bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Injuries With Electric vs Conventional Scooters and Bicycles
Authors: Fernandez Adrian N. , Li Kevin D. , Patel Hiren V. , Allen Isabel Elaine , Ghaffar Umar , Hakam Nizar , Breyer Benjamin N.
Published: July 2024

Importance

Micromobility, the use of small vehicles (primarily scooters and bicycles), has become a standard transportation method in the US. Despite broad adoption of electric micromobility vehicles, there is a paucity of data regarding the injury profiles of these vehicles, particularly in the US.

Objective

To characterize micromobility injury trends in the US, identify demographic characteristic differences in users of electric and conventional vehicles, and identify factors associated with hospitalization.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, a comprehensive database that collates injury data associated with consumer products from emergency departments across the US to provide national estimates, from calendar year 2017 to 2022. Data on micromobility vehicle injuries (bicycles, scooters, electric bicycles [e-bicycles], and electric scooters [e-scooters]) were obtained.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Trends in injury and hospitalization counts, injury characteristics, and factors associated with hospitalization.

Results

From 2017 to 2022, the US recorded 2 499 843 bicycle (95% CI, 1 948 539-3 051 147), 304 783 scooter (95% CI, 232 466-377 099), 45 586 e-bicycle (95% CI, 17 684-73 488), and 189 517 e-scooter (95% CI, 126 101-252 932) injuries. The median age of the riders was 28 (IQR, 12-51) years; 72% were male, 1.5% Asian, 13% Black, 12% Hispanic, and 49% White. Annual e-bicycle and e-scooter injuries increased from 751 (95% CI, 0-1586) to 23 493 (95% CI, 11 043-35 944) and injuries increased from 8566 (95% CI, 5522-11 611) to 56 847 (95% CI, 39 673-74 022). Compared with conventional vehicles, electric vehicle accidents involved older individuals (median age, 31 vs 27 years; P < .001) and a higher proportion of Black riders (25% vs 12%; P < .001). Helmet use was less in electric vehicle incidents compared with conventional vehicles (43% vs 52%; P = .02), and injuries were more common in urban settings (83% vs 71%; P = .008). Age-adjusted odds of hospitalization among all Black individuals compared with White individuals was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.59-0.98; P = .04).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of micromobility vehicles, an increased number of injuries and hospitalizations was observed with electric vehicles compared with conventional vehicles from 2017 to 2022. These findings suggest the need for change in educational policies, infrastructure, and law to recenter on safety with the use of micromobility vehicles.
A perspective: Molecular detections of new agents in finfish—Interpreting biological significance for fish health management: Response to comment
Authors: Meyers Theodore R. , Hickey Nora
Published: July 2024

Impact statement The original paper provides a suggested pathway of investigative criteria to determine viability and pathogenicity of agents detected by molecular methods in fish for the purpose of interpreting biological significance for fish health management. This response defends this position regarding the requirement of certain scientific facts to determine the importance of a particular molecular discovery.
Machine learning‐based estimation of patient body weight from radiation dose metrics in computed tomography
Authors: Ichikawa Hajime , Ichikawa Shota , Sawane Yasuhiro
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Currently, precise patient body weight (BW) at the time of diagnostic imaging cannot always be used for radiation dose management. Various methods have been explored to address this issue, including the application of deep learning to medical imaging and BW estimation using scan parameters. This study develops and evaluates machine learning‐based BW prediction models using 11 features related to radiation dose obtained from computed tomography (CT) scans.

Methods

A dataset was obtained from 3996 patients who underwent positron emission tomography CT scans, and training and test sets were established. Dose metrics and descriptive data were automatically calculated from the CT images or obtained from Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine metadata. Seven machine‐learning models and three simple regression models were employed to predict BW using features such as effective diameter (ED), water equivalent diameter (WED), and mean milliampere‐seconds. The mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficient between the estimated BW and the actual BW obtained from each BW prediction model were calculated.

Results

Our results found that the highest accuracy was obtained using a light gradient‐boosting machine model, which had an MAE of 1.99 kg and a strong positive correlation between estimated and actual BW (ρ = 0.972). The model demonstrated significant predictive power, with 73% of patients falling within a ±5% error range. WED emerged as the most relevant dose metric for BW estimation, followed by ED and sex.

Conclusions

The proposed machine‐learning approach is superior to existing methods, with high accuracy and applicability to radiation dose management. The model's reliance on universal dose metrics that are accessible through radiation dose management software enhances its practicality. In conclusion, this study presents a robust approach for BW estimation based on CT imaging that can potentially improve radiation dose management practices in clinical settings.
Off‐iso Winston‐Lutz test on seven linear accelerators
Authors: Gao Junfang , Anand David
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The aim of this study is to find optimal gantry, collimator, and couch angles for performing single isocenter, multiple target stereotactic radiosurgery (SIMT‐SRS). Nineteen angle sets were tested across seven linear accelerators for radiation‐isocenter coincidence and off‐isocenter coincidence. The off‐isocenter Winston‐Lutz test was performed to evaluate the accuracy of isocenter alignment for each angle set, and optimal angle sets as well as maximum off‐isocenter distance to target for each angle set was determined. The influence of simulated patient weight on off‐iso Winston‐Lutz test accuracy was also inspected.

