bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who killed the News Chronicle?
Authors: Membery York
Published: March 2010

At a time when chocolate lovers are mourning the loss of Cadbury to the American giant Kraft, York Membery recalls another Cadbury sale 50 years ago when the much-loved and liberally minded News Chronicle was sold without warning by proprietor Laurence Cadbury to its mid-market rival Daily Mail. In a series of interviews with former Chronicle reporters, Membery vividly describes the anger, frustration and bitter disappointment that a paper selling 1.2 million copies should be so brutally closed down. In uncanny echoes of the crisis facing many papers today, he describes the financial crisis besetting the newspaper as well as the owner’s manifest lack of commitment.
The death of news
Authors: Bell Martin
Published: March 2010

Turning from his customary prose to rhyming verse, former BBC foreign correspondent and MP Martin Bell mourns the passing of “real journalism”. Authentic, old-fashioned news-chasing, he says, has given way to pseudo-news characterised by rumour, exploitation of private grief, fake sincerity and lip gloss for men. He casts today’s TV newspeople as performers who “prance and strut before a video wall”, choreographed by the circus masters of an entertainment-led television industry.
General Strain Theory and Continuity in Offending Over Time: Assessing and Extending GST Explanations of Persistence
Authors: Slocum Lee Ann
Published: March 2010

In 1997, Agnew stated that “new strain theories . . . should be part of any developmental theory of crime” and that “these theories point to new sources of stability and change in crime over the life course, and better help organize existing arguments in this area”; however, strain theory explanations of individual patterns of offending over the life span have garnered little attention, especially with regard to stability. This article addresses this void by assessing general strain theory (GST) explanations of persistent offending. Specifically, the author outlines the stability promoting mechanisms described by Agnew and assesses their empirical basis. Then, drawing on the sociology of stress, the author extends Agnew’s work and describes two additional ways that GST can explain persistence: past exposure to stressors and stress proliferation. These extensions move away from a reliance on trait-based explanations and instead view continuity as rooted in individual histories, dynamic processes, and social structure.
Mechanical and Curing Properties of a Styrene-based Shape Memory Polymer
Authors: Beblo Richard , Gross Korey , Mauck Weiland Lisa
Published: March 2010

Presented is an experimental investigation into the characteristics of a particular styrene-based shape memory polymer, Veriflex®. Tensile, 3 point bend, and creep tests are conducted yielding the Young’s modulus, yield strength, flexural modulus, flexure strength, and creep modulus of the polymer both above and below the glass transition temperature. The results of the characterization may be used to populate a linear constitutive model appropriate for design. To populate the constitutive model parameters for viscosity, retardation time, and coefficient of thermal expansion are also developed. Initial experiments in this effort revealed the tendency for residual monomer to remain after curing. While the residual monomer ultimately evaporates from the sample, when present it acts as a plasticizer thereby increasing the glassy state compliance. Thus, also presented are strategies employed for eliminating residual monomer during sample preparation.
Mixed Elements for the Analysis of Anisotropic Multilayered Piezoelectric Plates
Authors: Carrera E. , Büttner A. , Nali P.
Published: March 2010

Mixed plate elements for accurate evaluation of transverse mechanical stresses and electrical displacement are developed and compared in this work. Various forms of the Reissner mixed variational theorem are considered to a priori fulfill the interlaminar continuity of transverse electromechanical variables. Classical formulation based on the principle of virtual displacements are implemented for comparison purposes. 2D assumptions are introduced by means of the Carrera unified formulation (CUF). Layer-wise theories are developed by using Legendre type polynomials of various order in the plate-thickness expansion. The evaluation of the interlaminar continuity of transverse electric displacement and/or transverse stresses on the static response of piezoelectric actuated/sensing plate is provided and compared. Orthotropic and anisotropic simply supported plates are considered. Results are assessed by comparison with available 3D piezoelasticity solutions. The mixed formulations that a priori evaluate the transverse electric displacement appear of particular interest. These last, in fact, permit an easy, convenient and reliable calculation of the electric charge and make feasible the development of robust control algorithms.
Motivational Narratives and Assessments of the Body After Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Adams Josh
Published: March 2010

Cosmetic surgery can be conceptualized as part of a spectrum of contemporary body projects whereby the individual uses body work to achieve some social and personal goal. In this article I examine individual motivations for undergoing cosmetic surgery as well as assessments of the outcomes of those surgeries. Drawing on in-depth interviews, I explore how cosmetic surgery patients understand and ascribe meaning to their own experiences and discover how the respondents evaluate their surgeries in both personal and social contexts. I found that motivations for undergoing surgery are often articulated in both physical and psychosocial terms, with the expectation that physical alterations will facilitate social or emotional changes. Additionally, outcomes are assessed in a similar fashion, with interviewees expressing not only their evaluations of the aesthetic changes to their bodies, but also how these changes made them feel about themselves and their relationships with others.
The Shaping of Midlife Women’s Views of Health and Health Behaviors
Authors: Smith-DiJulio Kathleen , Windsor Carol , Anderson Debra
Published: March 2010

