bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
META-KOMATIÍTOS DO MORRO DO ONÇA, UM IMPORTANTE SÍTIO GEOLÓGICO DO QUADRILÁTERO FERRÍFERO - MG
Authors: Ruchkys Úrsula de Azevedo , Machado Maria Márcia Magela , Noce Carlos Maurício
Published: January 2016

O Quadrilátero Ferrífero ocupa uma área de aproximadamente 7.000 km2 na porção centro-sudeste do estado de Minas Gerais. É internacionalmente reconhecido como importante terreno pré-cambriano e uma das maiores províncias minerais do planeta, especialmente por seus significativos depósitos de ouro e ferro. Elementos geológicos singulares e bem preservados, representativos de quase toda a evolução pré-cambriana são encontrados em diferentes conjuntos de rochas no Quadrilátero Ferrífero fazendo desta área um importante patrimônio geológico. Um dos sítios geológicos que compõem este patrimônio é o Morro do Onça, uma exposição de rochas komatiíticas arqueanas com textura spinifex e estrutura em almofada preservada. O fato das rochas komatiíticas fornecerem evidências das condições termais e composição do manto Arqueano, e portanto constituírem a memória da história evolutiva da Terra, faz do Morro do Onça um local de excepcional interesse científico e pedagógico que, como tal, deve ser divulgado e preservado.Palavras chave: Morro do Onça, Komatiítos, Patrimônio Geológico, Geoconservação.ABSTRACT: META-KOMATIITES OF MORRO DO ONÇA, GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF QUADRILÁTERO FERRÍFERO - MG The Quadrilátero Ferrífero covers an area of approximately 7,000 km2 in the central-southeastern portion of Minas Gerais state. It is worldwide recognized as an important pre-Cambrian terrain and as one of the world’s largest mineral province, especially by your significant deposits of gold and iron. Singular and well preserved geological elements, representative of the Precambrian evolution, are found in different sets of rocks in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region, making this a great and important geological heritage. One of geological sites that make up this heritage is the Morro do Onça, where crops out komatiites with spinifex texture and pillow structure preserved. The fact of komatiites provide evidence of thermal conditions and composition of the Archean mantle, and so become memory of of the earth’s history, makes Morro do Onça a place of exceptional scientific and educational interest, that should be promoted and preserved.Keywords: Morro do Onça, Komatiites, Geological Heritage, Geoconservation.
NOVA ABORDAGEM TECTONO-ESTRATIGRÁFICA DO SUPERGRUPO ESPINHAÇO EM SUA PORÇÃO MERIDIONAL (MG)
Authors: Chemale Jr. Farid , Dussin Ivo Antônio , Martins Maximiliano , Santos Marcelo Nascimento dos
Published: January 2016

O Supergrupo Espinhaço Meridional é formado por duas grandes sucessões sedimentares separados por nítida discordância angular, interpretada como dois ciclos de preenchimento de bacia: (1) o primeiro Estateriano (1,78 to 1,70 Ga), interpretado como rifte intracontinental, (ii) outro Esteniano-Toniano (1,18 to 0,91 Ga) como uma bacia intracratônica cujo processo inicial de subsidência ocorreu por implantação de um rifte. A ausência de um ciclo bacinal intermediário (1,6 Ga - 1,3 Ga), presente apenas na Chapada Diamantina, permite inferir que a atual região ocupada pela Serra do Espinhaço Meridional comportou-se como um alto estrutural ou área de não deposição.Palavras-chave: Supergrupo Espinhaço Meridional, geocronologia U-Pb em zircões, ciclos bacinais, evolução tectono-sedimentar. ABSTRACT: A NEW TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH FOR THE SOUTHERN ESPINHAÇO SUPERGROUP, MINAS GERAIS STATE. The Espinhaço Supergroup in Southern Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, contains thus two unconformably successions, which can be interpreted as two basin fill cycles: (i) one Statherian (1,78 to 1,71 Ga) as intracontinental rift, (ii) and another Stenian-Tonian (1,18 to 0,91 Ga) as intracontinental rift-sag successor basin. The absence of a intermediary cycle (1,6 Ga – 1,3 Ga), present only in Chapada Diamantina (Bahia State), allows to infer that the current region occupied by the Southern Espinhaço Range held like a structural top or area of non-deposition at this time.Keywords: Southern Espinhaço Supergroup, U-Pb zircon geochronology, basinal cycles, tectono-sedimentary evolution.
O STOCK NEFELINA-SIENÍTICO RIO PARDO, PROVÍNCIA ALCALINA DO SUL DO ESTADO DA BAHIA
Authors: Menezes Rita da Cunha Leal , Conceição Herbet , Rosa Maria de Lourdes da Silva , Galarza Marco Antonio , Rios Débora Correia , Macambira Moacir José Buenano
Published: January 2016

