bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assyrian royal discourse between local and imperial traditions at the Hābūr
Authors: Pongratz-Leisten Beate
Published: March 2013

Il est difficile d’enquêter sur le discours idéologique accompagnant l’expansion assyrienne vers l’ouest durant la seconde moitié du IIe millénaire, car il n’y a pas encore de commun accord des spécialistes de l’histoire politique sur l’étendue de l’influence exercée par Assur dans cette région. Par ailleurs, la documentation s’est accrue ces dernières années avec la découverte de sites dans les vallées du Balih, du Habur ou de l’Euphrate. Dans cette contribution, l’auteur s’intéresse à l’émergence d’un discours royal médio-assyrien dans deux domaines : 1) quel fut l’impact de l’influence culturelle assyro-hourrite sur les pratiques religieuses des Assyriens et 2) l’image homogène que reflètent les inscriptions royales assyriennes correspond-elle à une réalité historique ? Il semble à l’auteur que le degré d’assyrianisation que nous constatons grâce aux standards bureaucratiques et que l’on observe au 13 e siècle depuis Tell Ali/Atmannu sur la rive gauche du Petit Zab jusqu’à Tell Šēḫ Ḥamad/Dūr Katlimmu sur le Habur ne peut pas servir à mesurer l’intensité de l’influence exercée par les stratégies culturelles préexistantes des élites culturelles et religieuses du Hanigalbat, soit la région entre Euphrate et Habur incluant la région du Haut-Tigre. L’architecture monumentale, l’art et les inscriptions officielles produites par ces élites des régions de l’ouest montrent, d’un autre côté, la fascination exercée par les marques assyriennes du prestige et du pouvoir et leur souhait de se fondre dans le discours de l’empire émergeant. Le propos de la contribution est de clarifier l’image si variable de la rencontre interculturelle des régions à l’ouest d’Aššur.
Les mâdidum et le commerce du grain sur l'Euphrate
Authors: Chambon Grégory
Published: March 2013

L’étude de l’emploi, dans deux lettres paléobabyloniennes de Mari, du terme mâdidum , compris comme « mesureur (de grain) », apporte une nouvel éclairage sur le début du règne de Zimrî-Lîm. D’une part, elle permet de mieux décrire une mission diplomatique montée par le roi de Mari auprès du roi d’Alep, dans un contexte d’alliances politiques. D’autre part, elle permet d’enrichir notre connaissance sur une vaste opération commerciale montée par Mari afin de se procurer des quantités importantes de grain dans la région de Carkémish. Enfin, la reconstitution de l’ensemble de ce dossier nous offre des informations importantes sur le rôle du personnel mâdidum / ebbum .
Moral Integrity and Moral Courage: Can You Teach It?
Authors: Eby Ruth A. , Hartley Patricia Lynn , Hodges Patricia Jeanne , Hoffpauir Rebecca , Newbanks Shirlene , Kelley Jane H.
Published: March 2013

Nursing has been spared the ethical scandal of many other professions, but issues of compromised moral integrity are growing in practice and education. This study was structured to investigate faculty perceptions of the challenges encountered regarding moral integrity in academia and strategies to promote nursing students’ moral integrity and moral courage. A content analysis of the responses to questions about challenges and strategies was completed. Themes identified from the data on student and instructor beliefs and behaviors correspond to those found in the literature. The need for instructors to model a high level of integrity and to create high-integrity classrooms and a community of learning were identified as essential. A finding different from other study results is that beliefs drive moral behaviors and must be the focus of strategies for change. A consensus was expressed that mechanisms are urgently needed to further identify and integrate strategies to enhance student moral integrity. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2013;52(4):229–233.]
¿Es el lenguaje (complejo) el resultado de una transferencia genética entre neandertales y humanos modernos?
Authors: Benítez-Burraco Antonio
Published: March 2013

La reciente constatación de ADN neandertal en determinadas poblaciones humanas modernas sugiere un cruce limitado entre ambas especies. Esta transferencia genética pudo haber afectado a las capacidades cognitivas de los neandertales y justificar, en particular, que hubiesen tenido lenguaje moderno. Tal posibilidad se examina a la luz de las propias evidencias genéticas, pero también de las de tipo paleoantropológico y arqueológico utilizadas habitualmente para tratar de inferir la presencia de lenguaje en otras especies de homínidos. En conjunto, dichas evidencias parecen sugerir que el lenguaje complejo habría sido una adquisición exclusiva de los humanos modernos. Ello es compatible, no obstante, con una continuidad evolutiva de los diversos mecanismos biológicos y cognitivos implicados en el procesamiento lingüistico y en último término, con la presencia de algún tipo de lenguaje, computacionalmente más simple, en los neandertales.
El abrigo de Martinarri (Obécuri, Treviño): una ocupación del Tardiglaciar en la Cuenca Alta del Ebro
Authors: Alday Alfonso , Soto Adriana , López de Heredia Judit , Perales Unai
Published: March 2013

Presentamos el yacimiento de Martinarri, recientemente descubierto en Treviño. Los iniciales trabajos de excavación han evidenciado ocupaciones en el tránsito del Pleistoceno al Holoceno que llenan de contenido un episodio cultural muy desconocido en el Alto Ebro, en particular, y en el interior de la Península Ibérica, en general. En el texto se ofrece una primera evaluación tanto de la secuencia estratigráfica como de los materiales recuperados, esbozando junto con los datos radiocronológicos (inéditos), una primera interpretación de la dinámica ocupacional del lugar. Dada la propia naturaleza del período se revisa el conocimiento disponible en la actualidad sobre el mismo y se reflexiona sobre su caracterización.
Ocre y cinabrio en el registro funerario de El Argar
Authors: López Padilla Juan A. , De Miguel Ibáñez M.ª Paz , Arnay de la Rosa Matilde , Galindo Martín Luis , Roldán García Clodoaldo , Murcia Mascarós Sonia
Published: March 2013

