bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are there wordlike concepts too?
Authors: Gauker Christopher
Published: July 2002

Millikan proposes that there are mapping functions through
which spoken sentences represent reality. Such mappings seem to depend
on thoughts that words express and on concepts as components of such
thoughts, but such concepts would conflict with Millikan's other
claims about concepts and language.
Dominance and aggression over the life course: Timing and direction of causal influences
Authors: Constantino John N.
Published: July 2002

Studies of testosterone's effect on dominance are
confounded by the effects of dominance experiences on testosterone.
Furthermore, antisocial behavior tends to originate prepubertally,
when testosterone levels are the same for aggressive males,
nonaggressive males, and females. It seems more parsimonious to
view variation in testosterone as an effect of dominance-related
mood states than to invoke a reciprocal model.
Toward a microanalysis of imitative actions
Authors: Vogt Stefan , Carey David
Published: July 2002

We outline a view of imitative behaviour as largely internally
driven and discuss, based on experimental research, the distinction
between program versus action level imitation, the role of organismic
constraints, observational learning as vicarious exploration, and
imitation as selection in speeded response paradigms.
What's new in animal models of amnesia?
Authors: Burwell Rebecca D. , Eichenbaum Howard
Published: July 2002

In general, we endorse Aggleton & Brown's thesis
that the neuroanatomy of amnesia comprises two functionally distinct
systems, but we are disappointed in the lack of detail regarding the
critical functional contribution of the hippocampus. We also take
issue with the characterization of the cortical areas surrounding the
hippocampus, particularly the decreased emphasis on the cortical input
to the hippocampus.
Explicit knowledge in dolphins?
Authors: Mercado Eduardo , Murray Scott O.
Published: July 2002

The theoretical framework proposed by Dienes & Perner sets
the wrong standards for knowledge to be considered explicit. Animals
other than humans possess knowledge, too, some of which is probably
explicit. We argue that a comparative approach to investigating
knowledge is likely to be more fruitful than one based on linguistic
constructs and unobservable phenomena.
Literacy attainment in a second language submersion context
Authors: AARTS RIAN , VERHOEVEN LUDO
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to describe the first and second language literacy levels of a
sample of 222 Turkish children living in the Netherlands and to identify the factors that are
related to individual variation in their literacy performance. Measures of both school literacy and
functional literacy were taken in the target languages, Turkish and Dutch. Data of monolingual
control groups were used as benchmarks. To explore individual variation in biliteracy scores,
background characteristics originating from the child, the family, and the school were examined.
The results of the study indicated that the children in the Netherlands attained lower levels of
literacy than their monolingual peers. The level of biliteracy of the children in the Netherlands
turned out to be primarily related to the factors of home stimulation, parents' motivation
for schooling, and children's self-esteem.
Convergence of the Eckmann and Ruelle algorithm for the estimation of Liapunov exponents
Authors: MERA M. EUGENIA , MORÁN MANUEL
Published: July 2002

We analyse the convergence conditions of the Eckmann and Ruelle algorithm (ERA) used to estimate the Liapunov exponents, for the tangent map, of an ergodic measure, invariant under a smooth dynamical system. We find sufficient conditions for this convergence that are related to those ensuring the convergence to the tangent map of the best linear $L^p$-fittings of the action of a mapping $f$ on small balls. Under such conditions, we show how to use ERA to obtain estimates of the Liapunov exponents, up to an arbitrary degree of accuracy. We propose an adaptation of ERA for the computation of Liapunov exponents in smooth manifolds, which allows us to avoid the problem of detecting the spurious exponents.

We prove, for a Borel measurable dynamics $f$, the existence of Liapunov exponents for the function $S_r(x)$, mapping each point $x$ to the matrix of the best linear $L^p$-fitting of the action of $f$ on the closed ball of radius $r$ centred at $x$, and we show how to use ERA to get reliable estimates of the Liapunov exponents of $S_r$. We also propose a test for checking the differentiability of an empirically observed dynamics.
The locally translation structure of flows on the wandering points set
Authors: BELITSKII G. , LYUBICH Yu.
Published: July 2002

A dynamical criterion of conjugacy of a flow with a shift and a counterpart of the Brouwer plane translation theorem for flows on a normal topological space are established.
Tying hairs for structurally stable exponentials
Authors: BHATTACHARJEE RANJIT , DEVANEY ROBERT L.
Published: July 2002

Our goal in this paper is to describe the structure of the Julia set of complex exponential functions that possess an attracting cycle. When the cycle is a fixed point, it is known that the Julia set is a ‘Cantor bouquet’, a union of uncountably many distinct curves or ‘hairs’. When the period of the cycle is greater than one, infinitely many of the hairs in the bouquet become pinched or attached together. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to determine which of these hairs are attached. Of crucial importance in this construction is the kneading invariant, a sequence that is derived from the topology of the basins of attraction of the attracting cycle.
The averaging method for perturbations of mixing flows
Authors: DUMAS H. SCOTT , GOLSE FRANÇOIS
Published: July 2002

