bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Beta Regulates Stem Cell Activity and Specifies Luminal Cell Fate in the Mammary Gland
Authors: LaMarca Heather L. , Visbal Adriana P. , Creighton Chad J. , Liu Hao , Zhang Yiqun , Behbod Fariba , Rosen Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2010

The bZIP transcription factor C/EBPβ is important for mammary gland development and its expression is deregulated in human breast cancer. To determine whether C/EBPβ regulates mammary stem cells (MaSCs), we employed two different knockout strategies. Using both a germline and a conditional knockout strategy, we demonstrate that mammosphere formation was significantly decreased in C/EBPβ-deficient mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Functional limiting dilution transplantation assays indicated that the repopulating ability of C/EBPβ-deleted MECs was severely impaired. Serial transplantation experiments demonstrated that C/EBPβ deletion resulted in decreased outgrowth potential and premature MaSC senescence. In accord, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis demonstrated that C/EBPβ-null MECs contained fewer MaSCs, the loss of luminal progenitors and an increase in differentiated luminal cells as compared with wild-type. Gene profiling of C/EBPβ-null stem cells revealed an alteration in cell fate specification, exemplified by the expression of basal markers in the luminal compartment. Thus, C/EBPβ is a critical regulator of both MaSC repopulation activity and luminal cell lineage commitment. These findings have critical implications for understanding both stem cell biology and the etiology of different breast cancer subtypes.
Distinguishing Between Mouse and Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Regulation: The Best Laid Plans of Mice and Men
Authors: Schnerch Angelique , Cerdan Chantal , Bhatia Mickie
Published: January 2010

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been derived from the embryos of mice and humans, representing the two major sources of PSCs. These cells are universally defined by their developmental properties, specifically their self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential which are regulated in mice and humans by complex transcriptional networks orchestrated by conserved transcription factors. However, significant differences exist in the transcriptional networks and signaling pathways that control mouse and human PSC self-renewal and lineage development. To distinguish between universally applicable and species-specific features, we collated and compared the molecular and cellular descriptions of mouse and human PSCs. Here we compare and contrast the response to signals dictated by the transcriptome and epigenome of mouse and human PSCs that will hopefully act as a critical resource to the field. These analyses underscore the importance of accounting for species differences when designing strategies to capitalize on the clinical potential of human PSCs.
Chorioamnion plugging and the risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes after laser surgery in twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Papanna R. , Molina S. , Moise K. Y. , Moise Jr K. J. , Johnson A.
Published: January 2010

Objective

To examine the incidence of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in pregnancies affected by twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) treated with laser photocoagulation where an absorbable gelatin sponge was used as a chorioamnion sealant of the fetoscopic access port.

Method

A retrospective review was undertaken of consecutive cases undergoing fetoscopic directed laser surgery for TTTS between October 2006 and November 2008 at Texas Children's Fetal Center, in which an absorbable gelatin sponge, used as a chorioamnion ‘plug’, was placed at the conclusion of the intervention as a possible prophylactic measure to prevent PPROM. We excluded cases that had a failure of plug placement and those in which it was not attempted. PPROM was defined as rupture of membranes before 34 weeks' gestation. A comparison was performed between the PPROM group and a no‐PPROM group to determine risk factors and outcomes.

Results

Successful plug placement occurred in 79 of 84 cases (94%) in which it was attempted after laser surgery, with a rate of PPROM of 34% in these patients. PPROM occurred at an average gestational age of 26.5 ± 3.6 weeks, with an average procedure‐to‐PPROM interval of 5.2 ± 3.5 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences between the PPROM group and the no‐PPROM group in maternal demographics or preoperative parameters including: amniotic fluid volumes in the recipient twin's gestational sac, volume of amnioreduction, and location of the placenta. The procedure‐to‐delivery interval for the total cohort (n = 79) was 9.2 ± 4.7 weeks, without a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.08). However, after exclusion of one PPROM outlier, the PPROM group had an average procedure‐to‐delivery time 2 weeks shorter than the group with no PPROM (P = 0.03). The live birth rates were similar in the PPROM and no‐PPROM groups, at 77 and 73%, respectively. However, the average recipient's weight in the PPROM group was significantly lower than in the no‐PPROM group (1321 ± 493 vs. 1705 ± 576 g; P = 0.02).

Conclusion

The rate of PPROM and the mean gestational age at delivery in pregnancies in which an absorbable gelatin sponge was used as a sealant of the fetoscopic port following laser photocoagulation for TTTS were comparable to those that have been reported by other laser centers where membrane sealants were not used. A randomized controlled trial should be considered to evaluate the effect of chorioamnion plugging. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial least squares regression and projection on latent structure regression (PLS Regression)
Authors: Abdi Hervé
Published: January 2010

Partial least squares (PLS) regression (a.k.a. projection on latent structures) is a recent technique that combines features from and generalizes principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression. Its goal is to predict a set of dependent variables from a set of independent variables or predictors. This prediction is achieved by extracting from the predictors a set of orthogonal factors called latent variables which have the best predictive power. These latent variables can be used to create displays akin to PCA displays. The quality of the prediction obtained from a PLS regression model is evaluated with cross‐validation techniques such as the bootstrap and jackknife. There are two main variants of PLS regression: The most common one separates the roles of dependent and independent variables; the second one—used mostly to analyze brain imaging data—gives the same roles to dependent and independent variables. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Linear Models

