bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placenta of the Indian Elephant,
Elephas indicus
Authors: Cooper R. A. , Connell R. S. , Wellings S. R.
Published: October 2006

The placenta of the Indian elephant is incompletely annular and zonary macroscopically and occupies the equator of an ovoid chorioallantoic sac. The amnion is fused with the chorion over the zone. Microscopically, the placenta is labyrinthine and endotheliochorial with a rudimentary marginal hematoma. Both macroscopically and microscopically it resembles the placentas of the carnivores, particularly the racoon, the cat, and the dog.
Carbonate Deposits and Paleoclimatic Implications in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Nayudu Y. R.
Published: October 2006

A narrow carbonate band consisting predominantly of
Globigerina
-rich sediments is present in the deep-sea deposits of the northeast Pacific Ocean extending almost parallel to the coasts of Oregon and Washington. Five radiocarbon dates in the cores from this area suggest that the greatest concentration of
Globigerina
-rich sediments occurred 27,000 to 12,000 years ago. This time interval corresponds roughly to the Vashon (late Wisconsin) glacial times in the Puget Lowland. The results suggest higher carbonate sedimentation in the northeast Pacific during glacial stages.
Crystal Structure of Weddellite
Authors: Sterling Clarence
Published: October 2006

On the basis of x-ray analysis of its crystal structure, weddellite (the tetragonal crystal of calcium oxalate polyhydrate) has been determined to be a zeolitic dihydrate salt. The oxalate ion has at least the symmetry
2mm
and possibly the symmetry
mmm
. The calcium ion is coordinated with eight oxygen atoms arranged in the form of a distorted cubic antiprism.
Effect of Traces of Large Molecules Containing Nitrogen on Hydrogen Overvoltage
Authors: Juda Walter , Frant Martin S. , Kramer David N.
Published: October 2006

Organic amines, present in very small concentrations (below 10
-6
M
) in 0.1
N
H
2
SO
4
, cause a significant increase in hydrogen overvoltage, the effect being stronger the higher the molecular weight. The increase could be accounted for by the usual site-blockage concept. In the case of egg albumin, a drastic increase of over 300 mv was observed at 12.5 ma/cm
2
for a concentration of only 0.01 part per million. A new mechanism is proposed in which the dielectric constant and hydrogen-ion activity are believed to be depressed in a region twice as thick as the usual transition region.
Replication of the RNA of Bacteriophage R17
Authors: Fenwick M. L. , Erikson R. L. , Franklin R. M.
Published: October 2006

Escherichia coli
cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light to stop ribosomal RNA synthesis. After infection of such cells with the single-stranded RNA phage R17, the RNA most rapidly labeled by a pulse of tritiated uridine sedimented in a broad band in the 16
S
region of sucrose gradients. The effect of ribonuclease on this material and its behavior during a "chase" period in nonradioactive medium suggest that it consists of a core of double-stranded RNA, one strand of which—the viral strand—is continually displaced by a growing strand forming single-stranded tails and ultimately free 27
S
viral RNA.
Inducing Resistance to Freezing and Desiccation in Plants by Decenylsuccinic Acid
Authors: Kuiper Pieter J. C.
Published: October 2006

Decenylsuccinic acid induces resistance to desiccation, cold, and frost in young bean plants. When decenylsuccinic acid is sprayed on flowering peach, apple, and pear trees, most of the flowers are resistant to a frost of —6°C.
Cigarette Smoke: Charcoal Filters Reduce Components That Inhibit Growth of Cultured Human Cells
Authors: Thayer Philip S. , Kensler C. J.
Published: October 2006

Water-soluble components of total cigarette smoke inhibit cell growth and protein synthesis by the KB line of human cells. The cytotoxic components were in both the gas phase and the particulate phase of smoke. Conventional filters of cellulose acetate reduced cytotoxicity of the particulate phase in proportion to the weight of particles trapped, that is, they did not alter the specific activity of the particulate phase. Appropriately designed filters containing activated charcoal granules selectively reduced cytotoxic components in cigarette smoke which would have appeared in both phases, although the reduction, as anticipated, occurred to a greater extent in the gas phase.
Antibody Synthesizing Cells: Appearance after Secondary Antigenic Stimulation in vitro
Authors: Richardson Marvis , Dutton Richard W.
Published: October 2006

Suspensions of spleen cells from rabbits immunized with sheep erythrocytes can be stimulated to produce antibody-synthesizing cells in vitro. The cellular response is antigen specific.
Transplantation of Rat Bone Marrow in Irradiated Mice: Effect of Exposure Rate
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth
Published: October 2006

Mice were irradiated at several different exposure rates so that they received a total of 900 roentgens over the whole body. Within 2 hours they were injected with rat bone marrow. The success of the transplantation depended upon the rate at which the animals had been irradiated: the higher the rate, the greater the success of the grafts. Failure of grafts in mice subjected to low exposure-rates was associated with antibody formation. The data indicate existence of an immune mechanism which is dependent on the radiation exposure-rate.
Streptomycinoid Antibiotics: Synergism by Puromycin
Authors: White James R. , White Helen Lyng
Published: October 2006

Puromycin synergizes the lethal action of streptomycin and related antibiotics. This is interpreted to mean that puromycin action uncovers a sensitive site (or sites) on the 30
S
ribosome. The streptomycinoid antibiotics can then associate more readily with the ribosome and inhibit further synthesis of valid protein.
Neurospora
β-Galactosidase: Evidence for a Second Enzyme
Authors: Bates William K. , Woodward Dow O.
Published: October 2006

