bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cuidado e conforto durante o trabalho de parto e parto: na busca pela opinião das mulheres
Authors: Carraro Telma Elisa , Knobel Roxana , Radünz Vera , Meincke Sonia Maria Könzgen , Fiewski Marlei Fátima Cezarotto , Frello Ariane Thaise , Martins Marisa da Silva , Lopes Caroline Vasconcellos , Berton Andressa
Published: February 2008

A obstetrícia moderna considera o parto um evento médico-cirúrgico e adota um modelo de assistência tecnicista. Esperava-se que os avanços tecnológicos auxiliassem o trabalho dos cuidadores, proporcionando condições e tempo para ser e estar junto à parturiente. No entanto, esse avanço tecnológico e científico mostra uma enorme fragilidade no que se refere ao cuidado. Realizou-se uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, descritiva prospectiva, que avaliou a opinião das mulheres puérperas sobre os métodos utilizados para seu cuidado e conforto durante o trabalho de parto e parto. Este trabalho é um recorte dos dados qualitativos, focando os sentimentos das mulheres puérperas durante esta vivência. Com os resultados, pretende-se contribuir na adaptação dos métodos de cuidado e conforto, proporcionando um trabalho de parto humanizado, reforçando na parturiente a confiança em si mesma e na equipe, facilitando e incentivando o parto normal e o exercício saudável da sexualidade, bem como a prevenção das mortes maternas.
Allocation of scarce resources in health care: values and concepts
Authors: Liss Per-Erik
Published: February 2008

In many countries, a gap exists between the population's need for health care and available resources. These nations have attempted to eliminate or reduce the gap through such activities as improving efficiency and narrowing responsibilities. Since these measures have proven insufficient, decisions must be made regarding how to best use the scarce resources. The priority-setting and rationing processes involve key decisions in the sense that they have consequences for people's health and quality of life and they should therefore be rational and based on solid grounds. This means that the decisions involve three issues: facts, concepts and values. In this presentation the focus is on the conceptual and value issues. A basic ethical platform as a guide for decision-making will be presented. The ethical principles that constitute the platform contain central concepts like health care need, cost-effectiveness, health and goal. A short presentation of these concepts will be carried out. This will end with the concept of a goal and its importance for decision-making.
Engagement in contemporary practice: a relational ethics perspective
Authors: Austin Wendy
Published: February 2008

The challenges and constraints of meaningful engagement with patients are discussed from a standpoint of relational ethics. If openness to others and to their situation is the beginning of ethics, as is argued by philosophers whose work informs relational ethics, then in health care we must address that openness (or its lack) as it is lived by individual health professionals within the immediacy and complexity of their practice. If, as has been also argued, disengagement is the source of maleficence within healthcare systems, addressing constraints to engagement becomes particularly urgent.
Dinâmica do perfilhamento do capim-marandu cultivado em duas alturas e três intervalos de corte
Authors: Difante Gelson dos Santos , Nascimento Júnior Domicio do , Silva Sila Carneiro da , Euclides Valéria Pacheco Batista , Zanine Anderson de Moura , Adese Bruna
Published: February 2008

O experimento foi realizado para avaliar a dinâmica do perfilhamento do capim-marandu submetido a duas alturas (15 e 30 cm) e três intervalos de corte (aparecimento de três, quatro e cinco folhas por perfilho). Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições e arranjo fatorial 2 × 3. As avaliações consistiram do monitoramento mensal do aparecimento e morte de perfilhos em duas touceiras por parcela, sendo os novos perfilhos classificados em basilares e aéreos. A altura de corte de 15 cm promoveu maior aparecimento, 1,46 perfilhos/100 perfilhos.dia, e maior mortalidade de perfilhos, 0,368 perfilhos/100 perfilhos.dia. O intervalo de cortes de 5 folhas/perfilho resultou em menor taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos totais quando associado à altura de corte de 30 cm, 0,97 perfilhos/100 perfilhos.dia. Parcelas cortadas a 15 cm de altura apresentaram menor variação em densidade populacional de perfilhos, independentemente do intervalo de corte utilizado. A dinâmica de perfilhamento basilar, aéreo e total respondeu de forma diferenciada ao intervalo e à altura de corte, resultado do estádio fisiológico das plantas e das condições ambientais vigentes durante o experimento.
Detecção de locos de características quantitativas (QTL) afetando o crescimento e a carcaça de suínos: um enfoque Bayesiano com o uso de diferentes prioris
Authors: Gonçalves Tarcisio de Moraes , Costa Ana Luísa Lopes da , Laranjo Juliana Salgado , Rodriguez Mary Ana Petersen , Rebouças Geovanne Ferreira
Published: February 2008

