bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A kinematic comparison of the locomotor pattern of horses sedated with detomidine alone and in combination with low doses of butorphanol
Authors: Frigerio M. A. , Gómez Cisneros D. , Santiago Llorente I. , Manso‐Díaz G. , López‐Sanromán J.
Published: March 2019

Background

Chemical restraint is often used to perform diagnostic and minor surgical procedures; α2‐adrenoceptor agonists are the most commonly used drugs; however, the combination with an opiate can induce a profound sedation. There is a lack of kinematic studies examining the effects of the combination of these drugs on locomotor patterns.

Objectives

The objective of the study was to evaluate the duration of the effects of sedation with detomidine and detomidine combined with a low dose of butorphanol on the movement patterns of horses.

Study design

The study was a controlled, randomised, blinded and crossover experiment.

Methods

Each of six horses was injected intravenously with saline (0.9%) solution (10 mL), detomidine diluted in saline solution (0.01 mg/kg bwt) or a combination of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg bwt) and butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg bwt) diluted in saline solution, in a random order. A single accelerometer positioned at the sacrum was used for gait assessment 15 min before (baseline) and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min after each injection. Eight variables were measured, including speed, stride frequency, stride length, regularity, dorsoventral power, propulsive power, mediolateral power and total power; force of acceleration and the three components of power were calculated. The degree of sedation was measured by the ground‐to‐lip distance.

Results

There were significant differences among groups, with shorter effects after the injection of the combination of drugs, for most parameters.

Main limitations

A small number of horses were involved in the study.

Conclusions

The combination of detomidine and butorphanol produces a shorter effect on almost all accelerometric parameters, probably due to the excitement produced by the opioid drug causing a quicker return to normal values. Accelerometry offers a method of objectively monitoring gait abnormalities in walking sedated horses.
Building an Expanded Therapeutic Alliance: A Task Analysis with Families Trapped in Parental‐Adolescent Conflict
Authors: Benítez José L. , Abascal Alberto , Garrido Miguel , Escudero Valentín
Published: March 2019

Parental‐adolescent conflict is part of the normal developmental cycle of families, but when it occurs in a dysfunctional way, it is associated with the appearance of various harmful conditions for the family system and for the adolescent in particular. Family therapy is one of the main options for psychotherapeutic intervention in these cases and has ample evidence of its effectiveness. The success of this intervention is conditioned to the construction of an adequate therapeutic alliance with the family, but the process of this task has not been clarified yet. The present study is a task analysis, the purpose of which was to create a heuristic model of how an expanded alliance may be built in these kinds of cases. The model was revised and improved from the intensive analysis of six cases. The resulting model can be a useful guide for family therapists in that it describes the specific client and therapist behaviors involved in balancing the alliance, as well as the potential obstacles and suggested ways to resolve them.
Effectiveness of Couple Therapy in Practice Settings and Identification of Potential Predictors for Different Outcomes
Authors: Roesler Christian
Published: March 2019

Even though couple therapy is efficacious, there is no improvement in up to 50% of the couples. Also effect sizes found in effectiveness studies in real‐world settings are considerably lower than those found in efficacy studies. There is a need to understand more about couple therapy effectiveness in practice settings and the factors responsible for different outcomes. A German nationwide study on the effectiveness of couple counseling including 554 couples applied the same methodology as two earlier studies in the same field. A remarkable consistency was found over the three independent studies in the burden with individual and relationship distress as well as in the rates of improvement. This supports the insight that the improvements reached through couple therapy in practice settings are only about half of the effect sizes reached in efficacy trials. Additionally this study investigated 64 factors, which were found to be influential for relationship quality and stability in earlier studies, for their impact on outcome. Factors present at initiation and termination of therapy were found, which correlate significantly with outcome and with separation of the couple in the follow‐up. These factors could be included in prediction models for improvement and separation of the couple. The implications for the practice of couple therapy and for future research are discussed.
Efficacy of rivastigmine transdermal therapy on low food intake in patients with Alzheimer's disease: The Attitude Towards Food Consumption in Alzheimer's Disease Patients Revive with Rivastigmine Effects study
Authors: Tsuno Norifumi , Mori Takahiro , Ishikawa Ichiro , Bando Nobuyasu , Park Haeyoung , Matsumoto Yoshito , Mori Itsuko , Tanaka Mariko , Hirano Takayuki , Nakamura Yu
Published: March 2019

Aim

Most patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience poor food intake and/or loss of appetite, which accelerates cognitive impairment. Several reports have shown that rivastigmine improves appetite in AD patients. The present study investigated the efficacy of a rivastigmine transdermal patch for the treatment of low food intake in AD patients.

Methods

AD patients, recruited through the Attitude Towards Food Consumption in Alzheimer's Disease Patients Revive with Rivastigmine Effects study, were recognized as experiencing either a loss of appetite or poor food intake. A rivastigmine transdermal patch was administered to study participants for 16 weeks. Patients’ food intake, bodyweight, Mini‐Mental State Examination scores and any adverse events were recorded.

