bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiport Bidirectional Converter for Solar Fed Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Switched Reluctance Motor Drive
Authors: Ravi Kishore D. , Kavya Santhoshi B. , Sravani K.
Published: July 2024

This paper introduces a novel approach for harnessing Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) in Solar Assisted Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Given the inherent limitations of low output voltage from photovoltaic (PV) systems, an innovative solution is presented using a high gain KY converter to boost the PV output. The stability of the converter’s output is ensured through the implementation of a Proportional Integral (PI) controller, which then feeds the 8/6 SRM via a (n+1) diode (n+1) semiconductor configuration. Precise control of the SRM’s speed is achieved using a PI controller, which optimizes its operation. The excess energy generated by the PV system is intelligently diverted towards battery charging. This energy storage system is linked to the DC bus through a bidirectional battery converter. Control over the bidirectional battery converter’s operation is maintained with the aid of a PI controller, allowing surplus energy from the PV system to be stored in the battery. This stored energy can subsequently be released and supplied to the SRM drive when required. The effectiveness of this proposed methodology is rigorously evaluated through MATLAB simulations, yielding tangible results that verify its performance.
Experimental of PID Solar Charge Controller Using Arduino Uno for a floating PV System over an aquaculture
Authors: Linggarjati J , Hendarti R , Arkan R
Published: July 2024

The pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has led to increased interest in harnessing solar power through photovoltaic systems. To optimize the energy conversion and storage process, this study presents the development and performance evaluation of a low-cost N-Channel MOSFET PID Solar Charge Controller specifically designed for a Floating Solar Photovoltaic system. The controller employs a PID algorithm to regulate the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal, effectively managing the charging of a lead-acid battery. In this experimental study, it was observed that the N-Channel MOSFET-based PWM Charge Controller performs comparably to its P-Channel counterpart, indicating its suitability for solar energy applications. The output current is controlled by a PID algorithm that can pin out the target current by 100%. Furthermore, the use of the N-Channel MOSFET not only maintains performance but also reduces the overall cost of constructing the PWM Charge Controller. The findings of this research carry significant implications for the field of solar energy management. The study offers a practical, cost-effective solution for solar charge regulation, particularly in Floating Solar Photovoltaic systems. By encouraging the adoption of low-cost N-Channel MOSFET controllers, this work contributes to the promotion of sustainable energy solutions and cost-effective implementations in the renewable energy sector.
Modelling and analysis of Matrix Converters Using MATLAB
Authors: Tejeswara Rao N , Lokanadha Rao T , Ashok G , Naidu Ponnada Guruvulu
Published: July 2024

The Matrix Converter (MC), also acknowledged as an AC/AC converter, represents a singular one-stage converter that consolidates the multiple conversion stages and intermediary energy storage components inherent in direct converters into a unified power conversion process. This novel design enables the establishment of a variable output voltage system characterized by unrestricted frequency adaptability. MC employs a set of controlled bidirectional switches as their primary power components. The current investigation focuses on the modelling and simulation of MCs, specifically addressing 1-Φ to 1-Φ, 2-Φ to 1-Φ, 3-Φ to 1-Φ, and 3-Φ to 3-Φ configurations. The simulation is executed using MATLAB/Simulink, yielding comprehensive outcomes for diverse MC setups.
Multiplicity of nontrivial zeros of primitive 𝐿-functions via higher-level correlations
Authors: Gonçalves Felipe , de Laat David , Leijenhorst Nando
Published: July 2024

We give universal bounds on the fraction of nontrivial zeros having given multiplicity for

L
L

-functions attached to a cuspidal automorphic representation of

G
L

m

/

Q

\mathrm {GL}_m/\mathbb {Q}

. For this, we apply the higher-level correlation asymptotic of Hejhal, Rudnick, and Sarnak in conjunction with semidefinite programming bounds.
Hardy spaces and dilations on homogeneous groups
Authors: Bruno Tommaso , van Velthoven Jordy Timo
Published: July 2024

On a homogeneous group, we characterize the one-parameter groups of dilations whose associated Hardy spaces in the sense of Folland and Stein are the same.
Note on invariance over weakly unramified characters of 𝑝-adic groups
Authors: Choiy Kwangho
Published: July 2024

We shall study representation-theoretic aspects of a complex affine variety of weakly unramified characters of

p
p

-adic groups. This work proves the invariance of Knapp-Stein

R
R

-groups within finite subsets of unitary weakly unramified characters constructed over Satake parameters.
Bohr recurrence and density of non-lacunary semigroups of ℕ
Authors: Frantzikinakis Nikos , Host Bernard , Kra Bryna
Published: July 2024

A subset

R
R

of integers is a set of Bohr recurrence if every rotation on

T

d

\mathbb {T}^d

returns arbitrarily close to zero under some non-zero multiple of

R
R

. We show that the set

{
k
!

