bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics and neural block characteristics after epidural administration of local anaesthetics
Authors: Simon Mischa J.G. , Veering Bernadette T.
Published: October 2010

Epidural anaesthesia has been shown to have a good clinical efficacy, but is hampered by a wide variability in the pharmacokinetics and neural block characteristics, resulting in a poor controllability of the spread of anaesthesia. The extent of the epidural neural blockade depends on the processes that occur during the transfer of local anaesthetics from the site of injection to the site of action. These processes include the longitudinal spread and the local tissue distribution. The longitudinal spread may be affected by anatomical and physiologic alterations, associated with increased age and local tissue distribution is influenced by the physicochemical and chiral properties of local anaesthetics. Determination of the absorption kinetics after epidural administration of local anaesthetics is important because it determines the relationship between neural blockade and the amount of drug remaining at or near the site of injection and the risk of systemic toxicity. Factors, such as age and enantiomer‐specific disposition and elimination may contribute to the differences between local anaesthetics and individual patients. Pharmacokinetic—pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)‐models for neuraxial blockade have been developed for epidural and subarachnoid administration of local anaesthetics. These models are able to explain a part of the variability by introducing covariates in the model. Furthermore, these models are able to make predictions about important clinical endpoints. Although these models still have to be validated for different clinical situations, the models may help to predict anaesthetic requirements for individual patients or new drug development in future.
The dissociation activation model of B cell antigen receptor triggering
Authors: Yang Jianying , Reth Michael
Published: October 2010

To detect its cognate antigen, each B lymphocyte contains up to 120 000 B cell antigen receptor (BCR) complexes on its cell surface. How these abundant receptors remain silent on resting B cells and how they can be activated by a molecularly diverse set of ligands is poorly understood. The antigen‐specific activation of the BCR is currently explained by the cross‐linking model (CLM). This model predicts that the many BCR complexes on the surface of a B cell are dispersed signalling‐inert monomers and that it is BCR dimerization that initiates signalling from the receptor. The finding that the BCR forms auto‐inhibited oligomers on the surface of resting B cells falsifies these predictions of the CLM. We propose the dissociation activation model (DAM), which fits better with the existing body of experimental data.
Para‐aortic lymphadenectomy for primary fallopian tube cancer
Authors: Koo Yu‐Jin , Kwon Yong‐Soon , Lim Kyung‐Taek , Lee Ki‐Heon , Shim Jae‐Uk , Mok Jung‐Eun
Published: October 2010

Objective

To investigate the topography of lymph node spread and the need for para‐aortic lymphadenectomy in primary fallopian tube cancer (PFTC).

Methods

Twenty‐six women were diagnosed with PFTC at Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Seoul, Korea, between March 1992 and November 2009. Of the 26 patients, we retrospectively analyzed 15 patients who underwent complete staging surgery, including bilateral pelvic and para‐aortic lymphadenectomy.

Results

The median follow‐up period was 57.9 months (range, 3–185 months) and the 5‐year survival rate was 86.3%. Five (33.3%) patients were diagnosed with FIGO stage I, 1 (6.7%) with stage II, and 9 (60%) with stage III cancer. The median number of lymph nodes removed was 53.8 (range, 18–106 nodes). Four (26.7%) patients had nodal involvement: 2 patients with para‐aortic lymph node involvement and 2 patients with both pelvic and para‐aortic lymph node involvement. None of the patients was positive for pelvic lymph nodes alone.

Conclusion

A comprehensive para‐aortic lymphadenectomy was necessary for accurate staging in PFTC.
Advances in DNA-Based Techniques for the Detection of Seafood Species Substitution on the Commercial Market
Authors: Hellberg Rosalee S. Rasmussen , Morrissey Michael T.
Published: October 2010

Increased worldwide trade and processing of seafood has increased the potential for species substitution on the commercial market. To detect and prevent species substitution, several deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based methods have been developed that can be used to identify species in a variety of food types. For large-scale applications, such as regulatory screening, these methods must be rapid, cost-effective, reliable, and have high potential for automation. This review highlights recent technological advances in DNA-based identification methods, with a focus on seafood species identification in automated, high-throughput settings. Advances in DNA isolation methods include silica-based columns for use in high-throughput operations and magnetic bead particles for increased and targeted recovery of DNA. The three most widely used methods for seafood species identification (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] sequencing, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and species-specific PCR) will be discussed, with a focus on the incorporation of technologies such as rapid PCR cycling, microfluidic chips, and real-time PCR. Emerging methods, including DNA microarrays and next-generation sequencing will also be explored for their potential to identify seafood species on a large scale. Overall, many of the technological advances discussed here offer complementary properties that will enable species identification in a variety of settings and with a range of products.
Spatial categorization and time perception: Why does it take less time to get home?
Authors: Raghubir Priya , Morwitz Vicki G. , Chakravarti Amitav
Published: October 2010

