bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of criminal liability and punishment of juveniles: reality and perspectiv
Authors:   Territorially Separated Branch “Kamiansk Branch of the  Academy of the State Penitentiary Service”, Kamiansk, Ukraine, Mytska О. І.
Published: December 2021

In the article the author analyses the features of criminal liability and punishment of juveniles in the current criminal legislation. Particular attention is paid to the release of adolescents from punishment and serving sentences. The author points out that for a long time there have been discussions among scholars about the possibility and expediency of applying to adolescents release from punishment and serving sentences considering the obvious need for their urgent re-education and return to the law-abiding citizens. The author categorically looks positively at this subinstitution of criminal legislation and believes that in some way it allows criminal legislation to perform its protective, educational and preventive functions. It also notes that the list of currently available types of release for both adults and juveniles is quite limited, which does not allow to fully differentiate them according to the specifics of the criminal offense committed by each individual juvenile. A comparative analysis of the current criminal legislation with the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine is carried out. It is stated that scientists have identified not only juveniles but also young people, which is also due to the European vision of the subject of the criminal offense. Most criminal legislations of the Member States of the European Union have a similar differentiation. It is concluded that despite the rapid development of criminal legislation and Ukraine itself, the legislative vision of the limits of criminal responsibility and punishment of juveniles remains almost unchanged. A study of the draft of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine showed that only the age of the subject of the criminal offense was revised, as well as certain features of punishment and release from it. At the same time, any fundamentally new alternative criminal-legal measures and means of interaction with juvenile offenders are not provided, which indicates that the juvenile criminal legislation of Ukraine is not yet fully compliant with European and international standards of justice according to juveniles who are in conflict with the law. Key words: juvenile, criminal liability, punishment, release from punishment and serving sentences, draft, new Criminal Code, European Union.
OPTIMALISASI PERILAKU ADAPTASI KEBIASAAN BARU PADA ANAK PENGAJIAN RW 04 DI KOTA BOGOR
Authors: Fardah Kurniati Siti , Dewi Pertiwi Fenti
Published: December 2021

Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru(AKB) adalah sebuah upaya masyarakat untuk beradaptasi dengan lingkungan, dalam bentuk perubahan perilaku diri menjadi lebih disiplin, menjaga kebersihan, dan menaati peraturan protokol kesehatan. Agar masyarakat tetap produktif sekaligus tetap aman dari Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif, dengan mengambil jumlah sampel responden 31 Anak dari 60 populasi Anak Pengajian RW 04. Proses pengambilan sampel menggunakan Simple Random Sampling. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk peningkatan pengetahuan dan perilaku Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru(AKB) di masa pandemi Covid-19. Berdasarkan hasil akhir kegiatan yang dilakukan diperoleh persentase kurang dari 80%.
PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN DAN KEPATUHAN REMAJA MENGENAI PROTOKOL KESEHATAN DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Tri Aulia Firda , Syari Wirda
Published: December 2021

Di Indonesia, angka kasus COVID-19 masih terus bertambah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis situasi yang dilakukan di wilayah RT 04 RW 03 Desa Kaumpandak Kabupaten Bogor ditemukan beberapa masalah yaitu masih banyaknya remaja yang melalaikan protokol kesehatan di masa pandemi COVID-19 seperti tidak menerapkan physical distancing atau jaga jarak, tidak menggunakan masker saat keluar rumah, serta tidak melakukan olahraga di rumah masing-masing. Berdasarkan hasil analisis situasi tersebut, maka dibuatlah gagasan program kerja KKNGTM dengan memberikan informasi dan edukasi pada remaja mengenai pentingnya menerapkan protokol kesehatan pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Metode perencanaan penyusunan program dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data berdasarkan kuesioner pre-test, tanya-jawab, dan observasi. Program yang dilaksanakan yaitu pembuatan dan penempelan poster, penyebaran poster dan video edukasi melalui grup whatsapp, tanya-jawab di grup whatsapp, serta pembagian masker dan hand sanitizer kepada responden. Hasil evaluasi keberhasilan program berdasarkan analisis hasil pretest dan posttest menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan pemahaman pada remaja sebesar 31,4% dari 34,3% menjadi 65,7%.
Risks in the System of Accounting and Financial Statements
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Semenova S. M. , Shpyrko O. M. ,   State University of Infrastructure and Technologies, Ziabchenkova H. V. ,   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kuzmenko O. P. ,   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics
Published: December 2021

