bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accurate New Solutions for Fluid Sample Contamination Quantification, With Special Focus on Water Sampling in Water-Base Mud
Authors: Gisolf A. , Zuo J. , Achourov V. , Kollien T. , Foyn S. , Wang K. , Jiang L.
Published: April 2016

The role of formation testers has evolved significantly over the past decades. Early versions of this tool focused solely on obtaining pressure measurements and fluid samples. With advances in technology, the ability to measure fluid properties downhole at reservoir pressure and temperature has grown continuously. Today, formation tester downhole fluid analysis (DFA) and pressure measurements are routinely used to characterize fluids and address reservoir connectivity concerns in real time. However, quantitative use of fluid property measurements requires the user to measure—and correct for, as required—fluid contaminants caused by invaded mud filtrates. New measurements are combined with new algorithms to yield a harmonized contamination quantification solution that is applicable to all fluids and mud types.

The quantification of drilling fluid content is at its most challenging when the formation fluids and drilling mud filtrate are fully miscible. Water-base mud (WBM) filtrate contamination measurement in formation water samples is particularly challenging because formation water and WBM filtrate exhibit very similar near-infrared optical spectroscopy signatures and are therefore difficult to differentiate. Native and invaded fluid typically do have measurably different live fluid density or resistivity. However, resistivity measurements should only be used if a temperature correction is applied.

The general workflow for real-time hydrocarbon contamination quantification in oil-base mud (OBM) has been applied to water sampling in WBM, using live fluid density and resistivity measurements. First, a temperature correction is applied to the resistivity measurement and the data are converted to conductivity. Next, density- and temperature-corrected conductivity data are crossplotted and a novel linear relation is generated. The independently determined filtrate and formation water properties (endpoints) should fall on the extrapolated linear relation because this relation is intrinsic to the fluid mixture. Lastly, the fluid mixture measurements and endpoints are entered into mixing rules to calculate contamination. With this new method for quantifying water sample contamination, there is now a complete solution that is applicable to all fluid combinations. Several case studies of water sampling in WBM show the effectiveness of the new mud filtrate contamination quantification method.
Holistic Systems Analysis: A Case Study Demonstrating Simple Models Improving the Reliability of the BOP Control Equipment Ecosystem
Authors: Barker Daniel C.
Published: April 2016

Owing to their complexity and lack of system level data, subsea BOP control system design has historically focused on the component level design and analysis. When system level design and analysis is considered, it is often performed at assumed steady state conditions and without a detailed knowledge of end-user operating conditions. The interaction of multi-domain dynamically coupled systems can result in unintended system level behavior, including field performance issues and system failure. The timely resolution of these field performance issues is of critical concern as rig non-productive time (NPT) can cost operators of floating rigs in excess of USD 15 thousand per hour [1]. The current approach to resolving field performance issues typically involves replacement of the failed component or over-engineering to improve robustness at the expense of cost, weight, and efficiency. However, as the industry pushes for cost reduction and increased reliability, solutions must meet more than fit, form, and function; a holistic approach to solving field performance issues must be developed to ensure original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and operators collaborate together to treat not only the "symptoms" of equipment failure, but also address the underlying system "disease". In this work, a case study is presented of a low-order mathematical model of a hydraulic control circuit and its utility as a heuristic for rapidly testing and optimizing solutions to address field performance failures resulting from pressure transients in a real world hydraulic control circuit.

A low-order model of hydraulic control circuit was created using a multi-domain lumped parameter approach and replicated the pressure transients detailed in field performance reports, which caused repeated catastrophic failures, e.g. burst inlet/outlet piping, cracked fittings, etc., of the pressure reducing valve. The model was then subjected to a sensitivity analysis to determine dominating input variables, and through repeated iterations of potential solutions, converged to a high-confidence solution.

The high-confidence solution and technical justification from the model were presented to operators for feedback and implementation, and the field verification results are detailed in this paper. The deep system level understanding provided by the model aided in consensus building between OEM and operator. Additionally, the results of the model yielded insight to system level communication failures at the organizational level between operator and OEM.

Currently, there is a dearth of techniques for analyzing and troubleshooting field performance issues. The case study described here demonstrates the value of new technological tools for understanding system failures and developing solutions to minimize rig NPT.
Lula NE Pilot Project - An Ultra-Deep Success in the Brazilian Pre-Salt
Authors: de Moraes Cruz Rafael Oscar , Rosa Marcelo Becher , Branco Celso Cesar Moreira , de Sant'Anna Pizarro Jorge Oscar , de Souza Silva Celso Tarcisio
Published: April 2016

This paper presents the successful history of Lula NE Pilot Project, a challenging megaproject with an aggressive time-driven schedule, faster than industry average, that demanded new technology development in a scenario of uncertainty. The area is part of the supergiant Lula field, located in the pre-salt region of Santos Basin, Southeast Brazil, 300 km off the coast of Rio de Janeiro state, in 2000 m water depth. It is a joint venture with Petrobras as the Operator, and BG E&P Brasil and Petrogal Brasil as partners.

