bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of Oil from Contaminated Wastewater Using Thermo-Chemically Modified Lignocellulosic Biomass
Authors: Al Ajmi Muna , AL- Hamadani Ahoud , Yeneneh Anteneh Mesfin , Jafary Tahereh
Published: April 2022

The volume of oil-contaminated wastewater generated from petrochemical industries and various oil fields is significant. The discharge of such oily wastewater endangers terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems due to the high organic load and toxicity of the oily components. Currently, there are several technologies available for the treatment of oily wastewater among which adsorption was observed to be a promising technique for the removal of oil emulsions from wastewater. In this study, acid modified and base modified pyrolyzed date seed was investigated for the removal of oil and oil emulsions from contaminated water. The effect of pH in the range of (2-12), temperature (30°C-70°C), date seed dose of (0.1-1 g) and contact time of (1-240 mins) was investigated for both the acid modified and base modified activated date seeds samples. Equilibrium sorption was attained after a contact time of 120 minutes. It was observed that base modified activated date seed resulted in 83% removal of oil. Both acid and base modified activated date seed showed a high percentage removal of 92.9 % and 94.3 % respectively at a lower acidic pH of 2. Concerning the equilibrium sorption kinetics, Pseudo-Second-order kinetic Model showed better fit as compared to pseudo first order kinetic model. Therefore, the adsorption of oily wastewater onto both acid and base modified activated date seeds are consistent with the second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm was found to be linear with high correlation coefficient values over the entire concentration range, which confirms that the Langmuir isotherm is more accurate to represent sorption by acid modified date seed unlike the case of base modified activated date seed where Freundlich isotherms were found to better fit the adsorption equilibrium data for base modified date seed. Keywords: Pyrolyzed date seeds; chemically modified activated date seeds; thermo-chemically modified lignocellulosic biomass; kinetics; equilibrium isotherms.
Adsorptive Removal of Multi-Metal Ions in Wastewater Using Electrospun Cellulose Acetate / Iron-Modified Nanozeolite Nanofibrous Membrane
Authors: Tolentino Marvin S. , Basilia Blessie A. , Aquino Ruth R.
Published: April 2022

In this undertaking, nanofibrous membrane of cellulose acetate (CA) with varying concentrations of iron-modified nanozeolite (Fe-MNZ) were produced through electrospinning technique for the simultaneous adsorption of Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ heavy metal ions in wastewater. The electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) produced underwent different characterization techniques to determine the effect of Fe-MNZ addition on the ENM of CA in terms of porosity and adsorption capacity. Porometry results and contact angle measurements confirmed the increase in fiber diameter through the decrease in pore size and increase in the wettability of the ENMs produced. The adsorption experiment showed that ENM blend 2, M2, containing 1.0 wt.% Fe-MNZ had the highest removal efficiency for Ni2+ ions at around 79.20%, while ENM blend 3, M3, which contained 1.2 wt.% Fe-MNZ had adsorbed most of the Co2+ and Cu2+ ions with removal efficiencies equal to 54.04% and 100%, respectively. Adsorption of Ni2+ and Co2+ ions was governed by Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first order kinetics, whereas the adsorption data of Cu2+ ions best fitted both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and pseudo-second order kinetics. Lastly, the adsorption of the heavy metal ions was verified by the results of SEM-EDX.
Exploration of Rock Strength Estimation and Stability Analysis of Highway Rocky Slopes
Authors: Zhang Ju Zhi , Cao Zheng Bo , Zhang Hong Qiang
Published: April 2022

There is no clear calculation method for rocky slope stability analysis, and there are some differences between survey and design and construction site. Taking a bridge platform slope in Taihang Mountain, Hebei Province as an example, a geological model combined with Hoek-Brown strength quasi-side is used for stability analysis and calculation to improve the accuracy of engineering rock mechanics calculation.
Aggressive Disease, Aggressive Treatment
Authors: Kasberg Heather , Brister Lauren , Barnard Brooke
Published: April 2022

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Transplant is often the only curative therapy for cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Between 40% and 80% of patients who receive transplant become long-term survivors, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates are between 24% and 44% during the peritransplant period. The aggressive nature of hematopoietic stem cell transplant has a drastic impact on the physical and emotional state of the patient and family. From the day of diagnosis of any blood cancer, patients and families are faced with decisions and challenges ranging from quality of life and mortality to insurance coverage and financial concerns. The purpose of this article is to provide the experienced ICU nurse with background on the hematopoietic stem cell transplant process as a basis for interventions that can improve patient- and family-centered care, to provide tools that improve the transitions between the transplant and ICU teams, and to support communication between nursing teams for patients who survive the ICU stay and for those at the end of life. Collaboration between 2 separate nursing units can result in exceptional care for this complex patient population.
Sedation and Analgesia in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Johnson Peter N. , Miller Jamie L. , Hagemann Tracy M.
Published: April 2022