2
m

3
n

:
k
,
m
,
n
∈

N

}

\{k!\, 2^m3^n\colon k,m,n\in \mathbb {N}\}

is a set of Bohr recurrence. This is a particular case of a more general statement about images of such sets under any integer polynomial with zero constant term. We also show that if

P
P

is a real polynomial with at least one non-constant irrational coefficient, then the set

{
P
(

2
m

3
n

)
:
m
,
n
∈

N

}

\{P(2^m3^n)\colon m,n\in \mathbb {N}\}

is dense in

T

\mathbb {T}

, thus providing a joint generalization of two well-known results, one of Furstenberg and one of Weyl.
Sharp Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg and Hardy-Rellich inequalities for partially antisymmetric functions
Authors: Jin Yongyang , Tang Li , Fan Yi , Yu Nianxing
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we obtain a class of sharp Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg and Hardy-Rellich type inequalities for partially antisymmetric functions. Our results build a bridge between the Hardy inequality on upper half-space and the Hardy inequality for fully antisymmetric functions.
Authoring Asceticism in Late Roman Gaul, ca. 400–430
Authors: Ungvary David
Published: July 2024

This chapter pivots from analysis of poetry specifically to outline an emergent conversation over best Christian literary practices among participants in the monastic movement of southern Gaul, and to examine the ascetic textual communities that formed around competing literary programs and procedures. Investigation focuses on innovations in ascetic reading, writing, and education developed by regional monastic experts and impresarios—Sulpicius Severus, John Cassian, and Eucherius of Lyon—whose theories and practices of literature stood in various degrees of tense relation with traditional aristocratic versions. Interpretations of their experiments in monastic literacy illuminate important facets of Gaul’s nascent ascetic culture. As ascetic leaders strived to define their own religious authority, they were particularly anxious to determine the nature of ascetic intellectualism and fix their communities’ distance from literary “worldliness.” Driven by these concerns, authorities from these groups produced competing diagnoses of, and remedies for, Christian society’s concerning relation to classicizing composition and the reading of secular texts.
Announcing Renunciation
Authors: Ungvary David
Published: July 2024

This chapter offers an account of Sidonius Apollinaris’s renunciation of verse composition upon his entry into the episcopacy in ca. 470. It explores why he continued to write verse during his episcopal tenure and what his late poetic exercises might have signified to his Gallo-Roman audience. To help explain Sidonius’s fraught relationship to poetry, readings probe his connections to the monks of Lérins and their ascetic literary program, developed through correspondence within the Gallic episcopacy. The chapter concludes with treatment of the last texts in Sidonius’s corpus, a series of prosimetric letters from the late 470s that seem to contravene the bishop’s disavowal of verse writing. By virtue of these final poems, the chapter suggests, Sidonius raised anew the question of whether a classical lyrical mode of self-presentation could be converted to a pious practice of ascetic self-reflection.
Epigenetic age acceleration and the risk of frailty, and persistent activities of daily living (ADL) disability
Authors: Phyo Aung Zaw Zaw , Espinoza Sara E , Murray Anne M , Fransquet Peter D , Wrigglesworth Jo , Woods Robyn L , Ryan Joanne
Published: July 2024

Background

Epigenetic ageing is among the most promising ageing biomarkers and may be a useful marker of physical function decline, beyond chronological age. This study investigated whether epigenetic age acceleration (AA) is associated with the change in frailty scores over 7 years and the 7-year risk of incident frailty and persistent Activities of Daily Living (ADL) disability among 560 Australians (50.7% females) aged ≥70 years.

Methods

Seven AA indices, including GrimAge, GrimAge2, FitAge and DunedinPACE, were estimated from baseline peripheral-blood DNA-methylation. Frailty was assessed using both the 67-item deficit-accumulation frailty index (FI) and Fried phenotype (Fried). Persistent ADL disability was defined as loss of ability to perform one or more basic ADLs for at least 6 months. Linear mixed models and Cox proportional-hazard regression models were used as appropriate.

Results

Accelerated GrimAge, GrimAge2, FitAge and DunedinPACE at baseline were associated with increasing FI scores per year (adjusted-Beta ranged from 0.0015 to 0.0021, P < 0.05), and accelerated GrimAge and GrimAge2 were associated with an increased risk of incident FI-defined frailty (adjusted-HRs 1.43 and 1.39, respectively, P < 0.05). The association between DunedinPACE and the change in FI scores was stronger in females (adjusted-Beta 0.0029, P 0.001 than in males (adjusted-Beta 0.0002, P 0.81). DunedinPACE, but not the other AA measures, was also associated with worsening Fried scores (adjusted-Beta 0.0175, P 0.04). No associations were observed with persistent ADL disability.

Conclusion

Epigenetic AA in later life is associated with increasing frailty scores per year and the risk of incident FI-defined frailty.
Cocoa extract induces browning of white adipocytes and improves glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet
Authors: Yonemoto Eito , Ihara Risa , Tanaka Emi , Mitani Takakazu
Published: July 2024

Cocoa extract (CE) offers several health benefits, such as antiobesity and improved glucose intolerance. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Adipose tissue includes white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue. Brown adipose tissue leads to body fat reduction by metabolizing lipids to heat via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The conversion of white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes (beige adipocytes) is called browning, and it contributes to the anti-obesity effect and improved glucose tolerance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CE on glucose tolerance in terms of browning. We found that dietary supplementation with CE improved glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet, and it increased the expression levels of Ucp1 and browning-associated gene in inguinal WAT. Furthermore, in primary adipocytes of mice, CE induced Ucp1 expression through β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. These results suggest that dietary CE improves glucose intolerance by inducing browning in WAT.
A nonsense variant in KRT31 is associated with autosomal dominant monilethrix
Authors: Xiong Xing , Cesarato Nicole , Gossmann Yasmina , Wehner Maria , Kumar Sheetal , Thiele Holger , Demuth Stephanie , Oji Vinzenz , Geyer Matthias , Hamm Henning , Basmanav F Buket , Betz Regina C
Published: July 2024

