bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Li‐Ion Battery Using Nanostructured Sn@C Alloying Anode and High‐Voltage LiNi0.35Cu0.1Mn1.45Al0.1O4 Spinel Cathode
Authors: Levchenko Stanislav , Wei Shuangying , Marangon Vittorio , Hassoun Jusef
Published: September 2022

Nanostructured Sn@C anode is synthesized by carbon coating of nanosized tin for Li‐ion battery. The Sn detected by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) is quantified over 40 wt% by thermogravimetric analysis. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show a carbon matrix holding nanometric Sn operating from 0.8 to 0.01 V versus Li+/Li with low resistance, as indicated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Sn@C performs with initial capacity ranging from 630 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 to 311 mAh g−1 at 1200 mA g−1 that decreases after 25 cycles and stabilizes to values from 403 to 268 mAh g−1, respectively. High‐voltage LiNi0.35Cu0.1Mn1.45Al0.1O4 cathode is achieved by coprecipitation and high‐temperature treatment. XRD and SEM demonstrate the crystalline structure of the disordered spinel without impurities and homogeneous submicron morphology. Cu and Al substitution for Ni and Mn leads to excellent reversibility and low impedance, with electrochemical process evolving between 4.7 and 4.8 V versus Li+/Li. The cathode reveals a capacity of ≈110 mAh g−1 retained for 88% after 100 cycles at 0.6C rate. Sn@C and LiNi0.35Cu0.1Mn1.45Al0.1O4 are combined in a new Li‐ion cell delivering 110 mAh g−1 at 4.2 V with practical energy of 165 Wh kg−1.
Functional forecasting of dissolved oxygen in high‐frequency vertical lake profiles
Authors: Durell Luke , Scott J. Thad , Nychka Douglas , Hering Amanda S.
Published: September 2022

Predicting dissolved oxygen (DO) in lakes is important for assessing environmental conditions as well as reducing water treatment costs. High levels of DO often precede toxic algal blooms, and low DO causes carcinogenic metals to precipitate during water treatment. Typically, DO is predicted from limited data sets using hydrodynamic modeling or data‐driven approaches like neural networks. However, functional data analysis (FDA) is also an appropriate modeling paradigm for measurements of DO taken vertically through the water column. In this analysis, we build FDA models for a set of profiles measured every 2 hours and forecast the entire DO percent saturation profile from 2 to 24 hours ahead. Functional smoothing and functional principal component analysis are applied first, followed by a vector autoregressive model to forecast the empirical functional principal component (FPC) scores. Rolling training windows adapt to seasonality, and multiple combinations of window sizes, model variables, and parameter specifications are compared using both functional and direct root mean squared error metrics. The FPC method outperforms a suite of comparison models, and including functional pH, temperature, and conductivity variables improves the longer forecasts. Finally, the FDA approach is useful for identifying unusual observations.
Experimental Evidence from the Field that Naturally Weathered Microplastics Accumulate Cyanobacterial Toxins in Eutrophic Lakes
Authors: Hataley Eden K. , Shahmohamadloo René S. , Almirall Xavier Ortiz , Harrison Anna L. , Rochman Chelsea M. , Zou Shan , Orihel Diane M.
Published: September 2022

Freshwater ecosystems with recurring harmful algal blooms can also be polluted with plastics. Thus the two environmental problems may interact. To test whether microplastics influence the partitioning of microcystins in freshwater lakes, we examined the sorption of four microcystin congeners to different polymers of commercially available plastics (low-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, and polypropylene). We conducted three experiments: a batch sorption experiment in the laboratory with pristine microplastics of four different polymers, a second batch sorption experiment in the laboratory to compare pristine and naturally weathered microplastics of a single polymer, and a 2-month sorption experiment in the field with three different polymers experiencing natural weathering in a eutrophic lake. This series of experiments led to a surprising result: microcystins sorbed poorly to all polymers tested under laboratory conditions (<0.01% of the initial amount added), irrespective of weathering, yet in the field experiment, all polymers accumulated microcystins under ambient conditions in a eutrophic lake (range: 0–84.1 ng/g). Furthermore, we found that the sorption capacity for microcystins differed among polymers in the laboratory experiment yet were largely the same in the field. We also found that the affinity for plastic varied among microcystin congeners, namely, more polar congeners demonstrated a greater affinity for plastic than less polar congeners. Our study improves our understanding of the role of polymer and congener type in microplastic–microcystin sorption and provides novel evidence from the field, showing that naturally weathered microplastics in freshwater lakes can accumulate microcystins. Consequently, we caution that microplastics may alter the persistence, transport, and bioavailability of microcystins in freshwaters, which could have implications for human and wildlife health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3017–3028. © 2022 SETAC

Abstract

Microcystins sorbed poorly to all polymers tested under laboratory conditions, irrespective of weathering, yet all polymers accumulated microcystins under ambient conditions in a eutrophic lake.
Acute Toxicity Testing of the Tire Rubber–Derived Chemical 6PPD-quinone on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Foldvik Anders , Kryuchkov Fedor , Sandodden Roar , Uhlig Silvio
Published: September 2022

