bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A‐TWinnipeg: Pathogenesis of rare ATM missense mutation c.6200C>A with decreased protein expression and downstream signaling, early‐onset dystonia, cancer, and life‐threatening radiotoxicity
Authors: Nakamura Kotoka , Fike Francesca , Haghayegh Sara , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Dawson Angelika J. , Dörk Thilo , Gatti Richard A.
Published: March 2014

We studied 10 Mennonite patients who carry the c.6200C>A missense mutation (p.A2067D) in the ATM gene, all of whom exhibited a phenotypic variant of ataxia‐telangiectasia (A‐T) that is characterized by early‐onset dystonia and late‐onset mild ataxia, as previously described. This report provides the pathogenetic evidence for this mutation on cellular functions. Several patients have developed cancer and subsequently experienced life‐threatening adverse reactions to radiation (radiotoxicity) and/or chemotherapy. As the c.6200C>A mutation is, thus far, unique to the Mennonite population and is always associated with the same haplotype or haplovariant, it was important to rule out any possible confounding DNA variant on the same haplotype. Lymphoblastoid cells derived from Mennonite patients expressed small amounts of ATM protein, which had no autophosphorylation activity at ATM Ser1981, and trace‐to‐absent transphosphorylation of downstream ATM targets. A‐T lymphoblastoid cells stably transfected with ATM cDNA which had been mutated for c.6200C>A did not show a detectable amount of ATM protein. The same stable cell line with mutated ATM cDNA also showed a trace‐to‐absent transphosphorylation of downstream ATM targets SMC1pSer966 and KAP1pSer824. From these results, we conclude that c.6200A is the disease‐causing ATM mutation on this haplotype. The presence of at least trace amounts of ATM kinase activity on some immunoblots may account for the late‐onset, mild ataxia of these patients. The cause of the dystonia remains unclear. Because this dystonia‐ataxia phenotype is often encountered in the Mennonite population in association with cancer and adverse reactions to chemotherapy, an early diagnosis is important.
Cardiac involvement in Dutch patients with sarcoglycanopathy: A cross‐sectional cohort and follow‐up study
Authors: Schade van Westrum Steven M. , Dekker Lukas R.C. , de Voogt Willem G. , Wilde Arthur A.M. , Ginjaar Ieke B. , de Visser Marianne , van der Kooi Anneke J.
Published: March 2014

Introduction: The aim of this study is to describe the frequency, nature, severity, and progression of cardiac abnormalities in a cohort of Dutch sarcoglycanopathy patients. Methods: In this cross‐sectional cohort study, patients were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire and assigned a functional score. Electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and 24‐h ECG were performed. Results: Twenty‐four patients with sarcoglycanopathy had a median age of 25 years (range, 8–59 years). Beta blockers were used by 13%, and 17% used angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. ECG abnormalities were present in 5 (21%), and 4 (17%) fulfilled the criteria for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). There were no significant differences in median age or severity of disease between patients with or without DCM. Eleven patients were examined earlier. Median follow‐up time was 10 years. Two of the 11 patients (18%) developed DCM during follow‐up. Conclusions: Seventeen percent of the patients with sarcoglycanopathy were found to have dilated cardiomyopathy. We recommend biannual cardiac monitoring, including ECG and echocardiography. Muscle Nerve 50: 909–913, 2014
Xenophagy in Helicobacter pylori‐ and Epstein–Barr virus‐induced gastric cancer
Authors: Zhang Lin , Sung Joseph JY , Yu Jun , Ng Siew C , Wong Sunny H , Cho Chi H , Ng Simon SM , Chan Francis KL , Wu William KK
Published: March 2014

Helicobacter pylori and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) account for roughly 80% and 10%, respectively, of gastric carcinomas worldwide. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and intricately regulated cellular process that involves the sequestration of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles into double‐membrane autophagosomes that eventually fuse with lysosomes for degradation of the engulfed content. Emerging evidence indicates that xenophagy, a form of selective autophagy, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori‐ and EBV‐induced gastric cancer. Xenophagy specifically recognizes intracellular H. pylori and EBV and physically targets these pathogens to the autophagosomal–lysosomal pathway for degradation. In this connection, H. pylori or EBV‐induced dysregulation of autophagy may be causally linked to gastric tumourigenesis and therefore can be exploited as therapeutic targets. This review will discuss how H. pylori and EBV infection activate autophagy and how these pathogens evade recognition and degradation by the autophagic pathway. Elucidating the molecular aspects of H. pylori‐ and EBV‐induced autophagy will help us better understand the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and promote the development of autophagy modulators as antimicrobial agents. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Thermal and biodegradation properties of poly(lactic acid)/fertilizer/oil palm fibers blends biocomposites
Authors: Harmaen Ahmad Saffian , Khalina Abdan , Azowa Ibrahim , Hassan Mohammad A. , Tarmian Asghar , Jawaid Mohammad
Published: March 2014