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Least Squares
Beamlets
Authors: Huo Xiaoming
Published: January 2010

Beamlets are a data structure for analyzing linear or curvilinear features in two‐dimensional spaces. Beamlets are a collection of dyadically organized line segments, taking a range of positions, orientations, and having various lengths. The key advantage of such a data structure is that it forms a multiscale framework for linear and curvilinear features. This data structure enables new methods in statistical modeling, statistic estimation, denoising, data reduction, coding, and compression. The new methods are both computationally efficient and theoretically optimal. The derived methods are particularly suitable for large‐sized datasets (e.g., images with high resolution). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Signal and Image Processing and Coding
Information measures
Authors: Soofi Ehsan S. , Zhao Huimin , Nazareth Derek L.
Published: January 2010

This article presents an overview of the concept of information about random outcomes and measures that quantify information provided by probability distributions. We also provide a few examples and illustrate applications of the information measures in a computationally intensive context, namely cluster analysis. Information measures for the multivariate normal, Cauchy, and Pareto distributions are presented. Three clustering algorithms are proposed. The algorithms are used to cluster variables and observations in a data set. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Information Theoretic Methods
Simulating boreal forest dynamics from perspectives of ecophysiology, resource availability, and climate change
Authors: Ise Takeshi , Moorcroft Paul R.
Published: January 2010

Boreal forests are under strong influences from climate change, and alterations in forest dynamics will have significant impacts on global climate‐biosphere feedback as well as local to regional conservation and resource management. To understand the mechanisms of forest dynamics and to assess the fate of boreal forests, simulation studies should be based on plant ecophysiological responses onto environmental conditions. In central Canadian boreal forests, local geomorphology created by past glacial activities often generates a mosaic of very distinctive forest types. On sandy hilltop of a glacial till, due to limitations in moisture availability and short fire return intervals, drought‐tolerant and fire‐adapted jack pine usually becomes the dominant species. On mesic and nutrient‐rich slopes, fast‐growing and resource‐demanding trembling aspen forms mixed forests with coniferous species. In bottomland, black spruce, slowly growing but tolerant species, is often the only species that can survive to the adult stage. These three very distinctive forest types often occur within a scale of 10 m. Simulation models of boreal forests should be able to reproduce this heterogeneity in forest structure and composition as an emergent property of plant ecophysiological responses to varying environmental properties. In this study, a process‐based forest dynamics model, ecosystem demography model version 1.0, is used to mechanically reproduce the landscape heterogeneity due to edaphic variations. First, boreal tree species of northern Manitoba, Canada, are parameterized according to field observations, and, to explicitly capture interactions among tree saplings, allometric equations based on diameter at height of 0.15 m, instead of the conventional breast height of 1.37 m, is parameterized. Then, soil moisture regime and nutrient concentrations are statistically incorporated from a dataset. The resultant simulation successfully reproduces the distinctive forest dynamics influenced by the edaphic heterogeneity. The sequences of succession and the trajectories of forest development are generally consistent with the field observations. The differences in resource availability are the essential control on equilibrium values of total forest leaf area index. Next, to show the effect of anthropogenic atmospheric changes, changes in temperature and CO2 concentrations are studied by a set of factorial experiments. The magnitude of CO2 fertilization is largely affected by soil fertility. The temperature rise will increase the length of growing season, but can have a negative impact on forest growth by increasing aridity and autotrophic respiration. Overall, the boreal forest responses to climate change are complex due to the inherent edaphic variations and ecophysiological responses.
Elaborating a simpler theory of anchoring
Authors: Frederick Shane , Kahneman Daniel , Mochon Daniel
Published: January 2010

Within the classic anchoring paradigm, in which respondents are forced to consider provided numbers as possible responses to a target judgment, Wegener et al. (2008) proposed that cognitive load affects the psychological mechanism by which these anchors influence judgments. We propose, instead, that level of cognitive resources does not fundamentally affect how anchoring works, but only whether respondents can access other considerations that bear on the target judgment. Though we share the authors' view that environmental circumstances can influence the relative contribution of associative and deliberative inputs in judgments, we contend that cognitive load primarily affects the types of information that respondents consider, not the manner by which a focal element is processed.
Long-term follow up after bony mastoid and epitympanic obliteration: radiological findings
Authors: Vercruysse J-P , De Foer B , Somers T , Casselman J , Offeciers E
Published: January 2010

Objective:

The canal wall up bony obliteration technique lowers the incidence of recurrent cholesteatoma, but carries the potential risk of obliterating residual cholesteatoma. The objective of this study was to report long-term follow-up radiological findings after performing a canal wall up bony obliteration technique procedure, in order to detect residual and/or recurrent cholesteatoma.

Patients:

Fifty-one patients presenting with a cholesteatoma or a troublesome cavity were operated upon using the canal wall up bony obliteration technique, and were evaluated by follow-up imaging a mean of 76.4 months post-operatively (range, 53.8–113.6 months).

Intervention:

All patients were evaluated with high resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (including delayed contrast, T1-weighted imaging and non-echo-planar, diffusion-weighted imaging).

