bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and simulation of cavity and piezoelectric material structure in segmented doubly clamped piezoelectric energy harvester
Authors: Saxena Shradha , Dwivedi Rakesh Kumar , Khare Vijay
Published: May 2022

In view of providing consistent power to remotely situated microelectronic devices, this paper proposes a full‐length cavity‐based novel segmented doubly clamped piezoelectric energy harvester (DCPEH). The paper starts with the analysis of different possible configurations of segmented DCPEH beam corresponding to single, double, and triple cavity systems involvement. It has been observed that for full‐length single cavity involvement, the segmented DCPEH beam is resonate at minimum value (70 Hz) of resonance frequency. However, the observed value of output power response (76 mW) at such low resonant frequency is not so appropriate. Therefore, the performance of full‐length cavity‐based segmented DCPEH beam has been further investigated for series and parallel composite structural design of PMN‐35%PT (M1) and PZT‐5H (M2) piezoelectric materials. The improved value of output power (313 mW) response at low (68.8 Hz) resonant frequency has been achieved with M2‐M1 series composite form of piezoelectric materials.
Performance analysis of 5G heterogeneous networks under the impact of aggregate interference over Nakagami‐m fading channels
Authors: Abidrabbu Areen M. , Al‐Mistarihi Mamoun F.
Published: May 2022

Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), which consist of ultra‐dense femtocell networks underlaid by traditional homogenous macrocell networks, are a promising option for the exceedingly high data rate demands of upcoming 5G communications. The densely deployed femtocells in cochannel mode cause severe interference because of the short distances between cochannel cells, which is the main challenge for femtocell deployment in HetNets. The HetNets are modeled based on stochastic geometry, which is assumed to distribute the interfering nodes as a point process. Specifically, in this article, a homogeneous Poisson point process is used to model the random distribution of macrocell users and femtocell base stations. Based on the complementary cumulative distribution function of the received signal to interference ratio at the macrocell base stations and femtocells, closed‐form expressions are derived for the outage probability. Further, closed‐form expressions are derived for the network throughput and energy efficiency of femtocells. Finally, theoretical and simulation results are discussed for the derived expressions under different system parameters.
The Western Cameroon Highland margin: Is there any geomorphometric evidence of active tectonics?
Authors: Nsangou Ngapna Moussa , Owona Sébastien , Balla Ateba Christian , Mboudou Germain Marie Monespérance , Wabo Defo Pascal Landry
Published: May 2022

The Western Cameroon Highland margin (WCHM) within the West African margin displays an uneven high relief. Its evolutionary model in vogue suggests the tectonic activity of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). An evident question in this regard is whether there is any geomorphometric evidence in support of what is this widespread view? We evaluate this question using field controls and geomorphometric indices of active tectonics derived for 13 main river basins with the help of digital elevation model (DEM)‐30 m data. The WCHM is developed on Proterozoic granite‐gneissic basement and the Cretaceous to Recent volcano‐sedimentary cover and was affected by regional active tectonic features. It is marked by transient signs of different landscape evolutionary stages recorded by the relief and drainage network; shown by gradual adjustment of rivers to equilibrium stages; and cautioned by a greatest variation of DEM‐based geomorphic indices. These indices, hypsometric integral (HI = 0.10–0.35), topography relief (TR = 595–2,710), topography dissection (TD = 114–829), valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf arg = 0.61–14.91), transverse topographic symmetric factor (T‐index = 0.18–0.49), and basin asymmetric factor (AF = 1.08–24.37) highlight elevated and roughness character of that margin, from the Benue Trough and culminating to the CVL. River longitudinal profiles reveal variably and deeply incised WCHM by the drainage network, reinforced by ongoing tectonic activities. Knickpoints (Kps), stream length‐gradient (SL), uplift (U = 1.17–2.0), and a variety of normalized steepness (Ksn = 11.63–635.16) evidence the diversity and preeminent tectonic controls. The above results show that the WCHM is widely considered to be the consequence of the mantle dynamisms and regional tectonics since Proterozoic, the CVL activities, and the erosional processes.
In the name of national security: Foreign takeover protection and firm innovation efficiency
Authors: Shi Wei , Li Boshuo
Published: May 2022

Research Summary

This study investigates the influence of foreign takeover protection triggered by investment‐related national security screening laws and regulations on firm innovation efficiency. Drawing on agency theory, we argue that an increase in foreign takeover protection can lead to a reduction in innovation efficiency—the amount of innovation output relative to innovation input—by encouraging managerial entrenchment that can result in ineffective allocation and use of R&D resources. Such effects are weaker in the presence of monitoring from external governance actors—dedicated institutional investors and financial analysts. Using the enactment of the Foreign Investment and National Security Act in the United States as our empirical context, we find support for our arguments.

