bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SYSTEM ADAPTATION IN LATIN AMERICA IN THE “FORCED” IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD
Authors: ANGLADE CHRISTIAN
Published: May 2006

Contrary to a view commonly held, the primary export sectors of Latin America did not lose power when industrial production for the internal market was accelerated in some countries of the area after the world economic crisis of 1930. Although based on labour intensive manufacturing for the internal market, the new model of development did not allow wages to increase at a rate capable of promoting a rise in demand for manufactured goods. This may appear surprising in the light of the usual interpretation of the post‐1930 process of industrialization as designed to meet an internal demand for goods which could no longer be imported due to balance of payments deficits. In fact, the satisfaction of internal demand was only a secondary objective, or, rather, it was instrumental to achieve the primary objective of the new model of growth, which was the need to find new investment opportunities for capital accumulation.

With the exception of Argentina, where a relative shortage of labour prevailed, the existence of a labour surplus in all the other Latin American economies considerably weakened the bargaining power of the workers and allowed for a rapid capital accumulation. The basic stability of the pre‐crisis distribution of national income between profits and wages was thus maintained. Furthermore, the presence of a labour surplus helped to resolve – by eliminating it – the conflict assumed to have taken place between those groups which derived their profits from the export of primary goods and those groups whose profits came from investment in industry. In other words, the presence of a labour surplus acted as a mechanism by which the pre‐crisis system could be easily adapted. This article analyses some of the economic and political techniques through which that adaptation was implemented.
THE CONSOCIATIONAL MODEL AND ITS DANGERS
Authors: BARRY BRIAN
Published: May 2006

The model of ‘consociational democracy’ is no longer regarded in Anglo‐Saxon countries as a curiosity but may be in danger of being accepted too uncritically as a model for the resolution of divisions within a society. This argument is applied in particular to the cases of Canada and Northern Ireland, to suggest that the effect of attempting to introduce consociational practices might make matters worse.
SPAIN UNDER FRANCO: THE CHANGING CHARACTER OF AN AUTHORITARIAN REGIME *
Authors: HERMET GUY
Published: May 2006

The last of the traditional counter‐revolutionary dictatorships in Europe and the first authoritarian technocratic regime which claims to reconcile economic development with a tight social control, the many‐sided dictatorship of General Franco covers a complex network of varied and at times contradictory social and ideological elements which form a sort of compendium of contemporary conservative authoritarianisms. It is a pity that serious studies of such a regime are so rare, despite, its duration. The question remains whether any fundamental study of Francoist Spain exists. No‐one has as yet examined methodically the application to Spain of the Marxist concept of Bonapartism or Gramsci's notion of Caesarism, nor even explored to the full the term fascism which is bandied about at random. It is in fact the functionalist analyses which are the most reliable and systematic of the existing studies; there is but a single researcher, Juan J. Linz, who can take the credit for this.
BRITAIN'S MEMBERSHIP OF THE EEC: A PROFILE OF ELECTORAL OPINIONS IN THE SPRING OF 1974 – WITH A POSTSCRIPT ON THE REFERENDUM*
Authors: SÄRLVIK BO , CREWE IVOR , ALT JAMES , FOX ANTHONY
Published: May 2006

The main part of this article was written well before the June 1975 referendum in Britain. As set out in the title, our objective was to draw a profile of electoral opinions during the months following the first of the two general elections in 1974. We furthermore attempted to discern and evaluate the factors that would be likely to determine the setting for the actual referendum. Rather than rewriting this analysis with the benefit of hindsight, we have chosen to present it here in a somewhat abridged form and with only minor changes in the text. The Postscript in this article contains an analysis of the referendum outcome in the light of our previous findings as well as more recent survey data.

Our description of the public's views on the EEC in 1974 is mainly based on data drawn from a national survey conducted after the February 1974 election. For the analysis presented in the Postscript we are also able to draw on survey data collected after the October 1974 election as well as a survey carried out after the referendum. All of these surveys are part of a panel study.

The picture that emerges from our data on the electorate in the spring of 1974 reflects a division of opinions that had changed dramatically in the past years and which could well change again. The shifts in the electorate's views on Britain's membership of the EEC that occurred during the 1960s and up to the election in February 1974 appear largely to reflect the various positions taken by major parties and, in particular, the policy of the government of the day. In the 1975 referendum, the Wilson Cabinet won a half‐way success in its attempt to swing the Labour vote in favour of the EEC against the views expressed by the Labour Party conference. Together with the massive support in the remaining part of the electorate, this was sufficient to secure a substantial majority for Britain's staying in the EEC.
TYPES OF GOVERNMENTAL LEADERSHIP IN ATLANTIC COUNTRIES
Authors: BLONDEL JEAN
Published: May 2006

