bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barriers for an effective communication around clinical decision making: an analysis of the gaps between doctors' and patients' point of view
Authors: Mira José Joaquín , Guilabert Mercedes , Pérez‐Jover Virtudes , Lorenzo Susana
Published: August 2012

Background

There are doubts on whether patients feel that they have sufficient information for actively participating in clinical decisions.

Objective

To describe the type of information that patients receive. To determine whether patients consider this information sufficient, and whether it contributes or not to improve clinical safety. To identify the barriers for patient participation in clinical decision making.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study with 764 patients and 327 physicians.

Study Setting and participants

Fourteen health centres belonging to three primary care districts and three hospitals in Spain.

Principal Findings

Just 35.1% (268) (95% CI 32.2, 39.1%) of patients preferred to have the last word in clinical decisions. Age (39 vs. 62%, P < 0.001) and severity of illness (38 vs. 46%, P = 0.002) increased the tendency to take a passive role. In 85.1% (650) (95% CI 83.3, 88.3%) of the cases, patients reported having received sufficient information. Lack of consultation time (29.6%, 95% CI 25.8, 32.5%) and patients' use of Internet or other sources (19.2%, 95% CI 16.4, 22.2%) were identified as new obstacles to doctor–patient communication by the patients. Only 19.6% (64) (95% CI 15.4, 24.2%) of doctors considered that they could intervene to involve patients in the decisions.

Discussions and Conclusions

The majority of patients prefer the decisions to be made by their doctor, especially those with more severe illnesses, and older patients. Patients are not normally informed about medication interactions, precautions and foreseeable complications. The information provided by general practitioners does not seem to contribute enough to the patient involvement in clinical safety.
Trehalose determination in linseed subjected to osmotic stress. HPAEC‐PAD analysis: an inappropriate method
Authors: Quéro Anthony , Béthencourt Linda , Pilard Serge , Fournet Antoine , Guillot Xavier , Sangwan Rajbir S. , Boitel‐Conti Michèle , Courtois Josiane , Petit Emmanuel
Published: August 2012

Trehalose is a non‐reducing disaccharide involved in stress tolerance in plants. To understand better the role of trehalose in the osmotic stress response in linseed (Linum usitatissimum), trehalose content in leaves was studied. First, the method commonly used for sugar determination, high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD), gave unsatisfactory results and the separation efficiency could not be improved by varying the elution conditions. The same problem was also found in the model plant: Arabidopsis thaliana. After clearly highlighting a co‐elution of trehalose in these two species by a trehalase assay and liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry analysis, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used as the analytical method instead. These results confirmed that trehalose content is currently overestimated by HPAEC‐PAD analysis, approximately 7 and 13 times for A. thaliana and linseed respectively. Thus GC‐MS gave more satisfactory results for trehalose quantification in plants. With this method, trehalose accumulation was observed in linseed during an osmotic stress (−0.30 MPa), the quantity (31.49 nmol g–1 dry weight after 48 h) appears too low to assign an osmoprotector or osmoregulator role to trehalose in stressed linseed.
Effects of alpha‐lipoic acid in an animal model of mania induced by d‐amphetamine
Authors: Macêdo Danielle S , Medeiros Camila D , Cordeiro Rafaela C , Sousa Francisca Cléa , Santos Júnia V , Morais Thomás A , Hyphantis Thomas N , McIntyre Roger S , Quevedo João , Carvalho André F
Published: August 2012

Macêdo DS, Medeiros CD, Cordeiro RC, Sousa FC, Santos JV, Morais TA, Hyphantis TN, McIntyre RS, Quevedo J, Carvalho AF. Effects of alpha‐lipoic acid in an animal model of mania induced by d‐amphetamine. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 707–718. © 2012 The Authors.  Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Objectives:  Oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors are involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Alpha‐lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring compound with strong antioxidant properties. The present study investigated ALA effects in an amphetamine‐induced model of mania.

Methods:  In the reversal protocol, adult mice were first given d‐amphetamine (AMPH) 2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.) or saline for 14 days. Between days 8 and 14, the animals received ALA 50 or 100 mg/kg orally, lithium (Li) 47.5 mg/kg i.p., or saline. In the prevention paradigm, mice were pretreated with ALA, Li, or saline prior to AMPH. Locomotor activity was assessed in the open‐field task. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) levels were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC), and striatum (ST). Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were measured in the HC.

Results:  ALA and Li prevented and reversed the AMPH‐induced increase in locomotor activity. Prevention model: ALA and Li co‐administration with AMPH prevented the decrease in SOD activity induced by AMPH in the HC and ST, respectively; ALA and Li prevented GSH alteration in the HC and TBARS formation in all brain areas studied. Reversal model: ALA reversed the decrease in SOD activity in the ST. TBARS formation was reversed by ALA and Li in all brain areas. Furthermore, ALA reversed AMPH‐induced decreases in BDNF and GSH in the HC.

