bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STIMULATION IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE AND REACTION TIME
Authors: Thompson Larry W. , Botwinick Jack
Published: February 2007

Several studies have suggested that reaction time (RT) may be related to variations in blood pressure which occur with each heart beat. This was tested in a series of four studies in which possible effects of the preparatory interval (PI) were controlled. Stimuli were presented at 0, 200, 400, and 600 msec following the R wave, and during the ascending slope of the R, T, and P waves of the cardiac cycle. No relationship was found in any of the four studies between RT and the phase within the cardiac cycle when the stimulus occurred.
ACTIVATION STATES AS ASSESSED BY VERBAL REPORT AND FOUR PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
Authors: Thayer Robert E.
Published: February 2007

The present research was part of a program aimed at examination of the validity of controlled verbal reports of various activation states. A difference score design was used in which four psychophysiological measures and verbal ratings of various activation states were obtained in a baseline and an activation period from 41 female subjects. Verbal reports were then correlated with individual physiological measures and composites or indices of physiological measures. Specifically, two kinds of physiological index were employed, one in which the subject's physiological change score was represented by the single system showing the greatest change, and a second index weighted equally by all four physiological measures. The physiological index using the single system showing the greatest activation yielded slightly greater correlations with verbal report than the other index. Skin conductance and heart rate, the best combination of the four physiological systems measured, correlated as high as .62 with verbal report. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the usefulness and validity of controlled self report and the relative superiority of skin conductance and heart rate among other physiological systems in correlations with verbal report.
SLEEP ANALYSIS AND A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR SELECTIVE DEPRIVATION OF LOW‐VOLTAGE FAST‐WAVE SLEEP IN A SPECIES OF DEERMOUSE P. M. BAIRDI
Authors: Mitler Merrill M. , Levine Ralph
Published: February 2007

In Study I electrocorticographic (ECoG) and electromyographic (EMG) records were time‐sampled from each of 3 P. m. bairdi when motionless with eyes closed. Sixty intervals of 5 seconds each were categorized, by standard qualitative criteria, into three arousal states: Low‐voltage, fast‐wave sleep (LVF); High‐voltage, slowwave sleep (HVS); or Waking (W). Independently, each electrophysiological index was scored quantitatively either by counting large changes in ECoG potential or by rating intensity of EMG activity. Analyses indicated in general that the count and rating patterns were strongly associated with the initial qualitative judgments of arousal state, and in particular that low EMG activity was concomitant with LVF. It was hypothesized from these results and from the literature that LVF could be reduced by curtailing low levels of muscle tonus.

Study II tested such an hypothesis with 3 more P. m. bairdi. Sixty 5‐second ECoG and EMG records were similarly sampled (when S's eyes were closed), categorized, and independently quantified. Each S was perched over a shock‐grid on a pedestal too small to permit total loss of muscle tonus. These records showed only HVS and W but in ratios slightly altered from those observed for the first 3 animals. Comparing both studies suggested that, by preventing low muscle tonus, the pedestal‐over‐shock‐grid can radically reduce the proportion of LVF in the sleep of P. m. bairdi.
A STRAIN GAUGE PAIN STIMULATOR
Authors: Forgione Albert G. , Barber Theodore X.
Published: February 2007

Focal pressure, applied to the skin over bone, is a method of evoking experimental pain of an “aching” nature in which actual receptor stimulation is closely related to the applied stimulus. Methodological faults in previous applications of this method are eliminated by a pain stimulator which utilizes a bonded strain gauge.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SKIN CONDUCTANCE MEASURES AS A FUNCTION OF SHOCK THREAT
Authors: Kopacz Frederick M. , Smith Barry D.
Published: February 2007

Investigations of sex differences in various electrodermal measures have yielded inconsistent results. The present investigation attempted to examine sex differences primarily as a function of varied conditions of threat (stated probability of receiving electric shock). Thirty males and 30 females were randomly assigned to three conditions: High Threat Probability (HTP), Moderate Threat Probability (MTP), or No Threat Probability (NTP). All Ss heard, under assigned threat instructions, 2 sets of 11 tones, preceded by a nonstimulation period and followed by 11 tones with shock threat removed. Results indicated that the threat conditions did affect electrodermal measures as expected. In addition, males exhibited higher tonic (basal conductance) levels throughout, while females displayed greater phasic reactivity (GSR magnitude) and a larger number of nonspecific GSRs. In addition, nonspecific frequency was affected by the interaction of sex with treatment (threat), such that females displayed higher frequencies under moderate threat, while males increased linearly with increased threat. Degree of stress or threat, the possibility of differential perceptions, and a theory of differential hormonal functioning were applied in interpreting results.
JUDGMENTS OF UCS INTENSITY AND DIMINUTION OF THE UNCONDITIONED GSR
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Grings William W.
Published: February 2007