The project was designed as a Pilot aiming to test some new concepts for the production development in the pre-salt area. In terms of subsea gathering system, an innovative concept was deployed, combining flexible flowlines lying on sea floor, with rigid steel catenary risers (SCR) supported by a buoy positioned 250 m below sea level. The drainage plan considered eight oil producers, some of them with intelligent completion, one gas / CO2 injection well and five water alternating gas (WAG) injectors (two subsea WAG manifolds were also installed). A balanced approach between data acquisition and facilities flexibility made possible to face the many reservoir and production uncertainties. Details of the development concept will be discussed, as well as the main results obtained so far, highlighting the strategies adopted in order to mitigate risks and the influence of the acquired information to the following projects in the area.

The chartered FPSO Cidade de Paraty started production in June 2013, with an oil capacity of 120,0 bpd, and a gas plant able to process up to 5 million m3/d of gas with 35% content of CO2. Despite all challenges faced, the project was delivered on time, with plateau attained in September 2014.
An Innovative Approach to Well Intervention and Workover Operations on Platforms With Limited Structural Capacity
Authors: Canny Steven A
Published: April 2016

The challenge faced when identifying and planning the requirement for intervention and workover operations on small platforms or single caissons is significant. Typically drilled via a jack up rig, there are limited opportunities to install hardware to the platform directly. With an increasing well stock reaching maturity, there is a requirement to perform operations at a reduced cost on wells with increasing deviation and complexity. This scenario would typically be addressed by a jack up rig being installed over the well site, or with a HWU (Hydraulic Workover Unit) being installed if there are capping beams/availability to install them. Each has its merits; however, they also have cost and safety implications respectively. To address the market of platforms with limited structural capacity, a new WHWOU (Wellhead Mounted Workover Unit) has been developed to facilitate intervention, workover and abandonment operations in a safe and efficient manner on platforms with structural limitations.

This paper describes the market challenges facing mature basins and assesses the opportunities arising to perform intervention and workover operations on the ageing well stock to stimulate well production. It also presents key design parameters driving the new technology, principally: Safety, Efficiency and Cost reductions. Each is achieved through lessons learned allied with a novel approach to the use of new technology. Operational flexibility facilitates wireline, coiled tubing, pumping and fishing operations for example to aid wellbore stimulation activities. It also facilitates heavy workover such as re-completion, re-perforation, and whipstock setting in preparation for multilateral well development. Plugging and Abandonment operations are achievable with section milling, primary isolation plug setting, and tubular recovery through the design.

The operational capability is supplemented by a flexible philosophy - deployment through appropriate well control equipment to the surface wellhead. Further, the ability to be installed on light beams or by cantilever beams from a lift barge or boat gives the end client numerous scenarios for a campaign and platform stock. The WHWOU will allow operators to successfully conduct operations on a wide range of platforms from single wells to downgraded structures with multiple well slots and active process facilities.
Dual RFID Activated Reamers Reduce Vibration in Deepwater Well
Authors: Goodwin Alex , Salminen Chuck , Valverde Eddie
Published: April 2016

Simultaneous drilling and enlargement is common in deepwater Gulf of Mexico projects. It controls equivalent circulating density, manages pore pressure anomalies, and ensures that casing strings and liners reach total depth (TD). Common hole-enlargement-while-drilling (HEWD) bottomhole assemblies (BHAs) place a concentric hydraulic underreamer above the rotary steerable system (RSS) and measurement-while-drilling/logging-while-drilling (MWD/LWD) package. Although this placement is effective, it could leave up to 200 ft (61 m) of under gauge rathole at TD, which often leads to a dedicated trip to eliminate the rathole. This underreamer placement with the bit off bottom also has limited underreaming capabilities because of vibration caused by drill string instability. These vibrations typically make underreaming an existing pilot hole more difficult than simultaneous drilling and reaming.

On a job for a sidetracked well in the Gulf of Mexico, a drilling team had challenges in a 12 1/4- × 14 1/2-in. section. The team encountered significant vibration and torque when underreaming 423 ft (129 m) of an existing 12 1/4-in. pilot hole in a salt section. After this operation proved unsuccessful, due to low rate of penetration (ROP) caused by severe torque spikes and high shocks and vibrations, the team opted for an alternative solution to achieve the section objectives.

The team designed a unique BHA that included two intelligent underreamers. The first placed above the MWD assembly, and the second placed below the MWD assembly. Historically, placing underreamers below the MWD package and near the bit creates problems because the inside diameter (ID) of the MWD/LWD tools restricts balls that activate the underreamer, and flow-operated underreamers can prematurely activate or fail to activate.

In the new dual-reamer design, radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology provided the capability of activating and opening each underreamer and underreaming with both simultaneously. Wiring through the underreamer below the MWD package connected the rotary-steerable and MWD tools for communication.

