bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análisis de las causas endógenas y exógenas del abandono escolar temprano: una investigación cualitativa
Authors: Romero Sánchez Eduardo , Hernández Pedreño Manuel
Published: November 2018

Introducción: La situación laboral y educativa de los jóvenes es objeto de especial preocupación por parte de gobiernos y organismos internacionales, ya que afecta a cuestiones tan importantes como la cohesión social, la desigualdad, el modelo educativo, la productividad y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de protección social. En este sentido, el abandono escolar representa, actualmente, una de las problemáticas socioeducativas de mayor relevancia y un indicador determinante en el éxito de las políticas educativas. La tasa de abandono escolar temprano en España se sitúa en 2016 en el 19%, dato muy superior al de la media de la UE-28 (10,7%), pese al descenso en los últimos años; y aún lejano al objetivo del 15% marcado en la Estrategia Europea 2020. Método: A partir de esta realidad, desde el Observatorio de la Exclusión Social de la Universidad de Murcia se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo con el propósito de analizar y comprender los procesos de abandono y retorno escolar de jóvenes de la Región de Murcia de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 34 años. En concreto, se realizó una amplia revisión de estudios recientes que abordan este fenómeno en España mediante fuentes primarias, al tiempo que se aplicaron, como fuentes propias, tres técnicas cualitativas: historias de vida (24), entrevistas a profesionales (16) y grupo de discusión (1). Resultados y Discusión: Se realizó un análisis de las principales causas del abandono escolar, teniendo en cuenta la vinculación directa, o no, con el estudiante, siendo clasificadas a su vez en los distintos ámbitos que las conforman: endógenas (personal y relacional) y exógenas (estructural e institucional). Los resultados muestran que el conocimiento sobre los determinantes del abandono escolar temprano está mediado por la técnica de investigación empleada (encuesta, entrevista, historia de vida) y por el tipo de informante seleccionado (estudiantes, educadores, profesionales, padres).
El aprendizaje de las mujeres sobre internet y redes sociales: validación y resultados generales de una escala
Authors: Vico-Bosch Alba , Rebollo-Catalán Ángeles
Published: November 2018

Informes y políticas de inclusión digital a nivel internacional ponen el acento en la importancia de aumentar el protagonismo de las mujeres en la sociedad del conocimiento promoviendo sus capacidades en el uso de internet y las redes sociales. Este trabajo presenta tres escalas que sirven para medir su aprendizaje y algunos resultados preliminares obtenidos con las mismas. Aplicamos sendas escalas compuestas por 10 ítems cada una, que miden motivos, estrategias y recursos de aprendizaje respectivamente a 1.340 mujeres españolas de 18 a 65 años seleccionadas mediante un muestreo estratificado por cuotas considerando la edad y la situación laboral.Los resultados indican una óptima validez de constructo y un alto índice de fiabilidad de las tres escalas (motivos, α = .890; estrategias, α = .900; y recursos, α = .872). Los resultados muestran que las mujeres aprenden a usar las redes sociales e internet por una amplia heterogeneidad de motivos, destacando a nivel específico la realización de gestiones administrativas, el desarrollo de hobbies o la gestión de su formación. También encontramos que las mujeres despliegan una variedad de estrategias usando más frecuentemente acciones de aprendizaje autónomo con apoyo en amigos y familiares, la consulta de webs y videotutoriales, observando cómo lo hacen otras personas y experimentando con la propia tecnología. En conclusión, las escalas se muestran valiosas para conocer cómo aprenden las mujeres sobre internet y las redes sociales. Este estudio abre el camino para repensar la oferta formativa encaminada a aumentar la visibilidad y protagonismo de las mujeres en la sociedad del conocimiento, considerando la naturaleza y diversidad del aprendizaje.
Vindicación de la escuela como espacio para el desarrollo de experiencias democráticas: aproximación conceptual a las prácticas morales de reconocimiento y respeto
Authors: Thoilliez Bianca
Published: November 2018

