bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Evaluators: Implementation of a Multi-Source Evaluation Program for Graduate Medical Education Program Directors
Authors: Goldhamer Mary Ellen J. , Baker Keith , Cohen Amy P. , Weinstein Debra F.
Published: August 2016

Background

Multi-source evaluation has demonstrated value for trainees, but is not generally provided to residency or fellowship program directors (PDs).

Objective

To develop, implement, and evaluate a PD multi-source evaluation process.

Methods

Tools were developed for PD evaluation by trainees, department chairs, and graduate medical education (GME) leadership. Evaluation questions were based on PD responsibilities, including Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements. A follow-up survey assessed the process.

Results

Evaluation completion rates were as follows: trainees in academic year 2012–2013, 53% (958 of 1824), and in academic year 2013–2014, 42% (800 of 1898); GME directors in 2013–2014, 100% (95 of 95); and chairs/chiefs in 2013–2014, 92% (109 of 118). Results of a follow-up survey of PDs (66%, 59 of 90) and chairs (74%, 48 of 65) supports the evaluations' value, with 45% of responding PDs (25 of 56) and 50% of responding chairs (21 of 42) characterizing them as “extremely” or “quite” useful. Most indicated this was the first written evaluation they had received (PDs 78%, 46 of 59) or provided (chairs 69%, 33 of 48) regarding the PD role. More than 60% of PD (30 of 49) and chair respondents (24 of 40) indicated trainee feedback was “extremely” or “quite” useful, and nearly 50% of PDs (29 of 59) and 21% of chairs (10 of 48) planned changes based on the results. Trainee response rates improved in 2014–2015 (52%, 971 of 1872) and 2015–2016 (69%, 1276 of 1837).

Conclusions

In our institution, multi-source evaluation of PDs was sustained over 4 years with acceptable and improving evaluation completion rates. The process and assessment tools are potentially transferrable to other institutions.
From Classical Toward Experimental Federalism: Different Pathways for a More Inclusive and Balanced European Union
Authors: Nahtigal Matjaz
Published: August 2016

A growing number of scholars, academics and policy-makers advocate substantial reforms of the existing European institutional architecture. Advocates of deepening the European integration recommend that the optimal development of the European Union (EU) would be to establish a fully developed banking union, an advanced form of fiscal union and to ultimately achieve a political union based on common economic governance. Accordingly, the ideal scenario for European integration would be to adopt, to the largest possible extent, a path toward the classical federal model. Leaving aside the practical feasibility of such a development, the purpose of this article is to explore whether a direction toward the model of classical federalism is the only possible way forward for European integration. Comparative constitutionalism has developed several substantially different models of federalism. Therefore, this article explores other possible trajectories for European integration while pointing to the limitations of classical federalism. In the face of the protracted social and economic crises in many European member states and their regions, article also examines the possibilities of establishing cooperative or even experimental federalism as a new model for European integration.
Public Services Concession in Slovenian Legislation
Authors: Drnovšek Katja , Brezovnik Boštjan
Published: August 2016