The article is concerned with studying the risks that are formed in the accounting and financial reporting system, their grouping and characterization for effective management and improvement of enterprise performance. Risk management standards clearly indicate the responsibility of management in assessing risks, managing and reporting them. The transformation of user approaches and needs to complete and reliable information about the risks of enterprises, in particular to the preparation of integrated reporting, indicates that the process of improving both the management and the reporting systems is underway. Accounting simultaneously acts as a function of risk management through the creation of reserves and provisions, a means of displaying risks and decisions about them through disclosure of information in the reporting, and is also a source of risk formation. The literature highlights the latter aspect the least. On the basis of the carried out research, the following groups of risks arising in the accounting and reporting system are determined: risks in the field of application of international (or national) accounting and reporting standards; absence (inefficiency) of management accounting, tax planning, internal control, independent audit; risks of errors and fraud; risks of adverse changes in legislation. For each group, the enterprise will be able to choose the most effective response measures through distribution (by creating reserves, insurance, diversification, outsourcing, developing accounting policies and job descriptions) and reducing risks (through investing in staff education: trainings, seminars, courses and motivation, updating accounting software, compiling and reporting, substantiating professional judgment, improving the internal control system, regulating management accounting, integrated reporting, system solutions). Thus, in order to increase the efficiency of risk management, of practical value should be taking into account the risks of accounting and reporting systems, if we consider them as a source of risks, and not only as an instrument for administration or information disclosure.
THE ACT OF CIVIL STATUS AS A TYPE OF INFORMATION AND THE OBJECT OF INFORMATION LEGAL RELATIONS
Authors: ТРОФИМЕЦ Ирина Александровна
Published: December 2021

In the paper, the author analyzes the legal category «act of civil status» from the point of view of information law. The purpose of this work is to characterize the «act of civil status» as a type of information and the object of information legal relations. The author uses general and special methods of scientific knowledge (historical, comparative, formal-legal, dialectical, etc.). Results: it is concluded that the act of civil status (in text or digital format) should be classified as restricted information. This information is subject to special rules of disclosure and cannot be disseminated.
Atypical Presentation of Colonic Diverticular Disease
Authors: Tasnim Refaya , Noor Nawsabah , Islam Quazi Tarikul
Published: December 2021

Hematochezia or passage of fresh blood per rectum is a relatively common finding in medical practice which mostly indicates lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The causes for lower gastrointestinal bleeding include diverticular disease, vascular ectasia, ischemic, inflammatory or infectious colitis, colonic neoplasia, hemorrhoids, anal fissures and small bowel lesions (Crohn’s disease, Vascularectasia, Meckel’s diverticulum).If a patient comes with severe hematochezia, the first and foremost task is to stabilize the patient and then find out the source of bleeding as soon as possible. Elderly patients presenting with severe hematochezia, is most likely due to colorectal malignancy but benign causes like colonic diverticulosis can also present as life threatening bleeding in rare occasions. Here we report a case of 70-years-old male patient presenting with severe painless hematochezia leading to severe anemia due to diverticulosis.
Bangladesh J Medicine July 2022; 33(1) : 94-98
Manifestação da fadiga vocal em docentes de metodologia ativa versus tradicional durante as aulas remotas devido a Covid-19
Authors: Santana Carla , Santos Caroline Oliveira dos , Mota Aline Ferreira de Brito , Pellicani Ariane Damasceno
Published: December 2021

Objetivo: comparar a manifestação da fadiga vocal em professores universitários de metodologia ativa e tradicional no período de aulas remotas devido a pandemia da covid-19. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 106 professores universitários de uma instituição federal de ensino, que foram agrupados conforme a metodologia utilizada. O grupo de metodologia tradicional (MT) foi composto por 59 professores (31 homens, 28 mulheres), com média de idade de 44,07 ±9,12 O grupo de metodologia ativa (MA) foi composto por 47 professores (20 homens, 27 mulheres), com média de idade de 42,89 ±9,08. Foram utilizados os protocolos: Índice de Fadiga Vocal (IFV), Índice de Triagem do Distúrbio de Voz (ITDV) e anamnese estruturada. A análise envolveu a comparação entre os grupos e comparação entre os gêneros de cada grupo. Resultados: O IFV não apresentou diferença estatística em nenhum dos seus fatores, entretanto, com exceção do fator de restrição vocal, todos os outros parâmetros do teste estiveram acima dos valores de corte. O ITDV e a carga horária de aulas remotas também não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. Mulheres apresentaram valores do IFV superiores a homens, principalmente para metodologia ativa de ensino. Conclusão: Os professores universitários apresentaram manifestações de fadiga vocal, limitação vocal, desconforto físico associado ao uso da voz e dificuldade na recuperação após o repouso vocal, independentemente da metodologia de ensino utilizada.
Perfil fitoquímico e propriedade antioxidante de diferentes genótipos de frutos do umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda Câmara): uma revisão
Authors: Moreira Marcílio Nunes , Costa Élia Karina de Carvalho , Donato Sérgio Luiz Rodrigues , Narain Narendra
Published: December 2021

