bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Suzuki Reaction to Form a New Electroluminescent Block Copolymer
Authors: Péres Laura Oliveira , Errien Nicolas , Froyer Gerard , Wang Shu Hui
Published: February 2007

A new material from 4,4′‐dibromo‐p‐quaterphenyl (PPP oligomer) and 9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diboronic acid was easily synthesized by Suzuki reaction in good yield (84%). A complete characterization was done in order to compare the properties of the copolymer with its monomers. The material was readily soluble in organic solvents. The absorption as well as emission spectra presented red shifted compared to those from depart materials.
Electroluminescence of Phenothiazine‐Labeled Dendrimer Encapsulated 2‐{2‐[2‐(4‐Dimethylamino‐phenyl)‐vinyl]‐6‐methyl‐pyran‐4‐ylidene}‐Malononitrile Derivative: Effect of the Density of Phenothiazine Dendron
Authors: Kim Go Woon , Cho Min Ju , Jin Jung‐Il , Choi Dong Hoon , Paek Sang Hyon
Published: February 2007

Red light emitting dendrimer (3) was synthesized by reacting 2‐[2,6‐bis‐(2‐{4‐[bis‐(6‐hydroxy‐hexyl)‐amino]‐phenyl}‐vinyl)‐pyran‐4‐ylidene]‐malononitrile (2) with 3,5‐bis‐{3,5‐bis‐[2‐(10‐hexyl‐10H‐phenothiazin‐3‐yl)‐vinyl]‐benzyloxy}‐ benzoic acid (1). The red emitting core dye capable of electronic excitation via Förster energy transfer was encapsulated by phenothiazine (PTZ) dendrons. The multi‐layered devices showed a luminance of 210 cd/m2 at 321 mA/cm2 (11.7 V) for the dendrimer only and 295 cd/m2 at 246 mA/cm2 (11.4 V) for the dendrimer with 3 wt% of PTZ dendron. The EL quantum efficiency (ηext = 0.79%) increased after doping an additional amount of PTZ dendron into the dendrimer.
Comparative Study between Wet and Dry Etching of Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)
Authors: Moreira Taís , Possidonio Shirley , Wang S. Hui , Onmori Roberto K.
Published: February 2007

This work presents the study of two etching techniques, also applied in polymer. The chosen polymer was poly (N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK), because of its easy processability and custom of process. The polymer was synthesized by “living” free radical polymerization process. Previous studies on the best technique for film preparation had been made. The photolithography process was done, then in sequence the etching process was applied in two separate steps: the wet etching with a polymer solvent and dry etching with argon and oxygen plasma. The comparison of the results shows a significant difference between the etching methods, which will be suitable for films preparation in aiming at novel electronic devices.
Molecular and Supramolecular Dynamics ‐ a Versatile Tool for Self‐Organization of Polymeric Membranes Systems
Authors: Cazacu Adinela , Pasc‐Banu Andreea , Barboiu Mihail
Published: February 2007

The present results show that the self‐organization properties in the membrane phase may provide the first evidence for the possible hybrid transport carrier vs. channel mechanisms in correlation with self‐assembly properties of the heteroditopic receptors. These dynamic self‐organized systems can be tested in liquid membranes, bilayer membranes, mesoporous structures materials or “frozen” in a polymeric hybrid matrix by sol‐gel process, opening the door to the design of a novel class of organic‐inorganic nanomembranes.
Dynamic behavior of PMMA‐PHSA hard spheres suspensions under external electric field
Authors: Giacomelli Fernando Carlos , Pereira Fabiano Vargas , Moussaid Abdellatif , Silveira Nádya Pesce da
Published: February 2007

The dynamic behavior of PMMA‐PHSA hard spheres suspended in distinct organic solvents and under an external electric field with different intensities was evaluated by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS) relaxation rates. The study was carried out using a homebuilt copper capacitor with a black finish mate. The experimental data showed that it is possible to modify considerably the diffusion constant of the PMMA particles when an organic solvent having a relative high dielectric constant is used. The effect was attributed mainly due to an interaction between the external electric field applied with the solvent moieties.
Preparation and Characterization of Resorbable Hydrogel Membranes Useful for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Drumond Walker Soares , Rojas‐Cabrera Walter Israel , Zhao Lili , de Castro Maria Leonora , Laganá Dalva Cruz , Wang Shu Hui
Published: February 2007

New synthetic polymeric membranes of lactic acid were prepared with different chemical composition through copolymerization with ε‐caprolactone and ethylene oxide segments. The prepared copolymers were characterized by hydrogen and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR) and presented wide range of mechanical properties demonstrated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA). Porous membranes were prepared by dissolving the polymer in the presence of salts (NaCl or hydroxyapatite) and/or lower mass poly(ethylene glycol) (Mn = 600 or 1,000 g · mol−1). The membranes presented new mechanical and biological characteristics and were suitable for cell penetration, anchorage, differentiation and proliferation. Adherence of cultured fibroblasts on membranes indicates biocompatibility.
Sprayable Polysaccharide‐Based Fiber Reinforced Emulsions for Environmentally Sound Plasticulture
Authors: Malinconico Mario , Santagata Gabriella , Schettini Evelia
Published: February 2007

