bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancing Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Matrix Composites: Analysis of Diverse Reinforcing Fillers
Authors: Sadooghi Ali , Hashemi Seyed Jalal , Zal Vahid , Rahmani Farzad , Rahmani Kaveh , Bodaghi Mahdi
Published: January 2025

Currently, much research is being conducted on increasing the strength of thermoplastic polymers using various additives. Polypropylene (PP) is widely used in the automotive industry and electrical equipment. In this paper, using various reinforcing particles/fibers, including calcium carbonate, CaCO3, (at 20%, 25%, and 30% weight percentages), 20% talc, and 20% barite particles, as well as 30% glass fibers (GFs) (with varying L/D ratios, 200, 250, and 300) were integrated. First, PP and additives were mixed homogeneously by an extrusion process, and then test samples were made by high‐pressure injection of the extruded product into the mold. Various tests, including tensile, impact, and melt flow index (MFI) tests, were conducted to investigate the effect of additives on the properties of composites produced by plastic injection molding. SEM analysis was used to examine the fracture cross‐section of the samples and the distribution of additives. Results revealed significant outcomes across multiple tests: the addition of reinforcing particles led to a reduction in yield strain while creating notable variations in yield strength. Charpy impact tests demonstrated varied energy absorption, with the highest observed in the 30% GF sample (with L/D ratio of 350). Furthermore, the incorporation of reinforcing particles and fibers increased the heat deflection temperature, with the 30% GF sample exhibiting the highest value. Additionally, reinforcements effectively mitigated shrinkage, with significant reductions noted in samples containing talc and GF. The PP sample displayed a shrinkage rate of 19.1%. This figure significantly decreased to 1.42% and 0.26% for the samples reinforced by talc and GF [L/D = 350]. Furthermore, the introduction of GFs resulted in a decreased MFI, while other particles exhibited minimal impact.
Gaze behavior when looking at paintings may predict autistic traits
Authors: Zhou Yizhen , Nishimura Mana , Kawabata Hideaki
Published: January 2025

From infancy, we spend considerable time absorbing social information from the external world. Social information processing, which starts with looking at facial expressions, affects behavior and cognition. Previous research has demonstrated that looking behaviors at social cues such as faces may differ in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by using eye‐tracking studies with real photographs and movies. However, mixed results have been reported. In this study, we examined whether autistic traits in adults affected gaze behavior when participants viewed paintings. The eye‐tracking results indicate that gaze patterns change over time during a 20‐s free‐viewing task. Although the fixations were not influenced during the first 10 s of the viewing, autistic tendencies affected gaze behavior after the overview of the painting was completed: the higher the autism‐spectrum quotient scores, the shorter the fixation duration and the fewer the fixations on the facial areas of the paintings during the latter 10 s of viewing time. This result indicates that the atypical gaze behavior was more likely to be modulated by a generalized attentional process for endogenous orienting with reduced interest in social cues. Gaze patterns of viewing paintings may be used to predict autistic tendencies among people undiagnosed but suspected of having ASD.
Understanding the influence of mixing on a solvent‐free emulsification process for highly viscous polymers using a twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Arefi Ahmad , Pawlak John L. , Cheng Chieh‐Min , Lawton David J. W. , Thompson Michael R.
Published: January 2025

Twin‐screw extrusion with its capacity to handle high‐viscosity polymers can be used to create a continuous emulsification process without solvents but presently this approach is challenging to make stable due to the uncertain role of mixing. To address this challenge, the influence of mixing was studied by examining several process‐ and material‐related factors in this work. From the results, the kinetics of interfacial area growth between the polymer and water phases was described in terms of nucleation, propagation and termination stages, with the latter stage ideally corresponding to the dilution zone where phase inversion occurs. The nucleation stage was found to be strongly dependent on early water solubilization in the polymer, controlled by the acid number of the polyester, to determine the initial water fraction feasibly dispersed within this oil‐like phase prior to the dilution zone (referred to as the emulsion boundary). Propagation was influenced by surfactant concentration and strongly affected by residence time, with a longer dispersion zone or lower feed rate allowing for higher cumulative shear strain and a greater chance to completely emulsify the polymer. Ideally, these kinetic stages correspond with the physical zones of the machine else varying degree of emulsification are shown to result.

Highlights

Early water solublization in the polyester is dependent on the acid number

Higher residence time impacted mixing more than shear rate

Water fraction dispersible in the melt was strongly affected by mixing

Emulsion boundary was adjustable by amount of mixing and surfactant
Sickle Lung Disease Long‐Term Consequences and Prevention
Authors: Kwarteng Owusu Sandra
Published: January 2025

