bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biofilm Formation of O157 and Non‐O157 Shiga Toxin‐Producing Escherichia coli and Multidrug‐Resistant and Susceptible Salmonella Typhimurium and Newport and Their Inactivation by Sanitizers
Authors: Fouladkhah Aliyar , Geornaras Ifigenia , Sofos John N.
Published: April 2013

This study compared biofilm formation by 7 serogroups of pathogenic Escherichia coli and 2 or 3 phenotypes of Salmonella (susceptible, multidrug‐resistant [MDR], and/or multidrug resistant with ampC gene [MDR‐AmpC]). One‐week mature biofilms were also exposed to water, quaternary ammonium compound‐based (QAC), and acid‐based (AB) sanitizers. Seven groups (strain mixture) of above‐mentioned pathogens were separately spot‐inoculated onto stainless steel coupons surfaces for target inoculation of 2 log CFU/cm2, then stored statically, partially submerged in 10% nonsterilized meat homogenate at 4, 15, and 25 °C. Biofilm cells were enumerated on days 0, 1, 4, and 7 following submersion in 30 mL for 1 min in water, QAC, and AB. Counts on inoculation day ranged from 1.6 ± 0.4 to 2.4 ± 0.6 log CFU/cm2 and changed to 1.2 ± 0.8 to 1.9 ± 0.8 on day 7 at 4 °C with no appreciable difference among the 7 pathogen groups. After treatment with QAC and AB on day 7, counts were reduced (P < 0.05) to less than 0.7 ± 0.6 and 1.2 ± 0.5, respectively, with similar trends among pathogens. Biofilm formation at higher temperatures was more enhanced; E. coli O157:H7, as an example, increased (P < 0.05) from 1.4 ± 0.6 and 2.0 ± 0.3 on day 0 to 4.8 ± 0.6 and 6.5 ± 0.2 on day 7 at 15 and 25 °C, respectively. As compared to 4 °C, after sanitation, more survivors were observed for 15 and 25 °C treatments with no appreciable differences among pathogens. Overall, we observed similar patterns of growth and susceptibility to QAC and AB sanitizers of the 7 tested pathogen groups with enhanced biofilm formation capability and higher numbers of treatment survivors at higher temperatures.
Understanding the evolution of the Holocene Pluvial Phase and its impact on Neolithic populations in south‐east Arabia
Authors: Preston Gareth W. , Parker Adrian G.
Published: April 2013

The early to mid‐Holocene has long been recognised as a period of wetter climate with widespread lacustrine development and vegetation expansion throughout south‐east Arabia. Recent palaeoclimate data has, however, transformed our understanding of the Holocene Pluvial Phase (HPP) and evidence presented in this paper demonstrates that climate was neither homogeneous during the period, nor were shifts between pluvial and arid episodes synchronous across the region. This dynamic setting provided the backdrop for human expansion during the Neolithic, and in turn raises important questions about the interactions between these populations and the natural environment in south‐east Arabia.
Hailat Araka and the South Arabian Neolithic
Authors: Zarins Juris
Published: April 2013

A small Neolithic lithic scatter site was discovered in 1992 through survey in the southern region of Dhofar, Oman just south of the Rub al Khali. Four test units (1994, 2009) confirmed a 60–90 cm single period Neolithic stratification sequence of the mid‐sixth millennium BC. Lithic debris contains all stages of knapping from prepared cores and is dominated by trihedral rod production. Based on comparable sites both to the west in Yemen and to the east in northern Oman/the UAE, it is suggested that still rare domesticated cattle and ovicaprids supplemented a basic forager lifestyle. Participation in long‐range trade networks involved marine shells, exotic flint tools as well as obsidian, steatite and amazonite. Genetic testing suggests that the Neolithic populations may represent ancestral Modern South Arabic Language (MSAL) populations currently living in southern Arabia.
Neolithic material cultures of Oman and the Gulf seashores from 5500–4500 BCE
Authors: Méry Sophie , Charpentier Vincent
Published: April 2013

The coastal sites of the UAE and the Sultanate of Oman in the sixth–fifth millennia BCE share a number of features in their material culture. In addition to lithic techniques, the populations shared particular technologies, such as architecture using load‐bearing pots or the production of specific fishing material and ornaments in shell and mother‐of‐pearl. This corresponds to populations that were already Neolithic, with domestic animals and practising intensive fishing, which was sometimes specialised. Is it possible at this stage in our understanding, to assert that this assemblage is both well differentiated from those of Qatar and the northern Arabian Gulf and culturally homogeneous? Some answers are provided in this note.
Tabula rasa or refugia? Using genetic data to assess the peopling of Arabia
Authors: Rose Jeffrey I. , Černý Viktor , Bayoumi Riad
Published: April 2013

