bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastric Cancer among the Japanese in Hawaii
Authors: Nomura Abraham M. Y. , Stemmermann Grant N. , Chyou Po‐Huang
Published: August 2005

The incidence rate of gastric cancer among men of Japanese ancestry living in Hawaii is about one‐third as high as that of their counterparts living in Japan. Because of this difference, a prospective study was conducted to identify factors related to the development of gastric cancer in Hawaii. Eight thousand and six (8,006) men born from 1900‐1919 were examined from 1965 to 1968 and followed for over 25 years. During this time, 250 incident cases of gastric cancer were identified. The study has found the following: 1) prior infection withHelicobacter pyloribacteria increased the risk for stomach cancer; 2) cigarette smoking was positively associated with gastric cancer with age at which smoking started being an important risk factor; 3) after taking cigarette smoking into account, alcohol intake was not related to stomach cancer risk; 4) a low pepsinogen I level identified subjects at increased risk for the intestinal histologic type of gastric cancer; 5) a low serum ferritin level was a marker for increased risk of stomach cancer; 6) there was a weak indication that the intake of vegetables and fruits was inversely related to gastric cancer; 7) there was no association of stomach cancer with levels of serum cholesterol, serum uric acid, serum micronutrients (retinol, β‐carotene or α‐tocopherol) or blood hematocrit; 8) there was also no association of gastric cancer with body mass index or physical activity.
Mannose‐binding Protein Recognizes Glioma Cells: In vitro Analysis of Complement Activation on Glioma Cells via the Lectin Pathway
Authors: Fujita Takashi , Taira Satoshi , Kodama Namio , Matsushita Misao , Fujita Teizo
Published: August 2005

The lectin pathway is a novel pathway for activation of the complement cascade, which is initiated by the binding of mannose‐binding protein (MBP) to its carbohydrate ligands. We investigated whether the complement system was activated in vitro by glioma cells through this pathway to the C3 level. MBP was found to bind to all six glioma cell lines tested by using flow cytometric analysis. Binding of a complex of MBP‐associated serine protease and MBP was observed in two of the cell lines examined, thereby resulting in C4 consumption. Activation of C3 was hemolytically evaluated in these two lines. C3 consumption was also observed in one. Based on these results, it is likely that recognition by MBP followed by complement activation occurs in certain glioma cell lines.
Frequent Loss of the Cyclin‐dependent Kinase‐4 Inhibitor Gene in Human Gliomas
Authors: Gomi Akira , Sakai Ryuichi , Ogawa Seishi , Shinoda Souji , Hirai Hisamaru , Masuzawa Toshio
Published: August 2005

Studies have shown that homozygous deletion of the cyclin‐dependent kinase‐4 inhibitor (CDK41) gene, which is mapped to chromosome 9p21, is frequently observed in various types of human cancers. Here we report that the CDK4I gene was deleted in gliomas. Eight cell lines derived from glioblastomas and samples from 14 patients with various grades of gliomas were examined by Southern blot analysis. We found that the CDK4I gene was deleted in 7 of 8 (87.5%) cell lines and 7 of 9 (78%) samples from high‐grade glioma patients, whereas it was deleted in 1 of 5 (20%) low‐grade glioma samples. These results suggested that inactivation of the CDK4I gene may play an important role in the progression of human glioma.
Dual Pathways to Tubular Morphogenesis of Vascular Endothelial Cells by Human Glioma Cells: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Interleukin‐8
Authors: Wakabayashi Yukihiro , Shono Tadahisa , Isono Mitsuo , Hori Shigeaki , Matsushima Kouji , Ono Mayumi , Kuwano Michihiko
Published: August 2005

In this study, we examined whether human glioma cells are angiogenic in a model using human microvascular endothelial cells, and also which factor is responsible for the glioma‐dependent angiogenesis. Tubular morphogenesis in type I collagen gel by human microvascular endothelial cells was stimulated in the presence of 10 and 100 ng/ml of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 10 ng/ml basic fihroblast growth factor (bFGF) and 10 ng/ml of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8). Tube formation of the microvascular endothelial cells was assayed in the glioma cell lines IN157 and IN301, co‐cultured using the double chamber method. IN301 cells had much higher levels of VEGF, bFGF and transforming growth factor‐(mRNA than IN157 cells, whereas the two had similar levels of transforming growth factor‐Alfa mRNA. By contrast, IN157 cells had much higher levels of IL‐8 mRNA than IN301 cells. IN301‐dependent tubular morphogenesis was inhibited by anti‐VEGF or anti‐bFGF antibody, and the inhibition was almost complete when anti‐VEGF and anti‐bFGF antibodies were present. On the other hand, IN157‐dependent tubular morphogenesis was inhibited by anti‐IL‐8 antibody, but not by anti‐VEGF or anti‐bFGF antibodies. These findings demonstrated dual paracrine controls of tumor angiogenesis by human glioma cells. One is mediated through VEGF and/or bFGF, and the other, through IL‐8.
Induction of Aldose Reductase Gene Expression in LEC Rats during the Development of the Hereditary Hepatitis and Hepatoma
Authors: Takahashi Motoko , Hoshi Ayumu , Fujii Junichi , Miyoshi Eiji , Kasahara Takehiro , Suzuki Keiichiro , Aozasa Katsuyuki , Taniguchi Naoyuki
Published: August 2005