Conclusions:  Our findings showed that ALA, similarly to Li, is effective in reversing and preventing AMPH‐induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations, providing a rationale for the design of clinical trials investigating ALA’s possible antimanic effect.
A systematic literature review on first aid provided by laypeople to trauma victims
Authors: TANNVIK T. D. , BAKKE H. K. , WISBORG T.
Published: August 2012

Death from trauma is a significant and international problem. Outcome for patients suffering out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests is significantly improved by early cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The usefulness of first aid given by laypeople in trauma is less well established. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature on first aid provided by laypeople to trauma victims and to establish how often first aid is provided, if it is performed correctly, and its impact on outcome. A systematic review was carried out, according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, of all studies involving first aid provided by laypeople to trauma victims. Cochrane, Embase, Medline, Pubmed, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched. Ten eligible articles were identified involving a total of 5836 victims. Eight studies were related to patient outcome, while two studies were simulation based. The proportion of patients who received first aid ranged from 10.7% to 65%. Incorrect first aid was given in up to 83.7% of cases. Airway handling and haemorrhage control were particular areas of concern. One study from Iraq investigated survival and reported a 5.8% reduction in mortality. Two retrospective autopsy‐based studies estimated that correct first aid could have reduced mortality by 1.8–4.5%. There is limited evidence regarding first aid provided by laypeople to trauma victims. Due to great heterogeneity in the studies, firm conclusions can not be drawn. However, the results show a potential mortality reduction if first aid is administered to trauma victims. Further research is necessary to establish this.
Needle visibility in different tissue models for ultrasound‐guided regional anaesthesia
Authors: WIESMANN T. , BORNTRÄGER A. , NEFF M. , WULF H. , STEINFELDT T.
Published: August 2012

Background

Models for ultrasound‐guided regional anaesthesia (USGRA) are important for research and training. However, the limited data available show great differences in quality of needle and tissue visualisation with regard to the applied model. This study aims to compare common USGRA models and human tissue with regard to their influence on needle visibility.

Methods

We conducted this study using four models (embalmed human cadaver, turkey breast, pork, and synthetic gel models) and a volunteer (human control) as well as two different needles [Stimuplex A (StA), conventional needle; Stimuplex D Plus (StD+), needle with improved echogenicity]. We obtained ultrasound videos of needle advancement and withdrawal using the in‐plane approach at a 45° angle in all four models and the volunteer. Fifteen test persons were prospectively enrolled. Ultrasound videos were presented in a randomised, blinded manner. The test persons were asked to rate the visibility of the needle shaft (VS) and tip (VT) on a four‐point scale (0–3).

Results

VS and VT were comparable between the human control and cadaver model for both needle types. The pork, turkey, and synthetic gel models had significantly higher visibility scores than the human control for both needle types. VS of StD+ was significantly higher than that of StA in the pork and turkey models, but not in the synthetic model, cadaver model, or human control.

Conclusion

In this pilot study, needle visibility in embalmed cadaver is comparable with that in human control. Needle visibility was significantly higher in other tissue models (turkey breast, pork, synthetic gel models) than in the human control, which may limit their value in training environments.
Sex‐specific genotype‐by‐environment interactions for cuticular hydrocarbon expression in decorated crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus: implications for the evolution of signal reliability
Authors: Weddle C. B. , Mitchell C. , Bay S. K. , Sakaluk S. K. , Hunt J.
Published: August 2012

Phenotypic traits that convey information about individual identity or quality are important in animal social interactions, and the degree to which such traits are influenced by environmental variation can have profound effects on the reliability of these cues. Using inbred genetic lines of the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus, we manipulated diet quality to test how the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of males and females respond across two different nutritional rearing environments. There were significant differences between lines in the CHC profiles of females, but the effect of diet was not quite statistically significant. There was no significant genotype‐by‐environment interaction (GEI), suggesting that environmental effects on phenotypic variation in female CHCs are independent of genotype. There was, however, a significant effect of GEI for males, with changes in both signal quantity and content, suggesting that environmental effects on phenotypic expression of male CHCs are dependent on genotype. The differential response of male and female CHC expression to variation in the nutritional environment suggests that these chemical cues may be under sex‐specific selection for signal reliability. Female CHCs show the characteristics of reliable cues of identity: high genetic variability, low condition dependence and a high degree of genetic determination. This supports earlier work showing that female CHCs are used in self‐recognition to identify previous mates and facilitate polyandry. In contrast, male CHCs show the characteristics of reliable cues of quality: condition dependence and a relatively higher degree of environmental determination. This suggests that male CHCs are likely to function as cues of underlying quality during mate choice and/or male dominance interactions.
Asymmetric Forceps Increase Fighting Success among Males of Similar size in the Maritime Earwig
Authors: Munoz Nicole E. , Zink Andrew G.
Published: August 2012

Extreme asymmetric morphologies are hypothesized to serve an adaptive function that counteracts sexual selection for symmetry. However, direct tests of function for asymmetries are lacking, particularly in the context of animal weapons. The weapon of the maritime earwig,Anisolabis maritima, exhibits sizeable variation in the extent of directional asymmetry within and across body sizes, making it an ideal candidate for investigating the function of asymmetry. In this study, we characterized the extent of weapon asymmetry, characterized the manner in which asymmetric weapons are used in contests, staged dyadic contests between males of different size classes, and analyzed the correlates of fighting success. In contests between large males, larger individuals won more fights and emerged as the dominant male. In contests between small males, however, weapon asymmetry was more influential in predicting overall fighting success than body size. This result reveals an advantage of asymmetric weaponry among males that are below the mean size in the population. A forceps manipulation experiment suggests that asymmetry may be an indirect correlate of a morphologically independent factor that affects fighting ability.
Genome‐wide linkage disequilibrium in the Blonde d'Aquitaine cattle breed
Authors: Beghain J. , Boitard S. , Weiss B. , Boussaha M. , Gut I. , Rocha D.
Published: August 2012

We present here the first genome‐wide characterization of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the French Blonde d'Aquitaine (BLA) breed, a well‐muscled breed renowned for producing high‐yielding beef carcasses. To assess the pattern and extent of LD, we used a sample of 30 unrelated bulls and 36 923 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering all cattle autosomes. The squared correlation of the alleles at two loci (r2) was used as a measure of LD. The analysis of adjacent marker pairs revealed that the level of LD decreases rapidly with physical distance between SNPs. Overall mean r2 was 0.205 (±0.262). Strong LD (r2 > 0.8) and useful LD (measured as r2 > 0.2) were observed within genomic regions of up to 720 and 724 kb, respectively. We analysed the genetic structure of the BLA population and found stratification. The observed genetic sub‐structuring is consistent with the known recent demographic history that occurred during BLA breed formation. Our results indicate that LD mapping of phenotypic traits in the BLA population is feasible; however, because of this sub‐structuring, special care is needed to reduce the likelihood of false‐positive associations between marker loci and traits of interest.
Milk casein and fatty acid fractions in early lactation are affected by nutritional regulation of body condition score at the beginning of the transition period in primiparous and multiparous cows under grazing conditions
Authors: Artegoitia V. , Meikle A. , Olazabal L. , Damián J. P. , Adrien M. L. , Mattiauda D. A. , Bermudez J. , Torre A. , Carriquiry M.
Published: August 2012

The objective was to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) at 30 days before calving (−30 days) induced by a differential nutritional management, parity and week of lactation (WOL) on milk yield and composition, and milk casein and fatty acid composition. Primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows with high BCS (PH, n = 13; MH, n = 9) and low BCS (PL, n = 9; ML = 8) under grazing conditions were sampled at WOL 2 and 8 (before and after peak of lactation). Milk yield was greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and tended to decrease from WOL 2 to 8 only in ML cows. Milk protein, fat and casein yields were greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Milk casein concentration in milk protein was greater in MH cows than in ML, PH and PL cows at WOL 2. Milk κ‐casein was greater, and β‐casein was less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. As lactation progressed, proportion of casein fractions were not altered. Only κ‐casein fraction was affected by BCS at −30 days as PL showed a higher concentration than PH. The de novo (4:0–15:1) and mixed‐origin fatty acids (16:0–16:1) in milk fat increased, whereas preformed fatty acids (≥17:0) decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Saturated (SAT) fatty acids tended to be greater and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. High‐BCS cows had greater concentrations of polyunsaturated (PUFA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as well as n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids in milk fat than low‐BCS cows. The results indicate that casein and fatty acid fractions in milk were affected by parity and may be modified by a differential nutritional management during the pre‐calving period (BCS at −30 days) in cows under grazing conditions.
The Genetic Structure of Populations of Potato virus Y in Japan; Based on the Analysis of 20 Full Genomic Sequences
Authors: Ogawa Tetsuji , Nakagawa Akio , Hataya Tatsuji , Ohshima Kazusato
Published: August 2012

The genetic structure of Potato virus Y (PVY) populations in Japan was analysed using 20 isolates; five were retrieved from the public DNA sequence databases, and an additional 15 complete genomic sequences were determined using field samples collected in Japan. Recombination and phylogenetic analyses of a total of 149 isolates from Japan and other countries showed that PVY has three major lineages (C, N and O); at least one, two and six sublineages in C, N and O lineages, respectively. One recombination pattern was newly found among Japanese PVYNTN strain isolates, which was most closely related to the PVYNTN strain isolates previously found in Europe and North America. On the other hand, PVYO was a complex of several divergent lineages, and there were at least three non‐recombinant subpopulations in Japan. Studies on nucleotide diversities of populations and phylogenetic relationships of the isolates in the PVY sequences showed that Japanese PVY populations were in part distinct from the European and North American populations.
Use of propranolol for treatment of infantile haemangiomas in an outpatient setting
Authors: Phillips Roderic J , Penington Anthony J , Bekhor Philip S , Crock Catherine M
Published: August 2012

Introduction:  Propranolol has recently emerged as an effective drug treatment for infantile haemangiomas. The side effect profile of the drug and the safety of administering propranolol in outpatient settings in this age group remain uncertain. We report our experience with 200 infants and children prescribed propranolol to treat infantile haemangiomas, including 37 patients considered to have a poor response to treatment.

Method:  Patients were prescribed propranolol (1 mg/kg/dose bd) as outpatients at the Vascular Anomalies Service at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne.

Results:  The median age at commencement was 4 months (range 5 days–7 years). Twenty patients were older than 12 months at commencement. The median duration of treatment was 8 months. About 80% of treated haemangiomas were on the face. Approximately 50% of patients were considered to have an excellent response, 30% to have a good response and 20% to have a poor response. All segmental facial haemangiomas responded well. In contrast, 25% of focal facial haemangiomas responded poorly. Sleep disturbance was the most common side effect. Gross motor abnormalities including delayed walking were observed in 13 patients.

Conclusion:  Propranolol appears to be an effective treatment for infantile haemangiomas, particularly large segmental facial lesions. A poor response was seen in 20% of patients. Treatment has been provided in an outpatient setting without major complications and with excellent parental compliance. The side effect profile appears to be favourable, but further follow‐up is required to identify unexpected long‐term side effects.
Intermittent fever, splenomegaly and eosinophilia in a recently resettled African refugee
Authors: Mohd Abd Rahman Muhammad , Bryant Penelope , Guppy Des , Buttery Jim , Burgner David
Published: August 2012

We discuss a recently resettled African refugee child with acute schistosomiasis, who presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly and marked eosinophilia. We outline the differential diagnoses of eosinophilia in the recently resettled refugee and returned traveller and outline the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of schistosomal infection, including controversies in management of acute schistosomiasis.
Nationwide study of injury‐related deaths among children aged 1–4 years in China, 2000–2008
Authors: Wang Yanping , He Chunhua , Li Xiaohong , Miao Lei , Zhu Jun , Liang Juan
Published: August 2012

Aims:  The aims of this study are to investigate injury mortality in children aged 1–4 years, to analyse prevalent mortality rates of childhood injury and to identify the leading causes of child injury deaths in China from 2000 to 2008.

Methods:  The data were obtained from a nationwide mortality surveillance system for children under 5 years of age in China. The injury mortality rates of children aged 1–4 years were compared between rural and urban areas, boys and girls and among five major injury types between 2000 and 2008.

Results:  During the 9‐year study period, the injury mortality rates for children aged 1–4 years declined significantly by an average of 5.4% each year (P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.6–7.0%) overall in China, with a decrease of 4.8% (P < 0.001; 95% CI: 2.5–7.1%) and 9.9% (P < 0.001; 95% CI: 4.9–14.7%) in rural and urban areas, respectively. The proportion of injury‐related deaths to total mortality rates dropped from 32.9% in 2000 to 18.8% in 2008 in urban areas but increased from 45.6% to 56.9% in rural areas. The injury mortality rates in both boys and girls decreased significantly by an average of 5.4% each year (P < 0.001; 95% CI: 2.6–8.0%) and 6.1% (P < 0.001; 95% CI: 2.7–9.4%), respectively. Drowning and traffic accidents were the most prevalent causes of injury‐related deaths in children aged 1–4 years.

Conclusion:  Childhood injury is still the leading cause of death in children aged 1–4 years in China. Drowning and traffic accidents were the most prevalent causes of childhood deaths in this study. Boys living in rural areas are at a higher risk and therefore require increased attention to help control and prevent childhood injury.
Advanced interventional pulmonology procedures: Training guidelines from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand
Authors: FIELDING DAVID , PHILLIPS MARTIN , ROBINSON PETER , IRVING LOUIS , GARSKE LUKE , HOPKINS PETER
Published: August 2012

Training in interventional pulmonology procedures is increasing in popularity. However, the nature of training is difficult to define, particularly with respect to an adequate number of cases. These guidelines approach training not just from a modest number of supervised cases, but also from a range of educational and outcome targets which give a rounded approach to the issue. These include prerequisite skills from basic procedures, the place of simulated training, formal simulation testing, modest procedural outcome and side effect targets, audit presentations, ongoing reading, and hands‐on training expectations. All of this would still be under the supervision of an experienced trainer.
Differentiated functions of Ras1 and Ras2 proteins in regulating the germination, growth, conidiation, multi‐stress tolerance and virulence of Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Xie Xue‐Qin , Guan Yi , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Feng Ming‐Guang
Published: August 2012

Ras1 and Ras2 are two distinct Ras GTPases in Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus whose biocontrol potential against insect pests depends largely on virulence and multi‐stress tolerance. The functions of both proteins were characterized for the first time by constructing dominant‐active (GTP‐bound) Ras1G19V and dominant‐negative (GDP‐bound) Ras1D126A and integrating them and normal Ras1 into wild type and ΔRas2 for a series of phenotypic and transcriptional analyses. The resultant mutants showed gradient changes of multiple phenotypes but little difference in conidial thermotolerance. Expression of Ras1D126A caused vigorous hyphal growth, severely defective conidiation, and increased tolerances to oxidation, cell wall disturbance, fungicide and UV‐A/UV‐B irradiations, but affected slightly germination, osmosensitivity and virulence. These phenotypes were antagonistically altered by mRas1G19V expressed in either wild type or ΔRas2, which was severely defective in conidial germination and hyphal growth and displayed intermediate changes in other mentioned phenotypes between paired mutants expressing Ras1G19V or Ras1D126A in wild type and ΔRas2. Their growth, UV tolerance or virulence was significantly correlated with cellular response to oxidation or cell wall disturbance. Transcriptional changes of 35 downstream effector genes involved in conidiation and multi‐stress responses also related to most of the phenotypic changes among the mutants. Our findings highlight that Ras1 and Ras2 regulate differentially or antagonistically the germination, growth, conidiation, multi‐stress tolerance and virulence of B. bassiana, thereby exerting profound effects on the fungal biocontrol potential.
Molecular phylogeny of Abyssocladia (Cladorhizidae: Poecilosclerida) and Phelloderma (Phellodermidae: Poecilosclerida) suggests a diversification of chelae microscleres in cladorhizid sponges
Authors: VARGAS SERGIO , ERPENBECK DIRK , GÖCKE CHRISTIAN , HALL KATHRYN A. , HOOPER JOHN N. A. , JANUSSEN DORTE , WÖRHEIDE GERT
Published: August 2012

Vargas, S., Erpenbeck, D., Göcke, C., Hall, K. A., Hooper, J. N. A., Janussen, D. & Wörheide, G. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of Abyssocladia (Cladorhizidae: Poecilosclerida) and Phelloderma (Phellodermidae: Poecilosclerida) suggests a diversification of chelae microscleres in cladorhizid sponges. —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 106–116.

The taxonomic placement of Abyssocladia Lévi, 1964 (Poecilosclerida) is controversial, having been assigned at various times to three different families (Mycalidae, Cladorhizidae and Phellodermidae) in two different suborders (Mycalina and Myxillina, respectively), since its inception in 1964. It shares the general body plan with the carnivorous sponge family Cladorhizidae (Mycalina), including the lack of an aquiferous system. Nevertheless, it also has chela spicules apparently identical to those in PhellodermaRidley & Dendy 1886 (Phellodermidae, Myxillina). The ongoing debate on the position of Abyssocladia ultimately reduces to a discussion on the use of chelae morphology to infer phylogenetic relationships within Poecilosclerida. Here, we infer the phylogenetic relationships of the genera Phelloderma and Abyssocladia using two independent molecular markers (28S rDNA and COI), showing that Abyssocladia is not closely related to Phelloderma and belongs in Cladorhizidae. We suggest that despite their complexity, chelae morphology can evolve independently in different poecilosclerid lineages and as such might be potentially misleading as indicator of the phylogenetic history of the group. We also provide the first phylogenetic analysis of the carnivorous sponge family Cladorhizidae and give first insights into the evolution of this feeding mode in Poecilosclerida and, more generally, in Porifera.
A Wireless Sensor Network‐Based Structural Health Monitoring System for Highway Bridges
Authors: Hu Xiaoya , Wang Bingwen , Ji Han
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  An integrated structural health monitoring (SHM) system for highway bridges is presented. The system is based on a customized wireless sensor network platform with a flexible design that provides a variety of sensors typical in SHM. These sensors include accelerometers, strain gauges, and temperature sensors with ultra‐low power consumption. An S‐Mote node, an acceleration sensor board, and a strain sensor board are developed to satisfy the requirements of bridge structural monitoring. Communication software components are integrated within TinyOS operating system to provide a flexible software platform whereas the data processing software performs analysis of acceleration, dynamic displacement, and dynamic strain data. The prototype system comprises a nearly linear multi‐hop topology and is deployed on an in‐service highway bridge. Data acquired from the system are used to examine network performance and to help evaluate the state of the bridge. Experimental results show that the system enables continuous or regular interval monitoring for in‐service highway bridges.
Does Complex or Simple Rhetoric Win Elections? An Integrative Complexity Analysis of U.S. Presidential Campaigns
Authors: Conway III Lucian Gideon , Gornick Laura Janelle , Burfeind Chelsea , Mandella Paul , Kuenzli Andrea , Houck Shannon C. , Fullerton Deven Theresa
Published: August 2012

Research suggests that the integrative complexity of political rhetoric tends to drop during election season, but little research to date directly addresses if this drop in complexity serves to increase or decrease electoral success. The two present studies help fill this gap. Study 1 demonstrates that, during the Democratic Party primary debates in 2003–2004, the eventual winners of the party nomination showed a steeper drop in integrative complexity as the election season progressed than nonwinning candidates. Study 2 presents laboratory evidence from the most recent presidential campaign demonstrating that, while the complexity of Obama's rhetoric had little impact on college students' subsequent intentions to vote for him, the complexity of McCain's rhetoric was significantly positively correlated with their likelihood of voting for him. Taken together, this research is inconsistent with an unqualified simple is effective view of the complexity‐success relationship. Rather, it is more consistent with a compensatory view: Effective use of complexity (or simplicity) may compensate for perceived weaknesses. Thus, appropriately timed shifts in complexity levels, and/or violations of negative expectations relevant to complexity, may be an effective means of winning elections. Surprisingly, mere simplicity as such seems largely ineffective.
The Relative Effects of Explicit Correction and Recasts on Two Target Structures via Two Communication Modes
Authors: Yilmaz Yucel
Published: August 2012

This study investigated the effects of negative feedback type (i.e., explicit correction vs. recasts), communication mode (i.e., face‐to‐face communication vs. synchronous computer‐mediated communication), and target structure salience (i.e., salient vs. nonsalient) on the acquisition of two Turkish morphemes. Forty‐eight native speakers of English with no Turkish background carried out two communicative tasks during which their errors on the target structures were treated according to their feedback group. Oral production, comprehension, and recognition tests were used to measure learners’ resulting performance. A clear advantage was found for explicit correction over recasts in the oral production and comprehension tasks on both immediate and delayed posttests. Results also showed that neither communication mode nor target structure salience moderated the difference between the negative feedback types but both factors made independent contributions to feedback effectiveness.
Hippocampal sclerosis worsens autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) phenotype related to CHRNB2 mutation
Authors: Labate A. , Mumoli L. , Fratto A. , Quattrone A. , Gambardella A.
Published: August 2012

Background and purpose

Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is a distinct epileptic syndrome with a broad range of severity even amongst affected members of the same pedigree, and the level of pharmacoresistance may reach 30%, close to that seen in sporadic focal epilepsies.

Methods

To investigate this issue of phenotypic heterogeneity, we prospectively carried out a high‐resolution 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in an ADNFLE family containing 10 affected members including one pharmacoresistant patient and carrying the V287L mutation of the CHRN beta2 subunit (CHRNB2). MRI studies were evaluated in a manner blinded to the electro‐clinical data.

Results

The brain MRI showed normal results in all affected individuals except the 22‐year‐old right‐handed woman (member III‐7) who had refractory seizures and typical radiological signs of left hippocampal sclerosis. She also had a simple febrile seizure at the age of 10 months.

Conclusion

The results of this study illustrate that hippocampal sclerosis has offered a fertile substrate for intractable ADNFLE to develop. The present findings also highlight the importance of acquired factors that are directly relevant to the epilepsy phenotype and its severity even in monogenic epilepsies.
Collective bargaining: crisis and its consequences for American society
Authors: Kochan Thomas A.
Published: August 2012

The term ‘collective bargaining’ was first used extensively and developed in full form by Sidney and Beatrice Webb. As the intellectual father and mother of British industrial relations and through their multiple contributions to research, government and policy making, and university affairs, the Webbs served as role models for multiple generations of British scholars. Willy Brown, scholar, educational leader and active public servant, stands as our generation's Webbs' equivalent. In all three domains he has carried on the Webbs' legacy with the highest distinction. So it is fitting that one essay in this collection honouring Willy be devoted to an examination of the current state of this institution the Webbs called collective bargaining. I am honoured to present an analysis of collective bargaining, albeit one limited to its effects, the consequences of its decline and its potential future in the United States.
(Re)assessing the shifting contours of Britain's collective industrial relations
Authors: Marginson Paul
Published: August 2012

William Brown's formidable contribution to Britain's internationally recognised industrial relations survey tradition is appraised. In interpretations of the findings of successive workplace surveys Brown has provided an evolving analysis of the retreat of collective bargaining in the private sector. His explanation for this decline places changing conditions in product markets, including intensification and internationalisation of competition, centre stage. An alternative account is offered, which brings the role of actors and institutions to the fore.
The decline of British trade unionism: markets, actors and institutions
Authors: Kelly John
Published: August 2012

This paper first describes the evolution of Willy Brown's thinking on trade union membership and collective bargaining coverage. The second part explores some of the issues around his growing conviction about the role of product markets and offers some critical reflections about his analysis of product markets by drawing on comparative evidence. The final section turns to his analyses and prescriptions for trade union strategy.
Understanding the employment relationship: markets, hierarchies and power
Authors: Nolan Peter
Published: August 2012

The employment relationship is fiercely contested both in theory and practice. This article examines recent theoretical initiatives in economics that have sought to illuminate the nature, specificity, and complexities of the employment relationship. It examines claims by proponents of the new institutional economics (NIE) that they can account for the historical emergence of authority relations and the dominance of hierarchical work organisations without reference to the forces of class power, coercion and labour subordination. The NIE is contrasted with the ‘old’ institutional economics (OIE) and the distinctive insights of an industrial relations perspective. The paper considers in conclusion whether a synthesis of NIE and industrial relations research would achieve a deeper understanding of the institutional forms of wage‐labour in contemporary capitalist economies.
Primary microRNA precursor transcripts are localized at post‐synaptic densities in adult mouse forebrain
Authors: Lugli Giovanni , Larson John , Demars Michael P. , Smalheiser Neil R.
Published: August 2012

In a previous study, we reported that microRNA (miRNA) precursors are expressed in synaptic fractions within adult mouse forebrain, where they are enriched at post‐synaptic densities (PSDs). However, because that study employed qRT‐PCR primers that recognize the hairpin region, it was not able to distinguish between primary microRNA gene transcripts (pri‐miRs) and small hairpin precursors (pre‐miRs). Here, using primer sets that selectively measure regions upstream, downstream and flanking the hairpin, we demonstrate that pri‐miRs are present in synaptic fractions (enriched several‐fold relative to total tissue homogenate) and are especially enriched in isolated PSDs. Drosha and DGCR8 proteins are also expressed in synaptic fractions and PSDs, and are tightly associated with pri‐miRs as assessed by coimmunoprecipitation under stringent conditions. Pri‐miRs, drosha, and DGCR8 are highly enriched in fractions that contain mRNA transport particles, and cytosolic drosha is associated with kinesin heavy chain; these findings suggest that pri‐miRs are transported to synaptic regions in a manner similar to mRNAs. This study supports the notion that miRNA biogenesis occurs locally near synapses in a regulated fashion.
Thermal responses to whole‐body cooling in air with special reference to arteriovenous anastomoses in fingers
Authors: Vanggaard Leif , Kuklane Kalev , Holmer Ingvar , Smolander Juhani
Published: August 2012

The arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) in the distal parts of the extremities play a significant role in the heat exchange with the environment. The aim of the study was to examine the thermal responses to whole‐body cooling in air, and especially the behaviour of finger skin temperature (Tf, rich in AVAs). Eight young men sat in minimal clothing at 32°C air temperature (Ta), which was then lowered gradually to 13°C in 100 min. In the beginning of cooling, Tf was high and fluctuating, and then suddenly exhibited a rapid fall, while temperatures in other skin sites fell fairly linearly along decreasing Ta to the end of cooling. During the period from start to the rapid fall in Tf, rectal temperature decreased from 37·4°C (SD 0·2) to 37·2°C (0·2), mean skin temperature (Tsk) from 34·6°C (0·5) to 31·2°C (2·0) and whole‐body thermal sensation from ‘slightly warm/warm’ to ‘slightly cool/cold’. The start of the steep fall in Tf varied considerably between individuals in terms of time (2–75 min), Ta (16·7–32·0°C) and Tsk (28·8–34·7°C). On the other hand, the range of Tf at that point was narrower (32·1–35·8°C). The findings stress the importance of taking into account the distal skin temperatures in thermoregulatory studies in addition to the ordinarily used more proximal and central skin sites. Also, it might be advisable to start such experiments with relatively high and fluctuating Tf to guarantee that the thermal state of the subject is well defined.
Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro
Authors: Simmler LD , Buser TA , Donzelli M , Schramm Y , Dieu L‐H , Huwyler J , Chaboz S , Hoener MC , Liechti ME
Published: August 2012

Background and Purpose

Designer β‐keto amphetamines (e.g. cathinones, ‘bath salts’ and ‘research chemicals’) have become popular recreational drugs, but their pharmacology is poorly characterized.

Experimental Approach

We determined the potencies of cathinones to inhibit DA, NA and 5‐HT transport into transporter‐transfected HEK 293 cells, DA and 5‐HT efflux from monoamine‐preloaded cells, and monoamine receptor binding affinity.

Key Results

Mephedrone, methylone, ethylone, butylone and naphyrone acted as non‐selective monoamine uptake inhibitors, similar to cocaine. Mephedrone, methylone, ethylone and butylone also induced the release of 5‐HT, similar to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and other entactogens. Cathinone, methcathinone and flephedrone, similar to amphetamine and methamphetamine, acted as preferential DA and NA uptake inhibitors and induced the release of DA. Pyrovalerone and 3,4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) were highly potent and selective DA and NA transporter inhibitors but unlike amphetamines did not evoke the release of monoamines. The non‐β‐keto amphetamines are trace amine‐associated receptor 1 ligands, whereas the cathinones are not. All the cathinones showed high blood–brain barrier permeability in an in vitro model; mephedrone and MDPV exhibited particularly high permeability.

Conclusions and Implications

Cathinones have considerable pharmacological differences that form the basis of their suggested classification into three groups. The predominant action of all cathinones on the DA transporter is probably associated with a considerable risk of addiction.
Fluvial adjustments in response to glacier retreat: Skaftafellsjökull, Iceland
Authors: Marren Philip M. , Toomath Shamus C.
Published: August 2012

This study describes changes to the proglacial drainage network of Skaftafellsjökull, Iceland from 1998 to 2011. Proglacial landscapes are highly sensitive to glacier retreat, and the retreat of glaciers around the world has accelerated since the mid‐1990s. Skaftafellsjökull has retreated at an average rate of 53 m per year since 1999. From 1999 to 2003, the river incised and formed a sequence of now abandoned channels and fluvial terraces extending ∼1 km downstream from the glacier. Retreat of the glacier from an over‐deepened ice‐contact slope meant that there was a positive correlation between the distance of glacier retreat and the amount of fluvial incision. Incision was episodic, occurring annually in response to drainage reactivation and reorganization. On an annual basis, the rate of retreat is moderately negatively correlated with the rate of incision. This is partly because the ice‐contact slope decreases away from the position of maximum glacier extent, and also because more sediment is released with faster retreat, counteracting the effect of retreat down an ice‐contact slope. From 2003 onwards, proximal terrace formation ceased, as a proglacial lake became established. Downstream of the lake outlet further incision deepened the channel, with most change occurring during a flood in 2006, where incision in the upstream confined reach was accompanied by downstream aggradation and terrace formation. These observations indicate that proglacial changes in response to glacier retreat are a result of the interactions of river channel incision and terrace formation, aggradation, lake development, and flooding, which together control river channel changes, sediment redistribution and sandur stratigraphy.
Impact of Pulmonary Artery Stiffness on Right Ventricular Function and Tricuspid Regurgitation after Successful Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty: The Importance of Early Intervention
Authors: Mahfouz Ragab A.
Published: August 2012

Aims: We assessed impact of pulmonary artery stiffness (PAS) on the long‐term right ventricular (RV) function and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) changes after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV). Methods and Results: Using Doppler echocardiography, PAS was calculated by dividing maximal frequency shift of pulmonary flow by the acceleration time, and mitral area, RV function, and degree of TR severity were evaluated before, immediately after, 6 months, and 12 months after successful PBMV in 81 consecutive patients. Compared with control subjects patients with mitral stenosis (MS) had significant higher PAS (P < 0.001). The PAS was significantly lower in patients with progressive RV function improvement and regression of TR (P < 0.001). PAS was significantly correlated with the degree of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and E/E'm ratio (P < 0.0001, <0.0001, and < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the PAS is an independent predictor of TR regression and sustained RV functional improvement after successful PBMV (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The changes in RV function and TR after successful PBMV were significantly correlated with the degree of PAS. Despite a sustained increase in mitral valve area, some patients showed no regression of TR, and progressive RV dysfunction suggests a significant role of PAS on RV function and the degree of TR regression in patients with MS suggests that PBMV must be performed early, utilizing PAS as a noninvasive parameter for proper timing for PBMV.
The Mitral Leaflet Separation Index for Assessment of Mitral Stenosis during Percutaneous Mitral Commissurotomy: Validation of the Index in the Immediate Post‐PMC Period
Authors: Duggal Bhanu , Bajaj Mukund , Prabhu Sandesh , Mathew Thomas
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the utility of the mitral leaflet separation index (MLSI), for determining the results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) in the acute setting, in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Forty‐eight patients undergoing PMC were studied and 96 examinations were performed. The overall correlation with the MLSI was 0.95. The mitral valve area (MVA) was determined by 2D echo planimetry (MVAPLM) and 0.83 of the MVA was derived using Gorlin's formula (MVAGOR). The MLSI was significantly different in patients with severe mitral stenosis (MS) (MVAPLM <1 cm2, MLSI of 0.70 mm) compared with those with mild MS (MVAPLM >1.5 cm2, MLSI of 0.92 mm). The MLSI is a simple and effective method for assessment of the MVA. An MLSI >0.92, immediately after PMC, had an excellent sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of an effective MVA of >1.5 cm2.
Serial Doppler Echocardiographic Assessment of Diastolic Dysfunction during Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Prasad Sandhir B. , See Valerie , Tan Timothy , Brown Paula , McKay Tania , Kovoor Pramesh , Thomas Liza
Published: August 2012

Objectives: We performed serial Doppler echocardiography in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to describe the temporal changes in Doppler parameters following STEMI. Background: Data on comprehensive Doppler assessment of diastolic dysfunction following STEMI, incorporating tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), are lacking. Severe diastolic dysfunction in stable patients usually manifests as a restrictive mitral filling pattern (RFP), reduced TDI‐derived annular velocities (E'), and elevated E/E' ratios >15. Methods: Twenty‐eight patients (19 males, mean age 60 ± 10 years) with a first‐ever STEMI who underwent PCI were prospectively assessed with echocardiography and invasive left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) measurements prior to PCI. Repeat echocardiograms were performed at day 3 and 12 months. Results: During STEMI: (i) LVEDP was significantly elevated but decreased post revascularization (26.1 ± 6.2 vs. 20.8 ± 5.2 mmHg, P = 0.002); (ii) the predominant mitral inflow pattern was an abnormal relaxation pattern (n = 14 [50%]), whereas restrictive filling pattern was only observed in seven (25%) patients; (iii) E' velocities were only modestly reduced (septal E' 7.4 ± 2.2 cm/sec, lateral E' 9.6 ± 2.2 cm/sec), and (iv) a septal E/E'ratio >15 seen in only one patient, whereas all other patients had an E/E' ratio of 8–15. Serial TDI showed that E'velocity decreased at day 3 (septal E' 7.4 ± 2.1 cm/sec vs. 5.9 ± 1.6 cm/sec, P = 0.002) and remained reduced at 1 year follow‐up, suggesting persistence of diastolic dysfunction. Conclusions: During STEMI, contrary to findings in stable patients, the predominant Doppler manifestation of the severe diastolic dysfunction and elevated LVEDP was an abnormal relaxation mitral inflow pattern accompanied by E/E' ratios of 8–15. Serial Doppler assessment suggests incomplete diastolic recovery following STEMI.