Foram utilizados 1.129 animais, 298 F1 e 831 F2 para gordura intramuscular (GIM, %) e ganho de peso (GP, g/dia) e 324 F1 e 805 F2 para espessura de toucinho (ET, mm), obtidos por meio do cruzamento de suínos machos da raça Meishan e fêmeas Large White e Landrace. Os animais foram genotipados para marcadores moleculares cobrindo todo o genoma. Foram estudados os cromossomos 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14 e19 para ET e GIM e os cromossomos 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 17 e19 para GP entre 25 e 90 kg de peso vivo (PV). Análises de QTL usando metodologia Bayesiana foram aplicadas mediante o modelo genético estatístico combinando os efeitos Poligênico Infinito (MPI), Poligênico Finito (MPF) e de QTL. Os sumários dos parâmetros estimados foram baseados nas distribuições marginais a posteriori obtidas por Cadeia de Markov, algoritmo de Monte Carlo (MCMC). De modo geral, por meio dos resultados, foi possível evidenciar um QTL para ET, independentemente da priori estudada. Não foi possível detectar QTL para as características GIM e GP com a aplicação desta metodologia, o que pode estar relacionado aos marcadores não-informativos ou à ausência de QTL segregando nos cromossomos estudados. Há vantagens em analisar dados experimentais ajustando modelos genéticos combinados e não considerando unicamente o modelo poligênico ou o oligogênico. As análises ilustraram a utilidade e aplicabilidade do método Bayesiano no qual foram utilizados modelos finitos.
Valor nutricional e viabilidade econômica de rações suplementadas com maltodextrina e acidificante para leitões desmamados
Authors: Silva Anália Maria Ribeiro da , Berto Dirlei Antonio , Lima Gustavo Julio Mello Monteiro de , Wechsler Francisco Stefano , Padilha Pedro de Magalhães , Castro Vanessa Sousa
Published: February 2008

Para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética de maltodextrina em substituição parcial à lactose e de acidificante sobre o desempenho, a digestibilidade e a viabilidade econômica em leitões desmamados, foram utilizados 144 leitões Dalland com pesos iniciais de 6,0 ± 0,45 kg no ensaio 1, no qual foram utilizadas rações mais complexas, e de 5,8 ± 0,53 kg no ensaio 2. Os delineamentos experimentais foram em blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 dos tratamentos (ausência ou presença de maltodextrina × ausência ou presença de acidificante). Não houve interação maltodextrina × acidificante e efeito do acidificante sobre o desempenho dos leitões em ambos os ensaios. A maltodextrina determinou maior consumo diário de ração e ganho diário de peso de 0 a 14 dias no ensaio 1, mas não influenciou o desempenho na fase de 0 a 28 dias e nos períodos de 0 a 16 e de 0 a 30 dias do ensaio 2. Não houve interação maltodextrina ´ acidificante nem efeitos desses fatores sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes das rações pré-iniciais do ensaio 2. As rações com maltodextrina e maltodextrina + acidificante proporcionaram melhor resultado econômico. A maltodextrina e o acidificante não influenciaram o valor nutricional das rações. A maltodextrina constitui alternativa às fontes de lactose para leitões desmamados.
Formulação com aminoácidos totais ou digestíveis em rações com níveis decrescentes de proteína bruta para frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade
Authors: Viola Teresa Herr , Ribeiro Andréa Machado Leal , Beretta Neto Carlos , Kessler Alexandre de Mello
Published: February 2008

Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a formulação de rações para frangos de corte com redução do nível de proteína bruta (PB) e suplementadas com aminoácidos sintéticos, formuladas com base nos aminoácidos totais - AAT (experimento 1) ou digestíveis - AAD (experimento 2). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no período de 3 a 6 semanas de idade das aves. Em ambos os experimentos, os quatros níveis de PB foram: 20,8; 19,7; 18,6 e 17,5% PB. No experimento 2, também foram testados outros dois tratamentos com rações contendo 20,8 e 17,5% de PB e alta digestibilidade (ADig), à base de milho, farelo de soja, amido de milho e proteína isolada de soja. Nos dois experimentos, o consumo de ração não foi afetado pela redução de PB. No experimento 1, o ganho de peso (GP), a conversão alimentar (CA) e os rendimentos de peito e de coxa foram afetados negativamente pela redução dos níveis de PB, enquanto, no experimento 2 estas variáveis não foram influenciadas. No entanto, em ambos os experimentos, na semana de 21 a 28 dias, o GP e a CA foram influenciados negativamente pela redução dos níveis de PB na ração. Com o decréscimo no nível de PB, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e da matéria orgânica (MO) aumentou no experimento 2, em virtude da menor inclusão de farelo de soja. Em ambos os experimentos, a retenção relativa de proteína foi superior para rações com baixos níveis de PB. No experimento 2, apesar de os níveis de PB não terem influenciado o desempenho, a ração de ADig proporcionou maior digestibilidade da MO e tendência à maior digestibilidade da MS. As rações com 17,5% PB e ADig promoveram balanço mais positivo e maior retenção relativa de proteína em comparação às de digestibilidade padrão. Considerando todos os resultados, a formulação de rações com AAD mostrou vantagens em relação aos AAT.
Avaliação nutricional da grama-estrela cv. Africana para vacas leiteiras em condições de pastejo
Authors: Favoreto Maurício Gomes , Deresz Fermino , Fernandes Alberto Magno , Vieira Ricardo Augusto Mendonça , Fontes Carlos Augusto de Alencar
Published: February 2008

