bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Formation of Bacterial Protoplasts In Vivo
Authors: Carey Warren F. , Muschel Louis H. , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2023

The intraperitoneal inoculation of Gramnegative bacteria into mice was followed by morphologic changes in these organisms from typical rods to protoplasts to protoplasmic membranes. The percentage of protoplast formation was a function of challenge size in both normal mice and those with elevated nonspecific resistance. Low challenges resulted in an acceleration of this effect upon cells, whereas in mice possessing specific antibody, the transformation of cells was rapid with maximum nonlethal doses. An additive protective effect was obtained in mice possessing both specific immunity and elevated nonspecific resistance. These mice were capable of transforming large challenge inoculums into protoplasts. Evidence also has been presented indicating an active mouse complement system which may be demonstrated in freshly drawn blood.
A Study of Antibody Production in Vitro
Authors: Vaughan John H. , Dutton Anne H. , Dutton Richard W. , George Mariam , Marston Robert Q.
Published: January 2023

Sieved spleen cells isolated from rabbits 2 or 3 days after an in vivo anamnestic stimulation have been studied. Synthesis of antibody in vitro has been measured by the incorporation of radioactive amino acid into carrier antibody-antigen precipitates formed in the supernatants. The effect of alterations of the culture medium have been investigated. The rate of antibody production tended to be constant in spleen cells isolated at 3 days, but was still increasing in cells isolated at 2 days.
Effect of Polylysine on Immune Hemoantibodies in Mice
Authors: Stern Kurt
Published: January 2023

Significant depressions of immune antibodies for sheep red cells were found in mice of five inbred strains injected with nontoxic quantities of polylysine concurrently with the administration of the red cells. In mice of three strains—DBA, C3H, and C57BL—only male, but not female, mice responded in this manner. Although several other mechanisms of the depressing activity on immune responses of polylysine were considered to be improbable, the possibility that polylysine may interfere with phagocytosis of red cells in vivo was thought to be deserving of further investigation.
A Property of Immune Sera Inhibitory for the Growth of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Kochan Ivan , Raffel Sidney
Published: January 2023

A strong inhibitory effect upon tubercle bacilli appears in the serum of tuberculous and BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. In infected animals, this effect is present throughout the disease period; in the latter case it is present only for 2.5–3 months after a vaccinating dose. Investigation of the inhibitory factor revealed the following features: It progressively loses its activity at 65°C but remains intact at 56°C for 1 hr and, thus, does not require complement.It cannot be adsorbed from serum by heavy emulsions of tubercle bacilli.It requires calcium for its activity; addition of citrate to serum or dialysis of serum against saline, with chelation or loss of calcium, respectively results in an inactivation of the inhibitory factor which is reversible by the addition of calcium.It migrates electrophoretically with the α-globulins.It is specifically inhibitory for tubercle bacilli, but its formation can be induced by a heavy infection of guinea pigs with staphylococci.Its formation is not suppressed by total body irradiation.

The factor may be an acute-phase substance with highly specific and striking tuberculostatic activity. Its possible significance to acquired immunity in guinea pigs remains to be assessed.
Serologic Relationship between Inclusion Body Proteins of Some Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera
Authors: Krywienczyk J. , Bergold G. H.
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs were injected with dissolved inclusion body proteins from 16 species of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera collected from four continents.

On the basis of complement fixation tests they proved to belong to three serologically distinct groups. Two of these groups, namely nuclear polyhedron proteins from Lepidoptera and cytoplasmic capsule proteins from Lepidoptera, are the same as previously established for the corresponding viruses, although the capsule protein from Recurvaria milleri Busck (CRm) showed a higher cross reactivity with the polyhedron proteins than with the other capsule proteins. A third group is represented by the nuclear polyhedron proteins of Diprionidae (Hymenoptera). Within each group a varying degree of relationship was found which appears to be influenced by the phylogenetic status of the hosts.
Serum and Colostral Antibody Levels in Cattle Convalescent from Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Tests in Calves and Fetal Tissue
Authors: Stone S. S. , DeLay P. D.
Published: January 2023

