bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controls on Establishing Private Universities and Colleges in the Saudi Legal System: Legal Descriptive Analytical Study
Authors: Arafa Hegazy Shady Mohamed
Published: July 2021

Education at all levels (general/university) aims to develop plans worldwide, whether in the governmental and private sectors.  It is the same as what we will find in the Saudi system, which has paid great attention to the education sector. Due to the importance of the private university’s role, we aim to present the regulating provisions of establishing private universities and colleges considering the most crucial objective and formal controls mentioned in the relevant laws and regulations. We also present some judicial applications issued by the competent judiciary. Our research scope is limited to the legal provisions in force of the Saudi legal system. It is strongly recommended to launch unified provisions for establishing private universities and colleges in the Saudi system.

 

Received: 4 March 2021 / Accepted: 6 May 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
Translation in Terms of Law and Communication: Difficulties Regarding the Translation of Legal Texts from Albanian into German and Vice Versa
Authors: Bushi Jonida , Papajorgji Endri
Published: July 2021

This article deals with the peculiarities of translating legal terminology from German into Albanian and vice versa. Legal texts constitute an important part of translation into both languages. Translations of legal texts in Albania have increased since the latter's attempts to join the EU. European Union translation materials are in large volumes and require a lot of work. Therefore, the request for translation of legal documents, such as provisions or court decisions into other languages of the Union, including German, has increased. Despite institutional efforts to draft a glossary of legislation with the cooperation of professionals led by the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation), as well as some efforts made in compiling Albanian-German legal dictionaries, there are no genuine publications in the Albanian language that handle the problems of translation in this field. Since technical legal language is a practical or institutional language, it is characterized by a high percentage of technical terms as well as a standardized sentence structure. Legal language is characterized by accuracy and clarity.
 
Received: 5 May 2021 / Accepted: 23 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
Challenges of Teaching and Learning English Language for ESP Courses
Authors: Enesi Miranda , Vrapi Fatmir , Trifoni Anisa
Published: July 2021

ESP as a branch of Applied Linguistics is concerned with teaching, testing methods, analysis of students’ demands and inquiry into the linguistic and discourse structures of specific texts. ESP is a very important subject in Universities nowadays for many reasons. Technology is mostly developed in English speaking countries and specialized language is so widely used in all walks of life. ESP courses aim to prepare students with skills and vocabulary required in their studies and professions. They have to attend conferences, workshops and seminars worldwide and specific terminology is intertwined with their research area. In the case of teaching and learning English for IT, being familiar with the technical terms, translation of equivalent terms, using specific language in communication, are among the challenges. Grammar is an important skill for language mastery though not included in ESP course books and syllabi. Compiling adequate syllabuses based on the five skills including Grammaring is crucial. Through this paper it is aimed to present challenges of Teaching English for IT students, and suggest effective teaching techniques to overcome them. It is observed and hinted that ESP lecturers teach with more than one coursebook including materials drawn from real life, this way introducing a new and effective approach to teaching ESP. Professional knowledge is never enough in a certain study area. Communication and performance are the key for success or failure in the long run of ongoing education. 
 
Received: 29 March 2021 / Accepted: 23 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
Relative Contribution of Social Factors to University Students’ Compliance with Traffic Rules: The Case of Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Elsayed Ahmed R. , M. Alharbi Abdullah , A. Adam Gamal
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to reveal the relative contribution of social factors to compliance of university students with traffic rules at King Faisal University for Males in Al-Ahsa governorate, Saudi Arabia, and to reveal the differences in compliance with traffic rules between students of sciences and humanities. The sample of the study consisted of 874 students and it was conducted during the second semester of the academic year 2017-18. The participants were 381 from sciences and 493 from humanities. The authors used social factors and compliance with traffic rules as measurement tools and found out that three models of factors, including family, education and community to be statistically significant to the compliance of university students who drive with traffic rules. The results further showed that there are statistically significant differences in average scoring between students of sciences and students of humanities regarding the social factors that make them comply with traffic rules with science students complying more with traffic rules than their counterparts in humanities.
 
Received: 21 March 2021 / Accepted: 22 May 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
The Influence of Scent Marketing on Consumers' Approach and Avoidance Behaviour in the High-End Fashion Industry
Authors: Van Niekerk Chantel , Goldberg RH
Published: July 2021

Existing literature falls short in that it fails to directly recognise the potential that lies within scent marketing and its influence on consumers’ behaviour, especially in high-end fashion stores. The study aimed to explore the influence of scent marketing on consumers’ approach and avoidance behaviour in the high-end fashion industry. The study was qualitative in nature and followed an exploratory research design. A non-probability snowball sampling method was used to recruit participants. Data was collected by means of three focus group sessions. The collected data was analysed by using the Morse and Field approach, and by making use of ATLAS.ti qualitative data analysis software. SPSS software was also used to analyse the demographic results. The results indicate that consumers’ response stimuli often depend on emotional stimuli they experience, which will lead to an approach or avoidance response. Scent marketing can boost approach behaviour, if implemented correctly. Based on the results, it is recommended that retail stores, more specifically high-end fashion stores, should make use of scent marketing to attract consumers to the store, keep them browsing for longer periods, enhance purchases and make them feel comfortable. Scent can have a positive influence on consumer’s evaluations, reactions and the intention to visit and revisit a store. This can result in consumers spending more time and money in the store. Furthermore, if scent marketing is implemented correctly, it could also boost brand identity and create a competitive advantage for that specific store.
 
Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
The Historical Thar Desert of India
Authors: Choudhary Manisha
Published: July 2021

Desert was a ‘no-go area’ and the interactions with it were only to curb and contain the rebelling forces. This article is an attempt to understand the contours and history of Thar Desert of Rajasthan and to explore the features that have kept the various desert states (Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner etc.) and their populace sustaining in this region throughout the ages, even when this region had scarce water resources and intense desert with huge and extensive dunes. Through political control the dynasts kept the social organisation intact which ensured regular incomes for their respective dynasties. Through the participation of various social actors this dry and hot desert evolved as a massive trade emporium. The intense trade activities of Thar Desert kept the imperial centres intact in this agriculturally devoid zone. In the harsh environmental conditions, limited means, resources and the objects, the settlers of this desert were able to create a huge economy that sustained effectively. The economy build by them not only allowed the foundation and formation of the states, it also ensured their continuation and expansion over the centuries. The continuity of the Rajput states in the Thar Desert is sufficient indicators of the fact that this desert was nourishing all of them efficiently.
 
Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
The Challenges and Prospects of Science Education Development in Africa
Authors: Ayeni Margaret Foluso
Published: July 2021

In spite of the numerous groundbreaking innovations and inventions that science education can achieve in Africa, its growth in the continent is stunted. This retardation in development is as a result of fundamental problems which are discussed in the paper under the following headings: Insecurity, corruption, Unavailability of Laboratory Equipment and Instructional materials, Inadequate Funds, Inadequate Teacher Quality and Teaching Method, Difficult concepts in science. The paper highlights the challenges crippling the development of science education and the prospects its growth will have in the growth of Africa as a continent. Also, this paper focuses on the challenges plaguing science education in African Countries. It intends to reveal how science education is being prevented from becoming prominent in the national and sustainable development of African countries. It also discusses the prospects science education will have in the development of the continent if it was not plagued with difficulties. Some recommendations were made on the steps to take to improve the development of science education in Africa.
 
Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
Judgment (Trial) in Absentia According to the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Albania
Authors: Tota Naim , Skenderaj Klodjan
Published: July 2021

The judgment in absentia of the defendant is included in the institutes provided in the Code of Criminal Procedure, where in many cases many problems have been encountered in our case law. The judgment in absentia must, on the one hand, guarantee the respect of the fundamental rights of the defendant and, on the other hand, guarantee the public interest in the administration of justice, through the regular exercise of judicial functions. In the Albanian legislation these conflicts of interest have been resolved by the legislator by accepting and becoming part of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1995 as well as with the amendaments made in 2017, namely, the conduct of the trial in the absence of the defendant. However, this Code also guarantees the defendant the opportunity to review the matter, in cases where he becomes aware of the decision rendered in absentia. The guarantee placed by the legislator in the code of criminal procedure has come precisely because of the practice of the ECHR but also a series of decisions of the Constitutional Court of Albania, which stated that in cases of judgments rendered in absentia, defendants have the right to have their case reviewed. This paper will analyze exactly the provisions of the Albanian criminal procedural law on the conduct of the judgment in absentia, the cases of suspension of the trial for the defendants who do not know effectively about the trial. 
 
Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
Benchmarking of the English Language Component of the Mature Students’ Entrance Examinations in Ghana against the WASSCE English Language Component
Authors: Asafo-Adjei Ramos
Published: July 2021

This paper was purposed on benchmarking the English language component of the Mature Students’ Entrance Examinations (MSEE) (administered in Ghana by universities to select undergraduate candidates) to the English language component of the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) which constitutes the mainstream Ghanaian university undergraduate entrance examination. The qualitative design (specifically, multiple case study design) was employed for this study. Using the multi-stage sampling technique, six Ghanaian universities (from whom eighteen English language component of the MSEE past questions were elicited) and three sets of the WASSCE English language component past questions administered in 2016, 2017 and 2018) were used for the study. O’Leary’s (2014) eight steps of conducting document analysis were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that there are major mismatches between the two sets of examinations in the areas of the test types, the basic language skills tested and the competences tested. The study advanced, to policy makers, suggestions such as testing Speaking and Listening for the improvement of the two sets of examinations.
 
Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
A Comparative Functional Analysis of Discourse Markers in the Native and the Non-Native English Newspaper Business Corpus
Authors: Riaz Ammara , Malik Moazzam Ali , Anwar Nazia
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The current study explores the functional nature of Discourse Markers (DMs) in the newspaper business corpus. DMs function as cohesive devices which, additionally, carry pragmatic and semantic meanings present in both the written and the spoken discourse. The focus of this study is to comparatively highlight the differences in the functions of DMs in the business discourse of the native and the non-native newspapers. The study has employed Fung’s (2003) multi-categorical comprehensive framework of DMs. The framework functionally divides DMs into interpersonal, cognitive, structural, and referential categories. These major categories have further been divided into many subcategories of DMs. Based on this comprehensive framework; the current study identifies different functional DMs and compares them for their quantitative and qualitative differences in use. For the analysis of this study, a corpus of one million words was collected from the native business newspapers (The Daily Mail and The Telegraph) and the non-native business newspapers (The Dawn, The Business Recorder, The Nation and Daily Times). Data analysis shows that the most frequently used functional categories of DMs among the native writers are referential and structural, while the least frequently used functional category is cognitive. On the other hand, non-native Pakistani writers make more use of functional DMs of referential, structural and cognitive categories, while the least frequently used functional category is interpersonal. This quantitative difference in the use of DMs makes the native business corpus more coherent and interactive than that of the non-native business corpus. It is expected that the findings of the study may help understand the differences of textuality in the native and the non-native newspaper corpus. It is also expected that the findings of the current study can assist curriculum developers and ESL instructors in developing better teaching materials for second language learners.
Pemanfaatan Limbah Minyak Goreng Bekas dan Bekatul Menjadi Sabun Antiaging
Authors: Susant Maria Mita , Priamsari Margareta Retno
Published: July 2021

Minyak goreng bekas dan bekatul merupakan limbah yang memiliki nilai ekonomis yang kurang. Penggunaan minyak goreng secara berulang-ulang menyebabkan asam lemak yang terkandung dalam minyak akan semakin jenuh. Perubahan sifat minyak goreng tersebut menjadikan minyak goreng tidak layak digunakan sebagai bahan makanan karena dapat menyebabkan dampak kesehatan bagi tubuh. Sedangkan Ketersediaan bekatul yang sangat melimpah dan gizi bekatul yang mengandung antioksidan yang tinggi belum sebanding dengan pemanfaatannya yang masih terbatas. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengolah limbah minyak goreng bekas dan limbah bekatul untuk diolah menjadi produk sabun anti aging. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan variabel bebas adalah formula sabun bekatul dan variabel terikat adalah karakteristik mutu sabun bekatul yang meliputi uji organoleptis, pH, daya busa, alkali bebas dan uji vitamin E. Data dianalisa secara deskriptif dengan membandingkan hasil penelitian dengan SNI 06-3532-1994. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sabun bekatul yang memenuhi syarat mutu adalah formula II, yaitu didapatkan hasil yang memenuhi persyaratan mutu sabun secara teori yang meliputi uji organoleptis padat, berbau khas bekatul dan berwarna coklat, uji pH 11, uji daya busa 2,28 cm, uji asam lemak bebas 0,46%, uji alkali bebas 0,1% dan positif mengandung vitamin E
Problem Kompatibilitas dan Stabilitas Pencampuran Sediaan Intravena Pada Pasien Anak di RSUP Dr. Sardjito
Authors: Rahmawati Reza , Rahmawati Fita , Sulaiman Syed Azhar Syed
Published: July 2021

AbstractPenyiapan dan pemberian obat intravena yang tidak tepat dapat membahayakan dan menyebabkan kegagalan terapi pada pasien. Pada pasien anak, pemberian obat intravena sangat kritis karena keterbatasan pembuluh vena terutama ketika dilakukan pemberian obat secara bersamaan dalam satu waktu yang dapat memicu terjadinya inkompatibilitas. Kesalahan dalam pencampuran obat intravena juga dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas obat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui prevalensi kejadian inkompatibilitas dan stabilitas obat intravena pada pasien rawat inap anak. Pengambilan data dilakukan secara prospektif di RSUP Dr. Sardjito di ruang rawat inap intensif anak (PICU) dan bangsal anak dari November-Desember 2017. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada pasien rawat inap anak yang menggunakan minimal 1 obat intravena dan dilakukan analisis kompatibilitas dan stabilitas obat menggunakan referensi standar Handbook of Injectable Drugs dan referensi lain. Jumlah pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi adalah 75 pasien, dimana 34 pasien dari PICU dan 41 pasien dari bangsal anak. Pemberian obat melalui rute intravena sebanyak 49.1% dengan rata-rata penggunaan obat intravena 3.3 obat/pasien. Pasangan obat yang kompatibel adalah sebanyak 73.7% dan unknown sebanyak 26.3%. Tidak ditemukan adanya pasangan obat yang inkompatibel dalam penelitian ini. Permasalahan stabilitas yang terjadi pada pemberian infus continue pada 3 pasangan obat apabila digunakan lebih dari waktu yang tertera pada literatur.
Демократичні цінності й толерантність: методологія антидискримінаційної експертизи підручників з історії
Authors: Долід Вячеслав , Долганов Петро
Published: July 2021

Статтю присвячено проблемі антидискримінаційної експертизи шкільних підручників з історії. Пропонується методологія здійснення такої експертизи, розроблена на основі пропозицій ЮНЕСКО та авторських рекомендацій. Пропонована методологія враховує міжнародно-правові норми у сфері прав людини (наприклад, Загальну декларацію прав людини ООН, Рамку компетентностей для культури демократії Ради Європи, Декларацію прав дитини тощо). Методологія рекомендує здійснення антидискримінаційної експертизи у таких вимірах: аналіз текстів щодо виявлення етнічних забобонів та стереотипів, гендерно незбалансованої подачі матеріалу, проявів релігійної дискримінації, ксенофобії, шовінізму, расизму, ейджизму, адультизму, лукізму, ейблізму, дискримінації на рівні ментальної картографії та використання нечутливої мови тощо. Запропонований у статті набір аналітичних інструментів включає кількісні та якісні методи аналізу тексту підручників з історії. У статті аналізуються такі кількісні методи, як контент-аналіз частоти згадування історичних подій, персоналій та термінів і аналіз обсягу тексту, присвяченого певній темі. До ключових якісних методів належать дискурс-аналіз, лінгвістичний та контекстуальний аналіз.
Ідеал учителя: порівняння освітніх ідей радянського періоду та сучасності
Authors: Сорочинська Тетяна
Published: July 2021

У статті здійснено спробу порівняльного аналізу ідеалу вчителя та освітніх ідей радянського періоду і сучасності. Висвітлено педагогічну концепцію освітнього ідеалу повоєнних років. Схарактеризовано основні складові та вимоги до професійної майстерності сучасного фахівця. Обґрунтовано ідею самовиховання як необхідну передумову набуття і збереження професіоналізму вчителя, зокрема розглянуто основні характеристики педагога-початківця та педагога-майстра, окреслено, як майбутній учитель з об’єкта виховного впливу («Я – студент, нехай мене вчать») перетворюється на суб’єкт організації власної життєдіяльності («Я – майбутній педагог, готую себе до педагогічної діяльності щоденно»). Використовуючи педагогічний досвід відомих педагогів, розкрито сутність професійної індивідуальності вчителя та педагогічної культури як вирішального елемента формування його педагогічної майстерності. Доведено, що індивідуальна педагогічна культура виявляється у професійній поведінці педагога. У контексті розкриття проблеми представлено погляд на вчителя з високим і низьким рівнем педагогічної культури, обґрунтовано поняття «педагогічного безкультур’я» як неуцтва та обмеженості педагога. Зосереджено увагу на гуманістичній установці вчителя, що визначає стратегію і тактику освітнього процесу, а також на духовно-моральній складовій як основі педагогічної діяльності майбутнього фахівця.
Розвиток патріотичних почуттів дітей та юнацтва засобами життєтворчості педагога і письменника, громадського діяча Івана Филипчака
Authors: Білавич Галина , Багрій Марія , Мазур Ярина
Published: July 2021

У статті проаналізовано життя, творчість, а також літературну, наукову, громадсько-просвітницьку, етнографічну діяльність педагога і письменника, краєзнавця, науковця Івана Филипчака. Наголошено, що історична проза письменника («Княгиня Романова», «За Сян», «Будівничий держави», «Сила волі», «Кульчицький – герой Відня», «Дмитро Детько», «Анна Ярославна – королева Франції», «Берладник або пропаща сила» та ін.), як і життєпис митця, нині можуть слугувати чинником виховання національно-свідомого юного громадянина-патріота. Винятково важливою для сьогодення, особливо для тієї категорії юнаків і дівчат, які мають бажання стати педагогами, є «повість з життя молодої вчительки» «За вчительським хлібом», яка окреслює скристалізований І. Филипчаком один із найяскравіших і найвиразніших у західноукраїнській літературі того періоду тип учителя-патріота, що органічно поєднує громадянина-просвітителя і креативного методиста. Центральною в педагогічній та літературній спадщині І. Филипчака є концепція образу дитини, становлення людини як особистості. Спадщина І. Филипчака на ниві українського шкільництва, музейництва, етнографії, сільського господарства, публіцистики потребує ґрунтовного вивчення та аналізу, а його історичні наукові твори та художня проза повинні посісти належне місце на сторінках навчальної літератури, хрестоматій з української літератури для сучасного студентства та школярів.
Про формальну мовно-літературну освіту учнів закладів загальної середньої освіти в умовах компетентнісного навчання
Authors: Ситченко Анатолій , Корнієнко Ірина , Грищеня Марія
Published: July 2021

У статті уточнюється і поглиблюється поняття формальної освіти, що пов’язується із розумовим вихованням школярів у контексті компетентнісного навчання української мови і літератури. Розкривається значення формальної освіти у її співвідношенні з освітою матеріальною. Незважаючи на те, що сучасна вітчизняна педагогіка вважає поділ освіти на формальну й матеріальну помилковим, стверджується, що педагогічна наука давно оперує термінами й поняттями матеріальної та формальної освіти, які варто розрізняти й пояснювати як змістовий та формовий освітні аспекти. Автори статті пояснюють формальну освіту як таку, що спрямовує навчання на розвиток у вихованців формального мислення, яке означає здатність учня осмислювати свої розумові дії, що забезпечують виконання навчального завдання. Окреслюється двоскладний характер навчання, яке передбачає визначення ключових питань «Що вивчати?»  і «Як навчати?». Формальна освіта в контексті означеного дослідження є співвідносною з матеріальною (знаннями, уявленнями, ставленнями, ціннісними орієнтаціями тощо), оскільки служить засобом реалізації змістового компонента освіти. Доведено, що розвиток формального мислення здійснюється на основі засвоєння учнями розумово-практичних операцій, усвідомлення яких є вагомим показником компетентної особистості. Формальне мислення означає здатність і звичку суб’єкта обмірковувати свої дії. Метою формальної освіти є становлення мислячої та діяльної компетентної особистості. Аналізується формальна мовно-літературна освіта, що має особистісне розвивальне значення для школярів завдяки впливу на їхню свідомість і почуття. Підкреслюється, що зазвичай вона здійснюється у процесі засвоєння правил пізнавальної роботи, виконання основних видів мовного розбору та шляхів літературного аналізу, використання й засвоєння способів їх проведення, що слугує основою будь-якої аналітичної операції над мовно-літературним матеріалом.
Formation haute-fidélité en Médecine Intensive
Authors: Lejus-Bourdeau Corinne , Grillot Nicolas , Trichot Amélie , Rooze Paul
Published: July 2021

La simulation haute-fidélité est devenue une modalité pédagogique incontournable pour la formation initiale et continue à la gestion des situations critiques mettant en jeu le pronostic vital. Elle trouve tout naturellement sa place pour l’entraînement des professionnels médicaux et paramédicaux exerçant en soins intensifs ou en réanimation, sans risque pour le patient. Son efficacité s’avère supérieure aux méthodes d’apprentissage conventionnelles pour l’amélioration des connaissances et des compétences techniques avec une rétention mémorielle plus prolongée. Elle contribue au développement des compétences non-techniques et en particulier à la communication et au travail en équipe, avec un impact positif sur la qualité de la prise en charge du patient. La formation par la simulation inter-professionnelle d’une équipe constituée de réanimation participe à la mise en place d’une stratégie de gestion de la qualité et du risque. Elle facilite l’adhésion des professionnels médicaux et paramédicaux, renforce la cohésion d’équipe et améliore les conditions de travail. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la mise en œuvre d’un programme de simulation doit être assurée par des formateurs eux-mêmes formés à cette technique pédagogique et en capacité de faciliter un débriefing réflexif dans une ambiance bienveillante et constructive. Les simulateurs de patients haute-fidélité restent onéreux et fragiles. Si l’implémentation dans les maquettes de formation initiale est acquise, l’accès en formation continue des professionnels médicaux et paramédicaux exerçant dans les réanimations et les unités de soins critiques, à la simulation haute-fidélité est certainement encore insuffisant et doit être développé.
Recent Trends in the Development of Benzimidazole Hybrid Derivatives and Their Antimalarial Activities
Authors: Waikhom Somraj Singh  , Bikash Debnath  , Manna Kuntal
Published: July 2021

A parasite of the Plasmodium species initiates malaria. The parasite is transmitted to communities through the bite of an infected mosquito. Malarial resistance towards the commonly used antimalarial agents is a genuine human health problem. Benzimidazole derivatives exhibit a wide range of antimalarial activities against Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) strain. The present review has summarized the antimalarial activity of benzimidazole hybrid derivatives and described its structural activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) model. A total of 14 papers were systematically reviewed. The literature survey has revealed that novel benzimidazole hybrid derivatives diminished the P. falciparum activity in the liver and gametocyte stages and inhibited heme synthesis and β-hematin formation. The QSAR models explain imminent antimalarial agent's growth through multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN).
A. V. Nikitenko’s Diary as a Source of Information on Jurors in Post-reform Russia
Authors: Демичев А.А.
Published: July 2021

Впервые в научной литературе «Дневник» известного российского филолога А. В. Никитенко рассматривается в качестве источника изучения суда присяжных в Российской империи во второй половине XIX века в контексте источниковедческой парадигмы методологии истории. В статье отмечаются некоторые специфические особенности дневника как разновидности источников личного происхождения. В результате проведенного исследования делаются выводы, что «Дневнику» А. В. Никитенко свойственны характеристики, присущие дневнику как жанру исторического источника; хронологически «Дневник» является первым документом личного происхождения, в котором содержится информация о суде присяжных, исходящая от лица, лично исполнявшего соответствующие обязанности; в фактографическом плане по проблемам российского суда присяжных «Дневник» мало информативен, не содержит каких-либо значимых сведений;
в плане оценочных суждений по материалам лично увиденного в суде присяжных в сочетании
с информацией, полученной из других источников, «Дневник» представляет научный интерес,
так как отражает позицию его автора, а также определенных общественных кругов по отношению к суду присяжных, к преобразованиям Александра II в целом и к борьбе консервативных представителей администрации за возврат к прошлому и попыткам нивелирования нововведений.