We examined age‐related changes in the protein and the mRNA expression of aldose reductase in livers of Long‐Evans with a cinnamon‐like color (LEC) rats, which develop hereditary hepatitis and hepatoma with aging, using Long‐Evans with an agouti color rats as controls. The levels of the protein and mRNA of aldose reductase increased after 20 weeks, at the stage of acute hepatitis, and were maintained at 60 weeks of age, while those of aldehyde reductase seemed to be constant at all ages. The expression of aldose reductase was marked in cancerous lesions in hepatoma‐bearing LEC rat liver compared to uninvolved surrounding tissues. These results indicated that elevation of aldose reductase accompanied hepatocarcinogenesis and may be related to the acquisition of immortality of the cancer cells through detoxifying cytotoxic aldehyde compounds.
Allelic Loss of Chromosome 16q in Endometrial Cancer: Correlation with Poor Prognosis of Patients and Less Differentiated Histology
Authors: Kihana Toshimasa , Yano Naoki , Murao Shin‐ichi , Iketani Haruhiko , Hamada Katsuyuki , Yano Jyuri , Matsuura Shumpei
Published: August 2005

Deletion of certain chromosomal regions can be demonstrated in malignant cells. Chromosome 16q is one of the regions where allelic loss is frequently detected in carcinoma of the breast and many other tumors, suggesting that gene(s) which retard tumor growth may exist here. To elucidate the clinico‐pathological significance of chromosome 16q, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was investigated using microsatellite polymorphism analysis in 58 patients with endometrial lesions (50 with endometrial carcinoma and 8 who had hyperplasia with or without atypia). When 11 regions of chromosome 16q were examined, LOH was found in 20 patients with carcinoma (40%) and none of the patients with hyperplasia. The tumors of 9 of the 20 patients (45%) showed total loss of 16q, while the others (55%) showed partial deletion. Tumors with LOH were histologically less differentiated than those without LOH (P=0.038, χ2test). Patients with tumors showing LOH of 16q had a worse prognosis than those without LOH according to Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis (P=0.0158, log‐rank test). In addition, LOH of 16q showed a significant relationship to prognosis by Cox regression analysis. Deletion mapping of 16q demonstrated that two regions (16q22.1 and 16q22.2‐23.1) were frequently involved. Patients with 16q22.1 LOH had a poorer prognosis than those with intact 16q22.1 (P=0.0003, log‐rank test). These findings suggest that gene(s) of which defect is possibly related to the aggressiveness of endometrial cancer are localized on a limited region of 16q that includes 16q22.1.
P‐Glycoprotein Is Positively Correlated with p53 Protein Accumulation in Human Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Oka Mikio , Kounoura Kiyoshi , Narasaki Fumihiko , Sakamoto Akira , Fukuda Minoru , Matsuo Isao , Ikeda Koki , Tsurutani Junji , Ikuno Nobuhiro , Omagari Katsuhisa , Mizuta Yohei , Soda Hiroshi , Gudas Jean M. , Kohno Shigeru
Published: August 2005

To explore the relationship between mutant p53 and Pgp expression, we have examined the levels of both proteins in human colorectal adenocarcinomas. Serial frozen sections of 40 surgical samples were stained with an anti‐Pgp (MRK16) and two different anti‐p53 protein antibodies (Abs), PAb421 and Pabl80l. Nineteen (47.5%) of 40 samples examined were positive for Pgp, and 18 (45%) of 40 were positive for p53. The samples that stained positively with PAb421 also stained positively with Pahl80l. Pgp expression was detected in 13 (76.5%) of 17 samples that were positive for p53 using PAb421 and in 15 (83.3%) of 18 samples that were positive for p53 using Pabl80. Thus, we found that p53 and Pgp were co‐expressed in a significant number of samples (P< 0.002). There was no relationship between Pgp or p53 protein accumulation and histologic grade or stage. The present results demonstrate that Pgp expression is closely associated with p53 protein accumulation in human colorectal cancers. These data provide evidence to support the idea that mutant p53 activates the MDR1 gene in vivo.
Carcinogenicity of Methylurea or Morpholine in Combination with Sodium Nitrite in a Rat Multi‐organ Carcinogenesis Bioassay
Authors: Kitano Mitsuaki , Takada Nobuyasu , Chen Tianxin , Ito Hiroshi , Nomura Takakazu , Tsuda Hiroyuki , Wild Christopher P. , Fukushima Shoji
Published: August 2005