Results:

Imaging revealed the presence of one residual, one recurrent and one congenital petrosal apex cholesteatoma. On high resolution computed tomography, completely obliterated mastoid filled with bone was observed in 74.5 per cent (38/51) of patients, and an aerated middle-ear cavity in 64.7 per cent (33/51). High resolution computed tomography clearly detected any associated soft tissue present in the middle-ear cavity (18/51) and in the obliterated mastoids (13/51), but could not characterise this tissue. Non-echo-planar, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging clearly identified all three cholesteatomas, and differentiated them from other associated soft tissues. No cholesteatoma was found within the obliterated mastoids.

Conclusion:

Long-term follow up indicated that the canal wall up bony obliteration technique is a safe method with which to treat primary and recurrent cholesteatoma and to reconstruct unstable cavities. Soft tissue was found quite often in the middle ear and obliterated mastoids. High resolution computed tomography identified its presence but could not further characterise it. However, non-echo-planar, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging succeeded in differentiating soft tissues, enabling detection of residual or recurrent cholesteatoma after a canal wall up bony obliteration technique procedure.
Therapeutic ultrasound as treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis: preliminary observations
Authors: Young D , Morton R , Bartley J
Published: January 2010

Background:

Bacterial biofilms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. In the laboratory setting, ultrasound is effective in disrupting such biofilms; however, few clinical studies have evaluated the role of therapeutic ultrasound in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objective:

This study was performed to investigate the short-term effectiveness of therapeutic ultrasound as a treatment modality for chronic rhinosinusitis.

Methods:

Twenty-two patients with a positive history of chronic rhinosinusitis, according to the criteria set out by the Rhinosinusitis Task Force, together with a previous computed tomography scan compatible with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis, and who had failed previous, aggressive medical management, were treated with therapeutic pulsed ultrasound at 1 MHz two to three days per week for six sessions. Patients completed an assessment of individual sinus symptom severity and the 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test questionnaire before treatment, prior to session four and after completion of session six.

Results:

Two patients were unable to complete the study protocol. After completion of session six, 18 patients had experienced improvement in symptoms, while two patients noted a worsening of symptoms. Median percentage improvement of the total overall symptom score was 16.7 per cent (Wilcoxon signed rank,p < 0.001). The 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test score improved by 34.1 per cent (Wilcoxon signed rank,p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated a significant improvement in chronic rhinosinusitis symptoms after a six-session course of pulsed ultrasound therapy. Treatment with ultrasound alone or combined with antibiotics may provide a strategy to target biofilms on the sinus mucosa. Therapeutic ultrasound warrants further investigation as a potential treatment modality for chronic rhinosinusitis.
Notes on Kimakonde
Authors: Johnson Frederick
Published: January 2010

Panipawa wanu waniwhena kunyitu kulumbata, waniwhena kukodya ihato ilele. Pawakomwele wala wanu palele ihato, aniwakamula kuwamila. Wawele kukaya wanilolela nanga pawaheleke ndulu. Uliamba waniuka kuwila wanu wanji mpaka ukula, kukodya kuwila ihato ilele, ikawakamula wanu wala kuwamila wohewohe, pakaya pao wanihila na kuwamila ihato. Bahi, ihiyalile mkongwe umo, mkongwe yula awele na chitumbo. Bahi mkongwe yula aniweleka mwana mnume. Mwana yula na mkuhuma m'chiturabo aniudya kuchi “Mjomba awele kwachi?” Kuuka anyokwe kuchi “Akapali, aniliwa”. Aniudya kuwila kuchi “aliwidye kwachi?” Kuchi “Kunyitu”. Bahi mwana yula aniwahaulila anyokwe kuchi “Nembele munu awhene kunyitu akawalala changa aide nacho”. Anyokwe waniwhena kunembela munu, wakamwona waninyaulila kuchi “Whena ukalembela changa wide nacho”. Munu yula aniwhena panyitu anilembela changa anichoona aniwalala mpaka kukaya kuwhena nacho. Kunamupa mwana yula. Mwana atedono “Wino wawula mapatila wake nguwike kumutwe”. Waniwawula wakamika kumutwe. Pawamikile kumutwe mwana atongwedono “Wino ndembela chipula chikulungwa mning'e”. Wanilembela kumupa. Atwete mpatila wa changa kuwala kumutwe na chipula makono, aniwahaulila anyokwe kuchi “Ngupapata, tuwhene ngulangule indila iwapite wanu”. Waniuka anyokwe na wanji wanu kunangula indila. Waniwhena munyitu maduwa matatu, liduwa lya mcheche wawhena kadiki uwino wawene muyo mele nyongo mkulungwa, ihato ilele. Wanu kuchi watile, aniwalimbidya kuchi “Mnatukute” Wann wala wanikala pahi. Apite mwene mwana yula kulongolela. Aniwhena kuimila ihato nainang'o kula iniimila. Mwana yula kutwala chipula chake kuyakula makono. Wino apilikene ihato kuchi “Wepo mwana, we lapa kachi, mwawene kwachi chinu panyitu kudiuka mwa liyanga ngungungungu?” Kuka mwana nawing'e kuchi “Wepo ihato, lapa, kachi rawawene kwachi mwana namkuwelekwa dihuli mutwe mbee?”. Kuka ihato kuchi “Wepo mwana'we lapa! kachi mwawene kwachi chinu panyitu kudiuka mwa liyanga ngungungungu?”. Kuka mwana kuchi “Wepo ihato lapa! kachi mwawene kwachi mwana namkuwelekwa dihuli mutwe mbee?” Bahi wanitahukana akauka mwana kumkamula ihato yula kutwala chipula chake akanjinja ihato. Ihato upala inihwa. Akatumbula munda, bahi, wohe wanu wachimila wala wakahuma wohewohe pia wakahuma. Kuleka wauya mpaka kukaya wanu wohe wakalinowela pakuholoka alongawao. Wakatwala bola munu mtumwa kumupa mwana yula kuleka wakadenga luwungo.
Studies in Semitic Kinship
Authors: Seligman Brenda Z.
Published: January 2010

