bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the TRIP13 level in breast cancer and insights into potential molecular pathways
Authors: Lan Jin , Huang Jingzhan , Tao Xinyi , Gao Yuan , Zhang Longshan , Huang Weiqiang , Luo Junjie , Liu Chuqin , Deng Yunyao , Liu Lixin , Liu Xiaolong
Published: March 2022

TRIP13 is a member of the large superfamily of the AAA + ATPase proteins and is associated with a variety of activities. Emerging evidence has shown that TRIP13 may serve as an oncogene. However, the function of TRIP13 in breast cancer (BC) has not yet been elucidated. Here, a variety of bioinformatic tools and laboratory experiments were combined to analyse the expression patterns, prognostic value and functional network of TRIP13 in BC. Multiple databases and immunohistochemistry (IHC) indicated a higher TRIP13 expression in BC tissue compared with normal tissue. TRIP13 was highly expressed in lung metastatic lesions compared with primary tumours in a 4T1 cell implantation BALB/c mouse model of BC. Kaplan–Meier plots also revealed that high TRIP13 expression correlated with poor survival in patients with BC. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that TRIP13 was primarily enriched in the signalling pathway of PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR. Suppressing TRIP13 could inhibit the expression of related genes, as well as the proliferation and migration of BC cell. Finally, 10 hub genes with a high score of connectivity were filtered from the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, including MAD2L1, CDC20, CDC5L, CDK1, CCNA2, BUB1B, RAD51, SPO11, KIF11 and AURKB. Thus, TRIP13 may be a promising prognostic biomarker and an effective therapeutic target for BC.
Renoprotective effect of additional sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy in type 2 diabetes patients with rapid decline and preserved renal function
Authors: Sada Kentaro , Hidaka Shuji , Kashima Jin , Morita Machiko , Sada Kokoro , Shibata Hirotaka
Published: March 2022

Aims/Introduction

The slope of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline (eGFR slope) in early‐stage type 2 diabetes patients might predict the future risk of end‐stage renal disease. Type 2 diabetes patients who show rapid progressive eGFR decline are termed rapid decliners. Several studies of rapid decliners have investigated the efficacy of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in patients with advanced renal dysfunction; however, no studies, to our knowledge, have focused on patients with preserved renal function. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of SGLT2i in rapid decliners with preserved renal function.

Materials and Methods

This study enrolled type 2 diabetes patients with baseline eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 who had been treated with SGLT2i for ≥3 years. Among these individuals, we defined those with annual eGFR declines ≥5 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year before SGLT2i administration as rapid decliners. The primary end‐point was the change in eGFR slope after SGLT2i administration.

Results

Among 165 patients treated with SGLT2i for ≥3 years, 21 patients were rapid decliners with preserved renal function. The mean age and eGFR at SGLT2i administration were 58.6 years and 87.1 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The mean annual eGFR slope improved significantly in those administered SGLT2i compared with the control group (−1.00 and −4.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year, respectively; P < 0.001). Notably, the steeper the eGFR slope before starting SGLT2i administration, the larger the improvement of eGFR slope, which was independent of the reduction of albuminuria.

Conclusions

Early intervention with SGLT2i may have renoprotective effects in type 2 diabetes patients with rapid decline and preserved renal function.
Genomic signatures for latitudinal selection in the tropical eel Anguilla marmorata
Authors: Hirase Shotaro , Kumai Yusuke , Kato Shuya , Hagihara Seishi , Kikuchi Kiyoshi , Kuroki Mari
Published: March 2022

Selection acting across environmental gradients, such as latitudes, can cause spatial structuring of genomic variants even within panmictic populations. In this study, we focused on the within‐generation latitudinal selection between northernmost and southernmost individuals of the North Pacific population of a tropical eel Anguilla marmorata, which shares its northernmost distribution with a temperate eel Anguilla japonica. Whole‐genome sequencing data indicated that the northernmost and southernmost individuals of A. marmorata belong to a single panmictic population, as suggested by previous studies. On the contrary, parts of genomic regions across multiple chromosomes exhibited significant genetic differentiation between the northernmost and southernmost individuals, and in these genomic regions, the genotypes of the northernmost individuals were similar to those of A. japonica. These findings suggested within‐generation latitudinal selection of A. marmorata, which might have led to genetic closeness between northernmost A. marmorata and A. japonica.
Establishing an inexpensive, space efficient colony of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 utilizing modelling and feedback control principles
Authors: Thompson Natalie M. , Waterton Nadia , Armaou Antonios , Polston Jane E. , Curtis Wayne R.
Published: March 2022

