bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buscopan in Diagnostic Radiology of the Alimentary Tract
Authors: Murray J. P.
Published: July 2009

An attempt was made to assess the value of Buscopan in routine gastrointestinal radiology. It was indicated in 55 out of 1,163 examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract, 45 out of 247 barium enema examinations and in two out of 14 T-tube choledochograms.

It was considered a safe and effective spasmolytic and most helpful in assessing achalasia of the cardia, acute peptic ulceration near the pylorus and both functional and organic disorders in the large bowel. It was disappointing as a diagnostic aid in chronic peptic ulceration and neoplastic disease of the stomach.

Its greatest value lay in helping to distinguish between functional and organic conditions in the colon and in assessing organic pathology in the distal colon more adequately.
Neurological Complications following Arterial Catheterisation by the Axillary Approach
Authors: Staal A. , van Voorthuisen A. E. , van Dijk L. M.
Published: July 2009

The authors review the neurological complications seen in their series of 21 arterial catheterisations by the axillary approach. Five patients had slight disturbances of the brachial plexus (paraesthesia and weakness) for some months. Two other patients with severe lesions of the brachial plexus are more fully described. The necessity of a very strict indication for this technique is pointed out.

Meticulous care should be given to haemostasis and in cases of complications early neurosurgical exploration is indicated.
Review
Authors: Jacobs Philip
Published: July 2009

Traumatic lesions often receive rather scant attention in general radiological text-books. Since this book is devoted entirely to the radiological aspects of trauma, it fills a long-felt need.

The author makes no claim to provide a detailed annotated tome. Nevertheless, most injuries are well covered. In addition to the more usual subjects, the reader will find interesting sections on such topics as sports injuries, ballistics and medico-legal studies.
The Haematological Complications of Polycythaemia Vera and Treatment with Radioactive Phosphorus
Authors: Szur L. , Lewis S. M.
Published: July 2009

1. Haematological complications developed in 18 of a series of 169 patients with polycythaemia vera, seen over a 16-year period and treated with 32P. The complications are considered under three headings: marrow depression, myelosclerosis, and granulocytic leukaemia.

2. Two patients developed pancytopenia. Attention is drawn to the rarity of this complication, and differences from other forms of marrow hypoplasia are discussed.

3. Myelosclerosis occurred much more frequently than leukaemia in this series (12 cases of myelosclerosis as compared with four of leukaemia). The difficulties which may be encountered in distinguishing between the two conditions are emphasised. The clinical and haematological features in the patients who developed myelosclerosis and leukaemia are compared with the findings in the patients who did not develop these complications.

4. The difficulty of assessing the role of 32P in causing or increasing the incidence of these complications is discussed. Leukaemia and myelosclerosis occur in polycythaemic patients not treated by ionising radiation. It is therefore possible that an increased incidence may merely be a result of the prolongation of life produced by treatment with 32P. It is perhaps more likely, however, that radioactive phosphorus both prolongs life and also increases the frequency of leukaemia.

5. It is concluded that the relationship between the development of myelosclerosis and leukaemia and treatment with 32P could be clarified only by a planned and statistically valid investigation. A plea is made for co-operative efforts to organise such an investigation.
W. E. Schall, B.Sc, F.Inst.P.
Authors: C.A.
Published: July 2009

The world of radiology mourns the death on December 2, 1965, of a senior member of the British Institute of Radiology and one of the oldest members of the X-ray industry.

William Ernest Schall was born on April 21, 1888, at Regents Park, London, the son of Karl Schall, one of the founders of the firm Reiniger, Gebbert and Schall.

W. E. Schall was educated at Dulwich and University College, London. He was offered a Research Scholarship which he was unable to accept in view of his father's indifferent health. He joined his father about 1909 as manager of the business, and he became Governing Director in 1912 following his father's retirement.
Correspondence
Authors: Shuttleworth E. , Fowler J. F.
Published: July 2009

A recent publication (Burns, 1965) described the use of a nomogram to obtain equivalent dosages for different fractionation regimes. We have been seriously alarmed, in discussion with practising radiotherapists from several centres, to find that this nomogram has been believed more literally than the author intended, instead of being treated as a useful example of the way in which such nomograms could be constructed.

Burns was careful to explain very clearly that his nomogram was based on a cell survival curve for well oxygenated cells having an extrapolation number n = 2 and reciprocal slope D0 = 160 rads. He described in detail how any other dose-response curve of the readers' choice could equally well be used to construct an alternative nomogram.
Correspondence
Authors: Burns J. E.
Published: July 2009

I do not propose to answer the criticism in the letter from Shuttleworth and Fowler (1966) on the suitability of one dose-response curve rather than another as I consider made my position sufficiently clear in my original Note Burns, 1965), i.e. that I was using one dose-response curve merely as an example. I wish, however, to make one small correction to an error which might confuse anyone trying to check my results. My nomogram was based on the cellsurvival curve used and published by Wilson (1961); this has an extrapolation number of 2·8, not 2·0 as stated in my original Note.
Correspondence
Authors: Greenwell F. P.
Published: July 2009

