bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The desire for sexual variety as a key to understanding basic human mating strategies
Authors: SCHMITT DAVID P. , SHACKELFORD TODD K. , DUNTLEY JOSHUA , TOOKE WILLIAM , BUSS DAVID M.
Published: May 2005

Different authors have proposed competing evolutionary theories of human mating. Some argue that both sexes are designed to pursue a singular long‐term mating strategy. Others contend that both sexes are designed to function as essentially multiple maters. Sexual Strategies Theory (SST; D.M. Buss & D.P. Schmitt, 1993), in contrast, proposes that men and women have evolved short‐term and long‐term mating strategies that are pursued differently by each sex depending on theoretically derived dimensions of context. According to SST, the sexes tend to differ in the nature and prominence of the short‐term component of human mating–particularly the short‐term desire for sexual variety. The current research was designed to test competing empirical predictions from these contrasting theories by focusing on sex differences in the desire for sexual variety. Study 1 (N= 1,049), consisting of five separate samples, found large and consistent sex differences in the desire for short‐term sexual variety, even after employing statistical methods to control for skewed distributions and statistical outliers. Study 2 (N= 192) confirmed the results of Study 1 using an older, more mature sample. Study 3 (N= 50) again replicated these sex differences using an observer‐based method of inquiry. Study 4 (N= 167) found evidence that short‐term mating was unrelated generally to psychological dysfunction and may be related to mentally healthy personality characteristics in men. Discussion focuses on the viability of pluralistic compared with monomorphic evolutionary theories of human mating strategies.
Extracting implicit theories about the risk of coercive control in romantic relationships
Authors: WILSON MARGO , JOCIC VESSNA , DALY MARTIN
Published: May 2005

People readily make attributions about the likely behavior of others, based on very limited information. We exploited this tendency to assess people's sensitivity to personological and social‐circumstantial evidence of risk of coercive control in romantic relationships, by unobtrusively varying information about a fictitious couple in a between‐groups design and asking viewers to make predictions about the feelings and behavior of the three characters–a man, his girlfriend, and his sister. Key features of the story were systematically altered to elicit attributions of the man's aggressive and jealous inclinations to see if people are sensitive to the psychological link between sexually proprietary inclinations and risk of violence. The story manipulations were effective in eliciting attributions of the man's aggressive inclinations, of the woman's polyandrous inclinations, and of the man's likely jealousy. As expected, people predicted that an aggressive and jealous man would be likely to use violence and other controlling actions against his girlfriend.
Expression of p28GANK and its correlation with RB in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tan Lu , Fu Xiao‐Yong , Liu Shu‐Qin , Li Hong‐Hai , Hong Yi , Wu Meng‐Chao , Wang Hong‐Yang
Published: May 2005

Background: Aberrance of retinoblastoma protein (RB) signal pathway is known to play an important role in the carcinogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). p28GANK, originally purified from human 26S proteasome as a non‐ATPase subunit, was recently found in HCC and shown to interact with RB. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of p28GANK and its correlation with RB in HCC.

Methods: The expression of p28GANK was evaluated in 55 surgically resected HCCs by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the associations were explored between p28GANK level and clinicopathologic features as well as tumor suppressor RB. Western blotting was performed to determine p28GANK expression level in 12 HCCs. Immunofluorescence stainings of p28GANK and RB in U2‐OS cells were examined by confocal microscopy.

Results: Positive p28GANK cytoplasmic staining was recognized in 55 HCCs. Nuclear positive occurrence of p28GANK in HCCs was more frequent than paracancerous hepatic tissues (P<0.05). The overexpression probability of p28GANK was inversely associated with Edmonson's grade: overexpression occurred in nine out of 11 (81.8%), 22 out of 35 (62.9%) and two out of nine (22.2%) in I–II, III and IV graded cases, respectively (P=0.004). Total cellular expression of p28GANK had curvilinear correlation with the nuclear expression of RB (r=0.475, P=0.019), while the nuclear expression of p28GANK had not. Western blot analysis showed that up‐regulation of p28GANK expression was found in nine out of 12 HCCs compared with paracancerous liver tissues. Exogenously expressed p28GANK colocalized with RB in cytoplasm of U2‐OS cells.

Conclusions: These results confirm the role of p28GANK as a highly expressed oncoprotein in HCC by in situ examination. Its overexpression correlates with the differentiation status of HCC. The whole cellular p28GANK activation, not nuclear portion only, influences the alteration of RB. Underlying nuclear translocation of p28GANK may contribute to the counteraction against RB through a feed back loop. These data provide new evidence for p28GANK to be used as a promising drug target of a therapeutic agent against HCC.
Basal core‐promoter mutant of hepatitis B virus and progression of liver disease in hepatitis B e antigen‐negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Lin Chih‐Lin , Liao Li‐Ying , Wang Chaur‐Shine , Chen Pei‐Jer , Lai Ming‐Yang , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Kao Jia‐Horng
Published: May 2005

Background/Aims: The long‐term outcomes in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative chronic hepatitis B are distinct from those in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis. However, the molecular virological factors that contribute to the progression of liver disease in this special clinical setting remain largely unknown. We thus investigated the association of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes as well as precore/basal core‐promoter mutations with the clinical and virological characteristics of patients with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan.

