bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the reverse select and ultimate mortality experience of UK ill-health retirement occupational pension scheme members
Authors: Hall Mary , Daly Linda
Published: August 2016

Retirements from the workforce can be split between those who are forced to retire early specifically for health reasons referred to as ill-health retirements and all other retirements referred to as normal-health retirements. Rates of ill-health retirement increase with age and are higher for females than males. Consequently, the mortality experience of ill-health retirement pensioners will become more important in the future as pension schemes increase their normal retirement age in line with increases in life expectancy and the proportion of women in the workforce and therefore in occupational pension schemes increases. This paper seeks to model the mortality of ill-health retirements from occupational pension schemes in the United Kingdom in the period immediately following retirement (reverse select mortality) and over the longer term (ultimate mortality) allowing for age at retirement. Females experience a longer reverse select period than males and for both males and females the improvement in mortality rates over the reverse select period is greatest at younger ages. Post the reverse select period the effect of age at retirement decreases over time with ultimate mortality rates converging by the mid-eighties for males and females.
Tuneable on-demand single-photon source in the microwave range
Authors: Peng Z. H. , de Graaf S. E. , Tsai J. S. , Astafiev O. V.
Published: August 2016

An on-demand single-photon source is a key element in a series of prospective quantum technologies and applications. Here we demonstrate the operation of a tuneable on-demand microwave photon source based on a fully controllable superconducting artificial atom strongly coupled to an open-ended transmission line. The atom emits a photon upon excitation by a short microwave π-pulse applied through a control line. The intrinsically limited device efficiency is estimated to be in the range 65–80% in a wide frequency range from 7.75 to 10.5 GHz continuously tuned by an external magnetic field. The actual demonstrated efficiency is also affected by the excited state preparation, which is about 90% in our experiments. The single-photon generation from the single-photon source is additionally confirmed by anti-bunching in the second-order correlation function. The source may have important applications in quantum communication, quantum information processing and sensing.
Probing the Spatial Organization of Molecular Complexes Using Triple-Pair-Correlation
Authors: Yin Yandong , Rothenberg Eli
Published: August 2016

Super-resolution microscopy coupled with multiplexing techniques can resolve specific spatial arrangements of different components within molecular complexes. However, reliable quantification and analysis of such specific organization is extremely problematic because it is frequently obstructed by random co-localization incidents between crowded molecular species and the intrinsic heterogeneity of molecular complexes. To address this, we present a Triple-Pair-Correlation (TPC) analysis approach for unbiased interpretation of the spatial organization of molecular assemblies in crowded three-color super-resolution (SR) images. We validate this approach using simulated data, as well as SR images of DNA replication foci in human cells. This demonstrates the applicability of TPC in deciphering the specific spatial organization of molecular complexes hidden in dense multi-color super-resolution images.
CAPS1 stabilizes the state of readily releasable synaptic vesicles to fusion competence at CA3–CA1 synapses in adult hippocampus
Authors: Shinoda Yo , Ishii Chiaki , Fukazawa Yugo , Sadakata Tetsushi , Ishii Yuki , Sano Yoshitake , Iwasato Takuji , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Furuichi Teiichi
Published: August 2016

Calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion 1 (CAPS1) regulates exocytosis of dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells and of synaptic vesicles in neurons. However, the synaptic function of CAPS1 in the mature brain is unclear because Caps1 knockout (KO) results in neonatal death. Here, using forebrain-specific Caps1 conditional KO (cKO) mice, we demonstrate, for the first time, a critical role of CAPS1 in adult synapses. The amplitude of synaptic transmission at CA3–CA1 synapses was strongly reduced and paired-pulse facilitation was significantly increased, in acute hippocampal slices from cKO mice compared with control mice, suggesting a perturbation in presynaptic function. Morphological analysis revealed an accumulation of synaptic vesicles in the presynapse without any overall morphological change. Interestingly, however, the percentage of docked vesicles was markedly decreased in the Caps1 cKO. Taken together, our findings suggest that CAPS1 stabilizes the state of readily releasable synaptic vesicles, thereby enhancing neurotransmitter release at hippocampal synapses.
Demographic comparison and population projection of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared on sugarcane at different temperatures
Authors: Peng Lu , Miao Yunxin , Hou Youming
Published: August 2016

