bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historien som scene hos Ludvig Holberg og Charlotta Dorothea Biehl
Authors: Mai Anne-Marie
Published: September 2014

Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754) and Charlotta Dorothea Biehl (1731-1788) are two key figures of the Nordic Enlightenment. The Norwegian Holberg took his philosophical and theological degrees from the University of Copenhagen at an early age and travelled around Europe accumulating knowledge for his historical writings. Holberg made a splendid career at the University of Copenhagen both as a professor and vice-chancellor and published historical works, satires, comedies, essays, fables, and autobiographical letters. As a woman, Biehl was barred from university education and public office. Her world was confined to her childhood home, and she never had the opportunity to travel. In return, she immersed herself in studies of language and theatre, reading with great enthusiasm Holberg's writings. She became a comedy writer and a novelist, and also wrote historical works and historical letters. The paper discusses how Biehl and Holberg made performing arts and historiography inspire each other. History is in their depictions not only a royal chronology, but a vivid narrative. Holberg's and Biehl's approaches to historical study drew on different traditions: Holberg was influenced by ancient historiography while Biehl was inspired by the French chronicle; therefore, their historical writings have very different contents and designs.
Ordre de la Resemblance: ett bidrag till Nordenflychtforskningen
Authors: Önnerfors Andreas
Published: September 2014

This article treats an episode in the life and work of one of the most prominent Swedish female poets of the eighteenth century, Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht (1718-1763). Based upon a letter to one of her friends, earlier research has speculated on whether Nordenflycht established a fraternal order. New archival evidence suggests that this indeed seems likely. In the collections of the Swedish Order of Freemasons a manuscript has resurfaced after a 150-year hibernation, outlining ‘Grund och Reglor til Ordre de la Resemblance' (Foundations and rules for the order of resemblance). This document, dated 15 October 1747, is introduced by a poem, ‘Förstånds och Hjertas ädlaste syssla' (The most noble activity of reason and the heart), treating the moral perfectibility of man, the search for the light of truth, and hailing friendship as a secret force of attraction, an invisible magnetic power causing ‘resemblance' between humans. Developed out of these motifs, twelve subsequent paragraphs elaborate the ideology and organization of the order, resembling other forms of organized sociability of the time. Whoever drew up these rules and regulations must have been familiar with similar forms of fraternal orders during the period as well as the idea of female participation. A shared codex of moral behavior, a motto, an emblem, and organizational principles for membership and association were codified. In 1753 Nordenflycht joined an outspokenly literary order, the Order of the Edification of Thought (Tankebyggarorden), and it appears likely that either the experience or the mere concept of the ‘Ordre de la Resemblance' facilitated Nordenflycht's membership. This concept, if it was realized, might have advanced the creation of a horizontal network-style community intended to participate in male spheres of dominance. The ‘Ordre' can be interpreted as an extended textual praxis in which a text was performed in social interplay beyond its textual qualities. Interpreted from the perspective of theories of performance, the ‘Ordre' reflects a development towards the renegotiation, redefinition, and reform of manners during the time catalyzed by organized associational life and ritual performance.
Honour, Masculinity and Corporality in the Officer Corps of Early Eighteenth-Century Sweden
Authors: Sarkamo Ville
Published: September 2014

Military honour and physical commitment to serve king and fatherland played a central role in the ideals of the army of Charles XII of Sweden. These ideals were formed within a culture in which the role of the warrior, dictated by a code of honour, was constantly challenged. My main empirical primary sources consist of the archivale records of the Swedish Diet, which included Placement Committee records from the Diet of 1723. An honourable man had the right to a livelihood and a respectable position in society. My aim is to show that, in order to obtain such a position, a military man had to present himself as someone who had offered his body in the service of his king and country. An appeal to one’s merits in battle was the best way of defending a claim to a post, because bravery in combat was the most respected virtue in military life. Those officers who had clear proof of their bravery, especially in the form of combat wounds, were in the best position. In this sense, honour and the body were closely linked.
… til Rusin-Strutar och Tortebotnar: Översättningars nytta enligt förord till svenska översättningar av antik litteratur under 1700-talets första hälft
Authors: Akujärvi Johanna
Published: September 2014

For candy cones and layer cakes: The use of translations according to Swedish translators of classical literature from the first fifty years of the 18th century.

This is a study of prefaces and dedications to Swedish translations of Greek and Roman literature from the first fifty years of the eighteenth century. The introductory paratexts of this period are highly homogenous. Most cover the following five topoi: the importance of the chosen text is specified; the text and author are introduced; the usefulness of the translation is discussed; the principles of translation are touched upon; and, in conclusion, translators anticipate and try to deflect criticism of their work. Not only are the same topoi found in most translatory prefaces and dedications, but are moreover often filled with very similar arguments. The focus of this study is on the most central topos, that of the usefulness of the translation. As a rule, during this period translators tended toward utilitarian arguments to justify their translations. The use could be argued (1) to be the moral value of the text, (2) to help students to learn Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek, (3) to make the subject-matter of the texts available to readers with no Greek or Latin, or (4) to further the development of the Swedish language and poetry. These utilitarian arguments are illustrated with quotations from the translatory paratexts and discussed with reference to contemporary debates.
Making Facts from Stones: Gerhard Schøning and the Cathedral of Trondheim
Authors: Eriksen Anne
Published: September 2014