Se analizan los casos de esqueletos con tinciones documentados en el ámbito argárico del Sudeste de la Península Ibérica. Se evalúan las diversas hipótesis planteadas hasta el momento en relación con el origen de estas coloraciones, tomando en consideración los análisis (SEM, XRD y espectroscopía RAMAN) realizados en cinco tumbas argáricas de Murcia y Alicante que han determinado la presencia de ocre y cinabrio. Sin descartar su posible uso en el teñido de tejidos, se propone su empleo en el maquillaje facial y corporal, siendo mayor el número de casos registrados sobre esqueletos de mujeres que de hombres.
Fíbulas de codo “tipo Huelva” en la Península Ibérica: nuevos datos y comentarios historiográficos
Authors: Carrasco Rus Javier , Pachón Romero Juan Antonio , Montero-Ruiz Ignacio , Gámiz Jiménez Jesús
Published: March 2013

Una nueva fíbula de codo “tipo Huelva” localizada en la región gallega será nuestro objeto de discusión en este trabajo. Para su estudio, analizaremos otras piezas similares localizadas en el entorno del Cerro de los Infantes (Pinos Puente, Granada) que, junto a las ya conocidas, conforman uno de los grupos fibulares más importantes de la Península Ibérica. Discutiremos su tipología y cronología, así como su relación con otros tipos similares del ámbito mediterráneo, comprobándose nuevamente su carácter autóctono.
Caracterización morfológica de almidones de los géneros Triticum y Hordeum en la Península Ibérica
Authors: Aceituno Bocanegra Francisco Javier , López Sáez José Antonio
Published: March 2013

Los granos de almidón son cada vez más utilizados en los estudios arqueobotánicos como marcadores de la dieta, la domesticación de plantas, el uso de herramientas y la organización microespacial de los yacimientos arqueológicos, debido a que su morfología y características permiten identificar las plantas que los produjeron. En el presente trabajo se caracterizan morfométricamente los granos de almidón de cinco especies del género Triticum y tres variedades de Hordeum vulgare. Además se hace un balance de los estudios de almidones realizados en la Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica, señalando los logros, las debilidades y futuras directrices para potenciar este tipo de análisis bioarqueológico; especialmente la necesidad de contar con amplias colecciones de referencia, la aplicación de análisis estadísticos paralelos, y la realización de estudios experimentales para controlar los procesos de alteración de los almidones.
Arte mueble paleolítico en el interior peninsular: la cueva de Maltravieso (Cáceres, España)
Authors: García-Díez Marcos , Rodríguez Hidalgo Antonio J. , Canals Salomó Antoni
Published: March 2013

Se presenta una pieza ósea grabada con líneas rectilíneas y paralelas recuperada en el nivel A de la Sala de las Chimeneas de la cueva de Maltravieso, datado en 17840 ± 90 BP y 17930 ± 100 BP. El tema muestra paralelos temáticos con piezas peninsulares y pirenaicas, que abarcan una dilatada cronología a lo largo del Paleolítico superior. La similitud iconográfica y compositiva, y la vinculación espacial del soporte decorado con una parte del arte rupestre de la cavidad, permiten relacionar cronológicamente ambos grafismos y considerarlos como parte integrada de una misma estructura simbólica. Esta evidencia completa un vacío geográfico de arte mueble en el interior peninsular.
Contribution à l’amélioration de la compréhension et de la traduction des adjectifs composés en classe de langue de spécialité
Authors: Boughedaoui Mourad
Published: March 2013

La composition adjectivale est un processus important et plein de vitalité qui contribue avec précision et concision à la caractérisation du nom. Par la grande variété des types et des relations sémantiques qui la caractérise, elle constitue un obstacle supplémentaire à la compréhension des groupes nominaux complexes. Nous avons tenté, à travers cette étude, d’évaluer l’aptitude de nos apprenants à comprendre et traduire les différents types d’adjectifs composés. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis d’une part d’identifier les types qui posent le plus de difficulté et d’autre part de proposer une série d’exercices permettant à l’apprenant d’y faire face avec un maximum d’efficacité.
Élites délinquantes et résistance au stigmate
Authors: Lascoumes Pierre
Published: March 2013

Pour la sociologie de la déviance interactionniste, le processus de stigmatisation passe par des rituels de dégradation. En poursuivant cette perspective, l’auteur considère que les élites délinquantes bénéficient au contraire de rituels de restauration quand elles sont mises en cause. Ils se manifestent de façon parallèle à la procédure judiciaire pour lui enlever une grande partie de ses effets dépréciatifs. A propos du procès dans lequel J. Chirac a été condamné, trois processus sont montrés : une restauration par la procédure, une autre par la minimisation des faits illicites, une troisième par une négation de l’intention transgressive. Ces rituels produisent une situation originale d’un individu à la fois coupable et innocenté.
Photo-Catalytic Activity of Carbon/Nitrogen Doped TiO2-SiO2 under UV and Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Mungondori Henry H. , Tichagwa Lilian
Published: March 2013