Two enzymes which hydrolyze the artificial substrate
o
-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside are produced by
Neurospora
. These enzymes precipitate at widely different concentrations of ammonium sulfate and differ with respect to induction,
p
H optima, sedimentation, and thermal stability.
Polyoma Virus: Production in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Bayreuther K. E. , Romig W. R.
Published: October 2006

Particles of complete polyoma virus are produced in competent
Bacillus subtilis
incubated with DNA isolated from purified, conventionally grown polyoma virus. The virus grown in
B. subtilis
is biologically identical to polyoma virus produced by animal cells. Quantitative parameters of the system have been established, and fluctuation tests indicate that viral replication occurs within the infected bacteria.
Visual Function of the Forebrain Commissures in the Chimpanzee
Authors: Black Perry , Myers Ronald E.
Published: October 2006

Interocular transfer of learned pattern discrimination tasks in chimpanzees with sectioned optic chiasma is dependent on the forebrain commissures. This function is sustained by the splenium and the anterior commissure, the former pathway being the more capable.
Lunar Occultation of X-ray Emission from the Crab Nebula
Authors: Bowyer S. , Byram E. T. , Chubb T. A. , Friedman H.
Published: October 2006

The x-ray flux from the Crab Nebula was observed during a lunar occultation on 7 July 1964. As the moon covered the central region of the nebula, the x-ray flux decreased gradually. The source appears to extend over a volume about 1 light-year in diameter.
Histamine: Differences in Amount Available for Release in Lungs of Guinea Pigs Susceptible and Resistant to Acute Anaphylaxis
Authors: Stone Sanford H. , Liacopoulos P. , Liacopoulos-Briot Monique , Neveu Thérèse , Halpern B. N.
Published: October 2006

Susceptibility to acute anaphylaxis in guinea pigs is related to the quantity of liberable histamine available for release in the lung. In highly susceptible Hartley animals this amount can be more than 10 times greater than in the resistant strain 2. Strain 2 and Hartley guinea pigs are equally susceptible to histamine toxicity, and their organs fix I
131
-labeled antibody equally well.
Formation and Degradation of Cyclic Dextrins by Intracellular Enzymes of
Bacillus macerans
Authors: DePinto John A. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: October 2006

The enzymes of
Bacillus macerans
that participate in the formation and degradation of Schardinger dextrins were shown to be intracellular.
Bacillus macerans
amylase converts starch into cyclic dextrins. A newly discovered enzyme, cyclodextrinase, catalyzes the degradation of cyclic dextrins.
Insulin Action in Alloxan Diabetes Modified by Actinomycin D
Authors: Gellhorn Alfred , Benjamin William
Published: October 2006

Insulin corrects the disturbances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rats made diabetic with alloxan. However, the concomitant administration of actinomycin D with insulin prevents the repair of enzymatic defects in the syntheses of total fatty acids by adipose tissue, of monounsaturated fatty acids by liver microsomes, and of hepatic glycogen. The hypoglycemic action of insulin in diabetes is not modified by actinomycin injections. These findings indicate that a fundamental mechanism of action of insulin is the induction of enzyme synthesis through stimulating the renewal of cellular RNA.
Adaptation in Stretch Receptor Neurons of Crayfish
Authors: Nakajima Shigehiro
Published: October 2006

Two factors involved in the adaptation in stretch receptor cells of crayfish were separated and studied: (i) the decline of the rate of discharge during intracellular application of constant current and (ii) the decline of generator potential during sustained stretch. The change in generator potential with time was essentially identical in both rapidly and slowly adapting cells. The slowly adapting cells continued to discharge throughout the application of depolarizing currents, whereas the rapidly adapting cells stopped discharging while the current was applied. The different rates of adaptation are therefore attributable to the difference in the properties of the electrically excitable membranes rather than the properties which produce generator potentials.
Catalase Hybrid Enzymes in Maize
Authors: Beckman Lars , Scandalios John G. , Brewbaker James L.
Published: October 2006

In maize endosperm there are two electrophoretic variants of catalase. The variations are under genetic control, and the heterozygote shows three hybrid enzymes with mobilities intermediate between the parental enzymes. Thus, maize catalase may exist as a tetramer, and the hybrid enzymes may be formed by random association of two different catalase monomers.
Transplantation Tolerance Induced in Adult Mice by Protein Overloading of Donors
Authors: Liacopoulos P. , Goode J. H.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of donor animals with unrelated antigens can regularly inhibit reactivity of spleen cells against the host, with subsequent induction of specific immune tolerance in the recipient animals if the barrier to histocompatibility is weak. Mice made tolerant in this way accept skin grafts from donor strain animals. In the case of strong differences (in H
2
locus) or heterologous (rat-mouse) combinations, the inhibition of the reactivity of the transferred lymphoid cells against the host is partial, and the skin-graft survival time is significantly prolonged.
Vitamin K Compounds in Bacteria That Are Obligate Anaerobes
Authors: Gibbons Ronald J. , Engle Lois P.
Published: October 2006

A naphthoquinone-dependent strain of
Bacteroides melaninogenicus
has been used in a microbiological assay to survey bacteria for compounds of the vitamin K group. Organisms known to contain vitamin K, as well as several bacteria that are obligate anaerobes, produced substances which satisfied the naphthoquinone requirement of the assay organism. Vitamin K was chemically isolated from strains of
Bacteroides melaninogenicus
,
Bacteroides fragilis
, and
Veillonella alcalescens
.
Sonar Probing in Narragansett Bay
Authors: Edgerton Harold E. , Payson Harold , Yules John , Dillon William
Published: October 2006

