bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbiological findings after periodontal therapy using curettes, Er:YAG laser, sonic, and ultrasonic scalers
Authors: Derdilopoulou Foteini V. , Nonhoff Jörg , Neumann Konrad , Kielbassa Andrej M.
Published: May 2007

Aim: To evaluate and compare the microbiological effects of hand instruments, Er:YAG‐laser, sonic, and ultrasonic scalers in patients with chronic periodontitis. Patient perception of each treatment was documented.

Material and Methods: From 72 patients, bacterial samples were collected from the deepest pocket in each quadrant (total: 288 sites). A polymerase chain reaction kit estimated the amount of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythensis (Tf), and Treponema denticola (Td) at baseline as well as 3 and 6 months after therapy. One quadrant in each patient was randomly assigned to curettes (H‐group), Er:YAG laser (L‐group), sonic device (S‐group), or ultrasonic device (U‐group).

Results: Three months post‐operatively, the amounts of Pg, Pi, Tf, and Td were significantly reduced in all groups. Laser and sonic instrumentation failed to reduce Aa. Six months after therapy, significant differences were still detected for Pg (L‐ and U‐group), for Pi and Tf (S‐group), and for Td (L‐, S‐ and U‐group). Patients rated ultrasonic treatment as more preferable than hand and laser instrumentation.

Conclusion: The various treatment methods resulted in a comparable reduction of the evaluated periodontal pathogens, and bacterial increase was only partially different 6 months post‐operatively. Ultrasonic instrumentation caused less discomfort.
Fish distribution and diet in relation to the invasive macrophyte Lagarosiphon major in the littoral zone of Lake Dunstan, New Zealand
Authors: Bickel T. O. , Closs G. P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract –  Invasive macrophytes are usually associated with negative impacts on habitat quality and a threat to native biodiversity. However, they might provide the same beneficial functions of native macrophytes, i.e., the provision of food and shelter for fish, in the absence of native macrophytes. To assess the value of the invasive macrophyte Lagarosiphon major as a fish habitat, we investigated the spatio–temporal variation in the distribution of a small littoral fish species (common bully) in the littoral of Lake Dunstan, a New Zealand hydro lake. Large‐ and fine‐scale common bully distribution could partly be explained by the occurrence of dense L. major stands. Additionally, variability in catch per unit effort was partly explained by season and recruitment. Diet analysis indicated that common bullies in the Lagarosiphon‐dominated littoral fed on invertebrates (Mollusca, Trichoptera, Chironomidae) found on exotic L. major, therefore suggesting its role as a food provider in the system. These results indicated that invasive macrophytes can provide important ecosystem functions in disturbed habitats that are otherwise devoid of native macrophytes. Any macrophyte management strategy should therefore carefully consider the costs and benefits associated with macrophyte control.
Mast cells: multipotent local effector cells in atherothrombosis
Authors: Kovanen Petri T.
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Our understanding of the relationship between the proatherogenic activities of arterial mast cells (MCs) and the development of atherosclerotic lesions is advancing. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which cholesterol and other lipids of circulating low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particles accumulate both extracellularly and intracellularly in the innermost layer of the arterial wall, the intima. One prerequisite for the proatherogenic activity of the LDL particles is their retention and proteolytic modification within the extracellular matrix of the intima. Experimental studies with activated chymase‐secreting MCs have provided us fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms of these processes. High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, again, remove cholesterol from the intracellular stores and carry it back to the circulation. MC chymase and tryptase actively degrade HDL and thus generate functionally defective particles that are unable to initiate cholesterol efflux from the arterial wall. In advanced atherosclerotic plaques, the accumulated lipids are separated from the circulation by a collagenous cap. By inducing apoptosis of endothelial cells (ECs), subendothelial MCs may induce detachment of ECs from the cap (plaque erosion). Moreover, MCs may weaken the cap if they disturb local collagen turnover by inducing apoptosis of the collagen‐secreting smooth muscle cells or when they promote collagen degradation by activating matrix metalloproteinases. Plaques with a weak cap are vulnerable to rupture. The exposed subendothelial tissue at eroded and ruptured sites of plaques triggers local development of a platelet‐rich thrombus. As regulators of the collagen‐induced platelet activation and fibrin formation/fibrinolysis, the MCs may retard or accelerate the growth of the plaque‐associated thrombus and ultimately participate in the wound‐healing response of the injured plaque. We propose that by promoting cholesterol accumulation and plaque vulnerability and by locally regulating hemostasis, MCs in atherosclerotic lesions have the potential to contribute to the clinical outcomes of atherosclerosis, such as myocardial infarction and stroke.
The mast cell: where endocytosis and regulated exocytosis meet
Authors: Sagi‐Eisenberg Ronit
Published: May 2007

