bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effectiveness of tranexamic acid administration in reducing bleeding in benign prostate hyperplasia patients underwent open prostatectomy: A double-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Sichani Mehrdad Mohammadi , Mohammadi Sina , Khorrami Mohammad Hatef , Zargham Mahtab , Javid Amir , Dehghani Mehdi , Gholipour Farshad , Dehkordi Pardis Rafei , Kazemi Reza
Published: February 2023

Background:

Blood loss of postoperative after prostate surgery could be related with an increase in urinary fibrinolytic activity. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is both a potent inhibitor of plasminogen and urokinase activators and a low molecular weight substance that is excreted unchanged in the urinary tract and can be administered both orally and intravenously. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness TXA administration in reducing bleeding in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients who underwent open prostatectomy.

Materials and Methods:

This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on patients with BPH who underwent open prostatectomy. The first group received TXA (1 gr IV from during surgery to 48 h after surgery, 3 times/day). Twenty-four hours after surgery, the two groups were compared in terms of bleeding rate. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), and platelet (Plt) counts were also assessed before and after the intervention.

Results:

Intervention and control groups were comparable in terms of basic and baseline values of variables at the beginning of the study (P > 0.05). The mean bleeding volume in TXA group was significantly lower than the control group 112.11 ± 53.5 and 190.00 ± 97.5 CC; P ≤ 0.001). Mean hospitalization (3.28±0.46 vs. 4.38 ± 0.95 days P < 0.001) and surgery duration (98.11 ± 37.11 vs. 128.00 ± 39.12 h; P = 0.001) were significantly lower in TXA group compared to control intervention.

Conclusion:

According to the findings of the current study, the administration of TXA led to reduce bleeding in BPH patients who underwent open prostatectomy. Furthermore, the mean Hb, HCT, levels were significantly affected by TXA. TXA treatment approach also can reduce the surgery and hospitalization time effectively. TXA approach is recommended as effective procedure in BPH patients who underwent open prostatectomy.
Family-centered collaborative care for patients with chronic mental illness: A systematic review
Authors: Dehbozorgi Raziye , Shahriari Mohsen , Fereidooni-Moghadam Malek , Moghimi-Sarani Ebrahim
Published: February 2023

Background:

Chronic mental illnesses (CMI) are long lasting and reoccurring and require continuous care as well as an integrated and collaborative approach to organize the care. This study sought to examine whether family centered collaborative care is an acceptable treatment option for individuals with CMI.

Materials and Methods:

From the years 2000 to 2021, ten electronic databases relating to family centered collaborative care for mental illness were searched adopting Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis checklist. Twenty seven relevant articles and a thesis from among 6956 studies retrieved, were assessed their quality appraisal through four standardized tools. The studies were rated as good, moderate, or poor. Studies were calibrated, different opinions were discussed, and extracted data were done.

Results:

Evidence included 11 randomized controlled trials (from 19 articles), one randomized control trial, three mixed methods studies (from 3 articles and 1 thesis), and a qualitative study (from 4 articles). The quality of seven studies was good, 15 were moderate quality, and seven were poor quality. According to moderate to high quality qualitative research, family centered collaborative care was considered an acceptable intervention; though a few studies supported it.

Conclusion:

The findings demonstrated that family involvement in the care of patients with CMI affects no recurrence of the disease, and no re hospitalization of patients with this disorder. As a result, engaging family members in the care process can have a positive impact on the health and well being of these patients.
Awareness, Knowledge, and Attitude towards Body Donation among Medical and Paramedical Students
Authors: Behera Sarita , Chowdhury Ravindra Kumar , Sar Mamata , Mishra Srikanta Kumar
Published: February 2023

Background:

Cadavers are the mainstay of learning anatomy by dissection. Due to insufficient awareness of body donation, most of the medical institutions are facing a shortage of cadavers. Health-care professionals should have knowledge about the complete process of body donation, so that they can become motivators of organ and body donation. The present study was conducted to determine and compare the awareness, knowledge, and attitude regarding body donation among medical and paramedical students.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional and comparative study was conducted among 182 medical and 119 paramedical students through a pretested semistructured questionnaire via a Google form. The Chi-square test was used for the estimation of the P value.

Results:

96.7% of medical students and 93.2% of paramedical students had heard about the concept of body donation. 31.8%medical and 49.5% of paramedical students (P < 0.00001) knew that body donation and eye donation can be done simultaneously. The cadavers available are not adequate was felt by 45% of medical and 42.8% of paramedical groups. 90.1% of medical and 86.5% of paramedical students opined for the inclusion of a chapter on body donation. The virtual anatomy table cannot be a substitute for body donation was perceived by 78% of medical and 15.1% of paramedical students (P < 000001). 34.6% of medical students and 56.3% of paramedical students have shown their willingness to donate their whole body and eyes.

Conclusion:

Although medical and paramedical students have heard about the concept of body donation, their awareness, knowledge, and attitude need to be improved.
Incidence of Fenestration of Anterior Communicating Artery in Indian Population using Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Sharma Urvi , Verma Suman , Adithan Subathra
Published: February 2023

Background:

Cerebral vasculature fenestration is a rare congenital anomaly and is mostly found in association with aneurysms. Fenestration involving anterior communicating artery (ACoA) is rare. The study's objective was to determine ACoA fenestration incidence in Indian population using computed tomography angiography (CTA).