The menopausal transition is a marker of aging for women and a time when health professionals urge women to prevent disease. In this research we adopted a constructivist, inductive approach in exploring how and why midlife women think about health in general, about being healthy, and about factors that influence engaging in healthy behaviors. The sample constituted 23 women who had participated in a women’s wellness program intervention trial and subsequent interviews. The women described lives of healthy eating and exercise, yet, their perceptions of health and healthy behavior at midlife contradicted that history. Midlife was associated with risk and guilt at not doing enough to be healthy. Health professionals provided a very limited frame within which to judge what is healthy. Mostly this was left up to individual women. Those who were successful framed health as “being able to do what you want to do when you want to do it.” In this article we present study findings of how meanings attached to health and being healthy were constructed through social expectations, family relationships, and life experiences.
Communicative Conduct in Commercial Medicine: Initial Consultations Between Plastic Surgeons and Prospective Clients
Authors: Mirivel Julien C.
Published: March 2010

In this study, I investigated naturally occurring medical interaction in commercial medicine. Drawing on 30+ hours of videotaped data and 9 months of fieldwork in a cosmetic surgery clinic, this analysis focuses on how plastic surgeons interact with patients who seek to alter their bodily appearance. The ethnographically informed discourse analysis reveals how plastic surgeons manage multiple and competing interactive demands. Specifically, I describe plastic surgeons’ key strategies for meeting both health-related and institutional goals. In the conclusion, I reflect on the communication challenges that medical professionals and patients face when consumerism and medicine meet.
Measuring Collaborative Consultation Practices in Natural Environments
Authors: Basu Semonti , Salisbury Christine L. , Thorkildsen Theresa A.
Published: March 2010

This article describes the development of the Triadic Intervention and Evaluation Rating Scale (TIERS), a 33-item instrument designed to evaluate patterns of parent, service provider, and child interactions during early intervention sessions conducted in natural environments. Twenty-eight parent—provider—child triads were videotaped in home and playgroup settings, quarterly over a 15-month period. Segments representing complete routines were selected and rated by service providers and research personnel. Scoring and scaling models were developed to evaluate the quality of triadic interactions during early intervention sessions. The TIERS (a) measured differences in providers’ use of collaborative consultation strategies and parents’ level of participation with service providers and their children; (b) distinguished features inherent in different sessions; (c) was easy to administer; and (d) showed appropriate psychometric properties. With additional validation efforts, this instrument may be used to evaluate the implementation of collaborative interactions between parents and early intervention service providers in natural environments.
An Examination of the Relationship of Teacher Certification Area to Sexual Misconduct: Florida as a Case Study
Authors: Simpson R. Eric
Published: March 2010

The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship of teacher certification area to sexual misconduct. The study also examined teachers certified in music education to ascertain the frequency with which they are disciplined for sexual misconduct and to compare that information with teachers of other subject areas. Data were randomly selected from the Florida Department of Education’s Discipline Against Educator Licenses database. Within the sample ( N = 290), teachers holding multiple certifications were found to be the most frequent offenders (35.51%), and music teachers accounted for less than 5% of the total. The most frequent offense was sexual misconduct (25.77%), and more than 60% of the offending music teachers in the sample had been disciplined for this offense. Ramifications of this type of study for music teacher education are discussed as well as recommendations for dissemination of this information to preservice music educators.
Help Wanted: Music Education Positions in Higher Education, 2007-2008
Authors: Sims Wendy L. , Jeffs Kenneth C. , Barrow Lloyd H.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to document and describe the characteristics of college and university music education positions that were available and advertised during the 2007-2008 school year. Information for all jobs listed in the Chronicle of Higher Education and/or the College Music Society’s Music Vacancy List ( N = 112) was compiled with respect to a number of variables, including where the notice was placed, job title, rank and tenure status, geographic location, applicant requirements, and job responsibilities. Data were compared with results of studies from the 1980s and 1990s. Results are informative for individuals seeking faculty positions, for college and university faculty preparing graduate students who will be applying for faculty positions, and for administrators developing criteria and responsibilities for open positions and writing the position vacancy announcements.
Score Reliability and Validity of the Student Risk Screening Scale: A Psychometrically Sound, Feasible Tool for Use in Urban Middle Schools
Authors: Lane Kathleen Lynne , Bruhn Allison L. , Eisner Shanna L. , Robertson Kalberg Jemma
Published: March 2010

In this article, the authors examine the psychometric properties of the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS) for use in urban middle schools. Results of Studies 1 and 2 suggest strong internal consistency and test—retest stability. Study 1 supports the predictive validity of the SRSS, with students at low risk being able to be differentiated from moderate- to high-risk status on behavioral and academic measures. Study 2 also supports predictive validity up to 2 years following initial SRSS status, with students in the low-risk group having significantly fewer out-of-school suspensions, fewer unexcused absences, and higher grade point averages than students in the moderate- and high-risk groups. In addition, results of Study 1 support the feasibility of the SRSS, with increased use over time serving as a behavioral marker for social validity. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Water Quality Restoration in Rio de Janeiro: From a Piecemeal to a Systems Approach
Authors: Lima Elizabeth , Legey Luiz F. L.
Published: March 2010

