bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scaling of Off-Equatorial Jets in Giant Planet Atmospheres
Authors: Liu Junjun , Schneider Tapio
Published: September 2014

In the off-equatorial region of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s atmospheres, baroclinic eddies transport angular momentum out of retrograde and into prograde jets. In a statistically steady state, this angular momentum transfer by eddies must be balanced by dissipation, likely produced by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drag in the planetary interior. This paper examines systematically how an idealized representation of this drag in a general circulation model (GCM) of the upper atmosphere of giant planets modifies jet characteristics, the angular momentum budget, and the energy budget.

In the GCM, Rayleigh drag at an artificial lower boundary (with mean pressure of 3 bar) is used as a simple representation of the MHD drag that the flow on giant planets experiences at depth. As the drag coefficient decreases, the eddy length scale and eddy kinetic energy increase, as they do in studies of two-dimensional turbulence. Off-equatorial jets become wider and stronger, with increased interjet spacing. Coherent vortices also become more prevalent. Generally, the jet width scales with the Rhines scale, which is of similar magnitude as the Rossby radius in the simulations. The jet strength increases primarily through strengthening of the barotropic component, which increases as the drag coefficient decreases because the overall kinetic energy dissipation remains roughly constant. The overall kinetic energy dissipation remains roughly constant presumably because it is controlled by baroclinic conversion of potential to kinetic energy in the upper troposphere, which is mainly determined by the differential solar radiation and is only weakly dependent on bottom drag and barotropic flow variations.

For Jupiter and Saturn, these results suggest that the wider and stronger jets on Saturn may arise because the MHD drag on Saturn is weaker than on Jupiter, while the thermodynamic efficiencies of the atmospheres are not sensitive to the drag parameters.
What Drives the Brewer–Dobson Circulation?
Authors: Cohen Naftali Y. , Gerber Edwin P. , Bühler Oliver
Published: September 2014

Recent studies have revealed strong interactions between resolved Rossby wave and parameterized gravity wave driving in stratosphere-resolving atmospheric models. Perturbations to the parameterized wave driving are often compensated by opposite changes in the resolved wave driving, leading to ambiguity in the relative roles of these waves in driving the Brewer–Dobson circulation. Building on previous work, this study identifies three mechanisms for these interactions and explores them in an idealized atmospheric model. The three mechanisms are associated with a stability constraint, a potential vorticity mixing constraint, and a nonlocal interaction driven by modifications to the refractive index of planetary wave propagation. While the first mechanism is likely for strong-amplitude and meridionally narrow parameterized torques, the second is most likely for parameterized torques applied inside the winter-hemisphere surf-zone region, a key breaking region for planetary waves. The third mechanism, on the other hand, is most relevant for parameterized torques just outside the surf zone. It is likely for multiple mechanisms to act in concert, and it is largely a matter of the torques' location and the interaction time scale that determines the dominant mechanism.

In light of these interactions, the conventional paradigm for separating the relative roles of Rossby and gravity wave driving by downward control is critiqued. A modified approach is suggested, one that explicitly considers the impact of wave driving on the potential vorticity of the stratosphere. While this approach blurs the roles of Rossby and gravity waves, it provides more intuition into how perturbations to each component impact the circulation as a whole.
Role of Convective Entrainment in Spatial Distributions of and Temporal Variations in Precipitation over Tropical Oceans
Authors: Hirota Nagio , Takayabu Yukari N. , Watanabe Masahiro , Kimoto Masahide , Chikira Minoru
Published: September 2014

The authors demonstrate that an appropriate treatment of convective entrainment is essential for determining spatial distributions of and temporal variations in precipitation. Four numerical experiments are performed using atmospheric models with different entrainment characteristics: a control experiment (Ctl), a no-entrainment experiment (NoEnt), an original Arakawa–Schubert experiment (AS), and an AS experiment with a simple empirical suppression of convection depending on cloud-layer humidity (ASRH). The fractional entrainment rates of AS and ASRH are constant for each cloud type and are very small in the lower troposphere compared with those in the Ctl, in which half of the buoyancy-generated energy is consumed by entrainment. Spatial and temporal variations in the observed precipitation are satisfactorily reproduced in the Ctl, but their amplitudes are underestimated with a so-called double intertropical convergence zone bias in the NoEnt and AS. The spatial variation is larger in the Ctl because convection is more active over humid ascending regions and more suppressed over dry subsidence regions. Feedback processes involving convection, the large-scale circulation, free tropospheric moistening by congestus, and radiation enhance the variations. The temporal evolution of precipitation events is also more realistic in the Ctl, because congestus moistens the midtroposphere, and large precipitation events occur once sufficient moisture is available. The large entrainment in the lower troposphere, increasing free tropospheric moistening by congestus and enhancing the coupling of convection to free tropospheric humidity, is suggested to be important for the realistic spatial and temporal variations.
Overview of Small Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft for Meteorological Sampling
Authors: Elston Jack , Argrow Brian , Stachura Maciej , Weibel Doug , Lawrence Dale , Pope David
Published: September 2014

