bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Low Profile Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cavity Backed Antennas
Authors: Luo Guo Qing , Wang Tian Yang , Zhang Xiao Hong
Published: November 2013

Low profile cavity backed antennas (CBA) based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology presented in published papers have been reviewed in this paper. Their operating mechanisms have been discussed and methods for improving the performance, such as bandwidth enhancement, size reduction, and gain improvement, have been presented. These novel antennas retain the advantage of conventional metallic cavity backed antenna, including high gain, high front-to-back ratio, and low cross polarization level, and also keep the advantages of planar antenna including low profile, light weight, low fabrication cost, and easy integration with planar circuit.
Electroencephalography Signal Grouping and Feature Classification Using Harmony Search for BCI
Authors: Lee Tae-Ju , Park Seung-Min , Sim Kwee-Bo
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a heuristic method for electroencephalography (EEG) grouping and feature classification using harmony search (HS) for improving the accuracy of the brain-computer interface (BCI) system. EEG, a noninvasive BCI method, uses many electrodes on the scalp, and a large number of electrodes make the resulting analysis difficult. In addition, traditional EEG analysis cannot handle multiple stimuli. On the other hand, the classification method using the EEG signal has a low accuracy. To solve these problems, we use a heuristic approach to reduce the complexities in multichannel problems and classification. In this study, we build a group of stimuli using the HS algorithm. Then, the features from common spatial patterns are classified by the HS classifier. To confirm the proposed method, we perform experiments using 64-channel EEG equipment. The subjects are subjected to three kinds of stimuli: audio, visual, and motion. Each stimulus is applied alone or in combination with the others. The acquired signals are processed by the proposed method. The classification results in an accuracy of approximately 63%. We conclude that the heuristic approach using the HS algorithm on the BCI is beneficial for EEG signal analysis.
The Shared Set and Uniqueness of Meromorphic Functions on Annuli
Authors: Xu Hong Yan , Wu Zhao Jun
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this paper is to deal with the shared set and uniqueness of meromorphic functions on annulus. The set of this paper is different from the set of the paper by Cao and Deng, and our theorems are improvement of the results given by Cao and Deng.
Petrophysical Properties (Density and Magnetization) of Rocks from the Suhbaatar‐Ulaanbaatar‐Dalandzadgad Geophysical Profile in Mongolia and Their Implications
Authors: Yang Tao , Gao Jintian , Gu Zuowen , Dagva Baatarkhuu , Tserenpil Batsaikhan
Published: November 2013

Petrophysical properties of 585 rock samples from the Suhbaatar‐Ulaanbaatar‐Dalandzadgad geophysical profile in Mongolia are presented. Based on the rock classifications and tectonic units, petrophysical parameters (bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, intensity of natural remanent magnetization, and Köenigsberger ratio) of these rocks are summarized. Results indicate that (1) significant density contrast of different rocks would result in variable gravity anomalies along the profile; (2) magnetic susceptibility and natural remanent magnetization of all rocks are variable, covering 5‐6 orders of magnitude, which would make a variable induced magnetization and further links to complex magnetic anomalies in ground surface; (3) the distribution of rocks with different lithologies controls the pattern of lithospheric magnetic anomaly along the profile. The petrophysical database thus provides not only one of the keys to understand the geological history and structure of the profile, but also essential information for analysis and interpretation of the geophysical (e.g., magnetic and gravity) survey data.
Effect of Commercial Cyanobacteria Products on the Growth and Antagonistic Ability of Some Bioagents under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: El-Mougy Nehal S. , Abdel-Kader Mokhtar M.
Published: November 2013

Evaluation of the efficacy of blue-green algal compounds against the growth of either pathogenic or antagonistic microorganisms as well as their effect on the antagonistic ability of bioagents was studied underin vitroconditions. The present study was undertaken to explore the inhibitory effect of commercial algal compounds, Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix, against some soil-borne pathogens. In growth medium supplemented with these algal compounds, the linear growth of pathogenic fungi decreased by increasing tested concentrations of the two algal compounds. Complete reduction in pathogenic fungal growth was observed at 2% of both Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix. Gradual significant reduction in the pathogenic fungal growth was caused by the two bioagents and by increasing the concentrations of algal compounds Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix. The present work showed that commercial algal compounds, Weed-Max and Oligo-Mix, have potential for the suppression of soil-borne fungi and enhance the antagonistic ability of fungal, bacterial, and yeast bio-agents.
The Evolutionary Pattern and the Regulation of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Genes
Authors: Wu Xiaoyun , Zou Xiaoju , Chang Qing , Zhang Yuru , Li Yunhai , Zhang Linqiang , Huang Jingfei , Liang Bin
Published: November 2013

