bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic metabolism in goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Authors: Walker R. M. , Johansen P. H.
Published: August 2008

At 20 °C goldfish survive anaerobic conditions for only a few hours while at 4 °C survival is extended to several days. During the course of low-temperature anaerobiosis there was a rise in blood glucose and lactate, a decline in liver glycogen concentration, and an increase in liver water content, while liver size remained constant.The better cold anaerobic survival of winter and hypophysectomized goldfish compared with spring and sham-operated animals was correlated with greater glycogen stores in the livers of the former. It is concluded that liver glycogen is a necessary energy source during cold anaerobiosis, and it is suggested that the resulting hyperglycemia may represent a mechanism to increase glycolytic energy yield. Cold anaerobiosis also resulted in elevated liver glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) activity, suggesting an increase in glycogenolysis, but no change in glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) activity. While cold anaerobic survival is short term it is possible that liver glycogen may sustain goldfish for longer periods at low oxygen levels through a mixed aerobic–anaerobic metabolism.
A land capability classification system for beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl)
Authors: Slough Brian G. , Sadleir R. M. F. S.
Published: August 2008

Beaver colony site density was sampled on 136 lakes (about 1830 shoreline km) and 45 stream sections (145 stream km) in the northern interior of British Columbia. Beaver habitat factors were quantified and then related to beaver colony site density by multiple regression analysis. On the basis of separate analysis for lakes and streams, a land capability classification system was developed for beaver. The regression equations are also useful as models of beaver–habitat relationships and can be used for beaver inventory by prediction of beaver colony site density.Conservation of existing aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands, common throughout the beaver's range, is considered the most powerful management tool for maintaining or enhancing present beaver land capability.
Response of the locust descending movement detector neuron to rapidly approaching and withdrawing visual stimuli
Authors: Schlotterer G. R.
Published: August 2008

Preliminary observations on five female desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), reveal particularly vigorous response in the descending contralateral (DCMD) movement detector neurons to black radially expanding (approaching) visual stimuli. Greater responsivity to expanding, rather than contracting targets, as well as the absolute spatial sensitivity of the locust DCMD system suggest a role for simple lateral inhibitory contrast mechanisms in the function of this class of neuron. The biological significance of this particular neural system is also discussed.
Temperature, photoperiod, and water–electrolyte balance in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Murphy Patrick , Houston A. H.
Published: August 2008

The influence of temperature and photoperiod upon water–electrolyte balance was considered in animals acclimated to four combinations of two temperature (2, 18 °C) and photoperiod (18 h light–6 h dark, 6 h light–18 h dark) regimes through evaluation of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl levels in plasma, skeletal, and cardiac muscle and liver. Water content and distribution and approximate cellular ion levels were estimated for skeletal muscle and liver. Evidence of significant influence upon water balance was obtained in one-half of the analyses performed, with effects being particularly pronounced in cold-acclimated, 'winter'–photoperiod specimens. Temperature effects were observed in two-thirds of the comparisons made with respect to electrolyte levels. These were not biased in relation to photoperiod. Most significant photoperiod-correlated variations in electrolyte levels (over one-half of the total considered) were observed at low temperature. These observations are discussed in relation to compensation of rainbow trout for temperature perturbation of the osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory systems, and the possible basis of photoperiodic influence upon these responses.
Midwinter aggregation in the northern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus
Authors: West Stephen D.
Published: August 2008

Livetrapping in black spruce (Picea mariana) taiga 60 km north of Fairbanks, Alaska, during 1972–1973 revealed that the dispersion pattern of the capture points for a population of northern red-backed voles varied greatly with season. The population was distributed without apparent aggregation from midsummer (July) until early winter (mid-November). During midwinter all animals were found in one section of the trapping grid. In early spring (April) the voles moved apart, and by May they appeared once more evenly distributed. The composition and structure of vegetation inside and outside of the area of aggregation was analyzed, and a significantly thicker moss layer was found within the area of aggregation. Possible advantages and disadvantages of the midwinter aggregation to individual voles are discussed. It is suggested that habitat limitation in terms of a short supply of suitable overwintering sites is a reasonable explanation for the observed aggregation.
Parasites of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus L.) from Ryan Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario
Authors: Cone D. K. , Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Lepomis gibbosus, in Ryan Lake for 7 years, harboured 21 species of parasites. Myxosporidea were the most prevalent parasites of young-of-the-year fish. At age group I, pumpkinseed had acquired most parasites found.Urocleidus dispar and U. similis infected age groups I and older; intensity increased with host age. Prevalences of Tetracotyle sp., Uvulifer ambloplitis, Posthodiplostomum minimum, Clinostomum marginatum, Diplostomulum scheuringi, and D. huronense increased with host age. Prevalences of Apophallus brevis were similar in age groups I and older. Intensities of U. ambloplitis and P. minimum increased with host age. Intensity of Tetracotyle sp. increased with host age up to fish of age group II; metacercariae were acquired during summer. Larval Dilepididae were in age group I and older and intensity decreased from age group I to II. Larval Spiroxys sp. and Eustrongylides sp. were most prevalent in age groups II and older and infections were acquired in summer. Glochidia were found only on fish collected in spring. Prevalences of M. osburni and M. uvuliferis increased and M. magnaspherus and M. dechtiari decreased with host age. Prevalence of M. ohioensis was similar in all age groups. Trichodina sp. was rare.
Empidomermis cozii n.gen., n.sp. (Mermithidae: Nematoda) a parasite of Anopheles funestus (Culicidae: Diptera) in West Africa
Authors: Poinar Jr. George O.
Published: August 2008