Summary:  We have investigated whether Ca2+‐binding proteins, which have been implicated in the control of neurons and neuroendocrine secretion, play a role in controlling mast cell function. These studies have identified synaptotagmins (Syts) II, III, and IX as well as neuronal Ca2+ sensor 1 (NCS‐1) as important regulators of mast cell function. Strikingly, we find that these Ca2+‐binding proteins contribute to mast cell function by regulating specific endocytic pathways. Syt II, the most abundant Syt homologue in mast cells, resides in an amine‐free lysosomal compartment. Studying the function of Syt II‐knocked down rat basophilic leukemia cells has shown a dual function of this homologue. Syt II is required for the downregulation of protein kinase Cα, but it negatively regulates lysosomal exocytosis. Syt III, the next most abundant homologue, localizes to early endosomes and is required for the formation of the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). Syt IX and NCS‐1 localize to the ERC and regulate ERC export, NCS‐1 by activating phosphatidylinositol 4‐kinase β. Finally, we show that recycling through the ERC is needed for secretory granule protein sorting as well as for the activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinases, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2. Accordingly, NCS‐1 stimulates FcɛRI‐triggered exocytosis and release of arachidonic acid metabolites.
Insights into immunoglobulin E receptor signaling from structurally defined ligands
Authors: Holowka David , Sil Dwaipayan , Torigoe Chikako , Baird Barbara
Published: May 2007

Summary:  The asymmetrical structure of bent immunoglobulin E (IgE) bound to its high‐affinity receptor, FcɛRI, suggests a possible role for this configuration in the regulation of signaling mediated by cross‐linking of FcɛRI on the surface of mast cells and basophils. Indeed, the presence of bound IgE strongly influences the capacity of cross‐linked FcɛRI dimers to trigger mast cell degranulation, implicating orientational constraints by bound IgE. Bivalent ligands that cross‐link by binding to bivalent IgE can form linear and cyclic chains of IgE/FcɛRI complexes, and these exhibit only limited capacity to stimulate downstream signaling and degranulation, whereas structurally analogous trivalent ligands, which can form branched networks of cross‐linked IgE/FcɛRI complexes, are more effective at cell activation. Long bivalent ligands with flexible spacers can form intramolecular cross‐links with IgE, and these stable 1:1 complexes are very potent inhibitors of mast cell degranulation stimulated by multivalent antigen. In contrast, trivalent ligands with rigid double‐stranded DNA spacers effectively stimulate degranulation responses in a length‐dependent manner, providing direct evidence for receptor transphosphorylation as a key step in the mechanism of signaling by FcɛRI. Thus, studies with chemically defined oligovalent ligands show important features of IgE receptor cross‐linking that regulate signaling, leading to mast cell activation.
Mast cells as modulators of T‐cell responses
Authors: Sayed Blayne Amir , Brown Melissa A.
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Although mast cells have long been considered the integral effector cell in allergy and atopic disease, the paradigm of mast cell function is now evolving to incorporate data showing that mast cells make innumerable contributions to both protective and pathologic immune responses. Mast cells express cell surface molecules with costimulatory or co‐inhibitory activity and produce a multitude of mediators that can direct dendritic cell (DC) or T‐cell differentiation and function. In addition, mast cells exhibit a widespread distribution and are in close proximity to DCs and T cells at several critical sites. While there has been amazing progress in characterizing mast cell populations in vitro, only recently has the ability to monitor their in vivo effects become a reality. In this review, we discuss the evolution of our understanding of mast cell biology with an emphasis on their established and hypothesized roles in influencing T‐cell differentiation and function. The fact that T‐cell and mast cell interactions exist and are a normal component of most adaptive immune responses is one of the best illustrations of the now established concept that innate and adaptive immunity are not completely independent entities.
Tooth mortality in smokers and nonsmokers in a selected population in Sana'a, Yemen
Authors: Al‐Bayaty F. H. , Wahid N. A. A. , Bulgiba A. M.
Published: May 2007

Background and Objective:  Tobacco smoking has been shown to be a major risk factor for tooth loss. The present study was designed to examine tooth mortality and the patterns of tooth loss in smokers and nonsmokers over a wide age range in a selected population from Sana'a, Yemen.

Material and Methods:  A total of 2506 persons between the ages of 15 and 64 years were examined, and every permanent tooth was assessed. Missing teeth included both extracted and missing teeth. Individuals currently smoking one or more boxes of cigarettes (20 cigarettes) a day for 5 years were considered as smokers, whereas individuals with no smoking history were considered as nonsmokers.

Results:  Smokers had a higher mean tooth loss than nonsmokers. The difference was statistically significant at p < 0.001. Mean tooth loss was significantly higher in smokers across all age groups, except for those in the 45–54 years age group. Smokers had a significantly higher mean upper tooth loss than nonsmokers. Tooth loss decreased from the incisors to the canines and then increased, with peak loss in the first molars.

Conclusion:  Tooth loss among smokers is significantly higher than among nonsmokers. The central incisors, lateral incisors and first molars were the most commonly missing teeth in smokers, compared with nonsmokers.
Degradation of noncollagenous components by neutrophil elastase reduces the mechanical strength of rat periodontal ligament
Authors: Ujiie Y. , Shimada A. , Komatsu K. , Gomi K. , Oida S. , Arai T. , Fukae M.
Published: May 2007

Background and Objective:  We have previously shown that increases in neutrophil elastase in periodontal ligament with chronic periodontitis results in degradation of the noncollagenous components. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the destruction of noncollagenous components by treatment with elastase in vitro causes changes in the mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament.

