bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress Ultrasound Evaluation of Medial Elbow Instability in a Cadaveric Model
Authors: Ciccotti Michael C. , Hammoud Sommer , Dodson Christopher C. , Cohen Steven B. , Nazarian Levon N. , Ciccotti Michael G.
Published: August 2014

Background:

An injury of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is potentially career threatening for elite overhead-throwing athletes. Stress ultrasonography (SUS) allows for a rapid, cost-effective, and noninvasive evaluation of the UCL and elbow joint both at rest and with applied stress.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

To determine the amount of cadaveric elbow valgus gapping with sequential sectioning of medial elbow structures as measured by SUS. It was hypothesized that the greatest increase in ulnohumeral joint gapping would be noted with release of the anterior bundle of the UCL.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Twelve cadaveric elbows were divided into 2 groups and dissected in reverse sequences under the direct supervision of an experienced orthopaedic surgeon. Baseline ultrasound and SUS with applied valgus loads were performed by an experienced radiologist. A valgus load was applied at each sectioning interval using a standardized device. Ulnohumeral joint gapping in millimeters was measured by SUS for each step as the width of the medial joint from the trochlea to the sublime tubercle. The mean increases in joint gapping (Δ) between each step were calculated to quantify the additional gapping achieved with release of each sequential stabilizer.

Results:

Release of the anterior band of the anterior bundle resulted in a mean Δ of 2.0 mm (95% CI, 1.1-2.8 mm). Release of the posterior band of the anterior bundle resulted in a mean Δ of 1.4 mm (95% CI, 0.6-2.2 mm). Release of the entire anterior bundle caused a mean increase in ulnohumeral valgus joint gapping of 3.4 mm (95% CI, 2.4-4.3 mm). Release of the remaining individual structures each resulted in a mean increase in valgus joint gapping of ≤0.8 mm.

Conclusion:

The results of the current cadaveric study suggest that different amounts of gapping are seen on SUS with sectioning of the medial elbow stabilizers. The hypothesis was confirmed with release of the anterior bundle of the UCL resulting in the greatest increase in joint gapping as measured by SUS.

Clinical Relevance:

This study illustrates that SUS can identify the contributions of each anatomic portion of the UCL and the flexor-pronator mass to ulnohumeral joint stability in a cadaveric model.
The role of non-governmental organizations in residential solid waste management: A case study of Puducherry, a coastal city of India
Authors: Rajamanikam Ramamoorthy , Poyyamoli Gopalsamy , Kumar Sunil , R Lekshmi
Published: August 2014

Poorly planned and uncontrolled urbanization in India has caused a variety of negative, often irreversible, environmental impacts. The impacts appear to be unavoidable and not easily mitigable due to the mounting public health problems caused by non-segregation of solid wastes at source and their subsequent improper management. Recently in India, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other civil society organizations have increasingly started to get involved in improving waste management services. Municipal solid waste management being a governmental function, the contribution of NGOs in this field has not been well documented. This study highlights the activities and services of Shuddham, an NGO functioning in the town of Puducherry within the Union Territory of Puducherry in South India. The NGO program promoted much needed awareness and education, encouraged source separation, enhanced door-to-door collection, utilized wastes as raw materials and generated more job opportunities. Even though source separation prior to door-to-door collection is a relatively new concept, a significant percentage of residents (39%) in the study area participated fully, while a further 48% participated in the collection service. The average amount of municipal solid waste generated by residential units in the Raj Bhavan ward was 8582 kg/month of which 47% was recovered through active recycling and composting practices. The study describes the features and performance of NGO-mediated solid waste management, and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats of this system to see whether this model can sustainably replace the low-performance conventional solid waste management in practice in the town of Puducherry. The experiences from this case study are expected to provide broad guidelines to better understand the role of NGOs and their contributions towards sustainable waste management practices in urban areas.
Anti-C1q antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Orbai A-M , Truedsson L , Sturfelt G , Nived O , Fang H , Alarcón G S , Gordon C , Merrill JT , Fortin P R , Bruce I N , Isenberg D A , Wallace D J , Ramsey-Goldman R , Bae S-C , Hanly J G , Sanchez-Guerrero J , Clarke A E , Aranow C B , Manzi S , Urowitz M B , Gladman D D , Kalunian K C , Costner M I , Werth V P , Zoma A , Bernatsky S , Ruiz-Irastorza G , Khamashta M A , Jacobsen S , Buyon J P , Maddison P , Dooley M A , Van Vollenhoven R F , Ginzler E , Stoll T , Peschken C , Jorizzo J L , Callen J P , Lim S S , Fessler B J , Inanc M , Kamen D L , Rahman A , Steinsson K , Franks A G , Sigler L , Hameed S , Pham N , Brey R , Weisman M H , McGwin G , Magder L S , Petri M
Published: August 2014

Objective

Anti-C1q has been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis in previous studies. We studied anti-C1q specificity for SLE (vs rheumatic disease controls) and the association with SLE manifestations in an international multicenter study.

