bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF HERBAL MEDICINE (JAMU) FRAGMENTATION PATTERNS CONFIRMED ACETAMINOPHEN BY USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROSCOPY (LCMS)
Authors: Taupik Muhammad , Nurrohwinta Djuwarno Endah , Mustapa Moh. Adam , Handoyo Sahumena Muhamad
Published: January 2022

In the last twenty years, many of jamu or herbal medicine were adulterated with chemical drugs. One of the chemical drugs that is commonly added to herbal medicine is acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is generally considered as an analgesic-antipyretic drug. The sample of this study consisted of 6 samples of jamu or herbal medicine with different brands. Qualitative analysis was conducted by TLC method using the mobile phase n-hexane: ethyl acetate (1:1), it was obtained three positive samples containing acetaminophen, namely sample D, E, and F. The three positive samples containing acetaminophen were calculated using the LCMS method. Quantitative analysis was conducted with LCMS using a reversed-phase with a mobile phase of acetonitrile: water (15%>: 85%> v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min and an injection volume of 5 gL, it was obtained the levels of acetaminophen in sample D as much as 0.16 g/2 g of sample, in sample E of 0.63 g/7 g of sample, and in sample F of 0.56 g/7 g of sample. Although the content of acetaminophen in herbal medicine is relatively small, but according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of Indonesia No. 007 of 2012, traditional medicine or herbal medicine should not contain synthetic chemicals.
Ancient Near Eastern Treaty Traditions and Biblical Covenants: Recent Surveys
Authors: Morrow William S.
Published: January 2022

Three recent books survey ancient Near Eastern treaty texts and discuss their relevance to biblical covenants. Kitchen and Lawrence present the most extensive anthology now available. Altman tends to concentrate on Hittite diplomacy, while Charpin highlights evidence from Old Babylonian city-states. Taken together, they demonstrate that biblical scholars should bear in mind the flexibility of these political instruments when making comparisons to ancient Israel’s covenantal traditions.
The Pagan Program of the Early Slavic Art: Man and Animals
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Zhilina Natalya
Published: January 2022

On the base of stylistic and iconographic analysis of the early Slavic pagan artwork, it is possible to see that programs for their creation can be some realistic, semantic, semiotic, decorative agendas behind it. In reality, these types of programs were combined. Realistic works are unknown, but they are mentioned in written sources. Idols most fully embody the semantic program, depicting the unfolding scheme of the world, showing the role of gods and the place of people and demons in it. Cover plates and templates with images of people, animals and synthetic creatures formed both semantic and semiotic compositions with a tendency to ornamentalism, used together and separately. With symbols and signs, they reflected the connection between gods, people and animals, the possibility of their mutual transformations, reflected by rituals. Compositions of these images could be connected with pagan sanctuaries and rituals. Fibulae, items of military equipment, belt sets carry either more decorative compositions (palmate fibulae), or more semiotic ones (fibulae with a ribbon border, anthropozoomorphic fibulae, belt sets corresponding to these types of fibulae). Signs are included in the systems of symbols and meanings that exist outside of things, but they inscribe things precisely there, into the culture and picture of the world of Slavic paganism, where the gods are anthropomorphic, where man conquers animals and other enemies. The sign of anthropomorphism is placed in the center.
Stone Art Feline Images of Medieval Abkhazia (based on recent artifacts found during Markul expedition)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Trebeleva Galina , Sakania Suram ,   Abkhaz Institute for Humanitarian Research of the Academy of Sciences of Abkhazia, Lobkovskii Vasilii ,   Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kizilov Andrei ,   Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

Two items with feline images were found in 2019 in the course of works at the Markul settlement: the first was a bas-relief depicting the paws of a leopard on a slab discovered during excavations at the Dalniy Tower of the Markul settlement, and the second was a drawing of a lion’s figure on a stone which was found in the area of the Jal-Akuaskia temple. The authors offer for scientific discussion these recent discoveries and highlight the two major tendencies in use of the classical image of the lion in the Christian Art of Abkhazia. The first tendency is the replacement of lion with leopard, which is found on a slab from the excavations of the Markul settlement and on the LashkendarTemple in the Tkvarchal region; the second tendency is a continued tradition of depicting the “Fierce Beast” on the bronze axes of the Kobano-Colchis culture. To validate these tendencies, the analysis involves the available images of felines on stone in archaeological finds in Abkhazia and Sochi, Abkhazian toponymy and linguistic data, a review of features of the fauna and climate of the Abkhaz region.
“Persian” and “Roman” Dogs in Medieval China
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kudinova Maria
Published: January 2022

