bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining Infant and Young children feeding (IYCF) practice and its determinant factors among mothers who gave birth in the last two years, Ethiopia
Authors: Chimdessa Ayana Fite
Published: December 2021

Background: The first two years of life are critical stages for a child’s growth and development. However, globally, 60% of the infant and young child deaths reported due to inappropriate infant feeding practices and infectious disease, where two-thirds of these deaths are attributable to sub-optimal breastfeeding practices. Methods and materials-community-based cross-sectional study design was employed from February to March 2020 in Jima Rare district, Ethiopia. The stratified sampling and simple random sampling were employed to recruit participants into the study. Data was collected by using semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. And data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results- The actual feeding practice style among the respondents had been assessed by using eight core indicators of infant and child feeding practice of the WHO. The finding revealed that (initiated breastfeeding within one-hour after birth 78%), (66.7% and 33.4% exclusive breastfeeding at 6 and 4-5months), respectively. About 11.8% of mothers continued breastfeeding at 2 years. About 33.4% and 66.7% of mothers started introducing solid, semi-solid or soft foods at 4 to 5 months at 6 months and above), respectively. The overall, proportion of children age 6- 23 months who met minimum meal frequency and dietary diversity accounts for 51.2%, 49.9% respectively. About half proportion (49.9%) of children age 6- 23 months fit for the minimum acceptable diet. The multivariate analysis finding shows that mothers who gave birth at health institutions, get help from their husband, had received practical support of IYCF practices, counseling during ANC and/or PNC visit and households who have agricultural land and radio were more likely to carryout appropriate IYCF practices than their comparable groups. Conclusion-the result suggests that the overall appropriate infant and young child feeding practice was low. Hence, initiatives and interventions should focus on advocacy for institutional delivery, counselling and practical support for IYCF practice. Special attention needs to be given for young and illiterate mothers. Moreover, attention need to address to empower women to have autonomy of decision-making and control power over assets to support them for appropriate IYCF practices.
Forms of application of silicon in quinoa and mechanisms involved in the association between productivity with grain biofortification
Authors: Lata-Tenesaca Luis Felipe , Prado Renato de Mello , Piccolo Marisa de Cássia , Silva Dalila Lopes da , Silva José Lucas Farias da , Ajila-Celi Gabriela Eugenia
Published: December 2021

Multiple aspects of the physiological and nutritional mechanisms involved with silicon (Si) absorption by quinoa plants remain poorly investigated, as well as the best way of supplying this element to crops. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating whether the application of Si increases its uptake by quinoa plants and consequently the use efficiency of N and P, as well as the levels of phenolic compounds in the shoots, crop productivity and the biofortification of grains. For this purpose, the concentration of 3 mmol L-1 of Si was tested, according to the following procedures: foliar application (F), root application in the nutrient solution (R), combined Si application via nutrient solution and foliar spraying (F+R), and no Si application (0). The provision of Si through the leaves and roots promoted the highest uptake of the element by the plant, which resulted in an increased use efficiency of N and P. Consequently, such a higher uptake favored the productivity of grains. The optimal adoption of the application of Si through leaves and roots promoted the highest Si concentration and ascorbic acid (AsA) content in quinoa grains. Combining root and leaf application of Si was the best way to supply this nutrient, as it increased the use efficiency of N and P, and favored both the productivity and biofortification of quinoa grains with Si and AsA.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to COVID-19 Pandemic among healthcare workers in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Marzouqi Amina M. Al , Otim Michael E. , Kehail Leena S. , Kamal Ramsha A.
Published: December 2021

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19 Pandemic) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is a global health issue that continues to have an impact on many aspects of everyday life. A new variant, Omicron variant, has just been detected in Southern Africa. Most countries are jittery and unsure what the impact of this new variant will be. This study, undertaken in 2021, investigated the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) related to the COVID-19 Pandemic among healthcare workers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Methods: We used an online questionnaire to collect data using the Google Forms link in this cross-sectional study. The participants included healthcare workers currently working in UAE healthcare facilities using snowball sampling. The questionnaire contained information on demographic variables and COVID-19 Pandemic-related KAP.Results: Among the participants, the majority (90.7%) knew that the absence of fever did not mean there was no chance of transmission from an infected person. Further, 84.1% agreed that wearing general medical face masks helps prevent one from contracting COVID-19 Pandemic. However, only 36.4% strongly believed that wearing a well-fitting face mask was effective. In addition, only 15.9% reported confidently managing patients with symptoms of COVID-19 Pandemic, while 54.2% indicated they were afraid of contracting the virus from patients. Almost half the participants noted that they avoided patients who had symptoms of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Conclusion: Overall, the COVID-19 Pandemic-related KAP for healthcare workers in UAE healthcare facilities was very high. However, we found gaps in awareness regarding the spread of the virus. We recommend providing healthcare workers with education programs and counseling services to help increase their confidence in treating patients with the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Binding Energy And Absorption of Donor Impurity In Spherical GaAs/AlxGa1-x As Quantum Dots With Konwent Potential
Authors: Al E. B. , Kasapoglu E. , Sari H. , Sökmen I. , Duque C. A.
Published: December 2021