This paper provides a broad overview of the current state of archaeogenetic research in Arabia. We summarise recent studies of mitochondrial DNA and lactase persistence allele ‐13915*G in order to reconstruct the population histories of modern Arabs. These data, in turn, enable us to assess different scenarios for the peopling of the Peninsula over the course of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. The evidence supports the posited existence of Arabian refugia, although it is inconclusive which (e.g. Persian Gulf basin, Yemeni highlands and/or Red Sea basin) was/were responsible for housing ancestral populations during the Last Glacial Maximum. Synthesising genetic and archaeological data sets, we conclude that a substantial portion of the present South Arabian gene pool derives from a deeply rooted population that underwent significant internal growth within Arabia some 12,000 years ago. At the same time, we interpret the disappearance of Nejd Leptolithic archaeological sites in southern Arabia around 8000 years ago to represent the termination of a significant component of the Pleistocene gene pool.
Khamseen rock shelter and the Late Palaeolithic‐Neolithic transition in Dhofar
Authors: Hilbert Yamandú H.
Published: April 2013

This paper presents the archaeological site of Khamseen rock shelter, its stratigraphic succession, numeric ages and Early–Middle Holocene lithic assemblages. The site was discovered and excavated during the 2010 fieldwork campaign of the Dhofar Archaeological Project (DAP) in southern Oman. It is situated at the southern edge of the Nejd Plateau, strategically positioned adjacent to a major orographic barrier at the interface of the plateau and escarpment. Excavations revealed a succession of five archaeological horizons, each bearing technologically distinct lithic assemblages. The lowest level (GH.5) is attributed to the Khashabian industry, representing the final phase of the South Arabian Late Palaeolithic. Above that, in GH.4, a Neolithic assemblage was found with bifacial tool forms typical of the Middle Holocene. In light of the evidence found at Khamseen rock shelter and other coeval archaeological sites across southern Arabia, the Late Palaeolithic‐Neolithic transition is considered.
Towards new paradigms: multiple pathways for the Arabian Neolithic
Authors: Crassard Rémy , Drechsler Philipp
Published: April 2013

The origin and course of the Neolithic on the Arabian Peninsula is the subject of an ongoing academic debate. Faunal data suggest an origin for domestication of animals in the Levant and these can be found in Arabia from the sixth millennium onwards. In contrast, lithic evidence does not support the hypothesis that Neolithic herders, accompanying their herds, spread over the entire Peninsula, as they did not leave significant traces of their material culture. Although Pre‐Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)/PPNB influences can be traced across the northern part of Arabia, it is barely possible to observe them further south. By contrast, lithic technology in this region is characterised by major indigenous developments that might originate from a Pleistocene cultural heritage. By discussing the process of Neolithisation in Arabia from different points of view we can avoid the pitfalls of simplistic or monocausal models as well as preconceptions. Furthermore, we will be able to demonstrate that the Neolithic developed differently in different regions of the Arabian Peninsula.
Thoughts on nomadism in Middle Holocene Oman
Authors: Cavulli Fabio , Scaruffi Simona
Published: April 2013

In the study of the Arabian Middle Holocene, some of the least widely understood topics are those of nomadism, subsistence strategy and mobility. Until now, various scholars operating in the area have proposed different models, particularly on the basis of faunal analysis and territory evaluations.

The focus of this paper will be to reconsider this debate in light of studies carried out in the Ja'lān region in the Sultanate of Oman, where until 1985 the Joint Hadd Project has been conducting archaeological research. Excavated deposits and survey results provide the archaeological basis and are compared with studies on climate, territory, nature and culture. Four different hypotheses for the fourth‐millennium Ja'lān communities are proposed and, comparing the different scales of movement with both the territory and resources, the more suitable is concluded to be a micro‐regional nomadism model. According to this model, which is well supported by the ethnographical evidence, human groups were moving seasonally from the coast to the mountains, scouring the widyān route. A dearth of archaeological data from the internal area, due to a more widespread and less intense occupation, relatively poor preservation and a lack of proper archaeological survey, emphasise the limits and provide the stimulus for further research.
Trajectories of antipsychotic response in drug‐naive schizophrenia patients: results from the 6‐month ESPASS follow‐up study
Authors: Nordon C. , Rouillon F. , Azorin J. M. , Barry C. , Urbach M. , Falissard B.
Published: April 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore any heterogeneity in the 6‐month clinical response in patients with antipsychotic drug‐naive schizophrenia and to determine predictors of that outcome.

Method

467 patients with antipsychotic drug‐naive schizophrenia were included in France nationwide and followed up over 6 months. To identify trajectories of clinical response, a latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was performed using the Clinical Global Impression‐Severity (CGI‐S) scores at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months. Regression models were used to identify predictors of trajectory membership.

Results

Five trajectory groups were identified: a rapid response group (n = 45), a gradual response group (n = 204), patients remaining mildly ill (n = 133), patients remaining very ill (n = 23), and a group with unsustained clinical response (n = 62). Predictors of the 6‐month clinical response were baseline CGI‐S score (odds ratio: 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.1–4.4) and negative symptoms (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2–1.9). The sole predictor of rapid response as compared to gradual response was employment (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2–4.9).

Conclusion

Clinical response in patients with schizophrenia 6 months after a first‐ever antipsychotic drug initiation is heterogeneous. Therapeutic strategies in first episode should take account of symptom severity and early clinical response, to maximize the chances of recovery.
A profile approach to impulsivity in bipolar disorder: the key role of strong emotions
Authors: Muhtadie L. , Johnson S. L. , Carver C. S. , Gotlib I. H. , Ketter T. A.
Published: April 2013

Objective

Bipolar disorder has been associated with elevated impulsivity – a complex construct subsuming multiple facets. We aimed to compare specific facets of impulsivity in bipolar disorder, including those related to key psychological correlates of the illness: reward sensitivity and strong emotion.

