bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Narrowcasting” and “Broadcasting” on Nonbroadcast Media
Authors: WATERMAN DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article revises and extends economic models of program choice to explain why nonbroadcast video technologies such as cable and videocassettes not only segment audiences more finely with “narrow appeal” programs but also offer relatively expensive, apparently “broad appeal” programs that are typically repeated on different media over time. Specifically, it shows plausible conditions under which the availability of direct pricing mechanisms and expanded channel capacity (or the introduction of new video delivery systems) may induce a program producer or distributor with monopoly power to broaden rather than more narrowly focus program appeal, in conjunction with increasing production expenditures on those programs. Contrary to previous models, these programs may have increasingly “lowest common denominator” content. Evidence of successful intertemporal price discrimination by theatrical movie distributors and of production cost inflation are offered in empirical support. Nonbroadcast media appear to increase social welfare in economic terms, although these benefits are apparently mitigated by higher rents paid to factors of production.
The Complex Link Between Social Skill and Dysphoria
Authors: SEGRIN CHRIS , DILLARD JAMES PRICE
Published: March 2007

Although it is often claimed that social skill deficits create and maintain a state of dysphoria, the empirical findings are mixed. A review of the literature revealed the existence of three factors that help to explain the inconsistent results: conceptualization of social skill, the perspective from which social skill is assessed (i.e., actor, observer, or behavioral), and situational outcome. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of these factors in a single investigation. The results showed that the link between social skill and dysphoria is complex and subject to change as a function of the three factors examined in this study.
Factors Influencing Decisions by Local Television News Directors to Develop New Reporting Strategies During the 1992 Political Campaign
Authors: WICKS ROBERT H. , KERN MONTAGUE
Published: March 2007

This study suggests that local television news directors may be considering new reporting strategies during political campaigns. The impetus appears to be a concern that citizens are getting more of their political information from the advertisements, along with a recognition that new technologies might be used in new and innovative ways during election seasons. Variables associated with the willingness to adopt new technologies and consider new political reporting strategies are analyzed.
Effects of Gender Schematic Processing on the Reception of Political Commercials for Men and Women Candidates
Authors: HITCHON JACQUELINE C. , CHANG CHINGCHING
Published: March 2007

The article tests hypotheses from gender schema theory (Bem, 1981) in the context of political television commercials for men and women gubernatorial candidates. Subjects viewed authentic commercials for three pairs of candidates, each pair comprising a man and a woman candidate competing for office. The experimental design varied the tone of the commercials (positive, negative, neutral) in addition to candidate gender. Findings included enhanced recall of ad information from content domains of family and appearance in the case of women as opposed to men candidates, and enhanced recall from the domain of campaign activities in the case of men as opposed to women candidates. Men's attack ads on women elicited greater emotional reaction than women's attacks on men.
The Impact of Acquaintance Rape Stories and Case-Specific Pretrial Publicity on Juror Decision Making
Authors: MULLIN CHARLES , IMRICH DOROTHY J. , LINZ DANIEL
Published: March 2007

In the first of two experimental trial simulations, the authors manipulated exposure to publicity about the defendant and exposure to general stories about acquaintance rape that portrayed men as sexual predators. Participants then viewed an enacted acquaintance rape trial. Across many dependent measures, men exposed to the predatory rape publicity exhibited a pronounced pro-defendant tendency, whereas women were unaffected. Case-specific pretrial publicity had a relatively small impact. In a follow-up experiment, participants were exposed to the predatory acquaintance rape scenario or to a scenario emphasizing male-female miscommunication. Again, men exposed to the predatory publicity became more pro-defendant; men receiving the miscommunication scenario did not exhibit such an effect. The tendency of male jurors to react against information that reflects negatively on them is discussed in the context of psychological reactance and social judgement theory.
Global Culture or Culture Clash
Authors: WHEELER DEBORAH L.
Published: March 2007

Theories about the impact of the information revolution on the developing world stress the inevitability of democratization and economic privatization. This article tests some of these predictions in light of ethnographic practice using Kuwait as a case study. By studying the development of an active Internet culture in Kuwait and the persistence of traditional political and economic practices, this article provides evidence of the ways in which countries chart unique paths toward the 21st century and subsequently respond to forces of globalization. The author concludes that local cultural frameworks play an important and underrecognized role in the kinds of practices that are enabled by networked communications and adaptations to the global economy.
The Local Contours of Campaign Coverage
Authors: WASSERMAN DONNA P.
Published: March 2007

