bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processing and properties of low-temperature cure carbon fiber-reinforced bismaleimide composite
Authors: Waller Matthew D , Bakis Charles E , Koudela Kevin L , McIntyre Sean M
Published: January 2022

Bismaleimide (BMI) resins are used in carbon fiber reinforced composites for high-temperature applications. Conventional BMI resins require high cure and post-cure processing temperatures, which limit fabrication methods and contribute to residual stress and microcracking. Recently, BMIs with lower cure temperatures have been developed; however, little data on the properties of low-temperature cure carbon/BMI composites are available in the open literature. In this study, processing and properties of a low-temperature cure BMI resin system, referred to here as BMI-2, were evaluated. Along with evaluation of neat resin properties, multi-directional woven carbon fiber reinforced BMI-2 composite laminates were fabricated by an out-of-autoclave, vacuum-bag-only resin infusion method. New data on the mechanical, thermal, and moisture absorption properties are presented. It was found that the resin infusion method produced laminates with fiber volume fraction of approximately 55% and immeasurably low void content. BMI-2 was found to attain a degree of cure of 96% and glass transition temperature of 366°C following a 163°C cure cycle. Cured laminates did not suffer from process-induced cracking at the inter- or intra-laminar levels. Tensile strength and modulus of quasi-isotropic specimens with woven AS4 carbon fiber were 443 MPa and 47.6 GPa, respectively, and failure under quasi-static tension occurred by delamination. Compression strength was stable across a wide temperature range, with quasi-isotropic specimens retaining 60% of their room temperature compression strength at 260°C. Equilibrium moisture content of composite specimens was 1.2% by weight.
Statistical creep failure time of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic under bending load
Authors: Miyano Yasushi , Nakada Masayuki , Yoshikoshi Yo
Published: January 2022

Our developed accelerated testing methodology (ATM) based on the matrix resin viscoelasticity for the creep and fatigue failure life prediction of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) was applied to the statistical prediction of long-term creep failure life for the longitudinal bending of unidirectional Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates which is an important basic item for the durability design of CFRP structures used for aircraft and others. As results, the statistical creep failure times measured under several constant bending loads at an arbitrary temperature for unidirectional CFRP laminates were agreed with the predicted results obtained by substituting the matrix resin viscoelasticity and the flexural static strengths of CFRP laminates statistically and easily measured at various temperatures into the formulation of ATM. The long-term creep strength under bending load at an arbitrary temperature predicted were compared with that under tension load obtained by our previous paper. It was clear that the creep strength under bending load degreases drastically with increase in time and temperature comparing with that under tension load; therefore, the effect of time and temperature on the creep failure life under bending load is larger than that under tension load.
Tensile properties and failure mechanism of the SiCf/SiC minicomposite with multi-layered (BN/SiC)n interfacial coatings at room temperature
Authors: Dai Jianwei , He Limin , Mu Rende , Shen Zaoyu , Liu Wei , Xu Zhenhua
Published: January 2022

To overcome the brittle fracture of ceramic matrix composites, the interfacial coatings between continuous fibers and the ceramic matrix, especially boron nitride (BN) and silicon carbide (SiC) coatings were often introduced into the composites to improve the interface properties. This work focused on the use of chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) to fabricated SiC fiber-reinforced SiC (SiCf/SiC) minicomposites with interfacial coatings. Single BN, double-layered BN/SiC, and multi-layered (BN/SiC)2 interfacial coatings were deposited on SiC fibers from BCl3-NH3-H2 and MTS (Methyltrichlorosilane)-H2 systems in a low pressure hot-wall CVI reactor. Room-temperature tensile testing was used to evaluate the influence of different interfacial coatings on the tensile properties and failure mechanism of SiCf/SiC minicomposites. The minicomposites with (BN/SiC)2 coatings performed the highest fracture strength of 630.9 MPa. The mechanical behaviour of the composites was characterized by the universal testing machine with an acoustic emission (AE) detector, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The existence of (BN/SiC)2 coatings provoked the interface debonding in the minicomposite both at the BN/fiber interface and the interface between BN and SiC layers, prolonging the crack propagation paths and noticeably improving the fracture properties of the minicomposite.
Preventing Children From Developing Dyslexia: A Premature Writing Hypothesis
Authors: Mather David S.
Published: January 2022