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is of global significance due to its severity and occurrence worldwide. Inheritance of the abnormal hemoglobin structure contributes to microvascular events that underlie the development of the multi‐systemic complications seen in the disease pathogenesis. Pulmonary complications are common and heterogeneous including pulmonary hypertension, sleep‐disordered breathing and lung function abnormalities. Lung function abnormalities commonly reported among children with SCD living in Africa are restrictive impairments. However, in high‐income countries, reports suggest that obstructive lung function impairment is more predominant. The exact process that contributes to lung disease in SCD must be continuously explored and large‐scale longitudinal studies employing multiple lung function methods are needed urgently. Lung disease‐modifying agents need to be explored to help slow down or prevent the occurrence of pulmonary function abnormalities.
Development, Measurement Properties and Reference Values of the Upper Extremity Motor Coordination Test: A New Motor Coordination Test of the Upper Limbs
Authors: Ribeiro João Victor Drummond , da Silva Josué Rodrigues , Paulo Laura Júnia Leite , Avelino Patrick Roberto , de Menezes Kênia Kiefer Parreiras
Published: January 2025

Background and Purpose

To develop a new test to assess the motor coordination of the upper limbs, and to investigate the test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability, construct validity, standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MDC), and the reference values.

Methods

The Upper Extremity Motor Coordination Test (UEMOCOT)was applied for 20 s, with the individual touching two targets (one right and one left) as quickly as possible, first with the hand (manual task) and then with the index finger (finger task). To test‐retest reliability, the UEMOCOT was administered two times. To ensure inter‐rater reliability, the test was scored simultaneously by two assessors. For convergent construct validity, the Box and Block Test (BBT) and the Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) were applied. Reference values were established according to sex, age, and limb side (dominant/non‐dominant).

Results

Inter‐rater and test‐retest reliability, for both tasks and limbs, were good with all the intraclass correlation coefficient above 0.90. Regarding convergent construct validity, the UEMOCOT manual task, for both sides, correlated moderately with BBT (0.59 ≤ r ≤ 0.64; p < 0.01), while the UEMOCOT finger task, for both sides, correlated moderately with NHPT (−0.57 ≤ r ≤ −0,58; p < 0.01). The SEM values were adequate, and the MDC for manual and finger tasks were 11/8 and 6/6 (dominant/non‐dominant), respectively. Young people, men, and the dominant limb showed higher scores, indicating better coordination.

Discussion

The results showed that UEMOCOT is valid and reliable for assessing the motor coordination of the upper limbs, with adequate SEM values and MDC values ranging from 6 to 11. Finally, UEMOCOT reference values were established according to sex, age, and upper limb side.
A Soft Robotic Sleeve for Physiotherapy: Improving Elbow Rehabilitation in Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Khan Muhammad Umair Ahmad , Ajmal Hafiz Muhammad Salman , Hassan Hashir Ali , Azam Areesha , Malik Eshaal
Published: January 2025

Background and Purpose

Throwing a baseball involves intense exposure of the arm to high speeds and powerful forces, which contributes to an increasing prevalence of arm injuries among athletes. Traditional rigid exoskeletons and rehabilitation equipment frequently lack portability, safety, ergonomic design, and affordability. Traditional rehabilitation approaches frequently require therapist monitoring, resulting in therapy delays. This paper describes a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) based soft robotic sleeve designed for upper limb rehabilitation, with an emphasis on elbow flexion and extension in baseball pitchers.

Methods

The experiment included five healthy male baseball pitchers aged 20–24 with no history of upper limb injuries, ensuring their suitability for testing the effectiveness of the PAM‐based sleeve in supporting elbow flexion and extension specific to baseball pitching. The effectiveness of the PAM‐based soft sleeve was evaluated utilizing a pre‐post design that included surface electromyography (sEMG). Participants were tested for muscle activation and range of motion both with and without the device. The sleeve has two operational modes: Active Surge Flex Mode, which detects movement intention using sEMG and delivers targeted help, and Steady Passive Mode, which allows repetitive flexion and extension without intentional muscle activation.

Results

The PAM‐based sleeve reduced muscle activation in both triceps and biceps, with reductions of approximately 40% (p < 0.05) and 60% (p < 0.05), respectively. When activated based on assistance thresholds, triceps and biceps EMG amplitudes were further reduced by 30% (p < 0.05) and 50% (p < 0.05), respectively. The flexion angle remained consistent between 70 and 90°, indicating smooth and controlled movements. The Co‐Contraction Index (CCI) decreased from 0.31 to 0.12, highlighting a reduction in unnecessary muscle co‐activation, thereby improving movement efficiency.

Discussion

The PAM‐based soft robotic sleeve provides a convenient and effective upper limb rehabilitation solution that is specifically designed for baseball pitchers. The sleeve reduces the physical strain of pitchers by reducing muscle activation in both the biceps and triceps, as well as decreasing the Co‐Contraction Index (CCI). Its portability, convenience of use, and potential to improve muscle efficiency make it an effective tool for improving rehabilitation outcomes.
Nomogram for predicting early shoulder joint dysfunction after breast cancer surgery
Authors: Yu Jing , Cheng Fang , Ye Miao , Hang Jing , Fang Yu‐Qing , Hu Qing , Hu Qing‐Yue
Published: January 2025

Objective

This study aims to construct a clinical risk profile nomogram model for predicting early shoulder joint dysfunction (SJD) after breast cancer surgery.