Understanding how temperature affects fitness is important for conservation and pest management, especially in the era of global climate change. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a worldwide pest of many economically important crops. Although much is known about this pest’s life cycle, its adaptability to different temperatures is not fully understood. Here, we used age- and stage-specific life tables to investigate the effects of temperature on fitness-related traits and demographic parameters of R. ferrugineus under eight constant temperature regimens in the laboratory. The growth potential of these populations was also evaluated. The greatest longevity for males and females was 158.0 d at 24 °C and 144.5 d at 21 °C, respectively, but mean total fecundity was the highest at 27 °C. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R0) increased initially at low temperatures and then decreased. All metrics reached a maximum at 27 °C and a minimum at 36 °C. Mean generation times (T ) decreased across the temperature range with a minimum at 36 °C. Our results indicate that the optimum temperature for growth of R. ferrugineus was approximately 27 °C. Our work will be of value for developing strategies for control management of this pest species.
Spike-Threshold Variability Originated from Separatrix-Crossing in Neuronal Dynamics
Authors: Wang Longfei , Wang Hengtong , Yu Lianchun , Chen Yong
Published: August 2016

The threshold voltage for action potential generation is a key regulator of neuronal signal processing, yet the mechanism of its dynamic variation is still not well described. In this paper, we propose that threshold phenomena can be classified as parameter thresholds and state thresholds. Voltage thresholds which belong to the state threshold are determined by the ‘general separatrix’ in state space. We demonstrate that the separatrix generally exists in the state space of neuron models. The general form of separatrix was assumed as the function of both states and stimuli and the previously assumed threshold evolving equation versus time is naturally deduced from the separatrix. In terms of neuronal dynamics, the threshold voltage variation, which is affected by different stimuli, is determined by crossing the separatrix at different points in state space. We suggest that the separatrix-crossing mechanism in state space is the intrinsic dynamic mechanism for threshold voltages and post-stimulus threshold phenomena. These proposals are also systematically verified in example models, three of which have analytic separatrices and one is the classic Hodgkin-Huxley model. The separatrix-crossing framework provides an overview of the neuronal threshold and will facilitate understanding of the nature of threshold variability.
Surface thermal oxidation on titanium implants to enhance osteogenic activity and in vivo osseointegration
Authors: Wang Guifang , Li Jinhua , Lv Kaige , Zhang Wenjie , Ding Xun , Yang Guangzheng , Liu Xuanyong , Jiang Xinquan
Published: August 2016

Thermal oxidation, which serves as a low-cost, effective and relatively simple/facile method, was used to modify a micro-structured titanium surface in ambient atmosphere at 450 °C for different time periods to improve in vitro and in vivo bioactivity. The surface morphology, crystallinity of the surface layers, chemical composition and chemical states were evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cell behaviours including cell adhesion, attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were observed in vitro study. The ability of the titanium surface to promote osseointegration was evaluated in an in vivo animal model. Surface thermal oxidation on titanium implants maintained the microstructure and, thus, both slightly changed the nanoscale structure of titanium and enhanced the crystallinity of the titanium surface layer. Cells cultured on the three oxidized titanium surfaces grew well and exhibited better osteogenic activity than did the control samples. The in vivo bone-implant contact also showed enhanced osseointegration after several hours of oxidization. This heat-treated titanium enhanced the osteogenic differentiation activity of rBMMSCs and improved osseointegration in vivo, suggesting that surface thermal oxidation could potentially be used in clinical applications to improve bone-implant integration.
Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by the Ndel1-Tara complex is critical for cell migration
Authors: Hong Ji-Ho , Kwak Yongdo , Woo Youngsik , Park Cana , Lee Seol-Ae , Lee Haeryun , Park Sung Jin , Suh Yeongjun , Suh Bo Kyoung , Goo Bon Seong , Mun Dong Jin , Sanada Kamon , Nguyen Minh Dang , Park Sang Ki
Published: August 2016