For carcinogenic risk assessment of combinations of N‐nitroso precursors in man, the effects of feeding methylurea (MU) or morpholine (Mor) plus sodium nitrite (NaNO2) were investigated using a multi‐organ carcinogenesis model. In experiment 1, to initiate multiple organs, groups of 10 or 20 male F344 rats were treated with 6 carcinogens targeting different organs. Starting a week after completion of this initiation phase, animals were given 0.1% MU or 0.5% Mor in their food and/or 0.15% NaNO2 in their drinking water for 23 weeks. The induction of tumors and/or preneoplastic lesions in the forestomach and esophagus was significantly increased in the group receiving MU plus NaNO2. The numbers and areas of liver glutathione S‐transferase placental form (GST‐P)‐positive foci were significantly elevated with MU or Mor plus NaNO2. Experiment 2 was conducted to assess formation of N‐nitroso compounds in the stomach, and to detect DNA adduct generation in target organs by immunohistochemical staining. Groups of 5 or 14 animals were starved overnight, then given 0.4% MU or 2.0% Mor in the diet, or basal diet alone for 1 h. Then NaNO2 or distilled water was given intragastrically. The mean gastric N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea yield in the MU plus NaNO2 group was 7700 μg at 2 h after combined administration. The mean N‐nitrosomorpholine yield in the group given Mor plus NaNO2 was 6720 μg. Immunohistochemically, N7‐methyldeoxyguanosine‐positive nuclei were evident in the forestomach epithelium at 8 h after the combination treatment with MU plus NaNO2.
Foliage randomness and light interception in 3‐D digitized trees: an analysis from multiscale discretization of the canopy
Authors: SINOQUET HERVÉ , SONOHAT GABRIELA , PHATTARALERPHONG JESSADA , GODIN CHRISTOPHE
Published: August 2005

Light models for vegetation canopies based on the turbid medium analogy are usually limited by the basic assumption of random foliage dispersion in the canopy space. The objective of this paper was to assess the effect of three possible sources of non‐randomness in tree canopies on light interception properties. For this purpose, four three‐dimensional (3‐D) digitized trees and four theoretical canopies – one random and three built from fractal rules – were used to compute canopy structure parameters and light interception, namely the sky‐vault averaged STAR (Silhouette to Total Area Ratio). STAR values were computed from (1) images of the 3‐D plants, and (2) from a 3‐D turbid medium model using space discretization at different scales. For all trees, departure from randomness was mainly due to the spatial variations in leaf area density within the canopy volume. Indeed STAR estimations, based on turbid medium assumption, using the finest space discretization were very close to STAR values computed from the plant images. At this finest scale, foliage dispersion was slightly clumped, except one theoretical fractal canopy, which showed a marked regular dispersion. Taking into account a non‐infinitely small leaf size, whose effect is theoretically to shorten self‐shading, had a minor effect on STAR computations. STAR values computed from the 3‐D turbid medium were very sensitive to plant lacunarity, a parameter introduced in the context of fractal studies to characterize the distribution of gaps in porous media at different scales. This study shows that 3‐D turbid medium models based on space discretization are able to give correct estimation of light interception by 3‐D isolated trees, provided that the 3‐D grid is properly defined, that is, discretization maximizes plant lacunarity.
Consequences of vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus in liver transplant recipients: a matched control study
Authors: Gearhart Michelle , Martin Jill , Rudich Steve , Thomas Mark , Wetzel Dave , Solomkin Joseph , Hanaway Michael J , Aranda‐Michel Jaime , Weber Fred , Trumball Leslie , Bass Maryetta , Zavala Ed , Steve Woodle E , Buell Joseph F
Published: August 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Liver transplant recipients are at high risk for multi‐drug resistant infections because of broad‐spectrum antibiotic and immunosuppression. This study evaluates the clinical and financial impact of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in liver transplant recipients.

Methods:  Liver transplant recipients with VRE from 1995 to 2002 were identified and matched (age, gender, UNOS status, liver disease and transplant date) to controls. Demographics, clinical factors, co‐infections, antibiotic use, length of stay, abdominal surgeries, biliary complications, survival and resource utilization were compared with matched controls.

Results:  Nineteen patients were found to have 28 VRE infections via evaluation of microbiologic culture results of all liver transplant patients in the transplant registry. Thirty‐eight non‐VRE patients served as matched controls. The four most common sites VRE was cultured from included blood (35%), peritoneal fluid (35%), bile (20%), and urine (12%). Median time from transplant to infection was 48 d (range of 4–348). No significant differences in demographics were observed. The VRE group had a higher incidence of prior antibiotic use than the non‐VRE group (95% vs. 34%; p < 0.05). The VRE group also experienced more abdominal surgery (20/19 vs. 3/38; p = 0.029), biliary complications (9/19 vs. 9/38; p = 0.018) and a longer length of stay (42.5 vs. 21.7 d; p = .005). Survival in the VRE group was lower (52% vs. 82%; p = 0.048). Six of the 19 VRE patients were treated with linezolid for eight infection episodes, and four of six patients survived. Eight patients were treated with quinupristin/dalfopristin for nine infections, and two of eight survived. Increased cost of care was observed in the VRE group. Laboratory costs were higher in the VRE group ($6500 vs. 1750; p = 0.02) as well.

Conclusion:  VRE was associated with prior antibiotic use, multiple abdominal surgeries, biliary complications and resulted in decreased survival compared to non‐VRE control patients. VRE patients also utilized more hospital resources. Linezolid showed a trend toward improved survival.
Acute appendicitis after solid organ transplantation
Authors: Savar Aaron , Hiatt Jonathan R , Busuttil Ronald W
Published: August 2005