Method

Ninety‐one individuals diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (inter‐episode period) and 80 controls completed several well‐validated impulsivity measures, including those relevant to reward (Fun‐seeking subscale of the Behavioral Activation System scale) and emotion (Positive Urgency and Negative Urgency scales).

Results

Bipolar participants reported higher impulsivity scores than did controls on all of the impulsivity measures, except the Fun‐seeking subscale of the Behavioral Activation System scale. Positive Urgency – a measure assessing the tendency to act impulsively when experiencing strong positive emotion – yielded the largest group differences: F(1,170) = 78.69, P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.316. Positive Urgency was also associated with poorer psychosocial functioning in the bipolar group: ΔR2 = 0.24, b = −0.45, P < 0.001.

Conclusion

Individuals with bipolar I disorder appear to be at particular risk of behaving impulsively when experiencing strong positive emotions. Findings provide an important first step toward developing a more refined understanding of impulsivity in bipolar disorder with the potential to inform targeted interventions.
Post‐prandial reflux suppression by a raft‐forming alginate (Gaviscon Advance) compared to a simple antacid documented by magnetic resonance imaging and pH‐impedance monitoring: mechanistic assessment in healthy volunteers and randomised, controlled, double‐blind study in reflux patients
Authors: Sweis R. , Kaufman E. , Anggiansah A. , Wong T. , Dettmar P. , Fried M. , Schwizer W. , Avvari R. K. , Pal A. , Fox M.
Published: April 2013

Background

Alginates form a raft above the gastric contents, which may suppress gastro‐oesophageal reflux; however, inconsistent effects have been reported in mechanistic and clinical studies.

Aims

To visualise reflux suppression by an alginate–antacid [Gaviscon Advance (GA), Reckitt Benckiser, UK] compared with a nonraft‐forming antacid using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to determine the feasibility of pH‐impedance monitoring for assessment of reflux suppression by alginates.

Methods

Two studies were performed: (i) GA and antacid (Alucol, Wander Ltd, Switzerland) were visualised in the stomach after ingestion in 12 healthy volunteers over 30 min after a meal by MRI, with reflux events documented by manometry. (ii) A randomised controlled, double‐blind cross‐over trial of post‐prandial reflux suppression documented by pH‐impedance in 20 patients randomised to GA or antacid (Milk of Magnesia; Boots, UK) after two meals taken 24 h apart.

Results

MRI visualized a “mass” of GA form at the oesophago‐gastric junction (OGJ); simple antacid sank to the distal stomach. The number of post‐prandial common cavity reflux events was less with GA than antacid [median 2 (0–5) vs. 5 (1–11); P < 0.035].

Distal reflux events and acid exposure measured by pH‐impedance were similar after GA and antacid. There was a trend to reduced proximal reflux events with GA compared with antacid [10.5 (8.9) vs. 13.9 (8.3); P = 0.070].

Conclusions

Gaviscon Advance forms a ‘mass’ close to the OGJ and significantly suppresses reflux compared with a nonraft‐forming antacid. Standard pH‐impedance monitoring is suitable for clinical studies of GA in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients where proximal reflux is the primary outcome.
Binding of glycated ovocystatin to rat renal brush border membranes
Authors: Golab Krzysztof , Gburek Jakub , Konopska Bogusława , Krotkiewski Hubert , Warwas Maria
Published: April 2013

Glycated proteins are considered as one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, including nephropathy. These proteins are formed endogenously under conditions of hyperglycemia, as well as being provided with food containing sugars, which was subjected to high temperature. Examples are egg products. One of the proteins found in eggs in a relatively high concentration is chicken cystatin (ovocystatin). It is now believed that some proteins can passage the intestinal epithelium by transcytosis directly into the bloodstream. Thus, glycated protein present in food can be an additional source of glycotoxins. The aim of this study was to compare the affinity of native and glycated cystatin to the brush border membranes of rat kidney. Kinetic analysis was performed with surface plasmon resonance technique using sensor chip L1. Dissociation constants for native and glycated cystatin (Kd) were 2.76 μmol/L and 3.82 μmol/L, respectively. The results of our study indicate that glycation only slightly affects binding of cystatin to brush border membranes. This suggests that glycated cystatin and other glycated proteins may also be efficiently taken up in the kidney proximal tubule. The observation may be important for understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
The temporal stability and predictive validity of affect‐based and cognition‐based intentions
Authors: Keer Mario , Conner Mark , Van den Putte Bas , Neijens Peter
Published: April 2013

