bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Quantile Averages in Matched Observational Studies
Authors: Rosenbaum Paul R.
Published: March 2003

In two observational studies, one investigating the effects of minimum wage laws on employment and the other of the effects of exposures to lead, an estimated treatment effect’s sensitivity to hidden bias is examined. The estimate uses the combined quantile averages that were introduced in 1981 by B. M. Brown as simple, efficient, robust estimates of location admitting both exact and approximate confidence intervals and significance tests. Closely related to Gastwirth’s estimate and Tukey’s trimean, the combined quantile average has asymptotic efficiency for normal data that is comparable with that of a 15% trimmed mean, and higher efficiency than the trimean, but it has resistance to extreme observations or breakdown comparable with that of the trimean and better than the 15% trimmed mean. Combined quantile averages provide consistent estimates of an additive treatment effect in a matched randomized experiment. Sensitivity analyses are discussed for combined quantile averages when used in a matched observational study in which treatments are not randomly assigned. In a sensitivity analysis in an observational study, subjects are assumed to differ with respect to an unobserved covariate that was not adequately controlled by the matching, so that treatments are assigned within pairs with probabilities that are unequal and unknown. The sensitivity analysis proposed here uses significance levels, point estimates and confidence intervals based on combined quantile averages and examines how these inferences change under a range of assumptions about biases due to an unobserved covariate. The procedures are applied in the studies of minimum wage laws and exposures to lead. The first example is also used to illustrate sensitivity analysis with an instrumental variable.
Correspondence Analysis of Square Asymmetric Matrices
Authors: Greenacre Michael
Published: March 2003

The application of correspondence analysis to square asymmetric tables is often unsuccessful because of the strong role played by the diagonal entries of the matrix, obscuring the data off the diagonal. A simple modification of the centring of the matrix, coupled with the corresponding change in row and column masses and row and column metrics, allows the table to be decomposed into symmetric and skew symmetric components, which can then be analysed separately. The symmetric and skew symmetric analyses can be performed by using a simple correspondence analysis program if the data are set up in a special block format. The methodology is demonstrated on a social mobility table from the first democratically elected Parliament in Germany, the Frankfurter Nationalversammlung. The table cross-tabulates the jobs of parliamentarians when first entering the labour market and their jobs in May 1848 when the Parliament started its first session.
ROBUST BAYESIAN ESTIMATION OF AUTOREGRESSIVE‐‐MOVING‐AVERAGE MODELS
Authors: Barnett Glen , Kohn Robert , Sheather Simon
Published: March 2003

A Bayesian approach is presented for modeling a time series by an autoregressive‐‐moving‐average model. The treatment is robust to innovation and additive outliers and identifies such outliers. It enforces stationarity on the autoregressive parameters and invertibility on the moving‐average parameters, and takes account of uncertainty about the correct model by averaging the parameter estimates and forecasts of future observations over the set of permissible models. Posterior moments and densities of unknown parameters and observations are obtained by Markov chain Monte Carlo in O(n) operations, where n is the sample size. The methodology is illustrated by applying it to a data set previously analyzed by Martin, Samarov and Vandaele (Robust methods for ARIMA models. Applied Time Series Analysis of Economic Data, ASA‐‐Census‐‐NBER Proceedings of the Conference on Applied Time Series Analysis of Economic Data (ed. A. Zellner), 1983, pp. 153‐‐69) and to a simulated example.
FREQUENCY DOMAIN TESTS OF MULTIVARIATE GAUSSIANITY AND LINEARITY
Authors: Wong Woon
Published: March 2003

A stationary multivariate time series {Xt} is defined as linear if it can be written in the form Xt = ∑∞j=−∞Ajet−j where Aj are square matrices and et are independent and identically distributed random vectors. If the et} are normally distributed, then {Xtis a multivariate Gaussian linear process. This paper is concerned with the testing of departures of a vector stationary process from multivariate Gaussianity and linearity using the bispectral approach. First the definition and properties of cumulants of random matrices are used to obtain the expressions for the higher‐order cumulant and spectral vectors of a linear vector process as defined above. Then it is shown that linearity of a vector process implies constancy of the modulus square of its normalized higher‐order spectra whereas the component of such a vector process does not necessarily have a linear representation. Finally, statistics for the testing of multivariate Gaussianity and linearity are proposed.
Pension Reform and Economic Policy Constraints in Italy
Authors: Pizzuti Felice Roberto
Published: March 2003

