bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of endocrine and metabolic dysfunctions after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children: a study from Turkey
Authors: Gokcebay Dilek Gurlek , Azik Fatih , Bayram Cengiz , Erdem Arzu Yazal , Fettah Ali , Isik Pamir , Yarali Nese , Demirel Fatma , Tunc Bahattin , Ozbek Namik
Published: May 2017

Background:

Endocrine organs are highly susceptible to effects of high-dose chemotherapy. The objective of the study was to evaluate endocrine and metabolic complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children.

Methods:

The patients who underwent HSCT in our center from April 2010 to October 2014 with at least 1 year follow-up were analyzed retrospectively.

Results:

One-hundred children (M/F:59/41; mean age 8.9±4.8 years, mean follow-up time 3.4±1.2 years) were included in the study. Female hypogonadism was the most common endocrine dysfunction (35.7%), followed by growth impairment (29.4%), malnutrition (27.4%), dyslipidemia (26%), low bone mineral density (BMD) (25%), hypothyroidism (13%) and insulin resistance (12%). Patients who underwent HSCT >10 years of age were significantly at risk for hypogonadism, metabolic syndrome, growth impairment and malnutrition (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

Endocrine or metabolic dysfunctions are more prevalent in children who are older than 10 years of age at HSCT. Children who underwent HSCT should be followed-up by a multidisciplinary team during puberty and adolescence.
Refugee Law Clinic Regensburg – das erste Jahr
Authors: Borkowski Larissa , Helmrich Christian
Published: May 2017

Law clinics sind Trend in Deutschland. Zum Teil entspringen sie juristischen
Lehrstühlen, zum Teil studentischer Eigeninitiative. Aufgrund der
aktuellen migrationspolitischen Situation ist das Asyl- bzw. Migrationsrecht
hierzulande das wichtigste Betätigungsfeld der clinics. Die derzeit um
die dreißig deutschen Refugee Law Clinics unterscheiden sich in ihrer
Konzeption mitunter beträchtlich. Das im Beitrag vorgestellte
Regensburger Modell weist in mehrerlei Hinsicht Besonderheiten auf. Die
Erwägungen bei der Ausgestaltung der Regensburger law clinic werden
deshalb im Beitrag ausführlich dargestellt. Eingegangen wird insbesondere
auf die organisatorische Ummantelung der clinic, die Ausbildung und Betreuung
der Studierenden sowie – in einem Ausblick – die
Möglichkeiten zur strategischen Prozessführung.
Metaphorical conceptualization of success in American success books, aphorisms and quotes
Authors: Łącka-Badura Jolanta
Published: May 2017

The paper seeks to investigate how SUCCESS is conceptualized metaphorically in popular American success books, aphorisms and quotes. The study is based on an analysis of a corpus comprising over 600 utterances in which the lexical entry SUCCESS is regarded as constituting part of a metaphorical expression. The utterances have been extracted from the initial corpus of 10 success guide books, as well as 150 success aphorisms and quotes by famous Americans. The study investigates two aspects of this conceptualization. In the first instance, it examines which metaphorical source domains, as understood within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, prove to be most productive in the corpus. Secondly, in line with the frequently expressed views that the significance of conceptual metaphor as an explanatory construct is sometimes overstated in cognitive linguistic research, the paper attempts to analyze examples of linguistic metaphors which appear to be motivated in ways that are, at least in part, independent of well-established conceptual mappings, with particular emphasis on the resemblance-based and image metaphors associated with the predicate nominative forms ‘X is a Y’.
A new optimization model for market basket analysis with allocation considerations: A genetic algorithm solution approach
Authors: Heydari Majeed , Yousefli Amir
Published: May 2017

Nowadays market basket analysis is one of the interested research areas of the data mining that has received more attention by researchers. But, most of the related research focused on the traditional and heuristic algorithms with limited factors that are not the only influential factors of the basket market analysis. In this paper to efficient modeling and analysis of the market basket data, the optimization model is proposed with considering allocation parameter as one of the important and effectual factors of the selling rate. The genetic algorithm approach is applied to solve the formulated non-linear binary programming problem and a numerical example is used to illustrate the presented model. The provided results reveal that the obtained solutions seem to be more realistic and applicable.
Comparison of four microfinance markets from the point of view of the effectuation theory, complemented by proposed musketeer principle illustrating forces within village banks
Authors: Hes Tomáš , Sulaiman Haiyan , Bali Chávez Guillermo , Mintah Samuel , Salman Ali
Published: May 2017

Microfinance services are essential tools of formalization of shadow economics, leveraging immature entrepreneurship with external capital. Given the importance of shadow economics for the social balance of developing countries, the importance of an answer to a question of how microfinance entities come into existence, is rather essential. While decision-taking process leading to entrepreneurship were explained by the effectuation theory developed in the 90’, these explanations were not concerned with the logics of creation of microenterprises in neither developing countries nor microfinance village banks. While the abovementioned theories explain the nascence of companies in environment of developed markets, importance of a focus on emerging markets related to large share of human society of microfinance clientele is obvious. The study provides a development streak to the effectuation Theory, adding the musketeer principle to the five effectuation principles proposed by Sarasvathy. Furthermore, the hitherto not considered relationship between social capital and effectuation related concepts is another proposal of the paper focusing on description of the nature of microfinance clientele from the point of view of effectuation theory and social capital drawing a comparison of microfinance markets in four countries, Turkey, Sierra Leone, Indonesia and Afghanistan.
Introducing the religio-centric positional advantage to Indonesian small businesses
Authors: Hendar Hendar , Ferdinand Augusti Tae , Nurhayati Tatiek
Published: May 2017