Because of the public sector crisis, the role of the state in the provision of public service activities has been gradually changing ever since the 1980s, as the role of the financier in public infrastructure, as well as of the provider of public service activities, was increasingly being assumed by the private sector, while the state began to strengthen its role in the areas of regulation and supervision.With the involvement of the private sector in the so-called project financing of investments in construction of infrastructure and the consequent provision of public service activities, new and innovative forms of cooperation between the public and private sector (public-private partnership) have gradually been introduced as an addition to the already established concession and public procurement relationships. At the same time, states have in addition to classic (budgetary) financing gradually introduced new ways of financing public service activities, which enabled the repayment of investments in public infrastructure and reimbursement of (private) providers for goods delivered or services rendered (public goods). Undoubtedly, these forms of cooperation between the public and private sector call for regulation of certain complex issues. This article focuses on the examination of forms of integration between the public and private sector in the provision of public service activities in the framework of concession relationships.
Information Content and Sensitivity of the 3β + 2α Lidar
Measurement System for Aerosol Microphysical Retrievals
Authors: Burton Sharon P. , Chemyakin Eduard , Liu Xu , Knobelspiesse Kirk , Stamnes Snorre , Sawamura Patricia , Moore Richard H. , Hostetler Chris A. , Ferrare Richard A.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. There is considerable interest in retrieving profiles of aerosol effective radius, total number concentration and complex refractive index from lidar measurements of extinction and backscatter at several wavelengths. The combination of three backscatter channels plus two extinction channels (3β + 2α) is particularly important since it is believed to be the minimum configuration necessary for the retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties and because the technological readiness of lidar systems permits this configuration on both an airborne and future spaceborne instrument. The 2nd-generation NASA Langley airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2) has been making 3β + 2α measurements since 2012. The planned NASA Aerosol-Clouds-Ecosystem (ACE) satellite mission also recommends the 3β + 2α combination. Here we develop a deeper understanding of the information content and sensitivities of the 3β + 2α system in terms of aerosol microphysical parameters of interest. We use a retrieval-free methodology to determine the basic sensitivities of the measurements independent of retrieval assumptions and constraints. We calculate information content and uncertainty metrics using tools borrowed from the Optimal Estimation methodology based on Bayes' theorem, using a simplified forward model look-up table, with no explicit inversion. The forward model is simplified to represent spherical particles, monomodal log-normal size distributions, and wavelength-independent refractive indices. Since we only use the forward model with no retrieval, the given simplified aerosol scenario is applicable as a best case for all existing retrievals in the absence of additional constraints. Retrieval-dependent errors due to mismatch between retrieval assumptions and true atmospheric aerosols are not included in this sensitivity study, nor are retrieval errors that may be introduced in the inversion process. The sensitivity metrics allow for identifying (1) information content of the measurements versus a priori information; (2) error bars on the retrieved parameters; and (3) potential sources of cross-talk or “compensating” errors wherein different retrieval parameters are not independently captured by the measurements. The results suggest that the 3β + 2α measurement system is underdetermined with respect to the full suite of microphysical parameters considered in this study, and that additional information is required, in the form of additional coincident measurements (e.g. sun-photometer or polarimeter) or a priori retrieval constraints. A specific recommendation is given for addressing cross-talk between effective radius and total number concentration.
Ecological response to collapse of the biological pump following the
mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
Authors: Vellekoop Johan , Woelders Lineke , Açikalin Sanem , Smit Jan , van de Schootbrugge Bas , Yilmaz Ismail Ö. , Brinkhuis Henk , Speijer Robert P.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. It is by now unequivocally shown that the mass extinction associated with the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary (~ 66 Ma) is related to the environmental effects of a large extraterrestrial impact. The biological and oceanographic consequences of the mass extinction are, however, still poorly understood. According to the Living Ocean model of D’Hondt et al. (1998), the biological crisis at the K-Pg boundary resulted in a reduction of export productivity in the earliest Paleocene. Here, we combine organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) and benthic foraminiferal analyses to provide crucial new insight into changes in the coupling of pelagic and benthic ecosystems. To this end, we perform dinocyst and benthic foraminiferal analyses on the recently discovered Tethyan K-Pg boundary section at Okçular, Northwestern Turkey, and compare the results with other K-Pg boundary sites in the Tethys. The post-impact dominance of epibenthic taxa and an increase of inferred heterotrophic dinocysts in the earliest Paleocene at Okçular are consistent with published records from other Tethyan sites. Together, these Tethyan records indicate that during the early Paleocene more nutrients were available for the Tethyan planktonic community, whereas benthic communities were deprived of food. Hence, the post-impact phase the reduction of export productivity likely resulted in enhanced recycling of nutrients in the upper part of the water column, all along the Tethyan shelves.
The long-solved problem of the best-fit straight line: Application to isotopic mixing lines
Authors: Wehr Richard , Saleska Scott R .
Published: August 2016

Abstract. It has been almost 50 years since York published an exact and general solution for the best-fit straight line to independent points with normally distributed errors in both x and y. York’s solution is highly cited in the geophysical literature but almost unknown outside of it, so that there has been no ebb in the tide of books and papers wrestling with the problem. Much of the post-1969 literature on straight-line fitting has sown confusion not merely by its content but by its very existence. The optimal least-squares fit is already known; the problem is already solved. Here we introduce the non-specialist reader to York’s solution, and demonstrate its application in the interesting case of the isotopic mixing line, an analytical tool widely used to determine the isotopic signature of trace gas sources for the study of biogeochemical cycles. The most commonly known linear regression methods — ordinary least squares regression (OLS), geometric mean regression (GMR), and orthogonal distance regression (ODR) — have each been recommended as the best method for fitting isotopic mixing lines. In fact, OLS, GMR, and ODR are all special cases of York’s solution that are valid only under particular measurement conditions, and those conditions do not hold in general for isotopic mixing lines. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we quantify the biases in OLS, GMR, and ODR under various conditions and show that York’s general — and convenient — solution is always the least biased.
The unrest of the San Miguel volcano (El Salvador, Central America): installation of the monitoring network and observed volcano-tectonic ground deformation
Authors: Bonforte Alessandro , Hernandez Douglas Antonio , Gutiérrez Eduardo , Handal Louis , Polío Cecilia , Rapisarda Salvatore , Scarlato Piergiorgio
Published: August 2016

