bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Centrality: A Simple Index
Authors: Pereira Rafael Henrique Moraes , Nadalin Vanessa , Monasterio Leonardo , Albuquerque Pedro H. M.
Published: December 2012

This study introduces a new measure of urban centrality. The proposed urban centrality index (UCI) constitutes an extension to the spatial separation index. Urban structure should be more accurately analyzed when considering a centrality scale (varying from extreme monocentricity to extreme polycentricity) than when considering a binary variable (monocentric or polycentric). The proposed index controls for differences in size and shape of the geographic areas for which data are available, and can be calculated using different variables such as employment and population densities, or trip generation rates. The properties of the index are illustrated with simulated artificial data sets and are compared with other similar measures proposed in the existing literature. The index is then applied to the urban structure of four metropolitan areas: Pittsburgh and Los Angeles in the United States; São Paulo, Brazil; and Paris, France. The index is compared with other traditional spatial agglomeration measures, such as global and local Moran's I, and density gradient estimations.

El presente estudio introduce una nueva medida de centralidad. El índice de centralidad urbana propuesto (UCI, por sus siglas en inglés) es una extensión al índice de separación espacial (spatial separation index)(Midelfart‐Knarvik et al. 2000). El análisis de la estructura urbana resulta más preciso al usar el índice cuando se toma en cuenta una escala de continua de centralidad (que puede variar de un monocentrismo extremo a un policentrismo extremo) que cuando se considera una variable binaria (monocéntrica o policéntrica). El índex propuesto controla las diferencias de tamaño y forma de las áreas geográficas de las que se tienen datos, y puede ser calculada utilizando diferentes variables, como empleo y densidad poblacional, o tasas de generación de viajes. Las propiedades del índice se ilustran con conjuntos de datos artificiales simulados, y se comparan con otras mediciones similares en la literatura ya existente. Posteriormente, el índice es aplicado a la estructura urbana de cuatro áreas metropolitanas: Pittsburgh y Los Ángeles, en EEUU; San Pablo, en Brasil; y París, Francia. Finalmente, se compara el índice con otras mediciones tradicionales de aglomeración espacial, como el índice de Moran local y global, y estimaciones de gradiente de densidad.

本文介绍了一种度量城市中心性的新方法，提出的城市中心性指数（UCI）是对空间分离指数的扩展。当涉及到中心性规模（从极单中心到极多中心），不仅仅是二元变量（单中心或多中心），城市结构则需更加精确的测度。本文构建的指数可以通过数据可获取的不同大小和形状的地理单元控制，并通过不同变量（如就业与人口密度或者旅次产生率）测算得到。该指数的属性可以通过人工数据集的模拟示例说明，或者通过对比已有文献对相似指数的阐述加以说明。然后，通过将该指数应用于全球四个大都市区（美国匹兹堡和洛杉矶、巴西圣保罗和法国巴黎）的城市结构中进行检验。最后，将该指数与其他测度传统空间集聚指数如全局和局部Moran指数及密度梯度估计进行对比.
Experimental geographies
Authors: Last Angela
Published: December 2012

The proliferation of the term ‘experimental’ in human geography has given rise to the question of how geographers experiment. Given the range of different examples ‐ from explorations of sensory methods to attempts at transforming the role of publics in decision‐making ‐ it becomes clear that one cannot talk about a unified experimental geographical approach. While projects share common themes such as challenging methodological limitations or wishing to play a more active part in the ‘production of space’, they also show fundamental differences in their attitude towards knowledge‐making and intervention in the world. A starting point for further research and debate, rather than a comprehensive survey, this article outlines themes, differences and productive tensions within the discourse, and highlights the need to examine the wider politics that experimental approaches are embedded in.
The oral health of ageing baby boomers: a comparison of adults aged 45–64 and those 65 years and older
Authors: McNally Mary E. , Matthews Debora C. , Clovis Joanne B. , Brillant Martha , Filiaggi Mark J.
Published: December 2012

Objectives

To compare the oral health status of adults aged 45–64 (baby boomers) and those aged 65 and older.

Methods

An observational, cross‐sectional survey of adults living independently in rural and urban settings in Nova Scotia, Canada was conducted. Using random digit dialing, calibrated interviewers completed a telephone survey, and clinicians calibrated to WHO standards conducted clinical examinations. Weighting was used to correct for sampling bias.

Results

747 community dwelling adults completed both the clinical exam and the questionnaire (n = 411, age 45–64; n = 336, age 65 or older). Rates of edentulism were low (2.6% aged 45–64; 15.7% aged 65+; p < 0.001). Untreated root caries was greater in the older dentate group (19.7 vs. 10.1%; p < 0.001). Being 65 years of age or older was identified as a predictor of increased decayed, missing, filled teeth, presence of decayed and/or filled roots and presence of attachment loss ≥4 mm, but was not a significant predictor of presence of untreated coronal caries.