It has been argued that dyslexia may develop in strongly left eye dominant children through learning to write using ipsilateral, right hemisphere motor pathways. New light on this theory has been cast by recent findings of atypical enhanced corpus callosum white matter in children with dyslexia, reflecting right to left hemisphere communication that is resistant to intensive remedial reading intervention. Enhanced corpus callosum white matter is consistent with uninhibited right to left hemisphere ipsilateral mirror-motor innervation, manifested as frequent mirror-letter writing errors in children with dyslexia. Delaying writing instruction until 7–8 years of age may prevent these errors and as well as the development of dyslexia. During the 7–8-year age period, visual-proprioceptive integration enables a child to mentally map whole word visual images onto kinesthetic/proprioceptive letter engrams (memory representations). Hypothetically, this process is facilitated by anterior commissure activity involving interhemispheric transfer of ipsilateral mirror-to-non mirror-motor movement. This postulate, involving delayed writing instruction pending further maturation, also receives indirect support from the remarkable proficiency leap among second graders reading Hebrew as Hebrew involves a leftward orthography in which ipsilateral right to left hemisphere innervation is uninhibited. Additionally, and more directly, normal reading comprehension for learning English among children with agenesis of the corpus callosum suggests that letter-sound decoding is not the sole route to proficient reading comprehension. In this paper, I make recommendations for obtaining empirical evidence of premature writing as a cause of dyslexia.
Effect of Self-Affirmation on Smartphone Use Reduction Among Heavy Users
Authors: Shimoda Shunsuke , Shimoda Mai , Higuchi Osamu
Published: January 2022

Recent studies have shown an association between excessive smartphone use and health problems. Along with such mounting concerns, health risk information on excessive smartphone use has been presented through various media. Such information is usually aimed at making smartphone users understand the associated health risks, thereby preventing excessive use or reducing current use. However, according to self-affirmation theory, such information may pose a threat to heavy smartphone users because it implies that they are engaging in maladaptive behavior. Therefore, to defend themselves, they may not accept the information and may not be highly motivated to reduce their usage. According to self-affirmation theory, such maladaptive defensive responses can be reduced through the affirmation of important values. We examined whether self-affirmation prior to reading health risk information increased heavy users’ motivation to reduce smartphone usage. Participants (142 undergraduate students aged 18–22 years) reported their mean daily smartphone use. They then completed a writing task that affirmed/did not affirm an important personal value. Next, they read an article on the health risks of smartphone overuse and reported their motivation to reduce smartphone use. As a result, when heavy users did not self-affirm, they were significantly less motivated to reduce use than light users. However, when heavy users self-affirmed, their motivation was significantly higher than when they did not self-affirm. This effect of self-affirmation was not shown in light users. These results suggest that health risk information combined with self-affirmation is effective in reducing smartphone usage by heavy users.
Can Mindfulness Improve Organizational Citizenship and Innovative Behaviors Through its Impact on Well-Being Among Academics?
Authors: Jobbehdar Nourafkan Nadia , Tanova Cem , Gokmenoglu Korhan K.
Published: January 2022

Mindfulness has received considerable interest due to its positive outcomes for individuals however our understanding of how it may also result in positive outcomes for organizations is not fully understood. Using data collected from university academics ( N = 255) in Northern Cyprus, we examine mindfulness as a factor that leads to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and Innovative Work Behaviors (IWB). We expect that eudaimonic well-being serves as the mechanism that links mindfulness to IWB and OCB. Our results show mindfulness improves eudaimonic well-being. Eudaimonic well-being fully mediates the Mindfulness—IWB relationship and partially mediates the Mindfulness—OCB relationship. Since the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of OCB and IWB for universities, our study has important implications for university managers and policymakers.
Profiles of Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts and Aggression
Authors: Aparicio-Flores María P. , Vicent María , Freire-Andino Roberto O. , Sanmartín Ricardo , Gonzálvez Carolina , García-Fernández José Manuel
Published: January 2022

In recent years, the study of perfectionistic automatic thoughts (PAT) has increased given its maladaptive nature since it is link to numerous psychological disorders. From our knowledge, no previous research has addressed the relationship between PAT and the four components of aggressive behavior (anger, hostility, verbal aggression, and physical aggression). This study had a double goal. The first aim was to identify distinct profiles of PAT in a sample of 3060 Ecuadorian undergraduates ( Mage = 22.7, SD = 2.46). The second aim of this study was to determine whether or not statistically significant differences exist between these profiles, based on the four components of aggressive behavior. The Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI) and the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) were used. Five profiles with different intensities in the dimensions of perfectionistic automatic thoughts were identified by Latent Class Analysis ((1) No-Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts, (2) Low Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts, (3) High Perfectionistic Demands, (4) Moderate Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts, and (5) High Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts). The moderate and high perfectionistic automatic thoughts profiles obtained the highest mean scores for all components of aggressive behavior (i.e., the four factors that make up AQ: Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility), while the No-perfectionistic automatic thoughts and Low perfectionistic automatic thoughts profiles had the lowest mean scores. These results provide new knowledge about the prevalence of PAT in the context of Ecuador. Also, they suggest further research on the topic given the positive relationship of PAT and aggressive behavior.
Perceived Coping Mitigates Anxiety Symptoms in the Context of COVID-19 Stress in an Urban University Student Sample
Authors: Rudenstine Sasha , Schulder Talia , Ettman Catherine K. , Galea Sandro
Published: January 2022