For a class of multiphase averaging problems in
which the unperturbed flow of the fast variables is a transitive Anosov flow
or is ‘sufficiently rapidly mixing’, we obtain what we believe is
an optimal
power-law estimate, in the small parameter, of the rate at which the average
maximum difference between solutions of the exact and averaged problems
converges to zero. This verifies and extends an earlier conjectural remark by
V. I. Arnold.
A rigidity theorem for simply connected manifolds without conjugate points
Authors: CROKE CHRISTOPHER B. , KLEINER BRUCE
Published: July 2002

In this paper we show that manifolds without conjugate points exhibit rigidity phenomena similar to that studied in [BGS, Section I.5]. The main theorem is that if $X$ is a complete, simply connected Riemannian manifold without conjugate points, and $M=X\times R$ is given the Riemannian product metric $g$, then any metric without conjugate points on $M$ which agrees with $g$ outside a compact set is isometric to $g$.
Abnormal escape rates from nonuniformly hyperbolic sets
Authors: BALADI VIVIANE , BONATTI CHRISTIAN , SCHMITT BERNARD
Published: July 2002

Consider a $C^{1+\epsilon}$ diffeomorphism $f$ having a uniformly hyperbolic compact invariant set $\Omega$, maximal invariant in some small neighbourhood of itself. The asymptotic exponential rate of escape from any small enough neighbourhood of $\Omega$ is given by the topological pressure of $-\log |J^u f|$ on $\Omega$ (Bowen–Ruelle in 1975). It has been conjectured (Eckmann–Ruelle in 1985) that this property, formulated in terms of escape from the support $\Omega$ of a (generalized Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen (SRB)) measure, using its entropy and positive Lyapunov exponents, holds more generally. We present a simple $C^\infty$ two-dimensional counterexample, constructed by a surgery using a Bowen-type hyperbolic saddle attractor as the basic plug.
Choosing Not To Be Old? Masks, Bodies

and Identity Management in Later Life
Authors: BIGGS SIMON
Published: July 2002

This paper critically assesses an increasing use of mask motifs
to examine

questions of identity in later life. Two approaches are subjected to detailed

analysis, both of which propose distinctive answers to the challenge to
identity

management emerging from high or post modernity. First, consideration is

given to a postmodern ‘mask of ageing’ (Featherstone and Hepworth
1989),

key elements of which include consumer culture and the ageing body.

Secondly, psychodynamic conceptions of masquerade and the use of personae

are examined, whereby discussion centres on expanded personal potential
in

the second half of life and protection against a hostile social environment.
A

developmental model of social masking is proposed. Whilst there are superficial

similarities in the use of masking, these traditions are shown to have
radically

different ideas concerning the core contradictions of an ageing identity.

Implications for identity management and the status of body, midlifestyle
and

authenticity in later life, plus the need for subtlety in research methodology,

are drawn out.
There is more to receiving than needing:
theoretical arguments and empirical
explorations of crowding in and crowding
out
Authors: KÜNEMUND HARALD , REIN MARTIN
Published: July 2002

Recent literature on intergenerational relations – although giving different
explanations – suggests that the giving of money and services to children
reinforces the receiving of money and services by elderly people. To explore
the flow of support between the generations we present evidence about the
type and intensity of the help that elderly people receive from their adult
children and their families. By comparing five developed countries we examine
whether the amount of family help transferred to older people is shaped by a
‘crowding out’ process, in which more generous welfare systems displace
family solidarity. Taking co-residence into account the international comparison
does not support the crowding out hypothesis. We then show that
the giving of services by older people to their adult children increases the
probability that they receive help from them. This indirectly supports the
reverse hypothesis, namely that the relationship between the state and the
family may be described as a process of ‘crowding in’: generous welfare
systems which give resources to elderly people help to increase rather than
undermine family solidarity.
Narratives of death: a qualitative study of widowhood in later life
Authors: BENNETT KATE MARY , VIDAL-HALL STEPH
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we examine the descriptions given by women of the deaths of
their husbands. Almost all the women gave elaborate narratives of the events
that led up to their husband's death and of the death itself. These show that
they identified earlier events as contributory factors in their husband's death
and in the emotional impact upon them. They also show the detail with which
these women recall their actions during this difficult time. The length of these
accounts often contrasts with the remainder of the interview, where there are
much shorter conversational turns. It is suggested that the events are shaped
into narrative form because they are frequently mentally rehearsed. Two
reasons for this are proposed. First, remembering these events is a goal in itself.
Preserving the memory of these events is important both for the widows
themselves and as a demonstration of respect for their husbands. Second, the
narrative shape, and the attendant fluency, may be the result of relating the
events on many occasions to other people. Elsewhere in the interviews, the
widows speak of the need to recount these events, and talk about them, as a
means of coping and surviving. This paper presents some of these ‘death
narratives’ and discusses the implications of the research.
Britain's ‘Vietnam syndrome’? Public opinion and British military intervention from Palestine to Yugoslavia
Authors: DIXON PAUL
Published: July 2002