Historical and literary works and archaeological materials (such as pottery figurines, tomb murals and reliefs, paintings etc.) recorded the spread of foreign dog breeds in the territory of China since the period of the Northern dynasties and their highest popularity among Chinese upper class during Tang epoch. At the present time there is information about two breeds — “Persian” dogs and “Roman” dogs. “Persian” dogs (Bosi gou, Bosi quan) were the hunting dogs with a thin elongated body, long legs, short-haired, probably, related to Saluki. “Roman” dogs (Fulin gou, Fulin quan) were miniature dogs with short body and legs, long-haired, black and white spotted, probably, originated from Maltese dogs. They performed a decorative function and served as companions of women and children. Apparently, originally both “Persian” and “Roman” dogs were imported into China along the Silk Road via Sogdian city-states of Central Asia and the states of Western Regions (Xiyu). Later, the breeding of these dogs started in China in order to meet the demand for the prestigious home pets among the Chinese elite.
Not by Bread Alone: meat and fish in the diet of residents of Kyiv Podil under Yaroslav the Wise
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Khamaiko Natalia , Kublii Mykhailo ,   National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Gorobets Leonid ,   The National Museum of Natural History at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Yanish Yevheniia ,   I. I. Schmalhausen Zoology Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of the investigation of diet features of the Kyiv Podil population in the first half of the 11th century, based on archaeozoological analysis. The study of meat and fish diet in a separate chronological layer includes the animal bones from the well-stratified cultural horizon 14 at the Spaskyi excavation site, dated back to 1020—1040s years. Archaeological finds from this horizon reflect both the northern and southern vectors of cultural connections. The inhabitants of discovered here estates ate quite varied and actively consumed meat. Among other food, they preferred beef and pork, buying most of the meat in the market, and the cows were kept for milk in the household. Small ruminants principally raised for their milk, meat, and wool were eaten less often. Chickens were also rarely eaten; they were bought, and not bred at home. Finds of eggs from the horizon 14 used for food were not chicken eggs, but goose eggs. Occasionally the diet was enriched with horses, wild-hunted animals, and large fish, incl. Acipenseridae. Dogs were a rare and unusual part of the diet.
The Importance of Fish for the Population of the Russian Siberian City of Tara at the End of the 16th—19th Centuries
Authors:   Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tataurov Sergey
Published: January 2022

The foundation of the first Russian cities in Western Siberia at the end of the 16 th century was fraught with many difficulties, a key one being a food security system that had to be created in the shortest possible time. Food supplied from the European part of Russia came with long delays and was not enough to provide for the entire population. In the conditions of the impossibility of rapid development of arable land and the formation of its own bread base, the use of local food resources on the basis of hunting and fishing came to the fore. For the city of Tara, the local water bodies — the IrtyshRiver and its tributaries and oxbow lakes — became a source of food. The materials obtained in the course of many years of archaeological research in the historical center of the city have provided data on the species and age composition of the fish caught. Archaeological collections contain ample evidence of the use of various fishing tackles, from collective nets and dragnets to individual fishing rods and spears. All this allowed to get a general idea of the importance of fish for the population of the city during the three centuries of its history, to show the main methods and labor costs of fishing, and the role of fish in the formation of the Siberian market.
Burials with Horses at the Necropolis of the Sambian-Natangian Culture of the Early Middle Ages and Anthropological Data
Authors:   National Center for Scientific Research, UMR–8167 “East and Mediterranean”, Kazanski Michel , Mastykova Anna ,   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

This paper compares the results of anthropological research and information about the burial of horses in the burial grounds of the Sambian-Natangian civilisation (Dolkeim-Kovrovo culture). The inclusion of anthropological analysis data from the cemeteries of Mitino and Zaostrovye-1 shows that for the Merovingian period and the beginning of the Viking period, the connection of horse burials exclusively with male graves is not certain. Horse burials are accompanied here by male, female and children’s burials. Presence of a horse in the burials of Sambian-Natangian culture was undoubtedly a social marker, and Roman period was associated primarily with military funerary rituals. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the custom of burying a horse was “democratized” and widely used. However, presence of horses in burials continues to play the role of a social indicator, but now it is not the presence of the horse that is indicative, but their number.
Burials with Whole Horse Skeletons in the Tiszántúl and Eastern European Steppe Region in the 6th —7th centuries AD
Authors:   Eötvös Loránd University, Gulyás Bence , Lőrinczy Gábor , Strokov Anton ,   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

After 567, a certain nomad group of Eastern European origin arrived to the CarpathianBasin with the Avars and occupied the territory east to the TisaRiver. This population differs from the Inner Asian Avars by their burial customs whose best analogies can be found among the contemporary nomads of the steppe region of Eastern Europe, called Sivashovka group. The main aim of this article is a special rite of the two regions: burials with whole horse skeletons. This element of the burial rite was treated as a foreign influence — Avaric or Turkic. This study proves that this element was well embedded in the structures of the funerary rite in both regions. Additionally, there are similarities, which show that both populations get acquainted with this custom at the same time. We can state that the difference between the burials with horse hides and the burials with whole skeletons is based on social, rather than ethnic grounds.
Buried in the Elk and Reindeer Hides in the Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages in Northern Europe: an Ethno-Archaeological Aspect
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Mykhailova Nataliia , Kirkinen Tuija ,   University of Helsinki, Mannermaa Kristiina ,   University of Helsinki
Published: January 2022