Perceived coping and its two subprocesses, trauma-focused coping (finding meaning in the details and memory of a potential trauma or stressor) and forward-focused coping (focusing on planning for the future) have been shown to be important in the context of potentially traumatic events. The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated stressors have negatively impacted population mental health, and preliminary investigations have demonstrated the importance of perceived abilities to cope during the pandemic. The current study sought to examine the potentially moderating role of each subprocess on the relationship between stress and anxiety symptoms in a low-income student sample during COVID-19 ( N = 2364). We computed two hierarchical multiple linear regressions to assess for significant interactions between stress and perceived coping subprocess scores on anxiety outcomes. Our results demonstrated that both trauma-focused coping and forward-focused coping served as effect modifiers in the relationship between COVID-19related stress and anxiety. Such findings highlight the importance of interventions that incorporate both forms of coping for low-income students during a chronic stressor.
Marital conflict, trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive symptoms among Malaysian firefighters
Authors: Majani Alia F , Ghazali Siti R , Yoke Yong Chen , Pauzi Noraskin , Adenan Faizul , Manogaran Kokilah
Published: January 2022

Multiple exposures to life-threatening events may lead to various mental health issues and indirectly affect the marriage of those affected. Very few studies have investigated trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms, and marital conflicts among firefighters, a group that faces such exposure occupationally. The present study explores the relationship between trauma exposure, PTSD, and depression in relation to marital conflicts among firefighters in Sarawak, adopting a cross-sectional research design. Different marital status reported significant PTSD and depressive symptoms. The widowed scored higher PTSD and depressive symptoms than the married and single groups. Firefighters with PTSD and depressive symptoms reported having more problems in aggression family history of distress, sexual dissatisfaction, and problem solving communication than those without. Regression analysis showed that problem solving communication ( t (212) = 2.59, p = .01) and global distress scores ( t (212) = 2.17, p < .05) in type of marital conflicts served as a significant predictor for depressive symptoms. The present study suggests that proper planning for treatment and intervention is needed to improve psychological well-being among firefighters and other high-risk professions following multiple exposures to traumatic events in carrying their job duty. Proper intervention programs also should be initiated for spouses of firefighters dealing with traumatized partners.
English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ Pedagogical Beliefs About Teacher Roles and Their Agentic Actions Amid and After COVID-19: A Case Study
Authors: Gao Yuan , Cui Yaqiong
Published: January 2022

The COVID-19 outbreak has seen the largest-scale emergency remote teaching in world history. Drawing on concepts of teacher belief and teacher agency, this study seeks to explore whether teachers’ beliefs about teacher roles may influence their agentive use of online technology amid and after COVID-19. By tracing four English as a Foreign Language teacher participants in both an emergency remote teaching context and a resumed face-to-face classroom setting, our study reveals a complex relationship between teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and their online teaching practices. This study highlights the role of teacher agency and calls for a closer examination of the complexity of teacher roles to better understand teachers’ agentive technology integration in teaching. The study bears significance for educational technology development and teacher education for emergency remote teaching in the post-pandemic era.
Schools as a Relatively Standardizing Institution: The Case of Gender Gaps in Cognitive Skills
Authors: Downey Douglas B. , Kuhfeld Megan , van Hek Margriet
Published: January 2022

Growing evidence suggests that contrary to popular belief, schools mostly do not generate achievement gaps in cognitive skills but, rather, reflect the inequalities that already exist. In the case of socioeconomic status, exposure to school often reduces gaps. Surprisingly little is known, however, about whether this pattern extends to gender gaps in cognitive skills. We compare how gender gaps in math and reading change when children are in school versus out (in the summer) among over 900,000 U.S. children. We find that girls learn faster than boys when school is out (in both reading and math), but this advantage is completely eliminated when school is in session. Compared to the family environment, schools act as a relatively standardizing institution, producing more similar gendered patterns in learning.
“I Had to Figure It Out”: A Case Study of How Community College Student Parents of Color Navigate College and Careers
Authors: Huerta Adrian H. , Rios-Aguilar Cecilia , Ramirez Daisy
Published: January 2022

Objective: Community colleges, which can lead students to job opportunities and well-paying careers, are one of the main entry points to higher education for student parents. We use a conceptual framework that bridges career capital and community cultural wealth to understand student parents’ college and career trajectories. This study asks (a) How do student parents of color navigate community college? (b) How do student parents of color make educational and career decisions?, and (c) What, if any, institutional resources do student parents of color utilize to learn about career planning and workforce transition resources at their campus? Method: This qualitative case study draws from individual and focus group interviews with 67 student parents of color to better understand how they tap into their cultural knowledge and lived experiences to navigate college and make career decisions. Results: Data speaks to (a) student parents’ difficulty maneuvering life as a college student and parent; and (b) the importance of students’ familial and institutional support networks as they seek college and career information. Contributions: We hope these findings will encourage community colleges to (re)consider their current practices relating to the student parent population which includes identifying and tracking student parents, implementing guided pathways with their unique needs in mind, communicating services offered to student parents, and creating a more welcoming environment for students and their families.
From Beckham until now: Recruiting, retaining, and including Black people and Black thought in school psychology
Authors: Proctor Sherrie L.
Published: January 2022

