bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrobenthos of lagoon ecosystems: a comparison in vegetated and bare sediments
Authors: Magni Paolo , Gravina Maria Flavia
Published: May 2023

The classic paradigm, not always unequivocal though, that seagrass macrobenthic abundance and diversity are greater than those in adjacent unvegetated areas, was tested in a Mediterranean lagoon for which evidence is lacking. We compared the community structure and species composition of macrobenthic assemblages in three distinct areas of the Mistras Lagoon (Sardinia, Italy) dominated by i) the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Cym), ii) mixed-macrophyte/detritus (Mix), and iii) unvegetated sediments (Unv). Samplings were conducted in each area twice in spring (April and May) and twice in autumn (October and November) 2010. Multivariate analyses showed significant differences among the three areas and a marked separation between the two vegetated (Cym and Mix) and the unvegetated (Unv) areas. The top discriminating species, indicated by SIMPER analysis, were characterized by direct development lacking free living larvae. They included marine species, e.g. Cerithium lividulum, Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, Loripes orbiculatus and Gammarus aequicauda, at Cym vs Mix, whereas the pair discrimination of the areas Cym vs Unv and Mix vs Unv mostly depended on the marine Abra tenuis, the opportunistic Chironomidae and Capitella capitata, and the brackish Hydrobia acuta. Both vegetated areas showed a higher species number than the unvegetated area. Differently, abundance was higher in Unv than in Cym and Mix in all sampling dates, most notably in spring likely because of reproductive events, due to both opportunistic (C. capitata, chironomids) and halolimnobic (H. acuta, Cerastoderma glaucum) species. Overall, the present study demonstrated the importance of biological factors in structuring the macrobenthic assemblages of the Mistras Lagoon. Habitatforming phanerogams hosted species-rich assemblages, species-specific reproductive cycles and adaptive strategies contributed to drive species colonization and abundance distribution. Both vegetated and unvegetated patches were found to contribute greatly to the local-scale heterogeneity of the habitat, highlighting the importance of coastal lagoons as hotspots for benthic biodiversity. For these reasons, lagoons must be considered major targets for conservation measures.
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after carbon dioxide laser: review of prevention and risk factors
Authors: Bin Dakhil Alhanouf , Shadid Asem , Altalhab Saad
Published: May 2023

The CO2 laser has been widely utilized in dermatology; its expanding clinical applications include the management of neoplastic lesions, benign growths, cosmetic conditions, and reactive disorders. The laser’s popularity is mainly due to the high precision and short recovery time this technology provides. However, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) has been one of the challenging adverse effects of the CO2 laser. Therefore, several modalities have been studied for the prevention of PIH following CO2 laser treatment. This review aims to analyze the incidence of PIH after CO2 laser therapy, identify its risk factors, and assess the efficacy of the examined treatment modalities in preventing PIH. Pubmed and Embase databases were searched for this study, and relative clinical trials were included in the review. Descriptive findings—including age, gender, skin type, types of intervention, and incidence of PIH—were reported. When appropriate, the incidence of PIH was compared across each possible individual factor, such as skin type, gender, and type of intervention. A total of 211 articles were identified, and 14 relevant articles were included in this review. Seventy percent of the subjects were females (n=219), and 30% were males (n=94), with a mean age of 30 years (SD=7.8). The most common skin types were type IV (59%) followed by type III (25%). In total, eight studies investigated the prevention of PIH. The incidence of PIH after CO2 laser significantly varies between studies, and differs based on the type of intervention. The studies indicate that the use of Clobetasol propionate 0.05% and fusidic acid cream appeared to effectively reduce PIH, recording an incidence rate of 39% and 53.3%, respectively. The Fitzpatrick-skin-phenotype did not appear to influence the risk of PIH. There is a lack of high-powered clinical studies analyzing the incidence of PIH after CO2 laser treatment and the associated risk factors. PIH occurrence may be related to inflammation resulting from thermal damage by the CO2 laser. Consequently, the use of postoperative topical medications with anti-inflammatory properties might reduce its incidence. The use of ultra-potent topical corticosteroids and topical fusidic acid appeared to reduce PIH, possibly reducing postoperative inflammation effectively. Similarly, platelet-containing plasma may be beneficial in reducing CO2 side effects, including PIH. However, more studies are needed to further establish the influence of skin type on PIH and investigate modalities to reduce PIH occurrence after CO2 laser use.
New cases of childhood leprosy in two male siblings in low endemic province – an iceberg phenomenon?
Authors: Hidajat Dedianto , Risantari I Gusti Ayu Febi , Affarah Wahyu Sulistya
Published: May 2023

