bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Biogeography of Islands: Preliminary Results from a Comparative Study of the Isles of Scilly and Cornwall
Authors: Kendall M.M. , Widdicombe S. , Davey J.J. , Somerfield P.P. , Austen M.C.V. , Warwick R.M.
Published: May 2009

Studies of the interplay of immigration, emigration and extinction in shaping the fauna of islands (McArthur & Wilson, 1967) have influenced the terrestrial ecologists view of the creation and maintenance of diversity. Although in the deep ocean, hydrothermal vents have been the subject of a number of biogeographic studies (Tunnicliffe, 1991), there have been few attempts to validate theories of island biogeography in the shallow marine environment. To rectify this situation, a study comparing the fauna of the mainland of Cornwall, with that of the Isles of Scilly, which lie 45 km from the mainland and were separated from it ~0·3 my BP has been undertaken.

Evidence for some comparative impoverishment of the Isles of Scilly fauna was provided by Crisp & Southward (1958) who noted that a small number of cirripedes and molluscs with planktonic larvae, living close to their geographic limits of distribution in Cornwall, were unable to bridge the gap to the islands. They suggested that although species with long-lived planktonic larvae can be widely dispersed, excessive dispersal can lead to their loss from the fauna of small islands. This is clearly demonstrated on the remote island of Rockall where both Crisp (1956) and Moore (1977) noted that only animals with direct development occur. On the Island of Lundy, four species of gastropod were estimated to be less abundant than on the mainland which lies only 18 km away (Hawkins & Hiscock, 1983). However, such studies only deal with a small number of conspicuous intertidal species, and there is a requirement to expand observations to the community level. The present study attempts to question the following hypotheses: (1) α - diversity (that of single samples) is lower on the islands than the mainland; (2) the diversity of species with planktotrophic larvae is lower on the islands than on the mainland.
Biogeography, Community Structure and Diversity of Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean Butterflyfishes
Authors: Righton David , Kemp Jeremy , Ormond Rupert
Published: May 2009

Patterns of variation in the assemblage structure of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) of the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean have been compared. There is a lower number of species in the Red Sea, a high proportion of which are endemic to the region, both features that have been attributed to the relatively recent origin of the Red Sea. In the Red Sea overall mean abundance of butterflyfish is greatest in the central part, decreasing both to north and south. Several species present in the southern Red Sea are absent from the north. By contrast, most western Indian Ocean species are widely distributed within the Indo-West Pacific. Comparative field studies in the northern Red Sea (Egypt) and western Indian Ocean (Kenya) showed that mean number of species was higher in the western Indian Ocean, but mean density of butterflyfishes was higher in the Red Sea. In both areas diversity of butterflyfish was related to mean substrate diversity (the number of coral growth forms). Mean spatial niche breadth of butterflyfish species was much higher in the Red Sea than in the western Indian Ocean, whereas the extent of microhabitat use was higher in the western Indian Ocean. It is suggested that these differences may be related to the more recent evolution of the Red Sea fauna.
The Effects of Tributyltin on Dogwhelks (Nucella Lapillus) From Scottish Coastal Waters
Authors: Bailey S.K. , Davies I.M.
Published: May 2009

The common dogwhelk (Nucella lapillus) is a dioecious species. However, on exposure to low concentrations (<1 ng I-1, Gibbs et al., 1987) of tributyltin (TBT) females develop certain male sexual characteristics, notably a penis and vas deferens. This phenomenon, first reported by Blaber (1970) in dogwhelks from the Plymouth area, and later termed 'imposex' (Smith, 1981), is now recognised as the most sensitive and straightforward way to identify contamination of coastal areas by TBT. The degree of imposex may be readily quantified as the relative penis size index (RPSI), which expresses the relative bulk of the penes in females and males from a given sample. It is calculated as (mean cubed female penis length/the mean cubed male penis length) x 100% (Gibbs et al., 1987). Gibbs et al. (1987) have examined the development of imposex in greater detail, and have divided the process into six stages (known as the vas deferens sequence, or VDS) based upon the degree of development of the vas deferens and penis in the female animal. This classification enables an assessment to be made of the reproductive ability of an animal. Stages 1 to 4 show a progressive development of the penis and vas deferens. At a VDS of 5, vas deferens tissue proliferates over the opening of the reproductive tract, blocking it, and subsequently causing sterility due to the inability of the animal to release egg capsules. Aborted egg capsules then gradually accumulate in the capsule gland (stage 6). The vas deferens sequence index, VDSI, is the mean VDS in a given sample of females.
Reproduction and Settlement of Mytilus Edulis on an Exposed Rocky Shore in Galway Bay, West Coast of Ireland
Authors: King P.A. , McGrath D. , Gosling E.M.
Published: May 2009

The marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, is a widely distributed bivalve, especially abundant on wave washed exposed rocky shores (Lewis, 1964). Investigations on the reproductive and settlement cycles of M. edulis in Irish waters have concentrated to date on sheltered shore populations (Wilson & Seed, 1974; Seed & Brown, 1975; Rodhouse et al., 1984; McKenzie, 1986). An exception to this is a brief account of settlement in Bantry Bay (Cross & Southgate, 1983). Elsewhere in Europe, investigations on the biology of exposed-shore mussels is restricted to the extensive studies of Seed (1969) on the north-east coast of Britain.
Observations on the Reproduction of Modiolus Modiolus in Isle of Man Waters
Authors: Jasim A.K. , Brand A.R.
Published: May 2009