With a focus on small religion-based businesses in Indonesia, this research examines whether marketing innovativeness, customers responsiveness and competitors′ responsiveness can improve marketing performance. A conceptual model on the correlation of these three variables with religio-centric positional advantage and marketing performance is examined by using structural equation model. For this purpose 335 small businesses of Islamic Fashion had been studied using purposive sampling from 11 regencies/cities in Central Java (Indonesia). The results showed that (1) small companies in these market segments based on religion is likely to have better marketing performance when they have the Religio-centric positional advantage, (2) The increase in marketing innovativeness, CuR and CoR is required to improve and maintain religio-centric positional advantage, and (3) religio-centric positional advantage is definitely a mediator in the correlation of marketing innovativeness, customer responsiveness and competitors responsiveness with marketing performance.
The importance of international experience for Romanian students in establishing career priorities
Authors: Butum Lavinia
Published: May 2017

Romanian students′ appreciation towards international experience has been increasing as the number of students involved in international programs has been rising year by year. Also, students′ expectations upon graduation are more related to finding a good job, usually in multinationals. Studies conducted in Romania (Frunzaru et al., 2013) and (Nicolescu and Păun, 2009) showed that students give great attention to the skills they acquire after completing various programs, often their choices being focused on several successful areas and international programs. The joint projects of several universities and governmental authorities in Romania have aimed to develop the international dimension of education (IEMU, 2015). The results of implementing those projects could be revealed by students’ perception of international competences gained by curricula or international exchange programs. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of Romanian and European graduates’ satisfaction with international experience and extracurricular resources accessed during university courses. Also, the article will analyze the dynamics of graduates′ career priorities in accordance with the skills provided upon graduation. The data are selected from Trendence Graduate Barometer - Romanian Edition and the analysis establishes relevant conclusions regarding the young Romanian graduates′ need to develop, in comparison with European graduates from 5-year statistic data (2012-2016). The conclusions include a comparison of international exchange programs and career priorities expectations among Romanian and other European graduates. Also, the paper will draw new research directions regarding students′ need for specialization especially in gaining international competences.
Arendt and the Legitimate Expectation for Hospitality and Membership Today
Authors: Weinman Michael D.
Published: May 2017

What does the growing tide of displaced persons today teach us about the ongoing paradoxes of human rights regimes, which rely on the particular sovereignty of nation-states for their constitution and application but are framed and normatively justified as universal? Working with Arendt’s defense of ‘the right to have rights’ in response to the problem of statelessness which is the practical lynchpin of these historical and theoretical tensions, I specify that and why any person on earth, regardless of their legal status as a national or resident or non-resident alien, canlegitimately expecttwo things from the political community in which they reside: hospitality and membership.
Zero-divisor graphs of lower dismantlable lattices I
Authors: Patil Avinash , Waphare B. N. , Joshi Vinayak , Pourali Hossein Y.
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we study the zero-divisor graphs of a subclass of dismantlable lattices. These graphs are characterized in terms of the non-ancestor graphs of rooted trees.
Weak interpolation for the lipschitz class
Authors: Macía Benxamín , Tugores Francesc
Published: May 2017

We introduce and characterize interpolation sets in a weak sense for the Lipschitz class in the unit disc of the complex plane. Interpolation sets in the classical sense and in a strong sense for this space have already been examined.
Existence of positive solutions for a nonlinear nth-order m-point p-Laplacian impulsive boundary value problem
Authors: Karaca Ilkay Yaslan , Fen Fatma Tokmak
Published: May 2017

In this paper, six functionals fixed point theorem is used to investigate the existence of at least three positive solutions for a nonlinear nth-order m-point p-Laplacian impulsive boundary value problem. As an application, we give an example to demonstrate our result.
On the oscillation of certain third order nonlinear dynamic equations with a nonlinear damping term
Authors: Grace Said R. , Graef John R. , Tunç Ercan
Published: May 2017

New oscillation criteria for certain third order nonlinear dynamic equations with a nonlinear damping term are established. Examples to illustrate the results are included.
Homoclinic solutions for ordinary (q, p)-Laplacian systems with a coercive potential
Authors: Paşca Daniel
Published: May 2017

A result for the existence of homoclinic orbits is obtained for (q, p)-Laplacian systems.
Crystal stucture of 4-((10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)methyl)-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, C27H31NOS
Authors: Wang Limin , Yu Shasha , Liu Shenggao
Published: May 2017

C27H31NOS, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 9.2279(8) Å, b = 10.2275(9) Å, c = 13.0749(12) Å, α = 73.910(2)°, β = 79.621(2)°, γ = 72.216(2)°, V = 1122.82(17) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0393, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1072, T = 130 K.
The crystal structure of 2,2-difluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,5-dihydro-[1,3,2]dioxaborinino[5,4-c]chromen-3-ium-2-uide, C11H6BF5O3
Authors: Yu Guang , bai JinYuan , Hou YanJun
Published: May 2017

