bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modes of vortex formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder
Authors: GOVARDHAN R. , WILLIAMSON C. H. K.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we study the transverse vortex-induced vibrations of an elastically
mounted rigid cylinder in a fluid flow. We use simultaneous force, displacement and
vorticity measurements (using DPIV) for the first time in free vibrations. There exist
two distinct types of response in such systems, depending on whether one has a high or low combined mass–damping parameter (m*ζ). In the classical high-(m*ζ) case, an ‘initial’ and ‘lower’ amplitude branch are separated by a discontinuous mode transition, whereas in the case of low (m*ζ), a further higher-amplitude ‘upper’ branch of response appears, and there exist two mode transitions.

To understand the existence of more than one mode transition for low (m*ζ), we employ two distinct formulations of the equation of motion, one of which uses the ‘total force’, while the other uses the ‘vortex force’, which is related only to the dynamics of vorticity. The first mode transition involves a jump in ‘vortex phase’ (between vortex force and displacement), ϕvortex, at which point the frequency of oscillation (f) passes through the natural frequency of the system in the fluid, f ∼ fNwater. This transition is associated with a jump between 2S [harr ] 2P vortex wake modes, and a corresponding switch in vortex shedding timing. Across the second mode transition, there is a jump in ‘total phase’, phis;total , at which point f ∼ fNvacuum. In this case, there is no jump in
ϕvortex, since both branches are associated with the 2P mode, and there is therefore
no switch in timing of shedding, contrary to previous assumptions. Interestingly, for
the high-(m*ζ) case, the vibration frequency jumps across both fNwater and fNvacuum,
corresponding to the simultaneous jumps in ϕvortex and ϕtotal. This causes a switch
in the timing of shedding, coincident with the ‘total phase’ jump, in agreement with previous assumptions.

For large mass ratios, m* = O(100), the vibration frequency for synchronization lies close to the natural frequency (f* = f/fN ≈ 1.0), but as mass is reduced to m* = O(1), f* can reach remarkably large values. We deduce an expression for the frequency of the lower-branch vibration, as follows:

formula here

which agrees very well with a wide set of experimental data. This frequency equation uncovers the existence of a critical mass ratio, where the frequency f* becomes large: m*crit = 0.54. When m* < m*crit, the lower branch can never be reached and it ceases to exist. The upper-branch large-amplitude vibrations persist for all velocities, no matter how high, and the frequency increases indefinitely with flow velocity. Experiments at m* < m*crit show that the upper-branch vibrations continue to the limits (in flow speed) of our facility.
Self-similar shedding of vortex rings
Authors: NITSCHE MONIKA
Published: July 2002

The roll-up of an initially spherical vortex sheet into a vortex ring is computed using
the vortex blob method. The ring sheds about 30% of its circulation into a tail which,
in turn, rolls up into a ring that sheds circulation. The process repeats itself at smaller
and smaller scales in a self-similar manner. The relation between the vortex shedding
and the energy of the vortices is investigated. In contrast, an initially cylindrical vortex
sheet rolls up into a vortex pair that sheds essentially no circulation.
Granular flow in partially filled slowly rotating drums
Authors: GRAY J. M. N. T.
Published: July 2002

In many industrial processes granular materials are mixed together in partially filled
slowly rotating drums. In this paper a general theoretical framework is developed for
the quasi-two-dimensional motion of granular material in a rotating drum. The key
assumption is that the body can be divided into a fluid-like and a solid-like region,
that are separated by a non-material singular surface at which discontinuities occur.
Experiments show that close to the free surface there is a thin rapidly moving fluid-like
avalanche that flows downslope, and beneath it there is a large region of slowly
rotating solid-like material. The solid region provides a net transport of material
upslope and there is strong mass transfer between the two regions. In the theory the
avalanche is treated as a shallow incompressible Mohr–Coulomb or inviscid material
sliding on a moving bed at which there is erosion and deposition. The solid is treated
as a rigid rotating body, and the two regions are coupled together using a mass jump
condition. The theory has the potential to model time-dependent intermittent flow
with shock waves, as well as steady-state continuous flow. An exact solution for the
case of steady continuous flow is presented. This demonstrates that when the base of
the avalanche lies above the axis of revolution a solid core develops in the centre of
the drum. Experiments are presented to show how a mono-disperse granular material
mixes in the drum, and the results are compared with the predictions using the exact
solution.
Further contributions on the two-dimensional flow in a sudden

expansion
Authors: ALLEBORN N. , NANDAKUMAR K. , RASZILLIER H. , DURST F.
Published: July 2002

Two-dimensional laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid

through a channel with a sudden expansion is investigated. A

continuation method is applied to study the bifurcation structure of

the discretized governing equations. The stability of the different

solution branches is determined by an Arnoldi-based iterative method

for calculating the most unstable eigenmodes of the linearized

equations for the perturbation quantities. The bifurcation picture is

extended by computing additional solution branches and bifurcation

points. The behaviour of the critical eigenvalues in the neighbourhood

of these bifurcation points is studied. Limiting cases for the

geometrical and flow parameters are considered and numerical results

are compared with analytical solutions for these cases.
High-Reynolds-number Batchelor-model
asymptotics of a flow past an aerofoil with a vortex trapped in a cavity
Authors: BUNYAKIN A. V. , CHERNYSHENKO S. I. , STEPANOV G. Yu.
Published: July 2002