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and NPK fertilizer with empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers were blends to produced bioplastic fertlizer (BpF) composites for slow release fertilizer. Thermal properties of BpF composites were investigated by thermogavimteric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and morphological and degradation properties were anlayzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), soil burial test, respectively. TGA themogram display that neat PLA, PLA/NPK, and BpF composites degradate at different temperatures. DSC curves of PLA and other composites exhibited same glass transition temperature (Tg) value indicating that both major blend components are miscible. The Tg, crystallization temperature (Tc), melting temperature (Tm) values also decreased with increased amount of fertilizer and fibers. The Tm of BpF composites did not change with an increase in fertilizer content because thermal stability of PLA and PLA/NPK composites was not affected. Soil burial and fungal degradation test of PLA, PLA/NPK, and BpF composites were also carried out. Soil burial studies indicated that BpF composites display better biodegradation as compared with neat NPK. Fungal degradation study indicated that fungi exposure times of BpF composites show higher value of degradation as compared with PLA/NPK. We attribute that developed BpF composites will help oil palm plantation industry to use it as slow release fertilizer. POLYM. COMPOS. 36:576–583, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Artifacts to avoid while taking advantage of top‐down mass spectrometry based detection of protein S‐thiolation
Authors: Auclair Jared R. , Salisbury Joseph P. , Johnson Joshua L. , Petsko Gregory A. , Ringe Dagmar , Bosco Daryl A. , Agar Nathalie Y. R. , Santagata Sandro , Durham Heather D. , Agar Jeffrey N.
Published: March 2014

Bottom‐up MS studies typically employ a reduction and alkylation step that eliminates a class of PTM, S‐thiolation. Given that molecular oxygen can mediate S‐thiolation from reduced thiols, which are abundant in the reducing intracellular milieu, we investigated the possibility that some S‐thiolation modifications are artifacts of protein preparation. Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD1) was chosen for this case study as it has a reactive surface cysteine residue, which is readily cysteinylated in vitro. The ability of oxygen to generate S‐thiolation artifacts was tested by comparing purification of SOD1 from postmortem human cerebral cortex under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. S‐thiolation was ∼50% higher in aerobically processed preparations, consistent with oxygen‐dependent artifactual S‐thiolation. The ability of endogenous small molecule disulfides (e.g. cystine) to participate in artifactual S‐thiolation was tested by blocking reactive protein cysteine residues during anaerobic homogenization. A 50‐fold reduction in S‐thiolation occurred indicating that the majority of S‐thiolation observed aerobically was artifact. Tissue‐specific artifacts were explored by comparing brain‐ and blood‐derived protein, with remarkably more artifacts observed in brain‐derived SOD1. Given the potential for such artifacts, rules of thumb for sample preparation are provided. This study demonstrates that without taking extraordinary precaution, artifactual S‐thiolation of highly reactive, surface‐exposed, cysteine residues can result.
Reliability and quality of water isotope data collected with a low‐budget rain collector
Authors: Prechsl Ulrich E. , Gilgen Anna K. , Kahmen Ansgar , Buchmann Nina
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

Low‐budget rain collectors for water isotope analysis, such as the 'ball‐in‐funnel type collector' (BiFC), are widely used in studies on stable water isotopes of rain. To date, however, an experimental quality assessment of such devices in relation to climatic factors does not exist.

METHODS

We used Cavity Ring‐Down Spectrometry (CRDS) to quantify the effects of evaporation on the δ18O values of reference water under controlled conditions as a function of the elapsed time between rainfall and collection for isotope analysis, the sample volume and the relative humidity (RH: 31% and 67%; 25°C). The climate chamber conditions were chosen to reflect the warm and dry end of field conditions that favor evaporative enrichment (EE). We also tested the performance of the BiFC in the field, and compared our δ2H/δ18O data obtained by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) with those from the Swiss National Network for the Observation of Isotopes in the Water Cycle (ISOT).

RESULTS

The EE increased with time, with a 1‰ increase in the δ18O values after 10 days (RH: 25%; 25°C; 35 mL (corresponding to a 5 mm rain event); p <0.001). The sample volume strongly affected the EE (max. value +1.5‰ for 7 mL samples (i.e., 1 mm rain events) after 72 h at 31% and 67% RH; p <0.001), whereas the relative humidity had no significant effect. Using the BiFC in the field, we obtained very tight relationships of the δ2H/δ18O values (r2 ≥0.95) for three sites along an elevational gradient, not significantly different from that of the next ISOT station.

CONCLUSIONS

Since the chosen experimental conditions were extreme compared with the field conditions, it was concluded that the BiFC is a highly reliable and inexpensive collector of rainwater for isotope analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing longitudinal data to characterize the accuracy of markers used to select treatment
Authors: Sitlani Colleen M. , Heagerty Patrick J.
Published: March 2014

With the increasing availability of detailed clinical information, there is optimism that treatment choices can be selectively directed to those individuals most likely to benefit. While standard clinical trials can establish whether a treatment appears to be effective on average, subsequent work is needed to determine whether there are identifiable subgroups of subjects for whom treatment is either particularly beneficial or harmful. Molecular assays and modern imaging technology now allow numerous candidate measures to be used as potential determinants of treatment choice. In this manuscript, we focus on novel measures of decision accuracy that reflect the treatment marker objective. Specifically, we define longitudinal individual‐level potential outcomes (principal strata) that characterize patient outcomes under treated and untreated states. We propose generalizations of sensitivity and specificity that measure the accuracy with which a marker can distinguish those subjects who are expected to have a more favorable outcome under a specific treatment choice from those subjects who are expected to have a more favorable outcome under alternative treatment options. For quantitative markers, we propose principal receiver operating characteristic curves that display the full range of potential sensitivity and specificity. We use simulations to demonstrate the properties of proposed estimators, and we illustrate the methods using candidate neuroimaging and electrodiagnostic markers that could be used to select patients for carpal tunnel surgery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metalcarbonyl Complexes of Iron, Rhenium, and Manganese with 2‐, 3‐, or 4‐Pyridoyl (CO‐Pyridyl) Ligands
Authors: Weinrich Volker , Beck Wolfgang
Published: March 2014

The title complexes were obtained by reactions of [(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2Fe]–, [(η5‐C5H4CH3)(CO)2Fe]–, [Re(CO)5]–, or [Mn(CO)5]– with the mixed anhydride from the respective pyridine carboxylic acid and pivalic acid or with isonicotinic acid chloride, and were characterized by spectroscopic data and elemental analysis.
Building an Evaluation Instrument for China's Hospital Emergency Preparedness: A Systematic Review of Preparedness Instruments
Authors: Tang Rong , Fitzgerald Gerard , Hou Xiang-Yu , Wu Yang-Ping
Published: March 2014

Objectives

The aim of this report is to identify from the literature common themes relating to the concept of hospital preparedness for emergencies to develop an agreed framework for evaluation.

Method

A systematic literature search identified appropriate articles for critical appraisal. A meta-ethnography approach was used to synthesize the findings, using both reciprocal translation and line-of-argument synthesis.

Results

From an initial 2162 articles, we identified 13 articles that specifically addressed the aims of this review and formed the basis of the intended analysis.

Conclusion

Hospital emergency preparedness is essential for effective disaster relief. Developing a systematic and structured methodology is necessary to assess hospital preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness: 2014:0:1-9)
Modeling and Simulation of Urethra Valve of Bladder Power Pump
Authors: Li X. , Guan T. , Liu C.-B. , Huang W.-J.
Published: March 2014

To improve the urine distributing mechanism of bladder power pump, a novel urethra valve was proposed in this study. The urine-flow-rate performance equation of the valve was derived on the basis of hydromechanics and electromagnetic theories, and the effect of different parameters on the urine-flow-rate performance was analyzed. The reliability simulation model of the valve was established according to the working principle and fault tree of the valve, a reliability simulation algorithm was proposed based on the basic idea of Monte Carlo method, and some reliability indexes were gained. The results show that increasing electromagnet current and decreasing air gap can increase the maximal urine-flow-rate, the reliability of the valve reaches 0.73 when the average life of the valve is 50000 times, and the shedding and aging of elastic bands are the weak links of the valve. The conclusions can provide the basis for the structural optimization and reliability improvement of bladder power pump, as well as the guidance for the design of implantable biomedicine electromechanical device.
Flexural Strength and Fatigue Characterization of Exotensioned Composite Beams
Authors: Rael B. J. , Shen Y.-L.
Published: March 2014

An exotensioned composite structure is developed as a light-weight and low-cost load carrying members for structural applications. The beam body, consisting of carbon-fiber composite skeletons with insertions of high-tension fiber strands, is externally weaved to provide extra structural integrity. Monotonic and cyclic flexural loading experiments are performed in this study to quantify the basic mechanical response of the structure. The bending strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance are specifically assessed.
Laminated Tubes under Extension, Internal and External Pressure
Authors: Tseng W.-D. , Tarn J.-Q. , Chang J.-H.
Published: March 2014

An exact analysis of deformation and stress field in a laminated elastic tube under extension and uniform pressuring is presented. The problem of finite laminated tube is considered with emphasis on the end effect. The problem is formulated on the basis of the state space formalism for axisymmetric deformation of transversely isotropic layer. The transfer matrix transmits the state vector in radial direction from inner surface to outer surface and takes into account the interfacial continuity and lateral boundary conditions in a rigorous manner. Upon delineating the symplectic orthogonality relations of the eigenvectors and by using eigenfunction expansion, an exact solution which satisfies the end conditions is determined. The results show that the end effect is significant but confined to a local region near the base where the displacement and stress distributions are remarkably different from those according to the simplified solutions that only satisfy lateral BC.
Oscillatory Flow in a Porous Channel with Porous Medium and Small Suction
Authors: Ali A. , Asghar S.
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with an analytical solution of an oscillatory flow in a channel filled with a porous medium saturated with a viscous fluid. The consideration of porosity in the channel is the basic idea of the paper. The oscillatory waves in the channel with porous medium are produced due to self-excited pressure disturbances caused by inevitable fluctuation in a suction rate at the porous walls. The ensuing steady axial velocity and the time dependent oscillatory axial velocity are found analytically using perturbation method and WKB approximation. The important physical quantities like the velocity profile, amplitude of the oscillation and penetration depth of the oscillatory velocity have been given special emphasis in this analysis. The effects of porosity of the medium on these quantities are calculated analytically and examined graphically. We find that the amplitude of oscillatory velocity and the penetration depth of the oscillatory axial velocity decrease with increasing values of inverse Darcy parameter. The oscillations in the fluid can be minimized by decreasing the permeability of the medium.
A NOTE ON THE POLIGNAC NUMBERS
Authors: PAN HAO
Published: March 2014

Suppose that $k_0\geq 3.5\times 10^6$ and $\mathcal{H}=\{h_1,\ldots,h_{k_0}\}$ is admissible. Then, for any $m\geq 1$, the set $\{m(h_j-h_i):\, h_i<h_j\}$ contains at least one Polignac number.
Searching for the missing nitrogen: biogenic nitrogen gases in groundwater and streams
Authors: FOX R. J. , FISHER T. R. , GUSTAFSON A. B. , JORDAN T. E. , KANA T. M. , LANG M. W.
Published: March 2014