In this study, the electronic and optical properties of single or core/shell quantum dots, which are formed depending on the parameters in the selected Konwent potential, are investigated. Namely, the effects of the size and geometric shapes of quantum dots on the binding energy of the on-center donor impurity, the total absorption coefficient and refractive index which are including transitions between the some confined states, and the electromagnetically induced transparency between the lowest six confined states related to the donor impurity are investigated. We have used the diagonalization method by choosing a wave function based on the Bessel and Spherical Harmonics orthonormal function to find the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the electron confined within the quantum dots which have different types mentioned above. To calculate the optical absorption coefficients and electromagnetically induced transparency related to shallow-donor impurity, a two- and three-level approach in the density matrix expansion is used, respectively.
Interoperable System for COVID-19
Authors: Chaudhari Yash , Sachdeva Shelly , Aggarwal Lakshita
Published: December 2021

In the year 2020, the world halted due to the spread of COVID-19 or SARS-CoV2 which was first identified in Wuhan, China. Since then, it has caused a plethora of problems around the globe such as the loss of millions of lives. India was one of the countries which were majorly affected by this pandemic. Thousands lost their lives and millions had to be hospitalized and taken into medical care. Due to this, there is an abundance of unorganized and redundant medical data in the Health Information Technology sector. Many hospitals contain various mismatched health records of a single person. We attempt to develop an Interoperable System specifically for COVID-19 using the openEHR standard to organize health records in digital form by creating Electronic Health Records. These records can be accessed and shared by multiple hospitals and clinics to reduce the redundancy of health records. This would establish effective communications between different hospitals and greatly make data sharing, efficient and low cost. Standardization can hugely affect medical errors. Interoperability provides hospitals to share across many channels and help Health care workers to detect discrepancies easily. Lives that are lost due to human error in the health care system can be minimized or even completely avoided. The number of hospitals using interoperable standards is still low and we hope that this paper will help make a change towards following the standard.
Anaphors and exemptness
Authors: Kiss Tibor
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the behavior of picture NP reflexives in German and English. Taking the analysis of Pollard/Sag (1994) as a starting point, we show that their main conclusion for English, viz. that picture NP reflexives are exempt from Principle A, does not apply to German. As a first step, we present an alternative formulation of Principle A for German. But the principles proposed for German and English do not offer any explanation for the universal behavior of anaphors if they cannot be related to each other. We thusn propose a more general Principle A to hold universally. Individual, language-specific instantiations of this Principle A are derived from determining certain parameter settings.
'Tough' complementation and the extraclausal propagation of argument descriptions
Authors: Levine Robert D.
Published: December 2021

The complement structure of tough constructions containing VP complements with gap sites linked to the tough predicate subject has been subject to considerable discussion in the syntactic literature, with an apparent consensus that in John is easy for us to please, for us is a PP constituent which controls the subject specification of the following infinitival constituent. I reexamine the classical arguments for this position, including Bresnan's seminal 1971 paper which first argued for this control structure analysis, and argue that none of these arguments are empirically tenable. In all cases, data exist which convincingly undermine central claims or assumptions, and hence there turns out to be no convincing reason to prefer the control structure over the clausal analysis, introduced in Postal's 1971 monograph on crossover and defended in the Gazdar et al. monograph on generalized phrase structure grammar, in which for us to please is a clausal complement to easy. I then offer a number of arguments for the superiority of the clausal analysis, appealing to data from comparatives, parasitic gap constructions and extraposition. My claim that tough complementation of the kind alluded to is clausal must, if sound, be compatible with standardly assumed semantics for these constructions, in which the subject of the complement clause must also serve as an argument of the tough predicate — a conclusion seemingly at odds with a clausal complement syntax. The difficulty is that a constituent whose denotation is one of the terms in the relation denoted by the tough predicate must be retrieved from with a clause, where it is presumably inaccessible under normal Montegovian compositional assumptions. I offer further cross-linguistic evidence based on Guyanese Creole that such an apparent conflict between syntax and semantics is unavoidable, and then offer a syntactic solution, based on work by Detmar Meurers which posits a HEAD feature for verbs structure-shared with their SUBJspecification. This device, which also can be argued for in English on the basis of the Richard construction and several other phenomena, offers a way for information about the subject to be accessible to specifications of the selecting head in a way which compromises locality to the minimal extent possible.
Directional serial verb constructions in Thai
Authors: Muansuwan Nuttanart
Published: December 2021

Directional Serial Verb Constructions (Directional SVCs), which are a subset of Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs) in Thai and involve motion-related verbs, are studied in this paper. According to two syntactic tests, two phrase structural schemata are involved in Thai Directional SVCs, including a recursive VP-over-VP structure and a complementation structure. Thai Directional SVCs also exhibit a dissociation between constituent structure and linear order. With this distinctive syntactic structure, Thai Directional SVCs are not reduceable to previously described SVCs. Nevertheless, within Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, the rich featural specifications of heads and the mechanisms available for the percolation of specific head properties in a default interpretation of the Head Feature Principle allow for a straightforward model of Thai Directional SVCs.
passive as a lexical rule
Authors: Müller Stefan
Published: December 2021

In this paper I show that object to subject raising approaches as suggested by Pollard (1994) and Müller (1999) are problematic since they cannot account for adjective formation in a satisfying way. The approach by Heinz and Matiasek (1994), which is a formalization of Haider's (1986) ideas, cannot account for modal infinitives and control.