Methodology:

Datasets of CT cerebral angiography in 105 patients (67 males and 38 females), of average age- 47.96±16.58 years were systematically reviewed for fenestration in ACoA. The cases with aneurysms and infarcts were excluded from the study.

Results:

The fenestration involving ACoA was seen in 0.95% (1/105). The fenestration was triangular and located in the proximal part of the artery. No other vascular anomaly was observed in ACoA.

Conclusion:

The incidence of ACoA fenestration is low in Indian population. Knowledge about the variations of cerebral vasculature will be helpful for radiologists and neurovascular surgeons while dealing with cerebrovascular diseases.
The effect of povidone-iodine 2% eye drops in the treatment of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Soleimani Mohammad , Tabatabaei Seyed Ali , Mirzaei Arash , Esfandiari Amirreza , Soleymanzadeh Mahdi , Sadeghi Reza , Rad Afagh Hassanzadeh
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND:

Keratoconjunctivitis is one of the most common pathologies worldwide, caused by several infectious and noninfectious factors. This study aimed to determine the effect of povidone-iodine 2% eye drops in treating adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis.

METHODS:

This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on patients referred to Farabi Eye Hospital Records of patients with adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, more than 12 years of age, and no allergy to iodine who were treated by povidone-iodine 2% eye drops four times a day were assessed. Data included demographic characteristics, family history of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, follicular conjunctivitis, petechial conjunctival hemorrhages, periauricular lymphadenopathy, and the presence of conjunctival pseudomembrane were collected from the records. Discharge decrease, injection decrease, swelling decrease, pseudomembrane formation, periauricular lymphadenopathy, and subepithelial infiltration on the 7thday of assessment by physical examination were reported.

RESULTS:

Patients with a mean (±standard deviation) age of 33.77 (11.01) years were assessed. At the baseline, 95 (99.0%) follicular conjunctivitis, 94 (97.9%) petechial conjunctival hemorrhages, 29 (30.2%) periauricular lymphadenopathy, and 5 (5.2%) conjunctival pseudomembrane were recorded. On the 7thday of treatment, the discharge decreased in 92.7% of patients, and the injection decreased in 90.6%. The swelling decrease was also detected in 79.2% of patients. Subepithelial infiltration was only seen in 21.9% of the study population. Results showed that 2.1% of patients had periauricular lymphadenopathy, and only 13 out of 96 patients (13.5%) had pseudomembrane formation after 7 days.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the safety, availability, and tolerability of povidone-iodine and its promising effects on patients with adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, further clinical trials assessing the impact of this drug in a longer duration of follow-up can be recommended.
Long-term effect of panretinal photocoagulation on optic nerve head parameters in diabetic retinopathy using Heidelberg retinal tomography III
Authors: Wadhwani Meenakshi , Bhartiya Shibal , Sharma Anu , Sharma Ajay , Upadhyay Ashish Datt , Dada Tanuj
Published: February 2023

PURPOSE:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in diabetic retinopathy patients using Heidelberg retinal tomography III (HRT).

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:

A total of 90 eyes of 90 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with diabetic retinopathy (nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, NPDR, Group I and proliferative, PDR, Group II) were recruited for the study. The eyes with PDR were subjected to PRP. The effect of PRP was measured on optic nerve head (ONH) parameters using HRT.

RESULTS:

Follow-up up to 4 years in both groups indicated that in Group II proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) participants undergoing PRP, the ONH parameters showed a significant difference in cup area (P = 0.023), cup volume (P = 0.001), mean cup depth (P = 0.015), maximum cup depth (P < 0.001), mean retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (P < 0.001) at 1 year of follow-up, and remained significant in all at 4 years of follow-up, whereas there was no significant difference in any of the optic disc parameters in the participants of Group I belonging to NPDR group as compared to PDR group after 4 years.

CONCLUSION:

PRP affected the ONH morphology in the PDR group and the effect of this change should be interpreted with caution. This may require setting a new baseline for RNFL measurements using the HRT when documenting RNFL loss or glaucoma progression in patients who have undergone PRP.
Transpalpebral intraocular pressure measured by Diaton tonometer before, 1 week, and 1 month after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy in young myopic Saudi patients and its determinants
Authors: Alzuhairy Sultan
Published: February 2023

PURPOSE:

To present changes in transpalpebral intraocular pressure (tpIOP) in eyes after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TPRK) in myopic Saudi patients and its determinants.

METHODS:

This one-armed cohort included the myopic eyes of Saudi adolescents treated with TPRK in 2020–2021. The difference in tpIOP before surgery, 1 week after surgery, and 1 month after surgery using Diaton was the main outcome. Central corneal thickness (CCT), myopia grade, gender, age, and corneal epithelial thickness before surgery were independent factors. Matched-pair analysis was conducted. The determinants of tpIOP post-TPRK were studied.

RESULTS:

Our cohort included 193 eyes of 97 participants (25.6 ± 5.8 years). Mild, moderate, and severe myopia were present in 93, 79, and 21 eyes, respectively. tpIOP was 22 mmHg or more in 5 and 8 eyes at 1-week and 1-month follow-up, respectively. The change in tpIOP ranged from − 7.00 to + 11.0 mmHg at 1 week and − 8.0 to + 26.0 mmHg at 1 month. The median change of CCT at 1 month was 59 μ. Change in tpIOP was not correlated with change in CCT at 1 month (r= −0.107, PearsonP= 0.14). Change of tpIOP was significantly correlated to spherical equivalent (SE) before surgery (matched-pairP< 0.001). SE (Mann–Whitney UP= 0.02) and tpIOP (Mann–Whitney UP= 0.02) before TPRK were significantly correlated to tpIOP >22 mmHg after TPRK.