This article reflects on key ideas in Graves (2009) that are relevant to recruitment, retention, and inclusion of Black people in school psychology. The article begins with a critique of the field's lack of engagement with the ideas Albert Beckham introduced in the 20th century. Then, the article discusses issues that Black school psychologists are engaging today through their research and practice to illustrate the critical need for inclusion of Black thought and Black people in school psychology. Next, the article offers a brief review of extant research related to the recruitment and retention of Black people in school psychology. The article concludes with implications for the recruitment, retention, and inclusion of Black people in school psychology.
Will Increasing Housing Supply Reduce Urban Inequality?
Authors: Lopez Juan Carlos
Published: January 2022

In recent years, there has been a debate over the extent to which housing-supply regulations increase inequality and reduce workers access to more productive cities. This problem is formalized in a two-city model with skilled and unskilled workers to study the impact of one city relaxing land-use restrictions. Such a policy will raise welfare, but inequality and the number of unskilled workers locating in more productive cities may rise or fall. And when the policy does reduce inequality, there is a decline in unskilled workers in the higher productivity city. Inclusive zoning policies can mitigate this effect but weaken agglomeration economies. A city authority that takes into account equity considerations may prioritize more or less housing for unskilled workers than the market, depending on the degree of societal aversion to inequality. The model is extended to include homeownership and racial discrimination in the housing market. Homeowners are not necessarily harmed by less restrictive land-use policy, but racial discrimination reduces the benefits of homeownership for minority groups.
Changes in apparent diffusion coefficient and pathological response in colorectal liver metastases after preoperative chemotherapy
Authors: Eriksson Sam , Bengtsson Johan , Torén William , Lätt Jimmy , Andersson Roland , Sturesson Christian
Published: January 2022

Background

The pathological response to preoperative chemotherapy of colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) is predictive of long-term prognosis after liver resection. Accurate preoperative assessment of chemotherapy response could enable treatment optimization.

Purpose

To investigate whether changes in lesion-apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measured with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to assess pathological treatment response in patients with CRLMs undergoing preoperative chemotherapy.

Material and Methods

Patients who underwent liver resection for CRLMs after preoperative chemotherapy between January 2011 and December 2019 were retrospectively included if they had undergone MRI before and after preoperative chemotherapy on the same 1.5-T MRI scanner with diffusion-weighted imaging with b-values 50, 400, and 800 s/mm2. The pathological chemotherapy response was assessed using the tumor regression grade (TRG) by AJCC/CAP. Lesions were divided into two groups: pathological responding (TRG 0–2) and non-responding (TRG 3). The change in lesion ADC after preoperative chemotherapy was compared between responding and non-responding lesions.

Results

A total of 27 patients with 49 CRLMs were included, and 24/49 lesions showed a pathological chemotherapy response. After chemotherapy, ADC increased in both pathological responding (pretreatment ADC: 1.26 [95% confidence interval (CI)=1.06–1.37] vs. post-treatment ADC: 1.33 [95% CI=1.13–1.56] × 10−3 mm2/s; P = 0.026) and non-responding lesions (1.12 [95% CI=0.980–1.21] vs. 1.20 [95% CI=1.09–1.43] × 10−3 mm2/s; P = 0.018). There was no difference in median relative difference in ADC after chemotherapy between pathological responding and non-responding lesions (15.8 [95% CI=1.42–26.3] vs. 7.17 [95% CI=−4.31 to 31.2]%; P = 0.795).

Conclusion

Changes in CRLM ADCs did not differ between pathological responding and non-responding lesions.
Musician occupational and financial stress and mental health burden
Authors: Berg Lloyd , King Ben , Koenig Jessica , McRoberts Roger L
Published: January 2022

