bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Separating phases of allopolyploid evolution with resynthesized and natural Capsella bursa-pastoris
Authors: Duan Tianlin , Sicard Adrien , Glémin Sylvain , Lascoux Martin
Published: January 2024

Allopolyploidization is a frequent evolutionary transition in plants that combines whole-genome duplication (WGD) and interspecific hybridization. The genome of an allopolyploid species results from initial interactions between parental genomes and long-term evolution. Distinguishing the contributions of these two phases is essential to understanding the evolutionary trajectory of allopolyploid species. Here, we compared phenotypic and transcriptomic changes in natural and resynthesized Capsella allotetraploids with their diploid parental species. We focused on phenotypic traits associated with the selfing syndrome and on transcription-level phenomena such as expression-level dominance (ELD), transgressive expression (TRE), and homoeolog expression bias (HEB). We found that selfing syndrome, high pollen, and seed quality in natural allotetraploids likely resulted from long-term evolution. Similarly, TRE and most down-regulated ELD were only found in natural allopolyploids. Natural allotetraploids also had more ELD toward the self-fertilizing parental species than resynthesized allotetraploids, mirroring the establishment of the selfing syndrome. However, short-term changes mattered, and 40% of the cases of ELD in natural allotetraploids were already observed in resynthesized allotetraploids. Resynthesized allotetraploids showed striking variation of HEB among chromosomes and individuals. Homoeologous synapsis was its primary source and may still be a source of genetic variation in natural allotetraploids. In conclusion, both short- and long-term mechanisms contributed to transcriptomic and phenotypic changes in natural allotetraploids. However, the initial gene expression changes were largely reshaped during long-term evolution leading to further morphological changes.
Maternal smoking DNA methylation risk score associated with health outcomes in offspring of European and South Asian ancestry
Authors: Deng Wei Q , Cawte Nathan , Campbell Natalie , Azab Sandi M , de Souza Russell J , Lamri Amel , Morrison Katherine M , Atkinson Stephanie A , Subbarao Padmaja , Turvey Stuart E , Moraes Theo J , Teo Koon K , Mandhane Piush J , Azad Meghan B , Simons Elinor , Paré Guillaume , Anand Sonia S
Published: January 2024

Background:

Maternal smoking has been linked to adverse health outcomes in newborns but the extent to which it impacts newborn health has not been quantified through an aggregated cord blood DNA methylation (DNAm) score. Here, we examine the feasibility of using cord blood DNAm scores leveraging large external studies as discovery samples to capture the epigenetic signature of maternal smoking and its influence on newborns in White European and South Asian populations.

Methods:

We first examined the association between individual CpGs and cigarette smoking during pregnancy, and smoking exposure in two White European birth cohorts (n=744). Leveraging established CpGs for maternal smoking, we constructed a cord blood epigenetic score of maternal smoking that was validated in one of the European-origin cohorts (n=347). This score was then tested for association with smoking status, secondary smoking exposure during pregnancy, and health outcomes in offspring measured after birth in an independent White European (n=397) and a South Asian birth cohort (n=504).

Results:

Several previously reported genes for maternal smoking were supported, with the strongest and most consistent association signal from the GFI1 gene (6 CpGs with p<5 × 10-5). The epigenetic maternal smoking score was strongly associated with smoking status during pregnancy (OR = 1.09 [1.07, 1.10], p=5.5 × 10-33) and more hours of self-reported smoking exposure per week (1.93 [1.27, 2.58], p=7.8 × 10-9) in White Europeans. However, it was not associated with self-reported exposure (p>0.05) among South Asians, likely due to a lack of smoking in this group. The same score was consistently associated with a smaller birth size (–0.37±0.12 cm, p=0.0023) in the South Asian cohort and a lower birth weight (–0.043±0.013 kg, p=0.0011) in the combined cohorts.

Conclusions:

This cord blood epigenetic score can help identify babies exposed to maternal smoking and assess its long-term impact on growth. Notably, these results indicate a consistent association between the DNAm signature of maternal smoking and a small body size and low birth weight in newborns, in both White European mothers who exhibited some amount of smoking and in South Asian mothers who themselves were not active smokers.