There have been calls for policymakers to draw ‘lessons’ from Britain's experience of Empire and Northern Ireland to inform a new generation of post-Cold War interventions by the international community. This article emphasises the role that domestic public opinion, galvanized by the impact of casualties and the plight of military relatives, has played in shaping Britain's experience of ‘military intervention’ in the ‘civil wars’ of Palestine, Northern Ireland and the former Yugoslavia. Three principal arguments are put forward.
Beyond Westphalia? Capitalism after the
‘Fall’
Authors: BUZAN BARRY , LITTLE RICHARD
Published: July 2002

When the Berlin
Wall was breached in 1989 and the Cold War ended, specialists in the field of
international relations (IR) readily acknowledged that it was necessary to take
stock and assess the historical significance of these events. Unsurprisingly, no
agreement has been reached. For most realists, the events reflect no more than an
important shift in the power structure of the international system. But for
liberals, the forty years of Cold War are now depicted not as a struggle for
power, but as an ideological battle between capitalism and communism from which
capitalism has emerged triumphant. The significance of this development for the
future of international relations is difficult to gauge. As a key concept,
‘capitalism’ has largely been the preserve of the Marxian fringe in
IR. It did not resonate amongst most mainstream theorists in the field, whether
realist or liberal. The concept was most familiar as a term of communist propaganda.
It was avoided by many specialists during the Cold War era who failed to see how
capitalism could promote an understanding of superpower relations. But with the
end of the Cold War now linked to the triumph of capitalism, it is impossible for
liberals, in particular, to discuss the future of the international system
without some evaluation of the unfolding international role being played by
capitalism.
Dynamic balancing of hexapods for high-speed applications
Authors: Xi F.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a method is proposed for dynamic
balancing of hexapods for high-speed applications. The kinematic structure of
the hexapod is based on the parallel mechanism. For high-speed
applications, hexapod dynamics is the dominant factor, and dynamic balancing
becomes very important. The proposed method is aimed at minimizing
the changes in the hexapod inertia over the workspace by
utilizing the tool holder attached to the hexapod's end-effector as
a counterweight.
Equality, efficiency, and the priority of the worse-off
Authors: Vallentyne Peter
Published: July 2002

Egalitarian theories of justice hold that equality should be promoted. Typically, perfect equality will not be achievable, and it will be necessary to determine which of various unequal distributions is the most equal. All plausible conceptions of equality hold that, where perfect equality does not obtain, (1) any benefit (no matter how small) to a worst-off person that leaves him/her still a worst-off person has priority (with respect to equality promotion) over any benefit (no matter how large) to a best-off person, and (2) any benefit to a worse-off person (even if not a worst-off person) has priority over a benefit of the same size to a better off person (even if not a best-off person). Beyond that there is much disagreement.
UNIT ROOT SEASONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS WITH A POLYNOMIAL
TREND OF HIGHER DEGREE
Authors: Nabeya Seiji
Published: July 2002

Seasonal autoregressive models with a polynomial
trend of higher degee are treated. In the unit root case,
the limiting distribution of the normalized least squares
estimator for the autoregressive parameter and that of
the corresponding t-statistic are discussed as
the length of the sample period tends to infinity. In the
case where the polynomial trend has the second or third
degree, the joint moment generating functions associated
with these limiting distributions are derived, and some
simulation results are reported. The asymptotic behavior
of these limiting distributions is discussed when the polynomial
degree or the number of seasons tends to infinity.
Effects of the spatial distribution of trees, conspecific epiphytes and geomorphology on the distribution of epiphytic bromeliads in a secondary montane forest (Cordillera Central, Colombia)
Authors: Vandunné Hein J. F.
Published: July 2002

The spatial organization of epiphytes has come under increasing attention. This kind of information is necessary for the general understanding of their ecology and for the design of sustainable harvesting methods. In this study, the small-scale (local) distribution of epiphytic bromeliads was studied using correlograms and permutational regression on distance matrices. Fieldwork was carried out in a young secondary forest stand in the central cordillera of Colombia at 3150 m asl. A complete census of the bromeliads in this plot was made, using a lattice with 400 quadrats. Six species of bromeliad were found (1008 individuals). All of these except one showed an aggregated spatial pattern. This pattern was independent of the position of the trees in the sampled plot. The distribution of the bromeliads was determined by the availability of substrate (branch surface area per quadrat), the proximity of conspecifics and the geomorphology of the terrain. The structure of the forest surrounding an epiphyte had an influence on the position of the epiphyte in the tree (height measured as distance from the canopy). The use of two-dimensional, lattice-based sampling strategies is discussed as a possible method for comprehensive surveys of epiphyte populations in natural forests.
Temporal patterns of individual and group foraging behaviour in the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx, in south India
Authors: Elangovan V. , Marimuthu G. , Kunz T. H.
Published: July 2002