This paper identifies a new bias in consumers' time perceptions — consumers perceive a journey from a destination to home to be faster than a trip from home to the same destination. In three experiments we demonstrate that this effect occurs both for short trips and for long trips to and from home. We also show that this effect occurs for other familiar locations in addition to home. We discuss several possible causes for this effect and offer preliminary support for one possible reason that involves differences in how consumers spatially encode “home” vs. a destination. Since home is extremely familiar it enjoys a rich mental representation, and therefore, consumers may encode it as a relatively larger geographical area than the less familiar destination. We offer preliminary evidence that this can lead to a directional asymmetry in their feelings of trip progress.
The International Law of Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Craik Neil
Published: October 2010

The central idea animating environmental impact assessment (EIA) is that decisions affecting the environment should be made through a comprehensive evaluation of predicted impacts. Notwithstanding their evaluative mandate, EIA processes do not impose specific environmental standards, but rely on the creation of open, participatory and information rich decision-making settings to bring about environmentally benign outcomes. In light of this tension between process and substance, Neil Craik assesses whether EIA, as a method of implementing international environmental law, is a sound policy strategy, and how international EIA commitments structure transnational interactions in order to influence decisions affecting the international environment. Through a comprehensive description of international EIA commitments and their implementation with domestic and transnational governance structures, and drawing on specific examples of transnational EIA processes, the author examines how international EIA commitments can facilitate interest coordination, and provide opportunities for persuasion and for the internalisation of international environmental norms.
Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Authors: Wiesendanger Roland
Published: October 2010

The investigation and manipulation of matter on the atomic scale have been revolutionised by scanning tunnelling microscopy and related scanning probe techniques. This book is the first to provide a clear and comprehensive introduction to this subject. Beginning with the theoretical background of scanning tunnelling microscopy, the design and instrumentation of practical STM and associated systems are described in detail, as are the applications of these techniques in fields such as condensed matter physics, chemistry, biology, and nanotechnology. Containing 350 illustrations, and over 1200 references, this unique book represents an ideal introduction to the subject for final-year undergraduates in physics or materials science. It will also be invaluable to graduate students and researchers in any branch of science where scanning probe techniques are used.
Doping in III-V Semiconductors
Authors: Schubert E. F.
Published: October 2010

This is the first book to describe thoroughly the many facets of doping in compound semiconductors. Equal emphasis is given to the fundamental materials physics and to the technological aspects of doping. The author describes in detail all the various techniques, including doping during epitaxial growth, doping by implantation, and doping by diffusion. The key characteristics of all dopants that have been employed in III–V semiconductors are discussed. In addition, general characteristics of dopants are analyzed, including the electrical activity, saturation, amphotericity, auto-compensation and maximum attainable dopant concentration. The timely topic of highly doped semiconductors is discussed as well. Technologically important deep levels are summarized. The properties of deep levels are presented phenomenologically. The final chapter is dedicated to the experimental characterization of impurities.
Overlooking Nazareth
Authors: Rabinowitz Dan
Published: October 2010

A sophisticated and engaging ethnographic account of the Palestinian citizens of Israel, and the first since the 1970s, Overlooking Nazareth examines specific situations of friction, conflict and co-operation in Natzerat Illit. This Israeli new town is built on formerly Palestinian land, just outside the biblical town of Nazareth, and has a population of 25,000 Jewish Israelis and 3,500 Palestinians. Dr Rabinowitz has written widely on the current political situation in Israel and has conducted extensive fieldwork in Galilee, and he describes his study as a guided walk along a border, a sketch of interfaces 'where the complex, often paradoxical aspects of the border situation are negotiated and acted out most vividly'. He highlights the extent to which anti-Palestinian sentiments for which the town is known actually reflect widespread views of most Israelis. This is a major contribution to our understanding of the confrontation between Israelis and Palestinians. It offers powerful critique of reflexive anthropology and offers fresh insights into notions of ethnicity and identity, nationalism and liberalism.
Metaphysics
Authors: Hamlyn D. W.
Published: October 2010