The material upon which this paper is based is in the first instance taken from the Relationship systems and customs of a Sudan Arab tribe (the Kababish) and of the Beni Amer, a Hamitic tribe whom I have been able to study myself in the Sudan by means of the genealogical method. Miss Moss kindly collected a list of relationship terms in Malta for me, which I have used. The rest of the material has been taken from dictionaries, and although I am fully aware of the inadequacy of material culled from dictionaries, yet in this case the method is inevitable. Full investigation into the relationship system and social organizations of the Amharic-speaking Abyssinians would be of the greatest value, and a complete examination of the Maltese terms would also be of interest. I have had much help from friends, though they are in no case responsible for my conclusions. Chief among these is Professor S. Langdon, who has given me much information. I am also indebted to Dr. Hall, Professor Zammit, Dr. Czermak, and Mr. S. H. Ray for references.
The Marsden Mss. and Indian Mission Bibliography
Authors: Hosten H.
Published: January 2010

In 1910 I published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, August number, pp. 437–61, under the title of “The Marsden MSS. in the British Museum”, some notes by W. Rees Philipps and H. Beveridge on some remarkable treasures once in the Jesuit Archives of Goa and now in the British Museum. These MSS., comprising ten volumes (Add. MSS. 9852–61), contain original letters by the Jesuit Missionaries in India and the farther East, addressed mostly to the Provincial of Goa, before the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1757 by the Marquess de Pombal. Some of the documents refer, however, to Cochin and Southern India, these portions of the mission field having belonged to Goa till the beginning of the sixteenth century.
A Note on the Pronunciation of Hausa
Authors: James A. Lloyd , Bargery G. P.
Published: January 2010

The following remarks on the pronunciation of Hausa are the result of observations extending over a period of two months made by the writers upon the speech of some of the Hausa-speaking natives employed at the Wembley Exhibition.
A Gujarātī-English Vocabulary
Authors: Doderet W.
Published: January 2010

This vocabulary of over 800 words has been compiled with a view to supplying some omissions in Belsare's Dictionary, published in 1895. Belsare based his work on the valuable Narmakoṣa of the poet Narmadāśankara, of date 1873. The Gujarātī language has in the latter half of the past and in the present century been enriched by the addition of many Sanskṛt tatsamas, and of Persian or Arabic words. On the one hand, eminent modern poets such as Govardhanarāma and Narsinharao, and present century dramatists such as Dolatrāma Kṛparāma Paṇḍya (a Sanskṛt purist), are responsible for the use of many tatsamas. On the other hand, the advance of science and the more intimate acquaintance with the writings of English authors and poets have necessitated recourse to the classical language for expressing abstract ideas and terms, in which the vernacular is clearly deficient. This must be the excuse for introducing so many tatsamas into this vocabulary. It is unavailing nowadays to reject some as “pressed into service to gratify the vanity of a writer”, which is the reason why Belsare omits them. Yet it is not apparent why he excluded the oft-recurring word (blue lotus), while he inserts the rarer (desirous of salvation).
Christian and JewishWaqfin Palestine during the late Ottoman period
Authors: Shaham Ron
Published: January 2010

This article deals with Palestinian Christians and Jews who availed themselves of the Muslim pious endowment institution (waqf, pi.awqāf) during the late Ottoman period. In Judaism and Christianity we find pious endowment institutions: the Jewish ‘Hekdesh’ and the Christian ‘Piae Causae’. In both religions there exists an ancient tradition of endowments for purposes which are quite similar to those of thewaqf. In spite of this, Christians and Jews in Muslim territories availed themselves of thewaqffrom the Middle Ages until the end of the Ottoman state. This is an example of the use by minorities of the majority's legal system.
Tangut verbal agreement and the patient category in Tibeto-Burman
Authors: Driem George Van
Published: January 2010

Tangut is the dead Tibeto-Burman language of the Buddhist empire of Xīxià, which was destroyed in 1227 by the Golden Horde of the Mongol warlord Temuüjin, more commonly known as Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227). The Tangut empire was established in 1032 and comprised the modern Chinese provinces of Gānsù, Shānxī and Níngxià, extending from the Yellow River in the east to Kökö Nōr (Chinese:Qīnghăi Hù) in the west. The northern frontier of the Xīxià empire skirted the city of Qumul (Chinese:Hāmì), the river Edzin Gol (Chinese:Ruò Shuĭ), the Hèlán hills and the Yellow River. In the south, the empire extended down into the present-day province of Sichuān. The Xīxià capital was situated in what is now the city of Yinchuān (formerly Níngxiàfŭ) on the left bank of the Yellow River.
Generation-sets: stability and change, with special reference to Toposa and Turkana societies
Authors: Müller-Dempf Harald K.
Published: January 2010