Popular (i.e., nonclassical) musicians have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and alcohol misuse than the general population. In this study, occupational and financial stresses were hypothesized to be associated with depression, anxiety, and alcohol misuse in popular musicians. An online cross-sectional survey was sent to a sample of popular musicians who had received mental health services in the preceding 2 years ( n = 655). Validated measures were used to represent the key constructs. A total of 317 musicians (48.4%) completed the survey; 45.4% endorsed significant occupational stress and 81% rated their financial stress as high or overwhelming. Over 36% reported moderate to severe depression, 33.5% expressed similar levels of anxiety, and 65.4% screened positive for alcohol misuse. Univariate tests showed a strong association between occupational stress and depression (odds ratio [OR] = 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.6, 5.0]) and anxiety (OR = 3.05; 95% CI = [2.2, 4.2]). Financial stress also was associated with depression (OR = 1.90; 95% CI = [1.6, 2.2]) and anxiety (OR = 1.72; 95% CI = [1.5, 2.0]). Multivariate analyses showed statistical associations between both occupational stress and financial stress with depression and anxiety persisting when adjusted for by the other variables. Alcohol misuse was not associated with occupational or financial stress. Occupational and financial stresses are strongly associated with depression and anxiety in popular musicians seeking mental health treatment. Future studies should include musicians not engaged in mental health treatment to determine the generalizability of these findings. More research is needed to identify confounding variables associated with musician occupational and financial stress and alcohol misuse.
Maritime borders: A reconsideration of state power and territorialities over the ocean
Authors: Hung Po-Yi , Lien Yu-Hsiu
Published: January 2022

While borders traverse both land and sea, current research has mostly concentrated on issues concerning terrestrial borders. Simultaneously, a new body of scholarship has shown how the seemingly boundless oceans are in actuality subject to a variety of bordering forces. As such, we review current research on maritime borders in geography and other related disciplines in three categories: oceanic resource extraction and environmental conservation, volume geography and wet ontology, and concepts of ocean frontiers and voluminous states. Conclusively, we propose land-ocean inter-bordering, multiple materialities, and mobile state power as three future issues to respond to the rapid-changing maritime borders.
Adjunct rather than alternative in global governance: An examination of BRICS as an international bloc through the perception of its members
Authors: Andal Aireen Grace T. , Muratshina Ksenia G.
Published: January 2022

This article is aimed at the analysis of the perceptions of BRICS member states – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – on the role of BRICS as an actor in international politics. While numerous analyses of BRICS have already been provided, little attention has been given to the deliberate self-presentation of the group per country. As such, this work examines whether these countries themselves perceive the BRICS as a political body that offers an alternative to the Western political imaginary. The focus is on how the BRICS member states construct meanings of what BRICS is and put these perspectives into dialogue with each other. Through a critical discourse analysis, this work takes the official documents released by BRICS countries (e.g. texts and speeches) and examines how these documents reflect each BRICS country’s perception of BRICS as a group. Findings show that despite BRICS’ unified agenda and plans of action, considerable heterogeneity persists in the perceptions of each BRICS member country concerning the role of BRICS in the international community. The shared vision of the BRICS members remains reflective of the Western framework. However, while the BRICS bloc may not offer a full-fledged alternative politics to that of the West, it still offers an alternative reading of contemporary international politics. Considering also its current state as a group-in-progress, BRICS is significant for its adjunct role in global governance, not least through the differences between the countries and the uncertainty of its future, challenging how to examine historical transitions.
Resilience in the Face of Adversity: Family Processes and the Immigrant Paradox in Youth Externalizing Problems
Authors: Vitoroulis Irene , Sim Amanda , Ma Steven , Jenkins Jennifer , Georgiades Katholiki
Published: January 2022

Background

Despite increased exposure to social adversity, immigrant youth have fewer externalizing problems compared to non-immigrants. Explanations for this apparent advantage remain unclear. This study examined the extent to which socio-economic characteristics and family processes account for group differences in externalizing problems between immigrant and non-immigrant youth.

Methods

Data come from a population-based cross-sectional study of 1,449 youth and their primary caregiver in Hamilton, Ontario. Computer-assisted structured interviews were administered separately to primary caregivers and youth, which included assessments of externalizing problems and measures of family obligation, parental monitoring, value of education and socio-economic characteristics.

Results

First- and second-generation immigrant youth had lower levels of externalizing problems compared to non-immigrants. The magnitude of group differences was larger for parent ( d = 0.37–0.55) versus youth reports of externalizing behaviours ( d = 0.15–0.29). Family socio-economic and process characteristics partially accounted for group differences, which remained significant in the parent-reported model but rendered non-significant in the youth-reported model.

Conclusion

Results suggesting the potential protective effects of positive family processes for immigrant youth could be extended to non-immigrant youth to inform the development of parenting and family skills interventions. Promoting familial sources of resilience is a potential avenue for reversing downward trends in mental health seen across successive generations of immigrant youth, while also reducing risk of behavioural difficulties among non-immigrant youth.
Lexiland: A Tablet-based Universal Screener for Reading Difficulties in the School Context
Authors: Zugarramurdi Camila , Fernández Lucía , Lallier Marie , Carreiras Manuel , Valle-Lisboa Juan C.
Published: January 2022