Nuclear distribution element-like 1 (Ndel1) plays pivotal roles in diverse biological processes and is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. Ndel1 function by regulating microtubules and intermediate filaments; however, its functional link with the actin cytoskeleton is largely unknown. Here, we show that Ndel1 interacts with TRIO-associated repeat on actin (Tara), an actin-bundling protein, to regulate cell movement. In vitro wound healing and Boyden chamber assays revealed that Ndel1- or Tara-deficient cells were defective in cell migration. Moreover, Tara overexpression induced the accumulation of Ndel1 at the cell periphery and resulted in prominent co-localization with F-actin. This redistribution of Ndel1 was abolished by deletion of the Ndel1-interacting domain of Tara, suggesting that the altered peripheral localization of Ndel1 requires a physical interaction with Tara. Furthermore, co-expression of Ndel1 and Tara in SH-SY5Y cells caused a synergistic increase in F-actin levels and filopodia formation, suggesting that Tara facilitates cell movement by sequestering Ndel1 at peripheral structures to regulate actin remodeling. Thus, we demonstrated that Ndel1 interacts with Tara to regulate cell movement. These findings reveal a novel role of the Ndel1-Tara complex in actin reorganization during cell movement.
Distinct response of the hepatic transcriptome to Aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis and resistance in rats
Authors: Shi Jiejun , He Jiangtu , Lin Jing , Sun Xin , Sun Fenyong , Ou Chao , Jiang Cizhong
Published: August 2016

Aflatoxin is a natural potent carcinogen and a major cause of liver cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinogenesis remain largely unexplored. In this study, we profiled global gene expression in liver tissues of rats that developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) administration and those that were AFB1-resistant, as well as rats without AFB1 exposure as a control. AFB1 exposure resulted in extensive perturbation in gene expression with different functions in HCC and AFB1 resistance (AR) samples. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCC sample were enriched for cell proliferation, cell adhesion and vasculature development that largely contribute to carcinogenesis. Anti-apoptosis genes were up-regulated in HCC sample whereas apoptosis-induction genes were up-regulated in AR sample. AFB1 exposure also caused extensive alteration in expression level of lncRNAs. Among all the 4511 annotated lncRNAs, half of them were highly expressed only in HCC sample and up-regulated a group of protein-coding genes with cancer-related functions: apoptosis regulation, DNA repair and cell cycle. Intriguingly, these genes were down-regulated by lncRNAs highly expressed in AR sample. Collectively, apoptosis is the critical biological process for carcinogenesis in response to AFB1 exposure through changes in expression level of both protein-coding and lncRNA genes.
Mechanochromism triggered fluorescent color switching among polymorphs of a natural fluorescence pigment
Authors: Li Meiqi , Zhang Qi , Wang Jian-Rong , Mei Xuefeng
Published: August 2016

The solid-state study of emodin demonstrates the feasibility of building new MCL systems via controlling the solid-state transition of natural fluorescent dyes.
Electrocatalytic water oxidation by a molecular cobalt complex through a high valent cobalt oxo intermediate
Authors: Das Debasree , Pattanayak Santanu , Singh Kundan K. , Garai Bikash , Sen Gupta Sayam
Published: August 2016

Biuret-modified tetraamidomacrocyclic cobalt complex [CoIII-bTAML]− is shown to catalyze electrochemical water oxidation at basic pH leading to the formation of O2.
Under what conditions does (SiO)N nucleation occur? A bottom-up kinetic modelling evaluation
Authors: Bromley Stefan T. , Gómez Martín Juan Carlos , Plane John M. C.
Published: August 2016

