bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failure to Remove Bovine Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) from Bull Semen by Swim up and other Separatory Sperm Techniques Associated with in vitro Fertilization
Authors: Bielanski A. , Dubuc C. , Hare W.C.D.
Published: October 2007

Contents:

Semen samples, collected from bulls pesistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and containing BVDV (titer 105 ‐ 106TCID50/ml), were subjected to sperm separation procedures (washing, swim up, Percoll gradient, glass wool filtration, glass beads filtration) that are commonly used prior to in vitro fertilization (IVF) to determine if these procedures would yield spermatozoa free from BVDV. The final sperm pellets from frozen and fresh ejaculates were tested for the presence of BVDV by the immunoperoxidase technique; all tests were positive for BVDV in the range of 103 ‐ 104TCID50/ml). The study shows that when semen containing BVDV at the level of 105 ‐ 106TCID50/ml) is used for IVF, the virus is not completely removed by any of the simple physical methods commonly used to prepare sperm for IVF.

Inhalt: Feldversuch das bovine Diarrhoe Virus (BVDV) aus Bullensperma durch Swim up oder andere Trennverfahren in Verbindung mit der In vitro Fertilisation zu entfernen

Spermaproben, die von Bullen gewonnen wurden, welche dauerhaft mit dem Virus der bovinen Virus‐Diarrhoe (BVDV) infiziert waren und einen Titer zwischen 105 ‐ 106TCID50/ml enthielten, wurden verschiedenen Trennverfahren unterzogen (Waschen, swim up, Percoll gradient, Glaswollenfiltration, Glaskugelfiltration). Diese Verfahren werden üblicherweise für die Vorbereitung zur In vitro Befruchtung verwendet, und es sollte geprüft werden, ob diese Verfahren auch das Sperma von dem BVD‐Virus befreien können. Das endgültige Spermapellet von gefrorenen/aufgetauten und frischen Ejakulaten wurde in Gegenwart des BVD‐Virus und mit Hilfe der immunoperoxidase Technik getestet. Alle Testergebnisse waren positiv für BVD‐Virus in einem Bereich von 103 ‐ 104 TCID50/ml. Die Studie zeigt, daß Sperma, wenn es 105‐106TCID50/ml des Virus enhält, nicht vollständig mit den für die IVF üblichen, einfachen physikalischen Methoden von dem Virus befeit werden kann.
Cumulus Oophorus Expansion of Bovine Oocytes Cultured in vitro: A SEM and TEM Study
Authors: Laurincík J. , Pivko J. , Kroslák P.
Published: October 2007

Content:

Bovine cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from antral follicles (3–6 mm in diameter). COCs with a compact multilayered cumulus investment were cultured for 9, 13 and 24 hours, respectively, and processed for scanning or transmission electron microscopy after different periods of culture including a 0 hour control group. In all 0 hour control COCs initial formation of cumulus cell projections, blebs and microvilli were observed. The start of cumulus‐oocyte disconnection in cattle was observed after 9 hours of in vitro culture. These connections were almost completely discrupted after 13 hours, when a continuous production of extracellular matrix was observed. The full expansion of corona radiata cells was not observed even after 24 hours. Some cumulus oophorus cells were bound together with junctions of the zonula adherens type after 24 hours when extracellular matrix was found only in deeper layers. The full expansion of corona radiata cells was not the prerequisite for disconnection of cumulus‐oocyte complex.

Inhalt: Kumulus oophorus Expansion von in vitro kultivierten Rinderoozyten: Eine SEM und TEM Untersuchung

Kumulus‐Oozyten‐Komplexe (COC) von Rindern wurden aus antralen Follikeln aspiriert (Durchmesser 3–6 mm). COC's mit kompakten mehrschichtigen Kumulus wurden für 9, 13 und 24 Stunden kultiviert und für die Scanner‐ oder Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie vorbereitet. Verschiedene Kulturzeiten incl. einer 0‐Stundengruppe als Kontrolle wurden untersucht.

In allen Kontroll COC's wurden beginnende Formationen yon Kumuluszellprojektionen, Bläschen und Mikrovilli beobachtet. Nach 9‐stündiger in vitro Kultur begann die Lösung zwischen Kumulus und Oozyte. Die Verbindungen waren nach 13 Stunden vollständig unterbrochen, wobei eine kontinuierliche Produktion extrazellulärer Matrix beobachtet wurde. Eine vollständige Expansion der Corona radiata Zellen wurde auch nicht nach 24 Stunden beobachtet. Nach 24 Stunden waren einige Cumulus Oophorus Zellen über Verbindungen des Zonula adherens Typs verknüpft, wobei extrazelluläre Matrix nur in den tieferen Zellschichten gefunden wurde. Eine vollständige Kumulusexpansion ist keine Voraussetzung für die Auflösung des Kumulus‐Oozyten‐Komplexes.
Freezing of Maiden Stallion Semen ‐ Motility and Morphological Findings in Sperm Cells Assessed by Various Staining Methods Including a Monoclonal Antibody with Reactivity Against an Antigen in the Acrosomal Ground Substance
Authors: Wockener A. , Schuberth H.‐J.
Published: October 2007

