bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
British Literary Bibliography, 1970–1979
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: October 2023

British Literary Bibliography, 1970-1979 is a ten-year supplement to the six volumes already published in the prestigious series Index to British Literary Bibliography, and is fully indexed for consistency with earlier volumes. The series provides a comprehensive record of the writings that describe and study the history of the printed book in Britain, and works of bibliography and textual criticism, from the earliest times. The period covered by the present volume was bibliographically very active, witnessing a great renewal of interest in the history of the book. The volume has seven main sections: `General Bibliographies of and Guides to British Literature', `Bibliography and Textual Criticism', `General and Period Bibliography', `Regional Bibliography', `Book Production and Distribution', `Forms, Genres, and Subjects', and `Authors'. Complete information about each book or journal article is provided in standard form, and in many instances objective annotations are given, affording additional access to the items through a very detailed index.
Pre-empting Closure in ‘The Canterbury Tales’: Old Endings, New Beginnings
Authors: Pearsall Derek
Published: October 2023

The subject-matter of this essay, as will be evident from its title, has a certain appropriateness in a volume of tribute to a scholar at an important turning-point in his long and distinguished career; it also takes up an issue which Professor Burrow has discussed in a characteristically incisive, erudite, and level-headed way, in his ‘Poems without Endings’, though without mentioning the ‘ending lessness’ of the well-known Ricardian poem that I want to talk about. Professor Burrow’s essay, remembered particularly as a wonderfully urbane and informative lecture at the New Chaucer Society congress at Canterbury in 1990, is concerned chiefly with The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, the Cook’s Tale and the Squire’s Tale, and the questions that arise from their unfinished state: whether they were left incomplete by Chaucer, whether they were completed by Chaucer but are now incomplete through accidental loss of manuscript leaf or leaves, or whether they transcend, in their apparent incompleteness, the petty bounds of our notions of completeness and aspire to represent the grand inconclusiveness and indeterminacy of all things.
English Heritage, English Cinema
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: October 2023

The costume drama was one of the important production trends in British cinema during the 1980s and 1990s. Films such as Chariots of Fire, A Room with a View, Howards End, Sense and Sensibility, Elizabeth, and Shakespeare in Love won numerous accolades, received extensive critical acclaim, and achieved considerable box-office success, both in the UK and overseas. Since the late 1980s, there has been much debate about these films, about their politics and their meanings, and about their relationship to the heritage industry. In English Heritage, English Cinema, Andrew Higson moves the debate on heritage cinema in important new directions. First, he demonstrates that there were many more ‘British’ costume dramas than have usually been taken into account in discussions of heritage cinema, and describes the typical subject matter, themes, and stylistic characteristics of these films. Secondly, he explores the major concerns of the critical debate about heritage cinema, arguing that the ambivalence of the films themselves and the richness of the reception process necessarily produces a range of often incompatible interpretations of the same films. Thirdly, he looks at the way in which the costume drama production trend was funded, marketed, and exhibited, noting in particular the development of crossover appeal, and the involvement of American capital and specialist distribution companies. Finally, he looks in detail at two key films, Howards End and Elizabeth, and at their production, distribution, exhibition, and critical reception. The book is based on extensive empirical research but is written in an accessible and jargon-free style. As well as dealing with a specific production trend, it also raises more general questions about genre, national cinema, the relations between commercial and cultural interests, and the processes of reception and interpretation.
Alicia D’anvers (née Clarke) (1668-1725)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Alicia D’Anvers, according to Anthony a Wood (manuscript notes in his copy of Academia, Bod. Wood 517, Pamphlet 6) was The daughter of Samuel Clarke, a ‘sometimes superior Beadle of Law’ in Oxfordshire, and also architypographicus to The University.
Delarivier Manley, née Manley (R.1670/8-1724)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Delarivier Manley was The daughter of Sir Roger Manley, Lieutenant-Governor of The Channel Islands (where she claims to have been born) from 1667 to 1672. His military career was one of modest distinction: he went on to serve as a Captain in The Royal Regiment of Foot Guards, and as governor of Landguard Fort in Suffolk.
Lady Sarah Piers (née Roydon) (C.I67o-Before 1720)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Sarah was The daughter of MatThew Roydon, and married Sir George Piers of Stonepit, near Seal in Kent. Little seems to be known of her life. Her husband was an army captain and Clerk of The Privy Seal.
Anne Morcott (fl. 1692)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

The extent of women’s involvement with The professional writing of ballads is completely unquantifiable. Ballads were normally, though not always, registered without an author’s name: though it it highly probable that many ballads were written by women, this is one of only two which seems certain to be so, so is included here to stand for a whole area of women’s literary production.
Elizabeth Tipper (fl. 1693-8)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