The forms and characteristics of governmental leadership are typically studied within one or perhaps several countries. There is a need for a broader comparison: this paper, which is part of a world‐wide analysis of governmental leadership, looks at changes among top executives in all Atlantic countries since 1945. Having considered similarities and differences in duration, social background, and career characteristics, it shows that Atlantic leaders can be located on a two‐dimensional space in which one of the dimensions relates to the extent to which leaders are recognised as real “leaders” or are merely “rotating heads” of government, while the other dimension plots the extent to which leaders are viewed as “regular” or as “stopgap” chief executives.
THE POTENTIALITY OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSES FOR EXPLAINING VOTING AND PARTY COMPETITION [1]
Authors: BUDGE IAN , FARLIE DENNIS
Published: May 2006

Our review and evaluation focus on the theoretical adequacy of spatial representations of voting and party competition based on survey data. Key assumptions underlying discussion are: (1) voting cannot be properly explained without regard to party competition and vice versa; (2) the type of input crucially determines the nature of the space produced; (3) there is a basic and far‐reaching distinction between pure policy‐spaces with untrammelled party movement, and other spaces used to represent voting and party competition; (4) explanation requires the use of variables conceptually and if possible temporally antecedent to voting choice. Judged by these criteria current dimensional analyses reveal severe technical limitations (Section 2) and formalizations of their associated hypotheses also reveal theoretical limitations (Section 3). Both prompt an examination and formalization of other approaches not yet common in dimensional analysis (Section 4), which enhance its explanatory potential and foster convergence with other research.
THE IMAGE OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE STRUCTURE OF A POLITICAL MAP *
Authors: BEN‐SIRA ZEEV
Published: May 2006

The present day vagueness of the definition of a party's character by the location on a left‐right continuum is first considered. A theoretically based measurable formal definition of a party's location is proposed, determined by the solutions given by the parties to a population's collectivistic and individualistic needs as measurable components of the parties'images. Multivariate analysis of Israeli data produced a structure of intercorrelations, showing the relative location of three parties on a political map, defined by the extent of the perceived attractivity and similarity of the need‐satisfaction provided by each party.
MICHAEL HECHTER'S INTERNAL COLONIAL THESIS: SOME THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS*
Authors: PAGE EDWARD
Published: May 2006

Hechter's model of internal colonialism provides a new and refreshing insight into the development of the United Kingdom. It is to be hoped that Hechter's analysis will prompt further studies of the nature of regional inequalities not only in the British Isles but also in other developed polities. There are, however, certain criticisms which must be met before the model can be accepted as giving an adequate account of regional differences within the United Kingdom and as providing a basis for comparative research. These criticisms are related to the ability of internal colonialism as a theoretical construct to relate diverse forms of regional differences to an underlying pattern of inequality; internal colonialism as a contrast to prevailing explanations of development; the methods used to test the theory; and the problem of how far the internal colonial approach is able to explain the apparently high degree of regional homogeneity in terms of electoral support in the 1950s and early 1960s.
COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS AND VOTING PATTERNS IN URBAN GREECE
Authors: ATHINAIOS ANDREAS , McHALE VINCENT
Published: May 2006

The objective of this study is to examine the dynamics of mass politics in contemporary Greece by investigating the effects of certain community characteristics (i.e., traditionalism, social rank, community satisfaction) on intra‐urban voting patterns in the Athens metropolitan area. The focus is on the 1964 legislative election. In contrast to the inconclusive results of previous national level studies, as well as existing literature which has stressed vertical political ties and personality factors, the findings presented here offer empirical justification to the view that basic socioeconomic factors have exerted a statistically significant effect on intra‐urban spatial differences in partisan preferences in contemporary Greece. Both the theory and the data indicate that objective dimensions of the urban ecological structure, namely social rank and traditionalism, coupled with the subjective level of community satisfaction, have been closely associated with variations in electoral choice. Social rank proved to be a significant determinant of the left‐right cleavage in urban Greece. The evidence drawn from the Athens area strongly suggested a movement away from traditional patterns toward the emergence of a more rational and pragmatic basis for electoral choice in the Greek urban milieu.
DO NORWEGIAN VOTERS DISCRIMINATE AGAINST WOMEN CANDIDATES FOR PARLIAMENT? A REJOINDER *
Authors: HELLEVIK OTTAR
Published: May 2006

In his article Foverskov claims that the sex of a candidate influences his/her chances of being elected to the Norwegian Parliament, independent of position held on the party list. This conclusion is due, however, to the lack of validity of his measure for list position. The lower election rate for female candidates can be shown to result from less favourable positions on the lists. Sex in other words affects election success only indirectly through the list position variable. It is therefore the nomination phase, and not the election phase, that must be analysed if we want to establish the causes of underrepresentation of women in the Norwegian Parliament. It is argued that Foverskov takes too negative a view of the possibilities of using the data archive on candidates for this purpose; it only needs to be supplemented with relevant census or survey data.
THE SCANDINAVIAN PARTY SYSTEM(S) IN TRANSITION (?) A MACRO‐LEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: BERGLUND STEN , LINDSTRÖM ULF
Published: May 2006

A fifty‐year period of tranquility in the Scandinavian party arena was broken in 1970 with the success of the Finnish Rural Party and the Swedish Center Party. Three years later, Denmark and Norway witnessed the break‐through of heretofore unknown parties: the Progressive Party, the Center Democrats and the Norwegian Anders Lange's Party. Social Democracy consistently came out as the big loser.