The reforms of the Italian pension system approved by Parliament at the end of 1992 and in the summer of 1995 have been strongly conditioned by two goals of general economic policy: the re‐equilibrium of the government budget and a new approach in the relationship between state and market. In this paper the author examines the main aspects of those reforms, analysing the consequences on the pension system of pursuing the general aims of economic policy. In particular, after having noticed the positive modifications, three criticisms are pointed out. (1) The extension of the private and funded component of old‐age insurance, apart from its negative effect on the efficiency of the entire pension system, implies subsidizing above‐average incomes at the expense of the lower ones. (2) The abolition of the link between real wages and pensions decided by the reforms implies a cut in the intergenerational contract which is dangerous from both an economic and a social point of view. (3) The political context has influenced some relevant technical aspects of the new pension system, causing some inconsistencies on operational grounds.
The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on US Direct Investment
Authors: Görg Holger , Wakelin Katharine
Published: March 2003

In this paper we examine the impact of the level of the exchange rate, volatility in the exchange rate and exchange rate expectations on outward US foreign direct investment in 12 developed countries and inward foreign direct investment to the USA from those countries for the period from 1983 to 1995. In our empirical analysis we find no evidence for an effect of exchange rate variation on either US outward investment or inward investment in the USA. This result is robust to a number of different estimation procedures. As regards the level of the exchange rate we find a positive relationship between US outward investment and appreciation in the host country currency while there is a negative relationship between US inward investment and appreciation in the dollar.
Savings–Investment Correlations: Transitory versus Permanent
Authors: Sarno Lucio , Taylor Mark P.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we investigate the difference between the short‐run and the long‐run savings–investment correlation coefficient, in order to shed light both on the validity of the Feldstein–Horioka regression as a means of measuring the degree of capital mobility and on its implications. Using quarterly UK data, we also examine the effectiveness of the abolition of exchange control which, in October 1979, ended a long period of restrictions on capital flows between the UK and the international economy. We find that, consistent with the logical implication of the Feldstein–Horioka regression, the short‐run correlation is significantly higher than the long‐run correlation. In contrast with much of the literature employing the Feldstein–Horioka interpretation, however, the results suggest that the UK is highly financially integrated with the global economy post 1979.
Pricing Stock Options in a Jump‐Diffusion Model with Stochastic Volatility and Interest Rates: Applications of Fourier Inversion Methods
Authors: Scott Louis O.
Published: March 2003

Fast closed form solutions for prices on European stock options are developed in a jump‐diffusion model with stochastic volatility and stochastic interest rates. The probability functions in the solutions are computed by using the Fourier inversion formula for distribution functions. The model is calibrated for the S and P 500 and is used to analyze several effects on option prices, including interest rate variability, the negative correlation between stock returns and volatility, and the negative correlation between stock returns and interest rates.
Option Pricing in ARCH‐type Models
Authors: Kallsen Jan , Taqqu Murad S.
Published: March 2003

ARCH models have become popular for modeling financial time series. They seem, at first, however, to be incompatible with the option pricing approach of Black, Scholes, Merton et al., because they are discrete‐time models and possess too much variability. We show that completeness of the market holds for a broad class of ARCH‐type models defined in a suitable continuous‐time fashion. As an example we focus on the GARCH(1,1)‐M model and obtain, through our method, the same pricing formula as Duan, who applied equilibrium‐type arguments.
Deflationary Metaphysics and the Construction of Laboratory Mice
Authors: Sismondo Sergio
Published: March 2003

The deflationist turn in recent philosophy of science has attracted attention, in part because it promises to end debates about scientific realism. In its recommendation that we leave metaphysics behind to look at practice, deflationism constructs itself as an end‐of‐philosophy philosophy, accepting knowledge and the evidence for it at face value. Meanwhile, recent work in philosophy, sociology, and history of science that has focused on practice has underscored problems of such an acceptance: much scientific knowledge is not straightforwardly about the natural world, and we would not want it to be. A concrete example from the history of comparative psychology illustrates this point, and illustrates the value of interpretive work on scientific knowledge. A focus on practice, then, does not end metaphysical discussion, but rather regrounds and reshapes it.
John McDowell on Experience: Open to the Sceptic?
Authors: Glendinning Simon , De Gaynesford Max
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to show that John McDowell’s approach to perception in terms of “openness”remains problematically vulnerable to the threat of scepticism. The leading thought of the openness view is that objects, events and others in the world, and no substitute, just are what is disclosed in perceptual experience. An account which aims to defend this thought must show, therefore, that the content of perceptual experience does not “all short” of its objects. We shall describe how McDowell defends the openness view with reference to the disjunctive analysis of appearances (sections II and III); argue that his defence includes features which are both inconsistent with and unnecessary for the openness view (section IV); and show how those features call into question the success of McDowell’s route of response to sceptical arguments (section V). Finally, we sketch an alternative approach to openness and conclude that the explosive effect of letting loose the conception of experience advanced by the openness view has yet to be felt in the English‐speaking world (section VI).
Fostering Creativity in Philosophy
Authors: Annis David B.
Published: March 2003