Steady incompressible flow past an aerofoil with a cavity in its
upper surface is
considered. The aerofoil and cavity shape is constructed to ensure that
the
high-Reynolds-number asymptotics of the flow is described by the Batchelor
model.
Experimental investigation of a confined heated sodium jet in a co-flow
Authors: KNEBEL J. U. , KREBS L. , MÜLLER U. , AXCELL B. P.
Published: July 2002

Low-Prandtl-number convection is investigated in vertical axisymmetric
turbulent
buoyant sodium jets discharging into a slowly moving ambient. Measurements
of mean
velocity, mean temperature and temperature fluctuations are performed simultaneously

using a miniature permanent-magnet flowmeter probe. By varying the ratio
of
momentum to buoyancy flux, or the densimetric Froude number, different
intensities
of buoyancy are obtained giving a range of conditions encompassing forced-convection
jets,
buoyant jets and plumes. In line with the classical properties of jets
the
radial velocity and temperature profiles can be described by the Gaussian
function,
independent of the flow regime, at all axial measuring positions. The axial
decay of the
centreline mean velocity for sodium is the same as for fluids of higher
Prandtl number,
governed by power laws with indices of −1 for forced convection,
−2/3 for the
transitional buoyant region and −1/3 for plume flow. In contrast,
the centreline mean
temperatures for sodium plumes decrease with a power of −1 compared
with the
−5/3 decay for fluids of higher Prandtl number. The different
behaviour in sodium is
due to the dominance of molecular diffusion in heat transport, while momentum

transport is dictated by turbulent diffusion, which gives a similarity
solution for
forced-convection jets but not for buoyant jets or plumes. The radial profiles
of the
temperature r.m.s. values can be described by an axisymmetric curve with
two maxima,
independent of the flow regime, at all axial measuring positions and the
two maxima
are more pronounced than in conventional fluids. The temperature fluctuations
are
analysed to give statistical parameters such as minimum and maximum values,

skewness, flatness, probability density functions and spectral distribution.
The spectral
distributions display both a convective subrange and the conductive subrange

predicted for fluids of low Prandtl number. Integral length scales of the
temperature
fluctuations are evaluated and found to be significantly smaller than turbulent
velocity
scales.
Dynamics of counter-rotating vortex pairs in stratified and sheared
environments
Authors: GARTEN J. F. , ARENDT S. , FRITTS D. C. , WERNE J.
Published: July 2002

The evolution of a vertically propagating vortex pair in stratified
and sheared
environments is studied with a two-dimensional numerical model. We consider
a range
of Froude (Fr) and Richardson (Ri) numbers, and a limited
number of Reynolds
numbers (Re). We find that stratification causes the
formation of counter-sign vorticity
around each of the original vortices through baroclinic production. At
higher Fr,
this wake vorticity advects the primary vortices closer together, decreasing
their
separation distance and increasing their vertical propagation speed, as
predicted by
Crow (1974) and Scorer & Davenport (1970). For these higher values
of Fr, the
wake vorticity also participates in an instability of the primary vortex
pair, with
the direction of propagation of the pair oscillating about the vertical.
We term
this instability the vortex head instability to distinguish it from the
jet instabilities
to which the wake itself is also susceptible. At lower Fr, internal
gravity wave
radiation dominates, and the intensity and spatial coherence of each vortex
is rapidly
reduced.

When a mean horizontal flow having constant shear is present in an unstratified

fluid, we find that the vortices eventually rotate about one another with
the same
rotational sense as the background shear flow, as predicted in Lissaman
et al. (1973).
When stratification is also present, we find that the distribution of baroclinically

generated wake vorticity is asymmetric, which sometimes leads to the emergence
of
a solitary vortex with the same sign as the background shear vorticity
(depending on
the values of Fr, Ri, and Re). Our
limited survey of parameter space indicates that a
solitary vortex emerges more rapidly for smaller values of Ri,
smaller
values of Fr, and/or larger values of Re.
Inconvertible Paper Money, Inflation and Economic Performance in Early
Nineteenth Century Argentina
Authors: IRIGOIN MARIA ALEJANDRA
Published: July 2002

To date, factor endowments or comparative advantages in the
international economy, have been at the centre of explanations for the economic
performance of Argentina in the nineteenth century. Historians have focused on
the increasing volume of rural exports and the availability of land on the frontier.
Yet, the contemporary fiscal and monetary events have been ignored. From the
1820s to the 1860s, the state was mainly financed by issues of inconvertible paper
currency. Hence, depreciation and high volatility of the means of payment
became a basic feature of the Buenos Aires economy. This article will reassess the
expansion of the rural economy in the light of the impact of inflationary finances.
Perception and control: a Minimalist analysis of
English direct perception complements
Authors: FELSER CLAUDIA
Published: July 2002

In this article I argue that both bare infinitival and participial
complements of
perception verbs in English are clausal constituents headed by the functional
category
Aspect, and differ only with respect to their aspectual value. Further,
I argue that
perception verbs license aspectual complements by virtue of being able
to function as
event control predicates, that is, they allow a control relation to be
established
between their own and the event argument provided by the predicate of the

complement clause. It is shown that the entire cluster of syntactic and
semantic
properties that characterize direct perception constructions follows from
the proposed
analysis, in conjunction with independently motivated principles of grammar.
Limits of validity for orbital-motion-limited theory for a small floating collector
Authors: LAMPE MARTIN
Published: July 2002