Sampling the atmospheric boundary layer with small unmanned aircraft is a difficult task requiring informed selection of sensors and algorithms that are suited to the particular platform and mission. Many factors must be considered during the design process to ensure the desired measurement accuracy and resolution is achieved, as is demonstrated through an examination of previous and current efforts. A taxonomy is developed from these approaches and is used to guide a review of the systems that have been employed to make in situ wind and thermodynamic measurements, along with the campaigns that have employed them. Details about the airframe parameters, estimation algorithms, sensors, and calibration methods are given.
Potentially Harmful Therapy and Multicultural Counseling
Authors: Wendt Dennis C. , Gone Joseph P. , Nagata Donna K.
Published: September 2014

In recent years, psychologists have been increasingly concerned about potentially harmful therapy (PHT), yet this recent discourse has not addressed issues that have long been voiced by the multicultural counseling and psychotherapy movement. We aim to begin to bring these seemingly disparate discourses of harm into greater conversation with one another, in the service of placing the discipline on a firmer foothold in its considerations of PHT. After reviewing the two discourses and exploring reasons for their divergence, we argue that they operate according to differing assumptions pertaining to the sources, objects, and scope of harm. We then argue that these differences reveal the discipline’s need to better appreciate that harm is a social construct, that psychotherapy may be inherently ethnocentric, and that strategies for collecting evidence of harm should be integrated with a social justice agenda.
The discursive construction and performance of gendered identity on social media
Authors: Cook Julia , Hasmath Reza
Published: September 2014

This article looks at the construction and performance of gendered identity through a sub-section of Facebook web pages belonging to the Slut Walk movement. The authors’ analysis suggests that gender is constructed through the subjects’ participation in the ‘post-feminist masquerade’ through which their gendered identity is defined in relation to a hegemonic masculine ideal. This situates the web pages within a space characterized through the ambivalent and appropriative treatment of feminism and further, coiled within an acute tension between feminist and post-feminist discourses. Acts of resistance are framed as individual, momentary ruptures of Judith Butler’s heterosexual matrix of ‘cultural intelligibility’. The online context of these ruptures is found to vest a creative potential, by removing the constraints of time and location, indicating that the impact of these ruptures may extend beyond its immediate environment.
Using SAS PROC MCMC for Item Response Theory Models
Authors: Ames Allison J. , Samonte Kelli
Published: September 2014

Interest in using Bayesian methods for estimating item response theory models has grown at a remarkable rate in recent years. This attentiveness to Bayesian estimation has also inspired a growth in available software such as WinBUGS, R packages, BMIRT, MPLUS, and SAS PROC MCMC. This article intends to provide an accessible overview of Bayesian methods in the context of item response theory to serve as a useful guide for practitioners in estimating and interpreting item response theory (IRT) models. Included is a description of the estimation procedure used by SAS PROC MCMC. Syntax is provided for estimation of both dichotomous and polytomous IRT models, as well as a discussion on how to extend the syntax to accommodate more complex IRT models.
A Dose-Response Curve Describing the Relationship Between Urban Tree Cover Density and Self-Reported Stress Recovery
Authors: Jiang Bin , Li Dongying , Larsen Linda , Sullivan William C.
Published: September 2014

Although it is well established that viewing nature can help individuals recover from a stressful experience, the dose-response curve describing the relationship between tree cover density and stress recovery is totally unclear. A total of 160 participants engaged in a standard Trier Social Stress Test to induce stress. Participants were then randomly assigned to watch 1 of 10 three-dimensional videos of street scenes that varied in the density of tree cover (from 2% to 62%). Participants completed a Visual Analog Scale questionnaire at three points in the experiment. Analysis revealed a positive, linear association between the density of urban street trees and self-reported stress recovery, adjusted R2 = .05, F(1, 149) = 8.53, p < .01. This relationship holds after controlling for gender, age, and baseline stress levels. A content analysis of participants’ written narratives revealed a similar but even stronger association. These findings suggest that viewing tree canopy in communities can significantly aid stress recovery and that every tree matters.
Conducting global team-based ethnography: Methodological challenges and practical methods
Authors: Jarzabkowski Paula , Bednarek Rebecca , Cabantous Laure
Published: September 2014

Ethnography has often been seen as the province of the lone researcher; however, increasingly management scholars are examining global phenomena, necessitating a shift to global team-based ethnography. This shift presents some fundamental methodological challenges, as well as practical issues of method, that have not been examined in the literature on organizational research methods. That is the focus of this article. We first outline the methodological implications of a shift from single researcher to team ethnography, and from single case site to the multiple sites that constitute global ethnography. Then we present a detailed explanation of a global team-based ethnography that we conducted over three years. Our study of the global reinsurance industry involved a team of five ethnographers conducting fieldwork in 25 organizations across 15 countries. We outline three central challenges we encountered: team division of labour, team sharing and constructing a global ethnographic object. The article concludes by suggesting that global team-based ethnography provides important insights into global phenomena, such as regulation, finance and climate change among others, that are of interest to management scholars.
Positive Surgical Margins in Early Stage Oral Cavity Cancer: An Analysis of 20,602 Cases
Authors: Luryi Alexander L. , Chen Michelle M. , Mehra Saral , Roman Sanziana A. , Sosa Julie A. , Judson Benjamin L.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To report the incidence of positive surgical margins in early oral cavity cancer and identify patient, tumor, and system factors associated with their occurrence.