This article discusses the issue of water quality restoration in Guanabara Bay, a much polluted estuary, located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which serves as drainage basin for 11 million people. The theoretical basis for analyzing the problem is the systems approach, and the focus is on devising actions to achieve the modernization of the sanitation sector. In order to restore the bay’s water quality, specific targets measured in terms of the level of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) need to be attained. The Guanabara Bay system contains five components: decision support tools, physical infrastructure, financing, governance, and administration. The article proposes a policy approach that seeks to attend to the environmental concerns associated with the restoration of the bay’s water quality by advocating an effective governance structure able to provide sanitary services to all citizens that will also mitigate the bay’s pollution problems.
Effect of Niacin Therapy on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Duggal Jasleen K. , Singh Mukesh , Attri Navneet , Singh Param P. , Ahmed Neyaz , Pahwa Suneet , Molnar Janos , Singh Sarabjeet , Khosla Sandeep , Arora Rohit
Published: March 2010

Background: Niacin or nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) raises the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) by about 30% to 35%. In patients with prior coronary disease, 7 trials have been published on clinical cardiovascular disease outcomes and the results, not surprisingly, are inconsistent. Hence, we performed this meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effect of niacin on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: A systematic search using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases was performed. Seven studies with a total of 5137 patients met our inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity of the studies was analyzed by the Cochran Q statistics. The significance of common treatment effect was assessed by computing the combined relative risks using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. A 2-sided alpha error of less than .05 was considered statistically significant (P < .05). Results: Compared to placebo group, niacin therapy significantly reduced coronary artery revascularization (RR [relative risk]: 0.307 with 95% CI: 0.150-0.628; P = .001), nonfatal myocardial infarction ([MI]; RR: 0.719; 95% CI: 0.603-0.856; P = .000), stroke, and TIA ([transient ischemic attack] RR: 0.759; 95%CI: 0.613-0.940; P = .012), as well as a possible but nonsignificant decrease in cardiac mortality (RR: 0.883: 95% CI: 0.773-1.008; p= 0.066). Conclusions: In a meta-analysis of seven trials of secondary prevention, niacin was associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular events and possible small but non-significant decreases in coronary and cardiovascular mortality.
Not Always Hyperactive?
Authors: Torrente Fernando , Lischinsky Alicia , Torralva Teresa , López Pablo , Roca María , Manes Facundo
Published: March 2010

Objectives: To investigate the presence of apathy symptoms in adolescents and adults with ADHD as a behavioral manifestation of underlying motivational deficits and to determine whether apathy symptoms were associated with a specific neuropsychological profile. Method: A total of 38 ADHD participants (28 of the combined subtype [ADHD/C] and 10 of the inattentive subtype [ADHD/I]) and 30 healthy controls (Ctrl) were assessed on two measures of apathy administered to subjects and informants. As well, ADHD participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Results: ADHD participants presented elevated scores on measures of apathy relative to controls (ADHD/I > ADHD/C > Ctrl). Informant-based ratings of apathy correlated significantly with behavioral measures of inattention. Apathy measures correlated significantly with executive tests, working memory, verbal fluency, and general intellectual abilities, only in the inattentive sample. Conclusions: This study stresses the relevance of motivational deficits in adult ADHD as a significant clinical dimension closely linked to inattention and executive difficulties.
Predicting habitual walking performance in multiple sclerosis: relevance of capacity and self-report measures
Authors: Gijbels Domien , Alders Geert , Van Hoof Elke , Charlier Caroline , Roelants Machteld , Broekmans Tom , Op 't Eijnde Bert , Feys Peter
Published: March 2010

The objective was to establish the extent to which physical functioning capacity and self-report measures are able to predict the habitual walking performance in ambulatory persons with multiple sclerosis. Fifty persons with multiple sclerosis (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS, 1.5—6.5) were tested on leg muscle strength as well as walking and balance capacity, and completed self-report indices on perceived physical functioning. Habitual walking performance, that is, the real amount of steps that is performed in the customary living environment, was registered by means of an ambulant accelerometer-based monitor during seven consecutive days. Mild (EDSS 1.5—4.0, n = 29) and moderate (EDSS 4.5—6.5, n = 21) multiple sclerosis subgroups were additionally distinguished as predictor variables and values were hypothesized to differ depending on multiple sclerosis severity and concomitant ambulatory function. Multiple regression analyses yielded a single most significant predictor for each (sub)group with other variables making no independent contribution to the variation in habitual walking performance. For the total study sample, this was the 6-Minute Walking Test ( R2 = 0.458, p < 0.01). In the mild multiple sclerosis subgroup, the 6-Minute Walking Test was again most predictive, yet to a modest degree ( R2 = 0. 187, p = 0.02). In the moderate multiple sclerosis subgroup, the 2-Minute Walking Test explained over half of the variance ( R2 = 0.532, p < 0.01). Habitual walking performance is best reflected by longer walking capacity tests. The extent to which it can be predicted based on clinical testing is larger in a multiple sclerosis patient sample with more severe walking disability. Ambulatory monitoring, however, includes aspects of community ambulation not captured in the clinic, and must be considered as an additional outcome for evaluating interventions in multiple sclerosis.
Reliability, practice effects, and change indices for Rao’s brief repeatable battery
Authors: Portaccio Emilio , Goretti Benedetta , Zipoli Valentina , Iudice Alfonso , Pina Dario Della , Malentacchi Gian Michele , Sabatini Simonetta , Annunziata Pasquale , Falcini Mario , Mazzoni Monica , Pia Amato Maria
Published: March 2010