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a key enzyme that converts saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the biosynthesis of fat. To date, two isoforms ofscdgene (scd1andscd5) have been found widely existent in most of the vertebrate animals. However, the evolutionary patterns of both isofoms and the function ofscd5are poorly understandable. Herein, we aim to characterize the evolutionary pattern ofscdgenes and further predict the function differentiation ofscdgenes. The sequences ofscdgenes were highly conserved among eukaryote. Phylogenetic analysis identified two duplications ofscdgene early in vertebrate evolution. The relative rate ratio test, branch-specificdN/dSratio tests, and branch-sitedN/dSratio tests all suggested that thescdgenes were evolved at a similar rate. The evolution ofscdgenes among eukaryote was under strictly purifying selection though several sites inscd1andscd5were undergone a relaxed selection pressure. The variable binding sites by transcriptional factors at the 5′-UTR and by miRNAs at 3′-UTR ofscdgenes suggested that the regulators ofscd5may be different from that ofscd1. This study promotes our understanding of the evolutionary patterns and function of SCD genes in eukaryote.
Fast TiO2Sensitization Using the Semisquaric Acid as Anchoring Group
Authors: Pugliese D. , Shahzad N. , Sacco A. , Musso G. , Lamberti A. , Caputo G. , Tresso E. , Bianco S. , Pirri C. F.
Published: November 2013

Metal-free dye molecules for dye-sensitized solar cells application can avoid some of the typical drawbacks of common metal-based sensitizers, that are high production costs, relatively low molar extinction coefficient in the visible region, limited availability of precursors, and waste disposal issues. Recently we have proposed an innovative organic dye based on a simple hemi-squaraine molecule (CT1). In the present work, the effect of the sensitization time of the TiO2photoelectrode in the dye solution is studied with the aim of optimizing the performance of CT1-based DSCs. Moreover, the addition of the chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) as coadsorbent in the dye solution at different concentrations is investigated. Both CT1-sensitized mesoporous TiO2photoanodes and complete solar cells have been fully characterized in their electrical and absorption properties. We have found that the best photoconversion performances are obtained with 1 hour of impregnation time and a 1 mM CDCA concentration. The very fast kinetics in dye adsorption, with optimal sensitization steps almost 15 times faster than conventional Ru-based sensitizers, confirms the theoretical predictions and indicates a strong interaction of the semisquaric acid group with the anatase surface. This result suggests that this small molecule can be a promising sensitizer even in a continuous industrial process.
Study on Nonlinear Phenomena in Buck-Boost Converter with Switched-Inductor Structure
Authors: Liu Hongchen , Yang Shuang
Published: November 2013

The switched-inductor structure can be inserted into a traditional Buck-Boost converter to get a high voltage conversion ratio. Nonlinear phenomena may occur in this new converter, which might well lead the system to be unstable. In this paper, a discrete iterated mapping model is established when the new Buck-Boost converter is working at continuous conduction current-controlled mode. On the basis of the discrete model, the bifurcation diagrams and Poincare sections are drawn and then used to analyze the effects of the circuit parameters on the performances. It can be seen clearly that various kinds of nonlinear phenomena are easy to occur in this new converter, including period-doubling bifurcation, border collision bifurcation, tangent bifurcation, and intermittent chaos. Value range of the circuit parameters that may cause bifurcations and chaos are also discussed. Finally, the time-domain waveforms, phase portraits, and power spectrum are obtained by using Matlab/Simulink, which validates the theoretical analysis results.
The Partitioned Mixed Model of Finite Element Method and Interface Stress Element Method with Arbitrary Shape of Discrete Block Element
Authors: Qing Zhang , Jiashou Zhuo , Xiaozhou Xia
Published: November 2013

Based on the model of rigid-spring element suitable for homogeneous elastic problem, which was developed by Japanese professor Kawai, the interface stress element model (ISEM) for solving the problem of discontinuous media mechanics has been established. Compared with the traditional finite element method (FEM), the ISEM is more accurate and applicable. But the total number of freedom degree of ISEM in dealing with three-dimensional problems is higher than that of FEM, which often brings about the reduction on efficiency of calculation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a mixed model by gathering the advantages of ISEM and FEM together. By making use of the good compatibility of ISEM and introducing the concept of transitional interface element, this paper combines ISEM and FEM and proposes a mixed model of ISEM-FEM which can solve, to a large extent, the contradictions between accuracy and efficiency of calculation. In addition, using natural coordinate, algorithm of ISEM for block elements of arbitrary shape has been performed. Numerical examples show that the method proposed in this paper is feasible and its accuracy is satisfactory.
An Elucidation of Neutrophil Functions againstMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection
Authors: Morris Devin , Nguyen Thien , Kim John , Kassissa Christine , Khurasany Melissa , Luong Jennifer , Kasko Sarah , Pandya Shalin , Chu Michael , Chi Po-Ting , Ly Judy , Lagman Minette , Venketaraman Vishwanath
Published: November 2013

We characterized the functions of neutrophils in response toMycobacterium tuberculosis(M. tb) infection, with particular reference to glutathione (GSH). We examined the effects of GSH in improving the ability of neutrophils to control intracellularM. tbinfection. Our findings indicate that increasing the intracellular levels of GSH with a liposomal formulation of GSH (L-GSH) resulted in reduction in the levels of free radicals and increased acidification ofM. tbcontaining phagosomes leading to the inhibition in the growth ofM. tb. This inhibitory mechanism is dependent on the presence of TNF-αand IL-6. Our studies demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism adapted by the neutrophils to controlM. tbinfection.
The Mitigating Effect of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Fruit Extract against Genotoxicity Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Shokrzadeh Mohammad , Chabra Aroona , Naghshvar Farshad , Ahmadi Amirhossein
Published: November 2013