Recent identification of 6PPD-quinone as the chemical causing acute toxicity in coho salmon has led to substantial concern regarding the toxicity of this contaminant for other aquatic species. Environmental occurrence of 6PPD-quinone is probably high, because it is an oxidation product of a common tire rubber additive. Research on 6PPD-quinone toxicity in fish has revealed a rather unusual pattern, with closely related species exhibiting responses ranging from extreme sensitivity to no effect. Of 11 previously studied fish species, 6PPD-quinone was toxic to four. The species-specific toxicity of 6PPD-quinone complicates urgently needed environmental risk assessment. We investigated the acute toxicity of 6PPD-quinone in Atlantic salmon and brown trout alevins (sac fry). These species have previously not been tested for sensitivity to 6PPD-quinone. The fish were exposed in static conditions in eight treatments with initial concentrations ranging from 0.095 to 12.16 µg/L. Fish were observed for 48 h, and changes in concentrations of 6PPD-quinone were monitored throughout the experiment. No mortalities or substantial changes in behavior were recorded in either Atlantic salmon or brown trout. This provides an important first step in assessing effects of 6PPD-quinone on these economically and culturally highly important species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3041–3045. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim 70% ethanol eluted fraction ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS‐induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Peng Fei , Ren Xin , Du Bin , Yang Yuedong
Published: September 2022

Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim (PUM) is a popular fruit among consumers, and also used as medical diet for dissolving phlegm and arresting cough. The present study aims to investigate the potential protective effect of P. ussuriensis Maxim 70% ethanol eluted fraction (PUM70) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced alveolar macrophages and acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. A total of 18 polyphenol compounds were tentatively identified in PUM70 by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The results in vivo suggested that PUM70 treatment could effectively alleviate the histological changes, and significantly inhibit the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)). The cell test results show that PUM70 exerted its protective effect by suppressing the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels (inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and decreasing nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2) contents. In addition, it also inhibited the overproduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6). Furthermore, PUM70 induced the production of heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) protein and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2), indicating that PUM70 could mitigate oxidative injury via the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway. Moreover, PUM70 inhibited LPS‐induced inflammation by blocking the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The above results indicate that PUM70 has protective effects on LPS‐induced ALI, possibly be related to the inhibition of MAPK and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathways.
Selection of the promising accessions of jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels) based on pomological characterizations
Authors: Khadivi Ali , Mirheidari Farhad , Saeidifar Abdolvahid , Moradi Younes
Published: September 2022

Jamun (Syzygium cumini [L.] Skeels) is one of the most potential underutilized fruit crops. Here, phenotypic and pomological variability among 61 accessions of this species was investigated. Analysis of variance (p < .01) revealed significant differences among the accessions studied based on the traits recorded. Ripening date ranged from late June to mid‐July. Fruit color was purple in 13, dark purple in 30, and black in 18 accessions. Fruit weight ranged from 2.12 to 8.95 g, and fruit flesh thickness varied from 1.25 to 6.78 mm. Principal component analysis showed that fruit‐related characters are very important in differentiating among selections. The studied accessions were divided into two groups and several subgroups based on cluster analysis, which showed the phenotypic variations among them. Beside the significant differences among the accessions of different regions, significant variation was observed between the accessions of each region. The obtained results are useful for designing conservation strategies for the germplasm as well as implementing breeding programs, such as introducing cultivars with different goals, including early or late ripening and seedless, nonastringent, large, and deeper color‐fruits. Based on the fruit quality attributes, such as fruit weight, color, and taste; eight accessions, including Pirdan‐3, Soldan‐1, Pirdan‐6, Soldan‐5, Nasirabad‐3, Soldan‐3, Nasirabad‐8, and Ganjabad‐11, were selected which can be cultivated directly in orchards or used as parents in breeding programs.
TAFRO syndrome: A disease that known is half cured
Authors: Chen Tingting , Feng Chun , Zhang Xinyou , Zhou Jihao
Published: September 2022

Thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis/renal failure, and organomegaly (TAFRO) syndrome is rare in clinical practice. It is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by a cytokine storm. Its clinical manifestations include thrombocytopenia, systemic edema, fever, bone marrow fibrosis, renal insufficiency, and organ enlargement. The high mortality rate of TAFRO syndrome is due to the difficulty of acquiring biopsy samples for diagnosis and the rapid disease progression. This disease is poorly understood by clinicians. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment play key roles in prolonging the survival of the patients. This review summarizes the latest progress in the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and treatment regimens of TAFRO syndrome, aiming to help clinicians better understand TAFRO syndrome and improve its diagnosis and treatment.
An unsteady MHD flow of a second‐grade fluid passing through a porous medium in the presence of radiation absorption exhibits Hall and ion slip effects
Authors: Ganjikunta Aruna , Kommaddi Hari Babu , Bhajanthri Venkateswarlu , Kodi Raghunath
Published: September 2022