The article presents the first attempt to investigate a renowned Russian philologist A. V. Nikitenko’s Diary as a source of information for jurors in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century in the context of source studies and historical methodology. The article underlines some specific peculiarities of a diary as a variety of personal information source. The researcher maintains that A. V. Nikitenko’s Diary has characteristics typical of a historical source. Chronologically, the Diary is the first personal document which contains inside information about a juror trial, for it is written by a person serving on a jury. The Diary fails to provide facts and details related to the problems associated with Russian juror trials, however it contains first-hand assessments and information collected from other sources.
The significance of the Diary as a source of research information is accounted for by the fact that it presents social opinions and personal views on Alexander II’s reforms and describes conservatives’ attempts to mitigate the impact of reforms and to defy innovations.
The Great Reforms: a State Village in a Time of Change (Chigirino Uezd, Kiev Province)
Authors: Мауль В.Я.
Published: July 2021

Рассматриваются особенности проведения крестьянской реформы на Правобережной Украине в 1860–1870-х годах. В центре внимания реформа государственной деревни Киевской губернии, условия проведения которой вызвали недовольство бывших казенных крестьян. Объектом исследования является Чигиринский уезд Киевской губернии, где в течение десяти лет происходили непрерывные волнения местного населения против подворного наделения землей и высоких денежных налогов. Предметом исследования является анализ механизма наделения чигиринских крестьян землей, установления оброчной подати и выкупных платежей. Отмечается, что в ходе борьбы крестьянская беднота отстаивала систему подушного землепользования как более справедливую. Происходившие события осмысливались их участниками в рамках народного монархического сознания. Крестьяне считали, что настоящий царский указ скрывается чиновниками и священниками. Протест бывших казенных крестьян Чигиринского уезда — доказательство несовершенства аграрного законодательства самодержавия в пореформенный период.

The article treats the peculiarities of peasant reform implementation in Right-Bank Ukraine in the 1860s–1870s. The article focuses on the indignation provoked by the reform in former state peasants dwelling in state villages of the Kiev province. The subject of the research is the Chigirino uezd of the Kiev province where local people revolted against unequal land distribution on per household basis and inequitable taxation. The object of the research is the analysis of the mechanisms of land reforms and tax reforms. The article maintains that poor peasants demanded that land should be distributed
on an equal per capita basis not on per household basis. The participants of the events viewed them through the prism of monarchical ideology. Peasants believed that the tsar’s true orders were concealed by statesmen and priests. The revolt of state peasants of the Chigirino uezd underlined the imperfections of the agrarian legislation in the post-reform era.
The History of Social Movements in the Vyatka Province during Alexander II’s Great Reforms
Authors: Судовиков М.С.
Published: July 2021

В статье характеризуются социально-экономические и культурные изменения, происходившие в России в период Великих реформ Александра II на примере Вятской губернии, располагавшейся на северо-востоке европейской части страны. Раскрываются вопросы ре-гиональных особенностей реализации Великих реформ, участия в преобразованиях населения губернии. Приводятся историко-биографические описания, связанные с личностями М. М. Синцова, А. А. Красовского, П. А. Зубова, П. В. Алабина, характеризуется отношение к ним властей и местного населения. Констатируется, что в 1860–1870-х годах в Вятской губернии активизировалось общественное движение, жители губернии столкнулись с пропагандой политических идей либерального и революционно-демократического толка, что также являлось веянием новой эпохи. Общественный подъем, рост самосознания ярко проявились в работе открытых в Вятской губернии общественных организаций и учреждений культуры, затронули представителей разных слоев населения. В результате реформ 1860–1870-х годов в стране закладывались основы для формирования качественно нового российского социума.

The article characterizes social, economic and cultural transformations in Russia during Alexander II’s Great Reforms at the example of the Vyatka province situated in the north-east of the European part of the Russian Empire. The article focuses on regional peculiarities of the implementation of the Great Reforms and discuses the issues of local people’s involvement in reform implementation. The article provides historical and biographical data associated with M. M. Sintsov, A. A. Krasovsky, P. A. Zubov, P. V. Alabin, it describes their relationship with local authorities and people. The article states that in the 1860s–1870s, liberal, democratic and revolutionary ideas were advertised to the citizens of the Vyatka province, which marked the beginning of a new era. The enhancement of social and national awareness was obvious in the work of social and cultural organizations of the Vyatka province and affected the lives of different social strata. The reforms of the 1860s-1870s served as the basis for a qualitatively new Russian society.
Khadija Mirza Agasi, an Unrecognized Genius?
Authors: Никонов О.А.
Published: July 2021