O umbuzeiro, planta pertencente ao gênero das Spondias e família Anacardiaceae, possui 18 espécies que estão localizadas nas Américas, Ásia e Oceania. O fruto tem recebido destaque no mercado nacional e internacional por sua variedade de compostos bioativos, que apresentam efeitos nutracêuticos e terapêuticos. Entretanto, um melhor aproveitamento pode ser obtido através do conhecimento da variabilidade genética desses frutos. Diante disso, objetivou-se realizar uma revisão a respeito da composição bioativa e química como também da atividade antioxidante de frutos de umbu em relação a variação destes parâmetros entre diferentes genótipos do fruto. Apesar das boas propriedades físico-químicas, nutricionais, sensoriais, nutracêuticas e terapêuticas, os frutos do umbuzeiro apresentam comercialização limitada aos locais onde são produzidos devido ao período de sazonalidade, por esta razão, conhecer as características e propriedades específicas de cada genótipo dos frutos do umbuzeiro é de extrema importância, uma vez que, conhecendo tais propriedades, é possível apontar diferentes formas de processamento, melhorias nas técnicas de cultivo, colheita, beneficiamento e processamento e aumento da produtividade, entre outros.
Interface entre saúde mental e pandemia da COVID-19: o olhar dos profissionais de saúde
Authors: Gonçalves Gabriela da Silva , Ferreira Fernanda de Oliveira , Sousa Vanessa Monteiro de Melo , Braga Maria Helena , Alves Terezinha Noemides , Paula Patrícia Aparecida Baumgratz de
Published: December 2021

A saúde mental tem sido marcada atualmente por diversas reformulações, incluindo a intensificação da medicalização da saúde e presença da pandemia do novo coronavírus. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a percepção da saúde mental pelos profissionais dos programas de residência em saúde, em 2020, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Tratou-se de estudo observacional e transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, com aplicação de questionário estruturado, auto aplicado e online, para 52 residentes dos Programas de Residência Uni e Multiprofissionais do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Os dados obtidos foram trabalhados pela análise estatística descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado para verificar a associação entre a autopercepção da saúde mental, as variáveis sociodemográficas e o perfil profissional. Com o intuito de verificar o efeito da realização do acompanhamento da saúde mental, realizou-se análise de regressão logística. Os resultados demonstraram agravamento significativo na percepção da saúde física e mental pelos residentes, comparando o período antes e durante a pandemia, em 2020, e que o acompanhamento da saúde mental foi fator protetor para alterações fisiológicas percebidas pelos residentes no período. Assim, o apoio psicossocial aos profissionais de saúde é de fundamental importância, principalmente quando consideramos o cenário pandêmico.
Impactos do uso de bebidas alcoólicas por profissionais de enfermagem e a relação com o trabalho: uma reflexão teórica
Authors: Santos Ronan dos , Souza Mônica Oliveira da Silva e , Tonole Renato , Cardoso Thereza Christina dos Santos Figueira , Chança Raphael Duarte , Passos Joanir Pereira
Published: December 2021

Objetivo: Descrever os impactos do uso de bebidas alcoólicas por profissionais de enfermagem e a relação com o trabalho, a partir de uma reflexão teórica. Metodologia: Ensaio teórico de caráter reflexivo, da literatura sobre os impactos do uso de bebidas alcoólicas por profissionais de Enfermagem e a relação com o trabalho, por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica não sistemática, com abordagem qualitativa, sobre o tema “uso de bebidas alcoólicas por profissionais de enfermagem e relação com o trabalho”. Para a revisão bibliográfica foi utilizado LILACS, CINAHL, BDENF, MEDLINE e Web of Science com as referidas estratégias e recorte temporal de 2010 a 2020, o levantamento limitou-se aos artigos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: A análise da literatura foi disposta em dois subtemas: “Impactos do uso de bebidas alcoólicas por profissionais de Enfermagem” e “Fatores associados ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas no ambiente de trabalho da enfermagem”. Conclusão: Destacaram- se os danos que repercutem diretamente na qualidade da assistência, comprometendo não só a segurança do paciente, mas ocasionando uma problematização que afeta todo o sistema institucional de saúde e referente aos fatores associados ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas no ambiente de trabalho da enfermagem, houve destaque para os fatores estressores, para a crise sanitária atual em decorrência da Covid-19 e do isolamento social.
Managing Chronic Urticaria: Quo Vadis?
Authors: Petkova Elena , Staevska Maria
Published: December 2021

Chronic urticaria (CU) is one of the most commonly diagnosed skin conditions. CU is characterised by the presence of recurrent wheals and/or angioedema and intense pruritus persisting for at least 6 weeks. Subtypes of CU include chronic spontaneous urticaria and chronic inducible urticaria. Following diagnosis, adequate trigger identification and appropriate treatment can significantly reduce disease activity and improve the patient’s quality of life and disease outcomes. Current guidelines recommend a stepwise approach in the management of CU, including non-sedating oral antihistamines, administered in up to four times the conventional dose, the monoclonal antibody omalizumab (anti-IgE), and eventually cyclosporine as an add-on therapy for patients with antihistamine-refractory CU. Potential disease-related biomarkers are needed to predict the therapeutic response that would lead to establishment of personalised regimens and treatment plans. This paper reviews the current perspectives and guidelines for classification, diagnosis, and management of CU.
The green mole,Astromycter prasinatusT. M. Harris, 1825 (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Talpidae): an origin story
Authors: Woodman N.
Published: December 2021