Research on presidential campaign coverage has mostly focused on national news sources. This article examines the more local contours of campaign coverage. News coverage of the nominating campaign in 16 top-circulating state newspapers is analyzed throughout one 10-week period in a campaign and found to vary considerably both in overall amounts and the amounts provided to individual candidates. A multivariate model that includes multiple layers of influence is estimated, and candidate coverage amounts are found to vary systematically in state newspapers depending on candidates' state-level reactions to the campaign environment, constraints at work in individual news organizations, and the shared professional norms of journalists about what makes a campaign story newsworthy. The results suggest that, depending on where they live, some citizens are provided a great deal of information about the campaign and others are provided much less. The implications of these findings for researchers studying the nature of campaign news coverage and its effects on learning are explored.
The Life of a Police Officer
Authors: FAGAN M. MICHAEL , AYERS KENNETH
Published: March 2007

Recent research in developmental psychology has shown that most middle class adults pass through a series of psychosocial stages as they mature. Since no one has studied the adult development of policemen, we wondered if their development would be exceptional because of the unusual amount of stress inherent in police work. The purpose of our study was to (1) describe the adult development of our subjects, and (2) discuss the practical implications of our findings.
Having Money and Delinquent Involvement
Authors: CULLEN FRANCIS T. , LARSON MARTHA TODD , MATHERS RICHARD A.
Published: March 2007

Prevailing studies of the link between social class and delinquency typically assume that parental SES is an adequate measure of the affluence or deprivation juveniles experience. This approach has thus masked the possibility that the economic resources youths control may vary independently of parental standing and exert a causal impact on delinquent involvement. Based on a self-report study of a sample drawn from a midwestern city in which the material resources of adolescents were measured, our analysis supported the conclusion that having money is positively related to participation in nonviolent delinquent conduct. Theoretically, this suggests that economic resources may provide juveniles with the power needed to escape parental controls and to have access to the opportunities to engage in enjoyable unlawful activities. Finally, the data revealed that results differ according to the type of self-report scale employed.
Seriousness of Sexual Assault Charges
Authors: BRADMILLER LINDA L. , WALTERS WILLIAM S.
Published: March 2007

The seriousness of a sexual assault charge in Ohio is independently determined by the amount of force used and/or the age of the victim. Penetration of the victim may or may not result in a more serious charge and is dependent on the above factors. A study was undertaken to determine what factors, over and above those defined by law, influence the seriousness of the charge in sexual assault cases. Eleven variables were examined to determine their relationship to severity of charge (rape versus nonrape) for 89 cases of sexual assault occurring in Hamilton County, Ohio between 1973 and 1979. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed the significant contribution to the prediction of charge of these variables: amount of force, type of sexual activity (the fact of penetration), race of the offender, and relationship of victim to offender. Using the above four variables, along with age of victim, in a discriminant function analysis, the percentage of cases correctly classified in both the rape and nonrape groups was 86.4%. The two most powerful predictors of Charge in this study were amount of force and type of sexual activity. Age of victim, though intended by law to determine severity of charge independently, did not contribute to the prediction of charge. The implications of the failure of the age of the victim to determine severity of charge, as well as systemwide discrimination against black offenders and victims who are relatives of their offenders are discussed.
Labeling Theory and Delinquency Policy
Authors: KLEIN MALCOLM W.
Published: March 2007

Propositions endemic to labeling theory, and variables particularly relevant to these propositions, are combined into a guiding paradigm. Components of this labeling paradigm are then tested in an experimentally controlled police diversion project in which juvenile offenders of mid-range seriousness are randomly assigned to release, community treatment, and court petition conditions. Results provide support for some labeling propositions but not others, and are seen as specifying some of the variables that delimit the policy implications of labeling theory.
Alcohol-State-Dependent Penile Tumescence Measurements in the Assessment of a Sexually Aggressive Man
Authors: KELTNER ALFRED A. , DOYLE CHRISTINE L.
Published: March 2007

A brief comparison between voluntary outpatients and nonvoluntary incarcerated clients with respect to the physical and verbal examination of inappropriate sexual preferences is presented. Differences in motivation, target behavior, alcohol state, and faking attempts are outlined. A multimodalic examination procedure administered under alcohol and no alcohol conditions is described as one means to enhance the validity of sexual preference tests with nonvoluntary incarcerated clients. A single case study is presented to demonstrate the need and use of such modifications.
Self-Mutilation in Prison
Authors: JONES ANNE
Published: March 2007