The American Philosophical Association suggests that studying philosophy can have an important impact on one’s creative thinking ability. This paper abstracts from the empirical research on creativity a reasonable model of creative thinking, and discusses what the account implies about fostering creative thinking in philosophy courses. Given the empirical research on creativity and the nature of philosophy, studying philosophy can have an important impact on one’s creative thinking ability, but faculty need to focus on it in their courses.
Mortality and World Hunger
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger
Published: March 2003

Why does world hunger hold an inferior place on the contemporary moral agenda? Proposed answer: because it is a political, not a moral problem. It is not a moral problem, because morality needs two conditions fulfilled: that those be in some way close to the agent unto whom that agent is doing something that is to be morally assessed; and that the relevant good or bad states or events can be clearly credited to some particular agent or agents. Neither condition is fulfilled in the case of world hunger. This explains morality's failure to come to grips with it. Yet, while lacking morality's endorsement, the abolition of world hunger may still be a political goal.
Strike Pay and Employers' Strike Insurance
Authors: Goerke Laszlo
Published: March 2003

The consequences of strike pay for employees and of an employers' strike insurance fund are analysed in a two‐period screening model of labour disputes with private information of the firm. It is shown that the employers' strike fund reduces uncertainty and hence lowers strike activity. If the union's strike pay fund can incur a deficit during disputes, strike pay will raise strike activity. If strike pay and an employers' insurance are combined, strikes may become less probable.
Do Not Delay: Breast Cancer and Time, 1900–1970
Authors: Aronowitz Robert A.
Published: March 2003

Until the 1960s, the central public health message about breast cancer was that women should not delay seeking medical attention for breast problems. Epidemiological, pathological, public health, and clinical writings, movies, and doctor‐patient correspondence are analyzed in order to understand the durability and centrality of this “do not delay” message. Problematic assumptions about the natural history of cancer, the efficacy of surgery, and individual responsibility for disease contributed to the durability of the “do not delay” message. More important, the message catalyzed or sustained changes in the routines of ordinary women, general practitioners, surgeons, and pathologists, which led to the perception that the campaign against cancer was working. Thus a powerful set of reinforcing perceptions and behaviors maintained the centrality of the “do not delay” campaign until the era of mammography.
Memory, Amnesia and the Past
Authors: Hoerl Christoph
Published: March 2003

This paper defends the claim that, in order to have a concept of time, subjects must have memories of particular events they once witnessed. Some patients with severe amnesia arguably still have a concept of time. Two possible explanations of their grasp of this concept are discussed. They take as their respective starting points abilities preserved in the patients in question: (1) the ability to retain factual information over time despite being unable to recall the past event or situation that information stems from, and (2) the ability to remember at least some past events or situations themselves (typically because retrograde amnesia is not complete). It is argued that a satisfactory explanation of what it is for subjects to have a concept of time must make reference to their having episodic memories such as those mentioned under (2). It is also shown how the question as to whether subjects have such memories, and thus whether they possess a concept of time, enters into our explanation of their actions.
Supplementing Barth on Jews and Gender: Identifying God by Anagogy and the Spirit
Authors: Rogers Eugene F.
Published: March 2003

Karl Barth leaves room by his own principles for further, even different thinking about Jews and gender (and, as a corollary, about homosexuality) than he records in the Dogmatics. Now that Marquardt, Klappert, Sonderegger, Soulen, and others have offered sympathetic critiques from a generally Barthian point of view, and Eberhard Busch has exhaustively laid to rest any biographical questions of Barth’s relation to the Jewish people in his 1996 book, Unter dem Bogen des einen Bundes: Karl Barth und die Juden 1933–1945, the way lies open to carry forward Barth’s theological critique of nineteenth century theology and of abstraction further into the areas of Jews and gender, and to propose constructive pneumatological and exegetical supplements to his thinking. Barth’s thinking on women and men, like his thinking on Jews, labors, for all its promise in its time, under a defect he calls abstraction. Barth faulted Calvin for abstracting both elect human beings and the electing God from Jesus Christ, whom Barth called the elect human being and the electing God in one. Yet on the election of the community Barth did not entirely escape the abstraction. In the manner of Augustine’s Retractions, Barth wrote to Maruardt toward the end of his life that he had been so busy with (theological) Israel that he had had no time for the Jews. Does Barth, as Marquardt and Sonderegger suggest, throw up despite himself a conceptual screen onto which he at once projects an abstraction (“Israel”) and behind which he hides actual human beings (“the Jews”), a screen resistant to the blowing of the Spirit? Do the concepts “ man” and “ woman” form a similar conceptual screen, dating from Schleiermacher’s dialogue Christmas Eve, in which men and women (like Christians and Jews) have essentially different responses to the incarnation of Jesus Christ? Das ewig M??nnliche and das ewig Weibliche, inherited from German romanticism, see to run afoul of Barth’s trinitarian particularism, as does “ Israel”. Yet further application of Barth’s own principles, including more attention to the Spirit, leaves him more options in his treatment of Jews and gender, and richer exegesis – including exegesis by anagogy.
Investigating Excess Returns from Nominal Bonds*
Authors: Breedon Francis , Chadha Jagjit S.
Published: March 2003