In 1762, the historian and antiquary Gerhard Schøning published a large work on the Cathedral of Trondheim. Originally the shrine of Norway’s patron saint and christening king, Saint Olav, the building had suffered decay since the Reformation. In the eighteenth century, large parts of the medieval structure lay in ruins. Schøning’s aim was to reveal the ancient glory of the Cathedral — and, implicitly, of the nation. His meticulous work gained him a still lasting scholarly reputation. While antiquarian studies normally were occupied with documents, monuments, inscriptions and other remains that could give genealogical information about princes and nobility, Schøning’s work is distinguished by the attention given to the physical structure of the building. Even if Schøning earned great renown as a historian, the article argues that there are important affinities between his ways of producing knowledge about the cathedral and the new natural history. By the means of systematic observation and careful description, Schøning ‘dissects’ the different parts of the building, making facts from stones.
Den sentimentala romanen och kampen om medborgarskap: Rousseaus Julie och Staëls Delphine
Authors: Fjelkestam Kristina
Published: September 2014

The sentimental novel and the struggle for citizenship: Rousseau’s Julie and Staël’s Delphine

The tragic fates of a great number of women in sentimental novels of the eighteenth century can be viewed against the background of classic liberal theory. They provide examples of how individual freedom and restraint in the name of common good can be reconciled. Faced with the impossible choice between a life guided by the principle of love and that of virtue, women often choose self-sacrifice as a means of preserving a sense of individuality in the face of the demands of public universality. The epistolary novels, Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse (1761) of Jean Jacques Rousseau and the Delphine (1802) of Germaine de Staël, present two rather different treatments of this problem. Rousseau’s Julie is a woman whose unquenchable desire transforms her into a prototype of female unreliability not worthy of societal recognition. Staël’s Delphine, in turn, unmasks a ruthless and unprincipled society which prohibits her from becoming its full-fledged member.
Rousseau’s Natural Man as the Critic of Urbanised Society
Authors: Lähde Ville
Published: September 2014

Rousseau’s description of the pure state of nature and the natural man in his Discours
sur l’Origine et les Fondements de l’Inégalité parmi les Hommes (1755) has been a controversial topic in Rousseau studies. Natural man has no stable human relationships, language or developed reason, and does not recognise other humans as akin to him. How is it possible to reconcile Rousseau’s views on the pure state of nature with his speculative history of humanity? How could mankind even begin to develop? Why did Rousseau create such a seemingly disharmonious and disagreeable construct? This article introduces a new strategy of interpretation. Instead of proposing a single interpretation of the pure state of nature, it proposes to view Rousseau’s understanding of human nature as a literary device which allowed him to address many questions at once. His insistence on the solitude and ignorance of natural human beings is examined as a part of his critique of other philosophers. This, however, does not explain another tension within the depiction of the pure state of nature. Sometimes natural human beings are ignorant, incapable of learning or surpassing their instincts, but, at other times, they seem very smart and resourceful. This article shows that the latter sections of his work imply a critique of contemporary societies. In these sections, Rousseau introduces his analysis of urban life.
Sekreta bihangen 1741 och deras idépolitiska bakgrund
Authors: Sjöström Oskar
Published: September 2014

[no abstract]
The publication of educational works for the people of Iceland and their reception, c. 1770−1830
Authors: Sigurdsson Ingi
Published: September 2014

[no abstract]
Positioning infrastructure and technologies for low‐carbon urbanization
Authors: Chester Mikhail V. , Sperling Josh , Stokes Eleanor , Allenby Braden , Kockelman Kara , Kennedy Christopher , Baker Lawrence A. , Keirstead James , Hendrickson Chris T.
Published: September 2014

The expected urbanization of the planet in the coming century coupled with aging infrastructure in developed regions, increasing complexity of man‐made systems, and pressing climate change impacts have created opportunities for reassessing the role of infrastructure and technologies in cities and how they contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Modern urbanization is predicated on complex, increasingly coupled infrastructure systems, and energy use continues to be largely met from fossil fuels. Until energy infrastructures evolve away from carbon‐based fuels, GHG emissions are critically tied to the urbanization process. Further complicating the challenge of decoupling urban growth from GHG emissions are lock‐in effects and interdependencies. This paper synthesizes state‐of‐the‐art thinking for transportation, fuels, buildings, water, electricity, and waste systems and finds that GHG emissions assessments tend to view these systems as static and isolated from social and institutional systems. Despite significant understanding of methods and technologies for reducing infrastructure‐related GHG emissions, physical, institutional, and cultural constraints continue to work against us, pointing to knowledge gaps that must be addressed. This paper identifies three challenge themes to improve our understanding of the role of infrastructure and technologies in urbanization processes and position these increasingly complex systems for low‐carbon growth. The challenges emphasize how we can reimagine the role of infrastructure in the future and how people, institutions, and ecological systems interface with infrastructure.
Formation processes of flux ropes downstream from Martian crustal magnetic fields inferred from Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction
Authors: Hara Takuya , Seki Kanako , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Brain David A. , Matsunaga Kazunari , Saito Miho H. , Shiota Daikou
Published: September 2014