Biogenic nitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) accumulations were measured in groundwater, streams and the vadose zone of small agricultural watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic USA. In general, N2and N2O in excess of atmospheric equilibrium were found in groundwater virtually everywhere that was sampled. Excess N2in groundwater ranged from undetectable to 616 μmol N2-N/l, the latter representingc. 50% of background N2. The N2O-N concentrations varied from undetectable to 75 μm, and usually greatly exceeded values at atmospheric equilibrium (25–30 nM); however, N2O was generally 1–10% of excess N2. Intermediate levels of deficit and excess N2in flowing streams (−65 to +250 μmol N2-N/L) resulting from both abiotic and biotic processes were also measured. In vadose zone gases, multiple N2/Ar gas profiles were measured which exhibited seasonal variations with below atmospheric values when the soil was warming in spring/summer and above atmospheric values when groundwater was cooling in fall/winter. Both abiotic and biotic processes contributed to the excess N2and N2O that was observed. The current data indicate that large concentrations of excess N gases can accumulate within soil, groundwater, and streams of agriculturally dominated watersheds. When excess N gases are exchanged with the atmosphere, the net fluxes to the atmosphere may represent an important loss term for watershed N budgets.
Forage and seed yield of winter turnip rape established as a mixed crop with cereals
Authors: TUULOS A. , TURAKAINEN M. , JAAKKOLA S. , KLEEMOLA J. , MÄKELÄ P. S. A.
Published: March 2014

Cultivation of winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.) in Finland has been limited because of its reputation as an unreliable crop and its mid-season sowing time of July, when fields are already sown to other crops. An alternative management practice for winter turnip rape is proposed whereby it would be sown as a mixed crop simultaneously with spring cereals. The growth and yield formation of winter turnip rape grown in mixed stands with four different spring cereals was studied in two field experiments conducted in 2009–11. Pure and mixed stands of winter turnip rape and spring cereals were established in May at two different cereal and winter turnip rape stand densities. Subsequent to cereal harvest, one-third of each winter turnip rape plot was harvested for biomass in autumn, before cessation of growth. Three plant stand types, May- and July-sown monocrops and a mixed crop with oat (Avena sativa L.) were sampled for forage analysis. Plant stand densities were monitored from establishment until maturity. Winter turnip rape yield and its quality, including oil content, protein content and thousand seed weight, were determined. Following favourable overwintering conditions, winter turnip rape established with cereals yielded comparably to that of pure stands in terms of both quantity and quality. However, a pure stand of winter turnip rape out-yielded mixed crop stands after unfavourable overwintering conditions. Leaf removal decreased plant survival and seed yield. Establishing winter turnip rape with a cereal in May is an alternative to sowing it as a monocrop in July. A higher seeding rate is needed for under-sown winter turnip rape. Furthermore, autumn-harvested winter turnip rape monocrop forage potentially represents a high-protein supplement for ruminants.
The number of pairwise non-elementarily-embeddable models
Authors: Shelah Saharon
Published: March 2014

We get consistency results on I(λ, T, T) under the assumption that D(T) has cardinality > ∣T∣. We get positive results and consistency results on IE(λ, T1, T).

The interest is model-theoretic, but the content is mostly set-theoretic: in Theorems 1–3, combinatorial; in Theorems 4–7 and 11(2), to prove consistency of counterexamples we concentrate on forcing arguments; and in Theorems 8–10 and 11(1), combinatorics for counterexamples; the rest are discussion and problems. In particular:

(A) By Theorems 1 and 2, if T ⊆ T1 are first order countable, T complete stable but ℵ0-unstable, λ > ℵ0, and ∣D(T)∣ > ℵ0, then IE(λ, T1, T) > Min{2λ, ℶ2}.

(B) By Theorems 4,5,6 of this paper, if e.g. V = L, then in some generic extension of V not collapsing cardinals, for some first order T ⊆ T1, ∣T∣ = ℵ0, ∣T1∣ = ℵ1, ∣D(T)∣ = ℵ2 and IE(ℵ2, T1, T) = 1.

This paper (specifically the ZFC results) is continued in the very interesting work of Baldwin on diversity classes [Bl]. Some more advances can be found in the new version of [Sh300] (see Chapter III, mainly §7); they confirm 0.1, 0.2 and 14(1), 14(2).
Types of simple α-recursively enumerable sets
Authors: Leggett Anne , Shore Richard A.
Published: March 2014

One general program of α-recursion theory is to determine as much as possible of the lattice structure of (α), the lattice of α-r.e. sets under inclusion. It is hoped that structure results will shed some light on whether or not the theory of (α) is decidable with respect to a suitable language for lattice theory. Fix such a language ℒ.

Many of the basic results about the lattice structure involve various sorts of simple α-r.e. sets (we use definitions which are definable in ℒ over (α)). It is easy to see that simple sets exist for all admissible α. Chong and Lerman [1] have found some necessary and some sufficient conditions for the existence of hhsimple α-r.e. sets, although a complete determination of these conditions has not yet been made. Lerman and Simpson [9] have obtained some partial results concerning r-maximal α-r.e. sets. Lerman [6] has shown that maximal α-r.e. sets exist iff a is a certain sort of constructibly countable ordinal. Lerman [5] has also investigated the congruence relations, filters, and ideals of (α). Here various sorts of simple sets have also proved to be vital tools. The importance of simple α-r.e. sets to the study of the lattice structure of (α) is hence obvious.