Two heifers were inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in late pregnancy. Twelve days after inoculation, one heifer calved. Both the heifer and calf died 3 days after parturition. The other heifer calved 18 days after inoculation, but the calf was stillborn. The dam was sacrificed at 12 days postpartum. Antibody levels were determined in sera and milk and attempts were made to isolate the virus from fetal membranes and calf tissue with the following results: Postpartum milk from a heifer infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) contained specific neutralizing antibody at a level higher than that of serum from the same animal at 7 days postinoculation (DPI); at 5 days postpartum the titers of serum and colostrum were comparable.Complement-fixation (CF) titers of postpartum whey were lower than the serum titers and were not detectable after 10 days.An extremely high concentration of whey proteins with globulin mobilities, as shown by paper electrophoresis, was noted during the first 5 days postpartum; however, the concentration of these proteins gradually decreased to an insignificant level by the 10th day.Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was not recovered from meconium, spleen, pancreas, heart muscle or placental tissues of the calves.The symptoms in pregnant heifers following infection with FMDV, type A-119, were more severe than those noted in steers or nonpregnant heifers.The virus neutralization (VN) test was more useful than the agar gel precipitin or CF test because of the persistence of VN antibody in milk.
Immune Mechanisms in Homotransplantation
Authors: Winn Henry J.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that mixtures of relatively large numbers of lymphoma cells and specific isoimmune serum fail to produce tumors when injected into compatible mice. The degree of neutralization is proportional to the amount of antiserum, provided that very large cell doses are not employed. In vitro incubation of serum-cell mixtures has no effect on the outcome of neutralization tests unless complement is present, in which case the level of neutralization observed is determined by the concentration of complement as well as the time of incubation. A striking enhancement of neutralization can be achieved by injecting the prospective hosts of the antiserum-cell mixtures intraperitoneally with guinea pig complement (0.25–1.0 ml/mouse). This treatment has no effect on the fate of grafts of tumor cells mixed with normal serum. Neutralization in the absence of exogenous complement is attributed to the action of host complement on antibody-sensitized tumor cells. Failure to demonstrate neutralization with large cell doses even when optimal amounts of antibody are present is ascribed to insufficient levels of host complement. The significance of these observations with respect to the mechanisms of homograft rejection and the so-called tumor inhibitory principle of guinea pig serum is discussed.
The Fate of Killed, Radioiodinated Brucella Abortus Injected Into Mice
Authors: Sulitzeanu Dov , Bdolach A. , Sperling O.
Published: January 2023

Radioiodinated Brucella abortus injected into the peritoneal cavity of the mouse are partly phagocytosed in the cavity and partly transported to the blood stream, from which they are removed mainly by the liver and spleen. The final distribution of the bacteria appears to be determined by the extent of the phagocytosis taking place in the peritoneal cavity. A significant proportion of the engulfed brucellae are carried to the mesenteric lymph glands. Therefore, any factor enhancing phagocytosis, such as the presence of a peritoneal exudate, the stimulation of RES or the injection of Brucella antiserum, will increase the radioactivity in the mesenteric glands. The radioactivity in the spleen and liver will be consequently reduced. Factors decreasing phagocytosis in the cavity (such as levan) have an opposite effect.

Several hundred antibody molecules per bacterium are sufficient to sensitize the brucellae to increased phagocytosis in the peritoneal cavity.

The labeled brucellae can be used as a sensitive indicator of inflammatory activity in the abdominal cavity of the mouse.
Alterations in Serum Lysozyme and Properdin Titers of Mice Following X-Irradiation or Treatment with Zymosan or Endotoxin
Authors: Hook William A. , Carey Warren F. , Muschel Louis H.
Published: January 2023

Inoculation of mice with Zymosan or endotoxin caused an initial decline and subsequent rise in lysozyme titers that was similar but not identical with changes in properdin titer. Mice responded to irradiation with progressively decreasing lysozyme levels whereas properdin titers rose to above normal shortly after irradiation and then fell to normal or below normal levels. The serum lysozyme titer in mice thus appeared to be a more consistent indicator in irradiation damage than the properdin titer.

Lysozyme could not be substituted for properdin in vitro for the lysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes, tannic acid treated erythrocytes, toxoplasmacidal activity or for the inactivation of C′3. A lysozyme depleted serum (RL) containing complement and properdin possessed full activity in these systems.
Kinetics of the Inhibition of Cypridina Luciferase by Specific Antibody
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. , Sowinski Raymond
Published: January 2023

A kinetic study of the antigen-antibody reaction involving specific rabbit antibody to luciferase, the enzyme responsible for the blue luminescence of the marine crustacean, Cypridina hilgendorfii, was carried out by a quantitative photometric method. Interaction of antibody and luciferase resulted in inactivation of the enzyme. Investigation of the rate of inactivation over a 100,000-fold range in antibody concentration showed the rate to be concentration dependent. The reaction equilibrium was represented by a sigmoid curve. At antibody excess, the inactivation obeyed pseudounimolecular kinetics during the initial 14 min, after which the rate decreased. Luciferase activity was inhibited by one molecule of antibody acting noncompetitively. The inhibition was partially reversible by simple dilution. The rate of inactivation was pH dependent, with an optimum of around 5.4. The data suggest that ionic attraction plays a significant role in the inactivation process.
Studies on Echinococcosis: Nonspecific Serologic Reactions of Hydatid-Fluid Antigen with Serum of Patients Ill with Diseases Other Than Echinococcosis
Authors: Kagan Irving G. , Norman Lois , Allain Dorothy S. , Goodchild Chauncey G.
Published: January 2023

Sera from 129 patients ill with liver cirrhosis, nephrosis, lupus erythematosus, multiple myeloma and diseases other than echinococcosis were tested with the hemagglutination test and flocculation tests. In the entire sample nine sera (7%) were positive by hemagglutination and 11 sera (8.5%) by flocculation; however, 36 of 129 (28%) showed some degree of serologic reactivity. In the cirrhosis sample, 17 of 35 sera (49%) were serologically reactive and in the other diseases from 10–25% of the sera showed reactivity. Analysis of some of the sera by paper electrophoresis showed no correlation between A/G ratios and reactive and negative sera.