The short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx, begins to visit fruit-bearing trees about 30 min after sunset. Individual bats often hover near or land on fruits or on nearby branches to remove whole or parts of fruits with their mouth. These bats seldom remain in the fruit-bearing trees to feed, but instead carry fruits to feeding roosts, repeating this behaviour several times throughout the night. Analysis of the temporal distribution of feeding behaviour has revealed two peaks of activity, one in the pre-midnight hours when bats fed mostly on ‘steady state’ fruits, and another during the post-midnight hours when bats fed on ‘big-bang’ fruits. Only solitary bats visited and fed on species with steady state fruiting phenologies, whereas groups of bats regularly visited and fed on species with big-bang fruiting phenologies. Thus, plant species which produce large numbers of fruits appear to promote group foraging during the latter hours of the night. It is suggested that the temporal use of available fruits in south India made it possible for C. sphinx to successfully exploit them, and thereby reduced interference competition with conspecifics.
Consumption of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus) in eight isolated populations
Authors: Mangan Scott A. , Adler Gregory H.
Published: July 2002

The consumption of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by Proechimys semispinosus (Central American spiny rat) was assessed via microscopic examination of faecal material for the presence of AMF spores. Mycophagy (indicated by the presence of spores) was compared among individual spiny rats residing on eight isolated islands in Gatun Lake, Panama during January and July 1996. Spores and sporocarps of Sclerocystis coremioides and spores from at least four species of Glomus were present in 77% of the 231 faecal samples examined. The proportion of faecal samples that contained AMF spores did not differ between spiny rat sex, age classes or months of sampling or with island area. However, there was a positive relationship between the proportion of samples containing spores and rodent density in January, and a marginally significant positive trend in July. Increased consumption of AMF on islands that supported high densities of spiny rats may have resulted from increased competition for primary food resources (fruits and seeds).
A deadly discrimination among Montreal infants, 1860–1900
Authors: THORNTON PATRICIA , OLSON SHERRY
Published: July 2002

We compare Montreal's three largest cultural communities – French Canadian, Irish Catholic, and Anglo-Protestant – with respect to infant survival over the forty years 1860–1900. From three birth cohorts we present evidence for a powerful and persistent cultural dimension which outweighs distinctions of social status. The local cultural mix offers insights into mechanisms operating through a chain of cultural practices, property interests, ethnic politics, and spatial segregation.
OPTIMAL L2 SYLLABLES
Authors: Hancin-Bhatt Barbara , Bhatt Rakesh M.
Published: July 2002

This paper provides evidence from a study of ESL speakers that cross-language transfer
effects interact, sometimes in very subtle ways, with developmental effects in the construction of
L2 syllable structures. It extends Broselow and Finer's (1991) proposal for the Minimal
Sonority Distance Parameter-Setting (MSD) model in L2 syllables by (a) adding evidence from a
language that unambiguously exhibits transfer in complex onsets and (b) examining syllable
codas to see whether the MSD parameter can be extended to account for the distribution of error
patterns there, as well. The results of the study generally support the predictions that the MSD
model makes for consonant cluster difficulty in specific syllable positions; however, it does not
make predictions about the patterns that are found in learner error types. We argue that
optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993) provides a more explicit account of the
interactions between transfer and developmental effects in L2 syllables, allowing us to interpret
within a singular grammatical framework not only why learners have difficulty with
specific ESL structures but also how they resolve it.
PLANNING AND FOCUS ON FORM IN L2 ORAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: Ortega Lourdes
Published: July 2002

Previous research on the impact of pretask
planning on interlanguage development (e.g., Crookes, 1989; Ellis, 1987; Foster & Skehan,
1996) has focused solely on the linguistic quality of planned output, leaving the cognitive and
attentional processes engaged during planning time unexplored. Drawing on recent research on
focus on form (Doughty & Williams, 1998a) and on retrospective methodologies used in
strategy use research (e.g., O'Malley & Chamot, 1990), the study reported here
investigated whether planning opportunity results in an increased focus on form at the level of
strategic attention to form during planning time, as well as at the level of production outcomes
during task performance. The results provide support for the claim that planning before doing an
L2 task can promote an increased focus on form by providing space for the learner to devote
conscious attention during pretask planning to formal and systemic aspects of the language
needed to accomplish a particular task.
Why is colour naming difficult?
Authors: BRAISBY NICK , DOCKRELL JULIE
Published: July 2002

A suggestion exists in the child language literature that the meanings
of
natural kind terms are acquired before the meanings of colour terms.
Explanations have typically claimed that object terms are more salient

than property terms. Such explanations, however, tend to ignore the fact

that natural kind terms refer to categories with sharp, clear boundaries

while colour terms refer to categories with unclear or variable boundaries.

Nonetheless, there has been little evidence to show that the delay
in the acquisition of colour terms arises from these semantic properties.

