bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The politics of energy security: contrasts between the United States and the European Union
Authors: Johnson Corey , Boersma Tim
Published: April 2014

Energy is consumed in massive quantities by individuals, industries, and governments and forms the basis for modern life and lifestyles on both sides of the Atlantic. Energy security has been the trope that policy makers have adopted during the latter part of the 20th century to ensure that consumers can have access to sufficient supplies of energy to meet not only their daily needs, but also their daily wants, of energy. The politics of energy security have largely occurred at the scale of the nation‐state. The growing role of the European Union (EU), on the one hand, the increasing globalization of energy provision and consumption on the other, against the backdrop of anthropogenic climate change, are posing fundamental challenges to the state‐centric, consumption growth model of energy security. In the United States, the unconventional oil and gas revolution has profoundly altered the landscape of political discussions of energy security, but they have not fundamentally altered the underlying reality that there are ever more consumers outside of North America and Europe vying for those kilojoules of energy. In Europe, EU member states continue to be reluctant to give up their historical responsibilities on energy, even as it becomes clear that EU climate policies and an unrealized internal market on energy make energy security for individual nation‐states increasingly antiquated ideas. The politics of energy security must take new global realities into account, and focus more on basic questions of consumption. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:171–177. doi: 10.1002/wene.121

This article is categorized under:

Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy

Energy and Development > Climate and Environment
Direct Synthesis of Ion‐pair Lanthanide Borohydrides and their High Activity for Polymerization of L‐Lactide and ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Li Wenbo , Xue Mingqiang , Zhang Yong , Yao Yingming , Shen Qi
Published: April 2014

The reactions of LnCl3 (Ln = Nd, Pr, La) with NaBH4 in a THF solution at 75 °C afforded ion‐pair lanthanide borohydrides [Ln(BH4)2(THF)5]+[Ln(BH4)4(THF)2]– [Ln = Nd (1), Pr (2), La (3)] in high yields whilst similar reactions at 40 °C yielded the neutral borohydrides [Ln(BH4)3(THF)3] [Ln = Nd (4), Pr (5), La (6)]. The influence of the size of the lanthanide metals on the synthesis of ion‐pair lanthanide borohydrides was observed. The same procedure with the middle and latter lanthanide metal chlorides as that for the synthesis of 1–3 did not afford the analogous complexes, but the neutral lanthanide borohydrides [Ln(BH4)3(THF)3] [Ln = Sm (7), Eu (8), Yb (9)] were isolated. Complexes 1–3 showed high activity for the ring‐opening polymerizations of ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) and L‐Lactide (L‐LA). The comparable study on the reactivity between 1 and 4 revealed that 1 showed somewhat higher activity than 4 in all the polymerizations studied, but no quite difference in chemistry behavior between the two complexes.
Lipase‐Catalysed Enrichment of γ‐Linolenic Acid from Evening Primrose Oil in a Solvent‐Free System
Authors: Baeza‐Jiménez Ramiro , No Da Som , Otero Christina , García Hugo S. , Lee Jeom Sig , Kim In‐Hwan
Published: April 2014

The enrichment of γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) was carried out in a solvent‐free system by lipase‐catalysed esterification of free fatty acids from evening primrose oil (EPO‐FA) and 1‐butanol (BtOH). The lipase employed to conduct this study was a free preparation of Candida rugosa. Variables evaluated were: substrate molar ratio (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, 1:10 and 1:12, EPO‐FA:BtOH), temperature (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C), and enzyme loading (5, 10, 15 and 20 %, based on the total weight of substrates). GLA was highly enriched in the non‐esterified fatty acid fraction since C. rugosa showed very low selectivity for this fatty acid. We were able to increase the content of GLA to ca. 70 wt.% under the following optimal conditions: 30 °C, 10 % enzyme loading and a 1:10 molar ratio (EPO‐FA:BtOH), after 24 h. An additional set of experiments was conducted whereby the amount of water was controlled by addition of molecular sieves to the reaction mixture. The latter experiments produced a higher GLA concentrate (83.74 wt.%), under the optimal conditions described above and by adding 10 % molecular sieves (based on the total weight of substrates) after 36 h.
Ray Tracing and Beyond
Authors: Tracy E. R. , Brizard A. J. , Richardson A. S. , Kaufman A. N.
Published: April 2014

This complete introduction to the use of modern ray tracing techniques in plasma physics describes the powerful mathematical methods generally applicable to vector wave equations in non-uniform media, and clearly demonstrates the application of these methods to simplify and solve important problems in plasma wave theory. Key analytical concepts are carefully introduced as needed, encouraging the development of a visual intuition for the underlying methodology, with more advanced mathematical concepts succinctly explained in the appendices, and supporting Matlab and Raycon code available online. Covering variational principles, covariant formulations, caustics, tunnelling, mode conversion, weak dissipation, wave emission from coherent sources, incoherent wave fields, and collective wave absorption and emission, all within an accessible framework using standard plasma physics notation, this is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers in plasma physics.
The Progress of Maritime Discovery
Authors: Clarke James Stanier
Published: April 2014