Thaddeus William Harris described the green mole of Maine, Condylura prasinata (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Talpidae), in the July 1825 issue of the Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts, and this was considered the original description of the species throughout most of the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, taxonomists began instead to cite an earlier notice in the June 1825 issue of the American Journal of Science and Arts. This short article also described the species, but also established a separate genus for it, Astromycter, despite Harris’s indications elsewhere that the species was congeneric with the star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata ( Linnaeus, 1758 ). Moreover, the American Journal of Science and Arts article cited as its source the “ Machias Star”, indicating the possibility of an even earlier description of the animal. With Astromycter prasinata in synonymy with C. cristata for over a century, little effort has been exerted to determine whether earlier source materials exist or why, within two months, the green mole was allocated to two different genera by its describer. The question is taxonomically relevant today because C. prasinata predates C. cristata nigra Smith, 1940 , as an available name for north-eastern populations of star-nosed moles. If subspecies of C. cristata are to be recognized, the north-eastern subspecies should correctly bear the name C. cristata prasinata. In fact, authority for both genus- and species-group names for the green mole have been misattributed since 1825. The descriptions of C. prasinata by Thaddeus William Harris in the Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts and American Journal of Science and Arts were preceded by at least three published descriptions of A. prasinatus by Thaddeus Mason Harris, his father.
An annotated bibliography of the printed works of James Petiver (c.1663–1718)
Authors: Jarvis C. E.
Published: December 2021

The works of James Petiver have a complicated publishing history. Apart from his more substantial publications, Musei Petiveriani (1695–1703) and Gazophylacii naturæ et artis (1702–1711), which were chiefly based on specimens in his collection and were issued in multiple parts, Petiver also published nearly thirty shorter articles and tracts, some of them merely hand-bills. Many of these publications were produced in small numbers and are scarce in their original imprints. However, long after Petiver’s death, James Millan published two editions (in 1764 and 1767) of Petiver’s work which were assembled partly from unsold copies of the originals, and partly through re-setting and abridging others that were otherwise unavailable. Petiver also contributed 35 articles to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and has previously been acknowledged as the author of a further four for The Monthly Miscellany: or, Memoirs for the Curious, a rare, short-lived periodical whose contributors were generally anonymous. However, this study concludes that nearly 50 additional articles that appeared in this journal between 1707 and 1710 were written by Petiver, several of which are the original versions of articles which were published in a re-set format by Millan in 1767. In other cases, articles first published there prove to be the basis for expanded accounts that Petiver published subsequently. An additional article was published in a similarly rare periodical, Memoirs of Literature, in 1714. All 158 of his published articles, wherever they appeared, are listed and indexed, and cross-references are provided where articles appear in more than one version.
Islamization vs. Islamophobia: A New Historicist Reading of Cold War Politics in Contemporary Pakistani Anglophone Fiction
Authors: Haroon Afzal Malik
Published: December 2021

: Islamization and Islamophobia present two different narratives. Since Cold War, these two narratives have been influencing Muslims globally, especially Pakistan due to its support of Talibanization during the Soviet (communist) invasion of Afghanistan. Pakistan’s initial support of Talibanization in coalition with America, where the country yielded a religiously extremist status, provides a premise to suspect America and the West’s (capitalists) role in its development. The treatment of the very ‘Muslim identity in the pre-Cold War and the post-Cold War contexts reveals an interesting shift in the Western approach towards Muslims. The pre-Cold War era shows overt Western support for the narrative of Islamization in Muslim countries, whereas the post-Cold War era shows a sudden bounce of anti-Muslim sentiments in the West. This shift calls into question the role of power in the development of both narratives. Using Stephen Greenblatt’s critique of self-fashioning, subversion, containment, and power, we aim to explore both narratives concerning the selected Pakistani Anglophone fiction: Muhammad Hanif’s A Case of Exploding Mangoes (2008) and Hanif Kureishi’s The Black Album (1995). The current article concludes that Islamization and Islamophobia are both political policies that have been serving the interest of power to contain the subversions it encountered in different forms. We also suggest that both narratives exploit the discursive forms (literary and non-literary) of the particular era where they are recorded..
John Osborne’s Luther: An Islamic Interpretation for Boosting Human Fraternity
Authors: Shehata Ahmed
Published: December 2021

The fictional world John Osborne builds up in Luther (1961) dramatizes Martin Luther’s spiritual journey from rooted Catholicism to emerging Protestantism. Throughout the journey, Martin’s religious tendency varies according to the belief he adheres to. This paper examines if the aspects of the Christian doctrine Martin is fed with at first and the initiatives he undertakes later on can be reinterpreted through the lens of Islam. The study tries to prove that drama can be used as a platform that enhances religious and multicultural proximity rather than distance between the western world and the Muslim community. It analyzes the Christian tenets in Luther to demonstrate how the religious values embedded in Osborne’s representation can be brought close to the principles of the Islamic doctrine. Hence, another endeavour for boosting human fraternity is presented based on picking up a modern English drama that was written sixty years ago and analyzing some of its aspects from an Islamic perspective.
Travel and Imperialist Nostalgia in Ernest Hemingway’s Green Hills of Africa
Authors: Qabaha Ahmad
Published: December 2021