Background

Monilethrix is a rare hereditary hair disorder that is characterized by a beaded hair shaft structure and increased hair fragility. Patients may also present with keratosis pilaris and nail changes. Research has identified three genes responsible for autosomal dominant monilethrix (KRT81, KRT83, KRT86) and one responsible for the autosomal recessive form (DSG4).

Objectives

To investigate the genetic basis of autosomal dominant monilethrix in families with no pathogenic variants in any of the known monilethrix genes, and to understand the mechanistic basis of variant pathogenicity using a cellular model.

Methods

Nine affected individuals from four unrelated families were included. A clinical diagnosis of monilethrix was assigned based on clinical examination and/or trichoscopy. Exome sequencing was performed in six individuals to identify pathogenic variants; Sanger sequencing was used for co-segregation and haplotype analyses. Cell culture experiments [immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analyses] were used to confirm variant pathogenicity, to determine the expression and subcellular localization of proteins, and to identify possible nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Results

In six affected individuals with clinically suggested monilethrix, exome sequencing led to the identification of the nonsense variant c.1081G>T; p.(Glu361*) in KRT31, which was subsequently identified in other affected members of these families by Sanger sequencing. This variant led to the abolition of both the last three amino acids of the 2B subdomain and the complete C-terminal tail domain of keratin 31. Immunoblotting demonstrated that when co-expressed with its binding partner keratin 85, the truncated keratin 31 was still expressed, albeit less abundantly than the wildtype protein. Immunofluorescence revealed that p.(Glu361*) keratin 31 had an altered cytoskeletal localization and formed vesicular-like structures in the cell cytoplasm near the cell membrane. RT-qPCR analysis did not generate evidence for nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant transcript.

Conclusions

This study is the first to identify pathogenic variants in KRT31 as a cause of autosomal dominant monilethrix. This highlights the importance of hair keratin proteins in hair biology, and will increase the molecular diagnostic yield for rare ectodermal phenotypes of hair and nail tissues.
Developing a urinary incontinence primary care pathway: a mixed methods study
Authors: Luebke Marie C , Neuner Joan M , Balza Joanna , Davidson Emily R W , Hokanson James A , Marowski Sarah , Corey O’Connor Robert , Schmitt Emily , Winn Aaron N , Flynn Kathryn E
Published: July 2024

Background

While nearly 50% of adult women report at least one episode of urinary incontinence (UI), most never receive treatment.

Objective

To better integrate primary and specialty UI care, we conducted (i) an environmental scan to assess the availability of key pathway resources in primary care, (ii) interviews with primary care providers to understand barriers to care, and (iii) a pilot UI care pathway intervention.

Methods

Environmental scan: Clinic managers from all primary care clinics within a Midwestern healthcare system were invited to participate in an interview covering the availability of clinic resources. Provider interviews: Primary care providers were invited to participate in an interview covering current practices and perceived barriers to UI care. Pilot UI care pathway: Patients who screened positive for UI were provided resources for first-line behavioral management. Pilot patients completed questionnaires at baseline, 8 weeks, and 6 months.

Results

While many clinics had point-of-care urinalysis (17/21, 81%), most did not have a working bladder ultrasound (14/21, 67%) or on-site pelvic floor physical therapy (18/21, 86%). Providers (n = 5) described barriers to completing almost every step of diagnosis and treatment for UI. The most persistent barrier was lack of time. Patients (n = 15) reported several self-treatment strategies including avoiding bladder irritants (7/15, 47%) and performing Kegel exercises (4/15, 27%). Five patients (33%) requested follow-up care. At 6 months, patients reported small improvements in UI symptoms.

Conclusion

Promising results from a novel UI care pathway pilot indicate that streamlining UI care may assist primary care providers in the first-line treatment of UI.
Genomic prediction of regional-scale performance in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) by accounting for genotype-by-environment variation and yield surrogate traits
Authors: Tilhou Neal W , Bonnette Jason , Boe Arvid R , Fay Philip A , Fritschi Felix B , Mitchell Robert B , Rouquette Francis M , Wu Yanqi , Jastrow Julie D , Ricketts Michael , Maher Shelley D , Juenger Thomas E , Lowry David B
Published: July 2024