The orbital-motion-limited (OML) theory has been widely used to calculate
the ion response to a charged grain immersed in plasma. The theory assumes
there are no potential barriers preventing plasma ions from reaching positive-energy
points in phase space. However, Allen et al. [J. Plasma Phys.63, 299 (2000)]
have recently shown that for any finite-size negatively charged dust grain in a
Maxwellian plasma, there are always potential barriers sufficient to exclude some
ions. We calculate the magnitude of the potential barriers, and determine which
ions are subject to barriers. The OML theory is shown to become exact in the limit
of small grain size, and to be very accurate in calculating ion current to the grain
for typical conditions pertinent to dusty plasma. Thus OML theory is well justified
in calculating the floating potential. However, we find that potential barriers can influence the shielding of the potential at
r ∼ λD under some conditions, especially large grams, high plasma density,
and small Ti/Te.
Ion acceleration in short-pulse laser–target interactions
Authors: ANDREEV A. A. , LIMPOUCH J.
Published: July 2002

Emission of energetic ions from solid targets irradiated by intense ultrashort
laser pulses is studied in the framework of a one-dimensional self-consistent
hydrodynamical model. The computed ion spectra reproduce well the basic parameters
of published experimental results. Optimum conditions are found for the
generation of MeV ions by picosecond laser pulses.
An electropalatographic study of Greek spontaneous speech
Authors: Nicolaidis Katerina
Published: July 2002

This paper aims to examine spatio-temporal variability during the production of the lingual consonants /t, d, s, z, k, g l, n, XXX/ in a sample of Greek spontaneous speech. It provides a description of the range of segmental variability and explores the relationship between articulatory and temporal variability. It also discusses instances of common connected speech processes including assimilations and deletions. Data from two Greek speakers producing a monologue was recorded with the technique of electropalatography (Reading EPG system). The results indicated that segmental variability ranges over a continuum from over-articulated to under-articulated forms, i.e. fully articulated tokens to very open articulations. In addition, duration dependent variability was found to be a function of the production characteristics of the consonant. Evidence of both gradient and categorical changes in spontaneous speech were suggested by the data and are discussed with reference to current theoretical frameworks.
Pomphorhynchus laevis parasite of flounder Platichthys flesus as a biological indicator of pollution in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Chibani M. , Ziółkowska M. , Kijewska A. , Rokicki J.
Published: July 2002

Six hundred and seventy nine specimens of Platichthys flesus (L.) were caught in summer (July–September) 1998 and 1999 from three regions of the Polish zone of the Baltic Sea: the Gulf of Gdańsk, the Pomeranian Bay and the open sea off Łeba. The biometric measurements (length, weight, age) and sex of the specimens were recorded. The specimens were examined for occurrence of parasites. The intensity, relative density and prevalence of infection were calculated.
The meiofauna:macrofauna ratio across the continental slope of the Goban Spur (north-east Atlantic)
Authors: Flach Els , Vanaverbeke Jan , Heip Carlo
Published: July 2002

Meio- and macrofauna density and biomass were estimated at the OMEX-transect across the continental slope of the Goban Spur at water depths ranging from 208 to 4460 m in the north-east Atlantic. A linear increase in the ratio between meio- and macrofauna densities with increasing water depth was found. At the continental shelf meiofauna densities were ∼50 times higher than macrofauna densities, whereas in the abyss meiofauna densities were more than 1000 times higher. This change in ratio was due to a significant decrease in macrofauna densities with increasing water depth, whereas the meiofauna densities stayed more or less at the same level. The ratio in biomass between meio- and macrofauna showed a dip at ∼1000 m. At this depth macrofauna biomass was ∼55 times higher than meiofauna biomass, whereas at ∼4500 m macrofauna biomass was only about three times higher. Macrofauna biomass was high at ∼1000 m, due to the high mean individual weight of the macrofauna, whereas meiofauna biomass and mean individual weight were low at this depth.

Meiofauna consisted of ∼90% nematodes. Within the macrofaunal fraction (>0.5 mm) a linear increase in the ratio between nematodes and macrofauna sensu stricto with depth was found. At the deepest station ∼20% of the macrofaunal fraction were nematodes, at the shallowest station only ∼2%. Thus, large nematodes became relatively more important with increasing water depth. Within the macrofauna a decrease in the abundance of filter- and surface deposit-feeders relative to the subsurface deposit-feeders with increasing water depth was observed, which may be related to a change in food input. As no decrease in mean individual weight with increasing water depth within either group could be observed, the change in meio:macrofauna ratios along the OMEX-transect merely reflects a change in taxonomic (functional) composition, rather than a change in size.
The Planning and Development of New Bombay
Authors: Shaw Annapurna
Published: July 2002