Massive and timely screening of the student population for early signs of reading difficulties is needed to implement timely effective remediation of these difficulties. However, traditional approaches are costly and hard to apply. Here, we present Lexiland, a tablet-based reading assessment tool for kindergarten and primary school children developed to be applied in school settings with minimal personnel intervention. Following a story line, players help a character of the game perform several tasks that measure different predictors of reading outcomes. Most of the tasks that usually involve a verbal response were switched to receptive tasks to demand a touch-screen response only. The tablet application was administered to a sample of N = 616 5-yo kindergarten children and to a sub-sample of these children twice during the following two years (First and Second Grades). Applying logistic regression and cross-validation, we selected a reduced subset of tasks that can predict with great sensitivity and specificity, whether a five-year-old child will have reading difficulties by the end of first grade (sensitivity 90% and specificity 76%) and two years later (sensitivity 90% and specificity 61%). Importantly, Lexiland is a scalable tool to implement universal screening, given the increasing availability of devices able to run android and iOS applications.
Publication trends in telemedicine research originating from Canada
Authors: Xie Jim S. , Nanji Keean , Khan Mohammad , Khalid Muhammad F. , Garg Sunir J. , Thabane Lehana , Sivaprasad Sobha , Chaudhary Varun
Published: January 2022

Telemedicine modalities for patient care have seen significant global uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to bibliometrically evaluate the evolution and current landscape of telemedicine literature in Canada. The Scopus database was searched to identify telemedicine publications for which the first or last author had a Canadian institutional affiliation. Study selection and data abstraction were conducted by two pairs of independent reviewers. Between 1976 and January 2021, 810 of 3,620 retrieved citations were telemedicine publications originating from Canada, including 29 randomized controlled trials and 6 systematic reviews. The annual publication output increased substantially from 1/year in 1976 to 80/year in 2020. Based on author keyword analysis, the most frequently investigated disciplines or disease entities were primary care, COVID-19, telepsychiatry, heart failure, and mental health. The insights this study provides will aid scientists, policy makers, and other stakeholders in identifying opportunities for future investigation and clinical application.
Smoke-free Ordinances and Youth Tobacco Use in Kentucky
Authors: Rayens Mary Kay , McGeeney Teresa , Wiggins Amanda T. , Bucher Amanda , Ickes Melinda , Huntington-Moskos Luz , Clark Patti , Hahn Ellen J.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Determine associations of strength of local smoke-free laws and urban/rural location with cigarette and smokeless tobacco use among high school students in grades 10 and 12.

Design

Secondary data analysis from the 2004–2018 biennial Kentucky Incentives for Prevention Survey

Setting

Public high schools in Kentucky

Sample

N = 353502 10th/12th graders

Measures

County-level smoke-free law status from the Kentucky Center for Smoke-free Policy; Rural Urban Continuum Codes; self-reported last 30-day alcohol, marijuana, cigarette, and smokeless tobacco use

Analysis

Generalized estimating equations modeling assessed the association of law status and urban/rural location with tobacco use across cohorts, controlling for demographics and other substance use.

Results

Students in counties with a comprehensive smoke-free law were 23% less likely to smoke cigarettes and 16% less likely to use smokeless, compared to those in counties without a law. Students in counties with moderate/weak laws did not differ in likelihood of use for either product, compared to those in counties without a law. Students in urban counties were 14% less likely to smoke, but there was no difference in likelihood of smokeless use by urban/rural location.

Conclusion

Comprehensive smoke-free laws are associated with a lower likelihood of youth cigarette and smokeless use. Rural youth may be at increased risk of cigarette smoking relative to youth in urban areas.
From Compliance to Adherence in Diabetes Self-Care: Examining the Role of Patient’s Potential for Mindful Non-Adherence and Physician-Patient Communication
Authors: Soyoon Kim , Ekaterina Malova
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To examine factors that facilitate an understanding of the relationship between two important, and often interchangeably used, concepts in diabetes management: compliance and adherence.

Design

A cross-sectional survey.

Setting

Online data collection.

Subjects

365 respondents at least 18 years of age and currently in treatment for diabetes.

Measures

We measured patients’ compliance, adherence, mindfulness, and perceptions about physician-patient communication, as well as their demographic characteristics.

Analysis

A moderated mediation analysis was conducted to examine the conditioned indirect effect of compliance on adherence.

Results

The direct effect of compliance on adherence was positive and significant (β = .378, SE = .073, P < .05, BootCI [.234, .521]), but the compliance-adherence association was also partially mediated by patient’s potential for mindful non-adherence. A higher level of compliance increased potential for mindful non-adherence (β = .716, SE = .082, P < .05, BootCI [.555, .876]), and, in turn, the increased potential for mindful non-adherence reduced adherence (β = −.107, SE = .045, P < .05, BootCI [–.196, −.018]). This detrimental mediating effect of potential for mindful non-adherence was contingent on the perceived quality of physician-patient communication (index = .076, SE = .038, 95% BootCI [.003, .153]), indicating that the positive perception significantly reduced the negative mediating effect of potential for mindful non-adherence on adherence.