A 12-kilocycle pulsed transducer, with a 0.1 millisecond duration, is used for tracing a sub-bottom rock profile in Narragansett Bay. The short sonar pulse of high energy is produced by a capacitor discharge. Over-the-side installation of the transducer permits the use of any boat or ship for the survey work. Coherent presentation of the data on a wet paper recorder gives an instantaneous visual record. Across a north-south rock formation, a recurring rise and fall of the rock is shown throughout the sedimentary deposit.
D-Malate: Effects on Activity of L-Malate Dehydrogenase in Developing Sea Urchin Embryos
Authors: Billiar R. D. , Brungard J. C. , Villee C. A.
Published: October 2006

Sea urchin embryos grown in salt water containing L-malate showed a pattern of development of L-malate dehydrogenase which did not differ from that of embryos grown in salt water. However, embryos grown in 10-
3
M
D-malate for 6 or 12 hours had one additional band of L-malate dehydrogenase that was not present in control embryos of the same age.
Induction of Conjugation by Cell-Free Preparations in
Paramecium multimicronucleatum
Authors: Miyake A.
Published: October 2006

A cell-free preparation composed mainly of cilia, obtained by treatment with K
2
Cr
2
O
7
from stocks of
Paramecium multimicronucleatum
(syngen 2) pure for mating type, can regularly induce conjugation in intact animals of the opposite mating type.
Mitomycin C: Effect on Ribosomes of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Suzuki Hiromi , Kilgore Wendell W.
Published: October 2006

Sucrose-gradient analyses of cell-free extracts of
Escherichia coli
B show that the sedimentation patterns are markedly affected by exposure of the cells to mitomycin C; 50
S
subunits are progressively degraded in the cells after 30 minutes exposure. The 30
S
subunits, although affected, are less sensitive to the antibiotic than the 50
S
subunits. Incorporation of uracil-2-C
14
into the ribosomal particles by the treated cells is markedly reduced by exposure.
Radar Observations of the Corona and Mariner II Measurements of the Flux in the Solar Wind
Authors: Brandt John C.
Published: October 2006

Radar observations of the corona can be used with a specified model of the corona to derive the particle flux in the solar wind at Earth. The most plausible model considered gives good agreement with the results obtained directly by the Mariner II plasma probe.
Ethylation: Biological Formation of an
S
-Ethyl Homolog of Lincomycin
Authors: Patterson E. L. , Hash J. H. , Lincks M. , Miller P. A. , Bohonos N.
Published: October 2006

Streptomyces umbrinus
var.
cyaneoniger
produces the antibiotic lincomycin. When grown in the presence of ethionine an additional antibiotic is produced. Physical and chemical analyses and incorporation of radioisotopes indicate that the new antibiotic is the
S-
ethyl homolog of lincomycin.
Gibberellin Production in Pea Seeds Developing in Excised Pods: Effect of Growth Retardant AMO-1618
Authors: Baldev B. , Lang Anton , Agatep Aurora O.
Published: October 2006

The gibberellin content of pea seeds developing in excised pea pods cultured on a medium containing the plant growth retardant AMO-1618 was reduced in comparison with pea seeds cultured on retardant-free medium. The reduction increased with increasing concentrations of AMO-1618. However, at the lowest concentration tested (5 milligrams per liter) the growth of the seeds was not affected whereas their gibberellin content was significantly reduced. In conjunction with earlier work on the effect of growth retardants on gibberellin biosynthesis in the fungus
Fusarium moniliforme
, these results indicate that AMO-1618 inhibits the biosynthesis of gibberellins in tissues of higher plants in much the same manner it does in
Fusarium
.
Interference between "Sex-Ratio" Agents of
Drosophila willistoni
and
Drosophila nebulosa
Authors: Sakaguchi Bungo , Oishi Kugao , Kobayashi Susumu
Published: October 2006

Interference between two "sex-ratio" agents—that is, treponemalike spirochetes—of different origin, one from
Drosophila willistoni
and the other from
D. nebulosa
, was demonstrated by experiments in vivo and in vitro. When the two sex-ratio agents were combined in females of the Oregon-R strain of
D. melanogaster
, expression of the sex-ratio condition was temporarily interrupted. Several lines of evidence indicate that a substance produced by the sex-ratio agent of
D. nebulosa
may kill or incapacitate the sex-ratio agent of
D. willistoni
.
Ancient Oyster Shells on the Atlantic Continental Shelf
Authors: Merrill Arthur S. , Emery K. O. , Rubin Meyer
Published: October 2006

Shells of long-dead
Crassostrea virginica
are reported at 71 stations in depths of 14 to 82 meters. The depths exceed those of the estuaries where the species flourishes. Radiocarbon measurements indicate that the oysters were alive 8000 to 11,000 years ago. It is concluded that the oysters lived in lagoons or estuaries which became submerged when the sea level rose at the end of the latest glacial epoch.
Polypeptide Chains of Antibody: Effective Binding Sites Require Specificity in Combination
Authors: Roholt O. A. , Radzimski G. , Pressman D.
Published: October 2006