Abstract. On 29 December 2013, the Chaparrastique volcano in El Salvador, close to the town of San Miguel, erupted suddenly with explosive force, forming a column more than 9 km high and projecting ballistic projectiles as far as 3 km away. Pyroclastic density currents flowed to the north-northwest side of the volcano, while tephras were dispersed northwest and north-northeast. This sudden eruption prompted the local Ministry of Environment to request cooperation with Italian scientists in order to improve the monitoring of the volcano during this unrest. A joint force, made up of an Italian team from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and a local team from the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, was organized to enhance the volcanological, geophysical and geochemical monitoring system to study the evolution of the phenomenon during the crisis. The joint team quickly installed a multiparametric mobile network comprising seismic, geodetic and geochemical sensors (designed to cover all the volcano flanks from the lowest to the highest possible altitudes) and a thermal camera. To simplify the logistics for a rapid installation and for security reasons, some sensors were colocated into multiparametric stations. Here, we describe the prompt design and installation of the geodetic monitoring network, the processing and results. The installation of a new ground deformation network can be considered an important result by itself, while the detection of some crucial deforming areas is very significant information, useful for dealing with future threats and for further studies on this poorly monitored volcano.
Simulating ice layer formation under the presence of preferential flow in layered snowpacks
Authors: Wever Nander , Würzer Sebastian , Fierz Charles , Lehning Michael
Published: August 2016

Abstract. For physics based snow cover models, simulating the formation of dense ice layers inside the snowpack has been a long time challenge. Their formation is considered to be tightly coupled to the presence of preferential flow, which is assumed to happen through flow fingering. Recent laboratory experiments and modelling techniques of liquid water flow in snow have advanced the understanding of conditions under which preferential flow paths or flow fingers form. We propose a modelling approach in the one-dimensional, multi-layer snow cover model SNOWPACK for preferential flow that is based on a dual-domain approach. The pore space is divided into a part that represents matrix flow and a part that represents preferential flow. Richards equation is then solved for both domains. We found that preferential flow paths arriving at a layer transition in the snowpack may lead to ponding conditions. Subsequent refreezing then can form dense layers in the snowpack, that regularly exceed 700 kg m−3. A comparison of simulated density profiles with bi-weekly snow profiles made at the Weissfluhjoch measurement site at 2536 m altitude in the Eastern Swiss Alps for 16 snow seasons showed that several ice layers that were observed in the field could be reproduced. However many profiles remain challenging to simulate. The prediction of the early snowpack runoff also improved under the consideration of preferential flow. Our study suggests that a dual domain approach is able to describe the net effect of preferential flow on ice layer formation and liquid water flow in snow in one-dimensional, detailed, physics based snowpack models, without the need for a full multi-dimensional model.
The Value and Risk Relevance of Fair Value: The Case of French Firms
Authors: Kouki Mondher , Hsini Mosbeh , Tabassi Farah
Published: August 2016

We study the performance of fair value accounting standards of financial instruments starting from the analysis of quality relevance of accounting information. In particular, we are interested in the value relevance and risk relevance of income that contains financial instruments measured or not at fair value. To do so, we compare three income levels known as accounting standard’s history. The three major levels are Full-Fair-Value income measurement (all-fair-value changes recognized in income), piecemeal-fair-value income measurement or comprehensive income (some fair-value changes recognized in income), and historical-cost income measurement or net income (no fair-value measurement existing). The empirical tests of value relevance showed that net income is not a relevant value, and Full Fair Value Income is more significant than the Comprehensive Income. The study shows also that risk relevance is more, measured by the volatility of Full Fair Value Income.
An Evaluation of Household Accounting in Mauritius
Authors: Ramlugun Vidisha Gunesh , Ramdhony Dineshwar , Poornima Bissoon
Published: August 2016

The study investigates the accounting practices of Mauritian households. We explore the likelihood of these practices by administering a questionnaire among 120 random family units. More particularly, four areas of accounting are emphasised- budgeting, record keeping, decision-making and long term financial planning. The findings mainly reveal that household accounting is used in Mauritian homes. Factors such as the risk of debt, tax calculation and important events as marriage, death and birth influence these usages. We suggest that while households are not profit clusters, it is an area of significant interest and therefore deemed to be an area worth of academic study.
The Connection between Education and Religious Insight with Madrasah Teachers’ Work Motivation in Indonesia
Authors: Fauzi Anis , Nur’aeni Eni
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to determine the reality of education and religious insight of madrasah teachers as well as the relationship between education and religious insights with madrasah teachers’ work motivation in Serang District, Banten Province. The method used is descriptive method with case study approach and quantitative data analysis. The research sites were at Sultan Agung Madrasah Tirtayasa, Nurul Huda Madrasah Baros and Raudhatul Ulum Madrasah Anyer. The respondents were 50 councilors in each madrasah. Data collection techniques used in the study were questionnaires, observations, and interviews. Based on the data analysis using statistical approaches and the development of a linear regression formula and multiple regression, correlation values are quite high among the variables of educational insights (X1) with the variables of madrasah teachers’ work motivation (Y); and between variables of religious insight (X2) with the madrasah teachers’ work motivation (Y); as well as between the variables of religious and education insight (X1 and X2) with the variables of madrasah teachers’ work motivation (Y).
Chronic Vomiting in Cats: Etiology and Diagnostic Testing
Authors: Hauck Shannon Ryan , Gisselman Kelly , Cordner Amy , Nicholson Angela Gasser
Published: August 2016