Vindicación, es el acto o el efecto de vindicar y se vindica de algo cuando se defiende, especialmente por escrito, a algo o a alguien que ha sido injuriado, calumniado o injustamente tratado. Es cierto que quizá hoy estemos más acostumbrados a utilizar el verbo “reivindicar”, pero en este trabajo no se tratará solo de argumentar a favor de algo o de alguien, sino de defender algo, en este caso la escuela. Este trabajo mantiene que la escuela, las especiales condiciones espaciales y temporales que ofrece, la convierten en un lugar propicio en el que cultivar dos prácticas morales que encontramos fundamentales para la posibilidad, la continuidad y la extensión de la democracia a través de las prácticas morales reconocimiento y respeto. Tras aclarar a qué nos referiremos por “prácticas morales”, para el desarrollo del contenido conceptual de cada una de estas prácticas se recurre a algunas ideas de Axel Honneth y Richard Sennett. Se espera con ello aportar argumentos de peso para recordar cómo la institución escolar es, por sus peculiares características, lugar preferente para la inmersión en estas prácticas morales fundantes para las experiencias de vida democrática.
Histoire militaire et politique étrangère : les fondements de la reconstruction néoconservatrice du nationalisme canadien
Authors: Dorion-Soulié Manuel , Massie Justin , Vézina Valérie
Published: November 2018

De 2006 à 2015, Stephen Harper a cherché à redéfinir l’identité canadienne en remplaçant le nationalisme libéral par un nationalisme néoconservateur. S’inspirant des « études du nationalisme », cet article propose trois conditions nécessaires à l’émergence d’un nouveau nationalisme : sentiment d’exclusion sociopolitique ; mobilisation politique de ce sentiment ; redécouverte et réinterprétation de l’histoire nationale. L’article explore cette dernière condition, soulignant l’importance de la politique étrangère et de l’histoire militaire dans la reconstruction du nationalisme canadien par le Parti conservateur sous Harper. L’analyse des travaux de Jack Granatstein montre que celui-ci a contribué à « redécouvrir » un passé national dont le projet identitaire néoconservateur s’est inspiré.
Comment faire communauté autrement au sein de l’État anglodominant canadien ? Le cas des Fransaskois
Authors: Dubois1 Janique
Published: November 2018

Éparpillés sur un vaste territoire majoritairement anglophone, les Fransaskois partagent un désir de « faire communauté », c’est-à-dire de vivre une vie pleine en français aux côtés de leurs voisins anglophones. Comment cette « petite » communauté envisage-t-elle de faire communauté au sein de l’État anglodominant canadien ? À partir d’une analyse qualitative de discours, ce texte cherche à définir les aspirations politiques des Fransaskois. L’analyse révèle une volonté persistante de renverser le rapport de domination entre la communauté fransaskoise et l’État. Le désir des Fransaskois d’exercer un contrôle sur leur destinée s’exprime non seulement par la réorientation des revendications politiques de leurs leaders, mais aussi par la restructuration périodique de leurs structures et processus de gouvernance.
L’apprentissage et la pratique de l’écriture scientifique aux études supérieures
Authors: Benoit Maude
Published: November 2018

Qui n’a pas déjà entendu l’expression « une bonne thèse est une thèse finie » ? La popularité de cette formule tient probablement au fait qu’elle résume en peu de mots le constat qu’il ne suffit pas d’avoir des réflexions intéressantes pour réussir un mémoire ou une thèse, mais qu’il faut surtout être capable de coucher sur papier ses idées pour mener à terme son projet. Or, nombreux sont les étudiant·e·s qui rencontrent des difficultés au moment d’écrire. Ce court article explore les défis que pose l’apprentissage de la rédaction aux cycles supérieurs et propose des solutions pratiques pour surmonter la procrastination et le syndrome de la page blanche, mais surtout pour encourager les étudiant·e·s à devenir des écrivain·e·s qui réussiront à mettre un point final à leur manuscrit.
Belastende livsvilkår: Pejlemærker for personalets møde med pårørende i psykiatrien
Authors: Eckardt Jens Peter
Published: November 2018

This article aims to nuance the caregiver burden due to the patient's mental disorder and problems based on review of psychiatric literature in the field. The presentation on impact of care may hopefully serve as benchmark for psychiatry staff in the meeting with relatives. With proper knowledge of caregiver living conditions, staff can address their understanding, the approaches and methods more effectively than it seems to occur today.
Shifting from meaning to its carrier: A common denominator for three strains of humour
Authors: Aharoni Ron
Published: November 2018

