bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The clathrin adaptor Dab2 recruits EH domain scaffold proteins to regulate integrin β1 endocytosis
Authors: Teckchandani Anjali , Mulkearns Erin E. , Randolph Timothy W. , Toida Natalie , Cooper Jonathan A.
Published: May 2012

Endocytic adaptor proteins facilitate cargo recruitment and clathrin-coated pit nucleation. The prototypical clathrin adaptor AP2 mediates cargo recruitment, maturation, and scission of the pit by binding cargo, clathrin, and accessory proteins, including the Eps-homology (EH) domain proteins Eps15 and intersectin. However, clathrin-mediated endocytosis of some cargoes proceeds efficiently in AP2-depleted cells. We found that Dab2, another endocytic adaptor, also binds to Eps15 and intersectin. Depletion of EH domain proteins altered the number and size of clathrin structures and impaired the endocytosis of the Dab2- and AP2-dependent cargoes, integrin β1 and transferrin receptor, respectively. To test the importance of Dab2 binding to EH domain proteins for endocytosis, we mutated the EH domain–binding sites. This mutant localized to clathrin structures with integrin β1, AP2, and reduced amounts of Eps15. Of interest, although integrin β1 endocytosis was impaired, transferrin receptor internalization was unaffected. Surprisingly, whereas clathrin structures contain both Dab2 and AP2, integrin β1 and transferrin localize in separate pits. These data suggest that Dab2-mediated recruitment of EH domain proteins selectively drives the internalization of the Dab2 cargo, integrin β1. We propose that adaptors may need to be bound to their cargo to regulate EH domain proteins and internalize efficiently.
The function of p120 catenin in filopodial growth and synaptic vesicle clustering in neurons
Authors: Chen Cheng , Li Pan P. , Madhavan Raghavan , Peng H. Benjamin
Published: May 2012

At the developing neuromuscular junction (NMJ), physical contact between motor axons and muscle cells initiates presynaptic and postsynaptic differentiation. Using Xenopus nerve–muscle cocultures, we previously showed that innervating axons induced muscle filopodia (myopodia), which facilitated interactions between the synaptic partners and promoted NMJ formation. The myopodia were generated by nerve-released signals through muscle p120 catenin (p120ctn), a protein of the cadherin complex that modulates the activity of Rho GTPases. Because axons also extend filopodia that mediate early nerve–muscle interactions, here we test p120ctn's function in the assembly of these presynaptic processes. Overexpression of wild-type p120ctn in Xenopus spinal neurons leads to an increase in filopodial growth and synaptic vesicle (SV) clustering along axons, whereas the development of these specializations is inhibited following the expression of a p120ctn mutant lacking sequences important for regulating Rho GTPases. The p120ctn mutant also inhibits the induction of axonal filopodia and SV clusters by basic fibroblast growth factor, a muscle-derived molecule that triggers presynaptic differentiation. Of importance, introduction of the p120ctn mutant into neurons hinders NMJ formation, which is observed as a reduction in the accumulation of acetylcholine receptors at innervation sites in muscle. Our results suggest that p120ctn signaling in motor neurons promotes nerve–muscle interaction and NMJ assembly.
Foreign Exchange and Money Markets
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

This chapter discusses the evolution of two essential markets to global banks. Foreign exchange markets allow for the trading of foreign currencies, using instruments such as spot transactions, futures, forwards, and swaps. Money markets link international lenders of short-term funds with borrowers using instruments such as Eurocurrencies and Eurobonds. Such loans are priced using the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). The chapter details how the money markets froze up during the global financial crisis in 2008 and explains why the foreign exchange market stayed liquid.
Asset-Related and Project Financing
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

This chapter discusses the various types of lending that are based on the value of assets underlying trade financing, international leasing, and infrastructure financing. Each has its own unique characteristics and poses unique challenges to banks hoping to compete effectively. Infrastructure financing techniques and large-scale capital-intensive ventures are inseparable. The latter could not be carried out with the same degree of effectiveness and efficiency without access to global financial markets and the economic discipline imposed on such ventures by the funding approaches developed in infrastructure financing.
Derivatives and Swaps Markets
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

Few events have stimulated international capital market activity as much as the development of derivative securities. Derivatives, which include futures and options, are contracts whose values reflect changes in the price of underlying assets such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or foreign currency. Swaps, which are over-the-counter instruments involving the exchange of one stream of payment liability for another, are presented, including credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations. Derivatives are intended as a tool to manage the various risks associated with financial assets and liabilities, the market values of which can fluctuate widely. However, derivatives tend to be complicated, and understanding the full spectrum of their risks can be difficult. During financial turmoil, the risks can become exaggerated, as evidenced by the part they played in the global financial crisis that began in 2007.
Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Advisory Services
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