This paper focuses on party system stability and its correlates in postwar Scandinavia. What was it that the losing parties failed to adapt to: changing social conflict structures, changing political realities or both?

The data from all four countries concur in highlighting the importance of the political as opposed to the sociological. The social changes which manifested themselves in the early ‘70s, most notably the decrease in class voting, were not dramatic enough to undermine the class character of the party systems. Even the new arrivals make sense in a left‐right perspective. The drop in class voting was an asset to whatever party knew how to take advantage of it; and the realigning elections in the early part of this decade testify to the unwillingness rather than the inability of most parties to do so.
THE LOGIC OF POLITICAL‐BUREAUCRATIC DECISION‐MAKING AS A CAUSE OF GOVERNMENTAL GROWTH: Or Why Expansion of Public Programs is a “Private Good” and Their Restriction is a “Public Good”*
Authors: KRISTENSEN OLE P.
Published: May 2006

This article tries to demonstrate that the logic of the political‐bureaucratic decision‐making process is biased in favour of public expenditure growth. The argument comprises two elements. Firstly: the decisive spending decisions relate to particular programs, they do not relate to the overall level of spending. The total spending is determined by the sum of a large number of spending decisions. Secondly: these atomized spending decisions are characterized by an asymmetrical decision‐making process the benefits of specific public programs are of a private nature to public employees and their clients, while the costs are of a collective nature. This implies that the “spenders” always tend to be stronger than the “cutters”. This holds true whether the bureaucracy is on the offensive, i.e., trying to expand the public programs, or on the defensive, i.e., trying to resist cuts in their programs. The logic outlined implies that even if each single spending decision is “rational” or optimal, the total level of public spending may be “irrational” or suboptimal, in the sense that it is unwanted by a majority.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LABOUR MARKET POLICY IN SWEDEN AND IN GERMANY: COMPETING OR CONVERGENT MODELS TO COMBAT UNEMPLOYMENT?
Authors: JOHANNESSON JAN , SCHMID GÜNTHER
Published: May 2006

This study consists of three parts. The first part defines the objectives of the country‐comparison Sweden‐Germany, and it describes the strategical options which are available for a selective manpower policy: demand strategy, supply strategy, mobilisation strategy and compensatory strategy. The second part deals with some policy consequences following from new international trends in employment and unemployment. Special consideration is given to the development of state regulation and of industrial relations. One finding is that Sweden's regulation of the labour market emphasizes job protection, whereas Germany stresses various compensations in case of redundancy. The third part presents detailed information on the development of selective labour market policy in both countries during the last fifteen years. The core of this part, however, consists of a synopsis of the Swedish and German labour market policy. “The Swedish model” is mainly characterised by strategies influencing demand and mobilisation of labour, whereas “the German model” relies relatively more on supply management and compensatory strategies. Sweden spends five times more on selective measures than Germany relative to the Gross National Product. The net effect on unemployment decreases in Sweden, whereas the application of this efficiency criterion for Germany still hints at an optional range for introducing more selective measures. One consequence of this result is that labour market policy should emphasize problems of policy implementation and concentrate on influencing processes in the labour market. The convergent trend of the “Swedish model” and the “German model” lies in the increasing application of selective employment subsidies designed to maintain workplaces or to create new jobs.
LOCAL POLITICAL RECRUITMENT IN FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES: A STUDY OF MAYORS *
Authors: BECQUART‐LECLERCQ JEANNE
Published: May 2006

Local elites are viewed as constituting the base of the political system. In such a perspective, they represent the first stage of the selection process for politicians. Looking at the political system as a whole, two hypotheses can be introduced: (1) Discontinuity between local political elites and central political elites; (2) Symbiotic continuity between the political levels, with local power being a springboard to higher political mandates and the concomitant existence of mechanisms for the cumulation of mandates and umbrella relationships (“parachutages”). This paper will illustrate possibilities for the two models, with the United States appearing to support the first hypothesis, and France the second.
DIRECT ELECTIONS TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: A SUPRANATIONAL PERSPECTIVE*
Authors: LODGE JULIET , HERMAN VALENTINE
Published: May 2006