Data collected from the case records of 67 self-mutilating prisoners and a random sample of 68 prisoners were utilized to compare the two groups on 15 variables. Three-quarters of the incidents took place in isolation cells or prison psychiatric units and were the result of self-inflicted cuts. Discriminant analysis indicated that self-mutilators were more likely to be white, have wrist or forearm scars upon admission, and have attempted suicide while in prison. However, scars were much more predictive among whites than blacks. Mutilators were also convicted of more felonies, had more severe disciplinary actions taken against them in prison, and been charged with more assaults while incarcerated.
Comparisons of Incarcerated Offenders According to Use of Alcohol and/or Drugs Prior to Offense
Authors: MILLER BRENDA A. , WELTE JOHN W.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice (1981, 1983), Survey of Inmates of State Correctional Facilities, 1979 and Survey of Jail Inmates, 1978, comparisons are made between incarcerated and sentenced offenders who used drugs only, alcohol only, both drugs and alcohol, and neither drugs nor alcohol prior to the offense. Alcohol and/or drug use prior to the offense is reported by 60% of the offenders. Offenders who used alcohol only make up the largest group among those who used drugs and/or alcohol. The group that used alcohol and drugs prior to the offense is of particular interest. This group represents young offenders who are extensively involved in psychoactive substances, exceeding all other groups. The emergence of this group may signify a trend toward more psychoactive substance use among offender groups and, as such, warrants further investigation. Since existing theoretical explanations focus on either the alcohol-crime or the drug-crime nexus, new theoretical explanations for the alcohol-drug-crime nexus need development. Finally, information on the alcohol and drug offender group suggests that intervention strategies must consider multiple drug use and the special characteristics of offenders with these problems.
The Effect of Self-Government on the Aggressive Behavior of Institutionalized Delinquent Adolescents
Authors: McNEIL J. KEVIN , HART DAVID S.
Published: March 2007

A self-government program was tested for its effect on aggressive behavior of institutionalized delinquent adolescents. Twenty-three subjects, age 14 to 16 years, of whom 12 were girls, lived in a residence having an ongoing token economy. The measures of aggression were—frequency of recorded punishment by staff for verbal or physical aggression, and frequency of surreptitiously recorded aggressive behaviors during daily recreation periods. Using an ABAB withdrawal design, the results showed that introduction of self-government reduced the rate of aggressive behavior observed during recreation periods but had no effect on rate of fines for aggression. Self-government appears to be effective in reducing interpersonal aggression, but the mechanism of this change is not clear.
Twice-Cursed?
Authors: HOCHSTEDLER ELLEN
Published: March 2007

A comparison of individual-level data on 379 cases involving mentally disordered defendants with aggregate data on criminal sanctions for all defendants in a single jurisdiction provides the basis for a tentative conclusion that mentally disordered defendants may well be “twice-cursed.” The research findings indicate that compared to the general population of defendenats, mentally disordered defendants receive more severe criminal sanctions, and are often subjected to both punishment and mental health treatment ordered on the authority of the criminal court.
The Criminal Mental Patient
Authors: LURIGIO ARTHUR J. , LEWIS DAN A.
Published: March 2007

The present study extends prior research on the criminality of mental patients by providing an in-depth analysis of their movements through the criminal justice and mental health systems. The arrests and admissions of a random sample of patients were recorded during a six-month period, and the circumstances surrounding each of the episodes were examined. Criminal and psychiatric histories were also obtained along with patients' self-reports of violence and victimization experiences. Although relatively few of the patients were arrested during the reference period, a number of those who were arrested had serious criminal records. Patient arrestees were more likely than nonarrestees to be hospitalized in the follow-up period and to have more previous psychiatric admissions overall.
The Use of Paraprofessionals to Deliver Home-Based Family Therapy to Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: GORDON DONALD A. , ARBUTHNOT JACK
Published: March 2007

Paraprofessionals are used increasingly to deliver services to juvenile delinquents, primarily because of the lower cost associated with such services. The literature comparing the effectiveness of paraprofessionals to professionals indicates that paraprofessionals achieve results equal to or superior to those achieved by professionals. The majority of these studies used adults as clients. When paraprofessionals are trained to work with children and adolescents, the lack of detail about the training procedures makes replication and dissemination of effective interventions difficult. The authors describe three training projects in which paraprofessionals were trained and supervised in the use of functional family therapy, an empirically validated, teachable approach developed for use with families of delinquents. Factors that facilitate acquisition and utilization of this method are detailed, including trainee selection, training methods, supervision, and organizational consultation.
Emotional Disorder among Offenders
Authors: WALTERS GLENN D. , MANN MILLARD F. , MILLER MELVIN P. , HEMPHILL LESLIE L. , CHLUMSKY MICHAEL L.
Published: March 2007