A stable, synchronized colony of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 Gennadius) was established in a single ~30 cu.ft. reach‐in incubator and supported on cabbage host plants which were grown in a 2 × 2′ mesh cage without the need for a greenhouse or dedicated growth rooms. The colony maintenance, including cage cleaning and rotation of plants, was reduced to less than 10 h per week and executed by minimally experienced researchers. In our hands, this method was approximately 10‐fold less expensive in personnel and materials than current typical implementations. A predator‐prey model of whitefly colony maintenance that included whitefly proliferation and host plant health was developed to better understand and avoid colony collapse. This quantitative model can be applied to inform decisions such as inoculum planning and is a mathematical framework to assess insect control strategies. Extensive measurements of colony input and output (such as image analysis of leaf area and whitefly population size) were performed to define basic ‘feedback control’ parameters to gain reproducibility of this inherently unstable scaled‐down whitefly colony. Quantitative transfer of ~100 whiteflies repeatedly produced more than 5000 adult whiteflies over a 6‐week, two‐generation period. Larger scale experimentation could be easily accommodated by transferring adult whiteflies from the maintenance colony with a low flow vacuum capture device. This approach to colony maintenance would be useful to programs that lack extensive plant growth room or greenhouse access and require a “clean” implementation that will not contaminate an axenic tissue culture laboratory.
Effect of age, daily rhythm and mating on pheromone titres and trapping of Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae)
Authors: Guo Qianshuang , Yang Songjie , Zhuo Fuyan , Xiang Wenli , Feng Chuanhong , Zhang Suli , Du Yongjun
Published: March 2022

Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) is an important pest of mulberry trees in China, and current methods for accurate population monitoring and control of this pest are lacking. The sex pheromone of G. pyloalis in China was re‐identified as E10, E12, Z14‐hexadecenyl acetate (E10E12Z14‐16:Ac) and tentatively E10, E12, E14‐hexadecenyl acetate (E10E12E14‐16:Ac). The emergence began 2 h before the dark period, and the peak emergence was 3 h into scotophase. Analysing the female moth's age from 1–9 days revealed that the titre of sex pheromone E10E12Z14‐16:Ac and E10E12E14‐16:Ac did not change statistically, and the ratio remained constant at 7.19 ± 1.12. The titre of pheromone had a significant circadian rhythm, increasing at 2 h after darkness, peaking at 6–8 h before decreasing, but it was still detected after 4 h into photophase. Mating of G. pyloalis occurred mainly at night, with the highest rate during 3 h into scotophase, which was earlier than the temporal pattern of pheromone titres. 18.1% of unfed moths mated immediately after eclosion during the scotophase. This was lower than what is seen in 1–3‐day‐old moths but similar to 4‐day‐old moth. Mating can occur on the same day after emergence, primarily within 1–4 days. Female moths can release pheromone again 48 h after mating, but the ratio of E10E12Z14‐16:Ac and E10E12E14‐16:Ac was reduced to 5.1 ± 0.73. The trapping of male moths in the field showed a significant circadian rhythm, but significant differences in pheromone trapping in Sichuan Gongxian, Zhejiang Chun'an and Haining, and Jiangsu Wujiang were observed. At the same location, the circadian rhythm of moth trapping showed differences between generations. The trapping of the overwintering generation occurred mostly in the early period of scotophase, while other generations were caught slightly later. Our results contribute to effective pheromone trapping for monitoring and mass trapping to better control G. pyloalis populations.
Genetic diversity of Blastocystis subtypes in the Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in Gansu province, northwestern China
Authors: Wang Qilin , Liu Xuehan , Li Youwen , Xin Luyao , Zhou Xiaoli , Yu Fuchang , Zhao Aiyun , Qi Meng
Published: March 2022

Blastocystis sp. is a gastrointestinal pathogen that is frequently found in humans and animals worldwide. In this study, 201 fecal samples were collected from captive Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) at three farms in Gansu province. Blastocystis was detected and subtyped by amplifying and sequencing the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene. The overall prevalence of Blastocystis was 39.8% (80/201). Five known Blastocystis subtypes (STs), including ST1 (n = 1), ST4 (n = 12), ST10 (n = 50), ST14 (n = 6), and ST24 (n = 11) were identified using subtyping and evolutionary analysis. ST10 was the most common ST observed in each farm. This study showed the infection status and genetic characteristics of Blastocystis in M. chrysogaster. Based on the surveyed data, because various potentially zoonotic STs, such as ST1, ST4, ST10, ST14, and ST24, were detected, it is believed that the zoonotic risk of Blastocystis from the Alpine musk deer in this area cannot be ignored.
Duplex droplet digital PCR method for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei and Vibrio parahaemolyticus acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease
Authors: Zhang Huang , Gong Han‐Yue , Cao Wei‐Wei , Que Mu‐Yi , Ye Lei , Shi Lei
Published: March 2022

Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VPAHPND) are two of the diseases that have frequently infected farmed shrimp in recent years, causing great economic losses to the shrimp industry worldwide. In this study, we established a sensitive and accurate duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method that can simultaneously detect and quantify the two pathogens simultaneously. The results showed that the ddPCR methods could detect EHP and VPAHPND specifically. The sensitivity levels of ddPCR for EHP and VPAHPND were 2.3 copies/μl and 4.6 copies/μl, respectively, which were 10‐fold higher than the sensitivity of the qPCR assay and showed good reproducibility. Twenty‐six suspected diseased shrimp samples were used for practical determination. For EHP, the detection rates of ddPCR and qPCR were 53.84% and 42.31%, respectively; for VPAHPND, the detection rates of ddPCR and qPCR were both 23.08%. The results indicated that the ddPCR method shows superiority for detection in samples with low viral loads, which will facilitate monitoring of the source and transmission of EHP and VPAHPND and will help control shrimp epidemic disease.
Androgen synthesis inhibition increases behavioural flexibility and mPFC tyrosine hydroxylase in gonadectomized male rats
Authors: Tomm Ryan J. , Seib Désirée R. , Kachkovski George V. , Schweitzer Helen R. , Tobiansky Daniel J. , Floresco Stan B. , Soma Kiran K.
Published: March 2022