The sol gel synthesis method was used to prepare carbon and nitrogen doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) photo-catalyst using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) as the precursor. Doping was carried out to modify the absorption band edge of titanium dioxide. To avert the problem associated with use of powder TiO2, the photo-catalyst was immobilized on glass support using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), which served as a binder and precursor for silicon dioxide (SiO2). The prepared photo-catalytic materials were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TEM, BET and DRS. The photo-catalytic efficiency of titanium dioxide immobilized on glass support was evaluated using the degradation of methyl orange (MeO) and phenol red (PRed) under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. Doping with carbon and nitrogen, and incorporation of silicon dioxide into the titanium dioxide matrix allowed utilization of visible light by the prepared TiO2-SiO2nanocomposites. Photo-degradation tests were carried out for doped and undoped photo-catalyst. An increased rate of photo-oxidation of methyl orange and phenol red was observed under visible light irradiation as compared to UV light irradiation.
Manganese Loaded on Titania Surface by Impregnation Method for Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Red-3 Dye
Authors: Wantala Kitirote , Tosuwan Anupap , Grisdanurak Nurak
Published: March 2013

The aim of this work focused on the preparation of Mn2+ doped on TiO2 by impregnation method for the photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Red-3 dye aqueous solution. Characterizations of the photocatalyst were carried out by using XRD, BET, SEM and UV-DRs. The extended photocatalysis were studied as functions of %wt Mn2+ (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%), pollutant concentration, solution pH and catalyst loading using Response Surface Method (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design. Based on results found that the anatase phase was not affected by Mn2+ added on the surface of TiO2 whereas the rutile phase increased with increasing Mn2+ contents. The band gap energy of Mn2+ doped on TiO2 did not show in red shift but it exhibited higher absorbance than neat TiO2 in visible region. The surface area was insignificantly changed for Mn2+ doped on TiO2. The degradation results were investigated that pollutant concentration, pH of solution and loading of Mn2+ on TiO2 were significant parameters effecting on photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Red-3 dye. The existence of Mn2+ on TiO2 decreased the activity of rectaion. The optimum condition was 0%wt of Mn2+, 10 ppm of Reactive Red-3, pH 4 and 4.0 g/L of catalyst loading.
Metal Doped Titanium Dioxide: Synthesis and Effect of Metal Ions on Physico-Chemical and Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Mogal Sajid I. , Mishra Manish , Gandhi Vimal G. , Tayade Rajesh J.
Published: March 2013

Titanium dioxide (Titania; TiO2) is one of the most widely used metal oxide semiconductor in the field of photocatalysis for removal of pollutants. It has been noted that titanium dioxide is a research friendly material as its physico-chemical and catalytic properties can be easily altered as per specific application. Since many years, researchers have tried to modify the properties of titanium dioxide by means of doping with metals and non-metals to improve its performance for photocatalytic degradation (PCD) applications. The doping of various metal ions like Ag, Ni, Co, Au, Cu, V, Ru, Fe, La, Pt, Cr, Ce, etc. in titanium dioxide have been found to be influencing the band gap, surface area, particle size, thermal property, etc. and therefore the photocatalytic activity in PCD. Moreover, photocatalytic activity of doped titanium dioxide has been observed in visible light range (i.e., at wavelength >400 nm). In this review, different synthesis route for doping of metal ions in titanium dioxide have been emphasised. The effect of metal dopant on the structural, textural and photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide has been reviewed.
Development of Double-Action SPF Forming Process by Finite Element Simulation for A380 Part
Authors: Marin Gilles , Nazaret Fabien , Barrau Olivier , Guegan Nicolas , Marguet Benoit , Dupuy Alain
Published: March 2013

The rear part of the APF A380 has a deep drawn shape. In order to develop the forming by SPF process of this part, numerical simulation by finite elements has been performed. Several configurations for 2D and 3D modeling were studied to determine an efficient forming strategy. A double-action solution was chosen. It ensures a satisfactory thickness distribution. This article will deal with the modeling assumptions, the results of individual cases of calculation and comparison with parts obtained at the Airbus plant.
Numerical Study of Radiation and Temperature Phenomena for Improved Super-Plastic Sheet Metal Forming
Authors: Mis Michal , Hall Richard , Spence Julian , Emekwuru Nwabueze , Kibble Kevin
Published: March 2013

In most super-plastic forming (SPF) investigations the focus is usually on the material aspects. In this paper the authors develop a model to improve the heat management of SPF. The model presented improved process possibilities. The improved design involves selective application of heat to the material. Final product shape can easily be controlled by accurate temperature control of the work piece. Numerical simulation has been carried out on various components including a ‘top hat shape‘ and a heat exchanger part. Simulation comparisons are made between selective heating and conventional processing, where all of the formed material is at the same temperature, and greater process efficiency of the selective heating approach is demonstrated.
New Strategy for the Prediction of the Gas Pressure Profile of Superplastic Forming of Al-5083 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Otegi Nagore , Galdos Lander , Hurtado Iñaki , Leen Sean B.
Published: March 2013

This paper describes a new approach for identification of the optimum pressure history for SPF processes, based on mechanisms-based hyperbolic constitutive equations. This equation set has been modified to incorporate the effect of the damage behaviour the material suffers due to the cavitational evolution of Al-5083 superplastic alloy. A large deformation, multiaxial formulation of the constitutive equation set is implemented and applied to finite element modelling of a bulge test forming process to characterise the cavitation evolution behaviour in the bulge test, using conventional (constant strain rate) and the newly proposed (variable strain rate) strategy.
On the Controversy about the Presence of Grain Boundary Sliding in Mg AZ31
Authors: Boehlert Carl J. , Chen Zhe , Gutierrez-Urrutia Iván , Llorca Javier , Pérez Prado María Teresa
Published: March 2013