A new genus and species of mermithid nematode parasitizing adult females of Anopheles funestus (Giles) in Upper Volta is described. The new genus Empidomermis is characterized by having six head papillae, eight hypodermal cords, cuticle without noticeable cross fibers, two short slightly curved spicules (equal to or less than body width at cloaca), a relatively short S-shaped vagina, small amphids, and postparasitic juveniles with a well-developed tail appendage.The nematodes could only be successfully reared to maturity if the hosts were held on glucose 3–4 days after the blood meal. Postparasitic juvenile mermithids molted to the adult stage about 17 days after leaving their mosquito hosts and mating and oviposition occurred immediately afterwards. The eggs hatched about 54 days after oviposition when mosquito larvae were added to the container. Parasitized adult female A. funestus were sterilized and died soon after the nematodes emerged.
Character convergence in bird song
Authors: Brown R. Neil
Published: August 2008

The theory of character convergence in bird song has been related to competition and interspecific spacing. Criteria for recognizing character convergence in song are proposed. Work on one widely held example of character convergence in Thryothorus wrens has shown no supporting evidence for the theory. A review of the evidence in a number of other supposed cases of character convergence shows that important documentation is lacking.
Some notes on the life cycle of Cyclocoelum oculeum (Kossack, 1911) (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae)
Authors: McLaughlin J. Daniel
Published: August 2008

A natural infection of Promenetus exacuous (Say) by Cyclocoelum oculeum (Kossack) was found in the Delta Marsh, Delta, Manitoba. Three immature C. oculeum were recovered from the nasal and orbital sinuses of a laboratory-reared coot, Fulica americana (Gm.), 35 days after being fed metacercariae (15) from the natural infection. Of the three flukes recovered, only one had begun to produce eggs. About 20 eggs were seen in uterine coils near the ovary of this specimen.
The acute phase response to injury and its relationship to changes in endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver
Authors: Turchen B. , Jamieson J. C. , Huebner E. , Caeseele L. Van
Published: August 2008

Induction of the acute phase response to injury was accompanied by dilation and loss of the regular structural features of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes of rat liver. There were increases in sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1) and galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22), protein-bound sialic acid and galactose, and protein, RNA, and phospholipid in microsome fractions of liver after experimental injury. It is suggested that the ultrastructural and biochemical changes in liver result in part from an increased demand for liver-synthesized glycoproteins.
A simple technique for selective staining of neurosecretory products in epoxy sections with paraldehyde fuchsin
Authors: Steel Colin G. H. , Morris G. P.
Published: August 2008

A technique for correlative light and electron microscopy of neurosecretory cells (NSC) is described. Neurosecretory material is selectively stained in 0.5-μm epoxy sections with paraldehyde fuchsin (PAF) after partial resin removal with sodium methylate in methanol and oxidation in peracetic acid. Adjacent 'thin' sections permit electron microscopy of the same cells. The organelles responsible for the affinity of NSC for PAF are in part neurosecretory granules and in part lysosomes. The technique reveals great ultrastructural differences between NSC which appear similar in the light microscope.
Age determination and morphological variation of Ontario otters
Authors: Stephenson A. B.
Published: August 2008

Annular layering of cementum was evident in hematoxylin-stained sections of canine teeth from otters (Lontra (Lutra) canadensis canadensis) collected throughout the year. A wide cementum layer was formed during the first summer and narrower layers were formed in subsequent summers. The winter deposition formed a darkly stained line which was observed in animals of known age up to 4½ years and in wild-caught animals up to 13 years. The number of annuli in known-age specimens over 1 year old showed complete agreement with age. Indistinct and extraneous lines were encountered in the cementum of a few specimens which required subjective interpretation. Ages were assigned to 99% of otters examined for cementum annuli. Males were larger (P < 0.05) than females as indicated by body weights and body and skull measurements. Juvenile otters could be distinguished by the size of the body, skull, and baculum and morphology of the skull. Extensive overlap in weights and measurements in older age classes prevented a reliable division into age groups. The cementum-layering technique was the only valid age criterion for animals older than 1 year.
Description of nine species of Eimeria (Protozoa, Eimeriidae) in the snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus, of central Alberta
Authors: Samoil H. P. , Samuel W. M.
Published: August 2008

Nine species of the genus Eimeria were found during the examination of 629 snowshoe hares from central Alberta. Four, E. robertsoni, E. leporis, E. ruficaudati, and E. townsendi, described previously from other leporids, are redescribed; while five, E. athabascensis, E. keithi, E. holmesi, E. rochesterensis, and E. rowani are described as new species. The nine species belong to four groups of morphologically similar species. Species were distinguished on the basis of morphology, primarily the presence or absence of oocyst and sporocyst residua and a micropyle, and statistical analysis of oocyst and sporocyst measurements. The eimerians of all lagomorphs are reviewed and a key to the 19 species from Lepus spp. is presented.
Hypoxial death inferred from thermally induced injuries at upper lethal temperatures, in the banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus (LeSueur)
Authors: Rombough P. J. , Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

Banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus (LeSueur), acclimated to 25 °C were subjected to upper lethal temperatures using a 10 000 min bioassay procedure. The incipient upper lethal temperature (LT50) was about 34.5 °C. Histologic examination of heat-treated fish revealed no obvious injury to the heart, spleen, trunk musculature, eye, naris, integument, or digestive tract.Thermal stress induced progressive injury to the gills characterized by subepithelial edema, congestion of lamellar capillaries, and delamination of the respiratory epithelium from the pillar cell system. Areas of necrosis were observed in the lobus inferior of the hypothalamus and in the medulla oblongata. The pseudobranch epithelium was necrotic. Fatty change occurred in the liver. Acinar cells of the pancreas appeared autolytic and adjacent blood vessels damaged. Degenerative tubular changes and contracted glomerular tufts were noted in the kidney. The ovary was extremely temperature sensitive and displayed severe injury to oocytes and follicular cells after relatively short exposure to temperatures near the LT50.It is proposed that primary thermally induced injury is to the gills. This results in abnormal gas exchange and osmoregulation and leads to pathologic changes in other tissues. Hypoxia of the central nervous system appears to be the ultimate cause of death.
Seasonal changes in aggressive behavior of female spruce grouse
Authors: Herzog P. W. , Boag D. A.
Published: August 2008

The behavior of female Franklin's grouse (Canachites canadensis franklinii) in response to a playback of female aggressive calls was recorded in southwestern Alberta during the spring of 1974 and late winter, spring, summer, and autumn of 1975. Resident adults initially responded with aggressive calling during late winter and continued to call in response to the recording throughout spring. Only those overwintered yearlings that were establishing spring territories within their winter ranges responded by calling in early May. The onset of aggressive calling by resident yearlings coincided with the spring dispersal of those yearlings that were either not responding overtly or were fleeing from the site from which the sound was emanating. Dispersing yearlings only called aggressively after spring dispersal when they had established territories. The highest level of aggressive calling occurred when females were evenly spaced on territories and included the periods of mating and laying. Aggressive behavior thus appears to be a manifestation of female territoriality with a resulting uniform spacing during spring. It also appears to be a mechanism for adjusting the density of females in a local breeding population.
A numerical taxonomic study of the Mallophagan genera Cummingsiella (=Quadraceps),Saemundssonia (Ischnocera: Philopteridae), and Austromenopon (Amblycera: Menoponidae) from alcids (Aves: Charadriiformes) of the northwest Atlantic with reference to host–parasite relationships
Authors: Eveleigh Eldon S. , Amano Hiroshi
Published: August 2008

Specimens of Cummingsiella, Saemundssonia, and Austromenopon recovered from the alcids of the northwest Atlantic were analyzed using the techniques of numerical taxonomy. Twenty-one morphological characters common to both sexes plus four genital characters in the males were measured and used in the analyses. Principal axis factor analysis (PAFA) and four clustering techniques were used to determine the phenetic relationships at various taxonomic levels.The results supported the familial and generic classifications established by conventional taxonomists. The diagnostic value of genital characters at generic and specific levels were evaluated. The results from the analysis of each genus are presented and compared with existing classifications. With the exception of Austromenopon, the species groups formed within each genus were very similar for both sexes. Host–parasite relationships based on parasite interrelationships were investigated.
Genetic variation in pika populations
Authors: Glover D. G. , Smith M. H. , Ames L. , Joule J. , Dubach J. M.
Published: August 2008

Analysis of 26 genetic loci by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was performed on 197 pikas from one Montana and four Colorado populations. Only four loci were polymorphic within populations and individual heterozygosity was low for a mammal [Formula: see text]. The Montana and Colorado populations were fixed for alternate allelles at three loci. Because of the insular nature of pika habitat, drift is probably important in determining low heterozygosities and genetic similarities measured between widely separated pika populations.
New records and little known freshwater copepods (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Ontario
Authors: Smith Kristin E. , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

Eleven species of free-living Copepoda are dealt with in this paper. One of them (Eucyclops lilljeborgi (Sars)) is recorded for the first time in North America. Three species (E. prionophorus Kiefer, Megacyclops latipes Lowndes, and Acanthocyclops carolinianus Yeatman) have not been recorded in Canada before, while three species (A. venustoides Coker, A. venustoides bispinosus Yeatman, and Paracyclops affinis (Sars)) have not hitherto been recorded in Ontario. Four species considered rare, namely Diaptomus wilsonae Reed, Diacyclops navus Herrick, Macrocyclops ater Herrick, and Mesocyclops leuckarti Claus, but found to be widely distributed are briefly referred to. Notes are given of the diagnostic features and distribution of each species.
Description of the male of Tylenchorhynchus maximus Allen, 1955 (Nematoda: Tylenchorhynchinae)
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