Contents: From a group of thirteen 3‐year‐old Hanoveranian maiden stallions ejaculates were collected on 5 consecutive days and frozen each in 3 different packaging forms. Fresh, resuspended and frozedthawed semen was tested for motility and morphology with special regard to acrosomal integrity. Concerning packaging form no differences were found between 4 ml maxi straw, flattened 1.7 ml straw and 0.5 ml straw. The comparison of 3 direrent conventional staining techniques with an immunofluorescence test, employing a monoclonal antibody against an antigen in the acrosomal ground substance, revealed that staining sperm cells with the antibody yielded far more reproducible and consistent results ‐ especially in diluted semen ‐ than staining with Karras, moded Karras or Spermac®.
In vitro Fertilization of Bovine Oocytes Exposed to Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV‐1)
Authors: Bielanski A. , Dubuc C.
Published: October 2007

Contents: Cumulus‐oocyte complexes were matured for 24 hours in the presence or absence of bovine herpes virus‐1 (BHV‐1, 106 TCID50/ml), fertilized in vitro and then co‐cultured on oviductal cells to the blastocyst stage. The percentages of oocytes which cleaved were 48% (n = 905) for oocytes matured in the presence of BHV‐1, and 51% (n = 1004) for the control oocytes. Comparing BHV‐1‐treated to control, the percentages of cleaved oocytes which developed to the blastocyst stage were 29% and 31%, respectively (p > 0.05). Embryos produced from the experimental group of oocytes tested positive for BHV‐1.
Effects of Prolactin on Cultured Splenocytes from Mice
Authors: Tiemann U. , Löhrke B. , Köwitz J. , Viergutz T.
Published: October 2007

Contents: Prolactin (PRL) was purified from human amniotic fluid and further fractionated on ConA Sepharose 4 B. The activities of the retarded migrating glycosylated PRL‐ConA‐S were examined in splenocytes from mice using three different test systems in comparison to PRL‐standard (PRL‐ST). These assays included the conductometrical cytometry for measurement of cell count and volume, the 3H‐thymidine incorporation and the IgG‐expression. The sensitivity of splenocytes ro the PRL‐forms was different in the various assays and dose‐dependent. A small PRL‐ConA‐S dose caused a significant stimulatory effect on the cell count, the 3H‐thymidine proliferation and the cell volume, whereas the IgG‐expression was only nonsignificantly increased in higher concentration. Even in a moderate physiological concentration (0.15 mlU/ml) PRL‐St exterted an inhibitory effect on the cell proliferation which was directly demonstrated by cell counting. The results suggest a different physiological role of PRL‐forms.
Nutrition and Early Embryonic Development
Authors: Boland MP , O'Callaghan D
Published: October 2007

The ‐purpose of this paper is to examine mainly the role of energy intake on early embryo development. It has been shown that reduced energy intake can alter follicle growth patterns whereby follicle size is reduced and animals will have more waves of follicle growth throughout the cycle. In addition several studies have shown that high concentrate intake prior to or during superovulation will lead to reduced follicular growth and poorer embryo quality in beef heifers. In addition embryos recovered from animals on lower intakes have a better capacity to develop in short term culture in vitro. With a model using ovum pickup and in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture, it has not been possible to demonstrate clearly if the nutritional damage occurs prior to or after fertilization.
The Modulation of Gonadotrophs Hormone Action on the Ovary by Paracrine and Autocrine Factors
Authors: Campbell BK
Published: October 2007

It has been hypothesized that the physiological basis of follicle selection is the differential expression of factors, that modulate the action of gonadotrophins on follicular cells, at key points during the process of follicle development. The aim of this research was to test this hypothesis by identifying factors that can enhance or attenuate the action of the gonadotrophins in stimulating follicle development using both in vivo and in vitro models.

Experiments in vivo utilized sheep with an ovarian autotransplant to allow intra‐arterial infusion of putative local factors and exposure of the ovary to high local concentrations. Experiments in vitro utilized physiological serum‐free cell culture systems for both granulosa and theca cells that allow gonadotrophin‐induced differentiation in vitro. The putative local factors tested included insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I LR3 analogue), transforming growth factor a (TGFα) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) and in‐hibin A.

IGF‐I stimulated both cellular proliferation and hormone production by both granulosa and theca cells in vitro and similarly stimulated ovarian follicle development and ovarian androgen and oestradiol secretion in vivo. Both TGFα and EGF stimulated granulosa and thecal cell proliferation in vitro in a dose responsive manner and concomitantly inhibited hormone production whereas intra‐arterial infusion of TGFαin vivo resulted in induction of atresia in large antral follicles and an acute fall in ovarian hormone secretion. Inhibin A in vitro augmented gonadotrophin stimulated androgen and oestradiol production by thecal and granulosa cells respectively, but had no effect on cell number. Paradoxically, intra‐arterial infusion of inhibin A resulted in an acute depression in ovarian steroid secretion. This depression, however, was also associated with an acute depression in circulating FSH concentrations. In conclusion, these data provide strong support for the hypothesis that factors can modulate the action of gonadotrophins on follicular cells to augment (IGF‐I, inhibin A) or inhibit (TGFα/EGF) granulosa and thecal cell differentiation. The challenge for the future in this area of research is to understand how these factors interact to enable one follicle to be selected from an ovulatory cohort.
Oxytocin Secretion and Management of Parturition in the Pig
Authors: Gilbert CL
Published: October 2007

