bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of lavender and rosemary essential oils improvement of the microbiological quality of chicken quarters
Authors: Petrová Jana , Terentjeva Margarita , Puchalski Czeslaw , Hutková Jana , Kántor Attila , Mellen Martin , Čuboň Juraj , Haščí­k Peter , Kluz Maciej , Kordiaka Rafal , Kunová Simona , Kačániová Miroslava
Published: December 2015

The aim of the present work was monitoring of chicken quarters microbiological indicators after treatment by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil, stored under vacuum packaging, at 4 ±0.5°C for a period of 16 days. The following treatments of chicken quarters were used: Air-packaging control samples, control vacuum-packaging samples, vacuum-packaging with EDTA solution 1.50% w/w, control samples, vacuum-packaging with Lavandula angustifolia essential oil at concentrations 0.2% v/w and vacuum-packaging with Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil at concentration 0.2% v/w. The quality assessment of all samples was established by microbiological analysis. Sampling was carried out after certain time intervals: 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. Chicken quarters were stored under vacuum packaging, at 4 ±0.5°C during experiment. Microbiological analyses were conducted by using standard microbiological methods. Anaerobic plate count were determined using Plate Count Agar, after incubation for 2 days at 35°C under anaerobic condition. Pseudomonas spp. were determined on Pseudomonas Isolation agar after incubation at 48 h at 25°C. For lactic acid bacteria were inoculated into Rogosa and Sharpe agar after incubation 48-78 h at 37°C in an aerobic atmosphere supplemented with carbon dioxide (5% CO2). For members of the family Enterobacteriaceae violet red bile glucose agar were used and samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The initial APC value of chicken quarter was 3.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. The number of anaerobic plate count ranged from 3.00 log CFU.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 6.11 log CFU.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The initial LAC value of chicken quarter was 3.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. The number of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 3.00 log CFU.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 3.58 log CFU.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The initial Enterobacteriacea genera value of chicken quarter was 2.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. Presences of these bacteria were found on all groups at 16 days. The results of this present study suggest the possibility of application the Lavandula angustifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil as natural food preservatives and potential sources of antimicrobial ingredients for food industry.
Honey characteristics after extraction and half-year storage
Authors: Kňazovická Vladimí­ra , Bačiková Anna , Bányiová Regina , Tkáčová Jana , Čanigová Margita , Haščí­k Peter
Published: December 2015

The aim of the study was to analyze the fresh honey after extracting and after half-year storage at room temperature. Overall, we analyzed 10 samples of rape (Brassica napus) honey coming from district Vranov nad Toplou located in the eastern Slovakia. The analysis consisted of the evaluation of the physico-chemical parameters (water content, free acidity and electrical conductivity) and microbiological evaluation (total plate count (TPC), counts of coliform bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, sporulating microorganisms and microscopic fungi). Water content, free acidity and electrical conductivity were measured according to IHC (2009), namely these parameters were detected by refractometer, titration and conductometer, respectively. We used dilution plating method for microbiological analysis. Fresh rape honey contained 18.3 ±1.0% of water. Free acidity of fresh rape honey was 12.7 ±2.0 meq.kg-1 and electrical conductivity was 0.14 mS.cm-1. After half a year of storage, water content and electrical conductivity decreased nonsignificantly and free acidity increased nonsignificantly. Stored honey samples meet the requirements of Decree 41/2012 and 106/2012. From microbiological point of view, fresh rape honey showed relatively high microbial counts. Mean values of TPC, sporulating microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts exceeded 2.00 log cfu/g. All spotted microbial groups decreased in the stored honey comparing with the fresh honey. We found significant (p ˂0.01) differences of TPC, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts comparing the fresh and stored honey samples. Evaluating microbiological parameters, one sample of stored honey did not meet the requirements of Codex Alimentarius SR (2014). TPC exceeded the limit value. Based on the results we can conclude that all samples meet the requirements for good quality honey. Microbial counts in the honey decreased gradually. Probably, various microorganisms have important role in creation of the honey from the nectar of plants, but non-sporulating microorganisms die in the ripe honey.
Colonial Desire or Political Disengagement? The Contested Landscape ofGuthlac A
Authors: Brady Lindy
Published: December 2015

Recent postcolonial criticism has understood Guthlac’s legend as reflecting a nascent sense of Anglo-Saxon colonial aspiration, with the Mercian saint a successful embodiment of Anglo-Saxon land conquest over native British resistance. This article argues that the Old English poem Guthlac A does not easily fit this pattern but rather depicts both the land and its possession in more ambivalent ways. While other texts of the Guthlac legend do contain relatively straightforward narratives of land reclamation and demon conquest, Guthlac A provides no clear political agenda or allegory but instead depicts a contested landscape whose ambiguity undermines the potential for latent reflections of Anglo-Saxon hegemony. Guthlac A uniquely places conflicting conditions of ownership upon the contested beorg, complicating the process of its repossession, while this space is also depicted as simultaneously forbidding and congenial to both Guthlac and the demons throughout the poem, making the saint’s role as an agent of its manifest physical transformation far less clear. At every turn, the ambiguity of the landscape in this poem undermines the potential for colonial desires, as does the poem’s aversion to the violence of Guthlac’s past career as a warrior. I suggest that if this poem has any political context, it reflects Guthlac’s origins in Mercia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom that saw its spatial boundaries and political allegiances shifting the most rapidly and unpredictably.
Transitory selection markers facilitate DNA mutagenesis with recombineering
Authors: Cheng JrGang , Hollenback Steven M. , Wu Yaohong , Ghukasyan Vladimir , Lyman Suzanne
Published: December 2015