Since independence (1947), foremost among the issues related to the growth of Bombay has been the decision to build New Bombay, a new city on the mainland across from Bombay island. In this paper, I examine first, the emergence of the idea of New Bombay and the interest groups who influenced the planning process. Secondly, I examine the actual achievements of the New Bombay project and the disjuncture between planning and reality. The New Bombay case shows clearly the way the political environment can influence the planning process. Confronted with the demands of different interest groups, the state in its urban planning opted for a solution which would accommodate all of them. In the process, many of the original objectives of building the new city have remained unfulfilled.
Comparative analysis of the distribution of bradykinin-,
GYIRFamide- and neuropeptide F-like
immunoreactivities in the monogenean, Diclidophora merlangi
Authors: MAIR G. R. , MAULE A. G. , HALTON D. W. , ORR D. , JOHNSTON R. N. , JOHNSTON C. F. , SHAW C.
Published: July 2002

An indirect immunocytochemical technique combined with confocal
scanning laser microscopy has been used to demonstrate immunoreactivities
to
the nonapeptide, RPPGFSPFR (bradykinin, BK) and the endogenous flatworm
regulatory
peptide, GYIRFamide in the nervous system of the monogenean, Diclidophora
merlangi. In addition, a simultaneous
double-labelling technique was employed to examine possible co-localization
of
GYIRFamide- and neuropeptide F (NPF)
immunoreactivities, using antisera to the C-terminal nonapeptide-amide
of NPF
(Moniezia expansa, FAIIGRPRF.NH2).
BK immunostaining was restricted to a small population of nerve cells and
associated fibres within the ventral nerve cords
and to 2 pairs of nerve cells innervating the cirrus and the pharynx, respectively.
No immunopositive nerve cells and fibres
were identified within the brain or in association with the female reproductive
apparatus. In contrast, GYIRFamide
staining was abundant throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems,
and appeared similar to the staining pattern
revealed using an FMRFamide antiserum. GYIRFamide immunoreactivity was
localized to nerve cells and fibres within
the paired cerebral ganglia and the longitudinal ventral, dorsal and lateral
nerve cords and their numerous interconnecting
transverse commissures. The plexuses of the buccal suckers, pharynx and
clamps
of the haptor were strongly immunopositive for GYIRFamide, as were nerve
cells
innervating the ootype, the oviduct and the vitelline reservoir of the
reproductive apparatus. Double-labelling experiments indicated an apparent
co-localization of GYIRFamide and NPF immunoreactivities.
Interactions between rat C-reactive protein and adult
Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: TAYLOR K. , HOOLE D.
Published: July 2002

Interactions between adult Hymenolepis diminuta and
rat C-reactive protein (CRP) were investigated in vivo and in
vitro. Using an ELISA technique, serum levels of CRP were monitored
in rats infected with 100 cysticercoids. Although
infection increased the level of this protein in the early stages of
parasitization, the increase was not significant until 35
days post-infection (p.i.). Secondary infections did not enhance the response.
When H. diminuta was cultured in the
presence of CRP, reduced worm motility and opaque areas were observed and
electron microscopical studies revealed
shedding of microtriches and lysis of the tegument. Initially, damage was
restricted to the strobila which correlated with
the regional distribution of phosphorylcholine as visualized using
immunofluorescence.
Regulation of nematode fecundity in the ring-necked
pheasant (Phasianus colchicus): not just density dependence
Authors: TOMPKINS D. M. , HUDSON P. J.
Published: July 2002

Patterns of nematode fecundity were investigated for infections
of the caecal worm Heterakis gallinarum in the ring-necked
pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Worm length was a good predictor
of parasite fecundity. After controlling for worm length
no other factors, including parasite intensity, were related to worm fecundity.
Density dependence in worm size was
detected in natural infections at parasite intensities above a threshold
of 96 worms (worm size decreased with increasing
parasite intensity). However, below this threshold, worm size actually
decreased with decreasing parasite intensity (inverse
density dependence). The interaction between density dependence and inverse
density dependence in regulating the
development and subsequent fecundity of H. gallinarum worms in
ring-necked pheasants was demonstrated in an infection
experiment. Density dependence was observed in the stunted growth of worms
in heavily infected hosts, relative to worms
in lightly infected hosts. Inverse density dependence in worm size was
the common pattern across hosts by the end of
the experiment, when parasite intensities were below the density dependence
threshold. This is the first study to document
both density dependence and inverse density dependence in parasite fecundity
in the same host–helminth system.
Language in schizophrenia and its relationship to formal thought disorder
Authors: RODRIGUEZ-FERRERA S. , McCARTHY R. A. , McKENNA P. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Although poor language test performance has been documented in schizophrenia, its
relationship to formal thought disorder remains unclear.

Method. Forty schizophrenic patients were administered eight language tests and, under blind
conditions, rated for formal thought disorder. Measures of general intellectual function were also
obtained.

Results. Performance on all language tests was significantly correlated with the general intellectual
measures. Three language test scores also showed significant correlations with formal thought
disorder scores. Multiple regression and analysis of intellectually preserved patients suggested
particular associations of formal thought disorder with semantic comprehension and picture
description.

Conclusions. General intellectual impairment is an important determinant of poor language test
performance in schizophrenia, but presence of formal thought disorder may also contribute. A
higher-order semantic deficit may be particularly relevant to both linguistic impairment and formal
thought disorder.
Gender differences in the onset of depression
following a shared life event: a study of couples
Authors: NAZROO J. Y. , EDWARDS A. C. , BROWN G. W.
Published: July 2002

Background. Gender differences in clinically relevant depression are well established, appear to
be greatest in childbearing years and may be the result of gender differences in social roles.