This book provides an introduction to metaphysics. At the outset Professor Hamlyn distinguishes two conceptions of metaphysics running through the history of the subject. One, which goes back to Aristotle, is concerned with ontology, and with what has to exist for beings such as we are; the other separates appearance and reality and attempts to establish what really exists. Professor Hamlyn's account of metaphysics conforms with the first tradition. This is not, however, primarily a historical exposition. The discussion concentrates on central metaphysical concepts and problems, including the principles of ontology, substance, particulars and universals, monism and pluralism, space and time, minds, selves and personal identity. Throughout, Professor Hamlyn's thoroughly informed and argued consideration of the topics presents both a persuasive view of the subject and an excellent grounding in it.
Language Management
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: October 2010

Language policy is all about choices. If you are bilingual or plurilingual, you have to choose which language to use. Even if you speak only one language, you have choices of dialects and styles. Some of these choices are the result of management, reflecting conscious and explicit efforts by language managers to control the choices. This book presents a specific theory of language management. Bernard Spolsky reviews research on the family, religion, the workplace, the media, schools, legal and health institutions, the military and government. Also discussed are language activists, international organisations, and human rights relative to language, and the book concludes with a review of language managers and management agencies. A model is developed that recognises the complexity of language management, makes sense of the various forces involved, and clarifies why it is such a difficult enterprise.
The Relations of Science and Religion
Authors: Calderwood Henry
Published: October 2010

First published in both New York and London in 1881, at a time of heated debates over the relationship between science and religion, this book arose from Henry Calderwood's Morse lectures given in association with Union Theological Seminary, New York in 1880. Calderwood, a Scottish clergyman, was professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh University for over thirty years. He published on a wide range of subjects and devoted several books to the science/religion question, taking the line that theism and evolution were compatible. The present volume provides evidence of the lively international dimension of the late nineteenth-century intellectual engagement with evolutionary theory and related scientific and philosophical developments and is a valuable resource for historians of the subject.
Of the Plurality of Worlds
Authors: Whewell William
Published: October 2010

This controversial essay, first published in 1853, addresses the question of the existence of intelligent life on other planets. It was first published anonymously, owing to the ferocity of the ongoing debates between the religious and scientific scholarly communities. Its author, William Whewell (1794-1866) was a leading intellectual of the Victorian period, and a notable polymath. A contemporary and adviser of Herschel, Darwin and Faraday, he wrote extensively on subjects ranging from astronomy and mineralogy to moral philosophy, educational reform and architecture, and engaged with John Stuart Mill in a lively debate about inductive reasoning. In Of The Plurality of Worlds, Whewell denied the probability of life elsewhere in the universe, afraid that the concept of extraterrestrial life would encourage the theory of evolution and put at risk mankind's connection to God.
The Catechism of Positive Religion
Authors: Comte Auguste
Published: October 2010

This English edition of The Catechism of Positive Religion was published in 1891, thirty-four years after the death of Comte, the French philosopher of science and politics and founder of positivism, whose work was widely read in the later nineteenth century. Comte's self-published French original of 1852, translated here, outlines his progressive ideal of 'sociocracy', which would provide a systematic basis, free of metaphysics, for intellectual and moral transactions among humans. Congreve's edition, in common with others, divides the book into five parts. The introduction contains two dialogues, entitled General Theory of Religion and Theory of Humanity. Parts 1–3 respectively consider the Positivist's private and public 'worship'; 'doctrine', including the external world and human society and ethics; and 'regime' or way of life, private and public. The final two dialogues cover polytheism, monotheism and theocracy. This book remains of interest as an early precursor of secular humanist ethics.
The Ceremonies Observed in the Senate-House of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Wall Adam
Published: October 2010

This revised edition of Adam Wall's 1798 guide to the formal ceremonies of the University of Cambridge – written by Henry Gunning (1764–1854), at the time Senior Esquire Bedell, and published in 1828 – was intended to help 'that very numerous Class, who are desirous of proceeding to their degrees, but are utterly at a loss what steps to take for that purpose'. It goes through the academic year, from Michaelmas Day to the 'Public Commencement' in July, explains the procedure for electing or appointing the university officers, from the Member of Parliament to the 'School-keeper and Bell-ringer', and lists the various fees (including Stamp Duty) payable by the students before proceeding to their degrees. Gunning expressed 'sincere acknowledgements to the Syndics of the Press for their liberality in defraying the expenses of this publication', testifying to close co-operation between the Press and the University on this fascinating project.
Stars in Their Courses
Authors: Jeans James
Published: October 2010

Stars in Their Courses is an introduction, originally published in 1934, to astronomy and the wonders of the universe brought to us by the technology of the telescope. The book is illustrated with a large number of photographs, and was especially written for readers with no previous scientific knowledge.
Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen
Authors: Schleicher August
Published: October 2010