The role of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis is now widely recognized. However, there is a dearth of research on variability and practice effects of neuropsychological measures when repeated over time. The objective was to assess reliability and practice effects for Rao’s Brief Repeatable Battery of neurophysiological tests and the Stroop Test, and to provide data for correction for variability and practice effects in serial assessments.In 54 healthy controls (34 women, mean age 38.3 ± 9.1 years, mean education 12.9 ± 3.3 years), the Brief Repeatable Battery and Stroop Test were administered 3 times with an 18-month interval. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient and practice effects by an analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s correction for repeated measures. Test—retest reliability was from adequate to good on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Stroop Test, and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. The great majority of tests showed at least a moderate practice effects. Data for calculation of an individual’s change in cognitive performance for each test of the Brief Repeatable Battery and the Stroop Test were provided. Our results provide relevant information for planning and interpreting longitudinal studies on cognition and cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.
Influence of HLA-DRB1 allele heterogeneity on disease risk and clinical course in a West Australian MS cohort: a high-resolution genotyping study
Authors: Wu Jing-Shan , James Ian , Wei Qiu  , Castley Alison , Christiansen Frank T , Carroll William M , Mastaglia Frank L , Kermode Allan G
Published: March 2010

Background: Previous studies on the influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles on multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility and clinical course have mostly employed the 2-point genotyping method.

Objective: To assess the influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles and allele interactions on disease risk and clinical course in a large West Australian MS patient cohort using high-resolution genotyping.

Methods: Four digit HLA-DRB1 genotyping was performed on a group of 466 clinically definite or probable MS patients from the Perth Demyelinating Diseases Database and 189 healthy Caucasian controls from the Busselton Community Health Study.

Results: In addition to the known risk allele HLA-DRB1*1501, evidence of increased susceptibility to MS was found for three additional alleles, DRB1*0405, DRB1*1104 and DRB1*1303, though the power was insufficient to sustain significance for these when crudely Bonferroni corrected over all alleles considered. DRB1*0701 was found to be protective even after correction for multiple comparisons. In addition we found evidence that the DRB1*04 sub-allele HLA-DRB1*0407 and HLA-DRB1*0901 may be protective. Among the diplotypes, the highest estimated risk was in HLA-DRB1*1501/*0801 heterozygotes and DRB1*1501 homozygotes and the lowest in HLA-DRB1*0701/*0101 heterozygotes. There was no significant gender association with HLA-DRB1*1501 overall, but the HLA-DRB1*1501/*1104 risk genotype was significantly associated with female gender. HLA-DRB1*1501 was the strongest risk allele in both primary progressive MS and relapsing—remitting MS.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the advantages of high-resolution HLA genotyping in recognizing risk-modifying alleles and allele combinations in this patient cohort and in recognizing the differential effects of HLA-DRB1*04 and DRB1*11 sub-alleles.
Interactions Between Social Movements and US Political Parties
Authors: Schwartz Mildred A.
Published: March 2010

Interactions between US political parties and social movements range from those that emphasize closeness to those that seek to preserve distance. Although previously unrecognized in organizational analysis, these strategies are similar to ones of bridging and buffering. Where they differ both from inter-organizational relations among firms and from among other non-profits, this is due to the importance movements attach to autonomy, manifested in their antagonistic reactions to political parties and rooted in the importance they attach to ideology.
The Effect of Organic/Inorganic Hybridization on the Structures of Nanofibers
Authors: Wu Ning , Wei Anfang , Wei Qufu , Huang Fenglin , Cai Yibing , Gao Weidong
Published: March 2010

Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and PVAc/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofiber mats were prepared by electrospinning process. In this study, three types of solution were used. The first was PVAc dissolved in only acetone, the second was prepared by adding TiO2 sol into PVAc—acetone solution in sol—gel method, the third was prepared by adding ethanol into PVAc—acetone solution. The effect of solution properties such as viscosity, surface tension, and electrical conductivity on the formation and morphology of electrospun fibers was investigated. Pure PVAc had a beads-on-string structure, but the beads almost disappeared when the TiO2 was added. Electrospun fibers had average diameters of 529, 596, 333, 303 nm for PVA/TiO2 volume ratios of 100 : 0, 100 : 10, 100 : 20, and 100 : 30, respectively. Since the added TiO2 precursor dispersed in ethanol solvent was in the ratio of 1 : 30, it was necessary to prepare the solution with same ratio of ethanol for contrast (ethanol is a nonsolvent of PVAc). As the concentration of ethanol increased, the average diameter of nanofibers decreased and change in the bead shape from spindle-like to spherical was observed on the whole.
Development of Signal Transferring Fabrics Using Plastic Optical Fibers for Defense Personnel and Study their Performance
Authors: Ashok Kumar L. , Vigneswaran C. , Ramachandran T.
Published: March 2010