The horse-mussel Modiolus modiolus (L.) is a bivalve molluse inhabiting coastal marine environments down to about 200 m, where it may occur in very large communities (Wiborg, 1946; Tebble, 1966; Comely, 1978). It can also be found low in the intertidal zone where it lives in rock pools or in the hold-fasts of Laminaria (Wilson, 1977; Davenport & Kjørsvik, 1982). It is a boreal species. In the Atlantic it ranges from the White Sea to the Bay of Biscay, off Iceland, the Faroes and down the east coast of North America to North Carolina. In the Pacific it occurs from the Bering Sea to Japan and California (Wiborg, 1946). Comparatively little work has been done on Modiolus modiolus, probably because it is of little commercial importance and lives predominantly subtidally in relatively inaccessible environments.
Aspects of Histology in Macoma Carlottensis (Bivalvia: Tellinidae) and In Situ Histopathology Related to Mine-Tailings Discharge
Authors: Bright Doug A. , Ellis Derek V.
Published: May 2009

Macoma carlottensis Whiteaves, 1880 is abundant (up to approximately 350 nr2) in subtidal infaunal communities on the continental shelf of western United States (Lie & Kelly, 1970; Word, 1979) and in British Columbia fjords (Ellis, 1969). Of thirteen different species of Macoma identified from the coastal waters of southern British Columbia, M. carlottensis is the most tolerant to variations in water depth, sediment particle size, current exposure, and salinity (Dunnill & Ellis, 1969). Observations of the species maintained in sediment trays in our laboratory suggest thatM. carlottensis is an infaunal, primarily sub-surface deposit feeder which generally lies at a depth of 1-4 cm with its left valve downwards. Filter feeding was observed in some instances as indicated by extension of the siphons from 0-5-3 cm above the substrate.
Predation on Herring Larvae and Eggs by Sand-Eels Ammodytes Marinus (Rait) and HyperoplusLanceolatus (Lesauvage)
Authors: Rankine P.W. , Morrison J.A.
Published: May 2009

Many field observations have been made on predation by a variety of fish species on the demersally spawned eggs of the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) (Dunn, 1898; Bowman, 1922; Hempel & Hempel, 1971; Toresen, 1985). Field observations on the predation of herring larvae by fish are comparatively rare although jellyfish medusae have been identified as larval predators (Van der Veer et al, 1983; Moller, 1984). Recently several experiments have been carried out on the predation of medusae and other planktonic organisms (Bailey & Batty, 1983) and of fish on herring larvae (Christensen, 1983; Fuiman & Gamble, 1987). Despite the lack of field observations Hunter (1984) considered that predation, most probably by fish, was the major cause of mortality in fish larvae.
Galatheascus Striatus—A New Rhizocephalan
Authors: Boschma H.
Published: May 2009

A specimen of Galathea strigosa (L.) with a parasite of fairly large size at the abdomen was collected at the Looe-Eddystone Grounds near Plymouth on June 11th, 1913.
On the Nematocysts of Sea Anemones
Authors: Stephenson T. A.
Published: May 2009

The main object of this paper has been to determine whether or no it is possible to differentiate the species and genera of Actinians by employing as criteria the characteristics of their nematocysts.
On a Fungus Allied to the Saprolegniaceæ found in the Pea-Crab Pinnotheres
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

A fungus, most probably allied to the Saprolegniacese, has been found infecting Pinnotheres. Pea-crabs so infected always die, but there is not as yet sufficient evidence to determine whether the fungus is pathogenic or only invades tissue which has been destroyed by parasitic bacteria. Although having the general characters of the family it apparently differs from all members so far described in that it occurs in a marine invertebrate and is almost entirely internal in habit, the zoosporangia occurring within the tissue of the host.
The Larvæ of the British Sabellarians
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

1. Sabellaria alveolata Linnæus has been reared for the first time from the egg through the pelagic stages and metamorphosis to early bottom stages. The chief features in the development of the external characters are described and special attention is drawn to the existence of peculiar grasping-cilia on the telotroch. The manner in which the young worm builds its first tube of sand grains is also described.

2. Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart has similarly been reared for the first time from the egg to early bottom stages. Its development is very similar to that of the preceding species, but during the later pelagic life the two can easily be separated, as the primary palese of the crown, which appear among the long provisional bristles of the first pair of parapodia, show a marked specific difference. The early stages cannot be distinguished.

3. A larva which is probably that of the rare Pallasia murata Allen is described.

4. A tentative key to the British Sabellarian Larvaæ is drawn up.

5. The observations of previous workers are discussed. It is shown that Sabellarian larvaæ have frequently been described as the larvaæ of Spio or of Polydora, in spite of the fact that the early stages of Sabellaria had been obtained more than once from artificial fertilisations. Caullery was the first to point out the error, and he is fully confirmed in this paper.

