bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure induces autophagy and apoptosis through disrupting calcium homeostasis in the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Ye WenTao , Dai MinLi , Bian DanDan , Zhu QingYu , Li Xin , Sun HaiNa , Li FanChi , Wei Jing , Li Bing
Published: September 2022

The intensive application of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) leaves residues in the environment, posing a potential threat to non‐target organisms. In the present study, we investigated the adverse effects of sublethal CAP exposure on Bombyx mori. Sublethal CAP (0.02 mg/L) was shown to induce the release of intracellular Ca2+ in BmN cells. Meanwhile, Ca2+‐dependent genes were induced in the midgut at 72 h after CAP (0.01 mg/L) exposure, and damaged mitochondria, autophagosomes, nuclear membrane rupture and condensed chromatin were observed. Moreover, the key genes in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway were significantly down‐regulated. The transcript levels of autophagy‐related genes ATG6 and ATG8 were significantly up‐regulated, and the protein levels of LC3‐II and ATG7 were significantly increased by 3.72‐ and 3.33‐fold, respectively. Additionally, the transcript levels of the upstream genes in the apoptosis pathway (calpain and Apaf‐1) were significantly up‐regulated, the protein levels of the downstream gene caspase 3 and its cleaved form were significantly up‐regulated by 1.97‐ and 4.55‐fold, respectively, consistent with the elevated caspase 3 activity at 72 h. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intracellular Ca2+ release induced by sublethal CAP inhibits oxidative phosphorylation pathway, which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to autophagy and apoptosis in the midgut of B. mori.
Genetic variability shapes the alternative pathway complement activity and predisposition to complement‐related diseases
Authors: Rodríguez de Córdoba Santiago
Published: September 2022

The implementation of next‐generation sequencing technologies has provided a sharp picture of the genetic variability in the components and regulators of the alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system and has revealed the association of many AP variants with different rare and common diseases. An important finding that has emerged from these analyses is that each of these complement‐related diseases associate with genetic variants altering specific aspects of the activation and regulation of the AP. These genotype–phenotype correlations have provided valuable insights into their pathogenic mechanisms with important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. While genetic variants in coding regions and structural variants are reasonably well characterized and occasionally have been instrumental to uncover unknown features of the complement proteins, data about complement expressed quantitative trait loci are still very limited. A crucial task for future studies will be to identify these quantitative variations and to determine their impact in the overall activity of the AP. This is fundamental as it is now clear that the consequences of genetic variants in the AP are additive and that susceptibility or resistance to disease is the result of specific combinations of genetic variants in different complement components and regulators (“complotypes”).
Residual stress versus microstructural effects on the strength and toughness of phase‐separated PbO–B2O3–Al2O3 glasses
Authors: Santos Gisele G. , Peitl Oscar , Koike Akio , Akiba Shusaku , Sawamura Shigeki , Nagano Mikio , Saijo Yoshitaka , Harako Susumu , Yoshida Satoshi , Zanotto Edgar D.
Published: September 2022

A few authors have reasonably proposed that liquid–liquid phase‐separated (LLPS) glasses could show improved fracture strength, Sf, and toughness, KIc, as the second phase could provide a barrier to crack propagation via deflection, bowing, trapping, or bridging. Due to the associated tensile or compressive residual stresses, the second phase could also act as a toughening or a weakening mechanism. In this work, we investigated five glasses of the PbO–B2O3–Al2O3 system spanning across the miscibility gap: Four of them undergo LLPS—three are binodal (two B2O3‐rich and one PbO‐rich) and one is spinodal—and one does not show LLPS (composition outside the miscibility gap). Their compositions were designed in such a way that the amorphous particles are under compressive residual stresses in some and under tensile residual stresses in others. The following mechanical properties were determined: the Vickers hardness, ball on three balls (B3B) strength, and toughness, KIc‐SEVNB (single‐edge V‐notch beam [SEVNB]). The microstructures and compositions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry. The spinodal glass showed, by far, the best mechanical properties. Its KIc‐SEVNB = 1.6 ± 0.1 MPa m1/2, which embodies an increase of almost 50% over the B2O3‐rich binodal composition, and 90% considering the PbO‐rich binodal composition. Moreover, its fracture strength, Sf = 166 ± 7 MPa, is one of the highest ones ever reported for an LLPS glass. Fracture analyses evidenced that the spinodal composition exhibited the lowest net stress at the fracture point. Moreover, calculations indicate that the internal residual stress level is the lowest in the spinodal glass. The overall results indicate that the microstructural effect of the spinodal glass is the most significant factor for its superior mechanical properties. This work corroborates the idea that LLPS provides a feasible and stimulating solution to improve the mechanical properties of glasses.
When the going gets tough, do the tough go shopping?
Authors: Pan Xiaodan , Mantin Benny , Dresner Martin
Published: September 2022