Methods. A community sample of 100 couples who had recently experienced at least one
threatening life event that was potentially depressogenic for both of them was studied using
a semi-structured interviewer-rated interview. Onset of depression was assessed using the
Present State Examination, and, rather than assuming that a gender difference in roles existed
uniformly across the couples, they were characterized according to their actual role activity and
commitment.

Results. Women were found to have a greater risk of a depressive episode following the life
event than men, and this difference was of a similar magnitude to other reports of gender
differences in depression. Consistent with a role hypothesis, this greater risk was entirely
restricted to episodes that followed events involving children, housing or reproductive problems.
In addition, it was found that women's greater risk of a depressive episode following such
events was only present among those couples where there were clear gender differences in
associated roles. There was some suggestion that differences in roles on the one hand resulted in
women being more likely to hold themselves responsible for such events and, on the other hand,
enabled men to distance themselves from them.

Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that gender differences in rates of depression
in the general population are, to a considerable extent, a consequence of role differences.
Prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders in an adult
African rural community in South Africa
Authors: BHAGWANJEE A. , PAREKH A. , PARUK Z. , PETERSEN I. , SUBEDAR H.
Published: July 2002

Background. This paper reports on a two-stage community-based

epidemiological study of selected
minor psychiatric disorders conducted on an adult African population in
South Africa.

Methods. Using a modified random cluster sampling method,
354 adults were identified as the first-stage sample, with the SRQ-20
being used as a first-stage screen.
Clinical interviews based on DSM-IV checklists for generalized anxiety

disorder, major depression and dysthymia were administered
as the second-stage criterion to 81 subjects from the sample.

Results. The weighted prevalence for generalised anxiety
and depressive disorders was 23·9% (95%
CI 15·1%–32·7%), comprising: generalized anxiety 3·7%,

major depression 4·8%, dysthymia
7·3%, and major depression and dysthymia 8·2%. Statistically

significant associations were found
between caseness and age, marital status, employment, income and educational
level.

Conclusions. The results are discussed in relation
to comparative local and international data as well
as in the context of the current restructuring of the
mental-health care system in South Africa from
tertiary curative care to integrated primary mental-health care.
Subclinical symptoms in mood disorders:
pathophysiological and therapeutic implications
Authors: FAVA GIOVANNI A.
Published: July 2002

Background. The aim of this review was to survey the available
literature on prodromal and residual
symptoms of unipolar major depression and bipolar disorder.

Methods. Both a computerized (Medline) and a manual search
of the literature were performed.

Results. In a substantial proportion of patients with affective
disorders a prodromal phase can be
identified. Most patients report residual symptoms despite successful treatment.
Residual symptoms
upon remission have a strong prognostic value. There appears to be a relationship
between residual
and prodromal symptomatology (the rollback phenomenon).

Conclusions. Appraisal of subclinical symptomatology in mood
disorders has important
implications for pathophysiological models of disease and relapse prevention.
In depression, specific
treatment of residual symptoms may improve long-term outcome, by acting
on those residual
symptoms that progress to become prodromes of relapse. In bipolar disorder,
decrease of subclinical
fluctuations and improvement of level of functioning by specific therapeutic
strategies may add to
the benefits provided by lithium prophylaxis.
Attentional bias for drug cues in opiate dependence
Authors: LUBMAN D. I. , PETERS L. A. , MOGG K. , BRADLEY B. P. , DEAKIN J. F. W.
Published: July 2002

Background. In a number of theories of compulsive drug use conditioned responses to stimuli
associated with drug taking play a pivotal role. For example, according to incentive-sensitization
theory (Robinson & Berridge, 1993), drug-related stimuli selectively capture attention, and the
neural mechanisms underlying this attentional bias play a key role in the development and
maintenance of drug dependence, and in relapse. However, there has been little work that assesses
attentional biases in addiction.

Methods. We used a pictorial probe detection task to investigate whether there is an attentional bias
to stimuli associated with drug use in opiate dependence. Stimuli presented included pairs of drug-related and matched neutral pictures. Methadone-maintained opiate addicts (N = 16) were
compared with age-matched controls (N = 16).

Results. A mixed design analysis of variance of response times to probes revealed a significant three-way interaction of group×drug picture location×probe location. Opiate addicts had relatively
faster reaction times to probes that replaced drug pictures rather than neutral pictures, consistent
with the predicted attentional bias to drug-related stimuli.

Conclusions. These results support the idea that an attentional bias for drug-related stimuli occurs
in opiate dependence. This is consistent with the concept of a central role for such salient stimuli
in compulsive drug use.
Non-linear relationships in associations of
depression and anxiety with alcohol use
Authors: RODGERS B. , KORTEN A. E. , JORM A. F. , JACOMB P. A. , CHRISTENSEN H. , HENDERSON A. S.
Published: July 2002

Background. Many studies have demonstrated co-morbidity of alcohol abuse/dependence with
mood and anxiety disorders but relatively little is known about anxiety and depression across the
full continua of alcohol consumption and problems associated with drinking.