C11H6BF5O3, orthorhombic, P21212 (no. 18), a = 13.236(4) Å, b = 18.566(5) Å, c = 4.7869(13) Å, V = 1176.3(6) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0442, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1307, T = 296 K.
Limits to Change
Authors: Puijk Roel
Published: May 2017

Production studies have become popular over the past decade. Recent studies have analysed, amongst other things, innovation, management strategies and the effects of convergence on editorial processes. There have only been a few studies that have analysed what happened inside media organisations in the earlier transformative stages (outside the UK and the USA). This paper analyses how the Norwegian public service broadcaster (NRK) adapted to the loss of its monopoly and the beginning of competition during the mid-1980s. It provides a window into how the flagship of public service, the Enlightenment Department, dealt with the new situation.

If one follows the production process of the main programme of the department (with the revealing working title ‘Flagship’) from its conception to its realisation as a weekly programme broadcast in prime time, this reveals how innovation at the time was restricted by organisational arrangements, internal values and external pressures. The programme makers included many elements that are still today considered to be advantageous in factual programming (humour, dramatization, popularisation, serialization, recognition, and even interactivity). Along the way several of these were changed: what had started as a proposal for a documentary series turned into something that was predominantly a discussion programme.
Zwackhiomyces polischukii Sp. Nov., and other Noteworthy Lichenicolous Fungi from Ukraine
Authors: Khodosovtsev Alexander Ye. , Darmostuk Valeriy V.
Published: May 2017

The new lichenicolous fungus Zwackhiomyces polischukii Darmostuk & Khodos. is described from Bacidia fraxinea Lönnr. and B. rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal. in Ukraine. Cercidospora caudata Kernst., Cladophialophora parmeliae (Etayo & Diederich) Diederich & Untereiner, Epicladonia simplex D. Hawksw., Laetisaria lichenicola Diederich, Lawrey & Van den Broeck, Lichenochora caloplacae Zhurb., L. weillii (Werner) Hafellner & R. Sant., Microsphaeropsis caloplacae Etayo & Yazıcı, Pronectria casaresii Etayo and P. cf. dillmaniae Zhurb. are new for Ukraine. Seven species are new for the plains of Ukraine and four species are new for the steppe zone. Pronectria diplococca, P. cf. dillmaniae, Lichenochora caloplacae and Microsphaeropsis caloplacae were previously known only from their original descriptions.
Tourist maps – definition, types and contents
Authors: Jancewicz Kacper , Borowicz Dorota
Published: May 2017

Tourist maps are one of the most common groups of cartographic documents. Their variety in terms of content, subject matter and publication titles is a result of growing popularity of diverse forms of tourism activity. The aim of the authors of this article is to demonstrate issues related to tourist maps, including their variety in relation to contemporary forms of tourism. As tourist maps are constantly developing, the authors decided to propose a classification of tourist maps which is adequate from the point of view of the types of maps we currently distinguish. Taking into consideration the aim and type of tourism, the maps were divided into the following sub-groups: maps for sightseeing tourism, qualified tourism, and other tourism, as well as tourist city maps, and maps prepared for promotion and advertising of tourism. The first there categories were further divided into more detailed sub-categories and each of them was described briefly in terms of its content. The classification of maps based on their scales and form of content presentation was also included.

The authors attempted also to define the concept of “tourist map” itself. The authors defined it as a geographic representation of an area presented on a plane, in accordance with specific mathematical rules, which should include topographic contents, information about tourist attractions of a given area, its tourist and complementary infrastructure, presented with the help of conventional signs, in a matter appropriate for the scale of the map and its intended use.

Contributing to the discussion on the place of tourist map in the general classification of maps, the article distinguishes not only general-geographic maps and thematic maps, but also orientation and navigation maps. This terms covered tourist maps, road maps, and navigation maps: sailing, sea, aerial and city maps. They consist a group of maps in which the functions they play determine their informational content and their form of cartographic presentation. However, unlike on thematic maps, where the general geographic content is merely a background for presentation of the theme-related phenomena, the geographic content is essential in case of tourist maps. It is precisely the general geographic content which is primarily responsible for communicating information which is meant to be used for orientation and navigation purposes.
Morphometric abnormalities in spleen and kidney of the progeny of mice fed American cranberry extract (Vaccinium macrocarpon) during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Bałan B.J. , Lewicki S. , Siwicki A.K. , Stelmasiak M. , Skopiński P. , Skopińska-Różewska E. , Wasiutyński A. , Zdanowski R.
Published: May 2017