James Stanier Clarke (c.1766–1834) was a chaplain and naval author. An associate of the Prince of Wales, Clarke was a naval chaplain before being appointed chaplain at Carlton House. He is best remembered for founding the Naval Chronicle with his colleague John McArthur, and published various scholarly works concerning the British Navy. This volume, first published in 1803, contains Clarke's study of early navigational methods and naval history. Originally conceived as the first volume of a multi-volume work encompassing the development of maritime technology until the eighteenth century, this volume focuses on early navigational methods and discoveries in antiquity and the Medieval periods until 1498. Arranged chronologically according to civilisation or country, Clarke describes in detail the navigational methods and naval discoveries of early societies. This volume provides an example of the interest in naval history following the British Navy's successes during the early French Revolutionary Wars.
The British Navy
Authors: Brassey Thomas
Published: April 2014

Sir Thomas Brassey (1836–1918), later Earl Brassey, was a politician with a particular interest in maritime affairs. He was a keen sailor, and his wife's accounts of their many voyages (also reissued in this series) were bestsellers. He subsequently became a Lord of the Admiralty and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Brassey's Naval Annual was for many years the authoritative survey of worldwide navies. This five-volume survey of the state of the British Navy was published between 1882 and 1883. Brassey was much involved with questions of the modernisation and reform of the Navy, at a time when international relations were marked by a maritime arms race. The books provide much technical detail about the different types of ship and weapons available to the Navy. Volume 3 includes discussions of naval policy and ship design, and Brassey's parliamentary papers.
Concert Room and Orchestra Anecdotes of Music and Musicians, Ancient and Modern
Authors: Busby Thomas
Published: April 2014

The writer, composer and organist Thomas Busby (1754–1838) was originally articled to the composer Jonathan Battishill before setting out to make his living from both musical and literary labours. His compositions (many now lost) include songs, theatre music and oratorios. His written output comprised journal articles and monographs, among them A Grammar of Music and A General History of Music (both reissued in this series). The present work, his most endearing, was first published in 1825. Gossipy, informative and highly entertaining, it yields all manner of insights into musical life through history. Approximately a thousand anecdotes are assembled across the three volumes as a delightful potpourri, interspersed with pen portraits of eminent musicians. Volume 1 includes discussion of Sir John Hawkins, the Panharmonicon, Rodolphe Kreutzer, Beethoven's eccentricity, and music as a treatment for the bite of a spider.
A History of Egypt
Authors: Petrie William Matthew Flinders
Published: April 2014

Published in six volumes between 1894 and 1905, this collection served as a valuable reference work for students and scholars of Egyptology at a time when ongoing archaeological excavations were adding significantly to the understanding of one of the world's oldest civilisations. At the forefront of this research was Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942), whose pioneering methods made Near Eastern archaeology a much more systematic and scientific discipline. Many of his other publications are also reissued in this series. Britain's first professor of Egyptology from 1892, Petrie was conscious of the fact that there was no textbook he could recommend to his students. The work of Weidemann was in German and out of date, so Petrie and his collaborators incorporated the latest theories and discoveries in this English-language resource. In Volume 3 (1905), Petrie covers Egyptian history from the nineteenth to the thirtieth dynasty.
A History of Egypt
Authors: Mahaffy John Pentland
Published: April 2014

Published in six volumes between 1894 and 1905, this collection served as a valuable reference work for students and scholars of Egyptology at a time when ongoing archaeological excavations were adding significantly to the understanding of one of the world's oldest civilisations. At the forefront of this research was Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942), whose pioneering methods made Near Eastern archaeology a much more systematic and scientific discipline. Many of his other publications are also reissued in this series. Britain's first professor of Egyptology from 1892, Petrie was conscious of the fact that there was no textbook he could recommend to his students. The work of Weidemann was in German and out of date, so Petrie and his collaborators incorporated the latest theories and discoveries in this English-language resource. Volume 4 (1899), written by John Pentland Mahaffy (1839–1919), covers the Ptolemaic dynasty, from 332 to 30 BCE.
Koptos, Qurneh
Authors: Petrie William Matthew Flinders
Published: April 2014

Among the leading Egyptologists of his day, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) excavated over fifty sites and trained a generation of archaeologists. This single-volume reissue brings together two of his well-illustrated excavation reports. The first, originally published in 1896, covers the work undertaken in 1893–4 at Koptos (modern-day Qift), a key settlement in Upper Egypt on the Nile's east bank. This includes a chapter on classical inscriptions by David George Hogarth (1862–1927). The second report, first published in 1909, discusses recent archaeological work around Qurna in the Theban necropolis, including the discovery of an intact royal burial dating from the seventeenth dynasty. The epigraphic material is addressed in a chapter by James Herbert Walker (d.1914). Petrie wrote prolifically throughout his long career, and a great many of his other publications - for both specialists and non-specialists - are also reissued in this series.
A Popular Guide to the Heavens
Authors: Ball Robert Stawell
Published: April 2014