This study examines the impacts of consumer confidence on stockpiling behavior and, subsequently, retail inventory management. We show how stockpiling behavior evolved during the “Great Recession” of 2008–2009 as consumer confidence waned and demonstrate the impact of this development on inventory management. Drawing on the two‐segment household inventory theory consisting of nonstockpiling and stockpiling segments, we use a panel dataset (2005–2015) to calibrate household inventory holdings. This dataset then serves as input for a retailer‐level case study. Our empirical analysis reveals significant impacts from changing stockpiling behavior. When consumer confidence is low, both stockpiling and nonstockpiling segments respond by reducing weekly consumption rates; however, the stockpiling segment also significantly lengthens the time between shopping trips, and ultimately increases the duration of inventory holdings. These changes to consumption and stockpiling add complexity to inventory planning, requiring retailers to carefully adjust inventory levels to maintain service levels.
Association between hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and elevated blood pressure in offspring: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yu Huan , Li Wei , Mao Zhengxia , Luo Lijuan , He Na , Dong Wenbin , Lei Xiaoping
Published: September 2022

Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP) are associated with cardiovascular disease among mothers and offspring. This meta‐analysis was conducted to further explore the associations between maternal HDP and offspring blood pressure (BP). The authors performed a search strategy in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library from database inception to January 2022. Twenty‐four studies regarding HDP were included, with pregnancy‐associated hypertension (PAH), preeclampsia (PE), gestational hypertension (GH), and chronic hypertension included in 12, 16, 6, and 3 studies, respectively. Offspring who were exposed to HDP and PAH in utero had higher systolic BP (2.46 mm Hg, 95% CI: 1.88–3.03 mm Hg; 2.70 mm Hg 95% CI: 1.89–3.51 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (1.38 mm Hg 95% CI: 0.94–1.83 mm Hg; 1.39 mm Hg 95% CI: 0.71–2.06 mm Hg) than those birthed to normotensive mothers. The offspring exposure to PE, GH, and chronic hypertension had higher systolic BP by 1.90 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.39–2.40 mm Hg), 2.47 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.59–3.35 mm Hg), and 7.85 mm Hg (95% CI: 4.10–11.61 mm Hg), respectively, and higher diastolic BP by 0.99 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.50–1.49 mm Hg), 1.04 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.60–1.47 mm Hg), and 2.92 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.98–4.86 mm Hg), respectively. An Egger test and funnel plot confirmed no significant publication bias. In conclusion, offspring exposure to all subtypes of HDP in utero led to higher BP than no exposure. It is necessary to investigate the potential mechanisms to clarify the roles of genetic and environmental factors in these associations, which could provide insight on preventing hypertension and related cardiovascular disease.
Constitutionalizing the EU in an Age of Emergencies
Authors: White Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Over the last decade especially, European authorities have successively invoked exceptional measures in the name of exceptional circumstances. This improvised mode of emergency response raises problems for EU legitimacy. After a brief analysis of the core patterns, the article examines the scope for reform. It considers the case for pre‐emptively strengthening the EU's emergency powers in the form of an ‘emergency constitution’. It goes on to argue for more radical EU constitutional change, focused not on regulating the exceptional moment but simplifying and democratizing executive power, such that when hard times arrive it is better tied to a critical public. A concluding section discusses what can be achieved by retrospective contestation, as an interim solution in advance of constitutional change.
The interaction of CD300lf and ceramide reduces the development of periodontitis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Hu Qiannan , Yang Lisa , Shan Zhongyan , Wen Shuqiong , Lu Huanzi , Zou Zhaolei , Guo Junyi , Liu Xiangqi , Xie Wenqiang , Cao Yang , Wang Zhi , Yang Le , Wang Xi
Published: September 2022

Aim

The regulation of osteoclasts (OCs) by inhibitory immunoreceptors maintains bone homeostasis and is considered an important determinant of the extent of periodontal pathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the inhibitory immunoreceptor CD300lf and its ligand ceramide in osteoclastogenesis in periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

The expression of CD300lf was measured in vitro and in a ligature‐induced periodontitis model. The effect of CD300lf ablation on osteoclastogenesis was examined in ligature‐retained and ligature removal periodontitis models. The effect of ceramide, the ligand of CD300lf, was examined in osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo by smearing 20 μg of ceramide dissolved in carboxymethylcellulose on teeth and gingiva every other day in an experimental periodontitis model and ligature removal model.

Results

CD300lf expression was downregulated during osteoclastogenesis. Ablation of CD300lf in the ligature‐induced periodontitis model increased the number of OCs and exacerbated bone damage. Bone resorption caused by CD300lf ablation was reversible following ligature removal. CD300lf‐ceramide binding suppressed osteoclastogenesis in vitro and inhibited alveolar bone loss in a mouse periodontitis model.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal that CD300lf‐ceramide binding plays a critical negative role in alveolar bone loss in periodontitis by inhibiting OCs differentiation.
Testing lifecourse theories characterising associations between maternal depression and offspring depression in emerging adulthood: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Authors: Lacey Rebecca E. , Gondek Dawid , Smith Brooke J. , Smith Andrew D. A. C. , Dunn Erin C. , Sacker Amanda
Published: September 2022

Background

Maternal depression is a major determinant of offspring mental health. Yet, little is understood about how the duration and timing of maternal depression shapes youth risk for depressive symptoms, which if understood could inform when best to intervene. This study aimed to determine how the timing and duration of maternal depression was related to offspring depression in emerging adulthood, and if these associations varied by sex.

