bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A perforated diamond anvil cell for high-energy x-ray diffraction of liquids and amorphous solids at high pressure
Authors: Soignard Emmanuel , Benmore Chris J. , Yarger Jeffery L.
Published: March 2010

Diamond anvil cells (DACs) are widely used for the study of materials at high pressure. The typical diamonds used are between 1 and 3 mm thick, while the sample contained within the opposing diamonds is often just a few microns in thickness. Hence, any absorbance or scattering from diamond can cause a significant background or interference when probing a sample in a DAC. By perforating the diamond to within 50–100 μm of the sample, the amount of diamond and the resulting background or interference can be dramatically reduced. The DAC presented in this article is designed to study amorphous materials at high pressure using high-energy x-ray scattering (>60 keV) using laser-perforated diamonds. A small diameter perforation maintains structural integrity and has allowed us to reach pressures >50 GPa, while dramatically decreasing the intensity of the x-ray diffraction background (primarily Compton scattering) when compared to studies using solid diamonds. This cell design allows us for the first time measurement of x-ray scattering from light (low Z) amorphous materials. Here, we present data for two examples using the described DAC with one and two perforated diamond geometries for the high-pressure structural studies of SiO2 glass and B2O3 glass.
Modeling laser wakefield accelerator experiments with ultrafast particle-in-cell simulations in boosted frames
Authors: Martins S. F. , Fonseca R. A. , Vieira J. , Silva L. O. , Lu W. , Mori W. B.
Published: March 2010

The development of new laser systems at the 10 Petawatt range will push laser wakefield accelerators to novel regimes, for which theoretical scalings predict the possibility to accelerate electron bunches up to tens of GeVs in meter-scale plasmas. Numerical simulations will play a crucial role in testing, probing, and optimizing the physical parameters and the setup of future experiments. Fully kinetic simulations are computationally very demanding, pushing the limits of today’s supercomputers. In this paper, the recent developments in the OSIRIS framework [R. A. Fonseca et al., Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 2331, 342 (2002)] are described, in particular the boosted frame scheme, which leads to a dramatic change in the computational resources required to model laser wakefield accelerators. Results from one-to-one modeling of the next generation of laser systems are discussed, including the confirmation of electron bunch acceleration to the energy frontier.
Tuning the band gap of semiconducting carbon nanotube by an axial magnetic field
Authors: Fedorov G. , Barbara P. , Smirnov D. , Jiménez D. , Roche S.
Published: March 2010

We have investigated the magnetic field dependence of transfer characteristics of a device fabricated in a configuration of a field-effect transistor with a conduction channel formed by a semiconducting multiwalled carbon nanotube. Our results unambiguously indicate that an axial magnetic field suppresses the band gap of the nanotube. Quantitative analysis of the data indicates linear dependence of the band gap on magnetic field as well as a linear splitting between the K and K′ subbands of the band structure of the nanotube.
Fiber optic sensor for the measurement of concentration of silica in water with dual wavelength probing
Authors: Varghese P Benjamin , John Satish , Madhusoodanan K. N.
Published: March 2010

The design, development, and characterization of a fiber optic evanescent wave based sensor with selectivity suitable for concentration measurement are presented. The sensor that is made up of a step index plastic multimode fiber can be used for the measurement of silica in water. Generally evanescent wave fiber optic sensors employ a single source and detector that show change in output optical power irrespective of the interacting species, i.e., they lack selectivity. This design employing two sources provides excellent selectivity, and the differential arrangement further enhances sensitivity and repeatability. Advantages of this design include the use of inexpensive and easily available light-emitting diode sources that match the analytical wavelength of the samples. The use of dual wavelength probing topology enhances the selectivity, sensitivity, and repeatability, which cannot be achieved by single source evanescent wave fiber optic sensors.
Chiral interaction in double-wall carbon nanotubes: Simple rules deduced from a large sampling of tubes
Authors: Vardanega D. , Picaud F. , Girardet C.
Published: March 2010

We study a large sampling of chiral double-wall carbon nanotubes to propose simple formula describing the dependence of the interwall energy, the chiral discrimination energy, and the radial breathing mode frequencies as a function of the main characteristics of the tubes, i.e., their radius, length and chiral angle. It is shown that tube pairs with the same handedness are more stable than enantiomeric pairs, and this discrimination, though small, mainly occurs in the first step of the growth of an inner tube inside an outer one. Chiral splittings of the breathing mode frequencies for the two DWCNT diastereoisomers (ni,mi)@(no,mo) and (mi,ni)@(no,mo) can reach a few wave numbers.
g-factor tuning in self-assembled quantum dots
Authors: Sheng Weidong
Published: March 2010

The possibility of electrical tuning of exciton g-factors in self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots is explored theoretically by means of a tight-binding-like effective bond-orbital approach. The electron g-factor in the dots of various sizes is found to exhibit very little change over a broad range of the field strength. In contrast, the ground hole state in the dots of high aspect ratio is seen very sensitive to the applied field, its g-factor even changes the sign with the field. The distinct behavior of the electron and hole g-factors in the presence of electric field is explained in terms of nonzero envelope orbital angular momentum carried by the hole states.
Large inverse magnetocaloric effect in Ni45Co5Mn37.5In12.5 single crystal above 300 K
Authors: Bourgault Daniel , Tillier Jérémy , Courtois Pierre , Maillard Denis , Chaud Xavier
Published: March 2010

