bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pedagogical system and moral and ethical teachings of Hryhoriy Skovoroda through the prism of three centuries
Authors: Severyn N. , Severyn V.
Published: December 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the unique pedagogical and moral and ethical views of the Ukrainian philosopher and teacher Hryhoriy Skovoroda. The source of these views was the traditions of folk pedagogy, folk wisdom, folk views on education and upbringing. His pedagogical views are based on ethical problems relevant to Europe in the 18th century and on Socratic dialogues. They reflected the main features of progressive pedagogy: humanism, patriotism, high morality, nationalism, "conformity with nature". Skovoroda developed one of the leading problems of philosophical and anthropological discourse – the problem of self-actualization and self-realization of the individual, based on the concepts of Socrates, Plato, Democritus, Aristotle, Cicero, and Augustine Aurelius. He reflected his pedagogical views in parables, poems, fables and the epistolary genre. Skovoroda believed that the teacher should develop children's natural talents, be able to feel their desire for "related" work, ridiculed the blind copying of Western traditions and manners, distant and alien to the nature of Ukrainian children. These principles of humanism and "kinship" were aimed at achieving a noble goal – the upbringing and education of students, taking into account their capabilities and inclinations. Education and upbringing of a person who has work in accordance with natural gifts, inclinations and abilities permeates the pedagogical system of Hryhoriy Skovoroda.

Skovoroda's poetry and prose, philosophical works have a highly ethical and moral direction and are based on the worldview of the Ukrainian people. The thinker considered the doctrine of man and his happiness to be the most important, it became the content of H. Skovoroda's philosophical and life searches. He considers happiness as a state of independence and peace of mind, which is achieved by freeing oneself from the pressure of the surrounding world and overcoming boundless passions, evil will within a person. Skovoroda emphasized the importance for a teacher to have a high moral and spiritual culture. Only a teacher with a high moral and spiritual qualities is able to ensure the correct upbringing of the young generation.
The value of H.S. Skovoroda’s philosophical fables in the practice of fairy tale therapy
Authors: Kazachiner O. , Boychuk Yu. , Halii A.
Published: December 2022

The article clarifies that H. Skovoroda’s fables are broad on the issue, they raise the following issues: the boundaries of white and black, light and dark, good and evil, “related” work as a basic principle of work ethic, religiosity, the choice between good and evil, life and death, and so on. According to H. Skovoroda, the fable should help in the search for and discovery of eternal truth, his fables were aimed at exposing social ills, raised the spirit of civic dignity, the cult of reason, punished the world of abuse, deception, careerism, noble arbitrariness, veneration, profit, boasting, stupidity. H. Skovoroda’s fables are philosophical miniatures, reflections on related work, happiness and gratitude, which should fill every moment of a wise person’s life. But above all, these are good and funny stories about animals who are cunning, lazy, afraid and tear their noses like real people. The heroes of fairy tales show how important it is to see not only the external but also the internal essence of things, to take up the cause to which you have the ability, not to deceive others and value time and so on.

As H. Skovoroda’s philosophical fables raise many life issues and problems that occur in the life of an adult, they are useful interesting and useful material in the practice of fairy tale therapy for adults.On the example of some fables “The Bee and the Hornet”, “The Dog and the Wolf” from the series “Fables of Kharkov” it is proved that it is appropriate to use such forms, methods and technologies of working with H. Skovoroda’s fables: discussion and analysis of fables, its leading ideas, retelling the work on behalf of its various characters, watching videos, drawing illustrations, as well as creating your own fables with a similar plot.
Environmentality as a principle of education in the pedagogical experience of S.I. Miropolsky
Authors: Zolotukhina S. , Bashkir O.
Published: December 2022

The issue of the formation of a personality in childhood has always been relevant and caused a number of studies on the scientific research of scientists, observations and practical findings of teachers and educators both at home and in educational institutions. The importance of the child's abilities, inherent to him/her by nature, in the educational process is undeniable, and their development has a unique practical experience that needs to be studied and generalized in order to successfully adapt the child to society after completing the training.

One of the brightest figures in the history of pedagogy on the study of an individual approach to a child is Serhii Iryneyovych Myropolskyi (1842-1907), who held the point of view that the upbringing process is not leading in the formation of the child's personality, and the main drivers of development are natural abilities that need to be studied and explored in each child, and then, focusing on personal qualities and abilities, build an individual approach for the individual personal educational trajectory of each student.