Site-directed mutagenesis with DNA oligos is a powerful tool to generate subtle alterations in DNA. Taking advantage of strand replacement during lambda-red recombineering, mutations on DNA (donor) can be introduced into another DNA construct (acceptor) via targeting.  We describe a novel approach that takes advantage of the specificity of homologous recombination and the convenience of positive selection to insert mutations into existing DNA constructs.  With simple procedures, we generated a “transitory” selection marker that is used to carry modifications into acceptor DNA and then removed by enzyme manipulation, leaving only the desired mutation without any scar.  Overall, this method of targeting mutagenesis via recombineering provides a precision manipulation of DNA and avoids the extensive PCR reaction.  Not only can this method be used to make point mutations, truncations or Epitope-tags, but it can also be used to import existing mutations, generate in-frame fusion, or repair missing components.
The species of Moloha Barnard, 1946, from the western Indian Ocean, with the description of a new species from India (Crustacea: Brachyura: Homolidae)
Authors: Ng Peter K.L. , Kumar Appukuttannair Biju
Published: December 2015

The taxonomy of the deep-water homolid crabs Moloha grandperrini Guinot & Richer de Forges, 1995 and M. alisae Guinot & Richer de Forges, 1995 is re-examined, and the types redescribed and figured. Moloha alisae is reported from South Africa for the first time. A new species with an inflated carapace, M. tumida sp. nov., is also described from southern India and compared with its closest congeners.
Contribution to Numerical Modeling of Water Flow in Variably Saturated, Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Wanko Adrien , Tapia Gabriela , Mosé Robert
Published: December 2015

Solutions to the Richards equation for water flow in variably saturated porous media are the focus of this paper. Working with field conditions, the extreme variability and complexity of soil, initial and boundary conditions can make the flow problem difficult to solve. This paper proposes to improve the computational efficiency of the mixed hybrid finite element (MHFE) method coupled with the variables transformation. The transform variables were introduced in order to simulate problems with convergence difficulty attributed to the presence of sharp wetting fronts. Furthermore, for better convergence behaviour, a technique that switches between the mixed-form and the pressure-head based form of the Richard’s equation was applied. Special attention was given to the top boundary conditions dealing with ponding or evaporation problems. In order to avoid non-physical oscillation problems, a mass condensation scheme was implemented in the model. Performance indicators in time and error of different options of the numerical model are defined, analyzed and classified. Thus, for each test case, a suitable numerical method that identifies which form of the Richards equation is best suited, the relevance of the switching technique as well as the utility of the transformation of the primary variable is possible. The results for the 1D Numerical test cases that have been performed matched those from the literature results. For evaporation and infiltration problem’s, the number of iterations needed to get the solution decrease when using the method of transformed pressure. Finally, knowing the soil heterogeneity, initial and boundary conditions, an agglomerative hierarchical clustering allows to analyze the need or not to transform variables and to use other options.
Cinétiques et isothermes d’adsorption de micropolluants sur un tissu et un feutre de carbone activé
Authors: Masson Sylvain , Reinert Laurence , Guittonneau Sylvie , Duclaux Laurent
Published: December 2015

L’adsorption sur carbones activés est un procédé courant pour éliminer les micropolluants de l’eau. Le but de cette étude est de mieux comprendre les propriétés d’adsorption de neuf micropolluants : l’ibuprofène (IBP), la carbamazépine (CBZ), l’ofloxacine (OFX), le bisphénol A (BPA), le diclofénac (DFN), le mecoprop (MCP), le pentachlorophénol (PCP), le benzotriazole (BZT) et la caféine (CAF) sur deux carbones activés microporeux : un feutre et un tissu. Les adsorbants ont été caractérisés et les isothermes et cinétiques d’adsorption de chaque molécule ont été étudiées à 25 °C et comparées. La capacité d’adsorption a été comparée au nombre de doubles liaisons des molécules dans le but de déterminer l’importance du π-stacking dans le phénomène de l’adsorption.
Presentació. El nostre lloc al món en què creiem
Authors: Corbí Josep E.
Published: December 2015

Presentació de les tres conferències impartides per Barry Stroud en la Càtedra Filosofia i Ciutadania J.L. Blasco, 2014.
Les paradoxes i la filosofia: tres visions contemporànies
Authors: Valor Abad Jordi
Published: December 2015