Incongruity theories maintain that the core of humour is in interplay between meanings. Two incompatible meanings – of situations, verbal utterances or actions – are juxtaposed, one replacing the other or colliding with it. In this paper, I suggest that often the game is not played between two meanings, but between meaning and its carrier. I provide as examples two families of jokes and one general type of humour sharing this mechanism. One of the two families comprises jokes of self-reference, and the other consists of jokes based on deflation of symbols, which means using them in a concrete sense. The general type of humour is the subject of Bergson’s 1900 theory of the comic, mechanical behaviour where flexible human reaction is expected. The mechanism common to all three is a shift of weight from meaning to its carrier. This mechanism is then traced also in other jokes, suggesting possible universality
The use of humor by therapists and clients in cognitive therapy
Authors: Dionigi Alberto , Canestrari Carla
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate several aspects of humour in cognitive therapy. Eight first therapy sessions were examined and seven examples of humour originating from the therapists or the clients are reported: three represent examples of humour initiated by the client, while four are representative of humour initiated by the therapist. This research focuses on the use of humour in psychotherapy and provides evidence that when the clients initiated humour, the therapists responded in three different ways, namely, by aligning themselves with the client, disaligning themselves, or by using a strategy comprising both alignment and disalignment. Diversely, in cases in which the therapist initiated humour, four different forms of humour were identified (i.e. rhetorical humour, humour relating to a surrealistic meaning, role shifting and humour relating to register). In these cases, the clients always laughed, thereby signaling their support. An analysis of these cases demonstrates that humour is an easily integrated therapeutic tool which may be used to favour positive changes.
Blasticidin-S deaminase, a new selection marker for genetic transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Buck Jochen M. , Río Bártulos Carolina , Gruber Ansgar , Kroth Peter G.
Published: November 2018

Most genetic transformation protocols for the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum rely on one of two available antibiotics as selection markers: Zeocin (a formulation of phleomycin D1) or nourseothricin. This limits the number of possible consecutive genetic transformations that can be performed. In order to expand the biotechnological possibilities for P. tricornutum, we searched for additional antibiotics and corresponding resistance genes that might be suitable for use with this diatom. Among the three different antibiotics tested in this study, blasticidin-S and tunicamycin turned out to be lethal to wild-type cells at low concentrations, while voriconazole had no detectable effect on P. tricornutum. Testing the respective resistance genes, we found that the blasticidin-S deaminase gene (bsr) effectively conferred resistance against blasticidin-S to P. tricornutum. Furthermore, we could show that expression of bsr did not lead to cross-resistances against Zeocin or nourseothricin, and that genetically transformed cell lines with resistance against Zeocin or nourseothricin were not resistant against blasticidin-S. In a proof of concept, we also successfully generated double resistant (against blasticidin-S and nourseothricin) P. tricornutum cell lines by co-delivering the bsr vector with a vector conferring nourseothricin resistance to wild-type cells.
Integration of phylogenomics and molecular modeling reveals lineage-specific diversification of toxins in scorpions
Authors: Santibáñez-López Carlos E. , Kriebel Ricardo , Ballesteros Jesús A. , Rush Nathaniel , Witter Zachary , Williams John , Janies Daniel A. , Sharma Prashant P.
Published: November 2018

Scorpions have evolved a variety of toxins with a plethora of biological targets, but characterizing their evolution has been limited by the lack of a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis of scorpion relationships grounded in modern, genome-scale datasets. Disagreements over scorpion higher-level systematics have also incurred challenges to previous interpretations of venom families as ancestral or derived. To redress these gaps, we assessed the phylogenomic relationships of scorpions using the most comprehensive taxonomic sampling to date. We surveyed genomic resources for the incidence of calcins (a type of calcium channel toxin), which were previously known only from 16 scorpion species. Here, we show that calcins are diverse, but phylogenetically restricted only to parvorder Iurida, one of the two basal branches of scorpions. The other branch of scorpions, Buthida, bear the related LKTx toxins (absent in Iurida), but lack calcins entirely. Analysis of sequences and molecular models demonstrates remarkable phylogenetic inertia within both calcins and LKTx genes. These results provide the first synapomorphies (shared derived traits) for the recently redefined clades Buthida and Iurida, constituting the only known case of such traits defined from the morphology of molecules.
Knowledge Building on Climate Change among Women in Flood-Prone Communities in Cotabato City
Authors: Gayak Estelita
Published: November 2018