The article notes the formation of the pedagogical views of S.I. Myropolskyi in the conditions of the late 19th – early 20th centuries and on the basis of the philosophical and pedagogical teachings of Hryhoriy Savych Skovoroda about nature conformity as the leading principle of educating a child's personality. The requirements of S.I. Myropolskyi to the educational process on the basis of taking into account his practical experience in educational institutions. The teacher's knowledge of the child's personality, his personal qualities and abilities, as well as the types of temperament are clarified and generalized. The attitude of the scientist to the teacher as a flagship for ensuring the personal physical, psychological, moral and intellectual development of each child is revealed. In addition, the article reflects that the observance of the principle of conformity to nature, the ability to take into account the age and individual abilities of students is a requirement for the teacher. At the same time, the teacher must have a number of competencies, observe the impartial rules of tolerant behavior in order to develop the natural abilities of everyone.
Fourteen Questions to which Buddha Remained Silent
Authors: Shankar Sati
Published: December 2022

The scriptures mention a few occasions when the Buddha remained silent to questions posed to Him. The paucity of our human vocabulary which is built upon relative experiences cannot hope to convey the depth and dimensions of Reality which a person has not himself experienced through Insight. The Buddha who had truly realized the nature of these issues observed noble silence. An ordinary person who is still unenlightened might have a lot to say, but all of it would be sheer conjecture based on his imagination. When the Buddha knew that the questioner was not in a position to understand the answer to the question because of its profundity,or the real significance of the answer to his question or if the questions themselves were wrongly put in the first place, the Blessed One remained silent. Here we enumerate the questions to which the Buddha remained silent commonly known as the Fourteen Questions to which Buddha Remained Silent Key Words: Buddha, Self, anatta, impermanence, materialists, eternal, fourteen questions, silence
The Critical-Philology-Paradigm and Our ādhyātmika Tradition
Authors: Shankar Sati
Published: December 2022

During recent decades a lot of writings, diametrically opposed to our traditional view, have come from the West declaring Sanskrit writings devoid of any spirituality, full of internal contradictions, divisive, and above all created for power-culture manipulations, and hence oppressive, immoral and socially toxic. Our Tradition's viewpoint, however, has always been the "bliss", ānanda; vijñanam anandaṃ brahma; SB.14.6.9.34; Br̥hU.3.9.34), of the "Cosmic Whole" through puruṣārtha, that is why it invocates, sarvé bhavantu sukhinaḥ , sarvé santu nirāmayāḥ | sarvé bhadrāṇi pashyantu , mā kashchid_duḥkha- bhāg-bhavét ||. If one finds an "exploitative-power-culture-manipulation" in such a viewpoint, which assimilates sarvé, i.e.,"all", into its bliss invocation, there must be something wrong in one's reasoning. Many of the mistakes are committed when we continue using mindlessly some Paradigm or methodology without really knowing if it is applicable to the subject under consideration. Every method depends on certain assumptions and success or failure of the method depends on whether foundational assumptions are satisfied or not. In this paper, we explore the foundations of the Western literary analytics, the "Critical Theory - Philology Project - Paradigm", applied by Western practitioners to our Sanskrit Knowledge System and Scriptures, and examine their applicability to our Sanskrit Knowledge System, especially that part dealing with the ādhyātmika dimension. Causes limiting the Paradigm responsible for previously mentioned insinuating interpretations have been found and modifications are proposed to widen and generalize the foundational assumptions to enhance the applicability of the Paradigm, and so to assimilate the part, which has been assumed away so far. This dismissal of a vital aspect of our traditional paradigm may be due to conceptual handicap, technical limitation or lack of tractability or to dominance of the leftist ideology or a combination of all these. Examination of these may be undertaken, as challenging research projects, both, by Indian and/or the Western scholars since what is proposed here would lead to methodological innovation.
On Pollockism
Authors: Shankar Sati
Published: December 2022

"Philosophy in India",(which its Sanskrit Knowledge System,[SKS],principally carries) is essentially spiritual." wrote Dr. Radhakrishnan , "It is the intense spirituality of India, and not any great political structure or...that it has developed, that has enabled it to resist the ravages of time and the accidents of that history... Throughout its life it has been living with one purpose. ... The history of Indian thought illustrates the endless quest of the mind, ever old, ever new". Contrary to that, Prof. Pollock, through his, "political or liberation philology" declares Indian that the Sanskrit Knowledge System has been, void of any spirituality, full of internal conflicts, divisive, artificially created under power-culture manipulations, and hence oppressive, immoral and criminal. The paper ponders and digs deep into the bare ideological foundation of Pollock's liberation philology and analytics and succeeds in finding one to one correspondence between Pollock's analysis and conclusions drawn on Indian Sanskrit Knowledge System; and, the "broad tenets" of "Marxist dialectical-historical-materialism", proving concerned writings by Prof. Pollock, to be not- ideologically-neutral, but purely atheist, "Marxist writings" which Professor has very carefully kept disguised under the carpet of technical jargons, logically circular and metaphorical writing style and deletion of key words. While remaining focused on foundations, paper scrutinizes a few core literary applications made by Prof. Pollock and lays foundation for upgrading indigenous philology which will be truly justified and more convincing to deal with Indian tradition and its Sanskrit Knowledge System. "Atheist Marxist interpretation" can never be imposed over diametrically opposed Sanskrit Knowledge System by the tricks of hide and seek. Key Words: Philology, Sheldon Pollock, Sanskrit Knowledge System, SKS, dialectical, historical, historicism, materialism, TBFS, Defense, Malhotra, swadeshi, Indology, purushartha, kAvya, dharma, artha, kAma, kavi, rasa, shringAra, bharata, natya, alankAra, moral, political, literary, language of God, world of men, cosmopolis, power-culture model, indian, bhAratiya, tradition, vyakta, avyakta, laukik, AdhyAtmika, astitva,
Sheldon Pollock and the Sanskrit Knowledge System: Some observations
Authors: Shankar Sati
Published: December 2022