Results

A total of 38 patients with AD (age 86.2 ± 5.4 years) were examined. Their mean Mini‐Mental State Examination score was 10.1 ± 7.0 at baseline. A significant increase in food intake amount (54.9 ± 98.0 g, P < 0.01) and food intake ratio (9.3% ± 17.6%, P < 0.01) was observed by week 1, improvements that were maintained throughout the study duration. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that no independent variables were significantly associated with changes in food intake amount or ratio. Patients in the higher Mini‐Mental State Examination subgroup showed a trend change in food intake amount, although this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07).

Conclusions

The present study suggests that a rivastigmine transdermal patch might improve poor food intake or loss of appetite in patients with AD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 571–576.
Characterization of two large duplications of F9 associated with mild and severe haemophilia B, respectively
Authors: Xie Xiaoling , Chen Changming , Liang Qian , Wu Xi , Wang Xuefeng , Wu Wenman , Ding Qiulan
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Only two large duplications of F9 causing haemophilia B (HB) have been reported.

Aim

To analyse the pathogenic mechanisms of large F9 duplications.

Methods

We have identified two large duplications of F9 (dup ex 1‐6 and dup ex 4‐6) associated with mild and severe HB in probands A and B, respectively. Here, we localized the breakpoints of the two duplications using long‐range PCR and genome walking combined with quantitative primer walking strategies. We traced the origin of dup ex 4‐6 by haplotype analysis then performed somatic mosaicism detection in sporadic pedigree B and detected the effect of chimeric intron derived from the duplication on transcription by minigene assay.

Results

Mechanisms of fork stalling and template switching and/or microhomology‐mediated break‐induced replication (FoSTeS/MMBIR) might be responsible for the formation of two tandem direct duplications. The dup ex 4‐6 was traced to maternal grandmother of proband B, who was both somatic mosaicism and germline mosaic and the duplication might be formed during mitosis of her early embryonic cells. Minigene assay demonstrated that chimeric intron generated three transcripts, one minor transcript produced an in‐frame protein adding duplicated 143 amino acids into the normal FIX, explaining the small amount of larger FIX shown in Western blot. The inter‐F9 dup ex 1‐6 adjacent to the original F9 copy created two identical promoters, and promoter competition might be the pathogenic mechanism of the duplication causing mild HB.

Conclusions

This study highlights that duplications can be associated with diseases by complicated pathogenic mechanisms.
An exploratory comparison of single intra‐articular injection of platelet‐rich plasma vs hyaluronic acid in treatment of haemophilic arthropathy of the knee
Authors: Li Tsung‐Ying , Wu Yung‐Tsan , Chen Liang‐Cheng , Cheng Shin‐Nan , Pan Ru‐Yu , Chen Yeu‐Chin
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Intra‐articular platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injection therapy has been extensively applied in clinical practice to treat musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoarthritis, but the treatment for haemophilic arthropathy is rarely reported.

Aims

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of intra‐articular PRP vs hyaluronic acid (HA) injections in treating haemophilic arthropathy of knee joints.

Patients

Twenty‐two haemophilia patients (mean age, 41.1 ± 1.7 [range, 20‐50] years) with painful haemophilic arthropathy of the knee were enrolled for this open‐label and observer‐blind study.

Methods

Eleven patients were treated with a single intra‐articular injection of PRP and the other 11 received five consecutively weekly intra‐articular injections of HA. Outcome assessment included pain by visual analogue scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Chinese Version and synovial change determined by ultrasonography.

Results

Platelet‐rich plasma and HA intra‐articular injection showed statistically significant reduction in VAS, WOMAC total score and hyperaemia score from baseline to 6‐month post‐treatment. Inter‐group comparison showed statistically significant difference in the change in VAS score, WOMAC pain score, physical function score and total score at 6 months, wherein PRP group showed sustained beneficial effect than HA group at 6 months.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that, in comparison with five weekly injections of HA, a single PRP injection resulted in better improvement in pain relief and knee joint function, and greater reduction in synovial hyperaemia for up to 6 months. Our results suggest that PRP may be practical and effective for haemophilic knee arthropathy, and further investigation is warranted.
Modification of chitosan using hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid and its physicochemical properties including water solubility, oil entrapment and in vitro lipase activity
Authors: Hong Seungmi , Choi HyungSeok , Jo SeungBin , Kim Mi‐Ja , Lee Suyong , Ahn Sangdoo , Lee JaeHwan
Published: March 2019

Chitosan was modified using H2O2 and ascorbic acid with different incubation temperatures (4–40 °C). The properties of modified chitosan, including its oil entrapment ability, water solubility and the lipase‐resistant activities, using in vitro intestine model system were determined. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that ascorbic acid was bound to modified chitosan. All of the modified chitosan from 4 to 40 °C demonstrated improved water solubility (even in pH 7) compared to non‐modified chitosan, which was only soluble at pH 4. Modified chitosan from 4 °C exhibited 27.40% of oil entrapment ability which was approximately four times higher than 6.87% of non‐modified chitosan. Modified chitosan from 4 and 40 °C had increased resistance against lipase activity compared to other biopolymers, including beeswax, carnauba wax and non‐modified chitosan. Modified chitosan could be used as a new food ingredient due to their high water solubility, oil‐entrapping ability and resisting lipase activity.
Improving the quality of pressure ulcer management in a skilled nursing facility
Authors: Au Yunghan , Holbrook Mary , Skeens Adam , Painter Jessica , McBurney James , Cassata Amy , Wang Sheila C.
Published: March 2019