A large inverse magnetocaloric effect has been observed in a Ni45Co5Mn37.5In12.5 single crystal at room temperature. Magnetothermal measurements performed at different magnetic fields reveal a nonmagnetic to ferromagnetic transition correlated with the austenite-martensite phase transformation. The Heusler single crystal shows a large entropy change of 30 J/Kg K at an applied magnetic field of 7 T during the first-order magnetostructural transition at 355 K. It leads to a net refrigerant capacity of 267 J/Kg at 7 T, which is very encouraging for magnetic refrigeration applications.
Effect of heterointerface polarization charges and well width upon capture and dwell time for electrons and holes above GaInN/GaN quantum wells
Authors: Schubert Martin F. , Schubert E. Fred
Published: March 2010

The dwell time of electrons and holes above GaInN/GaN quantum wells is calculated using the k⋅p quantum transmitting boundary method. A long dwell time is an indication for high probability of carrier capture by the quantum well. Conversely, a reduced dwell time indicates that the carrier is likely to be coherently transported across the well. It is shown that sheet charges at GaInN/GaN heterointerfaces and a narrow quantum well lead to significant reductions in carrier dwell time. In addition, carrier capture is discussed in terms of a classical model that is consistent with dwell time calculations.
Large electric field induced strains in ferroelectric islands
Authors: Zhang J. X. , Sheng G. , Chen L. Q.
Published: March 2010

An effective mechanism that generates large recoverable electric field induced strains in ferroelectric islands is studied by phase-field modeling. The large strains originate from the reversible 90° domain switching between a1 (a2) domains and c domains, driven by an applied electric field and an internal stress field. The electric field induced strains could be effectively controlled by the magnitude of island-substrate misfit and the aspect ratio of islands.
Temperature-dependent La- and Al-induced dipole behavior monitored by femtosecond pump/probe photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Arimura Hiroaki , Haight Richard , Brown Stephen L. , Kellock Andrew , Callegari Alessandro , Copel Matthew , Watanabe Heiji , Narayanan Vijay , Ando Takashi
Published: March 2010

The impact of thermal budget on La- and Al-induced dipoles is systematically investigated by femtosecond pump/probe photoelectron spectroscopy. We find that the La-induced dipole requires annealing at 300 °C for complete activation, whereas the Al-induced dipole is activated at the lower temperature but requires annealing at 300 °C to eliminate a counteracting sheet charge. When La and Al atoms coexist on a SiO2 surface, the La-induced dipole becomes dominative after a silicate-forming reaction at the temperature above 600 °C. This phenomenon is attributed to the different natures of the La- and Al-induced dipoles, i.e., long-range and short-range.
Integrated coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and multiphoton microscopy for biomolecular imaging using spectral filtering of a femtosecond laser
Authors: Lu Fake , Zheng Wei , Lin Jian , Huang Zhiwei
Published: March 2010

We report on a unique implementation of a dual 4-f paired-gratings spectral filtering of a femtosecond (fs) laser to realize high contrast coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and high quality multiphoton microscopy on the same platform for label-free biomolecular imaging. The 4-f gratings filtering enables readily conversion of the 100 fs laser pulse trains into transform-limited 1 picosecond (ps) pulses in the spectral range of 700–1600 nm for CARS imaging. Compared with fs-CARS microscopy, our ps-CARS imaging yields an approximately tenfold improvement in spectral resolution, while a twofold improvement in nonresonant background suppression. High quality second-harmonic generation and two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging can also be acquired in tandem when swapping the 4-f grating filtering from the ps mode to fs mode. We demonstrate this multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy technique by imaging 465 nm polystyrene beads in water and animal liver tissue.
The Coming of the Coming Insurrection: Notes on a Politics of Neocommunism
Authors: Merrifield Andy
Published: March 2010

A specter is haunting Europe: the specter of autonomous communist activism. A new party is expanding its ranks, The Imaginary Party, which has already unnerved the French establishment, rattled Sarkozy's government, and penned its own intriguing manifesto: The Coming Insurrection. Everybody agrees: current society is about to explode. Even the French daily Le Monde, was forced to admit: “one hasn't seen power become so fearful of a book for a very long time.” Semiotext(e)‘s recent English translation has rattled the Anglo-Saxon establishment, too, unleashing a spate of bourgeois paranoia, highlighting for all to see what intelligent people knew already: how very flimsy their hegemony really is, how weak their grip is on political reality. This article examines the coming of The Coming Insurrection, its theoretical basis, and its revolutionary potential. It suggests this uncompromising text is in the ‘vanguard’ of disseminating a new brand of Marxism, a non-class-based Marxism, a runaway Marxism that has at its core an incipient neocommunist impulse, one currently pitting its wits against an intransigent neoliberalism. Its card-carrying membership thrives off nonaffiliated people, whose platform is grounded in everyday life, not at the workplace. Importantly, The Coming Insurrection employs a vitality of spirit and a principle of hope, as well as the direct action anarchism necessary to reinvigorate classical Marxism. Yes, everyone agrees: an exodus from capitalism has already begun.
Parish and Universe: Patrick Kavanagh's Poetics of the Local
Authors: Tomaney John
Published: March 2010