In this article, an attempt has been made to design and develop four different signal transferring fabrics using plastic optical fibers (POF). The signal transferring and fabrication possibility of these optical fibers are studied and selected optical fibers are made into fabric form by four methods namely (a) sequential work with POF integrated in the fabric, (b) weaving of the POF using hand loom, (c) weaving of the POF using power loom, and (d) weaving of POF as core conductive fabrics. Novel technique for development of core-sheath conductive yarns with optical fiber as core and cotton fibers as sheath using DREF-3 friction spinning system is discussed. The signal transferring efficiency of the handloom, power loom, and sequential integrated woven POF fabrics are analyzed using the microprocessor designed with IRF14F optical receiver for bullet wound detection. The signal loss percentage of these fabrics are studied and reported using the red LED, white light LED (SPL), and laser light LED with input voltage of +5 V. These optical conductive yarns are having good scope for the development of signal transferring garment for defense personnel, telecommunication, and data transferring purpose.
Beyond Self-Interest: Integrating Social Responsibility and Supply Chain Management With Human Resource Development
Authors: Becker Wendy S. , Carbo Jerry A. , Langella Ian M.
Published: March 2010

This article integrates concepts of social responsibility and supply chain management with human resource development. Previous research has taken a comparatively narrow view, restricted to bridging two of these three disciplines and focused only on a one-way exchange. The present article seeks a new way of thinking about human resources for supply chains, incorporating social responsibility and sustainability into a flexible model that allows organizations to respond quickly to changing conditions while attending to the “people factors” in supply chains. The authors provide practical examples demonstrating the need for the integration they propose. As such, this article not only provides valuable cross-functional insight but importantly suggests a novel approach to human resource development for supply chains.
Indicators of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Treatment Among HIV/AIDS Patients in 5 African Countries
Authors: Etienne Martine , Hossain Mian , Redfield Robert , Stafford Kristen , Amoroso Anthony
Published: March 2010

As the HIV epidemic threatens the social fabric of countries struggling with HIV prevalence rates as high as 10% to 30%, access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone is only the beginning of the clinical challenge. There is a need to identify adherence indicators that will ensure long-term treatment success. A cross-sectional review of 921 adult patients on ART for at least 1 year was conducted. Through an administered adherence survey, key indicators were found to be highly correlated with patient adherence. The adherence rate in this sample was 72% after being on treatment for an average of 15 months. This data suggest that having a high perceived quality of care and owning one’s own home positively affected patients’ adherence. Indicators such as alcohol use in the last month and a high level of depression negatively affected patients’ adherence. Targeting specific indicators for specific interventions will guard against nonadherence, leading to treatment failure.
The Mirror Neuron System: A Neural Substrate for Methods in Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Garrison Kathleen A. , Winstein Carolee J. , Aziz-Zadeh Lisa
Published: March 2010

Mirror neurons found in the premotor and parietal cortex respond not only during action execution, but also during observation of actions being performed by others. Thus, the motor system may be activated without overt movement. Rehabilitation of motor function after stroke is often challenging due to severity of impairment and poor to absent voluntary movement ability. Methods in stroke rehabilitation based on the mirror neuron system—action observation, motor imagery, and imitation—take advantage of this opportunity to rebuild motor function despite impairments, as an alternative or complement to physical therapy. Here the authors review research into each condition of practice, and discuss the relevance of the mirror neuron system to stroke recovery.
Current Concepts in the Evaluation and Treatment of the Shoulder in Overhead Throwing Athletes, Part 2: Injury Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Reinold Michael M. , Gill Thomas J. , Wilk Kevin E. , Andrews James R.
Published: March 2010

The overhead throwing athlete is an extremely challenging patient in sports medicine. The repetitive microtraumatic stresses imposed on the athlete’s shoulder joint complex during the throwing motion constantly place the athlete at risk for injury. Treatment of the overhead athlete requires the understanding of several principles based on the unique physical characteristics of the overhead athlete and the demands endured during the act of throwing. These principles are described and incorporated in a multiphase progressive rehabilitation program designed to prevent injuries and rehabilitate the injured athlete, both nonoperatively and postoperatively.
The Kinetic Chain in Overhand Pitching: Its Potential Role for Performance Enhancement and Injury Prevention
Authors: Seroyer Shane T. , Nho Shane J. , Bach Bernard R. , Bush-Joseph Charles A. , Nicholson Gregory P. , Romeo Anthony A.
Published: March 2010