Scholarship can be counteracted only through scholarship. To defend our tradition, true scholarship is the only instrument supplemented by the strong movement for popularization. There is no end of journalistic dogfights and propagandist's ventures where one, who has better 'paraphernalia' wins. Why we face a dilemma is clearly stated by Ananda Coomaraswamy. He says, "On the one hand, the professional scholar, who has direct access to the sources, functions in isolation; on the other, the amateur propagandist of Indian thought disseminates mistaken notions. Between the two, no provision is made for the educated man of good will.”[Coomaraswamy. 1994, viii].This truly represents our case. The claims made by Prof. Sheldon Pollock in relation to Sanskrit Knowledge System, [SKS, 2013], and the concerns raised in 'The Battle For Sanskrit' [Malhotra. 2016], has made it necessary to make a careful and critical scholarly evaluation of the claims made and take stock of the situation to visualize clearly the state of affair and devise some "strategy" to counter and to reach at least to zero-sum initially. Further, To defeat an inquiry and its resultant theories one must be able to scrutinize and hit the fundamental assumptions underlying the methods and its theories used, then and only then, we can hope to take a position. Once this is position is taken, a single hit would be able to demolish a series of applications. Therefore, we must do a purva paksha not only of applications, like translations for errors but on methodologies and theories of analytics employed by Western and Westernized Indian scholars. We aim here to purva paksha on Prof. Pollock's Methodologies. We are interested in digging out the presuppositions and "intent factors", in various hypotheses Prof. Pollock makes and the way they are proved or disproved or silently bypassed, norms of making choices in selecting texts, their timings and issues like that, the levels of their compatibility and adaptability and of generalizability, of findings, if any, over whole SKS and hence, by implication, our tradition. Key Words: Veda, Social Choice, Time, cyclical, Sanskrit, Sheldon Pollock
Tingkat kepadatan lalat dan identifikasi jenis lalat pada tempat penjualan ikan di Pasar Peunayong Kota Banda Aceh
Authors: Rahmayanti Rahmayanti , Erlinawati Erlinawati , Safwan Safwan
Published: December 2022

Background: The presence of flies indicates a place's poor cleanliness. Fish is a food source of protein which is a human need. The presence of flies on fish indicates that the level of freshness and cleanliness is not good in a fish market. Of course, it was made worse by the large piles of garbage.Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the density of flies and identify the types of flies at the fish selling point in Peunayong Market, Banda Aceh City.Method: This descriptive study used an experimental design by measuring the density of flies and identifying flies. The research was carried out at the Peunayong Market, Banda Aceh, in 2020. Snippets of using flies through the fly identification process at the Microbiology Laboratory of Aceh Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health. The data collected is the density of flies using the fly grill method and catching flies using fly traps. Data analysis was carried out univariate, with frequency distribution and descriptive.Results: The results showed that the average fly density was 4.52 at the fish selling point in the Peunayong market, Banda Aceh, which was in the medium category. The types of flies in fish selling places at the Peunayong market in Banda Aceh are Musca domestica and Crysomya megachepala.Conclusion: The fly density level in the Peunayong fish market was in the medium category, and the most common fly found was the Crysomya megachepala.
Kadar kreatinin serum pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 pada kelompok usia 40 tahun keatas
Authors: Jumadewi Asri , Rahmayanti Rahmayanti , Fajarna Farah , Krisnawati Wiwik Emmi
Published: December 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is the most common type of diabetes and affects more than 90% of people with diabetes. Increasing age causes changes in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin release, which is influenced by blood sugar and inhibits the release of sugar into cells because it is influenced by insulin. The risk of diabetes mellitus increases with age, especially at 40 years and above. It happens because of the increase in sugar intolerance in people aged 40 and above.Objectives: This study aims to determine the description of serum creatinine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the age of 40 years and above.Methods: The research design is cross-sectional with inclusion criteria, namely DMT2 patients aged 40 years and above, and conducting examinations at the Prodia clinical laboratory, Banda Aceh branch, from January to May 2022. Samples were taken by accidental sampling, totaling 59 people. Data were collected by interview and laboratory examination to measure creatinine levels using the automatic analyzer method. The reference value for serum creatinine examination in men is 0,7-1,3 mg/dl and in women 0,6-1,1 mg/dl. Data analysis was done descriptively.Results: DMT2 patients aged 40 years and above were predominantly male (55,9%), and the frequency based on age range was mainly between 56-65 years (37,3%). As many as 16,9% of DMT2 patients aged 40 years and over had increased serum creatinine levels, although there were also 83,1% normal creatinine levels.Conclusion: DMT2 patients aged 40 years and above are dominant in men compared to women; the increase in creatinine levels do not show such a high value.
ASSESSMENT OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN A HUNGARIAN SPA TOWN: A CASE-STUDY OF HAJDÚSZOBOSZLÓ
Authors:   The University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Rural Development and Regional Economics, Debrecen, Hungary, CSOBÁN Katalin , SZŐLLŐS-TÓTH Andrea ,   The University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Institute of Economics and World Economy, Debrecen, Hungary, SÁNTA Ádám Kálmán ,   The University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Debrecen, Hungary, MOLNÁR Csilla ,   Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy, Department of Sustainable Tourism, Gödöllő, Hungary, PETŐ Károly ,   The University of Debrecen, Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Rural Development and Regional Economics, Debrecen, Hungary, DÁVID Lóránt Dénes ,   John von Neumann University, Faculty of Economics and Business, Kecskemét, Hungary Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy, Department of Sustainable Tourism, Gödöllő, Hungary
Published: December 2022

