bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF INJECTIONS OF HOMOLOGOUS HEMOGLOBIN ON THE KIDNEYS OF NORMAL AND DEHYDRATED ANIMALS
Authors: Lalich Joseph J.
Published: June 2004

1. Dehydration, if sufficiently prolonged, favors the accumulation of hemoglobin or its derivatives in the kidneys of rabbits, principally casts formed in the distal convoluted tubules.

2. Once pigment casts have been produced in the distal convoluted tubules, there is obstruction, with atrophy and dilatation of the tubules proximal to the obstruction.

3. When the involvement is sufficiently extensive, there is elevation of the non-protein nitrogen and some animals die because of renal failure.
VIRULENCE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Middlebrook Gardner , Dubos René J. , Pierce Cynthia
Published: June 2004

Experimental infection of the mouse can be used for the determination of virulence of cultures of mammalian tubercle bacilli. The relative virulence of such cultures for the mouse is approximately the same as for the guinea pig.

Cultures of virulent and avirulent variants of mammalian tubercle bacilli grown in the depth of Tween 80-albumin liquid medium, on the surface of solid agar modifications of this medium, and on the surface of a liquid modification of this medium exhibit consistent morphological differences. All virulent cultures tend to form microscopically demonstrable serpentine cords of varying thickness and length consisting of highly acid-fast bacilli oriented in parallel along the long axis of the cord. The formation of cords appears to be an important factor in conditioning the ability of cultures to spread on the surface of liquid and solid media. It can be inhibited by the addition to the medium of the surface-active water-dispersible oleic acid ester, Tween 80. Avirulent variant bacilli grow in a more or less non-oriented fashion. They have never been observed to form cords under any condition of growth and are much less acid-fast than the virulent cultures when grown in Tween-albumin medium.

Two strains of mammalian tubercle bacilli which are intermediate in degree of virulence between the fully virulent and the avirulent variants also exhibit intermediate morphological characteristics.
THE BINDING OF FATTY ACIDS BY SERUM ALBUMIN, A PROTECTIVE GROWTH FACTOR IN BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA
Authors: Davis Bernard D. , Dubos René J.
Published: June 2004

Serum albumin is a protective bacterial growth factor; by binding traces of fatty acid in the media it permits initiation of growth by the smallest possible inocula of tubercle bacilli. Each molecule of albumin binds 3 to 6 molecules of oleic acid (1 to 2 per cent of the weight of the albumin) tightly enough to prevent bacteriostasis, and 9 molecules of oleic acid in equilibrium with a saturated neutral solution. The property requires undenatured albumin. Crystalline ß-lactoglobulin has a smaller capacity, and a number of other proteins no perceptible capacity to bind oleic acid.

The inhibitory effect of the commercial product Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) on the growth of small inocula of tubercle bacilli in liquid media is caused by its content of unesterified oleic acid (0.6 per cent by weight). Purified Tween 80, freed of this contaminating fatty acid, not only permits growth of small inocula, but protects against small amounts of added oleic acid.

The implications of the binding capacity of albumin for its possible physiological significance in the animal body (transport; protection against cytotoxins), and for the structure of the protein, are briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMONIA DUE TO FRIEDLÄDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry
Published: June 2004

Phagocytosis of encapsulated Friedländer's bacilli has been demonstrated in the lungs of rats in the absence of both circulating and local antibody. The mechanism of phagocytosis independent of antibody has been shown to be due to the same surface factors that operate in the phagocytosis of Type I pneumococcus under similar conditions. Direct observation of the phagocytic process reveals that leucocytes in the lung can phagocyte unopsonized Friedländer's bacilli only by trapping them against the surfaces of alveolar walls or bronchi, or by pinning them against the surfaces of adjacent leucocytes. Evidence is presented that Friedländer's bacilli thus phagocyted are rapidly killed in the cytoplasm of the phagocytic cells. Reasons are discussed for the failure of prolonged chemotherapy to cure lung abscesses that not infrequently complicate the pneumonia due to Friedländer's bacillus.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CLOTS FORMED FROM PURIFIED BOVINE FIBRINOGEN AND THROMBIN: A STUDY WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Van Zandt Hawn Clinton , Porter Keith R.
Published: June 2004

1. A technique has been described for the preparation of clots from purified fibrinogen and thrombin of bovine origin which are suitable for study with the electron microscope. Experiments have been carried out to compare the fine structure of clots prepared at various values of pH.

2. The clots are composed of meshworks of single and compound fibers. At pH 8.5 the unit fibers have a smaller average diameter than those formed at pH 7.6 or pH 6.3. The tendency for the lateral association of unit fibers into compound fibers is markedly increased as the pH is decreased.

3. A striking feature of all the clots studied is cross-striation of the unit fibers. The periodicity of these striae is quite constant throughout (approximately 250 Å). There is a precise coincidence of the striations of the individual unit fibers where these are associated side by side to form compound fibers.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE RENAL INJURY PRODUCED IN THE DOG BY HEMOGLOBIN OR METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Harrison H. E. , Bunting H. , Ordway N. K. , Albrink W. S.
Published: June 2004

Severe and persistent impairment of kidney function has been produced in dogs by intravascular hemolysis due to arsine, or by the intravenous injection of solutions of dog hemoglobin and methemoglobin.