The team ran the RFID underreamer below the MWD/LWD package and activated the cutter blocks at the correct depth. The team used both reamers concurrently to ream the 423-ft (129-m) section and then tripped into the hole using the upper reamer to continue drilling the below-salt formation. The operation continued as planned until 500 ft (152 m) before the planned well depth. At that point, downhole problems resulted in losing the BHA in the hole, cementing the openhole interval, and sidetracking the well.

The innovative dual-reamer design delivered a stable BHA to enlarge a wellbore section in one run, which could not have been done using a conventional ball-drop underreamer and BHA design. The drill string operated at 15,000 ft-lb (20,337 N·m) less torque spikes than with the previous design.
Customer loyalty guidelines for independent financial advisers in South Africa
Authors: Van Tonder Estelle , Roberts-Lombard Mornay
Published: April 2016

Orientation: Independent financial advisers in South Africa can make a valuable contribution to the financial well-being of the country’s citizens and, through sound financial planning and education, assist them in becoming financially independent.Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop guidelines for creating customer loyalty towards independent financial advisers in South Africa.Motivation: To succeed, financial advisers need to build good relationships with clients and ensure they remain loyal to them in the long term.Research design, approach and method: A convenience non-probability sampling technique was applied, and altogether 262 self-administered questionnaires were completed and used in the analysis. Descriptive and standard multiple regression analysis and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique were used to test four hypotheses formulated for the study.Main findings: Relationship commitment must be established in a trustworthy environment, regardless of the type of province where the business is operated.Practical/managerial implications: In urban provinces (such as Gauteng) both trusting relationships and commitment could lead to customer loyalty; in semi-urban provinces (such as North-West) only the commitment variable might do so. Independent financial advisers in both provinces should explore additional factors that could foster customer loyalty.Contributions: The research findings of this study challenge the seminal work of Morgan and Hunt (1994) by establishing that in South Africa, the extent to which trust and commitment predicts customer loyalty is specific to both industrial and geographical location. This study further provides customer loyalty guidelines for independent financial advisers in South Africa.
’n Praktiese-teologiese ondersoek na prediking en die effek van sosiale kognisie in die handeling van kontek-stualisering
Authors: Kruger F.P.
Published: April 2016

A practical theological investigation on preaching and the effect of social cognition in the act of contextualisation. It is indicated in recent research that church and society are conscious of each other through their observation of one another – a process also known as social cognition. This article intends to investigate the manner in which the church is observingsociety. The following research question is stated: Which role can preaching play to foster good neighbourship in society and what is the aspects that influence the cognition of the church as community of believers? This research will be undertaken from a practical-theological vantage point. This field of research shows a tangency with the fields of Ecclesiology and Missiology. From these two fields the importance of the practical-theological field of research will be indicated. This research will further investigate the problematic praxis through an intradisciplinary discourse with the field of Social Psychology. In this exposition it will be indicated that the founding and functioning of social cognition is a natural process although it also has it complexities. From a normative vantage point investigation on Jeremiah 29 and Matthew 5 will be undertaken in order to state that the right cognition is important for internalising sermons and the conveyance of sermons into daily life. Distortions, in the process of social cognition, can also cultivate a wrong view on what it entails to be salt and light in the world. Practical-theoretical perspectives on the benefit of a good name in society will be provided that will be favourable for the preaching of the Word.Keyword: Homiletics
Gastric Hamartomatous Polyps—Review and Update
Authors: Vyas Monika , Yang Xiu , Zhang Xuchen
Published: April 2016

Gastric polyps are frequently encountered on endoscopic examinations. While many of these represent true epithelial lesions, some of the polyps may result from underlying stromal or lymphoid proliferations or even heterotopic tissue. Histologic examination is essential for accurate typing of the polyps to predict malignant potential and underlying possible genetic abnormalities. The focus of this review is on gastric hamartomatous polyps, which are relatively rare and diagnostically challenging. Though most of the gastric hamartomatous polyps are benign, certain types are associated with increased malignant potential. These include certain polyps associated with specific genetic familial polyposis syndromes and gastric inverted hamartomatous polyps. Identification of these polyps can result in the prevention or early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma and also help in the identification of family members with polyposis syndromes. The aim of this review is to categorize gastric hamartomatous polyps and aid in the identification of high-risk categories.
Marital Status and Survival in Patients with Carcinoid Tumors
Authors: Greenleaf Erin K. , Cooper Amanda B. , Hollenbeak Christopher S.
Published: April 2016

Background

Marital status is a known prognostic factor in overall and disease-specific survival in several types of cancer. The impact of marital status on survival in patients with carcinoid tumors remains unknown. We hypothesized that married patients have higher rates of survival than similar unmarried patients with carcinoid tumors.