For the leading international wholesale banks, providing international merger and acquisitions (M&A) advisory services has been a natural extension of providing the same services domestically. Whether the client is a buyer, a reluctant seller, or a willing target, tapping the international market for better terms is often advisable and sometimes imperative. Banks with a strong local M&A team and an international presence—primarily U.S. investment houses—have been well positioned to take advantage of this aspect of globalization. As globalization continues, a convergence of market conditions for M&As will occur. The evolving environment will have more of the transparent Anglo-Saxon characteristics than the continental European or Japanese.
Strategy and Strategic Positioning
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

This chapter summarizes the generic processes and linkages that comprise global financial intermediation, the basic financial “hydraulics” that ultimately drive efficiency in the financial system and its impact on real-sector resource allocation and economic growth. Maximum economic welfare demands a high-performance financial system. Some of the structural changes that have occurred in both national and global financial systems are discussed. Sequentially, financial channels that exhibit greater dynamic efficiency have supplanted less effiient ones. Competitive distortions can retard this process, but they usually extract significant economic costs and, at the same time, divert financial flows into other venues, either domestically or elsewhere. Next, the consequences of this process in terms of financial services industry reconfiguration are examined, both within and among the four major segments of the industry—commercial banking, securities and investment banking, insurance, and asset management—as well as within and between national financial systems. Finally, the Client-Arena-Product model is presented, which outlines the strategy of financial firms: How should they decide what to do, for which clients, and in which markets?
Vowels
Authors: Labrune Laurence
Published: May 2012

Chapter 2 presents the five vowels /a, i, u, e, o/ and their corresponding long vowels in Tôkyô Japanese, with a look at other modern dialectal systems and the ancient Kyôto language. The special status of the high vowels /i/ and /u/, which undergo frequent elisions or insertions, and are the locus of devoicing, a phenomenon of major relevance in the phonology of Japanese, is discussed in detail. This chapter also provides a detailed description of prosodic lengthening and shortening, and proposes a discussion and analysis on the status of the so-called diphthongs.
Accent
Authors: Labrune Laurence
Published: May 2012

Tôkyô Japanese has been described as a pitch accent system which contains tonic and atonic words,and has been extensively described and analysed both in and outside Japan. After presenting the basic mechanism of present day Tôkyô Japanese accentuation and offering a summary of two theoretical treatments of it, the chapter enters into the details of each word type accentuation: simplex vs. compound, native vs. Sino-Japanese vs. Western, nouns vs. verbs and -i adjectives, numeral compounds, and so on. A new formal account within the framework optimality theory of the accentuation of Western loans and of that of compound nouns is offered. After exploring the dialectal and sociological variation of accent, the chapter concludes with a discussion on the status of the Japanese word-prosodic system from a typological point of view, since a number of features of this system could be interpreted as tonal rather than accentual.
Crisis, Reform, and Constitutionalization
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter focuses on the impact of the resignation of the Santer Commission, which had profound significance for EU administration, and the controls to which it was subject. The resignation received front-page attention in the press, proof for those minded to believe it of the malaise which had long existed within that organization. Its downfall was prompted by the First Report of the Committee of Independent Experts. This was followed in quick succession by reforms instituted by Romano Prodi as the new President of the Commission, by the Committee of Independent Experts' Second Report, by the White Paper on Reform of the Commission and implementation of these reforms. An understanding of these developments is crucial in order to appreciate the current pattern of EU administration. The chapter charts these developments leading to administrative reform, including the Financial Regulation of 2002, which established a constitutional framework for Union administration of the kind that had not existed hitherto.
Centralized Management
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

Chapter 2 charted the reforms made in the aftermath of the fall of the Santer Commission, including the emergence of a constitutional framework for Union administration embodied in the Financial Regulation of 2002. The divide between centralized and shared administration was central to the reform initiatives and also to the structure of the new Financial Regulation. This chapter takes the story forward by considering the regime that governs centralized EU administration. The discussion begins with a brief overview of the rationale for centralized administration and the problems encountered in the past. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the regime for centralized administration found in the Financial Regulation and related instruments. Thereafter follows an examination of the use of executive agencies in specific areas of EU policy, with a particular focus on the energy sector. The discussion concludes with reflections on the role of law within centralized EU administration.
Shared Management
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