Conclusions

A falling rate of edentulism and a higher risk for root caries with increasing age may predict the need for more complex dental care as our population ages.
The effects of treading by dairy cows on soil properties and herbage production for three white clover‐based grazing systems on a clay loam soil
Authors: Phelan P. , Keogh B. , Casey I. A. , Necpalova M. , Humphreys J.
Published: December 2012

White clover can reduce fertilizer‐N requirements, improve sward nutritive value and increase environmental sustainability of grazed grasslands. Results of previous experiments in glasshouse conditions and on mown plots have suggested that white clover may be more susceptible than perennial ryegrass to treading damage on wet soils. However, this phenomenon has not been investigated under actual grazing conditions. This experiment examined the effects of treading on clover content, herbage production and soil properties within three clover‐based grazing systems on a wet soil in Ireland for 1 year. Treading resulted in soil compaction, as evidenced by increased soil bulk density (P < 0·001) and reductions in the proportion of large (air‐filled) soil pores (P < 0·001). Treading reduced annual herbage production of both grass and white clover by similar amounts 0·59 and 0·45 t ha−1 respectively (P < 0·001). Treading reduced the sward clover content in June (P < 0·01) but had no effect on annual clover content, clover stolon mass or clover content at the end of the experiment. Therefore, there was little evidence that white clover is more susceptible to treading damage than perennial ryegrass under grazing conditions on wet soils.
Heteronormativity and/as Violence: The “Sexing” of Gwen Araujo
Authors: Lloyd Moya
Published: December 2012

This paper will examine the violence of heteronormativity: the violence that constitutes and regulates bodies according to normative notions of sex, gender, and sexuality. This violence, I will argue, requires more than a focus on gendered or sexualized physical harms of the kinds normally examined when studying violence against sexual minorities or women. Rather, it necessitates focusing on the multiple modalities through which heteronormativity performs its violence on, through, and against bodies and persons, including through the production of certain bodies and persons as inciting violence in their very being. To establish my argument, I explore the killing in 2002 of trans woman Gwen Araujo and the violence of the legal strategy (the trans panic defense) used in the legal trials that followed her killing. Both forms of violence, I suggest, operate in a similar way, albeit through different mechanisms, to maintain and extend the system of binary morphology that itself entails the perpetual violent materialization of sexed bodies.
Adjunctive effect of chlorhexidine antiseptics in mechanical periodontal treatment: first results of a preliminary case series
Authors: Calderini A , Pantaleo G , Rossi A , Gazzolo D , Polizzi E
Published: December 2012

Objectives

The aim of the present case series was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of a single session of mechanical and manual scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with the use of two different chlorhexidine formulations in the treatment for generalized chronic periodontitis.

Methods

Ten patients affected by chronic periodontal disease with periodontal probing depth (PPD) ≥ 5 mm were treated with SRP plus local chlorhexidine. In each patient, similar teeth, treated with SRP with the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine digluconate and dihydrochloride or chlorhexidine gluconate, respectively, were selected and assigned to a test and a control group. In both groups, PPD, bleeding on probing (BOP) parameters, total bacterial counts (TBC) and quality of periodontal bacteria at time 0 and 6 weeks after treatment were measured.

Results

PPD significantly decreased over time both in the test and in the control group; however, no significant differences between the two groups were observed. BOP and TBC were significantly lower in the test than in the control group 6 weeks after treatment. In the post‐treatment revaluation, a significant decrease both in the treatment and in the control group, for each of the single periodontal pathogens, was observed.

Conclusion

In this study – a preliminary case series with small sample size and short follow‐up – the adjunctive use of chlorhexidine (CHX) to SRP resulted in clinical and microbiological benefits in the treatment for generalized chronic periodontitis. A CHX gel formulation consisting of CHX digluconate and CHX dihydrochloride seems to lead some additional benefits over SRP plus CHX gluconate in the short term. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this antiseptic therapy.
Fluoride intake from food items in 2‐ to 6‐year‐old Brazilian children living in a non‐fluoridated area using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire
Authors: Levy Flavia Mauad , Olympio Kelly Polido Kaneshiro , Philippi Sonia Tucunduva , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo
Published: December 2012

Background

Estimating fluoride intake (FI) using the ‘duplicate plate’ method is difficult and can raise ethical dilemmas.

Aim

To apply a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to 2‐ to 6‐year‐old Brazilian children in a non‐fluoridated area (i) to estimate their FI and (ii) to provide additional validity to the questionnaire by comparing the results obtained with those found previously in a fluoridated municipality.

Design

The FFQ was administered to parents of 398 children residing in a non‐fluoridated community. Constituents of the diet were divided into solids, water and other beverages and their fluoride content was analysed with the electrode. Data were analysed using unpaired t‐test.