Archaeological evidence of the use of animal hides in burials have recently become known in the Late Iron Age and the Middle Ages (800—1300 AD) in Finland and Karelia (Russia). The purpose of the article is to interpret the ritual of wrapping the dead in hides of Eurasian elk and reindeer. For the first time, the authors use a combination of innovative methods of archaeozoological analysis to study the remains of fur, and the method of ethnoarchaeological reconstruction to study the burial rite. Wrapping bodies in hides of wild animals is a widespread long-term tradition, which was practiced in Northern Europe by the Stone Age hunters. This funerary rite was supposed to ensure the “transformation” of a person into an ancestor animal. Reminiscences of hunting religious beliefs were preserved in the ideology of Northern Europe after the transition to agriculture.
Elite Burial of the Golden Horde Era in the Samara Volga Region: Man, Horses and Ritual Complex
Authors:   Samara Museum for History and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Stashenkov Dmitriy , Kochkina Anna ,   Samara Museum for History and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Turetskiy Mikhail ,   Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Gazimzyanov Ilgizar ,   Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Gasilin Viatcheslav ,   Institute for Ecology of Plants and Animals, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khokhlov Alexander ,   Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education
Published: January 2022

The article presents some preliminary results of a comprehensive study of a unique archaeological site of the Golden Horde time — a single burial mound Svetloe Pole III, excavated in the Samara region in 2020. In the only burial, despite the destruction, extraordinary objects have been preserved: a massive (gilded) bronze belt overlay with the image of a dragon, a horn pommel depicting a bird of prey gnawing at a large bird — possibly a bustard; gold earrings and stripes into clothes, coins, iron arrowheads (some of them gilded), etc. The sub-kurgan area was surrounded by a wooden ring structure 15 m in diameter, on the eastern side of which there was a sacrificial complex with 14 skulls of horses without lower jaws. The anthropological study showed that the buried man, 50—60 years old, of the Mongoloid anthropological type, had numerous pathologies. Interesting paleozoological observations were made when analyzing bone remains of the animals found not only on the sacrificial site, but also in the filling of the mound.
Ramparts or Walls: on the Question of the Reconstruction of Defensive Structures of the Large Fortified Settlement near Shepetovka
Authors:   Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mikhailov Kirill , Peskova Anna ,   Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

The first detailed description of the defensive structures of the Large Fortified Settlement near Shepetovka (Khmelnytsky region, Ukraine) at the end of the 12th — first half of the 13th century was published in 2009 (Peskova 2009). A new and more detailed study of the field documentation of the expedition carried out at the present time made it possible to clarify some details of both the layout of the remnants of the fortifications and their construction, and to propose a new version of the reconstruction of the inner ring of the multi-row fortifications of the settlement.
Metal Products of the Bolshiye Kuchugury Hillfort (stray finds of 1950—1970s)
Authors:   Zaporizhzhe National University, Elnikov Mikhail
Published: January 2022

The author analyzes metal products found at the hillfort of Bolshiye Kuchugury in 1950—1970 as stray finds. Among them, of interest are a few iron tools for woodworking and agriculture, a mortar and a bracelet with benevolent inscriptions, a gold ring, and a silver ingot-sauma. The analysis of the cultural and chronological attribution of the discoveries showed that their dating doesn’t go beyond the second half of the 14th — first quarter of the 15th century. The latter doesn’t agree with the view of a number of researchers, according to which the hillfort of Bolshiye Kuchugury (Ordu city) existed until the middle — third quarter of the 15th century. Trade development of population of the hillfort of Bolshiye Kuchugury is indicated by the discoveries of silver ingots-sauma. Products similar to the ones from “Kuchugury” were distributed across large territories of the Golden Horde. Absence of such discoveries at synchronous monuments in the Lower Dnieper region may indicate that their appearance in the region was not the result of trade links. Some of the products find direct analogies among the sites in the Volga region (Bulgar ulus) and moved along with the population of the Mamay Horde.
Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum L.) in the Traditional Culture of the Contact Zones of the Adriatic and Ionian Coasts in the Balkans
Authors:   Peter The Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novik Alexander , Domosiletskaya Marina ,   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

The paper deals with the special status of broom in the Balkans and its practice in different contact areas of the peninsula. It is a symbolic plant on the Adriatic coast of Croatia (Zadar), with a sacred status for the local Albanians (Arbënesh). It plays an extremely great role as a ritual plant during the celebration of Holy Virgin from Loreto. That’s what separates Arbnesh from their neighbor Croatians, who take it only for pragmatic use — weaving and manufacturing rough textile. On the Ionic coast (in Labёria, Albania) broom is used for weaving and spinning of coarse fabric. But ideal local conditions helped the Albanians to produce specific thin broom fabric. And finally, in the Albanian-Greek contact zone of Himara which is situated in the best enabling climate environment, there is lack of serious attention to broom — its role is quite insignificant. The authors analyze the mechanisms of the introduction of the plant, which is important for the traditions, into the cultural codes of the Balkan peoples, consider all local Balkan phytonyms, which makes it possible to interpret anthropological facts through linguistic material. The research is based on long-term field observations conducted in 2008—2019, as well as on the analysis of ethnological, folklore and historical materials. The historical approach makes it possible to reveal the fundamental laws of the genesis of cultural memory and the evolution of ethnic identity.
Ad memoriam Tatiana F. Ryaboy
Authors:   Pridnestrovian State University named after T. G. Shevchenko, Telnov Nikolai
Published: January 2022