Methods

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we identified 23,126 people diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor between 2000 and 2011 and stratified them according to marital status. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to compare the characteristics and outcomes between patient cohorts. Overall and cancer-related survival were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariable survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models (hazards ratio [HR]), controlling for demographics and tumor-related and treatment-related variables. Propensity score analysis was performed to determine surgical intervention distributions among married and unmarried (ie, single, separated, divorced, widowed) patients.

Results

Marital status was significantly related to both overall and cancer-related survival in patients with carcinoid tumors. Divorced and widowed patients had worse overall survival (HR, 1.33 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.08–1.33] and 1.34 [95% CI, 1.22–1.46], respectively) and cancer-related survival (HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.00–1.31] and 1.15 [95% CI, 1.03–1.29], respectively) than married patients over five years. Single and separated patients had worse overall survival (HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.08–1.33] and 1.62 [95% CI, 1.25–2.11], respectively) than married patients over five years, but not worse cancer-related survival. Unmarried patients were more likely than matched married patients to undergo definitive surgical intervention (62.67% vs 53.11%, respectively, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Even after controlling for other prognostic factors, married patients have a survival advantage after diagnosis of any carcinoid tumor, potentially reflecting better social support and financial means than patients without partners.
The blind spots of trade impact assessment: macroeconomic adjustment costs and the social costs of regulatory change
Authors: Raza Werner , Tröster Bernhard , von Arnim Rudi
Published: April 2016

Economic studies on trade liberalization typically highlight positive expected effects. This paper discusses those issues which are frequently neglected, but are nevertheless important for policy-makers. These are macroeconomic adjustment costs and social costs of regulatory change. Our discussion uses the most relevant studies on the economic effects of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) as reference points. We provide a rough estimate of macroeconomic adjustment costs of TTIP in the order of €33–60 billion over a 10-year transition period. Our analysis of regulatory change concludes that assessments have been biased and that the social costs of regulatory change due to TTIP might be substantial. Given the prominence of regulatory issues on the trade agenda, we call for full ex-ante regulatory impact assessment of future trade agreements.
Growth and distribution after the 2007–2008 US financial crisis: who shouldered the burden of the crisis?
Authors: Dufour Mathieu , Orhangazi Özgür
Published: April 2016

The post-1980 era witnessed an increase in the frequency and severity of financial crises around the globe, the majority of which took place in low- and middle-income countries. Studies of the impacts of these crises have identified three broad sets of consequences. First, the burden of crises falls disproportionately on labor in general and low-income segments of society in particular. In the years following financial crises, wages and labor share of income fall, the rate of unemployment increases, the power of labor and labor unions is eroded, and income inequality and rates of poverty increase. Capital as a whole, on the other hand, usually recovers quickly and most of the time gains more ground. Second, the consequences of crises are visible not only through asset and income distribution, but also in government policies. Government policies in most cases favor capital, especially financial capital, at the expense of large masses. In addition, many crises have presented opportunities for further deregulation and liberalization, not only in financial markets but in the rest of the economy as well. Third, in the aftermath of financial crises in low- and middle-income economies, capital inflows may increase as international capital seeks to take advantage of the crisis and acquire domestic financial and non-financial assets. The 2007–2008 financial crisis in the US provides an opportunity to extend this analysis to a leading high-income country and see if the patterns visible in other crises are also visible in this case. Using the questions and issues typically raised in examinations of low- and middle- income countries, we study the consequences of the 2007–2008 US financial crisis and complement the budding literature on the ‘Great Recession.’ In particular, we examine the impacts of the crisis on labor and capital, with a focus on distributional effects of the crisis such as changes in income shares of labor and capital, and the evolution of inequality and poverty. We also analyse the role of government policies through a study of government taxation and spending policies, and examine capital flow patterns.
Keen on endogenous money and effective demand: a further comment*
Authors: Reissl Severin
Published: April 2016

This article comments on Steve Keen's rebuttal in which he replies to the critiques of his recent paper restating the argument that ‘effective demand equals income plus the change in debt’. Building on a critique of Keen's original paper by the present author, it is argued that in using an alternative way to derive his statement, Keen modifies his hypothesis to the point of turning it into an outright tautology which, importantly, was not the case previously. While he thus indeed arrives at a relationship which necessarily holds, this contains no novel insight and does not justify his strong claims regarding any necessary relationship between changes in debt and effective demand. This paper also comments on Keen's peculiar views on the loanable funds model which appear to lie at the root of his hypothesis.
A Kalecki fable on debt and the monetary transmission mechanism
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: April 2016

Kalecki explained debt resolution by means of a fable about monetary circulation between mutually indebted individuals. This note explains the context and some of the theoretical implications of the fable. These point to an asymmetry in monetary policy in which excessively tight monetary policy may restrict economic activity and force the resort to informal debt.
Secularisatie, een gelaagd begrip
Authors: Latré Stijn , Vanheeswijck Guido
Published: April 2016

Secularization, A Multi-Layered Concept. On the Vicissitudes of Sociological and Philosophical Theories of Secularization