The interplay of pain, discomfort, and fear can cause agitation in critically ill children. Therefore, sedation and analgesia are essential components in the intensive care unit setting and are best managed with a multidisciplinary team approach. No one standard approach exists to assess and manage pain and anxiety. Many tools are available for the assessment of pain and sedation, but each tool has its advantages and disadvantages. Clinicians should consider adopting a validated tool for routine continuous assessment. Multiple pharmacological therapies are available to manage pain, anxiety, fear, and agitation. Dosing of these agents can be influenced by age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Agents should be selected on the basis of the child’s disease state, desired level of sedation, and cardiac and respiratory status.
Annular Integrity Management Using PipeACOM System in Flexible Pipes
Authors: Rigon Henrique Chiaradia , Ludwig Daniel Evandro , Bertoni Fabiano , Clevelario Judimar de Assis , Ribeiro Mario Luis , Campello George Carneiro , Mineiro Fábio Pompeo da Silva
Published: April 2022

Flexible pipe systems are extensively used in the oil and gas offshore production segment due to its ease of transport and installation, design versatility and performance, especially in deep and ultra-deepwater fields. The criticality of the system and the difficulty of having an accurate lifetime prediction using current inspection tools require the flexible pipe design to have a very high safety factor, which may lead to overdesign and/or uncertainty on the actual damage state of a pipe in operation.

The annular environment condition of flexible pipes has a big impact on the consumption of its operational life due to seawater ingress or bore fluid gas permeation. In order to better understand and mitigate the associated failure mechanisms we developed, built, and commissioned PipeACOM, the Flexible Pipe Annular Control Manifold, with the objective of connecting the annular regions of adjacent flexible pipes, control its flow and monitor the annular environment throughout the life of the flexible pipe system.

In this paper we describe the main features of the PipeACOM system, present the setup and experimental results of the validation tests performed in a prototype system installed in a production flowline at the Brazilian pre-salt fields at over 2300 meters of water depth, reaching the Technology Readiness Level of 6 based on API RP 17N criteria and earning the 2020 National Technology Innovation award by the Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP).
New Jetting Assembly for Enhanced Filter Cake Cleanup During Lower Completion Installation
Authors: Peixoto Luis , Zhang Ying , Todd Leah , Provost Wilfred Nathaniel , Gerber Jesse Thomas
Published: April 2022

A study on past water injector well performance indicated that soaking the OH with DIF breaker was not effective at removing filtercake, especially when compared with wells that had a post-completion stimulation. Analysis of the data suggested that long term injectivity/productivity could be improved at lower cost if a stimulation could be performed during the lower completion operational step. A new technology to precisely inject and divert acid, through the screens, towards the filtercake during the lower completion installation was developed, thoroughly tested and finally trialed in a well, to verify the results and validate the theory.

A jetting tool assembly was developed, with the goal to improve clean-up by impelling acid through the screens and against the filtercake, adding agitation (previously unavailable through soaking placement) leading to a more thorough filtercake clean-up during lower completion installation. The assembly ran in hole includes a high-pressure jetting tool designed to divert the acid to every inch of formation for a very thorough filtercake removal, and it is powerful enough to jet through the screens and reach the formation face. The development process included the expansion of the jetting tool's capability to pump at higher rates, and the addition of two flow control tools to assist the jetting tool to function at will, while maintaining all typical lower completion service tool functionalities prior to its activation.

Once the tool was developed, a series of successful tests were carried out, culminating with a full-scale SIT on a rig, to fully test all the capabilities of the tool assembly. Finally, the technology was successfully trialed in an deepwater injector well in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) to acid jet the filtercake, achieving very positive initial results, which support expansion of the technology's use to other assets and well types.

High pressure jetting tools have been used before with coiled tubing deployment, but never during a lower completion run. Through the development of the new tools, and the expansion of the jetting tool capabilities, this new approach allows the operator to save significant post-completion intervention costs by adding the stimulation capability to the completion phase of the well, obtaining a significantly better well performance at a reduced cost. This is especially significant in deepwater wells.
Circular Economy Initiatives at Upstream Surface Facilities
Authors: Bu Ali Ahmed Khalid , Soliman Mohamed Ahmed
Published: April 2022

The objective of this paper to showcase the feasibility of a Circular Economy (CE) initiative for upstream surface facilities to recover, reduce, and reuse the wasted energy across different plant equipment, including throttling valves.