All that we know of Elizabeth Tipper derives from her own work, The Pilgrim’s Viaticum: or, The Destitute, but not Forlorn. At The time of writing, Elizabeth Tipper was a poor schoolteacher, dependent on The charity of friends, some of whom she names.
Catherine Cockburn (née Trotter) (1679-1749)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Catherine Trotter was The daughter of David Trotter, a naval commander, and Sarah Ballenden. Her faTher died of The plague on an expedition to Scanderoon when she was 4, and Thereafter, CaTherine, her sister, and her moTher lived on a precarious system of pensions, and subventions from relatives.
Culture and Benevolence
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: October 2023

At the close of Moliere’s Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, then, we see the emergence of a troublesome vision of ‘Europe’, in the form of a theatrical chorus comprising the cultures of France, Spain, and Italy, singing together in the face of a suddenly silenced Turkey. This ‘Europe’, produced aesthetically, constitutes a political state of affairs, in which Europe is formulating itself in terms of internal affinities between obviously different cultures; but where such ‘friendship’ between cultures, even between cultures whose languages are mutually incomprehensible, requires a common or shared sense of enmity elsewhere.
Things Fall Apart: The Secret Agent and Literary Entropy
Authors: Whitworth Michael H
Published: October 2023

Missing from Gerald Holton’s list of the scientific thema of ‘disintegration, violence and derangement’ is the theme that is ancestor to them all: dissipation. Though the second law of thermodynamics was developed by Sadi Carnot as early as I824, drawing on work by Fourier earlier in the century, it anticipated many of the scientific developments of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; it was for Eddington ‘so fundamental in physical theory’ that he devoted two chapters of The Nature of the Physical World to it.
Simultaneity: A Return Ticket to Waterloo
Authors: Whitworth Michael H
Published: October 2023

New technologies not only affect the material circumstances of our lives, but they introduce new metaphors by which we live. Through these metaphors, new technologies can change our relationship to concepts as abstract as space and time, and phenomena as intangible as the velocity of light.
Designing the Life of Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce
Published: October 2023

For over two centuries Boswell’s massive biography of Samuel Johnson has been both reverenced and reviled. Yet neither its admirers nor its critics have fully understood how the book was designed to work upon them. Boswell himself is partly to blame: throughout the Life he directs attention away from artistry to industry, from creative choices to dedicated researches. Yet his working manuscript, one of the twentieth century’s greatest literary discoveries, tells a much different tale. Designing the Life of Johnson, the first study of its kind, reconstructs Boswell’s models and methods by charting this textual labyrinth. It begins by analysing the stages that led to the first edition, goes on to reveal the impact of portrait and theatre-piece upon the structure of the Life, and ends by uncovering the transformation of Johnson from savage into sage. The result is a more subtle, more vital assessment of Boswell the designer – and an enhanced awareness of biography’s power to make life into art.
The Collections of the University
Authors: Impey Oliver
Published: October 2023

The way in which the University has collected, displayed, neglected, disposed of, housed, catalogued, studied with, and taught from its varied accumulations of eight hundred-odd years is the subject of this chapter. The University today owns Museums of Art and Archaeology, of Ethnography, of Natural History, and of the History of Science, as well as smaller more specialist collections that are kept separately, such as the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments or the Herbarium. There is a large number of libraries, many of which are subordinate to the great Bodleian Library, a Botanic Garden, an Arboretum, and a nature reserve. There is no zoo; in this respect the University falls short of the seventeenth-century ideal of universality.
The Lancastrian Affinity: Structure, Cost, Composition
Authors: Walker Simon
Published: October 2023

How is the Lancastrian affinity to be defined? Three major categories in its composition may be distinguished: (i) household attendants; (ii) indentured retainers; and (iii) estate officials. The members of each category were united by their shared relationship of dependence towards the duke and were generally, though not invariably, rewarded in the same way-by the grant of an annuity assigned on one of the administrative districts, known as receiverships, into which the Lancastrian inheritance was divided. They were distinguished from each other by the type of service required of them. Household attendants were naturally expected to be around the duke’s person for much of the time; their employment was menial, in the strict sense of the term, and comparatively continuous. Indentured retainers, by contrast, were principally required to campaign abroad in the duke’s company. In time of peace they were to be ready at his summons but, save in emergencies, this summons was relatively rare. Estate officials were inevitably required to spend the, majority of their time on the lands in their charge. Although they we essential to the smooth running of the duke’s affairs, their loyalty was as much to the estates they managed as to the person of the duke and their local knowledge was often at the disposal of more than one patron.
The Ruhr Struggle
Authors: Kent Bruce
Published: October 2023

