bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Characterization of Luminescence Film Sensor for Detecting Defects of Barrier Films
Authors: Choi Pu-Reun , Kim Hyun Chul , Kim Sun Min , Koo Eunhae
Published: November 2016

The most critical issue on flexible electronics such as organic solar-cell, OLEDs, and flexible display is the protection of the core active materials from the degradation by water and oxygen. The defect of barrier film is the main channel for the transmission of water and oxygen molecules. Herein, in order to monitor the defects of barrier films, we have developed anthracene boronic acid pinacol ester (ABAPE) sensor which is very sensitive to water vapor. When ABAPE film is exposed to water, it gives off fluorescence emission at 389 and 408 nm under excitation peak at 366 nm. Based on the fluorescence microscopy and SEM images, the optical method using the ABAPE sensor film can monitor the defects of barrier film smaller than 1 μm. This result suggests that ABAPE can be utilized to monitor the defect and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) in the barrier film.
Goblet Cell Ratio in Combination with Differentiation and Stem Cell Markers in Barrett Esophagus Allow Distinction of Patients with and without Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Schellnegger Raphael , Quante Anne , Rospleszcz Susanne , Schernhammer Martina , Höhl Bettina , Tobiasch Moritz , Pastula Agnieszka , Brandtner Anna , Abrams Julian A. , Strauch Konstantin , Schmid Roland M. , Vieth Michael , Wang Timothy C. , Quante Michael
Published: November 2016

The increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is mirrored by the increasing prevalence of Barrett esophagus, a precursor lesion resulting in a large number of individuals “at risk” for this lethal malignancy. Among patients with Barrett esophagus, only about 0.3% annually will develop EAC. Because large numbers of patients are followed in endoscopic surveillance, there is a need for risk prediction among a growing population of patients with Barrett esophagus. We identified four potential biomarkers from an inflammation (IL1β)-dependent mouse model of Barrett esophagus and tested them in 189 patients with Barrett esophagus with and without high-grade dysplasia (HGD)/early cancer (T1). The primary goal was to distinguish patients with Barrett esophagus with no evidence of dysplasia from those with dysplasia. Increasing stem cell marker LGR5 and niche cell marker DCLK1 and decreasing differentiation marker (secretory mucus cells, TFF2+ cells) correlated with elevated tumor score in the mouse. Having outlined the origin of those markers in the Barrett esophagus mouse model, we showed the applicability for human Barrett esophagus. We compared 94 patients with nondysplastic Barrett esophagus tissue with 95 patients with Barrett esophagus and HGD or early cancer. Low levels of TFF2 (AUC 87.2%) provided the best discrimination between nondysplastic Barrett esophagus and Barrett esophagus with cancer, followed by high levels of DCLK1 (AUC 83.4%), low goblet cell ratio (AUC 79.4%), and high LGR5 (AUC 71.4%). The goblet cell ratio, rather than the presence of goblet cells per se, was found to be an important discriminator. These findings may be useful in developing future risk prediction models for patients with Barrett esophagus and ultimately to improve EAC surveillance. Cancer Prev Res; 10(1); 55–66. ©2016 AACR.
A Case of Possible Chagas Transmission by Blood Transfusion in Switzerland
Authors: Ries Judith , Komarek Adriana , Gottschalk Jochen , Brand Birgit , Amsler Lorenz , Jutzi Markus , Frey Beat M.
Published: November 2016

Background: Transfusion-transmitted Chagas disease has been reported from endemic countries in Latin America. Switzerland is a non-endemic country but high prevalence of antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi was found among immigrants. Immigrants may participate in blood donation; therefore, risk-adapted anti-T. cruzi screening for blood donors was implemented in Switzerland in 2013. Methods: Between January 2013 and July 2015, 1 out of 1,183 at-risk donors, tested at Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, was found anti-T. cruzi IgG-positive. Results and Conclusion: Out of 54 donations given by the index donor (ID), we identified 77 blood products which were delivered to hospitals. Archived serum samples from the donations given during the prior 5 years were available for retrospective testing. All samples from ID revealed positive findings for anti-T.cruzi IgG. Donor-triggered look-back procedure identified a 70-year-old male recipient of a platelet concentrate (PC) donated by ID. The recipient succumbed of acute T. cruzi infection 2 years after transfusion of the PC.
Deletion of Irf3 and Irf7 Genes in Mice Results in Altered Interferon Pathway Activation and Granulocyte-Dominated Inflammatory Responses to Influenza A Infection
Authors: Hatesuer Bastian , Hoang Hang Thi Thu , Riese Peggy , Trittel Stephanie , Gerhauser Ingo , Elbahesh Husni , Geffers Robert , Wilk Esther , Schughart Klaus
Published: November 2016