The increasing demand for mulching and solarization in agriculture is posing serious problems of environmental concerns. Practically all these films are collected by the farmers and left on the ground borders to be incinerated. The same collection by the farmer is difficult; these films being thinner and damaged, their removal through automatic means is almost impossible. The research has focused on an innovative approach where a sort of sprayable water‐based varnish is applied on soil. Such varnish, made of biodegradable polysaccharides mixture, contains biodegradable plasticizers to allow the film to remain elastic for the time needed. Moreover, a set of fibrous natural fillers have been tested, which can be mixed in the varnish or can be preventively applied on soil. The agronomic performances have been measured, together with mechanical properties and degradation behavior. The results seem to confirm the technical feasibility of such approach in developing a sustainable plasticulture.
Erratum: Long‐range JCH heteronuclear coupling constants in cyclopentane derivatives. Part II
Authors: Lacerda Valdemar , da Silva Gil V. J. , Constantino Mauricio G. , Tormena Cláudio F. , Williamson R. Thomas , Marquez Brian L.
Published: February 2007

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Magnetic Resonance in volume 45 issue 1.
Safety factor for neuromuscular transmission at type‐identified diaphragm fibers
Authors: Ermilov Leonid G. , Mantilla Carlos B. , Rowley Katharine L. , Sieck Gary C.
Published: February 2007

The safety factor (SF) for neuromuscular transmission varies across limb muscles of different fiber‐type composition. Using intracellular recordings in rat diaphragm fibers, we found that SF varies across muscle fiber types (even within a single muscle), being larger for type IIx or IIb fibers than for type I or IIa fibers. Fiber‐type differences in activation history or mechanical load may contribute to differences in SF and are important determinants of neuromuscular plasticity. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Anomalous quantum‐Hall resistance in bilayer counterflow transport
Authors: Ezawa Z. F. , Suzuki S. , Tsitsishvili G.
Published: February 2007

Recent magnetotransport experiments have revealed an anomalous behavior in the quantum Hall (QH) resistance in a bilayer counterflow geometry that it vanishes instead of developing a Hall plateau in the QH regime. This anomalous resistance is explained as a result of the interlayer phase coherence developed spontaneously in the bilayer QH system. We also discuss the mechanism of another anomalous QH resistance discovered in a drag experiment. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Single‐particle state mixing and Coulomb localization in two‐electron realistic coupled quantum dots
Authors: Melnikov Dmitriy V. , Leburton Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2007

The exchange coupling in a realistic double quantum dot system is computed as a function of the gate confinement and magnetic field using a hybrid multiscale approach where the many‐body Schrödinger equation is solved exactly within the full quantum dot device environment. It is found that at zero magnetic field the exchange energy varies from meV to sub‐μeV value as the confinement gate biases (tunneling barrier) are changed and the system is driven from a single quantum dot to two coupled quantum dots. At the same time the magnetic field of the singlet‐triplet transition is weakly affected by the changes and remains at about 1 T in the same range of the gate biases. The small values of the exchange coupling in this structure are attributed to the large inter‐electron separation arising when the Coulomb repulsion dominates tunneling. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exciton and biexciton lifetimes in InAs/InP quantum dots emitting at 1.55 µm wavelength under resonant excitation
Authors: Labbé C. , Cornet C. , Folliot H. , Caroff P. , Levallois C. , Rohel T. , Even J. , Gicquel‐Guézo M. , Loualiche S.
Published: February 2007

Two samples of 12 and 72 stacks of InAs/InP quantum dots were grown by molecular beam epitaxy to study the photoluminescence and the dynamical response by a pump‐probe experimental set‐up respectively. The carrier's lifetimes and differential transmission are performed in a function of the excitation density. A comparison of the differential transmission ratio for one quantum dot layer (InAs/InP) and one quantum well (InGaAs/InP) is also investigated. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Resonant tunnelling via two impurity levels in a vertical tunnelling nanostructure
Authors: Mayorov A. S. , Savchenko A. K. , Entin M. V. , Faini G. , Laruelle F. , Bedel E.
Published: February 2007

Resonant tunnelling through two impurities has been observed in a vertical double‐barrier GaAs/AlGaAs tunnelling diode. It manifests itself as a peak in the I‐V characteristic near the conductance threshold. Analysis of the position of the current peak, its shape and the shift in magnetic field parallel to the current provides information about the characteristics of the two impurities. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Superconductivity of InN caused by In‐In nano‐structure
Authors: Inushima Takashi
Published: February 2007

There is an optimum carrier density for the occurrence of the superconductivity in n‐type InN. The lowest carrier density is limited by the Mott transition of ne ∼ 2 × 1017 cm–3 and the highest density is limited by the superconductivity to metal transition of ne ∼ 5 × 1020 cm–3. Between these carrier densities, InN shows superconductivity and vortex motion is a current tunneling through micro Josephson‐junctions. A mechanism is proposed where the occurrence of the superconductivity is related to the presence of two u ‐parameters of 3/8 and 5/8, which causes In‐In chains of finite length in the ab plane. The In‐In chains, which originate from the In‐In nano‐structure elongating along [11$ \bar 2 $0], are coupled to form micro Josephsonjunctions. A possibility of nano‐structure instability is suggested by the temperature dependence of the u ‐parameter obtained by molecular dynamics calculations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlocal dielectric response of an N‐quantum‐well superlattice embedded in bulk and semi‐infinite plasmas in magnetic field
Authors: Horing Norman J. M. , Ayaz Yüksel
Published: February 2007