Funding:

This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Metabolomics Team Grant: MWG-146332.
Pharmacologically inducing regenerative cardiac cells by small molecule drugs
Authors: Zhou Wei , He Kezhang , Wang Chiyin , Wang Pengqi , Wang Dan , Wang Bowen , Geng Han , Lian Hong , Ma Tianhua , Nie Yu , Ding Sheng
Published: January 2024

Adult mammals, unlike some lower organisms, lack the ability to regenerate damaged hearts through cardiomyocytes (CMs) dedifferentiation into cells with regenerative capacity. Developing conditions to induce such naturally unavailable cells with potential to proliferate and differentiate into CMs, that is, regenerative cardiac cells (RCCs), in mammals will provide new insights and tools for heart regeneration research. In this study, we demonstrate that a two-compound combination, CHIR99021 and A-485 (2C), effectively induces RCCs from human embryonic stem cell-derived TNNT2+ CMs in vitro, as evidenced by lineage tracing experiments. Functional analysis shows that these RCCs express a broad spectrum of cardiogenesis genes and have the potential to differentiate into functional CMs, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. Importantly, similar results were observed in neonatal rat CMs both in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, administering 2C in adult mouse hearts significantly enhances survival and improves heart function post-myocardial infarction. Mechanistically, CHIR99021 is crucial for the transcriptional and epigenetic activation of genes essential for RCC development, while A-485 primarily suppresses H3K27Ac and particularly H3K9Ac in CMs. Their synergistic effect enhances these modifications on RCC genes, facilitating the transition from CMs to RCCs. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the feasibility and reveal the mechanisms of pharmacological induction of RCCs from endogenous CMs, which could offer a promising regenerative strategy to repair injured hearts.
Structures of wild-type and a constitutively closed mutant of connexin26 shed light on channel regulation by CO2
Authors: Brotherton Deborah H , Nijjar Sarbjit , Savva Christos G , Dale Nicholas , Cameron Alexander David
Published: January 2024

Connexins allow intercellular communication by forming gap junction channels (GJCs) between juxtaposed cells. Connexin26 (Cx26) can be regulated directly by CO2. This is proposed to be mediated through carbamylation of K125. We show that mutating K125 to glutamate, mimicking the negative charge of carbamylation, causes Cx26 GJCs to be constitutively closed. Through cryo-EM we observe that the K125E mutation pushes a conformational equilibrium towards the channel having a constricted pore entrance, similar to effects seen on raising the partial pressure of CO2. In previous structures of connexins, the cytoplasmic loop, important in regulation and where K125 is located, is disordered. Through further cryo-EM studies we trap distinct states of Cx26 and observe density for the cytoplasmic loop. The interplay between the position of this loop, the conformations of the transmembrane helices and the position of the N-terminal helix, which controls the aperture to the pore, provides a mechanism for regulation.
Research on intelligent file management system: a design strategy based on RFID technology and improved AICT algorithm
Authors: Ge Shan
Published: January 2024

In this modern era of technology and digitalization, keeping track of a manual file system in the office environment is a challenging task. This research proposes a radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to improve conventional file management systems. The proposed system includes advances in information and communication technology (AICT) algorithm that addresses tag collision problems, resulting in increased data collection and reduced communication traffic. The system consists of modules such as information collection, file management, and user management. Each is analyzed from various aspects. Simulation results show that the AICT algorithm outperforms the improved collision tree algorithm by increasing recognition efficiency by 10% and reducing communication traffic by 30%. Moreover, the proposed approach provides a simple and convenient way to manage files in real-time meeting the needs of modern times. The AICT algorithm excelled the other algorithms regarding recognition efficiency.
Identification of a necroptosis-related gene signature for making clinical predictions of the survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhou Xiaoping , Zhao Ming , Fan Yingzi , Xu Ying
Published: January 2024

Background

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a major pathological subtype of malignant lung cancer with a poor prognosis. Necroptosis is a caspase-independent programmed cell death mode that plays a pivotal role in cancer oncogenesis and metastasis. Here, we explore the prognostic values of different necroptosis-related genes (NRGs) in LUAD.

Methods

mRNA expression data and related clinical information for LUAD samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. NRGs were identified using the GeneCards database. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression and multivariate Cox analysis were used to construct a prognostic risk model. Time-dependent receiver-operating characteristic curves and a nomogram were constructed to validate the predictive values of the prognostic signatures. A necroptosis-related protein–protein interaction network was visualised using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. Functional analyses, including Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment, gene set enrichment, and gene set variation analyses, were conducted to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, the mRNA expression of the prognostic signatures in LUAD cell lines was assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis.

Results

A prognostic model was established for eight NRGs (CALM1, DDX17, FPR1, OGT, PGLYRP1, PRDX1, TUFM, and CPSF3) based on TCGA-cohort data and validated with the GSE68465 cohort. Patients with low-risk scores had better survival outcomes than those with high-risk scores (p = 0.00013). The nomogram was used to predict the prognosis of patients with LUAD. The prediction curves for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS showed good predictive performance and the accuracy of the nomograms increased over time. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that these eight genes, especially CALM1, PRDX1, and PGLYRP1, were differentially expressed in LUAD cells.

