bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of bird predation on canopy arthropods in wandoo Eucalyptus wandoo woodland
Authors: RECHER H. F. , MAJER J. D.
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  As top predators, birds may have significant effects on arthropod abundances and affect the trophic structure of arthropod communities through predation of lower order predators (e.g. spiders) and by competition for prey. We investigated the effects of bird predation on canopy arthropods in south‐western Australia by using plastic bird mesh to exclude insectivorous birds from the foliage of wandoo Eucalyptus wandoo saplings. Exclosure resulted in an increase in the number of herbivorous and predatory arthropods. Total arthropods (with and without ants), spiders, adult Coleoptera, and larval Lepidoptera were significantly more abundant on meshed than unmeshed saplings. All size‐classes of arthropods, taxa grouped, were more abundant on meshed than unmeshed saplings, but with no evidence of a disproportionate increase of the largest arthropods on meshed saplings. All size‐classes of spiders increased in abundance on saplings from which birds were excluded. There were significant differences in the total abundance of arthropods (with and without ants), spiders (Araneae), sucking bugs (Homoptera), adult beetles (Coleoptera), larval moths (Lepidoptera), and wasps and ants (Hymenoptera) for both unmeshed and meshed saplings between sample periods. These seasonal patterns of abundance and differences between sample periods appeared to be determined by seasonal weather patterns, with the lowest numbers associated with drier and hotter conditions in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. The conclusion reached is that eucalypt forest birds have limited effects on temporal variation in canopy arthropod abundances, but depress abundances, and affect the size and trophic composition of the fauna. Given the cascading effects of birds as predators on arthropods, successful conservation management of eucalypt ecosystems, including plantations and revegetation, should be planned to maximize bird numbers and diversity.
Double‐barrelled wet colostomy with simultaneous urinary and faecal diversion: results in 9 patients and review of the literature
Authors: Lopes de Queiroz F. , Barbosa‐Silva T. , Pyramo Costa L. M. , Werneck Côrtes B. J. , Figueiredo J. A. , Guerra F. , Campos M. H. , Salgado F. A. , Silva Lemos G. , Rosa da Silva P.
Published: April 2006

Objective  Double‐barrelled wet colostomy is a urinary diversion technique indicated when a concurrent faecal diversion is needed. It is a simple procedure, technically easy to accomplish and well received by patients. The purpose of this study is to report the results of double‐barrelled wet colostomy, with emphasis on operating technique, morbidity, functional results and a review of the literature on the subject.

Methods  The medical records of 9 consecutive patients, between January 2001 and May 2005, who underwent surgical extended resections with double‐barrelled wet colostomy for a malignant central pelvic mass, were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were asked to respond to a questionnaire assessing quality of life. The questionnaire used was the QLQ‐C30 version 3, proposed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC).

Results  This study presents results obtained from 9 patients, emphasizing morbidity and quality of life. One patient presented with pyelonephritis. We did not identify complications such as hydroelectrolytic disturbances, peristomal dermatitis or hydronephrosis. The patients who submitted to the procedure exhibited high levels of quality of life and found caring for the stomas straight forward.

Conclusions  We conclude that double‐barrelled wet colostomy is an excellent choice for patients who require concurrent urinary and faecal diversion, one that does not present technical difficulties and does not require a prolonged operating time. It avoids the complications frequently present in standard wet colostomy and does not rule out making a continent urinary reservoir later, in patients that meet healing criteria.
Environmental Control, Social Context, and Individual Differences in Behavioral and Cortisol Responses to Novelty in Infant Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Roma Peter G. , Champoux Maribeth , Suomi Stephen J.
Published: April 2006

The effects of appetitive controllability on behavioral and cortisol reactivity to novelty in 12 infant rhesus monkeys were studied. Surrogate‐peer‐reared infants had homecage access to food treats contingently via lever pressing (“master”) or noncontingently (“yoked”) for 12 weeks from postnatal month 2. Masters lever‐pressed more, but did not differ in baseline cortisol. At month 5, infants were exposed to a novel environment in social groups and individually. Masters were significantly more active and exhibited significantly lower cortisol reactivity to the novel environment, but only in the individual context. Also, individual differences in operant behavior were positively correlated with behavioral activity and negatively correlated with cortisol reactivity to the novel environment. The results reveal context‐specific benefits of contingent stimulation in infancy.
Content analysis of Australian newspaper portrayals of emergency medicine
Authors: Kennedy John F , Trethewy Christopher , Anderson Kevin
Published: April 2006

Objective:  To evaluate portrayals of emergency medicine (EM) in Australian newspapers.

Method:  Systematic content analysis of articles about the ED in four major Australian newspapers.