O Stock Nefelina-Sienítico Rio Pardo se localiza na porção sul do conjunto de intrusões alcalinas que constitui a Província Alcalina do Sul do Estado da Bahia. Esse corpo aflora numa área de 46 km2, sendo constituído por sienito, sienito com nefelina, nefelina sienito e sodalita sienito. A idade Pb-Pb obtida em monocristal de zircão para esse stock foi de 725 ± 2 Ma, a qual se insere no intervalo de idades para o magmatismo da parte sul dessa província alcalina (732 Ma a 720 Ma). Os dados litoquímicos obtidos para esse stock o posicionam na suíte alcalina subsaturada em SiO2 da Província Alcalina do Sul do Estado da Bahia. Os conteúdos de elementos traços asseguram sua afinidade anorogênica. Sua evolução, controlada por cristalização fracionada, se marca por acentuado enriquecimento em Na2O (até 15%) e Al2O3 (até 25%) e marcantes decréscimos em SiO2 (63% a 45%) e Elementos Terras Raras.Palavras-chave: nefelina sienito, idade Pb-Pb, Rio Pardo, BahiaABSTRACT: THE RIO PARDO NEPHELINE-SYENITIC STOCK, SOUTH BAHIA ALKALINE PROVINCE. The Rio Pardo nepheline-syenitic intrusion is located in the southern sector of the South Bahia Alkaline Province. It crops out over an area of 46 km2 and consists of syenite, nepheline-bearing syenite, nepheline syenite and blue-sodalite syenite. The Pb-Pb single-zircon evaporation age of 725 ± 2 Ma obtained for the Rio Pardo stock is in agreement with the age range (732 Ma to 720 Ma) for the southern part of province. Lithochemical data provide evidence to consider the Rio Pardo stock as a body of the SiO2 sub-saturated alkaline suite of the South Bahia Alkaline Province. Trace element contents indicate anorogenic afinity and the stock evolution, controlled by a fractional crystallization process, resulted in an outstanding enrichment of Na2O (up to 15%) and Al2O3 (up to 25%), and an important depletion of SiO2 (63% to 45%) and Rare Earth Elements.Keywords: nepheline syenite, Pb-Pb age, Rio Pardo, Bahia State.,
ASPECTOS LEGAIS E AMBIENTAIS SOBRE FECHAMENTO DE MINA, COM ÊNFASE NO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Tonidandel Rodrigo De Paula , Parizzi Maria Giovana , Lima Hernani Mota de
Published: January 2016

Este artigo descreve sobre o estado atual dos aspectos legais e ambientais que regulamentam a atividade de fechamento e descomissionamento de empreendimentos minerários no Brasil, e no Estado de Minas Gerais. Este último detém a liderança na produção mineral do país. A exploração das jazidas minerais produz elevado potencial de riscos ambientais e, quando abandonadas ou encerradas, passivos ambientais são gerados. No Brasil, o fechamento de mina foi considerado a partir do advento da Lei nº 6.938/81, da Constituição Federal de 1988 quando ganharam importância o Estudo e Relatório de Impacto Ambiental - EIA/RIMA. A legislação do setor mineral encontra-se dispersa, pois é vinculada a dois ministérios: Minas e Energia e Meio Ambiente. Em Minas Gerais, dentre outras normas, a DN COPAM Nº 127, de 2008, estabelece diretrizes para avaliação ambiental da fase de fechamento de mina. Empresas de grande porte vêm apresentando planos de fechamento e de descomissionamento, entretanto, as pequenas empresas aliada à falta de fiscalização, têm sido as principais responsáveis pela geração de passivos ambientais.Palavras-chave: Fechamento de mina, aspectos legais, aspectos ambientais. ABSTRACT: LEGAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ON THE CLOSURE OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF MINAS GERAIS. This article describes the current status of legal and environmental factors that regulate the closure and decommissioning of mining activities in Brazil and in Minas Gerais State. The latter has the lead in mineral production in the country. The exploitation of mineral deposits produces a high potential for environmental hazards and, when abandoned or closed, environmental liabilities are generated. In Brazil, the mine closure has been considered from the enactment of Law No. 6.938/81, of the Constitution of 1988 with the Study and Environmental Impact Report - EIA / RIMA. The law of the mineral sector is dispersed because it is linked to two ministries: Mines and Energy and the Environment. In Minas Gerais, among other provisions, the DN COPAM No. 127, 2008, establishes guidelines for environmental assessment phase of a mine closure. Large companies have presented plans for closure and decommissioning, however, small businesses coupled with the lack of supervision have been mainly responsible for the generation of environmental liabilities.Keywords: closure of mining activities, legal and environmental aspects
PALAVRA DA COMISSÃO ORGANIZADORA DO EVENTO “INTERVENÇÃO RESPONSÁVEL NO MEIO AMBIENTE” INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM WORKSHOP ON MINING ACTIVITIES, REFINERIES, POLLUTION CONTROL AND REMEDIATION STRATEGIES
Authors: Comissão Organizadora _
Published: January 2016

O Volume 20 (1) da revista Geonomos divulga a seguir 5 resumos expandidos (Baggio et al.; Pinho-Aguiar et al. (a e b); Antunes et al.; Labarrere et al.) e 2 trabalhos completos (Ribeiro et al.; Trindade et al.) do “International Symposium Workshop on Mining activities, refineries, pollution control and remediation strategies”, realizado no IGC-UFMG no periodo de 12 a 20 de setembro de 2011.Neste documento, uma palavra da Comissão Organizadora do evento.
GEOESPELEOLOGIA E PRINCIPAIS ASPECTOS ESPELEOGENÉTICOS DAS GRUTAS BAIXADA DAS CRIOULAS I E II, ITAMBÉ DO MATO DENTRO, MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Fabri Fabiana , Auler Augusto , Calux Allan , Cassimiro Roberto , Augustin Cristina Helena Ribeiro Rocha
Published: January 2016

