bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ketogenic diet: a work in progress
Authors: Lanyon Karen
Published: June 2014

Our Commentaries from the Primary Care Neurology Society (P‐CNS) provide a primary care perspective on the neurology articles in Progress. Here, Dr Karen Lanyon considers ‘Food for thought ‐ the ketogenic diet for epilepsy’
Food for thought: the ketogenic diet for epilepsy
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: June 2014

It has been known since the 1920s that the ketogenic diet is effective for the control of seizures in people of all ages with epilepsy, yet it remains underused today. Mark Greener discusses the possible mechanisms of action, tolerability issues and how the diet could be modified to increase uptake.
Differential response to antipsychotics in a patient with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Rachis Dina , Shankar Kuttalingam
Published: June 2014

Risperidone is the only antipsychotic currently licensed for the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Drs Rachis and Shankar describe the case of an elderly man with Alzheimer's disease who developed behavioural symptoms and delusions, who responded well to aripiprazole after treatment with risperidone failed.
Transient psychotic episodes following recreational use of NRG‐3
Authors: Kihara Rhiannon , Day Edward
Published: June 2014

The increased availability of novel psychoactive substances or ‘legal highs’ over the internet has made screening for recreational drug use much more difficult for doctors in recent years. Here, Drs Kihara and Day describe the case of a young male patient repeatedly presenting with transient psychotic episodes who eventually revealed that each episode had followed the use of NRG‐3 obtained from the internet.
Mood stabilisers in the management of bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Sie Michele
Published: June 2014

As part of our series on the major psychiatric medication groups, produced in association with the College of Mental Health Pharmacy (CMHP; www.cmhp.org.uk), Michele Sie discusses the choice and use of medicines in the management of bipolar affective disorder. Pharmacology, interactions and side‐effects, as well as information to give to patients, are described.
Enantioselective bioaccumulation and toxic effects of fipronil in the earthworm Eisenia foetida following soil exposure
Authors: Qin Fang , Gao Yongxin , Xu Peng , Guo Baoyuan , Li Jianzhong , Wang Huili
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

Enantiomers of chiral pesticides often have different bioactivity, toxicity and environmental behaviours. Fipronil has been used in racemate for agricultural purposes against soil insects, leading to increased inputs into soil environments and complex biota exposures. To understand the potential risk associated with fipronil enantiomer exposure, subchronic toxicity and bioaccumulation tests with earthworms (Eisenia foetida) in fipronil‐spiked soils were evaluated under laboratory conditions.

RESULTS

Enantioselective toxicity was measured in E. foetida biomass after 28 days of subchronic exposure, with increased toxicity from racemate and S‐fipronil compared with R‐fipronil. The bioaccumulation of fipronil in earthworm tissues was also enantioselective, with a preferential accumulation of S‐fipronil, and the enantiomer fraction was approximately 0.56–0.60. During soil exposure, fipronil was transformed primarily into fipronil sulfide, sulfone and amide, and E. foetida rapidly accumulated fipronil and sulfone.

CONCLUSION

This work demonstrates the enantioselective subchronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of enantiomers of fipronil in E. foetida. The earthworm tissues exhibited a relative enrichment of fipronil and fipronil sulfone, and these compounds might biomagnify (with a biota‐to‐soil accumulation factor of ≥1.0 ), allowing for the possible trophic transfer and/or bioaccumulation of all these chemicals if earthworms were consumed by predator organisms. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure, optical spectra and biaxial stress of (0002) AlN epilayers grown on c‐sapphire by high‐temperature chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Zhang Dian , Liu Fa‐Min , Cai Lu‐Gang
Published: June 2014

(0002) AlN epilayers were grown on c‐sapphire at temperatures of 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500 °C, respectively, by a homebuilt high‐temperature chemical vapor deposition system. The structure, optical properties and biaxial stress of these epilayers were characterized by scanning electronic microscope, XRD, Raman scattering, and UV absorption. The results revealed that smooth layers were obtained below 1400 °C, while stripe‐shaped and hexagon‐aligned islands grew on the surface of the layer at 1500 °C due to inhomogeneous nucleation in decreased supersaturation. Moreover, the narrowing FWHM of (0002) reflection and phonon modes indicated that the crystal quality improved with increasing temperature. The optical bandgap enlarged with the increasing growth temperature, owing to decreasing dislocations and domain boundaries as well as increasing compressive stress, except that the optical bandgap shrank at 1500 °C because light scattering at the rough surface of the epilayer flattened its optical absorption edge. Furthermore, the results of XRD and Raman studies demonstrated that the biaxial stress in the epilayers turned from tensile stress to compressive stress linearly below 1.8 GPa, resulting in a biaxial stress coefficient of −1.9 cm−1 GPa−1. Therefore, the improving structure together with the increasing biaxial compressive stress of the epilayer enlarged its optical bandgap with a large coefficient of −426 meV GPa−1.
The highest oxidation state of Au revealed by interactions with successive cl ligands and superhalogen properties of AuCln (n = 1–6) species
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Misra N.
Published: June 2014