I develop a lexical rule based approach and it will be shown that this approach also extends to tricky cases of remote passive.
On the notion 'minor preposition'
Authors: Van Eynde Frank
Published: December 2021

Since the introduction of the X-bar principles it is commonly assumed that prepositions are heads of PPs, in the same way as nouns and pronouns are heads of NPs. However, while this is well motivated for a large majority of the pronouns and the prepositions in many languages, there are also exceptions. More specifically, Van Eynde (1999) argues that the reduced or minor pronouns of Dutch — as opposed to their full or tonic counterparts — cannot head an NP, and the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that there are also prepositions which cannot head a PP. The first section introduces the distinction between major and minor categories. The second shows how it can be applied to the prepositions and presents a way of treating minor prepositions in HPSG. The third singles out the Dutch te(to) as a plausible candidate for a minor preposition treatment, and the fourth provides criteria for the identification of other minor prepositions. The concluding section points out the wider significance of these findings.
Nominal head-marking constructions
Authors: Kathol Andreas
Published: December 2021

This paper investigates the syntax of head-marking constructions, specifically those with nominals heads. The data are drawn from Luiseño, a Uto-Aztecan language from Southern California. The first construction involves the morphological marking of possessors on possessed nouns. I show that a natural account can be given if possessed nouns are considered lexeme-level expressions derived from underspecified nominal lexemes. A separate mapping is responsible for relating nouns (possessed or unpossessed) to fully case-inflected word-level expressions. I then show how elements of this analysis can be adapted to account for periphrastic expressions of oblique cases with animate nouns. In such cases, the head is a case-inflected pronominal head that takes a full noun phrase as an optional specifier. I conclude with some remarks on the relationship between the proposed analysis for nominal head-marking constructions and the treatment of nonconfigurational properties more generally.
To flip or not to flip
Authors: Meurers W. Detmar
Published: December 2021

This paper challenges the assumption that the nature of apparent word order and verb form irregularities in the German verbal complex is that of an irreducible cluster of idiosyncrasies surrounding an exceptional word order possibility. I discuss two lesser known sets of data which raise serious problems for the traditional 'idiosyncrasy-based' analysis. I conclude that the verbs in the upper-field are exceptional in a 'deeper' sense, in that they do not construct as ordinary syntactic heads. Instead they seem to behave more like functional elements as characterized by Abney (1987). On the basis of such a revised syntactic analysis most of the unexpected word order and verb form irregularities resurface as related regular properties.
Gender mismatches in Spanish and French N1/A de N2 affective constructions
Authors: Casillas Martínez Luis D.
Published: December 2021

I examine Spanish and French agreement in sentences with "affective" N/A de N constructions, in terms of an agreement theory growing out of Pollard and Sag (1994, §2) and Kathol (1999), with a distinction between two kinds of agreement relations: index agreement and morphosyntactic concord. The application of this theory to hybrid nouns (Wechsler and Zlati´c, 2000) extends straightforwardly to affective constructions. Furthermore, Kathol's characterization of the difference between hybrid nouns in Spanish and French, which I pair with an interpretation in terms of the default unification mechanism of Lascarides and Copestake (1999), turns out to make correct predictions about subtle differences in predicate agreement with affective constructions in the two languages.
Bulgarian vocative in HPSG
Authors: Osenova Petya N. , Simov Kiril Iv.
Published: December 2021

Crosslinguistically vocatives are an underexplored linguistic phenomenon and in different languages they can be highly idiosyncratic and complex (Levinson, 1987, p.71). Therefore, the problem, which is discussed in this paper, is not a language-specific one, in spite of the fact that most of the languages have their own repositories for marking the role of the addressee in the communicative utterances. In our opinion this linguistic phenomenon needs its adequate treatment in HPSG because of three main reasons: 

The vocative is supposed to be present on two levels: syntax and pragmatics. Therefore it needs more elaborate interpretation on the interface side, which, in HPSG, is more developed for morphology/syntax and syntax/semantics than syntax/pragmatics. Note that a challenge for the theory is the semantic weight of the vocatives with respect to the head sentence. 

It will be useful for HPSG-oriented implementations, especially treebanks and dialogue systems. 