Apart from his overriding desire to ingratiate himself with the conservative majority in the Chamber of Deputies, Poincare’s main motives for advocating an occupation of the Ruhr in 192.2. had been to frighten the German government into a more resolute approach to stabilization and fulfilment and to blackmail Britain and the United States into making financial concessions. When both the Germans and the Anglo-Saxons proved impervious to his threats the French premier still went ahead with the invasion in order to save his political skin. Although the Chamber was suitably impressed by his bravado, the operation was bound to be counter-productive because it reduced even further Germany’s propensity to reform and her capacity to pay. It also eliminated entirely the possibility of British and American concessions, disrupted the French economy, and undermined the franc. Even the short-term visible spoils of the Ruhr venture were derisory. Exploitation of the district was impeded not only by the campaign of passive resistance which the German government orchestrated and financed but also by the initial dithering of the occupying authorities and their subsequent failure to assert effective economic control over the region for fear of offending local and international opinion.
‘Let No Man Grasp My Arm’: The Establishment of British Administration in the South 1903—1913
Authors: Lamphear John
Published: October 2023

Tow ARD the end of 1903 H. Hyde-Baker was replaced as the Collector of Baringo District by Geoffrey Archer, a large, robust man, who took over the administration of the sprawling 10,000 square-mile district with a fresh enthusiasm. He quickly built a new station some miles north of the one held by Hyde-Baker, near the Mugutan River. A community of Pokot living nearby proved to be friendly, and allowed several of their leaders to be named British chiefs.
Introduction: Representing the Past
Authors: Borsay Peter
Published: October 2023

The genesis of this book lies in the 1970s. It was then, as a postgraduate and new lecturer, that I was working on the history of eighteenth-century Bath, as part of a wider project investigating the development of fashionable culture in English provincial towns between 1660 and 1770. This resulted in the publication of The English Urban Renaissance (1989). The title was chosen to emphasize the dynamic nature of urban life in the post-Restoration years, after what some had argued to be an era of declining cultural prestige for provincial towns, and to stress the classical basis of the revival under way. Having completed a macro-study of this renaissance, it seemed natural to turn my attention to a micro-study of its most dazzling progeny, Georgian Bath. Yet what emerged, as I was drawn into the subject, was not an orthodox local history of the city from 1700 to 1830, but an exploration of the image of Georgian Bath between the early eighteenth century and the late twentieth century. This fundamental change in perspective derived from two impulses; a concern with the manner in which the past is remodelled, repackaged, and redeployed by each generation, and an interest in the process of representation. It is clear, at least in retrospect, that this shift in focus towards the way that the past is constructed and images of it created was a response on my part to the practical activity of making history, and doing so in the changing milieu of the final decades of the twentieth century.
Architecture: Modern and Post-Modern
Authors: Borsay Peter
Published: October 2023

During the inter-war years the image of Georgian Bath came to exert a powerful influence on the city’s architectural agenda. However, the contemporaneous rise of the ethos and practice of town planning, though feeding on and reinforcing the image, also threatened it. In the decades after the Second World War these contradictions became all too evident. Not that post-war commentators were any less effusive than their predecessors in praise of the classical achievement. In the 1960s Geoffrey Fletcher observed that ‘the eighteenth century transformed the place [Bath] from a small West Country town to become one of the chief architectural glories of the country’, and Ewart Johns insisted that ‘The outstanding example of the first stage of the classical townscape in this country is Bath’. An important boost to the appreciation of the city’s Georgian landscape was given by the publication, immediately after the end of the war, of two major reappraisals of Bath’s architecture. First in 1947 came Bryan Little’s The Building of Bath, a book primarily focused on the period 1702 to 1850, and in the following year arrived Walter Ison’s Georgian Buildings of Bath, which replaced Green as the authoritative text on the city’s eighteenth-century architecture. It was significant, both in terms of their impact and the importance now attached to its subject, that Little’s and Ison’s studies were produced by London publishers, whereas that of Green had been published in Bath.
Society Under Siege: Germany, 1914-1918
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: October 2023

Brigadier-General H. C. Rees emerged from the prisoner-of-war camp at Bad-Colberg, Saxe Meiningen, on 12 December 1918 and reported to London on his first impressions. Germany appears to be completely beaten and disorganized; further hostilities on any appreciable scale are most improbable. The German people are, in my opinion, fully aware of this fact and accept it as a lesser evil than the continuanc:e of the war ... The nation as a whole is on the verge of starvation.
Late-Victorian Britain: An Import Economy
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: October 2023

THE distant causes of Germany ‘s collapse in 1918 may be found on the new frontiers of farming which opened up during the last third of the nineteenth century. In the 1870s the United States emerged as a great food power. Its grain fields and stockyards threatened to overwhelm European rural economies. In response, Britain replaced home-grown calories with imported ones and ran down farming to build up trade. That adjustment forms the subject of the next three chapters: first, the consequences of becoming the world ‘s largest entrepot for food; second, the reasons why British farming was battered so badly by competition from abroad; third, what sort of economies developed to provide Britain with agrarian staples.
Asian Labour On The Pacific Rim: The Struggle For Exclusion, 1860-1907
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: October 2023