Methods

Using a convenience sampling method, the clinical data of 161 breast cancer patients between February 2022 and July 2023 at Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were selected and analyzed retrospectively. Risk factors were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The R software was used to construct the risk prediction model and to plot the nomogram for early SJD post‐breast cancer surgery. The model's predictive performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the Hosmer–Lemeshow test.

Results

Among the 161 patients, 104 (64.6%) experienced SJD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis finally included the functional exercise compliance scale for postoperative breast cancer patients (FECSPBCP), the compliance scale of physical exercise, the body mass index of patients, involved side to‐hand dominance, and the operation mode of breast and lymph nodes into the model. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.785 (95% confidence interval: 0.711–0.860), indicating a good model fit as confirmed by the Hosmer–Lemeshow test (X2 = 3.2891, p = .9149). Internal validation using the Bootstrap resampling method (n = 1000) yielded an AUC of 0.731.

Conclusions

The incidence of early SJD was high among postoperative breast cancer patients. The constructed risk prediction model can assist medical professionals in the early identification of high‐risk individuals and provide targeted interventions to prevent long‐term disabilities.
Bergapten Ameliorates Renal Fibrosis by Inhibiting Ferroptosis
Authors: Li Li , Cai Wenqian , Zhang Hao , Tang Jiuren , Yang Yongjie , Huang Yang , Xi Qing , Zhang Rongxin
Published: January 2025

Renal fibrosis is the most common pathway for the development of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in various kidney diseases. Currently, the treatment options for renal fibrosis are limited. Ferroptosis is iron‐mediated lipid peroxidation, triggered mainly by iron deposition and ROS generation. Notably, the kidney is the most sensitive of all tissues to iron‐dependent ferroptosis, and the inhibition of ferroptosis is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of kidney fibrosis. Nonetheless, the pathways involved in ferroptosis in renal fibrosis are still unclear. Bergapten, a natural coumarin derivative, is mainly found in bergapten essential oil, grapefruit juice, and other commonly used plants, and it has various pharmacological effects. However, the role that ferroptosis plays in renal fibrosis and the potential therapeutic benefits of bergapten remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of bergapten on renal fibrosis and its mechanisms. We investigated the anti‐fibrotic effects of bergapten in in vivo and in vitro models of renal fibrosis. Initially, network pharmacological analysis was employed to predict the potential therapeutic impact of bergapten on renal fibrosis. We then explored the potential therapeutic role of bergapten in obstructive nephropathy, which is due to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Furthermore, RNA‐Seq was conducted to investigate the possible mechanism of bergapten against renal fibrosis. Additionally, Bergapten demonstrated a significant improvement in TGF‐β1‐induced fibrosis and RSL3‐induced renal tubular epithelial cell ferroptosis; these findings are consistent with those of the in vivo studies. Our findings indicate that bergapten is a potential treatment for renal fibrosis. Treatment with bergapten significantly reduced the expression of fibronectin and α‐SMA in the damaged kidneys of UUO mice, thereby improving fibrosis. Meanwhile, bergapten protected against fibrosis caused by TGF‐β1 and ferroptosis induced by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor RSL3. Significantly, bergapten therapy alleviated renal fibrosis by modulating ferroptosis. We found that bergapten inhibited PI3K phosphorylation and indirectly restored GPX4 expression. In conclusion, we have revealed the nephroprotective effect of bergapten, whose mechanism of action is related to the inhibition of ferroptosis, and it is expected that it will be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of renal fibrosis. This study aims to explore the effect of bergapten on renal fibrosis ferroptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that bergapten is an inhibitor of ferroptosis and provides a new treatment strategy for diseases associated with ferroptosis.
UCS: A Unified Approach to Cell Segmentation for Subcellular Spatial Transcriptomics
Authors: Chen Yuheng , Xu Xin , Wan Xiaomeng , Xiao Jiashun , Yang Can
Published: January 2025

Subcellular Spatial Transcriptomics (SST) represents an innovative technology enabling researchers to investigate gene expression at the subcellular level within tissues. To comprehend the spatial architecture of a given tissue, cell segmentation plays a crucial role in attributing the measured transcripts to individual cells. However, existing cell segmentation methods for SST datasets still face challenges in accurately distinguishing cell boundaries due to the varying characteristics of SST technologies. In this study, a unified approach is proposed to cell segmentation (UCS) specifically designed for SST data obtained from diverse platforms, including 10X Xenium, NanoString CosMx, MERSCOPE, and Stereo‐seq. UCS leverages deep learning techniques to achieve high accuracy in cell segmentation by integrating nuclei segmentation from nuclei staining and transcript data. Compared to current methods, UCS not only provides more precise transcript assignment to individual cells but also offers computational advantages for large‐scale SST data analysis. The analysis output of UCS further supports versatile downstream analyses, such as subcellular gene classification and missing cell detection. By employing UCS, researchers gain the ability to characterize gene expression patterns at both the cellular and subcellular levels, leading to a deeper understanding of tissue architecture and function.
The Lithornithiformes (Aves) from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton‐on‐the‐Naze (Essex, UK)
Authors: Mayr Gerald , Kitchener Andrew C.
Published: January 2025

We describe multiple partial skeletons and isolated bones of the palaeognathous Lithornithiformes from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton‐on‐the‐Naze (Essex, UK). The well‐preserved specimens are assigned to at least four species of the taxa Lithornis and Pseudocrypturus. Two species of Lithornis are identified as L. nasi and L. cf. grandei. The latter species, which was established for fossils from the North American Green River Formation, was initially assigned to the monotypic taxon Calciavis, which is here considered synonymous with Lithornis. Two further new species are tentatively referred to the taxon Pseudocrypturus and are described as ?P. danielsi and ?P. gracilipes. In previous analyses, lithornithiforms most often resulted as the sister taxon of either the Tinamiformes or all crown group Palaeognathae. We detail that current morphological evidence conforms best to a position of these birds outside crown group Palaeognathae and discuss previously unrecognized plesiomorphic features of the foot and pelvis, which support this phylogenetic placement.
Recycling aerated concrete waste as aggregate to produce eco‐friendly foamed mortar (EFM)
Authors: Bayraktar Oğuzhan Yavuz , Sarıgül Ertuğrul , Yüksel Mustafa , Jamal Ahmed Salah , Kara Halil Oğuzhan , Ayyıldız Mehmet Ali , Kaplan Gökhan
Published: January 2025

Non‐structural components are difficult to recycle into fresh concrete due to their high porosity, high water absorption, and low strength. This study uses aerated concrete waste (ACW) as a case study to investigate the effect of recycled concrete aggregate on the performance of eco‐friendly foamed mortar (EFM). The results show that while incorporating ACW reduces fluidity and mechanical properties due to its porous structure, it enhances the lightweight and thermal insulation capabilities of EFM, making it suitable for non‐structural applications. When 25% ACW is applied, the 28‐day compressive strength (CS) of plain EFM decreases by 64.82%, while the hardened unit weight and thermal conductivity decrease by 17.49% and 30.85%, respectively. The addition of PPF compensates for the mechanical strength loss from ACW, with the bridging effect of PPF inhibiting crack formation and interlocking with aggregates and cement paste, though it further reduces fluidity. When 0.5% PPF is applied, the 7‐ and 28‐day flexural strength of the plain EFM increased by 77.35% and 30.54%, but this resulted in a 22.22% reduction in fluidity. This study presents a feasible approach for recycling low‐grade construction waste in EFM production, contributing to the development of sustainable construction materials.
Discovery of Novel Thiazolohydrazone Derivatives as an Alternative Option in the Treatment of Zoonotic Toxocara canis: In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation
Authors: Eser Mustafa , Osmaniye Derya
Published: January 2025

Thiazoles serve as pharmacophores in many molecules that exhibit significant biological activity. This study used in vitro assays and in silico methodologies to identify novel medication candidates for preclinical evaluation of visceral toxocariasis treatment. The objective was to assess the impact of 11 thiazolohydrazone derivative compounds on the larval eggs of Toxocara canis. In addition, the inhibitory effects of these compounds on IL‐6 levels in THP‐1 cells stimulated with larval eggs have been examined. Compounds indicating the most significant inhibitory effect on IL‐6 and a suppressive effect on larval eggs have been included in molecular dynamics studies. The study revealed that, when evaluating all thiazolohydrazone derivatives together, Compounds 3g and 3h possessed the highest antiparasitic efficiency, encouraging further molecular dynamics investigations on these compounds. Consequently, it can be theorised that if the results from this study are corroborated by in vivo studies, new anti‐nematodal medication candidates may be identified.
End of the world brane dynamics in holographic 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SU(N) with 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 boundary conditions
Authors: Huertas Jesús , Uranga Angel M.
Published: January 2025

Abstract

We consider 4d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 SU(N) super Yang-Mills on half-space with boundary conditions defined by configurations of Gaiotto-Witten NS5- and D5-branes modded out by a rotated orientifold 5-plane breaking an extra half of the supersymmetries. We focus on configurations in which this O5’-brane is split by an NS5-brane into two oppositely charged halves, leading to a breaking of supersymmetry down to 3d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 at the local level. The 5-brane configurations turn into non-trivial (p, q) webs and lead to non-trivial brane and gauge theory phenomena, including a 5d Z
2 global gauge anomaly cancelled by a novel 6d global anomaly inflow, and the appearance of localized 3d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 Chern-Simons couplings and the 3d parity anomaly at the boundary of the 4d theory. The systems have explicit gravity duals, given by orientifolds of the AdS4 × S
2 × S
2 fibrations over a Riemann surface dual to the Gaiotto-Witten setups. They describe solutions with an asymptotic AdS5 × S
5 terminating at AdS4 End of the World boundary configurations, whose rich dynamics reproduces the above physical properties. They also provide the SymTFT of the 4d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 on half-space with a new class of boundary conditions. We explore the interplay of bulk and boundary topological couplings and draw general lessons for the classification of cobordism defects of bulk quantum gravity theories in the swampland program.
Thermal pseudo-entropy
Authors: Caputa Pawel , Chen Bowen , Takayanagi Tadashi , Tsuda Takashi
Published: January 2025