We applied the Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction (GSR) technique to Martian magnetic flux ropes observed downstream from strong crustal magnetic fields in the southern hemisphere. The GSR technique can provide a two‐dimensional axial magnetic field map as well as the axial orientation of flux ropes from single‐spacecraft data under assumptions that the structure is magnetohydrostatic and time independent. The reconstructed structures, including their orientation, allowed us to evaluate possible formation processes for the flux ropes. We reconstructed 297 magnetic flux ropes observed by Mars Global Surveyor between April 1999 and November 2006. Based on characteristics of their geometrical axial orientation and transverse magnetic field topology, we found that they can be mainly distinguished according to whether draped interplanetary magnetic fields overlaying the crustal magnetic fields are involved or not. Approximately two thirds of the flux ropes can be formed by magnetic reconnection between neighboring crustal magnetic fields attached to the surface. The remaining events seem to require magnetic reconnection between crustal and overlaid draped magnetic fields. The latter scenario should allow planetary ions to be transferred from closed magnetic flux tube to flux tubes connected to interplanetary space, allowing atmospheric ions to escape from Mars. We quantitatively evaluate lower limits on potential ion escape rates from Mars owing to magnetic flux ropes.
Progressive offset and surface deformation along a seismogenic blind thrust in the Po Plain foredeep (Southern Alps, Northern Italy)
Authors: Livio Franz A. , Berlusconi Andrea , Zerboni Andrea , Trombino Luca , Sileo Giancanio , Michetti Alessandro M. , Rodnight Helena , Spötl Christoph
Published: September 2014

Here we present, for the first time in the Po Plain foredeep (Northern Italy), the middle to late Pleistocene growth history of an outcropping secondary fold and related faults, whose progressive deformation over an intermediate time window (105 years) is driven by an underlying seismogenic blind thrust. We trenched and logged an outcropping decametric secondary anticline, related to a deeper blind compressional structure, which deforms fluvial sediments and an overlying loess‐paleosol sequence. Folded units were dated, using radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence methods, to the late Pleistocene–Holocene and tentatively correlated with glacial‐interglacial phases occurring during the time interval from marine isotope stage 6 to the present. A multistep retrodeformation of the fold allowed us to calculate uplift rates for this secondary and shallow anticline, varying between 0.02 and 0.1 mm/yr since circa 200 kyr. Trishear forward deformation modeling of the fold indicates that the amplification of the observed fold could be caused by two shallow thrusts formed through a break‐backward activation. This generated a decametric surface fold whose most recent growth was associated with bending‐moment normal faulting in the crestal and forelimb region. Our observations demonstrate that near‐surface compressive tectonics can be caused by blind thrusting, via a complex array of fault and folds: upward strain propagation and generation of shallow low‐angle thrust and related folding seem to be mainly due to secondary fold‐related faulting, according to an out‐of‐syncline thrusting mechanism.
Post‐Deposition Activation of Latent Hydrogen‐Bonding: A New Paradigm for Enhancing the Performances of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Bruni Francesco , Sassi Mauro , Campione Marcello , Giovanella Umberto , Ruffo Riccardo , Luzzati Silvia , Meinardi Francesco , Beverina Luca , Brovelli Sergio
Published: September 2014

Small conjugated molecules (SM) are gaining momentum as an alternative to semiconducting polymers for the production of solution‐processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. The major issue with SM‐BHJs is the low carrier mobility due to the scarce control on the phase‐segregation process and consequent lack of preferential percolative pathways for electrons and holes to the extraction electrodes. Here, a new paradigm for fine tuning the phase‐segregation in SM‐BHJs, based on the post‐deposition exploitation of latent hydrogen bonding in binary mixtures of PCBM with suitably functionalized electron donor molecules, is demonstrated. The strategy consist in the chemical protection of the H‐bond forming sites of the donor species with a thermo‐labile functionality whose controlled thermal cleavage leads to the formation of stable, crystalline, phase‐separated molecular aggregates. This approach allows the fine tuning of the nanoscale film connectivity and thereby to simultaneously optimize the generation of geminate carriers at the donor–acceptor interfaces and the extraction of free charges via ordered phase‐separated domains. As a result, the PV efficiency undergoes an over twenty‐fold increase with respect to control devices. This strategy, demonstrated here with mixtures of diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives with PCBM can be extended to other molecular systems for achieving highly efficient SM‐BHJ solar cells.
Atomistic Origin of the Enhanced Crystallization Speed and n‐Type Conductivity in Bi‐doped Ge‐Sb‐Te Phase‐Change Materials
Authors: Skelton Jonathan M. , Pallipurath Anuradha R. , Lee Tae‐Hoon , Elliott Stephen R.
Published: September 2014