Abstract:  Appendicitis has rarely been reported following solid organ transplantation and never following liver transplantation. We reviewed records of all patients who received solid organ transplants at UCLA between 1989 and 2002 and subsequently underwent appendectomy for presumed acute appendicitis. Of nearly 8000 transplant patients, 17 (nine male, eight female) subsequently underwent appendectomy for presumed acute appendicitis. Average age at appendectomy was 37 yrs (range 6–73 yrs). Organ transplants included liver (seven patients), heart (four), kidney (three), kidney–pancreas (two), and heart–kidney (one). The mean interval from transplant to appendectomy was 1064 d (16–2977). Presenting symptoms and signs included abdominal pain in 16 patients (94%); nausea and or vomiting in 15 (88%); right lower quadrant tenderness in 16; and leukocytosis (WBC > 10 000) in 13 (76%). Mean interval from presentation to appendectomy was 0.94 d (range 0–4). Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 16 patients and showed signs of acute appendicitis in 15. Open technique was used in all patients, preceded by laparoscopy in one. Pathology showed appendicitis in 15 patients (one with perforation), serositis in one, and a normal appendix in one. Mean duration of hospitalization was 7 d (range 1–20). Complications occurred in four patients (24%) and included intra‐abdominal abscess requiring percutaneous drainage, ventral hernia, small bowel obstruction, and hematuria in one patient each. There were no deaths and no cases of acute rejection during hospitalization. Average length of follow‐up was 712 d (range 3–2492). We conclude that appendicitis is relatively rare following solid organ transplantation. CT facilitates prompt diagnosis. The clinical presentation is similar to that of non‐transplant patients, but complications are more frequent, and hospitalization is longer.
Alteration and resilience of the soil microbial community following compost amendment: effects of compost level and compost‐borne microbial community
Authors: Saison Carine , Degrange Valérie , Oliver Robert , Millard Peter , Commeaux Claire , Montange Denis , Le Roux Xavier
Published: August 2005

Compost amendment has been reported to impact soil microbial activities or community composition. However, little information is available on (i) to what extent compost amendment concurrently affects the activity, size and composition of soil microbial community, (ii) the relative effect of the addition of a material rich in organic matter versus addition of compost‐borne microorganisms in explaining the effects of amendment and (iii) the resilience of community characteristics. We compared five treatments in microcosms: (i) control soil (S), (ii) soil + low level of compost (Sc), (iii) soil + high level of compost (SC), (iv) sterilized soil + high level of compost [(S)C] and (v) soil + high level of sterilized compost [S(C)]. The actual C mineralization rate, substrate‐induced respiration, size of microbial community (biomass and heterotrophic cells number), and structure of total microbial (phospholipid fatty acids) and bacterial (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, A‐RISA) communities were surveyed during 6 months after amendment. Our results show that (i) compost amendment affected the activity, size and composition of the soil microbial community, (ii) the effect of compost amendment was mainly due to the physicochemical characteristics of compost matrix rather than to compost‐borne microorganisms and (iii) no resilience of microbial characteristics was observed 6–12 months after amendment with a high amount of compost.
New diagnostic techniques
Authors: Feuilhade de Chauvin M
Published: August 2005

Objectives  To review current diagnostic strategies. To review alternative diagnostic techniques.

Results  The pathogen(s) responsible for onychomycosis must be identified to optimize treatment. Mycological examination is currently the most common diagnostic technique. This typically involves clearing with potassium hydroxide followed by microscopy. This direct test rapidly differentiates between living and dead hyphae. Sensitivity can be enhanced by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or stains such as Chlorazol Black E. However, microscopy must always be combined with culture, allowing correct species identification. Accurate diagnosis depends on the expertise of laboratory staff and biologists and on the quality of the nail sample: samples should always be taken from the most proximal infected area.

In the absence of experienced mycological laboratories, new laboratory techniques have been developed. Histological analysis by nail plate clipping has been shown to be an easy and efficient method for diagnosis. However, nail clipping is not an optimal technique for fungal culture and a large proportion of nonpathogenic but contaminant moulds can grow on culture medium. Moreover, histological analysis provides no information about causal agent or vitality. In vivo confocal microscopy and flow cytometry are powerful but complicated and costly techniques, making them unsuitable for routine use. Finally, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (low proportion of positive results) and PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) (suitable even for patients receiving antifungals) techniques have been developed. These molecular methods are cost‐intensive and require highly skilled staff, meaning they are reserved exclusively for laboratories that process numerous nail samples.

Conclusion  In conclusion, mycological examination remains the gold standard technique; it provides the most information, at a reasonable cost with little inconvenience to the patient.
Metaphors and Models: The ASR Bubble in the Floridan Aquifer
Authors: Vacher H.L. , Hutchings William C. , Budd David A.
Published: August 2005

Studies at the intersection of cognitive science and linguistics have revealed the crucial role that metaphors play in shaping our thoughts about phenomena we cannot see. According to the domains interaction theory of cognition, a metaphoric expression sets up mappings between a target domain that we wish to understand and a familiar source domain. The source domain contains elements (“commonplaces”) that we manipulate mentally, like parts of an analogue model, to illuminate the target domain. This paper applies the structure of domains interaction theory to analyze the dynamics of a metaphor in hydrogeology: the so‐called bubble formed by water injected into an aquifer during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). Of the four commonplaces of bubbles—(1) they are discrete; (2) they are geometrically simple; (3) they rise; and (4) they burst—we focus on the first two using both displacement and dispersion (tracer) models for both homogeneous and heterogeneous storage zones patterned from geological studies of the Suwannee Limestone of Sarasota County, Florida. The displacement model easily shows that “bottle brush” better represents the geometric complexity predicted from the known and inferred heterogeneity. There is virtually no difference, however, in the prediction of recovery efficiency using the dispersion model for a bubble (homogeneous flow zone) vs. bottle brush (heterogeneous flow zone). On the other hand, only the bottle brush reveals that unrecovered tracer is located preferentially in the low‐permeability layers that lie adjacent to high‐permeability channels in the flow zones.
Chromosomal phylogeny and geographical divergence in theDrosophila bipectinatacomplex
Authors: Tomimura Yoshihiko , Matsuda Muneo , Tobari Yoshiko N
Published: August 2005