Separated chains from antibody of different rabbits do not always give effective binding sites although combination of the chains does occur. There is a specificity of combination such that only chains from the same (or perhaps a related) rabbit form effective binding sites. There appears to be preferential combination between those chains which yield effective sites.
Radioactivity Measured in Alaskan Natives, 1962-1964
Authors: Palmer Harvey E. , Hanson Wayne C. , Griffin Bobby I. , Braby Leslie A.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the cesium-137 content of northern Alaskan natives during the summer of 1964 indicated that the adults of the interior village of Anaktuvuk Pass had the highest average body burden: 1280 nanocuries of cesium-137. This is an increase of 200 percent over the average body burden found in the summer of 1962 and 100 percent over that found in the summer of 1963. The greatest burden found in a native in 1964 was 2.4 microcuries of cesium-137, but the highest burden of all, 3.0 microcuries, was measured in a non-native living mainly on caribou meat. Sodium-22 was found in samples of urine from Eskimos, and subsequently in the Eskimos themselves and in reindeer and caribou meat.
Duplication of Evoked Potential Waveform by Curve of Probability of Firing of a Single Cell
Authors: Fox Stephen S. , O'Brien James H.
Published: October 2006

Computer compilation of the probability of firing of a single cell in cat cortex following a physiological sensory stimulus (somatic or light flash) indicates that the frequency distribution of the firing of a single cell closely corresponds to the average waveform of the evoked potential recorded from the same microelectrode. This high correlation holds for both positive and negative and early and late components of the evoked response.
X Chromosome DNA Replication: Developmental Shift from Synchrony to Asynchrony
Authors: Nicklas R. Bruce , Jaqua Richard A.
Published: October 2006

The X chromosome in
Melanoplus differentialis
is negatively heteropycnotic in the early spermatogonial cell generations but positively heteropycnotic in the final premeiotic interphase. Autoradiography after administration of tritiated thymidine reveals that this condensation change is paralleled by a change in the time of DNA replication in the X chromosome relative to that in the autosomes.
Anaphylactic Reaction of Denervated Skeletal Muscle in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Alonso-deFlorida F. , del Castillo J. , Gonzalez Carmen C. , Sanchez V.
Published: October 2006

Muscle strips taken from chronically denervated hemidiaphragms of guinea pigs immunized to ovalbumin react in vitro to the administration of small amounts of this protein with a contraction similar to that of visceral muscle in the Schultz-Dale reaction. A sustained shortening is produced by histamine on denervated diaphragmatic muscle from both sensitized and nonsensitized guinea pigs.
Synthesis of Block Oligonucleotides
Authors: Thach R. E. , Doty Paul
Published: October 2006

The concentration of sodium chloride strongly influences primed polymerization of nucleoside diphosphates by polynucleotide phosphorylase. High concentrations of NaCl allow the addition of only a few nucleotide residues onto the 3′ end of the primer. When pure oligonucleotides are used as primers and when the product is fractionated, pure block oligonucleotides can be obtained.
Staphylolytic Substance from a Species of
Pseudomonas
Authors: Zyskind Judith Weaver , Pattee Peter A. , Lache Marvin
Published: October 2006

A substance that rapidly lyses living cells of
Staphylococcus aureus, S. roseus, Gaffkya tetragena,
and
Sarcina lutea
has been partially purified. The substance is produced extracellularly by a species of
Pseudomonas
which was isolated from soil by an enrichment procedure.
Protein Synthesis and the Mitotic Apparatus
Authors: Mangan J. , Miki-Noumura T. , Gross P. R.
Published: October 2006

Sea urchin eggs, exposed to a radioactive amino acid during the period from fertilization to metaphase of the first cleavage, incorporate the label into proteins. Some radioactivity is localized in the region of the mitotic apparatus (MA). The specific activity of proteins from isolated mitotic apparatus is more than three times that of the proteins from the rest of the cell, although under the conditions used for isolation only 11 percent of the total incorporated label is in the MA. The radioactivity is found in proteins that do not contribute significantly to the bulk of the MA protein, but this description might possibly apply to the fibrous skeleton. Electron microscope autoradiograms reveal a close association of radioactivity with the fibers.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
: Thermal Inactivation of Tumor-Inducing Ability
Authors: Lippincott James A. , Lippincott Barbara B.
Published: October 2006

Treating cultures of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
at 39° to 48°C reduces the infectivity of the bacteria without necessarily affecting viability. Destruction of the capacity to initiate tumor growth follows first-order kinetics from which rate constants for thermal inactivation are derived. From these rates, values for heat of activation of 56.7 kcal mole
-1
and entropy of activation of 107 cal mole
-1
deg
-1
are obtained. A particular protein or nucleoprotein active in the process of infection may be inactivated by the treatment.
Hemoglobin F
Texas
: Gamma-Chain Variant
Authors: Schneider Rose G. , Jones Richard T.
Published: October 2006

An abnormal fetal hemoglobin, designated hemoglobin F
Texas
, was found in the cord blood of five Negro infants (all related and three of them siblings) and of one Caucasian infant. Studies on the chemical structure of this variant indicate that there is a substitution of a lysyl residue for either the fifth or sixth glutamyl residue of the gamma-chain.
Preferential Settling of the Sea Anemone
Stomphia coccinea
on the Mussel
Modiolus modiolus
Authors: Ross D. M.
Published: October 2006

In resettling after its "swimming" response,
Stomphia
shows a special behavior pattern when in contact with bivalve shells. Movements of the tentacles, oral disc and column, and huge swellings of the pedal disc are the chief features in a coordinated purposive sequence, which settles the anemone on the shell in a few minutes.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Tri- and Tetranucleotides of Defined Sequence
Authors: Thach R. E. , Doty Paul
Published: October 2006