Analysis of Echinococcus granulosus antigens of porcine origin and E. multilocularis antigens from cotton rats revealed the presence of host protein in these antigens. Studies by agar double diffusion methods revealed that E. granulosus and E. multilocularis antigens have common antigens with host liver.

Serologic activity with echinococcus antigens in patients with liver disease is believed to be due to the presence of autoantibodies which cross-react with host protein in the hydatid fluid antigen.
Cx-Reactive Protein Response in Rabbits during Immunization with Foreign Proteins
Authors: Hokama Y. , Coleman Monroe K. , Riley Richard F.
Published: January 2023

Primary immunization of rabbits with intravenous bovine serum albumin or human γ-globulin resulted in a biphasic Cx-protein response. The secondary response was attributed to the formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the vascular system, since Cx-protein responses could be elicited by intravenous injection of soluble antigen-antibody complexes, and by formation of complexes in vivo by passive transfer of homologous antibody followed by antigen. A secondary Cx-protein response did not occur following primary intravenous immunization with tobacco mosaic virus, an antigen which disappeared from the blood stream well ahead of the appearance of antibody.
Elastase in the Exocrine Pancreas: Localization with Fluorescent Antibody
Authors: Moon Henry D. , McIvor Barbara C.
Published: January 2023

The enzyme, elastase, was demonstrated in the acinar tissue of the porcine pancreas using antielastase rabbit serum and fluorescent sheep antirabbit globulin as a means of identifying and localizing the enzyme. No elastase was present in the islets of Langerhans. The specificity of the antibody to porcine elastase was demonstrated by its strong reaction with porcine pancreas and its failure to react with human or guinea pig pancreas. A positive reaction occurred between guinea pig anti-insulin serum and the islets of Langerhans of porcine pancreas whereas there was no reaction between this serum and the acinar tissue and ductal epithelium of porcine pancreas.
Immunologic Differences between the 7S and 19S Components of Normal Human γ-Globulin; Antigenic Specificity of the 7S Component
Authors: Franklin Edward C.
Published: January 2023

Double diffusion studies in agar and quantitative precipitin studies have confirmed the close antigenic relationship of the 7S and 19S fraction of γ-globulin. Antigenic differences detectable by agar diffusion studies have demonstrated the presence of antigenic groups specific to the 7S γ-globulin which are not present in the heavier fractions. More rapidly sedimenting peaks present in these preparations and in normal serum do not appear to be simple polymers of 7S γ-globulin. Differences in the major 7S fraction of γ-globulin and the 7S units of the 19S fraction of γ-globulin are discussed.
Purification of the Virus of Foot-and-Mouth Disease by Fluorocarbon Treatment and Its Dissociation from Neutralizing Antibody
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B.
Published: January 2023

Treatment of suspensions of foot-and-mouth disease virus with Arcton eliminates the 7 mμ component without reducing the infectivity titer. The immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from virus suspensions and Arcton-treated suspensions is the same, indicating that there is no loss of 20 mμ component. Neutral mixtures of virus and antiserum can be dissociated with excellent recovery of virus infectivity.
Nephrotic Syndrome in Rats Produced by Sensitization to Rat Kidney Proteins: Immunologic Studies
Authors: Hunter Janet L. P. , Hackel Donald B. , Heymann Walter
Published: January 2023

Twenty-nine rats were injected intraperitoneally 6–10 times at 2-week intervals with kidney supernatant emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Their sera were tested against rat kidney antigen by Ouchterlony's double diffusion agar plate technique. Bands of precipitation were found with 43 of 187 sera tested. They appeared from 55 days before the onset of disease and persisted up to 64 days after the onset of proteinuria. Twelve of the sera from these 29 rats were also tested against rat liver, lung and muscle antigens. Four sera produced a band of precipitation with liver antigen. This band showed a reaction of identity with that formed by the same serum against kidney antigen. There were no bands formed against lung and muscle antigens. Twenty-two sera from eight rats injected with adjuvant and liver supernatant were tested against rat kidney antigen. Four of these sera produced bands. Seventeen sera were also tested against rat liver, lung and muscle antigens. Three of these produced a band of precipitation against liver antigen. This band gave a reaction of identity with that produced by the same serum and rat kidney antigen. Five sera from rats injected with rat kidney supernatant emulsified in adjuvant were tested against rat, rabbit and guinea pig kidney antigens. Two produced cross-reacting bands to the three antigens. Hemagglutination titers were estimated on 84 sera from 13 rats injected with kidney supernatant in adjuvant obtained throughout the injection period. Positive titers were found in only four sera. Fifteen sera from 13 rats injected with liver supernatant in adjuvant and 15 sera from 13 rats injected with adjuvant alone gave negative hemagglutination results. Serum complement values were determined serially in 98 sera of eight rats injected with kidney supernatant in adjuvant. A decrease was noted in five of these animals. The decrease correlated more closely with the onset of proteinuria than with the appearance or disappearance of precipitating antibodies. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was tested using sera from four rats that had received injections of adjuvant and kidney with negative results. Skin tests performed on eight animals treated with kidney antigen in adjuvant were also negative.
Evidence of a Secondary Response in Transplantation Immunity
Authors: Steinmuller David
Published: January 2023