This article examines the campaigns to increase EC voters' awareness of the EC and direct elections to the European Parliament with a view to stimulating high turnout. A supranational perspective is adopted. The first part of the paper discusses and evaluates the aims and effects of the so‐called “non‐partisan” European Elections Information Programmes launched by the Commission and the European Parliament, and briefly details their implementation in the Member States. The second part of the paper sketches the campaigns of the transnational party organizations – European People's Party, Confederation of Socialist Parties and European Liberals and Democrats – for the elections. It is concluded that the effectiveness of the programmes and political campaigns was curtailed by a number of political factors at the national level in many Member States.
NATIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES' MIDDLE LEVEL ELITES AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
Authors: REIF KARLHEINZ , CAYROL ROLAND , NIEDERMAYER OSKAR
Published: May 2006

National middle‐level party elites have begun to claim control over their leadership's transnational engagements particularly since preparations for the first European Elections have greatly increased transnational party (leadership) cooperation and organisation. Using a common questionnaire, political scientists from all EC countries have surveyed delegates to 39 national party conferences and 3 transnational party federation congresses, in order to compare systematically the structure of middle‐level party elites and their attitudes towards transnational policy‐making. Some preliminary results are presented here: interest in EC‐politics, federalism vs. confederalism, the powers of the European Parliament, Europe's relationship to the superpowers, coalition tendencies in the European Parliament. The data for this article were provided by the following national project directors and their teams:

Belgium:Nicole Loeb, Paul ClaeysUniversité Libre de BruxellesDenmark:Ib Faurby, Ole P. KristensenUniversity of AarhusGermany:Hermann SchmittUniversität MannheimFrance:Roland Cayrol, Colette YsmalFondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, ParisIreland:Neil CollinsUniversity of BirminghamItaly:Gianfranco Pasquino, Angelo PanebiancoUniversita di BolognaLuxembourg:Mario HirschLuxembourgThe Netherlands:Isaac LipschitsUniversiteit GroningenUnited Kingdom:Ian Gordon Paul WhiteleyKingston Polytechnic University of BristolCoordination:Oskar NiedermayerUniversität MannheimProject‐Directors:Karlheinz Reif Roland CayrolUniversität Mannheim FNSP, Paris
The ‘second‐vote’ campaign strategy of the West German Free Democratic Party*
Authors: ROBERTS GEOFFREY K.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The existence of two, differentiated, votes for constituency candidates and for party lists in the electoral system of the Federal Republic of Germany offers parties the opportunity of campaigning for ‘second’ (party list) votes in certain situations. The small Free Democratic party, almost invariably in the role of ‘pivotal party’ determining which of the two major parties will lead a coalition with the FDP as junior partner, has increasingly in recent elections campaigned explicitly for such ‘split’ votes. Its success with this strategy has enabled it to overcome the crucial five per cent hurdle, the qualification for party‐list representation in the Bundestag, as well as to increase its influence within coalitions in Bonn. The strategy does seem to have affected voting patterns, but relies to an extent upon ignorance among voters of the real relative importance of the constituency ‘first’ vote and the party list ‘second’ vote.
Regionalisation in Belgium
Authors: DELMARTINO FRANK
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Despite recent decentralisation moves, Belgium continues to face a constitutional crisis involving problems of identity and legitimation amongst the Flemish and Walloon communities. These problems not only involved habitual difficulties of language, but also the effects of industrial decay in traditional primary economic sectors and a concern with the legitimacy of central government power. These difficulties are reflected in the complex constitutional and administrative arrangements designed to increase the autonomy of sub‐national levels, in which dominant regional parties have seen power shift to regional levels at the expense of municipalities. This development of the regional level has produced pressures which encourage the emergence of a federal state, whilst pressures from the municipalities support the continuance of a unitary state. In the absence of any clear solution, the small Belgian state remains in crisis.
Democracy, party government and rent‐seeking as determinants of distributional inequality in industrial societies
Authors: WEEDE ERICH
Published: May 2006

Abstract.Previous research arrived at inconsistent conclusions concerning the relationship between democracy and inequality. Here, the focus is on 17 industrial democracies and the incremental effects of democracy as well as of the party composition of governments. It is found that older democracies suffer from less equality than younger democracies, that ruling socialist parties do not score significant successes in redistribution for the benefit of the poorest strata, and that ruling conservative parties benefit the most privileged strata. These findings are put into a public choice perspective, according to which privileged groups win the distributional or rent‐seeking struggles in democracies because of the lack of organization and information of rationally ignorant majorities.
The 1989 European elections: Campaigns and results
Authors: NIEDERMAYER OSKAR
Published: May 2006

Abstract: This article gives an overview discussion of the electoral campaigns and the results of the European elections of 1989. The role of national as well as European actors and issues during the campaigns are highlighted, and the results are discussed, both in view of turnout and party strength, in terms of its likely implications for the national and European political process.
Issues and voting in the European elections 1989
Authors: KUECHLER MANFRED
Published: May 2006