Methods: HBV genotypes and sequences of precore and basal core‐promoter regions of the HBV genome were determined in 174 HBeAg‐negative chronic HBV infection patients including 62 inactive carriers and 112 with different stages of liver disease.

Results: HBV carriers with older age (>50 years) (odds ratio, 9.09; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.22–25, P<0.001) and basal core‐promoter mutant of HBV (odds ratio, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.41–12.03, P=0.01) were associated with the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The gender‐related risk factors associated with the development of liver cirrhosis and HCC were further analyzed, and basal core‐promoter mutant was only associated with the development of liver cirrhosis and HCC in male carriers (odds ratio, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.30–14.52, P=0.02).

Conclusions: The risk of development of liver cirrhosis and HCC is significantly increased in patients with advanced age as well as with basal core‐promoter mutant of HBV. In addition, basal core‐promoter mutant might contribute to the gender difference of the progression of liver disease in HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan.
Early development of primary biliary cirrhosis in female C57BL/6 mice because of poly I:C administration
Authors: Okada Chizuko , Akbar Sk. Md. Fazle , Horiike Norio , Onji Morikazu
Published: May 2005

Background: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is one of the organ‐specific autoimmune diseases characterized by destruction of the biliary epithelial cells, cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, and liver failure. With the postulation that induction of the autoimmune process might induce PBC‐like cholangitis, here we used polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), an inducer of type‐1 interferon (IFN), to generate an autoimmune cholangitis animal model.

Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice were injected with 5 mg/kg of poly I:C twice a week for 28 consecutive weeks. Liver specimens were collected to evaluate the degree of cell infiltration. Autoantibodies, including antimitochondrial antibody (AMA), were assayed by immunofluorescence, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. IFN‐α was estimated in the sera by an ELISA method. Poly I:C injection induced IFN‐α.

Results: Mononuclear cells were detected at the portal areas 8 weeks after the start of poly I:C injection, which progressed up to 16 weeks. Autoantibodies, including AMA, were detected in the sera from all poly I:C‐injected mice.

Conclusions: In conclusion, we show an early development of a PBC‐like cholangitis in a genetically susceptible mouse strain because of poly I:C administration. This model would be helpful to study PBC immunopathogenesis and to evaluate the effectiveness of newly developed therapeutic regimens for PBC.
Chronic administration of aminoguanidine reduces vascular nitric oxide production and attenuates liver damage in bile duct‐ligated rats
Authors: Wei Chang‐Li , Hon Wei‐Min , Lee Kang‐Hoe , Khoo Hoon‐Eng
Published: May 2005

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. This study investigated the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in cirrhosis induced by bile duct‐ligation (BDL) with NOS inhibitors.

Method: Three days after operation, rats were randomized to receive aminoguanidine (AG, 25 mg/kg/day) or l‐nG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME, 10 mg/kg/day) for 21 days.

Results: Vascular NO production, which was increased in BDL cirrhotic rats, was reduced by 75% with AG but not l‐NAME chronic administration. AG treatment attenuated liver damage, while l‐NAME aggravated it. AG significantly suppressed inducible NOS (iNOS) expression in aorta of BDL rats at both mRNA and protein level, but much less efficient in reducing it in liver. In contrast, endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression was not markedly affected. Calcium‐independent NOS activity, which was dramatically increased in aorta of BDL rats, was abolished by AG treatment. In liver, however, both calcium‐dependent and ‐independent NOS activity were increased by AG treatment.

Conclusion: Chronic administration of AG could reduce systemic NO levels as well as suppress iNOS expression and activity in aorta of BDL rats. It also improved liver function, possibly because of its ability to increase hepatic NOS activity, and to correct the systemic hemodynamic disorders by decreasing vascular NO production.
Hepatic expression of the tumor necrosis factor family member lymphotoxin‐β is regulated by interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐1β: transcriptional control mechanisms in oval cells and hepatoma cell lines
Authors: Subrata Lily S. , Lowes Kim N. , Olynyk John K. , Yeoh George C. T. , Quail Elizabeth A. , Abraham Lawrence J.
Published: May 2005

Background: Lymphotoxin‐β (LT‐β) plays an important role in inflammation and its promoter contains a functional nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) element, rendering it a likely target of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Inflammatory cytokines play a central role in liver regeneration resulting from acute or chronic liver injury, with interleukin (IL)‐6 signaling essential for liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy. In hepatic oval cells observed following chronic liver injury, LT‐β levels are upregulated, suggesting a link between LT‐β and liver regeneration.

Results: The expression of LT‐β in hepatic oval cell and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines was further investigated, along with its responsiveness to IL‐6 and IL‐1β. Key regulatory cis‐acting elements of the LT‐β promoter that mediate IL‐6 responsiveness (Sp/BKLF, Ets, NF‐κB and Egr‐1/Sp1) and IL‐1β responsiveness (NF‐κB and Ets) of hepatic LT‐β expression were identified. The novel binding of basic Kruppel‐like factor (BKLF) proteins to an apparent composite Sp/BKLF site of the LT‐β promoter was shown to mediate IL‐6 responsiveness. Binding of NF‐κB p65/p50 heterodimers and Ets‐related transcription factors to their respective sites mediates responsiveness to IL‐1β.