Behavioural flexibility is essential to adapt to a changing environment and depends on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Testosterone administration decreases behavioural flexibility. It is well known that testosterone is produced in the gonads, but testosterone is also produced in the brain, including the mPFC and other nodes of the mesocorticolimbic system. It is unclear how testosterone produced in the brain versus the gonads influences behavioural flexibility. Here, in adult male rats, we assessed the effects of the androgen synthesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate (ABI) and long‐term gonadectomy (GDX) on behavioural flexibility in two paradigms. In Experiment 1, ABI but not GDX reduced the number of errors to criterion and perseverative errors in a strategy set‐shifting task. In Experiment 2, with a separate cohort of rats, ABI but not GDX reduced perseverative errors in a reversal learning task. In Experiment 1, we also examined tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH‐ir), and ABI but not GDX increased TH‐ir in the mPFC. Our findings suggest that neurally‐produced androgens modulate behavioural flexibility via modification of dopamine signalling in the mesocorticolimbic system. These results indicate that neurosteroids regulate executive functions and that ABI treatment for prostate cancer might affect cognition.
Noninvasive prenatal testing suggesting an abnormality in chromosome 15 confirmed to be a case of Prader–Willi syndrome caused by trisomy rescue in the neonatal period
Authors: Okuda Tomohiro , Moroto Masaharu , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: March 2022

We report a case of a neonatal diagnosis of Prader–Willi syndrome caused by uniparental disomy. A 34‐year‐old pregnant woman underwent noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in a hospital that was not certified by the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences. The results of trisomy 13, 18, and 21 were negative; however, a possible abnormality in chromosome 15 was indicated by the Z‐score. Genetic counseling was not performed; thus, the woman did not understand the implication of this result. Therefore, she continued with the pregnancy and delivered a boy weighing 1892 g with hypogonadism at 38 weeks and 5 days. The infant was diagnosed with Prader–Willi syndrome caused by uniparental disomy derived from trisomy rescue. The NIPT results may have reflected placental mosaicism, emphasizing the importance of understanding the limitations of NIPT due to the presence of congenital chromosomal abnormalities that cannot be detected by NIPT platforms.
Lost in Transitions? Feudalism, Colonialism, and Egypt's Blocked Road to Capitalism (1800–1920)
Authors: Versieren Jelle , De Smet Brecht
Published: March 2022

We revisit the transition debate to capitalism through the historical case of nineteenth century Egypt and the theoretical lens of uneven and combined development. We argue that the twin concepts of formal and real subsumption of labor under capital offer a necessary methodological device to study capitalist transitions. We conclude that nineteenth century Egypt was not a society experiencing an ‘indigenous’ transition to capitalism that was blocked by colonial intervention. Instead, colonialism warped the ongoing formation of a commercial‐absolutist state, which led to a combination of feudal and capitalist social forms that lingered well into the middle of the twentieth century. Through a long‐term historical analysis of the Egyptian social formation as a complex ensemble of political power relations and ongoing cycles of articulations of multiple mode of productions we problematize the dominant ‘modernization’ thesis. The modernization paradigm presupposes that economic growth will take place due to globalized markets, transforming, in turn, existing social and political practices and institutions along modern lines. This idea has been reiterated by neoclassical and neo‐institutionalist economists who understand economic backwardness as a simple lack of market‐efficient behavior of local economic agents. As such, we also emphasize that the gradual integration of the Egyptian social formation into the capitalist world market did not automatically lead to the establishment of a dominant capitalist mode of production within this formation.
Trends in Teaching Sexual and Reproductive Health Skills in US Secondary Schools in 35 States, 2008 to 2018
Authors: Young Emily , Demissie Zewditu , Brener Nancy D. , Benes Sarah , Szucs Leigh E.
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Little is known about trends in implementing skills‐based instruction in US schools, specifically for sexual and reproductive health (SRH). We examined state‐level trends in the percentage of US secondary schools teaching SRH skills in a required course in grades 6 to 8 and 9 to 12.

METHODS

Representative data from 35 states participating across 6 cycles of School Health Profiles (2008‐2018) was analyzed. The prevalence of teaching four SRH skills was assessed through lead health education teacher self‐administered questionnaires. Logistic regression models examined linear trends in the percentages of schools teaching SRH skills in grades 6 to 8 and 9 to 12. Trends were calculated for states with weighted data (response rates ≥70%) for at least 3 cycles, including 2018.