The immunity elicited by 2 million intraperitoneally inoculated homologous spleen cells in mice is dissipated by the end of 60 days, as is evidenced by the epithelial survival scores of orthotopically transplanted skin homografts. If the skin test-grafts at this time are accompanied by a normally subliminal immunizing dosage of intraperitoneally injected spleen cells, however, their scores are significantly lowered. This is interpreted as showing that after primary immunity has faded the host's homograft rejection mechanism is in a hypersensitive state such that an immediate encounter with even an ordinarily negligible stimulus results in the reinstatement of an effective immune condition, i.e., that it represents a true secondary or anamnestic response.
Cellular Antibodies in Kidney Homotransplantation
Authors: Govaerts Andre
Published: January 2023

The action of sera and lymphocytes from kidney homografted dogs has been studied on tissue cultures from the second kidney of the donor.

Sera from the recipient animals did not show any cytotoxic action on the cultures which, however, were highly sensitive to heterologous sera. Homologous sera did not protect the cultures against the cytopathogenic effect of infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV) (Da Costa Cruz phenomenon). Living lymphocytes from the recipient animals regularly produced specific cytotoxic lesions in renal cultures from the correspondent donors. These lymphocytes were not found to be cytotoxic for white cell suspensions obtained from the peritoneal fluid of the donors.
Studies on the Development of the Isoantigens of the H-2 System in Newborn Mice
Authors: Möller Göran
Published: January 2023

Erythrocytes and spleen cells from C3H mice were insensitive to humoral H-2-isoantibodies until 2–3 days after birth. Adult reactivity was reached after 6–10 days. Newborn, less than 1 ½-day-old C3H mice were able to absorb intravenously injected antiserum. Erythrocytes of less than 1 ½-day-old C3H mice could not absorb H-2-isoantibodies in vitro. Spleen, liver and kidney cells of less than 1 ½-day-old C3H mice were able to absorb isoantibodies in vitro. Erythrocytes and spleen cells of newborn CBA and A mice were insensitive to humoral isoantibodies at 1 ½ days after birth. Erythrocytes and spleen cells of newborn C57B1 and C57L mice were sensitive to humoral isoantibodies from the day of birth. Immunization of adult C57L mice with x-irradiated spleen cells of less than 1 ½ day old C3H mice gave rise to humoral antibodies. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Immune Mechanisms in Homotransplantation
Authors: Winn Henry J.
Published: January 2023

A technique for quantitatively assaying the activity of immunologically activated lymphoid cells is described. The technique consists in mixing the lymphoid cells with cells of an appropriate tumor and injecting the mixtures into mice of a) the strain of origin of the tumor, b) the strain of origin of the lymphoid cells, or c) the F1 hybrid obtained in matings between mice of types (a) and (b). Subsequently, these recipients are killed and the tumors are dissected out and weighed.

In a given donor-host combination the tumor weights were found to be inversely proportional to the numbers of immune lymphoid cells contained in the mixture. Except at very large cell doses, normal lymphoid tissues were inactive in this respect.

The antitumor activity was shown to be immunologically specific and to depend on the continued functioning of the lymphoid cells in their new hosts. Incubation of the cell mixtures prior to injecting them into the host mice has no effect on the level of activity observed, and the available evidence indicates that the two cell types do not react with each other in vitro.

The technique is extremely sensitive, being capable of detecting the activity of less than 0.1% of the cells harvested from the draining lymph nodes of a single mouse previously implanted with a tumor homograft. Very high activity has been found in the spleens of mice bearing subcutaneous tumor homografts on the right flank; much smaller amounts were detected in contralateral nodes and only occasional weak activity was detected in the thymus.

It is concluded that the lymph node cells are immunologically immature at the time of excision, that they mature in their new host at subcutaneous sites as well as in lymphoid organs and that they attack their target cells directly rather than through the elaboration of a serumborne antibody.
Passive Transfer of Bone Marrow Homotransplantation Immunity with Specific Antisera
Authors: Garver Richard M. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: January 2023

The intraperitoneal injection of specific antisera (anti-C2H mouse spleen cells) prevented the protective effect of C3H strain bone marrow (i.e., homologous) injected intravenously into lethally X-irradiated (LxA)F1 hybrid mice. When this antiserum was absorbed in vitro with packed C3H erythrocytes (washed free of leukocytes), no loss of anti-bone marrow activity of the antiserum could be observed. Injection of anti-C3H erythrocyte serum did not prevent the “takes” of C3H bone marrow. Anti-LAF1 spleen serum (prepared in A mice) had no deleterious effect on protection by bone marrow when LAF1 bone marrow (i.e., isologous) was administered to lethally irradiated LAF1 host mice. In this instance, it is considered that the isoantibodies are absorbed out by the host tissue isoantigens, permitting little if any antibody to reach the injected marrow cells. Following in vitro incubation of isologous or homologous marrow cells with specific antisera, the protective effect of the marrow was diminished greatly. The question of cells versus antibody in the homograft reaction was discussed. It is concluded that dissociated cell homografts (such as bone marrow cells) can be rejected by humoral isoantibodies per se.
A Progressive Immunization Reaction in the Actively Sensitized Rabbit Eye
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Welter Sylvia , Zimmerman Lorenz E.
Published: January 2023