Method

The SNC MultiMet‐WL phantom and MultiMet‐WL QA Software v2.1 were used for the direct measurement and analysis of the off‐iso Winston‐Lutz test (also referred to as Winston‐Lutz‐Gao test). A two‐step method was developed to ensure precise initial placement of the target. Nineteen beams were delivered at 6X energy and 2 × 2 cm field size to each of six targets on the MultiMet Cube with couch kicks at five cardinal angles (90°, 45°, 0°, 315°, and 270°). To reduce imaging uncertainty, only EPID was used in target alignment and test image acquisition. A total of 200 Ibs (90.7 kg) of weight was also used to mimic patient weight. All tests were performed on both the free table and the weighted table.

Results

For two new TrueBeam machines, the maximum offset was within the 1 mm tolerance when the off‐iso distance is less than 7 cm. Two older VitalBeam machines exhibited unfavorable gantry, couch, and collimator (GCC) angle sets: Linac No. 3 at (0,90,0), (0,270,0) and Linac No. 4 at (0,45,45) and (0,90,0). The C‐Series Linacs failed in the majority of GCC angle sets, with Linac No. 5 exhibiting a maximum offset of 1.53 mm. Four of seven machines show a clear trend that offset increases with off‐isocenter distance. Additionally, the IGRT table was less susceptible to the addition of simulated patient weight than the ExactCouch.

Conclusion

Among the seven linear accelerators addressed, newer model machines such as the Varian TrueBeam were more precise than older models, especially in comparison to the C‐Series Linacs. The newer machines are more suitable for delivering SIMT‐SRS procedures in all GCC angle sets, and the results indicate that newer TrueBeams are capable of performing SIMT‐SRS procedures at all angle sets for targets of off‐iso distances up to 7 cm. The trend that offset between the target center and radiation field center increases with off‐iso distance, however, does not always hold true across machines. This may be comprised by the EPID's severe off‐axis horn effect. Lastly, the IGRT couch was less susceptible to patient weight compared to ExactCouch in the off‐isocenter Winston‐Lutz test.
Prediction of Early Adverse Events After THA: A Comparison of Different Machine‐Learning Strategies Based on 262,356 Observations From the Nordic Arthroplasty Register Association (NARA) Dataset
Authors: Venäläinen Mikko S. , Panula Valtteri J. , Eskelinen Antti P. , Fenstad Anne Marie , Furnes Ove , Hallan Geir , Rolfson Ola , Kärrholm Johan , Hailer Nils P. , Pedersen Alma B. , Overgaard Søren , Mäkelä Keijo T. , Elo Laura L.
Published: July 2024

Objective

Preoperative risk prediction models can support shared decision‐making before total hip arthroplasties (THAs). Here, we compare different machine‐learning (ML) approaches to predict the six‐month risk of adverse events following primary THA to obtain accurate yet simple‐to‐use risk prediction models.

Methods

We extracted data on primary THAs (N = 262,356) between 2010 and 2018 from the Nordic Arthroplasty Register Association dataset. We benchmarked a variety of ML algorithms in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for predicting the risk of revision caused by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), dislocation or periprosthetic fracture (PPF), and death. All models were internally validated against a randomly selected test cohort (one‐third of the data) that was not used for training the models.

Results

The incidences of revisions because of PJI, dislocation, and PPF were 0.8%, 0.4%, and 0.3%, respectively, and the incidence of death was 1.2%. Overall, Lasso regression with stable iterative variable selection (SIVS) produced models using only four to five input variables but with AUROC comparable to more complex models using all 32 variables available. The SIVS‐based Lasso models based on age, sex, preoperative diagnosis, bearing couple, fixation, and surgical approach predicted the risk of revisions caused by PJI, dislocations, and PPF, as well as death, with AUROCs of 0.61, 0.67, 0.76, and 0.86, respectively.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that satisfactory predictive potential for adverse events following THA can be reached with parsimonious modeling strategies. The SIVS‐based Lasso models may serve as simple‐to‐use tools for clinical risk assessment in the future.
Inkjet Printing of Cobalt Ferrite for Hard Ferromagnetic Thick Films Manufacturing
Authors: Mariani Marco , Cervellera Francesco , Migliori Emanuele , Maspero Federico , Bernasconi Roberto , Galassi Carmen , Magagnin Luca , Lecis Nora
Published: July 2024

Inkjet printing is a versatile and cheap technique for the fabrication of films, offering unique advantages in terms of scalability, precision, and customization. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing inkjet printing technology for the deposition of magnetic films with tailored properties. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) stands out due to its exceptional magnetic properties, including high coercivity, saturation magnetization, and excellent chemical stability. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the inkjet printing of cobalt ferrite magnetic films, focusing on the manufacturing process, especially on the different factors that could lead to stable multilayer depositions to achieve high thicknesses: ink solid loading, drop spacing, substrate temperature, and interlayers drying. Finally, the microstructure of the samples is investigated to identify the occurring defects after sintering between 800 and 1000 °C. The magnetic properties of the films are determined, revealing a maximum coercivity of 1.98 kOe and a magnetic saturation of 78.25 emu cm−3.
Gradient p‐Polyanion/n‐Polycation Heterojunction Endows Ionic Diodes with Vastly Boosted Output Voltage, Power Density and Sensitivity
Authors: Wang Hongkun , Du Mingyu , Jiang Hao , Zhou Ruixuan , Wang Yan , Sui Kunyan , Fan Wenxin
Published: July 2024