Methods

We analysed data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (a prenatal cohort in the Avon area of England, 1991–2003), n = 3,301. We applied the structured lifecourse modelling approach to maternal depression (assessed at 13 points from prenatal period to adolescence) and emerging adult depressive symptoms (age 21). Lifecourse models assessed were accumulation (sum of timepoints when maternal depression was reported), sensitive periods (each period assessed as one during which maternal depression has a stronger effect) and instability (frequent fluctuations in maternal depression).

Results

Female adolescents (n = 2,132) had higher SMFQ scores (mean = 6.15, SD = 5.90) than males (n = 1,169, mean = 4.87, SD = 4.82). Maternal depression was most common in the infancy period (21.2% males; 21.4% females). For males, accumulation was the most appropriate lifecourse model; for each additional period of maternal depression, depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood increased by 0.11 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.15, one‐sided p value ≤ .001). For females, exposure to maternal depression was associated with increasing depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood, with the largest effect in mid‐childhood (increase of 0.27 units, 95% CI 0.03–0.50, p = .015 for difference between mid‐childhood and other time‐periods) and a smaller, equal effect at all other time‐periods (increase of 0.07 units per time‐period, 95% CI: 0.03–0.12, p = .002).

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of ongoing maternal depression for the development of depression in offspring through to emerging adulthood. Because long‐term exposure to maternal depression was particularly important, early interventions are warranted.
The effects of gamma irradiation and natural aging on the composition of Nongxiangxing baijiu
Authors: He Jiang , Chen Qian , Jia Xin , Wang Yan , Huang Min , Wang GuangXi , Chen Hao , Gao Peng
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the composition of Nongxiangxing baijiu (Chinese liquor) over 5 years of natural aging and under different irradiation doses of 60Co. We discuss the differences between the two approaches to aging and provide theoretical support for the feasibility of irradiation aging of baijiu. Low‐dose (3 kGy and 6 kGy) and high‐dose (50 kGy and 100 kGy) irradiation were used to assess the effect of irradiation on baijiu compounds. The results show that the chemical reaction processes of natural aging and irradiation are similar, and both can promote the production of aldehydes and acids in baijiu, which contribute to the flavor of aging. Specifically, after irradiation at ≥3 kGy, furfural was not detected. The content of ethyl linoleate decreased after irradiation at ≤6 kGy, but it was not detected after irradiation at ≥50 kGy. The electronic nose prediction model showed that the flavor of the baijiu after 3 kGy irradiation reached an effect similar to that of natural aging for 1.98 years. The application of 60Co irradiation in the aging of Nongxiangxing baijiu has significant value.

Novelty impact statement

The chemical reaction processes of natural aging and irradiation are similar, both can promote the production of aldehydes and acids in baijiu.

The flavor of the baijiu after 3 kGy irradiation reached an effect similar to that of natural aging for 1.98 years.

Furfural and ethyl linoleate can be used as potential indicators to determine whether baijiu was irradiated.
Rice‐based noodle formulation: Consumer preference and optimization by mixture design
Authors: González Luciana C. , Loubes María A. , Bertotto María M. , Tolaba Marcela P.
Published: September 2022

This work focused on rice‐based egg noodles for Western consumers, whose preference for the egg option was corroborated by a survey. A constrained mixture design was used to investigate the effect of functional ingredients (FIs: gum, egg, and modified starch) on noodle quality, adopting egg noodles with 3.2% of guar gum as control. The substitution percentage of rice flour by modified starch was restricted (up to 12.5%) according to dough machinability and noodle extensibility. No differences were found in the Fourier transform infrared spectra of experimental design formulations. The synergistic effects among the FIs evidenced by response surface methodology analysis played a key role in the noodle attributes. Satisfactory values of water absorption (123%) and cooking loss (3.6%) were obtained by combining the minimum amount of gum (50% less than the control) with 10.9% of starch and 13.0% of egg. The extensibility of the optimum noodles was similar to that of the control.

Novelty impact statement

The use of a survey turned out to be an easy and practical tool to satisfactorily know the preference of consumers for egg‐noodles. This preliminary survey allowed us to select the proper ingredient, and thereby save time and resources. The incorporation of a novel ingredient such as physically modified rice starch was of great interest. Such ingredient allows for clean labeling and avoids the production of chemical waste. In addition, the gum content could be reduced by half due to the synergy of the starch with the egg and gum.
Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) extract on the drying behavior of cassava starch films enriched with rebaudioside A
Authors: Beuter Daiana A. , Meza Bárbara E. , Brumovsky Luis A. , Peralta Juan Manuel
Published: September 2022

In this study, the drying behavior of cassava starch‐based edible films was investigated. Formulations were elaborated with rebaudioside A, glycerol, and low concentrations (0.5, 2, and 4%, w/w) of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) extract (YM%). Physicochemical properties (pH, apparent viscosity, and density) and film‐forming capacity (dip‐coating method) were evaluated at 25°C. Films were casted by drying and mathematically described using the Henderson and Pabis thin‐layer model. Effective moisture diffusion coefficients (Deff) were determined using theoretical film thicknesses evaluated at the critical moisture content. The Deff dependency on temperature and YM% was analyzed using an Arrhenius‐type model. Based on the results, as YM% increased, values of pH, and apparent viscosity decreased. Low YM% increased the drying rates and the values of Deff of cassava starch‐based edible films elaborated with rebaudioside A as a sweetener and bioactive compound, obtaining the highest values at 4% (w/w) and 70°C.