August Schleicher (1821–1868) is often credited with being the first scholar to apply a 'family tree' model to language groups, and with taking an evolutionist approach to language even before Darwin published On the Origin of Species. Schleicher had published extensively on individual European languages, notably the first formal description of Lithuanian, by the time his ground-breaking comparative Indo-European Compendium appeared in 1861–1862. This book was derived from his lectures, and was intended to save his students note-taking and copying from the blackboard. Each section begins with his reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European phonological or morphological feature, and then shows how this is reflected in a range of daughter languages including Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Avestan, Gothic, Lithuanian and Old Irish. A substantial appendix provides comparative paradigms, and there is a detailed table of contents in lieu of an index.
A Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German, and Sclavonic Languages
Authors: Bopp Franz
Published: October 2010

A founding text of comparative philology, Franz Bopp's Vergleichende Grammatik was originally published in parts, beginning in 1833, and by the 1870s had appeared in three editions in German, as well as in English and French translations. Bopp (1791–1867), Professor of Sanskrit and comparative grammar at Berlin, set out to prove the relationships between Indo-European languages through detailed description of the grammatical features of Sanskrit compared to those of Zend (Avestan), Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic and German. This translation (1845–50) of Bopp's first edition gave English-speaking scholars access to his important findings. Translated by Edward Backhouse Eastwick (1814–1883), the multi-lingual diplomat and scholar, and edited by Horace Hayman Wilson (1786–1860), Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford, this work testifies both to Bopp's magisterial research and to Eastwick's extraordinary skill in translation. This volume covers pronouns and verbs.
Diary of Richard Cocks, Cape-Merchant in the English Factory in Japan, 1615–1622
Authors: Cocks Richard
Published: October 2010

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Volumes 66 and 67 of the series, edited by E. M Thompson and first published in 1883, contain the bulk of the diary of Richard Cocks (c.1565–1624), supplemented by a selection of letters. Cocks was the head of a trading post established in Japan by the British East India Company from its foundation in 1613 until 1622, when it went out of business. His diary describes Japanese society and culture in the early seventeenth century, as well as the activities of British merchants there.
A History of Greece
Authors: Thirlwall Connop
Published: October 2010

This is the second of eight volumes on the history of Greece, first published in 1836. The volumes were aimed at two audiences: those people who wanted more than a superficial knowledge of the subject, but did not have the time or means to study the original sources, and those who had access to the ancient authors, but required a guide or interpreter. The second volume considers the history of Attica to the expulsion of the Pisistratids, the Greek colonies, the progress of art and literature, the affairs of the Asiatic Greeks to 512 BCE, and events from the accession of Darius to the battles of Marathon and Salamis. The final chapter takes the history to the end of the Persian invasion. This book will be of interest to researchers and students of ancient history.
The History and Description of Africa
Authors: Africanus Leo
Published: October 2010

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Leo Africanus (c. 1494–c. 1554) was an Arab diplomat captured by Spanish corsairs in 1518 and taken to Rome. He was later released by Pope Leo X and enjoyed papal patronage until he left Rome in 1527. This work describes the region of north Africa known as the Maghreb and was considered the most authoritative account of the cultures, religions and politics of this region until the start of European exploration in the nineteenth century. Volume 1 contains a general description of north Africa.
The History and Description of Africa
Authors: Africanus Leo
Published: October 2010

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Leo Africanus (c. 1494–c. 1554) was an Arab diplomat captured by Europeans in 1518 and taken to Rome. He was later released by Pope Leo X and enjoyed papal patronage until he left Rome in 1527. This work describes the region of north Africa known as the Maghreb, and was considered the most authoritative account of the cultures, religions and politics of this region until the start of European exploration in the nineteenth century. Volume 2 describes the kingdoms of Marrakesh, Fez and Tlemcen.
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: October 2010

In his introduction, Darwin reveals that for many years he had no intention of publishing his notes on this topic, 'as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views'. By 1871, he felt that his fellow scientists would show a greater openness of mind to his arguments, even when taken to their logical conclusion and applied to the descent of man from the apes – the aspect of his theory which had been so widely mocked since the notorious question asked by Bishop Wilberforce at the Oxford debate of 1860: was it through his grandmother or his grandfather that Thomas Huxley, Darwin's champion, considered himself descended from a monkey? However, the book's focus on the area of sexual selection and the evolutionary importance of secondary sexual characteristics across the animal kingdom meant that the book was received without the public outrage that Darwin had feared.
Blessed Giles of Assisi
Authors: Seton Walter W.
Published: October 2010