Chronic vomiting in cats is a common presenting problem seen in veterinary practice today. The initial step when presented with a vomiting patient is to differentiate between vomiting and regurgitation or dysphagia. There are numerous causes for chronic vomiting in cats, and therefore a detailed and comprehensive patient history and a systematic diagnostic approach are key steps in determining the cause for vomiting and the most appropriate treatment plan. Common causes for chronic vomiting in cats may include inflammatory bowel disease, food allergy, gastrointestinal motility disorders, neoplasia, and extra-gastrointestinal diseases, such as renal disease, hepatobiliary disease, and hyperthyroidism.
Palliative Epineurotomy for Focal Radial Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor in a Dog
Authors: Gibson Andrew David , Davies Emma , Lara-Garcia Ana , Lafuente Pilar
Published: August 2016

This case report describes the diagnosis of a peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the deep branch of the radial nerve distal to the elbow in a dog. The lesion was identified using computed tomography and ultrasonography and confirmed as sarcoma on histopathological analysis of incisional biopsies. Clinical signs dramatically improved following surgical biopsy before recurring three months later. Repeat epineurotomy of the deep branch of the radial nerve resulted in clinical improvement for a further month before signs once again returned. Epineurotomy as a palliative treatment for peripheral nerve sheath tumors has not been previously described, but may have a place in palliation of clinical signs in specific cases of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in which limb amputation is not an option.
Presentación
Authors: Elgueta Rosas María Francisca
Published: August 2016

Texto que presenta y define esta edición, informando su misión, basada en los tópicos de la pedagogía universitaria y la didáctica del derecho. También se reseñan brevemente su historia y motivaciones.
Teaching of financial mathematics using Maple
Authors: Hašek Roman , Petráškova Vladimíra
Published: August 2016

The paper deals with the application of computer algebra system Maple in teaching of financial mathematics. In the Czech Republic financial mathematics is included in the curricula of grammar and secondary school. Therefore, this subject is also taught at pedagogical faculties. Most concepts of financial mathematics are difficult to understand for students. In the paper we show the ways of facilitation understanding these concepts using tools of Maple. The main result is in preparing special maplets which enable interactive studying of the principles of such concepts. Each of these maplets deals with particular financial problem from real life, e.g. mortgage credit, consumer credit, credit card etc.
Design guidelines for dynamic mathematics worksheets
Authors: Hohenwarter Markus , Preiner Judtih
Published: August 2016

In a Math and Science Partnership project in Florida, middle school teachers are using the dynamic mathematics software GeoGebra to create interactive online worksheets for mathematics learning. Formative evaluation of these materials based on design principles of multimedia learning has lead to a list of specific design guidelines for such dynamic worksheets that we present in this article. These design guidelines can give advice both for the creation of new dynamic worksheets and the evaluation of existing material on the Internet.
Application of computer algebra systems in automatic assessment of math skills
Authors: Kajetanowicz Przemyslaw , Wierzejewski Jedrzej
Published: August 2016

Mathematics is one of those areas of education, where the student's progress is measured almost solely by testing his or her ability of problem solving. It has been two years now that the authors develop and use Web-based math courses where the assessment of student's progress is fully automatic. More than 150 types of problems in linear algebra and calculus have been implemented in the form of Java-driven tests. Those tests that involve symbolic computations are linked with Mathematica computational kernel through the Jlink mechanism. An individual test features random generation of an unlimited number of problems of a given type with difficulty level being controlled flat design time. Each test incorporates the evaluation of the student's solution. Various methods of grading can be set at design time, depending on the particular purpose that a test is used for (self-assessment or administrative exam). Each test is equipped with the correct solution presentation on demand. In those problems that involve a considerable amount of computational effort (e.g. Gauss elimination), additional special tools are offered in a test window so that the student can concentrate on the method of solution rather than on arithmetic computations. (Another obvious benefit is that the student is thus protected from the risk of frustrating computational errors). Individual tests can be combined into comprehensive exams whose parameters can be set up at design time (e.g., number of problems, difficulty level, grading system, time allowed for solution). The results of an exam can be automatically stored in a database with all authentication and security requirements satisfied.
Teaching sorting in ICT
Authors: Szlávi Péter , Törley Gábor
Published: August 2016