We have prepared reference polytene photographic maps as a standard sequence for the Drosophila bipectinata complex using structurally homozygous flies derived from a stock of Drosophila parabipectinata from Brunei, Borneo, in 1971. We found 87 inversions in the D. bipectinata complex and described their breakpoints on the reference maps. Only 2 arrangements were shared interspecifically: 2R-AB was shared with 3 species, D. parabipectinata, D. bipectinata, and Drosophila malerkotliana, and 3L-A was found in 2 species, D. parabipectinata and D. malerkotliana. The 2 subspecies of D. malerkotliana and the 2 subspecies of Drosophila pseudoananassae shared half of the total gene arrangements detected in each species. The number of different inversions found between species in the complex ranges from 7 (between D. parabipectinata and D. malerkotliana) to at least 24 (between D. bipectinata and D. pseudoananassae). On the basis of the characteristic differences of their gene arrangements, we propose a reliable chromosomal phylogeny of the D. bipectinata complex.Key words: chromosomal phylogeny, Drosophila bipectinata, inversion polymorphisms.
Microbial community structure and trichloroethylene degradation in groundwater
Authors: Humphries J A , Ashe A M.H , Smiley J A , Johnston C G
Published: August 2005

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a prevalent contaminant of groundwater that can be cometabolically degraded by indigenous microbes. Groundwater contaminated with TCE from a US Department of Energy site in Ohio was used to characterize the site-specific impact of phenol on the indigenous bacterial community for use as a possible remedial strategy. Incubations of14C-TCE-spiked groundwater amended with phenol showed increased TCE mineralization compared with unamended groundwater. Community structure was determined using DNA directly extracted from groundwater samples. This DNA was then analyzed by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms defined operational taxonomic units that were sequenced to determine phylogeny. DNA sequence data indicated that known TCE-degrading bacteria including relatives of Variovorax and Burkholderia were present in site water. Diversity of the amplified microbial rDNA clone library was lower in phenol-amended communities than in unamended groundwater (i.e., having Shannon–Weaver diversity indices of 2.0 and 2.2, respectively). Microbial activity was higher in phenol-amended ground water as determined by measuring the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride. Thus phenol amendments to groundwater correlated with increased TCE mineralization, a decrease in diversity of the amplified microbial rDNA clone library, and increased microbial activity.Key words: community structure, trichloroethylene, degradation, groundwater.
A Measurement of the Ratio of Inclusive Cross Sections $\sigma(p{\bar p} \to Z + b~{\rm jet})/\sigma(p{\bar p} \to Z + {\rm jet})$ at $\sqrt{s} = 1.96~{\rm TeV}$
Authors: BUEHLER MARC
Published: August 2005

In this talk we present a measurement of the ratio of inclusive cross sections [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] based on approximatly 180 pb-1 of data collected with the DØ detector. Combining the Z → e+e- and Z → μ+μ- channels, the ratio was found to be 0.023 ± 0.004(stat) ± 0.002(syst).
STUDY OF AN ALGORITHM FOR ENERGY FLOW IN THE SiD DETECTOR
Authors: Mader Wolfgang F.
Published: August 2005

The development of a tracking algorithm for minimum ionizing particles based on the SiD detector design for a future e+e- linear collider is described. Their identification and reconstruction, using the electromagnetic calorimeter alone, is an important step towards an Energy Flow algorithm which can play a key role in the measurement of the jet energy and the identification of long-lived particles. Implementation and possible future improvements of this algorithm are discussed.
A NOVEL VARIATIONAL APPROACH FOR QUANTUM FIELD THEORY: EXAMPLE OF STUDY OF THE GROUND STATE AND PHASE TRANSITION IN NONLINEAR SIGMA MODEL
Authors: MISHCHENKO YURIY , JI CHUENG-RYONG
Published: August 2005

We discuss a novel form of the variational approach in Quantum Field Theory in which the trial quantum configuration is represented directly in terms of relevant expectation values rather than, e.g., increasingly complicated structure from Fock space. The quantum algebra imposes constraints on such expectation values so that the variational problem is formulated here as an optimization under constraints. As an example of application of such approach we consider the study of ground state and critical properties in a variant of nonlinear sigma model.
A FIELD THEORETICAL MODEL IN NONCOMMUTATIVE MINKOWSKI SUPERSPACE
Authors: NAZARYAN VAHAGN , CARLSON CARL E.
Published: August 2005

In this talk we present a field theoretical model constructed in Minkowski [Formula: see text] superspace with a deformed supercoordinate algebra. Our study is motivated in part by recent results from super-string theory, which show that in a particular scenario in Euclidean superspace the spinor coordinates θ do not anticommute. Field theoretical consequences of this deformation were studied in a number of articles. We present a way to extend the discussion to Minkowski space, by assuming non-vanishing anticommutators for both θ, and [Formula: see text]. We give a consistent supercoordinate algebra, and a star product that is real and preserves the (anti)chirality of a product of (anti)chiral superfields. We also give the Wess-Zumino Lagrangian [Formula: see text] that gains only Lorentz-invariant corrections due to non(anti)commutativity within our model. The Lagrangian in Minkowski superspace is also always manifestly Hermitian.
FIRST RESULTS FROM BNL E949
Authors: Redlinger G.
Published: August 2005

