bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of environmental factors on the composition of terrestrial bryophyte and lichen species in Scots pine forests on fixed sand dunes
Authors: Tilk Mari , Ots Katri , Tullus Tea
Published: October 2018

Aim of the study: To investigate terrestrial bryophyte and lichen species richness and environmental factors affecting the composition of species.
Area of the study: Four Boreal zone fixed dunes were selected in the coastal area of the Baltic Sea in southwest Estonia.
Material and methods: Non-metric multidimensional scaling was performed to analyse distribution patterns and environmental factors like canopy cover, photosynthetically active radiation, soil organic horizon thickness and decomposition rates, soil volumetric water content, soil pH and electrical conductivity and soil nutrients correlated with bryophyte and lichen species composition.
Main results: Thirty bryophytes and 22 lichens were found on 232 sample plots, the most frequent species were Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt., Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp., Dicranum polysetum Sw. ex anon., Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot. and Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. The lichen species richness was highest on the slopes of the dunes and decreased towards the bottoms and tops; bryophyte species richness was higher on the bottoms and decreased towards the tops of the dunes.
Research highlights: The composition of bryophytes and lichens is significantly influenced by the aspect and the location on the dune, light conditions, soil pH, soil salinity (measured as electrical conductivity) and volumetric water content, thickness of moderately decomposed organic horizon and vascular plant species cover.
Keywords
Inland dunes; terrestrial bryophyte and lichen communities; environmental factors; topography.
The Effect of Argumentative Text Pattern Teaching on Success of Constituting Argumentative Text Elements
Authors: Özdemir Serpil
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study is to view how argumentative text pattern teaching influences constituting argumentative essayelements. The study was performed according to one-group pre-test post-test design. The study was carried out inspring term of 2017-2018 academic year and it lasted for five weeks. 33 prospective teachers who took the course ofText Producing Techniques participated in the study. The data of study were collected through 132 argumentativeessays which prospective teachers wrote and Argumentative Text Elements Rubric to evaluate these. The results ofthe research are as follows: Quite few students included argumentative essay elements before argumentative essaypattern teaching and none of the students wrote justification for counter argument. It was determined that 66,7% ofthe students didn’t write data, 81,8% of them didn’t write counter argument, 87,9% did not write justification forcounter argument, 84,8% did not write rebuttal of counter argument and 48,5% did not write conclusion. At the thirdstudy, number of successful students increased on the basis of all elements. However, the majority of students havereached a partially successful level. At the post test, most of the students achieved successful level on the basis of allelements except refuting counter argument. Significant differences on behalf of the post-test were determinedbetween pre-test and post-test scores at all of the argumentative essay elements.
A Metasynthesis Study Related to Exhaustion Concept of Teachers in Turkey
Authors: Cihan Bekir Barış , Araç Ilgar Ebru
Published: October 2018

The aim of the research is to determine teachers' exhaustion levels in Turkey, reasons, related factors, differentresearches the effects of subject areas have been carried out directly about issues in a systematic manner, gatheringthe studies that have been done over the last decade and making its meta-synthesis. Totally 35 studies consisting of26 theses and 9 articles determined by the purposeful sampling method between 1998 and 2018 were analyzed by aplanned meta-synthesis study in the qualitative research design. In order to determine the studies that will beincluded in the research; The National Teaching Center of the Higher Education Council, Google Academic searchengine, DergiPark, TUBITAK Ulakbim and ERIC databases were used. The sample group of studies used foranalysis constitutes exhaustion studies on teachers in public and private schools. According to research findings, thestudies carried out mainly concentrated on the four subscales. These are; the studies on the exhaustion anddemographic characteristics, the studies on the emotional states and the intelligence dimensions, the studies about theorganization and the states of belonging. In conclusion, in the context of the analyses made, it is considered that thisstudy will be useful in terms of future research direction and awareness of the exhaustion that teachers experience.
The Points of School Directors on Peer Observation as a New Professional Development and Supervision Model for Teachers in Turkey
Authors: Bozak Ahmet
Published: October 2018

The aim of the study is to determine the views of school managers’ towards peer observation as an alternativeteacher professional development and complementary supervision model. The study was conducted through a mixresearch model which combines quantitative and qualitative methods based on convergent parallel design. 121school managers voluntarily joined the study at the end of the conference to which the researcher was invited asguest speaker. The results of the study in quantitative dimension indicated that peer observation was considered byschool managers as an alternative teacher development model to promote cooperation among teachers;self-awareness of teachers; motivation; solving their problems cooperatively; learning new methods. The qualitativeresults also indicated that majority of the participants were in favour of peer observation as an alternative personaldevelopment method for teachers; the participants recommended that it should be carried via volunteers betweendifferent schools; just friendly and positive feedback should be given to the teacher who teaches the same subject;should be carried in a friendly school climate where there is no rivalry among teachers. On the other hand, someparticipant expressed their negative concerns as there wouldn’t be enough teachers and time; the teacher wouldhesitate to be observed because of political and professional rivalries, lack of confidence and trust among teachers.
IoT ReDy Architecture for Smart Grid Management
Authors: Hafdi Kaoutar , Kriouile Abderahman , Kriouile Abdelaziz
Published: October 2018