This article focuses on the historical evolution of the concept of ‘secularization’ in sociology and philosophy. It does not include a description of political systems and their approach to religion and secularity. The authors dwell on the classic secularization thesis and explain how this thesis was questioned in sociology and philosophy alike. The secularization debate nowadays counts many participants reflecting diverging normative positions. Despite this multitude of positions and nuances, the debate is likely to continue in the future along two particular strands: first, discussions on the use of concepts as secular/post-secular and the tenability of the religious/secular divide; second, discussions that will revolve around western modernity/multiple modernities, or ‘the West versus the rest’.
Wat is de rol van mentale beeldvorming in de waarneming?
Authors: Veldeman Johan
Published: April 2016

What is the Role of Mental Imagery in Perception? A Defense of the Continuity Thesis

What is the nature of the mental image, and which role does mental imagery play in perception? According to David Hume and Immanuel Kant, the capacity to form images lends a constitutive contribution to our perception of the world. Both philosophers portray the imagination as a unifying power that connects perceptions of different objects of the same kind, and that connects different perceptions of the same object. I shall call this view the continuity thesis. Since the beginning of the 20th century the continuity thesis is heavily under attack. Jean-Paul Sartre and Ludwig Wittgenstein emphasize the conceptual and phenomenological distinction between perception and mental imagery. These philosophers are sceptical about the important psychological and epistemological role that is traditionally attributed to imagery. The central target of critique against the continuity thesis is primarily the Humean view that mental images, however complex, can be traced back to pictures or ‘copies’ of sense impressions. It will be argued that the sceptics about mental imagery, even though they justifiably attack pictorialism, have no grounds to dismiss the continuity thesis. Then I shall discuss the reassessment of the mental image with the rise of cognitive science since the 1970s, and I shall argue that the continuity thesis is supported by the so-called ‘enactive’ theory of mental imagery.
Ware liefde zonder uniciteit: goede redenen voor romantische liefde
Authors: Hindriks Frank
Published: April 2016

True Love Without Uniqueness: Good Reasons for Romantic Love

Love involves emotions, and emotions are things that happen to us. So how can love be true? Love can be true only if people can have reasons for loving someone. I explore the tension between these two thoughts and propose a way of resolving it. I argue that reasons for romantic love are not limited to the other person’s properties, not even when relational properties such as a common sense of humour are included. A full-blown romantic relation provides relation-dependent reasons that derive from the values that are realized within the relationship. These include trust, vulnerability and intimacy. True love is justified in part by such relation-dependent reasons. How this is consistent with the emotional dimension of love becomes clear once it is appreciated that people can have reasons for the emotions they experience. As this is not always recognized, the mystery of love is sometimes overrated. I end by discussing whether true love must be unique in the sense of being limited to one particular person. I argue that true love need not be combined with the norms of monogamy, but is consistent with those of polyamory.
Eros bij Plato
Authors: Hupperts Charles
Published: April 2016

Plato on eros

What is love for Plato, and why, after his analysis of eros in Symposium, did Plato take up the subject again, some ten years later, in Phaedrus? This article describes a transtition in Plato’s thinking about eros. In the Symposium, eros is a desire for immortality and a creative power, and it is is elicited by a beautiful person. In the homoerotic case, the lover’s soul is pregnant, and his eros produces the good in the form of poems, laws, philosophical ideas, and virtue. But the philosopher has to gradually outgrow his love for a beautiful body, and turn towards the realm of abstract ideas. In the Phaedrus, by contrast, the beauty of a boy can straightforwardly connect the philosopher to the divine, i.e., perfect and timeless reality. Here, the philosopher does not leave his love for the person behind. On the contrary, the friendship is forever, and it is the conversation between the friends that generates knowledge.
Redenen voor liefde
Authors: Schaubroeck Katrien
Published: April 2016

Reasons for love: why we can’t do otherwise than love what is lovable

Harry Frankfurt famously argues that loving someone is not done for reasons. While focusing on the (plausible) claims that parents need no reasons for loving their children and that it is absurd to ascribe a duty (or reason) to love X to someone who does not happen to love X, he overlooks an aspect of love that does connect it to reasons in a particular way: in daily conversation human beings spend enormous amounts of time and reflection to explaining and trying to understand love. I interpret the omnipresence of ‘love-talk’ as an indication of the nature of love in human beings: we love someone or something for reasons. Drawing on insights from the guise of the good-debate on the nature of desire, I argue that regardless of the infinite variety of things and persons that can be loved, the objects are all loved under the same form: the form of being lovable. The notion of a ‘lovability characterization’ entails a notion of ‘reasons’ that does not require reasons to be universalisable and that allows the loving-for-reasons view to avoid the fungibility-objection. In reply to the objection that the loving-for-reasons view makes love overly rationalistic, I point out that reason should not be understood as an external authority that commands us to do certain things, but as an internal power, integral to who we are, that shapes our conscious life, our mental attitudes and their objects.
Over desemantisering en interne conflicten
Authors: Vanderbauwhede Gudrun
Published: April 2016