Results

The mean (±SD) FIs from solids, water and other beverages were 0.009 ± 0.004, 0.001 ± 0.001 and 0.007 ± 0.007 mg F/kg body weight/day, respectively, totalling 0.017 ± 0.009 mg F/kg body weight/day. Total FI from food/beverage items ingested in the non‐fluoridated area was significantly lower than that observed in a study previously conducted in a fluoridated area (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

This result reinforces the use of the FFQ as a promising alternative to duplicate diet in order to estimate FI in children in this age range, with potential application in broad epidemiological surveys.
Prospective randomized controlled study comparing cell block method and conventional smear method for bile cytology
Authors: Noda Yutaka , Fujita Naotaka , Kobayashi Go , Ito Kei , Horaguchi Jun , Hashimoto Shinichi , Koshita Shinsuke , Ishii Shotaro , Kanno Yoshihide , Ogawa Takahisa , Masu Kaori , Tsuchiya Takashi , Oikawa Masaya , Honda Hiroshi , Sawai Takashi , Uzuki Miwa , Fujishima Fumiyoshi
Published: December 2012

Background and Aim

There is a paucity of data on the cell block (CB) method for bile cytology. We compared the diagnostic efficacy of the CB method with that of conventional smear cytology for bile obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in a randomized controlled trial manner.

Methods

A total of 137 patients with biliary tract lesions suspicious of malignancy who had undergone bile collection under ERCP were recruited to this study. After sampling, the bile was randomized to the CB method (n = 69) or to smear cytology (n = 68). CB sections were prepared using the sodium alginate method and subjected to hematoxylin‐eosin, Alcian blue–periodic acid–Schiff stain, and immunohistochemical stains. Both Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains were used for smear cytology.

Results

The final diagnosis was malignancy in 94 patients: bile duct cancer, 42; pancreatic head cancer, 34; gallbladder cancer, 16; and ampullary cancer, two. The diagnostic accuracy of the CB method and that of smear cytology were 64% and 53%, respectively (P = 0.20). The sensitivity of the CB method (53%) was significantly better than that of smear cytology (28%; P = 0.014). Their respective sensitivities were 80% and 31% (P = 0.002) for bile duct cancer, 20% and 15% (P = 1.0) for pancreatic head cancer, and 30% and 67% (P = 0.30) for gallbladder cancer.

Conclusion

The CB method for bile cytology showed a higher diagnostic yield than smear cytology. Its diagnostic sensitivity was satisfactory in cases of bile duct cancer.
A Measure of Dependence Between Two Compositions
Authors: Bergman Jakob , Holmquist Björn
Published: December 2012

We consider the problem of describing the correlation between two compositions. Using a bicompositional Dirichlet distribution, we calculate a joint correlation coefficient, based on the concept of information gain, between two compositions. Numerical values of the joint correlation coefficient are calculated for compositions of two and three components, respectively. We also present an estimator of the joint correlation coefficient for a sample from a bicompositional Dirichlet distribution. Two confidence intervals are presented and we examine their empirical confidence coefficients using a Monte Carlo study. Finally, we apply the estimator to a data set analysing the joint correlation between the 1967 and 1997, and the 1977 and 1997 compositions of the government gross domestic product for the 50 states of the USA and the District of Columbia.
How Pro‐social Motivation Affects Job Satisfaction: An International Analysis of Countries with Different Welfare State Regimes
Authors: Kjeldsen Anne Mette , Andersen Lotte Bøgh
Published: December 2012

Employees' pro‐social motivation has been shown to be positively related to job satisfaction, especially when the perceived usefulness of the job to society and other people is high. There is, however, a lack of analyses which include both public and private employees, and it has not yet been studied whether the relationships are robust across welfare state regimes. This study therefore examines the moderated relationship between pro‐social motivation and job satisfaction. Using data from the cross‐national 2005 ISSP survey (14 countries, N = 10,630), it confirms that the relationship between pro‐social motivation and job satisfaction is moderated by perceived usefulness of the job for society and other people. Usefulness again depends on the individual's employment sector (public versus private), and this public–private difference in perceived usefulness also varies between different welfare state regimes. This indicates that sector differences in how pro‐social motivation affects job satisfaction depends on the broader institutional context, and the article therefore contributes with important knowledge for the recruitment and retention of motivated and satisfied employees in a period of changing public–private responsibilities in the provision of welfare services.
Parents' Hopes and Expectations for Their Children's Future Occupations
Authors: Irwin Sarah , Elley Sharon
Published: December 2012

Qualitative research has generated important insights into the intersection of social class, parental values and children's experiences of education and their role in the reproduction of inequalities. There has been less analytic engagement with parents' expectations and aspirations regarding their children's future occupations. Such expectations and aspirations have attracted much research and policy interest. Typically, analyses have been quantitative and focused on outcomes for children. Whilst parental expectations are deemed very influential for children's future occupational outcomes, there is relatively little evidence on the shaping of such expectations, or the ways in which future work and occupations are discussed between parents and children. This article reports on an analysis of parents' ideas about their children's future occupations and the contexts in which these ideas accrue meaning. Drawing on primary data from interviews with parents we explore diversity within, as well as across, social classes. First we explore parents' expectations and aspirations for their children's future occupations. Secondly we consider how parents see their own role in shaping such futures. The evidence highlights the salience of parents' own biographies and class backgrounds in shaping their orientations to, and manner of engagement with, their children's futures. Thirdly we briefly explore how parents' expectations and engagement with their children play out in class differentiated ways as their children approach early adulthood.
Exploring students' intuitive ideas of randomness using an iPod shuffle activity
Authors: Ziegler Laura , Garfield Joan
Published: December 2012

This article presents an activity that engages students in considering characteristics of a random sequence, in this case, a randomly generated playlist of songs using the iPod shuffle feature. Students examine simulated sequences of randomly generated songs from a small music library in order to identify characteristics that are used to develop rules that they then apply to judge whether three suspicious lists are likely to be nonrandom.
The impact of emotions on symptom perception in patients with asthma and healthy controls
Authors: von Leupoldt Andreas , Dahme Bernhard
Published: December 2012

Accurate perception of respiratory symptoms is highly important for course and treatment of asthma. Recent findings suggest that emotions can greatly impact respiratory symptom perception. This study compared the impact of emotions on respiratory symptom perception between patients with asthma and matched healthy controls. Pleasant and unpleasant emotional states were elicited by viewing emotional picture series while symptom reports and respiratory parameters were measured. Greater symptom report was observed for the unpleasant compared to the pleasant emotional state that was not related to respiratory parameters. Notably, this effect was comparable between patients with asthma and healthy controls. The present results suggest that the impact of emotions on respiratory symptom perception is a rather general phenomenon and not dependent upon previous experiences with asthma symptoms.
Tax Biases to Debt Finance: Assessing the Problem, Finding Solutions*
Authors: De Mooij Ruud A.
Published: December 2012

Legal, administrative and economic considerations offer no compelling reason for the current tax advantage of debt finance in many countries. Instead, this ‘debt bias’ creates significant inequities, complexities and economic distortions. These are likely to be larger than previously thought, especially in the financial sector. To tackle debt bias, the most promising reform is to introduce an allowance for corporate equity, as some countries have successfully done. Its main obstacle is a budgetary cost, estimated at around 15 per cent of current revenue, on average for a selection of advanced economies. This cost can be reduced by granting the allowance only to new investment. The allowance could also be targeted to the financial sector and financed by special bank levies.
Competition, Quality and Contract Compliance: Evidence from Compulsory Competitive Tendering in Local Government in Great Britain, 1987–2000*
Authors: Milne Robin G. , Roy Graeme , Angeles Luis
Published: December 2012

The introduction of competition has frequently been found to cause costs to fall. There has, however, been a question as to whether this was partly achieved at the cost of quality. Auction theory predicts prices would fall more the greater the competition to provide the service. There has been some debate about whether the smaller budgets would make contract compliance more difficult. Evidence is found in support of this hypothesis. We also find some evidence that the better recorded performance of the in‐house direct service organisations (DSOs) during this period was due to the information advantage they had from being incumbents.
In vitro evaluation of canine hemostasis following dilution with hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) via thromboelastometry
Authors: Falco Sara , Bruno Barbara , Maurella Cristiana , Bellino Claudio , D'Angelo Antonio , Gianella Paola , Tarducci Alberto , Zanatta Renato , Borrelli Antonio
Published: December 2012

Objective

To assess the effects of in vitro hemodilution of canine blood with a low molecular weight hy‐droxyethyl starch (HES130/0.4) by means of thromboelastometry (TEM).

Design

In vitro experimental study.

Setting

University Teaching Hospital.

Animals

Ten healthy adult staff‐owned dogs were sampled for the purposes of the study. Samples were also collected from 45 clinically normal dogs to establish thromboelastometric reference intervals.

Interventions

For each dog whole blood was collected by jugular venipuncture and placed into tubes containing 3.8% trisodium citrate and stored at 37°C. Two standard dilutions (1:4 and 1:10) from canine blood specimens were prepared withHES130/0.4 and saline 0.9%.

Measurements and Main Results

The effects of dilution were studied byTEM. No statistically significant differences were observed between theTEMvalues of the control samples and the samples diluted with saline solution (ratio 1:10 and 1:4). In contrast, hypocoagulability was observed in the samples treated withHES130/0.4, with more severe effects at 1:4 dilution than at 1:10 dilution. The 1:4 dilution with HES 130/0.4 produced marked alterations: CT (P= 0.035) and CFT (P= 0.0007) on the ex‐TEM profile, CT (P= 0.0005) and ML (P= 0.0017) on the fib‐TEM profile and CFT (P= 0.0043) on the in‐TEM, were all significantly increased (P< 0.05), whereas MCF (P= 0.0042) and alpha angle (P= 0.002) on the in‐TEM and MCF (P= 0.011) and alpha angle (P= 0.001) ex‐TEM profiles and MCF (P= 0.0001) on the fib‐TEM profile were significantly decreased (P< 0.05).

Conclusions

Dilution of canine blood withHES130/0.4 results in a thromboelastometric pattern consistent with hypocoagulation and this effect appears to result from a dose‐dependent alteration in fibrinogen concentration and inhibition of platelet function. As this is an in vitro study, further in vivo investigations are necessary to confirm the results.
Flow rates of large animal fluid delivery systems used for high‐volume crystalloid resuscitation
Authors: Nolen‐Walston Rose D.
Published: December 2012

Objectives

Large animal species in states of shock can require particularly high flow rates for volume resuscitation and the ability to deliver adequate volumes rapidly may be a rate‐limiting step. The objective of this study was to determine the maximum flow rates of common combinations of IV catheter, extension set, and fluid administration sets.

Settings

University veterinary teaching hospital.

Design

In vitro experimental study.

Interventions

Maximum flow rates were measured using combinations of 4 IV catheters (3 14‐Ga and a single 10‐Ga), 2 IV catheter extension sets (small bore and large bore), and 2 types of fluid administration sets (standard 2‐lead large animal coiled IV set and nonpressurized 4‐lead arthroscopic irrigation set). The catheter, extension sets, and administration sets were arranged in 16 configurations, and flow rates measured in triplicate using tap water flowing into an open receptacle.

Measurements and Main Results

Flow rates ranged from 7.4 L/h with an over‐the‐wire 14‐Ga catheter, small‐bore extension, and coil set, to 51.2 L/h using a 10‐Ga catheter, no extension, and arthroscopic irrigation set. There was an increase of 1.3–8.9% in flow rates between the large‐ versus small‐bore extension sets. Crystalloid delivery in vivo to an adult horse was 21% slower (9.1 L/h versus 11.5 L/h) than the corresponding in vitro measurement.

Conclusions

Extremely high flow rates can be achieved in vitro using large‐bore catheters and delivery systems, although the clinical necessity for rates >50 L/h has not been determined. The use of large‐bore extension sets resulted in only a minimal increase in flow rate.
Postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a dog
Authors: Nakamura Reid K. , Zuckerman Ilana C. , Yuhas Danielle L. , Fenty Renee K. , Bianco Domenico
Published: December 2012

Objective

To describe a clinical case of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a dog.

Case Summary

An 11‐month‐old, 2.37 kg female spayed Chihuahua was referred for management post CPR after suffering cardiopulmonary arrest. Postresuscitation a gallop rhythm was identified and an echocardiogram revealed severe left ventricular dilation and severely impaired myocardial contractility with a mild eccentric jet of mitral regurgitation on color Doppler interrogation. The primary differentials were idiopathic or nutritional dilated cardiomyopathy, end‐stage myocarditis, or postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Echocardiogram was repeated 48 hours later and showed normal left ventricular dimensions and contractility assessed as consistent with postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction.

New or Unique Information Provided

Postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction is a common complication of CPR in human medicine and is associated with a worse outcome. This is the first clinical report of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a dog.
Ventral Surgical Approach to the Lumbosacral Joint in the Dog
Authors: O'Riordan Jerry , Moissonnier Pierre H. M. , Kirby Barbara M.
Published: December 2012

Objective

To describe a ventral surgical approach to the lumbosacral (LS) junction, access to L7 and S1, and access to the LS disc.

Study Design

Cadaveric descriptive study.

Animals

Canine cadavers (n = 6).

Methods

A ventral surgical approach to the LS junction was made and local anatomic structures documented. Accessible ventral L7 and S1 vertebral bodies and LS disc were marked with India ink. Total and marked surface areas were calculated. The potential for bicortical and unicortical implant placement was determined in transverse slices of L7 and S1. Exposed ventral disc annulus relative to vertebral canal diameters were measured.

Results

Portions of L7 and S1 were accessible in all dogs, but shape and dimensions varied. Ventral access for implant placement was available in both L7 and S1 in every dog. The median sacral artery and vein were in contact with the ventral LS disc annulus in every dog. Accessible ventral annulus were greater than vertebral canal in all dogs.

Conclusions

Ventral approach to the LS junction is possible, with LS discectomy, and implant placement in L7 and S1 vertebral bodies possible from this approach. Injury to, or sacrifice of, the median sacral artery and/or vein may occur in this approach.
Evaluation of Topical Epidural Analgesia Delivered in Gelfoam for Postoperative Hemilaminectomy Pain Control
Authors: Barker Jessica R. , Clark‐Price Stuart C. , Gordon‐Evans Wanda J.
Published: December 2012

Objective

To evaluate efficacy of a topical epidural analgesia used alone, or in combination with hydromorphone, against a standard pain protocol for the 48 hours immediately after hemilaminectomy.

Study Design

Randomized, blinded, controlled, clinical trial.

Animals

Dogs (n = 30) with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease treated with hemilaminectomy.

Methods

Dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1 received intermittent hydromorphone postoperatively, group 2 received a topical epidural of preservative‐free morphine and dexmedetomidine administered via gel foam, group 3 received both forms of analgesia. All dogs were monitored and assessed for pain for 48 hours immediately postoperatively. Data were analyzed using MANOVA and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests.

Results

There was a significant temporal difference in treatment groups 1 and 3 when using a 0–10 pain scale (MANOVA, P = .02). There was also a significant difference at the 48th hour postoperatively between groups 1 and 3 (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test).

Conclusion

Topical epidural of preservative‐free morphine and dexmedetomidine administered via gelfoam is not sufficient analgesia alone post hemilaminectomy but in conjunction with other opioid administration may lead to superior pain relief.
Personnel Constraints in Public Organizations: The Impact of Reward and Punishment on Organizational Performance
Authors: Brewer Gene A. , Walker Richard M.
Published: December 2012

In recent years, many public sector reforms have attempted to loosen personnel constraints on the assumption that more managerial flexibility will increase organizational performance. The authors mount an empirical study to test this assumption using data taken from English local government authorities. Personnel constraints are operationalized using Rainey's long‐standing measures of the concept. Statistical results from multiple regression analyses indicate that “difficulty in removing poor managers” is harmful to organizational performance, but “difficulty in rewarding good managers” has no effect. The authors delve inside the organizational hierarchy and find that attitudes toward personnel constraints vary by organizational level and managerial rank: for example, frontline managers feel more constrained overall, while senior managers’ perceptions of constraints are more closely linked to organizational performance but in some unexpected ways. The implications of these findings, including the fact that personnel constraints have varying impacts on organizational performance, are considered.
Minority Football Coaches’ Diminished Careers: Why is the “Pipeline” Clogged?
Authors: Bozeman Barry , Fay Daniel
Published: December 2012

Objectives

Research on minority representation and career trajectories in higher education represents a substantial body of evidence in the field; however, the empirical evidence fails to address a crucial area: intercollegiate athletics. This study aims to address the gap in the empirical work and study the career trajectories and representation of African‐Americans and Latinos in NCAA FBS football coaching positions.

Methods

A pipeline argument is often utilized to explain the underrepresentation of minorities in certain careers and industries. This pipeline argument is erroneous in this instance because of the number of minority players in college football that make up the “future coach career pool.” We develop a position hierarchy in which previous assistant coaching positions are seen as stepping stones to an ultimate head coaching position.

Results

We find that white and minorities coaches have different career trajectories and position hierarchies that ultimately lead to the underrepresentation of minorities at the head coaching ranks.

Conclusions

Evidence suggests sharp differences in the likelihood of certain player positions and, in turn (and likely related), certain coaching positions to achieving head coach. The career utility hierarchy developed here seems to have some validity and, most important for present purposes, shows some considerable difference in the career stepping stones of, respectively, whites and minorities.
The History of Hormone Therapy Use and Recent Controversy Related to Heart Disease and Breast Cancer Arising from Prevention Trial Outcomes
Authors: Alexander Ivy M.
Published: December 2012

The reasons for hormone therapy use have changed dramatically over time from being very popular for the purpose of preserving youth in women to menopause‐related symptom management, disease prevention, and now back to menopause‐related symptom management. Over time, several important risks associated with the use of hormone therapy have become evident, causing dramatic reductions in the use of hormone therapy for periods of time following identification of these risks. Most recently, randomized controlled prevention trials that evaluated hormone therapy for the purpose of reducing or preventing coronary heart disease among women have found that hormone therapy is associated with increased rather than decreased risks for coronary heart disease. The most recent of these trials again identified increased risks for breast cancer associated with estrogen plus progestogen therapy. The evolving evidence base from these randomized controlled prevention trials is complicated and in some cases contradictory. Specifically, the data suggest that the timing of when hormone therapy is initiated once a woman is postmenopausal may influence her risk for developing heart disease and breast cancer. In this article, contradictory evidence is carefully sifted so risks and benefits can be weighed by clinicians when partnering with women to individualize decisions about using hormone therapy.
Clinical approach in familial hypophosphatemic rickets: report of three generations
Authors: Soares Eduardo Costa Studart , Costa Fábio Wildson Gurgel , Ribeiro Thyciana Rodrigues , Alves Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes , Fonteles Cristiane Sá Roriz
Published: December 2012

Familial hypophosphatemic rickets is a hereditary disease characterized by the involvement of several family members, transmitted in most cases as an X‐linked dominant trait. Oral manifestations can be the first evidences for an adequate and early diagnosis of X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR). The present report describes the main systemic manifestations, oral findings and dental management in three generations of an affected family. Oral exams, laboratorial and histologic evaluations, cone‐beam computed tomographies, panoramic and periapical radiographs were performed to properly institute the most adequate treatment strategy. The knowledge of clinical signs and symptoms of XLHR is essential for the correct diagnosis of this disease, and for the establishment of preventive and comprehensive dental care.
Oral hygiene and associated factors among frail older assisted living residents
Authors: Saarela Riitta KT. , Soini Helena , Muurinen Seija , Suominen Merja H. , Pitkälä Kaisu H.
Published: December 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the associations of older assisted living residents’ tooth brushing habits with health and nutritional status. We assessed the tooth brushing habits, nutritional status, oral health, use of dental services, and morbidity of 1,447 assisted living residents in the Helsinki metropolitan area of Finland. Of the residents, 17% did not clean or had not cleaned their teeth and/or dentures daily. Those not cleaning their teeth and/or dentures daily were more often male, less educated and had a mean length of stay in assisted living longer than those who cleaned their teeth and/or dentures daily. They were more often malnourished and dependent in ADLs. In addition they more often had poorer oral health and used fewer dental services. Poor tooth brushing habits indicate poor oral and subjective health. More attention should focus on the oral hygiene of frail older assisted living residents.
L'engagement civique local : de l'incantation générique à la valorisation segmentée
Authors: Divay Gérard
Published: December 2012