Cranberries and cranberry-derived diet supplements are often recommended for the treatment of urinary tract infections, also during pregnancy. These products contain strongly anti-angiogenic chemical compounds which could not be indifferent to the developing fetus. In the present work we evaluated the effect of feeding pregnant and lactating mice American cranberry extract (daily dose 0.88 mg) on the morphology and some parameters of spleen and kidney function of their adult progeny. Six weeks after delivery the morphometry of spleen and kidney, cytometric analysis of spleen lymphocytes, evaluation of humoral response to SRBC (Sheep Red Blood Cells), and examination of serum creatinine/urea concentration, were performed in the offspring. Spleens of progeny from experimental (E) group differed from the spleens of progeny of control mice in the lower number of lymphatic nodules and their larger diameter. Cytometry of spleen cells from progeny of E mothers revealed more CD19+ and CD8+ lymphocytes than in the control group. No difference was seen in the response to immunization by red blood cells of sheep (SRBC) between control and E offspring. An increase in the diameter of glomeruli was observed in the kidneys of the experimental group in comparison with the control group. No abnormalities in creatinine and urea serum level were observed. A higher concentration of VEGF and bFGF in E offspring sera in comparison to the controls was seen. Conclusion: Although the observed differences between the control and experimental group were not large, caution is recommended in using cranberries and their extracts during pregnancy until more research will be done on this topic.
In vitro effect of leptin on anterior pituitary cells LH secretory activity during early pregnancy in pig
Authors: Siawrys G. , Gajewska A.
Published: May 2017

Leptin modulates reproductive activity but its potential influence on LH secretion from anterior pituitary (AP) cells during implantation period in pigs (days 14-16 of pregnancy) remained unexplored. This study focused on determination whether leptin affects basal and GnRH-induced LH secretion and intracellular accumulation and whether leptin receptor (OB-Rb) mRNA is expressed in the AP gland during implantation in pigs. Four individual AP glands were developed into separate primary cultures. 2×105 cells/ml were preincubated (72 h) and next, for 3.5 h, experimentally treated with GnRH (100 ng/ml), leptin (10-11, 10-9, 10-7, 10-6 M) alone, or given in respective combinations with GnRH. In the AP gland, OB-Rb mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR method. Leptin activated LH secretion and its concentration-dependent effect was observed as stimulation shown in a full range tested (culture 1) and exhibited only at 10-6 M (culture 2). A pooled data analysis revealed that basal LH secretion increased at 10-9, 10-7 and 10-6 M, but GnRH-induced LH release decreased at 10-6 M. Leptin down-regulated GnRH-induced LH secretion in all cultures, but only culture 3 exhibited sensitivity for all concentrations tested. Basal LH accumulation was activated in culture 1 (at 10-11 M) and inhibited in culture 4 (at 10-9 M). In the presence of GnRH leptin up-regulated LH accumulation with individual culture leptin-sensitivity (culture 1-3), while down-regulated LH accumulation in culture 4. Obtained data indicate that OB-Rb mRNA is expressed in the AP gland and leptin alone and in combination with GnRH specifically modulates LH activity during early pregnancy in pigs.
Different training schedules influence platelet aggregation in show jumping horses
Authors: Giannetto C. , Arfuso F. , Fazio F. , Giudice E. , Pietro S. Di , Bruschetta D. , Piccione G.
Published: May 2017

Depending on the intensity, duration and type of physical exercise, equine metabolism has to adapt to nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine and respiratory system requirements. In horses, exercise and training are known to have considerable effects on the mechanisms of hemostatic system involving platelet activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different training schedules on platelet aggregation in 15 Italian Saddle jumping horses. Animals were divided into three equal groups: Group A was subjected to a high intensity-training program; group B to a light training program, group C included sedentary horses. From each animal, blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture at rest on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days, and afterwards, once a week, for a total of 5 weeks data recording, in order to assess the maximum degree of platelet aggregation and the initial velocity of aggregation (slope) platelet aggregation. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of the different training schedules on studied parameters.

The results revealed a different degree of platelet aggregation and a different initial velocity of platelet aggregation that changes during the different training schedules in horses that could represent a different protective endothelial mechanism. These findings could have an important role for a clearer knowledge of the physiological reference values of platelet aggregation and for a better interpretation of these variations during the training.
Solution Synthesis of Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Shekhirev Mikhail , Sinitskii Alexander
Published: May 2017

Bottom-up fabrication of narrow strips of graphene, also known as graphene nanoribbons or GNRs, is an attractive way to open a bandgap in semimetallic graphene. In this chapter, we review recent progress in solution-based synthesis of GNRs with atomically precise structures. We discuss a variety of atomically precise GNRs and highlight theoretical and practical aspects of their structural design and solution synthesis. These GNRs are typically synthesized through a polymerization of rationally designed molecular precursors followed by a planarization through a cyclodehydrogenation reaction. We discuss various synthetic techniques for polymerization and planarization steps, possible approaches for chemical modification of GNRs, and compare the properties of GNRs that could be achieved by different synthetic methods. We also discuss the importance of the rational design of molecular precursors to avoid isomerization during the synthesis and achieve GNRs that have only one possible structure. Significant attention in this chapter is paid to the methods of material characterization of solution-synthesized GNRs. The chapter is concluded with the discussion of the most significant challenges in the field and the future outlook.
Biofuels, fossil energy ratio, and the future of energy production
Authors: Consiglio David
Published: May 2017

Two hundred years ago, much of humanity’s energy came from burning wood. As energy needs outstripped supplies, we began to burn fossil fuels. This transition allowed our civilization to modernize rapidly, but it came with heavy costs including climate change. Today, scientists and engineers are taking another look at
Baltic States - How to React to “New Warfare” in the Context of the Article V?
Authors: Čižik Tomáš
Published: May 2017