On semantic bleaching and internal conflicts: the interaction between definite determiners and speech act related referential adjectives in the Dutch and French noun phrase

In this paper, we present the results of a corpus-based contrastive study of the way in which definite determiners, in particular definite articles and demonstratives, and a specific type of adjectives, namely ‘speech act related referential adjectives’, contribute to the establishment of definite reference in the Dutch and French noun phrase. Speech act related referential adjectives express a primarily temporal (e.g. de huidige situatie), spatial (e.g. de aanwezige menigte) or deictic textual (e.g. onderhavig boek) meaning. We focus on two grammaticalization processes which allow to explain most of the quantitative and qualitative divergences observed for this topic between both languages: the semantic bleaching of the referential force of the French demonstrative noun phrase in comparison with the Dutch demonstrative noun phrase and the presence of Dutch speech act related referential adjectives in the determiner position of the noun phrase.
Quality assessment of solar UV irradiance measured with array spectroradiometers
Authors: Egli Luca , Gröbner Julian , Hülsen Gregor , Bachmann Luciano , Blumthaler Mario , Dubard Jimmy , Khazova Marina , Kift Richard , Hoogendijk Kees , Serrano Antonio , Smedley Andrew , Vilaplana José-Manuel
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The reliable quantification of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the earth's surface requires accurate measurements of spectral global solar UV irradiance in order to determine the UV exposure to human skin and to understand long-term trends in this parameter. Array spectroradiometers (ASRMs) are small, light, robust and cost-effective instruments, and are increasingly used for spectral irradiance measurements. Within the European EMRP ENV03 project “Solar UV”, new devices, guidelines and characterization methods have been developed to improve solar UV measurements with ASRMs, and support to the end user community has been provided. In order to assess the quality of 14 end user ASRMs, a solar UV intercomparison was held on the measurement platform of the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) in Davos, Switzerland, from 10 to 17 July 2014. The results of the blind intercomparison revealed that ASRMs, currently used for solar UV measurements, show a large variation in the quality of their solar UV measurements. Most of the instruments overestimate the erythema-weighted UV index – in particular at large solar zenith angles – due to stray light contribution in the UV-B range. The spectral analysis of global solar UV irradiance further supported the finding that the uncertainties in the UV-B range are very large due to stray light contribution in this wavelength range. In summary, the UV index may be detected by some commercially available ASRMs within 5 % compared to the world reference spectroradiometer, if well characterized and calibrated, but only for a limited range of solar zenith angles. Generally, the tested instruments are not yet suitable for solar UV measurements for the entire range between 290 and 400 nm under all atmospheric conditions.
A multiproxy approach to understanding the "enhanced" flux of organic matter through the oxygen-deficient waters of the Arabian Sea
Authors: Keil Richard G. , Neibauer Jacquelyn A. , Biladeau Christina , van der Elst Kelsey , Devol Allan H.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Free-drifting sediment net traps were deployed 14 times at depths between 80 and 500 m for 1–3 days each during the late monsoon–intermonsoon transition in the central Arabian Sea. Two locations (19.5 and 15.5° N) were within the permanently oxygen-deficient zone (ODZ), and a third (11° N) had a shallow and thin oxygen minimum. The secondary nitrite maximum, which serves as a tracer of the ODZ, thinned from ∼ 250 m thick at stations 19.5 and 15.5° N to ∼ 50 m thick at station 11° N. Overall, organic carbon fluxes ranged from 13.2 g m2 yr−1 at 80 m to a minimum of 1.1 g m2 yr−1 at 500 m. Fluxes at the more oxygenated 11° N station attenuate faster than within the permanent ODZ. Martin curve attenuation coefficients for 19.5 and 15.5° N are respectively 0.59 and 0.63 and for 11° N it is 0.98. At least six potential mechanisms might explain why particles sinking through the ODZ are more effectively transferred to depth: (M1) oxygen effects, (M2) microbial loop efficiencies and chemoautotrophy, (M3) changes in zooplankton dynamics, (M4) additions of ballast that might sorb and protect organic matter from decay (M4a) or change sinking speeds (M4b), (M5) inputs of refractory organic matter and (M6) temperature effects. These mechanisms are intertwined, and they were explored using a combination of mineral (XPS) and organic matter characterizations of the sinking material, shipboard incubation experiments, and evaluations of existing literature. Direct evidence was found supporting an oxygen effect and/or changes in the efficiency of the microbial loop including the addition of chemoautotrophic carbon to the sinking flux in the upper 500 m. Less direct evidence was found for the other potential mechanisms. A simple conceptual model consistent with our and other recent data suggests that the upper ODZ microbial community determines the initial flux attenuation, and that zooplankton and sinking speed become more important deeper in the water column. The exact interplay between the various mechanisms remains to be further evaluated.
What are the challenges for modelling isoprene and monoterpene emission dynamics of subarctic plants?
Authors: Tang Jing , Schurgers Guy , Valolahti Hanna , Faubert Patrick , Tiiva Päivi , Michelsen Anders , Rinnan Riikka