This paper examines the politics of travel and imperialist nostalgia in Ernest Hemingway’s memoir Green Hills of Africa. Informed by recent theoretical contributions to travel and postcolonial studies, this paper investigates ways in which the representation of travel and nostalgia in this memoir speaks to the colonial and imperialist rhetoric. Unlike previous studies, this paper suggests that the travels and nostalgia of Hemingway for Green Hills of Africa reflect certain ideological and historical determinants of the interwar politics that dominated modern American literature. While Hemingway seems to distance himself from the rhetoric of the empire, his reflections on travelling in Africa and his nostalgia for it are arguably entangled by it. This paper demonstrates that Hemingway’s narrative extends a dichotomy between the East and West constructed by 19th century (American) orientalist travel writers and critiqued by Edward Said..
Antimicrobial Effect of Polyhexanide on Denture Base and Soft Lining Materials
Authors: YILMAZ Doğukan , AKIN Hakan
Published: December 2021

Objective: Polyhexanide (PHMB; polyhexamethylene biguanide) is a well-known antiseptic agent; however, no data exist for its applicationon denture base and lining materials. In the present in vitro study, the aim was to compare viable bacterial or fungal cell numbers and theiradhesion on different types of denture base and lining materials in diverse concentrations of PHMB.Methods: Light-activated urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), heat-polymerizedpolydimethylsiloxane, and autopolymerizing polyethylmethacrylate discs were prepared for each group (n = 10). 1×108 CFU/mL of all the testedspecies were appended separately to discs, and they were immersed into different PHMB suspensions (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) for 10 minutes.The antimicrobial activity and number of adherent species on the surface were evaluated.Results: In the PMMA group, all studied species except C. albicans, L. acidophilus, and S. aureus were decreased in various concentrations (p <0.05), and all studied species presented a significant decrease in every concentration of PHMB in the UDMA group (p < 0.01) in comparison to thecontrol. N. sicca, K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. sanguis, C. pseudotuberculosis, and S. aureus (p < 0.05) were reduced in the heat-polymerizedpolydimethylsiloxane group, while all tested species except B. subtilis were decreased in the autopolymerizing polyethylmethacrylate group incomparison to the control (p < 0.01). Among all tested materials and species, no significant difference was detected in adherent cell number(p > 0.05).Conclusion: PHMB suspension, in various concentrations, can reduce some species of bacterial and yeast cells.
ПИСЬМА ПРОТОИЕРЕЯ МИХАИЛА ЕЖОВА К ВАЛЕНТИНЕ АНДРЕЕВНЕ ЗВОНКОВОЙ (ЧАСТЬ 2)
Authors: Звонкова Валентина Андреевна
Published: December 2021

Вторую часть писем, адресованных В. А. Звонковой, мы печатаем вслед за ее воспоминаниями, чтобы еще более выпукло представить ту ситуацию в церковно-приходской жизни 1950-х – 1970-х годов, которая сложилась в эти непростые для Церкви годы. Священник, являвшийся духовником юной девушки, раскрывает перед читателем внутренний мир церковного человека в его молодые годы, полные испытаний. Также здесь публикуются письма того же священника Михаила Ежова к двум другим адресатам, сохранившиеся в архиве Звонковой. Характер писем позволяет говорить о высокой доле искренности и открытости той и другой стороны, сосредоточенности автора писем на духовно-воспитательных моментах. Поскольку здесь представлены письма к трем адресатам, мы можем сравнить подходы священника-духовника к трем разным людям, оценить его педагогические качества. Это эпистолярное наследие содержит в себе ценные материалы о духовной жизни в советские годы, позволяющие нам говорить о высокой культуре духовничества среди белого духовенства.
We are publishing the Letters addressed to V. A. Zvonkova following her memoirs in order to present even more vividly the situation in the parish life of the 1950s–1970s, which their author describes. The priest, who was the confessor of a young girl, reveals to the reader the inner world of a church person in his young years, full of trials. It also publishes letters from the same priest Mikhail Yezhov to two other addressees, preserved in Zvonkova’s archive. This epistolary legacy contains valuable materials about spiritual life in the Soviet years, allowing us to talk about the high culture of clergy among the white clergy.
Isolation and Fractionation of the Tobacco Stalk Lignin for Customized Value-Added Utilization
Authors: Liu Zhi Chang , Wang Zi Wei , Gao Song , Tong Yu Xing , Le Xi , Hu Nian Wu , Yan Qun Shan , Zhou Xian Gang , He Yan Rong , Wang Lei
Published: December 2021