One of the original disciples of Saint Francis, Blessed Giles of Assisi preached a message of poverty and penance throughout Italy, the Holy Land, and North Africa before turning to a life of contemplation. His Life, here edited and translated by Walter Seton, offers valuable perspectives on this devout man, who strove not just to follow but to embody the Franciscan Rule. Seton analyses the sources for the short and long versions of the Life, arguing influentially that the Short Life represents the earlier, more authentic recension. His 1918 edition was based upon a previously unnoticed version of the Short Life contained in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Canonici Misc. 528. Facing-page Latin and English make the text accessible to students and experts alike. A vital addition to Franciscan studies when first published, this important work is now available to a new generation of scholars.
Dictionary of Typography and its Accessory Arts
Authors: Southward John
Published: October 2010

The son of a Liverpool-based printer, John Southward (1840–1902) was a prolific writer and editor of books on the subject. He edited the Printers' Register from 1886 to 1890, and his Modern Printing: A Handbook remained a standard work for apprentice printers and compositors well into the twentieth century. This dictionary of terms employed in printing offices was one of his earlier works, initially issued as a monthly serial within the Printers' Register. The resulting high demand led to the publication of a second edition in book format in 1875. Painstakingly compiled, it covers the history and practice of typography, and gives references to other works where further information can be found. Over a century later, the technology and terminology of typesetting and printing have undergone enormous changes, but this book remains a fascinating snapshot of the British printing industry in the mid-to-late nineteenth century.
Random Recollections of an Old Publisher
Authors: Tinsley William
Published: October 2010

William Tinsley (1830–1900) was a noted Victorian publisher whose catalogue included works by such celebrated novelists as Thomas Hardy and Wilkie Collins. This two-volume autobiography, first published in 1900, traces his life from his rural childhood to the establishment and rise of the Tinsley Brothers company in 1858, and its later collapse. Each chapter contains a series of brief sketches of authors and other contemporaries. Volume 2 charts Tinsley's later career, and features several lengthier portraits of some of the personalities he encountered. It also includes information on Victorian playwrights and actors, along with a detailed section on the history of Sadler's Wells theatre. Based on Tinsley's personal recollections, and incorporating letters as well as anecdotal information, these volumes will fascinate anyone interested in the history of publishing and the development of the nineteenth-century novel.
Galen on Anatomical Procedures
Authors: Galen
Published: October 2010

Galen was probably the greatest medical writer of antiquity and certainly the most prolific. His Anatomical Procedures (c. 200 CE) embodies the results of a lifetime of practical research; it is largely based on verbatim notes of lectures delivered during actual demonstrations of dissection. The work comprises fifteen books, of which only the first eight-and-a-half have survived in the original Greek. An Arabic translation of the complete work has survived, however, and this has made possible the translation of the final six-and-a-half books (parts of book 9 and books 10–15). Duckworth's translation was originally made from a German translation of 1906, but for this 1962 edition it was revised by Lyons, working directly from the Arabic text, with the co-operation of Towers. Modern names for the parts of the body are inserted in brackets, and an anatomical index is supplied.
The History of Rome
Authors: Mommsen Theodor
Published: October 2010

The classical historian Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) published his History of Rome between 1854 and 1856. His work was received with widespread acclaim by the scholarly community and the reading public. In 1902, in recognition of this monumental work, Mommsen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature and acclaimed as 'the greatest living master of the art of historical writing'. Mommsen rejected traditional Enlightenment accounts, which glorified ancient Rome; instead, guided by a new and rigorous criticism of sources, he began the demythologisation of Roman history. In a vivacious and engaging style, using modern terms to express classical ideas, Mommsen drew bold parallels between the nineteenth century and classical Rome. Volume 1 begins with Rome's earliest origins and ends with the unification of Italy; it contains separate chapters on religion, law and justice, art, and writing. This 1862 translation is based on the German third edition (1861).
The History of Rome
Authors: Mommsen Theodor
Published: October 2010

The classical historian Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) published his monumental History of Rome between 1854 and 1856. His work was received with widespread acclaim by the scholarly community and the reading public. In 1902 Mommsen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature and acclaimed as 'the greatest living master of the art of historical writing'. Mommsen rejected traditional Enlightenment accounts, which glorified ancient Rome; instead, guided by a new and rigorous criticism of sources, Mommsen began the demythologisation of Roman history. In a vivacious and engaging style, Mommsen drew bold parallels between the nineteenth century and classical Rome. Volume 3 covers the turbulent period from the reforms of Tiberius Gracchus to the death of Sulla, with separate chapters on nationality, religion and education, and the Roman economy. This English translation, first published in 1863, is based on the German third edition (1861).
Land of the Dragon
Authors: Percival William Spencer
Published: October 2010