According to the United Nations (UN), disaster situations such as flooding in South and East Asia are increasingly linked to climate change, and the greater vulnerability of women is most striking. Women typically outnumber men by 14 to 1 among those dying from natural disaster. Due to the scarcity of studies which document knowledge building on climate change among women particularly in flood-prone communities in Cotabato City prompted the researcher to conduct this study. Using an exploratory research design, 289 respondents were interviewed using questionnaires. Mean, frequency, and percentage were also utilized. Findings revealed that six out of seven women had heard about climate change and all have experienced its serious effects. Women had moderate knowledge on climate change. There was a significant difference in womenâ€™s knowledge when grouped according to age, educational attainment, and length of stay in the community. Women have some correct understanding of the issue yet they have misconceptions about the scientific causes and effects of climate change. Hence, the DepEd and CHED must ensure the integration of climate change and its full implementation in the basic education and the new tertiary general education curricula. This mechanism will ensure the building of knowledge and capacity of the youth on climate change.
Values or Activity: Reality on Early Sexual Encounter among Adolescents in Zamboanga Peninsula
Authors: Cristino Mark Angelo , Catalan Jed Patrick , Duyaguit Josephine
Published: November 2018

The burgeoning teen-pregnancy annually with victims getting younger is a severely endless problem that hitherto is superficially understood in its real context. This study aimed to determine and intensely focus on the factors that influence early sexual encounters (ESE) to both adolescent boys and girls in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines. To understand the underlying real phenomenological complexities, a mixed method, specifically the Sequential Explanatory was utilized. Data were first gathered and analyzed through a cross-sectional correlational survey; followed by a Focus Group Discussion represented by the teen-dads, teen-moms, parents, and teachers. Correlational analysis showed that socio-economic and sexual desire factors were significant. However, when re-explored using qualitative research, analyzed through Mayring’s Qualitative Content Analysis, economic status has no direct influential pattern to early engagement in sexual activities. For them, thematically, the quality of parental role in value formation was crucial. Given this shift, a schematic diagram was developed why teenagers nowadays engage too early sexual encounters: 1) seeking the parental role, 2) blinded to values, and 3) tearful regrets. Thus, through this realization, a proposed intervention of encapsulating culture, values, and parental involvement in the teaching strategies in the sex-education curriculum is timely.
Exploring Students' Level of Conceptual Understanding on Periodicity
Authors: Necor Dexter
Published: November 2018

Nowadays, many science studies motivated on addressing the conceptual understanding particularly in chemistry that soon may affect students' academic performance. This study covered the level of conceptual understanding on the trends of the periodic table of elements and the type of conceptual change before and after the exposure of interventions. The qualitative and quantitative research method were used in the study. Respondents were Grade 10 high school students. Frequency, percentage, and t-test were the statistical tools applied to answer specific questions. Results revealed that most students have an ambiguous conceptual understanding.  The trends in ionization energy (I.E.) noted the highest misconception statements followed by the trends in atomic radius (A.R.).  The trends in electron affinity (E.A.); formation of cation and anion (I.R.); and electronegativity (E.) were also least understood by the students. After interventions, there is a marked increase in students who progressed from misconception (MU) to full understanding (FU). This is prevalent on the trends in atomic radius, followed by the trends in electron affinity and the formation of ions.  The use of varied activities such as visualizing and multimedia tools; small-group discussions; and concept mapping have a vital positive outcome in their progression. Ergo, science teachers should vary their teaching strategies to address and correct students' conceptual obstacles in learning chemistry concepts.
As políticas para as artes e a Fundação Nacional de Artes: 2003-2016
Authors: Nussbaumer Gisele
Published: November 2018

O artigo busca contribuir para a reflexão sobre as políticas para as artes no Brasil e o papel da Fundação Nacional de Artes (Funarte) enquanto órgão responsável, no governo federal, pelo desenvolvimento de políticas públicas nesse âmbito. Discute-se, a partir de entrevistas realizadas com gestores e ex-gestores, articuladores e consultores da Funarte e do Ministério da Cultura (MinC), o processo de construção da Política Nacional das Artes (PNA) e as questões mais importantes nele apontadas, como o fomento para as artes, a difusão, os marcos legais, a gestão da Funarte e o lugar que a instituição vem ocupando em termos de reconhecimento.
Fomento à cultura no Brasil - desafios e oportunidades
Authors: Almeida Armando , Beyrodt Paiva Neto Carlos
Published: November 2018

