bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulatory volume increase in astrocytes exposed to hypertonic medium requires β1‐adrenergic Na+/K+‐ATPase stimulation and glycogenolysis
Authors: Song Dan , Xu Junnan , Hertz Leif , Peng Liang
Published: August 2014

The cotransporter of Na+, K+, 2Cl–, and water, NKKC1, is activated under two conditions in the brain, exposure to highly elevated extracellular K+ concentrations, causing astrocytic swelling, and regulatory volume increase in cells shrunk in response to exposure to hypertonic medium. NKCC1‐mediated transport occurs as secondary active transport driven by Na+/K+‐ATPase activity, which establishes a favorable ratio for NKCC1 operation between extracellular and intracellular products of the concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl– × Cl–. In the adult brain, astrocytes are the main target for NKCC1 stimulation, and their Na+/K+‐ATPase activity is stimulated by elevated K+ or the β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Extracellular K+ concentration is normal during regulatory volume increase, so this study investigated whether the volume increase occurred faster in the presence of isoproterenol. Measurement of cell volume via live cell microscopic imaging fluorescence to record fluorescence intensity of calcein showed that this was the case at isoproterenol concentrations of ≥1 µM in well‐differentiated mouse astrocyte cultures incubated in isotonic medium with 100 mM sucrose added. This stimulation was abolished by the β1‐adrenergic antagonist betaxolol, but not by ICI118551, a β2‐adrenergic antagonist. A large part of the β1‐adrenergic signaling pathway in astrocytes is known. Inhibitors of this pathway as well as the glycogenolysis inhibitor 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐D‐arabinitol hydrochloride and the NKCC1 inhibitors bumetanide and furosemide abolished stimulation by isoproterenol, and it was weakened by the Na+/K+‐ATPase inhibitor ouabain. These observations are of physiological relevance because extracellular hypertonicity occurs during intense neuronal activity. This might trigger a regulatory volume increase, associated with the post‐excitatory undershoot. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of the usefulness of particle size distribution measured by laser diffraction for soil water retention modelling
Authors: Lamorski Krzysztof , Bieganowski Andrzej , Ryżak Magdalena , Sochan Agata , Sławiński Cezary , Stelmach Wioleta
Published: August 2014

Particle size distribution (PSD) is a major soil characteristic, which is essential and commonly used for the development of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate the water retention of soils. The laser diffraction method (LDM) became a popular alternative to the standard sieve‐hydrometer method (SHM) of PSD measurement. Unfortunately, PSDs determined with LDM and SHM methods differ sometimes substantially. Moreover, it is claimed that the laser diffraction method underestimates finer fractions in favor of coarser fractions. Several authors have tried to elaborate on methods to recalculate LDM PSD into its SHM counterparts, but no universal methodology has been developed to this date. In this paper, we use PSD determined by LDM directly for PTF development and compare it with the classical PTF approach based on PSD measured by SHM. Four different PTF models based on LDM particle size distribution data were developed, with different PSD characteristics taken as the models' input variables. The possibility of using alternative PSD characteristics, such as deciles, area moment mean and volume moment mean, for PTF development was examined. The accuracy of PTF models constructed on the basis of LDM‐measured PSD was comparable with that of the developed models using texture data obtained from SHM, giving approximately the same RMSE and R2 values. Our study shows that LDM‐measured particle size distribution may be directly used for PTF developments without any recalculations to their sieve‐hydrometer counterparts.
Techniques to measure sorption and migration between small molecules and packaging. A critical review
Authors: Kadam Ashish A , Karbowiak Thomas , Voilley Andrée , Debeaufort Frédéric
Published: August 2014

The mass transfer parameters diffusion and sorption in food and packaging or between them are the key parameters for assessing a food product's shelf‐life in reference to consumer safety. This has become of paramount importance owing to the legislations set by the regulated markets. The technical capabilities that can be exploited for analyzing product–package interactions have been growing rapidly. Different techniques categorized according to the state of the diffusant (gas or liquid) in contact with the packaging material are emphasized in this review. Depending on the diffusant and on the analytical question under review, the different ways to study sorption and/or migration are presented and compared. Some examples have been suggested to reach the best possible choice, consisting of a single technique or a combination of different approaches. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Fungal diversity, incidence and mycotoxin contamination in grapes from two agro‐climatic Spanish regions with emphasis on Aspergillus species
Authors: García‐Cela Esther , Crespo‐Sempere Ana , Gil‐Serna Jessica , Porqueres Aleix , Marin Sonia
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Fourteen vineyards from two different agro‐climatic regions in Spain were sampled in two consecutive years in order to determinate the grape mycobiota and diversity indexes with the final aim to define the potential mycotoxigenic species from both regions and their relationship.