Health tourism is defined as a tourism product of strategic importance in Hungary and spa towns are among the most visited destinations in the country. The aims of the present research are to explore the characteristics of the tourism sector in the spa town of Hajdúszoboszló, and to identify the trends having shaped its tourism in the previous decade. Time-series analysis of secondary tourism data as well as a questionnaire survey among visitors were conducted to assess the market position of the spa town. The results imply that both the well-balanced ratio of domestic and international guests and the diversity of international source markets were favourable for the town. In the future, the more efficient diversification of tourism products, the improvement of the MICE sector, and the development of gastronomic, cultural and sport tourism products are recommended.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF KNOWLEDGE AND THE PERCEPTION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ROUTE OF TOURIST ROUTES. CASE STUDY: TOURIST DESTINATION ARIESENI, ROMANIA
Authors:   University of Oradea, Faculty of Geography, Tourism and Sport, Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning, Oradea, Romania,, HERMAN Grigore Vasile , MATLOVIČOVÁ Kvetoslava ,   University of Economics, Faculty of Commerce, Department of Tourism, Dolnozemská Bratislava, Slovakia, KOSTILNÍKOVÁ Katarína ,   University of Prešov, Department of Geography and Applied Geoinformatics, Prešov, Slovakia, PANTEA Liliana ,   University of Oradea, Faculty of Geography, Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning, Tourism and Sport, Oradea, Romania, GOZNER Maria ,   University of Oradea, Faculty of Geography, Tourism and Sport, Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning, Oradea, Romania, DEMKOVA Michaela ,   University of Presov, Department of Geography and Applied Geoinformatics, Presov, Slovakia, ZEMANOVÁ Lenka ,   University of Economics in Bratislava, Faculty of Commerce, Department of Tourism, Bratislava, Slovakia
Published: December 2022

Tourism is a relatively recent economic activity, in the studied area, in spatial and structural expansion. Knowing the functioning mechanisms of tourism and the impact on the environment requires sustained efforts in order to identify them. In this context, the main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between the degree of knowledge and the perception of the importance of the development of tourist routes at the level of the local population, tourists and tourism service providers. Tourist routes are important structural elements in shaping and affirming tourist destinations with functions in the direction of extending the duration of the action and improving the tourist experience. To achieve this goal, the sociological survey method, based on the questionnaire, was used. The results highlighted the existence of direct interconditioning relationships between knowledge (high degree of knowledge) and tourist perception (good perception), regarding the existence of the destination and the importance of tourist routes. Moreover, the obtained results can be used by all the factors involved in the implementation and development of tourism at the local level.
DEVELOPING SPATIAL TYPOLOGY FOR URBAN AGRICULTURE INITIATIVES TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY IN JORDAN
Authors:   Al-Balqa Applied University, Engineering College, Architecture Department, Salt, Jordan, Al SHOMALI Maisa , SHARIF Ahlam Ammar ,   The Hashemite University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Zarqa, Jordan, Al OMARI Omar ,   Al-Balqa Applied University, Engineering College, Architecture Department, Salt, Jordan,
Published: December 2022