Smart Grid introduces intelligent infrastructure to the existing power grid. Energy production is no longer confined just to large power plants, but is becoming geographically distributed on small renewable energy plants that can inject electricity directly into the grid. IoT proposes a good solution to connect the producers to the consumers and to propose a reactive balancing of power production and consumption. The ReDy architecture, which is intended for IoT applications, provides a base to implement a scalable, reliable, and dynamic IoT network ready to meet Smart Grid needs. The different producers and consumers represent nodes of a decentralized network managed with a dynamic membership management algorithm. Each node is a centralized sub-network composed of one gateway making decisions and several sensors and actuators.
DETERMINATION OF SOME ORGANIC ACIDS IN “BARAGSHUN EN” PREPARATION
Authors: Z Batbayar , Ts Dolgorsuren , N Lkhagvasuren , S Bolorchuluun , T Enkh-Oyun
Published: October 2018

The current study aims to measure the amount of some organic acids in Baragshun EN preparation made from natural mineral baragshun; and to determine their chemical structures by using modern advanced technologies. As a result of HPLC analysis, the amount of benzoic acid in Baragshun EN preparation was measured at 12.84%, as well as, linoleic acid, cathinone and malonic acid were identified in the supplement through GC/MS analysis. It has been identified that these organic acids in Baragshun EN preparation help restore the central nervous system, stimulate the immune system, prevent various diseases, protect the body, regenerate, and detoxify, and are antibacterial. The study reveals that the traditions used in folk medicine are similar to the results of our analysis.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT DOMESTIC GOAT IN THE MONGOLIA
Authors: J Temuujin , T Khaliunaa , Z Batsaikhan , B Ochirkhuyag , J Khulan , Ts Janchiv
Published: October 2018

Food and agricultural production sector, especially livestock production is vital for Mongolia’s economic and social development. The five breeds of livestock – cattle, horses, sheep, goats and camels, have always been directly related to the history, culture and economy of Mongolia. It is undeniable that these five breeds of livestock are considered as an important asset of the Mongolian economy as well as guarantee of national security. Out of the five breeds, small livestock including sheep and goats account for more than 80% of the total livestock population (according to the National Statistical Office data). It is not hard to retrieve research and recorded materials about the morphology or the economic productivity of these breeds and their sub-breeds. However, the development of society now demands higher yield from the livestock animals. Genetically, the a1, a2, a3 and a4 samples appertaining to some 3,000 years ago are substantially different from the haplogroups. However, judging by the phylogenetic tree the 800 year-old samples, as compared to the phylogroups of the 3rd century BC, are closer to the modern samples. Alongside this, from molecular distance we find that the M1 haplogroup is a sample belonging to the 3rd century BC, which had separated the earliest, while the aforementioned 800 year-old sample separates at a later period, which chronologically is convincing. But the a6 ancient sample conforms to the B haplogroup and the a8 or the sample of 800 years ago is in the same haplogroup as the sample of the 3rd century BC. However, the a6 sample obtained from the 3rd century BC tombs obtained sample was the origin of modern goats that can be included in haplogroup B.
DESAFIOS NA/DA JURISDIÇÃO CONSTITUCIONAL EM TEMPOS DE CONSTITUCIONALISMO CONTEMPORÂNEO: ALGUMAS CONSIDERAÇÕES PONTUAIS
Authors: Gervasoni Tássia Aparecida , Bolesina Iuri
Published: October 2018

Este artigo, a partir das premissas do Constitucionalismo Contemporâneo no Estado Democrático de Direito, tenciona o debate sobre temas atuais na/da jurisdição constitucional. Neste sentido, analisou-se o aspecto constante da jurisdição na sua função de jurisdição constitucional, desvelando-se a equivocada separação entre atos de jurisdição e atos de jurisdição constitucional. Trabalhou-se com as temáticas da judicialização e do ativismo judicial, onde se concluiu que a primeira é um fato decorrente da formação política e jurídica do Brasil, ao tempo que a segunda é uma postura criativa e negativa do julgador. Abordou-se a discricionariedade judicial, a fundamentação das decisões judiciais e os projetos que visam à limitação do espaço de fundamentação das peças processuais. E, por fim, tratou-se do controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas, onde se verificou que o ideal é um agir sinérgico e cooperativo entre os poderes, aliado a uma jurisdição aberta: com pluralidade de interpretes e democraticamente acessível.
A REPRESENTATIVIDADE DA ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS E DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS: DA QUESTÃO UNIVERSALISTA AO PROCESSO DE NÃO-EXCLUSÃO
Authors: Bedin Gilmar Antonio , Camara Rieger Fernando , De Lima de Oliveira Tamires
Published: October 2018

