bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constrained Layer Damping of Initially Stressed Composite Beams Using Finite Elements
Authors: Rao V.S. , Sankar B.V. , Sun C.T.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the development of an efficient finite element model for the analysis of laminated composite beams treated by a constrained viscoelastic layer. The formulation presented includes the ability to model a structure about preloaded con figurations. Since most of the damping ability is due to the shearing of the viscoelastic layer, the model is designed to represent this aspect accurately. An offset beam, shear- deformable element, which is specially suited for modeling such laminated beams is pre sented. The viscoelastic layer is modeled by using two-dimensional plane finite elements which are compatible with the beam elements. In case of a structure with initial load, the final equations are linearized so that first increment of motion, the part due to the initial load is linear, and the second, the part due to the dynamic load is linearized. System damping and tip displacement are compared with existing approximate results and experi mental data whenever possible. Results confirm that dynamic response is substantially im proved by use of such damping treatments, and give some useful information regarding de signing a structure for high damping using constrained damping treatments.
A Longitudinal Compression Test for Composites Using a Sandwich Specimen
Authors: Kim Ran Y. , Crasto Allan S.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a novel miniature sandwich specimen developed to measure composite compression strength. The specimen is composed of composite skins on either side of a resin matrix core. Specimen instability and interlaminar stresses in the free-edge region under axial loading are major considerations in the design of this sand wich specimen. The material systems investigated were unidirectional carbon fiber- reinforced epoxy and PEEK, and S2-glass-reinforced epoxy. All specimens were tested in an IITRI test fixture in accordance with ASTM standards. The sandwich specimens pro duced higher longitudinal compressive strengths than conventional composite coupons for all the material systems evaluated. Failure occurred in the specimen gage section without any indication of specimen buckling.
Scale Effects in the Response and Failure of Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminates Loaded in Tension and in Flexure
Authors: Jackson Karen E. , Kellas Sotiris , Morton John
Published: March 2007

The feasibility of using scale model testing for predicting the full-scale behavior of flat composite coupons loaded in tension and beam-columns loaded in flexure is examined. Classical laws of similitude are applied to fabricate and test replica model specimens to identify scaling effects in the load response, strength, and mode of failure. Experiments were performed on graphite-epoxy composite specimens having different laminate stacking sequences and a range of scaled sizes. From the experiments it was deduced that the elastic response of scaled composite specimens was independent of size. However, a significant scale effect in strength was observed. In addition, a transition in failure mode was observed among scaled specimens of certain laminate stacking se quences. A Weibull statistical model and a fracture mechanics based model were applied to predict the strength scale effect since standard failure criteria cannot account for the in fluence of absolute specimen size on strength.
Micromechanical Model of Composite Materials Subjected to Ball Indentation
Authors: Carman G.P. , Lesko J.J. , Reifsnider K.L. , Dillard D.A.
Published: March 2007

Recent results on continuous ball indentation tests of unidirectional com posite materials have demonstrated that this technique is sensitive to fiber/matrix interfa cial quality. In order to quantitatively determine the micro-parameters of interest such as interfacial shear strength, by a meso-test such as this one a micromechanical formulation is necessary. In this article, we present an approximate micromechanical model to predict local stress states and local strength parameters from experimentally determined data. This macro/micro analysis utilizes an existing elasticity solution to develop the global stress state for the ball indentation problem of an infinite transversely isotropic half space. These stresses are then used to pose the traction boundary conditions on a fiber-matrix element. With the use of trigonometric approximations, which yield a more tractable solu tion, and the equilibrium equations, which provide stress relations, the stress variations in the fiber and matrix are predicted. The analytical model suggests that certain regions of the composite are subjected to high stresses as a result of the indentation process. These regions are a zone of large compressive stress directly under the ball near the surface and a high shear stress region near the outer edge of the ball deep inside the material. The micromechanics model is utilized in conjunction with ball indentation test results to gener ate quantitative values for the fiber/matrix interfacial shear strength. Computed interfacial shear stress (ISS) values for AU-4/Epon 828 MPDa are compared to other test meth odologies presently being employed by the scientific community to measure this value.
Dynamic Responses of Composite Sandwich Plate Impacted by a Rigid Ball*
Authors: Lee L.J. , Huang K.Y. , Fann Y.J.
Published: March 2007