6. It is shown that the caudal appendage of a full-grown Sabellaria alveolata possesses internally a series of fifty or sixty transverse septa.
Observations on Patella uulgata. Part III. Habitat and Habits
Authors: Orton J. H.
Published: May 2009

The inter-tidal habitats of the common limpet, Patella vulgata L,, have been investigated in relation to constant lunar tidal levels and tidal zones. The habitats of some common shore organisms which occur at approximately definite tidal levels or zones—and can therefore be used with discretion for zoning the habitats of Patella—are shown in a chart.

A study of the distribution of the common limpet on the shores of Devon and Cornwall has shown that limpets are absent or rare on those parts of the foreshore above high-water neaps which are subjected to prolonged periods of direct insolation. In the same locality limpets may be totally absent from the high-water region on cliff-faces or rocks facing southerly, but present on adjacent ones facing northerly or north-westerly. Strongly insolated habitats appear to be unviable as a result of the direct effect of the insolation on the animal, but the apparent deficiency of food in such habitats is probably also a limiting factor of importance.

The importance of the splash-line of any tidal level is emphasised. It is shown that in Devon and Cornwall the occurrence of low-water spring tides at about midday (and midnight) results in exposing to strong sunshine (and correlated factors) those regions of the shore above high-water neaps which face in a southerly direction. In other localities where high-water spring tides occur about midday, equivalent regions of the foreshore are not so strongly nor so persistently insolated as in the former.

Viable habitats may therefore occur in different regions on the shore in different localities or at different latitudes according to the local orientation of the substratum and local tidal phenomena.
Sacconereis of Procerastea
Authors: Okada Yô K.
Published: May 2009

A Sacconereis “captured by the tow-net in the Firth of Clyde,” according to W. C. McIntosh (1908, p. 223, Fig. 5 f.), differs from any described female bud of Autolytus, or of its allied genera such as Myrianida or Proceræa of Ehlers, especially in respect to the shape and number of ovigerous sacs, which the animal carries on its ventral side. “It appears to be fully a quarter of an inch in length, and is readily discriminated by the absence of the single ventral egg-capsule, the ova being borne in eight conspicuous globular or pear-shaped sacs.”
Gruberella flavescens (Gruber, 1889), a multinucleate lobose marine amoeba (Gymnamoebia)
Authors: Page F. C.
Published: May 2009

A multinucleate, monopodial, lobose amoeba from a Cornish rock pool was identified as Amoeba flavescens Gruber, 1889, originally described from the Mediterranean. It is the type species of a genus Gruberella. Although its locomotive form and activity resemble those of the uninucleate Vahlkampfiidae and its Golgi system, like that of the vahlkampfiids, is not organized into dictyosomes, its mitotic pattern differs from that of the vahlkampfiids. The presence of mitochondria and other characters distinguish it from Pelomyxa. The only other similar marine amoeba is Hyperamoeba fallax Seravin & Goodkov, 1982, from the Far East. The process of ‘paracopulation’ reported for H. fallax was not observed in the Cornish isolates. Pending more evidence of familial relationships, Gruberella remains incertae sedis within the suborder Gymnamoebia Haeckel, 1862.
Further results from headline camera surveys in the North Sea
Authors: Cranmer G. J. , Dyer M. F. , Fry P. D.
Published: May 2009

A further series of North Sea demersal fish surveys was carried out during the summers of 1981 and 1982. The remote headline camera was used and the benthos trawled was recorded. At stations of special biological interest the camera was adjusted to take from one to three frames per minute throughout the 1 h duration of the trawl. A successful series of underwater photographs were obtained at 95 stations throughout the North Sea.
Fluctuations ofOphiothrix fragilisin the western English Channel
Authors: Holme N. A.
Published: May 2009

The brittle-starOphiothrix fragilisforms dense aggregations on the sea bed off Plymouth, as well as in other parts of the English Channel. From about 1970 there was a marked decline in populations off Plymouth, and study of previous records suggests that there have from time to time been considerable fluctuations in abundance of this species — since beds were first reported by E. J. Allen in the 1890s. The decline did not extend to populations in the southern and eastern parts of the Channel. The distribution ofOphiocomina nigra, which sometimes occurs in mixed populations withOphiothrix, is also described. This species is more or less limited to the western Channel, and populations, which are nowhere very dense, showed no decline comparable to that ofOphiothrix.

Predation by the starfishLuidia ciliarisandL. sarsiis thought to be a likely cause of the disappearance ofOphiothrix. Luidiaspp. are active predators on ophiuroids and other echinoderms, and numbers ofL. ciliariswere observed in the vicinity of theOphiothrixbeds at the time of the decline. Both species ofLuidiahave a ’western’ distribution in the Channel, and showed an increase in density off Plymouth after the late 1960s, which is probably related to a changeover from aSagitta setosato a 5.elegansplankton community from 1968 on. The distribution of theseLuidiais confined to stratified waters in the western Channel, surviving stocks ofOphiothrixbeing limited to mixed waters in the southern and eastern Channel whereLuidiadoes not occur.
Ultrastructure and function Of the proboscis inMelanella alba(Gastropoda: Eulimidae)
Authors: Smith Timothy B.
Published: May 2009