Objetivou-se avaliar nutricionalmente a grama-estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis) cv. Africana utilizada sob pastejo rotacionado por vacas leiteiras. Dez vacas mestiças foram manejadas em 2 ha de grama-estrela e divididas em 11 piquetes/ha. O período de pastejo foi de três dias e os 30 subseqüentes foram destinados à recuperação da pastagem. Durante o período experimental, os animais foram ordenhados duas vezes ao dia e receberam suplementação com 2 kg de concentrado. Amostras representativas do pasto ingeridas (extrusa) foram colhidas para determinação de sua composição nutricional. O consumo de matéria seca (MS) pelos animais foi estimado utilizando-se cromo e a MS indigestível como indicadores externo e interno. O desempenho individual das vacas foi avaliado pela produção de leite diária e pela pesagem dos animais. A dinâmica da matéria alimentar foi estimada com base nas técnicas in vitro gravimétricas, de produção cumulativa de gases da fermentação microbiana e da estimativa da cinética de passagem das fases sólida e líquida. A quantidade de energia líquida total (ELt), em MJ/dia, atendeu à demanda energética exigida pelos animais. Os valores de proteína metabolizável (PM) preditos corresponderam ao suprimento de 91% da PM exigida por esses animais. As predições das exigências em macrominerais atenderam apenas 75% do Ca exigido, mas atenderam às exigências dos demais macrominerais. A grama-estrela atende à demanda energética nutricional de mantença e produção de 11,7 kg de leite por dia. Nas circunstâncias estudadas, é necessário suplementar nutrientes que complementem a PM e Ca não atendidos completamente. O teor e as características cinéticas da fibra não causam repleção ruminal e restrição sobre o consumo de vacas leiteiras em pastejo.
Influência do tempo de incubação e do tamanho de partículas sobre os teores de compostos indigestíveis em alimentos e fezes bovinas obtidos por procedimentos in situ
Authors: Casali André Oliveira , Detmann Edenio , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Pereira José Carlos , Henriques Lara Toledo , Freitas Samuel Galvão de , Paulino Mário Fonseca
Published: February 2008

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do tempo de incubação in situ e do tamanho de partículas sobre as estimativas das frações indigestíveis da matéria seca (MSi), da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) e da fibra em detergente ácido (FDAi) em alimentos e fezes bovinas. Avaliaram-se amostras de fubá de milho, casca de soja, farelo de trigo, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, silagem de milho, capim-elefante, cana-de-açúcar, feno de capim-braquiária, palha de milho e fezes de bovinos alimentados com dietas com alto ou baixo nível de concentrado. As amostras foram processadas em moinho com peneiras de porosidade 1, 2 ou 3 mm e acondicionadas (20 mg MS/cm² de superfície) em sacos de tecido não-tecido (100 g/m²) de dimensão 4 × 5 cm. Os materiais foram divididos em três grupos, de modo que as amostras de cada grupo foram incubadas no rúmen de três novilhas mestiças (Holandês × Zebu). O procedimento de incubação foi repetido três vezes e, a cada período, procedeu-se à incubação dos grupos em animais distintos. Foram utilizados os tempos: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240 e 312 horas. Os teores de MSi, FDNi e FDAi foram avaliados seqüencialmente para interpretação dos perfis de degradação por modelo logístico não-linear. Não houve efeito do tamanho de partículas sobre as estimativas de FDNi e FDAi. Verificaram-se efeitos dos tamanhos de partículas sobre a velocidade de degradação da MS da silagem de milho e do fubá de milho, da FDN da cana-de-açúcar, da silagem de milho e da palha de milho e sobre a velocidade de degradação da FDA da cana-de-açúcar. Para esses alimentos, o tamanho de partícula associou-se positivamente ao tempo necessário para estimar a fração indigestível. Tempos de incubação de 240 horas para MS e FDN e de 264 horas para FDA são recomendados para obtenção de estimativas exatas das frações indigestíveis. O uso de partículas de 2 mm é recomendado por proporcionar maior precisão das estimativas.
Psicoterapia psicodinâmica e o tratamento do jogo patológico
Authors: Rosenthal Richard J.
Published: February 2008