Several energy recovery and energy conservation technologies and processes were identified to minimize energy consumption in Tanajib plant. The optimum technology options were selected to minimize the modifications of the existing facilities, while maintaining the flexibility to meet the future production forecast. The study was conducted using the following methodology: Conduct comprehensive energy assessment of all high potential oil, gas, and water streams to recover its wasted energy.Create several process designs/layouts that will incorporate these technologies and enable meeting the required specs at the surface facility.Conduct technical evaluation and lifecycle cost study, to compare different alternatives to meet the objective.

The comprehensive assessment revealed that there are three economically feasible projects out of 10 evaluated business cases to harness wasted energy at Tanajib plants. Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT) technologies were found to be one of the most promising technologies to harness the wasted energy with minimum modifications. HPRT is a Reverse Pump that will harness the wasted pressure drop across the liquid control/throttling valves and convert it into useful power. The 500 MBCD Tanajib plant was used as proof of concept.

Recovering and utilizing the wasted energy will promote circular economy, minimize the imported power from the national grid and minimize CO2 emissions, while extending the equipment lifetime.
Latest Applications of UAVs, Drones and Robotics in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Aydin Hakki , Temizel Cenk
Published: April 2022

Digital transformation brings substantial operational efficiency improvements in asset-heavy and capital-intensive industries like oil and gas. While digital transformation covers a wide array of technologies, this study focuses on the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones, and robotics in the oil and gas industry. These technologies can unlock tremendous value in oilfield operations. The objective of this study is to examine methods through which this value will be brought to the industry and analyze the impact of these technologies in enabling Industrial Revolution 4.0 in the upstream oil and gas industry.

The literature has been thoroughly reviewed to cover the history of UAVs, drones, and robotics in the oil and gas industry along with related technologies transferred from other industries. Focus has been provided on analyzing early-stage and mature technologies and how UAVs, drones, and robotics can be implemented in the oil and gas industry technologies in a repeatable and scalable manner. In addition, real-field applications of these technologies to oil and gas fields in different parts of the world, the incremental benefits each application provides, and the challenges in implementing them are investigated in detail.

The innate ability of UAVs, drones, and robotics technologies in interconnecting physical assets with digital solutions is what allows it to unlock huge amounts of value in any given oilfield application. These technologies can be used in areas with a significant risk to personnel, such as deepwater platforms. They can be used in applications that help improve environmental safety, such as methane emissions monitoring, plugging leaks in subsea pipelines, etc. The focus must be given to ensure that customized solutions are developed for each use case so that the true gains these technologies can bring, either in cost reductions, revenue maximization, or enhanced safety, are realized. These technologies can also enable oilfield assets even in remote areas to continuously operate in optimal conditions and ensure positive project economics. While there are many advantages to these technologies, their challenges, such as cybersecurity issues and its impact of physical security of critical assets, are addressed in this study.

UAVs, drones and robotics are widely known concepts across the industry, and there are multiple examples of specific use cases of such technologies in the literature. However, there still is a lack of clarity on the specific use-cases, benefits, and potential of such technologies amongst industry professionals. This study bridges the gap by providing a concise overview of these technologies enabling the fourth industrial revolution, including their history, application areas, successful use cases, and future potential.
Novel Flexible Pipe Design Solutions to Mitigate Dry Gas Flow Induced Pulsations
Authors: Solfeldt Thomas Iversen , Nielsen Karsten Gorm , Rytter Jan
Published: April 2022

Flow-induced pulsations (FLIP) are pressure oscillations generated inside flexible pipes used in dry gas applications that can cause unacceptable vibration levels and eventually failure of equipment. Because of the design of inner layer of the flexible pipe, the carcass, the frequency of the pulsations is high, potentially leading to fatigue failures of adjacent structures in a relatively short time.

The paper will show the application of FLIP assessment and limit state design for typical flexible pipe usage in subsea gas production, enabling operation below the FLIP threshold level, as well as how the newly developed and qualified near-smoothbore anti-FLIP carcass allows for very high flow velocities. The paper will show how FLIP design challenges has been overcome in a typical gas field subsea production scenario and how the new anti-FLIP carcass has been fully qualified.
Robust Models to Predict Coal Wettability for CO2 Sequestration Applications
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Farid
Published: April 2022

Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in underground formations is one of the effective processes of decreasing carbon emissions. CO2 injection in coalbeds improves methane production from coal formations (ECBM) with storing CO2 for environmental purposes. The performance ECBM process and CO2 injection depend on the wettability behavior in the coal/water/CO2 system. The wettability can be measured using different experiments; however, these measurements are time-consuming, expensive, and highly inconsistent. Therefore, this paper aims to apply Linear regression (LR), XGBoost Model, and random forests (RF) as machine learning (ML) tools to predict the contact angle in the coal–water–CO2 system. A dataset of 250 points was collected for different coal samples at different conditions. The ML methods were used to predict coal-water–CO2 contact angle (CA) as a function of coal properties, system pressure, and temperature. The results from LR, XGBOOST, and RF models showed their competency to predict the contact angle in the coal/water/CO2 system as a function of coal properties and the system conditions. The R values between actual and model CA from the LR model were found to be 0.86 and 0.87 compared to 0.99, and 0.97 from the RF model. The XGBOOST model shows an R-value of 0.99 and 0.96 in the different datasets. AAPE was less than 13% in the three ML models. This study provides ML applications to accurately forecast the contact angle in the coal–water–CO2 system based on the coal properties, pressure and temperature, and water salinity without the need for experimental measurements of complicated calculations.
Tree-Based Ensemble Algorithms for Lithofacies Classification and Permeability Prediction in Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Al-Mudhafar Watheq J. , Wood David A.
Published: April 2022

Rock facies are typically identified either by core analysis to provide visually interpreted lithofacies, or determined indirectly based on suites of recorded well-log data, thereby generating electrofacies interpretations. Since the lithofacies cannot be obtained for all reservoir intervals, drilled section and/or wells, it is commonly essential to model the discrete lithofacies as a function of well-log data (electrofacies) to predict the poorly sampled or non-cored intervals. The process is called predictive lithofacies classification. In this study, measured discrete lithofacies distributions (based on core data) are comparatively modeled with well-log data using two tree-based ensemble algorithms: extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) configured as classifiers. The predicted lithofacies are then combined with recorded well-log data for analysis by an XGBoost regression model to predict permeability. The input well-log variables are log porosity, gamma ray, water saturation, neutron porosity, deep resistivity, and bulk density. The data are derived from the Mishrif carbonate reservoir in a giant southern Iraqi oil field. For efficient lithofacies classification and permeability modelling, random sub-sampling cross-validation was applied to the well-log dataset to generate two subsets: training subset for model tuning; and testing subset for prediction of data points unseen during training of the model. Confusion matrices and the total correct percentage (TCP) of predictions are used to measure the prediction performance of each algorithm to identify the most realistic lithofacies classification. The TCPs for XGBoost and AdaBoost classifiers for the training subset were 98% and 100%, respectively. However, the TCPs achieved for the testing subsets were 97%, and 96%, respectively. The mismatch between the measured and predicted permeability from the XGBoost regressor was determined using root mean square error. The XGBoost model provides accurate lithofacies classification and permeability predictions of the cored data. The XGBoost model is therefore considered suitable for providing reliable predictions of lithofacies and permeability for the non-cored intervals of the same well and for non-cored wells in the studied reservoir. The workflow for lithofacies and permeability prediction was fully implemented and visualized using R open-source codes.
Practical Guide to Prepare and Execute Post-Hurricane Inspections
Authors: Sheppard Robert , Gallagher Dan , Moslehy Yashar , Spong Robert
Published: April 2022

Continuing operations after a weather system has passed through an offshore asset is of high importance to the operators due to the commercial impacts of a production shut-in and safety considerations associated with the personnel evacuations. Year after year, more and more hurricanes, and tropical storms travel through the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), interrupting operations of the fixed and floating platforms. In the hurricane season of 2021, weather developments have covered almost all regions in the GOM. The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) requires a number of steps in order to allow facilities to resume operations.

API Bulletin 2HINS (2009) provides a systematic approach for evaluating the structural condition of the facility prior to operations restart. The evaluation includes a pre-boarding inspection for gross apparent damage to the structure and its safety systems followed by a topsides Level I inspection. If any major damage is found, then the operator is required to perform a Level II inspection for potential underwater damage. In addition, progressive engineering checks are required in order to show if the platform was affected by the hurricane loads and a best estimate of damage and required retrofits.

This paper focuses on preparations operators can make to satisfy BSEE requirements before the hurricane hits, based on lessons learned from implementing this process in past storm events. Some of the information can be gathered regardless of the hurricane itself (e.g., design criteria) and a performance envelope can be prepared to estimate the potential damage based on the metocean criteria at the site of the platform. A methodology is developed to identify the best available metocean data (e.g., from a site forecast, from a hindcast, from a nearby site) and ensure it is used appropriately to assess the loading on the facility from the storm.