Perceptions of UCS intensity associated with UCR diminution in a classical conditioning situation were investigated using a procedure in which S matched the loudness of a tone of variable intensity to that of a white noise UCS. Changes in the subjective loudness of the UCS paralleling the changes in UCR magnitude observed with CS‐UCS pairings were found.
FACILITATION OF THE KNEE JERK AS A FUNCTION OF THE INTERVAL BETWEEN AUDITORY AND STRETCHING STIMULI
Authors: Beale Darryl K.
Published: February 2007

An experiment was conducted to investigate the temporal relationship between auditory and tendon stimulation in the knee jerk stretch reflex of normal human Ss. At each of 20 different ISIs 5 knee jerks were elicited. Results from the 4 Ss showed a two peaked relationship between ISI and reflex response, the first peak occurring at 100 msec ISI and the second at 500 msec ISI. It was concluded that the first peak was the result of a summation of the tonal and stretching effect in the cord, and the second was a result of these effects via the gamma system.
Awareness of Heart Activity and Self‐Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Young Larry D. , McLeod Philip
Published: February 2007

Ss, high and low in awareness of heart functioning as determined by scores on the heart functioning items of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ), were given 10 trials each on which they were to raise or lower their heart rate (HR) using continuous proportional visual feedback. Low aware Ss successfully raised and lowered their HRs on command whereas high aware Ss were not able to make significant alterations in their HRs.
Differential Responsiveness of Two Electrodermal Indices to Psychological Stress and Performance of a Complex Cognitive Task
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: February 2007

Sixteen high trait anxious and 16 low trait anxious male Ss were assigned to a high stress (HS) or a low stress (LS) condition and were given differentially stressful instructions. All Ss were then required to perform a complex cognitive task, the Halstead Category Test. Adjusted indices of tonic and phasic exosomatic electrodermal activity were monitored throughout the experiment. Level of tonic skin conductance (SC) was only minimally responsive to the manipulation of psychological stress but increased greatly during cognitive and perceptual activity. Phasic activity increased significantly following psychological stress but not following cognitive and perceptual activity. It was concluded that these results support a multiple component theory of electrodermal activity. Phasic electrodermal activity appears to increase with psychological as well as physical threat and was suggested to be a good index of autonomic emotional arousal. Tonic SC appears to change mainly as a function of cognitive activity.
Cardiovascular Components of Orienting and Defensive Responses
Authors: Hare Robert D.
Published: February 2007

Data from an earlier study of physiological responses to affective visual stimulation were reanalyzed in an attempt to delineate the cardiovascular components of the OR and the DR. A HR response profile to unpleasant stimulation was obtained for each of 49 Ss by computing his average beat‐by‐beat HR response to slides of homicide victims. A hierarchical grouping procedure was then used to group these profiles in terms of similarity. An optimum grouping of three distinct groups of profiles emerged. Group A consisted of 9 Ss whose HR responses were accelerative in nature, Group D of 12 Ss who gave marked decelerative responses, and Group MD of 28 Ss who gave moderate decelerative responses. The cephalic vasomotor response given by Grup A to the homicide slides was vasoconstriction, while the response of Groups D and MD was vasodilation. The results provide some support for the suggestion that the OR consists of HR deceleration and cephalic vasodilation, while the DR consists of HR cceleration and cephalic vasoconstriction. However, it is possible that these “classic” patterns of cardiovascular activity occur in only some Ss and only under certain conditions, and that they may be obscured by the use of undifferentiated group data.
Differential Contributions of Blinks and Vertical Eye Movements as Artifacts in EEG Recording
Authors: Corby James C. , Kopell Bert S.
Published: February 2007

Blinks and vertical eye movements were studied as artifacts of EEG recording. The electro‐oculogram (EOG) and vertex vs joined mastoids EEG were recorded in 13 college‐aged subjects. Subjects were asked to blink “normally, without excessive effort,” and move their eyes through vertical visual arcs of 5°, 10°, 20°, 30°, and 60°. The ratio EEG/EOG, the fraction of the EOG potential transmitting to the scalp EEG electrode as artifact, was calculated for potentials generated during both blinks and eye movement. Vertical eye movement scalp EEG artifact was a constant percentage of the vertical eye movement EOG across visual arcs of 10° to 60°. Mean percentage eye blink EEG artifact (9.3%) was significantly (p < .001) less than the mean percentage vertical eye movement artifact (13.9%). Thus, blink and vertical eye movement artifact fields are quantitatively different in terms of their transmission to the scalp (Cz) EEG electrode. Subtraction of a single subject specific percentage of the EOG from the EEG would correct for either artifact source, but different subtraction percentages must be used for each.
Signal Detection and the “Cardiac Arousal Cycle”
Authors: Delfini Leo F. , Campos Joseph J.
Published: February 2007