In the presence of radiation absorption, we analyzed the effects of Hall and ion slip effects on an unsteady laminar magnetohydrodynamics convective rotating flow of heat‐producing or absorbing second‐grade fluid across an inclined moving permeable surface in the presence of chemical reaction and radiation absorption. Using the perturbation method, the nondimensional equations for the governing flow are solved to the most excellent conceivable investigative answer. The effects of various factors on velocity, temperature, and concentration are visually and explored in depth. Shear stresses, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are calculated analytically, rendered computationally in a tabular style, and discussed concerning the essential characteristics for engineering inquiry. It is inferred that an increase in radiation absorption, Hall, and ion slip parameters across the fluid area leads to a rise in the resulting velocity. The thermal and solutal buoyancy forces contribute to the resultant velocity, constantly growing to a very high level. The rotation parameter is used to reduce skin friction, while the Hall and ion slip effects enhance it. The rate of mass transfer increases when the chemical reaction parameter is raised.
Considerations and Challenges in the Remdesivir COVID‐19 Pediatric Development Program
Authors: Chan‐Tack Kirk , Sampson Mario , Earp Justin , Arya Vikram , Yao Lynne , Alexander John , Hausman Ethan , Belew Yodit , Birnkrant Debra , Struble Kimberly
Published: September 2022

The US Food and Drug Administration is committed to the development of effective antiviral regimens for pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), including infants and neonates. On April 25, 2022, the approved indication of remdesivir (RDV) was expanded to include pediatric patients 28 days and older and weighing at least 3 kg with positive results of direct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral testing, who are:

Hospitalized, or

Not hospitalized and have mild to moderate COVID‐19 and are at high risk for progression to severe COVID‐19, including hospitalization or death.

Given the similar course of COVID‐19 in adults and pediatric patients, the approval of RDV for use in pediatric patients is supported by the safety and efficacy data from adequate and well‐controlled phase 3 trials in adults and adolescents; and by the safety and pharmacokinetic data from a single‐arm, open‐label, phase 2/3 pediatric clinical trial of 53 pediatric patients at least 28 days of age and weighing at least 3 kg with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and mild, moderate, or severe COVID‐19. At the time of the April 25, 2022, approval action, the US Food and Drug Administration also revoked the emergency use authorization for RDV that previously covered this pediatric population. This article summarizes key issues and regulatory considerations involved in the RDV COVID‐19 pediatric development program, including the evolution of the emergency use authorization issued for RDV as results from registrational studies became available, and discusses lessons learned.
Nondrug reinforcers contingent on alternative behavior or abstinence increase resistance to extinction and reinstatement of ethanol‐maintained behavior
Authors: Craig Andrew R. , Shahan Timothy A.
Published: September 2022

The effects of delivering nondrug alternative reinforcement on resistance to extinction and reinstatement of rats' ethanol‐maintained lever pressing were evaluated in two experiments. In both, rats self‐administered ethanol by lever pressing in a two‐component multiple schedule during baseline. In the Rich component, alternative food reinforcement was made available for performing an alternative response (Experiment 1) or according to a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐other‐behavior schedule for lever pressing (Experiment 2). In the Lean component, only ethanol was available. Moreover, the frequency of alternative reinforcement was manipulated across conditions in Experiment 1. Following baseline, lever pressing was extinguished in both components by suspending ethanol reinforcement, and alternative food reinforcers were discontinued. Finally, to test for reinstatement, ethanol reinforcers were delivered independently of lever pressing in both components. In both experiments, proportion‐of‐baseline response rates were higher during extinction and reinstatement testing in the Rich component than in the Lean component (although differentiation was not observed at the lowest frequency of alternative reinforcement in Experiment 1). Thus, alternative nondrug reinforcers increased resistance to extinction and reinstatement of rats' ethanol‐maintained lever pressing, even when those reinforcers were delivered contingently on an alternative response or on abstinence from lever pressing.
Functionalized reduced graphene oxide as a useful and efficient base catalyst for the preparation of 4H‐pyran and pyran‐like tacrine compounds and their antibacterial activity
Authors: Mirza‐Aghayan Maryam , Mohammadi Marzieh , Boukherroub Rabah , Ravanavard Katayoon
Published: September 2022

An easy, effective and eco‐friendly one‐pot process for the preparation of 4H‐pyran compounds has been established by using a catalytic amount of reduced graphene oxide functionalized with diethylenetriamine (rGO‐DETA) in water under mild conditions. The functionalized catalyst was very effective for this one‐pot reaction and provided the desired products 1a–t with good to high yields (87%–97%) in short reaction times. Moreover, rGO‐DETA composite could be reused for four cycles without an obvious decrease in its performance. In the next step, two pyran derivatives 1f and 1h were used to synthesize the corresponding pyran‐like tacrine derivatives 3f and 3h via the reaction of cyclohexanone, aluminum trichloride in reflux of 1,2‐dichloroethane as solvent. Antibacterial activity of several of the prepared compounds was assessed against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria by well and disk diffusion techniques. The 4H‐pyran 1g and 1s (2000 μg/ml) were effective against Micrococcus luteus as a Gram‐positive bacterium by recording a zone of inhibition of 15 and 16 mm, respectively. 4H‐pyran 1m showed moderate antibacterial behavior against both M. luteus and Serratia marcescens. Pyran‐like tacrine analog 3f (50 mg/ml) displayed antibacterial behavior towards Staphylococcus aureus as Gram‐positive and S. marcescens as Gram‐negative bacteria with zones of inhibition of 13 and 12 mm, respectively. 4H‐pyran 1j featured a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 39.06 μg/ml for M. luteus, which is the closest value to ampicillin.
Shock and kill within the CNS: A promising HIV eradication approach?
Authors: Nühn Marieke M , Gumbs Stephanie B H , Buchholtz Ninée V E J , Jannink Lisanne M , Gharu Lavina , de Witte Lot D , Wensing Annemarie M J , Lewin Sharon R , Nijhuis Monique , Symons Jori
Published: September 2022