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The Arctic is warming at twice the global average speed, and the warming-induced increases in biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emissions from arctic plants are expected to be drastic. The current global models' estimations of minimal BVOC emissions from the Arctic are based on very few observations and have been challenged by increasing field data. This study applied a dynamic ecosystem model, LPJ-GUESS, as a platform to investigate short-term and long-term BVOC emission responses to climate warming. Field observations in a subarctic heath tundra with long-term (13 years) warming treatments were extensively used for parameterizing and evaluating BVOC related processes. We proposed an adjusted temperature (T) response curve for arctic plants with much stronger T sensitivity than the commonly-used algorithms for large-scale modelling. The simulated emission responses to 2 °C warming between the adjusted and original T response curves in the model were evaluated against the observed warming responses (WR) at short-term scales. Moreover, the model's responses to higher levels' warming (4 °C and 8 °C) were also investigated as a sensitivity test. The model was able to reproduce vegetation CO2 fluxes as well as day-to-day variability of isoprene and monoterpene emissions. The modelled BVOC WR, especially for isoprene, were better captured by using the adjusted T response curve, comparing with using the original one. A few days' underestimation of leaf T led to the underestimated emission rates as well as WR. During 1999–2012, the modelled annual mean isoprene and monoterpene emissions were 20 and 8 mg C m−2 yr−1, with an increase in emission by 55 % and 57 % for 2 °C summertime warming, respectively. Warming by 4 °C and 8 °C further elevated isoprene emission for all years compared with 2 °C warming, but the impacts on monoterpene emissions levelled off because of a decreased coverage of monoterpene-emitters among the evergreen prostrate dwarf shrubs. The high WR captured by the adjusted T response curve highlight the strong T sensitivity of arctic plants. At short-term scale, the WR seem to be strongly impacted by leaf T; while at long-term scale, the WR are a combined effect of plant functional type (PFT) dynamics as well as instantaneous BVOC responses to warming. The identified essential issues associated with estimating arctic BVOC emissions are: (1) leaf T estimation/extrapolation based on air T; (2) PFT parameterization accounting for BVOC emission features as well as PFT's responses to warming; and (3) representation of vegetation dynamics in the past and the future.
Potential sources of variability in ocean acidification mesocosm experiments
Authors: Moreno de Castro Maria , Schartau Markus , Wirtz Kai
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Mesocosm experiments on phytoplankton dynamics under high CO2 concentrations mimic the response of marine primary producers to future ocean acidification. However, potential acidification effects can be hindered by the high standard deviation typically found in the distribution of the replicates exposed to the same treatment. In experiments with multiple unresolved factors and a suboptimal number of replicates, post-processing statistical inference tools may fail to detect an effect. In such cases, model-based data analyses are suitable tools to unearth potential responses to the treatment and to identify which uncertainties may give rise to the observed divergences. As test cases, we use data showing high variability from two independent mesocosm experiments, where, according to statistical inference tools, biomass appeared insensitive to changing CO2 conditions. Our simulations, in stead, show earlier and more intense phytoplankton blooms in modeled replicates at high CO2 concentrations and suggest that uncertainties in average cell size, phytoplankton biomass losses and initial nutrient concentration potentially outweigh acidification effects by triggering strong variability during the bloom phase. We also estimate the thresholds below which uncertainties do not escalate into high variability. This information may help to interpret controversial results about acidification and to design future mesocosm experiments.
A nondimensional framework for exploring the relief structure of landscapes
Authors: Grieve Stuart W. D. , Mudd Simon M. , Hurst Martin D. , Milodowski David T.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Considering the relationship between erosion rate and the relief structure of a landscape within a nondimensional framework facilitates the comparison of landscapes undergoing forcing at a range of scales, and allows broad-scale patterns of landscape evolution to be observed. We present software which automates the extraction and processing of relevant topographic parameters to rapidly generate nondimensional erosion rate and relief data for any landscape where high-resolution topographic data are available. Individual hillslopes are identified using a connected-components technique which allows spatial averaging to be performed over geomorphologically meaningful spatial units, without the need for manual identification of hillslopes. The software is evaluated on four landscapes across the continental United States, three of which have been studied previously using this technique. We show that it is possible to identify whether landscapes are in topographic steady state. In locations such as Cascade Ridge, CA, a clear signal of an erosional gradient can be observed. In the southern Appalachians, nondimensional erosion rate and relief data are interpreted as evidence for a landscape decaying following uplift during the Miocene. An analysis of the sensitivity of this method to free parameters used in the data smoothing routines is presented which allows users to make an informed choice of parameters when interrogating new topographic data using this method. A method to constrain the critical gradient of the nonlinear sediment flux law is also presented which provides an independent constraint on this parameter for three of the four study landscapes.
Observed and simulated full-depth ocean heat content changes for 1970–2005
Authors: Cheng Lijing , Trenberth Kevin E. , Palmer Matthew D. , Zhu Jiang , Abraham John P.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Greenhouse-gas emissions have created a planetary energy imbalance that is primarily manifested by increasing ocean heat content (OHC). Updated observational estimates of full-depth OHC change since 1970 are presented that account for recent advancements in reducing observation errors and biases. The full-depth OHC has increased by 0.74 [0.68, 0.80] × 1022 J/yr (0.46 Wm−2) and 1.22 [1.16–1.29] ×1022 J/yr (0.75 Wm−2) for 1970-2005 and 1992-2005 respectively, with 5 % to 95 % confidence interval of the median. The CMIP5 models show large spread in OHC changes, but the ensemble median has excellent agreement with our observational estimate: 0.68 [0.54–0.82] × 1022 J/yr (0.41 Wm−2) from 1970 to 2005 and 1.25 [1.10–1.41] × 1022 J/yr (0.77 Wm−2) from 1992 to 2005. These results increase confidence in both the observational and model estimates to quantify and study changes in Earth’s energy imbalance over the historical period. We suggest that OHC be a fundamental metric for climate model validation and evaluation.
Metacognitive Strategies and Learners' Attitudes: Evidence of Collocations
Authors: Abbasian Gholamreza , Mohammadi Darabad Ali , Javid Mehdi
Published: April 2016