Shared management has been central to the implementation of EU policy. This includes areas where the EU expends funds, such as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Structural Funds, and areas where the EU intervenes through regulatory policy such as utilities, financial services, and consumer protection. This chapter explores various issues in the context of the CAP and the Structural Funds. A number of related conclusions can be drawn concerning the role of law in the administration of the CAP and the Structural Funds. First, sharing the administration of complex activities is difficult. Secondly, the interplay between Member States and the EU in the design of the rules governing these two regimes was never going to be straightforward. Thirdly, it is clear that legislative design is crucial for the successful delivery of these policies. Finally, we should be careful about the ascription of blame when things go wrong.
Comitology
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter focuses on Comitology and the making of secondary norms, which normally take the form of rules. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins with analysis of the nature of the problem presented by rulemaking, and the necessity for any polity, including the EU, to administer an area through secondary norms of a legislative nature. This is followed by a historical overview of rulemaking in the EU and the role of Comitology therein. The focus then shifts to detailed evaluation of the approach to rulemaking in the Lisbon Treaty.
Social Partners
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter considers the ways in which the social partners are involved in the making of EU policy. The discussion begins with the emergence of the social dialogue. This is followed by analysis of the Treaty articles, with more specific elaboration of the ways in which the social partners can participate in the making of social policy. The focus then turns to the role of the social partners in the making of agreements that can be transformed into formal law, the problems associated with this process and the justifications offered for this privileged position. The ensuing discussion shifts to consideration of what are now known as autonomous agreements concluded by the social partners, which do not have the formal status of law, but which are important nonetheless. The chapter concludes by looking at less formal texts produced by the social partners through sectoral social committees, and the efforts that have been made to render these more effective than hitherto.
Foundations
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

The discussion thus far has considered the different ways in which the EU delivers policy. The focus has been on administration and law. The second part of the book shifts the focus to law and administration, and an evaluation of the judicial doctrine that is of principal significance for EU administration and for the Member States where the latter act within the scope of EU law. It is important to pause and reflect on themes that cut across and are equally pertinent to the analysis of particular aspects of review. This chapter seeks to lay the groundwork for the ensuing discussion. It begins with the justification for judicial review. This is followed by the sources of EU administrative law and the grounds on which judicial review is available. The focus then turns to the way in which these have been shaped by background principles and the range of acts that are amenable to judicial review. The final section considers whether it would be desirable for there to be a general code of administrative law in the EU.
Transparency
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

Transparency is an important principle in all democratic polities. This chapter begins by considering the different values served by transparency. The focus then shifts to the status of transparency in the pre-Lisbon world and the way in which the concept was accorded greater prominence in the last decade of the previous millennium. This is followed by consideration of the various ways in which transparency is protected in the Lisbon Treaty. The analysis then turns to an examination of an important facet of transparency concerned with access to documents.
Competence and Subsidiarity
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

The previous chapters were concerned with access, process, and transparency. This chapter turns to substantive review and it is natural to begin with competence and subsidiarity, more especially so because lack of competence is one of the specific grounds of judicial review in Article 263(2) TFEU. The EU is based on attributed power. The general principle is, and always has been, that the EU only has the competence conferred on it by the Treaties. Prior to the Lisbon Treaty, it was however difficult to decide on the limits of that competence. The existence and scope of EU competence were therefore key elements in the reforms that culminated in the Lisbon Treaty. There are now categories of competence specified in the Lisbon Treaty: the EU may have exclusive competence, shared competence, or competence only to take supporting, co-ordinating, or supplementary action. Legal consequences flow from this categorization, which are examined. There are, however, certain areas of EU competence that do not fall within these categories. The chapter considers the extent to which the new regime clarifies the scope of EU competence and contains EU power.
Proportionality II: Member States
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter considers proportionality and the legality of Member State action. The discussion begins with positive law and analysis of the principal areas in which proportionality is used to contest the legality of Member State action. The application of proportionality and the four freedoms is considered, followed by examination of the case law on proportionality and equality, with the focus then shifting to the way in which proportionality constrains Member States' implementation and application of EU legislation. The remainder of the chapter is normative in orientation. It looks at the intensity of review and the justification for the close judicial scrutiny when applying proportionality to Member State action. It shows that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) is nonetheless willing to apply proportionality in a way that is tolerant of differences in Member State values. The chapter concludes by considering the allocation of responsibility between the ECJ and the national courts when deciding on the application of proportionality.
Remedies II: Member States
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2012