A refined formulation of composite sandwich plate is employed to study the dynamic response of impacted sandwich plate. In this refined formulation, the faces of the sandwich plate are modeled as two separate Mindlin plates whereas the core is con sidered to have both transverse shear and normal stiffnesses. This model allows the includ ing of relative deformations of two faces under concentrated load. The capability of mod eling relative deformation of two faces is important since the impacted face behaves differently from the opposite one. Finite element method is used to discretize the sandwich plate based on this refined theory. Experimental works are conducted on the impact of [O 2/902/O2/FOAM]s sandwich plate with graphite/epoxy faces and FR10110 rigid foam core. Dynamic strain histories obtained from theoretical analysis and the strain-gage experimen tal results are compared in good agreement. It indicates that the theoretical model employed herein describes the dynamic behavior of composite sandwich plates due to low velocity impact. In addition, effects of impact velocity and mass of the impactor are inves tigated.
Work Hardening Behaviour of Alumina Particulate Reinforced 2024 Aluminium Alloy Matrix Composites
Authors: Kamat S.V. , Manoharan M.
Published: March 2007

The work hardening behaviour of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites is not well understood. Experimental results indicate that the work hardening rate in such composites is dependent on volume fraction, particulate size and strain. An empirical model based on continuum principles, which takes particle cracking into ac count, is proposed. This model predicts the correct order of magnitude for the work hard ening rate as well the variation of the work hardening rate with microstructural parameters and strain.
Age and Group-Specific Cohort Effects on Personality Test Scores
Authors: Johnson Ronald C. , Ahern Frank M. , Nagoshi Craig T. , McClearn Gerald E. , Van Den Berg Steven G. , Wilson James R.
Published: March 2007

There has been substantial social change in Hawaii in recent decades, with amount of change varying across ethnic groups and probably across sexes as well. If cohort effects have substantial influences on differences in personality test scores across age groups, then group-specific cohort effects should influence the magnitude of age correlations. We report correlations of personality test scores with age separately for members of three ethnic groups-Americans of European, Chinese, and Japanese ancestries living in Hawaii-and for the two sexes. The high degree of similarity in both magnitude and pattern of correlations of personality scale scores with age across sex and ethnic groups suggests that age, not cohort, is the major influence. The relatively small numbers of significant and important sex by age, ethnicity by age, and sex by ethnicity by age interactions support this conclusion.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Recognition Thresholds for Facial Expressions of Emotion
Authors: McAndrew Francis T.
Published: March 2007

Forty American (20 males, 20 females) and 31 Malaysian (20 males, II females) college students responded to 60 tachistoscopic presentations of photographs of facial expressions by judging the gender and the emotional expression of each face. The duration of exposure times ranged from 3 msec. to 800 msec. Stable recognition thresholds for most emotional expressions were established by 12 or 25 msec., with fear requiring 300 msec. to be recognized by each group of subjects. Happiness and sadness were the most accurately identified emotions, and anger and fear were the most difficult for subjects to recognize. Females were better than males at identifying surprise and fear, especially at the longer exposure times, and the ability to identify anger was strongly affected by both the sex and cultural background of the subject. Although there were several instances in which Malaysian and American subjects differed, overall accuracy of recognition and perceptual thresholds were not strongly related to differences in ethnic background.
Cross-Cultural Validation of the Bem Sex Role Inventory
Authors: Ward Colleen , Sethi Renuka R.
Published: March 2007

Although the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) is one of the most popular and widely used measurements of psychological masculinity and femininity, its validity in cross-cultural settings remains unverified. To determine the instrument's relevance to the Asian milieu, the 60 BSRI items (20 masculine, 20 feminine, and 20 neutral) and 44 Asian-originated items were administered to 237 South Indian and 210 Malaysian university students, who were asked to rate the desirability of each characteristic for either males or females. Data for each item were analyzed by t-test in accordance with the Bem criteria for both Indian and Malaysian samples. Results revealed that only a small portion of the 104 items were differentiated as masculine or feminine and that there was considerable variation in the overall evaluations of neutral items. In this context, it was concluded that the BSRI is not a valid measurement of psychological androgyny in South India and Malaysia due to cross-cultural differences in M/ F constructs.
Work Centrality in Japan and the United States
Authors: England George W. , Misumi Jyuji
Published: March 2007

A concept called work centrality is developed to represent the generalized importance of working to individuals. Work centrality results for national samples of the labor force in Japan and in the United States are presented. A large difference is found between the measured work centrality levels in Japan and the United States. Several potential explanatory rationales are examined concerning this large work centrality difference.
Democracy, Political Similarity, and International Alliances, 1816-1992
Authors: Lai Brian , Reiter Dan
Published: March 2007

The connection between domestic politics and international cooperation, specifically the relationship between regime type and alliance behavior, is examined to test two central hypotheses: democracies are more likely to ally with each other, and states of any similar regime type are more likely to ally with each other. These hypotheses emerge from three theories: constructivism, economic interdependence, and credible commitments. The authors use a data set of all pairs of states from 1816 to 1992. Results show that states with similar regime type are more likely to ally with each other after 1945, although two democracies are not more likely to ally than two autocracies during this period, and distance, learning, threat, and common culture affect alliance behavior, but trade does not. Results indicate sharp limits to the connection between democracy and international cooperation.
The Wealth and Size of Nations
Authors: Wittman Donald
Published: March 2007