A talented mathematician trained at Trinity College, Dublin, Sir Robert Stawell Ball (1840–1913) was best known in the early twentieth century for his immensely popular books on astronomy. He also gave the Royal Institution's Christmas Lectures on five occasions. First published in 1905, this concise guide to the basics of astronomy assumes almost no prior knowledge of the subject. Beginning with simple phenomena such as the seasons and the effects of atmospheric refraction, Ball expands quickly into month-by-month indexes of the night sky, star charts, and explanations of some of the lesser-known stellar and solar features, from the paths of sunspots to details of the major nebulae. Including over eighty pages of meticulous charts and illustrations, his book remains an excellent resource for students in the history of science, and interested laypeople. Also reissued in this series are The Story of the Heavens (1885) and Star-Land (1889), alongside Ball's more technical Treatise on Spherical Astronomy (1908).
Music and Ethical Responsibility
Authors: Warren Jeff R.
Published: April 2014

Discussions surrounding music and ethical responsibility bring to mind arguments about legal ownership and purchase. Yet the many ways in which we experience music with others are usually overlooked. Musical experience and practice always involve relationships with other people, which can place limitations on how we listen to and act upon music. In Music and Ethical Responsibility, Jeff Warren challenges current approaches to music and ethics, drawing upon philosopher Emmanuel Levinas's theory that ethics is the responsibilities that arise from our encounters with other people. Warren examines ethical responsibilities in musical experiences including performing other people's music, noise, negotiating musical meaning, and improvisation. Revealing the diverse roles that music plays in the experience of encountering others, Warren argues that musicians, researchers, and listeners should place ethical responsibility at the heart of musical practices.
Recalibrating Reform
Authors: Chinn Stuart
Published: April 2014

Some of the most important eras of reform in US history reveal a troubling pattern: often reform is compromised after the initial legislative and judicial victories have been achieved. Thus Jim Crow racial exclusions followed Reconstruction; employer prerogatives resurged after the passage of the Wagner Act in 1935; and after the civil rights reforms of the mid-twentieth century, principles of color-blindness remain dominant in key areas of constitutional law that allow structural racial inequalities to remain hidden or unaddressed. When momentous reforms occur, certain institutions and legal rights will survive the disruption and remain intact, just in different forms. Thus governance in the post-reform period reflects a systematic recalibration or reshaping of the earlier reforms as a result of the continuing influence and power of such resilient institutions and rights. Recalibrating Reform examines this issue and demonstrates the pivotal role of the Supreme Court in post-reform recalibration.
Working Childhoods
Authors: Dyson Jane
Published: April 2014

Working Childhoods draws upon research in the Indian Himalayas to provide a theoretically-informed account of children's lives in a remote part of the world. The book shows that children in their pre-teens and teens are lynchpins of the rural economy, spending hours each day herding cattle, collecting leaves, and juggling household tasks with schoolwork. Through documenting in painstaking detail children's stories, songs, friendships, fears and tribulations, the book offers a powerful account of youth agency and young people's rich relationship with the natural world. The 'environment' emerges not only as a crucial economic resource but also as a basis for developing gendered ideas of self. The book should be essential reading for anyone interested in better understanding childhood, youth, the environment, and development within and beyond India - including anthropologists, sociologists, geographers, development studies scholars, and South Asianists.
Waves and Mean Flows
Authors: Bühler Oliver
Published: April 2014

Interactions between waves and mean flows play a crucial role in understanding the long-term aspects of atmospheric and oceanographic modelling. Indeed, our ability to predict climate change hinges on our ability to model waves accurately. This book gives a modern account of the nonlinear interactions between waves and mean flows, such as shear flows and vortices. A detailed account of the theory of linear dispersive waves in moving media is followed by a thorough introduction to classical wave-mean interaction theory. The author then extends the scope of the classical theory and lifts its restriction to zonally symmetric mean flows. It can be used as a fundamental reference, a course text, or by geophysicists and physicists needing a first introduction. This second edition includes brand new material, including a section on Langmuir circulations and the Craik–Leibovich instability. The author has also added exercises to aid students' learning.
Cryptography and Secure Communication
Authors: Blahut Richard E.
Published: April 2014

Today's pervasive computing and communications networks have created an intense need for secure and reliable cryptographic systems. Bringing together a fascinating mixture of topics in engineering, mathematics, computer science, and informatics, this book presents the timeless mathematical theory underpinning cryptosystems both old and new. Major branches of classical and modern cryptography are discussed in detail, from basic block and stream cyphers through to systems based on elliptic and hyperelliptic curves, accompanied by concise summaries of the necessary mathematical background. Practical aspects such as implementation, authentication and protocol-sharing are also covered, as are the possible pitfalls surrounding various cryptographic methods. Written specifically with engineers in mind, and providing a solid grounding in the relevant algorithms, protocols and techniques, this insightful introduction to the foundations of modern cryptography is ideal for graduate students and researchers in engineering and computer science, and practitioners involved in the design of security systems for communications networks.
Scripture and Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Jassen Alex P.
Published: April 2014