This chapter considers the remedies available against Member States. This is in certain respects a more complex topic than remedies against the EU because relief against Member States that violate EU law will normally be sought in national courts. The action will prima facie have to conform to national procedural and remedial rules concerning matters such as time limits, quantum of recovery, and the like. This raises the issue of the extent to which EU law imposes constraints on such national rules. This complex jurisprudence is analysed in the first half of the chapter. The EU courts have also developed an EU cause of action for damages that is applicable against all Member States. This is examined in the second half of the chapter, with consideration being given to its conceptual foundations, subsequent modification, and the relationship between the Union courts and national courts in the application of the criteria for recovery.
1954: The Challenge of Technical Identity
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines the emergence of the so-called technical identity in Great Britain in 1954. It argues that the changing relations between the middle and working classes encouraged amongst the former both a rejection of the gentlemanly embrace, which was seen to be out of keeping with the meritocratic tenor of post-war Britain, and a new interest in rational planning, which was to prove receptive to the social sciences. The chapter contends that the social sciences were shaped by a managerial concern, strongly indebted to cultures of war, mobilization, and demobilization, and suggests that the social sciences did not merely respond to a changing external environment but are themselves implicated in new forms of governmentality, regulation, and social imaginary.
1941: The Sample Survey and the Modern Rational Nation
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This chapter discusses the remarkable proliferation of social survey research in Great Britain from the 1950s and shows how it created a distinctive politics of the abstracted individual articulated as member of a modern rational nation. It explores the dramatic rise of the sample survey as an instrument of modern rational governance, highlighting its central role in producing knowledge fit for governance, and also suggests that this form of research eliminated women as major subjects of social research, even though they had been highly visible in earlier periods.
Phonons and their participation in optical phenomena
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Description of phonons and their participation in optical phenomena deals with the electron–phonon and exciton–phonon interactions, effects being crucial for understanding the luminescence processes in solids. First, basic notions related to vibrations of an ideal solid‐state lattice are reviewed, and specific properties of optical, acoustic longitudinal and transversal phonons are emphasized. Phonon dispersion curves are discussed. Then various types of the electron–phonon and exciton–phonon interactions are treated: the deformation potential, the piezoelectric mechanism, and the Fröhlich mechanism. The concept of polaron is mentioned. After characterizing briefly vibrations of a lattice containing point defects (luminescence centres), the configurational coordinate model is introduced. In its framework, the shape of absorption and emission spectra are discussed, terms Huang–Rhys factor, Debye–Waller factor, no‐phonon line, and Stokes shift are explained. The concept of thermal quenching is put in more precise terms.
Electroluminescence
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Electroluminescence of inorganic semiconductors, as one of the principal application directions of luminescence phenomena, is treated in detail. At first, a short historical note is given. Two basic types of electroluminescence are distinguished: High-field electroluminescence and injection electroluminescence. Experimental conditions for and microscopic mechanisms of the high-field electroluminescence are explained (Schottky effect, Poole–Frenkel effect, impact excitation, and ionization). Typical intensity, spectral and temporal characteristics of the emitted luminescence radiation are illustrated. As for injection electroluminescence, basic electric properties of a p-n (homo)junction are reviewed. Representative intensity, spectral and temporal characteristics of light-emitting diodes, made of various semiconductors, are presented. A particular note is devoted to electroluminescence of a p-n junction biased in the reverse direction.
7 Old and New in Roman Foreign Affairs: The Case of 197
Authors: Potter David
Published: May 2012

At the end of the third century bc, the Roman Republic had no coherent plan of imperial expansion or roadmap for transforming conquered territories into provinces. The year 197 is notable as one in which two different models of imperialism collide — a traditional model employed at the end of the third Macedonian war in Greece, and an experimental model, the arrival of praetors to govern new provinces in Spain. The lack of coherence may be explained by the structures of the Roman state, and the specific models for making peace and war that had been current at Rome in the previous centuries. Attention is given to the evidence for treaties and provincialization.
9Decem Legati: A Flexible Institution, Rigidly Perceived
Authors: Yarrow Liv Mariah
Published: May 2012