CONCLUSION:

The changes in tpIOP following refractive surgery correlate to the refractive status of the eye and tpIOP before surgery.
Ocular decompression retinopathy following bleb needling in a young child
Authors: Mahalingam Karthikeyan , Surve Abhidnya , Nidhi Vatsala , Gupta Viney , Azad Shorya Vardhan
Published: February 2023

Ocular decompression retinopathy (ODR) is caused by a sudden lowering of high intraocular pressure. Trabeculectomy is the most common procedure preceding ODR. Various mechanical and vascular etiologies have been proposed to cause ODR, with autoregulation and hemodynamics playing a contributing role. Herein, we report a rare case of ODR occurring after bleb needling in a young child using ultrawide-field fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography.
Phantosmia
Authors: Shahid Erum , Nasir Mashal , Khan Faheem Ahmed , Fasih Uzma
Published: February 2023

A 62-year-old female presented with complaints of persistent phantosmia (foul smell) for the last 4 months. She has a past history of right-sided dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) 18 months back and left-sided DCR 12 months back. In the initial follow-up period, the patient had frequent visits to her otolaryngologist and ophthalmologist. She experienced phantosmia often but was reassured. The patient presented to us and was examined in an operation theater. It was discovered that the foul-smelling foreign body was present in her right nasal cavity above the middle turbinate. It was removed. A retained gauze piece was revealed to be a cause of phantosmia. The purpose of reporting is to create awareness among ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists. Retained gauze piece following DCR surgery presenting as phantosmia is a new symptom after DCR surgery previously not reported in the literature. Repeated complaints of a postoperative patient, should be dealt with vigilantly and timely.
Clinical and multimodal imaging characteristics of eyes with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease
Authors: Mekkawy Mahmood O. , Fouad Yousef Ahmed , Nowara Mohamed , Aziz Ihab Abdel
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND:

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease is a vision-threatening inflammatory disorder that is challenging in diagnosis and management.

METHODS:

Retrospective, record-based analysis of 54 eyes belonging to 27 adult patients that fulfilled the revised diagnostic criteria for VKH between January 2018 and January 2021. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data on presentation and during follow-up visits were collected for each patient. Available imaging studies included B-scan ultrasonography (B-scan US), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and OCT angiography (OCT-A).

RESULTS:

The female-to-male ratio was 2.38:1. Nineteen patients (70.37%) presented during an initial attack, while eight patients (29.63%) presented during recurrence. The most commonly presenting sign in the posterior segment was exudative retinal detachment (44 eyes, 81.48%). B-scan US was utilized in 4 eyes (7.41%), OCT was utilized in 48 eyes (88.89%) with the most common finding being subretinal fluid (43 eyes, 89.58%), FFA was performed in 39 eyes (72.22%) with the most common finding being punctate hyperfluorescence and late dye pooling (33 eyes, 84.62%), and OCT-A was performed in 30 eyes (55.56%), in which choriocapillaris flow deficit that correlated with disease activity was detectable in 25 eyes (83.33%). Improved visual acuity was noted in 85% of the eyes that were followed up.

CONCLUSION:

Early diagnosis and treatment of VKH result in favorable visual outcome. Multimodal imaging, with the recent addition of OCT-A, provides complementary data that could serve in diagnosis and monitoring.
Secondary open-angle pigmentary glaucoma resulting from a single-piece hydrophobic intraocular lens in the sulcus
Authors: Srivastava Sudhir , Gupta Anshi , Fatima Tasneem , Dubey Shraddha , Srivastava Shivayan
Published: February 2023

The case report of a 68-year-old man with a single-piece hydrophobic intraocular lens (IOL) implanted in the sulcus with posterior capsular rent in the right eye inducing secondary open-angle pigmentary glaucoma without individual hereditary steroid susceptibility. The clinical and diagnostic evaluations of the patient were thoroughly and specifically carried out. The unilateral pseudophakic open-angle pigmentary glaucoma developed in the long course in the context of rubbing of the haptics and optic of a hydrophobic IOL implanted in the sulcus, against the posterior surface of the iris, resulting in pigment dispersion, trabecular inflammation, and aqueous outflow obstruction. Although the clinical findings of our case were very similar to that of pigmentary glaucoma, the distinction between the two conditions was still quite easy, considering that pigmentary glaucoma is a bilateral disorder predominantly affecting young myopic men with Krukenberg's spindle and increased incidence of steroid responsiveness. It has been clearly distinguished from steroid-induced glaucoma based on the pigmented trabecular meshwork.
Estrategias de Comunicación divergentes: entre el rigor y la manipulación. Análisis comparativo de la Comunicación Política de Estados Unidos y España frente a la etapa inicial de la crisis del COVID-19
Authors: Nicasio Varea Blanca , Pérez Gabaldón Marta , Chávez Manuel
Published: February 2023