Lerman [6, Q22] has posed the following problem: Find an admissible α for which all simple α-r.e. sets have the same 1-type with respect to the language ℒ. The structure of (α) for such an α would be much less complicated than that of (ω). Lerman [7] showed that such an α could not be a regular cardinal of L. We show that there is no such admissible α.
λ-scales, κ-Souslin sets and a new definition of analytic sets
Authors: Busch Douglas R.
Published: March 2014

The notions of sets of reals being κ-Souslin (κ a cardinal) and admitting a λ-scale (λ an ordinal) are due respectively to D. A. Martin and Y.N. Moschovakis. A set is ω-Souslin if and only if it is Σ11 (analytic). We show that a set is ω-Souslin if and only if it admits an (ω + l)-scale. Jointly with Martin and Solovay we show that if κ is uncountable and has cofinality ω, then being κ-Souslin is equivalent to admitting a κ-scale. Our results together with those of Kechris give a new simultaneous characterization of Σ11 and Δ11 (Borel) sets (a set is Σ11 if it admits an (ω + 1)-scale and Δ11 if it admits an ω-scale) and determine completely the relation between the κ-Souslin sets and the sets admitting λ-scales.
On Σ1 well-orderings of the universe
Authors: Harrington Leo , Jech Thomas
Published: March 2014

The constructible universe L of Gödel [2] has a natural well-ordering <L given by the order of construction; a closer look reveals that this well-ordering is definable by a Σ1 formula. Cohen's method of forcing provides several examples of models of ZF + V ≠ L which have a definable well-ordering but none is definable by a relatively simple formula.

Recently, Mansfield [7] has shown that if a set of reals (or hereditarily countable sets) has a Σ1, well-ordering then each of its elements is constructible. A question has thus arisen whether one can find a model of ZF + V ≠ L that has a Σ1 well-ordering of the universe. We answer this question in the affirmative.

The main result of this paper is

Theorem. There is a model of ZF + V ≠ L which has a Σ1 well-ordering.

The model is a generic extension of L by adjoining a branch through a Suslin tree with certain properties. The branch is a nonconstructible subset of ℵ1. Note that by Mansfield's theorem, the model must not have nonconstructible subsets of ω.

Our results can be generalized in several directions. We note that in particular, we can get a model with a Σ1 well-ordering that is not L[X] for any set X. As one might expect from a joint paper by a recursion theorist and a set theorist, the proof consists of a construction and a computation.
Bases and α-dimensions of countable vector spaces with recursive operations
Authors: Hamilton Alan G.
Published: March 2014

This paper is based on the notions originally described by Dekker [2], [3], and the reader is referred to these for explanation of notation etc. Briefly, we are concerned with a countably infinite dimensional countable vector space Ū with recursive operations, regarded as being coded as a set of natural numbers. Necessarily, then, Ū must be a vector space over a field which itself is in some sense recursively enumerable and has recursive operations.
Salinity dependence in the marine mud snails Hydrobia ulvae and Hydrobia ventrosa
Authors: Grudemo Johan , André Carl
Published: March 2014

The effect of different salinities on the marine snails Hydrobia ulvae and Hydrobia ventrosa (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) was studied in laboratory experiments. For juvenile snails, neither shell growth nor the strength of interspecific competition were affected by salinity within the range of 15–30 psu. In contrast, we found that larvae of H. ulvae were sensitive to salinity: survival was higher and the larvae were more active in higher salinity. The negative influence of low salinity on H. ulvae larvae may not be the only explanation of the complementary field distribution of the two species, since habitat separation is present in areas without spatial salinity variation.
Ethnic differences in calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism
Authors: Redmond J. , Jarjou L. M. A. , Zhou B. , Prentice A. , Schoenmakers I.
Published: March 2014

The prevalence of osteoporosis and the incidence of age-related fragility fracture vary by ethnicity. There is greater than 10-fold variation in fracture probabilities between countries across the world. Mineral and bone metabolism are intimately interlinked, and both are known to exhibit patterns of daily variation, known as the diurnal rhythm (DR). Ethnic differences are described for Ca and P metabolism. The importance of these differences is described in detail between select ethnic groups, within the USA between African-Americans and White-Americans, between the Gambia and the UK and between China and the UK. Dietary Ca intake is higher in White-Americans compared with African-Americans, and is higher in White-British compared with Gambian and Chinese adults. Differences are observed also for plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D, related to lifestyle differences, skin pigmentation and skin exposure to UVB-containing sunshine. Higher plasma 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and parathyroid hormone are observed in African-American compared with White-American adults. Plasma parathyroid hormone is also higher in Gambian adults and, in winter, in Chinese compared with White-British adults. There may be ethnic differences in the bone resorptive effects of parathyroid hormone, with a relative skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone observed in some, but not all ethnic groups. Renal mineral excretion is also influenced by ethnicity; urinary Ca (uCa) and urinary P (uP) excretions are lower in African-Americans compared with White-Americans, and in Gambians compared with their White-British counterparts. Little is known about ethnic differences in the DR of Ca and P metabolism, but differences may be expected due to known differences in lifestyle factors, such as dietary intake and sleep/wake pattern. The ethnic-specific DR of Ca and P metabolism may influence the net balance of Ca and P conservation and bone remodelling. These ethnic differences in Ca, P and the bone metabolism may be important factors in the variation in skeletal health.
Looking beyond parks: the conservation value of unprotected areas for hornbills in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya
Authors: Naniwadekar Rohit , Mishra Charudutt , Isvaran Kavita , Madhusudan M. D. , Datta Aparajita
Published: March 2014