OBJETIVO: A busca por tratamentos com base empírica para o jogo patológico está em sua infância, havendo relativamente poucos ensaios clínicos e uma ausência de estudos naturalísticos. A adesão dos jogadores ao tratamento tem sido um problema, sendo que o tratamento cognitivo-comportamental e os estudos farmacoterápicos relatam índices particularmente altos de abandono. As abordagens psicodinâmicas, com sua ênfase na relação terapêutica e no significado dos comportamentos autodestrutivos e aparentemente irracionais, e nos obstáculos à capacidade de se perdoar, poderiam melhorar o desfecho. MÉTODO: Após uma descrição da psicoterapia psicodinâmica, foi feita uma revisão da literatura que investigou a eficácia de tratamentos psicoterápicos de curto e longo prazo para uma série de transtornos. Com relação ao jogo patológico, foi feito um resumo da literatura psicanalítica inicial (1914-1970) e a seguir foi revisada a literatura mais recente sobre a utilização da psicoterapia psicodinâmica no jogo patológico. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa da literatura recente sobre psicoterapia psicodinâmica não revelou nenhum estudo controlado aleatorizado sobre a eficácia ou efetividade desse tratamento. No entanto, há oito estudos com desfechos positivos descritos como ecléticos multimodais; a metade destes parece utilizar abordagens psicodinâmicas. São descritos dois programas entre os que obtiveram maior êxito. CONCLUSÕES: Uma observação sobre os desfechos mais gerais da psicoterapia psicodinâmica na literatura demonstra eficácia suficiente para uma variedade de transtornos que justificam um ensaio clínico sobre o jogo patológico. A psicoterapia psicodinâmica de curto prazo, com seu foco em questões nucleares, pode ser particularmente aplicável à necessidade dos jogadores patológicos de evitar ou escapar de efeitos e problemas intoleráveis. Terapias de mais longo prazo podem ser necessárias para modificar um padrão evitativo de comportamento e defesas psicodinâmicas.
Reliability and validity of a questionnaire on vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections among adults with chronic mental illness: PESSOAS Project
Authors: Guimarães Mark Drew Crosland , Oliveira Helian Nunes de , Campos Lorenza Nogueira , Santos Carolina Ali , Gomes Carlos Eduardo Resende , Oliveira Suely Broxado de , Freitas Maria Imaculada de Fátima , Acúrcio Francisco de Assis , Machado Carla Jorge
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE: To describe reliability/validity of a semi-structured questionnaire designed to assess risk behavior to sexually transmitted diseases among adults with chronic mental illness. METHOD: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in one psychiatric hospital and one mental health outpatient clinic. Clinical, behavioral and demographic data were collected from semi-structured interviews and medical charts. One-hundred and twenty patients were randomly selected from pre-defined lists in both centers while 89 (74%) were interviewed, indicating 26% nonparticipation rate. Protocol, participation rates, consent form and feasibility issues were assessed. The semi-structured interview was evaluated with regard to reliability (intra- and inter-rater) and construct validity by randomly repeating the interviews in a 1:1 ratio up to one-week interval. Reliability was estimated by percent agreement and Kappa statistics (95% confidence interval). Construct validity was assessed by Grade of Membership model. RESULTS: Kappa statistics ranged from 0.40 to 1.00 for most variables. Grade of Membership analysis generated three profiles. Profile one was represented by mostly women with no condom use in stable relationships; profile two revealed mostly men in stable relationship but with multiple risk behaviors; while profile three indicated a higher proportion of licit or illicit substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Reliability and construct validity assessment using Grade of Membership analysis indicated that the semi-structured interview was suitable for capturing risk behavior among patients with chronic mental illness.
Reduction of the anxiety of medical students after curricular reform
Authors: Zuardi Antonio Waldo , Prota Fernando Del Guerra , Del-Ben Cristina Marta
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: Curricular structure may interfere in students' anxiety level at medical schools. The objective of this study was to assess anxiety levels in medical students before and after a curriculum reform at the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto and to compare them with students at other courses that had no curricular changes in the same university campus. METHOD: Study samples were obtained in two moments: 1) two years before the reform; 2) after the reform when the reformed curriculum completed its fourth year. The pre-sample (former curriculum) consisted of 307 medical students and 217 students from psychology and biology courses. The post-sample (new curriculum) was composed of 330 medical students and 194 students from psychology and biology courses. Anxiety was assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: Comparing the pre with the post sample, we found STAI-T scores of the students under the former curriculum were significantly higher in the first (42.9 + 1.08) and second (41.9 + 1.1) years than the STAI-T scores of the medical students under the new curriculum (38.1 + 1.0 and 37.9 + 1.06, respectively). Students from other courses and 5th year medical students, who followed the same curriculum, did not show any significant differences between different samples. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that changes to medical school curricula may reduce the medical student' levels of anxiety in the first two years of the course.
Effects of rainfall on water quality in six sequentially disposed fishponds with continuous water flow
Authors: Sipaúba-Tavares LH. , Guariglia CST. , Braga FMS.
Published: February 2008

An investigation was carried out during the rainy period in six semi-intensive production fish ponds in which water flowed from one pond to another without undergoing any treatment. Eight sampling sites were assigned at pond outlets during the rainy period (December-February). Lowest and highest physical and chemical parameters of water occurred in pond P1 (a site near the springs) and in pond P4 (a critical site that received allochthonous material from the other ponds and also from frog culture ponds), respectively. Pond sequential layout caused concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll-a and conductivity. Seasonal rains increased the water flow in the ponds and, consequently, silted more particles and other dissolved material from one fish pond to another. Silting increased limnological variables from P3 to P6. Although results suggest that during the period under analysis, rainfall affected positively the ponds' water quality and since the analyzed systems have been aligned in a sequential layout with constant water flow from fish ponds and parallel tanks without any previous treatment, care has to be taken so that an increase in rain-induced water flow does not have a contrary effect in the fish ponds investigated.
Spatial and temporal distribution of fishing resources exploited by the Manaus fishing fleet, Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Batista VS. , Petrere Jr M.
Published: February 2008