The free living eulimid gastropodMelanella albaBowdich, 1822 is a temporary ectoparasite on echinoderms and, in Kilkerrin Bay on the west coast of Ireland, this species is found exclusively associated with the holothuroidNeopentadactyla mixta(Östergren), 1898.Melanellautilizes a highly specialized acrembolic proboscis to penetrate the integument and ingest the internal tissues of this holothuroid. That portion of the proboscis which penetrates integument bears a highly developed secretory epithelium composed of granular and goblet secretory cells. As the proboscis is unfolded into the host's integument by a combination of increased hydrostatic pressure and muscular movements, secretory material is released from this epithelium and appears to bring about a rapid loosening of the connective tissue elements of the host. The possible mechanism by which the integumental connective tissue is altered to allow unfolding of the proboscis into the coelomic cavity of the host is discussed.
Male reproductive maturity in the octopus,Eledone cirrhosa(Cephalopoda: Octopoda)
Authors: Boyle P. R. , Knobloch Daniela
Published: May 2009

Males ofEledone cirrhosagrow to a size little over 600 g and normally have well-developed, and presumably active, reproductive organs from about 200 g upwards. Total weight of the genital bag is well correlated with total body weight (r= 0·906). Growth of the testis precedes that of the spermatophoric sac, and the size of neither of these reproductive components is predictable from body weight. The sizes of these organs and the estimated number and length of stored spermatophores are given for 100 g intervals of total body weight. No evidence was obtained for a seasonal trend in male maturity.
The reproductive biology of deep-sea forcipulate seastars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) from the N.E. Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Tyler P. A. , Pain S. L. , Gage J. D. , Billett D. S. M.
Published: May 2009

Samples of the deep-sea forcipulate seastarsBrisinga endecacnemos, Brisingella coronata, Freyella spinosaandZoroaster fulgenshave been collected at a number of stations in the N.E. Atlantic. Examination of their reproductive biology suggests subtle interspecific variations in their gametogenic cycles. The gonads ofBrisinga endecacnemosare serially arranged under the dorsal arm surface, each cluster of gonad tubules having its own gonopore. In the closely relatedBrisingella coronataeach gonad consists of up to 12 elongate tubules opening at a single gonopore at the dorsal surface. In both species the maximum egg diameter is about 1250 μm and fecundity may be up to 60000 eggs per individual. It appears that the eggs inBrisinga endecacnemosare produced in clusters whilst those ofBrisingella coronataare produced continuously. InFreyella spinosathe gonad consists of a small tubular sac analogous to a single tubule ofBrisinga endecacnemos.Maximum fecundity is only 2500 eggs per individual, and the maximum egg size is 1250 μm. In all three species eggs that are not spawned undergo internal oocyte degeneration. The gonads ofZoroaster fulgensshow the typical asteroid configuration of two at the base of each arm, one either side of the ambulacrum. The maximum oocyte diameter is 950 μm. There is some evidence that there may be a seasonality of reproduction in this species. In all four species examined the large egg size and relatively low fecundity suggest direct demersal development with the subtle variations in their reproductive biology reflecting slightly different breeding habits.
Feeding and bathymetric distribution of the gadoid and morid fish of the Rockall Trough
Authors: Mauchline J. , Gordon J. D. M.
Published: May 2009

A series of samples were taken during the period 1975–81 in successively deeper 250 m bathymetric zones between 400 and 2900 m depth in the Rockall Trough. The bathymetric centres of distribution of the gadoid species are at shallower depths than those of the morid species. Micromesistius poutassou and Gadiculus argenteus thori exploit the pelagic and benthopelagic resources at depths shallower than 750 m depth. Molva molva andMolva dypterygia dypterygia are primarily fish eaters, the latter occurring deeper than the former. Phycis blennoidesand the rarerAntonogadus macrophthalmus are epibenthic feeders. Among the morids, the benthopelagic feeding Antimora rostrata lives primarily at depths of 1500–2500 m. Halargyreus johnsonii and the more common Lepidion eques both live at 750–1000 m depth but exploit different resources in the benthopelagic and epibenthic regimes.
Temporary adhesion of the barnacle cyprid: the existence of an antennular adhesive secretion
Authors: Walker G. , Yule A. B.
Published: May 2009

It is conclusively shown that cyprids of the barnacleBalanus balanoides(L.) use a secretion released onto the antennulary discs for temporary attachment. This secretion does not stain with conventional histochemical techniques but was shown to be proteinaceous by staining blue in Bio-Rad protein-dye reagent normally used in protein assay. The discovery of this proteinaceous secretion adds further evidence to suggest that cyprids use a form of Stèfan adhesion for temporary attachment during exploration prior to settlement.

Introduction

Although recent advances have been made in the measurement of cyprid temporary adhesion (Yule & Crisp, 1983), the question of the precise mechanism has remained speculative. Earlier suggestions that the attachment organs of the antennules operated by suction (see Saroyan, Lindner & Dooley, 1969) were challenged on morphological grounds by Nott & Foster (1969) and finally disproved by the force measurements of Yule & Crisp (1983).