Study Design and Setting

Retrospective analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Subjects and Methods

Patients diagnosed with stage I or II oral cavity squamous cell cancer between 1998 and 2011 were identified. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with positive margins were conducted.

Results

In total, 20,602 patients with early oral cancer were identified. Margin status was reported in 94.8% of cases, and positive margins occurred in 7.5% of those cases. Incidence of positive margins by institution varied from 0% to 43.8%, with median incidence of 7.1%. Positive margins were associated with clinical factors including stage II disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55‐1.98), intermediate grade (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.37), high grade (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.39‐2.03), and floor of mouth (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.52‐2.08), buccal mucosa (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.59‐2.68), and retromolar locations (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.85‐3.11). Positive margins were also associated with treatment at nonacademic cancer centers (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.44) and institutions with a low oral cancer case volume (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.23‐1.69).

Conclusion

Positive margins are associated with tumor factors, including stage, grade, and site, reflecting disease aggressiveness and difficulty of resection. Positive margins also are associated with factors such as treatment facility type, hospital case volume, and geographic region, suggesting potential variation in quality of care. Margin status may be a useful quality measure for early oral cavity cancer.
Biventricular mass in a patient with mucinous breast cancer
Authors: Kalayci A , Akgun T , Karabay CY , Kocabay G , Kirma C
Published: September 2014

We present a case of a 73-year-old woman patient diagnosed with mucinous breast cancer and biventricular homogenous mass image findings by transthoracic echocardiography and her fatal prognosis.
A randomised controlled trial of roller versus centrifugal cardiopulmonary bypass pumps in patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy
Authors: Mlejnsky F , Klein A A , Lindner J , Maruna P , Kvasnicka J , Kvasnicka T , Zima T , Pecha O , Lips M , Rulisek J , Porizka M , Kopecky P , Kunstyr J
Published: September 2014

Objectives:

There is some controversy as to whether there is a benefit from the use of a centrifugal pump compared with a roller pump during cardiopulmonary bypass to facilitate cardiac surgery. We compared the two pumps, with the primary aim of determining any difference in the effects on inflammation after pulmonary endarterectomy surgery which required prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Methods:

Between September 2010 and July 2013, 58 elective patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy were included in this prospective, randomised, controlled study; 30 patients were randomly allocated to the control group, which used a roller pump, and 28 patients to the treatment group, which used a centrifugal pump. Interleukin-6, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, thromboelastographic parameters, P-selectin, international normalised ratio, activated prothrombin time, free haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelet count and protein S100β were recorded during and after the procedure. We also recorded the length of intensive care unit stay, blood loss and transfusion, neurological outcomes and respiratory and renal failure.

Results:

There was a significant difference in the primary outcome measure: Interleukin-6 was significantly higher in the roller pump group (587±38 ng·l-1 vs. 327±37 ng·l-1; p<0.001) 24 hours after surgery, which we interpreted as an increased inflammatory response. This was confirmed by a significant rise in the procalcitonin level in the roller pump group 48 hours following surgery (0.79 (0.08-25.25) ng·ml-1 vs. 0.36 (0.02-5.83) ng·ml-1; p<0.05). There were, however, no significant differences in clinical outcome data.

Conclusions:

We have shown that the use of a centrifugal pump during prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is associated with a reduced inflammatory response compared to the standard roller pump. Larger multi-centre trials in this area of practice are required.
The behaviour of adopted adolescents who spent their infancy in residential group care: the Greek Metera study
Authors: Vorria Panayiota , Ntouma Maria , Rutter Michael
Published: September 2014

The aim of the study was to determine whether adopted children with early experiences of institutional care are at an increased risk of developing behavioural difficulties. The participants were 52 adopted adolescents aged 13 years. The comparison group comprised 36 adolescents of the same age who were brought up in their biological families. The adopted young people were more overactive and inattentive at school compared with those raised in their birth families. No between-group differences were found on feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction, on quality of friendships with peers and on self-esteem. Adopted adolescents also tended to be more often referred to psychological services.
Operations research study to implement HIV and syphilis point-of-care tests and assess client perceptions in a marginalised area of Lima, Peru
Authors: Flores Elaine C , Lluque Maria E , Chiappe Marina , Lino Rosabel , Bayer Angela M
Published: September 2014