This study deals with a reinvestigation on the maximum oxidation state of gold. Density functional calculations are performed on geometries and stabilities of AuCln species for n = 1–6 in their neutral and anionic states. The calculations clearly reveal that the maximum oxidation state of Au is limited to +5. The high adiabatic electron affinities of AuCln (n ≥ 2), as compared to Cl, suggest their superhalogen behavior. The interaction of AuCln superhalogens with an alkali metal, K is found to be similar to but stronger than that between K and Cl, leading to the formation of KAuCln complexes. The stabilities of these complexes explore the possibility of synthesis of new class of salts by interaction of
with appropriate metal cations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autonomous Visual Mapping and Exploration With a Micro Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Heng Lionel , Honegger Dominik , Lee Gim Hee , Meier Lorenz , Tanskanen Petri , Fraundorfer Friedrich , Pollefeys Marc
Published: June 2014

Cameras are a natural fit for micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) due to their low weight, low power consumption, and two‐dimensional field of view. However, computationally‐intensive algorithms are required to infer the 3D structure of the environment from 2D image data. This requirement is made more difficult with the MAV's limited payload which only allows for one CPU board. Hence, we have to design efficient algorithms for state estimation, mapping, planning, and exploration. We implement a set of algorithms on two different vision‐based MAV systems such that these algorithms enable the MAVs to map and explore unknown environments. By using both self‐built and off‐the‐shelf systems, we show that our algorithms can be used on different platforms. All algorithms necessary for autonomous mapping and exploration run on‐board the MAV. Using a front‐looking stereo camera as the main sensor, we maintain a tiled octree‐based 3D occupancy map. The MAV uses this map for local navigation and frontier‐based exploration. In addition, we use a wall‐following algorithm as an alternative exploration algorithm in open areas where frontier‐based exploration under‐performs. During the exploration, data is transmitted to the ground station which runs large‐scale visual SLAM. We estimate the MAV's state with inertial data from an IMU together with metric velocity measurements from a custom‐built optical flow sensor and pose estimates from visual odometry. We verify our approaches with experimental results, which to the best of our knowledge, demonstrate our MAVs to be the first vision‐based MAVs to autonomously explore both indoor and outdoor environments.
A Biologically Inspired, Vision‐based Guidance System for Automatic Landing of a Fixed‐wing Aircraft
Authors: Thurrowgood Saul , Moore Richard J. D. , Soccol Dean , Knight Michael , Srinivasan Mandyam V.
Published: June 2014

We describe a guidance system for achieving automatic landing of a fixed‐wing aircraft in unstructured outdoor terrain, using onboard video cameras. The system uses optic flow information for sensing and controlling the height above the ground, and information on the horizon profile, also acquired by the vision system for stabilizing roll and controlling pitch, and additionally, if required, for the control and stabilization of yaw and flight direction. At low heights, when optic flow is unreliable, stereo information is used to guide descent close to touchdown. While rate gyro information is used to augment attitude stabilization in one of the designs, this is not mandatory and it can be replaced by visual information. Smooth, safe landings are achieved with a success rate of 92.5%. The system does not emit active radiation and does not rely on any external information such as a global positioning system or an instrument landing system.
Crystalline Pd nanowires on the MgO(210) faceted template
Authors: Ogata Yoichi , Koshida Kosuke , Mizutani Goro
Published: June 2014

Shadow deposition fabricated Pd nanowires with well‐oriented crystalline axes on MgO(210) faceted templates, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the growth of the Pd nanowires in the [001] direction. The plane‐view transmission electron microscopy images show long moiré fringes in the [001] directions with some imperfections, while the diffraction patterns contain Pd spots. The [001] and [010] directions of the Pd lattices are in the same directions as those of MgO lattices, but their lattice constants differ by 7.6%. The high crystallinity of Pd nanowires likely originates from the low‐density nuclei growth on the (100) facet on the MgO(210) face. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Running wheel exercise before a binge regimen of methamphetamine does not protect against striatal dopaminergic damage
Authors: O'dell Steven J. , Marshall John F.
Published: June 2014

Repeated administration of methamphetamine (mAMPH) to rodents in a single‐day “binge” dosing regimen produces long‐lasting damage to forebrain dopaminergic nerve terminals as measured by decreases in tissue dopamine (DA) content and levels of the plasmalemmal DA transporter (DAT). However, the midbrain cell bodies from which the DA terminals arise survive, and previous reports show that striatal DA markers return to control levels by 12 months post‐mAMPH, suggesting long‐term repair or regrowth of damaged DA terminals. We previously showed that when rats engaged in voluntary aerobic exercise for 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after a binge regimen of mAMPH, exercise significantly ameliorated mAMPH‐induced decreases in striatal DAT. However, these data left unresolved the question of whether exercise protected against the initial neurotoxicity from the mAMPH binge or accelerated the repair of the damaged DA terminals. The present experiments were designed to test whether exercise protects against the mAMPH‐induced injury. Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were allowed to run in wheels for 3 weeks before an acute binge regimen of mAMPH or saline, then placed into nonwheel cages for an additional week before autoradiographic determination of striatal DAT binding. The autoradiographic findings showed that prior exercise provided no protection against mAMPH‐induced damage to striatal DA terminals. These results, together with analyses from our previous experiments, suggest that voluntary exercise may accelerate the repair of mAMPH‐damaged DA terminals and that voluntary exercise may be useful as therapeutic adjunct in the treatment mAMPH addicts. Synapse, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pseudodynamic test and numerical simulation of a large direct air‐cooling structure
Authors: Xu Yazhou , Bai Guoliang , Zhu Jianing
Published: June 2014