Australia, New Zealand, British Columbia and California were far away from the North Sea and from the Great Power rivalries of western Europe. Their young economies, however, depended to a greater or lesser extent on European capital and European markets. The Dominion societies looked to Britain for their identities, their institutions and their way of life. To preserve this identity they followed a policy of racial exclusion. The next three chapters consider the costs of racial exclusion and its benefits, how it affected the strategic balance in the North Sea, and how it reinforced the imperial bond in the last years before the First World War.
Neitherdominionnorpeace: Germany After The Armistice
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: October 2023

When the armistice failed to lift the blockade, Germany faced another winter of hunger and cold. As long as food was short, the war economy continued. There was one difference. The government no longer carried the blame. The onus had shifted to the Allies. From the start the coalition of Majority Socialists and the bourgeois democratic bloc faced a threat from both political extremes: from disaffected conservatives on the right, and from revolutionary socialists on the left.
Reform Redundant: Political Continuity in Lewes and Great Yarmouth
Authors: Phillips John A
Published: October 2023

Though Reform proved to be a tonic potent enough to alter electoral behaviour substantially in many boroughs, its potency was not evident in all towns. Reform failed to affect politics in Lewes and Great Yarmouth. Reform’s inutility in these two towns, however, stemmed not from its ineffectiveness but from its redundancy. Political struggles from the later eighteenth century onward had produced antagonistic, extremely well-defined camps that warred under the banners of local/parliamentary political parties in these boroughs. Divisions were too rigidly fixed before 1832 for Reform to have had much of an impact. Reformers could fan the flames of partisanship in places like Shrewsbury, but they were preaching to the converted in Lewes and Great Yarmouth where voters were already partisans. Paradoxically, in both word and deed, Lewes gave every appearance of having been very much affected by Reform. Voters in Lewes appeared to respond to the powerful reforming spirit sweeping the country. A closer examination reveals the truth. Already rigidly if idiosyncratically partisan, Lewes felt 1832 only superficially. Conversely, the behaviour of Yarmouth’s voters did not require painstaking interpretation.
Cordoba after 422/1031
Authors: Wasserstein David J
Published: October 2023

In his study of the coinage of fifth/eleventh-century Islamic Spain, G. C. Miles lists eight specimens which he attributes to an ‘unidentified independent ruler, period of the revolution’. He assigns them, although they all lack dates, to the period ‘Ca. 422–428 AH = 1030-1037 AD’. In doing so he seems to have based himself on the dating provided by Prieto in his comprehensive work on the coins of this period, where a group of related coin types (seven in number) is treated. Among these some retain enough of their inscriptions and dates to make it possible to date them to years within this period. All of them bear the name ‘Humām’ or ‘Ibn I:Iumam’ (Prieto: Abenhamam; Miles: Ibo Hamam) on the obverse. In this chapter I shall attempt (i) to draw together the few scattered pieces of information on Ibo I:Iumam which it is possible to find in the sources for the fifth/eleventh century; (ii) to suggest an identification for him and use the results thus obtained in a consideration of some problems raised by other groups of coins with inscriptions of similar types; and finally (iii) to relate the conclusions of this investigation to the broader question of the survival of the caliphal institution in Cordoba after 422/1031.
Zuhayr
Authors: Wasserstein David J
Published: October 2023

The first decades of the fifth/eleventh century were a confused period, with states coming into being, rulers coming and going, and no one, in all probability, fully aware that the old unitary state of the caliphal-‘ ūmirid regime was gone for ever. While later taifa rulers, in choosing a form of caliphal recognition, did so to suit such purposes as local legitimation or the need to temporize with Seville, the earliest ones often did so with completely different aims: they did so in what they thought of as the knowledge that their support for any particular caliphal pretender might well help towards the reconstruction of the unitary state, and thence towards their own fall, or just possibly their rise in subordination to a larger political unit than the one they were actually in control of already. In acting as they did, therefore, they took account, both at home, in their own individual states-inreadiness, and abroad, on the broader Iberian scene, of the possible reconstruction of peninsular unity.
Was the Caliphate Abolished in 422/ 1031?
Authors: Wasserstein David J
Published: October 2023

Hishūm III al-Mu’tadd faced a hopeless task when he was chosen as caliph. It was in the nature of the circumstances that he should fail. But the history of his own family in the preceding half century also made it almost inevitable that he should do so. The ‘Amirids had done their efficient best during their quarter of a century of power to rid the country of any Umayyads with promise, and the two succeeding decades had shown the woeful incapacity for rule of the surviving members of the Umayyad family. Although Hishūm seems to have come to the caliphal throne with the goodwill and even the support of the Cordobans and of a number of the emerging local potentates elsewhere in the Iberian peninsula, he came also without any military support and with scarcely more idea of how authority was to be maintained or political power exercised.
Motors of Progress: Towns, Money, and Manufactures
Authors: Doyle William
Published: October 2023

