bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micromechanical modelling of monotonic drained and undrained shear behaviour of granular media using three‐dimensional DEM
Authors: Sitharam Thallak. G. , Dinesh S. V. , Shimizu N.
Published: October 2002

In this paper, numerical simulation results of isotropic compression and triaxial static shear tests under drained and undrained stress paths on polydisperse assembly of loose and dense spheres are presented. An examination of the micromechanical behaviour of loose and dense assemblies under drained and undrained conditions, considering the particulate nature of granular materials, has been carried out to explain micromechanically the granular material behaviour at the grain scale level. The numerical simulations have been carried out using a discrete element model (DEM) which considers a 1000 sphere particle polydisperse assembly with periodic space representing an infinite three‐dimensional space. In this paper, we present how DEM simulations can contribute to developments in constitutive modelling of granular materials through micromechanical approach using information on microstructure evolution. A series of numerical tests are performed using DEM on 3‐D assemblages of spheres to study the evolution of the internal variables such as average co‐ordination number and induced anisotropy during deformation along with the macroscopic behaviour of the assemblage in drained and undrained shear tests. In a qualitative sense, the macroscopic stress–strain results and stress path evolution in these simulations using 3‐D assemblies demonstrate that DEM simulations are capable of reproducing realistic compression and shear behaviour of granular materials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral profiles of cultured neuronal and glial cells derived from HRMAS 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Griffin Julian L. , Bollard Mary , Nicholson Jeremy K. , Bhakoo Kishore
Published: October 2002

In the investigations of brain function and pathology in vivo by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a decrease in the relative concentration of N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA) has been correlated with neuronal cell damage or loss, while a relative increase in the resonance intensity of creatine has been correlated with gliosis. However, neither metabolite is confined strictly to one cell‐type. In this study, pattern recognition of spectra derived from high‐resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to distinguish three neural cell types; cortical astrocytes, cerebellar neurones and O‐2A progenitors. The intact cells contained significant amounts of lipid resonances (–CH2CH3 and –CH2CH2CH2–) in all three cell‐types, even when a T2‐edited Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence was used, selectively attenuating resonances from macromolecules. Creatine was also detected in all three cell types. Principle component analysis (PCA) readily differentiated the NMR spectra, based on the individual metabolic profile derived from the cohort of cell type examined using conventional solvent‐suppressed and CPMG pulse sequences. Creatine was not found to contribute to this separation. Moreover, the large lipid content of neuronal cells contributed most to the separation from the other cell types. This suggests that during MRS in vivo, where lipid resonances are commonly ‘edited out’ by T2 delays, significant information may be sacrificed concerning relative contribution from individual cell types. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Follow‐up by one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR of plasma from pigs with ischemia‐induced acute liver failure treated with a bioartificial liver
Authors: Tréhout David , Desille Mireille , Doan Bich‐Thuy , Mahler Stephan , Frémond Benjamin , Mallédant Yannick , Campion Jean‐Pierre , Desbois Jeanne , Beloeil Jean‐Claude , de Certaines Jacques , Clément Bruno
Published: October 2002

Hepatic encephalopathy may occur following acute hepatic failure (AHF), which results in the release of toxic compounds from the injured liver. These compounds, which induce cerebral edema, are not well characterized, yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential interest of NMR spectroscopy in the follow‐up of different plasma compounds in pigs with ischemia‐induced fulminant hepatic failure treated or not with a bioartificial liver (BAL), which has been previously shown to improve the neurological status of the animals. Qualitative analysis of pig plasma was achieved by one‐dimensional‐1H CPMG, two‐dimensional homonuclear 1H‐1H TOCSY CPMG and heteronuclear 1H‐13C HSQC sequences. Semi‐quantitative analysis of selected plasma metabolites along the disease evolution was carried out on pigs with ischemia‐induced AHF treated with the BAL containing alginate beads with or without hepatocytes. A quantitative longitudinal follow‐up was performed on characteristic metabolites via a one‐dimensional CPMG sequence, including choline, glutamine, N‐acetyl‐glucosamine (NAG), pyruvate and trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO). The concentrations of choline and TMAO increased from the beginning to the end in animals treated with the BAL containing alginate beads without hepatocytes. Treatment of pigs with BAL containing hepatocytes resulted in an improvement of survival, the plasma concentrations of choline and TMAO being decreased in three out of five animals. Thus, NMR spectroscopy is a useful approach for the identification of toxic compounds which are involved in hepatic encephalopathy associated with AHF. These compounds can be cleared by a BAL resulting in the improvement of survival and neurological parameters of the animals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing the connectivity of the star graphs
Authors: Cheng Eddie , Lipman Marc J.
Published: October 2002