Children are most vulnerable group to leprosy, cases often found in Multibacillary (MB) type. We reported children diagnosed with Morbus Hansen’s WHO-Multibacillary Lepromatous type. In children W (17-year-old), we found infiltrates in the ears, claw hand with anesthesia and multiple hypopigmented patches on the right upper extremity. In child A (13-year-old), we found infiltrates on ear, multiple irregular hypopigmented plaques on the abdomen, lumbar, gluteus and decreased sensory sensibility in almost all parts of the body. Positive acid fast bacteria was found in both patients. Regiments for multibacillary leprosy was administered with improvement seen after third month of treatment. Identified risk factors include history of close contact with leprosy patient and low socioeconomic and environmental condition.
The Unnamed Plateau (Western Desert of Egypt). New geological and geoarchaeological data from an exploration in a remote area
Authors: Peroschi Maria Emilia , Cambieri Flavio
Published: May 2023

The Unnamed Plateau is a low plateau in the Western Desert of Egypt close to the Libyan border, about halfway between the Gilf Kebir to the north and Jebel Uweinat to the south. It is little known and seldom visited. In the past, we have conducted three field surveys in order to assess its geomorphic features and the human presence in the Holocene. During our explorations we have found a Paleozoic fossil plant, which allows to ascribe the sedimentary cover to the late Paleozoic (as in the Geologic Map of Egypt, 1981), not Mesozoic, as indicated in the 1987 Geologic Map. We could retrace and walk an ancient mountain path connecting the two slopes of the Plateau and leading to a fossil lake. The area was visited by hunters-gatherers and perhaps the first nomadic herders moving north-south, until the mid-IV Millennium BC, when the final desiccation of the Eastern Sahara pushed them out definitely.
Gestione del percorso per pazienti critici e raccomandazioni per il management assistenziale in caso di infezione da Sars-Cov 2: indagine sulle conoscenze e sulle competenze degli infermieri di Area Critica umbria
Authors: Ceciarini Elisa , Ramacciati Nicola
Published: May 2023

Gli assistiti critici affetti da grave instabilità clinica, oltre all'indispensabile ricorso a cure immediate necessitano di essere incanalali in percorsi tempo-dipendenti rispetto ad altri quadri patologici. Obiettivo dello studio è quello di analizzare la conoscenza e l'esperienza maturata dagli infermieri di Area Critica umbri, relativamente alle procedure attivate per l'emergenza Covid-19 e alle norme di sicurezza negli ambienti di lavoro nell'ambito dell'assistenza di pazienti in condizioni critiche in periodo pandemico.
Evaluation of Fetal and Maternal Outcomes in Chorion Villus Sampling (CVS)
Authors: Movahedi Minoo , Farahbod Farinaz , Zarean Elahe , Hajihashemi Maryam , Haghollahi Fedyeh , Farahmand Mehri
Published: May 2023

Background:

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is one of the invasive diagnostic methods used to diagnose chromosomal, genetic, and metabolic diseases in the embryonic period. The use of this method is associated with maternal and fetal consequences, the most serious of which is abortion. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the incidence of these consequences and the factors affecting the incidence of abortion.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was performed on 98 pregnant women with CVS indications. Maternal and fetal outcomes including abortion, vaginal bleeding, subchorionic hematoma, premature rupture of membrane (PROM), chorioamnionitis, preterm delivery, limb abnormality, fetal growth retardation, and preeclampsia were recorded.

Results:

The results of the present study showed that the incidence of fetal outcomes including fetal growth failure, premature rupture of membranes, abortion, and limb abnormalities was 4.1%, 7.1%, 3.1%, and 1%, and the incidence of maternal outcomes including preterm delivery, subchorionic hematoma, preeclampsia, and hemorrhage was 14.3%, 3.1%, 6.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. In addition, a decrease in free BHCG and an increase in NT were significantly associated with the occurrence of abortion (OR: 0.11 and 4.25, respectively, P value < 0.05).

Conclusion:

It should be noted that due to a long time between placental sampling and the occurrence of vaginal bleeding, premature rupture of membrane, and preterm delivery, it seems that placental sampling has no effect. In addition, only a decrease in free BHCG or an increase in NT significantly increased the chance of miscarriage.
Differences and similarities in severe bronchiolitis and status asthmaticus
Authors: Williams Alicia , Dhar Archana
Published: May 2023

Bronchiolitis and status asthmaticus are common diagnoses encountered in the pediatric intensive care unit setting with overlapping clinical manifestations that can create perplexity in treatment following hospital admission. While there are clear first-line therapies for each of these medical conditions, the use of adjunct therapies has been inconsistent and more dependent on provider preference at times. In this review, a brief introduction to the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis allows for a review of proposed therapies to highlight the distinctions between these two entities.
Sensory Property, Physicochemical and Bacteriological Examination of Home-made and Commercial Yoghurt Produced and Marketed in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Ugboma C. J. , Amadi L. O. , Okpara J. C.
Published: May 2023