Ad Memoriam
Natural Conditions and Adaptation to them in the Medieval Population of Forest-Steppes
Authors:   N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vasilyev Sergey , Puzanova Tatyana ,   M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Borutskaya Svetlana ,   M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Starodubtsev Gennadiy ,   Kursk State Regional Museum of Archaeology, Kurbanova Fatima ,   M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Zorin Alexandr ,   Kursk State Regional Museum of Archeology, Rudenko Olga ,   Orel State University named after I. S. Turgenev
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of research on the reconstruction of natural and climatic conditions and human adaptation to them. In order to identify the stages of the evolution of the natural environment of the forest-steppe zone (Kursk region) in the Middle Ages, buried sub-kurgan soils and bone remains in the Gochevo burial mound were analyzed. Spore-pollen, anthropological and isotope analyzes were carried out on soil and bone samples. Bioclimatic fluctuations of the natural environment were established based on the reconstruction of paleolandscapes (soils, vegetation) and associated changes in socio-cultural factors (changes in paleo-diet, anthropological characteristics).
DIGITAL SPIRITUALITY: PELUANG SEKALIGUS TANTANGAN GEREJA KONTEMPORER
Authors: Bonde Imbran Batelemba
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT This article is an initial investigation into the increasingly popular digitalspirituality. Taking Theovlogy, Ignite GKI, and Unicult as examples, thisarticle aims to show that the practice of spirituality is increasinglydeveloping and adapting. Simultaneously, it also reconsiders the termspirituality itself which cannot be taken in a narrow sense. In the end,digital spirituality is inevitable, the church must be ready and adaptable,as well as prepare a liturgy that is friendly in the public sphere. Keywords: Spirituality, online, chrurch, digital.
PROSELIT PADA MASA PERJANJIAN LAMA SAMPAI PERJANJIAN BARU
Authors: Sariyanto Sariyanto , Chandra Adi
Published: January 2022

Dalam Agama Yahudi terdapat peraturan penting yang mensyaratkankepada para penganut dari non Yahudi atau orang kafir yang hendakmasuk menjadi penganut agama Yahudi. Ketentuan atau persyaratanyang harus dipenuhi para penganut dari kalangan non Yahuditersebut dikenal dengan istilah proselit. Paling tidak terdapat tigaperyaratan yang harus dilakukan, yaitu: orang tersebut harusmengikuti baptisan (mivkah), sunat bagi laki-laki dewasa, danmemberikan korban persembahan. Proselit terdapat dua macam,yaitu: pertama disebut ger tzedek, yang artinya proselit benar, atauproselit kebenaran. Istilah ini disematkan kepada penganut nonYahudi yang secara penuh mengikuti doktrin Yudaisme, dan dianggapsebagai anggota penuh. Kedua disebut dengan istilah ger toshav ataugate proselyte, artinya proselit terbatas, atau proselit gerbang. Dalamhal ini bila seseorang yang tinggal di tanah Israel dan mengikutibeberapa kebiasaan Yahudi, namun tidak diharuskan untuk disunatatau pun mematuhi aturan yang ditentukan agama Yahudi. Hanyamereka diharuskan mengikuti hukum yang terdapat di dalam hukumNuh. Proselit ini telah menarik banyak orang non Yahudi sejak daripembuangan, atau pun pada masa intertestamental sampai padamasa Perjanjian Baru. Dalam penelitian ini, maka peneliti menggunakan metode pustakadengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Dalam penelitian ini mengkajisecara mendalam mengenai makna proselit, pengaruh, misi, danperkembangannya di dalam Yudaisme. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa para cendekiawan Yahudi, dengan aktif meramu kehidupankeagamaan mereka dengan baik sehingga menjadi daya tarik bagiorang non Yahudi, demikian pula mereka memiliki misi yang kuatuntuk melakukan proselit. Daya tarik dari keagamaan Yahudi terutamaadalah karena mereka sebagai penyembah monoteisme, memilikiTaurat, cara hidup yang saleh bagi pemeluknya, dan para pengajaryang secara aktif mengajarkan Taurat, dan tradisi kehidupankeagamaan mereka. Kata kunci: intertestamental, proselit, Yudaisme, baptisan, sunat,hukum Taurat.
SUMBANGSIH TEOLOGI PENTATEUKH DALAM SEJARAH KESELAMATAN BAGI PERTUMBUHAN IMAN ORANG KRISTEN MASA KINI
Authors: Sunarko Andreas Sese
Published: January 2022

Keselamatan merupakan salah satu pokok ajaran yang terus diajarkan oleh para tokoh agama  kepada umatnya, karena keselamatan merupakan tujuan akhir dari kehidupan seseorang.  Tiap agama memiliki konsep keselamatan yang diyakini tentang sumber keselamatan dan cara mendapatkannya.  Dalam iman Kristen hal ini  didokumentasikan dalam kitab Perjanjian Lama dan Perjanjian Baru yang mendapatkan bentuknya dalam sebuah desain besar yaitu Sejarah Suci Keselamatan yang diinisiasi oleh Allah sejak peristiwa kejatuhan Adam dan Hawa dalam dosa yang nanti puncaknya terwujud dalam korban Kristus di atas kayu salib.  Melalui artikel ini penulis akan membatasi pembahasan dengan memaparkan tentang sumbangsih teologi Pentateukh dalam sejarah keselamatan yang harapannya sumbangsih ini mendatangkan dampak bagi pertumbuhan orang Kristen masa kini.  Penulis akan memakai metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan literatur, dimulai dengan memahami definisi Pentateukh, kemudian menganalisa makna dan hakikat teologi Pentateukh yang ada kaitannya dengan keselamatan.  Dari pembahasan ini penulis pada akhirnya menemukan sebuah kesimpulan adanya sumbangsih dari teologi Pentateukh yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan terhadap pertumbuhan iman orang Kristen masa kini. Kata-kata kunci : Pentateukh, teologi, keselamatan, sejarah suci, pertumbuhan iman.
Ancaman Teori-teori yang Menyimpang Tentang Penebusan Dalam Kehidupan Orang Kristen
Authors: Hwe Li Ja
Published: January 2022