We derive explicit analytic results for the dynamic, nonlocal and inhomogeneous screening functions of a finite superlattice array of N equally spaced 2D quantum well plasmas embedded in infinite and semiinfinite host bulk‐plasma‐like media. The closed‐form results presented here for the screening functions, which are space‐time matrix inverses of the spatially inhomogeneous dielectric functions, are valid for any number of wells, and can accomodate nonlocality in both the 2D and host plasmas, as well as an ambient normal magnetic field. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel quantum laser structure based on InAsN/GaSb system
Authors: Debbichi M. , Ben Fredj A. , Bhouri A. , Saïd M. , Lazzari J.‐L. , Cuminal Y. , Joullié A. , Christol P.
Published: February 2007

A new class of dilute‐nitride laser structure to be grown on InAs substrate is simulated for room temperature emission near 3.3 µm. The active region is composed of several strain‐compensated type‐II InAsN/GaSb/InAsN quantum wells having the “W” geometry so as to maximized the electron and hole wavefunctions overlap. Optical gain calculations at 300 K show high material gain values, of the order of 1000 cm–1 with injected carrier density of 1 × 1012 cm–2. Radiative current density inferior to 100 A/cm2 is predicted for room temperature operation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Self assembly of Eu2O3 nanocrystals and nanoneedles
Authors: Mahajan S. , Redigolo M. , Koktysh D. , Dickerson J.
Published: February 2007

The self‐assembly of europium oxide (Eu2O3) nanocrystals into anisotropic one dimensional europium hydroxychloride (Eu(OH)2Cl) nanostructures is reported. Eu2O3 nanocrystals, synthesized via colloidal chemistry, form one dimensional structures via a stepwise assembly and growth procedure. Transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) reveals the shape and crystal lattice spacing of the nanostructures, whereas X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements characterize the nanocrystals' crystallinity. Photoluminescence measurements indicate changes in the site location and environment of the Eu3+ ions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and electronic properties of zinc blende BeTe and ist (110) surface
Authors: Baǧcı S. , Duman S. , Tütüncü H. M. , Srivastava G. P.
Published: February 2007

Structural and electronic properties of zinc blende BeTe and its (110) surface were investigated using ab initio pseudopotential method based on density‐functional theory and the local‐density approximation (LDA). The calculated electronic structure of bulk BeTe shows very good agreement with experimental results for the top valence bands along the Γ‐X direction. In addition to bulk properties, we have presented structural and electronic properties of BeTe(110) surface. In our calculations, the tilt angle of the top surface layer is found to be 28.8° which is similar to values for other II‐VI(110) surfaces. Finally, the electronic structure for BeTe(110) surface has been presented and discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Donor impurity‐related optical absorption spectra in GaAs‐Ga1–xAlxAs quantum wells: hydrostatic pressure and Γ –X conduction band mixing effects
Authors: Mora‐Ramos M. E. , López S. Y. , Duque C. A. , Velasco V. R.
Published: February 2007

Using a variational procedure within the effective mass approximation, the mixing between the Γ and X conduction band valleys in GaAs‐Ga1–x Alx As quantum wells is investigated by taking into account the effect of applied hydrostatic pressure. Some optical properties such as donor and/or acceptor binding energy and impurity‐related transition energies are calculated and comparisons with available experimental data are presented. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoluminescence spectroscopy and transport electrical measurements reveal the quantized features of Si nanocrystals embedded in an ultra thin SiO2 layer
Authors: Dumas C. , Grisolia J. , Carrada M. , Arbouet A. , Paillard V. , Ben Assayag G. , Bonafos C. , Schamm S. , Claverie A.
Published: February 2007

In this paper, we have investigated the quantized charging features revealed by nanometer scale devices containing a 2D array of Si nanoparticles (nps) embedded into a SiO2 layer. The Si nps were synthesized by ultra low energy ion implantation and annealing under slightly oxidizing ambient. The structural characteristics of the material (oxide thicknesses, nps size and density) have been studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Filtered TEM (EFTEM). Moreover, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and electrical I(V) measurements using a MOS capacitor addressing only a few nps have been performed at room temperature. It is observed that, as the oxidizing annealing temperature increases, the nps size decreases and the oxide quality is restored. These features appear on the PL spectra as a blue shift of the PL red band linked to quantum confinement into nps and on the I(V) characteristics as an increase of the voltage peak width and a decrease of the main current background. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic properties of AB‐stacked nanographite ribbons in an electric field
Authors: Huang Yuan‐Cheng
Published: February 2007

In the presence of transverse (ky‐direction) electric field, the low‐energy electronic properties of the AB‐stacked multilayered nanographite ribbons are studied through the tight‐binding model. The interlayer interactions significantly affect density of states (DOS), energy gap (Eg), band structure. DOS exhibits many special structures, including discontinuities, and divergent peaks. The effective electric field modifies the energy dispersions, alters the subband spacing, produces the new edge state, changes the band gap, and causes the metal‐semiconductor transitions. In the metallic zigzag ribbons, the effect of electric field on band structures is completely reflected in the features of DOS, e.g., the generation of special structures, the shift of peak position, the change of peak height, and the alternation of band gap. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin dependent Fano effect in an Aharonov‐Bohm interferometer with a magnetic quantum dot
Authors: Seo K. C. , Ihm G. , Lee S. J.
Published: February 2007