Conclusion: The identification of IL‐6 and IL‐1β as activators of LT‐β supports their involvement in LT‐β signaling in liver regeneration associated with chronic liver damage.
Hepatic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a hepatologist's user guide
Authors: Solga Steven F. , Horska Alena , Clark Jeanne M. , Diehl Anna Mae
Published: May 2005

Abstract: Hepatic phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) offers the exciting potential of studying metabolic processes in the human liver in vivo. Many investigators have utilized 31P MRS to research a broad range of metabolic questions, and there is outstanding potential for this imaging modality in the future. However, at times it is difficult to appreciate this potential because most published series have been small, and comparisons between studies are difficult. Indeed, the published literature contains significant variation in data acquisition and data analysis techniques and, perhaps most importantly, the interpretation of the data itself. As MR technology continues to evolve and more studies are being performed, perhaps a greater consensus of study techniques and endpoints will emerge. This review summarizes the present literature on human hepatic 31P MRS.
The Return of the Common Bedbug
Authors: Ter Poorten Maryanna C. , Prose Neil S.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  The incidence of skin disease secondary to infestation with the human bedbug, Cimex lectularius, has increased dramatically in the United States and in the United Kingdom. We describe a child with a recurrent pruritic eruption of urticarial, erythematous papules on the face, neck, and extremities. The etiology of her cutaneous lesions was discovered to be a bedbug infestation in the home. The epidemiology, entomology, presentation, and treatment of bedbugs and their bites are discussed.
Dermoscopy of an Acral Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Authors: Zalaudek Iris , Zanchini Renato , Petrillo Gianluca , Ruocco Eleonora , Soyer H. Peter , Argenziano Giuseppe
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Congenital melanocytic nevi carry a risk for malignant transformation into melanoma, therefore early detection of suspicious features is crucial to reduce mortality rates. Dermoscopy improves the early detection of melanoma while reducing the number of unnecessary excisions of benign pigmented skin lesions. Dermoscopically, congenital melanocytic nevi are often characterized by the presence of a cobblestone pattern, but to date, little is known about the dermoscopic features of acral congenital melanocytic nevi. We report an acral congenital melanocytic nevus typified by the presence of three different dermoscopic patterns that are commonly seen in acquired melanocytic nevi of palms and soles.
The Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: Impact on the Patient, Family, and Society
Authors: Carroll Christie L. , Balkrishnan Rajesh , Feldman Steven R. , Fleischer Alan B. , Manuel Janeen C.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Atopic dermatitis is a common disease of increasing prevalence. Affected individuals must cope with a significant psychosocial burden, in addition to dealing with the medical aspects of the disease. Furthermore, because this is primarily a disease of childhood, family members, especially parents, are also affected by the condition. Individuals and family members are burdened with time‐consuming treatment regimens for the disease, as well as dietary and household changes. The financial impact of atopic dermatitis on families can also be great. Moreover, the cost to society is significant, with estimates ranging from less than $100 to more than $2000 per patient per year. It is estimated that the direct cost of atopic dermatitis in the United States alone is almost $1 billion per year. Reducing the onus of this disease must take into account the full breadth of its burden. Targeting parents and caregivers with education and psychosocial support can decrease family and personal burden, which in turn may decrease the cost of treating the condition because of better medical, psychosocial, and family outcomes.
Vascular Stains and Hair Collar Sign Associated with Congenital Anomalies of the Scalp
Authors: Herron Mark D. , Coffin Cheryl M. , Vanderhooft Sheryll L.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We reported a series of three meningothelial hamartomas, one benign fibrous tumor, and one aplasia cutis congenita presenting with the hair collar sign and a coexistent vascular stain. Our series highlighted the importance of coexisting cutaneous markers found in the newborn period. The presence of a vascular stain and hair collar sign with or without a congenital scalp nodule should increase suspicion of an associated cranial dysraphism.
Nevus Psiloliparus and Aplasia Cutis: A Further Possible Example of Didymosis
Authors: Torrelo Antonio , Boente María del C. , Nieto Olga , Asial Raúl , Colmenero Isabel , Winik Beatriz , Zambrano Antonio , Happle Rudolf
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Nevus psiloliparus is a distinct type of mesodermal nevus of the scalp characterized by absence or paucity of hair, and presence of an excessive amount of fatty tissue. It is considered a hallmark of encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis, a rare disorder comprising a variety of cutaneous, ophthalmologic, and neurologic defects. We report two infants with encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis with nevus psiloliparus on the scalp in close association with aplasia cutis congenita. This unusual association may be considered a further example of didymosis, for which we propose the term, didymosis aplasticopsilolipara.
Childhood Subungual Melanoma in situ in Diffuse Nail Melanosis Beginning as Expanding Longitudinal Melanonychia
Authors: Antonovich Diana D. , Grin Caron , Grant‐Kels Jane M.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We report a rare childhood occurrence of melanoma in situ presenting as diffuse nail pigmentation resulting from expanding longitudinal melanonychia, and discuss factors that should come into play when considering a possible nail matrix biopsy.
Familial Nonmembranous Aplasia Cutis of the Scalp
Authors: Baselga Eulalia , Torrelo Antonio , Drolet Beth A. , Zambrano Antonio , Alomar Agustin , Esterly Nancy B.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Aplasia cutis of the scalp is often a sporadic condition, but familial occurrences with an autosomal dominant inheritance have been documented. Aplasia cutis of the scalp may be seen in two main clinical variants: oval‐shaped membranous aplasia cutis and irregular, larger defects. We report six families in whom more than one member has aplasia cutis of the scalp, all of them with large irregular defects located over the vertex or anterior to the vertex along the sagittal suture. We review previous reports of this entity with clinical pictures and note that in most instances, the defects are of the nonmembranous variant.
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Tongue
Authors: Cirocco Antonietta , González Francisco , Sáenz Ana María , Jiménez César , Sardi José R. , Oscar Reyes F.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We report a 10‐month‐old girl who, at 4 months, developed a small, reddish, plaquelike lesion on her tongue. This lesion began to enlarge rapidly, resulting in difficulty in swallowing and breathing. On physical examination, there was a large, red, friable, hard in consistency, irregular tumor over the distal portion of her tongue. The histopathology and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient was assigned clinical stage I, group III, and began treatment according to the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study guidelines, on triple‐agent chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide. She only received four cycles because her parents then refused this treatment. After the tumor size was reduced by chemotherapy, a partial anterior glossectomy was performed. After 30 months of follow‐up she has had no recurrences.
Calcinosis Cutis Following Trauma
Authors: Larralde Margarita , Giachetti Ana , Cáceres María Rodríguez , Rodríguez Marcela , Casas José