Abstrak: Penebusan dan karya Tuhan Yesus Kristus merupakan peristiwa penting dalam kekristenan. Allah dalam wujud Yesus Kristus menyediakan keselamatan bagi umat manusia yang telah jatuh dalam dosa. Allah menyediakan keselamatan melalui pengorbanan Yesus Kristus di kayu salib sehingga Dia menjadi Penebus umat manusia. Teori ini adalah teori yang benar tentang penebusan. Tidak mungkin lebih dari dua teori tentang penebusan. Namun, sejak gereja abad mul-mula telah muncul teori-teori yang menyimpang tentang penebusan. Teori-teori ini bersifat subjektif dan dapat menjadi ancaman bagi orang Kristen sehingga mempengaruhi iman dan relasi orang Kristen dengan Tuhan. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah untuk menjelaskan karya penebusan Kristus, analisa terhadap teori-teori yang menyimpang tentang penebusan, dan sikap orang Kristen menghadapi ajaran yang menyimpang tentang penebusan. Melalui studi pustaka akan dikemukakan pemahaman tentang karya penebusan Kristus sehingga orang Kristen akan memiliki sikap yang benar, mewaspadai ajaran-ajaran yang menyimpang tentang penebusan sehingga akan menolak ajaran yang tidak sesuai dengan Firman Allah.Kata-kata kunci:  teori menyimpang, penebusan, orang Kristen
Implikasi Kepemimpinan Yesus Bagi Pemimpin Kristen Millenial Berdasarkan Markus 10:43-45
Authors: Darmanto Yogi , Siswanto Krido
Published: January 2022

Discussing about leadership means expressing the ways or strategies used by a leader in leading an organization.  The leader is the most influential individual in an organization that is entrusted to bring an organization to a goal or vision that will be achieved in some time during his / her tenure / service.  The Lord Jesus has shown His example in leading.  But in reality, many Christian leaders pay less attention to the pattern of leadership that Jesus taught.  In this scientific work, the writer discovers that there are three things that exist in Jesus regarding leadership in Mark 10: 43-45.  Among them, namely, leaders must serve for others, leaders must be like servants, and leaders must be fully dedicated in service. Berdiskusi mengenai kepemimpinan berarti mengemukakan tentang cara-cara atau strategi yang digunakan oleh seorang pemimpin dalam memimpin suatu organisasi. Pemimpin ialah seorang individu yang paling berpengaruh dalam suatu organisasi yang ada yang dipercayakan untuk membawa suatu organisasi tersebut kepada sebuah sasaran atau visi yang akan dicapai dalam beberapa waktu selama masa jabatan/pelayanannya. Tuhan Yesus telah menunjukan teladan-Nya dalam memimpin. Namun dalam kenyataannya, banyak pemimpin Kristen kurang memperhatikan bagaimana pola kepemimpinan yang Yesus ajarkan. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, penulis menemukan ada tiga hal yang ada dalam diri Yesus mengenai kepemimpinan dalam Markus 10:43-45. Diantaranya yaitu, pemimpin harus melayani bagi sesama, pemimpin harus seperti seorang hamba, dan pemimpin harus berdedikasi penuh dalam pelayanan.
Kepemimpinan Multistaf Menurut Keluaran 18:13-27 Dan Implikasinya Bagi Pemimpin Gereja Masa Kini
Authors: Agung Wulan
Published: January 2022

Leadership is an important aspect of the organization. If leadership is less effective it will have an impact on organizational development. Therefore we need to think about the concept of leadership. The Bible shows that there is a concept of leadership that works effectively. To discuss this concept, the authors conducted an analysis of Exodus 18: 13-27, the writer looked at it as a biblical concept for multistaff leadership. From the results of the literature analysis of Exodus 18: 13-27, it is found that the concept of multistaff leadership represents leadership centered between the main leaders and the leaders below them to overcome the issues that arise. In a multistaff leadership system the recruitment of prospective leaders who have the qualifications desired by God, then gives approval and division of responsibilities. This leadership model is still very relevant for church leaders today.Kepemimpinan merupakan aspek penting dalam sebuah organisasi. Jika kepemimpinan kurang efektif akan berdampak para perkembangan organisasi. Oleh sebab itu perlu sebuah gagasan konsep kepemimpinan. Alkitab menunjukkan bahwa ada konsep kepemimpinan yang berjalan efektif. Untuk meneliti konsep tersebut, penulis melakukan analisis terhadap Keluaran 18:13-27 penulis pandang sebagai konsep alkitabiah untuk kepemimpinan multistaf. Dari hasil analisis literatur terhadap Keluaran 18:13-27 ditemukan konsep bahwa kepemimpinan multistaf merupakan kepemimpinan yang berpusat pada kerjasama antara pemimpin utama dan pemimpin yang ada dibawahnya untuk mengatasi perkara-perkara yang muncul. Dalam system kepemimpinan multistaf perekrutan calon pemimpin yang memiliki kualifikasi yang dikehendaki Allah, kemudian memberikan pengajaran dan pembagian tanggung jawab. Model kepemimpinan tersebut masih sangat relevan bagi pemimpin gereja masa kini.
Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Partisipasi Lansia dalam Kegiatan Perekonomian
Authors: Darmiati Darmiati , Akbar K. Fredy , Hasrina Hasrina
Published: January 2022

