bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotating Relativistic Stars
Authors: Friedman John L. , Stergioulas Nikolaos
Published: July 2013

The masses of neutron stars are limited by an instability to gravitational collapse and an instability driven by gravitational waves limits their spin. Their oscillations are relevant to x-ray observations of accreting binaries and to gravitational wave observations of neutron stars formed during the coalescence of double neutron-star systems. This volume includes more than forty years of research to provide graduate students and researchers in astrophysics, gravitational physics and astronomy with the first self-contained treatment of the structure, stability and oscillations of rotating neutron stars. This monograph treats the equations of stellar equilibrium; key approximations, including slow rotation and perturbations of spherical and rotating stars; stability theory and its applications, from convective stability to the r-mode instability; and numerical methods for computing equilibrium configurations and the nonlinear evolution of their oscillations. The presentation of fundamental equations, results and applications is accessible to readers who do not need the detailed derivations.
Uterine Pathology
Authors: Soslow Robert A. , Longacre Teri A.
Published: July 2013

Part of the Cambridge Illustrated Surgical Pathology series, this book provides a comprehensive account of the experienced gynecologic pathologists' diagnostic approach to uterine pathology. Discussion is built around major pathologic entities in the uterus and cervix while highlighting the diverse and complex spectrum of alterations encountered in daily practice. Emphasizing clear description, diagnostic algorithms and problem solving, the book's primary goal is to lay the foundation for diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility, and relevance. It also dispels common misconceptions and encourages an intelligent and thoughtful approach to diagnostic problems using all the tools available to the modern physician. The book is richly illustrated, with more than 700 color photomicrographs, all of which are also found in downloadable format on the accompanying CD-ROM.
Quantum Social Science
Authors: Haven Emmanuel , Khrennikov Andrei
Published: July 2013

Written by world experts in the foundations of quantum mechanics and its applications to social science, this book shows how elementary quantum mechanical principles can be applied to decision-making paradoxes in psychology and used in modelling information in finance and economics. The book starts with a thorough overview of some of the salient differences between classical, statistical and quantum mechanics. It presents arguments on why quantum mechanics can be applied outside of physics and defines quantum social science. The issue of the existence of quantum probabilistic effects in psychology, economics and finance is addressed and basic questions and answers are provided. Aimed at researchers in economics and psychology, as well as physics, basic mathematical preliminaries and elementary concepts from quantum mechanics are defined in a self-contained way.
Detection and Estimation for Communication and Radar Systems
Authors: Yao Kung , Lorenzelli Flavio , Chen Chiao-En
Published: July 2013

Covering the fundamentals of detection and estimation theory, this systematic guide describes statistical tools that can be used to analyze, design, implement and optimize real-world systems. Detailed derivations of the various statistical methods are provided, ensuring a deeper understanding of the basics. Packed with practical insights, it uses extensive examples from communication, telecommunication and radar engineering to illustrate how theoretical results are derived and applied in practice. A unique blend of theory and applications and over 80 analytical and computational end-of-chapter problems make this an ideal resource for both graduate students and professional engineers.
Britain and the Dutch Revolt 1560–1700
Authors: Dunthorne Hugh
Published: July 2013

England's response to the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568–1648) has been studied hitherto mainly in terms of government policy, yet the Dutch struggle with Habsburg Spain affected a much wider community than just the English political elite. It attracted attention across Britain and drew not just statesmen and diplomats but also soldiers, merchants, religious refugees, journalists, travellers and students into the conflict. Hugh Dunthorne draws on pamphlet literature to reveal how British contemporaries viewed the progress of their near neighbours' rebellion, and assesses the lasting impact which the Revolt and the rise of the Dutch Republic had on Britain's domestic history. The book explores affinities between the Dutch Revolt and the British civil wars of the seventeenth century - the first major challenges to royal authority in modern times - showing how much Britain's changing commercial, religious and political culture owed to the country's involvement with events across the North Sea.
German Merchants in the Nineteenth-Century Atlantic
Authors: Maischak Lars
Published: July 2013

This study brings to life the community of trans-Atlantic merchants who established strong economic, political and cultural ties between the United States and the city-republic of Bremen, Germany in the nineteenth century. Lars Maischak shows that the success of Bremen's merchants in helping make an industrial-capitalist world market created the conditions of their ultimate undoing: the new economy of industrial capitalism gave rise to democracy and the nation-state, undermining the political and economic power of this mercantile elite. Maischak argues that the experience of Bremen's merchants is representative of the transformation of the role of merchant capital in the first wave of globalization, with implications for our understanding of modern capitalism, in general.
Law and Society in the Age of Theoderic the Great
Authors: Lafferty Sean D. W.
Published: July 2013