Ionic diode‐based generators show great superiority in harvesting low‐frequency mechanical energy from human motions for various wearable applications. The major challenge is to improve their extremely limited output voltage for the miniaturization/simplicity of ionic diode‐based self‐powered devices as well as further improvement of mechanoelectric conversion performance. Herein, the construction of gradient polycation/polyanion heterojunction is demonstrated to vastly boost the output voltage, energy‐harvesting efficiency, and sensing performance of ionic diode. Besides an inherent potential at the polyanion/polycation heterojunction interface, the additional transmembrane potentials can be generated across gradient polyanion and polycation conductors of ionic diodes due to their gradient charge distribution. Consequently, the gradient ionic diode‐based generators produce much higher output voltage (306.53 mV) than previously reported homogeneous ones (4.1–135 mV). Meanwhile, the high output voltage imparts gradient ionic diode‐based generator with ultrahigh power density (50.16 µW cm−2 or 250.8 µW cm−3) and pressure‐perception sensitivity (43582 mV/MPa), which are dramatically increased by 162.76% and 128.71%, respectively, compare to those of homogeneous one. Impressively, the resulting diode‐based generators can generate ultralarge current density (≈0.52 mA cm−2) with ultralong discharge time (>400 s), thus enabling the continuous power generation under the low‐frequency pressure for various wearable and implantable applications.
Ultrathin Protection Layer via Rapid Sputtering Strategy for Stable Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Fangjia , Feng Jianrui , Dong Haobo , Chen Ruwei , Munshi Tasnim , Scowen Ian , Guan Shaoliang , Miao Yue‐E , Liu Tianxi , Parkin Ivan P. , He Guanjie
Published: July 2024

Surface side reactions and time‐consuming modification methods hinder the practical application of zinc‐ion batteries. This study introduces an ultrathin protection layer for the Zn anode via a rapid sputtering method. The dopants on the CN10@Zn anode create surface dipoles and local variations in charge distribution, facilitating zinc ion migration to pyrrolic nitrogen dopant sites with reduced adsorption barriers. Additionally, hydroxyl oxygen dopants enhance the hydrophilicity of the sputtering layer, forming a strong adhesion with the zinc anode and improving ion accessibility. This results in dense nucleation sites for uniform zinc deposition. Consequently, the sputtered layer achieves a Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% over 2,700 cycles in Cu||Zn cells and a lifespan of up to 2,100 h in zinc symmetric cells. When paired with Na0.65Mn2O4 cathodes, the sputtered layer retains 89% capacity over 1,000 cycles at 1 A g−1. This study presents a promising method for rapidly fabricating ultrathin electrode materials.
Asymmetric Atomic Dual‐Sites for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Jia Guangri , Zhang Yingchuan , Yu Jimmy C. , Guo Zhengxiao
Published: July 2024

Atomically dispersed active sites in a photocatalyst offer unique advantages such as locally tuned electronic structures, quantum size effects, and maximum utilization of atomic species. Among these, asymmetric atomic dual‐sites are of particular interest because their asymmetric charge distribution generates a local built‐in electric potential to enhance charge separation and transfer. Moreover, the dual sites provide flexibility for tuning complex multielectron and multireaction pathways, such as CO2 reduction reactions. The coordination of dual sites opens new possibilities for engineering the structure–activity–selectivity relationship. This comprehensive overview discusses efficient and sustainable photocatalysis processes in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, focusing on strategic active‐site design and future challenges. It serves as a timely reference for the design and development of photocatalytic conversion processes, specifically exploring the utilization of asymmetric atomic dual‐sites for complex photocatalytic conversion pathways, here exemplified by the conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals.
A Catalytic Intramolecular Aldehyde–Alkyne Metathesis Approach to Azepino[1,2‐a]indoles
Authors: Deka Upasana , Das Arup Jyoti , Nath Swapnil Kumar , Das Sajal Kumar
Published: July 2024

Reported herein is a method for the construction of azepino[1,2‐a]indoles via an intramolecular aldehyde–alkyne metathesis of 1‐(5‐aryl‐4‐pentynyl)indole‐2‐carbaldehydes. This Sc(OTf)3‐catalyzed reaction has several remarkable features, such as ready accessibility of the starting materials, broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, and high yields. The practicality of the process and the synthetic potential of the products were demonstrated with an upscaling experiment and downstream synthetic derivatizations of the obtained products. We have also extended this methodology to synthesize a 6,7‐dihydropyrido[1,2‐a]indole derivative.
Personalized Vascularized Models of Breast Cancer Desmoplasia Reveal Biomechanical Determinants of Drug Delivery to the Tumor
Authors: Offeddu Giovanni S. , Cambria Elena , Shelton Sarah E. , Haase Kristina , Wan Zhengpeng , Possenti Luca , Nguyen Huu Tuan , Gillrie Mark R. , Hickman Dean , Knutson Charles G. , Kamm Roger D.
Published: July 2024