Methods

Information and blood samples were obtained in a cross-sectional study from patients with SLE ( n = 308) and other rheumatologic diseases ( n = 389) from 25 clinical sites (84% female, 68% Caucasian, 17% African descent, 8% Asian, 7% other). IgG anti-C1q against the collagen-like region was measured by ELISA.

Results

Prevalence of anti-C1q was 28% (86/308) in patients with SLE and 13% (49/389) in controls (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.8–4, p < 0.001). Anti-C1q was associated with proteinuria (OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.7–5.1, p < 0.001), red cell casts (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.2–5.4, p = 0.015), anti-dsDNA (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.9–6.1, p < 0.001) and anti-Smith (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.5–5.0, p = 0.01). Anti-C1q was independently associated with renal involvement after adjustment for demographics, ANA, anti-dsDNA and low complement (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3–4.2, p < 0.01). Simultaneously positive anti-C1q, anti-dsDNA and low complement was strongly associated with renal involvement (OR = 14.9, 95% CI: 5.8–38.4, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Anti-C1q was more common in patients with SLE and those of Asian race/ethnicity. We confirmed a significant association of anti-C1q with renal involvement, independent of demographics and other serologies. Anti-C1q in combination with anti-dsDNA and low complement was the strongest serological association with renal involvement. These data support the usefulness of anti-C1q in SLE, especially in lupus nephritis.
Sample size determinations for group-based randomized clinical trials with different levels of data hierarchy between experimental and control arms
Authors: Heo Moonseong , Litwin Alain H. , Blackstock Oni , Kim Namhee , Arnsten Julia H.
Published: August 2014

We derived sample size formulae for detecting main effects in group-based randomized clinical trials with different levels of data hierarchy between experimental and control arms. Such designs are necessary when experimental interventions need to be administered to groups of subjects whereas control conditions need to be administered to individual subjects. This type of trial, often referred to as a partially nested or partially clustered design, has been implemented for management of chronic diseases such as diabetes and is beginning to emerge more commonly in wider clinical settings. Depending on the research setting, the level of hierarchy of data structure for the experimental arm can be three or two, whereas that for the control arm is two or one. Such different levels of data hierarchy assume correlation structures of outcomes that are different between arms, regardless of whether research settings require two or three level data structure for the experimental arm. Therefore, the different correlations should be taken into account for statistical modeling and for sample size determinations. To this end, we considered mixed-effects linear models with different correlation structures between experimental and control arms to theoretically derive and empirically validate the sample size formulae with simulation studies.
Variational analysis of cracked general cross-ply laminates under bending and biaxial extension
Authors: Hajikazemi Mohammad , Sadr Mohammad H , Talreja Ramesh
Published: August 2014

In the current study, a variational model is developed for predicting stress transfer due to ply cracking in general cross-ply laminates subject to out-of-plane bending and biaxial in-plane loading. The model is valid for multiple ply laminates that can be nonsymmetric. Using the principle of minimum complementary energy, an optimal admissible stress field is derived that satisfies equilibrium, boundary, and traction continuity conditions. Natural boundary conditions are derived from the variational principle to overcome the limitations of the existing variational methods on the analysis of cracked general cross-ply laminates. Comparing laminates of glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy with the available finite element results shows that stress components are in very good accordance with the analytical results. It is also shown that the existing variational models are specific cases of the current formulation. In the next step, the obtained stress field is used in conjunction with the principle of minimum complementary energy to get the effective stiffness modulus of a cracked general cross-ply laminate. It is indicated that the method provides a lower bound for the stiffness modulus of a cracked laminate.
The Archaeology of Research Practices
Authors: Shaw Ian F.
Published: August 2014

From Foucault’s understanding of discursive forms, I suggest a hitherto little-recognized archival framework for understanding disparate but related objects, statements, and themes in social work research practices at Chicago in the third and fourth decades of the last century. Viewing these as surrounding and overhanging present practices, I detect from archival sources distinctions between methodology as professional model (research practices as taught), research practices as selective accountability and claims-making (reporting to funders), methodology as reported practice (monographs), and research practices in their relation to a vision for social service and reform. I suggest how the archive unsettles rhetorical ways of deploying visions for social work and applied research, and for the relationship between social work and sociology.
The Explanatory Role of Relationship Power and Control in Domestic Violence Against Women in Nicaragua
Authors: Grose Rose Grace , Grabe Shelly
Published: August 2014

This study offers a feminist psychology analysis of various aspects of relationship power and control and their relative explanatory contribution to understanding physical, psychological, and sexual violence against women. Findings from structured interviews with 345 women from rural Nicaragua ( Mage = 44) overwhelmingly demonstrate that measures of power and control reflecting interpersonal relationship dynamics have the strongest predictive power for explaining violence when compared in multivariate analyses to several of the more commonly used measures. These findings have implications for future research and the evaluation of interventions designed to decrease levels of violence against women.
A New Look at Social Support
Authors: Feeney Brooke C. , Collins Nancy L.
Published: August 2014

