bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change Detection and Attribution: Beyond Mean Temperature Signals
Authors: Hegerl Gabriele C. , Karl Thomas R. , Allen Myles , Bindoff Nathaniel L. , Gillett Nathan , Karoly David , Zhang Xuebin , Zwiers Francis
Published: October 2006

A significant influence of anthropogenic forcing has been detected in global- and continental-scale surface temperature, temperature of the free atmosphere, and global ocean heat uptake. This paper reviews outstanding issues in the detection of climate change and attribution to causes. The detection of changes in variables other than temperature, on regional scales and in climate extremes, is important for evaluating model simulations of changes in societally relevant scales and variables. For example, sea level pressure changes are detectable but are significantly stronger in observations than the changes simulated in climate models, raising questions about simulated changes in climate dynamics. Application of detection and attribution methods to ocean data focusing not only on heat storage but also on the penetration of the anthropogenic signal into the ocean interior, and its effect on global water masses, helps to increase confidence in simulated large-scale changes in the ocean.

To evaluate climate change signals with smaller spatial and temporal scales, improved and more densely sampled data are needed in both the atmosphere and ocean. Also, the problem of how model-simulated climate extremes can be compared to station-based observations needs to be addressed.
Public Discourse and Scientific Controversy
Authors: Priest Susanna Hornig
Published: October 2006

Spiral-of-silence theory tries to account for the dynamics through which visible dissent decreases as public opinion begins to appear hegemonic; it argues that fear of social isolation inhibits the expression of opinions perceived to be in the minority. This analysis applies spiral-of-silence theory to public opinion about biotechnology in the United States. Although comparisons to Europe may disguise this fact, a substantial minority of United States citizens have reservations about biotechnology and genetic engineering. Our exploratory analysis reveals some evidence that a spiral of silence developed for these issues, as well as uncovering more willingness to speak among those who believe themselves more knowledgeable about science and differences in willingness among groups who apply different forms of moral reasoning to biotechnology issues. The results have implications for recognizing the privileged position of consequentialist or utilitarian arguments about science and technology in United States society.
Electrocatalysis of Heat-treated Mn–Porphyrin/Carbon Cathode for Synthesis of H2O2 Acid Solutions by H2/O2 Fuel Cell Method
Authors: Yamanaka Ichiro , Onizawa Takeshi , Suzuki Hirobumi , Hanaizumi Noriko , Otsuka Kiyoshi
Published: October 2006

Mn–porphyrin supported on active carbon, which was activated by heat-treatment in Ar, electrochemically catalyzed reduction of O2 to H2O2 by the H2/O2 fuel cell method. The electrocatalytic activities were strongly dependent on the heat-treatment temperatures. The maximum H2O2 concentration of 3.5 wt % with 47% current efficiency was obtained for the catalyst treated at 450 °C, and a TON (Mn) for the H2O2 formation was over 1000 h−1.
An Efficient and Direct Synthesis of New 2,2′-Bipyridine Derivatives via Microwave-assisted Three-component Reaction
Authors: Tu Shujiang , Jiang Bo , Zhang Yan , Zhang Junyong , Jia Runhong , Yao Changsheng
Published: October 2006

A series of new 2,2′-bipyridine derivatives were synthesized via three-component reactions of 3-aryl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones, malononitrile, and aromatic amines in DMF under microwave irradiation. It is an efficient and promising synthetic strategy to construct 2,2′-bipyridine skeleton.
Gab es eine „Konservative Revolution“ in Großbritannien? Rechtsintellektuelle am Rande der Konservativen Partei 1929–1933
Authors: Dietz Bernhard
Published: October 2006

Vorspann

Die „Konservative Revolution“ galt lange Zeit als Begriff für ein spezifisch deutsches Phänomen der europäischen Geistesgeschichte. Jedoch kann Konservative Revolution als ideengeschichtliche Kategorie auch für die Erforschung der Zwischenkriegszeit in Großbritannien ein fruchtbarer Zugang sein. Denn wie Bernhard Dietz zeigt, entwickelte sich während und nach der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Großbritannien eine neue Form des rechts-intellektuellen Diskurses, dessen Vertreter in Parlamentarismus und Parteiendemokratie ganz und gar nichts typisch Britisches mehr sehen wollten.
Motivating Writing Education
Authors: Buyse Kris
Published: October 2006

Writing can turn into a real passion. However, teaching and learning writing skills is hardly ever the most motivating component of a language curriculum. Writing currricula (i) are often purely skill oriented -at the expense of more cognitive and metacognitive aspects-, (ii) involving oneto- one communication using traditional tools, (iii) lacking clearly differentiated and sequenced goals per "level", (iv) fail to be embedded in a research environment, and (v) are seldom related to an overall view on language acquisition and learning.