Desmoplasia in breast cancer leads to heterogeneity in physical properties of the tissue, resulting in disparities in drug delivery and treatment efficacy among patients, thus contributing to high disease mortality. Personalized in vitro breast cancer models hold great promise for high‐throughput testing of therapeutic strategies to normalize the aberrant microenvironment in a patient‐specific manner. Here, tumoroids assembled from breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3, and MDA‐MB‐468) and patient‐derived breast tumor cells (TCs) cultured in microphysiological systems including perfusable microvasculature reproduce key aspects of stromal and vascular dysfunction causing impaired drug delivery. Models containing SKBR3 and MDA‐MB‐468 tumoroids show higher stromal hyaluronic acid (HA) deposition, vascular permeability, interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), and degradation of vascular HA relative to models containing MCF7 tumoroids or models without tumoroids. Interleukin 8 (IL8) secretion is found responsible for vascular dysfunction and loss of vascular HA. Interventions targeting IL8 or stromal HA normalize vascular permeability, perfusion, and IFP, and ultimately enhance drug delivery and TC death in response to perfusion with trastuzumab and cetuximab. Similar responses are observed in patient‐derived models. These microphysiological systems can thus be personalized by using patient‐derived cells and can be applied to discover new molecular therapies for the normalization of the tumor microenvironment.
All‐Optic Logical Operations Based on the Visible‐Near Infrared Bipolar Optical Response
Authors: You Jie , Han Zhao , Zhang Ningning , Zhang Qiancui , Zhang Yichi , Liu Yang , Li Yang , Ao Jinping , Jiang Zuimin , Zhong Zhenyang , Guo Hui , Hu Huiyong , Wang Liming , Zhu Zhangming
Published: July 2024

The burgeoning need for extensive data processing has sparked enthusiasm for the development of a novel optical logic gate platform. In this study, junction field‐effect phototransistors based on molybdenum disulfide/Germanium (MoS2/Ge) heterojunctions are constructed as optical logic units. This device demonstrates a positive photoresponse that is attributed to the photoconductivity effect occurring upon irradiation with visible (Vis) light. Under the illumination of near‐infrared (NIR) optics with wavelengths within the communication band, the device shows a negative photoresponse, which is associated with the interlayer Coulomb interactions. The current state of the device can be effectively modulated as different logical states by precisely tuning the wavelength and power density of the optical. Within a 3 × 3 MoS2/Ge phototransistor array, five essentially all‐optical logic gates (“AND,” “OR,” “NAND,” “NOT,” and “NOR”) can be achieved in every signal unit. Furthermore, three complex all‐optical logical operations are demonstrated by integrating two MoS2/Ge phototransistors in series. Compared to electronic designs, these all‐optical logic devices offer a significant reduction in transistor number, with savings of 50–94% when implementing the above‐mentioned functions. These results present opportunities for the development of photonic chips with low power consumption, high fidelity, and large volumes.
Mechanism and kinetics study of the chemically initiated oxidative polymerization of hexafluoropropylene
Authors: Chen Xin‐Tuo , Zhang Liang‐Liang , Zhou Li‐Yang , Wang Shu‐Hua , Chen Jian‐Feng
Published: July 2024

Chemically initiated oxidative polymerization stands out as the most suitable method for the large‐scale and controllable synthesis of perfluoropolyether (PFPE). However, the mechanism and related reaction kinetics of this synthesis reaction remain elusive. In this study, PFPE was synthesized through the copolymerization of hexafluoropropylene and oxygen, initiated by fluorine. Subsequently, the synthesis mechanism of this chemically initiated oxidative polymerization was first explored using density functional theory. Simulation results yielded a comprehensive reaction network of the synthesis process, including chain initiation, propagation, decomposition, transfer, and termination. Meanwhile, a detailed kinetic model was constructed based on theoretical reaction rates of relevant elementary reactions. The effects of reaction operating conditions on the molecular weight of PFPE were experimentally investigated, with results in good agreement with the kinetic model. This work stablishes a solid foundation for optimizing and controlling the PFPE synthesis process.
Carbon dioxide capture by aqueous glucosamine solutions: Pilot plant measurements and a theoretical study
Authors: Hami Dindar Iman , Lutters Nicole , Kenig Eugeny Y.
Published: July 2024

A comprehensive investigation of the potential of aqueous glucosamine solutions as an eco‐friendly solvent for CO2 capture was performed. It includes an experimental study in a pilot plant setup and a theoretical analysis with a rate‐based model. The model was validated against the measured column profiles of temperature and CO2 concentration in both liquid and gas phases. Model‐based parameter sensitivity studies revealed inherent challenges for an effective absorption process. A slow reaction rate and suboptimal chemical equilibrium conditions were identified as key limitations, restricting the absorption efficiency and CO2 loading capacity of the glucosamine solution. Furthermore, an analysis of the dissociation constant of this novel absorbent was performed and its significance with respect to the (limited) performance, capability, and efficiency evaluation was highlighted.
Tuning the CO2 hydrogenation activity and selectivity of TiO2 nanorods supported Rh catalyst via secondary‐metals addition
Authors: Zhang Jinyan , Shao Yan , Zeng Feng , Chen Huanhao
Published: July 2024

Secondary‐metals promotion is key to tune the CO2 hydrogenation performance of Rh‐based catalyst. We describe the addition of Cu or Co in TiO2 nanorods supported Rh catalyst (viz., RhMx/TiO2), showing significant impact on the CO2 hydrogenation activity and productivity. Cu addition can promote the partial hydrogenation to alcohols (methanol and ethanol), whereas Co led to the deep hydrogenation to alkanes (CH4, C2H6). Comparative time‐resolved in situ DRIFTS studies with H2/D2 isotopic exchange further reveal that both surface adsorbed CO* and formates could be the key reaction intermediates during the CO2 hydrogenation over RhMx/TiO2 (especially the RhCu2.5/TiO2), in which the interaction strength of CO* regulated by secondary‐metals addition was key to tune the reaction pathways and productivity. The findings suggested that rational design of active metal sites, for example the synergy between Rh and secondary‐metals, is highly needed to promote the CO insertion and CC coupling to produce ethanol.
Advances in sickle cell retinopathy screening techniques, tests, and practices: A systematic review
Authors: Cummings Olivia W. , Rahman Sara , Fletcher Lauren , Scott Adrienne W.
Published: July 2024