Conclusion

We constructed a reliable eight-NRG signature that provides new insights for guiding clinical practice in the prognosis and treatment of LUAD.
100 años del Portal Eliseo del Campo (1925-2025): hacia la puesta en valor de un patrimonio inmueble singular del Barrio Matta
Authors:   , Díaz Toledo Yanko
Published: January 2024

El Portal Eliseo del Campo ha sido reconocido y valorado por la comunidad asociada como un hito emblemático para la vida del Barrio Matta. Se trata de un Inmueble de Conservación Histórica (ICH) privado de uso mixto: vivienda, comercio y talleres de oficios, inserto en la Zona Típica (ZT) «Barrio Matta Sur», que ha tenido que sobrellevar las consecuencias de la falta de mejoramientos sustanciales para enfrentar la obsolescencia física y funcional, como también la presión que ha ejercido la acelerada transformación de la ciudad, impactando negativamente en su estado de conservación y en su vinculación con la vida de barrio. Esta tesis plantea un proyecto que facilita su puesta en valor, contribuyendo a evitar la pérdida de este tipo de patrimonios de barrio. Basado en un trabajo de investigación, levantamiento, reconocimiento y valorización que el autor viene llevando a cabo desde el año 2019, y como paso siguiente, en esta tesis se plantea la elaboración participativa de los criterios y lineamientos de intervención para el Portal Eliseo del Campo, orientados a futuros proyectos de intervención que permitan superar la actual desvinculación con el barrio, deterioro y alteraciones de este valioso patrimonio inmueble singular —ad portas de cumplir 100 años—.
Oral Daily Iron Supplementation among Rural Children Aged 36-59 Months with Mild-tomoderate Anaemia: A Quasi-experimental Study from Central Karnataka, India
Authors: Davalagi Shubha , Maganalli Anurupa , Patil Muganagowda , Nayak Vaman
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Anaemia is a serious concern for young children because it can result in impaired cognitive performance, behavioural and motor development, coordination, language development, and scholastic achievement, as well as increased morbidity from infectious diseases. While severe anaemia is typically addressed with urgency, mild-to-moderate anaemia is sometimes overlooked. However, even mild cases can have a significant impact on a child’s health and development. Thus, oral iron supplementation, by reducing anaemia, can contribute to the development of a healthier and more productive population. Aim: To assess the effect of daily Iron Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation among 36-59 month old children with mild-tomoderate anaemia. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the rural field practice areas of a tertiary care teaching hospital in central Karnataka, India from March 2022 to February 2023. After baseline assessment, 53 children aged between 36-59 months old in Anganwadi centres of the study area with mild-to-moderate anaemia (Haemoglobin - Hb: 10.9 – 7 g/dL) were recruited for the study after obtaining informed written consent from the parents. The IFA supplementation was administered under supervision for six months. The primary outcome was rise in the Hb concentration. The paired t-test was used to statistically analyse the data. Results: Among the 53 study participants, the majority (27, 51%) were boys, and the mean age of the study participants was 46.6±8.4 months. The study showed that after six months of iron supplementation among 36-59 month old children with mildto-moderate anaemia, there was a rise in the mean {Standard Deviation (±SD)} Hb by 0.71±0.32 gm/dL in the study participants, and it was found to be statistically significant (2.579, p=0.011). The increase in Hb was found in both girls (0.84±0.41 gm/dL) and boys (0.83±0.39 gm/dL). Conclusion: The study concluded that supervised intervention for mild-to-moderate anaemia in preschool children has the potential to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among this vulnerable population, but it requires a joint effort from all stakeholders involved.
Application of Compensation Rules in the Four-quadrant Graphical Tool for Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Samuel T Rajini
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) interpretation plays an indispensable role in emergency medicine and the care of intensive care patients, yet it remains a challenging task. Although several graphical methods exist for ABG interpretation, they are not commonly used at the bedside. The existing graphs are complicated, difficult to understand, and unable to diagnose many disorders. In previous research articles, the current author developed and published a four-quadrant graphical tool for ABG interpretation. The tool incorporates compensation rules, which are crucial for identifying changes resulting from compensations or the presence of a second primary acid-base disorder. Aim: To develop a method for applying compensation rules in a four-quadrant graphical tool to interpret ABG reports for complex acid-base disorders in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from November 2022 to April 2023. A total of 232 ABG samples were utilised, and the values of pH, pCO2, HCO3, Standard HCO3, and Standard Base Excess (SBE) were recorded. These values were classified according to different acid-base disorders. Three derived ratios were calculated using the values of pCO2, bicarbonate, and standard bicarbonate, as these ratios change in various acid-base disorders and provide clues for differentiating between different acid-base disturbances. A four-quadrant graph method was constructed using the values of SBE, pCO2, and these ratios. Subsequently, compensation rules were applied to this graph method. Results: The four-quadrant method facilitated the easy identification of different acid-base disorders, and the application of compensation rules further simplified the identification of mixed or compensatory acid-base disorders. Conclusion: The application of compensation rules in this four- quadrant graphical tool for ABG interpretation distinguishes this tool as a unique method among existing approaches. This tool offers an optimal and simplified approach for interpreting ABG results for complex acid-base disturbances, making it highly suitable for clinical practice at the bedside.
Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Kenya: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Mose Naftaly , Kipchirchir Edwin
Published: January 2024