This paper will examine the augmentation of oxytocin (OT) secretion in the final day before parturition in the pig, and review the key endocrine systems of influence. Recent experiments have shown that increases in plasma OT above baseline secretion were not seen until 7 hours prior to the birth of the first piglet. Progesterone release begins to decline some days before birth and is unlikely to provide such acute control of OT release immediately before birth. The involvement of relaxin is complex but it is possible that the prepartum relaxin surge, which ends close to the OT rise, attenuates OT secretion to prevent excessive myometrial activity until cervical softening has occurred. Increasing myometrial electromyographic activity appears to be seen as relaxin concentrations decline and OT increase. Endogenous opioid peptides within the hypothalamus exert a profound influence upon OT secretion during birth, and some effects are also seen prepartum. It has been proposed that this system may allow parturition to be interrupted or slowed in response to changes in environment. The therapeutic choice of exogenous injections of OT to control the onset time of parturition will be discussed in the light of current physiological knowledge.
The Role of Uterine and Ovarian Hormones in Luteolysis: A Comparison among Species
Authors: Silvia WJ
Published: October 2007

Luteolytic mechanisms have evolved in mammals to improve reproductive efficiency. The hormonal interactions that control the onset and progress of luteolysis are complex. They involve endocrine and paracrine signals that link the corpus luteum, uterus and posterior pituitary gland. Current concepts concerning these interactions will be examined in the five major domestic ungulate species commonly raised in Europe and North America (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses). Some of these interactions are similar across species. All five depend on prostaglandin F2αsecreted from the uterus, to induce luteolysis. Three hormones, progesterone, estradiol and oxytocin interact to regulate uterine secretion of PGF2α. Oxytocin is an acute stimulus for uterine PGF2αsecretion. Progesterone and estradiol interact to regulate uterine secretary responsiveness to oxytocin. Precisely how these hormones interact varies across species.
Useful Technique for the Study of Intracellular Calcium Fluxes in Single Porcine Granulosa Cells in Culture
Authors: Szafrañska B. , Tilton J.E. , Ary T.
Published: October 2007

Contents

A new experimental model was applied to study calcium involvement in the mechanisms of action of the pituitary hormones on porcine granulosa cells (GC) on single cells in culture and in a time‐dependent manner. The model involved laser cytometry with calcium‐sensitive dye fluo‐3AM. This study describes pituitary hormone‐mediated changes of calcium (Ca2+) concentrations in cultured porcine GC, at the single cell level. Cells were isolated from medium sized follicles of cycling mature gilts (day 16–19 post‐oestrus) and were cultured at a concentration of 50–100 × 103 cells/Petri dish in 2 ml of enriched M199 medium for 2–3 days. Image scans were performed on individual cells that had been loaded with calcium‐sensitive dye, acetoxymethyl ester of fluo‐3 (fluo‐3 AM; 488ex/526em nm). In Experiment A (nexp = 6), cell response was measured after treatment with porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) or prolactin (pPrl) (doses of 0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml in pH indicator‐free HBSS containing 2 m
m of Ca2+). In cultures treated with 1, 10 and 100 ng of pLH (Ncells = 329), increases in relative fluorescence were observed in 37.1, 80.0 and 72.9% of cells scanned, respectively. In cultures treated with similar dosages of pPrl (Ncells = 259), responses were noted in 41.8, 57.3 and 47.2% of cells scanned, respectively. In control cultures treated with medium alone (Ncells = 85) the fluorescence increases were not observed. Fluorescence intensity was increased in the hormone‐treated cells only (p < 0.05). Seven‐fold and five‐fold relative fluorescence increases were observed for cells exposed to 100 ng of pLH or 10 ng of pPrl, respectively. In Experiment B, the effects of the Ca2+ ionophore (A23187) and Ca2+ chelator (EGTA) on the changes of calcium concentrations in GC‐treated with both pLH (100 ng/ml) and pPrl (10 ng/ml) were examined. In the presence of A23187 (10 μm), fluorescence of the cells increased two‐fold (p < 0.05) within 400 s in cultures treated with combination of both pLH and pPrl. However, EGTA (2.5 m
m) completely abolished the responses of GC to both pLH and pPrl (Ncells = 168, nexp = 16) and the fluorescence decreased to levels similar to the control group (Ncells = 159, nexp = 5). The studies clearly demonstrated that intracellular free calcium changes occur in porcine GC when they are exposed to pLH or pPrl. The present study has provided a useful technique for studying the role of calcium in regulation of porcine GC by different factors at the single porcine cell level in culture and in a time‐dependent manner.
Sexual Activity Influences the Secretion of Reproductive Hormones in the Stallion
Authors: Aurich C. , Gerlach T. , Hoppen H‐O. , Aurich J.E.
Published: October 2007

Contents

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sexual activity on concentrations of reproductive hormones in plasma of stallions. In the first experiment, two groups of stallions were monitored for secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and oestradiol from the beginning until shortly after the end of the breeding season. One group of animals were reserve stallions not used for breeding (group 1, n = 10), the other group consisted of active breeding sires (group 2, n = 8). Blood samples were withdrawn from March to August at 14‐day intervals. In sexually nonactive stallions (group 1), seasonal variations in LH, testosterone and oestradiol occurred and concentrations of these hormones reached a maximum in May (p < 0.05). In the breeding stallions (group 2), no significant changes in the concentrations of these hormones were found between March and August. Concentrations of LH and testosterone were significantly lower in breeding stallions than in reserve stallions at most blood sampling times (p < 0.05). In the reserve stallions, oestradiol concentrations were significantly higher than in the breeding stallions in April and in June (p < 0.05). In a second experiment, the effect of regular sexual activity (semen collection three times per week) on the concentration of LH, testosterone and oestradiol was tested in a group of breeding stallions after a period of sexual rest for several weeks. Blood samples were taken once daily starting the day before the first semen collection was performed. Testosterone concentration significantly decreased in the first days after semen collection started (p < 0.05), while LH secretion was only transiently decreased and no effects on oestradiol concentration were found. In both experiments, semen parameters were within the normal range of fertile stallions. No correlations between the sexual drive of the stallions and concentration of reproductive hormones occurred. It can be concluded that in the stallion the secretion of reproductive hormones is influenced by sexual activity. Regular semen collection seems to inhibit testosterone release by unknown mechanisms while the effects on LH and oestradiol secretion are less pronounced.
Transcriptional Activity and Ultrastructure in Bovine Oocytes
Authors: Hyttel P , Fair T , Avery B , Callesen H , Greve T
Published: October 2007

Contents

The oocyte growth phase includes development of organelles and inclusions as well as a period of oocyte transcription. Oocyte transcription including nucleolar function (rRNA‐synthesis) is activated in the secondary follicle and is maintained up to an oocyte diameter of about 110 μm in the 3 mm tertiary follicle. At a diameter of 100 to 110 μm, the oocyte gradually achieves the competence to undergo meiotic maturation and sustain embryonic development. In the dominant follicle the oocyte undergoes further ultrastructural modifications through a process that we refer to as «Capacitation». The final oocyte maturation up to metaphase II after LH stimulation of the ovulatory follicle is the culmination of the previous processes and equips the oocyte with the cell biological apparatus specialized for fertilization and initial embryonic development.
Follicular Growth is Characterized by Biochemical Interplay of Proliferation and Apoptotic Death in Bovine Follicular Cells
Authors: Jewgenow K , Heerdegen B , M K , üller .
Published: October 2007

Contents

This study was conducted to characterize the degree of proliferation and atresia in mid‐luteal and follicular phase bovine follicles of different size containing morphologically good quality cumulus oocyte complexes. Follicular cell proliferation was estimated by enzyme immunoassay for tissue polypeptide specific antigen and atresia by an enzyme immunoassay for apoptosis. The relationship between follicular apoptosis and proliferation was inverse in the mid‐luteal stage ovaries, whereas in follicular stage ovaries the tissue polypeptide specific antigen was increased in follicles with the highest degree of apoptosis. Follicular stage follicles showed a higher degree of apoptosis in comparison with the mid‐luteal stage. This was caused by an increased apoptosis in follicles with less than 3 mm and greater than 5 mm diameter. In conclusion, the data indicate a sophisticated interplay between follicular growth and atresia in dependence of oestrous stage and follicular size.
Control of Ovarian Activity in Llamas (Lama glama) with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
Authors: Aba M.A. , Quiroga M.A. , Auza N. , Forsberg M. , Kindahl H.
Published: October 2007

Contents

Progesterone and progestogens have proved to be effective in controlling follicle development and synchronization of ovarian activity in different species. In this study, vaginal sponges containing 120 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate were used to synchronize ovarian activity in llamas and to predict the time when a mature follicle will be present. Plasma concentrations of oestradiol‐17β and progesterone were measured to determine follicle and corpus luteum development. The sponges were kept in the vagina for 9 days. Six days after sponge withdrawal, ovulation was induced by either GnRH injection (n = 4), mating with a vasectomized male (n = 8) or mating with an intact male (n = 10). Plasma progesterone concentrations varied between animals until day 6 after insertion of the sponges. Thereafter, progesterone levels remained close to the detection limit of the assay until ovulation was induced. The mean oestradiol‐17β plasma concentration reached its lowest value 3–4 days after insertion of the sponges. Thereafter, concentrations increased and reached peak levels at day 6 after withdrawal of the sponges. All animals ovulated and developed a corpus luteum with a normal life span after the ovulatory stimulus. Blood samples were collected frequently after mating to evaluate the endocrine response to copulation. Plasma concentrations of PGF2α metabolite and cortisol increased in parallel after copulation. The metabolite concentrations returned to basal levels 3–4 h after mating whereas the cortisol concentrations remained elevated for about 12 h after copulation The luteinizing hormone secretory pattern resembled that reported when llamas with a mature ovulatory follicle were mated. In conclusion, the protocol evaluated in this study was shown to be useful for the synchronization of ovarian activity and for predicting the time when an ovulatory follicle will be present in llamas.
Studies on the Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) during Development
Authors: Matsuoka Satoru
Published: October 2007

The LDH activities of serum and homogenated rat heart, kidney and liver during development were measured by the method of Wrbblewski and the isozyme patterns observed by the agar gel electrophoresis and the following results were obtained.

1) LDH activity

In rat serum, no significant differences were indicated among the activities in six age groups during development.

The measurement of the activity in these homogenated tissues revealed the highest in heart and the fairly high titers in kidney and liver. In all tissues, LDH activity changed during development showing the relatively low titer in heart and kidney and the higher in liver in G4.

2) LDH isozyme

The LDH isozyme patterns of each tissues gradually changed during development by different course observed in the human tissues.

LDH‐5 was the most principal isozyme in rat serum and LDH‐4 and LDH‐5 were consistently dominant through the whole life.

In homogenated heart, LDH‐3 was dominant in the early life period and the LDH isozyme patterns changed gradually to H type predominance.