Estimated real returns on nominal bonds show excess returns of some 200 bp over their index‐linked equivalent. This paper considers two possible explanations for this large difference. First, we assess the likely inflation risk premium by calibrating a model of optimal bond prices under uncertainty. Employing either of CRRA or Abel (1990) relative consumption utility function to derive the stochastic discount factor and covariation risk, we suggest that the inflation risk component of this excess return is unlikely to be much above 50 bp. Secondly, we find little evidence that these excess returns can be ascribed to consistent expectational errors in predicting inflation.
Multiple births in Graeco‐Roman antiquity
Authors: Dasen Veronique
Published: March 2003

In classical antiquity multiple births aroused ambivalent reactions, ranging from acceptance and valuation to rejection and elimination. This paper analyses the reception of twins and multiple births of a higher degree (triplets, quadruplets, quintuplets), healthy or physically abnormal, in Greek and Roman societies, and reviews ancient written and iconographic sources relating to medical, social and religious history.
A List of Carian Orientalizing Pottery
Authors: Cook R.M.
Published: March 2003

This paper lists over a hundred Carian pots. It is suggested that in Caria, Subgeometric was dominant till about the end of the seventh century BC, that a tentative Wild Goat style emerged towards the end of that century, that about the 570s the Bochum painter established a coherent version of that style and eventually experimented with the Fikellura style, and that his successors relapsed into incoherence.
What are Physical Properties
Authors: Daly Chris
Published: March 2003

This paper concerns an issue in the metaphysics of properties. The issue is: what are physical properties? What distinguishes physical properties from all other properties? My conclusions will be ‘downbeat’. I will argue that some major recent approaches to this issue prove unsatisfactory, and that the issue is much more intractable than has widely been supposed. The moral I draw is that there is no principled and well‐defined distinction between physical properties and all other properties, and accordingly certain programmes in metaphysics should be abandoned because they mistakenly assume that there is such a distinction.
An Approach with Name‐calling and Verbal Taunting
Authors: Lines Dennis
Published: March 2003

Classroom teachers are aware that during everyday classroom teaching name‐calling can be a wide‐scale problem. Verbal bullying is often covert and pupils are reluctant to report it. In this paper the author outlines a strategy to reduce the frequency of name‐calling and verbal taunting. An adaptive approach to the problem of repeated name‐calling is illustrated through a case study. The approach utilizes ‘reframing’ and ‘image‐replacement’ techniques to reduce confrontation and the perpetuation of verbal taunting for those who are identified as ‘provocative victims’.
‘Caparo Under Fire’: a Study into the Effects upon the Fire Service of Liability in Negligence
Authors: Hartshorne John , Smith Nicholas , Everton Rosemarie
Published: March 2003

This article discusses a research project which aimed to analyse the relationship between judicial pronouncements over the likely effects upon a defendant of the imposition of a duty of care in negligence, and any effects in practice. Empirical research was carried out to ascertain the effect upon the fire service of the Court of Appeal decision in Capital and Counties and Digital Equipment v Hampshire County Council[1997] QB 1004. This decision imposed a duty of care upon fire services to avoid making mistakes whilst fighting fires which might cause the fire to become more serious. The findings of the project are drawn upon to make observations regarding how the courts presently apply the third limb of the three stage test of duty of care derived from Caparo v Dickman, which asks whether it would be fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care.
Without Negative Theology: Deconstruction and the Politics of Negative Theology
Authors: Bradley Arthur
Published: March 2003

This article explores Derrida's reading of negative theology and, in particular, his dramatic claim that there would be no politics ‘without’ negative theology. It begins by summarising the general thrust of Derrida's critique of negative theology. It then focuses upon the complex history of the term ‘without’ in Derrida's texts on Pseudo‐Dionysius, Angelus Silesius and others. Finally, the article places this reading of negative theology in the context of the so‐called ‘political turn’ in Derrida's texts in recent years. The concept of the ‘without’, it argues, belongs with, and helps to clarify, comparatively more famous Derridaean political themes like the decision, the impossible and religion without religion. In conclusion, the article argues that a better understanding of Derrida's claim that there would be no politics ‘without’ negative theology might also lead to a better understanding of the politics of deconstruction.
The Victim's Charter:Citizens as Consumers of Criminal Justice Services
Authors: Williams Brian
Published: March 2003