Results:  From July 2003 to June 2004 176 articles about the ED were published. Articles about ED overload were dominant (37.9% of all subjects identified). Articles about solutions to ED problems (16%) and errors (12.7%) were also prominent. Emergency physicians (EP) provided 13.5% of all of the commentary in the articles. Health administrators, spokespersons and politicians collectively constituted 44.3% of voices. The Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM) provided little commentary (4%). Overall 18% of articles portrayed EM in a positive light, 37% neutral and 45% negative. The ratio of negative to positive articles was 2.5:1. page‐one stories were mostly concerned with ED overload and errors and were predominantly negative. Positive articles (18%) most commonly covered solutions to problems, ‘Life in the Emergency Department’ or descriptions of staff involvement with interesting diseases.

Conclusions:  There is a significant media focus on ED problems and errors. The majority of comment comes from politicians and bureaucrats not EP or the ACEM and, overall, the articles examined portrayed EM in a negative light. EP and the ACEM should evaluate ways to improve the interface between the specialty and the media.
Prevalence of use, epidemiology and toxicity of ‘herbal party pills’ among those presenting to the emergency department
Authors: Nicholson Tonia C
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of use, epidemiology and toxicity of ‘herbal party pills’ in ED presenters. This was an analytical cross‐sectional survey of patients and relatives presenting to a large tertiary ED. Consenting participants completed a specifically designed questionnaire. A total of 1043 people completed the questionnaire (participation rate of 97.2%). One hundred and twenty‐five (11.9%) had taken herbal party pills and subgroup analysis showed that use was most prevalent in those aged 14–25 years (30%). The majority had taken pills between two and five times (56%). Eighty‐three (66.4%) had been drinking alcohol when they first took party pills. Only 80 (64%) had read the product directions, and 48 (38.4%) had, at some stage, taken more pills than recommended. One hundred and six (84.8%) had felt effects from party pills, but only 63 (59% of those feeling effects or 50.4% of total) described these as ‘good’. Six (5.7% of those with effects or 4.8% of total) had sought medical attention for effects. Seventy‐four (59.2%) would take herbal party pills again. In conclusion, the use of herbal party pills is common in presenters to the ED, particularly in those aged 14–25 years. These people are at risk for toxicity from the pills because there is a tendency for them not to read the instructions before ingestion, to take more pills than recommended and to coingest alcohol. Emergency physicians need to be aware of the use and potential adverse effects of herbal party pills to enable them to recognize signs of toxicity in ED presenters and thus provide appropriate supportive care.
Attenuated Bioluminescent
Brucella melitensis
Mutants GR019 (
virB4
), GR024 (
galE
), and GR026 (BMEI1090-BMEI1091) Confer Protection in Mice
Authors: Rajashekara Gireesh , Glover David A. , Banai Menachem , O'Callaghan David , Splitter Gary A.
Published: April 2006

In vivo bioluminescence imaging is a persuasive approach to investigate a number of issues in microbial pathogenesis. Previously, we have applied bioluminescence imaging to gain greater insight into
Brucella melitensis
pathogenesis. Endowing
Brucella
with bioluminescence allowed direct visualization of bacterial dissemination, pattern of tissue localization, and the contribution of
Brucella
genes to virulence. In this report, we describe the pathogenicity of three attenuated bioluminescent
B. melitensis
mutants, GR019 (
virB4
), GR024 (
galE
), and GR026 (BMEI1090-BMEI1091), and the dynamics of bioluminescent virulent bacterial infection following vaccination with these mutants. The
virB4
,
galE
, and BMEI1090-BMEI1091 mutants were attenuated in interferon regulatory factor 1-deficient (IRF-1
−/−
) mice; however, only the GR019 (
virB4
) mutant was attenuated in cultured macrophages. Therefore, in vivo imaging provides a comprehensive approach to identify virulence genes that are relevant to in vivo pathogenesis. Our results provide greater insights into the role of
galE
in virulence and also suggest that BMEI1090 and downstream genes constitute a novel set of genes involved in
Brucella
virulence. Survival of the vaccine strain in the host for a critical period is important for effective
Brucella
vaccines. The
galE
mutant induced no changes in liver and spleen but localized chronically in the tail and protected IRF-1
−/−
and wild-type mice from virulent challenge, implying that this mutant may serve as a potential vaccine candidate in future studies and that the direct visualization of
Brucella
may provide insight into selection of improved vaccine candidates.
Effectiveness of a participative intervention on psychosocial work factors to prevent mental health problems in a hospital setting
Authors: Bourbonnais R , Brisson C , Vinet A , Vézina M , Abdous B , Gaudet M
Published: April 2006

Objectives:To assess the effectiveness of a workplace intervention aimed at reducing adverse psychosocial work factors (psychological demands, decision latitude, social support, and effort-reward imbalance) and mental health problems among care providers.

Methods:A quasi-experimental design with a control group was used. Pre-intervention (71% response rate), and one-year post-intervention measures (69% response rate) were collected by telephone interviews.

Results:One year after the intervention, there was a reduction of several adverse psychosocial factors in the experimental group, whereas no such reduction was found in the control group. However, there was a significant deterioration of decision latitude and social support from supervisors in both experimental and control groups. There was also a significant reduction in sleeping problems and work related burnout in the experimental hospital, whereas only sleeping problems decreased in the control group while both client related and personal burnout increased in this hospital. The comparison between the experimental and control groups, after adjusting for pre-intervention measures, showed a significant difference in the means of all psychosocial factors except decision latitude. All other factors were better in the experimental group.