The study investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in Kenya through comprehensive regression analysis and causality tests. Theoretical literature argues that FDI inflow can transfer great advantages to the host country, however, empirical studies show that the benefits of FDI vary greatly across countries. Kenya has traditionally been one of the largest recipients of FDI in Africa, foreign investors provide intangible assets to support the operation of the domestic firms. However, recently Kenya has experienced dwindling FDI levels. Despite an increasing empirical focus on the relationship between foreign inflow and the economy, little is known about the role of FDI in this nexus in Kenya. The study investigated the contribution of foreign direct investment to economic growth in Kenya using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) regression approach and causality tests. Secondary time series data for Kenya were used during empirical analysis. The time series data is from 1990 to 2021. The findings indicate that increasing FDI inflow will lead to an increase in economic growth. Additionally, the result indicates trade openness and climate change matter from a growth perspective. Notably, the results show that short-run to long-run foreign direct investment kindles economic growth in Kenya. Accordingly, Kenya must have more effective FDI strategies and pursue macroeconomic policies that attract FDI into the country, offers investor friendly environment, reduces bureaucratic hurdles and addresses the challenges of accumulating domestic investment and foreign exchange, particularly by productively opening the market and allowing FDI inflow to boost investment accumulation and economic growth.
Conceptualisation of Socio Educational Participation
Authors: Careemdeen Jalal Deen
Published: January 2024

Aims: This paper aims to comprehensively explore socio-educational participation by synthesizing insights from open-access databases. The study focuses on understanding the multifaceted nature of educational involvement through an examination of parental participation in student learning, student engagement in lesson activities, and involvement in extracurricular pursuits.

Study Design:  The review encompasses multiple reputable platforms, including Sage Journals, Scopus, Google Scholar, Educational Resource Centre (ERIC), JSTOR-Journal Storage, Emerald, Science Direct, SpringerLink, Taylor and Francis, and Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ). The search is guided by keywords such as socio-education participation, student participation in learning, and parental participation in student learning. The study's conceptual framework is rooted in sociological theories and secondary data, enriched by current literature reviews from diverse perspectives and sources.

Place and Duration of Study: The study is conducted across various online platforms and databases, spanning a duration determined by the availability of relevant literature. The review incorporates insights from a wide array of sources to ensure a comprehensive analysis of socio-educational participation.

Methodology: The research employs a systematic approach to review 75 selected articles, utilizing varied databases to gather insights. The synthesis of diverse perspectives and a meticulous review contribute to a nuanced understanding of socio-educational participation. The study also explores varied definitions and interpretations of socio-educational participation, shaped by scholars and organizations with distinct thematic motivations.

Results: The findings shed light on the dynamic relationships within the educational sphere, emphasizing the importance of parental engagement, student involvement in academic pursuits, and participation in extracurricular activities for a holistic educational experience. The conceptualization in this study identifies three integral components: parental participation in student learning, student engagement in lesson activities, and involvement in extracurricular pursuits.

Conclusion: By analyzing the intricacies of socio-educational participation, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on the multifaceted nature of educational involvement. The synthesis of diverse perspectives and a meticulous review of literature offer a nuanced understanding of the subject, providing valuable insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers aiming to enhance educational experiences.
Investigation of Moisture Collection Structures and Introduction of Resistant Tree Species in the Semi-Arid Slopes of Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Abrha Hailemariam , Yaebiyo Gebremariam , Abraha Berhe
Published: January 2024

