bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteomics-Based Approach Identifying Autoantibody against Peroxiredoxin VI as a Novel Serum Marker in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Fujita Yoshihisa , Nakanishi Toyofumi , Hiramatsu Masako , Mabuchi Hideaki , Miyamoto Yoshiharu , Miyamoto Akiko , Shimizu Akira , Tanigawa Nobuhiko
Published: November 2006

Purpose: Detection of novel tumor-related antigens and autoantibodies will aid in diagnosis of early-stage cancer and in development of more effective immunotherapies. The purpose of this study was to identify novel tumor antigens in an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line (TE-2) and related autoantibodies in sera from patients with ESCC using a proteomics-based approach.

Experimental Design: TE-2 proteins were separated by two-dimensional PAGE, followed by Western blot analysis in which sera of patients with ESCC, healthy controls, and patients with other cancers were tested for primary antibodies. Positive spots were excised from silver-stained gels and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS).

Results: Sera from patients with ESCC yielded multiple spots, one of which was identified as peroxiredoxin (Prx) VI by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Western blot analysis against recombinant Prx VI showed reactivity in sera from 15 of 30 (50%) patients with ESCC and 2 of 30 (6.6%) healthy individuals. Autoantibody against Prx VI was found in sera from 1 of 30 (3.3%) patients with other types of cancer (colon cancer).

Conclusion: We have identified for the first time an autoantibody against Prx VI in ESCC patients. The proteomic approach implemented here offers a powerful tool for identifying novel serum markers that may display clinical usefulness against cancer.
Abnormal Intracellular Calcium Handling Underlying T-Wave Alternans and Its Hysteresis
Authors: Bao Mingwei , Zhang Junxia , Huang Congxin , Jiang Hong , Liu Jie , Zhao Dongdong
Published: November 2006

Aims: To investigate the mechanism underlying T-wave alternans (TWA) and its hysteresis under ischemia conditions. Methods: Transmembrane action potential (AP) from endocardial, M, and epicardial cells and monophasic AP (MAP) from four epicardial sites were recorded in ventricular wedge preparation and in isolated intact rabbit heart, respectively. The AP/MAP duration (APD/ MAPD), effective refractory period (ERP), activation time, and APD/MAPD restitution were determined under control and ischemia conditions. The effects of ryanodine (0.01 and 1 µmol·l–1) on TWA, and the effects of low extracellular Ca2+ and 4-aminopyridine on its hysteresis were studied. Results: Ischemia shortened the APD/MAPD and effective refractory period of all recording sites symmetrically, except the APD of M cells, which shortened markedly. In the ischemia group, TWA was induced within a cycle length (CL) range from 160 to 250 ms, which corresponded to a diastolic interval region of 0–70 ms. In this diastolic interval region, the repolarization restitution curve was the steepest (slope > 1.0). All TWA were accompanied by repolarization alternations. Low concentration ryanodine (0.01 µmol·l–1) facilitated TWA, high concentration (1 µmol·l–1) abolished it. Alternans of calcium transient were observed in myocytes purfused with ischemia solution during rapid stimulation. Ryanodine (0.1 µmol·l–1) abolished alternans of calcium transient, and ryanodine (0.01 µmol·l–1) facilitated them. After 60 min pacing at a CL of 200 ms, TWA persisted until the initial several beats at a CL of 300 ms at which a TWA was exceptional. The suppression of hysteresis by low extracellular Ca2+ and 4-aminopyridine indicated an underlying role of the intracellular Ca2+ overload and transient outward current (Ito). Conclusion: TWA is principally due to repolarization alternans, which is secondary to steep APD/MAPD restitution, and relates to intracellular calcium cycling. Hysteresis relates to intracellular Ca2+ overload and Ito.
Recent Advances in Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Bangalore Madan , Matthews Shirnett , Suntharalingam Mohan
Published: November 2006

The treatment of locally advanced or recurrent head and neck cancers has improved from single modality interventions of surgery and radiation therapy alone to include combined modality therapy with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Combined therapy has led to improved local control and disease-free survival. New developments in radiation oncology such as altered fractionation, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy, charged-particle radiotherapy, neutron-beam radiotherapy, and brachytherapy have helped to improve this outlook even further. These recent advances allow for a higher dose to be delivered to the tumor while minimizing the dose delivered to the surrounding normal tissue. This article provides an update of the new developments in radiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancers.
Parapharyngeal Abscess: Comprehensive Management Protocol
Authors: Oh Jeong-Hoon , Kim Youngju , Kim Chul-Ho
Published: November 2006