Sickle cell retinopathy (SCR) is a progressive, sight‐threatening ophthalmic complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). Current SCR screening focuses on the detection of pathologic sea fan neovascularization, the first sign of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR). If untreated, PSR can lead to severe visual impairment and blindness through progression to vitreous hemorrhage and/or retinal detachment. SCR screening with dilated fundus examination (DFE) is recommended every 1–2 years starting at age 10, but data underlying this recommendation are of poor quality and based upon expert consensus. We performed a systematic review to characterize imaging techniques, laboratory‐based tests, and clinical practices for SCR screening. This PROSPERO‐registered systematic review included relevant texts identified through predetermined searches in online databases. Collected test accuracy data facilitated the calculation of likelihood ratios. Forty‐four studies evaluating 4928 patients were included. DFE demonstrated moderate test accuracy (LR+ of 8.0, LR‐ of 0.3). Ultra‐widefield‐fundus photography demonstrated superior accuracy (LR+ 32.5, LR‐ 0.03). Optical coherence tomography angiography applications were highly accurate for PSR identification (machine learning LR+ 32.5, LR‐ 0.03; human grader LR+ 2.8–213.1, LR‐ 0.1‐0.2). Most techniques and tests were more accurate at detecting PSR than staging SCR or detecting lower‐grade SCR. Our findings support the integration of advanced image‐based approaches, such as computer‐based image analysis and ultra‐wide‐field fundus imaging, for SCR screening in SCD patients given the superior accuracy in PSR detection compared with the current standard of care. Rigorous SCR screening implementation studies are needed to support evidence‐based SCR screening recommendations.
Long‐read sequencing and optical genome mapping identify causative gene disruptions in noncoding sequence in two patients with neurologic disease and known chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Sund Kristen L. , Liu Jie , Lee Joyce , Garbe John , Abdelhamed Zakia , Maag Chelsey , Hallinan Barbara , Wu Steven W. , Sperry Ethan , Deshpande Archana , Stottmann Rolf , Smolarek Teresa A. , Dyer Lisa M. , Hestand Matthew S.
Published: July 2024

Despite advances in next generation sequencing (NGS), genetic diagnoses remain elusive for many patients with neurologic syndromes. Long‐read sequencing (LRS) and optical genome mapping (OGM) technologies improve upon existing capabilities in the detection and interpretation of structural variation in repetitive DNA, on a single haplotype, while also providing enhanced breakpoint resolution. We performed LRS and OGM on two patients with known chromosomal rearrangements and inconclusive Sanger or NGS. The first patient, who had epilepsy and developmental delay, had a complex translocation between two chromosomes that included insertion and inversion events. The second patient, who had a movement disorder, had an inversion on a single chromosome disrupted by multiple smaller inversions and insertions. Sequence level resolution of the rearrangements identified pathogenic breaks in noncoding sequence in or near known disease‐causing genes with relevant neurologic phenotypes (MBD5, NKX2‐1). These specific variants have not been reported previously, but expected molecular consequences are consistent with previously reported cases. As the use of LRS and OGM technologies for clinical testing increases and data analyses become more standardized, these methods along with multiomic data to validate noncoding variation effects will improve diagnostic yield and increase the proportion of probands with detectable pathogenic variants for known genes implicated in neurogenetic disease.
Harmonizing tau positron emission tomography in Alzheimer's disease: The CenTauR scale and the joint propagation model
Authors: Leuzy Antoine , Raket Lars Lau , Villemagne Victor L. , Klein Gregory , Tonietto Matteo , Olafson Emily , Baker Suzanne , Saad Ziad S. , Bullich Santiago , Lopresti Brian , Bohorquez Sandra Sanabria , Boada Mercè , Betthauser Tobey J. , Charil Arnaud , Collins Emily C. , Collins Jessica A. , Cullen Nicholas , Gunn Roger N. , Higuchi Makoto , Hostetler Eric , Hutchison R. Matthew , Iaccarino Leonardo , Insel Philip S. , Irizarry Michael C. , Jack Clifford R. , Jagust William J. , Johnson Keith A. , Johnson Sterling C. , Karten Yashmin , Marquié Marta , Mathotaarachchi Sulantha , Mintun Mark A. , Ossenkoppele Rik , Pappas Ioannis , Petersen Ronald C. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Rosa‐Neto Pedro , Schwarz Christopher G. , Smith Ruben , Stephens Andrew W. , Whittington Alex , Carrillo Maria C. , Pontecorvo Michael J. , Haeberlein Samantha Budd , Dunn Billy , Kolb Hartmuth C. , Sivakumaran Sudhir , Rowe Christopher C. , Hansson Oskar , Doré Vincent
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION

Tau‐positron emission tomography (PET) outcome data of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) cannot currently be meaningfully compared or combined when different tracers are used due to differences in tracer properties, instrumentation, and methods of analysis.

METHODS

Using head‐to‐head data from five cohorts with tau PET radiotracers designed to target tau deposition in AD, we tested a joint propagation model (JPM) to harmonize quantification (units termed “CenTauR” [CTR]). JPM is a statistical model that simultaneously models the relationships between head‐to‐head and anchor point data. JPM was compared to a linear regression approach analogous to the one used in the amyloid PET Centiloid scale.

RESULTS

A strong linear relationship was observed between CTR values across brain regions. Using the JPM approach, CTR estimates were similar to, but more accurate than, those derived using the linear regression approach.