This article is aimed at considering how an algorithmic problem – more precisely a sorting problem – can be used in an informatics class in primary and secondary education to make students mobilize the largest possible amount of their intellectual skills in the problem solving process. We will be outlining a method which essentially forces students to utilize their mathematical knowledge besides algorithmization in order to provide an efficient solution. What is more, they are expected to use efficiently a tool that has so far not been associated with creative thinking. Sorting is meant to be just an example, through which our thoughts can easily be demonstrated, but – of course the method of education outlined can be linked to several other algorithmic problems, as well.
Teaching word processing - the theory behind
Authors: Csernoch Mária
Published: August 2016

It is widely thought and believed that word processors – especially MS Word – are software, which everyone can use. However, if we take a closer look at the documents we find that the picture is not at all that clear. In most of these documents even the basic rules of word processing are broken. The question is how it is possible that most of the users are satisfied with their performance, and do not realize that they only use a less noisy typewriter, and not able to take advantage of the opportunities offered by these software. In the search of clearing this misunderstanding I found that there are no publicly available sources, which would clearly set the rules to determine when the documents are properly formatted. Here I set three maxims which, together, are able to control the tools applied in word processing in order to create properly formatted texts. In summary, they state that the layout of a properly formatted text should be invariant to modification, that is, any modification of the body of text should not initiate its re-formatting. To prove that these maxims work and to show that we desperately need them I give examples of works of professionals from the administration, of those who passed ecdl exams, of teachers of various subjects, and finally of teachers of Informatics.
Comparison of teaching exponential and logarithmic functions based on mathematics textbook analysis
Authors: Engbersen Aranka
Published: August 2016

Exponential and logarithmic functions are key mathematical concepts that play central roles in advanced mathematics. Unfortunately these are also concepts that give students serious difficulties. In this paper I would like to give an overview – based on textbook analysis – about the Hungarian, Austrian and Dutch situation of teaching exponential and logarithmic functions. This comparison could also provide some ideas for Hungarian teachers on how to embed this topic in their practice in another more "realistic" way.
2016/19 Reference in a termination letter to ‘retirement’ can cost the employer dearly (GE)
Authors: Schreiner Paul , Hellenkemper Dagmar
Published: July 2016

2016/19 Reference in a termination letter to ‘retirement’ can cost the employer dearly (GE)

In businesses employing fewer than ten employees, the rules on unfair dismissal do not apply. However, those on discrimination do. This fact made it possible for the 63 year-old employee in this case to claim damages, effectively for unfair dismissal. She had been dismissed following a reduction in the available work. She was selected for redundancy because she was less qualified than her colleagues. However, her termination letter mentioned that she had become “eligible for retirement”. This remark created a presumption of age discrimination, which the employer was not able to rebut.
2016/23 Are employers obliged to provide childcare vouchers during maternity leave? (UK)
Authors: Hayes Catherine
Published: July 2016

2016/23 Are employers obliged to provide childcare vouchers during maternity leave? (UK)

An employee challenged whether her employer’s refusal to provide childcare vouchers during maternity leave was discriminatory. The Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) determined, somewhat tentatively, that where childcare vouchers are provided through a salary sacrifice scheme, it is not discriminatory for employers to cease to provide childcare vouchers during maternity leave.
2016/29 Prohibition on dismissing union leaders, even for reasons unrelated to union activity, is unconstitutional (RO)
Authors: Suciu Andreea
Published: July 2016

2016/29 Prohibition on dismissing union leaders, even for reasons unrelated to union activity, is unconstitutional (RO)

Article 60(1)(g) of the Romanian Labour Code does not allow an employer to dismiss trade union leaders for reasons other than disciplinary misconduct or judicial reorganisation, dissolution or bankruptcy of the employer. The Constitutional Court has recently ruled that Article 60(1)(g) is unconstitutional.
Spatial control of translation repression and polarized growth by conserved NDR kinase Orb6 and RNA-binding protein Sts5
Authors: Nuñez Illyce , Rodriguez Pino Marbelys , Wiley David J , Das Maitreyi E , Chen Chuan , Goshima Tetsuya , Kume Kazunori , Hirata Dai , Toda Takashi , Verde Fulvia
Published: July 2016

RNA-binding proteins contribute to the formation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules by phase transition, but regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Conserved fission yeast NDR (Nuclear Dbf2-Related) kinase Orb6 governs cell morphogenesis in part by spatially controlling Cdc42 GTPase. Here we describe a novel, independent function for Orb6 kinase in negatively regulating the recruitment of RNA-binding protein Sts5 into RNPs to promote polarized cell growth. We find that Orb6 kinase inhibits Sts5 recruitment into granules, its association with processing (P) bodies, and degradation of Sts5-bound mRNAs by promoting Sts5 interaction with 14-3-3 protein Rad24. Many Sts5-bound mRNAs encode essential factors for polarized cell growth, and Orb6 kinase spatially and temporally controls the extent of Sts5 granule formation. Disruption of this control system affects cell morphology and alters the pattern of polarized cell growth, revealing a role for Orb6 kinase in the spatial control of translational repression that enables normal cell morphogenesis.
Multi‐wall carbon nanotube supported Co (II) Schiff base complex: an efficient and highly reusable catalyst for synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthol and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives
Authors: Rakhtshah Jamshid , Salehzadeh Sadegh
Published: August 2016