RESULTS

The most common fungal genera encountered were Aspergillus (30.0%), Alternaria (53.2%), Cladosporium (11.9%) and Penicillium (2.9%). Black aspergilli presence in the hotter region (south) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the northeast in both years. Among black aspergilli, A. tubingensis seemed to be the better adapted species to environmental conditions, while A. carbonarius was the main potentially ochratoxigenic species in both regions and years, owing to the most relevant percentage of ochratoxigenic isolates. Ochratoxin A (OTA)‐positive musts were only detected from southern vineyards, although contamination was always lower than 0.1 µg L−1. Finally, none of black aspergilli tested produced fumonisins (FBs) on Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA), while 63% of A. niger tested produced FB2 when inoculated on CYA20S, reaching 100% of isolates from the south.

CONCLUSION

Climate change scenarios in southern Europe point to an increase in temperature and drought. This could promote particularly adapted species such as A. niger, decreasing OTA risk, but this could lead to an increase in FB2 presence. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Prevalence of sinonasal disease in children with Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Pipolo Carlotta , Turati Federica , Cressoni Paolo , Farronato Giampietro , Angiero Francesca , Garagiola Umberto , Di Pasquale Daniele , Saibene Alberto M. , Lenzi Riccardo , Felisati Giovanni
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children and is caused by a multitude of well‐studied disorders. However, the association between JIA and/or its treatment and sinonasal inflammatory disease (SNID) has never been studied. We therefore investigated this relationship to gain more insight into burdening pathologies connected to JIA.

Study Design

Retrospective evaluation.

Methods

A retrospective evaluation according to the Lund‐Mackay score of cone‐beam computed tomography scans (CBCT) performed in 70 children affected by JIA and compared to CBCT scans of 124 healthy controls was conducted. The prevalence of sinonasal opacification and adenoid hypertrophy in patients affected with JIA was compared with findings obtained in unaffected children.

Results

JIA was significantly associated with SNID (P = .030). Of patients with JIA, 18.6% had SNID, whereas in children without JIA, only 8.1% had SNID. The odds ratio values were 5.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.90‐15.26) for treated and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.18‐4.83) for untreated JIA. No clear difference was found depending on the duration of JIA. No association was found between adenoid hypertrophy and SNID (P = .816).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that JIA patients, especially when undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, should be subjected to an ear, nose, and throat evaluation. A prospective study including clinical evaluation would be of the utmost importance to provide evidence on which to base comprehensive healthcare for these patients.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 125:291–295, 2015
Etiopathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma: Prominent theories and recent advances in biomolecular research
Authors: Kuo Chin‐Lung
Published: August 2014

Objective

To review recent biomolecular advances in etiopathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma.

Data Sources

MEDLINE via OVID (to March 2014) and PubMed (to March 2014).

Review Methods

All articles referring to etiopathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma were identified in the above databases, from which 89 articles were included in this review.

Results

The mechanisms underlying the etiopathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma remain a subject of competing hypotheses. Four theories dominate the debate, including theories of invagination, immigration, squamous metaplasia, and basal cell hyperplasia. However, no single theory has been able to explain the clinical characteristics of all cholesteatoma types: uncoordinated hyperproliferation, invasion, migration, altered differentiation, aggressiveness, and recidivism. Modern technologies have prompted a number of researchers to seek explanations at the molecular level. First, cholesteatomas could be considered an example of uncontrolled cell growth, capable of altering the balance toward cellular hyperproliferation and enhancing the capacity for invasion and osteolysis. Second, the dysregulation of cell growth control involves internal genomic or epigenetic alterations and external stimuli, which induce excessive host immune response to inflammatory and infectious processes. This comprises several complex and dynamic pathophysiologic changes that involve extracellular and intracellular signal transduction cascades.

Conclusions

This article summarizes the existing theories and provides conceptual insights into the etiopathogenesis of acquired cholesteatoma, with the aim of stimulating continued efforts to develop a nonsurgical means of treating the disorder. Laryngoscope, 125:234–240, 2015
Positively Charged Thermoresponsive Nanogels for Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Molina Maria , Giulbudagian Michael , Calderón Marcelo
Published: August 2014

Thermoresponsive nanogels (NGs) are often used as smart nanocarriers for delivering bioactive molecules. Copolymerization of monomers with different functionalities is a well‐known technique that enables the tuning of their properties. Here, the synthesis of positively charged thermoresponsive NGs is reported, based on (N‐isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAM) as a thermoresponsive monomer, 2‐dimethyl(aminoethyl) methacrylate (DMAEM) as a charged comonomer, and dendritic acrylated polyglycerol (dPG) as a macro‐crosslinker. The NGs are characterized in terms of size, Z potential, and transition temperature. In order to evaluate its potential for anticancer therapy, the encapsulation and release of anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin (DOXO) and methotrexate (MTX) are tested. A high drug loading capacity and release rate make these NGs promising nanocarriers for biomedical applications.

image
Monitoring, analysis, and correction of magnetic field fluctuations in echo planar imaging time series
Authors: Kasper Lars , Bollmann Saskia , Vannesjo S. Johanna , Gross Simon , Haeberlin Maximilian , Dietrich Benjamin E. , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

To assess the utility of concurrent magnetic field monitoring for observing and correcting for variations in k‐space trajectories and global background fields that occur in single‐shot echo planar imaging (EPI) time series as typically used in functional MRI (fMRI).