Introducción: El 31 de diciembre de 2019 la OMS reportó el primer caso de una nueva infección respiratoria en Wuhan, marcando el inicio de la emergencia sanitaria del COVID-19. Este estudio analiza cómo la comunicación política 2.0 ha contribuido a prevenir y proteger a los ciudadanos durante las primeras etapas de la crisis.  Específicamente, se examinan los 90 primeros días del 2020 (del 1 de enero al 31 de marzo), en la fase inicial -orientada a la preparación y la prevención- y de explosion de la crisis. Metodología: El trabajo presenta una perspectiva comparada entre Estados Unidos y España. Se analiza el contenido de los mensajes publicados en Twitter de Donald Trump, -@realdonaldtrump-, la Casa Blanca -@WhiteHouse-, y el Center for Desease Control and Prevention -@cdcgov-; y Pedro Sánchez -@sanchezcastejon-, el Ministerio de Sanidad -@sanidadgob-, y La Moncloa -@desdelamoncloa-. A través de un análisis en dos niveles, uno cuantitativo y otro cualitativo. Resultados y Discusión: Los resultados muestran una estrategia comunicativa divergente. Los actores españoles siguieron adecuadamente las pautas de la comunicación de crisis sanitarias; en USA, específicamente en el perfil de Trump, se observa una estrategia de comunicación politizada, contribuyendo a polarizar la reacción pública ante el COVID Conclusiones:  La comunicación política es esencial, no solo para la gobernanza y gestión de una crisis, sino para la preparación y concienciación de la ciudadanía. En el presente estudio, la estrategia comunicativa de las instituciones fue apropiada en los dos países analizados y ayudó a afrontar una crisis sanitaria sin precedentes.
Bernstein, Leonard (1918–1990)
Authors: Cahn Geoffrey S.
Published: February 2023

Leonard Bernstein was the first American-born conductor to be trained entirely in the United States, and to lead a major symphony orchestra, the New York Philharmonic. As a conductor, he attained international acclaim, leading the great orchestras of the world. He was also recognised as an accomplished pianist and, more prominently, an innovative communicator and educator. As a composer, he was the first twentieth-century symphonist to write for the Broadway stage. If West Side Story (1957) is his most popular work, his other compositions written for both the theatre and the concert hall display additional piquant styles that are gracefully classical, uncannily mystical, sensual, and jazzy. He incorporated modern methods of serialism into some of his works but remained largely a tonal composer. His Jewish faith and ethnicity impacted his music as well. Making ample use of early television programming, the charismatic communicator helped millions understand and love music. During his multi-faceted career, Bernstein also became an active voice for social justice and civil rights.
Modernism in Austria-Hungary
Authors: Pappalardo Salvatore
Published: February 2023

Modernism in Austria-Hungary developed in the imperial capital Vienna and other major cities such as Prague, Budapest, and Trieste. In the coffees houses of these polyglot and multicultural centres of intellectual exchange, modernists discussed new approaches and experimented with original ideas. This cultural ferment led to a burst of creativity in urban planning, the visual arts, interior design, literature, music, architecture, and psychoanalysis. Many of the groundbreaking ideas that developed in these cities reached beyond cultural boundaries, making modernism in Austria-Hungary a transnational phenomenon. Although Austria-Hungary ceased to exist after the First World War, its authors and intellectuals continued their work in the successor states, often reflecting on the legacy of the defunct empire.
Dehn, Mura (1903–1987)
Authors: Sommer Sally
Published: February 2023

Mura Dehn was a dancer, choreographer, writer and filmmaker whose work focussed on African-American vernacular jazz dance. Her greatest contribution to Modernism and jazz discourses is her extraordinary film, The Spirit Moves (1973), a coherent culmination of her lifelong work of presenting jazz dancing. The film features rare footage of some of the finest African-American social dancers of the twentieth century performing their interpretations of popular dances from the early 1900s through the 1980s, plus some reels of specialty dance or comedy acts that would have been performed in black variety shows or clubs. The film’s most heavily referenced sections focus on dances from 1900 through the 1950s; because no other such detailed and lengthy footage exists, thousands of scholars and practitioners worldwide use The Spirit Moves, fulfilling Dehn’s intentions of creating a visual textbook for future generations.
Holm, Hanya (1893–1992)
Authors: Randall Tresa
Published: February 2023

Hanya Holm, dancer, choreographer, and teacher, is widely considered one of the pioneers of American modern dance, and was one of the most influential figures to transfer German dance philosophies and practices across the Atlantic. In an international career that spanned eight decades, she established herself as an award-winning choreographer of diverse genres, a master teacher, and a tireless advocate for dance. Her approach to kinetic abstraction and the lived experience of movement was foundational to modern dance practice and theory. In particular, she developed elaborate theories of the dancer’s relationship to space. Unlike some of her colleagues, Holm did not develop a codified technique, but instead taught through improvisational exploration of a comprehensive movement syllabus based on natural forces such as gravity and momentum. She insisted that each dance composition have its own form and its own vocabulary—an imperative passed down to her from her mentor Mary Wigman—and Holm, in turn, encouraged her students to develop their own aesthetic. Protégés including Alwin Nikolais, Murray Louis, Nancy Hauser, Valerie Bettis, Eve Gentry, Don Redlich, and Glen Tetley made distinctive contributions to modern dance in the latter half of the twentieth century.
Rite of Spring, The (Le Sacre du Printemps)
Authors: Berg Shelley C.
Published: February 2023