Fishing resources are important generators of income and food for the rural and urban people in the Amazon. The present paper investigates fishing and environmental variables determining fishing production landed in Manaus and evaluates the relative abundance of commercial fishes in the different sub-systems of the Central Amazon basin. Information collected was used to test the new catch index derived from multiple regressions with the following significant variables: number of fisherman days fishing; distance of the fishing ground from Manaus; amount of ice carried during the trip; and river level. There were no significant differences between mean catch values of the Purus, Madeira and Juruá sub-systems. These results suggest that the tributaries of the right margin were very similar and were the most productive in commercial terms. The actual production varies according to the recent magnitude of fishing effort, environmental variations and operational aspects of fishing, particularly ice consumption.
Dial organic carbon fluctuations in a mangrove tidal creek in Sepetiba bay, Southeast Brazil
Authors: Rezende CE. , Lacerda LD. , Ovalle ARC. , Silva LFF.
Published: February 2008

The carbon (C) concentration and flux, as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and macrodetritus (MD), were quantified through 4 tidal cycles in a mangrove tidal creek in Southeastern Brazil. DOC was the major fraction of the total C concentration, accounting for 68 and 61% of the total C concentration during ebb and flood periods respectively. Concentrations of DOC (Ebb = 3,41 ± 0,57 mgC.L-1 and Flood = 3,55 ± 0,76 mgC.L-1) and POC (Ebb = 1,73 ± 0,99 mgC.L-1 and Flood = 1,28 ± 0,45 mgC.L-1) were relatively similar during the four tidal cycles. Macrodetritus presented a wide variation with concentration peaks probably related to external forces, such as winds, which enrich the ebb flow with leaf litter. DOC and POC fluxes depended primarily on tidal and net water fluxes, whereas MD fluxes were not. The magnitude of the DOC and POC fluxes varied with the area flooded at high tide, but not the MD fluxes. DOC was the major form of carbon export to Sepetiba Bay. During the four tidal cycles, the forest exported a total of 1,2 kg of organic carbon per ha, mostly as DOC (60%), followed by POC (22%) and MD (18%).
Size structure and fertility in an Eriocnema fulva Naudin (Melastomataceae) population in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Andrade PM. , Santos FAM. , Martins FR.
Published: February 2008

Eriocnema fulva Naudin is an endangered perennial herbaceous plant, endemic to Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This study was conducted in the Jambreiro Forest (19° 58' -59'S and 43° 52' -55' W, 800-1100 m altitude). In an attempt to describe the population size structure and its association with individual fertility, fifteen 1 x 1 m contiguous plots were set. We tagged, counted, and measured a total of 260 individuals in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Young individuals with leaf lamina lengths < 3.4 cm comprised 33% of the total sampled, indicating that the population was reproducing locally. The number of leaves varied significantly, growth differences being detected only after two years of measurements. Stem length was the variable that best showed population size variation. The length of the largest leaf lamina was the best indication of its development phase. Assessing the number of leaves helped to evaluate the alteration in plant size during the study. The probability that individuals with laminas > 10 cm in length did not reproduce was 2.69%. The highest survival probability of the large-sized individuals confirmed the strong correlation between size and survival. The data indicated that size is important for the fertility of E. fulva, and it may be one of the relevant aspects to be considered for analyses of survival probability. The intraspecific competition, which was indicated by negative correlation between fruit production per size unit and density, can affect fertility, as larger plants had higher fruit production.
Patterns of investment of the reproductive strategy of two stream-dwelling Characidae
Authors: Mazzoni R. , Iglesias-Rios R.
Published: February 2008

The reproductive strategy of two congeneric species (Astyanax janeiroensis - AJ and Astyanax hastatus - AH) was assessed, in order to address the costs imposed by different investment patterns, on four major life history characters: migratory behaviour, breeding time, fecundity and egg size. Altitudinal segregation of young and adult individuals plus data from the literature indicated that AJ is a migratory species, whereas AH is non migratory. Breeding season (BS) analysis revealed that AH was reproductively active year-round (12 months), whereas AJ breeds during 9 months. Brood costs (Ovarian Investment) were almost the same for both species (AJ - 364 oocytes / g and egg volume = 0.52 mm³; AH -702 oocytes / g and egg volume = 0.27 mm³). Reproductive costs (RC), considered as product of gamete production (OI) and gamete output (BS), were 1,703.7 for AJ and 2,274.0 for AH; thus RC is 25% higher in AH. It is concluded that the costs with OI (egg size and egg numbers) are equal for both species but as breeding season is larger for AH the overall strategy is 25% more expensive in AH. Thus, it is hypothesized that this 25% should be considered as the extra costs that AJ uses during migration and is compensated by its shorter breeding time (9 months versus 12 months of AH).
[NO TITLE AVAILABLE]
Authors: De Conto V , Cerqueira R
Published: February 2008

The reproduction, development and growth of Akodon lindberghi were studied in captivity. The colony was derived from animals captured in Simão Pereira, Minas Gerais state, which represents a new area of geographical distribution known for this species. Twelve males and twelve females were crossed, producing 144 young in 53 litters. Post-partum oestrus was observed and gestation length was estimated in 23 days. Litter size ranged from 1 to 4 with a mean of 2.72 (SD = 0.97, n = 53) and modal size of 3. Sexual dimorphism was neither present in body mass at birth nor at weaning. There was a significant negative correlation between litter size and mass at birth or weaning. Permanent emergence of adult external appearance occurred at 15 days. Puberty for males and females was 43 and 42 days, respectively, and the first fecundation event for two females was recorded at 47 and 54 days of age. The weight growth was described by fitting a Gompertz model. No significant difference was found in any parameter of growth curves for males and females. Measurements (head-body, tail, hind foot and internal and external ear lengths) obtained for adult individuals also did not reveal the presence of sexual dimorphism.
First record of parasitism in the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) at Jaguaribe River estuary - Ceará, Brazil
Authors: Sabry RC , Gesteira TCV , Boehs G
Published: February 2008