This chapter considers the evidence for the use of boards of ten commissions in the period after 146 bc and compares these later instances with those better know legations of the late third and early second centuries. It concludes that there is no strong break in Roman constitutional practice, but instead that the institution was adapted throughout its history to suit individual circumstances. The evidence from Cicero, Plutarch, and Cassius Dio regarding the legates sent to Lucullus during the Mithridatic War is central to the arguement. The lex Rupilia as presented in Cicero's Verrines further illustrates the Romans own conception of the institution.
10 Kings and Regime Change in the Roman Republic
Authors: Hekster Olivier
Published: May 2012

This chapter analyses the ways in which political circumstances in Republican Rome were exploited by foreign kings to strengthen their positions. It argues that kings consciously used the increasingly public lack of cohesion within the Roman senate to boost their own standing, but that the lack of cohesion also made it more difficult to anticipate how Rome would react. Taking Numidia and Egypt as diachronic case studies, it highlights the importance of personal patronage in Republican foreign policy, and suggests that the clarity of obligations which client kings had towards Rome became more problematic as 'Rome' was increasingly difficult to define. Finally, it notices the somewhat biased position of Cicero in describing this process in the Late Republic.
12 Honorific Statues and Hellenistic History
Authors: Ma John
Published: May 2012

This chapter asks: Why, and how to, say thank you with a statue? To survey this practice allows us to visit various issues of Hellenistic history. The chapter first looks at the role of political history: the relationship between cities and kings, then Rome (illustrated by various examples, notably the statue of a Scipio at Amphipolis), the weaving of relations between cities, and the resourcefulness of the cities in the terrible first century bc. Second, it examines the role of internal history: the relationship between cities and elites; family display within public space. Finally, statues help us probe a history of space, place, and memory in the Hellenistic city.
The Trade and Development Relationship during the GATT Years and the Genesis of the WTO
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

The public international law approach to development attempted to incorporate development at the core of the trade regime. The ITO embodied that philosophy, as did Part IV of the GATT, non-reciprocity, the Enabling Clause and, more recently, the reference to sustainable development in the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO. By contrast, the technical approach to trade regulation and development translated into ad hoc or limited carve-outs from general disciplines, such as GATT Article XVIII, trade preferences, “special and differential treatment” clauses in the Uruguay Round agreements, and the Doha Decision on Public Health. Such instruments often predetermine and limit the ability of developing countries to devise their own development policies. It is in part in reaction that the notion of “policy space” emerged as a rallying cry for those who wanted to reclaim more control over domestic economic policy.
2 Making Peace
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: May 2012

The peace between Britain and America was the achievement on the British side of Lord Shelburne. He had opposed the war and hoped that the Americans would return to a close relationship with Britain short of full independence. Initially he was prepared to give them generous terms over their territorial and other claims. He was, however, to discover that the Americans would not compromise on full independence, which he reluctantly conceded, and that any settlement with them would involve highly contentious issues, such as what was to be done for loyalists who had sided with Britain or what were to be the boundaries of the remaining British American colonies. To attain a quick peace, Britain yielded on most points. Concessions were denounced in the press and in parliament leading to Shelburne’s resignation.
4 The Challenge of Great Britain
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: May 2012

The impact of the war varied in severity throughout America, generally leaving the bitterest legacy in the south. After the war Britain was widely conceived still to be hostile to America, trying to curb her maritime commerce, to detach the new western settlements and even to subvert American morals by exporting luxury goods. Americans resented the slighting way in which their society and institutions were generally portrayed in the British press. Assessments of Britain varied from those like Thomas Jefferson, who saw her as irredeemably corrupted and bent on the overthrow of American republicanism, to Alexander Hamilton, for whom the power of the British state and Britain’s recent economic development were models for America to emulate.
Palliative Medicine
Authors: Oneschuk Doreen , Hagen Neil , MacDonald Neil
Published: May 2012

Palliative care is now an integral part of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Medical education across the board is adopting a case-based approach. This book uses a series of cases to illustrate critical points in palliative medicine. The case-studies have been carefully chosen to reflect real life clinical practice. The chapters illustrate, through the case studies, the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required in this field of medicine. Since publication of the second edition, many approaches to palliative care have been further refined and developed. Ongoing research has led to the improved use of existing medications, and the development of several new treatments. More is known about the psychosocial existential distress experienced by patients and their families resulting in an improved understanding by health care providers of how best to approach and assist those affected by advanced illness, and more is known about methadone and other medications with emerging uses. The third edition of this book continues to offer a panoramic view of palliative care. It introduces a number of new topics including neurological disorders, the last days, and palliative sedation.
Pain assessment and management
Authors: Saiger Gail
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required for pain assessment and management. It examines several questions such as: How to assess the patient's pain? How to choose the most appropriate treatment regimen for the patient's pain syndromes? How to initiate an oral opioid? What is incident pain and how to manage it?
Malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Librach S. Lawrence , Horvath A. Nina , Langlois E. Anne
Published: May 2012

