bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medium‐term environmental changes influence age‐specific survival estimates in a salmonid population
Authors: Marsh Jessica E. , Cove Richard J. , Britton J. Robert , Wellard Robert G. , House Andy , Gregory Stephen D.
Published: June 2021

Human‐induced environmental change is a major stressor on freshwater habitats that has resulted in the population declines of many freshwater species. Ontogenetic shifts in habitat use and associated (st)age‐specific requirements mean that impacts of environmental stressors can influence (st)ages in a population differently, and yet relatively few studies of freshwater fish populations account for their detail.

We aimed to identify environmental and biotic factors affecting survival estimated for six age‐classes of a European grayling population in the River Wylye, UK over a 17‐year period. We used a Bayesian age‐structured state space model to estimate survival of grayling cohorts between subsequent life stages (eggs to age 5 adults) for 16 annual transitions (2003–2004 to 2018–2019), whilst accounting for imperfect sampling of the population. We quantified the effects of seasonal water flow and temperature, in‐stream habitat and prey resource, and potential competitors and predators on survival between subsequent life stages. We used Bayesian variable selection to gauge their relative importance on survival.

Grayling abundances declined during the study period (>75% in all age‐classes), predominately driven by a loss of mature adults. Changes to seasonal flows negatively influenced their survival: increased days of summer low flow related to decreased survival of subadults and mature adults, and lower winter flows related to reduced recruitment of juveniles from eggs. Higher summer macrophyte cover negatively influenced juvenile and subadult survival and increasing days of high temperature in summer appeared detrimental to juvenile survival. Abundance of brown trout (a potential competitor and predator) did not negatively influence grayling survival.

Our results reveal the implications of environmental change on a salmonid population, where recent low summer flows and high temperatures, and below average winter flows, have negatively influenced grayling survival. These conditions appear to be becoming more frequent and persistent in our study river, which is towards the species’ southern range limit, which could render the population vulnerable to climate change. Our study demonstrates how careful analysis of long‐term population monitoring and environmental datasets can identify factors affecting (st)age‐specific fish population dynamics, and when combined with local expertise, results in realistic mitigation proposals to promote wildlife population persistence.
Intraguild predation dampens trophic cascades in shallow aquatic mesocosms in the subtropics: Implications for lake restoration by biomanipulation
Authors: He Hu , Ning Xiaoyu , Chen Kunquan , Li Qisheng , Li Kuanyi , Liu Zhengwen , Jeppesen Erik
Published: June 2021

Intraguild predation (IGP), defined as killing and eating among potential competitors, is commonly observed in shallow lakes and is predicted to dampen trophic cascades and affect ecosystem properties (e.g. phytoplankton biomass or primary production). We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the density of two common lake predators, the small‐sized fish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (the intraguild predator) and the shrimp Exopalaemon modestus (the intraguild prey), in outdoor mesocosms containing natural phytoplankton and zooplankton communities.

In single predator treatments, both predators induced a strong trophic cascade, as evidenced by extinction of the key herbivore, Daphnia pulex, and increasing phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a concentration.

When the two predators were added together, however, the strength of collective predator effects on zooplankton and the cascading effects on phytoplankton growth were weaker than the sum of the individual predator effects. We attributed this antagonism among predators to intraguild predation as demonstrated by the lower shrimp catch per unit effort in the presence of fish.

Our study suggests that common predators in subtropical shallow lakes may act antagonistically and thereby dampen trophic cascades in food webs. Thus, when implementing biomanipulation efforts to suppress algal growth via enhancing zooplankton herbivory, both the quantity and diversity of lake predator assemblies should be considered.
Boron Mass Fractions and δ11B Values of Eighteen International Geological Reference Materials
Authors: Zhu Guanhong , Ma Jinlong , Wei Gangjian , Zhang Le
Published: June 2021

Here we report boron (B) mass fractions and δ11B values of a set of geological reference materials including ultramafic rocks, basalts, andesites, felsic rocks and sedimentary materials. Boron was purified using a single column loaded with AGMP‐1 resin. The δ11B data were determined by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS) using the sample‐standard bracketing method, and the NIST SRM 951 reference solution was selected as the calibrator. Boron mass fractions were measured by ICP‐MS. Based on analyses of the NIST SRM 951 reference solution over a period of 1 year, the intermediate measurement precision for B isotope determinations was better than 0.5‰ (2s). The robustness of the overall B isotope analytical procedure was evaluated by carrying out replicate analyses of five reference materials (i.e., B5, JB‐2, JB‐3, B6 and JR‐2). The eighteen geological reference materials have δ11B values ranging from −28.85 to +10.47‰ and B mass fractions ranging from 2.37 to 158 μg g−1. The comprehensive data set presented here serves as a reference for quality assurance and comparison of B isotope and B mass fraction data among different laboratories.
Emicizumab prophylaxis in infants with severe haemophilia A without inhibitors: Illustrative real‐world cases to support shared decision‐making
Authors: Mason Jane A. , Young Guy
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Emicizumab has been shown to be safe and effective for prevention of bleeds in patients with severe haemophilia A (SHA), both with and without inhibitors. The subcutaneous administration and long half‐life make emicizumab an attractive option for prophylaxis in infants with SHA, however data to inform treatment decisions in this younger age group are almost absent.