The premiere of The Rite of Spring at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in Paris on 29 May 1913 provoked greater storms of controversy than any other work of ballet history and an opening night ‘riot’ which has become legendary. With a ground-breaking score by Igor Stravinsky and equally innovative choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky, Rite was the most significant declaration of Modernism to appear up to that time on the dance stage.
Schlemmer, Oskar (1888–1943)
Authors: Funkenstein Susan
Published: February 2023

Oskar Schlemmer was a painter, sculptor, choreographer, stage designer, and theorist most recognized as a master at the Bauhaus, where he taught from 1921 to 1929. There, he served as Master of Form in the workshops for mural painting, stone sculpture, wood carving, and theatre, and taught life drawing. An active mentor of Bauhaus students, he served as faculty advisor for the Bauhaus festivals. As a choreographer, Schlemmer is known for works such as the Triadic Ballet and the Bauhaus Dances, choreographies that maximized the geometric and axial qualities of the stage and human movement while also deploying costumes that abstracted the human body.
Walker, Aida Overton (1880–1914)
Authors: Das Joanna Dee
Published: February 2023

Aida Overton Walker (born Ada Wilmore Overton) was one of the first female African-American stars of vaudeville, and perhaps the first to be recognized as a choreographer. From the 1890s until her death in 1914, she danced, sang, and choreographed for several successful musical revues, many in conjunction with her husband George Walker and his partner Bert Williams. Most notably, she played a major role in the successes of In Dahomey (1902), Abyssinia (1906) and Bandanna Land (1907), shows that brought black musical theatre out of the minstrel tradition. Walker introduced her version of the cakewalk, an African-American social dance, to New York’s elite.
Koyré, Alexandre (1882–1964)
Authors: Guédon Cécile
Published: February 2023

Born Alexandr Vladimirovich Koyranskiy (Александр Владимирович Койранский) in Taganrog, Russia, Alexandre Koyré moved to Paris, France, as a student where he was active, with varying degrees of involvement, as a professor at the École pratique des hautes études from 1922 until his death. He was appointed to the position of chair of the Department of History of Religious Thought in Modern Europe in 1932 and also taught at the Johns Hopkins University and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Renowned for establishing the discipline of the history of science as it is known today, Koyré questioned in particular the value of scientific experimentation, arguing that such experimentation merely validated the presumptions previously intuited by subjective means. Koyré’s contribution to the field of philosophy of science is generally understood as an original weaving of specific, dynamic changes in religious beliefs and commitments and metaphysical views into his account of the discovery process. Thus, as Koyré suggested in From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe (1957), a thorough study of modern science should be firmly grounded in the history of religion and metaphysics.
al-Ḥājj, Unsī (1937–2014)
Authors: Badini Dounia Abourachid
Published: February 2023

Unsī al-Ḥājj (1937–2014) was a Lebanese poet largely recognized as the pioneer of Arabic prose poems (qaṣīdat al-nathr) thanks to his renowned but controversial first collection, Lan (1960), as well as one of the major contributors to the modernist poetry magazine Shi ͑r (1957–1970) which is considered a turning point in the history of modern Arabic poetry. He was also a veteran journalist, a job that he carried on for half a century. His name is especially associated (from 1956 to 2003) with the al-Nahār newspaper, where he started to work in 1956, and of which he was editor-in-chief from 1992 until his resignation in 2003. He published six collections of poetry, three volumes of chronicles (Kalimāt), and two volumes of aphorisms (Khawātim). He also translated into Arabic contemporary French poets and several plays performed by Lebanese experimental theatre troupes. He was a major protagonist of Lebanese intellectual life, maintaining a special relationship with celebrated artists such as Fayrūz and the Raḥbānī brothers, and also with famed painters and stage directors. For a whole generation of Arab poets and writers, he is an emblem of Arab modernity and an authentic school of liberal thought.
Guillén, Jorge (1893–1984)
Authors: Galindo Gloria
Published: February 2023

Spanish poet, literary critic, and scholar, Jorge Guillén belongs to the Generation of ’27, a group of Spanish poets—which included Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Pedro Salinas, and others—that emerged in the cultural scene of 1927 beginning with the tribute to Luis Góngora that took place that year in the Ateneo of Seville for the third centenary of his death. Guillén, who was born in Valladolid, Spain, is regarded as one of the greatest Spanish poets of the twentieth century.

He attended school in Spain, Switzerland, and Germany, and earned a doctorate from the University of Madrid in 1924. During his career, he lectured at the Sorbonne, Oxford, the universities of Murcia, Seville, Puerto Rico, McGill (Montreal), Harvard, Middlebury College, and Wellesley College. He taught and wrote poetry in the United States for over 20 years, and was a professor at Wellesley until his retirement in 1957. He began writing poetry when he was 16 years old, gaining recognition very early with his first poems, but he left Spain in 1938 after the Generalissimo Francisco Franco took power.
Maclennan, Don (1929–2009)
Authors: Wylie Dan
Published: February 2023

Don Maclennan was born in London, educated at the Universities of Witwatersrand and Edinburgh, and taught literature at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, for 30 years until 1994. He first made a name writing plays, notably the modernist The Voyage of the Santiago (1977), alongside some literary critical work. He came to poetry relatively late, with Life Songs (1977) and his first substantial collection, Reckonings (1983). He eventually published some 20 volumes, including the Selected Poems (2006) and the posthumous Dress Rehearsal (2010). Solstice (1997) won the Sanlam Literary Prize.
Mu, Shiying (1912–1940)
Authors: Rojas Carlos
Published: February 2023