All economic progress depends in the last analysis on a breakthrough in agriculture. Not until agriculture is able to feed and sustain large towns can economic life diversify, specialize, and bring forth productive innovations. Not until towns are substantial does capital tend to accumulate fast enough to finance these expensive but ultimately beneficial changes. Not until population is concentrated in large towns is a work-force not tied to agriculture available in sufficient numbers to diversify production. Without an agricultural revolution, in fact, there could have been no industrial revolution. This is not to say that agricultural improvements always led to an industrial breakthrough. ln the Netherlands, where the age-old cycle of subsistence farming was first broken, and where urbanization advanced most rapidly, little further economic progress was made after 1700. Whether the Dutch economy merely stood still or positively declined is still the subject of much debate, but it is indisputable that in the eighteenth century other states over hauled the Dutch republic and soon pulled far ahead. An agricultural revolution, then, is an essential enabling factor in economic progress. But many other obstacles also need to be removed if economic life is to be revolutionized on other fronts and is to expand in new ways at unprecedented rates. The removal of these obstacles in certain favoured areas was perhaps the most momentous development of the eighteenth century.
Wider Horizons: Trade and Empire
Authors: Doyle William
Published: October 2023

No event [ wrote the Abbe Raynal in 1770) has been so interesting to mankind in general, and to the inhabitants of Europe in particular, as the discovery of the New World, and the passage to India by the Cape of Good Hope. It gave rise to a revolution in the commerce, and in the power of nations; as well as in the manners, industry, and government of the whole world. At this period, new connexions were formed by the inhabitants of the most distant regions, for the supply of wants they had never before experienced. The production of climates situated under the equator, were consumed in countries bordering on the pole; the industry of the north was transplanted to the south; and the inhabitants of the west were clothed with the manufactures of the east.
Taking Broad Views
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

How Nowadays Might We Modern And Conscientiously Hsympathetic kinds of people (the kinds presumably who read books like this) deal with a small historical tableau like the following? More to the point, how did people deal with it in 1831? At Rochester assizes in August that year an illiterate and pauperized country lad curi ously called John Amy Bird Bell was sentenced to death for murder. Early on the Monday following he was taken out of Maidstone prison to a scaffold. Four or five thousand people assembled to watch. The hang man put a noose around his neck, he was prayed at, a platform was pulled away, and he dropped and choked to death. Afterwards his body was dissected by surgeons. It was all common enough for the times, except that John Bell was aged 14.
Wronged Women
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

In The Early Nineteenth Century Two Campaigns Against the rough justice and execution delivered upon young women are of extraordinary interest for any student of attitudes to and feelings about capital law at this time. The first was set in Bury St Edmunds in 1800 when a servant girl, Sarah Lloyd, was hanged for theft from her mis tress’s house. The second was set in London in 1815: another servant girl, Eliza Penning, was hanged for attempting to murder her master’s household by poisoning their dumplings with arsenic. The campaigns to save each woman or rehabilitate her reputation were unprecedented. Nobody had made such fusses about the hanging of a common person before, or at least fusses which left such records. The campaigns suggest a readiness to challenge criminal justice which had not been easy to focus in the eighteenth century, and they portended many challenges to come. Each campaign testifies not only to the incorporation of long standing critiques of ancien regime law, but also the close relationship between thought and emotion in those most concerned. Each was mobilized by engagement with narratives of injustice, with real victims at their centres. If opinion was to be moved at all, it would be as much by stories like these as by Beccarian or Benthamite argument.
Therape Of Elizabeth Cureton
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

This Chapter Addresses A Different Kind Of Opinion About capital justice from those surveyed so far. It also uses a different method. It offers a microhistory, rooted in neighbourhood and commu nity, playing to a sense of place, and of incident-to the imagination, in short. On a June evening in 1829 Elizabeth Cureton of Coalbrookdale in Shropshire let John Noden into her parents’ cottage after her parents had gone to bed. The couple then had sex on the parlour floor. A couple of days later she told the constable that he had raped her. This at once enmeshed both of them in a legal process which stripped her of privacy and reputation and threatened him with death. She prosecuted him; and at the Shrewsbury assizes in August Noden was tried for rape, con victed, and sentenced to hang. Their neighbours and betters became excited commentators upon the drama. Her sexual character was stripped bare in accusations and gossip as the community appealed to save Noden’s life at her reputation’s expense.
The Apprentice
Authors: Grassby Richard
Published: October 2023

Sir dudley north, born in London on 16 May 1641, was the third surviving son of Dudley, 4th Baron North of Kirtling. In 1657, at the age of 15, he was sent not to a University or an Inn, but to a boarding writing school in London, where he was taught by Mr Fox for a year with the intention of apprenticing him to a merchant.2 The primary reason for this decision was financial. The Norths had originally prospered in the Law, in Office, and in the City, but the position of the family deteriorated in the early seventeenth century. Since the 3rd Baron lived to be 84, Dudley ‘s father did not inherit the estate until 1666, after most of his children had matured. Consequently they ‘were given to under stand early that there was no other means of living to be expected than what came out of our Industry ‘.
Consumption and Expenditure
Authors: Vale Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Any study of princely courts during the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as we saw in the last chapter, demands that some attention be paid to the material underpinnings of aristocratic life. The study of material culture (Sachkultur) is an essential tool in the analysis and inter- pretation of consumption, expenditure, and their place in court life. To speak of an ‘infrastructure’ upon which the increasingly elaborate edifice of later medieval court life was built, moreover, is to acknowledge the influence of Marxist or quasi-Marxist interpretations of later medieval culture. Yet the identification and examination of the infrastructural conditions for later medieval cultural and social developments need not necessarily be cast, as it has been by some Marxist historians, in a doctrinaire or dialectical mould. Economic forces clearly had an impact upon all forms of consumption, and deterministic interpretations can be found in such works as Friedrich Antal’s Florentine Painting and its Social Background, Arnold Hauser’s Social History of Art, or those of other Marxist historians of art and culture.
The Viking-Age Rune-Stones
Authors: Sawyer Birgit
Published: October 2023

There are over 3000 runic inscriptions on stone made in Scandinavia in the late Viking Age. This book is the first attempt by a historian to study the material as a whole. The analysis reveals significant regional variations that reflect different stages in the process of conversion, and the growth of royal power. Many monuments were declarations of faith or manifestations of status; but virtually all reflect inheritance claims, and cast unexpected light on the prehistory of the inheritance customs found in later Scandinavian law codes. The results of this analysis make a significant contribution to understanding developments in other parts of the Germanic world, as well as Scandinavia. The inclusion of a digest of the data-base on which this book is based will facilitate further study of this rich vein of evidence.
The Sumerian City-state
Authors: Finer S E
Published: October 2023

The first unambiguously attested states yet known emerged round about 3200 BC in the Nile Valley and in southern Mesopotamia-’unam biguously’, because writing had been invented in those two areas, and we have documents instead of merely archaeological records. There must certainly have been states before this: city-states, at least, since Jericho had massive walls and a temple shrine as early as c.6500 BC-but we know nothing of its social and political life. Likewise, there were important states after this which, if we could interpret their writing, might well disclose a political order to match the Egyptian or Sumerian: Minoan Crete, for example, that flourished between 2000 and 1450 BC. These states, however, all have another characteristic besides unfathomability: they were ‘one-off’ states, dead-end states. As they arose suddenly and in mystery, so they perished suddenly, in mysterious circumstances; and, dead, left no progeny. Their very existence was unknown until their ruins were exposed by the spade within the last hundred years.
Monarchy and counsel: models of the state
Authors: Guy John
Published: October 2023

It cannot be said that distinctively British theories of monarchy and politics evolved in the sixteenth century. Renaissance culture was pan-European: ideas (like printed books and manuscripts) crossed the Channel freely in both directions. This was equally true after the Reformation as before. Libraries were acquired in Paris, Bas1e, or Venice rather than in London, Dublin, or Edinburgh. Translations of classical and later writings were in vogue. Young aristocrats often travelled on the Continent after they had studied at university or the Inns of Court. Still, it was in the sixteenth century that classic ‘British’ models of sacral monarchy (mainly England) and popular sovereignty (mainly Scotland) emerged. These were the ideas that underlay the British Civil Wars of the seventeenth century and shaped the Atlantic and colonialist traditions, notably in North America. They survived until the French Revolution unleashed more stridently ‘nationalist’ theories of popular sovereignty, and until the rise of nationalism in post-Enlightenment Germany created the stimulus for ideals of autonomy and self-determination that were more closely indexed to ethnic and racial concerns.
Relic Cults in Normandy and England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
Authors: Crook John
Published: October 2023

In the previous two chapters I traced the way in which, in the period up to c.1000, the presence of a relic cult influenced the architectural development of the church wherein the saint was housed. Most of the examples cited were perforce continental, for the survival rate of architectural remains is far higher on the mainland than in England; but some examples of insular architecture were included, and I sought to demonstrate the relationship between those comparatively rare survivals of Anglo-Saxon architecture and current continental practice. My broad conclusion is that from the seventh century many of the changes in the physical setting of the cult of saints evident on the Continent also occurred in Anglo-Saxon England, often virtually contemporaneously, although the available evidence suggests that the Carolingian enthusiasm for ring-crypts only infrequently crossed the English Channel.
The Congress Era, 1815-1823
Authors: Schroeder Paul w.
Published: October 2023