In addition, a checklist of actions to consider before platform abandonment is developed for the safety systems and to ensure the operation of the monitoring systems while the platform is de-staffed in order to minimize any potential damage and post hurricane clean ups.
Building a Next Generation Marine Modeling System
Authors: Hulst Sander , Fulton Ryan Charles
Published: April 2022

Weather is becoming more extreme due to climate change (Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). Not only does violent weather increase the risk on loss of life, but higher ambient conditions increase the cost of operations and maintenance. At the same time the travel costs of offshore operations are rising as deep-water projects and wind parks are placed further and further from shore. In addition, the Offshore Industry embraced digitalization strategies more broadly in the mid-2010s, driving the need for more flexible data access. For providers of metocean solutions, traditional capabilities supported by legacy model sourcing were clearly insufficient to meet the future requirements across the industry as well as the adjacent Offshore Renewables sector. At the same time the shipping industry is working on the bridge of the future. Vessel response algorithms require detailed information of the current and future conditions.

An evaluation of the development and deployment of a new generation marine forecasting system is provided. From the onset, the objective was to develop a flexible, global, cloud-native metocean forecast and hindcast system that provides a significant leap in accuracy, near-shore capability, and accessibility. It should verify at least as good as its predecessor; despite that it preserves peaks and events unlike the previous system, and all metocean parameters must be consistent with one another. Once implemented, it would provide operational metocean forecasts with global coverage with minimum spatial resolution of 6 minutes (0.1deg).
Electric Valve Operation Subsea – The 20 First Years
Authors: Halvorsen Glenn-Roar , Vedeld Henrik , Moe Sigurd , Røed Guttorm Olav
Published: April 2022

In 2001, the world's first subsea electric choke actuators were installed on live wells in Statfjord Satellite Field in the North Sea. This paper explains the business case for the retrofit solution and highlights the experiences from the operation of the system.

Originally, due to lack of well qualified remote choke control solutions in the late 1980s, the subsea system required vessel mobilization and ROV operation to manually adjust individual well choke setting. With age, the need for frequent choke valve operation rose and the manual solution became operationally less acceptable. With limited capacity of the electrical infrastructure, a system featuring trickle charged batteries to power electric actuators was selected to enable the chokes to be operated from the control room.

The electric choke valve actuator system with its dedicated controller unit was developed and installed in phases from only 9 months. The system included also acoustic sand detectors, to allow production at maximum sand free rate. No significant issues with the performance and reliability of the system have been reported.

The core technology from the first 16 units installed has evolved and matured into an industrialized product portfolio, with more than 500 units installed or on order for subsea choke, manifold/PLEM and gas compressor applications globally. Obsolescence management and backwards compatibility is important. Notably, the field's water injection wells were equipped with the latest generation electric actuators 20 years after the first producer (27 years after the field start-up) to improve late life water injection management.
Assessment of New Materials in Unbonded Flexible Pipes
Authors: Cao Bayout Lucile , Migeon François , Sarrasin Florian
Published: April 2022

The present paper is related to the assessment of new materials for use in unbonded flexibles pipes designed and manufactured as per API 17J.

Unbonded flexible pipes are a key solution in the oil and gas industry and are used as subsea static flowlines and dynamic risers to convey various types of fluids at high pressure, high temperature and in deep-water environment. In view of the increasingly challenging applications it shall withstand, the unbonded flexible pipe is complex in terms of design, fabrication and installation aspects and leads to a generally tailor-made design. Consequently, it drives flexible pipe manufacturers to constantly develop, optimize and qualify new solutions, including new materials for the different layers and components of the flexible pipe.

This paper focuses on the process followed for the incorporation of new materials in the flexible pipe TAC (Type Approval Certificate) upon verification of conformity versus API 17J. Firstly, development / assessment of a new material, or an existing material in a new environment, is generally made with the help of methods to qualify a new technology, through functional analysis and Qualification-FMECA (Q-FMECA), allowing to establish the qualification program. In a second part, API 17J requirements to qualify a new material are outlined, including procurement, manufacturing process, quality assurance, small scale, medium and full-scale tests and design rules aspects. Involvement of the IVA and IVA deliverables will be finally described.
Results of Application Demonstration of Autonomous Offshore Power System Supporting Multiple Mobile and Static Assets
Authors: Lesemann Arvid Reenstjerna , Hammagren Erik Joel
Published: April 2022

Over the last decade, several technology trends have dominated the innovation cycle within the terrestrial economy. Electrification, cloud computing, decarbonization, digitization, and autonomy are representative examples of macro trends that have had a rapid and fundamental impact; an impact felt not only in user-facing technologies, such as electric vehicles and software-as-a-service, but also in the infrastructure required to deliver those technologies. However, the scale of the impact and rollout has not been felt equally between the terrestrial and ocean economies. The innovation cycle in the ocean economy is significantly slower. What accounts for the difference and are there solutions to this issue?