Recent research has revealed individual differences in the extent to which people base their intentions on affect and cognition. Two studies are presented that assess whether such differences predict the strength of individuals' intention–behaviour relationships. Participants completed measures of affect, cognition, intention, and behaviour regarding a range of health behaviours. Study 1 (N = 300) found that the strength of the intention–behaviour relationship was significantly related to the extent to which individuals based their intentions on affect, but not to the extent they based them on cognition. Study 2 (N = 387) replicated the findings of the first study. In addition, Study 2 revealed that intention stability mediated the relationship between the degree people based their intentions on affect and the strength of the intention–behaviour relationship. Thus, individuals who base their intentions strongly on affect have more stable intentions, and are therefore more likely to enact them.
Middle Eocene‐Oligocene broken‐foreland evolution in the Andean Calchaqui Valley, NW Argentina: insights from stratigraphic, structural and provenance studies
Authors: del Papa C. , Hongn F. , Powell J. , Payrola P. , Do Campo M. , Strecker M. R. , Petrinovic I. , Schmitt A. K. , Pereyra R.
Published: April 2013

Two end‐member models have been proposed for the Paleogene Andean foreland: a simple W‐E migrating foreland model and a broken‐foreland model. We present new stratigraphic, sedimentological and structural data from the Paleogene Quebrada de los Colorados (QLC) Formation, in the Eastern Cordillera, with which to test these two different models. Basin‐wide unconformities, growthstrata and changes in provenance indicate deposition of the QLC Formation in a tectonically active basin. Both west‐ and east‐vergent structures, rooted in the basement, controlled the deposition and distribution of the QLC Formation from the Middle Eocene to the Early Miocene. The provenance analysis indicates that the main source areas were basement blocks, like the Paleozoic Oire Eruptive Complex, uplifted during Paleogene shortening, and that delimits the eastern boundary of the present‐day intraorogenic Puna plateau. A comparison of the QLC sedimentary basin‐fill pattern with those of adjacent Paleogene basins in the Puna plateau and in the Santa Bárbara System highlights the presence of discrete depozones. These reflect the early compartmentalization of the foreland, rather than a stepwise advance of the deformation front of a thrust belt. The early Tertiary foreland of the southern central Andes is represented by a ca. 250‐km‐wide area comprising several deformation zones (Arizaro, Macón, Copalayo and Calchaquí) in which doubly vergent or asymmetric structures, rooted in the basement, were generated. Hence, classical foreland model is difficult to apply in this Paleogene basin; and our data and interpretation agree with a broken‐foreland model.
The influence of bone marrow- and synovium-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from osteoarthritis patients on regulatory T cells in co-culture
Authors: Hagmann S , Gotterbarm T , Müller T , Baesig A-M , Gantz S , Dreher T , Kämmerer P W , Frank S , Zeifang F , Moradi B
Published: April 2013

There is increasing evidence that inflammation in the synovium plays a major role in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the immunogenic properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are considered to regulate immunity in various diseases, remain largely unknown in OA. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of MSCs from OA patients on regulatory T cells (Tregs) in an allogeneic co-culture model. Bone marrow (BM) and synovial membrane (SM) were harvested from hip joints of OA patients and co-cultured with lymphocytes enriched in CD4+CD25+CD127– regulatory T cells (Treg+LC) from healthy donors. Treg proportions and MSC markers were assessed by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels were assessed after 2 and 5 days of co-cultivation. Additionally, Treg+LC cultures were analysed in the presence of interleukin (IL)-6 and MSC-supernatant complemented medium. B-MSCs and S-MSCs were able to retain the Treg proportion compared to lymphocyte monocultures. T cell–MSC co-cultures showed a significant increase of IL-6 compared to MSC cultures. S-MSCs produced higher amounts of IL-6 compared to B-MSCs, both in single and T cell co-cultures. The effect of retaining the Treg percentage could be reproduced partially by IL-6 addition to the medium, but could only be observed fully when using MSC culture supernatants. Our data demonstrate that retaining the Treg phenotype in MSC–T cell co-cultures can be mediated by MSC derived from OA patients. IL-6 plays an important role in mediating these processes. To our knowledge, this study is the first describing the interaction of MSCs from OA patients and Tregs in an allogeneic co-culture model.
Factors associated with placement breakdown initiated by foster parents – empirical findings from Germany
Authors: van Santen Eric
Published: April 2013

This study investigates the effects of covariates on the probability of placement breakdown in non‐kinship family foster care. Breakdowns are distinguished according to the initiator: children, carers, foster parents and the local child welfare authorities. The children concerned had entered foster care at ages ranging from 0 to a maximum of 17 years (n = 14 171).

A significantly higher risk of breakdown on the initiative of the foster parents is found in male children, children whose parents receive financial support, children whose parents were removed from the register of carers, children who were between 6 and 15 years old when they joined the foster family, children who had earlier lived in a different foster family or residential care, children from patchwork families and children whose joining of a foster family was the result of disruptive social behaviour.