In kidney, LDH‐5 was the major isozyme in the early life period and isozyme patterns gradually alterated to H type predominance showing relatively dominant in LDH‐5 ares.

In rat liver, LDH‐5 was also the major isozyme in the early life period and difinitely kept the predominance to the adult period.

3) The mechanisms of these phenomena were discussed.
Biochemical Characteristics in the Lung of Vitamin Deficiency
Authors: Mino Makoto
Published: October 2007

Changes in total phospholipids, fatty acid composition and sulfhydryl groups were examined in the lungs of vitamin E deficient mice and rats.

A decrease in the total phospholipid level was observed in the supernatant as well as in the sediment fractions of the lungs of vitamin E deficient animals.

Most specific changes in fatty acid composition, observed in the lungs of vitamin E deficiency were the decrease of linoleic acid in the supernatant as well as the sediment fractions. Similar changes in the fatty acid composition were observed in the erythrocyte ghost of vitamin E deficient mice.

The sulfhydryl contents based on tissue protein were slightly low, but not significant, in the lungs of vitamin E depleted animals.
Studies on Alkaline Phosphatase during Development Part I: Changes of alkaline phosphatase activity and isozyme pattern in serum, liver, bone, small intestine and kidney of rats during development
Authors: Mimura Tomohiko
Published: October 2007

The author tried to clarify the changes of alkaline phosphatase activity and isozyme patterns in serum, liver, bone, kidney and small intestine of rats during development and organ origins of serum alkaline phosphatase appearing along with growing.

Normal 30 rats were divided into 6 groups according to age and the alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and each organ was measured respectively. Alkaline phosphatase isozymes were separated by agar gel electrophoresis and the decreasing rate of alkaline phosphatase activity was measured by heat stability test.

1) Organ alkaline phosphatase activity in rats was the highest in small intestine followed by the kidney and bone, and the lowest in the liver. In the change of alkaline phosphatase activity in organs according to age, no remarkable fluctuations were noted in the small intestine and the liver. In the kidney, a transient rise was noted in group 4. In the bone, the highest value was o btained in group 1 with gradual decrease, a slight rise was noted in group 5 and the lowest value in group 6.

2) Serum alkaline phosphatase activity in rats was 2 to 3 times higher than that in human. The higher activity was noted in group 1 and 5, and the lowest in group 6.

3) In alkaline phosphatase isozyme patterns in organs, the liver showed 2 bands and the other one band, and these isozymes showed different electrophoretic migration rates respectivery. The alkaline phosphatase isozyme pattern of liver consisted of two bands (L‐Ap1 & L‐Ap2), and showed characteristic changes during development.

4) The isozyme pattern of serum consisted of two bands (S‐Ap1 & S‐Ap2)showed unique change during development.

5) Heat stability test of serum and the organ alkaline phosphatase revealed that the order of the stability was as follows; L‐Ap1 in the liver, the small intestine alkaline phosphatase, the kidney alkaline phosphatase, S‐Ap2 in serum, the bone alkaline phosphatase, S‐Ap2 in serum, and L‐Ap2 in liver.

6) These findings suggested that S‐Ap1 in the serum was originated from the bone, and S‐Ap2 in the serum was the mixture of small intestinal alkaline phosphatase and L‐Ap2 of the liver. To sum up, the serum alkaline phosphatase of the rats in young age appeared to originated from bone and in the relatively old age group, other serum alkaline phosphatase originating from small intestine and or liver appeared to be added.
A Case of Hypothyroidism Probably Caused by 131I Transmitted in Maternal Milk
Authors: Nakajima Hironori , Sasaki Nozomu , Kadomura Norio , Niimi Hiroo
Published: October 2007

When the patient was 1–2 years of age, the mother was treated with a total dose of 19 mCi 131I for hyperthyroidism. Lactation continued during treatment. The patient became hypothyroid 2–3 years later, characterized by a markedly shortened stature. Treatment with desicated thyroid resulted in a euthyroid status and improvement of the short stature.
Prospect of the Monitoring System for Congenital Disorders in Japan
Authors: Yamamura Y.
Published: October 2007

The study of the monitoring system for congenital disorders in Japan is still in its early stage. In reviewing the short history of the study, we can notice some serious problems, i.e. the lack of clear definition, inadequate selection, and unreasonable classification of congenital disorders to be monitored. With this in mind, an extensive program of the monitoring system for congenital disorders was organized in 1979 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. It is in accord with a global view to establish a new monitoring system, getting an accurate picture of congenital disorders of the Japanese people and having a quick response to the new flows, and setting up a monitoring center.
Full Participation and Equality in Japanease Education Today and in Future1
Authors: Ishikawa Norihiko
Published: October 2007

The National Law for Special Education in 1979 unfortunately enforces the segregation of the handicapped children. Many new private trials, however, have shown that integration is very important for the handicapped children. They also have proved that integration is much easier than has been thought. Some of these trials are reviewed with our case reports and the new approach requested is discussed.
Secretin Secretion in Infancy and Childhood. Part 2. Secretin Secretion in Various Diseases
Authors: Yamamoto Koichi
Published: October 2007

To elucidate secretin secretion in children with gastrointestinal diseases or diabetes mellitus, the present author determined the plasma secretin levels following test‐meals or after an insulin injection, in 56 cases of infants and children with viral winter diarrhea, congenital pyloric stenosis, gastric or duodenal ulcer, superior mesenteric artery syndrome, or juvenile diabetes mellitus.