Mangrove oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae were sampled monthly in the estuary of Jaguaribe River, on the east coast of Ceará State, Brazil, between August, 2000 and December, 2001, making up 170 individuals. The water temperature varied from 26 to 30 °C and salinity from 21 to 42‰. The animals' size ranged from 3.4 to 7.2 cm height. Macroscopical and histopathological analyses were carried out in the oysters' tissues. The histological exams showed protozoans and metazoans of genera Nematopsis and Tylocephalum, respectively. Nematopsis prevalence varied from 60 to 100% and it was higher in the gills and mantle. The oocysts presented a mean size of 11.5 µm (±1.32) length and 9.1 µm (±1.06) width (n = 30), up to 3 oocysts/phagocyte having been observed. Several animals presented focal hemocitical reaction. The percentage of Tylocephalum was 1.7%. In spite of the high infection prevalence by Nematopsis, infected animals did not have their reproductive cycle impaired.
Genetic diversity of the Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818) in Southern and Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Trinca CS. , Waldemarin HF. , Eizirik E.
Published: February 2008

The Neotropical otter is one of the least known otter species, and it is considered to be threatened to various degrees throughout its geographic range. Little information exists on the ecological characteristics of this species, and no genetic study has been published about it until now, hampering the design of adequate conservation strategies for its populations. To contribute with genetic information to comprehensive conservation efforts on behalf of L. longicaudis, we characterized the molecular diversity of the 5’ portion of the mtDNA control region in samples from this species collected in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. The sequence analysis revealed a high level of haplotype diversity (h = 0.819; SE = 0.0052) and nucleotide variability ranging from 0.0039 to 0.0067. One of the sampled haplotypes was the most common in both regions and, from this sequence, several other (locally occurring) haplotypes could be derived by single point mutations. No significant genetic differentiation was observed between the Southern and Southeastern regions.
Genetic variability of Conopophaga lineata (Conopophagidae) (Wied-Neuwied, 1831) in Atlantic Forest fragments
Authors: Dantas GPM. , Santos FR. , Marini MA.
Published: February 2008

Forest fragmentation affects bird populations in many ways, modifying the composition of communities and favouring open country species. The Atlantic Forest is considered one of the most important biomes in the world, due to its great biodiversity, accelerated rates of deforestation, and high endemism. Despite these characteristics, few studies have evaluated the effects of forest fragmentation in the genetic structure of Atlantic forest bird populations. So, this study aims to verify the effects of forest fragmentation in the genetic population structure of Conopophaga lineata, through RAPD markers. To achieve this goal, 89 C. lineata individuals were captured in nine Atlantic Forest fragments in Minas Gerais State. The RAPD data indicate that forest fragmentation has not affected the genetic variation of C. lineata populations (Mann-Whitney U = 3.50; p = 0.11). Great part of the genetic variability of this species is found within populations and it was not observed a correlation between genetic and geographic distance (Mantel test t = 0.6250; p = 073). UPGMA analyses did not show defined clades and all branches showed low statistical support. The low population differentiation observed in this species can be due to a high gene flow among populations or a recent fragmentation. Thus, the current diversity status of C. lineata populations indicates that this species is not significantly affected by fragmentation. However, more genetic studies are essential to improve conservation strategies of Brazilian Atlantic Forest birds.
Genetic variability in three Amazon parrot species
Authors: Lopes IF. , Del Lama MA. , Del Lama SN.
Published: February 2008

Parrots of the genus Amazona are among the most threatened species of the Order Pscittaciformes. This work describes allozyme polymorphisms in three Amazon parrot species - the Blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva), the Orange-winged Amazon (Amazona amazonica), and the Festive Amazon (Amazona festiva) -, and provides useful data for the evaluation of their genetic variability. We electrophoretically analyzed blood samples from 68 wild-caught individuals, maintained in captivity in three Brazilian zoos. Eight of the ten studied enzyme loci exhibited polymorphism. Glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi) proved to be a diagnostic locus for the identification of these Amazon species. The expected average heterozygosity of the Blue-fronted Amazon (0.060) differed significantly from the expected heterozygosities of the Orange-winged Amazon and the Festive Amazon (0.040 and 0.039, respectively). This result was discussed as a consequence of hybridization between two geographic A. aestiva subspecies, and alternatively as a particular trait of this species. Genetic variability of the Blue-fronted Amazon compared to birds in general is not low on a species-wide level, despite the fact that this parrot is one of the most illegally traded species. Allozyme analysis proved to be an useful tool in monitoring the genetic variation within the genus Amazona and can be applied in the management program of other threatened species of this genus.
Genetic evidence of population structuring in the neotropical freshwater fish Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes, 1850)
Authors: Sanches A , Galetti Jr PM.
Published: February 2008