The loss of tropical forests and associated biodiversity is a global concern. Conservation efforts in tropical countries such as India have mostly focused on state-administered protected areas despite the existence of vast tracts of forest outside these areas. We studied hornbills (Bucerotidae), an ecologically important vertebrate group and a flagship for tropical forest conservation, to assess the importance of forests outside protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. We conducted a state-wide survey to record encounters with hornbills in seven protected areas, six state-managed reserved forests and six community-managed unclassed forests. We estimated the density of hornbills in one protected area, four reserved forests and two unclassed forests in eastern Arunachal Pradesh. The state-wide survey showed that the mean rate of encounter of rufous-necked hornbills Aceros nipalensis was four times higher in protected areas than in reserved forests and 22 times higher in protected areas than in unclassed forests. The mean rate of encounter of wreathed hornbills Rhyticeros undulatus was twice as high in protected areas as in reserved forests and eight times higher in protected areas than in unclassed forests. The densities of rufous-necked hornbill were higher inside protected areas, whereas the densities of great hornbill Buceros bicornis and wreathed hornbill were similar inside and outside protected areas. Key informant surveys revealed possible extirpation of some hornbill species at sites in two protected areas and three unclassed forests. These results highlight a paradoxical situation where individual populations of hornbills are being lost even in some legally protected habitat, whereas they continue to persist over most of the landscape. Better protection within protected areas and creative community-based conservation efforts elsewhere are necessary to maintain hornbill populations in this biodiversity-rich region.
Sensitivity of Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to deltamethrin determined by an adapted WHO standard susceptibility test
Authors: DEL RÍO R. , VENAIL R. , CALVETE C. , BARCELÓ C. , BALDET T. , LUCIENTES J. , MIRANDA M. A.
Published: March 2014

Bluetongue is a disease of major economic concern in Europe. Its causative agent, bluetongue virus (BTV), is transmitted by several Culicoides species (mainly Culicoides imicola and Culicoides obsoletus in Europe). The application of insecticides on animals may reduce transmission of BTV, however, no formulation is currently licensed specifically against Culicoides midges. The present study assesses the susceptibility of C. obsoletus to deltamethrin using an adapted World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility test. Midges were exposed to different dosages of deltamethrin for 1 h, and mortality after 1 h and 24 h was recorded. Results indicated that deltamethrin is highly toxic to C. obsoletus since a dose of 1·33×10−4% was enough to kill 50% of the population (LD50) in 24 h. The deltamethrin concentration needed to kill 90% of the population (LD90) was 5·55×10−4%. The results obtained in the present work could help to create a system that can be used to assess insecticide resistance and susceptibility of Culicoides biting midges.
Art. XXIX.—Biographical Sketch of the Literary Career of the late Colonel Colin Mackenzie, Surveyor-General of India; comprising some particulars of his Collection of Manuscripts, Plans, Coins, Drawings, Sculptures, &c. illustrative of the Antiquities, History, Geography, Laws, Institutions, and Manners, of the Ancient Hindús; contained in a letter addressed by him to the Right Hon. Sir Alexander Johnston, V.P.R.A.S. &c. &c.
Authors: Hill D.
Published: March 2014

[The Catalogue of the Mackenzie Collection published at Calcutta by Professor Wilson, in the year 1828, being with difficulty procurable in England, it has been thought that the following account of that Collection might not be unacceptable to those persons who feel an interest in the subjects which it was intended to illustrate, and who may not be aware of its nature and extent.
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism for constrained variational problems
Authors: Piccione Paolo , Tausk Daniel V.
Published: March 2014

We consider solutions of Lagrangian variational problems with linear constraints on the derivative. More precisely, given a smooth distribution D ⊂ TM on M and a time-dependent Lagrangian L defined on D, we consider an action functional L defined on the set ΩPQ(M, D) of horizontal curves in M connecting two fixed submanifolds P, Q ⊂ M. Under suitable assumptions, the set ΩPQ(M, D) has the structure of a smooth Banach manifold and we can thus study the critical points of L. If the Lagrangian L satisfies an appropriate hyper-regularity condition, we associate to it a degenerate Hamiltonian H on TM* using a general notion of Legendre transform for maps on vector bundles. We prove that the solutions of the Hamilton equations of H are precisely the critical points of L. In the particular case where L is given by the quadratic form corresponding to a positive-definite metric on D, we obtain the well-known characterization of the normal geodesics in sub-Riemannian geometry (see [8]). By adding a potential energy term to L, we obtain again the equations of motion for the Vakonomic mechanics with non-holonomic constraints (see [6]).
Disinhibited social engagement in postinstitutionalized children: Differentiating normal from atypical behavior
Authors: Lawler Jamie M. , Hostinar Camelia E. , Mliner Shanna B. , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: March 2014