The study investigates the current Urban Agriculture (UA) initiatives in Jordan on multiple spatial typology scales, addressing their different stakeholders and identifying the produced crops compared to their sufficiency level across the country, which is crucial to understanding the role of Urban agriculture in achieving food security and sufficiency in Jordan. The study is based on extensive desk research covering around 105 sources to identify the crucial dimensions of Urban agriculture. The study uses diagrammatic representations to analyze these dimensions and stimulate discussions through interviews conducted later with 12 key members. The study also uses thematic analysis to generate relevant themes that target Urban agriculture's main issues and opportunities in Jordan. The study discusses the levels of integration and continuity between the different Urban agriculture scales to achieve food security, the reasons for such distribution and spread, provided opportunities and faced challenges, as well as the key factors that resulted in success or failure along with the potential risks facing Urban agriculture in Jordan. Four themes were identified as a result of the interpretations of these discussions covering the needs and sufficiency, ownership, coordination between stakeholders, and the nature of products. The study addresses the main aspects, problems, and opportunities related to Urban agriculture in Jordan and integration between scales, stakeholders, and crops and provides recommendations for the key stakeholders on how to emphasize their contribution to the required level of Urban agriculture to achieve sufficiency and ensure local food security as an outcome. The study also provides a standing point to stimulate further research in these areas.
TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS IN THE ROMANIAN SPACE. CASE STUDY OLCEA MUNICIPALITY, BIHOR COUNTY ROMANIA
Authors:   School No. 2, Călacea, Bihor County, Romania, ILE Marius , HERMAN Grigore Vasile ,   University of Oradea, Faculty of Geography, Tourism and Sport, Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning, 1 Universitatii Street, 410087, Oradea, Romania, HERMAN Mariana Laura ,   Iosif Vulcan National College, 3 Jean Calvin Street, Oradea, Romania, ILE Cristina Marina ,   School No. 2, Călacea, Bihor County, Romania
Published: December 2022

From the appearance of man on Earth until now, his most important concern has been (and is) to understand the world. A decisive role in this sense is played by culture, which represents the specific way of human existence. The curiosity of the spirit, the thirst to learn and understand makes this heritage to be passed on from one generation to another, to live it as a new experience, according to one's own possibilities, but at the same time to be passed on as a heritage to the new ones generations. In this context, the purpose of this study is to share with the whole world the cultural aspects specific to the Olcea Commune area, aspects that characterize us as a community. The present research aims to discover some of these aspects (a legacy embodied in myths, ceremonies, songs and charms, in the notches made on the wood of agricultural tools, etc.), in order to pass them on to the next generations. Thus, the obtained results highlighted and outlined a synthetic picture of the main traditions and customs in Olcea commune, Bihor county, Romania.
Environmental, biological and social factors contributing to new rises in COVID-19 morbidity in Russia
Authors: Sizikova T. E. , Lebedev V. N. , Borisevich S. V.
Published: December 2022

Morbidity surveys in certain regions during the COVID-19 pandemic have established that the infection spreads in a wave-like manner characterised with peaks and troughs in incidence. According to the analysis of COVID-19 epidemic development in Russia, surges in COVID-19 infections are mainly driven by seasonal factors, insufficient herd immunity, and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with increased transmissibility. The aim of the study was to analyse environmental, biological and social factors contributing to new rises in COVID-19 cases in Russia. The study covers the global epidemiological situation as of mid-2022 and the role of environmental, biological, and social factors in the spread of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation. The results suggest that new highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 variants and seasonality are the principal factors driving new rises in morbidity. The authors assume that the sixth and the seventh COVID-19 waves in Russia will be in line with the best case scenario, which predicts the spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with increased transmissibility and reduced virulence.
Preclinical studies of antiviral activity of the RPH-137 fusion protein and molnupiravir against COVID-19
Authors: Shipaeva E. V. , Filon O. V. , Zintchenko A. V. , Shipunov G. A. , Dmitrieva A. A. , Lemak M. S. , Grishin S. A. , Trofimets E. I. , Kryshen K. L. , Kozlovskaya L. I. , Lunin A. S. , Apolokhov V. D. , Barbashov S. F. , Lavrovsky Ya. V. , Samsonov M. Yu.
Published: December 2022

Finding effective and safe medicines to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection is an urgent task. RPH-137 is an original trap fusion protein against SARS-CoV-2 virus. It comprises the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 extracellular domain and the human IgG1 Fc fragment.

The aim of the study was to carry out a preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of RPH-137 and molnupiravir against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Materials and methods: the authors analysed RPH-137 expressed in a stable CHO cell line and molnupiravir used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Drug-mediated inhibition of virus-induced cytotoxicity was assessed in Vero cell culture. In vivo efficacy assessments were performed in Syrian hamsters. The animals were infected intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 (PIK35 clinical isolate) in the dose of 5 log TCID50. The authors evaluated body weight measurements, lung–body weight ratios, and lung histopathology findings and determined viral RNA levels in oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR using the amplification cycle threshold (Ct). The statistical analyses involved one- and two-way ANOVA, Student's t-test, and Mann–Whitney test.