An immobilized Co (II) Schiff base complex supported on multi‐wall carbon nanotubes was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,
energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It was shown that the supported complex is a facile, eco‐friendly, recyclable, reusable and green catalyst for three‐component condensation of 2‐naphthol and acetamide with various aldehydes for the synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthol derivatives under solvent‐free conditions. Also, in a further study, the catalytic application was studied in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives via the condensation reaction of malononitrile and dimedone with several aromatic aldehydes. The procedures suggested here for the synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthol and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives offer several advantages, such as stability, recyclability and eco‐friendliness of the catalyst, simple experimental conditions, short reaction times, high to excellent yields and easy work‐up.
Effects of Physical Exercise on the Intestinal Mucosa of Rats Submitted to a Hypothalamic Obesity Condition
Authors: Gomes J.R. , Freitas J.R. , Grassiolli S.
Published: August 2016

The small intestine plays a role in obesity as well as in satiation. However, the effect of physical exercise on the morphology and function of the small intestine during obesity has not been reported to date. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on morphological aspects of the rat small intestine during hypothalamic monosodium glutamate (MSG)‐induced obesity. The rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary (S), Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Exercised (E), and Exercised Monosodium Glutamate (EMSG). The MSG and EMSG groups received a daily injection of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg) during the 5 first days after birth. The S and E groups were considered as control groups and received injections of saline. At weaning, at 21 days after birth, the EMSG and E groups were submitted to swimming practice 3 times a week until the 90th day, when all groups were sacrificed and the parameters studied recorded. Exercise significantly reduced fat deposits and the Lee Index in MSG‐treated animals, and also reduced the thickness of the intestinal wall, the number of goblet cells and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity. However, physical activity alone increased the thickness and height of villi, and the depth of the crypts. In conclusion, regular physical exercise may alter the morphology or/and functions of the small intestine, reducing the prejudicial effects of hypothalamic obesity. Anat Rec, 299:1389–1396, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AVO INVERSION WITH THE INVERSE OPERATOR ESTIMATION ALGORITHM
Authors: Xing-Yao YIN , Wei DENG , Zhao-Yun ZONG
Published: August 2016

Seismic inversion is generally implemented with certain optimization algorithm. However, the inverse operator estimation algorithm proposed in this study is to perform the inversion of data matrix directly under the hypothesis that the inverse mapping exists in the empirically constrained subspaces. The key point of the proposed approach is to search those subspaces instead of searching for the solution indirectly as optimization algorithms do and it's more efficient. AVO/AVA (amplitude variation with offset or angle) inversion is widely utilized in exploration geophysics, and the inversion process is restricted by the quality of seismic data. L1 norm is applied in the construction of the kernel function of inversion by combining the constraint from initial models, which is helpful in enhancing the efficiency and stability of the inversion. Model and field data examples indicate that the proposed AVO inversion algorithm based on inverse operator estimation is more accurate and reliable.
On the design of a secure user authentication and key agreement scheme for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kumari Saru , Das Ashok Kumar , Wazid Mohammad , Li Xiong , Wu Fan , Choo Kim‐Kwang Raymond , Khan Muhammad Khurram
Published: August 2016

A wireless sensor network (WSN) typically consists of a large number of resource‐constrained sensor nodes and several control or gateway nodes. Ensuring the security of the asymmetric nature of WSN is challenging, and designing secure and efficient user authentication and key agreement schemes for WSNs is an active research area. For example, in 2016, Farash et al. proposed a user authentication and key agreement scheme for WSNs. However, we reveal previously unpublished vulnerabilities in their scheme, which allow an attacker to carry out sensor node spoofing, password guessing, user/sensor node anonymity, and user impersonation attacks. We then present a scheme, which does not suffer from the identified vulnerabilities. To demonstrate the practicality of the scheme, we evaluate the scheme using NS‐2 simulator. We then prove the scheme secure using Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of P‐TEFb disrupts global transcription, oocyte maturation, and embryo development in the mouse
Authors: Oqani Reza K. , Lin Tao , Lee Jae Eun , Kim So Yeon , Sa Soo Jin , Woo Je Seok , Jin Dong Il
Published: August 2016