In this study, pseudodynamic test was performed to evaluate the seismic performance of air‐cooling structures built in the high‐intensity earthquake fortification zones. The testing prototype was designed with the scale factor of 1/8, and the structural responses subjected to five peak ground accelerations (PGAs) were investigated followed by a cyclic test. Experimental results, including the lateral displacements, strains and crack patterns, were recorded and presented. The experimental load–displacement hysteretic loops subjected to the cyclic displacement history indicate that the direct air‐cooling structure exhibits a good seismic performance with a displacement ductility factor greater than 4. It is particularly noted that the structural integrity is well enhanced by the inter‐column connections, which are composed by using the steel truss and diagonal braces, and these steel members mainly remain elastic throughout the testing process. The natural period and the equivalent viscous damping ratio of the first‐order mode are also identified on the basis of the test results, which are utilized to calibrate the finite element model. In addition, the predicted lateral displacements based on a damaged plasticity model of concrete agree well with the experimental results. Both the lateral bearing capacity and ductility of the model demonstrate that the direct air‐cooling structure meets the seismic design requirement with respect to the high‐intensity earthquakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal relationships between deer harvest and deer–vehicle collisions at Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee
Authors: Muller Lisa I. , Hackworth Amanda M. , Giffen Neil R. , Evans James W. , Henning Jason , Hickling Graham J. , Allen Phillip
Published: June 2014

White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)–vehicle collisions (DVCs) are increasing as human and deer populations continue to grow. Deer harvest was implemented at Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee (ORR) in 1985 to reduce DVCs. We assessed the relationship between DVCs at ORR to deer harvest, road type, and habitat features (forest, field, water, and developed cover types) during 1986–2008 using Poisson regression analysis and Akaike Information Criterion modeling. We also evaluated DVC numbers for the city of Oak Ridge and ORR during 1975–2008 to examine the effects of moon phase, employee work‐shift timing, and season on DVCs. From 1975 to 2008, 4,637 DVCs occurred in Oak Ridge and ORR, with monthly DVCs peaking each November. Most DVCs occurred at the start of the workday. Annual DVC totals peaked at 273 in 1985; deer harvest was then implemented and DVCs declined. No harvest occurred in 2001 and DVCs increased for the next 2 years. A model including harvest, road type and distance, development, and water features received full support for explaining DVC occurrence. Harvest in the previous year was positively related to DVCs, likely reflecting higher hunter success with higher deer density. Higher traffic volume and speed were positively related to DVCs. There was no effect of moon phase for all records combined; however, analysis by season and gender showed a positive relationship to collisions for male deer during the gestation period (1 Jan–14 May), which may have been associated with dispersal. We recommend continued deer harvest and driver education to reduce DVCs. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Synthesis, Structures, Luminescence, and Magnetic Properties of Two Three‐dimensional Lanthanide Organic Frameworks Comprising Pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Hou Xiang‐Yang , Wang Xiao , Gao Lou Jun , Fu Feng , Wang Ji Jiang , Cao Jia
Published: June 2014

Two three‐dimensional (3D) lanthanide coordination polymers (CPs) of the general formula [Ln2(PDOA)3(H2O)]n·2nH2O [Ln = Gd (1), Tb (2)] were synthesized by solvothermal reactions of the corresponding rare‐earth chloride and pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid (H2PDOA). The CPs were structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis. CPs 1 and 2 are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The frameworks are constructed from dinuclear lanthanide building blocks in which the PDOA2– ions adopt three coordination modes, μ3‐kO;kO;kN,O, μ4‐kN,O;kO;kO;kO,O, and μ5‐kN,O;kO;kO;kO,O;kO, respectively. The Tb3+ polymer of 2 exhibits characteristic photoluminescence in the visible region. The magnetic properties of CP 1 were investigated by measuring the magnetic susceptibilities in the temperature range 1.8–300 K.
Two Lanthanide(III) Complexes based on the Schiff Base N,N′‐Bis(salicylidene)‐1,5‐diamino‐3‐oxapentane: Synthesis, Characterization, DNA‐binding Properties, and Antioxidation
Authors: Wu Huilu , Bai Yuchen , Zhang Yanhui , Pan Guolong , Kong Jin , Shi Furong , Wang Xiaoli
Published: June 2014