Close and caring relationships are undeniably linked to health and well-being at all stages in the life span. Yet the specific pathways through which close relationships promote optimal well-being are not well understood. In this article, we present a model of thriving through relationships to provide a theoretical foundation for identifying the specific interpersonal processes that underlie the effects of close relationships on thriving. This model highlights two life contexts through which people may potentially thrive (coping successfully with life’s adversities and actively pursuing life opportunities for growth and development), it proposes two relational support functions that are fundamental to the experience of thriving in each life context, and it identifies mediators through which relational support is likely to have long-term effects on thriving. This perspective highlights the need for researchers to take a new look at social support by conceptualizing it as an interpersonal process with a focus on thriving.
Who Are Those Guys? Constructing the Oilfield’s New Dominant Masculinity
Authors: Filteau Matthew R.
Published: August 2014

Slippages between dominant-nonhegemonic masculinities and hegemonic masculinities obscure and confuse the importance of these masculinities for understanding the hierarchal gender order. This article uses in-depth interviews ( N = 22) with oilfield workers, and observations at drilling sites to clarify how men can construct a socially dominant-nonhegemonic masculinity and subordinate a previously hegemonic masculinity. This study shows how a recursive relationship between industry and organizational safety policies enable men to construct a new dominant masculinity predicated on safety at work, while socially dominant men remain complicit with hegemonic masculinity in the domestic sphere. The discussion underscores the importance of distinguishing between dominant-nonhegemonic and hegemonic masculinities, which promotes our understanding of the hierarchal relationship among masculinities, femininities, and the struggle for gender dominance.
Fracturing interwoven heteronormativities in Malaysian Malay-Muslim masculinity: A research note
Authors: Goh Joseph N
Published: August 2014

My aim in this article is to problematise the heteronormalised interlacings of citizenship, ethnicity, masculinity, ascendancy, morality, matrimony and religion among Malaysian Malay-Muslim men through queer analyses. The civil partnership of Malaysian Ariff Alfian Rosli caused considerable tumult among many Malay-Muslims in Malaysia, dislodging an entrenched image of heteronormative masculinity. I argue that Ariff’s resoluteness in faith has irrevocably fractured heteronormative familiarities and opened up new avenues for a reconsideration of Syariah legalities on sexuality for non-heteronormative Malaysian Malay-Muslim men.
Leftist vs. (neo)liberal scripts for the (media) future: Enzensberger’s ‘Constituents of a theory of the media’
Authors: Túry György
Published: August 2014

In the article I attempt to present a genealogy of the neoliberal, postmodern media present through an analysis of some of the past forces that created it, providing a context that reassesses certain traditions of Cultural Studies. I claim that Enzensberger’s 1970 essay ‘Constituents of a theory of the media’ serves that purpose: written at the threshold of the postmodern age, and describing the socialist/left vs. (neo)liberal alternatives, it helps us understand our 21st-century ‘media/culture’ present. Accordingly, the article is partly a rereading and critique of the essay, and partly a reflection on the present. While in 1970 Enzensberger analyses the contemporary (via critiquing Lukács’s theory of culture, McLuhan’s media theory and the left of 1968) and that which is likely to come, what I attempt to do now is to better understand our present through his observations and ideas.
Blogging Back then: Annotative journalism in I.F. Stone’s Weekly and Talking Points Memo
Authors: Graves Lucas
Published: August 2014

This article develops the concept of ‘annotative journalism’ through a close review of two muckraking investigations, 50 years apart, by the newsletter I.F. Stone’s Weekly and the website Talking Points Memo. These cases stand out in hindsight as investigative coups, though neither relied on the tools we associate with that kind of journalism: anonymous sources, secret documents, and so on. Instead, both investigations proceeded mainly through the analysis of published texts, in particular news reports, in light of a wider media and political critique. Annotative journalism unsettles core practices and assumptions of objective reporting. It rejects narrative coherence in favor of a set of critical textual practices, revealing reporting routines to the reader and building explicit arguments from and about the work of other journalists. And it troubles the professional distinction between reporting and opinion; these ‘scoops’ came through, not in spite of, the politics of the journalists who worked on them.
The Hijab Effect: An exploratory study of the influence of hijab and religiosity on perceived attractiveness of Muslim women in the United States and the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Pasha-Zaidi Nausheen
Published: August 2014

The “Halo Effect” suggests that people impart positive traits to others based on initial impressions of characteristics such as physical attractiveness. In Muslim communities, this phenomenon may be extrapolated to the positive evaluation of women who wear the Islamic headscarf (or hijab). The present study focuses on the “Hijab Effect” and its impact on the relationship between Islamic religiosity and perceived attractiveness. South Asian Muslim women living in the United States and the United Arab Emirates were surveyed. Hijabis rated themselves as more religious than nonhijabis. Additionally, Muslim women, regardless of their personal hijab status, rated hijabis as more attractive than nonhijabis. Results further indicated that religiosity, controlling for personal hijab status, did not have an independent influence on perceptions of hijabis in either the United States or the United Arab Emirates. However, in the United Arab Emirates, women who were more religious did rate nonhijabis as less attractive. Discussion of the analysis focuses on the possible factors involved in the complex relationship between Muslim women and the hijab.
Climate change, intergenerational equity and the social discount rate
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: August 2014