Two‐thirds of the children from non‐kinship family foster care who stay in the foster family was ended on the initiative of the foster parents are subsequently looked after in residential care. That is three times the rate for all terminated foster relationships. Breakdowns on the initiative of the foster parents thus indicate a high risk of unstable care history developing and accordingly necessitate prevention strategies.
Resistance as a means of creating accountability in child welfare institutions
Authors: Severinsson Susanne , Markström Ann‐Marie
Published: April 2013

This paper investigates the identity constructions of youths who are objects of special interventions in the area of child welfare. The aim of the paper was to explore the various dimensions of resistance to institutional identities among youths in special schools and foster‐care institutions. Interviews were conducted with adolescents aged between 12 and 15, identified as having social, emotional and behavioural difficulties. The analysis generates knowledge about society's interventions as well as how adolescents respond to offered institutional identities by adopting different kinds of discursive resistance. The paper highlights the different types of discursive resistance that adolescents use to present themselves as accountable individuals and discusses the importance of considering resistance as a positive force rather than as something that must be defeated.
Submucosal implantation of soft tissue expanders does not affect microcirculation
Authors: Kaner Doğan , Zhao Han , Terheyden Hendrik , Friedmann Anton
Published: April 2013

Aim

To investigate the effect of submucosal implantation of self‐filling osmotic tissue expanders on mucosal microcirculation.

Material and methods

In ten beagle dogs, all premolars were extracted on both sides of the mandible. Tooth‐supporting bone and excess soft tissue were removed to mimic a severely resorbed edentulous ridge. Six weeks later, tissue expanders with 0.7 ml final volume were implanted into a submucosal pouch at randomly selected test sites, while contralateral sites served as untreated controls. Microcirculation was assessed in perfusion units (PU) before surgery, after local anaesthesia, directly after surgery, and after 1 and 3 days, using Laser Doppler flowmetry.

Results

Local anaesthesia caused a significant decrease of blood flow from baseline (zero) to −6.4 PU (median; Q1 −10.5; Q3 −0.9; P = 0.006); however, no additional significant decrease was recorded after completion of surgery. Blood flow showed significant increases to −3.6 PU (median; Q1 −11.3, Q3 2.1; P = 0.02) and −4.0 PU (median; Q1 −9.2, Q3 1.1; P = 0.013) after 1 and 3 days, respectively, when compared to the measurements obtained after application of local anaesthesia and completion of surgery. Blood flow had returned to unimpaired baseline levels 1 day after surgery (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Submucosal implantation of self‐filling osmotic tissue expanders results in only momentary disturbance of microcirculation. The minor impairment of perfusion may explain the consistently good outcomes of submucosal implantation of these tissue expanders.
Self‐Regulation of Sleep, Emotion, and Weight during Adolescence: Implications for Translational Research and Practice
Authors: Rofey Dana L. , McMakin Dana L. , Shaw Daniel , Dahl Ronald E.
Published: April 2013

Self‐regulation—the ability to manage motivations, emotions, physiological sensations, and behavior to meet internal and external demands of the environment—is critical to health and development. Adolescence represents a dynamic period of change in both the demand and capacity for self‐regulation. As teens mature and become more autonomous, they are confronted with decisions in determining where they spend their time, what they eat, when they go to bed, and how they prioritize and pursue various social, academic, and recreational goals. We highlight opportunities to improve self‐regulatory capacities and related health outcomes during this important developmental window. In particular, we focus on emotion regulation, sleep regulation, and weight regulation as three separate but synergistic self‐regulatory systems that may provide unique opportunities for intervention to optimize health outcomes. To this end, we begin by describing developmental changes that occur in emotion, sleep and weight regulatory systems during the transitional period of adolescence, as well as how these changes can lead to profound and enduring health consequences. Next, we describe emerging evidence that indicates complex and synergistic interactions among these regulatory systems during adolescence. Last, we end with possible prevention and intervention efforts that capitalize on the interactions among these three regulatory domains.
Early Career Academic Researchers and Community‐Based Participatory Research: Wrestling Match or Dancing Partners?
Authors: Lowry Kelly Walker , Ford‐Paz Rebecca
Published: April 2013

Early career faculty members at academic medical centers face unique obstacles when engaging in community‐based participatory research (CBPR). Challenges and opportunities for solutions pertaining to mentorship, time demands, unfamiliarity of colleagues with CBPR approaches, ethical review regulations, funding, and publication and promotion are discussed.
A Dynamical Approach Toward Understanding Mechanisms of Team Science: Change, Kinship, Tension, and Heritage in a Transdisciplinary Team
Authors: Lotrecchiano Gaetano R.
Published: April 2013

Since the concept of team science gained recognition among biomedical researchers, social scientists have been challenged with investigating evidence of team mechanisms and functional dynamics within transdisciplinary teams. Identification of these mechanisms has lacked substantial research using grounded theory models to adequately describe their dynamical qualities. Research trends continue to favor the measurement of teams by isolating occurrences of production over relational mechanistic team tendencies. This study uses a social constructionist‐grounded multilevel mixed methods approach to identify social dynamics and mechanisms within a transdisciplinary team. A National Institutes of Health—funded research team served as a sample. Data from observations, interviews, and focus groups were qualitatively coded to generate micro/meso level analyses. Social mechanisms operative within this biomedical scientific team were identified. Dynamics that support such mechanisms were documented and explored. Through theoretical and emergent coding, four social mechanisms dominated in the analysis—change, kinship, tension, and heritage. Each contains relational social dynamics. This micro/meso level study suggests such mechanisms and dynamics are key features of team science and as such can inform problems of integration, praxis, and engagement in teams.
Construction of a US Fibromyalgia Registry Using the Fibromyalgia Research Survey Criteria
Authors: Whipple Mary O. , McAllister Samantha J. , Oh Terry H. , Luedtke Connie A. , Toussaint Loren L. , Vincent Ann
Published: April 2013