The injection of adequate amounts of crystalline egg albumin into the vitreous body of the rabbit eye forms a depot of antigen which leaks out of the site only slowly. Antigen is thus present during the development of a hypersensitive state in the animal, giving rise to a “spontaneous” inflammatory response in the uvea after a lag of about a week. This inflammation is characterized by an infiltration of mononuclear cells. Evidence is presented that the hypersensitivity state responsible for this ocular inflammation is systemic, and that the inflammation starts in the majority of cases at least one or more days before the appearance of detectable circulating antibody. The significance of these data with respect to a delayed hypersensitivity mechanism for this ocular inflammation is discussed as is the relationship of this experimental model to the “progressive immunization reaction” of Gell and Hinde.
Reduction of the Anaphylaxis Enhancing and Adjuvant Effects of Bordetella Pertussis by a Prior Injection of B. Pertussis
Authors: Kind Leon S. , Roffler Suzanne K.
Published: January 2023

Mice inoculated with Bordetella pertussis and bovine serum albumin have an enhanced sensitivity to anaphylactic shock when subsequently challenged with BSA. The incidence of anaphylaxis as well as the amount of circulating antibodies to BSA are both significantly reduced in mice injected with pertussis vaccine 5 days prior to sensitizing injections of pertussis vaccine and BSA. A prior injection of B. pertussis also significantly reduces the incidence of anaphylaxis in mice sensitized with BSA in Freund's adjuvant.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Chicken
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Steigman Alex J.
Published: January 2023

Signs, symptoms and CNS histological lesions of EAE can be induced in chickens suitably injected with chicken CNS in Freund's adjuvants. Chicken cerebrum is less active and chicken cerebellum is inactive, in contrast to chicken spinal cord as the inoculum. There is a striking difference in reaction between two breeds of chickens. White Leghorns develop disseminated CNS lesions without displaying CNS signs and symptoms, whereas White Rocks develop both clinical and histological evidence of EAE. Chickens may recover from severe CNS signs and symptoms despite the continued persistence of severe CNS lesions. The demonstration that this nonmammalian host can be used in EAE studies, together with the genetic and other differences in reaction pointed out above, affords several additional and new possibilities for investigation. These include antibody studies in ovo and in hatchlings from inoculated fertilized hens, studies in a host with higher body temperature and metabolic rate than the usual laboratory mammals employed, studies of the influence of genetics via crossbreedings between White Rocks and White Leghorns, and studies in the induction of clinical relapse in asymptomatic but CNS lesion-bearing birds.
Studies on Immunity in Anthrax
Authors: McGann Virginia G. , Stearman Roebert L. , Wright George G.
Published: January 2023

Complement fixation reactions were obtained with rabbit antisera and culture filtrates or partially purified preparations of protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis. By selection of appropriate antisera and adjustment of conditions, fixation by heat-stable antigens of no protective activity could be minimized or eliminated. Fixation titers were compared with the activity of the antigen preparations in active immunization of guinea pigs. A method was developed for deriving a dose-response curve from the mean reciprocal survival time after challenge of immunized guinea pigs. By use of this curve the results of the immunization assays were converted to relative potency units of protective antigen. There was significant correlation between the complement fixation titers and the immunizing activity of the preparations. The deviations were no greater than would be expected in view of the limited precision of the in vivo assay when practical numbers of guinea pigs are used. The significance of the results is discussed.
Platelet Agglutination by Immune Complexes and Its Possible Role in Hypersensitivity
Authors: Siqueira Maria , Nelson Robert A.
Published: January 2023

Mixtures containing antigen, antibody and complement induced macroscopic agglutination of washed platelets from normal guinea pigs and rabbits. The responsible mechanism is postulated as an attachment of the complex, antigen-antibody-complement, to a specific “receptor site” on the surface of the platelet. Platelets were not agglutinable after heating at 56°C for 15 min, nor after treatment with trypsin (2 μg) or with chymotrypsin. Citrate and heparin inhibited formation of the antigen-antibody-complement complex but did not inhibit agglutination of platelets. EDTA inhibited both formation of the complex and agglutination of platelets. Agglutination of platelets occurred with fresh serum from normal rabbits and guinea pigs mixed with the soluble antigens of S. typhosa and with certain dextrans reactive as “preparative” and “provocative” agents in the Shwartzman phenomenon.
Biological Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Sugahara Takao
Published: January 2023

Soluble ovalbumin-rabbit antiovalbumin complexes gave immediate skin reactions in normal guinea pigs. Coprecipitating antibody and precipitating antibody were comparable, on a weight basis, with respect to their ability to form skin reactive complexes. With regard to the skin reactivity of the soluble complexes composed of coprecipitating antibody, the complexes formed throughout the antibody excess region up to the region of moderate antigen excess were all reactive. The complexes formed in moderate antigen excess had the highest reactivity. The complement-fixing potencies of the soluble complexes did not parallel their skin reactive properties. The complexes formed at the equivalence point had the highest complement-fixing activity. Speculations concerning the nature of the skin reactive antigen-antibody complexes have been presented.
Lowered Resistance to Influenza Infection of Mice Following Immunization with Mercurial Inactivated Influenza Virus
Authors: Ogasawara K. , Aida M. , Nagata I.
Published: January 2023

Some findings in mice were presented which suggest the existence of an antigen concerned in influenza allergy. This labile antigen present in mouse-adapted virus was destroyed by heat or formol treatment, but not by treatment with a high dilution of a mercurial (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate; Merzonin) which by itself could inactivate the virus.