The Schiff base N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,5‐diamino‐3‐oxapentane (H2L) and its lanthanide(III) complexes, PrL(NO3)(DMF)(H2O) (1) and Ho2L2(NO3)2·2H2O (2), were synthesized and characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Single crystal X‐ray structure analysis revealed that complex 1 is a discrete mononuclear species. The PrIII ion is nine‐coordinate, forming a distorted capped square antiprismatic arrangement. Complex 2 is a centrosymmetric dinuclear neutral entity in which the HoIII ion is eight‐coordinate with distorted square antiprismatic arrangement. The DNA‐binding properties of H2L and its LnIII complexes were investigated by spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that the ligand H2L and its LnIII complexes both connect to DNA in a groove binding mode; the complexes bind more strongly to DNA than the ligand. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of the LnIII complexes were in vitro determined by superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods, which indicate that complexes 1 and 2 have OH· and O2–· radical scavenging activity.
Activation of N2, the Enzymatic Way
Authors: Dance Ian
Published: June 2014

The multiple ways in which N2 can be coordinated to FeMo‐co, the Fe7MoS9C cluster at the active site of the enzyme nitrogenase, are catalogued and interpreted, in the context of other N2‐activating metal complexes. N2 bound to FeMo‐co is located in a unique gallery of surrounding hydrogen atoms, proposed to be a key factor in the conversion to NH3.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hydrogen Bonding, and Thermal Behavior of a Three‐Dimensional CuII‐benzene‐1,2,4,5‐tetracarboxylate Templated by 1,9‐Diaminononane
Authors: Köferstein Roberto , Robl Christian
Published: June 2014

Triclinic single crystals of Cu4(H3N–(CH2)9–NH3)(OH)2[C6H2(COO)4]2·5H2O were prepared in aqueous solution at 80 °C in the presence of 1,9‐diaminononane. Space group P (no. 2) with a = 1057.5(2), b = 1166.0(2), c = 1576.7(2) pm, α = 106.080(10)°, β = 90.73(2)° and γ = 94.050(10)°. The four crystallographic independent Cu2+ ions are surrounded by five oxygen atoms each with Cu–O distances between 191.4(3) and 231.7(4) pm. The connection between the Cu2+ coordination polyhedra and the [C6H2(COO)4]4– anions yields three‐dimensional framework with negative excess charge and wide centrosymmetric channel‐like voids. These voids extend parallel to [001] with the diagonal of the nearly rectangular cross‐section of approximately 900 pm. The channels of the framework accommodate [H3N–(CH2)9–NH3]2+ cations and water molecules, which are not connected to Cu2+. The nonane‐1,9‐diammonium cations adopt a partial gauche conformation. Thermoanalytical measurements in air show a loss of water of crystallization starting at 90 °C and finishing at approx. 170 °C. The dehydrated compound is stable up to 260 °C followed by an exothermic decomposition yielding copper oxide.
Role of Annealing Atmosphere on Structure, Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of La2CoMnO6 and La2MgMnO6
Authors: Sayed Farheen N. , Achary Srungarpu N. , Deshpande Sudhanshu·K. , Rajeswari Balasubhramanian , Kadam Ramakant M. , Dwebedi Sandhya , Nigam Arun K. , Tyagi Avesh K.
Published: June 2014

Polycrystalline samples of La2MMnO6 (M = Co and Mg) were prepared by a combined gel‐combustion and high temperature reaction method. The samples were annealed in different oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and characterized by powder XRD, SQUID magnetometry, ac impedance spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. Monoclinic (P21/n) and rhombohedral (R) lattices were observed for La2CoMnO6 and La2MgMnO6, respectively. On annealing in inert atmosphere, La2MgMnO6 partially converted to monoclinic La2CoMnO6 type structure, whereas no structural change was observed in La2CoMnO6. Dielectric studies of La2CoMnO6 indicated relaxor like behavior with polaronic conduction, which systematically decreased with the increase in pO2 of the annealing atmosphere. Magnetic studies indicated multiple ferromagnetic phase transitions in La2CoMnO6 and a spin‐glass like phase transition in La2MgMnO6. The fraction of ferromagnetic phases of La2CoMnO6 was significantly dependent on the annealing environments. The variations of magnetic and dielectric properties of samples were related to the fluctuation of oxidation state of transition metal ions and oxygen vacancies in the samples.
People Awakening: Collaborative Research to Develop Cultural Strategies for Prevention in Community Intervention
Authors: Allen James , Mohatt Gerald V. , Beehler Sarah , Rowe Hillary L.
Published: June 2014

The consequences of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and suicide create immense health disparities among Alaska Native people. The People Awakening project is a long‐term collaboration between Alaska Native (AN) communities and university researchers seeking to foster health equity through development of positive solutions to these disparities. These efforts initiated a research relationship that identified individual, family, and community protective factors from AUD and suicide. AN co‐researchers next expressed interest in translating these findings into intervention. This led to development of a strengths‐based community intervention that is the focus of the special issue. The intervention builds these protective factors to prevent AUD and suicide risk within AN youth, and their families and communities. This review provides a critical examination of existing literature and a brief history of work leading to the intervention research. These work efforts portray a shared commitment of university researchers and community members to function as co‐researchers, and to conduct research in accord with local Yup'ik cultural values. This imperative allowed the team to navigate several tensions we locate in a convergence of historical and contemporary ecological contextual factors inherent in AN tribal communities with countervailing constraints imposed by Western science.
Continuity of care in community midwifery
Authors: Bowers John , Cheyne Helen , Mould Gillian , Page Miranda
Published: June 2014