DISCUSSION

Preliminary findings using the JPM support the development and adoption of a universal scale for tau‐PET quantification.

Highlights

Tested a novel joint propagation model (JPM) to harmonize quantification of tau PET.

Units of common scale are termed “CenTauRs”.

Tested a Centiloid‐like linear regression approach.

Using five cohorts with head‐to‐head tau PET, JPM outperformed linearregressionbased approach.

Strong linear relationship was observed between CenTauRs values across brain regions.
Effectiveness of pelvic circumferential compression device for lower body trauma: Insights from a Japan Trauma Data Bank retrospective study
Authors: Ono Shohei , Miyata Satoshi , Suzuki Hiroaki , Shimizu Keiki
Published: July 2024

Aim

Pelvic ring fractures (PRFs) due to high‐energy trauma often result in severe bleeding and high mortality. Pelvic circumferential compression devices (PCCD) are widely used to stabilize PRF and decrease bleeding. However, evidence supporting their effectiveness is still inconclusive.

Methods

We conducted an observational study using the Japan Trauma Data Bank (JTDB) from 2019 to 2021. Patients with blunt lower body trauma aged 15 years or older were included. We used propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to evaluate the association of PCCD and mortality.

Results

Of the 74,393 patients in the database, 235 PCCD group and 23,429 control group were analyzed. After PSM, 231 patients in both groups were enrolled. Crude analysis indicated significantly higher in‐hospital mortality in the PCCD group (odds ratio (OR) = 3.8 [95% CI = 2.51–5.75]). However, PSM and IPTW analysis indicated that PCCD was associated with decreased in‐hospital mortality (PSM: OR = 0.79 [0.43–1.42]; IPTW: OR = 0.73 [0.62–0.86]). In a subgroup analysis of the IPTW analysis, PCCD fitting resulted in increased in‐hospital mortality in the group without PRF (OR = 2.08 [1.91–2.27]), a decrease in stable PRF (OR = 0.74 [0.6–0.91]), and a further decrease in unstable PRF (OR = 0.18 [0.12–0.27]). Additional factors, such as a fall from a height, a fall downstairs, and pre‐hospital PCCD placement also influenced the treatment effect.

Conclusion

The present, large, registry‐based study found that PCCD reduced mortality in patients with a lower body injury, especially those with an unstable PRF.
MOF‐on‐MOF Heterostructured Electrocatalysts for Efficient Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Zou Yingying , Yan Yuechen , Xue Qingsong , Zhang Chaoqi , Bao Tong , Zhang Xinchan , Yuan Ling , Qiao Sicong , Song Li , Zou Jin , Yu Chengzhong , Liu Chao
Published: July 2024

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) is an important route for sustainable NH3 synthesis and environmental remediation. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are one family of promising NO3−RR electrocatalysts, however, there is plenty of room to improve in their performance, calling for new design principles. Herein, a MOF‐on‐MOF heterostructured electrocatalyst with interfacial dual active sites and build‐in electric field is fabricated for efficient NO3−RR to NH3 production. By growing Co‐HHTP (HHTP=2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytriphenylene) nanorods on Ni‐BDC (BDC=1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate) nanosheets, experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate the formation of Ni−O−Co bonds at the interface of MOF‐on‐MOF heterostructure, leading to dual active sites tailed for NO3−RR. The Ni sites facilitate the adsorption and activation of NO3−, while the Co sites boost the H2O decomposition to supply active hydrogen (Hads) for N‐containing intermediates hydrogenation on adjacent Ni sites, cooperatively reducing the energy barriers of NO3−RR process. Together with the accelerated electron transfer enabled by built‐in electric field, remarkable NO3−RR performance is achieved with an NH3 yield rate of 11.46 mg h−1 cm−2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 98.4 %, outperforming most reported MOF‐based electrocatalysts. This work provides new insights into the design of high‐performance NO3−RR electrocatalysts.
What's Next for First Row Fluorometallacycles?
Authors: Baker R. Tom , Mangin Loïc P.
Published: July 2024

Hydrocarbon‐derived metallacycles have been identified as key intermediates in a host of catalyzed transformations of unsaturated organic substrates. In contrast, our knowledge of analogous reactivity of fluorometallacycles is underdeveloped and largely confined to first row metals. Our summary of recent advances aims to inform young investigators of the exciting challenges offered by this pursuit.
Directional Electron Flow in a Selenoviologen‐Based Tetracationic Cyclophane for Enhanced Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Naiyao , Li Yawen , Wang Zengrong , Cao Tianle , Liu Chenjing , Wang Hongyue , Li Guoping , He Gang
Published: July 2024

Directional electron flow in the photocatalyst enables efficient charge separation, which is essential for efficient photocatalysis of H2 production. Here, we report a novel class of tetracationic cyclophanes (7) incorporating bipyridine Pt(II) and selenoviologen. X‐ray single‐crystal structures reveal that 7 not only fixes the distances and spatial positions between its individual units but also exhibits a box‐like rigid electron‐deficient cavity. Moreover, host–guest recognition phenomena are observed between 7 and ferrocene, forming host–guest complexes with a 1 : 1 stoichiometry. 7 exhibits good redox properties, narrow energy gaps, and strong absorption in the visible range (370–500 nm) due to containing two selenoviologen (SeV2+) units. Meanwhile, the femtosecond transient absorption (fs‐TA) reveals that 7 has stabilized dicationic biradical, efficient charge separation, and facilitates directional electron flow to achieve efficient electron transfer due to the formation of rigid cyclophane and electronic architecture. Then, 7 is applied to visible‐light‐driven hydrogen evolution with high hydrogen production (132 μmol), generation rate (11 μmol/h), turnover number (221), and apparent quantum yield (1.7 %), which provides a simplified and efficient photocatalytic strategy for solar energy conversion.
On‐Surface Synthesis of Triaza[5]triangulene through Cyclodehydrogenation and its Magnetism
Authors: Li Donglin , Silveira Orlando J. , Matsuda Takuma , Hayashi Hironobu , Maeda Hiromitsu , Foster Adam S. , Kawai Shigeki
Published: July 2024