RESULTS

During 2008 to 2018, the median percentage of schools addressing each SRH skill ranged from 63.5% to 69.7% (grades 6‐8) and 88.2% to 92.0% (grades 9‐12). Linear decreases in SRH skills instruction were more common for grades 6 to 8 than grades 9 to 12; linear increases were comparable for both groups. Most states demonstrated no change in the percentage of schools teaching SRH skills in grades 6 to 8 and 9 to 12.

CONCLUSIONS

Limited changes and decreases in SRH skills instruction in US secondary schools suggest efforts to strengthen SRH education are needed.
Postoperative outcome of ambulatory dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion causing incontinence and/or tail dysfunction: 18 cases (2010‐2020)
Authors: Pfund R. , Forward A. K. , Fentem R. , Nagendran A. , Fraser A. R. , Crawford A. H.
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To assess the recovery of urinary continence, faecal continence and tail function in ambulatory dogs with caudal lumbar intervertebral disc extrusion and to explore clinical factors that may be associated with recovery.

Materials and Methods

Medical records from January 2010 to December 2020 were searched to identify ambulatory dogs undergoing surgical treatment for a caudal lumbar intervertebral disc extrusion causing urinary incontinence, faecal incontinence and/or tail dysfunction. Signalment, history, presenting clinical signs, neurological examination findings, diagnostic test results, treatment and outcome were recorded for all dogs.

Results

Eighteen dogs with caudal lumbar intervertebral disc extrusion causing tail dysfunction, urinary and/or faecal incontinence were included. Urinary continence was recovered in 12 (86%) of 14 affected dogs, faecal continence recovered in nine (90%) of 10 affected dogs and tail function recovered in 13 (87%) of 15 affected dogs. Loss of tail nociception was recorded in three dogs on presentation; two made a full recovery and one showed mild persistent tail paresis.

Clinical Significance

The prognosis for functional recovery of urinary continence, faecal continence and tail function in ambulatory dogs with caudal lumbar intervertebral disc extrusion following surgical treatment is good. Larger studies are needed to identify prognostic factors associated with failure of recovery.
Understory dynamics in North Carolina longleaf pine savannas: Biodiversity, dominance, and biomass
Authors: Young Alyssa L. , Koerner Sally E.
Published: March 2022

Questions

Restoration of ecosystems is complex, with multiple targets that can work in concert or conflict with each other, such as biodiversity, species dominance and biomass. When properly managed, longleaf pine (LLP) savannas are among the most biologically diverse habitats in the world. However, anthropogenic influences, such as fire suppression, have decimated this ecosystem and its biodiversity, making restoration a priority. Here, we describe the biodiversity and community dynamics seen in the understory layer across xeric LLP savannas in North Carolina and then answer the following questions: What are the predictors of (1) biodiversity, (2) dominance and (3) biomass at multiple spatial scales?

Location

Fifteen observational study sites in North Carolina spanning from the Sandhills to the Coastal Plain.

Methods

At each of the 15 sites, 25 sampling plots were established where above‐ground herbaceous biomass, species presence and abundance, soil characteristics and light availability were measured along with numerous other environmental variables.

Results

Considerable variation exists across study plots within and across sites, with plant species richness ranging from 1 to 17 per m2. The relative cover of the dominant grass species,Aristida stricta(wiregrass), also varied greatly within and across sites, with a median of ca. 30% relative cover per plot. Wiregrass was a significant predictor of biomass and biodiversity at small scales. With increasing wiregrass abundance, richness decreases, with 25% relative wiregrass cover leading to the highest levels of biodiversity. Likewise, because wiregrass abundance is one of the stronger predictors of above‐ground biomass, we also found a unimodal richness–biomass relationship.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that at lower ends of the productivity and richness gradients, land managers can increase all three restoration targets in the understory at the same time; however, at more diverse and productive sites, restoration practitioners may need to prioritize one target or find a balance between all three.
In vitro activity of honey, total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides and matrine alone and in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates
Authors: Pourahmad Jaktaji R. , Koochaki S.
Published: March 2022

Natural products, including honey, total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides (TASA) and matrine have been used in combination with antibiotics against various pathogenic bacteria. However, there are limited data on the antibacterial activity of these natural products in combination against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The in vitro activity of honey, TASA and matrine alone and in combination with antibiotics against P. aeruginosa isolates was investigated. In this study, four biofilm-producing P. aeruginosa isolates, which were resistant to multiple antibiotics, were used. These natural products were not the most effective single agent against four isolates. The fractional inhibitory concentration index method revealed the synergistic effect of matrine and TASA-honey in combination with ciprofloxacin (Cip) against all tested isolates. When these combinations were used, the resistance of isolates to Cip was decreased significantly (six to eightfold reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration of Cip. The disk diffusion method showed that all isolates were resistant to β-lactams. Combinations of these antibiotics with TASA and matrine changed slightly the activity of either antibiotic used as a single agent. All isolates produced metallo-β-lactamase enzymes (MBL). Pretreatment isolates with Cip-matrine and Cip-TASA-honey resulted in a statistically downregulated expression of the mexA gene. These natural products can be used against overactivating MexAB-OprM but not MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates.
Live‐cell imaging elaborating epidermal invasion and vascular proliferation/colonization strategy of Verticillium dahliae in host plants
Authors: Tian Juan , Kong Zhaosheng
Published: March 2022