The star graph Sn proposed by Akers et al. has many advantages over the n‐cube. We show that when a large number of vertices are deleted from Sn the resulting graph can have at most two components, one of which is small. We use this result to solve a successive augmentation problem for Sn. This, in turn, provides extra choices for the topology of large interconnection networks. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solving partial constraint satisfaction problems with tree decomposition
Authors: Koster Arie M. C. A. , van Hoesel Stan P. M. , Kolen Antoon W. J.
Published: October 2002

In this paper, we describe a computational study to solve hard partial constraint satisfaction problems (PCSPs) to optimality. The PCSP is a general class of problems that contains a diversity of problems, such as generalized subgraph problems, MAX‐SAT, Boolean quadratic programs, and assignment problems like coloring and frequency planning. We present a dynamic programming algorithm that solves PCSPs based on the structure (tree decomposition) of the underlying constraint graph. With the use of dominance and bounding techniques, we are able to solve small and medium‐size instances of the problem to optimality and to obtain good lower bounds for large‐size instances within reasonable time and memory limits. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for computing goal‐oriented a posteriori error measures in non‐linear elasticity
Authors: Larsson Fredrik , Hansbo Peter , Runesson Kenneth
Published: October 2002

We investigate the characteristics and performance of goal‐oriented a posteriori error measures for a class of non‐linear elasticity models, while restriction is made to small strain theory. The chosen error measure of the displacement field can be global or local (probing the chosen quantity in a specific spatial point). The error is computable with the aid of the solution of a dual problem whose data depend on the error measure. The main thrust of the paper is to evaluate the performance of a few different approximation strategies for computing the dual solution. The chosen strategies are compared in terms of accuracy, ease of implementation, reliability and cost‐efficiency. A well‐known numerical example, the Cook's membrane, is used for the numerical evaluations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete singular convolution and its application to the analysis of plates with internal supports. Part 1: Theory and algorithm
Authors: Wei G. W. , Zhao Y. B. , Xiang Y.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a novel computational approach, the discrete singular convolution (DSC) algorithm, for analysing plate structures. The basic philosophy behind the DSC algorithm for the approximation of functions and their derivatives is studied. Approximations to the delta distribution are constructed as either bandlimited reproducing kernels or approximate reproducing kernels. Unified features of the DSC algorithm for solving differential equations are explored. It is demonstrated that different methods of implementation for the present algorithm, such as global, local, Galerkin, collocation, and finite difference, can be deduced from a single starting point. The use of the algorithm for the vibration analysis of plates with internal supports is discussed. Detailed formulation is given to the treatment of different plate boundary conditions, including simply supported, elastically supported and clamped edges. This work paves the way for applying the DSC approach in the following paper to plates with complex support conditions, which have not been fully addressed in the literature yet. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the differentiation of the Rodrigues formula and its significance for the vector‐like parameterization of Reissner–Simo beam theory
Authors: Ritto‐Corrêa M. , Camotim D.
Published: October 2002

In this paper we present a systematic way of differentiating, up to the second directional derivative, (i) the Rodrigues formula and (ii) the spin‐rotation vector variation relationship. To achieve this goal, several trigonometric functions are grouped into a family of scalar quantities, which can be expressed in terms of a single power series. These results are then applied to the vector‐like parameterization of Reissner–Simo beam theory, enabling a straightforward derivation and leading to a clearer formulation. In particular, and in contrast with previous formulations, a relatively compact and obviously symmetric form of the tangent operator is obtained. The paper also discusses several relevant issues concerning a beam finite element implementation and concludes with the presentation of a few selected illustrative examples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletal remains of dogs unearthed from the Van‐Yoncatepe necropolises
Authors: Onar Vedat , Armutak Altan , Belli Oktay , Konyar Erkan
Published: October 2002

A total of 15 dog skulls and a number of bones have been discovered in two burial chambers dating from 1,000 BC in the necropolises of the Van‐Yoncatepe Castle in eastern Turkey. The finds were a dog skeleton in burial chamber M5 and 14 dog skulls and plenty of bones in burial chamber M6. It was determined on examination that the skeleton found in burial chamber M5 was an 11–12‐year female dog, and that the skulls unearthed from burial chamber M6 belonged to dogs with an age range of seven to eight months to 12–13 years. In the latter chamber, however, except for one skull whose sex could not be determined, one was ascertained to belong to a female dog and the rest to males. Calculations of 20 different indices and ratios were made on the skulls. This showed that these skulls were of the dolichocephalic type. It was observed that there were signs of a widespread periodontal disease and alveolar recession. Enamel hypoplasia and abscess chambers detected on the teeth, and deformations observed in the hard palate were evidence enough to suggest that these were undernourished dogs. There were also some facial fractures, which were noticed to have occurred before death. On the other hand, examination carried out on the bones revealed that the dogs were of medium size, and that they were likely to have had a withers height of 50–55 cm. The data obtained from both the burial chambers brought to light the fact that these dogs were more of the hunting or working types. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State‐of–the–art imaging in palaeopathology: the value of multislice computed tomography in visualizing doubtful cranial lesions
Authors: Rühli F. J. , Lanz C. , Ulrich‐Bochsler S. , Alt K. W.
Published: October 2002