O objetivo principal do presente artigo é demonstrar as dificuldades dos planos de ação da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em contextos políticos oriundos de singularidades do sistema internacional. Neste sentido, busca-se responder ao problema de como a ONU, em um mundo multipolar, pode ser referência internacional em um mundo com núcleos de poder tão diluídos. Parte-se da hipótese de que a atuação da organização internacional é possível na medida em que prioriza o diálogo plural entre governos e culturas. O desenvolvimento da hipótese realiza-se, a priori, com a análise da fundação da instituição, trazendo para o debate o conteúdo universalista da sua antecessora, a Liga das Nações. Posteriormente, aborda-se a nova conjuntura internacional, calcada no realismo político entre Estados e a bipolaridade do sistema internacional, ou seja, o contexto de Guerra Fria. Analisa-se brevemente as dificuldades políticas enfrentadas pela organização, uma vez que o iluminismo universalista era escanteado em prol de agendas de segurança. Destaca-se, ainda, as mudanças paradigmáticas incitadas à noção de soberania externa pelo advento da Organização e das normas internacionais de Direitos Humanos. Por fim, entende-se que a não-exclusão de Estados dos debates internacionais seja o caminho para agendas proativas em nível mundial. O método empregado na pesquisa foi o hipotético-dedutivo e a técnica utilizada foi a da pesquisa bibliográfica.
RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL DAS MINERADORAS REGULARMENTE LICENCIADAS
Authors: Nacur Rezende Élcio , Alves Coelho Hebert , De Sá Souza Oliveira Marina , Da Silva Campos Pedro Henrique
Published: October 2018

O presente artigo busca compreender, utilizando-se de princípios e da legislação competente, a prescindibilidade do licenciamento das mineradoras para a responsabilidade civil por danos ambientais. Tem como objetivo analisar se, ainda que observados os requisitos do referido licenciamento, é possível que incida a responsabilidade civil da empresa responsável pela extração mineral. Buscou-se compreender o problema por meio de raciocínio dedutivo, com vertente metodológica jurídico-teórica, alicerçando-se na análise de doutrinas e artigos relacionados ao tema proposto. Conclui-se pela possibilidade de responsabilização da mineradora independente de licenciamento ambiental, visto que este não é óbice para incidência da responsabilidade civil no direito ambiental brasileiro.
EMENDA OU SUBSTITUIÇÃO DO TÍTULO EXECUTIVO FISCAL E A DEFESA DO EXECUTADO
Authors: Siqueira Natércia , Carneiro Jr. Antônio Mendes
Published: October 2018

A despeito das inúmeras prerrogativas da Fazenda Pública, no que se refere à execução fiscal, seja o título executivo proveniente de dívida tributária ou não, garantidas pela Lei n° 6.830, de 22 de setembro de 1980, e suas posteriores alterações, o executado, ou devedor, depara-se muitas vezes em situação de dificuldade quando de sua defesa. Seja no aspecto formal da citação, penhora eletrônica e propriamente dos recursos utilizados pela desfazer o procedimento executório. Neste âmbito, mais especificamente, destaca-se a dificuldade de se estabelecer quais os limites das alegações aduzidas pelo devedor nos novos embargos, após a correção ou substituição da Certidão de Dívida Ativa. A partir de entendimentos divergentes, percebe-se a importância do tema.
A interpretação pro homine da convenção americana de direitos humanos: desafios e perspectivas
Authors: Tenório de Amorim Fernando Sérgio , Torres Marcio Roberto
Published: October 2018

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o artigo 29 da Conveno Americana sobre Direitos Humanos e suas nuances interpretativas. A interpretao pro homine guarda nuances que s podem ser compreendidas tendo-se em conta os corretos conceitos e pressupostos para o seu desenvolvimento. Aliada a um controle de convencionalidade, a internacionalizao dos Direitos Humanos permite estabelecer standards mnimos de proteo, que so complementados pelos precedentes da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, no sistema regional interamericano.
Linguagem dos juristas frente a representações jurídico-culturais de povos e comunidades tradicionais: o caso do conflito possessório envolvendo a comunidade quilombola de São Bento, Brejo/MA
Authors: Bruzaca Ruan Didier , Vieira Adriana Dias
Published: October 2018

O presente artigo insere-se no contexto de conflitos jurdicos envolvendo territrios de povos e comunidades tradicionais. Pretende compreender o distanciamento entre as representaes advindas da linguagem dos juristas e aquelas empreendidas no mbito das relaes de povos e comunidades tradicionais. Par tal, aborda a consolidao da legitimidade da linguagem dos juristas, a imposio de conformao de povos e comunidades tradicionais quela linguagem e, por fim, o caso concreto do conflito possessrio envolvendo a comunidade quilombola de So Bento, Brejo/MA. O marco terico utilizado parte da concepo jusrealista e antiformalista de Santoro sobre o Direito, inserindo-a no estudo de Bourdieu a respeito do Estado e do campo jurdico. Quanto metodologia, utilizou-se pesquisa documental, bibliogrfica e de campo, estudando-se o caso concreto da comunidade So Bento.
Atos atentatórios à dignidade da justiça e a sanção em numerus clausus: interpretação sistemática do atual Código de Processo Civil
Authors: Rezende Renato Horta
Published: October 2018

O atual CPC ampliou o rol de artigos que tratam acerca das condutas e sanções impostas aos atos atentatórios à dignidade da justiça. Investigou-se nesse artigo quais as sanções, limites, sujeitos e destinação de eventuais créditos decorrentes de condutas arroladas nos artigos 161 e parágrafo único do art. 918, ambos do CPC, sendo propostas como hipóteses a interpretação sistemática; a apresentação em rol fechado das sanções e condutas; e a sistemática fracionada em gênero e espécie. Concluiu-se pela confirmação das hipóteses propostas.
A linha tênue entre o execicio do direito de liberdade religiosa em face do discurso de ódio.
Authors: Costa Fabricio Veiga , Patrícia Moreira de Freitas Andrade Érica Érica
Published: October 2018

