bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cooperating Teacher: An Ambivalent Participant in Student Teaching
Authors: Koerner Mari E.
Published: March 2007

Although the cooperating teacher is vital to student teaching, little has appeared in the professional literature about being a cooperating teacher. Journals of eight experienced elementary teachers who supervised student teachers were the primary data source for this study. Inductive analyses revealed several consequences of having student teachers: interruption of instruction, teacher displacement, disruption of classroom routine, breaking teachers' isolation, and shifting of the teachers' time and energy. These findings challenge assumptions about field-based teacher education programs.
Classroom Teachers as Agents of Reform in University Teacher Preparation Programs
Authors: Heikkinen Henry W. , McDevitt Teresa M. , Stone Bettie J.
Published: March 2007

In the Preservice Elementary Science/Mathematics Project at the University of Northern Colorado, experienced classroom teachers worked with faculty members to revise, deliver, and evaluate science and mathematics content and pedagogy courses and related education courses for prospective elementary teachers. These on-campus teaching fellows modeled effective teaching strategies for students, assisted faculty in selecting and clarifying course concepts, and helped faculty and students focus on problem solving and investigative modes of learning. Upon return to their classrooms, teaching fellows have served as instructional leaders in science and mathematics. The benefits of this model project and the necessary pre-conditions for success are discussed.
Community Language Learning: Is It a Method?
Authors: Hull Philip V.
Published: March 2007

Teachers of ESL/EFL are faced with a plethora of teaching 'methods' many of which are based on conflicting theoretical claims and widely varying designs and classroom procedures. A compara tively recent phenomenon, CLL emerged out of the humanism of modern counselling therapy as a reaction to the audiolingual pre scriptions of behavioural psychology and structural linguistics which had dominated previous decades. The principal barriers to successful adult foreign language learning are seen to lie in the anxiety and negative emotions of the human learning situation. Language should therefore be learned in small communities of learners whose motiva tion for learning is the desire to communicate with each other. A community nurtures the natural learning process which develops in a warm environment through mutual support and co-operation. Upon examination, CLL as a methodology evidences serious shortcomings. Among these are included a lack of specification of syllabus, model of linguistic competence or of the structural composition of language, and the high demands CLL places on the teacher with limited resources. While CLL's strength lies in its Approach, signifi cant flaws in its theoretical underpinnings — such as the stress on human affect at the expense of cognition — are also apparent.
The Computer Translation of Interrogatives from English to Malay
Authors: Tong Loong Cheong
Published: March 2007

This report describes 3 classes of structures for English interro gatives and 4 classes for Malay interrogatives with the view of mapp ing between equivalent structures in the two languages. The result of this study is a computer grammar submodel for translating interro gatives in the English-Malay translation system being developed by the Computer-Aided-Translation research team at Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Although only interrrogatives have been discussed in this report, this paper has also illustrated the general approach used in the development of computer translation grammar models. However, it should be pointed out that much simplification has been made in this paper in order to introduce an inherently complex process to the non- MT researcher. For example, only information on syntax is given on the intermediate structures and no information on semantics is men tioned. It is hoped that the omission of such details will not give rise to the false impression that computer translation is a simple process.

Further work on interrogative structures will look into the inclu sion of stylistic variations, particularly in the use of the particle '-kah' with the questioned constituent.
Two Feedback Types: Do They Make A Difference?
Authors: Sheppard Ken
Published: March 2007

This study contrasts the effects of two distinct ways of respon ding to a student essay: discrete-item attention to form and holistic feedback on meaning. In examining the before- and after-essays of a linguistically diverse group of 26 college freshmen, it shows that the use of a holistic response is likely to increase a student's awareness of sentence boundaries more than the alternative. In other words, responding to content results in improvements in grammatical accu racy. General implications are also addressed.
Bilingual Education Among Minority Nationalities in China: a Study of the Naxi Pilot Project At Yilong, Yunnan
Authors: Feurer Hanny
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the test results of a pilot project (PP), undertaken in 1986 at the Yilong school of northwestern Yunnan. The project involved teaching Naxi (a Sino-Tibetan language) and Chinese literacy to monolingual Naxi children. It aimed at facilitating the integration of these children into the regular curriculum. The objective of this paper is to compare the biliteracy and the regular Chinese literacy programs to determine if biliteracy had a positive effect on these minority language students. In 1992, we tested 60 students in oral Naxi/Chinese (production) and written Chinese (production and overall quality). The experimental group comprised 30 students of the PP (grades 5 and 6) and the control group, 30 of the regular parallel classes (R). Test score results in oral Naxi productivity were highly significant, suggesting that PP students were more verbal in L 1 than their R peers and reflecting higher self-esteem. However, there were no clear cross-language correlations for the oral skills. In spite of fewer periods of formal literacy instruction, the PP students' written holistic and structural scores in Chinese matched those of the regular classes. The biliteracy program, as a direct result of the PP's academic success, is currently (in 1996) an integrated part of Yilong's primary school curriculum.