Highly-textured, rolled AZ31 sheet material shows a significant drop in the plastic anisotropy (r-value; r=ew/et) in tension between 25°C and 200°C. This behavior was initially explained as a result of the increased activity of non-basal slip with increased temperature. Other authors suggested, however, that the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon was the activation of grain boundary sliding (GBS). Here, in-situ tensile tests have been carried out in an SEM at various temperatures in order to obtain further evidence of the role of GBS during moderate to high temperature deformation of Mg alloys, which remains highly controversial.
Low Temperature Superplasticity of Ti-6Al-4V Processed by Warm Multidirectional Forging
Authors: Salishchev Gennady A. , Kudryavtsev Egor A. , Zherebtsov Sergey V. , Semiatin S. Lee
Published: March 2013

Multidirectional forging has been developed to produce an ultrafine-grain (UFG) microstructure in the two-phase titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. A microstructure with a grain size of 135 nm was attained, enabling low-temperature superplasticity (LTSP) at 550°C. A total elongation of 1000% and strain-rate-sensitivity coefficient m=0.47 were obtained at the optimal strain rate of 2×10-4 s-1. Important features of the microstructure and superplastic behavior of the alloy are summarized in the present work. It is shown that microstructure evolution during low-temperature deformation plays a key role in superplastic flow behavior.
Superplasticity of Mg-Zn-Y Alloy Prepared by Extrusion of Machined Chip
Authors: Itoi Takaomi , Fudetani Syuichi , Hirohashi Mitsuji
Published: March 2013

Mg96Zn2Y2 (at.%) extruded alloy was fabricated by hot-extrusion of the Mg96Zn2Y2 machined chip. The Mg96Zn2Y2 extruded alloy consisted of a long period stacking ordered (LPSO)-, Mg3Zn3Y2- and Mg- phases. The Mg phase with mean grain size of 450 nm was confirmed by TEM. However, the LPSO- and Mg3Zn3Y2- phases had relatively large grain size compared with Mg phase. The Mg96Zn2Y2 extruded alloy also showed superplasticity at temperatures of 623 K and 723 K with initial strain rates from 2×10−1 s−1 to 2×10−3 s−1. The maximum elongation of 450 % was achieved at 723 K with an initial strain rate of 2×10−3 s−1. From TEM observation, it is considered that grain boundary sliding of Mg grains was dominant deformation mechanism of the Mg96Zn2Y2 extruded alloy at high temperature range.
High Strain Rate Blow Formability of Newly Developed Al-Mg-High-Mn Alloy
Authors: Kudo Tomoyuki , Goto Akira , Saito Kazuya
Published: March 2013

Blow forming accompanied with superplasticity makes possible the forming of complex parts, which cannot be formed by cold press forming. The conventional superplastic AA5083 alloy ‘ALNOVI-1’ developed by the Furukawa-Sky Aluminum Corp. shows high superplasticity because of its fine grain and is widely used for blow forming. However, for mass production of components, an Al-Mg alloy with finer-sized grains is needed. In this research, the newly developed high Mn version of the Al-Mg alloy ‘ALNOVI-U’ is used, and this material possesses grains finer than those of the conventional AA5083 alloy. The effects of finer grain size on the blow formability at high strain rates over 10-2/s and the properties of the resulting moldings were studied.
Thoughts on Superplasticity in General and on its Role in Earth Deformation
Authors: Wheeler John
Published: March 2013

The Earth deforms dominantly by solid-state creep. Diffusion creep is known to be important. It is less clear whether mechanisms in which grain boundary sliding is accompanied by other processes (dislocation activity), and/or are associated with stress exponents closer to 2 than to 1 are important. Since the mechanisms of superplasticity are themselves not fully resolved, we cannot say for sure whether the Earth deforms superplastically. Models for diffusion creep are relevant for the Earth and possibly for superplastic materials. Modelling shows that large strains may not necessarily obliterate initial textures because grain rotations, although they occur, slow down as microstructures evolve. Modelling also predicts major strength anisotropy induced by grain shape alignment. Models for two-phase diffusion creep can be constructed for when the second phase is inert (insoluble). If both phases are soluble and can participate in diffusion, the basic theory for single phase diffusion creep cannot be applied and new insight is required.
Research on Quick Superplastic Forming for Aluminium Alloy Sheet
Authors: Liang Hai Jian , Wu Xiao Wei , Wang Yong , Jin Quan Lin , Ma Chao Li , Feng Shuang Sheng
Published: March 2013

This article describes the high rate superplastic forming. The high rate superplastic forming technology is a new complex process,which integrates hot stamping and superplastic forming .It has feature of rapidity of the hot stamping and character of excellent formability of the superplastic forming.We obtained the best proportion of the hot forming and the superplastic forming through simulation experiment, and formed a car’s abonnet by applying the proportion.Compared with the high rate superplastic forming,the forming quality is better than that of hot forming. and the forming time is less than that of superplastic forming. Result shows that ,the high rate superplastic forming technology can meet the requirements for mass production.
Low Temperature Superplasticity of Hydrostatically Extruded Mg-Al-Zn Alloys
Authors: Victoria-Hernández José , Hernandez-Silva David , Bohlen Jan , Yi Sang Bong , Letzig Dietmar
Published: March 2013