Conclusion:Results suggest positive effects of the intervention, even though only 12 months have passed since the beginning of the intervention. Follow up at 36 months is necessary to evaluate whether observed effects are maintained over time. In light of these results, we believe that continuing the participative process in the experimental hospital will foster the achievement of a more important reduction of adverse psychosocial factors at work. It is expected that the intensity of the intervention will be directly related to its beneficial effects. Long term effects will however depend on the willingness of management and of staff to appropriate the process of identifying what contributes to adverse psychosocial factors at work and to adopt means to reduce them.
Prevalence and Determinants of Troponin T Elevation in the General Population
Authors: Wallace Thomas W. , Abdullah Shuaib M. , Drazner Mark H. , Das Sandeep R. , Khera Amit , McGuire Darren K. , Wians Frank , Sabatine Marc S. , Morrow David A. , de Lemos James A.
Published: April 2006

Background—

The prevalence and determinants of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) elevation in the general population are unknown, and the significance of minimally increased cTnT remains controversial. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and determinants of cTnT elevation in a large, representative sample of the general population.

Methods and Results—

cTnT was measured from stored plasma samples in 3557 subjects of the Dallas Heart Study, a population-based sample. cTnT elevation (≥0.01 μg/L) was correlated with clinical variables and cardiac MRI findings. The sample weight-adjusted prevalence of cTnT elevation in the general population was 0.7%. In univariable analyses, cTnT elevation was associated with older age, black race, male sex, coronary artery calcium by electron beam CT, a composite marker of congestive heart failure (CHF), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (
P
<0.001 for each). Subjects with minimally increased (0.01 to 0.029 μg/L) and increased (≥0.03 μg/L) cTnT had a similar prevalence of these characteristics. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, LVH, CHF, DM, and CKD were independently associated with cTnT elevation.

Conclusions—

In the general population, cTnT elevation is rare in subjects without CHF, LVH, CKD, or DM, suggesting that the upper limit of normal for the immunoassay should be <0.01 μg/L. Even minimally increased cTnT may represent subclinical cardiac injury and have important clinical implications, a hypothesis that should be tested in longitudinal outcome studies.
Intersection of ACM-curves in ℙ3
Authors: Miró-Roig R. M. , Ranestad K.
Published: April 2006

In this note we address the problem of determining the maximum number of
points of intersection of two arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay curves in
ℙ3. We give a sharp upper bound for the maximum number of points of
intersection of two irreducible arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay curves
Ct
and Ct–r
  in ℙ3
defined by the maximal minors of a t  × (t + 1), resp. (t – r ) × (t – r + 1), matrix with linear entries, provided
Ct–r
  has no linear series of degree and dimension n ≥ t – r.
A frame-based approach to case alternations: The swarm-class verbs in Czech
Authors: Fried Mirjam
Published: April 2006

This paper explores the complex relationship between
the meaning of predicates and the morphosyntactic expression of their arguments,
as manifested in the swarm-class alternations in Czech. One way of getting at
the nature of the alternations is to take a frame-semantic approach, which
allows us to introduce the notion of scene as an important factor in linking
relationships. It is proposed that linking patterns are organized in a network
of generalized scene types, each of which represents a particular role
configuration structured in such a way that one of its roles can be singled out
as the vantage point from which that event type is conventionally presented in a
particular diathesis; the analysis argues for the notion of viewpoint as an
event-structuring concept (distinct from discourse-based topicness) that is
directly reflected in certain conventionalized linking patterns. The results of
the investigation show that what may appear to be hard-to-predict variations in
subject selection can be treated as instances of regular linking
relations.
The mental space structure of verbal irony
Authors: Kihara Yoshihiko
Published: April 2006

This article presents a unified theory of irony which
claims, with the help of Fauconnier’s (1985) mental space theory, that an
ironical utterance refers to the mental space of a mutually manifest
expectation. According to this view, what a typical ironical speaker does is to
say without any distinct space builders that something is the case in the mental
space of expectation in order to make it mutually manifest that it is not so in
the initial reality space. This expectation space theory of irony integrates the
explanatory power of Sperber and Wilson’s (1986) echoic interpretation theory
with the descriptive power of the view of irony as relevant
inappropriateness.
European ethnic scripts and the translation and switching of jokes
Authors: Davies Christie
Published: April 2006