Hybrid warfare represents new security challenge for whole Europe. However, hybrid warfare cannot be considered as new phenomenon, Russian aggressive exercise of hybrid warfare (annexation of Crimean Peninsula) took all European states by surprise. It consists of effective combination of tools, such as, information warfare, psychological operations, cyber operations and use of special forces. Russian hybrid warfare is designed to directly challenge the cornerstone of the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance, the Article V., because it combines conventional and unconventional measures, which are difficult to predict and counter. NATO and EU member states are forced to develop new capabilities, to build new infrastructure and to strengthen the eastern boundary of the Alliance to successfully deter potential Russian aggression in its close neighbourhood. It is also very important to build inner resilience of the member states against Russian propaganda that has massively spread throughout Eastern and Central Europe.
Alternative Views on the Participation of Non-Euro Zone Countries at the Bank Union
Authors: Donath Liliana , Mihutescu Cerna Veronica
Published: May 2017

The reformation of the bank systems’ regulation and supervision in The European Union was founded on a macroprudential approach to monitor systemic risks and the vulnerabilities in a more effective way. Considered as the backbone of the new macroprudential supervision architecture, the Bank Union raises intense debates among the catching up economies. The fact that there are few studies on the costs and benefits of joining the Bank Union for the Central and Eastern European countries, explains the different views of the decision makers concerning this issue. The study stresses the manner in which macroprudential policies were implemented in Romania, as a particular case among the CEE countries, and the extent of their contribution to mitigating vulnerabilities and maintaining financial stability. The paper summarises the main arguments in favour of joining the Bank Union by emphasising the Romanian monetary authorities’ stance compared to those of the neighbouring CEE countries.
The Symbolism of Light in the Play Lait by Magdalena Barile
Authors: Dabija Irina
Published: May 2017

Magdalena Barile is a young, but already appreciated and well known playwright, some of her work being translated and performed outside Italy. Her play Lait was played in Italy and then translated and played in England. The symbolism of light, heralded since the title, marks the whole text which can be interpreted as a metaphor of talent, of the creative energy we all possess in various degrees and shapes. Sometimes it is so pronounced it is hard to disguise, some other times it is so flimsy, it is almost unrecognisable. The purpose it is put to and the way it is used make the real difference.
The Kitsch in Theatre. Short Inventory
Authors: Ciobotari Călin
Published: May 2017

Our study tries to answer questions such as: How is kitsch disguised in a contemporary theatre show? How does it manifest in the art of acting and staging? What does the kitsch look like in the audio and visual universe of the show? What do the kitsch-actor, the kitsch-stage director and the kitsch-spectator look like in the world of XXIst Century theatre? Can kitsch still be avoided or is this fight permanently lost?
Of Iubirea la oameni (Human Love) and Other Demons
Authors: Nechit Diana
Published: May 2017

Being a reading performance turned into a stage representation, the text Iubirea la oameni (Human Love) signed by Dmitry Bogosvlavski is a love radioisotope into an oppressive cloister space of a Belarusian isolated community. The show with the same name created by Bogdan Sărătean surprises the stage valence of the emergence, the evolution and the extinction of this feeling, from the sacrificial love of a mother, which often conceals the faults and the sins of the children, to the brutal love that snatches what it believes as deserved, to the strength to believe in love as salvation, as redemption, as many forms to illustrate and to dramatically represent such an old theme, yet always different. The personal approach of the double distribution formed by the young 3rd degree actor students, probing their own interiority and sensibility, nuances and enhances the evolutionary line of characters’ destiny on stage in an extremely profound performance.
Travel websites: a relevant source of statistical information?
Authors: Drozdowska Marta , Duda-Seifert Magdalena
Published: May 2017

This study explores the two most popular travel websites: TripAdvisor, based fully on the Travel 2.0 and UGC application; and Booking.com, which has developed as an online travel agency website but has also absorbed a modern UGC approach. Their content concerning accommodation in Wrocław was analysed and compared to the official tourist statistics provided by both the Central Statistical Office of Poland, and the Central Register of Hotels and Similar Establishments published by the Ministry of Sport and Tourism. The article aims at an evaluation of the reliability and completeness of the information provided over the internet: firstly from the point of view of a potential customer, secondly for its value for market research purposes. Although electronic word-of-mouth websites are designed both for consumers and suppliers, from a methodological perspective the article is based on a content analysis of tourism social media. The study also contributes to both academic research and the tourism industry by identifying some gaps in existing work and providing an agenda for the future.
Two new organic-selenate salts: syntheses and crystal structures of bis(di-iso-propylammonium) selenate and di-n-butylammonium hydrogenoselenate
Authors: Diallo Waly , Diop Libasse , Diop Cheikh Abdoul Khadir , Plasseraud Laurent , Cattey Hélène
Published: May 2017

Two new dialkyammonium selenate salts [i-Pr2NH2]2[SeO4] (1) and [n-Bu2NH2][HSeO4] (2) have been isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Salt 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a=8.7190(5), b=8.8500(4), c=22.5953(9) Å, β=94.6290(17)°, V=1737.84(14) Å3 and Z=4. Salt 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system space group P21/n with a=10.9328(9), b=8.1700(6), c=13.8095(11) Å, β=97.130(3)°, V=1223.94(17) Å3 and Z=4. In both salts, dialkylammonium cations and selenate anions are connected through NH···O and OH···O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal structure, 1 and 2 are organized in layer-like arrangements. Structural characterizations were completed by infrared and 1H, 13C{1H} and 77Se NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis which corroborate the X-ray elucidations.
Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed
Authors: Grau Thorben , Vilcinskas Andreas , Joop Gerrit
Published: May 2017

The farming of edible insects is an alternative strategy for the production of protein-rich food and feed with a low ecological footprint. The industrial production of insect-derived protein is more cost-effective and energy-efficient than livestock farming or aquaculture. The mealworm Tenebrio molitor is economically among the most important species used for the large-scale conversion of plant biomass into protein. Here, we review the mass rearing of this species and its conversion into food and feed, focusing on challenges such as the contamination of food/feed products with bacteria from the insect gut and the risk of rapidly spreading pathogens and parasites. We propose solutions to prevent the outbreak of infections among farmed insects without reliance on antibiotics. Transgenerational immune priming and probiotic bacteria may provide alternative strategies for sustainable insect farming.
Low-Temperature Autoignition of Diethyl Ether/O2 Mixtures: Mechanistic Considerations and Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Eble Julia , Kiecherer Johannes , Olzmann Matthias
Published: May 2017

Autoignition processes are of fundamental kinetic importance as well as of practical relevance for combustion devices. In recent years, diethyl ether (DEE) has attracted increasing attention as a diesel additive and also serves as a test compound in fire-safety-related studies. In the present work, a kinetically parameterized reaction mechanism for the autoignition of DEE is developed. It consists of a DEE-specific part supplemented by a base mechanism taken from the literature that contains the C1/C2 hydrocarbon and the H2/O2 reaction systems. The complete mechanism is validated against experimental ignition delay times available from the literature for temperatures ranging from 500 to 1300 K and reactant pressures between 3 and 5 bar (T=500−900 K) and between 10 and 40 bar (T=900−1300 K). The absolute values and the temperature dependence of the ignition delay times are satisfactorily reproduced. This includes important autoignition characteristics such as one- and two-stage ignitions and the so-called negative temperature coefficient regime where ignition delay times increase with temperature. Detailed kinetic-mechanistic explanations for all these phenomena are given.
EFECTOS DEL CESPED ARTIFICIAL Y LA GRAMA NATURAL SOBRE EL RENDIMIENTO FÍSICO Y TÉCNICO DE LOS JUGADORES PROFESIONALES DE FÚTBOL
Authors: Ávalos Guillén Juan Carlos , Gutierrez Vargas Randall , Araya Varas Gerardo Alonso , Sánchez Ureña Braulio , Gutierrez Vargas Juan Carlos , Rojas Valverde Daniel
Published: May 2017

El propósito de este estudio fue comparar el efecto de la superficie artificial (AT) y la natural (NG) sobre el desempeño físico y técnico de los jugadores profesionales de fútbol. Un total de 17 jugadores de fútbol en buen estado de salud (24.0 ± 4.1 años, peso 174 ± 6.1 cm; peso corporal 73.4 ± 6.3 kg; porcentaje de grasa corporal 14.2 ± 2.3; VO2max 55.5 ± 5.3 ml/kg/min) de una liga profesional de fútbol de Costa Rica realizaron diferentes pruebas en ambas superficies (prueba técnica, agilidad, sprints repetidos y juego en espacio reducido [8 min, 32x32 m, 5 vs. 5]). Los jugadores se monitorearon con un GPS en dos sesiones, las cuales estuvieron separadas por 48 horas, durante la pretemporada del club. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambas superficies de juego en cuanto a desempeño técnico, agilidad y sprints repetidos. Existieron diferencias significativas en las variables fisiológicas y cinemáticas analizadas durante el juego en espacio reducido en cuanto a frecuencia cardiaca promedio (NG = 168.5 ± 8.8, AT = 154.8 ± 11.8, p <.001), frecuencia cardiaca máxima (NG = 183.2 ± 8.3, AT = 175.9 ± 10.4, p =.02), carga corporal (NG = 34.3 ± 11.2, AT = 30.5 ± 11.4, p =.03) e impactos totales (NG = 230.1 ± 89.5, AT = 194. 8 ± 86.4, p=.03). Se concluye que practicar en terreno natural ocasiona mayor impacto en los jugadores en cuanto a la carga corporal y fisiológica. En el caso de las variables técnicas, se concluye que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos tipos de superficies (p <0.05).
Behavioral Problems and Socioemotional Competence at 18 to 22 Months of Extremely Premature Children
Authors: Peralta-Carcelen Myriam , Carlo Waldemar A. , Pappas Athina , Vaucher Yvonne E. , Yeates Keith Owen , Phillips Vivien A. , Gustafson Kathryn E. , Payne Allison H. , Duncan Andrea F. , Newman Jamie E. , Bann Carla M. ,   for the Follow Up Committee of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Network
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND:

Behavior and socioemotional development are crucial aspects of child development .