A intolerância religiosa se tornou uma mazela social no Brasil e suas causas são diversas, destacando-se, nesse estudo, a disseminação da intolerância religiosa nas redes sociais. Nesse contexto, pretende-se verificar até que ponto as manifestações de cunho religioso proferidas nas redes sociais ultrapassam a liberdade de manifestação religiosa, configurando-se em discurso de ódio. A escolha do tema justifica-se pela sua relevância teórica e prática, haja vista a linha tênue existente o livre direito de expressar e a propagação das manifestações odiosas em razão da religião. O direito à livre manifestação de pensamento nas redes sociais é democraticamente legitimo no momento em que não reproduz a violência, a exclusão e, tampouco, não estimula o tratamento desigual entre as pessoas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica, de cunho documental, partindo da premissa dedutiva do panorama histórico de construção das liberdades individuais, e delimitando a análise na intolerância religiosa, propagada nas redes sociais.
Students’ opinions about the subject of Security Education in upper secondary schools
Authors: Drapikowska Barbara
Published: October 2018

The article is empirical and constitutes a qualitative analysis of students’ attitudes towards
the implementation of the subject of Security Education in upper secondary schools to
which they attended. The research attention was focused on the form of conducting classes,
issues raised on the subject, assessment of their usefulness and proposals for improvements
presented by students. The self-assessment of self-attitude towards the subject and level
involved in the acquisition of the core curriculum was also presented.
Intraoperative hearing evaluation during tympanoplasty – surgical technique and measurement method using OssiMon LAIOM system
Authors: Niemczyk Kazimierz , Morawski Krzysztof , Delgado Rafael , Małkowska Maria , Bartoszewicz Robert , Sokołowski Jacek , Lachowska Magdalena
Published: October 2018

We present a surgical technique of closed tympanoplasty for chronic otitis, together with an intraoperative functional evaluation system with the OssiMon LAIOM software. The technique can be used in one or two steps for an intraoperative evaluation of the functional effect during ear operation. Using OssiMon LAIOM, we were able to simultaneously measure the auditory steady-state response (ASSR), as well as to perform laser dopler vibrometry (LDV). For electrophysiologic measurements, OssiMon LAIOM uses the Intelligent Hearing System platform, and the Polytec
single-point laser to evaluate the ossicular mobility. The measurements can be conducted using both methods at the same time or separately, applying each method independently. The OssiMon LAIOM software records the ASSR response intraoperatively and marks it automatically on the audiogram with the preoperative hearing level. The ossicular vibration level is determined based on the measured LDV response. To the best of our knowledge, OssiMon LAIOM is the first solution allowing to objectively measure the effectiveness of tympanoplasty using two methods
simultaneously, i.e. ASSR and LDV. The system could be widely applied in the functional evaluation of the middle ear and in clinical practice.
UPGRADES OF PROJECTING CHARGE FOR APFSDS-T-TP AMMUNITION FIRED WITH 120 MM GUN OF LEOPARD 2 TANK
Authors: Kuśnierz Tadeusz
Published: October 2018

APFSDS-T-TP ammunition of home production for 120 mm gun of LEOPARD 2 tank, being on the inventory of the Polish Armed Forces, has not passed the requirements of NO-13-A513 Defence Standard at certification tests against the random vibrations occurring at its tactical transportation inside the tank. Performed tests have indicated that the fulfilment of Standard requirements can be achieved by upgrading the igniting system what also makes the projecting charge design of APFSDS-T-TP ammunition change. The paper describes the research-development work on the upgrading of the igniting system for the cartridges used in 120 mm gun of LEOPARD 2 tank. The designs of the existing and upgraded igniting systems are presented both with the designing changes of projecting charges and ammunition ballistic and performance test results.
Construindo um Fazer Musical Significativo: Reflexões e Vivências
Authors: Beineke Viviane
Published: October 2018

0 presente artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar os projetos que estão sendo desenvolvidos na área de música pelo NUPEART, que incluem a realização de uma Oficina de Música para criangas da comunidade e dois projetos de pesquisa, em um conjunto de ações articuladas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Inicialmente serão discutidos os princípios pedagógico-musicais que norteiam a proposta da Oficina de Música, para então relatarmos algumasdas experiências que estão sendo desenvolvidas com as crianças nas aulas.
O Criador-intérprete na Dança Contemporânea
Authors: Nunes Sandra Meyer
Published: October 2018

Este ensaio propõe uma reflexão inicial sobre a figura do criador-intérprete na dança moderna e contemporânea. Articulador de várias linhas de pensamento e práticas corporais cria sua assinatura própria nas relações da dança corn outras áreas doconhecimento. Seu processo criativo e investigativo se dá em seu próprio corpo, na busca por novas possibilidades de movimento, tonicidade e dramaturgia corporal.
Refletindo sobre Algumas Experiências na Oficina de Música
Authors: Bortoli Cristiane de , Kalff Silvana , Beineke Viviane
Published: October 2018