Switchgrass is a potential crop for bioenergy or carbon capture schemes, but further yield improvements through selective breeding are needed to encourage commercialization. To identify promising switchgrass germplasm for future breeding efforts, we conducted multisite and multitrait genomic prediction with a diversity panel of 630 genotypes from 4 switchgrass subpopulations (Gulf, Midwest, Coastal, and Texas), which were measured for spaced plant biomass yield across 10 sites. Our study focused on the use of genomic prediction to share information among traits and environments. Specifically, we evaluated the predictive ability of cross-validation (CV) schemes using only genetic data and the training set (cross-validation 1: CV1), a subset of the sites (cross-validation 2: CV2), and/or with 2 yield surrogates (flowering time and fall plant height). We found that genotype-by-environment interactions were largely due to the north–south distribution of sites. The genetic correlations between the yield surrogates and the biomass yield were generally positive (mean height r = 0.85; mean flowering time r = 0.45) and did not vary due to subpopulation or growing region (North, Middle, or South). Genomic prediction models had CV predictive abilities of −0.02 for individuals using only genetic data (CV1), but 0.55, 0.69, 0.76, 0.81, and 0.84 for individuals with biomass performance data from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 sites included in the training data (CV2), respectively. To simulate a resource-limited breeding program, we determined the predictive ability of models provided with the following: 1 site observation of flowering time (0.39); 1 site observation of flowering time and fall height (0.51); 1 site observation of fall height (0.52); 1 site observation of biomass (0.55); and 5 site observations of biomass yield (0.84). The ability to share information at a regional scale is very encouraging, but further research is required to accurately translate spaced plant biomass to commercial-scale sward biomass performance.
Functional and regulatory diversification of Period genes responsible for circadian rhythm in vertebrates
Authors: Kwak Jun Soung , León-Tapia M Ángel , Diblasi Celian , Manousi Domniki , Grønvold Lars , Sandvik Guro Katrine , Saitou Marie
Published: July 2024

The Period genes (Per) play essential roles in modulating the molecular circadian clock timing in a broad range of species, which regulates the physiological and cellular rhythms through the transcription-translation feedback loop. While the Period gene paralogs are widely observed among vertebrates, the evolutionary history and the functional diversification of Per genes across vertebrates are not well known. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the evolution of Per genes at the copy number and sequence levels, including de novo binding motif discovery by comparative genomics. We also determined the lineage-specific transcriptome landscape across tissues and developmental stages and phenotypic effects in public RNA-seq data sets of model species. We observed multiple lineage-specific gain and loss events Per genes, though no simple association was observed between ecological factors and Per gene numbers in each species. Among salmonid fish species, the per3 gene has been lost in the majority, whereas those retaining the per3 gene exhibit not a signature of relaxed selective constraint but rather a signature of intensified selection. We also determined the signature of adaptive diversification of the CRY-binding region in Per1 and Per3, which modulates the circadian rhythm. We also discovered putative regulatory sequences, which are lineage-specific, suggesting that these cis-regulatory elements may have evolved rapidly and divergently across different lineages. Collectively, our findings revealed the evolution of Per genes and their fine-tuned contribution to the plastic and precise regulation of circadian rhythms in various vertebrate taxa.
Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Cognitive Trajectories Among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese People: An Application of Growth Mixture and Mobility Contrast Models in Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Shi Songyun , Chen Yu-Chih , Gugushvili Alexi , Yip Paul S F
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Due to statistical challenges in disentangling the mobility effect (i.e., intergenerational educational mobility) from the position effect (i.e., parental and person’s own education), the impact of intergenerational educational mobility on cognitive function remains unclear. We employed a novel approach to identify the mobility effect and investigate the net impact of intergenerational educational mobility on heterogeneous patterns of cognition among middle-aged and older adults in China.

Methods

Participants aged 45 and older were recruited from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a population-based prospective cohort study between 2011 and 2018. We identified cognitive trajectories using the growth mixture model (GMM) and subsequently employed the mobility contrast model (MCM) to examine the effects of intergenerational educational mobility on cognitive patterns stratified by gender.

Results

Almost two thirds of respondents experienced intergenerational educational mobility, and 55% experienced upward mobility. Men had a higher rate of upward mobility than women. Three population-based cognitive patterns were identified: the low cognitive function with decline group (28%), the moderate cognitive function group (47%), and the high cognitive function group (26%). MCM analysis revealed that both upward and downward intergenerational educational mobility negatively affected cognitive trajectory patterns, extending beyond the influence of individuals’ current and parental education.

Discussion

In future research, the impact of mobility can be studied in longitudinal data sets by combining the GMM and MCM approaches. The net negative effect of intergenerational educational mobility on cognitive trajectory patterns indicates that it should be recognized as an independent predictor of cognitive decline.
GSC: efficient lossless compression of VCF files with fast query
Authors: Luo Xiaolong , Chen Yuxin , Liu Ling , Ding Lulu , Li Yuxiang , Li Shengkang , Zhang Yong , Zhu Zexuan
Published: July 2024

Background

With the rise of large-scale genome sequencing projects, genotyping of thousands of samples has produced immense variant call format (VCF) files. It is becoming increasingly challenging to store, transfer, and analyze these voluminous files. Compression methods have been used to tackle these issues, aiming for both high compression ratio and fast random access. However, existing methods have not yet achieved a satisfactory compromise between these 2 objectives.