This article provides a general theory explaining the geographic and population size and wealth of nations. Successful countries create conditions for high productivity in the economic sphere by enforcing property rights and providing social overhead capital and at the same time minimize political costs by creating a system of rules that reduce influence costs and allow for diverse preferences. Countries also need an effective military apparatus to protect their wealth from predation by other countries. Success in these endeavors may lead to immigration and geographical expansion, but an inability to meet these goals may lead to extensive emigration or breakup of the country. The argument is done within the context of a formal model that integrates spatial political costs with the benefits of spatially determined economic production and the effect of coercive transfers. The analysis is used to provide insight into secessions and mergers of nation-states.
The Use and Abuse of Game Theory in International Relations
Authors: Stone Randall W.
Published: March 2007

The author argues that the theory of moves, which has gained popularity in recent years as an alternative to game-theoretic analysis of strategic interaction, is fundamentally flawed. The theory's adherents argue that it makes theoretical progress by endogenizing the structure of games and introducing new ways of analyzing repeated interactions. The author analyzes the theory of moves from a game-theoretic perspective and challenges its theoretical claims. The author then reanalyzes several recent articles that have used the theory of moves, showing that its application to empirical cases is strained and that game theory can provide models that do a better job of fitting the stories the authors tell about them.
Conflict and Renewable Resources
Authors: Reuveny Rafael , Maxwell John W.
Published: March 2007

The economic literature on conflict employs a static, game-theoretic framework developed by Jack Hirshleifer. The authors introduce conflict dynamics into a model with two rival groups, each dependent on a single contested renewable resource. The model is based on two stylized facts: conflict often arises over scarce renewable resources, and those resources often lack well-defined and/or enforceable property rights. In each period, groups allocate their members between resource harvesting and resource appropriation (or conflict) to maximize their income. This leads to a complex nonlinear dynamic interaction between conflict, the two populations, and the resource. As developed, the model relates most closely to conflict over renewable resources in primitive societies. The system's global dynamics are investigated in simulations calibrated for the historical society of Easter Island. The model's implications for contemporary lesser developed societies are examined.
All You Ever Wanted To Know About MIRV and ICBM Calculations But Were Not Cleared To Ask
Authors: Davis Lynn Etheridge , Schilling Warner R.
Published: March 2007

This paper (1) explains the variables and methods used to calculate the MIRV threat to the fixed-site land-based ICBM forces of the United States and the Soviet Union; (2) attempts to reconstruct the calculations presented in the 1969 ABM debate by Albert Wohlstetter, George Rathjens, and John S. Foster about the number of Minutemen which could be expected to survive an attack by forces of various sizes and characteristics; and (3) applies these methods, together with some plausible assumptions about classified variables, to two other security issues: the import of the SALT limitation on the size of the Soviet SS-9 force and the character of the threat to the Soviet fixed-site ICBM force posed by the American MIRV program.
Internal Versus External Sources of Anti-Americanism
Authors: Tai Chong-Soo , Peterson Erick J. , Gurr Ted Robert
Published: March 2007

To assess the relative importance of internal and external sources of anti- Americanism, both cross-sectional and longitudinal data were examined. Multiple regression analysis of the cross-sectional data—which cover 68 countries for the period 1956—1965—revealed that both internal stress and U.S. penetration affect anti-Americanism independently, with internal stress being a stronger determinant of anti-Americanism than U.S. penetration. When the countries were grouped together in regional clusters, stress was more important in generating European and Latin American anti-Americanism, while, in the Afro-Asian nations, U.S. presence was more important. Longitudinal data were collected and analyzed for Canada and Mexico, each for the period 1936-1968. Both simultaneous and time-lagged multiple regressions again showed stress and penetration as independent determinants of anti-Americanism. While, in Canada, U.S. presence was a stronger determinant of anti-Americanism than was stress, stress was more influential in generating Mexican anti-U.S. sentiments. In fact, in the Mexican case, U.S. presence was negatively related to anti-Americanism.
Alliance Polarization, Cross-Cutting, and International War, 1815-1964
Authors: Wallace Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Various authors have posited the relationship between alliance polarization and violent conflict in the global system as positive, negative, and curvilinear. Unfortu nately, these hypotheses have not received a thorough test, as previous empirical studies of alliance polarization have tended to neglect (1) the configurational properties of alliance groupings, and (2) the nonmilitary dimensions of alignment. This paper attempts to construct measures of polarization and cross-cutting which take these properties into account. Configurations of alignment patterns are generated by subjecting data on military alliances, diplomatic representation, and intergovernmental organizations to Guttmann-Lingoes Smallest Space Analysis. Several mathematical procedures are developed to measure polarization and cross-cutting within and between these clusters.
Sex Differences as Artifact in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Authors: Skotko Vincent , Langmeyer Daniel , Lundgren David
Published: March 2007