A leading member of the Shanghai-based New Sensationist Movement (xin ganjuepai), Mu Shiying is best known for a set of short stories he wrote in the early 1930s. Typically set in the modern and Westernized setting of Shanghai’s foreign concessions, Mu’s stories usually feature a disjointed, syncopated writing style, an abundance of aural and other sensory descriptions, together with a fascination with modern Western culture and all of its trappings. Many of his stories employ experimental narrative techniques such as interior monologue and stream of consciousness, and frequently explore the symbolics of female eroticism and commodity culture.
Nemade, Bhalchanadra (1938–)
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: February 2023

Bhalchanadra Vanaji Nemade was born in the village Sangvi, in the northern part of Maharashtra. After school years he moved to Pune for his graduation at Fergusson College. Later he acquired an MA in Linguistics at the Deccan College, Pune, and an MA in English Literature at the University of Mumbai. Nemade has taught English at various places: the Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Goa University, Panjim, Goa. He was, until his retirement, the Tagore Chair at University of Mumbai. He has also taught at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, for a year.
Newlove, John (1938–2003)
Authors: Hall Molly
Published: February 2023

Born on 13 June 1938 in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, John Newlove was a poet and editor who helped to define Canadian national literature during a key period of its formation. Never formally finishing college, Newlove spent many years travelling around Canada doing various jobs. He taught high school English in 1957 in Manitoba, and was a social worker in Saskatchewan in 1958, but spent most of his career as a copywriter, editor, and announcer on various radio stations. In 1960 he settled in Vancouver, British Columbia for the remainder of the decade, engrossed in self-guided study and publication in chapbooks and literary and poetry magazines.
Rifaat, Alifa (1930–1996)
Authors: Guardi Jolanda
Published: February 2023

Fatimah Abdullah Rifaat, born in Cairo on 5 June 1930, belonged to an Egyptian family of Turkish origin. She began to write in her youth, but her works were not published until late in her life, due to the opposition of her family first, and her husband next, who considered writing unsuitable for a woman. When very young, she was forced to marry a mining engineer, from whom she divorced after eight months of marriage. She then married a cousin who only allowed her to publish sporadically and with the pen name Alifa for a couple of years and then pressured her to stop. He also prevented her from continuing her studies. Rifaat resumed writing only after this husband’s death. She published her first short story in 1955 and continued publishing from the mid-seventies onwards. She died in Cairo in 1996.
Takiguchi, Shūzō (1903–1979)
Authors: Robinson Joel
Published: February 2023

Shūzō Takiguchi was the most prominent figure in Japanese Surrealism. He penned ‘On the Poetics of Surrealism’ as early as 1928, and translated André Breton’s Surrealism and Painting in 1930. Foremost a poet, his impact on the visual arts was nonetheless vast. By the 1930s, he was supporting the growing number of artists working in a Surrealist manner in the face of hostility from the authorities. He collected art, wrote criticism, and organised exhibitions—most notably those of the Yomiuri Independents in the 1950s, and the Japanese pavilion at the 1958 Venice Biennale. He corresponded with Breton, and eventually met him as well as others, including Salvador Dalí, Henri Michaux, and Joan Miró, while in Europe in 1958.
Tripathi, Suryakant (c.1899–1961)
Authors: Makkar Jap-Nanak
Published: February 2023

Suryakant Tripathi, better known as ‘Nirala’, was a poet, novelist, essayist, translator, and participant in the Chhayavad movement of the 1920s and 1930s. He is remembered for innovations in khari boli, evident in poems such as राम की शक्ति पूजा (‘Ram Ki Shakti Puja’) and his socially conscious commentary, exemplified by poems such as जागो फिर एक बार (‘Jago Phir Ek Bar’). Born Suraj Kumar Tevari in Mahishadal, West Bengal, he would later change his name to Suryakant Tripathi and write under the pseudonym ‘Nirala’, meaning ‘strange one’. In his childhood, Nirala learned Bengali, which would later open him to the influence of Rabindranath Tagore, while speaking a variant of Hindi at home.
Tuqan, Fadwa (1917–2003)
Authors: Al-Saleh Asaad
Published: February 2023

This renowned Palestinian poet and activist was born to a rich and politically influential family in Nablus, a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank, where she attended primary school. After her family suspended her schooling at the age of 13, because of a jasmine flower given to her by an admiring boy, Tuqan resumed her education by taking private lessons at home. Interested in writing poetry, she was assisted by her brother Ibrahim Tuqan (1905–1941), who had already become a well-known nationalist poet even outside Palestine. Fadwa Tuqan’s first poetry was published under the pseudonym of Dananir, but after the death of her father and Ibrahim, along with the establishment of Israel in 1948, she began to use her real name, as in her first volume of poetry wahdi ma’a al-ayam (Alone with the Days) in 1955.
Vesy
Authors: Forrester Sibelan
Published: February 2023

A Russian monthly journal devoted to criticism, literature, and art, appearing from January 1904 to December 1909. Vesy was a leading organ of Russian Symbolism, a crucial place for Symbolists and others to publish poetry, polemical essays, and criticism, along with reports on art and culture in Europe. Funded by Sergei A. Polyakov, Vesy was guided by editor and Symbolist poet Valery Briusov. The journal published work by Balmont, Bely, Blok, Briusov, Zinaida Gippius, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Merezhkovsky, Rozanov, Sologub, and Voloshin, plus lesser-known Symbolists and younger poets, with criticism by Gippius (as Anton Krainy), Mikhail Kuzmin, and others. The journal was richly illustrated, favouring classical and decadent themes in the World of Art style. Open to multiple aesthetic, philosophical, and religious positions, Vesy appealed to cultured and cosmopolitan readers while striving to shape the social opinions of its audience.
Kubišta, Bohumil (1884–1918)
Authors: Moseman Eleanor
Published: February 2023

The Czech avant-garde artist Bohumil Kubišta came from a rural farming family. Educated in Hradec Králové, Kubišta moved to Prague in 1903 to attend art school, first at the School for Applied Art (1903–4) and then at the Academy of Fine Art (1904–5). After a year of service in 1905 with the Austrian Imperial Navy in Pula he studied at the Institute of Fine Art in Florence (1906–7). Upon his return to Prague he contributed to the first exhibition of Osma (The Eight, spring 1907) before returning to military duty in Pula. In summer 1908 he participated in Osma’s second and final exhibition.
McCay, Winsor (c.1867–1934)
Authors: Ioniță Maria
Published: February 2023

Winsor McCay (born Zenas Winsor McKay) was an American graphic artist and animator, best known for his Art Nouveau-inflected landmark comic strips Little Nemo in Slumberland (1905–14; 1924–6), Little Sammy Sneeze (1904–6), and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904–25), and his pioneering cartoon shorts Gertie the Dinosaur (1913), How a Mosquito Operates (1912), and Bug Vaudeville (1921). McKay’s early comic strips are notable for their meta-humour, exploiting the idiosyncrasies of their medium: little Sammy’s apocalyptic sneezes, for example, would often demolish the panel borders of the last few frames.
Bowen, Elizabeth (1899–1973)
Authors: Weihl Harrington
Published: February 2023

Born Elizabeth Dorothea Cole Bowen in Dublin, Ireland, on 7 June 1899, the influential and celebrated Anglo-Irish author Elizabeth Bowen produced a body of work that initially comprised fiction (novels and short stories) and later historical essays and memoirs. While growing up, Bowen spent her summers at Bowen’s Court in Kildorrery, County Cork, the family home of her father, the barrister Henry Charles Cole Bowen. Beginning in 1905 Henry Bowen suffered from a series of nervous breakdowns that resulted in him being hospitalised. On the recommendation of her father’s doctors, Bowen and her mother Florence moved away and relocated to Hythe, on the Kent coast, in 1907. The pair then moved constantly around England and Ireland, living in coastal houses with a succession of relatives and friends until 1912, when Florence died of cancer. Following her mother’s death, when she was not attending boarding school at Downe House in Kent, Bowen was cared for by various aunts and family friends. After finishing school in 1917, she worked in a hospital where she cared for shell-shocked veterans of the First World War. After the war, Bowen attended the London County Council School of Art; while attending art school, she also wrote, eventually leaving off the visual arts and turning her attention entirely to writing.
Jewish art music
Authors: Shelleg Assaf
Published: February 2023

Modern Jewish art music concerns the study of Jewish musical markers and extra-musical Jewish topoi in twentieth-century music penned by both Jews and non-Jews. Transcending genres, aesthetics, compositional techniques, and national schools, modern Jewish art music emerged as a short-lived movement in Russia (the Society for Jewish Folk Music, 1908–19) and soon afterwards through the works of individuals composers in Central and Western Europe (including Ernest Bloch, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Darius Milhaud, and Arnold Schoenberg) – all attesting to various perceptions of musical Judaism as well as to composers’ symbiosis with the culture of their host societies.
Lui Shou Kwan (呂壽琨) (1919–1975)
Authors: Hung Sheng
Published: February 2023

Lui Shou Kwan was a prominent artist and the chief initiator of the ink painting movement in Hong Kong. As a pioneer of ink painting, Lui not only mastered the Chinese brush and ink technique, but also included Western philosophy and art in his studies. His artistic breakthrough came in his series of Hong Kong landscapes and in his Zen paintings. A representative work of Zen painting is Zhuangzi (1974).
Waugh, Evelyn (1903–1966)
Authors: Milthorpe Naomi
Published: February 2023

Evelyn Waugh (1903–66) is not usually regarded as a modernist writer, but his works reveal a productive ambivalence towards Modernism. In Decline and Fall (1928), Vile Bodies (1930), Black Mischief (1932), and A Handful of Dust (1934), Waugh borrowed from or satirised elements of modernist culture: figures such as Le Corbusier, Henri Bergson, T. S. Eliot, and Marcel Proust; aesthetic movements including Futurism and Vorticism; and technology and culture encapsulated by jazz, silent film, the telephone, and the aeroplane. When he is regarded as a modernist it is usually as a modernist satirist, and in reference to these first four novels. The breadth of Waugh’s writing up until his death reveals his ongoing encounters with the literary, aesthetic, and intellectual currents of modernist culture.
Citizen Kane (1941)
Authors: Sapra Rahul
Published: February 2023