Novelty impact statement

The optimization and control of the drying process are important to produce coated foods with high‐quality and nutritional value in the industry. Yerba mate extract powder added to cassava starch‐based formulations at low concentrations (<5%, w/w) is suitable for obtaining edible films and coatings with higher drying rates and effective moisture diffusion coefficients that control film casting due to the better hydrophobicity and plasticizing effect. This information could be useful to manufacture new film‐forming fluids with bioactive compounds (e.g., rebaudioside A), such as alternative bio‐packages that allow to replace the disposable composite synthetic plastic containers, and products for people with special diet requirements due to its low or sugar‐free nature.
Whole grain cereal flours and honey‐based extruded breakfast cereals: Effect of extrusion processing on functional characteristics, antioxidant properties and hydroxymethylfurfural generation
Authors: Hanuman Bobade , Singh Arashdeep , Sharma Savita , Gupta Antima , Singh Baljit
Published: September 2022

The effect of extrusion processing and honey on the quality characteristics of composite flour‐based directly expanded breakfast cereals was investigated using response surface methodology with feed moisture (FM), extrusion temperature (ET), and honey level as process variables. The FM and ET initially increased and later decreased the expansion of breakfast cereals whereas the bulk density and hardness have followed the opposite trend to that of expansion. The ET had a negative and positive effect on water absorption and water solubility indices, respectively. Honey addition suppressed the expansion and elevated the density and hardness of the breakfast cereals. The optimum processing conditions for producing breakfast cereals consisted of 17.07% FM, 150.39°C ET, and 10.18% honey level. The ET had a negative effect on phenolics and a positive effect on antioxidant activity and hydroxymethylfurfural content whereas honey addition increased the levels of phenolics, antioxidant activity, and hydroxymethylfurfural in breakfast cereals.

Novelty impact statement

The use of honey as a sweetener significantly reduced the expansion and increased the density as well as the hardness of the breakfast cereals produced from composite flour of wheat, rice, and corn. However, honey addition limited the loss of phenolics and raised the antioxidant activity of resultant breakfast cereals. The effect of other extrusion variables, particularly extrusion temperature, depended on the honey level in the feed and these variables exhibited interactive and curvilinear effects on the properties of breakfast cereals.
‘Finding my Hard Hat’: Reflections of recovery from a service user and caring professional
Authors: Kiernan Gary , Donohue Gráinne , Kirwan Shane
Published: September 2022

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Lived experience narratives of recovery can provide an insight and subtlety where academic papers can often fall short.

There is a need for people who work in mental health services to address and take care of their own psychosocial needs.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

This paper provides a unique insight into a care professional's recovery from mental ill health.

Looked at through this dual lens of service user and care professional provide the reader with a rich narrative from the perspective of both sides of the caring role.

What are the implications for practice?

People who work in caring roles need to be vigilant of their own needs and the impact that the work can have on them.

Safety protocol for managing one's own mental health should be a requirement for people within the caring profession.

Introduction

This is an account of my experiences becoming unwell and accessing general and mental health services in Ireland.

Aim

It is hoped that this lived narrative of my recovery will shed light on accessing mental health services from a dual lens; that of service user and social worker.

Method

It traces this experience from initial contact with my general practitioner, to admission to a secure psychiatric ward where recovery slowly began.

Results

It is also hoped that reading my experiences of recovery and some of the insights shared will help those in the nursing or social care profession consider how they may be affected by their work.

Discussion

It is important to note that this account views my experiences within a neurobiology framework and this might not align to other people's experiences. However, my narrative of help‐seeking is complex and includes multiple points where I uncover insights and encounter different healthcare professionals.
HBsAg seroconversion in de novo hepatitis B virus‐infected paediatric liver transplant recipients with anti‐viral therapy
Authors: Dong Chong , Song Zhuolun , Sun Chao , Wang Kai , Chen Jing , Zhang Wei , Wu Di , Zheng Weiping , Yang Yang , Qin Hong , Han Chao , Zhang Fubo , Wang Zhen , Xu Min , Zhang Guofeng , Xie Enbo , Jiao Junli , Cao Shunqi , Gao Wei , Shen Zhongyang
Published: September 2022

We investigated the clinical characteristics and therapeutic strategies for paediatric liver transplant (PLT) recipients who experienced de novo hepatitis B virus infection and the features of HBsAg seroconversion. A total of 821 PLT were performed in HBV‐free recipients between January 2013 and January 2019 in Paediatric Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital. Twenty‐one recipients developed de novo HBV infection, the clinical data were analysed. The overall incidence of de novo HBV infection was 2.5%. Only one recipient received an HBcAb‐negative graft, 20 recipients received HBcAb‐positive grafts. The incidence of de novo HBV infection in HBcAb‐negative and HBcAb‐positive graft recipients were 0.2% and 6.3%, respectively. Fifteen de novo HBV‐infected recipients showed HBsAg seroconversion, the incidence of HBsAg seroconversion was 71.4%. The median time from the diagnosis of de novo HBV infection to HBsAg seroconversion was 15 (1, 73) months. Recipients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titre <1000 IU/L and negative hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) at the time of de novo HBV infection diagnosis were more likely to achieve HBsAg seroconversion. Nucleotide analogues were effective in treating recipients with de novo HBV infection. De novo HBV infection does not impact liver graft function as well as recipient and graft survival rate. De novo HBV infection does not impact PLT recipient outcomes under close monitoring and appropriate treatment. High incidence of HBsAg seroconversion can be achieved after anti‐viral therapy.
Taking language science to zoom school: Virtual outreach to elementary school students
Authors: Oppenheimer Kathleen E. , Salig Lauren K. , Thorburn Craig A. , Exton Erika L.
Published: September 2022