Methods

Field monitoring was performed using an array of NMR field probes operated concurrently with series of single‐shot EPI acquisitions from a static phantom. The observed fluctuations in field evolution were analyzed in terms of their temporal and spatial behavior at the field level as well as at the level of reconstructed image series. The potential to correct for such fluctuations was assessed by accounting for them upon image reconstruction. An indication of the number and relative magnitude of underlying effects was obtained via principal component analysis.

Results

Trajectory and global field variations were found to induce substantial image fluctuations. Global field fluctuations induced standard deviations in image intensity up to 31%. Fluctuations in the trajectory induced ghosting artifacts with standard deviations up to 2%. Concurrent magnetic field monitoring reduced the fluctuations in the EPI time series to a maximum of 1.2%.

Conclusion

Concurrent magnetic field monitoring holds the potential to improve the net sensitivity of fMRI by reducing signal fluctuations unrelated to brain activity. Magn Reson Med 74:396–409, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Convergence analysis of a DDFV scheme for a system describing miscible fluid flows in porous media
Authors: Chainais‐Hillairet Claire , Krell Stella , Mouton Alexandre
Published: August 2014

In this article, we prove the convergence of a discrete duality finite volume scheme for a system of partial differential equations describing miscible displacement in porous media. This system is made of two coupled equations: an anisotropic diffusion equation on the pressure and a convection‐diffusion‐dispersion equation on the concentration. We first establish some a priori estimates satisfied by the sequences of approximate solutions. Then, it yields the compactness of these sequences. Passing to the limit in the numerical scheme, we finally obtain that the limit of the sequence of approximate solutions is a weak solution to the problem under study. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 723–760, 2015
On the Effectiveness of Profile Monitoring to Enhance Functional Performance of Particleboards
Authors: Colosimo Bianca M. , Meneses Marcela , Semeraro Quirico
Published: August 2014

This paper explores connection between profile monitoring and functional performance of manufactured products. In particular, the empirical relationship between the vertical density profile of the particleboards and their functional performances (the internal bond and the surface soundness) is studied. Results based on a real case study showed that the profile shape clearly affects the final performance of the panel, and thus profile monitoring is really worth to keep the final quality of the product at its target level.

This result motivates the second objective of the paper, which consists of comparing performance of two (parametric and nonparametric) approaches for vertical density profile monitoring. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pathologic Correlation Between Liver and Portal Vein Invasion in Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Evaluating the Oncologic Rationale for the American Joint Committee on Cancer Definitions of T2 and T3 Tumors
Authors: Ito Takaaki , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Mizuno Takashi , Shimoyama Yoshie , Nagino Masato
Published: August 2014

Background

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has recommended that cancers with liver involvement be graded T2b and those with portal vein involvement be graded T3, although the value of staging as prognostic factors remains unclear. We evaluated the current definition of the T2/3 tumors for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

A total of 202 patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent hepatectomy without vascular resection were enrolled. Clinicopathologic data about invasion of the liver and the unilateral portal vein were evaluated.

Results

The liver and the unilateral portal vein were involved in 100 (49.5 %) and 38 (18.8 %) patients, respectively. The survival rates were not significantly different between patients with and without liver invasion (48.6 vs. 52.2 %, respectively, at 5 years, P = 0.157) and between patients with or without unilateral portal vein invasion (43.2 vs. 52.1 %, respectively, at 5 years, P = 0.363). The survival rate of patients with tumors staged pT2b was not significantly different from the rate of patients with pT2a (63.4 vs. 55.6 % at 5 years, P = 0.912), and the pT2b tumor patient survival rate was better than the rate of patients with pT3 (34.9 % at 5 years, P = 0.011). Using multivariate analysis, nodal metastasis (P = 0.003), positive surgical margin (P = 0.010), and Bismuth type IV tumor (P = 0.039) were identified as independent prognostic factors.

Conclusions

The liver and the unilateral portal vein are frequently involved in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. The determinants of the current AJCC T2/3 tumor classifications are rational; however, subdivision of T2 tumors may be of less clinical value.
Stochastic Population Forecasting Based on Combinations of Expert Evaluations Within the Bayesian Paradigm
Authors: Billari Francesco C. , Graziani Rebecca , Melilli Eugenio
Published: August 2014

This article suggests a procedure to derive stochastic population forecasts adopting an expert-based approach. As in previous work by Billari et al. (2012), experts are required to provide evaluations, in the form of conditional and unconditional scenarios, on summary indicators of the demographic components determining the population evolution: that is, fertility, mortality, and migration. Here, two main purposes are pursued. First, the demographic components are allowed to have some kind of dependence. Second, as a result of the existence of a body of shared information, possible correlations among experts are taken into account. In both cases, the dependence structure is not imposed by the researcher but rather is indirectly derived through the scenarios elicited from the experts. To address these issues, the method is based on a mixture model, within the so-called Supra-Bayesian approach, according to which expert evaluations are treated as data. The derived posterior distribution for the demographic indicators of interest is used as forecasting distribution, and a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is designed to approximate this posterior. This article provides the questionnaire designed by the authors to collect expert opinions. Finally, an application to the forecast of the Italian population from 2010 to 2065 is proposed.
Stromal tumor presents as a large extragastrointestinal mass in the abdominal cavity
Authors: Chou Chung‐Kai , Hsu Chia‐Yang , Chan Che‐Chang , Fen‐Yau Li Anna , Lin Han‐Chieh
Published: August 2014