Findings

To address the aforementioned issue, we introduce GSC (Genotype Sparse Compression), a specialized and refined lossless compression tool for VCF files. In benchmark tests conducted across various open-source datasets, GSC showcased exceptional performance in genotype data compression. Compared with the industry’s most advanced tools (namely, GBC and GTC), GSC achieved compression ratios that were higher by 26.9% to 82.4% over GBC and GTC on the datasets, respectively. In lossless compression scenarios, GSC also demonstrated robust performance, with compression ratios 1.5× to 6.5× greater than general-purpose tools like gzip, zstd, and BCFtools—a mode not supported by either GBC or GTC. Achieving such high compression ratios did require some reasonable trade-offs, including longer decompression times, with GSC being 1.2× to 2× slower than GBC, yet 1.1× to 1.4× faster than GTC. Moreover, GSC maintained decompression query speeds that were equivalent to its competitors. In terms of RAM usage, GSC outperformed both counterparts. Overall, GSC’s comprehensive performance surpasses that of the most advanced technologies.

Conclusion

GSC balances high compression ratios with rapid data access, enhancing genomic data management. It supports seamless PLINK binary format conversion, simplifying downstream analysis.
Workplace wellness across the lifespan: A pilot program for health promotion in a low- and middle-income country
Authors: Al Bizri Ayah , Walani Salimah , Nassar Anwar , Saab Bassem , Hanna Wakim Rima , Noureddine Abir , Chahrouri Mario , Nakad Pascale , Jaber Dina , Yunis Khalid
Published: July 2024

Considering that a sizable segment of the population spends significant amount of time at work, workplaces have been identified as practical platforms for health educational programs. Although employee wellness programs in high-income countries have shown measurable benefits in productivity and physical and mental health, evidence-based programs in low- and middle-income countries, such as Lebanon, are unavailable. The aim is to develop and implement a pilot workplace wellness program focusing on health-related areas to improve health knowledge and behavior among working men and women of reproductive age. In collaboration with March of Dimes, the National Collaborative Perinatal Neonatal Network developed a culturally sensitive health education program focusing on lifestyle, infection, nutrition and family planning. Sessions were delivered by a multidisciplinary team of specialists at a local bank in Lebanon. To assess the impact of the program, participants completed Knowledge and Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (KBAQ) before and after implementation. KBAQ was conducted 6 months after implementation to measure retention and continuing impact. Forty-seven participants completed the program, of whom 44.7% are male, 98% have university degree and 56.5% are married. Total knowledge score improved significantly from 64.2 to 74.3 and remained significant at 6 months post-implementation with a score of 71.7 (p < 0.001). At 6-month follow-up, emotional score improved (p = 0.028), while smoking decreased (p = 0.008). Also, employees’ health knowledge and behavior showed sustained and significant improvement. We plan to implement our program at other sites and among employees from different backgrounds to understand the impact of the wellness program on employees’ knowledge and behaviors at a larger scale.
Evaluation of target area under the concentration–time curve of vancomycin in an initial dosing design: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Iida Moeko , Horita Yasuhiro , Asaoka Minami , Ohashi Kazuki , Noda Masato , Wachino Chiharu , Hirose Toa , Nomura Yuki , Hisada Yoshinori , Nagamizu Masaya , Kawahara Masami , Morishita Nobuyuki , Kondo Masahiro , Hotta Yuji , Nakamura Atsushi , Furukawa-Hibi Yoko
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Area under the concentration–time curve (AUC)–guided dosing of vancomycin was introduced in a clinical setting; however, the target range of non–steady-state AUCs, such as Day 1 AUC and Day 2 AUC, remains controversial. Therefore, we sought to determine pharmacokinetic parameter thresholds and identify independent risk factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) to establish a safe initial dosing design for vancomycin administration.

Methods

A single-centre, retrospective, cohort study of hospitalized patients treated with vancomycin was conducted to determine the threshold of both non–steady-state AUCs (Day 1 and 2 AUCs) and trough levels at the first blood sampling point (therapeutic drug monitoring, TDM). In addition, independent risk factors associated with AKI were evaluated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results

The thresholds for predicting AKI were estimated as 456.6 mg·h/L for AUC0-24h, 554.8 mg·h/L for AUC24-48h, 1080.8 mg·h/L for AUC0-48h and 14.0 μg/mL for measured trough levels, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, Day 2 AUC ≥ 554.8 mg·h/L [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 57.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 11.95–504.05], piperacillin/tazobactam (adjusted OR, 15.84; 95% CI, 2.73–127.70) and diuretics (adjusted OR, 4.72; 95% CI, 1.13–21.01) were identified as risk factors for AKI.

Conclusions

We identified thresholds for both AUCs in the non–steady-state and trough levels at the first TDM. Our results highlight the importance of monitoring not only the AUC but also trough levels during vancomycin treatment to reduce the likelihood of AKI.
Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) across the world: a comparative analysis—what lessons can we learn?
Authors: Reidy Paul , Breslin Tara , Muldoon Eavan
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a comparative analysis of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) structures and delivery options across different countries. OPAT, a cost-effective alternative to inpatient care for patients requiring IV antimicrobial therapy, has demonstrated multiple benefits such as patient satisfaction, economic cost savings, and reduced hospital-acquired infections. Despite these advantages, there is considerable international variation in OPAT use and implementation. By examining the OPAT structures of multiple countries, we aim to identify areas of variation and explore opportunities for expansion and improvement of OPAT services.
Evaluation of knowledge and practices on antibiotic use: a cross-sectional study on self-reported adherence to short-term antibiotic utilization among patients visiting level-1 hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Kampamba Martin , Hamaambo Bubala , Hikaambo Christabel Nang’andu , Mwanza Boris , Bambala Andrew , Mutenda Mukumbi , Mukumbuta Jean M , Mudenda Steward
Published: July 2024

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem affecting healthcare systems. Short-term antibiotic non-adherence is thought to be one of the factors contributing to antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge and practices towards short-term antibiotic use on self-reported adherence among patients visiting level-1 hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia.