In this work, the superplastic behavior of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ80 magnesium alloys was investigated. The alloys were hydrostatically extruded at only 150 °C to get fine grained microstructures (−2, 10−3 and 10−4 s−1. It was found that all alloys exhibited superplasticity at 200 °C, 175 °C and 225 °C for AZ31, AZ61 and AZ80 alloys, respectively. Low temperature dynamic recrystallisation played an important role for generating a finer and homogeneous microstructure during testing which enhances the deformation behavior of the alloys at these temperatures.
Slip Induced Strain Rate Sensitivity for Superplastic Material?
Authors: Basoalto Hector , Blackwell Paul L.
Published: March 2013

The conventional consensus has it that the magnitude of the strain rate sensitivity observed in superplastic materials is linked with grain boundary sliding. The grain boundary sliding mechanism is thought to theoretically produce a strain rate sensitivity exponent of 0.5, which is in good agreement with experimental data. The present paper argues that a rate sensitivity of 0.5 can be generated by dislocation slip under certain temperature and strain rate regimes that overlap with conditions representative of superplasticity. A physically based slip model that links the relevant microstructural parameters to the macroscopic strain rate is proposed.
New Type of Ultra-Fine Grained Microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy for Enhancing Superplasticity
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroaki , Lee Sang Hak , Ono Yoshiki , Chiba Akihiko
Published: March 2013

This work presents a formation of ultrafine-grained microstructure (d ~ 0.2 μm) with high fraction of high-angle boundary in industrial Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by the hot compression of a sample with the acicular α′martensite starting microstructure . It is found that heterogeneous nucleation becomes dominant in the case of the α’ starting microstructure.α
Superplastic Improvement of Aluminum 7475-T4 Industrial Sheets Using a Heat Treatment
Authors: Romilly Patrick
Published: March 2013

Aeronautic industry requires a high degree of precision on final thickness of superplastically formed sheets. However, for the same qualified process, an important dispersal of results was observed on final thickness of superplastically formed aluminium 7475-T4 industrial sheets, depending on the delivered sheet batch. After several cases of sheet batches that led to unachieved acceptance limit or cracking of the sheets during the process, ACB investigated aluminium 7475-T4 sheets quality at microscopic scale. Important grain size dispersal was observed and a heat treatment was successfully applied on sheets to diminish the grain size and improve the superplasticity of the sheets.
Elevated Temperature Forming of Titanium Aircraft Hardware
Authors: Hefti Larry D.
Published: March 2013

Titanium is difficult to fabricate into complex aircraft configurations. There is several elevated temperature forming techniques that are available to produce titanium components for aircraft, two of which will be discussed here: Superplastic Forming (SPF) and hot forming. SPF is used when complex shapes are required, for example, tight radii, and uses a tool that contains the required configuration and seals around the periphery so inert gas pressure can be used to form the material. Since SPF is a process where the material is stretched, the part is not a uniform thickness when completed. A variation of the process combines SPF with diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) of two or more pieces of titanium together to produce integrally stiffened structure containing very few fasteners. The hot forming process uses matched metal tools, offset by the thickness of the starting material, are used to form the part contour at elevated temperature. The required part geometry usually contains no sharp features that have to be formed. Since the material is free to move as the die is closed, the part is fairly uniform in thickness when completed.
Low-Temperature Superplasticity in an Al–Mg–Mn Alloy Subjected to ECAP and Subsequent Isothermal Rolling
Authors: Nikulin Ilya , Kipelova Alla , Kaibyshev Rustam
Published: March 2013

An ultra-fine grained structure with an average size of ~ 1 μm was produced in a commercial Al–5.4%Mg–0.5%Mn–0.1%Zr–0.12%Si–0.014%Fe alloy by hot equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by isothermal rolling (IR). It was found that in the strain rate interval from 5.6×10-4 to 2.8×10-2 s-1 the alloy exhibits a low-temperature superplasticity with elongation-to-failure exceeding 400% and the strain rate sensitivity coefficient of ~0.3. The highest elongation-to-failure of ~ 620% appeared at a temperature of ~ 275°C and an initial strain rate of ~ 5.6×10-3 s-1. The relationship between superplastic properties and microstructural evolution of the examined alloy is discussed.
Fine-Grained Structure and Superplasticity of Al – Cu – Mg – Fe - Ni Alloys
Authors: Kotov Anton D. , Mikhaylovskaya Anastasia V. , Golovin Igor S. , Portnoy Vladimir K.
Published: March 2013

The microstructure of Al – Cu – Mg – Fe – Ni alloys with Mn and Zr additions was analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, internal friction, X-ray and calorimetric analysis in order to optimize technology of superplastic alloy preparation. It is shown that the S (Al2CuMg) phase precipitates during hot rolling and dissolves during annealing. This allows to create fine-grained recrystallized structure and to achieve elongation of 320 % at the strain rate of 1×10-3 s-1 during superplasticity testing. It is shown that annealing in saltpeter before superplastic deformation improves the superplastic behavior: at the constant strain rate of 4×10-3 s-1 elongation is 500 %.
Two-Dimensional Observation of Grain Movements in Elongated and Aligned Grain Structure during High Temperature Deformation
Authors: Taniguchi Satoshi , Kawai Nobuaki , Sato Eiichi
Published: March 2013