First published in 1889, Land of the Dragon provides a lively account of William Spencer Percival's daily life as a British civil servant working in Shanghai at the end of the nineteenth century. An author of several travel books such as Twenty Years in the Far East (1905), Percival takes his 'sympathetic' British friends' prejudices about China as pretext to give a thorough account of his life in the East. He delights in relating his boating and hunting excursions in the Chinese countryside, and his adventures – camping out, shooting pigs, and towing through rapids – are packed with often extraordinary anecdotes about the land, the Chinese people, and other foreigners, including American and Roman Catholic missionaries. Part travel diary, part anthropological study, this book gives a valuable insight into the relationship between the British and the people of Qing dynasty China.
The Far East
Authors: Little Archibald John
Published: October 2010

Written by one of the most prolific writers on China at the turn of the century, this 1905 publication was intended as a guide for travellers rather than as a scientific study of Asian landscape and culture. Little, a well-known merchant and traveller, spent fifty years of his life exploring the Orient. The book is structured with a chapter dedicated to each region of China and the 'Dependencies' (Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, Tibet, Indo-China and Korea), as well as Siam and Japan. Little proves himself a shrewd observer of both landscape and peoples, and the content of his work is wonderfully detailed. He manages to encompass a wide range of subjects into his survey, including natural resources, the development of railways, trade routes and meteorology, as well as a history of the land mass and populations. The book is supplemented with several maps and illustrations.
The Herschels and Modern Astronomy
Authors: Clerke Agnes Mary
Published: October 2010

The Herschels in this biography are Sir William Herschel (1738–1822), his sister Caroline (1750–1848) and Sir John Herschel (1792–1871), William's son. Sir William was an astronomer and telescope-maker who discovered the planet Uranus in 1781. He was appointed 'the King's astronomer' to George III in 1782, and under his patronage built the then largest telescope in the world. Caroline Herschel worked as her brother's assistant for much of his career but was also an accomplished astronomer in her own right, discovering eight comets and producing a catalogue of nebulae. Her nephew Sir John Herschel was also a distinguished astronomer who made many observations of stars in the southern hemisphere. This book by the astronomer and writer Agnes Clerke (1842–1907), published in 1895, provides both an analysis of their work and an assessment of its contribution to later astronomical research.
Feudal England
Authors: Round John Horace
Published: October 2010

John Horace Round (1854–1928) published Feudal England in 1895. The volume is a collection of Round's articles on feudalism, most of which had been previously published in the English Historical Review. The essays cover the period 1050–1200. They are linked by Round's overarching argument that it was the Norman Conquest that transplanted feudalism to England and that during the Anglo-Saxon period England had no real feudal institutions. The volume includes Round's groundbreaking article 'The Introduction of Knight Service into England', first published in the English Historical Review for 1891–1892; a number of his important essays on the Domesday Book, a topic on which he was long regarded as the leading expert; and several essays challenging the historical methods of Professor Freeman, the main opponent of Round's ideas. Feudal England was highly influential in medieval scholarship, and is still an important resource for researchers.
The Life and Letters of Faraday
Authors: Jones Bence , Faraday Michael
Published: October 2010

Michael Faraday (1791–1867) made foundational contributions in the fields of physics and chemistry, notably in relation to electricity. One of the greatest scientists of his day, Faraday held the position of Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain for over thirty years. Not long after his death, his friend Henry Bence Jones attempted 'to join together his words, and to form them into a picture of his life which may be almost looked upon as an autobiography'. Jones' compilation of Faraday's manuscripts, letters, notebooks, and other writings resulted in this Life and Letters (1870) which remains an important resource for learning more about one of the most influential scientific experimentalists of the nineteenth century. Volume 1 (1791–1830) covers Faraday's earliest years as an errand boy and bookbinder's apprentice, his arrival at the Royal Institution as an assistant and his early publications on electricity.
Jonson, Horace and the Classical Tradition
Authors: Moul Victoria
Published: October 2010

The influence of the Roman poet Horace on Ben Jonson has often been acknowledged, but never fully explored. Discussing Jonson's Horatianism in detail, this study also places Jonson's densely intertextual relationship with Horace's Latin text within the broader context of his complex negotiations with a range of other 'rivals' to the Horatian model including Pindar, Seneca, Juvenal and Martial. The new reading of Jonson's classicism that emerges is one founded not upon static imitation, but rather a lively dialogue between competing models – an allusive mode that extends into the seventeenth-century reception of Jonson himself as a latter-day 'Horace'. In the course of this analysis, the book provides fresh readings of many of Jonson's best known poems - including 'Inviting a Friend to Dinner' and 'To Penshurst' - as well as a new perspective on many lesser known pieces, and a range of unpublished manuscript material.
Building Transnational Networks
Authors: von Bülow Marisa
Published: October 2010