Methods

This was a multicentre institutional-based cross-sectional study conducted among 385 adult participants from 11 September to 30 September 2023 using an adopted structured questionnaire. Analysis of the data involved descriptive and inferential statistics, where significance was determined at P < 0.05.

Results

Of the 335 participants, 56.7% displayed good knowledge and 77.3% low adherence towards antibiotic use. 54.6% thought that antibiotics were effective for viral infections, and 43.9% correctly recognized the definition of AMR. Being in formal employment (crude OR: 2.5, CI: 1.08–5.78, P: 0.032) was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of good knowledge about antibiotics while being divorced (adjusted OR: 2.5, CI: 1.23–6.10, P: 0.013) and having good knowledge (adjusted OR: 2.9, CI: 1.73–5.10, P = 0.048) were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of adherence to antibiotics. Regarding antibiotic practices, half (50. 0%) of the respondents had utilized antibiotics in the previous year while 58.2% had taken antibiotics for addressing a common cold. Furthermore, 74% reported to have bought antibiotics without a prescription.

Conclusions

This study found that participants attending level-1 hospitals had relatively good knowledge and poor adherence towards antibiotic use. Additionally, the participants demonstrated poor antibiotic use practices in almost all statements related to antibiotic usage.
Synthesis of aspartic acid and tyrosine by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora is not required for proliferation on apple flower stigmas or virulence in fruitlets
Authors: Schultes Neil P , Sinn Judith P , Swenson Eric S , McNellis Timothy W
Published: July 2024

Aims

The Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Ea) is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating disease of apples and pears. In the fire blight disease cycle, Ea grows in different plant tissues, each presenting a distinct nutrient environment. Here, we investigate the ability of aspartate and tyrosine double auxotroph Ea lines to proliferate on apple flower stigma surfaces representing the epiphytic growth stage of Ea and in developing fruitlets representing one endophytic growth stage of Ea.

Methods and results

Heterologous complementation studies in an Escherichia coli aspartate and tyrosine auxotroph verify that Ea aspartate aminotransferase (AspC) and tyrosine aminotransferase (TyrB) act as aspartate and tyrosine amino transferases. Growth analysis reveals that Ea aspC tyrB mutants multiply to near-wild-type levels on apple flower stigmas and immature fruitlets.

Conclusions

Ea AspC and TyrB are reciprocally complementing for aspartate and tyrosine synthesis in Ec and in Ea. Ea aspC  and  tyrB mutants obtain sufficient aspartate and tyrosine to support multiplication on stigma surfaces and virulence in immature fruitlets.
Initial timing of alfalfa hay supplementation manipulates blood parameters, rumen gene expression, and epithelial microbiota in pre-weaning lambs
Authors: Li Kenan , Du Haidong , Guo Wenliang , Na Meila , Na Renhua
Published: July 2024

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of initiating alfalfa supplementation at either 14 d or 42 d of age on growth performance, blood parameters, rumen tissue gene expression, and epithelial microbiota in pre-weaning lambs. A total of 42 seven-day-old male Hu lambs (3.88 ± 0.92 kg) were selected for this study. After 7 d of adjustment period, 6 lambs were slaughtered at 14 d of age to establish a baseline control. The remaining 36 lambs were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups, every 3 lambs were considered a unit, including fed milk replacer, starter pellets, and either alfalfa hay fed at 14 (EAF) or 42 d of age (LAF). Body weight and feed intake were recorded for lamb until 70 d of age. Blood samples, rumen tissue samples, and epithelial microbiota samples were collected from the lambs at 42, 56, and 70 d of age. The results indicated that average daily gain, starter intake, and total dry matter intake were greater in the EAF group compared to the LAF group from 14 to 42 d of age (P < 0.01), but no significant differences from 43 to 70 d of age or during the entire trial. Treatment and age interactively affected the alfalfa intake (P = 0.02) from 43 to 70 d of age. The concentration of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) (P < 0.01) and the expression of the rumen gene insulin-like growth factor-1 (P < 0.01) were greater in the EAF group compared to the LAF group at 42 d of age. Furthermore, the concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.03), albumin (P < 0.01), total protein (P = 0.03), urea (P = 0.04), lipopolysaccharide (P < 0.01), β-hydroxybutyric acid (P = 0.02), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (P < 0.01), IL-4 (P < 0.01), and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.01) were affected by age. The abundance of Prevotella was lower (P < 0.05), whereas Megasphaera (P < 0.05) was greater in the EAF group compared to the LAF group at 42 d of age. The early addition of alfalfa promotes rumen epithelial microbiota colonization. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that alfalfa provision at 14 d of age promotes growth performance in lambs, but this effect disappeared at 43 to 70 d of age. Moreover, provision of alfalfa at 14 d of age enhances the immune response, promotes rumen tissue cell proliferation, and affects dynamical changes of rumen epithelial microbiota. Meanwhile, our findings showed that the rumen undergoes significant physiological challenges during the transition from a liquid diet to a solid diet.
Genotype-by-gestational thermal environment interaction and its impact on the future performance of tropical composite beef cattle offspring
Authors: Cardoso Matheus Gomes Rodrigues , Bignardi Annaiza Braga , Pereira Rodrigo Junqueira , Eler Joanir Pereira , Ferraz José Bento Sterman , Brito Luiz Fernando , Santana Mário Luiz
Published: July 2024