Methods. Participants from a general population sample (N = 2725) aged 18–80 years completed
the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and four measures of negative affect (two
depression and two anxiety symptom scales) included in a self-completion questionnaire.

Results. High consumption, AUDIT total score, and AUDIT problems score were associated with
high negative affect scores in participants under 60 years old (ORs in the range 1·80–2·83). Graphical
and statistical analyses using continuous measures of alcohol use/problems and negative affect
identified non-linear relationships where abstainers and occasional drinkers, as well as heavy and
problem drinkers, were at risk of high anxiety and depression levels. This pattern, however, was not
found in those aged [ges ] 60 years. The U-shaped relationship was not an artefact of abstainers being
typical of the general population in their distribution of negative affect.

Conclusions. Studies of co-morbidity should acknowledge the possibility of non-linear associations
and employ both continuous and discrete measures. Abstainers, as well as heavy drinkers, are at
increased risk of symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders. Psychosocial factors may play a
role in the U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality.
Serotonergic dysfunction across the eating disorders: relationship to eating behaviour, purging behaviour, nutritional status and general psychopathology
Authors: MONTELEONE P. , BRAMBILLA F. , BORTOLOTTI F. , MAJ M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Several recent studies have pointed to a dysfunction of serotonin transmission in patients with eating disorders. Notwithstanding, it is not known whether serotonergic abnormalities are related primarily to eating and/or purging behaviour, nutritional status or general psychopathological dimensions. Therefore, by using a validated neuroendocrine strategy, we investigated central serotonergic function in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder who differ on the above parameters.

Methods. Plasma prolactin response to D-fenfluramine (30 mg p.o.) or placebo was measured in 58 drug-free female volunteers, comprising 15 underweight anorexic women, 18 bulimic women, 10 women with binge-eating disorder and 15 female healthy controls. Behavioural assessment included ratings of eating disorder symptoms, depression, aggression and food-related obsessions and compulsions.

Results. A significantly decreased prolactin response to D-fenfluramine was found in underweight anorexic women and in bulimics with high frequency bingeing ([ges ]2 binge episodes/day), but not in patients with binge-eating disorder or in bulimics with low frequency bingeing ([les ]1 binge episode/day). In the whole bulimic group, a negative correlation emerged between frequency of bingeing and prolactin response. No significant correlation was found between physical or
psychopathological measures and the hormonal response in any group.

Conclusions. These results confirm our previous findings of an impaired serotonergic transmission in underweight anorexics and in bulimics with high frequency bingeing, but not in patients with less severe bulimia nervosa. Moreover, they show, for the first time, that the hypothalamic serotonergic system is not altered in women with binge-eating disorder.
God is great, God is good: medieval conceptions of divine goodness and the problem of hell
Authors: CLARK KELLY JAMES
Published: July 2002

Medieval views of both divine goodness and the doctrine of hell are
examined and shown to be incompatible with our best understandings of goodness.
The only manner in which God could be good to those in hell – by permitting their
continued existence – is not sufficient to outweigh ‘the dreadful pains of eternal
fire’. One might claim that God is good to them in the retributive sense; but I argue
that retributive punishment is inadequate justification of eternal torment. The
medieval notions of goodness and hell seem to make God more a sadistic torturer
than a caring parent. Eleonore Stump, accepting the medievals' axiology,
ameliorates the doctrine of hell. However, I argue that her Dantean version of hell
fails because not to be in certain circumstances is rationally preferable to continued
existence. In addition, life under those conditions would result in frustration, not
fulfilment, of one's second nature and would result in a progressive loss of being.
Indeed, it seems more reasonable to reject the identity of being and goodness which
both the medievals and Stump embrace or to accept being as a prima facie good
that is defeasible in the face of eternal damnation.
Pascal's Wager and the Many Gods Objection
Authors: SAKA PAUL
Published: July 2002

Pascal's Wager is finding ever more defenders who aim to undermine the
old Many Gods Objection. It is my thesis that they are mistaken. After describing
the Wager and the objection, I report on Jeff Jordan's repeated attempt to limit
legitimate religious hypotheses to those that are traditional. In separate sections I
criticize Jordan, first coming from epistemology and second from anthropology.
Then I describe George Schlesinger's repeated appeal to the ‘simplest’ religious
hypothesis, and argue that it fails for similar reasons. Finally, I summarize and
reject miscellaneous defences of Pascal by Robert Anderson, Bradley Armour-Garb,
James Franklin, Joshua Golding, and Nicholas Rescher.
Tara Goldstein, Two languages at work: Bilingual
life on the production floor. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,
1997. Pp. xvi, 277. DM 198.00.
Authors: Pousada Alicia
Published: July 2002

For readers who are interested in learning how
and why speakers select among competing language varieties,
Goldstein's critical ethnography of immigrant factory
workers in Toronto provides compelling documentation. She
was employed as an on-site teacher of English as a Second
Language (ESL) at Stone Specialities, a manufacturing company
that hired large numbers of Portuguese-speaking workers
from the Azores. The workplace ESL classes were less successful
than expected, so she undertook an in-depth ethnographic
study to determine why.
Can we measure working memory without contamination from knowledge held in long-term memory?
Authors: Sweller John
Published: July 2002