Generation- and age-set systems are found in many parts of the world. They are of particular importance in Africa, and especially in East Africa where some ethnic groups operate socio-political and cultural systems in which generation-sets play a dominant role. Ethnographic descriptions of generation-set systems abound, but their theoretical understanding seems still to be inadequate. With examples from the Toposa and Turkana, this paper aims to contribute to the theory of generation-set systems. Moreover, the processes described and the ideas expressed may also contribute to the general theory of socio-political and cultural systems.
Three singular treatises from Yemeni manuscripts
Authors: Langermann Y. Tzvi
Published: January 2010

I should like to discuss briefly three Arabic treatises that are quite different from one another with regard to content, authorship, and provenance. They do, however, share one interesting feature. Each one survives in just two manuscript copies, both in a Yemeni hand, the one in Arabic script, the other also in the Arabic language but written in Hebrew characters. The circumstances of their survival are instructive concerning the intellectual histories of both Jews and Muslims in the Yemen, and especially with regard to the relationships that obtained between these two communities. We may also add that none of these treatises, each of which is of some interest to its respective field, has been the subject of even a cursory study.
The Chinese Madhyamaka practice ofp'an-chiao: the case of Chi-Tsang
Authors: Liu Ming-Wood
Published: January 2010

Because of the growing interest in Buddhist hermeneutics in recent years, the subject ofp'an-chiao(classification of teachings) has lately attracted increasing attention in the West.P'an-chiaois essentially an attempt to distinguish and to integrate various trends of Buddhist thought, various systems of Buddhist praxis and various kinds of Buddhist texts, with a view to highlighting their individual characteristics and to reconciling their apparent disparities. Different Chinese Buddhist schools, each with its own particular idea of the essence of the Buddha Dharma, naturally consider the significance of the heterogeneous elements of their spiritual heritage differently. Hence, examining and comparing theirp'an-chiaotheories is a convenient and reliable way to assess their doctrinal positions and to determine the respective places of their teachings in the bewildering labyrinth of Buddhist dogmatics. This article is an attempt to bring out the basic orientation and special concerns of Chi-tsang's(549–623) thought as reflected in his opinions about a number of central Buddhist sūtras and their interrelation. Chi-tsang, as is well-known, was the pivotal figure in the revival of Chinese Madhyamaka in the late sixth century, and it was the common consensus that his teaching represented the apex of the development of Madhyamaka thought in China.
An unidentified Christian-Palestinian-Aramaic fragment in the Taylor-Schechter Collection: Isaiah 36: 16–37:4
Authors: Müller-Kessler Christa
Published: January 2010

Among the Taylor-Schechter Collection in the University Library Cambridge there are still Christian-Palestinian-Aramaic (CPA) fragments which have yet to be identified. One such fragment, T-S 12.742, was published for the first time in 1900 by A. Lewis and M. Gibson, though scarcely any of the text had been read.2 Like all the other CPA fragments of earlier date, T-S 12.742 is a vellum palimpsest, and has a small part of another page attached to it (see plates). The CPA script underneath the Hebrew square letters is very faint and consists of two unheaded columns of 24 lines each on both sides of the fragment. It is one of the most difficult CPA palimpsests to decipher.
Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī: from Benares to Braj
Authors: Brzezinski J. K.
Published: January 2010

Over the past several centuries, the town of Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh has celebrated the loves of the pastoral god Kṛṣṇa and his beloved Rādhā. Numerous saints and devotional authors have contributed to the rich cultural heritage of this Hindu holy land, all doing much to strengthen its position as a centre for one of the most important streams of religious feeling in India. However, despite the theological claims of universal liberation from mundane preoccupations said to result from such religious feeling, the Vaiṣṇavism of Vrindavan shows the same susceptibility to human rivalry that can be detected in other religious movements. This rivalry takes the form of controversies which have not yet been entirely resolved. In this article and another which follows it, I undertake to address a triad of such controversies, well aware that the matters are still sensitive ones for both the parties involved: the Rādhāvallabhī followers of Hita Harivaṃśa, and the Gauḍīyas, followers of Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The chief matter contested by these devotees is the authorship of a book well-loved by both sects: theRādhārasasudhānidhi(RRSN), ascribed to Hita Harivaṃśa by his followers in the Rādhāvallabhī tradition and to Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī by the Gauḍīyas. Before treating this question, however, one is obliged to confront two others: one concerns the identity of Prabodhānanda, the second that of Hita Harivaṃśa's relation to the Gauḍīya school. Both of these personalities are claimed by each of the sects to have, at one time or another, accepted allegiance to their own group.
Pelliot Tibétain no. 997: The inventory of Yu-lim gstsug-lag-khang
Authors: Richardson Hugh
Published: January 2010