The first result from BNL E949 for the rare kaon decay [Formula: see text] is described. One candidate event was seen with a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.9. Combined with the two events previously reported by E787, the best estimate of the branching ratio is [Formula: see text].
TACHYON FIELDS WITH EFFECTS OF QUANTUM MATTER IN AN ANTI-DE SITTER UNIVERSE
Authors: ELIZALDE EMILIO , QUIROGA HURTADO JOHN
Published: August 2005

We consider an Anti-de Sitter universe filled by quantum conformal matter with the contribution from the usual tachyon and a perfect fluid. The model represents the combination of a trace-anomaly annihilated and a tachyon driven Anti-de Sitter universe. The influence exerted by the quantum effects and by the tachyon on the AdS space is studied. The radius corresponding to this universe is calculated and the effect of the tachyon potential is discussed, in particular, concerning the possibility to get an accelerated scale factor for the proposed model (which yields an accelerated expansion of the AdS type of universe). Fulfillment of the cosmological energy conditions in the model is also investigated.
Intravitreal Staining of the Internal Limiting Membrane Using Indocyanine Green in the Treatment of Macular Holes
Authors: Rodrigues Eduardo B. , Meyer Carsten H. , Farah Michel E. , Kroll Peter
Published: August 2005

Surgical management of macular holes consists of pars plana vitrectomy, removal of the posterior hyaloid facia, and peeling of the epiretinal membranes (ERM). Additionally, removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) may enable an increase in the anatomic and functional success rates. However, recognition of fine ILM is difficult thus increasing the time that the macula is exposed to intraoperative light. Staining the ILM with indocyanine green (ICG) dye during vitrectomy facilitates recognition of the ILM and assures that all adjacent ERM are removed. Therefore, ICG-assisted ILM peeling has gained worldwide popularity among vitreoretinal surgeons. However, there are some concerns about the intravitreal ICG application. Reports in the literature described a variety of application techniques using different concentrations. The postoperative outcomes were controversial reporting heterogeneous anatomical and functional outcomes after ICG application, as well as descriptions of adverse effects related to the dye. We discuss the indications, techniques, surgical results, and complications after intravitreal ICG injection for the treatment of macular holes.
Effect of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Changes Induced by Estradiol in Bladders from Ovariectomized Rabbits
Authors: Aikawa Ken , Chichester Paul , Whitbeck Catherine , Levin Robert M.
Published: August 2005

Purpose: Our current study was designed to determine whether estradiol-induced increases in bladder blood flow could be inhibited by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and thus whether nitric oxide was involved in estrogen-linked female bladder blood flow alterations. Materials and Methods: Sixteen female New Zealand White rabbits were separated into 4 groups of 4 rabbits each. (1) Sham group received sham operation and injections of vehicle (peanut oil). (2) Ovariectomy (OVX) group received ovariectomies and injections of vehicle. (3) Ovariectomy + estrogen (OVX+E) group received ovariectomy and injections of 17β-estradiol (1 mg/kg) dissolved in peanut oil. (4) Ovariectomy + estradiol + L-NAME (OVX+E+L-NAME) group received ovariectomies and injections of 17β-estradiol and L-NAME. All treatments were continued for 4 weeks. At 4 weeks after treatment, each rabbit was anesthetized and cystometries were performed. After cystometry, blood flow to the detrusor muscle and mucosa was determined by standard fluorescent microsphere infusion technique. Then four longitudinal detrusor strips and two rings of descending thoracic aorta were mounted in individual 15 ml baths containing oxygenated Tyrode’s solution at 37°C. Contractile responses to several agents were determined. Full-thickness sections of detrusor were fixed and embedded in paraffin for α-actin immunostaining. Results: In the bladder: (1) Estradiol resulted in an increases in bladder weight and blood flow; L-NAME inhibited these increases. (2) OVX resulted in a decreased cystometric capacity; estradiol resulted in increased capacity which was attenuated by L-NAME treatment. (3) OVX resulted in significantly decreased contractile responses to all forms of stimulation; estradiol resulted in significantly increased contractile responses which were attenuated by L-NAME treatment. (4) OVX resulted in a significant decrease in the volume-fraction of smooth muscle in the detrusor; estradiol resulted in a significant increase which was attenuated by L-NAME. Conclusions: These findings strongly support the hypothesis that nitric oxide plays a major role in the alterations in blood flow mediated by changing circulating estrogen and that these changes mediate at least in part the cystometric and contractile changes induced by alterations in circulating estrogen.
Hyperthyroidism and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Mouton S. , Nighoghossian N. , Berruyer M. , Derex L. , Philippeau F. , Cakmak S. , Honnorat J. , Hermier M. , Trouillas P.
Published: August 2005