The overhead throwing motion is a coordinated effort of muscle units from the entire body, culminating with explosive motion of the upper extremity. The throwing motion occurs at a rapid pace, making analysis difficult in real time. Electromyographic studies and high-speed video recordings have provided invaluable details regarding the involved musculature, the sequence of muscle involvement, and associated kinematic variables. The goal of the present article is to provide an overview of the kinetic chain—that is, a detailed description of the muscular coordination during each phase of pitching—and to describe specific types of pitches. An enhanced understanding of the components of the kinetic chain and the phases of the throwing motion can provide important information for rehabilitation, performance enhancement, and injury prevention.
Can Hybrid Learning Theory Be Used to Teach Working Sonographers Breast Elastography?
Authors: Mitchell Carol , Hall Timothy J. , Baker Sara , Burke Megan , Knauf Laura , Willey Bridgett
Published: March 2010

Hybrid learning is a combination of online learning and face-to-face sessions. This research sought to answer the question, “Can hybrid learning be used to teach working sonographers to perform breast elastography?” A hybrid course was designed titled “Breast Elastography for Working Sonographers.” The course consisted of four online training modules, each complete with a posttest and one face-to-face session. After the face-to-face session lectures, participants were interviewed and observed performing elastography on a breast phantom. Results indicate that in this setting, this method for teaching working sonographers breast elastography is successful.
Differential Diagnosis of Intracranial Anomalies
Authors: Zmistowski Heather M. , Fox Traci , Baxter Jason K.
Published: March 2010

The sonographic differentiation between hydranencephaly, severe hydrocephalus, and holoprosencephaly can be difficult. Careful examination of cranial anatomy has proven quite useful in differentiating these three anomalies. The presence or absence of a complete midline falx, cortical tissue, facial and cardiac anomalies, internal carotid arteries, and fetal circle of Willis is useful in providing accurate diagnoses. This case reports a failure to recognize hydrocephalus despite the presence of well-established identifiers.
Diagnosis and Management of a Vein of Galen Malformation in a Neonate
Authors: French Stacy L.
Published: March 2010

Vein of Galen arterial malformation (VGAM) is an arteriovenous malformation between cerebral vessels of the circle of Willis and the vein of Galen. VGAM is a direct communication between an artery and a vein resulting in increased cardiac output due to arterial blood flowing directly into a vein and returning directly to the heart, without traversing the full vascular system. If left untreated, it can result in heart failure, developmental disabilities, or death. The treatment of choice is endovascular embolization. Postembolization, these patients often require medical imaging follow-up. This is a case in which neonatal neurosonography was used to image the VGAM postembolization.
Natural killer–cell receptor polymorphisms and posttransplantation non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Stern Martin , Opelz Gerhard , Döhler Bernd , Hess Christoph
Published: March 2010

Posttransplantation non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a life-threatening complication after transplantation. Although pharmacologically suppressed adaptive immunity plays a major role in its development, the role of innate immunity in posttransplantation lymphoma is unknown. We assessed the 158 V/F polymorphism in the Fc-γ receptor 3A gene (FCGR3A), killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotype, KIR ligand status, and a single nucleotide polymorphism affecting the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ; +874 A/T) in 236 patients with posttransplantation lymphoma reported to the Collaborative Transplant Study. In addition, polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) genes previously associated with lymphoma development were also typed. Using a split-cohort approach, gene/allele frequency was related to the 5-year patient survival after the diagnosis of lymphoma and compared with 100 control solid organ transplant recipients. FCGR3A and KIR genotype significantly influenced survival after diagnosis of posttransplantation lymphoma: the hazard of dying was reduced in homozygous carriers of the high-affinity V allele (hazard ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.82, P = .006), whereas carrying a genotype including KIR2DL2/KIR2DS2 increased the risk of dying (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.05, P = .02). KIR ligands and cytokine polymorphisms had no effect on survival. None of the genetic loci analyzed emerged as risk factors for lymphoma development.
Specific fibre composition and metabolism of the rectus abdominis muscle of bovine Charolais cattle
Authors: Oury Marie-Pierre , Dumont Rollande , Jurie Catherine , Hocquette Jean-François , Picard Brigitte
Published: March 2010

Background

An important variability of contractile and metabolic properties between muscles has been highlighted. In the literature, the majority of studies on beef sensorial quality concerns M. longissimus thoracis. M. rectus abdominis (RA) is easy to sample without huge carcass depreciation and may appear as an alternative to M. longissimus thoracis for fast and routine physicochemical analysis. It was considered interesting to assess the muscle fibres of M. rectus abdominis in comparison with M. longissimus thoracis (LT) and M. triceps brachii (TB) on the basis of metabolic and contractile properties, area and myosin heavy chain isoforms (MyHC) proportions. Immuno-histochemical, histochemical, histological and enzymological techniques were used. This research concerned two populations of Charolais cattle: RA was compared to TB in a population of 19 steers while RA was compared to LT in a population of 153 heifers.