METHODS:

A total of 2505 children born at <27 weeks’ gestation was evaluated at 18 to 22 months’ corrected age between January 1, 2008 and December 12, 2012 (86% follow-up). The Brief Infant and Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment was used to evaluate behavioral and socioemotional problems. Cognition and language were evaluated by using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate for perinatal and demographic factors associated with behavioral problems (≥75th percentile) and delayed socioemotional competence (≤15th percentile). Structural equation modeling with bootstrapping was used to identify possible associated risk factors and Bayley-III scores as mediators.

RESULTS:

Thirty-five percent (873) of children had behavioral problems, and 26% (637) displayed deficits in socioemotional competence. Male sex, public insurance, mothers with less than a high school education, and lower maternal age were associated with behavioral problems. Deficits in competence were associated with lower birth weight, public insurance, mothers with less than a high school education, and abnormal neuromotor exam. Bayley-III language and cognitive scores were significant mediators of the relationships between risk factors and both behavioral and competence scores (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Extremely premature children are at risk for behavioral problems and deficits in socioemotional competence. Sociodemographic factors were associated with both socioemotional competence and behavioral problems. Deficits in socioemotional competence were also associated with neuromotor abnormalities and cognitive and language function
El tema de figura en silueta “Charlie Chaplin”: Un tema de Ejecutante Ritual de la América Media
Authors: Mora-Marín David F.
Published: May 2017

Este artículo provee evidencia para la definición y origen de un tema de figuras de jade que es común en Costa Rica.  Consiste de una figura de pie en pose ritual, y se argumenta que su origen se debe a la red de intercambio que conectó a los artesanos de jade de la Costa Rica precolombina y sus contemporáneos en la región maya de Mesoamérica.  En la región maya, los arqueólogos les llaman figuras de “Charlie Chaplin” por su característica pose con las rodillas dobladas y los pies orientados hacia los lados.  Se propone que este tema fue pan-mesoamericano, que pudo haber tenido origen en la tradición olmecas del preclásico medio y que pareciera ser el modelo para el tema del Gobernante como Eje del Mundo definido por varios escritores para las tradiciones olmecas y mayas.  Se sugiere que este tema fue adoptado por los artesanos de jade de la Costa Rica precolombina, quienes lo adaptaron a los cánones artísticos locales a través de la adición de rasgos estilísticos típicos de su tradición, y quienes posiblemente derivaron un tema nuevo, compuesto de una mezcla del tema de pendiente de ave celtiforme (dios hacha aviforme) y el tema de “Charlie Chaplin” difundido, resultando en el tema de pendiente antropomórfico celtiforme (dios hacha antropomórfico).  La red de intercambio que resultó en la difusión de este tema sirve para defender la necesidad de un marco teórico más inclusivo, un marco de la América Media (a diferencia de Centroamérica o Mesoamérica), para el estudio de las sociedades precolombinas de México y Centroamérica y posiblemente más allá, dada la posible presencia de este tema artístico en Colombia.
Material Related Prerequisites for Chalcopyrite Based Thin Film Solar Cells
Authors: Schock Hans-Werner
Published: May 2017

This contribution reviews the present state of understanding of material properties of chalcopyrite based thin films in respect of application in solar cells. Specific properties of the surface and grain boundaries as well as the back contact have direct consequences for device operation. Surface reconstruction results in Cu depletion of the surface and provokes formation of an intrinsically graded structure. New information about the depth of Cu depleted surface layer is derived from grazing incidence x-ray diffraction. The origin of the charge necessary for an inversion of the surface is still open. In this context, we summarize and evaluate controversial discussions about extrinsic doping by diffusion of donors from partial electrolytes or from the buffer layer. Further open questions are the origin for low recombination velocity at grain boundaries and favorable properties of the back contact and its relation to the interface with back contact materials.
Optical Functions of Thin-Film Polycrystalline Chalcopyrite CuIn1-xGaxSe2
Authors: Han Sung-Ho , Levi Dean H. , Althani Hamda A. , Hasoon Falah S. , Bhattacharya Raghu N. , Hermann Allen M.
Published: May 2017

The highest efficiency CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) solar cells use thin-film polycrystalline CIGS absorber layers. We have applied variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) to characterize the dielectric functions of polycrystalline thin films of CIGS with Ga: (In + Ga) ratios ranging from 0.18 to 1.0. The Cu: (In + Ga) ratios in these films are approximately 0.90, which is the ratio that yields the highest efficiency CIGS devices. Spectra were measured over the energy range 0.7 to 5.0 eV at room temperatures. Models used to analyze the ellipsometry data include the full multi-layer structure of the sample, which enables us to report the actual dielectric function rather than the pseudo-dielectric function. We present data on how the critical points change with composition, and compare and contrast our results with measurements of single-crystal and bulk polycrystalline samples reported in the literature. Auger electron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction have been used to verify the homogeneity, surface roughness, and phase purity, respectively.
Bandgap Engineering of ZnO Transparent Conducting Films
Authors: Matsubara K. , Tampo H. , Yamada A. , Fons P. , Iwata K. , Sakurai K. , Niki S.
Published: May 2017