We describe guest speaker presentations that we developed to bring language science to elementary school students via videoconference. By using virtual backgrounds and guided discovery learning, we effectively engage children as young as 7 years in in‐depth explorations of language science concepts. We share the core principles that guide our presentations and describe two of our outreach activities, Speech Detectives and Bilingual Barnyard. We report brief survey data from 157 elementary school students showing that they find our presentations interesting and educational. While our pivot to virtual outreach was motivated by the Covid‐19 pandemic, it allows us to reach geographically diverse audiences, and we suggest that virtual guest speaker presentations will remain a viable and effective method of public outreach.
Explanatory justification, seeming truth, humility, question‐begging, and evidence from intuitions
Authors: Conee Earl
Published: September 2022

William Lycan's On Evidence in Philosophy makes noteworthy contributions to many important philosophical topics. The topics discussed here are epistemic justification by explanatory coherence, seeming truths as sources of initial justification, the extent of our philosophical ignorance, the fault in begging the question, the nature of intuitions, and the evidence that intuitions supply. For each topic, an attempt is made to employ work done in the book to advance the philosophical issues.
We believe the error theory
Authors: Christmann John Alton
Published: September 2022

Bart Streumer thinks that we cannot believe the global normative error theory. Streumer's argument presupposes a Cartesian theory of belief fixation. The Cartesian theory entails that we can understand a proposition without believing it. But the Cartesian theory of belief fixation is false, and the Spinozan theory is true. The Spinozan theory of belief fixation entails that we cannot understand a proposition without believing it. The present paper argues that Streumer's claim is false, and we can believe the global normative error theory because the Spinozan theory is correct. The paper then applies the Spinozan theory of belief fixation to the “Now what?” problem for global normative error theory and responds to objections.
Précis of On evidence in philosophy
Authors: Lycan William G.
Published: September 2022

On Evidence in Philosophy sketches an epistemology of philosophy itself, a method for philosophical inquiry. Part 1 defends a version of Moore's method of “common sense,” in which humble, boring everyday facts like “I have hands” and “I had breakfast earlier today” trump the a priori philosophical premises of arguments for various eliminative idealisms and skepticisms. Part 2 exhibits the deeper poverty of philosophical method, arguing that philosophy cannot prove or even refute any interesting thesis. But Part 3 defends intuitions as giving us good prima facie reason to accept the judgments they support, and then develops the method of wide reflective equilibrium in the context of a broader explanatory‐coherentist epistemology.
A case of childhood unilateral relapsing primary angiitis of the central nervous system
Authors: Onomura Hitomi , Furukawa Soma , Nishida Suguru , Kitagawa Satoshi , Yoshida Mari , Ito Yasuhiro
Published: September 2022

The patient was a 17‐year‐old girl with transient right‐sided weakness and dysesthesia associated with headache and nausea. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed white matter lesions confined to the left hemisphere. Initially, multiple sclerosis was suspected, and methylprednisolone (mPSL) pulse therapy was administered, followed by fingolimod hydrochloride. However, on day 267, the patient again experienced transient hypesthesia. Cranial MRI showed expansion of the highly infiltrated areas of the left hemisphere on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2 weighted image, accompanied by edema. Multiple contrasting areas were also observed. Susceptibility‐weighted imaging demonstrated several streaks and some corkscrew‐like appearances with low signals from the white matter to the cortex, suggestive of occluded or dilated collateral vessels. Multiple dotted spots indicating cerebral microbleeds (MBs) were also observed. A brain biopsy revealed lymphocytic, non‐granulomatous inflammation in and around the vessels. Vascular occlusion and perivascular MBs were prevalent. The patient was diagnosed with relapsing primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS), and immunosuppressive treatment was initiated, mPSL 1000 mg/day pulse therapy. The patient's clinical symptoms and neuroradiological abnormalities gradually improved. She is now receiving oral prednisolone (6 mg/day) and mycophenolate mofetil (1750 mg/day). This case corresponds to unilateral relapsing, which has recently been reported as a specific clinicopathological subtype of PACNS.
Meiocyte size is a determining factor for unreduced gamete formation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yi Jun , Kradolfer David , Brownfield Lynette , Ma Yingrui , Piskorz Ewa , Köhler Claudia , Jiang Hua
Published: September 2022

Polyploidy, the presence of more than two sets of chromosomes within a cell, is a widespread phenomenon in plants. The main route to polyploidy is considered through the production of unreduced gametes that are formed as a consequence of meiotic defects. Nevertheless, for reasons poorly understood, the frequency of unreduced gamete formation differs substantially among different plant species. The previously identified meiotic mutant jason (jas) in Arabidopsis thaliana forms about 60% diploid (2n) pollen. JAS is required to maintain an organelle band as a physical barrier between the two meiotic spindles, preventing previously separated chromosome groups from uniting into a single cell.