A "Oficina de Música" esta sendo realizada com um grupo de crianças de oito e nove anos de idade, que estudam em colégios da rede pública, e que tiveram acesso ao programa NUPEART, através de uma divulgação feita nas escolas estaduais e municipais próximas à Universidade. Dos interessados que sematricularam, onze estão cursando a oficina de música. Até o presente momento foram desenvolvidas cinco aulas, as quais serão relatadas a seguir. As aulas são ministradas no "Laboratório de Ensino em Educação Musical", no Bloco da Música - CEART/UDESC, espaço este equipado com uma variedade de instrumentos de percussão de som definido e indefinido, flautas doces e uma aparelhagem de som.
A criação musical como recurso didático em sala de aula
Authors: Finck Regina
Published: October 2018

O presente trabalho relata alguns dos procedimentos musicais utilizados por cinco meninas de nove a treze anos, em trabalhos de criação musical em grupo, buscando entender e analisar os processos que implicaram na construção do conhecimento musical. Para a realização deste estudo foram analisadas e observadas as atividades de criação musical produzidas por uma turma de Iniciação Musical do Ceart/Udesc. Verificou-se que o grupo realizou, a partir de um desafio lançado pela professora, a estruturação e organização sonora sendo usados para isto elementos musicais e extra-musicais. A organização do objeto sonoro levou a uma ampliação dos fatores musicais, entre eles a capacidade de identificar, relacionar e modificar este objeto. Nesta perspectiva, a abordagem criativa atribuiu uma nova maneira de construir este conhecimento musical.
Avaliação in vitro de atividade antimicrobiana de peptídeos anfipáticos derivados de proteínas do soro de leite
Authors: Corrêa Jessica Audrey Feijó , Udenigwe Chibuike , Bittencourt Luciano Fernando
Published: October 2018

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a atividade antimicrobiana de peptídeos anfipáticos derivados de proteínas do soro de leite contra importantes microrganismos patogênicos e toxigênicos. Para isto, foram testados dois peptídeos de 16 e 6 aminoácidos, de sequências HQPHQPLPPTVMFPPQ e KIPAVF respectivamente, frente às bactérias Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes e Escherichia coli, e frente aos fungos Aspergillus parasiticus, Fusarium verticillioides e Fusarium graminearum. Buscou-se determinar as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIMs) dos dois peptídeos contra os microrganismos utilizando o método de microdiluição em placas de 96 poços. Foram testadas doses de até 5000 mg.L-1 de cada peptídeo, contudo, não foi possível determinar suas CIMs frente aos patógenos e contaminantes testados. Analisando trabalhos similares com peptídeos e/ou lisados proteicos de soro de leite, percebe-se uma variação muito grande entre os resultados. Isso demonstra a divergência de bioatividade de peptídeos com diferentes sequências, além das possíveis diferentes respostas celulares a estas moléculas, tais como metabolização e alterações não-letais. Assim, conclui-se que os peptídeos aqui testados não são bons candidatos para aplicação na indústria de alimentos. Doses mais elevadas dos peptídeos não foram testadas, pois inviabilizaria sua aplicação em alimentos devido ao alto custo de obtenção.
Epitope resurfacing on dengue virus-like particle vaccine preparation to induce broad neutralizing antibody
Authors: Shen Wen-Fan , Galula Jedhan Ucat , Liu Jyung-Hurng , Liao Mei-Ying , Huang Cheng-Hao , Wang Yu-Chun , Wu Han-Chung , Liang Jian-Jong , Lin Yi-Ling , Whitney Matthew T , Chang Gwong-Jen J , Chen Sheng-Ren , Wu Shang-Rung , Chao Day-Yu
Published: October 2018

Dengue fever is caused by four different serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) which is the leading cause of worldwide arboviral diseases in humans. Virus-like particles (VLPs) containing flavivirus prM/E proteins have been demonstrated to be a potential vaccine candidate; however, the structure of dengue VLP is poorly understood. Herein VLP derived from DENV serotype-2 were engineered becoming highly matured (mD2VLP) and showed variable size distribution with diameter of ~31 nm forming the major population under cryo-electron microscopy examination. Furthermore, mD2VLP particles of 31 nm diameter possess a T = 1 icosahedral symmetry with a groove located within the E-protein dimers near the 2-fold vertices that exposed highly overlapping, cryptic neutralizing epitopes. Mice vaccinated with mD2VLP generated higher cross-reactive (CR) neutralization antibodies (NtAbs) and were fully protected against all 4 serotypes of DENV. Our results highlight the potential of ‘epitope-resurfaced’ mature-form D2VLPs in inducing quaternary structure-recognizing broad CR NtAbs to guide future dengue vaccine design.
The role of APETALA1 in petal number robustness
Authors: Monniaux Marie , Pieper Bjorn , McKim Sarah M , Routier-Kierzkowska Anne-Lise , Kierzkowski Daniel , Smith Richard S , Hay Angela
Published: October 2018