Vegetation cover degradation is a serious problem in low-rainfall areas of Ethiopia. A field experiment was carried out for three years on two degraded hillsides in Kilte Awlaelo district, Tigray, Ethiopia. The objective was to evaluate the effect of moisture harvesting structures on the survival and growth of tree seedlings. The treatments were micro basin, micro trench, eyebrow basin, and conventional pit as moisture harvesting structures combined with three multi-purpose tree seedlings, namely, Schinus molle, Grevillea robusta, and Olea europaea. The set-up was a split-plot design with three replications. Seedling survival, plant height, and collar diameter data were collected. The collected data were analyzed using GenStat 16 edition software by general liner model. Statistically significant differences between and among treatment means were assessed using the least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level of significance. The results in the main effect showed eyebrow basin > micro basin > micro trench > conventional pit in the upper site, and micro basin > eyebrow basin > micro trench > conventional pit in the lower site in their order of level of significance in enhancing the seedlings survival and growth performance. The interaction effects also showed Schinus molle backed with an eyebrow and micro-basin in the above structure pit position had the highest survival rate and growth performance. Hence, the eyebrow basin and micro basin as moisture harvesting structures planted with Schinus molle tree species at the above pit position should be demonstrated and scaled up in moisture-stressed areas of Kilte Awlaelo district.
Birth Weight and Third-trimester Maternal Vitamins A, C, and E Levels
Authors: Joseph Gregory Uchechukwu , Oyediran Oyewale Thomas , Oladiti Rashidat Abidemi , Iyanda Ayobola Abolape
Published: January 2024

Background: Deficiencies of micronutrients (especially vitamins C, A, and E) during intra-uterine life have been linked with the possibility of increased risk of some diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes) in adulthood.

Aims: Therefore, it becomes expedient that persistent and vigorous attention be paid to maternal vitamin status during gestation.

Methodology: This is a cross-sectional comparative study carried out at maternity centres in Osogbo Local Government. Forty women who were at least 29 weeks of gestation and 40 apparently healthy women, age-matched, non-pregnant constituted the test and control groups respectively. Blood was obtained through an ante-cubital vein, centrifuged and used for vitamin estimations (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). Birth weight and neonatal mortality ratio were the birth outcomes that were obtained. Data analysis was by Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. P≤0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Serum status of vitamins A (2.68±3.88 µg/dL); C (0.95±0.44 mg/dL); and E (0.67±0.04 mg/dL) were significantly lower at third trimester compared with the corresponding values of 6.98±1.26 µg/dL; 2.99±0.11 mg/dL; and 1.66±0.08 mg/dL among non-pregnant control. There were significant adverse pregnancy outcomes as signified by 10% stillbirths. In addition, low birth weight (1.5-2.4 kg) was observed among approximately 50% of the babies but no correlation was observed except between vitamins C and E.

Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that among Nigerian pregnant women, there are risks of abnormal birth outcomes and low levels of vitamin A, C, and E. Aside depletions in vitamin C and E, the results of the study (r= .376; p= .020) suggest possible metabolic interaction between both.
Climate-Resilient Crops for a Sustainable Future: The Promising Case of Minor Millets in Tamil Nadu Irrigated Modernization Project (TNIAMP)
Authors: S. Kanaka , Jambamma  , E. Tamilselvi , N. Shenbagavalli , S. Sudhasha , R. Agila
Published: January 2024

This study integrated continuous data on the impact of the area and yield of minor millets in the sub-basins of Tamil Nadu and correlated it with the area and yield of minor millets in the sub-basins cultivated under the TNIAMProject. In this study, minor millet crops such as foxtail millet, ragi, finger millet, and varagu were introduced in fourteen sub-basins and their yield was carefully collected. This included all parts of Tamil Nadu. This study investigated the suitability of different sub-basins for crop diversification by exploring matching management practices with respective yield potentials. In this study, it was recorded that the yield was more than 3000 kg per acre in the sub-basins of Nagarai River, Lower Vellaru, Pambar River, Krishnagiri, Lower Bhavani, Varaha River, Cauvery River, and Lower Tamirabarani. This has also increased the area under cultivation in these sub-basins. The study found that the area and yield of minor millets in the sub-basins of Tamil Nadu have increased significantly under the TNIAMProject. This is attributed to the input subsidy and technological interventions provided under the project. The study recommends that the excess yield of minor millets caused by the TNIAMProject should be converted into value-added products and documented for sale in the respective areas. This will help to increase the income of farmers and promote the cultivation of minor millets.
Effect of Tobacco-Smoking on Cognitive Function among Young Adults in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North India-A Pilot Study
Authors: Jindal Vishal , Udey Bharat , Bhatia Jagriti , Singh Jawahar , Singh Gurvinder Pal
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Around 25% of the world's population uses tobacco, with smoking being the most common form. Smoking is linked to long-term health issues, respiratory, cardiovascular, malignancies, neuropsychological dysfunction, and increased risk of depression and cognitive decline. The study aimed to compare non-smokers and tobacco smokers to assess cognitive function impact, hypothesizing smokers have poorer cognitive function.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study involved 50 young adults, 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers, in a psychiatry outpatient department at AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab, India. Participants were healthy individuals, without serious medical conditions, drug dependence, or significant brain trauma. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Cognitive functions were assessed using Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) (7.1 version) and Fagerstrom Test was used to assess severity of Nicotine dependence among smokers. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.  