Managerial Summary

Many countries have enacted investment‐related national security screening laws and regulations to protect domestic high‐tech firms from foreign acquisitions. Although the goal of these laws and regulations is to retain the country's leadership position in global innovation, it may unintendedly lead to a reduction in firm innovation efficiency—the effectiveness in transforming innovation input to output—by encouraging managerial entrenchment that can give rise to ineffective allocation and use of R&D resources. Such effect is weaker when other external governance actors, such as dedicated institutional investors and financial analysts, impose stronger monitoring on managers. Our arguments are supported by empirical analyses in the context of the enactment of the Foreign Investment and National Security Act in the United States.
Phase Ib study of anlotinib combined with TQB2450 in pretreated advanced biliary tract cancer and biomarker analysis
Authors: Zhou Jun , Sun Yongkun , Zhang Wen , Yuan Jiajia , Peng Zhi , Wang Wei , Gong Jifang , Yang Lin , Cao Yanshuo , Zhao Hong , Chen Chao , Wang Weifeng , Shen Lin , Zhou Aiping
Published: May 2022

Background and Aims:

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor anlotinib plus TQB2450, a programmed death‐ligand 1 inhibitor in pretreated advanced biliary tract cancers (BTCs).

Approach and Results:

In this pooled analysis of two single‐center, phase Ib clinical trials (TQB2450‐Ib‐05 and TQB2450‐Ib‐08 trials), 66 patients with advanced BTCs who had progressed or declined or were ineligible for first‐line chemotherapy were included. With the treatment of anlotinib plus TQB2450, two patients achieved complete response, and 12 had a partial response assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1, yielding an objective response rate of 21.21%, a disease control rate (DCR) of 72.73%, and a clinical benefit rate (CBR) of 42.42%. With a median follow‐up of 19.68 months, median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 6.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.11–8.25) and 15.77 (95% CI, 10.74–19.71) months, respectively. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 64 (96.97%) patients, and the most common grade 3 or worse treatment‐related AEs included elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (7.58%), alanine aminotransferase (6.06%), and hypertension (6.06%). Patients with high tumor mutational burden (TMB; ≥5 mutations/Mbp) had a better CBR (70.8% vs. 22.2%), longer OS (14.32 vs. 9.64 months), and a trend toward longer PFS (7.03 vs. 4.06 months). Patients with kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations showed a lower CBR (12.5% vs. 58.8%) and shorter PFS (2.02 vs. 6.80 months) and OS (10.53 vs. 13.13 months).

Conclusions:

Anlotinib combined with TQB2450 showed promising efficacy and was well tolerated in advanced BTCs. KRAS mutation and high TMB might serve as predictors of treatment efficacy.
Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of adverse outcome in patients with community‐acquired pneumonia: A systematic review
Authors: Kuikel Sandip , Pathak Nibesh , Poudel Sagar , Thapa Sital , Bhattarai Shiva Lal , Chaudhary Gajendra , Pandey Kundan Raj
Published: May 2022

Background

Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the acute infection of lung tissue in an immunocompetent who acquired it from the community. Its incidence and mortality are significant and require a marker to predict the severity and mortality in these patients. Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a simple, cheap, and easy‐to‐use marker and this study describes its role in predicting the adverse outcome in patients with CAP.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were used to search for related studies on February 8, 2021. A total of 186 articles were retrieved upon detailed searching in the databases and search engines. After a series of removing duplicate articles, title and abstract screening, and full‐text review; nine articles were found eligible and included in the study. The data from each article were collected in MS Excel and the findings were summarized in this manuscript.

Results

The total number of patients analyzed in this systematic review is 3340. The mean age of the patient in the included studies ranged from 61 to 90.4 years. All studies had adverse outcomes as the endpoint of the study, which included in‐hospital mortality or intensive care unit (ICU) admission or deterioration from medium and low risk to high risk or 30 days' mortality. The prevalence of endpoint ranged from 5.8% to 44.8%. NLR with a cutoff value of more than 10 was shown to predict mortality compared to C‐reactive protein levels, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte level, Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) level, PSI class, procalcitonin, and CURB‐65 (Confusion, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, 65 years of age and older) in most of the studies.

Conclusion

NLR is a simple, easily measured yet promising marker for predicting outcomes in patients with CAP.
Mamushi bites in a kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Ando Tadasuke , Nakashima Syunsuke , Abe Satoki , Watanabe Dai , Iwasaki Kazunori , Shinohara Mayuka , Kai Tomoki , Hata Shinro , Shibuya Tadamasa , Shin Toshitaka
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Mamushi bites are the most common venomous snakebites in Japan. The clinical course of a common mamushi bite is known, and its alarming complication and cause of death are acute renal failure due to the venom. However, reports of mamushi bites in kidney transplant recipients are lacking, and the clinical course is unknown.

Case presentation

A 66‐year‐old man who was bitten by a mamushi 3 years after kidney transplantation. Similar to the course of a typical mamushi bite, his severity gradually worsened to its peak 3 days after the bite, after which he turned lightly. A sufficient amount of infusion and continued immunosuppressive drugs were used to avoid acute renal failure.

Conclusion

Even if the mamushi bite occurs in a kidney transplant recipient, the course and management may be the same as usual by continuing the immunosuppressive drugs and a sufficient amount of infusion.
Circular RNA hsa_circ_0004396 acts as a sponge of miR‐615‐5p to promote non‐small cell lung cancer progression and radioresistance through the upregulation of P21‐Activated Kinase 1
Authors: Li Dong , Yan Lin , Zhang Junhan , Gu Feng
Published: May 2022

Backgrounds

CircRNA hsa_circ_0004396 has been confirmed to be upregulated in human non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of his study was to evaluate its mechanism in the radioresistance and progression of NSCLC.