This chapter explains via a case study the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge necessary to diagnose and manage malignant bowel obstruction (MBO). It addresses several questions such as: What is the likelihood that the patient will develop bowel obstruction at some time during her cancer journey? What is the pathophysiology of MBO? What are the common symptoms of MBO? What are the indications for and outcomes of surgery in patients with MBO?
Suffering in patients and families
Authors: Thompson Genevieve , Chochinov Harvey
Published: May 2012

This chapter contains a case study to show the desired skills, attitudes, and expertise required to diagnose and help ease suffering in patients and families. It addresses several questions such as: What is suffering and how common is it in patients at the end of life? What influence do healthcare providers have on patient and family suffering? What approach could be taken to alleviate suffering and preserve or augment the patient's dignity? How can a physician prepare him- or herself to support a patient's sense of dignity and reduce the likelihood of suffering?
Cardiac disease
Authors: Gallagher Romayne , Kimel Gil
Published: May 2012

This chapter contains case studies to show the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to diagnose and manage cardiac disease. It includes a variety of questions such as: How to approach the patient's heart failure and what role would the palliative care physician play in his ongoing care? How does the pathophysiology of heart failure relate to the progression of disease and the symptom experience of the patient? What validated clinical test can be used to assess heart failure symptoms? From the palliative care perspective, how to manage a patient with symptomatic end-stage heart failure?
When palliative care involves children: critical conversations and pain and symptom highlights
Authors: Frager Gerri , Blake Kim
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines various case studies to show the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed for palliative care involving children, whether they are being cared for as patients or as family members. It puts forth several issues, for example: What is known about involving a child in discussions about significant illness and death? What might a child understand about serious illness and death? What are the main elements of sharing information about serious illness and death with a child? What is helpful in supporting a child though a serious illness or death? What do we know about supporting a child's involvement at the time of death?
Complementary and alternative therapies in cancer/integrative oncology
Authors: MacDonald Susan , Oneschuk Doreen
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents case studies to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to develop proficiency in discussing and advising patients about using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). It addresses a number of questions such as: What non-pharmacological therapies are available for symptom control in the palliative patient? Why do cancer patients use complementary and alternative therapies? Where do patients get information about CAM? Are there any concerns about natural health products interacting with prescription medications? What is the proposed biological mechanism of action for acupuncture in pain relief?
The Meaning of Prophecy
Authors: James Susan
Published: May 2012

Spinoza's critique of false or superstitious religion initially focuses on the interpretation of the Bible. The first six chapters of the Treatise use a mixture of philosophical and biblical arguments to show what Scripture does not determine, and thus what philosophy is free to investigate. Much of this argument hinges on the analysis of prophecy or revelation with which Spinoza begins. Once prophecy is properly understood, he contends, it becomes clear that the prophets were not competent to speak authoritatively about philosophy, and thus that their views on philosophical topics do not have to be accepted. This chapter shows how Spinoza's position relates to his other philosophical commitments, particularly to the division between imagination and reason. It also indicates what is distinctive in his view, by contrasting it with those of the Dutch Calvinist theologians such as Voetius, against whom he is writing.
Culprit, Accomplice, or Bystander? Tax Policy and the Shaping of the Crisis
Authors: Keen Michael , Klemm Alexander , Perry Victoria
Published: May 2012

Did taxation have any role in precipitating the financial crisis? Are there lessons to be drawn for tax reform once the crisis has passed? This chapter reviews the main channels by which tax effects might have been felt, and which may require forceful attention. These include, in particular, the large tax biases favouring debt finance, and, in some countries, investment in housing. The complexities of national tax codes, and the international interaction of these, have, moreover, encouraged the use of complicated financial instruments and international tax planning, reducing transparency. Tax distortions did not trigger the 2008 crisis—in the sense that there are no obvious tax changes likely to have triggered it—but they are likely to have contributed by leading to higher leverage and more complexity than would otherwise have been the case. Most of these distortions have long been a source of concern, but dealing with them may be more important than previously supposed.
Taxation and the Financial Sector
Authors: Shackelford Douglas A. , Shaviro Daniel N. , Slemrod Joel
Published: May 2012