Every human will certainly experience what is called old age. Throughout the world the elderly (aged 60) grow rapidly and even faster than other age groups. In this case health and age factors are also one that results in a shortage of the elderly in meeting their needs, since the age factor in general is a state of psychological decline and physical decline. This is in contrast with the elderly who are also required to meet the needs of daily life. Economic problems make up a vital discussion among communities especially in the elderly, a multitude of factors, both that should allow the elderly to take part in increasing their own economy or, in turn, that must the elderly to sit at home quietly because of problems between health and other conditions. We have therefore decided to pursue research to see how the economic development of older people understudy the variables which give to economic liberalization. The research method we use on this study is a quantitative study method with sample withdrawal techniques conducted on a chance in which each sample is entitled to be asked a questionnaire, the results from the questionnaires we get are then analyzed and from the overall result it states that the number of liability is the dominant factor of the four variables of old leaders who take part in their economies.
Permasalahan Gizi Lanjut Usia
Authors: Nuhaliza Nuhaliza , Ambo Hamsah Idawati , Arfan Farmin
Published: January 2022

Based on the ministry of Health or the ministry of health (2019), indonesia is starting to enter a period of anging populaation, where there is an increase in life expectancy followed by an increase in the number of elderly people. In indonesia , there is an increase in the number of elderly people from 18 milion people ( 7.56%) in 2010, to 25.9 milion people (9.7%) in 2019, and can be expected to cantinue to increase where in 2035 to 48.2 milion people (15,77%). This studay aims to add insight and deepen knowledge, especially in the field , of elderly nutrition and can examine the extent to which the theory excamine the extent to which the theory obatained and its application in people’s lives in sidodadi village, the method in this study is an observational analytic study using a cross sectional approach. Cross sectional appreach is a type of research that emphasizes the measurement time or data observstion at a time. (Ringer, 2015) based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the number of respondents with female gender is 13 people (56.5%) and the number of men is less than 10 people (43.4%).
ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN PENGGUNAAN METODE PENYUSUTAN AKTIVA TETAP BERDASARKAN KEBIJAKAN AKUNTANSI DAN PAJAK PADA PROFITABILITAS PT. WIJAYA KARYA (PERSERO) TBK.
Authors: Rini Puspa
Published: January 2022

There are differences in the provisions according to the statement of Financial accounting standards with the provisions of the Constitution on which regulates the management of fixed assets to determine the amount of depreciation load of fixed assets so that the profit can be achieved by the company of different methods and provisions and can be known to the ability level of the company in generating profitability. This research was conducted to understand the difference in the use of depreciation methods in fixed assets according to accounting and tax policies in creating company profitability. Based on research that has been carried out depreciation expense based on greater accounting policy compared to depreciation load using depreciation method based on tax policy. Resulting in a different profit. This results in a profitability ratio that fluctuates each of its periods.
ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK WIRAUSAHA DAN KOMPETENSI KEWIRAUSAHAAN SEBAGAI PENENTU KINERJA USAHA KECIL MENENGAH DI PERKAMPUNGAN WISATA BUDAYA BETAWI SETU BABAKAN JAKARTA
Authors: Hasibuan Ahmad Nurdin , Rembey Tagor , Andriyanty Reny
Published: January 2022

This study aims to analyze the influence of entrepreneurial characteristics, business adaptation, and management competence on the business performance of Setu Babakan SMEs in South Jakarta. The data gathered from food and beverage small business holder. The analysis have analyzed by structural equation model. The research resulted that all exogenous latent variables are significantly influence the endogenous latent variable.
The PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK DAN PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN PT. KELOLA PRINTING JAKARTA TIMUR
Authors: Aras Marsadi
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

          This research aims to determine the influence of product quality and work service on customer satisfaction, simultaneously and partially. The object of research is consumers of PT. Kelola Printing Jakarta Timur. The number of respondents was 83. The data collection technique uses random sampling.

          This study uses quantitative method by first establishing the concept in the variables based on the relevant theory. Furthermore, the data collection technique used a questionnaire. The survey method is used in the sampling process from a predetermined population.

          Based on the results of analysis, it is known that the variable of product quality and work service quality have an effect on customer satisfaction simultaneously. The F table value is 104, 237 with a significance of 0.00. The product quality and service quality variables influence the consumer satisfaction by 72.3%, while the rest is influenced by other variables not analyzed or not included in the model.

