bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CSO (Canadian Society of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery) position paper on return to Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery Clinic Practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
Authors: Chan Y. , Angel D. , Aron M. , Hartl T. , Moubayed S. P. , Smith K. A. , Sommer D. D. , Sowerby L. , Spafford P. , Mertz D. , Witterick I. J.
Published: October 2020

The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) has created a worldwide deadly pandemic that has become a major public health challenge. All semi-urgent and elective medical care has come to a halt to conserve capacity to care for patients during this pandemic. As the numbers of COVID-19 cases decrease across Canada, our healthcare system also began to reopen various facilities and medical offices. The aim for this document is to compile the current evidence and provide expert consensus on the safe return to clinic practice in Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery. These recommendations will also summarize general precaution principles and practical tips for office across Canada to optimize patient and provider safety. Risk assessment and patient selection are crucial to minimizing exposure to COVID-19. Controversial topics such as COVID-19 mode of transmission, duration of exposure, personal protective equipment, and aerosol-generating procedures will be analyzed and discussed. Practical solutions of pre-visit office preparation, front office and examination room set-up, and check out procedures are explored. Specific considerations for audiology, pediatric population, and high risk AGMPs are also addressed. Given that the literature surrounding COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, these guidelines will serve to start our specialty back into practice over the next weeks to months and they may change as we learn more about this disease.
Complementary feeding patterns of Filipino infants and toddlers lack diversity, especially among children from poor households
Authors: Jacquier Emma F. , Angeles-Agdeppa Imelda , Lenighan Yvonne M. , Toledo Marvin B. , Capanzana Mario V.
Published: October 2020

Background

Consumption of nutritionally adequate complementary foods is essential for optimal growth and development of infants and toddlers, including those in developing countries. The aim of this study was to describe the food and beverage consumption patterns among 6–23.9 month old Filipino infants and toddlers, by household wealth.

Methods

Data from 1087 infants and toddlers from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey were included. Dietary intake data was assessed using a 24Hr recall and population food intakes were stratified into pre-defined wealth categories.

Results

Breast milk, infant formula, powdered milk and rice were the most commonly consumed foods and beverages across the age groups. Several differences in complementary feeding by wealth status were observed. Infants from poor households (69%) reported significantly greater consumption of human milk, than those from rich households (42%) who reported a significantly greater consumption of infant/toddler formula (Poor: 22%, Rich: 56%) (P < 0.05). A higher percentage of toddlers from rich households consumed protein-containing foods, cookies and cakes. There was a significant difference in vegetable consumption in 12–17.9 month old children (Poor: 17%, Rich: 31%; P = 0.021). Human milk and formula were the top contributors to energy in 6–17.9 month old children, while rice was the top energy contributor in 18–23.9 month old children.

Conclusion

Milk and rice were the main dietary components in all Filipino children, contributing up to 60% of energy in the infants from poorer households. Consumption of protein-containing foods and vegetables were typically lower in poorer households. Interventions are required to enable caregivers of young Filipino children to provide complementary foods of high nutritional quality, particularly among children from the poor households.
Cotton N rate could be reduced further under the planting model of late sowing and high-density in the Yangtze River valley
Authors: SONG Xinghu , HUANG Ying , YUAN Yuan , SHAHBAZ Atta Tung , BIANGKHAM Souliyanonh , YANG Guozheng
Published: October 2020

Background

An optimal N rate is one of the basic determinants for high cotton yield. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal N rate on a new cotton cropping pattern with late-sowing, high density and one-time fertilization at the first flower period in Yangtze River Valley, China. A 2-year experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 with a randomized complete block design. The cotton growth process, yield, and biomass accumulation were examined.

Results

The results showed that N rates had no effect on cotton growing progress or periods. Cotton yield was increased with N rates increasing from 120 to 180 kg·hm−2, while the yield was not increased when the N rate was beyond 180 kg·hm−2, or even decreased (9∼29%). Cotton had the highest biomass at the N rate of 180 kg·hm−2 is due to its highest accumulation speed during the fast accumulation period.

Conclusions

The result suggests that the N rate for cotton could be reduced further to be 180 kg·hm− 2 under the new cropping pattern in the Yangtze River Valley, China.
COVID-19-related anxiety disorder in Iraq during the pandemic: an online cross-sectional study
Authors: Karim Saad Kazim , Taha Perjan Hashim , Amin Nazar Mohammad Mohammad , Ahmed Habeeb Shuhaib , Yousif Miami Kadhim , Hallumy Ammar Mohmmed
Published: October 2020

Background

The COVID-19 outbreak is an unprecedented global public health burden, which popped up in China in late 2019 to early 2020 and distributed worldwide rapidly. Indeed, this pandemic transmission has raised global physical and mental health concerns. Mental health issues that concur with this public health emergency may pose anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. In Iraq, there are no registered known data on the psychological consequence of the public during the communicable disease outbreak. The ongoing study aims to address the paucity of these data as an appraisal of the mental health burden represented by anxiety disorder related to the global COVID-19 era.