Since the early eighties, the Central Government of China has sponsored various bilingual programs among its 55 minority ethnic groups or nationalities (as referred to by Chinese scholars)' in order to facilitate the integration of students into the regular (Chinese) curriculum. For example, the multi-ethnic Province of Yunnan has 24 minority nationalities which constitute one third of the provincial population (or 10 million people). Therefore, this province was fertile ground for the government to implement a variety of bilingual programs at the elementary level.
Note-Taking Strategies and Traces of Cognition in Language Learning
Authors: White Cynthia J.
Published: March 2007

Recent investigations into language learning behaviours have revealed that note-taking is one of the most frequently used strategies, particularly at elementary and intermediate stages. This paper reports on a study which attempts to find out the kinds of note-taking strategies language learners use, why they use them, and the nature of the mental processes which underlie note-taking behaviours. It uses verbal reports obtained from learners about their strategy use as they work on a range of language tasks as the basis for analysing instances of note-taking strategies. Results indicate that learners use five distinctive kinds of note-taking strategies, and that each of these is deployed for different purposes in acquiring the target language. It is argued that note-taking behaviours in language learning are best viewed as traces of cognition and that the functions of such traces warrant further investigation.
American Freedom, American Coercion: Immigrant Journeys in the “Promised Land”
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: March 2007

The author examines the myth of America as the Promised Land and inquires into how well it allows us to comprehend the experience of the millions of immigrants who arrived in the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries. He suggests that the most common interpretation of this myth—America as a land of opportunity for all—is of limited utility. Such an interpretation cannot explain the hardship, discrimination, and outright exclusion experienced by many immigrants, especially those whose religion, politics, or race was suspect. It also fails to account for the millions who came to America not to build a new life but merely to earn enough to resuscitate their “old life” in Europe. However, a more complex and historically nuanced version of the myth, particularly its use in the expulsion of native Americans and the disciplining of recalcitrant members of the “chosen” community, suggests a workable framework within which to study the history of immigrants to America.
Asrama, yukta-vairagya et structure d'organisation de l'ISKCON
Authors: MADSEN Finn
Published: March 2007

The author describes the changes that have occurred within the structure of ISKCON. He focuses on the institution asrama, because this has always been central to the measures taken by ISKCON over the years in attempts to regulate its social infrastructure. Asrama is usually clearly defined, and any ISKCON devotee can fairly easily explain which asrama he or she belongs to (there seems to be more confusion about the concept of varna). However the relationship between asramas in ISKCON in the Nordic countries has changed over the years. The author attempts to describe one reason for the changes: namely, the development of the concept of purity within ISKCON.
By Their Fruits You Shall Know Them: The Challenge of Renewal Among Men Religious in the USA Today
Authors: SAMMON Seán D.
Published: March 2007

The author suggests that decisions taken at Vatican II threw into question the ideological foundation on which 18 centuries of Roman Catholic consecrated life had been built. The Council Fathers, albeit unknowingly, helped set into motion almost a half-century of upheaval among the members of religious congregations in the USA. The effects of that loss of identity on men religious in the USA and on their congregations is examined within the context of their almost 40-year history of renewal and adaptation. The period of preparation for the Synod on Consecrated Life is singled out as providing an important moment for reassessment among religious priests and brothers in the USA. Finally, the article points out that in the process of moving toward a new identity for consecrated life in the USA, men religious, priests, and brothers have progressed from a preconcilliar or radical form to a postconciliar or cultural form of religious life, and, more recently, to a new and transformative form wherein they are beginning to engage their culture so as to evangelize it.
Catholicisme, Économie Identitaire et Affinités Électives: Les Coopératives Basques Comme Groupements Volontaires Utopiques
Authors: ITÇAINA Xabier
Published: March 2007

Basque cooperatives, as examples of utopian voluntary groups, are at the cross-roads between three normative systems: social economy, territorial identity and Christian belonging. Since the 1970s, the founding experience of Mondragón (Guipuzcoa) has spread and developed in the French Basque country in a way that reveals the power of the convergence between a religious reference (first as institutional support, later as a source of values, beliefs and capacities) and an identity-based motivation (helping to cement a nationalist political view and a selective re-reading of customs). More widely, the case of these co-operatives helps to criticize the extreme postulate that Western contemporary societies have undergone an overwhelming process of secularization.
“Islam is Our Politics”: a Gramscian Analysis of the Muslim Brotherhood (1928-1953)
Authors: SIMMS Rupe
Published: March 2007

The author examines the ideological history of the Muslim Brotherhood from its genesis in 1928 until 1953, the date Egypt declared itself a republic after 70 years of British domination. He treats this history as a case study and employs Gramscian theory to interpret his findings. He then applies analytic generalization to the resulting observations to determine how his research might amplify Gramsci's ideas. Finally, he argues that the Brotherhood produced an Islamic ideology that expands Gramscian thought pursuant to national governance, cultural criticism, formal education, and military defense.
Sociologie du christianisme et théologie
Authors: Mehl R.
Published: March 2007