Bacterial contamination of yoghurt cannot be overemphasized due to it physicochemical and sensory properties that might encouraged the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This study was done to determine the sensory property, physicochemical and Bacteriological examination of yoghurt made at home for home consumption and the one made and sold in Port Harcourt metropolis by the use of general microbiological techniques. Results gotten showed that sample B (Sweetened Home-made) had the best sensory properties when assessed as 47.6%; 52.5%;47.5%;27.5%;50% 32.5% for overall acceptability, most preferred, appearance/colour, aroma, flavor and texture/viscosity respectively. Proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content revealed that sample F had the best moisture content (87.33%); sample A had the highest ash content (1.73%); sample B had the highest crude protein and carbohydrate content (6.02%; 21.36); Sample C had the highest fat content (2.27%). The result of the iron (Fe) content of the different yoghurt samples revealed that sample C had more iron content (0.777mg/100g). The sodium content was high in sample A (44.875 mg/100g) and least in sample F (1.15 mg/100g). Sample B (216.963 mg/100g) had the highest calcium content while sample B (0.0047 U.I/100g) had the highest vitamin C content as compared to vitamin A content having the highest amount in sample A (0.097 mg/100g). The total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 2.20±0.63x104 to 4.65±2.19x104CFU/ml for sample E and A respectively. The Total lactobacillus count ranged from 2.34±1.94x102 to 12.28±8.76x102CFU/ml for sample A and F respectively. There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial and lactobacillus counts between the different milk samples analyzed. Forty-four (44) bacterial isolates were identified in this study belonging to the following genera; Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. Bacillus had the highest occurrence in sample B, C, D and F (11.36%) with least occurrence in sample A and F (6.36%). Staphylococcus had the highest occurrence in sample C (9.09) with least occurrence in sample E (2.27%).  Lactobacillus has the highest abundance in sample D (6.82%). This study has revealed high bacterial load, proximate, mineral and vitamin content which might allow bacteria to thrive. There is need to advocate for proper storage of the yogurt to prevent bacterial contamination.
Effect of Storage Time at Ambient Temperature on pH and Iodine Value of Palm Oil and Groundnut Oil
Authors: Omozuwa O. P. , Aghedo O. N. , Idemudia O. S.
Published: May 2023

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of storage time at ambient temperature on pH and iodine value of palm oil and groundnut oil using appropriate standard methods. The iodine value of palm oil decreased from 45.69 ± 0.01a to 45.11± 0.00k while that for groundnut oil decreased from 56.72 ± 0.01a to 56.22 ± 0.01k during the period of storage indicating loss of unsaturation due to oxidation. On the other hand, the pH of both palm and groundnut oils showed a more impressive decrease from 6.85 ± 0.05a to 4.19 ± 0.00j and 6.40 ± 0.00a to 4.40 ± 0.00h., respectively, due to autoxidation of the oils. A trend of decreasing order of iodine and pH value as the number of days of storage increases for both oils (palm and groundnut oil) was observed. This study shows that the storage time has a high significant effect on the iodine Value and pH value of both oil (palm and groundnut oil) with p ˂ 0.00 as against p ≤ 0.05. It was also observed that there was loss of unsaturation in both oils but higher in palm oil. However, groundnut oil had a higher iodine value, implying that groundnut oil had more of unsaturated fatty acid than palm oil which tends towards saturation due to high level of decreasing iodine value. However, from literature, it has been stated that groundnut oil is likely to be healthier for consumption due to the presence of unsaturated fat it contains.
Transforming Education for Sustainable Futures: Intersecting dynamics of food, water, livelihoods and education in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Velempini Kgosietsile , Lotz-Sisitka Heila , Kulundu Injairu , Maqwelane Lwanda , James Anna , Mphepo Gibson , Dyantyi Phila , Kunkwenzu Esthery
Published: May 2023

Since 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges to but also highlighted the urgent need for transforming education for sustainable futures. The purpose of this article is to share insights gained from a southern African study on intersecting influences of water, food, livelihoods and education, and what they mean for Education for Sustainable Development going forward. The interest is to learn from this study in ways that can inform transformation of education for sustainable futures in southern Africa going forward. The study involved a number of early career researchers in SADC countries, and was conducted via an online approach during the early days of the pandemic. It followed a qualitative research design, employed document analysis, interviews and questionnaires, and drew on a systems perspective to inform analysis. The findings are as relevant today as they were in the pandemic, and point to the importance of giving attention to intersecting issues that affect education. The study highlights six transformative praxis pathways for transforming education for sustainable futures.

Keywords: COVID-19; education for sustainable development; systems thinking, intersectionality
A place for traditional and customary practices in funerals during and post COVID-19: Insights from South Africa.
Authors: Bhuda Monicca Thulisile , Motswaledi Thabang , Marumo Phemelo
Published: May 2023