One obvious cause is the increased time, complexity, risk, and cost of offshore operations compared to similar activities on land. These differences impede the rapid development, demonstration, and field deployment of innovative technologies offshore. However, by their nature, high cost, long duration offshore operational activities, coupled with unrelenting competitive, policy and environmental pressures, create attractive opportunities to reduce cost, complexity, and risk. These operational improvement opportunities are now coupled with the ever-increasing external push and internal pull around decarbonization and the goal of net zero operations. Said another way, there is much to gain through technological innovation offshore.

However, a major obstacle stands in the way: reliable power supplies at sea. The traditional methods of providing power, which must always be brought on site, are through expensive infrastructure: ships, platforms, and subsea umbilicals. Even unattended energy storage, i.e., batteries, which represent a step forward, is not a comprehensive solution. Constrained energy availability, coupled with the need for retrieval and replacement, dampen the cost, complexity, and carbon savings of this pathway.
Re-Use of Offshore Facilities to Facilitate Marginal Field Development
Authors: Zainol Abidin Zainol Fahmi , Mustapha Munira , M. Shaipulah Ahmad Adzwan
Published: April 2022

In recent marginal field developments with challenging reservoir characteristics and economics, PETRONAS has embarked into a new concept of field development utilizing relocatable Wellhead Platform (WHP), Export Pipeline and Floating, Production, Storage & Offloading (FPSO) facilities. One of the notable unique technical aspects of this concept is the use of Suction Pile Foundation to anchor the fixed WHP on the seabed instead of the conventional pile method. Retreval of the foundation is possible without damaging the jacket, thus allowing relocation of the WHP to other potential field without major structure modification.

The first WHP that utilized this concept was Field A Development. In 2017 Field A encountered early cessation of production. Hence, PETRONAS had the opportunity to explore re-locating Field A facilities to another marginal field development. This relocation has safeguarded PETRONAS’ financial exposure for early termination of FPSO leasing contract, and re-use of the WHP and flexible flowline.

The Development team was tasked to conduct an asset portfolio screening (based on selection criteria) to identify a suitable marginal field that could benefit from these assets. Working together with the execution team and technology vendor, several platform relocation methods were assessed. The recommendation for field relocation was made based on the most feasible and economically attractive option.

Integration and collaboration of multiple parties from the development, abandonment and execution teams were crucial in ensuring success of the project. Taking into account technical requirements and challenges that were anticipated in facilities relocation has enabled relocation of the WHP to be completed in less than 30 days with a 40% cost saving in comparison to conventional development plan.

This project has demonstrated PETRONAS’ agility to identify a feasible solution to turn setback into opportunity, further demonstrating proof of concept for the ‘hummingbird’ development to unlock multiple marginal fields and at the same time minimizing abandonment liability and exposure due to early cessation of field production.

This paper explains the processes that have taken place and the technical consideratiosn in implementing a hummingbird' facilities relocation project for marginal field development.
Geothermal Energy Basics / Education for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Nash Susan , Dietl Carlo
Published: April 2022

This paper presents a road map for providing training to experienced geoscientists, engineers, and data scientists who seek to participate in geothermal energy exploration, development, and integration. The road map starts by identifying the foundational skills and knowledge base of experienced geoscientists and engineers, and then specifically discusses which elements are of direct value in geothermal energy development. The paper then discusses the best strategies for upscaling skills and closing knowledge gaps, as well as pathways for immediate implementation of the knowledge in the form of planning documents and projects. The final stage of the road map includes assessment and designing collaborative challenges so that teams learn how best to work together and achieve their goals. The final section of the paper includes brief case studies of two examples of retooled geothermal education offered by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG).
Reducing Carbon Footprint Through Swarf-Less Milling Technology
Authors: Alexander David Aaron , Dalhberg Knut Inge
Published: April 2022

With the changing nature of our world and the drive for environmentally friendly action, the Oil and Gas Industry is moving forward in addressing the carbon emissions challenge. The new concept of a Circular Carbon Economy calls first to reduce emissions. Every Oil and Gas well drilled will, at some point, have to be plugged and abandoned (P&A), including wells being prepared for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). The integrity of these permanent barriers in CCUS applications is extremely critical. Improving the reliability and efficiency in such P&A operations, such as the use of Swarf-less Milling Technologies, can have a direct impact on reducing the CO2 emissions over the life of a well. Swarf-less Milling is the process of section milling a wellbore while leaving all cuttings downhole, rather than returning them to surface. This technology requires less equipment, chemicals, and time than conventional milling operations. Novel swarf-less section milling turns conventional section milling upside down, milling the window from the bottom up. Milling in this manner allows for the use of a mechanical pump to drive all cuttings downhole. The cuttings can then be disposed of in the abandoned well below the caprock barrier, and forgo the need to dispose of this material at surface. In addition to significant cost reductions, these efficiencies have resulted in the reduction of emissions by up to 70%. It also eliminates the need to handle, clean, and dispose of contaminated cuttings at surface, reducing the negative impacts to the environment. Results of emissions reduction by utilizing swarf-less milling will be presented and strategies for furthering the carbon reduction initiatives will be discussed.
Robots for Normally Unattended Facilities
Authors: Kumar Narayanan , Thimmaiah Swetha , Sintive Christophe
Published: April 2022