Non‐invasive imaging techniques are of great value in palaeopathology. Computed tomography (CT) is widely established to visualize changes in human remains that occurred both pre and post mortem. Since 1999 an advanced form of helical CT—so called Multislice‐CT (MSCT)—has become available for clinical purposes. We now present for the first time three historic cranial lesions of doubtful aetiology visualized by MSCT. Both original images and virtual reconstructions of the specimens are of high quality. In combination with peri‐lesional bone density measurements these images allow an improved assessment of aetiology. The cases presented are diagnosed by MSCT as being of intra vitam nature in two individuals and of post mortem character in one case. Time consuming post‐processing analysis and the still small number of scanners presently available may limit application of this new technique. Nevertheless, based on our preliminary results, we strongly recommend non‐invasive evaluation by MSCT to be used for non‐clinical purposes such as palaeopathological research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical design of stable delta‐domain generalized predictive control
Authors: Suchomski Piotr , Kowalczuk Zdzisław
Published: October 2002

This paper addresses certain fundamental issues related to the discrete‐time design problem of the delta‐domain generalized predictive control (δ‐GPC) for both minimum phase and non‐minimum phase linear SISO plants including nominal stability and nominal performance of the closed‐loop system. The approach being presented is completely analytical, and the nominal performance of the control system is directly achieved by a prototype design of the closed‐loop system characteristics resulting in definite time‐domain specifications. Two design methods are offered in which a model‐based prediction paradigm is applied to achieve the future output and the future filtered output trajectory of the plant. Prediction of the first type is based on suitable emulations of the outputδ‐derivatives and is used in the GPC controller design for minimum‐phase models of the plant. Prediction of the second type utilizes emulation of derivatives of the output filtered by the numerator polynomial of the transfer function of the controlled part of the plant. It can be employed both for minimum phase and non‐minimum phase plants. A numerical example is given that illustrates theδ‐GPC method for controller design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incentives, challenges, and dilemmas of TANF: A case study
Authors: Wolfe Barbara L.
Published: October 2002

This paper compares the incentives inherent in TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), the
U.S. welfare system in place after the 1996 reforms, with those of TANF's predecessor, AFDC (Aid to
Families with Dependent Children), using the experience in one state, Wisconsin, as an example. Is the new
program successful in avoiding the “poverty trap” of the old welfare system, in which the marginal tax
rates imposed on earnings and benefits were so high that they discouraged work effort outside a narrow earnings
range?

As women receiving assistance begin working more hours and earning more, income‐conditioned benefits
(Food Stamps, EITC, Medicaid, and subsidies for child care) are reduced and withdrawn, in effect
constituting a “tax” on earnings. Under TANF, there is more support for these families, at least in
Wisconsin, and so economic well‐being should be higher for most women with earning in this range than it
was under AFDC. But marginal tax rates under TANF remain high, and in some income ranges they are higher than
under AFDC.

Once in the work force, former TANF recipients have earnings over the long run that expose them to very high
marginal tax rates, which decrease the benefits of working harder and make it very difficult to gain full eonomic
independence. Evidence from other sources suggest that most low‐skilled women have earnings in the same
range and so are likely to face similar reductions in benefits such as child care subsidies or the EITC as their
earnings increase, even if they are not receiving welfare‐related benefits. © 2002 by the Association
for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Differential effects of high‐quality child care
Authors: Hill Jennifer , Waldfogel Jane , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: October 2002

In policy research a frequent aim is to estimate treatment effects separately by subgroups. This endeavor
becomes a methodological challenge when the subgroups are defined by post‐treatment, rather than
pre‐treatment, variables because if analyses are performed in the same way as with pre‐treatment
variables, causal interpretations are no longer valid. The authors illustrate a new approach to this challenge
within the context of the Infant Health and Development Program, a multisite randomized study that provided
at‐risk children with intensive, center‐based child care. This strategy is used to examine the
differential causal effects of access to high‐quality child care for children who would otherwise have
participated in one of three child care options: no non‐maternal care, home‐based non‐maternal
care, and center‐based care. Results of this study indicate that children participating in the first two
types of care would have gained the most from high‐quality center‐based care and, moreover, would
have more consistently retained the bulk of these positive benefits over time. These results may have implications
for policy, particularly with regard to the debate about the potential implications of providing universal child
care. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Combined analysis of T cell receptor γ and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements at the single‐cell level in lymphomas with dual genotype
Authors: Vergier B. , Dubus P. , Kutschmar A. , Parrens M. , Ferrer J. , de Mascarel A. , Merlio J. P.
Published: October 2002