Sommaire

L'engagement civique local connaît un regain d'actualité qui s'explique par l'évolution du rôle des municipalités dans l'ensemble de l'action étatique et de ses conséquences sur l'exercice de la citoyenneté locale. L'intensification de l'engagement civique est bénéfique autant pour la démocratie locale que pour la gouvernance locale, tout en accentuant les tensions entre les deux. Si l'on veut stimuler l'engagement civique, encore faut‐il l'appréhender dans toutes ses dimensions, alors qu'il est souvent réduit à la participation formelle aux processus décisionnels. Afin de prendre en compte toutes ses dimensions, cet article propose une typologie des rôles que jouent les citoyens dans leur collectivité locale. Cette typologie opère une segmentation substantive du statut de citoyen local qui permet de repérer les multiples manifestations de l'engagement et de toutes les valoriser. Elle jette aussi un éclairage sur les défis spécifiques d'un management local qui se centrerait moins sur ce que fait l'administration et davantage sur ce qu'apportent les citoyens, engagés à divers titres et niveaux.
The Different Choices of South Korea: Seeds of Discord of South Korea and US Relations
Authors: Lee Wootae
Published: December 2012

South Korea–US relations were a success story of international cooperation during the Cold War on the basis of the robust bilateral alliance. In the post‐Cold‐War era, the security environment of the Korean Peninsula and the importance of the United States for South Korea's security are no different from that during the Cold War. However, unlike the past, South Korea has not complied with US leadership during the Kim Dae‐jung and Roh Moo‐hyun administrations, but has adopted policy opposed to that of the United States. This study started with the question of what variables explain South Korean policy toward North Korea in the Kim Dae‐jung and Roh Moo‐hyun administrations and why South Korea has not followed the US leadership since the Kim Dae‐jung presidency, unlike in the past. In order to answer the above puzzle, this study tries to analyze the puzzling situation with the feature of constructivism, such as the change of national identity. From this study, I found that generational change in South Korea from the Korean War generation to the 386 and Internet generations played an important role in the change of South Korean national identity. Also, South Korean younger generations' voting behavior has affected South Korean engagement policy in the Kim Dae‐jung and Roh Moo‐hyun administrations.
Food consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in European children: the IDEFICS study
Authors: Bel‐Serrat S. , Mouratidou T. , Börnhorst C. , Peplies J. , De Henauw S. , Marild S. , Molnár D. , Siani A. , Tornaritis M. , Veidebaum T. , Krogh V. , Moreno L. A.
Published: December 2012

What is already known about this subject

Few studies addressing the relationship between food consumption and cardiovascular disease or metabolic risk have been conducted in children. Previous findings have indicated greater metabolic risk in children with high intakes of solid hydrogenated fat and white bread, and low consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy products.

What this study adds

In a large multinational sample of 2 to 9 years old children, high consumption of sweetened beverages and low intake of nuts and seeds, sweets, breakfast cereals, jam and honey and chocolate and nut‐based spreads were directly associated with increased clustered cardiovascular disease risk. These findings add new evidence to the limited literature available in young populations on the role that diet may play on cardiovascular health.

Objective

To investigate food consumption in relation to clustered cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.

Methods

Children (n = 5548, 51.6% boys) from eight European countries participated in the IDEFICS study baseline survey (2007–2008). Z‐scores of individual CVD risk factors were summed to compute sex‐ and age‐specific (2–<6 years/6–9 years) clustered CVD risk scores A (all components, except cardiorespiratory fitness) and B (all components). The association of clustered CVD risk and tertiles of food group consumption was examined.

Results

Odds ratio (OR) of having clustered CVD risk A increased in older children with higher consumption of chocolate and nut‐based spreads (boys: OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.32–0.69; girls: OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.42–0.86), jam and honey (girls: OR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.26–0.78) and sweets (boys: OR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.48–0.98). OR of being at risk significantly increased with the highest consumption of soft drinks (younger boys) and manufactured juices (older girls). Concerning CVD risk score B, older boys and girls in the highest tertile of consumption of breakfast cereals were 0.41 (95% CI = 0.21–0.79) and 0.45 (95% CI = 0.22–0.93) times, respectively, less likely to be at risk than those in tertile 1.