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are nonepithelial neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and have been increasingly recognized in recent years. In contrast, stromal tumor outside the gastrointestinal tract is not frequently found. Here, we present a 57‐year‐old male patient who had abdominal fullness for several months. It was caused by a 23‐cm heterogeneous tumor mass that was successfully removed from the left upper abdominal cavity. The tumor adhered tightly to adjacent organs but postoperative histopathological analysis revealed no direct connection to the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, or kidneys. Immunohistochemical examination of the tumor revealed proliferative spindle‐shaped cells stained positive for CD117 and CD34 and negative for smooth muscle actin and S‐100. The patient received regular follow up. A suspected recurrent liver metastatic lesion was noted 2 years later and radiofrequency ablation of the liver tumor was performed followed by oral imatinib treatment. No tumor recurrence was detected at 3 years after radiofrequency ablation. This case reminds us that extragastrointestinal stromal tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a large heterogeneous mass is present in the abdominal cavity. The characteristics of extragastrointestinal stromal tumor are described and the literature is reviewed in this report.
Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances HIV‐1 replication in human macrophages through TLR2, JNK, and MEK1/2‐dependent upregulation of TNF‐α and IL‐6
Authors: Swaminathan Gokul , Pascual Daniel , Rival Germaine , Perales-Linares Renzo , Martin-Garcia Julio , Navas-Martin Sonia
Published: August 2014

Despite their differential cell tropisms, HIV‐1 and HCV dramatically influence disease progression in coinfected patients. Macrophages are important target cells of HIV‐1. We hypothesized that secreted HCV core protein might modulate HIV‐1 replication. We demonstrate that HCV core significantly enhances HIV‐1 replication in human macrophages by upregulating TNF‐α and IL‐6 via TLR2‐, JNK‐, and MEK1/2‐dependent pathways. Furthermore, we show that TNF‐α and IL‐6 secreted from HCV core‐treated macrophages reactivates monocytic U1 cells latently infected with HIV‐1. Our studies reveal a previously unrecognized role of HCV core by enhancing HIV‐1 infection in macrophages.
Forcing of a bottom-mounted circular cylinder by steep regular water waves at finite depth
Authors: Paulsen Bo T. , Bredmose H. , Bingham H. B. , Jacobsen N. G.
Published: August 2014

Forcing by steep regular water waves on a vertical circular cylinder at finite depth was investigated numerically by solving the two-phase incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Consistently with potential flow theory, boundary layer effects were neglected at the sea bed and at the cylinder surface, but the strong nonlinear motion of the free surface was included. The numerical model was verified and validated by grid convergence and by comparison to relevant experimental measurements. First-order convergence towards an analytical solution was demonstrated and an excellent agreement with the experimental data was found. Time-domain computations of the normalized inline force history on the cylinder were analysed as a function of dimensionless wave height, water depth and wavelength. Here the dependence on depth was weak, while an increase in wavelength or wave height both lead to the formation of secondary load cycles. Special attention was paid to this secondary load cycle and the flow features that cause it. By visual observation and a simplified analytical model it was shown that the secondary load cycle was caused by the strong nonlinear motion of the free surface which drives a return flow at the back of the cylinder following the passage of the wave crest. The numerical computations were further analysed in the frequency domain. For a representative example, the secondary load cycle was found to be associated with frequencies above the fifth- and sixth-harmonic force component. For the third-harmonic force, a good agreement with the perturbation theories of Faltinsen, Newman & Vinje (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 289, 1995, pp. 179–198) and Malenica & Molin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 302, 1995, pp. 203–229) was found. It was shown that the third-harmonic forces were estimated well by a Morison force formulation in deep water but start to deviate at decreasing depth.
Two-vortex equilibrium in the flow past a flat plate at incidence
Authors: Zannetti Luca , Gourjii Alexandre
Published: August 2014

The two-dimensional inviscid incompressible steady flow past an inclined flat plate is considered. A locus of asymmetric equilibrium configurations for vortex pairs is detected. It is shown that the flat geometry has peculiar properties compared to other geometries: (i) in order to satisfy the Kutta condition at both edges, which ensures flow regularity, the total circulation and the force acting on the plate must be zero; and (ii) the Kutta condition and the free vortex equilibrium conditions are not independent of each other. The non-existence of symmetric equilibrium configurations for an orthogonal plate is extended to more general asymmetric flows.
Entrainment in plane turbulent pure plumes
Authors: Paillat S. , Kaminski E.
Published: August 2014