Abstract

In this work, we develop a generalisation of the thermal entropy to complex inverse temperatures, which we call the thermal pseudo-entropy. We show that this quantity represents the pseudo-entropy of the transition matrix between Thermofield Double states at different times. We have studied its properties in various quantum mechanical setups, Schwarzian theory, Random Matrix Theories, and 2D CFTs, including symmetric orbifolds. Our findings indicate a close relationship between the averaged thermal pseudo-entropy and the spectral form factor, which is instrumental in distinguishing chaotic and integrable models. Moreover, we have observed a logarithmic scaling of this quantity in models with a continuous spectrum, with a universal coefficient that is sensitive to the scaling of the density of states near the edge of the spectrum. Lastly, we found the connection between the real and imaginary parts of the thermal pseudo-entropy through the Kramers-Kronig relations.
Holographic reconstruction of black hole spacetime: machine learning and entanglement entropy
Authors: Ahn Byoungjoon , Jeong Hyun-Sik , Kim Keun-Young , Yun Kwan
Published: January 2025

Abstract

We investigate the bulk reconstruction of AdS black hole spacetime emergent from quantum entanglement within a machine learning framework. Utilizing neural ordinary differential equations alongside Monte-Carlo integration, we develop a method tailored for continuous training functions to extract the general isotropic bulk metric from entanglement entropy data. To validate our approach, we first apply our machine learning algorithm to holographic entanglement entropy data derived from the Gubser-Rocha and superconductor models, which serve as representative models of strongly coupled matters in holography. Our algorithm successfully extracts the corresponding bulk metrics from these data. Additionally, we extend our methodology to many-body systems by employing entanglement entropy data from a fermionic tight-binding chain at half filling, exemplifying critical one-dimensional systems, and derive the associated bulk metric. We find that the metrics for a tight-binding chain and the Gubser-Rocha model are similar. We speculate this similarity is due to the metallic property of these models.
A Calabi-Yau-to-curve correspondence for Feynman integrals
Authors: Jockers Hans , Kotlewski Sören , Kuusela Pyry , McLeod Andrew J. , Pögel Sebastian , Sarve Maik , Wang Xing , Weinzierl Stefan
Published: January 2025

Abstract

It has long been known that the maximal cut of the equal-mass four-loop banana integral is a period of a family of Calabi-Yau threefolds that depends on the kinematic variable z = m
2/p
2. We show that it can also be interpreted as a period of a family of genus-two curves. We do this by introducing a general Calabi-Yau-to-curve correspondence, which in this case locally relates the original period of the family of Calabi-Yau threefolds to a period of a family of genus-two curves that varies holomorphically with the kinematic variable z. In addition to working out the concrete details of this correspondence for the equal-mass four-loop banana integral, we outline when we expect a correspondence of this type to hold.
Slaying axion-like particles via gravitational waves and primordial black holes from supercooled phase transition
Authors: Conaci Angela , Delle Rose Luigi , Dev P. S. Bhupal , Ghoshal Anish
Published: January 2025

Abstract

We study the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs) from density fluctuations due to supercooled phase transitions (PTs) triggered in an axion-like particle (ALP) model. We find that the mass of the PBHs is inversely correlated with the ALP decay constant fa. For instance, for fa varying from $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(100 MeV) to $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(1012 GeV), the PBH mass varies between (103− 10−24)M⊙. We then identify the ALP parameter space where the PBH can account for the entire (or partial) dark matter fraction of the Universe, in a single (multi-component) dark matter scenario, with the ALP being the other dark matter candidate. The PBH parameter space ruled out by current cosmological and microlensing observations can thus be directly mapped onto the ALP parameter space, thus providing new bounds on ALPs, complementary to the laboratory and astrophysical ALP constraints. Similarly, depending on the ALP couplings to other Standard Model particles, the ALP constraints on fa can be translated into a lower bound on the PBH mass scale. Moreover, the supercooled PT leads to a potentially observable stochastic gravitational wave (GW) signal at future GW observatories, such as aLIGO, LISA and ET, that acts as another complementary probe of the ALPs, as well as of the PBH dark matter. Finally, we show that the recent NANOGrav signal of stochastic GW in the nHz frequency range can be explained in our model with fa ≃ (0.1 GeV − 1 TeV).
Causal genes identification of giant cell arteritis in CD4+ Memory t cells: an integration of multi-omics and expression quantitative trait locus analysis
Authors: Yu Qiyi , Wu Yifan , Ma Xianda , Zhang Yidong
Published: January 2025

Background

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a prevalent artery and is strongly correlated with age. The role of CD4+ Memory T cells in giant cell arteritis has not been elucidated.

Method

Through single-cell analysis, we focused on the CD4+ Memory T cells in giant cell arteritis. eQTL analysis and mendelian randomization analysis identified the significant genes which have a causal effect on giant cell arteritis risk. CD4+ Memory T cells were subsequently divided into gene-positive and gene-negative groups, then further single-cell analysis was conducted. Mendelian randomization of plasma proteins, blood-urine biomarkers and metabolites were also performed. Eventually, the PMA induced Jurkat cell lines were used for biological experiments to explore the specific functions of significant causal genes in CD4+ Memory T cells.