The metric devised by Halford, Wilson & Phillips may have
considerable potential in distinguishing between the working memory
demands of different tasks but may be less effective in distinguishing
working memory capacity between individuals. Despite the strengths
of the metric, determining whether an effect is caused by relational
complexity or by differential levels of expertise is currently
problematic.
Parts of visual shape as primitives for categorization
Authors: Singh Manish , Landau Barbara
Published: July 2002

Converging psychophysical evidence suggests that the human
visual system parses shapes into component parts for the purposes of
object recognition. We examine the Schyns et al. claim of
“creation” of features in light of recent work on
part-based representations of visual shape, particularly the
perceptual rules that human vision uses to parse shapes.
Feature learning during the acquisition of perceptual expertise
Authors: Williams Pepper , Gauthier Isabel , Tarr Michael J.
Published: July 2002

Does feature evolution stop once we have acquired sufficient
features to perform a recognition task? With extended practice,
novices may develop a more sophisticated feature space that allows
them to perform more accurately or quickly. Our work on perceptual
expertise indicates that feature learning and reorganization can
continue even after an initial set of features is available to
represent a novel class of objects.
A task-oriented taxonomy of visual completion
Authors: Yin Carol
Published: July 2002

Differences and similarities between modal and amodal
completions can only be understood by considering the goals of
visual completion: unity, shape, and perceptual quality. Pessoa et al.
cannot reject representational accounts of vision because of flaws
with isomorphic representations of perceptual quality: representations
and processes for perceptual quality (modal completion) and most
likely dissociable from those for unity and shape (nonmodal
completions).
Territorial song and facial gesture: A language precursor in apes
Authors: Ujhelyi Maria
Published: July 2002

The natural communication system of chimpanzees has some
unique characteristics rooted in two possible ways of producing call
variants in primates. The chimpanzee call repertoire contains variants
available to all group members. The transfer presupposes voluntary
control and learnability. Chimpanzee vocalization (or its homologue in
the common ancestor of chimpanzee and man) seems to represent a
real precursor of human language.
“Universals of colour” from a linguistic point of view
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: July 2002

Saunders and van Brakel's observation that “linguistic evidence provides no grounds for the universality of basic color categories” also applies to the concept of “colour” itself. The language of “seeing” is rooted in human experience, and its basic frame of reference is provided by the universal rhythm of “light” days and “dark” nights and by the fundamental and visually salient features of human environment: the sky, the sun, vegetation, fire, the sea, the naked earth.
Embodied metaphor in perceptual symbols
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W. , Berg Eric A.
Published: July 2002

We agree with Barsalou's claim about the importance of
perceptual symbols in a theory of abstract concepts. Yet we maintain
that the richness of many abstract concepts arises from the metaphorical
mapping of recurring patterns of perceptual, embodied experience to
provide essential structure to these abstract ideas.
Convergence of Conze–Lesigne averages
Authors: HOST BERNARD , KRA BRYNA
Published: July 2002

We study the convergence of N^{-1} \sum f_1(T^{a_1n}x)f_2(T^{a_2n}x)f_3(T^{a_3n}x), for a measure-preserving system (X, \mathcal{B}, \mu, T) and f_{1}, f_{2}, f_{3} \in L^{\infty}(\mu). This generalizes the theorem of Conze and Lesigne on such expressions and simplifies the proof. We also obtain a description of the limit.
Ratio geometry, rigidity and the scenery process for
hyperbolic Cantor sets
Authors: BEDFORD TIM , FISHER ALBERT M.
Published: July 2002

Given a ${\cal C}^{1+\gamma}$ hyperbolic Cantor set
$C$, we study the sequence $C_{n,x}$ of Cantor subsets which nest down toward
a point $x$ in $C$. We show that $C_{n,x}$ is asymptotically equal to an
ergodic Cantor set valued process. The values of this process, called
limit sets, are indexed by a Hölder continuous set-valued
function defined
on Sullivan's dual Cantor set. We show the limit sets are themselves ${\cal
C}^{k+\gamma},{\cal C}^\infty$ or ${\cal C}^\omega$ hyperbolic Cantor sets,
with the highest degree of smoothness which occurs in the ${\cal
C}^{1+\gamma}$ conjugacy class of $C$. The proof of this leads to the
following rigidity theorem: if two ${\cal C}^{k+\gamma},{\cal C}^\infty$ or
${\cal C}^\omega$ hyperbolic Cantor sets are ${\cal C}^1$ conjugate, then the
conjugacy (with a different extension) is in fact already ${\cal
C}^{k+\gamma},{\cal C}^\infty$ or ${\cal C}^\omega$. Within one ${\cal
C}^{1+\gamma}$ conjugacy class, each smoothness class is a Banach manifold,
which is acted on by the semigroup given by rescaling subintervals.
Smoothness classes nest down, and contained in the intersection of them all
is a compact set which is the attractor for the semigroup: the collection of
limit sets. Convergence is exponentially fast, in the ${\cal C}^1$ norm.
Robotic assembly: chamferless peg-hole assembly
Authors: Haskiya W. , Maycock K. , Knight J.
Published: July 2002