On prosodic grounds the vocatives are often viewed as being 'side or extended parts' of the sentence and therefore - very close to the parenthetical constructions. From our point of view, both phenomena are pragmatic and hence, the treatment of vocative, presented here, could be generalized to cover other phenomena of pragmatic nature. 

In our work the vocatives are viewed through the possibility of the integration/separation of their pragmatic, syntactic and semantic properties.
Phrasal typology and the interaction of topicalization, wh-movement and extraposition
Authors: Kiss Tibor
Published: December 2021

Ever since Chomsky's "On Wh-Movement" (Chomsky 1977) it has been assumed that topicalization and wh-question formation can be analyzed as instances of the same operation. Leaving certain features aside, this proposal carries over to the analysis of unbounded dependency constructions in HPSG since structurally, topicalization does not differ from wh-question formation in the analysis suggested in Pollard & Sag (1994: 157-163). In the present paper, we challenge this assumption and suggest an alternative analysis of unbounded dependency constructions. Here, topicalization and wh-question formation are considered as structurally different at least in certain languages. They may, however, be structurally identical in other languages. This difference is empirically reflected in patterns of relative clause extraposition. As has been pointed out by Culicover & Rochemont (1990: 28), an extraposed relative clause must not take an antecedent contained in a VP if the VP is topicalized but the relative clause is not.
An HPSG analysis of the non-integrated wh-relative clauses in German
Authors: Holler Anke
Published: December 2021

In this article, the so-called wh-relative clause construction is
investigated. The German wh-relative clauses are syntactically relevant as they
show both, root clause and subordinate clause properties. They matter
semantically because they are introduced by a wh-anaphor that has to be
resolved by an appropriate abstract entity of the matrix clause. Additionally,
the wh-relative clause construction is discourse-functionally peculiar since it
evokes coherence. Besides these interesting empirical characteristics,
whrelatives raise important theoretical questions. It is argued that the
standard HPSG theory has to be extended to account for non-restrictive relative
clauses in general, and to cope with the particular properties of the
wh-relative construction.
Cooperating constructions in Lai "lexical insertion"
Authors: Kathol Andreas
Published: December 2021

In this paper we investigate the factors conditioning a morphological
alternation on verbal heads in Lai. We show that this alternation
eludes a simple characterization and instead exhibits a many-to-many
form-function mapping. We will further show that the facts can be
given a straightforward analysis in terms of default conditions based
on valence and polarity, together with various constructional
overrides. Our analysis thus follows recent proposals in HPSG, in
particular Malouf (forthcoming), in using a constructional type
hierarchy with defaults (cooperating constructions) as an
alternative to an Optimality Theoretic system of ranked violable
constraints.
What does it mean to be a complement?
Authors: Paris Luis , Koenig Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2021

This paper shows that the Gerund Phrase (GP) in the Spanish Gerund Construction
(e.g., El jefe entró a su oficina corriendo, lit. The boss entered his office
running ) is sometimes a complement (in SGCC) and sometimes an adjunct (in
SGCA). Although in both cases, the GP expresses a non-argument of the main
lexical verb's denotation, it is a syntactic adjunct in SGCA and a syntactic
dependent of the main clause s head in SGCC. We argue that there is a semantic
correlate of this syntactic difference and propose a general principle that
constrains the semantic relations that can hold between the denotata of heads
and added members of their ARG-ST lists: The two denotata must be part of a
larger macro-event in the sense of Talmy (2000). We further show that the
relation between the events denoted by the gerund and main verbs involves four
semantic conditions and that which subset of those four conditions are
satisfied in a particular SGCC sentence determines what subkind of SGCC is
involved.
Clarifying noun phrase semantics in HPSG
Authors: Purver Matthew , Ginzburg Jonathan
Published: December 2021

This paper examines reprise questions: questions which request clarification of
the meaning intended by a speaker when uttering a word or phrase. As such they
can act as semantic probes, providing information about what meaning can be
associated with word and phrase types. We present corpus evidence regarding the
meaning of nouns and noun phrases, and argue that this evidence runs contrary
to the usual treatments of semantics in HPSG, and to the traditional
generalised quantifier view of NPs as sets of sets. Instead we outline an
analysis of NPs as (possibly functional) sets of individuals.
The secret life of focus exponents, and what it tells us about fronted verbal projections
Authors: De Kuthy Kordula , Meurers W. Detmar
Published: December 2021

The paper investigates a complex word order phenomenon in German
and the interaction of syntax and information structure it
exemplifies: the occurrence of subjects as part of a fronted
non-finite constituent and particularly the so-called definiteness
effect excluding (many) definite subjects from this position. We
explore the connection between focus projection and the partial
fronting cases and show that it is the subject of those verbs
which allow their subject to be the focus exponent that can be
included as part of a fronted verbal constituent. In combination
with the observation by Webelhuth (1990) that fronted verbal
constituents need to be focused, this provides a natural
explanation of the definiteness effect in terms of the information
structure requirements in these sentences. Interestingly, the
generally ignored exceptions to the definiteness effect are
predicted by our analysis; we show that they involve definite noun
phrases which can bear focus, which allows them to be part of a
fronted verbal constituent. Finally, building on the integrated
grammatical architecture provided in De Kuthy (2002), we formulate
an HPSG theory which captures the interaction of constraints from
syntax, information structure and intonation.
A two-rule analysis of measure noun phrases
Authors: Flickinger Dan , Bond Francis
Published: December 2021