The demonstration of an underlying prothrombotic condition in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) may have important practical consequences in terms of prevention. Thyrotoxicosis through a hypercoagulable state may be a predisposing factor for CVT. The authors present the cases of 4 patients who developed CVT and hyperthyroidism. At the acute stage, hyperthyroidism was associated with an increase in factor VIII (FVIII). At follow-up, FVIII level remained increased in 2 patients. Hyperthyroidism may have an impact on FVIII level. Accordingly in patients with hyperthyroidism and neurological symptoms, the diagnosis of CVT should be considered and an exhaustive coagulation screening may be appropriate.
Lymphocyte Drug Sensitivity Is Useful for Prediction of the Antiproteinuric Effect and Relapse Rate in Cyclosporine Treatment for Frequent-Relapse Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Yoshida Masaharu , Yoshikawa Noriko , Akashi Masakazu , Nakabayashi Iwao , Watanabe Taeko , Iwahori Toru , Hirano Toshihiko , Oka Kitaro
Published: August 2005

Background/Aims: The therapeutic effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) in combination with steroids varies greatly for frequent-relapse minimal change nephrotic syndrome (FRMCNS). The association between the sensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to CsA in vitro and the therapeutic effect of CsA in FRMCNS were investigated. Methods: The sensitivity of PBLs in vitro and the therapeutic effect of CsA in 23 FRMCNS patients were compared. The length of time to complete remission (CR) and the number of relapses were compared using the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of CsA in the presence of a T-cell mitogen. Results: FRMCNS patients were divided into 2 groups: a low sensitivity group with an IC50 of >14.8 ng/ml (GII, n = 10), and a high sensitivity group with an IC50 of <14.8 ng/ml (GI, n = 13). Comparison of the length of time to CR between the 2 groups showed that GI reached CR earlier than GII (p < 0.01). GI had significantly fewer relapses than GII when CsA was administered for 12 months or longer (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Lymphocyte sensitivity to CsA has the potential to be an important clinical indicator of the antiproteinuric effect and relapse rate in FRMCNS.
Is Sustainability Possible? A Review and Commentary on Empirical Studies of Program Sustainability
Authors: Scheirer Mary Ann
Published: August 2005

An important final step in the life cycles of programs and their evaluation involves assessing new programs’ or innovations’ sustainability. This review and synthesis of 19 empirical studies of the sustainability of American and Canadian health-related programs examines the extent of sustainability achieved and summarizes factors contributing to greater sustainability. Three definitions for measuring sustainability were examined: continued program activities (18 studies), continued measured benefits or outcomes for new clients (2 studies), and maintained community capacity (6 studies). Methods of studying sustainability were also assessed. In 14 of 17 studies covering the continuation of program activities, at least 60% of sites reported sustaining at least one program component. Although these studies’ methods had substantial limitations, cross-study analysis showed consistent support for five important factors influencing the extent of sustainability: (a) A program can be modified over time, (b) a “champion” is present, (c) a program “fits” with its organization’s mission and procedures, (d) benefits to staff members and/or clients are readily perceived, and (e) stakeholders in other organizations provide support.
Tandem machine learning for the identification of genes regulated by transcription factors
Authors: Dinakarpandian Deendayal , Raheja Venetia , Mehta Saumil , Schuetz Erin G , Rogan Peter K
Published: August 2005

Background

The identification of promoter regions that are regulated by a given transcription factor has traditionally relied upon the identification and distributions of binding sites recognized by the factor. In this study, we have developed a tandem machine learning approach for the identification of regulatory target genes based on these parameters and on the corresponding binding site information contents that measure the affinities of the factor for these cognate elements.

Results

This method has been validated using models of DNA binding sites recognized by the xenobiotic-sensitive nuclear receptor, PXR/RXRα, for target genes within the human genome. An information theory-based weight matrix was first derived and refined from known PXR/RXRα binding sites. The promoter region of candidate genes was scanned with the weight matrix. A novel information density-based clustering algorithm was then used to identify clusters of information rich sites. Finally, transformed data representing metrics of location, strength and clustering of binding sites were used for classification of promoter regions using an ensemble approach involving neural networks, decision trees and Naïve Bayesian classification. The method was evaluated on a set of 24 known target genes and 288 genes known not to be regulated by PXR/RXRα. We report an average accuracy (proportion of correctly classified promoter regions) of 71%, sensitivity of 73%, and specificity of 70%, based on multiple cross-validation and the leave-one-out strategy. The performance on a test set of 13 genes showed that 10 were correctly classified.

Conclusion

We have developed a machine learning approach for the successful detection of gene targets for transcription factors with high accuracy. The method has been validated for the transcription factor PXR/RXRα and has the potential to be extended to other transcription factors.
Suicide attempts in clinical trials with paroxetine randomised against placebo
Authors: Aursnes Ivar , Tvete Ingunn Fride , Gaasemyr Jorund , Natvig Bent
Published: August 2005

Background

Inclusion of unpublished data on the effects of antidepressants on children has suggested unfavourable risk-benefit profiles for some of the drugs. Recent meta-analyses of studies on adults have indicated similar effects. We obtained unpublished data for paroxetine that have so far not been included in these analyses.

Methods

The documentation for drug registration contained 16 studies in which paroxetine had been randomised against placebo. We registered the number of suicides, suicide attempts and ideation. We corrected for duration of medication and placebo treatment and used a standard Bayesian statistical approach with varying priors.

Results

There were 7 suicide attempts in patients on the drug and 1 in a patient on placebo. We found that the probability of increased intensity of suicide attempts per year in adults taking paroxetine was 0.90 with a "pessimistic" prior, and somewhat less with two more neutral priors.