The hypothesis was tested that different phases of the cardiac cycle would be associated with differences in either sensory capacity or response bias, as estimated by signal detection analyses. Each of 10 subjects was given 800 signal (SN) and 800 non‐signal (N) trials randomly distributed throughout the cardiac cycle. The signal was a 35 msec duration, 1000 Hz tone, which was preceded by a 1 sec warning light. Electrocardiograph (EKG) cycles were subsequently divided into four phases, and the phase during which the SN or N trial fell was determined. Signal detection analyses performed on auditory sensitivity (d.) and estimate of response bias (Criterion Location) showed no measurable effect of EKG phase on either parameter. Results are discussed in terms of recent neurophysiological findings of cardiac rhythmic input to the nucleus tractus solitarius (which can inhibit cortical arousal), but little cardiac rhythm in the observed output. These considerations imply that “cardiac cycle arousal effects” are likely to be minute or nonexistent.
The Diagnosis of Love‐Sickness: Experimental Psychophysiology Without the Polygraph
Authors: Mesulam Marek‐Marsel , Perry Jon
Published: February 2007

Psychophysiological concepts and methodology are central to the practices of Erasistratos, Galen, and Avicenna, great physicians of antiquity whose lives span a period in history from the third century, B.C., to the eleventh century, A.D. This point is illustrated by means of a diagnostic vignette common to all three physicians’clinical experience, namely, the discovery of a concealed love object by monitoring changes in pulse rate. Within the context of these case sketches can be found the seeds of modern concepts in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. Some of the texts examined are new translations of Greek and Latin originals.
On‐Line Averaging of Potentials Antecedent to Voluntary Behavior
Authors: Morrell Lenore K.
Published: February 2007

PP‐T0007‐0‐ABCE‐ST A computational procedure is presented which permits the measurement and averaging of physiological activity time‐locked to a preceding voluntary event (e.g., the subject's operant behavior). The method allows the assessment of activity antecedent to any event on‐line, i.e., during the course of an experiment; it may be used with any small general‐purpose laboratory computer. Applications to electroencephalographic and electromyographic data are described.
Orienting and Defensive Responses to Visual Stimuli
Authors: Hare Robert D.
Published: February 2007

Physiological responses were recorded while 10 females who feared spiders (Group SP) and 10 females who did not (Group NP) viewed 24 neutral and 6 spider slides.

Group NP responded to the spider stimuli with heart rate (HR) deceleration and cephalic vasodilation (increase in pulse amplitude), while Group SP responded with HR acceleration and cephalic vasoconstriction. Neither group gave appreciable or systematic cardiovascular responses to the neutral stimuli. Palmar and dorsal skin conductance (SC) responses to the spider stimuli were larger than those given to the neutral slides, and tended to be larger and more resistant to habituation in Group SP than in Group NP.

When considered along with post‐experimental reports, the responses given by Group NP to the spider slides could be considered to be indicative of an orienting response (OR), while those given by Group SP were consistent with recent conceptions of the defensive response (DR).

These response patterns, especially the latter one, were evident in both group data and in individual records.
Physiological Correlates of Mental Activity: Eye Movements, Alpha, and Heart Rate During Imagining, Suppression, Concentration, Search, and Choice
Authors: Klinger Eric , Gregoire Kenneth C. , Barta Steven G.
Published: February 2007

Rapid eye movements (REMs), EEG alpha, and tonic heart rate (HR) were measured during 6 types of cognitive tasks—imagining a liked person, suppressing thoughts of the person, searching one's mind for alternative solutions, arithmetic involving little concentration, problems involving high concentration, and choosing a preferred activity. The latter 3 required verbalization, the former 3 did not. Only suppression and search did not differ significantly from each other on at least one physiological variable. Imagining, suppression, and search yielded few REMs, high alpha, and low HR. High concentration yielded many REMs, low alpha, and high HR. Choice yielded many REMs, low alpha, and intermediate HR. Low concentration yielded few REMs, low alpha, and high HR. Suppression produced somewhat less alpha than imagining but did not differ significantly in REMs.
The Effect of Predictability on Evoked Response Enhancement in Intramodal Selective Attention
Authors: Corby James C. , Kopell Bert S.
Published: February 2007

We investigated the relationship between the attention enhancement of the visual average evoked response (AER) and the S's ability to predict the presentation of the attended stimulus. Twelve students were presented with sequences of two distinct visual stimuli while DC EEG and electro‐oculogram (EOG) were simultaneously recorded. Stimuli were either regularly alternated (predictable) or randomly intermixed (nonpredictable). Verbal instructions directed S's attention and push button response to either one or both of the two stimuli. Interstimulus interval was held constant to permit computer averaging of the AER and the contingent negative variation.

Selective attention enhanced the late positive component of the AER equally in the two conditions of predictability. Thus, it seems that the AER enhancement with intramodal selective attention does not depend on the S's ability to predict the presentation of the attended stimulus or to differentially arouse prior to its presentation. In the high predictability condition, the baseline EEG potential fluctuated with attention such that the AERs to the attended stimuli were negative relative to those to the ignored stimuli.
Effects of Long Term Exposure to Tone Pulse Noise on Human Sleep
Authors: Townsend Richard E. , Johnson Laverne C. , Muzet Alain
Published: February 2007