Possible explanation of influenza allergy in relation to the chemical composition of influenza virus has been discussed.
Laboratory and Field Investigations of Bovine Myxovirus Parainfluenza 3 Virus and Vaccine
Authors: McClelland L. , Hampil B. , Hamparian V. V. , Potash L. , Ketler A. , Hilleman M. R.
Published: January 2023

A potent formalin-killed vaccine was prepared from bovine kidney cultures infected with the SF-4 strain of Myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus. The aqueous vaccine was highly potent for guinea pigs when administered by various routes and regularly evoked the formation of neutralizing, HI and CF antibodies. On the other hand, the aqueous vaccine was of insufficient potency to immunize cattle in the dosage employed. Emulsification of the vaccine with Arlacel A-mineral oil adjuvant effected great enhancement of antigenic potency. Such material, in properdosage, evoked high level antibody response in both guinea pigs and bovines. The significance of the findings is discussed.
The Induction in Mice of Sensitization and Immunological Unresponsiveness by Neonatal Injection of Bovine γ-Globulin
Authors: Thorbecke G. J. , Siskind G. W. , Goldberger N.
Published: January 2023

Results obtained by means of passive hemagglutination and agar diffusion studies on mouse sera have shown that: DBA/2 and A/Jax mice which had received 1 mg of bovine γ-globulin (BGG) intraperitoneally at birth showed a secondary type antibody response to a single challenge with BGG during the second month of age.This state of sensitization was preceded by a state of immunological unresponsiveness to BGG, demonstrated by challenge at 14 days of age.Mice which had received 10 to 30 mg of BGG neonatally were unresponsive when tested at 40 days of age. This state of unresponsiveness decreased with time.
Organ Specificity of the Heart
Authors: Gery Igal , Davies A. Michael
Published: January 2023

Rabbits, guinea pigs and rats were immunized against saline extracts of hearts of heterologous species and the antisera examined in a battery of tests. Gel precipitation, complement fixation, latex agglutination and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests all showed cross-reactions between the immunizing heart and other organs of the immunizing species (species-specific reaction). Antiheart antisera reacted in the tanned red cell hemagglutination system with all hearts examined, including that of the immunized animal itself, demonstrating the presence of an organ specific antigen. The specificity of this common heart antigen was confirmed in hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests.
Role of the Adrenals in Stress Induced Resistance to Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Treadwell Perry E. , Rasmussen A. F.
Published: January 2023

An increase in resistance to passive anaphylaxis in mice regularly follows acute, 6 hr, or chronic, 6 hr per day for 4 weeks, shuttle box stress. This increase in resistance did not develop in stressed, adrenalectomized mice. Treatment of adrenalectomized mice with hydrocortisone acetate resulted in an increase in resistance to anaphylaxis. Acute stress exerted an additive protective effect to that of hydrocortisone in intact but not in adrenalectomized animals. The incidental stress of isolation resulted in a slight but definite increase in resistance to anaphylaxis.
The Beginnings of Immunofluorescence
Authors: Coons Albert H.
Published: January 2023

The Chinese have a picturesque cycle of designations for the succeeding years of their lives: the year of the tiger, the year of the rabbit, the year of the dragon. I suggest lightly that this is the hour of the fluorescent antibody. The last two or three years have seen the publication of several reviews on this subject; one of the latest, by Dr. Ernst Beutner, is in the current issue (1) of Bacteriological Reviews. Within the last year the Public Health Service has issued a handbook entitled: Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Cherry, Goldman and Carski) (2). It is now no longer possible by an inspection of their titles to find papers employing immunofluorescence. Fluorescent antibodies have apparently been assimiliated into the general body of immunological methods and no longer merit special mention.
Experimental Shigella Infections
Authors: LaBrec Eugene H. , Formal Samuel B.
Published: January 2023

Sections of tissue obtained from guinea pigs succumbing to a fatal enteric infection of Shigella flexneri 2a were examined by fluorescent antibody and conventional histologic procedures to determine the nature and extent of a fatal infection.

Shigellae were neither cultured nor visualized in any organs outside of the intestinal tract. In most of the animals studied which succumbed to infection at 24 hr ulcerative lesions of the mid-and terminal ileum and cecum were noted. In animals dying 72 to 96 hr postchallenge ulcerative lesions of the duodenum-jejunum, or midileum were never seen. These animals consistently had large ulcerations of the cecum and colon, whereas lesions of the terminal ileum were rare.