Material and Methods:  The transverse sections of mandibular first molars, prepared from male Wistar rats at 6 wk of age, were digested with 0–50 µg/mL of neutrophil elastase at 37°C for 4 h. Then, their mechanical properties and morphological features were examined.

Results:  Digestion with elastase dose‐dependently decreased the maximum shear stress and failure strain energy density of the periodontal ligament (p < 0.05–0.01). The histological observations after digestion revealed marked degradation of oxytalan fibers, but no marked changes of the collagen fibers, which was confirmed by the detection of very low quantities of hydroxyproline in the digest. The light and scanning electron micrographs showed that the elastase degraded the interfibrillar substances in the periodontal ligament and exposed individual collagen fibrils.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that the increased neutrophil elastase observed in periodontal disease degrades the oxytalan fibers and interfibrillar substances in the periodontal ligament to decrease its mechanical strength.
A GAPDH Mutant Defective in Src‐Dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation Impedes Rab2‐Mediated Events
Authors: Tisdale Ellen J. , Artalejo Cristina R.
Published: May 2007

Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has multiple intracellular activities in addition to its role in gluconeogenesis. Indeed, we have reported that GAPDH is required for Rab2‐mediated retrograde transport from vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs). These diverse GAPDH activities are the result of posttranslational modifications that confer a new function to the enzyme. In that regard, GAPDH is tyrosine phosphorylated by Src. To establish the functional significance of this modification for GAPDH activity in Rab2‐dependent events, an amino acid substitution was made at tyrosine 41 (GAPDH Y41F). The inability of Src to phosphorylate purified recombinant GAPDH Y41F was confirmed in an in vitro kinase assay. The mutant was then employed in a quantitative membrane‐binding assay that measures Rab2 recruitment of soluble components to VTCs. As we observed with GAPDH wild type, Rab2 promoted GAPDH Y41F binding to membranes in a dose‐dependent manner, indicating that GAPDH tyrosine phosphorylation is not required for VTC association. However, GAPDH was tyrosine phosphorylated on VTCs. Importantly, GAPDH Y41F blocked vesicular stomatitis virus‐G transport in an assay that reconstitutes endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking, indicating that phosphorylation of tyrosine 41 is essential for GAPDH activity in the early secretory pathway. The block in transport is because of the decreased binding of atypical protein kinase C ι/λ to GAPDH Y41F, which reduces β‐coat protein association with the VTC and subsequent formation of Rab2‐mediated retrograde vesicles. Our results suggest that Src plays a pivotal role in regulating the interaction of Rab2 effectors on the VTC.
Characterization of inflammatory cells in oral paracoccidioidomycosis
Authors: Kaminagakura E , Bonan PRF , Jorge J , Almeida OP , Scully C
Published: May 2007

Paracoccidioidomycosis (Pmycosis) is one of the most common deep mycoses in many regions of Latin America, particularly in Brazil. Microscopically, it shows granulomatous inflammatory reaction with giant cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes, and eosinophils. The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of inflammatory cells in oral Pmycosis. Fifteen cases of oral Pmycosis were studied by immunohistochemistry for the presence of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, CD20+, CD15+, and S100+ cells. Macrophages were the main cells in well‐organized granulomas and non‐granulomatous areas. The CD4 phenotype was predominant in well‐organized granulomas and a balance between CD4+ and CD8+ cells was observed in non‐granulomatous areas. Dendritic, S100+ cells were found mainly in the epithelium, in subepithelial connective tissue, and at the periphery of organized granulomas. CD15+ cells were concentrated mainly in areas of intraepithelial microabscess and ulceration. Macrophages and T cells are the predominant cells in oral Pmycosis. Well‐organized granulomas contain fewer yeast particles, indicating a more effective host immune response. Better understanding of the histopathological changes in oral Pmycosis might help determine treatment, severity and systemic involvement of the disease.
γ‐secretase inhibitors exerts antitumor activity via down‐regulation of Notch and Nuclear factor kappa B in human tongue carcinoma cells
Authors: Yao J , Duan L , Fan M , Wu X
Published: May 2007

Objective:  To investigate the effect of the γ‐secretase inhibitors (GSIs) on the growth of human tongue carcinoma cells and to provide the molecular mechanism for potential application of GSIs in the treatment of tongue carcinoma.

Materials and methods:  Human tongue carcinoma Tca8113 cells were cultured with the GSI L‐685 458. Cell growth was determined by the methylthiazole tetrazolium method. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and/or confocal microscopy. RT‐PCR and Western blot were employed to determine the intracellular expression levels. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.

Results:  L‐685,458 dose‐dependently inhibited the growth of human tongue carcinoma Tca8113 cells by inducing G0–G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The mRNA and protein levels of Hairy/Enhancer of Split‐1, a target of Notch activation, were decreased dose‐dependently by L‐685,458. Furthermore, L‐685,458 down‐regulated cyclin D1, B‐cell lymphocytic‐leukemia proto‐oncogene 2 and c‐Myc expressions, which are regulated by the transcription factor NF‐κB. Coincident with this observation, L‐685,458 induced a dose‐dependent reduction of constitutive NF‐κB activation in Tca8113 cells.