Turbulent jets and plumes are commonly encountered in industrial and natural environments; they are, for example, key processes during explosive eruptions. They have been the objects of seminal works on turbulent free shear flows. Their dynamics is often described with the concept of the so-called entrainment coefficient, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\alpha $, which quantifies entrainment of ambient fluid into the turbulent flow. This key parameter is well characterized for axisymmetric jets and plumes, but data are scarcer for turbulent planar plumes and jets. The data tend to show that the Gaussian entrainment coefficient in plane pure plumes is about twice the value for plane pure jets. In order to confirm and to explain this difference, we develop a model of entrainment in turbulent plane jets and plumes taking into account the effect of buoyancy on entrainment, as a function of the shape of the velocity, buoyancy and turbulent shear stress profiles. We perform new experiments to better characterize the rate of entrainment in plane pure plumes and to constrain the values of the model parameters. Comparison between theory and experiments shows that the enhancement of entrainment in plane turbulent pure plumes relative to plane turbulent pure jets is well explained by the contribution of buoyancy.
Addendum to ‘Coherent Lagrangian vortices: the black holes of turbulence’
Authors: Haller G. , Beron-Vera F. J.
Published: August 2014

In Haller & Beron-Vera (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 731, 2013, R4) we developed a variational principle for the detection of coherent Lagrangian vortex boundaries. The solutions of this variational principle turn out to be closed null geodesics of the Lorentzian metric induced by a generalized Green–Lagrange strain tensor family. This metric interpretation implies a mathematical analogy between coherent Lagrangian vortex boundaries and photon spheres in general relativity. Here, we give an improved discussion of this analogy.
Low-dimensional dynamics of a turbulent axisymmetric wake
Authors: Rigas G. , Oxlade A. R. , Morgans A. S. , Morrison J. F.
Published: August 2014

The coherent structures of a turbulent wake generated behind a bluff three-dimensional axisymmetric body are investigated experimentally at a diameter-based Reynolds number of $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{\sim }2\times 10^5$. Proper orthogonal decomposition of base pressure measurements indicates that the most energetic coherent structures retain the structure of the symmetry-breaking laminar instabilities and are manifested as unsteady vortex shedding with azimuthal wavenumber $m={\pm }1$. In a rotating reference frame, the shedding preserves the reflectional symmetry and is linked with a reflectionally symmetric mean pressure distribution on the base. Due to a slow rotation of the symmetry plane of the turbulent wake around the axis of the body, statistical axisymmetry is recovered in the time average. The ratio of the time scales associated with the slow rotation of the symmetry plane and the vortex shedding is of order 100.
Dietary supplementation of propionylated starch to domestic cats provides propionic acid as gluconeogenic substrate potentially sparing the amino acid valine
Authors: Rochus Kristel , Cools An , Janssens Geert P. J. , Vanhaecke Lynn , Wuyts Birgitte , Lockett Trevor , Clarke Julie M. , Fievez Veerle , Hesta Myriam
Published: August 2014

In strict carnivorous domestic cats, a metabolic competition arises between the need to use amino acids for gluconeogenesis and for protein synthesis both in health and disease. The present study investigated the amino acid-sparing potential of propionic acid in cats using dietary propionylated starch (HAMSP) supplementation. A total of thirty cats were fed a homemade diet, supplemented with either HAMSP, acetylated starch (HAMSA) or celite (Control) for three adaptation weeks. Propionylated starch was hypothesised to provide propionic acid as an alternative gluconeogenic substrate to amino acids, whereas acetic acid from HAMSA would not provide any gluconeogenic benefit. Post-adaptation, a 5-d total faecal collection was carried out to calculate apparent protein digestibility coefficients. Fresh faecal and blood samples were collected to analyse fermentation endproducts and metabolites. The apparent protein digestibility coefficients did not differ between supplements (P = 0·372) and were not affected by the protein intake level (P = 0·808). Faecal propionic acid concentrations were higher in HAMSP than in HAMSA (P = 0·018) and Control (P = 0·003) groups, whereas concentrations of ammonia (P = 0·007) were higher in HAMSA than in HAMSP cats. Tendencies for or higher propionylcarnitine concentrations were observed in HAMSP compared with HAMSA (P = 0·090) and Control (P = 0·037) groups, and for tiglyl- + 3-methylcrotonylcarnitine concentrations in HAMSP as compared with Control (P = 0·028) cats. Methylmalonylcarnitine concentrations did not differ between groups (P = 0·740), but were negatively correlated with the protein intake level (r–0·459,P = 0·016). These results suggest that HAMSP cats showed more saccharolytic fermentation patterns than those supplemented with HAMSA, as well as signs of sparing of valine in cats with a sufficient protein intake.
Analytical Surveys of Stonehenge and its Immediate Environs, 2009–2013: Part 1 – the Landscape and Earthworks
Authors: Field David , Linford Neil , Barber Martyn , Anderson-Whymark Hugo , Bowden Mark , Topping Peter , Linford Paul ,   With contributions by, Abbott Marcus , Bryan Paul , Cunliffe Deborah , Hardie Caroline , Martin Louise , Payne Andy , Pearson Trevor , Small Fiona , Smith Nicky , Soutar Sharon , Winton Helen
Published: August 2014