Female subject pairs have often been found to compete more than either male pairs or mixed sex pairs in the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game. It was hypothesized that sex differences in the PD were in part a function of the sex of the experimenter. Three males and three females served as experimenters. The hypothesis was supported for, although females evidenced higher competition with male Es, no sex differences were found with female Es. Female subject pairs were, however, the only pairs which evidenced significant differences in level of competition under male and female Es. Results were discussed in terms of greater sensitivity on the part of female Ss than male Ss to characteristics of both the partner and the E. Implications for the design of experimental investigation of sex differences were also considered.
Minimum Resource and Pivotal Power Theories
Authors: Michener H. Andrew , Fleishman John A. , Vaske Jerry J. , Statza Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a competitive test of minimum resource and pivotal power theories in tetradic situations. Using resource distributions for which the theories make distinct predictions, the study obtained data on the formation of coalitions and the division of payoffs. Results indicate that minimum resource theory is superior to pivotal power theory in predicting coalition formation, especially for resource distributions where one member has veto capabilities. The theories perform equally well in predicting payoff division, with each able to explain a large proportion of the variation. Both theories are more accurate in predicting payoff division for nonveto situations than for veto situations
Measuring French Arms Transfers
Authors: Kolodziej Edward A.
Published: March 2007

Through a careful examination of French arms transfer behavior over the past twenty years, this article attempts to contribute to the development of a more open, accurate, and reliable system for collecting arms transfer data and for evaluating the military, political, economic, and technological impact of arms transfers on international security. Part one presents arms transfers data for deliveries and orders for France since 1956 based on open French governmental sources. Part two contrasts these findings with ACDA figures. ACDA would appear to substantially underestimate French transfers in constant and current dollars. From 1966 to 1975, these amount, respectively, to $1750 million and $5003 million. Part three outlines some of the principal implications of the two sets of conflicting data for estimating French arms transfers. In contrast to ACDA findings, French economic dependency on arms transfers is considerable and increasing. Until this dependence can be decreased and associated strategic and domestic political restraints relaxed, there exists little French interest in the immediate future in international efforts, such as those of the Carter administration, to diminish the magnitude, rate, or level of sophistication of arms transfers and technological know-how.
Measuring Strategic Stability with Two-Strike Nuclear Exchange Models
Authors: Grotte Jeffrey H.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a quantification of the notion of strategic stability as it pertains to changes in U.S. and Soviet nuclear postures. Based on the use of two-strike strategic exchange models, this approach can be used to measure the degree to which proposed posture changes are stabilizing or destablizing. The categories "predominantly stabilizing" and "predominantly destabilizing" are introduced to describe changes which, in sequence, produce respectively stabilizing and destabilizing results.
The Arabs in Israel
Authors: Smooha Sammy , Peretz Don
Published: March 2007

Representative national surveys of Arab and Jewish populations and leaderships in Israel within the pre-1967 borders conducted in 1980 make it possible for the first time to examine in detail Arab-Jewish differences in attitudes toward the Israeli-Arab conflict. It was confirmed that Israel's Arabs as a whole reject the Israeli national consensus of opposing the Palestinians as a nation, withdrawal to the pre-1967 borders, recognition of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) as representative of the Palestinians, formation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, repeal of the annexation of East Jerusalem, and the right to repatriation of the Palestinian refugees. They equally object to the Rejection Front ideology which calls for the replacement of Israel by a democratic-secular state in all Palestine. They subscribe instead to the world operative consensus on these issues. In addition to the dissidence that the conflict engenders in Arabs, it reinforces their unequal status in Israeli society. On the other hand, the Arab minority has not as yet been a party to the Israeli-Arab conflict either as a fifth column, a bridge to peace, or a pressure group. The implications for peacemaking in the region are discussed.
U.S. Pressure on Israel
Authors: Arbel Ami , Novik Nimrod
Published: March 2007

An analytical methodology is applied to assess the likelihood and scope of U.S. pressure on Israel within a given short-term framework and under a specific scenario. The assessment is carried out through a hierarchical model describing elements relevant to the problem. By considering interactions between these elements and assessing their priorities, specific questions can be answered. The methodology presented in this article is flexible and can be easily adapted to other situations. The mathematical framework ensures that all details of the analysis are considered and results integrated in a cohesive unit.
Analyzing Soviet Images of the United States
Authors: Herrmann Richard K.
Published: March 2007

Interpretations of Soviet foreign policy often rest on assumptions about Soviet perceptions of the United States. This article presents a method for inferring Soviet perceptions. The effort builds on theories that are related to the analysis of perception in foreign policy decision-making and complements other empirical studies of Soviet statements. The article analyzes Soviet images at two levels: (1) media coverage of four regional conflicts, and (2) Politburo speeches. The media analysis concentrates on four cases—the Horn of Africa 1977-1978, North and South Yemen 1979, Iran 1978-1979, and Afghanistan 1979. The Politburo speeches cover the era of détente 1971-1978. The article finds that the view of the United States that prevails in Moscow resembles a well-known enemy stereotype. The enemy imagery is found to prevail at both levels and indicates a significant perception of threat, and possibly the relevance of an “inherent bad faith” model.
Negotiating Strategic Arms Control, 1969-1979
Authors: Stoll Richard J. , McAndrew William
Published: March 2007

Using data collected by Jensen (1984), we investigate whether cooperative and inverse reciprocity can successfully predict U.S. and Soviet actions during the 23 rounds of strategic arms negotiation during the 1969-1979 period. Each type of reciprocity gives rise to three models of bargaining behavior, which we implement as computer routines. In our analysis, we find that the cooperative reciprocity models fit more often than inverse reciprocity models.
Dynamics of Military Spending in Israel
Authors: Ward Michael D. , Mintz Alex
Published: March 2007

A model of military spending in Israel from 1960-1983 is developed. Domestic expenditures, U.S. military aid to Israel, and Israeli foreign defense purchases comprise the three main components of the model. Security concerns vis-a-vis the Arab states, war involvement, inflation, and election cycles are found to be exogenous influences on spending in Israel; equally important is the strong feedback that permits the domestic budget, imports, and military aid to influence one another jointly. Based on a mathematical model, several counterfactual simulation experiments are examined to evaluate possible trends in the evolution of Israeli military spending until the end of the decade. Neither optimistic (i.e., putatively deescalatory forces) nor pessimistic (those thought to bring about escalation) scenarios are found to be significantly different from one another. Under all scenarios examined, Israeli military spending grows rapidly at least until the end of the decade.
Trojan Horse, Scapegoat, or Non-Foreign Entity
Authors: Rothgeb John M.
Published: March 2007

This research investigates the association between direct foreign investments and foreign policy behavior in underdeveloped countries. Three conceptualizations of the relationship between these variables are culled from the literature. The first, the Trojan Horse model, regards foreign investments as a means for controlling host states. The second, the Scapegoat model, treats foreign investors and their home countries as targets to blame for the social and economic ills found in underdeveloped hosts. The third, the non-Foreign Entity model, sees foreign investors as attempting to appear as domestic, rather than foreign, firms, with effects on foreign policy being the result of the interdependence between the host and home states that is created by foreign investments. Cross-national research is employed to examine these models. The results do not support the Trojan Horse model but do provide support for both the Scapegoat and non-Foreign Entity models.
The Conceptual Bases of The War Trap
Authors: Nicholson Michael
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to evaluate the claims of Bruce Bueno De Mesquita in The War Trap to have provided a deductive, expected utility theory of war initiation in the light of various criticisms that have been levied against him. The criticisms concern both the status of the model as a rational choice model and the evidence adduced in its support. It is suggested that the interpretation of the concept used in the theory as expected utility is both unnecessary and misleading, while the strong claim of the theory to provide necessary conditions for war initiation is refuted, not confirmed, by the evidence presented. However, a weaker, but still important claim may well be true, though only a part of the evidence presented is appropriate to support it. The assertion that the theory is a step forward in a Lakatosian Research Program, in that it explains more than its predecessors, is viewed skeptically.
Religious Suicide in Islamic Asia
Authors: Dale Stephen Frederic
Published: March 2007

Most modern studies of terrorism have been synchronic or ahistorical, focusing on immediate problems and ignoring the more profound conflicts that give rise to terrorist attacks. This failure to take into account long-term conflicts that give rise to terrorist attacks is especially noticeable in the research on Middle Eastern terrorism, for most published studies ignore the shared historical experience of Muslims, especially their cultural memory of their centuries-long confrontation with the West. This article demonstrates that even the most intimidating form of modern terrorism, the suicidal attack, such as that which destroyed the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut, has been used repeatedly over several centuries by Muslims in three Asian Muslim communities as a means of attacking militarily superior European and American colonial powers. A study of such incidents in Islamic Asia establishes a basis for understanding the attitudes of Middle Eastern Muslims, provides insights into the dynamics of terrorist attacks, and illustrates the necessity of political solutions to the problems of terrorism in both Asia and the Middle East.
Interest Arbitration and the Incentive to Bargain
Authors: McCall Brian P.
Published: March 2007