The kidneys of these animals have been examined by the usual histological methods and also by means of the ferrocyanide histochemical method to determine the pathogenesis of the renal injury. These observations indicate that obstruction to flow of urine through the renal tubules is an important factor in the early reduction of kidney function. The material filling the lumina of the renal tubules was found to be chiefly methemoglobin in concentrated solution of gel-like consistency. No evidence of formation of a pigment insoluble at the pH of the urine such as hemochromogen or hematin was found. The cessation of urine flow is most readily explained by the increased viscosity of the tubule contents.

The intravenous administration of methemoglobin was found to produce more severe renal injury than the injection of equal amounts of oxyhemoglobin. Necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubule cells was present as a late lesion in animals injected with methemoglobin, large amounts of hemoglobin, or following extensive intravascular hemolysis. Such injury is probably a contributing factor in the persistent severe depression of renal function seen in these animals. Following disappearance of most of the intratubular pigment, a large number of collapsed tubules lined by hemosiderin-filled cells were found. The ferrocyanide histochemical studies indicated that these represented non-functioning nephrons although no obstructing intratubular material was present.

Direct measurements in two animals failed to reveal any reduction of renal blood flow following the injection of methemoglobin in amounts sufficient to produce renal injury.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ADAPTATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS TO MICE
Authors: Hirst George K.
Published: June 2004

1. When strains of influenza A virus which have been isolated in chick embryos are introduced into the mouse lung, the virus multiplies readily and achieves initially a titer which is as high as is even obtained, even after repeated passage. The high initial titer of virus may be unaccompanied by any lethal or visible pathogenic effects; but with four or five mouse passages the agent becomes lethal in high titer and causes extensive pulmonary consolidation, though its capacity to multiply in the lung has not increased. In one example the adaptation to mouse lung was accompanied by increasing capacity to agglutinate guinea pig red cells without a corresponding increase in agglutinating power for chicken cells. Influenza B virus, in preliminary tests, did not behave in a similar fashion.

2. The adaptation of influenza A virus to mice is accompanied by changes in antigenic pattern, as detected by cross-tests with the agglutination inhibition method. Two strains, initially similar, with passage, changed in pattern along divergent paths so that they became not only unlike the parent strains but unlike each other. This finding has important implications for the interpretation of the strain difference problem in human influenza.
STUDIES ON A LUNG TISSUE COMPONENT WHICH COMBINES WITH PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Volkert Mogens , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

Evidence has been obtained which indicates that the lung tissues of mammalian species susceptible to infection with PVM contain a specific component which combines with the virus. The concentration of this tissue component appears to be directly proportional to the suceptibility of the species; in its absence infection with PVM cannot be established. The available evidence suggests that the presence of the virus-combining component in lung tissue may play a decisive ro1e in the initiation of infection with this pneumotropic virus.
TRANSMISSION OF EPIDEMIC GASTROENTERITIS TO HUMAN VOLUNTEERS BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF FECAL FILTRATES
Authors: Gordon Irving , Ingraham Hollis S. , Korns Robert F.
Published: June 2004

Epidemic gastroenteritis was transmitted to human volunteers by the oral administration of fecal filtrates. The original inocula were obtained from patients in a natural outbreak which occurred at Marcy State Hospital in the winter of 1946–47. The experimental disease closely resembled that of the donors. The incubation period ranged from I to 5 days, with a mean of 3 days. The disease was carried through three generations, in the last two by means of fecal filtrates.

Oral administration of unfiltered throat washings from experimental cases of the disease likewise induced gastroenteritis but subjects who inhaled a portion of the same throat washings remained asymptomatic. Volunteers who inhaled throat washings taken from patients in the epidemic at Marcy State Hospital also failed to develop the disease.

Five volunteers who had previously been inoculated with fecal filtrates were reinoculated with the same material. Gastroenteritis followed in one of the two subjects who had failed to contract the disease the first time. The others remained well.

Embryonated hens' eggs were inoculated with one of the two unfiltered stool suspensions used in the pool which had induced gastroenteritis in each of the three volunteers to whom it was fed. Three sets of eggs were inoculated: one on the chorioallantoic membrane, another into the yolk sac, and a third into the amniotic sac. Three serial passages were carried out by each method at varying time intervals. Penicillin and streptomycin were employed as antibacterial agents. Tissue and extraembryonic fluids from the third passage were non-infective for volunteers.
THE INFLUENCE OF AVAILABLE FLUID ON THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL HEMOGLOBINURIC NEPHROSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Lalich Joseph J.
Published: June 2004