В статье анализируются государственные реформы в Иране, предпринятые хаджа Мирза Агаси на посту главы иранского правительства, и роль первого визиря в модернизации страны. Автор приходит к выводу, что большая часть начинаний главы правительства оказалась нереализованной не из-за бездарности предложенных мероприятий, а из-за пассивности иранской элиты и нежелания феодальных кругов Ирана менять устоявшиеся нормы общественно-экономической жизни страны. Усилия первого министра, направленные на укрепление основ иранской государственности, суверенитета и защиты национальных интересов от агрессивных устремлений Российской империи и Великобритании, потребовали от хаджа Мирзы Агаси принятия непростых, а зачастую и непопулярных решений, что сказалось на восприятии его деятельности широкими кругами отечественной и иностранной исторической науки как исключительно вредных для Ирана. Анализ архивных документов показывает, что в условиях крайне стесненных возможностей первый министр оказался способен не только противостоять внешнему давлению, но и пытаться запустить процесс модернизации всего хозяйственного механизма Ирана, что легло в основу последующих реформ середины XIX веке. Широта взглядов, готовность следовать прагматичному курсу, способность отказаться от узко-клановых и узко-религиозных стереотипов во имя процветания страны сделали хаджа Мирзу Агаси видным государственным деятелем Ирана первой половины XIX века, незаслуженно забытого в научных кругах. Автор считает, что потенциалы реформ, предложенных первым визирем, вполне могли вывести Иран из состояния застоя и внешней зависимости от иностранных империй.

The article analyzes Iranian reforms undertaken by the khadija Mirza Agasi as the leader of the Iranian government. It also investigates the role the first vizier played in the modernization of the country. The author concludes that the majority of reforms initiated by the leader remained unimplemented not because of their mediocre character but because of the passive nature of Iranian elite and feudal representatives’ desire to hinder social and economic innovations. The efforts of the first minister were aimed at the fortification of Iranian nationhood and sovereignty. The minister tried to thwart Russian and British aggression, he had to take difficult and often unpopular decisions, which explains why Russian and foreign historians believe his actions to be detrimental to Iran. The analysis of archival materials shows that having limited resources the first minster managed to resist external pressure and attempted to renovate the Iranian economy, which served as a basis for the reforms of the mid-19th century. The minister’s broad-mindedness, his readiness to work on pragmatic goals, his ability to discard social and religious stereotypes for the benefit of the country earned Mirza Agasi the fame of a prominent Iranian statesman of the early 19th century. The author of the article believes that the minister, whose achievements are unfairly neglected by historians, could steer Iran out of stagnation and external subordination.
New records of the water mite genus Atractides Koch, 1837 from Iran (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Hygrobatidae)
Authors: Pešić Vladimir , Smit Harry , Saboori Alireza
Published: July 2021

In the present study three water mite species of the genus Atractides Koch, 1837 are reported from Iran. Atractides yazdensis sp. nov., is decribed as new for science; the hitherto unknown females of A. elburzensis Pešić, Smit & Saboori, 2014 and A. bakhtiari Pešić, Asadi & Saboori, 2016 are described.
Understanding attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in physicians: workplace implications and management strategies
Authors: Mammoliti Maryna , Richards-Bentley Christopher , Ly Adam
Published: July 2021

Physicians with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have unrecognized workplace difficulties because of inattention and impulsivity. If these behaviours interfere with patient care or organizational functioning, leaders may erroneously attribute the physician’s actions to unprofessionalism. As such, corrective efforts with punitive measures may be ineffective. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that responds to evidence-based treatments, including medications, accommodations, and supports. Physician leaders who understand the unique presentations of ADHD in physicians may better identify when this condition may be contributing to workplace behaviour. Furthermore, physician leaders may have a professional or legal duty to accommodate or support physicians with underlying medical and/or psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD. Using our own clinical experience, we provide a general overview of ADHD in physicians and guide physician leaders on how to help physicians who may be struggling with ADHD in the workplace. We hope that our clinical experience and observations of this hidden problem will spur discussion, awareness, and action for further research and support.
Lower genital tract infections in preterm premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor: a case-control study from Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Quoc Huy Vu , Le Hung Nam , Ton Nu Van Anh , Nguyen Nguyen Dac , Le Minh Tam
Published: July 2021

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the incidence of lower genital infections and related factors in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and preterm labor.

Methodology: A case-control study was conducted on pregnant women who were admitted to the Hospital of Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam between November 2017 and May 2019. Cases from 22 to 36 gestational weeks were included as group 1 (patients with preterm labor and intact membranes) or as group 2 (those with PPROM). The control group included women with singleton pregnancies who were matched on gestational age and recruited concurrently with the study cases. Gram stain was perfomed to identify Lactobacillus, Gardnerella, mobiluncus, Candida, and leucocytes. Trichomonas vaginalis was detected by wet mount. Cultures of vaginal secretions and aminotic fluid were performed to identify aerobic bacteria.