Conclusions:  The GSI L‐685,458 may have a therapeutic value for the treatment of human tongue carcinoma. Moreover, the effects of L‐685,458 in tumor inhibition may act partially via the modulation of Notch and NF‐κB.
Review of linear epidermal nevus with oral mucosal involvement – series of five new cases
Authors: Haberland‐Carrodeguas C , Allen CM , Lovas JGL , Hicks J , Flaitz CM , Carlos R , Stal S
Published: May 2007

Introduction: Linear epidermal nevi are sporadic hamartomatous alterations of the epidermis and superficial dermis that clinically appear as verrucous papules and plaques distributed in a linear pattern following Blaschko's lines. Their extent varies from unilateral involvement (nevus unius lateris) to extensive bilateral involvement (ichthyosis hystrix). Oral mucosal lesions have rarely been described.

Aims: We review the literature, focusing on the rare intraoral manifestations of linear epidermal nevus.

Case series: We present a series of five new cases with oral mucosal involvement. Four cases had associated cutaneous lesions and one case had oral lesions exclusively. Histopathologic evaluation of lesional tissue in four cases showed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, epithelial hyperplasia, and papillomatosis. Dental abnormalities, consisting of enamel hypoplasia and congenitally missing teeth, were noted in one patient adjacent to the oral lesions.
Topography of ganglion cells in the retina of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus)
Authors: RAHMAN Mohammad Lutfur , AOYAMA Masato , SUGITA Shoei
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to define ganglion cell density, size and topography in the retina of the mallard duck. After killing adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus), their eyes were removed using pentobarbital (30 mg/kg). The retinas were isolated, whole mount specimens were prepared by staining with 0.1% cresyl violet and then fixing the tissues for study. The retinal ganglion cells were counted, mapped and measured. The mean total number of ganglion cells was estimated at approximately 1.7 × 106 and the retinal area centralis had the highest ganglion cell density with 15 820 cells/mm2. The number of ganglion cell bodies was highest in the temporal area, followed by the nasal, dorsal and ventral areas. Ganglion cell size ranged from 56 to 406 μm2. A population of small ganglion cells persisted into the central area just above the optic disc and the largest soma area was in the ventral zone of the retina. This localization of ganglion cells suggests that the quality of vision is not equal in all the areas of the duck retina and the central part may have the highest vision quality as a function of the retinal ganglion cells.
Who's Afraid of Eliza Haywood?
Authors: Case Croskery Margaret
Published: May 2007

Haywood's status within academic circles is still undergoing the type of canonical redistricting that makes more transparent the ideological tensions within competing standards of literary value. The curious patterns within her reception history, both in her own day and in the present, suggest both how much and how little has changed within commodity politics since the 1700s – when Haywood's publications helped to define the novel as a literary form – and today, when the definition of the ‘literary’ is once again in productive flux.
The domains carrying the opposing activities in adenylyltransferase are separated by a central regulatory domain
Authors: Clancy Paula , Xu Yibin , van Heeswijk Wally C. , Vasudevan Subhash G. , Ollis David L.
Published: May 2007

Adenylyltransferase is a bifunctional enzyme that controls the enzymatic activity of dodecameric glutamine synthetase in Escherichia coli by reversible adenylylation and deadenylylation. Previous studies showed that the two similar but chemically distinct reactions are carried out by separate domains within adenylyltransferase. The N‐terminal domain carries the deadenylylation activity, and the C‐terminal domain carries the adenylylation activity [Jaggi R, van Heeswijk WC, Westerhoff HV, Ollis DL & Vasudevan SG (1997) EMBO J16, 5562–5571]. In this study, we further map the domain junctions of adenylyltransferase on the basis of solubility and enzymatic analysis of truncation constructs, and show for the first time that adenylyltransferase has three domains: the two activity domains and a central, probably regulatory (R), domain connected by interdomain Q‐linkers (N‐Q1‐R‐Q2‐C). The various constructs, which have the opposing domain and or central domain removed, all retain their activity in the absence of their respective nitrogen status indicator, i.e. PII or PII‐UMP. A panel of mAbs to adenylyltransferase was used to demonstrate that the cellular nitrogen status indicators, PII and PII‐UMP, probably bind in the central regulatory domain to stimulate the adenylylation and deadenylylation reactions, respectively. In the light of these results, intramolecular signaling within adenylyltransferase is discussed.
Regulation of the muscle‐specific AMP‐activated protein kinase α2β2γ3 complexes by AMP and implications of the mutations in the γ3‐subunit for the AMP dependence of the enzyme
Authors: Lindgren Kerstin , Ormestad Mattias , Persson Mårten , Martinsson Sofia , Svensson L. Thomas , Mahlapuu Margit
Published: May 2007