Pelliot Tibétain (Pell. T.) no. 997, in Choix de Documents Tibétains, Biblioth`que Nationale (Paris, 1978), concerns the inventory of the property of Yu-lim gtsug-lag-khang in the Kva-cu district on Tibet's north-east frontier with China. It is in two parts. The first gives instructions for the revising of the existing inventory which had apparently suffered from some laxity in the past; the second is the fragmentary and somewhat damaged list of the subjects, cattle, crops and movable property, domestic and agricultural, of the lha-ris—the monastic estate. Sadly, it does not include the images, religious vessels, ornaments, etc. of the chapel.
Grammatical Shift for Rhetorical Purposes: Iltifāt and Related Features in the Qur'ān
Authors: Haleem M. A. S. Abdel
Published: January 2010

In a study which has been described as pioneering, Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, Theodor Nöldeke ‘discussed in detail the “Stylistische und syntaktische Eigentümlichkeiten der Sprache des Korans” (pp. 5–23) thereby collecting together everything that had occurred to him in this respect during his protracted and intensive study of the Holy Book of the Muslims.’ Among the examples Nöldeke discusses (pp. 13–14) are Q. 7 (not 77 which is clearly a misprint in his text): 55, 27:61; 35:27, 6:99, 20:55, 10:23, etc. where there is a sudden shift in the pronoun of the speaker or the person spoken about, known as iltifāt in balāgha (Arabic rhetoric), though Nöldeke does not refer to the term here. Introducing his discussion of this feature, Nöldeke remarks that ‘the grammatical persons change from time to time in the Qur'ān in an unusual and not beautiful way (nicht schöner Weise)’ (p. 13). This is a personal value judgement. Arab writers, in contrast see the matter differently. Ibn al-Athīr, for instance, after studying this stylistic feature, as we shall see below, classed it among the ‘remarkable things and exquisite subtleties we have found in the Glorious Qur'ān.’ It will be seen that the examples Nöldeke cites immediately following the statement quoted above do not occur haphazardly in the Qur'ān but follow a pattern. Examination of where exactly the shift occurs and why, will show how effective the technique is in these examples and why Muslim literary critics and exegetes greatly admire iltifāt and its related features. Nöldeke further remarks (p. 14) that in a few places the second and third person plural are exchanged abruptly: 30:38, 49:7, 10:23. Here again it will be seen that the changes are made according to an effective pattern and that the frequency of occurrences of this type is much greater than is indicated by Nöldeke.
The three faces of the Arabic participle in Negev Bedouin dialects: continuous, resultative, and evidential
Authors: Henkin Roni
Published: January 2010

The category of participle (P) usually includes at least two distinct paradigms. The terms for these vary, as it is not easy to determine the often language-specific nature of the opposition encoded in them. Temporal- ‘aspectual’ terminology is widely applied, giving present or ‘imperfect’ or progressive Ps as opposed to past, preterite, or ‘perfect’ Ps. An alternative popular opposition in many a linguistic tradition is of active vs. passive Ps. To avoid commitment to any of these nomenclatures, I use neutral formal terms: PI and P2.

In order to establish the place of P in the verbal system of a given language, the relevant verbal-syntactic categories of that particular system must first be isolated. For this, I define the following components of indicative verbal systems in non-aspectual languages.
French mercenaries in the Habsburg-Ottoman war of 1593–1606: the desertion of the Papa garrison to the Ottomans in 1600
Authors: Finkel C. F.
Published: January 2010

The period from the late sixteenth century has been characterized in Ottoman historiography as one of fundamental change in the composition of the army. One of the features of this change was the gradual replacement of the tīmār-based cavalry force, to whom were awarded benefices in return for military service, by provincial levies able to use muskets (tüfenk), often hired only for the duration of a single campaign. Although the extent to which such changes were directly prompted by the supposedly superior technology which the Ottomans encountered when fighting the Habsburgs on their western borders remains open to further research, that there was a radical transformation which relied on the greatly increased use of firearms is beyond doubt.
Mon–Aslian contacts
Authors: Bauer Christian
Published: January 2010

In an article concerning the prehistory of Kelantan G. Benjamin provided an etymology for the toponym ‘Lebir’ as deriving from the Old Mon [OM] word for ‘sea, river’, OM Iḅir, Iḅīr, modern Mon LM ḅś, SM /бi/. He went on to say that there is evidence to assume early Malay–Mon contacts; in fact, it was only by the twelfth century A.D. that a language-shift at the expense of Mon occurred in an area of what is today southern Thailand and northern Malaysia. By implication this might also mean that there were contacts between groups speaking Aslian languages and Mon.

In support of his hypothesis Benjamin referred to epigraphic evidence, in particular to Mon inscriptions from southern Thailand as the earliest written in any vernacular. In fact, there are only two inscriptions, previously claimed to be written in Mon, Nś. 2, discovered in 1971, from Nakhorn Sri Thammarat [Ligor] and Nś. 3 from the same area. The Thai Government's Fine Arts Department [FAD] dates Nś. 2 to the later half of the thirteenth century A.D., at a time when Benjamin assumes the language-shift Mon > Malay/Thai in the peninsula to have already taken place. But the difficulty is not only how to reconcile the comparatively late date—based on palaeographical grounds—with Benjamin's chronological framework; the inscription is largely illegible and classed by the FAD in its most recent publication as written in ‘Old Mon and Old Burmese’. The other inscription which the FAD has interpreted as Old Mon is Nś. 3/RIS XXVII, dated by Cœdès to the sixth century. But Cœdès himself was unable to determine the language of this one line inscription, and it cannot be ascribed to Old Mon.
The Bamboo Annals revisited: problems of method in using the Chronicle as a source for the chronology of early Zhou, Part I
Authors: Pankenier David W.
Published: January 2010