I was interested to read of Dr. McCallum's ingenious device described in the September, 1965 issue. I have myself had some success with an adaptation of the method described by Drevattne and Stiris (1964).
Review
Authors: Astley R.
Published: July 2009

This is Volume No. 93 in a series describing normal and pathological anatomy in typical radiographs. The author, Herbert Kaufmann, of Basle, is well known to paediatric radiologists as a man of enthusiasm and great energy. In this small book of 86 pages his energy has been directed into a very useful channel.
Review
Authors: Fleminga P. R.
Published: July 2009

In this book the authors have set out to provide an introduction to cardiac catheterisation techniques for the non-specialist. Cardiologists will learn little or nothing from it, but will be glad to know of a concise account of their techniques to which to refer interested colleagues in other specialties.
Non-rachitic Bow Leg and Knock-knee Deformities in Young Jamaican Children
Authors: Bateson Eric M.
Published: July 2009

Severe bow legs and knock knees are very common in Jamaican children. These two deformities are closely related and are not due to any known pathological condition including rickets.

In advanced cases the bow legs change to tibia vara and the knock knees to tibia valga, while changes appear in the tibial metaphysis which resemble osteochondritis radiologically. Three factors, racial, eccentric pressure on the knee and increased plasticity of bone, have been shown to play a part in the development of these deformities.

In severe bow legs treatment appears to be indicated when the angle formed by the femur and tibia exceeds 25 deg. Spontaneous correction of lesser angulation can occur.
Observer Error in the Radiological Diagnosis of Paterson-Kelly Webs
Authors: Elwood P. C. , Pitman R. G.
Published: July 2009

A study of the differences between eight radiologists in the detection of Paterson-Kelly webs in photographs of the barium swallow X-ray films of 132 subjects with dysphagia is reported.

The number of subjects in whom a web was detected by the different radiologists varied from 6 to 59 per cent. Agreement was also poor as to whether or not stenosis was present. A grading scheme for webs is described, but its use in this study appears to do little to diminish the differences between the radiologists.

This study throws doubt on the validity of comparisons of the prevalence of webs in series reported by different authors. The possible relevance of webs to dysphagia is discussed briefly.
A Radiological Method for the Study of Small Bony Specimens (rodent mandibular radiology)
Authors: Park A. Wallace
Published: July 2009

During investigations of mandibular development using a Hilger microfocus X-ray unit, a number of problems arose from the application of the “rule of isometry” (Cieszynski, 1926). The aim was (1) construction of acassette suitable to hold a rodent mandible and photographic plate, (2) orientation of the cassette for correct angulation relative to a lateral view. The cassette was made by fitting a “pill” box inside another of slightly larger dimensions. A circular window made in the lid of the larger box was covered by tin-foil (0·001 in.). Photographic plate was cut to fit the surface of the inner box and a half-mandible placed upon it. The larger lid was replaced and the tin-foil pressed around the mandible, holding it in position. For correct angulation of the teeth relative to the X-ray beam the cassette with mandible was raised at the condylar end until the molars were parallel to the horizontal plane. The angle resulting from this movement was calculated, bisected, and the cassette with mandible lowered to the new angulation. Cassettes were held against a vertically positioned plate on a clamp stand for alignment before exposure.
Reviews
Authors: Anderson J.
Published: July 2009

This volume is addressed to a wide audience of physicians, pathologists, radiologists and other who take part in the investigation of disorders of calcium metabolism, representing the practices and “beliefs” of one of the active centres of investigation of calcium metabolism in Great Britain. The range of diagnostic procedures reviewed is wide, including the various parameters of calcium, phosphate and fat metabolism, radiology of the skeleton, studies of renal function, bone biopsy and radioactive isotope studies with calcium and other isotopes to elucidate blood bone exchange.
The Effect of Single Doses of X Radiation on Mandibular Growth
Authors: Adkins K. F.
Published: July 2009

The short-term effects of localised X radiation applied in single doses of 110, 550 and 1,100 R on mandibular growth in the rat were examined.

Intravital staining with the fluorochrome alizarin red S had labelled the bone mineralised immediately before irradiation and permitted recognition of that level in subsequent examinations. Microscopic measurements were taken from the labelled line to the periphery of the bone at the lingual alveolar plate, the inferior border and the condyle. Gross measurements taken were from the gnathion to condyle and gnathion to gonion.

Analysis of results revealed a marked reduction in growth in every area examined in animals receiving 1,100 R of X radiation. The greatest reductions were in the lingual alveolus (63 per cent) and the condyle (36 per cent). The lowest dose to produce any significant retardation of bone growth was 550 R where reductions of 12 per cent in the inferior border and 9 per cent in the condyle were recorded for male animals. At the 110 R level there was no measurable reduction of bone growth.
Reviews
Authors: Roberts J. E.
Published: July 2009

This volume contains a full account of the lectures delivered at a course on Radiation Dosimetry, directed in August 1963 by Professor Spiers, for the Enrico Fermi International School of Physics. After a brief but most interesting historical review by Spiers follow three very well-written chapters on the basic physics of radiation dosimetry.
Radiation Cataract—New Evidence on Radiation Dosage to the Lens
Authors: Britten M. J. A. , Halnan Keith E. , Meredith W. J.
Published: July 2009

1. The eyes of 104 patients treated for 106 tumours of the eyelids in 1952–53 and 1957–58, have been examined in 1964.

2. Fourteen cases of radiation cataract (only six seriously affecting visual acuity) were found in 38 patients treated by radon gold seed implant. The five major cataracts began to affect vision at 3, 7, 10, 10 and 11 years after treatment. These cataracts are probably progressive between six and 11 years after treatment, since the incidence after radon seed implant was three out of 16 1957–58 cases and 11 out of 22 1952–53 cases, all five major cataracts being in the latter group.