          The product quality variable significantly influences consumer satisfaction, based on the value of t-count of 12.719 and a significance value of 0.000. the product quality variable influences consumer satisfaction by 64.7%, the rest is influenced by other variables.

            The service quality variable significantly influences the satisfaction, because the value of t-count is 7.383 and the significance value is 0.000. The service quality variable influences the consumer satisfaction by 40.2%, while the rest is influenced by other variables
DAMPAK KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL DAN MODAL INTELEKTUAL PADA PRODUKTIVITAS BELAJAR ONLINE/DARING PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 MAHASISWA INSTITUT BISNIS DAN INFORMATIKA KOSGORO 1957
Authors: Asrarudin Asrarudin Udin , Dewi Dyah Utami
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif yang tujuannya untuk mengetahui dampak kecerdasan emosional dan modal intelektual terhadap produktivitas belajar online pada masa pandemi Covid-19 mahasiswa IBI-K57. Metode penentuan sampel adalah proportionate stratified sampling dan rumus Slovin untuk menentukan jumlah sampel/responden. Berdasarkan output rumus Slovin, jumlah sampel sebanyak 95 responden dari populasi sebanyak 2.080. Berdasarkan output pengolahan data dengan menggunakan SmartPLS mengungkapkan bahwa kecerdasan emosional berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap produktivitas belajar pada masa pandemi Covid-19 mahasiswa IBI-K57. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin baik kecerdasan emosional semakin tinggi produktivitas belajar mahasiswa IBI-K57; koefisien parameter jalur pengaruh modal intelektual terhadap produktivitas belajar mengindikasikan bahwa modal intelektual berpengaruh positif namun tidak signifikan terhadap produktivitas belajar di masa pandemi Covid-19 mahasiswa IBI-K57. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa modal intelektual memiliki pengaruh positif tetapi tidak berdampak terhadap produktivitas belajar di masa pandemi Covid-19 mahasiswa IBI-K57. Dengan kata lain, modal intelektual tidak memberikan pengaruh berarti terhadap produktivitas belajar di masa pandemi Covid-19 mahasiswa IBI-K57.
STRATEGI PROMOSI ONLINE INSTAGRAM DAN STRATEGI HARGA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MINAT BELI JASA PENERBANGAN AIR ASIA RUTE JAKARTA - SINGAPURA
Authors: Aras Marsadi , Hasibuan Ahmad Nurdin , Fatihah Suci , Rambe Delila
Published: January 2022

This study aims to analyze the effect of promotional strategies using social media and price strategies with the interest in buying airline services on the Jakarta-Singapore route of AirAsia. This study applies a survey by taking samples directly to the population. This research uses a causality design, to analyze the influence of the Instagram online promotion variable and the price strategy to increase buying interest, through hypothesis testing. Respondents were determined by non-probability technique with purposive judgment sampling method. The results showed that the promotion strategy through Instagram social media had a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. A positive t value indicates that the promotion variable through Instagram social media has an effect that is directly proportional to purchase intention. pricing strategy has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. A positive t value indicates that the price variable has an effect that is directly proportional to purchase intention. Promotion through Instagram social media and price strategy simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention.

Instagram Online Promotion Strategy, Price Strategy, Purchase Intention
CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC TOLERANT BACTERIAL STRAINS FROM THE ELECTROPLATING EFFLUENT CONTAMINATED SOIL
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Syed Ammal Arts and Science College, Ramanathapuram- 623 513, Tamil Nadu, M Ranjithkumar , P Sathya ,   Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University, Dindigul-624 302, Tamil Nadu, PU Mahalingam ,   Department of Biology, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University, Dindigul-624 302, Tamil Nadu
Published: January 2022

Toxic heavy metal pollution is expanding throughout the world as a result of industrial progress. This work focuses on the characterization of zinc tolerant bacterial strains from an electroplating effluent polluted soil sample in order to minimize/control metal pollution. pH, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chloride, Sodium, Calcium, Potassium, Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand were all measured and evaluated in the zinc-containing electroplating effluent sample. The sixteen bacterial strains were isolated from a polluted soil sample with electroplating effluent and identified using morphological and biochemical features. Using nutritional agar medium enriched with zinc metal, all of the chosen strains were evaluated for metal tolerance. Only six bacterial strains were chosen as potential metal tolerant strains based on the screening study, and these strains were characterized under various environmental conditions such as different pH (pH 5, pH 7, and pH 9), different temperatures (5°C, 28°C, 37°C, and 45°C), and different metal concentrations (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm and 400ppm). Pseudomonas sp strain 1 was shown to be a better zinc resistant organism, according to the findings
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 15, No. 1
Authors: Sun Sherry
Published: January 2022

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2022
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS SUP-PORTING BUSINESS DECISIONS IN AN ORGAN-IZATION - A MODEL OF DISTINCTION AND ITS VERIFICATION AGAINST THE CRITERIA OF EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Pałys Marcin , Pałys Andrzej
Published: January 2022