In addition, the effect of glucocorticoid on secretin secretion was also investigated in children with anaphylactoid purpura and in young rats.

1. In controls, the plasma secretin level significantly rose after milk or beef broth feeding and showed no significant elevation following glucose administration or intravenous insulin injection

2. In viral winter diarrhea, the plasma secretin level did not significantly rise after milk feeding and both the levels after fasting and milk feeding were significantly lower than those in the controls.

3. In congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, the plasma secretin level significantly rose after milk feeding, but the peak level was significantly lower than that in the controls.

4. In duodenal ulcer, the plasma secretin levels significantly rose after beef broth feeding or intravenous insulin injection and the peak levels were significantly higher than those in the controls.

In gastric ulcer, the peak levels obtained were fairly high in both tests.

5. In superior mesenteric artery syndrome, the plasma secretin levels after fasting and beef broth feeding were significantly lower than those in the controls. The secretin secretion was not affected by changing position from upright to prone.

6. In juvenile diabetes mellitus, the plasma secretin level significantly rose after glucose administration and both the levels after fasting and glucose administration were significantly higher than those in the controls.

7. The stimulating effect of glucocorticoid on secretin secretion was apparently demonstrated in young rats and in children with anaphylactoid purpura.

The obtained data suggested that in various diseases of infants and children the secretin secretion showed the respective patterns and consequently the secretions of the pancreatic juice and the bile associated with food digestion might be different respectively.
Subclinical Hypothyroidism in a Case of Metastatic Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Kohno Hitoshi , Okabe Yasufumi , Mizuno Yuhji , Hino Keiko , Fujimoto Takeo , Gohya Nagahide
Published: October 2007

Subclinical hypothyroidism in a case of papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid with lung metastases is reported. The patient at first seemed to be euthyroid with normal concentrations of serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin (TSH). However, TSH response to thyrotropin‐releasing hormone was above the normal range before thyroidectomy. These data suggested that the patient was in mild hypothyroidism and under prolonged stimulation of TSH. This observation may be the first to be reported in childhood thyroid cancer.
Application of a Live Varicella Vaccine to the Immunosuppressive Children and the Incibence of a Case of Herpes Zoster after Vaccination
Authors: Minamitani Mikio , Numajiri Shinobu , Imada Yoshio , Takayama Michiko , Oya Akira
Published: October 2007

A live varicella vaccine was applied to 13 susceptible children to varicella virus. Three were receiving steroid therapy, and one of them was treated with both steroid and anticancer drugs. Immunosuppressive therapy and anticancer medication were not suspended before and after vaccination. Serological responses were observed in 11 of 13 vaccinated children by fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) test 6 to 7 weeks after Vaccination. Mild rash appeared as only a clinical reaction in 3 of the vaccinated children. However, 3 and a half months later, a vaccinee with acute myeloblastic leukemia, developed herpes zoster. Our observation suggested a possibility of contracting zoster in immune compromised hosts after vaccination with a live varicella vaccine.
Inhibition of Lymphocyte Colony Formation in vitro by Culture Supernatant of Human Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Shibasaki Masanao , Nemoto Hirobumi , Suzuki Shigeyoshi , Kuroume Takayoshi
Published: October 2007

Culture supernatants from unstimulated cord blood mononuclear cells (CBM) inhibited the proliferation of lymphoid cells of adult and newborns in semisolid cultures and the T‐cell‐rich fraction was found to have mainly this suppressor activity. On the 3rd to 5th day of incubation of CBM, maximal inhibitory activity was found to occur. In contrast, suppressor activity of the culture supernatant was effectively abrogated, when the CBM were incubated for 48 hr with phytohemagglutinin‐P (PHA‐P), concanavalin A (Con A) or protein A added at the concentration of 50 ug/ml or with 1 /ug/m/ of poke‐weed mitogen (PWM) and returned to a mitogen‐free medium for another 48 hr.
Further Study on the Suspected Case of Tuftsin Deficiency
Authors: Nemoto Norio , Ogasawara Junko , Inada Katsuya , Hirata Michimasa , Yoshida Masao
Published: October 2007

A patient whose tuftsin‐activities of serum and PMN had been found to be deficient was reported in 1975 by us. After the elapse of 4.5—5.5 years, tuftsin‐activity in addition to chemotactic, bactericidal and NBT‐reducing activities of the the patient's PMN were investigated. The tuftsin and bactericidal activities against staphylococcus of the patient's PMN fell within the normal range. However, as to the NBT‐test and chemotaxis, the patient and her sister who had suffered from similar symptoms in infancy were found to have lower activities. In addition, the serum IgE level of the patient was slightly higher.

It is obscure as to why the patient's tuftsin‐activity recovered to a normal level, although she has not received γ‐globulin therapy for 5.5 years.