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a serious health care problem for nursing home residents and a key quality metric for regulators. Three initiatives were introduced at a 128‐bed facility to improve PU prevention. First, a Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement project and a Root Cause Analysis were conducted to improve the facility's wound care programme. Second, a digital wound care management solution was adopted to track wound management. Third, the role of skin integrity coordinator was created as a central point of accountability for wound care‐related activities and related performance metrics. Improvements in PU prevention were tracked using Centers of Medicare and Medicaid data, specifically (a) the percentage of long‐stay high‐risk residents with PUs and (b) the percentage of short‐stay residents with PUs that are new or have worsened. PU prevalence for long‐stay high‐risk residents was 12.99% (Q4 2016), and upon implementation of these initiatives, the facility saw continued reductions in PU prevalence to 2.9% (Q4 2017), while PUs for short‐stay residents were maintained at zero throughout this period. This study highlights the power of effective management combined with real‐time data analytics, as enabled by digital wound care management, to make significant improvements in health care delivery.
Biogenic amines and nucleotide breakdown products of sodium acetate, sodium lactate, and sodium citrate treated seer fish (Scomberomorus commerson) during iced storage
Authors: Mohan C. O. , Ravishankar C. N. , Ashok Kumar K. , Srinivasa Gopal T.K.
Published: March 2019

The present study communicates the effect of organic acid (2% each sodium acetate [NaA], sodium citrate [NaC], and sodium lactate [NaL]) treatment on the changes in K value and biogenic amines (BAs) during iced storage. Treatment with organic acid improved the sensory quality and extended the shelf life significantly (p < 0.05). Very low initial K value increased to >66% for all the samples on the day of sensory rejection. Putrescine, cadaverine, and histamine dominated among the BAs. BAs content was observed least for sample treated with NaA. Putrescine level was least for NaA followed by NaC < NaL < Control samples throughout the storage period whereas cadeverine and histamine level followed the order NaA < NaL < NaC < control samples. On the day of sensory rejection, Putrescine, cadaverine, and histamine ranged 2.2–10.9, 2.0–11.4, and 3.4–12.7 μg g−1, respectively. However, throughout the storage period both histamine and total BA content was within the limit prescribed by European commission and US Food and Drug Administration.

Practical applications

Demand for fish is on rise due to its health benefits. At the same time there is an increasing concern on the quality and safety of fish. Any advances which help in enhancing the shelf life of fish without compromising safety will be well accepted by the industry. Present study demonstrated that treating seer fish with organic acids improved the eating quality of fish and extended the shelf life significantly. Organic acid treated seer fish was safe with respect to histamine and other BAs throughout the study period. Treating with organic acid helps in transporting the healthful food commodity such as fish to distant places due to increased shelf life.
Does physical state of farm housing and milking practices affect total bacteria and somatic cell count of cow milk?
Authors: Paraffin Annah Shingirai , Zindove Titus Jairus , Chimonyo Michael
Published: March 2019

The study determined the effect of physical state of farm housing on total bacteria and somatic cell count (SCC) of cow milk. Milk records collected at Dairy Services Zimbabwe were used. Effects of physical state of ceilings, doors, ventilation, walls, drains, fly‐proofs, windows and roof type on total bacterial count (TBC) in milk, and SCC were determined using general linear models procedure. Poor physical state of ceilings, doors and floors in milking parlors, wash rooms and bulk tank rooms result in high TBC and SCC in milk (p < 0.05). Poor ventilation in the bulk tank room results in high TBC in milk (p < 0.05). Floors, doors, and ceilings of milking houses should be kept in sound condition and good repair in order minimize TBC and SCC in raw milk.

Practical applications

Understanding how physical state of farm houses and management practices affect total bacterial count and somatic cell count in fresh milk enables farmers and regulatory agencies to put in corrective action to reduce bacterial contamination of milk at farm level. This helps keep the population of disease causing bacteria in raw milk, which is widely consumed by human beings, as low as possible. It also helps reduce contamination by some resistant bacteria that might survive processing and cause further defects in milk products. The shelf‐life of the milk and its products is, thus, improved. Reducing bacterial and somatic cell count in raw milk also helps the milk producers to score high milk grades on the market and, thus, fetch high prices.
External lipid function in ethnic hairs
Authors: Coderch Luisa , Oliver Marc A. , Carrer Víctor , Manich Albert M. , Martí Meritxell
Published: March 2019

Objective

The main aim of this study is to characterize the external lipids of different ethnic hairs and to study the contribution of the exogenous lipids on their physicochemical properties.