Electrophysiological and self‐report data were obtained from 10 and 20 Ss, respectively, during 15 days of baseline, 30 days of 24‐hr per day exposure to a 660 msec, 3.5K Hz tone pulse with a 22 sec interstimulus interval (10 days each at 80, 85, and 90 dB), and during a 10‐day post‐exposure period. A self‐reported increase in difficulty falling asleep was not substantiated by objective sleep latency measures. Changes in total hours of sleep, number of awakenings, and percent time for sleep stages were of small magnitude and not consistently related to stimulus intensity. All 10 monitored Ss gave clear EEG and autonomic responses to the stimulus, with no evidence of response extinction over the 30‐day exposure period. There was no change in average all‐night heart rate. Total number of body movements during the night did not change. However, the movements that did occur, tended to be triggered by the stimulus, with most movements closely following the tone pulse. The youth and good health of the Ss, and the 24‐hr per day exposure, favoring rapid adaptation to the stimulus, are suggested to account for the lack of disruption of sleep.
Auditory Feedback and Conditioning of the Single Motor Unit
Authors: Leibrecht Bruce C. , Lloyd Andree J. , Pounder Sadie
Published: February 2007

The effects of direct auditory feedback of the electromyogram (EMG) on learning to control a single motor unit (SMU) were investigated. Seventeen human subjects were injected with bipolar fine‐wire electrodes into the tibialis anterior muscle. A trial light indicated the onset of a trial. If the subject activated an SMU, a correct light appeared. A non‐SMU response was followed by an incorrect light. All subjects received an initial training series with auditory EMG feedback followed by a retest at 2 weeks without EMG feedback. Speed of initial learning was substantially improved by direct EMG feedback. The nature and amount of learning, including the ability to use proprioceptive cues in controlling an SMU, were not affected, nor was retention of learning.
EEG Delta Activity During Human Sleep as a Damped Ultradian Rhythm
Authors: Lubin Aride , Nute Cyril , Naitoh Paul , Martin William B.
Published: February 2007

EEG delta activity during human sleep has a rhythmic pattern resembling a damped sinusoid with a period of about 100 min. Although the REM episodes coincide with the troughs of the delta cycle, the two rhythms are semi‐independent.
Cognitive Factors in Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Grant David A.
Published: February 2007

With instructions not to try to figure out the experiment nor to aid or inhibit their natural responses, Ss report even complex CS‐UCS contingencies quite accurately after most single cue and differential eyelid conditioning experiments. These cognitions, however, are rarely related to the S's conditioning performance. With a less obvious discriminandum, grammaticality of simple adjective‐noun phrases, accuracy of reporting the differential cue was enhanced significantly when high imagery nouns were employed, and Ss unable to report the discriminandum learned no conditioned discrimination. Only those “aware’Ss who gave the V‐form of the eyelid CR topography showed conditioned discrimination that was significantly superior to that of “unaware’Ss. Many kinds of cognitions are conditioned in the eyelid experiments, and awareness of CS‐UCS contingencies may be a necessary but certainly not a sufficient condition for learning to occur. Awareness of CS‐CR contingencies is almost never reported and consequently is unrelated to conditioning performance. In eyelid conditioning, cognitions may be viewed as simply another class of responses that are conditioned. Feedback from other CRs may, or may not, influence the course of conditioning.
Unexpected Effects of Masking: Differential EDR Conditioning Without Relational Learning
Authors: Baer Paul E. , Fuhrer Marcus J.
Published: February 2007

The issue of whether the autonomic activity of intellectually capable human Ss can be differentially conditioned without their knowledge of the CS‐UCS relations is examined. Results from two recent studies are presented showing that differential electrodermal conditioning can be obtained when Ss are distracted from recognition of the CS‐UCS relations by embedding the conditional stimuli in a probability learning task. The characteristics of conditioning with and without awareness of the stimulus relations are described, and evaluated for accord with Razran's (1955) propositions regarding relational learning and “true’ conditioning.
EEG Alpha: Lateral Asymmetry Related to Task, and Hypnotizability
Authors: Morgan Arlene H. , Macdonald Hugh , Hilgard And Ernest R.
Published: February 2007

Occipital EEG alpha (8‐13 Hz) was recorded separately from the right and left hemispheres of 26 right‐handed subjects during analytic (verbal and numerical) tasks, spatial (imagery) tasks, a music task, and a hypnotic susceptibility scale. An alpha laterality score was derived by computing the percent difference in the amplitude of alpha in the two hemispheres. This laterality score was significantly different between the analytic and spatial tasks, and between an eyes‐open baseline and an eyes‐open measurement during hypnotic amnesia. Because the spatial tasks used in this study are considered “easier” than the analytic or music tasks, the role of task difficulty provides some ambiguity in interpretation.

Highly hypnotizable subjects showed significantly more alpha activity (compared to low hypnotizables) in all conditions (both outside hypnosis and within it) except for the eyes‐open baseline and the eyes‐open measurement following the release of amnesia. No differences were found between low‐ and high‐hypnotizables in the laterality measure. This suggests that the lateral asymmetry of alpha is a function of task rather than of any particular cognitive style that may characterize the hypnotically susceptible. That high hypnotizables showed higher amplitudes of alpha, however, suggests that the overall production of alpha may be positively related to the particular cognitive style that characterizes the person who is able to experience hypnotic phenomena.
Visual Evoked Responses (VERs) in Normal and Disabled Readers
Authors: Preston Malcolm S. , Guthrie John T. , Childs Barton
Published: February 2007

The present study investigated the possibility that reading disabled children exhibit abnormal visual evoked responses (VERs). Comparisons were made between a group of disabled children and two control groups of normals, one group matched on age and IQ, and the other on reading level and IQ. VERs were obtained for flashes of light and word stimuli. Results indicated that the reading disabled children showed a significantly smaller amplitude in the negative wave at 180 msec following stimulus onset, for an electrode placed in the region of the left angular gyrus, compared to the two controls. All three groups showed significantly greater negative amplitudes at this latency for the word stimulus compared to the light flash. The results confirm some earlier findings and suggest that a neurological origin of reading disability is likely.
Spectral Evaluation of the Electroencephalogram: Power and Variability in Chronic Schizophrenics and Control Subjects
Authors: Lifshitz Kenneth , Gradijan Jack
Published: February 2007

Selected EEG parameters were evaluated for their ability to discriminate between a group of 30 chronic schizophrenic and 30 control Ss. For each S 150 random EEG segments were collected. The results confirmed that the coefficient of variation of the absolute EEG potential recorded from the occiput is significantly (φ <.03) smaller in schizophrenics than in controls.

The power density spectrum was calculated for each EEG segment. β power was significantly higher in patients, markedly so in the β2 band (34–54 Hz). The possibility of muscle contamination was considered. Coefficients of variation were calculated for the power in EEG frequency bands for each S. The most significant discriminator between schizophrenics and controls, considered to be artifact free, was the coefficient of variation of β1 (18–32 Hz) recorded from an anterior‐posterior electrode pair at the vertex (p <.0005).

Included in the evaluations were: ordering of the EEG segments by delta band power, as an index of arousal; subject age; exposure to medication; and severity of illness.
On the Validity of the Preception Hypothesis
Authors: Lykken D. T. , Tellegen Auke
Published: February 2007

The preception hypothesis holds that when an aversive stimulus is made predictable in time, S may be able to inhibit his arousal response to that stimulus and thus reduce its aversiveness or impact. In response to a paper by Furedy and Klajner, which questions the validity of the preception hypothesis, it is argued that considerable behavioral and autonomic response data seem to support this hypothesis. The present authors, in particular, do not share Furedy and Klajner's view that OR theory developed to explain habituation should also be adopted to account for the findings attributed to preception. On the contrary, preception is proposed to be a distinct process playing a role complementary to that of habituation, more labile and also more effortful in the sense that it requires the involvement of the “second signal system,” while habituation can apparently proceed as a non‐cognitive, automatic process. However, Furedy and Klajner's discussion suggests the fruitfulness of additional investigations to test more decisively differential predictions based on an habituation vs a preception position. Even if accepted the preception mechanism could ultimately be incorporated in an elaborated version of OR theory.
Evoked Potential Tests of Augmenting‐Reducing
Authors: Soskis David A. , Shagass Charles
Published: February 2007

Two evoked potential tests of augmenting‐reducing, using flash and sine wave modulated light stimuli, were administered to 23 normal Ss to determine: a) generalizability between tests; b) short‐term reliability; c) influence of electrooculographic (EOG) activity; d) relationships between perceptual discrimination of stimuli and evoked response measurements; e) correlation between evoked responses, extraversion and neuroticism (Eysenck Personality Inventory). Four months later 11 Ss were retested before and after pilocarpine fixation of the pupil in miosis, to assess long‐term reliability and pupillary factors. Although mean amplitudes of sine and flash responses were significantly positively correlated, correlations between linear slope measures of their intensity‐response functions were low. Both short‐ and long‐term reliability were high for mean amplitudes, but relatively low for most slope measures. Ocular factors, as reflected in EOG and changes with pupillary miosis, appeared to exert relatively little influence on the evoked potential measures of augmenting‐reducing. Subjective perceptual discrimination performance was not correlated with evoked potential measures. Extraversion was correlated with some evoked response augmenting indicators; neuroticism yielded inconsistent results. Generally, results varied with lead placement.
Effects of “Below‐Zero” Habituation on Spontaneous Recovery and Dishabituation of the Orienting Response
Authors: Waters William F. , McDonald David G.
Published: February 2007

Twenty male undergraduate Ss underwent habituation of the skin conductance component of the orienting response to a neutral tone, spontaneous recovery, rehabituation, and dishabituation (habituation, H condition). Another 20 Ss underwent the same procedure, except they received an additional 10 stimulus presentations immediately after initial habituation (extended habituation, EH condition). The EH condition resulted in more (not significant) spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation than did the H condition, indicating that such a “below‐zero” habituation procedure did not strengthen habituation. There were significant differences between the groups in response to a post‐rehabituation buzzer (dishabituating stimulus), and in response to the subsequent re‐presentation of the original tone stimulus (dishabituation), the EH group giving larger responses than the H group. These latter results were seen as consonant with both the Sokolov (1963) and Groves and Thompson (1970) approaches to habituation, and were discussed in that context.
Changes in Mood and Autonomic Functioning During the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Little Betsy Carter , Zahn Theodore P.
Published: February 2007

The autonomic nervous system activity and mood ratings of 12 women were studied 6 days a week for a complete menstrual cycle. The daily procedure consisted of a resting period, a series of 5 mild tones, time estimation (TE), and reaction time (RT) trials, and a final resting period. Significant increase in heart rate (HR), respiration rate, and body temperature, and a significant decrease in resting skin conductance (SC) were found during the luteal phase. During the ovulatory phase there were significant increases in autonomic responsivity, as shown by greater amplitude of SC response in the TE and RT situations as well as in faster SC drop‐rate and greater HR variability. All of these autonomic variability measures coincided with a significant peak in feelings of elation and vigor.

Significant age effects were that older women had higher basal body temperatures, less marked HR variability, and tended to have lower levels of SC, particularly in the luteal phase of the cycle. The results are discussed in terms of the psychophysiological effects of estrogen and progesterone.
Changes of Antero‐Posterior Distribution of CNV and Late Positive Component as a Function of Information Processing Demands
Authors: Poon Leonard W. , Thompson Larry W. , Williams Redford B. , Marsh Gail R.
Published: February 2007

The topographic distribution of the amplitudes of the contingent negative variation (CNV) recorded along the midline at the anterior, central, and posterior regions of the human scalp varied as a function of type of information processing demanded. A parietal‐dominant CNV was found when active problem‐solving behavior was required. A central‐dominant CNV was evident in a disjunctive reaction time task. The results are interpreted as evidence supporting a model of cortical function which predicts shifts in cortical involvement as a function of type of task demands. A late positive component (LPC) of the average evoked potential was also found to vary as a function of stage of learning, recording sites, and an attitudinal dimension measured by Rotter's internal‐external locus of control scale.
The Effects of Changes in Motivation on Alpha Enhancement
Authors: Kondo C. Y. , Travis T. A. , Knott J. R.
Published: February 2007

The effect of varying monetary reinforcement on performance in an occipital alpha enhancement situation was examined. It was found that alpha output was increased with larger rewards but that the changes in performance were not linearly related to size of reward.
Operant Conditioning of Heart Rate: Somatic Correlates
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Galosy Richard A. , Lawler James E. , Gaebelein Claude J. , Howard James L. , Shanks Emily M.
Published: February 2007

The relationships between heart rate (HR) and several parameters of somatic activity were evaluated in human subjects when shuck avoidance was made contingent on either increases or decreases in HR. In order to depict any influence of the contingency specific 10 HR, somatic activity was controlled to varying degrees by instructions and the use of non‐contingent control groups. When increases in HR were reinforced, the contingency we found to influence somatic activity but an effect specific to HR was also observed. When decreases in HR were reinforced, there was no evidence that HR were influenced independently of somatic activity. The result are discussed with respect to several current issues.
The Effect of Artificial Ventilation on Cardiovascular Status and on Heart Rate Conditioning in the Curarized Rat
Authors: Middaugh Susan , Eissenberg Ethel , Brener Jasper
Published: February 2007

The relationship between artificial ventilation, cardiovascular status, and operant conditioning in the curarized rat was investigated in a series of studies. Two respiratory parameters, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and respiratory rate (RR), were sequentially altered in curarized rats while heart rate and variability, and mean blood pressure were recorded. Heart rate increases or decreases were also rewarded in curarized rats ventilated at differing PIP values, 20 cm H2O or 12 cm H2O. Heart rate and variability were also recorded in non‐curarized rats. At PIP 12, heart rate and variability in the curarized rat was very similar to that of the non‐curarized rat. These subjects responded to operant contingencies. Subjects ventilated at PIP 20, however, showed elevated, invariant, and unresponsive heart rates. Ventilation therefore, proved an important determinant of cardiovasculur status and conditionability in the curarized rat. RR was not related to heart rate or variability. Neither PIP nor RR affected blood pressure.
Habituation During Sleeping and Waking
Authors: Johnson L. C. , Townsend R. E. , Wilson M. R.
Published: February 2007

EEG and autonomic habituation were studied during sleep stages 2 and REM. and during awake. Repeated presentations of the same stimulus to the same subjects within sleep stages and when awake permitted evaluation of habituation between tone sets within stag 2, REM, and awake, and from sleep to awake. Forty‐six subjects were exposed to 800 Hz. 75 dB, 1‐ or 2‐sec tones, presented in sets of 20 tones. During steep, there was no habituation of the EEC response. Habituation occurred for both FPR and HRR during stage 2, with no evidence of within‐stage. between tone set habituation. No significant habituation occurred during REM for HRR or FPR. Evoked skin resistance responses were rare during both stage 2 and RKM. In the awake state, HRR was unresponsive but all other variables showed habituation. Tones presented during the night had no effect on the awake response.
Habituation of the Orienting Response in Sleep
Authors: McDonald David G. , Carpenter F. Allen
Published: February 2007

This experiment was designed with stimulus parameters deliberately chosen to maximize the probability of observing habituation of the orienting response (OR) in sleep: weak stimulus, short interstimulas interval. with test for both dishabituation and spontaneous recovery, Habituation of finger plethysmograph. heart rate, skin potential. and skin resistance responses was studied in delta sleep and RKM sleep in 46 male undergraduate volunteers. There was significant habituation of both finger plethysmograph and heart rate responses in both delta and REM sleep, as well as dishabituation and spontaneous recovery. None of these effects was observed in the electrodermal measures. Results were compared with other studies of habituation of the OR in sleep, as well as theories of habituation. The authors do not interpret the results as demonstrating learning during steep.
The Effect of Varying Stimulus Parameters on Judgments of Nociceptive Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Price Kenneth P. , Tursky Bernard
Published: February 2007

The effect of varying duration and increment of step‐increase of electrical stimulation on the reliability and interjudgment predictability of subjective nociceptive judgments (discomfort, pain, and tolerance) was tested. Differences in mA levels for the nociceptive judgments were consistent but small in comparison to the changes in step and duration. Previous findings related to reliability and predictability were confirmed, and the implications of these findings for the use of electrical stimulation as a pain stimulus are discussed.
The Relationship Between Cardiac Activity and Sensory Acuity
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Catania Jeffrey
Published: February 2007

The relationship between cardiac activity and sensory acuity suggested by Lacey and Lacey was tested by recording heart rates of Ss attempting to detect a threshold‐level visual stimulus. Heart rate decelerations during a warning tone preceding the threshold stimulus were found in be greater on hit trials than on miss trials, supporting the suggested relationship.
Tone Intensity and Rise‐Decay Time Effects on Cardiac Responses During Sleep
Authors: Berg W. Keith , Jackson Jan C. , Graham Frances K.
Published: February 2007

If the prolonged orienting response, reflected in monophasic cardiac deceleration, indicates attention to stimulus inputs, it should not be easy to evoke the response during sleep. Two experiments confirmed and extended previous work showing that the heart rate response in sleep is primarily accelerative. Acceleration occurred with low intensity. 1000 Hz tones of gradual onset and even to tone offsets when either tone onsets or offsets also elicited a K‐Complex. In the absense of a K‐complex, there were no significant or consistent changes. Since the accelerative component was present on the first trial, habituation could not account for its appearance. It was concluded that the sleep response probably does not reflect an orienting response.
The Effects of d‐Tubocurarine Chloride and Respiratory Settings on Heart Rate and Blood Gas Composition in the Albino Rat
Authors: Hahn William W. , Schwartz Michael L. , Sapper Herbert V.
Published: February 2007

Twenty albino rats were subjected to four conditions of cururization and respiratory settings. Heart rate, Pco2, Po2, pH, and bicarbonate levels of arterial blood were sampled and analyzed at 30 and 70 min post curare injection. Results indicated that the respiratory settings used and dosage levels of curare produce severe disturbances in biochemical and cardiovascular regulation with severely abnormal states created under some of the most frequently used curare dosages and respiratory settings.
Continuous Biofeedback and Discrete Posttrial Verbal Feedback in Frontalis Muscle Relaxation Training
Authors: Kinsman Robert A. , O'Banion Katy , Robinson Sharon , Staudenmayer Herman
Published: February 2007

During training to relax the frontalis muscle, continuous biofeedback (BF) was compared to discrete verbal feedback (VF) delivered immediately after each trial. Both feedback modalities were based on frontalis electromyographic (EMG) activity. Training consisted of 3 consecutive daily session‐each comprised of 3 baseline (nonfeedback) trials followed by 10 training trials of 128 see. The presence or absence of the two informationally positive feedback modalities were combined factorially to define four training conditions: BF + VF, NO BF + VF, BF + NO VF, and NO BF + NO VF.

Results indicated that while VF alone facilitated muscle relaxation, BF was clearly prepotent ill effecting consistent decreases in EMG activity both across trials and days of training. Additionally, the facilitating effect of BF transferred to nonfeedback trials while VF did not affect performance on nonfeedback trials. Finally, accuracy of self‐evaluations of performance on a trial by trial basis was markedly improved by BF, while VF improved accuracy only for trials having a very large absolute difference between levels of EMG activity. Ss receiving no feedback neither reduced muscle tension during training not were able to evaluate their performance accurately even when large absolute differences occurred between trials in frontalis EMG activity.
The Psychological Control of Preoperative Anxiety
Authors: Williams James G. L. , Jones John R. , Workhoven M. Nicholas , Williams Barbara
Published: February 2007

Forty healthy volunteer hospital patients who had been admitted For therapeutic abortions were given anxiety scale questionnaires during the afternoon of the day before operation. That evening. the anesthesiologist conducted either a “cursory” (brief and minimally informative) or “supportive” (long and relatively) informative with maximal rapport) preoperative interview. The following morning the Skin Conductance Anxiety Test (SCAT), a physiological measure of anxiety level, was carried out as part of the induction procedure on the non‐premedicated patients. The random order determining the type of interview was known only to the anesthesiologist and no scoring was carried out until after the conclusion of all testing.