The author attempts to calm fears which arise, among ecclesiastical authorities and faithful, from explanation and analysis in the field of the sociology of religion. In so far as the Church is at the same time a temporal and spiritual society the sociology of religious groups complements the field of theology. But springing from an empirical science, the results of sociological investigation, given the complexity of religious phenomina remain relative. Such investigation however usefully underliness the fact that the Church exists « in the world ».
Church and Sociology1)
Authors: Schreuder Osmund
Published: March 2007

Puisque la sociologie a pour objet I'analyse de la vie sociale, la mise en lumière de ses composantes et l'explication des relations structurales et fonctionnelles qui existent entre elles, elle se dolt d'étudier également la religion et l'Eglise qui font partie de la réalité sociale. L'auteur retrace à ce sujet l'évolution des positions réciproques tant de la part des sociologues que des gens d'Eglise. Après une première phase marquée par les attitudes de refus mu tuel, les dernières décades font apparaitre au contraire un regain d'intérêt de part et d'autre Ce changement est dû au double fait de la prise de conscience par l'Eglise de son éloignement des masses et de la découverte par la recherche empirique de l'im portance du facteur religieux jusque dans les civilisations urbaines et industrielles. L'auteur décrit à ce sujet les points de vue de la sociologie moderne, surtout chez les principaux auteurs américains et en particulier dans le fonctionalisme structural. Il termine en développant une série de thèses en rapport avec la coexistence possible de l'Eglise et de la recherche sociologique, afin de clarifier les positions de part et d'autre, d'empêcher un retour aux conflits de jadis, et de permettre à chacune de rendre à l'autre les services dont elle est capable.
Le caractère professionnel du sacerdoce
Authors: Schreuder Osmund
Published: March 2007

The decrease in the number of vocations to the priesthood in the Netherlands can be explained by a loss of status in the priesthood among Dutch Catholics. This loss of status has its origin in the decline of function, which, in its turn is connected with the emancipation of Dutch Catholicism. Moreover, the priesthood is nowadays assessed according to the standards of other professions.

Seen from this angle it appears professionally under-developed. Circumstantial evidence for this is the discussion on the role and authority of the priest; criticism of the training of priests; the heteronomy and powerlessness of the priestly role, as well as the absence of professional associations for priests. The sociologist concludes from this that the decrease in vocations, and, for the time being, criticism of the clergy, and unrest among priests will continue. These trends might be counter balanced by bringing the formal structure of the ministry into line with modern professional standards.
The priests in the Dutch Church Province number and functions
Authors: Poeisz Jos J.
Published: March 2007

Ces dernières années, les organes directifs de l'Eglise catholique aux Pays- Bas ont montré un intérêt toujours plus grand pour une statistique systéma tique et continue sur tous les prêtres en Hollande et les prêtres hollandais actifs à l'étranger. Cet intérêt est surtout stimulé par le fait que le nombre d'ordinations accuse une baisse relative face à la croissance de la popula tion catholique. Il n'y a pas de doute que la tension déjà existant entre le nombre de fonctions à remplir et le nombre de prêtres disponibles augmentera encore. Ceci nécessite l'adaptation de la structure organique de la pastorale au nombre de prêtres disponibles. En vue d'une telle réstructuration il faut disposer d'une vue d'ensemble du nombre de prêtres disponibles. Cet article présente un résumé de la première statistique systé matique de tous les prêtres aux Pays-Bas et des prêtres hollandais actifs à l'étranger, sub-divisés selon les groupes d'âge, les fouctions et l'apparte nance au clergé diocésain ou religieux. 29.5% du nombre total des 14.190 prêtres hollandais appartiennent au clergé diocésain. Plus de la moitié des prêtres religieux vivant à l'étranger, le pourcentage de prêtres diocésains sur le total des prêtres habitant aux Pays-Bas est de 46,6%.

D'une comparaison par groupes d'âge avec les catholiques masculins aux Pays-Bas à partir de 20 ans il résulte que le groupe âgé de 50 à 54 ans est le plus fortement représenté, c'est-à-dire 166 sur 10.000 hommes catholi ques masculins. Ce pourcentage diminue, et continue à diminuer lorsque cette compararson est faite avec les groupes d'âge plus jeune et plus vieux pour en arriver à presque la moitié pour les catégories plus jeunes.

Dans l'analyse des fonctions on distingue six catégories premières: gouvernement central, éducation et formation scientifique, pastorale aux Pays-Bas même, fonctions sociales, ceux qui ne sont pas actifs dans la pastorale et ceux vivant à l'etranger ou dans les pays de mission. Chacune de ces catégories premières est ensuite élaborée, une élaboration qui met en évidence les différences entre prêtres diocésains et religieux.
Ex. prêtres en Espagne
Authors: Ruiz Olabuénaga José lgnacio
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a research study con ducted in Spain, dealing with 115 ex-priests and 115 ex seminarians ; a certain number of priests and specialists have also been interviewed. The ex-priests have been studied either through personal interviews or through the analysis of clinical records with regard to those who have been to psychiatric centers.