O presente texto apresenta um breve histórico das políticas de fomento à cultura no Brasil. Analisa os limites do modelo atual de fomento, discorre sobre as mudanças ocorridas a partir dos anos 2000 e relata experiências realizadas no âmbito do governo federal e pelos governos estaduais e municipais, que poderiam ser melhor aproveitadas; e aponta alternativas possíveis para a constituição de políticas de fomento com capacidade de lidar mais adequadamente com a complexidade do campo cultural e artístico. Conclui destacando os benefícios da articulação federativa para as políticas de financiamento à cultura.
SCFβ‐TrCP ubiquitinates CHK1 in an AMPK‐dependent manner in response to glucose deprivation
Authors: Ma Ying , Cui Danrui , Xiong Xiufang , Inuzuka Hiroyuki , Wei Wenyi , Sun Yi , North Brian J. , Zhao Yongchao
Published: November 2018

The ATR/CHK1 pathway is a key effector of cellular response to DNA damage and therefore is a critical regulator of genomic stability. While the ATR/CHK1 pathway is often inactivated by mutations, CHK1 itself is rarely mutated in human cancers. Thus, cellular levels of CHK1 likely play a key role in the maintenance of genomic stability and preventing tumorigenesis. Glucose deprivation is observed in many solid tumors due to high glycolytic rates of cancer cells and insufficient vascularization, yet cancer cells have devised mechanisms to survive in conditions of low glucose. Although CHK1 degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway following glucose deprivation has been previously reported, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that CHK1 is ubiquitinated and degraded upon glucose deprivation by the Skp1‐Cullin‐F‐box (β‐TrCP) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Specifically, CHK1 contains a β‐TrCP recognizable degron domain, which is phosphorylated by AMPK in response to glucose deprivation, allowing for β‐TrCP to recognize CHK1 for subsequent ubiquitination and degradation. Our results provide a novel mechanism by which glucose metabolism regulates a DNA damage effector, and imply that glucose deprivation, which is often found in solid tumor microenvironments, may enhance mutagenesis, clonal expansion, and tumor progression by triggering CHK1 degradation.
Single Crystal Growth of the High Temperature Superconducting Cuprates
Authors: Erb Andreas
Published: November 2018

The excitement of finding compounds with critical temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen triggered unprecedented research activities and an enormous number of publications. However, progress in understanding the physical properties of the cuprate high‐temperature superconductors was intimately connected with the progress achieved in single crystal growth over more than 20 years of their existence. In fact, many of the experimental findings from the early days of research into cuprate superconductors have in turn to be revisited due to inadequate crystal quality in the early period of crystal preparation.
Practical Design of High‐Temperature Superconducting Current Leads
Authors: Demko Jonathan A.
Published: November 2018

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Cryogenic Copper Properties

Thermally Optimized Current Lead in a Vacuum

Nonoptimal Operation

Vapor‐ or Forced Flow‐Cooled Current Leads

Refrigeration Requirements

Short‐Duration Overcurrent Heating
Calibration strategies for use of the nanoDot OSLD in CT applications
Authors: Scarboro Sarah B. , Cody Dianna , Stingo Francesco C. , Alvarez Paola , Followill David , Court Laurence , Zhang Di , McNitt‐Gray Michael , Kry Stephen F.
Published: November 2018