The AMP‐activated protein kinase is an evolutionarily conserved heterotrimer that is important for metabolic sensing in all eukaryotes. The muscle‐specific isoform of the regulatory γ‐subunit of the kinase, AMP‐activated protein kinase γ3, has a key role in glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle, as suggested by metabolic characterization of humans, pigs and mice harboring substitutions in the AMP‐binding Bateman domains of γ3. We demonstrate that AMP‐activated protein kinase α2β2γ3 trimers are allosterically activated approximately three‐fold by AMP with a half‐maximal stimulation (A0.5) at 1.9 ± 0.5 or 2.6 ± 0.3 µm, as measured for complexes expressed in Escherichia coli or mammalian cells, respectively. We show that mutations in the N‐terminal Bateman domain of γ3 (R225Q, H306R and R307G) increased the A0.5 values for AMP, whereas the fold activation of the enzyme by 200 µm AMP remained unchanged in comparison to the wild‐type complex. The mutations in the C‐terminal Bateman domain of γ3 (H453R and R454G), on the other hand, substantially reduced the fold stimulation of the complex by 200 µm AMP, and resulted in AMP dependence curves similar to those of the double mutant, R225Q/R454G. A V224I mutation in γ3, known to result in a reduced glycogen content in pigs, did not affect the fold activation or the A0.5 values for AMP. Importantly, we did not detect any increase in phosphorylation of Thr172 of α2 by the upstream kinases in the presence of increasing concentrations of AMP. Taken together, the data show that different mutations in γ3 exert different effects on the allosteric regulation of the α2β2γ3 complex by AMP, whereas we find no evidence for their role in regulating the level of phosphorylation of α2 by upstream kinases.
The shell matrix of the freshwater mussel Unio pictorum (Paleoheterodonta, Unionoida)
Authors: Marie Benjamin , Luquet Gilles , Pais De Barros Jean‐Paul , Guichard Nathalie , Morel Sylvain , Alcaraz Gérard , Bollache Loïc , Marin Frédéric
Published: May 2007

Among molluscs, the shell biomineralization process is controlled by a set of extracellular macromolecular components secreted by the calcifying mantle. In spite of several studies, these components are mainly known in bivalves from only few members of pteriomorph groups. In the present case, we investigated the biochemical properties of the aragonitic shell of the freshwater bivalve Unio pictorum (Paleoheterodonta, Unionoida). Analysis of the amino acid composition reveals a high amount of glycine, aspartate and alanine in the acid‐soluble extract, whereas the acid‐insoluble one is rich in alanine and glycine. Monosaccharidic analysis indicates that the insoluble matrix comprises a high amount of glucosamine. Furthermore, a high ratio of the carbohydrates of the soluble matrix is sulfated. Electrophoretic analysis of the acid‐soluble matrix revealed discrete bands. Stains‐All, Alcian Blue, periodic acid/Schiff and autoradiography with 45Ca after electrophoretic separation revealed three major polyanionic calcium‐binding glycoproteins, which exhibit an apparent molecular mass of 95, 50 and 29 kDa, respectively. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis shows that these bands, provisionally named P95, P50 and P29, are composed of numerous isoforms, the majority of which have acidic isoelectric points. Chemical deglycosylation of the matrix with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid induces a drastic shift of both the apparent molecular mass and the isoelectric point of these matrix components. This treatment induces also a modification of the shape of CaCO3 crystals grown in vitro and a loss of the calcium‐binding ability of two of the main matrix proteins (P95 and P50). Our findings strongly suggest that post‐translational modifications display important functions in mollusc shell calcification.
Growth inhibitory effect of the human NIT2 gene and its allelic imbalance in cancers
Authors: Lin Chun‐Hung , Chung Ming‐Yi , Chen Wen‐Bin , Chien Chin‐Hsiang
Published: May 2007

The mammalian nitrilase (Nit) protein is a member of the nitrilase superfamily whose function remains to be characterized. We now show that the nitrilase family member 2 gene (NIT2) is ubiquitously expressed in multiple tissues and encodes protein mainly distributed in the cytosol. Ectopic expression of Nit2 in HeLa cells was found to inhibit cell growth through G2 arrest rather than by apoptosis. Consistent with this, proteomic and RT‐PCR analyses showed that Nit2 up‐regulated the protein and mRNA levels of 14‐3‐3σ, an inhibitor of both G2/M progression and protein kinase B (Akt)‐activated cell growth, and down‐regulated 14‐3‐3β, a potential oncogenic protein. Genotype analysis in four types of primary tumor tissues showed 12.5–38.5% allelic imbalance surrounding the NIT2 locus. The results demonstrated that NIT2 plays an important role in cell growth inhibition and links to human malignancies, suggesting that Nit2 may be a potential tumor suppressor candidate.
Canadian Society for the Study of the Aging Male: Response to Health Canada's Position Paper on Testosterone Treatment
Authors: Bain Jerald , Brock Gerald , Kuzmarov Irwin ,   for the International Consulting Group
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Testosterone treatment of older symptomatic men with reduced testosterone availability is increasing. There is an expanding body of literature to support such treatment in a large subset of aging men, but there has not yet been a long-term placebo-controlled double-blind study of several thousand men to confirm the efficacy and safety of this treatment as indicated by shorter-term studies. The absence of a long-term study has been used by governmental agencies as a limiting factor in providing full access and payment for this treatment in government-sponsored health care plans. Health Canada issued a testosterone analysis document to the pharmaceutical industry, the implications of which may make it more difficult for appropriate patients to receive such treatment. The Canadian Society for the Study of the Aging Male (CSSAM) believed it had an obligation to advocate on behalf of men requiring this treatment.