In Peru, a significant proportion of people tested for HIV and syphilis do not receive timely results. Our objective was to assess the institutional feasibility of implementing simultaneous HIV/syphilis point-of-care tests and client perceptions regarding these point-of-care tests. Point-of-care tests were implemented in a hospital consultation room in a marginalised zone of Lima. A time-series design was used to compare the proportion of tested clients who received timely results, with and without the point-of-care test intervention. Experience and satisfaction with point-of-care tests was evaluated with 149 people. In the 6 months without intervention, 69% and 61% of clients tested for HIV and syphilis, respectively, received their results within the required 45-minute window. During the 2-month point-of-care test intervention, all clients tested for HIV (n = 387) and syphilis (n = 398) received their results within 45 minutes. All clients surveyed were completely satisfied (52%) or satisfied (48%) with the simultaneous HIV/syphilis point-of-care test screening process. Additionally, 73% strongly agreed with the statement ‘I feel satisfied with the rapid testing process.’ Screening using point-of-care tests represents an important opportunity to reduce the time, resource and cost burden for users and institutions and increase the proportion of users receiving their test results in a timely manner.
Fatigue life prediction under variable amplitude loading using a non-linear damage accumulation model
Authors: Zuo Fang-Jun , Huang Hong-Zhong , Zhu Shun-Peng , Lv Zhiqiang , Gao Huiying
Published: September 2014

Most of engineering components in service are usually subjected to variable cyclic loading. It is important to predict fatigue life and deal with the issue about fatigue damage accumulation for these components. One of the largest difficulties in fatigue failure analysis is to find a representative ‘damage criterion’ which can be easily connected with the Wöhler curve taken as the known material data. The most commonly used model is the Miner’s rule which ignores the loading history effect, under the same loading conditions the experimental results are higher than the Miner expectations for low-to-high load sequence and are lower than the Miner expectations for high-to-low load sequence. The fatigue driving stress that causes fatigue damage is presented to predict residual fatigue life under variable amplitude loading. It increases with loading cycles until equals the fatigue strength when fracture occurs. By determining the equivalent number of cycles that yields the same fatigue driving stress as the previous loads, the remaining life can be predicted. The proposed damage criterion is connected cycle by cycle to the Wöhler curve and the experimental results are in a good agreement with the model predictions.
Election Advertising in the Mainstream Print Media
Authors: Anuar Mustafa K.
Published: September 2014

Malaysia’s 2013 general election was widely regarded as ‘the mother of all elections’ mainly because a reinvigorated opposition coalition Pakatan Rakyat (PR), following its 2008 electoral victory, was expected to wrestle a few more seats from the incumbent Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition to reduce the government’s two-thirds majority in federal parliament. The election was a crucial moment for the BN’s leader, Najib Abdul Razak, as he needed a new mandate from the electorate after succeeding as prime minister from Abdullah Badawi in 2009. It is in this context that this extended commentary examines how the incumbent and opposition parties had executed their political campaigns through advertisements in the mainstream papers— The Star, New Straits Times and Utusan Malaysia—starting from the date of candidate nomination (20 April 2013) until polling day (5 May 2013).
Indian Elections, 2014
Authors: Barclay Francis P. , Pichandy C. , Venkat Anusha
Published: September 2014

This article examines the political orientations of The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu and The Telegraph in the run up to the Indian elections held from 7 April to 12 May 2014. The window of examination is between 10 February and 15 March when all political news items related to the national parties—the Congress, the BJP and the AAP—were analyzed to determine which paper endorsed which party and to what extent. The findings show that in the run up to the polling days, the BJP occupied the most political space across the four papers. It also scored the highest in terms of positivity. The Hindu and The Telegraph were found to be more supportive of the Congress. A time-series analysis shows that political orientation among the papers shifted throughout the period of analysis as India geared up for the longest elections in its history.
Conservative Surgery of Diabetic Forefoot Osteomyelitis
Authors: Aragón-Sánchez Javier , Lázaro-Martínez Jose L. , Alvaro-Afonso Francisco Javier , Molinés-Barroso Raúl
Published: September 2014

Surgery is necessary in many cases of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. The decision to undertake surgery should be based on the clinical presentation of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Surgery is required when the bone is protruding through the ulcer, there is extensive bone destruction seen on x-ray or progressive bone damage on sequential x-ray while undergoing antibiotic treatment, the soft tissue envelope is destroyed, and there is gangrene or spreading soft tissue infection. Several issues should be taken into account when considering surgery for treating diabetic foot osteomyelitis. It is necessary to have a surgeon available with diabetic foot expertise. Regarding location of diabetic foot osteomyelitis, it is important to consider whether isolated bone or a joint is involved. In cases in which osteomyelitis is associated with a bone deformity, surgery should be able to correct this. The surgeon should always reflect about whether extensive/radical surgery could destabilize the foot. The forefoot is the most frequent location of diabetic foot osteomyelitis and is associated with better prognosis than midfoot and hindfoot osteomyelitis. Many surgical procedures can be performed in patients with diabetes and forefoot ulcers complicated by osteomyelitis while avoiding amputations. Performing conservative surgeries without amputations of any part of the foot is not always feasible in cases in which the infection has destroyed the soft tissue envelope. Attempting conservative surgery in such cases risks infected tissues remaining in the wound bed leading to failure. The election of different surgical options depends on the expertise of the surgeons selected for the multidisciplinary teams. It is the aim of this article to provide a sample of surgical techniques in order to remove the bone infection from the forefoot while avoiding amputations.
Girls, Gangs, and Getting Out
Authors: O’Neal Eryn Nicole , Decker Scott H. , Moule Richard K. , Pyrooz David C.
Published: September 2014