Habitualment les paradoxes són caracteritzades com a enunciats aparentment falsos recolzats per arguments aparentment bons que parteixen de premisses que la majoria de la gent consideraria trivialment vertaderes. Aquest article ofereix una visió panoràmica de tres perspectives contemporànies de les paradoxes. Segons la concepció epistèmica, les paradoxes juguen un paper crucial en el desenvolupament de la ciència i mai no constitueixen proves correctes d’enunciats falsos. D’acord amb la concepció dialetheista, la conclusió d’alguns raonaments paradoxals és alhora vertadera i falsa, havent-hi, per tant, algunes contradiccions vertaderes (i falses). Finalment, la concepció mística entén les paradoxes recalcitrants (antinòmies) com a problemes irresolubles que mostren els límits del pensament humà. La darrera secció de l’article discuteix les paradoxes d’autoreferència, una família de paradoxes que comparteixen certs trets estructurals i que han tingut un impacte profund en el desenvolupament de la ciència al llarg del segle xx.Paraules clau: paradoxa, paradoxa verídica, paradoxa falsídica, antinòmia, dialetheisme, autoreferència, circularitat, inclosure.
Understanding Taxi Drivers’ Multi-day Cruising Patterns
Authors: Zong Fang , Sun Xiao , Zhang Huiyong , Zhu Xiumei , Qi Wentian
Published: December 2015

This study investigates taxi drivers’ multi-day cruising behaviours with GPS data collected in Shenzhen, China. By calculating the inter-daily variability of taxi drivers’ cruising behaviours, the multi-day cruising patterns are investigated. The impacts of learning feature and habitual feature on multi-day cruising behaviours are determined. The results prove that there is variability among taxis’ day-to-day cruising behaviours, and the day-of-week pattern is that taxi drivers tend to cruise a larger area on Friday, and a rather focused area on Monday. The findings also indicate that the impacts of learning feature and habitual feature are more obvious between weekend days than among weekdays. Moreover, learning feature between two sequent weeks is found to be greater than that within one week, while the habitual feature shows recession over time. By revealing taxis' day-to-day cruising pattern and the factors influencing it, the study results provide us with crucial information in predicting taxis' multi-day cruising locations, which can be applied to simulate taxis' multi-day cruising behaviour as well as to determine the traffic volume derived from taxis' cruising behaviour. This can help us in planning of transportation facilities, such as stop stations or parking lots for taxis. Moreover, the findings can be also employed in predicting taxis' adjustments of multi-day cruising locations under the impact of traffic management strategies.
Decision-support model to explore the feasibility of using translocation to restore a woodland caribou population in Pukaskwa National Park, Canada
Authors: Gonzales Emily K. , Nantel Patrick , Rodgers Arthur R. , Allen Martha L. , Drake Christine C.
Published: December 2015

The distribution and abundance of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) have declined dramatically in the past century. Without intervention the most southern population of caribou in eastern North America is expected to disappear within 20 years. Although translocations have reintroduced and reinforced some populations, approximately half of caribou translocation efforts fail. Translocations are resource intensive and risky, and multiple interrelated factors must be considered to assess their potential for success. Structured decision-making tools, such as Bayesian belief networks, provide objective methods to assess different wildlife management scenarios by identifying the key components and relationships in an ecosystem. They can also catalyze dialogue with stakeholders and provide a record of the complex thought processes used in reaching a decision. We developed a Bayesian belief network for a proposed translocation of woodland caribou into a national park on the northeastern coast of Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada. We tested scenarios with favourable (e.g., good physical condition of adult caribou) and unfavourable (e.g., high predator densities) conditions with low, medium, and high numbers of translocated caribou. Under the current conditions at Pukaskwa National Park, augmenting the caribou population is unlikely to recover the species unless wolf densities remain low (<5.5/1000 km2) or if more than 300 animals could be translocated.
Peary caribou distribution within the Bathurst Island Complex relative to the boundary proposed for Qausuittuq National Park, Nunavut
Authors: Poole Kim G. , Gunn Anne , Wierzchowski Jack , Anderson Morgan
Published: December 2015

How caribou (Rangifer tarandus), including Peary caribou (R. t. pearyi), use their annual ranges varies with changes in abundance. While fidelity to some seasonal ranges is persistent, use of other areas changes. Consequently, understanding changes in seasonal distribution is useful for designing boundaries of protected areas for caribou conservation. A case in point is the proposed Qausuittuq (Northern Bathurst Island) National Park for Bathurst Island and its satellite islands in the High Arctic of Canada. Since 1961, Peary caribou have been through three periods of high and low abundance. We examined caribou distribution and composition mapped during nine systematic aerial surveys (1961–2013), unsystematic helicopter surveys (1989–98), and limited radio-collaring from 1994–97 and 2003–06. While migration patterns changed and use of southern Bathurst Island decreased during lows in abundance, use of satellite islands, especially Cameron Island for winter range, persisted during both highs and lows in abundance. The northeast coast of Bathurst Island was used to a greater extent during the rut and during summer at low abundance. We suggest that Park boundaries which include Cameron Island and the northeast coast of Bathurst Island will be more effective in contributing to the persistence of Peary caribou on the Bathurst Island Complex.
15th North American Caribou Workshop, 12-16 May 2014, Whitehorse, Canada
Authors: Åhman (editor in chief) Birgitta , Wiklund (technical editor) Eva , Hegel Troy , Schmiegelow (issue editors) Fiona
Published: December 2015