We have studied the electron transport of a magnetic quantum structure embedded in an Aharonov‐Bohm (AB) ring. The magnetic structure, which is defined by the spatially inhomogeneous magnetic fields, can be created by ferromagnetic or by superconducting gates. We have found Fano resonances in addition to the background AB oscillations as functions of the electron energy and gate voltage. These resonances can be spin polarized and thus can be used as a spin filter. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Erasable photomemory phenomena in Eu2O3‐, Y2O3‐ and SrTiO3 nanoparticles at room temperature
Authors: Mochizuki Shosuke , Fujishiro Fumito , Mochizuki Teruyuki , Yamamoto Hiroshi
Published: February 2007

Reversible ultraviolet‐laser‐light‐induced spectral changes have been observed for Eu2O3‐, Y2O3‐ and SrTiO3 nanocrystal specimens at room temperature. Comparing with their bulk specimens, the speed of the changes in the nanoparticle specimens tend to increase. The transitions are explained by photo‐induced reduction and photo‐induced oxidation at nanocrystal surfaces due to exciton instability. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bipolariton laser emission from a GaAs microcavity
Authors: Moreira L. M. , Gonzalez J. C. , Oliveira A. G. , Matinaga F. M.
Published: February 2007

Biexciton emission properties were studied in a single GaAs quantum well (QW) semiconductor planar microcavity by photoluminescence measurements at low temperatures. At high pump intensity a bipolariton emission appears close to the lower polariton mode. This new mode appears when we detune the cavity resonance out of the lower polariton branch, showing a laser like behavior. Very small linewidths were measured, lying below 110 µeV and 150 µeV for polariton and bipolariton emission respectively. The input/output power (I/O) measurements show that the bipolariton emission has a weaker coupling efficiency compared to previous results for polariton emission. Varying the pump laser polarization, we were able to show the selection rules for the biexciton particle creation in the quantum well. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Contactless electroreflectance and photoluminescence of InAs quantum dots with GaInNAs barriers grown on GaAs substrate
Authors: Motyka M. , Kudrawiec R. , Misiewicz J. , Pucicki D. , Tlaczala M. , Fischer M. , Marquardt B. , Forchel A.
Published: February 2007

InAs quantum dots (QDs) with GaInNAs barriers grown on (001) GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied by contactless electroreflectance (CER) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. It has been observed that the overgrowth of self‐organized InAs QDs with GaInNAs layers effectively tunes the QD emission to the 1.3 μm spectral region. In case of PL spectra only one peak related to QD emission has been observed. In the case of CER spectra, in addition to a CER feature corresponding to the QD ground state, a rich spectrum of CER resonances related to optical transitions in InAs/GaInNAs/GaAs QW has been observed. It has been concluded that the application of GaInNAs instead InGaAs leads to better control of emission wavelength from InAs QDs since strains in GaInNAs can be tuned from compressive to tensile. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elements of nanocrystal high‐field carrier transport modeling
Authors: Sevik C. , Bulutay C.
Published: February 2007

Embedded semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) within wide bandgap oxide materials are being considered for light emission and solar cell applications. One of the fundamental issues is the high‐field transport in NCs. This requires the combination of a number of tools: ensemble Monte Carlo carrier transport simulation, ab initio band structure of the bulk oxide, Fermi's golden rule modeling of impact ionization and Auger processes and the pseudopotential‐based atomistic description of the confined NC states. These elements are outlined in this brief report. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron correlations in GaAs and AlGaAs superlattices
Authors: Abu Kassim Hasan , Abdul Jalil Ithnin , Yusof Norhasliza , Devi V. R. , Shrivastava Keshav N.
Published: February 2007

We have calculated the electronic correlation energy and the exchange energy of a system of GaAs lattice using the density functional theory. In 15 different calculations, we are able to find the energy values for different number of Al and Ga atoms. We have performed the calculation of the energy of the Schroedinger equation in three different approximations, namely, the local density approximation (LDA), the generalized gradient approximation with exchange (GGA‐X) and the generalized gradient approximation with exchange and correlations (GGA‐XC). The correlation energy has a peak for the cell which has 9 Ga and 5 Al atoms. In this way, we find that the material for which the composition is in the ratio of Ga:Al = 9:5, has the strongest electron correlations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chemical bonding of nitrogen in dilute InAsN and high In‐content GaInAsN
Authors: Talwar D. N.
Published: February 2007

To assess the preferential chemical bonding of N in dilute InAsN and high In content GaInNAs alloys we have analyzed the recent infrared absorption and Raman scattering data by using a comprehensive Green's function theory within an 11 parameter rigid‐ion‐model. Our theoretical results provided firm corroboration to some of the observed N‐ related modes to specific bonding (micro clusters) configurations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoluminescence studies in modulation doped GaInNAs/GaAs multiple quantum wells
Authors: Yilmaz M. , Ulug B. , Ulug A. , Cicek A. , Balkan N. , Sopanen M , Reentilä O. , Mattila M. , Fontaine C. , Arnoult A.
Published: February 2007