This book is the first work of its kind to examine legal exegesis in the Dead Sea Scrolls from the perspective of both the history of Jewish law and early Jewish scriptural interpretation. It shows how the Dead Sea Scrolls transform the meaning and application of biblical law to meet the needs of new historical and cultural settings. The Dead Sea Scrolls legal texts are examined through the comparative lens of law and legal interpretation in Second Temple Judaism and rabbinic Judaism. The creative interpretation of scriptural texts in the Dead Sea Scrolls responds to the tension between seemingly rigid authoritative scripture and the need for law and scripture to be perpetually evolving entities. The ongoing legal interpretation of scriptural texts frames the development of Jewish law at the same time as it shapes the nature of the biblical canon.
Ismailïa
Authors: Baker Samuel White
Published: April 2014

Sir Samuel White Baker (1821–1893) was a traveller and explorer. This two-volume work of 1874 is his account of a military expedition under Ismail Pasha (Ismail the Magnificent, 1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt, to suppress the slave-trade of central Africa between 1869 and 1873. Having found Egyptian citizens exploiting the population of the lawless central lands, Ismail determined to colonize and modernize the Nile basin (now southern Egypt and Sudan). He appointed Baker governor-general and major-general in the Ottoman army. Illustrated with over 50 plates and maps, and with Baker's lively observations of the country and of the society he was trying to reform, this book is a wonderful record of a lost world, and of an important stage in late Ottoman military expansion. The first volume starts with preparations for the voyage and ends with Baker having established stability in Gondokoro and about to march further south.
The Dyslexia Debate
Authors: Elliott Julian G. , Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: April 2014

The Dyslexia Debate examines how we use the term 'dyslexia' and questions its efficacy as a diagnosis. While many believe that a diagnosis of dyslexia will shed light on a reader's struggles and help identify the best form of intervention, Julian G. Elliott and Elena L. Grigorenko show that it adds little value. In fact, our problematic interpretation of the term could prove to be a major disservice to many children with difficulties learning to read. This book outlines in detail the diverse ways in which reading problems have been conceptualized and operationalized. Elliott and Grigorenko consider the latest research in cognitive science, genetics, and neuroscience, and the limitations of these fields in terms of professional action. They then provide a more helpful, scientifically rigorous way to describe the various types of reading difficulties and discuss empirically supported forms of intervention.
Losing the Temple and Recovering the Future
Authors: Najman Hindy
Published: April 2014

This book explores the Jewish community's response to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The focus is 4 Ezra, a text that reboots the past by imaginatively recasting textual and interpretive traditions. Instead of rebuilding the Temple, as Ezra does in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, the Ezra portrayed in 4 Ezra argues with an angel about the mystery of God's plan and re-gives Israel the Torah. Drawing on Walter Benjamin, 4 Ezra is analyzed in terms of a constellation composed of elements from pre-destruction traditions. Ezra's struggle and his eventual recommitment to Torah are also understood as providing a model for emulation by ancient Jewish readers. 4 Ezra is thus what Stanley Cavell calls a perfectionist work. Its specific mission is to guide the formation of Jewish subjects capable of resuming covenantal life in the wake of a destruction that inflects but never erases revelation.
Case-Control Studies
Authors: Keogh Ruth H. , Cox D. R.
Published: April 2014

The case-control approach is a powerful method for investigating factors that may explain a particular event. It is extensively used in epidemiology to study disease incidence, one of the best-known examples being Bradford Hill and Doll's investigation of the possible connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. More recently, case-control studies have been increasingly used in other fields, including sociology and econometrics. With a particular focus on statistical analysis, this book is ideal for applied and theoretical statisticians wanting an up-to-date introduction to the field. It covers the fundamentals of case-control study design and analysis as well as more recent developments, including two-stage studies, case-only studies and methods for case-control sampling in time. The latter have important applications in large prospective cohorts which require case-control sampling designs to make efficient use of resources. More theoretical background is provided in an appendix for those new to the field.
Fundamentals of Inflammation
Authors: Ayoub Samir S.
Published: April 2014

The acute inflammatory response is the body's first system of alarm signals that are directed toward containment and elimination of microbial invaders. Uncontrolled inflammation has emerged as a pathophysiologic basis for many widely occurring diseases in the general population that were not initially known to be linked to the inflammatory response, including cardiovascular disease, asthma, arthritis, and cancer. To better manage treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of these wide-ranging diseases, multidisciplinary research efforts are underway in both academic and industry settings. This book provides an introduction to the cell types, chemical mediators, and general mechanisms of the host's first response to invasion. World-class experts from institutions around the world have written chapters for this introductory text. The text is presented as an introductory springboard for graduate students, medical scientists, and researchers from other disciplines wishing to gain an appreciation and working knowledge of current cellular and molecular mechanisms fundamental to inflammation.
Cambridge University Press, 1696–1712
Authors: McKenzie Donald Francis
Published: April 2014