The 15th North American Caribou Workshop (NACW) was held from 12-16 May 2014, in the traditional territories of the Kwanlin Dün First Nation and the Ta’an Kwäch’än Council, in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. This biennial meeting is the largest technical conference of its kind dealing specifically with caribou biology and management. The first NACW was held in Whitehorse over three decades ago in 1983, and 13 subsequent workshops have been held across North America until now. With nearly 400 delegates from Canada, the United States, Norway, and Greenland attending the 2014 conference, it is evident that this “North American” gathering has truly become an international event. Furthermore, delegates attending this 15th NACW represented federal, provincial, territorial, state and First Nation governments, academia, non-governmental organizations, co-management boards and councils, private consultants, and industry,  creating a relatively unique conference setting bringing together a variety of perspectives and concerns. The breadth of the participants in terms of geography, expertise and affiliation resulted in a rich base of human capacity to discuss issues related to caribou conservation and management.Given that it had been nearly three decades since the inception of this workshop, and with its return to the location of the first NACW, the organizing committee felt it was a fitting opportunity to look back and assess what had been achieved with respect to caribou conservation and management. As such, the theme of the 15th NACW was “Caribou Conservation and Management: What’s Working?”  The opening session of the conference focussed on invited presentations explicitly addressing this question, and included topics on structured decision making, forest management, harvest monitoring, carnivore management, regional land use planning and management, and aboriginal perspectives on a long-term collaborative caribou recovery program in the southwest Yukon. We challenged our speakers to share what was working and why, and the information provided was valuable and timely, prompting many questions and discussion throughout the conference.
Room temperature growth of ultrathin ordered MnGa films on a CoGa buffer layer
Authors: Suzuki Kazuya Z. , Ranjbar Reza , Sugihara Atsushi , Miyazaki Terunobu , Mizukami Shigemi
Published: December 2015

Tetragonal ultrathin (1–5 nm) ordered MnGa films on a CsCl-type CoGa buffer layer were fabricated by a sputtering method. The (001)-CoGa layer was first deposited on a Cr-buffered MgO substrate and then annealed in-situ at 500 °C. The ultrathin MnGa film deposited on the CoGa buffer layer formed the L10 structure with very small roughness even when grown at room temperature. In addition, the films showed well-squared perpendicular magnetization hysteresis curves even when the film thickness was as little as 1 nm. The obtained results are important for the development of the MnGa-based spin-transfer torque devices for Gbit class magnetic random access memory and high frequency applications.
Prediction of low-energy boron doping profile for ultrashallow junction formation by hybrid molecular dynamics method
Authors: Yabuhara Hidehiko , Miyamoto Akira
Published: December 2015

Our original hybrid method combining tight-binding quantum chemical and classical molecular dynamics was first applied to the low-energy doping process of boron into a silicon substrate, which has a depth of more than 10 nm that is needed to evaluate an ultrashallow junction position. Tight-binding quantum chemical molecular dynamics calculation was used for an injected boron atom and surrounding silicon atoms within a sphere with a radius of 0.5 nm centered at the boron atom. This method is advantageous in treating the many-body collision effect and electron–electron interaction, which are more important in low-energy doping, compared with the Monte Carlo method with binary collision approximation. A comparison with a plasma doping experiment was also carried out. The junction positions were 6.2 nm for boron doping at an initial kinetic energy of 200 eV in the simulation results and 6.4 nm for 200 eV in the experimental results. Good agreement between simulation and experimental results indicates that our hybrid molecular dynamics method is applicable to doping profile prediction in a silicon structure with a depth of more than 10 nm that is needed to evaluate ultrashallow junction formation.
Effect of metal ion concentration in Ni–W plating solution on surface roughness of Ni–W film
Authors: Yasui Manabu , Kaneko Satoru , Kurouchi Masahito , Ito Hiroaki , Ozawa Takeshi , Arai Masahiro
Published: December 2015

Since nanopatterns are used for various purposes including solar cells, super-hydrophilicity, and biosensors, it is necessary to miniaturize the patterns on glass devices from micro- to nano-order. We have studied glass imprinting as an excellent microfabrication technology for glass devices. Uniformity of the nanopattern height is required for a mold, since a nodular structure on the Ni–W surface is recognized as a problem in Ni–W nanopattern formation. We confirmed that the Ni–W plating bath increasing metal ion concentration is effective for inhibition of the nodular structure on the Ni–W film, and succeeded in Ni–W nano pattern formation with uniform height. However, the W content rate of plated Ni–W film was reduced in exchange for enhancing the flatness of the Ni–W film. It is necessary to examine the Ni–W plating condition for obtaining planarization of the Ni–W surface and a high content rate of W in the Ni–W film.
Oxygen and nitrogen plasma etching of three-dimensional hydroxyapatite/chitosan scaffolds fabricated by additive manufacturing
Authors: Myung Sung-Woon , Kim Byung-Hoon
Published: December 2015

Three-dimensional (3D) chitosan and hydroxyapatite (HAp)/chitosan (CH) scaffolds were fabricated by additive manufacturing, then their surfaces were etched with oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) plasma. O2 and N2 plasma etching was performed to increase surface properties such as hydrophilicity, roughness, and surface chemistry on the scaffolds. After etching, hydroxyapatite was exposed on the surface of 3D HAp/CH scaffolds. The surface morphology and chemical properties were characterized by contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and attenuated total reflection Fourier infrared spectroscopy. The cell viability of 3D chitosan scaffolds was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The differentiation of preosteoblast cells was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase assay. The cell viability was improved by O2 and N2 plasma etching of 3D chitosan scaffolds. The present fabrication process for 3D scaffolds might be applied to a potential tool for preparing biocompatible scaffolds.
Effects of intentionally introduced nitrogen and substrate temperature on growth of diamond bulk single crystals
Authors: Yamada Hideaki , Chayahara Akiyoshi , Mokuno Yohiaki
Published: December 2015