Aluminum oxide based optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLD) have been recognized as a useful dosimeter for measuring CT dose, particularly for patient dose measurements. Despite the increasing use of this dosimeter, appropriate dosimeter calibration techniques have not been established in the literature; while the manufacturer offers a calibration procedure, it is known to have relatively large uncertainties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate two clinical approaches for calibrating these dosimeters for CT applications, and to determine the uncertainty associated with measurements using these techniques. Three unique calibration procedures were used to calculate dose for a range of CT conditions using a commercially available OSLD and reader. The three calibration procedures included calibration (a) using the vendor‐provided method, (b) relative to a 120 kVp CT spectrum in air, and (c) relative to a megavoltage beam (implemented with 60Co). The dose measured using each of these approaches was compared to dose measured using a calibrated farmer‐type ion chamber. Finally, the uncertainty in the dose measured using each approach was determined. For the CT and megavoltage calibration methods, the dose measured using the OSLD nanoDot was within 5% of the dose measured using an ion chamber for a wide range of different CT scan parameters (80–140 kVp, and with measurements at a range of positions). When calibrated using the vendor‐recommended protocol, the OSLD measured doses were on average 15.5% lower than ion chamber doses. Two clinical calibration techniques have been evaluated and are presented in this work as alternatives to the vendor‐provided calibration approach. These techniques provide high precision for OSLD‐based measurements in a CT environment.
Observer‐based adaptive optimal output containment control problem of linear heterogeneous Multiagent systems with relative output measurements
Authors: Mazouchi Majid , Naghibi‐Sistani Mohammad Bagher , Hosseini Sani Seyed Kamal , Tatari Farzaneh , Modares Hamidreza
Published: November 2018

This paper develops a relative output‐feedback–based solution to the containment control of linear heterogeneous multiagent systems. A distributed optimal control protocol is presented for the followers to not only assure that their outputs fall into the convex hull of the leaders' output but also optimizes their transient performance. The proposed optimal solution is composed of a feedback part, depending of the followers' state, and a feed‐forward part, depending on the convex hull of the leaders' state. To comply with most real‐world applications, the feedback and feed‐forward states are assumed to be unavailable and are estimated using two distributed observers. That is, a distributed observer is designed to measure each agent's states using only its relative output measurements and the information that it receives by its neighbors. Another adaptive distributed observer is designed, which uses exchange of information between followers over a communication network to estimate the convex hull of the leaders' state. The proposed observer relaxes the restrictive requirement of having access to the complete knowledge of the leaders' dynamics by all the followers. An off‐policy reinforcement learning algorithm on an actor‐critic structure is next developed to solve the optimal containment control problem online, using relative output measurements and without requiring the leaders' dynamics. Finally, the theoretical results are verified by numerical simulations.
Ionic Modulation of Interfacial Magnetism in Light Metal/Ferromagnetic Insulator Layered Nanostructures
Authors: Guan Mengmeng , Wang Lei , Zhao Shishun , Peng Bin , Su Wei , He Zhexi , Dong Guohua , Min Tai , Ma Jing , Hu Zhongqiang , Ren Wei , Ye Zuo‐Guang , Nan Ce‐Wen , Zhou Ziyao , Liu Ming
Published: November 2018

Ferromagnetic insulator thin film nanostructures are becoming the key component of the state‐of‐the‐art spintronic devices, for instance, yttrium iron garnet (YIG) with low damping, high Curie temperature, and high resistivity is explored into many spin–orbit interactions related spintronic devices. Voltage modulation of YIG, with great practical/theoretical significance, thus can be widely applied in various YIG‐based spintronics effects. Nevertheless, to manipulate ferromagnetism of YIG through electric field (E‐field), instead of current, in an energy efficient manner is essentially challenging. Here, a YIG/Cu/Pt layered nanostructure with a weak spin–orbit coupling interaction is fabricated, and then the interfacial magnetism of the Cu and YIG is modified via ionic liquid gating method significantly. A record‐high E‐field‐induced ferromagnetic resonance field shift of 1400 Oe is achieved in YIG (17 nm)/Cu (5 nm)/Pt (3 nm)/ionic liquid/Au capacitor layered nanostructures with a small voltage bias of 4.5 V. The giant magnetoelectric tunability comes from voltage‐induced extra ferromagnetic ordering in Cu layer, confirmed by the first‐principle calculation. This E‐field modulation of interfacial magnetism between light metal and magnetic isolator may open a door toward compact, high‐performance, and energy‐efficient spintronic devices.
Controllable Synthesis of Nanosized Amorphous MoSx Using Temporally Shaped Femtosecond Laser for Highly Efficient Electrochemical Hydrogen Production
Authors: Li Bo , Jiang Lan , Li Xin , Cheng Zhihua , Ran Peng , Zuo Pei , Qu Liangti , Zhang Jiatao , Lu Yongfeng
Published: November 2018