This book explores the evolution of Roman law and society in Italy from 493, with the proclamation of the Ostrogoth Theoderic the Great as king, until about 554, when the eastern Emperor Justinian was able to re-establish imperial authority in the region. Drawing upon evidence from a variety of legal and historical sources, it investigates how Theoderic and his successors attempted to govern the peninsula in the wake of foreign invasions, the collapse of civic administration, the break-up of the Mediterranean economy, and the emergence of new forms of religious and secular authority. It challenges long-held assumptions as to just how peaceful, prosperous and Roman-like Theoderic's Italy really was. Its primary focus is the Edictum Theoderici, a significant but largely overlooked document that offers valuable historical insights into the complex and sometimes contested social, political and religious changes that marked Italy's passage from Antiquity into the Middle Ages.
Computational Methods for Physics
Authors: Franklin Joel
Published: July 2013

There is an increasing need for undergraduate students in physics to have a core set of computational tools. Most problems in physics benefit from numerical methods, and many of them resist analytical solution altogether. This textbook presents numerical techniques for solving familiar physical problems where a complete solution is inaccessible using traditional mathematical methods. The numerical techniques for solving the problems are clearly laid out, with a focus on the logic and applicability of the method. The same problems are revisited multiple times using different numerical techniques, so readers can easily compare the methods. The book features over 250 end-of-chapter exercises. A website hosted by the author features a complete set of programs used to generate the examples and figures, which can be used as a starting point for further investigation. A link to this can be found at www.cambridge.org/9781107034303.
Pakistan's Experience with Formal Law
Authors: Siddique Osama
Published: July 2013

Law reform in Pakistan attracts such disparate champions as the Chief Justice of Pakistan, the USAID and the Taliban. Common to their equally obsessive pursuit of 'speedy justice' is a remarkable obliviousness to the historical, institutional and sociological factors that alienate Pakistanis from their formal legal system. This pioneering book highlights vital and widely neglected linkages between the 'narratives of colonial displacement' resonant in the literature on South Asia's encounter with colonial law and the region's postcolonial official law reform discourses. Against this backdrop, it presents a typology of Pakistani approaches to law reform and critically evaluates the IFI-funded single-minded pursuit of 'efficiency' during the last decade. Employing diverse methodologies, it proceeds to provide empirical support for a widening chasm between popular, at times violently expressed, aspirations for justice and democratically deficient reform designed in distant IFI headquarters that is entrusted to the exclusive and unaccountable Pakistani 'reform club'.
Solution of the flow over a non-uniform heavily loaded ducted actuator disk
Authors: Bontempo R. , Manna M.
Published: July 2013

The paper presents an extension to ducted rotors of the nonlinear actuator disk theory of Conway (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 365, 1998, pp. 235–267) and it is exact for incompressible, axisymmetric and inviscid flows. The solution for the velocities and the Stokes stream function results from the superposition of ring vortices properly arranged along the duct surface and the wake region. Using a general analytical procedure the flow fields are given as a combination of one-dimensional integrals of expressions involving complete as well as incomplete elliptic integrals. The solution being exact, the proper shape of the slipstream whether converging or diverging is naturally accounted for, even for heavy loads. A semi-analytical method has been developed that enables the flow induced by an actuator disk housed in a contoured duct to be solved duly accounting for the nonlinear mutual interaction between the duct and the rotor. Non-uniform load distributions, rotor wake rotation and ducts of general shapes and thickness distribution can be dealt with. Thanks to its reduced numerical cost, the method is well suited for the design and/or analysis of ducted rotors for marine, wind and aeronautical applications.
A multifold reduction in the transition Reynolds number, and ultra-fast mixing, in a micro-channel due to a dynamical instability induced by a soft wall
Authors: Verma M. K. S. , Kumaran V.
Published: July 2013

A dynamical instability is observed in experimental studies on micro-channels of rectangular cross-section with smallest dimension 100 and $160~\mathrm{\mu} \mathrm{m} $ in which one of the walls is made of soft gel. There is a spontaneous transition from an ordered, laminar flow to a chaotic and highly mixed flow state when the Reynolds number increases beyond a critical value. The critical Reynolds number, which decreases as the elasticity modulus of the soft wall is reduced, is as low as 200 for the softest wall used here (in contrast to 1200 for a rigid-walled channel). The instability onset is observed by the breakup of a dye-stream introduced in the centre of the micro-channel, as well as the onset of wall oscillations due to laser scattering from fluorescent beads embedded in the wall of the channel. The mixing time across a channel of width 1.5 mm, measured by dye-stream and outlet conductance experiments, is smaller by a factor of 105 than that for a laminar flow. The increased mixing rate comes at very little cost, because the pressure drop (energy requirement to drive the flow) increases continuously and modestly at transition. The deformed shape is reconstructed numerically, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to obtain the pressure gradient and the velocity fields for different flow rates. The pressure difference across the channel predicted by simulations is in agreement with the experiments (within experimental errors) for flow rates where the dye stream is laminar, but the experimental pressure difference is higher than the simulation prediction after dye-stream breakup. A linear stability analysis is carried out using the parallel-flow approximation, in which the wall is modelled as a neo-Hookean elastic solid, and the simulation results for the mean velocity and pressure gradient from the CFD simulations are used as inputs. The stability analysis accurately predicts the Reynolds number (based on flow rate) at which an instability is observed in the dye stream, and it also predicts that the instability first takes place at the downstream converging section of the channel, and not at the upstream diverging section. The stability analysis also indicates that the destabilization is due to the modification of the flow and the local pressure gradient due to the wall deformation; if we assume a parabolic velocity profile with the pressure gradient given by the plane Poiseuille law, the flow is always found to be stable.
On the limitation of imposed velocity field strategy for Coulomb-driven electroconvection flow simulations
Authors: Traoré Philippe , Wu Jian
Published: July 2013