Abstract: After a discussion of the role of ‘issues’ in models of voting behaviour, this article focuses on the degree of homogeneity of issue evaluations on the one hand and the match between issue evaluations and vote choice on the other. Three major conclusions emerge from cross‐national comparative analyses. First, and quite generally, a large segment of the national electorates does not perceive any particular party as best able to handle any of the problems they personally feel most important. Second, when particular parties are considered as best able to handle the problems seen as most important, then uniform ‐ or homogeneous ‐ evaluations outnumber more varied choices by far. And third, overall vote intention matches the competence evaluation much more often than not. These results give little support for the cognitive, rational choice approach to issue voting, but, still issue competence evaluations may be more than merely a reflection of affective ties.
On religion and public policy: Does Catholicism make a difference?
Authors: CASTLES FRANCIS G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. This paper suggests that differences in religious adherence and/or in degrees of secularization between advanced nations may be as relevant to understanding cross‐national variance in a wide range of public policy outcomes as the impact of socio‐economic and political factors. The prima facie evidence for such a thesis is demonstrated in areas as diverse as welfare expenditure, family policy and labour market policy outcomes, and is shown to have a particular salience wherever gender‐related outcomes are at issue. On the basis of this evidence, it is suggested that, in policy outcome terms at least, it is possible to identify a distinctive Catholic family of nations consisting of a grouping of core Western European and Southern European countries.
The ‘paradox of enrollment’: Assessing the costs and benefits of party memberships
Authors: SCARROW SUSAN E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract.From Duverger onward, students of party organization have failed to address systematically the question of what party members actually do for ‘mass’ parties. This article argues that a clearer understanding of the particular reasons why parties want to have members can help us better interpret ongoing changes in relations between specific party organizations and individual party members. This article lists a wide range of arguments that parties are most likely to make concerning the costs and benefits of memberships. Which of these types of arguments a specific party highlights has implications about the types of members it is looking to attract, and about what the party will be willing to offer to attract such members. The article concludes with a discussion showing how the perspective developed here can be used to illuminate recent changes in several German and British political party organizations, changes which, by themselves, may appear to be isolated and meaningless organizational details.
Septic pericarditis in a Yorkshire Terrier
Authors: Wagner Amanda , MacGregor John M. , Berg John , Sharkey Leslie C. , Rush John E.
Published: May 2006

Objective: To describe a novel case management strategy for a small breed dog diagnosed with septic pericarditis.

Case summary: An 8‐year‐old spayed female Yorkshire Terrier presented for evaluation of pericardial effusion and persistent hypoglycemia. The dog had been hospitalized at a primary care facility for acute onset of vomiting, lethargy, inappetance, and painful abdominal distension. Pericardial effusion was detected and upon referral, cytologic examination revealed a suppurative exudate with Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The dog was treated with pericardiocentesis and placement of an indwelling pericardial catheter. Subtotal pericardiectomy was performed and a thoracotomy tube was utilized postoperatively. A penicillin‐susceptible Bacteroides species was cultured from the pericardial fluid and was treated with a 6‐week course of antibiotics. The dog was discharged from the hospital and clinical signs have not recurred in over 2 years.

New or unique information provided: Septic pericarditis, an uncommon cause of canine pericardial effusion, has been described primarily in large breed dogs and in association with bacterial infection secondary to Hordeum grass (foxtail) awn migration. This case was unique in that the dog was a small breed with no evidence of foreign body penetration or other precipitating cause for the pericarditis. In a novel management plan, an indwelling pericardial catheter was employed to stabilize the dog before subtotal pericardiectomy.
Historical and physical parameters as predictors of severe hyperkalemia in male cats with urethral obstruction
Authors: Lee Justine A. , Drobatz Kenneth J.
Published: May 2006

Objective: To evaluate selected historical and physical parameters as predictors of hyperkalemia in male cats with urethral obstruction.

Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals: Two hundred and twenty‐three male cats.

Interventions: None.

Measurements and main results: The metabolic derangements of 223 male cats that presented with urethral obstruction from 1997 through 1999 were reported in a companion article. Approximately 12% of the cats had multiple, life‐threatening metabolic derangements. In the present study, historical and physical parameters were evaluated as predictors of hyperkalemia (K+≥8.0 mmol/L) in cats with urethral obstruction. The 4 historical parameters significantly associated with hyperkalemia were: first time obstruction, outdoor status, anorexia, or vomiting. The 5 physical parameters significantly associated with hyperkalemia were: rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse quality, and the presence of arrhythmia. Of the physical parameters, a rectal temperature below 95–96.6°F (35–35.9°C) or a heart rate below 120 b.p.m. were the most accurate predictors. When used in combination (i.e., evidence of bradycardia and hypothermia), the specificity for hyperkalemia was 98–100%.