The most commonly reported socially aberrant behavior in postinstitutionalized (PI) children is disinhibited social engagement (DSE; also known as indiscriminate friendliness). There is no gold standard for measurement of this phenomenon nor agreement on how to differentiate it from normative behavior. We adopted a developmental psychopathology approach (Cicchetti, 1984) to study this phenomenon by comparing it to normative social development and by studying its patterns over time in 50 newly adopted PI children (16–36 months at adoption) compared with 41 children adopted early from foster care overseas and 47 nonadopted (NA) controls. Using coded behavioral observations of the child's interaction with an unfamiliar adult, atypical behaviors were differentiated from normative behaviors. Principal components analysis identified two dimensions of social disinhibition. The nonphysical social dimension (e.g., initiations, proximity) showed wide variation in NA children and is therefore considered a typical form of sociability. Displays of physical contact and intimacy were rare in NA children, suggesting that they represent an atypical pattern of behavior. Both adopted groups demonstrated more physical DSE behavior than NA children. There were no group differences on the nonphysical factor, and it increased over time in all groups. Implications for understanding the etiology of DSE and future directions are discussed.
Amyloid Burden, Neuronal Function, and Cognitive Decline in Middle-Aged Adults at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Okonkwo Ozioma C. , Oh Jennifer M. , Koscik Rebecca , Jonaitis Erin , Cleary Caitlin A. , Dowling N. Maritza , Bendlin Barbara B. , LaRue Asenath , Hermann Bruce P. , Barnhart Todd E. , Murali Dhanabalan , Rowley Howard A. , Carlsson Cynthia M. , Gallagher Catherine L. , Asthana Sanjay , Sager Mark A. , Christian Brad T. , Johnson Sterling C.
Published: March 2014

The relative influence of amyloid burden, neuronal structure and function, and prior cognitive performance on prospective memory decline among asymptomatic late middle-aged individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently unknown. We investigated this using longitudinal cognitive data from 122 middle-aged adults (21 “Decliners” and 101 “Stables”) enrolled in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention who underwent multimodality neuroimaging [11C-Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB),18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), and structural/functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)] 5.7 ± 1.4 years (range = 2.9–8.9) after their baseline cognitive assessment. Covariate-adjusted regression analyses revealed that the only imaging measure that significantly distinguished Decliners from Stables (p= .027) was a Neuronal Function composite derived from FDG and fMRI. In contrast, several cognitive measures, especially those that tap episodic memory, significantly distinguished the groups (p's<.05). Complementary receiver operating characteristic curve analyses identified the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) Total (.82 ± .05,p< .001), the BVMT-R Delayed Recall (.73 ± .06,p= .001), and the Reading subtest from the Wide-Range Achievement Test-III (.72 ± .06,p= .002) as the top three measures that best discriminated the groups. These findings suggest that early memory test performance might serve a more clinically pivotal role in forecasting future cognitive course than is currently presumed. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–12)
I'm Not Watching I'm Waiting: the Construction of Visual Codes about Womens' Role as Spectators in the Trial in Nineteenth Century England
Authors: Mulcahy Linda
Published: March 2014

Accounts of the interface between law, gender and modernity have tended to stress the many ways in which women experienced the metropolis differently from men in the nineteenth century. Considerable attention has been paid to the notion of separate spheres and to the ways in which the public realm came to be closely associated with the masculine worlds of productive labour, politics, law and public service. Much art of the period draws our attention to the symbiotic relationship between representations of gender and prevailing notions of their place. Drawing on well known depictions of women onlookers in the trial in fine art, this essay by Linda Mulcahy explores the ways in which this genre contributed to the disciplining of women in the public sphere and encouraged them to go no further than the margins of the law court.
Articulating and Contesting Cultural Hierarchies: Guatemalan, Mexican, and Native American Music at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915)
Authors: CANNATA AMANDA
Published: March 2014

Three case studies, on Guatemalan, Mexican, and Native American music performed at San Francisco's 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, illustrate the complex and varied ways that music can both reflect and challenge dominant and local ideologies of cultural value. The Guatemalan Commission made a claim for cultural significance through the Hurtado Royal Marimba Band's residency in their pavilion. This claim, however, was made through a Euro-American framework of cultural progress; the band's performances thus obscured the important role of Afro-Guatemalans and indigenous groups in the nation's marimba tradition. Although the “Mexican Village” depicted Mexico as exotic and primitive, the daily performances of the Orquesta Típica Torreblanca in the village showcased the country's cosmopolitan side. Native Americans were frequently subjected to exoticizing and racist musical ventriloquism at the PPIE, yet on at least one occasion a group of Blackfoot people refused this imposition and used music to push for control over their representation. The presence of these musics and musicians, largely ignored in the exposition's official administrative record, demonstrates the shifting power dynamics that shaped the performance and reception of music on the fairgrounds, and reveals that even in environments heavily shaped by dominant ideologies of race, gender, and class, multiple discourses of power and value can circulate.
RF-MEMS variable matching networks and switches for multi-band and multi-mode GaN power amplifiers
Authors: Figur Sascha A. , van Raay Friedbert , Quay Rüdiger , Lohmiller Peter , Vietzorreck Larissa , Ziegler Volker
Published: March 2014