In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, a variety of taxes on financial institutions have been proposed or enacted. The justifications for these taxes range from punishing those deemed to have caused or unduly profited from the crisis, to addressing the budgetary costs of the crisis, to better aligning banks’ and bank executives’ incentives in the light of the broader social costs and benefits of their actions. Although there is a long-standing literature on corrective, or Pigouvian, taxation, most of it has been applied to environmental externalities, and the externalities that arise from the actions of financial institutions are structurally different. This chapter reviews the justifications for special taxes on financial institutions, and addresses what kinds of taxes are most likely to achieve the various stated objectives, which are often in conflict. It then critically assesses the principal taxes that have been proposed or enacted to date: financial transactions taxes, bonus taxes, and taxes on firms in the financial sector based on size, bank liabilities, or excess profits.
Income Tax Reform Implications of the Financial Crisis
Authors: Shaviro Daniel N.
Published: May 2012

Tax rules encouraging excessive debt, complex financial transactions, poorly designed incentive compensation for corporate managers, and highly leveraged homeownership all may have contributed to the financial crisis, but do not appear to have been among the primary causes. Even without a strong causal link, however, the pre-existing case for tax reform at all these margins arguably is strengthened by the 2008 financial crisis, which suggests that tax rules not only fell short of classic neutrality benchmarks but generally leaned in precisely the wrong direction.
Government Debt Management at Low Interest Rates
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Ueda Kazuo
Published: May 2012

Debt management can be used at low interest rates to lower bond yields, to provide bank assets and thereby help maintain broad money growth, or to save on interest payments. The US example in the 1930s and the recent Japanese case suggest that this tool was not fully exploited in either case.
Regulation and Taxation: Economics and Politics
Authors: Masciandaro Donato , Passarelli Francesco
Published: May 2012

We describe systemic financial risk as a negative externality. Free riding leads to excess risk production. We consider two instruments usually adopted to tackle this problem: financial regulation and taxation. From a normative viewpoint, taxation is superior in many respects. We take a positive, political-economy perspective. We show that a majority of low-risk portfolio-owners may have a strategic incentive to use regulation rather than taxation in order to charge the minority a large share of the externality reduction. We also show that, when the majority chooses a tax, the probable level is socially too low. If the majority chooses regulation, the latter will possibly be too harsh. This eventually explains why financial regulation is more frequently adopted, and why incentives to circumvent it are so strong in reality.
Interpersonal Foundations of Ideological Thinking
Authors: Hardin Curtis D. , Cheung Rick M. , Magee Michael W. , Noel Steven , Yoshimura Kasumi
Published: May 2012

Building upon research on the social-cognitive foundations of ideological thinking, we argue that allegiance to attitudes that explain and justify the status quo is motivated in part by the human need to connect with others through feelings of mutual understanding. We review evidence that endorsing attitudes that justify the status quo not only preserves and regulates existing interpersonal relationships but also facilitates the establishment and regulation of new relationships, focusing in particular on ideologies involving religion and intergroup prejudice. In this light, ideologies function as prepackaged units of interpretation that help regulate social and political life.
Crowding Out Morality: How the Ideology of Self-Interest Can Be Self-Fulfilling
Authors: Schwartz Barry
Published: May 2012

“If you want someone to do something, you have to make it worth their while.” This uncontroversial statement is the watchword of our time. It is the core assumption of economics and of rational choice theory. It is the linchpin of free market ideology. And it explains why the first place we look in matters of public policy—from regulating financial markets to improving the quality of education to reducing the high costs of health care—is to the incentive system that governs the behavior of current practitioners. Uncontroversial. Self-evident. And false. This chapter argues that the reductive appeal to self-interest as the master human motive is a false description of human nature. At the same time, it can become a true description if people live in a world in which incentives are presumed to explain everything and are used to produce the behavior we want.
Automatic Associations: Personal Attitudes or Cultural Knowledge?
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Poehlman T. Andrew , Nosek Brian A.
Published: May 2012