Building Transnational Networks tells the story of how a broad group of civil society organizations came together to contest free trade negotiations in the Americas. Based on research in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, the United States, and Canada, it offers a full hemispheric analysis of the creation of civil society networks as they engaged in the politics of trade. The author demonstrates that most effective transnational actors are the ones with strong domestic roots and that 'southern' organizations occupy key nodes in trade networks. The fragility of activist networks stems from changes in the domestic political context as well as from characteristics of the organizations, the networks, or the actions they undertake. These findings advance and suggest new understandings of transnational collective action.
Jack Tar's Story
Authors: Glenn Myra C.
Published: October 2010

Jack Tar's Story examines the autobiographies and memoirs of antebellum American sailors to explore contested meanings of manhood and nationalism in the early republic. It is the first study to use various kinds of institutional sources, including crew lists, ships' logs, impressment records, to document the stories sailors told. It focuses on how mariner authors remembered/interpreted various events and experiences, including the War of 1812, the Haitian Revolution, South America's wars of independence, British impressment, flogging on the high seas, roistering, and religious conversion. This book straddles different fields of scholarship and suggests how their concerns intersect or resonate with each other: the history of print culture, the study of autobiographical writing, and the historiography of seafaring life and of masculinity in antebellum America.
The Human Pain System
Authors: Lenz Frederick A. , Casey Kenneth L. , Jones Edward G. , Willis William D.
Published: October 2010

Pain is a subject of significant scientific and clinical interest. This has resulted both from realistic rodent models, and the publication of imaging, psychological and pharmacological studies in humans. Investigators studying rodents refer to anatomical and physiological studies in non-human primates to make their results relevant to humans. Psychophysical and pharmacological studies in humans are interpreted in terms of anatomical and physiological studies in animals; primarily evidence from rodents and cats. There are significant differences in pain mechanisms between these species and primates. Over 20 years of imaging studies have demonstrated the activation of human cortical and subcortical structures in response to painful stimuli. Interpretation of these results relies upon an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of these structures in primates. Jones, Lenz, Casey and Willis review the anatomy and physiology of nociception in monkeys and humans, and provide a firm basis for interpreting studies in humans.
Modern Plasma Physics
Authors: Diamond Patrick H. , Itoh Sanae-I. , Itoh Kimitaka
Published: October 2010

This three-volume series presents the ideas, models and approaches essential to understanding plasma dynamics and self-organization for researchers and graduate students in plasma physics, controlled fusion and related fields such as plasma astrophysics. Volume I develops the physical kinetics of plasma turbulence through a focus on quasi-particle models and dynamics. It discusses the essential physics concepts and theoretical methods for describing weak and strong fluid and phase space turbulence in plasma systems far from equilibrium. The book connects the traditionally 'plasma' topic of weak or wave turbulence theory to more familiar fluid turbulence theory, and extends both to the realm of collisionless phase space turbulence. This gives readers a deeper understanding of these related fields, and builds a foundation for future applications to multi-scale processes of self-organization in tokamaks and other confined plasmas. This book emphasizes the conceptual foundations and physical intuition underpinnings of plasma turbulence theory.
Multiscale Modeling of Cancer
Authors: Cristini Vittorio , Lowengrub John
Published: October 2010

Mathematical modeling, analysis and simulation are set to play crucial roles in explaining tumor behavior, and the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells over multiple time and spatial scales. This book, the first to integrate state-of-the-art numerical techniques with experimental data, provides an in-depth assessment of tumor cell modeling at multiple scales. The first part of the text presents a detailed biological background with an examination of single-phase and multi-phase continuum tumor modeling, discrete cell modeling, and hybrid continuum-discrete modeling. In the final two chapters, the authors guide the reader through problem-based illustrations and case studies of brain and breast cancer, to demonstrate the future potential of modeling in cancer research. This book has wide interdisciplinary appeal and is a valuable resource for mathematical biologists, biomedical engineers and clinical cancer research communities wishing to understand this emerging field.
American Criminal Justice Policy
Authors: Mears Daniel P.
Published: October 2010