Methods

On the extraction procedure, sebaceous lipids from the exterior of the fiber are removed. The influence of those free lipids on the hair properties, such as contact angle, mechanical characteristics, and sorption of water, will be evaluated to determine permeation characteristics of the keratin fibers. Relationship with lipid order was also determined by infrared spectroscopy (IR).

Results

Lipid extraction indicates the greatest amount of total lipids for African hair. Caucasian lipid extracts present the higher melting point and phase transition temperatures. This could be related to higher hydration and lower diffusion coefficient of the Caucasian fibers. A decrease in moisture was found in the lipid‐extracted fibers. This diminution of the maximum water regain in all cases could be due to a higher water desorption. IR results indicate that Caucasian and moreover African native fibers present the most quantity of lipids, and the similar frequency of all fibers indicates a lamellar/orthorhombic order arrangement.

Conclusion

The hexane/tert‐butanol extraction was demonstrated to modify not only cuticular but also cortex lipids. Exogenous lipid depletion in all fibers indicates a less water content and higher water desorption. However, lipid depleted Caucasian fibers presents an increase in the lipid order which could be related to the different saturation of the lipid extract and its improvement in breaking tenacity.
Prerequisites for safe intraoperative nursing care and teamwork—Operating theatre nurses’ perspectives: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Sandelin Annika , Kalman Sigridur , Gustafsson Birgitta Åkesdotter
Published: March 2019

Aim

To describe operating theatre nurses’ experience of preconditions for safe intraoperative nursing care and teamwork.

Background

Surgical interventions are often needed for patients’ well‐being and survival from health problems. Adequate information to professionals responsible within the surgical organisation is of importance for patient safety in connection to the surgery. The members in the surgical team need correct information about the patients’ health and planned care. The information is mainly transferred by computerised systems that do not necessarily provide all information needed.

Method

A qualitative descriptive design was chosen. Narrative interviews were carried out with 16 experienced operating theatre nurses in four different hospitals in rural and urban areas in Sweden. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The study complied with criteria to Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ).

Result

Operating theatre nurses strived to get adequate information about the patients’ care, the surgical intervention and the equipment to be well prepared for intraoperative nursing care. The information from the computerised systems was described as fragmented and obliged the operating theatre nurses to demand a preoperative dialogue between the members of the surgical team. Professional collegial teamwork and committed leadership were considered to enhance patient safety.

Conclusion

From the operating theatre nurses’ perspective, prerequisites for intraoperative safe nursing care and teamwork depend upon a preoperative dialogue between the members in the surgical team for collegial teamwork, obtaining a reliable preoperative overall picture based on adequate information transfer, and the support of a committed first‐line manager.

Relevance to clinical practice

The operating theatre nurses need a reliable preoperative overall picture in advance, to be able to be well prepared for the patients’ surgery. The overall picture should be based on adequate data about the patients’ health status and needs, details about the surgical intervention and prescriptions.
Potential of Chlorella vulgaris culture for waste treatment from anaerobic biomass biodigestion at the Piaszczyna (Poland) integrated facility
Authors: Pszczółkowska Agata , Pszczółkowski Wiktor , Romanowska‐Duda Zdzislawa
Published: March 2019

Many strains of microalgae are potentially useful for industrial purposes. Microalgal biomass and microalgae‐derived substances are becoming valuable products with a widening range of applications including biofuels and human food. In this study, the possibility of using the methane waste from biomass biodigestion in the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris biomass with simultaneous waste treatment was investigated. The methane waste from biomass biodigestion was obtained from a multifunctional facility (Piaszczyna, Poland) producing bioethanol from plant biomass with several steps to reuse the wastes, heat, and carbon dioxide. The growth and biomass yield, as well as photosynthetic performance of C. vulgaris on diluted waste, were similar to the results obtained on the standard mineral medium. The cultivation of C. vulgaris was the waste, treatment step that significantly reduced chemical oxygen demand. The results indicated that the waste contained micro‐ and macronutrients sufficient to sustain the growth of C. vulgaris cell culture up to 2 g of dry biomass per liter of culture. The results contributed to the development of the waste treatment step in the Piaszczyna facility that allowed for a further decrease in emissions and may lead to development of microalgae biomass‐based products in the facility portfolio.
Osteogenic cells transfer improving root coverage: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Ferraz Bruna F. R. , Stuani Vitor T. , Passanezi Euloir , Damante Carla A. , Greghi Sebastião L. A. , de Rezende Maria Lúcia R. , Zangrando Mariana S. R. , Arruda Ivania K. C. , Sant'Ana Adriana C. P.
Published: March 2019

Background and Objective

The aim of this interventional, parallel‐assignment, single‐blinded, randomized, efficacy study was to investigate the efficacy of the treatment of gingival recessions by osteogenic cell transfer. This is the first randomized clinical trial of this nature.

Material and Methods

Treatment of Miller class I or II gingival recessions >4 mm was randomly defined by casual sorting and performed by newly forming bone graft (NFBG) and coronally advanced flap (CAF) or subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) and CAF (control). Clinical examinations were performed by a single blinded examiner at baseline and at 3, 6, and 9 months after surgery. Parameters investigated were recession height (REC), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, gingival bleeding index (GBI), plaque index (PlI), and keratinized gingiva width (KGW).