This study compares natural kind and colour naming (and corresponding
comprehension) by 48 children, ranging in age from 3;0 to
5;5. The results suggest that, contra the salience view, the apparent

delay in colour naming may be explained on solely semantic grounds.
Infants' reliance on shape to generalize novel labels
to animate and inanimate objects
Authors: GRAHAM SUSAN A. , POULIN-DUBOIS DIANE
Published: July 2002

Two experiments were conducted to examine infants' reliance on object
shape versus colour for word generalization to animate and inanimate
objects. A total of seventy-three infants aged 1;4 to 1;10 were taught
labels for either novel vehicles or novel animals using a preferential
looking procedure (Experiment 1) or an interactive procedure (Experiment 2).
The results of both experiments indicated that infants
limited their word generalization to those exemplars that shared shape
similarity with the original referent for both animate and inanimate
objects. These findings indicate that a strong reliance on shape is present
earlier than previously shown. In Experiment 2, reliance on shape to
generalize novel words did not vary as a function of vocabulary size.
Thus reliance on shape versus colour for word generalization does not
appear to increase in strength as a function of word learning during late
infancy.
‘They Shew Me Off in Every Form and Way’: The Iconography of English Comic Acting in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Davis Jim
Published: July 2002

Comic actors in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, such as John Liston and Joseph Munden, were familiar not only on stage but also iconographically. Critical writing on both performers indicates their strong visual impact. Some critics accused them of caricature, but references to Hogarth in accounts of these actors by Lamb and Hazlitt imply that they followed Hogarth's own emphasis on observation rather than caricature. Indeed, illustrations of comic actors or inspired by comic actors often hover on the borders of caricature, but ultimately avoid it. In performance the live body of the actor often counters or uses gestically the degradation implicit in caricature, although iconography sometimes fixes the actor in poses and expressions where caricature predominates.
Incentives for avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons
Authors: UPHOFF NORMAN , LANGHOLZ JEFF
Published: July 2002

Efforts to protect vulnerable environmental resources have focused largely on legal prohibitions and sanctions or on economic rewards or penalties. The role and importance of social and cultural factors have been much less considered. While theoretical arguments have addressed whether state institutions must be involved in resource protection, or whether private incentives can be manipulated to achieve desired outcomes, this preoccupation with either public sector or private sector solutions to the problems of environmental conservation has caused a neglect of social values and community consensus. The analysis offered here seeks to enlarge the debate from being two-sided to three-cornered.

By bringing in a third set of considerations, the socio-cultural, the analysis underscores that individual decisions are embedded in community and local contexts. All three kinds of incentives are considered to be potentially of equal importance for resource-conserving behaviour (RCB) vis-à-vis resource-degrading behaviour (RDB). The analysis is concerned first with the strength of different incentives in favour of RCB compared to RDB, comparing legal and economic with socio-cultural considerations affecting RCB and RDB. Efforts to protect vulnerable resources can seek to alter in an RCB direction the attitudes and incentives of people along any or all of these three dimensions of motivation, or they can seek to make a particular domain of motivation more salient if it is supportive of environmental conservation.

This analysis is proposed in part to get the socio-cultural domain taken more seriously alongside the legal and economic domains, as well as to prompt more systematic consideration of different kinds of policies, investments, actions or pronouncements that could shift the net balance of incentives in favour of RCB. While the analysis is admittedly simplified, there is utility in encouraging focused comparisons and evaluations of conservation alternatives. Examples of efforts to promote RCB in Madagascar and Costa Rica are given to illustrate this.
A generic ontology-based approach for requirement analysis
and its application in network management software
Authors: LIN CHAU-YOUNG IVAN , HO CHENG-SEEN
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a generic ontology-based approach
that eases the requirement analysis (RA) work. The approach
enables the user to derive method-specific RA tools for
different applications. The derivation process is based
on a unified framework that contains a software methodology
ontology and a knowledge acquisition ontology. The former
contains a library of software RA methods and a set of
modeling support entities, which use the library to construct
methodological knowledge. The latter contains a library
of knowledge acquisition techniques and a set of acquisition
support entities, which work on the library, guided by
the generated methodological knowledge, to extract domain
knowledge. The generated methodological knowledge, coupled
with the domain knowledge, forms the RA tools. We have
demonstrated the use of the approach by deriving an RA
tool to assist the system analyst to acquire and formalize
a requirement specification for a network management system.
This approach facilitates the integrating, sharing, and
reuse of software methodologies and knowledge acquisition
techniques and alleviates the problems associated with
the correct generation of requirement specification for
different domains.
Lessons from a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7
infections: insights into the infectious dose and method of
widespread contamination of hamburger patties
Authors: TUTTLE J. , GOMEZ T. , DOYLE M. P. , WELLS J. G. , ZHAO T. , TAUXE R. V. , GRIFFIN P. M.
Published: July 2002