The value-added utilization of tobacco stalk lignin is the key to the development of tobacco stalk resources. However, the serious heterogeneity is the bottleneck for making full use of tobacco stalk lignin. Based on this, lignin was separated from tobacco stalk through hydrothermal assisted dilute alkali pretreatment. Subsequently, the tobacco stalk alkaline lignin was fractionated into five uniform lignin components by sequential solvent fractionation. Advanced spectral technologies (FT-IR, NMR, and GPC) were used to reveal the effects of hydrothermal assisted dilute alkali pretreatment and solvent fractionation on the structural features of tobacco stalk lignin. The lignin fractions extracted with n-butanol and ethanol had low molecular weight and high phenolic hydroxyl content, thus exhibiting superior chemical reactivity and antioxidant capacity. By contrast, the lignin fraction extracted with dioxane had high molecular weight and low reactivity, nevertheless, the high residual carbon rate made it suitable as a precursor for preparing carbon materials. In general, hydrothermal assisted dilute alkali pretreatment was proved to be an efficient method to separate lignin from tobacco stalk, and the application of sequential solvent fractionation to prepare lignin fractions with homogeneous structural features has specific application prospect.
Arrhythmic Risk Assessment of Hypokalaemia Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Anisotropic Sheets
Authors: Gurung Bimal , Tse Gary , Keung Wendy , Li Ronald A. , Wong Wing Tak
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Hypokalaemia, defined as an extracellular concentration of K+ below 3.5 mM, can cause cardiac arrhythmias by triggered or re-entrant mechanisms. Whilst these effects have been reported in animal and human stem cell-based models, to date there has been no investigation in more complex structures such as the human ventricular cardiac anisotropic sheet (hvCAS). Here, we investigated arrhythmogenicity, electrophysiological, and calcium transient (CaT) changes induced by hypokalaemia using this bioengineered platform.

Methods: An optical mapping technique was applied on hvCAS derived from human pluripotent stem cells to visualize electrophysiological and CaT changes under normokalaemic (5 mM KCl) and hypokalaemic (3 mM KCl) conditions.

Results: Hypokalaemia significantly increased the proportion of preparations showing spontaneous arrhythmias from 0/14 to 7/14 (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.003). Hypokalaemia reduced longitudinal conduction velocity (CV) from 7.81 to 7.18 cm⋅s−1 (n = 9, 7; p = 0.036), transverse CV from 5.72 to 4.69 cm⋅s−1 (n = 12, 11; p = 0.030), prolonged action potential at 90% repolarization (APD90) from 83.46 to 97.45 ms (n = 13, 15; p < 0.001), increased action potential amplitude from 0.888 to 1.195 ΔF (n = 12, 14; p < 0.001) and CaT amplitude from 0.76 to 1.37 ΔF (n = 12, 13; p < 0.001), and shortened effective refractory periods from 242 to 165 ms (n = 12, 13; p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Hypokalaemia exerts pro-arrhythmic effects on hvCAS, which are associated with alterations in CV, repolarization, refractoriness, and calcium handling. These preparations provide a useful platform for investigating electrophysiological substrates and for conducting arrhythmia screening.
Prognostic Immunophenotyping Clusters of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Defined by the Unique Tumor Immune Microenvironment
Authors: Xu Wenhao , Anwaier Aihetaimujiang , Ma Chunguang , Liu Wangrui , Tian Xi , Su Jiaqi , Zhu Wenkai , Shi Guohai , Wei Shiyin , Xu Hong , Qu Yuanyuan , Ye Dingwei , Zhang Hailiang
Published: December 2021

Background: The tumor microenvironment affects the occurrence and development of cancers, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, how the immune contexture interacts with the cancer phenotype remains unclear.

Methods: We identified and evaluated immunophenotyping clusters in ccRCC using machine-learning algorithms. Analyses for functional enrichment, DNA variation, immune cell distribution, association with independent clinicopathological features, and predictive responses for immune checkpoint therapies were performed and validated.

Results: Three immunophenotyping clusters with gradual levels of immune infiltration were identified. The intermediate and high immune infiltration clusters (Clusters B and C) were associated with a worse prognosis for ccRCC patients. Tumors in the immune-hot Clusters B and C showed pro-tumorigenic immune infiltration, and these patients showed significantly worse survival compared with patients in the immune-cold Cluster A in the training and testing cohorts (n = 422). In addition to distinct immune cell infiltrations of immunophenotyping, we detected significant differences in DNA variation among clusters, suggesting a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. Furthermore, expressions of multiple immune checkpoint molecules were significantly increased. Clusters B and C predicted favorable outcomes in 64 ccRCC patients receiving immune checkpoint therapies from the FUSCC cohort. In 360 ccRCC patients from the FUSCC validation cohort, Clusters B and C significantly predicted worse prognosis compared with Cluster A. After immunophenotyping of ccRCC was confirmed, significantly increased tertiary lymphatic structures, aggressive phenotype, elevated glycolysis and PD-L1 expression, higher abundance of CD8+ T cells, and TCRn cell infiltration were found in the immune-hot Clusters B and C.