President Cyril Ramaphosa and his government declared a National State of Disaster, and banned large gatherings to help contain the spread of coronavirus on March 21, 2020. Less than a week after he banned large gatherings to help contain the spread of coronavirus. Families were also encouraged to bury their deceased loved ones as soon as possible after they leave the mortuary. This left families with little to no time to grieve and execute certain expected customary rituals, some of which are performed on the deceased. Families were prohibited from handling the remains of their loved ones and assigned people by the government assumed that role. The bodies of deceased COVID-19 patients were carefully transported and covered in body bags, but in terms of custom, they should be wrapped in a cow skin or blanket according to customary rules. According to African customary law, close family members should be present in the same room as the deceased and perform rituals to ward off evil deeds performed by those who encounter the body. The worldviews of South African people towards conducting burials was thus disrupted by the COVID-19 regulations. Embalming was also discouraged to minimize interaction with the remains. This paper relied on secondary data from the relevant literature, such as official documentation, scholarly articles and news articles. The paper asserts that the COVID-19 regulations have altered the way people in South Africa perform their traditional funerals. It also describes the difficulties people faced while burying their loved ones according to the strict COVID-19 guidelines which compromised most of the traditional and customary practices. The paper further looks at the funeral processes post COVID-19 and emphasises that people have been led by the spirit of Ubuntu to continue with their traditional ways of conducting funerals that are centred in African spirituality.
Algae's Promise to Sequester Carbon Sheds New Insight on Changing Climate
Authors:   Department of Botany, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, Uttar Pradesh, India, Pal Akanksha , Srivastava Ishika ,   Department of Botany, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sahu Sweety ,   Department of Botany, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, Uttar Pradesh, India, Singh Kirti Raje ,   Department of Botany, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
Published: May 2023

The addition of more greenhouse gases (GHG) to the earth’s atmosphere, which accounts for more than half of the planet’s warming potential, has resulted in changes in long-term average weather conditions, or climate change. In order to counter the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, carbon sequestration is a newly developed strategy. Contrary to carbon emission reduction measures, carbon sequestration has a strong potential to lower carbon dioxide levels or mask carbon dioxide emission if the gas is trapped from several stationary sources and used effectively to produce chemical and energy. The implementation of carbon regulations has spread widely. The cost of air pollution is credited with a monetary value. Due to this, investments in the growth of microalgae for carbon sequestration have received attention from all around the world. With these systems, existing carbon mitigation strategies are shown to be a viable and promising alternative. In general, the microorganism groups that make up microalgae are extremely diverse and quick-growing, and they are very skilled in photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic settings. With a unit carbon dioxide fixation capacity 10–50 times greater than terrestrial plants, these microalgae can be grown on non-fertile land. Describe in detail the most recent advancement in the effective use of microalgae for carbon dioxide in this article review.
Pencatatan Harta Wakaf Dalam Perspektif Kemaslahatan Abu Ishaq Syatibi
Authors: Islami Azka , Syarifuddin Efi , Jajuli M. Sulaeman
Published: May 2023

Syatibi, a prominent scholar of the Maliki school of thought, is considered a scholar who is very detailed and complete in discussing the concept of maslahat in Islamic law in his very popular book al-Muwafaqat. This normative juridical research examines the literature on the benefit of Syatibi as the core of this article, then tests it in its use on contemporary waqf issues, especially the regulations for registering waqf assets. He has clarified the benefits into two parts, the benefits from his existence in the world and from the aspect of his relationship with the shari'ah statements (kkitab shari'ah). In relation to its existence in the world, maslahat means something that talks about the upholding of human life and the achievement of everything that is held by its intellectual and emotional qualities. Therefore, in a practical sense, maslahat is closely related to something that is common in society, which is called adat. Meanwhile, from the second aspect, everything returns to the provisions of the shari'ah provisions. Through his views, he then analyzed the regulations for registering waqf assets in Indonesia. This normative research is then analyzed from the philosophy of Islamic law so that it is known that the registration of waqf assets remains consistent with the objectives of Islamic law to be enforced in Indonesia.
Contact-tracing of the COVID-19 spreading using digital technologies with artificial intelligence (literary review)
Authors: Daminov Botir T. , Ashirbaev Sherzod P. , Vikhrov Igor P.
Published: May 2023

The emergence of COVID-19 almost coincided with the beginning of an active phase of the digitalization process in all areas, including the healthcare system. Moreover, COVID-19 unwittingly became the impetus that accelerated the adoption of digital technologies, and initiated new, often innovative solutions to combat both the virus and its devastating social and economic consequences.
The purpose of the study: the current study conducts a literature review of existing scientific reports in the field of digital contact-tracing COVID-19 using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, to discuss issues related to the security of personal data when using official mobile applications, to draw conclusions and make recommendations in the field of effective and ethical management of digital contact-tracing as one of the main tools for preventing the spread of the pandemic.
Scientific reports contained in the scientific research databases of Ebsco Publishing and SpringerLink for the period March 2020 — April 2021 were analyzed.
Digital contact-tracing solutions have found their important place among other anti-epidemic measures in many countries around the world. However, the same solutions, but already using AI, are still gaining popularity. National governments in numerous developed and developing countries understand the importance of national contact-tracing systems, which in turn has introduced such approaches in national pandemic response strategies.
Conclusion: Digital contact-tracing technologies using AI can be an effective tool in the fight against COVID-19 and similar pandemics. However, such digital systems are still at a preliminary stage of their development and implementation, and it will take time before the results will be visible. Very few of the considered examples and models of digital tracing solutions using AI technologies have operational maturity at this stage.
Analysis of the accessibility of cancer patients to drug provision at the outpatient stage of treatment in the Russian Federation
Authors: Linnik Sergey A.
Published: May 2023