Nott (1969) and Nott & Foster (1969) were able to show numerous unicellular glands opening out, individually, onto the surface of the antennulary disc arranged in two concentric rings, one near the margin, and the other around the central sense organ. It was considered that these glands could produce a tacky secretion used for temporary adhesion. Yule & Nott (unpublished, reported in Yule & Crisp, 1983) failed to find any traces of such a tacky secretion on glass surfaces after cyprids had walked across them. To establish the presence or absence of a fluid secretion on the antennulary disc is fundamental to the further understanding of the type of temporary adhesion employed by cyprids.
The ultrastructural localization of metals in specimens of Littorina littorea collected from clean and polluted sites
Authors: Mason A. Z. , Simkiss K. , Ryan K. P.
Published: May 2009

The ultrastructural organization of various metal-containing cells of Littorina littorea is described. These cells occur in the connective tissue, digestive gland, kidney, stomachand ctenidia. Specimens were compared from animals collected from clean and metal-polluted sites and it was shown that the majority of the metals were bound to intracellular ligands. These are usually compartmentalized within membrane-delineated structures.

The basophil cells and connective tissue calcium cells appear to contain oxygen donor ligands which mainly bind class A metals (e.g. Ca, Mg, K, Mn). The pore cells and ctenidium contain sulphur donor ligands which mainly bind copper. Ligands of unknown composition occur in the nephrocytes and stomach epithelial cells. The ligands in the basophil cells and the nephrocytes appear to bind a wide range of metals and may therefore serve a detoxification function. Ligands in the connective tissue calcium cells and pore cells are very specific in their binding characteristics, and this presumably reflects some particular metabolic pathway within these cells. Ligands associated with the stomach and ctenidial epithelia appear to be responsible for preventing the penetration of metals through these layers.

The effects of ligand specificity, induction and turnover rates are discussed in relation to the use of L. littorea as a monitoring system for metal pollution.

Introduction

The use of biological organisms to monitor the levels of pollutant metals in the environment has attracted extensive interest in recent years (Phillips, 1980). In the most arbitrary use of this procedure, the animal is simply regarded as a biological sink' which traps and accumulates the pollutants which gain access across its epithelial layers. The net result of the retention or excretion of these captured metals is represented by the final body load that is then related to the environmental levels of the metal.
A Re-Appraisal of the Fluid Loss Resulting from the Operation of the Water Vascular System of the Starfish,Asterias Rubens
Authors: Binyon J.
Published: May 2009

In 1955, Kerkut recorded the spontaneous activities of a tube foot ofAsterias rubensL. Such activity consisted of cyclical protraction and retraction phases, one complete cycle lasting on average some 6·5 min (S.D. 2·5). The duration of the protraction phase was on average 4·3 min. It is reasonable to assume that under the conditions of this experiment a similar level of hydrostatic pressure was attained as was found by Binyon (1964), namely 30 cm water. There then followed a fairly rapid retraction of the podium and a quiescent period of some 2·2 min duration. An individual podium would thus execute some 9·2 cycles/h.
A Note on the Development of Eggs and Larvae of the Bogue, Boops Boops
Authors: Coombs S. H. , Mitchell C. E.
Published: May 2009

An opportunity was taken to carry out the artificial fertilization and incubation at different temperatures of eggs of the bogue, Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) during a cruise on R.V. 'Cirolana' organized by the Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft. Adult fish for use in the experiment were obtained by bottom trawling in 165 m depth of water at 43° 44' N02° 44' W on 10 May 1980 between 0449 and 0549 h GMT. The bottom temperature at the trawling position was estimated to be ~ 11 · 8 °C, based on measurements made at nearby stations. Eggs and milt from several males and females were added to a container of sea waterheld at approximately 11 °C; after 1 h the fertilized eggs were transferred as four separate subsamples each of approximately too eggs to clean sea water in the incubation beakers. Thesebeakers were then gradually acclimatized over a period of 2 h to the incubation temperatures of80, 131, 182 and 22·8°C.

At all temperatures mortality was high during early embryonic development. At 228 °C all eggs were dead after 9J h of incubation at which time some of these specimens had formed a blastoderm cap, but with no sign of overgrowth of the yolk. In a few of the eggs held at 80 °C development proceeded normally until immediately before closure of the blastopore (~ 106 h after ferilization) when irregular vacuoles were seen in the area around the blastopore and development was disrupted; after 112 h of incubation all eggs held at 80 °C were dead.
Larval Fish East of the Shetland Islands, May 1978 and May 1979
Authors: Economou A. N.
Published: May 2009

A list of larval fish species sampled during an ecological study of the gadoid larvae in the east of the Shetland Islands area in 1978 (6–21 May) and 1979 (9–30 May) is given in Table 1· 14157 fish larvae were caught in 1978 (in 154 oblique hauls with the High Speed Loch Ewe Net, an unencased sampler with a net of 0·250 mm mesh) and 13 769 larvae in 1979 (in 93 hauls), from which 13632 and 12440 larvae were identified and measured in these 2 years respectively. Most unidentified specimens were damaged. Larval fish taxonomy is given according to Russell (1976). The description of the sampling instrument and the working procedure at sea can be found elsewhere (Economou, 1983).

The Gadidae family dominated all others accounting for more than 85% of the total, the three most abundant species being Norway pout(Trisopterus esmarkii (Nilsson)), haddock(Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.)) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus (L.)).