Donald Francis McKenzie (1931–1999) was one of the foremost bibliographers of the twentieth century, and his contributions to the history of the book continue to exert great influence on the field. Early in his career, he made a detailed study of the archives of Cambridge University Press, focusing on the period 1696–1712. In the course of his research, McKenzie discovered quite different working practices and patterns from what had previously been assumed, and this two-volume book, published in 1966, revolutionized the study of printing history. Volume 1 outlines the Press' operation during this period: how it was organized, what buildings it built and occupied, who worked for it, what the state of its finances were and how it went about publishing and printing its own books as well as printing for others. Appendices list the books printed between 1696 and 1712 and the type and ornaments used.
Cambridge University Press, 1696–1712
Authors: McKenzie Donald Francis
Published: April 2014

Donald Francis McKenzie (1931–1999) was one of the foremost bibliographers of the twentieth century, and his contributions to the history of the book continue to exert great influence on the field. Early in his career, he made a detailed study of the archives of Cambridge University Press, focusing on the period 1696–1712. In the course of his research, McKenzie discovered quite different working practices and patterns from what had previously been assumed, and this two-volume book, published in 1966, revolutionized the study of printing history. The discoveries described here were the foundation of much of McKenzie's subsequent work as he applied his findings from this specific case study to the world of early modern printing in general. The second volume consists of transcriptions of the minutes of the Press' governing Curators (now referred to as the Syndics), the Press' accounts, bills and receipts.
English in the Caribbean
Authors: Deuber Dagmar
Published: April 2014

This book presents an in-depth study of English as spoken in two major anglophone Caribbean territories, Jamaica and Trinidad. Based on data from the International Corpus of English, it focuses on variation at the morphological and syntactic level between the educated standard and more informal educated spoken usage. Dagmar Deuber combines quantitative analyses across several text categories with qualitative analyses of transcribed text passages that are grounded in interactional sociolinguistics and recent approaches to linguistic style and identity. The discussion is situated in the context of variation in the Caribbean and the wider context of world Englishes, and the sociolinguistic background of Jamaica and Trinidad is also explored. This volume will be of interest to students and researchers interested in the fields of sociolinguistics, world Englishes, and language contact.
A History of Balance, 1250–1375
Authors: Kaye Joel
Published: April 2014

The ideal of balance and its association with what is ordered, just, and healthful remained unchanged throughout the medieval period. The central place allotted to balance in the workings of nature and society also remained unchanged. What changed within the culture of scholasticism, between approximately 1280 and 1360, was the emergence of a greatly expanded sense of what balance is and can be. In this groundbreaking history of balance, Joel Kaye reveals that this new sense of balance and its potentialities became the basis of a new model of equilibrium, shaped and shared by the most acute and innovative thinkers of the period. Through a focus on four disciplines - scholastic economic thought, political thought, medical thought, and natural philosophy - Kaye's book reveals that this new model of equilibrium opened up striking new vistas of imaginative and speculative possibility, making possible a profound re-thinking of the world and its workings.
A Translation of the Memoirs of Eradut Khan
Authors: Khan Iradat
Published: April 2014

A nobleman of the court of the Mughal emperor, Iradat Khan (c.1649–1716) experienced the rule of Aurangzeb (1618–1707) and observed at first hand the decline of the Mughal empire. This English translation of his memoirs was first published in 1786 by Jonathan Scott (1754–1829), a captain of the East India Company. He translated Khan's memoirs in order to educate the British about India's history and inform them about the Mughal empire. In these memoirs Khan relates anecdotes of his encounters with Aurangzeb and recounts the events following the emperor's death, including the rule of his son Bahadur Shah (1643–1712) between 1707 and 1712. The memoirs conclude with the death of Jahandar Shah (1661–1713), who ruled only briefly before being beaten in battle, captured and executed. Also included are extracts from Aurangzeb's last letters.
Common Pitfalls in the Evaluation and Management of Headache
Authors: Loder Elizabeth W. , Burch Rebecca C. , Rizzoli Paul B.
Published: April 2014

Although headache is one of the most common complaints that patients bring to their clinicians, few physicians feel confident about its clinical evaluation and management. Is it a problem in its own right, or the presenting symptom of a serious medical condition? Loder, Rizzoli and Burch bring a practical case-based approach to this complex ailment, highlighting specific areas of diagnostic uncertainty in headache evaluation and treatment. Each case is taken from real-world clinical practice and reviews the diagnostic and treatment process in a systematic manner, identifying common challenges and pitfalls and describing newly issued treatment guidelines. Written in a question and answer format, this concise and useful guide in the Common Pitfalls series provides a step-by-step guide for everyday clinical practice, invaluable to anyone dealing with headache on a front-line basis.
A Dictionary of the Malay Tongue
Authors: Howison James
Published: April 2014