Inspired by our view on language learning, called "entorno M@estro" -a learning environment which should be Motivador, Agradablemente Academico - pleasant & academic-, Ecologico (1), Semi-integrado, Traslucido -transparent-, Rutinario and Omnimodo -with multiple means-, the ElektraRed-team combined existing and personal software applications in order to turn the teaching and learning process into a blended learning group travel from the smallest linguistic components (letters & words), over chunks of words, collocations, propositions, paragraphs, to a wide variety of text types, a task-based journey where coaches help learners to discover, train and improve their own strengths and weaknesses in comparison with their colleagues and their own former output. Making use of multimedia enabled us also to compare writing results between various levels and training centres, and to classify writing topics and problems according to training levels. In this article we will present the aims and results of our two-year experiment focussing on innovation in writing education through the use of multimedia. We will show how the results of our experiment allow us now to differentiate, and sequence preferential topics per level. Our ultimate aim with the innovation was to make students write better and ... with passion, as well as make teachers enjoy their jobs even more.
Learner Perception of Learning Tasks
Authors: Kumaravadivelu B.
Published: October 2006

In the context of task-based language teaching, a challenge facing the language teaching profession is to determine how learners perceive and treat the formal and functional properties of language learning tasks. The preliminary study reported here presents the interplay between teacher objectives, task input, peer interaction and learner perception of transactional tasks. The study shows that the formal, functional and interactional dimensions of a task seem to operate in tandem when learners perform a task in order to get business done in the classroom and, by extension, in the outside world. The study also suggests that the boundaries of the three dimensions are blurred in the learners' mind, and that the degree of attention to the three dimensions is determined largely by learners themselves. This finding has implications for the study for task development, task complexity and also for larger issues of syllabus and methodology.
Vom Schleifen eines “Rohdiamanten”: die “Cu‐H”‐Katalyse mit Silanen
Authors: Rendler Sebastian , Oestreich Martin
Published: October 2006

Die Bedeutung einer neuen chemischen Reaktion wird zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Entdeckung oftmals unterbewertet. Die Gründe dafür sind vielschichtig, aber nicht zuletzt bestimmt der “chemische Zeitgeist” darüber, wie die Fachwelt sie wahrnehmen wird. So wurde die enantioselektive Reduktion von Carbonylgruppen durch kupferkatalysierte Hydrosilylierung gewiss von anderen asymmetrischen Hydrierverfahren in den Schatten gestellt, und obwohl eine wegweisende Arbeit schon früh ihr beträchtliches Leistungsvermögen angedeutet hatte, blieb sie mehr als ein Jahrzehnt unbeachtet. Mechanistische Einblicke und neue chirale Liganden führten dann zu kupferkatalysierten 1,2‐ und 1,4‐Reduktionen von Carbonylverbindungen mit ausgezeichneter Stereoinduktion bei hohen Substrat‐Katalysator‐ und Substrat‐Ligand‐Verhältnissen. Das Blatt wendet sich zugunsten kostengünstiger Kupferkatalysatoren in asymmetrischen Hydridtransferreaktionen!
Development of a novel autothermal reforming process and its economics for clean hydrogen production
Authors: Chen Zhongxiang , Elnashaie Said S. E. H.
Published: October 2006

A novel autothermal reforming process, basically a circulating fluidized‐bed membrane reformer (CFBMR) with continuous catalyst regeneration and gas–solid separation, is developed. Direct contact between cold feeds and hot circulating catalyst is found to be the best configuration. Using statistical correlations and cost factors, hydrogen economics is evaluated. Hydrogen production cost decreases as the plant size increases. For a 100 kg‐H2/day plant, the costs are $2.05 and $2.22/kg‐H2 for methane and heptane feeds, respectively. This is lower than the literature values of $9.10/kg‐H2 by steam methane reforming based on the present generation of fixed‐bed reformers. For typical 214 ton‐H2/day industrial plants, the costs using our novel CFBMR are $0.50 and $0.66/kg‐H2 for methane and heptane feeds, respectively, which is lower than the industrial cost of $0.74–0.97/kg‐H2 for steam methane reforming using the fixed‐bed configuration. The sensitivity analysis of the effect of the price of hydrocarbons on the hydrogen production cost shows that the cost of hydrocarbons affects the hydrogen economics significantly. Cost comparison shows that this novel ACFBMR can be a more efficient and more economical pure hydrogen producer. Copyright © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary intravascular monocytes/macrophages in a rat model of sepsis
Authors: Charavaryamath Chandrashekhar , Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Caldwell Sarah , Singh Baljit
Published: October 2006

Sepsis induces recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in the lung and enhances host susceptibility to a secondary bacterial challenge. The phenotype and functions of recruited pulmonary intravascular monocytes/macrophages (PIMMs) in sepsis remain largely unknown. Therefore, we characterized PIMM recruitment and functions in a rat model of E. coli‐induced sepsis. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline (n = 10) and 48 hr after the saline treatment treated intravenously with either saline (n = 5) or E. coli lipopolysachharide (LPS; 1.5 μg/kg body weight; n = 5). A second group of 10 rats was infected intraperitoneally with E. coli (2 × 107 CFU/100 g) followed by intravenous injection of either saline (n = 5) or LPS (n = 5) 48 hr after the first treatment. Rats were euthanized at 6 hr after LPS treatment. Immunocytochemistry showed more PIMMs stained with ED‐1 antibody, which specifically reacts with rat monocytes/macrophages, in rats infected with E. coli compared with the controls (P < 0.05). LPS treatment of E. coli‐infected rats increased the numbers of PIMMs (P < 0.05) and induced more inflammation compared to other groups. Immuno‐electron microscopy localized TNF‐α, IL‐10, and TGF‐β2 in recruited PIMMs in rats challenged with both E. coli and LPS. ELISA on lung homogenates showed higher concentrations of TNF‐α, IL‐10, and TGF‐β2 in rats treated with both E. coli and LPS compared with those treated with only LPS or E. coli (P < 0.05). We conclude that ED‐1‐positive PIMMs are recruited in this model of sepsis and contain TNF‐α, IL‐10, and TGF‐β2. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IK cytokine ameliorates the progression of lupus nephritis in MRL/lprmice
Authors: Muraoka Masatake , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Kohno Masashi , Inoue Atsushi , Miyazaki Tatsuhiko , Terada Miho , Nose Masato , Yasukawa Masaki
Published: October 2006