Whiting appeared under three pigmentation patterns, the normal one, another with very weak pigment and a third having the dorsal side of the body very strongly pigmented, sometimes with a gap free of pigment along the dorsal contour. The characters of the last two forms correspond somewhat with the descriptions of the whiting larvae from the southern North Sea and the Loch Etive (Russell, 1976). Norway pout displayed the typical form of melanophores but few specimens presented a pattern of fine but intense spots. There was some evidence that a few of the larvae identified as Norway pout at the end of May 1979 were actually Trisopterus minutus larvae.
On the Biology of Submarine Caves with Sulphur Springs: Appraisal of13C/12C Ratios as a Guide to Trophic Relations
Authors: Southward A.J. , Kennicutt M.C. , Herrera-Alcalà J. , Abbiati M. , Airoldi L. , Cinelli F. , Bianchi C.N. , Morri C. , Southward E.C.
Published: May 2009

Submarine caves with sulphurous springs at Cape Palinuro, Campania, Italy, have a richer fauna than expected from the known oligotrophic nature of the cave habitat. Warm water containing sulphide issues from springs and rises above the cooler ambient sea-water with a sharp thermocline/chemocline between. The warm water then escapes from the caves mixed with cooler sea-water, probably inducing an inflow of ambient sea-water. Bacterial mats, often dominated by large species of attached bacteria resemblingBeggiatoa, line the upper parts of the inner caves and act as primary producers, fixing CO2by means of the autotrophic enzyme ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase. Many of the animals in the innermost parts of the caves live close to the chemocline or just below, where they would experience fall-out of bacterial organic matter, and some carry filamentous bacteria on their tubes and hard parts. Dominant members of the community include sponges, cnidarians, and tubicolous polychaetes.
Classification and Interpretation of the Established Mediterranean Biocoenoses Based Solely on Bivalve Molluscs
Authors: Zenetos Argyro
Published: May 2009

Based on the bivalve fauna known from an extensively studied zone, along the infralittoral in the Patras Gulf, a biotope approach was attempted using numerical taxonomy methods. The efficiency of various combinations of similarity measures and clustering techniques is discussed for this type of data (single group – binary). Four main station groups were delimited which were further assigned to the biotopes of known Mediterranean biocoenoses. The four groups correspond to: (a) the biotope of thePosidoniabeds (HP) and that of coarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents (SGCF). The limits of these two biocoenoses are not clear-cut, (b) The biotope of the coastal detritic bottoms (DC) usually occurring in deeper areas but met in the infralittoral under environmental stress, (c) A transitional zone where degeneratingPosidoniameadows are gradually replaced byCymodoceaandZostera, facies of the muddy sand in sheltered areas biocoenoses (SVMC). This degradation can be attributed to various disturbing factors including natural environmental changes, (d) The biotope of fine well-sorted sands (SFBC). A typical malacofauna is present with the addition of some species. Regardless of the differences, Pérès & Picard's (1964) scheme is more appropriate in the Mediterranean ecosystems than any other northern European scheme.
The Secretory System of the Spines of Ophiocomina Nigra (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea)
Authors: Ball Brendan , Jangoux Michel
Published: May 2009

The morphology of the spines of the ophiuroid Ophiocomina nigra is described, with particular reference to the nervous system and the sensory and secretory structures of the epidermis. The nervous system is composed of two main spinal nerves, located at the centre of the spine, and their associated branches. There are three secretory cell-types described: (1) fibrillar secretory cells which produce long, javelin-shaped secretory pack-ages and, occurring exclusively in the basal two thirds of the spine, penetrate deeply with their basal regions lying close to the axial nerve running through the spine centre; (2) granular secretory cells, which also penetrate deep within the spine, contain secretory granules in the form of spherical dense vesicles (~1.3 μm in diameter); and (3) goblet secretory cells, filled with packages of loose amorphous material, are superficial in location and usually found associated with a type A ciliated sensory cell. The secretions of the fibrillar and granular secretory cells are thought to perform the functions of defence and feeding respectively. A number of different ciliated sensory cell-types have been identified. Apart from the situation with the goblet cells, no close association was found between secretory and sensory cells. It is suggested that the nervous, sensory and secretory cells act together to form a mucous secretion system with centralized, rather than local control. This system appears to operate when it is advantageous to produce secretion all over the body simultaneously once any portion is stimulated. Stimulation of sensory cells might result in axonal excitation of the spinal nerves and hence to the entire epineural nervous system.
Gastric Emptying Rate and Return Of Appetite In Lesser Spotted Dogfish,Scyliorhinus Canicula(Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)
Authors: Sims David W. , Davies Simon J. , Bone Quentin
Published: May 2009