Climate change is projected to have very severe impacts on future generations. Given this, any adequate response to it has to consider the nature of our obligations to future generations. This paper seeks to do that and to relate this to the way that inter-generational justice is often framed by economic analyses of climate change. To do this the paper considers three kinds of considerations that, it has been argued, should guide the kinds of actions that one generation should take if it is to treat both current and future people equitably. In particular it examines the case for what has been termed pure time discounting, growth discounting and opportunity cost discounting; and it assesses their implications for climate policy. It argues that none of these support the claims of those who think they give us reason to delay aggressive mitigation policies. It also finds, however, that the second kind of argument can, in certain circumstances, provide support for passing on some of the costs of mitigation to future generations.
Religious and citizenship education in Belgium/Flanders: Suggestions for the future
Authors: Franken Leni
Published: August 2014

In Belgium (Flanders), citizenship education is one of the cross-curricular achievements, but it is not scheduled as a separate school subject. Alternatively, citizenship education is integrated in diverse school subjects and particularly in the religious education classes. However, with this didactical approach, two problems arise. First, attention to liberal, democratic values is not always given in a sufficient, convincing way and is often dependent on the teacher staff’s efforts and goodwill. Second – and more important –, religious education in Belgium is organized by the independent religious instances of the recognized religions and not by the state. As a result, religious education teachers are often responsible for citizenship education, without supervision of the state. Not surprisingly, the aims of citizenship education are not always reached and Flanders scores below the European average with regard to citizenship education. In order to improve this situation, this article recommends a new, obligatory, non-confessional subject about (and not into) religion, where attention is given to religious diversity, ethics, philosophy and citizenship education. For pragmatic reasons, an immediate introduction of this subject would be impossible, but a gradual and profound change is recommended.
Data mining–based intelligent fault diagnostics for integrated system health management to avionics
Authors: Xu Jiuping , Sun Kai , Xu Lei
Published: August 2014

Space avionics are the essential capabilities of a spacecraft that guarantee space flight safety and mission success. One of the most important elements developed to deal with the health of the space avionics is the integrated system health management. Fault diagnostics, a safety-critical process in the integrated system health management, has become more complex as the number of avionics systems within the spacecraft has grown, so failure data are now multidimensional, often incomplete, and have cumulatively acquired uncertainties. Therefore, an accurate fault diagnostics model is needed to handle these types of data and ensure information is adequately adapted and efficiently updated. To date, there has been little research focused on efficient and effective space avionics fault diagnostics. This article presents a novel integrated system health management–oriented intelligent diagnostics methodology based on data mining. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the methodology, which demonstrates the significant benefits of data mining for the efficient processing of massive, incomplete data, and the ability of using a robust diagnostic Bayesian network to identify faults with uncertainty in a dynamic environment. The combined approach shows how some limitations can be overcome with an improved diagnostic performance. For application, sensory information must initially be discretized to Boolean values. Data mining is then used to mine for useful association rules and to learn the dynamic Bayesian network structure. After parameter training, the diagnostics is conducted. This methodology can be applied to systems of varying sizes and is flexible enough to accommodate other efficient diagnostic methods.
Extensively Expanded Auricular Chondrocytes Form Neocartilage In Vivo
Authors: Tseng Alan , Pomerantseva Irina , Cronce Michael J. , Kimura Anya M. , Neville Craig M. , Randolph Mark A. , Vacanti Joseph P. , Sundback Cathryn A.
Published: August 2014

Objective

Our goal was to engineer cartilage in vivo using auricular chondrocytes that underwent clinically relevant expansion and using methodologies that could be easily translated into health care practice.

Design

Sheep and human chondrocytes were isolated from auricular cartilage biopsies and expanded in vitro. To reverse dedifferentiation, expanded cells were either mixed with cryopreserved P0 chondrocytes at the time of seeding onto porous collagen scaffolds or proliferated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). After 2-week in vitro incubation, seeded scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 6 weeks. The neocartilage quality was evaluated histologically; DNA and glycosaminoglycans were quantified. Cell proliferation rates and collagen gene expression profiles were assessed.

Results

Clinically sufficient over 500-fold chondrocyte expansion was achieved at passage 3 (P3); cell dedifferentiation was confirmed by the simultaneous COL1A1/3A1 gene upregulation and COL2A1 downregulation. The chondrogenic phenotype of sheep but not human P3 cells was rescued by addition of cryopreserved P0 chondrocytes. With bFGF supplementation, chondrocytes achieved clinically sufficient expansion at P2; COL2A1 expression was not rescued but COL1A1/3A1genes were downregulated. Although bFGF failed to rescue COL2A1 expression during chondrocyte expansion in vitro, elastic neocartilage with obvious collagen II expression was observed on porous collagen scaffolds after implantation in mice for 6 weeks.