The importance of previous dehydration on the production of hemoglobinuric nephrosis is substantiated. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis regularly occurred in rabbits 3 to 16 days following the injections of hemoglobin. Five of 15 animals died of fatal hemoglobinuric nephrosis; the combined kidney weight in these exceeded the weight of the kidneys of control rabbits and of those which survived. Additional observations, not previously made, are focal necrosis of the liver and pulmonary edema in some of the rabbits which died. A relationship was evident between the quantity of available fluid and the severity of the hemoglobinuric nephrosis which developed after injections of hemoglobin.
RENAL ATHROCYTOSIS AND INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION OF INTRAPERITONEALLY INJECTED HEMOGLOBIN IN RATS
Authors: Rather L. J.
Published: June 2004

The athrocytosis of hemoglobin by the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney of the rat was studied after its intraperitoneal injection, absorption into the blood stream, and glomerular filtration. The earliest appearance of the athrocytosed particles, their accumulation, intracellular breakdown, and disappearance were followed. In addition observations were made on the intraluminal disposition of hemoglobin "casts" with the Spalteholz clearing technique; on the structural changes in the kidney in consequence of the injections; and on the development of a transient oliguria during the course of the experiment. The significance of the findings is considered.
THE PROTEINS IN UNHEATED CULTURE FILTRATES OF HUMAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Bevilacqua Ellen B. , McCarter Janet R.
Published: June 2004

Concentrated culture filtrates of two strains of human tubercle bacilli, a virulent and a slightly virulent one, have been fractionated to give fourteen fractions in each case. Chemical determinations and sedimentation velocity measurements have been carried out on those fractions for which significant results could be obtained. The evidence is that two distinct proteins are present, in addition to a polysaccharide and nucleic acid. The physical measurements have not demonstrated the presence of any other proteins. One of the proteins has been isolated in pure form, and found to have a molecular weight of 44,000 ± 5,000, based on measurements of partial specific volume, sedimentation velocity, and diffusion rate. This protein is believed to be the same as one previously isolated by Seibert et al. (6), who assigned it a molecular weight of 32,000. The other protein was not obtained sufficiently free from polysaccharide so that its molecular weight could be determined, but it is believed to have a sedimentation constant of about 2 S. Sedimentation and diffusion constants have been obtained for the polysaccharide, which appears to be a homogeneous molecular species with a molecular weight of about 20,000. The source in unheated tuberculin of the proteins obtained from heated preparations is discussed.
CHEMICAL STUDIES IN HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Fowler Catherine B. , Cohen Seymour S.
Published: June 2004

Using the one-step growth technique the production of the virus T2 in its host, measured by latent period and burst size, was shown to depend on the nutritional environment of the host cell.

When E. coli, grown in broth, was transferred to a simple medium, single organic compounds such as some amino acids and nucleosides were found to increase or accelerate the synthesis of virus.

An antimetabolite of glutamic acid, an amino acid important for virus synthesis, was shown to be inhibitory.

Several naturally occurring amino acids, leucine, serine, and cysteine, inhibited virus synthesis in the simple medium.

A chemically defined mixture was found which supported a rate of virus synthesis very nearly comparable to that found for host cells in nutrient broth.
CHEMICAL STUDIES IN HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. , Fowler Catherine B.
Published: June 2004

Omission of a single constituent from a chemically defined medium approximating the virus growth-promoting properties of broth affects virus production in infected bacteria. This may be estimated by the one-step growth technique and the course of desoxyribose nucleic acid synthesis. Nine amino acids and one purine have been shown to be important by these tests. A combination of all constituents observed to be important by the single supplement and single omission techniques has approximated the virus growth-promoting properties of broth. Certain anomalous results have been commented upon.
PRODUCTION OF PROTEINASE BY HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI IN VARIOUS CLINICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Rothbard Sidney , Todd Edgar W.
Published: June 2004

The proteinase activity of strains of group A streptococci isolated from patients in acute and convalescent phases of illness was found to be remarkably constant. Sulfadiazine therapy of patients did not affect proteinase production by the infecting streptococci.

The ability to produce streptococcal proteinase would appear to be related to the strain and not necessarily to the serological type.

No relationship could be found between the capacity of group A streptococci of different serological types to produce proteinase and the various clinical responses to infection with these microorganisms.
THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS
Authors: Hirst George K.
Published: June 2004

The influenza virus receptors of fowl red cells and the influenza virus inhibitor of normal rabbit serum have the following attributes in common: They are stable at high temperatures and in solutions of pH as high as 10.0. They both resist destruction by a number of oxidizing agents but are readily destroyed by sodium periodate, trypsin, and influenza virus. These facts suggest that the red cell receptor and the normal serum inhibitor are either the same or analogous substances and that they may belong to the mucoprotein class of compounds.
STUDIES ON SCRUB TYPHUS (TSUTSUGAMUSHI DISEASE)
Authors: Rights Fred L. , Smadel Joseph E. ,   Assisted by Elizabeth B. Jackson
Published: June 2004

Antigenic differences among strains of R. tsutsugamushi are sufficiently great that vaccines prepared from certain strains fail to induce resistance in mice to infection with other strains. Although the results of cross-vaccination tests indicate varying degrees of relationship between a number of the strains, there is no correlation between source of the rickettsia and antigenic pattern of the agent.
FOOD PROTEIN EFFECT ON PLASMA SPECIFIC GRAVITY, PLASMA PROTEIN, AND HEMATOCRIT VALUE
Authors: Addis T. , Gray Horace , Barrett Evalyn
Published: June 2004

When the protein consumption of normal human individuals is increased from 0.5, to 1.5, to 2.5 gm. of protein per kilo body weight, the specific gravity of the plasma rises and the hematocrit value falls.