Males of Tylenchorhynchus maximus Allen. 1955 from populations in eastern Canada are described and illustrated for the first time. There are few differential characters between the sexes other than reproductive structures. Both have reduced lateral lips and slightly elevated subdorsal and subventral lips. Males have a wider range in annule size and a different pattern of body annulation than that of the female. Alternate striae on the margins of the bursa are determinate and not continuous with transverse body striae. No sperm were observed in any female from populations with males.
Additional diagnostic characters and relationships of Merlinius laminatus (Wu, 1969) Siddiqi, 1970 (Nematoda: Merlininae)
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

Diagnostic characters of males and females not previously reported for Merlinius laminatus (Wu, 1969) Siddiqi, 1970 are described and illustrated. The most important adjunct characters were the presence of 56–58 longitudinal body striae and a postanal intestinal sac in females. Other morphological and diagnostic features of the cuticle, head, stylet, vulva, vagina, tail, spicules, bursa, phasmids, and position of the excretory pore are clarified. Phasmid size, when compared in selected species of Merlinius, does not appear to be a valid generic character. Scutylenchus Jairajpuri, 1971 is considered a synonym of Merlinius and S. mamillatus (Tobar-Jiménez, 1966) Jairajpuri, 1971 is transferred to the genus Merlinius Siddiqi, 1970. Relationships of M. laminatus to M. tesselatus (Goodey, 1952) Siddiqi, 1970 and M. mamillatus n.comb. are discussed.
Tissue distribution and plasma levels of liver enzymes in phocid seals
Authors: Aubin D. St. , Geraci J. R.
Published: August 2008

The distributions of alanine aminotransferase (AIAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT), and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were determined in the tissues of ringed seals, Phoca hispida, harp seals, P. groenlandica, and grey seals, Halichoerus grypus. In all species, AIAT, OCT, and SDH were concentrated primarily in the liver, while AspAT had a more widespread distribution. Species differences were noted in the distribution of AspAT. In grey and harp seals cardiac muscle generally contained the greatest concentration of activity while in ringed seals the highest activity was found in the liver. Reference plasma values were determined in six clinically normal captive ringed seals.
On the biochemical basis of HCN production in the millipede Harpaphe haydeniana (Xystodesmidae: Polydesmida)
Authors: Duffey S. S. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: August 2008

Harpaphe haydeniana was shown to synthesize HCN and benzaldehyde in a manner similar to that of plants. By the injection of appropriate 14C precursors it was possible to isolate small quantities of the radioactive intermediates, phenylacetaldoxime, phenylacetonitrile, a glycoside of mandelonitrile, and mandelonitrile. The millipede stores a large droplet of D-mandelonitrile ((R)-mandelonitrile) in the storage vestibule of each cyanogenic gland.Mandelonitrile dissociates in vivo to HCN and benzaldehyde. The HCN is incorporated into β-cyanoalanine and asparagine. and benzaldehyde is oxidized to P-hydroxybenzoic acid.Two enzymes, β-glucosidase and α-hydroxynitrile lyase, were detected in paranotal extracts of H. haydeniana. The α-hydroxynitrile lyase is restricted to the reaction chamber of the cyanogenic gland and functions to promote the immediate release of HCN. It was also detected in freshly excreted glandular fluid of Oxidus gracilis, Sigmoria nantahalae, Cherokia georgiana, and Cleptoria rileyi. The pH of the fluid in these reaction chambers was found to be about 4, which corresponds to the pH optimum of the lyase.
Seasonal study of the fauna of bedrock substrates in the wave zones of lakes Huron and Erie
Authors: Barton D. R. , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: August 2008

Quantitative samples of the benthic macrofauna inhabiting bedrock substrates in the wave zone (0- to 2-m depth) at a site on Lake Huron and one on Lake Erie were collected in each season during 1975 and early 1976. The turnover of species between sampling visits was greatest in summer and at depths less than 0.5 m. The fauna at the Lake Huron site was dominated numerically by Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) and larvae of Stenelmis spp. (Coleoptera: El-midae). The density of the fauna appeared to be greatest in winter. The fauna at the Lake Erie site was dominated by Gammarus fasciatus (Amphipoda), whose populations were largest in summer and smallest in winter, thus corresponding to the abundance of Cladophora in the wave zone. None of the common insect species underwent diapause as larvae at either site.
The growth and development of Hymenolepis peromysci Tinkle, 1972 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Stallard H. E. , Arai Hisao P.
Published: August 2008

The growth and development of the metacestode and the adult stages of Hymenolepis peromysci Tinkle. 1972 in Tribolium confusum and Mesocricetus auratus, respectively, have been examined. These aspects of the worm's biology follow a general pattern similar to those established for other members of Hymenolepis which have been extensively studied. The primary differences observed are in the time scale of development and the final size of the adult worm, A high degree of variability has been noted and it is speculated that this variability is due to the relatively short time that this species has been maintained under laboratory conditions.
Adaptation of alarm pheromone responses of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)
Authors: Roitberg Bernard D. , Myers Judith H.
Published: August 2008