This study refers to the article of Chicón, Castellanos & Martion (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 344, 1997, pp. 43–66), who presented a numerical study of electroconvection in a layer of dielectric liquid induced by unipolar injection. An important characteristic of the numerical strategy proposed by Chicón et al. lies in the fact that the Navier–Stokes equations are never solved to obtain the velocity field, which is subsequently needed in the charge density transport equation. Instead, the velocity field is explicitly provided by an expression obtained with some assumptions about the flow structure and related to the electric field (the imposed velocity field approach; IVF). The validity of the above simplification is examined through a direct comparison of the solutions obtained by solving the Navier–Stokes equations (the Navier–Stokes computation approach; NSC). It is clearly demonstrated that, even in the strong injection regime ($C= 10$), the results look very similar for a given range of the mobility parameter $M$; however, in the weak injection regime ($C= 0. 1$), significant discrepancies are observed. The rich flow structures obtained with the NSC approach invalidate the use of the IVF approach in the weak injection regime.
COHABITANTS IN PRIVATE LAW: TRUST, FRUSTRATION AND UNJUST ENRICHMENT IN ENGLAND, GERMANY AND CANADA
Authors: Sanders Anne
Published: July 2013

Neither in England, nor in Germany, nor in all Canadian provinces, does the law provide specific rules for the redistribution of property for unmarried cohabitants after the breakdown of their relationship. Instead, courts apply the law of trusts, contract and unjust enrichment with an eye to the characteristics of intimate relationships, as, for example, in decisions like the EnglishJones v Kernott([2011] UKSC 53) and the CanadianKerr v Baranow(2011 SCC 10). This article compares English, Canadian, and German case law and evaluates it both from a doctrinal perspective and as a part of a general approach towards cohabitation. The article concludes with an appeal for legislative action that strikes the right balance between party autonomy and protection of the weaker party.
CHOICE OF LAW AND ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS: RELOCATING COMITY
Authors: Sim Cameron
Published: July 2013

English private international law generally gives a potential role, where appropriate, to foreign law, by allowing for the application of choice of law rules to determine its relevance. Yet in the context of anti-suit injunctions granted otherwise than in aid of a contractual right not to be sued, choice of law is conspicuously absent. In those cases, courts simply apply thelex foriwithout paying any regard to foreign law, although the notion of comity is taken into account in the final decision on whether to grant anti-suit relief. Clearer identification of the grounds for granting such relief should limit application of thelex forito instances where the anti-suit injunction serves as a form of ancillary relief to protect the judicial processes of the forum, and in which comity plays no role. In all other cases, which ultimately concern private justice between the parties, comity is best understood as an expression of justice in cases involving foreign elements, and better reflected through choice of law rules, which might lead to the application of foreign law. This approach is preferable to invoking comity as a consideration relating to the manner in which the court regulates the grant of anti-suit relief, because courts tend to bestow rights, which parties may not otherwise have, under the cloak of comity. Understanding comity as the catalyst for taking account of foreign law assuages concerns about interfering with foreign courts, acts as a deterrent to remedy shopping, and provides greater certainty as regards the vindication of rights. The case for widening the application of choice of law in this context does not depend on Rome II, but if the principle is accepted, courts must follow the process which it specifies.
II. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE: QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE OBLIGATION TO EXTRADITE OR PROSECUTE (BELGIUM v SENEGAL) JUDGMENT OF 20 JULY 2012
Authors: Andenas Mads , Weatherall Thomas
Published: July 2013

This case1marks the first pronouncement by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare) in international law. It is the second contentious case in which the ICJ has held the defendant country in breach of its obligations under a human rights convention. The ICJ both added to the corpus of norms it has formally recognized as peremptory norms (jus cogens) and also reinforced the principle that former heads of state are subject to universal jurisdiction for grave violations of international law.
Head mirror versus headlight: illumination, visual identification and visual acuity for otolaryngological examination
Authors: Lin C-H , Hsu H-T , Chen P-Y , Huon L K , Lin Y-Z , Hung S-H
Published: July 2013

Objective:

To investigate and compare the performance of head mirrors and headlights during otolaryngological examination.

Methods:

The illuminance and illumination field of each device were measured and compared. Visual identification and visual acuity were also measured, in 13 medical students and 10 otolaryngology specialists.

Results:

The illuminance (mean ± standard deviation) of the LumiView, Kimscope 1 W and Kimscope 3 W headlights and a standard head mirror were 352.3 ± 9, 92.3 ± 4.5, 438 ± 15.7 and 68.3 ± 1.2 lux, respectively. The illumination field of the head mirror (mean ± standard deviation) was 348 ± 29.8 grids, significantly greater than that of the Kimscope 3 W headlight (183 ± 9.2 grids) (p = 0.0017). The student group showed no statistically significant difference between visual identification with the best headlight and the head mirror (score means ± standard deviations: 56.2 ± 9 and 53.3 ± 14.1, respectively; p = 0.3). The expert group scored significantly higher for visual identification with head mirrors versus headlights (59.7 ± 3.3 vs 55.2 ± 5.8, respectively; p = 0.0035), but showed no difference for visual acuity.

Conclusion:

Despite the advantages of headlight illumination, head mirrors provided better, shadow-free illumination. Despite no differences amongst students, head mirrors performed better than headlights in experienced hands.
Changes in biological traits of macro-benthic communities subjected to different intensities of demersal trawling along the west coast of southern Africa
Authors: Fleddum A. , Atkinson L.J. , Field J.G. , Shin P.
Published: July 2013

Biological traits analysis (BTA) is considered to be a powerful technique for describing the ecological functioning of marine benthic assemblages. This study is the first to apply BTA to assess differences in the traits of benthic faunal assemblages between areas exposed to heavy and light trawling in a major upwelling ecosystem along the west coast of southern Africa. The data were collected from two sampling locations in Namibia and six sampling locations in South Africa. The intensity of trawling varied from area to area. Significant differences in biological traits (BT) were detected between heavily and lightly trawled areas. Weighted infaunal traits showed significant differences between heavily and lightly trawled areas for 17% of the traits investigated, while 24% of epifaunal traits investigated were significantly different between areas of different trawling intensities. This suggests that the measured BTs of the epifauna might be more sensitive to trawling disturbances than BTs of the infauna. The infaunal traits differed significantly between areas with larger or smaller proportions of sand and mud. Nevertheless, more of the significant differences in infaunal BTs were related to variations in trawling intensity than to variations in sediment composition. Significant modifications of BTs are likely to lead to modified functioning of the community and provide more general potential indicators for management than those based on species. The study confirms the need for more basic biological and life history data on macro-benthic invertebrates but nevertheless shows that BTA detected specific features that correlate with trawling intensity and that these features may be important for epifaunal assemblage functioning.
Malformations in the embryonic development of Engraulis ringens (Clupeiformes) in a spawning area off central–southern Chile: description and rates
Authors: Llanos-Rivera Alejandra , Vásquez Paulina , Castro Leonardo R.
Published: July 2013

Variations in the rate of embryonic malformations of the anchoveta Engraulis ringens in a spawning area off central–southern Chile were assessed. Eggs in stages of development subsequent to blastodisc formation were collected and preserved. Several severe malformations were identified and grouped by: (1) proliferation of disorganized tissue in early and late developmental stages; (2) irregular blastopore closure; and (3) notochordal deformation, of which the second had the highest incidence among the embryos. The average rate of malformation was 5.64%, a value close to that reported for other Clupeiformes and below the rate of 10%, indicating the influence of purely endogenous factors. The expected relationship between temperature variations and malformation rates was not observed, probably because the natural temperature range experienced by the embryos was above that at which severe malformation had previously been observed in the laboratory. The relationship between egg size and malformation rates over the spawning season was not determined; however, a relationship between egg size and malformation rates was detected among the samples from each sampling date, which suggests that malformations may be attributable to endogenous factors rather than to environmental factors acting directly on the eggs in the plankton.
Rediscovery and augmented description of the HMS ‘Challenger’ acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta),Glandiceps abyssicola, in the equatorial Atlantic abyss
Authors: Holland Nicholas D. , Osborn Karen J. , Gebruk Andrey V. , Rogacheva Antonina
Published: July 2013

A 2009 oceanographic expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences collected the anterior region of a single acorn worm (phylum Hemichordata, class Enteropneusta) by trawling at a depth of 5560 m in the Romanche Trench (equatorial Atlantic). The specimen was a ripe female with numerous, relatively small oocytes in each ovary. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences robustly placed the worm in the family Spengelidae. In addition, morphological features of the proboscis, collar, and anterior trunk region indicated that the worm wasGlandiceps abyssicola, a species previously represented solely by the holotype, which had been dredged from the equatorial Atlantic in 1873 by the HMS ‘Challenger’ and subsequently sent to Germany for description by Spengel (1893). The holotype was presumably destroyed by World War II bombing; therefore, we here designate the Romanche Trench specimen as the neotype ofG. abyssicolaand supply an augmented species diagnosis.
The Heart of a Gopi: Raihana Tyabji's Bhakti Devotionalism as Self-Representation
Authors: LAMBERT-HURLEY SIOBHAN
Published: July 2013