Aiming at stable growth of bulk single-crystal diamond, multiple effects of intentional nitrogen introduction and substrate temperature on the growth were studied. The intensity of fluorescence of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV0) center was qualitatively correlated with the concentrations of nitrogen in the grown layers. Growth rates and morphologies varied with nitrogen concentration in the gas phase and substrate temperature. It was shown that appropriate control of substrate temperature allows continuous growth, which makes the substrate thicker. The mechanism underlying the effect of nitrogen on growth rate is discussed on the basis of the obtained results, which suggest also the importance of substrate temperature in controlling migration and the surface reactions of radicals.
Local surface potential on hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon films
Authors: Itoh Takashi , Sakai Takashi , Ito Takanori , Kuriyama Hirishi , Nonomura Shuichi
Published: December 2015

The local surface potential on hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon films was investigated using a Kelvin force microscope. In the surface morphology image of the films deposited on Asahi U-type substrates, large and small convex grains were observed. In i-type films, the surface potentials on the large and small convex grains were higher than those in the concave regions between large convex grains and between small convex grains, respectively. The potential difference between a large grain and the region between large grains was larger than that between a small grain and the region between small grains. The surface potential distribution on p-type films showed the same tendency as that on the i-type films. On the other hand, the surface potential distribution on n-type films showed a reverse tendency to that on the i-type films. The potential difference between a large convex grain and the region between large convex grains depended on the doping ratio and that in the p-type films was smaller than that in the n-type films.
Are attractive male crickets better able to pay the costs of an immune challenge?
Authors: Kelly Clint D. , Telemeco Melissa S.C. , Bartholomay Lyric C.
Published: December 2015

Reproduction and immunity are fitness-related traits that trade-off with each other. Parasite-mediated theories of sexual selection suggest, however, that higher-quality males should suffer smaller costs to reproduction-related traits and behaviours (e.g., sexual display) from an immune challenge because these males possess more resources with which to deal with the challenge. We usedGryllus texensisfield crickets to test the prediction that attractive males should better maintain the performance of fitness-related traits (e.g., calling effort) in the face of an immune challenge compared with unattractive males. We found no support for our original predictions. However, that immune activation causes attractive males to significantly increase their calling effort compared with unattractive males suggests that these males might terminally invest in order to compensate for decreased future reproduction.
Regional variability of a projected sea ice‐free Arctic during the summer months
Authors: Laliberté F. , Howell S. E. L. , Kushner P. J.
Published: December 2015

Climate projections of sea ice retreat under anthropogenic climate change at the regional scale and in summer months other than September have largely not been evaluated. Information at this level of detail is vital for future planning of safe Arctic marine activities. Here the timing of when Arctic waters will be reliably ice free across Arctic regions from June to October is presented. It is shown that during this century regions along the Northern Sea Route and Arctic Bridge will be more reliably ice free than regions along the Northwest Passage and the Transpolar Sea Route, which will retain substantial sea ice cover past midcentury. Moreover, ice‐free conditions in the Arctic will likely be confined to September for several decades to come in many regions. Projections using a selection of models that accounts for agreement of models in each region and calendar month with observations yield similar conclusions.
Projected changes in east Australian midlatitude cyclones during the 21st century
Authors: Pepler Acacia S. , Di Luca Alejandro , Ji Fei , Alexander Lisa V. , Evans Jason P. , Sherwood Steven C.
Published: December 2015

The east coast of Australia is regularly influenced by midlatitude cyclones known as East Coast Lows. These form in a range of synoptic situations and are both a cause of severe weather and an important contributor to water security. This paper presents the first projections of future cyclone activity in this region using a regional climate model ensemble, with the use of a range of cyclone identification methods increasing the robustness of results. While there is considerable uncertainty in projections of cyclone frequency during the warm months, there is a robust agreement on a decreased frequency of cyclones during the winter months, when they are most common in the current climate. However, there is a potential increase in the frequency of cyclones with heavy rainfall and those closest to the coast and accordingly those with potential for severe flooding.
Predictions of Solar Cycle 24: How are we doing?
Authors: Pesnell William Dean
Published: December 2015