The soilborne ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae causes destructive vascular wilt disease in hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. However, our understanding of the early invasion from the epidermis to the vasculature and the prompt proliferation and colonization in the xylem tissues remains poor. To elaborate the detailed infection strategy of V. dahliae in host plants, we traced the whole infection process of V. dahliae by live‐cell imaging combined with high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy. The 4D image series demonstrated that the apex of invading hyphae becomes tapered and directly invades the intercellular space of root epidermal cells at the initial infection. Following successful epidermal invasion, the invading hyphae extend in the intercellular space of the root cortex toward the vascular tissues. Importantly, the high‐resolution microscopic and live‐cell images demonstrated (a) that conidia are formed via budding at the apex of the hyphae in the xylem vessels to promote systemic propagation vertically, and (b) that the hyphae freely cross adjacent xylem vessels through the intertracheary pits to achieve horizontal colonization. Our findings provide a solid cellular basis for future studies on both intracellular invasion and vascular colonization/proliferation during V. dahliae infection and pathogenesis in host plants.
The strategies of counter‐secession: How states prevent independence
Authors: Krause Peter
Published: March 2022

The majority of states in the world today were created via secession, but a majority of secessionist movements have failed to gain independence. Counter‐secession is not only more successful than secession; it is also more common. There are over 300 nations today that lack sovereign states, as well as untold thousands more groups whose identities never became nationalist or who were never able to create robust movements in the first place. Nonetheless, counter‐secession is comparatively understudied, and a small but growing number of excellent analyses often focus on a single state strategy. Independence is rarely won quickly or cheaply, as existing states fight to maintain their borders across four phases of secession: identity formation, group mobilisation, (un)armed struggle and international recognition. This article presents the repertoire of states' counter‐secession strategies throughout the secessionist struggle, including cultural assimilation, administrative organisation, civilian displacement, banning secessionist political activity, fragmenting the secessionist movement, economic coercion, violent repression and blocking international recognition. This collective analysis of the causal logic and illustrative historical examples of state counter‐secession strategies lays the foundation for a more comprehensive research programme on counter‐secession across time and space.
Petiole anatomy: a contribution to the taxonomy of Acer L. (Sapindaceae) in Iran
Authors: Mohtashamian Mojgansadat , Avakh Hajishirkia'ee Fatemeh , Fatehi Foad , Rastegar Azad
Published: March 2022

As the third biggest genus in Sapindaceae, Acer contains about 110 species which are mainly distributed in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. With nine native species in Iran, maples are considered to be among the key forest trees in the country. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of petiole traits for delimiting species of Acer. Ten petiolar characters were studied in 44 populations of 9 species of Acer from Iran. The characters were assembled into a matrix and the ability of variables to segregate taxa was analyzed statistically. Results revealed a high reliability in delimiting all the species investigated. Acer monspessulanum, which occupies various habitats throughout the country, showed the highest diversity in petiole anatomy among the species studied. Based on the presence or absence of medullary bundles, two super‐types of petioles were definable. Although not helpful at the infraspecific level, petiole anatomy is shown to be taxonomically useful in delimiting species of Acer.
What makes us human? Exploring the significance of ricoeur's ethical configuration of personhood between naturalism and phenomenology in health care
Authors: Kristensson Uggla Bengt
Published: March 2022

The aim of this article is to elaborate on how a distinct concept of the person can be implemented within person‐centred care as an ethical configuration of personhood in the tension between the two predominant cultures of knowledge within health care: naturalism and phenomenology. Starting from Paul Ricoeur's ‘personalism of the first, second, and third person’ and his ‘broken’ ontology, open‐ended, incomplete, and imperfect mediations, placed at the precise juncture where reality is divided up into two separate cultures of knowledge, is identified as crucial for what makes us human. Within this context, Ricoeur's distinct ethical configuration of personhood is based on the homology between the linguistic, practical, narrative, and moral determinations of selfhood—articulated as a hermeneutics of the self, without any methodological break. Person‐centred care is thus recognized as an profound ethical approach to health care based on mediations of ‘horizontal’ (teleological) and ‘vertical’ (deontological) readings of an ethical configuration of personhood by the use of practical wisdom.
The politics of water governance in Central Otago, New Zealand: Struggling with a nineteenth century legacy
Authors: Watson Niall , Perkins Harvey C.
Published: March 2022