3. Many of these radiation cataracts have not had significant effect on visual acuity, even though they were clearly distinguishable when the lens was examined by slit-lamp ten or more years after radiotherapy.

4. Radiation doses to the lens have been calculated. After a radon gold seed implant, 4,000 R to the centre of the lens appear to lead to cataract in all cases, less than 2,000 R to no cataracts.

5. Only one case of radiation cataract was found in 57 patients treated by superficial X-ray therapy, and this was in the contralateral eye. The radiation dose to the whole of this lens was approximately 950 rads given as a single treatment and the lens dose on the treated side was about 16 rads.
The Metabolism of Scandium 47 Produced by the Decay of Calcium 47 in vivo
Authors: Taylor D. M.
Published: July 2009

The metabolic behaviour of 47Ca and 47Sc have been compared in rats after intravenous injection of a 47Ca + 47Sc mixture. The results suggest that the 47Sc initially present in the mixture follows the normal pathways of scandium metabolism, but that 90 per cent or more of the 47Sc by the decay of 47Ca in bone is retained in the skeleton.
The Use of X Rays to Produce Transmission Pictures of Virus Models
Authors: Fletcher E. W. L. , Almeida June D.
Published: July 2009

We describe the use of X rays to record the transmission images of models to simulate virus particles. By this means it is possible to view the models under conditions similar to that by which virus particles are recorded in the electron microscope. The radiographic patterns so obtained enabled several controversial virus structures to be elucidated.
Non-Traumatic Pulmonary Haematoma
Authors: Scarrow G. D. , Galloway Raymond W.
Published: July 2009

Traumatic pulmonary haematomata have been known since the time of Morgagni and aroused considerable attention following the work of Zuckerman (1940) on blast injuries during the second world war.

Since that time further series have been published relating such lesions to non-penetrating chest injuries or operative resections of the lungs. The aetiology in all cases has been traumatic. The purpose of this Case Report is to record the occurrence of a non-traumatic pulmonary haematoma that arose spontaneously and which showed radiological features similar to those of traumatic origin.

The patient, a man aged 48 years, was admitted on the 11.1.64, complaining of attacks of shivering, night sweats and a non-productive cough, for the past five weeks. He had been known to have attacks of thrombo-phlebitis in the legs for the last six years. There was no other significant history.

The symptoms and a pyrexia of 102–103°F persisted in spite of intensive antibiotic therapy until mid-February.

On admission ill-defined inflammatory changes were present in the right lower lobe on radiological examination and these resolved quickly. Two discrete opacities appeared on 26.1.64 in the left lower lung field following an attack of pleuritic pain on that side. A few days later there was an obvious exacerbation of the thrombo-phlebitis in the left leg and this was followed a month later by a deep venous thrombosis in that calf.
Review
Authors: Jones D. E. A.
Published: July 2009

The aim of this fine little book is to amplify the coverage of a subject which is so often inadequately dealt with in many school text-books of physics. Though primarily intended for sixth science forms and for technical college courses, this book should be a great help to students of radiography, while D.M.R. students should find in it much admirable supplementary reading matter. It provides an up-to-date, comprehensive and inexpensive introduction to the use of ionising radiations in industry, medicine and research, and from the good choice of titles provided for further reading the student can then select those appropriate to his needs.
Reviews
Authors: Murray R. O.
Published: July 2009

This interesting monograph records a study of 68 patients affected by neuropathic joint changes. Exactly half of these suffered from neurosyphilis, a figure rather higher than might be expected from recent experience in this country. The next largest group consists of 12 cases of diabetes mellitus, a condition in which neuropathic changes, almost entirely confined to the feet and ankles, have been recognised increasingly during the last two decades.
Review
Authors: Saxton H. M.
Published: July 2009

Although the radiology of collagen disease is not a large subject it is covered rather “patchily” in most text-books.
Haemangioblastomas of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Kendall Brian , Russell John
Published: July 2009

Four patients suffering from the von Hippel-Lindau complex with spinal haemangioblastomas are described. The clinical and radiological features of spinal haemangioblastomas are reviewed and discussed.
Review
Authors: Sherrah-Davies E.
Published: July 2009

This curious book, written by Stephen Dewing, Director of Radiology at the Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey, has something of the flavour of an early medieval grimoire.
The Sellar Index—a Relationship between the Area of the Sella Turcica and the Lateral Area of the Skull
Authors: Riach I. C. F.
Published: July 2009

1. The sellar index has been described.

2. Its normal value has been determined by measurements in 125 normal children.

3. The sellar index has been measured in 63 cases of dwarfism and a further 30 children with various diseases.

4. The sellar index has been found to reflect truly the sellar size; it relates the size of the sella to the size of the skull and gives results comparable to those described in previous series where sellar area has been related to height or height age.

5. It should prove a useful complement to subjective assessment where there is any doubt about the size of the sella.
Drip Infusion Cholangiography
Authors: Darnborough A. , Geffen N.
Published: July 2009

1. An analysis of the results of intravenous drip infusion and the conventional injection cholangiography are compared.

2. The two methods show approximately the same number of cases of visualisation of the gall-bladder and bileducts.

3. There is no advantage to be gained by using the higher dosage in patients with jaundice.

4. An increased incidence of cholegraphic pyelograms were produced in cases of jaundice.

5. A significant reduction of side effects was observed with the infusion method because of a uniform even rate of introduction and this method of administration is recommended with the usual dose.
Reviews
Authors: Ellis F.
Published: July 2009

This is a well-documented book of the effects of radiation on tissues from the point of view of the morbid anatomist and histologist.
Reviews
Authors: Spiegler G.
Published: July 2009

This is a collection of 31 papers on radiological image quality; they were read at a symposium at Herrenchiemsee convened by Professor Stieve of Munich in October, 1964. Radiologists and medical and industrial physicists from seven European countries took part.
Beta Irradiation of the Conjunctival Sac: Description of a New Applicator
Authors: Lederman M. , Jones C. H.
Published: July 2009

There are two rare and important neoplasms which affect the conjunctiva and have in common the following features:

(1) they are radiosensitive;

(2) they are of low malignancy;

(3) they are of multicentric origin and may involve at some stage in their evolution part or whole of the conjunctival sac.

These two neoplasms are cancerous melanosis and Bowen's disease, the former being an intra-epithelial melanoma and the latter an intra-epithelial carcinoma.

Hitherto the anatomical difficulties of treating all parts of the conjunctiva were overcome by the use of γ or X-ray techniques rather than β irradiation (Lederman, 1961). Radon seed implantation of the conjunctiva or lids or tantalum wire applicators and

X-ray therapy have all been employed. The risks of serious ocular damage following the use of contact γ-ray sources are considerable and the use of X rays is also not without danger to the eye.

It has for long been obvious that the only way of eliminating the risks of existing γ-ray techniques would be to abandon them entirely and replace them by β radiation. To do this the problem of devising an applicator, the edges of which contained sufficient radioactive strontium to give adequate irradiation to the fornices, had to be solved.
Giant Carcinoma of the Prostate: Angiographic Demonstration of Hormonally Induced Remission
Authors: Chait Arnold , Stoane Leonard , McDonald Harold P.
Published: July 2009

Angiography is not generally considered to be of much value in the assessment of carcinoma of the prostate and hence is rarely performed for this purpose. We have recently encountered a patient with prostatic carcinoma of giant proportions which presented as an abdominal mass, prompting the performance of angiography in its evaluation. A repeat angiogram following hormonal therapy demonstrated the changes in the vascular pattern which were associated with regression of the tumour.

A 62-year-old man was admitted to Kings County Hospital Center on 26.10.64 because of an unexplained loss of weight of 35 lb in four months. In addition he complained of loss of appetite, constipation and left lower quadrant pain on coughing. On clinical examination the liver was found to be enlarged and slightly irregular.
Coincident Pneumaturia and Cystitis Emphysematosa
Authors: Pridie Ronald B. , Cannon P.
Published: July 2009

Although Boismont mentioned spontaneous production of gas in the bladder in 1825, according to Kelly and MacCallum (1898), it was not until 1860 that the first case of pneumaturia not due to a recto-vesical fistula was described by Raciborski.

In 1883 Guiard reported pneumaturia in association with diabetes and said that the other predisposing condition for primary pneumaturia was urinary obstruction.

Cystitis emphysematosa was first noted in man as a pathological entity by Mills in 1930, and Bailey in 1961 reviewed the world literature, finding 50 cases of this condition, of which only 13 were known to have had glycosuria. At the same time he found only 46 cases of primary pneumaturia, of which 29 had had glycosuria.

The present case is reported because of the relative infrequency with which either of these conditions has been described on its own, and the even greater infrequency in which they have been recorded together.
The use of 18F for Bone Scanning
Authors: French Rosemary J. , McCready V. R.
Published: July 2009

A comparative study of the use of 85Sr chloride and 18F as fluoride for bone scanning is reported.

Measurements carried out indicate that, in general, their degree of uptake into tumours is equally good. Since 18F delivers a radiation dose to bone of only 1/200 that from 85Sr, greatly increased activities can be given. The optimum time for scanning with 18F is about one hour following intravenous injection, when only 6 per cent of the administered dose has been found to remain in the blood, and a further 6 per cent has been excreted in the urine. 85Sr is not removed from the blood so rapidly, and 18 per cent has been found to be present after a similar time interval.

Experience of 57 18F bone scans and over 100 85 Sr bone scans is reported and the 18F scans are compared with the corresponding radiographs.

The major disadvantage of using 18F is its accumulation in the bladder, but 85Sr has the corresponding disadvantage of localising in the faeces in the bowel. It has been shown that 18F can be given orally, though incomplete absorption from the stomach reduces the counting rate over bone and makes bone scanning impossible in the stomach area.

It is concluded that the advantages of 18F far outweigh its disadvantages for bone scanning.
A Flat Beam Collimator for Radioisotope Scanning of the Lung
Authors: Glaister D. H.
Published: July 2009

The theoretical requirements for a collimator to be used for scanning the lung during 133Xe lung function studies are discussed. A multi-slot, flat beam collimator is shown to come closest to these requirements, and the construction of such a collimator using flat plates of heavy alloy, 0·02 in. thick, is described. The performance of this collimator is assessed by means of isocount and off-axis sensitivity curves, using a small source of low energy γ radiation (125I). At the focal plane, 20 cm from the front face of the collimator, the response falls off to 10 per cent across a rectangle measuring 2·2 cm high by 12·6 cm wide, and to 2 per cent across a rectangle measuring 2·8 cm by 15·0 cm. At 17 cm from the front face of the collimator (two-thirds of the distance through the lung when set up for scanning) the vertical resolution, measured by the width of the half-peak response, is 1·2 cm under static conditions and 1·5 cm when scanning multiple sources of 133Xe. Apart from some scattering of radiation the performance is little impaired when assessed by means of isocount curves constructed within a lung phantom.
Arteriographic Studies of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Authors: Weibel Jorge , Fields William S.
Published: July 2009

Arteriographic studies were carried out in nine patients with presumed thoracic outlet syndrome. The examinations were always done with the affected upper limb in the positions in which symptoms were experienced. In seven patients, the injections were made with the symptomatic arm in 90 deg. abduction and the head and neck in neutral position, turned to one side and then the other. Narrowing or complete obstruction of the subclavian artery occurred in all of these patients with at least one of the positions tested. In two patients, extrinsic compression was observed when the “symptomatic arm” was held in downward traction.

Since compression of neural and vascular structures in the thoracic outlet may occur in asymptomatic individuals, arteriography was performed in the same manner in 22 controls who were being studied because of cerebrovascular insufficiency. In the control group, turning the head and neck toward the abducted arm did not cause the compression of the subclavian artery seen in the symptomatic group.

From these observations we have concluded that neurovascular compression in the thoracic outlet is related to the size of the costoclavicular space. The anterior scalene muscle may contribute to the production of symptoms by further narrowing the space in some patients. Resection of a segment of the first rib and scalenotomy is considered the most suitable treatment.
Some Aspects of Radiation Safety for Electron Accelerators Used for both X-ray and Electron Therapy
Authors: Karzmark C. J.
Published: July 2009

This report concerns certain aspects of radiation safety for megavoltage electron accelerators used for both X-ray and electron therapy, particularly linear accelerators. Such accelerators pose a specific radiation hazard. The hazard arises in ensuring that the devices and procedures required for the large reduction in electron beam current associated with the electron therapy modality are sufficiently rigorous, both technically and operationally, to render it exceedingly unlikely for patients to be exposed to excessive electron doses as a result of a technical failure and/or an operational inadvertence. This note describes some of the radiation safety features of a 5 MeV accelerator used routinely for both X-ray and electron therapy. Included are a description of the X-ray/electron therapy changeover procedure, the radiation monitoring system, the accelerator electron gun design, data on our relevant failures, the use of secondary emission monitors, beam loading and a number of peripheral considerations relating to radiation safety.
The Relative Biological Effectiveness of Tritium Beta Particles Compared to Gamma Radiation—its dependence on dose-rate
Authors: Hall E. J. , Oliver R. , Bedford J. S.
Published: July 2009

The RBE of the β particles from 3H in water relative to radium or 60Co γ radiation was determined for HeLa cells cultured in vitro. For cell population growth rate under continuous irradiation at 0·5–3 rads/hour the RBE was about 2·0. For cell survival following exposures at 32 rads/hour the RBE was about 1·0. Using inhibition of root growth of Vicia seedlings as a test system RBE values of 1·6 and 1·0 were measured at dose rates of 1·52 and 46·3 rads/hour respectively.

Such a dose-rate dependence of RBE is consistent with previously published results and the value of 1·7 used in the I.C.R.P. recommendations appears to be relevant to exposure at very low dose-rates.
Book reviews
Authors: Kendall Brian
Published: July 2009

This monograph, written for radiologists and otogolists, is based on lectures to a course on ear tomography which took place in Copenhagen in 1968. The distinguished contributors include three otolaryngologists, who discuss the clinical aspects of each condition, an anatomist, who gives the detailed description of normal radiographic morphology, a photographer, who describes the technique of log-E-tronic printing, and seven experts in the radiology of the ear.
Recurrent Perthes' disease
Authors: Kemp H. B. S. , Cholmeley J. A. , Baijens J. K.
Published: July 2009

Although many theories have been advanced in an attempt to explain the aetiology of Perthes' disease, the precise nature of the condition has yet to be established. In support of the concept that the disease could be due to a circulatory disturbance, it is of interest to recall that Legg (1910) believed that injury could interfere with the epiphyseal circulation. Amongst those who supported the concept of a vascular disturbance, Burrows (1941) appears to have been the first to consider the possibility of the lesion occurring as a sequel to occlusion of the venous return. He suggested that in cases of coxa plana preceded by transient arthritis, the effusion may exert pressure on the veins draining the epiphysis, so that they become obstructed.

More recently, experimental work has been presented supporting this vascular concept (Bassett, Wilson, Allen and Azuma, 1969). Other experimental studies have shown that tamponade, at pressures producing transient venous occlusion, lead to a raised intramedullary pressure, causing a stagnant anoxia which will induce osteocyte and osteoblast death (Kemp, 1969).

If this concept that the disease is due to transient venous anoxia is correct, it would be logical to anticipate that the lesion could occur more than once in the same epiphysis during growth.

Amstutz and Carey (1966) quoted two cases of recurrent necrosis occurring in Gaucher's disease, though both their cases were older than the usual age group in which Perthes' disease normally occurs.
Arterial hypertension and position of the kidneys—an angiographic study
Authors: Garti Izchak , Sirken Carol , Salinger Hans
Published: July 2009

In a previous paper it was reported that in hypertensive patients there is a tendency for both kidneys to descend, more marked on the left side. The consequence of this is a higher position of the right kidney, found in 22 per cent of our series of hypertensive patients. The reason for the change in the position of the kidneys is not known.

Abdominal aortograms have been reviewed to investigate if the aorta or the renal arteries may influence the position of the kidneys; 115 aortograms of hypertensives and 100 of normotensive patients were compared.

In these series a changed course of the aorta did not influence the position of the kidneys. Higher position of the right kidney was found twice as frequently in subjects with normal straight aortas.

The level of origin of the renal arteries is significantly higher in hypertensive patients than in normotensives in spite of the tendency of the kidneys to descend in relation to the lumbar spine. A link between the level of origin of the renal arteries and the altered position of the kidneys cannot therefore be established. Changes in the angle of Boijsen seem to be the consequence, not the cause, of the altered position of the kidneys.
Book review
Authors: Laws J. W.
Published: July 2009

The success of any atlas of radiology must depend to a great extent on the quality of the reproductions of the radiographs. The author and publishers are to be congratulated on the uniformly excellent quality of their illustrations. Inevitably some fine detail is lost in reproducing a radiograph on to paper and the appreciation of fine detail with slight variations in density is essential in the interpretation of mammograms.
Intracerebral leakage of contrast medium in apoplexy
Authors: Yamaguchi Koichi , Uemura Kazuo , Takahashi Hiroshi , Kowada Masayoshi , Kutsuzawa Takashi
Published: July 2009

Forty-four angiograms, which were performed within three weeks of the onset of hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage, have been reviewed. Leakage of contrast material from cerebral vessels into haematoma was observed in five cases in which cerebral angiography was performed within a few hours after the apoplectic attack. It appears reasonable to presume that the shorter the interval between the onset of the haemorrhage and the angiography, the higher the incidence of extravasation of contrast into the haematoma.
Lobar emphysema in infants
Authors: Cremin B. J. , Movsowitz H.
Published: July 2009

Severe respiratory distress can occur in infants who suffer from over-inflation of a pulmonary lobe. Radiology offers the best means of detecting this lesion, which frequently requires prompt surgery and possible lobectomy. Although the cause of the condition is often unknown, a deficiency of bronchial cartilage has been found to be responsible in about 25 per cent of cases and the possible mechanisms of origin of the condition are discused.

Eight cases have been seen over the last five years at this hospital and four of these are presented to illustrate the radiological and clinical pitfalls. The radiological diagnosis can be made by being aware of the condition and recognizing the over-inflation of the lobe with compression of the adjacent lung. A frequent error is a diagnosis of pneumothorax. The radiological features of the condition have been tabulated and the differential diagnosis of the X-rays discussed.
The use of radioactive hippuran in the management of cadaveric renal transplants
Authors: Branch R. A. , Coles G. A. , Eynon Ann , Jones G. R. , Lowder Elizabeth
Published: July 2009

The use of a combined radiohippuran clearance and renogram with blood background subtraction in 35 recipients of a cadaveric renal transplant is described. The presence of renal blood flow during the initial oliguria can be demonstrated by this technique. The renogram during the postoperative period of acute tubular necrosis usually continues to rise until 30 minutes and no peak is seen. After diuresis most patients are found to have a normal renogram and to have had a significant rise in radiohippuran clearance. Characteristic abnormalities may be seen with acute and chronic rejection or urinary obstruction and these abnormalities are reversed if treatment is successful. There are still limitations to the use of renography in the diagnosis of acute rejection or obstruction during the initial oliguria. The combined test is of value in the management of cadaveric renal transplantation.
Radiation myelopathy in relation to oxygen level
Authors: Coy Peter , Dolman C. L.
Published: July 2009

The case histories of three patients with lung cancer developing radiation myelopathy after cobalt irradiation are described. The frequency with which this complication was seen in patients irradiated in oxygen as compared with that in patients treated in air, suggests that the spinal cord is more sensitive to irradiation when the oxygen level is increased.
Book review
Authors: Toye D. K. M.
Published: July 2009

The latest volume in this excellent international series provides very comprehensive reviews of current knowledge and opinions about a group of diseases that is of great importance to all radiologists. Like its predecessors, it is lavishly illustrated with good reproductions on high quality paper.
A further case of lymph node calcification in Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy
Authors: Grebbell F. S. , Lyons A. R.
Published: July 2009

Attention has recently been drawn by Whitfield and Jones (1970) to a case of Hodgkin's disease in which lymph node calcification in the right side of the mediastinum developed nine years after radiotherapy. It may, therefore, be of interest to report the case history of another patient in whom this rare condition developed in the mediastinum as early as 20 months after her initial treatment for the same disease.

The patient was a schoolgirl, aged 11, who in the middle of March, 1959 began to feel unwell with loss of energy and appetite. At this time it was noted that she had a swelling measuring 5 × 3 cm. in the left side of her neck and she was admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast.

She presented as a rather thin, frail, young girl. The consistency of the palpable lymph nodes on the left side of the neck suggested Hodgkin's disease. Before being seen in the radiotherapy department she had been given a course of 10 mg of triethylene melamine as 2·5 mg tablets over a period of a few days. A radiograph of her chest on 6.4.59 (Fig. 1) showed a considerable lymph node mass lying within the mediastinum and projecting into the parenchyma of the lung fields. Apart from the neck, no nodes were palpable at any other superficial site and the spleen and liver were not felt.
Immobilization of patients during wide-field radiotherapy
Authors: Johnson Richard J. R. , Collins Clarence
Published: July 2009

A whole-body patient immobilization method is described consisting of a cast system employing a lightweight plaster mix poured around the patient, who is enclosed in removable shuttering.

The separate portions of the immobilization casts are located on dowels inserted into the formica table used for making the casts. The patient may be irradiated on the formica table which can be transported on a trolley and slid on to the treatment couch or the separate portions of the casts can be positioned over identical dowels inserted into the treatment table top.

In use, the system has functioned well for head and neck cases and for whole-body immobilization for the mantle technique. Whole-body immobilization is a basic necessity for automated treatment systems.
Empirical formulae for the automation of radium dosage calculations
Authors: Tatcherd M. , Felsteiner J.
Published: July 2009

Many routine radiological physics calculations can be automated with the aid of one of the relatively inexpensive programmable desk calculators that are now available. Examples have been reported of programs for finding the Manchester system point “A” doserate and for obtaining 60Co teletherapy treatment times (Jacobson, Ackerman and Wyssbrod, 1968; Koplow, Feldman and Spira, 1969). As a further example a program* is described in the present work for performing the calculations associated with the Paterson–Parker system of radium dosage, including a correction depending on the dose-rate.
Time-dose relationships and the ret concept
Authors: Fowler J. F.
Published: July 2009

I don't see anything contradictory in pointing out in 1971 that a simple formula (e.g. for rets) is only a rule of thumb, to be used with caution and common sense, as a guide only and not as anything infallible; and in hoping in 1966 that a nomogram (any nomogram) should be considered in the same light, i.e. not believed too literally.
Book reviews
Authors: Armstrong Peter
Published: July 2009

This is the fourth volume in a series entitled Contemporary Issues in Computed Tomography. It is, in effect, a compendium of review articles, mostly by multiple authors. The topics covered are:—the great vessels, the mediastinum in bronchogenic cysts, the thymus and two chapters on pleural disease. It sounds similar, you may think, to Computed Tomography of the Thorax by Drs. Naidich, Zerhouni and the ubiquitous Dr. Siegelman. There is indeed much overlap in the topics chosen, but the latter is a substantial textbook and what we have here is a work with a more limited aim. It is small enough to be inviting, yet sufficiently erudite to explore subjects in reasonable depth. The chapters are uniformly well referenced and well illustrated.
MR imaging of the intervertebral disc: a quantitative study
Authors: Jenkins J. P. R. , Hickey D. S. , Zhu X. P. , Machin M. , Isherwood I.
Published: July 2009

The T1 and T2 relaxation times and the proton density of the nucleus pulposus have been measured in 107 normal and 18 surgically proven degenerate intervertebral discs. Data from total saturation recovery and spin echo sequences have been utilised in a robust multi-point method and relaxation times and proton density calculated. The results show that both the T1 and T2 values of the normal nucleus pulposus decrease with age. There was no significant correlation between proton density and age in normal discs. At all ages there was a highly significant difference between the T1 values of normal and degenerate discs. With T2 a highly significant difference in the younger age groups reduced to no distinction in the seventh decade. The observed change in the T1 and T2 values of the nucleus is in agreement with the reduction of water content known to occur with age. Our results indicate that quantitative MR imaging may assist in the diagnosis of intervertebral disc degeneration.
Book reviews
Authors: Mathur-De-Vré R.
Published: July 2009

This handbook provides a combination of text enumerating basic facts, and tables of physical constants, biological data and relaxation times. It is divided into ten chapters, broadly covering the following topics: biological states of water, elementary physics and principles of NMR and imaging, measurements of relaxation times, protocols for sample handling, introduction to statistics. Each chapter has a relevant bibliography. The book concludes with a suggested reading list and a glossary of NMR and biomedical terms, but does not contain a subject index.
Book reviews
Authors: Lerski R. A.
Published: July 2009

This book arose from a Symposium on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging held in Geneva in 1983. It consists of 23 contributions, and the editors claim a coverage of the basic science of NMR imaging, its clinical applications and the problems of machine installation.
The pre-operative embolisation of vascular malformations
Authors: Vaughan M. , Hennessy O. , Jamieson C. , Hemingway A. P. , Allison D. J.
Published: July 2009

Large arteriovenous malformations frequently require surgical excision in order to prevent or treat the potentially serious problems they can cause ranging from haemorrhage and pain to cardiac failure. The surgery itself is usually difficult and often dangerous due to the serious risk of major intraoperative haemorrhage.

Transcatheter arterial embolisation has greatly facilitated the management of small arteriovenous malformations but may only afford temporary relief of symptoms in very large lesions. Recanalisation of occluded vessels and revascularisation via previously insignificant collateral vessels means that large lesions cannot be effectively managed by this method alone. Previous surgery and ligation of feeding vessels may make effective embolisation difficult or impossible and a combined radiological and surgical approach to these lesions may permit definitive treatment.

We present three cases in whom the pre-operative embolisation of buttock arteriovenous malformations facilitated successful surgical excision.
Book review
Authors: Jones Colin H.
Published: July 2009

This book describes the Amersham disposable applicator afterloading system: it does not discuss the merits of the system but provides numerous isodose distributions for a wide variety of insertions. It comprises nine chapters, one of which consists of 68 pages of isodose distributions.
Measurements from digital scanned projection radiographs: couch detail and detector artefact removal by simple image enhancement
Authors: Moore C. J.
Published: July 2009

Over the past few years several hundred patients who have undergone intracavitary radiotherapy by remote afterloading techniques have had CT scans and digital scan projection radiographs (DSPRs) taken after the insertion of the applicators (Wilkinson et al, 1983). The prime purpose of these investigations was to study the dose distributions achieved in the pelvis by these techniques. More recently a retrospective study of these data has been initiated to quantify variations in patient anatomy and variations in position of the applicators within the pelvis, and measurements are being made from the DSPRs which were taken in both antero-posterior (AP) and lateral directions. Whilst the AP image is usually of good quality, with both anatomical detail and applicator positioning easily appreciated, the lateral view is often very difficult for clinicians to interpret.

Two major obstacles interfere with ready identification of selected anatomical points that can be used as references. First, because of varying thicknesses of patient tissue in the lateral view, there is a high degree of background variation in pixel gray level across the image. This makes it impossible to view much of the image at any one window level or width. Second, couch detail produces confusing vertical striping that seriously obscures spinal anatomy useful for reference locations (Fig. 1). These further compoundwith vertical detector artefacts produced by detector gain inconsistencies.
Bone scintigraphy in two siblings with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
Authors: Garty I. , Giladi N. , Flatau E.
Published: July 2009

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM), is a rare disorder of unknown aetiology, characterised by the formation of tiny calcium phosphate calculi in the pulmonary alveoli (Prakash et al, 1983). About 50% of the cases are familial, mainly in siblings (Sosman et al, 1957) and the disease is usually diagnosed incidentally by the characteristic chest X-ray findings. Patients generally remain asymptomatic for many years, but most eventually develop restrictive lung disease and a few die as a result of severe hypoxaemia and cor pulmonale (Prakash et al, 1983; Sosman et al, 1957).

The typical radionuclide appearance of PAM, using 99Tcm-MDP scintigraphy of chest, has been described only twice (Brown et al, 1978; Shigeno et al, 1982). This is the first description of the typical scintigraphic pattern of PAM in two siblings, one of them asymptomatic. The use of radiography in conjunction with scintigraphy for the early diagnosis of PAM in asymptomatic relatives of patients with PAM, is suggested.
Concentric enlargement of the optic canal due to metastatic carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Butler P. , Metcalfe R. A.
Published: July 2009

Metastatic disease from a distant primary tumour may involve the optic canal by erosion of the adjacent sphenoid bone but, to our knowledge, it has not been associated with concentric enlargement of the optic canal as the sole abnormality on plain skull radiography (Kieffer, 1971; Lloyd, 1975; Du Boulay, 1980). We report such an occurrence in a patient with carcinoma of the breast.

A 37-year-old woman presented, in July 1984, with a 12 months' history of progressive visual failure affecting the right eye. Initially she was noted to have loss of colour appreciation only but this was followed by a gradual loss of visual acuity with minor discomfort behind the eye on movement.

In 1977 she had undergone a right mastectomy for adenocarcinoma and in 1978 a left mastectomy for a separate primary carcinoma.