Based on a set of low energy (SiO)N clusters, density functional calculations and kinetic modelling are used to determine the temperature and pressure conditions at which nucleation of silicon monoxide can occur.
A novel multi-stage microbial desalination cell for simultaneous desalination and enhanced organics and nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater
Authors: Zuo Kuichang , Liu Fubin , Ren Shiting , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Liang Peng , Huang Xia
Published: August 2016

A multistage microbial desalination cell fabricated by combining electrodialysis with an alternating anaerobic/oxic process realized simultaneous desalination and enhanced organics/nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater.
Structures, preparation and applications of titanium suboxides
Authors: Xu Baoqiang , Sohn Hong Yong , Mohassab Yousef , Lan Yuanpei
Published: August 2016

The crystal structure, physical and chemical properties, preparation methods and applications of titanium suboxides (TinO2n−1,n= integer greater than one) have recently attracted tremendous attention.
The superior performance of a Pt catalyst supported on nanoporous SiC–C composites for liquid-phase selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Yao Ruihua , Li Junrui , Wu Peng , Li Xiaohong
Published: August 2016

The Pt/SiC–C catalyst: active, selective (80% selectivity to unsaturated alcohol) and reusable for liquid-phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde at room temperature.
Investigation on the photoconductivity of polyoxometalates
Authors: Li Na , Fang Shuna , Sun Zhixia , Liu Ran , Xu Lin
Published: August 2016

The Keggin-type tungsten-series polyoxometalates photoconductivities and gas sensing performance for ethanol.
An inherently flame-retardant polyamide containing a phosphorus pendent group prepared by interfacial polymerization
Authors: Ge Hua , Wang Wei , Pan Ying , Yu Xiaojuan , Hu Weizhao , Hu Yuan
Published: August 2016

Inherent flame retardation has the advantage that it will allow polymers to impart the flame retardancy permanently, and the introduction of a few weight percent of the flame retardant unit can lead to improvements in the overall flame retardancy.
Thermal decomposition and combustion of cocrystals of CL-20 and linear nitramines
Authors: Sinditskii V. P. , Chernyi A. N. , Yurova S. Yu. , Vasileva A. A. , Dashko D. V. , Astrat'ev A. A.
Published: August 2016

Cocrystals of CL-20/nitramine decompose into components at the melting point. Subsequent evaporation of nitramine leaves CL-20 in the amorphous state. The lack of the crystal lattice results in an increased decomposition rate of CL-20.
The effect of temperature on the aggregation kinetics of partially bare gold nanoparticles
Authors: Dutta Anushree , Paul Anumita , Chattopadhyay Arun
Published: August 2016

Temperature dependent aggregation reaction of partially bare gold nanoparticles showed a first order kinetics and prevalence of reaction limited colloidal aggregation with an activation energy equal to 36.2 ± 3.0 kJ mol−1.
Identification of marcasite in pyrite FeS2 thin films and the films' carrier transport characteristics
Authors: Kim Juran , Kim Gee Yeong , Moon Hankyoul , Yoon Seokhyun , Seo Il Wan , Lee Yunsang , Moon Dong Gwon , Ahn SeJin , Jo William
Published: August 2016

400 °C is optimal sulfurization temperature for pure pyrite FeS2 thin film, expecting better performance as light-absorber.
Green, simple and large scale synthesis of N-doped graphene quantum dots with uniform edge groups by electrochemical bottom-up synthesis
Authors: Tian Linfan , Yang Siwei , Yang Yucheng , Li Jipeng , Deng Yuan , Tian Suyun , He Peng , Ding Guqiao , Xie Xiaoming , Wang Zhongyang
Published: August 2016

An electrochemical bottom-up synthesis of N-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) with large amount of well-defined edge groups was developed for the first time. The exclusive edge group of the obtained N-GQDs is –NH2 results in the excitation wavelength independence behavior.
Magnetic solvent-free nanofluid based on Fe3O4/polyaniline nanoparticles and its adjustable electric conductivity
Authors: Bai HaiPeng , Zheng YaPing , Wang TianYu , Peng NingKun
Published: August 2016