In this study, we characterized the jas suppressor mutant telamon (tel) that restored the production of haploid pollen in the jas background.

The tel mutant did not restore the organelle band, but enlarged the size of male jas tel meiocytes, suggesting that enlarged meiocytes can bypass the requirement of the organelle band. Consistently, enlarged meiocytes generated by a tetraploid jas mutant formed reduced gametes.

The results reveal that meiocyte size impacts chromosome segregation in meiosis II, suggesting an alternative way to maintain the ploidy stability in meiosis during evolution.
The carboxy‐terminal tail of GLR3.3 is essential for wound‐response electrical signaling
Authors: Wu Qian , Stolz Stéphanie , Kumari Archana , Farmer Edward E.
Published: September 2022

Arabidopsis Clade 3 GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR‐LIKEs (GLRs) are primary players in wound‐induced systemic signaling. Previous studies focused on dissecting their ligand‐activated channel properties involving extracellular and membrane‐related domains. Here, we report that the carboxy‐terminal tails (C‐tails) of GLRs contain key elements controlling their function in wound signaling.

GLR3.3 without its C‐tail failed to rescue the glr3.3a mutant. We carried out a yeast two‐hybrid screen to identify the C‐tail interactors. We performed functional studies of the interactor by measuring electrical signals and defense responses. Then we mapped their binding sites and evaluated the impact of the sites on GLR functions.

IMPAIRED SUCROSE INDUCTION 1 (ISI1) interacted with GLR3.3. Enhanced electrical activity was detected in reduced function isi1 mutants in a GLR3.3‐dependent manner. isi1 mutants were slightly more resistant to insect feeding than the wild‐type. Furthermore, a triresidue motif RFL in the GLR3.3 C‐tail binds to ISI1 in yeast. Finally, we demonstrated that FL residues were conserved across GLRs and functionally required.

Our study provides new insights into the functions of GLR C‐tails, reveals parallels with the ionotropic glutamate receptor regulation in animal cells, and may enable rational design of strategies to engineer GLRs for future practical applications.
Teasing apart the joint effect of demography and natural selection in the birth of a contact zone
Authors: Li Lili , Milesi Pascal , Tiret Mathieu , Chen Jun , Sendrowski Janek , Baison John , Chen Zhi‐qiang , Zhou Linghua , Karlsson Bo , Berlin Mats , Westin Johan , Garcia‐Gil Maria Rosario , Wu Harry X. , Lascoux Martin
Published: September 2022

Vast population movements induced by recurrent climatic cycles have shaped the genetic structure of plant species. During glacial periods species were confined to low‐latitude refugia from which they recolonized higher latitudes as the climate improved. This multipronged recolonization led to many lineages that later met and formed large contact zones.

We utilize genomic data from 5000 Picea abies trees to test for the presence of natural selection during recolonization and establishment of a contact zone in Scandinavia.

Scandinavian P. abies is today made up of a southern genetic cluster originating from the Baltics, and a northern one originating from Northern Russia. The contact zone delineating them closely matches the limit between two major climatic regions. We show that natural selection contributed to its establishment and maintenance. First, an isolation‐with‐migration model with genome‐wide linked selection fits the data better than a purely neutral one. Second, many loci show signatures of selection or are associated with environmental variables. These loci, regrouped in clusters on chromosomes, are often related to phenology.

Altogether, our results illustrate how climatic cycles, recolonization and selection can establish strong local adaptation along contact zones and affect the genetic architecture of adaptive traits.
Computed Tomography‐Based Determination of the Optimal Locations of Bone Tunnels for Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Lei , Xiong Lujing , Zhou Xin , Li Bingkun , Tang Xiaogao , Wang Guo‐you
Published: September 2022

Objective

An agreement has not been reached on optimal locations of bone tunnels for coracoclavicular ligament (CCL) reconstruction for acromioclavicular joint dislocation (ACD). This study aims to identify the convergence point (cP) between the coracoid process and clavicle in the Chinese population to assist surgeons in reconstructing the CCL for ACD.

Methods

From 2014 to 2020, 483 CT scans of the shoulders of 270 male and 213 female patients (247 right and 236 left shoulders) were collected and studied retrospectively. By overlapping the images of the transverse plane of the coracoid process and the clavicle, points a and b, and the midpoint ab (cP) were determined. Then, a series of parameters through point cP in the transverse and sagittal planes were measured. In the transverse plane this included the distance from point cP to the tip of the coracoid process (cP‐cor),the distance between the medial and lateral margins of the coracoid process through point cP (Med‐lat cor), the distance from point cP to the acromioclavicular joint (cP‐ac), and the distance between the anteroposterior margin of the clavicle through point cP (Ap‐clav). In the sagittal plane, this included the craniocaudal segment of the coracoid process (Cc‐cor), and the craniocaudal segment of the clavicle (Cc‐clav). The sex and side differences of these measurements were also analyzed by two radiologists.