By prospectively studying immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) and T cell receptor gamma (TCRγ) gene rearrangements in 398 lymphoma cases, a dual genotype was observed in 13% of B cell and 11% of T cell lymphomas. According to histological subtype, the highest incidence was observed for mantle cell lymphomas (32%) and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (21%) among B cell lymphomas, and for angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AILT) (46%) and Sézary syndrome (SS) (50%) among T cell lymphomas. To determine whether the dual genotype corresponds to the presence of two distinct monoclonal populations or to the presence of both rearrangements within the same lymphoma cells, single‐cell microdissection was used after immunohistochemistry and a single‐cell combined IgH and TCRγ gene analysis was designed after a whole‐genome amplification step. This protocol was applied to the study of two nodal B cell lymphomas (one diffuse large B cell lymphoma and one mantle cell lymphoma) and two cutaneous T cell lymphomas (one AILT and one SS). Two cases (SS and mantle cell lymphoma) were true bigenotypic lymphomas, as both IgH and TCRγ monoclonal rearrangements were detected in the same cells. Conversely, in the diffuse large B cell lymphoma and AILT cases, large CD22+ single cells exhibited only the monoclonal IgH rearrangement but not the TCRγ gene that was detected in CD3+ single cells. Such an approach allows the identification of true bigenotypic lymphoma among dual genotypic lymphoma. Specific genetic alterations may be further amplified from microdissected cryopreserved material, such as the t(11;14) breakpoint detected in bigenotypic B cells of the mantle cell lymphoma case. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of three common translocation breakpoints in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization on routine paraffin‐embedded tissue sections
Authors: Haralambieva Eugenia , Kleiverda Karin , Mason David Y , Schuuring Ed , Kluin Philip M.
Published: October 2002

Non‐random chromosomal translocations are specifically involved in the pathogenesis of many non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas and have clinical implications as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. Their detection is often impaired by technical problems, including the distribution of the breakpoints over large genomic areas. This study reports a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method which allows the detection of specific chromosomal breakpoints in tissue sections from routinely fixed, paraffin‐embedded samples. Hybridization was performed after demasking the DNA. Previously validated locus‐specific probes (cosmids, PACs) flanking the BCL1, BCL2 regions and similar new probes for the MYC breakpoint region were used. The cases studied were five mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) and five follicular lymphomas (FL), selected on the basis of a previously proved t(11;14) and t(14;18) and five randomly chosen Burkitt's lymphomas (BL), as well as 21 negative control samples. In all samples, hybridization signals of sufficient intensity were obtained. Three different algorithms were used to score the hybridization signals in tissue sections, two of them taking into account the nuclei and their signal distribution indicative of chromosomal break, and one only considering the colocalization or segregation of the signals. In control tissues, these algorithms resulted in cut‐off levels of 9.1%, 1.3%, or 10.0%. In the 15 lymphoma samples the percentages of abnormal cells/signals ranged from 28% to 80%, 13% to 49%, and 40% to 70%, respectively. The results indicate that small locus‐specific probes can be used in FISH for regular detection of translocation breakpoints on routine paraffin tissue sections. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RANK ligand is a prerequisite for cancer‐associated osteolytic lesions
Authors: Kitazawa Sohei , Kitazawa Riko
Published: October 2002

Breast cancer is frequently associated with osteolytic bone metastasis, where osteoclasts play a major role in bone destruction. Recently, osteoclast differentiation factor (RANKL) has been identified as a prerequisite for the formation and maintenance of osteoclasts from haematopoietic precursors. To elucidate the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction in bone‐residing breast cancer, PTHrP‐producing (MCF‐7) and ‐non‐producing (MCF‐7UP) human breast cancer cells were subcutaneously injected into the forehead of nude mice maintained without oestrogen supplement. One, two, and three weeks thereafter, the expression of RANKL and PTHrP mRNA, and osteoclastogenesis were analysed by in situ hybridization and TRAP staining. In MCF‐7 cells, at early stages, spindle‐shaped stromal cells and osteoblasts on the bone surface expressed RANKL, then numerous osteoclasts were induced on the periosteal bone surface. Three weeks after the transplantation, MCF‐7 cancer cells migrated onto the eroded bone surface, where they survived apoptosis. At all stages, RANKL expression was confined to the stromal/osteoblastic cells, whereas PTHrP was confined to the MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. On the other hand, PTHrP was negative in MCF‐7UP cells at all stages, and neither induction of osteoclasts nor infiltrative growth of cancer cells was observed. Moreover, in vitro treatment with PTHrP resulted in increased RANKL mRNA expression and transcription activity in the MC3T3‐E1 mouse osteoblastic cell line. Thus PTHrP induces osteoclastic bone resorption through the transactivation of the RANKL gene on stromal/osteoblastic cells, affording a bone microenvironment conducive to the survival of PTHrP‐producing cancer cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarized distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen is associated with a tight junction molecule in human colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tobioka Hirotoshi , Isomura Hiroshi , Kokai Yasuo , Sawada Norimasa
Published: October 2002