The analysis of variance demonstrates that the change in protein consumption is a significant but minor factor in determining the total variability of the observations.

When albino rats were given diets containing a small, a moderate, and a large amount of protein, there was an increase in serum protein concentration but no change in hematocrit value.

During the period over which the most rapid changes in rate of urea excretion and serum urea concentration occurred as normal human individuals passed from a 2.5 to an 0.1 gm. of protein per kilo body weight consumption, there was no change in serum protein concentration.

Over a 5 day period during which a diet that was adequate in calories but almost wholly devoid of protein was taken, the serum protein concentration of normal individuals steadily rose. This was associated with a slight increase in hematocrit value but no change in blood or plasma volume.

The protein effect is one of the minor factors that contribute to the variability of serum protein and hematocrit measurements in normal individuals.

The general conclusion is reached that we shall have to measure the rate at which red cells and protein enter and leave the circulating blood stream before we can hope to comprehend the mechanism of the protein effect.
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN RABBITS TO KILLED SUSPENSIONS OF PATHOGENIC T. PALLIDUM
Authors: Eagle Harry , Fleischman Ralph
Published: June 2004

The intravenous injection into rabbits of suspensions of dead T. pallidum derived from rabbit testicular chancres regularly caused the appearance of Wassermann and flocculation antibodies in significantly increased titer. Control suspensions of cultured treponemes (Reiter strain) added to extracts of normal testes were ineffective. This suggests that the Wassermann and flocculation reagin elaborated during syphilitic infection may be an antibody to T. pallidum which happens to cross-react with alcoholic extracts of mammalian tissue.

The antisera did not cause the agglutination of suspensions of pathogenic T. pallidum, living or dead, did not give specific complement fixation with those suspensions, and did not usually cause the living treponemata to lose their infectiousness.

Animals immunized with such aqueous suspensions for as long as 4 months, or with organisms suspended in a water-in-oil emulsion, were not demonstrably resistant to infection. As few as ten living organisms inoculated intradermally into animals "immunized" with as many as 38 billion dead treponemata regularly produced typical darkfield positive infections; and two of five animals inoculated intratesticularly with ten organisms were also infected.

The contradiction involved in the production of antibodies cross-reacting with a non-specific antigen, and the non-appearance of specific antibodies against the organism used as antigen, is discussed in the text.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF POLYSACCHARIDE ON MUMPS VIRUS MULTIPLICATION
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Goebel Walther F. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

Polysaccharides derived from type-specific Friedländer bacilli cause inhibition of the multiplication of mumps virus in the allantoic sac of the chick embryo. As little as 5 µg. of polysaccharide is effective as an inhibitor. Inhibition of multiplication is obtained when polysaccharide is injected as long as 4 days after inoculation of virus. Chemical studies have shown that the structural configurations of the polysaccharide responsible for specific serological activity are not identical with those which determine the inhibitory effect relative to mumps virus. The possible mechanisms of the inhibition of viral multiplication by means of polysaccharides are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF POLYSACCHARIDES ON THE REACTION BETWEEN ERYTHROCYTES AND VIRUSES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MUMPS VIRUS
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Goebel Walther F. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

Polysaccharides which cause inhibition of the multiplication of mumps virus in the allantoic sac may or may not cause inhibition of hemagglutination by the virus. Moreover, such substances may or may not prevent adsorption of the virus by erythrocytes. The available evidence indicates that polysaccharides active as inhibitors do not block adsorption of mumps virus by cells of the living allantoic membrane. With influenza A, influenza B, and Newcastle disease viruses, as well as with PVM, there also appears to be a lack of correlation between the in vitro and in vivo inhibiting activity of polysaccharides.
AN OSMOTIC SYSTEM WITHIN THE CYTOPLASM OF CELLS
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: June 2004

The cytoplasm of cells of the liver and of the kidney is in large part occupied by bodies which respond to the water content of these cells and are modified by dissolved substances in the surrounding fluid or by physical change such as freezing.

These bodies, in part mitochondria but designated more broadly cytochondria, constitute an osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells.

When the specific gravity of liver or kidney tissue is used as an index of changes in the water content of tissue, swelling of cytochondria in general follows the intake of water but this relation may be modified by a variety of conditions.

When liver that has been frozen and thawed is immersed in water, cytochondria become swollen though the containing cells diminish in size.

Solutions of sodium and of potassium chloride isotonic with blood plasma cause delayed swelling of cells and cytochondria, greater with the potassium salt; solutions of calcium chloride of equal molar concentration cause immediate swelling of cells and cytochondria.

The basophile material of the cytoplasm (ribonucleic acid and related substances) and the material that gives to mitochondria their characteristic stain are removed by immersion in water but their disappearance is retarded by isotonic solutions of sodium or of potassium chloride and further delayed by hypertonic solutions.