Aim

The aim of this report is to share real world experience to illustrate how the availability of emicizumab has shifted the prophylaxis paradigm in the management of infants with SHA.

Method

We selected four cases from our own cohort of infants with SHA to outline the rationale for emicizumab prophylaxis in a range of scenarios familiar to paediatric haemophilia treaters.

Results

In Case 1 emicizumab was commenced at 7 days following initial treatment of neonatal ICH with a FVIII infusion. In Case 2 emicizumab was commenced at 5 weeks due to parental anxiety regarding the potential for ICH during infancy. Case 3 commenced emicizumab at 15 months in lieu of standard primary prophylaxis. Case 4 switched to emicizumab prophylaxis at 14 months after a period of primary prophylaxis with FVIII concentrates to alleviate parental anxiety regarding future inhibitor development. No patient had any bleeding events after commencement of emicizumab (median follow up 12 months), and no drug‐related adverse effects were observed.

Conclusion

Despite the paucity of data in infants with SHA the potential role of emicizumab prophylaxis should be discussed with families when clinically relevant, with decisions tailored to individual need.
Effect of binder system on the thermophysical properties of 3D‐printed zirconia ceramics
Authors: Hofer Anna‐Katharina , Rabitsch Julia , Jutrzenka‐Trzebiatowska Dagmara , Hofstetter Christoph , Gavalda‐Velasco Isabel , Schlacher Josef , Schwentenwein Martin , Bermejo Raul
Published: June 2021

Fabrication of 3D‐printed ceramic parts with high complexity and high spatial resolution often demands low wall thickness as well as high stiffness at the green state, whereas printing simpler geometries may tolerate thicker, more compliant walls with the advantage of a rapid binder‐burn‐out and sintering process. In this work, the influence of the binder system on the thermophysical properties of 3D‐printed stabilized zirconia ceramics was investigated. Samples were fabricated with the lithography‐based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) technology using two different photosensitive ceramic suspensions (LithaCon 3Y230 and LithaCon 3Y210), with the same ZrO2 powder. A significant difference in stiffness in the green state (~3 MPa vs. ~32 MPa for LithaCon 3Y230 and LithaCon 3Y210, respectively) was measured, associated with a rather loose or a linked network formed in the binder due to photopolymerization. Both materials reached high relative densities, that is, >99%, exhibiting a homogeneous fine‐grained microstructure. No significant differences on the coefficient of thermal expansion (11.18 ppm/K vs. 11.17 ppm/K) or Young's modulus (207 GPa vs. 205 GPa) were measured, thus demonstrating the potential of tailoring binder systems to achieve the required accuracy in 3D‐printed parts, without detrimental effects on material's microstructure and thermophysical properties at the sintered state.
Skin and soft tissue infections in biological therapy for psoriasis—A case report and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Fisher Shani , Ziv Michael
Published: June 2021

Background

Biological therapies are widely used for moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis owing to their high efficacy and safety profile. However, skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) have been reported in association with biological treatment in psoriasis.

Methods

We report a case of necrotizing fasciitis in an 18‐year‐old psoriasis patient with a history of severe combined immunodeficiency treated with secukinumab and conducted a systematic literature review of SSTIs associated with biological therapy for psoriasis. The literature review related to biological therapies for psoriasis between the years 1990 and 2020: Medline (PubMed), Embase, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched for psoriasis, biological treatment, and skin and soft tissue infections.

Results

Over 1,300 titles were found, 24 of which met the inclusion criteria for our study: nine retrospective studies, nine randomized controlled trials, and six prospective studies. The data covered 10 biological treatments. More than 40,000 patients receiving biological treatment were included, and nearly 1,000 cases of SSTIs were documented.

Conclusions

We present the available records regarding SSTIs among chronic plaque psoriasis patients given biological treatment. Most reported SSTIs were related to psoriasis patients treated with TNF‐α inhibitors. In view of the presented data, biological treatment appears to be a safe mode of therapy for this aspect of psoriasis.
Dermoscopic features of mucosal lichen planus
Authors: Rouai Meriem , Litaiem Noureddine , Hammami Houda , Bacha Takwa , Jones Meriem , Ksontini Meriem , Rammeh Soumaya , Mokni Mourad , Zeglaoui Faten
Published: June 2021

Background

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that affects the skin and the mucous membranes. The literature on the dermoscopic aspects of mucosal LP is still scarce. This study aimed to describe the dermoscopic aspects of mucosal LP and to provide a comprehensive updated summary of the literature.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, multicenter study conducted in Charles Nicolle, La Rabta, and Habib Thameur hospitals from December 2019 to October 2020. We included patients with histologically confirmed mucosal LP for whom a dermoscopic examination was performed.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients were enrolled. The main dermoscopic structures observed were as follows: Wickham's striae (WS) (91%), vessels (88%), pigmentated structures (41%), erosions (63%), scales (34%), and blunting of lingual papillae (3.1%). WS patterns were as follows: reticular (67%), radial (48%), annular (30%), globular (15%), dotted/starry sky (15%), and veil‐like blue or grey‐white homogenous pattern (19%). Vascular structures were as follows: linear (85%), dotted (70%), looped (22%), and peripheral sea anemone‐like vessels (37%). These vessels were distributed in a radial arrangement at the periphery of the lesions in 67% of the cases. Pigmented structures included brown/blue globules (33%), grey‐blue dots (30%), and brown dots (26%).