The investigation showed that highly anxious patients had their anxiety level significantly reduced by both cursory and supportive interviews, while the relatively non‐anxious patients had their anxiety levels significantly increased by cursory interviews. It was again demonstrated that the level of anxiety is a determinant of the amount of thiopental sodium required for induction.
The Cardiovascular‐Behavioral Interaction—As It Appears Today
Authors: Obrist Paul A.
Published: February 2007

Research is reviewed concerning the interrelationships among cardiodynamics, blood pressure control mechanisms, somatic activity, and the stimulus parameter of active vs passive coping. Emerging evidence suggests that with passive coping such as classical aversive conditioning, the heart is more under vagal control which is directionally linked with somatic activity, while blood pressure is more dominated by vascular processes. With active coping such as shock avoidance, the heart is under greater sympathetic control which is directionally independent of concomitant somatic activity, while cardiac influences on blood pressure become more dominant. Several current psycho physiological issues are discussed including the possible significance of these effects for cardiovascular disease processes.
Instrumental Control of Peripheral Vasomotor Responses in Children
Authors: Lynch Wesley C. , Hama Haruyo , Kohn Sorel , Miller Neal E.
Published: February 2007

In two experiments children acquired instrumental control over skin temperature with the aid visual feedback. In Experiment 1,3 out of 4 children learned to control the temperature difference their two hands. In Experiment 2. one of these children acquired significant control of the difference between two fingers of one hand. Such highly specific responses apparently reflect direct instrumental modification of the vasomotor system since generalized effects due to muscular tension or respiration could he ruled out.
An Analysis of the Error Inherent in Estimating Heart Rate From Carcliotachometer Records
Authors: Thorne Phillip R. , Engel Bernard T. , Holmblad John B.
Published: February 2007

This paper discusses the inherent discrepancy between the mean heart rate computed from a series of cardiotachometer data points and the true average heart rate. A mathematical proof that the mean cardiotachometer rate always exceeds the true when individual beats are sampled in the presence of variability is given. Examples which illustrate the magnitude of the discrepancy also are presented.
Heart Rate Regulation as Skill Learning: Strength‐Endurance versus Cardiac Reaction Time
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. , Young Larry D. , Volger Jim
Published: February 2007

Fleishman's (1966) model of complex motor skill learning is applied to viscera) self‐regulation. Five different underlying abilities are illustrated: strength, endurance, steadiness, control precision, and reaction time. In the experiment, 16 subjects were pre and post tested with instructions alone for degree of cardiac Strength and Endurance control (SE) (maximally increase or decrease heart rate and sustain it for a minute) and degree of cardiac Reaction Time control (RT) (produce a small, 3 sec burst of increased or decreased heart rate as quickly as possible to the onset of a trial). All subjects received heart rate biofeedback during training, but half practiced SE while the other practiced RT. It was predicted that cardiac learning would be specific to the skill practiced during biofeedback, with little transfer to the other task. The data indicated that SE training led to improved SE control (30%) accompanied by a slight decrement in RT control (‐5%). Conversely, RT training led to markedly improved RT control (120%)H accompanied by a small decrement in SE control(18%). The value of conceptualizing complex visceral skills as reflecting learned patterns of underlying neurophysiological abilities is illustrated.
An Economical Multichannel Programming Unit For Use With Magnetic Tape
Authors: Yonovitz A. , Mitchfll Charles
Published: February 2007

Quite often psychological experiments or clinical treatments of patients could benefit from automation. This article describes a simple, economical, multichannel programming apparatus that will efficiently control several devices in a temporal sequence. The unit will provide frequency multiplexed tone encoding and decoding on a single channel of magnetic tape.
Tonic and Phasic Relationships Between Heart Rate and Somato‐motor Activity in Monkeys
Authors: Eggel Bernard T. , Gottlieb Sheldon H. , Hayhurst Viola F.
Published: February 2007

Heart rate (HR) and somato‐motor activity were measured in monkeys (Macaca mulatto) during sessions when the animals were operantly conditioned to slow and to speed HR. Tonic (baseline) levels of HR were independent of somato‐motor activity. Phasic changes of HR during conditioning were variably coupled with phasic chants in activity. The discriminative cues which signaled the operant contingencies reliably elicited cardiac operants and somato‐motor responses. Monotonic trends in cardiac phasic activity generally were independent of phasic responses in somato‐motor activity. Short term phasic responses in HR often were correlated with short term phasic responses in somato‐motor responses. The findings indicate that the relationship of HR to somato‐motor activity) depends upon temporal adjustments within given conditions and stages of training, and upon particular adjustments within each animal. The main conclusion of this study is that HR and somato‐motor activity are variably coupled hut that conditioned HR responses are not necessarily caused by somato‐motor responses.