The Citizen'a Charter characterised citizenship primarily in terms of consumer rights, and in doing so failed to take account of the complexity of the issue. Further over‐simplification occurred when this limited conception of citizenship was extended to victims of crime. The Victim's Charter attempts to define crime victims as consumers of criminal justice service, and in the process conceals some of the choices which are open to them and guides them away from collective action. The Charter has instead promoted the pursuit of managerialist objectives such as increased regulation of the criminal justice professions by their service users, for example by raising victims' expectations of services without negotiating this with service providers or providing the necessary resources. In the process, services to offenders have had to be cut, and central government has been able to dissociate itself from the consequences.
Risk Management and Rehabilitation in the Probation Service: Collision and Collusion
Authors: Robinson Gwen
Published: March 2003

This article addresses two trends discernible in the probation service in the last ten years: firstly, the rise of the concept of ‘risk management’ and, secondly, the revival of interest in rehabilitation in the guise of the ‘What Works’ movement. It is noted that, whilst both concepts have received much attention, discussion of their relationship has been limited. This article argues that, despite assertions that they represent radically different approaches to dealing with offenders, risk management and rehabilitation can be understood as complementary as well as competing concepts.
Representations of Prison in Nineties Hollywood Cinema: From Con Air to The Shawshank Redemption
Authors: O'Sullivan Sean
Published: March 2003

The 1990s saw a steady growth in the world prison population with the USA contributing significantly to the upward trend. But, whilst it has been suggested that media‐led panics and the propagation of ‘prison myths’ have legitimated prison growth there has been little work done on the significance of representations of prison in popular cinema for social and cultural understandings of imprisonment. The current article attempts to redress this neglect. After a brief review of some of the existing literature, an analysis of four significant ‘prison films’ of the nineties is presented. It is concluded that, with respect to film, the notion of challenging media misrepresentations of prisons and prisoners is problematic.
Credible Collusion in Spatially Separated Markets*
Authors: Gross John , Holahan William L.
Published: March 2003

In an infinitely repeated game, sellers employ a trigger strategy of mutual forbearance from invasion of each other's markets, stabilized against invasion by the threat of Bertrand pricing. Contrary to conventional static models, this article shows stability for a wide range of transportation costs and present value parameters, and that increases in transportation costs tend to destabilize the collusive agreement.
Boom and Bust and Sovereign Ratings
Authors: Reisen Helmut , Von Maltzan Julia
Published: March 2003

The 1990s have witnessed pronounced boom–bust cycles in emerging‐markets lending, culminating in the Asian financial and currency crisis of 1997–8. By examining the links between sovereign credit ratings and dollar bond yield spreads over 1989–97, this paper aims at broad empirical content for judging whether the three leading rating agencies – Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch IBCA – can intensify or attenuate boom‐bust cycles in emerging‐market lending. First, an event study exploring the market response for 30 trading days before and after rating announcements finds a significant impact of imminent upgrades and implemented downgrades for a combination of ratings by the three leading agencies, despite strong anticipation of rating events. Second, a Granger causality test, by correcting for joint determinants of ratings and yield spreads, finds that changes in sovereign ratings are mutually interdependent with changes in bond yields. These findings are based on many more observations than just the highly publicized crisis episodes in Mexico and Asia. They imply that sovereign ratings have the potential to moderate euphoria among investors on emerging‐market bonds, but that the rating agencies have failed to exploit that potential over the past decade.
Britain: moving towards a work and opportunity‐focused welfare state?
Authors: Evans Martin E.
Published: March 2003

A major aim of the Labour Government elected in May 1997 was to change British social policy away from passive income maintenance towards promoting employment, investment and opportunity. Many of its policy initiatives bear the clear imprint of a social development model. Investment in education and health are seen as paramount, community rebuilding through partnership‐based economic renewal and the promotion of social capital through neighbourhood renewal are all explicit priorities in the government's spending plans. Note: this approach to policy will continue in Britain now that Labour has been returned for a second term in the June 2001 general election.
The Marketization of Local Services and the Fragmentation of Labour Markets
Authors: Doogan Kevin
Published: March 2003

This paper is a product of the ESRC's Local Governance research programme which considers the employment implications of the introduction of market forces into the provision of local government services in the United Kingdom. It discusses the fragmentation of labour markets as both a process and outcome of the commercialization of local service provision. In contrast to privatization scenarios, marketization suggests the blurring of the distinction between public and private employment deriving from the commercialization of municipal services and the transmission of local authority work organization and culture into the private sector. An assessment of employment change, workforce recomposition and bargaining capacity is offered which leads to the development of new models for institutional restructuring. ‘Sectoral de‐differentiation’ is a concept developed to address the evolution of new labour market patterns and a ‘public capsule’ model is offered to explain the locality and service variations in marketization outcomes.
Straddling the Divides: Remaking Associational Life in the Informal African City
Authors: Simone Abdoumaliq
Published: March 2003