Continuity of care is often critical in delivering high quality health care. However, it is difficult to achieve in community health care where shift patterns and a need to minimise travelling time can reduce the scope for allocating staff to patients. Community midwifery is one example of such a challenge in the National Health Service where postnatal care typically involves a series of home visits. Ideally mothers would receive all of their antenatal and postnatal care from the same midwife. Minimising the number of staff-handovers helps ensure a better relationship between mothers and midwives, and provides more opportunity for staff to identify emerging problems over a series of home visits. This study examines the allocation and routing of midwives in the community using a variant of a multiple travelling salesmen problem algorithm incorporating staff preferences to explore trade-offs between travel time and continuity of care. This algorithm was integrated in a simulation to assess the additional effect of staff availability due to shift patterns and part-time working. The results indicate that continuity of care can be achieved with relatively small increases in travel time. However, shift patterns are problematic: perfect continuity of care is impractical but if there is a degree of flexibility in the visit schedule, reasonable continuity is feasible.
The Effect of Prenatal Natural Disaster Exposure on School Outcomes
Authors: Fuller Sarah C.
Published: June 2014

This study looks at the impact of exposure to natural disasters during pregnancy on the educational outcomes of North Carolina children at the third grade level. A broad literature relates negative birth outcomes to poor educational performance, and a number of recent studies have examined the effect of prenatal exposure to natural disasters on birth outcomes. This study takes the next step by considering how prenatal exposure affects later outcomes. Combining North Carolina administrative data on births and school performance with disaster declarations from the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) allows for the identification of children who were exposed to disasters during prenatal development. These children are compared with other children born in the same county who were not exposed to disasters while in utero. Regression results suggest that children exposed to hurricanes prenatally have lower scores on third grade standardized tests in math and reading. Those exposed to flooding or tornadoes also have somewhat lower math scores. Additionally, results suggest that these negative effects are more concentrated among children in disadvantaged subgroups, especially children born to black mothers. However, no evidence exists that these effects are mediated by common measures of birth outcomes, including birth weight and gestational age.
COLLATERALITY IN EARLY CHINESE COSMOLOGY: AN ARGUMENT FOR CONFUCIAN HARMONY (HE和) ASCREATIO IN SITU
Authors: Ames Roger T.
Published: June 2014

One important benefit of the Guodian and Shanghai Museum slips is the new insights they are providing in our understanding of the early intellectual evolution of classical Chinese philosophy. But there is a second important opportunity that the newly recovered documents provide. Beyond what is new in them, these same materials can be used to qualify, corroborate, and reiterate perhaps old but still undervalued insights into the interpretive context within which we construct our understanding of early China. Indeed, our best interpreters of classical Chinese philosophy are explicit in rejecting the idea that Chinese cosmology begins from some independent, transcendent principle and entails the metaphysical reality/appearance distinction and the plethora of dualistic categories that arise from such a worldview. In fact, the recently recovered Guodian materials provide us with both the resources and the occasion to revisit three related cosmological issues: What is distinctive about classical Chinese cosmogony and its notion of origins? What is the Chinese alternative to the assumptions about our own familiarcreatio ex nihilosource of meaning? And how is “creativity” expressed in the Chinese philosophical vocabulary?
Dignity, human rights and the limits of mental health legislation
Authors: Kelly Brendan D.
Published: June 2014

A right is an entitlement that one may legally or morally claim. Human rights are of particular importance in mental health care owing to the existence of laws that permit involuntary admission and treatment under certain circumstances, and compelling evidence of persistent social exclusion of some individuals with mental disorder. Ireland’s mental health legislation, which is currently under review, meets most international human rights standards in areas of traditional concern (involuntary admission and treatment) but not in other areas (especially social and economic rights). These deficits would be addressed, at least in part, by replacing the principle of ‘best interests’ with the principle of ‘dignity’ as the over-arching principle in Irish mental health legislation. Such a change would help ensure that decisions made under the legislation actively facilitate individuals with mental disorder to exercise their capabilities, help promote human rights and protect dignity. Even following such a reform, however, it is neither practical nor realistic to expect mental health legislation alone to protect and promote all of the broader rights of individuals with mental disorder, especially social and economic rights. Some rights are better protected, and some needs better met, through social policy, mental health policy and broader societal awareness and reform.
A doubly localized equilibrium solution of plane Couette flow
Authors: Brand E. , Gibson J. F.
Published: June 2014