Results

Among the 1591 Iraqi respondents, 788 (49.5%) accounted for having health anxiety over the current home restriction situation. Younger ages experienced more COVID-19-related health anxiety compared to older ages. Females reported higher health anxiety compared to males (57.7% vs 42.3%). The health care professionals reported 20.9% health anxiety. The Iraqi southern population displayed more health anxiety compared to the northern and middle portions. This work showed about half of the respondents were spending over 60 min focusing on news of COVID-19. We found that 80 to 90% carrying out preventive efforts and home quarantine against COVID-19 infection. Interestingly, participants experienced fear from the risk of COVID-19 infection, whether more or equal to a level of war scare, in 70.1% of the sample.

Conclusions

In Iraq, during the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly half of the respondents have health anxiety. Southern Iraqi cities displayed higher rates of anxiety. Also, being female, younger ages, holding an academic degree, or being a college student are associated with more prominent degrees of anxiety. Furtherly, it is important to adopt strategies for public health education and prevention and alerting future governmental responses focusing on psychological state impact among the general population.
Computational aspects of finite-frequency traveltime inversion kernels
Authors: Zhang Houzhu (James) , Liang Hong , Baek Hyoungsu , Zhao Yang
Published: October 2020

Finite-frequency traveltime inversion offers higher accuracy for velocity model building than ray-based traveltime inversion. The adjoint force is the key for the computation of inversion kernels. Starting at the definition of inversion kernels for the acoustic wave equation, we have derived the explicit formula for the spectral distribution density function used in the adjoint force computation. Two formulations are developed for the computation of adjoint forces for receiver-side extrapolation, frequency-domain representation, and time-domain representation. The accuracy of finite-frequency traveltime inversion kernels is benchmarked with the analytical solutions for homogeneous isotropic media. We use wavefront construction to compute the first Fresnel zones for kernel conditioning. Based on dynamic ray tracing, we design a processing procedure guided by synthetic data tests to extract the desired events for wavefield backward extrapolation from the data. Unlike ray-based velocity tomography, finite-frequency inversion can resolve the velocity structures comparable with the size of Fresnel zones as we demonstrate on a marine salt model using ocean-bottom node acquisition geometry. Despite the fact that the inversion kernels are based on Born approximation, velocities with errors up to 20% can be well-resolved. For practical purposes, a simple formulation is given for the determination of the shot spacing. Our workflow for finite-frequency inversion is efficient and converges in only very few iterations.
Integrated characterization and failure mechanism for a mid-Pleistocene mass transport complex-dominant interval in the Mars Ursa Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico, USA
Authors: Gutierrez Mario Andres , Snedden John W.
Published: October 2020

The economic and operational risks associated with mass transport complexes (MTCs) in deepwater hydrocarbon exploration act as a principal motivation to investigate their depositional elements using industry data. There is a lack of extensive seismic and well data coverage that limits the understanding of the processes associated with the evolution of MTCs within deepwater sedimentary basins. This study leverages a unique integrated data set to evaluate the depositional character and potential failure mechanisms of seven identified MTCs preserved in a synkinematic mid-Pleistocene MTC-dominant interval that spans the hydrocarbon-bearing Mars Ursa Basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Through seismic interpretation and attribute extraction methods using a 3D prestack depthmigrated seismic survey, we have determined the kinematic indicators and preserved the morphodomain geometries of the identified MTCs. The MTC-dominant interval covers an area of 631 km2, a volume of 392 km3, and a maximum thickness of 549 m in minibasin centers. The interval is penetrated by 15 boreholes that provide stratigraphic and lithologic calibration of the morphometric analyses. The lithologic composition of the MTC-rich interval is claystone/mudstone-dominant with a few interbedded, thin sandstones. The identified kinematic indicators and geometric extent of the identified MTCs are a function of the local salt tectonics extrabasinal controls. The stratigraphic framework presented in this study constrains the timing of failures to a period of high sediment deposition related to a major increase of glacial input into the Quaternary Mississippi Fan. This study offers borehole-calibrated MTC morphometrics preserved in an MTC-dominant interval whose failure is triggered by local salt inflation, but ultimately it is a consequence of loading following increased sediment supply into the basin. The results from this robust data set build upon past integrated seismic-well studies that strive to improve the understanding of MTC processes and their implications in hydrocarbon exploration across salt sedimentary basins.
The Influence of Institutional Affiliation and Social Ecology on Sound Change
Authors: Fox Michael J.
Published: October 2020

The social mechanisms that influence the direction of language change operate along the demarcations of networks of communication. Within geographic regions, the focused organizations that individuals participate in structure the lines of communication, and the sociodemographic composition (social ecology) therein limits the options of peers to associate with. Schools have their own social ecology, and attendance at schools can explain language change at a level above social interaction but below the level of community. This study uses acoustic vowel measurements from 132 Europan American speakers in three geographically contiguous cities located in northwestern Wisconsin. Modeling results indicate (1) similar sociogeographic contexts lead to linguistic similarity; (2) dissimilarity in social ecology leads to greater linguistic dissimilarity as the difference between a dyads’ years of birth increases; and (3) net of local sociogeographic context and social ecology, similarity in sex and age leads to linguistic similarity and vice versa. These patterns indicate that local social ecologies further demarcate the lines of communication, thereby structuring the form of language at a level between the micro interactional and the macro level of the speech community.
The Rise and Fall of the Northern Cities Shift
Authors: Nesbitt Monica
Published: October 2020

Recent acoustic analyses examining English in the North American Great Lakes region show that the area’s characteristic vowel chain shift, the Northern Cities Shift (NCS), is waning. Attitudinal analyses suggest that the NCS has lost prestige in some NCS cities, such that it is no longer regarded as “standard American English.” Sociocultural and temporal accounts of capital loss and dialect decline remain unexplored, however. This article examines F1, F2, and diphthongal quality of trap produced by 36 White speakers (18 women and 18 men) in one NCS city—Lansing, Michigan—over the course of the twentieth century. Results show that trap realization is conditioned by gender and birth year, such that women led the change toward NCS realizations into the middle of the twentieth century and then away from them thereafter. These findings reflect the backdrop of deindustrialization during this time of linguistic reorganization in Lansing and show that as the regional industry—(auto) manufacturing—loses prestige, so does the regional variant, raised trap. This article expands our understanding of North American dialectology by adding the importance of deindustrialization and the Baby Boomer to Generation X generational transition to our discussion of regional dialect maintenance.
Mary Shelley and the Monstrosity of War: Frankenstein and the Post-Waterloo Politics of Life
Authors: Ramsey Neil
Published: October 2020

Although Frankenstein has long been read in relation to revolutionary politics, there has been little specific discussion of the themes of suffering and the trauma of war in the novel, concerns that were central to much of Mary Shelley’s writing. Taking inspiration from Ahmed Saadawi’s acclaimed Frankenstein in Baghdad (2014), which explicitly rewrites Shelley’s novel as a war story, this article draws on recent rereadings of Romanticism that focus on the atmospherics and trauma of war, to examine how Frankenstein can be considered a postwar novel. In particular, it follows Carl Freedman’s discussion of Shelley’s novel as proto-science fiction that emerges in the same postwar historical matrix that informed historical novels such as Sir Walter Scott’s Waverley (1814). However, where the historical novel, in Georg Lukács’s reading, describes the wartime poetic awakening of the people in terms of the march of progress and development of the “inner life” of the nation, Frankenstein offers a different vision of awakening life by turning the novel, as Sara Guyer claims, toward biopolitical concerns with the organization of life and death. In Frankenstein, the wartime awakening of the people is entangled with estrangement, monstrosity. and suffering. The novel appeared in a postwar world of ruins, dismembered bodies, and revenants that formed around a newly heightened awareness of the living forces and traumas that compose war.
Anna Barbauld and Charlotte Smith on War and Acquiescence
Authors: Lincoln Andrew
Published: October 2020

This essay considers works published by two women writers as Britain was preparing for hostilities against revolutionary France in 1793: a Fast Day sermon, Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation, published anonymously by Anna Barbauld, Charlotte Smith’s novel The Old Manor House, and her blank verse poem The Emigrants. It considers how these works, which condemn the guilt arising from war, expose the problem of necessary acquiescence in what is condemned. Taken together, the writings illuminate two sides of the problem. As a Dissenter, Barbauld belonged to a social group that, during the early years of the French revolution, had reason to feel especially vulnerable to the threat of civil disorder; she therefore had a particular incentive to see the horrors of war abroad in relation to the fear of social unrest at home. For Smith, who identified herself publicly with the landowning classes, and who desired socially appropriate positions for her children, such horrors had to be set against the material opportunities made available by war. In both cases the representation of sympathy for the victims of war provides a way out of the moral impasse they encounter.
The Private Sublime in Public Discourse: War Poetry of the American Revolution
Authors: Richardson John
Published: October 2020

This essay examines how poetry of the American Revolution contributed to the broader tradition of Anglophone war poetry through the “private sublime,” which would start as a minor and relatively unknown development, but eventually become one of the primary modes of depicting war, both in the later eighteenth century and the present day. It focuses specifically on two poets who formulated the private sublime: Freneau in the 1781 British Prison-Ship and Ann Eliza Bleecker in the poems that she wrote after her daughter’s death in 1777. While Freneau’s poetry emphasizes terror and beauty, Bleecker fashions a private sublime by aligning her own suffering with that of war combatants. This essay then turns briefly to Charlotte Smith, who depicts distant war via her own intense and highly aestheticized emotions. As Smith demonstrates, then, the private sublime emerged in the poetry of authors with direct experience of war in America, but was later adapted by a wide range of authors who experienced war at a far greater distance.
Daily Step Count and Postprandial Fat Metabolism
Authors: BURTON HEATH M. , COYLE EDWARD F.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Two benefits of acute exercise are the next day’s lowering of the postprandial plasma triglyceride response to a high-fat meal and increased fat oxidation. However, if activity levels (daily steps) are very low, these acute adaptations to exercise do not occur. This phenomenon has been termed “exercise resistance.” This study sought to systematically reduce daily step number and identify the range of step counts that elicit “exercise resistance.”

Methods

Ten participants completed three, 5-d trials in a randomized, crossover design with differing levels of step reduction. After 2 d of controlled activity, participants completed 2 d of LOW, LIMITED, or NORMAL steps (2675 ± 314, 4759 ± 276, and 8481 ± 581 steps per day, respectively). Participants completed a 1-h bout of running on the evening of the second day. High-fat tolerance tests were performed on the next morning, and postprandial responses were compared.

Results

After LOW and LIMITED, postprandial incremental area under the curve (AUC) of plasma triglyceride was elevated 22%–23% compared with NORMAL (P < 0.05). Whole body fat oxidation was also significantly lower (16%–19%, P < 0.05, respectively) in LOW and LIMITED compared with NORMAL. No significant differences were found between LOW and LIMITED.

Conclusion

Two days of step reduction to approximately 2500–5000 steps per day in young healthy individuals impairs the ability of an acute bout of exercise to increase fat oxidation and attenuate postprandial increases in plasma triglycerides. This suggests that “exercise resistance” occurs in individuals taking approximately 5000 or fewer steps per day, whereas 8500 steps per day protects against exercise resistance in fat metabolism. It seems that fat metabolism is influenced more by the inhibitory effects of inactivity than by the stimulating effects derived from 1 h of moderate-intensity running.
Muscle Typology of World-Class Cyclists across Various Disciplines and Events
Authors: Lievens Eline , Bellinger Phillip , Van Vossel Kim , Vancompernolle Jan , Bex Tine , Minahan Clare , Derave Wim
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Classic track-and-field studies demonstrated that elite endurance athletes exhibit a slow muscle typology, whereas elite sprint athletes have a predominant fast muscle typology. In elite cycling, conclusive data on muscle typology are scarce, which may be due to the invasive nature of muscle biopsies. The noninvasive estimation of muscle typology through the measurement of muscle carnosine enabled to explore the muscle typology of 80 world-class cyclists of different disciplines.

Methods

The muscle carnosine content of 80 cyclists (4 bicycle motor cross racing [BMX], 33 track, 8 cyclo-cross, 24 road, and 11 mountain bike) was measured in the soleus and gastrocnemius by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and expressed as a z-score relative to a reference population. Track cyclists were divided into track sprint and endurance cyclists based on their Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) ranking. Moreover, road cyclists were further characterized based on the percentage of UCI points earned during either single and multistage races.

Results

BMX cyclists (carnosine aggregate z-score of 1.33) are characterized by a faster muscle typology than track, cyclo-cross, road, and mountain bike cyclists (carnosine aggregate z-score of −0.08, −0.76, −0.96, and −1.02, respectively; P < 0.05). Track cyclists also possess a faster muscle typology compared with mountain bikers (P = 0.033) and road cyclists (P = 0.005). Moreover, track sprinters show a significant faster muscle typology (carnosine aggregate z-score of 0.87) compared with track endurance cyclists (carnosine aggregate z-score of −0.44) (P < 0.001). In road cyclists, the higher the carnosine aggregate z-score, the higher the percentage of UCI points gained during single-stage races (r = 0.517, P = 0.010).

Conclusions

Prominent differences in the noninvasively determined muscle typology exist between elite cyclists of various disciplines, which opens opportunities for application in talent orientation and transfer.
The Psychological and Physiological Consequences of Low Energy Availability in a Male Combat Sport Athlete
Authors: LANGAN-EVANS CARL , GERMAINE MARK , ARTUKOVIC MARIO , OXBOROUGH DAVID L. , ARETA JOSÉ L. , CLOSE GRAEME L. , MORTON JAMES P.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low energy availability (EA) on health and performance indices associated with the Male Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) models.

Methods

Over an 8-wk period, a male combat sport athlete adhered to a phased body mass (BM) loss plan consisting of 7-wk energy intake (EI) equating to resting metabolic rate (RMR) (1700 kcal·d−1) (phase 1), 5 d of reduced EI (1200–300 kcal·d−1) before weigh-in (phase 2), and 1 wk of ad libitum EI postcompetition (phase 3). EA fluctuated day by day because of variations in exercise energy expenditure. Regular assessments of body composition, RMR, cardiac function, cardiorespiratory capacity, strength and power, psychological state and blood clinical chemistry for endocrine, bone turnover, hydration, electrolyte, renal, liver, and lipid profiles were performed.

Results

BM was reduced over the 8-wk period by 13.5% (72.5 to 62.7 kg). No consequences of Male Athlete Triad or RED-S were evident during phase 1, where mean daily EA equated to 20 kcal·kg·fat free mass (FFM)−1·d−1 (range, 7 to 31 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1) and BM and fat mass (FM) losses were 6.5 and 4.4 kg, respectively. However, consequences did present in phase 2 when mean daily EA was consistently <10 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1, as evidenced by alterations to endocrine hormones (e.g., testosterone <5 nmol.L−1) and reduced RMR (−257 kcal·d−1).

Conclusion

Data demonstrate that 7 wk of daily fluctuations in EA equating to a mean value of 20 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1 permits reductions of BM and FM without perturbations to physiological systems associated with the Male Athlete Triad and RED-S. By contrast, a subsequent period of five consecutive days of EA <10 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1 induced consequences of Male Athlete Triad and RED-S.
Blood Flow Restriction Combined with Electrical Stimulation Attenuates Thigh Muscle Disuse Atrophy
Authors: SLYSZ JOSHUA T. , BOSTON MATTHEW , KING ROBERT , PIGNANELLI CHRISTOPHER , POWER GEOFFREY A. , BURR JAMIE F.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on skeletal muscle mass and strength during a period of limb disuse.

Methods

Thirty healthy participants (22 ± 3 yr; 23 ± 3 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned to control (CON; n = 10), BFR alone (BFR; n = 10), or BFR combined with EMS (BFR + EMS; n = 10). All participants completed unloading of a single leg for 14 d, with no treatment (CON), or while treated with either BFR or BFR + EMS (twice daily, 5 d·wk−1). BFR treatment involved arterial three cycles of 5-min occlusion using suprasystolic pressure, each separated by 5 min of reperfusion. EMS (6 s on, 15 s off; 200 μs; 60 Hz; 15% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) was applied continuously throughout the three BFR cycles. Quadriceps muscle mass (whole-thigh lean mass via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and vastus lateralis [VL] muscle thickness via ultrasound) and strength (via knee extension MVC) were assessed before and after the 14-d unloading period.

Results

After limb unloading, whole-thigh lean mass decreased in the control group (−4% ± 1%, P < 0.001) and BFR group (−3% ± 2%, P = 0.001), but not in the BFR + EMS group (−0.3% ± 3%, P = 0.8). VL muscle thickness decreased in the control group (−4% ± 4%, P = 0.005) and was trending toward a decrease in the BFR group (−8% ± 11%, P = 0.07) and increase in the BFR + EMS group (+5% ± 10%, P = 0.07). Knee extension MVC decreased over time (P < 0.005) in the control group (−18% ± 15%), BFR group (−10% ± 13%), and BFR + EMS group (−18% ± 15%), with no difference between groups (P > 0.5).

Conclusion

Unlike BFR performed in isolation, BFR + EMS represents an effective interventional strategy to attenuate the loss of muscle mass during limb disuse, but it does not demonstrate preservation of strength.
Reliability and Validity of Self-reported Muscle-strengthening Exercise in the Cancer Prevention Study-3
Authors: Subbiah Krishnaveni , Rees-Punia Erika , Patel Alpa V.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study examined the 1-yr reliability and construct validity of survey items relating to time spent on muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) in a subset of a large prospective cohort.

Methods

Participants (n = 293 men, 433 women; age, 32–73 yr) were selected from the Cancer Prevention Study-3. Information was collected using a 1-yr presurvey and postsurvey and four 7-d diaries throughout the year. The presurvey and postsurveys collected time spent on MSE in two ways: one question captured MSE activities performed during a typical 24-h period (24-h survey), and another question captured leisure-time physical activities performed in hours per week and months per year (LTPA survey). Time spent on MSE using the LTPA survey was calculated for individual MSE items and summed for total MSE time. One-year reliability was assessed by comparing the responses between the presurvey and postsurvey using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Construct validity was assessed by computing Spearman’s correlation coefficients between responses from the postsurvey items and the diary. Additional analyses were conducted to examine whether reliability or validity varied by sociodemographic factors.

Results

Reliability estimates for all MSE items were moderate (≥0.40) or strong (≥0.60) overall and across demographic strata. Reliability estimates were strongest for total MSE on the LTPA survey (Spearman ρ = 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.71–0.78) compared with the 24-h survey (0.59; 95% CI, 0.54–0.64). In contrast, the validity estimates were similarly strong for the total MSE on the LTPA survey (Spearman ρ = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.67–0.75) and the 24-h survey (Spearman ρ = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.64–0.72).

Conclusions

The CPS-3 surveys have acceptable 1-yr reliability and validity for self-reported time spent on MSE. Reliability and validity estimates are acceptable across all sociodemographic subgroups.
Study of the process of driving piles and dies on models
Authors: Bekbasarov Isabay
Published: October 2020

The monograph presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies conducted using models of driven piles and tape dies. The influence of the cross-section size, length, shape of the trunk and the lower end of the piles on their submergability, energy intensity of driving and load-bearing capacity was evaluated. The design and technological features of new types of piles are considered. A method for determining the load-bearing capacity of a pile model based on the results of dynamic tests has been developed. Similarity conditions and formulas are presented that provide modeling of the pile driving process in the laboratory. The influence of the shape of the tape dies on their submersibility, energy consumption of the driving and the bearing capacity of the foundations arranged in the vyshtampovannyh pits was evaluated. The method of determining the load-bearing capacity of a belt Foundation model based on the results of pit vyshtampovyvaniya is described. Recommendations on the choice of optimal parameters of piles and foundations, arranged in vystupovani pits. Recommended for researchers, specialists of design and construction organizations, doctoral students, postgraduates, undergraduates and students of construction and water management specialties.
Theorizing Actor Interactions Shaping Innovation in Digital Infrastructures: The Case of Residential Internet Development in Belarus
Authors: Zorina Aljona , Dutton William H.
Published: October 2020

This paper focuses on how digital innovation develops in ecologies of distributed heterogeneous actors with contesting logics, diverse technologies, and various forms of orchestrations. Drawing on the insights from emerging theories of digital innovation augmented by an institutional logics perspective, we examine a case study of how residential internet infrastructure was shaped over 20 years by the interplay of self-organized residential communities, corporate internet service providers (ISPs), and a state ISP. Our analysis of this case leads to the identification of four types of interactions that shape the trajectories of digital infrastructure development beyond direct actor interplays and competitive or collaborative relationships. We label these interactions symbiotic generative, symbiotic mutualistic, parasitic complementary, and parasitic competitive and explain the processes and conditions of their development and their innovation outcomes. Drawing on these findings, we develop a model of symbiotic and parasitic interactions shaping digital infrastructure development and identify key characteristics of the ecologies where these emerge. The case study and the model that emerged aim to contribute to the growing field of research on complex and nonlinear paths of digital innovation development constituted by the dynamics of its distributed agency. The article concludes by highlighting avenues for future research.
Nutritional Care in Relation to COVID-19
Authors: Delaney Emer
Published: October 2020

The following article was written after the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. On reflection of clinical practice during this time, it was noted by the ICU team that the majority of ventilated patients appeared to have lost weight during their stay. Unfortunately, there was no ability to weigh patients during the pandemic, so this weight loss was a subjective observation. Regardless, this observation lead the ICU dietitian to retrospectively audit prescribed versus delivered feed.

It was found that only 10% of admissions received the prescribed daily volume of feed within the first 7 days of admission. A further 6% of admissions were within 10% of achieving daily prescribed target volumes. The main reasons for this were proning patients, high gastric residual volumes and the overwhelming nature of the pandemic.

Three areas of practice have been highlighted that will improve feed delivery should a second wave occur. 1. A nasojejunal team comprising 20 members of the ICU multidiciplinary team will be established to insert bedside nasojejunal tubes in all ICU patients on admission. 2. All proned patients will be enterally fed and practice adjusted as per British Dietetic Association recommendations. 3. The international enteral feeding guidelines regarding hypocaloric feeding for the first 7 days will not be followed due to minimal clinical evidence for the ICU COVID-19 demographic.
Inserting central lines via the peripheral circulation in neonates
Authors: Hugill Kevin , van Rens Matheus
Published: October 2020

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are extensively used in neonatal intensive and high-dependency care settings. These intravenous catheters provide medium to longer-term access to the circulatory system for the delivery of medications, parenteral nutrition and the like. Catheters are available in a variety of bespoke designs and materials, each with their unique characteristics, benefits and limitations. PICCs are frequently inserted in a sterile zone cot-side procedure, one that requires an advanced knowledge base, technical skill and training. This article relates some important practical advice around managing minor complications that can be encountered while using the modified Seldinger technique (MST) to insert neonatal PICCs, which can make this procedure a less stressful experience for both infants and health professionals.
Intramedullary compression screw fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures
Authors: Guidi Marco , Frueh Florian S. , Besmens Inga , Calcagni Maurizio
Published: October 2020

The intramedullary headless compression screw (IMCS) technique represents a reliable alternative to percutaneous Kirschner-wire and plate fixation with minimal complications. Transverse fractures of the metacarpal shaft represent a good indication for this technique. Non-comminuted subcapital and short oblique fractures can also be treated with IMCS. This technique should not be used in the presence of an open epiphysis, infection and, most of all, in subchondral fractures, because of the lack of purchase for the head of the screw. A double screw construct is recommended for comminuted subcapital fractures of the metacarpal to avoid metacarpal shortening. IMCS can even be applied for peri-articular fractures of the proximal third of the phalanx and in some multi-fragmentary proximal and middle phalangeal fractures. Usually the intramedullary screws are not removed. The main indications for screw removal are joint protrusion, infection and screw breakage after new fracture.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:624-629. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190068
Trends in the treatment of infected knee arthroplasty
Authors: Tözün Ismail Remzi , Ozden Vahit Emre , Dikmen Goksel , Karaytuğ Kayahan
Published: October 2020

Essential treatment methods for infected knee arthroplasty involve DAIR (debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention), and one and two-stage exchange arthroplasty. Aggressive debridement with the removal of all avascular tissues and foreign materials that contain biofilm is mandatory for all surgical treatment modalities. DAIR is a viable option with an acceptable success rate and can be used as a first surgical procedure for patients who have a well-fixed, functioning prosthesis without a sinus tract for acute-early or late-hematogenous acute infections with no more than four weeks (most favourable being < seven days) of symptoms. Surgeons must focus on the isolation of the causative organism with sensitivities to bactericidal treatment as using one-stage exchange. One-stage exchange is indicated when the patients have: minimal bone loss/soft tissue defect allowing primary wound closure, easy to treat micro-organisms, absence of systemic sepsis and absence of extensive comorbidities. There are no validated serum or synovial biomarkers to determine optimal timing of re-implantation for two-stage exchange. Antibiotic-free waiting intervals and joint aspiration before the second stage are no longer recommended. The decision to perform aspiration should be made based on the index of suspicion for persistent infection. Re-implantation can be performed when the treating medical team feels that the clinical signs of infection are under control and serological tests are trending downwards.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:672-683. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190069
Total hip arthroplasty for sickle cell osteonecrosis: guidelines for perioperative management
Authors: Hernigou Philippe , Housset Victor , Pariat Jacques , Dubory Arnaud , Flouzat Lachaniette Charles Henri
Published: October 2020

The prognosis of sickle cell disease (SCD) has greatly improved in recent years, resulting in an increased number of patients reporting musculoskeletal complications such as osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) can be utilized to alleviate the pain associated with this disease. Although it is well known that hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis (AVN) in SCD may represent a challenge for the surgeon, complications are frequent, and no guidelines exist to prevent these complications. Because patients with SCD will frequently undergo THA, we thought it necessary to fulfil the need for guidance recommendations based on experience, evidence and agreement from the literature. For all these reasons this review proposes guidelines that provide clinicians with a document regarding management of patients with SCD in the period of time leading up to primary THA. The recommendations provide guidance that has been informed by the clinical expertise and experience of the authors and available literature. Although this is not a systematic review since some papers may have been published in languages other than English, our study population consisted of 5,868 patients, including 2,126 patients with SCD operated on for THA by the senior author in the same hospital during 40 years and 3,742 patients reported in the literature.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:641-651. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190073
Diversity in orthopaedics and traumatology: a global perspective
Authors:   The International Orthopaedic Diversity Alliance
Published: October 2020

Europe represents true diversity, with cultural, linguistic and geopolitical variation spanning a large geographical area. Politics for many of its 750 million inhabitants revolves around the European Union (EU) and its 27 member states. The overarching goal of the EU is to promote peace and the values of the union (inclusion, tolerance, justice, solidarity and non-discrimination).1,2 EFORT was created to connect orthopaedic associations across Europe, fostering relationships between member countries that celebrated diversity and facilitated the exchange of knowledge. Whilst the global landscape changes and politics attempts to interfere in how we live our lives, it is important to remember that a strong organization is a diverse one that evolves over time. Various initiatives exist across the global landscape to support diversity in terms of culture; gender; black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups; disability groups; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (or questioning) and others (LGBTQ+); and the ‘ageing’ surgeon. This article explores the creation of some of these initiatives and how they have been supported by different orthopaedic organizations.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:743-752. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200022
Congress Theme: Harmonisation and Diversity
Authors: Neyret Philippe , Hoffmeyer Pierre
Published: October 2020

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:742-742. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200202
Pig Ear Extraction Based on an Improved Active Contour Model
Authors: Chen Songnan , Tang Mengxia , Kan Jiangming
Published: October 2020

Abstract.

With the integration and scale of pig breeding, the frequency of some diseases is also increasing. To automatically detect porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) during the pig cultivation process, this article proposes an improved method for pig ear extraction that is based on the active contour model. Firstly, we use the Gaussian scale space filtering and piecewise linear transformation algorithm to highlight the target zones of interest. Secondly, we use a randomly picked ear image point to reconstruct the image region and combine the active contour model to coarse segment the ear image. Finally, by taking advantage of the modified active contour model, the method precisely extracts the pig ear image. The experimental result shows that the proposed method can achieve better segmentation results. The segmentation accuracy of the image of pig contains only one ear can exceed 90%, and the accuracy of the image of pig contains two ears is greater than 85%. Keywords: Active contour model, Ear extraction, Image enhancement, Spline interpolation.
Effect of Rice Chilling on Drying, Milling, and Quality Characteristics
Authors: Shafiekhani Soraya , Atungulu Griffiths G
Published: October 2020

Highlights

This study experimentally simulated drying of rough rice subjected to various cold storage/chilling conditions.

The rice was dried using slightly-heated air and high temperature air with procedures set to mimic those practiced by commercial systems.

The moisture removal, drying rate constant, material state transition, milling and quality characteristics of rice upon drying conditions was investigated.

The study provides important reference information for growers and rice processors using the relatively new rice cooling technology.

Abstract. High temperature (field heat) and moisture content of freshly harvested rough rice promote excessive respiration and microbial growth. Therefore, the rice risks significant deterioration of quality due to delayed drying at peak harvest time when drying capacity becomes limited. The U.S. rice industry has identified that cooling/chilling the rice prior to drying to remove the excess heat, immediately after harvest, significantly preserves the quality of milled rice. This study experimentally simulated drying of rough rice after cold storage/chilling. The rice was dried using slightly-heated air and high temperature air with procedures set to mimic those practiced by commercial systems. Rough rice at moisture contents (MCs) of 16%, 19%, and 21% (wet basis) were stored at storage temperature (Ts) of 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C for up to 4 months. Following retrieval, the samples were dried at drying temperature (Td) of 35°C, 45°C, and 60°C and relative humidity (RH) of 20%. Each drying run comprised of two 20-min drying passes with the rice tempered at the drying Td for a duration of 4 h following every drying pass. Following the drying, the rice was conditioned in an equilibrium MC chamber (T=26°C, RH=56%) to 12.5% MC and then milled to evaluate milled rice yield and quality characteristics. The highest percentage points of MC removal (6.77% points) occurred following drying at air temperature of 60°C for samples with initial MC at 21% and stored at 20°C. Drying with air at 60°C decreased head rice yield (HRY) especially for samples with initial MC at 21% and stored at 10°C (HRY=51.4% versus those at 45°C and 35°C, HRY=55.95% and HRY=58.8%, respectively). Drying air temperatures studied (35°C, 45°C, 60°C) had no significant effect of causing discoloration of samples within the range of the studied initial MCs and storage temperatures. Peak and final viscosities of samples with different initial MCs (16%, 19%, and 21%) stored at 20°C followed by high temperature air drying (60°C) were significantly different from those of samples stored at 10°C and 15°C. The results provided insight into the drying, milling, and quality characteristics of rice after cold storage/chilling. The information provide foundation for development of new recommendations to improve quality of milled rice. Keywords: Conventional drying, Cooling/chilling, Milling quality, Rough rice, Storage.
Development of a Wireless Sensor Network for Tracking Flood Irrigation Management in Production-Sized Rice Fields in the Mid-South
Authors: Chiu Yin-Lin J , Reba Michele L
Published: October 2020

Highlights

Deployed a wireless sensor network to track flood irrigation management in ~255 ha production scale rice fields

Ultrasonic sensors were installed in rice fields and water level data were wirelessly transmitted for the growing season

Study found significant relationship between automated and manual measurement methods

Potential benefits of using wireless sensor networks are described

Abstract. The inclusion of automation in agricultural irrigation may improve crop management by providing organized, site-specific, and real-time information to producers. The objective of this study was to develop a rugged, wireless sensor network (WSN) and infrastructure to retrieve, process, and disseminate sensor data installed in remote rice fields. The study took place during the 2018 rice production season in eastern Arkansas. A working prototype WSN (consisting of 24 sensor nodes) was assembled and field-tested in sixteen production-sized (approximately 16 ha each) irrigated rice fields. Data were collected during the growing season and included water depth and soil water. The WSN retrieved, processed, and disseminated in-situ data from the production fields to a remote computer server. Data were made viewable via a web browser on internet-connected computers and mobile devices. The analysis quantified the benefits, costs, and practical usability of the system to assist with field condition monitoring and irrigation management in production-sized rice farming operations. Water level measurements using the WSN unit were significantly related to the actual measurements in Multiple-inlet rice irrigation (MIRI), Row rice (ROW), and Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation treatments (r = 0.453 to 0.946, p = <0.0001). However, the reliability of this equipment was challenged by field installation and maintenance. Several in-house troubleshooting methods are discussed to ensure accurate usage of this automated system in future deployments. The results of the study indicated the use of the ultrasonic sensor for estimating water level in MIRI, ROW and AWD irrigation to be a viable solution for future WSN development. The functional WSN supported sensors for automated water level and soil water measurements that could, in future, provide real-time knowledge of the field condition, and enhance resource management for the producer. Keywords: Field condition monitoring, Production scale field monitoring, Remote sensor, Wireless sensor, Wireless sensor network.
Dying to talk? Co-producing resources with young people to get them talking about bereavement, death and dying
Authors: Booth Jane , Croucher Karina , Bryant Eleanor
Published: October 2020

The Dying to Talk project in Bradford, UK aimed to build resilience in young people around the topic of death, dying and bereavement. Starting conversations early in life could buttress people’s future wellbeing when faced with bereavement and indeed their own mortality. Research indicates that a key feature in young people’s experience of bereavement is ‘powerlessness’ (Ribbens McCarthy, 2007). Drawing on the principles of co-production, young people led the development of the project aimed at encouraging young people to talk about death, using archaeology as a facilitator to those conversations. The partnership between the University of Bradford, the voluntary sector and the young people proved to be a positive and empowering one. It laid the foundations for future collaboration and developed a framework for engaging young people in talking about death, building their resilience for dealing with death and dying in the future – a step towards building a ‘compassionate city’ for young people (Kellehear, 2012).