This study draws from role exit theory and feminist criminology to examine whether the catalysts and consequences of gang disengagement differ between males and females. We analyze data on 143 individuals interviewed about their status as former gang members in Los Angeles, CA, and Phoenix, AZ, and assess whether there are gender differences across three interrelated components of disengaging from gangs: (1) the motivations for leaving the gang, (2) sources of support in the exit process, and (3) real and perceived residual concerns and consequences in transitioning out of the gang. Very few differences in the gang disengagement process were found between females and males. Females reported continued concerns about threats to their family, while males reported continued police harassment after leaving the gang. Overall, findings suggest that group processes shape disengagement experiences regardless of gender.
Sixteen‐year follow‐up of Barrett's esophagus, endoscopically treated with argon plasma coagulation
Authors: Milashka Mariana , Calomme Annabelle , Van Laethem Jean Luc , Blero Daniel , Eisendrath Pierre , Le Moine Olivier , Devière Jacques
Published: September 2014

Objective

The thermal destruction of non‐dysplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) and its replacement by squamous epithelium is an attractive, but unproven strategy to avoid further development of dysplasia or cancer.

The goal of this study was to estimate the persistence of restoration of squamous epithelium and the risk of cancer in BE that was eradicated using argon plasma coagulation (APC) in the absence of high‐grade dysplasia, 16 years after its application.

Design

We followed 32 patients with BE who underwent eradication of metaplastic epithelium using APC, up to 16 years later.

Results

At the end of the initial treatment, 25 of 32 patients (78%) had complete endoscopic eradication, there was partial squamous re‐epithelialization in four patients (13%) and it was absent in three patients (9%). We observed buried metaplastic glands under new squamous epithelium in 6 of the 25 patients who had complete endoscopic eradication. At follow‐up, sustained complete endoscopic eradication was observed in 16 of 32 patients (50%), partial eradication in 11 of 32 patients (35%); there were two patients (6%) lost to follow‐up and three patients (9%) developed esophageal adenocarcinoma. Two of the latest cases arose from the buried glands under neosquamous epithelium after complete eradication and one arose from a small remaining Barrett's segment.

Conclusions

We observed long‐term re‐epithelialization in the majority of patients who had previously had complete eradication of Barrett's esophagus. This did not provide protection against cancer development, as the incidence of cancers arising from buried glands or from residual Barrett's esophagus was similar to that observed in patients undergoing no specific treatment.
Near-infrared optical absorption enhanced in black silicon via Ag nanoparticle-induced localized surface plasmon
Authors: Zhang Peng , Li Shibin , Liu Chunhua , Wei Xiongbang , Wu Zhiming , Jiang Yadong , Chen Zhi
Published: September 2014

Due to the localized surface plasmon (LSP) effect induced by Ag nanoparticles inside black silicon, the optical absorption of black silicon is enhanced dramatically in near-infrared range (1,100 to 2,500 nm). The black silicon with Ag nanoparticles shows much higher absorption than black silicon fabricated by chemical etching or reactive ion etching over ultraviolet to near-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR, 250 to 2,500 nm). The maximum absorption even increased up to 93.6% in the NIR range (820 to 2,500 nm). The high absorption in NIR range makes LSP-enhanced black silicon a potential material used for NIR-sensitive optoelectronic device.

PACS

78.67.Bf; 78.30.Fs; 78.40.-q; 42.70.Gi
Prediction of deep-buried gas carbonate reservoir by combining prestack seismic-driven elastic properties with rock physics in Sichuan Basin, southwestern China
Authors: Ma Jiqiang , Geng Jianhua , Guo Tonglou
Published: September 2014

The prediction of seismic reservoirs in marine carbonate areas in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China, is very challenging because the target zone is deeply buried (more than 6 km), with multiphase tectonic movements, complex diagenesis, and low porosity, and the incident angle of the seismic data is finite. We developed reliable hydrocarbon indicators of a marine carbonate deposit based on prestack elastic impedance (EI) and well observations. Although the hydrocarbon indicators can be calculated from elastic parameters, the inversion for EI-driven elastic attributes is usually unstable. To constrain the inversion process, we discovered a new strategy to recover the elastic properties from EIs within a Bayesian framework (called Bayesian elastic parameter inversion from elastic impedance). We applied the strategy to a carbonate reef identified at the center of a study line based on the geologic context and the seismic reflection patterns. We then used rock-physics analyses to classify the lithologies and the reservoir at a well location. Rock-physics modeling quantified the hydrocarbon sensitivity of the elastic attributes. Fluid substitution was used to investigate the effects of pore fluids on the elastic properties. A comparison of two synthetic amplitude-versus-angle responses (for gas and brine saturation) with real seismic data showed that the reservoir was gas charged. Using well-based crossplot analyses, reliable direct hydrocarbon indicators can be constructed for a deeply buried gas reservoir and were effective for interpretation in an area of marine carbonates in the Sichuan Basin.
Mechanism of Inhibition of Estrogen Biosynthesis by Azole Fungicides
Authors: Egbuta Chinaza , Lo Jessica , Ghosh Debashis
Published: September 2014