The most studied HIV eradication approach is the “shock and kill” strategy, which aims to reactivate the latent reservoir by latency reversing agents (LRAs) and allowing elimination of these cells by immune-mediated clearance or viral cytopathic effects. The CNS is an anatomic compartment in which (persistent) HIV plays an important role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Restriction of the CNS by the blood–brain barrier is important for maintenance of homeostasis of the CNS microenvironment, which includes CNS-specific cell types, expression of transcription factors, and altered immune surveillance. Within the CNS predominantly myeloid cells such as microglia and perivascular macrophages are thought to be a reservoir of persistent HIV infection. Nevertheless, infection of T cells and astrocytes might also impact HIV infection in the CNS. Genetic adaptation to this microenvironment results in genetically distinct, compartmentalized viral populations with differences in transcription profiles. Because of these differences in transcription profiles, LRAs might have different effects within the CNS as compared with the periphery. Moreover, reactivation of HIV in the brain and elimination of cells within the CNS might be complex and could have detrimental consequences. Finally, independent of activity on latent HIV, LRAs themselves can have adverse neurologic effects. We provide an extensive overview of the current knowledge on compartmentalized (persistent) HIV infection in the CNS and on the “shock and kill” strategy. Subsequently, we reflect on the impact and promise of the “shock and kill” strategy on the elimination of persistent HIV in the CNS.
A practical approach to the optimization of positron emission tomography imaging agents for the central nervous system
Authors: Auberson Yves P. , Lièvre Akané , Desrayaud Sandrine , Briard Emmanuelle
Published: September 2022

The discovery of novel imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) relies on medicinal chemistry best practices, including a good understanding of molecular and pharmacological properties required for the acquisition of relevant, high‐quality images. This short note reviews the characteristics of a series of clinically successful imaging agents, providing guidance for the optimization of such molecular tools. PET imaging plays an important role in staging disease and in helping clinical dose selection, which is critical for the efficient development of drug candidates.
Emergency pharmacology for the CT technologist
Authors: Currie Geoffrey M.
Published: September 2022

The scope of practice of the medical radiation practitioner demands knowledge and understanding of the indications, contraindications, warnings, precautions, proper use, drug interactions and adverse reactions of a variety of medications. The risk of patient deterioration or acute emergent event, particularly following contrast administration, makes the command of crash cart medications particularly important. This article explores the pharmacological principles of medications most likely to be required in a medical emergency in the medical radiation department and in particular by the computed tomography (CT) technologist. The article also outlines early warning signs to assist in identifying the emergent or deteriorating patient. The learning outlined is designed to equip medical radiation practitioners with the capacity to identify and respond to a medical emergency typical of the medical radiation department, and to respond to that situation with the appropriate use of emergency medications where appropriate. The ability of medical radiation practitioners to recognise and respond to (including the use of medicines) the deteriorating patient or circumstances of a medically urgent nature are key capabilities required to meet minimum standards for Medical Radiation Practice Board of Australia registration and National Safety and Quality Health Service standards.
Quantifying perceptual resolution for autostereoscopic three‐dimensional displays
Authors: Cheng Mengyi , Zhong Jing , Wang Yiyao , Li Jijing , Yuan Jin , He Jieyong , Wang Jiahui , Liang Haowen , Zhou Jianying
Published: September 2022

The perceptual experience issue is particularly important for autostereoscopic three‐dimensional (3D) displays since the perceptual resolution has a great correlation between panel resolution and other 3D display performances, but normally used effective resolution only considers the amount of information being sent to a certain viewing point. This work describes that the visual factors should be taken into consideration associated with resolution and contrast simultaneously to evaluate perceptual 3D resolution. We propose a quantitative evaluation of perceptual resolution of 3D displays from modulated contrast based on the contrast sensitivity function (CSF). A switchable parallax‐barrier display and a directional backlight display providing glasses‐free autostereoscopic vision are experimentally studied to verify the validity of the characterization. Due to the nonlinear response of the CSF threshold curve, less than 50% of the panel resolution in parallax‐barrier 3D displays is perceived, while the display with directional backlight illumination is shown to retain the panel resolution for perceptual experience as expected. We foresee that this study provides a practically objective paradigm to characterize the subjective perceptual resolution and the presented perceptual resolution can be served as a design guideline to achieve an improved 3D viewing experience.
Utilization of magnetic pomelo peel‐derived biochar for extraction and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry determination of opioid drugs in wastewaters
Authors: Zhang Suling , Hua Ziluo , Yao Weixuan , Lü Ting , Zhang Dong , Zhao Hongting
Published: September 2022