Results

Similarity of CD4+ Memory T cells in GCA and old samples were explored. DDIT4 and ARHGAP15 were identified as significant risk genes via mendelian randomization. The CD4+ Memory T cells were then divided into DDIT4 ± or ARHGAP15 ± groups, and further single-cell analysis indicated the differences in aspects involving intercellular communication, functional pathways, protein activity, metabolism and drug sensitivity between positive and negative groups. In vitro experiments, including overexpression and knockdown, demonstrated that DDIT4 leading to a chronic, low-intensity inflammatory state in CD4+ Memory T cells, eventually promoting the development of GCA.

Conclusion

DDIT4 and ARHGAP15 have significant causal effects on giant cell arteritis risk. Specifically, DDIT4 exhibit pro-inflammatory effects on GCA via promotes chronic, low-intensity inflammatory in CD4+ Memory T cell.
Fine mapping of the Chilli veinal mottle virus resistance 4 (cvr4) gene in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Lee Joung-Ho , Kim Jung-Min , Kwon Jin-Kyung , Kang Byoung-Cheorl
Published: January 2025

Key message

The single recessive Chilli veinal mottle virus resistance locus, cvr4, was fine-mapped in pepper through bulked segregant RNA sequencing combined with gene silencing analysis.

Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is a widespread pathogen affecting the production of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in Asia and Africa. Few loci conferring resistance to ChiVMV have been identified, severely limiting the development of resistant cultivars. To identify ChiVMV resistance genes, we constructed an F2:3 segregating population derived from a cross between the ChiVMV-resistant cultivar ‘CV9’ and the susceptible cultivar ‘Jeju’. The inheritance study of F2:3 populations showed a 1:3 ratio of resistant to susceptible individuals, demonstrating the existence of a single recessive ChiVMV resistance gene in CV9; we named this gene cvr4. To map the cvr4 locus, we employed bulked segregant analysis by RNA sequencing (BSR-seq) of pools from resistant and susceptible F2:3 individuals. We mapped cvr4 to the telomeric region of pepper chromosome 11. To narrow down the cvr4 locus, we developed additional molecular markers in the cvr4 target region, leading to a 2-Mb region of chromosome 11 showing complete co-segregation with the ChiVMV resistance phenotype. Using the polymorphisms identified during BSR-seq, we defined a list of 15 candidate genes for cvr4, which we tested through virus-induced gene silencing analysis for ChiVMV resistance. Of these, the silencing of several genes (DEM.v1.00021323, DEM.v1.00021336, and DEM.v1.00021337) restricted virus spread. Although DEM.v1.00021323 transcript levels were similar between the resistant and susceptible bulks, its alternative spliced isoforms differed in abundance, suggesting that the splicing variants of DEM.v1.00021323 might affect viral infection. These findings may facilitate the breeding of ChiVMV-resistant cultivars in pepper.
A cyclical fast iterative method for simulating reentries in cardiac electrophysiology using an eikonal-based model
Authors: Barrios Espinosa Cristian , Sánchez Jorge , Appel Stephanie , Becker Silvia , Krauß Jonathan , Martínez Díaz Patricia , Unger Laura , Houillon Marie , Loewe Axel
Published: January 2025

Computer models for simulating cardiac electrophysiology are valuable tools for research and clinical applications. Traditional reaction–diffusion (RD) models used for these purposes are computationally expensive. While eikonal models offer a faster alternative, they are not well-suited to study cardiac arrhythmias driven by reentrant activity. The present work extends the diffusion–reaction eikonal alternant model (DREAM), incorporating conduction velocity (CV) restitution for simulating complex cardiac arrhythmias. The DREAM modifies the fast iterative method to model cyclical behavior, dynamic boundary conditions, and frequency-dependent anisotropic CV. Additionally, the model alternates with an approximated RD model, using a detailed ionic model for the reaction term and a triple-Gaussian to approximate the diffusion term. The DREAM and monodomain models were compared, simulating reentries in 2D manifolds with different resolutions. The DREAM produced similar results across all resolutions, while experiments with the monodomain model failed at lower resolutions. CV restitution curves obtained using the DREAM closely approximated those produced by the monodomain simulations. Reentry in 2D sheets yielded similar results in vulnerable window and mean reentry duration for low CV in both models. In the left atrium, most inducing points identified by the DREAM were also present in the high-resolution monodomain model. DREAM’s reentry simulations on meshes with an average edge length of $$1600\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$

1600

μ
m

were 87x faster than monodomain simulations at $$200\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$