Biosynthesis of estrogens from androgens is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 aromatase. Aromatase inhibition by the triazole compounds letrozole (LTZ) and anastrozole is a prevalent therapy for estrogen-dependent postmenopausal breast cancer. Azoles are widely used as agricultural fungicides and antimycotic drugs that target 14α-demethylase. Some were previously shown to inhibit aromatase, thereby raising the possibility of endocrine disruptive effects. However, mechanistic analysis of their inhibition has never been undertaken. We have evaluated the inhibitory effects of 3 common fungicides, bifonazole, imazalil, and flusilazole, in human aromatase purified from placenta and compared them with LTZ, the most potent inhibitor of aromatase. Bifonazole exhibits strong inhibitory effects with an IC50 of 270nM and Ki (Michaeles-Menten inhibition constant) of 68nM, compared with 10nM and 13nM, respectively, for LTZ. The IC50 and Ki are 1100nM and 278nM for imazilil and 3200nM and 547nM for flusilazole, respectively. Analyses of inhibition kinetics suggest that the modes of inhibition by azole fungicides are mixed or competitive, whereas LTZ inhibition could be noncompetitive or mixed. We interpret the inhibition mechanism in the context of the x-ray structure of aromatase-androstenedione complex. Structural data show that aromatase has 3 binding pockets in relation to the heme. The substrate-binding cavity at the heme-distal site closely compliments the structures of the natural substrate, androstenedione, and steroidal aromatase inhibitors. Because the structures of LTZ and the azole fungicides are entirely dissimilar to the androstenedione backbone, the azoles possibly inhibit by binding to a structurally rearranged active site, the 2 other catalytically important sites, or both, in agreement with the kinetics data.
Clinical and Molecular Features of Hürthle Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid
Authors: Chindris Ana-Maria , Casler John D. , Bernet Victor J. , Rivera Michael , Thomas Colleen , Kachergus Jennifer M. , Necela Brian M. , Hay Ian D. , Westphal Sydney A. , Grant Clive S. , Thompson Geoffrey B. , Schlinkert Richard T. , Thompson E. Aubrey , Smallridge Robert C.
Published: September 2014

Context:

Hürthle cell cancer (HCC) of the thyroid remains the subject of controversy with respect to natural course, treatment, and follow-up.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical and molecular features associated with outcome in HCC.

Design:

The study was a review of 173 HCC cases treated at Mayo Clinic over 11 years with a median 5.8-year follow-up.

Results:

None of the patients with minimally invasive histology had persistent disease, clinical recurrence, or disease-related death. Male gender and TNM stage were independently associated with increased risk of clinical recurrence or death in widely invasive patients. The 5-year cumulative probability of clinical recurrence or death was higher in patients with TNM stage III–IV (females, 74%; males, 91%) compared with patients with TNM stage I–II (females, 0%; males, 17%). Pulmonary metastases were best identified by computed tomography, whereas radioactive iodine scans were positive in only two of 27 cases. Thyroglobulin was detectable in patients with clinical disease, with the notable exception of five patients with distant metastases. The common TERT C228T promoter mutation was detected in both widely invasive and minimally invasive tumors. TERT mRNA was below the limit of detection in all samples.

Conclusion:

Widely invasive HCC with TNM stage III–IV is aggressive, with low probability of recurrence-free survival. Males have worse outcomes than females. Minimally invasive HCC appears to be considerably less aggressive. Radioactive iodine scan performs poorly in detecting distant disease. Although the TERT gene is mutated in HCC, the role of this mutation remains to be demonstrated.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Central and Eastern European Countries
Authors: Stawicka Magdalena Kinga
Published: September 2014

In the paper the author tries to analyse the value of foreign direct investments inflow into certain Central and Eastern Europe countries and to assess determinants which cause these countries to attract large value of the foreign direct investments. Twenty countries of the aforementioned region were analysed. Ten of them belong to the European Union including three belonging to the Eurozone. Additionally, the paper contains presentation of the most significant determinants of the foreign direct investments based on investors’ motives. In order to achieve the aforementioned goal, the author reviewed the literature on the subject paying special attention to the issues in question, and she presented the results of the survey focused on the FDI determinants in the economies which are the subject of this paper. The paper also contains results of two surveys conducted by the author in 2006 and 2012 regarding motives of the entrepreneurs who make foreign direct investments in the territory of the EU countries. Review of the theory, analysis of general empirical observations and own surveys of the author prove that the size of a market, the possibility to maximize profits and discounts and privileges for investors are the most substantial internal and external factors which encourage entrepreneurs to invest on foreign markets. Moreover, membership in the European Union and/or the Eurozone, as well as the warranty of macroeconomic stability of a country also pose a substantial advantage when an investor chooses the location for an investment.
Methods and Practices of Tacit Knowledge Sharing Within an Enterprise: an Empirical Investigation
Authors: Majewska Maria , Szulczyńska Urszula
Published: September 2014