For the first time, we have reported a magnetic, solvent-free nanofluid based on Fe3O4/polyaniline and studied its electrical conductivity.
Highly conductive PEDOT:PSS and graphene oxide hybrid film from a dipping treatment with hydroiodic acid for organic light emitting diodes
Authors: Wu Xinkai , Lian Lu , Yang Shuai , He Gufeng
Published: August 2016

Using a simple and low temperature dipping treatment in HI solution, a highly conductive and transparent PEDOT:PSS:GO hybrid film is obtained.
Variant Anatomy of the Nasal and Labial Branches of the Infraorbital Nerve
Authors: Nderitu JosephMunyiri , Butt Fawzia , Saidi Hassan
Published: August 2016

Comprehensive understanding of the variations in the branches of the infraorbital nerve (ION) is vital to the prevention of iatrogenic nerve injury and successful ION blockade during orbitozygomatic facial procedures. Only a few studies exist on the variant anatomy of the branching patterns of this nerve. This article provides a detailed description of the variations of the nasal and superior labial branches of the ION. This study was performed on 84 IONs by dissecting 42 formalin-fixed cadavers from the Laboratory of Topographic Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi. The branches were exposed at their origin and followed to their termination. The findings included variant emergence patterns, anomalous course, and absence as well as extra branches. It was noted that the external nasal nerve was absent in 34.53% cases. There were common trunks between the internal and external nasal nerves and cases of communication between branches of these nerves were also noted. Accessory superior labial nerves were present in 9.52% of the nerves. This detailed study reveals additional variations in the emergence and branching pattern of the ION. Caution is imperative during orbitozygomatic facial surgery to prevent injury to these branches. These variations also underlie the lack of response to surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia and also the need for a filtration to achieve full anesthesia after ION block. In addition, the extra branches identified raise the prospects of using these nerves for grafting purposes if their precise patterns are determined.
Identification of bacteria from aquatic animals
Authors: Buller Nicky , Hair Sam
Published: August 2016

A wide range of aquatic animal species are cultured for human consumption, the fashion industry, research purposes or re-stocking natural populations. Each host species may be colonised by bacterial saprophytes or infected with pathogens that have specific growth requirements encompassing temperature, salinity, trace elements or ions. To ensure successful culture and identification of potential pathogens, the microbiologist must have in-depth knowledge of these growth requirements and access to the appropriate resources. Identification techniques include traditional culture and biochemical identification methods modified to take into account any growth requirements, identification using mass spectrometry, detection of nucleic acids, sequencing 16S rRNA or specific genes, and whole genome sequencing.
Gonadal and Adrenal Disorders
Authors: Shah Pankaj
Published: August 2016

Adrenocortical failure most commonly is due to a decrease in production of 1 or more adrenal hormones. Clinically relevant deficiencies may involve cortisol or aldosterone or a combination of both. Decreased production of adrenocortical hormones may be a consequence of adrenocortical disease (primary failure) or tropic hormone loss (secondary failure).
Lipid Disorders
Authors: Kapoor Ekta
Published: August 2016

Lipid disorders result from genetic abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism, other medical conditions (eg, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism, and excessive alcohol use), and the use of certain drugs (corticosteroids and immunosuppressants The most common disorders in this group are the disorders of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which often lead to premature atherosclerosis in patients and their family members.
Geriatrics
Authors: Tung Ericka E.
Published: August 2016

The overarching goal of the geriatric assessment is to develop a holistic understanding of the older patient as a means to identify emerging problems and individual capabilities. This information guides treatment, care coordination, and evaluation of long-term care needs. Assessment of the older adult requires a multifaceted approach encompassing physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains.
Central Nervous System Infections
Authors: Tosh Pritish K. , Sohail M. Rizwan
Published: August 2016