Adult and fourth-instar pea aphids from Vancouver, B.C., responded to alarm pheromone by either dropping, running, or backing up. Younger instars showed almost no response to pheromone but all instars responded to a pheromone–vibratory stimulus, usually by dropping. We suggest that younger instars respond conservatively to alarm pheromone because they are less agile on the ground and are more likely to die there before finding a suitable food plant. Adult and fourth-instar aphids from the hot, dry region of British Columbia do not respond to alarm pheromone by dropping. This is due to the high risk associated with any instar leaving the host plant where ground temperatures and evaporation rates are high.Clones of aphids contained both individuals which do and do not drop in response to pheromone stimulus. This mixture of behaviour types allows part of the group to exploit new resources while others remain on a known resource.
Oogenesis in Toxorhynchites rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Watts R. Brian , Smith Stephen M.
Published: August 2008

The staging of oogenesis in pupae and young virgin females of Toxorhynchites rutilus is described. Oogenesis is precocious; vitellogenesis begins in the pupal stage and some mature follicles are found as soon as 1 day after the eclosion of the adult. Terminal follicles are initiated at different times and perhaps mature at different rates. As a result, oogenesis is asynchronous in contrast with the pattern observed in other mosquitoes. A high incidence of oosorption was noted in young females but not in pupae; oosorption was not related to exhaustion of the nutrient reserves. This anomalous pattern of oogenesis in a mosquito is related to the peculiar life histories of the predatory Toxorhynchitinae.
Une nouvelle récolte de Telescopus rhinopoma Blanford 1874 (Serpentes: Colubridae), une espèce très rare
Authors: Raï Mohamed Mehdi
Published: August 2008

Twenty years of research on the herpetological fauna of Iran gave rise to a collection of more than 2500 specimens of snakes; of those, only 1 specimen of Telescopus rhinopoma Blanford, an adult female collected at Kerman, could be secured. Because of the apparent scarcity of the species in Iran, all publications pertaining to Telescopus rhinopoma in the world were consulted. Only nine specimens of T. rhinopoma are known; of those, one was lost (that collected by Jolly) and one is in very poor shape (British Museum 94.10.44 (Mertens, 1969)). Included herein is a chart comparing all the Telescopus rhinopoma collected to this day in the world.
Range extensions of some nudibranch molluscs in Alaskan waters
Authors: Robilliard Gordon A. , Barr Lou
Published: August 2008

The geographic range of each of five species of nudibranch molluscs (Archidoris odhneri, Antiopella fusca, Dirona aurantia, Dendronotus albus, and Tritonia festiva) is extended northward in Alaska.
Partial purification and characterization of prolyl hydroxylase from the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae
Authors: Leushner J. R. A. , Pasternak J.
Published: August 2008

Prolyl hydroxylase was isolated from the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae by ammonium sulfate precipitation and calcium phosphate gel ion exchange from Triton X-100 treated homogenates. The enzyme preparation was highly purified but not to homogeneity as judged by agarose gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel filtration indicated that the molecular weight of the enzyme approximated 285 000. Analysis by SDS–acrylamide electrophoresis revealed subunits of ~67 000. Complete enzymic activity required α-ketoglutarate, Fe2+, ascorbate, catalase, atmospheric oxygen, and dithiothreitol. This activity was dramatically inhibited by α, α-dipyridyl, phenanthroline, and polyproline II. The purified enzyme preparation synthesized 50 to 100 μg hydroxyproline per milligram chick protocollagen per hour at 30 °C with an estimated Km for the substrate of 80 μg. Thus, a purified prolyl hydroxylase from a simple invertebrate possesses many of the properties of the prolyl hydroxylases of various vertebrates.
Energy expenditure in reindeer walking on roads and on tundra
Authors: White R. G. , Yousef M. K.
Published: August 2008

The oxygen consumption, VO2, of two adult female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) was measured while walking on roads, wet and dry tundra, and on level ground and gradients of 5 and 9%. The oxygen cost of horizontal walking on the road (S, 0.099 ± 0.009 ml O2/g per kilometre) was 14% higher than that for the interspecies line for mammals given by S = 8.46 W−0.4, where W is body weight (grams). S increased significantly to 0.112 and 0.137 for horizontal walking on dry and wet tundra, respectively. In two human subjects, the oxygen cost of horizontal walking on roads (S, 0.096 ± 0.013) was similar to reindeer; however, on dry tundra S increased 40% more than in reindeer. The mechanical efficiency of reindeer walking up 5 and 9% grades was 50 and 32%, respectively, and the VO2 in walking up a 5% gradient was 1.4 times greater than walking down; the VO2 in walking up a 9% gradient was 1.9 times greater than walking down. Resting metabolism of the two reindeer used in walking experiments varied markedly (120–204 kcal (502–854 kJ)/kg0.75 per day); for a group of four adult female reindeer taken from late summer grazing, resting metabolism was 125 ± 8 kcal (523 kJ)/kg0.75 per day, which was similar to previous estimates for reindeer.
Etude quantitative et qualitative de la nourriture des Viviparus malleatus (Reeve) (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) dans deux lacs de la région de Montréal
Authors: Plinski Marcin , Ławacz Włodrimier , Stanczykowska Anna , Magnin Etienne
Published: August 2008

The contents of the digestive tracts of specimens of Viviparus malleatus from two different environments were analyzed. The influence of different environmental conditions, including the difference in algal composition, on the biology of molluscs was determined by using two different methods for food analysis. The two methods used, microscopic and chemical, give complementary but incomplete results.
The effect of weather on Sorex cinereus activity
Authors: Vickery W. L. , Bider J. R.
Published: August 2008