Based on economic reasons and safety considerations, Normally Unattended Facilities (NUF) have been proven as a viable option in offshore oil and gas Industry for developing marginal fields. Developments in digitalization and communication are fundamental reasons for this paradigm shift. Digital technologies and robotics have helped operators to considerably lower Person on Board (POB) count on existing attended facilities. This reduced operating expenses (OPEX). Due to minimal operators presence, these facilities require smaller hotel facilities and safety escape devices. These facilities are also designed with walk-to-work as basic maintenance philosophy with supply vessels providing major utilities. This reduces capital expenditures (CAPEX).

The associated advantage of these facilities is the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to lower power requirements, most of these new facilities are powered by solar or wind energy. This negates burning fuel gas for power generation. The facilities are designed with one visit per year as basis of operation. Limited supply vessel visits and offshore operators’ trips contributes to GHG reduction.

Apart from oil and gas facilities, offshore wind turbines are designed as unattended installations due to limited space availability. Operation and inspection of these installations are carried out remotely.

Most of the unattended installations are designed with control from remote locations. Availability of reliable and current data is of paramount importance for remote control. Collecting data from source of truth is a critical activity. Current developments in transducers and smart instrumentation have achieved proven means for operational data collection. However, for maintenance data like deck corrosion, paint condition etc., operators primarily depend upon manual methods. Collection of data required for periodic inspections, like pressure vessel wall thickness or piping erosion, are predominantly manual. Robots can be successfully deployed as data collectors. At present robots are used as aids for operators to carry out risky and dangerous operations. These robots can be either teleported or autonomous robots and require continuous supervision and command. To a limited extent, customized robots are used for data collection in some facilities.

This paper highlights some of commercially available robotics applications for offshore installations, discusses cost savings and proposes an integrated approach for robots as data collectors in normally unattended facilities. This paper will also cover some of the aspects to be taken care while designing offshore facility to suit robots’ deployment.
Multilateral Re-Entry Technology Compounding Benefits and Extending Production Life Past Two Decades
Authors: Kelsey Matthew , Fanchin Thomas , Van Der Veen Steffen , Nesheim Marie Houge
Published: April 2022

For over two decades multilateral technology has extended the production life of fields in the North Sea by continuing to evolve to meet the demands of increasingly complex deepwater applications. The use of multilateral technology delivers a higher recovery factor supported by the cumulative production of the multiple laterals. Over this history, multilateral applications have evolved from dual-laterals with standalone screens and commingled flow to the subject well of this paper whose slot has been kept active for over two decades through the use of re-entry multilateral systems. The well was originally completed as a dual-lateral and has since been recompleted twice to produce reserves previously left behind.

As investment and availability of new fields decline, operators face challenges to extend the production life of mature fields while also working to reduce overall development cost, cycle times, and carbon footprint. Further challenges include delivery of wells and facility systems using less in-field construction hours at a lower baseline cost. The expectation is that the projects will also reduce typical greenhouse gas emissions compared with traditional pads.

This paper will focus on the evolution of a mature field in a region that has been installing multilateral wells for over two decades. Wells originally drilled as dual-laterals have several years later been re-drilled as tri-lateral installations. As the wells once again reached the end of their expected production life, the use of re-entry multilateral technology has been utilized to extend field life for further economic production.

This paper discusses three multilateral installations on the same subsea well over a 20-year period. It highlights the technology used to keep this well slot active for over two decades and the benefits of expanding the use of this technology as fields become slot restricted. It also highlights the benefits this technology delivers in enhancing reservoir exposure and the time savings brought by drilling new lateral legs in existing subsea wells without spending significant time having to first retrieve the xmas tree or tieback liner. The case study will include discussion of workover operations, completions, isolation methods, and lateral creation systems.

Through three separate multilateral installations in one subsea slot, the production life has been extended beyond 20 years.