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We report an 8‐year‐old boy who developed dystrophic calcinosis cutis that occurred following trauma. Multiple abrasions were observed in the inguinal folds after a soccer game. Subsequently, multiple papules with soft centers and white particles appeared in the same area. A biopsy specimen showed calcinosis cutis with transepidermal elimination of calcium. The causes of the underlying tissue damage associated with dystrophic calcinosis are discussed.
A Girl with Loose Anagen Hair Syndrome and Uncombable, Spun‐glass Hair
Authors: Lee Abigail J. , Maino Kimberly L. , Cohen Bernard , Sperling Leonard
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  A 4‐year‐old girl presented with a 2‐year history of scalp hair that had an odd texture, was difficult to manage, tended to “stick out” from the scalp, and was irregular in length. A hair pull test revealed that hairs could be easily and painlessly extracted. Light microscopic examination of the hair demonstrated anagen hairs with a ruffled cuticle and distorted bulb as well as an unusual undulation and grooving of the shafts. These findings are consistent with both loose anagen and uncombable hair syndromes. The occurrence of both syndromes in the same patient seems unlikely, and we propose that our patient has loose anagen hair syndrome with features resembling uncombable hair syndrome.
Congenital Subcutaneous Granuloma Annulare
Authors: De Aloe Giovambattista , Risulo Massimiliano , Sbano Paolo , Pianigiani Elisa , Fimiani Michele
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Granuloma annulare is a palisading granulomatous skin disease which may be generalized, localized, perforating, or subcutaneous. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare is self‐limiting, affecting infants and children, with typical postnatal onset. Here we report a patient with congenital clinical manifestations.
Papular Acantholytic Dyskeratosis of the Vulva
Authors: Sáenz Ana María , Cirocco Antonietta , Avendaño Mónica , González Francisco , Sardi José R.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We describe an 11‐year‐old girl with a persistent pruritic papular eruption on the vulva. Clinically, the lesions consisted of whitish papules and erosions located on the inner aspect of the labia majora. There was no familial history of skin diseases. Histologically, a biopsy specimen showed difuse hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acantholysis throughout the thickness of the epidermis, and the presence of corps ronds. Those findings were consistent with a diagnosis of acantholytic dyskeratosis. At 3 years follow‐up, only isolated hyperkeratotic, asymptomatic papules on the same location remained. The occurrence of this focal and sporadic, localized form of acantholytic dyskeratosis seems to be rare in the pediatric population, as we could find no other child with this entity reported in the literature.
Congenital Lupus Erythematosus: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Diociaiuti Andrea , Paone Cristina , Giraldi Loredana , Paradisi Mauro , El Hachem Maya
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Congenital presentation of neonatal lupus erythematous is very rare. We describe an infant who had congenital neonatal lupus erythematosus with atrophic lesions on the face and scarring lesions on the trunk. All radiologic, virologic, and hematologic assays were normal. Skin biopsy specimen and immunofluorescence findings led us to suspect neonatal lupus, a diagnosis confirmed by positivity for anti‐Sjörgen syndrome and antinuclear antibodies both in the child and her mother. In this infant, skin manifestations represented the stable and irreversible outcome of an inflammatory stage that occurred during pregnancy.
Seborrheic Dermatitis‐like Tinea Faciei
Authors: Gorani Alberto , Oriani Alfio , Cambiaghi Stefano
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We report a 10‐year‐old Caucasian child who had erythema and abundant scaling on the nasolabial folds, the upper lip, and on the nose. Both the abundant scaling and the localization on the central part of the face led us to suspect seborrheic dermatitis. Direct microscopic examination of some scales removed from the lesions showed septate and ramified ectothrix hyphae. Cultural examination on Sabouraud medium led to the identification of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species. We described this patient to highlight the importance of considering tinea faciei in the differential diagnosis of all facial eruptions and the value of mycologic examination.
Michelin Tire Syndrome: A Report of Two Siblings
Authors: Kharfi Monia , Zaraa Ines , Chaouechi S , Zekri Sami , Boukef Safia , Jaafoura Habib , Kamoun Mohamed R.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  Michelin tire syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by excessive folding of the skin. The diagnosis is mainly clinical. It has been found to be associated with noncutaneous anomalies, and probably reflects multiple underlying disorders. We report two siblings with Michelin tire syndrome, a 5‐year‐old boy and his sister both of whom had marked skin folds and facial anomalies. Histologic study found an increase in smooth muscle fibers of the dermis. Electron microscopy showed details of smooth muscle cells. We also review reported cases in the literature to contribute to a better understanding of this syndrome.
Chronic Infantile Neurological, Cutaneous, and Articular Syndrome with Severe Early Articular Manifestations
Authors: Leys Christophe , Eschard Catherine , Motte Jacques , Prieur Anne‐Marie , Kalis Bernard , Bernard Philippe
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We report an 11‐month‐old boy of French origin who had chronic, infantile, neurological, cutaneous, and articular syndrome with a particularly severe joint involvement with early onset. The diagnosis was based on the association of neurologic, cutaneous (urticarial skin eruption), and articular manifestations accompanied by recurrent bouts of fever. No mutation of the CIAS1 gene could be identified. Skeletal involvement was particularly severe, leading to considerable limitation of motion.
Diffuse Sterile Pustular Eruption with Changing Clinical Features in a 2‐Year Old
Authors: Mazzatenta Carlo , Martini Patrizia , Luti Laura , Domenici Raffaele
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We report a 2‐year‐old girl with diffuse pustular eruptions occurring in close association with respiratory tract infections. The pustular eruption had different clinical characteristics over time, evolving from circinate to von Zumbush pustular psoriasis, and finally to subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Treatment with acitretin 1 mg/kg/day gave good results. A relapse showing striking clinical characteristics of subcorneal pustular dermatosis was treated with dapsone (1 mg/kg/day) followed by ultraviolet B–narrowband (UV‐B–NB) phototherapy. The patient subsequently had several relapses over 1 year, which were well controlled with short cycles of UV‐B–NB. This patient's findings demonstrate that pustular eruptions can vary over time, assuming clearly different clinical patterns, and highlight the difficulty of classifying pustular eruptions as separate diseases.
Proliferating Hemangioma of Infancy: Successful Treatment with Topical 5% Imiquimod Cream
Authors: Hazen Paul G. , Carney James F. , Engstrom Conley W. , Turgeon Karen L. , Reep Michael D. , Tanphaichitr Arrthapol
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  A 4‐month‐old girl had a proliferating hemangioma of infancy (infantile hemangioma) affecting the chest wall. The lesion had appeared 1 week after birth, demonstrating both superficial and deep components, and was rapidly enlarging. It had become painful and superficially eroded. Treatment with topical 5% imiquimod cream three times a week was associated with signs of involution after 10 days, and complete resolution after 10 weeks of therapy. The treatment was well tolerated.
Useful Treatment of Vitiligo in 10 Children with UV‐B Narrowband (311 nm)
Authors: Brazzelli Valeria , Prestinari Francesca , Castello Michela , Bellani Eleonora , Roveda Elena , Barbagallo Tania , Borroni Giovanni
Published: May 2005