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados da caracterização geoespelológica das Grutas Baixada das Crioulas I e II, bem comoos principais aspectos espeleogenéticos associada a este sistema cárstico desenvolvido em rochas quatzíticas. Há, ainda hoje, grandecontrovérsia em torno da denominação de formas de relevo em rochas não carbonáticas, que apresentam similitudes com aquelasdesenvolvidas em relevo cárstico. Entre essas formas, destacam-se aquelas desenvolvidas em rochas quartzíticas Onze cavernasdesenvolvidas em rochas desta litologia em um conjunto montanhoso situado no município de Itambé do Mato Dentro, borda leste daSerra do Espinhaço Meridional (MG), foram localizadas e analisadas. Elas foram estudadas com o objetivo principal de compreender osprocessos de formação inerentes a essas feições. As cavernas Gruta Baixada das Crioulas I e Gruta Baixada das Crioulas II formam uminteressante sistema cárstico na região, com importantes atributos morfológicos, litológicos, estruturais e de depósitos endorcársticos. AGruta Baixada das Crioulas I destaca-se por seus atributos morfométricos, pois a caverna supera os 1000m de desenvolvimento horizontale 75m de desnível,medidas estas bastante representativas em se tratando de cavernas desenvolvidas em rochas quartzíticas,tanto emMinas Gerais, quanto no Brasil.Palavras-chave: geoespeleologia, sistema cárstico, quartzito, Serra do Espinhaço. ABSTRACTGEOSPELEOLOGY AND MAIN SPELEOGENETIC ASPECTS OF BAIXADA DAS CRIOULAS I AND II CAVES, ITAMBÉ DO MATO DENTRO,MINAS GERAIS. This research presents the results of the geospeleological characterization of the caves Gruta Baixada das Crioulas I and II,as well as the main speleogenetic aspects associated to this karst system developed in quartzite rocks. There are still controversies aboutthe denomination of features developed in non-carbonate rocks that present similarities with those developed in karstic relief. Amongthese features, those developed in quartzite rocks can be highlighted. Eleven caves formed in quartzite rocks were found in a mountainouslocation in the municipality of Itambé do Mato Dentro, the eastern border of Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, Minas Gerais State. They werestudied with the objective to understand the inherent processes involved in their formation and development. The caves Gruta Baixada dasCrioulas I and Gruta Baixada das Crioulas II form a karst system with important morphological, lithological, structural and endokarstdeposits that are characteristic of karstic forms. That is the case of the Gruta Baixada das Crioulas I which is outstanding because of itsmorphometric attributes with a length of more than 1000m and a depth of approximately 75m. These measures are fairly representativewhen compared to other caves in quartzite located not only in Minas Gerais but also in Brazil.Keywords: geospeleology, karst system, quartzite, Serra do Espinhaço.
DEPÓSITO DE GRAFITA DA FAZENDA TRAÍRAS (BA): UM EXEMPLO DE ROMBOCASMO DESENVOLVIDO EM UMA ZONA DE CISALHAMENTO
Authors: Fleischer Ronald , Oliveira Saulo Augusto de
Published: January 2016

A flaky graphite deposit is described with emphasis on the chemical-mineralogical characterization ofits main graphite bearing lithologies, namely graphite “gneisses” and graphitic breccias.The proposed geological model for the deposit is based on the development of a shear zone affectingarchean metamorphic rocks in a deep crustal environment which was the channelway for an ultrabasicintrusion.Graphite concentrations are restricted to milonitic belts which cut the ultrabasic intrusive.An attempt is made to compare the geological characteristics of this deposit with other graphite depositsin Brazil and elsewhere.
RITMOS DA DINÂMICA FLUVIAL NEO-CENOZÓICA CONTROLADOS POR SOERGUIMENTO REGIONAL E FALHAMENTO: O VALE DO RIO DAS VELHAS NA REGIÃO DE BELO HORIZONTE, MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL
Authors: Magalhães Jr Antônio , Saadi Allaoua
Published: January 2016

The study of fluvial dynamics of the Rio das Velhas in the section connecting the Quadrilátero Ferríferoand the Bambuí basin, relying on a compilation of geomorphological, sedimentological and structuraldata indicates a Cenozoic morphogenesis controlled by uplift of regional scale with interference of faultslocated at the contacts of morphostructural compartments. These compartments are strongly adapted tothe Precambrian litostructural domains controlling the geomorphological configuration of the differentparts of the river valley.The initial chronological datum is marked by remainders of the Sulamericana Surface (Neogene).During the Plio-Pleistocene period three levels of stepped terraces were formed. During the Holocene ainner floodplain developed in the Lower Terrace.The level of the Upper Terrace (Pliocene) corresponds to the end of dissection phase which reaches adepth of 150 m and shows a equilibrated longitudinal profile over the whole area. The sediments of theMiddle and Lower Terraces have been deposited after new dissection phases with minimum depths of 60and 10 m, respectively. These data of dissections depths and the stamped position of the floodplain confirmsthe gradual decreasing of the regional uplift intensity during the Pleistocene times.The last three events of the valley formation indicate a superimposition of the Rio das Velhas onto thestructures of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero with formation of a water-gap at the passage of the Serra do curral,named “Fecho de Sabará”. In consequence occurs a strong local retention of alluvial sediments causing aimportant alteration of river dynamics.The decreasing uplift during Holocene times is accompanied by the transition from braided channelssystems, prevailing during the Pleistocene, to a meandering channel type. The effects of historic miningactivity induce the return to the braided system.Tectonic activity by faulting is demonstrated by dislocations in the alluvial sequences of the LowerTerrace and in the longitudinal profile of the Middle and Upper Terraces with a total off-set of 50 m aswell as by river capture younger than the Middle Terrace.
RESUMO DE DISSERTAÇÕES DE MESTRADO
Authors: UFMG IGC -
Published: January 2016

desenvolvidas e defendidas noPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Geologia
GRANITOS BORRACHUDOS: UM EXEMPLO DE GRANITOGÊNESE ANOROGÊNICA NA PORÇÃO CENTRAL DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Fernandes Maria Lourdes Souza , Marciano Vitória Régia P.R.Oliveiros , Oliveira Robson Cota de , Correia Neves José Marques , Diláscio Marcus Vinicius
Published: January 2016