In this study, magnetic pomelo peel‐derived biochar composite was fabricated and applied as a low‐cost adsorbent for the simultaneous extraction of morphine‐like opioids named morphine, codeine, and 6‐monoacetylmorphine from wastewaters, prior to their determination via liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A total of four biochar products were synthesized under different pyrolytic temperatures of 400, 500, 600, and 700°C, respectively, and the 400°C biochar was found to have the greatest extraction ability, with enrichment factors of 34, 58, and 61 for the three drugs. The primary adsorption mechanism includes π‐π interaction and H‐bonding. Parameters affecting the extraction of opioids were optimized. Under optimum conditions (such as pH = 7; adsorbent amount = 15 mg; sample volume = 20 ml; eluent solvent, 200 µl of methanol), the method was proved to be linear in the range of 0.05–10.0 µg/L, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.99, and the limits of detection were 0.006–0.010 µg/L. In‐batch and inter‐batch precisions were 1.8%–6.5% and 4.8%–10.6%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the target opioids in the samples of influent and effluent wastewater. The developed method by using magnetic pomelo peel‐derived biochar could potentially be applied for the effective estimation of illicit drug consumption.
The policy responses of tourism agencies to emerging digital skills constraints: A critical assessment of six countries
Authors: Parsons David , Choi Miju , Thomas Rhodri , Glyptou Kyriaki , Walsh Kenneth
Published: September 2022

This paper analyses policies and practices designed to support digital transformation in the tourism workforce in six OECD countries, namely Germany, Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Data for the project were gathered via a questionnaire survey, interviews with key informants and examination of various policy documents in 2021. Contrasting practice in relation to digital skills development is revealed. Significant deficiencies are evident in relation to the availability of high‐quality data, evaluation, understanding, leadership, and infrastructure among the six countries. Ways in which effective policy development might emerge are suggested.
Long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 promotes Th2 differentiation by regulating microRNA‐135b‐5p/GATA‐3 axis in children with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Wu Xiong‐Hui , Zhao Si‐Jun , Huang Wei‐Qing , Huang Li‐Hua , Luo Xin‐You , Long Song‐Liang
Published: September 2022

Allergic rhinitis (AR) threatens patient survival. CD4+ T cells play key roles in AR progression. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of cell differentiation. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the lncRNA metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in AR. Expression levels of MALAT1, microRNA (miR)‐135b‐5p, interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), and GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA‐3) in the nasal mucosa of AR patients were quantified. CD4+ T cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers and treated with ovalbumin (OVA) and Th2 inducers. After MALAT1 and miR‐135b‐5p levels changed in CD4+ T cells, the proportion of IL‐4‐expressing cells and the levels of IL‐4 and GATA‐3 in OVA‐induced CD4+ T cells were determined. Binding relationships among MALAT1, miR‐135b‐5p, and GATA‐3 were predicted and verified. Rescue experiments were performed to confirm the role of the MALAT1/miR‐135b‐5p/GATA‐3 axis in Th2 differentiation of CD4+ T cells. MALAT1, IL‐4, and GATA‐3 expression was upregulated, whereas miR‐135b‐5p expression was downregulated, in patients with AR. MALAT1 knockdown or miR‐135b‐5p overexpression in CD4+ T cells notably decreased the proportion of IL‐4‐expressing cells and downregulated GATA‐3 and IL‐4 expression in OVA‐induced CD4+ T cells. MALAT1 and GATA‐3 exhibited competitive binding toward miR‐135b‐5p. MALAT1 facilitated CD4+ T cell Th2 differentiation via the miR‐135b‐5p/GATA‐3 axis. MALAT1 facilitated AR development by facilitating CD4+ T cell Th2 differentiation via the miR‐135b‐5p/GATA‐3 axis. This study may provide guidance for clinical treatment of AR.
Phantosmia May Predict Long‐Term Measurable Olfactory Dysfunction After COVID‐19
Authors: Leung Jai‐Sen , Cordano Valentina Paz , Fuentes‐López Eduardo , Lagos Antonia Elisa , García‐Huidobro Francisco Gustavo , Aliaga Rodrigo , Díaz Luis Antonio , García‐Salum Tamara , Salinas Erick , Toro Adriana , Callejas Claudio Andrés , Riquelme Arnoldo , Palmer James N. , Medina Rafael A. , González G Claudia
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD) after 6 months caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection has been reported with a variable prevalence worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of long‐term OD and identify predisposing factors.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted on 100 adults with COVID‐19. Olfactory function was assessed with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and a symptom survey at the onset of disease and 30 days later. Patients with persistent quantitative OD at the second assessment were reevaluated after 1 year. Demographic variables, symptoms, and the degree of smell loss were analyzed.