We present an equilibrium solution of plane Couette flow that is exponentially localized in both the spanwise and streamwise directions. The solution is similar in size and structure to previously computed turbulent spots and localized, chaotically wandering edge states of plane Couette flow. A linear analysis of dominant terms in the Navier–Stokes equations shows how the exponential decay rate and the wall-normal overhang profile of the streamwise tails are governed by the Reynolds number and the dominant spanwise wavenumber. Perturbations of the solution along its leading eigenfunctions cause rapid disruption of the interior roll-streak structure and formation of a turbulent spot, whose growth or decay depends on the Reynolds number and the choice of perturbation.
Electroelastic Fields Induced by Two Collinear and Energetically Consistent Cracks in a Piezoelectric Layer
Authors: Zhong X.-C. , Lee K.-Y.
Published: June 2014

Within the framework of linear piezoelectricity, the problem of two collinear electrically dielectric cracks in a piezoelectric layer is investigated under inplane electro-mechanical loadings. The energetically consistent crack-face boundary conditions are utilized to address the effects of a dielectric inside the cracks on the crack growth. The Fourier transform technique is applied to solve the boundary-value problem. Under the consideration of two-case electromechanical loadings, the electroelastic fields near the inner and outer crack tips are obtained through the Lobatto-Chebyshev collocation method. The special case of two collinear energetically consistent cracks in an infinite piezoelectric solid is analyzed and the closed-form solutions of the crack-tip electroelastic fields are further determined. Numerical results show the variations of stress intensity factors and energy release rates near the inner and outer crack tips on the applied electric fields, the geometry of cracks and the width of the piezoelectric layer in graphics. The observations reveal that the stress intensity factors are dependent not only on the adopted crack-face boundary conditions, but also on the applied mechanical loading.
CARLEMAN ESTIMATE AND UNIQUE CONTINUATION PROPERTY FOR THE LINEAR STOCHASTIC KORTEWEG–DE VRIES EQUATION
Authors: GAO PENG
Published: June 2014

In this paper, we obtain the well posedness of the linear stochastic Korteweg–de Vries equation by the Galerkin method, and then establish the Carleman estimate, leading to the unique continuation property (UCP) for the linear stochastic Korteweg–de Vries equation. This UCP cannot be obtained from the classical Holmgren uniqueness theorem.
DOMINATION BY POSITIVE WEAK DUNFORD–PETTIS OPERATORS ON BANACH LATTICES
Authors: CHEN JIN XI , CHEN ZI LI , JI GUO XING
Published: June 2014

Recently, H’michane et al. [‘On the class of limited operators’, Acta Math. Sci. (submitted)] introduced the class of weak$^*$ Dunford–Pettis operators on Banach spaces, that is, operators which send weakly compact sets onto limited sets. In this paper, the domination problem for weak$^*$ Dunford–Pettis operators is considered. Let $S, T:E\to F$ be two positive operators between Banach lattices $E$ and $F$ such that $0\leq S\leq T$. We show that if $T$ is a weak$^{*}$ Dunford–Pettis operator and $F$ is $\sigma $-Dedekind complete, then $S$ itself is weak$^*$ Dunford–Pettis.
Majorities and Minarets: Religious Freedom and Public Space
Authors: Miller David
Published: June 2014

The problem raised when democratic majorities take decisions that impose restrictions on religious minorities may be avoided through ‘the strategy of privatization’, but not when the issue is the character of public space. This article considers a challenging case: the Swiss referendum decision to ban any future construction of Islamic minarets. It examines two grounds for opposition: the human right to freedom of religion, and the liberal principle of equal treatment of cultures. It argues that the human right is too limited, and that the equal treatment principle can be trumped by considerations of national identity when public space is involved. Nevertheless, the content of that identity and its public expression must remain open to democratic deliberation, and the Swiss decision can be faulted on those grounds.
Seasonal migration ofCnaphalocrocis medinalis(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) over the Bohai Sea in northern China
Authors: Fu X.-W. , Li C. , Feng H.-Q. , Liu Z.-F. , Chapman J.W. , Reynolds D.R. , Wu K.-M.
Published: June 2014

The rice leaf roller,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée), is a serious insect pest of rice with a strong migratory ability. Previous studies on the migration ofC. medinaliswere mostly carried out in tropical or subtropical regions, however, and what the pattern of seasonal movements this species exhibits in temperate regions (i.e. Northern China, where they cannot overwinter) remains unknown. Here we present data from an 11-year study of this species made by searchlight trapping on Beihuang Island (BH, 38°24′N; 120°55′E) in the centre of the Bohai Strait, which provides direct evidence thatC. medinalisregularly migrates across this sea into northeastern agricultural region of China, and to take advantage of the abundant food resources there during the summer season. There was considerable seasonal variation in number ofC. medinalistrapped on BH, and the migration period during 2003–2013 ranged from 72 to 122 days. Some females trapped in June and July showed a relatively higher proportion of mated and a degree of ovarian development suggesting that the migration of this species is not completely bound by the ‘oogenesis-flight syndrome’. These findings revealed a new route forC. medinalismovements to and from Northeastern China, which will help us develop more effective management strategies against this pest.
The mammary gland in small ruminants: major morphological and functional events underlying milk production – a review
Authors: Lérias Joana R , Hernández-Castellano Lorenzo E , Suárez-Trujillo Aridany , Castro Noemí , Pourlis Aris , Almeida André M
Published: June 2014