This study we presents a novel anti‐occludin monoclonal antibody that can be used for formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections. The relationships between aberrant localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and abnormalities of tight junctions were studied in human colorectal cancers by this antibody. Abnormalities in the cell surface expression of CEA have been shown to be characteristic of human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer cells that participated in the formation of glandular structures expressed occludin at the apical cell border and CEA was expressed more apically than occludin. Where cancer cells showed solid nests without glandular structures, occludin was completely lost and CEA was demonstrated in a diffuse pattern throughout the cells. These findings suggest that the polarized apical expression of CEA in neoplastic glandular structures depends on the expression of occludin and the fence function of tight junctions. During tumour progression, loss of occludin may lead to the loss of membrane polarity and the non‐polarized expression of CEA. The antibody described provides a powerful tool for the study of tight junctions in surgically resected human tissue. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amplification of the androgen receptor gene in bone metastases from hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Brown R. S. D. , Edwards J. , Dogan A. , Payne H. , Harland S. J. , Bartlett J. M. S. , Masters J. R. W.
Published: October 2002

The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of androgen receptor (AR) amplification in metastases to bone and other sites in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) and to compare these findings with those in pretreatment primary tumour samples from the same patients. Tissue from 24 patients with HRPC was available for study, together with 13 primary tumour specimens. AR gene amplification and copy number for X‐chromosome were assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a SpectrumOrange™‐labelled probe at locus Xq11–13 for the AR gene and a SpectrumGreen™‐labelled alpha‐satellite probe for the X‐chromosome (Vysis, UK, Ltd.). A minimum of 20 nuclei were scored in each of three tumour areas by two independent observers. Samples from 18/24 patients with HRPC (12 bone marrow biopsies, three local tumour recurrences, and three lymph nodes) and nine primary tumour specimens were adequate for FISH analysis. Results were expressed as a mean ratio of AR gene copy number : mean X‐chromosome number, with a ratio of greater than 1.5 defined as amplification. AR gene amplification was seen in 9/18 (50%) cases of HRPC and in none of the primary (untreated) tumour specimens (p = 0.0048, Fisher's exact test). For the 12 bone marrow samples, AR gene amplification occurred in 5/12 (38%) cases. Elevated copy number for chromosome X occurred in 3/18 (17%) HRPC and 4/9 (44%) matched primary tumours. This study shows for the first time that AR gene amplification can be demonstrated by FISH in bone metastases from HRPC patients. Because bone marrow biopsies can be obtained from most patients with HRPC, the findings provide a rational basis for the routine selection of patients who may respond more favourably to second‐line anti‐androgen therapy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in prescribed drug doses after market introduction
Authors: Heerdink Eibert R. , Urquhart John , Leufkens Hubert G.
Published: October 2002

Purpose

The establishment of recommended dosing regimens has always been a difficult aspect of drug development. This paper examines the extent to which postmarketing prescribing deviates from initially recommended dosing regimens. We used the World Health Organization's (WHO) periodically updated compilation of the ‘Defined Daily Dose’ (DDD) to reflect prevailing patterns of prescribing in national markets. The aim of this study was to evaluate DDD changes over time (1982–2000) and to identify possible determinants of these changes.

Methods

Data on DDD changes were obtained from the WHO's Oslo Collaborating Centre. We performed a case–control analysis in which we compared drugs with (cases) and without (controls) postmarketing changes in DDD on possible determinants associated with DDD change.

Results

We found 115 instances of a change of DDD in the period 1982–2000 (45 (39.1%) increases and 70 (60.9%) decreases). Antibiotics showed the greatest number of changes in DDD: predominantly increases in the 1980s, while the 1990s were dominated by decreases in DDD of mostly cardiovascular drugs.

Conclusion

Changes in DDD reflect the outcome of a melange of forces, including misconceptions of dose requirements during pre‐market development of drug and postmarketing changes in pharmacotherapeutic knowledge, clinical concepts, economic forces, and, in the case of anti‐infective agents, changing patterns of resistance/sensitivity of target microorganisms to the anti‐infective agent(s) in question. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender differences in self‐estimated intelligence and their relation to gender‐role orientation
Authors: Rammstedt Beatrice , Rammsayer Thomas H.
Published: October 2002