The Borrachudos Suite, formed by granitoid rocks that crops out in the central part of the Minas Geraisstate, Brazil, presents very uniform chemical and mineralogical compositions.Microscopic and x-ray diffraction investigations show that these rocks are essencially constituted bymicrocline, albite, quartz, biotite, and hornblende. Allanite, zircon, magnetite, and ilmenite are the mainaccesory minerals, though xenotime, monazite, and epidote can be present. Biotite and hornblende are latercrystallized.They are alkaline rocks and plot as anorogenic granites on the geotectonic discrimination diagrams.The REE distribution pattern agrees with this classification. The geochemical data, to point a crustal origin.The age about 1.7 Ga obtained by Dossin et al. (1993) allows to link the Borrachudos granitoids to theopening of the Espinhaço Rift.
O PROCESSO DE EUTROFIZAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL NO LAGO PARANOÁ, BRASÍLIA, DF
Authors: Baptista Gustavo Macedo de Mello , Araújo Neto Mário Diniz de
Published: January 2016

This paper represent an academic exercise dealing with some index parameters of water quality usinganalytical field methods. In first instance it aims to demonstrate the praticalness of the methods as well asits level of precision. It was possible to estimate the influence of parameters like NO3, pH, OD (dissolvedoxygen), etc. for the determination of water quality of the Paranoá Lake wich serves as recipient of sewagefrom Brasilia and satellite towns of the Federal District/Brazil, with an estimated influx rate of 140 litersper second. Treatment of this quantity of sewage (during the time of our study) is very simple: just passingby a fence system. Conditions of eutrophication of this water body have become worse due to the inflowof clandestine sewage from houses along the the lake-side, wich contributes much to the increase ofnutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen.The obtained results were promising and served to stimulate further studies in the course "Practice ofField Studies", even not serving for a definite characterization of the waters. It is important to emphasizethat neither results nor the analysis of the data are focused in this paper.The high rate of eutrophication at the sampling stations can be observed using NO3 e PO4 as parameters.In that sense the following measures are recommended in order to maintain chemical and physicalcharacteristics of the habitat:1 - dredging of organic mud from the bottom of the lake, since it contains 80% of the phosphates ofthe slop, besides other nutrients;2 - expansion or construction of new sewage treatment plants in order to prevent the inflow ofsewage in natura in the lake and to satisfy the demand of the population;3 - control of clandestine sewage of the houses at Lake South and North by the official environmentalprotection agencies punishing house owners with application of heavy fines;4 - development of environmental education programs for scholars of all levels in order to arouse theconscience for preserving of water resources.
DOTAÇÃO MINERAL, MEIO AMBIENTE E DESENVOLVIMENTO NO ALTO JEQUITINHONHA
Authors: Scliar Claudio
Published: January 2016

The Alto Jequitinhonha region contains important mineral deposits wich have been known and exploitedsince the Brazilian colonial period. Despite this mineral potential, its population is one of the poorest inthe State of Minas Gerais. The extraction of ores is presently under much debate due to its complexrelationship with the environment and the regional development, particularly the Brundland report wichdefined guidelines for what is being called sustainable development. The situation is out of control on thepart of the government concerning such matters as mineral rights, payment of taxes and control andmonitoring of the environment. This scenario prevents the definition of public guidelines to allow theexploration of mineral resources such as diamond, gold, manganese, kyanite, chromite and other ores inregional projects. The first step must be taken by joint, articulated actions of the different federal, stateand municipal institutions to monitor, control and encourage mineral activities in the region. Such activitiescan act to enhance the generation of jobs and wealth, without neglecting the environment.
MORFOLOGIA, PROCESSOS DE SEDIMENTAÇÃO E LITOFÁCIES DOS AMBIENTES MORFO-SEDIMENTARES DA PLANÍCIE COSTEIRA BRAGANTINA, NORDESTE DO PARÁ, BRASIL
Authors: Souza Filho Pedro Walfir Martins , El-Robrini Maâmar
Published: January 2016

The Bragança Coastal Plain is located in the Northeastern of Pará, in the Bragança-Viseu CoaxialBasin (Cretaceous), with an approximate surface area of 1,570 Km2. The geometry of the basin and itspaleotopography, associated with recent tectonic movements have controlled the distribution and thethickness of the tertiary and quaternary deposits. This coastal plain constitutes a macrotidal (6 m) depositionalsystem, developed in a hot and humid equatorial climate, with a dry and wet well defined seasons and anannual precipitation averaging 3,000 mm.The geomorphology of the area is subdivided into three main morphologic realms: (1) alluvial plain,with fluvial channel, levees and flood plain; (2) estuarine plain, with an estuarine channel subdivided intoestuarine funnel segment, straight segment, meandering segment and upstream channel, tidal creek and,floodplain and; (3) coastal plain, with salt marsh (inner and outer), tidal plain (supratidal mangroves,intertidal mangroves and sand flats with tidal shoals), chenier, coastal dunes and beach environments.The recent morpho-sedimentary units are separated from highland by a line of inactive cliffs that issituated 25 km from the coastline. This cliffs mark the higher Holocene sea level, very well knowed inbrazilian east coast as Holocenic Transgression (5,100 years B.P.). During this event was deposited a basaltransgressive sequence (S1), constituted by estuarine sand and mud and marine sand. Afterwards, underregressive or stillstand sea level the mangrove deposits prograde over the transgressive sand sheet buildinga prograding sequence (S2). Nowadays, this sequence are being overlain by a recent transgressive sequence(S3).The sedimentary model, based on lithostratigraphy and sedimentary processes, proposed to BragançaCoastal Plain show a complex coastal depositional system, constituted by different sedimentaryenvironments with singular sedimentary, stratigraphic and morphologic characteristics in relation to itsgeometry and spacial distribution of the environments.The morpho-sedimentary unit show that the environments studied from the alluvial plain to coastalplain represent a dynamic area dominated by macrotides and influenced by waves along the shoreline.Therefore, the depositional model proposed is composed by a coastal plain depositional system withfluvial-estuarine-tidal flat environments with dune-beach ridge associated.
ORIGENS DA PEDOLOGIA DO BRASIL: RESENHA HISTÓRICA
Authors: Schaefer Carlos Ernesto G. R. , Marques Antônio Francisco Sá e Melo , Campos Jackson Cleiton Ferreira
Published: January 2016