Results

Both techniques achieved similar percentage of root coverage, but NFBG was more effective in pocket depth reduction, attachment level gain, and reduction of plaque accumulation and of bleeding on probing.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the transfer of osteogenic cells by NFBG is able to improve clinical attachment level and to cover denuded roots. NFBG can be used as an alternative treatment of deep recessions (≥4 mm), where the restoration of lost periodontal tissues is intended.
Spatiotemporal control of FlgZ activity impacts Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellar motility
Authors: Bense Sarina , Bruchmann Sebastian , Steffen Anika , Stradal Theresia E. B. , Häussler Susanne , Düvel Juliane
Published: March 2019

The c‐di‐GMP‐binding effector protein FlgZ has been demonstrated to control motility in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and it was suggested that c‐di‐GMP‐bound FlgZ impedes motility via its interaction with the MotCD stator. To further understand how motility is downregulated in P. aeruginosa and to elucidate the general control mechanisms operating during bacterial growth, we examined the spatiotemporal activity of FlgZ. We re‐annotated the P. aeruginosaflgZ open reading frame and demonstrated that FlgZ‐mediated downregulation of motility is fine‐tuned via three independent mechanisms. First, we found that flgZ gene is transcribed independently from flgMN in stationary growth phase to increase FlgZ protein levels in the cell. Second, FlgZ localizes to the cell pole upon c‐di‐GMP binding and third, we describe that FimV, a cell pole anchor protein, is involved in increasing the polar localized c‐di‐GMP bound FlgZ to inhibit both, swimming and swarming motility. Our results shed light on the complex dynamics and spatiotemporal control of c‐di‐GMP‐dependent bacterial motility phenotypes and on how the polar anchor protein FimV, the motor brake FlgZ and the stator proteins function to repress flagella‐driven swimming and swarming motility.
A case of solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma in the central nervous system with papillary morphology
Authors: Cao Lijuan , Zhang Xialing , Wang Yin , Bao Yun , Tang Feng
Published: March 2019

This report describes the clinicopathological findings of a solitary fibrous tumor (SFT)/hemangiopericytoma (HPC) of the central nervous system in a 59‐year‐old man with space‐occupying lesions on both the left anterior basicranial and on the top tail of falx cerebri. The tumor showed small quantities of solid papillary areas and a prominent papillary structure, where atypical cells were compactly arranged along the fibrovascular core. The tumor cells of both components showed nuclear relocalization of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 protein, with very high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of SFT/HPC. In the literature, only three cases of SFTs with a papillary pattern have been reported, but this case showed a complete papillary pattern. “Papillary” SFT/HPC is a rare morphological variant of SFTs/HPCs, and its differential diagnosis among intracranial tumors is an important factor which clinicians should bear in mind during diagnosis.
Time‐resolved dissection of the molecular crosstalk driving Fusarium head blight in wheat provides new insights into host susceptibility determinism
Authors: Fabre Francis , Vignassa Manon , Urbach Serge , Langin Thierry , Bonhomme Ludovic
Published: March 2019

Fungal plant diseases are controlled by a complex molecular dialogue that involves pathogen effectors able to manipulate plant susceptibility factors at the earliest stages of the interaction. By probing the wheat–Fusarium graminearum pathosystem, we profiled the coregulations of the fungal and plant proteins shaping the molecular responses of a 96‐hr‐long infection's dynamics. Although no symptoms were yet detectable, fungal biomass swiftly increased along with an extremely diverse set of secreted proteins and candidate effectors supposed to target key plant organelles. Some showed to be early accumulated during the interaction or already present in spores, otherwise stored in germinating spores and detectable in an in vitro F. graminearum exudate. Wheat responses were swiftly set up and were evidenced before any visible symptom. Significant wheat protein abundance changes co‐occurred along with the accumulation of putative secreted fungal proteins and predicted effectors. Regulated wheat proteins were closely connected to basal cellular processes occurring during spikelet ontogeny, and particular coregulation patterns were evidenced between chloroplast proteins and fungal proteins harbouring a predicted chloroplast transit peptide. The described plant and fungal coordinated responses provide a resourceful set of data and expand our understanding of the wheat–F. graminearum interaction.
Life at the edge – the cytology and physiology of the biotroph to necrotroph transition in Hymenoscyphus fraxineus during lesion formation in ash
Authors: Mansfield J. , Brown I. , Papp‐Rupar M.
Published: March 2019