Methods

Hsa_circ_0004396, miR‐615‐5p, and P21‐Activated Kinase 1 (PAK1) were measured by reverse transcription quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). The binding between miR‐615‐5p and hsa_circ_0004396 or PAK1 was predicted by circinteractome or Targetscan, as verified by dual‐luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay. Proliferation, clonogenicity capacity, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed by CCK‐8, colony formation, flow cytometry, and Transwell assay. Bcl‐2, Bcl‐2 associated protein X (Bax), MMP‐2, and PAK1 protein levels were detected using western blot assay. In addition, in vivo function of hsa_circ_0004396 was evaluated by tumor xenograft assay.

Results

Hsa_circ_0004396 and PAK1 levels were upregulated, while miR‐615‐5p was declined in NSCLC. Hsa_circ_0004396 silencing inhibited NSCLC cell malignant behavior and induced radiosensitivity. Hsa_circ_0004396 functions as a molecular sponge of miR‐615‐5p to regulate PAK1 expression. Moreover, hsa_circ_0004396 knockdown inhibited NSCLC tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that hsa_circ_0004396 promoted NSCLC development and radioresistance through the miR‐615‐5p/PAK1 axis, which might provide a new therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.
Beautify the blurry self: Low self‐concept clarity increases appearance management
Authors: Wang Jiaqian , Yu Yiqi
Published: May 2022

The current research examines how and why self‐concept clarity (i.e., having self‐aspects that are integrated into a well‐defined whole) shapes consumers' appearance management behaviors. Five (including four pre‐registered) studies and one supplemental study provide correlational and causal evidence for the link between low self‐concept clarity and appearance management (e.g., choice of appearance‐enhancing products, interest in cosmetic procedures, and beauty filters). Furthermore, we demonstrate that public self‐consciousness mediates this effect (Studies 3–4). We also find convergent process‐by‐moderation evidence that low self‐concept clarity increases appearance management only when the appearance management behavior is perceived to be socially acceptable (Study 5). In addition, we rule out global and appearance self‐esteem, private self‐consciousness, self‐improvement, and mood management as potential mechanisms. This research extends the literature on self‐concept, impression management, and appearance management and yields implications for beauty marketing, health communication, and consumer well‐being.
What servicizing demands of a company: The need for inter‐functional coordination
Authors: Mutha Akshay , Bansal Saurabh , Guide V. Daniel R.
Published: May 2022

OEMs of capital‐intensive products are increasingly servicizing their business model, that is, they lease the product to the customer while selling the service. This has led to the forward and reverse flow of products and information between the OEMs and customers. The standard practices and processes of the traditional sell‐a‐product model do not apply to the servicizing business model. We draw upon our experience with two servicizing OEMs and highlight the inter‐functional coordination and development of new business processes needed for OEMs to successfully manage the transition from selling the product to selling the service. Specifically, we discuss the interconnected nature of the business strategy, product development, supply chain, and accounting and finance functions in managing a servicizing business model. Along with close coordination in the strategic dimensions, OEMs also need to make changes in their operational processes to manage the return flow of multiple usecycle products to profitably remanufacture them and re‐lease to customers. When operational changes are implemented correctly, the servicizing model also offers several benefits that are not present in the traditional sell‐a‐product business model.
Apoptotic extracellular vesicles alleviate Pg‐LPS induced inflammatory responses of macrophages via AMPK/SIRT1/NF‐κB pathway and inhibit osteoclast formation
Authors: Ye Qingyuan , Xu Haokun , Liu Shiyu , Li Zihan , Zhou Jun , Ding Feng , Zhang Xige , Wang Yazheng , Jin Yan , Wang Qintao
Published: May 2022

Background

Periodontitis is caused by the imbalance of anti‐bacteria immune response and excessive inflammation whereas macrophages play an important role in inflammation. Thus, it is critical for finding efficient anti‐inflammatory strategies to alleviate periodontal inflammation and prevent bone destruction. Apoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exerts immune silencing effects, however, using these effects to develop anti‐inflammatory strategies remains unknown. In our study, we extracted apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs) from bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs) and found ApoEVs inhibited macrophages polarizing into proinflammatory condition via AMPK/SIRT1/NF‐κB pathway. Besides that, we also found ApoEVs inhibited adjacent osteoclast formation by suppressing the secretion of TNF‐α of proinflammatory macrophages.

Methods

BMMSCs derived ApoEVs were extracted by gradient centrifugation. Protein expression level and secreted cytokines of ApoEVs treated macrophages were examined by western blot and ELISA, respectively. Besides, the change of NF‐κB pathway and related molecules were examined by immunofluorescence and western blot. The osteoclast formation under the different conditioned mediums from macrophages was measured by TRAP staining, MMP‐9 expression, and pit assay.