Abstract:  We report our experience with UV‐B narrowband (UV‐B–NB) therapy in children affected by vitiligo. We studied 10 Caucasian Italian children (six boys, four girls, mean age 9.7 years ± 2.67). Treatment mean term was 5.6 months; frequency was three times a week on nonconsecutive days or only twice a week, because of school or family duties. The percentage of repigmentation was evaluated by comparing photographs taken before, during, and after the treatment, and showed a repigmentation level higher than 75% in five patients (5/10, 50%) and between 26% and 75% in three patients (3/10, 30%). Of our patients, 80% had a satisfactory response to phototherapy. Adverse events were limited and transient. No significant relationships between repigmentation grades and variables such as skin type, positive family history, and disease extension were observed. Some areas responded better than others; the best results were shown on the face and neck. Perhaps we studied too few patients to be conclusive, but the results obtained so far seem to indicate that children affected by recent vitiligo have a better response to the therapy. We feel that UV‐B–NB therapy is a valuable and safe option for the treatment of pediatric vitiligo, and should be started as soon as possible.
Substance P Theory: A Unique Focus on the Painful and Painless Phenomena of Cluster Headache
Authors: Sicuteri F. , Fanciullacci M. , Nicolodi M. , Geppetti P. , Fusco B. M. , Marabini S. , Alessandri M. , Campagnolo V.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