Results: RPH-137 and molnupiravir inhibited the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells; the EC50 values of RPH-137 amounted to 4.69 μg/mL (21.3 nM) and 16.24 μg/mL (73.8 nM) for 50 TCID50 and 200 TCID50, respectively, whereas the EC50 values of molnupiravir were 0.63 μg/mL (1900 nM) for both doses. Intramuscular RPH-137 (30 and 80 mg/kg) had no effect on the infection process in Syrian hamsters. The comparison with the challenge control group showed that intraperitoneal RPH-137 (100 mg/kg) had statistically significant effects on a number of parameters, including a 27% reduction in inflammation and a 30% reduction in the total lesion area of the lungs by Day 7. Intragastric molnupiravir (300 mg/kg twice daily) significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Conclusions: both RPH-137 and molnupiravir inhibited the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells. In Syrian hamsters, molnupiravir demonstrated a more pronounced inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection than RPH-137. However, RPH-137 had statistically significant effects on a range of parameters. This offers additional perspectives for further research.
Levilimab clinical efficacy for interleukin-6 receptor inhibition in COVID-19 and its potential for treating cytokine release syndrome of other aetiologies
Authors: Lomakin N. V. , Bakirov B. A. , Musaev G. H. , Popov V. V. , Smolyarchuk E. A. , Linkova Yu. N. , Bogdan D. V. , Eremeeva A. V. , Pukhtinskaia P. S. , Morozova M. A. , Zinkina-Orikhan A. V. , Lutckii A. A.
Published: December 2022

The COVID-19 mortality is associated with an increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Levilimab is an anti–IL-6 receptor antibody with proven clinical efficacy in patients with severe COVID-19.

The aim of the study was to assess the association of COVID-19 severity and levilimab effectiveness with IL-6 levels and to explore the potential for using levilimab in other conditions accompanied by cytokine release syndrome.

Materials and methods: the subgroup analysis was based on the data of COVID patients with known baseline IL-6 levels from the CORONA clinical study. Subgroups were formed according to baseline IL-6 levels: ≤5 pg/mL (normal) and >5 pg/mL (elevated). The subgroup analysis included descriptive statistics of the patients and time courses of their clinical and laboratory findings (at screening, on the day of investigational product administration, and further until day 14). In order to compare the percentages of patients who had required rescue therapy, the authors used Fisher's exact test.

Results: the subgroup analysis included 91 patients (47 from the levilimab group and 44 from the placebo group). At baseline, the authors observed elevated levels of IL-6 in 31/47 (66%) subjects in the levilimab group and 29/44 (48.4%) subjects in the placebo group. The subjects with elevated IL-6 demonstrated more pronounced clinical signs of pneumonia and abnormalities in inflammatory markers. Elevated baseline IL-6 levels were associated with the need for rescue therapy (OR=3.714; 95% CI: 1.317–9.747; p=0.0183); this association was stronger in the placebo group (OR=8.889; 95% CI: 2.098–33.31; p=0.0036). Also, the placebo group showed long-term abnormalities in the clinical and laboratory findings.

Conclusions: IL-6 is one of the key elements in the pathogenesis of cytokine release syndrome related to COVID-19 and other conditions. Elevated IL-6 levels are associated with the severity of COVID-19. Inhibition of IL-6 receptors by levilimab leads to clinical improvement in patients with severe COVID-19, suggesting the effectiveness of levilimab in pathogenesis-oriented therapy for cytokine release syndrome of other aetiologies.
La vieja y la nueva filosofía andina. Una crítica a Josef Estermann
Authors: Hernández Soto Javier Eduardo
Published: December 2022

La posmodernidad apertura nuevas fuentes discursivas que tienden a relativizar las áreas del conocimiento filosófico. Es el caso de la filosofía andina, duramente cuestionada en su génesis y desarrollo. Frente a esta coyuntura surgen diversas posturas sobre la temática en mención, siendo la de Josef Estermann la más destacada, caracterizada por intentar desprenderse del eurocentrismo y perspectivas coloniales instauradas por la tradición canónica. A pesar de lo anterior, la obra de Estermann (Filosofía Andina. Estudio intercultural de la sabiduría autóctona andina), se apoya en categorías criticables como: metafísica, humanismo e hiperbolización de la filosofía; por tal razón, su proyecto es un intento de insertar viejos cánones en un proyecto intercultural contemporáneo. Por tal motivo, la presente investigación considera la necesidad de postular un segundo sentido o perspectiva de la filosofía andina, un sentido que enfatiza la interpretación de todas las creaciones espirituales del hombre andino, en otras palabras, que no atiende a la cultura andina misma, como sugiere Estermann, sino a la mirada filosófica que se lanza sobre ella, dando como resultado una interpretación y no un intento de encarnación de los runas. Así, este nuevo sentido incluye perfiles, genealogías y alcances que permiten evaluar las posibilidades de su desarrollo y futuro en general.
Vacunagate: ¿Era posible justificar moralmente el caso peruano?
Authors: Ibáñez Franklin , Suarez Pyro
Published: December 2022