This paper concerns the treatment of place attachments in social science through an examination of their expression in literature and poetry. It challenges the notion that place attachments are essentially regressive and are signifiers of insularity and exclusion. The paper discusses the artistic expression of the ‘local’ as the search for insight into the problem of how we dwell in landscapes and communities in the context of larger human settings. These ideas are investigated through an examination of the novels and poetry of Patrick Kavanagh, one of the foremost Irish literary figures of the 20th century. In particular, the paper charts the development of Kavanagh's ‘parochial imagination’. Kavanagh's artistic project is situated in an understanding of his local attachments, his Irish Catholic identity, and his place in Irish literary culture. It demonstrates how Kavanagh's concern was with articulating the local and the universal in ways which cast an illuminating light on the debates about place attachments found in social science.
Passenger Mobilities: Affective Atmospheres and the Sociality of Public Transport
Authors: Bissell David
Published: March 2010

This paper takes as its starting point the centrality of nonrepresentational registers of communication and comprehension to understanding how everyday experiences of travelling with others by public transport unfolds. Drawing on extensive primary research, it explores how different affective atmospheres erupt and decay in the space of the train carriage; the modes of affective transmission that might take place; and the character of the collectives that are mobilised and cohere through these atmospheres. Acknowledging that these atmospheres have powerful effects, this paper focuses on the trajectories of particular misanthropic affective relations; and how such negative relations emerge from a complex set of forces which prime passengers to act. Yet this call to action is often met with a reticent passivity that transposes these negative affective relations, often in ways that intensify their force. In expanding the realm of that which is often taken to constitute the ‘social’, the paper concludes by considering how the demands of collective responsibility fold through contemporary understandings of community.
The mating system of Acrotriche serrulata (Ericaceae)
Authors: Schneemilch Melanie , Steggles Emma
Published: March 2010

Controlled pollination experiments were conducted on Acrotriche serrulata R.Br. (Ericaceae) to determine the mating system for this species. Pollen viability and stigma receptivity were investigated to ensure effective timing and sourcing of material for maximum fertilisation. Stigmas were found to be receptive in mature buds, with receptivity maintained while nectar remained within the corolla tube. Germination testing showed that pollen from within mature buds was viable. The mating system of A. serrulata was found to be predominantly outcrossing, with 49.8% of cross-pollinated flowers developing to fruit, compared with 8.7% of self-pollinated flowers. Seed viability did not differ significantly between fruits produced by cross-pollination and those produced by self-pollination, although this may be attributable to low sample sizes available for self-pollinated fruits. These results in combination with morphological features of the flower suggest that a pollinator is required for this species.
Effects of an anti-salt intrusion dam on tropical fish assemblages
Authors: Jutagate Tuantong , Sawusdee Amonsak , Thapanand-Chaidee Thanitha , Lek Sovan , Grenouillet Gaël , Thongkhoa Sutheera , Chotipuntu Piyapong
Published: March 2010

Following the construction of an anti-salt intrusion dam in Pak Panang River, Thailand, changes in the environmental conditions and fish assemblages were monitored both in the estuary and in the river. The present study was conducted during two different phases: when the sluices were open; and when they were closed. Salinity in the estuary declined (P < 0.001), but increased in the river during the open phase (P = 0.002). In the river, the pH increased (P < 0.001) during the closed phase, but was relatively constant in the estuary. No differences were found for water temperatures, chlorophyll a and abundance of phytoplankton. During the closed phase, the abundance of zooplankton was higher in the estuary, but the abundance of benthos in the river declined. Ninety-four fish species were collected. Species richness and the diversity index did not differ in the estuary, but were significantly different in the river; abundance was higher during the open phase. Fish moved between the two systems during the open phase and changes in fish assemblages correlated with salinity gradients and food sources. Sluice regulation to allow fish to move between the river and the estuary is recommended.
The use of coded wire tags to estimate cormorant predation on fish stocks in an estuary
Authors: Jepsen Niels , Klenke Reinhard , Sonnesen Per , Bregnballe Thomas
Published: March 2010

One of the main obstacles to resolving the conflict between an increasing population of cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis, and the fishing industry is the lack of documentation of the effect of the birds’ predation on fish stocks. Tagging and releasing fish with coded wire tags followed by intensive cormorant pellet sampling may be a viable method to measure the impact of cormorants on fish populations. To test this new method, we studied cormorant predation in a shallow estuary, where nearly 100 000 fish were tagged and more than 10 000 cormorant pellets were collected over a 3-year study period. A total of 112 tags were recovered from the collected pellets. Analyses of tag recovery data indicated considerable cormorant predation on tagged flounder, eel and salmon smolts, but the method did not deliver high-quality documentation, mainly because of limitations in pellet sampling. We conclude with recommendations to enhance the value of this method.
The cooperative courtroom
Authors: Martinsen Bodil , Dubslaff Friedel
Published: March 2010