This paper presents an outline of the historical background of the Brazilian Pedology, from its infancy,soon after the Portuguese occupation, to the early days of the 20th century, when it emerges as a separatebranch of agriculture and earth sciences in Brazil. In order to achieve a broader vista over the BrazilianPedology, a considerable amount of papers, books, reports and bulletins has been consulted and dealtwith, thenceforth a provisional review is presented and discussed. The slow evolution of analyticalobservations of soils in the field is the overall characteristic of this science as a whole. Some little knownnaturalists/scientists, like the Brazilian Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira and the italian Father Antonil, deserve to be considered as prominent beginners of Brazilian pre-Pedology, whilst more traditional naturalists likeAgassiz and Hartt have poor contributions to the understanding of pedology. Others, like Saint-Hilaireand Burton, have made detailed descriptions of soils in Brazil, but both lack the necessary basic knowledgeto explain many aspects of these soils, in terms of chemical, physical and mineralogical atributes. Theindigenous knowledge is also considered, and some examples illutrate the vast empirical view of soils thatwere entirely lost by their extinction, and can never be traced back. We consider that the Brazilian pedologyneeds a closer interplay between earth and agriculture scientists, in order to achieve a higher stand andanswer the many demands that it now faces.
DRENAGEM ÁCIDA EM MATERIAIS PROVENIENTES DA MINERAÇÃO DE CARVÃO, DE CANDIOTA RS
Authors: Soares Evaldo R. , Mello Jaime W. V. de , Costa Liovando M. da , Corrêa Mauro L. T.
Published: January 2016

An experiment was carried out to study the heavy metals mobility and the use of clay layers with orwithout CaCO3 as treatments for reducing drainage water acidification and heavy metal contamination ofmaterials from coal mining. The materials utilized were mine wastes, coal ashes and mudstones from amining region in Candiota-RS. These materials were placed into leaching columns, and subjected topercolation. After leaching, pH, Ni, Pb, Mn, Zn and Fe contents were determined in the leached solution. Itwas observed that: (a) there is heavy metals mobilization with potential to contaminate the drainage water,(b) ashes are not the unique source of contamination, (c) clay layers were not efficient to reduce contamination.Otherwise, the use of CaCO3 was efficient to prevent the metal mobilization in drained water.
COMPARTIMENTAÇÃO GEOMORFOLÓGICA DA BACIA DO RIO DO CERVO – “ZONA RÚPTIL CARANDAÍ/MOGI GUAÇU” - SUL DE MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Magalhães Jr. Antônio Pereira , Trindade Elaine de Souza
Published: January 2016

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AS BACIAS PROTEROZÓICAS DO ESPINHAÇO E SÃO FRANCISCO EM MINAS GERAIS: UMA ABORDAGEM DO PONTO DE VISTA DA ESTRATIGRAFIA DE SEQUÊNCIAS
Authors: Silva Rogério Rodrigues da
Published: January 2016

This work deals with Sequence Stratigraphy concepts applied to the Proterozoic record of the SãoFrancisco Craton in Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The cratonic cover is characterized by eight sequenceboundaries (unconformity and/or correlative conformity), which subdivide the Proterozoic stratigraphyinto seven depositional sequences. These sequences initially filled an intracratonic rift basin (the EspinhaçoBasin), which evolved into a passive continental margin (the São Francisco Basin). The Espinhaço Basinwas filled by six stacked depositional sequences. Their sequence boundary unconformities are indicative oftaphrogenic periods, when tectonic displacements were mainly accomodated along a master listric fault,but also along synthetic and antithetic subsidiary normal faults. The unconformities are covered by coarsealluvial conglomerates, deposited by the combined effects of source area uplift and depocenter subsidence.The depositional sequences of the Espinhaço Basin show impressive cyclical depositional patterns. Theyusually show the unconformities and the basal conglomerates covered by shallow-marine transgressivesediments. The São Francisco Basin, a passive continental margin, was developed at approximately 0.9 Ga.Coevally, a continental glatiation occurred over the craton, which produced a relative fall in the sea level,erosion and hence unconformity development. During that time, the basin was characterized by the depositionof tillites on the proximal reachs and turbidites on the distal portions. A transgressive phase followed theglaciation and was marked by the deposition of fine-grained sediments (lutites) and carbonatic rocksoverlaying the cratonic areas. Around 0.6 Ga, during the Brasiliano Orogeny, the Espinhaço and São FranciscoBasins were inverted.
EVENTOS DE CISALHAMENTO E MINERALIZAÇÃO AURÍFERA NA REGIÃO NORDESTE DO QUADRILÁTERO FERRÍFERO: CONSIDERAÇÕES BASEADAS EM ANÁLISES U-PB DE RUTILO E TITANITA
Authors: Noce Carlos Mauricio , Machado Nuno
Published: January 2016