Conclusions

Both animal and human auricular chondrocytes expanded with low-concentration bFGF supplementation formed high-quality elastic neocartilage on porous collagen scaffolds in vivo.
The Healthy College Student
Authors: O’Connell Virginia Adams
Published: August 2014

Studies on the impact of health behaviors on morbidity often focus on the limited impact of a single behavior or a limited group of behaviors. In this study, we examine college student behaviors and investigate the link of these behaviors with a 2-week illness profile. Through self-reported surveys, we measure acute illness and a general illness burden, a cumulative measure of major and minor ailments. We explore how daily routines correlate with these illness measures. Eighty-four students from a random sample of 90 students attending a small liberal arts school completed the survey for a response rate of 93%. Living arrangements, exercise, sleep patterns, eating preferences and habits, and “social” behaviors were all significantly associated with illness burden. Students living in “singles” and those who got regular exercise and an average of 7 hr of sleep per night reported less illness. Most interesting is the effect of social behaviors. Students who greet others with a handshake reported higher illness rates, as did students who share food and/or drinks. While we can conceptualize why these behaviors would lead to a greater illness burden, students who engaged more frequently in these behaviors also reported being “happier.” In trying to reduce illness among college students, we might suggest less handshaking and food and beverage sharing, but these actions are ways in which college students express and maintain friendships. College administrators are challenged to discover ways to reduce illness while maintaining the positive aspects of local student culture. This study begins to explore some ways to balance health and camaraderie.
Caring for Patients With Intractable Neurological Diseases
Authors: Nagase Masako , Takaya Mayumi , Uzawa Kumiko , Aoki Kiyoko , Hino Keiko
Published: August 2014

This is a qualitative descriptive study examining nurses’ attitudes about caring for patients with intractable neurological diseases, with a focus on dedication and conflicts. Semistructured interviews were conducted on 11 nurses with more than 5 years of clinical experience in addition to more than 3 years of experience in neurology wards. Senior nursing officers from each hospital selected the participants. In general, these nurses expressed distress over the inevitable progression of disease. Nurses talked about the “basis of dedication,” “conflicts with dedication,” “reorganization for maintaining dedication,” and “the reason for the change from conflict to commitment.” “Reorganization for maintaining dedication” meant that nurses were able to handle the prospect of rededicating themselves to their patients. Furthermore, “the reason for the change from conflict to commitment” referred to events that changed nurses’ outlooks on nursing care, their pride as nurses, or their learning experiences. They felt dedicated and conflicted both simultaneously and separately. While committing to their patients’ physical care, nurses were empowered to think positively and treat patients with dignity in spite of the care taking much time and effort, as well as entailing considerable risk.
Influence of lattice thermal conductivity on thermal convection with strongly temperature-dependent viscosity
Authors: Yanagawa Tomohiko K. B. , Nakada Masao , Yuen David A.
Published: August 2014

To examine the effects of temperature-dependent lattice thermal conductivity (lattice-k) on the thermal convection with a temperature-dependent viscous fluid, particularly on the upper thermal boundary layer, we have studied numerically 2-D thermal convective flows with both constant thermal conductivity (constant-k) and lattice-k models. Numerical experiments with large viscosity contrasts, greater than a million, produce a cooler and thinner upper thermal boundary layer for the lattice-k compared with those for the constant-k, implying that thermal convection with lattice-k produces a much sharper boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The differences between the constant-k and lattice-k can be reasonably explained by the following two causes: (i) the decreasing lattice-k with depth increases an effective Rayleigh number around the bottom of the thermal boundary layer, and (ii) the distribution of lattice-k and uniform vertical heat flux within the thermal boundary layer determine the temperature distribution. The predicted sharper boundary, i.e. sharper vertical viscosity gradient near the bottom of the lithosphere, may play an important role on controlling the amount of lithospheric deformation associated with the downwelling.
The terdiurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Wuhan (30°N, 114°E)
Authors: Zhao Guangxin , Liu Libo , Ning Baiqi , Wan Weixing , Xiong Jiangang
Published: August 2014

Winds measured by an all-sky meteor radar have been used to investigate the terdiurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region overWuhan (30.6°N, 114.4°E). We present a climatology of the terdiurnal tide at low-mid latitude site during the period of April 2002 to December 2004. The terdiurnal peak is distinct in the long-term power spectrum of the wind. The monthly and seasonal mean maximum amplitudes have values of 7 m/s and 5 m/s, respectively. The short-term amplitudes can occasionally reach up to 30 m/s, and at times the terdiurnal tide is as large as the diurnal and semidiurnal ones. It seems that the meridional component is more regular than the zonal one. An obvious annual variation is observed in the meridional phases with a phase leading in winter than that in summer. The annual variation for the terdiurnal tidal amplitude is not obvious, and is variable from year to year in our observations. This seasonal trend is slightly different from earlier studies at other locations.
Multi-fault system of the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake and its aftershocks
Authors: Sakai Shin’ichi , Hirata Naoshi , Kato Aitaro , Kurashimo Eiji , Iwasaki Takaya , Kanazawa Toshihiko
Published: August 2014