This paper presents a case study of an interpreting event in a Danish courtroom setting. The study investigates the interpreter’s influence on the interaction as well as factors influencing the behaviour of all the participants involved. The study also investigates what happens when the interpreter’s performance is perceived by participants as inadequate in order to achieve the communicative goal of the event. The model of translation culture, in which cooperativeness, loyalty and transparency are key concepts, is used as an explanatory tool. Although the interaction under study, like all courtroom interaction, is determined by the inherent institutional power differential, it is appropriate to describe it in terms of cooperativeness. The conflict regarding the interpreter’s non-normative behaviour is negotiated and settled by way of consensus, and the trial is carried through with the same interpreter despite doubt about her competence. The paper concludes by discussing the effect of special contextual conditions, as well as ethical implications.
Interpreting reported speech in witnesses’ evidence
Authors: Lee Jieun
Published: March 2010

Drawing on the discourse of interpreter-mediated examinations of Korean-speaking witnesses in an Australian courtroom, this paper explores court interpreters’ renditions of reported speech contained in witnesses’ evidence. Direct reported speech is generally preferred in the courtroom because of the evidentiary rule against the admission of hearsay. However, Korean-speaking witnesses who are not familiar with this rule and with the discursive practices of the court tend to use indirect reported speech. This paper examines how Koreans’ general preference for indirect reported speech is handled by court interpreters. The findings suggest that the tendency among Korean interpreters to convert indirect into direct reported speech in English renditions may have implications for the accuracy of interpreted evidence.
Olfactory response termination involves Ca2+-ATPase in vertebrate olfactory receptor neuron cilia
Authors: Antolin Salome , Reisert Johannes , Matthews Hugh R.
Published: March 2010

In vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), odorant-induced activation of the transduction cascade culminates in production of cyclic AMP, which opens cyclic nucleotide–gated channels in the ciliary membrane enabling Ca2+ influx. The ensuing elevation of the intraciliary Ca2+ concentration opens Ca2+-activated Cl− channels, which mediate an excitatory Cl− efflux from the cilia. In order for the response to terminate, the Cl− channel must close, which requires that the intraciliary Ca2+ concentration return to basal levels. Hitherto, the extrusion of Ca2+ from the cilia has been thought to depend principally on a Na+–Ca2+ exchanger.

In this study, we show using simultaneous suction pipette recording and Ca2+-sensitive dye fluorescence measurements that in fire salamander ORNs, withdrawal of external Na+ from the solution bathing the cilia, which incapacitates Na+–Ca2+exchange, has only a modest effect on the recovery of the electrical response and the accompanying decay of intraciliary Ca2+ concentration. In contrast, exposure of the cilia to vanadate or carboxyeosin, a manipulation designed to block Ca2+-ATPase, has a substantial effect on response recovery kinetics. Therefore, we conclude that Ca2+-ATPase contributes to Ca2+ extrusion in ORNs, and that Na+–Ca2+exchange makes only a modest contribution to Ca2+ homeostasis in this species.
Catheter-Related Polymicrobial Bloodstream Infections among Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Outpatients—Atlanta, Georgia, 2007
Authors: Wiersma Petra , Schillie Sarah , Keyserling Harry , Watson J. Renee , De Anindya , Banerjee Shailendra N. , Drenzek Cherie L. , Arnold Kathryn E. , Shivers Christina , Kendrick Lea , Ryan Lydia Gonzalez , Jensen Bette , Noble-Wang Judith , Srinivasan Arjun
Published: March 2010

Objective.

To identify risk factors for polymicrobial bloodstream infections (BSIs) in pediatric bone marrow transplant (BMT) outpatients attending a newly constructed clinic affiliated with a children's hospital.

Methods.

All 30 outpatients treated at a new BMT clinic during September 10-21, 2007, were enrolled in a cohort study. The investigation included interviews, medical records review, observations, and bacterial culture and molecular typing of patient and environmental isolates. Data were analyzed using exact conditional logistic regression.

Results.

Thirteen patients experienced BSIs caused by 16 different, predominantly gram-negative organisms. Presence of a tunneled catheter (odds ratio [OR], 19.9 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.4-∞), catheter access (OR, 13.7 [95% CI, 1.8-∞]), and flushing of a catheter with predrawn saline (OR, 12.9 [95% CI, 1.0-766.0]) were independently associated with BSI. The odds of experiencing a BSI increased by a factor of 16.8 with each additional injection of predrawn saline (95% CI, 1.8-827.0). Although no environmental source of pathogens was identified, interviews revealed breaches in recommended infection prevention practice and medication handling. Saline flush solutions were predrawn, and multiple doses were obtained from single-dose preservative-free vials to avoid delays in patient care.

Conclusion.