Results

Participants included 100 patients. The mean age was 42.2 ± 15.6 years, 55 (55%) were female, and 56 (56%) were outpatients. Baseline smell loss was identified in 75/100 (75%) patients, decreasing to 39/95 (40%) after 1 month, and persisting in 29 patients after 1 year. Phantosmia at baseline was the only risk factor identified for persistent OD after 1 year (relative risk 2.51; 95% confidence interval 1.53–4.12; p < 0.001). Regardless of the outcome in smell function, a significant decline in olfaction was associated with the presence of phantosmia at 1 month (β = −12.39; 95% CI −19.82 to −4.95; p < 0.01).

Conclusions

SARS‐CoV‐2 (2019–2020 variants) produced a highly frequent OD that persisted in 29% of the patients after 1 year. The presence of phantosmia at baseline and 1 month was associated with a worse evolution, but phantosmia may interfere with the performance in an identification smell test. A longer follow‐up is required in these patients.

Level of Evidence

2 Laryngoscope, 132:2445–2452, 2022
Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of Benzothiadiazole‐Based Polymers by Controlling their Backbone Planarity for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Tamilavan Vellaiappillai , Kim Danbi , Yang Hyun‐Seock , Shin Insoo , Kim Junghwan , Lee Bo Ram , Park Sung Heum
Published: September 2022

Here, a new synthetic strategy for converting low‐energy benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BT)‐based polymers into efficient polymeric donors for non‐fullerene acceptor‐based organic solar cells (NFA–OSCs) is demonstrated. A highly planar 5,6‐difluoro‐benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (ffBT)‐based alternating polymer, P1, comprising of electron‐rich 4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b']dithiophene (BDTT) and strong electron‐deficient 5,6‐difluoro‐4,7‐bis(4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (DTffBT) units is prepared. Additionally, two ternary polymers, P2 and P3, are preparedby replacing 25% and 50% of the DTffBT unit on the P1 backbone with a weak electron‐deficient 2,5‐dioctyl‐4,6‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,3(2H,5H)‐dione (DTPPD) unit, which has a twisted but well‐controlled wavy backbone. The properties of the resulting polymers, P1–P3, are investigated to understand the effects of changing the planarity and curvature of the backbone of the BT‐based polymers. Notably, increasing the concentration of the DTPPD unit on P1 results in ablue‐shift in absorption band and relatively deep energy levels. Further, the π–π stacking of the polymers is decreased by increasing the amount of DTPPD units on P1. The NFA–OSCs fabricated using P1–P3 as the electron donor afford maximum power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 2.46%, 4.52%, and 7.54%, respectively. Overall, the photovoltaic performance of the BT‐based polymers is significantly improved by lowering their planarity and/or changing their backbone curvature.
Multiplication in vector‐valued anisotropic function spaces and applications to non‐linear partial differential equations
Authors: Köhne Matthias , Saal Jürgen
Published: September 2022

We study multiplication as well as Nemytskij operators in anisotropic vector‐valued Besov spaces , Bessel potential spaces , and Sobolev–Slobodeckij spaces . Concerning multiplication we obtain optimal estimates, which constitute generalizations and improvements of known estimates in the isotropic/scalar‐valued case. Concerning Nemytskij operators we consider the acting of analytic functions on supercritial anisotropic vector‐valued function spaces of the above type. Moreover, we show how the given estimates may be used in order to improve results on quasilinear evolution equations as well as their proofs.
The influence of language style (formal vs. colloquial) on the effectiveness of charitable appeals
Authors: Pfeiffer Bruce E. , Sundar Aparna , Cao Edita
Published: September 2022

This paper investigates the influence of language style (formal vs. colloquial) on the effectiveness of charitable appeals. Although prior research has found persuasive effects associated with colloquial language style, we propose that the influence of language style is context dependent. Charitable appeals generally address relatively serious topics. Since formal language style is more context congruent in communicating this seriousness, it should be more effective in expressing the emotional arousal or the effort of the communicator, which we expected to result in greater charitable support. Across four studies, we provide important insights on how charitable organizations can better align language style to increase donor support. We find that formal language style (vs. colloquial) results in greater charitable support. We also find evidence for the underlying role of perceptions of emotional arousal, as in indication of effort, in this relationship. Lastly, we find support for a moderator related to one's prior beliefs. Since individuals with high just‐world beliefs are motivated to vary their prosocial behaviors, we find a moderating effect of just‐world beliefs, but only when the belief is high, that is, when individuals seek accountability.
Advances in mass spectrometry imaging for toxicological analysis and safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals
Authors: Chen Yilin , Xie Yanqiao , Li Linnan , Wang Zhengtao , Yang Li
Published: September 2022