The axiom ‘Whatever ceases to grow starts to rot’ has often been used in power politics, where it does not really fit. It does not correspond to the facts; durable success in power politics, as Napoleon’s career illustrates, depends less on expanding one’s power than on knowing where and how to stop and consolidate it. The maxim also suggests a mistaken notion of what power is and how it works. Except in the crudest sense, state power in international politics is not a thing, a definable and measurable entity, which at any particular time must be either growing, declining, or levelling off. It is not even a combination of factors (military capability, industrial capacity, wealth, territory, population, etc.) which add up to such a measurable entity. A state’s power in international politics involves above all a relationship between its international needs and goals, its capacity to meet them, and the costs of doing so. The sources of that power or capacity, moreover, lie in a complex network of interwoven factors (domestic-political, foreign-political, economic, social, even cultural and psychological) subject to constant change in different ways at different rates.
Revolutions, Progress, and Standstill, 1830-1833
Authors: Schroeder Paul w.
Published: October 2023

Contemporary observers and historians agree, by and large, on the results of the revolutions of 1830-1. In the domestic sphere they produced real and useful political and social change in France, Belgium, Switzerland, and parts of Germany, though in Italy and Poland they failed. In foreign affairs, they led to serious crises and war scares which challenged the Vienna system and weakened it over the long run. Major treaties were overturned, conservative solidarity was eroded, and Europe was divided more clearly into rival ideological camps, portending future trouble.
The Problem of Multiple Kingdoms C. 1580-1630
Authors: Russell Conrad
Published: October 2023

In 1645 the Earl of Berkshire, one of the reluctant Royalists among Charles’s Privy Councillors, complained that ‘noe body can tell what we have fought about all this whyle’. It is arguable that his successors in the task have not done much better. The central difficulty about explaining the Civil War as a purely English phenomenon is that there does not appear to be enough head of steam to justify an explosion on the scale which resulted, and when we do find an issue which generated enough steam, it often turns out to be an issue more likely to unite the country than to divide it.

One of the moments when we may begin to see daylight on this question is when we realize that historians of the Irish Rebellion are faced with a closely parallel problem. The Irish Rebellion, like the English Civil War, was for more limited aims than its subsequent admirers have supposed: it was no more a movement for Irish independence than the English was for Parliamentary sovereignty. Like the English, it was not the result of a long and inevitable crescendo of tension, and Aidan Clarke has gone so far as to describe it as ‘a startling interruption of a mood of peaceful cooperation’.
The Church, Religion, and Politics the Problem of the Definite Article
Authors: Russell Conrad
Published: October 2023

On 2 August 1642 the Lords and Commons told the country that the Royalists ‘come … to crown their work, and put that in execution which was first in their intention, that is the changing of religion into popery and superstition’. On 19 September the King told his assembled troops outside Wellington that ‘you shall meete with noe enemyes but traytors, most of them Brownists, Anabaptists and atheists, such who desire to destroy both church and state’. Both these statements contain an element of mythology, but in the Civil War, as in most other major conflicts, mythologies recruited as many troops as facts. To understand the war, it is necessary to understand the mythologies. We are likely to find that when they are fully understood, the genuine element in them is rather larger, and the mythological rather smaller, than at first sight might appear.
The ‘Social Psychology’ of Unemployment in Inter-war Britain
Authors: Mckibbin Ross
Published: October 2023

IN 1938 P. Eisenberg and P. F. Lazarsfeld published a ‘final’ statement of the social-psychological theory of unemployment and so completed the only systematic analysis of the effects of unemployment on the individual and the family. The theory suggested that men and women went through ‘stages’ in their reaction to unemployment–from optimism to resignation and despair–and these stages were accompanied by a progressive deterioration in the individual’s social and intellectual capacities. Social engagement was succeeded by social withdrawal; political activity by apathy; and mental interests by inertia. Differences of personality and temperament influenced only the timing, not the progression of the stages. Here I shall examine how far the literature available to Lazarsfeld supports such a theory. I have used only that material cited by Eisenberg and Lazarsfeld in their 1938 article or which was otherwise accessible to them, together with some more recent work when that does not seem anachronistic; and I have ignored the problem of physical deterioration with which the psychological literature was only obliquely concerned.
The Church in the Landscape c.650–850
Authors: Blair John
Published: October 2023