A seismic network was deployed the day after the main shock of the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake to determine the major source faults responsible for the main shock and large aftershocks. Using the high-resolution seismic data for five days, three major source faults were identified: two parallel faults dipping steeply to the west located 5 km apart, and another dipping eastward and oriented perpendicular to the west-dipping faults. Strong lateral changes in the velocity of the source area resulted in the locations of the epicenters determined in this study being located approximately 4.3 km west-north-west of those reported by the JMA routine catalogue. The strong heterogeneity of the crust is related to the complex geological and tectonic evolution of the area and therefore the relatively large aftershocks followed around the main shock. This is considered to be responsible for the prominent aftershock activity following the 2004 Niigata event.
Shear-induced material transfer across the core-mantle boundary aided by the post-perovskite phase transition
Authors: Petford Nick , Yuen Dave , Rushmer Tracy , Brodholt John , Stackhouse Stephen
Published: August 2014

We present a novel mechanical model for the extraction of outer core material upwards across the CMB into the mantle side region of D” and subsequent interaction with the post-perovskite (ppv) phase transition. A strong requirement of the model is that the D” region behaves as a poro-viscoelastic granular material with dilatant properties. Using new ab-initio estimates of the ppv shear modulus, we show how shear-enhanced dilation promoted by downwelling mantle sets up an instability that drives local fluid flow. If loading rates locally exceed c. 10−12 s−1, calculated core metal upwelling rates are >10−4 m/s, far in excess of previous estimates based on static percolation or capillary flow. Associated mass flux rates are sufficient to deliver 0.5% outer core mass to D” in < 106 yr, provided the minimum required loading rate is maintained. Core metal transported upwards into D” may cause local rapid changes in electrical and thermal conductivity and rheology that if preserved, may account for some of the observed small wavelength heterogeneties (e.g. PKP scattering) there.
Can we estimate total magnetization directions from aeromagnetic data using Helbig’s integrals?
Authors: Phillips Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2014

An algorithm that implements Helbig’s (1963) integrals for estimating the vector components (m
x, m
y, m
z) of the magnetic dipole moment from the first order moments of the vector magnetic field components (ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ) is tested on real and synthetic data. After a grid of total field aeromagnetic data is converted to vector component grids using Fourier filtering, Helbig’s infinite integrals are evaluated as finite integrals in small moving windows using a quadrature algorithm based on the 2-D trapezoidal rule. Prior to integration, best-fit planar surfaces must be removed from the component data within the data windows in order to make the results independent of the coordinate system origin. Two different approaches are described for interpreting the results of the integration. In the “direct” method, results from pairs of different window sizes are compared to identify grid nodes where the angular difference between solutions is small. These solutions provide valid estimates of total magnetization directions for compact sources such as spheres or dipoles, but not for horizontally elongated or 2-D sources. In the “indirect” method, which is more forgiving of source geometry, results of the quadrature analysis are scanned for solutions that are parallel to a specified total magnetization direction.
Izu detachment hypothesis: A proposal of a unified cause for the Miyake-Kozu event and the Tokai slow event
Authors: Seno Tetsuzo
Published: August 2014

Based on the fact that interseismic deformation of collision zones is generally described by slip along a detachment at depth, I attempt to interpret the deformation of the Izu collision zone in terms of a detachment model. The systematic deviation of the GPS velocities of the Izu Peninsula (Nov. 1998–June 2000) from the Philippine Sea-Eurasian relative plate motions is fitted by the slip on the detachment at a depth of 15–20 km with a rate of 3 cm/yr. On June 26, 2000, seismo-magmatic activity that started near Miyakejima expanded NW by 20 km close to Kozushima in association with dike intrusion over a few months. The horizontal movements associated with this event, however, spread over wide areas in central Honshu. Simple dike intrusion models cannot explain these movements. To explain these, I hypothesize that a 20 cm of rapid slip occurred on the detachment at the time of this event. The abnormal crustal movements in the Tokai-central Honshu-Kanto region then started after the event. I propose that they represent delayed diffusive transfer of the slip on the detachment over surrounding low viscosity layers, such as nearby rupture zones of great earthquakes.
Ionospheric and induced field leakage in geomagnetic field models, and derivation of candidate models for DGRF 1995 and DGRF 2000
Authors: Olsen Nils , Lowes Frank , Sabaka Terence J.
Published: August 2014