The importance of small ruminants to the dairy industry has increased in recent years, especially in developing countries, where it has a high economic and social impact. Interestingly and despite the fact that the mammary gland is the specialised milk production organ, very few authors studied the modifications occurring in the mammary gland through the lactation period in production animals, particularly in the small ruminants, sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus). Nevertheless, understanding the different mammary gland patterns throughout lactation is essential to improve dairy production. In addition, associating these patterns with different milking frequencies, lactation number or different diets is also of high importance, directly affecting the dairy industry. The mammary gland is commonly composed of parenchyma and stroma, which includes the ductal system, with individual proportions of each changing during the different periods and yields in a lactation cycle. Indeed, during late gestation, as well as during early to mid-lactation, mammary gland expansion occurs, with an increase in the number of epithelial cells and lumen area, which leads to increment of the parenchyma tissue, as well as a reduction of stroma, corresponding macroscopically to the increase in mammary gland volume. Throughout late lactation, the mammary gland volume decreases owing to the regression of the secretory structure. In general, common mammary gland patterns have been shown for both goats and sheep throughout the several lactation stages, although the number of studies is limited. The main objective of this manuscript is to review the colostrogenesis and lactogenesis processes as well as to highlight the mammary gland morphological patterns underlying milk production during the lactation cycle for small ruminants, and to describe potential differences between goats and sheep, hence contributing to a better description of mammary gland development during lactation for these two poorly studied species.
The categories of Modern Irish verbal inflection
Authors: ACQUAVIVA PAOLO
Published: June 2014

This paper sets out to identify the categories underlying Irish verbal inflection and to explain why they have their observed morphological and semantic properties. Assuming that the semantic range of a tense is a function of the whole clause, it derives the tenses of Irish from three syntactic features. Their basic value and position in the clause, along with that of other independently justified formatives, determines the attested range of interpretations for each tense, while the way they are spelled out determines the observed morphological patterns. Since the analysis of verbal categories is based on their syntactic realization, the same explanation accounts for the paradigmatic structure of Irish conjugation and for various syntagmatic phenomena of contextual allomorphy. A language-specific investigation thus claims a broader theoretical significance as an exploration of the interconnected workings of syntax, morphology, and semantics.
The microbiota and helminths: sharing the same niche in the human host
Authors: GLENDINNING LAURA , NAUSCH NORMAN , FREE ANDREW , TAYLOR DAVID W. , MUTAPI FRANCISCA
Published: June 2014

Human gastrointestinal bacteria often share their environment with parasitic worms, allowing physical and physiological interaction between the two groups. Such associations have the potential to affect host health as well as the bacterial and helminth populations. Although still in its early stages, research on the interaction between the microbiome and parasitic helminths in humans offers the potential to improve health by manipulating the microbiome. Previously, supplementation with various nutritional compounds has been found to increase the abundance of potentially beneficial gut commensal bacteria. Thus, nutritional microbiome manipulation to produce an environment which may decrease malnutrition associated with helminth infection and/or aid host recovery from disease is conceivable. This review discusses the influence of the gut microbiota and helminths on host nutrition and immunity and the subsequent effects on the human host's overall health. It also discusses changes occurring in the microbiota upon helminth infections and the underlying mechanisms leading to these changes. There are still significant knowledge gaps which need to be filled before meaningful progress can be made in translating knowledge from studying the human gut microbiome into therapeutic strategies. Ultimately this review aims to discuss our current knowledge as well as highlight areas requiring further investigation.
Optimization of kinematic redundancy and workspace analysis of a dual-arm cam-lock robot
Authors: Jouybari Behnoush Rezaeian , Osgouie Kambiz Ghaemi , Meghdari Ali
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the problem of obtaining the optimal trajectory of a Dual-Arm Cam-Lock (DACL) robot is addressed. The DACL robot is a reconfigurable manipulator consisting of two cooperative arms, which may act separately. These may also be cam-locked in each other in some links and thus lose some degrees of freedom while gaining higher structural stiffness. This will also decrease their workspace volume. It is aimed to obtain the optimal configuration of the robot and the optimal joint trajectories to minimize the consumed energy for following a specific task space path. The Pontryagin's Minimum Principle is utilized with a shooting method to resolve kinematic redundancy. Numerical examples are investigated to show optimal trajectories in different cam-locked configurations, and the final decision is made based on a selection table of the computed performance indices.
Influence of age, severity of infection, and co-infection on the duration of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) shedding
Authors: MUNYWOKI P. K. , KOECH D. C. , AGOTI C. N. , KIBIRIGE N. , KIPKOECH J. , CANE P. A. , MEDLEY G. F. , NOKES D. J.
Published: June 2014