Integrated non-invasive survey in the Stonehenge ‘triangle’, Amesbury, Wiltshire, has highlighted a number of features that have a significant bearing on the interpretation of the site. Among them are periglacial and natural topographical structures, including a chalk mound that may have influenced site development. Some geophysical anomalies are similar to the post-holes in the car park of known Mesolithic date, while others beneath the barrows to the west may point to activity contemporary with Stonehenge itself. Evidence that the ‘North Barrow’ may be earlier in the accepted sequence is presented and the difference between the eastern and western parts of the enclosure ditch highlighted, while new data relating to the Y and Z Holes and to the presence of internal banks that mirror their respective circuits is also outlined.
A high-protein formula increases colonic peptide transporter 1 activity during neonatal life in low-birth-weight piglets and disturbs barrier function later in life
Authors: Boudry Gaëlle , Rome Véronique , Perrier Cécile , Jamin Agnès , Savary Gérard , Le Huerou-Luron Isabelle
Published: August 2014

Dietary peptides are absorbed along the intestine through peptide transporter 1 (PepT-1) which is highly responsive to dietary protein level. PepT-1 is also involved in gut homeostasis, both initiating and resolving inflammation. Low-birth-weight (LBW) neonates are routinely fed a high-protein (HP) formula to enhance growth. However, the influence of this nutritional practice on PepT-1 activity is unknown. Intestinal PepT-1 activity was compared in normal-birth-weight (NBW) and LBW piglets. The effect of HP v. normal-protein (NP) formula feeding on PepT-1 activity and gut homeostasis in LBW piglets was evaluated, during the neonatal period and in adulthood. Flux of cephalexin (CFX) across the tissue mounted in Ussing chambers was used as an indicator of PepT-1 activity. CFX flux was greater in the ileum, but not jejunum or colon, of LBW than NBW piglets during the neonatal period. When LBW piglets were formula-fed, the HP formula increased colonic CFX during the 1st week of life. Later in life, intestinal CFX fluxes and barrier function were similar whether LBW pigs had been fed NP or HP formula. However, colonic permeability of HP- but not NP-fed pigs increased when luminal pH was brought to 6·0. The formyl peptide N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine conferred colonic barrier protection in HP-fed piglets. Heat shock protein 27 levels in the colonic mucosa of HP-fed LBW pigs correlated with the magnitude of response to the acidic challenge. In conclusion, feeding a HP formula enhanced colonic PepT-1 activity in LBW pig neonates and increased sensitivity of the colon to luminal stress in adulthood.
FROM THE STRANGE DEATH TO THE ODD AFTERLIFE OF LUTHERAN ENGLAND
Authors: GEHRING DAVID SCOTT
Published: August 2014

Research on the relationship between England and Protestant Germany during the sixteenth century has recently experienced a revival. A significant area of concentration for confessional interests among Lutherans a century ago, Anglo-German relations took a backseat in Reformation historiography during the twentieth century, but during the last decade or so a host of scholars in the UK, Germany, and USA have once again turned their attention to the topic. This review article surveys trends in scholarship on Reformation studies in both England and Germany before turning specifically to works considering instances of interaction, co-operation, and adaptation across the confessional and geographic divides. Gathering a considerable array of secondary materials, the article offers an overview of the merits and criticisms of previous analyses and concludes by pointing out a few areas for future inquiry.
THOMAS CHALMERS, THE ‘GODLY COMMONWEALTH’, AND CONTEMPORARY WELFARE REFORM IN BRITAIN AND THE USA
Authors: SMYTH JAMES J.
Published: August 2014

Current prescriptions for welfare reform and increased reliance on the voluntary sector often base their appeal on the lessons of history, in particular the apparent successes of Victorian philanthropy in combating ‘pauperism’. This article looks at how this message has become influential in the USA and the UK among the ruling parties of right and left through the particular prism of the neo-conservative appreciation of the work of Thomas Chalmers, the early nineteenth-century Scottish churchman and authority on poverty. The attraction of Chalmers, both to the Charity Organization Society then and neo-conservatives today, lies in the practical application of his idea of the ‘godly commonwealth’ in Glasgow and Edinburgh where voluntary effort, organized through the church, replaced the statutory obligations of the poor law. While Chalmers, and his followers, declared his ‘experiments’ to be great successes, modern Scottish historians have revealed these claims to be false and his efforts failures. Only by completely ignoring the evidence presented by this historiography and continuing to rely on Chalmers's own writings and earlier hagiographies can the neo-conservative approbation of Chalmers be sustained. Such wilful neglect raises questions both about their approach to history and their proposed remedies for tackling poverty today.
PARTING COMPANIES: THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION, COMPANY POWER, AND IMPERIAL MERCANTILISM
Authors: PETTIGREW WILLIAM A. , VAN CLEVE GEORGE W.
Published: August 2014

This article revisits the late seventeenth-century histories of two of England's most successful overseas trading monopolies, the East India and Royal African Companies. It offers the first full account of the various enforcement powers and strategies that both companies developed and stresses their unity of purpose in the seventeenth century. It assesses the complex effects that the ‘Glorious Revolution’ had on these powers and strategies, unearthing much new material about the case law for monopoly enforcement in this critical period and revising existing accounts that continue to assert the Revolution's exclusively deregulating effects and that miss crucial subtleties in the case law and related alterations in company behaviour. It asks why the two companies parted company as legal and political entities and offers an explanation that connects the fortunes of both monopoly companies to their public profile and differing constituencies in the English empire and the varying non-European political contexts in which they operated.
First report of the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus indica associated with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema yirgalemense
Authors: Ferreira T. , van Reenen C.A. , Tailliez P. , Pagès S. , Malan A.P. , Dicks L.M.T.
Published: August 2014

The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema yirgalemense is considered a promising agent in the biocontrol of insects. However, little is known about the bacteria living in symbiosis with the nematode. In this study, we have identified the only available bacterial strain (157-C) isolated from S. yirgalemense, as a member of the species Xenorhabdus indica. Identification was based on 16S rDNA, recA, dnaN, gltX, gyrB and infB gene sequence analyses. The relatedness of strain 157-C to the type strain of X. indica (DSM 17 382) was confirmed with DNA–DNA hybridization. The phenotypic characteristics of strain 157-C are similar to those described for the type strain of X. indica. This is the first report associating X. indica with S. yirgalemense.
Parasitization of juvenile edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) by the dinoflagellate, Hematodinium sp.: pathobiology, seasonality and its potential effects on commercial fisheries
Authors: SMITH AMANDA L. , HIRSCHLE LUCY , VOGAN CLAIRE L. , ROWLEY ANDREW F.
Published: August 2014

This study reports on the prevalence and severity of infections caused by the parasitic dinoflagellate, Hematodinium in juvenile edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) found in 2 intertidal survey sites (Mumbles Head and Oxwich Bay) in the Bristol Channel, UK. Crabs were assessed for the presence and severity of Hematodinium infections by the histological examination of infected tissues. Such infections were found to exhibit a seasonal trend in the 2 study areas with high numbers of animals (ca. 30%) infected in the spring to summer but with low severity. Conversely, in November only ca. 10% of crabs were infected but these animals had large numbers of parasites in their haemolymph and other tissues. At this time, the carapace and underlying tissues of infected crabs had the chalky, pinkish-orange appearance that is characteristic of this disease. Hematodinium-infected crabs ranged in size from 12 to 74 mm carapace width. Overall, it is concluded that the high prevalence of infection of juvenile crabs in this area may have implications for the sustainability of the edible crab fishery in the Bristol Channel.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for drug use disorder: a population-based follow-up and co-relative study
Authors: Sundquist J. , Ohlsson H. , Sundquist K. , Kendler K. S.
Published: August 2014

Background.

Although the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug use disorder (DUD) is well documented, it is unclear whether it is causal or results from familial confounding.

Method.

In this study we included all 551 164 individuals born in Sweden between 1991 and 1995 and used linked data from multiple nationwide registries to identify those with ADHD prior to age 15 years (1.71%). We used Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the future risk for DUD as a function of an ADHD registration and then compared the results from the entire population with the results from a co-relative design. Using the Swedish Multi-Generation Register, we identified all full-sibling, half-sibling and first-cousin pairs discordant for ADHD.

Results.

In the population sample, ADHD had a substantially increased risk for future DUD with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.34 after accounting for gender and parental education. Examining discordant cousin pairs, discordant half-siblings and discordant siblings, those with ADHD had HRs for DUD of 3.09, 2.10 and 2.38 respectively. Controlling for the number of ADHD registrations, ADHD patients with and without stimulant treatment were similarly associated with later DUD risk.

Conclusions.

ADHD diagnosed before 15 years of age was strongly related to future risk for DUD. The magnitude of this association was modestly reduced in relative pairs discordant for ADHD, suggesting that the ADHD–DUD association is partly causal and partly a result of familial confounding. We found no evidence to suggest that this association resulted from stimulant treatment.
Improving retirement outcomes: the role of resources, pre-retirement planning and transition characteristics
Authors: MURATORE ALEXA MARIE , EARL JOANNE KAA
Published: August 2014

Retirement is an inherently complex process due to the multitude of variables that influence it. The present article proposes that by combining our understanding of retirement phases (a conceptual framework) with a theory that specifies a general mechanism for retirement adaptation (a theoretical framework), we can improve how we research retirement. Accordingly, this study proposes and tests a model exploring the antecedents and consequences of the retirement process across three stages: Pre-retirement, Transition and Adaptation, using data collected from 550 Australian retirees. Multiple outcomes are explored, including adjustment, wellbeing and life satisfaction, as well as variables including planning, perception of wealth, resources and mastery. The model showed a significant influence of resources on both phases and outcomes, with mastery showing the strongest relationships of all the resources. Results suggest that outcomes in retirement may be improved by promoting retirement planning, improving exit conditions and building key resources, in particular, mastery. Overall, the model demonstrates the value of combining theory and conceptual frameworks to inform the specification of statistical models to research retirement. Research implications and alternative models are discussed.
IT STRATEGIC PLANNING IN HOSPITALS: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
Authors: Jaana Mirou , Teitelbaum Mari , Roffey Tyson
Published: August 2014

Objectives: To date, IT strategic planning has been mostly theory-based with limited information on “best practices” in this area. This study presents the process and outcomes of IT strategic planning undertaken at a pediatric hospital (PH) in Canada.