Phase‐change alloys are the functional materials at the heart of an emerging digital‐storage technology. The GeTe‐Sb2Te3pseudo‐binary systems, in particular the composition Ge2Sb2Te5(GST), are one of a handful of materials which meet the unique requirements of a stable amorphous phase, rapid amorphous‐to‐crystalline phase transition, and significant contrasts in optical and electrical properties between material states. The properties of GST can be optimized by doping with p‐block elements, of which Bi has interesting effects on the crystallization kinetics and electrical properties. A comprehensive simulational study of Bi‐doped GST is carried out, looking at trends in behavior and properties as a function of dopant concentration. The results reveal how Bi integrates into the host matrix, and provide insight into its enhancement of the crystallization speed. A straightforward explanation is proposed for the reversal of the charge‐carrier sign beyond a critical doping threshold. The effect of Bi on the optical properties of GST is also investigated. The microscopic insight from this study may assist in the future selection of dopants to optimize the phase‐change properties of GST, and also of other PCMs, and the general methods employed in this work should be applicable to the study of related materials, for example, doped chalcogenide glasses.
Polyfluorene Derivatives are High‐Performance Organic Hole‐Transporting Materials for Inorganic−Organic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Zonglong , Bai Yang , Lee Harrison Ka Hin , Mu Cheng , Zhang Teng , Zhang Lixia , Wang Jiannong , Yan He , So Shu Kong , Yang Shihe
Published: September 2014

Photovoltaics based on organic−inorganic perovskites offer new promise to address the contemporary energy and environmental issues. These solar cells have so far largely relied on small‐molecule hole transport materials such as spiro‐OMeTAD, which commonly suffer from high cost and low mobility. In principle, polyfluorene copolymers can be an ideal alternative to spiro‐OMeTAD, given their low price, high hole mobility and good processability, but this potential has not been explored. Herein, polyfluorene derived polymers‐TFB and PFB, which contain fluorine and arylamine groups, are demonstrated and can indeed rival or even outperform spiro‐OMeTAD as efficient hole‐conducting materials for perovskite solar cells. In particular, under the one‐step perovskite deposition condition, TFB achieves a 10.92% power conversion efficiency that is considerably higher than that with spiro‐OMeTAD (9.78%), while using the two‐step perovskite deposition method, about 13% efficient solar cells with TFB (12.80%) and spiro‐OMeTAD (13.58%) are delivered. Photo­luminescence reveals the efficient hole extraction and diffusion at the interface between CH3NH3PbI3 and the hole conducting polymer. Impedance spectroscopy uncovers the higher electrical conductivity and lower series resistance than spiro‐OMeTAD, accounting for the significantly higher fill factor, photocurrent and open‐circuit voltage of the TFB‐derived cells than with spiro‐MeOTAD.
Materials Fabrication from Native and Recombinant Thermoplastic Squid Proteins
Authors: Pena‐Francesch Abdon , Florez Sergio , Jung Huihun , Sebastian Aswathy , Albert Istvan , Curtis Wayne , Demirel Melik C.
Published: September 2014

Natural elastomers made from protein extracts have received significant interest as eco‐friendly functional materials due to their unique mechanical and optical properties emanating from secondary structures. The next generation sequencing approach is used to identify protein sequences in a squid ring teeth complex extracted from Loligo vulgaris and the use of recombinant expression is demonstrated in the fabrication of a new generation of thermoplastic materials. Native and recombinant thermoplastic squid proteins exhibit reversible solid to melt phase transition, enabling them to be thermally shaped into 3D geometries such as fibers, colloids, and thin films. Direct extraction or recombinant expression of protein based thermoplastics opens up new avenues for materials fabrication and synthesis, which will eventually be competitive with the high‐end synthetic oil based plastics.
Bioinspired Materials: from Low to High Dimensional Structure
Authors: Zhao Ning , Wang Zhen , Cai Chao , Shen Heng , Liang Feiyue , Wang Dong , Wang Chunyan , Zhu Tang , Guo Jing , Wang Yongxin , Liu Xiaofang , Duan Chunting , Wang Hao , Mao Yunzeng , Jia Xin , Dong Haixia , Zhang Xiaoli , Xu Jian
Published: September 2014

The surprising properties of biomaterials are the results of billions of years of evolution. Generally, biomaterials are assembled under mild conditions with very limited supply of constituents available for living organism, and their amazing properties largely result from the sophisticated hierarchical structures. Following the biomimetic principles to prepare manmade materials has drawn great research interests in materials science and engineering. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in fabricating bioinspired materials with the emphasis on mimicking the structure from one to three dimensions. Selected examples are described with a focus on the relationship between the structural characters and the corresponding functions. For one‐dimensional materials, spider fibers, polar bear hair, multichannel plant roots and so on have been involved. Natural structure color and color shifting surfaces, and the antifouling, antireflective coatings of biomaterials are chosen as the typical examples of the two‐dimensional biomimicking. The outstanding protection performance, and the stimuli responsive and self‐healing functions of biomaterials based on the sophisticated hierarchical bulk structures are the emphases of the three‐dimensional mimicking. Finally, a summary and outlook are given.
Silk Foam Terahertz Waveguides
Authors: Guerboukha Hichem , Yan Guofeng , Skorobogata Olga , Skorobogatiy Maksim
Published: September 2014