Positive transcription elongation factor b (P‐TEFb) is an RNA polymerase II kinase that phosphorylates Ser2 of the carboxyl‐terminal domain and promotes the elongation phase of transcription. Despite the fact that P‐TEFb has role in many cellular processes, the role of this kinase complex remains to be understood in early developmental events. In this study, using immunocytochemical analyses, we find that the P‐TEFb components, Cyclin T1, CDK9, and its T‐loop phosphorylated form, are localized to nuclear speckles, as well as in nucleoli in mouse germinal vesicle oocytes. Moreover, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we show that in absence of CDK9 activity, nucleolar integration, as well as production of 28S rRNA is impaired in oocytes and embryos. We also present evidence indicating that P‐TEFb kinase activity is essential for completion of mouse oocyte maturation and embryo development. Treatment with CDK9 inhibitor, flavopiridol resulted in metaphase I arrest in maturing oocytes. Inhibition of CDK9 kinase activity did not interfere with in vitro fertilization and pronuclear formation. However, when zygotes or 2‐cell embryos were treated with flavopiridol only in their G2 phase of the cell cycle, development to the blastocyst stage was impaired. Inhibition of the CDK9 activity after embryonic genome activation resulted in failure to form normal blastocysts and aberrant phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II CTD. In all stages analyzed, treatment with flavopiridol abrogated global transcriptional activity. Collectively, our data suggest that P‐TEFb kinase activity is crucial for oocyte maturation, embryo development, and regulation of global RNA transcription in mouse early development.
Regionalverband Nordrhein‐Westfalen — Tagung am 09.03.2016 in Mönchengladbach
Authors: Aust O. , Brockmann A.
Published: August 2016

Nanopartikel, die unter die Haut gehen, und Diskussion zur Reinheit von Bier
High‐precision 34S/32S measurements in vertebrate bioapatites using purge‐and‐trap elemental analyser/isotope ratio mass spectrometry technology
Authors: Goedert Jean , Fourel François , Amiot Romain , Simon Laurent , Lécuyer Christophe
Published: August 2016

Rationale

In ecological studies, the sulfur isotope compositions (δ34S values) of soft tissues (e.g. hair, skin, nail, muscle, collagen) allow the determination of both past and present‐day living environments of organisms. However, technical limitations have so far prevented reliable sulfur isotope analyses of minerals having low sulfur content, such as bioapatite, which is the crystalline component of skeletal tissues. The development of ‘purge‐and‐trap’ technology in elemental analysers recently demonstrated new possibilities to solve some of those technical difficulties.

Methods

We have used a VarioPYROcube elemental analyser (EA) equipped with ‘purge‐and‐trap’ technology, interfaced in continuous flow mode to an Isoprime 100 isotope ratio mass spectrometer, to measure the sulfur isotope compositions of bioapatite samples. We first characterised a working calibrated material of chemical composition close to those of our samples, the low‐S bearing phosphorite BCR32, against the two δ34SV‐CDT reference‐calibrated materials, NBS‐127 and IAEA‐SO‐5. We have confirmed a δ34SV‐CDT value of +18.4‰ (1σ = 0.5; n = 18) in agreement with the previously published value. Using BCR32 as a compositional and isotopic reference material, we have then measured the δ34SV‐CDT values of various bioapatite tissues (bone, dentine and enamel) from both modern and fossil vertebrates living in different environments (marine, freshwater and terrestrial).

Results

Our results demonstrate the capacity of this analytical setup to measure the δ34SV‐CDT values of low‐S bioapatite samples (0.14 to 1.19 wt%) with a good analytical precision (1σ = 0.5; n = 14). Our results also show that the δ34SV‐CDT values of modern and fossil vertebrate bioapatites allow discrimination between marine environments and freshwater or terrestrial ones.

Conclusions

Sulfur isotope analysis of bioapatite has great potential to track the living environment of extinct vertebrates for which only fossilised bones or teeth have been preserved. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“I Don't Want to Be an Ostrich”: Managing Mothers’ Uncertainty during BRCA1/2 Genetic Counseling
Authors: Fisher Carla L. , Roccotagliata Thomas , Rising Camella J. , Kissane David W. , Glogowski Emily A. , Bylund Carma L.
Published: July 2016

Families who face genetic disease risk must learn how to grapple with complicated uncertainties about their health and future on a long‐term basis. Women who undergo BRCA 1/2 genetic testing describe uncertainty related to personal risk as well as their loved ones’, particularly daughters’, risk. The genetic counseling setting is a prime opportunity for practitioners to help mothers manage uncertainty in the moment but also once they leave a session. Uncertainty Management Theory (UMT) helps to illuminate the various types of uncertainty women encounter and the important role of communication in uncertainty management. Informed by UMT, we conducted a thematic analysis of 16 genetic counseling sessions between practitioners and mothers at risk for, or carriers of, a BRCA1/2 mutation. Five themes emerged that represent communication strategies used to manage uncertainty: 1) addresses myths, misunderstandings, or misconceptions; 2) introduces uncertainty related to science; 3) encourages information seeking or sharing about family medical history; 4) reaffirms or validates previous behavior or decisions; and 5) minimizes the probability of personal risk or family members’ risk. Findings illustrate the critical role of genetic counseling for families in managing emotionally challenging risk‐related uncertainty. The analysis may prove beneficial to not only genetic counseling practice but generations of families at high risk for cancer who must learn strategic approaches to managing a complex web of uncertainty that can challenge them for a lifetime.
Modulating the Aggregation Behavior of 1‐Methyl‐3‐Octylimidazolium Chloride by Alcohols in Aqueous Media
Authors: Pal Amalendu , Yadav Alka
Published: July 2016