Published in 1801, this work is largely based on the first Malay–English dictionary, published 100 years earlier by Thomas Bowrey. A member of the Asiatic Society, although not recognised as a Malay scholar, James Howison seems to have lent his name to this version, produced in order to fill the gap caused by the scarcity of copies of the earlier dictionary. Since the British East India Company established a presence in the Malay Peninsula in 1786, the need for a compendium of working Malay had greatly increased. This reissue brings together the two parts of the dictionary in one volume for bidirectional coverage, and it includes the transliteration, though flawed, of the Arabic script of Jawi. Although superseded by William Marsden's 1812 dictionary and grammar (also reissued in this series), this nevertheless remains an interesting historical document, offering insight into the early colonial study of a language.
Philosophical Life in Cicero's Letters
Authors: McConnell Sean
Published: April 2014

Cicero's letters are saturated with learned philosophical allusions and arguments. This innovative study shows just how fundamental these are for understanding Cicero's philosophical activities and for explaining the enduring interest of his ethical and political thought. Dr McConnell draws particular attention to Cicero's treatment of Plato's Seventh Letter and his views on the relationship between philosophy and politics. He also illustrates the various ways in which Cicero finds philosophy an appealing and effective mode of self-presentation and a congenial, pointed medium for talking to his peers about ethical and political concerns. The book offers a range of fresh insights into the impressive scope and sophistication of Cicero's epistolary and philosophical practice and the vibrancy of the philosophical environment of the first century BC. A new picture emerges of Cicero the philosopher and philosophy's place in Roman political culture.
Aeneidea
Authors: Henry James
Published: April 2014

Born in Dublin and classically educated at Trinity College, James Henry (1798–1876) practised as a doctor for more than twenty years before an inheritance enabled him to focus on the textual study of Virgil's Aeneid. Travelling extensively across Europe, Henry conferred with eminent scholars and consulted numerous manuscripts. His early findings (also reissued in this series) first appeared in 1853. After the death of his wife, he was accompanied and assisted by his sole surviving daughter, Katherine Olivia, who would also predecease him, three years after their final return to Ireland in 1869. Published between 1873 and 1892, this monumental commentary was seen through the press by colleagues following Henry's own death. Reflecting its author's passion and personality, the work remains a landmark in Virgilian scholarship, both celebrated and critiqued for its original and challenging approach. This first volume, covering Book I, appeared in 1873.
Aeneidea
Authors: Henry James
Published: April 2014

Born in Dublin and classically educated at Trinity College, James Henry (1798–1876) practised as a doctor for more than twenty years before an inheritance enabled him to focus on the textual study of Virgil's Aeneid. Travelling extensively across Europe, Henry conferred with eminent scholars and consulted numerous manuscripts. His early findings (also reissued in this series) first appeared in 1853. After the death of his wife, he was accompanied and assisted by his sole surviving daughter, Katherine Olivia, who would also predecease him, three years after their final return to Ireland in 1869. Published between 1873 and 1892, this monumental commentary was seen through the press by colleagues following Henry's own death. Reflecting its author's passion and personality, the work remains a landmark in Virgilian scholarship, both celebrated and critiqued for its original and challenging approach. This final volume, comprising an index of names and matters, and an index of authors quoted, appeared in 1892.
Diary and Letters of Madame d'Arblay
Authors: Burney Fanny
Published: April 2014

Born into a musical family as the daughter of Charles Burney, Frances 'Fanny' Burney (1752–1840) opted for a life of letters. Her epistolary novel Evelina generated both sensation and sales upon its appearance early in 1778, and when her identity as the author was soon revealed, it opened the door to intellectual circles frequented by the likes of Samuel Johnson and fellow diarist Hester Thrale. Appearing under her married name of Madame d'Arblay, her witty and candid journals and correspondence, from her breakthrough until her final years, were edited by her niece Charlotte Barrett (1786–1870) and first published in seven volumes between 1842 and 1846. Reissued here is the new edition of 1854, including biographical notes. Volume 3 covers the period from July 1786 to December 1787, during which she reluctantly took up an onerous court appointment to Queen Charlotte.
Diary and Letters of Madame d'Arblay
Authors: Burney Fanny
Published: April 2014

Born into a musical family as the daughter of Charles Burney, Frances 'Fanny' Burney (1752–1840) opted for a life of letters. Her epistolary novel Evelina generated both sensation and sales upon its appearance early in 1778, and when her identity as the author was soon revealed, it opened the door to intellectual circles frequented by the likes of Samuel Johnson and fellow diarist Hester Thrale. Appearing under her married name of Madame d'Arblay, her witty and candid journals and correspondence, from her breakthrough until her final years, were edited by her niece Charlotte Barrett (1786–1870) and first published in seven volumes between 1842 and 1846. Reissued here is the new edition of 1854, including biographical notes. Volume 7 covers the period from 1813 until her death, a time of bereavement in which she lost her father, brother, husband and son. Also included is a general index to all the volumes.
Cretan Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script
Authors: Evans Arthur John
Published: April 2014