The progress of colonization of ash stems from ascospore inocula of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus was examined by light and electron microscopy. The main aim of the study was to characterize the cytology of the biotroph to necrotroph transition during lesion formation. Following direct penetration into epidermal cells, the fungus produced intracellular hyphae that invaded up to five cells before plant cells died. A lack of close attachment between the hyphal cell wall and plant cell membrane was revealed by plasmolysis of epidermal cells. Plant cells died at the centre of the infection but hyphae at the edge were typically found in living plant cells even around large lesions. During biotrophic invasion, the cytoplasm of penetrated plant cells showed very little response despite the plant cell membrane being in direct contact with the fungal cell wall. Before plant cell death, dark staining of the cytoplasm and proliferation of small vesicles was noted, but organelles retained normal ultrastructure. Dead plant cells contained dark brown, osmiophilic droplets. Penetration between epidermal or collenchyma cells was usually targeted to shared pits and involved constriction of hyphae. The transition to necrotrophy was not associated with a clear change in hyphal morphology. Biotrophic intracellular hyphae contained dense cytoplasm but hyphae in dead plant cells were more vacuolated. Remarkably little plant cell wall degradation was observed despite the fungus penetrating up to 18 cells deep into stem tissue. Features of the development of the ash dieback fungus are compared with other hemibiotrophic pathogens.
Anti‐Immigrant Sentiment and the Adoption of State Immigration Policy
Authors: Butz Adam M. , Kehrberg Jason E.
Published: March 2019

Over the last two decades, the American states have become increasingly active in shaping U.S. immigration policies. One consistent predictor in studies of state immigration policies revolves around public opinion or mass political attitudes in the form of anti‐immigrant sentiment. Unfortunately, past research relies extensively on blunt demographic proxies or other alternative replacements to measure mass opinion. Through incorporating a direct measure of anti‐immigrant sentiment constructed from public opinion surveys, we uncover mixed results. In static models, anti‐immigrant sentiment predicts a state’s overall immigration policy restrictiveness or policy “tone”; however, mass opinion fails to consistently predict immigration restrictiveness in more dynamic models of annual policy change and total number of hostile policies. We theorize that state legislators are likely responding to mass opinion with immigration policy restrictiveness when citizens mobilize and demand accountability during times of heightened issue salience. However, during times of reduced salience among the populace the influence of anti‐immigrant sentiment wanes, and commercial and political elites are seemingly able to shift individual immigration policies in more accommodative directions. Anti‐immigrant sentiment can motivate state immigration policy restriction, but likely only during select periods of heightened issue salience and attentive, engaged citizenry.
The relationship between perceived social support and depressive symptoms in informal caregivers of community‐dwelling older persons in Chile
Authors: Sandoval Felipe , Tamiya Nanako , Lloyd‐Sherlock Peter , Noguchi Haruko
Published: March 2019

AIM

Depression among caregivers of older persons is a serious concern, but it is often overlooked and neglected in developing countries. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived social support and depression in informal caregivers of community‐dwelling older persons in Chile.

Methods

We analyzed cross‐sectional secondary data on 377 dyads of community‐dwelling older persons and their informal caregivers from a nationwide survey in Chile. The Duke‐UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire (FSSQ) was used to measure caregivers’ perceived social support, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale assessed their depression.

Results

In this study, 76.9% of the caregivers perceived a high level of social support, and 46.9% were assessed as having depression. Based on multivariable analysis, factors that decrease the likelihood of being depressed are a high level of social support (odds ratio (OR) = 0.311, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.167–0.579) and having taken holidays in the past 12 months (OR = 0.513, 95%CI: 0.270–0.975). Factors that increase the likelihood of being depressed are being a female caregiver (OR = 2.296, 95%CI: 1.119–4.707), being uninsured (OR = 4.321, 95%CI: 1.750–10.672), being the partner or spouse of the care recipient (OR = 3.832, 95%CI: 1.546–9.493), and the number of hours of care (OR = 1.053, 95%CI: 1.021–1.085).

Conclusion

Higher levels of perceived social support and holidays were associated with lower levels of depression. However, being female, being the care recipient's partner or spouse, being uninsured, and having long care periods had detrimental effects. Interventions to preserve and enhance perceived social support could help improve depressive symptoms in informal caregivers. Additionally, support should be available to caregivers who are women, uninsured, and the care recipient's partner or spouse, as well as those who provide care for long hours, to ensure they have respite from their caregiving role.
Prevalence of elder abuse among community‐dwelling older adults in Turkey and its associated factors
Authors: Kulakçı Altıntas¸ Hülya , Korkmaz Aslan Gülbahar
Published: March 2019

Background

This study was performed to determine the prevalence of elder abuse among community‐dwelling older adults and its associated risk factors.

Methods

The sample in this cross‐sectional study consisted of 691 older adults. Data were collected with an elder abuse and neglect assessment form, which had been prepared by the researchers in accordance with the literature. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to subtypes of elder abuse.

Results

In this study, 13.6% of the elderly subjects (n = 94) were exposed to at least one instance of abusive behaviour within the last year; emotional abuse was the most frequently occurring type of abuse. Risk factors for abuse were being 75 years old or older (odds ratio (OR) = 1.993, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.105–3.592), being illiterate (OR = 4.863, 95%CI: 2.809–8.417), lack of own income (OR = 2.189, 95%CI: 1.179–4.064), having bad family relationships (OR = 20.564, 95%CI: 5.453–77.554), and lack of own home (OR = 3.945,; 95%CI: 1.167–13.330).