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide (a‐MoSx) is regarded as a promising electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its disorder structures with a significant number of defect‐rich active sites. Here, a green, one‐step, and controllable method is developed to photoregulate the chemical reactions and synthesize nanosized a‐MoSx by temporally shaped femtosecond laser ablation of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate aqueous solution. By adjusting the laser energy and pulse delay to control photoinduced and/or photothermal‐induced reduction/oxidation, the S to Mo ratio x can be modulated from 1.53 to 3.07 and the ratio of the MoV defect species, bridging S22−, and terminal S22− ligands can be controlled. The optimized a‐MoSx catalysts (x = 2.73) exhibit high catalytic activity with a low Tafel slope of 40 mV dec−1, high double‐layer capacitance of 74.47 mF cm−2, and large current density of 516 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 250 mV. The high catalytic activity can be mainly attributed to MoV defect species and bridging S22− ligands, or most likely dominated by the MoV defect species. This study not only provides an alternatively controllable method to prepare a‐MoSx as efficient HER catalysts but also contributes to the understanding of the origin of its catalytic activity.
High‐Efficiency Low‐Resistance Oil‐Mist Coalescence Filtration Using Fibrous Filters with Thickness‐Direction Asymmetric Wettability
Authors: Wei Xin , Zhou Hua , Chen Feng , Wang Hongxia , Ji Zhongli , Lin Tong
Published: November 2018

Conventional aerosol filters typically have homogeneous wettability with limited filtration ability especially for small oil mists. Increasing filtration efficiency using thicker filter pad or finer fibers both result in considerable increase of pressure drop, which adversely increases energy consumption. It remains a challenge to develop effective filter materials that can effectively remove oil mists from air at a low flow resistance. Here, a novel concept about improving oil mist filtration efficiency without apparently increasing pressure drop using a fibrous filter with asymmetric wettability across the thickness is demonstrated. Dip‐coating and single‐side electrospraying are used to make fibrous filter have a homogeneous superoleophobicity or directional oil‐transport function. When the two are combined together, they show a filtration efficiency as high as 99.45% for small oil mists (size 0.01–0.8 µm) and nearly 100% for large oil mists (size 0.5–20 µm) with a pressure drop of 9.29 kPa. With the same thickness and fibrous structure, our directional oil‐transport/superoleophobic filter has higher quality factor than those with homogeneous oleophilic, superoleophobic, and asymmetric wettability of other superoleophilic/superoleophobic combinations, for both small and large oil mists. Directional oil transport‐superoleophobic filters may lead to a novel, high‐performance, low energy consumption oil mist separation technology.
An Ultrathin Ferroelectric Perovskite Oxide Layer for High‐Performance Hole Transport Material Free Carbon Based Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Yinglong , Liu Zhenghao , Ng Wai Kit , Zhang Lihua , Zhang Hua , Meng Xiangyue , Bai Yang , Xiao Shuang , Zhang Teng , Hu Chen , Wong Kam Sing , Yang Shihe
Published: November 2018

The hole transport material (HTM) free carbon based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) are promising for its manufactural simplicity, but they currently suffer from low power conversion efficiencies (PCE) largely because of the voltage loss. Here, a new strategy to increase the PCE by incorporating an ultrathin ferroelectric oxide PbTiO3 layer between the electron transport material and the halide perovskite is reported. The resulting C‐PSCs have achieved PCEs up to 16.37%, which is the highest record for HTM‐free C‐PSCs to date, mainly ascribable to the ferroelectric layer enhanced open circuit voltage. Detail measurements and analysis show an enhanced built‐in potential in the C‐PSCs as well as suppression of the non‐radiative recombination due to the ferroelectric PbTiO3 layer incorporation, accounting for the boosted VOC and photovoltaic performance.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cascade Annulation Reaction via C−H Activation of Azobenzenes with Terminal Alkynes: A Synthesis of Indolo[1,2‐b]cinnolines
Authors: Zhang Shuwei , Wang Biying , Jia Xiaodong , Yuan Yu
Published: November 2018

The approach for direct synthesis of Indolo[1,2‐b]cinnolines was first developed from azobenzenes and terminal alkynes by rhodium‐catalyzed cascade annulation reaction. In this reaction, the C−C and C−N bonds can be simultaneously constructed via C−H activation to afford the desired products in moderate to good yields.