Results

RA muscle had higher mean fibre areas (3350 μm2
vs 2142 to 2639 μm2) than the two other muscles. In RA muscle, the slow-oxidative fibres were the largest (3957 μm2) and the fast-glycolytic the smallest (2868 μm2). The reverse was observed in TB muscle (1725 and 2436 μm2 respectively). In RA muscle, the distinction between fast-oxidative-glycolytic and fast-glycolytic fibres appeared difficult or impossible to establish, unlike in the other muscles. Consequently the classification based on ATPase and SDH activities seemed inappropriate, since the FOG fibres presented rather low SDH activity in this muscle in comparison to the other muscles of the carcass. RA muscle had a higher proportion of I fibres than TB and LT muscles, balanced by a lower proportion either of IIX fibres (in comparison to TB muscle) or of IIA fibres (in comparison to LT muscle). However, both oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activities were lower in RA than in TB muscle, although the LDH/ICDH ratio was higher in RA muscle (522 vs 340). Oxidative enzyme activities were higher in RA than in LT muscle, whereas glycolytic enzyme activity was lower. In RA muscle, contractile and metabolic properties appeared to be less well-correlated than in the two other muscles.

Conclusions

RA muscle has some particularities in comparison to the LT and TB muscles, especially concerning the unusual large cross-section surface of SO fibres and the very low oxidative activity of intermediate IIA fibres.
The Sinorhizobium meliloti RNA chaperone Hfq influences central carbon metabolism and the symbiotic interaction with alfalfa
Authors: Torres-Quesada Omar , Oruezabal Roke I , Peregrina Alexandra , Jofré Edgardo , Lloret Javier , Rivilla Rafael , Toro Nicolás , Jiménez-Zurdo José I
Published: March 2010

Background

The bacterial Hfq protein is able to interact with diverse RNA molecules, including regulatory small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs), and thus it is recognized as a global post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression. Loss of Hfq has an extensive impact in bacterial physiology which in several animal pathogens influences virulence. Sinorhizobium meliloti is a model soil bacterium known for its ability to establish a beneficial nitrogen-fixing intracellular symbiosis with alfalfa. Despite the predicted general involvement of Hfq in the establishment of successful bacteria-eukaryote interactions, its function in S. meliloti has remained unexplored.

Results

Two independent S. meliloti mutants, 2011-3.4 and 1021Δhfq, were obtained by disruption and deletion of the hfq gene in the wild-type strains 2011 and 1021, respectively, both exhibiting similar growth defects as free-living bacteria. Transcriptomic profiling of 1021Δhfq revealed a general down-regulation of genes of sugar transporters and some enzymes of the central carbon metabolism, whereas transcripts specifying the uptake and metabolism of nitrogen sources (mainly amino acids) were more abundant than in the wild-type strain. Proteomic analysis of the 2011-3.4 mutant independently confirmed these observations. Symbiotic tests showed that lack of Hfq led to a delayed nodulation, severely compromised bacterial competitiveness on alfalfa roots and impaired normal plant growth. Furthermore, a large proportion of nodules (55%-64%) elicited by the 1021Δhfq mutant were non-fixing, with scarce content in bacteroids and signs of premature senescence of endosymbiotic bacteria. RT-PCR experiments on RNA from bacteria grown under aerobic and microoxic conditions revealed that Hfq contributes to regulation of nifA and fixK1/K2, the genes controlling nitrogen fixation, although the Hfq-mediated regulation of fixK is only aerobiosis dependent. Finally, we found that some of the recently identified S. meliloti sRNAs co-inmunoprecipitate with a FLAG-epitope tagged Hfq protein.

Conclusions

Our results support that the S. meliloti RNA chaperone Hfq contributes to the control of central metabolic pathways in free-living bacteria and influences rhizospheric competence, survival of the microsymbiont within the nodule cells and nitrogen fixation during the symbiotic interaction with its legume host alfalfa. The identified S. meliloti Hfq-binding sRNAs are predicted to participate in the Hfq regulatory network.
Predicting results of mycobacterial culture on sputum smear reversion after anti-tuberculous treatment: a case control study
Authors: Shu Chin-Chung , Wang Jann-Tay , Lee Chih-Hsin , Wang Jann-Yuan , Lee Li-Na , Yu Chong-Jen
Published: March 2010

Background

Little is currently known regarding sputum smear reversion (acid-fast smear becomes positive again after negative conversion) during anti-tuberculous treatment. This study aimed to evaluate its occurrence in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and identify factors predicting results of mycobacterial culture for smear-reversion of sputum samples.

Methods

The retrospective review was performed in a tertiary referral center and a local teaching hospital in Taiwan. From 2000 to 2007, patients with smear-positive culture-confirmed pulmonary TB experiencing smear reversion after 14 days of anti-tuberculous treatment were identified.