It is understood that grains move by grain boundary sliding, and change their relationship to each other during superplastic deformation. Ideal two-dimensional observation of grain movements from the specimen surface is difficult even in the shear deformation because grains move three-dimensionally according to the stress distribution against the specimen surface. In this study, ODS steel with elongated grains aligned along one direction was deformed perpendicular to the aligned axis to achieve ideal two-dimensional grain movements. Surface height profiles with a laser microscope showed small amount of three-dimensional grain movements, while two-dimensional grain movements and rotations were appeared by observations before and after the deformation with SEM-EBSD.
Enhanced Plastic Deformation of Magnesium Alloy Produced through Accumulative Diffusion Bonding
Authors: Kitazono Koichi , Shimoda Yutaro , Kato Shigeki
Published: March 2013

Plastic deformation of magnesium alloy is limited because of its HCP structure. Though the grain refined magnesium alloy exhibits superplastic deformation at elevated temperature, the strength decreases due to induced cavitation. This study focusses on developing the random texture of magnesium alloy and causes relatively high plastic deformation even at room temperature. Random texture is produced through newly proposed accumulative diffusion bonding process using commercial AZ91 magnesium alloy sheets. Tensile and V-bending tests reveal that the enhanced ductility of the produced magnesium alloy sheet.
Intradermal Delivery of TLR Agonists in a Human Explant Skin Model: Preferential Activation of Migratory Dendritic Cells by Polyribosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid and Peptidoglycans
Authors: Oosterhoff Dinja , Heusinkveld Moniek , Lougheed Sinéad M. , Kosten Ilona , Lindstedt Malin , Bruijns Sven C. M. , van Es Thomas , van Kooyk Yvette , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , de Gruijl Tanja D.
Published: March 2013

TLR agonists are attractive candidate adjuvants for therapeutic cancer vaccines as they can induce a balanced humoral and T cell–mediated immune response. With a dense network of dendritic cells (DCs) and draining lymphatics, the skin provides an ideal portal for vaccine delivery. Beside direct DC activation, TLR agonists may also induce DC activation through triggering the release of inflammatory mediators by accessory cells in the skin microenvironment. Therefore, a human skin explant model was used to explore the in vivo potential of intradermally delivered TLR agonists to stimulate Langerhans cells and dermal DCs in their natural complex tissue environment. The skin-emigrated DCs were phenotyped and analyzed for T cell stimulatory capacity. We report that, of six tested TLR-agonists, the TLR2 and -3 agonists peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyribosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) were uniquely able to enhance the T cell–priming ability of skin-emigrated DCs, which, in the case of PGN, was accompanied by Th1 polarization. The enhanced priming capacity of Poly I:C–stimulated DCs was associated with a strong upregulation of appropriate costimulatory molecules, including CD70, whereas that of PGN-stimulated DCs was associated with the release of a broad array of proinflammatory cytokines. Transcriptional profiling further supported the notion that the PGN- and Poly I:C–induced effects were mediated through binding to TLR2/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 and TLR3/MDA5, respectively. These data warrant further exploration of PGN and Poly I:C, alone or in combination, as DC-targeted adjuvants for intradermal cancer vaccines.
Implicating Exudate Macrophages and Ly-6Chigh Monocytes in CCR2-Dependent Lung Fibrosis following Gene-Targeted Alveolar Injury
Authors: Osterholzer John J. , Olszewski Michal A. , Murdock Benjamin J. , Chen Gwo-Hsiao , Erb-Downward John R. , Subbotina Natalya , Browning Keely , Lin Yujing , Morey Roger E. , Dayrit Jeremy K. , Horowitz Jeffrey C. , Simon Richard H. , Sisson Thomas H.
Published: March 2013

The alveolar epithelium is characteristically abnormal in fibrotic lung disease, and we recently established a direct link between injury to the type II alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) and the accumulation of interstitial collagen. The mechanisms by which damage to the epithelium induces lung scarring remain poorly understood. It is particularly controversial whether an insult to the type II AEC initiates an inflammatory response that is required for the development of fibrosis. To explore whether local inflammation occurs following a targeted epithelial insult and contributes to lung fibrosis, we administered diphtheria toxin to transgenic mice with type II AEC–restricted expression of the diphtheria toxin receptor. We used immunophenotyping techniques and diphtheria toxin receptor–expressing, chemokine receptor-2–deficient (CCR2−/−) mice to determine the participation of lung leukocyte subsets in pulmonary fibrogenesis. Our results demonstrate that targeted type II AEC injury induces an inflammatory response that is enriched for CD11b+ nonresident exudate macrophages (ExM) and their precursors, Ly-6Chigh monocytes. CCR2 deficiency abrogates the accumulation of both cell populations and protects mice from fibrosis, weight loss, and death. Further analyses revealed that the ExM are alternatively activated and that ExM and Ly-6Chigh monocytes express mRNA for IL-13, TGF-β, and the collagen genes, COL1A1 and COLIIIA1. Furthermore, the accumulated ExM and Ly-6Chigh monocytes contain intracellular collagen, as detected by immunostaining. Together, these results implicate CCR2 and the accumulation of ExM and Ly-6Chigh monocytes as critical determinants of pulmonary fibrosis induced by selective type II AEC injury.
Geology, Selwyn Basin (Sheldon Lake and Tay River), Yukon
Authors: Gordey S P
Published: March 2013