Conclusion: This study described immunophenotyping clusters that improved the prognostic accuracy of the immune contexture in the ccRCC microenvironment. Our discovery of the novel independent prognostic indicators in ccRCC highlights the relationship between tumor phenotype and immune microenvironment.
Lnc-C2orf63-4-1 Confers VSMC Homeostasis and Prevents Aortic Dissection Formation via STAT3 Interaction
Authors: Zhang Song , Zhao Shiqi , Han Xuejie , Zhang Yun , Jin Xuexin , Yuan Yue , Zhao Xinbo , Luo Yingchun , Zhou Yun , Gao Yunlong , Yu Hui , Sun Danghui , Xu Wei , Yan Sen , Gong Yongtai , Li Yue
Published: December 2021

Emerging evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as a critical molecular regulator in various cardiovascular diseases. Here, we aimed to identify and functionally characterize lncRNAs as potential mediators in the development of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD). We identified that a novel lncRNA, lnc-C2orf63-4-1, was lowly expressed in aortic samples of TAD patients and angiotensin II (Ang II)-challenged vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which was correlated with clinically aortic expansion. Besides, overexpression of lnc-C2orf63-4-1 significantly attenuated Ang II-induced apoptosis, phenotypic switching of VSMCs and degradation of extracellular matrix both in vitro and in vivo. A customized transcription factor array identified that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) functioned as the main downstream effector. Mechanistically, dual-luciferase report analysis and RNA antisense purification (RAP) assay indicated that lnc-C2orf63-4-1 directly decreased the expression of STAT3, which was depend on the reduced stabilization of STAT3 mRNA. Importantly, up-regulation of STAT3 efficiently reversed the protective role of lnc-C2orf63-4-1 against Ang II-mediated vascular remodeling. Therefore, lnc-C2orf63-4-1 negatively regulated the expression of STAT3 and prevented the development of aortic dissection. Our study revealed that lnc-C2orf63-4-1 played a critical role in vascular homeostasis, and its dysfunction exacerbated Ang II-induced pathological vascular remodeling.
Multi-Omics Analysis of Cancer Cell Lines with High/Low Ferroptosis Scores and Development of a Ferroptosis-Related Model for Multiple Cancer Types
Authors: Shan Guangyao , Zhang Huan , Bi Guoshu , Bian Yunyi , Liang Jiaqi , Valeria Besskaya , Zeng Dejun , Yao Guangyu , Zhan Cheng , Fan Hong
Published: December 2021

Background: Ferroptosis is a newly identified regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and subsequent membrane oxidative damage, which has been implicated in multiple types of cancers. The multi-omics differences between cancer cell lines with high/low ferroptosis scores remain to be elucidated.

Methods and Materials: We used RNA-seq gene expression, gene mutation, miRNA expression, metabolites, copy number variation, and drug sensitivity data of cancer cell lines from DEPMAP to detect multi-omics differences associated with ferroptosis. Based on the gene expression data of cancer cell lines, we performed LASSO-Logistic regression analysis to build a ferroptosis-related model. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), esophageal cancer (ESCA), bladder cancer (BLCA), cervical cancer (CESC), and head and neck cancer (HNSC) patients from the TCGA database were used as validation cohorts to test the efficacy of this model.

Results: After stratifying the cancer cell lines into high score (HS) and low score (LS) groups according to the median of ferroptosis scores generated by gene set variation analysis, we found that IC50 of 66 agents such as oxaliplatin (p < 0.001) were significantly different, among which 65 were higher in the HS group. 851 genes such as KEAP1 and NRAS were differentially muted between the two groups. Differentially expressed genes, miRNAs and metabolites were also detected—multiple items such as IL17F (logFC = 6.58, p < 0.001) differed between the two groups. Unlike the TCGA data generated by bulk RNA-seq, the gene expression data in DEPMAP are from pure cancer cells, so it could better reflect the traits of tumors in cancer patients. Thus, we built a 15-signature model (AUC = 0.878) based on the gene expression data of cancer cell lines. The validation cohorts demonstrated a higher mutational rate of NFE2L2 and higher expression levels of 12 ferroptosis-related genes in HS groups.

Conclusion: This article systemically analyzed multi-omics differences between cancer cell lines with high/low ferroptosis scores and a ferroptosis-related model was developed for multiple cancer types. Our findings could improve our understanding of the role of ferroptosis in cancer and provide new insight into treatment for malignant tumors.
Research on the Computational Prediction of Essential Genes
Authors: Guo Yuxin , Ju Ying , Chen Dong , Wang Lihong
Published: December 2021