Parapharyngeal infections are rare, but they cause serious morbidity and mortality. Therefore, until now, the recommended treatment of parapharyngeal abscess has been early open surgical drainage. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical course and outcome of treatment in parapharyngeal abscess according to method of treatment. A prospective study was designed for parapharyngeal abscess in patients admitted for deep neck infection. During an 8-year period, from June 1994 to January 2003, 34 patients were enrolled. All had contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging and confirmation of an abscess in the parapharyngeal space. All patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics. We treated 19 cases (conservative group) with antibiotics only or needle aspiration and 15 (surgical group) with intraoral or external drainage. The mean duration of hospitalization was 8.2 days in the conservative group and 11.6 days in the surgical group. There was no complication except mediastinitis in 1 case of the conservative group. Because of severe dyspnea, 5 patients required tracheotomy. Neck CT scan is a useful diagnostic tool to detect and establish the treatment plan of parapharyngeal abscess. Parapharyngeal abscess may, in some cases, respond to antibiotics, become localized to the parapharyngeal space and be treated conservatively with no need for early open surgical drainage.
Vector-Mediated Delivery of bcl-2 Prevents Degeneration of Auditory Hair Cells and Neurons after Injury
Authors: Staecker Hinrich , Liu Wei , Malgrange Brigitte , Lefebvre Philippe P. , van De Water Thomas R.
Published: November 2006

Objective: To test the hypothesis that bcl-2 prevents oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of auditory sensory cells in explants of the organ of Corti and dissociated cell cultures of the spiral ganglion. Methods: Organ of Corti explants and dissociated spiral ganglion cell cultures obtained from 3-day-old (P3) rats or adult spiral ganglion cell cultures from 28-day-old (P28) rats were transduced with vectors containing a human bcl-2 gene. Cultures were then exposed to neomycin, cisplatin or subjected to withdrawal of neurotrophin supplementation. Outcome measures included hair cell and neuron counts, mitochondrial membrane potential and a histological measure of apoptosis. Results: Expression of bcl-2 in the organ of Corti explants and neuronal cell cultures provided a significant level of protection against cell death. Bcl-2 expression in the organ of Corti explants also protected mitochondria from loss of membrane potential and blocked an early step in the commitment of hair cells to apoptosis. Conclusion: Expression of bcl-2 in cochlear tissues protects sensory cells from a variety of insults that have been demonstrated to damage the inner ear.
Surfactant Protein A and D in Human Sinus Mucosa: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Woodworth Bradford A. , Neal Jeffrey G. , Newton Danforth , Joseph Kusuman , Kaplan Allen P. , Baatz John E. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: November 2006

Introduction: Surfactant-associated proteins (SPs) play a crucial role in the innate defense system and serve as the initial step in the immune response to inhaled pathogens. SP-A and SP-D expression and function are altered in a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the lungs, such as asthma, allergies, and cystic fibrosis, but their presence and function in the sinonasal cavity has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to test our hypothesis that SP-A and SP-D are present in the human sinus. Materials and Methods: Sinus mucosal biopsies were performed in 8 patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, pituitary tumors, and cerebrospinal fluid leak repairs. Expression of SP mRNA and protein by the sinus mucosa was detected by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis, respectively. Results: Analyses of mucosal biopsies from these patients revealed the presence of SP-A and SP-D mRNA and protein in all specimens. Conclusion: SP-A and SP-D are expressed in both normal and diseased human sinus tissue. Understanding the role of SPs in diseased and healthy states may elucidate their possible roles in innate immunity in the upper airway and allow us to develop novel treatments for sinonasal pathologies.
Pimecrolimus Cream 1% in the Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus
Authors: Nissi Ritva , Eriksen Heidi , Risteli Juha , Niemimaa Marko
Published: November 2006

Background:Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, which most commonly causes dysuria, pruritus and soreness of the vulval and perianal areas. Potent topical corticosteroids are used for the treatment of LS, but it is well known that they inhibit collagen synthesis and cause skin atrophy as a side effect. Methods: The present pilot study evaluated the efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% applied twice daily for up to 6 months in 29 women with severe LS. Results: Of the 26 subjects who completed the follow-up period, 42% (11/26) were in complete remission with relief from itchiness, pain and inflammation. A 3.5-fold increase in type I collagen synthesis and a 7.5-fold increase in type III collagen synthesis of the affected areas was detected after 2 months of pimecrolimus treatment. There were no systemic adverse reactions, although mild local skin reactions were reported by 50% of the patients. Blood concentrations of pimecrolimus were checked in 10/26 patients (39%) and were undetectable in all cases. Conclusions: Patient-applied 1% pimecrolimus cream is safe and effective for the treatment of LS.
Targeting of Metallothionein by L-Homocysteine
Authors: Barbato John C. , Catanescu Otilia , Murray Kelsey , DiBello Patricia M. , Jacobsen Donald W.
Published: November 2006

Objective—

L-homocysteine and/or L-homocystine interact in vivo with albumin and other extracellular proteins by forming mixed-disulfide conjugates. Because of its extremely rich cysteine content, we hypothesized that metallothionein, a ubiquitous intracellular zinc-chaperone and superoxide anion radical scavenger, reacts with L-homocysteine and that homocysteinylated-metallothionein suffers loss of function.