We report for the first time the temperature dependent PL spectra from GaInNAs/GaAs triple quantum wells, modulation doped with a 2‐D carrier density of ∼3 × 1011 cm–2 per well. The measurements were carried out at temperatures between 10 and 300 K. The results are analyzed using a Gaussian fitting technique which indicates variable nitrogen composition and/or well‐width fluctuations in the wells. One of the most striking features of the results is the lack of the S‐Shape temperature dependence of the PL peak energy that is commonly observed in undoped dilute nitride quantum wells and is attributed to exciton de‐trapping, which screens the true temperature dependence of the energy gap. Our results compare well with the predictions of the Varshni equation. The temperature dependence of the PL intensity is used to obtain the thermally activated behaviour of the non‐radiative recombination processes that appear to dominate at higher temperatures. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measuring and maximizing coverage in the World Trade Center Health Registry
Authors: Murphy Joe , Brackbill Robert M. , Thalji Lisa , Dolan Melissa , Pulliam Paul , Walker Deborah J.
Published: February 2007

The World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) is a database for following people who were exposed to the disaster of 11 September 2001. Hundreds of thousands of people were exposed to the immense cloud of dust and debris, the indoor dust, the fumes from persistent fires, and the mental trauma of the terrorist attacks on the WTC on 9/11. The purpose of the WTCHR is to evaluate the potential short‐ and long‐term physical and mental health effects of the disaster. The definitions of the exposed groups are broad and defined based on an understanding of which groups had the highest exposures to the WTC disaster and its aftermath. The four exposure groups include rescue and recovery workers, residents, students and school staff, and building occupants and passersby in Lower Manhattan.

While one goal of the WTCHR was to maximize coverage overall and for each exposure group, another was to ensure equal representation within exposure groups. Because of the multiple sample types pursued, several approaches were required to determine eligibility. Estimates of the number of eligible persons in each of the exposed populations were based on the best available information including Census, entity‐specific employment figures, and public and private school enrollment data, among other publicly available sources. To address issues of undercoverage and overcoverage a variety of methods were assessed or applied, including a capture–recapture analyses test of overlapping sample building list sources and automated deduplication of sample records.

Estimates of the true eligible population indicate that over 400000 unique individuals were eligible for the baseline health survey. Interviewer‐administered surveys were completed with more than 71000 persons, resulting in an overall enrollment rate of approximately 17 per cent. Coverage was highest among rescue and recovery workers, followed by residents, students and school staff, and building occupants. Both the accuracy of coverage estimates and the raw number and representativeness of enrollees were maximized by our approach to coverage. In designing a registry which relies on multiple pathways and sources of data to build the sample, it is important to develop a comprehensive approach that considers all sources of error and minimizes bias that may be introduced through the methodology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Single‐Step Photolithographic Interface for Cell‐Free Gene Expression and Active Biochips
Authors: Buxboim Amnon , Bar‐Dagan Maya , Frydman Veronica , Zbaida David , Morpurgo Margherita , Bar‐Ziv Roy
Published: February 2007

We have developed a biochip platform technology suitable for controlled cell‐free gene expression at the micrometer scale. A new hybrid molecule, “Daisy”, was designed and synthesized to form in a single step a biocompatible lithographic interface on silicon dioxide. A protocol is described for the immobilization of linear DNA molecules thousands of base pairs long on Daisy‐coated surfaces with submicrometer spatial resolution and up to high densities. On‐chip protein synthesis can be obtained with a dynamic range of up to four orders of magnitude and minimal nonspecific activity. En route to on‐chip artificial gene circuits, a simple two‐stage gene cascade was built, in which the protein synthesized at the first location diffuses to regulate the synthesis of another protein at a second location. We demonstrate the capture of proteins from crude extract onto micrometer‐scale designated traps, an important step for the formation of miniaturized self‐assembled protein chips. Our biochip platform can be combined with elastomeric microfluidic devices, thereby opening possibilities for isolated and confined reaction chambers and artificial cells in which the transport of products and reagents is done by diffusion and flow. The Daisy molecule and described approach enables groups not proficient in surface chemistry to construct active biochips based on cell‐free gene expression.
Praktisches Verfahren zur Bemessung von Brückenseilen und ‐hängern zur Vermeidung Regen‐Wind‐induzierter Schwingungen
Authors: Denoël Vincent , Hortmanns Michael , Sedlacek Gerhard
Published: February 2007

Regen‐Wind‐induzierte Schwingungen waren in den letzten Jahrzehnten Gegenstand umfangreicher Untersuchungen. Es ist deshalb zweckmäßig, die gesammelten Erfahrungen zu nutzen, um praktische Bemessungsregeln für den Sicherheitsnachweis schwingungsanfälliger Bauteile abzuleiten. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über einige in der Literatur vorgeschlagene vollmechanische Berechnungsmodelle zeigt dieser Beitrag, wie mit einer halbempirischen Methode die Komplexität dieser Modelle für den praktischen Nachweis reduziert werden kann. Auf der Grundlage von Daten aus Messungen an Bauwerken und im Windkanal wird ein neuer Vorschlag vorgestellt, der in die Empfehlung “Schwingungsanfällige Zugglieder im Brückenbau” des Arbeitskreises 2.4.2 “Schwingungsdämpfer” der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen eingegangen ist.
Delta‐tocopherol as an antioxidant in lard
Authors: Griewahn Janice , Daubert B. F.
Published: February 2007

Comparison of the antioxidative properties of α‐, β,γ‐, and δ‐tocopherols at concentrations of 0.02% and 0.1% tocopherol in lard have been made by means of a modified Swift Stability Test at 100°C. In order of increasing antioxidative effectiveness, the tocopherols are: α, β, γ, and δ.
Solvent winterization of sunflower seed oil
Authors: Morrison W. Herbert , Robertson James A.
Published: February 2007