Genes, the nucleotide sequences that encode a polypeptide chain or functional RNA, are the basic genetic unit controlling biological traits. They are the guarantee of the basic structures and functions in organisms, and they store information related to biological factors and processes such as blood type, gestation, growth, and apoptosis. The environment and genetics jointly affect important physiological processes such as reproduction, cell division, and protein synthesis. Genes are related to a wide range of phenomena including growth, decline, illness, aging, and death. During the evolution of organisms, there is a class of genes that exist in a conserved form in multiple species. These genes are often located on the dominant strand of DNA and tend to have higher expression levels. The protein encoded by it usually either performs very important functions or is responsible for maintaining and repairing these essential functions. Such genes are called persistent genes. Among them, the irreplaceable part of the body’s life activities is the essential gene. For example, when starch is the only source of energy, the genes related to starch digestion are essential genes. Without them, the organism will die because it cannot obtain enough energy to maintain basic functions. The function of the proteins encoded by these genes is thought to be fundamental to life. Nowadays, DNA can be extracted from blood, saliva, or tissue cells for genetic testing, and detailed genetic information can be obtained using the most advanced scientific instruments and technologies. The information gained from genetic testing is useful to assess the potential risks of disease, and to help determine the prognosis and development of diseases. Such information is also useful for developing personalized medication and providing targeted health guidance to improve the quality of life. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to identify important and essential genes. In this paper, the research status of essential genes and the essential genome database of bacteria are reviewed, the computational prediction method of essential genes based on communication coding theory is expounded, and the significance and practical application value of essential genes are discussed.
GP IIb/IIIa-Mediated Platelet Activation and Its Modulation of the Immune Response of Monocytes Against Candida albicans
Authors: Zheng Lin , Duan Zhimin , Tang Dingjie , He Yanzhi , Chen Xu , Chen Qing , Li Min
Published: December 2021

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen in humans, causing invasive disease and even potentially life-threatening systemic infections when tissue homeostasis is disrupted. Previous studies have identified an essential role of platelets in infection and immunity, especially when they are activated. However, it is still unclear whether platelets can be activated by C. albicans, and even less is known about the role of platelets in C. albicans infection. Herein, we showed that C. albicans induced platelet activation in vitro. C. albicans elevated the levels of AKT Ser473 phosphorylation, and inhibition of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway reversed C. albicans-induced platelet activation. Surprisingly, C. albicans-induced platelet activation occurred in an integrin glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa-dependent manner but was independent of the pattern recognition receptors toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Interestingly, platelets enhanced the phagocytosis of human monocytes challenged with C. albicans and upregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, which were dependent on platelet activation mediated by GP IIb/IIIa. The present work provides new insights into the role of activated platelets in the defense against C. albicans, highlighting the importance of GP IIb/IIIa in the recognition of C. albicans.
Bladder Exposure to Gardnerella Activates Host Pathways Necessary for Escherichia coli Recurrent UTI
Authors: O’Brien Valerie P. , Lewis Amanda L. , Gilbert Nicole M.
Published: December 2021

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) are a costly clinical problem affecting millions of women worldwide each year. The majority of rUTI cases are caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Data from humans and mouse models indicate that some instances of rUTI are caused by UPEC emerging from latent reservoirs in the bladder. Women with vaginal dysbiosis, typically characterized by high levels of Gardnerella and other anaerobes, are at increased risk of UTI. Multiple studies have detected Gardnerella in urine collected by transurethral catheterization (to limit vaginal contamination), suggesting that some women experience routine urinary tract exposures. We recently reported that inoculation of Gardnerella into the bladder triggers rUTI from UPEC bladder reservoirs in a mouse model. Here we performed whole bladder RNA-seq to identify host pathways involved in Gardnerella-induced rUTI. We identified a variety host pathways differentially expressed in whole bladders following Gardnerella exposure, such as pathways involved in inflammation/immunity and epithelial turnover. At the gene level, we identified upregulation of Immediate Early (IE) genes, which are induced in various cell types shortly following stimuli like infection and inflammation. One such upregulated IE gene was the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 (aka Nr4a1). Pilot experiments in Nur77-/- mice suggest that Nur77 is necessary for Gardnerella exposure to trigger rUTI from UPEC reservoirs. These findings demonstrate that bladder gene expression can be impacted by short-lived exposures to urogenital bacteria and warrant future examination of responses in distinct cell types, such as with single cell transcriptomic technologies. The biological validation studies in Nur77-/- mice lay the groundwork for future studies investigating Nur77 and the Immediate Early response in rUTI.
Building a Climate-Resilient Power Grid: Lessons From Texas-Size Storms and the Queensland Floods
Authors: Verchick Robert R. M. , Lyster Rosemary
Published: December 2021

When a city is lashed by storm or swamped by epic rains, there's at least one predictable moment in the chaos: the lights go out. In this article, we focus on the challenge of protecting assets from storms and floods in the era of climate breakdown. This often involves physical fortification or smarter placement. To understand the policies and decisions involved, we examine recovery efforts following storm- or flood-based outages that occurred this century in the state of Texas in the United States and the state of Queensland in Australia. We first describe the outages, their consequences, and the policy recommendations and responses that followed. We then evaluate the recovery processes, focusing on the challenge of protecting assets like substations and transmission structures. We find that each jurisdiction could do more to incorporate forward-looking climate data, to match the level of government authority to better fit the desired function, and to capably fund the work to be done.