Conclusion

Dermoscopic features of mucosal LP are varied. WS is the hallmark of LP. The distribution and aspects of WS in mucosal LP were slightly different from those described in cutaneous LP. Physicians should be aware of these dermoscopic features that could help differentiate LP from other mucosal inflammatory diseases.
SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses and TCR signatures in the context of a prominent HLA‐A*24:02 allomorph
Authors: Rowntree Louise C , Petersen Jan , Juno Jennifer A , Chaurasia Priyanka , Wragg Kathleen , Koutsakos Marios , Hensen Luca , Wheatley Adam K , Kent Stephen J , Rossjohn Jamie , Kedzierska Katherine , Nguyen Thi HO
Published: June 2021

In‐depth understanding of human T‐cell‐mediated immunity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is needed if we are to optimize vaccine strategies and immunotherapies. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) T‐cell epitopes and generation of peptide–human leukocyte antigen (peptide–HLA) tetramers facilitate direct ex vivo analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific T cells and their T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. We utilized a combination of peptide prediction and in vitro peptide stimulation to validate novel SARS‐CoV‐2 epitopes restricted by HLA‐A*24:02, one of the most prominent HLA class I alleles, especially in Indigenous and Asian populations. Of the peptides screened, three spike‐derived peptides generated CD8+IFNγ+ responses above background, S1208–1216 (QYIKWPWYI), S448–456 (NYNYLYRLF) and S193–201 (VFKNIDGYF), with S1208 generating immunodominant CD8+IFNγ+ responses. Using peptide–HLA‐I tetramers, we performed direct ex vivo tetramer enrichment for HLA‐A*24:02‐restricted CD8+ T cells in COVID‐19 patients and prepandemic controls. The precursor frequencies for HLA‐A*24:02‐restricted epitopes were within the range previously observed for other SARS‐CoV‐2 epitopes for both COVID‐19 patients and prepandemic individuals. Naïve A24/SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific CD8+ T cells increased nearly 7.5‐fold above the average precursor frequency during COVID‐19, gaining effector and memory phenotypes. Ex vivo single‐cell analyses of TCRαβ repertoires found that the A24/S448+CD8+ T‐cell TCRαβ repertoire was driven by a common TCRβ chain motif, whereas the A24/S1208+CD8+ TCRαβ repertoire was diverse across COVID‐19 patients. Our study provides an in depth characterization and important insights into SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses associated with a prominent HLA‐A*24:02 allomorph. This contributes to our knowledge on adaptive immune responses during primary COVID‐19 and could be exploited in vaccine or immunotherapeutic approaches.
Perceptions and experiences of nurses transitioning to primary care: A qualitative study
Authors: Koh Hui Min Dana , Lee Ching Siang Cindy , Anna Christie , Lau Ying
Published: June 2021

Background

Transitioning to primary care is a highly stressful process for nurses due to the diverse roles and responsibilities required. Despite the global shift of health services requiring more nurses in primary care, there is a dearth of literature regarding their transition experiences.

Aim

To explore the perceptions and experiences of nurses transitioning to primary care.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive design was used. Nineteen nurses from five primary care clinics in Singapore participated in the semi‐structured interviews. These interviews gathered the experiences of nurses transitioning to primary care. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis through an inductive and theoretical approach. Rigour was established through an audit trail, peer examination and member checking.

Findings

Three themes of Idealistic assumptions, Role realignment and Seeking enlightenment emerged. These themes described the nurses’ initial disorientation to the unfamiliar primary care setting; their attempts to fit in by embracing the new environment and suppressing their true emotions; and the support received coupled with their ownership to learn.

Implications for nursing policy

The findings highlight the importance for nurse managers to promote positive transition experiences through the modification of existing support programmes and organizational cultures. To further enhance the nurses’ retention within primary care, it is imperative for nurse educators and policy makers to revise the nursing curricula, primary care nursing career framework and recruitment campaigns at the national level. This brings clarity to the misconceptions in the roles and expectations required of nurses in primary care.
Fermi level pinning in Co‐doped BaTiO3: Part II. Defect chemistry models
Authors: Bowes Preston C. , Ryu Gyung Hyun , Baker Jonathon N. , Dickey Elizabeth C. , Irving Douglas L.
Published: June 2021