The paper focuses on a particular multilateral well and the technology used to extend its production life past two decades. The paper also provides insight as to methodology for continually improving reliability of multilateral installations to maximize efficiencies.
Multivariate Data Quality Relationships of Geothermal Facilities for Increased Efficiency in Digital Operations
Authors: Sanchez Gustavo , Reitmeier Jessica
Published: April 2022

The scope of this paper is to show multivariate relationships created by measuring and validating multiple sensor data streams. Studies show that 70% to 84% of digital transformations fail (Bendor-Samuel, P, 2019). While there are many causes, they are all attributed to one main concern. Companies and organizations often fail at thinking of the necessary digital infrastructure needed to succeed in digital endeavors. It is common knowledge that if you feed digital models bad data, the output will also be poor. Bad output data translates into unreliable digital processes. This paper demonstrates how fully validated signal data from geothermal facility sensors optimize the algorithms dependent on this data. Individual validations of signals are shown and compared to other data streams related to this process. We hypothesize that while some unqualified data may indicate future unwanted events, other unqualified data are intrinsically bad and will fool future algorithms designed to automate or maintain the geothermal process.
ISO 19008 Standard Cost Coding System - The Benefit of Standardized Cost Data Structure in a Life Cycle Perspective
Authors: Landerud Frode Kristoffer , Zöllner Ferry
Published: April 2022

The International Standard ISO 19008 provides the specifications for a standard cost coding system (SCCS) to be used for classification of cost, quantities and schedule data associated with the development and operation of oil and gas processing facilities. The ISO 19008 is valid for the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, where all upstream, midstream, downstream and petrochemical business categories are included. The coding structure also provides a defined structure for offshore wind facilities and can be useful for other low carbon/ carbon capture facilities, and thereby should support the ongoing energy transition towards decarbonization and renewable energy systems.

This international standard is designed to provide a uniform coding basis for cost and quantities in a life cycle perspective – from estimate preparation to cost management and collecting/collating related historical data in order to facilitate benchmarking and analysis. The standard is also intended to provide the basis for exchange of cost and quantity data between parties, e.g. between companies or contractors or across projects. ISO 19008 provides a coding structure suitable for digitalization, enabling data systems to meet these data exchange requirements.

The purpose of ISO 19008 is to enable cost data to be collected, organized and reported allowing for analysis and consistent comparison across projects and assets. In the vast and dynamic area of digitalization and digital transformation in the energy industry, the ISO 19008 provides a standard which acts as a foundational element for high quality and interoperable data. In the capital-intensive energy industry having good quality cost, quantity and schedule data is fundamental for business sustainability and competitiveness.

This paper focuses on the ISO 19008 Standard Cost Coding System, providing requirements and information on standard methodology and value potential of improved cost management by use of a standardized cost coding structure seen in a life cycle perspective.
Accelerating the Rate of Safety Innovation - A New Model
Authors: Orlean Robert H. , Patterson Robert W. , Currie-Gregg Nancy J. , Justiz Charles R.
Published: April 2022

This paper presents a different and more proactive approach to safety innovation based on work done in support of General Aviation (GA) safety improvement. The approach is highly transferable to other industries and environments and delivers systematic means to proactively evaluate and manage both safety innovations and the rate of creation of safety innovations to improve safety performance.

Theoretical root cause models of two of the leading causes of general aviation fatalities were developed by a team of highly experienced aviation and industry experts. This approach was novel in that the selection of these two "classes of accidents" was proactive, based on historical data for the major causes of fatalities. The models therefore represent a complete and theoretical picture of fatalities causes, rather than being based on specific investigations that address individual incidents as is the norm in our industry.

This approach led to several surprising and valuable findings.

First, development of the models created a deep and complete picture of potential fatality causes across a class of accidents and thus created a shared and common understanding of hazards as well as common causal language transferable across the GA community and beyond.

Second, the breadth and complexity of the models revealed the need to apply weighting factors to identify hazard causes to focus innovation attention and optimize innovation investments. However, since there are no shared causal models, accident investigations and data are not gathered or structured to align with these. In turn, this makes the understanding of accident causes less consistent, and probabilistic analysis of causes difficult at best.

Third, with shared causal models and aligned data, systematic innovation is enabled. This "active learning cycle" creates a systematic yet open-source process that can be managed and measured proactively, focusing on the most valuable improvements to emphasize. Accountability for improvement can then be established to further drive innovation and progress.

Ultimately, an active learning cycle transforms traditional, reactive accident investigations and mitigations into a systematic, purposeful, and measurable process for proactive safety performance improvement. Also, with common language, data and processes, cross industry safety challenges can be addressed cooperatively, and innovations can be leveraged.
Automation Lifecycle Management – A Key for Sustained Value
Authors: Ronquillo Nahum , Myers Nate , Tangstad Kristian
Published: April 2022

The paper details the automation lifecycle management (ALM) methodology used in the implementation and continuous execution of drilling and pipe handling automation. The paper also presents a case study of drilling and pipe handling automation implemented in two drilling rigs operating in the North Sea that utilize the detailed ALM methodology to achieve and sustain performance.