Predictions of solar activity are an essential part of our Space Weather forecast capability. Users are requiring usable predictions of an upcoming solar cycle to be delivered several years before solar minimum. A set of predictions of the amplitude of Solar Cycle 24 accumulated in 2008 ranged from zero to unprecedented levels of solar activity. The predictions formed an almost normal distribution, centered on the average amplitude of all preceding solar cycles. The average of the current compilation of 105 predictions of the annual‐average sunspot number is 106 ± 31, slightly lower than earlier compilations but still with a wide distribution. Solar Cycle 24 is on track to have a below‐average amplitude, peaking at an annual sunspot number of about 80. Our need for solar activity predictions and our desire for those predictions to be made ever earlier in the preceding solar cycle will be discussed. Solar Cycle 24 has been a below‐average sunspot cycle. There were peaks in the daily and monthly averaged sunspot number in the Northern Hemisphere in 2011 and in the Southern Hemisphere in 2014. With the rapid increase in solar data and capability of numerical models of the solar convection zone we are developing the ability to forecast the level of the next sunspot cycle. But predictions based only on the statistics of the sunspot number are not adequate for predicting the next solar maximum. I will describe how we did in predicting the amplitude of Solar Cycle 24 and describe how solar polar field predictions could be made more accurate in the future.
Sodium and Potassium Ion Selective Conjugated Polymers for Optical Ion Detection in Solution and Solid State
Authors: Giovannitti Alexander , Nielsen Christian B. , Rivnay Jonathan , Kirkus Mindaugas , Harkin David J. , White Andrew J.P. , Sirringhaus Henning , Malliaras George G. , McCulloch Iain
Published: December 2015

This paper presents the development of alkali metal ion selective small molecules and conjugated polymers for optical ion sensing. A crown ether bithiophene unit is chosen as the detecting unit, as both a small molecule and incorporated into a conjugated aromatic structure. The complex formation and the resulting backbone twist of the detector unit is investigated by UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy where a remarkable selectivity toward sodium or potassium ions is found. X‐ray diffraction analysis of single crystals with and without alkali metal ions is carried out and a difference of the dihedral angle of more than 70° is observed. In a conjugated polymer structure, the detector unit has a higher sensitivity for alkali metal ion detection than its small molecule analog. Ion selectivity is retained in polymers with solubility in polar solvents facilitated by the attachment of polar ethylene glycol side chains. This design concept is further evolved to develop a sodium‐salt solid state sensor based on blends of the detecting polymer with a polyvinyl alcohol matrix where the detection of sodium ions is achieved in aqueous salt solutions with concentrations similar to biologically important environments.
Ruthenium‐Containing Block Copolymer Assemblies: Red‐Light‐Responsive Metallopolymers with Tunable Nanostructures for Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Anticancer Phototherapy
Authors: Sun Wen , Parowatkin Maria , Steffen Werner , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Mailänder Volker , Wu Si
Published: December 2015

The use of self‐assembled nanostructures consisting of red‐light‐responsive Ru(II)‐containing block copolymers (BCPs) for anticancer phototherapy is demonstrated. Three Ru‐containing BCPs with different molecular weights are synthesized. Each BCP contains a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) block and an Ru‐containing block. In the Ru‐containing block, more than half of the side chains are coordinated with [Ru(2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine)(2,2′‐biquinoline)]2+, resulting in more than 40 wt% Ru complex in the BCPs. The Ru complex acts as both a red‐light‐cleavable moiety and a photoactivated prodrug. Depending on their molecular weights, the BCPs assemble into micelles, vesicles, and large compound micelles. All of the BCP assemblies are taken up by cancer cells. Red‐light irradiation releases the Ru complex and generates singlet oxygen (1O2) in cancer cells. The released Ru complex and 1O2 inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Among the three BCP assemblies, the BCP micelle exhibits the most efficient cellular uptake and best anticancer performance.
Copper‐Mediated Sulfonylation of Aryl C(sp2)H Bonds with Sodium and Lithium Sulfinates
Authors: Liang Shuai , Liu Nai‐Wei , Manolikakes Georg
Published: December 2015

A copper‐mediated direct sulfonylation of aryl C(sp2)H bonds with sodium and lithium sulfinates is reported. Various aryl sulfones were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields with good functional group tolerance.

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Enantiopure N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐β2‐amino Acid Allyl Esters from Racemic β‐Lactams by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution using Candida antarctica Lipase B
Authors: Gianolio Eleonora , Mohan Resmi , Berkessel Albrecht
Published: December 2015

The dynamic kinetic resolution of α‐substituted racemic β‐lactams by alcoholytic ring‐opening, catalyzed by immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica is described. With this process, a variety of racemic α‐substituted N‐Cbz‐azetidinones (Cbz=benzyloxycarbonyl) was transformed to the corresponding N‐Cbz‐protected β2‐amino acid allyl esters with high enantioselectivity (up to 99%) and high yields (up to quantitative) at room temperature.

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Atmospheric Pressure of CO2 as Protecting Reagent and Reactant: Efficient Synthesis of Oxazolidin‐2‐ones with Carbamate Salts, Aldehydes and Alkynes
Authors: Yu Bing , Cheng Bin‐Bin , Liu Wei‐Qi , Li Wei , Wang Shan‐Shan , Cao Jie , Hu Chang‐Wen
Published: December 2015

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been wildly employed as an environmentally benign C1 resource for organic synthesis in the recent years. The capture of CO2 with primary amines easily provides the corresponding carbamate salts. We described herein that carbamate salts are a useful reactant for the synthesis of oxazolidin‐2‐ones via the reaction with aromatic aldehydes and aromatic terminal alkynes. A variety of oxazolidin‐2‐ones with different functional groups were synthesized in 68–91% yields with only a 5 mol% amount of CuI as catalyst. It was found that the synergetic effect of iodide is important for the transformation. Notable, the captured CO2 serves not only as a protecting reagent for electron‐rich primary amine to avoid catalyst poisoning, but also as a reactant for the construction of oxazolidin‐2‐ones.