Safety issues caused by pharmaceuticals have frequently occurred worldwide, posing a tremendous threat to human health. As an essential part of drug development, the toxicological analysis and safety evaluation is of great significance. In addition, the risk of pharmaceuticals accumulation in the environment and the monitoring of the toxicity from natural medicines have also received ongoing concerns. Due to a lack of spatial distribution information provided by common analytical methods, analyses that provide spatial dimensions could serve as complementary safety evaluation methods for better prediction and evaluation of drug toxicity. With advances in technical solutions and software algorithms, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has received increasing attention as a popular analytical tool that enables the simultaneous implementation of qualitative, quantitative, and localization without complex sample pretreatment and labeling steps. In recent years, MSI has become more attractive, powerful, and sensitive and has been applied in several scientific fields that can meet the safety assessment requirements. This review aims to cover a detailed summary of the various MSI technologies utilized in the biomedical and pharmaceutical area, including technical principles, advantages, current status, and future trends. Representative applications and developments in the safety‐related issues of different pharmaceuticals and natural medicines are also described to provide a reference for pharmaceutical research, improve rational clinical medicine use, and ensure public safety.
Defects in DNA double‐strand break repair resensitize antibiotic‐resistant Escherichia coli to multiple bactericidal antibiotics
Authors: Revitt‐Mills Sarah A. , Wright Elizabeth K. , Vereker Madaline , O'Flaherty Callum , McPherson Fairley , Dawson Catherine , van Oijen Antoine M. , Robinson Andrew
Published: September 2022

Antibiotic resistance is becoming increasingly prevalent amongst bacterial pathogens and there is an urgent need to develop new types of antibiotics with novel modes of action. One promising strategy is to develop resistance‐breaker compounds, which inhibit resistance mechanisms and thus resensitize bacteria to existing antibiotics. In the current study, we identify bacterial DNA double‐strand break repair as a promising target for the development of resistance‐breaking co‐therapies. We examined genetic variants of Escherichia coli that combined antibiotic‐resistance determinants with DNA repair defects. We observed that defects in the double‐strand break repair pathway led to significant resensitization toward five bactericidal antibiotics representing different functional classes. Effects ranged from partial to full resensitization. For ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin, sensitization manifested as a reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration. For kanamycin and trimethoprim, sensitivity manifested through increased rates of killing at high antibiotic concentrations. For ampicillin, repair defects dramatically reduced antibiotic tolerance. Ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim induce the promutagenic SOS response. Disruption of double‐strand break repair strongly dampened the induction of SOS by these antibiotics. Our findings suggest that if break‐repair inhibitors can be developed they could resensitize antibiotic‐resistant bacteria to multiple classes of existing antibiotics and may suppress the development of de novo antibiotic‐resistance mutations.
Familial Cerebellar Ataxia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Frontotemporal Dementia with DAB1 and C9ORF72 Repeat Expansions: An 18‐Year Study
Authors: Rosenbohm Angela , Pott Hendrik , Thomsen Mirja , Rafehi Haloom , Kaya Sabine , Szymczak Silke , Volk Alexander E. , Mueller Kathrin , Silveira Isabel , Weishaupt Jochen H. , Tönnies Holger , Seibler Philip , Zschiedrich Katja , Schaake Susen , Westenberger Ana , Zühlke Christine , Depienne Christel , Trinh Joanne , Ludolph Albert C. , Klein Christine , Bahlo Melanie , Lohmann Katja
Published: September 2022

Background

Coding and noncoding repeat expansions are an important cause of neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective

This study determined the clinical and genetic features of a large German family that has been followed for almost 2 decades with an autosomal dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) and independent co‐occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

Methods

We carried out clinical examinations and telephone interviews, reviewed medical records, and performed magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography scans of all available family members. Comprehensive genetic investigations included linkage analysis, short‐read genome sequencing, long‐read sequencing, repeat‐primed polymerase chain reaction, and Southern blotting.

Results

The family comprises 118 members across seven generations, 30 of whom were definitely and five possibly affected. In this family, two different pathogenic mutations were found, a heterozygous repeat expansion in C9ORF72 in four patients with ALS/FTD and a heterozygous repeat expansion in DAB1 in at least nine patients with SCA, leading to a diagnosis of DAB1‐related ataxia (ATX‐DAB1; SCA37). One patient was affected by ALS and SCA and carried both repeat expansions. The repeat in DAB1 had the same configuration but was larger than those previously described ([ATTTT]≈75[ATTTC]≈40‐100[ATTTT]≈415). Clinical features in patients with SCA included spinocerebellar symptoms, sometimes accompanied by additional ophthalmoplegia, vertical nystagmus, tremor, sensory deficits, and dystonia. After several decades, some of these patients suffered from cognitive decline and one from additional nonprogressive lower motor neuron affection.