The paper focuses on the internal knowledge sharing, namely on the methods and practices used in the case of tacit knowledge exchange among the individuals within an enterprise. Therefore, the first aim of the paper is to present the methods and practices that are recommended by knowledge management’s experts in the process of tacit knowledge sharing. The second research purpose is to determine which of those methods and practices are most frequently used by surveyed enterprises and how employees evaluate their utility in tacit knowledge sharing. In order to achieve the second purpose of the research, a survey was carried out in 153 enterprises located in the region of Wielkopolska in Poland, operating on domestic and foreign market. The first section of the work provides a brief summary of guidelines on tacit knowledge sharing within an enterprise highlighted in the relevant literature and a set of methods and practices that are used in tacit knowledge sharing which are recommended by the specialists in the field of knowledge management. Then the paper presents the results of own study on the surveyed group of enterprises. In the concluding remarks possible implications for the development of tacit knowledge sharing are suggested. The research results allow the conclusion that according to what is reported in the literature, tacit knowledge sharing is associated with broad defined staff training system. So exchange of tacit knowledge mainly takes two forms in surveyed enterprises: collective learning and transmission of accumulated previously knowledge to other employees within a company. However, as the research results suggest, the degree of using methods and practices for tacit knowledge sharing could be higher. Rather small level of tacit knowledge sharing in surveyed enterprises may be caused by insufficient activities focused on developing a strong organizational culture based on trust and cooperation.
An Inductively Generated Typology and Process Model of Workplace Courage
Authors: Schilpzand Pauline , Hekman David R. , Mitchell Terence R.
Published: September 2014

As a result of recent preventable corporate failures (e.g., Enron, WorldCom, Lehman Brothers, Fannie Mae), there is a growing desire to understand what might motivate employees to courageously detect and deflect organizational problems before they harm the entire organization. Based on 94 interviews we conducted with a wide variety of employees who witnessed or undertook courageous actions, we inductively developed a model using employees' accounts of the unfolding sequence of events. We learned that employees report engaging in courageous workplace actions when they feel responsible for dealing with a challenging situation such as a workplace error, an abuse of power, an ambiguous situation, or someone in need. We interpreted the stories of courage as suggesting that workplace courage may be a two-stage process, where actors first determine their level of personal responsibility to respond to the challenging situation and then determine the potential social costs of acting. Our model of the courageous workplace action appears to challenge the conventional wisdom of courage as being attributed to a person’s disposition, may enrich theories of intrinsic motivation, and may help clarify the role of cognition in courageous action. Our findings may also help to resolve some of the contradictory evidence regarding the antecedents of the many organizational constructs related to courage including whistle-blowing, voice, speaking up, taking charge, positive deviance, and organizational dissent.
Composition, abundance and diversity of the Family Cichlidae in Oyan Dam, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: OLOPADE OLANIYI ALABA , RUFAI OLUSEUN PETER
Published: September 2014

Olopade OA, Rufai OP. 2014. Composition, abundance and diversity of the Family Cichlidae in Oyan Dam, Ogun State, Nigeria. Biodiversitas 15: 195-199.This study was conducted to determine status of the family Cichlidae in Oyan Dam, Nigeria, during the wetand dry seasons of 2011. Samples were collected using multi-mesh gillnets ranging between 30 mm to 80 mm. Simpson's DiversityIndex was used to determine the species richness, while dominance and evenness were given by Shannon's index. A total of 547individuals were caught from Imala (S1) and Ibaro (S2) sites of the dam. Species collected include Sarotherodon galilaeus (42.60%),Oreochromis niloticus (17.92%), Tilapia zillii (25.41%), Hemichromis fasciatus (10.61%) and Tilapia mariae (3.48%). Juveniles andsub-adults and adults were among the catch, the sizes were as big as 12.85Â±0.29cm SL, 109.22Â±6.00g BW in Tilapia zillii and small as6.09Â±0.05cm SL and 8.07Â±0.15g BW in Hemichromis fasciatus. The diversity indexes showed that the diversity of Cichlids was lowerin the two sites observed in Oyan Dam. The estimates of diversity indexes showed lower value for site 1 (0.284) than for site 2 (0.294);Simpson's diversity index was 0.716 for site 1 and 0.703 for site 2 while reciprocal indexes for site 1(3.521) was slightly lower than site2 (3.367). Shannon-Wienerâ€™s Index recorded in the site 1 (1.36) was slightly lower than site 2 (1.37). Pielouâ€™s Index value recorded forsite 1 was 0.845 and 0.852 for site 2. Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zillii and Tilapia mariae exhibited apositive allometric growth pattern while only Hemichromis fasciatus showed a negative allometric growth.
Short Communication: Flora, life form and chorological study of Quercus brantii habitat in Emamzadeh Abdullah woodland, Iran
Authors: ROSHAN SINA ATTAR , HEYDARI MEHDI
Published: September 2014