This article develops an asymmetric information model of final-offer arbitration. If the union negotiator has superior information about the bargaining environment, then the union rank and file may find it in their best interest to require their negotiator to go to arbitration some of the time. In a simple two-state model, it is shown that if arbitration is rational for the union rank and file, it will occur only in the state where the bargaining environment is unfavorable to the union.
Theory-Driven versus Data-Driven Assessment in a Crisis
Authors: Koopman Cheryl , Snyder Jack , Jervis Robert
Published: March 2007

A survey examined theory-driven versus data-driven assessments in a crisis. Respondents were 604 subscribers to International Security who completed a mailed questionnaire. The questionnaire contained alternative versiosn of a hypothetical crisis scenario and elicited assessments of threat, deterrence contingencies, and policy responses. An earlier section of the questionnaire surveyed general beliefs about Soviet-U.S. relations and military strategy, permitting examination of the relationships of respondents' general beliefs to their assessments. Alternative versions of the hypothetical crisis differed in information describing the crisis, permitting examination of the influence of specific data on assessments. Four kinds of information were varied: Soviet motives, the balance of interests, the local conventional military balance, and the nuclear balance. Respondents were substantially more theory-driven than data-driven in assessing the hypothetical crisis. Assessments were particularly associated with beliefs about Soviet motives and the necessity of displaying resolve to deter Soviet aggression.
Birds of a Feather
Authors: Siverson Randolph M. , Emmons Juliann
Published: March 2007

An examination of the alliance choices of democratic states between 1920 and 1939 and between 1946 and 1965 is undertaken to answer the question, do democracies have a tendency to ally with each other more than they ought to according to probability? The analysis of the data indicates that during the first period there was an initial tendency for democratic states to ally with each other at a higher rate than probability indicates should have been the case, but that the overall level of democratic alliances decreased as the rate of their existing alliances dissolved and democracies sought other types of partners. During the period from 1946 to 1965 alliances between democracies were formed and maintained at much higher rates than probability indicates should have been the case. Further analysis demonstrates that this effect is probably not significantly affected by either the effects of previous wartime alliances or geography.
Attitudes to an Existence Conflict
Authors: Yehuda Hemda Agid-Ben , Auerbach Yehudit
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine patterns of continuity and change in attitudes within the context of an existence conflict. It presents a theoretical framework for the analysis of attitudes, and applies it to the attitudes of Allon and Peres vis-à-vis the Palestinian issue. Differences in attitude between the two decision makers did exist. Yet Allon and Peres maintained common views regarding core issues in the conflict such as the rejection of the PLO and its demand for a Palestinian state, the preservation of the Jewish character of Israel, and support for a territorial compromise based on defensible borders. To be sure, the attitudes of Allon and Peres toward the PLO were a perfect replica of an attitude in an existence conflict, and excluded any possibility for rapprochement. However, toward the Palestinian population, both showed a great deal of openness, and persistently sought a just and honorable way out of the circle of mutual mistrust and hostility.
Mediation
Authors: Wall James A. , Lynn Ann
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the mediation literature over the past decade. Initially the literature is organized and integrated in a framework that focuses on the mediator's decision to mediate, the choice of mediation techniques, the outcomes of mediation, and the determinants of these factors. Subsequently, the authors comment on the reviewed literature and offer suggestions for future research.
Trust and Reactions to Messages of Intent in Social Dilemmas
Authors: Parks Craig D. , Henager Robert F. , Scamahorn Shawn D.
Published: March 2007

This study examined how low- and high-trust individuals react to messages of intended behavior in a social dilemma situation. Subjects played a two-person prisoner's dilemma; the opponent was a reciprocal strategy programmed by the experimenter. During the game, subjects received a message stating that the opponent planned to be cooperative or competitive for the remainder of the game. In Study 1, low trusters reacted to the competitive message by decreasing cooperation but were unaffected by the cooperative message; high trusters reacted to the cooperative message by increasing cooperation but were unaffected by the competitive message. Study 2 showed that a period of unconditional, message-consistent behavior immediately after the message can make low and high trusters responsive to cooperative and competitive messages, respectively. However, the number of unconditional responses was crucial. The study also found that stated intention and message-inconsistent behavior affect perceptions of the opponent's trustworthiness.
Cooperation in Intergroup, N-Person, and Two-Person Games of Chicken
Authors: Bornstein Gary , Budescu David , Zamir Shmuel
Published: March 2007