Possible genoprotective effect of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) (CCT) fruits extract against cyclophosphamide‐ (CP‐)induced DNA damage in mice bone marrow cells was evaluated using micronucleus assay, as an index of induced chromosomal damage. Mice were preadministered with different doses of CCT via intraperitoneal injection for 7 consecutive days followed by injection with CP (70 mg/kg b.w.) 1 hr after the last injection of CCT. After 24 hr, mice were scarified to evaluate the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs). In addition, the number of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) among 1000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) per animal was recorded to evaluate bone marrow. Pretreatment with CCT significantly reduced the number of MnPCEs induced by CP in bone marrow cells (P < 0.0001). At 200 mg/kg, CCT had a maximum chemoprotective effect and reduced the number of MnPCEs by 6.37‐fold and completely normalized the mitotic activity. CCT also led to marked proliferation and hypercellularity of immature myeloid elements after mice were treated with CP and mitigated the bone marrow suppression. Our study revealed that CCT has an antigenotoxic effect against CP‐induced oxidative DNA damage in mice. Therefore, it could be used concomitantly as a supplement to protect people undergoing chemotherapy.
Signalling in Neutrophils: A Retro Look
Authors: Naccache Paul H.
Published: November 2013

This review presents a summary of signalling events related to the activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by a variety of soluble and particulate agonists. It is not intended as a comprehensive review of this vast field or as a presentation of the multiple new aspects of neutrophil functions that are being documented at an ever faster rate. Its aim is rather to focus on multiple aspects of major signalling pathways that, in the view of this reviewer, are currently shadowed by present trends and to provide the core evidence for their implication and the limitations of our present knowledge. More specifically, this review starts with cell surface receptors and some of their functional and biological properties and then moves on to downstream transducers (G proteins) and effectors (the phosphoinositide, tyrosine kinases, and cyclic nucleotide pathways). Classical second messengers (calcium, protein kinase C, polyphosphoinositides, and cyclic nucleotides) are emphasized. It is hoped that this presentation will not only remind present-day investigators of the central role these pathways play in the regulation of the functional responsiveness of neutrophils, but that it will also highlight some of the areas deserving additional investigation.
Activation of the FGFR–STAT3 Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells Induces a Hyaluronan-Rich Microenvironment That Licenses Tumor Formation
Authors: Bohrer Laura R. , Chuntova Pavlina , Bade Lindsey K. , Beadnell Thomas C. , Leon Ronald P. , Brady Nicholas J. , Ryu Yungil , Goldberg Jodi E. , Schmechel Stephen C. , Koopmeiners Joseph S. , McCarthy James B. , Schwertfeger Kathryn L.
Published: November 2013

Aberrant activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) contributes to breast cancer growth, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Because of the complex nature of the FGF/FGFR axis, and the numerous effects of FGFR activation on tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment, the specific mechanisms through which aberrant FGFR activity contributes to breast cancer are not completely understood. We show here that FGFR activation induces accumulation of hyaluronan within the extracellular matrix and that blocking hyaluronan synthesis decreases proliferation, migration, and therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, FGFR-mediated hyaluronan accumulation requires activation of the STAT3 pathway, which regulates expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and subsequent hyaluronan synthesis. Using a novel in vivo model of FGFR-dependent tumor growth, we demonstrate that STAT3 inhibition decreases both FGFR-driven tumor growth and hyaluronan levels within the tumor. Finally, our results suggest that combinatorial therapies inhibiting both FGFR activity and hyaluronan synthesis is more effective than targeting either pathway alone and may be a relevant therapeutic approach for breast cancers associated with high levels of FGFR activity. In conclusion, these studies indicate a novel targetable mechanism through which FGFR activation in breast cancer cells induces a protumorigenic microenvironment. Cancer Res; 74(1); 374–86. ©2013 AACR.
Tumor Suppressive Effects of Bromodomain-Containing Protein 7 (BRD7) in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Park Young-Ae , Lee Jeong-Won , Kim Hye-Sun , Lee Yoo-Young , Kim Tae-Joong , Choi Chel Hun , Choi Jung-Joo , Jeon Hye-Kyung , Cho Young Jae , Ryu Ji Yoon , Kim Byoung-Gie , Bae Duk-Soo
Published: November 2013

Purpose: Bromodomain-containing protein 7 (BRD7), which is a subunit of SWI/SNF complex, has been recently suggested as a novel tumor suppressor in several cancers. In this study, we investigated the tumor suppressive effect of BRD7 in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Experimental Design: We analyzed the expression of BRD7 in human ovarian tissues with real-time PCR. To investigate the functional role of BRD7, we transfected ovarian cancer cells (A2780 and SKOV3) with BRD7 plasmid and checked the cell viability, apoptosis, and invasion. The activities of BRD7 in the signaling pathways associated with carcinogenesis were also tested. In addition, we used the orthotopic mouse model for ovarian cancer to evaluate tumor growth-inhibiting effect by administration of BRD7 plasmid.