Results

ApoEVs were extracted from staurosporine‐induced apoptotic BMMSCs and were in sphere shapes whose diameters are between 100 and 1000 nm. ApoEVs could be phagocyted by macrophages and in turn reduce the expression of COX2 in proinflammatory macrophages. Besides that, ApoEVs suppressed the secretions of TNF‐α and IL‐6 while elevating the secretion of IL‐10 in a dose‐dependent manner. Further studies revealed that ApoEVs inhibited macrophages polarizing into proinflammatory phenotypes via AMPK/SIRT1/NF‐κB pathway. In addition, ApoEVs inhibited osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption measured by TRAP staining, MMP‐9 expression, and pit resorption area by downregulating the secretion of TNF‐α of proinflammatory macrophages.

Conclusions

The results suggest that ApoEVs inhibited macrophages to skew into proinflammatory phenotypes via AMPK/SIRT1/NF‐κB pathway and suppress adjacent osteoclasts formation by reducing the secretion of TNF‐α. Our findings shed a light on the treatment for periodontitis based on EVs therapy.
Factors affecting sustainability‐oriented innovation in the leather supply chain
Authors: Brun Alessandro , Ciccullo Federica
Published: May 2022

A sustainability‐oriented innovation (SOI) in the leather‐making process is key for inducing a sustainable shift in the leather supply chain. Fashion is an industry that is highly vulnerable to sustainability disruptions and, at the same time, as a fertile ground for SOIs. As a result of increasing pressures from the market, several fashion brands have started to recognize the potential of SOIs to induce a positive transformation for the whole supply chain. The present paper discusses the case of a SOI in the leather industry by analyzing the perception of different actors in the leather‐accessories supply chain with three theoretical lenses. Findings suggest that focal companies should pay attention to how to manage their business relationships with supply chain actors and leverage positive and collaborative relationships rather than using coercive methods to extend sustainability along the supply chain.
Early sowing can boost grain production by reducing weed infestation in organic no‐till wheat
Authors: Ingraffia Rosolino , Amato Gaetano , Ruisi Paolo , Giambalvo Dario , Frenda Alfonso S
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Conservative tillage techniques have several agro‐ecological benefits for organic farming. The application of these techniques, however, can create quite a few challenges due to the increased weed competition. Here, we report the results of an organic field experiment in which the responses of wheat and weeds to no tillage (NT) were evaluated compared with conventional tillage (CT). We also tested the hypothesis that, under NT, moving up the sowing date, compared with using the ordinary sowing date for the study area, can result in increased competitiveness of the crop against weeds. Two wheat genotypes, a modern variety and an ancient landrace, were tested.

RESULTS

Substantial reductions in grain yield and protein content were observed in wheat under NT than under CT when the ordinary sowing date was used. This was mainly due to the considerable increase in weed biomass under NT. The tillage system also altered the composition of weed flora, with some species favored under NT and others under CT. In general, early sowing mitigated the detrimental effect of NT on yield. The two genotypes responded differently to the treatments. The early sowing in the modern variety reduced but did not eliminate the advantages of CT over NT, whereas no appreciable differences in grain yield were observed between CT and NT in the landrace.

CONCLUSION

Our results show clearly that, under organic management, using NT alone as a substitute for CT is not agronomically feasible. Moving up the sowing date and using a competitive genotype can help mitigate the negative effects of NT, but surely a more effective application of NT could be achieved by acting simultaneously on other factors of the cropping management system (e.g. crop rotation, fertilization strategy, type of seeder). © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Computational study of the reaction of C3H3 with HNCO and the decomposition of C4H4NO radicals
Authors: Nguyen Tue N. , Trang Hoang T. Tue , Nguyen Nghia T. , Pham Tien V.
Published: May 2022

Ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS(T,Q,5)//M06‐2X/aug‐cc‐pVTZ calculations have been applied to figure out the C4H4NO (isopropyl aminocarbonyl) potential energy surface (PES). The resulting energetics and molecular parameters of all species involved in the system have been then employed in the TST and RRKM/ME computations of temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent rate coefficients and product yields. The calculated results show that rate constants of the abstraction reactions C3H3 + HNCO → C3H4 + NCO are pressure‐independent while those of the addition reactions C3H3 + HNCO and the C4H4NO decomposition reactions were found to be pressure‐dependent. The calculated enthalpies of formation for species involved in the system are in good ageement with the available literature data. All the results of this work may provide a useful database source for the further study of this kind of reactions.
Effect of Methacrylic Acid in PNNPAM Microgels on the Catalytic Activity of Embedded Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Sabadasch Viktor , Fandrich Pascal , Annegarn Marco , Hellweg Thomas
Published: May 2022

Poly‐N‐n‐propylacrylamide based microgels with embedded Pd‐nanoparticles are synthesized with varying amounts (5–25 mol%) of methacrylic acid (MAc) comonomer. The microgels are characterized to investigate the influence of the comonomer content on catalytic activity of the hybrid particles. Since the acidity changes significantly upon copolymerization, the incorporated amount and apparent p Ka value of the MAc via potentiometric titration are determined. The thermoresponsive properties of the microgels are characterized by means of photon correlation spectroscopy at pH values of 4 and 10, which correspond to the protonated and deprotonated state of the acidic copolymer according to the determined p Kavalues. MAc shows tremendous influence on the thermoresponsivity of the microgels not only related to the amount of MAc but especially upon change in pH. The prepared microgel systems are subsequently loaded with palladium nanoparticles. Their catalytic activity is investigated by the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol. The catalytic degradation of the educt is monitored via UV–vis spectroscopy and the observed absorbance decay is analyzed by a pseudo‐first order kinetic. Derived reaction rate constants are normalized with respect to the surface area of the palladium nanoparticles, revealing that the charge density and hydrophilicity within the microgel template greatly affect reactivity of embedded nanoparticles.
Parabolic equations with dynamic boundary conditions and drift terms
Authors: Khoutaibi A. , Maniar L. , Mugnolo D. , Rhandi A.
Published: May 2022

The aim of this paper is to study the wellposedness and L2‐regularity, firstly for a linear heat equation with dynamic boundary conditions by using the approach of sesquilinear forms, and secondly for its backward adjoint equation using the Galerkin approximation and the extension semigroup to a negative Sobolev space.
Fraenkel Springs as an Efficient Approximation to Rods for Brownian Dynamics Simulations and Modeling of Polymer Chains
Authors: Kumar Praphul , Saha Dalal Indranil
Published: May 2022

Recent studies indicate the importance of using bead‐rod models for polymer chains, resolving to a single Kuhn step, especially in strong flows. Earlier, researchers suggested the Fene‐Fraenkel spring as a computationally efficient approximation to the rod for Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations. This analysis reveals that the Fraenkel spring is an even better alternative. The predictions from BD simulations with stiff Fraenkel springs are nearly identical to those using Fene‐Fraenkel springs and rigid rods. Significantly, such excellent agreement is obtained when the spring lengths at every time step are updated once, without any further iterations for refinement. The computational speeds for single‐step update of the spring lengths, using Fraenkel springs, is an order of magnitude faster than the usual procedure of iterating until convergence. Even when multiple iterations are allowed within each time step, the computational time remains about 20–25% lower for longer chains with Fraenkel springs than Fene‐Fraenkel springs. The merits of using highly resolved chains, using Fraenkel springs, in preaveraged models are also highlighted. The predictions of such preaveraged models agree reasonably well with BD simulations. This is particularly advantageous since the predictions for shear flows are poor, especially at higher shear rates, for well‐known models like FENE‐P.
Leicht, leichter, Neutrinos
Authors: Ellinger Enrico , Köllenberger Leonard , Schlüter Lisa
Published: May 2022

Neutrinos sind die häufigsten Materieteilchen im Universum. Aber viele ihrer Eigenschaften wie ihre Masse sind bis heute unbekannt. Das Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN) stellt nun die neuen Ergebnisse der aufwendigsten Massenbestimmung der Geschichte vor: Neutrinos sind leichter als 0,8 eV, was weniger als einem Fünfhunderttausendstel der Elektronenmasse entspricht.
Plancks „Akt der Verzweiflung“
Authors: Mecke Klaus
Published: May 2022

Wie wird wissenschaftlich über etwas geschrieben, das nicht in das Weltbild passt?
Experimental and XFEM Simulation Research on HTPB Propellant Precracks Based on Microscopic Observation and DIC
Authors: Gao Bo , Li Zhuo , Ji Yongchao
Published: May 2022

In this research, penetrating cracks with different angles were prefabricated on viscoelastic propellant material specimens. Tensile tests were carried out on a universal testing machine, microscopic observations were performed, and strain fields on specimen surface and around the crack were obtained based on digital image correlation (DIC) method. The crack propagation law of pre‐cracked specimens within 30 % strain has been studied. Microscopic images (50x magnification) of stretching process were recorded. Stress‐strain curves and tensile microscopic images of different prefabricated crack angles were obtained, finite element simulations of tensile tests were carried out by finite element method, and experimental and simulation results were compared. It was concluded that the crack propagation process of hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant could be mainly divided into three stages, namely linear, nonlinear and failure stages. DIC analysis method quantitatively determined strain field on specimen surface and intuitively showed the variation law of strain field. The feasibility of XFEM method for crack propagation in propellant materials was verified.
Recent developments in SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines: A systematic review of the current studies
Authors: Sadeghalvad Mona , Mansourabadi Amir Hossein , Noori Maryam , Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria , Masoomikarimi Masoomeh , Alimohammadi Masoumeh , Rezaei Nima
Published: May 2022

Designing and manufacturing efficient vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a major objective. In this systematic review, we aimed to evaluate the most important vaccines under construction worldwide, their efficiencies and clinical results in healthy individuals and in those with specific underlying diseases. We conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Sciences by 1 December 2021 to identify published research studies. The inclusion criteria were publications that evaluated the immune responses and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines in healthy individuals and in those with pre‐existing diseases. We also searched the VAERS database to estimate the incidence of adverse events of special interest (AESI) post COVID‐19 vaccination. Almost all investigated vaccines were well tolerated and developed good levels of both humoural and cellular responses. A protective and efficient humoural immune response develops after the second or third dose of vaccine and a longer interval (about 28 days) between the first and second injections of vaccine could induce higher antibody responses. The vaccines were less immunogenic in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with haematological malignancies. In addition, we found that venous and arterial thrombotic events, Bell's palsy, and myocarditis/pericarditis were the most common AESI. The results showed the potency of the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines to protect subjects against disease. The provision of further effective and safe vaccines is necessary in order to reach a high coverage of immunisation programs across the globe and to provide protection against infection itself.
Factor analysis of mixed data for anomaly detection
Authors: Davidow Matthew , Matteson David S.
Published: May 2022

Anomaly detection aims to identify observations that deviate from the typical pattern of data. Anomalous observations may correspond to financial fraud, health risks, or incorrectly measured data in practice. We focus on unsupervised detection and the continuous and categorical (mixed) variable case. We show that detecting anomalies in mixed data is enhanced through first embedding the data then assessing an anomaly scoring scheme. We propose a kurtosis‐weighted Factor Analysis of Mixed Data for anomaly detection to obtain a continuous embedding for anomaly scoring. We illustrate that anomalies are highly separable in the first and last few ordered dimensions of this space, and test various anomaly scoring experiments within this subspace. Results are illustrated for both simulated and real datasets, and the proposed approach is highly accurate for mixed data throughout these diverse scenarios.
Improved Renal Function in Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Patients
Authors: Yasuda Ken-ichi , Nobeyama Yoshimasa , Asahina Akihiko
Published: May 2022

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or von Recklinghausen disease, is an autosomal dominant disease that presents with various symptoms, including café-au-lait spots and neurofibromas. NF1 patients occasionally suffer from renal artery vasculopathy, which impairs renal function, while results of a previous report suggested that male NF1 patients have a low creatinine level in peripheral blood. The assessment of renal function in NF1 patients remains inadequate. In this study, renal function in NF1 was assessed. We recruited 308 patients consisting of 149 NF1 patients (77 males and 72 females) and 159 control patients (102 males and 57 females). Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and haemoglobin A1c in peripheral blood as well as protein, occult blood and sugar in urine were examined. In addition, the estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated. The mean age and body mass index did not differ significantly between the NF1 patients and controls for both sexes. For both sexes, i) the mean creatinine value was significantly lower in the NF1 patients than in the controls; ii) the mean blood urea nitrogen value did not differ significantly between the NF1 patients and controls; iii) the mean blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio was significantly higher in the NF1 patients than in the controls; iv) the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly higher in the NF1 patients than in the controls; and v) the mean haemoglobin A1c value was significantly lower in the NF1 patients than in the controls. In conclusion, NF1 patients may have improved renal function. The clinical significances should be further examined.
Ultrasound Molecular Imaging for Multiple Biomarkers by Serial Collapse of Targeting Microbubbles with Distinct Acoustic Pressures
Authors: Li Zhenzhou , Lai Manlin , Zhao Shuai , Zhou Yi , Luo Jingna , Hao Yongsheng , Xie Liting , Wang Yaru , Yan Fei
Published: May 2022

Ultrasound molecular imaging (UMI) has shown promise for assessing the expression levels of biomarkers for the early detection of various diseases. However, it remains difficult to simultaneously image multiple biomarkers in a single systemic administration, which is important for the accurate diagnosis of diseases and for understanding the dynamic intermolecular mechanisms that drive their malignant progression. The authors develop an ultrasound molecular imaging method by serial collapse of targeting microbubbles with distinct acoustic pressures for the simultaneous detection of two biomarkers. To test this, αvβ3‐targeting lipid microbubbles (L‐MBα) and VEGFR2‐targeting lipid‐PLGA microbubbles (LP‐MBv) are fabricated and simultaneously injected into tumor‐bearing mice at 7 and 14 days, followed by the low‐intensity acoustic collapse of L‐MBα and high‐intensity acoustic collapse of LP‐MBv. The UMI signals of L‐MBα and LP‐MBv are obtained by subtracting the first post‐burst signals from the first pre‐burst signals, and subtracting the second post‐burst signals from the first post‐burst signals, respectively. Interestingly, the signal intensities from UMI agree with the immunohistochemical staining results for αvβ3 and VEGFR2. Importantly, they find a better fit for the invasive behavior of MDA‐MB‐231 breast tumors by analyzing the ratio of αvβ3 integrin to VEGFR2, but not the single αvβ3 or VEGFR2 levels.
Investigation of Ordering on Oxygen‐Deficient LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4‐δ Thin Films for Boosting Electrochemical Performance in All‐Solid‐State Thin‐Film Batteries
Authors: Kim Jong Heon , Jung Ji‐Won , Cho Su‐Ho , Kim Il‐Doo , Park Yun Chang , Seo Dong‐Hwa , Kim Hyun‐Suk
Published: May 2022

All‐solid‐state thin‐film batteries (ASSTFBs) are promising next‐generation battery systems, but critical challenges such as low‐energy‐density remain. The low‐energy‐density might persist with low‐voltage cathode material; hence, high‐voltage cathode material development is required. While LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNM) has been considered a promising high‐voltage cathode material. This study investigates the electrochemical properties of LNM thin films based on the correlation between the ordering of cations (Ni and Mn) and oxygen vacancies (VO). The authors find that the cations’ order changes from a disordered structure to an ordered structure with an increased oxygen flow rate during deposition. The optimized LNM fabricated using a 60:40 ratio of Ar to O2 exhibits the highest rate capability (321.4 mAh cm−3 @ 20 C) and most prolonged cycle performance for 500 cycles. The role of VO within the LNM structure and the lower activation energy of ordered LNM compared to disordered LNM through first‐principles density functional theory calculations is elucidated. The superior electrochemical performance (276.9 mAh cm−3 @ 0.5 C) and high cyclic performance (at 93.9%, 500 cycles) are corroborated by demonstrating flexible ASSTFB cells using LiPON solid‐state electrolyte and thin‐film Li anode. This work paves the way for future research on the fabrication of high‐performance flexible ASSTFBs.
Modulation of Solvation Structure and Electrode Work Function by an Ultrathin Layer of Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity in Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Heo Jiyun , Hwang Young‐Eun , Doo Gisu , Jung Jinkwan , Shin Kyungjae , Koh Dong‐Yeun , Kim Hee‐Tak
Published: May 2022

Zinc ion batteries are promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage systems. However, they suffer from the critical problems of insufficient cycling stability due to internal short‐circuiting by zinc dendrites and zinc metal orphaning. In this work, a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐1) is reported as an ion regulating layer and an interface modulator, which promotes a uniform Zn plating and stripping process. According to spectroscopic analyses and computational calculations, PIM‐1 enhances the reaction kinetics of a Zn metal electrode by altering the solvation structure of Zn2+ ions and increasing the work function of the Zn surface. As a result, the PIM‐1 coating significantly improves the cyclability (1700 h at 0.5 mA cm−2) and Coulombic efficiency (99.6% at 3 mA cm−2) of the Zn/Zn2+ redox reaction. Moreover, the PIM‐1 coated Zn operates for more than 200 h at 70% Zn utilization even under 10 mA cm−2 and 110 h at 95% Zn utilization of the Zn metal electrode. A Zn||V2O5 full cell employing the PIM‐1 layer exhibits seven times longer cycle life compared to the cell using bare Zn. The findings in this report demonstrate the potential of microporous materials as a key ingredient in the design of reversible Zn electrodes.
Galvanic‐Cell Deposition Enables the Exposure of Bismuth Grain Boundary for Efficient Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Chen Jialei , Chen Shan , Li Youzeng , Liao Xuelong , Zhao Tete , Cheng Fangyi , Wang Huan
Published: May 2022

Metallic bismuth (Bi) holds great promise in efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into formate, yet the complicated synthetic routes and unobtrusive performance hinder the practical application. Herein, a facile galvanic‐cell deposition method is proposed for the rapid and one‐step synthesis of Bi nanodendrites. Compared to the traditional deposition method, it is found that the special galvanic‐cell configuration can promote the exposure of low‐angle grain boundaries. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, in situ characterizations and theoretical calculations indicate the electronical structures can be greatly tailored by the grain boundaries, which can facilitate the CO2 adsorption and intermediate formation. Consequently, the grain boundary‐enriched Bi nanodendrites exhibit a high selectivity toward formate with an impressively high production rate of 557.2 µmol h‐1 cm‐2 at −0.94 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which outperforms most of the state‐of‐the‐art Bi‐based electrocatalysts with longer synthesis time. This work provides a straightforward method for rapidly fabricating active Bi electrocatalysts, and explicitly reveals the critical effect of grain boundary in Bi nanostructures on CO2 reduction.
Khaya revisited: Genetic markers and morphological analysis reveal six species in the widespread taxon K. anthotheca
Authors: Bouka Gaël U.D. , Doumenge Charles , Ekué Marius R.M. , Daïnou Kasso , Florence Jacques , Degen Bernd , Loumeto Jean Joël , McKey Doyle , Hardy Olivier J.
Published: May 2022

Khaya (Meliaceae) is a widespread genus of trees distributed from the tropical forests of Africa to Madagascar and the Comoros. Khaya species are very close morphologically and some contain considerable phenotypic and ecological diversity, raising the question of their delimitation: this is the case of Khaya anthotheca s.l. (sensu lato, including K. nyasica), which is often lumped with K. grandifoliola and K. ivorensis. We tested species delimitation within K. anthotheca by combining population‐genetic and morphological data. First, a visual inspection of over a thousand specimens suggested the existence of five morphogroups. Second, after genotyping 498 samples at 71 nuclear SNPs, Bayesian clustering analyses (STRUCTURE) first identified five genetic clusters (K1–K5), while further analyses subdivided K5 into two clusters. The six genetic clusters obtained are distributed in parapatry or allopatry from West Africa to East Africa, except for cluster K4, which is in sympatry with K3 in Central Africa. The partitioning of genetic clusters is also largely congruent with the morphogroups identified. The morphological differentiation of these clusters was confirmed by statistical analyses of 27 leaf characters. The clear‐cut genetic differentiation between clusters, with few admixed genotypes even in contact zones, argues for the recognition of distinct species following the biological species concept. Our analyses highlight that the current taxonomic treatment of Khaya underestimates by one‐half the total number of species. We identify two new species, circumscribe K. anthotheca and support the rehabilitation at the rank of species of three taxa considered to be synonyms of K. anthotheca (K. agboensis, K. euryphylla, K. nyasica). These results illustrate the strength of combining population‐genetic and morphological data to delineate an African rainforest tree species complex.
A cohort study of the impact of COVID‐19 on the quality of life of people newly diagnosed with dementia and their family carers
Authors: Hicks Ben , Read Sanna , Hu Bo , Wittenberg Raphael , Grahamslaw Amanda , Karim Anomita , Martin Evelyn , Nuzum Eleanor , Reichental Jacob , Russell Alice , Siddle Elaine , Storey Bryony , Tipping Eva , Baxter Kate , Birks Yvonne , Brayne Carol , Brimblecombe Nicola , Dangoor Margaret , Dixon Josie , Gridley Kate , Harris Peter R. , Knapp Martin , Miles Eleanor , Perach Rotem , Robinson Louise , Rusted Jennifer , Stewart Rob , Thomas Alan J. , Banerjee Sube
Published: May 2022