Methods and Results—

35
S
-homocysteinylated-metallothionein was resolved in lysates of cultured human aortic endothelial cells in the absence and presence of reduced glutathione by SDS-PAGE and identified by Western blotting and phosphorimaging. Using zinc-Sepharose chromatography, L-homocysteine was shown to impair the zinc-binding capacity of metallothionein even in the presence of reduced glutathione. L-Homocysteine induced a dose-dependent increase in intracellular free zinc in zinquin-loaded human aortic endothelial cells within 30 minutes, followed by the appearance of early growth response protein-1 within 60 minutes. In addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species dramatically increased 6 hours after L-homocysteine treatment. In vitro studies demonstrated that L-homocysteine is a potent inhibitor of the superoxide anion radical scavenging ability of metallothionein.

Conclusion—

These studies provide the first evidence that L-homocysteine targets intracellular metallothionein by forming a mixed-disulfide conjugate and that loss of function occurs after homocysteinylation. The data support a novel mechanism for disruption of zinc and redox homeostasis.
Risk of Coronary and Other Nonstroke Vascular Death in Relation to the Presence and Extent of Atherosclerotic Disease at the Carotid Bifurcation
Authors: Touzé Emmanuel , Warlow Charles P. , Rothwell Peter M.
Published: November 2006

Background and Purpose—

It has been proposed that purely unilateral carotid stenosis is due mainly to local hemodynamic factors, whereas more diffuse disease reflects a systemic as well as a local predisposition and should therefore be associated with higher rates of arterial disease in the other territories. However, few studies have tested this hypothesis.

Methods—

We studied angiograms from 2741 patients with a recently symptomatic carotid stenosis from the European Carotid Surgery Trial and categorized them as showing purely unilateral disease (no convincing plaque in the contralateral carotid artery) or bilateral disease. We related the presence and extent of plaque at both bifurcations to the prevalence of past atherothrombotic disease in other arterial territories and the risk of future nonstroke vascular events.

Results—

The degree of symptomatic carotid stenosis was unrelated to either the prevalence of symptomatic arterial disease in other territories at baseline or to the risk of nonstroke vascular death during follow-up, whereas there were strong associations with the presence of bilateral carotid disease. In multivariate analyses, bilateral carotid disease (n=2076) was associated with previous myocardial infarction (odds ratio [OR]=1.7; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.4) or peripheral vascular disease (OR=1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0) and with subsequent nonstroke vascular death (hazard ratio=2.0; 95% CI, 1.5 to 2.6). The 5-year risk of nonstroke vascular death ranged from 2.7% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.6%) in patients with no history of coronary or peripheral arterial disease at baseline and purely unilateral carotid disease to 21.4% (95% CI, 17.6% to 26.1%) in those with bilateral carotid disease and a history of either coronary or peripheral arterial disease (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—

Bilateral carotid disease is associated with higher rates of symptomatic arterial disease in other territories, suggesting a systemic predisposition to atherosclerosis and hence, the need for more aggressive preventive treatment, whereas purely unilateral carotid disease indicates a mainly local hemodynamic etiology.
C-Reactive Protein, Carotid Atherosclerosis, and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease
Authors: Schmidt Reinhold , Schmidt Helena , Pichler Martin , Enzinger Christian , Petrovic Katja , Niederkorn Kurt , Horner Susanna , Ropele Stefan , Watzinger Norbert , Schumacher Martin , Berghold Andrea , Kostner Gerhard M. , Fazekas Franz
Published: November 2006

Background and Purpose—

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker known to be a risk factor for stroke. We examined the associations between CRP, carotid atherosclerosis, white matter lesions, and lacunes as manifestations of cerebral large- and small-vessel disease.

Methods—

In the community-based Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, CRP concentrations were measured by a highly sensitive assay in 700 participants at baseline. All underwent carotid duplex scanning, and a subset of 505 subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging was repeated after 3 and 6 years. We graded carotid atherosclerosis in both common and internal carotid arteries on a 5-point scale and calculated the sum of scores as an index of the severity of carotid atherosclerosis. The volume of white matter lesions and the number of lacunes were considered small vessel disease–related brain abnormalities.

Results—

After adjustment for vascular risk factors, the severity and progression of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis increased with increasing quintiles of CRP. Only study participants in the fourth and fifth quintile (>2.50 mg/L) had significantly more baseline atherosclerosis and greater progression when we used the first quintile (<0.80 mg/L) as a reference. No interactions were seen between CRP quintiles and vascular risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis. The associations between severity and progression of small vessel disease–related brain abnormalities and CRP were nonsignificant.

Conclusions—

We found evidence for differential effects of CRP in different beds of the arterial brain supply. CRP was a marker for active carotid atherosclerosis but not for small vessel disease–related brain lesions.
Hagiography and the Reconstruction of Local Religion in Late Antique Egypt: Memories, Inventions, and Landscapes
Authors: Frankfurter David
Published: November 2006

Scholars interested in the continuing vitality or decline of traditional religion in the late antique Mediterranean world often find themselves dependent on hagiographical texts, which inevitably depict traditional heathenism as a foil to their Christian heroes and thus cannot be used as simple documentation for historical realia. This paper proposes ways of drawing historical evidence for real, continuing local religion from hagiographical texts from late antique Egypt. After a discussion of the specific ways in which hagiography imposes literary and biblical themes on its representation of traditional religious practices, two points of authentic memory are presented: topographical traditions and traditions about expressive gesture. In contrast, the hagiographical image of the Egyptian priest, for example, carries little historical authenticity. A concluding section of the paper defends and outlines the use of anthropological models for the historical interpretation of hagiography.
Estimating Bias of Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimates
Authors: Smith Thomas M. , Arkin Phillip A. , Bates John J. , Huffman George J.
Published: November 2006

Systematic biases in satellite-based precipitation estimates can be the dominant component of their uncertainty. These biases may not be reduced by averaging, which makes their evaluation particularly important. Described here are several methods of evaluating the biases and their characteristics. Methods are developed and tested using monthly average precipitation estimates from several satellites. Direct estimates of bias are obtained from analysis of satellite–gauge estimates, and they indicate the general bias patterns and magnitudes over land. Direct estimates cannot be computed over the oceans, so indirect-bias estimates based on ensembles of satellite and gauge estimates are also developed. These indirect estimates are consistent with direct estimates in locations where they can be compared, while giving near-global coverage. For both bias estimates computed here, the bias uncertainty is higher than nonsystematic error estimates, caused by random or sampling errors and which have been previously reported by others for satellite estimates.

Because of their greater spatial coverage, indirect-bias estimates are preferable for bias adjustment of satellite-based precipitation. The adjustment methods developed reduce the bias associated with each satellite while estimating the remaining bias uncertainty for the satellite. By adjusting all satellites to a consistent base, the bias adjustments also minimize artificial climate-scale variations in analyses that could be caused by the addition or removal of satellite products as their availability changes.
Flaunting and Empowerment
Authors: Westhaver Russell
Published: November 2006

For most gay men in major urban centers in North America, “circuit parties” are at least a passing point of reference, and most will have something to say about these all-night dance parties, characterized by drug use, sexual pursuits, and normative notions of masculinity. Proponents understand the circuit as a site of empowerment; critics see the circuit as a site of danger. Rather than focus on the truth content of these claims, this article, based on a larger ethnographic study of circuit parties, draws on the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Alan Radley to offer an account of the sense of empowerment some attendees experience as they participate in circuit parties. In doing this, this article not only offers an explanation of this empowerment but also interrogates Bourdieu's treatment of the body to propose an immanent understanding of the body's power.
Gender, Race, and Affirmative Action
Authors: Steinbugler Amy C. , Press Julie E. , Dias Janice Johnson
Published: November 2006

In this article, the authors operationalize the intersection of gender and race in survey research. Using quantitative data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, they investigate how gender/racial stereotypes about African Americans affect Whites’ attitudes about two types of affirmative action programs: (1) job training and education and (2) hiring and promotion. The authors find that gender/racial prejudice towards Black women and Black men influences Whites’ opposition to affirmative action at different levels than negative attitudes towards Blacks as a group. Prejudice toward Black women has a larger effect on Whites’ policy preferences than does prejudice toward Black men or Blacks in general. In future research, survey methodologists should develop better intersectional measures to further document these gender/racial attitudes.
Cyclophosphamide therapy in a serious case of lupus nephritis during pregnancy
Authors: Közdemir H Kart , Yücel A E , Künefeci G , Özdemir F N , Duran H
Published: November 2006

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flare is common, and renal involvement is one of the most serious problems during pregnancy. Aggressive immunosuppressive therapy should be considered for patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. These individuals are at high risk for progression to end-stage renal disease. Immunosuppressive drugs can cause significant toxic and teratogenetic effects. In this report, we describe the case of a pregnant patient with lupus nephritis who was treated with cyclophosphamide. The patient was in the second trimester of her first pregnancy and did not respond to corticosteroid therapy. She underwent intensive in-hospital care while she was on cyclophosphamide therapy. Both mother and baby were well at delivery.
Occupational exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of the evidence and exposure assessment methods in population-and clinic-based studies
Authors: Parks C G , Cooper G S
Published: November 2006

Epidemiologic and experimental research suggests a potential role of occupational exposures in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A plausible association has been identified in studies of occupational silica exposure and SLE, complemented by experimental studies in lupus-prone mice exploring potential mechanisms related to apoptosis and immune dysregulation. Experimental studies of the solvent trichloroethylene in lupus-prone mice provide evidence of effects on immune function, including increased production of autoantibodies and activation of CD4+ T cells. However, few studies of occupational solvent exposure and SLE have been conducted, and those that are available show little evidence of an association. There is some suggestion from the available studies of the potential influence of pesticides on SLE, but as with solvents, the specific type of pesticides that may be implicated is not known. Our understanding of the role of occupational exposures in SLE could be advanced by the development of larger, multisite or parallel studies that utilize similar questionnaire and exposure evaluation methods. Multiple studies using comparable exposure measures are needed to provide sufficient sample size for examining gene–environment interactions. We provide a general overview of data requirements and methods available for the assessment and evaluation of occupational exposures in clinical and populationbased studies of SLE.
Sex differences in autoimmune disease
Authors: Lockshin M D
Published: November 2006

Female/male ratios of autoimmune diseases range from 10: 1 to 1: 3, with similar severity between the sexes. Men and women respond similarly to the infection and to vaccination, arguing against intrinsic sex differences in immune response. In autoimmune-like illnesses caused by environmental agents sex discrepancy is explained by differences in exposure. Endogenous hormones could cause sex discrepancy if their effect is a threshold off-on switch rather than quantitatively variable. X-inactivation and imprinting could cause sex discrepancy. Other possibilities include chronobiologic differences and pregnancy and menstruation biologies in which men differ from women.
Systemic lupus erythematosus: genes versus environment in high risk populations
Authors: Molokhia M , Mckeigue P
Published: November 2006

The risks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are known to vary considerably with ethnic origin. Prevalence of lupus is increased in African-American, Afro-Caribbean, Native American, Asian Indian, Polynesian and Chinese populations compared with people of European descent. The consistency with which high prevalence of lupus occurs in these populations descent living in different environments suggests that genetic factors are likely to underlie the high risk in this group. However the increased risk of lupus in high risk groups such as West Africans compared with Europeans does not appear to be accounted for by differences in allele frequencies at any of the loci where associations with SLE have been found, including those in the HLA region. To date the contribution of environmental factors to a complex disease such as lupus is still not fully understood. This article explores possible environmental risk factors for SLE in high risk ethnic groups. Smoking, occupational exposures to silica and exposure to infection in childhood may explain some non-genetic risk factors for SLE in these groups.
Effects of self-management intervention on health outcomes of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Jovicic Aleksandra , Holroyd-Leduc Jayna M , Straus Sharon E
Published: November 2006

Background

Heart failure is the most common cause of hospitalization among adults over 65. Over 60% of patients die within 10 years of first onset of symptoms. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of self-management interventions on hospital readmission rates, mortality, and health-related quality of life in patients diagnosed with heart failure.

Methods

The study is a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The following data sources were used: MEDLINE (1966-11/2005), EMBASE (1980-11/2005), CINAHL (1982-11/2005), the ACP Journal Club database (to 11/2005), the Cochrane Central Trial Registry and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (to 11/2005); article reference lists; and experts in the field. We included randomized controlled trials of self-management interventions that enrolled patients 18 years of age or older who were diagnosed with heart failure. The primary outcomes of interest were all-cause hospital readmissions, hospital readmissions due to heart failure, and mortality. Secondary outcomes were compliance with treatment and quality of life scores. Three reviewers independently assessed the quality of each study and abstracted the results. For each included study, we computed the pooled odds ratios (OR) for all-cause hospital readmission, hospital readmission due to heart failure, and death. We used a fixed effects model to quantitatively synthesize results. We were not able to pool effects on health-related quality of life and measures of compliance with treatment, but we summarized the findings from the relevant studies. We also summarized the reported cost savings.

Results

From 671 citations that were identified, 6 randomized trials with 857 patients were included in the review. Self-management decreased all-cause hospital readmissions (OR 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 0.80, P = 0.001) and heart failure readmissions (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.71, P = 0.001). The effect on mortality was not significant (OR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.57 to 1.51, P = 0.76). Adherence to prescribed medical advice improved, but there was no significant difference in functional capabilities, symptom status and quality of life. The reported savings ranged from $1300 to $7515 per patient per year.

Conclusion

Self-management programs targeted for patients with heart failure decrease overall hospital readmissions and readmissions for heart failure.
The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population
Authors: Bedogni Giorgio , Bellentani Stefano , Miglioli Lucia , Masutti Flora , Passalacqua Marilena , Castiglione Anna , Tiribelli Claudio
Published: November 2006

Background

Fatty liver (FL) is the most frequent liver disease in Western countries. We used data from the Dionysos Nutrition & Liver Study to develop a simple algorithm for the prediction of FL in the general population.

Methods

216 subjects with and 280 without suspected liver disease were studied. FL was diagnosed by ultrasonography and alcohol intake was assessed using a 7-day diary. Bootstrapped stepwise logistic regression was used to identify potential predictors of FL among 13 variables of interest [gender, age, ethanol intake, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, sum of 4 skinfolds, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol]. Potential predictors were entered into stepwise logistic regression models with the aim of obtaining the most simple and accurate algorithm for the prediction of FL.

Results

An algorithm based on BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides and GGT had an accuracy of 0.84 (95%CI 0.81–0.87) in detecting FL. We used this algorithm to develop the "fatty liver index" (FLI), which varies between 0 and 100. A FLI < 30 (negative likelihood ratio = 0.2) rules out and a FLI ≥ 60 (positive likelihood ratio = 4.3) rules in fatty liver.

Conclusion

FLI is simple to obtain and may help physicians select subjects for liver ultrasonography and intensified lifestyle counseling, and researchers to select patients for epidemiologic studies. Validation of FLI in external populations is needed before it can be employed for these purposes.
Evaluation of Steel I-Beams Strengthened by Various Plating Methods
Authors: Sallam H. E. M. , Ahmad S. S. E. , Badawy A. A. M. , Mamdouh W.
Published: November 2006

Flexural behavior of up-graded steel I-beams, IPE 160, with bonded/welded steel plates and bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates/sheets were evaluated in this work. Different types of end anchorage (belted CFRP sheet, steel clamped, and end welded) were applied to enhance the efficiency of the bonded element. The present experimental results showed that, plate end anchorage increased markedly the efficiency of bonded steel and CFRP plates. CFRP sheet showed higher resistance to debond than CFRP plate. Two separate CFRP strips bonded below the lower flange of the I-beam is the best method for bonded CFRP plate to I-beams. Bonded/welded hybrid joint technique for attachment of the steel plate in tension side is the most efficient technique. All strengthened beams and control beam failed due to distortional buckling after the yield occurrence.
Book Reviews
Authors: Hartas Dimitra
Published: November 2006

Educating young children with special needs
Test anxiety in UK schoolchildren: Prevalence and demographic patterns
Authors: Putwain David W.
Published: November 2006

Background. Despite a large body of international literature concerning the antecedents, correlates of and treatments for test anxiety, there has been little research until recently using samples of students drawn from the UK. There is a need to establish some basic normative data for test anxiety scores in this population of students, in order to establish whether international research findings may generalize to UK schoolchildren.

Aim. To collect some exploratory data regarding test anxiety scores in a sample of UK schoolchildren, along with socio‐demographic variables identified in the existing literature as theoretically significant sources of individual and group differences in test anxiety scores.

Sample. Key Stage 4 students (1348): 690 students in the Year 10 cohort and 658 students in the Year 11 cohort, drawn from seven secondary schools in the North of the UK.

Method. Data on test anxiety were collected using a self‐report questionnaire, the Test Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1980) and additional demographic variables through the Student Profile Questionnaire. The factor structure of the Test Anxiety Inventory was explored using principal components analysis and multiple regression analysis used to predict variance in self‐reported test anxiety scores from individual and group variables.

Results. The principal components analysis extracted two factors, worry and emotionality, in line with theoretical predictions. Gender, ethnic and socio‐economic background were identified as significant predictors of variance in test anxiety scores in this dataset. Whether English was an additional, or native, language of students did not predict variance in test anxiety scores and year group was identified as a predictor of emotionality scores only.

Conclusion. Variance in the test anxiety scores of Key Stage 4 students can be predicted from a number of socio‐demographic variables. Further research is now required to assess the implications for assessment performance, examination arrangements and appropriateness of using a North American measure of test anxiety in a UK context.
Coincidence sites for rational lattices
Authors: Lord Eric A.
Published: November 2006

The problem of identifying the coincidence site lattices produced by the disorientations of any rational lattice is investigated. A very simple new procedure for computing the CSLs is presented, based on Grimmer's reciprocity theorem and application of the reduction algorithm introduced by Buerger for finding reduced cells. The point symmetries of a lattice imply that any orientation relationship that produces a CSL can be alternatively expressed by a variety of different rotations. Two simple numerical methods (one based on integral matrix operations and one based on quaternions) are demonstrated for finding all the equivalent rotations that produce the same CSL and for obtaining a single “canonical” rotation as a representative of an equivalence class.
The symmetry of the incommensurate magnetic phase of ErFe4Ge2
Authors: Schobinger-Papamantellos Penelope , Janssen Ted
Published: November 2006

ErFe4Ge2 has below the Néel temperature two phases in competition, one with a commensurate and one with an incommensurate spin wave. The symmetry of the latter may be analysed in terms of irreducible representations, superspace groups and magnetic superspace groups. In this paper we compare these approaches. The relation with the commensurate structure is discussed.
Crystal and molecular structure of a new trinuclear copper(II)complex: Cu3L2(NCS)2·2.5(C4H8O2), L = bis-N,N′(salicylidene)1,3-propanediamine dianion
Authors: Ercan Filiz , Atakol Orhan
Published: November 2006

A trinuclear Schiff base complex was synthesized from N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,3-propanediamine and Cu(II) ions in the presence of thiocyanate ions in dioxane media. The complex has a nonlinear nucleus structure with the central Cu(II) ion and terminal Cu(II) ions bonded through phenolic μ-bridges. One of the terminal Cu(II) ions is coordinated by a dioxane molecule, resulting in differentiation between the Cu…Cu distances. The central Cu(II) ion has an octahedral coordination sphere, whereas one of the terminal Cu(II) ions posseses a square pyramidal and the other a square planar coordination sphere. The thermal analysis results are in accord with the complex stochiometry. The thiocyanate ions surrounding the central Cu(II) ion are transformed into CuS between 230–280 °C.
Zulaykha
Authors: Tidswell Toni
Published: November 2006

This article investigates the story of Yusuf and Zulaykha in sura 12 of the Qur’an. While commentaries focus on Yusuf as the key character of this story, in this article emphasis will be given to the story from Zulaykha’s point of view to gain a new appreciation of the character and some indication of a Qur’anic perspective on women in general.
Where the Beginning Ends: Studying Leads in Literature in Order to Write Attention‐Getting Introductions
Authors: Medina Adriana L.
Published: November 2006

In order for students to write like authors they need to read like writers. This requires direct instruction in attending to the writing craft through the use of quality adolescent literature and engagement in reading and writing.

This article focuses on writing catchy introductions. The author offers the lesson objective and a teacher script arranged within a minilesson format. A list of types of introductions and examples of introductions from adolescent literature are given.
Self‐Assembly of Diblock‐Copolymer Micelles for Template‐Based Preparation of PbTiO3 Nanograins
Authors: Kronholz S. , Rathgeber S. , Karthäuser S. , Kohlstedt H. , Clemens S. , Schneller T.
Published: November 2006

A bottom‐up fabrication route for PbTiO3 nanograins grown on predefined TiO2 nanostructures used as seeds is presented. The structuring of the TiO2 seeds is performed using a self‐organized template constructed from a gold‐loaded micellar monofilm. With this fabrication process, TiO2 seeds and PbTiO3 grains with diameters of 12 and 30 nm, respectively, are prepared without the need for electron‐beam lithography. The dimensions of the structure imposed by the micellar template are transferred through all the processing steps to the final PbTiO3 grains. Furthermore, it is shown that the intermicelle distance and the degree of order in the dried monofilm is mainly determined by the preparation conditions, such as the pulling velocity in the dipping process and the strength of the surface–micelle interaction, and not necessarily by the architectural properties (block length and ratio) of the diblock copolymers that build the micelles. The intermicelle spacing in the dried film is much smaller than the micelle dimensions in solution, and approaches the dimensions of a fully collapsed micelle when the dipping process is performed slowly enough.
A nonequilibrium model for distillation processes
Authors: Liang Yin‐Chun , Zhou Zheng , Wu You‐Ting , Geng Jiao , Zhang Zhi‐Bing
Published: November 2006

A general thermodynamic model is developed by combining organically the nonequilibrium thermodynamic analysis with the traditional METSH simulation of distillation processes. The model is capable of both simulating industrial distillation processes and analyzing energy consumptions of the processes. The benzene–toluene binary distillation is selected as the model system to test the theory, and the industrial‐scale tray column is studied in this work. The simulation results show that the tray structure and operation parameters have significantly influenced the entropy generation rate (EGR). It is also found that the development of vapor and liquid flow patterns on the industrial‐scale trays can enhance tray efficiency and result in evident reduction of the EGR. The model is suitable for tray design, column performance analysis, and energy consumption evaluation of distillation processes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
A CFD model for mass transfer and interfacial phenomena on single droplets
Authors: Burghoff Sylvia , Kenig Eugeny Y.
Published: November 2006

Mass transfer and interfacial phenomena during simultaneous extraction of two components from a single spherical droplet to a surrounding continuous phase were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were carried out in a single droplet measuring cell in which the mass transfer of acetone and methylisopropylketone from the disperse toluene phase to the continuous aqueous phase was investigated. The developed model takes into consideration the cross‐effects of multicomponent mass transfer and the onset of Marangoni convection induced by mass transfer. The influence of Marangoni convection on the velocity field around the droplet was analyzed. The developed model was implemented into the commercial computational fluid dynamics software package CFX4.3. The results of the performed simulations agree well with experimental data. Influences of Reynolds numbers of the continuous phase and initial mass fraction on the extraction process were analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of multicomponent mass transfer on the onset of Marangoni convection was studied. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Anwendung der Random‐Set‐Methode (RSM) für Standsicherheitsuntersuchungen im Tunnelbau
Authors: Pöttler Rudolf , Schweiger Helmut F.
Published: November 2006

Der vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Anwendung der Random‐Set‐Methode (RSM) im Tunnelbau. Er zeigt anhand eines ausgeführten Beispiels die positiven Aspekte der Anwendung der RSM für die Standsicherheitsuntersuchungen. Berechnungsergebnisse nach dem Stand der Technik mit deterministischen Ansätzen werden mit den Ergebnissen der RSM verglichen, die die gesamte Bandbreite der Parameter eines Homogenbereiches abdecken. In diesem Beitrag wird davon ausgegangen, daß die Standsicherheit eines Tunnels gewährleistet ist, wenn die auftretenden Verformungen mit den errechneten Verformungen übereinstimmen. Wird der Standsicherheitsnachweis unter Verwendung eines deterministischen Ansatzes erbracht, ist ein hohes Maß an Interpretation bei der Auswertung und dem Vergleich der Meß‐ und Berechnungsergebnisse erforderlich. Dies ist bei der Anwendung der RSM nicht der Fall, da an Stelle von festgelegten Parameterkombinationen eine Bandbreite der Kennwerte in die Berechnungen einfließt.
Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using umbrella devices
Authors: Handke Ronald , Jux Christian , Schranz Dietmar , Schneider Martin
Published: November 2006

There is only limited experience of interventional closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSDs), particularly on the long‐term follow‐up. This is a report on our long‐term results after transcatheter closure of pmVSDs using the Cardioseal, Starflex, or Rashkind devices. Patients: Between 1993 and 2005, we performed interventional occlusions of pmVSDs in 18 patients. The size of the defect ranged between 4 and 8.5 mm, Qp/Qs was calculated between 1.3 and 2.2. Except for two, the patients had no other structural heart defect. In the early days, we used the Rashkind PDA occluder (17 mm) in seven, followed by the Cardioseal device (17 mm) in nine, and the 23 mm Starflex device in two patients. Results: Interventional closure of the defects was performed successfully in all patients without any complication during the procedure. Fluoroscopy times were 11.8–53.7 min (median 28.65 min). We achieved a complete closure in 13 patients, three patients with recently implanted devices still show minimal shunting. In two patients the occluder had to be removed surgically because of embolization into the pulmonary artery and significant residual shunting resulting in severe hemolysis in the second patient. In long‐ (mean 10.7 years) and short‐term (mean 0.85 years) follow‐up we have not observed any hemolysis, arrhythmias, device dislocations, or device‐related aortic or tricuspid regurgitation. Conclusion: Transcatheter closure of small pmVSDs using non‐selfcentering devices can be performed successfully. Long‐term follow‐up investigations show encouraging results. Complications like device‐embolization and significant residual shunting occur in the presence of large defects and/or concomitant malformations. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Segev Amit , Cantor Warren J. , Strauss Bradley H.
Published: November 2006

We report the long‐term outcome of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in 12 HIV‐infected patients. Two patients died from a HIV‐related infection and seven patients suffered from severe clinical and/or angiographic restenosis requiring additional interventions or causing severe angina pectoris. Only three patients remained symptom free. We conclude that HIV‐infected patients should be considered as high risk group and treated routinely with drug‐eluting stents. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct aspiration using rapid‐exchange and low‐profile device for acute thrombo‐embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Kawarada Osami , Sonomura Tetsuo , Yokoi Yoshiaki
Published: November 2006

Acute thrombo‐embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is potentially fatal vascular emergency that requires rapid restoration of mesenteric blood flow as well as early diagnosis. Selective thrombolysis has been employed for this life‐threatening event. Although failed thrombolysis is a well known phenomenon, which is directly connected with bowel necrosis, emergent laparotomy, and patient death, little progress has been made in its treatment strategy. Recently, direct aspiration using rapid‐exchange and low‐profile aspiration device has been reported as a simple, safe, and effective strategy to thrombus in coronary artery. We describe the utility of direct aspiration using this sort of aspiration device for failed thrombolysis of SMA thrombo‐embolism. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous PFO closure for the prevention of recurrent brain abscess
Authors: LaBarbera Matthew , Berkowitz M. Joshua , Shah Alan , Slater James
Published: November 2006

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) can act as a conduit between the venous and arterial circulations, allowing right‐to‐left shunting and bypass of the pulmonary circulation. Brain abscess may develop as a result of paradoxical embolism of organisms through a PFO. In this small series, we report on the closure of PFO for the prevention of recurrent brain abscess. Only prospective, randomized trials comparing PFO closure to conservative therapy could provide a definitive answer as to the optimal strategy for preventing recurrent cerebral abscess. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.