified in COL27A1 is the most likely cause for Steel syndrome in this family and that the hearing loss is part of this syndrome's phenotype.
Mystery solved: Our son's autism and extreme self‐injury is genetic and treatable
Authors: Bartel Tanja
Published: March 2017

Our 17‐year‐old autistic son Jake is declining at the same rate his peers are developing. He has the pimples, the sudden height, and the hormones. But the right side of his body slumps like someone who has had a stroke. Once right handed, he now uses only his left hand. At 15, he knocked his eyes off their parallel tracks by slamming his temple into the corner of a wooden post. One eye looks straight ahead while the other looks up and to the side. Both optic nerves are damaged. All the damage is self‐inflicted. He has been banging and punching his head since babyhood.
Localization and chaos in a quantum spin glass model in random longitudinal fields: Mapping to the localization problem in a Bethe lattice with a correlated disorder
Authors: Burin Alexander
Published: March 2017

The analytical solution of a many‐body localization problem in a quantum Sherrington‐Kirkpatrick spin glass model in a random longitudinal field is proposed matching the problem with a model of Anderson localization in a Bethe lattice. The localization transition is dramatically sensitive to the relationship between interspin interaction and random field revealing different regimes in which the interaction can either suppress or enhance the delocalization. The localization is enhanced by decreasing the temperature and the localization transition shows a remarkable universality in a spin glass phase. The observed trends should be qualitatively relevant for other systems showing many‐body localization.

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Dynamical many‐body localization and delocalization in periodically driven closed quantum systems
Authors: Haldar Asmi , Das Arnab
Published: March 2017

Quantum interference lies at the heart of several surprising equilibrium and non‐equilibrium phenomena in many‐body Physics. Here we discuss two recently explored non‐equilibrium scenarios where external periodic drive applied to closed (i.e., not attached to any external bath) quantum many‐body systems have apparently opposite effects in respective cases. In one case it freezes/localizes a disorder free system dynamically, while in the other it delocalizes a disordered many‐body localized system, and quantum interference is responsible for both the effects. We review these in the perspective of more general questions of ergodicity, energy absorption, asymptotic behavior, and finally the essential role of quantum mechanics in understanding these issues in periodically driven closed many‐body systems. In this article we intend to deliver a non‐technical account of some recent developments in this field in a manner accessible to a broad readership.

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