Previous research has demonstrated that gender differences in self‐estimated intelligence are domain specific: Males estimate their mathematical, logical and spatial abilities significantly higher than females. It has been frequently hypothesized that these differences are moderated by the individual's degree of gender‐role orientation. However, studies investigating the effect of gender‐role orientation on self‐estimated intelligence revealed highly inconsistent results. In the present study, 267 participants estimated their own abilities in 11 intelligence domains and completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Factor analysis of the 11 intelligence domains yielded four interpretable factors. Gender differences were identified for the mathematical–logical and the artistic intelligence factor. Additional analyses revealed a moderating effect of gender‐role orientation on gender differences in factor scores. Thus, the present study provided direct evidence for the notion that in male, but not in female individuals, self‐estimates of specific aspects of intelligence are markedly influenced by gender‐role orientation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of dicarboxylate oligosaccharide multilayer terminal functionality upon poly(lysine) dendrimer scaffolding
Authors: Baigude Huricha , Katsuraya Kaname , Okuyama Kousaku , Yachi Yoshihide , Sato Shoma , Uryu Toshiyuki
Published: October 2002

A reactive three‐layered dendrimer containing carboxyl groups was synthesized by the coupling of dicarboxylic acid and a highly reactive, two‐layered glycopeptide dendrimer. Lactose, maltose, or maltotriose was reacted with the poly(lysine) dendrimer in its third and fourth generations by reductive amination and afforded two‐layered glycolysine dendrimers. The reaction was conducted in a borate buffer (pH 9.0). 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analyses were applied for the determination of the structures of the products. When an excess amount of the oligosaccharide and a long reaction time were used, the degree of substitution increased to 1.5–2.0 against an amino group. For the preparation of highly reactive, multilayered dendrimers for an antigen carrier, C6 hydroxy groups of the oligosaccharides were selectively esterified by adipic acid and suberic acid to give 6‐O‐adipoyl oligosaccharide–poly(lysine) dendrimers and 6‐O‐suberoyl oligosaccharide–poly(lysine) dendrimers. The reactivity of these multilayered dendrimers was examined by a model reaction with phenylalanine ethyl ester. The dendrimer showed high reactivity, providing phenylalanine ethyl ester–dicarboxylate oligosaccharide–poly(lysine) dendrimers with a considerably high proportion of phenylalanine residues. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3622–3633, 2002
Ionic organic/inorganic materials. I. Novel cationic siloxane copolymers containing quaternary ammonium salt groups in the backbone
Authors: Dragan Stela , Cazacu Maria , Toth Andras
Published: October 2002

The synthesis and characterization of some novel cationic siloxanes copolymers containing quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) groups in the backbone is reported in this article. One cationic oligomer having QAS in the backbone and reactive groups like 2,3‐epoxypropyl and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐chloropropyl (RCO) as well as 1,3‐bis(3‐aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane or α,ω‐bis(3‐aminopropyl)oligodimethylsiloxane (AP) were used as precursors for this goal. Elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the obtained copolymers. The thermal stability of the cationic siloxane copolymer increased when the siloxane oligomer having a high number of siloxane units in the chain (AP) was used as a precursor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3570–3578, 2002
Liquid‐crystalline thermosets from mesogenic dimeric epoxy resins by tertiary amine catalysis
Authors: Ribera D. , Mantecón A. , Serra A.
Published: October 2002

Liquid‐crystalline thermosets (LCTs) were prepared by the curing of difunctional liquid‐crystalline dimeric epoxy monomers with imine moieties in the mesogenic core and central spacers of different lengths. Tertiary amines were used as catalysts in different proportions. The locked mesophases of the LCTs were characterized by polarized optical microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and identified as smectic‐C, regardless of their smectic‐A or smectic‐C initial state. The influence of a 7.1‐T magnetic field on the macroscopic orientation of these materials was studied by dynamic mechanical analysis, and the orientation parameter was determined by IR dichroism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3916–3926, 2002
Synthesis of new graft copolymers containing polyisobutylene by a combination of the 1,1‐diphenylethylene technique and cationic polymerization
Authors: Schäfer Marcus , Wieland Philipp C. , Nuyken Oskar
Published: October 2002

The synthesis of macroinitiators for the cationic polymerization of isobutylene via radical polymerization is presented. The 1,1‐diphenylethylene system was used to obtain macroinitiators consisting of 4‐chloromethylstyrene and methyl methacrylate units. The resulting polymers were used for the cationic polymerization of isobutylene, yielding graft copolymers that were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and NMR. The dependence of the molar mass and polydispersity on the temperature and monomer concentration was studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3725–3733, 2002
Melt grafting of N‐carbamyl maleamic acid onto linear low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Ciolino Andrés E. , Failla Marcelo D. , Vallés Enrique M.
Published: October 2002