Thrombophilia refers to the tendency for thromboembolism (ie, having risk factors for thromboembolism), which may be inherited or acquired. The presence of increasing numbers of risk factors further increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti–β‎2-glycoprotein I antibodies) and hyperhomocysteinemia are risk factors not only for VTE but also for arterial thrombosis.
Immunocompromised Hosts and Microorganism-Specific Syndromes
Authors: Tosh Pritish K. , Sohail M. Rizwan
Published: August 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted sexually, perinatally, through parenteral inoculation (eg, intravenous drug injection, occupational exposure), through blood products, and, less commonly, through donated organs or semen. Sexual transmission is the most common means of infection. Conditions that may increase the risk of sexually acquiring HIV infection include traumatic intercourse (ie, receptive anal), ulcerative genital infections (including syphilis, herpes simplex, and chancroid), and lack of male circumcision. The proper use of latex condoms substantially reduces the risk of HIV transmission.
Sexually Transmitted, Urinary Tract, and Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Authors: Sohail M. Rizwan
Published: August 2016

Influenza causes annual, seasonal epidemics that lead to tens of thousands of deaths each year in the United States. Two influenza A strains (H3N2 and H1N1) and 1 or 2 influenza B strains typically circulate during winter months and undergo minor antigenic mutations (antigenic drift) resulting in annual seasonal epidemics. Influenza pandemics occur more rarely (every 20-30 years) and are the result of major antigenic changes (antigenic shift) leading to large numbers of infections due to low levels of population immunity. In seasonal epidemics, 80% to 90% of deaths due to influenza occur in persons older than 65 years.
Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Schinstock Carrie A.
Published: August 2016

The term acute kidney injury (AKI) has replaced acute renal failure in contemporary medical literature. AKI denotes a rapid deterioration of kidney function within hours to weeks, resulting in the accumulation of nitrogenous metabolites in addition to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances. The definition of AKI was refined to a 3-stage definition, with criteria for stage 1 as follows: 1) an absolute increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by at least 0.3 mg/dL from baseline within 48 hours; or 2) a relative increase in SCr to at least 1.5 times baseline within the past 7 days; or 3) urine output decreased to less than 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours.
Substance Use Disorders, Personality Disorders, and Eating Disorders
Authors: Palmer Brian A.
Published: August 2016

Psychosis is a generic term used to describe altered thought and behavior in which the patient is incapable of interpreting his or her situation rationally and accurately. Psychotic symptoms can occur in various medical, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders. Many psychotic reactions seen in medical settings are associated with the use of recreational or prescription drugs. Some of these drug-induced psychotic reactions are nearly indistinguishable from schizophrenia in terms of hallucinations and paranoid delusions.
Terminal care of the dying patient, supporting their family and ethical considerations
Authors: Burke Katharine , Noble Simon , Wee Bee , Noble Bill
Published: August 2016