Results: Bacterial vaginosis was higher in group 1 (28.9%) compared to control (11.4%). The incidence of isolated aerobic bacteria was 44.1% in group 2, 11.1% in group 1, and 12.7% in the control group (p < 0.001). Fungal infection was not shown to be a risk factor for preterm labor (p = 0.990), whereas, bacterial vaginosis was (OR = 3.16; 95%CI = 1.23-8.15; p = 0.016). Isolated aerobic bacteria were associated with premature rupture of membranes (OR = 5.45; 95%CI = 2.11-14.05; p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Bacteria vaginosis increased the risk of preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Isolated aerobic bacteria were related to PPROM, while fungal infection was not associated with preterm labor.
Big Concern for Public Health: Microbial Contamination of Mobile Phones
Authors: Sadeeq Tara , Arikan Ayse , Sanlidag Tamer , Guler Emrah , Suer Kaya
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Mobile phones are dynamic source of microorganisms in households and professional settings. The aim was to determine the prevalence of bacterial contamination of the mobile phones, identify bacterial isolates, assess their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and define the efficiency of using disinfectant.

Methodology: This study included 233 dental students from Near East University, Faculty of Dentistry. Swab samples taken from mobile phones before and after disinfection were inoculated onto 5% sheep blood medium and eosin methylene blue medium and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Mold-growing mix cultures were sub-cultured on the sabouraud dextrose medium and allowed to grow at room temperature. Conventional microbiological techniques and VITEK 2 automated identification system were used for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were verified by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique according to the European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Committee criteria. Mold colonies were identified macroscopic and microscopically according to their phenotypic properties using lacto-phenol cotton blue stain.

Results: Microbial contamination of mobile phones was 81% (120.953 cfu/ml) in swab samples taken without using alcohol-based wipes however, microbial contamination in swab samples taken after one-time disinfection was determined to be 21% (201 cfu/ml). The most common microorganisms isolated were coagulase negative Staphylococci (69%) and Aspergillus niger (13%). All of the isolated bacteria were susceptible to all antibiotics used.

Conclusions: This study represents the first data on the rate of microbial contamination on mobile phones in Northern Cyprus and the efficiency of the use of alcohol to disinfect the mobile phones.
The effect of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence genes expression
Authors: Abdelraheem Wedad Mahmoud , Mohamed Ebtisam S
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Due to increased resistance to antimicrobial agents, infectious diseases remain a public health problem worldwide. The current study was designed to examine the effect of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO–np) against the biofilm formation ability of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates and to study its effect on the expression level of the genes involved in biofilm formation and virulence factors production.

Methodology: The MIC of ZnO–np against P. aeruginosa was determined by the broth micro dilution method. The effect of ZnO–np on the biofilm-forming isolates of P. aeruginosa was monitored by the microtiter plate method. P. aeruginosa isolates were tested for the expression of different biofilm and virulence genes using real-time rt-PCR.

Results: ZnO–np significantly down-regulated the expression level of all biofilm and virulence genes of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates except the toxA gene.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates the promising use of ZnO–np as an anti-biofilm and anti-virulence compound.
The need for a new set of measures to assess the impact of research in earth sciences in Indonesia
Authors: Irawan Dasapta Erwin , Abraham Juneman , Tennant Jonathan Peter , Pourret Olivier
Published: July 2021

Background: Earth sciences is one of those sensitive field sciences that are closely needed to solve local problems within local physical and social settings. Earth researchers find state-of-the-art of topics in earth sciences by using scientific databases, conduct research on the topics, and write about them. However, the accessibility, readability, and usability of those articles for local communities are major problems in measuring the impact of research, although it may be covered by well-known international scientific databases.

Objectives: To ascertain empirically whether there are differences in document distribution, in the proportions of openly accessible documents, and in the geographical coverage of earth sciences topics as revealed through analyses of documents retrieved from scientific databases and to propose new measures for assessing the impact of research in earth sciences based on those differences.

Methods: Relevant documents were retrieved using ‘earth sciences’ as a search term in English and other languages from ten databases of scientific publications. The results of these searches were analysed using frequency analysis and a quantitative- descriptive design.

Results: (1) The number of articles in English from international databases exceeded the number of articles in native languages from national-level databases. (2) The number of open-access (OA) articles in the national databases was higher than that in other databases. (3) The geographical coverage of earth science papers was uneven between countries when the number of documents retrieved from closed-access commercial databases was compared to that from the other databases. (4) The regulations in Indonesia related to promotion of lecturers assign greater weighting to publications indexed in Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS) and publications in journals with impact factors are assigned a higher weighting.

Conclusions: The dominance of scientific articles in English as well as the paucity of OA publications indexed in international databases (compared to those in national or regional databases) may have been due to the greater weighting assigned to such publications. Consequently, the relevance of research reported in those publications to local communities has been questioned. This article suggests some open-science practices to transform the current regulations related to promotion into a more responsible measurement of research performance and impact.