Conclusions: Rectal temperature and heart rate were the best parameters for predicting hyperkalemia in this population.
In Vitro Culture of Human Dermal Fibroblasts on Electrospun Polycaprolactone Collagen Nanofibrous Membrane
Authors: Venugopal Jayarama Reddy , Zhang Yanzhong , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  Novel cost‐effective electrospun nanofibrous membrane is established for wound dressing and allogeneic cultured dermal substitute through the cultivation of human dermal fibroblast for skin defects. Synthetic polymers are generally used for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications because of their remarkable mechanical stability and slow degradation. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is used as a bioresorbable polymer in numerous medical devices as well as for tissue engineering applications. The large surface area of the polymer nanofibers with specific modifications facilitates cell adhesion and control of their cellular functions. The objectives of this study was to fabricate electrospun nanofibrous membrane from biodegradable PCL for wound dressing and collagen‐blended nanofibrous membrane, and to examine fibroblast attachment, cell proliferation, and morphology of cell matrix interaction. Results of the present investigation prove that the porous nanofibrous membrane is suitable for wound dressing and modified PCL‐blended collagen nanofibrous membrane is suitable for the attachment and proliferation of fibroblast, and might have the potential to be applied in tissue engineering as a dermal substitute for the treatment of skin defects and burn wounds.
Cold Pressor Task Reactivity: Predictors of Alcohol Use Among Alcohol‐Dependent Individuals With and Without Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Brady Kathleen T. , Back Sudie E. , Waldrop Angela E. , McRae Aimee L. , Anton Raymond F. , Upadhyaya Himanshu P. , Saladin Michael E. , Randall Patrick K.
Published: May 2006

Background: The association between stress and alcohol dependence has been well established. Abnormalities in stress reactivity and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) function may be involved in the mechanistic connection between stress and the initiation, development, and/or maintenance of alcohol dependence. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co‐occurs with alcohol dependence and is characterized by HPA axis abnormalities. This study investigated the relationship between subjective and neuroendocrine stress reactivity to the cold pressor task (CPT) and prospective alcohol use among individuals with alcohol dependence, with and without comorbid PTSD.

Methods: Participants were 63 individuals with (a) alcohol dependence only (n=35) or (b) comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD (n=28). Participants completed the CPT, a widely used physical laboratory stressor. Subjective stress, craving, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), and cortisol were measured before, immediately after, and at 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after the CPT. Alcohol use during 1 month following testing was also assessed.

Results: For the alcohol‐only group, change in craving immediately following the CPT and craving during the 120‐minute recovery phase were predictive of follow‐up alcohol use. For the alcohol/PTSD group, change in craving was not predictive of follow‐up use. Baseline drinking was, however, predictive of followup alcohol use for the alcohol/PTSD group. For the alcohol‐only group, a blunted ACTH response coupled with a higher change in craving following the CPT was associated with significantly greater frequency and intensity of drinking during the follow‐up phase.

Conclusions: These preliminary findings demonstrate significant differences between the alcohol‐only and the alcohol/PTSD group in predictors of relapse. For the alcohol‐only group, reactivity to an acute laboratory stressor may be predictive of subsequent alcohol use. This was not true for the alcohol/PTSD group. Although preliminary, the findings may help shed light on the mechanistic relationship between stress reactivity and increased risk for alcohol relapse and dependence in individuals with and without other Axis I comorbidity.
Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Ferroelectric Microtubes by Vacuum Infiltration using Macroporous Silicon Templates
Authors: Bharadwaja S. S. N. , Olszta M. , Trolier‐McKinstry S. , Li X. , Mayer T. S. , Roozeboom F.
Published: May 2006