Introduction. The outpatient stage of management of patients with malignant neoplasms does not have additional funding. Availability of patients to prescribed drugs on outpatient review of funds allocated by the Russian Federation for the purchase of drugs based upon budgets providing for benefits. In connection with the study of the problem of procurement of drugs for the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasms in outpatient treatment, an urgent task arises, the solution of which is the essence of the development of a study on the planning of drug treatment of patients.
Purpose is to study the accessibility of patients with malignant neoplasms to drug provision at the outpatient stage of treatment in the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation.
Material and methods. To study the availability of patients with malignant neoplasms, the supply of medicines for the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasms in 2019 and 2020 to hospitals purchased at the expense of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the federal budget in the Federal Districts was analyzed. We compared the funds spent between the subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of patients with a first diagnosis. To compare the provision of patients with drugs, we recalculated the amount of funds spent on the purchase of drugs per patient with a newly diagnosed oncological disease living in the Federal District.
Results. Significant differences were found in the provision between the Federal Districts, reaching almost four times the size.
Limitations. When studying the accessibility of patients with malignant neoplasms to drug provision at the outpatient stage of treatment, purchases of all Federal Districts of the Russian Federation at the expense of both the subjects of the Russian Federation and the federal budget were analyzed, which is a sufficient reference sample.
Conclusion. A significant difference in the amount allocated per patient both from the funds of the regional and federal budgets, with the newly diagnosed malignant neoplasm in the Federal Districts creates unequal conditions for treating patients on an outpatient basis.
Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin, and Irinotecan (XELOXIRI) as Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Xiao Junjie , Zhang Hongyu
Published: May 2023

Purpose: This study describes the efficacy and safety of irinotecan and oxaliplatin in combination with capecitabine (XELOXIRI) as a neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) regimen for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC).
Methods: From January 2019 through December 2022, 68 LARC patients treated with XELOXIRI were enrolled in the study. XELOXIRI is administered in a three-week cycle consisting of oxaliplatin 70-110 mg/m2 IV for >120 min on day 1; irinotecan 120-160 mg/m2 IV for 90 min on day 1; and capecitabine 700-1100 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days followed by 7 days off. Sixteen cases were treated with combined radiotherapy, including 8 with long-course radiotherapy and 8 with short-course radiotherapy. The efficacy was evaluated based on pelvic MRI (including TNM stage, CRM, and EMVI status), tumor downstaging rate (to ypT0-2N0M0), pCR rate, R0 resection rate, DFS, and OS, and the safety was assessed according to the incidence of adverse events.
Results: Sixty-six people had surgery; the R0 resection rate was 100%, and the rate of anal preservation was 97%. The tumor downstaging rate (to ypT0-2N0M0) in the entire group was 53.0%, and the pCR rate was 12.1%. In the XELOXIRI alone group (N = 47), the tumor downstaging rate was 55.3%, and the pCR rate was 12.8%. In the group receiving radiotherapy (N = 16), the tumor downstaging rate was 56.3%, and the pCR rate was 12.5%. In the whole group, the 3-year DFS was 89.0%, and the 3-year survival rate was 98.5%. The 3-year DFS of the XELOXIRI and XELOXIRI + RT groups was 89.9% and 87.2%, respectively. The most frequent grade 3–4 preoperative toxic reactions were neutropenia (8.8%), diarrhea (4.4%), and anemia (2.9%). All adverse events were tolerable.
Conclusions: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with XELOXIRI appears to be feasible and efficacious for patients with LARC. Although neoadjuvant XELOXIRI alone did not yield our expected pCR rate as NAC for LARC, tumor downstaging, R0 resection, sphincter preservation, local recurrence rate, 3-year DFS, OS, and safety were all satisfactory.
Memory Landscapes
Authors: Leksana Grace T.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the sites of memory in Donomulyo. Different narratives
are expressed through various kind of sites, from state-initiated
monuments to mass graves, lying in the same space where communities
continued their lives after the violence. Although related to a particular
violent event in Donomulyo, the meaning of this violence may be interpreted
differently amongst the villagers. This creates complex memory
landscapes of violence in the area. To examine this complexity, I look into
the interaction between places, people, and their memory of violence.
In doing so, this chapter will show that sites of memory in this case are
not only objects of the past, but also became a negotiation between past,
present, and future.
Kiss the Reliquary
Authors: Kalmar Tomás Mario
Published: May 2023

In Romola George Eliot elucidates the morality of Comtean attitudes to
relics and reliquaries. Devotees of Comte’s Religion of Humanity, led by
Frederic Harrison, experienced every reliquarian thrill sacramentally, as a
sign of grace. Harrison expertly orchestrated the 1901 Millenary of Alfred’s
Death to help us all experience these fetishistic thrills unashamedly,
collectively, in public. During the 1849 Jubilee of Alfred’s Birth, the thrill of
translating Alfred’s burning words into a modern reliquary healed Martin
Tupper’s notorious stammer. Can we who today still love Alfred afford to
sacrifice such devout thrills of emotion felt by those who locked, kissed,
and unlocked the Victorian reliquaries — the Chronicle, the Life, the
Works — in which Alfred’s relics, we hope and trust, still lie enshrined?
Converging Empires
Authors: Geiger Andrea
Published: May 2023