The grafting of N‐carbamyl maleamic acid (NCMA) onto linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) was carried out with different concentrations of 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐di(tert‐butylperoxy) hexane (DBPH) as an initiator. The modification process was performed in the molten state with a Brabender mixer. All the materials were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and melt rheology. The analysis of the FTIR spectra indicated that the grafting efficiency increased with the concentration of both NCMA and DBPH. The calorimetric experiments showed that the modification process did not noticeably alter the enthalpy of fusion of LLDPE, whereas the melting temperature of the modified polymers was slightly lower than that corresponding to the original LLDPE. The rheological response of the molten polymers, determined under dynamic shear flow at small‐amplitude oscillations, indicated that the modification process induced crosslinking of the chains. Both the dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus of the modified LLDPE increased with the concentration of NCMA and DBPH, showing that larger molecules were generated during the modification process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3950–3958, 2002
Reaction kinetics and gel effect on the polymerization of 2‐ethoxyethyl methacrylate and 2(2‐ethoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate
Authors: García F. , García J. M. , Rubio F. , de la Peña J. L. , Guzmán J. , Riande E.
Published: October 2002

Polymerization kinetics at several temperatures of 2‐ethoxyethyl methacrylate (EEMA) and 2(2‐ethoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate (DEMA) in bulk and in dioxane solutions are described. The gel effect was never detected at monomer concentrations equal to or lower than 1 mol L−1, although in the bulk polymerization both monomers display the gel effect at very low conversions. Because of the influence of the efficiency factor f on the polymerization rate, a theoretical kinetic interpretation of the changes in f with monomer and initiator concentrations and kinetic parameters was performed to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in radical polymerization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3987–4001, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of poly(benzobisthiazole)s derived from halogenated phthalic acid and isophthalic acid
Authors: Saxena Roli , Kandpal L. D. , Mathur G. N.
Published: October 2002

Poly(benzobisthiazole)s containing tetrafluorophenyl and bromophenyl moieties were synthesized via the polycondensation of 2,5‐diamino‐1,4‐benzenedithiol dihydrochloride with tetrafluorophthalic acid and 4‐bromoisophthalic acid under a nitrogen atmosphere. The polymers were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, spectroscopy (infrared and solid‐state 13C NMR), and thermal analysis, including differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of the polymers was 490–515 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The synthesized polymers showed good solubility in organic solvents. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3959–3966, 2002
Morphological study on diffusion‐limited aggregates of poly(ethylene oxide) on alkali halides
Authors: Kurimoto Ryota , Kawaguchi Akiyoshi
Published: October 2002

When poly(ethylene oxide) was crystallized on a fresh cleavage surface of alkali halides from solution in isoamyl acetate, diffusion‐limited‐aggregate dendrites were formed. Their patterns varied, depending on the kind of substrate on which the poly(ethylene oxide) crystallized: On a KCl substrate, rather ordered dendrites grew with fibrillar crystallites aligning roughly in the 〈110〉KCl direction, and coarse dendritic clusters formed on NaCl and KBr during the initial stage of their growth. The dendrites grew and matured to sheet the whole surface of alkali halides with a uniform thickness, and subsequently, tetragonal lamellae formed on it through the spiral growth mechanism or the primary nucleation process. Tetragonal lamellar crystals grew with their diagonals parallel to fibrillar crystallites of dendrites. Their orientation did not result from direct, epitaxial contact with the alkali halide substrate but depended on the fibrillar orientation of the underlying sheeted layer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2421–2430, 2002
Causes and consequences of rapid thermokarst development in permafrost or glacial terrain
Authors: Harris Stuart A.
Published: October 2002

Comparison of the temperatures at 50 cm depth in Fox Lake, Yukon Territory, with those at 10 cm depth in the soil on an adjacent lithalsa indicates that water absorbs between five and seven times as much solar energy as the soil on an annual basis. This is partly due to the differences in thermal properties between ice, water, soil and rock, but is also due to the water being translucent, and absorbing solar energy through a much thicker layer. Movements of water also help in the process. In winter, the soil cools down to −16°C whereas the lake ice remains warmer than −3°C. This is the reason that a thaw pond, once formed, will go on enlarging in icy materials until it runs out of ground ice or intersects a drainage way. Since thermokarst can be initiated by a variety of different agencies, a single occurrence cannot be used as a proof of climatic change. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of recent frozen soil engineering in permafrost regions along Qinghai‐Tibet Highway, China
Authors: Qingbai Wu , Yongzhi Liu , Jianming Zhang , Changjiang Tong
Published: October 2002

The nature of frozen soil research along the Qinghai‐Tibet Highway between 1993 and 2000 is systemically reviewed. Recent studies involve the engineering geology of frozen soil, the study of ground temperatures under the roadbed and the influence of the frozen soil environment, the engineering classification of frozen soils, and the use of geographical information systems. This research will materially assist in the construction of the Qinghai‐Tibet Railway. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation complicated by esophageal duplication cyst in a 6‐month‐old girl
Authors: Hasegawa Shunji , Koga Mayumi , Matsubara Tomoyo , Oga Atsunori , Furukawa Susumu
Published: October 2002

We report a case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) complicated by an esophageal duplication cyst in a 6‐month‐old girl. The patient presented with recurrent pneumonia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed two cystic lesions in the upper and lower lobes of the right lung. After cystectomy, histopathological investigation revealed that the lower cyst was a CCAM Type I, and the upper cyst was an esophageal duplication cyst.