Results: The BRD7 expression was downregulated in the ovarian cancer tissues compared with normal (P < 0.05), high-grade serous cancer exhibited significantly decreased expression of BRD7 compared with low-grade (P < 0.01) serous cancer. Transfection of BRD7 plasmid to A2780 (p53-wild) or SKOV3 (p53-null) ovarian cancer cells showed the tumor suppressive effects assessed by cell viability, apoptosis, and invasion assay and especially significantly decreased tumor weight in orthotopic mouse model (A2780). Moreover, we found that tumor suppressive effects of BRD7 are independent to the presence of p53 activity in ovarian cancer cells. BRD7 negatively regulated β-catenin pathway, resulting in decreased its accumulation in the nucleus.

Conclusions: These results suggested that BRD7 acts as a tumor suppressor in epithelial ovarian cancers independently of p53 activity, via negative regulation of β-catenin pathway. Clin Cancer Res; 20(3); 565–75. ©2013 AACR.
Combining Antibody-Directed Presentation of IL-15 and 4-1BBL in a Trifunctional Fusion Protein for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Kermer Vanessa , Hornig Nora , Harder Markus , Bondarieva Anastasiia , Kontermann Roland E. , Müller Dafne
Published: November 2013

Influencing the cytokine receptor network that modulates the immune response holds great potential for cancer immunotherapy. Although encouraging results have been obtained by focusing on individual members of the common γ-chain (γc) receptor family and TNF receptor superfamily so far, combination strategies might be required to further improve the effectiveness of the antitumor response. Here, we propose the combination of interleukin (IL)-15 and 4-1BBL in a single, tumor-directed molecule. Therefore, a trifunctional antibody fusion protein was generated, composed of a tumor-specific recombinant antibody, IL-15 linked to a fragment of the IL-15Rα chain (RD) and the extracellular domain of 4-1BBL. In soluble and targeted forms, the trifunctional antibody fusion protein RD_IL-15_scFv_4-1BBL was shown to stimulate activated T-cell proliferation and induce T-cell cytotoxicity to a similar degree as the bifunctional scFv_RD_IL-15 fusion protein. On the other hand, in targeted form, the trifunctional fusion protein was much more effective in inducing T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ release of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Here, the additional signal enhancement could be attributed to the costimulatory activity of 4-1BBL, indicating a clear benefit for the simultaneous presentation of IL-15 and 4-1BBL in one molecule. Furthermore, the trifunctional antibody fusion protein was more effective than the corresponding bifunctional fusion proteins in reducing metastases in a tumor mouse model in vivo. Hence, the targeted combination of IL-15 and 4-BBL in the form of a trifunctional antibody-fusion protein is a promising new approach for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(1); 112–21. ©2013 AACR.
The SmgGDS Splice Variant SmgGDS-558 Is a Key Promoter of Tumor Growth and RhoA Signaling in Breast Cancer
Authors: Hauser Andrew D. , Bergom Carmen , Schuld Nathan J. , Chen Xiuxu , Lorimer Ellen L. , Huang Jian , Mackinnon Alexander C. , Williams Carol L.
Published: November 2013

Breast cancer malignancy is promoted by the small GTPases RhoA and RhoC. SmgGDS is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates RhoA and RhoC in vitro. We previously reported that two splice variants of SmgGDS, SmgGDS-607, and SmgGDS-558, have different characteristics in binding and transport of small GTPases. To define the role of SmgGDS in breast cancer, we tested the expression of SmgGDS in breast tumors, and the role of each splice variant in proliferation, tumor growth, Rho activation, and NF-κB transcriptional activity in breast cancer cells. We show upregulated SmgGDS protein expression in breast cancer samples compared with normal breast tissue. In addition, Kaplan–Meier survival curves indicated that patients with high SmgGDS expression in their tumors had worse clinical outcomes. Knockdown of SmgGDS-558, but not SmgGDS-607, in breast cancer cells decreased proliferation, in vivo tumor growth, and RhoA activity. Furthermore, we found that SmgGDS promoted a Rho-dependent activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which provides a potential mechanism to define how SmgGDS-mediated activation of RhoA promotes breast cancer. This study demonstrates that elevated SmgGDS expression in breast tumors correlates with poor survival, and that SmgGDS-558 plays a functional role in breast cancer malignancy. Taken together, these findings define SmgGDS-558 as a unique promoter of RhoA and NF-κB activity and a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Implications: This study defines a new mechanism to regulate the activities of RhoA and NF-κB in breast cancer cells, and identifies SmgGDS-558 as a novel promoter of breast cancer malignancy. Mol Cancer Res; 12(1); 130–42. ©2013 AACR.
Mitotic Arrest by Tumor Suppressor RASSF1A Is Regulated via CHK1 Phosphorylation
Authors: Jiang Lingyan , Rong Rong , Sheikh M. Saeed , Huang Ying
Published: November 2013

The tumor suppressor RAS-association domain family 1 isoform A (RASSF1A) is known to play an important role in cell-cycle regulation. However, the molecular details about RASSF1A protein regulation are unclear. In this report, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is identified as a novel RASSF1A kinase that phosphorylates RASSF1A in vitro and under cellular conditions. Using tandem mass spectrometry and biochemical analysis, it was determined that CHK1 phosphorylates RASSF1A on Serine 184, which has been shown to be mutated in a subset of human primary nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Furthermore, Serine 184 phosphorylation of RASSF1A was significantly diminished by a CHK1-specific kinase inhibitor. Similarly, a kinase-dead CHK1 mutant was unable to phosphorylate Serine 184 whereas constitutively active-CHK1 enhanced phosphorylation. Molecular substitution of Serine 184 with aspartic acid, mimicking phosphorylation, abolished the ability of RASSF1A to interact with microtubules and induce M-phase arrest. Combined, these data indicate that phosphorylation of RASSF1A by CHK1 is important for mitotic regulation and provide valuable new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of RASSF1A function.