Objective

IK cytokine has been isolated as a factor that inhibits interferon‐γ (IFNγ)–induced expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Aberrant expression of class II MHC antigens has reportedly been recognized in the target organs of autoimmune diseases and been associated with disease activity. In this study, we investigated whether IK cytokine can ameliorate the progression of lupus nephritis in MRL/lprmice.

Methods

A truncated IK analog was prepared and transfected into a nonmetastatic fibroblastoid cell line, and then injected subcutaneously into MRL/lprmice at ages 8 weeks (before the onset of lupus nephritis) and 12 weeks (at the early stage of the disease).

Results

An IK cytokine, when it was translated from methionine at position 316, acted as a secretory protein. This truncated IK cytokine (tIK) reduced IFNγ‐induced class II MHC expression in various cells through decreased expression of class II MHC transcription activator. Treatment of MRL/lprmice with tIK significantly reduced renal damage as compared with control mice. A significant decrease in macrophage and T cell infiltration was found in the kidneys of tIK‐treated mice, resulting in decreased production of IFNγ and interleukin‐2. Mice treated with tIK also showed significant reduction of anti‐DNA antibodies and circulating immune complexes. A specific reduction of class II MHC expression was observed on B cells and monocytes as well as in the kidney.

Conclusion

We prepared a potent IK analog and demonstrated its ability to ameliorate the progression of lupus nephritis. This agent may therefore provide a new therapeutic approach for lupus nephritis.
Titanocene(II)‐Promoted Multicomponent Reactions Utilizing Alkynyl Sulfones, Alkenyl Sulfones, and Carbonyl Compounds: A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Vinylallenes
Authors: Ogata Akitoshi , Nemoto Masami , Kobayashi Kenji , Tsubouchi Akira , Takeda Takeshi
Published: October 2006

Titanocene(II)‐promoted cross coupling of alkynyl‐ and (Z)‐alkenyl sulfones affords α‐(phenylsulfonyl)alkenyltitanium species. Further treatment of these species with the titanocene(II) reagent generates titanium vinylvinylidene complexes, which react with carbonyl compounds in one pot to produce substituted vinylallenes with complete stereoselectivity. By using α,β‐unsaturated ketones, 1,3,4,6‐tetraenes are also obtained stereoselectively.
Assessment of symptom experience in patients undergoing hepatic resection or ablation
Authors: Eid Sebastian , Stromberg Arnold J. , Ames Susan , Ellis Susan , McMasters Kelly M. , Martin Robert C. G.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Quality of life (QOL) currently is considered both clinically meaningful and biologically important for patient outcome and is considered as important as disease‐free and overall survival. Thus, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the QOL symptoms of patients who underwent major hepatic resection, minor hepatic resection, and ablation for primary or metastatic cancer to the liver.

METHODS.

From October 2002 to June 2004, 40 patients who underwent either hepatic ablation or resection were enrolled. Patients were assessed at 5 time points (the initial visit, the initial postoperative visit, and visits at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) by questionnaires of the Functional Assessment in Cancer Therapy (FACT) core instrument with the Hepatobiliary subscale (FACT‐Hep), the FACT Hepatobiliary Symptom Index (FHSI‐8), the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QOL questionnaire (QLQ) for patients with pancreatic cancer (QLQ‐PAN), and the general core EORTC QLQ.

RESULTS.

The patients enrolled included 20 men and 20 women with a median age of 62 years (range, 41–77 years), including 24 patients who underwent major hepatectomy, 8 patients who underwent minor hepatectomy, and 8 patients who underwent ablation. An evaluation of the FACT Physical, Social, Emotional, and Functional subscales demonstrated no differences at the initial or first postoperative visits. However, at 6 weeks, both the Physical (P = .0455) and Functional (P = .0372) scores were significantly worse for the major hepatectomy group. At 3 months, all QOL parameters were similar. Similar differences were observed at 6 weeks for the FHSI‐8 (P = .02), POMS (P = .007), QLQ‐PAN (P = .04), and EORTC (P = .003) with the resolution of this difference at 3 months.

CONCLUSIONS.