Today, in Central Otago, New Zealand, with competing claims for water beyond irrigation, farmers and water conservation interests are at loggerheads, and freshwater management has become a site of intense debate, competition and political action. We comment on the polarised politics of water governance in Central Otago, writing from the perspective of fish and gamebird management. Our commentary is allied to an interpretation of freshwater allocation for irrigation in New Zealand, which emphasises the emergence and dominance of a singular ‘more water’ discourse in rural development in the 2000s.
Risk factors for head and neck cancer in more and less developed countries: Analysis from the INHANCE consortium
Authors: Goyal Neerav , Hennessy Max , Lehman Erik , Lin Wenxue , Agudo Antonio , Ahrens Wolfgang , Boccia Stefania , Brennan Paul , Brenner Hermann , Cadoni Gabriella , Canova Cristina , Chen Chu , Conway David , Curado Maria Paula , Dal Maso Luigino , Daudt Alexander W. , Edefonti Valeria , Fabianova Eleonora , Fernandez Leticia , Franceschi Silvia , Garavello Werner , Gillison Maura , Hayes Richard B. , Healy Claire , Herrero Rolando , Holcatova Ivana , Kanda Jossy L. , Kelsey Karl , Hansen Bo T. , Koifman Rosalina , Lagiou Pagona , La Vecchia Carlo , Levi Fabio , Li Guojun , Lissowska Jolanta , Mendoza López Rossana , Luce Danièle , Macfarlane Gary , Mates Dana , Matsuo Keitaro , McClean Michael , Menezes Ana , Menvielle Gwenn , Morgenstern Hal , Moysich Kirsten , Negri Eva , Olshan Andrew F. , Pandics Tamas , Polesel Jerry , Purdue Mark , Radoi Loredana , Ramroth Heribert , Richiardi Lorenzo , Schantz Stimson , Schwartz Stephen M. , Serraino Diego , Shangina Oxana , Smith Elaine , Sturgis Erich M. , Świątkowska Beata , Thomson Peter , Vaughan Thomas L. , Vilensky Marta , Winn Deborah M. , Wunsch‐Filho Victor , Yu Guo‐Pei , Zevallos Jose P. , Zhang Zuo‐Feng , Zheng Tongzhang , Znaor Ariana , Boffetta Paolo , Hashibe Mia , Lee Yuan‐Chin A. , Muscat Joshua E.
Published: March 2022

Objective

We analyzed the pooled case‐control data from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium to compare cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption risk factors for head and neck cancer between less developed and more developed countries.

Subjects and Methods

The location of each study was categorized as either a less developed or more developed country. We compared the risk of overall head and neck cancer and cancer of specific anatomic subsites associated with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Additionally, age and sex distribution between categories was compared.

Results

The odds ratios for head and neck cancer sites associated with smoking duration differed between less developed and more developed countries. Smoking greater than 20 years conferred a higher risk for oral cavity and laryngeal cancer in more developed countries, whereas the risk was greater for oropharynx and hypopharynx cancer in less developed countries. Alcohol consumed for more than 20 years conferred a higher risk for oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx cancer in less developed countries. The proportion of cases that were young (<45 years) or female differed by country type for some HNC subsites.

Conclusion

These findings suggest the degree of industrialization and economic development affects the relationship between smoking and alcohol with head and neck cancer.
Direct and legacy‐mediated drought effects on plant performance are species‐specific and depend on soil community composition
Authors: Buchenau N. , van Kleunen M. , Wilschut R. A.
Published: March 2022

Droughts affect plant communities, but their impacts may be mediated by soil biota. Soil communities may ameliorate drought stress, and droughts may leave legacies of altered soil communities that may affect future plant growth. However, it is not yet understood which groups of soil biota in particular affect plant performance under drought, nor which groups contribute to drought‐legacy effects on future plant growth. We hypothesized that increasing soil‐community complexity ameliorates drought stress and that drought‐legacy effects are species‐specific and soil‐community‐dependent. To test these hypotheses, we performed a two‐phase experiment with six grassland species. In the first phase, we examined plant performance under drought and ambient conditions, in soils inoculated with a sterilized inoculum, or increasingly complex soil communities created by wet‐sieving through 20‐, 40‐ and 200‐µm mesh sieves. In the second phase, we examined drought‐legacy effects on conspecific plant performance. We separately analysed plant performance in both phases, and integrated data from both phases using structural equation models. Drought effects on first‐phase root biomass depended on soil inoculum, and this interaction differed among plant species, while effects on shoot biomass differed among species, but did not depend on inoculum. Only one species experienced drought‐stress‐ameliorating effects of soil biota. Drought‐legacy effects on plant performance were positive, but depended on soil inoculum in case of root biomass, and on soil inoculum and species identity in case of shoot biomass. Drought‐legacy effects were often mediated by first‐phase biomass. In some species this effect was independent of inoculum, suggesting an abiotic legacy effect. In others, low first‐phase biomass corresponded with high second‐phase performance in presence of the most complex soil community. We conclude that drought‐legacy effects on plant performance were soil‐community‐dependent but positive, suggesting that plants establishing after drought may benefit from increased nutrient availability and more positive impacts of soil biota.
Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in Quercus ilex
Authors: Galmán Andrea , Vázquez‐González Carla , Röder Gregory , Castagneyrol Bastien
Published: March 2022