Results

Based on the following measurements, point cP was determined. For male patients, the cP‐cor was 28.02 ± 3.43 mm, Med‐lat cor was 22.78 ± 2.80 mm, Cc‐cor was 15.11 ± 2.13 mm, cP‐ac was 29.24 ± 3.84 mm, Ap‐clav was 18.27 ± 2.46 mm, and Cc‐clav was 10.09 ± 1.56 mm. For female patients, the cP‐cor was 25.20 ± 3.26 mm, Med‐lat cor was 20.21 ± 2.97 mm, Cc‐cor was 13.03 ± 1.77 mm, cP‐ac was 26.66 ± 3.45 mm, Ap‐clav was 16.10 ± 2.30 mm, and Cc‐clav was 8.91 ± 1.40 mm. All the measurements of female patients were lower than those of male patients (p < 0.01). Between sides, only cP‐ac of the left shoulders was significantly lower than those of the right shoulders (p < 0.05), with no significant differences in other parameters between sides (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of this study identified the locations of bone tunnel‐cP in the coracoid process and clavicle for the CCL reconstruction in ACD. Moreover, the findings indicated that surgeons should be more cautious in operating on female patients and that the cP‐ac of left shoulders should be set lower than that of right shoulders.
Identifying spatio‐temporal trends in seagrass meadows to inform future restoration
Authors: Dalby Oliver , Pucino Nicolas , Tan Yi Mei , Jackson Emma L. , Macreadie Peter I. , Coleman Rhys A. , Young Mary A. , Ierodiaconou Daniel , Sherman Craig D. H.
Published: September 2022

Seagrass restoration requires information on a range of factors including site environmental conditions, appropriate planting techniques, and the identification of sites most likely to support seagrass. To address the question of where to focus restoration efforts, a key first step is to identify trends in the spatio‐temporal distribution of seagrasses to identify areas of persistence, loss, and recent gains. Areas of recent recovery (and adjacent areas), can then be targeted by practitioners for assisted recovery and restoration, whilst areas of persistent loss can be avoided. Here we identified the contemporary distribution, density, and species composition of seagrass ecosystems (using Sentinel 2 imagery and supervised object‐based imagery analysis) and integrated these data with historic extents to identify spatio‐temporal trends in seagrass distribution in Western Port, Victoria, Australia. Contemporary classifications demonstrated acceptable accuracies (Overall Accuracy 0.77–0.85, User Accuracy 0.76–0.97) and predicted a contemporary seagrass extent of 222 km2; with 48 km2 of low‐density recovery predicted to have occurred since 1999. Comparisons with historical seagrass extents indicated some seagrass recovery since large‐scale losses in 1983, although some areas of loss were also present. Recovery included a net gain of approximately 95 km2 in the past 20 years and an eastward range expansion; suggesting environmental conditions have improved and are now conducive for restoration efforts in some areas. Results demonstrate that accurate, low‐cost, remote sensing of seagrass ecosystems is possible and show how understanding spatio‐temporal trends can guide the spatial allocation of resources by prioritizing areas for restoration where recovery is beginning to occur.
Paleogene forest fragmentation and out‐of‐Africa dispersal explain radiation of the Paleotropical dung beetle tribe Epactoidini trib. nov. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae)
Authors: Rossini Michele , Grebennikov Vasily , Merrien Thomas , Miraldo Andreia , Viljanen Heidi , Tarasov Sergei
Published: September 2022

Paleotropical clades with largely disjunct distributions are ideal models for biogeographic reconstructions. The dung beetle genera Grebennikovius Mlambo, Scholtz & Deschodt, Epactoides Olsouffief and Ochicanthon Vaz‐de‐Mello are distributed in Tanzania, Madagascar and Réunion, and the Oriental region, respectively. We combine morphology and molecular dataset to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships between these taxa. Our analyses corroborate previous hypotheses of monophyly of the group, which is here described as new tribe Epactoidini trib. nov. Grebennikovius is recovered as sister to Epactoides, while Ochicanthon emerges as sister to them both. The disjunct distribution of our focal clade is unusual within the subfamily Scarabaeinae. Bayesian divergence time estimates and ancestral range reconstructions indicate an African origin of the crown group of the tribe Epactoidini trib. nov. in the early mid Eocene, ca. 46 Ma. The divergence between Epactoides and its sister is dated to 32.3 Ma, while the crown age for the genus Ochicanthon is dated to 27 Ma. We investigate the factors that may have shaped the current distribution of the tribe Epactoidini trib. nov. The formation of the Gomphotherium landbridge, along with favourable environmental conditions would have allowed dry‐intolerant organisms, such as Ochicanthon, to disperse out of Africa. Remarkable climatic stability of the Eastern Arc Mountains was critical for the retention of the monotypic genus Grebennikovius. We suggest two subsequent overwater dispersal events: the migration of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Epactoides from Africa to Madagascar (32.3–29.5 Ma); the lately dispersal of the MRCA of the today's extinct Epactoides giganteus Rossini, Vaz‐de‐Mello & Montreuil to Réunion island from Madagascar (3.4 Ma). We suggest that the high potential of dispersal of Epactoidini trib. nov. dung beetles and the strict association to forest habitat might have triggered two major radiations, one in Madagascar and one in the Oriental Region.
Colours of democracy: Trade union banners and the contested articulations of democratic spatial practices
Authors: Crossan John , Featherstone David , Hayes Fiona , Hughes Helen , McDonald Isobel
Published: September 2022