In all of the challenged animals examined, shigellae could be found in the lamina propria of solitary villi without apparent loss of mucosal continuity. Examination of sections of intestine from animals sacrificed at various times after challenge dose revealed that shigella may invade the lamina propria of these villi within 8 hr. It is postulated that intestinal lesions of bacillary dysentery may depend on the presence of shigellae within the lamina propria as a requisite to the formation of an ulcer. Whenever ulcers formed they always contained specifically fluoreseing dysentery bacilli, and in early stages they did not appear to be contaminated with other microorganisms.

Control experiments in which large doses of heat-killed Shigella flexneri 2a or live Escherichia coli were fed to guinea pigs showed no production of ulcerative lesions.

Attempts to dctect antigenic products of shigellae in the organs of animals moribund from the experimental infections were not successful.
Effect of Egg Passage on the Reaction Between HVJ (Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan) and Chicken Erythrocytes
Authors: Matsumoto Toshisada , Yamamoto Nobuto , Maeno Koichiro
Published: January 2023

When HVJ (hemagglutinating virus of Japan, Sendai virus) was passaged serially in the allantoic cavity of the chick embryo, the virus underwent a gradual change in its reactivity with chicken erythrocytes. On first transfer to chick embryos from mice, HVJ was adsorbed less efficiently and eluted at a faster rate from chicken erythrocytes than did the later passage virus. Elution of the early passage virus took place at 20°C but the later passage virus scarcely eluted at this temperature. This change, from M (mouse adapted) phase to E (egg adapted) phase, was associated with changes in the growth rate in the allantoic cavity of the chick embryo and in the adsorption rate to cells of the allantoic membrane, cultivated mouse lung cells or mouse red blood cells. The adsorption behavior of the virus onto chicken or mouse red blood cells was similar to that observed with the host cells from each species. The change of virus was observed readily when passage was made with undiluted seed, or less readily, when passaged with 10-3 dilution seed, whereas the virus retained the original form by repeated passages at the limiting infective dilution. The typical M and E phase virus could be isolated from virus which appeared to be of intermediate type. The nature of this variation was discussed in the light of the results obtained.
Requirement of Avian C′1 for Fixation of Guinea Pig Complement by Avian Antibody-Antigen Complexes
Authors: Benson Harold N. , Brumfield Helene P. , Pomeroy Benjamin S.
Published: January 2023

An incompatibility has been shown to exist between certain avian antibody-antigen complexes and C′1 of guinea pig complement. This can be remedied by the substitution of species specific C′1 after which guinea pig C′2, C′3 and C′4 are fixed.
Some Immunologic Properties of Human and Dog Glomerular Basement Membrane
Authors: Steblay Raymond William , Lepper Mark H.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that rabbit anti-HGBM serum and rabbit anti-DGBM serum produce a nephritis in dogs which is indistinguishable using urinary, biochemical or histopathologic criteria. This leads to the conclusion that one or more similar or identical nephrotoxic antigen(s) is present in HGBM and DGBM preparations of the homogeneity herein described. There is likewise one or more similar or identical CF antigen(s) in HGBM and DGBM preparations. The CF and nephrotoxic antigen(s) may not be identical. If not, there are at least two distinct immunologically similar or identical antigens present in HGBM and DGBM. There is urinary and histopathologic evidence of nephritis by at least 20 hr following a single intravenous or intracardiac injection of either antiserum. Biochemically, there is usually evidence of decreased serum albumin and increased serum cholesterol and frequently variable degrees of nitrogen retention. Such changes are similar in both groups of antiserum. The mechanism of the disease is briefly discussed. The fact that an initial mild nephritis may develop into a more marked nephritis in about 6 to 8 days suggests the possibility of a summation of two independent antigen-antibody reactions. An alternative view is that the initial insult produces a variable onset and course, and the lesion slowly becomes progressive itself without requiring a superimposed second antigen-antibody reaction.
Immunological Studies of Anthrax
Authors: Klein Frederick , DeArmon Ira A. , Lincoln Ralph E. , Mahlandt Bill G. , Fernelius Albert L.
Published: January 2023

Levels of resistance to challenge with spores of a virulent strain of Bacillus anthracis were measured by means of an immunity index. The immunizing effect of protective antigen alone produced a level of resistance approximately 1000-fold greater than that of controls. The effect of protective antigen and a supplemental injection of live vaccine was 100,000,000-fold. Live vaccine alone produced only a 10- to 15-fold increase in resistance.
Immunologic Study of Antibody-Forming Cells in Mouse Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Doria Gino , Goodman Joan Wright , Gengozian Nazareth , Congdon Charles C.
Published: January 2023

The capability of long-term mouse radiation chimeras to produce sheep-RBC agglutinins was greater in isologous than in homologous combinations. This was the case for both fetal liver and bone marrow chimeras. In homologous chimeras the spleen cells responsible for agglutinin production were of donor type, regardless of hemopoietic tissues and strain combinations used. Fetal liver and adult bone marrow contained potential or actual antibody-forming cells which, transplanted into irradiated host, conferred to it an immune system of donor type. The immune response of donor cells transplanted from homologous chimera spleens into irradiated recipients was qualitatively normal, but quantitatively subnormal.
Actively Acquired Tolerance to Dinitrochlorobenzene
Authors: Harber Leonard C. , Rosenthal Stanley A. , Baer Rudolf L.
Published: January 2023

Experiments were designed to block or reduce the ability of guinea pigs to respond immunologically to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), i.e., to induce actively acquired tolerance to DNCB through prenatal exposure. This was accomplished by means of intraperitoneal injections of DNCB in pregnant guinea pigs. The effects of the in utero exposure were assessed in 264 guinea pigs born to mothers who, during pregnancy, had received DNCB in acetone or, for control purposes, acetone alone.