The rates of gastric evacuation and return of appetite in adultScyliorhinus caniculaat 15°C were quantitatively assessed by serial x-radiographs of fish fed a moist diet containing radio-opaque glass beads, and by re-feeding trials. The evacuation of food from the cardiac stomach of dogfish was exponential in nature. Dogfish were fed small (~26 g of squid diet per fish) and large (~55g of squid diet per fish) meals and greater relative instantaneous rates of emptying occurred after consumption of small meals (k=0–0215) than larger meals (k=0·0086), indicating that the pattern of emptying was dependent on the degree of stomach fullness. There was inverse proportionality between rates of gastric evacuation (GE) and return of appetite (RA) after consumption of similar sized meals, with instantaneous rate coefficients being similar in magnitude (GE, k=0·0086; RA, k=0·0063). These results suggest that the rate of gastric evacuation is closely correlated with the return of appetite inS. canicula.An hypothesis is forwarded describing the possible physiological role of gastric evacuation rate in appetite regulation.
The Distribution and Diet of the Dominant, Slope-Dwelling Eel, Synaphobranchus Kaupi, of the Rockall Trough
Authors: Gordon J.D.M. , Mauchline J.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The deep-sea eel, Synaphobranchus kaupi, is widely distributed on the continental slopes of the North Atlantic (Saldanha & Bauchot, 1986; Haedrich & Merrett, 1988). It was a dominant fish species in epibenthic sledge and semi-balloon otter trawl (OTSB) hauls on the West African slope (Merrett & Marshall, 1981; Merrett & Domanski, 1985). Also in the eastern North Atlantic, it was the most abundant species on the slopes of the Porcupine Sea Bight off south-west Ireland (Merrett et al., 1991; Priede et al., 1994). In the western North Atlantic, it was the dominant species on the middle and lower slopes of the Middle Atlantic States of the USA and on the upper slopes of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland (Sedberry & Musick, 1978; Houston & Haedrich, 1986).
An Early Stage in Development of Escae and Caruncles in the Deep-Sea AnglerfishCryptopsaras Couesi(Pisces: Ceratioidei)
Authors: Munk Ole , Herring Peter J.
Published: May 2009

The glandular epithelium of both escae and caruncles originates from a solid, branched ingrowth of epidermal cells from the distal surface of the bulb-shaped light gland primordia in the larva. The lumina within the glandular epithelium appear to originate by the breakdown of the central cells within the solid mass of epithelial cells. An epithelium-lined duct connecting the central glandular lumina with the distal surface of the bulb-shaped primordium was seen only in sections of the posterior esca. This suggests that the intraglandular lumina are formed before the duct to the surface, which then develops within an initially solid strand of cells.
Suspected Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis (Ven) in the Inter-Tidal Fish Mauligobius Maderensis from Madeira, Portugal
Authors: Eiras J.C. , Costa G. , Biscoito M. , Davies A.J.
Published: May 2009

Suspected viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) was detected in two specimens of the intertidal fish Mauligobius maderensis (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Madeira, Portugal. While one host was lightly infected, the other showed intraerythrocytic cytoplasmic inclusions within all mature erythrocytes examined. The inclusions were round to oval, 0·8–2·0 μm in diameter, and most were associated with dense eosinophilic granular areas of various sizes and shapes. Up to three of these granular regions accompanied each inclusion body, but they were sometimes widely separated from it. In a number of infected erythrocytes, a granular halo was observed surrounding the nucleus. The cytoplasm enclosed by the halo often had a different refringence from that outside. None of the 120 other fishes examined from Madeira, representing 43 species of intertidal, pelagic, and deep-sea origin, had detectable infections.
Does The Fish-Killing DinoflagellateGymnodiniumCF.NagasakienseProduce Cytotoxins?
Authors: Partensky Frederic , Boterff Jean Le , Verbist Jean-François
Published: May 2009

The naked dinoflagellateGymnodinium cf. nagasakienseis responsible for red tides frequently associated with mortality of marine organisms in North European waters during summer (see reviews by Tangen, 1977 and Partensky & Sournia, 1986). This species is currently referred to asGyrodinium aureolumHulburt in the literature, since its first occurrence in Norwegian waters in 1966 (Braarud & Heimdal, 1970). However, it was recently found to be morphologically closer to the Japanese bloom-forming speciesGymnodinium nagasakienseTakayama & Adachi than to the originalGyrodinium aureolum(Partenskyet al., 1988).
Biometrical Changes During Growth Of Isolated Individuals Of Balanus Improvisus
Authors: Furman E. R. , Crisp D. J.
Published: May 2009

Previous work on barnacle biometry has mainly been concerned with the opercular valves, whose shape is often an important taxonomic character (Barnes & Healy, 1969; Henry & McLaughlin, 1975). The well-known change in shape whereby columnar individuals are produced as a result of crowding has also been described by many workers (e.g. Trusheim, 1932; Barnes & Powell, 1950; Subklew, 1969; Crisp & Bourget, 1985). The influence of environmental variables on the shape of the barnacle shell as a whole has been little studied.
Distribution and Structure of Luminous Cells In four Marine Copepods
Authors: Bannister Neil J. , Herring Peter J.
Published: May 2009

Giesbrecht (1895) was the first to report that the luminescence produced by marine copepods was produced by certain ‘skin glands’. In Pleuromamma abdominalis he described specific sub-cuticular cells which were responsible for the production and secretion of luminous material; such cells always contained a greenish-yellow secretion whilst non-photogenic cells were colourless. The only published histological study of luminous cells in copepods is that by Clarke et al. (1962). These authors reported numerous paired cells in the head of Metridia longa, each pair opening through a common pore, the distribution of which was correlated with areas of fluorescence. Clarke et al. (1962) further showed that the cells in each pair had different staining characteristics, and suggested that each of the two cell types produced a different component of the luminescent system, proposed as ‘luciferin’ and ‘luciferase’ respectively. They hypothe-sized that when stimulated, each cell secreted its contents, generating light as the materials combined in the surrounding seawater. Although there has been much work carried out on the physical characteristics and kinetics of copepod luminescence (e.g. David & Conover, 1961; Clarke et al., 1962; Barnes & Case, 1972; Bityukov & Evstigneev, 1982; Herring, 1983, 1988; Evstigneev, 1983, 1984, 1986; Latz et al., 1988) there is still little known of the comparative distribution of luminous cells in a range of copepod species, and even less is known of their detailed structure.
Energy Values of Marine Benthic Invertebrates from the Western English Channel
Authors: Dauvin Jean-Claude , Joncourt Michelle
Published: May 2009