The self‐organization and aggregation behavior of a surface active ionic liquid (SAIL) 1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium chloride [C8mim]Cl, was investigated in aqueous solutions of alcohols 1,2‐propanediol and 1‐propanol in different compositions using conductivity, surface tension and fluorescence measurements at room temperature. This surface active ionic liquid was synthesized by the reaction of 1‐methylimidazole with 1‐chlorooctane. Fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to get detailed insight into the local microenvironment of the aggregates, critical aggregation concentrations (CAC) and aggregation number (Nagg.). Degree of ionization (α), CAC and various thermodynamic parameters like the standard Gibbs free energy of aggregation (ΔGagg.0), standard enthalpy of aggregation (ΔHagg.0) and standard entropy of aggregation (ΔSagg.0) were calculated using conductivity measurements at different temperatures (288.15, 298.15 and 308.15 K). The surface activity of the IL in various mixed solvents was evaluated from surface tension measurements by calculating various surface parameters like the minimum surface area occupied by a single ionic liquid molecule (Amin), adsorption efficiency (pC20), maximum excess concentration at the surface (Γmax), effectiveness of surface tension reduction(ΠCAC), surface tension at CAC (γCAC), p (packing parameter) and CAC at different compositions. Increases in the CAC values were observed with the increase in the amount of alcohols which is attributed to the balancing between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The results from different techniques show that the CAC increases with increase in the amount of the alcohol which is due to the solubilization of the IL molecules which delays the aggregation process. This shows that the spontaneity of the aggregation process of IL decreases with the increase in the concentration of alcohols in water.
Brief report on a systematic review of youth violence prevention through media campaigns: Does the limited yield of strong evidence imply methodological challenges or absence of effect?
Authors: Cassidy Tali , Bowman Brett , McGrath Chloe , Matzopoulos Richard
Published: July 2016

Background

We present a brief report on a systematic review which identified, assessed and synthesized the existing evidence of the effectiveness of media campaigns in reducing youth violence.

Methods

Search strategies made use of terms for youth, violence and a range of terms relating to the intervention. An array of academic databases and websites were searched.

Results

Although media campaigns to reduce violence are widespread, only six studies met the inclusion criteria. There is little strong evidence to support a direct link between media campaigns and a reduction in youth violence. Several studies measure proxies for violence such as empathy or opinions related to violence, but the link between these measures and violence perpetration is unclear. Nonetheless, some evidence suggests that a targeted and context‐specific campaign, especially when combined with other measures, can reduce violence. However, such campaigns are less cost‐effective to replicate over large populations than generalised campaigns.

Conclusions

It is unclear whether the paucity of evidence represents a null effect or methodological challenges with evaluating media campaigns. Future studies need to be carefully planned to accommodate for methodological difficulties as well as to identify the specific elements of campaigns that work, especially in lower and middle income countries.
Personalized Computer Simulation of Diastolic Function in Heart Failure
Authors: Amr Ali , Kayvanpour Elham , Sedaghat-Hamedani Farbod , Passerini Tiziano , Mihalef Viorel , Lai Alan , Neumann Dominik , Georgescu Bogdan , Buss Sebastian , Mereles Derliz , Zitron Edgar , Posch Andreas E. , Würstle Maximilian , Mansi Tommaso , Katus Hugo A. , Meder Benjamin
Published: July 2016

The search for a parameter representing left ventricular relaxation from non-invasive and invasive diagnostic tools has been extensive, since heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HF-pEF) is a global health problem. We explore here the feasibility using patient-specific cardiac computer modeling to capture diastolic parameters in patients suffering from different degrees of systolic HF. Fifty eight patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy have undergone thorough clinical evaluation, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), heart catheterization, echocardiography, and cardiac biomarker assessment. A previously-introduced framework for creating multi-scale patient-specific cardiac models has been applied on all these patients. Novel parameters, such as global stiffness factor and maximum left ventricular active stress, representing cardiac active and passive tissue properties have been computed for all patients. Invasive pressure measurements from heart catheterization were then used to evaluate ventricular relaxation using the time constant of isovolumic relaxation Tau (τ). Parameters from heart catheterization and the multi-scale model have been evaluated and compared to patient clinical presentation. The model parameter global stiffness factor, representing diastolic passive tissue properties, is correlated significantly across the patient population with τ. This study shows that multi-modal cardiac models can successfully capture diastolic (dys) function, a prerequisite for future clinical trials on HF-pEF.