U-Pb analyses were carried out on rutile and titanite from sheared mafic volcanics and gneissesfrom northeastern Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Rutile growth is related to hydrothermal alteration andgold mineralization in the Nova Lima Group. Rutile analysis is 24% discordant and yield 207Pb/206Pb age of 2580 Ma whilst titanite in the gneiss is 3.5% discordant and yield 207Pb/206Pb age of2555 Ma. It can be concluded that a first episode of shearing and gold mineralization occurred duringthe Archean. This episode could not be precisely dated due to lead loss induced by Proterozoic events.
CLIMATOLOGIA DA ESTAÇÃO CHUVOSA DE MINAS GERAIS: DE NIMER (1977) À ZONA DE CONVERGÊNCIA DO ATLÂNTICO SUL
Authors: Abreu Magda Luzimar de
Published: January 2016

The climate of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, is described by the association of tropical and extratropicalphenomena which determine two seasons: dry and wet. This association is known as South AtlanticConvergence Zone - ZCAS causing intense, continuous rain, which can last several days. This paperdescribes the ZCAS and its effects over Minas Gerais. It also indicates a parallel between thisclimatological feature and the description of the Climate of southeastern Brazil, by Edmon Nimer, anwell known climatologist by Brazilian Geographers.
ESTRUTURA E DEFORMAÇÃO BRASILIANA NOS DIQUES MÁFICOS DA SERRA DO ESPINHAÇO MERIDIONAL
Authors: Uhlein Alexandre , Quemeneur Joel Jean G.
Published: January 2016

Mafic dike swarms are abundant in Southern Espinhaço Mountain Range. They are essential tools for theunderstanding of the geodynamic process, marking the beginning of extension tectonic regimes. This paperdescribes the mafic dike swarm of the Southern Espinhaço, their field relationships, petrography anddeformational history. The dykes are: (1) metagabbros with relict igneous textures, N-S oriented, deformedwith un anastomosed protomylonitic foliation; (2) greenschists (sericite-epidote-chlorite schists) withlepidoblastic textures, fine-grained, east-west trending. These dikes represent significant amounts of maficmelts formed during the first stages of the Brasiliano cycle. They have a foliation parallel to the regionalfoliation of the Espinhaço Supergroup, related with the Brasiliano Orogeny.
ITABIRITOS E MINÉRIOS DE FERRO DE ALTO TEOR DO QUADRILÁTERO FERRÍFERO – UMA VISÃO GERAL E DISCUSSÃO
Authors: Rosière Carlos A. , Chemale Jr Farid
Published: January 2016

Itabirites are Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic banded iron formations from the Itabira Group, MinasSupergroup, that crop out in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero District, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The followingcompositional types occur: quartz itabirite, being metamorphic jaspilites, dolomitic itabirite, beingdolomitized banded iron formations, and amphibolitic itabirite modified by the presence of pelitic sediments.These rocks are also associated to pyritic phyllites and hematitic phyllites. A multiple metamorphic –deformational history during two main tectonic events, the Palaeoproterozoic Transamazonian and theNeoproterozoic Brasiliano Event, produced a variety of mineralogical assemblages in the more impurefacies and hydrothermal alteration was responsible for carbonatization, intensive oxidation and mineralization.Hypogenic iron mineralization developed in two main phases resulting in thick massive bodies with norelationship to tectonic structures, denominated non-tectonic ores; and schistose ore associated to shearzone, denominated syn-tectonic ores. The mineralizing fluids might be of metamorphic origin, but theimportance of hypogenic fluids of magmatic origin is emphasized. Supergene processes on quartz andspecially dolomitic itabirites are also of utmost importance in the development of giant ore bodies.
Hack-schooling to Foster Creativity in Students in China
Authors: Koch Camilo , Ranta Mikko
Published: January 2016

This paper proposes a method for refining the lack of creativity existent on middle schools in China. Actual teaching methods at schools do not focus on fostering student’s imagination, setting efforts in other priorities when educating students from all ages. We examined and categorized the results of a quantitative examination applied to students and categorized feelings about their educational institution by mapping relations of pairs of data; students suggested several words and then selected two of which fitted on their accumulated emotions. Creativity theory and experts believe that kids have tremendous talents and schools squander them (Sir Ken Robinson, 2006). Schools are responsible for fostering student’s ability to innovate but they are not improving significantly, and this is not particularly a country problem, oppositely it is a global situation. Due to this circumstance, we analyzed the educational cycle in a middle school case intending to find the mainstay relations between student’s time consumption and student’s creative output from the daily school routine. The essential role of parents in home teaching, and the possible effects that “hackschooling” or “homeschooling” can have on student’s life and education, are essential as expected explanation to the lack of creativity advocated by schools in the short and medium course. Finding better ways to accomplish the same goals outside of the educational establishment is fundamental. In a second procedure, we will examine the success of Finland in hackschooling as a comparison, and evaluate the chances of adapting and introducing Finland hackschooling principles in China as an innovation multiplier on child’ lives.
The Role of Marketing Capabilities in Firm’s Success
Authors: Adel Saleh M Alharbi
Published: January 2016

In our study, we review existing literature with the purpose of illustrating the significance of marketing capabilities and further reconstructing the path from marketing capabilities to organizational outcomes, thus explaining how positive market performance of company is achieved. In the first step, we constructed the path from marketing capabilities to positive organizational performance. Further, we explored certain antecedents of marketing capabilities in order to understand the concept of capabilities deeper. Implications for companies operating on global markets and recommendations have been presented on the basis of extensive literature review.
Biological Risk Factors for Nonunion of Bone Fracture
Authors: Zura Robert , Mehta Samir , Della Rocca Gregory J. , Steen R. Grant
Published: January 2016

➢ Many risk factors for fracture nonunion are well supported in the orthopaedic literature, including location of the fracture site, surgical treatment, bone displacement, type of fixation, treatment delay, comminution, inadequate treatment, and wound infection. However, evidence from a systematic review suggests that patient-related or biological causes of nonunion may not be as well understood.