Conditions have been found under which polynucleotide phosphorylase adds only a few nucleotide residues to the 3′ end of a dinucleotide primer. Pure tri- and tetranucleotides can be isolated from reaction mixtures in high yield.
Electroretinogram in Newborn Human Infants
Authors: Barnet Ann B. , Lodge Ann , Armington John C.
Published: October 2006

The electroretinogram of the newborn human shows the
x-
wave component which was demonstrated by Adrian and others to be a concomitant of photopic visual function in the adult. This finding may provide electrophysiological support for behavioral observations indicating that infants have some color vision and ability to resolve visual stimuli.
Serologic Codes: Interpretation of Immunogenetic Systems
Authors: Hirschfeld Jan
Published: October 2006

Transformations of serologic reaction patterns into verbal codes are analyzed. Two equally consistent and complementary models are compared. A model based on the assumption that antibodies are complex (cross-reacting) permits simpler, more uniform, and less prejudicing interpretations of immunogenetic systems than when antibodies are regarded as simple (specific).
Evoked Potentials and Correlated Judgments of Brightness as Functions of Interflash Intervals
Authors: Bartlett Neil R. , White Carroll T.
Published: October 2006

Computer-averaged evoked potentials were recorded from subjects presented with pairs of flashes having equal light energy but differing in duration of the brief interval separating the flashes. For the experimental conditions studied, the pair was always subjectively fused. Although the brightness did not change noticeably as the interval was varied, the use of the forced-choice psychophysical technique showed that apparent brightness declined with increase in the interval. Analysis of the evoked potentials revealed a correlated change in amplitude and wave form previously demonstrated for changes in flash flux alone.
Autosomally Determined Polymorphism of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in
Peromyscus
Authors: Shaw Charles R. , Barto Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase commonly occurs in at least two forms in most tissues of the deer mouse,
Peromyscus maniculatus
, as demonstrated by starch-gel electrophoresis. An autosomally determined genetic polymorphism in one of the enzymes was discovered. A hybrid molecule occurs in the heterozygote; this suggests a dimeric structure of this enzyme.
Brain Telestimulator with Solar Cell Power Supply
Authors: Robinson Bryan W. , Warner Harold , Rosvold H. Enger
Published: October 2006

A telestimulator has been constructed which is suitable for mounting on the heads of medium-sized
Macaca mulatta
or larger primates. It differs from previous units in that the battery supply is continuously recharged from ambient light by means of solar cells. The system features remote control of all stimulus parameters, constant current output, and remote selection of any of 11 electrodes. If additional transmitters are employed, simultaneous and independent stimulation of a number of primates in the same group is possible. A shielded room with a terminated antenna system is used to produce a homogeneous radio-frequency field for laboratory use.
Late Glacial Ice-Wedge Casts in Northern Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Borns Harold W.
Published: October 2006

Ice-wedge casts in northern Nova Scotia and the relation of the casts to the outwash that contains them indicate that the ice wedges formed in a permafrost environment after the accumulation of the outwash. This permafrost environment is tentatively correlated with pollen zone L-3 of the Gillis Lake deposit, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and with the Valders time of the midcontinental sequence.
Data Analysis and the Frontiers of Geophysics
Authors: Tukey John W.
Published: October 2006

I have tried to talk about three areas in which I think newer techniques of data analysis will come into, or be developed in, geophysics which will advance our knowledge about the plasma-like, gaseous, liquid, and solid earth: (i) developments along the line of the concepts of the spectrum, with emphasis both on the use of cross-spectral methods of studying relationship and on bispectrum and higher methods of studying nonlinearities (including modulations) and frequency interactions; (ii) wise choice of modes of expression for analysis; (iii) the use of methods appropriate and effective in situations where distributions of errors and fluctuations do not have exactly the magic bell-shaped distribution.
Separation and Partial Purification of Plasma-Membrane Fragments from Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Microsomes
Authors: Kamat Virendra B. , Wallach Donald F. Hoelzl
Published: October 2006

Membrane vesicles arising from the surface of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells were separated from the bulk of other microsomal components in Ficoll density gradients. Initial separation depends on the differential action of magnesium ion on various microsomal components. Immunologic and enzymic markers were used to monitor separation and purification steps.
Lung Surfactants, Counterions, and Hysteresis
Authors: Scarpelli Emile M. , Gabbay Kenneth H. , Kochen Joseph A.
Published: October 2006

The wide hysteresis and low surface tension of lung extracts, as studied on a modified Langmuir-Wilhelmy surface balance, are dependent on the presence of subphase electrolytes. A possible mechanism for the hysteresis and its importance to the exchange of surfactants between the alveolar cell and the alveolar surface film are discussed.
Institutional Grants of the National Science Foundation
Authors: England J. Merton
Published: October 2006

The simplicity of the institutional grants program, the government's recognition of institutional autonomy, and the flexibility with which the funds may be used have naturally gratified administrators of colleges and universities. Presidents and deans have had an opportunity to use the grants to foster programs they think deserve more financial support. They have been able to ease some of the strain caused by tight travel and library budgets, furnish equipment that would persuade a promising Ph.D. to accept an appointment or keep a valued professor from accepting a position elsewhere, or speed the establishment of a computing center to serve the entire institution.
Degeneration of the Eyes of Tyrosine-Deficient Chick Embryos
Authors: Grau C. R. , Austic R. E. , Matteson G. C.
Published: October 2006