It is conceivable that the patient suffers from a dysfunction of PMN, but it is impossible at the present time to make a definite diagnosis.
“Pulse” Methylprednisolone Therapy in the Treatment of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A preliminary Report
Authors: Takayama Yoichi , Ouchi Toru , Iwai Asayuki , Iwai Tsuyako , Ninomiya Tsuneo , Miyao Masuhide , Yoshida Shigehiko
Published: October 2007

Pulse‐mode methylprednisolone therapy was instituted in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), both acute and chronic forms. This regimen induced a rapid increase in the platelet count in a short time and was less toxic than the conventional mode of therapy, i.e. oral steroid hormone administration. This regimen is of value in the management of patients with ITP who are at the substantial risk of fatal hemorrhage. And this is also useful as a short‐term presplenectomy preparation or as a “medical splenectomy” program. Impressive responses in our experience encouraged us to evaluate this mode of therapy.
Bone Ages and Heights in Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Authors: Ueda Kohji , Tokugawa Ken , Watanabe Noriaki
Published: October 2007

Eighty‐eight children with congenital rubella syndrome (aged 10 0/12 years to 10 11/12 years) and 73 normal children (aged 9 11/12 years to 11 4/12 years), all born in the Ryukyu Islands of Southern Japan, were assessed for their bone ages and heights. No significancy was noted between the development of the bone ages of the two groups studied, despite a difference between the heights of the two groups.
Etiology of the Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome, and the Streptococcus Hypothesis
Authors: Yamamoto Takajiro
Published: October 2007

The epidemiology, clinical and laboratory findings, and the progress of the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease) were analyzed for clue to its etiology. Though there are several controversies against the possibility of Streptococcus hemolyticus in the etiology, such as failure of getting regularly the agent by culture from patients and inefficacy of antibiotics, close similarity in symptomatology and common possession of cardiovascular complications by the syndrome and streptococcal infection are very suggestive of the possibility. Suppurative or septic forms of streptococcal infections in infants and young children, which were seen at the time when antibiotics were not used, showed nearly identical curves of age incidence to that of this syndrome. Sero‐epidemiological study by Kusama et al., which has revealed the percentage distribution curve by age of “ASO negative subjects” is also very similar to the age incidence curve of this syndrome, seems to offer another support to the hypothesis. The well documented cross reactivity between streptococcus cell wall and cardiac muscle or arteriolar smooth muscle fibers of mammalian, seems to be another support to the theory.
Isolation of Chlamydia Trachomatis from Japanese Infancts with Pneumonia
Authors: Numazaki Kei , Chiba Shunzo , Yamanaka Tatsuru , Umetsu Masao , Nakao Tooru
Published: October 2007

Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) is now being recognized as an important pathogen of distinctive pneumonia in infants. However, little is known about the pathogenic role of C.trachomatis in Japan as well as in many other Asian countries.

Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 87 infants with pneumonia. Conjunctival swabs were also collected from 21 babies with neonatal conjunctivitis. For the control 55 age‐matched patients without respiratory tract infection were also examined. Clinical specimens were inoculated onto DEAE‐Dextran‐treated HeLa 229 cells and cycloheximide‐treated McCoy cells.

Of 87 infants with pneumonia, 22 (25.3%) were positive for C.trachomatis, whereas 3 (5.5%) out of 55 control subjects were found to be positive. Of 21 babies with neonatal conjunctivitis, 6 (28.6%) were positive.

Our data suggest that C.trachomatis plays an important role in pneumonia and conjunctivitis in Japanese infants.
No Effect of Transfer Factor on Immunodeficiency with Short‐Limbed Dwarfism
Authors: Iseki Mikiro , Bamba Masahiro , Kato Tatsuo , Kuratsuji Tadatoshi , Nakazawa Shimpel , Osano Mitsuru
Published: October 2007

A four year old immunodeficient girl with short‐limbed dwarfism is reported and her treatment with Transfer Factor is evaluated.

She was admitted to the hospital because of frequent respiratory infections and growth retardation.

Physical examination revealed short stature for her age and moist rales in both lung fields. Immunological examination disclosed lymphopenia, low E‐RFC, normal EAC‐RFC, normal level of serum immunoglobulin and normal response to DTP vaccine. Negative delayed typ hypersensitivity skin reaction to PPD, Candida and SK‐SD, very low 3H‐TdR incorporation of the patient lymphocytes stimulated by PHA, PWM, ConA and alloantigens were observed. PMN function tests were normal. The diagnosis of type II immunodeficiency with short‐limbed dwarfism was established. Transfer Factor (T.F.) treatment was given for 10 weeks. The clinical picture and the immunological parameters did not change as a result of T.F. therapy.
Coronary Blood Flow Changes in Acute Left Ventricular Obstruction in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: Lagarashi Katsuro
Published: October 2007

Short term studies were carried out analyzing the degree of ischemia, based on coronary blood flow, associated with infravalvular obstruction in relation to increments in leftventricular peak systolic pressure overload. In these experiments a double lumen balloon catheter was placed in the infravalvular region of the left ventricle through the apex; the balloon was then inflated slowly with saline solution to make systolic pressure gradients between left ventricle and aorta gradually up to 60mmHg. There was an inverse relationship between coronary blood flow and the gradient between left ventricular peak systolicpressure(Plv)and aortic pressure (Pao); when the Plv–Pao gradient was plotted as a function of coronary blood flow a linear regression slope with a value of ‐0.3 was obtained. At a maximal Plv–Pao gradient pressure of 60mmHg, coronary blood flow decreased 20%. When coronary blood flow was plotted as a function of PLV the linear regression slope was –0.4 and as a function of Pao the value for the slope was 0.79. (P <u.05). There is also an inverse relationship between percent shortening and Plv–Pao gradient; as the latter increased, segment shortening decreased. Similarly, there was a corresponding decreased in stroke volume with the increase in left ventricular obstruction.
Hepatitis‐apalstic anemia‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A case report.
Authors: Miyata H. , Yamamoto T. , Murata R.
Published: October 2007

A 5‐year‐old boy had fever, hepatomegaly, liver function abnormalities and sever pancytopenia. After spontaneous recovery from these signs and symptomes of one month's duration, acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed.