The challenge of establishing the chronology of the early Zhou dynasty, especially the date of the Zhou Conquest of Shang, periodically arouses the intense interest of scholars. Down the centuries interest in the general problem has revived whenever advances in calendrical, astronomical, or textual knowledge seemed to offer the promise of a breakthrough. Extraordinary efforts have repeatedly been brought to bear, but until quite recently little progress was achieved in verifying benchmarks prior to 841 B.C., a date already regarded as secure in the time of Sima Qian toward the end of the second century B.C.
About the phonetic value of the Middle Korean grapheme Δ
Authors: Vovin Alexander
Published: January 2010

The problem concerning the phonetic value of the Middle Korean (MK) Grapheme Δ is one of the most troublesome in the study of Korean historical phonology. There are several hypotheses about the phonetic value of this grapheme, its phonemic status, and origin.

The most widespread and more or less generally accepted theory proposes that MK Δ was a voiced fricative [z] which appeared as the result of the lenition of phoneme /s/ in the intervocalic and post-sonorant positions, since Δ is found in these positions in the overwhelming majority of cases (Yi Kimun 1987, 30) and (Ramsey, 1978: 33). Thus, this point of view denies the phonemic status of Δ, representing it as an allophone of /s/.
The development of the exalted function of the possessive construction in Classical Japanese
Authors: Takeuchi Lone
Published: January 2010

The system of Japanese interpersonally marked linguistic elements (keigo) encodes interpersonal relations between the addresser, the referent of the grammatical subject and the indirect object, as well as the addressee. Basically, the distinction is between a reference axis and an address axis. The reference axis expresses assessment of the status of the subject vis-à-vis the addresser of the communication, and when relevant, also of the indirect object vis-à-vis the subject (and addresser). Expressions of the former relation are termed subject honorifics or exalted forms, those of the latter relation object honorifics or humble forms.

By and large, the verb is the core constitutent of interpersonally marked expressions. To use an example from Classical Japanese (CJ) which is slightly more complicated than Modern Japanese, but more relevant to the following discussion,uramu‘to bear a grudge’ is a plain, i.e. interpersonally unmarked, form. As such it can be used in reference to the action of the addresser, the addressee, or a third person, whenever the status of the persons involved is equal and the speech situation informal. By contrast,urami tamafuis an exalted form expressing the addresser's consideration of the exalted status of the subject, be it the addressee or a third person. Morphologically, urami tamafu is a combination of a head verb with the auxiliary verbtamafu‘to deign’.
The Proto-Tibeto-Burman verbal agreement system
Authors: van Driem George
Published: January 2010

Since the appearance of Stuart N. Wolfenden's monumentalOutlines of Tibeto-Burman linguistic morphologyin 1929, attention has increasingly focused not only on derivational processes in Tibeto-Burman, but also on the flexional morphology of conjugations and declensions. The first systematic comparison of Tibeto-Burman conjugational and pronominal morphology was James John Bauman's elaboratePronouns and pronominal morphology in Tibeto-Burmanin 1975. Bauman put to rest any lingering doubts that the conjugations of Tibeto-Burman languages could be attributed to an Austro- Asiatic substrate, and he adduced a vast body of data demonstrating the nativeness and antiquity of conjugational morphology in Tibeto-Burman. Verbal agreement in Tibeto-Burman has traditionally been known by Hodgson's term ‘pronominalization’, based on the assumption that conjugational affixes ultimately derive from ancient independent pronouns. Bauman demonstrated that the conjugational systems of Tibeto-Burman languages, and therefore any ancient pronominal system they may reflect, are more conservative than the independent pronominal systems attested in individual languages. Based on a comparison of these conjugations, Bauman (1975: 195, 237, 247) proposed the prototypical Tibeto-Burman agreement system shown in tables 1 and 2.
The reconstruction of Mandalay Palace: an interim report on aspects of design
Authors: Moore Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

When King Mindon (reigned 1853–78) transferred his court to Mandalay and began to build his palace there in 1857, many parts of the teak buildings were brought from the old capital of Amarapura. In the hundred years before that, the palace had already been disassembled and moved from Ava to Amarapura and back again before King Shwebo Min finally reassembled the royal buildings at Amarapura in 1837. Each time, complex wood structures covered with gilt carvings were taken apart and transported to the new royal centre. When it was re-erected, embellishments were added, and the whole refurbished with new paint and gilding.
Aśoka and the BuddhistSamgha: a study of Aśoka's Schism Edict and Minor Rock Edict I
Authors: Tieken Herman
Published: January 2010