The analysis of the results shows four different types among the ex-priests. These types, which essentially confirm the hypotheses of preliminary work, are characterized res pectively by : anomic alienation, anomic routine, marginal position and cultural displacement.

The main part of this article consists of the study of each of these four types. Next the Author tries to give a diagnosis of the present sacerdotal crisis. The construction of a series of scales and the analysis of the variance of the different groups are aimed at discovering the elements which distin guish the priests from the ex-priests, as also those which allow to distinguish between each of these four types of ex-priests.

Finally the author proposes some working hypotheses and suggests several lines of research for later analyses.
The Sociology of the American Synagogue
Authors: Sklare Marshall
Published: March 2007

Aux Etats-Unis la synagogue joue un rôle central dans la vie de la communauté juive. De nombreuses synagogues ont été construites depuis la fin de la guerre, et pas seulement dans les quartiers de pratique religieuse intense. Le taux d'affiliation, bien que variant selon l'importance de la ville, le statut économique et familial, est cependant très élevé.

La raison en est liée à la situation des Juifs dans la société américaine et à la nécessité d'un point de regroupement pour la survivance du groupe. Selon les orientations et les commu nautés locales, les exigences de conformisme religieux sont plus ou moins accentuées.

Le prototype de la synagogue américaine est le « centre synagogal », exerçant des fonctions qui dépassent le reli gieux : scolaires, de loisir, de rencontres diverses sous forme de clubs, etc. ; le bulletin synagogal annonce les événements familiaux. En Israël, par contre, la synagogue n'exerce pas les mêmes fonctions : l'étude et la prière sont les activités centrales et la survivance du groupe est assurée par la nation juive ; dans ce cas la synagogue a peu de signification sym bolique: elle existe comme un but en elle-même.

La synagogue n'en reste pas moins une institution religieuse et certains voudraient la voir se définir plus clairement et plus strictement en ces termes. En fait, la diversité des for- mules est très grande : l'auteur en cite quelques types. Il n'em pêche que le centre synagogal reste l'innovation institutionnelle de base du Judaïsme américain.
Pour une lecture marxiste du prophétisme: champ autre et champ outre
Authors: Vidal Daniel
Published: March 2007

The Marxist theory of religious phenomena has preferred to emphasize their function in social relationships. An analysis of the phenomenon of prophecy enables us to verify the status of the religious in neutralizing social contradictions ; but, beyond putting dominated classes in place through prophetic practice and discourse. this analysis is an invitation to view the implementation of agencies leading these classes to their death. The prophetic process which ran through the Calvinist religious field in Languedoc-Cévennes for a generation (from the repeal of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 up until 1715) allows us to verify this double hypothesis. As a necessary practice in breaking up subordinate classes in order to put itself forward as a social class and thus settle into historical legitimacy, prophecy concurrently brings into play agencies which, pushing the work of negating the dominated classes to the limit, lead to the death of the newly formed field. The violence of prophetic mechanisms which alone allows for leaving the religious field and making the political autonomous plus the excessiveness of these same mechanisms which dissolve any posture of positivity : between these two horizons is a social movement which presents the Marxist sociologist with the question of history and its negative route.
Après la 13e conférence Internationale de sociologie religieuse (C.I.S.R.)
Authors: Legrand Michel Etienne
Published: March 2007

The 13th International Sociology of Religion Conference was held from August 31 to September 4, 1975, in Lloret de Mar, Spain. The " Religion and Social Change " theme was approached from many viewpoints : cultural, political, socio- economic, interdisciplinary. 1
Kinship Relationships and Religious Symbolism among the Clans of Kerala during the Sangan Period (First Century A.C.)
Authors: Lemercinier Geneviève
Published: March 2007

La perspective de cet article est theorique : au départ de cas empiriques choisis dans le Kerala des premiers siècles de notre ère et au départ de la littérature Sangam (écrits de poètes tamouls très riches en données anthropologiques), l'Auteur essaye de découvrir quelles sont les fonctions sociales de la religion. Cela se fait à travers l'analyse des clans de cette région, d'abord en étudiant l'organisation de la production et les rapports de parenté, ce qui indique bien que ces derniers font fonction de rapports de production, pour les divers clans étudiés. Ensuite c'est la production symbolique de chacun d'entre eux qui est étudiée. Cela permet de déboucher sur des conclusions sur la manière dont les rapports de parenté sont représentés symboliquement et notamment le totem et comment cette représentation s'articule avec les autres séquen ces symboliques : le rapport à la nature et le sens de la vie et du cosmos. La pensée analogique domine l'ensemble et le rapport de parenté est aussi inclu, bien que de manière indirecte, dans la symbolique religieuse, le totem étant aussi l'intermédiaire entre la présence de la divinité origine de la vie et le groupe social. Cette double fonction du totem comme expression de l'unité du clan et comme médiateur de sens cosmique introduit le rapport social dans l'univers religieux.
Modernité et néo-clercs
Authors: Bodart Josianne
Published: March 2007