Subjecting 4-day-old chick embryos to a yolk-sac perfusion medium lacking tyrosine resulted in arrest of retinal pigmentation and in degeneration of the neural retina. Phenylaldnine was ineffective in replacing tyrosine. Possibly retinal tyrosinase played a part in initiating the degenerative changes.
Gymnodinium breve
: Induction of Shellfish Poisoning in Chicks
Authors: Ray Sammy M. , Aldrich David V.
Published: October 2006

Oysters exposed to laboratory cultures of the fish-killing dinoflagellate,
Gymnodinium breve
, are toxic when fed to chicks. The ecological significance of this result is interpreted in relation to the scarcity of well-documented reports of shellfish poisoning in higher animals from those areas of the Gulf of Mexico in which
G. breve
"blooms" occur.
Reduction of Trimethylene Dipyridyl with Illuminated Chloroplasts
Authors: Black Clanton C.
Published: October 2006

Chloroplasts photochemically reduce 1,1′-trimethylene-2,2′-dipyridylium dibromide and concurrently form adenosine triphosphate. Reduced trimethylene dipyridyl in darkness will reduce spinach ferredoxin,
Clostridium pasteurianum
ferredoxin, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and other viologen-type dyes.
Cerebral Temperature Changes Accompanying Sexual Activity in the Male Rat
Authors: Hull C. D. , Garcia J. , Cracchiolo E.
Published: October 2006

Cerebral temperature was continuously recorded in male rats during sexual activity. The temperature showed a persistent increase in the presence of females and a relatively brief, rapid increase during sexual intromission. Cerebral temperature may be usable as a sensitive measure of immediate and persisting motivational effects of transitory and longterm conditions of stimulation.
Red-Light Thresholds in Heterozygote Carriers of Protanopia: Genetic Implications
Authors: Krill Alex E. , Beutler Ernest
Published: October 2006

Absolute thresholds in response to red light were compared in nine normal subjects, six female carriers of protanopia (heterozygotes), and six male subjects with protanopia. The fovea and four peripheral retinal areas were tested, and all data were obtained before the occurrence of the rod-cone break. Elevated thresholds were found in all retinal areas tested in protanopic males, at the fovea in all carriers, and in some peripheral retinal areas in two carriers. The thresholds for carriers were far below those for the protanopic males, and no greater variability of threshold was found in the carriers when they were compared with the normal control group. The findings do not substantiate the occurrence of inactivation at the locus on the X chromosome for protanopia.
3,4-Dichlorobenzyl Methylcarbamate and Related Compounds as Herbicides
Authors: Herrett Richard A. , Berthold Robert V.
Published: October 2006

3,4-Dichlorobenzyl methylcarbainate is a selective preemergence herbicide active against both grass and broadleaf weeds. Synthesis of pigment is inhibited in species sensitive to this chemical. Minor structural modifications, such as positioning of the chlorine on the phenyl ring or variations in the
N
-substituent, significantly alter its activity.
Carbon Abundances in Chondritic Meteorites
Authors: Moore Carleton B. , Lewis Charles
Published: October 2006

Combustion analyses of total carbon in chondritic meteorites indicate a fractionation of this element between the various types of chondrites. The median values for the percentage of carbon by weight are 0.40 for enstatite chondrites, 0.09 for olivine-bronzite chondrites, and 0.08 for olivine-hypersthene chondrites. Olivine-pigeonite chondrites show great variations in their carbon contents.
Evoked Brain Potential Correlates of Psychophysical Responses: Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry
Authors: Siegfried John B. , Tepas Donald I. , Sperling Harry G. , Hiss Richard H.
Published: October 2006

The relation between the amplitude of evoked brain potentials in man and the relative luminance of two flicker components of different color was determined. The function, which is U-shaped, has a minimum which occurs near the point of equal luminance as judged by the psychophysical method of flicker photometry.
Pseudouridine Formation: Evidence for RNA as an Intermediate
Authors: Weiss Samuel B. , Legault-Demare Jean
Published: October 2006

Experiments with intact or lysed spheroplasts from
Escherichia coli
indicate that conditions which impair the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA, also prevent formation of pseudouridine. Studies with uridine-labeled RNA support the concept that RNA may be a direct intermediate for pseudouridine synthesis.
Iron-55 in Humans and Their Foods
Authors: Palmer Harvey E. , Beasley Thomas M.
Published: October 2006

Measurable quantities of iron-55 are present in people, animals, and food. The amount in Eskimos and caribou at Anaktuvuk, Alaska, is about eight times that in residents and cattle near Richland, Washington. Meat and grains are the foods that contribute most to the body burdens of iron-55 in human beings.
Molt and Intermolt Activities in the Epidermal Cells of an Insect
Authors: Locke Michael , Condoulis W. V. , Hurshman L. F.
Published: October 2006

In the larva of the butterfly
Calpodes ethlius
, molt and intermolt syntheses by the epidermis are each preceded by a phase of RNA synthesis. Endocuticle deposition and the secretion of wax are not controlled only by the molting hormone when they take place during the intermolt period.
Desert Locusts: Sexual Maturation Delayed by Feeding on Senescent Vegetation
Authors: Ellis Peggy E. , Carlisle D. B. , Osborne Daphne J.
Published: October 2006

A diet of senescent
Brassica
spp. delayed sexual maturation in the desert locust. The senescent leaves were shown to be short of gibberellins, and a dietary supplement of gibberellin A
3
(1 microgram per locust per day) restored the rate of maturation to that found in animals feeding on green leaves. An external application of eugenol had a similar effect. The sexual immaturity of desert locusts during the dry season may result from the senescent condition of their desert food plants.
Adaptive Enzyme Synthesis: Its Inhibition as a Possible Analogue of Immunological Tolerance
Authors: van Bekkum D. W. , Nieuwerkerk H. T. M.
Published: October 2006