These studies of cluster headache (CH) focus on two key features of pain transmission: a) sensory nerves when stimulated, as well as the expected afferent transmission, also display an efferent function which affects capillaries, glands, and smooth muscle (of the iris in CH); substance P (SP) and allied transmitters such as Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Calcitonin Gene‐Related Peptide (CGRP) are the main agonists of this dual afferent‐efferent function; b) impaired pain transmission (deafferentation‐like condition) provokes a rostral spread of neuronal irritability and automatic firing (“quasi epileptic foci”) producing a clinical predilection for pain with the generation of “spontaneous” pains along the sensory pathways.

The substrates studied in the present experiments are the iris, salivary glands, and nasal mucosa. 1) Iris: the conjunctival instillation of SP induces isocoric miosis both in CH sufferers and in normals, thus excluding gross SP receptoral dysfunction of the iris muscle in CH. Electrical stimulation of extraocular (infratrochlear) endings of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve provokes a miosis, which is significantly less in the symptomatic eye than in the contralateral one. This miosis is ascribed to a retrograde release of SP, induced by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ophthalmic branch. The relatively poor miosis in the painful eye could correlate with a deficient release of SP from the sensory terminals in the iris. 2) Salivary glands: an increase of substance P‐like immunoreactivity is found in the saliva taken from the asymptomatic side, but not from the painful side during a cluster headache attack, thus showing at this level also an asymmetry as previously shown in other head structures. 3) Nasal mucosa: intranasal application of capsaicin, a powerful releaser of SP from sensory terminals, evokes an immediate burning pain in the ipsilateral nasal, ocular, and temporal areas, as well as lacrimation and rhinorrhea. A gradual decrease (tachyphylaxis) of these phenomena is consistently observed after few days of daily nasal administration of capsaicin. When this treatment is applied to CH patients, a rapid decrease in the number and intensity of attacks, and even disappearance of symptoms accompanies the decline of the capsaicin‐induced manifestations. Local (nasal) capsaicin, in spite of evoking immediately the same vegetative (rhinorrhea, lacrimation, conjunctival congestion) and in part nociceptive (transient nasal, ocular, temporal burning) phenomena of CH, never has been able to provoke delayed spontaneous‐CH like attacks. Such delayed provoked attacks, one of the most pregnant phenomena in CH investigations, are almost constantly evoked by systemic stimuli. Besides stimulating speculation the results from capsaicin desensitization encourages a search for better characterization of this novel potential medication.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Migraine‐Evidence of Increased Side Differences During the Pain‐Free Interval
Authors: Schlake H.‐R , Grotemeyer K.‐H. , Hofferberth B. , Husstedt I.W. , Wiesner S.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded in 38 unselected patients (6 m./32 f.; age 18–54 yrs.) with various forms of migraine, during the pain‐free interval. The values were compared to those of 50 control persons (18 m./32 f.; age 17–75 yrs.). Peak latencies (PL I–VI), interpeak latencies (IPL I–III, Ill–V, I–V) and side differences of all peaks (D I–VI) were calculated. In contrast to PL's of migraine patients, all PL's of control persons were normally distributed. In 6 migraine patients (2 with basilar migraine) PL's were pathologically delayed. Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in regard to PL's and IPL's between migraine patients and controls. However, side differences of all peaks (except peak IV, VI) were significantly increased in migraine patients as compared to controls. Our results indicate a slight but permanent impairment of brainstem function in migraine.
Transient Asymmetries of Steady‐State Visual Evoked Potentials in Classic Migraine
Authors: Nyrke Timo , Kangasniemi Pentti , Lang Heikki
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Unilateral abnormalities in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) during the visual aura of classic migraine have been reported. On the other hand, there are only few observations suggesting unilateral abnormality of neural function during the headache‐free period. An experiment is described in which the symmetries of steady state VEPs (SVEPs) are compared in healthy subjects and classic migraineurs in the headache‐free interval.

In the patients an increased number of strong short‐lasting interhemispheric asymmetries was found. In the serial recordings performed, pathologic recordings were obtained intermittently, usually with complete normalisation in the following session. The incidence of abnormalities was relatively independent of the interval between the recording and attack, except for the next few hours. The findings may be related to instability of occipital cortical function in classic migraine.
Migrainous Limb Pain. A Historical Note.
Authors: Guiloff R.J. , Fruns M.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Upper and lower limb pain associated to attacks of migraine or cluster headache has been mentioned by many authors since the early descriptions of Liveing, Gowers and Jeliffe. The symptom was also described by Sluder as part of the syndrome of “sphenopalatine ganglion neuralgia.” Several authors in the 1920's and 1930's including Cushing and Harris reported cases currently classifiable as migraine or cluster headache with limb pain, but did not accept the mechanisms for pain proposed by Sluder. The scarcity of more recent reports suggests that many patients with migrainous limb pain may be assumed to have other causes for this pain.
Basilar Artery Migraine Stroke
Authors: Bernsen Hans J.J.A. , Van de Vlasakker Chuck , Verhagen Wim I.M. , Prick Mathé J.J.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