Methods: A five-stage sequential and incremental process was adopted. Various tools / approaches were used including review of existing documentation, internal survey (n = 111), fifteen interviews, and twelve workshops.

Results: IT strategic planning was informed by 230 individuals (12 percent of hospital community) and revealed consistency in the themes and concerns raised by participants (e.g., slow IT projects delivery rate, lack of understanding of IT priorities, strained communication with IT staff). Mobile and remote access to patients’ information, and an integrated EMR were identified as top priorities. The methodology and used approach revealed effective, improved internal relationships, and ensured commitment to the final IT strategic plan. Several lessons were learned including: maintaining a dynamic approach capable of adapting to the fast technology evolution; involving stakeholders and ensuring continuous communication; using effective research tools to support strategic planning; and grounding the process and final product in existing models.

Conclusions: This study contributes to the development of “best practices” in IT strategic planning, and illustrates “how” to apply the theoretical principles in this area. This is especially important as IT leaders are encouraged to integrate evidence-based management into their decision making and practices. The methodology and lessons learned may inform practitioners in other hospitals planning to engage in IT strategic planning in the future.
Influences of forest structure and landscape features on spatial variation in species composition in a palm community in central Amazonia
Authors: Rodrigues Lilian Figueiredo , Cintra Renato , Castilho Carolina Volkmer , de Sousa Pereira Ocírio , Pimentel Tânia P.
Published: August 2014

The mechanisms that maintain palm species diversity in tropical rain forests are still debated. Spatial variation in forest structure produces small-scale environmental heterogeneity, which in turn can affect plant survival and reproductive performance. An understanding of how palms respond to variation in forest heterogeneity may help to explain the diversity and structure of their assemblages. We used multivariate ordination statistics and multiple linear models to analyse how palm assemblages are affected by forest structure and landscape features in central Amazonia. In 72 (250×4 m) forest plots distributed over an area of 64 km2, we recorded all seedling and adult palms, and measured topographic and soil variables, and components of forest structure and tree abundance. We found 16976 adults and 18935 seedlings of 46 palm species and five varieties including two morphological forms making a total of 50 botanical entities. Results show that landscape features (altitude, slope, proportions of soil sand and clay) and various components of forest structure (such as degree of forest openness, abundance of forest trees, logs and snags, and leaf litter mass), influence spatial variation in richness, abundance and species composition of palms, creating ecological gradients in palm community composition. Despite the statistically significant effects of environmental variables, most species occurred throughout the full range of the ecological gradients we studied, indicating that there is either relatively weak niche specialization in the palms, or that the competition between the species is mediated by diffuse demographic processes that cannot be evaluated only through studies of species distributions.
Use of linked electronic health records to assess mortality and length of stay associated with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 at a UK teaching hospital
Authors: Smith C. , Curran M. D. , Roddick I. , Reacher M.
Published: August 2014

Effective use of data linkage is becoming an increasingly important focus in the new healthcare system in England. We linked data from the results of a multiplex PCR assay for respiratory viruses for a population of 230 inpatients at a UK teaching hospital with their patient administrative system records in order to compare the mortality and length of stay of patients who tested positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with those positive for another influenza A virus. The results indicated a reduced risk of death among influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 patients compared to other influenza A strains, with an adjusted risk ratio of 0·25 (95% confidence interval 0·08–0·75,P = 0·01), while no significant differences were found between the lengths of stay in the hospital for these two groups. Further development of such methods to link hospital data in a routine fashion could provide a rapid means of gaining epidemiological insights into emerging infectious diseases.
Treating the violent patient with psychosis or impulsivity utilizing antipsychotic polypharmacy and high-dose monotherapy
Authors: Morrissette Debbi A. , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: August 2014

Insufficient treatment of psychosis often manifests as violent and aggressive behaviors that are dangerous to the patient and others, and that warrant treatment strategies which are not considered first-line, evidence-based practices. Such treatment strategies include both antipsychotic polypharmacy (simultaneous use of 2 antipsychotics) and high-dose antipsychotic monotherapy. Here we discuss the hypothesized neurobiological substrates of various types of violence and aggression, as well as providing arguments for the use of antipsychotic polypharmacy and high-dose monotherapy to target dysfunctional neurocircuitry in the subpopulation of patients that is treatment-resistant, violent, and aggressive. In this review, we focus primarily on the data supporting the use of second-generation, atypical antipsychotics both at high doses and in combination with other antipsychotics.