In this paper we present an analysis of English measure noun phrases. Measure
noun phrases exhibit both distributional idiosyncrasy, in that they appear in
positions normally filled by degree adverbs: "a ten inch long string"; and
agreement discord: "ten inches is enough", "it is ten inch/*inches long".
The analysis introduces one idiosyncratic construction, the Measure Phrase
Rule, which links together syntax and inflectional morphology. Combined with
existing rules, in particular the Noun-noun Compound Rule, the new rule
accounts for the both the distributional and agreement idiosyncrasies. The
rule has been implemented and tested in the ERG, a broad-coverage grammar of
English. Our analysis supports the position that broad-coverage grammars
will necessarily contain both highly schematic and highly idiosyncratic
rules.
The syntax of French N$'$ phrases
Authors: Abeillé Anne , Bonami Olivier , Godard Danièle , Tseng Jesse
Published: December 2021

Of all French functional elements, the form de has without question the widest
variety of uses, and presents the greatest challenge for linguistic description
and analysis. Historically a preposition, it still has a number of
prepositional uses in modern French, but in many contexts it calls for an
altogether different treatment. We begin by outlining a general distinction
between oblique and non-oblique uses of de. We then develop a detailed
account of constructions where de combines with an N'. We provide a unitary
analysis of de in three constructions (quantifier extraction, "quantification
at a distance", and negative contexts) which have been not been considered to be
related in previous accounts.
Constituency, word order and focus projection
Authors: Maekawa Takafumi
Published: December 2021

In this study we show that constituency is of limited importance for a proper treatment of
the interaction between the linear position of a wa-marked nominal in a Japanese sentence
and possible domains of contrastive focus, and that constraints concerning contrastive focus
should be represented in terms of linear order and not constituency. Linearisation HPSG,
where linear order is independent from constituency, provides a good basis for an analysis.
Some constraints are provided in terms of order domains, and it is shown that these
constraints can deal with the phenomena in question, and that the cases problematic for the
constituency-based analyses can also be accounted for by our analysis.
A comprehensive theory of coordination of unlikes
Authors: Yatabe Shûichi
Published: December 2021

The principal aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive theory of
coordination of unlikes, i.e., a theory that is capable of dealing with
every phenomenon resulting from coordination of unlikes.
The proposed theory accounts not just for standard cases of coordination
of unlike arguments and coordination of unlike functors but also for cases
involving single-conjunct agreement and what will be called each-conjunct agreement.
In the course of the argumentation, it is also shown that, even in a language like English,
predicate-argument agreement needs to be described in terms of a relational
constraint that is not simply an identity requirement.
Non-restrictive relative clauses in Construction Based HPSG
Authors: Arnold Doug
Published: December 2021

This paper presents an account of English non-restrictive (ˋappositive') relative
clauses (NRCs) in the framework of ˋconstruction based' HPSG.
Specifically, it shows how the account of restrictive relative clause
constructions presented in Sag (1997) can be extended to provide an account of the
syntax and semantics of NRCs
and of the main differences between NRCs and restrictive relatives.
The analysis reconciles the semantic intuition that
NRCs behave like independent clauses with their subordinate syntax. A significant
point is that, in contrast with many other approaches, it employs only existing,
independently motivated theoretical apparatus, and requires absolutely no new
structures, features, or types.
Underspecification of intersective modifier attachment: Some arguments from German
Authors: Crysmann Berthold
Published: December 2021

In this paper, I shall discuss the semantic attachment of intersective
modifiers in German coherent constructions. I shall show that a purely
syntactic solution to the observable attachment ambiguity is undesirable for
reasons of processing e ciency and/or massive spurious ambiguity. Instead, I
shall follow Egg and Lebeth (1995) and propose an extension to Minimal
Recursion Semantics, permitting the expression of underspecified semantic
attachment. This rather trivial move, as we shall see, will not only be
preferable for processing reasons, but it will also be more in line with the
spirit of underspecified semantics, e ectively providing a compact
representation of purely semantic distinctions, instead of unfolding these
distinctions into a rain forest of tree representations and derivations. I will
present an implementation of the underspecification approach integrated into
the German HPSG developed at DFKI and compare its e ciency to an alternative
implementation where semantic attachment is unfolded by means of retrieval
rules.
Lexical Resource Semantics: From theory to implementation
Authors: Penn Gerald , Richter Frank
Published: December 2021