We speculate that infection prevention challenges in the new clinic, combined with successive needle punctures of vials, facilitated extrinsic contamination and transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens. We recommend that preservative-free single-use vials not be punctured more than once. Use of single-use prefilled saline syringes might prevent multiuse of single-use saline vials. Storage of saline outside a medication supply system might be advisable. Before opening new clinic facilities, hospitals should consider conducting a mock patient flow exercise to identify infection control challenges.
Trial of Universal Gloving with Emollient-Impregnated Gloves to Promote Skin Health and Prevent the Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bearman Gonzalo , Rosato Adriana E. , Duane Therese M. , Elam Kara , Sanogo Kakotan , Haner Cheryl , Kazlova Valentina , Edmond Michael B.
Published: March 2010

Objective.

To compare the efficacy of universal gloving with emollient-impregnated gloves with standard contact precautions for the control of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and to measure the effect on healthcare workers' (HCWs') hand skin health.

Design.

Prospective before-after trial.

Setting.

An 18-bed surgical intensive care unit.

Methods.

During phase 1 (September 2007 through March 2008) standard contact precautions were used. During phase 2 (March 2008 through September 2008) universal gloving with emollient-impregnated gloves was used, and no contact precautions. Patients were screened for vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus(VRE) and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). HCW hand hygiene compliance and hand skin health and microbial contamination were assessed. The incidences of device-associated infection andClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) were determined.

Results.

The rate of compliance with contact precautions (phase 1) was 67%, and the rate of compliance with universal gloving (phase 2) was 78% (P= .01). Hand hygiene compliance was higher during phase 2 than during phase 1 (before patient care, 40% vs 35% of encounters;P= .001; after patient care, 63% vs 51% of encounters;P< .001). No difference was observed in MDRO acquisition. During phases 1 and 2, incidences of device-related infections, in number of infections per 1,000 device-days, were, respectively, 3.7 and 2.6 for bloodstream infection (P= .10), 8.9 and 7.8 for urinary tract infection (P= .10), and 1.0 and 1.1 for ventilator-associated pneumonia (P= .09). The CDI incidence in phase 1 and in phase 2 was, respectively, 2.0 and 1.4 cases per 1,000 patient-days (P= .53). During phase 1, 29% of HCW hand cultures were MRSA positive, compared with 13% during phase 2 (P= .17); during phase 1, 2% of hand cultures were VRE positive, compared with 0 during phase 2 (P= .16). Hand skin health improved during phase 2.

Conclusions.

Compared with contact precautions, universal gloving with emollient-impregnated gloves was associated with improved hand hygiene compliance and skin health. No statistically significant change in the rates of device-associated infection, CDI, or patient MDRO acquisition was observed. Universal gloving may be an alternative to contact precautions.
Should National Standards for Reporting Surgical Site Infections Distinguish
between Primary and Revision Orthopedic Surgeries?
Authors: Leekha Surbhi , Sampathkumar Priya , Berry Daniel J. , Thompson Rodney L.
Published: March 2010

Objective.

To compare the surgical site infection (SSI) rate after primary total hip
arthroplasty with the SSI rate after revision total hip arthroplasty.

Design.

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting.

Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, a referral orthopedic
center.

Patients.

All patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty or revision total
hip arthroplasty during the period from January 1, 2002, through December 31,
2006.

Methods.

We obtained data on total hip arthroplasties from a prospectively
maintained institutional surgical database. We reviewed data on SSIs collected
prospectively as part of routine infection control surveillance, using the
criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the definition
of an SSI. We used logistic regression analyses to evaluate differences between
the SSI rate after primary total hip arthroplasty and the SSI rate after
revision total hip arthroplasty.

Results.

A total of 5,696 total hip arthroplasties (with type 1 wound
classification) were analyzed, of which 1,381 (24%) were revisions. A total of
61 SSIs occurred, resulting in an overall SSI rate of 1.1% for all total hip
arthroplasties. When stratified by the National Nosocomial Infection
Surveillance (NNIS) risk index, SSI rates were 0.5%, 1.2%, and 1.6% in risk
categories 0, 1, and 2, respectively. After controlling for the NNIS risk
index, the risk of SSI after revision total hip arthroplasty was twice as high
as that after primary total hip arthroplasty (odds ratio, 2.2 [95% confidence
interval, 1.3-3.7]). In the analysis restricted to the development of deep
incisional or organ space infections, the risk of SSI after revision total hip
arthroplasty was nearly 4 times that after primary total hip arthroplasty (odds
ratio, 3.9 [95% confidence interval, 2.0-7.6]).

Conclusion.