The effect of weather on the daily activity of Sorex cinereus has been observed during eight consecutive summers. Sorex cinereus activity greatly increases when rain falls at night. Maximum activity occurs when about 1 cm of rain falls. Afternoon rainfall may also result in increased activity if S. cinereus have been relatively inactive on previous nights and the night remains cloudy. When rain does not fall, activity increases moderately with temperature, but this response is not evident when rain falls in the afternoon or evening. Weather explains at least 27% of the variation in S. cinereus activity.Total summer activity is greatly influenced by temperature and rainfall in April (warm and wet preferred). The effect of weather on S. cinereus activity is discussed in terms of the biology of the species and theories of population estimation.
Alaskan moose measurements and weights and measurement–weight relationships
Authors: Franzmann Albert W. , LeResche Robert E. , Rausch Robert A. , Oldemeyer John L.
Published: August 2008

A total of 1329 Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas) were measured for total length, 1340 for chest girth, 1317 for hind foot, 618 for shoulder height, and 1219 for ear length. Five hundred and four moose were weighed. These data were classified by sex, age, month sampled, and location. Growth rates were plotted and discussed. No morphometric differences were detected by sex and location classifications up to age 36 months. Location differences were detected which corresponded to general condition, productivity, and condition related blood parameters of the populations. Seasonal weight patterns demonstrated increases from 21 to 55% from spring to late fall. Measurements, particularly total lengths, were better indicators of growth rate than were weights. All body measurements were significantly correlated with weight: total length, r (correlation coefficient) = 0.94; chest girth, r = 0.90; shoulder height, r = 0.87; and hind foot, r = 0.81. Combined sex regression equations were derived because the slight differences between the male and female regression lines were unimportant in field application. These regression equations were as follows: weight (kilograms) = −239.7 + 2.07(total length); weight (kilograms) = −245.3 + 3.14(chest girth).
Morphology of the spores of Myxosoma notropis Fantham, Porter and Richardson, 1939
Authors: Desser Sherwin S. , Paterson W. Brockley
Published: August 2008

The spore of a myxosporidan parasite from the liver of a common shiner, Notropis cornutus, from Lake Sasajewan, Algonquin Park, is described from phase photomicrographs of fresh specimens. Histochemical and scanning electron microscopic study revealed the presence and distribution of a mucus-like material on the surface of the spores. The dimensions and morphology of the spore are similar to those given for Myxosoma notropis which was described from a similar location in N. cornutus from Quebec.
Adductor muscles of brachiopods: activation and contraction
Authors: Wilkens Jerrel L.
Published: August 2008

The brachiopod shell is closed by two pairs of adductor muscles. The striate adductors are twitch-type muscles causing quick incomplete closure; they are activated by single depolarizations, fatigue rapidly, and cannot be tetanized. The smooth adductors are activated by repetitive depolarizations and do not respond to single stimuli; they contract slowly and develop tetanic tension at a low stimulating frequency (10 Hz).The patterns of muscle activation and the conduction pathways in response to mechanical stimulation are described. Several types of reflex, including a closing reflex and a resistance reflex, were identified.
Platyhelminth parasites of muskrats (Ondatra zibethica) in New Brunswick
Authors: MacKinnon Barbara M. , Burt M. D. B.
Published: August 2008

During the summers of 1975 and 1976, 35 muskrats were examined for parasitic helminths. Twelve species of platyhelminths were recovered, including nine species of Digenea and three species of Cestoda. Muskrats collected from the streams and backwaters of the Miramichi River area harboured nine species of parasites compared with seven species recovered from both the Magaguadavic Lake area and the St. John River area, and five species recovered from muskrats on the Jolicure marshes. Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis showed the highest incidence of infection in all muskrats examined. Nudacotyle novicia and Echinoparyphium sp. showed the highest intensities of infection. Opisthorchis tonkae and Andrya macrocephala are recorded from muskrats in Canada for the first time. A possible explanation is given for the absence of Echinostoma revolutum in muskrats from marsh habitats.
A preliminary analysis of dietary effects on serum ninhydrin-positive compounds of immature lobsters Homarus americanus (Milne Edwards)
Authors: Carter John A. , Dunphy Gary B.
Published: August 2008

Thirty-eight ninhydrin-positive compounds (NPCs) were detected in the serum of wild, controlled-diet and starved lobsters Homarus americanus (Milne Edwards). Glycine, proline, alanine, taurine, serine, glutamic acid, ornithine, and glutamine comprised approximately 82% of the total serum NPC concentration in wild and starved lobsters and 70% in fed lobsters. The urea cycle intermediates arginine, citrulline, ornithine, and urea were detected in many samples. The following NPCs, previously unreported in lobster haemolymph, were detected as well: β-alanine, α-aminoadipic acid, α -amino-n-butyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, ammonia, anserine, as-paragine, cystathionine, cysteic acid – phosphoserine, ethanolamine, glycerophosphoethanol-amine, hydroxyproline, 1- and 3-methylhistidine. Starved lobsters showed pronounced reductions in serum NPC concentrations relative to those of fed lobsters. Starvation caused an apparent increase in the serum concentrations of the methylhistidine isomers and glycerophosphoethanolamine.
Metazoan parasites of arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) in a high arctic, landlocked lake in Canada
Authors: Beverley-Burton M.
Published: August 2008