There was little difference in QOL between patients who underwent major hepatic resection, minor hepatic resection, and hepatic ablation. Patients who underwent major hepatectomy demonstrated a worse QOL at 6 weeks compared with patients who underwent minor hepatic resection and hepatic ablation, with the resolution of this difference and significant improvements observed in all 3 groups at 3 months. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Combining pharmacotherapy with cognitive behavioral therapy: Traditional and new approaches
Authors: Davis Michael , Barad Mark , Otto Michael , Southwick Stephen
Published: October 2006

Given the ever‐increasing sources of trauma both nationally and globally, it is imperative to develop new and better treatments for anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This review is a collection of presentations that seek to do just that, either by using pharmacotherapy to try to prevent or erase the formation of traumatic fear memories, or to enhance exposure‐based cognitive–behavioral therapy using pharmacological agents that have been effective in enhanced extinction of fear in rodents.
Novel Optically Active Polyacetylenes: Synthesis and Helical Conformation of L‐Lysine‐Dendronized Poly(phenylacetylene)
Authors: Zhao Haichao , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio
Published: October 2006

Summary: The novel chiral phenylacetylene (1) functionalized with an L‐lysine‐based dendritic peptide was synthesized and polymerized with Rh catalysts to afford the corresponding polymer [poly(1)] with moderate molecular weights in good yields. Poly(1) was soluble in common organic solvents including DMF, THF, CHCl3, AcOEt, and MeOH. The polarimetric and CD spectroscopic data indicate that poly(1) exists in a helical structure with predominantly one‐handed screw sense in THF and CHCl3. Poly(1) also assumes a helical structure in the solid state. This helical structure can be tuned by heat in CHCl3 or by the addition of a protic solvent to CHCl3 solutions.

Synthesis of chiral poly(phenylacetylene) bearing a L‐lysine‐based dendritic peptide in the side chain.

magnified image

Synthesis of chiral poly(phenylacetylene) bearing a L‐lysine‐based dendritic peptide in the side chain.
The Ising model on a trilayer Bethe lattice
Authors: Albayrak Erhan
Published: October 2006

In this work, the Ising model on a trilayer Bethe lattice is studied in terms of recursion relations for which the nearest‐neighbor spins of each layer are coupled ferromagnetically and the adjacent spins of the nearest‐neighbor layers are coupled either ferromagnetically or antiferromagnetically depending on the sign of the bilinear interactions for given values of the coordination number q. Besides the ground‐state phase diagram, the phase diagrams of the model are also calculated for given values of the system parameters. It is found that the model presents both first‐ and second‐order phase transitions for all values of q. In order to construct the phase diagrams, we have also studied the thermal and interlayer coupling constant changes of the layer magnetizations, the spin–spin correlation functions between the nearest‐neighbor spins of the adjacent layers and the free energy of the model. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The maximal axial parameters in equivalent parametrizations of high symmetry crystal‐field Hamiltonians
Authors: Mulak Jacek , Mulak Maciej , Gonczarek Ryszard
Published: October 2006

The variation ranges of the axial Bk 0 crystal‐field parameters (in Wybourne parametrization), for k = 2, 4, 6, of tetragonal (including cubic) and hexagonal crystal‐field Hamiltonians ℋ︁CF for all possible orientations of the relevant reference frame are studied. The distinguished z‐axis directions fixed by the maximal absolute values of Bk 0 are analyzed. The diagrams for any tetragonal and hexagonal ℋ︁CF parametrization depicting the maximal values of |Bk 0|/Mk , where Mk is the 2k ‐pole modulus, as a function of the x = Bk 4/Bk 0 or B66/B60 ratios, together with the distinguished directions are presented. The|Bk 0|/Mk magnitudes and the relevant distinguished directions are the discriminants of all the equivalent parametrizations. They vary within the intervals (0.7395,1], (0.6074,1] and (0.6717,1] for tetragonal k = 4, tetragonal k = 6 and hexagonal k = 6ℋ︁CF components, respectively. Such specified directions determine the mutual spatial orientation of the component 2k ‐poles of the ℋ︁CF, and due to their rigid coupling in the ℋ︁CF, they also refer to the global ℋ︁CF parametrization. This approach demonstrates the difference in fitting capability between the real and complex isomodular ℋ︁CF parametrizations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time resolved response of luminescence on cyanine dye J‐aggregates
Authors: Akutagawa Y. , Miyasue K. , Sekiya T. , Kurita S. , Nakajima M. , Suemoto T.
Published: October 2006

On aqueous solution of cyanine dye J‐aggregates, time‐resolved response of upconverted luminescence was re‐investigated. The rise and decay time parameters were estimated to 3 and 200 ps by curve‐fitting technique in spite of excitation energy. The excitation energy dependence of upconverted luminescence was measured for aqueous solution. The peak energy and line shape of the spectra are independent from the excitation energy. The peak intensities change exponentially depending on the excitation energy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Entangled‐photon generation via biexcitons in nano‐structures
Authors: Bamba Motoaki , Ishihara Hajime
Published: October 2006