When the intensity of staining reactions is diminished by the partial loss of basophile substance or of the distinctive mitochondrial material, these are found at the surfaces of the cytoplasmic bodies, held perhaps by adsorption.

When water, isotonic solutions of sodium chloride, or Ringer's solution comes into contact with immersed liver, they remove basophile and mitochondrial material from a superficial zone and substances with similar staining reactions appear in the cytoplasm of cells at a deeper level.

Osmotic changes in the cytoplasmic bodies may be reversible. When liver tissue which has been for a short time immersed in water is transferred to a solution that is approximately isotonic in relation to blood plasma, swollen cytochondria return in part or completely to their former size; but with continued immersion in water, this reversibility becomes increasingly less complete.
THE REVERSIBILITY OF THE O-D TYPE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS VARIATION
Authors: Magill Thomas P. , Sugg John Y.
Published: June 2004

Data are presented which enhance the idea that the influenza virus is an unstable agent. They indicate that the O-D type of variation is not a discontinuous mutation but rather is a reversible phenomenon. The O and the D forms of virus both appear to be inherent in the virus particle; the dominance of one or the other form seems to be subject to chance occurrences, but is influenced by the conditions under which the virus is propagated.

The capacity of the O form of virus to agglutinate guinea pig but not chicken crythrocytes is a relative, not an absolute phenomenon; allantoic fluids which exhibit clear-cut O form hemagglutination may be made to exhibit D form merely by addition of suitable buffer to the test system. That point is of importance from the viewpoint of the mechanism of influenza virus hemagglutination.
PARENTERAL PLASMA PROTEIN MAINTAINS NITROGEN EQUILIBRIUM OVER LONG PERIODS
Authors: Terry Roger , Sandrock William E. , Nye Robert E. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Proteinuria in normal dogs can be produced at will by parenteral injections of dog plasma.

As the plasma injections are continued the plasma protein concentration rises and at some point protein begins to appear in the urine. The level of plasma protein concentration at which proteinuria appears in normal dogs ranges from 9.6 to 10.4 gm. per cent. This may be termed the renal threshold for proteinuria. Repeat experiments in the same dog show threshold levels to be practically identical.

An interval of days (4 to 26 days) has been noted between the start of plasma protein injections and the appearance of the proteinuria. Larger doses of plasma shorten this interval and the critical plasma protein level is attained sooner.

Considerable amounts of protein may appear in the urine—298 gm. protein during a 52 day period in one instance studied—yet the urine clears in 1 to 4 days after cessation of protein injections. Autopsy shows undamaged kidneys.

Maximal levels of plasma protein concentration range from 10.0 to 11.5 gm. per cent. The highest levels are usually associated with maximal output of protein in the urine.

It seems clear that plasma proteins readily pass cell barriers (or membranes) within the body, including the endothelium and epithelium of the renal glomerulus.
A PARTICULATE BODY ASSOCIATED WITH EPITHELIAL CELLS CULTURED FROM MAMMARY CARCINOMAS OF MICE OF A MILK-FACTOR STRAIN
Authors: Porter Keith R. , Thompson H. P.
Published: June 2004

Epithelial cells from spontaneous and transplanted mammary adenocarcinomas developing in high-tumor strain C3H mice have been grown in vitro and studied with the electron microscope. In preparations from three out of six tumors, an unusual particulate body has been found associated with the cells. The particles appear to have a spherical shape and a double structure consisting of a dense center and less dense outer zone. The diameter of the central dense portion is fairly uniform from particle to particle, averaging approximately 75 mµ, whereas the outside, whole particle diameter is more variable and averages about 130 mµ. From the micrographs it would appear that these peculiar virus-like bodies are situated chiefly in the ectoplasmic portion of the cell. They may occur singly, in pairs, or in clumps of varying sizes. Cells containing great numbers of the particles show signs of degeneration, and cell fragments are frequently encountered with many particles on them.

So far, the particles have been found only in association with the epithelial cells of the cultures. They are apparently not derived from the culture media. All in all the findings are consonant with the view that the particles represent the milk agent. Further evidence for or against this assumption is being sought from a study of cells from normal tissue and tumors demonstrated to be agent-free.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Baer Harold , Dische Zacharias , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: June 2004

It has been possible, by employing a new color reaction for methylpentoses, to determine the fucose content of individual hog and human blood group A, B, and O substances. The data indicate an inverse correlation between fucose content of the hog A and O substances and ability to cross-react with Type XIV antipneumococcus serum. The human A, B, and O substances display no correlation between their fucose content and ability to cross-react with Type XIV antipneumococcus serum.
POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Dong Luther
Published: June 2004

36 exposures of the stomach and intestines of 18 cynomolgus monkeys to large doses of poliomyelitis virus by a method designed to avoid simultaneous exposure of the oropharynx and upper esophagus induced poliomyelitis in only one instance.

These observations are to be compared with a previous study in which exposures of the entire alimentary tract including oropharynx and upper esophagus by simple feeding of comparable amounts of the same strain resulted in poliomyelitis in half of the test animals.