Roshan SA, Heydari M. 2014. Flora, life form and chorological study of Quercus brantii habitat in Emamzadeh Abdullah woodland, Iran. Biodiversitas 15: 245-250. Flora in each region identified an important role in maintaining national reserves of each country toplay. Iran is one of the most important centers of plant diversity in to account old world comes closer to 22% of its 8000 plant speciesare exclusively. Emamzadeh Abdullah forest is located in southeastern Khouzestan province, Iran. The field data were obtained using 70 sample (20m x 20m) plots in a systematic random grid. The attributes include tree and shrub species type, number of each species and canopy coverage, which were recorded by measuring their small and large crown diameters in each sample plot. In order to record the herbaceous species, the Whitakerâ€™s snail plot method was applied, which resulted in 64 mÂ² of the minimum plot area. In this study, 154 plant species recognized from the area were identified and collected to 106 genera and 38 belong to the family. Families by Papilionaceae with 20 species, Poaceae with 20 species, Asteraceae with 19 species and Lamiaceae with 12 species and large plant families that total 46.1% of all species are included. Investigation of life forms species shows that Hemicryptophyte are the most important.
Smooth height/age curves from stem analysis with linear programming
Authors: Lappi Juha
Published: September 2014

Stem analysis data defines a range of possible heights for each age. A smooth stem/age curve is obtained with linear programming (LP) when the sum of the absolute second differences of heights is minimized subject to constraints obtained from the stem analysis. The method is analogous to cubic splines. A LP problem can include additional constraints that are based on the assumption that the crosscut is randomly located within the annual height increment. The method produces smoother height curves than Issa method which is utilizing second order differences of ring counts. It was found using simulated data that the method provides better results than earlier methods for short bolts if height growth is sufficiently regular.
Thinning intensity and growth of mixed spruce-birch stands on drained peatlands in Finland
Authors: Repola Jaakko , Hökkä Hannu , Penttilä Timo
Published: September 2014

The impacts of thinning at various intensities on the growth and mortality of mixed spruce-birch stands were investigated in thinning experiments on spruce swamps in northern and south-eastern Finland. At the time of establishment, three of the stands had recently reached the first commercial thinning stage and four were more advanced. The monitoring period was mainly 15 years, and the thinning intensity varied from heavy thinning (ca. 46 per cent of the basal area removed) to no thinning. Basal area removals of light and moderate thinning were ca. 22% and 39%, respectively. Unthinned plots had the highest volume increment. Light and moderate thinning slightly decreased the 15-year volume increment by, on an average, 1% and 8%, respectively. Heavy thinning led to a greater reduction (22%) in volume increment. The growth response to thinning intensity was evident as a higher relative volume and mean diameter increment of the living trees with decreasing stand density. Part of the volume increment on the unthinned plots was lost through natural mortality. Even light thinning significantly decreased natural mortality.
Structure of old Pinus sylvestris dominated forest stands along a geographic and human impact gradient in mid-boreal Fennoscandia
Authors: Lilja Saara , Kuuluvainen Timo
Published: September 2014

Stand structural characteristics were examined in old Pinus sylvestris dominated sites in three regions along a broad geographic and human impact gradient in mid-boreal Fennoscandia. The study regions were: 1) HÃ¤me in south-western Finland, with a long history of forest utilization, 2) Kuhmo in north-eastern Finland, with a more recent history of intensive forest utilization, and 3) Vienansalo in Russian Karelia, still characterized by a large near-natural forest landscape. Within each region the sampled sites were divided into three human impact classes: 1) near-natural stands, 2) stands selectively logged in the past, and 3) managed stands treated with thinnings. The near-natural and selectively logged stands in HÃ¤me and Kuhmo had a significantly higher Picea proportion compared to stands in Vienansalo. In comparison, the proportions of deciduous tree volumes were higher in near-natural stands in Vienansalo compared to near-natural stands in HÃ¤me. The pooled tree diameter distributions, both in near-natural and selectively logged stands, were descending whereas managed stands had a bimodal diameter distribution. Structural diversity characteristics such as broken trunks were most common in near-natural stands and in stands selectively logged in the past. The results demonstrate the higher structural complexity of near-natural stands and stands selectively logged in the past compared to managed stands, and highlight that old near-natural stands and stands selectively logged in the past vary widely in their structures. This obviously reflects both their natural variability but also various combinations of pre-industrial land use and human impact on fire disturbance. These factors need to be acknowledged when using ânaturalâ forest structures as a reference in developing strategies for forest management, restoration and nature conservation.