Triangulenes as neutral radicals are becoming promising candidates for future applications such as spintronics and quantum technologies. To extend the potential of the advanced materials, it is of importance to control their electronic and magnetic properties by multiple graphitic nitrogen doping. Here, we synthesize triaza[5]triangulene on Au(111) by cyclodehydrogenation, and its derivatives by cleaving C−N bonds. Bond‐resolved scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy provided detailed structural information and evidence for open‐shell singlet ground state. The antiferromagnetic arrangement of the spins in positively doped triaza[5]triangulene was further confirmed by density function theory calculations. The key aspect of triangulenes with multiple graphitic nitrogen is the extra pz electrons composing the π orbitals, favoring charge transfer to the substrate and changing their low‐energy excitations. Our findings pave the way for the exploration of exotic low‐dimensional quantum phases of matter in heteroatom doped organic systems.
Impact of an oligomer deep eutectic solvent on structure and properties of natural rubber vulcanizates and their nanocomposites
Authors: Qi Yan , Peng Junbiao , Zhang Chunsheng , Wang Danling , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang
Published: July 2024

Rubber nanocomposites exhibit strain softening under large‐amplitude oscillation shear and large‐strain cyclic tension while the softening behaviors are hard to regulate in industry. Herein, an oligomer deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesized from polyethyleneglycol and tetrabutylammonium bromide is used to mediate the vulcanization and softening behaviors of natural rubber (NR) gums and their nanocomposites. The results show that DES could accelerate NR vulcanization and improve crosslinking density. For the hydrophilic silica nanocomposites, DES could greatly reduce tanδ and weaken weak strain overshoot accompanying Payne and lower percentages damping accompanying Mullins effects. The effects in nanocomposites filled with hydrophilic/hydrophobic silica and carbon black are investigated and compared. The investigation provides a new way for tailoring elasticity and dissipation of vulcanizate nanocomposites filled with hydrophilic silica.
Cellulose‐enriched ascorbic acid for wound dressing application: Future medical textile
Authors: Firmanda Afrinal , Mahardika Melbi , Fahma Farah , Amelia Devita , Pratama Agus Wedi , Amalia Nanda , Syafri Edi , Achaby Mounir El
Published: July 2024

Wounds infected by resistant microbes have become a cost and health problem worldwide. In modern wound care, healing mechanisms require particular strategies, such as adding natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in a biocompatible biopolymer matrix mimicking extracellular tissue such as cellulose. Here, ascorbic acid or Vitamin C is a promising bioactive as a topical drug loaded in a cellulose‐based composite matrix for skin tissue repair. Ascorbic acid, cellulose, or cellulose composites enriched with ascorbic acid have shown better biocompatibility and biological effects for accelerating wound healing, making them promising as sustainable medical textiles. Future challenges relate to the ideal engineered wound dressing design, raw material toxicity, and 3D printing technology.
Development of sinomenine hydrochloride loaded shell/core nanofibrous with pH‐responsive for colon‐targeted drug delivery
Authors: Zhao Yanzhi , Ma Xueqian , Zhu Xiufang , Liu Mingdi , Zou Mengjun , Zhou Juying , Liu Shuili , Xu Haitang , Xu Kaimeng , Li Ye , Chen Qing
Published: July 2024

A series of colon‐targeted, sustained‐release, sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) loaded shell/core electrospun nanofibers are reported. The fibers have shells made of Eudragit S100 (ES‐100), and drug‐loaded cores comprising of Eudragit RS100 (ERS‐100) and SH. The essential characteristics of membranes are evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and x‐ray diffraction. In vitro release of SH show that the shell/core nanofiber membranes can block drug release in the HCl buffer (pH 1.2), and the release time of the hydrophilic drug SH exceed 240 min at pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. In vitro drug release kinetics consistent with the first‐order model. The shell/core nanofiber can achieve colon‐targeted and sustained‐release properties, which can better prevent the loss of SH and relieve the adverse effects on gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the hemolysis and cytotoxicity tests manifest that the nanofiber membrane display good hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. These results suggest the SH‐containing nanofiber membranes have potential applications as a colon‐targeted drug delivery system that sustained release. They also offer a theoretical foundation for the development of novel dosage forms for SH.
Application of aminotrimethylphosphonic acid modified starch‐based flame retardant in cellulosic paper
Authors: Chen Guang , Liu Zhuo , Deng Songling , Zhao Wenguang , Chen Qi‐Jie
Published: July 2024