RSV is the most important viral cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children worldwide and has been associated with significant disease burden. With the renewed interest in RSV vaccines, we provide realistic estimates on duration, and influencing factors on RSV shedding which are required to better understand the impact of vaccination on the virus transmission dynamics. The data arise from a prospective study of 47 households (493 individuals) in rural Kenya, followed through a 6-month period of an RSV seasonal outbreak. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs were collected twice each week from all household members, irrespective of symptoms, and tested for RSV by multiplex PCR. The RSV G gene was sequenced. A total of 205 RSV infection episodes were detected in 179 individuals from 40 different households. The infection data were interval censored and assuming a random event time between observations, the average duration of virus shedding was 11·2 (95% confidence interval 10·1–12·3) days. The shedding durations were longer than previous estimates (3·9–7·4 days) based on immunofluorescence antigen detection or viral culture, and were shown to be strongly associated with age, severity of infection, and revealed potential interaction with other respiratory viruses. These findings are key to our understanding of the spread of this important virus and are relevant in the design of control programmes.
Epidemiological survey of the first case of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Europe
Authors: FRIÃES A. , RESINA C. , MANUEL V. , LITO L. , RAMIREZ M. , MELO-CRISTINO J.
Published: June 2014

We report on the follow-up and epidemiological study triggered by the isolation of the first vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) detected in Europe. The patient and 53 close contacts were screened for S. aureus colonization and all isolates recovered were characterized by multiple molecular typing methods. The VRSA remained confined to the infected foot of the patient and was not detected in any of the close contacts. Nasal colonization with S. aureus was detected in 20 subjects, of whom 15 carried methicilin-susceptible isolates with the remaining five harbouring methicilin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The majority of the isolates belonged to clones that have been previously shown to be prevalent in Portugal, both in the hospital setting and in the community. Only one isolate, an MRSA, was closely related to the VRSA. Like most of the characterized VRSA isolates from other countries, the VRSA isolated in Portugal belonged to clonal complex (CC) 5. Despite the absence of VRSA dissemination, the recent increase in the incidence of lineages belonging to CC5 in some European countries, including Portugal, may result in more frequent opportunities for the emergence of VRSA.
Efficacy of levomilnacipran extended-release in major depressive disorder: pooled analysis of 5 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials
Authors: Montgomery Stuart A. , Gommoll Carl P. , Chen Changzheng , Greenberg William M.
Published: June 2014

Introduction/Objective

Post hoc analyses were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of levomilnacipran extended-release (ER) in subgroups of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

Data were pooled from 5 completed Phase II/III studies. Patients were categorized by sex, age, MDD duration, recurrence of MDD, current episode duration, number of prior episodes, and baseline Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score. Efficacy was evaluated by MADRS least squares (LS) mean change from baseline, response (MADRS improvement ≥50%), and remission (MADRS ≤10).

Results

In the pooled population, treatment with levomilnacipran ER versus placebo resulted in greater improvement in MADRS score (−15.8 versus −12.9; LS mean difference, −2.9; P < .001) and higher response rates (44.7% versus 34.5%; P < .001). Comparable treatment effects were found in most subgroups. Remission rates in the overall population were higher for levomilnacipran ER versus placebo (27.7% versus 21.5%; P < .05); notably high remission rates were seen in patients with baseline MADRS score < 30 (48.8% versus 28.9%; P < .001).

Discussion

Clinically meaningful improvements in depressive symptoms were found across subgroups, including statistically significant outcomes for both response and remission.

Conclusion

Levomilnacipran ER was efficacious across a wide range of MDD patients, including men and women, ages 18–78, with varying histories and symptom severity.
Twenty years on …
Authors: Hartwick John M.
Published: June 2014

The Nobel Prize Committee for Economics has been pretty good about drawing attention to innovative developments in economics since 1969, but in the past 20 years only one prize has been awarded for work that had a strong natural resources dimension, namely that on ad hoc cooperative solutions to the management of common property resources (Elinor Ostrom, University of Indiana). At least three Peace Prizes have been awarded for contributions to issues in conservation and the environment (Al Gore, the IPCC, and Wangari Maathai in Kenya for a tree-planting campaign). Toronto's Globe and Mail newspaper speculated in October 2012 that William Nordhaus would win the prize in economics, probably for his simulation model of economic growth and global warming (an Integrated Assessment Model). But to date only Ms Ostrom has been awarded the Economics Prize for essentially environmental economics. Thomas Schelling has circled back to environmental issues in his research over the years and was awarded the prize in economics, but it was for his contributions to game theory that he was singled out. Ronald Coase (Economics Nobel winner) focused the attention of economists on possible ‘markets’ for externalities, among other things, but few would refer to him as an environmental economist. Robert Solow set out the basic model of economic sustainability but again his prize was for other contributions. Observers in Stockholm and Oslo have thus made known their concern for environmental issues but have remained fairly agnostic about the significance of work by resource and environmental economists on such issues.
Contribution of development and environmental economics to national policy and development: the case of China
Authors: Xu Jintao
Published: June 2014

Development and environmental policies have accompanied China's economic growth progress, and played significant roles in the process. The economic field in China has experienced its own growth and transition process. Over more than three decades of economic reform and transition, Chinese economists have learnt from the West, from similar countries undergoing economic reform and transition and, more importantly, from the lessons and experiences in China's unique reform process, and have grown to be an increasingly strong force behind policy change and national development. The following are two examples of policy interactions between economists and policy makers that made an identifiable difference.