Introduction

COVID‐19 has impacted people with dementia and their family carers, yet little is known about effects on overall quality of life.

Methods

In a UK cohort study, pre‐ and post‐pandemic data were collected from 114 carers and 93 recently diagnosed people with dementia. Latent growth curve modeling examined change in quality of life.

Results

Carers reported significant decline in quality of life, although no change was demonstrated by people with dementia. In multivariable analyses, higher levels of cognitive impairment, deprivation, study site, and lower number of memory clinic contacts were associated with greater decline in carer quality of life.

Discussion

Maintaining life quality for people with dementia during the pandemic appears to have come at the expense of their family carers. This inequity has fallen hardest on those caring for people with more severe dementia, in deprived areas, and with least support from memory services. These effects may be prevented or reversed by post‐diagnostic care.
Ethical considerations within pragmatic randomized controlled trials in dementia: Results from a literature survey
Authors: Nicholls Stuart G. , Carroll Kelly , Nix Hayden P. , Li Fan , Hey Spencer Phillips , Mitchell Susan L. , Weijer Charles , Taljaard Monica
Published: May 2022

Introduction

This review aims to describe the landscape of pragmatic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias with respect to ethical considerations.

Methods

Searches of MEDLINE were performed from January 2014 until April 2019. Extracted information included: trial setting, interventions, data collection, study population, and ethical protections (including ethics approvals, capacity assessment, and informed consent).

Results

We identified 62 eligible reports. More than two‐thirds (69%) included caregivers or health‐care professionals as research participants. Fifty‐eight (94%) explicitly identified at least one vulnerable group. Two studies did not report ethics approval. Of 57 studies in which patients were participants, 55 (96%) reported that consent was obtained but in 37 studies (67%) no mention was made regarding assessment of the patients’ capacity to consent to research participation.

Discussion

Few studies reported protections implemented when vulnerable participants were included. Shortcomings remain when reporting consent approaches and capacity assessment.
Pervasive role of the long noncoding RNA DNM3OS in development and diseases
Authors: Fellah Sandy , Larrue Romain , Truchi Marin , Vassaux Georges , Mari Bernard , Cauffiez Christelle , Pottier Nicolas
Published: May 2022

Thousands of unique noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are expressed in human cells, some are tissue or cell type specific whereas others are considered as house‐keeping molecules. Studies over the last decade have modified our perception of ncRNAs from transcriptional noise to functional regulatory transcripts that influence a variety of molecular processes such as chromatin remodeling, transcription, post‐transcriptional modifications, or signal transduction. Consequently, aberrant expression of many ncRNAs plays a causative role in the initiation and progression of various diseases. Since the identification of its developmental role, the long ncRNA DNM3OS (Dynamin 3 Opposite Strand) has attracted attention of researchers in distinct fields including oncology, fibroproliferative diseases, or bone disorders. Mechanistic studies have in particular revealed the multifaceted nature of DNM3OS and its important pathogenic role in several human disorders. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of DNM3OS functions in diseases, with an emphasis on its potential as a novel therapeutic target.

This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
FBXW2 inhibits prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis via promoting EGFR ubiquitylation and degradation
Authors: Zhou Tao , Chen Tingting , Lai Bin , Zhang Wenfeng , Luo Xi , Xia Ding , Fu Weihua , Xu Jie
Published: May 2022

FBXW2 is a poorly characterized F-box protein, as a tumor suppressor that inhibits growth and metastasis of lung cancer by promoting ubiquitylation and degradation of oncogenic proteins, including SKP2 and β-catenin. However, what the biological functions of FBXW2 in prostate cancer cells and whether FBXW2 targets other substrates to involve in progression of prostate cancer is still unclear. Here, we reported that overexpression of FBXW2 attenuated proliferation and metastasis of PCa models both in vitro and in vivo, while FBXW2 depletion exhibited the opposite effects. Intriguingly, FBXW2 was an E3 ligase for EGFR in prostate cancer. EGFR protein level and its half-life were extended by FBXW2 depletion, while EGFR protein level was decreased, and its half-life was shortened upon overexpression of FBXW2, but not its dominant-negative mutant. Importantly, FBXW2 bond to EGFR via its consensus degron motif (TSNNST), and ubiquitylated and degraded EGFR, resulting in repression of EGF function. Thus, our data uncover a novel that FBXW2 as a tumor suppressor of prostate cancer, inhibits EGFR downstream by promoting EGFR ubiquitination and degradation, resulting in repression of cell proliferation and metastasis.