➢ Understanding the biological causes of nonunion is important for several reasons. Risk factors might identify patients prone to nonunion who could benefit from more aggressive intervention, and a clear idea of nonunion risk could be important when choosing between competing therapeutic options. Risk factors also can inform the design of clinical trials and clarify patient inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that small studies can yield more definitive answers. Finally, an understanding of patient risk profiles may enable clinicians to counsel patients more effectively and to set appropriate expectations for success.

➢ Patient age appears to be a strong risk factor for nonunion in some bones, a weak risk factor for nonunion in other bones, and perhaps not a significant risk factor for nonunion in certain bones. This observation suggests that there can be substantial bone-to-bone variation in nonunion risk. Age also may be a surrogate for the prevalence of risk factors that potentially increase with age, such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use.

➢ Smoking has been replicated as a risk factor for nonunion only in retrospective studies involving the humerus and tibia. Smoking appears to have an important effect on nonunion, yet the incremental risk may be rather small, except in context with additional risk factors. Diabetes has been confirmed as a risk factor for nonunion only in retrospective studies involving the foot and ankle. Nonunion risk from diabetes alone may be small and the context of additional risk factors crucial; this could account for why it has been so difficult to predict nonunion in the individual patient.

➢ Prediction of fracture nonunion in the individual patient is a difficult problem. Fracture nonunion may be influenced by complex interactions between biological and surgical risk factors, and the nonunion rate varies from bone to bone. A randomized clinical trial may not appropriately control for all potential correlates and confounders and may require impractical sample sizes. A large claims-based study of real-world fracture-healing outcomes is needed to provide guidance for randomized clinical trials that can test risk factors more rigorously.
Combining Technology and Automation to Overcome Drilling Challenges and Deliver Longest Extended Reach Well in Kuwait: A Case History
Authors: Al-Ajmi Hadi , Al-Ajmi Abdullah , Al-Ajmi Khaled , Al-Rashoud Abdulaziz , Farhi Nadir , Nouh Walid , Samie Mohamed
Published: January 2016

Challenges of oil recovery in mature assets continue to increase, requiring horizontal wells to be drilled for longer intervals. To improve the overall production in Kuwait, horizontal injector wells are required in some carbonate reservoirs in north Kuwait fields with the main objective of driving reservoir pressure in cases where aquifers cannot contribute to sustained oil recovery. Drilling several injector wells with long lateral sections was found to be the best approach to improve reservoir sweeping efficiency and drive the pressure regime for sustaining higher production levels.

Historically, all horizontal wells drilled in similar reservoirs utilized oil-based mud (OBM), which was instrumental in reducing torque and friction along the lateral sections. Recently, all injector wells in the area were switched to water-based mud (WBM) systems in the lateral to reduce reservoir damage and improve injectivity and to enable the use of microimaging logging tools while drilling. This switch, together with limited drilling rig capability and geological uncertainty, posed major challenges on the deliverability of the horizontal section to planned total depth (TD). The operator, in collaboration with the drilling services provider and other service providers, completed a substantial planning phase to optimize the well design and make it achievable using current resources.

The bottomhole assembly (BHA) was modeled, with iterations made to enhance the capability of drilling long laterals with proper weight transfer without sacrificing well stability or directional control. To overcome the challenge of drilling the long lateral section without the need for intermediate trips, the tool string design was customized for additional robustness and durability.

Completed in two runs, the 6979 ft section was considered to be the longest lateral in north Kuwait ever achieved at the time. Maintaining the well in the desired trajectory, the motorized rotary steerable system was used to achieve a rate of penetration (ROP) improvement above the field average and within the allowable torque limit permitted, reaching the required total depth successfully. The bit and BHA selection and design were both critical to success. The subject reservoir known for high rock stresses and varying local formation dip angles posed a challenge to maintain the well on the desired trajectory due to unpredictable changes in the BHA tendency. Rotary steerable system (RSS) automation through the use of closed loop and cruise control features helped minimize human intervention. These features enable the RSS to automatically react and change downhole settings to track target inclination.

This paper discusses the planning, design and execution of the subject well, in addition to the added value and resulting improvement in reservoir sweeping efficiency.
New Type of Oilfield Drill Bit Produces New Levels of Performance in Large Diameter Intervals
Authors: Beaton Tim , Wong Alex , Isnor Sid , Herman J. J. , Marley Ryan
Published: January 2016

Drill bit performance has a direct connection with the economics of drilling a well. While there have been impressive advances in both PDC and roller-cone drill bits over the previous decades, the rate of improvement has declined in recent years. New drill bit technologies are required in order to regain the pace of performance improvement, especially in large hole sizes.

Traditional development cycles for novel drill bit technologies tend to be lengthy, with new products reaching commercialization after close to a decade, or more, of R&D. Critical new technologies are typically only developed by the largest oilfield service companies in the industry, which contributes to the pace of development. In order to deliver enhanced performance to the industry in months instead of years, an entirely new approach is required. As a response to this situation, a unique process has been created and implemented which has allowed a brand new type of oilfield drill bit to be commercialized within one year of the initial concept.