Conclusion

Our findings support the results of recent meta-analyses. Patients and doctors should be warned that the increased suicidal activity observed in children and adolescents taking certain antidepressant drugs may also be present in adults.
Neuropathic Pain Develops Normally in Mice Lacking both Nav1.7 and Nav1.8
Authors: Nassar Mohammed A , Levato Alessandra , Stirling L Caroline , Wood John N
Published: August 2005

Two voltage gated sodium channel α-subunits, Nav1.7 and Nav1.8, are expressed at high levels in nociceptor terminals and have been implicated in the development of inflammatory pain. Mis-expression of voltage-gated sodium channels by damaged sensory neurons has also been implicated in the development of neuropathic pain, but the role of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 is uncertain. Here we show that deleting Nav1.7 has no effect on the development of neuropathic pain. Double knockouts of both Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 also develop normal levels of neuropathic pain, despite a lack of inflammatory pain symptoms and altered mechanical and thermal acute pain thresholds. These studies demonstrate that, in contrast to the highly significant role for Nav1.7 in determining inflammatory pain thresholds, the development of neuropathic pain does not require the presence of either Nav1.7 or Nav1.8 alone or in combination.
ASTIN: a Bayesian adaptive dose–response trial in acute stroke
Authors: Grieve Andrew P , Krams Michael
Published: August 2005

Understanding the dose–response is critical for successful drug development. We describe an adaptive design to efficiently learn about the dose–response and the ED95. A dynamic termination rule allows for early discontinuation either for efficacy or futility. The design was deployed in ASTIN, a phase II proof-of-concept trial of the neuroprotectant, neutrophil inhibitory factor (NIF), in acute stroke. We discuss the learning from this trial.
Bayesian predictions of final outcomes: regulatory approval of a spinal implant
Authors: Lipscomb Bailey , Ma Guorong , Berry Donald A
Published: August 2005

We describe a randomized controlled trial of an investigational spinal implant. The investigational device has an obvious benefit in comparison with control in that it precludes the need for harvesting bone graft and the pain and morbidity associated with it. Therefore, the principal comparison is one of noninferiority. The primary endpoint is overall success at two years. The “noninferiority margin” is 10%. Waiting for two years after the last patient's surgery may not be necessary depending on earlier measurements of success. We model the relationship between one-and two-year results. Our Bayesian analysis considers all available information, including some patients who have both one-and two-year results and some patients who have only one-year results. Our study provides an example in which Bayesian predictive modeling provided earlier information than otherwise and therefore it shortened the time line of the development of a therapeutic strategy.
The Influence of Gripping Techniques on the Tensile Properties of Tendons
Authors: Ng B H , Chou S M , Krishna V
Published: August 2005

Gripping is a major challenge faced in the tensile testing of tendons. As soft and aqueous materials, tendons are prone to slip and experience premature failure during mechanical testing. Several gripping methods were attempted and evaluated, including serrated jaw, sandpaper, frozen ends, and air-dried ends. It was found that 1 kN pneumatic grips (Shimadzu Company) lined with cardboard provided an adequate grip without perceptible slip and damage to the tendons. It was found that using the pneumatic grips with cardboard lining the stress concentration at the grip-specimen interface reduced substantially. An analysis of specimens that failed at the grip-specimen interface versus those that failed at mid-substance shows that there was no significant difference in their tensile properties.
Role of N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Risk Stratification in Patients Presenting in the Emergency Room
Authors: Möckel Martin , Müller Reinhold , Vollert Jörn O , Müller Christian , Carl Angelika , Peetz Dirk , Post Felix , Kohse J Klaus , Lackner Karl J
Published: August 2005

Background: Natriuretic peptides are promising markers in diagnosing acute and chronic heart failure and assessing prognosis in these patients. Increasing routine use to unselected patients is challenged by false-positive results. The aims of this study were to assess (a) the distributions of N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) values in various diagnostic groups, (b) factors that influence NT-proBNP, and (c) the value of NT-proBNP in risk stratification in unselected emergency room (ER) patients.

Methods: NT-proBNP was measured in 876 unselected consecutive patients [mean (SD) age, 58 (18) years; 53% male] attending the ERs of 2 university hospitals and 1 community hospital. Diagnoses, age, sex, hemoglobin, creatinine (CREA), C-reactive protein (CRP), troponin T, and intensity of care were documented. In a subset consisting of all 417 patients at 1 center, in-hospital follow-up was completed with respect to a complicated clinical course, including intensive care treatment and death.

Results: NT-proBNP was significantly increased in patients with cardiac diagnoses or histories compared with patients with only pulmonary or other diagnoses. In patients with other diagnoses, NT-proBNP values increased significantly with the number of atherosclerotic risk factors (P = 0.044). Age, renal function, CRP, and to a much lesser extent, hemoglobin significantly influenced NT-proBNP values. The amount of care was positively correlated with NT-proBNP (P <0.001). Classification and regression tree analysis showed a superior impact of NT-proBNP for identification of high-risk patients.

Conclusions: NT-proBNP is a promising marker for identification of patients with structural heart disease in the ER and a suitable tool for risk stratification. Its use in the ER should be limited to clearly clinically defined patient groups at present to avoid a potential excess of additional diagnostic procedures in positive but asymptomatic patients.