Early English Christianity left a legacy of impressive, durable monuments in the countryside which can be seen, or at least excavated, today: monastic sites, churches, stone crosses, graveyards. Equally important, though barely visible to us, were the wider landscapes of undeveloped or unmarked cult sites, and the conceptions of sacred space which would have given them coherence and meaning for their inhabitants. Written (and thus clerical) sources stress the monumental and the architectural, emblematic of Roman civilization and orthodoxy; our own intensively built-up environments encourage us to accept that emphasis, and to forget how many Anglo-Saxon communal activities must have taken place in the natural world and the open air. In the vernacular culture of early Christian England, landscape mattered more than architecture.
Minsters in a Changing World c.850–1100
Authors: Blair John
Published: October 2023

We have King Alfred’s word for it that in the 860s, ‘before everything was ravaged and burnt, the churches throughout England stood filled with treasures and books, and likewise there was a great multitude of the servants of God’. Yet the growing pressure on minsters, and their growing insecurity, can be traced from the disputes of the 740s, through the encroachments and exactions of Offa and his successors in Mercia, to the ostensibly benign but ultimately exploitative lordship of Ecgberht’s family in ninth-century Wessex. The erosion of autonomy, and the appropriation of estates and sites for defence, administration, and land-lordship, were long-term trends spanning the mid eighth to late eleventh centuries. Alfred was focusing, naturally enough, on the destruction which he had seen with his own eyes, but minsters were also victims of longer-term political, social, and economic processes.
Crimean War and Indian Mutiny
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K
Published: October 2023

The 1850s were warlike. Two of the three major British military endeavours between Waterloo and the Great War, besides two of those ‘minor’ campaigns—in Persia and China—which regularly punctuated the Victorian age, took place then. It was almost as if, by some curious act of compensation, a period of comparative social calm at home had to be balanced by death and destruction beyond the seas. However, although both the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny involved substantial mobilizations and intense public concern, the differences between the two were more striking than the similarities. Yet their close temporal conjunction meant that the eventual victories of the Mutiny—in essence a very grand version of the small-scale colonial engagements in which the post-Napoleonic British army specialized—helped to block out many of the lessons that should have been learnt from the earlier and militarily far more significant battles in the Crimea.
Godly People
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K
Published: October 2023

Never was Britain more religious than in the Victorian age. Contemporaries agonized over those who did not float upon the flood of faith. We marvel at the number that did. The episcopal Church of England and the presbyterian Church of Scotland each fought to safeguard their established status—the ecclesiastical equivalent of economic protectionism. Dissenters demanded free trade in souls as well as corn. The vital impulses which flowed from the Evangelical Revival of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries rendered belief more dynamic, but more problematic too. Because the kind of faith the Victorians encouraged was the kind it is possible to lose through conscientious design as much as by accident, those who worried most about their feelings of ‘honest doubt’ often found themselves forever mimicking the language and thought processes of the Christianity they were leaving behind. Equally characteristic was the statistical temper in which Victorians approached the manifestations of belief.
The Unexpected Whig Revolution of 1688
Authors: Beddard Robert
Published: October 2023

On 1 November 1688 William’s expeditionary force of 15,000 men, carried in some 200 transports and protected by 49 fighting ships, finally sailed for England. It landed, unopposed, in Tor Bay on 5 November—the day yearly set aside for Protestant thanksgiving for the nation’s earlier deliverance from the machinations of Popery in 1605. From the coast of Devon William made his way overland to Exeter, where amid popular acclaim he established his camp on the 9th. More than a week elapsed before the local gentry (mostly Tories) overcame their loyal scruples and rallied to his cause, by which time a number of his partisans (mostly Whigs) from other parts of the kingdom had joined him; significantly, their ranks were soon swollen by deserters from the king's army, which had been penetrated by Williamite agents. The prince’s peaceful and increasingly rapturous reception in the West Country boded well for the success of his mission. Yet, it took time for his secret sponsors in the nobility to raise the northern and midland shires in support of his declared aims. As it happened their delays scarcely mattered, for James was similarly slow to take the offensive.
The Political Thought of the Anglican Revolution
Authors: Goldie Mark
Published: October 2023

Almost from the beginning of James II’s reign, Anglican churchmen and their lay followers engaged in extensive and concerted civil disobedience, and did so with the manifest aim of bringing his régime to a standstill. When the king sought the gentry’s acquiescence in opening public office to Catholics, two-thirds of them baulked. When he ordered the clergy to desist from preaching against his religion, they responded with volleys of sermons and pamphlets on the evils of Popery. When he imposed upon the universities, the dons withstood him. When he sought addresses of thanks for his Declaration of Indulgence, he met with massive refusals. And when he demanded that the Declaration be read from every pulpit, 95 per cent of the clergy disobeyed and the Seven Bishops who published their reasons stood trial for seditious libel. By the winter of 1688 James had been deserted, in spirit or in fact, by nearly all of the natural allies of Stuart monarchy. And by the following summer nearly all the Tories, lay and clerical, had come to terms with a dynastic change that earlier they would have pronounced abhorrent.