Seven species of parasitic metazoans were found in 71 arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) taken in Char Lake, Cornwallis Island, N.W.T., Canada (74°42′ N, 94°50′ W): Tetraonchus alaskensis (Monogenea); Diphyllobothrium sp. (plerocercoids), Eubothrium salvelini, Eubothrium sp., and Proteocephalus longicollis (Cestoidea); Cystidicola cristivomeri (Nematoda) and Salmincola edwardsii (Crustacea: Copepoda). Except for S. edwardsii these reports, from a population of S. alpinus which is confined to fresh water, constitute new northerly distribution records for North America. Reports of P. longicollis and C. cristivomeri from S. alpinus in Canada have not been published previously.
Pricetrema phocae and Pricetrema eumetopii spp.n. (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from pinnipeds in the North Pacific
Authors: Shults Larry M.
Published: August 2008

Pricetrema phocae and Pricetrema eumetopii spp.n. are described from the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi (Gray), and Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber), respectively.
Sarcolemma, T-tubules, and subsarcolemmal caveolae. Interrelationships and continuity demonstrated by tannic acid mordanting
Authors: Leeson T. S.
Published: August 2008

Muscle cells of rat rectus abdominus and diaphragm were mordanted in tannic acid and ultrathin sections, after staining with lead citrate, showed a variable but usually marked increase in electron density of T-tubules, subsarcolemmal caveolae and, to a lesser degree, the plasmalemma, basal lamina material, and associated collagen microfibrils. The technique permits clear demonstration of continuity of the membranes of T-tubules and caveolae with the sarcolemma. While some T-tubules open directly into the extracellular space, others do so indirectly via a caveola. The T-tubules show some variation in diameter and not all are transverse in orientation; they frequently branch, reunite, and run longitudinally, often connecting T-tubules of adjacent triads across a Z-line. Subsarcolemmal caveolae (approximately 100 nm diameter) line the sarcolemma in a single row and show frequent connections by narrow tubules to form dumbell, trefoil, and four-leafed profiles.The findings lead to the conclusion that both T-tubules and caveolae are open to the extracellular space and that T-tubules open both directly and indirectly via caveolae to the surface.
Dormant synapses in a crustacean neuromuscular system
Authors: Acosta-Urquidi Juan
Published: August 2008

In adult spider crabs (Hyas araneas), kept captive for more than 5 months, excitatory junctional potentials recorded from the leg stretcher muscle preparation showed striking evidence of a loss of synaptic efficacy when compared to responses obtained from 'normal' synapses in earlier control animals. Two classes of aberrant synapses are described. One type gave rise to considerably depressed responses ([Formula: see text] at 10–20 Hz), while the other type (termed 'dormant') only became activated by a schedule of vigorous tetani followed by appropriate rest periods.Resting potentials and effective input resistance measurements in fibers displaying aberrant synaptic function showed no significant differences from controls. On the basis of their limited facilitation performance and marked tendency to exhibit depletion, it is proposed that presynaptic factors relating to a lower than normal store of releasable transmitter can account for such behaviour in aberrant synapses. The underlying trigger of such changes remains unknown.
Integumentary bloodvascular system in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis and Thamnophis radix)
Authors: Rauch Josefine C.
Published: August 2008

Integumentary arteries in garter snakes are a continuation of intercostal arteries. They give rise to a complex network of conduits resembling in pattern the outline of scutes. The arrangement of integumentary veins approximates that for arteries; venous drainage occurs ventrally via the epigastric vein, and laterally via intercostal and spinal veins. The return of blood via this latter route during basking is presumably associated with convective heat transfer to the spinal cord enhancing the potential speed of neuronal activity.
Morphology of the elongate sensillum placodeum on the antennae of Aphidius smithi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)
Authors: Borden J. H. , Rose A. , Chorney R. J.
Published: August 2008

Elongate placoid sensilla were present on all 20 flagellar segments in five male Aphidius smithi and all but the basal 1 of 17 segments in five females. They are oriented longitudinally, approximately equidistant around the circumference of a segment. Scanning electron microscopy of the internal cuticular surface disclosed lamellae which divide the sensillum into lateral and median channels. Many transverse ridges are present in the ceiling of the median channel. Unlike other species, there is no cuticular floor of the sensillum. Numerous nerve cell bodies in the subcuticular tissue give rise to dendritic processes, a ciliary region, and a region of dendritic branches which lie parallel to each other within the 1-μm-wide median channel underneath the 0.1- to 0.25-μm-thick dome. Each dendritic branch is composed of a neurotubule surrounded by a plasma membrane. The ascending dendrites are flanked by the microvilli of the trichogen cell. A tormogen cell encloses the trichogen cell and extends into the lateral channels of the sensillum. The relationship of minute pores in the dome with the underlying dendritic branches is unclear. The hypothesis is advanced that the sensilla may be involved in host finding through perception of infrared radiation.
Accumulation of heavy metals by some solitary tunicates
Authors: Danskin Gordon P.
Published: August 2008