Many European jokes depend on local ethnic scripts that by convention pin a comic characteristic on a particular ethnic group such as the canny Cardi in Wales, the slow Swiss in France, the stupid Belgian incessantly eating freedom fries in the Netherlands. How are such jokes to be translated into the language of another country with a different culture and comic conventions? Sometimes it is straightforward because similar jokes about the same group exist throughout Europe as with, say, jokes about cowardly Italians. In other cases there exists a similar set of jokes told about a local group so that, say, British jokes about the stupid Irish can easily be turned into jokes about Belgians, Ostfrieslanders, Gallegos, Pontians in the appropriate country. Problems arise only if a script is unique to one group or country, in which case the device of indirect explanation by internal conversation is used. One of the people in the joke reveals to another the nature of the script on which the joke depends, and thus the joke teller conveys the information to his audience without appearing didactic or giving too much away. It is fairly easy to convey implicit cultural assumptions in this way, far easier than it is translate a complex play on words. Language is far more idiosyncratic and arbitrary than culture.
Food Sovereignty or Trade Obstruction? Labelling of Genetically Engineered Foods
Authors: Zepeda Lydia
Published: April 2006

This paper examines labelling of Genetically Engineered Foods (GEFs) in the context of: trade issues, the food sovereignty movement, and consumer research. Labelling is explored as a middle ground between food sovereignty and the anti-labelling positions of GEF-producing countries. Surveys around the world concur that the majority of consumers want GEFs labelled. Psychological and neuroscience research implies that when we lack experience with a particular situation even experts view risks high where benefits are low and vice versa. Without direct consumer benefits, consumers will remain skeptical of GEFs and risk communication campaigns will do little to change consumers' feelings.
Mohammed and the Mountain: The Sui Generis Debate on Traditional Knowledge
Authors: Chambers W. Bradnee , Kambu Alphonse
Published: April 2006

Introduction

Should Mohammed go to the mountain or should the mountain come to Mohammed? For indigenous groups around the world who have watched their knowledge and way of life erode from outside forces, they want the mountain to come to them for a change and they are demanding that the current global intellectual property rules be adjusted to protect their traditional knowledge instead of them trying to fit into a system that was never designed with their needs in mind.

Most experts agree that traditional knowledge— the local know-how to use plants and animals for therapeutic, medicinal or artisan purposes—cannot be easily protected under current international law. But for the world’s poorest, traditional knowledge is the foundation of many services that they could not otherwise afford. For example, medical treatment based on traditional knowledge meets about 80% of their daily healthcare needs.
Group-Differentiated Rights and Informed Consent for Indigenous Group-Based Genetic Research
Authors: Rueda Eduardo A.
Published: April 2006

Introduction

Indigenous Peoples’ struggle to be acknowledged as autonomous groups has found international legal support in the ILO Convention 169, which many Latin American countries have ratified. The way by which regional constitutional jurisprudence has reconstructed the foundations and scope of this right to self-determination seems, however, quite controversial. Firstly, taking Colombian constitutional jurisprudence as an example, I discuss both the acceptability of the restrictions the Constitutional Court has fixed to groups’ self-determination and the acceptability of defining them as collective subjects. Having in mind a better understanding of group-differentiated rights, I examine, secondly, how the conditions of the ILO Convention regarding the informed consent from indigenous groups should be satisfied when group-based genetic research is to be developed.
“As reading as if”: Harryette Mullen’s ‘cognitive similes’
Authors: Beall Emily P.
Published: April 2006

The poet Harryette Mullen takes the defamiliarization
technique celebrated in cognitive poetics to an extreme – she manipulates not
only the subject matter of her writing but the process the reader undertakes in
attempting to read that defamiliarized language as well. I apply to Mullen’s
poem “Wipe That Simile Off Your Aphasia” a number of ideas taken up by cognitive
poetics (using Stockwell 2002 as my guide): reading versus interpretation,
defamiliarization, prototypicality and actualization, sequential and summary
scanning, and the mapping of conceptual metaphor. I then argue for several
broader and unaccounted for challenges that Mullen’s work presents for cognitive
poetic theory.
Sign values in processes of distinction: The concept of luxury
Authors: Mortelmans Dimitri
Published: April 2006

What is luxury? The concept has never received proper
attention in social theory. It seemed as if luxury was a highly economic concept
that did not need any further investigation. Primary and secondary needs are
considered to form the basis of the luxury concept. Luxury has been viewed as
useless and superfluous because it belongs to the realm of desires instead of
elementary needs. This definition has often been used to stigmatize the use and
demonstration of luxury. The needs-wants dichotomy was severely criticized a few
decades ago. Luxury touches more than the question of necessity in society. This
article attempts to outline the formulation of a definition of luxury. We leave
the classic concept of luxury in favor of a more socio-semiotic approach of the
concept. The bounds between luxury and some specific product property will be
cut through. There is no such thing as a luxury good comparable to categories
like ‘cars,’ or ‘clothes.’ Luxury is defined as a specific kind of sign value,
produced in specific narratives and used in processes of stratification. As a
sign, it becomes apparent that luxury is a relative concept. Every social group
can be said to have its own luxury. Every social group has in fact a different
kind of luxury, which means that a Cartier is no luxury in some cases where a
television is highly exclusive in other cases.
Negation in Old High German
Authors: Jäger Agnes
Published: April 2006