Actors in fluid African urban environments endeavor to construct effective means to generate collaborative social action, enforce collective responsibility, and deploy effective and legitimate instruments of power. This effort configures an uneasy tension between the adoption of normative discourses of urban management and governance, and the proliferation of more provisional and informal modalities of association. The article treats informalization as a dynamic process related to new challenges faced by urban citizens in their attempts to access opportunities and, at the same time, maintain social coherence. It explores a broad range of tactics and institutions being used to access livelihood opportunities that more often are now external to the quarter, while maintaining some functional sense of local solidarity.

Les acteurs intervenant dans l'incertitude des contextes urbains africains s'efforcent d'élaborer des moyens efficaces pour générer des collaborations d'action sociale, faire valoir une responsabilité collective, et déployer des instruments de pouvoir performants et légitimes. Cette entreprise crée un malaise entre les discours normatifs adoptés par l'autorité et l'encadrement urbains, et la prolifération de modalités d'association provisoires et informelles. L'article traite de ‘l'informalisation’ en tant que processus dynamique dans le cadre des nouveaux défis que les citoyens urbains rencontrent dans leurs tentatives d'accéder à des opportunités tout en préservant la cohérence sociale. Il explore un large éventail de tactiques et institutions utilisées pour obtenir des possibilités de subsistance – désormais plus souvent extérieures au quartier – et protéger parallèlement un certain sens fonctionnel de solidarité locale.
Talking Business: An Actor‐Centred Analysis of Business Agendas for Local Economic Development
Authors: North Peter , Valler David , Wood Andrew
Published: March 2003

Much of the recent literature about local governance of Britain’s cities has examined the power of a newly evolving ‘business elite’. However, in trying to understand changing governance forms, these analyses have generally lacked sensitivity to the role of actors (businesspeople) and their representative organizations. Analytical categories drawn from social movement theory (SMT) are introduced to develop a more actor‐centred approach to the role of business interests in urban management. While not attempting to claim that business represents a social movement within Britain’s cities, it does illuminate how effectively or otherwise businesspeople develop an identity based around their representative organizations and specific business agendas, define non‐business actors as opponents, and deploy and implement the agendas they create. We then use these SMT categories to examine the creation of business agendas in three English towns – Barnsley, Mansfield and Accrington.
International Trade, Labour Migrations and Capital Flows: Long‐Term Evidence for Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States
Authors: Clarke Harry
Published: March 2003

The historical links between international factor mobility and the extent of international trade are analysed over the long term for three high labour immigration countries (Australia, Canada and the United States) and one high labour emigration country (the United Kingdom).

Time series data are used. Current international openness is assessed relative to this experience. International factor market integration has increased over time with trade liberalization, suggesting that traditional Hecksher‐Ohlin thinking cannot be readily used to account for long‐term trends in several important economies.

Both trade and factor mobility have an episodic character that makes it misleading to assess current international openness only in terms of post‐World War 2 economic trends.
Return Migration to Jamaica and its Development Potential
Authors: Thomas‐Hope Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Return migration to Jamaica is associated closely with the existence and nature of the transnational linkages established between migrants and their home country, especially at the level of the household and family. Remittances invariably precede, accompany and follow the actual return of migrants and comprise money as well as a range of consumer goods.

Data on the number of returning migrants to Jamaica have been collected officially only since 1992; other information is derived from field studies. The figures show that the US is the source of most return migrants to Jamaica, with the United Kingdom second.

Likewise, there are few official statistics on remittances, especially of those entering the country through informal channels. Nevertheless, data on the receipt of money through the Bank of Jamaica, indicate that during the 1990s remittances as a percentage of GDP exceeded that of the traditional foreign currency earners of bauxite and sugar.

Growing awareness of the potential of the Jamaican overseas community has led the Government of Jamaica to establish programmes, including The Return of Talent programme, supported by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), to encourage the return of nationals.

Different types of return migrants have the potential to make different kinds of contributions to national development – some through their skills, educational and professional experience, others through the financial capital which they transfer for investment or as retirement income. However, the most significant development potential of return lies in the social and economic conditions in Jamaica itself. If confidence levels are high, there will be little difficulty in attracting persons to return and financial transfers and investments will increase. Furthermore, the social and economic environment largely conditions the extent to which skills and talent as well as the financial capital are effectively utilized.
On the History and Selectivity of Turkish and Moroccan Migration to Belgium
Authors: Reniers Georges
Published: March 2003

The classic image of the labour migrant arriving in Western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s is one of an unskilled individual exchanging a life of work on the land for one of manual labour in industry.