Between November 1992 and February 1993, a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7
infections occurred in the western USA and was associated with eating ground beef patties at
restaurants of one fast-food chain. Restaurants that were epidemiologically linked with cases
served patties produced on two consecutive dates; cultures of recalled ground beef patties
produced on those dates yielded E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 strains indistinguishable from those isolated
from patients, confirming the vehicle of illness. Seventy-six ground beef patty samples were
cultured quantitatively for E. coli O157[ratio ]H7. The median most probable number of organisms
was 1·5 per gram (range, <0·3–15) or 67·5 organisms
per patty (range, <13·5–675). Correlation
of the presence of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 with other bacterial indicators yielded a significant
association between coliform count and the presence of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 (P=0·04). A meat
traceback to investigate possible sources of contamination revealed cattle were probably
initially colonized with E. coli O157[ratio ]H7, and that their slaughter caused surface contamination
of meat, which once combined with meat from other sources, resulted in a large number of
contaminated ground beef patties. Microbiological testing of meat from lots consumed by
persons who became ill was suggestive of an infectious dose for E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 of fewer than
700 organisms. These findings present a strong argument for enforcing zero tolerance for this
organism in processed food and for markedly decreasing contamination of raw ground beef.
Process controls that incorporate microbiological testing of meat may assist these efforts.
IS200 fingerprint of Salmonella enterica serotype

Typhimurium human strains isolated in Sardinia
Authors: RUBINO S. , MURESU E. , SOLINAS M. , SANTONA M. , PAGLIETTI B. , AZARA A. , SCHIAFFINO A. , SANTONA A. , MAIDA A. , CAPPUCCINELLI P.
Published: July 2002

A collection of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium

human strains isolated in Northern
Sardinia (Italy) was examined for the insertion sequence IS200,

phage type, antibiotic profile,
ribotyping polymorphisms and plasmid profile. All clinical isolates studied
contained from 4 to
10 copies of the IS200 element. IS200 permitted
to discriminate Typhimurium strains and to
identify five IS200 types, some of them circulating in
Sardinia at least since 1900. Strains
belonging to phage DT104 predominated and correlated with a specific IS200
pattern.
Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior
types: From birth to 16 years
Authors: AGUILAR BENJAMIN , SROUFE L. ALAN , EGELAND BYRON , CARLSON ELIZABETH
Published: July 2002

Moffitt's theory regarding two types of adolescent antisocial behavior was
investigated using a prospective, longitudinal study of normal and abnormal development in a
primarily low socioeconomic status, ethnically diverse sample. Results supported the presence of
an early-onset/persistent (EOP) group and an adolescence-onset (AO) group. Groups were
most reliably and significantly distinguished by indices of socioemotional history within the first
3 years, but no significant differences were found on early measures of temperament or
neuropsychological functioning. EOPs scored significantly lower than other groups on measures
of neuropsychological functioning only during late childhood and adolescence,
suggesting that the declines in verbal functioning that have been so reliably found in this and
other samples of early-starting antisocial adolescents are progressive and consequent to adverse
experience. In adolescence, AOs were significantly more likely to report high levels of
internalizing symptoms and life stress, suggesting that AO antisocial behavior is not a benign
phenomenon. Implications of these findings for etiologic theories of adolescent antisocial
behavior are discussed.
Fluvio-deltaic sedimentation: A generalized Stefan problem
Authors: SWENSON J. B. , VOLLER V. R. , PAOLA C. , PARKER G. , MARR J. G.
Published: July 2002

We present a model of sedimentation in a subsiding fluvio-deltaic basin with steady sediment
supply and unsteady base level. We demonstrate that mass transfer in a fluvio-deltaic basin
is analogous to heat transfer in a generalized Stefan problem, where the basin's shoreline
represents the phase front. We obtain a numerical solution to the governing equations
for sediment transport and deposition in this system via an extension of a deforming-grid
technique from the phase-change literature. Through modification of the heat-balance
integral method, we also develop a semi-analytical solution, which agrees well with the
numerical solution. We construct a space of dimensionless groups for the basin and perform a
systematic exploration of this space to illustrate the influence of each group on the shoreline
trajectory. Our model results suggest that all subsiding fluvio-deltaic basins exhibit a standard
autoretreat shoreline trajectory in which a brief period of shoreline advance is followed by
an extended period of shoreline retreat. Base-level cycling produces a shoreline response that
varies relative to the autoretreat signal. Contrary to previous studies, we fail to observe either
a strong phase shift between shoreline and base level or a pronounced attenuation of the
amplitude of shoreline response as the frequency of base-level cycling decreases. However, the
amplitude of shoreline response to base-level cycling is a function of the basin's age.
A new free boundary problem for unsteady flows in porous media
Authors: BARENBLATT G. I. , VAZQUEZ J. L.
Published: July 2002

We revisit the theory of filtration (slow fluid motion) through

a horizontal porous stratum
under the usual conditions of gently sloping fluid height profile. We start
by considering the
model for flooding followed by natural outflow through the endwall of the
stratum, which
has an explicit dipole solution as generic intermediate asymptotics. We
then propose a model
for forced drainage which leads to a new kind of free boundary problem
for the Boussinesq
equation, where the flux is prescribed as well as the height
h=0 on the new free boundary.
Its qualitative behaviour is described in terms of its self-similar
solutions. We point out that
such a class of self-similar solutions corresponds to a continuous spectrum,
to be compared
with the discrete spectrum of the standard Cauchy problem for the porous
medium equation.
This difference is due to the freedom in the choice of the flux condition
allowed in our
problem setting. We also consider the modifications introduced in the above
models by the
consideration of capillary retention of a part of the fluid.
In all cases we restrict consideration
to one-dimensional geometries for convenience and brevity. It is to be
noted however that
similar problems can be naturally posed in multi-dimensional geometries.
Finally, we propose
a number of related control questions, which are most relevant in the application
and need a
careful analysis.
Kleisli, a functional query system
Authors: WONG LIMSOON
Published: July 2002