Results: Sample consisted of 25 male smokers and 25 non-smokers, with 64% aged 22-24 years. Both groups were comparable in in terms of age, education and socioeconomic status. There was no statistically significant difference in cognitive function (MoCA) across demographic                  profile of subjects. In comparison to tobacco smokers, non-users had a higher mean MoCA score (22.12 vs. 22.08). Abstraction and recall were significantly impaired (p values 0.048 and 0.007, respectively) in tobacco smokers. There was a significant association between cognitive              function (MoCA) and nicotine dependency severity (Fagerstorm Test; p=0.026) among tobacco users.

Conclusion: Tobacco smoking increases the risk of neurocognitive impairment, in young adults. The degree of smoking has an adverse effect on individuals' cognitive performance.

Implications: Young adults frequently use tobacco, especially in the form of smoking. Smoking tobacco is thought to enhance performance and attention. However, the current study discovered that it was linked to diminished cognitive function in the areas of recall and attention. Additionally, smokers' cognition is considerably impaired due to the severity of their nicotine dependence. The study implies that in order to understand the relationship between tobacco smoking and cognitive functions, large-scale, prospective investigations are necessary. Additionally, including radiological evaluation of brain functions using functional MRI may provide clearer evidence of the areas of the brain affected by tobacco use.
Microbiological Assessment and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Orogodo River Exposed to Abattoir Effluent in Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Iweriolor Sandra Nkechi , Anyiam Ifeoma Vivian
Published: January 2024

The content of abattoir effluent and its receiving water body, Orogodo River in Agbor, Delta State. Total heterotrophic and coliform counts were assessed using standard microbiological techniques. The viable heterotrophic bacteria count for the rainy season ranges from 7.7x105-4.6x104cfu/ml. Total coliform counts 2.6x105 -3.4x104 MPN/ml respectively. A total of 11 bacteria were isolated, antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria was determined using the disk diffusion method. Five out of the bacteria isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotics. Out of all the antibiotics used 90 isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, 5% were resistant, also, 85 were susceptible to ofloxacin with 5% resistance and 10% were intermediate. Ampicillin had the highest resistance of 40%. The Molecular identification of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria was carried out using a 16S rRNA gene sequence. The identified bacteria include Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter hormaechei, Proteus vulgarus, Morganella morganii, and Pseudomonas oryzae. Data were statistically analyzed to determine the level of significance. The microbial population of bacteria isolated was found to be higher in the abattoir wastewater sample 7.7x105 and the point of entry sites 4.0x105 when compared to the downstream and upstream sample stations. The high microbial load and presence of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the river water is alarming and can lead to public health risks when such water is consumed or used for cleaning meat during processing. There is a need for proper management of abattoir waste, An on-site pretreatment strategy (collection of waste, treatment, processing, anaerobic digestion, and safe disposal) is highly recommended and should be enforced by relevant authority to safeguard the environment and the populace that depend on the Orogodo river water.
Corporate Employee Sharing Performance Leads to Sustainable Development - A Case Study of Software and Information Technology Services Industry of Listed Companies in China
Authors: Hsiao Chih-Yi , Chen Pan-Pan
Published: January 2024

Based on the development of CSR and sharing values in China, this paper selects the software and information technology service industry as the research object from 2019 to 2022 and uses the OLS method and the plug-in program PROCESS V3.5 of SPSS to explore the relationship between employee sharing, per capita contribution and sustainable development ability, as well as the indirect effect of per capita contribution on the relationship between employee sharing and the company's sustainable development ability. The research findings are that the better the overall performance of employee sharing behavior, the higher the per capita contribution of the employees, which in turn improves the sustainable development ability of the company. In addition, the higher the employee compensation, the higher the per capita revenue generated by employees, which increases in the firm's ability to sustainably development. The performance of employee security and employment, on the other hand, has no significant effect on per capita contribution and firm sustainable growth rate. This paper also provides recommendations based on the findings of the study.
Inhibiting children's memory of an interactive event: the effectiveness of a cover‐up
Authors: Williams Sara‐Jayne , Wright Daniel B. , Freeman Norman H.
Published: September 2002

Children are generally more susceptible than adults to suggestive interview techniques. Children's memories of an event can be altered and added to by presenting post‐event information (PEI). What is not known is whether embedding silence about a particular scene within the PEI makes that scene less likely to be reported. Children aged 5–6 years made cakes with an agent ‘Mrs Flour’. The following day they received PEI in which a target scene from the original event was omitted, resulting in children reporting the target scene significantly less often than did controls (control= 57% and omit= 23% correct responses). There was direct evidence from the children's language that the omission led to a detriment in memory for the original scene itself. Allowing children to draw during the interview did not reduce the effect. Implications are discussed in terms of child victims and witnesses particularly regarding child sexual abuse. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of memory schemata on memory and the phenomenological experience of naturalistic situations
Authors: Neuschatz Jeffrey S. , Lampinen James M. , Preston Elizabeth L. , Hawkins Emily R. , Toglia Michael P.
Published: September 2002