A first‐principles informed grand canonical defect chemistry model capable of accounting for non‐stoichiometry and partial equilibration of different sub‐lattices is developed and used to study Mg and Mn doped, and (Mg+Y) and (Mn+Y) co‐doped BaTiO3 to elucidate the role of Mn and Y in improving the resistivity and resistance degradation of BaTiO3 as observed by Ryu et al. in Part I of this series of papers. The model qualitatively captures the behavior of the samples in all conditions, reproducing the observed carrier plateau and increased resistivity of (Mn+Y) co‐doped BaTiO3, and expected trends in the concentrations of free oxygen vacancies with doping. These trends reflect the observed differences in degradation characteristics, and help explain the substantially improved degradation resistance of the (Mn+Y) co‐doped samples. Our model adds to the mechanism proposed by Yeoh et al. that the Fermi level is pinned by the multivalent character of MnTi in (Mn+Y) co‐doped BaTiO3 by giving insight into the role of barium vacancies, the site preferences of the dopants, and defect complexes in this mechanism. These insights provide a set of criteria in the search for sets of co‐dopants with similar behaviors.
Microwave and terahertz properties of porous Ba4(Sm,Nd,Bi)28/3Ti18O54 ceramics obtained by sacrificial template method
Authors: Chen Yugu , Guo Weijia , Luo Yu , Ma Zhiyu , Zhang Li , Yue Zhenxing
Published: June 2021

Microwave and terahertz communications are increasingly significant, however, the lack of material information in terahertz band limits their development. Moreover, few lightweight materials with a high relative dielectric constant () are found suited for satellite communication and wearable devices. In this study, we developed lightweight porous Ba4[(Sm0.1Nd0.9)0.9Bi0.1]28/3Ti18O54 (BSNBT) ceramics exhibiting a total porosity ranging from 6.3% to 26.5% (bulk density ranging from 5.47 to 4.29 g/cm3) and relatively high ranging from 85.6 to 56.8, which were obtained by sacrificial template method using polymethyl methacrylate spheres (PMMAs) of varying average particle sizes, from 9 to 34 μm, as sacrificial materials. A high refractive index ranging between 7.5 and 8.9 and a low absorption coefficient of approximately 17 cm−1 at 0.3 THz were obtained for the porous ceramics with different total porosities derived from PMMAs with average particle sizes of 9 and 19 μm. Furthermore, effective medium and Mie scattering theories were applied to understand the effects of porous structure on the dielectric properties in microwave and terahertz frequency ranges, respectively, owing to the different wavelengths in the BSNBT matrix. The results of this study suggest that introducing a porous structure can effectively exploit lightweight microwave dielectric ceramic materials and provide valuable information on their terahertz response mechanism.
Effects of user experiences on continuance intention of using immersive three‐dimensional virtual reality among institutionalized older adults
Authors: Huang Chiu‐Mieh , Liao Jung‐Yu , Lin Tsung‐Yi , Hsu Hsiao‐Pei , Charles Lee Tzu‐Chi , Guo Jong‐Long
Published: June 2021

Aim

To evaluate the acceptance of three‐dimensional virtual reality programs and to explore the factors influencing the acceptance of the programs among the institutionalized older adults.

Design

A cross‐sectional explanatory study.

Methods

A total of 71 residents completed the program successfully. They were invited to join a 9‐week program included eight activities related to horticultural therapy in a virtual environment. Data were collected by structured questionnaires from August 2018 to February 2019. Ten association hypotheses were derived from the literature review. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to examine the proposed hypotheses.

Results

Program acceptance was defined as virtual reality practices and continuous usage intention. Frequency of practice was about 12 times during 9‐week free‐trial period, and the score of continuance usage intention was 13.06 (maximum value of 15). The findings indicated that virtual reality practices were significantly affected by presence and the presence was significantly affected by involvement and interactivity. Continuance usage intention was significantly affected by involvement; and involvement was significantly affected by interactivity. However, continuance usage intention was not significantly influenced by virtual reality practices.

Conclusions

The findings supported that immersive three‐dimensional virtual reality program was accepted by the institutionalized older adults. The acceptance, in terms of virtual reality practices and continuous usage intention, was influenced by different paths. The findings have a potential impact on the design of virtual reality technology for the care of institutionalized older adults.

Impact

What problem did the study address?

There were controversial findings about the acceptance of immersive 3D virtual reality program among older adults.

What were the main findings?

Interactivity advanced the sense of presence and, thus, resulted in a higher frequency of virtual reality practices.

Interactivity enhanced perception of involvement, thus, contributing to an increased intention of continuous usage

Where and on whom will the research have an impact?

The immersive 3D virtual reality program was appropriate for older adults, even for first time users or individuals aged over 80 years.

The findings revealed new insights for developing immersive 3D virtual reality programs for the older adults.
The impact of nurse staffing methodologies on nurse and patient outcomes: A systematic review
Authors: Twigg Diane E. , Whitehead Lisa , Doleman Gemma , El‐Zaemey Sonia
Published: June 2021

Aim

Aim of this study is to systematically review and synthesize available evidence to identify the association between nurse staffing methodologies and nurse and patient outcomes.

Design

Systematic review and narrative synthesis.

Data sources

A search of MEDLINE (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO) and Web of Science was conducted for studies published in English between January 2000 and January 2020.