Conclusions

The results of this study showed that abuse was an important problem for the elderly population. Therefore, elderly individuals, especially those who are 75 years old or older, have a low education level, lack their own home, and lack their own income, should be evaluated for abuse.
Counting the uncounted: The consequences of children's domestic chores for health and education in Ethiopia
Authors: Dinku Yonatan , Fielding David , Genç Murat
Published: March 2019

Much of the existing literature on the economics of child labor assumes that child labor is synonymous with employment in income‐generating activities. However, children also perform domestic chores, and excessive involvement in chores may be detrimental to their wellbeing. This paper investigates the effect on child health and education outcomes of participation in domestic chores as well as participation in income‐generating activities. Our data come from the 2014 Young Lives survey of Ethiopia. We use the guidelines of the 18th International Conference of Labor Statisticians and the United Nations Children's Fund to make a distinction between light work and harmful work, and apply this distinction to both domestic chores and income‐generating work. Using an instrumental variables approach, we find that involvement in harmful domestic chores is strongly associated with poor health and education outcomes. Our findings suggest that excessive involvement in domestic chores constitutes a form of child labor. Ignoring domestic chores will lead to an underestimate of the prevalence of child labor, especially among girls, whose exposure to chores is much higher, on average, than that of boys.
Etoricoxib‐induced immune hemolytic anemia: first case presenting acute kidney failure
Authors: Burgos Pratx L. , Santoro D. , Coca Mogro B. , Valiente V. L. , Camino P. , Scordo W. , Salamone H.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Etoricoxib is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2 used mainly to treat osteoarticular pain. Here, we report the case of a patient who developed acute kidney failure and immune hemolytic anemia after the use of etoricoxib.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

An 83‐year‐old female patient developed immune hemolytic anemia and acute kidney failure after treatment with etoricoxib for articular pain. Given the acute kidney failure, she required five hemodialysis sessions. She was discharged after 17 days. The case of immune hemolytic anemia and kidney failure was fully resolved.

RESULTS

The direct antiglobulin test was not only positive for IgG but also for C3b and C3d, showing a very intense reactivity (++++). The eluate's reactivity was weaker (++) and showed no defined specificity. The investigation of unexpected antibodies in the serum of the patient showed a reactivity pattern similar to the eluate's: weak reactivity without specificity. The serum of the patient was compared to urine and plasma samples of two groups of volunteers. The indirect antiglobulin test showed only a very strong reactivity with the urine samples of the volunteers who had received etoricoxib.

DISCUSSION

Considering that positive eluate is not the typical serologic profile of drug‐induced immune hemolytic anemia, developing in‐house techniques to show the causal link between them may be of interest to guide the treatment and avoid the empirical use of drugs.

CONCLUSION

Etoricoxib must be considered as a possible cause of acute kidney failure in cases of immune hemolytic anemia.
Effect of the Surface Grinding on the Environmentally Assisted Crack Initiation of 316 L Steel in Simulated Pressurized Water Reactor Water
Authors: Hojna Anna , Zimina Mariia , Rozumova Lucia
Published: March 2019

This paper presents results on the effect of a surface treatment on the environmentally assisted corrosion cracking in a pressurized water reactor chemistry. Slow strain rate testing of 316 L austenitic steel with selected rates was performed at pressurized water reactor (PWR) simulated water at 350 °C and in air at 300 °C. Detailed prior and post-testing characterization of two types of surfaces including roughness, hardness, and microstructural analysis was made. Transgranular cleavage-like environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) initiation and growth were observed under PWR conditions. The effect of two surface finishes on the cracking initiation was observed: (i) first crack initiates from the polished surface in a vicinity of the necking area rather than from the ground surface and (ii) then the deeper crack develops in the minimal diameter from the polished surface side than from the ground one.
Three-Dimensional Velocity and Temperature Field Measurements of Internal and External Turbine Blade Features Using Magnetic Resonance Thermometry
Authors: Benson Michael J. , Van Poppel Bret P. , Elkins Christopher J. , Owkes Mark
Published: March 2019

Magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT) is a maturing diagnostic tool used to measure three-dimensional temperature fields. It has a great potential for investigating fluid flows within complex geometries leveraging medical grade magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment and software along with novel measurement techniques. The efficacy of the method in engineering applications increases when coupled with other well-established MRI-based techniques such as magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV). In this study, a challenging geometry is presented with the direct application to a complex gas turbine blade cooling scheme. Turbulent external flow with a Reynolds number of 136,000 passes a hollowed NACA-0012 airfoil with internal cooling features. Inserts within the airfoil, fed by a second flow line with an average temperature difference of 30 K from the main flow and a temperature-dependent Reynolds number in excess of 1,800, produces a conjugate heat transfer scenario including impingement cooling on the inside surface of the airfoil. The airfoil cooling scheme also includes zonal recirculation, surface film cooling, and trailing edge ejection features. The entire airfoil surface is constructed of a stereolithography resin—Accura 60—with low thermal conductivity. The three-dimensional internal and external velocity field is measured using an MRV. The fluid temperature field is measured within and outside of the airfoil with an MRT, and the results are compared with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution to assess the current state of the art for combined MRV/MRT techniques for investigating these complex internal and external flows. The accompanying CFD analysis provides a prediction of the velocity and temperature fields, allowing for errors in the MRT technique to be estimated.
Investigation of the Mechanism of Temperature Rise in a Data Center With Cold Aisle Containment
Authors: Zhang Mingrui , Long Zhengwei , An Qingsong , Sun Chao , Zhang Hao , Cheng Xionglei , Li Xiaowei
Published: March 2019