Energy values of many cold-water marine invertebrates are available (see Wacasey & Atkinson, 1987 and Brey et al, 1988), but energy values of temperate-water marine invertebrates have not been systematically investigated. In an attempt to determine the energy content of the macrobenthic communities from the bay of Morlaix (western English Channel), the caloric values in a large number of species living in these communities has been measured. This paper is presented as a contribution to the knowledge of the energy content of macrobenthic invertebrates from a temperate sea.
Feeding Potential in the Lecithotrophic Larvae ofAdalaria ProximaandTritonia Hombergi: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Kempf Stephen C. , Todd Christopher D.
Published: May 2009

Vance (1973a, b) argued that among the possible range of developmental strategies available to marine invertebrates, only the extremes of obligate planktotrophy and obligate lecithotrophy are evolutionarily stable. Vance's model, relating reproductive 'efficiency' to egg size (in terms of energetic content), predation rate, and prefeeding (lecithotrophic) vs feeding (planktotrophic) larval periods, has been a source of much discussion and debate since its inception (e.g. Underwood, 1974; Vance, 1974; Christiansen & Fenchel, 1979; Obrebski, 1979; Williams, 1980; Jablonski & Lutz, 1983; Strathmann, 1978, 1985; Todd, 1985). Subsequent publications have continued to dwell mainly on potential selective factors and the extremes of larval developmental type (i.e. obligate planktotrophy or obligate non-pelagic lecithotrophy). For the most part, these investigations have ignored questions concerning how a transition from one larval type to another would be accomplished in morphological and functional terms. Nonetheless, the consensus persists that small eggs and planktotrophy are the primitive (or ancestral) condition, and that lecithotrophy is the more advanced evolutionary derivative (see Strathmann, 1978,1985).
Allometry of Feeding and Body Size in a Population of the Sea Anemone Paranemonia Vouliagmeniensis
Authors: Chintiroglou Charis-Charles , Valkouma Thalia , Culley Michael
Published: May 2009

This paper discusses a number of biological aspects, concerning a new sea anemone species (Paranemonia vouliagmeniensis Doumenc et al., 1987 ) (Actiniaria: Anthozoa), discovered in Lake Vouliagmeni, near Athens, Greece. The specialized environment of the lake, with elevated and stable temperatures throughout the year, brackish waters and large mineral content presents a very specialized biotope in which Paranemonia wuliagmeniensis is an important member. Certain aspects of its life cycle were investigated, especially population structure, feeding habits and life history. The population was found to be made up of two sub-populations; one established on algae in deeper parts of the lake, and an older one living on gravel in shallower habitats. Feeding preferences depended on the anemone's ability to catch prey, combined with the composition of the prey. The anemone was also found to be viviparous and demonstrated r-characteristics in its life history (short lifespan and large number of embryos).
A Redescription of Protellina ingolfi (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Caprellidae) from the North-Eastern Atlantic
Authors: Larsen Kim
Published: May 2009

Protellina ingolfi Stephensen, 1944 was first reported from the southern Norwegian Sea, collected during the Danish Ingolf Expedition in 1895–96. This species was described from what Stephensen presumed was a adult male specimen (Stephensen, 1944). Additional specimens collected during the joint Nordic BIOFAR (Biological Investigation of the Faroes) and BIOICE (Biological Investigation of Iceland) programmes differ from the original description by Stephensen. Male, female and juvenile males are described and illustrated, and any morphological difference between Stephensen's (1944) original description and current material are discussed.
Ecology of Sepiola Atlantica (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Shallow Sublittoral Zone
Authors: Yau C. , Boyle P.R.
Published: May 2009

The ecology of the sepiolid Sepiola atlantica in Firemore Bay, Loch Ewe, on the west coast of Scotland was investigated by beam trawling surveys. Low densities of this species were present in the shallow sublittoral zone of the sandy bay. A size range of 4–21 mm dorsal mantle length (DML) was obtained, with no significant differences detected between the mean sizes of males and females. Males reached gonadal maturity slightly earlier and at a slightly smaller size than females. Sepiola atlantica was present in the bay in each of the months in which sampling took place suggesting a resident population, the structure of which varied considerably. Juveniles were found over a prolonged period of the year but peak recruitment (animals of 4–10 mm DML) was in May and July. Animals <4 mm DML were not caught and no egg masses were found in the trawls. In aquarium conditions, S. atlantica fed on live crustaceans such as mysids, Crangon crangon and Palaemon serratus, although Corophium volutator, an estuarine crustacean not normally found in the marine sandy bay, was the most accepted food.