A 25‐year‐old woman with a history of basilar migraine attacks ultimately resulting in a basilar artery migraine stroke is described. Brain computed tomography showed bilateral hypodense lesions in the cerebellar hemispheres. A survey of literature on basilar artery migraine is presented and the relation between stroke and migraine is discussed.
Specific Headache Phenomena: Their Frequency and Coincidence
Authors: Ziegler Dewey K. , Hassanein Ruth S.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

The correlation of specific headache attack characteristics derived from a standardized questionnaire was studied in a consecutive series of 392 patients attending a headache clinic. In patients reporting headache with aura such attacks tended to be infrequent, and the percentage of their headache attacks that were preceded by aura varied widely, many cases having very low percentages. Paresthesias as auras were uncommon and rarely occurred without visual aura. Unilateral headaches were associated with nausea to widely varying degrees. Most patients reported both unilateral headache and headache with tension characteristics. Definite history of hypertension was significantly correlated specifically with migraine with aura (classic migraine).
Prospective Payment Experience With DRGs in Headache Patients
Authors: Sands George H. , Mulloy Katherine , Goldstein Jonathan , Munoz Eric
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

The new Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) Prospective Hospital Payment System pays a set fee to hospitals depending on the patient's diagnosis. Care of certain patients covered by Neurology DRGs has proven to be unprofitable. The purpose of this project was to study hospital resource consumption for hospitalized patients with a principal or secondary diagnosis of headache. We studied various resource parameters for patients in the three neurology DRGs for headache (#24‐seizure and headache, age greater than 69 and/or complicating condition; #25 and #26‐seizure and headache age 18–69 without complicating condition, and age 0–17, respectively) by whether or not the patients had a diagnosis of headache.

As demonstrated in Table 1, patients with headache had (on average) lower hospital resource utilization than patients in these same DRGs without a headache diagnosis. Headache patients had lesser total hospital costs, a lower severity of illness, and generated profits under DRGs compared to non‐headache patients. We found that our headache patients were adequately reimbursed by the DRG hospital payment system and suggest that this could be a financially attractive population to hospitals.
Influence of Quality of Life and Stress Coping Behaviour on Headaches in Adolescent Male Students: an Explorative Study
Authors: van den Bree M.B.M. , Passchier J. , Emmen H.H.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Quality of life (QL) and stress coping behaviour were evaluated in 194 adolescent male students, and related to their headache complaints. Negative correlations were found between headache duration and intensity versus satisfaction with autonomy, and between headache intensity versus satisfaction with the home situation. Both headache duration and intensity were found to correlate positively with depressive stress coping behaviour. Further, positive correlations were found between palliative and avoidant stress coping strategies versus headache intensity. Our findings suggest that active rather than passive stress coping strategies are effective in reducing headache intensity. In addition, this study indicates the relevance of focussing future research into headaches in adolescents on the home situation.
Transcranial Doppler Evaluation of Common and Classic Migraine. Part I. Ultrasonic Features During the Headache‐Free Period
Authors: Thie Andreas , Fuhlendorf Agnes , Spitzer Klaus , Kunze Klaus
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

To study vascular abnormalities in migraine, transcranial Doppler (TCD) was used for evaluation of 100 consecutive patients with either common or classic migraine during the headache‐free period. We insonated the basal cerebral arteries and the internal carotid artery (ICA) in the neck. Particular ultrasonic features in migraineurs included intracranial elevations of mean flow velocity (MFV) above 3 standard deviations of normal values in 16%, probably reflecting increased vasotonus. Marked asymmetry of MFV in corresponding intracranial arteries was found in 12%, and could represent “asymmetrical” vascular tone. Characteristic vascular bruits of low frequency and sometimes harmonic quality were detected in 56%. When compared to TCD findings in 40 young controls, MFV were significantly higher in all intracranial arteries in migraineurs, but not in the cervical ICA. Marked differences were also found for incidence of MFV elevations and vascular bruits (p<0.0001). Vascular reactivity in response to eye closing as measured by flow changes in the posterior cerebral artery (visually evoked flow) was significantly greater in migraineurs than in controls (%MFV change, 14.1 ± 5.4 vs 11.4 ± 4.8; p = 0.004). TCD features did not discriminate common from classic migraine.

Taken together, our results support the view of intracranial vascular abnormality in migraineurs reflecting, in particular, a narrower and more reactive arterial tree. The value of TCD in the differential diagnosis of ”vascular headache“ and in the study of migraine pathophysiology will have to be determined in the future.
Transcranial Doppler Evaluation of Common and Classic Migraine. Part II. Ultrasonic Features During Attacks
Authors: Thie Andreas , Fuhlendorf Agnes , Spitzer Klaus , Kunze Klaus
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) examinations were performed in 13 patients with common and 5 patients with classic migraine during attacks and compared to TCD findings during the headache‐free period. Two distinct patterns of flow changes were detected to distinguish common from classic migraine on the basis of TCD findings.