Implications: This study reveals that CHK1-mediated phosphorylation of RASSF1A, at Serine 184, plays an important role in cell-cycle regulation and highlights that mutation of this CHK1 phosphorylation site in nasopharyngeal carcinoma has disease relevance. Mol Cancer Res; 12(1); 119–29. ©2013 AACR.
Androgen Receptor Signaling Fuels DNA Repair and Radioresistance in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Bartek Jiri , Mistrik Martin , Bartkova Jirina
Published: November 2013

Summary: Successful treatment by genotoxic modalities including radiotherapy is commonly hampered by treatment resistance in advanced cancers. Two new studies now reveal that androgen receptor signaling transcriptionally upregulates a large subset of DNA repair genes, thereby enhancing the repair capacity and promoting radioresistance of prostate cancer. These results provide a mechanistic rationale for a combined treatment by ionizing radiation and androgen deprivation therapy. Cancer Discov; 3(11); 1222–4. ©2013 AACR.

See related article by Polkinghorn et al., p. 1245

See related article by Goodwin et al., p. 1254
The Human Microbiome and Probiotics: Implications for Pediatrics
Authors: Versalovic James
Published: November 2013

Steady advances in our knowledge of the composition and function of the human microbiome at multiple body sites including the gut, skin and airways will likely contribute to our understanding of mechanisms of probiotic action by beneficial microbes. Microbe:microbe and microbe:human interactions are important considerations as we select probiotics for pediatric patients in the future. Although our knowledge about the composition of the microbiome is progressing rapidly, many gaps exist about the functional capacity and metabolic machinery of the human microbiome. Based on a limited amount of data, probiotics appear capable of altering the composition and function of the microbiome. Probiotics may be part of dietary strategies that combine ways to enhance microbiome function with nutrients that may be converted to active compounds promoting human health. Probiotics have yielded beneficial effects in numerous studies in the context of different diseases in pediatric gastroenterology. These disease states include necrotizing enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, acute gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome. In the skin and airways, it is unclear if probiotics can affect the function of the microbiome to reduce the impact of diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. An enhanced understanding of the effects of probiotics on the microbiome should facilitate selection of optimal probiotic strains for specific diseases in the future.
Initial Intestinal Colonization in the Human Infant and Immune Homeostasis
Authors: Walker W. Allan
Published: November 2013

The paradigm of disease burden in the developed world has changed drastically in the last few decades from predominately infections to immune-mediated diseases (autoimmunity and allergy) because of alterations in the Western lifestyle (improved sanitation, immunizations, antibiotic usage and altered dietary intake). A diverse balanced microbiota is necessary for the development of an appropriate innate and adaptive immune response. There is strong evidence that disruption of the normal colonization process can lead to alterations in the important symbiotic relationship that is necessary for immune homeostasis. For example, infants born by cesarean section or receiving excessive perinatal antibiotics have inadequate initial colonization and aberrant mucosal immune function. As a result, later in childhood, they express an increased incidence in asthma and autoimmune diseases (e.g. celiac disease). An important component of initial colonization is the infant's diet. Breast milk contains a variety of nondigestible oligosaccharides which function as prebiotics preferentially stimulating proliferation of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, important health-promoting bacteria, and cause fermentation of the oligosaccharides into short-chain fatty acids. In the absence of breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, formula containing pre- and probiotics may overcome an initial inadequate colonization process and help establish a normal mucosal immune system.
Trichorionic and Dichorionic Triplet Pregnancies at 10-14 Weeks: Outcome after Embryo Reduction Compared to Expectant Management
Authors: Chaveeva P. , Kosinski P. , Puglia D. , Poon L.C. , Nicolaides K.H.
Published: November 2013

Objective: To compare the outcome of trichorionic triplet (TCT) and dichorionic triplet (DCT) pregnancies managed expectantly and those with embryo reduction (ER) at 10-14 weeks to twins or singletons. Methods: This was a retrospective study of triplet pregnancies with 3 live fetuses managed expectantly or by ER. Data were combined with the results of previous studies that used similar entry criteria and outcome measures. The management options were compared for rates of miscarriage and preterm birth <33 weeks. Results: In TCTs managed expectantly (n = 358), the rates of miscarriage and preterm birth were 3.1 and 35.1%. Compared to the expectantly managed TCTs, the rate of miscarriage was higher and preterm birth lower in TCTs with ER to 2 fetuses (n = 833, 7.3 and 13.1%, respectively) and TCTs with ER to 1 fetus (n = 78, 11.5 and 8.7%). In DCTs managed expectantly (n = 136), the rates of miscarriage and preterm birth were 8.8 and 46.0%. In DCTs with ER to 2 fetuses (n = 15) or ER to 1 fetus (n = 42), there was a non-significant increase in miscarriage (13.3 and 16.7%, respectively) and decrease in preterm birth (23.1 and 8%, respectively). Conclusions: In TCT and DCT pregnancies, ER increases the rate of miscarriage but reduces the rate of preterm birth.
Genital Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus in Monozygotic Twin Women: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Doulaveri Georgeta , Armira Kalliopi , Kouris Anargyros , Karypidis Dimitrios , Potouridou Irene
Published: November 2013

Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is a skin disease of multifactorial etiology which appears in patients with genetic or hormonal predisposition and autoimmune disease. Genetic predisposition is suggested by familial reports of the disease which involve twins, siblings, and mother-daughter/son series. This is a report of the occurrence of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in monozygotic twin women, suggesting that inheritance is of relevance in the etiology of this disease.
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibition reduces intraplaque CXCL1 production and associated neutrophil infiltration in atherosclerotic mice
Authors: da Silva Rafaela F. , Fraga-Silva Rodrigo A. , Steffens Sabine , Fabre Mathias , Bauer Inga , Caffa Irene , Magnone Mirko , Sociali Giovanna , Quercioli Alessandra , Pelli Graziano , Lenglet Sébastien , Galan Katia , Burger Fabienne , Calvo Sara Vázquez , Bertolotto Maria , Bruzzone Santina , Ballestrero Alberto , Patrone Franco , Dallegri Franco , Santos Robson A. S. , Stergiopulos Nikolaos , Mach François , Vuilleumier Nicolas , Montecucco Fabrizio , Nencioni Alessio
Published: November 2013

Pharmacological treatments targeting CXC chemokines and the associated neutrophil activation and recruitment into atherosclerotic plaques hold promise for treating cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, we investigated whether FK866, a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties that we recently found to reduce neutrophil recruitment into the ischaemic myocardium, would exert beneficial effects in a mouse atherosclerosis model. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was induced by carotid cast implantation in ApoE-/- mice that were fed with a Western-type diet. FK866 or vehicle were administrated intraperitoneally from week 8 until week 11 of the diet. Treatment with FK866 reduced neutrophil infiltration and MMP-9 content and increased collagen levels in atherosclerotic plaques compared to vehicle. No effect on other histological parameters, including intraplaque lipids or macrophages, was observed. These findings were associated with a reduction in both systemic and intraplaque CXCL1 levels in FK866-treated mice. In vitro, FK866 did not affect MMP-9 release by neutrophils, but it strongly reduced CXCL1 production by endothelial cells which, in the in vivo model, were identified as a main CXCL1 source at the plaque level. CXCL1 synthesis inhibition by FK866 appears to reflect interference with nuclear factor-κB signalling as shown by reduced p65 nuclear levels in endothelial cells pre-treated with FK866. In conclusion, pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT activity mitigates inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques by reducing CXCL1-mediated activities on neutrophils. These results support further assessments of NAMPT inhibitors for the potential prevention of plaque vulnerability.
A new species of Miroculis Edmunds, 1963 (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae) from northern Brazil
Authors: NETO JAIME DE LIEGE GAMA , HAMADA NEUSA
Published: November 2013

The species of Miroculis Edmunds, 1963 were distributed into four subgenera by Savage & Peters (1983): M. (Miroculis), M. (Yaruma), M. (Atroari) and M. (Ommaethus). These four subgenera occur in Brazil, but of the 10 species recorded from the country, five belong to Miroculis (Miroculis) (Dominguez et al. 2013; Costa & Mariano 2013, Salles et al. 2011). This subgenus is characterized by having the dorsal part of the eyes of the males on a stalks that are longer than wide, with 5 a 20 facets in the longest row (Peters et al., 2008) and is represented by nine species distributed in Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela (Dominguez et al. 2013; Costa & Mariano 2013). In this paper, Miroculis is reported for the first time in the State of Roraima and a new species of Miroculis (Miroculis) is described based on male imagos from Serra Tepequém.
Observations of Temperature, Wind, Cirrus, and Trace Gases in the Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer during the MJO*
Authors: Virts Katrina S. , Wallace John M.
Published: November 2013

Satellite observations of temperature, optically thin cirrus clouds, and trace gases derived from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC), Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are analyzed in combination with Interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) wind and humidity fields in the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL), using the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) as a carrier signal. MJO-related deep convection induces planetary-scale Kelvin and Rossby waves in the stably stratified TTL. Regions of ascent in these waves are associated with anomalously low temperatures, high radiative heating rates, enhanced cirrus occurrence, and high carbon monoxide and low ozone concentrations. Low water vapor mixing ratio anomalies lag the low temperature anomalies by about 1–2 weeks. The anomalies in all fields propagate eastward, circumnavigating the tropical belt over a roughly 40-day interval. Equatorial cross sections reveal that the anomalies tilt eastward with height in the TTL and propagate downward from the lower stratosphere into the upper troposphere.