Substrate induction of tryptophan pyrrolase in the liver of rats is inhibited by prior treatment of very young rats with tryptophan. This inhibition seems analogous to immunological tolerance, which can be produced by prior treatment with the antigen. The findings provide support for an analogy between mechanisms of adaptive enzyme synthesis and those involved in adaptive immunity.
Temperature Independence of an Arbitrary Temporal Discrimination in the Goldfish
Authors: Rozin Paul
Published: October 2006

Goldfish were taught to press a lever for food reinforcement and were placed on a 1-minute fixed-interval schedule. They developed the characteristic temporal discrimination (scalloping) seen in rats and pigeons. There was no change in their relative response rate through the 1-minute interval when ambient temperature was decreased by 10°C. This 10°C temperature drop, which approximately halves the metabolic rate, approximately halved the absolute response rate. These results indicate that a temporal discrimination can be established in the goldfish, and suggest that discriminations of short intervals in fish are not dependent on a mechanism tied directly to metabolic rate.
Abnormal Immune Mechanism in Allogeneic Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Rabette Barbara , Congdon Charles C.
Published: October 2006

Mice were subjected to x-rays (950 roentgens) and injected with isogeneic (isologous) or allogeneic (homologous) bone marrow. Six to 8 months later these chimeras were injected with
Salmonella typhi
flagellar antigen, and the formation of antibodies resistant and sensitive to destruction by treatment in vitro with 2-mercaptoethanol was determined. The allogeneic chimeras showed almost normal amounts of serum antibody after a third injection of antigen but a relative defect in their ability to synthesize antibody resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol. Apparently control of antibody formation becomes abnormal in the presence of the immunologic tolerance existing between the host and the foreign hematopoietic graft.
Immunization against Rauscher Mouse Leukemia with Tissue Culture Material
Authors: Barski Georges , Youn Jung Koo
Published: October 2006

Long-term monolayer cultures of mouse thymus and spleen cells, chronically infected with Rauscher virus, showed only a very attenuated leukemia-producing capacity. Material from these cultures prepared from normal BALB/c mouse tissue was used to immunize isologous mice against subsequent challenge with fully active Rauscher virus. The centrifuged supernatant of the culture had some immunizing properties. However, the most efficient protection was obtained when cell suspensions from these cultures were used in the form of a series of three intraperitoneal and intramuscular injections and one booster injection.
Kidney Homografts: Uptake of Fluorochrome-Labeled Tissue Extracts by Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Tong James L. , Boose Dorothy , Badgett Barbara
Published: October 2006

Regional lymph node cells of mongrel dogs which received kidney homografts after bilateral nephrectomy take up fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled extracts of kidney tissue and of peripheral blood leukocytes. These fluorochrome-tissue conjugates were not taken up by cells from lymph nodes excised from the experimental dogs at the time of transplantation or from normal dogs.
Isoenzymic Specificity of Impaired Clearance in Mice Infected with Riley Virus
Authors: Mahy B. W. J. , Rowson K. E. K.
Published: October 2006

The clearance from the plasma of purified lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme No. 5, which is increased in the plasma of mice infected with Riley virus, is impaired during the infection. That the clearance of purified isoenzyme No. 1 is unchanged by infection with Riley virus provides an explanation of why only the lactate dehydrogenase-5 isoenzyme activity is elevated in the plasma of infected mice.
"Lunar Calendar" from the Hungarian Upper Paleolithic
Authors: Vértes László
Published: October 2006

A carved limestone object found in the East Gravettian site at Bodrogkeresztur, Hungary, has been identified as a uterus symbol. It may also be a lunar calendar. Prehistorians should reexamine similar objects for similar evidence.
A Chondrule in the Chainpur Meteorite
Authors: Fredriksson Kurt , Reid Arch M.
Published: October 2006

The occurrence of glass as a major constituent in a chondrule from the Chainpur meteorite provides evidence that the chondrules formed by rapid cooling of liquid droplets. The virtual absence of nickel in the silicates suggests that it segregated into the metal phase in the molten stage, prior to crystallization of the silicates.
Ultraviolet Reflectivity of Mars
Authors: Evans Dennis C.
Published: October 2006

Ultraviolet spectrograms of Mars (2400 to 3500 angstroms, ∼50-Å resolution) have been obtained with an objective grating spectrograph on an Aerobee rocket. The data indicate a reflectivity of 0.04 to 0.08 in the ultraviolet, increasing toward shorter wavelength according to a Rayleigh Law. The data can be represented by a model having an atmosphere of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and argon, and a surface pressure of about 5 to 20 millibars. The photographic appearance of the planet in the blue is interpreted as a loss of surface contrast and reflectivity rather than an absorption in the atmosphere by the "blue haze." The model permits prediction of the general appearance of the planet in the photographic ultraviolet, blue, visible, and red. There are serious biological implications since the model suggests that ultraviolet radiation (2000 to 3000 Å) will reach the surface.
Lability of Host-Cell DNA in Growing Cell Cultures Due to Mycoplasma
Authors: Randall Charles C. , Gafford Lanelle G. , Gentry Glenn A. , Lawson Lucy A.
Published: October 2006