Samples of oil from whole and dehulled sunflower seed were solvent winterized. The solvent mixture, 85% acetone, 15% hexane (v/v), was used at solvent‐in‐oil concentrations of 20, 40, and 70% by wt and the samples winterized at 0, −5, −10, and −15 ± .01 C for 4 hr. Generally, sunflower oils from whole seed remained free from cloud formation longer on refrigeration when the oils were winterized at lower temperatures and at lower solvent‐in‐oil concentrations. With oil from the dehulled samples, no winterization condition produced an oil with a predictable clouding time. However, correlations were significant between residual wax content after winterization and clouding time of the oils from whole seed. Oils from dehulled seed were not as highly correlated with wax content as oils from whole seed. This study indicates that crude sunflower seed oil might be winterized with the aid of solvents and that decortication prior to extraction might not be necessary for effective winterization.
A comparison between determinations of the solubility of oxygen in oils by exponential dilution and chemical methods
Authors: Aho Liisa , Wahlroos Ȕ.
Published: February 2007

The exponential dilution method has been tested as a rapid means for estimation of the solubility coefficient of oxygen in liquids. The relative standard deviation of the method was 5.7%. The method is not influenced by the presence of peroxides, which interfere with chemical oxygen determinations by ferrous‐ferric ion titration. Values ranging from 0.07 to 0.17 were obtained for the coefficient of solubility of oxygen in raw and refined sunflower and soybean oils of different state of oxidation at room temperature.
Quantitation of phospholipid analysis using P32 by a digital computer method in metabolic experiments on niemann‐pick disease
Authors: Holtz Albert I.
Published: February 2007

Methods involving P32 uptake into cell cultures, quantitative phospholipid analyses and computerized data analyses have been used to investigate the biochemical defect in Niemann‐Pick disease. The results of these analyses indicate a normal synthesis of sphingomyelin, which considering the threefold increase in total sphingomyelin, gives evidence for a decreased ability of cells to catabolize sphingomyelin in Niemann‐Pick disease. These methods are applicable to other lipid storage diseases.
Relationship between the calculated glyceride composition and the iodine value of cottonseed and pecan oils
Authors: Bailey August V. , Harris James A. , Skau Evald L.
Published: February 2007

The concentrations of the major component glyceride types in cottonseed and pecan oils were calculated at selected iodine values from the fatty acid compositions of the oils using the Gunstone equations. The relative concentrations of the glycerides change markedly with increasing iodine value. In cottonseed oil the concentrations of the PLL and LLL glyceride types, for example, increase from 19.5 to 26.3% and from 6.5 to 16.7%, respectively, for an iodine value change from 95 to 112. In pecan oil the concentration of the OOL glycerides goes through a maximum at an iodine value of 110. The concentrations of the OLL and OOO glycerides show a tenfold increase and fivefold decrease, respectively, as the iodine value increases from 90 to 120.

Graphs are presented which permit the estimation of the glyceride composition of random cottonseed or pecan oils of know iodine value. These will be useful in the selection of these oils as source materials in the production of tailor‐made fats and oils or other edible or inedible industrial products.
Cottonseed meal trace element survey by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Turner W. W.
Published: February 2007

Cottonseed meal from 14 states and Mexico was analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, manganese, zinc, and cobalt.

These ten elements are of general interest to animal nutritionists and feed manufacturers. The data show surprising uniformity of these elements regardless of the area in which the seed was grown and type of processing used.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods. II. Identification of acidic volatile decomposition products of corn oil
Authors: Kawada Tsukasa , Krishnamurthy R. G. , Mookherjee B. D. , Chang S. S.
Published: February 2007

Chemical identification of the volatile decomposition products (VDP) produced by fats and oils under conditions of deep fat frying is important for the elucidation of the mechanisms of thermal oxidation, for the study of their effects upon human nutrition, and for their contribution to the deep fat fried flavor of foods. The acidic VDP produced by corn oil maintained at 185C for 30 hr with periodic frying of moist cotton balls and with addition of fresh oil to replenish the oil lost due to evaporation, decomposition, and adsorption by the cotton balls were fractionated by repeated gas chromatography. The gas chromatographic fractions were identified by IR and mass spectrometry. A total of 30 acids were characterized. They consisted of 12 n‐aliphatic saturated acids, seven 2‐enoic acids, one 3‐enoic acid, three keto acids, two hydroxy acids, four dicarboxylic acid and one aromatic acid. It is suggested that the effects of some of these acids upon human nutrition be studied.
Partial reduction of ॅ‐Eleostearic acid with hydrazine
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Bagby M. O.
Published: February 2007

The following products are formed during partial reduction of ॅ‐eleostearic acid with hydrazine:cis,trans‐9,11‐octadecadienoic andtrans,trans‐11,13‐octadecadienoic acids;cis‐9‐,trans‐11‐ andtrans‐13‐octadecenoic acids; and stearic acid. The double bonds are reduced individually in the conjugated triene and also in the conjugated dienes that are formed. However, the reduction is selective since thetrans‐11 double bonds in the conjugated triene is reduced only slightly to yield the isolated 9,13‐diene.