Invariant floral forms are important for reproductive success and robust to natural perturbations. Petal number, for example, is invariant in Arabidopsis thaliana flowers. However, petal number varies in the closely related species Cardamine hirsuta, and the genetic basis for this difference between species is unknown. Here we show that divergence in the pleiotropic floral regulator APETALA1 (AP1) can account for the species-specific difference in petal number robustness. This large effect of AP1 is explained by epistatic interactions: A. thaliana AP1 confers robustness by masking the phenotypic expression of quantitative trait loci controlling petal number in C. hirsuta. We show that C. hirsuta AP1 fails to complement this function of A. thaliana AP1, conferring variable petal number, and that upstream regulatory regions of AP1 contribute to this divergence. Moreover, variable petal number is maintained in C. hirsuta despite sufficient standing genetic variation in natural accessions to produce plants with four-petalled flowers.
Magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Knorr John R.
Published: October 2018

Magnetic resonance angiography is a noninvasive approach to vascular study that recently has become feasible and is quickly proving its usefulness in several areas. Currently, advances are concentrated on evaluation of vessels of the head and neck. Magnetic resonance angiography has also proved valuable in evaluation of the central vasculature, including the heart. Because magnetic resonance angiography is not a single technique and the different techniques of which it is composed have their own strengths and weaknesses, it is important that clinicians, as well as radiologists, be aware of these strengths and weaknesses. Various techniques and their applications and limitations are discussed.
A primer on graduate medical education financing
Authors: Carl James M. , Knaus Ronald J.
Published: October 2018

Medical education is recognized as a legitimate cost of doing business in a teaching hospital. This article outlines the general principles and concepts currently used to determine the actual amount of financial reimbursement that a hospital receives for its graduate medical education (GME) programs. Directors of Medical Education should have a solid understanding of these principles if they are to work successfully with the hospital reimbursement experts to maximize the teaching hospital's revenue. To that end, the authors detail 10 rules to ensure that all essential elements are included in the reimbursement formulas. Also considered are the nonfinancial benefits of GME of which hospital leadership must be aware so that they may understand the total contribution that GME makes to the teaching hospital.
Recognition of Hantavirus infection in the rural setting: report of first Colorado resident to survive
Authors: Posson Steven C. , Told Thomas N. , Hollar Gregory F.
Published: October 2018

Since May 1993, there has been an outbreak of an acute illness with nonspecific symptoms and signs that rapidly progresses to death. The majority of the cases identified have occurred in the rural southwestern United States, predominantly in the four-corners area comprising New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado. Findings of preliminary investigation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest that the etiologic agent is a previously unidentified strain of Hantavirus. In reported cases, infection with this virus has a very high mortality. The authors describe the primary care of the first Colorado resident of the four Coloradans infected to survive documented Hantavirus-associated disease. There are potential implications for rural healthcare delivery as rapid recognition and early intervention with supportive care could improve survival.
Literature on Pulmonary diseases
Authors: Aronson Robert M. , Greenstein Stephen I. , Schonfeld Alvin J.
Published: October 2018

The following annotated bibliography has been developed for the purpose of providing primary care physicians with a handy source of review articles in the field of pulmonary diseases. Almost all of the articles are review articles of clinical topics that will be of interest to the practicing physician. JAOA will be publishing additional annotated bibliographies in various fields of internal medicine over the next several months.
Important characteristics of a director of medical education
Authors: Powell Vance D. , George Robert J.
Published: October 2018

In osteopathic graduate medical education programs, the Director of Medical Education (DME) plays the key leadership role. This article outlines critical characteristics and skills that the DME should possess to successfully perform in this role. Central to this success is a passionate commitment to osteopathic medical education and a commitment to justice and fairness.
Complications of varicella pneumonia in adults
Authors: Joseph Samuel G. , Oser Barry
Published: October 2018

Varicella is predominantly a disease of children, in whom it typically has a benign course and outcome. However, when the disease affects adults, the complications can be life-threatening. Varicella pneumonia, secondary bacterial infection, and opportunistic infection in the immunocompromised host are the most common complications in the adult. Surveillance for these complications is mandatory because appropriate therapy may be life-saving. The introduction of specific antiviral agents may be useful in certain clinical circumstances. The authors describe two representative patients and discuss the diagnosis and treatment. They also discuss this infection in adulthood in general.
Analysis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Within the Patient Population at a Student-Run Free Clinic
Authors: Elshazzly Mohamed , Mnatsakanian Ani , Machiele Ryan , Aghili Roxana , Kuo Yen-Ping , Hinkelman Amy
Published: October 2018

Context

Uninsured patients living in rural areas of North Carolina have been inordinately affected by the increasing prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the midst of severe budget cuts to treatment programs and a shortage of rural primary care physicians. The Campbell University Community Care Clinic, a self-funded, student-run clinic, provides free health care to uninsured residents of rural Harnett County. As a relatively new clinic serving a unique population, epidemiologic research is paramount to the clinic's continued efficacy.

Objective

To determine which STDs are present in this patient population and to identify demographic groups at higher risk of contracting STDs.

Methods

This study was a retrospective analysis of patient medical records from March 1, 2015, to March 6, 2018. Records were evaluated to identify STD cases based on diagnostic information, such as primary diagnoses, positive laboratory results, and clinical indicators.