While mutual aid is secular, social work as a profession is not yet a hundred years old, and training in this field only began at the turn of the century. Neither priest nor doctor, but equally devoted and competent, the social worker is half-way between the two. His relay function is mediatized by a salary received not from his client, but from an institution which acknowledges he has a cer tain effectiveness. Social work thus reminds us at one and the same time of the priest's priesthood and the doctor's specializa tion.

This neo-cleric treats the soul as well as the body and he has ambiguous relations with spelialized institutions which are in pur suit of the sacred or in pursuit of health. The social worker tries to find reference models both in the religious world and in the medi cal world. Furthermore, an analysis of his discourse reveals that he mobilizes items of counter-legitimacy with respect to both the religious and the medical field.

This intentionally marginal belonging to two worlds leads him to constantly have doubts about the objectives to be pursued and the decisions to be taken. It is probably in this perspective that the feeling of uneasiness which persuades the world of social work and which prevents these professionals from getting away from vagueness and uncertainty, should be understood.
Pèlerinages et processions comme formes de pouvoir symbolique des classes subalternes : deux cas péruviens
Authors: Arnold Pierre
Published: March 2007

This article forms part of a wider research project which aims to pick out in expressions of popular religion a cultural pool which can provide an alternative to the invasion of cultural models imported, by the media in particular, from the West. The historical content of religious practices, although frequently obli terated by unconsciousness and by successive alienations, nearly always constitutes a capital of popular restistance to attacks on the poor. What we are concerned with is how it is possible to move from simple resistance to active mobilization through the religious medium. The case of Peru, with the two examples considered (an Andean sanctuary and an Afro-Peruvian procession) can in all probability be applied to other cases of marginality in both the Third World and industrialized society. The advantage with Peru is that the social and cultural contradictions inherited from colo nial and republican history are very sharp, indeed caricatured.
The Gaan Gadu Cult Material Forces and the Social Production of Fantasy
Authors: Thoden van Velzen H.U.E.
Published: March 2007

Lorsqu'à la fin du siecle dernier la ruée vers l'or modifia les rapports de production au sein de la société Djuka au Suriname, un nouveau culte religieux fit son apparition. Et ce sont ceux qui contrôlaient le principal moyen de production de l'époque - le transport par bateau - qui s'avérèrent être les principaux défen seurs de ce nouveau culte: le Gaan Gadu.
The Breakdown of Religious Debates in Spain in the 80's
Authors: Pereda Carlos , de Prada Miguel Angel
Published: March 2007

Sur la base d'un matériel empirique de première main, obtenu par une méthodologie qualitative, I'article analyse les dis cours sur la religion de divers secteurs importants et différenciés de la société espagnole: la bourgeoisie urbaine, le prolétariat suburbain, les habitants de la campagne.
Spiritual Resources in Older Hospitalized Men
Authors: McSherry Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

Cette étude évalue un groupe d'hommes d'âge mûr confron tés avec la nécessité d'une hospitalisation. Des études antérieures avaient montré que lorsque les ressources spirituelles des person nes âgées diminuent, décroissent aussi les réactions à la morbidité, à la mortalité et à l'hospitalisation.
Internationalisation, conscience nationale, religion
Authors: MICHEL Patrick
Published: March 2007

The collapse of communism has led, if not to an actual transition to a world in which everything is experienced as relative, then at least to a greater awareness of already living in such a world. Contemporary societies were not prepared for this and feel cast adrift. The so-called transition period ushered in by this collapse is marked by a threefold crisis, analysable as the manifestation of the global redistribution of a relation to meaning, affecting centrality, identity and mediation and testifying to a revelation of the relation of believing through the truth of believing. What is at work here, and what forces us to set aside our traditional categories of analysis, is, beyond the difficulty of expressing a relationship to movement and pluralism (the religious being constantly called upon to participate in the management of this expression), the pursuit of a long process of disenchantment with politics. The lack of a plausible politics in this perspective explains the recourse to religious categories (secularized or not) and the use of these categories in an identitary thematic.
Le martyre révolutionnaire en Iran
Authors: VAR Farhad KHOSROKHA
Published: March 2007