The authors introduce a new team game, the intergroup chicken game, to model intergroup conflicts involving bilateral threats (e.g., military conflicts, industrial disputes). The group that wins the game is the one that competes while the other group yields, and the benefits associated with winning (e.g., territory, higher wages) are public goods for the members of that group. However, a failure to yield on the part of both groups leads to an outcome (e.g., war, strike) that is disastrous to all the players. The authors report an experiment in which an intergroup chicken game with two players on each team was compared to a two-person chicken game and a (single-group) four-person chicken game. The games were played repeatedly, and each round was preceded by a signaling period. Results showed that subjects were more competitive (and, consequently, less efficient) in the intergroup chicken game than in either the two-person or the four-person chicken game.
Group Rebellion in the 1980s
Authors: Dudley Ryan , Miller Ross A.
Published: March 2007

The authors evaluate the ability of four theoretical approaches to account for the occurrence and severity of group rebellion in the 1980s. These explanations for rebellion are state responses and capabilities, relative deprivation, diffusion, and rational actor. Results indicate that relative deprivation and rational actor explanations were most important in accounting for the occurrence of group rebellion. On the other hand, state responses and capabilities and relative deprivation were the best explanations for the level of group rebellion.
The Determinants of Democratic Transitions
Authors: Feng Yi , Zak Paul J.
Published: March 2007

A formal dynamic theory of the transition from a developing autocracy to democracy is presented in the context of a heterogeneous agent general equilibrium growth model. The theory shows that the primary determinants affecting the timing of democratic transitions are per capita income, the distribution of wealth, educational levels, and the strength of preferences for political rights and civil liberties. The implications of the theory are tested by estimating a proportional hazard function to determine the probability of a democratic transition at a particular point in time. The empirics demonstrate strong support for the model in an estimation of 75 countries during the postwar period.
Guns versus Butter
Authors: Antonakis Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Current conventional wisdom suggests that military expenditure may affect economic growth through the creation of additional aggregate demand, the whole host of spin-offs that result from military spending, the possible reduction of investment, and the displacement of talent from the most dynamic sectors of civilian production. Earlier empirical studies on the subject have reported conflicting research findings, attributed to the use of cross-sectional analysis, sample variations and differences in specificational choices, time periods examined, and databases used. These considerations point to the need for case-specific studies using time-series data for individual countries. This article investigates the growth-defense relationship in the case of Greece over the period from 1960 to 1993. Results show that the annual output growth rate in Greece is negatively affected by the size of the defense sector, as measured by real military expenditure. They indicate that the post-1974 threat of war facing Greece as well as the oil-price shocks of the 1970s have retarded economic growth in this country.
Lost in Space
Authors: Shin Michael , Ward Michael D.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the political geography of the linkage between military spending and economic growth for the period from 1985 to 1995. Exploratory spatial data analyses are used to determine how the spatial arrangement of countries influences the defense-growth trade-off. The authors discover a strong spatial component to the linkage between guns and growth.
Within Cultural Differences
Authors: Farver Jo Ann M. , Kim Yonnie Kwak , Lee-Shin Yoolim
Published: March 2007

Individual differences in 30 Korean American and 30 European American preschoolers’ play behavior were examined to understand how intracultural variations in children’s skills and behavioral characteristics may be associated with social pretend play in early childhood. Observers recorded the children’s social behaviors and play complexity. Teachers rated children’s social behavior, parents completed a child rearing questionnaire, and children were given the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised and the Multidimensional Stimulus Fluency Measure. The findings showed that there were similar patterns predictive of pretend play for both groups. Overall, children’s interactive style, positive social interaction with peers, and creativity scores significantly predicted pretend play. The results suggest that individual factors related to pretend play transcend culture.
Asian American and White American Differences on Affective Distress Symptoms
Authors: Okazaki Sumie
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether Asian Americans and White Americans would show differential patterns of reporting their levels of depressive and social anxiety symptoms depending on the method of reporting. Standard self-report measures of depressive, social anxiety, and somatic symptomatology as well as measures of cultural self- construal and social desirability were administered twice to Asian American and White American participants. The results showed that there were no interaction effects between ethnicity and reporting method in any of the self-report measures, both ethnic groups reported lower levels of depressive symptoms in interview condition than in written condition, and Asian Americans reported higher levels of social anxiety than White Americans on both interview and written conditions. The findings suggest that although the method of reporting does not differentially affect Asian Americans, there are persistent ethnic differences between Asian Americans and White Americans in the types and levels of distress they report.
Coping with Cross-Cultural Transition
Authors: Ward Colleen , Kennedy Antony
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study examined the relationship between coping styles and psychological adjustment with 113 British expatriates living in Singapore. The Coping Humor and COPE scales were used to measure coping styles and to predict psychological adjustment. Higher order factor analysis of the COPE resulted in four factors: Approach, Avoidance, Acceptance and Social Support. Stepwise regression revealed that Avoidance (β = .40), Coping Humor (β = -.24) and Approach (β = -.19) emerged as significant predictors of depression ( R = .33). Limitations of the study are mentioned, and avenues for future research are suggested.
Negotiating Biculturalism
Authors: Benet-Martínez Verónica , Leu Janxin , Lee Fiona , Morris Michael W.
Published: March 2007