Review methods

The reporting of this review and narrative synthesis was guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic and meta‐analysis guidelines (PRISMA) statement and data synthesis guided by the Synthesis Without Meta‐analysis (SWiM) guideline. The quality of each article was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.

Results

Twenty‐two studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty‐one used the mandated minimum nurse‐to‐patient ratio methodology and one study assessed the number of nurse hours per patient day staffing methodology. Both methodologies were mandated. All studies that reported on nurse outcomes demonstrated an improvement associated with the implementation of mandated minimum nurse‐to‐patient ratio, but findings related to patient outcomes were inconclusive.

Conclusions

Evidence on the impact of specific nurse staffing methodologies and patient and nurse outcomes remains highly limited. Future studies that examine the impact of specific staffing methodologies on outcomes are required to inform this fundamental area of management and practice.
Impact of Quaternary climatic oscillations on phylogeographic patterns of three habitat‐segregated Cerastium taxa endemic to the Dinaric Alps
Authors: Đurović Sanja Z. , Temunović Martina , Niketić Marjan , Tomović Gordana , Schönswetter Peter , Frajman Božo
Published: June 2021

Aim

The Balkan Peninsula has served as source for the colonisation of large parts of Europe after the Pleistocene, but the processes driving the intraspecific diversification within the Balkan Peninsula are much less understood. To fill this gap, we investigated the phylogeography and evolutionary history of three habitat‐segregated Cerastium taxa endemic to the Dinaric Alps and explored whether they responded differently to the Quaternary climatic oscillations in the Balkan Peninsula.

Location

Europe, Balkan Peninsula, Dinaric Alps.

Taxon

Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae, angiosperms).

Methods

We combined climatic niche comparisons and species distribution modelling (SDM) on the one hand, with cytological (relative genome size, RGS) and genetic / genomic approaches such as amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting, phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid (trnT–ndhJ) sequences on the other hand, in order to investigate how the Pleistocene glaciations and the Holocene warming influenced the phylogeographic structure of the studied taxa. SDM was used to reconstruct past, present and future habitat suitability.

Results

Despite nonequivalent climatic niches, we detected climatic niche similarity amongst the three Cerastium taxa. Nonhierarchical K‐means clustering of AFLP data revealed an optimal split into two geographically segregated groups in all three taxa. Genetic divergence between the northwestern and the southeastern populations can be explained by isolation in northern and southern refugia, as suggested by SDM. The ITS and plastid sequences revealed similar, although more complex, patterns of genetic differentiation, and RGS differentiation was mainly geography‐correlated.

Main conclusions

Despite the pronounced habitat segregation amongst the studied taxa, their overall phylogeographic structure is similar, suggesting comparable underlying processes and similar responses to the same historical events. However, we anticipate that the three taxa will respond differently to ongoing climate warming.
Seductive details do their damage also in longer learning sessions – When the details are perceived as relevant
Authors: Bender Lisa , Renkl Alexander , Eitel Alexander
Published: June 2021

Background

Past research has shown that seductive details (i.e., interesting, but irrelevant adjuncts in learning materials) hamper learning in short, instructor‐paced learning sessions through impaired cognitive processing.

Objectives

We integrate theory and research on multimedia learning and self‐control to test whether detrimental effects of seductive details also apply to longer and strenuous learning sessions (e.g., online lectures), in which there is greater need for self‐control.

Methods

A total of N = 194 students studied five chapters in a digital learning unit about chemistry either (1) without seductive details, or (2) with seductive details but without being informed about their irrelevance for the learning goal, or (3) with seductive details while being informed about their irrelevance. To assess learning outcomes, all students completed the same posttests for recall and transfer of knowledge.

Results and conclusions

For students who were uninformed about the details' irrelevance, the seductive details impeded learning outcomes not just overall, but also in the final phase of prolonged studying (i.e., when the willingness to self‐control is reduced). The latter effect was mediated through a reduced positive affect.

Implications

The seductive details effect seems to generalize to prolonged learning sessions, where students may start to dislike the seductive details.
Recent advances in gene therapy for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Yoo Shin , Geist Gail Elizabeth , Pfenniger Anna , Rottmann Markus , Arora Rishi
Published: June 2021

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common heart rhythm disorder in adults and a major cause of stroke. Unfortunately, current treatments for AF are suboptimal as they are not targeting the molecular mechanisms underlying AF. In this regard, gene therapy is emerging as a promising approach for mechanism‐based treatment of AF. In this review, we summarize recent advances and challenges in gene therapy for this important cardiovascular disease.
Recognition of the atrioventricular node anatomical structure: Connection between the retroaortic node and the compact node
Authors: Wang Fan , Zhang Lu Lu , Meng Wei , Bin Zhu , Li Shu Feng , Wu Qiu Wen , Zhang Shuo
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The complex electrophysiological phenomena related to the atrioventricular node (AVN) are due to its complex anatomical structures. Aside from the inferior nodal extension (INE), other node‐like tissues, such as the retroaortic node (RN), have been described less extensively and may also share the mechanism of normal conduction and abnormal conduction in AVN re‐entrant tachycardia.