We have constructed quantum electrodynamics theory for excitons whose center‐of‐mass motion is confined in arbitrary‐structured dielectrics with considering their nonlocal optical susceptibility. We systematically investigate entangled‐photon generation via biexcitons in nano‐to‐macro scale materials by this theory. It is revealed that nano‐structured materials provide scattering spectra explicitly reflecting quantum states of confined exciton‐polaritons and are promising sources of entangled photons from the viewpoints of both efficiency and signal‐to‐noise ratio. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaporative cooling and condensation of two‐dimensional polaritons in an in‐plane harmonic potential
Authors: Berman Oleg L. , Lozovik Yurii E. , Snoke David W.
Published: October 2006

Recent experiments have made it possible to trap microcavity polaritons in an in‐plane harmonic potential. We discuss the theory of this system and show that Bose condensation is possible, and that a method for evaporative cooling exists. The position‐dependent mixing of the exciton and photon states leads to a decreased lifetime for high‐energy states. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Annealing effects on the photoluminescence and morphology of ZnO nanowires
Authors: Francis Tam'ra‐Kay , Ueda Akira , Aga Roberto , Pan Zhengda , Collins Warren E. , Mu Richard R.
Published: October 2006

For the fabrication of ZnO NWs, we have used Si wafers as smooth surface substrates. Gold was deposited on to the substrates with an electron beam evaporator, since it is known that gold particles can serve as the catalyst to grow ZnO NWs on substrates in Vapor‐Liquid‐Solid (VLS) method. In the VLS method, the mixture of ZnO powder and graphite was placed at 1100 °C and the substrates were at 800 °C in a two‐zone furnace. The reduction of ZnO of the source generates Zn vapor that diffuses to gold particles on Si substrates, and the oxidation of Zn‐Au alloy grows ZnO crystals. The gold deposited area has ZnO crystal growth and that the gold particles play the role of nucleation sites. ZnO crystals have the dimension of a few hundred nm wide and 2‐3 μm long under this particular condition. SEM, XRD, and PL have been used for characterization. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Excitons in AgI–oxide particle composites: AgI–SrTiO3
Authors: Fujishiro Fumito , Mochizuki Shosuke
Published: October 2006

We fabricated (x)AgI–(1–x)SrTiO3 fine particle composites over a wide composition range of 0–100 mol% AgI. It is found that the dispersion of SrTiO3 fine particles enhances the ionic conductivity and (0.6)AgI–(0.4)SrTiO3 has the highest ionic conductivity (1.68 × 10–4 S/cm which is two hundreds times in comparison with that of pristine AgI), for the first time. In order to clarify such ionic conductivity enhanced by dispersing SrTiO3 fine particles into AgI, the photoluminescence measurements were carried out at different temperatures between 10 K and room temperature under different photoexcitation intensities, together with the structural and morphological studies (X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy). The spectra consist of free exciton luminescence band and several broad luminescence bands due to the excitons trapped at crystal defects and residual impurities. The free exciton luminescence band almost disappears at x = 0.6, which may suggest the existence of considerable number of non‐radiative traps (crystal defects) at the AgI/SrTiO3 particle interfaces. Such crystal defects may act as ionic pathways. The structural and morphological studies confirm the randomly‐stacked γAgI/βAgI heterostructures at the AgI/SrTiO3 particle interfaces. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence properties of Eu‐doped ZnO nanocrystals/polymer hybrid
Authors: Ichida Masao , Wada T. , Kachi M. , Sakamoto W. , Yogo T. , Ando H.
Published: October 2006

We report on photoluminescence (PL) properties in the new type of Eu doped ZnO nanocrystals, nanocrystals/polymer hybrid structure, in which ZnO nanocrystal is covered and chemically bonded by organic polymer. The hybrid samples exhibit strong exciton PL band of ZnO, and weak defect PL. These results suggest that the polymer efficiently suppresses carrier recombination at the nanocrystal surface, preventing formation of defect centers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
FT‐IR study of photo‐induced phase transition in organic charge‐transfer crystal of TTF‐CA
Authors: Itoh Chihiro , Fukuda Sigeki
Published: October 2006

We have studied Fourier‐transform IR‐reflection spectra of tetrathiafulvalene‐p ‐chloranil (TTF‐CA) crystal under continuous excitation by 532‐nm laser beam at 6 K. The excitation by the laser beam with the power (P) of 6.1 Wcm–2 induces an enhancement of the IR‐reflection at around 1640 cm–1, which is ascribed to the carbonyl stretching vibration of CA molecules in the neutral phase. Meanwhile, the moderate excitation with P < 3.5 Wcm–2 gives an enhancement in the intensity of the charge‐transfer (CT) reflection and a reduction of the ag ‐mode band but no change in the carbonyl stretching vibration band. The results show that there is a threshold intensity for inducing the phase transition. Both of the changes in the CT absorption and the ag ‐mode band induced below the threshold intensity decays single exponentially with a lifetime of 23 min. The result suggests that the laser excitation with intensities less than the threshold intensity lead to formation of the metastable center accompanied with dissociation of donor‐acceptor pair. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarization‐resolved degenerate four‐wave mixing of CdS nanocrystals in a nonresonant region
Authors: Ma S. M. , Seo J. T. , Yang Q. , Creemore L. , Battle R. , Tabibi B. , Yu W.
Published: October 2006