Raihana Tyabji is best known in history, not for her writing or even her singing, but as a devotee of Gandhi. Yet in 1924 this at least nominally Muslim woman composed a small book of bhakti devotionalism that has continued to garner popular interest right into the twenty-first century. She gave it the evocative title,The Heart of a Gopi, on the basis that what had been revealed to her was the very ‘soul’, the inner self, of the gopi and, through that, an understanding of Lord Krishna himself. This paper considers the question of how far this piece of bhakti devotionalism may be read as a kind of personal narrative, an evocation of the self. Does the referencing of an established narrative tradition give the author's feelings and experiences, especially as a Muslim woman devoted to Krishna at a time of increasing religious rigidity and growing communal strife, a kind of validity not achievable otherwise? And, if so, how do we separate out the author's ‘self’ from the literary conventions—in this case, the gopi tradition—that structure the story? In the tradition of Islamic life-writing, can the gap between the miraculous and the mundane be breached in order to understand the mystical experience charted here as a kind of autobiography? Even from the rationalist's perspective, should not the life of the imagination still be considered part of the life?
Strong terahertz radiation generation by beating of extra-ordinary mode lasers in a rippled density magnetized plasma
Authors: Varshney Prateek , Sajal Vivek , Singh K.P. , Kumar Ravindra , Sharma Navneet K.
Published: July 2013

A scheme of terahertz radiation generation is proposed by beating of two extra-ordinary lasers having frequencies and wave numbers$\lpar {\rm \omega}_1\comma \; \vec k_1 \rpar $and$\lpar {\rm \omega}_2\comma \; \vec k_2 \rpar $, respectively in a magnetized plasma. Terahertz wave is resonantly excited at frequency$\lpar {\rm \omega}_1 - {\rm \omega}_2 \rpar $and wave number (k1 − k2 + q) with a wave number mismatch factorqwhich is introduced by the periodicity of plasma density ripples. In this process, the lasers exert a beat ponderomotive force on plasma electrons and impart them an oscillatory velocity with both transverse and longitudinal components in the presence of transverse static magnetic field. The oscillatory velocity couples with density ripples and produces a nonlinear current that resonantly excites the terahertz radiation. Effects of periodicity of density ripples and applied magnetic field are analyzed for strong THz radiation generation. The terahertz radiation generation efficiency is found to be directly proportional to the square of density ripple amplitude and rises with the magnetic field strength. With the optimization of these parameters, the efficiency ~10−3is achieved in the present scheme. The frequency and power of generated THz radiation can be better tuned with the help of parameters like density ripple amplitude, periodicity and applied magnetic field strength in the present scheme.
Quality management: a retailer's view
Authors: Craig V.
Published: July 2013

It is only in the past few years that most retailers have taken specific interest in the actual production or growing of basic products such as meat and other produce. The food scares of the late 1980s including BSE in cattle, pesticides in produce and the control of Salmonella in chickens and eggs has emphasized the need for both retailers and manufacturers to control and monitor these building blocks of the food chain. Tesco ensures that manufacturers meet all criteria necessary to produce consistent high quality safe legal food by ensuring that they adhere to the criteria set down in the Tesco Quality Management Manual.

The manual emphasizes the need for training in both hygiene and competency in the work place, the control of raw materials and the use of HACCP as the cornerstone of producing safe foods. It requires the use of internal audits by the manufacturer to show that this system works. In addition, Tesco approves all new suppliers, issues codes of good manufacturing practice, and product specification and monitors adherence to the quality management system by the use of audits at a level dependent on the product and the supplier's past performance.

However, quality management cannot be seen simply as involving only the manufacturer. Tesco have incorporated the HACCP concept into both our distribution and retail systems. In excess of 25 000 staff have been through an examinable basic food hygiene course and all staff are provided with a wide range of documentation to ensure total understanding of their important rôle in the food chain. Again for both distribution and retail, auditing programmes have been organized.

The consumer can and does play an important and crucial rôle in maintaining product quality and safety. Tesco aims to assist this by both accurate and informative packaging and a wide range of leaflets at communication centres.
Rainbow Perfect Matchings in Complete Bipartite Graphs: Existence and Counting
Authors: PERARNAU GUILLEM , SERRA ORIOL
Published: July 2013

A perfect matchingMin an edge-coloured complete bipartite graphKn,nis rainbow if no pair of edges inMhave the same colour. We obtain asymptotic enumeration results for the number of rainbow perfect matchings in terms of the maximum number of occurrences of each colour. We also consider two natural models of random edge-colourings ofKn,nand show that if the number of colours is at leastn, then there is with high probability a rainbow perfect matching. This in particular shows that almost every square matrix of ordernin which every entry appearsntimes has a Latin transversal.
Examining the roots of contemporary Scottish experience in designing modern housing in ‘traditional’ rural contexts
Authors: Walker Mark
Published: July 2013