The development of green and efficient bio‐based flame retardants is very important for the development of flame‐retardant cellulosic paper. In this study, a novel type of starch‐based synergistic flame retardant (SAPU) was prepared using corn starch as carbon sources, amino trimethylphosphonic acid, and urea as phosphorus and nitrogen sources through the one‐pot method. Subsequently, the flame‐retardant cellulosic paper was prepared by impregnation, and the flame retardancy of the cellulosic paper was evaluated by vertical combustion, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and thermogravimetric analysis. The results demonstrated that the SAPU exhibited a favorable flame‐retardant effect on cellulosic paper. At a concentration of 25.0%, the vertical burning residue of flame‐retardant paper accounted for 49.16% of the total length of the paper sample, while the LOI was 39.4%. The tensile strength and burst index of cellulosic paper were found to be decreased by 6.36% and 19.1%, respectively, in comparison to the base paper. Conversely, the ring crush strength was observed to be increased by 156.2%. The carbon residue rate at 700°C under a nitrogen atmosphere rose from 11.56% of the base paper to 28.77% of the flame‐retardant paper. The flame‐retardant SAPU effectively improved the thermal stability of cellulosic paper.
Effect of partial replacement of antimony trioxide with zinc borate and stannic oxide on the flame retardancy of flexible PVC films
Authors: Zhang Yongsen , Qian Lijun , Qu Lijie , Wang Jingyu , Qiu Yong , Xi Wang , Ma Yao
Published: July 2024

Replacing antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) with an environmentally friendly alternative is of great scientific and commercial value for studying the flame retardant properties of flexible PVC (fPVC) films in automotive interior materials. This study develops flame retardant fPVC films with reduced Sb2O3content by introducing stannic oxide (SnO2) and zinc borate (ZB). The results indicate that the fPVC film with ZB partially replacing Sb2O3exhibits superior flame retardancy and smoke suppression compared to the product containing SnO2. The peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke release (TSR) of 2ZB/2Sb2O3fPVC film are reduced by 32.1%, 27.5%, and 22.1%, respectively, compared to that of 4Sb2O3contained fPVC film. The increase in flame retardancy is attributed to the presence of ZB, which compensates for the deficiency of char formation ability of Sb2O3in the condensed phase. The PHRR and THR of 2SnO2/2Sb2O3fPVC film decrease by 27% and 12.5%, respectively, compared to that of 4Sb2O3fPVC film, while the TSR increases by 16.5%. This study develops a straightforward approach to creating a flame retardant fPVC film that is suitable for the latest industrial application in automotive interior materials.
Anatomy of the maxillary canal of Riograndia guaibensis (Cynodontia, Probainognathia)—A prozostrodont from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil
Authors: Fonseca Pedro Henrique Morais , Martinelli Agustín Guillermo , Gill Pamela G. , Rayfield Emily J. , Schultz Cesar Leandro , Kerber Leonardo , Ribeiro Ana Maria , Soares Marina Bento
Published: July 2024

Investigating the evolutionary trajectory of synapsid sensory and cephalic systems is pivotal for understanding the emergence and diversification of mammals. Recent studies using CT‐scanning to analyze the rostral foramina and maxillary canals morphology in fossilized specimens of probainognathian cynodonts have contributed to clarifying the homology and paleobiological interpretations of these structures. In the present work, μCT‐scannings of three specimens of Riograndia guaibensis, an early Norian cynodont from southern Brazil, were analyzed and revealed an incomplete separation between the lacrimal and maxillary canals, with points of contact via non‐ossified areas. While the maxillary canal exhibits a consistent morphological pattern with other Prozostrodontia, featuring three main branches along the lateral region of the snout, the rostral alveolar canal in Riograndia displays variability in the number of extra branches terminating in foramina on the lateral surface of the maxilla, showing differences among individuals and within the same skull. Additionally, pneumatization is observed in the anterior region of the skull, resembling similar structures found in reptiles and mammals. Through this pneumatization, certain branches originating from the maxillary canal extend to the canine alveolus. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the functionality of this structure and its occurrence in other cynodont groups.
Benzimidazole‐oxindole hybrids: A novel class of selective dual CDK2 and GSK‐3β inhibitors of potent anticancer activity
Authors: Abdel‐Mohsen Heba T. , Syam Yasmin M. , Abd El‐Ghany Mahmoud S. , Abd El‐Karim Somaia S.
Published: July 2024

A new series of benzimidazole‐oxindole hybrids 8a–x was discovered as dual cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK2) and glycogen synthase kinase‐3‐beta (GSK‐3β) inhibitors with potent anticancer activity. The synthesized hits displayed potent anticancer activity against national cancer institute cancer cell lines in single‐dose and five‐dose assays. Moreover, the derivatives 8k, 8l, 8n, 8o, and 8p demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity against PANC‐1 cells with IC50 = 1.88–2.79 µM. In addition, the hybrids 8l, 8n, 8o, and 8p displayed potent antiproliferative activity on the MG‐63 cell line (IC50 = 0.99–1.90 µM). Concurrently, the benzimidazole‐oxindole hybrid 8v exhibited potent dual CDK2/GSK‐3β inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.04 and 0.021 µM, respectively. In addition, 8v displayed more than 10‐fold higher selectivity toward CDK2 and GSK‐3 β over CDK1, CDK5, GSK‐3α, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2, and B‐rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma. Screening of the effect of 8n and 8v on the cell cycle and apoptosis of PANC‐1 and MG‐63 cells displayed their ability to arrest their cell cycle at the G2‐M phase and to potentiate the apoptosis of both cell lines. In silico docking of the benzimidazole‐oxindole hybrid 8v into the catalytic pocket of both CDK2 and GSK‐3β revealed its perfect fitting through the formation of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the key amino acids in the binding sites. In addition, in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion studies proved that 8a–x exhibit satisfactory drug‐likeness properties for drug development.