This chapter is concerned with the management of the dying patient at the very end of life and we include some objectives and knowledge set out in the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Module 8 Management of the dying patient. Consent and ethical issues in patients certified DNAR (do not attempt resuscitation) are discussed and paragraphs on recognizing dying and terminal care are set together with consideration of how to communicate with the terminally ill patient and their relatives appropriately and with empathy. You will see at the beginning of some paragraphs, references to e-ELCA, an on-line learning resource for all healthcare professionals involved in care at the end of life, free to those who work in the UK. www.e-elca.org.uk
Semantic dementia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Semantic dementia from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Recurring utterances
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Recurring utterances from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Introduction to dysarthria
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Introduction to dysarthria from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Dystonic dysarthria
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Dystonic dysarthria from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Parkinsonian dysarthria
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Parkinsonian dysarthria from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Parkinsonian speech
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Parkinsonian speech from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Anterior opercular syndrome
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Anterior opercular syndrome from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Pure alexia (alexia without agraphia)
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Pure alexia (alexia without agraphia) from the Higher Functions section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Holmes’ tremor
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Holmes’ tremor from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Anterocollis
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Anterocollis from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Writer’s cramp
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Writer’s cramp from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Jaw dystonia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Jaw dystonia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Striatal toe
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Striatal toe from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Generalized chorea
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Generalized chorea from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Athetosis
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Athetosis from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Hemiballismus
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Hemiballismus from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Face
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Face from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Apraxia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Apraxia from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Diphasic effects
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Diphasic effects from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Parkinsonism in children
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Parkinsonism in children from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Paroxysmal movement disorders
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Paroxysmal movement disorders from the Movement Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Square wave jerks
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Square wave jerks from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Opsoclonus
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Opsoclonus from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Ocular motor apraxia
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Ocular motor apraxia from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Trochlear (IVth) nerve palsy
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Trochlear (IVth) nerve palsy from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Abducens (VIth) nerve palsy
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Abducens (VIth) nerve palsy from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Introduction to Supranuclear disorders
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Introduction to Supranuclear disorders from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Disorders of the neuromuscular junction
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Disorders of the neuromuscular junction from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Pendular nystagmus
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Pendular nystagmus from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Hemifacial spasm
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Hemifacial spasm from the Head and Neck section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Jaw jerk
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Jaw jerk from the Reflexes section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Gait in chorea
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Gait in chorea from the Gait section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Cerebellar ataxic gait
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Cerebellar ataxic gait from the Cerebellar Disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Spastic dysarthria
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Spastic dysarthria from the Upper Motor Neuron disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Spasticity
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Spasticity from the Upper Motor Neuron disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Inverted supinator reflex
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Inverted supinator reflex from the Upper Motor Neuron disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Clonus
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Clonus from the Upper Motor Neuron disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Plexopathies
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Plexopathies from the Lower Motor Neuron / Muscle disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Peripheral neuropathies
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Peripheral neuropathies from the Lower Motor Neuron / Muscle disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Mononeuropathies
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Mononeuropathies from the Lower Motor Neuron / Muscle disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Myopathies and dystrophies
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J.
Published: August 2016

This is a chapter on Myopathies and dystrophies from the Lower Motor Neuron / Muscle disorders section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Genetic correlations among psychiatric and immune-related phenotypes based on genome-wide association data
Authors: Tylee Daniel S. , Sun Jiayin , Hess Jonathan L. , Tahir Muhammad A. , Sharma Esha , Malik Rainer , Worrall Bradford B. , Levine Andrew J. , Martinson Jeremy J. , Nejentsev Sergey , Speed Doug , Fischer Annegret , Mick Eric , Walker Brian R. , Crawford Andrew , Grant Struan F.A. , Polychronakos Constantin , Bradfield Jonathan P. , Sleiman Patrick M. A. , Hakonarson Hakon , Ellinghaus Eva , Elder James T. , Tsoi Lam C. , Trembath Richard C. , Barker Jonathan N. , Franke Andre , Dehghan Abbas ,   The 23andMe Research Team,   The Inflammation Working Group of the CHARGE Consortium, The METASTROKE Consortium of the International Stroke Genetics Consortium, The Netherlands Twin Registry, The neuroCHARGE Working Group, The Eating Disorders Working Groups of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, The Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Tourette Syndrome Working Group, Faraone Stephen V. , Glatt Stephen J.
Published: August 2016