This map is one of a set of two 1:250 000 scale maps and an accompanying sheet of cross-sections that describes the geological framework of some 22 975 square kilometres of east-central Yukon (see inset and index maps). A more detailed map of part of the area
(central 105-K) is published separately at 1:100 000 scale (Map 2150A).
Petrographic and cathodoluminescence characterization of apatite from the Sue-Dianne and Brooke IOCG mineralization systems, Great Bear magmatic zone, Northwest Territories
Authors: Lypaczewski P , Normandeau P X , Paquette J , McMartin I
Published: March 2013

Apatite is the main REE-bearing phase in 19 thin sections from two mineralized systems and their host rocks, the Cu-Ag-(Au) Sue-Dianne IOCG deposit and the nearby Brooke Zone, located within the southern Great Bear magmatic zone, Northwest Territories, Canada.
The thin sections show a range of IOCG-related alterations and igneous protoliths. Apatite occurs in all thin sections, in amounts ranging between traces to 5-10%. It can be divided into four populations on the basis of size, cathodoluminescence (CL) response and petrographic association: 1)
small euhedral apatite (20-40 µm), occurring in clusters of 5 to 20 grains, generally free of inclusions, found in the volcaniclastic samples; 2) single apatite crystals (60-80 µm) with pitted edges, numerous fluid inclusions and sometimes monazite and hematite inclusions; 3) large single
apatite crystals (100-300 µm) within epidote veins, sometimes associated with scheelite; and 4) large fractured apatite crystals (0.5 to 4 mm) with heavy hematite staining associated with hydrothermal breccias. The first 3 populations have a green to yellow CL response and the third population
shows some irregular zoning. The fourth population shows a blue CL tint, with irregular green zones throughout grains or near the crystal rims. In that fourth population, mineral inclusions with an orange CL response are likely calcite. Group 3 and 4 also show an heterogeneous REE distribution
within crystals under EDX. Given the overprinting of multiple alteration types in many of the specimens, additional work is needed to relate these apatite populations to specific alteration stages associated with IOCG-type mineralization. However, the presence of apatite coarse enough to be picked
from glacial sediment samples and showing distinctive CL signatures in rocks related to IOCG mineralization suggests potential as an indicator mineral method.
Construction of a Computable Network Model for DNA Damage, Autophagy, Cell Death, and Senescence
Authors: Gebel Stephan , Lichtner Rosemarie B. , Frushour Brian , Schlage Walter K. , Hoang Vy , Talikka Marja , Hengstermann Arnd , Mathis Carole , Veljkovic Emilija , Peck Michael , Peitsch Manuel C. , Deehan Renee , Hoeng Julia , Westra Jurjen W.
Published: March 2013

Towards the development of a systems biology-based risk assessment approach for environmental toxicants, including tobacco products in a systems toxicology setting such as the “21st Century Toxicology”, we are building a series of computable biological network models specific to non-diseased pulmonary and cardiovascular cells/tissues which capture the molecular events that can be activated following exposure to environmental toxicants. Here we extend on previous work and report on the construction and evaluation of a mechanistic network model focused on DNA damage response and the four main cellular fates induced by stress: autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, and senescence. In total, the network consists of 34 sub-models containing 1052 unique nodes and 1538 unique edges which are supported by 1231 PubMed-referenced literature citations. Causal node-edge relationships are described using the Biological Expression Language (BEL), which allows for the semantic representation of life science relationships in a computable format. The Network is provided in .XGMML format and can be viewed using freely available network visualization software, such as Cytoscape.
Uniform Convexity and the Bishop–Phelps–Bollobás Property
Authors: Kwang Kim Sun , Ju Lee Han
Published: March 2013

A new characterization of the uniform convexity of Banach space is obtained in the sense of the Bishop–Phelps–Bollobás theorem. It is also proved that the couple of Banach spaces (X;Y) has the Bishop–Phelps–Bollobás property for every Banach space Y when X is uniformly convex. As a corollary, we show that the Bishop–Phelps–Bollobás theorem holds for bilinear forms on ℓp × ℓq (1 < p; q < ∞).
Impact, Challenges, and Future Projections of Vaccine Trials in Africa
Authors: Idoko Olubukola T. , Kochhar Sonali , Agbenyega Tsiri E. , Ogutu Bernhards , Ota Martin O. C.
Published: March 2013

Immunization remains the most cost effective method for the control of infectious diseases. Therefore, there is a global effort to deploy new vaccines for disease control and eradication. These new vaccines must be tested in the settings in which they will be used. This necessity has required the conduct of many vaccine trials in Africa, where several infectious diseases with significant public health impact are prevalent. However, these areas have peculiarities and are just beginning to gain expertise in the conduct of such trials. The vaccine developers and sponsors of these trials may also not be conversant with some issues unique to the trial site. The understanding gap from both partners can result in challenges if not addressed during the planning phase of the trial. This review seeks to highlight the issues surrounding the conduct of clinical trials in resource-constrained settings and suggests some ways of circumventing them.
A Randomized Prospective Trial of a Worksite Intervention Program to Increase Physical Activity
Authors: Gazmararian Julie A. , Elon Lisa , Newsome Kimberly , Schild Laura , Jacobson Kara L.
Published: March 2013

Purpose.

To evaluate the effectiveness of addressing multiple barriers to physical activity (PA) using interventions at the workplace.

Design.

The Physical Activity and Lifestyle Study used a randomized controlled trial in which 60 university departments were randomized into five groups.

Setting.

Large Southeastern university.

Subjects.

Physically inactive nonfaculty employees in the participating departments (n = 410) were interviewed five times over 9 months, with 82% completing all surveys.

Intervention.