Conclusion

Given that patients with diabetes are involved in a complex self-care, an established partnership and collaboration between patient and doctor is essential to promoting adherence; when the treatment coincides with the patient’s beliefs and needs, mindful non-adherence is less likely to occur.
Sleep Moderates Improvements in Mental Health Outcomes in Youth: Building Resilience for Healthy Kids
Authors: Simon Stacey L. , Ware Meredith A. , Bowen Anne E. , Chandrasekhar Jessica L. , Lee Joey A. , Shomaker Lauren B. , Gulley Lauren D. , Heberlein Erin , Kaar Jill L.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To examine the role of sleep in a school-based resiliency intervention.

Design

Single group feasibility study.

Setting

Urban middle school

Subjects

Sixth grade students.

Intervention

A total of 285, 11–12-year-old students (70% White, 18% Hispanic, 55% female) participated in the six-week 1:1 Healthy Kids intervention. Youth (n = 248) completed electronic surveys at pre–post the 6-week study assessing mental health parameters and self-reported bed and wake time.

Measures

Students were categorized as having insufficient sleep opportunity if they reported time in bed of <9 hours per night.

Analysis

General linear models examined differences between groups for each mental health parameters pre–post-study.

Results

A third of participants (28%) were classified as having insufficient sleep opportunity. Youth with insufficient sleep were more often Hispanic (27% vs 16%; P < .001) and were more often classified with both mild to severe depression and anxiety symptoms (55% vs 35%; P = .004). The health coaching intervention was found to have a significant improvement on overall resilience and self-efficacy only among students who reported sufficient sleep, while no significant intervention effect was found for those students who reported insufficient sleep.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that youth with poor sleep health may not benefit from school-based resiliency interventions.
Predictive Utility of Alternate Measures of Physical Activity and Diet for Overweight and Obesity in Low-Income Minority Women
Authors: Liu Ying , Shier Victoria , King Sara , Datar Ashlesha
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose is to compare the predictive utility of alternate measures of diet and physical activity for overweight and obesity among low-income minority women.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a cohort study.

Setting

Three public housing developments in South Los Angeles. Subjects: Adult women (N = 425).

Measures

Primary outcome—weight status (normal BMI, overweight, or obese). Primary predictors— diet: 24-hour dietary recalls (Healthy Eating Index), dietary screener (intake of specific food groups), and single-item survey question (diet quality); physical activity: accelerometry (minutes/day of moderate-to-vigorous activity), short recall questionnaire (minutes/week of moderate and vigorous activity), and single-item questions (days per week did exercise; self-assessment of overall activity level).

Analysis

Multinomial logistic regression models, controlling for socio-demographic covariates. Models are built up starting with least resource-intensive measures of diet and physical activity (single items) and sequentially adding more resource-intensive measures. Model performance is assessed via information-based model selection indices.

Results

Adjusted relative risk for obesity for single-item measures ranged from .61 to .64 for diet ( P < .01) and from .80 to .81 for physical activity (P <.05). The added value of resource-intensive measures was negligible for physical activity and at best small for diet.

Conclusion

Single-item questions for diet and physical activity can provide valuable information about risk for overweight and obesity in low-income minority women when more resource-intensive assessments are infeasible.
“No Girls on the Software Team”: Internship Experiences of Women in Computer Science
Authors: Lapan Julia C. , Smith Katie N.
Published: January 2022

Despite computer science (CS) students’ widespread participation in internships, few studies have examined how internship experiences impact career decision-making. Because women are severely underrepresented within CS, understanding how internship experiences impact career decision-making can provide critical insight into women’s career development processes and longevity in the field. Using the concept of career self-management within social cognitive career theory as a theoretical framework and standpoint feminism as a critical lens, we conducted interviews with 13 women CS majors to learn how internship experiences influenced their career decisions. Findings reveal three major career development process themes, including questioning technical competence, navigating gendered “microclimates,” and reflecting on careers in CS. While internships largely affirmed women’s career interests in CS, participants also navigated challenging gendered dynamics and often made career decisions directly influenced by these experiences. Findings inform how CS educators, career development practitioners, and employers may better develop inclusive internship cultures in computing.
Work Placement Supervisor Support and Students’ Proactive Career Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Proactivity
Authors: Okolie Ugochukwu Chinonso , Mlanga Sunday , Nwosu Hyginus E. , Mezieobi Kelechi , Okorie Cornelius Ofobuisi , Abonyi Sunday O.
Published: January 2022

Drawing upon social cognitive career theory model of career self-management, we examined the relationship between work placement supervisor support (WPSS) and students’ proactive career behaviors (PCB), mediating role of work placement learning self-efficacy and the moderating effect of proactivity in the indirect relationships. Data were collected from 275 university undergraduate students undertaking placement learning in 129 firms. The regression analysis revealed that WPSS associated positively with all the constructs of PCB namely: career planning, proactive skills development, career consultation, and career network building, as well as work placement learning self-efficacy. Also, work placement learning self-efficacy mediated the relationship between WPSS and the constructs of PCB except career consultation. Proactivity moderated the relationship between work placement learning self-efficacy and career planning and career network building, and the indirect effects of WPSS on career planning and career network building via work placement learning self-efficacy were significant at low, average, and high levels.
News, Nations, and Power Relations: How Neoliberal Media Reproduce a Hierarchical World Order
Authors: Shahin Saif
Published: January 2022