Citizen Kane is acclaimed by many as the greatest movie in the history of cinema. It was Orson Welles’s first film, which he directed, produced, co-wrote, and as an actor played the leading role. The narrative revolves around the rise and fall of the main character Charles Foster Kane, who was apparently based on the newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst.
Dutt, Guru (1925–1964)
Authors: Sapra Rahul
Published: February 2023

Guru Dutt, original name Vasanth Kumar Shivsankar Padukone, was a highly influential actor, writer, producer, and director of the Hindi film industry based in Bombay. Stylistically, Dutt’s films were influenced by Western Modernism, particularly German Expressionism, the play of light and shadow, the use of deep focus, and self-reflexive camera movements. These stylistic features of his films were used to express the alienation of the modern self and to address larger questions about the meaning and purpose of life. By exposing class differences, the victimisation of women, unemployment, and by undermining romantic love, his films not only questioned the tenets of mainstream cinema, but also critiqued the harsh realities of post-independence India. His most successful film Pyaasa [The Thirsty One] (1957) is the tale of a poor, alienated poet Vijay (played by Dutt) whose poetry about the suffering of a lower-class citizen is rejected by the publishers. Dutt’s modernist classic Kaagaz ke Phool [Paper Flowers] (1959) is inspired by Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane, since the film portrays the fall of a successful film director Suresh Sinha, a narrative which is reminiscent of the decline of Charles Foster Kane. The film is also heavily influenced by Welles’s use of German Expressionism, and therefore Dutt is sometimes referred to as the Orson Welles of India. His films provide an interesting amalgamation of expressionistic visuals and melodramatic songs.
National Union of Plastic Artists (UNAP)
Authors: Cubbon Alexandra
Published: February 2023

The National Union of Plastic Artists (UNAP) exists in many decolonized nations as a professional organization, an artists’ union, that elevates the work of formerly subjugated populations, whose art and arts infrastructure suffered neglect and sometimes ruin under colonial and imperial regimes. Some prominent examples are the unions in Algeria, Angola, and Nicaragua. In 1963, within a year of independence, Algerian painter Bachir Yellès founded Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (UNAP), now known as Union Nationale des Arts Culturels (UNAC), in a pioneering effort to flatten the hierarchy between European and Algerian art. The celebration of artistic independence and the promotion of economic security for artists in the postcolonial era have motivated the establishment of unions such as UNAC across the globe.
af Klint, Hilma (1862–1944)
Authors: Carita Julia , Rothman Roger
Published: February 2023

Hilma af Klint was a Swedish artist and early abstractionist. Though she was formally trained and publicly worked in the academic style, af Klint secretly produced an extensive body of paintings meant to serve as meditations on the origins and nature of the universe. Her experimental works were influenced by a multiyear engagement with religion, science, and the occult. Af Klint remained largely unknown until the 1980s, in part due to her request that her work, which she believed was too advanced for the world, remain hidden until at least 20 years after her death. By the time of death in 1944, af Klint had produced roughly 1,300 paintings.
Die Aktion
Authors: McBride Douglas Brent
Published: February 2023

Die Aktion was a review of radical politics and culture published by Franz Pfemfert (1879–1954) in Berlin from 1911 to 1932. During the period of its greatest influence before the First World War, Die Aktion offered a home to the Expressionist movement and had a weekly circulation of 7,000. The journal functioned as a locus of pacifist opposition during the war but lost its earlier status when Pfemfert renounced Expressionism and turned Die Aktion into a vehicle of anarchist socialism in the 1920s.
Fairburn, A.R.D. (Arthur Rex Dugard) (1904–1957)
Authors: Hall Molly
Published: February 2023

A.R.D. Fairburn was a New Zealand poet, essayist, journalist, and painter who, with other poet-countrymen, cultivated a national identity as distinct from that of a British Colony. Fairburn, a fourth-generation New Zealander, was born to sugar company accountant Arthur and piano teacher and governess Teresa in Parnell, Auckland, New Zealand on 2 February 1904.
Hope, Christopher (David) Tully (1944–)
Authors: Hall Molly
Published: February 2023

Born in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1944, the late modernist author Christopher Tully Hope is still alive, and still publishing, though has spent much of his later life in England. Primarily a novelist, Hope has dabbled in nearly every genre, also writing poetry, drama, short stories, travel writing, biography, memoir, essays, and even children’s books. In the political comedic tradition of such South African forebears as Herman Charles Bosman and Tom Sharpe, his prose bordered on magical realism, evoking the fantastical tradition of Lewis Carroll, but also the hyperrealist satire of Johnathan Swift. Like his nationality, Hope’s literary influences are often hard to pin down. Hope is the most significant figure in the emergent group of white South African writers who employ dark surrealist satire over liberal realist aesthetics, a move they feel is necessitated by the particular cruelties of that state and its history. He is best known for two of his early novels, A Separate Development (1980), which depicts the tensions over interracial reproduction and the anxiety over passing as white or black, and Kruger’s Alp (1984), which narrates the white anxiety over what is perceived as the inevitable rebellion of the black population and destruction of whites at their hands. All of his South African tales attempt, through a strategy of comedic unreality, to do what seems impossible and unify the black and white South African experience. In the late 1980s, his work, such as in The Hottentot Room (1986), begins to take a more international perspective, but approaches the same themes examining discrimination, homeland, and fellowship through stories tinged by exile.