In HeLa-cell cultures chronically infected with Mycoplasma, (PPLO) host-cell DNA is unstable as detected by incorporation of H
3
- or C
14
-thymidine into DNA and subsequent release into the medium as acidsoluble radioactivity. This characteristic can be transmitted to PPLO-free cultures of strain L cells by inoculation with preparations of PPLO from the HeLa cells, although chronically infected cultures of L cells continue to multiply. In addition, virus preparations also may carry PPLO contamination through numerous passages.
Induction of Tumors in Hamsters with an Avian Adenovirus (CELO)
Authors: Sarma Padman S. , Huebner Robert J. , Lane William T.
Published: October 2006

When newborn hamsters were inoculated subcutaneously with chicken-embryo lethal orphan virus, tumors developed at the site of inoculation in 23 out of 69 hamsters within 88 to 195 days of inoculation. These tumors and tissue cultures, prepared from a primary tumor, were transplantable to newborn and weanling hamsters. The primary tumors and tissue cultures of a primary tumor were free of demonstrable infectious virus. The virus is the first "nonhuman" adenovirus found to induce tumors in hamsters.
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract: Response Pattern of Nerve Fibers to Muscle Stretch
Authors: Jansen Jan K. S. , Rudjord Torstein
Published: October 2006

The response to muscle stretch of second-order neurons of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract was studied in anesthetized cats. Three different types of neurons are defined; the response of each type is remarkably similar to that of the corresponding stretch-receptors of the muscle. Accordingly, the cerebellum receives information on the mechanical situation in muscle from three qualitatively different channels: one has a high degree of sensitivity to dynamic stretch (Ia units) and provides a mixed signal of muscle length and speed of movement; another provides information mainly on muscle length (group-II units); and the third signals information on the degree of contraction of the muscle (Ib units).
A Brief Temporal Gradient of Retrograde Amnesia Independent of Situational Change
Authors: Quartermain David , Paolino Ronald M. , Miller Neal E.
Published: October 2006

Rats were given a single electroconvulsive shock at varying intervals after receiving a punishing shock to the feet immediately after stepping into a compartment. Significant amounts of retrograde amnesia for the memory of the punishment was shown when electroconvulsive shock was administered up to and including 30 seconds after the punishment but not at 60 seconds. This brief temporal gradient cannot be explained in terms of changed stimulus cues or learned interference analogous to retroactive inhibition.
Search for Trapped Electrons and a Magnetic Moment at Mars by Mariner IV
Authors: O'Gallagher J. J. , Simpson J. A.
Published: October 2006

The Mariner IV spacecraft on 14-15 July 1965 passed within 9850 kilometers of Mars, carrying a solid-state charged-particle telescope which could detect electrons greater than 40 kiloelectron volts and protons greater than 1 million electron volts. The trajectory could have passed through a bow shock, a transition region, and a magnetospheric boundary where particles could be stably trapped for a wide range of Martian magnetic moments. No evidence of charged-particle radiation was found in any of these regions. In view of these results, an upper limit is established for the Martian magnetic moment provided it is assumed that the same physical processes leading to acceleration and trapping of electrons in Earth's magnetic field would be found in a Martian magnetic field. On this basis, the upper limit for the Martian magnetic moment is 0.1 percent that of Earth for a wide range of postulated orientations with respect to the rotational axis of Mars. The implications of these results for the physical and biological environment of Mars are briefly discussed.
Heat Stabilities of Acid Phosphatases from Pinto Bean Leaves
Authors: Staples Richard C. , McCarthy William J. , Stahmann Mark A.
Published: October 2006

Two acid phosphatases were demonstrable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They had different mobilities and different heat stabilities in 1.0
M
acetate buffer,
p
H 5.2. Both phosphatases had the same electrophoretic mobility in tris buffer at
p
H 7.5, gave one boundary in the analytical ultracentrifuge in tris or acetate buffer, and had the same sedimentation coefficient. The difference in these properties suggests an alteration in conformation of the proteins by the buffer systems.
Inhibitory Oxidation Products of Indole-3-Acetic Acid: Enzymic Formation and Detoxification by Pea Seedlings
Authors: Still C. C. , Olivier Carol C. , Moyed H. S.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of etiolated pea seedlings oxidize indole-3-acetic acid, a plant auxin, to 3-hydroxymethyloxindole. At physiological
p
H this compound is dehydrated to 3-methyleneoxindole, a highly reactive sulfhydryl reagent and inhibitor of cell growth. 3-Methlyeneoxindole is in turn detoxified by an enzymatic, triphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked reduction to 3-methyloxindole, a nontoxic compound. These enzymatic conversions may be responsible for some of the responses to auxin, particularly sensitivity to its inhibitory effects on growth.
Enrichment of Tritium by Thermal Diffusion and Measurement of Dated Antarctic Snow Samples
Authors: Buttlar H. v. , Wiik B.
Published: October 2006

A thermal diffusion column allows a recovery of 99 ± 1 percent of the tritium originally contained in about 50 liters at standard temperature and pressure of hydrogen gas in a final volume of 3.8 liters over a 2-day period. After a tenfold enrichment by electrolysis, a tritium concentration of 10
-18
with an experimental error of a few percent may be measured with a low-level Geiger counter. The results on some well-dated Antarctic snow samples (between 1941 and 1953) are in general agreement with published data.
Mars: Age of Its Craters
Authors: Witting J. , Narin F. , Stone C. A.
Published: October 2006

If the craters on Mars were formed by asteroidal particles having spatial distributions independent of asteroid size, and if both spatial distributions and total numbers are independent of time, the average age of the craters may be less than 300 million years.