Aim

To provide an international consensus on the use of testosterone treatment in appropriately selected hypogonadal men.

Main Outcome Measure

To determine whether the literature supports the use of testosterone treatment in a selected population of hypogonadal men, to achieve consensus on this point among an international consulting group, and to transmit this view to health care workers and insuring and governmental agencies.

Methods

Email communication among the consulting group to prepare a response to Health Canada, followed by a review of appropriate literature and international practice guidelines, incorporating the literature and guidelines together with the CSSAM letter and Health Canada's response.

Result

The literature and international guidelines support the initiation of testosterone therapy in symptomatic hypogonadal men, recognizing that there is no universal agreement on the criteria for the diagnosis of hypogonadism in each suspected case. The need for careful monitoring of such men is stressed.

Conclusion

CSSAM acted as an advocate for hypogonadal men who may benefit from treatment with testosterone. Short-term studies and 60 years of experience with testosterone therapy attest to its efficacy. Long-term studies are desirable, but it may take many years before results could be forthcoming. There is no evidence to suggest that testosterone treatment increases the risk of prostate cancer or cardiovascular disease. Current evidence suggests, in fact, that testosterone treatment may be cardioprotective. It is important to bring this information to the attention of governments and insuring agencies through the collaboration of groups devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadal men.
The Birth and Development of Sexual Medicine: Reflections of My Personal Journey
Authors: Riley Alan
Published: May 2007

Introduction

The phrase “sexual medicine” has become commonplace, as there is now the International Society for Sexual Medicine, the British Society for Sexual Medicine, the European Academy for Sexual Medicine, and the Journal of Sexual Medicine. The historic origin of the phrase “sexual medicine” is somewhat obscure.

Aim

The goal of this report is to provide my own individual journey as a physician to recall the use of the phrase “sexual medicine.”

Methods

Literature review, personal historic recall.

Results

Gorm Wagner has identified three publications in the German language that include “Sexualmedizin” in the titles, the first published as early as 1908, and the other two publications were published in 1915 and 1931. I have no recollection of having heard the term “sexual medicine” before a meeting in 1970 on nonconsummation. I met Dr. Eric Trimmer, editor of “Medical News,” who discussed with me the idea of introducing a new journal devoted to sexual issues. I suggested the title “British Journal of Sexual Medicine.” The term “sexual medicine” was preferred because it encompassed both organic and psychological issues of sexual function and its problems. The British Journal of Sexual Medicine was published in 1973 to 1985. Other titles using Sexual Medicine appeared in other texts over the years.

Conclusion

From my perspective, including a search of the literature in the English language published in or before 1970 that failed to find any reference to sexual medicine, I conclude that the phase “sexual medicine” was popularized in the 1970s.
Removal of a Detached Head of the Brooks Dilator from the Corpora Cavernosa During Penile Prosthesis Implantation
Authors: Hatzimouratidis Konstantinos , Koliakos Nikolaos , Koutsogiannis Ioannis , Moisidis Kyriakos , Giakoumelos Alexandros , Hatzichristou Dimitrios
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Several complications during and after penile implantation have been reported. The most difficult part of the procedure seems to be the dilatation of the corpora, especially in fibrotic cases.

Aim

To report a rare intraoperative complication during dilatation of the corpora and its management.

Methods

During dilation of the corpora cavernosa with Brooks dilators for the implantation of penile prosthesis, its head was detached and stuck at the tip of the corpus cavernosum. Several trials to remove the head of the dilator using different kinds of clamps were unsuccessful. Finally, an incision was performed to the distal lateral part of the corpora cavernosa and the head of the dilator was removed. Implantation was completed uneventfully.

Results

The patient instructed to inflate the prosthesis and use it for sexual intercourse after 6 weeks. Follow-up was 14 months and the patient is using properly the prosthesis.

Conclusions

Although this is a very rare complication not previously described, we recommend examination of the dilators before use.
An Examination of the Disparity Between Hypothetical and Actual Willingness to Pay Using the Contingent Valuation Method: The Case of Red Kite Conservation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Christie Michael
Published: May 2007

This paper reports the findings of a field experiment that explores the criterion validity of the contingent valuation (CV) method. The empirical experiment examined the disparity between hypothetical and actual willingness to pay (WTP) bids for Red Kite conservation in Wales. Hypothetical WTP was elicited using an open‐ended CV instrument, while the actual WTP value was determined from actual donations to the Welsh Kite Trust—a charity set up to aid the conservation of Red Kites in Wales. The survey results indicate that hypothetical WTP was three times greater than the mean value of actual donations; this finding is consistent with a number of other criterion validity experiments. However, we also demonstrate equality of hypothetical and actual WTP among those who actually express a payment amount. Further investigations identify that an underlying cause of this disparity stems from the respondents of the CV survey overstating their intention of pay. This observation has potentially significant implication for CV design in that it suggests that the emphasis in design should be placed much more fully on initially determining whether people would actually pay at all.