Utilizing billing records, we identified patients seen at Mayo Clinic with a diagnosis or history of fibromyalgia who were then contacted for enrollment in a fibromyalgia research registry. Fibromyalgia was confirmed through medical record review. Eligible patients were mailed an invitation that included a demographic questionnaire and the Fibromyalgia Research Survey. The Fibromyalgia Research Survey yields a widespread pain score (scale range 0–19) and a symptom severity score (scale range 0–12). A total of 4,034 patients returned the completed survey; 92.8% were female, their mean age was 57.4 (±13.4), and 83.7% were from the Midwest region of the United States. The mean widespread pain score for all participants was 11.3 (±4.5) and the mean symptom severity score was 8.2 (±2.4), indicating moderate‐to‐severe fibromyalgia symptoms, which is not unusual for patients presenting to a tertiary care center. Using a systematic process, we describe the creation of a fibromyalgia registry for future research.
Rate of Change of Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness with Magnesium Administration in Abcc6−/− Mice
Authors: Kupetsky Erine A. , Rincon Fred , Uitto Jouni
Published: April 2013

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, demonstrates progressive build‐up of calcium phosphate and proteoglycans in the skin, eye, and arteries, and is associated to myocardial infarctions, stroke, blindness, and elevated carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT). Although CIMT reduction with magnesium (Mg) has been documented in a mouse model for PXE (Abcc6−/−), it is not clear if Mg is effective in humans with PXE to reduce CIMT. To examine this, we calculated the rate of change of CIMT (washout) in 15‐ and 12‐month‐old Abcc6−/− mice fed standard rodent diet with or without Mg supplementation for 2 months. Using means in untreated 15‐ and 12‐month‐old Abcc6−/− mice (145 and 120 μm, respectively), the rate of change was 8.3 μm/month. Using means in treated 15‐ and 12‐month‐old Abcc6−/− mice (118 and 104.6 μm, respectively), the rate of change was 4.5 μm. Compared to normal progression of CIMT in humans without PXE, PXE has advanced atherosclerosis and possibly a higher CIMT rate of change. This experiment may portend, at least in PXE, the rationale for a 1‐year oral Mg CIMT clinical trial and may be useful for application in other progressive mineralizing disorders like atherosclerosis.
Drug Design and Discovery: Translational Biomedical Science Varies Among Countries
Authors: Weaver Ian N. , Weaver Donald F.
Published: April 2013

Drug design and discovery is an innovation process that translates the outcomes of fundamental biomedical research into therapeutics that are ultimately made available to people with medical disorders in many countries throughout the world. To identify which nations succeed, exceed, or fail at the drug design/discovery endeavor—more specifically, which countries, within the context of their national size and wealth, are “pulling their weight” when it comes to developing medications targeting the myriad of diseases that afflict humankind—we compiled and analyzed a comprehensive survey of all new drugs (small molecular entities and biologics) approved annually throughout the world over the 20‐year period from 1991 to 2010. Based upon this analysis, we have devised prediction algorithms to ascertain which countries are successful (or not) in contributing to the worldwide need for effective new therapeutics.
Partnership between CTSI and Business Schools Can Promote Best Practices for Core Facilities and Resources
Authors: Reeves Lilith , Dunn‐Jensen Linda M. , Baldwin Timothy T. , Tatikonda Mohan V. , Cornetta Kenneth
Published: April 2013

Biomedical research enterprises require a large number of core facilities and resources to supply the infrastructure necessary for translational research. Maintaining the financial viability and promoting efficiency in an academic environment can be particularly challenging for medical schools and universities. The Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute sought to improve core and service programs through a partnership with the Indiana University Kelley School of Business. The program paired teams of Masters of Business Administration students with cores and programs that self‐identified the need for assistance in project management, financial management, marketing, or resource efficiency. The projects were developed by CTSI project managers and business school faculty using service‐learning principles to ensure learning for students who also received course credit for their participation. With three years of experience, the program demonstrates a successful partnership that improves clinical research infrastructure by promoting business best practices and providing a valued learning experience for business students.
Promotion and Tenure for Community‐Engaged Research: An Examination of Promotion and Tenure Support for Community‐Engaged Research at Three Universities Collaborating through a Clinical and Translational Science Award
Authors: Marrero David G. , Hardwick Emily J. , Staten Lisa K. , Savaiano Dennis A. , Odell Jere D. , Comer Karen Frederickson , Saha Chandan
Published: April 2013

Introduction

Community‐engaged health research, an approach to research which includes the participation of communities, promotes the translation of research to address and improve social determinants of health. As a way to encourage community‐engaged research, the National Institutes of Health required applicants to the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) to include a community engagement component. Although grant‐funding may support an increase in community‐engaged research, faculties also respond to the rewards and demands of university promotion and tenure standards. This paper measures faculty perception of how three institutions funded by a CTSA support community‐engaged research in the promotion and tenure process.