Methods

High‐density sections of the entire AVN were obtained from rats and rabbits. Fibrosis was analyzed by Masson's trichrome staining. Connexin (Cx43, Cx40, and Cx45) and ion channel (Nav1.5, Cav3.1, and HCN4) proteins were immunohistochemically labeled for the analysis of tissue features. Three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the AV junction was performed to clarify the relationships among different structures.

Results

The RN expressed the same connexin isoforms as the compact node (CN) and INE. Nav1.5 labeling was observed at low levels in the CN, RN, and INE, where Cav3.1 and HCN4 were expressed. The CN connected with the RN in a narrow strip pattern at the start of the CN. The RN presented as a shuttle shape and was the only tissue directly connected with the atrium in the anterior septum.

Conclusion

The RN connects with the AVN anatomically, suggesting that direct electrical conduction occurs between them. The entrance of the atria into the AVN is distal to the RN, which may form the fast AVN pathway.
Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates LPS‐related inflammatory osteolysis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis by reducing the MAPK signalling pathway
Authors: Yang Jianye , Qin Leilei , Huang Jiaxing , Li Yuwan , Xu Sha , Wang Hai , Zhu Sizheng , Wang Jiawei , Zhu Bo , Li Feilong , Huang Wei , Gong Xuan , Hu Ning
Published: June 2021

Bacterial products can stimulate inflammatory reaction and activate immune cells to enhance the production of inflammatory cytokines, and finally promote osteoclasts recruitment and activity, leading to bone destruction. Unfortunately, effective preventive and treatment measures for inflammatory osteolysis are limited and usually confuse the orthopedist. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), the main extractive of Astragali Radix, has been widely used for treating inflammatory diseases. In the current study, in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrated that APS notably inhibited osteoclast formation and differentiation dose‐dependently. Moreover, we found that APS down‐regulated RANKL‐related osteoclastogenesis and levels of osteoclast marker genes, such as NFATC1, TRAP, c‐FOS and cathepsin K. Further underlying mechanism investigation revealed that APS attenuated activity of MAPK signalling pathways (eg ERK, JNK and p38) and ROS production induced by RANKL. Additionally, APS was also found to suppress LPS‐related inflammatory osteolysis by decreasing inflammatory factors' production in vivo. Overall, our findings demonstrate that APS effectively down‐regulates inflammatory osteolysis due to osteoclast differentiation and has the potential to become an effective treatment of the disorders associated with osteoclast.
Effects of physician’s diabetes self‐management education using Japan Association of Diabetes Education and Care Diabetes Education Card System Program and a self‐monitoring of blood glucose readings analyzer in individuals with type 2 diabetes: An exploratory, open‐labeled, prospective randomized clinical trial
Authors: Tanaka Nagaaki , Yabe Daisuke , Murotani Kenta , Yamaguchi Yuko , Fujita Yuki , Kubota Sodai , Nakashima‐Yasuda Rena , Kubota‐Okamoto Saki , Ueno Shinji , Yamazaki Yuji , Kuwata Hitoshi , Watanabe Koin , Hyo Takanori , Hamamoto Yoshiyuki , Kurose Takeshi , Higashiyama Hiroko , Seino Yusuke , Yamada Yuichiro , Seino Yutaka
Published: June 2021

Aims/Introduction

This 6‐month, single‐center, prospective, open‐labeled, randomized trial was designed to investigate whether physicians’ diabetes self‐management education using an education tool developed by the Japan Association of Diabetes Education and Care and a self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) analyzer improves glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin and SMBG.

Materials and Methods

Participants were randomized into intervention (I) and control (C) groups. Both groups received physicians’ diabetes self‐management education at each hospital visit, whereas the Japan Association of Diabetes Education and Care education tool and the SMBG readings analyzer was used in group I, but not group C. All participants filled out a diabetes treatment‐related quality of life form and an original questionnaire on SMBG use with five questions (Q1–Q5) before and after the study period.

Results

A total of 76 individuals were recruited and randomized. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was significantly improved during the study period in group I, whereas no significant change was observed in group C. The change in HbA1c was greater in group I, although it did not reach statistical significance. The diabetes treatment‐related quality of life total score was not changed in either group. Interestingly, the score of Q1 (“How important is SMBG to you?”) in the SMBG questionnaire was unchanged in group I, whereas it was significantly decreased in group C. HbA1c change was independently associated with changes in insulin dose and SMBG Q1 score.