The prevalence of serious emotional disorder, as measured by a structured diagnostic interview, was found to range between 7% and 10% in groups of state, federal, and military prison inmates. Seriously disturbed offenders sampled from a military prison population ( N=51) were found to be younger, better educated, less criminally sophisticated, and more likely to satisfy criteria indicative of a primary affective disorder than an emotionally disturbed state ( N=54) and federal ( N=52) inmates. State inmates, on the other hand, evidenced higher levels of schizophrenic psychopathology than prisoners in the other two conditions. Despite a relatively large number of significant demographic, background, and diagnostic differences among these three groups, the MMPI results for state, federal, and military offenders with serious emotional problems were nearly identical. In addition, all three groups of emotionally disturbed inmates displayed much poorer institutional adjustment relative to their counterparts in each of the respective general populations.
The Mentally Retarded Offender
Authors: SPRUILL JEAN , MAY JACK
Published: March 2007

A random sample of 10% of Florida's mentally retarded inmates were individually tested with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), the Revised Beta, and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. Results indicated that prevalence rates of retardation were approximately 1% when identification was based on individually administered IQ tests (the WAIS or Beta) as contrasted with the 4% prevalence rate established by entry-level group IQ testing. Entry-level group testing seriously overestimates the prevalence of retardation in prison. The process by which group tests are administered may contribute more to the increased prevalence rate than the type of test administered. Problems associated with group testing and suggestions for remediation are discussed. Program needs of the retarded are important and must be considered by the prison. It does not help to identify an inmate as retarded if adequate habilitation programs are not available.
The Validity and Utility Of Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory in a Youth Services Agency Sample
Authors: FEAZELL DAVID M. , QUAY HERBERT C. , MURRAY EDWARD J.
Published: March 2007

The validity and utility of the Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI) was evaluated with a group of 351 male and 185 female adolescents in a juvenile court related agency. In addition, 174 noncourt controls were studied. Court records and psychological evaluations were used to obtain behavioral measures and ratings on the Life History Checklist. The PSI discriminated major emotional problems, offenses, peer relations, and cooperativeness and it was related to several measures of the Life History Checklist. However, the mean differences and correlations were small and of little practical use. Classification accuracy was poor. In a multitrait-multimethod analysis, the PSI showed poor discriminant validity from unrelated measures and method variance. Good discriminant validity from demographic variables was found. It was concluded that there are serious limitations in using the PSI in a juvenile population.
A Second Validation Study of the Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation (CAST-MR)
Authors: EVERINGTON CAROLINE , DUNN CHARLES
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation (CAST-MR) with defendants with mental retardation referred for evaluation of competence to stand trial in the state of Ohio. The CAST-MR demonstrated strong internal consistency and interrater reliability. With respect to the instrument's validity, the group referred as competent had significantly higher total scores, significantly higher scores on each subsection, and significantly higher scores on seven individual test items. The results of discriminant function analyses further supported the CAST-MR's validity. These findings are discussed in relation to a previous CAST-MR validation study with a similar population.
Predictors of General and Violent Recidivism among Mentally Disordered Inmates
Authors: VILLENEUVE DAVID B. , QUINSEY VERNON L.
Published: March 2007

One hundred and twenty male inmates who had been released from a maximum-security inpatient psychiatric unit of a federal penitentiary were followed for an average of 92 months. Seventy-eight percent of the sample were arrested for any offense, and 50% were arrested for a violent offense. An actuarial instrument developed using Nuffield's (1982) method correlated .43 with violent recidivism, resulting in 32% relative improvement over chance. The predictors of violent recidivism in this instrument were the following: juvenile delinquency, younger age at release, drugs involved in offenses, violent convictions, separation from parents before age 16, alcohol involved in offenses, criminal versatility, short periods of employment, and no psychotic illness. These results support those of earlier follow-up studies, in particular, the negative association between psychosis and violent recidivism in high-risk samples and the use of actuarial instruments for appraising the long-term risk of violent recidivism.
A Decade of International Reform to Accommodate Child Witnesses
Authors: MYERS JOHN E. B.
Published: March 2007

The past decade has witnessed significant reform of the legal system to accommodate child witnesses. This article describes reforms in the following areas: investigative interviewing, preparing children to testify, admissibility of children's hearsay statements, competence of children to testify in court, altering the courtroom to accommodate child witnesses, judicial control of the proceedings and questioning, support persons for child witnesses, exclusion of witnesses during a child's testimony, closing the courtroom to the public and the press, video link technology and other modifications that effect the accused's right to confront the child, counsel or guardian ad litem for a child witness, the corroboration requirement, and jury instructions regarding child witnesses.
Use of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles in a Group of Female Offenders
Authors: WALTERS GLENN D. , ELLIOTT WILLIAM N. , MISCOLL DEBORAH
Published: March 2007