This paper reflects on the contemporary design practice of Scottish rural housing, through a comparative and analytical approach, examining how three architects, including the author, devise architectural languages embedded in the countryside and locality as inspiration in addressing modern architectural design within a conservative planning tradition. While promoting innovative architectural and settlement design at national level, planning systems at local government level in Scotland often tend to promote versions of bastardised Georgian villas complete with dormer and astragal windows. The author's award-winning practice has challenged the approach, and this paper represents a practitioner's self-reflection in analysing key elements of the implicitly grounded concepts of his design ethos, while comparing this with other contemporary designers with similar but different approaches. The paper provides a brief overview of the planning context and the development of both rural built form and moral philosophies related to the religious traditions of differing localities, prior to a review of the work of the three practices and a reflection on the way in which these practices ‘ground’ their work within context. This, it is argued, has relevance not only for the planning system, but also for other practices, and wider relevance for embedding research within practice.
In the making: pedagogies from MARS
Authors: Farmer Graham , Stacey Michael
Published: July 2013

This paper reflects on experience gained through MARS (Making Architecture Research Studio) at the University of Nottingham. It argues for a densification of design teaching and learning through a direct, practical and tactile engagement with materials and making. It sets out the pedagogical benefits of exploring and theorising the practical, combined with the value and relevance of material practices. As a methodology of design teaching it suggests a multi-level, synergistic approach to pedagogy and practice that can build key knowledge and skills while avoiding a narrowly instrumental view of architectural education and practice. A key aim of the pedagogy of the studio is the development of an empathetic imagination, as clearly articulated by William Hazlitt (1805) in An Essay on the Principles of Human Action:

The imagination, by means of which alone I can anticipate future objects, or be interested in them, must carry me out of myself into the feelings of others by one and the same process by which I am thrown forward as it were into my future being.
Sci-fi Eco-Architecture: science fiction, sustainability and design studio
Authors: Troiani Igea
Published: July 2013

In the summer of 2009, while on vacation in Italy, I lay on a deck chair on a beach under the scorching sun reading Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster. I had taken Mike Davis's book as holiday reading after becoming interested in attitudes to sustainability as represented in films through supervising the unpublished dissertation ‘The Science and Fiction of Sustainable Living’. The dissertation analysed approaches to the green movement of the 1970s versus those held today. It did this through the study of ecological science fiction movies made during the two periods. As someone grounded in humanities research, using film studies research methods rather than conventional building science methods seemed to me an engaging, original approach to sustainability. The dissertation compared the 1972 American environmental science fiction film Silent Running to the 2007 British science fiction film Sunshine. During this supervision, the student gave me a copy of the films. Because Silent Running resonated with me, I took it on that same Italian holiday and watched it again. I recall thinking that Silent Running offered a departure point for an alternative kind of sustainable design studio. Then and there, I selected a film clip that I screened – in the background and without volume – at studio presentations to students held in September 2009.
Effect of increasing voluntary folic acid food fortification on dietary folate intakes and adequacy of reproductive-age women in New Zealand
Authors: Evans Sophie E , Mygind Vanessa L , Peddie Meredith C , Miller Jody C , Houghton Lisa A
Published: July 2013

Objective

Mandatory folic acid fortification of breads in New Zealand was put on hold in 2009. At this time, bread manufacturers were requested to adopt greater voluntary fortification and agreed to add folic acid to approximately one-third of their bread range. We sought to evaluate the impact of increased voluntary fortification of bread and the proposed mandatory fortification programme on folate intake adequacy of reproductive-age women.

Design

Cross-sectional study conducted in 2008. Dietary data were collected using 3 d weighed food records and usual folate intakes were generated by modifying the food composition table as follows: (i) voluntary fortification of bread as of 2008 (six breads); (ii) increased voluntary fortification of bread as of 2011 (thirty-four breads); and (iii) mandatory fortification of all breads. The prevalence of inadequate folate intake was calculated for all three scenarios using the Estimated Average Requirement (320 μg dietary folate equivalents/d) cut-point method.

Setting

New Zealand.

Subjects

Healthy non-pregnant women (n 125) aged 18–40 years.

Results

Usual folate intake in 2008 was 362 μg dietary folate equivalents/d. Increased voluntary bread fortification led to a marginal increase in folate intakes (394 μg dietary folate equivalents/d) and a decline in inadequacy from 37 % to 29 %. Mandatory fortification resulted in an increase of 89 μg folic acid/d, which substantially shifted both the proportion of women with folic acid intakes above 100 μg/d and the distribution of overall folate intakes, producing a marked reduction in inadequacy to 5 %.

Conclusions

Increased voluntary bread fortification efforts are far inferior to mandatory fortification as a reliable public health intervention.
The role of radiotherapy patients in provision of student interpersonal skills feedback
Authors: Bridge P. , Pirihi C. , Carmichael M.
Published: July 2013

Background

At Queensland University of Technology, student radiation therapists receive regular feedback from clinical staff relating to clinical interpersonal skills. Although this is of great value, there is anecdotal evidence that students communicate differently with patients when under observation.