Le présent article présente les résultats d'une expérience sur le terrain qui a exploré la validité de critère de la méthode d'évaluation contingente (CV). L'expérience empirique a examiné l'écart entre la volonté de payer (VDP) hypothétique et réelle pour la conservation du milan royal dans le pays de Galles. La VDP hypothétique a été obtenue en utilisant un questionnaire ouvert pour effectuer l'évaluation contingente (CV), tandis que la valeur de la VDP réelle a été déterminée d'après les dons réels versés àThe Welsh Kite Trust, organisation caritative créée pour la conservation du milan royal au pays de Galles. Les résultats du sondage ont indiqué que la VDP hypothétique était trois fois supérieures à la valeur moyenne des dons réels; ce résultat rejoint ceux d'autres expériences sur la validité de critère. Cependant, nous avons aussi démontré une égalité entre la VDP hypothétique et réelle des personnes qui ont exprimé le montant du don. Des sondages ultérieurs ont montré qu'une des causes sous‐jacentes de cet écart venait du fait que les répondants avaient exagéré leur intention de payer. Cette observation a une implication potentielle importante pour la conception d'évaluation contingente puisqu'elle laisse supposer que l'accent mis sur la conception devrait plutôt être mis sur la détermination initiale de l'intention des personnes à payer ou non.
Effect of Quality Characteristics on Consumers' Willingness to Pay for Gala Apples
Authors: McCluskey Jill J. , Mittelhammer Ron C. , Marin Anna B. , Wright Khaliela S.
Published: May 2007

This paper uses individual apple‐level data that include consumer sensory assessments and instrumental measurements of internal quality to analyze willingness to pay for Washington State Gala apples. Three distinct models are estimated: a model that includes destructive internal quality measures of apple characteristics, a model that utilizes only non‐destructive internal quality measures, and a consumer model that includes subjective consumer sensory evaluations and consumer socio‐demographic characteristics. The objective is to identify instrumental measures of internal quality that can be used to inform the apple industry of consumer preferences. The consumer model serves as a benchmark. Finally, we evaluate whether non‐destructive measures of internal quality can substitute for destructive measures. We find that firmness and soluble solids content are significant and can be measured effectively using non‐destructive measures. Implications of the findings for the apple industry in terms of marketing and possible “elite” standards for apples are discussed.