This article explores the psychometric performance of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) in a group of female offenders. The internal consistency, test-retest stability, concurrent validity, and factor structure of the PICTS were comparable to results obtained in an earlier study of male offenders. However, the females achieved significantly higher scores on seven of the eight PICTS thinking style scales relative to the male normative sample. The potential implications of these findings are discussed.
An MCMI-III Discriminant Function Analysis of Incarcerated Felons
Authors: KELLN BRAD R. C. , DOZOIS DAVID J. A. , McKENZIE IAN E.
Published: March 2007

Discriminant function analyses were employed to predict institutional misconduct in a sample of 128 incarcerated offenders. Misconduct was divided into two categories: reprimands and behavioral consequences (i.e., early lockups, segregation, monetary penalties, and suspensions). Results indicated that the MCMI-III provides greater predictive utility than does demographic information alone. In the prediction of reprimands, an overall correct classification rate of 79% was obtained using both demographic and MCMI-III data. A correct classification rate of 75% was found in the prediction of misconduct related to more behavioral ramifications. The clinical implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
Age and Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: LANDSHEER JOHANNES A. , 'T HART HARM
Published: March 2007

Three attitudes toward delinquent activities are postulated: permissiveness toward violence, permissiveness toward acts that result in material damage, and a strictly nonpermissive attitude. It was anticipated that each attitude would be related to a different level of delinquent activity. Questionnaires were distributed to 2,918 Dutch adolescents and young adults (ages 12 to 24 years). Youths with a strictly nonpermissive attitude showed a low and stable level of delinquent activity at every age. Adolescents permissive of causing material damage displayed an intermediate level of delinquent activity, with weak age differences, whereas youths permissive of violence revealed the greatest differences across age groups. The age-attitude interaction was similar for boys and girls although boys engaged in delinquent behavior more often.
The Paradoxes of Public Participation
Authors: Rosenbaum Walter A.
Published: March 2007

New public participation programs have been enacted in the federal bureaucracy in the last 15 years; these programs intend to broaden the diversity and range of interests participating in agency affairs. to bring citizens into policy planning and to encourage greater ageney sensitivity to citizen interests. One explanation for the apparent failure to achieve these objectives in current programs is that advocates have not based goals on sound empirical and theoretical grounds. A number of propositions, based on program experience, are suggested because they seem to offer a more satisfactory description and explanation of program accomplishment .
Judicial Decisions and Organizational Change
Authors: Johnson Charles A.
Published: March 2007

This theoretical note presents a theory explaining the reactions of organizations to court orders that require the organizations to change some policy, program, or pro cedure. The theory is based on theories of "rational choice" and conceives of the change process in terms of four stages: (1) interpretation of the court decision, (2) evaluation of the decision, (3) searches for information and alternatives to the court decision, and (4) selection of one or more alternatives. A review of relevant judicial impact literature produces support for specific hypothesis derived from the theory. Finally, suggestions for further empirical research and theoretical developments are advanced.
Administrative Science in the USSR
Authors: Vidmer Richard F.
Published: March 2007

Soviet studies of organization and management have experienced burgeoning growth since the mid-1960s. Despite great diversity and apparent confusion in the field, there is an identifiable paradigm whitch unies theorists of otherwise highly divergent perspectives. The Soviet paradigm in administrative science “modernizes” the traditional categories of political economy into systems or cybernetic terminology and focuses on the rational aspects of organizational activity. It conspicuously avoids concepts that could undermine the imagery of “optimal” performance, or at least the potential to reach that state of affairs. While the general paradigm itself is unlikely to break down, there are prospect for change within various subcategories.
Councilmaanic Intervention in Municipal Administration
Authors: Abney Glenn , Lauth Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