The 1979 Islamic revolution gave rise in Iran to a new social actor, the revolutionary martyr. This article attempts to illustrate how different types of martyr emerged at different periods of the revolution and that one type - numerically small but sociologically significant - is the martyropath: one who seeks death on the battlefield, overwhelmed by despair at the non-arrival of the Islamic utopia. This type of martyr presents a particular image of the body, of politics, of life and of the world, an image which culminates in a mortiferous (or death-wishing) form of religion. Mortiferous Islam is the consequence of the failure of the Iranian revolution to bring about an Islamic utopia. Martyropaths seek refuge in a sacred death in order to escape being crushed by the intensity of their guilt. Their religiosity sacralizes their despair. Islamic power makes use of such people to destroy political opposition, exploiting both their aggression and their hate for those who oppose them. The role of the Guide in Khomeini's revolution is crucial in this process, in that the Guide exhorts would-be martyrs to die, and in so doing encourages their existing death wish. The Guide becomes, paradoxically, the spokesman for the group as a whole.
Des systèmes de connaissance alternatifs et du pouvoir des femmes à la lumière de la NEP. Une perspective organisationnelle
Authors: DIETRICH Gabriele
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the problem of situation-specific knowledge systems which operate in people's local life-worlds, and universal values as they are enshrined in larger programmes working towards human liberation and emancipation within national and international organizations. The author traces the threats to people's survival and life-worlds posed by globalization and new economic policy, and focuses on movements which protect structures of solidarity within the life-world and which attempt to transform systems like capitalist production, the market, financial and trade organizations and the media. Within this organizational process the hegemonic development paradigm which works towards accumulation of profit is challenged in favour of a new system geared to what the author terms “life-centred production”, “production of life and livelihood”. She then analyses how the process of transformation is undermined by the usurpation of feminist concepts by the state, development agencies and communal religious forces. In this context the concept of women's empowerment is questioned, because it is often used to co-opt women into the existing system. The author then examines the practical experiences of slum dwellers in South India whose survival is threatened by the new economic policy and whose cultural world is severely affected by the politicization of religion. She poses the question of the identity of a people's movement and ends with a perspective on the cultural and organizational resources needed for an alternative development paradigm.
The City and Beyond as Dialogue: Negotiating Religious Authenticity in Global Society
Authors: BEYER Peter
Published: March 2007

The disjunction of time and space under conditions of globalization is bringing about an ongoing reformulation of the boundaries between seemingly clear orienting polarities, including those between core and periphery, metropolis and hinterland, home and away, global and local; and more generally, identity and difference. Using these polarities as analytic points of departure, this paper lays some theoretical foundations for raising questions about how we construct and reconstruct religions in global society. The core argument is that different places in which adherents to a religion locate serve as centres for an ongoing negotiation as to what constitutes that religion. The process greatly relativizes distinctions such as that between homeland and diaspora, especially as concerns the question of authenticity and, hence, authority.
Simmel and Genesis: the Creation, Sociation and Fall of Man
Authors: NIELSEN Donald A.
Published: March 2007

The author applies the theory of sociation among “dyads” and “triads” of the German sociologist, Georg Simmel, to the text of Genesis, Chapters 1-3. He contrasts the static character of the First Creation story with the socially active Second Creation narrative. He argues that the Fall was necessarily implied by the number of interacting figures inserted within the Second Creation narrative. He also suggests that modern social theory has fundamental theological implications, but is not necessarily reductionistic. He argues instead that the formal properties of Simmel's social theory mirror the substance of ancient religious narratives.
Theory of Dyeing Polyester and Polyacrylic Fibers1
Authors: Remington W.R. , Schroeder H.E.
Published: March 2007

These two fiber classes are similar in that both are dyed by disperse-type dyes; however, polyacrylic fibers can be dyed with anionic dyes if positive sites are provided. This can be done, for example, by using fiber containing ammonium groups. Alterna tively, positive sites in the form of bound cuprous ions can be produced by treatment of the fiber with cuprous salts. In either case, ion exchange occurs in which colorless anions and dye amons compete for positive sites in the fiber.

In contrast, disperse dyes, which are used on all common fibers except cellulose and wool, require no specific dyeing sites. In polyethylene terephthalate, the dyeing reac tion behaves like a simple solution in the tiber, with dipole interactions and dispersion forces probably very important.

The rate of dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate tends to be inconveniently slow, and organic compounds called carriers are used frequently to increase the rate. They are effective by mcreasing the diffusion rate of dye through the fiber.
Stable Ultraviolet Light Absorbers
Authors: Gantz G.M. , Sumner W.G.
Published: March 2007

It has been found that many substituted benzophenones are very effective as ab sorbing agents for ultraviolet light. Unlike most organic compounds which have been used for this purpose, this new class of absorbers is quite resistant to degradation. The physical properties and uses of these ultraviolet absorbers are discussed in detail.

The ultraviolet component of solar radiation extends from 400 down to about 290 mμ. A major objective in the development of stable organic absorbers has been to achieve a maximum of ultraviolet absorbing power with a minimum of visible color.