Le présent article utilise des données individuelles, notamment des évaluations sensorielles et des mesures instrumentales, pour analyser la volonté de payer des consommateurs pour des pommes Gala de l'État de Washington. Nous avons estimé trois modèles : un modèle comprenant des mesures instrumentales qui affectent la qualité interne des pommes; un modèle qui utilise des mesures instrumentales qui n'affectent pas la qualité interne; un modèle du consommateur qui comprend des évaluations sensorielles subjectives et des caractéristiques sociodémographiques. L'objectif consistait à identifier les mesures instrumentales qui pourraient être utilisées pour renseigner l'industrie pomicole sur les préférences des consommateurs. Le modèle du consommateur a servi de point de référence. Finalement, nous avons examiné si les techniques non destructives de mesure de la qualité interne pouvaient ou non remplacer les techniques destructives. Nous avons trouvé que la fermeté et la teneur en solides solubles sont des caractéristiques importantes et qu'elles peuvent être mesurées efficacement au moyen de techniques non destructives. Nous discutons des répercussions de ces résultats sur l'industrie pomicole sur le plan du marketing et de l'établissement possible de normes ≪élite≫.
Influence of Sevelamer on Mineral Metabolism and Hyperparathyroidism in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Inoue Toru , Nagatoya Katsuyuki , Kagitani Maki , Shibahara Nobuhisa , Ueda Haruhiko , Katsuoka Yoji , Ohashi Seiji , Kitagawa Yoshiyuki , Nishimoto Kazuhiko , Yasuda Hideaki ,   Hokusetsu Renal Osteodystrophy Study Group
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  In June 2003, sevelamer hydrochloride became widely available in Japan and was expected to control hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients without inducing hypercalcemia. To evaluate the impact of sevelamer therapy on mineral metabolism, we recruited 954 hemodialysis patients from 21 renal units just before the general release of sevelamer in Japan. The serum calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels determined on enrollment were compared with those later measured in June 2004. Sevelamer was prescribed for 169 of the 859 patients for whom data were available in 2004. The mean calcium level, phosphate level, and calcium × phosphate product were all significantly reduced during the 12‐month study period, but the intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level did not change. As a result, the percentage of patients who achieved a calcium × phosphate product of <55 mg2/dL2 was significantly increased, but there were no changes in that of patients who achieved the target ranges for phosphate (3.5–5.5 mg/dL) or iPTH (150–300 pg/mL). Among sevelamer‐treated patients, iPTH significantly increased, and this change was more marked in the patients with an initial iPTH level <150 pg/mL. Sevelamer was useful for reducing the serum calcium level and calcium × phosphate product, but hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism were not improved in our study population at 12 months after the release of sevelamer. A decrease in the calcium load might result in the exacerbation of hyperparathyroidism. However, among patients with relative hypoparathyroidism, sevelamer therapy may be beneficial for the prevention of adynamic bone disease.
Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients in Japan
Authors: Iseki Kunitoshi , Nakai Shigeru , Shinzato Takahiro , Morita Osamu , Shinoda Toshio , Kikuchi Kenjiro , Wada Atsushi , Kimata Naoki , Akiba Takashi
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Hypertension is common in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, its prevalence and determinants have not been studied in a large HD population. We analyzed the database of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy (JSDT) registry, which conducts an annual survey of chronic dialysis patients throughout Japan. We compiled those who were on HD three‐times per week and aged 20 years and over at the end of 2000 (JSDT standard analysis file 001). Hypertension was defined as predialysis systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg or predialysis diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mm Hg. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the determinants of hypertension were calculated by the multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 65 393 people (men, 60.2%; mean age ± SD, 60.9 ± 12.8 years; and mean duration of HD ± SD, 95.3 ± 74.0 months) were studied. Mean ± SD levels of SBP and DBP were 154.9 ± 23.8 mm Hg and 80.5 ± 13.7 mm Hg before the HD session. Hypertension was noted in 77.5% of patients. Prescription of antihypertensive drugs and erythropoietin was made to 60.7% and 82.0% of patients, respectively. Both SBP and DBP were higher in those who were prescribed antihypertensive drugs (mean, 160.4/81.9 mm Hg), than those without drugs (mean, 146.9/78.5 mm Hg) (in both cases P < 0.0001). Hypertension was positively associated with men (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.258; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.188–1.333; P < 0.0001), age (OR, 1.004; CI, 1.001–1.006; P < 0.01), duration of HD (OR, 0.769; CI, 0.728–0.812; P < 0.0001), serum albumin (OR, 1.369; CI, 1.286–1.458; P < 0.0001), and change in body weight by dialysis session (ΔBW) (OR, 1.176; CI, 1.159–1.194; P < 0.0001), and was negatively associated with Kt/V (OR, 0.600; CI, 0.543–0.664; P < 0.0001), and hematocrit (OR, 0.964; CI, 0.959–0.970; P < 0.0001). The distribution of ΔBW was normal in shape and in about 22% of patients the range was from 4.0% to 4.9%. There was a significant positive relationship between the prevalence of hypertension and ΔBW (R2 = 0.8549). The higher the ΔBW, the more the prescription rate of antihypertensive drugs increased (R2 = 0.9102). Results showed that the prevalence of hypertension was significantly associated with volume excess and serum levels of albumin, calcium, and phosphorous in chronic HD patients. Despite the high prescription rate of antihypertensive drugs, control of blood pressure remains unsatisfactory.
A Case Report of Acute Renal Failure and Fulminant Hepatitis Associated With Edaravone Administration in a Cerebral Infarction Patient
Authors: Abe Masanori , Kaizu Kazo , Matsumoto Koichi
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  A 60‐year‐old male with cerebral infarction was admitted to our hospital and treated with edaravone. On day 12 of hospitalization, he suddenly lost consciousness and went into shock. Based on the laboratory findings, acute renal failure (ARF), fulminant hepatitis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were diagnosed. We immediately initiated continuous hemodiafiltration for three days and performed three sessions of plasma exchange. Following this, a gradual improvement was observed in the patient's general condition and laboratory values. On day 17 of hospitalization, intermittent hemodialysis (HD) was initiated. On day 20 of hospitalization, his renal function started to improve with an increase in urine volume. HD was successfully discontinued on the same day. Although the drug lymphocyte stimulation test for edaravone was negative, edaravone‐induced fulminant hepatitis was suggested based on liver biopsy findings. We present a case of ARF, fulminant hepatitis, and DIC due to edaravone administration that was successfully treated with blood purification techniques. Since the use of edaravone treatment is expected to increase in the future, it is essential that clinicians consider the potential adverse effects of this treatment. It is suggested that blood purification is effective in inducing remission in patients with complications due to edaravone treatment.
Evidence for cold accretion onto a massive galaxy at high redshift?
Authors: Smith Daniel J. B. , Jarvis Matt J.
Published: May 2007

In this Letter we report on the discovery of a z= 2.83 Lyman α Blob (LAB) found in our wide-field narrow-band survey within the Spitzer First Look Survey region. The blob is extended over at least 95 kpc and has a total Lyman α luminosity of 2.1 × 1044 erg s−1. It is only the sixth LAB known of this scale (>50 kpc), and is associated with an embedded continuum source in g′, R, i′, K and 4.5-μm bands. The LAB's optical spectrum shows clumpy structures and tantalising hints of a sharp red cut-off and shear within the Lyman α emission line. Studies of the LAB's surface brightness profile and of the continuum counterpart's spectral energy distribution indicate that the profuse Lyman α emission is consistent with being powered by cold gas accreting onto a massive dark matter halo.
Using Kernel Equating to Assess Item Order Effects on Test Scores
Authors: Moses Tim , Yang Wen‐Ling , Wilson Christine
Published: May 2007

This study explored the use of kernel equating for integrating and extending two procedures proposed for assessing item order effects in test forms that have been administered to randomly equivalent groups. When these procedures are used together, they can provide complementary information about the extent to which item order effects impact test scores, in overall score distributions and also at specific test scores. In addition to detecting item order effects, the integrated procedures also suggest the equating function that most adequately adjusts the scores to mitigate the effects. To demonstrate, the statistical equivalences of alternate versions of two large‐volume advanced placement exams were assessed.