Actively acquired tolerance manifested itself by a diminished degree of allergic hypersensitivity to DNCB following postnatal sensitizing exposures in the offspring of mothers injected with DNCB as compared with the offspring born to “control” mothers.

Actively acquired tolerance was shown to be a specific phenomenon since there was no impairment in the capacity of the offspring exposed to DNCB in utero to undergo postnatal sensitization to citraconic anhydride, an allergen chemically unrelated to DNCB, as compared with guinea pigs born to “control” mothers. Actively acquired “cross-tolerance” was shown between DNCB and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene.
Effect of Sodium Chloride and pH on the Rate of Neutralization of Cypridina Luciferase by Specific Antibody
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. , Gindler E. Melvin
Published: January 2023

The effect of sodium chloride concentration and pH on the kinetics of the neutralization of Cypridina luciferase by antiluciferase γ-globulin has been investigated. Determination of the rate of neutralization in the presence of excess γ-globulin showed that approximately 60% of the initial activity was neutralized according to pseudo-first order kinetics. The rate of neutralization increased on lowering the sodium chloride concentration and decreased on increasing the salt concentration. The rate also increased in going from pH 7.0 to 5.4 at low salt concentrations, but was insensitive to variation in hydrogen ion concentration at high salt concentrations. At low ionic strengths, the observed results conformed to the predictions of the Brönsted theory of the primary salt effect on reaction kinetics. Consequently, the rate changes observed in the presence of sodium and chloride ions were considered as being due to their effect on the “activity” of an intermediate “activated complex.” Alternatively, the effect of salt and hydrogen ion concentration on reaction rate was also considered in terms of a modified diffuse double layer affecting the collision frequency of the molecules. Determination of the rate constants at varying hydrogen ion concentrations, and subsequent analysis of the data in terms of an interaction between a single ionic species of luciferase and antibody, indicated the involvement of active groups possessing pK1 = pK2 = pK3 = 5 and pK4 ≧ 8.
Studies of Anaphylaxis: Effect of Decomplementation with Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Christian Charles L. , Thurer Richard J.
Published: January 2023

The intravenous administration of aggregated human γ-globulin (AHGG) to guinea pigs depressed serum complement (C′) levels and resulted in diminished responses to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). The data suggest that C′ may, under some circumstances, mediate PCA. Modification of passive systemic anaphylaxis by AHGG appeared not to be mediated by its anticomplementary effect.
Experimental Auto-Immune Nephrosis in Rats: III
Authors: Heymann Walter , Hunter Janet L. P. , Hackel Donald B.
Published: January 2023

The importance of Freund's adjuvants for the production of experimental autoimmune nephrosis was studied. The frequency of disease production depended on the amounts as well as on the frequency with which they were used. Incomplete adjuvants or replacement of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Mycobacterium butyricum, did not produce renal disease. The virulence of the organism or the method by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis was killed did not affect disease production. Production of a less severe, sterile peritonitis by replacement of Freund's adjuvants by talcum suspensions containing rat kidney antigen, failed to produce renal disease. Splenectomy and partial removal of the omentum before treatment did not affect incidence of ensuing renal disease. When rat kidney cortex suspension was used as antigenic material, the disease incidence was 81%. With material obtained from renal medulla it was 25%. ACTH and cortisone prevented the development of renal disease. Nitrogen mustard decreased the incidence from 87% to 30%. Guinea pigs did not tolerate the i.p. injections and died after 2 to 4 injections. Six dogs received up to 10 injections. The degree of resulting peritonitis was less severe and was only localized around injection sites. No renal disease was noted and precipitins to dog kidney antigen could not be detected in their sera. The severity of peritonitis was more marked in 16 treated rabbits. Bands of precipitation to rabbit kidney suspensions were detected in their sera, but no evidence of renal disease was obtained.
Observations on the Nature of the Antigen in Tanned Red Cell Hemagglutination
Authors: George Mariam , Vaughan John H.
Published: January 2023

Egg albumin treated with 6 M urea has been shown to coat sheep red blood cells in such a way as to render them susceptible to hemagglutination by anti-egg albumin sera. Untreated egg albumin appears to do so poorly or not at all. It is suggested that the increased effectiveness of urea-treated egg albumin solutions to coat tanned cells effectively is related to partial denaturation of a portion of the egg albumin molecules, and it is emphasized that other proteins may behave similarly to egg albumin in this respect.

A limitation in using precipitin techniques for defining the specificities of hemagglutination reactions has been discussed.