With global warming, there are growing challenges for raising taurine and composite beef cattle populations in tropical regions, including elevated temperatures, limited forage availability, parasite infestation, and infectious diseases. These environmental factors can trigger specific physiological responses in the developing fetus, which may have long-term implications on its performance. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the influence of naturally induced thermal stress during the gestation period on the subsequent performance of tropical composite beef cattle progeny. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the impact of genotype-by-gestational thermal environment interaction (G×Eg) on traits under selection pressure in the breeding population. A total of 157,414 animals from 58 farms located in various Brazilian states were recorded for birth weight (BW), preweaning weight gain (PWG), yearling weight (YW), hip height (HH), scrotal circumference (SC), and days to first calving (DFC). We first applied a linear regression model to the BW data, which revealed that the last 40 d of gestation were suitable for calculating the mean temperature humidity index (THIg). Subsequent regression analyses revealed that for every 10-unit increase in THIg, detrimental effects of approximately 1.13% to 16.34% are expected for all traits evaluated. Genetic parameters were estimated through a reaction norm model using THIg as the environmental descriptor. The posterior means of heritability estimates (SD) were 0.35 (0.07), 0.25 (0.03), 0.31 (0.03), 0.37 (0.01), 0.29 (0.07), and 0.20 (0.09) for the direct effect of BW, PWG, YW, HH, SC, and DFC, respectively. These estimates varied along the range of THIg values, suggesting a variable response to selection depending on the thermal environment during gestation. Genetic correlation estimates between more divergent THIg values were low or negative for YW, PWG, and DFC, indicating that the best-performing individuals at low THIg values may not perform as well at high THIg values and vice versa. Overall, thermal stress during gestation impacts the future performance of beef cattle offspring. Our results indicate the need for developing effective breeding strategies that take into account G×Eg effects and the re-ranking of breeding animals along the THIg scale, particularly for traits such as DFC that are highly sensitive to thermal stress.
Shadows of Return
Authors: Sayatz Nella
Published: July 2024

In Germany, the prosecution of female Islamic State (IS) returnees for property offences under international criminal law has become increasingly important in recent years. These prosecutions give reason for critical reflections on the basis and limits of protection of property in international criminal law in general and its application in practice, in particular under the German Code of Crimes Against International Law (Völkerstrafgesetzbuch). This article argues that despite a well-established normative basis for and legitimacy of protecting property in international criminal law, there are considerable deficiencies in the application of the relevant offence in German jurisprudence. These deficiencies concern, first, the distinction between the different modalities of war crimes against property; secondly, the phenomenon of so-called multiple appropriations; and, thirdly, requirements for determining the gravity of property crimes. The article criticizes the fact that legal practice has so far only insufficiently evaluated the international dimension of property offences, warranting a presumption as an international crime. It argues the need for the criminal justice system to take greater account of the aims and functions of international criminal law in legal practice.
The UPC CoA’s first substantive order—central issues clarified, but on a high level
Authors: Leistner Matthias , Berns Sebastian
Published: July 2024

In its decision, the UPC Court of Appeal confirms the application of key principles of patent claim interpretation for unitary patents. With regard to the inventive step, a tentative path is chosen that does not clearly follow the problem–solution approach of the European Patent Office and instead, comprehensively takes the state of the art into account at the outset. The standard for the necessary probability of infringement and validity is set at a preponderance of probability (sufficient degree of certainty, ie more likely than not). Furthermore, the temporal and factual necessity of the injunction is also important in determining whether a preliminary injunction should be ordered. Ultimately, the granting of injunctive relief hinges on an overall weighing of the interests.
Unveiling the ‘author’ of international law — The ‘legal effect’ of ICJ’s advisory opinions
Authors: Rezadoost Vahid
Published: July 2024

While it is universally accepted that the advisory opinions rendered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ or Court) are not binding as such, scholarly discourse continues to ponder upon whether these opinions can confer any definitive legal effects. The scope of the legal implications stemming from such opinions is considerably broad, encompassing statements of solely evidentiary significance, determinations demanding due consideration, through to authoritative ‘givens’ that are beyond contestation. Examples elucidating these diverse interpretations permeate both academic literature and international practice with the most recent example being the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) Special Chamber’s Mauritius/Maldives Judgment, wherein the findings presented in the Chagos Advisory Opinion were treated as authoritative pronouncements of international law with opposable legal effects. This article posits a departure from the mainstream standpoint, contending that while the ICJ’s advisory determinations are non-binding, they are capable of being authoritatively definitive in declaring what international law is in a specific context. The article also suggests that the authority vested in a judicial pronouncement, determining the content of international law, may go beyond its bindingness contingent upon the stature of the authoring entity.
Serum autotaxin level: a promising diagnostic biomarker in differentiating Graves’ disease and thyroiditis
Authors: George Angel , Mariya Anns , Eappen Manu , Karthikeyan Marimuthu , Sreenath Ravindranath
Published: July 2024