Thetrans double bond of thecis,trans conjugated diene reduces at a faster rate than thecis bond. No differences were observed in the rate of reduction of thecis‐9 andtrans‐13 bonds in the triene or of the bonds in thetrans,trans conjugated diene.
Synthesis of series of pure polyethylene glycol ethers based onn‐tridecanol,7‐tridecanol, and oxo‐process tridecyl alcohol
Authors: Hartmann Ludwig , West R. L.
Published: February 2007

Puren‐tridecyl, 7‐tridecyl andoxo‐tridecyl polyethylene glycol monoethers, C13H27O (C2H4O)nH, were made by the Williamson reaction with n=4,6,8,10 and 12. Related crystalline diethers derived fromn‐tridecanol were made in the range of 4舑16 oxyethylene units.

The compounds were extensively purified by crystallization (where applicable) or by chromatography and distillation. The final products are new compounds important for comparative studies of surface properties. Characterizing constants and physical properties including those of a large number of pure intermediates are reported.

All but the lowest member of then‐tridecyl monoether series are crystalline, melting between 26 and 40C. The related diethers melting between 37 and 50C have a minimum melting point when they contain between 6 and 8 oxyethylene units. Theoxo‐tridecyl and 7‐tridecyl monoethers are liquids.
Triacylglycerols of winter butterfat containing configurational isomers of monoenoic fatty acyl residues. II. Saturated dimonoenoic triacylglycerols
Authors: Laakso Päivi , Kallio Heikki
Published: February 2007

Triacylglycerols of Finnish winter butterfat containing one saturated and two monoenoic fatty acyl residues were studied. With silver ion high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), molecules were separated according to the difference in the configuration of one fatty acyl moiety. The distribution of the saturatedcis,trans‐dimonoenoic and saturatedcis,cis‐dimonoenoic triacylglycerols according to their acyl carbon numbers was compared by means of reversed‐phase HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. Furthermore, two examples of the fatty acid composition of a specified molecular weight species were shown. The fatty acid compositions of corresponding saturatedcis,trans‐dimonoenoic and saturatedcis,cis‐dimonoenoic triacylglycerols were similar; however, there may be differences in the proportions of different fatty acid combinations or in the distribution of fatty acids between primary and secondary glycerol positions.
Fractionation of the triacylglycerols of lipase‐modified butter oil
Authors: Kemppinen Asmo , Kalo Paavo
Published: February 2007

Triacylglycerols (TGs) of lipase‐modified butter oil were separated into saturated, monoene, diene and triene fractions on ap‐propylbenzene sulfonic acid solid‐phase extraction column loaded with silver ions. Fatty acid analysis of the fractions showed that the amounts of saturated TGs (98.4 mol%) and monoene TGs (26.0 mol%) in the saturated and monoene fractions, respectively, were close to the theoretical amounts of TGs in pure fractions. The column method provides a useful alternative to AgNO3‐thin‐layer chromatography as a means of separating the TGs of butterfat and producing relatively pure TG fractions for further analysis by gas chromatography (GC) or GC‐mass spectrometry.
Analysis of lipids from cooked beef by thin‐layer chromatography with flame‐ionization detection
Authors: St. Angelo Allen J. , James Charles
Published: February 2007

Lipids were extracted from cooked ground beef with methylene chloride/methanol (2:1). The lipids were separated on a silicic acid column, into neutral and polar fractions by elution with methylene chloride, followed by methanol. These fractions were analyzed by Iatroscan thin‐layer chromatography with flame‐ionization detection instrumentation on Chromarods S‐III (silica gelcoated quartz rods). Comparison of cooked beef stored for 0, 4 and 7 d at 4°C indicated that storage caused a decrease in total lipids, an increase in neutral lipids and a decrease in polar lipids, specifically in phosphatidylcholine. These changes in the lipid fraction were associated with meat flavor deterioration and an increase in lipid oxidation.
Proton magnetic resonance imaging of lipid in pecan embryos
Authors: Halloin John M. , Cooper Thomas G. , Potchen E. James , Thompson Tommy E.
Published: February 2007

Magnetic resonance images of plant tissues typically are manifestations of water protons in tissues. Within oilseeds, however, lipids contain a major portion of the mobile protons, which should enable specific imaging of lipids. In this study, experiments were done to demonstrate spin‐echo imaging (SEI) and chemical‐shift imaging (CSI) of lipid within nonimbibed and imbibed embryos of pecan (Carya illinoensis), a high‐lipid seed. Magnetic resonance spectra of airdry embryos contained a single major peak for lipid, whereas those of imbibed embryos contained separate peaks for water and lipid. This separation of spectral peaks enabled CSI of distributions of either lipids or water in imbibed embryos. A longer spin‐spin relaxation time of lipid protons than of water protons in imbibed embryos allowed selective SEI of lipids in those embryos. SEI of normal, dry embryos revealed fairly uniform distribution of lipids across tissues. Similar images of embryos damaged by the fungusPhoma exocarpina or the insectZerara viridula were less intense than those of a normal embryo, reflecting the lower oil contents of the damaged embryos. Magnetic resonance imaging should provide a useful technology for studying lipid distribution and metabolism within oil seeds.
Clinical Results of Dermofasciectomy for Dupuytren’s Disease in Japanese Patients
Authors: ABE Y. , ROKKAKU T. , KUNIYOSHI K. , MATSUDO T. , YAMADA T.
Published: February 2007