Results

A total of 449 patient records were analyzed, revealing an STD incidence rate of 5.3%, which represents a higher STD frequency than the national average of 2%. Our results identified human papillomavirus infection and gonorrhea as the most frequent STDs (n=7 [29.2%] and n=6 [25%], respectively), followed by chlamydia (n=4 [16.7%]), herpes simplex virus (n=4 [16.7%]), syphilis (n=2 [8.3%]), hepatitis C virus (n=2 [4.2%]), trichomoniasis (n=1 [4.2%]), and HIV (n=1 [4.2%]) infections. Among racial/ethnic groups, Hispanics had a slightly higher relative risk (RR) for STDs by a factor of 1.3 when normalized to the average frequency. Patients aged 26 to 29 and 30 to 39 years had a significantly higher RR for STDs: 2.1 and 2.0, respectively. Furthermore, female patients had an STD frequency 3 times that of male patients.

Conclusion

This study reveals noteworthy health risks in a rural uninsured population, including a higher rate of gonorrhea compared with national rates and a higher RR for STDs in certain demographic groups. These findings form a foundation for improvements in care through earlier STD diagnoses, effective treatment, and enhanced patient education.
Medical Tourism
Authors: Crooks Valorie A.
Published: October 2018

Medical tourism is the intentional movement of patients from one country to another in order to seek medical care privately. Medical tourism is a global industry involving hospitals in destination countries that range in development level and health indicators, and the procedures offered to international patients are highly varied. It is thought that some aspects of medical tourism may benefit destination countries while others may exacerbate health inequities both in destination countries and in patients' home countries.
Underclass Theories
Authors: Gardener Bradley S.
Published: October 2018

Underclass theories attempt to identify, locate, and analyze the poorest people in society. Social scientists and journalists have traditionally used the term “underclass” to describe concentrations of impoverished racialized populations living in urban areas. This type of poverty is cyclical, and takes place in the absence of social mobility. Scholarly views on the underclass fall into two categories. The structural school of thought frames the underclass as victims of economic changes caused by globalization, while the behavioral school blames poverty on the poor themselves, focusing on antisocial behaviors and flawed cultural ideas and practices. In the mid‐ to late twentieth century behavioral variations of underclass theories have been very influential in US and UK policy circles, facilitating what is commonly referred to as the retrenchment of the welfare state.
Superstate, Supranational Union
Authors: Clark Julian
Published: October 2018

Superstate defines an organizing political‐administrative entity constituted from multiple states that possesses substantive or total authority over these states. The term emerged in the early twentieth century in political geography and in popular literature. Existing geographical theories of superstate are poorly defined, with a lack of clarity over how they might be created and sustained. Fresh perspectives on understanding superstates could build upon related work in political geography on neo‐imperialism and the reemergence of empire and world states as a focus of study in political science to develop greater cross‐disciplinary engagement on this concept.
Caregiving
Authors: Power Andrew
Published: October 2018

“Caregiving” is a complex and enduring term that denotes the physical, emotional, and psychological assistance that individuals, including family members and statutory and voluntary sector support workers, provide to people in need of support. Given the varied relationships involved across the spectrum of care, it has become an increasingly contested term, depending on the ideologies behind it, the manner in which it is given, and who receives it. Geographers have engaged in a number of key debates and issues associated with the term, as they have tackled and contributed to our understanding of caregiving.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Green Milford B.
Published: October 2018

This entry details the motives, consequences, and history of mergers and acquisitions for selected major economies. Highlighted are the histories and motives of the six merger waves experienced in the United States. Domestic and cross‐border mergers are discussed. The idea of external control, and its relationship to mergers and acquisitions, is also explained.
Glaciers
Authors: Haeberli Wilfried
Published: October 2018

Glaciers are perennial masses of ice, firn, and snow, which flow down slopes in cold regions. Their shrinking in most parts of the world is a key indication of rapid if not accelerating climate change at a global scale. More than a century of systematic research and observation in combination with modern technologies – especially digital terrain information and satellite images – provide a basis for model projections of their future development. Even with moderate scenarios of global warming, many glaciers are already likely to shrink dramatically if not even vanish within this century. This process will substantially reduce landscape diversity and change hazard conditions in high mountains; it will also contribute to sea level rise and change the seasonality of water supply in large areas. Strategies for adaptation and mitigation must be developed with high priority.
Spatial Sampling
Authors: Wang Jin‐Feng
Published: October 2018

Spatial sampling selects a sample from a geographically distributed target population, and then uses the sample to infer parameters of the target population, such as the mean and values at unsampled sites. A good sample provides accurate inference using a small sample size, which is determined by the properties of the target, the method of sampling, and the methods of inference, known collectively as the spatial sampling trinity. A simple random sample may be less efficient when the target presents spatial autocorrelation and stratified heterogeneity. These properties are taken into account in spatial sampling.
Global Production Networks
Authors: Hess Martin
Published: October 2018

Contemporary capitalism is characterized by a high degree of economic globalization; uneven regional, national, and international development; and increasing fragmentation of production activities within and across borders, among other things. The global production network (GPN) framework has been developed in economic geography and cognate disciplines since the turn of the century as a heuristic device and more recently a theoretical approach to better understand and analyze these processes and their implications for regional socioeconomic development. GPNs are socially and geographically embedded, multiscalar systems of value creation, enhancement, and capture, orchestrated and governed by complex networks of firms, governments, and civil society actors. Their dynamics and configurations have powerful consequences for development, from the local to the global, catching the attention of researchers but also more recently policymakers and international organizations.
Mass Movement Processes and Landforms
Authors: Dramis Francesco
Published: October 2018