The authors propose that cultural frame shifting—shifting between two culturally based interpretative lenses in response to cultural cues—is moderated by perceived compatibility (vs. opposition) between the two cultural orientations, or bicultural identity integration (BII). Three studies found that Chinese American biculturals who perceived their cultural identities as compatible (high BII) responded in culturally congruent ways to cultural cues: They made more external attributions (a characteristically Asian behavior) after being exposed to Chinese primes and more internal attributions (a characteristically Western behavior) after being exposed to American primes. However, Chinese American biculturals who perceived their cultural identities as oppositional (low BII) exhibited a reverse priming effect. This trend was not apparent for noncultural primes. The results show that individual differences in bicultural identity affect how cultural knowledge is used to interpret social events.
The Effect of Psychological Environment on Childbirth: Combined Cross -Cultural and Experimental Approach
Authors: Newton Niles
Published: March 2007

A cross-cultural survey of birth patterning revealed marked differences in the speed of labor and indicated extreme variations in the psychological environment during labor and delivery. Speedier, easier labors appear to be related to acceptance of birth as a normal physiologic phenomena uncomplicated by sexual shame or fear-inducing rituals. The hypotheses developed from cross-cultural surveys were then tested experimentally in mice. Disturbance applied during labor resulted in reduction of labor speed immediately after the disturbance. Mice continuously disturbed at term delivered first pups significantly later, and had a 54% higher pup mortality rate. When expectant mice were rotated between familiar environment with shelter and glass fish bowl imbued with cat odor, spending equal amounts of time at each, significantly fewer births took place in the latter.
A Conceptual Framework for Viewing Responses to Family Planning Programs
Authors: Marshall John F.
Published: March 2007

When individuals are first presented with information intended to transform them from non-users to users of modern contraception, they are thrust into decision-making situations. Observations of the residents of a small North Indian village before, during, and after their initial exposure to a formal family planning program led to the development of a cross-cultural conceptual framework intended to help identify the kinds of structural components and processes involved in responses to family planning programs. The basic units are seen as cultural and idiosyncratic cognitions, and an inventory of classes of these "response determinants" is suggested. The processes are explained by a synthesis of Janis's conflict theory and Festinger's dissonance theory.
Future Time Perspectives of Americans and Subcultures in India
Authors: Meade Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Earlier studies using projective tests showed that Americans wrote significantly more stories with future themes than did a comparable Indian sample. The present study tested samples from 7 Indian subcultures which have different family traditions. Ss were presented with 4 present tense sentences with 4 themes (economic, educational, occupational, and political, respectively) and asked to develop a story following from them. Kshatriyas, Sikhs and Parsees as well as Americans tended to write stories with future themes, while Brahmins, Vasiyas, Sudras and Muslims wrote stories with past themes. Also, the former groups had a higher need for achievement than the latter groups. It is suggested that measures of time perspective can profitably be used for assessing strength of motivation.
Shape Constancy as Influenced by Culture, Western Education, and Agel
Authors: Myambo Kathleen
Published: March 2007

Shape constancy responses, obtained by asking Ss to match the shape of an inclined circular test object with one of a series of comparison ellipses, were obtained for adult groups of educated Senas, uneducated Senas, and educated Europeans, as well as for uneducated Manglanja children between the ages of 5 and 15 years and Manglanja adults. The uneducated African Ss tended to respond to the true shape of the objects regardless of age while the European Ss tended to respond to the retinal image shape; the educated Africans gave responses which were intermediate between those of the uneducated Africans and the educated Europeans. The differences between African Ss and European Ss on shape matching responses were believed to be due to cultural influences, but it could not be determined by the present shape matching method whether the response differences were due to differential responding to the instructions by the cultural groups or to differences in perception.
The Work Values of Western and Tribal Black Employees
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: March 2007

The difference between the work values of Western-oriented and tribal-oriented black employees, as well as the relationship between work values and job satisfaction, was examined in a sample of black supervisors in South Africa, who completed a locally derived measure of modernization, the Brayfield-Rothe index of job satisfaction and the Survey of Work Values (Protestant Ethic). On the basis of their modernization scores and the length of time they had spent in a city or town of "'white" South Africa, the sample was divided into Western and tribal subgroups. The Western subgroup accepted most of the tenets of the Protestant Ethic significantly more than the tribal subgroup. In both subgroups the relation between the Protestant Ethic and job satisfaction was positive. The results are explained in terms of the different cultural backgrounds of the two subgroups.