Two experiments document the effect of memory schemata in naturalistic situations. Participants in both experiments watched a short videotaped lecture in which the instructor enacted several schema‐consistent actions (e.g. writing on a whiteboard) and schema‐inconsistent actions (e.g. smoking a cigarette). Following the videotaped lecture, participants completed a recognition test and rated the phenomenological content of their memories. In both experiments, memory was more accurate for schema‐inconsistent actions than for schema‐consistent actions. Participants also indicated that their memories of schema‐inconsistent actions were more vivid than schema‐consistent actions. Interestingly, in Experiment 2, the false memory rate for typical items increased across both 48‐hour and one week retention intervals. These results have important implications for the processes of normal human memory in everyday situations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of communication in emergency management
Authors: Dunn John C. , Lewandowsky Stephan , Kirsner Kim
Published: September 2002

This study investigated the dynamics of communication between members of an emergency management team faced with controlling a hazardous chemical spill. The effects of two sets of factors on communication were investigated; task‐specific factors pertaining to characteristics of the emergency management task that are constant across different emergency situations, and situation‐specific factors pertaining to the unique characteristics of the current situation. The results showed that both these factors were important in determining the pattern of communication between key team members. Verbal exchanges were found both to be correlated with the occurrence of critical events and to follow a 30‐minute temporal cycle. The implications of the results for theories of naturalistic decision making are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural‐hybrid control of systems with sandwiched dead‐zones
Authors: Taware Avinash , Tao Gang
Published: September 2002

The control of systems that have sandwiched nonsmooth nonlinearities, such as a dead‐zone sandwiched between two dynamic blocks, is addressed. An adaptive inverse control scheme using a hybrid controller structure and a neural network based inverse compensator, is proposed for such systems with unknown sandwiched dead‐zone. This neural‐hybrid controller consists of an inner loop discrete‐time feedback structure incorporated with an adaptive inverse using a neural network for the unknown dead‐zone, and an outer‐loop continuous‐time feedback control law for achieving desired output tracking. The dead‐zone compensator consists of two neural networks, one used as an estimator of the sandwiched dead‐zone function and the other for the compensation itself. The compensator neural network has neurons that can approximate jump functions such as a dead‐zone inverse. The weights of the two neural networks are tuned using a modified gradient algorithm. Simulation results are given to illustrate the performance of the proposed neural‐hybrid controller. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of prior bounds on time constants and steady‐state gain in recursive parameter bounding
Authors: Messaoud H. , Norton J.P.
Published: September 2002

Computation of parameter bounds of a linear dynamical system, given input–output observations and bounds on model‐output error, has been developed as an alternative to classical parameter estimation using least squares, maximum likelihood or the prediction error method. When bounds on time‐domain plant behaviour are known in advance, they can be used to develop prior parameter bounds for discrete‐time rational transfer‐function parameters. These bounds can be used to initialize standard parameter‐bounding algorithms which process input–output observations to update the exact polytope feasible set or one of its outer bounding approximations such as an ellipsoid, orthotope or parallelotope. This paper presents a method to compute such prior bounds from bounds on time constants and steady‐state (dc) gain, often available from the physics of the system or from previous experience. The method finds subsets making up the prior feasible parameter set, recursively in model order, for any configuration of the pole ranges. An analysis leading to measures of the value of prior bounds, in terms of their chances of remaining active when new bounds derived from observations are imposed, is presented. A simulation study compares polytope updating with and without such initial bounds. The simulations investigate the influence of the tightness of time‐constant and steady‐state‐gain bounds in reducing the volume of the feasible sets obtained as observations are processed. The effects of initial bound tightness and signal‐to‐noise ratio on survival time of the prior bounds are also examined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closed‐loop iterative learning control for non‐linear systems with initial shifts
Authors: Sun Mingxuan , Wang Danwei
Published: September 2002

This paper is concerned with the problem of the iterative learning control with current cycle feedback for a class of non‐linear systems with well‐defined relative degree. The tracking error caused by a non‐zero initial shift is detected as extended D‐type learning algorithm is applied. The defect is overcome by adding terms including the output error, its derivatives as well as integrals. Asymptotic tracking of the final output to the desired trajectory is guaranteed. As an alternative approach, an initial rectifying action is introduced in the extended D‐type learning algorithm and shown effective to achieve the desired trajectory jointed smoothly with a transitional trajectory from the starting position. Also these algorithms with adjustable tracking interval ensure better robustness performance in the presence of initial shifts. Numerical simulation is conducted to demonstrate the theoretical results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energetics and optimization of human walking and running: The 2000 Raymond Pearl memorial lecture
Authors: McNeill Alexander R.
Published: September 2002