As part of the 9th generation of the IGRF defined by IAGA, we proposed a candidate model for DGRF 1995 and two candidate models for DGRF 2000. These candidate models, the derivation of which is described in the present note, are based on the “Comprehensive Model, Version 4 (CM4)”, and on the “Ørsted Main and Secular Variation Model (OSVM)”; two parent models that have been published elsewhere (Olsen, 2002; Sabaka et al., 2004; Lowes and Olsen, 2004). However, the main field part of OSVM is contaminated by “leakage” of the ionospheric field and its induced counterpart, which affects mainly the zonal coefficients g
1
0
, g
3
0
, …, by 1–2 nT. We describe the reason for this contamination, and present a method to correct for it. Since not only OSVM, but probably all main field models that are derived primarily from data around local midnight suffer from this effect, the presented scheme can also be applied to approximately correct these models.
Coseismic and postseismic surface displacements of the 10 December 2003 (MW 6.5) Chengkung, eastern Taiwan, earthquake
Authors: Chen Horng-Yue , Yu Shui-Beih , Kuo Long-Chen , Liu Chi-Ching
Published: August 2014

The MW 6.5 Chengkung earthquake occurred in eastern Taiwan at 04:38 UTC on 10 December 2003. The GPS data from eighteen continuously recording stations (CORS) and 86 campaign-surveyed stations (CSS) collected 18 days to 9 months before and 6 days to 4 months after the main shock are utilized to analyze the coseismic and postseismic deformation associated with the Chengkung earthquake. The earthquake resulted from rupturing of the Chihshang fault, a 25-km-long segment of the Longitudinal Valley Fault (LVF). The coseismic horizontal displacements in the hanging wall showed a fan-shape distribution with vectors towards the west. On the other hand, the movements of the revealed a mirror fan-shape with relatively lesser amounts of displacement. The largest coseismic displacement, which reached 126 mm and 263 mm in the horizontal and vertical components, occurred near the epicenter area in the hanging wall. The largest postseismic displacements in 109 days, which approached 59 mm and 68 mm in the horizontal and vertical components, occurred near the surface trace of the Chihshang fault (TAPO) and near the epicenter area (CHEN), respectively. The stations near the Chihshang fault indicated a more significant postseismic displacement than coseismic one.
Mn−Cr ages of Fe-rich olivine in two Rumuruti (R) chondrites
Authors: Sugiura Naoji , Miyazaki Akiko
Published: August 2014

Mn−Cr systematics in olivine of two Rumuruti (R) chondrites was investigated. Mn/52Cr ratios up to 1800 and 1300, and δ53Cr of up to 25‰ and 7‰ were observed for NWA 753 and Sahara 99531, respectively. All data points of NWA 753 show a linear correlation between δ53Cr values and Mn/52Cr ratios on the isochron diagram. The inferred initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio for NWA 753 is (1.84 ± 0.42(2σ)) × 10−6. In the case of Sahara 99531, a positive correlation interpreted as an isochron for 53Mn/55Mn = 2.75 ± 1.55(2σ) × 10−6 was obtained for only one chondrule. Data from other chondrules in Sahara 99531 give an upper limit of 53Mn/55Mn = 0.49 × 10−6. The Mn−Cr ages of NWA 753 and a chondrule in Sahara 99531 are slightly older than that of the angrite LEW 86010 (Lugmair and Shukolyukov, 1998). Other chondrules in Sahara 99531 are at least 5 Ma younger than the LEW 86010. The Mn-Cr ages of olivine in R chondrites correspond to the time when olivine became a closed system either during slow cooling from the peak metamorphic temperature or during rapid cooling by impact excavation. In either case the olivine closure occurred earlier than the final assembly of the brecciated chondrites.
Study on mesosphere summer echoes observed by digital ionosonde at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica
Authors: Li Hai-Long , Wu Jian , Liu Rui-Yuan , Huang Ji-Ying
Published: August 2014

The irregular characteristics of E and Es layers are studied with data from 1995 to 2002 observed by a Digisonde Portable Sounder-4 (DPS-4) ionosonde at Zhongshan Station, Antarctica. Because they have much similar characteristics with Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE), two criteria are proposed to study PMSE at MF and HF bands in Southern hemisphere. The phenomena of irregular E and Es layer are called as PMSE-like or Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes-Es (PMSE-Es) here. The occurrence rate variations of PMSE-Es show similarity to those of PMSE at multi-scales, such as seasonal, diurnal, and semidiurnal variation. Finally, the discrepancies between diurnal, semidiurnal and seasonal variation between PMSE and PMSE-Es are discussed respectively.
Energetic particle injections into the outer cusp during compression events
Authors: Delcourt D. C. , Malova H. V. , Zelenyi L. M. , Sauvaud J.-A. , Moore T. E. , Fok M.-C.
Published: August 2014