A variety of interesting applications have been found for these absorbers. They may be used in protective coatings or filters to protect substrates from ultraviolet light. They are usually quite effective as stabilizers when incorporated in ultraviolet sensitive materials. There are many potential applications of ultraviolet absorbers in the textile industry. They could be incorporated in fabric coatings or in finishes applied to yarns or fabrics that are known to degrade in outdoor exposure because of ultraviolet light. They can improve markedly the light fastness of those dyes which are faded by ultra violet light. Some of the problems involved in these applications are discussed.
Direct Dye Staining of Viscose Rayon Cross Sections and Some of Its Applications
Authors: Kato Koichi
Published: March 2007

A differential staining method for the skin of viscose rayons is described. The pro cedure consists in the dyeing of fiber cross sections by a blue direct dye, Azine Brilliant Blue, followed by washing through the usual alcohol series. Being so simple in opera tion and involving no special technique. it can be used conveniently for routine work. The results obtained are identical to those of the Victoria Blue method and are com parable to results using the Gentian Violet method.

It is most probable that all these microscopical stains differentiate between the skin and core in the normal viscose rayons only in terms of physical phenomena, such as diffusion, absorption, and swelling. The skin is stained much more slowly, but retains the dye much more strongly than the core, which is quickly dyed and readily washed out.

The present technique has been applied to a wider range of cellulosic fibers. Among others, cotton and BX fiber (a French viscose rayon produced by high concentration sulfuric acid spinning) are shown to be similar to the core, while mercerized cotton, Shintoramomen (a Japanese viscose rayon staple produced by low concentration sulfuric acid spinning), and Fortisan (a rayon regenerated from cellulose acetate) are found to be like the skin in their respective staining properties.
Felting Investigations
Authors: Fraser R.D.B. , Pressley T.A.
Published: March 2007

Recent uncertainties in the supply of rabbit fur for felt hat manufacture have prompted inquiries regarding the use of other fibers for fur felts, and the felting charac teristics and histological structures of a number of possible alternatives have therefore been investigated. It is concluded that opossum, fox, and wallaby fur might be blended in considerable proportions with rabbit fur without seriously affecting the quality of the felt, and that crimpless (mutant) Merino wool might be used in small proportions.
A Laboratory Study of Package Dyeing
Authors: Woerner Philip , Fordemwalt Fred , Alten Eugene
Published: March 2007

In package dyeing with vat dyes by the pigment method, the finely dispersed pig ment is circulated through the package and exhausts on the fiber in the oxidized state. The degree of pigmentation varies greatly from one part of the package to another, resulting in initial unlevelness of the package. The degree of levelness of the final dyeing will depend on the amount of migration that takes place after the pigment is reduced to the leuco vat dye. Dyes having leucos with high affinity for the fiber, as is shown by measurements of the free energy of dyeing, migrate less and produce less level package dyeings.

Reducing the particle size of the pigment sometimes gives more level pigmentation at the beginning, but this is not necessarily reflected in more level final dyeings. The vat acid process also leads to more uniform pigmentation, but still does not give level dyeings in every case; it is also quite inconvenient. Retarding agents promote levelness by tying up leuco and slowing the strike, but are uneconomical because much dye is left in the bath. Solvents slow the rate of dyeing and promote levelness, but also interfere with exhaustion and are very expensive. A higher temperature (212°-220° F.) during the pigmentation and reduction shifts the equilibrium in favor of the dye bath and promotes levelness; the temperature can then be lowered to put the remaining dye on the fiber. However, pressure machines are necessary; also. many dyes are unstable at the higher temperatures.

A migration test for vat dyes, whereby a dyed and undyed skein are placed in a caustic-hydro solution and allowed to reach equilibrium, has been found to give a good indication of the dye's leveling ability.
Dyeing Theory: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Neale S.M.
Published: March 2007

The physico-chemical approach to the understanding and elucidation of a phe nomenon proceeds in three stages.

The first stage consists of the collection of reasonably accurate quantitative data. In the second stage qualitative or rough quantitative explanations of the observed trends are put forward,, and in the final stage the whole phenomenon is made amenable to precise treatment in mathematical terms. The development of dyeing theory passed fairly rapidly through the first and second stages during the 1930's and is now struggling to enter the third stage.
Teacher Temporal Orientation and Management of the Urban School Reform and Change Process
Authors: Bruno James E.
Published: March 2007

To address the many changes that have occurred over the past several decades with regard to the inputs of the schooling process (students, teachers, facilities), the processes of schooling (new curriculums, multiculturalism, computer technology), and the outputs of schooling (test scores, social promotion, accountability, equal educational opportunity), urban school organizations have had to make enormous commitments to school reform and change. In this study, approximately 1,000 urban classroom teachers were surveyed with regard to their temporal orientation, their attitudes toward school change and reform, and their time investment behaviors. Using a multivariate discriminant analysis model, a statistically significant classification of urban classroom teachers, by age (younger than age 30 and older than age 50) and gender, was attained. Using a reduced sample of 507 classroom teachers, major differences were found in temporal orientations and willingness to participate in school reform activities across these age and gender groupings.
Academic Competition among Students of Color
Authors: Bergin David A. , Cooks Helen C.
Published: March 2007