The vanadium contents of eight species of solitary ascidians for which quantitative data are lacking are reported. It is observed that the occurrence of the metal within the class does not conform to taxonomic groups, but instead occurs sporadically throughout. For example, the phlebobranch Chelyosoma productum was observed to contain 800 ppm vanadium, whereas in a second member of the same family. Corella willmeriana, the metal could not be detected. Corella willmeriana contained a substantial iron concentration. The stolidobranch Boltenia villosa was found to contain vanadium at a level previously observed only among the phlebobranchs.The vanadium content of Ciona intestinalis shows a linear dependence upon the dry weight of the animal, and can be estimated from a concentration value of ~ 90 μg vanadium per gram dry weight, independent of the size class of the animal. No significant seasonal variation in the vanadium concentration of C. intestinalis was observed.
Detrimental effects of feeding Pleistophora schubergi (Microsporida) to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) naturally infected with Nosema fumiferanae
Authors: Wilson G. G.
Published: August 2008

Spores of the microsporidian Pleistophora schubergi Zwölfer were fed to spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), naturally infected with Nosema fumiferanae (Thorn.). Larval mortality increased while female pupal weights, adult longevity, and fecundity were significantly reduced by feeding P. schubergi spores. High spore concentrations (5 × 108 spores) and inoculation as second-instar larvae produced the most detrimental effects.
Compensatory embryogenie responses in osmoregulative structures of mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus L. incubated at constant temperature and various constant levels of salinity
Authors: Tay K.-L. , Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

The number of glomeruli (renal corpuscles) in the opisthonephros of fry of the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus L. (10–21 mm total length), incubated continuously from fertilization to hatching and subsequently maintained variously in fresh water (<0.5‰ salinity (S)), 10, 20, 30, and 60‰ S, at 20 °C, increased significantly with increased kidney volumes which in turn were correlated positively with total length (TL). Mean densities of glomeruli did not differ among the five samples. However, mean relative glomerular volume and mean relative net intracapsular space decreased significantly with increased salinity, as did mean relative total and lumenal cross-sectional areas of the proximal convoluted tubules. The differences between these last two measurements also decreased, indicating decreased cell size of the tubule wall.The number of branchial chloride-secreting cells increased significantly with increased branchial sectional surface, and branchial sectional surface increased significantly with increased TL. The number and the mean aggregate sectional area of chloride cells per unit branchial sectional surface increased significantly with increased salinity, independently of fish size.Mummichog are frequently acknowledged to be extremely haloplastic. Some of this functional plasticity appears to be derived from structural compensation induced during embryogeny.
Terrestrial gastropods from the Himsworth Game Preserve, Ontario, and their significance in Parelaphostrongylus tenuis transmission
Authors: Kearney Stephen R. , Gilbert Frederick F.
Published: August 2008

Terrestrial gastropods were collected within the 1220-ha Himsworth Game Preserve in central Ontario during 1974 to determine their abundance and habitat preference. Collections from systematically arranged plots occurred 23 May to 4 June, 6 July to 14 July, and 26 August to 5 September. In all 16 498 gastropods were collected; 4351, in the first, 5622 in the second, and 6525 in the third collection period. Sixteen species were represented with Discus cronkhitei and Zonitoides arboreus accounting for 69.3% of the specimens. Deroceras laeve and Pallifera dorsalis were the most common slugs. Gastropods (excluding slugs) showed a significant preference for mixed forest and a significant aversion to open habitat types during all collection periods. Slugs were significantly less abundant in mixed forest and more abundant in open habitat types during the third collection period.Eight of the 16 species collected (80.1% of the specimens) have previously been identified as intermediate hosts of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. However, only 19 third-stage larvae of P. tenuis were obtained from the 16450 gastropods digested in pepsin. It is proposed that Zonitoides arboreus in association with Betula papyrifera may be important components in the transmission of P. tenuis to cervids on the Himsworth Game Preserve.
The filter-feeding apparatus in crayfish
Authors: Budd T. W. , Lewis J. C. , Tracey M. L.
Published: August 2008

A number of investigators have reported increased survivorship of juvenile crayfish reared on algal suspensions rather than on solid diets. The gross anatomy of crustacean oral appendages is well known; however, no detailed studies of filter feeding have appeared. Consequently we have described the filter-feeding current observed during periods of algal filtering as well as the filter apparatus. The filter is formed by the first maxillipeds and the maxillae. Four types of setae are found on the oral appendages and the setal spacing in the filter (4–5 μm) is very similar in adult and juvenile Orconectes immunis. It is suggested that juveniles must filter feed, while adults are opportunistic filter feeders.
Feeding behaviour of the kelp clingfish Rimicola muscarum residing on the kelp Macrocystis integrifolia
Authors: Roland William
Published: August 2008

The feeding behaviour of the kelp clingfish Rimicola muscarum Meek and Pierson residing on the blades of the kelp Macrocystis integrifolia Bory was described. The fish seized small invertebrates, mainly harpacticoid copepods, which were closely associated with the kelp blades. A four-step food chain involving R. muscarum was qualitatively determined. Diatoms epiphytic on the kelp blades were grazed by harpacticoid copepods. These and other small invertebrates were captured by the clingfish, which in turn was eaten by the black rockfish, Sebastes melanops, and the shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata.