bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Management of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus in Early Life
Authors: GAUTIER EMILE , SIMPKISS MICHAEL
Published: January 2008

In two patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the requirements for normoelectrolytaemia have been defined in terms of water intake and solute output. The principles and difficulties of treatment are discussed.

Traitement du diabète insipide rénal chez les tout jeunes.

Pour deux malades atteints de diabète insipide rénal, la normoélectrolytémie se base sur le contrôle de la ration hydrique et de l'excrétion des solutés. Les principes et les difficultés du traitement sont discutés.

Die Behandlung des nephrogenen Diabetes insipidus im frühen Alter.

Bei zwei Kranken mit nephrogenem Diabetes insipidus wurden die Erfordernisse für Normoelektrolytämie, ausgedrückt in der Quantität der Wasseraufnahme und der ausgeschiedenen Lösungen, bestimmt. Die Grundsätze und Schwierigkeiten der Behandlung werden erörtert.

Tratamiento de la diabetes insípida nefrogena en la edad temprana.

Defínense los requisites normoelectrolitémicos de dos pacientes afectos de diabetes insípida nefrógena, bajo los conceptos de ingreso acuoso y rendimiento soluto. Discusión de los principios y dificultades del tratamiento.
Surgical Treatment of Funnel Chest
Authors: EKSTRÖM GÜNNAR , QVIST OVE
Published: January 2008

A surgical technique for the correction of funnel chest is described. The operation has been performed on 40 children without fatality.

Funnel chest is not only a cosmetic defect. All cases detected in infancy should be regularly examined. The most suitable age for the operation described is 3 to 6 years.

Traitement chirurgical du thorax en entonnoir.

Description d'une technique chirurgicale pour la correction du thorax en entonnoir. 40 enfants ont subi cette operation; il n'y a pas eu de mort. Le thorax en entonnoir n'est pas seulement un défaut cosmétique. Tous les cas dépistés pendant la première enfance doivent être examinés régulièrement. Le meilleur âge pour opérer est entre 3 et 6 ans.

Chirurgische Behandlung der Trichterbrust.

Es wird eine chirurgische Technik für die Korrektur der Trichterbrust beschrieben. Die Operation wurde an 40 Kindern ohne einen Todesfall durchgeführt. Die Trichterbrust ist nicht nur ein Sohönheitsfehler. Alle in früher Kindheit entdeckten Fälle müssen regelmässig untersucht werden. Das für den beschriebenen Eingriff günstigste Alter ist von 3–6 Jahreii.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del torax en embudo.

Descríbese una técnica quirúrgica para la correoción del tórax infundibuliforme. La operación fué ejeoutada en 40 niños sin desenlace fatal. El tórax en embudo no es un defeoto cosmético solamente. Todos log casos identificados en la infancia deben examinarse eon regularidad. La edad más adecuada para la operación clescrita es la de 3 a 6 años.
Female Non‐Adrenal Pseudohermaphroditism
Authors: NILSSON LARS R. , SÖDERHJELM LARS
Published: January 2008

A case of non‐adrenal female pseudohermaphroditism is described. An outline is given for the establishment of the diagnosis in new‐born infants with conditions of ambisexual differentiation.

Pseudo‐hermaphrodisme non surrénal chez un enfant du sexe féminin.

L'auteur deerit un cas de pseudo‐hermaphrodisme non surrenal chez un nouveau‐né et donne quelques indications pour l'établissement du diagnostic chez les nouveau‐nés qui présentent des caractères des deux sexes.

Weiblicher, nicht nebennierenbedingter Pseudohermaphroditismus.

Ein Fall von nicht nebennierenbedingtem Pseudohermaphroditismus bei einem neugeborenen Kinde wird beschrieben. Ein Entwurf für die Diagnosenstellung bei Neugeborenen mit den Bedingungen für ambisexuelle Differenzierung wird angegeben.

Seudohermafroditismo femenino no adrenal.

Descripción de un caso de seudohermafroditismo no adrenal en un recién nacido.

Directivas para determinar el diagnóstico en recién nacidos con las condiciones de diferenciación ambisexual.
Renal Concentration Capacity during Acute, Nonobstructive Urinary Tract Infections in Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: WINBERG JAN
Published: January 2008

Six infants with acute, febrile, non‐obstructive urinary tract infection have been examined with respect to the renal concentration capacity. This was found to be lowered in 5 of these 6 cases. The findings suggest a damage most probably localized to the collecting ducts and it is concluded that such impairment is often present even in the mild cases of urinary tract infections in infancy, often classified as cysto‐pyelitis. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed.

Concentration de la capacityé rénale pendant lea infections aiguëa du tractus urinaire, non‐obstructif, chez lea nourriaaona et les jeunes enfants.

Six enfants avec une infection aiguë febrile du tractus urinaire non‐obstructif ont été examinés pour la capacityé de la concentration rénale. Dans 5 sur ces 6 cas, on a trouvé celle‐ci diminuée.

Les résultats suggèrent une détérioration assez étendue dans les canaux collecteurs et on conclut qu'une telle diminution est souvent trouvée même dans les cas d'infection faible du tractus urinaire chez les nourrissons, souvent classés comme cystopyélite. Les conséquences de ces résultats sont brièvement discutées.

Konzentrationakapazität der Nieren während akuter, nicht obstrulctiver Harnweg‐Infektionen bei Säuglingen und in der frühen Kindheit (Kleinkindern).

Sechs Kinder mit akuter, nicht obstruktiver, Harnweg‐Infektion wurden im Hinblick auf Nierenkonzentrationsfähigkeit untersucht. Diese war in 5 von 6 Fällen auffallend vermindert. Die Untersuchungen weisen auf einen ziemlich ausgedehnten Schaden an den Sammelkanälchen und man folgert daraus, dass diese Beeinträchtigung oft gerade in milden Fällen von Harnweginfektionen vorkommt und öfters als Cystopyelitis klassifiert wird. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen werden kurz diskutiert.

Capacidad de concentración renal en las infeccionea agudas, no obstructivas, de las vias urinariaa en la infancia.

Se exploró la capacidad de concentración renal en 6 niños con infección aguda febril, no obstructiva, de las vias urinarias. En 5 de estos 6 casos se halló muy disminuida. Ello sugiere la existencia de extensas lesiones de los túbulos colectores, concluyéndose en que estas alteraciones se presentan a menudo incluso en las infecciones moderadas de las vias urinarias, en la infancia, clasificadas con frecuencia de cistopielitis. Se discuten brevemente las deducciones a que llevan las anteriores observaciones.
Cerebral Lesions in Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
Authors: EK J. I.
Published: January 2008

The author reviews sundry earlier conjectures about the etiology of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (a.m.c.).

Eight cases are described. In four of these the author demonstrates established findings of organic cerebral lesions. A fifth case, an imbecile girl, is a suspected case on the basis of findings with pneumoencephalography. Of the remaining three cases two arouse suspicion of similar lesions, whereas the third and least investigated case leaves the question unanswered.

As judged by these cases it would appear that cerebral injuries are commonly encountered in patients suffering from a.m.c. This statement, which has not before been mentioned, is also supported by a critical examination of earlier case histories, in which symptoms indicating cerebral lesions were often found.

It is important that the diagnostic criteria in a.m.c. should be fully satisfied. A brief review is given of opinions expressed by other authors about the symptomatology in a.m.c. Finally it is maintained that the dominant symptomatologic conditions in a.m.c. seem to be the pronounced, bilateral deformities present at birth in both the, upper and the lower extremities.

Lésions cérébrales dans des cas ?arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.

Ľauteur donne un aperçu sommaire de conjectures antérieures concernant ľétiologie de ľarthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Il rapporte 8 cas traités par lui‐même. Dans 5 ?entre eux, ľauteur trouve des signes établis de lésions cérébrales. Parmi les trois cas restants, deux ?entre eux ont réVeillé des soupçons ?avoir de telles lésions, tandis que le troisieme cas a laissé la question sans réponse.

Hirnbeschädigungen bei Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.

Verfasser gibt zunächst eine kurze Zusammenstellung der die Aetiologie der Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita betreffenden, früher ausgesprochenen Hypothesen. Acht eigene Fälle werden präsentiert. Bei fünf unter diesen wurden Zeichen von zweifelloser Hirnschädigung festgestellt. Unter den drei restlichen Fällen befanden sich zwei mit verdächtigten Hirnläsionen, während bei dem dritten diese Frage offen gelassen werden musste.

Lesiones cerebrales en la artrogryposis múltiplex congenita.

El autor resume brevemente conjeturas anteriores acerea de la etiologfa de la artrogryposis múltiplex congénita. Casuística de ocho pacientes particulares. En cinco de estos casos el autor halla sintomas establecidos de lesiones cerebrates. En los demás tres casos, dos de ellos hacen nacer sospechas en cuanto a tales lesiones, mientras que el tercer caso deja el problema sin resolver.
An Autoradiographic Study of the Fate of Transfused Thymus Lymphocytes1
Authors: DIDERHOLM H. , FICHTELIUS K. E.
Published: January 2008

Summary

Thymus lymphocytes labelled with radio‐active phosphorus were injected intravenously from guinea‐pig to guinea‐pig. The recipient animals were killed after 48 hours and autoradiographs prepared from spleen, liver, hepatic and mesenteric lymph nodes and from bone marrow. The labelled cells were traced to the perifollicular regions of the spleen and non‐follicular regions of the hepatic lymph node.
Survival of Cr51‐labelled Red Cells from New‐born Infants1
Authors: FOCONI SEVERINO , SJÖLIN STIG
Published: January 2008

Summary

The survival of Cr51‐labelled placental red cells of 10 full‐term and 6 premature infants was studied after transfusion to adult recpients. The mean apparent half‐life of the red cells from full‐term infants was found to be 22.8 days, and that of red cells from premature infants 15.8 days (cf. 27.5 days for red cells from adults). Results obtained by others using the differential agglutination method have indicated a longer life span than that corresponding to the Cr51 half‐times above mentioned. The most probable explanation of this difference seems to be that Cr51 is eluted more rapidly from fetal red cells than from red cells of adults. This hypothesis is corroborated by the results of experiments in vitro on intact red cells.
Fatal Bacterial Infections in the Antibiotic Era
Authors: LAGERCRANTZ RUTGER
Published: January 2008

Summary and Conclusions

Some fatal cases of bacterial infections from a children's hospital are presented and analysed. The total mortality in such diseases is now low in Sweden. In order to reduce it still further, the following precautions are suggested:

1. Early clinical and bacteriological diagnosis (especially in infants regarding capillary bronchitis and meningitis).

2. Bacteriological examinations (sensitivity tests included), repeated in cases with poor response to treatment. Early report of results.

3. Good hospital hygiene. The hospital should not be dangerous for the patients.

4. No prophylaxis with antibiotics. Limited use of broad spectrum antibiotics for treatment.

5. In fatal cases with proven or suspected infections bacteriological examinations post mortem are important for complete evaluation.
Diarrhoea Caused by Deficiency of Sugar Splitting Enzymes. I.
Authors: WEIJERS I. H. A. , KAMER J. H. VAN DE , DICKE W. K. , IJSSELING J.
Published: January 2008

In 3 children suffering from chronic diarrhoea in which all normally occurring causes (including coeliac disease) were ruled out, the absence (or defective functioning) of invertase and/or maltase was proved to be the cause. The diarrhoea was arrested with a monosaccharide diet, and in the case of invertase deficiency also an invertase preparation helped. The observation of Holzel et al. that a chronic diarrhoea‐without excretion of lactose with the urine‐also can be caused by lactase deficiency could be confirmed in another child.

The criteria were the severity of the diarrhoea, the pH of the faeces and the excretion in the stools of lactic acid and the volatile lower fatty acids, gas‐chro‐matographically differentiated into formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, (iso)‐butyric acid, (iso)valeric acid and caproic acid.

It appeared that for the diagnosis of diarrhoeas caused by carbohydrate intolerance, the lactic acid content of the faeces is especially valuable. Differentiation of the faecal flora gives no help.

In no case more than traces of sugar where excreted with the urine.
Bone Marrow Aplasia in Childhood Leukaemia
Authors: GLÜCK ERNEST , LAMVIK JON
Published: January 2008

Six of 21 children with blast cell leultaemia were found a t post‐mortem to have a hypoplastic or aplastic bone marrow. Leukaemic infiltrations were found in the organs of all the cases with a hyperplastic marrow, but were present in only one of the cases in the aplastic group and are limited to the meninges. The cause of aplasia of the bone marrow in leukaemis is discussed, particularly with regard to the possible influence of the folic acid antagonists. In two of the cases the bone marrow biopsies were indicative of an aplastic course from the start. The treatment in these cases seems to have reduced the activity of the bone marrow still further. In one case the aplasia developed during prolonged treatment with folic acid antagonists; a causal relationship is, however, uncertain. In the remaining three cases there was a haematological response after treatment with folic acid antagonists. At autopsy changes that could have been due to lack of folic acid were found in the organs.
Exudative Enteropathy
Authors: DOOREN L. J. , GELDEREN H. H. Van , VINK C. L. J.
Published: January 2008

Three patients with essential hypopro‐teinaemia are described. In all of them, signs and symptoms suggested an intestinal lesion. In two of them a PVP test wiis performed and gave a pathological result. Our cases and those of others strongly support the hypothesis that many cases of unexplained hypoproteinaemia are caused by intestinal disease. The poor general condition of one of the patients led us to perform a laporotomy. Biopsies showed distinct lesions of the small intestine. A large part of the diseased small intestine was resected without benefit.

In some chronic cases surgical intervention may be tried. The PVP test, as first described by Gordon, is of great diagnostic aid in such cases.
Identification of Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli 0111: B4 by Means of Fluorescent Antibodies
Authors: DANIELSSON DAN , LAURELL GUNNAR
Published: January 2008

The fluorescent antibody technique has been tested during a current epidemic of infantile diarrhoea due to E. Coli 0111: B4, and has been compared with the conventional bacteriological and serological techniques. Four different modifications have been compared. After enrichment of the faecal specimens in broth the greatest number of positive specimens was obtained by the fluorescent antibody technique. It was possible by means of this technique to demonstrate the organisms in 15 infants and one adult in 35 specimens, whereas conventional culture, all modifications together, revealed them in 12 infants in 26 specimens. The time for putting a diagnosis is greatly reduced by the fluorescent method. The method's didvantages and its use in routine practice are discussed.
Icterus and Xanthomatosis
Authors: SVENDSEN HARALD MORTEN
Published: January 2008

The clinical course of a two and a half year old boy with icterus, hepatomegaly, xanthomatosis and marked elevation of the serum lipids is described. In the process of this disease, these clinical and biochemical signs slowly disappeared and the patient seems to have regained complete health. The diagnostic problems are discussed. It is concluded that the patient suffered from a primary liver disease, most likely viral hepatitis of the cholangitic type, with development of secondary xanthomatosis.
Studies on Ester Sulphates 12. Excretion of Sulphate Acceptors in Phenylketonuria
Authors: BOSTROM HARRY , WENGLE BO
Published: January 2008

1. The pattern of sulphate acceptors present in the urine of phenylketonurics and control cases was visualized by chromato‐autoradiographic methods, after treatment of urine specimens in a sulphur ‐ylating rat‐liver system in the presence of S35‐labelled sulphate.

2. The sulphate of o‐HPAA formed during this procedure from o‐HPAA excreted in the urine of phenylketonurics could be demonstrated as a well‐defined spot (pk 1) on the autoradiograms in all untreated cases.

3. Another sulphate acceptor, revealed after acid hydrolysis, was shown to be identical with the hydantoin formed from urea and p‐HPPA during hydrolysis. The concentration of the ester sulphate of this hydantoin (pk 2) probably reflects the amount of p‐HPPA excreted in phen‐ylketonuria. This compound did not vanish from the urine specimens of patients given a low‐phenylalanine diet for periods of up to 13 months. It was, however, absent in one case treated for 29 months. The significance of these findings, as well as the possibilities of the method applied, are discusspd.
Conditioned Head Rotation Reflexes in Infants in the First: Months of Life
Authors: PAPOUŠEK HANUŠ
Published: January 2008

A new experimental system for study of higher nervous function has been tested with 23 normal fullterm infants. This method employs conditioned rotation of the head recorded electro‐mechanically. As compared with conditioned sucking studies, this method has been found advantageous from several points of view. New data on the development and coordination of motor responses in young infants have been obtained. A sufficiently stable conditioned reflex may be achieved at 66 weeks of age, differentiation of two positive stimuli at 3 months and double reversal of this differentiation in the 4th month. The experimental approach described permits study and comparison of two analogous symmetrical heterolateral reflexes and simple analysis of intensity and latency of response as sensitive indicators of cortical functions. It also opens new possibilities for the study of early purposive motor reactions. Since rotation of the head may take on various meaning —food‐seeking, orientation, defense—it is particularly well suited to the study of ontogenetic change of one simple motor act into a complex adaptative mechanism.
Studies of the Immunological Relationship between the Antigens from Different Organs in Human Ulcerative Colitis1
Authors: BROBERGER OVE
Published: January 2008

Sera from children with ulcerative colitis haemagglutinate sheep red blood cells coated with phenol‐water extracts of human colon, liver or kidney. It was found that the haemagglutination of colon‐coated cells could be completely or partially inhibited by previous absorption of the sera with extracts of colon, liver or kidney. Likewise, the haemagglutination of liver‐coated cells could be inhibited by means of extract from colon or liver. The results indicate that liver and colon contain at least one immunologically identical or similar antigen. In addition, certain preliminary results suggest that the sera contain antibodies against several distinct antigens, some of which are present only in the extracts of colon and not in those of liver or kidney.
Concentration of Fibrinogen in the Plasma of Healthy and of Erythro‐hlastotic and Hyperbilirubinemic Newborn Infants
Authors: ENGSTRÖM LARS , KAGER LARS
Published: January 2008

The concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma of 39 infants during the neonatal period was determined by Morrison's syneresis method as modified by Blom‐back. The samples were drawn from the umbilical vein by catheterization. The results, expressed in mean and standard error of the mean, were as follows:

A. Healthy full‐term infants at birth: 225 ± 10.0 mg/100 ml.

B. Healthy full‐term infants during third to sixth day of life: 322 ± 21.2 mg/100 ml.

C. Erythroblastotic infants at birth: 271 ± 14.7 mg/100 ml.

D. Hyperbilirubinemic infants without blood‐group incompatibility during third to sixth day of life: 297 ± 30.0 mg/100 ml.

No statistically significant difference was found between healthy and erythroblastotic or hyperbilirubinemic infants as regards concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma.
Renal Aspects of Acid‐Base Control in the Newly Born III. Response to Acidifying Drugs
Authors: HATEMI N. , McCANCE R. A.
Published: January 2008

1. When a solution of sodium and potassium phosphates at pH 7.4 were administered to normal breast‐fed infants aged 5, 6 and 7 days, they excreted considerably more H ions (in the form of titratable acid).

2. After the administration of a single dose of an acidifying drug normal breastfed infants 7 days old (a) raised the [H+] × 10‐7 of their urine less rapidly and completely than adults, (b) excreted less of the H ions generated by the drugs but (c) excreted almost as much ammonia/kg of body weight.

3. The administration of neutral phosphates to adults (a) made no difference to the rate and extent of the rise of [H+] × 10‐7 after ammonium chloride, (b) increased the excretion of H ions in the form of titratable acid without reducing the excretion of ammonium ions. After giving phosphates to the infants they (a) maintained the [H+] × 10‐7 of the urine at a lower level, (b) increased the excretion of free H ions but (c) reduced the excretion of ammonia and consequently (d) did not increase the excretion of free H ions + ammonia so much as adults.

4. The normal breast‐fed infant appears to be handicapped in dealing with a sudden acidosis by (a) an inability to raise the [H+] × 10‐7 of the urine rapidly and completely, (b) an absence of urinary buffers, (c) an overall failure to excrete H ions so rapidly as adults. This may amount to a general deficiency on the part of the kidney to produce the necessary H ions to be excreted.
The Iron and Copper Concentration of the Liver in Intrauterine Life and in Haemolytic Disease
Authors: EMERY JOHN L. , HILTON DOROTHY J.
Published: January 2008

A study of the iron and copper concentration of livers from 75 apparently normal stillborns and 11 infants dying with haemolytic disease, show that in normal circumstances there is no increase in the iron and copper concentration with increasing intrauterine maturity.

There is no difference between the concentration of copper in the left and right lobes but there is a significant difference in the amount of iron, the left containing more than the right.

In children with haemolytic disease there is a gross increase in the iron concentration of the liver and this is more marked in the right than in the left lobe.

In children with Rh disease there is possibly some diminution in the copper concentration of the liver in those cases that survive to full term.
Respiratory Studies in Children: 11. Functional Residual Capacity in Healthy Children
Authors: GEUBELLE F. , RUDDER P. DE
Published: January 2008

The functional residual capacity (VFRC) was measured in ten normal adults and 23 normal children (11 girls and 12 boys), ranging in age from 6–15 years by a closed circuit method with helium as the test gas. Three assays, with some hours' to several days' interval, have shown a day‐to‐day variation of about ± 6% in the three groups (± 7.5% for the adults, ± 3.7% for the boys and ± 5.8% for the girls).
Peptic Ulcer in Children
Authors: FÄLLSTRÖM S. P. , REINAND T.
Published: January 2008

A study has been made of 36 children with the established diagnosis peptic ulcer. All patients, with one exception, were children of school age. The following aspects of the disease have come to light.

1. The incidence of peptic ulcer among older children appears to be increasing.

2. These patients often present a strik ingly typical history. Delayed pains and/or relief of pain by food were noted in 26 patients. Other typical ulcer symptoms occur commonly.

3. Macroscopic bleeding was discovered in 5 cases, obstructive vomiting in 2. There was no case of perforated ulcer.

4. Recurrence was common. Of 14 children observed for a minimum period of 5 years, only 2 had been symptom‐free.

5. Constitutional factors are important in the causation of peptic ulcer in childhood. A high proportion of patients have a family history of the disease. Boys are affected more than girls. Patients of blood group O are present in abnormally high proportion. Psycho‐asthenic constitution is common among these patients.

Environmental factors appear to be less obvious. Neuroses or emotional disturbances were not found to any great extent.
A Follow‐Up Study of Hyperbilirubinaemia in Full‐term Infants without Iso‐immunisation
Authors: BJURE J. , LIDÉN G. , REINAND T. , VESTBY A.
Published: January 2008

One hundred and thirteen full‐term infants with bilirubin values of 18 mg% or more during the neonatal period, have been followed‐up at the age of 2–3 years, and compared with 51 full‐term, non‐icteric infants, born during the same period. Exchange transfusion was carried out in 30 of the children with jaundice. No cases of kernicterus could be demonstrated. Play audiometry was carried out in 125 children (86 with jaundice, 39 controls). No deafness of central type was revealed. At the paediatric follow‐up examination no relevant abnormalities were found. Merrill‐Palmer testing produced evidence of a similar I.Q. distribution among the icteric as among the non‐icteric children. A cerebral lesion was diagnosed in 3 cases, but in all these another aetiology (disturbance at the time of birth) occurred in addition to hyper‐bilirubinaemia. Hyperbilirubinaemia alone did not give rise to any cerebral lesion.
Catecholamine Excretion in the Newborn Period: Effect of Short Periods of Induced Hypoxial
Authors: STERN LEO , GREENBERG ROBERT E. , LIND JOHN
Published: January 2008

It has previously been demonstrated that newborn infants are capable of responding to change of posture and insulin hypoglycemia with. an increase in catecholamine excretion. Similarly, previous studies by other workers have shown that severe anoxia, at least, evokes a marked release of catecholamines in animals. When newborn infants were exposed for 15 minutes to a gas mixture containing 15.5% oxygen and 84.5% nitrogen, no significant change in the urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline ensued. This would suggest that either the newborn is incapable of responding to this stimulus with an increase in catecholamine excretion or the stimulus itself is not of sufficient severity to produce such a response. In either case, any physiologic response in newborns following exposure to a hypoxic mixture of this degree, would then be mediated by mechanisms other than catecholamine release.

The study also suggests, however, that increasing postnatal age exhibits a positive correlation with the response to the hypoxic stimulus used, in terms of increases in noradrenaline excretion. The validity of these findings as well as their significance must await confirmatory studies.

Dopamine was found to be present in the urine of newborn infants in amounts roughly nine times that of noradrenaline, a ratio parallel to that observed by others for adults. No correlation between the hypoxic stimulus and dopamine excretion was found. The present confusion concerning the significance of dopamine, in both urine and tissues, is briefly reviewed.
The Treatment of Aplastic Anaemia with Anabolic Steroids
Authors: KHALIL MOSTAFA , IBRAHIM ABDEL‐HADl
Published: January 2008

A combination of Millicorten and Ul‐tandren (Ciba) was tried in two cases of primary aplastic anaemia with success in one case. The value of Ultandren was found to start early in the course of therapy, while a maintenance course of Millicorten was found necessary. The effect of therapy was most marked on the haemoglobin level and red cell count. The platelets responded less favourably. Regeneration of the white cells was only found to a small extent. Studies with radioactive iron showed that after treatment the patient demonstrated normal ferrokinetics.
A Bacteriological Comparison between Two Methods of Exchange Transfusion
Authors: ANDERSEN HANS JÖRGEN , HOLM STIG E.
Published: January 2008

Twenty‐three cases of hyperbilirubinemia in newborn babies were treated with exchange transfusions according to the method of Sanchez. Bacteriological samples were examined from the inner surface of the fresh cut end of the umbilical stump and from the part of the umbilical vein used in Sanchez's method. Growth was obtained in 16 cases from the stump and in three cases from the vein.
Susceptibility to Infectious Disease, the Response to Active Immunization and the Antibody Titres in Diabetic Schoolchildren
Authors: STERKY GÖRAN
Published: January 2008

In a group of 145 diabetic schoolchildren, 7–20 years old, and 126 matched non‐diabetic controls, certain factors relevant to immunity and diabetes were investigated.

The diabetics of all ages were found to have a higher school absenteeism and also, in the prepuberal ages, a higher incidence of acute infectious disease than corresponding non‐diabetics. No major differences in the distribution of common bacterial antibody titers were observed and the formation of agglutinins to tyhoid/paratyphoid vaccine was found to be the same in both groups. The diabetics were carriers of common bacteria somewhat more often than the non‐diabetics. Most results could not be correlated with the degree of diabetic control.

It is suggested that the explanation of the differences between the two groups might be a longer voluntary phase of recuperation after acute infectious disease in the diabetics.
Infantile Chronic Necrotizing Encephalopathy1
Authors: CHRISTENSEN ERNA , MELCHIOR J. C. , PLUM P.
Published: January 2008

The clinical history and brain autopsy are presented of a girl who from the age of 2–3 years showed progressing neurological symptoms lasting 10 years with short periods of improvement. The clinical picture was one of mixed pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, of speech difficulties, but well preserved mental abilities. At autopsy symmetrical lesions were found, involving the putamina and the caudate nuclei, also affecting the pons and medulla oblongata and spinal cord, being of younger age caudally in the central nervous system.

The close resemblance of a case previously reported by us in 1956 is striking.

Our two cases give no conclusive information with regard to the etiology and pathogenesis. Regarding classification, it is possible that we are dealing with a disorder representing a chronic form of infantile necrotizing encephalopathy comparable to a subacute form described by Richter. among others, and perhaps it is also comparable to an acute form described by Verhaart.
Niemann‐Pick Disease in Infancy
Authors: IVEMARK BIÖRN I. , SVENNERHOLM LARS , THORÉN CLAES , TUNELL RAGNAR
Published: January 2008

Clinical and histologic findings in two siblings with the infantile type of Nie‐mann‐Pick disease are reported. The clinical course was fulminant with early jaundice, marked enlargement of the spleen and liver, and death at 5 and 8 months. Vacuolated lymphocytes were found in the peripheral blood; a small percentage of such cells were also found in the peripheral blood from the parents. The clinical picture may be ascribed to severe liver cell damage with Niemann‐Pick cells, giant‐cell transformation, fibrosis and bile stasis. The evidence suggests that the hepatic changes constituted the neonatal liver's non‐specific reaction to injury. In one case an accumulation of lipo‐pigment ‐probably ceroid‐was noted in the lymph nodes; this was considered a secondary feature, due probably to the liver cell damage and the disturbance of lipid metabolism.

Chemical analyses performed in one case showed increased concentration of sphingomyelins in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and kidneys, normal concentration in the cerebral grey matter and decreased in the white matter. In both cases the spleen showed a tenfold increase in weight, and in one case there was a hundredfold increase in the sphingomyelin content. Abnormally high levels of cholesterol and glycero‐phospholipids were noted in the visceral organs; only a small proportion of the cholesterol was esterified and the triglyceride content of the affected organs was low. These facts provide some support for the view that the sphingomyelins in Niemann‐Pick disease is stored in the form of lipoprotein.
Use of Fluoxymesterone in the Treatment of Growth Retardation
Authors: LARON ZVI
Published: January 2008

Fluoxymesterone (9 alpha‐fluoro‐11 beta hydroxy‐17 alpha methyltestosterone) was administered for 6 months to 21 prepu‐beral and 32 puberal children suffering from growth retardation. Four children received two courses of treatment. Fluoxy‐mesterone induced a gain in body weight in all but two children and stimulated linear growth rate in all but seven children. In prepuberal children with a daily dose of over 0.15 mg/kg body weight, signs of virilization and/or increased stimulation of skeletal maturation were observed; in puberal children the virilizing dose was 0.10 mg/kg.
Foetal Respiration
Authors: ROOTH GÖSTA
Published: January 2008

In 32 cases the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the umbilical vessels was analysed. In 17 of these cases pH, Pco2 and non‐respiratory acid base balance was also studied. The results show that the placenta, even at the final stage of delivery, is effective as regards O2 and CO2 diffusion. The umbilical artery oxygen content is a measure of the foetal placental rate of blood flow. The first signs of asphyxia is a slowing of the foetal placental rate of blood flow. By a simultaneous study of the values for the blood gases in the umbilical vein and in the umbilical artery an integrated analysis may be obtained which permits an understanding of the otherwise apparently random variation of the results. In cases with high rate of blood flow the foetal respiratory quotient is low, about 0.5, indicating that the foetal intermediate metabolism differ from the adult. In fetuses with an insufficient oxygen supply the R.Q. is higher, usually more than 1.0. Approximate figures are given for the placental oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion coefficients.
Studies in Oligophrenia II. Amino‐Aciduria in Mentally Deficient Children
Authors: GELDEREN H. H. VAN , DOOREN L. J.
Published: January 2008

Hyperaminoaciduria was found to be frequent in mentally deficient children in an institution for mental defects. Most of the cases with hyperaminoaciduria belonged to the group with imbecility and idiocy with familial incidence of mental retardation (genetic defects). In these patients mean amino‐acid excretion was significantly higher than in other patients and than normal. In the group of children with mental defects associated with multiple congenital malformations the incidence of hyperaminoaciduria is also increased. Possibly the cases with hyperaminoaciduria in this group are also caused by genetic disturbances, though familial incidence was not always found. In mild oligophrenics and children with perinatal or postnatal brain damage aminoacid excretion was within the normal range.

The index αAmN × 100/tot.N was the most constant way of expressing aminoaciduria and obviated the necessity to collect 24‐hr samples of urine.

This study indicates a much higher frequency of metabolic disorders in oligophrenia than the incidence of rare syndromes described up till now would suggest. The search for metabolic causes of mental deficiency can be restricted to the above‐mentioned groups.
Erythroblastosis Foetalis A Survey of 491 Consecutive Cases of Rh‐Immunization in Pregnancy Part II. Liveborn Affected by Erythroblastosis Foetalis1
Authors: SUNDAL ALFRED
Published: January 2008

In the 10‐year period 1951–1961 the offspring of 491 consecutive Rh‐immunized pregnancies representative of a region of West Norway were born in one Maternity Hospital and the liveborn were cared for in one Children's Hospital. The stillbirth rate was 6.3% and the neonatal mortality 4.3%. The nperinatal mortality is thus 10.6%. Details concerning the stillbirths have been published in Part I [5].

All the liveborn have been studied as regards the maternal incomplete antibody titre in pregnancy, the cord bilirubin, haemoglobin at birth and need for treatment (single or multiple exchange transfusions).

A special study has been made of the newborns who died of haemolytic disease. Severe anaemia with circulatory failure was the most important cause of death. Unexplainable deaths in connection with exchange transfusion in severely ill in fants with haemolytic disease also play a major role. All deaths occurred in the first 48 hours of life.

Late anaemia and the necessity for simple blood transfusions very rarely occurred. No complications with kernicterus were seen.

Adequate supervision in pregnancy, reference of selected Rh‐immunized women to a Maternity Hospital in due time, delivery in a special unit and immediate supervision and treatment of the affected newborn in a hospital with adequate facilities and experienced staff are of definitive importance in the management of erythroblastosis foetalis.
Prognosis after Puberty for 442 Asthmatic Children Examined and Treated on Specific Allergologic Principles
Authors: RYSSING E. , FLENSBORG E. WINGE
Published: January 2008

By means of questionnaires and/or personal inquiry information has been procured on the 503 asthmatic patients seen in the Clinic who were over 15 years of age in 1960. Useful data were obtained for 98,4 % of the series under review.

Four hundred and forty‐two of these patients had been treated in the clinic on the lines stated. At the follow‐up 36.8% had been quite symptom‐free the past year or more. Nine point four per cent had occasionally experienced dyspnoea, and some of these also a cough, while 53.8% continued to have asthmatic symptoms. None had died from asthma.

The fairly poor result was due partly to the relatively great number of severe cases (42 %) in the series, and partly to the fact that far too many had not been submitted to treatment till after a long period of illness; 37 % after not less than 5 years of illness and 16 % after at least 10 years of illness. It is shown that the chance of obtaining freedom from symptoms is greatest for the patients submitted to early treatment.

The prognosis is, moreover, poorest in cases of severe asthma and a familial predisposition to atopic illness; further, in cases with other associated atopic illness and with increasing numbers of manifest allergies, as well as in cases with complicating pollen and/or mold fungus allergy.

Finally, a markedly increased tendency towards freedom from symptoms has been demonstrated during the years of puberty.

A final evaluation of specific allergologic treatment of asthma in childhood will probably require prolonged experiments of treatment, using the double‐blind technique.
III. Somatosexual Maturation in Mentally Deficient Children
Authors: GELDEREN H. H. VAN , DOOREN L. J.
Published: January 2008

Four hundred and sixty‐seven patients 9–17 years old in an institution for mentally deficient children have been examined for external signs of puberty. It was found that the majority of these children mature at the normal time. Late maturing is also frequent and is usually associated with mental defect of genetic and prenatal origin.

Early maturing and precocious puberty occurred only in children with brain damage dating from birth or later. These patients as a group also matured significantly earlier than children with mental defects from genetic and prenatal origin. Menstruation proved to be less reliable as a sign of maturation in institutionalized mentally defectives.
Results of the Treatment of 191 Children with Tuberculous Meningitis in the Years 1949–54
Authors: WASZ‐HÖCKERT OLE , DONNER MÄRTA
Published: January 2008

The primary series of 191 children treated for tuberculous meningitis at the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, in 1949–54 is analysed to provide a background for the 103 recoveries who were given a thorough follow‐up examination. The incidence of patients under 12 months of age was 12.5 per cent, and of those under 2 years of age 44.6 per cent. The youngest patient to recover was 7 weeks of age when tuberculous meningitis was diagnosed. The treatment schedules followed were mainly those used in the centres of Debré and Cocchi, although some personal modifications were introduced and new trends adopted.

The primary mortality rate dropped to 11 per cent in the last years from the high figure of 75 per cent in the first year of the streptomycin era. However, late mortality up to 3 1/2 years after discontinuing the treatment increased the final, total mortality rate of the series to 44.5 per cent. This emphasizes the importance of long‐term treatment, which is now the generally accepted method in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis.
Modern Treatment and Late Prognosis of Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: WASZ‐HÖCKERT OLE
Published: January 2008

Certain controversial subjects in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis are analyzed, amongst them intrathecal administration of streptomycin, the toxicity of isoniazid, long‐term treatment with INH, and the etiological role of the primarily resistant strains of tubercle bacilli. The corticoid problem is given special consideration and the possibility of iatrogenic late sequelae due to corticoids is discussed at length. The importance of proper neurosurgical management in cases with increased intracranial pressure and signs of block formation and the value of preventive measures, like BCG vaccination, chemoprophylaxis and isolation are also stressed.

In addition, the methods of treatment presently employed at the Children's Hospital are presented in detail and certain therapeutical problems are discussed in this connection. The recent results, from the years 1956—62, are outlined. Finally, in the late prognosis of the survivors of tuberculous meningitis the emphasis is laid upon certain sociomedical aspects and the children are grouped into: Group A — 50 –60 per cent — fully recovered individuals with no handicaps; Group B – 30—40 per cent — individuals with minor handicaps requiring efficient rehabilitation and special training but with a favourable socio‐medical prognosis when given these; and Group C — 10 per cent — severely handicapped individuals at the mercy of the domestic environment and or the community.
Deficiency of Pyruvate Kinase in the Erythrocytes of a Child with Hereditary Non‐Spherocytic Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: BUSCH D. , WITT I. , BERGER M. , KÜNZER W. , SCHMUCK K. , MÜLLER H.
Published: January 2008

We report on a nine‐year‐old boy with the symptoms of a hereditary non‐sphero‐cytic anemia, whose erythrocytes showed a decrease of pyruvate kinase activity to about 50% of the normal level. A low level of ATP and an increase of the concentrations of 2,3‐DPG, 3‐PG and PEP were also found. Genetical and biochemical problems are discussed. This anemis belongs to Type I, according to Selwyn and Dacie.
Craniosynostosis as a Complication after Operation for Hydrocephalus
Authors: ANDERSSON HUGO
Published: January 2008

Premature closure of the cranial sutures as complication to hydrocephalus surgery is previously only briefly mentioned in the literature. An interesting feature is the abnormal thickening of the cranial bones, observed in the three cases presented. This might have something to do with the pressure that the normally growing brain probably exerts upon the bones during the development of the cranium.

The use of low‐pressure valves has now been discarded when operating hydro‐cephalus in our clinic.

The surgical correction of the secondary premature closure is probably more complicated than otherwise in these cases.
Urinary Excretion of I131‐Diodrast Injected Intraventricularly in Communicating Hydrocephalus and Aqueduct Stenosis
Authors: GROTTE GUNNAR , SJÖGREN IRÉNE , SJÖGREN HĂKAN
Published: January 2008

Nine cases of expansive infantile hydro‐cephalus were investigated by injecting Small amounts of I131‐Diodrast intra‐ventricularly. Urinary excretion of the tracer was determined during the first 4‐5 hours after injection. The cumulative excretion of Diodrast from the C.S.F. differs in cases with communicating hydrocephalus from those with stenosis of the aqueduct. The investigation is rapid and easily performed and has not produced any side effects.
The Effect of Prenatal Glucose and Insulin Infusion on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Newborn
Authors: ZNAMENÁCEK K. , PŘIBYLOVÁ H. , ŠABATA V.
Published: January 2008

10 women in labor received a drip infusion of 500 ml of 10% glucose with 16 units of crystalline insulin and further 10 received glucose infusion without insulin, about 30 min. before giving birth. In the newborn infants of these mothers was a continuous fall in the high initial blood glucose values in capillary blood, with significant decrease in ballast excess lactate, without increase in oxygen consumption. It would appear that prenatal infusion of glucose with insulin decreased partially anaerobic metabolism, without increasing the oxidative component. Such an effect might lower the tendency of the newborn to go into metabolic acidosis after birth, and assist the establishment of normal respiration.
Erythropoietin Levels in Cord Blood as an Indicator of Intrauterine Hypoxia
Authors: FINNE PER HAAVARDSHOLM
Published: January 2008

The erythropoietin content in cord blood was determined from normal full term infants, fants, from infants born more than 2 weeks after term, from infants of preeclamptic, diabetic and Rh‐immunized mothers. The group of normal infants showed higher ergthropoietin levels than the premature group. Highly elevated erythropoietin levels were found in some infants in the preeclamptic, the postmature group and in the infants of diabetic mothers. The greatest frequency of increased erythropoietin levels were found in the preeclamptic group. The infants with the greatest rise in erythropoietin content often showed clinical signs of dysmaturity. Erythroblastotic infants seemed to show a rise in erythropoietin levels when capillary hemoglobin fell below 13‐11 g. The results indicate that both anemic and hypoxic hypoxia may give an increase in erythro‐poietin content, and that erythropoietin is a stimulating factor for red cell production in fetal life, at least in the last months.
Salicylate‐Induced Fetal Death and Malformations in Two Mouse Strains
Authors: LARSSON K. S. , ERIKSSON M.
Published: January 2008

Sodium salicylate was given i.m. in a single dose on one gestation day (9th, 11th, 13th, 15th or 17th) to pregnant primiparous mice of A/Jax and CBA strains and of their reciprocal crossings. The incidence of fetal death and resorption and of vessel and skeletal anomalies induced in the fetuses was estimated on the 18th day of pregnancy.

Fetal resorption rate increased steadily the later sodium salicylate was given in pregnancy, in the A/Jax strain, as well as in the litters of A/Jax females mated with CBA males. In the CBA strain and in the litters of CBA females mated with A/Jax males, on the contrary, the resorption rate was low even after injection in late pregnancy.

Vessel anomalies were observed in the highest incidence after injection on the 15th gestation day, whereas anomalies of ribs and vertebrae showed the highest incidence after injection on the 9th day. In these respects as well, the A/Jax strain as A/Jax females mated with CBA males were observed to be the most susceptible.

The present results indicate that, in the suggested drug tests for teratogenic action, the drug should also be given after the organogenetic period, and that special attention should be focused on fetal lethality. The mechanisms underlying the salicylate‐induced fetal damage are discussed.