The interferon (IFN) pathway plays an essential role in the innate immune response following viral infections and subsequent shaping of adaptive immunity. Infections with influenza A viruses (IAV) activate the IFN pathway after the recognition of pathogen-specific molecular patterns by respective pattern recognition receptors. The IFN regulatory factors IRF3 and IRF7 are key players in the regulation of type I and III IFN genes. In this study, we analyzed the role of IRF3 and IRF7 for the host response to IAV infections in Irf3-/-, Irf7-/-, and Irf3-/-Irf7-/- knockout mice. While the absence of IRF3 had only a moderate impact on IFN expression, deletion of IRF7 completely abolished IFNα production after infection. In contrast, lack of both IRF3 and IRF7 resulted in the absence of both IFNα and IFNβ after IAV infection. In addition, IAV infection of double knockout mice resulted in a strong increase of mortality associated with a massive influx of granulocytes in the lung and reduced activation of the adaptive immune response.
Screening for Dementia in Primary Care: A Comparison of the GPCOG and the MMSE
Authors: Brodaty Henry , Connors Michael H. , Loy Clement , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Stocks Nigel , Gunn Jane , Mate Karen E. , Pond C. Dimity
Published: November 2016

Background/Aims: The General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG) is a brief cognitive test. This study compared the GPCOG to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the most widely used test, in terms of their ability to detect likely dementia in primary care. Methods: General practitioners across three states in Australia recruited 2,028 elderly patients from the community. A research nurse administered the GPCOG and the MMSE, as well as the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly Cognitive Scale-Revised that we used to define likely dementia. Results: Overall, the GPCOG and the MMSE were similarly effective at detecting likely dementia. The GPCOG, however, had a higher sensitivity than the MMSE when using published cutpoints. Conclusion: The GPCOG is an effective screening tool for dementia in primary care. It appears to be a viable alternative to the MMSE, whilst also requiring less time to administer.
Factors Involved in Vocal Fatigue: A Pilot Study
Authors: D'haeseleer Evelien , Behlau Mara , Bruneel Laura , Meerschman Iris , Luyten Anke , Lambrecht Stien , Cassol Mauriceia , Corthals Paul , Kryshtopava Maryna , Wuyts Floris L. , Claeys Sofie , Van Lierde Kristiane
Published: November 2016

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the vocal characteristics of a treatment-seeking population with the primary complaint of vocal fatigue (VF). Methods: Forty-three men (mean age 42 years, range 19-69) and 145 women (mean age 34 years, range 18-68) were included. None of the subjects had received voice therapy or previous laryngeal surgery. A questionnaire, laryngeal and perceptual evaluations, aerodynamic and acoustic parameters, and the Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI) were used to determine vocal characteristics. Results: In 74% of the subjects, flexible laryngeal videostroboscopic evaluation revealed a vocal pathology, with vocal nodules and muscle tension dysphonia as the most frequently diagnosed pathologies. Vocal abuse/misuse was present in 65% of the subjects. A median DSI value of -0.4 and -0.8 was found in female and male patients, respectively. Aerodynamic and acoustic parameters and DSI scores were significantly different from normative data. Conclusion: VF is a vocal sign with a significant need for medical consultation, especially in future professional voice users. Understanding the occurrence and the influencing variables of VF may help to close the gap between early stages of a vocal problem and the starting point of a well-established disorder.
On the relevance of Plato’s view on affectivity to the psychology of emotions
Authors: Zaborowski Robert
Published: November 2016

Although considered often outdated or useless, Plato’s views on affectivity in general and on emotions in particular offer a great deal of observations recurring in subsequent theories of emotions. Without putting forward a claim about the character of these similarities – either influential or purely anticipating or simply coincidental – some examples are provided to illustrate them. If examples referred to are relevant to the current discussion, then Plato’s views are wrongly taken as valid only for historical research, or worse, neglected completely. They should rather be considered helpful in disentangling aporias inherent to the debate over affectivity. A paper discusses the issue of taxonomy of feelings (family – genera – species) as well as the place of affectivity within mental states in Plato's work.
Learning Hygiene: Mortality Patterns by Religion in the Don Army Territory (Southern Russia), 1867–1916
Authors: Bonneuil Noël , Fursa Elena
Published: November 2016

The Don Army Territory in southern Russia from 1867 to 1916 offers a unique opportunity to follow mortality variations across religious denominations (Orthodox, Old Believers and Coreligionists, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews, Armenian-Gregorians, Buddhists, and Muslims) in a context of severe climatic conditions, urbanization, economic mutations, and improvements in hygiene and medicine. Denominational groups were differentiated by ways of life, residential segmentation, hygiene practices, and medical knowledge. The most educated and urban denominations had the lowest mortality. Religions determined mortality patterns, doing duty for nonexistent or scarce physicians among the Orthodox, laying down rules of hygiene, and promoting doctrine on fertility and child care.
A Reply to Dykstra’s “Evident Bias in ‘Crimes Committed by U.S. Soldiers in Europe, 1945–1946’”
Authors: Kehoe Thomas J. , Kehoe E. James
Published: November 2016

Contrary to Robert Dykstra’s contention, we do not attempt to equate Soviet and U.S. crimes. Instead, we present new quantitative evidence that indicates a higher rate of U.S.-perpetrated crime than previously thought. The result should be a re-appraisal of U.S. soldiers’ behavior that penetrates further than the popular narrative that contrasts a peaceful West with a disorderly East. Dykstra’s mistaken critique of our statistical results appears to derive from his failure to appreciate the full relationship between crime reports and crime charges and from his lack of familiarity with the complications surrounding the calculation of the “dark number.”
Creational Aesthetics and the Challenge of Conceptual Art
Authors: Félix-Jäger Steven
Published: November 2016

A trend in theological aesthetics is to advocate for a “creational aesthetic” when discussing the ontology and calling of the artist. In its essential form, a creational aesthetic affirms that artists honor the Creator God by creating art. In some way artists are functioning as God’s image when they make art. While this view is popular in the Christian engagement of the arts, it is uncertain if such an observation is the preeminent way of understanding the role of the artist. Can one be considered an artist if s/he is removed from the tactile process of making? In the contemporary art world, the role of the artist in visual art has come into question with a stronger emphasis on conceptuality, over and against construction. In this article I argue for an alternate way of understanding creational aesthetics that makes room for conceptuality in art.
The Chinese Art “Arms Race”
Authors: Ian Shin K.
Published: November 2016

Interest in Chinese art has swelled in the United States in recent years. In 2015, the collection of the late dealer-collector Robert Hatfield Ellsworth fetched no less than $134 million at auction (much of it from Mainland Chinese buyers), while the Metropolitan Museum of Art drew over 800,000 visitors to its galleries for the blockbuster show “China: Through the Looking Glass”—the fifth most-visited exhibition in the museum’s 130-year history. The roots of this interest in Chinese art reach back to the first two decades of the 20th Century and are grounded in the geopolitical questions of those years. Drawing from records of major collectors and museums in New York and Washington, D.C., this article argues that the United States became a major international center for collecting and studying Chinese art through cosmopolitan collaboration with European partners and, paradoxically, out of a nationalist sentiment justifying hegemony over a foreign culture derived from an ideology of American exceptionalism in the Pacific. This article frames the development of Chinese art as a contested process of knowledge production between the United States, Europe, and China that places the history of collecting in productive conversation with the history of Sino-American relations and imperialism.
Introduction
Authors: Liang Iping
Published: November 2016

This special issue contains six essays that pose interesting questions to the current practices in overseas Chinese studies. At the heart is the thorny issue: how do we take into consideration the outlying island territories that surround continental China—insular states such as Taiwan, Quemoy, and the Ryukyus, among others? What happens when migration takes place to and from these island territories? While these island territories are geographically located along the east coast of continental China, they have been the receiving destinations, as well as sending origins, of translocal Chinese migrants. The dynamics and complexities among the migration loops, national boundaries, cultural identities, colonial/postcolonial disruptions, economic networks, geo-political blocks and regional formations, etc. have made these island territories the foci of the contested terrains in East Asia. The interactions between continental China and these island territories, and those among these various insular sites have formed translocal contact zones that deserve a critical investigation. The six essays in this issue address topics that arise from the intimate and recurrent entanglements among these continent-island intertwined migrations in East Asia—especially those to and from Taiwan, Quemoy, and the Ryukyus. (This article is in English.)
Phyllosiphon ari sp. nov. (Watanabea clade, Trebouxiophyceae), a new parasitic species isolated from leaves of Arum italicum (Araceae)

Authors: PROCHÁZKOVÁ KATEŘINA , NĚMCOVÁ YVONNE , NEUSTUPA JIŘÍ
Published: November 2016

The trebouxiophycean genus Phyllosiphon contains unique green algae that thrive as endophytic parasites in the leaves of various members of the Araceae. The DNA sequences of the parasitic populations were originally acquired from infected leaves of subtropical Arisarum vulgare. However, several previous studies showed that the members of the Phyllosiphon clade also occur as free-living algae on various subaerial substrates across Europe. Phyllosiphon infection was also observed on the leaves of the temperate genus Arum, but no molecular data was available for these parasites. We recently found these parasites at a single sub-Mediterranean locality. These algae were genetically different from those previously obtained from Arisarum leaves on the basis of their 18S rDNA and rbcL gene sequences. In the present study, we describe this organism as a new species, Phyllosiphon ari. Phylogenetic differentiation of Phyllosiphon taxa, correlated with host specificity to different genera of the Araceae, suggests concerted host-pathogen co-evolution driving species diversification within this peculiar green algal lineage.
Parasenecio anhuiensis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species from eastern China
Authors: XU LIAN-SHENG , CHEN YOU-SHENG
Published: November 2016

Parasenecio anhuiensis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species from eastern China, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to P. ainsliaeiflorus in its habit, leaf shape, corolla color, number of florets and phyllaries, and the usual absence of peduncles of the capitula, but differs by middle cauline leaves 3–4 (vs. 5–8), capitula arranged in short, compound corymbs which together form a terminal panicle (vs. racemose or compound racemose synflorescence), bractlets 5–7 at the base of heads, triangular-ovate (vs. reduced or linear).
A new species of Coriella, Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. (Entoprocta, Barentsiidae), with comments on the genera Coriella and Pedicellinopsis
Authors: BORISANOVA ANASTASIA O. , POTANINA DARYA M.
Published: November 2016

Here we describe a new species of colonial entoproct Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. from the Sea of Okhotsk, western Pacific Ocean, found at depths of 305–624 m. This is the first record of an entoproct species for the Sea of Okhotsk. Coriella chernyshevi is a large species with a zooid length of 6–7 mm. The calyx bears 32–34 tentacles. Zooids extend from a central stem formed by closely adjoined stolons. Only one other species of Coriella has been described previously, Coriella stolonata Kluge, 1946, from the Arctic Ocean, found at a depth of 45 m. Coriella chernyshevi and C. stolonata share a same rigid stem structure, but they differ in zooid size and tentacle number. The only other barentsiid that has been described as having a rigid central stem is Pedicellinopsis fruticosa Hincks, 1884. Based on the presence of a central stem in colonies, and similarities in structure of zooids and colonies, we suggest a close relationship between Coriella and Pedicellinopsis. Finally, an overview of both genera and all three species is given.
A New Snow Density Parameterization for Land Data Initialization
Authors: Dawson Nicholas , Broxton Patrick , Zeng Xubin
Published: November 2016

Snow initialization is crucial for weather and seasonal prediction, but the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) operational models have been found to produce too little snow water equivalent, partly because they assume a constant and unrealistically low snow density for the snowpack. One possible solution is to use the snow density formulation from the Noah land model used in NCEP operational forecast models. While this solution is better than the constant density assumption, the seasonal evolution of snow density in Noah is still found to be unrealistic, through the evaluation of both the offline Noah model output and the Noah snow density formulation itself. A physically based snow density parameterization is then developed, which performs considerably better than the Noah parameterization based on the measurements from the SNOTEL network over the western United States and Alaska. It also performs better than the snow density schemes used in three other models. This parameterization could be easily implemented in NCEP operational snow initialization. With the consideration of up to 10 snow layers, this parameterization can also be applied to multilayer snowpack initiation or to estimate snow water equivalent from in situ and airborne snow depth measurements.
An Ice-Phase Microphysics Forward Model and Preliminary Results of Polarimetric Radar Data Assimilation
Authors: Li Xuanli , Mecikalski John R. , Posselt Derek
Published: November 2016

In this study, an ice-phase microphysics forward model has been developed for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model three-dimensional variational data assimilation (WRF 3D-Var) system. Radar forward operators for reflectivity and the polarimetric variable, specific differential phase (KDP), have been built into the ice-phase WRF 3D-Var package to allow modifications in liquid (cloud water and rain) and solid water (cloud ice and snow) fields through data assimilation. Experiments have been conducted to assimilate reflectivity and radial velocity observations collected by the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Hytop, Alabama, for a mesoscale convective system (MCS) on 15 March 2008. Numerical results have been examined to assess the impact of the WSR-88D data using the ice-phase WRF 3D-Var radar data assimilation package. The main goals are to first demonstrate radar data assimilation with an ice-phase microphysics forward model and second to improve understanding on how to enhance the utilization of radar data in numerical weather prediction. Results showed that the assimilation of reflectivity and radial velocity data using the ice-phase system provided significant improvement especially in the mid- to upper troposphere. The improved initial conditions led to apparent improvement in the short-term precipitation forecast of the MCS. An additional experiment has been conducted to explore the assimilation of KDP data collected by the Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR). Results showed that KDP data have been successfully assimilated using the ice-phase 3D-Var package. A positive impact of the KDP data has been found on rainwater in the lower troposphere and snow in the mid- to upper troposphere.
A Technique for Verification of Convection-Permitting NWP Model Deterministic Forecasts of Lightning Activity
Authors: Wilkinson Jonathan M.
Published: November 2016

This manuscript introduces a new technique for evaluating lightning forecasts from convection-permitting models. In recent years, numerical weather prediction models at the convection-permitting scales (horizontal grid resolutions of 1–5 km) have been able to produce realistic-looking forecasts of lightning activity when compared with observations. However, it is challenging to assess what value these forecasts add above standard large-scale indices. Examining this problem, it is found that existing skill scores and neighborhood verification methods are unable to cope with both the double-penalty effect and the model’s variable frequency bias. A displacement distance and a quasi-symmetric distance score are introduced based on the distance between the model and the observations, the latter showing any improvement the forecast has over a completely “hedged” forecast. This can be combined with a domain-improved contingency table and comparisons between modeled and observed lightning flashes to evaluate the forecast performance in three important dimensions: coverage, distance, and intensity. The verification metric is illustrated with a single case, which shows that the convective-scale U.K. variable resolution model (UKV) delivers improved forecasts compared with the large-scale indices in both coverage and distance. Additionally, a month-long analysis is performed, which reveals that the coverage of lightning is in good agreement with the observations; lightning is displaced by the model by a distance on the order of 50–75 km, but the model overpredicts the lightning intensity by at least a factor of 6 after observational detection efficiencies have been considered.
Discrete event performance prediction of speculatively parallel temperature-accelerated dynamics
Authors: Zamora Richard J , Voter Arthur F , Perez Danny , Santhi Nandakishore , Mniszewski Susan M , Thulasidasan Sunil , Eidenbenz Stephan J
Published: November 2016

Due to its unrivaled ability to predict the dynamical evolution of interacting atoms, molecular dynamics (MD) is a widely used computational method in theoretical chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. Despite its success, MD is only capable of modeling timescales within several orders of magnitude of thermal vibrations, leaving out many important phenomena that occur at slower rates. The temperature-accelerated dynamics (TAD) method overcomes this limitation by thermally accelerating the state-to-state evolution captured by MD. Due to the algorithmically complex nature of the serial TAD procedure, implementations have yet to improve performance by parallelizing the concurrent exploration of multiple states. Here we utilize a discrete-event-based application simulator to introduce and explore a new speculatively parallel TAD (SpecTAD) method. We investigate the SpecTAD algorithm, without a full-scale implementation, by constructing an application simulator proxy (SpecTADSim). Following this method, we discover that a non-trivial relationship exists between the optimal SpecTAD parameter set and the number of CPU cores available at run-time. Furthermore, we find that a majority of the available SpecTAD boost can be achieved within an existing TAD application using relatively simple algorithm modifications.
Tourist Demand Reactions: Symmetric or Asymmetric across the Business Cycle?
Authors: Bronner Fred , de Hoog Robert
Published: November 2016

Economizing and spending priorities on different types of vacations are investigated during two periods: an economic downturn and returning prosperity. Two nation-wide samples of vacationers are used: one during a downturn, the other one at the start of the recovery period. Through comparing the results, conclusions can be drawn about symmetric or asymmetric tourist demand across the business cycle.

The main summer holiday has an asymmetric profile: being fairly crisis-resistant during a recession and showing considerable growth during an expansion. This does not apply to short vacations and day trips, each having a symmetric profile: during a recession they experience substantial reductions and during expansion comparable growth. So when talking about tourist demand in general, one cannot say that it is symmetric or asymmetric across the business cycle: it depends on the type of vacation. Differences in tourist demand are best explained by the role of Quality-of-Life for vacationers.
Intonation and gesture as bootstrapping devices in speaker uncertainty
Authors: Hübscher Iris , Esteve-Gibert Núria , Igualada Alfonso , Prieto Pilar
Published: November 2016

This study investigates 3- to 5-year-old children’s sensitivity to lexical, intonational and gestural information in the comprehension of speaker uncertainty. Most previous studies on children’s understanding of speaker certainty and uncertainty across languages have focused on the comprehension of lexical markers, and little is known about the potential facilitation effects of intonational and gestural features in this process. A total of 102 3- to 5-year-old Catalan-speaking children participated in a comprehension task which involved the detection of uncertainty in materials that combined lexical, intonational and gestural markers. In a between-subjects design, the children were either administered the lexical condition (where they were exposed to lexical and gestural cues to uncertainty) or the intonation condition (where they were exposed to intonational and gestural cues to uncertainty). Within each condition, three different presentation formats were used (audio-only, visual-only and audio-visual) in a within-subjects design. The results indicated that all the children performed better overall when they had gestural cues present. Furthermore, in comparison with the older group, the younger group was more sensitive to intonational marking of speaker uncertainty than to lexical marking. This evidence suggests that the intonational and gestural features of communicative interactions may act as bootstrapping mechanisms in early pragmatic development.
Corporate Disclosure, Analyst Forecast Dispersion, and Stock Returns
Authors: Ali Ashiq , Liu Mark , Xu Danielle , Yao Tong
Published: November 2016

This article examines whether a corporate disclosure practice is one of the reasons for the forecast dispersion anomaly—the negative relation between analyst forecast dispersion and future stock returns. Prior studies have shown that firms tend to delay the disclosure of bad news and that withholding of news leads to greater dispersion in analysts’ forecasts. Accordingly, we predict that firms with higher dispersion in analysts’ earnings forecasts are more likely to experience poor earnings in the subsequent quarter, and find evidence consistent with this prediction. After controlling for the relation between forecast dispersion and future earnings, we find that forecast dispersion is no longer significantly negatively related to future stock returns. These results suggest that temporary withholding of bad news by firms increases forecast dispersion among analysts and leads to low subsequent stock returns.
Subcutaneous Infusion of Fluids for Hydration or Nutrition: A Review
Authors: Caccialanza Riccardo , Constans Thierry , Cotogni Paolo , Zaloga Gary P. , Pontes‐Arruda Alessandro
Published: November 2016

Subcutaneous infusion, or hypodermoclysis, is a technique whereby fluids are infused into the subcutaneous space via small‐gauge needles that are typically inserted into the thighs, abdomen, back, or arms. In this review, we provide an overview of the technique, summarize findings from studies that have examined the use of subcutaneous infusion of fluids for hydration or nutrition, and describe the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of subcutaneous infusion. Taken together, the available evidence suggests that, when indicated, subcutaneous infusion can be effective for administering fluids for hydration or nutrition, with minimal complications, and has similar effectiveness and safety to the intravenous route. Of note, subcutaneous infusion offers several advantages over intravenous infusion, including ease of application, low cost, and the lack of potential serious complications, particularly infections. Subcutaneous infusion may be particularly suited for patients with mild to moderate dehydration or malnutrition when oral/enteral intake is insufficient; when placement of an intravenous catheter is not possible, tolerated, or desirable; at risk of dehydration when oral intake is not tolerated; as a bridging technique in case of difficult intravenous access or catheter‐related bloodstream infection while infection control treatment is being attempted; and in multiple settings (eg, emergency department, hospital, outpatient clinic, nursing home, long‐term care, hospice, and home).
Managerial Risk Taking
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E. , Chirico Francesco , Zyung Jinyong (Daniel) , Gambeta Eni
Published: November 2016

Managerial risk taking is a critical aspect of strategic management. To improve competitive advantage and performance, managers need to take risks, often in an uncertain environment. Formal economic assumptions of risk taking suggest that if the expected values for two strategies are similar but one is a greater gamble (uncertain), managers will choose the strategy with a more certain outcome. Based on these assumptions, agency theory assumes that top managers should be compensated or monitored to achieve better outcomes. We review the theory and research on agency theory and managerial risk taking along with theories that challenge this basic assumption about risk taking: the behavioral theory of the firm, prospect theory, the behavioral agency model and the related socioemotional wealth perspective, and upper echelons theory. We contribute to the literature by reviewing and suggesting research opportunities within and across these theories to develop a comprehensive research agenda on managerial risk taking.
Integration through interaction? Synergy between adaptation and mitigation (REDD+) in Cameroon
Authors: Somorin Olufunso A , Visseren-Hamakers Ingrid J , Arts Bas , Tiani Anne-Marie , Sonwa Denis J
Published: November 2016

In the forest sector of Cameroon, policy strategies such as reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) have the potential to contribute to global climate mitigation efforts. Similarly, forests support the adaptation of populations and economies dependent on climate-sensitive sectors including agriculture, fisheries, and energy. The article investigates the strategies of policy actors in building synergies between the priority for adaptation and the opportunity of REDD+, and vice-versa. Theoretically, the article combines the concepts of policy integration, institutional interaction, and interaction management. It draws from extensive documentation of national discussions on climate policy and in-depth interviews with state and non-state actors involved in the policy processes. The article concludes that synergetic interaction occurs in sharing of ideas and knowledge to promote inter-institutional learning; and in cooperative behavior and communicative actions. A prominent example of managing interactions is the establishment of l'Observatoire national sur les changements climatiques as an overarching institutional framework for policy implementation.
Who suffers from stress? Action-state orientation moderates the effect of external stress on relationship satisfaction
Authors: Backes Sabine , Brandstätter Veronika , Kuster Monika , Nussbeck Fridtjof W. , Bradbury Thomas N. , Bodenmann Guy , Sutter-Stickel Dorothee
Published: November 2016

Growing evidence implicates stress as a reliable correlate of relationship satisfaction; yet, existing models fail to address why some relationships are more vulnerable than others to this effect. We draw from the literature on individual differences in self-regulation to predict that individuals who are more action oriented when confronted with aversive demands will buffer themselves and their partners against the detrimental effect of external stress. Using actor–partner interdependence modeling on self-report data from 368 couples, we show that the relationship satisfaction of highly stressed but action-oriented individuals and their partners is compromised less by external stress than that of state-oriented individuals and their partners. These results held after controlling for symptoms of depression and were not moderated by gender or by age, despite sampling couples varying widely in relationship duration. Results support the view that individual differences in self-regulation, and action orientation in particular, might benefit relationships confronted by stress, thus clarifying how dyads might be affected by demands outside their relationship.
Stability, change, and determinants of self-esteem during adolescence and emerging adulthood
Authors: Sánchez-Queija Inmaculada , Oliva Alfredo , Parra Águeda
Published: November 2016

This research studied the development of self-esteem through adolescence and emerging adulthood. It also analyzed sex differences and the role of family and peers in developmental trends in self-esteem. Data comes from a longitudinal study in which we administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to 90 Spanish boys and girls at ages 13, 15, 17, and 21 years. Results showed a linear increase in self-esteem, higher for boys than for girls, during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Initial variability was related to care received from the mother during childhood, whereas the increase in self-esteem throughout adolescence and emerging adulthood was related to peer attachment.
Nepantla, Cross-cultural Encounters, and Literature: Latin America, India, Japan
Authors: Palencia-Roth Michael
Published: November 2016

This essay briefly explores the phenomenon of nepantla in three representative cross-cultural encounters, in both initial and later phases: Spain-Latin America, England-India, and the West-Japan. Nepantla is a mode of in-betweenness rooted in the historical encounter between cultures and leading to mediation of various kinds. For Latin America, the essay focuses on Columbus, the Cortés-Moctezuma encounter, the Aztec-Franciscan dialogues of 1524, Gabriel García Márquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa. For India, the essay comments on the East India Company, English education in India, Lord Macaulay, Dean Mahomet, Rabindranath Tagore, Salman Rushdie, V.S. Naipaul, and a number of other writers from the early, mid and late twentieth century. For Japan, the essay considers, first, Japanese reactions to missionary activities in the sixteenth century, then the opening up of Japan in the nineteenth century, the Meiji Restoration and its literature, and in particular authors like Fukuzawa, Sōseki, Endō, Kawabata, and Ōe. The essay argues, finally, that nepantla is a useful and dynamic approach to intercultural encounters that complements approaches indicated by terms like colonialism, imperialism, contact zones, hybridity or métissage, liminality, de-colonization, or post-coloniality.
Recommendations on the scientific approach to polymer flame retardancy: Part 1—Scientific terms and methods
Authors: Schartel Bernhard , Wilkie Charles A , Camino Giovanni
Published: November 2016

The correct use of scientific terms, performing experiments accurately, and discussing data using unequivocal scientific concepts constitute the basis for good scientific practice. The significance and thus the quality of scientific communication rely on the proper use of terms and methods. It is the aim of this two-part article to support the community with recommendations for discussing the flame retardancy of polymers by addressing some of the most relevant points. The first article (part one of two) clarifies some scientific terms and, in some cases, such as for “pyrolysis,” “thermal decomposition,” and “fire resistance,” critically discusses their definitions in the field of fire science. Several comments are made on proper fire testing and thermal analysis, including some thoughts on uncertainty in fire testing. The proper use of distinct concepts in flame retardancy is discussed briefly in the subsequent second article (part two). This article tries to balance imparting background on the subject with recommendations. It encourages to check scientific practice with respect to communication and applying methods.
Evaluation Theory and Practice: Comparing Program Evaluation and Evaluation in Planning
Authors: Guyadeen Dave , Seasons Mark
Published: November 2016

This article reviews the major approaches of program evaluation and evaluation in planning. The challenges to evaluating plans and planning are discussed, including the reliance on ex ante evaluations, a lack of outcome evaluation methodologies, the attribution gap, and institutional hurdles. Areas requiring further research are also highlighted, including the need to develop appropriate evaluation methodologies; creating stronger linkages between program evaluation and evaluation in planning; examining the institutional and political contexts guiding the use (and misuse) of evaluation in practice; and the importance of training and educating planners on evaluation.
The “Golden Thread”: Coercive Control and Risk Assessment for Domestic Violence
Authors: Myhill Andy , Hohl Katrin
Published: November 2016

Research on risk assessment for domestic violence has to date focused primarily on the predictive power of individual risk factors and the statistical validity of risk assessment tools in predicting future physical assault in sub-sets of cases dealt with by the police. This study uses data from risk assessment forms from a random sample of cases of domestic violence reported to the police. An innovative latent trait model is used to test whether a cluster of risk factors associated with coercive control is most representative of the type of abuse that comes to the attention of the police. Factors associated with a course of coercive and controlling conduct, including perpetrators’ threats, controlling behavior and sexual coercion, and victims’ isolation and fear, had highest item loadings and were thus the most representative of the overall construct. Sub-lethal physical violence—choking and use of weapons—was also consistent with a course of controlling conduct. Whether a physical injury was sustained during the current incident, however, was not associated consistently either with the typical pattern of abuse or with other context-specific risk factors such as separation from the perpetrator. Implications for police practice and the design of risk assessment tools are discussed. We conclude that coercive control is the “golden thread” running through risk identification and assessment for domestic violence and that risk assessment tools structured around coercive control can help police officers move beyond an “incident-by-incident” response and toward identifying the dangerous patterns of behavior that precede domestic homicide.
The Relationship Between Non-Consensual Sex and Risk of Depression in Female Undergraduates at Universities in Maritime Canada
Authors: McDougall Erin E. , Langille Donald B. , Steenbeek Audrey A. , Asbridge Mark , Andreou Pantelis
Published: November 2016