This study deals with the impact of city council intervention on municipal administration. Based on a survey of department heads in all cities in the United States with a population of 50,000 or more, it presents information about the extent to which constituent casework leads to intervention by city councilpersons in municipal administration and discusses the consequences of the intervention patterns (informant, mediator and procurer) identified. The study concludes that although councilmanic intervention continues despite the efforts of the municipal and executive reform movements, reform institutions have nevertheless been successful in structuring the patterns of intervention in such a manner as to preserve the "informational" purposes of intervention without significantly threatening the reform goal of "neutrality" in municipal administration.
The Political Economy of Public Management
Authors: Keller Lawrence F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the nature and context of public management in the American Polity. It develops an interorganizational theory approach for the task. This approach analyzes public management from a political economy perspective, modifying organizational concepts for use at the interorganizational level. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by using the Water Resources Interorganizational Network as a case study. The attempt by this network to avoid grappling with the crucial problem of groundwater mining is analyzed by looking at the political nature of the network (its polity) and at the task side (its economy). The article concludes by sketching a general political economy approach to network analysis that illuminates the role of public management in the public policy process.
Who Pays for Veterans' Preference?
Authors: Lewis Gregory B. , Emmert Mark A.
Published: March 2007

The role of veterans `preference in the federal civil service has been both attacked and applauded. Yet little policy research has been conducted investigating the impact of preferential hiring on veterans, the merit system, or the employment of women and miniorities. This article uses data on employees within the General Schedule system to isolate the effects of veterans `preference from those of race, sex, education, federal experience, and age. The scope of veterans' preference and its impact on the merit system and the development of a representative bureaucracy are examined. The policy implications of this research are discussed in light of the 1978 Civil Service reform proposals.
Citizen Participation in Water Quality Planning
Authors: Plumlee John P. , Starling Jay D. , Kramer Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

Citizen perceptions of the success or failure of public participation efforts are an important but often unexplored element in evaluating the quality of such participation. Interviews with participants in Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored water quality planning projects in Texas reveal a number of factors that cause citizens to perceive their participative efforts negatively. The experience of these participants forms the basis of recommendations for more effective management of governmentally supported public participation programs.
Bureaucratic Responses to Antibureaucratic Administrations
Authors: Lowery David , Rusbult Caryl E.
Published: March 2007

At present we have no clear understanding of if and how bureaucrats respond to the election of antibureaucratic presidents such as Eisenhower, Nixon, and Reagan. This article goes beyond existing speculation and anecdote by developing a general model of bureaucratic responses to dissatisfaction and applying that model to the problem of antibureaucratic administration transition. Hypotheses developed from the model are tested with data from the 1979 and 1980 Federal Employee Attitude Surveys. In general, the prospect of antibureaucratic constraints expected with the inauguration of Ronald Reagan led to a number of perverse responses from bureaucrats.
Academics in Japan's Advisory Council System
Authors: Tsurutani Taketsugu
Published: March 2007

Against the background of increasingly knowledge-intensive policymaking in post-industrial society, this study attempts to explain both the purpose of the extensive participation of academics in Japanese government policymaking and the uncertain significance of the practice. The ambiguity and danger surrounding this uncertainty are the function of a number of critical cultural and institutional factors that persist in the higher civil service and academe.
Mary Parker Follett and the Quest for Pragmatic Administration
Authors: Stever James A.
Published: March 2007

Beyond simply accepting Mary Parker Follett `s reputation as an innovative administrative theorist, this article scrutinizes both her administrative theories and her supporting ideation for these theories. It finds that she constructed her administrative theory on a mixture of idealism and pragmatism. She vacillated between the two. In her idealist mode she claimed that administration fulfilled the individual. In her pragmatic mode, she stressed organizational problem solving. Follett mistakenly assumed that these claims could be based on two very different, often contradictory, philosophic traditions. The result, then, was an unfounded "organizational imperative" that claimed modern administrative organizations were vital for individual development as well as essential for the survival of liberal democracy.
By Order of the President
Authors: Cooper Phillip J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the use of executive orders as instruments of presidential direct administration. In order to establish groundwork for a critical analysis of the difficulties associated with the use of executive orders, the piece begins with a description of the characteristics and development of this instrument of governance. It then argues that executive orders present a variety of conflicts with existing principles of administrative law. It contends that these problems counsel restraint in the use of executive orders and improvement in the procedures by which those orders that are necessary are issued and implemented.
The Federal Government in the Sunshine Act and Agency Decision Making
Authors: Welborn David M. , Lyons Willam , Thomas Larry W.
Published: March 2007

Congress passed the Government in the Sunshine Act in 1976, regulating the meeting procedures of more than 50 agencies headed by collegial bodies. Henceforth the major federal regulatory commissions and numerous other agencies were required to hold meetings in public unless exempt information was involved. This study examines the effects of the law on agency decision-making processes. It finds that perhaps the most important effect of the sunshine law is to diminish the collegial character of those processes.
The Impact of Federally Imposed Stress Upon Local-Government and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Randall Ronald , Wilson Carter
Published: March 2007