Humans seem to adjust their walking and running gaits to minimise the metabolic energy cost of locomotion. The walking speed that we tend to prefer is the one that minimises energy cost per unit distance, though faster speeds might seem preferable when time is valuable. At speeds up to 2 m/s, walking requires less energy than running, and we walk. At higher speeds, running is more economical, and we run. At each speed we use the stride length that minimises energy costs. A computer model that predicts metabolic rates for all conceivable gaits of a simple biped helps to understand these and other features of human gait. The energy cost of walking is increased on uphill slopes and also on soft ground. Consequently, zigzag paths should be preferred to straight ones, up hills of more than a critical gradient. Also, it may be more economical to divert a path around a hill than to travel along a straight line. Simple theories of optimum diversions are presented, both for hilly ground and for ground interrupted by marshy patches, on which costs of walking are increased. Energy costs are also increased by heavy loads, though it seems possible in some circumstances to carry moderate loads without measurable extra cost. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:641–648, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energetics and evolution: An emerging research domain
Authors: Leonard William R. , Ulijaszek Stanley J.
Published: September 2002

The study of energetics is important to human biology because the availability and utilization of food energy influence health, survival, and reproduction. Over the last decade, human biologists, biological anthropologists, and other evolutionary scientists have increasingly come to recognize the importance of energy dynamics in shaping evolutionary processes. Thus far, different lines of energetics research have been conducted largely in isolation from one another. This thematic collection examines topics of evolutionary energetics from several different perspectives, drawing together research from human paleontology, comparative primate and mammalian biology, human population biology, and mathematical modeling. It represents a starting point for further integrative research on human evolutionary energetics. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14: 547–550, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neandertal cold adaptation: Physiological and energetic factors
Authors: Steegmann A. Theodore , Cerny Frank J. , Holliday Trenton W.
Published: September 2002

European Neandertals employed a complex set of physiological cold defenses, homologous to those seen in contemporary humans and nonhuman primates. While Neandertal morphological patterns, such as foreshortened extremities and low relative surface‐area, may have explained some of the variance in cold resistance, it is suggested the adaptive package was strongly dependent on a rich array of physiological defenses. A summary of the environmental cold conditions in which the Neandertals lived is presented, and a comparative ethnographic model from Tierra del Fuego is used. Muscle and subcutaneous fat are excellent “passive” insulators. Neandertals were quite muscular, but it is unlikely that they could maintain enough superficial body fat to offer much cold protection. A major, high‐energy metabolic adaptation facilitated by modest amounts of highly thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed. In addition, Neandertals would have been protected by general mammalian cold defenses based on systemic vasoconstriction and intensified by acclimatization, aerobic fitness, and localized cold‐induced vasodilation. However, these defenses are energetically expensive. Based on contemporary data from circumpolar peoples, it is estimated that Neandertals required 3,360 to 4,480 kcal per day to support strenuous winter foraging and cold resistance costs. Several specific genetic cold adaptations are also proposed—heat shock protein (actually, stress shock protein), an ACP*1 locus somatic growth factor, and a specialized calcium metabolism not as yet understood. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:566–583, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional status of children from Papua New Guinea: Associations with socioeconomic factors
Authors: King Sarah E. , Nicholas Mascie‐Taylor C.G.
Published: September 2002

Growth faltering has been well documented in children from Papua New Guinea, although there is evidence that broad processes of modernization, such as cash cropping, have resulted in increased body size. It is not clear, however, what household socioeconomic factors may be associated with larger body size in populations undergoing early stages of modernization. This cross‐sectional study examined the nutritional status of children between birth and 5 years of age living near Kanabea, Papua New Guinea, a relatively remote outpost in the highland fringe experiencing a limited cash economy. Weight and height were measured on 260 children from 190 households. The mean z‐scores of −2.26 ± 1.50 (SD) for height‐for‐age, −2.43 ± 1.25 for weight‐for‐age, and −1.34 ± 1.49 for weight‐for‐height are suggestive of both acute and chronic malnutrition. Using a cut‐off value of ≤ −2SD, 68.8% of the children were stunted and/or wasted. These values are similar to those from a 1992–93 survey in the district, revealing that malnutrition remains a problem in the area. In this largely traditional horticultural group, educated mothers and mothers who spoke pidgin and/or English in addition to the local language had children with better z‐scores. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:659–668, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.