The third‐order susceptibilities of various concentrations of TOPO‐passivated CdS nanocrystals (NCs) with the size near the Bohr radius were investigated using polarization‐resolved degenerate four‐wave mixing (DFWM) in a nonresonant excitation region with 532 nm wavelength and 8 ns pulse width. The second hyperpolarizabilities 〈γhxxxx 〉 and 〈γhxyyx 〉 of the CdS NCs were ∼1.25 × 10–42 m5/V2 and ∼3.66 × 10–43 m5/V2, respectively. The ratio (〈γhxyyx 〉/〈γhxxxx 〉) of the hyperpolarizabilities was ∼0.29 that indicated a large contribution of electronic polarization process to the third‐order nonlinearity of CdS NCs. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cathodoluminescence properties of GaAs/AlGaAs pyramidal cap structures with high spatial resolution
Authors: Sawada Y. , Ichimiya M. , Ashida M. , Shimomura S. , Hiyamizu S. , Itoh T.
Published: October 2006

We have measured the excitation position dependence of the cathodoluminescence (CL) from GaAs/AlGaAs pyramidal cap structure with the spatial resolution of 30 nm. The CL spectra strongly depend on the excitation position and the CL peak, the intensity of which is the maximum under the excitation at the top of the pyramid is efficiently strong even under the excitation at the position which is 500 nm away from the top on the ridge. This result suggests the effective energy transfer toward the top of pyramid. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of ZnO homoepitaxial thin films grown by an rf‐magnetron sputtering method
Authors: Wakaiki S. , Kim D. , Komura S. , Mizoguchi K. , Nakayama M.
Published: October 2006

We have investigated optical properties of ZnO homoepitaxial thin films grown by an rf‐magnetron sputtering method. The surface morphology observed by an atomic force microscope shows that the surface roughness is within 1.5 nm. In the reflection spectrum at 10 K, fine structures of excitonic transitions of the A and B excitons are observed. In the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, the free exciton band is observed in addition to very sharp bound‐exciton bands, while the defect‐related band is negligibly weak, reflecting high crystallinity of the film. Furthermore, under high‐density excitation conditions, a PL band originated from the biexciton is observed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Temporal Welfare State: A Crossnational Comparison
Authors: MAHMUD RICE JAMES , GOODIN ROBERT E. , PARPO ANTTI
Published: October 2006

Welfare states contribute to people's well-being in many different ways. Bringing all these contributions under a common metric is tricky. Here we propose doing so through the notion of temporal autonomy: the freedom to spend one's time as one pleases, outside the necessities of everyday life. Using income and time use surveys from five countries (the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and Sweden) that represent the principal types of welfare and gender regimes, we propose ways of operationalising the time that is strictly necessary for people to spend in paid labour, unpaid household labour, and personal care. The time people have at their disposal after taking into account what is strictly necessary in these three arenas – which we christen discretionary time – represents people's temporal autonomy. We measure the impact on this of government taxes, transfers, and childcare subsidies in these five countries. In so doing, we calibrate the contributions of the different welfare and gender regimes that exist in these countries, in ways that correspond to the lived reality of people's daily lives.
Observation of Gas-solid and Gas-liquid Reactions by In-situ Environmental Holder in TEM
Authors: Saka H , Mima T , Takeuchi Y , Marukawa T , Arai S , Kuroda K , Kishita K , Kamino T
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Determining Inelastic Mean Free Path by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Jin Q , Li D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Characterization of Dislocations with a Local Electrode Atom Probe: Practical Considerations and Limitations
Authors: Miller M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
DualBeam Slice & View: Practical Aspects for Collecting 3D Cortex Image Data
Authors: Mulders JJ L , Knott G , Lich BH
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Digital Darkfield Tableaus
Authors: Fraundorf P , Wang J , Mandell E , Rose M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Atomic Scale Compositional and Structural Characterization of Nanostructured Materials Using Combined FIB, STEM, and LEAP
Authors: Gorman B , Diercks D , Kaufman M , Ulfig R , Lawrence D , Thompson K , Larson D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Radiation Tolerance of A2B2O7 Compounds at the Cubic-Monclinic Boundary
Authors: Smith KL , Blackford MG , Lumpkin GR , Whittle K , Zaluzec NJ
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Determination of the Backscattered Yield Coefficient by Monte Carlo Calculations and Comparison with Experimental Measurements
Authors: Demers H , Gauvin R
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase Activities in the Mosquitofish Gill
Authors: Cohen G , Jiang C , Spokas E
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
The Influence of Ga+ Ion Dose on Deposition Rate and Purity of Pt Films
Authors: Dunn KA , Breslin C , Thiel BL
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Optical Gap Measurements of Boron Nitride Nanotubes by EELS
Authors: Arenal R , Stephan O , Kociak M , Taverna D , Loiseau A , Colliex C
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Microwave Methods - Evidence to Support a Microwave Effect
Authors: Sanders MA , Anderson TE , Giberson R
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Metallographic Preparation for Electron Backscattered Diffraction
Authors: Voort G Vander , Geertruyden W Van , Dillon S , Manilova E
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Cryo - Focused Ion Beam Preparation of Biological Materials for Retrieval and Examination by Cryo - TEM.
Authors: Basgall EJ , Nicastro D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Can tectonic events change volcanic tremor at Stromboli?
Authors: Carniel Roberto , Tárraga Marta
Published: October 2006