Purpose

The aim of this pilot was to counter this perceived observer effect by allowing patients to provide students with additional feedback.

Materials and methods

Radiotherapy patients from two departments were provided with anonymous feedback forms relating to aspects of student interpersonal skills. Clinical assessors, mentors and students were also provided with feedback forms, including questions about the role of patient feedback. Patient perceptions of student performance were correlated with staff feedback and assessment scores.

Results

Results indicated that the feedback was valued by both students and patients. Students reported that the additional dimension focused them on communication, set goals for development and increased motivation. These changes derived from both feedback and study participation, suggesting that the questionnaires could be a useful teaching tool. Patients scored more generously than mentors, although there was agreement in relative grading.

Conclusions

The anonymous questionnaire is a convenient and valuable method of gathering patient feedback on students. Future iterations will determine the optimum timing for this method of feedback.
Digital PA with voltage-mode topology using envelope delta-sigma modulation
Authors: Wentzel Andreas , Hori Shinichi , Hayakawa Makoto , Kunihiro Kazuaki , Heinrich Wolfgang
Published: July 2013

This paper reports on digital transmitter architecture for the 450 MHz band using an envelope delta-sigma modulator realized in CMOS and a voltage-mode class-S (VMCS) power amplifier (PA) based on GaN monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). The class-S PA is characterized for narrowband single-tone signals and a single- as well as a four-carrier downlink wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) signal with a peak-to-average power ratio of 7.5 dB. Using single-tone excitation the PA shows a maximum drain efficiency of 86% and a peak output power of 4.4 W. At 6 and 10 dB back-off, 59 and 36% efficiency are achieved, respectively. With the single- and four-carrier WCDMA input signals maximum drain efficiencies of 64 and 53% are reached, respectively, and peak output power is 0.7 W. The adjacent channel leakage ratio shows values of about −34 dBc (5 MHz) and −38 dBc (10 MHz) for single-carrier WCDMA excitation. This is the first complete VMCS PA chain characterized with standard communication signals.
Twin–Singleton Differences in Cognitive Abilities in a Sample of Africans in Nigeria
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Lynn Richard
Published: July 2013

Recent studies comparing cognitive abilities between contemporary twins and singletons in developed countries have suggested that twin deficits in cognitive abilities no longer exist. We examined cognitive abilities in a sample of twins and singletons born recently in Nigeria to determine whether recent findings can be replicated in developing countries. Our sample consisted of 413 pairs of twins and 280 singletons collected from over 45 public schools in Abuja and its neighboring states in Nigeria. The ages of twins and singletons ranged from 9 to 20 years with a mean (SD) of 14.6 years (2.2 years) for twins and 16.1 years (1.8 years) for singletons. Zygosity of the same-sex twins was determined by analysis of 16 deoxyribonucleic acid markers. We asked participants to complete a questionnaire booklet that included Standard Progressive Matrices-Plus Version (SPM+), Mill-Hill Vocabulary Scale (MHV), Family Assets Questionnaire, and demographic questions. The data were corrected for sex and age and then analyzed using maximum likelihood model-fitting analysis. Although twins and singletons were comparable in family social class indicators, singletons did better than twins across all the tests (d = 0.10 to 0.35). The average of d for SPM+ total [0.32; equivalent to 4.8 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) points] and d for MHV (0.24; equivalent to 3.6 IQ points) was 0.28 (equivalent to 4.2 IQ points), similar to the twin–singleton gap found in old cohorts in developed countries. We speculate that malnutrition, poor health, and educational systems in Nigeria may explain the persistence of twin deficits in cognitive abilities found in our sample.
Spherical Bessel function based deterministic beam‐forming for spherical‐surfaced apertures
Authors: Xu K.W. , Li H. , Chen L. , Huangfu J.T. , Ran L.X.
Published: July 2013

A deterministic beam‐forming approach aiming at synthesising differently shaped beams for a partial, spherical‐surfaced conformal aperture is presented. It is mathematically shown that current distribution on such an aperture can be expanded into a Fourier series, and its far‐field radiation pattern can be further expressed in a concise closed form. If the aperture distribution satisfies a weighted zeroth‐order or first‐order spherical Bessel function, one can easily achieve various shaped beams such as pencil, flat‐topped and bimodal beams by simply tuning a single weighting coefficient of the Bessel function. The proposed approach is deterministic and intuitive, making it possible to achieve fast, real‐time beam‐forming for spherical conformal arrays.
Non‐local enhancement of electronic portal imaging with tensor texture descriptors
Authors: Gao Yonghui H. , Wang Shengzheng Z. , Yang Jie
Published: July 2013