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Residential context, institutional alloparental care, and child growth in Jamaica
Authors: Nelson Robin G.
Published: December 2015

Objectives

Although children are typically raised in familial care networks, not all children have access to kin. Here, I investigate the growth measures of children living in two different residential contexts in Jamaica: institutional care settings and familial homes.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study sampled individuals ranging from 5–18 years old, residing in children's homes (N = 113 participants) and familial homes (N = 103 participants). Anthropometric measurements and interview data were collected from all participants. Height for age z‐scores (ZHFA) and weight for age z‐scores (ZWFA) were calculated using the 2007 WHO standards. Body fat was estimated from tricep and suprailiac skinfold thickness. Between group comparisons were completed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with age included as a covariate. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05.

Results

Context was more predictive of condition among children than adolescents. Both girls and boys ages 5–11 years living with family members had higher mean height and weight for age, and summed skinfold thickness measures, than their peers living in children's homes. Fewer correlations between home setting and growth measurements were found among 12–18 year olds. Notably, although children were randomly assigned to children's homes, boys in a single‐sex institution did not differ in growth measurements from boys living with family members.

Conclusions

Younger children who lived with family members had better growth measurements than their peers living in institutional settings. However, improved growth measures for children living in one home were correlated to nonconventional counseling practices, and nutritional policies that mirror some aspects of familial care. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:493–502, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of author's affiliation and funding sources on the results of cohort studies on occupational cancer
Authors: Rollin Laetitia , Griffon Nicolas , Darmoni Stefan J. , Gehanno Jean‐Francois
Published: December 2015

Background

Reliability and credibility of research conducted by industry have been questioned, including in the field of occupational health.

Methods

Cohort studies on occupational cancer published between 2000 and 2010 were compared according to their results, their conclusions, their funding, and the affiliation of their authors.

Results

Overall, 510 articles were included. Studies published by authors with public affiliation or funded by public grants concluded that their study showed an excess of cancer more frequently (P = 0.01) than studies published by authors with private affiliation or funded by private grants (88% [95%CI = 85–91] vs. 73% [95%CI = 56–88] and 92% [95%CI = 86–97] vs. 71% [95%CI = 57–84], respectively). Discrepancies between statistical results and conclusion occurred more frequently in articles written by authors from the private sector than from the public sector (42% [IC95% = 26–60] vs. 23% [IC95% = 18–26], P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Industry affiliations of authors or industry support of studies are associated with the results of published studies on occupational cancer. The underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:221–226, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of intranasal fluticasone spray, budesonide atomizer, and budesonide respules in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Neubauer Paul D. , Schwam Zachary G. , Manes R. Peter
Published: December 2015

Background

Nasal steroids are a critical part of the management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Increasingly, practitioners are using budesonide respules delivered to the sinonasal cavities, which is an off‐label use, in lieu of traditional nasal steroids. There has been little research comparing budesonide with traditional nasal steroids and the most effective delivery method of budesonide.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was performed on patients after ESS for CRSwNP in a tertiary care center. Patients were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: group A received fluticasone nasal spray twice daily; group B received budesonide respules via a mucosal atomization device (MAD) twice daily; and group C received budesonide respules instilled via the vertex‐to‐floor (VF) position twice daily. Primary endpoints were 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) and Lund‐Kennedy scores at 6 months.

Results

Thirty‐two patients were enrolled in the study, 23 of whom completed the 6‐month trial. There were no significant differences among groups A, B, and C with respect to age, gender, asthma, aspirin sensitivity, or previous ESS. Group B had a statistically significant greater reduction in SNOT‐22 and Lund‐Kennedy scores at the primary endpoint of 6 months compared to groups A and C. Group C had the next greatest reduction, which was statistically significant, followed by group A.

Conclusion

Patients treated with budesonide after ESS for CRSwNP had greater improvement in SNOT‐22 and Lund‐Kennedy scores compared to fluticasone at 6 months. The data supports the use of budesonide respules, particularly with a MAD, over fluticasone for CRSwNP patients after ESS.
Sensibilisierte Zwei‐NIR‐Photonen‐Z→E‐Isomerisierung eines im sichtbaren Spektralbereich ansprechbaren und bistabilen Azobenzolderivats
Authors: Moreno Javier , Gerecke Mario , Grubert Lutz , Kovalenko Sergey A. , Hecht Stefan
Published: December 2015

Eine durch Zwei‐NIR‐Photonen ausgelöste Z→E‐Isomerisierung eines Azobenzols gelang durch kovalente Verknüpfung einer zwei‐Photonen‐absorbierenden Triarylaminantenne mit einem thermisch stabilen ortho‐fluorierten Azobenzolderivat. Der erhaltene Photoschalter konnte vollständig mit sichtbarem bzw. NIR‐Licht unter Verwendung von Ein‐ bzw. Zwei‐Photonen‐Anregung adressiert werden, wobei die letztgenannte eine verbesserte Eindringtiefe und eine erhöhte räumliche Auflösung ermöglicht.
Gas‐Phase Generation and Decomposition of a Sulfinylnitrene into the Iminyl Radical OSN
Authors: Wu Zhuang , Li Dingqing , Li Hongmin , Zhu Bifeng , Sun Hailong , Francisco Joseph S. , Zeng Xiaoqing
Published: December 2015