This work presents radio-frequency-microelectromechanical-system (RF-MEMS)-based tunable matching networks for a multi-band gallium nitride (GaN) power amplifer (PA) application. In the frequency range from 3.5–8.5 GHz return losses of 5–10 dB were measured for the input network, matching impedances close to the border of the Smith chart. For the output matching network return losses of 10–20 dB and insertion losses of 1.3–2 dB were measured. The matching networks can tune the PA to four different operating frequencies, as well as changing the transistor's mode of operation from maximum delivered-output-power to maximum power-added-efficiency (PAE), while keeping the operating frequency constant. Furthermore, different single pole double throw (SPDT)-switches are designed and characterized, to be used in frequency-agile transmit/receive-modules (T/R modules).
Neuere Entwicklungen in der Prävention und Behandlung von Beziehungsproblemen bei Paaren
Authors: Job Ann-Katrin , Bodenmann Guy , Baucom Donald H. , Hahlweg Kurt
Published: March 2014

Vor dem Hintergrund hoher Scheidungsraten, einer insgesamt mit zunehmender Partnerschaftsdauer sinkenden Beziehungszufriedenheit und den zahlreichen damit einhergehenden negativen Folgen für die Betroffenen und ihre Familien gewinnt die Prävention von Partnerschaftsstörungen nicht nur wissenschaftlich sondern auch politisch an immer größerer Bedeutung. Im Rahmen des Expertendialogs „Dialog über Deutschlands Zukunft” der Bundeskanzlerin wurden 2012 konkrete Vorschläge zur Förderung und Stärkung von Partnerschaften formuliert. Das vorliegende Review bietet in diesem Zusammenhang zunächst einen Überblick über die Folgen niedriger Partnerschaftsqualität. Darüber hinaus werden bereits bestehende evidenzbasierte Programme und deren Verfügbarkeit vorgestellt sowie Schwierigkeiten bei der Dissemination benannt. Anschließend werden Empfehlungen für die zukünftige Forschung und Praxis herausgearbeitet. Hierzu zählen im Bereich der Forschung die Durchführung von Langzeitstudien sowie die Adaption evidenzbasierter Programme an bestimmte Risikogruppen. Im Hinblick auf die Praxis werden Vorschläge, wie die Entwicklung eines Mehrebenen-Modells, der Aufbau einer einheitlichen Organisationsstruktur sowie erste internationale Versuche der Umsetzung zusammenfassend diskutiert.
Metabolic interdependencies between phylogenetically novel fermenters and respiratory organisms in an unconfined aquifer
Authors: Wrighton Kelly C , Castelle Cindy J , Wilkins Michael J , Hug Laura A , Sharon Itai , Thomas Brian C , Handley Kim M , Mullin Sean W , Nicora Carrie D , Singh Andrea , Lipton Mary S , Long Philip E , Williams Kenneth H , Banfield Jillian F
Published: March 2014

Fermentation-based metabolism is an important ecosystem function often associated with environments rich in organic carbon, such as wetlands, sewage sludge and the mammalian gut. The diversity of microorganisms and pathways involved in carbon and hydrogen cycling in sediments and aquifers and the impacts of these processes on other biogeochemical cycles remain poorly understood. Here we used metagenomics and proteomics to characterize microbial communities sampled from an aquifer adjacent to the Colorado River at Rifle, CO, USA, and document interlinked microbial roles in geochemical cycling. The organic carbon content in the aquifer was elevated via acetate amendment of the groundwater occurring over 2 successive years. Samples were collected at three time points, with the objective of extensive genome recovery to enable metabolic reconstruction of the community. Fermentative community members include organisms from a new phylum, Melainabacteria, most closely related to Cyanobacteria, phylogenetically novel members of the Chloroflexi and Bacteroidales, as well as candidate phyla genomes (OD1, BD1-5, SR1, WWE3, ACD58, TM6, PER and OP11). These organisms have the capacity to produce hydrogen, acetate, formate, ethanol, butyrate and lactate, activities supported by proteomic data. The diversity and expression of hydrogenases suggests the importance of hydrogen metabolism in the subsurface. Our proteogenomic data further indicate the consumption of fermentation intermediates by Proteobacteria can be coupled to nitrate, sulfate and iron reduction. Thus, fermentation carried out by previously unknown members of sediment microbial communities may be an important driver of nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, carbon and iron cycling.
Catalytic activation of OKO zeolite with intersecting pores of 10- and 12-membered rings using atomic layer deposition of aluminium
Authors: Verheyen E. , Pulinthanathu Sree S. , Thomas K. , Dendooven J. , De Prins M. , Vanbutsele G. , Breynaert E. , Gilson J.-P. , Kirschhock C. E. A. , Detavernier C. , Martens J. A.
Published: March 2014

Atomic layer deposition of aluminium transforms the all-silica interrupted -COK-14 zeolite into an acid catalyst with a fully connected OKO framework.
Controlling ZIF-8 nano- and microcrystal formation and reactivity through zinc salt variations
Authors: Schejn Aleksandra , Balan Lavinia , Falk Véronique , Aranda Lionel , Medjahdi Ghouti , Schneider Raphaël
Published: March 2014

The reactivity of the zinc(+2) salt allows tuning of the size and catalytic activity of ZIF-8 crystals.
Simultaneous improvement of strength and toughness in fiber reinforced isotactic polypropylene composites by shear flow and a β-nucleating agent
Authors: Chen Yan-Hui , Huang Zhang-Yong , Li Zhong-Ming , Tang Jian-Hua , Hsiao Benjamin S.
Published: March 2014

Glass fiber reinforced isotactic polypropylene composites with specific skin–core structure demonstrate simultaneous improvement of strength and toughness.