Individuals with psychiatric disorders have elevated rates of autoimmune comorbidity and altered immune signaling. It is unclear whether these altered immunological states have a shared genetic basis with those psychiatric disorders. The present study sought to use existing summary-level data from previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to determine if commonly varying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are shared between psychiatric and immune-related phenotypes. We estimated heritability and examined pair-wise genetic correlations using the linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and heritability estimation from summary statistics (HESS) methods. Using LDSC, we observed significant genetic correlations between immune-related disorders and several psychiatric disorders, including anorexia nervosa, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, smoking behavior, and Tourette syndrome. Loci significantly mediating genetic correlations were identified for schizophrenia when analytically paired with Crohn’s disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ulcerative colitis. We report significantly correlated loci and highlight those containing genome-wide associations and candidate genes for respective disorders. We also used the LDSC method to characterize genetic correlations amongst the immune-related phenotypes. We discuss our findings in the context of relevant genetic and epidemiological literature, as well as the limitations and caveats of the study.
Carrier concentration dependence of structural disorder in thermoelectric Sn1−xTe
Authors: Sist Mattia , Jensen Hedegaard Ellen Marie , Christensen Sebastian , Bindzus Niels , Fischer Karl Frederik Færch , Kasai Hidetaka , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Brummerstedt Iversen Bo
Published: August 2016

SnTe is a promising thermoelectric and topological insulator material. Here, the presumably simple rock salt crystal structure of SnTe is studied comprehensively by means of high-resolution synchrotron single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction from 20 to 800 K. Two samples with different carrier concentrations (sampleA= high, sampleB= low) have remarkably different atomic displacement parameters, especially at low temperatures. Both samples contain significant numbers of cation vacancies (1–2%) and ordering of Sn vacancies possibly occurs on warming, as corroborated by the appearance of multiple phases and strain above 400 K. The possible presence of disorder and anharmonicity is investigated in view of the low thermal conductivity of SnTe. Refinement of anharmonic Gram–Charlier parameters reveals marginal anharmonicity for sampleA, whereas sampleBexhibits anharmonic effects even at low temperature. For both samples, no indications are found of a low-temperature rhombohedral phase. Maximum entropy method (MEM) calculations are carried out, including nuclear-weighted X-ray MEM calculations (NXMEM). The atomic electron densities are spherical for sampleA, whereas for sampleBthe Te electron density is elongated along the 〈100〉 direction, with the maximum being displaced from the lattice position at higher temperatures. Overall, the crystal structure of SnTe is found to be defective and sample-dependent, and therefore theoretical calculations of perfect rock salt structures are not expected to predict the properties of real materials.
Differential leadership, team conflict and new product development performance
Authors: Zhou Jianming , Liu Shuo , Zhang Xinsheng , Chen Ming
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of native Chinese R&D team directors’ differential leadership on team performance, so as to understand whether and how the directors’ differential leadership impacts team conflict, whether and how team conflict impacts new product development performance of the R&D team and whether team conflict plays full mediation on the relationship between directors’ differential leadership and new product development performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review on differential leadership and team conflict provided the model and hypothesis. Two-wave data collected from 103 directors and 344 subordinates from 103 R&D teams of high-tech enterprises from China’s Pearl River Delta Area were used as empirical study samples. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the model and hypothesis.

Findings

First, the team director’s differential leadership would cause significant team relationship conflict and team task conflict in the R&D team. Second, team relationship conflict and team task conflict would produce significantly bad new product development performance in the R&D team. Third, team relationship conflict would significantly mediate the relationship between the team director’s differential leadership and the team’s new product development performance.

Research limitations/implications

To yield broader conclusions and to show to that the results can be replicated in other areas or in other types of organizations, further empirical research should expand the sampling by choosing high-tech enterprises from Beijing and Shanghai that have strong innovative abilities. Moreover, to extend the differential leadership theory, few more related variables of consequences, such as team communication, team cooperation and team knowledge share, should be included in future studies.

Practical implications

In general, the native Chinese R&D department director needs to try their best to avoid the use of differential leadership style. In addition, reasonable incentive measures, promotion mechanisms and fair team work culture are needed so as to reduce the negative impact from the director’s differential leadership.

Originality/value

The paper is original in its investigation on how Chinese indigenous organizational factor – differential leadership – influences the R&D team’s conflict and new product development performance, and provides theoretical contribution and managerial implications for the R&D team management.