People have automatic associations with a myriad of targets, from political figures to ethnic minorities. Automatic associations may constitute implicit attitudes that are related to, but distinct from explicitly endorsed attitudes. They could also represent knowledge of cultural attitudes unrelated to personal feelings, judgments, and behaviors (the culture-as-contaminant interpretation). Finally, automatic associations could reflect knowledge of cultural attitudes that influences behaviors because individuals use others’ attitudes to guide their own actions (the culture-as-norms interpretation). This chapter finds that automatic associations exhibit relationships with feelings, judgments, and behaviors supportive of the implicit attitudes view and inconsistent with both versions of the cultural knowledge view. Environmental conditioning and the cultural victimization of the target do influence automatic associations. However, such effects are inconclusive because the implicit attitudes view also expects strong environmental and cultural influences on automatic associations. Empirical criteria for resolving the “person or culture?’ debate are proposed.
Bias Perception and the Spiral of Conflict
Authors: Kennedy Kathleen A. , Pronin Emily
Published: May 2012

Conflicts sometimes are characterized by a negative spiral, whereby they escalate due to the reciprocally aggressive and competitive behavior of the contending parties. This chapter proposes that people’s inclination to perceive others as biased—particularly others who disagree with them—can initiate this conflict spiral, as well as fuel it and prevent its resolution. It reviews evidence that parties who disagree are especially likely to see those on the other side as biased and themselves as objective. Further, it demonstrates that people’s perceptions of their adversaries as biased leads them to act conflictually towards those adversaries. That conflictual action, in turn, is perceived by its recipients as a sign of bias, thereby leading those recipients to respond conflictually, as the spiral continues. An understanding of this bias-perception conflict spiral illuminates how conflicts develop and grow between both individuals and groups.
Dualization and Gender in Social Services
Authors: Kroos Daniela , Gottschall Karin
Published: May 2012

In the current era of deregulation the growth of social services has reinforced labor market dualization, undermining hope for the settlement of pressing societal needs and women’s labor market integration, especially in Bismarckian welfare regimes. Through comparative analysis of changing employment structures and training schemes in the social services sector, this chapter reveals varying degrees of labor market dualization in Germany and France. The different legacy of a ‘high road’ of social service provision and employment allowing for the labor market integration of mothers in France contrasts with a more semi-professional ‘low road’ based on a strong male breadwinner model in Germany, generating less pronounced insider-outsider divides in France than in Germany. Nevertheless, precarious employment in expanding social services such as elderly care is on the rise in both countries, challenging the role of the welfare state as a model employer.
From Dilemma to Dualization
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick , Careja Romana
Published: May 2012

Western European governments face a dilemma. On the one hand, their immigrant population is growing. On the other hand, the public opposes large-scale immigration and wants to restrict immigrants’ access to social benefits. We argue that in ‘reluctant countries of immigration’ such as France, Germany, and Great Britain, this tension is attenuated by reforms of social and migration policies. Firstly, migration policies are changed to encourage the arrival of ‘desired’ workers, while barriers to entry for ‘undesired’ immigrants are erected. Secondly, immigrant-specific social security schemes are reformed in order to reduce the incentive for immigrants to come in the first place. Finally, immigrants are disproportionately affected by the cutbacks in social security programs since the 1990s. These reforms contribute to the persistence of socio-economic differences between immigrants and citizens despite considerable efforts aimed at integrating the immigrants into their host societies.
Rethinking Public Religions
Authors: Casanova José
Published: May 2012

This chapter revisits the argument first presented in Public Religions in the Modern World in order to ascertain the extent to which the theoretical-analytical framework developed there needs to be critically revised and expanded to make it more applicable beyond Western Christian contexts. The central thesis of the book was that we were witnessing a process of “de-privatization” of religion as a relatively global trend. As an empirical claim, the thesis has been amply confirmed by subsequent developments practically everywhere. In a sense, the best confirmation of the thesis can actually be found in the heartland of secularization, that is, in Western European societies. Even though there is very little evidence of any kind of religious revival among the European population, if one excludes the significant influx of new immigrant religions, nonetheless religion has certainly returned as a contentious issue to the public sphere of most European societies.
How Should States Deal with Deep Religious Diversity?
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev
Published: May 2012

This chapter begins with a discussion of the crisis of individualistic, diversity-resistant secularism and why both these forms of western secularism have become part of the problem. It then turns to the Indian model of secularism, which meets the needs of deeply religiously diverse societies and also complies with principles of freedom and equality. In India, the existence of deep religious diversity has ensured a response not only to problems within religions but also between religions. Although not available as a doctrine or theory, such a conception was worked out jointly by Hindus and Muslims in the subcontinent, and can be found loosely in the best moments of inter-communal practice in India; and in the country's constitution appropriately interpreted. The chapter elaborates on two features of Indian secularism: principled distance and contextual secularism.