Conclusions

High consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages and low intake of breakfast cereals, jam and honey, sweets and chocolate and nut‐based spreads seem to adversely affect clustered CVD risk.
Infrared to Visible Up‐Conversion Emission in Er3+/Yb3+ Codoped Fluoro–Phosphate Glass–Ceramics
Authors: Ledemi Yannick , Amraoui Mohammed El , Ferrari Jefferson L. , Fortin Pier‐Luc , Ribeiro Sidney J.L. , Messaddeq Younès
Published: December 2012

Erbium Er3+ and ytterbium Yb3+ codoped fluoro‐phosphate glasses belonging to the system NaPO3–YF3–BaF2–CaF2 have been prepared by the classical melt‐quenching technique. Glasses containing up to 10 wt% of erbium and ytterbium fluorides have been obtained and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV–visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy. Transparent and homogeneous glass–ceramics have been then reproducibly synthetized by appropriate heat treatment above glass transition temperature of a selected parent glass. Structural investigations of the crystallization performed through X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have evidenced the formation of fluorite‐type cubic crystals based during the devitrification process. Finally, infrared to visible up‐conversion emission upon excitation at 975 nm has been studied on the Er3+ and Yb3+ codoped glass–ceramics as a function of thermal treatment time. A large enhancement of intensity of the up‐conversion emissions–about 150 times‐ has been observed in the glass–ceramics if compared to the parent glass one, suggesting an incorporation of the rare‐earth ions (REI) into the crystalline phase.
Mechanical Characterization of Annealed ZrB2–SiC Composites
Authors: Watts Jeremy , Hilmas Greg , Fahrenholtz William G.
Published: December 2012

Composites consisting of 70 vol% ZrB2 and 30 vol% α‐SiC particles were hot pressed to near full density and subsequently annealed at temperatures ranging from 1000°C to 2000°C. Strength, elastic modulus, and hardness were measured for as‐processed and annealed composites. Raman spectroscopy was employed to measure the thermal residual stresses within the silicon carbide (SiC) phase of the composites. Elastic modulus and hardness were unaffected by annealing conditions. Strength was not affected by annealing at 1400°C or above; however, strength increased for samples annealed below 1400°C. Annealing under uniaxial pressure was found to be more effective than annealing without applied pressure. The average strength of materials annealed at 1400°C or above was ~700 MPa, whereas that of materials annealed at 1000°C, under a 100 MPa applied pressure, averaged ~910 MPa. Raman stress measurements revealed that the distribution of stresses in the composites was altered for samples annealed below 1400°C resulting in increased strength.
The experience of fatigue in people with inflammatory bowel disease: an exploratory study
Authors: Czuber‐Dochan Wladyslawa , Dibley Lesley B. , Terry Helen , Ream Emma , Norton Christine
Published: December 2012

Aims

To explore fatigue, the impact it has on daily life and the strategies used to ameliorate the symptom, as described by people with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background

Fatigue is the most troublesome symptom during remission of inflammatory bowel disease. Fatigue affects people's daily functioning, impacting on quality of life. There is limited understanding of the nature of and the ways fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease is experienced and managed in everyday adult life.

Design

An epistemological interpretive approach to understand participants' self‐reported experiences of disease‐related fatigue.

Methods

A convenience sample of 46 participants was recruited from the Crohn's and Colitis UK member database. Five focus group interviews (November 2008–February 2009) were conducted, audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analysed using an inductive thematic framework.

Findings

Five themes were identified: the experience of fatigue, causes of fatigue, managing fatigue, consequences of fatigue, and seeking support. Fatigue had a debilitating effect on the social and emotional well‐being of participants and limited their employment opportunities. People used a range of strategies to cope and reported that fatigue‐related issues seemed to be poorly understood by clinicians and were not addressed in medical consultations.

Conclusion

Fatigue was an inextricable part of daily life for some people with inflammatory bowel disease. Specialist nurses and medical colleagues need to address the personal, social, and economic consequences of fatigue, whilst further nursing research would improve understanding of the impact of fatigue and help develop appropriate intervention strategies for people with inflammatory bowel disease.
Family Voices: Life for Family Carers of People with Intellectual Disabilities in Ireland
Authors: Chadwick Darren D. , Mannan Hasheem , Garcia Iriarte Edurne , McConkey Roy , O'Brien Patricia , Finlay Frieda , Lawlor Anne , Harrington Gerry
Published: December 2012

Background

Families in Ireland remain the main providers of support for people with Intellectual disabilities, and the aim of this study was to map their life experiences whilst involving their family members as co‐researchers.

Materials and Method

This qualitative, participatory study involved 10 focus groups attended by 70 parents and siblings of people with intellectual disabilities. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Caring for a family member with intellectual disabilities was found to be a dynamic and adaptive process. The well‐being of the family and the challenges they face throughout their lives was the central theme identified. This was affected by: the availability of appropriate supports for families and having to advocate for them, communication and relationships with services and professionals, the availability of information and attitudes towards disability and governmental support.

Conclusions

Strategies are suggested as to how services can better support family carers in Ireland in their role. These include families being provided with flexible and timely support for families at critical times; being offered services, support, entitlements and information without having to fight for them; knowing that their family member with intellectual disabilities is well cared for, listened to and provided with opportunities to develop and be part of the community; and carers being shown respect, listened to and involved in decisions.