The aim of this paper is to give a syntactic analysis of sentential
negation in the history of German with special emphasis on Old High German.
This analysis attributes the main changes in the syntax of negation not to a
change in syntactic structure but to changes in the lexical filling of the head
and specifier of NegP. In addition, the more specific question of negative
indefinites and negative concord (NC) in Old High German is discussed. It is
argued that negative indefinites should be analysed as semantically non-negative
but simply formally neg-marked. It is assumed that there is no obligatory
movement of n-indefinites to SpecNegP, neither overtly nor
covertly.
Strafrecht in der Europäischen Union
Authors: Klip André
Published: April 2006

I. Einleitung

Am 7. 2.1992 wurde hier in Maastricht der Vertrag über die Europäische Union unterzeichnet. Dieser Vertrag setzte eine Entwicklung in Gang, aufgrundderer das Strafrecht nicht länger als allein nationale Angelegenheitbetrachtet werden kann. Bewusst oder unbewusst wurden Schritte eingeleitet,die langfristig zu einem einheitlichen europäischen Strafrechtssystemführen könnten. Die Bedeutung, die diese fundamentale und strukturelle Verschiebung von der nationalen zur europäischen Ebene für Strafgesetzgebung,Strafrechtspolitik und Strafrechtswissenschaft hat, möchte ich andieser Stelle näher darlegen.
Government in Umor: A Study of Social Change and Problems of Indirect Rule in a Nigerian Village Community
Authors: Forde Daryll
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The policy of adapting ‘for the purposes of local government the tribal institutions which the native people have evolved themselves, so that the latter may develop in a constitutional manner from their own past’ depends for success on more than a general grasp of the outlines of native social organisation. Native standards of value as expressed in individual and collective behaviour, the operation of balances and checks in the social system, current trends which are tending to cause some institutions and customs to lose strength at the expense of others, and the economic forces that have been or are in the future likely to be operative in the society, must all be analysed and assessed in their mutual relations as interrelated elements in a complex process.
Psychological and Pedagogical Considerations in the Making of Text-books
Authors: Oliver R. A. C.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The problem of the production of text-books for African schools is one which is engaging much attention from those who are interested in African education, and indeed there are few problems of African life where the efforts of serious thought are likely to be better rewarded. In an admirable document (5) the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures has discussed some of the fundamental issues involved, and the writers of text-books will probably find it wise to follow the general lines there laid down. That discussion does not, however, claim to have exhausted the subject, but is rather intended to invite fresh suggestions. The purpose of the present study is to set forth some psychological and pedagogical considerations which bear on the problem. Much scientific research has already been devoted to the problems of reading instruction (2), and the results should be at the disposal of the makers of text-books for Africa.
The African Labourer
Authors: Orde-Browne G. St. J.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In dealing with the subject of labour in Africa, I must first ask you to remember that it is no easy task to deal in a comparatively short space with a theme that is not only complicated and elusive in itself, but also one that has many ramifications; I therefore propose to confine myself to an attempt at a résumé of the history of African labour, with some indication of the problem as it confronts us at the present day. Political views, economic interests, religious and racial prejudices, and national obligations, all have an important influence on our subject; the consideration of these, however, would be so controversial and so prolonged, that I must be content with a summary of facts, intended to serve as an indication of the nature of the problem, and the main difficulties which confront us.
School Education and Native Life
Authors: Dougall James W. C.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Many visitors to Africa do not realize that native life is undergoing rapid disintegration, and some of those who have lived for many years in the country do not seem to feel that it matters even if this is the case. The difficulty of realizing the extent and the gravity of these rapid changes is increased by two factors. We who bring the twentieth-century ideas and methods of the West into the midst of primitive peoples are by our very presence undermining the hold of age-long custom on the African tribes. The force of novelty and the prestige of the white man's habits are in themselves strong enough to shake the ancient authority. Moreover we are all in Africa for a purpose. We have work to do on a farm, in government or mission, and the very concentration on the achievement of our aims leads us, or most of us, to assume that what we feel necessary and right must be the best for the African. In this context very few Europeans can stop to observe, far less to study, the effects of the changes in the Africans themselves. Education shares the prevailing attitude. It becomes simply the communication of knowledge or the imparting of skill which, so we feel, must bring Africa to its desired haven.
An African Morality
Authors: Wilson Godfrey
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