Fabrication and characterization in the THz frequency range of silk foams and silk foam‐based waveguides using lyophilisation and casting techniques are reported. The lack of biocompatible and biofriendly waveguides for low‐loss, low‐dispersion guidance of THz waves motivates the work for applications in remote and stand‐off sensing in biomedical and agro‐alimentary industries. Silk foams produced are 94% porous. Optical characterization is carried out using THz time‐domain spectroscopy. The cutback measurements of foam samples show that the foam refractive index is close to that of air (). Silk foam losses scale quadratically with frequency (), being one order of magnitude smaller than those of solid silk. As an example of a basic guided wave device, fabrication and optical characterization of 10 cm‐long, 5 mm‐diameter step‐index THz fibers having silk foam in the core and air in the cladding is demonstrated. Cutback measurements confirm that in the mid‐THz spectral range, step‐index fibers operate effectively in a single mode regime. Effective refractive index and propagation loss at frequencies higher that 0.2 THz are close to that of a silk foam from which the fiber core is made. At the same time, at these frequencies, modal group velocity dispersion is smaller than .
Regiospecific Synthesis of 1‐Trifluoromethylisoquinolines Enabled by Photoredox Somophilic Vinyl Isocyanide Insertion
Authors: Cheng Yuanzheng , Yuan Xiangai , Jiang Heng , Wang Ruzhi , Ma Jing , Zhang Yan , Yu Shouyun
Published: September 2014

A strategy has been developed for the regiospecific synthesis of 1‐trifluoromethylisoquinoline derivatives. This strategy is enabled by a photoredox vinyl isocyanide insertion with the help of Umemoto’s reagent. The methodology presented here provides an access to highly fuctionalized 1‐trifluoromethylisoquinolines regiospecifically under mild conditions in good‐to‐excellent chemical yields. A detailed mechanism is proposed, which is supported by experiments and theoretical calculations.

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Heterogeneous Light‐Mediated Reductive Dehalogenations and Cyclizations Utilizing Platinum Nanoparticles on Titania (PtNP@TiO2)
Authors: McTiernan Christopher D. , Pitre Spencer P. , Ismaili Hossein , Scaiano Juan C.
Published: September 2014

The utility of platinum nanoparticles on titania (PtNP@TiO2) as a heterogeneous photoredox catalyst is evaluated using a series of reductive transformations. In comparison to TiO2 alone, TiO2 decorated with 0.2% PtNP shows enhanced efficiency, attributed to the NPs ability to both enhance light absorption and inhibit electron‐hole pair recombination. Herein, we demonstrate that under an inert atmosphere and UVA/visible light irradiation a system consisting of our PtNP@TiO2 catalyst in conjunction with a sacrificial electron donor [diisopropylethylamine, (i‐Pr)2NEt] can promote a variety of different reductive dehalogenations and cyclizations in moderate to excellent yields. In addition, the catalytic system is tolerant of many different functionalities and, due to its heterogeneous nature, holds the advantage of easy catalyst removal.

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Visible Light‐Induced γ‐Alkoxynitrile Synthesis via Three‐ Component Alkoxycyanomethylation of Alkenes
Authors: Yi Hong , Zhang Xu , Qin Chu , Liao Zhixiong , Liu Jie , Lei Aiwen
Published: September 2014

A three‐component alkoxycyanomethylation of alkenes is achieved using the iridium photoredox catalyst [fac‐Ir(ppy)3]. This catalytic radical difunctionalization accomplishes both alkylation and alkoxylation of alkenes in one pot. Various alcohols can serve as the alkoxy sources in this transformation. In addition, the introduced cyano group can undergo further transformations into various useful functional groups.

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Enhanced Thermal Stability of W‐Ni‐Al2O3 Cermet‐Based Spectrally Selective Solar Absorbers with Tungsten Infrared Reflectors
Authors: Cao Feng , Kraemer Daniel , Sun Tianyi , Lan Yucheng , Chen Gang , Ren Zhifeng
Published: September 2014

Solar thermal technologies such as solar hot water and concentrated solar power trough systems rely on spectrally selective solar absorbers. These solar absorbers are designed to efficiently absorb the sunlight while suppressing re‐emission of infrared radiation at elevated temperatures. Efforts for the development of such solar absorbers must not only be devoted to their spectral selectivity but also to their thermal stability for high temperature applications. Here, selective solar absorbers based on two cermet layers are fabricated on mechanically polished stainless steel substrates using a magnetron sputtering technique. The targeted operating temperature is 500–600 °C. A detrimental change in the morphology, phase, and optical properties is observed if the cermet layers are deposited on a stainless steel substrate with a thin nickel adhesion layer, which is due to the diffusion of iron atoms from the stainless steel into the cermet layer forming a FeWO4 phase. In order to improve thermal stability and reduce the infrared emittance, tungsten is found to be a good candidate for the infrared reflector layer due to its excellent thermal stability and low infrared emittance. A stable solar absorptance of ≈0.90 is demonstrated, with a total hemispherical emittance of 0.15 at 500 °C.
Quality assurance of Chinese herbal medicines: Procedure for multiple‐herb extraction
Authors: Lau Yeuk T. , Ng Ka M. , Chen Na , Lau David T. W. , Ko Kam M. , Leung Ping C. , Wibowo Christianto
Published: September 2014