Systems supporting business decisions play an important role in gaining a competitive advantage in enterprises. The current state of their development is the result of the evolution of IT solutions taking place over the last 70 years. This evolution was multi-threaded and heterogeneous, and the analysis of its course provides valuable information for the development of tools also today. The aim of the article is to distinguish the various stages of changes in the scope of decision support systems and to highlight the most important criteria allowing for their distinction. The article is structured as follows. In the first part, the authors present the discussed issue and the methodology adopted in the study, then, based on a literature query, distinguish five stages of the development of decision support systems and present their characteristics. Based on the extended Wiig model, an assessment of stages against six criteria is presented. In the last part, the authors present the results in numerical form and draw generalized conclusions.
BEHAVIOURS OF GEN ZERS’ REPRESENATIVES ON SOCIAL MEDIA AS A BASIS FOR BUILDING ENTERPRISE-CUSTOMER RELATIONS
Authors: Korombel Anna , Ławińska Olga
Published: January 2022

Building relationships with Generation Z on social media is becoming a challenge for present-day enterprises. The aim of the paper is to indicate the features of the activity of the representatives of generation Z in social media that enable the company to build relationships in order to achieve benefits.The study of Generation Z behaviour towards brands on social media is part of broader research conducted by the authors among students in Poland and Great Britain in 2020. The method used in the study was a survey, as part of which the CATI surveying technique was used. For analysis of the study material, descriptive statistics measures were used. The findings show which social networking portals are most often used by respondents of Generation Z, what benefits they then expect and what actions they perform most often when communicating with businesses on social media. Additionally, the strength of the relationships between the analysed variables and the respondent's gender was verified.
What Are We Really Estimating in Forensic Anthropological Practice, Population Affinity or Ancestry?
Authors: Spradley Kate , Jantz Richard
Published: January 2022

While American forensic anthropologists often state that they estimate ancestry, is that what they are really estimating? Although typological terminology, the oids, was replaced with continental terminology, the change was linguistic rather than substantive. The American population is comprised largely of immigrants. Genetic data suggests a high degree of admixture within American population groups. Further, data from documented skeletal collections suggest that Americans have undergone secular changes. Our paper addresses the uniqueness of the American population as compared to ancestral continental and geographic origin groups to address what it is that forensic anthropologists are really estimating, ancestry or something else? We conclude, based on uniqueness of American population groups, that what forensic anthropologists are estimating is best described as affinity, a term that indicates similarity and is not exclusively attached to definitions of race and ethnicity.
Investigating Power Relations in Open Source Software Ecosystems
Authors: Farias Victor Garcia , Santos Rodrigo , Wiese Igor , Serebrenik Alexander , Constantinou Eleni
Published: January 2022

Context: Relationships within open-source software ecosystems (OSSECO) emerge from collaborations within an ecosystem. Power relations are present in this context whenever an entity has the power of making other entities act as it wants them to act. Therefore, these power relations could affect collaboration within an OSSECO. Objective: This research aims at investigating power relations and providing an understanding of them in OSSECO. A conceptual model will be refined and will represent the power relations and their dynamics. Method: A systematic mapping study was conducted to gather knowledge about power relations from previous studies, and a survey research, considering this knowledge, was conducted with randomly selected npm OSSECO community members to evaluate that knowledge. Next, interviews with selected ecosystem community members will be conducted to identify the types of power relations and their dynamics within an OSSECO. Based on the results from the previous phases, a conceptual model to represent power relations and their dynamics in OSSECO will be refined. Results: The literature review and the survey research with the npm OSSECO community show that, as expected, power relations are present and affect relationships and interactions within an OSSECO. Hierarchy and financial rewards seem to be related to the power relations within the OSSECO. Implications: Identifying power relations that might be present within an OSSECO would enable those who study or are members of the ecosystem's community to understand previous movements and predict future decisions based on the power relations present in their OSSECO.
Avaliação empírica da geração automatizada de testes de software sob a perspectiva de Test Smells
Authors: Virgínio Tássio Guerreiro Antunes , Machado Ivan
Published: January 2022

O teste de software é uma atividade-chave para o desenvolvimento de software de qualidade, sendo tão ou mais custoso do que o desenvolvimento do código de produção. De modo a reduzir os custos de projetos de software, o uso de ferramentas de geração automatizada de testes, tais como Randoop e Evosuite tem sido fortemente encorajado. No entanto, é necessário obter evidências sobre como o uso dessas ferramentas afeta a qualidade dos testes. Neste sentido, o presente estudo apresenta uma avaliação empírica da qualidade de testes gerados automaticamente, sob a perspectiva de test smells. O estudo contemplou o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta open source de coleta e análise automatizada de test smells, a JNose Test, no desenvolvimento da ferramenta foi realizado estudo utilizando 11 projetos open source para verificar a relação entre test smells e a cobertura dos testes, e posteriormente no segundo estudo que avaliou a qualidade de testes gerados automaticamente para 21 projetos open source. No primeiro estudo encontramos relações fortes entre métricas de cobertura e test smells, e no segundo estudo os resultados indicam uma alta difusão dos test smells e co-ocorrências entre diferentes tipos de test smells nos projetos avaliados. Além disso, foi identificada uma alta difusão de test smells nos códigos de teste gerados pelas ferramentas Evosuite e Randoop que, frequentemente, estão correlacionados.