For Turks and Moroccans, in particular, the image of an undifferentiated immigrant labour force is reinforced by the commencement of migration from both countries during the same period of high labour demand, their common religious beliefs and the similar legal frameworks under which they applied to gain access to European society.

This oversimplified image of an uneducated and undifferentiated migrating labour force is challenged in this article through the concept of selectivity. By using a combination of different data sources, a systematic comparison is made of leavers and stayers with respect to their region of origin and educational attainment. The (self‐) selection of the immigrants is, in other words, the empirical angle that is chosen to compare and characterize both migration systems.

In bringing selection to the forefront, we explicitly focus on a topic other migration theories often have difficulties incorporating, i.e., explaining whysome people in a given country or region migrate and others do not. While Turkish and Moroccan migration overlap only partly in their nature, variances suggest a different logic underlying each. Two concepts of Petersen (conservative and innovative migration) are borrowed to characterize the two migration systems and to interpret differences observed in the selection of immigrants. The advantage of this typology is that it explicitly accounts for migration motives and migrants’ aspirations. This enables us to understand and formulate hypotheses with respect to the further evolution of both migration systems under the current context of legally restricted migration opportunities and also helps explain different integration strategies into the host society.

Implicit in this article is a plea for the added value of the empirical operationalization of selectivity in terms of understanding migration systems. However, such an approach requires comparable data on the sending and receiving countries. In this case, data were combined from two national surveys conducted in Belgium between 1994 and 1996, with aggregated data from national statistical institutes of the sending countries, for the analysis of selection with respect to the region of origin. The same survey data were used in combination with the DHS surveys for Morocco (1992) and Turkey (1993) for the analysis of selection with respect to educational level.
Return Migration and the Problem of Reintegration
Authors: Arowolo Oladele O.
Published: March 2003

This article proposes a programme approach for achieving the social and economic reintegration of all categories of return migrants. As former exiles who have returned to their country of origin are no longer refugees, some government agencies need to organize the reception of, and provide assistance to, returnees. But without long‐term planning, ad hoc committees are unable to be effective facilitators of the reintegration process. The article suggests a list of major elements necessary for an effective reintegration programme, and argues that governments should focus on the institutional mechanism of programme management, including the creation of a responsible agency or agencies. The management structure should be based in the National Planning Ministry of government. Establishment of an effective mechanism would be likely to inspire donor confidence; and ‘homecoming’ would no longer be a nightmare for potential returnees trying to reintegrate.
Europe and the Immigration of Highly Skilled Labour
Authors: Mahroum Sami
Published: March 2003

The competition for highly skilled labour continues to be fierce and is taking a more institutionalized pattern across most of the developed world. This article sketches the changes in policies, legislations, and procedures across various EU countries and compares these with those of other developed countries.

The article shows that EU member states not only compete with non‐EU countries and regions but also among themselves in order to attract and maintain sufficient flows of highly skilled labour.
Regional Organizations and Intra‐Regional Migration in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Adepoju Aderanti
Published: March 2003

Africa is a region of diverse migration circuits relating to origin, destination and transit for labour migrants, undocumented migrants, refugees and brain circulation of professionals.

This article outlines major migration configurations in the region, and the role of two vibrant subregional organizations — Economic Community of West African States and South African Development Community — in facilitating, containing or curtailing intra‐regional migration which takes place within diverse political, economic, social and ethnic contexts; the transformation of brain drain into brain circulation; and commercial migration in place of labour migration within the region.

Despite overlapping membership, wavering political support, a poor transportation network, border disputes and expulsions, these subregional organizations are crucial for the region's collective integration into the global economy, and to enhance economic growth and facilitate labour intraregional migration.

Free movement of persons without visa, adoption of ECOWAS travellers' cheques and passports, the creation of a borderless Community; and the granting of voting rights and later citizenship and residence permits by South Africa to migrant workers from SADC countries are positive developments.