Electronic portal imaging for reliable patient setup verification is a very important task in radiation therapy. In‐treatment imaging with guaranteed visual quality is crucial to track relevant anatomy features. However, on‐line images are often blurry because of imaging physics. In this reported work, a robust multi‐scale approach for image enhancement is developed. An edge‐aware function is investigated with a tensor of a Gaussian pyramid and measured non‐locally as the output coefficient of a Laplacian pyramid, which controls how the edges are modified. Furthermore, a greyscale stretch is performed in the coarsest level of the Gaussian pyramid to produce guaranteed holistic contrast. Experimental results demonstrate the stability and simplicity of the proposed method in improving visual quality and preserving important textures.
Static properties of planar Mach‐Zehnder optical modulator on (110) InP substrate
Authors: Ogiso Y. , Arai M. , Sato T. , Shibata Y. , Kohtoku M.
Published: July 2013

A single drive Mach‐Zehnder optical modulator with a new simple planar structure was investigated by utilising a lateral electric field. To obtain the Pockels effect induced by the lateral electric field, a (110)‐oriented InP substrate is introduced. The device exhibits an extinction ratio of > 25 dB over the entire C‐band, a wide operating wavelength bandwidth of 80 nm and temperature insensitivity.
Design of configurable chipping sequence generator for high‐speed parallel samplers
Authors: Murray T.S. , Pouliquen P.O. , Andreou A.G.
Published: July 2013

The design is presented of a configurable length chipping sequence generator architecture that can be programmed with arbitrary binary sequences at low clock speeds of external digital controllers and can then generate the sequence periodically at multi‐gigahertz rates. The design is scalable to allow for any sequence length and provides functionality to synchronise parallel channels across multiple devices.
In‐phase antiguided bottom‐emitting vertical cavity laser arrays
Authors: Johnson M.T. , Siriani D.F. , Leisher P.O. , Choquette K.D.
Published: July 2013

In‐phase emission from a bottom‐emitting, coherently coupled, vertical cavity surface‐emitting laser array is demonstrated for the first time. Various array geometries are examined. An antiguided index profile is used to obtain the preferred on‐axis far‐field peak from a 2 × 1 array up to 0.9 mW, representing a critical step towards coherent, high‐brightness two‐dimensional laser arrays.
Torque ripple minimisation control method for a four‐phase brushless DC motor with non‐ideal back‐electromotive force
Authors: Mohammad Shakouhi Seyed , Mohamadian Mustafa , Afjei Ebrahim
Published: July 2013

In conventional control methods of brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives, back‐electromotive force (EMF) is assumed to be in ideal form and the controller injects rectangular phase current commands to produce the desired constant torque. However, real back‐EMF waveform might not be exactly trapezoidal because of non‐ideality of magnetic material, design considerations and manufacturing limitations. This makes the generated electromagnetic torque contain ripples in its waveform which is not desirable in motor operation performance especially, in sensitive industries. Moreover, commutation states affect the quality of generated torque by producing torque pulsations because of changes of conducting phases. In this study a control strategy for a four‐phase BLDC motor with non‐ideal back‐EMF to reduce electromagnetic torque ripples is presented. Basis of the proposed method is to inject phase currents considering back‐EMF instantaneous magnitude. For this purpose, an on‐line back‐EMF estimation technique is used to inject appropriate phase currents to compensate non‐ideality of back‐EMF waveform. Moreover, the estimated back‐EMF is also used for commutation torque ripple reduction. The experimental results indicate performance of the proposed control strategy in torque pulsations reduction compared with conventional control method.
Direct torque control of permanent magnet brushless AC drive with single‐phase open‐circuit fault accounting for influence of inverter voltage drop
Authors: Hoang Khoa Dang , Zhu Zi‐Qiang , Foster Martin
Published: July 2013

This study presents a novel direct torque control (DTC) of permanent magnet (PM) brushless AC (BLAC) drive under single‐phase open‐circuit fault (SOF) accounting for the influences of inverter voltage drop (IVD), together with novel current model‐based and voltage model‐based stator flux estimation schemes for post‐fault operation. It is demonstrated that for accurately elaborating the modified mathematical model, the voltage induced in the stator open phase winding and its relevant flux linkage should be taken into account although they do not contribute to torque production in the post‐fault operating mode. It is also proven that reconfiguration of the conventional six‐switch three‐phase inverter for the purpose of fault‐tolerant control results in a significant magnitude imbalance between the α‐ and β‐components of IVD. Thus, the influences of this unbalanced issue on performance of the two proposed stator flux estimation methods are investigated in details and a compensation method for the voltage model‐based stator flux estimator is proposed and experimentally verified. It is shown that fault‐tolerant control with high performance operation can be maintained for a DTC‐based PM BLAC drive under SOF using the proposed modified mathematical model.
On the asymmetry of the relative entropy
Authors: Audenaert Koenraad M. R.
Published: July 2013

The quantum relative entropy S(ρ||σ) is a widely used dissimilarity measure between quantum states, but it has the peculiarity of being asymmetric in its arguments. We quantify the amount of asymmetry by providing a sharp upper bound in terms of two parameters: the trace norm distance between the two states, and the smallest of the smallest eigenvalues of both states. The bound is essentially the asymmetry between two binary distributions governed by these two parameters.