American Criminal Justice Policy examines many of the most prominent criminal justice policies on the American landscape and finds that they fall well short of achieving the accountability and effectiveness that policymakers have advocated and that the public expects. The policies include mass incarceration, sex offender laws, supermax prisons, faith-based prisoner reentry programs, transfer of juveniles to adult court, domestic violence mandatory arrest laws, drug courts, gun laws, community policing, private prisons, and others. Optimistically, Daniel P. Mears argues that this situation can be changed through systematic incorporation of evaluation research into policy development, monitoring, and assessment. To this end, the book provides a clear and accessible discussion of five types of evaluation - needs, theory, implementation or process, outcome and impact, and cost-efficiency. It identifies how these can be used both to hold the criminal justice system accountable and to increase the effectiveness of crime control and crime prevention efforts.
Habitat preferences of Guiana dolphins, Sotalia guianensis (Cetacea: Delphinidae), in Norte Bay, southern Brazil
Authors: Wedekin Leonardo L. , Daura-Jorge Fábio G. , Simões-Lopes Paulo C.
Published: October 2010

Habitat preference and spatial distribution of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in Norte Bay, southern Brazil, was studied from 2001 to 2005. Boat surveys (N = 91) were made to evaluate the spatial distribution of the dolphins. Seven habitat variables were integrated into a geographical information system, and habitat preference was tested using the ‘Neu method’ and a habitat index. The Guiana dolphins did not use all habitat types in the same proportion as were available. Areas used more intensively included, in order of importance: (1) areas with a steep sloping sea-floor; (2) areas further from urban areas; (3) areas further from mangroves; (4) areas near the mouth of the bay; (5) shallow water areas; (6) areas of clayey-silt sediments; and (7) areas close to shore. From 2001 to 2005 there was a shift in spatial distribution and habitat use by the dolphins. The low frequency of use of areas close to urban encroachment and its related impacts to the marine environment raises concern about the coastal habitat destruction. The Guiana dolphin may be considered a habitat specialist, despite its wide latitudinal distribution in the western Atlantic Ocean. The ecological niche of the species may be defined by a narrow strip of shallow coastal waters (mostly < 30 m) bordering the coastline. The shift in the spatial use was probably linked with changes in the abundance of important prey of the species and possibly was caused by the collapse of a fish stock in the study area region. Different habitats may favour different assemblages of prey and consequently different foraging strategies by the dolphins. Human-related habitat alterations throughout the range of this species are likely to affect dolphins' ecology in many ways and, thus, must be evaluated and mitigated to conserve their critical habitats.
Sea otter female and pup activity budgets, Prince William Sound, Alaska
Authors: Osterrieder Sylvia K. , Davis Randall W.
Published: October 2010

In altricial mammals, mothers' care and attendance are essential for young to acquire survival skills. Despite the crucial importance of this early period for pup survival, not much is known about mother–pup behaviour and time allocation in the wild. To improve our understanding of the critical period of the sea otter development, a total of 240 30-minute focal follows of females with pups of different ages were conducted in four 6-hour-periods (dawn, day, dusk and night) from 4 June to 12 August 2008. Generalized linear models were used to investigate the impact of age, weather, tide and time of day on otters' behaviour. Pups significantly decreased resting behaviour and increased feeding, travelling, interacting and grooming behaviour with increasing age. Females with large pups fed and interacted significantly more, and travelled and groomed the pup less than females with small pups. Foggy conditions were associated with less resting on the water and increased travelling by pups. Tide did not appear to have an effect on sea otter behaviour. Grooming by pups occurred mainly during dawn in medium sized pups whereas large pups groomed themselves mostly during the day and night. Variations due to times of day tended to be apparent only in larger, i.e. older pups. Females and large pups were more active during the day. Mothers of smaller pups spent most of their active time travelling whereas females with large pups were mostly feeding. This study showed how sea otter females with pups adapted their behaviours as their pups grew and matured during the first months of life.
ODE-based obstacle avoidance and trajectory planning for unmanned surface vessels
Authors: Soltan Reza A. , Ashrafiuon Hashem , Muske Kenneth R.
Published: October 2010

A new method for real-time obstacle avoidance and trajectory planning of underactuated unmanned surface vessels is presented. In this method, ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are used to define transitional trajectories that can avoid obstacles and reach a final desired target trajectory using a robust tracking control law. The obstacles are approximated and enclosed by elliptical shapes. A transitional trajectory is then defined by a set of ordinary differential equations whose solution is a stable elliptical limit cycle defining the nearest obstacle on the vessel's path to the target. When no obstacle blocks the vessel's path to its target, the transitional trajectory is defined by exponentially stable ODE whose solution is the target trajectory. The planned trajectories are tracked by the vessel through a sliding mode control law that is robust to environmental disturbances and modeling uncertainties and can be computed in real time. The method is illustrated using a complex simulation example with a moving target and multiple moving and rotating obstacles and a simpler experimental example with stationary obstacles.