Low resistivity and transparent Al doped ZnMgO films were deposited on glass substrates by a pulsed laser deposition system. For up to 32 atm% of Mg content, segregation of a MgO phase was not observed. The bandgap of these films could be widened to about 4 eV with increasing Mg content. The relation between bandgap and resistivity was found to be a trade-off; i.e. the larger the bandgap, the higher the resistivity. The maximum bandgap among films with an electrical resistivity of less than 10-3 Ω cm was 3.94 eV. The average optical transmittance of these films was more than 90 % for wavelengths λ between 400 and 1100 nm. The transmittance around λ = 330 nm was still 50 %.
Sputtered ZnTe:N and ZnO:Al for Solar Cell Electrodes and Recombination Junctions
Authors: Drayton Jennifer , Parikh V. , Rich G. , Gupta A. , Osborn T. , Bohn R.G. , Compaan A.D. , McCandless B.E. , Paulson P.D.
Published: May 2017

We have used sputtered ZnTe:N and ZnO:Al as transparent electrodes for CdTe based solar cells. ZnTe:N is reactively sputtered with 3% N2 in the sputter gas. The ZnTe:N films typically have transmission near 85% above 750 nm and resistivity as low as 10 ohm-cm with fine grains of approximately 30 nm diameter. ZnO:Al is sputtered from a ZnO:Al2O3 (2%) target. The ZnO:Al films have resistivity as low as 4 × 10-4 ohm-cm with 80-95% transmission over the visible spectrum. To test the stability of the films, ZnTe:N films were annealed in argon, dry air and nitrogen at a range of temperatures from 200°C to 500°C. Annealing decreased the resistivity for temperatures up to 350°C and increased for temperatures greater than 350°C. ZnO:Al films were annealed in dry air at temperatures from 300°C to 550°C. Though the resistivity increased at higher annealing temperatures, there was no change in the transmission. Important to the function of a tandem solar cell is a transparent contact, like ZnTe:N/ZnO:Al, to replace the traditional metal contact to the CdS/CdTe solar cell. We investigate the ZnTe:N/ ZnO:Al bilayer as a possible recombination junction. The rf sputtered ZnTe:N and ZnO:Al films were characterized by AFM, STM, XRD, transmission, 4-point probe, and Hall measurements.
Optimized Growth Conditions for Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Layers Grown by Co-Evaporation at High Deposition Rates
Authors: Lundberg O. , Edoff M. , Stolt L.
Published: May 2017

We have investigated the compositional dependency on solar cell device quality for four different Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) processes: Homogeneous and Ga-graded CIGS deposited at 60 min, Homogenous and Ga-graded CIGS deposited at 15 min. The Cu/(In+Ga) ratio was for varied between 0.65 and 1. An improved device performance was observed as the Cu/(In+Ga) ratio was increased from 0.65 up to 0.85 - 0.95 for all the different CIGS processes. This improvement was both due to a more efficient carrier collection at long wavelengths, increasing the Jsc, and an enhanced Voc. We explain theses improvements by an increased diffusion length in the CIGS material. The CIGS layers deposited at 15 min resulted in similar device performance as the CIGS layers deposited at 60 min, at low Cu/(In+Ga) ratios. However, for Cu/(In+Ga) ratios above 0.9 the efficiency difference increased to above 1 % unit, mainly due to a lower collection efficiency, especially at long wavelengths, resulting in a lower Jsc. By introducing a Ga-gradient in the CIGS layer the device performance improved for both deposition times, most clearly for the 15 min deposition time at Cu/(In+Ga) ratios below 0.9. At 15 minutes deposition time the reason for the improvement is a combination of small improvements in FF, Voc and Jsc, reflecting reduced recombination in general. For the single device, deposited at 60 minutes, that showed a significant improvement with Ga-grading, an improved carrier collection at long wavelengths was observed.
Non-vacuum Thin-film CIGS Modules
Authors: Eberspacher Chris , Pauls Karen L. , Serra John P.
Published: May 2017

Non-vacuum techniques have been used to deposit coatings of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and metal oxide transparent conductors useful for fabricating thin-film photovoltaic modules. Coatings are formed from nanoparticulate precursor materials using spraying, printing and spin-coating methods. Sprayed layers exhibit non-planar morphologies and low particle packing, and CIGS films made from sprayed precursor layers exhibit related non-planar morphologies and residual void space. The surface roughness of spray-derived CIGS films reduces the sheet conductance of overlying coatings; thin coatings of transparent conductors deposited on rough CIGS films exhibit sheet resistances up to two orders of magnitude higher than equivalent coatings on planar surfaces. Slurry additives can improve layer morphology and sintered film properties, but organic additives can leave carbon contamination of the sintered CIGS films. The fabrication of multi-cell modules imposes additional constraints on transparent conductor sheet conductance.
New Junction Capacitance Methods for the Study of Defect Distributions and Carrier Properties in the Copper Indium Diselenide Alloys
Authors: Cohen J. David , Heath Jennifer T. , Shafarman William N.
Published: May 2017

We have recently been successful utilizing two methods which are new to the study of CIGS thin film samples: drive-level capacitance profiling, and transient photocapacitance spectroscopy. In this paper we review several of the key results that we have obtained by applying these methods to the study of the CIGS alloys over the past 2 years. This has resulted not only in new information concerning the deep defects and their spatial distributions in these materials, but also to more accurate determinations of free carrier densities, and of minority carrier trapping dynamics within the junction region. Light-induced metastable changes in the deep defect properties of these alloys are also documented through the use of these techniques.