The Reagan administration's domestic budget cuts have imposed severe fiscal stress upon local-government and nonprofit agencies. The responses to this stress by organizations in northwest Ohio are analyzed in this study. Compared to local-government agencies, the federal fiscal changes had the greater impact upon nonprofit agencies, which searched more actively for alternative funding sources, varied internal process more dramatically, made programs more readily, and cast about for more effective management techniques.
The Dual Image of the Administrator in Progressive Administrative Theory
Authors: Stever James A.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes how Progressive-era theorists thought systematically about how to make administrators legitimate actors within liberal society and government. Organic idealism and pragmatism were the philosophical foundations on which Progressive legitimacy theory rested. The former stressed respect for tradition: the latter emphasized analysis and science as means to legitimacy. Post-Progressive legitimacy theories resemble the Progressive's, although some corrections and advances have been made. The major correction to post-Progressive legitimacy theory is renewed attention to the constitutional constraints that surround administrative behavior. The article suggests that, in the face of contemporary challenges, either pragmatism or tradition-based constitutional theory will be the likely foundation for administrators as they attempt to reflect on and enhance their own legitimacy.
Building Microcomputing Skills in Public Administration Graduate Education
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. , Hy Ronald John , Waugh William L.
Published: March 2007

Practitioners and academics alike acknowledge the very rapid diffusion of microcomputers in government agencies, yet the implications of this trend for graduate education in public administration are a matter of controversy. This article assesses the response of MPA programs to the demands of the public sector workplace for skills in microcomputing. Based on a national survey of these programs conducted in 1989, the study finds that about 90%o of the MPA programs have incorporated microcomputers into instruction, but only about 30% have a required course in microcomputing. While statistical analysis and research methods remain the primary courses in which microcomputers are used, a majority of the institutions integrate them into the teaching of substantive courses. Thus, despite the continuing dominance of statistical applications in the computing education of public managers, most of the schools also appear to recognize the importance of providing their students with other, more practical skills in microcomputing.
Keys for Locks in Administrative Argument
Authors: Hood Christopher , Jackson Michael
Published: March 2007

Developments in public administration are better understood as rhetorical rather than scientific in Herbert Simon's meaning. Administrative arguments succeed by using the six keys to acceptance of classical rhetoric: symmetry, metaphor, ambiguity, private interest presented as public good, selective use of information, and suspension of disbelief To test this proposition, we compare managerialism with cameralism and utilitarianism, which were earlier attempts at new public administration. Cameralisi, which was developed by a body of academics and practitioners who might be termed consultants in today's nomenclature, influenced administrative developments in central Europe from the 17th century extending its force even to Russia. Utilitarianism was the dominant social and moral philosophy of Victorian England. Its best known exponents were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who exercised a great influence on their contemporaries. This article demonstrates that managerialism, cameralism, and utilitarianism each used the six keys to acceptance of rhetoric to advance its case and concludes that changes in fashion in public administration are achieved by rhetoric, not by scientific analysis of data.
Panacea or Pandora's Box?
Authors: Horgan Lucille E.
Published: March 2007

Reform is the primary focus of this article, which points out that although perfecting the way we govern ourselves has been a consistent tendency in the twentieth century, we know little about the effectiveness of these efforts. Using the acquisition of major weapon systems in the Department of Defense as its case in point, this article examines one reform initiative from the standpoint of its relevance and effect on the governmental operations with which it is concerned It argues that this investigation demonstrates two factors that hamper meaningful reform: the complexity of government bureaucracies and the general lack of knowledge concerning their operations.
Cornerstones of Presidential Power
Authors: Sharbel Kelly M. , Moffitt Lynne F. , Leimer Paul F. , Shane Ruth A. , Goodsell Charles T.
Published: March 2007

A concept of presidential administrative power is manifested by the siting of the first permanent office buildings of the federal government in Washington. George Washington was instrumental in laying down this concept, insisting that the first two executive buildings be placed on either side of the White House. Opposing political and economic forces twice sought to countermand efforts to centralize administration around the presidency by placing the executive buildings on Capitol Hill. If that had occurred, American governance might be quite different today. The contemporary grouping of executive office buildings stands as a legacy of these early architectural precedents.
Intelligence or Misorientation? Eurocentrism in the WISC-III
Authors: Kwate Naa Oyo A.
Published: March 2007

Intelligence testing with children of African descent has a turbulent history. Cultural biases in test content, administration, and standardization procedures have resulted in inappropriate diagnostic classifications for many African American children. Yet, intelligence testing continues to enjoy widespread clinical practice, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III) is one of the most popular tests. This article examines the Eurocentric basis of the test and reveals the WISC-III’s antagonistic and incompatible relationship to an Africentric conception of intellectual and mental health.
Perceptions of Interracial Couples: Prejudice at the Dyadic Level
Authors: Lewandowski Donna A. , Jackson Linda A.
Published: March 2007