Forty-one relatively high-achieving students of color were interviewed about the competition for grades that they felt in their high schools. Students of color are particularly interesting with regard to competition because they have sometimes been portrayed as rejecting academic achievement. The students reported competing for grades. They generally thought competition was beneficial. Students commented that they focused on grade point average to help them improve their grades and monitored the grades that other students were receiving. They made almost no comments about competition leading to learning or mastering skills. Their responses are interpreted in light of motivation research that suggests that academic competition and social comparison can lead to maladaptive motivational orientations.
Notes to Athene
Authors: Enomoto Ernestine K. , Gardiner Mary E. , Grogan Margaret
Published: March 2007

This article describes the ways in which mentoring provides the means for women of color to gain entry and access into educational administration. Briefly, the authors sketch the mentoring relationships of their respondents of color and explore how issues of race and gender might have affected careers in educational administration and how mentoring aided in negotiating their way within Whitemale-dominated organizations.
Chicago Public Schools and Student Achievement
Authors: Sander William
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether students in the Chicago Public School System are at a disadvantage relative to students in suburban school systems and other school systems in Illinois after many background factors are taken into account. It is shown that grade school students in Chicago do as well as their counterparts else-where. However, high school students in Chicago have a much larger drop-out rate and lower test scores in reading after adjusting for background variables.
Patterns of Collaboration in Secondary Education for Youth with Special Needs
Authors: Stowitschek Joseph J. , Lovitt Thomas C. , Rodriguez James A.
Published: March 2007

Research on school-to-adult life transitions of youth with special needs has identified collaboration as a crucial process for successful transitions. Depending on how it is defined, collaboration on the education of youth with disabilities between special educators, general educators, parents, students, and community service agency representatives may be considered rich or lean in activity and perceived utility. Profiles of three high schools, two urban and one rural, derived from analyses of administrator, teacher, parent, and student reports, suggest that some consistent patterns exist on the level of collaboration exercised as well as exemplary applications and systemic problems. Recommendations for research and implications for general practice are provided.
The Potential of Social Science Research for Educational Management and Policy
Authors: Boardman Anthony E. , Horowitz David A.
Published: March 2007

Social scientists have contributed to educational policy, but they can do more.
Experiment Perilous
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: March 2007

The hazards of and impetus for a new college, as they seemed at the time.
Social Adaptation in the High School
Authors: Serow Robert C.
Published: March 2007

The correlates of student adaptation: School size seems unimportant.
Political Culture
Authors: Foster Lorn S.
Published: March 2007

Differences between school board members in Nebraska and Louisiana are attributed to political subcultures. But school superintendents in both states have great influence.
The Development of Vocational Education in Buffalo
Authors: Shelton Brenda K
Published: March 2007

To Buffalo's civic boosters, a public school system was an essential ingredient for the growth and prosperity of a new city.
Back to Basics
Authors: Paulson Darryl , Ball Doris
Published: March 2007

Competency tests are simple, straightforward, and popular-and have led to charges of discrimination. There are also other reservations.
The Quest for Academic and Occupational Relevance
Authors: Johnson Knowlton W. , Foster J. Price , Mckelvy Jill G.
Published: March 2007

Curriculum in criminology bridging from academic knowledge and method to professional law enforcement.
On Perceptions of Educational Aims of School Principals, Parents, and Students
Authors: Avi-Itzhak Tamar E. , Butler-Por Nava
Published: March 2007

In Israel's schools there are discrepancies in principals', parents', and students' aims of education. There are also cultural differences.
Managing Teachers in Complex Urban School Systems
Authors: Brieschke Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The principal's "management "}of teachers is shaped and complicated by the nature of the organization of the school and by regulations.
School Desegregation and Identity Development
Authors: Streitmatter Janice L.
Published: March 2007

Does busing minority children to formerly all-white schools impede the development of their identity status?
Community Influences on School Crime and Violence
Authors: Menacker Julius , Weldon Ward , Hurwitz Emanuel
Published: March 2007

Community crime and violence intrudes into schools that are, after all, parts of the communities they serve.
My Brother's Keeper
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

A death was concealed, but memories were blighting.
The Empty Shelf and Other Curricular Challenges of Teaching for Children of African Descent
Authors: Henry Annette E
Published: March 2007

This article examines aspects of an African-centered pedagogy defined here as a pedagogy in which children can come to critically understand their identities as people of African heritage in a North American society. The data are taken from an ethnographic study on Black women teachers' "liberatory" pedagogy for children of African descent. The author discusses three classroom interactions between teachers and students from African-Caribbean-Canadian backgrounds. Through these vignettes and a discussion with the school principal, issues for liberatory classroom practice are raised. The central argument is that teacher practice must invite conversations that are often thought to be taboo or controversial. These conversations are necessary for pupils' self-understandings.