Sexual victimization and depression are common on university campuses, especially among females. Both are associated with negative health outcomes and efforts are made to minimize these as much as possible on university campuses. The current study examines the prevalence of, and independent association between, non-consensual sex and current risk of depression after controlling for related factors. The primary study question is as follows: Are female undergraduate students who have been sexually victimized while attending university at an increased risk of depression compared with those who have not been victimized? Cross-sectional data collected online from female students below the age of 30 at eight universities in Maritime Canada were analyzed. Non-consensual sex while at university was measured using one dichotomous item and current risk of depression was measured using the validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. All analyses were weighted and data were imputed using the sequential regression multiple imputation (SRMI) method. Analyses involved basic descriptive statistics, a series of unadjusted logistic regressions, and an adjusted multiple logistic regression. A total of 36.7% of female undergraduate students were found to be at risk of depression and 6.8% have been victim of non-consensual sex while attending university. After adjusting for covariates, females who were victimized were 2.11 times more likely to be at risk of depression than females who were not victimized ( p < .0001). This study points to the possible unmet need for more mental health support for victims of sexual victimization and more efforts to prevent sexual violence on Canadian campuses. These findings can help to inform university mental health services such as mental health support for victims of sexual assault and can also be used to inform prevention and health promotion activities.
A comparison of hometown socioeconomics and demographics for black and white elite football players in the US
Authors: Allison Rachel , Davis Adriene , Barranco Raymond
Published: November 2016

Despite widespread perceptions of elite US sport as meritocratic, there is little empirical research on the social origins of those who play college and professional sports in the US or how these vary by race. We use the case of American football, linking Entertainment and Sports Programming Network’s national recruit rankings data on incoming college football players from 2007–2016 ( N=929) with 2000 US Census data. Our study compares hometown socioeconomic and demographic indicators for black and white college athletes and then for those drafted into the National Football League. Findings show that the socioeconomic and demographic profiles of the hometowns producing elite football athletes vary by both athlete race and draft status. Black draftees come from denser, more socioeconomically disadvantaged and blacker hometowns than black non-drafted athletes, while white draftees come from less socioeconomically disadvantaged hometowns than white non-drafted athletes.
Examining the Concurrent Validity of the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children
Authors: Kretschmar Jeff M. , Butcher Fredrick , Tossone Krystel , Beale Bobbi L.
Published: November 2016

Objective:

The aim of this study is to examine the concurrent validity of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) using associated behavioral health diagnoses.

Methods:

The sample included 2,544 youth participating in a juvenile justice diversion program for youth with behavioral health issues. Youth received a full diagnostic assessment and completed the TSCC. Analyses of variance examined the relationship between TSCC subscale scores and behavioral health diagnoses.

Results:

The TSCC subscales were often able to differentiate between youth with and without Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses of different classes. For example, youth diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) reported significantly higher means on the TSCC Anxiety Scale than did youth without GAD.

Conclusions:

The TSCC is a popular trauma symptomatology screening tool, and the current study provides support for its concurrent validity with behavioral health diagnoses. The TSCC provides helpful information that can serve to reinforce clinical decisions around diagnoses and treatment planning.
Trends in the Study of Urban Politics
Authors: Stone Clarence N.
Published: November 2016

Urban political study has experienced several critical junctures. Rather than following an incremental path of cumulative development, urban analysis has gone through phases of reframing akin to what Thomas Kuhn called paradigm shifts. The purpose of this article is threefold: (1) to examine paradigmatic frameworks as alterations in urban inquiry, (2) to address the issue of why such shifts come about, and (3) to remind readers that shifts are double-edged, not only bringing new perspective to inquiry but also risking that other significant considerations may be overlooked in the process. Urban paradigms compete for preeminence, and all are in need of ongoing critical reassessment. The hold of any given framework of analysis proves impermanent in part because the underlying urban situation it illuminates is never static. The risk of a lag in analysis is never low.
‘PACE-Gate’: When clinical trial evidence meets open data access
Authors: Geraghty Keith J
Published: November 2016

Science is not always plain sailing and sometimes the voyage is across an angry sea. A recent clinical trial of treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome (the PACE trial) has whipped up a storm of controversy. Patients claim the lead authors overstated the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy by lowering the thresholds they used to determine improvement. In this extraordinary case, patients discovered that the treatments tested had much lower efficacy after an information tribunal ordered the release of data from the PACE trial to a patient who had requested access using a freedom of information request.