He responded well to induction therapy started with prednisolone and vincristine, and went into complete remission state. He is still in complete remission state after discontinuation of maintenance therapy with 6‐mercaptopurine continued for a period of 2 years and 3 months.
Changes in Aerobic Pharyngeal Flora Related to Parenteral Ampicillin with Particular Reference to the Emergence of Gram‐Negative Bacilli
Authors: Fujita Kozo , Yoshioka Hajime
Published: October 2007

The pharyngeal flora was evaluated semiquantitatively by differentiating the grown colonies on blood agar plates, in 7 patients undergoing intravenous ampicillin treatment.

Intravenous ampicillin in larger daily doses of 200 to 300 mg/kg caused marked changes that eradicated α‐streptococci in most cases, and gram‐negative bacilli appeared in 13 out of 14 cultures with high prevalences. Changes observed by smaller daily doses were less extensive, which indicated a does reponse reltionship. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated with high prevalences in 3 of the total of 12 cultures in the course of ampicillin.

Since these changes denote suppression of the normal flora and overgrowth af ampicillin‐resistant organisms in the respiratiory tract, which potentiate the development of supernifection, expected advantages must be weighed against these undesired effects, particularly when ampicillin is prescribed for long periods and larger doses. Culture of the pharyngeal swab would be a useful guide for the check of the bacterial overgrowth.
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica in Breast‐Fed Infant
Authors: Matsuura Shinro , Yasuoka Chikai , Yamashita Fumio
Published: October 2007

A four‐month‐old male premature infant fed by mother's milk caused symptomatic zinc deficiency (acrodermatitis enteropathica). The prematurity and low zinc concentration in mother's milk were speculated as the main factors of the condition in this patient.
Development of Bile Acid Metabolism in Neonates during Perinatal Period | Part 2. Mass screening of congenital biliary atresia by radioimmunoassay using dried blood spot
Authors: Sasaki Hidekuni
Published: October 2007

Abstrat

Inour country, congenital biliary atresia (CBA) has occurred in approximately 1 of 10,000 live births, but its prognosis has been extremely poor. In the mass screening of this disease, glycocholic acid (GCA) or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) level in dried blood spots on filter paper in5‐day‐old neonates was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA).

To determine GCA in dried blood spots on filter paper, the procedures in this experiment were modified using commercial kit for serum.

The mean GCA level of controls (n=391) was 5.88±4.28 nM/ml and that of CBA (n=22) was 14.1 ±3.1 nM/ml. On the other hand the mean CDCA level of controls (n=86) was 5.86 ±3.07 pM/l disc that of CBA (n=22) was 30.0 ±35.9 pM/l disc. When the criterion is assumed to be more than 16 nM/ml of GCA level or 10 pM/l disc of CDCA level, false negative diagnoses of CBA are 31.8% and 18.2% respectively. On the other hand false positive diagnoses of CBA are 6.9% and 3.5% respectively. It was thought that false negative diagnosis on mass screening with GCA level would decrease using fresh dried blood spot within 2 weeks after taking blood.

In 22 CBA cases, the GCA levels in dried blood spots on filter paper were not always parallel with the CDCA levels.
Neutralization Test by New Isolates of Human Rotavirus
Authors: Shinozaki Tatsuhiko , Araki Kazuko , Tajima Takeshi , Ushijima Hiroshi , Kim Bosu , Fujii Ryochi
Published: October 2007

Thre newly isolated human rotaviruses in MA104 cells were used as antigens in the neutralization test of paired sera of infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis during three epidemic seasons. Twenty‐three of 41 paired sera (56%) from outpatients with acute gastroenteritis responded with development of NT antibody to one, two, or three antigens. Of 23 paired sera which showed significant rises of antibody to any strain, 20 paired sera (87%) responded to strain Hochi, 15 cases (65%) to strain Ito, and 16 cases (70%) to strain Nemoto. Ten of 14 cases that were seronegative to any isolated strain at onset of illness showed significant rises of antibodies to three strains. Three strains were determined to be subgroup 2 by RNA pattern and were recently found to be similar if not identical to serotype 3 and 4 by Wyatt et al. The neutralization test showed extensive immunologic cross‐reativity among these strains. The rate of acquisition of serum antibody by age was similar with the three antigens.
Growth Failure as the Presenting Symptom of Crohn's Disease
Authors: Shinohara Osamu , Morishima Akira
Published: October 2007

Short stature is a common symptom of Crohn's disease in children, but it is rarely the chief complaint. We have encountered 5 patiȩnts whose major complaint was stunted growth and poor weight gain. Only one patient had moderately severe diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss, while the remaining patients exhibited mild abdominal symptoms elicited only by probing questions. Bone age was retarded in all. Sedimentation rate was elevated in 3 patients, and 4 had anemia. Small bowel series revealed typical findings of Crohn's disease in all. Two patients had surgical treatment, and 3 received nutritional supplement and steroid therapy.

It is concluded that in the patient with stunted growth, careful history taking is essential. A work‐up to rule out inflammatory bowel disease is indicated, especially if an elevated sedimentation rate and/or anemia are present, even in the absence of clear‐cut abdominal compliants.