Including revision surgeries in the calculation of SSI rates can result in
higher infection rates for institutions that perform a larger number of
revisions. Taking NNIS risk indices into account does not eliminate this
effect. Differences between primary and revision surgeries should be considered
in national standards for the reporting of SSIs.
The Radical Pedagogies of François Bon and Jacques Rancière
Authors: Davis Oliver
Published: March 2010

This article interrogates contemporary writer François Bon's conception of the creative writing workshop in the light of work by political philosopher Jacques Rancière on intellectual emancipation. Bon's radical programme, based on over twenty years' experience as one of France's leading practitioners of the writing workshop, in
Tous les mots sont adultes: méthode pour l'atelier d'écriture
(revised edition, 2005), is examined alongside the critique of ordinary pedagogy in Rancière's
Le Maître ignorant: cinq leçons sur l'émancipation intellectuelle
(1987), his account of the maverick nineteenth-century educationalist Joseph Jacotot. After setting out and discussing the principles of Bon's creative writing workshops and of Rancière's approach, this article compares the way in which Bon and Rancière seek to create equality within the pedagogical encounter, before asking to what extent their work also succeeds in suggesting how the cause of equality may be furthered in the wider world. It will be argued that the creative writing workshop, as Bon conceives it, puts into practice aspects of the radical egalitarianism theorized by Rancière.
Perte d'auréole: atmosphère et mélancolie dans
Eugénie Grandet
Authors: Petitier Paule
Published: March 2010

Cet article se propose de relire
Eugénie Grandet
de Balzac à la lumière de la notion d’‘atmosphère' telle que l'a élaborée le psychiatre phénoménologue Hubertus Tellenbach. Il ne s'agit pas seulement d'éclairer la mélancolie du personnage d'Eugénie (déjà souvent et bien étudiée, par Nicole Mozet, Raymonde Debray-Genette … ) sous un nouveau jour, mais de montrer comment l'atmosphérique est lié à la poétique du roman, comment il détermine la description des lieux, comment il explique l'apparition du portrait du personnage et comment il permet d'interpréter le déroulement de la fable. On suit en particulier le fil de l'
aura
d'Eugénie, métaphore de sa vie subjective et de son destin amoureux. Cet article se voudrait un fragment d'une réflexion plus générale sur roman et atmosphère de la fin du dix-huitième siècle aux années 1930.
Difference, Cognition, and Causality: Maurice Scève's
Délie
and Charles de Bovelles's
Ars oppositorum
Authors: Banks Kathryn
Published: March 2010

This article juxtaposes two very different texts, Charles de Bovelles's
Ars oppositorum
(1511) and Maurice Scève's
Délie
(1544), examples of Latin prose philosophy and vernacular love lyric respectively. It is not a study of sources: it considers the literary text, like the Latin prose, as an instrument for thinking with. Furthermore, I suggest that contrasting conceptual possibilities arise from generic differences, so that the study of two divergent genres illuminates a variety of related conceptions of difference. I trace a shared interest in the respective roles of cognition and causality in establishing differences, but also a divergence concerning the value of difference, in particular for the human subject. Thus, in the
Délie
, I focus upon images of illuminating, looking, perceiving, and disintegrating. Both texts suggest that cognition is crucial to the establishment of differences, so that it even seems to usurp the function of natural causality. However, in the
Délie
the
je
suffers from difference — both difference within the self and difference from the divine — whereas in the
Ars
difference can be thought of as a violation but more often is perceived in Trinitarian terms, so that the human subject achieves a privileged sort of self-difference resembling that of the divine.
Bean dwarf mosaic virus: a model system for the study of viral movement
Authors: LEVY AVNER , TZFIRA TZVI
Published: March 2010

Taxonomy: Bean dwarf mosaic virus‐[Colombia:1987] (BDMV‐[CO:87]) is a single‐stranded plant DNA virus, a member of the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae.

Physical properties: BDMV virions are twinned incomplete isosahedra measuring 18 × 30 nm. The viral particle is composed of 110 subunits of coat protein, organized as 22 pentameric capsomers. Each subunit has a molecular mass of ∼29 kDa. BDMV possesses two DNA components (designated DNA‐A and DNA‐B), each ∼2.6 kb in size.

Host range: The natural and most important host of BDMV is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Nicotiana benthamiana is often used as an experimental host. Common bean germplasm can be divided into two major gene pools: Andean materials, which are mostly susceptible to BDMV, and Middle American materials, which are mostly resistant to BDMV.

Disease symptoms: The symptom intensity in common bean plants depends on the stage of infection. Early infection of susceptible bean seedlings will result in severe stunting and dwarfing, leaf distortion and mottling or mosaic, as well as chlorotic or yellow spots or blotches. BDMV‐infected plants usually abort their flowers or produce severely distorted pods. Late infection of susceptible plants or early infection of moderately resistant genotypes may show a mild mosaic, mottle and crumpling or an irregular distribution of variegated patches.

Biological properties: As a member of the Begomovirus group, BDMV is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. BDMV is a nonphloem‐limited virus and can replicate and move in the epidermal, cortical and phloem cells. As a nonphloem‐limited virus, it is sap‐transmissible.
The cascading effects of elephant presence/absence on arthropods and an Afrotropical thrush in Arabuko‐Sokoke Forest, Kenya
Authors: Banks John E. , Jackson Colin , Hannon Lisa M. , Thomas Christopher M. , Baya Albert , Njoroge Laban
Published: March 2010