We investigate the dynamics of charged particles in the dayside magnetosphere in response to abrupt variations of the solar wind dynamical pressure. Using test particle simulations, we show that the electric field induced by the compression of the frontside magnetosphere may be responsible for prominent energization of plasma sheet ions as well as trapping at high latitudes. We demonstrate that, due to the short-lived character of the magnetic field line reconfiguration (on the time scale of a few minutes), the particle magnetic moment (first adiabatic invariant) may not be conserved during such events. Ions that are initially bouncing from one hemisphere to the other are found to experience nonadiabatic energization up to the hundred of keV range while being injected into the outer cusp. Such injections involve particles from limited portions of the dayside flux tubes. The energetic particles that are produced in the outer cusp during such events subsequently circulate about the field minimum at high latitudes without intercepting the equatorial plane, thus contributing to the high-energy populations that are observed in this region of space.
Examination of consistency of marine gravity with land gravity in and around the Japanese Islands using a helicopter-borne gravimeter
Authors: Segawa Jiro , Komazawa Masao , Kumar K. Vijay , Nakayama Eiji , Joseph E. John , Kusumoto Shigekazu , Onodera Ken-ei , Kuroishi Yuki
Published: August 2014

This paper reports a finding that marine gravity data around the Japanese Islands are inconsistent with nearby land gravity data. The comparison between land and marine gravity was made possible by the gravity measurements from the air using a helicopter-borne gravimeter (SEGAWA Model) developed by the present authors. The ground/sea truth gravity anomaly can be checked against the gravity from the air, though it is not free air gravity anomaly but gravity disturbance. The newly-developed airborne gravimeter first manufactured in 1998 shows a good performance with a 1–2 mgal average repeatability of measurement under a 90-knot flight speed. Thus we have found disagreements between ground truth and sea truth gravity anomalies on the basis of airborne gravity data in the areas in Japan where we have so far made measurements. Among them we will report the case in the area from Saitama and Ibaraki offshore to the Kashima-Nada Sea, p]Japan. Our conclusion about this area is that the past marine gravity data obtained by surface ship gravimeters involve systematic errors of more than 10 mgals. This kind of inconsistency between marine and land gravity is expected to be found in a number of other areas around the Japanese Islands.
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry: Separation of atmospheric artifacts from effects due to the topography and the terrain displacements
Authors: Ballatore Paola
Published: August 2014

This paper reports the new concept of possibly applying independent component analysis (ICA) on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images for separating atmospheric artifacts from effects due to topography and terrain displacements. Specifically, the FastICA algorithm is applied on simulations of SAR interferograms with the purpose of extracting the different independent sources. Results show the existence of significant correlations between estimated and original components, with correlation coefficients above 0.9 and statistical confidence level above 99.9%. These findings suggest that ICA might provide a useful tool in SAR data processing, with a specific crucial usefulness in cases of an absence of ground truth knowledge, as in the cases of insufficient meteorological information at specific observational times or in satellite monitoring of remote lands. Applications on real data show that the topographical component is automatically derived by the FastICA algorithm for whatever real data set. What is different is that the extraction of terrain displacements may require some a priori information for separating different kinds of landslides and that the use of possible semi-blind ICA/FastICA approach might be considered, dependent on the specific data set.
Numerical simulation of tsunamis generated by caldera collapse during the 7.3 ka Kikai eruption, Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Maeno Fukashi , Imamura Fumihiko , Taniguchi Hiromitsu
Published: August 2014

The relationship between tsunamis and scales of caldera collapse during a 7.3 ka eruption of the Kikai volcano were numerically investigated, and a hypothetical caldera collapse scale was established. Wave height, arrival time, and run-up height and distance were determined at some locations along the coastline around Kikai caldera, using non-linear long-wave equations and caldera collapse models using parameters showing the difference in geometry between pre- and post-collapse and the collapse duration. Whether tsunamis become large and inundations occur in coasts is estimated by the dimensionless collapse speed. Computed tsunamis were then compared with geological characteristics found in coasts. The lack of evidence of tsunami inundation at Nejime, 65 km from the caldera, suggests that any tsunamis were small; indicating that the upper limit of dimensionless caldera collapse speed was 0.01. On the other hand, on the coast of the Satsuma Peninsula, 50 km from the caldera, geological characteristics suggests that tsunamis did not inundate, or that even if tsunamis inundated the area, the traces of a tsunami have been eroded by a climactic pyroclastic flow or the tsunami itself and they have not been left. In numerical computations, when a dimensionless caldera collapse speed is more than 0.003, tsunami can inundate this area.
Long-distance traveling ionospheric disturbances caused by the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004
Authors: Astafyeva Elvira I. , Afraimovich Edward L.
Published: August 2014

By using data from the GPS network, we observed exceptional intensive quasi-periodical perturbations of the total electron content (TEC) caused by the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on 26 December 2004. The time period of the variations was about 15 min, their duration was about 1 hour. The amplitude of the TEC oscillations exceeded the amplitude of “background” fluctuations in this range of periods by one order of magnitude, at a minimum. They were registered 2–7 hours after the main shock at a distance from 1000 to 5000 km, both on the northwest and northeast outward from the epicenter. The most probable source of the observed oscillations appeared to be a seismic airwave generated by the sudden vertical displacement of the Earth’s surface near the epicenter.