Three hypotheses about perceptions of interracial couples were tested. European American respondents read descriptions of interracial or intraracial couples and rated the couple and the partners on a variety of dimensions. As predicted, interracial couples were perceived as less compatible than were intraracial couples, but only when the other-race partner was African American, not when he or she was Asian American. Being in an interracial marriage had stronger effects on perceptions of men than women, and different effects on perceptions of minority group men than majority group men on dimensions of perceived racial identity and comfort with same-race others. However, contrary to predictions, there were no differences in perceptions of intraracial couples. Implications for future research on the consequences of perceptions on actual characteristics of interracial couples are discussed.
The Ntu Approach to Health and Healing
Authors: Gregory W. Henry , Harper Kevin W.
Published: March 2007

Ntu is a pluralistic approach toward delivering therapeutic services and psycho-educational programs that is framed in an “Africentric” understanding of the world. Ntu is also a multifaceted continually evolving way of conceptualizing human behavior. The Ntu approach treats families by using ancient Eastern principles of healing, New Age conceptualizations of the mind-body relationship, an Africentric worldview, and methodologies that acknowledge and encourage the actualization of the highest expression of human potential.
Facilitating Engagement of African American Male Adolescents in Family Therapy: A Cultural Theme Process Study
Authors: Jackson-Gilfort April , Liddle Howard A. , Tejeda Manuel J. , Dakof Gayle A.
Published: March 2007

This study suggests that systematic discussion of culturally salient content in therapy sessions can positively influence engagement (i.e., therapy participation and therapeutic alliance) with clinically referred African American adolescent males. In a sample of 18 African American adolescent males participating in 187 videotaped psychotherapy sessions, the in-session discussion of research derived, developmentally and culturally related content themes (anger/rage, alienation, respect, and journey from boyhood to manhood) were found to be positively associated with therapist-adolescent alliance and adolescent engagement. Discussions that focused on issues of trust and mistrust were found to negatively predict ratings of therapist-adolescent relationship, and discussions of racial identity/racial socialization were found to have no association with adolescent engagement. These findings provide clues about (a) how culturally responsive treatments can be developed, and (b) in this era of manualized therapies, the possibility of enhancing therapeutic outcomes by tailoring treatment protocols at specific levels of content focus and detail.
Racial Differentials in the Impact of Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy on Fetal Development and Mortality: Concerns for Black Psychologists
Authors: Singleton Edward G. , Harrell Jules P. , Kelly Lily M.
Published: March 2007

Data from more than 60,000 births in the United States were reevaluated by statistical power analysis to determine if racial differentials existed in the impact of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy on low birth weight and infant mortality. The risk of mortality was significantly greater for infants of Black maternal smokers than Black nonsmokers. But the same relationship was not evident for Whites. The most dramatic increase in mortality was exhibited among infants of Black mothers who smoked more than one pack of cigarettes per day. Recent estimates indicate that the rate of smoking among pregnant Blacks now surpasses that of Whites, and the number of Black women who smoke more than one pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy has increased. Racism, sexism, and associated increased levels of psychosocial stress appear to be implicated in the etiology of these racial differentials.
A Developmental Analysis of Black Children's Others Concept
Authors: Brome Deborah Ridley
Published: March 2007

Thirty-seven Black children from the first, fourth, and eighth grades were individually administered several measures in order to assess their level of others concept development with respect to Blacks and with respect to Whites. It was hypothesized that Black children's others concept toward Blacks would be more positive than their others concept toward Whites. This hypothesis was not supported. However, the results indicate that others concept development in Black children is a complex process and is age-related. In particular, it was found that Black children's others concept toward the Black group seems to become more positive with age, whereas Black children's others concept toward the White group does not significantly change with age.
The Psychological Importance of Self Definition and Labeling: Black Versus African American
Authors: Ghee Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

The term African American is currently being used interchangeably with the term Black and is increasingly being advanced as a self referent for Americans of African descent. As Black Americans deliberate and undergo this semantic metamorphosis, it is important to understand the reason, rationale, and significance of this name change for psychological self affirmation, cultural identity, and the collective progress of Americans of African descent. This paper explores a variety of issues related to self labeling and provides a theoretical argument supporting the conceptual shift from Black to African American. Finally the two terms are compared and evaluated in reference to contemporary psychological theories on self identity and mental health.