Conclusion

Greater HbA1c‐lowering by physicians’ diabetes self‐management education using the Japan Association of Diabetes Education and Care education tool and SMBG analyzer in individuals with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin and SMBG was suggested, but not confirmed.
Survey on the actual number of nurses required for critical patients with COVID‐19 in Japanese intensive care units: Preliminary report
Authors: Hamamoto Miya , Unoki Takeshi , Tamoto Mitsuhiro , Sakuramoto Hideaki , Kawai Yusuke , Miyamoto Takeharu , Ito Yumi , Moro Etsuko , Tatsuno Junko , Nishida Osamu
Published: June 2021

Determining the number of nurses required for patients with coronavirus disease receiving mechanical ventilation and/or veno‐veno extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is important to provide quality care. Therefore, we conducted this cross‐sectional survey of 725 intensive care units in Japan. Data from 152 units with experience of managing patients with coronavirus disease who required tracheal intubation were analyzed. The median number of nurses required for a patient receiving mechanical ventilation or veno‐veno extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was two. This number was more than that according to the Japanese standard determined by government. We conclude that more nursing staff is required for caring for patients critically ill with coronavirus disease in intensive care units.
Estimation of age at onset of linear enamel hypoplasia. New calculation tool, description and comparison of current methods
Authors: Dąbrowski Paweł , Kulus Michał Jerzy , Furmanek Mirosław , Paulsen Friedrich , Grzelak Joanna , Domagała Zygmunt
Published: June 2021

Enamel Hypoplasia (EH) is known to be a useful indicator for wide range of detrimental factors in early childhood in past populations, such as nutritional disturbances, mechanical trauma, disease, metabolic, and/or genetic disorders. EH may be divided into three categories: pits, grooves, and lines, where the last two are referred to as “Linear Enamel Hypoplasia” (LEH). The regularity of enamel formation allows retrospective determination of the age of LEH formation. The current article reviews and compares the best‐known methods used to estimate age at LEH formation and provides a new computational tool. Growth curves for canines and incisors were developed based on tooth growth tables by previous authors. Optimal models were selected using the Akaike Information Criterion. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was created to calculate age at LEH formation using the most common methods. All method results were compared with an archaeological sample (44 teeth of 18 individuals from an early modern cemetery from Wrocław, Poland) and a theoretical model. The results of the methods were compared pairwise with Bland‐Altman plots. The current article provides a quick and easy‐to‐use tool for analyzing LEH chronology and comparing the results of different methods. As shown by the Bland‐Altman plots, most methods provide approximately consistent results for LEHs formed at around 2–3 years of age. However, LEHs formed particularly early or late are more prone to discrepancies between different methods. Comparison of the age at LEH formation obtained by different methods should be done carefully ‐ and the new LEH calculation tool with optimized equations provided in this publication can facilitate this process.
Organoleptic and physicochemical properties of natural‐based herbal shampoo formulations with Cyclea peltata as a key ingredient
Authors: Saripalla Deeksha D. , Khokhani Nirav D. , Kamath Avanthika , Rai Ripika Prakashchandra , Nayak Sneha
Published: June 2021

Background

Synthetic shampoos have toxic chemical agents like chemicals such as parabens and sodium lauryl sulfate which damage the hair. To combat this issue, the use of natural herbal shampoos, as opposed to synthetic shampoos, is becoming increasingly popular. One of the many medicinal plants present in Karnataka and Kerala is Cyclea peltata. This plant has long been known to assist in wound healing, allergy relief, and hair and scalp improvement, as well as serving as a coolant for hair applications.

Objective

The key subject of this research was the preparation of plant extracts and fermentation of Cyclea peltata leaf extract with Lactobacillus plantarum, resulting in the formulation of an herbal shampoo.

Method

The leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acid, saponins, and proteins, according to previous research by this group. The fermented product showed the presence of lactic acid, which was a boon for shampoo base as it protects the hair from the sunlight and improves the texture and strength of hair fibers. Cyclea peltata was used as the main ingredient in herbal shampoo formulations, along with other herbal ingredients, and the formulated shampoo was characterized for its different organoleptic (Color, odor) and physicochemical properties (pH, solid content, wettability, emulsification, and foam stability) to find the best formulation.

Result

Formulation H2 showed better organoleptic and physicochemical properties and thus was chosen as the best formulation among the 11 formulations.

Conclusion

Formulation H2 is regarded as the best formulation based on the results of the physicochemical tests (Pleasant odor, pH 3.01, solid content of 5.75%, wettability of 1.68 s, and percentage emulsification of 68.75%).
Cosmetic Commentary: Response to “Is bakuchiol the new 'skincare hero'?”
Authors: Sivamani Raja K.
Published: June 2021

This commentary is intended to expand the discussion around comparisons of topical bakuchiol to topical retinol. The state of the evidence for existing retinoid studies, the limitations in previous assessment methodologies, and the evolution of newer methods with high resolution image analysis‐based techniques are explored.
Social media use in patients with acne vulgaris: What do patients expect from social media?
Authors: Aslan Kayıran Melek , Karadağ Ayşe Serap , Alyamaç Gökçen , Çevirgen Cemil Bengü , Demirseren Düriye Deniz , Aksoy Hasan , Oğuz Kılıç Sevilay , Taş Demircan Yuhanize , İnan Yüksel Esma , Kalkan Göknur , Yaşar Gülbin , Şikar Aktürk Aysun , Kutlu Ömer , Altıntaş Kakşi Sümeyye , Elibüyük Aksaç Sema , Kaya Erdoğan Hilal , Kaya Özden Hatice , Sarıkaya Solak Sezgi , Koska Mahmut Can , Yazıcı Serkan
Published: June 2021

Background

Acne vulgaris (AV) may affect external appearance and significantly deteriorate the quality of life of patients. Therefore, patients make various inquiries about their disease and seek treatment options.