El artículo analiza el Vacunagate: escándalo suscitado en el Perú a inicios de 2021 por la inoculación de la vacuna Sinopharm cuando aún se encontraba en fase experimental. Se analiza la moralidad del caso para iluminar la discusión pública sobre políticas de conducción y supervisión de ensayos clínicos en un contexto de pandemia. Se evalúa si eran moralmente justificables dos acciones: primero, la utilización de la candidata a vacuna por fuera de un ensayo clínico y, segundo, priorizar algunos grupos en aquella inusual inoculación. Tales grupos son (i) el personal de investigación del ensayo clínico, (ii) los funcionarios de la salud pública que dirigían la lucha contra la pandemia, (iii) el entorno humano inmediato de los dos grupos anteriores y (iv) otros. El artículo corresponde a la ética aplicada por lo que sigue su metodología: se define el marco moral o filosófico que, luego, se aplica al caso en cuestión. Aquel marco ético para el análisis lo constituyen dos tipos de principios morales: democráticos y utilitaristas. Primero, se abordan dos principios comunes a las democracias contemporáneas: el igual valor de los seres humanos y la necesaria deliberación pública sobre asuntos de interés común. Segundo, y sin contradecir aquellos principios democráticos, se evalúan las acciones bajo la aplicación de un razonamiento utilitarista. Finalmente, con base en la guía MEURI de la OMS y en el marco ético señalado, se describen las condiciones faltantes bajo las cuáles ambas acciones pudieron haber sido moralmente justificables.
“An Imperial Stride”: Two Hundred and Thirty Years of Transforming a Metaphor
Authors: Rossomakhin Andrey , Uspensky Vasily
Published: December 2022

This research traces the evolution and transformation of the metaphor of the “Imperial Step,” which signifies the expansionist ambitions of Russia’s Imperial, Soviet and Post-Soviet rulers from Catherine the Great to Vladimir Putin as expressed in caricatures and satirical cartoons appearing predominantly in Britain, France, and Germany. Following in chronological order, each section is devoted to the discussion of a pertinent example of the Imperial Step beginning with late 18th century British caricature satirizing Catherine the Great in the context of her “Greek Project” and concluding with a contemporary caricature with Putin as the principal protagonist.
Boris Efimov’s Early Soviet Drawings and the Hazards of Political Caricature
Authors: Goodwin James
Published: December 2022

The subject of this article is the evolution of Soviet political caricature as reflected in the work of artist Boris Efimov. The article focuses on the post-revolutionary period of Efimov’s career up to the eve of World War II, with particular attention to changes in his work following Stalin’s consolidation of dictatorial power by the early 1930s. While examining the nature of several key political caricatures by Efimov of the 1920s and 1930s, the article also considers the political context and circumstances surrounding Efimov’s work, especially the dramatic reversal of the official Communist Party attitude toward one of the Revolution’s principal leaders and heroes, Lev Trotsky. Based mainly on testimony in Efimov’s later memoirs, as well as two contemporaneous reviews of Efimov’s work by Trotsky and critic Viacheslav Polonsky, the article aims to demonstrate how political expediency compelled Efimov, who had received the support and patronage of these two influential figures, to alter both the content and style of his political caricatures for the purpose of attacking new imaginary enemies in Stalin’s Russia.
Criteria and model of choosing a surveillance equipment
Authors: Petrenko Yuri , Korolkov Ihor
Published: December 2022

Problem. The relevance of the work is to increase the efficiency of security in Ukraine based on the development of computer technology for the selection of surveillance equipment for the enterprise, which will improve the quality of camera selection and increase productivity in security sphere. Goal. The aim is development of computer technology for video surveillance systems, which will reduce the cost and time required to choose a video camera by developing mathematical models for choosing video cameras. The object of research is the process of selecting the elements of the video surveillance system. The subject of research is the model of selection of elements of the video surveillance system. Methodology. This work gives the analysis of the development of surveillance systems in Ukraine, theoretical material on video cameras, substantiates the criteria for the selection of cameras, develops mathematical model for the selection of surveillance equipment. Results. The developed criteria and mathematical model of an video camera selection allow making scientifically substantiated decisions on the acquisition of a camera by an enterprise according to many criteria. This will reduce the time and cost of making a decision. Originality. Further development of making decision methods was made according to many criteria and the mathematical model of the surveillance equipment selection was developed. Practical value. The proposed mathematical model will allow the development of computer technology for the selection of video cameras for the enterprise. This will reduce the time and money to choose surveillance equipment.
Synthesis of the system for controlling the distance between vehicles
Authors: Binkovska Anzhela
Published: December 2022

Problem. In conditions of high traffic intensity, it often happens that shortly after turning on the car's speed control mode, the driver has to brake in order to maintain a distance from other road users moving at variable speeds. The work analyzed the remote control system, considered the remote control system and car control, considered the sensors of the automatic control system, selected the control law, analyzed the control object, the structural diagram of the distance. A control system was developed and the transfer coefficient of the control law was determined. Goal. As a result of the analysis, the goal of the study was highlighted: to conduct a synthesis of the remote control system. Methodology. The main method of solving this problem is the study of the differential equations of the control system and the selection of optimal controller parameters that ensure the necessary quality of the transition process. Results. The result of the study is: a two-circuit distance control system, containing the circuits for regulating the engine rotation speed and the distance to the car driving ahead which meets the requirements of the task, if the P-regulator is used in the speed control circuit, and a PD-regulator is used in the remote control circuit. Originality. The originality lies in the fact that the introduction of the distance maintenance function into the car's speed control system contributes to a comfortable ride and reduces the likelihood of a stressful situation. Practical value. The use of the proposed results indicate the possibility of developing an automatic distance control system with specified quality parameters.
Method, Model and Information Technology for Determining the Value of Measurement Infor-mation in The Interests of Safety of Technical Objects
Authors: Poliarus Oleksandr , Lebedynskyi Andrii , Chepusenko Yevheniy
Published: December 2022