This paper is an attempt to introduce the subject of morality for scientific discussion after a new manner. It is inspired throughout by that part of Professor Malinowski's work which relates to Primitive Law, and which he has developed in Crime and Custom in Savage Society, in his introduction to Dr. Ian Hogbin's Law and Order in Polynesia, and in his oral teaching at the London School of Economics in recent years. In his analysis of law Professor Malinowski finds himself driven to the study of the whole body of sanctioned custom, and of all the various attractions and compulsions that lead men to conform to a social tradition of right behaviour. A certain portion of that field is here delimited for separate description, namely morality, which is that part of right custom that is sanctioned by religion.
Die Hochgottidee bei den Naturvölkern
Authors: Preuss K. Th.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Es liegt in dem Begriffe jeder Weltreligion, dass sie im Gegensatz zu anderen Religionen nicht nut die ‘Wahrheit’, sondern auch den höchsten Stand einer Entwicklung in dem Suchen nach ‘Wahrheit’ darstellt. Die vergleichende Religionsforschung hat daher, mehr noch als die Fachwissenschaft bei anderen Zweigen der Kulturuntersuchung, die Neigung, die gegenwärtige, d.h. in diesem Fall die christliche Auffassung von Religion als Massstab für die wissenschaftliche Fragestellung zu verwenden. Man suchte demnach nach persönlichen Göttern, von denen der Mensch sich abhängig fühlte, und denen er mit Gebet und Opfer nahte. Statt dessen fand man aber zunächst nur den Glauben an übernatürliche magische Kräfte bei Menschen, Tieren und Naturobjekten. Eine Art Erfolg war allerdings, dass Naturdinge vielfach personifiziert wurden, aber fatal war auch hier, dass der ihnen gewidmete Kult meist in einer magischen Beeinflussung bestand, und dass die dargebrachten Opfer im besten Fall zur Stärkung der Gottheit für ihre Obliegenheiten dienten. Auch die durchgehende animistische Unterlage aller religiösen Erscheinungen, wie sie E. B. Tylor hat aufstellen wollen, hat ein Verständnis im Sinne des Religionsforschers auf christlicher Unterlage nicht herbeigeführt, da der Tatsachenbestand nicht geändert wird, wenn wir auch mit Tylor annehmen wollten, dass der Mensch aus Seele und Körper bestehe und gleich ihm alle religiös wirksamen Naturobjekte als beseelt und daher als persönlich angesehen würden. Ein Gefühl der Abhängigkeit und des Vertrauens wird dadurch ebensowenig wie dutch die vorher erwähnten Entdeckungen gegeben.
Polygamy in Mεnde Country
Authors: Crosby K. H.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Polygamy is a social system, and is intimately bound up with the subject of property, of labour, and of the difference in status between men and women. If this paper appears to trespass into other fields it is because of the complexity of the subject and because polygamy is not something that can be abstracted from the social organization generally and be examined by itself; it is both symptom and cause of widespread difference in Mende society from that of our own.
The State of our Present Ethnographical Knowledge of the Gold Coast Peoples
Authors: Cardinall A. W.
Published: April 2006

The publication of this journal must undoubtedly mark an epoch of importance in the history of the relationship between Africans and Europeans. It is therefore surely not amiss to survey our ethnographical knowledge and acquaintance with the African people. But such a survey could hardly be compassed within the confines of a single article. Possibly, however, one small portion of that vast continent might so be surveyed; and of all such small portions perhaps none offers better scope than the Gold Coast.
The Status of Women Among the Nilotics and Nilo-Hamitics
Authors: Driberg J. H.
Published: April 2006

Many uncritical generalizations have been made on this subject, both by those who believe that in African cultures women hold a position of complete inferiority, and also by those who incline to the view that, while the status of women is different from that of men, it is by no means different to the extent of being inferior. It is easy for the observer to generalize for the particular tribe with which he is familiar. Superficially he sees women engaged on certain occupations and comporting themselves in such a way as to create a definite impression in the observer's mind: but this is not enough. Even if that impression is correct, it is valid only for that one tribe. But it is quite as likely to prove incorrect on analysis, as such a general appraisement must of necessity be subjective and be coloured by the cultural predilections of the observer. The barbarities associated with clitoridectomy, for instance, are frequently urged in proof of woman's low status, and even such trivial facts as the customary precedence given to a man by his wife when walking along a path are taken to be symptoms of the same social inferiority. As well might it be urged that among those tribes in which a woman is accustomed to precede a man she occupies a correspondingly exalted position: whereas the truth is that customs such as these have no bearing on status at all, but are incidents in major aspects of social and economic life and are determined by them. A woman may thus follow her husband in one tribe, because it is the latter's duty to defend her and he has to lead the way in case of an enemy's attack, while in another tribe, where danger is not so omnipresent, the man will possibly bring up the rear because he has less faith in the integrity of his women and likes to see what they are about. In the same way the observer might be tempted to assume that, because a woman is seen to be exercising high religious or magical prerogatives, therefore the general status of women in the community is equally high: but that might be just as fallacious a way of looking at it, since the exercise of particular prerogatives by specific women is no index to general status.
Some Aspects of Dahomean Ethnology
Authors: Herskovits Melville J.
Published: April 2006

The civilization of Dahomey is based upon an agricultural economy. No matter what the rank of a Dahomean or what his trade, he must know how to cultivate the soil, and he will have his fields. As in all West Africa, clearing the land and hoeing it in preparation for the actual planting is the work of men. Planting itself is carried out by both men and women, and after the planting has been finished, the care of the growing crops is in the hands of the women. Women play quite as active a role in the economic life of Dahomey as do men, for it is not only their work to care for and harvest the crops, but in the Dahomean organization of markets, it is they who buy and sell. Since money earned by a woman is her own, and it is possible for those who are successful in the market-place to acquire wealth independently, there exists a class of ‘free’ women whose freedom extends to their economic life, and also to their relations with the male sex. This gives rise to the institution of women who play the role ordinarily assumed by men as heads of families, and who become titular ‘husbands’ to their ‘wives’.
The African in Transition: Some Comparisons with Melanesia
Authors: Thurnwald Richard C.
Published: April 2006

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Africans and Melanesians have been put into a similar position by the Europeans who invaded and occupied their country, and extended a colonial tutelage over them. There are, of course, many kinds of ‘colonies’ and ‘native’ peoples in each of these regions: within the African continent (as far as it is inhabited by black races) various areas can be distinguished in east, west, and south. The Papuo-Melanesians exhibit regional varieties in a somewhat similar way.
The Functions of Bride-Wealth in Ubena of the Rivers
Authors: A. T.  , Culwick G. M.
Published: April 2006

The analysis of bride-wealth among the Wahehe by Dr. Gordon Brown is of particular interest to us, as we are studying the life of a tribe akin to them, namely the Wabena of the Ulanga Valley, Tanganyika Territory. A survey of some aspects of the custom amongst the latter people will not, perhaps, be out of place, especially as their social organization displays some interesting features indicative of compromise and adjustment between mother-right and father-right. Their past and present practice may contribute somewhat to the study of the subject of bride-wealth in general.
The Double Mind in African Education
Authors: Clarke F.
Published: April 2006

Some apology is due for an article on this subject from the pen of one who has no claim to write with any authority. The impulse to set it forth springs from a deep-seated anxiety about African education that is evidently shared by others. To give expression to it may do a little to assist that focussing of opinion which is so vital a part of any comprehensive plan for bringing education to the African native.
Kinship Organization. A Study of Terminology
Authors: Kirchhoff Paul
Published: April 2006

The study of kinship is by now recognized as being one of the key positions in the study of primitive culture. The series of studies to be undertaken by the Institute of the effect upon native culture of modern industrialization will to a great extent centre on the problem of changes in kinship structure, and the changing function of the different types of kinship organization. With this final aim in mind, the following sketch purposely pays attention to the formal aspect only of kinship organization. It goes without saying that such merely formal studies can never be an end in themselves. But there is, on the other hand, always the danger that in historical or functional studies of kinship problems this formal aspect may be unduly neglected. This consideration—that a clear understanding of these formal problems has to precede any attempt at a functional or historical interpretation—is the only reason why these forms of kinship organization as such have been singled out here for theoretical discussion. This discussion does not aim at presenting anything new to the student of kinship organization. It simply attempts to sum up in a form as concise as possible the main results—and the main problems—of modern anthropology in regard to the forms of kinship organization. This can probably best be done by giving definitions of the most important of these forms and discussing their relation to each other.
La Famille Pahouine en 1931
Authors: Grébert F.
Published: April 2006

Les Pahouins, ou Faŋ, sont un grand peuple bantou dont les ramifications principales sont: les Faŋ Betsi, Nzaman, Meké, du Gabon—les Faŋ Bulu, Yaundé, du Cameroun, et d'autres. Nous ne parlerons que de ceux répandus, depuis environ 1870, sur les bords du fleuve Ogooué, et, à l'équateur, le long du chemin allant au nord jusqu'au Cameroun, à l'est de la Guinée espagnole.
The Ethnology of African Sound-Instruments
Authors: von Hornbostel E. M.
Published: April 2006

Ankermann has confined his investigations to the distribution of instruments within Africa, and the only idiophones of which he takes account are slit-drums, bells, the xylophone, and the sansa. Sachs arrives at his strata I-II by considering the length of the eastern dispersal-radius (from Asia by way of Oceania to America), without including the African occurrences; though, conversely, he arranges some later strata according to the African distribution. In accordance with the methodological principle that distribution over the whole world must be decisive for any system of grouping adopted, I have attempted in what follows to arrange the African sound-producing instruments according to their distribution both within that continent and outside it. It is not meant that all instruments now united in the same group necessarily belong to one and the same culture, but only that, in all probability, they are nearer to each other in time and more closely related in origin than they are to the members of any other group. A closer examination, especially if undertaken with a view to including consideration of all other cultural phenomena, will in many cases lead to subdivision into smaller groups, perhaps also to different arrangements, or even to a change in the entire scheme. The designations of the several groups are not meant to suggest a prejudice of any kind; they were added post factum, principally because it is convenient to have a name for everything. Those borrowed from the nomenclature of Frobenius and Struck should not be taken to mean that their notions of African ‘cultures’ necessarily coincide with our groups; they are only intended to suggest the directions in which contacts can be sought. The names of the instruments have been taken over from Sachs; the numbers appended to them refer to his strata.
Native Co-operation in Togoland
Authors: Schober Reinold
Published: April 2006

When we speak of a co-operative society we usually mean a financial organization somewhat in the nature of a bank. In Europe, indeed, this is the prevailing type. The best definition of this type is ‘financial co-operative society’, since money is the binding factor or the object of such a society, either in the form of members' subscriptions, credit, or in any other form. This journal has published two articles on the problem of co-operative societies as it occurs in Africa. Both Strickland and Mumford lay particular stress upon the financial aspect of co-operation; the former suggests the regulating of the native financial position as the main task of African co-operative societies, and the latter advocates Peoples’ Banks and co-operative societies on plantations with common capital, somewhat after the manner of the Raiffeisen and Schultze-Delitzsch associations. These are but suggestions, and they can point to the complete success of this kind of co-operative society in Europe, the importance of which can also be proved from tropical lands such as India. But how do matters stand in Africa, with its peculiar conditions? Here financial co-operation has scarcely made its appearance, and it is important from the ethnological point of view to study the background which makes it difficult for financial co-operation to gain an entry. The anthropologist must ask first and foremost, whether the native knows any form of co-operative work of his own, and if so, whether this indigenous form may not be made use of to build up a system of co-operative societies which is both modern and congenial. That is the question which the practical colonial politician addresses to the anthropologist: What are the natural sources of native co-operation, and what conditions must we observe if we wish to introduce a European form of co-operation? It is obvious that if the anthropologist considers these questions, a sound principle for co-operative work among the natives can be established. Even if we ascertain that financial co-operative societies are fundamentally foreign to the native, that does not affect the necessity of introducing them to-day. We must, however, determine the difficulties which beset the introduction of a system of financial co-operation, and thus help to overcome them.
Epidemiologische Betrachtungen über die Wege der Schlafkrankheit und ihre Ausbreitung durch den Weltkrieg
Authors: Steudel Emil
Published: April 2006

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Die Schlafkrankheit ist uns schon mehr als hundert Jahre bekannt, die ersten Berichte, die wir Winterbottom verdanken, stammen aus dem Jahre 1793, aber seit dieser Zeit hat die Krankheit ihren Charakter wesentlich geändert. Sie gait früher als eine durch das lange Schlafen interessante Merkwürdigkeit, die man an der Westküste Afrikas bei Negern da und dort einmal beobachtete, und die mit Sklaventransporten auch nach Amerika verschleppt wurde, aber dort sich nicht verbreiten konnte. Dass diese Krankheit eine verheerende Ausbreitung gewinnen wurde, vermutete früher Niemand. Noch in der zweiten, 1900 erschienenen Auflage von Scheubes Handbuch für Ärzte Die Krankheiten der warmen Länder wird gesagt: ‘Das geographische Verbreitungsgebiet der Schlafkrankheit der Neger ist ein sehr beschränktes—auch scheint die Krankheit zu kommen und zu gehen und manchmal geradezu epidemisch aufzutreten.’ Daraus geht hervor, dass das epidemische Auftreten der Schlafkrankheit damals noch als Ausnahme galt. In der Tat scheint die Schlafkrankheit in früherer Zeit einen ausgesprochen endemischen Charakter gehabt zu haben und höchstens in ganz beschränktem Kreise, in einzelnen Dörfern, epidemisch geworden zu sein, ohne Neigung zu weiterer Ausdehnung. Solche endemische Herde von Schlafkrankheit mit gutartigem Charakter sind heute noch am Senegal, in Gambia, Sierra Leone, an der Goldküste, in Togo und Südnigeria vorhanden. Der letztgenannte Herd ist 1912 dadurch entdeckt worden, dass ein Europäer, der in Südnigerien tätig gewesen war, in England an Schlafkrankheit erkrankte. Macfie und Gallacher haben in den folgenden Jahren in 16- monatiger Arbeit 222 sichere und 114 wahrscheinliche Fälle von Schlafkrankheit in dem befallenen Eketbezirk entdeckt. Trypanosomen konnten nur im Drüsensaft, nie im Blute gefunden werden. Überträgerin war die Glossina tachinoides. Im Jahre 1922 konnte Orpen keine Kranken mehr finden, es gelang ihm aber, die Spur von 35 der früher als sicher schlafkrank festgestellten Eingeborenen zu verfolgen. Von diesen waren 22 am Leben und anscheinend frei von Trypanosomen; 12 waren gestorben, da von 6 wahrscheinlich an Schlafkrankheit, die übrigen 6 an anderen Krankheiten. Eingeborene und Missionäre waren der Ansicht, dass die Krankheit erloschen sei. Bemerkenswert ist noch, dass Macfie die Infektion von Tieren mit Trypanosomen der südnigerischen Schlafkrankheit nur selten gelang, und dass bei den infizirten Tieren die Krankheit ebenfalls einen gutartigen Verlauf hatte.
Indirect Rule and Education in East Africa
Authors: Latham G. C.
Published: April 2006

Among the many comparatively new factors bearing on native education policies in East Africa the administrative policy of Indirect Rule is one which must be reckoned with. Though already practised to some extent on the eastern side of Africa, notably in Uganda, it may be said that Indirect Rule as a definite policy of Government in East Africa dates from its introduction by Sir Donald Cameron as Governor of Tanganyika Territory in 1925. Sir Donald came from Nigeria, where he had helped to carry on the policy started by Lord Lugard during the years immediately preceding the War.