Making a vital contribution to our understanding of North American borderlands history through its examination of the northernmost stretches of the US-Canada border, Andrea Geiger highlights the role that the North Pacific borderlands played in the construction of race and citizenship on both sides of the international border from 1867, when the United States acquired Russia’s interests in Alaska, through the end of World War II. Imperial, national, provincial, territorial, reserve, and municipal borders worked together to create a dynamic legal landscape that both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people negotiated in myriad ways as they traversed these borderlands. Adventurers, prospectors, laborers, and settlers from Europe, Canada, the United States, Latin America, and Asia made and remade themselves as they crossed from one jurisdiction to another. Within this broader framework, Geiger pays particular attention to the ways in which Japanese migrants and the Indigenous people who had made this borderlands region their home for millennia—Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian among others—negotiated the web of intersecting boundaries that emerged over time, charting the ways in which they infused these reconfigured national, provincial, and territorial spaces with new meanings.
Encounters with Law and Lawless Encounters
Authors: Geiger Andrea
Published: May 2023

Exclusion on various scales and in a variety of forms was central to the reimagining of the north Pacific coast as Euro-Canadian or American space, including restricting the entry of Japanese migrants at international borders, the denial of the of the full rights of citizenship to Japanese immigrants and Indigenous people, and barring access to certain kinds of occupations by law or in practice. On both sides of the Canada-US border, exclusion also sometimes took the form of overt expulsion. This chapter examines instances where Japanese and Chinese labor migrants and settlers were driven out of towns in British Columbia, Alaska, and the Yukon, arguing that the use of mob violence was integral to the reimagining of this region as “white”. Like government-sanctioned forms of exclusion, the expulsion of Japanese migrants mirrored efforts to erase the presence of Indigenous people, including the Taku River Tlingit near Atlin, B.C., from the colonial landscape in both countries. During the early decades of the twentieth century, the governments of both Canada and the US repeatedly worked together to ensure that the race-based barriers each erected against Japanese immigration and the acknowledgment of Indigenous rights reinforced those of the other.
Afterword
Authors: Geiger Andrea
Published: May 2023