Although studies have explored how habitat structure and disturbance affect arthropod communities, few have explicitly tested the effects of both structure and disturbance level across trophic levels and phyla. We present here the results of a study conducted in the Arabuko‐Sokoke Forest (ASF) of coastal Kenya, in which abundance of arthropods and one of their avian predators, the East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunning sokokensis was compared in relatively undisturbed habitat (outside elephant roaming areas) and in disturbed habitat (inside elephant roaming areas). Vegetation structure in both areas was measured using several metrics, including leaf litter depth, understory vegetation density, animal disturbance and fallen log counts. Leaf litter and coleopteran abundance were higher outside the elephant roaming areas, whereas understory visibility, animal disturbance and dipteran diversity were much higher inside the elephant areas. Species composition of several arthropod taxa (e.g. Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Araneae) was also influenced by degree of disturbance, whereas akalat abundance was inversely related to understory visibility. Our results suggest that differences in species sensitivity to habitat disturbance and vegetation structure across trophic levels should be incorporated into the management and conservation of rare and endangered species.
The European Far West: Miocene mammal isolation, diversity and turnover in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Casanovas‐Vilar Isaac , García‐Paredes Israel , Alba David M. , van den Hoek Ostende Lars W. , Moyà‐Solà Salvador
Published: March 2010

Aim  To analyse the diversity dynamics of Miocene mammalian faunas in the Iberian Peninsula in order to determine whether the patterns are related to the dispersal of taxa from other areas into this region.

Location  Mainly the Iberian Peninsula, but two close geographical areas (Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean) are also considered in some of our calculations.

Methods  Genus‐level faunal lists for a total of 299 localities from the Iberian Peninsula, covering 10 successive biochronological units [Mammal Neogene (MN) zones] that span from the latest Early Miocene to the early Pliocene (about 17–4 Ma), were compiled. The dataset was expanded with a further 331 localities in Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean for the same time span. Next, a taxonomically standardized database was used to create composite faunal lists of micro‐ and macromammalian genera present during each MN zone. Separate genera‐by‐MN‐zone matrices for both micro‐ and macromammals were built for each region. Mean standing diversity as well as origination and extinction rates were calculated for the Iberian Peninsula, and their correlation with preservation rates is discussed. Simpson’s coefficient of faunal similarity with Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean was calculated in order to evaluate whether diversity patterns were related to changes in the affinity of the Iberian mammalian faunas with those of other regions.

Results  Diversity changes in the Iberian macromammalian faunas coincide with periods of increased faunal similarity with other regions, suggesting a relationship to the expansions and contractions of the geographical ranges of the constituent taxa. This pattern is not recognized for micromammals; that is, their diversity trends are not related to changes in geographical ranges.

Main conclusions  Climatic shifts result in expansions or contractions in the geographical ranges of macromammals, owing to changes in the distribution of their preferred habitats. The lower dispersal ability of micromammals results in a higher extinction risk when habitat fragmentation confines their populations to relatively small environmental patches. Hence, they are more severely affected by climatic changes. Our results thus emphasize the role of climatic forcing in mammalian biogeography and diversity.
Modelling the growth of parasitic plants
Authors: Hautier Yann , Hector Andy , Vojtech Eva , Purves Drew , Turnbull Lindsay A.
Published: March 2010

1. Hemiparasitic plants, such as Rhinanthus species, have substantial effects on community composition and biomass. For example, the presence of parasites often increases diversity but reduces the combined biomass of hosts and parasites by c. 25% compared with unparasitized controls. We present and test a simple model of the host–parasite interaction in which parasite growth rate is a function of host growth rate that offers a new explanation for why hemiparasitic plants reduce ecosystem productivity.

2. The model predicts that the combined mass of the host–parasite system is always less than the mass of the host grown alone, because the combined biomass is dependent only on host growth rate, which is reduced by the parasite. The model also predicts that the parasite should adopt an intermediate virulence to maximize its own performance, but that the optimum virulence depends on host growth characteristics.

3. The key assumption of the model is that parasite growth rate and hence parasite biomass is tightly coupled to host growth rate. We tested this assumption by measuring the performance of Rhinanthus alectorolophus, a widespread hemiparasitic annual plant, on nine common European grass species. First, we determined size‐corrected growth rates for the grasses by fitting power‐law growth curves to multiple‐harvest data on host individuals grown without Rhinanthus. Second, we grew Rhinanthus on each of the grass species and related Rhinanthus final biomass to the grass species’ growth rates.

4. Rhinanthus performance was strongly correlated with the growth rate of the host grass species, thus validating a key assumption of our model. However, Rhinanthus biomass on three of the nine grass species differed significantly from the value predicted based on host growth rate alone, suggesting that grass species differ in their resistance to parasitism.

5. Synthesis. Parameterizing such models of the host–parasite relationship could help to explain variation in Rhinanthus performance on different hosts, variation in the effects of hemiparasites in grasslands of different productivity and differences in virulence among parasite populations.
Does herbivory really suppress mycorrhiza? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Barto E. Kathryn , Rillig Matthias C.
Published: March 2010

1. aged and natural ecosystems, herbivory can have a major impact on plant growth. Defoliation and shoot removal reduce the photosynthetic capacity of plants and are also thought to reduce allocation of carbon to roots and mycorrhizal fungi. However, evidence supporting this assumption remains equivocal.