This article adopts a poststructural approach to examine the relationship between the news media and international relations. It compares 15 years of international aid coverage from two donor nations, the United States and Britain, and two recipient nations, India and Pakistan, to understand the types of identities news media construct for a nation in relation to other nations. Despite their differences, the news discourse in all four nations has a neoliberal orientation. Moreover, neoliberalism underpins a hierarchical structure of relations that privileges some nations as superior and makes other nations willing participants in their own subordination. While scholars of press–state relations regard newsmaking as epiphenomenal to foreign policymaking, this article argues that newsmaking and policymaking are mutually constitutive social phenomena: both draw from and, in turn, reproduce a shared conception of national identity vis-à-vis other nations. In doing so, the article illustrates the productive power of news media in international relations.
Structure, People, and Relationships: A Multidimensional Method to Assess Museum Resilience
Authors: Cerquetti Mara , Cutrini Eleonora
Published: January 2022

This article proposes a multidimensional method for measuring and evaluating museum resilience holistically. The research highlights the lack of a framework for understanding the level of resilience in museums and the contribution of museums to resilience. To this end, a model is presented based on three enabling dimensions, namely, structure, people, and relationships. The model is applied to the museums of the Marche region’s “seismic crater” (Italy). Qualitative information and data drawn from the regional authority’s Museum Information System were evaluated using exploratory analysis techniques. On the basis of a cluster analysis, four categories of museums are identified according to their degree of resilience. The results suggest that human resources is an area that is commonly in need of upgrading. Nevertheless, the evidence on the heterogeneity of the clusters in terms of structure and relationships calls for a diversified approach to identifying priorities, investments, and public policies.
Geometric definition, rapid prototyping, and cutting force analysis of cylindrical milling tools with arbitrary helix angle variations
Authors: Ozoegwu Chigbogu , Eberhard Peter
Published: January 2022

In this work, a method is developed for geometric definition and analysis of cylindrical milling tools having various free-form variations of helix angle. The method is based on replicating a position vector on each cutting edge to generate a point set for the whole tool envelope using piece-wise rotation and magnification matrices which are varied according to mathematical laws describing the intended variable shape of the tool. The computed point sets are applied in additive manufacturing of samples of such tools having non-conventional shape features by transforming the point sets to stereolithography formats that are sliced to guide the 3D-printing processes. This manufacturing route that simplifies the realization of arbitrary helix profiles on milling tools is a major contribution of this work since such tools are gaining popularity for their passive damping of vibrations and reduction of cutting forces but are notoriously difficult to manufacture, limiting their exploitation. Analyses are shown about the effects of the considered variable profiles on milling cutting force. These suggest that cutting forces can be greatly suppressed by the proposed free-form helix angle variations. For example, relative to a conventional fixed helix tool of same mean helix angle, the innovative tools recorded 40.33%–84.42% and 60.53%–67.81% force reductions at axial depths of cut of 1 and 5 mm. This demonstrates that innovative variable tool profiles which can be realized through the simplified rapid prototyping technique are promising for advanced sustainable manufacturing of parts with preferred surface conditions.
Investigation of cutting force, cutting stress, subsurface deformation, and phase change during the macro and nano cutting process of OFHC copper
Authors: Chen Dongju , Wu Shuiyuan , Yu Zheqi , Luo Yuchi
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the FEM and MD method are used to establish macro and nano cutting model of OFHC copper, and the cutting force, cutting stress and subsurface deformation and phase change are compared and analyzed under the macro cutting depth (0.2mm, 0.3mm, 0.4mm) and nano cutting depth (0.8nm, 1.2nm, 1.6nm). Meanwhile, experiments are used to verify the simulated cutting force. The conclusions are below: The change trends of macro and nano cutting force are similar, and the ratios of the cutting forces in x and y directions at different cutting depths are similar. In addition, there are lateral chip both in the macro and nano cutting processes, showing a high degree of consistency. However, the nano cutting stress reached 25 times of that in the macro state. Then it was found that the area of unrecoverable plastic deformation on the surface increased with the increase of the cutting depth during the macro cutting process, but the existence depth of pure plastic deformation remained unchanged within 0.05mm. Although in the nano cutting process, the proportion of FCC crystals converted to HCP crystals remains unchanged as the cutting depth increases, but the existence range is increasing. Finally, the amplitude and change trend of experimental and the simulated cutting force are highly consistent, which verifying the rationality of the macro simulated cutting model.