A quality assurance (QA) procedure for multiple‐herb extraction, which takes into account the existence of common chemical markers and multiple‐herb‐extraction effects, has been developed for producing Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) of consistent quality. The experimental method for determining related correlation function of the multiple‐herb‐extraction effect was designed. A systematic solution strategy was also developed to appropriately decompose the multiple‐herb extraction system into several subsystems for obtaining solution(s) and determining the overall behavior of the system. An example of QA of Danshen–Gegen (DG) decoction was used to demonstrate the QA procedure. An H9c2 cell assay was used to test the efficacy of consistent quality DG decoctions prepared by different herb combinations with different material costs of herbs. It was observed that a multiple‐herb‐extraction effect was present in the aqueous extraction of Danshensu and this effect was depended on the extraction solvent. The possible mechanism of this multiple‐herb‐extraction effect in the aqueous DG extraction was speculated to be the change of initial pH value of the aqueous extraction solvent by an unknown component from Gegen. The experimental chemical marker concentrations fell within ±10% of the specified chemical marker compositions by using the amount of herb from each herb class as predicted by the QA model. Furthermore, an H9c2 cell assay was used to test the efficacy of three consistent quality DG extracts, which were produced by different herb combinations with different material costs of herbs. The results showed that the three DG extracts provided consistent biological efficacy against menadione‐induced toxicity. This study extended a recently developed QA procedure of single‐herb extraction to multiple‐herb extraction. It provides a solution of QA in extraction, which is one of the most important unresolved problems in the modernization of traditional Chinese medicines. With this modified model and the companion experiments, the amount of herbs needed from different quality classes to produce a multiple‐herb formula CHM product decoction with consistent quality can be exactly determined. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4014–4026, 2014
Multiscale modeling of protein adsorption and transport in macroporous and polymer‐grafted ion exchangers
Authors: Basconi Joseph E. , Carta Giorgio , Shirts Michael R.
Published: September 2014

A multiscale model is presented to elucidate protein adsorption and transport behaviors in ion‐exchange chromatography (IEC) adsorbent particles that have either an open pore structure or charged dextran polymers grafted into the pores. Molecular dynamics simulation is used to determine protein diffusion and partitioning in different regions of the adsorbent pore, and these outputs are used in numerical simulations of mass transfer to determine the intraparticle protein concentration profile and the mass‐transfer rate. Modeling results indicate that, consistent with experimental observations, protein transport can be faster in the polymer‐grafted material compared to the open pore case. This occurs when favorable partitioning of protein into the polymer‐filled pore space is combined with relatively high protein mobility within this region. The modeling approach presented here should be applicable to proteins and adsorbents with different properties, and could help elucidate the factors that control adsorption and transport in various IEC systems. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 60: 3888–3901, 2014
Number density of turbulent vortices in the entire energy spectrum
Authors: Ghasempour Farideh , Andersson Ronnie , Andersson Bengt , Bergstrom Donald J.
Published: September 2014

In coalescence and break‐up modeling, vortex number density and size distributions of turbulent vortices are required to calculate the rate of interaction between continuous and dispersed phases. Existing number density models are only valid for the inertial subrange of the energy spectrum and no model of the vortex number density, valid for the entire energy spectrum, is available. The number density of the turbulent vortices were studied and modeled for the entire energy spectrum including the dissipative, inertial, and energy containing subranges. It was observed that the new number density model depends on vortex size, local turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate. Moreover, the new number density model was validated by the number density distributions quantified in a turbulent pipe flow. The turbulent vortices of the pipe were identified and labeled using a vortex‐tracking algorithm that was developed recently by the authors. © 2014 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3989–3995, 2014
Synergistic association of PI4KA and GRM3 genetic polymorphisms with poor antipsychotic response in south Indian schizophrenia patients with low severity of illness
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Jajodia Ajay , Grover Sandeep , Baghel Ruchi , Jain Sanjeev , Kukreti Ritushree
Published: September 2014

Literature indicates key role of glutamatergic pathway genes in antipsychotic response among schizophrenia patients. However, molecular basis of their underlying role in antipsychotic response remained unexplained. Thus, to unravel their molecular underpinnings, we sought to investigate interactions amongst GRM3, SLC1A1, SLC1A2, SLC1A3, SLC1A4 gene polymorphisms with drug response in south Indian schizophrenia patients. We genotyped 48 SNPs from these genes in 423 schizophrenia patients stratified into low and high severity of illness groups. The SNPs and haplotypic combinations of associated SNPs were examined for their association with antipsychotic response. Multifactor‐dimensionality‐reduction was further used to explore gene‐gene interaction among these SNPs and 53 SNPs from previously studied genes (BDNF, RGS4, SLC6A3, PI4KA, and PIP4K2A). Single SNP and haplotype analyses revealed no significant association with drug response irrespective of severity of illness. Gene‐gene interaction analyses yielded promising leads, including an observed synergistic effect between PI4KA_rs165854 and GRM3_rs1468412 polymorphisms and incomplete antipsychotic response in schizophrenia patients with low severity of illness (OR = 12.4; 95%CI = 3.69–41.69). Further, this interaction was also observed in atypical monotherapy (n = 355) and risperidone (n = 260) treatment subgroups (OR = 11.21; 95%CI = 3.30–38.12 and OR = 13.5; 95%CI = 3.03–121.61 respectively). PI4KA is known to be involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol‐4, 5‐bisphosphate which regulates exocytotic fusion of synaptic vesicles (glutamate, dopamine) with the plasma membrane and regulates duration of signal transduction of GPCRs. Whereas GRM3 regulates glutamate and dopamine transmission. Present findings indicate that PI4KA and GRM3 polymorphisms have potential to jointly modulate antipsychotic response. These results warrant additional replication studies to shed further light on these interactions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cranial morphological diversity of early, middle, and late Holocene Brazilian groups: Implications for human dispersion in Brazil
Authors: Hubbe Mark , Okumura Mercedes , Bernardo Danilo V. , Neves Walter A.
Published: September 2014

The history of human occupation in Brazil dates to at least 14 kyr BP, and the country has the largest record of early human remains from the continent. Despite the importance and richness of Brazilian human skeletal collections, the biological relationships between groups and their implications for knowledge about human dispersion in the country have not been properly explored. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the morphological affinities of human groups from East‐Central, Coastal, Northeast, and South Brazil from distinct periods and test for the best dispersion scenarios to explain the observed diversity across time. Our results, based on multivariate assessments of shape and goodness of fit tests of dispersion and adaptation models, favor the idea that Brazil experienced at least two large dispersion waves. The first dispersive event brought the morphological pattern that characterize Late Pleistocene groups continent‐wide and that persisted among East‐Central Brazil groups until recently. Within the area covered by our samples, the second wave was probably restricted to the coast and is associated with a distinct morphological pattern. Inland and coastal populations apparently did not interact significantly during the Holocene, as there is no clear signal of admixture between groups sharing the two morphological patterns. However, these results cannot be extended to the interior part of the country (Amazonia and Central Brazil), given the lack of skeletal samples in these regions. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:546–558, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predation risk sensitivity and the spatial organization of primate groups: A case study using GIS in lowland Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii)
Authors: Schmitt Christopher A. , Di Fiore Anthony
Published: September 2014

Predation risk is thought to be a potent force influencing intragroup cohesion, and the level of risk experienced by an individual is expected to vary with both group size and spatial position within a group. Smaller‐bodied and less‐experienced individuals are presumed to be more vulnerable to predators, suggesting that within‐group spatial organization should show size‐ and age‐dependent patterns in predator sensitive positioning. However, such effects have been difficult to evaluate for arboreal primates living in large groups. We conducted a preliminary study using a novel, spatially explicit method of assessing group spatial organization using GIS data in two groups of wild lowland Woolly monkeys, in which one group had a membership roughly twice as large as the second. In the larger group, group spread was more diffuse and large adult males were more frequently on the outskirts of the group than other age/sex classes, while immatures and females with dependents were more often in the center. Leaf cover around an individual—presumed to index an animal's perception of risk—increased significantly with distance from the group center for all immatures, although they were typically under lower leaf cover than adults; the number of groupmates in proximity also had an effect, but nearest neighbor distance did not. These differences were not detectable in the smaller group. This preliminary study suggests that thorough studies of spatial organization and predation risk sensitivity in arboreal primates are possible and could yield valuable information on how gregarious individuals offset ecological risks through social spacing. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:158–165, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hexagonale Übergangsmetallchalkogenid‐Nanoflocken mit ausgeprägtem lateralen Quanten‐Confinement
Authors: Miró Pere , Han Jae Hyo , Cheon Jinwoo , Heine Thomas
Published: September 2014

Übergangsmetallchalkogenid(TMC)‐Nanoflocken der Zusammensetzung MX2(mit M=Ti, Zr und Hf; X=S und Se) kristallisieren bevorzugt in der Form gleichseitiger regelmäßiger Sechsecke und weisen ein ausgeprägtes Quanten‐Confinement auf. Die hexagonale Form von oktaedrischen (1T) TMC‐Nanoflocken ist das Ergebnis der Ladungslokalisierung an den Kanten und Ecken und der daraus resultierenden Coulomb‐Abstoßung. Größenunabhängig haben alle Nanoflocken die Zusammensetzung MnX2n−2und daher ein unoxidiertes Metallzentrum, was Dotierzustände hervorruft. Diese Zustände werden für kleine Nanoflocken relevant und führen zu deren metallischen Charakter, aber für größere Nanoflocken (>6 nm) dominieren die Eigenschaften der 2D‐Monolage. An die Kanten der Nanoflocken koordinierte Lewis‐Basen haben keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die elektronische Struktur dieser Spezies und bestätigen die Nützlichkeit der Kolloidsynthese.
A Fluorescence Nanosensor for Glycoproteins with Activity Based on the Molecularly Imprinted Spatial Structure of the Target and Boronate Affinity
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Wei , Li Ping , Xiao Haibin , Wang Hui , Tang Bo
Published: September 2014

Glycoproteins are closely associated with the occurrence of diverse diseases, and they have been used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clinical diagnostics. Currently, mass spectrometry has proven to be a powerful tool for glycoprotein analysis, but it is almost impossible to directly identify glycoproteins without the preparation and pretreatment of samples. Furthermore, biological samples, especially proteins, are damaged by this process. Herein, we describe a novel fluorescence nanosensor based on a molecularly imprinted spatial structure and boronate affinity that is well‐suited for monitoring glycoproteins selectively. Results showed that the recognition performance of the nanosensor for glycoproteins was regulated by controlling the pH value and temperature. Moreover, the nanosensor was successfully applied to the detection of HRP in biological fluids. This study provides a facile and efficient fluorescence tool for glycoprotein detection in clinical diagnostics.
Kinetic, Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Assessment of Associative and Dissociative Methanol Dehydration Routes in Zeolites
Authors: Jones Andrew J. , Iglesia Enrique
Published: September 2014

Mechanistic interpretations of rates and in situ IR spectra combined with density functionals that account for van der Waals interactions of intermediates and transition states within confining voids show that associative routes mediate the formation of dimethyl ether from methanol on zeolitic acids at the temperatures and pressures of practical dehydration catalysis. Methoxy‐mediated dissociative routes become prevalent at higher temperatures and lower pressures, because they involve smaller transition states with higher enthalpy, but also higher entropy, than those in associative routes. These enthalpy–entropy trade‐offs merely reflect the intervening role of temperature in activation free energies and the prevalence of more complex transition states at low temperatures and high pressures. This work provides a foundation for further inquiry into the contributions of H‐bonded methanol and methoxy species in homologation and hydrocarbon synthesis reactions from methanol.
Large‐Scale Fabrication of Pseudocapacitive Glass Windows that Combine Electrochromism and Energy Storage
Authors: Yang Peihua , Sun Peng , Chai Zhisheng , Huang Langhuan , Cai Xiang , Tan Shaozao , Song Jinhui , Mai Wenjie
Published: September 2014

Multifunctional glass windows that combine energy storage and electrochromism have been obtained by facile thermal evaporation and electrodeposition methods. For example, WO3 films that had been deposited on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) glass exhibited a high specific capacitance of 639.8 F g−1. Their color changed from transparent to deep blue with an abrupt decrease in optical transmittance from 91.3 % to 15.1 % at a wavelength of 633 nm when a voltage of −0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) was applied, demonstrating its excellent energy‐storage and electrochromism properties. As a second example, a polyaniline‐based pseudocapacitive glass was also developed, and its color can change from green to blue. A large‐scale pseudocapacitive WO3‐based glass window (15×15 cm2) was fabricated as a prototype. Such smart pseudocapacitive glass windows show great potential in functioning as electrochromic windows and concurrently powering electronic devices, such as mobile phones or laptops.
Bimetallic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Diastereomers with Non‐Innocent Bridging Ligands for High‐Efficiency Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Zheng Yonghao , Batsanov Andrei S. , Fox Mark A. , Al‐Attar Hameed A. , Abdullah Khalid , Jankus Vygintas , Bryce Martin R. , Monkman Andrew P.
Published: September 2014

Two phosphorescent dinuclear iridium(III) diastereomers (ΛΔ/ΔΛ) and (ΛΛ/ΔΔ) are readily separated by making use of their different solubilities in hot hexane. The bridging diarylhydrazide ligand plays an important role in the electrochemistry and photophysics of the complexes. Organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) that use these complexes as the green‐emissive dopants in solution‐processable single‐active‐layer architectures feature electroluminescence efficiencies that are remarkably high for dinuclear metal complexes, achieving maximum values of 37 cd A−1, 14 lm W−1, and 11 % external quantum efficiency.
Iodide‐Induced Shuttling of a Halogen‐ and Hydrogen‐Bonding Two‐Station Rotaxane
Authors: Caballero Antonio , Swan Laura , Zapata Fabiola , Beer Paul D.
Published: September 2014

The first example of utilizing halogen‐bonding anion recognition to facilitate molecular motion in an interlocked structure is described. A halogen‐bonding and hydrogen‐bonding bistable rotaxane is prepared and demonstrated to undergo shuttling of the macrocycle component from the hydrogen‐bonding station to the halogen‐bonding station upon iodide recognition. In contrast, chloride‐anion binding reinforces the macrocycle to reside at the hydrogen‐bonding station.
Sulfonamide‐Promoted Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Unactivated Methylene C(sp3)H Bonds with Alkyl Iodides
Authors: Chen Kai , Shi Bing‐Feng
Published: September 2014

The alkylation of unactivated β‐methylene C(sp3)H bonds of α‐amino acid substrates with a broad range of alkyl iodides using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst is described. The addition of NaOCN and 4‐Cl‐C6H4SO2NH2 was found to be crucial for the success of this transformation. The reaction is compatible with a diverse array of functional groups and proceeds with high diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, various β,β‐hetero‐dialkyl‐ and β‐alkyl‐β‐aryl‐α‐amino acids were prepared by sequential C(sp3)H functionalization of an alanine‐derived substrate, thus providing a versatile strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of unnatural β‐disubstituted α‐amino acids.