Besides the well known strombolian activity, Stromboli shows the presence of a continuous volcanic tremor. Tectonic events in the area are rare and no evidence of a local tectonic event changing the characteristics of the tremor was previously known. In April and May, 2006 a swarm of tectonic events was recorded, located very close to the island of Stromboli, possibly within the same volcanic edifice. In this paper we analyse the time evolution of several dynamical parameters computed on the volcanic tremor and show examples where abrupt transitions can be associated to the occurrence of such local tectonic events. This suggests that these events may be related to the volcanic activity, i.e. be proper volcano‐tectonic events.
Multiscale coherent structures in tokamak plasma turbulence
Authors: Xu G. S. , Wan B. N. , Zhang W. , Yang Q. W. , Wang L. , Wen Y. Z.
Published: October 2006

A 12-tip poloidal probe array is used on the HT-7 superconducting tokamak [Li, Wan, and Mao, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 42, 135 (2000)] to measure plasma turbulence in the edge region. Some statistical analysis techniques are used to characterize the turbulence structures. It is found that the plasma turbulence is composed of multiscale coherent structures, i.e., turbulent eddies and there is self-similarity in a relative short scale range. The presence of the self-similarity is found due to the structural similarity of these eddies between different scales. These turbulent eddies constitute the basic convection cells, so the self-similar range is just the dominant scale range relevant to transport. The experimental results also indicate that the plasma turbulence is dominated by low-frequency and long-wavelength fluctuation components and its dispersion relation shows typical electron-drift-wave characteristics. Some large-scale coherent structures intermittently burst out and exhibit a very long poloidal extent, even longer than 6cm. It is found that these large-scale coherent structures are mainly contributed by the low-frequency and long-wavelength fluctuating components and their presence is responsible for the observations of long-range correlations, i.e., the correlation in the scale range much longer than the turbulence decorrelation scale. These experimental observations suggest that the coexistence of multiscale coherent structures results in the self-similar turbulent state.
Room-temperature epitaxial growth of AlN on atomically flat MgAl2O4 substrates
Authors: Li Guoqiang , Ohta Jitsuo , Kobayashi Atsushi , Fujioka Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

The authors have grown AlN films on atomically flat MgAl2O4 (111) substrates at room temperature (RT) by pulsed-laser deposition. The in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction image exhibits a streaky pattern, and the root-mean-square value of the surface roughness as measured by atomic force microscopy is as low as 0.45nm, which indicates that single-crystalline AlN grows epitaxially on MgAl2O4 with a smooth surface, even at RT. Electron backscattered diffraction and x-ray diffraction measurements reveal that AlN {11−20} shows a clear sixfold symmetry without 30° rotational domains, and the epitaxial relationship is AlN [11−20]‖MgAl2O4 [0−11]. Grazing incidence angle x-ray reflectivity characterization indicates that the interfacial reaction between AlN and MgAl2O4 is completely suppressed in the case of RT growth and the heterointerface for the RT-AlN∕MgAl2O4 structure is abrupt and thermally stable.
A Note on Population Size, Industrial Diversification, and Regional Economic Instability
Authors: Brewer H.L. , Moomaw Ronald L.
Published: October 2006

This study investigates the relationships among city size, economic stability, and various measures of industrial diversification. It was prompted by the conflicting findings of previous researchers concerning the above relationships. It finds different relationships between city size and various diversification measures. Therefore, part of the past disagreement may be due to the use of different definitions of diversification. The study also shows that a portfolio measure of diversification is highly significant in explaining instability. Instability can also be partly explained by measures of the equality of employment distribution. Finally, holding diversification measures constant, instability decreases with larger city size.
A Hedonic Index Model: The Housing Market of Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Megbolugbe Isaac F.
Published: October 2006

This paper demonstrates the usefulness of the hedonic index approach to the study of housing markets in developing countries. The study broadens the geographical scope of the various economic studies of these markets. The current practice of extrapolating empirical findings from studies of housing markets in Latin America and Asia to the less studied markets of African cities is improved on by incorporating direct evidence on housing market conditions from African case studies. This paper uses data from Jos, Nigeria to provide empirical evidence on market parameters describing the hedonic relationships for housing. For the Jos sample, variables measuring the quality of housing structure and of public services in various neighbourhoods are the local hedonic structure descriptors. Some uses of housing hedonic index numbers for housing market policy analysis are presented.
Infrastructure Restoration as a Tool for Stimulating Urban Renewal— The Glasgow Canal
Authors: Button Kenneth J. , Pearce David W.
Published: October 2006

This paper is concerned with examining the economic implications of refurbishing major pieces of redundant urban infrastructure, taking the Forth and Clyde Canal as a case study. In particular, it focusses on the role that such infrastructure may play in assisting urban renewal. While conventional, comprehensive cost-benefit analysis techniques offer one broad approach to evaluating such projects, for both institutional and technical reasons, specific refinements are often necessary. A central theme of the paper is that there is a need to develop a tractable framework of economic appraisal for major urban refurbishment projects given the institutional constraints imposed by the funding agencies.
Sexual selection drives speciation in an Amazonian frog
Authors: Boul Kathryn E , Chris Funk W , Darst Catherine R , Cannatella David C , Ryan Michael J
Published: October 2006