Sir Arthur John Evans (1851–1941) famously excavated the ruins of Knossos on Crete and uncovered the remains of its Bronze Age Minoan civilisation (as described in his multi-volume work The Palace of Minos at Knossos, also reissued in this series). But he had already visited the island prior to this: in 1894, during his first trip, he found examples of an ancient pictographic writing system that pre-dated the Phoenician alphabet later adapted by the Greeks. First published in 1895, this work, illustrated with examples throughout, documents and describes these discoveries, and demonstrates that the earliest finds date from a period before even the most ancient known Semitic scripts. Evans also records evidence of later scripts which were subsequently categorised as Linear A and Linear B (only the latter has been deciphered since his death). The final section of the book describes in detail the pottery and other finds from the Hagios Onuphrios deposit.
Memoirs of Mrs Siddons
Authors: Boaden James
Published: April 2014

Published in 1827, this two-volume work by the playwright and biographer James Boaden (1762–1839) is a sprightly portrayal of the acclaimed actress Sarah Siddons (1755–1831). Closely collaborating with his subject, Boaden (whose memoir of Dorothy Jordan is also reissued in this series) was able to establish himself as an authoritative biographer, preferred over others for his intellect and wealth of anecdotes from a lifetime spent within the theatrical world. Arguably the greatest tragic actress of her age, Siddons broke new ground in the reactions she provoked in audiences and in the social legitimisation of the English stage. Containing vivid descriptions of performances, this work details the acting style of Siddons and the inner workings of the theatrical community. Volume 1 discusses the idea of biographies of notable women, the history of the theatre and the life and career of Siddons up to her triumphant return to Drury Lane in 1782.
Memoirs of Mrs Siddons
Authors: Boaden James
Published: April 2014

Published in 1827, this two-volume work by the playwright and biographer James Boaden (1762–1839) is a sprightly portrayal of the acclaimed actress Sarah Siddons (1755–1831). Closely collaborating with his subject, Boaden (whose memoir of Dorothy Jordan is also reissued in this series) was able to establish himself as an authoritative biographer, preferred over others for his intellect and wealth of anecdotes from a lifetime spent within the theatrical world. Arguably the greatest tragic actress of her age, Siddons broke new ground in the reactions she provoked in audiences and in the social legitimisation of the English stage. Containing vivid descriptions of performances, this work details the acting style of Siddons and the inner workings of the theatrical community. Volume 2 covers Siddons' most illustrious period, when she established herself as a cultural icon, from royal patronage in the mid-1780s and her celebrated Lady Macbeth, to her retirement in 1812 and occasional subsequent appearances.
Dissertations on Malaria, Contagion and Cholera
Authors: Aiton William
Published: April 2014

When this book was first published in 1832, England was caught in a cholera pandemic that had already claimed hundreds of thousands of lives across Europe. It was commonly held that 'bad air' spread the disease, but theories and remedies varied: one doctor advised the Nottinghamshire public to carry silk cushions filled with myrrh and camphor to strengthen resistance to contagion, while in New York officials suspected that raw vegetables and cold water were the root of the problem. In this fiercely logical treatise, ship's doctor William Aiton cuts through even the most prevalent myths to investigate the pandemic's real causes. Throwing out the theory of bad air, he observes that cholera spreads most quickly in cities with a stagnant water supply and overseas trade. Also addressing the spread of other infectious diseases, his work provides an invaluable insight into the conflicting information available to the general public during pandemics.
A Grammar of Music
Authors: Busby Thomas
Published: April 2014

The writer, composer and organist Thomas Busby (1754–1838) is best remembered for his highly entertaining Concert Room and Orchestra Anecdotes (1825), which paints a vivid picture of musical life at the time. The son of a coach painter, Busby was originally articled to the composer Jonathan Battishill but found the experience unrewarding. His compositions (many now lost) include songs, theatre music, The Divine Harmonist, and the oratorios The Prophecy and Britannia. Throughout his working life he continued his extensive literary activities, musical and otherwise, contributing to journals such as the Monthly Magazine and Public Characters, and publishing several books, among them A General History of Music (also reissued in this series). First published in 1818, the present work is a primer on music theory and the principles of composition. Busby intended it to be 'a compendium … modern and amusing in its style … to impart knowledge and facilitate execution'. Reissued here is the second edition of 1826.
A Chemical and Medical Report of the Properties of the Mineral Waters
Authors: Scudamore Charles
Published: April 2014

In medical terms, 'mineral water' was, in the early nineteenth century, any water that appeared to have an effect on human health. British physicians often prescribed mineral waters from particular locations - most commonly those at Bath - for a variety of illnesses. However, there was little available information on the chemical composition of these waters, and extant manuals were often inaccurate. This report by the physician Charles Scudamore (1779–1849) appeared in 1820, the first of its kind for decades. Having visited several well-known spas and wells, including Bath, Buxton and Cheltenham, Scudamore conducted a series of experiments on water samples: he reports using litmus, turmeric and violet papers to judge alkalinity levels; documents testing for various minerals using anything from soap to silver; and explains in detail the difference between hard and soft water. His report remains insightful reading in the history of medicine.
A Treatise on Navigation by Steam
Authors: Ross John
Published: April 2014