Methods

At three institutions funded by a CTSA, tenure track and nontenure track faculty responded to a survey regarding perceptions of how promotion and tenure committees value community‐engaged research.

Results

Faculty view support for community‐engaged research with some reserve. Only 36% agree that community‐engaged research is valued in the promotion and tenure process.

Discussion

Encouraging community‐engaged scholarship requires changing the culture and values behind promotion and tenure decisions. Institutions will increase community‐engaged research and more faculty will adopt its principles, when it is rewarded by promotion and tenure committees.
Local‐level governance of risk and resilience in Nepal
Authors: Jones Samantha , Aryal Komal , Collins Andrew
Published: April 2013

This paper explores the circumstances in which communities may effectively reduce risks. It draws on the example of two ‘Risk and Resilience Committees’ (RRCs) that were established in Nepal as part of an action research project: one in Panchkhal in the central region, operating as a community‐based organisation (CBO); and the other in Dhankuta in the eastern region, embedded in municipal government. In‐depth interviews were conducted with RRC members. Wider community preferences for risk reduction were examined through a questionnaire survey. In Dhankuta, the RRC obtained further funding, developed strong upward and downward institutional links, and applied a ‘disaster risk reduction lens’ to existing local government responsibilities. In Panchkhal, RRC activities have been limited by funding and have focused on the strengthening of livelihoods. It may be concluded tentatively that community‐based disaster risk reduction activities are more successful when they are institutionally embedded in local government structures.
Specific characteristics of spontaneous movements in preterm infants at term age are associated with developmental delays at age 3 years
Authors: Kanemaru Nao , Watanabe Hama , Kihara Hideki , Nakano Hisako , Takaya Rieko , Nakamura Tomohiko , Nakano Junji , Taga Gentaro , Konishi Yukuo
Published: April 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of spontaneous movements in preterm infants at term age and developmental delay at 3 years of age.

Method

We analysed video recordings of the spontaneous movements in the supine position of 124 preterm infants (44 males, 80 females) at 36 to 44 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). The infants were born preterm (22–36wks PMA; birthweight 489–1696g) and had not received a diagnosis of a neurological or developmental disorder by the age of 3 years. The recorded spontaneous movements were quantified using six movement indices, which were calculated from two‐dimensional trajectories of all limbs. The infants were divided into three developmental groups, normal, borderline, or delayed, based on their developmental quotient as calculated using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 (Kyoto Scale) at 3 years of age. Group differences in the movement indices were analysed.

Results

In the delayed group, average velocity of arms and legs were significantly lower (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively), the numbers of movement units of arms and legs were significantly lower (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively), kurtosis of acceleration of arms and legs was significantly higher (p<0.05 in each case), and correlation between limb velocities was higher (p<0.05) than in the normal group.

Interpretation

In children who exhibited developmental delay at 3 years of age, the spontaneous movements at term age can be described as less active with intermittent occurrences of abrupt and synchronized movements of the limbs. Recognition of these characteristics of spontaneous movements at term age may be used as a predictor for subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in preterm infants.
Prognostic Role of Myocardial Performance Index on Long‐Term Survival after Heart Transplantation: A Prospective Study
Authors: Frea Simone , Capriolo Michele , Bergamasco Laura , Iacovino Cristina , Quaglia Francesca Calì , Ribezzo Marco , Marra Walter Grosso , Boffini Massimo , Rinaldi Mauro , Morello Mara , Gaita Fiorenzo
Published: April 2013

The survival rate of heart transplant patients is increasing, underlying the need for accurate predictors of adverse events during clinical follow‐up. Myocardial performance index (MPI) is a Doppler‐derived index of combined systolic and diastolic function: we assessed the prognostic role of MPI in survival of patients >1 year after heart transplantation (HT). A total of 152 consecutive HT patients referred to our institution were enrolled in this prospective study. Primary endpoints were cardiac death and a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). During follow‐up (69 ± 22 months), 68 (44.7%) patients had an adverse event and 20 (13.15%) patients died. Patients with MACE during follow‐up showed lower EF (57.3 ± 9.3 vs. 63 ± 6.1; P < 0.001) and higher MPI (0.45 ± 0.19 vs. 0.31 ± 0.13; P < 0.001) at enrolment. MPI and EF were independently related to MACE (OR = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–5.1; and OR = 6.6; 95% CI = 3.5–11.2, respectively) and showed strong diagnostic power (MPI: receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area = 79%, with 79% sensitivity and 81% specificity; EF: ROC area = 77%, with 54% sensitivity and 91% specificity) in the subsequent year. Patients with EF > 50% and MPI < 0.45 at enrolment showed 75% event‐free survival 5 years after HT. In HT patients, MPI combined with EF was an accurate means of predicting long‐term adverse events.
Effects of climate warming on host–parasitoid interactions
Authors: JEFFS CHRISTOPHER T. , LEWIS OWEN T.
Published: April 2013

Parasitoids are key regulators of the population dynamics of their arthropod hosts, are integral to the structure and dynamics of food webs, and provide ecosystem services by suppressing agricultural pests. Despite their ecological and functional importance, relatively few studies have considered the effects of a warming climate on host–parasitoid interactions.