Departments were randomly assigned to (1) control, (2) gym membership, (3) gym + PA education, (4) gym + time during the workday, and (5) gym + education + time.

Measures.

PA intensity and quantity were measured using the 7-day Physical Activity Recall instrument, with PA then classified as the number of days meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.

Analysis.

The outcome was modeled with generalized linear mixed model methodology.

Results.

There was no significant improvement when a group received gym alone compared to the control (Rate Ratio [RR]) 1.22 [.90, 1.67]). However, gym + education, gym + time, and gym + education + time were significantly better than the control (RR 1.51 [1.15, 1.98], RR 1.46 [1.13, 1.88], RR 1.28 [1.01, 1.62]), with improvements sustained over the 9 months.

Conclusion.

Among sedentary adults who had access to indoor exercise facilities, addressing environmental and cognitive barriers simultaneously (i.e., time and education) did not encourage more activity than addressing either barrier alone.
Vigorous Physical Activity, Mental Health, Perceived Stress, and Socializing among College Students
Authors: VanKim Nicole A. , Nelson Toben F.
Published: March 2013

Purpose.

To examine cross-sectional associations between vigorous physical activity, mental health, perceived stress, and socializing among 4-year college students.

Design.

A national cross-sectional sample of 4-year colleges in the United States.

Setting.

Ninety-four 4-year colleges in the United States.

Subjects.

A total of 14,804 undergraduate students.

Measures.

Self-report vigorous physical activity, perceived stress (measured using the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale), mental health (measured using the SF-36), and socializing (assessed using self-report number of friends and hours spent socializing).

Analysis.

Logistic regression models accounting for clustering within schools were estimated to examine the association between vigorous physical activity, mental health, perceived stress, and socializing. Adjusted models included high school vigorous physical activity and sociodemographic characteristics.

Results.

Students who met vigorous physical activity recommendations were less likely to report poor mental health (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: .79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .69, .90) and perceived stress (adjusted OR: .75; 95% CI: .67, .83) than students who did not meet recommendations. In addition, socializing partially mediated the relationship between vigorous physical activity, mental health, and perceived stress; however, race and sex did not moderate the relationship.

Conclusion.

Interventions aiming to improve mental well-being of college students should also consider promoting physical activity. At least some of the positive benefits of physical activity may arise from social interactions.
Preventing Negative Behaviors among Elementary-School Students through Enhancing Students' Social-Emotional and Character Development
Authors: Snyder Frank J. , Acock Alan C. , Vuchinich Samuel , Beets Michael W. , Washburn Isaac J. , Flay Brian R.
Published: March 2013

Purpose.

Examine the effects of a comprehensive, school-wide social-emotional and character development program using a positive youth development perspective. Specifically, we examined a mediation mechanism whereby positive academic-related behaviors mediated the intervention effects on substance use, violence, and sexual activity.

Design.

Matched-pair, cluster-randomized, controlled design.

Setting.

Twenty (10 intervention and 10 control) racially/ethnically diverse schools in Hawaii.

Subjects.

Elementary-aged students (N= 1784) from grade 5.

Intervention.

The Positive Action program.

Measures.

Students self-reported their academic behaviors, together with their substance use, violence, and voluntary sexual activity; teachers rated students' academic behaviors, substance use, and violence.

Analysis.

Structural equation modeling.

Results.

Students attending intervention schools reported significantly better academic behavior (B = .273, SE = .039, p < .001) and significantly less substance use (B = –.970, SE = .292, p < .01, incidence-rate ratio [IRR] = .379), violence (B = −1.410, SE = .296, p < .001, IRR = .244), and sexual activity (B = −2.415, SE = .608, p < .001, odds ratio = .089); boys reported more negative behaviors than girls. Intervention effects on student-reported substance use, violence, and sexual activity were mediated by positive academic behavior. Teacher reports corroborated these results, with rated academic behavior partially mediating the effects of the intervention on rated negative behaviors.

Conclusion.

This study (1) provides evidence that adds insight into one mechanism through which a social-emotional and character development program affects negative outcomes and (2) supports social-emotional and character development and positive youth development perspectives that posit that focusing on youths' assets may reduce negative behaviors.
Associations between Tai Chi Chung Program, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Chang Mei-Ying , Yeh Shu-Chuan Jennifer , Chu Mei-Chi , Wu Tsung-Mao , Huang Tse-Hung
Published: March 2013

Purpose.

To examine the effects of a Tai Chi Chung (TCC) program, an efficiency approach, on anxiety and cardiovascular risk factors.

Design.

A quasi-experimental study.

Setting.

A community in Taipei City, Taiwan.

Subjects.

One hundred thirty-three adults aged 55 years and older.

Intervention.

Sixty-four participants (experimental group) attended a 60-minute Tai Chi exercise three times per week for 12 weeks, whereas 69 participants (control group) maintained their usual daily activities.

Measures.

Anxiety states, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks into the experiment, and 12 weeks into the experiment.

Analysis.

Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the changes.

Results.

Participants showed a greater drop in anxiety levels (β = −2.57, p = .001) and DBP (β = −7.02, p < .001) at the 12-week follow-up than did the controls. SBP significantly decreased in the 6-week follow-up and 12-week follow-up tests. The participants in the intervention achieved a greater drop in BMI at the 6-week and 12-week follow-up visits than the controls. The interventions demonstrated decreased average WC at the 6-week and 12-week follow-up visits as compared to the controls.

Conclusion.

The results highlight the long-term benefits of a TCC program in facilitating health promotion by reducing anxiety and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.