One proposed mechanism of speciation is divergent sexual selection, whereby divergence in female preferences and male signals results in behavioural isolation. Despite the appeal of this hypothesis, evidence for it remains inconclusive. Here, we present several lines of evidence that sexual selection is driving behavioural isolation and speciation among populations of an Amazonian frog (Physalaemus petersi). First, sexual selection has promoted divergence in male mating calls and female preferences for calls between neighbouring populations, resulting in strong behavioural isolation. Second, phylogenetic analysis indicates that populations have become fixed for alternative call types several times throughout the species' range, and coalescent analysis rejects genetic drift as a cause for this pattern, suggesting that this divergence is due to selection. Finally, gene flow estimated with microsatellite loci is an average of 30 times lower between populations with different call types than between populations separated by a similar geographical distance with the same call type, demonstrating genetic divergence and incipient speciation. Taken together, these data provide strong evidence that sexual selection is driving behavioural isolation and speciation, supporting sexual selection as a cause for speciation in the wild.
Novel light-regulated genes in Trichoderma atroviride: a dissection by cDNA microarrays
Authors: Rosales-Saavedra T. , Esquivel-Naranjo E. U. , Casas-Flores S. , Martínez-Hernández P. , Ibarra-Laclette E. , Cortes-Penagos C. , Herrera-Estrella A.
Published: October 2006

The influence of light on living organisms is critical, not only because of its importance as the main source of energy for the biosphere, but also due to its capacity to induce changes in the behaviour and morphology of nearly all forms of life. The common soil fungusTrichoderma atrovirideresponds to blue light in a synchronized manner, in time and space, by forming a ring of green conidia at what had been the colony perimeter at the time of exposure (photoconidiation). A putative complex formed by the BLR-1 and BLR-2 proteins inT. atrovirideappears to play an essential role as a sensor and transcriptional regulator in photoconidiation. Expression analyses using microarrays containing 1438 unigenes were carried out in order to identify early light response genes. It was found that 2.8 % of the genes were light responsive: 2 % induced and 0.8 % repressed. Expression analysis inblrdeletion mutants allowed the demonstration of the occurrence of two types of light responses, ablr-independent response in addition to the expectedblr-dependent one, as well as a new role of the BLR proteins in repression of transcription. Exposure ofT. atrovirideto continuous light helped to establish that the light-responsive genes are subject to photoadaptation. Finally, evidence is provided of red-light-regulated gene expression and a possible crosstalk between the blue and red light signalling pathways.
Genomic distribution and functions of uptake signal sequences in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Wang Ying , Orvis Joshua , Dyer David , Chen Casey
Published: October 2006

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is naturally competent for transformation, with a transformation system similar to that of Haemophilus influenzae that preferentially takes up DNA bearing uptake signal sequences (USS) with the same 9-base USS core. This study examined the function of the extended 29-base USS, which comprises a highly conserved 1st region (containing the 9-base core) and 2nd and 3rd semi-conserved AT-rich regions, in transformation of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Transformation frequency was not affected by either location (in middle or at 5′ end) or quantity (one or two) of USS in donor DNA. Relative transformation efficiencies (in comparison to the positive control) were 28–67 % for linear DNA with single-base mutations in the USS 1st region, and 47 % and 73 %, respectively, for linear DNA with USS that contained either a non-consensus 2nd or a non-consensus 3rd region. Plasmids with a stand-alone 1st or a stand-alone 2nd–3rd region exhibited 21 % and 6 % relative transformation efficiencies, respectively. It was also noted that A. actinomycetemcomitans and H. influenzae were similar in the frequencies and distribution patterns of USS in their genomes. In conclusion, all three regions of the extended 29-base USS are required for optimum transformation in A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Bacterial diversity in the active stage of a bioremediation system for mineral oil hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
Authors: Popp Nicole , Schlömann Michael , Mau Margit
Published: October 2006

Soils contaminated with mineral oil hydrocarbons are often cleaned in off-site bioremediation systems. In order to find out which bacteria are active during the degradation phase in such systems, the diversity of the active microflora in a degrading soil remediation system was investigated by small-subunit (SSU) rRNA analysis. Two sequential RNA extracts from one soil sample were generated by a procedure incorporating bead beating. Both extracts were analysed separately by generating individual SSU rDNA clone libraries from cDNA of the two extracts. The sequencing results showed moderate diversity. The two clone libraries were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, especially Pseudomonas spp. Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were two other large groups in the clone libraries. Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Epsilonproteobacteria were detected in lower numbers. The obtained sequences were predominantly related to genera for which cultivated representatives have been described, but were often clustered together in the phylogenetic tree, and the sequences that were most similar were originally obtained from soils and not from pure cultures. Most of the dominant genera in the clone libraries, e.g. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Acidovorax and Thiobacillus, had already been detected in (mineral oil hydrocarbon) contaminated environmental samples. The occurrence of the genera Zymomonas and Rhodoferax was novel in mineral oil hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.