Ordered arrays of high aspect ratio (>10:1) ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) tube structures were fabricated by vacuum infiltration of macroporous silicon (Si) templates. Improved phase purity was achieved when PZT microtubes were pyrolyzed at 300°C and partially released from the Si template to prevent a chemical reaction between the Pb and the Si during subsequent high‐temperature crystallization. The free‐standing microtubes were crystallized by rapid thermal annealing at 750°C for 1–3 min. Perovskite phase formation was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy methods. Coaxial structures comprised of metallic LaNiO3, PZT, and Pd layers were also processed to enable future electrical characterization of the ferroelectric microtubes.
Application of the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) in a group of Norwegian industrial employees
Authors: Bellini H. T. , Gjermo P.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) was applied to a population group to test the system in the field. Three hundred and seventeen employees in a factor; in Oslo, Norway, were examined. Their need for periodontal treatment was estimated. Examples of manpower and cost calculations were formulated. The needs were also studied according to age, sex and income distribution. Age was found to be the important variable. Six stratified subsamples, based on age and sex distribution, were drawn. Ten, 20 and 30% subsamples resulted in fairly accurate calculations when compared with the actual PTNS values. The application of the PTNS in the field indicated that the need for both preventive and interceptive periodontal therapy can be evaluated. From the PTNS scores, planning of manpower and thereby estimations of the costs to provide treatment were obtained. The system seemed to be simple and quick to apply.
Epidemiologic study on recurrent aphthous ulcerations among 512 Danish dental students
Authors: Donatsky O.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Five hundred and twelve students of the Royal Dental College in Copenhagen were given a questionnaire designed to elicit information on the prevalence, debut, frequency of recurrences, and prevalence of patients treated for recurrent aphthous ulcerations. The prevalence of aphthae was 56% (289/512). In 45% (131/289) the disease was manifest before the age of sixteen. Fifty per cent (143/289) experienced yearly outbreak, 28% (81/289) monthly and 3% (9/289) weekly. The prevalence of treatment was 35% (101/289); 18% (51/289) received medical advice. In the present population the prevalence of recurrent aphthous ulcerations was significantly higher in females than in males. The debut, frequency of recurrences and prevalence of patients treated showed no significant differences with regard to sex.
Plaque and gingivitis among Norwegian children participating ina dental health program
Authors: Jorkjend L. , Birkeland J. M.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
–
The prevalence of dental plaque, gingivitis, and of supra‐ as well as subgingival retentions was assessed in 154 Children 11–13 years old. Only the first molars the incisors were examined. In each child 48 scorings were carried out by the Plaque Index. the Gingival Index, and the Retention Index. Plaque Index scores of 0 and 2 amounted to 16± 13% and 19±14, respectively. The Gingival Index score 0 was only 0.6±2%, and score 2 amounted to 22±12%, i.c., 99% of the observations indicated gingivitis, Moderate gingivitis, i.c. score 2, was most frequent in the interproximal areas, and lingually at the mandibular molars, Sex differences in amount of plaque as well as in prevalence of gingivitis were negligible.
Saliva and urine fluoride responses to daily doses of fluoride
Authors: Shannon Ira L.
Published: May 2006

abstract Five subjects were administered 28 consecutive daily oral doses of 10 nig fluoride as NaF. Placebo weeks preceded and followed the dosage period. Urine and stimulated parotid saliva were collected on a Monday through Friday pattern. Fluoride concentration in both urine and saliva was determined by specific ion electrode. Fluoride dosage brought about a 13‐fold increase in urinary F excretion. Urinary F excretion accounted for 35.3 % of the 10 nig daily dose. There was no pattern suggesting a significant antecedent dosage effect on F excretion. Salivary F levels responded rapidly and reproducibly from week to week while dosage continued. As with the urine, there was no significant indication of an effect of antecedent dosage on the salivary response curve. At 8 hours after F dosage, the salivary F mean was about four times that for the placebo week. Even at: 24 hours after dosage, the mean for salivary F was approximately three times the placebo level. Thus, there is a residual 24‐hour effect of the F dosage pattern utilized in the present study. Whether or not these persistent low‐level increases are protective to the continuously bathed tooth surfaces over a long period of time is under study.
Breastfeeding, formula feeding and dental health in low‐fluoride districts in Sweden
Authors: Forsman Britta , Ericsson Yngve
Published: May 2006

abstract Infant feeding with water diluted, dry milk formulas will lead to a greatly increased fluoride (F) ingestion even in areas with low F content of the drinking water. Investigations were carried out on typically breastfed children (B children) and typically formula fed children (F children) in Växjö and Gothenburg, Sweden in order to establish whether any difference in caries rate and/or F content of the primary teeth would result from these feedings. The criteria of at least 5 months of the respective types of feeding during the first year of life were met by 142 B children and 114 F children. The caries records at 4 years of age showed no difference in any of several comparisons, nor was any clear‐cut difference found in the F contents of the enamel and crown dentin of shed primary teeth that had been partly mineralized during the respective feeding periods of these children. As expected, no case of enamel fluorosis was observed in any of the groups.
An oral health survey of Western Samoans
Authors: Camrass Rex
Published: May 2006

abstract Internationally accepted criteria established by the World Health Organization were used to obtain estimations of dental parameters in Western Samoa. A total of 1,680 subjects were presetected with the aid of a table of random digits from a sampling frame prepared by the World Health Organization's Filariasis Control Project, and a stratified multi‐stage design was adopted. The Dental Health Unit of the World Health Organization, Geneva supplied the basic data forms, prepared the computer program and processed the results. Dental caries indices in Western Samoa were shown to be very low, as were point prevalence rates for oral mucosal diseases, dentofacial anomalies and conditions needing immediate attention. Intense gingivitis among adolescents and destructive periodontal disease in adulthood were widespread and there was an unmet need for dentures in older age groups.
The community practice program at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U. S. A.
Authors: Robinson Emerson , Bagramian Robert A.
Published: May 2006