Following distinguished service during the Napoleonic Wars, the Scottish naval officer and Arctic explorer Sir John Ross (1777–1856) embarked on an abortive expedition to discover the North-West Passage. The existence of the Croker mountains, which he claimed had blocked his path, was afterwards disputed and his reputation suffered. His 1819 account of that voyage has been reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. Prior to setting out in a steam vessel on a second expedition, for which he would be knighted, Ross published the present work in 1828. Seeking to establish himself as an authority on steam power when the technology was still in its infancy, Ross explores the development of the steam engine, the commercial and military potential of steam navigation, and how this called for a radical change in naval tactics. Illustrated throughout, this is the work of a practical maritime mind, combining both historical and technical detail.
Optimal Taylor–Couette flow: radius ratio dependence
Authors: Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , Huisman Sander G. , Jannink Tim J. G. , Van Gils Dennis P. M. , Verzicco Roberto , Grossmann Siegfried , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef
Published: April 2014

Taylor–Couette flow with independently rotating inner ($i$) and outer ($o$) cylinders is explored numerically and experimentally to determine the effects of the radius ratio $\eta $ on the system response. Numerical simulations reach Reynolds numbers of up to $\mathit{Re}_i=9.5\times 10^3$ and $\mathit{Re}_o=5\times 10^3$, corresponding to Taylor numbers of up to $\mathit{Ta}=10^8$ for four different radius ratios $\eta =r_i/r_o$ between 0.5 and 0.909. The experiments, performed in the Twente Turbulent Taylor–Couette ($\mathrm{T^3C}$) set-up, reach Reynolds numbers of up to $\mathit{Re}_i=2\times 10^6$ and $\mathit{Re}_o=1.5\times 10^6$, corresponding to $\mathit{Ta}=5\times 10^{12}$ for $\eta =0.714\mbox{--}0.909$. Effective scaling laws for the torque $J^{\omega }(\mathit{Ta})$ are found, which for sufficiently large driving $\mathit{Ta}$ are independent of the radius ratio $\eta $. As previously reported for $\eta =0.714$, optimum transport at a non-zero Rossby number $\mathit{Ro}=r_i |\omega _i-\omega _o |/[2(r_o-r_i)\omega _o]$ is found in both experiments and numerics. Here $\mathit{Ro}_{opt}$ is found to depend on the radius ratio and the driving of the system. At a driving in the range between $\mathit{Ta}\sim 3\times 10^{8}$ and $\mathit{Ta}\sim 10^{10}$, $\mathit{Ro}_{opt}$ saturates to an asymptotic $\eta $-dependent value. Theoretical predictions for the asymptotic value of $\mathit{Ro}_{opt}$ are compared to the experimental results, and found to differ notably. Furthermore, the local angular velocity profiles from experiments and numerics are compared, and a link between a flat bulk profile and optimum transport for all radius ratios is reported.
A minimal flow-elements model for the generation of packets of hairpin vortices in shear flows
Authors: Cohen Jacob , Karp Michael , Mehta Vyomesh
Published: April 2014

Packets of hairpin-shaped vortices and streamwise counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVPs) appear to be key structures during the late stages of the transition process as well as in low-Reynolds-number turbulence in wall-bounded flows. In this work we propose a robust model consisting of minimal flow elements that can produce packets of hairpins. Its three components are: simple shear, a CVP having finite streamwise vorticity magnitude and a two-dimensional (2D) wavy (in the streamwise direction) spanwise vortex sheet. This combination is inherently unstable: the CVP modifies the base flow due to the induced velocity forming an inflection point in the base-flow velocity profile. Consequently, the 2D wavy vortex sheet is amplified, causing undulation of the CVP. The undulation is further enhanced as the wave continues to be amplified and eventually the CVP breaks down into several segments. The induced velocity generates highly localized patches of spanwise vorticity above the regions connecting two consecutive streamwise elements of the CVP. These patches widen with time and join with the streamwise vortical elements situated beneath them forming a packet of hairpins. The results of the unbounded (having no walls) model are compared with pipe and channel flow experiments and with a direct numerical simulation of a transition process in Couette flow. The good agreement in all cases demonstrates the universality and robustness of the model.
Drops on soft solids: free energy and double transition of contact angles
Authors: Lubbers L. A. , Weijs J. H. , Botto L. , Das S. , Andreotti B. , Snoeijer J. H.
Published: April 2014

The equilibrium shape of liquid drops on elastic substrates is determined by minimizing elastic and capillary free energies, focusing on thick incompressible substrates. The problem is governed by three length scales: the size of the drop $R$, the molecular size $a$ and the ratio of surface tension to elastic modulus $\gamma /E$. We show that the contact angles undergo two transitions upon changing the substrate from rigid to soft. The microscopic wetting angles deviate from Young’s law when $\gamma /(Ea)\gg 1$, while the apparent macroscopic angle only changes in the very soft limit $\gamma /(ER)\gg 1$. The elastic deformations are worked out for the simplifying case where the solid surface energy is assumed to be constant. The total free energy turns out to be lower on softer substrates, consistent with recent experiments.