Plant diversity has often been reported to decrease insect herbivory in plants. Of the numerous mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, how plant diversity influences plant defences via effects on growth has received little attention. In addition, plant diversity effects may be contingent on abiotic conditions (e.g. resource and water availability). Here, we used a long‐term experiment to explore the interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth, direct (i.e. phenolics) and indirect (i.e. volatile organic compounds – VOCs) defences and leaf herbivory in Quercus ilex. We quantified herbivory by chewing insects, phenolic compounds and VOCs in Q. ilex trees growing in stands differing in tree species composition (Q. ilex, Q. ilex + Betula Pendula, Q. ilex + Pinus pinaster and Q. ilex + B. pendula + P. pinaster) and water availability (irrigated versus control). Both direct and indirect defences were affected by tree species composition, but such changes were not mediated by changes in tree stem diameter. Quercus ilex trees growing in stands with P. pinaster had the lowest concentration of both direct and indirect defences. Importantly, the effects of tree species composition on VOCs were exacerbated on irrigated blocks. Despite variation in defences, tree species composition did not affect herbivory in Q. ilex. Accordingly, we did not find any association between defences and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that changes in the micro‐environment rather than growth‐defence associations may mediate tree diversity effects on defences. In addition, reduced defensive investment in more diverse stands could negatively impact tree resistance masking the beneficial effects of species diversity at reducing insect herbivory.
Plant‐based expression and characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus‐like particles presenting a native spike protein
Authors: Jung Jae‐Wan , Zahmanova Gergana , Minkov Ivan , Lomonossoff George P.
Published: March 2022

We have investigated the use of transient expression to produce virus‐like particles (VLPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the causative agent of COVID‐19, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Expression of a native form of the spike (S) protein, either alone or in combination with the envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins, all of which were directed to the plant membranes via their native sequences, was assessed. The full‐length S protein, together with degradation products, could be detected in total protein extracts from infiltrated leaves in both cases. Particles with a characteristic ‘crown‐shaped’ or ‘spiky’ structure could be purified by density gradient centrifugation. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays using anti‐S antibodies showed that threefold higher levels of VLPs containing the full‐length S protein were obtained by infiltration with S alone, compared to co‐infiltration of S with M and E. The S protein within the VLPs could be cleaved by furin in vitro and the particles showed reactivity with serum from recovering COVID‐19 patients, but not with human serum taken before the pandemic. These studies show that the native S protein expressed in plants has biological properties similar to those of the parent virus. We show that the approach undertaken is suitable for the production of VLPs from emerging strains and we anticipate that the material will be suitable for functional studies of the S protein, including the assessment of the effects of specific mutations. As the plant‐made material is noninfectious, it does not have to be handled under conditions of high containment.
Intralesional corticosteroid injections to treat lip swelling associated with oral Crohn’s disease in a child
Authors: Zaladonis Carly A. , Safeer Laraib Z. , Smith David , Hafeez Farhaan , Huang Laura , Errickson Carla V. , Krakowski Andrew C.
Published: March 2022

This procedural report details the case of a 10‐year‐old boy with oral Crohn's disease successfully treated with intralesional corticosteroid injections. The intervention used topical anesthesia with a eutectic mixture of lidocaine 2.5%/prilocaine 2.5% cream followed by intralesional triamcinolone acetonide. This approach safely and effectively reduced patient discomfort while allowing for an acceptable and durable clinical outcome.
Combating team hopelessness: How and why leader interpersonal emotion management matters
Authors: Wang Fenghao (Andrew) , Liu Wu , Ling Chu‐Ding , Fan Pan , Chen Yang
Published: March 2022

The extant team affect literature is silent on how team hopelessness may impact team functioning and, more importantly, how leaders may help to regulate it. Relying on the Appraisal‐Tendency Framework of emotion, this paper examines the effect of team hopelessness on team performance, as well as its underlying mechanism, collective efficacy. It also explores how leaders’ use of two different interpersonal emotion management (IEM) strategies can moderate this relationship. Across two field studies involving 80 and 170 workplace teams, respectively, we consistently find that team hopelessness negatively impacts team performance through reduced collective efficacy. Moreover, leaders’ use of a problem‐focused IEM strategy weakens the negative relationship between team hopelessness and team performance via collective efficacy, while their use of an emotion‐focused IEM strategy strengthens it. Our research highlights the detrimental effect of team hopelessness on team functioning and the various consequences of different leader IEM strategies.
Clinical and laboratory characterization of patients with localized scleroderma and response to UVA‐1 phototherapy: In vivo and in vitro skin models
Authors: Tognetti Linda , Marrocco Camilla , Carraro Andrea , Guerrini Giuditta , Mariotti GIancarlo , Cinotti Elisa , Rubegni Pietro
Published: March 2022

Background/Purpose

Localized scleroderma (LS) is a rare disease leading to progressive hardening and induration of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. LS is responsive to UVA‐1 phototherapy, though its exact mechanism of action dermal fibrosis is yet to be fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the molecular changes induced by UVA‐1 rays in human primary fibroblasts cultures.

Methods

A total of 16 LS patients were treated with medium‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy. At baseline, during and after therapy, Localized Scleroderma Assessment Tool, Dermatology Life Quality Index and lesions' staging and mapping were performed along with high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) examination for dermal thickness assessment. Gene expression analysis for 23 mRNA transcripts, in vitro UVA‐1 irradiation and viability tests were realized on lesional fibroblasts' primary cultures, before and 3 months after therapy.