This paper theoretically investigates the relationships among factors that affect the temperature rise of server racks and experimentally tests the influence of variable space contained arrangements on the thermal performance. To express the flow and heat transfer process of cold air in servers and analyze the critical factors affecting the temperature rise, a simplified mathematical model representing servers is developed using experimental results. An experiment is conducted within a modular data center in which cold air is supplied from a raised floor. The experiment employed a variable space of cold aisle containment and measured the resulting temperature rise, as well as pressure difference of racks and other parameters, in the simplified mathematical model. By comparing the experimental results and theoretical calculation, the theoretical model is proved to be reasonable and valid. The model predicts that the critical factors affecting the temperature rise of racks consist of static and dynamic pressure difference, total pressure of the fans, geometric structure, power consumption, resistance of doors, and opening area of servers. The result shows that the factor affected by the cold aisle contained system is the static pressure, while for the dynamic pressure difference, the contained architecture has a slight positive effect. Although the average temperature rise is quite decreased in the contained system, the static pressure distribution is nonuniform. A half-contained system which reduced contained space ratio to 50% is measured to cause a 22% increase of the static pressure difference, making a more uniform temperature distribution.
Analytical Solution of Water Vapor Condensation in Flow Channel of Battery Pack
Authors: Sun Hongguang , Hsu Chih-Cheng
Published: March 2019

The analytical solutions for condensation (and evaporation) rates of laminar humid air flow in the channels of a battery pack at both entrance and downstream regions are obtained/modeled. The effects of the entrance fluid velocity profile and the aspect ratio of the flow channel are taken into consideration. Initially, an analytical solution for laminar humid air flows' condensation at the flow channel with infinite aspect ratio and fully developed flow profile at the entrance is obtained. The solution is in good agreement with the simulation result obtained from a correlated fluent condensation model. After performing simulations of water vapor condensation and evaporation in the flow channel for different aspect ratios and entrance velocity profiles, the analytical solutions of condensation and evaporation rate of water vapor are presented in analytic forms by adding appropriate coefficients/correction factors to the solution for the flow in the channel with infinite aspect ratio. The resulting model accurately captures the effects of the entrance velocity profile and aspect ratio.
Radial Throw in Micromilling: A Simulation-Based Study to Analyze the Effects on Surface Quality and Uncut Chip Thickness
Authors: Nahata Sudhanshu , Onler Recep , Ozdoganlar O. Burak
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a simulation study toward analyzing the effect of radial throw in micromilling on quality metrics and on the deviation in tool-tip trajectory from its prescribed pattern. Both the surface location error (SLE) and the sidewall (peripheral) surface roughness are analyzed. The deviation in tool-tip trajectory is evaluated considering the flute-to-flute variations in the uncut chip thickness and changes in the tooth spacing angle. Radial throw indicates the instantaneous radial location of the tool axis, thereby capturing all salient features of tool-tip trajectory deviations, such as the general elliptical form of the radial motions. This is in contrast to the concept of run-out, which is a scalar quantity (total indicator reading) indicating the total displacement or change in the radial throw measured from a perfect cylindrical surface for one complete rotation of the axis. As such, measurement and analysis of radial throw is essential to understanding micromachining processes. In our previous work, we described an experimental approach for accurate determination of radial throw when using ultra-high-speed micromachining spindles. In this work, we present a simulation-based study to relate radial throw parameters and form to SLE, sidewall surface roughness, flute-to-flute variations of uncut chip thickness, and changes in tooth spacing angle for a two fluted micro-endmill. As expected, our study concludes that the magnitude, orientation, and form of radial throw all significantly affect the studied quality metrics, tooth spacing angle, and the flute-to-flute chip thickness variations. Specifically, the presence of radial throw with an elliptical form induces up to 50% variation in SLE, up to 20% variation in sidewall surface roughness, up to 60% variation in tooth spacing angle deviations, and up to 50% variation in flute-to-flute chip thickness. As such, the presented simulation approach can be used to assess the direct (kinematic) effects of the radial throw parameters on the quality metrics and chip thickness variations.
Predicted hotspots of overlap between highly migratory fishes and industrial fishing fleets in the northeast Pacific
Authors: White Timothy D. , Ferretti Francesco , Kroodsma David A. , Hazen Elliott L. , Carlisle Aaron B. , Scales Kylie L. , Bograd Steven J. , Block Barbara A.
Published: March 2019

Vessel tracking and habitat modeling reveal hotspots of overlap between industrial fishing and the habitat of pelagic fishes.