The surgical outcomes of dermofasciectomy for Dupuytren’s disease were evaluated in nine hands of eight patients in a Japanese population. The patients were examined for postoperative complications, problems associated with the skin graft, evidence of recurrent disease, sensation over the graft and pre- and postoperative range of motion at the metacarpophalangeal and the proximal interphalangeal joints. The mean two-point discrimination over the skin graft was 14 mm. The mean remaining flexion contracture at the metacarpophalangeal joint was 5° and that at the proximal interphalangeal joint was 34°. Recurrence occurred in two patients: one had a minor nodule and the other a natatory cord, which did not result in the redevelopment of a contracture. This study supports the use of dermofasciectomy for the treatment of recurrent Dupuytren’s disease, as well as for the treatment of primary disease in those patients with a strong Dupuytren’s diathesis in this population.
Ethnic Minority Rule and Civil War Onset
Authors: FEARON JAMES D. , KASARA KIMULI , LAITIN DAVID D.
Published: February 2007

Partly hidden beneath the complexities of N* and an attack on the supposedly individualist presumptions of ethnic fractionalization measures, a simple and valuable question lies implicit in Cederman and Girardin's (2007) article (henceforth, CG). Are countries at greater risk of civil war when the state is controlled by an ethnic minority?
BLACK OR BROWN? HEINRICH SUTERMEISTER IN APARTHEID'S WEB
Authors: Walton Chris
Published: February 2007

When the Swiss composer Heinrich Sutermeister (1910–1995) celebrated his 80th birthday in 1990, a discordant note was sounded by Antje Müller in the main Swiss musicological journal Dissonanz. Sutermeister had enjoyed his first major successes in Nazi Germany, and Müller now subjected this fact to more intensive scrutiny than had anyone before her, questioning how ‘neutral’ a creative artist can be in his dealings with a totalitarian state.
Sind Zuweiser und Patienten nach einer Rheumatologischen Interdisziplinären Schmerz-Sprechstunde zufrieden?
Authors: Scascighini  , Sprott
Published: February 2007

Das Ziel dieser Qualitätssicherungskontrolle bestand darin, die Zuweiser- und Patientenzufriedenheit nach der Rheumatologischen Interdisziplinären Schmerz-Sprechstunde (RISS) zu evaluieren. Die Prävalenz an chronischen, muskuloskelettalen Beschwerden ist weltweit zunehmend. Im klinischen Alltag stellen wir fest, dass die Wartezeiten für diagnostische interdisziplinäre Abklärungen immer länger werden. Unserer Meinung nach stellt die RISS eine Möglichkeit dar, um den Zuweisern eine Zweitmeinung zu geben und die therapeutische Allianz sowie Patientenführung zu verbessern. Die Patienten wurden in einem longitudinalen Querschnittsdesign mit einem Follow-up von drei Monaten nach der interdisziplinären (ärztlich, physio-/ergotherapeutisch und psychologisch) Abklärung analysiert. Durchschnittlich zeigten die Patienten einen akzeptablen Zufriedenheitsgrad. Die RISS wurde von Zuweisern als positiv empfunden. Bemerkenswert ist, dass ein grosser Anteil der Zuweiser die RISS weiterempfehlen würde. Aus Sicht der Kliniker scheinen solche Triagen für ein effektives Patienten-Management vorteilhaft zu sein.
Linear bubble plume model for hypolimnetic oxygenation: Full‐scale validation and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Singleton V. L. , Gantzer P. , Little J. C.
Published: February 2007

An existing linear bubble plume model was improved, and data collected from a full‐scale diffuser installed in Spring Hollow Reservoir, Virginia, were used to validate the model. The depth of maximum plume rise was simulated well for two of the three diffuser tests. Temperature predictions deviated from measured profiles near the maximum plume rise height, but predicted dissolved oxygen profiles compared very well with observations. A sensitivity analysis was performed. The gas flow rate had the greatest effect on predicted plume rise height and induced water flow rate, both of which were directly proportional to gas flow rate. Oxygen transfer within the hypolimnion was independent of all parameters except initial bubble radius and was inversely proportional for radii greater than approximately 1 mm. The results of this work suggest that plume dynamics and oxygen transfer can successfully be predicted for linear bubble plumes using the discrete‐bubble approach.
TC1 and Cluster observation of an FTE on 4 January 2005: A close conjunction
Authors: Wang J. , Dunlop M. W. , Pu Z. Y. , Zhou X. Z. , Zhang X. G. , Wei Y. , Fu S. Y. , Xiao C. J. , Fazakerley A. , Laakso H. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Bogdanova Y. , Pitout F. , Davies J. , Zong Q. G. , Shen C. , Liu Z. X. , Carr C. , Perry C. , Rème H. , Dandouras I. , Escoubet P. , Owen C. J.
Published: February 2007

Observations of a Flux Transfer Event (FTE) signature at the dayside magnetopause are reported, which was consecutively observed on 4 January 2005 by both the Double Star/TC1 spacecraft and the Cluster quartet, while the spacecraft were traversing through the northern‐dusk magnetopause. The event occurred as a magnetosheath FTE first at the Cluster spacecraft at about 07:13 UT on 4 January 2005 and crossed each of the others within 2 minutes. The spatial separations between the Cluster spacecraft were of the order of 200 km. The TC1 signature occurred about 108s after Cluster. All findings including magnetic fluxes, orientations and hot ion velocity distributions strongly suggest that Cluster and TC1 encountered the magnetosheath branch of the same flux tube at two different positions along its length and this is borne out by computation of the expected time delay. Four‐spacecraft timing is used to obtain the velocity of FTE.