Results

The dermal thickness, the LoSCAT and the DLQI progressively decreased starting from the last phototherapy session up to the 6 and 9 month follow‐ups (−57% and −60%, respectively). Molecular gene analysis (rt‐PCR) revealed that UVA‐1 phototherapy exerts multiple effects: the activation of specific anti‐fibrotic pathways (e.g., overexpression of CTHRC1 and metalloproteases 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, suppression of TIMP‐1), the downregulation of peculiar pro‐fibrotic pathways (e.g., downregulation of TGF‐ß, TGF‐ßrII, Grb2, SMAD 2/3, TNRSF12A, CTGF) through a significant overexpression of IL‐1ß; the stabilization of collagen synthesis acting on genes COL1A1, COL3A1, COL8A1, COL10A1, COL12A1.

Conclusion

UVA‐1 phototherapy adds significant benefits in local tissue remodeling, rebalancing the alteration between pro‐fibrotic and anti‐fibrotic pathways; these changes can be well monitored by HFUS.
Predictive factors of sun protection behaviour among global airline pilots
Authors: Yong Shin Shen , Han Winn Hui , Faheem Nik Aimee Azizah , Puvan Nisha , Tan Leng Leng , Wong Su‐Ming , Kwan Zhenli
Published: March 2022

Background

Airline pilots face significant ultraviolet radiation exposure resulting in an increased risk of sun damage and skin cancers. We aimed to evaluate sun‐protective practices and associated factors among airline pilots.

Methods

We disseminated an online questionnaire evaluating the use of sunscreen, sunglasses, hats and protective clothing during daytime hours in the cockpit and during outdoor activities to 346 global commercial airline pilots, and we received 220 completed responses. The Pearson chi‐squared test or Fisher's exact test where necessary were used to determine possible factors associated with the use of sun‐protective practices. Potential confounders were adjusted for using multivariate analyses.

Results

The most common sun protective behaviour was the wearing of sunglasses during daytime flights (89.5%), followed by the use of caps during outdoor activities (47.7%). More pilots applied sunscreen during daytime flights (14.1%) compared with walk‐arounds (8.2%). Males were less likely to use sunscreen during flights (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 0.76), use sunscreen for walk‐arounds (aOR = 0.175) and wear long sleeves (aOR = 0.013). Pilots who flew less than 30 h a month in high latitude regions were less likely to use a cap or hat outdoors (aOR = 0.419) or use sunscreen during walk‐arounds (aOR = 0.241). Younger pilots were also less likely to use caps or hats outdoors (aOR = 0.446).

Conclusion

Male pilots and those who spent less time in high latitudes were less likely to practice sun protection. Targeted educational efforts may be implemented to reduce occupational ultraviolet exposure.
Different effects of warming treatments in forests versus hedgerows on the understorey plant Geum urbanum
Authors: Fernández‐Fernández P. , Sanczuk P. , Vanneste T. , Brunet J. , Ehrlén J. , Hedwall P.‐O. , Hylander K. , Van Den Berge S. , Verheyen K. , De Frenne P.
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of hedgerows as functional corridors in the face of climate warming has been little researched. Here we investigated the effects of warming temperatures on plant performance and population growth of Geum urbanum in forests versus hedgerows in two European temperate regions.

Adult individuals were transplanted in three forest–hedgerow pairs in each of two different latitudes, and an experimental warming treatment using open‐top chambers was used in a full factorial design. Plant performance was analysed using mixed models and population performance was analysed using Integral Projection Models and elasticity analyses.

Temperature increases due to open‐top chamber installation were higher in forests than in hedgerows. In forests, the warming treatment had a significant negative effect on the population growth rate of G. urbanum. In contrast, no significant effect of the warming treatment on population dynamics was detected in hedgerows. Overall, the highest population growth rates were found in the forest control sites, which was driven by a higher fecundity rather than a higher survival probability.

Effects of warming treatments on G. urbanum population growth rates differed between forests and hedgerows. In forests, warming treatments negatively affected population growth, but not in hedgerows. This could be a consequence of the overall lower warming achieved in hedgerows. We conclude that maintenance of cooler forest microclimates coul, at least temporarily, moderate the species response to climate warming.
Offshoring within South African manufacturing firms: An analysis of the labour market effects
Authors: Pretorius Anmar , Bezuidenhout Carli , Matthee Marianne , Blaauw Derick
Published: March 2022

South Africa's manufacturing sector experiences declining growth and labour demand, and increased imports of intermediate goods. The paper investigates the influence of offshoring on employment and wages for capital‐ and labour‐intensive industries and skilled and unskilled workers, using firm‐ and employer–employee‐level data. Unlike findings in developed countries, offshoring generally lowers employment in manufacturing firms and increases and decreases the percentage of unskilled workers and lower skilled workers, respectively. Increased narrow offshoring seemingly grows the cohort of unskilled workers, particularly in ultra‐labour‐intensive industries. As offshoring gains momentum, worker‐level earnings increase in capital‐ and labour‐intensive industries but decrease in ultra‐labour‐intensive industries.