These organizations need to foster cooperation between labour‐exporting and recipient countries, implement the protocols on the right of residence and establishment; promote dialogue and cooperation in order to harmonize, coordinate and integrate their migration policies as envisioned by the 1991 Abuja Treaty establishing the African Economic Community.
Golbalisation, Regional Integration, International Migration
Authors: Photios Tapinos Georges
Published: March 2003

After having recalled the two‐way links between international migration and development and having placed migratory movements in the con‐textof globalisation, the author examines the new situation created by the strengthening of immigration control policies and the relevance of the alternative strategy which considers free trade as a substitute for migration. He examines to what extent the effects of economic liberalisation are likely to modify the decision to emigrate. In conclusion, he outlines various impli‐cations for migration policies.
New Criminal Domains in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Schönenberg Regine
Published: March 2003

This article examines the regional and local outcome of processes of fast social transformation regarding the underlying causes of gradual receptivity for international drug trafficking. In the Brazilian Amazon, social patterns, power‐relations, institutions and redistributional networks have been undergoing reconstruction for the last 30 years. In regions of traditional occupation, as well as in regions of intense migration, the absence of consistent state regulation has created fertile ground for new criminal activities. Two examples of this are discussed comparatively.
Poverty, Microcredit, and Mahatma Gandhi: Lessons for Donors
Authors: Padmanabhan K. P.
Published: March 2003

The most pressing moral, political, and economic issue of our time is poverty in developing countries. Donor support to poverty alleviation efforts through massive aid has not delivered the expected results. The primary reason for this failure is the incompatibility between the macro policy driven by globalisation, liberalis‐ation and privatisation (GLP) and the goals of individual projects. This contradiction is best illustrated by the microcredit sector. While on the one hand donors support lending to micro enterprises, on the other GLP makes the very same micro enterprises unviable and micro finance institutions subsidy‐dependent. Adapting Gandhian thoughts on economic development may be one way to resolve these contradictions and help the poorest. If donors spend more resources on promoting wage‐employment through viable micro enterprises, instead of self‐employment through micro finance, that would help millions of risk‐averse and hard‐core poor, particularly the poorest women to come out of poverty. The key issue, as Gandhi had emphasised, is putting purchasing power into the hands of the poor, with their self‐respect intact.
Partnerships and urban governance
Authors: Elander Ingemar
Published: March 2003

Urban governance in general and partnerships in particular are commonly legitimised as being more efficient than traditional forms of government, whereas their relationship to democracy is only mentioned in passing or even neglected. In most of the literature a number of efficiency–related arguments in favour of the partnership approach are presented, although its alleged capacity to create synergetic effects for the partners normally ranks number one. Of course it is an empirical question, whether a partnership is efficient or not, but the point is that the efficiency rhetoric is strong enough to legitimise the creation of partnerships anyhow. Partnerships are more or less ascribed the function to solve any governance problem. Taking its point of departure in a theoretical discussion of partnerships and their role in urban governance, and using illustrations taken from recent empirical studies, the main aim of the paper is to develop a research strategy for cross–national/cross–country research on partnerships and urban governance. The paper concludes by discussing some policy implications of the growing role of partnerships in urban governance, high–lighting their so–far neglected relationship to democracy.
Model‐guided Line Drawing in the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Iversen Iver H. , Matsuzawa Tetsuro
Published: March 2003

Two female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) had been taught previously to draw straight lines on a touch‐sensitive monitor with a method of electronic finger painting. Both subjects could accurately connect two guide dots on the monitor by placing the finger at one dot (startdot) and moving the finger over to the other dot (stopdot), thereby leaving a trace of “electronic ink” on the monitor that followed the orientation of the dots (horizontal, vertical, or diagonal). In Experiment 1, the subjects were connecting the two guide dots while a model (a 12‐cm bar) was placed next to them. Probe trials tested whether this model would guide drawing when one or both of the dots were removed. One subject was able to draw parallel to the model on some of the test trials without the stopdot while the other subject showed no such behavior. In Experiment 2, the latter subject was explicitly trained to draw parallel to the model while the stopdot was gradually faded away. In an attempt to improve accuracy of drawing parallel to the model for both subjects, Experiment 3 presented only three models (vertical and the two diagonals) and one startdot location; in addition, the subjects could make multiple strokes on each trial. Both subjects, especially the chimpanzee given extra training in Experiment 2, were able eventually to draw a trace that was guided by and therefore parallel to the model. The results provide evidence that the chimpanzee can be taught a simple form of structured drawing guided by a model. The fully automated recording and teaching method induced quite accurate elementary copying behavior in chimpanzees without the use of verbal instruction, demonstration, or manual assistance.
Validity of Attachment Q‐Sort Descriptions by Mothers: The Japanese Case
Authors: Vereijken Carolus M. J. L. , Hanta Susumu , Van Lieshout Cornelis F. M.
Published: March 2003

This paper aims to study the predictive validity of mothers' attachment Q‐sort descriptions (AQS) for assessing attachment security in children in Japan. Attachment theory predicts that attachment quality will be related to quality of interaction with mother and peers. Forty‐eight mothers of two‐year‐old children described their children using the AQS. In a play session with another mother–child dyad, child–mother interaction and peer interaction were observed. Neither of the predicted relations of attachment security, i.e., to child–mother interaction or to peer interaction, were found. It is argued that these findings indicate lack of validity of the mother AQS as method for the assessment of attachment security.