Kleisli is a modern data integration system that has made a significant impact on
bioinformatics data integration. This paper contains a brief introduction to the Kleisli system
and an example to illustrate its uses in the bioinformatics arena. The primary query language
provided by Kleisli is called CPL, which is a functional query language whose surface syntax
is based on the comprehension syntax. Kleisli is itself implemented using the functional
language SML. So this paper also describes the influence of functional programming research
that benefits the Kleisli system, especially the less obvious ones at the implementation level.

Availability. Kleisli has been commercialized under the name “KRIS”. It is available from
Kris Technology Inc., 713 Santa Cruz Ave, #2, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Direct email to
info@kris-inc.com and web browser to http://www.kris-inc.com.
Type checking dependent (record) types and subtyping
Authors: BETARTE GUSTAVO
Published: July 2002

In this work we put forward an algorithm for the mechanical verification of an extension
of Martin-Löf's theory of types with dependent record types and subtyping. We first give
a concise description of that theory and motivate its use for the formalization of algebraic
constructions. Then we concentrate on the informal explanation and specification of a proof
checker that we have implemented. The logical heart of this proof checker is a type checking
algorithm for the forms of judgement of a particular formulation of the extended theory
which incorporates a notion of parameter. The algorithm has been proven sound with respect
to the latter calculus. We include a discussion on that proof in the present work.
The Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus in Mesoamerica: a vulnerable, disjunct population?
Authors: Baker Aaron J. , Whitacre David F. , Aguirre-Barrera Oscar A. , White Clayton M.
Published: July 2002

The Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus, among the world's most poorly known falcons, is sparsely distributed in Neotropical forests from south-east Mexico or Guatemala to Paraguay and northern Argentina. Details of distribution and population size are poorly known throughout the species's range. From 1992 to 1997 we studied this species at 19 nest sites in Guatemala and Belize. Occupancy and productivity rates remained stable for this northernmost population over this six-year period. Sparse data on historical distribution preclude a full assessment of possible changes in population status in the Mesoamerican portion of the species's range. Today the species appears restricted to forested areas in conjunction with large nesting cliffs. No breeding record is known for any Mesoamerican nation except Belize and Guatemala. Mean number of fledglings per successful nesting was significantly higher in areas of predominantly forested mosaic habitat (2.11, n = 18) than at sites with uninterrupted mature forest (1.36, n = 11); proportion of sites occupied and of pairs fledging young did not differ between these two habitats. Based on historical and current distribution records and distribution of potential nesting habitat, we conclude that the Guatemala/Belize opulation of Orange-breasted Falcons is disjunct from the species's main range in South America, is perhaps the only local population (at best one of a small number) in Mesoamerica, and is tightly linked to the existence of suitable nesting cliffs combined with large forested areas.
Reply to West
Authors: GREENWOOD PAMELA M.
Published: July 2002

West argues that the frontal aging hypothesis remains
a useful construct, largely on the basis of evidence that
cognitive functions dependent on frontal regions decline
at an earlier age than those independent of frontal regions.
This point was considered in my review, which found only
sparse evidence in its favor. Few investigations have been
aimed at determining the age at which decline begins for
a set of functions. West cites one behavioral study (Shimamura
& Jurica, 1994) and one PET study (Shaw et al., 1984).
Given the size of the literature from which these studies
are drawn, a finding of age effects in one “frontal”
memory task with mean age 61 but not in one “nonfrontal”
memory task can only suggest that age-related
functional decline is more rapid in the frontal-dependent
task. This finding must be viewed in the context of a broader
range of functions. Several large scale studies aimed at
this question have examined age-related declines on a broad
range of functions and concluded verbal abilities are preserved
until late in life while visuospatial abilities decline
throughout adulthood (Arenberg, 1978; Eisdorfer et al.,
1959; Koss et al., 1991). Shaw et al. (1984) must also
be considered in the context of other studies of resting
cerebral blood flow and metabolism which I reviewed which
did not find selectively reduced prefrontal blood flow
(Azari et al., 1992; Martin et al., 1991). Indeed, it is
difficult either to prove or to disprove the somewhat
vaguely-conceived frontal aging hypothesis using the current
The effects of mesial temporal and cerebellar hypometabolism
on learning and memory
Authors: HARRIS IRINA M. , FULHAM MICHAEL J. , MILLER LAURIE A.
Published: July 2002