Aims

To investigate the social media usage habits of patients with AV concerning their diseases, and their recommendations for dermatologists related to social media use.

Methods

A total of 1609 patients with AV completed the survey prepared by the authors and the Cardiff Acne Disability Index questionnaire. The Food and Drug Administration severity scores and clinical information of the patients were noted by their physicians.

Results

Of the 1,489 patients who stated that they used social media, 46.31% regularly and 28.77% sometimes referred to these sources to make inquiries about AV. Social media usage for AV was statistically significantly higher in women, participants with short term and severe disease, those with a moderate income level, and those using topical treatment and cosmetics. They mostly used Google (67%), Instagram (54%), and YouTube (49%). While 76% of the participants stated that they did not share what they saw on the Internet with their doctor. Of the respondents, 18.5% were trying to contact their dermatologists through the Internet, and 69.73% would prefer experts such as dermatologists to post–AV‐related content.

Conclusions

Our study shows that patients frequently resort to social media to seek information about AV. In the changing digital world order, it is observed that there is a need for dermatologists to use social media more actively to share accurate information about AV.
Formulation and development of herbal microsponge sunscreen gel
Authors: Dutta Disha , Goyal Naveen , Kumar Sharma Dinesh
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The endeavor of this study is to prepare and developed a method for microsponge gel as a polyherbal formulation along with their evaluation methods for sunscreen properties.

Method

Polyherbal extracts as an active component for preparing microsponge formulation used in ratio of a drug, i.e. Poly herbal extracts, ethyl cellulose used as polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as an emulsifier present in the formulation was successfully obtained by using method quasi‐emulsion solvent diffusion. The formulations prepared were considered for substantial characterization. The physical description of microsponge formulation, having a coating of Gel‐3 exhibits more loading efficiency and production yield. The mentioned formulation of microsponge was formulated with the help of gel using carbopol and then test performed are pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, and in‐vitro release. Most of the microsponge preparations are prepared by drug loading in it and the consequences are good to reproduce. The best formulation was prepared and then comparison study was done with one of the marketed simple gel of polyherbal extract and other one is microsponge loaded gel of polyherbal extract by using Franz diffusion cell.

Result

The release profile details about that the microsponge loaded gels are showing excellent release rate while comparing to simple marketed gel of polyherbal extract.
Diffusion tensor imaging reveals greater microstructure damage in lesional tissue that shrinks into cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bergsland Niels , Dwyer Michael G. , Jakimovski Dejan , Weinstock‐Guttman Bianca , Zivadinov Robert
Published: June 2021

Background and Purpose

Atrophied T2 lesion volume (LV), reflecting the complete transformation of lesions into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), has been associated with disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). The underlying damage leading to lesion destruction remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate the extent of microstructural tissue damage at baseline in lesions that subsequently transform into CSF.

Methods

Ninety‐nine MS patients (67 relapsing‐remitting MS [RRMS] and 32 progressive PMS [PMS]) were imaged at baseline and after an average of 5.3 ± 0.6 years of follow‐up. Assessments included T2 LV and DTI at baseline and atrophied T2 LV over follow‐up. Lesioned areas that became atrophied T2 LV were compared to those that did not. Baseline lesional DTI metrics were compared between RRMS versus PMS patients and between patients with disability progression (DP, n = 35) versus non‐DP (n = 64), using ANCOVA models.

Results

Lesion tissue that developed into atrophied T2 LV had significantly different baseline DTI parameters compared to nonatrophied T2‐LV tissue (p<0.001), with the largest effect for free‐water (d = 2.739). Baseline tissue characteristics of future atrophied T2 LV were not significantly different between groups. However, DP patients developed greater atrophied T2 LV (377 vs. 83 mm3, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Extensive microstructural damage characterizes lesions replaced by CSF, independently of disease phenotype or future DP. Greater atrophied T2 LV predicts DP.
Leveraging economic games to integrate and differentiate personality and psychopathology
Authors: Edershile Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2021

A comprehensive model that integrates, yet differentiates, between personality and psychopathology is needed. Emerging empirical models of psychopathology are aligned structurally with trait models of personality, suggesting clear points of convergence. However, traits, themselves, are not sufficient to quantify consequential adaptivity and maladaptivity. Rather, as multiple theoretical accounts argue, unsuccessful pursuit of goals and needs, and the inability to flexibly adapt goals to fit the situation, is how maladaptivity is understood to emerge. Thus far, though, the empirical literature has suffered from an unsatisfactory connection between structural (or trait‐based personality) models and our understanding of dysfunctional processes (psychopathology). Economic games, which elicit intensive repeated behavior suitable for studying dynamic processes, have been leveraged to explore how personality and pathology are associated with behavior across a variety of tasks. When coupled with computational modeling, economic games offer a promising method for integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology. Ultimately, a fully formed model of psychopathology will be achieved when structural models of personality and psychopathology can be merged with a better understanding of the underlying functional processes of each. This will likely only be achieved by leveraging a number of available tools across disciplines.