During attacks, patients with common migraine exhibited reduction of flow velocities associated with an increase of pulse wave amplitudes. Vascular bruits that were heard during the headache‐free interval often disappeared. Opposite changes were found in attacks of classic migraine during the headache phase with increase of flow velocities, decrease of pulsatility and more prominent or newly appearing bruits. These findings were often diffuse and did not appear to correlate with side of headache or side of neurological aura.

Uniform changes occurred in the cervical internal carotid artery and the basal cerebral arteries in either form of migraine. We propose that these changes represent caliber fluctuations of the large arteries, suggesting vasodilatation during attacks of common migraine and vasoconstriction during attacks of classic migraine.

We do not intend to imply a casual role of these preliminary findings in migraine pathogenesis, but we suggest that TCD be used in combination with other methods to study vascular changes in migrainous disorders.
Migraine Occurring for the First Time in Pregnancy
Authors: Chancellor Andrew M. , Wroe Stephen J. , Cull Roger E.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Nine patients referred for neurological opinion over a 4 yr. period were identified as having migraine occurring for the first time with pregnancy. The nature of their attacks, results of investigation, the progress of the pregnancy and the prognosis for headache post‐partum are presented. One patient had common migraine, the remainder, either classical or complicated attacks. Patients presented at variable stages of pregnancy; four developed complications, including pre‐eclamptic toxemia in two. The prognosis for headache during the follow up period of up to 54 months was excellent. The factors influencing migraine in pregnancy are discussed.
Defective Expression of IL‐2 Receptors on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes from Patients with Cluster Headache
Authors: Martelletti R , Stirparo G. , De Stefano L. , Di Sabato F. , Giacovazzo M. , Rinaldi‐Garaci C.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

In a previous study we demonstrated that cluster headache (CH) patients present an increased Natural Cytotoxic response after incubation of their peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). This phenomenon led to an investigation of the phenotypic expression of PBL before and after IL‐2 incubation, and of the IL‐2 lymphocyte receptor. IL‐2 receptor is expressed on T‐lymphocytes activated with an high‐affinity binding site. The analysis of the function of human IL‐2 receptor was facilitated by the production of a specific monoclonal antibody (MAb). This MAb identifies the IL‐2 receptors by blocking the binding of radiolabelled IL‐2 to T‐cells. In addition, we studied the expression of Leu‐4, specific for T‐cells; of Leu‐11b, specific for FC receptor on NK cells; and the Transferrin Receptor, specific for lymphoblasts and monocytes.

Twenty‐three episodic CH patients were selected for this study. Ten sex and age‐matched healthy volunteers were used as the control group. We evaluated the PBL phenotypic expression of cells subsets before incubation with IL‐2 (1,000 I.U./ml) and after 72 hours. The following Becton Dickinson MAbs have been used: anti‐Leu‐4 (CD3), anti‐lL‐2 receptors (CD25), anti‐Transferrin receptor (TFR) and anti‐Leu‐11b (CD16). Indirect fluorescence with a Becton Dickinson FACS‐420 flow cytometer was used to analyze the cells.

The results showed no significant variations in Leu‐4, Leu‐11b and Transferrin receptor in PBL of CH patients when compared to those of control subjects, both before and after incubation with IL‐2, whereas the percentage of PBL expressing receptors for IL‐2 was markedly reduced in CH patients as compared to normal individuals after incubation with IL‐2. This defective expression of IL‐2 receptors seems to be independent of the cluster period. These data suggest that the failure of IL‐2 receptor expression in CH can be inserted into a complex network of abnormalities of the immunoneuromodulating system in this disease.
Migraine Associated with Periorbital Ecchymosis
Authors: DeBroff Brian M. , Spierings Egilius L.H.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Two patients are reported who developed periorbital ecchymosis in association with migraine. The association is rare, having only been reported in the literature almost a century ago. The possible mechanism of the occurrence of periorbital ecchymosis in migraine is discussed.
A Placebo‐Controlled Crossover Trial of Nimodipine in Pediatric Migraine
Authors: Battistella P.A. , Ruffilli R. , Moro R. , Fabiani M. , Bertoli S. , Antolini A. , Zacchelo F.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

An 8‐month, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial was carried out on the use of nimodipine in migraine prophylaxis in 37 patients aged 7 to 18 years old.

After a 4‐week medication‐free run‐in period, 19 subjects (Group 1) received a placebo while 18 (Group 2) received nimodipine (10–20 mg t.i.d., according to body weight), for 12 weeks. After a 4‐week wash‐out period, the groups switched therapy for a further 12 weeks. 30 patients completed the trial and the number of dropouts was comparable in the 2 groups. The only side‐effect during nimodipine treatment was mild abdominal discomfort (3 cases). The treatments were evaluated on the basis of frequency and duration of attacks. There was a significant reduction in both parameters during the first period of treatment. During the second period of treatment, nimodipine proved to have a significantly greater effect than the placebo with regard to frequency, whereas the response was similar with the placebo as regards duration of attacks. The latter parameter shows a significant decrease during the treatment periods, regardless of type of therapy.