This paper locates trade union banners and those of other campaigns and left organisations as part of the ongoing work and labour of producing democratic political cultures. It argues that engaging with the ways in which they were used, shaped, produced and re‐worked can shed important light on often neglected spatial practices and forms of agency of democratic politics. We contend that engaging with the geographical imaginaries and practices shaped by trade union engagements with democracy offers important and original perspectives on different articulations of spatial relations, labour, and democratic politics. The paper engages with Clive Barnett's influential work on the geographies of democracy and outlines an alternative position based on engaging with the generative character of political activity. The empirical part of the paper offers three cuts through different articulations of labour and democratic politics. The paper engages with the Banners of Glasgow Shipwrights to explore aspects of trade union politics and struggles for democratic reform. We discuss the relations between the STUC Black Workers’ Committee and generative spaces of organising and the relations between banners and the peace movement to engage forms of antagonist democratic cultures.
AN EVALUATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL CASE FOR DESIGN
Authors: Glass David H.
Published: September 2022

Rope Kojonen has presented a novel argument for design in biology by drawing on insights from evolutionary science. Without objecting to the explanatory role of evolution, he argues that there is further explanatory work to be done and that this is best achieved by an appeal to design. Here, I interpret his argument, and attempt to evaluate it, as a conjunctive explanation since he appeals to two explanations to account for the purposeful order and complexity of living organisms. Understood in this way, I argue that he makes a very plausible case that two explanations (evolution and design) are better than one (evolution). I also explore the role that direct guidance by God might play in such an argument.
RESPONSE: THE COMPATIBILITY OF EVOLUTION AND DESIGN
Authors: Kojonen Erkki V. R.
Published: September 2022

Denis Alexander, David Glass, Peter Jeavons, Meghan Page, Bethany Sollereder, and Mats Wahlberg have offered interpretations, critique, and defenses of E. V. R. Kojonen's book The Compatibility of Evolution and Design. Here, Kojonen responds to their comments on wideranging issues related to the teleology and evolution, from models of God as Creator to the meaning of randomness and design.
Volatile vapor knife of immersion lithography hood using solutal Marangoni effect
Authors: Ryu Junil , Lee Gilgu , Lee Won Ki , Yoon Jong Min , Koo Namil , Kim Hyoungsoo
Published: September 2022

Water-based immersion lithography has been introduced for achieving O(10 nm) spatial resolution in the semiconductor industry. The major challenges remaining in immersion lithography are to decrease the tail of the main lens and to prevent residual droplet formation after the main lens while increasing the relative speed of the silicon wafer with respect to the main lens. Here, we propose a novel method to control the shape of the immersion lens by applying Marangoni stress using volatile vapor. Furthermore, we experimentally and theoretically observed that the stability and wafer speed of the immersion lens are increased by the vapor-driven solutal Marangoni effect.
Relationship Between Training Workloads, Match Workloads, and Match Performance in Elite Netball
Authors: Simpson Marni J. , Jenkins David G. , Connick Mark , Kelly Vincent G.
Published: September 2022

Purpose: This study examined the relationships between training workloads, game workloads, and match performance in an elite netball team. Methods: Ten elite female netball athletes were monitored over a complete season. Training and game external workloads were determined through inertial movement units and expressed as absolute PlayerLoad (PL) and change of direction (COD). Monthly workload and training efficiency index were also calculated, which used internal workloads (session rating of perceived exertion and summated heart-rate zones). Game performance was assessed through a performance analysis statistic algorithm called NetPoints. To account for the influence of team game workloads on each other, the average workload for midcourt positions (avgMC) was calculated for each game. Data for each athlete were transformed into z scores, and linear mixed modeling was used to build models to examine the relationships between workloads and game performance. Results: Monthly PL, training efficiency index PL, and avgMC PL were statistically significant (P < .05) and positively related to game PL (z = 0.20–0.35, P < .001–.02). For game COD, statistically significant positive relationships were found between monthly COD (z = 0.29 [0.11], P = .01) and avgMC COD (z = 0.21 [0.09], P = .03). The models for NetPoints found significant negative relationships with monthly PL (z = 0.46 [0.12], P < .001) and COD (z = −0.36 [0.11], P = .01). Conclusions: Higher monthly workloads are related to higher game workload; however, they are also related to decreases in match performance. Therefore, netball practitioners should consider that increases to training workload in a 4-week period prior to a game can influence game workloads and performance.
Characterizing First-Year Biology Majors’ Motivations and Perceptions of the Discipline
Authors: Hsu Jeremy L. , Dudley Lauren
Published: September 2022

Understanding why students choose to major in biology provides important insight into the motivations of biology majors. It is similarly important to investigate how biology majors perceive the discipline, including associated activities, such as independent research, which can influence students’ interests in the field and likelihood to persist in science, engineering, technology, and math.