In the legendary accounts of the Buddhist canon concerning the growth and development of Theravaāa Buddhism (Norman, 1987) Aśoka plays an important role. In support of these legends modern scholars have quoted Aśoka's own so-called Schism Edict from Allahabad (Kauśāmbī), Sanchi and Sarnath, in which the emperor would claim to have acted against schisms in the Buddhist Church (e.g. Alsdorf, 1959). However, Bechert has convincingly shown that in this edict Aśoka is not concerned with schisms in the Buddhist Church but with divisions within local, individualsaṃghas (Bechert, 1961; 1982). It should immediately be added that this does not imply a denigration of Aśoka's importance for Buddhism but merely brings his role into line with contemporary realities. At the time the level of organization in Buddhism did not go beyond that of the individualsaṃgha. It is all the more important to identify exactly the details of Aśoka's interference in thesaṃgha. However, it is precisely here that problems start, as several passages in the text of the Schism Edict, an important source on this topic, are still unclear. By way of example I refer toposathāyein the Sarnath version, which has been variously interpreted as a dative of direction and a dative of time. The difference would be whether Aśoka's official should gototheuposathaceremony or should go to thesaṃgha on the uposathaday.
A literary stylistic analysis of a poem by the Somali poet Axmed Ismaciil Diiriye ‘Qaasim’
Authors: Orwin Martin
Published: January 2010

This article presents a stylistic analysis of a poem which we shall call Macaan iyo Qadhaadh, ‘Sweet and bitter’ by the Somali poet Axmed Ismaciil Diiriye ‘Qaasim’. It will show ways in which the language has been crafted syntactically, metrically, alliteratively and in other ways so as to contribute to the power and meaning of the poem as a whole. A stylistics-based approach has been followed looking at the actual language structures and stylistic devices used in the poem and ideas are proposed on their contribution to the meaning and power of the poem. Cureton (1992) has been influential in the way grouping of lines has been dealt with and in how prolongation in the poem has been presented and discussed.
Mpu Panuluh's puzzlingPanakawans: do clown-servants feature in the Old Javanesekakawin Gaṭotkacâsraya?
Authors: Wieringa Edwin
Published: January 2010

The motto of this article, taken from a novel by Rushdie (1995: 3), briefly summarizes its theme. The ‘traveller’ I wish to discuss is the love story of Abimanyu and Ksiti (or Modern Javanese Siti) Sundari. The earliest account of this story seems to be the Old Javanesekakawin Gaoṭkacâsraya(‘Gaṭotkaca's help’), said to be composed bympuPanuluh in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century (Zoetmulder, 1974: 277). But how the story travelled and what mouths it ended up in! In 1990, for instance, Kamal Z. recorded his performance of the Javanese pop song ‘Siti Sundari’, composed by himself, in which he sang the following lines:
Two Aramaic legal documents
Authors: Kwasman T.
Published: January 2010

The Aramaic clay tablets presented here are legal documents with Neo-Assyrian formularies. These texts are important as they attest to an Akkadian legal tradition and its adaptation to an Aramaic context. The fact that the writing material is clay is exceptional since one would expect an Aramaic document to be written on parchment or papyrus. Published examples of Aramaic documents on clay are relatively uncommon although more are surfacing.
The internal classification of the Malayic subgroup
Authors: Adelaar K. Alexander
Published: January 2010

My This paper is a critical evaluation of B. Nothofer's definition of ‘Malayic’ (§1). It also discusses his classification of Iban (or ‘Sea Dayak’) as a separate primary branch in the Malayic language group, and his analysis of some aspects of Iban phonological history (§ 2).

The Malayic language group consists of (literary, standard) Malay and all dialects and languages that are sufficiently close to Malay in order to form an exclusive subgroup with it within the Austronesian language family. In 1985 I finished a PhD thesis which is a phonological, lexical and morphological reconstruction of Proto-Malayic, the hypothetical stock-language of the Malayic subgroup. The reconstruction is made on the basis of six members of the Malayic subgroup, viz. Malay, Minangkabau, Banjarese, Middle Malay (Seraway variant) Iban and Jakartanese. In August 1986 the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka in Kuala Lumpur organized the International Workshop on the History of Malay, the contributions to which were published in 1988 (Mohd. Thani Ahmad and Zaini Mohamed Zain, 1988). Nothofer's paper treated the various views on the definition of the Malayic subgroup (Nothofer, 1988). Concerning my 1985 study, Nothofer made the following criticisms: definition of ‘Malayic’ is different from that of previous scholars and I do not explain in which way it differs. More particularly, my definition differs from that of Blust (1981), who also includes the Chamic languages of Vietnam and Rejang.
Fragments of magic, medicine, and mythology from Nimrud
Authors: Geller M. J.
Published: January 2010

A new volume of literary texts from Nimrud has been in gestation for a very long time. Tablets were first found in Max Mallowan's excavations at Nimrud in 1949, with many more tablets found in subsequent seasons. In 1963 the decision was made to publish all the literary tablets from the Nabû Temple in hand copy, and this effort has finally culminated in the form of Literary texts from the Nabû temple, edited by J. A. Black and D. J. Wiseman (Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 4, 1998). As is so often the case with the publication of new literary texts, these copies often solve many problems and create just as many new ones for editors of texts; many of the copies could benefit from collation. Furthermore, the catalogue describing the tablets is extremely sparse, and much more could have been done by the editors to identify the tablets and note published duplicates. Nevertheless, the volume makes a valuable contribution to the field of Assyriology by publishing a large number of literary texts in cuneiform copy.