200

μ
m

. This work establishes the mathematical foundation for using the accelerated DREAM simulation method for cardiac electrophysiology. Cardiac research applications are enabled by a publicly available implementation in the openCARP simulator.
Robotic-assistance is associated with better joint outcomes compared to conventional techniques in surgically routine total hip arthroplasty: a propensity-matched large database study of 3948 patients
Authors: Shah Aakash K. , Lavu Monish S. , Burkhart Robert J. , Hecht Christian J. , Blackburn Collin , Romeo Nicholas
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The outcomes of total hip arthroplasty (THA) are highly dependent upon the restoration of native hip biomechanics and optimal component positioning. Robotic technologies for THA have rapidly improved the accuracy of component positioning and maintaining the planned center of rotation. While robotic-assisted THA (RA-THA) has primarily been employed in surgically intricate cases, its potential benefits in scenarios of diminished surgical complexity remain less explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the odds of developing systemic and joint complications following RA-THA in cases of reduced surgical complexity.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX national database to identify patients who underwent primary THA (Current Procedural Terminology code 27,130) and more specifically RA-THA identified by ICD-10-PCS code 8E0Y0CZ and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System code S2900 from 2013 to 2022. One-to-one propensity score matching was conducted to generate 2 cohorts: (1) RA-THA and (2) conventional THA (C-THA). Systemic and joint complications were assessed at the 30-day, 90-day, 1-year, and 5-year postoperative periods.

Results

Patients undergoing RA-THA had a lower risk of needing a revision THA at the 90-day, 1-year, and 5-year time points. RA-THA was associated with a lower risk of prosthetic dislocation at 90 days and 1 year and prosthetic pain at 1 year and 5 years. Dislocation of the hip or fracture of the femur was significantly lower in the RA-THA cohort at all four-time points. Patients undergoing RA-THA had a lower risk of developing deep vein thrombosis at 5 years.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that RA-THA has comparable systemic and less joint complication risks at 30-day to 5-year timepoints between RA-THA and C-THA. Future studies with large sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed to understand the patient-reported outcomes and functional outcomes of RA-THA for cases with reduced surgical complexity.
Considering the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists in women with obesity prior to pregnancy: a narrative review
Authors: Price Sarah A. L. , Nankervis Alison
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Metabolic disease, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, are amongst the most significant health issues facing women of reproductive age. To date, no antenatal weight management tools have reduced the risk of adverse health outcomes for women with obesity and their offspring, resulting in a shift in focus to the pre-conception period. Although not yet recognised in most international weight management guidelines, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are being increasingly used for weight management prior to conception.

Methods

A literature search of PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases identified relevant articles describing the use of GLP-1 RAs prior to and during pregnancy. Papers were selected based on relevance and originality, with clinical trials, large observational studies and meta-analyses being preferentially included.

Results

This narrative review summarises the mechanism of action of GLP-1 RAs and the clinical effects observed in non-pregnant adults. It synthesises the available data from human and animal studies regarding the safety and efficacy of GLP-1 RAs prior to pregnancy, and the consequences of inadvertent drug exposure in early pregnancy. In considering the need to balance the risks of metabolic disease with the risks posed by inadvertent drug exposure, it highlights the areas where further research is needed to guide clinical decision-making.

Conclusion

GLP-1 RAs may have a role in facilitating weight loss and improving the metabolic health of women prior to pregnancy. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to demonstrate that the use of this class of drugs prior to pregnancy improves pregnancy outcomes.
Factors influencing medical students’ interest in obstetrics and gynecology: a longitudinal study on career preferences
Authors: Duhm Lina , Wittek Agnes , Walter Adeline , Plöger Ruben , Haverkamp Nicolas , Marinova Milka , Strizek Brigitte , Recker Florian
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Choosing a medical specialty is a pivotal moment in a physician’s career, shaped by personal interests, clinical experiences, and professional interactions. Obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) offers a unique blend of surgical and medical care focused on women’s health. Given the growing demand for OB-GYN specialists, understanding the factors that influence students’ decisions is essential for workforce planning. This study compares the factors influencing first-year and final-year medical students at the University of Bonn in their decision to pursue OB-GYN.

Methods

A total of 325 medical students participated in this longitudinal study, with 112 first-year and 213 final-year students completing digital surveys. The surveys assessed interest in OB-GYN, the importance of work-life balance, night shifts, future income, and the option for outpatient care. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square and McNemar’s tests, were used to identify significant changes in perceptions between the two groups.

Results

Interest in pursuing OB-GYN declined from 60% among first-year students to 32% among final-year students (p < 0.001). The number of students concerned about night shifts increased from 48% in the first year to 76% in the final year (p < 0.001). Work-life balance was a critical factor for 97% of final-year students compared to 80% of first-year students (p < 0.01). The potential for outpatient care grew in importance, with 90% of final-year students prioritizing it in their specialty decision (p < 0.001).

Discussion

The findings show that clinical exposure, lifestyle considerations, and mentorship significantly impact students’ interest in OB-GYN. Notably, interest in the specialty declined sharply from 60 to 32%, underscoring the importance of addressing key deterrents such as concerns about work-life balance. These challenges suggest that educational reforms should focus on creating flexible career paths and enhancing mentorship opportunities to attract and retain OB-GYN specialists. By tackling students’ concerns about lifestyle and offering adaptable career options, the specialty can sustain interest and ensure a sufficient future workforce to meet women’s healthcare needs.
Implementing proximity care for people with multiple sclerosis in Italy: the bottom-up approach of the StayHome project
Authors: Filippi M. , Gallo P. , Gasperini C. , Marfia G. A. , Avolio C. , Bergamaschi R. , Capobianco M. , Dotta M. , Grimaldi L. , Lus G. , Patti F. , Pucci E. , Quatrale R. , Solla P. , Bandiera P. , Angioletti C. , Gallottini M. C. , Parretti S. , Pinto L. , Pavone F. , Sanzone S. ,   the StayHome Project Working Group
Published: January 2025

Objective

In Italy, around 137,000 people live with multiple sclerosis, facing organizational complexities due to the current model’s limited focus on proximity care. This project aims to define a proximity model, in accordance with recent developments in the Italian healthcare landscape, engaging over 150 healthcare stakeholders and potentially impacting approximately 14,000 patients.