Brycon hilarii is a migratory fish widely distributed throughout the Paraguay River Basin. It is appreciated in sport fishing and for its superior meat quality. It is also the main species for tourist attraction in the Bonito region (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Considering the lack of information on the genetic structure of the fish of this species, the aim of the present study was to detect the genetic variability of Brycon hilarii through RAPD markers. A total of eighty specimens collected in different seasons at four sites of the Miranda River sub-basin (Paraguay River Basin, Brazil) were used for analysis. The results of genetic similarity, Shannon diversity, and AMOVA revealed differences between the sampling sites. Through AMOVA, differences between populations were more evident among the animals collected during the non-reproductive season, corresponding to a time of less movement of these fish. A population structuring model in which B. hilarii appears organized into genetically differentiated reproductive units that coexist and co-migrate through the studied system was suggested, contrasting the currently accepted idea that freshwater migratory fish form large panmictic populations in a determined hydrographic system. Despite the lack of a complete picture regarding the distribution of B. hilarii in the studied region, this initial idea on its population genetic structure could be an important contribution to providing aid for management and conservation programs of these fish.
Population analysis of Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) (Perciformes, Scombridae) from the Northern and Northeastern coast of Brazil
Authors: Santa Brígida EL. , Cunha DB. , Rego PS. , Sampaio I. , Schneider H. , Vallinoto M.
Published: February 2008

Scomberomorus cavalla is a pelagic fish species widely distributed on the Atlantic west coast, and a noticeable decrease in its capture level in the USA and Gulf of Mexico is occurring, compared to the levels reached by the species in the past. Likewise, in some areas of Brazil, there has been indication of over-harvesting. However, there are no molecular studies focusing on the management of such an important item. Thus, in the present study, 380 nucleotide base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA D-Loop region of samples from Macapá, Bragança, and Fortaleza were sequenced. Phylogenetic and population analyses revealed that there is only one panmitic population, and low levels of genetic variability were verified. These results, as well as the noticed over-harvesting of S. cavalla, represent very important data to determine the management of such stock in order to prevent a collapse or the risk of future extinction.
Genetic diversity within and between broodstocks of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) and its implication for the gene pool conservation
Authors: Freitas PD. , Calgaro MR. , Galetti Jr. PM.
Published: February 2008

Genetic variation within and between fifteen closed broodstock lines of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, reared at different hatcheries in the Brazilian coast, was assessed by RAPD analysis. Fifty two polymorphic loci were identified when a set of five decamer primers was used in PCR. The genetic diversity analysis within lines evidenced genetic variation loss probably related to bottleneck effects and inbreeding. In addition, the genetic divergence values between the different samples appear to reflect the initial founder composition of such stocks, in some cases, sharing a common origin, suggesting a putative importance of interbreeding for the establishment of genetic improvement programs for these broodstocks. The genetic variation monitoring appears to be helpful to the gene pool conservation of this aquaculture species, mainly if considered its exotic status in Brazil and the current impossibility of new introduction of wild individuals.
Diagnóstico auxiliado por computador na detecção de nódulos pulmonares pela tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores: estudo preliminar de 24 casos
Authors: Capobianco Julia , Jasinowodolinski Dany , Szarf Gilberto
Published: February 2008

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o desempenho de um programa para auxílio na detecção de nódulos pulmonares em tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores (TCMD). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 24 tomografias computadorizadas de tórax consecutivas realizadas no Centro de Medicina Diagnóstica Fleury no período de 07/10/2006 a 19/10/2006 usando um tomógrafo helicoidal multidetectores de 64 canais. O estudo compreendeu 12 pacientes do sexo feminino e 12 do sexo masculino, com idades variando entre 35 e 77 anos, idade média de 57,9. As imagens foram analisadas independentemente pelo método da dupla leitura e pelo programa diagnóstico auxiliado por computador (DAC). Os nódulos encontrados nos diferentes processos foram registrados e os dados comparados. RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade total da detecção de nódulos pelo DAC nesse trabalho foi de 16,5%, 55% excluindo os nódulos medindo <4 mm. A sensibilidade separada por tamanho foi de 6,5% para nódulos <4 mm, 45% para nódulos de 4 a 6 mm, 100% para nódulos de 6 mm a 1 cm, e 0% para nódulos >1 cm. Menos de 1% dos nódulos verdadeiros destacados pelo DAC não haviam sido registrados no processo de dupla leitura. CONCLUSÕES: Neste trabalho preliminar de 24 casos, o programa testado não conseguiu superar de forma significativa a sensibilidade da dupla leitura realizada de rotina neste serviço.
Lipossarcoma de mediastino: relato de caso
Authors: Saad Junior Roberto , Dorgan Neto Vicente , Gonçalves Roberto , Botter Márcio , Siqueira Leticia Cristina Dalledone
Published: February 2008

Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 51 anos com lipossarcoma mediastinal. O lipossarcoma é a neoplasia mesenquimal maligna mais comum em adultos, embora sua localização mediastinal seja extremamente rara. Ele possui grande volume e variados subtipos histológicos. É caracterizado pela compressão de estruturas vizinhas. A tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética fornecem informações úteis para o diagnóstico.A biopsia tecidual e a identificação do tipo histológico são importantes na determinação da terapia e são necessárias para o diagnóstico final. A radioterapia e a quimioterapia são modalidades terapêuticas ineficazes. De acordo com a literatura, a ressecção cirúrgica é o tratamento de escolha. Está indicado o acompanhamento a longo prazo, pois a taxa de recidiva é alta.
A Case Study of Oil-Based Mud Effect on Horizontal-Well Productivity
Authors: Chaabouni Hassan , Baux Pierre , Manalu Dasa , Sobirin Muhammad , Enkababian Philippe
Published: February 2008

Completing horizontal wells with openhole sections or non-cemented liners is a common practice. This type of openhole wells is preferred to maximize reservoir productivity. Some questions that always come up for this type of wells are: will it be necessary to cleanup the mud and filtercake from the openhole section before or while starting production? Will the filtercake disperse and get removed while producing the well and applying drawdown to the formation? Will the remaining filtercake impair well productivity?

The paper presents the case of a gas producing horizontal well in Indonesia completed with a perforated liner. The target reservoir is a clean sandstone reservoir. The horizontal drain is 1155 feet (ft) long. The reservoir permeability is ranging between 0.1 and 5 millidarcies (mD)

An engineered oil-based mud was used as drill-in fluid to prevent any damage to the reservoir. A carbonate particle-based filtercake was used to create a thin and reliable filter cake. While drilling this well, it was believed that reservoir damage was minimized. It was also believed that there would be no need to cleanup the mud and filtercake left in the hole and that the well would cleanup by itself easily once it started producing.

After disappointing production results from this well, zero production was achieved, a decision was taken to investigate the effect of the mud on well productivity, consecutive interventions were planned to remove one potential damage mechanism at a time and investigate the effect on well performance. Upon the completion of all the intervention steps, the well started to produce. A pressure buildup test performed one month after the intervention showed that the well was producing with a damage skin value of zero.

The different interventions, the laboratory results and the effect of each taken step on well productivity are discussed in this paper. Overall results of the interventions will be shown and a complete solution for bringing new openhole horizontal wells into production will be proposed.
Application of a Highly Efficient Multistage Stimulation Technique for Horizontal Wells
Authors: Al Mutawa Majdi , Al Matar Bader , Rahman Yousef Abdul , Liu Hai , Kelkouli Redha , Razouqi Maen
Published: February 2008

In the recent years horizontal well technology evolved in the Middle East field development strategies becomes favored over vertical and deviated wells offering the advantage of maximized reservoir contact, higher production rates and better access to reserves. However, most of these horizontal wells are completed openhole with little alternatives for stimulation, water shutoff or workover treatments. A very challenging task to stimulate long openhole sections effectively due to poor acid distribution especially in reservoirs with high permeability streaks that require effective diversion techniques. The efficiency of chemical diverting agents in terms of flow distribution and uniform coverage is limited when it comes to treat such complex wells with long openhole intervals (see Fig. 1).

This paper illustrates a case history where an innovative technique was used on stimulating a naturally completed horizontal well that experienced a production drop to zero shortly after the completion in 2004 due to formation damage and incomplete cleanup. This technique combined mechanical and chemical diversion, using selective openhole completion allowing the wellbore mechanical segmentation into six small intervals based on petrophysical and reservoir evaluation, so that the selected sections can individually be stimulated evenly and inflow contribution from the entire openhole section can be maximized win one continuous operation.

The treatment used the advanced emulsified acid technology to achieve deep penetration and better etched fracture conductivity. Viscoelastic surfactant self-diverting Acid (VES diverting acid) was used as the chemical diverter to assure good zonal coverage across each stimulation stage. Greatly increasing the effectiveness of the treatments the combination of technologies allowed successful stimulation of the well with 20:1 permeability contrast. The last stabilized measurement indicates sustained natural production of 10,000 bopd, which is five times the field average and three times greater than the best well in the field without requiring artificial lift.
High-Water-Cut Wells Stimulation Combined Viscoelastic Surfactant
Authors: Al Mutawa Majdi , Al Matar Bader , Dashti Abdulaziz Abdulla , Kelkouli Redha , Liu Hai , Razouqi Maen
Published: February 2008

Dual completed wells producing from the mature carbonate formation in northern Kuwait are encroached by injected water from adjacent wells presenting a challenge for the operating company. Greater oil demand coupled with limited surface water handling facilities increased the importance of stimulating this type of challenging wells due to the drastic permeability contrast across the pay zones.

Typically the treating fluid in a matrix treatment flows into high permeability sections and/ or high water saturation "thief zones" resulting in higher water cut due to the over stimulation of the water zones instead of the oil bearing zones. The objective of the present field case study was to place the stimulation fluid equally throughout all intervals of the oil bearing layers while temporary protect the zones suspected to be mainly contributing with water from the stimulation fluid, using two different types of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) polymer free diversion systems placed with coiled tubing (CT) providing effective plugging of the layers producing water and providing a uniform stimulation fluid coverage across the entire pay zone. Subsequent production rates showed substantial oil production increase and water production decrease, 360% and 40% respectively.