Conclusion

We demonstrate genetic and clinical findings during an 18‐year period in a unique family carrying two different pathogenic repeat expansions, providing novel insights into their genotypic and phenotypic spectrums. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Implementation of deep learning in drug design
Authors: Yang Bo , Li Kan , Zhong Xiuqin , Zou Jun
Published: September 2022

The field of deep learning has witnessed dramatic and rapid progress in the past several years, largely driven by the availability of massive datasets and increased computational power. Although promising advances have been made, the implementation of deep learning in drug design is still in the vigorously developing stage. Here we summarize the frontiers and emerging applications of deep learning in drug design. We provide the background of deep learning and the architecture of several important deep neural networks for drug design and discovery, including convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, transformer, deep auto‐encoder, generative adversarial networks, graph neural networks, and flow‐based neural networks. We give some examples of tasks for which these different deep neural networks are suitable. The successful employment of deep learning in drug design and discussing its further opportunities are reviewed, such as molecular representation, drug‐likeness prediction, de novo molecular generation, ligand‐protein interaction prediction, reaction, and retrosynthetic prediction. Current challenges and further possibilities are proposed to help accelerate the progress of the field, such as model interpretation, the requirement for large quantities of training datasets, hyperparameters tuning, and open source.
A holistic NMR framework to understand environmental impact: Examining the impacts of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in Daphnia magna via imaging, spectroscopy, and metabolomics
Authors: Jenne Amy , Soong Ronald , Gruschke Oliver , Bastawrous Monica , Monks Patricia , Moloney Cara , Brougham Dermot F. , Busse Falko , Bermel Wolfgang , Courtier‐Murias Denis , Wu Bing , Simpson Andre
Published: September 2022

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are a contaminant of emerging interest, often used in the medical field as an imaging contrast agent, with additional uses in wastewater treatment and as food additives. Although the use of SPIONs is increasing, little research has been conducted on the toxic impacts to living organisms beyond traditional lethal concentration endpoints. Daphnia magna are model organisms for aquatic toxicity testing with a well understood metabolome and high sensitivity to SPIONs. Thus, as environmental concentrations continue to increase, it is becoming critical to understand their sub‐lethal toxicity. Due to the paramagnetic nature of SPIONs, a range of potential nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) experiments are possible, offering the potential to probe the physical location (via imaging), binding (via relaxation weighted spectroscopy), and the biochemical pathways impacted (via in vivo metabolomics). Results indicate binding to carbohydrates, likely chitin in the exoskeleton, along with a decrease in energy metabolites and specific biomarkers of oxidative stress. The holistic NMR framework used here helps provide a more comprehensive understanding of SPIONs impacts on D. magna and showcases NMR's versatility in providing physical, chemical, and biochemical insights.
Influence of thermophoretic diffusion of nanoparticles with Joule heating in flow of Maxwell nanofluid
Authors: Irfan Muhammad
Published: September 2022

The aspects of activation energy in magnetized Maxwell nanofluid flow with Brownian movement and thermophoretic diffusion have been elaborated here. Furthermore, Joule heating, variable conductivity and chemical reaction are scrutinized. The Buongiorno nanofluid thought is ratify to incorporate the importance of thermophoretic and Brownian diffusion. The attained ODEs have been solved via homotopic algorithm. The performance of operational variables is inspected. The Maxwell temperature field for Eckert number and variable conductivity factor have similar trend. The fluid concentration exaggerates for activation energy and decelerates for Brownian motion parameter. Furthermore, the brilliant outcomes attained and associated with possible existing prose accurately.
The ecosystem services framework in archaeology (and vice versa)
Authors: Katz Ofir
Published: September 2022

Economics, ecology and archaeology study various aspects of resource utilisation and mobilisation, differing in the studied systems, objects and currencies. However, the three disciplines have developed mostly independently, resulting in limited dialogue among them. Emergent fields such as ecological economics and environmental archaeology are now linking the three disciplines and promoting dialogue among them, but a theoretical framework that links all three disciplines at once is missing.

I propose that ecosystem services (ES) can serve as such a theoretical framework. Moreover, after an ES‐centred framework establishes, it will be capable of further evolving – independently of ES—into a unified superdiscipline, relieving boundaries among disciplines.

To demonstrate this potential, I present some examples of archaeology‐ES linkages, relating to the past, present and future. I show, in general, how archaeology studies past ES and informs us on current ES, as well as how ES benefit archaeological practice. Thus, I demonstrate the strong interface between archaeology and ES, and how it can promote the dialogue among the three disciplines, provide them with new practical tools, and resolve theoretical issues as the sustainability of ancient societies and anthropocentricity and monetisation of ES.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Two‐way shape memory behavior of styrene‐based bilayer shape memory polymer plate
Authors: Du Haiyang , Yao Yongtao , Zhou Xiaoli , Zhao Yajun
Published: September 2022

In this work, a bilayer shape memory polymer (SMP) composite plate with two‐way shape memory behavior is simulated, in which two types of styrene‐based SMPs with well‐separated glass transition temperatures are assembled in parallel. The finite element (FE) software ABAQUS is selected to exhibit the two‐way shape memory effect during the shape recovery step and the Generalized Maxwell Model with the WLF equation is applied to characterize the temperature‐dependent properties of the SMP bilayer plates. The effect factors of axial predeformation, thermal expansion coefficient and plate thickness are all considered for the two‐way shape memory behavior of the styrene‐based bilayer SMP plate. After that, a smart gripper composed of four SMP composite plates is proposed to realize grabbing and releasing functions for one‐step and staged heating recovery. The FE results provide some necessary theoretical guidelines for future soft smart structural designs and optimization.