A brief afterword links key themes and arguments developed in earlier chapters, arguing that the forced removal of people of Japanese ancestry by both Canada and the United States from prohibited zones along the North Pacific coast regardless of their status as citizens or subjects can be understood as the culmination of prior efforts to marginalize and exclude Japanese immigrants, as well as of an ongoing contest among expanding imperial powers with a stake in the North Pacific Ocean over its marine resources and for strategic advantage. Law and national borders were deployed together to facilitate not only the absorption of Indigenous territories but to secure Asian and Indigenous labor, even as they worked to exclude those laborers from a role in governance by denying them the full rights of citizenship. Mechanisms initially developed to limit the rights of Indigenous people were also used to restrict those of Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians, much as the forced removal of people of Japanese ancestry from the coast mirrored the removal of Indigenous people from areas opened for settlement.
The Beauty of Inequality
Authors: Cowan Benjamin A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes an alliance of Brazilian bishops and activists who strove to organize conservative reaction before, during, and after the Second Vatican Council. Two Brazilian bishops, Geraldo Proença Sigaud and Antônio de Castro Mayer, joined a cohort of helpmeets from the Brazilian Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property (TFP) to work behind the scenes of the council. In the face of what they saw as a satanic and communistic threat of modernization within the Church, Sigaud, Mayer, and the TFP laid the foundation for decades of agitation and resistance. Essential to the development of global traditionalist Catholicism, the Brazilian conservatives have long been the subject of reverence and hagiography among traditionalists themselves; yet academic accounts have largely neglected them. Chapter 1 traces their leadership at Vatican II and afterward, focusing on their work, alongside more widely known foreign counterparts, to solidify and highlight an agenda that would come to define Catholic and—more broadly—Christian arch-conservatism.
Guardians of Morality and of Good Behavior
Authors: Cowan Benjamin A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter unearths the interrelated conditions that empowered conservatives within Brazil’s burgeoning evangelical population: just as evangelicals began to abandon their long-touted apoliticism and formally enter politics, Brazil’s military regime turned away from the Catholic Church to find new allies among right-wing Protestants. The regime and the most reactionary elements among evangelicals shared, albeit for slightly different reasons, a persecutory moralism and anticommunism that set its sights on rooting out progressive Christianity, ecumenism, and those who sought to make the faith an avenue for social justice and democratization. Here we shall begin encountering both Brazilian conservative pioneers and their collaborations with international activists, including Carl McIntire, a North American firebrand critical to the story of the evangelical Right in his home country and, as we shall see, in Brazil.
Paths Taken, Paths Repressed
Authors: Cowan Benjamin A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses progressive Christians, explicating what happened to the evangelical Left in Brazil. Brazil’s role in the development of reformist and radical Christianity, particularly among Catholics, is well known, even celebrated; this chapter explores the country’s Protestant Left and what it stood for in its moments of greatest potential in Brazil— before, that is, evangelical progressivism was marginalized not only by the enmity of conservative coreligionists but also by the stranglehold of the military state. The road not taken, for Brazil’s evangelical politics, diametrically opposed the Christian Right: Protestant progressives, ever a minority, nevertheless gained some visibility and championed ecumenism, social justice, gender and civil rights movements, democratization, and even the plight of those living and dying with AIDS. Set apart from the neoliberalism, pro-authoritarianism, and moralism of the evangelical Right, progressives found themselves confronting a transnational front of conservatism that stretched from Jimmy Swaggart and Pat Robertson to Brazil’s own televangelists and to the halls of dictatorial power.
Preach the World, Reach the World
Authors: Cowan Benjamin A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the forging of stronger connections between Brazilian and international, particularly US, activists on the Right. It takes up the story of moralistic anticommunism as fodder for the creation of institutions that spanned national and denominational borders. Brazilian churches and media outlets engaged with and republished moralistic evangelism from the North; but they also sent missionaries to “save” the souls of America and Americans. More influentially, organizations like Tradition Family and Property (TFP), the International Policy Forum, the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), the Sociedade de Estudos Políticos, Econômicos, e Sociais, and others actively created spaces for and lines of communication between like-minded individuals of various national origins and religious persuasions. These organizations, in Brazil, enjoyed the direct support of the military regime’s most recalcitrant and antidemocratic elements, benefiting from corrupt patronage even as the dictatorship itself waned. As a result, Brazil became a key nexus, physically and ideologically, in the circuits that gave rise to the transnational New Right.
Uniting the Right
Authors: Cowan Benjamin A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter locates Brazil and Brazilians in the genesis and maintenance of the ideological firmament underlying the circuits that forged the transnational New Right. The handwringing about the state of the contemporary world that united rightists across national and denominational divides took a series of perceived scourges as the essence of a hated modernity. This included ecumenism, communism, secularization, expanded government and the welfare state, and a self-perception of traditionalists and traditional hierarchies as the victims of an ongoing, egalitarian spread of liberal democracy. At the heart of rightists’ complaints, and in a sense, what bound them together, was the notion that a quotidian sense of the divine or the supernatural, the source of the world’s rightful, moral, and social hierarchies, had been abandoned in a mythic (sometimes medieval) past, leaving chaos in its wake. Right-wing reactionaries within and outside the Brazilian state, alongside like-minded allies abroad, thus sought to defend or restore that sense, and with it a litany of values they collectively enshrined as the core of the new conservatism: veneration for private property, hierarchy, nationalism, and traditional culture; and rejection of ethnic and religious pluralism, global liberal humanitarianism and cooperation, modernism (whether in theology or popular or moral culture), secularization, and “communism” (generally associated with any interventionist or welfare-oriented state).
By the Flow of the Inland River
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

This short essay establishes in pictures and words the Tombigbee River town of Columbus, an agricultural center for northeast Mississippi, from the antebellum, slavery, Civil War and Reconstruction eras and into the early twentieth century when Pruitt first arrived. He established his photo studio in the time of the Great Migration of Blacks fleeing the South’s Jim Crow laws. Chapter includes seventeen images of landscape and people from post-World War One to pre-Civil Rights periods when most people in the agrarian American South lived in rural communities, not cities. Photographs of turkeys, chickens, horses, and hay wagons. One panoramic image on a gatefold spread depicts the late 1920s Main Street of Columbus, Mississippi. To the east, the spire of the First Methodist Church, to the west, the new bridge across the Tombigbee River. “We Buy Hides and Furs,” one storefront proclaims. Another one says: “Mules, Horses, Wagons and Buggies.”
Camel Ride at Locke’s Zoo, circa 1923
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Pruitt photographs offer visual windows into the how elite white families lived their lives, quite often with the assistance of Black workers. Pruitt regularly photographed the larger-than-life character of Thomas J. Locke Jr., a wholesale grocer. Locke traveled the nation pursuing his business, political, and civic interests. He also ran an opera house and sold beer, bailing wire, potatoes, sugar, and chicken feed. His name could appear two or three times in one edition of the Commercial Dispatch. Sometimes the publicity wasn’t positive. Locke killed a colleague in 1927, was tried for murder, then was the defendant in a civil trial. He was acquitted in both.
Through Pruitt’s images, one can glimpse Locke’s life and his friends and family at play, riding on a camel at his zoo or admiring an abundant string of bass caught at Locke’s Lodge, his retreat bungalow. During Prohibition, he supported the ban on alcohol sales, yet some townspeople people said he profited by selling sugar to moonshiners.
Minstrel Show, circa 1920s
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