The coexistence of these complex anomalies supports the concept that the esophageal duplication cyst is one entity of a broad spectrum of developmental abnormalities caused by abnormal budding of the primitive foregut. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:398–401. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual case of stridor and wheeze in an infant: Tracheal bronchogenic cyst
Authors: Stewart Barbara , Cochran Amalia , Iglesia Kim , Speights V.O. , Ruff Tibor
Published: October 2002

Bronchogenic cysts are congenital anomalies that represent aberrant development of the foregut. Bronchogenic cysts in the mediastinum have been documented in both children and adults, but only one case of tracheal bronchogenic cyst in an infant was found in the literature. We report on a case of an infant with wheeze, stridor, and retractions, caused by a midtracheal bronchogenic cyst. This entity, with its unusual location, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress, cyanotic spells, wheezing, and stridor in infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:320–323. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Readmission with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among graduates from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: McCormick Jonathan , Tubman Richard
Published: October 2002

We evaluated the incidence of readmission with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among the graduates of a regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and characterized those who were rehospitalized. These data were used as a predictive tool to estimate the number of babies likely to suffer readmission with RSV for the year 2000 cohort. Using the published efficacies of palivizumab, the costs and benefits of protecting this cohort were assessed. Retrospective analysis of 2,507 NICU inpatient records from January 1, 1994–December 31, 1999 from the Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, were compared with data on positive RSV samples from 1,790 patients between January 1, 1995–December 31, 1999 from the Northern Ireland Regional Virus Laboratory.

The analysis yielded 136 (7.6%) ex‐NICU patients among the positive RSV samples over this 5‐year period. Characteristic seasonal peaks of RSV infection with interseasonal variability were observed. Of those readmitted, 86.9% were hospitalized with RSV before their first birthday. A calculated readmission rate of 5.4% for all NICU graduates, and 6.4% for those ≤35 weeks, was found, leading to an expectation of 36 readmissions from the 668 NICU graduates in the year 2000 over the next 1–2 years, 20 of whom would be ≤35 weeks and 12 would be ≤32 weeks. A cost of £1.3 million would be required to protect the ≤35‐week year 2000 cohort and prevent 11 readmissions. This equals £120,000 per admission prevented, or 28.2 patients treated to prevent 1 readmission. A readmission rate of 6.4% may differ from other studies, as it represents analysis of a greater number of RSV seasons. Using economic arguments alone, the cost of routine administration of Palivizumab to ex‐NICU ≤35‐week infants is prohibitive. A selective practice of immunizing those with chronic lung disease with a background of extreme prematurity over the November to March RSV season may be more cost‐effective. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:262–266. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Objective monitoring of cough in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hamutcu Refika , Francis Jackie , Karakoc Fazilet , Bush Andrew
Published: October 2002

Increased cough frequency is a common symptom associated with infective pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF), but subjective assessment of cough is very unreliable. The aims of this study were: 1) to validate a modification of our previously described ambulatory cough recording device (LR 100); 2) to determine how accurately children with CF assess levels of cough; and 3) to assess the change in cough in children with CF when treated with intravenous antibiotics for a respiratory exacerbation, and whether the children themselves were able accurately to perceive any change.

Fourteen CF children (aged 13.6 ± 2.6 years) were included in the study. All 14 children were simultaneously recorded with the LR 100 cough recorder and a conventional tape recorder during a chest physiotherapy session on the first or second day of admission for an infective exacerbation diagnosed by standard criteria. The difference between the two was an underestimate of 0.5 epoch/session by the tape recorder. Ten children were recorded on admission with the LR 100 cough recorder for a complete cycle (17 hr and 40 min), and we also assessed their day and night‐time cough with cough scores and visual analogue scores (VAS). In 8 of these children, the same assessments were repeated on discharge. There was no significant correlation between any of the admission or discharge cough scores, daytime or night‐time cough scores, and daytime or night‐time VAS scores, with the actual number of coughs recorded on the LR 100 cough recorder. For the 8 children who had cough monitoring on admission and on discharge, there was no significant improvement in daytime or night‐time cough scores or VAS on discharge, despite significant improvements in spirometry. There was also no significant improvement on daytime and night‐time cough counts with the cough monitor on discharge, and no significant correlation with changes in lung function. There were weak correlations only between change in daytime VAS scores and change in forced expired volume in 1 sec (r = −0.794, P = 0.019) and forced vital capacity (r = −0.723, P = 0.04).

In conclusion, we describe a reliable and well‐tolerated method for obtaining cough counts objectively. The use of this objective method showed that CF children did not assess their cough frequency well. In addition, treatment of respiratory exacerbation improved neither subjective nor objective measures of cough in CF children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:331–335. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.