The peg-in-hole insertion process is the most common task in the robotic/automatic assembly industry. However, the inaccuracy of the assembly robot in positioning the inserted peg into the hole due to the uncertainty of the assembly environment, represents an obstacle in this area of automation. To overcome this problem, complex and expensive equipment has been designed. The objective of this paper is to provide an in-depth understanding of the chamferless peg-hole assembly, by showing the geometrical, dynamical conditions for a successful assembly operation. Also, the results of this analysis have been simulated to demonstrate the chamferless peg-hole insertion process.
IMPLEMENTING CLINICAL GUIDELINES IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN
GENERAL PRACTICE
Authors: Hetlevik Irene , Holmen Jostein , Krüger Øystein , Kristensen Pål , Iversen Hege , Furuseth Kristian
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To evaluate the implementation of clinical guidelines
for diabetes mellitus in general practice with a specific computer-based
clinical decision support system (CDSS) as part of the intervention.

Methods: Randomized study with health center as unit. General
practice in Sør- and Nord-Trøndelag counties in Norway, 380,000
inhabitants. Seventeen health centers with 24 doctors and 499 patients with
diabetes mellitus were in the intervention group and 12 health centers with 29
doctors and 535 patients were in the control group. Main outcome measures were
group differences in fractions of patients without registrations (process
evaluation) and mean group differences for the same variables (patient outcome
evaluation).

Results: Statistically significant group differences were
experienced for fractions of patients without registration of cigarette
smoking (intervention group, 82.6%; control group 94.5%), body mass index
(78.2% vs. 93.0%), and sufficient registrations for calculation of risk score
for myocardial infarction (91.1% vs. 98.3%); all during 18 months. Large
center variations were shown for all variables. The only statistically
significant group difference was −2.3 mm Hg (95% CI, −3.8,
−0.8) in diastolic blood pressure in favor of the intervention group.
Statistically insignificant differences in favor of the intervention group
were HbA1c, −0.1% (95% CI, −0.4, 0.1), systolic blood pressure,
−1.2 mm Hg (95% CI, −4.4, 2.0). Statistically insignificant
differences in favor of the control group were fractions of smokers, +3.0%
(95% CI, −4.0, 10.0), body mass index, +0.3 kg/m2 (95%
CI, −0.8, 1.4), risk score in female +0.1 (95% CI, −5.1, 5.2), and
risk score in male +2.6 (95% CI, −14.2, 19.5).

Conclusions: Implementation of clinical guidelines for diabetes
mellitus in general practice, by means of a CDSS and several procedures for
implementation, did not result in a clinically significant change in
doctors' behavior or in patient outcome.
Seed dispersal by Ceratogymna hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon
Authors: WHITNEY KENNETH D. , FOGIEL MARK K. , LAMPERTI AARON M. , HOLBROOK KIMBERLY M. , STAUFFER DONALD J. , HARDESTY BRITTA DENISE , PARKER V. THOMAS , SMITH THOMAS B.
Published: July 2002

Seed dispersal is a process critical to the maintenance of tropical forests, yet little is known about the interactions of most dispersers with their communities. In the Dja Reserve, Cameroon, seed dispersal by the hornbills Certaogymna atrata, C. cylindricus and C. fistulator (Aves: Bucerotidae) was evaluated with respect to the taxonomic breadth of plants dispersed, location of seed deposition and effects on seed germination. Collectively, the three hornbill species consumed fruits from 59 tree and liana species, and likely provided dispersal for 56 of them. Hornbill-dispersed tree species composed 22% of the known tree flora of the site. Hornbill visit lengths, visit frequencies, and seed passage times indicated that few seeds were deposited beneath parent trees; in five hornbill/tree species pairings studied, 69–100% of the seeds ingested were deposited away from the parent trees. Germination trials showed that hornbill gut passage is gentle on seeds. Of 24 tree species tested, 23 germinated after passage by hornbills; of 17 planted with controls taken directly from trees, only four species showed evidence of inhibition of germination rate, while seven experienced unchanged germinated rates and six experienced enhanced germination rates. Results suggested that Certaogymna hornbill rank among the most important seed dispersers found in Afrotropical forests, and they deserve increased conservation attention. Ceratogymna hornbills are likely to become increasingly important in forest regeneration as populations of larger mammalian seed dispersers (such as forest elephants and primates) diminish.
Altitudinal distribution of leaf litter ants along a transect in primary forests on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Brühl Carsten A. , Mohamed Maryati , Linsenmair K. Eduard
Published: July 2002

The ant communities of the leaf litter were studied along an elevational gradient on Mount Kinabalu in primary rain forest systems ranging from dipterocarp hill forest to dwarf forest of the highest altitudes (560, 800, 1130, 1360, 1530, 1740, 1930, 2025, 2300, 2600 m a.s.l.). The litter ant fauna along the gradient included 283 species of 55 genera. The number of ant species in the leaf litter decreased exponentially without evidence of a peak in species richness at mid-elevations. This result is in contrast to many findings on altitudinal gradients in ants and other animal groups. Most ant species have a very limited altitudinal range leading to high turnover values when comparing communities of different altitudes. Of the ant species, 74% were even restricted to one site. As evident from this study, altitudinal ranges of species are very narrow. Elevational gradients are therefore extremely species-rich and might serve as a prime example of hot spots of biodiversity. This fact is of great concern when implementing conservation strategies.