In the capsule-fed animals virus regularly appeared in the stools during and immediately after the feeding periods but disappeared thereafter excepting in the single case of poliomyelitis, in which it persisted.

No evidence of resistance to subsequent intracerebral inoculation was observed in the uninfected capsule-fed animals.
CORRELATION OF THE LEVEL OF HEPATIC RIBOFLAVIN WITH THE APPEARANCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN RATS FED AMINOAZO DYES
Authors: Miller E. C. , Miller J. A. , Kline B. E. , Rusch H. P.
Published: June 2004

The livers of rats fed 10 diets previously found to inhibit or accelerate the induction of tumors by 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene were analyzed for riboflavin, biotin, and vitamin B6 after 6 and 19 weeks on the diets. Those fed diets accelerating tumor induction had average hepatic riboflavin levels of 9 to 11 µg. per gm. The livers of the control and protected rats averaged 14 and 15 to 19 µg. per gm., respectively. The hepatic levels of vitamin B6 and biotin averaged 7.0 and 0.54 µg. per gm., respectively, and were independent of the protective nature of the diet. The livers of rats fed the same diets in the absence of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene contained about 50 per cent more of each of these vitamins than those from dye-fed rats.

In a second series the tumor incidence and the hepatic riboflavin and vitamin B6 were determined simultaneously. In this experiment urethane decreased the level of hepatic riboflavin and increased the rate of induction of tumors slightly. Methionine inhibited tumor induction to a small extent while cystine had a more pronounced retarding effect; the level of hepatic riboflavin for both groups was higher than in the controls.

The livers of rats fed the basal diet, 0.054 per cent of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, or equimolar amounts of its 2-, 2'-, 3'-, or 4'-methyl derivatives were analyzed for riboflavin at various times over a 16 week period. In each case the level of hepatic riboflavin decreased throughout the experimental period, but the rate and extent of the riboflavin loss were greatest with the more carcinogenic compounds.
ESTERASES OF TESTIS AND OTHER TISSUES
Authors: Huggins Charles , Moulton Stanley H.
Published: June 2004

The tissues most effective in the enzymatic hydrolysis of acyl esters of p-nitrophenol by tissue extracts of the rat and dog were the liver, lung, pancreas, renal cortex, and testis; in the dog tracheal and vesical mucosae were also esterase-rich and the lens had appreciable activity. Esterase was at low concentration in the tissues of the rat for 4 and 5 days after birth, but an increase to adult levels soon took place except in the testis where the rise was delayed until puberty. The esterase values of the blood of newborn children were also low.

Two patterns of activity in tissues against these esters were found. A pattern in which propionate esters were hydrolyzed most rapidly was displayed regularly by liver, lung, renal cortex, and testis of the rat and also by dog, rabbit and human serum. A second pattern with progressive effectiveness in hydrolyzing fatty acid esters of 2-carbon to 5-carbon chain length was exhibited by the pancreas of the rat, rabbit, and dog and also by rat serum.

Esterase of the testis of the rat is located in the interstitial cells and its concentration seems to be directly related to androgenic hormone production. The increase of testicular esterase during puberty paralleled the increase of prostatic weight. Hypophysectomy caused a profound decrease of testicular esterase which was restored in part by gonadoptrophin. Artificial cryptorchism in the rat, causing elimination of germinal epithelium, resulted in an increase of esterase concentration although the total content of the testis slowly decreased.
THE IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF TOXINS AND TOXOIDS
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Wittler Ruth G. , Burrell Jean I. , Grossberg D. B.
Published: June 2004

Methods for the purification and crystallization of tetanal toxin are described. The methods consist of the multiphase fractionation system involving methanol as the organic precipitating agent under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration, and temperature.

Crystalline tetanal toxin has an electrophoretic mobility of 2.8 x 10–5 in veronal buffer of 0.1 ionic strength at pH 8.6. The solubility of freshly prepared toxin is essentially constant. The isoelectric point is 5.1 ± 0.1. The crystalline toxin contains 1 per cent sulfur, traces of phosphorus, and gives the usual protein reactions. It does not contain carbohydrate.

The crystalline toxin does not precipitate anti-Clostridium tetani rabbit serum. The final product contains between 3400 and 3600 Lf and about 6.6 x 107 M.L.D. per mg. N.

Crystalline tetanal toxin is spontaneously converted to a flocculating atoxic dimer upon standing at 0°. This change is accompanied by the appearance of another molecular species as judged by constant solubility tests. Ultracentrifugal analysis of these fractions reveals that tetanal toxin has a sedimentation constant of 4.5 Svedberg units while the atoxic flocculating dimer sediments at 7 S.
ISOLATION OF MUMPS VIRUS FROM HUMAN BEINGS WITH INDUCED APPARENT OR INAPPARENT INFECTIONS
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner , Wendell Katherine K. , Rosenberg Philip
Published: June 2004

Exposure of fifteen children to mumps virus of fifth amniotic passage in chick embryos led to involvement of the salivary glands in six, orchitis in the absence of other manifestations of mumps in one, and to no signs of illness in eight. Attempts to isolate virus from the saliva of these individuals gave the following results:

1. All patients with involvement of the salivary glands excreted virus beginning on the 11th to 15th day after exposure, 2 to 6 days prior to onset of clinical signs of disease and extending up to the 4th day of illness.