The dipolar oxathiazyne‐like sulfinylnitrene RS(O)N, a highly reactive α‐oxo nitrene, has been rarely investigated. Upon flash vacuum pyrolysis of sulfinyl azide CF3S(O)N3 at 350 °C, an elusive sulfinylnitrene CF3S(O)N was generated in the gas phase in its singlet ground state and was characterized by matrix‐isolation IR spectroscopy. Further fragmentation of CF3S(O)N at 600 °C produced CF3 and a novel iminyl radical OSN, an SO2 analogue, which were unambiguously identified by IR spectroscopy. Consistent with the experimental observations, DFT calculations clearly support a stepwise decomposition mechanism of CF3S(O)N3.
Light‐Powered Self‐Healable Metallosupramolecular Soft Actuators
Authors: Borré Etienne , Stumbé Jean‐François , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stéphane , Mauro Matteo
Published: December 2015

Supramolecular functional materials able to respond to external stimuli have several advantages over their classical covalent counterparts. The preparation of soft actuators with the ability to respond to external stimuli in a spatiotemporal fashion, to self‐repair, and to show directional motion, is currently one of the most challenging research goals. Herein, we report a series of metallopolymers based on zinc(II)–terpyridine coordination nodes and bearing photoisomerizable diazobenzene units and/or solubilizing luminescent phenylene–ethynylene moieties. These supramolecular polymers act as powerful gelating agents at low critical gelation concentrations. The resulting multiresponsive organogels display light‐triggered mechanical actuation and luminescent properties. Furthermore, owing to the presence of dynamic coordinating bonds, they show self‐healing abilities.
Sensitized Two‐NIR‐Photon Z→E Isomerization of a Visible‐Light‐Addressable Bistable Azobenzene Derivative
Authors: Moreno Javier , Gerecke Mario , Grubert Lutz , Kovalenko Sergey A. , Hecht Stefan
Published: December 2015

Two‐NIR‐photon‐triggered Z→E isomerization of an azobenzene was accomplished by covalently linking a two‐photon‐harvesting triarylamine antenna to a thermally stable ortho‐fluorinated azobenzene derivative. The obtained photoswitch is fully addressable with visible and NIR light by using one‐photon and two‐photon excitation, respectively, with the latter offering enhanced penetration depth and improved spatial resolution.
Beitrag zum Studium von Phasengrenzreaktionen Gas—Festkörper: Das System H2, H2S/Ag2S
Authors: Roy P. , Schmalzried H.
Published: December 2015

Durch Messung des elektrischen Stromes, der bei Oxydation bzw. Reduktion des Silbersulfids mit H2/H2S‐Gemischen in der galvanischen Kette Ag/AgJ/Ag2S/H2, H2S/Pt fließt, wird für elektrochemisch vorgegebene Komponentenaktivitäten im Silbersulfid die Geschwindigkeit der Phasengrenzreaktion Gas‐Festkörper bei 300 °C bestimmt. Aus der gemessenen Abhängigkeit der Reduktions‐ bzw. Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit von der Silberaktivität im Silbersulfid wird abgeleitet, daß die Phasengrenzreaktion durch die Gleichung H2(g) + S2− (ad) = H2S(g) + 2e'(Ag2S) beschrieben werden kann. Bei hohen Schwefelaktivitaten im Ag2S wird H2S zu H2S2 oxydiert. Die Geschwindigkeit dieser Reaktion wird ebenfalls gemessen und gedeutet.

By measuring the electrical current during oxydation or reduction of Ag2S by H2/H2S‐mixtures at 300 °C in the galvanic cell Ag/AgJ/Ag2S/H2, H2S/Pt as a function of the silver activity in Ag2S one obtains the rate of the phase boundary reaction gas‐solid. From these measurements one can conclude that the phase boundary reaction should be formulated as H2(g) + S2− (ad) = H2S(g) + 2e'(Ag2S). At high sulfur activities in silver sulfide H2S is oxidized to H2S2. The rate of this reaction is also measured and interpreted.
Zur Kenntnis von Lösungssystemen in tief siedenden Lösungsmitteln 2. Mitteilung: Die Systeme Alkaliamid/Ammoniak
Authors: Schenk Peter W. , Tulhoff Helmut
Published: December 2015

Es wird über die Untersuchung der Systeme NaNH2/NH3, KNH2/NH3, RbNH2/NH3 und CsNH2/NH3, berichtet, wobei das erstere System mit einer modifizierten Methode nach Ruff und Geisel und die drei letzteren Systeme mit der in Mitteilung 1 beschriebenen neuen Methode im Temperaturbereich zwischen — 30 und — 70 °C untersucht wurden. Löslichkeitsdaten für die verschiedenen Alkaliamide sowie die Natur der mit der Lösung jeweils im Gleichgewicht stehenden Bodenkörper werden angegeben. Auch die Dichten der Lösungen warden bestimmt. Das System KNH2/NH3 wird eingehender untersucht und die Lage von zwei Quadrupelpunkten festgelegt.