As MJO-related convection moves into the western Pacific and dissipates, a fast-moving Kelvin wave flanked by Rossby waves propagates eastward across South America and Africa into the western Indian Ocean. The region of equatorial westerly wind anomalies behind the Kelvin wave front lengthens until it encompasses most of the tropics at the 150-hPa level, giving rise to equatorially symmetric, anomalously low zonal-mean temperature and water vapor mixing ratio and enhanced cirrus above about 100 hPa.
Boundary Layer Convergence Induced by Strong Winds across a Midlatitude SST Front*
Authors: Kilpatrick Thomas , Schneider Niklas , Qiu Bo
Published: November 2013

Recent studies indicate that the influence of midlatitude SST fronts extends through the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) into the free atmosphere, with implications for climate variability. To better understand the mechanisms of this ocean-to-atmosphere influence, SST-induced MABL convergence is explored here with the Weather Research and Forecasting mesoscale model in an idealized, dry, two-dimensional configuration, for winds crossing from cold to warm SST and from warm to cold SST.

For strong cross-front winds, O(10 m s−1), changes in the turbulent mixing and MABL depth across the SST front lead to MABL depth-integrated convergence in the cold-to-warm case and depth-integrated divergence in the warm-to-cold case. The turbulent stress divergence term changes over a shorter length scale than the pressure gradient and Coriolis terms, such that the MABL response directly above the SST front is governed by nonrotating, internal boundary layer–like physics, which are consistent with the vertical mixing mechanism. An important consequence is that the increment in the cross-front surface stress diagnoses the vertical motion at the top of the MABL. These physics are at variance with some previously proposed SST frontal MABL models in which pressure adjustments determine the MABL convergence.

The SST-induced MABL convergence results in vertical motion that excites a stationary internal gravity wave in the free atmosphere, analogous to a mountain wave. For a 15 m s−1 cross-front wind, the gravity wave forced by an SST increase of 3°C over 200 km is comparable to that forced by an 80-m change in topography.
Projecting North American Climate over the Next 50 Years: Uncertainty due to Internal Variability*
Authors: Deser Clara , Phillips Adam S. , Alexander Michael A. , Smoliak Brian V.
Published: November 2013

This study highlights the relative importance of internally generated versus externally forced climate trends over the next 50 yr (2010–60) at local and regional scales over North America in two global coupled model ensembles. Both ensembles contain large numbers of integrations (17 and 40): each of which is subject to identical anthropogenic radiative forcing (e.g., greenhouse gas increase) but begins from a slightly different initial atmospheric state. Thus, the diversity of projected climate trends within each model ensemble is due solely to intrinsic, unpredictable variability of the climate system. Both model ensembles show that natural climate variability superimposed upon forced climate change will result in a range of possible future trends for surface air temperature and precipitation over the next 50 yr. Precipitation trends are particularly subject to uncertainty as a result of internal variability, with signal-to-noise ratios less than 2. Intrinsic atmospheric circulation variability is mainly responsible for the spread in future climate trends, imparting regional coherence to the internally driven air temperature and precipitation trends. The results underscore the importance of conducting a large number of climate change projections with a given model, as each realization will contain a different superposition of unforced and forced trends. Such initial-condition ensembles are also needed to determine the anthropogenic climate response at local and regional scales and provide a new perspective on how to usefully compare climate change projections across models.
Anisotropic Lagrangian Dispersion in Rotating Flows with a β Effect
Authors: Espa Stefania , Lacorata Guglielmo , Di Nitto Gabriella
Published: November 2013

A detailed analysis of Lagrangian tracer dispersion is performed on datasets obtained from laboratory experiments that simulate rotating turbulence in the presence of a β effect. Compatible with the limitations of the experimental apparatus, a relatively wide range of the zonostrophy index Rβ, a parameter used to characterize flow regimes in β-plane turbulence, is explored. The considered range spans from values ~O(10−1), for which the flow is nearly isotropic, to values ~O(1), corresponding to the so-called transitional range in which the flow gradually leaves the friction-dominated regime to enter the full zonostrophic regime. The degree of anistropy and the characteristic scales of the flow have been estimated by means of a Lagrangian approach based on the reconstruction of tracer trajectories and on the measure of the finite-scale Lyapunov exponents (FSLE). The FSLE analysis allows one to identify the regimes of two-particle dispersion and to relate them to the physical parameters of the system. Moreover, a Lagrangian anisotropy index (LAI) is introduced and defined in terms of the FSLE zonal and radial components, in order to describe the onset of anisotropy and to check if it is consistent with the theoretical predictions. It is remarkable that the finite-scale dispersion rates are very sensitive to the degree of anistropy of turbulence, more so than other indicators defined in terms of Eulerian quantities. Furthermore, they offer an effective diagnostic tool of the degree of anisotropy that can be used even prior to attaining a fully developed regime of zonostrophic turbulence.
Connecting clinical teaching practice with instructional leadership
Authors: Dinham Stephen
Published: November 2013