The present study investigates the mediating role of attitude towards English language and the effect of metacognitive vocabulary learning strategy instruction on the recall of collocations. To this end, 75 upper-intermediate EFL participants reflecting positive and negative attitudes (+A and -A) based on Attitude/Motivation Test Battery) towards language were randomly assigned into two control and experimental groups. They both received the same type of collocation instruction, but the experimental group, additionally, received the metacognitive explicit strategy instruction. A pretest and a posttest measuring the learners' collocation knowledge before and after treatment were administered. A two-way ANOVA was run to compare the two groups plus the effect of language attitude on such performance. The results indicated that treatment did have an effect on the recall of collocations and also the +A learners outperformed their -A counterparts.
Amenaza global, reacción global
Authors: Mayor Zaragoza Federico , Savio Roberto
Published: April 2016

El mundo no puede seguir ensangrentado y amedrentado por un grupo de fanáticos capaces de cometer los más horrendos crímenes. Es necesaria una reacción a escala mundial, que no sólo tenga la fuerza real y moral para actuar con fi rmeza y diligencia ahora, sino que, sabiendo las causas, pueda evitar que se repitan en el futuro.
Violencia contra la mujer. La paz como solución desde la educación
Authors: Buenaño Aminta
Published: April 2016

Aminta Buenaño realiza un abordaje sobre la violencia contra la mujer, subrayando que es un fenómeno cultural que tiene que ver con ideas y creencias profundamente arraigadas en el imaginario colectivo de la sociedad. A pesar que muchos países en el mundo han logrado las mejores leyes contra la violencia de género, ésta sigue latente y cada día con datos más alarmantes.Todos sabemos que cambiar la cultura y la idiosincrasia de los pueblos es un proceso lento. Solo con una educación con perspectiva de género se podrá acabar con esta epidemia. Educar para una cultura de paz es educar en la igualdad entre los géneros. Se debe educar en la escuela, educar en la familia, educar a través de los medios de comunicación masiva, desnudar el lenguaje sexista y los signos y señales que perpetúan la sociedad patriarcal.
Violencia, derecho y tradición en el Islam
Authors: Quehl Hartmut
Published: April 2016

El fenómeno de la violencia motivada políticamente en el Medio Oriente a partir del ejemplo del Estado Islámico es la Conferencia Magistral dictada por el Dr. Hartmut Quehl, en el acto de otorgamiento de la Orden de la Paz Martin Luther King. Esta conferencia aborda con todo rigor académico y científico el fenómeno del Estado Islámico y la violencia que vive, en particula Irak y Siria y la región el Medio Oriente.Devela los orígenes de esta organización, su ubicación dentro de la corriente islámica, sus motivaciones y el proyecto del califato como ideal y como espacio físico. El Dr. Quehl analiza las diferentes expresiones del terrorismo que se expresan en el conflicto regional, en particular Al-Qaeda, frente Jubhat al-Nusra y sus particularidades y diferencias con el Estado Islámico. Aborda las ramas fundamentales de la religión islámica y las expresiones de poder que las representan, allí en los países que han llegado a ser gobierno y la naturaleza de sus contradicciones.
"Juvenal pegado a la ubre de su madre"
Authors: D´León Omar
Published: April 2016

“Nútrete de mi ubre, Juvenal, sorbe mi lácteo elixir, sé feliz en la intensidad gloriosa del amor, entrégate a mí, la belleza y serás inmortal”.Brajim Amed- el persa (1062).