Results

The 739 patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB had 74 (10%) episodes of sputum smear reversion that grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 22 (30%) (Mtb group). The remaining 52 episodes of culture-negative sputum samples were classified as the non-Mtb group. The anti-tuberculous regimen was modified after confirming smear reversion in 15 (20%). Fourteen episodes in the Mtb group and 15 in the non-Mtb group occurred during hospitalization. All were admitted to the negative-pressure rooms at the time of smear reversion. Statistical analysis showed that any TB drug resistance, smear reversion within the first two months of treatment or before culture conversion, and the absence of radiographic improvement before smear reversion were associated with the Mtb group. None of the smear reversion was due to viable M. tuberculosis if none of the four factors were present.

Conclusions

Sputum smear reversion develops in 10% of patients with smear-positive pulmonary TB, with 30% due to viable M. tuberculosis bacilli. Isolation and regimen modification may not be necessary for all drug-susceptible patients who already have radiographic improvement and develop smear reversion after two months of treatment or after sputum culture conversion.
Incorporating statistical uncertainty in the use of physician cost profiles
Authors: Adams John L , McGlynn Elizabeth A , Thomas J William , Mehrotra Ateev
Published: March 2010

Background

Physician cost profiles (also called efficiency or economic profiles) compare the costs of care provided by a physician to his or her peers. These profiles are increasingly being used as the basis for policy applications such as tiered physician networks. Tiers (low, average, high cost) are currently defined by health plans based on percentile cut-offs which do not account for statistical uncertainty. In this paper we compare the percentile cut-off method to another method, using statistical testing, for identifying high-cost or low-cost physicians.

Methods

We created a claims dataset of 2004-2005 data from four Massachusetts health plans. We employed commercial software to create episodes of care and assigned responsibility for each episode to the physician with the highest proportion of professional costs. A physicians' cost profile was the ratio of the sum of observed costs divided by the sum of expected costs across all assigned episodes. We discuss a new method of measuring standard errors of physician cost profiles which can be used in statistical testing. We then assigned each physician to one of three cost categories (low, average, or high cost) using two methods, percentile cut-offs and a t-test (p-value ≤ 0.05), and assessed the level of disagreement between the two methods.

Results

Across the 8689 physicians in our sample, 29.5% of physicians were assigned a different cost category when comparing the percentile cut-off method and the t-test. This level of disagreement varied across specialties (17.4% gastroenterology to 45.8% vascular surgery).

Conclusions

Health plans and other payers should incorporate statistical uncertainty when they use physician cost-profiles to categorize physicians into low or high-cost tiers.
Pancratistatin induces apoptosis in clinical leukemia samples with minimal effect on non-cancerous peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Griffin Carly , Hamm Caroline , McNulty James , Pandey Siyaram
Published: March 2010

Background

Pancratistatin, a natural compound extracted from Hymenocallis littoralis, can selectively induce apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. In this ex vivo study, we evaluated the effect of pancratistatin on peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 15 leukemia patients prior to clinical intervention of newly diagnosed patients, as well as others of different ages in relapse and at various disease progression states.

Results

Mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers and leukemia patients were exposed to 1 μM pancratistatin for up to 48 h. Irrespective of leukemia type, pancratistatin induced apoptosis in the leukemic samples, with minimal effects on non-cancerous peripheral blood mononuclear control cells.

Conclusion

Our results show that pancratistatin is an effective and selective anti-cancer agent with potential for advancement to clinical trials.
Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans
Authors: Park Jean Soon , Chyun Jong Hee , Kim Yoo Kyung , Line Larry L , Chew Boon P
Published: March 2010

Background

Astaxanthin modulates immune response, inhibits cancer cell growth, reduces bacterial load and gastric inflammation, and protects against UVA-induced oxidative stress inin vitroand rodent models. Similar clinical studies in humans are unavailable. Our objective is to study the action of dietary astaxanthin in modulating immune response, oxidative status and inflammation in young healthy adult female human subjects.

Methods

Participants (averaged 21.5 yr) received 0, 2, or 8 mg astaxanthin (n = 14/diet) daily for 8 wk in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Immune response was assessed on wk 0, 4 and 8, and tuberculin test performed on wk 8.

Results

Plasma astaxanthin increased (P< 0.01) dose-dependently after 4 or 8 wk of supplementation. Astaxanthin decreased a DNA damage biomarker after 4 wk but did not affect lipid peroxidation. Plasma C-reactive protein concentration was lower (P < 0.05) on wk 8 in subjects given 2 mg astaxanthin. Dietary astaxanthin stimulated mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation, increased natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, and increased total T and B cell subpopulations, but did not influence populations of Thelper, Tcytotoxicor natural killer cells. A higher percentage of leukocytes expressed the LFA-1 marker in subjects given 2 mg astaxanthin on wk 8. Subjects fed 2 mg astaxanthin had a higher tuberculin response than unsupplemented subjects. There was no difference in TNF and IL-2 concentrations, but plasma IFN-γ and IL-6 increased on wk 8 in subjects given 8 mg astaxanthin.

Conclusion

Therefore, dietary astaxanthin decreases a DNA damage biomarker and acute phase protein, and enhances immune response in young healthy females.