Problem. Extending the service life of technical objects is inextricably linked to the safety of their operation and impact on the environment. The decision should be made based on the analysis of information received from many sensors of different types. Goal. The goal is creating method, model and information technology for determining the value of measurement information in the interests of security of technical objects. Methodology. Solution of the set tasks involved application of the mathematical analysis, decision theory, metrology, theory of signal detection etc. Originality. The article presents a method of determining the value of measurement information for the safety of bridge structures, which is based on the theory of statistical solutions. Results. It has been proven that when developing information technologies on large bridges and other similar technical objects, it is necessary, on the one hand, to meet safety conditions, to minimize the average risk and, on the other hand, to choose information whose value exceeds a certain permissible threshold, which is different for bridge structures and depends on its equipment with sensors, the information technologies that will be used, and on many other factors that are characteristic of the bridge and its operating conditions. Practical value. The method, model and information technology developed for the bridge structure can be applied to other technical objects as well.
Research of Oscillation Processes of a Mobile Lift Working Platform
Authors: Kyrychenko Igor , Reznikov Olexsandr , Chernikov Olexsand , Olexsand Anton
Published: December 2022

Problem. The work is a continuation of research in the field of studying the regularities of the functioning of mobile lifts with working platforms (MLWP), determining the kinematic characteristics of the equipment during the execution of certain technological operations and their influence on oscillatory processes. Goal. The main goal of this work is to compare the results of research performed on computer models and on a full-scale model of the machine. Methodology. The purpose of this work was to develop a suitable computer model of MLWP and investigate the influence of the parameters of the mobile lift and the features of the machine's work process on the oscillatory processes, as well as to compare these results with experimental data obtained on bench equipment. One of the solved problems is the development of a computer model of MLWP, which allows to adequately simulate the load modes of the machine and conduct research on the influence of the operating modes on the oscillatory phenomena observed during the execution of technological processes. Results. Also, the developed model will be useful in determining the reach zones of the selected equipment during installation work in the time of construction or maintenance of buildings, when performing tasks in the communal economy, servicing infrastructure objects of road construction, etc. Originality. The paper proposes a possible way of researching the influence of the parameters of the mobile lift and the features of the management of the working equipment on the kinematic and power characteristics that determine the oscillating processes in metal structures during technological operations. Practical value. The developed computer model and the comparison of the results obtained with its help with experimental data obtained on bench equipment make it possible to predict load modes in the process of designing machines of a similar design.
The potential of bilingualism in teaching foreign languages in universities
Authors: Saienko Nataliia , Sozykina Ganna , Kovalenko Alina
Published: December 2022

Problem. Psycholinguistic studies of recent years point to the need to rethink the meaning of bilingualism for learning foreign languages, since the common assumption that learning only a foreign language is the most effective way to master another language is not supported by any data. There are studies in which, on the one hand, such an approach is increasingly criticized, on the other hand, alternative approaches based on the idea of bilingualism are proposed. Goal. To trace the evolution of views on the use of the mother tongue during foreign language learning, to identify the advantages of bilingualism, to characterize some methods of using the mother tongue in foreign language training of students, to describe the experience of using parallel translation while teaching English to university students. Methodology. Learning a foreign language is effective only under the condition of comprehensible input material, without which productive output is impossible. Hence there is the growing interest in educational bilingualism, which is considered as the functioning of two linguistic and cultural codes in the mind of an individual. Teachers of foreign languages should have at their disposal proven methods of rational use of bilingualism and the possibility to choose which of them will contribute to the achievement of educational goals in a specific audience and its cultural context. Translation plays a crucial role in the process of understanding another language. An example of using translation into a mother tongue is a parallel text as a text in one language together with its translation into another language. The design of grammar and vocabulary courses using parallel translation, in which the vocabulary to the texts and the texts themselves were placed on the screen in parallel with the translation and then voiced, proves its convenience and effectiveness in learning the language in a distance format. Results. Own videos were developed for teaching grammar, as well as for mastering vocabulary of a socio-cultural nature. Students could work with the videos at a pace convenient for them, listen to them as many times as they needed in order to feel confident at the lesson. During the class, students performed grammatical and lexical tasks based on the material acquired on their own and were ready for a discussion on various problems of an applied and evaluative nature. Originality. Parallel translation was widely used in the design of the videos. The vocabulary of the texts and the texts themselves were placed on the screen in parallel with the translation. The material was voiced by the speaker, worked out by the students using the drilling method with subsequent use in exercises of a productive nature. Practical value. The design of the courses using parallel translation proves its convenience and effectiveness in learning the language in a distance format. The videos are posted on the YouTube platform and are available for listening at any time and in any place.