The effects of mesial temporal (MT) and cerebellar
hypometabolism were studied using measures of verbal, visual
and motor skill learning. Twelve patients with refractory
temporal lobe epilepsy who showed asymmetrical mesial temporal
lobe hypometabolism on [18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose
positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) were given tests
involving 4 consecutive learning trials and a 30-min delayed
recall trial. Delayed recognition was also assessed for
the words and designs, and skill transfer was evaluated
for mirror drawing. Compared to 9 normal control participants,
patients with more marked MT hypometabolism on the left
had impaired delayed recall of words and patients with
more marked MT hypometabolism on the right showed impaired
learning of novel designs, but normal retention over delay.
Patients were not impaired in their mirror-drawing performance.
The findings for MT hypometabolism correspond well to those
obtained in other studies where patients have been classified
on the basis of side of hippocampal atrophy or temporal
lobe excision. (JINS, 2001, 7, 353–362.)
Quantitative and qualitative differences in the verbal learning
performance of elderly depressives and healthy controls
Authors: King Deborah A. , Cox Christopher , Lyness Jeffrey M. , Conwell Yeates , Caine and Eric D.
Published: July 2002

We compared the verbal learning and memory performance
of 57 inpatients with unipolar major depression and 30
nondepressed control participants using the California
Verbal Learning Test. The effect of age within this elderly
sample was also examined, controlling for sex, educational
attainment, and estimated level of intelligence. Except
for verbal retention, the depressives had deficits in most
aspects of performance, including cued and uncued recall
and delayed recognition memory. As well, there were interactions
between depression effects and age effects on some measures
such that depressives' performance declined more rapidly
with age than did the performance of controls. The results
are discussed in the context of recent contradictory reports
about the integrity of learning and memory functions in
late-life depression. We conclude that there is consistent
evidence, from this and other studies, that elderly depressed
inpatients have significant deficits in a range of explicit
verbal learning functions. (JINS, 1998, 4,
115–126.)
Resilience, sustainability environmentalism
Authors: LÉLÉ SHARACHCHANDRA
Published: July 2002

Resilience is turning out to be a resilient concept. First proposed way back in the 1970s in the context of ecosystem dynamics, it was then dissected and elaborated–spawning terms such as malleability, elasticity, hysterisis, inertia, resistance, amplitude–as ecologists struggled to make it into something measurable, usable, and distinct from its notoriously slippery predecessor ‘stability’.
Structural adjustment and deforestation in Nicaragua
Authors: GLOMSRØD SOLVEIG , MONGE MARIA DOLORES , VENNEMO HAAKON
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the impact of structural adjustment policies on deforestation taking place when the agricultural frontier advances into forest reserves in Nicaragua. A computable general equilibrium model incorporating deforestation by squatters is used for policy simulations. The opportunity cost of migrating to the frontier does not simply depend on wage income opportunity, but also on market prices of basic grain which determine the capacity to consume beyond subsistence food-level given a certain real wage. Reducing public expenditures both conserves forests and enhances economic growth, while showing positive distributional effects. On the other hand, a strong conservation trend following a sales tax increase is driven by increasing poverty in rural areas. Noticeably, there are policies which initially intensify deforestation, but turn out to ease the pressure on forests over time. Rapid economic growth does not ensure less pressure on forest reserves.
Editorial
Authors: Myatt Tony
Published: July 2002

In a society filled with individuals claiming ownership of new ideas, it is surprising to note how modest the reaction was to our ‘call for papers’ for this issue, which was to be primarily based on the theme, ‘Breaking the Boundaries’. Perhaps this has to do with the number of people who believe that the new millennium will commence in January 2001. We have chosen two submissions to include in Volume 4(3) of Organised Sound. Barry Truax presents his thoughts on the current position of the electroacoustic community in the form of a letter to a twenty-five year old electroacoustic composer which highlights paradigm shifts that he sees evolving. Laurie Spiegel's ‘Music as mirror of mind’ describes another paradigm shift towards new musical models based on psychoacoustics, cognitive studies and subjective auditory experience.
VOLUME–VOLATILITY DYNAMICS IN AN INTERTEMPORAL ASSET PRICING MODEL
Authors: Hsu Chiente
Published: July 2002

This paper embeds time-varying volatility into a dynamic equilibrium model of returns
and trading. The model allows us to ask how time-varying volatility
might affect the relation among return autocorrelation, volatility, and
trading volume, as opposed to the pairwise relations that have been studied
previously. It is shown analytically that, with time-varying
volatility, the relationship between volume and stock return
autocorrelation is ambiguous even if agents have symmetric information, which
may explain the
contradictory findings in the empirical literature. In the numerical exercise,
the model is simulated in a way that mimics the persistent volatility of high-frequency
stock data
documented in numerous empirical studies. Specially, the time-varying volatility
of stock returns is approximated with a highly persistent chaotic tent map, which is
known to have
the same autocorrelation coefficients as an AR(1) process.
The simulated data can approximate GARCH-type
behavior very well. Whereas in the simulated data, no significant relation
between volume and return autocorrelation
can be found, there is a significantly positive relation
between volume and one-step-ahead stock return volatility. The ambiguous
volume–persistence and positive volume–volatility relations are confirmed
empirically by
using four heavily traded individual stocks. Therefore, the data simulated from
the highly stylized asset pricing model with deterministic time-varying
volatility
can mimic well the volume–return dynamics revealed in the observed data in these
two respects.