This paper will discuss the performance of a new type of oilfield drill bit that has proven to reduce operating costs in large hole diameter intervals. This new type of drill bit has a novel hybrid cutting structure with both rotating, gouging inserts and shearing PDC cutters. This unique cutting mechanism has demonstrated improved performance compared to both PDC and roller-cone drill bits in hundreds of applications. The challenges associated with increasing drilling performance in large hole sizes are significantly different from intermediate and production intervals, and this paper will detail how those challenges are met by the new cutting structure. Worldwide, roller-cone bits have maintained a relatively large market share of sections that are 12-1/4″ diameter and larger due to their toughness, steerability and smooth drilling behavior compared to PDC bits. However, roller-cone bit performance is still limited by the durability of bearings, seals and teeth / inserts. The new hybrid gouging / shearing cutting mechanism provides similar performance benefits to roller-cone bits, such as excellent steerability, while providing durability superior to PDC bits.

The introduction of gouging cutting structures into fixed cutter drill bits is an active area of R&D in the industry. For more than a century, drill bits have failed rock via crushing (roller-cone bits), grinding or plowing (diamond impregnated / natural diamond bits), or shearing (PDC bits). The gouging mechanism displays unique characteristics compared to conventional methods, and initially appears to be more suitable to many drilling environments.
Liquid Weight Material for Drilling & Completion Fluids
Authors: Al-Bagoury Mohamed , Steele Christopher
Published: January 2016

For decades, non-aqueous drilling fluids (NADF's) have been the fluid of choice to drill challenging wells. This is because they possesses high robustness, high rate of penetration (ROP) and high thermal stability. However, there is a growing interest in developing alternative fluids to replace non-aqueous drilling fluids, because they are expensive to dispose of, environmentally unfriendly, and may cause formation damage. Alternative fluids should have a better HSE profile and have an equivalent, or even better performance compared to the non-aqueous fluid. In addition, due to the increase of drilling costs, a substitute for expensive brines such as Cs formate for completion fluids is sought.

Recently the use of potassium formate brine (KFo), weighted with manganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) as a drilling & completion fluid, has grown rapidly, particularly for sensitive formations such as shale and other clay-containing formations. In addition, being environmentally friendly, the KFo / Mn3O4 fluid has excellent performance for shale stability, high thermal stability and has less potential for formation damage compared to non-aqueous fluids. This fluid is very stable and is usable over a long period.

This paper will discuss the development of a novel, stable slurry of Mn3O4 in KFo with a high density of 2.3-2.5sg. The properties of the slurry were optimized to ensure easy flow and long-term storage stability. The stability of this slurry was monitored for a period of 6 months. The use of such slurry in preparing drilling fluids will be illustrated. The new liquid weight material simplifies the fluid mixing significantly. It can be used on its own or diluted back with water or KFo brine and the addition of other additives, such as fluid-loss agent, dispersant, viscosifier, etc., to convert it into a drilling or completion fluid. As a liquid additive, it is easy & safe to handle. The use of liquid chemicals eliminates any dust issues which may be encountered with powder handling.

In addition, the paper will show the design of a new high-density fluid 2.62sg (22ppg) and testing at temperatures of 200°C for ultra HPHT drilling. The new fluid has a low plastic viscosity of 48cp, and low fluid loss of <15 ml on 5µm ceramic disc at 150°C. It has a low dynamic sag of 0.16lb/100ft2.

This is the first time to develop such a high-density aqueous weight material (2.5sg) for drilling & completion fluids. It is also the first time to design environmentally friendly & high-density fluids (2.6sg) for ultra HPHT drilling.
Modeling and Control of Stick Slip and Bit Bounce in Oil Well Drill Strings
Authors: Al Sairafi F. A. , Al Ajmi K. E. , Yigit A. S. , Christoforou A. P.
Published: January 2016

Stick slip and bit bounce are common problems while drilling the production sections of oil wells with Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits. The production section often encounters different lithology including highly fractured limestone, sand/sandstone and reactive shale. In some cases, vibrations are so severe that they cause failure in drill string components, loss of expensive tools in the hole; such as bit and logging sources/equipment, bit damage, wellbore instability and reduction in the Rate of Penetration (ROP).

The current paper presents a dynamic model and an active control strategy for reducing stick slip and bit bounce of a drill string with a top drive system. The model includes complete drive systems for both rotational and axial motions, as well as the hoisting system. Also included is the bit/formation interaction, which facilitates the inclusion of the effects of formation characteristics. First, the equations of axial and torsional motions are derived and solved numerically. The numerical results are validated with real data logs recorded while drilling the production sections in Kuwait fields. Second, feedback controllers are designed and incorporated into the model.

Simulation results show that in certain conditions the drill string may experience high values of TOB (Torque on Bit) and WOB (Weight on Bit), which can damage sensitive tools within the drill string, such as, LWD (Logging While Drilling) tools and RSS (Rotary Steerable System). It is demonstrated that implementing only a torsional controller in the system is not effective in mitigating bit bounce phenomena, and an axial controller should be designed and implemented as well. Simulation results show that it is possible to minimize both stick slip and bit bounce and maintain desired drilling conditions with the axial and torsional controllers.

It is expected that, the insight gained by the proposed model will be instrumental for determining and realizing optimal drilling conditions. Therefore, the cost related to drilling a specific well will be reduced, and the life of equipment used to drill the well, such as bit, motor, stabilizer, and drill collars, will be increased.