This paper summarizes the architecture of Lexical Resource Semantics
(LRS). It demonstrates how to encode the language of two-sorted
theory (Ty2; Gallin, 1975) in typed feature logic (TFL), and then
presents a formal constraint language that can be used to extend
conventional description logics for TFL to make direct reference to
Ty2 terms. A reduction of this extension to Constraint Handling
Rules (CHR; Fruehwirth & Abdennadher, 1997) for the purposes of
implementation is also presented.
Mismatches at the syntax-semantics interface
Authors: Egg Markus
Published: December 2021

Recent analyses of mismatches at the syntax-semantics interface
investigate e.g. modification of agentive nouns (Larson, 1998),
modification of quantifying pronouns (Abney, 1987), or recursive
modification (Kasper, to appear). Each of these analyses is tailored
to a specific set of data, and it is not immediately obvious how
they could be generalised to cover a larger set of data.
I propose a unified analysis for these mismatches that attempts to
bring out their common ground. This analysis shares some of its
basic intuitions with the one of Kasper, but is more general because
the mismatches are handled locally in the CONT feature. Its pivot is
an elaborate syntax-semantics interface that is based on a
surface-oriented syntactic analysis. This analysis generalises
easily to the mismatches at the morphology-semantics interface for
German separable-prefix verbs that were discussed in (Müller, 2003).
Copy constructions and their interaction with the copula in Korean
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok , Sells Peter
Published: December 2021

We argue here for a lexicalist analysis of the Korean copula
(following Kim, Sells and Wescoat (2004)), on the basis of different
properties of sequences of noun-plus-copula, which shows word-like
behavior, in contrast to noun and negative copula, which are
independent syntactic units. The interactions of these items with
various copy constructions brings out their clear differences. The
analysis is formalized in HPSG using Lexical Sharing, from Wescoat
(2002).
Toward a unified analysis of the scope interpretation of complex predicates in Japanese: Evidence from the light verb construction
Authors: Kubota Yusuke
Published: December 2021

In this paper, I first make an observation that there is a certain
parallelism in the scope interpretation possibilities of adverbs and
quantifiers with respect to different types complex predicates in
Japanese, drawing on a comparison of the light verb construction and
the causative construction. I will then argue that previous approaches
to complex predicates in Japanese in the lexicalist tradition
(Matsumoto 1996; Manning et al. 1999) fail to capture this
generalization successfully. Finally, building on a novel approach to
syntax/semantics interface in HPSG by Cipollone (2001), I develop an
analysis of the semantic structure of complex predicates that accounts
for the empirical observation straightforwardly.
An HPSG account of closest conjunct agreement in NP coordination in Portuguese
Authors: Villavicencio Aline , Sadler Louisa , Arnold Doug
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the NP-internal agreement strategies observed in an
empirical (corpus based) study of Portuguese, and proposes an analysis
which is formalized in the framework of Head-Driven Phrase Structure
Grammar (HPSG). The empirical study suggests that what were previously thought to
be rare or non-existent strategies occur with surprising frequency.
Capturing these strategies poses problems for many standard
approaches to agreement. The formalization shows how they can be captured
with a relatively conservative extension of the existing HPSG theory of agreement.
Binding in picture noun phrases: Implications for Binding Theory
Authors: Runner Jeffrey T. , Kaiser Elsi
Published: December 2021

This paper investigates the binding of pronouns and reflexives in picture
noun phrases, and focuses on data showing that reflexives and pronouns are not
in complementary distribution in picture NPs with possessors. In particular, we
discuss data showing that whereas reflexives can take either the possessor or
the subject of the sentence as antecedent, pronouns are restricted to an
antecedent other than the possessor phrase. We suggest that this asymmetry can
be straightforwardly explained if we assume that (1) the possessor of a picture
NP is not part of the head noun's argument structure and (2) Binding Theory is
stated over dependents structure, the representation encompassing both a
head's argument structure and other phrases dependent on it in various ways. If
the possessor of a picture NP (PNP) is not part of the head's argument
structure, it follows that reflexives in PNPs with possessors will be exempt
from Binding Theory, which paves the way for an analysis of the reflexive
data. Furthermore, we also show that if BT is regarded as defined over
dependents structure, it follows that a pronoun in a picture NP with a
possessor must be disjoint from that possessor phrase.
Verifying binding constraints for anaphor resolution
Authors: Stuckardt Roland
Published: December 2021

Algorithmic approaches to anaphor resolution are known to benefit
substantially from syntactic disjoint reference filters.
Typically, however, there is a considerable gap between the scope of the
formal model of grammar employed for deriving referential evidence and its
implementation. While accounting for many subtleties of language,
such formal models at most partially address the algorithmic aspects
of referential processing. This paper investigates the issue of implementing
syntactic disjoint reference for robust anaphor resolution. An algorithmic
account of binding condition verification will be developed that, on one hand,
captures the theoretical subtleties, and, on the other hand, exhibits
computational efficiency and fulfils the robustness requirements. Taking
as input the potentially fragmentary parses of a robust state-of-the-art
parser, the practical performance of this algorithm will be evaluated with
respect to the task of anaphor resolution and shown to be nearly optimal.
Person and number agreement in American Sign Language
Authors: Hahm Hyun-Jong
Published: December 2021