2. ducted a meta‐analysis of 99 experiments, from 33 publications, measuring arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal colonization of roots after real or simulated herbivory removed leaves or shoots. We also explored how effects were moderated by the type of mycorrhiza, fertilization, experimental setting (laboratory or field), treatment (real herbivory of shoots, real herbivory of leaves, simulated herbivory of shoots, simulated herbivory of leaves), type of host plant, duration of the experiment and year of publication.

3. Overall, herbivory reduced mycorrhizal colonization by about 3 percentage points. Treatment, host plant type and year of publication were the only significant moderators, with real or simulated herbivory of leaves and real herbivory of shoots suppressing colonization, while simulated removal of shoots tended to increase colonization. Herbivory reduced colonization of perennial grasses and deciduous trees by about 4 and 8 percentage points, respectively. Mycorrhizal colonization of annual crops was reduced by about 12 percentage points, although this was not significantly different from zero. Mycorrhizal colonization of perennial forbs and evergreen trees was also unaffected by herbivory, and colonization of mixtures of perennial grasses and forbs increased by about 15 percentage points following herbivory. Effect size increased with year of publication, likely due to shifts in experimental designs towards systems more likely to show positive effects of herbivory on mycorrhiza.

4. Synthesis. Our results challenge the carbon‐limitation hypothesis and suggest that herbivory, real or simulated, reduces mycorrhizal colonization by biologically meaningful amounts only in a limited subset of systems.
A real‐time PCR for the detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) of penaeid shrimp
Authors: Yan D C , Tang K F J , Lightner D V
Published: March 2010

Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) causes a common shrimp disease that occurs in many shrimp farming regions, especially in the Indo Pacific, and infects most of the cultured penaeid species. There are seven geographic HPV isolates known, so a method to detect different HPV types is needed. We developed a sensitive and generic real‐time PCR assay for the detection of HPV. A pair of primers and TaqMan probe based on an HPV sequence obtained from samples of Fenneropenaeus chinensis from Korea were selected, and they were used to amplify a 92 bp DNA fragment. This real‐time PCR was found to be specific to HPV and did not react with other shrimp viruses. A plasmid (pHPV‐2) containing the target HPV sequence was constructed and used for determination of the sensitivity of this assay. The assay could detect a single copy of plasmid DNA, and it was used successfully in finding HPV in shrimp samples from the China‐Yellow Sea region, Taiwan, Korea, Thailand, Madagascar, New Caledonia and Tanzania.
Randomized clinical field trial of a bacterial kidney disease vaccine in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Burnley T A , Stryhn H , Burnley H J , Hammell K L
Published: March 2010

A randomized, blinded clinical trial was performed to assess the relative effectiveness of five commercial and one experimental vaccine in a population of farmed fish experiencing a bacterial kidney disease (BKD) outbreak that occurred in one study cage that was part of a larger clinical field trial. A total of 6000 uniquely identified Atlantic salmon S1 presmolts were randomly assigned to vaccine groups in the hatchery and transferred to a commercial marine aquaculture site. Repeated sampling events to evaluate growth, inherent physical conditions and health status were carried out over the entire production cycle. During the second summer at sea, the study cage developed an outbreak of BKD that lasted approximately 240 days. The effectiveness of the selected vaccines was evaluated using survival analysis methods. The sole vaccine group offering protection for BKD was found to significantly decrease the hazard of dying (hazard ratio, HR = 0.68, P = 0.018) during the outbreak, compared to the industry standard, vaccine group. Additionally, during the outbreak, fish with a shortened operculum had a significantly decreased hazard (HR = 0.38, P = 0.033) compared to those fish with a normal operculum, while fish with jaw deformities had a significantly increased hazard (HR = 2.55, P = 0.001) compared to fish with normal jaw status.
Differential growth of U and M type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in a rainbow trout–derived cell line, RTG‐2
Authors: Park J W , Moon C H , Wargo A R , Purcell M K , Kurath G
Published: March 2010

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of salmonids. In rainbow trout, IHNV isolates in the M genogroup are highly pathogenic, while U genogroup isolates are significantly less pathogenic. We show here that, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, a representative U type strain yielded 42‐fold less infectious virus than an M type strain in the rainbow trout–derived RTG‐2 cell line at 24 h post‐infection (p.i.). However, at an MOI of 10, there was only fivefold difference in the yield of infectious virus between the U and M strains. Quantification of extracellular viral genomic RNA suggested that the number of virus particles released from cells infected with the U strain at a MOI of 1 was 47‐fold lower than from M‐infected cells, but U and M virions were equally infectious by particle to infectivity ratios. At an MOI of 1, U strain intracellular viral genome accumulation and transcription were 37‐ and 12‐fold lower, respectively, than those of the M strain at 24 h p.i. Viral nucleocapsid (N) protein accumulation in U strain infections was fivefold lower than in M strain infections. These results suggest that the block in U type strain growth in RTG‐2 cells was because of the effects of reduced genome replication and transcription. The reduced growth of the U strain does not seem to be caused by defective genes, because the U and M strains grew equally well in the permissive epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line at an MOI of 1. This suggests that host‐specific factors in RTG‐2 cells control the growth of the IHNV U and M strains differently, leading to growth restriction of the U type virus during the RNA synthesis step.