White youngsters, adorned in blackface, pose as a troupe of cotton pickers. Cotton bolls spill from a handmade woven basket. The galvanized tub evokes those in which poor Blacks and whites scrubbed and washed clothes for their own families and those of their employers.
The scene conjures the biting comment made by Black writer Zora Neale Hurston: “Everyone seems to think that the Negro is easily imitated when nothing is further from the truth. Without
exception I wonder why the blackface comedians are blackface; it is a puzzle—good comedians, but darn poor n–––.” In the early twentieth century, minstrel shows performed at local movie theaters and set up tents for performances on the southside
of Columbus, where the Confederate Army once had a weapons arsenal. Pruitt’s negatives reveal that throughout his career he photographed whites blackened for minstrel shows and community plays.
Examples abound of minstrelsy’s lingering legacy into the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Filmmaker Spike Lee documented this painfully in Bamboozled. With a searing persistence of cultural love and cultural theft, the Pruitt image depicts the entertainment practice that scholar Susan Gubar
calls “blackface lynching.”
Boxer Jack Dempsey, Truman Capote’s Parents, The “Egyptian Marvel” of the Great Pasha, and Madame Flozella, 1930
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

In November 1930, former world heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey rendezvoused in Columbus with a “buried-alive” carnival act managed by Truman Capote’s father. At the Lake Norris Fishing Club, they posed for Pruitt around a grave dug into the earth, encircled by tall pines and swamp cypress. A dozen or so people surround an upturned wooden coffin in which stood the turbaned Great Pasha, dressed in white robes and accompanied by his similarly robed assistant, Madame Flozella.
Capote’s father, Arch Persons, a graduate of the Washington and Lee University law school, served as manager of the carnival act. Capote’s mother, Lillie Mae Persons, also came to town and was photographed next to the champ with her husband, likely leaving
Truman, age six, in Monroeville, Alabama. The entourage had arrived to celebrate “Dempsey Day” and “Columbus Dollar Days,” designed to lure shoppers and boxing fans from miles away.
In October 1949, almost two decades after Pruitt photographed the fishing club gathering, Harper’s Bazzar magazine published Capote’s “A Tree of Night.” The short story tells of a college coed on a train with a couple, a man and woman who perform a “buried-alive” carnival act.
Sunday-Go-to-Meeting
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: May 2023

Pruitt, who regularly attended the First Methodist Church, photographed religious rituals including births, christenings, baptisms, weddings, funerals, and revivals. In the buckle of the Bible Belt, he took pictures of countless church groups, Black and white.
He had no reservation about taking pictures of African
Americans: “All you had to do was to pay him,” Lula May Williams said in a 1994 interview. She recalled how in 1942, Pruitt photographed her church—the only time Pruitt ever took her picture. She pointed to a panorama on her living room wall. The picture shows a hundred church members in their Sunday-go-to-meeting clothes. This image depicts the installation of a new pastor, Rev. R. M. Prowell, and the officers of the auxiliary groups of Shiloh Missionary Baptist, the oldest Black church in Columbus, founded in 1861.
Lula May Williams’s treasuring of the photograph testifies to the power of an image to carry forth the memory of faith and
faithfulness. Pruitt took the picture he was paid to take; the subjects of the photograph paid the price he asked and then put on the wall or on a table a framed picture to reinforce their belief in something spiritual, something they considered priceless.
Cruising for Conspirators
Authors: Long Alecia P.
Published: May 2023

New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison’s decision to arrest Clay Shaw on March 1, 1967, set off a chain of events that culminated in the only prosecution undertaken in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In the decades since Garrison captured headlines with this high-profile legal spectacle, historians, conspiracy advocates, and Hollywood directors alike have fixated on how a New Orleans–based assassination conspiracy might have worked. Cruising for Conspirators settles the debate for good, conclusively showing that the Shaw prosecution was not based in fact but was a product of the criminal justice system’s long-standing preoccupation with homosexuality.
Tapping into the public’s willingness to take seriously conspiratorial explanations of the Kennedy assassination, Garrison drew on the copious files the New Orleans police had accumulated as they surveilled, harassed, and arrested increasingly large numbers of gay men in the early 1960s. He blended unfounded accusations with homophobia to produce a salacious story of a New Orleans-based scheme to assassinate JFK that would become a national phenomenon.
At once a dramatic courtroom narrative and a deeper meditation on the enduring power of homophobia, Cruising for Conspirators shows how the same dynamics that promoted Garrison’s unjust prosecution continue to inform conspiratorial thinking to this day.
Murder in the Gaslight Lounge
Authors: Long Alecia P.
Published: May 2023

Openly identifying as gay remained difficult and dangerous in the 1960s. In the previous decade, homophobic reformers, politicians, and police in Louisiana had created a legal regime designed to engage in unrelenting harassment of alleged homosexuals. This edifice of de facto and de jure homophobia focused on the New Orleans French Quarter, where LGBT people had become increasingly visible in the 1950s. This institutionalized homophobia provided all the tools necessary for Jim Garrison and his controversial Chief Investigator, a disgraced former policeman named Pershing Gervais, to manipulate legally vulnerable LGBT people, and eventually, to construct a conspiracy that offered a new and sexualized explanation for the assassination of President Kennedy.