2. The patient with primary orchitis without any recognized involvement of the salivary glands excreted virus for 2 days, beginning on the 15th day after exposure and 10 days prior to his illness.

3. Six of the eight children classified as having inapparent infections because of their serologic response in the absence of clinical signs of illness, began to excrete virus on the 15th to 16th day after exposure for from 1 to 9 or more days.

The epidemiologic significance of these data is discussed.
STUDIES ON NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Bang F. B.
Published: June 2004

1. It is likely that certain tailed and filamentous particles seen on electron microscope examination of partially purified saline suspensions of Newcastle virus are the individual virus particles because:

(a) They have a highly characteristic shape not seen in other virus preparations.

(b) They are present whenever the virus is present in high concentration.

(c) Their size agrees with the size of the virus as calculated from light scattering and centrifuge data.

(d) They are agglutinated by specific antisera.

(e) Infection may be produced in the embryo by relatively few of these particles.

2. It is possible that these filamentous forms have been derived from spherical forms without loss of activity because:

(a) Such filamentous forms are not found in the original allantoic fluid when this contains a comparable amount of virus.

(b) Filamentous forms appeared in the original allantoic fluid when it was dialyzed against saline solution.

(c) Filamentous forms were produced at certain hydrogen ion concentrations but not at others, in solutions maintaining the same infectivity for the embryo.

(d) Spherical forms were obtained by suspending the partially purified virus in water instead of saline. In this the virus remained moderately stable.

(e) These round forms could apparently be converted into tailed and filamentous forms by the addition of saline, again without loss of activity.

(f) This "conversion" could be inhibited by partial inactivation of the water suspension of virus.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF HYALURONIDASE AND TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTI-M SERUM ON EXPERIMENTAL GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS IN MICE
Authors: Rothbard Sidney
Published: June 2004

Five strains of encapsulated group A streptococci of different serological types, each with a glossy and a matt variant, were studied to compare the rôles of the M substance and the hyaluronic acid capsule in virulence of these microorganisms. The results indicated that both contribute to the virulence of group A streptococci but that the M antigen is the more fundamental factor.

Encapsulated variants, both glossy and matt, were slightly less susceptible to phagocytosis than those from which the capsule had been removed with hyaluronidase. Glossy variants, containing no M substance, were readily phagocyted; matt, M-containing variants were resistant to phagocytosis except in the presence of anti-M serum when they became fully susceptible.

Only the M-containing, matt strains were mouse-virulent. Mice were protected against infections with these strains:

(a) By removal of the capsule with hyaluronidase, which resulted in slight protection, but only against 10 M.L.D. Early and intensive treatment was required to produce this effect; i.e., simultaneous injection of enzyme and streptococci followed by prolonged enzyme therapy.

(b) By a single injection of anti-M serum administered the day before inoculation of the streptococci, which resulted in protection against 100,000 M.L.D.

(c) By combined use of enzyme and anti-M serum, an additive effect of the two protective agents occurred, which resulted in protection against 1,000,000 M.L.D.
PRODUCTION OF ATHEROMATOSIS IN THE AORTA OF THE BIRD BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
Authors: Chaikoff I. L. , Lindsay Stuart , Lorenz F. W. , Entenman C.
Published: June 2004

A new experimental procedure for the production of arteriosclerosis in the bird is described. The subcutaneous implantation of diethylstilbestrol by means of which a sustained increase in the concentration of cholesterol, phospholipid, and neutral fat can be readily established, is shown to induce atherosclerosis of the aorta.

The atherosclerosis has been compared with that artificially induced in the bird by the prolonged feeding of cholesterol and also with that occurring spontaneously. The stilbestrol-induced lesion more closely resembled the spontaneously occurring one in the bird than did that produced by cholesterol feeding. But all 3 lesions were fundamentally similar, differing only in the amounts and proportions of the various lipid constituents present.

The concentrations of cholesterol in plasma of the stilbestrol-treated and cholesterol-fed birds were of the same order. Yet cholesterol constituted a greater proportion of the lipids deposited in the arterial wall of the cholesterol-fed than in that of the stilbestrol-treated birds. This finding suggests that the cholesterol content of the vascular lesion depends not only on the absolute concentration of cholesterol in plasma, but also on the proportion of cholesterol to other lipid constituents in plasma.
HYPERTENSIN IN THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD OF ANIMALS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Gollan Frank , Richardson Evelyn , Goldblatt Harry
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been developed which makes possible the demonstration of a pressor substance in the circulating systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension.

2. After the intravenous injection of renin into normal dogs, it was possible to detect a pressor substance formed in the systemic blood. After the intravenous injection of 1 unit of renin, as much as 1 unit of the pressor substance was detected in the plasma from 200 cc. of systemic blood.