American Sign Language (ASL) has a group of verbs showing agreement with the
subject or/and object argument. There has not been analysis on especially
number agreement. This paper analyzes person and number agreement within the
HPSG framework. I discuss person and number hierarchy in ASL. The argument of
agreement verbs can be omitted as in languages like Italian. The constraints on
the type agreement-verb have the information on argument optionality.
Long and short adjunct fronting in HPSG
Authors: Maekawa Takafumi
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this paper is to consider the proper treatment of short- and
long-fronted adjuncts within HPSG. In the earlier HPSG analyses, a rigid
link between linear order and constituent structure determines the linear
position of such adjuncts in the sentence-initial position. This paper will
argue that there is a body of data which suggests that adjunct fronting does
not work as these approaches predict. I will then show that
linearisation-based HPSG can provide a fairly straightforward account of the
facts.
Hybrid agreement as a conflict resolution strategy
Authors: Melnik Nurit
Published: December 2021

Situations in which conflicting constraints clash can potentially provide
linguists with insights into the architecture of grammar. This paper deals with
such a case. When predicative modifiers of morphologically rich languages head
relative clauses, they are involved in two, sometimes conflicting, agreement
relationships. Different languages adopt different strategies in order to
resolve situations of conflicting constraints. This paper focuses on Standard
Arabic and the hybrid agreement strategy which it employs. It argues that the
HPSG theory of agreement, which distinguishes between morphosyntactic and
semantic agreement, constitutes an appropriate framework for accounting for the
phenomenon. In addition, it shows that contrary to claims made by Doron and
Reintges (2005), a non-derivational framework such as HPSG is adequate for
accounting for this non-trivial agreement pattern. Moreover, with a
constructional approach, whereby constraints can target syntactic structures
above the lexical level, better empirical coverage is achieved.
Number agreement in Russian predicates
Authors: Hahm Hyun-Jong
Published: December 2021

Russian shows the mixed agreement with the polite pronoun vy and pluralia
tantum nouns, both of which have plural number in form but either singular
or plural number in meaning. Two different forms of adjectives – short form
and long form – agree in different number with those number mismatch
nominals.

I adopted the idea of Siegel (1976) etc. that when a long-form adjective
appears in the predicate position, there is always a null head that it
modifies, with the HPSG's agreement theory of Wechsler & Zlatic (2003). I
propose that all predicates – verbs, SF and LF adjectives – except
predicate nominals show CONCORD agreement. LF adjectives show CONC
agreement with the null anaphor 'one'. The different number values of LF
adjectives results from index agreement between the null anaphor and the
subject of the sentence.
Unexpressed object alternations of Bulgarian verbs in HPSG
Authors: Venkova Tzvetomira
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a projectionist account of the unexpressed object
alternations in HPSG. The approach is based on the two-level mapping mechanism,
developed in Manning and Sag (1998) and Sag et al (2003). The proposed analysis
keeps identical argument structure values in the lexeme description of both
valence alternatives, while different surface valence values are related by a
lexical rule.

The HPSG model is applied cross-linguistically to English and Bulgarian. Some
Bulgarian-specific traits, such as the limited alternation range and the
grammaticalized aspect, related to the formal characteristics of the
unexpressed object alternations, are discussed and interpreted within HPSG.
Noun ellipsis without empty categories
Authors: Branco António , Costa Francisco
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we present an analysis of noun phrases with elided
nouns that dispenses with the positing of empty categories and
preserves the NP structure assumed for NPs with overt nouns, modulo
the absence of the head noun. On a par with existing traceless analyses of
long distance dependencies, this is proposed as a further step
towards a more lean theory of grammar, without phonetically null items.
Floating affixes in Polish
Authors: Crysmann Berthold
Published: December 2021

The morphosyntactic status of Polish past tense agreement markers has
been a matter of considerable debate in recent years
(Spencer 1991, Borsley & Rivero 1994,
Borsley 1999, Bański 2000, Kupść 2000, Kupść & Tseng 2005). Past tense
agreement is expressed by a set of bound forms that either attach to
the past participle, or else float off to a host further to the
left. Despite this relative freedom of attachment, it is often noted
in the literature, e.g., Borsley 1999, Kupść & Tseng 2005, that
the combination of verbal host and agreement marker forms a word-like
unit.

In this paper I will argue that these agreement markers are best
analysed as affixes uniformly introduced on the verb whose
inflectional features they realise. Building on the
linearisation-based theory of morphology-syntax interaction proposed
in Crysmann 2003, syntactic mobility of morphologically
introduced material will be captured by mapping phonological
contributions to multiple lexically introduced domain objects. It will
be shown that this is sufficient to capture the relevant data, and
connect the placement of floating affixes to the general treatment
of Polish word order Kupść 2000.
Syntax and semantics of Korean numeral classifier constructions
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok , Yang Jaehyung
Published: December 2021

The so-called floating quantifier constructions in languages like
Korean display intriguing properties whose successful processing can
prove the robustness of a parsing system. This paper shows that a
constraint-based analysis, in particular couched upon the framework
of HPSG, can offer us an efficient way of analyzing these
constructions together with proper semantic representations. It also
shows how the analysis has been successfully implemented in the LKB
(Linguistic Knowledge Building) system.
A description of Chinese NPs using Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Authors: Wang Lulu , Liu Haitao
Published: December 2021

This paper aims at making a general description of Chinese NPs using Head-Driven Phrase Structure
Grammar. The paper introduces the basic and complex structures of Chinese NPs and then shed light on
the noun-classifier matching problem when implemented in HPSG. To solve this problem, the paper
tries to establish a basic grammar of Chinese NPs in the framework of HPSG, which is implemented in
the LKB system. The implementation shows, although the matching problem between noun and classifier
can be described in HPSG, especially by the MRS, it is still difficult to efficiently represent the
semantic constrains in the LKB system.
Evidence for the linearization-based theory of semantic composition
Authors: Yatabe Shûichi
Published: December 2021

The result of questionnaire studies are presented which shows
(i) that conjuncts are scope islands in Japanese and (ii) that left-node
raising can nullify such scope islands. This finding confirms the theory
advanced in Yatabe (2001), in which semantic composition is
almost entirely carried out within order domains, and arguably contradicts
the theory proposed in Beavers and Sag (2004), which introduces a mechanism
called Optional Quantifier Merger to deal with the fact that right-node raising
and left-node raising can have semantic effects.
Integrating linguistic dimensions: The scope of adverbs
Authors: Bonami Olivier , Godard Danièle
Published: December 2021

Three distinctions seem relevant for the scope properties of adverbs: their function (adjuncts
or complements), their prosody (incidental or integrated) and their lexical semantics (parenthetical
or non parenthetical). We propose an analysis in which the scope of French adverbs is aligned with
their syntactic properties, relying on a view of adjuncts as loci for quantification, a
linearization approach to the word order, and an explicit modelling of dialogue.
The role of default constructions in the processing of mismatch: The case of possessive free relatives
Authors: Francis Elaine J.
Published: December 2021

Townsend and Bever (2001) and Ferreira (2003) argue that simple
templates representing the most commonly used orderings of arguments
within a clause (e.g., NP-V-NP = Agent-Action-Patient) are used early
in sentence comprehension to derive a preliminary interpretation before
a full parse is completed. Sentences which match these templates (e.g.,
active sentences, subject clefts) are understood quickly and accurately,
while sentences which deviate from the templates (e.g. passive sentences,
object clefts) require additional processing to arrive at the correct interpretation.
The present study extends the idea of canonical templates to the domain of noun phrases.
I report on two experiments showing that possessive free relative clauses in English, which
involve a non-canonical ordering of the head noun, are more difficult to understand than
canonically headed noun phrases. I propose two reasons for this finding: (1) possessive free
relatives deviate from the canonical template for interpreting noun phrases; and (2) the formal
cues for interpreting possessive free relatives are relatively subtle. More generally I suggest
that canonical templates help constrain mismatch in language by making certain kinds of mismatches
costly for language users. Finally, I argue that evidence for canonical templates fits best within a
parallel-architecture, constructionist theory of grammar.
Phrasal or lexical constructions? Some comments on underspecification of constituent order, compositionality, and control
Authors: Müller Stefan
Published: December 2021

This paper is a follow up on Müller, 2006. It contains some
comments on suggestions about the interaction of phrasal Constructions with constituent order that
Adele Goldberg made at various occasions. In addition the paper discusses various HPSG analyses of
particle verbs that assume lexical representations including phonologically specified parts of
particle verb lexical entries. A recent phrasal analysis of resultatives (Haugereid, 2007) is
discussed as well and it is pointed out that control constructions pose problems for phrasal
analyses that do not assume empty elements but require that the subject is realized in a phrasal
configuration.
Using an HPSG grammar for the generation of prosody
Authors: Crysmann Berthold , Von Böselager Philipp
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we report on an experiment showing how
the introduction of prosodic information from detailed syntactic
structures into synthetic speech leads to better disambiguation of
structurally ambiguous sentences. Using modifier attachment (MA)
ambiguities and subject/object fronting (OF) in German as test cases,
we show that prosody which is automatically generated from deep
syntactic information provided by an HPSG generator can lead to
considerable disambiguation effects, and can even override a strong
semantics-driven bias. The architecture used in the experiment,
consisting of the LKB generator running a large-scale grammar for
German, a syntax-prosody interface module, and the speech synthesis
system MARY is shown to be a valuable platform for testing hypotheses
in intonation studies.