The three primary modes through which parasitoids might respond to a warming climate are by (i) shifting distributions into cooler environments, (ii) altering phenology, and (iii) adjusting to persist in situ through phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary adaptation.

Here, we focus on examples of altered distributions and phenology in response to climate warming. We suggest that the responses of parasitoids to elevated temperatures and the population dynamic consequences for their hosts will be linked to two key traits: the dispersal ability of both partners, and the host specificity of parasitoids.

Effects of climate warming on host–parasitoid interactions will be complicated by interactions with other co‐occurring environmental changes, such as elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and to interactions with competitors, mutualists, and antagonists. These factors will complicate efforts to generate predictive models of host–parasitoid interactions, for example in the context of the ecosystem service of biological pest control.
Striatal modulation of BDNF expression using microRNA124a‐expressing lentiviral vectors impairs ethanol‐induced conditioned‐place preference and voluntary alcohol consumption
Authors: Bahi Amine , Dreyer Jean‐Luc
Published: April 2013

Alcohol abuse is a major health, economic and social concern in modern societies, but the exact molecular mechanisms underlying ethanol addiction remain elusive. Recent findings show that small non‐coding microRNA (miRNA) signaling contributes to complex behavioral disorders including drug addiction. However, the role of miRNAs in ethanol‐induced conditioned‐place preference (CPP) and voluntary alcohol consumption has not yet been directly addressed. Here, we assessed the expression profile of miR124a in the dorsal striatum of rats upon ethanol intake. The results show that miR124a was downregulated in the dorso‐lateral striatum (DLS) following alcohol drinking. Then, we identified brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a direct target of miR124a. In fact, BDNF mRNA was upregulated following ethanol drinking. We used lentiviral vector (LV) gene transfer technology to further address the role of miR124a and its direct target BDNF in ethanol‐induced CPP and alcohol consumption. Results reveal that stereotaxic injection of LV‐miR124a in the DLS enhances ethanol‐induced CPP as well as voluntary alcohol consumption in a two‐bottle choice drinking paradigm. Moreover, miR124a‐silencer (LV‐siR124a) as well as LV‐BDNF infusion in the DLS attenuates ethanol‐induced CPP as well as voluntary alcohol consumption. Importantly, LV‐miR124a, LV‐siR124a and LV‐BDNF have no effect on saccharin and quinine intake. Our findings indicate that striatal miR124a and BDNF signaling have crucial roles in alcohol consumption and ethanol conditioned reward.
Effect of metalloporphyrins on red autofluorescence from oral bacteria
Authors: Volgenant Catherine M. C. , van der Veen Monique H. , de Soet Johannes J. , ten Cate Jacob M.
Published: April 2013

The aim of this study was to assess the red autofluorescence from bacterial species related to dental caries and periodontitis in the presence of different nutrients in the growth medium. Bacteria were grown anaerobically on tryptic soy agar (TSA) supplemented with nutrients, including magnesium‐porphyrins from spinach and iron‐porphyrins from heme. The autofluorescence was then assessed at 405 nm excitation. On the TSA without additives, no autofluorescence was observed from any of the species tested. On the TSA containing sheep blood, red autofluorescence was observed only from Parvimonas micra. When the TSA was supplemented with blood, hemin, and vitamin K, red autofluorescence was observed from Actinomyces naeslundii, Bifidobacterium dentium, and Streptococcus mutans. Finally, on the TSA supplemented with spinach extract, red autofluorescence was observed from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, A. naeslundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus salivarius, S. mutans, and Veillonella parvula. We conclude that the bacteria related to dental caries and periodontal disease exhibit red autofluorescence. The autofluorescence characteristics of the tested strains depended on the nutrients present, such as metalloporphyrins, suggesting that the metabolic products of the oral biofilm could be responsible for red autofluorescence.
Oral health and welfare state regimes: a cross‐national analysis of European countries
Authors: Guarnizo‐Herreño Carol C. , Tsakos Georgios , Sheiham Aubrey , Watt Richard G.
Published: April 2013

Very little is known about the potential relationship between welfare state regimes and oral health. This study assessed the oral health of adults in a range of European countries clustered by welfare regimes according to Ferrera's typology and the complementary Eastern type. We analysed data from Eurobarometer wave 72.3, a cross‐sectional survey of 31 European countries carried out in 2009. We evaluated three self‐reported oral health outcomes: edentulousness, no functional dentition (<20 natural teeth), and oral impacts on daily living. Age‐standardized prevalence rates were estimated for each country and for each welfare state regime. The Scandinavian regime showed lower prevalence rates for all outcomes. For edentulousness and no functional dentition, there were higher prevalence rates in the Eastern regime but no significant differences between Anglo‐Saxon, Bismarckian, and Southern regimes. The Southern regime presented a higher prevalence of oral impacts on daily living. Results by country indicated that Sweden had the lowest prevalences for edentulousness and no functional dentition, and Denmark had the lowest prevalence for oral impacts. The results suggest that Scandinavian welfare states, with more redistributive and universal welfare policies, had better population oral health. Future research should provide further insights about the potential mechanisms through which welfare‐state regimes would influence oral health.