3. Large amounts of systemic blood pooled from several normal dogs did not contain detectable amounts of pressor substance.

4. In experimental renal hypertension due to unilateral or bilateral constriction of the main renal arteries, a pressor substance was demonstrated in large amounts of systemic blood, corresponding to from one-fifth to one-third of the total blood volume. This was accomplished without the addition of hypertensinogen to enhance the action of the renin in the blood. In an animal weighing about 15 kilos, with benign hypertension up to 3 months' duration, about 3 to 5 units of this pressor substance are probably constantly circulating in the entire systemic blood.

5. The pressor substance was also detected in a relatively small amount of renal vein blood from an ischemic kidney.

6. In the systemic blood of dogs weighing about 15 kilos, with malignant experimental renal hypertension, from 15 to 25 units, or more, of the pressor substance are present in the entire circulating blood.

7. The pressor substance which appears in the systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension, and of normal dogs after intravenous injection of renin, is destroyed by hypertensinase.

8. The pressor substance obtained from the systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension has the same physiological and chemical properties as hypertensin produced in vitro. It is therefore suggested that the name hypertensin be adopted for the pressor substance which causes experimental renal hypertension.

9. In this study the animals in the benign phase of hypertension were almost all in the early stage (3 months or less). Whether the humoral mechanism obtains in animals in the late stage, after years of hypertension, or in any form of human hypertension is being investigated.
KINETIC STUDIES ON IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Croft Charles C. , Gray Margaret M.
Published: June 2004

A quantitative method for the study of the kinetics of immune hemolysis is described.

In the presence of excess C' and limited amounts of antibody the kinetics of hemolysis resemble those of enzymatic processes.

Assays of hemolytic antibody should therefore be based on velocity measurements rather than end point titrations.
THE RÔLE OF THE "WAX" OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS IN ESTABLISHING DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Forney John E.
Published: June 2004

The purified wax fraction of the tubercle bacillus, which has been previously demonstrated as an essential element in causing delayed tuberculin hypersensitivity in response to the protein of the tubercle bacillus, is now found to have the same activity with regard to a simple chemical antigen, picryl chloride. One injection of this compound with wax intraperitoneally into guinea pigs results in a marked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, demonstrable by contact and intracutaneous test, and of long duration. The effect is not related to an adjuvant activity of the wax as defined by ordinary standards.

The relationship of these observations to the occurrence of "heteroallergic" phenomena in tuberculosis is discussed.

The possibility that the occurrence of spontaneous contact hypersensitivities may depend upon the presence of similarly active lipoidal components of the skin is commented upon.
A HEMOLYSIN ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUMPS VIRUS
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. , Enders John F. , Wagley Philip F.
Published: June 2004

1. A factor capable of causing the hemolysis of the erythrocytes of man, chicken, and sheep occurs in the amniotic and allantoic fluids of chick embryos infected with the virus of mumps.

2. The hemolysin has not been found in normal fluids or in those infected with PR8 or Lee B strains of influenza virus.

3. The hemolysin is definitely inhibited by the serum of man and monkey convalescent from mumps, but only slightly by the serum of the acute phase.

4. The hemolysin is almost completely inactivated at 50°C. after 10 minutes. It exhibits maximal activity at 37°C. and is completely inactive at 4°C. A pH range from about 7.0 to 8.0 allows for maximum activity.

5. Adsorption and elution of the hemolysin with red blood cells has been demonstrated. After elution of the hemolysin, the red blood cells exhibit an increased osmotic fragility. Similar treatment of red cells with influenza virus did not alter this property.

6. The relationship of the hemolysin to the hemagglutinin and the enzyme-like behavior of the former have been discussed.
THE RELATION OF INFECTIOUS AND HEMAGGLUTINATION TITERS TO THE ADAPTATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS TO MICE
Authors: Wang Cheng-I
Published: June 2004

The non-pathogenic (unadapted) line of the Rhodes strain of influenza virus multiplied readily in the mouse lung, but its rate of multiplication was slower and its hemagglutination titer attained at the peak of growth was much lower than that of the adapted line of the same virus. The implication of these findings to mouse adaptability of the virus is discussed.
THE INHIBITION OF d-GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE BY SPECIFIC ANTISERUM
Authors: Krebs Edwin G. , Najjar Victor A.
Published: June 2004

Antibodies to yeast d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase have been produced in rabbits and chickens. The antiserum from either animal inhibits the activity of the yeast enzyme with the formation of a precipitate that has a low residual activity. One combining site of antibody on the enzyme appears to be the point of DPN attachment.

The rate of antigen-antibody formation has been studied with varying concentrations of antibody.

The activity of yeast hexokinase is not inhibited by the antiserum to the dehydrogenase.

Five of six antisera to the yeast enzyme showed no inhibition of the analogous enzyme from rabbit muscle, but one serum strongly inhibited the muscle dehydrogenase in the absence of DPN. No evidence was obtained that the inhibition by this one antiserum was due to an immune reaction, because the inhibition persisted after absorption with the homologous antigen.