Methods

An analysis was pursued to map the multiple sclerosis pathway, followed by interviews to capture the actual implementation in Italian Multiple Sclerosis Centers. Through the experts’ insights, an optimal proximity care pathway and a Maturity Model framework were defined. This model was piloted in 14 centers, and a preliminary pre-post analysis was performed to evaluate initial improvements. Finally, a two-round Delphi method validated the Maturity Model dimensions and a set of key performance indicators. A scientific board including neurologists, patient associations and scientific associations, supervised project progresses and methodologies.

Results

The Pilot study results show an overall increase in the centers’ positioning within the Maturity Model levels after adopting center-specific action plans. To generalize the model, the Delphi panel validated a subset of process, volume, outcome and patient experience indicators (9 of 26 proposed) along with qualitative dimensions defining the Maturity Model (13 of 20 proposed), therefore, outlining a comprehensive monitoring framework for the multiple sclerosis patient pathway.

Conclusion

This study shows, for the first time in Italy, the efficacy of a bottom-up approach in addressing organizational challenges within the current multiple sclerosis scenario. This integrated model offers future opportunity for replication across various care pathways and settings.
Factors behind poor cognitive outcome following a thalamic stroke
Authors: Vidal Julie P. C. , Danet Lola , Arribarat Germain , Pariente Jérémie , Péran Patrice , Albucher Jean-François , Barbeau Emmanuel J.
Published: January 2025

Background

Thalamic strokes produce neurological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms depending on the thalamic nuclei involved. While traditionally associated with severe cognitive deficits, recent studies suggest more modest impairments. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the severity of cognitive impairment following thalamic stroke.

Methods

We recruited 40 patients (mean age 51.1) with chronic isolated thalamic stroke and 45 healthy subjects (mean age 48.5) who underwent neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to discriminate patients from healthy subjects based on cognitive tasks. Disconnectome maps and cortical thickness were analyzed to understand the distant impact of thalamic strokes.

Results

Two cognitive profiles emerged from the cluster analysis. Cluster 1 included mostly healthy subjects (n = 43) and patients with no or minor deficits (n = 20). Cluster 2 included patients (n = 19) and two healthy subjects with severe deficits in verbal memory, executive functions, and attention. Cluster 1 encompassed all patients with right thalamic stroke, while Cluster 2 included all patients with bilateral stroke or mammillothalamic tract interruption. Patients with left-sided stroke were equally divided between clusters. Significant differences between clusters included age, education, interthalamic adhesion disruption, lesion volume, and location. Patients with left-sided stroke in Cluster 2 had more lateral thalamic lesions and greater disruption of the anterior thalamic projection.

Conclusions

Contrary to common expectations, our findings suggest that many patients with thalamic stroke have relatively good cognitive outcomes. In contrast, we identified the factors behind poor outcomes that will help clinicians.
An intron-split microRNA mediates cleavage of the mRNA encoded by low phosphate root in Solanaceae
Authors: Medina-Calzada Zahara , Jing Runchun , Moxon Simon , Zhu Hong , Xu Ping , Dalmay Tamas
Published: January 2025

Main conclusion

A microRNA with a non-canonical precursor structure harbours an intron in between its miRNA-5p and miRNA-3p relevant for its biogenesis, is conserved across Solanaceae, and targets the mRNA of low phosphate root.

Hundreds of miRNAs have been identified in plants and great advances have been accomplished in the understanding of plant miRNA biogenesis, mechanisms and functions. Still, many miRNAs, particularly those with less conventional features, remain to be discovered. Likewise, additional layers of regulation from miRNA generation to action and turnover are still being revealed. The current study describes a microRNA not previously identified given its unusual intron-split stem-loop structure, that has been previously observed only within the monocot-specific miRNA444 family. It shows its conservation across a branch of Solanales including agriculturally relevant Solanaceae family, where its transcripts had already been predicted in several species within sequence databases. The miRNA is absent in Arabidopsis thaliana but present in Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Petunia axillaris, and Ipomoea nil. It proves that at least two different pri-miRNA variants are produced from this miRNA gene, one spliced and the other one retaining the intron. It demonstrates the dual function of its intron in the miRNA biogenesis. On the one hand, its presence in the pri-miRNA positively influences mature miRNA accumulation, but on the other hand, it needs to be removed from the pri-miRNA for efficient mature miRNA production. Finally, it sets low phosphate root as one of its targets, a protein known to be involved in root growth regulation under phosphate starvation in other plant species.