There have been persistent concerns over teacher pre-service education for decades. The basic model of university or college coursework plus practice teaching has been found wanting. Despite attempts to rectify this, beginning teachers in Australia rate themselves as not being well prepared when they begin full-time teaching. This article examines these concerns before offering an alternative. There are two aspects to this new model: a clinical approach to teacher pre-service education, coupled with new roles, practices and structures designed to overcome the so-called theory–practice gap and to enable implementation of clinical, interventionist practice. However, the adoption of a clinical approach to teacher education and teaching practice requires understanding, knowledge, commitment and support from education leaders if the cycle of teachers teaching as they were taught is to be broken. Educational leaders require a thorough grounding in instructional leadership for clinical teaching if real change towards evidence-based teaching practice is to occur.
Junk Food Seen at Pediatric Clinic Visits
Authors: Frazier Johnnie P. , Land Megan , Hsieh Pei-Hsuan , Barratt Michelle S.
Published: November 2013

Objective. To document the prevalence of junk foods seen at clinic visits. Design. A cross-sectional 23-item survey of observed food items were completed by medical staff using a convenience sample of families from June 2, 2011 to March 2, 2012. Setting. The study was conducted in pediatric clinics affiliated with the University of Texas Medical School at Houston. Participants. A convenience sample consisting of 738 families with children from 4 months to 16 years old presenting for visits were included in the study. Children exclusively breast and formula fed was excluded. Results. Junk food was observed 20.9% at the clinic visits. Conclusions and relevance. Junk food was often seen at clinic visits. There was a trend toward higher body mass index in patients whose families had junk food at the visit.
Sodium Fluoride Inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9
Authors: Kato M.T. , Bolanho A. , Zarella B.L. , Salo T. , Tjäderhane L. , Buzalaf M.A.R.
Published: November 2013

The importance of fluoride (F) in preventing dental caries by favorably interfering in the demineralization-remineralization processes is well-established, but its ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which could also help to prevent dentin caries, has not been investigated. This study assessed the ability of F to inhibit salivary and purified human gelatinases MMPs-2 and -9. Saliva was collected from 10 healthy individuals. Pooled saliva was centrifuged, and supernatants were incubated for 1 hr at 37°C and subjected to zymography. Sodium fluoride (50-275 ppm F) was added to the incubation buffer. The reversibility of the inhibition of MMPs-2 and -9 by NaF was tested by the addition of NaF (250-5,000 ppm F) to the incubation buffer, after which an additional incubation was performed in the absence of F. F decreased the activities of pro- and active forms of salivary and purified human MMPs in a dose-response manner. Purified gelatinases were completely inhibited by 200 ppm F (IC50 = 100 and 75 ppm F for MMPs-2 and -9, respectively), and salivary MMP-9 by 275 ppm F (IC50 = 200 ppm F). Inhibition was partially reversible at 250-1,500 ppm F, but was irreversible at 5,000 ppm F. This is the first study to describe the ability of NaF to inhibit MMPs completely.
FAM20A Mutations Associated with Enamel Renal Syndrome
Authors: Wang S.K. , Reid B.M. , Dugan S.L. , Roggenbuck J.A. , Read L. , Aref P. , Taheri A.P.H. , Yeganeh M.Z. , Simmer J.P. , Hu J.C.-C.
Published: November 2013

We identified two families with an autosomal-recessive disorder manifested by severe enamel hypoplasia, delayed and failed tooth eruption, misshapen teeth, intrapulpal calcifications, and localized gingival hyperplasia. Genetic analyses identified novel FAM20A mutations associated with the disease phenotype in both families. The proband of Family 1 had an altered splice junction in Intron 1 (g.502011G>C; c.405-1G>C) and a missense mutation in Exon 8 (g.65094G>A; c.1207G>A; p.D403N). The missense mutation is notable because D403 is strictly conserved among FAM20A homologues, and the corresponding defect in FAM20C caused osteosclerotic bone dysplasia and a loss of kinase activity. The proband at age 12 yrs tested negative for nephrocalcinosis. The proband and her affected father in Family 2 were homozygous for a single nucleotide deletion that altered a splice junction in Intron 10 (g.66622del; c.1361+4del). Minigene analyses demonstrated that this alteration precluded normal splicing. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of mouse maxillary first molars localized FAM20A in secretory-stage ameloblasts, in odontoblasts, and in the eruption pathway. IHC of kidneys localized FAM20A in the renal tubules. We conclude that FAM20A is likely a secretory pathway kinase and that loss-of-function mutations cause pathology where its phosphorylations are necessary for normal development or homeostasis.
Linguistic Insecurity Forty Years Later
Authors: Preston Dennis R.
Published: November 2013

This article reviews the Index of Linguistic Insecurity (ILI) as carried out for New York City by Labov and for Winnipeg by Owens and Baker and compares both to surveys done in southeastern Michigan in 2005, 2006, and 2007. The Michigan results, in spite of the apparent linguistic security there determined in earlier studies, reveal an even stronger insecurity than that reported for New York City. The article concludes that regional security does not imply personal security and shows a predominance of prescriptivist norms for the items surveyed in the Michigan studies as well as a higher incidence of insecurity for items that have poorly established community norms. The idea of linguistic insecurity as established in earlier studies is challenged by proposing instead a principle based on one’s fear of a personal inability to carry out a linguistic task.