abstract The Community Dentistry Department of the University of Michigan has coordinated a community practice program since fall 1971. The program provides a broad range of experiences, including work with penal institutions, a major hospital, homes for the retarded, rural and urban clinics, an institution training dental assistants, and a summer migrant program. The purpose of the third year field experiences is to allow dental students to observe the relationship of dental and other health problems to individuals and social groups in a community setting and to become familiar with factors affecting the distribution of dental disease. The senior year experiences afford students an opportunity to perform clinical dental procedures in a community health environment and to become aware of social, economic, political and cultural factors affecting dental health and dental practice. It has been found that combining clinically‐related experiences with community‐related experiences results in much higher student motivation and enthusiasm. All dental students are required to spend seven days on community practice during their junior and senior years. The school feels that these extramural experiences bring about an awareness of and interest in the many opportunities that exist for guiding a community toward better dental health.
Dental care practices and socio‐economic status in Denmark
Authors: Jensen K.
Published: May 2006

abstract A sociologic survey of dental care practices and related attitudes and knowledge was conducted on 2071 16‐ to 45‐year‐old Danes in three selected areas. The complete findings were published in 1971 in a Danish thesis; only the findings on the frequency of dental visits (in childhood and at present), toothbrushing habits, and the selfreported number of teeth are presented here in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on the marked relationship of these factors to socio‐economic status, the latter being determined by the respondents' education and occupation. Among the 35‐ to 45‐year‐olds, 84 % of the “high” SES group made regular dental visits, as opposed to 55% of the “middle” and 37 % of the “low” SES group. Similar trends were demonstrated in all age groups and for all the parameters investigated.
Prevalence and interrelationships of root surface caries in Lufa, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Schamschula Rudi G. , Barmes David E. , Keyes Paul H. , Gulbinat Walter
Published: May 2006

abstract This survey of 222 adults aged 18 years and over, in highland communities near Lufa, Papua New Guinea, has revealed that: (1) the prevalence of root caries is much higher than that of coronal caries in persons aged 30 to 39 years; (2) periodontal disease and root caries are statistically strongly associated. These findings confirm one of the study hypotheses that, under certain combinations of etiologic and environmental influences, the prevalence of root caries may equal or exceed the prevalence of coronal caries, and furthermore, they strongly support the other study hypothesis that certain dietobacterial plaque infections are not conducive to highly active coronal lesions but are associated with periodontal lesions and radicular cavitation.
Social inequality and caries studied in 1,719 Danish military recruits
Authors: Antoft P. E. , Gadegaard E. , Lind O. P.
Published: May 2006

abstract Information on the social origin, dental health related behavior and patterns of utilization of dental services were collected simultaneously with epidemiologic data on dental caries from 1,719 Danish recruits called‐up for military training at the Karup Air Base during 1972. The findings indicated that the less privileged social groups had more decayed teeth, had lost more teeth and had fewer filled teeth than the more privileged groups. Exposure to the regular care program provided by the School Dental Health Service and the Youth Dental Care Scheme seemed to have a leveling effect among social groups. However, the less privileged social groups had a significantly lower participation rate in the Youth Dental Care Scheme and accounted for a larger number of drop‐outs from the regular care program when compared to the more privileged groups. Rural/urban residency was not found to be associated with the number of DMF teeth or the rate of utilization of the Youth Dental Care Scheme, if selected social variables were held constant.
The provision of dental care for institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway
Authors: SVATUN BJARNE
Published: May 2006

Abstract

In order to study the provision of dental care and preventive measures for institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway, a random sample of individuals (n= 353) was investigated. The provision of regular dental care was found to be dependent on institutional size rather than on geographic location. The number of institutionalized patients was evenly distributed in relation to population density in different areas of the country. A total of 37 % of the patients received no regular care. Access to dental care decreased with increasing age, presumably because most of the younger patients were domiciled in the larger institutions. Comprehensive programs for the prevention of dental disease were established in only a few institutions.
Studies on the effect of dentifrices with low fluoride content
Authors: Forsman Britta
Published: May 2006

Abstract

The caries prophylactic effect of dentifrices with a low fluoride (F) content has been tested in a 2‐year double‐blind experiment on 1,150 schoolchildren aged 11–14 years who have had fortnightly F mouthrinses as a basic prophylaxis. Clinical registration of new DMFS and new smooth surface caries showed only insignificant differences for the groups treated with regular, weak or F‐free dentifrices. Radiographic investigation showed a tendency towards fewer decayed surfaces in the groups treated with a monofluorophosphate (MFP) dentifrice with regular F content and CaCO3 as polishing agent, but no significant effect with the corresponding dentifrice with lower F content. In groups treated with a dentifrice with silicon dioxide as the polishing agent both the regular content of MFP and a weak concentration of NaF resulted in fewer radiographically diagnosed carious lesions in the groups of girls, who had a higher caries rate than the boys. These and other data are combined in the Discussion into a hypothetic model for the mode of action of MFP and NaF dentifrices, with a view to continued development towards optimal clinical results with minimal F absorption.