Mass movements may be defined as “downslope movements of rock, earth, or soil masses occurring when their resisting forces cannot resist gravitational stress.” The displacing mechanisms include: detachment by newly generated fractures or shear surfaces; fall in free air; sliding over newly generated shear surfaces whose shape is controlled by the mass structure; spreading over a softer subhorizontal material; flow over the slope surface or in a pre‐existing slope incision; and creep, an extremely slow gravity‐driven deformation of slope materials. Mass movements include: generalized near‐surface slope wasting; landslides, a large variety of movements involving masses of extremely various dimensions; deep‐seated gravitational deformations, large‐scale phenomena including sackungs, rock spreads, and deep‐seated block slides; and subsidence, ground lowering, or failure because of removal of underlying support. Mass movements may heavily interact with human settlements and activities, being responsible for loss of human lives and damage to built‐up structures and properties.
Spatial Decision‐Support System
Authors: Runck Bryan C.
Published: October 2018

Spatial decision‐support systems (SDSS) combine the spatial capacities of geographic information systems with additional analysis, modeling, and scenario evaluation tools to support a single user or group of users in spatial decision‐making processes. SDSS have followed the general trajectory of geographic information systems (GIS) and information communication technologies (ICT) of decreased costs and increased usability and adoption. Domains as diverse as transportation engineering, city and regional planning, water resources management, agriculture, and forestry have adopted SDSS. Currently, academic, government, and industry bodies are advancing SDSS through high‐performance, web‐based, and distributed computing applications that support decisions at greater data volumes.
Establishing a Diagnostic Technique for Coelomocentesis in the Long-Spined Sea Urchin Diadema antillarum
Authors: Martony Molly , Pouder Deborah , Yanong Roy , Kiryu Yasunari , Landsberg Jan H. , Isaza Ramiro , Waltzek Thomas , Stacy Nicole I. , Giglio Robson , Baker Shirley , Francis-Floyd Ruth
Published: October 2018

Coelomic fluid aspiration has been utilized in echinoderms in research and clinical settings. Detailed procedural descriptions for coelomic fluid sampling in sea urchins (class Echinoidea) are lacking, and samples are prone to contamination. The objectives of this study were to (1) standardize a technique for coelomic fluid collection in long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum that optimizes the diagnostic quality of the sample utilizing diagnostic imaging, (2) identify coelomic fluid bacterial isolates (using Biolog GEN III MicroLog and 16s rDNA sequencing), and (3) compare positive cultures to animal weight, holding time prior to sampling, water temperature, and gross fluid appearance. Seventy Diadema antillarum from the Florida Keys collected in two groups (March and September 2015) were utilized. Positive cultures for bacterial contamination were identified in 5% and 44%, respectively, of animals in the sampling groups. Vibrio spp. was the predominant genus identified. Positive cultures were more frequent in the group with smaller-sized animals, increased holding times, and elevated water temperatures. Deviation from clear-pink gross coelomic fluid appearance did not reliably predict bacterial contamination. A standardized technique for coelomocentesis was defined. The use of the proposed coelomocentesis methodology may facilitate improved health evaluations of sea urchins and may be applicable to research, conservation efforts, and disease investigations.
Indentation Strain Rate Sensitivity of CoCrFeNiAl0.3 High‐Entropy Alloy
Authors: Qiu Ji , Xiao Gesheng , Jin Tao , Su Buyun , Shu Xuefeng , Ma Shengguo
Published: October 2018

In this paper, the mechanical properties of CoCrFeNiAl0.3 high‐entropy alloy (HEA) under different strain rates are investigated using nanoindentation at room temperature. Experimental results show that the contact stiffness increases almost linearly with indentation depth and the elastic modulus is invariable under different indentation strain rates, while the indentation hardness under higher strain rate is relatively larger, and the hardness under large indentation depth is relatively smaller for each indentation strain rate. The indentation size effect of hardness and strain rate sensitivity exponent m under different indentation strain rates are analyzed, then the hardness and m free from the effect of indentation depth are obtained. Finally, this investigation reveals the size effects of the hardness of HEA in light of the strain rate sensitivity and activation volume of the dislocation nucleation.
Microstructure and Properties of C/SiC‐Diamond Composites Prepared by the Combination of CVI and RMI
Authors: Li Jingxin , Liu Yongsheng , Nan Beiya , Zhao Zhifeng , Feng Wei , Zhang Qing , Cheng Laifei
Published: October 2018

Diamond modified continuous carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC‐Diamond) composites are prepared using a combination of chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and reactive melt infiltration (RMI). The effect of the diamond particle size on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermophysical properties of C/SiC‐Diamond composites are investigated. A density of 2.05 g cm−3 is achieved for C/SiC‐Diamond composites impregnated with 1 µm diamond particles. A near twofold enhancement of the thermal conductivity (9–10 W (m K)−1) and thermal diffusion coefficient (5 mm2 s−1) is obtained, compared with continuous carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites (5–6 W (m · K)−1) prepared by CVI. It is established that the introduction of diamond can improve the thermal conductivity of C/SiC composites and increase the application potential in rocket engines, aerospace vehicles, and brake materials.