bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Travel Time and Cost Analysis of PAVE Application in Malaysia
Authors: Romli Fairuz I. , Yaakob Mohd Saffuan
Published: October 2014

Transportation has already become a huge necessity in people's life today. As the world progresses, transportation systems will have to undergo paradigm shifts to adapt with the changing requirements. Personal transportation is typically preferred to the public transportation and to date, most domestic travels have been made on the ground through roads. However, with the increasing traffic volume, the average time spent travelling on roads has significantly increased for the same amount of distance travelled. It has been proposed that utilization of the possible third dimension of transportation system, which is the air transportation, can aid personal transportation and alleviate this problem. This notion gives birth to the design concepts of the personal air vehicle (PAVE) that is envisioned to operate synergistically with the existing ground and air infrastructures. This paper aims to preliminarily study and analyze the potential benefits of having PAVE option in Malaysia for domestic travel and how its performance fares in comparison to existing transportation options. The results of travel time and cost comparisons highlight the potential of PAVE application for the domestic transportation in Malaysia, particularly for personal travel need.
Bistatic LIDAR System for the Characterisation of Aviation-Related Pollutant Column Densities
Authors: Gardi Alessandro , Sabatini Roberto , Ramasamy Subramanian
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we investigate an innovative application of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology for the aviation-related pollutant measurements. The proposed measurement technique is conceived for high-resolution characterisation in space and time domains of aviation-related pollutant gases. The system performs Integral Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) measurement in a bistatic LIDAR measurement setup. The airborne component consists of a tuneable Near Infrared (NIR) laser emitter installed on an Unmanned Aircraft (UA) and the ground subsystem is composed by a target reference surface (calibrated for reflectance) and a differential transmittance measuring device based on a NIR Camera calibrated for radiance. The specific system implementation for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) measurement is discussed. A preliminary assessment of the error figures associated with the proposed system layout is performed.
Computational Analysis and Characterization of Cockpit Environmental Control System of a Fighter Aircraft in Humid Environment
Authors: Ayaz Muhammad , Masud J.
Published: October 2014

he Environmental Control System (ECS) is an important part of any fighter aircraft and has far reaching repercussions in terms of its capability to operate as an effective weapon system under adverse weatherconditions. The aircrew and majority of electronics depend on ECS to keep temperature, pressure and humidity levels within acceptable limits for efficient operation. These limits are explicitly defined in relevant MIL standards MIL-E-18927E(AS)[1]. In order to thoroughly analyze the ECS of under study aircraft[2, 3], Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis techniques have been used. CFD techniques offer great flexibility since various conditions can be simulated and analyzed results can be used for required improvements in the system.
A Parametric Study of Interplanetary Mission Using Solar Sail
Authors: Djojodihardjo Harijono , Yousefian Ali
Published: October 2014

Solar sailing has been an attractive concept and possibly an alternative mean of space propulsion for decades to come since solar sail spacecrafts can generate thrust without requiring any propellant. While the resulting acceleration is small, the continuous thrust would lead to high speed.  The present work serves to demonstrate the potential of solar sail by analyzing the dynamics of a spacecraft utilizing solar sail and by carrying out a parametric study for an interplanetary mission exemplified by specific trajectory to Mars.
Low Inclination Circular Orbits for Remote Sensing Satellites
Authors: Kamalaldin Karim , Okasha Mohamed
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates the design methodology of low Earth inclined circular orbits for remote sensing satellites to satisfy certain mission requirements and constrains such as coverage, resolution, illumination conditions and attitude maneuvers capabilities. Although sun synchronous orbit (SSO) proved to be a good candidate for most remote sensing applications due to its constant lighting conditions and global coverage, low inclined orbits are distinguished by long ground track especially if the target area of concern has horizontal rectangular border. With that respect, low inclined orbits may lead to improvement of the satellite imaging accessibility to the target area per day or reduction of satellite revisit time compared to SSO. This paper exploits these characteristics for low inclined orbits. The target area considered in simulation is between 220 and 320 N latitude lines with 2.5 m ground sample resolution. The satellite maximum rolling capability is 350 and the sun elevation angle is constrained between 300 and 700 for purpose of maximizing the quality of the obtained images. Matlab and STK software are employed to define the initial orbital parameters to meet these conditions for a low inclined orbit.
Real-Time Trajectory Optimisation Models for Next Generation Air Traffic Management Systems
Authors: Gardi Alessandro , Sabatini Roberto , Ramasamy Subramanian , Kistan Trevor
Published: October 2014

This paper presents models and algorithms for real-time 4-Dimensional Flight Trajectory (4DT) operations in the next generation Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) systems. In particular, the models are employed for multi-objective optimisation of 4DT intents in ground-based 4DT Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) systems and in airborne Next Generation Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS). The assumed timeframe convention for offline and online air traffic operations is introduced and discussed. The adopted formulation of the multi-objective 4DT optimisation problem includes a number of environmental objectives and operational constraints. In particular, the paper describes a real-time multi-objective optimisation algorithm and the generalised expression of cost function adopted for penalties associated with specific airspace volumes, accounting for weather models, condensation trails models and noise models.
Next Generation Flight Management System for Real-Time Trajectory Based Operations
Authors: Ramasamy Subramanian , Sabatini Roberto , Gardi Alessandro , Kistan Trevor
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the concept of operations, architecture and trajectory optimisation algorithms of a Next Generation Flight Management System (NG-FMS). The NG-FMS is developed for Four Dimensional (4D) Intent Based Operations (IBO) in the next generation Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management system (CNS+A) context. The NG-FMS, primarily responsible for the aircraft navigation and guidance task, acts as a key enabler for achieving higher level of operational efficiency and mitigating environmental impacts both in manned and unmanned aircraft applications. The NG-FMS is interoperable with the future ground based 4DT Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) systems, enabling automated Trajectory/Intent Based Operations (TBO/IBO). After the NG-FMS architecture is presented, the key mathematical models describing the trajectory generation and optimisation modes are introduced. A detailed error analysis is performed and the uncertainties affecting the nominal trajectories are studied to obtain the total NG-FMS error budgets. These are compared with the Required Navigation Performance (RNP) values for the various operational flight tasks considered.
Flight Data Monitoring/Tracker System for Search and Rescue Mission
Authors: Ahmad Mohamed Tarmizi , Lam Michael , Mohd Harithuddin A.S. , Zhahir Amzari , Ariff Omar Kassim
Published: October 2014

Traditionally, Kalman Filter is used for the purpose of mixing several input signals and extracting a more reliable output, which greatly benefits aircraft navigation. This paper considers a fusion of four sensor systems: Global Positioning System (GPS), accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. The resultant device, known as Starfish Main Tracking Unit (MTU), is a Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) / Tracking System equipment that uses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) / Iridium / ICS (Internet Communications Services), which provides low cost telemetry as well as multiple solutions for global flight following and flight data transfer between aircraft and ground. Users from ground are able to monitor their fleet, configure their systems and also generate various flight reports from a single web-based interface, named the Starfish Fleet Management system. This developed system complements the Black Box by downloading limited aircraft data to the ground, provides real time tracking and assist in Search and Rescue (SAR) mission.
Structuring Knowledge Management in Aerospace Open Innovation Alliances Using Industrial Service Blueprinting
Authors: Mohamed Tamer Z. Fouad
Published: October 2014

The paper aims to structure the knowledge management system (KMS) in aerospace alliances based on open innovation to foster industry diffusion and growth. Literature review discussed core questions, challenges and opportunities of Research and Development (R&D) collaboration in the aerospace industry where open innovation and crowdsourcing can be an effective and efficient solution. The paper eventually adopted Industrial Service Blueprinting (ISB) framework and proposed open innovation solutions for aerospace R&D alliances.
HTHL Space Vehicles: Concepts and Control Problems
Authors: Nebylov Alexander
Published: October 2014

Integrated launch systems that include aerospace plane (ASP) and another heavy winged vehicle (plane or better Wing-in-Ground effect vehicle) as a booster are reviewed. It is shown that WIG-vehicle with a mass of 1500 ton or more is capable to carry ASP with initial mass of 500 ton and landing mass of 60-70 ton. Ekranoplane can provide ASP with the primary speed of Mach 0.5-0.65 in the required direction that allows lowering the design requirements to ASP's wing area and engines. A number of other advantages from the offered transport system are linked to possible use of WIG-vehicle at ASP landing. Heavy WIG-vehicle is unique vehicle for realizing the progressive idea of docking to descending ASP, allowing expanding opportunities of its landing. The problem of ASP horizontal landing without undercarriage by docking with other flying vehicle at the last stage of decent and the requirements to control systems for relative motion control of both vehicles are discussed. The progressive idea of joining space launch technologies with marine technologies is developed. It is especially important for countries with strongly limited areas of land territory but with easy access to the ocean.
Vibration Analysis of a Cantilevered Beam with Spring Loading at the Tip as a Generic Elastic Structure
Authors: Jafari Mohammad , Djojodihardjo Harijono , Ahmad Kamarul Arifin
Published: October 2014

Although fundamental, vibration of a cantilevered Euler-Bernoulli beam with spring attached at the tip is not found in literatures and is here solved analytically and numerically using finite element approach. The equation of motion of the beam is obtained by using Hamilton’s principle. Finite element method is utilized to write in-house program for the free vibration of the beam. Results show plausible agreements.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Functionally Graded Nickel/Alumina Plate
Authors: Latiff Muhammad Ihsan Abdul , Jamaludin Siti Nur Sakinah , Basri Shahnor , Hussain Ahmad , Alothmany Dheya Shuja , Mustapha Faizal , Nuruzzaman Dewan Muhammad , Ismail Noor Mazni , Ismail Izwan
Published: October 2014

Functionally graded material that consists of gradually changed dual-phase compositions along the thickness direction of its structure has been introduced as an answer to sharp interfaces problems occur while the processing. In order to observe the morphological and shrinkage due to the sintering process, the Ni/Al2O3 FG samples were manufactured via powder metallurgy routes under argon atmosphere. This study reveals that the sintering temperature does affects the sintering behaviors including the microstructures and radial dimensions of the FG plates. The numerical simulation is found to be useful to predict the stress concentration area within the structures and consequently improve the design of the FG plates.
Simultaneous PIV and Gradient Heat Flux Measurement of a Circular Cylinder in Cross-Flow
Authors: Gusakov Andrey A. , Kosolapov Artem S. , Markovich Dmitriy M. , Mityakov Andrey V. , Mityakov Vladimir Y. , Mozhayskiy Sergey A. , Nebuchinov Alexander S. , Sapozhnikov Sergey Z.
Published: October 2014

All heat transfer processes from a solid body to a gas or a liquid are connected with flow characteristics in the vicinity of the streamlined body surface. As far as plenty of flow properties are changing rapidly, it is important to know both heat transfer and flow properties in a certain location and at a certain time. We present a new method of the simultaneous velocity field measurement and heatmetry. By “heatmetry” we mean science and practice of the heat flux measurement (by analogy with the thermometry). The velocity field was obtained by the particle image velocimetry and the local heat flux – by the gradient heat flux sensor. The advantage of the method was exemplified on the heat transfer from a circular cylinder in cross flow.
Skin Friction Coefficient and Boundary Layer Trend on UKM Aster i-Bond
Authors: Harun Zambri , Syafiq Muhammad , Rasani Mohd Rasidi , Abdullah Shahrum , Zulkifli Rozli , Wan Mahmood Wan Mohd Faizal , Ghazali Mariyam Jameelah , Azhari Che Husna , Abu Mansor Mohd Radzi , Abidin Zulkhairi Zainol , Abbas Ashraf Amer
Published: October 2014

This study concerns with aerodynamic drag on a passenger car. By using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, we found that values of skin friction coefficients for three different parts of the car: front, top and rear parts, are different. This study addresses three different basic possible flows around a car: favourable, zero and adverse pressure gradients. Generally, cars use approximately 20% of their engine power to overcome aerodynamic drag, which is generally proportional to the frontal area. The boundary layer at each position has been analyzed to ascertain the effect of wall shear stress on the car surface. It is found that the value of wall shear stress velocity is highest at the rear part, followed by front and top parts. Subsequently, it is shown that the front part has the thinnest viscous region despite not being the part with the highest local ambient velocity compared with the top and rear parts. Despite its supposed aerodynamic shape, the rear part of the car sees separation of flow and the total drag per unit area here is the largest, twice as large as front part and more than seven times larger than the top part.
Impact Characterisation of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Type C-600 and E-800 Using a Drop Weight Machine
Authors: Safri S.N.A. , Sultan Mohamed Thariq Hameed , Aminanda Yulfian
Published: October 2014

In this study, the impact responses for GFRP type C-600 and GFRP type E-800 have been investigated. Impact tests were performed using a drop weight tester, IMATEK IM10T with eight different levels of energy ranging from 6 J to 48 J. The variation of impact characteristics such as peak displacement, peak force and energy absorbed versus impact energy and damaged area were investigated. From the experimental studies, it can be concluded that for each type of GFRP, the impact energy showed excellent correlation with the impact characterization and the damaged area. The difference in the thickness and mechanical properties for both types of GFRP do affect the impact characterization and the damaged area of the specimens tested. It can be concluded that GFRP type E-800 is higher in strength compared to GFRP type C-600.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Irradiance and Daylight Duration for a High-Power-Output Solar Module System
Authors: Rajendran Parvathy , Smith Howard , bin Masral Muhammad Hazim
Published: October 2014

Solar energy is the largest available renewable energy for enhancing the endurance of a solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). However, harnessing solar energy is a great challenge because the power output efficiency of solar module systems is only 15% to 30%. A solar-powered UAV has the potential to outperform a battery-powered UAV, particularly in tasks involving a pseudo satellite that requires long operating hours. Atmospheric conditions and geographical location are the main causes of the poor performance of solar modules. Despite the improvements in solar cell efficiency over the years, solar module systems can still barely convert half of the sun’s power into electricity. This limitation hinders the use of current solar module systems for harvesting solar energy. Recent studies have focused not only on the type of solar cells but also on the positioning system. However, understanding and research on the solar irradiance intensity, as well as on the effect of daylight duration on the power output, remain lacking. A comprehensive model was developed to address this gap and investigate how the movement of the sun movement affects the performance of solar module systems. This simulation model found that daylight duration is more important than available solar irradiance. Higher solar irradiance and daylight duration corresponds to a higher power output of the solar module system. Daylight duration also depends on latitude where higher latitudes lead to longer daylight duration. On the other hand, longitudinal coordinates and elevation have minor effects on the estimation of daylight duration. Therefore, the northern hemisphere has more advantages than southern hemisphere during summer and vice versa.
Multi-Objective Optimization Using Box-Behken of Response Surface Methodology for High-Speed Machining of Inconel 718
Authors: Kasim Mohd Shahir , Che Haron Che Hassan , Ghani Jaharah Abd , Mohamad E. , Izamshah Raja , Mohd Amran Ali , Saedon J.B.
Published: October 2014

This study was carried out to investigate how the high-speed milling of Inconel 718 using ball nose end mill could enhance the productivity and quality of the finish parts. The experimental work was carried out through Response Surface Methodology via Box-Behnken design. The effect of prominent milling parameters, namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut (DOC), and width of cut (WOC) were studied to evaluate their effects on tool life, surface roughness and cutting force. In this study, the cutting speed, feed rate, DOC, and WOC were in the range of 100 - 140 m/min, 0.1 - 0.2 mm/tooth, 0.5 - 1.0 mm and 0.2 - 1.8 mm, respectively. In order to reduce the effect of heat generated during the high speed milling operation, minimum quantity lubrication of 50 ml/hr was used. The effect of input factors on the responds was identified by mean of ANOVA. The response of tool life, surface roughness and cutting force together with calculated material removal rate were then simultaneously optimized and further described by perturbation graph. Interaction between WOC with other factors was found to be the most dominating factor of all responds. The optimum cutting parameter which obtained the longest tool life of 60 mins, minimum surface roughness of 0.262 μm and resultant force of 221 N was at cutting speed of 100 m/min, feed rate of 0.15 mm/tooth, DOC 0.5 m and WOC 0.66 mm.
Low Velocity Impact on Woven Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Ismail Al Emran , Hassan M.A.
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the experimental investigations on the low velocity impact response of woven kenaf fiber reinforced composites. Kenaf yarns are weaved with an orientation of 00 of warp and 900 of weft to form woven kenaf mat. Three woven kenaf mats are stacked together to achieve the specified sequences. The woven stacked kenaf mats are hardened with polymeric resin and compressed to squeeze off any excessive resin and to minimize voids content. The hardened composite plates are perforated using different impact velocities. Impact responses of the composite plates are examined according to stacking sequences, impact velocities and fragmentation patterns. According to the present results, the impact strength is strongly related with the impact velocity. If higher impact velocity is used, the performances of load bearing are reduced. It is obvious that no significant features of composite fragmentations occurred from the perforated holes. However, relatively larger area of mechanical damages is found distributed around the holes, indicating the capability of composites to absorb energy effectively.
Aerodynamic Analysis of the Preliminary Design of SURIAKAR 4 Using CFD
Authors: Sung Lai Gwo , Wan Omar Wan Zaidi , Zainudin Ahmad Zafri , Mansor S. , Mat Lazim Tholudin
Published: October 2014

A four-wheel solar car, the SURIAKAR 4, was designed based on the revised regulations of the Challenger Class World Solar Challenge (2013). It is a four-wheel car with the front and back wheels enclosed in a wind cheating cover. The cockpit is located in such a way that it sits between the front and rear wheel, within the wheel cover on the right side of the car. This paper investigates the aerodynamic characteristics of the car, especially the drag and lift forces, and other forces and moments that determine the stability of the car using CFD package ANSYS Fluent. The model analysis was done with 2.23 million elements after a thorough grid independence study was conducted. The drag coefficient of SURIAKAR 4 is 0.1817. With a frontal area of 0.8934 m2 and at the design speed, the car requires 2132 W of power to overcome this aerodynamic drag. The results also showed that the airflow quality around the car is relatively well-behaved, with only a few turbulent flow points identified. This flow incurs drag penalty and thus have to be modified.
Finite Element Computational Modeling and Simulation Studies of Non-Penetrating Impact Using Fundamental Principles
Authors: Djojodihardjo Harijono , Mahmud Abdullah Saad
Published: October 2014

A set of Mindlin plates bonded together is subjected to loading by impact, which is considered to represent a generic engineering structure and is analyzed through numerical simulation. The objective is to identify optimum configuration in terms of loading, structural dimensions, material properties and composite layup associated with micrometeorites impacts on spacecraft that will not penetrate into its structure. Following the algorithm developed for the problem, the work comprises an in-depth analysis of a generic flat plate structure subjected to impact and numerical simulation. The analyses are based on dynamic response with emphasis on the elastic region. The direct numerical simulation is carried out in parallel for the analysis, synthesis, parametric study and optimization. As simulation case study, the panel structure response to impact loading by a spherical rigid body at certain velocity perpendicular to the panel plate itself and numerical simulation is carried out as appropriate. Simulation results are validated through comparison with analytical work. The entire scheme carried out in this work is a novel comprehensive approach for the structural design of non-penetrated impact on metallic composites. The results show that the use of composites, in particular the bi-metallic composite, is instrumental in tailoring the plate materials to achieve non-penetrating impact.
Quasi Static Analysis of a Biocomposite Aircraft Radome
Authors: Jamal Qistina Mohd , Majid D.L. , Haris M.Y. , Yidris Noorfaizal , Sultan M.T.H.
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates the quasi static compression analysis behavior of a biocomposite radome using nonlinear static modeling. Bio-based fiber is proposed to be used in aircraft radome due to its low dielectric constant. In this instance, kenaf was being utilized as the natural fiber to form a hybrid combination of fiberglass/kenaf epoxy laminates. The quasi static behavior was modeled using MDNastran SOL106 Nonlinear Static. The radome was modeled as a hemispherical shell based on Beechcraft’s radome geometric configuration. The radome is designed as a four-layered laminates with randomly oriented fiberglass and kenaf. The nonlinear compression was performed in the range of 0.01 mm to 0.49 mm with a maximum reaction force of 189 N. The radome was not displaced equally or symmetrically as the translational load applied since the shape of radome is asymmetry and the surface at the top is uneven. The increment of the forces leads to elastic local flattening deformation at the apex of the radome. Its shape influences in determining the displacement and the stress to the radome.
The Mediator Effect of Customer Satisfaction between Quality Management Practices and Communication Behavior amongst Malaysia Hajj Pilgrims: Survey Result
Authors: Ahmad Mohd Fauzi , Arif Mohd Shoki Md , Zakuan Norhayati , Rahman S.S.S.A. , Latif M.B.A , Khalid M.R.
Published: October 2014

Quality management practices (QMP) is one of the most important management in ensuring an organisation continuously improves their business performance. In order to continuously improve in the service and operation, the adoption of QMP is necessary to ensure business excellence. Most previous works have given less emphasis on mediator effect of customer satisfaction (CS) between QMP and communication behavior (CB) amongst Malaysia Hajj pilgrims. A questionnaire was prepared and given to 500 respondents of Malaysian pilgrims which gave a 70.0% response rate or 350 respondents. Overall descriptive result depicts high level of QMP, CS and CB, showing that Malaysia Hajj Pilgrims have high satisfaction towards Hajj services, which are being provided by Hajj Pilgrims organiser. Lembaga Tabung Haji (TH), which manages more than 80.0% of Malaysia Hajj Pilgrims every year, has performed the excellent performance towards QMP, CS and CB. This study also revealed that QMP has significant effect on CS with r = 0.91 at p<0.01 and CS has significant impact on CB with r = 0.39 at p<0.01. The model has r2=0.75, meaning that 75% of CB is accounted by the CS and QMP.
Production Improvement in an Aircraft Manufacturing Company Using Value Stream Mapping Approach
Authors: Wahab Md. Saidin , Sidek Kamsidi Abd Malek , Yahya Mohd Shahir , Ahmat Muhammad Mustaqim Ahmat
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop a value stream mapping for a production in an aircraft manufacturing company. The process begins with creating a current state map and understands the production flow and the current cycle times. This provides the information needed to produce a future state map. The goal is to identify and eliminate the waste, which is any activity that does not add value to the final product, in the production process. In order to collect the information needed, the study was conducted within the production facility to enable the researcher gained knowledge and familiarized with the production flow and the activities being performed at the shop floor. Parameters such as cycle times, down times, work in process (WIP) for inventory and material, and information flow paths were recorded. This information will enable the researcher to visualize the current state of the process activities by mapping the material and information flow and looking for opportunities to eliminate wastes. ARENA simulation software package was used to simulate and analyze the process flow and times. Result from the analysis shows that there are areas where the company can further improve their production system. The results show the improvement of the cycle time up to 22% based on the new proposed arrangement of the layout. Therefore the propose layout will be guided to the company in order to improve their production.
A Review on the Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) Conceptual Framework
Authors: Hj. Bakri Adnan , Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman , Noordin Mohd Yusof , Mohd Razali Widya Kartini , Mohd Zul-Waqar Mohd.Tohid , Shaiful Anwar Ismail
Published: October 2014

This paper aims to examine the practical applications of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) framework .Attempt was made to discuss the available literature related to TPM framework. The outcomes from these reviews would serve as useful guidelines for the future TPM research. This review justifies on the need of a comprehensive TPM framework aimed at integrating the theoretical and practical applications.
Mismatch Analysis of Elementary School Desk and Chair Key Characteristics in Indonesia
Authors: Rosyidi Cucuk Nur , Susmartini Susy , Purwaningrum Lu'lu' , Muraki Satoshi
Published: October 2014

In this research we analyze the mismatch between desk and chair key characteristics and the respective pupil’s anthropometric data. Sample is taken from11 public elementary schools in six regions in Central Java Indonesia. Mismatch comparisons are made among existing desk and chair, Indonesia National Standard (SNI) dimensions of desk and chair, and dimensions from pupil’s anthropometric data. From the results of the analysis, seat height and desk height have the highest mismatch, while seat width and under desk clearance have the lowest mismatch. In general, four key characteristics dimensions from pupil’s anthropometric data are considered to have better match compared to existing and SNI key characteristics dimensions. A redesign is needed due to the results of the analysis.
A Sustainable Product Realization Strategy Using Decomposition-Based Approach
Authors: Beng Lee Guang , Omar Badrul
Published: October 2014

To achieve sustainable product realization, three essential areas namely end-of-line management, green supply chain and sustainable manufacturing have to be considered during the design/development phase. A framework for product realization (presented as objective-mean hierarchy) is proposed in this paper with the help of decomposition-based approach to serve as a guideline for product development companies/firms to improve their environmental strategies by prescribing the key areas and necessary considerations to be scrutinized.
Multi-Response Optimization Using Taguchi Method of Resistance Spot Welding Parameters
Authors: Ghazali Farizah Adliza , Manurung Yupiter HP , Mohamed Mohamed Ackiel
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the effects of spot welding parameters on multi-response weld quality and optimizes the governing parameters of Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) towards the tensile shear strength and nugget size using Taguchi method. The main affecting welding parameters such as electrode force, weld time and weld current were determined as the basis for quality evaluation. The selected quality features were classified into shear strength and nugget size which were required for application with highly dynamic loading. The optimum welding parameter was obtained using multi signal-to-noise ratio (MSNR) and the significant level of welding parameters was further analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on the results, electrode force was found to be most effective parameter affecting shear strength and nugget size. The experiment was conducted at optimum welding parameter and validated the used of multi-objective Taguchi method for enhancing performance and optimizing the welding parameters in RSW process.
Analysis of Mechanical Properties for 2D Woven Kenaf Composite
Authors: Wahab Md. Saidin , Rejab Muhammad Nazri , Saiman Mohd Pahmi
Published: October 2014

Woven composite based on natural fiber increasingly used for many applications in industries because of their advantages such as good relative mechanical properties and renewable resources, but there are some issues as cost and protracted development period to perform reliability evaluation by experimental with real scale. Predictive modeling technique is use to minimize the need for physical testing, shorten design timescales and provide optimized designs. Mechanical properties of woven fabrics for technical textile depend on a) type of raw materials b) type and count of warp and weft yarns c) yarn density and d) the type of weave structure. The effect of fabric architecture to the mechanical properties is investigated. Woven kenaf composite is modeled using the modeling software to get the properties of the model. Further, the model is analyzed using finite element analysis to predict the mechanical properties of the woven kenaf composite. In addition, the effect of the combination of yarn size and weave pattern to the woven kenaf composite is stated base on the mechanical properties to predict the optimum structure of woven kenaf composite.
Effect of Temperature and Salinity on the Localized Corrosion of Stainless Steel 316L
Authors: Ismail Azzura , Suhairi Lidiyawati
Published: October 2014

Cyclic polarization test was used to determine the breakdown potential of passive film for stainless steel 316L at different temperatures (20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50 °C) and different salinity (15%, 25%, and 35%). The results show the highest breakdown potential occur at low temperature and low salinity indicate that incresing the temperature and salt content in seawater will increasing the corrosion attack on 316L. Increasing the temperature from 20°C to 50°C was decrease the Eb value for 75%. Before and after testing, visible pits and hardness for each sample were observed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Vickers hardness testing. It was found that at temperature 20°C, it can be seen that number of pits is more but the pits size is a bit tiny. However, the number of pits reduce as the temperature and salinity increased but the size of the pit become larger and wide which indicate that pitting has propagate during that period. Furthermore, increasing the temperature from 20°C to 50°C also lead to increased the hardness different value which indicate that reducing in hardness properties of 316L at increasing salinity because of corrosion attack.
Corrosion Behavior of WC-Co and WC-Ni in 3.5% NaCl at Increasing Temperature
Authors: Ismail Azzura , Abd Aziz Norhaslina
Published: October 2014

Tungsten carbides (WC) are widely used as wear resistant components such as seal, valves, rings, nozzle and bearings. But in some processing operations, the environment necessarily includes severe corrosion or extremes of temperatures. In paper reveal, the corrosion performance of commercial cobalt tungsten carbide (WC-6%Co) and nickel tungsten carbide (WC-9%Ni) in seawater with 3.5% salinity. The experiment was performed in four different temperatures (20°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C) and the surface structure by corrosion attack was reveal under SEM. The Icorr value of WC-9%Ni is lower than WC-6%Co, elucidate that WC-9%Ni is better in corrosion resistance compare to WC-6%Co. As the temperature increased, the corrosion rate for every material increased as expected. Decreasing in hardness value for both materials reveal that, the material’s hardness decrease after corrosion has attacked.
An Investigation Effects of Electrospinning Parameters: Process Optimization by Application of Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Mataram A. , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi , Mohruni A.S. , Matsura T.
Published: October 2014

Effects of material and process parameters on the electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers were experimentally investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to design the experiments at the setting of solution concentration, voltage and the collector distance. It also imparted the evaluation of the significance of each parameter on pore size, contact angle, modulus young and clean water permeability. Effect of applied voltage in micron-scale fiber diameter was observed to be almost negligible when solution concentration and collector distance were high. However, all three factors were found statistically significant in the production of nano-scale fibers. The response surface predictions revealed the parameter interactions for the resultant fiber diameter, and showed that there is negative correlation between the mean diameter and coefficient of variation for the fiber diameters were in agreement with the experimental results. Response surfaces were constructed to identify the processing window suitable for producing nanoscale fibers. A sub-domain of the parameter space consisting of the solution concentration, applied voltage and collector distance, was suggested for the potential nano scale fiber production.
Effect of Temperature and Composition of Palm Oil Fuel Ash on Compressive Strength of Porcelain
Authors: Noh Mohamad Zaky , Hassan Uman , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: October 2014

The treated palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is used as a substitute material in producing an improved porcelain ceramics. Most of the POFA is posed as waste in landfills, causing environmental and other problems. The POFA is grounded in a ball mill until the particle size is reduced to about 50 μm. Then it is heated at a temperature of 600 oC for 1.5 h in an electric furnace. About 5 wt% to 25 wt% of POFA is used to substitute quartz in porcelain composition. The mixed powder is then pressed into pellets at pressure of 91 MPa. All the pellets are sintered at a temperature of 1000 oC, 1100 oC, 1200 oC and 1280 oC for 2.0 h soaking times. It is found that the highest compressive strength, 45 MPa is obtained at 15 wt% of POFA and sintered at 1100 oC. The improvement in the properties could be attributed to the changes in the microstructural features as a result of an increase in mullite and cristobalite simultaneously.
Multiple Reprocessing of Gear Using Recycled Polypropylene
Authors: Mehat Nik Mizamzul , Jamaludin Amirul Aliff , Kamaruddin Shahrul
Published: October 2014

The reprocessing ability of recycled polypropylene (PP) has been investigated to evaluate the recycling feasibility in spur gear production. Up to 15 reprocessing cycles have been performed by injection moulding, and the effects on tensile properties including ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at break have been studied. Results revealed that reprocessing ability of recycled PP spur gears could yield satisfactory quality as attractive as that corresponding to the virgin PP spur gear. The recycled PP gears resulted in more 10% variation in tensile properties during multiple processing. This effort might be a contribution to convince the industry to apply recycling of PP by means of multiple reprocessing in gear manufacturing.
Rheological Properties of Copper-Graphite MIM Feedstocks Prepared with Waste PET Binder
Authors: Mat Nor Mohammad Fadhil , Sharif Safian , Jamaludin Khairur Rijal
Published: October 2014

In this study, waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer binder systems were used to prepare copper-graphite metal injection molding (MIM) feedstock. A mixer and screw extrusion were used to achieve optimized feedstock, and the rheological properties of the resulting fluids were evaluated using a capillary rheometry to simulate the injection molding process. The solid loadings in the copper-graphite mixes were investigated in the ranges of 51-53% using PET binder system. The effects of shear rate (γ), solid volume fraction (φ) and temperature (T) on the rheological behavior of the copper/graphite MIM feedstocks are discussed.High viscosity trend was notably recorded as shear rate increased relatively. The results indicated that this feedstock system shows dilatant characteristic and lots of further work shall be conducted in attempt to establish this as an ideal binder system.
Review on Ceramic Application in Automotive Turbocharged Engines
Authors: Mohd Nor Alias , Abbas Muhammad Rabiu , Rajoo Srithar , Md Sah Muhammad Hanafi , Ahmad Norhayati
Published: October 2014

Research on the use of thermal barrier coatings in internal combustion engine had contributed in achieving higher thermal efficiency, improved combustion and reduced emissions of the engine. Low thermal conductivity ceramics can be used to control the temperature distribution and heat flow in high temperature structural components due to its inherent thermal insulation properties. For this reason much has been and is being done on the study and development of ceramics for use in automotive engine components working under severe temperature conditions and heavy loads due to their inherent thermal and mechanical properties. The objective of the study is to review the contributions of structural ceramics in the development and improvement of some of the major automotive engine components working under severe conditions of temperature. It is expected that the study will serve as a useful guide for the selection of materials which can withstand severe conditions of temperature and heavy loads for a novel turbocharger and turbocharged engine applications.
Inclination Angle Effect on Surface of Copper in Biomachining
Authors: Istiyanto Jos , Taufiqurrakhman Mohamad , Kiswanto Gandjar , Santoso Iman , Ko Tae Jo
Published: October 2014

Nowadays micro fabrication technology is very varied and being continuously developed. One of them uses bacteria as tools that known as biomachining. Acidithiobacillus ferooxidans is a one of bacteria which can do metal removal as a source of energy. The previous research has proven the ability of Acidithiobacillus ferooxidans for material removal process. In this research, biomachining process was added by angle of inclination parameter to know the effect on copper surface profile and roughness. This method was used to get profile shape result of multi-axis in biomachining. Workpieces were patterned by photolithography method and put in the bacterial culture medium, which was inclined 20° and 30° on inclinator. Profile shape and the surface roughness measurement data were taken by SURFCOM machine. The results of this research showed that by inclining 20° and 30° of biomachining sample produced different profile shapes and surface roughness.
Mixing Study of Aluminium Waste as Metal Powder for Waste Polystyrene Binder System in Metal Injection Molding (MIM)
Authors: Asmawi Rosli , Ibrahim Mohd Halim Irwan , Amin Azriszul Mohd , Mustafa Najwa , Alawi N.
Published: October 2014

The mixing process of a newly developed binder system based on waste polystyrene (PS) and palm kernel oil (PKO) to produce feedstock for metal injection molding (MIM) using aluminium waste as metal powder is described. Since mixing is a critical step in MIM process, therefore the mixture of powder and binder should be homogeneous and moldable. In this study, aluminium powder produced from waste aluminium alloy was mixed with a new binder system consisting of waste polystyrene and palm kernel oil in a Brabender Plastograph EC rotary mixer. Several tests were performed to assess the homogeneity of the feedstock that was produced at 60 vol.% powder loadings.The tests conducted were density, binder burn-out and SEM morphology observation. It was found that the feedstock shows good homogeneity and suitable for further processing in MIM.
Rheological Properties of Kaolin/PolyetherSulfone(PESf) Used in Hollow Fiber Fabrication: Effects of Content Ratio
Authors: Misaran Mohd Suffian , Sarbatly Rossalam , Rahman Md Mizanur
Published: October 2014

In the present work, the rheological properties in terms of shear stress and viscosity of Kaolin/Polyether-Sulfone (PESf) of varying ratio were investigated by a rotating rheometer. The shear rate of Kaolin/PESf sample was measured at increasing interval shear rate. By assuming that the fluid behaves like a typical Non-newtonian polymeric liquid, the consistency index, K and flow index, n were able to be determined. Thus, the rheology behaviors of the kaolin/PESf suspension could be investigated at a wider range of shear rate. The shear stress was found to increase with increasing shear rate, with the rate of change quite apparent at low shear rate. At higher shear rate, the shear stress increases definitively with the increase of kaolin content. On the other hand, the viscosity decreased at a faster rate initially and slows down to monotonous rate as the shear rate increases. Evidently at increasing shear rate, the viscosity tends to become constant as the deviation become smaller which is also known as zero shear rate viscosity region.
Investigating Foamed Bitumen Viscosity
Authors: Sri Sunarjono , Muslich Hartadi Sutanto
Published: October 2014

Foamed bitumen is a binder of cold mix road recycling materials. It is necessary to understand the best foamed bitumen properties prior to mixing with aggregate materials. Viscosity is one of the important properties, which facilitate the foam to distribute across the aggregate phase in the mixing process, and form a well coated asphalt mix. Unfortunately, the understanding of foamed bitumen viscosity and its contribution in the development of mixture performance is still poorly understood. This paper discusses foamed bitumen viscosity which was explored based on theoretical studies and a series of laboratory investigation. Foamed bitumen was produced using bitumen Pen 70/100 at temperature of 180°C. The research method was developed in three activities, i.e. (1) the previous studies on the foamed bitumen rheology, (2) investigating flow behavior of foamed bitumen, and (3) estimating foamed bitumen viscosity using Kraynik equation.The research results can be summarized in the following three points. First, foamed bitumen consists of gas content and liquid bitumen, in which the value of foam viscosity increases with the gas content. Second, foam flow can be used to indicate the apparent foam viscosity. Foamed bitumen with a higher foaming water content (FWC) tends to have a decreased flow rate and hence higher apparent viscosity. Third, foamed bitumen viscosity estimated using Kraynik equation is affected by gas content and liquid bitumen viscosity. It was found that an ERm of around 35 (or at FWC of 6%) is the critical area of foam viscosity.
Comparison Design of Experiment (DOE): Taguchi Method and Full Factorial Design in Surface Roughness
Authors: Rafidah Ali , Nurulhuda A. , Azrina A. , Suhaila Y. , Anwar I.S. , Syafiq R.A.
Published: October 2014

Statistical quality improvement techniques such as design of experiments (DOE) and Taguchi methods form an essential part of the search for improved product performance. This paper applies both the Taguchi and full factorial design techniques to highlight the application and to compare the effectiveness of the Taguchi and full factorial design processes as applied on surface roughness. Besides that, to determine the optimal parameter setting for each factor in surface roughness. For this study, we used two different probes of Mahr Surf XR20 which was MFW 250 tracing arm 6851804 (25μm) and tracing arm 6851806 (50μm). The main effect and interaction plot had been analyzed by using MINITAB (software). The experiment result showed that full factorial design performs better than Taguchi method.
Optimisation of Processing Condition Using Taguchi Method on Warpage for HDPE-Clay Composite
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Halim Irwan , Manaff M.H.A. , Othman Mohd Hilmi , Mustafa Najwa , Masrol S.R. , Rafai Noor Hakim
Published: October 2014

Injection molding is one of the most important processes in manufacturing nowadays. Thus, attention must be give towards the optimization of the product defects. Parameters have been chosen by screening tests to improve the process quality. The main purpose of this study is to optimize the processing condition using Taguchi Method on shrinkage for HDPE-Clay specimen. The experiment starts by preparing the mixture between HDPE and clay. Then, screening test is conducted to obtain the parameters. The parameters are melt temperature, injection speed, injection pressure and cooling time. By using the array orthogonal L9 (34), signal to noise ratio and ANOVA were conducted. Based on the S / N ratio analysis, best combination can be produced for warpage (melt temperature: 190°C, injection speed: 40%, injection pressure: 30% and cooling time: 3 seconds). While for ANOVA, melt temperature is most significant with 60.28% for warpage.