Background

Recent studies have suggested that serum autotaxin (ATX) may be a promising diagnostic biomarker in differentiating between Graves’ disease (GD) and thyroiditis, as well as serving as a monitoring biomarker for GD. This study will evaluate the use of serum ATX as a diagnostic biomarker in these conditions.

Methods

In this prospective interventional study, blood samples were collected from the patients who met both inclusion and exclusion criteria, and serum ATX levels were measured by using the MyBioSource human Autotaxin ELISA kit.

Results

A total of 32 patients were enrolled, of which 18.8% were newly diagnosed with GD, 21.9% were thyroiditis, and 59.3% were on treatment for GD. Serum autotaxin antigen was significantly higher in GD patients than in thyroiditis (603.3217 ± 444.24 v/s 214.74 ± 55.91, P = <.005). Serum ATX measurement successfully discriminated GD patients from thyroiditis (AUC = 0.952, 95%CI: 0.00–1.00) with an optimal cutoff value of ≥257.20 ng/L (sensitivity = 100 and specificity = 81.71). Monitoring the efficacy of serum ATX was analyzed and showed a significant difference.

Conclusion

The serum ATX was higher in subjects with GD as compared to thyroiditis, and ATX levels were found to be decreased during the treatment period. In conclusion, serum ATX can be used as a diagnostic and monitoring biomarker in GD.
(274) A NOVEL METHOD USING MRI FOR PREOPERATIVE PENILE IMPLANT LENGTH PREDICTION: A CASE SERIES
Authors: Nabil Dr Mohamed , Ragheb Dr Ahmed , Elbatanouny Dr Ahmed , Badawy Dr Hany , Nabil Dr Nour El Deen , Elmarakby Dr Akram
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Penile prosthesis implantation (PPI) is the standard treatment for patients with refractory erectile dysfunction (ED). Traditionally, diverse intraoperative techniques are used to determine penile implant size. This case series aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel method for preoperative penile implant length prediction using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

Six patients who underwent PPI were included in our series. Two received an inflatable implant (Rigicon Infla10®), two received a malleable implant (Boston Scientific Tactra®), and two received a malleable (Rigicon Rigi10®). Prior to surgery, a biparametric MRI of the penis was performed to measure the length of the right and left corpora cavernosa before and after prostaglandin intracorporeal injection (ICI). The same measurements were repeated intraoperative using the Furlow ruler and compared to the preoperative results.

Results

After ICI, MRI study showed a statistically significant increase in the length of both the right and left corpora cavernosa compared to preinjection measurements (p=0.001, and p=0.003, respectively). However, no statistically significant difference was found when we compared preoperative MRI length measurements of the right and left corpora cavernosa to their intraoperative lengths measurements (p=0.34, and p=0.32, respectively).

Conclusions

Preoperative corpora cavernosa MRI length measurements are comparable to those measured conventionally during surgery. Hence, MRI may be utilized for preoperative penile implant length prediction which may be beneficial for both surgery planning and patient counselling.

Conflicts of Interest

No conflicts of interest are to be disclosed.
Exploring the nature of the jetted hybrid AGNs: PKS 2004-447, 3C 286, and PKS 0440-00 through the SED modeling
Authors: Luna-Cervantes J , Tramacere A , Benítez E
Published: July 2024

In this work, we explore the connection of three jetted $\gamma -$loud AGNs classes: Compact steep-spectrum sources (CSS), Narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1), and flat-spectrum radio quasars, through the modelling of the spectral energy distribution (SED). We selected two sources identified as CSS/NLS1 hybrids, PKS 2004-440 and 3C 286. Additionally, we included the source PKS 0440-00, initially classified as an FSRQ in the first Fermi-LAT catalogue, but recently reclassified as an NLS1. We present the results of their broadband SED modelling using a one-zone leptonic synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) + external Compton (EC) model. By exploring the parameter space and investigating the disc–jet connection in these sources, we analyse their classification in a model-dependent way. Our findings reveal that modeling PKS 2004-447 at relatively large angles, as expected for CSS, results in an SSC-dominated inverse Compton emission. In contrast, at low-observing angles, the inverse Compton emission is dominated by external photon fields. Both scenarios result in a jet with a low-radiative power. For 3C 286, we found that using a one-zone model limits the jet viewing angle to $\sim 7^{\circ }$, mainly due to its impact on the $\gamma$-ray emission. Our model results show a magnetically dominated jet, consistent with $\gamma$-CSS sources. Our results suggest that PKS 0440-00, can be classified as a powerful $\gamma -$NLS1, characterized by high accretion power and a jet dominated by bulk motion, similar to FSRQs.