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Graphitic Nitrogen and High‐Crystalline Triggered Strong Photoluminescence and Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in Carbonized Polymer Dots
Authors: Lu Siyu , Sui Laizhi , Wu Min , Zhu Shoujun , Yong Xue , Yang Bai
Published: November 2018

Carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) have great potential for bioimaging and biosensing owing to their low toxicity, low cost, resistance to photobleaching, and low environmental impact. Here, the hydrothermal condensation of biomolecules (l‐serine and l‐tryptophan) is used to vary the CPDs' inner structure from amorphous to lattice. A new type of carbon lattice CPD is thus demonstrated that is bright (the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is as high as 89.57%) and shows room‐temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM), with the magnetic moment increasing from 0.0025 emu g−1 in crosslinked polymer clusters to 0.021 emu g−1 in the latticed sample. Hydrothermal synthesis at 300 °C leads to a distinct type of CPD with an obvious carbon lattice, which shows the highest PLQY and the greatest ferromagnetism. Then, the origin of the RTFM is examined in the CPDs via first‐principles calculation, revealing that graphitic nitrogen triggers RTFM in CPDs. Moreover, a possible growth mechanism is suggested that includes kinetics as an important factor in the formation of the CPD crystallites. Overall, these findings identify graphitic nitrogen and high crystallinity as crucial to the enhancement of the CPDs' photoluminescence and room‐temperature ferromagnetism which suggests that they deserve more research attention to develop practical applications.
Homozygous splicing mutation in NUP133 causes Galloway–Mowat syndrome
Authors: Fujita Atsushi , Tsukaguchi Hiroyasu , Koshimizu Eriko , Nakazato Hitoshi , Itoh Kyoko , Kuraoka Shohei , Komohara Yoshihiro , Shiina Masaaki , Nakamura Shohei , Kitajima Mika , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Miyatake Satoko , Ogata Kazuhiro , Iijima Kazumoto , Matsumoto Naomichi , Miyake Noriko
Published: November 2018

Objective

Galloway–Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a neural and renal disorder, characterized by microcephaly, brain anomalies, and early onset nephrotic syndrome. Biallelic mutations in WDR73 and the 4 subunit genes of the KEOPS complex are reported to cause GAMOS. Furthermore, an identical homozygous NUP107 (nucleoporin 107kDa) mutation was identified in 4 GAMOS‐like families, although biallelic NUP107 mutations were originally identified in steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome. NUP107 and NUP133 (nucleoporin 133kDa) are interacting subunits of the nuclear pore complex in the nuclear envelope during interphase, and these proteins are also involved in centrosome positioning and spindle assembly during mitosis.

Methods

Linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing were performed in a previously reported GAMOS family with brain atrophy and steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Results

We identified a homozygous NUP133 mutation, c.3335‐11T>A, which results in the insertion of 9bp of intronic sequence between exons 25 and 26 in the mutant transcript. NUP133 and NUP107 interaction was impaired by the NUP133 mutation based on an immunoprecipitation assay. Importantly, focal cortical dysplasia type IIa was recognized in the brain of an autopsied patient and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was confirmed in the kidneys of the 3 examined patients. A nup133‐knockdown zebrafish model exhibited microcephaly, fewer neuronal cells, underdeveloped glomeruli, and fusion of the foot processes of the podocytes, which mimicked human GAMOS features. nup133 morphants could be rescued by human wild‐type NUP133 mRNA but not by mutant mRNA.

Interpretation

These data indicate that the biallelic NUP133 loss‐of‐function mutation causes GAMOS. Ann Neurol 2018;84:814–828
Helical Nanostructures: Chirality Transfer and a Photodriven Transformation from Superhelix to Nanokebab
Authors: Jiang Hejin , Jiang Yuqian , Han Jianlei , Zhang Li , Liu Minghua
Published: November 2018

Photosensitive cinnamic acid conjugated glutamides were designed to demonstrate photocontrolled hierarchical chirality transfer and switching in self‐assembled systems. In methanol, the cinnamic acid derivatives self‐assembled into superhelices, which could be switched into nanokebabs upon UV irradiation. These two nanostructures showed opposite helicity. The chiral nanostructures could further convey their chirality to achiral fluorescent molecules and result in the emission of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Remarkably, the CPL followed the helicity of the chiral nanostructure rather than the inherent molecular chirality. Photodriven dimerization of the cinnamic moiety lead to a significant change in molecular packing and subsequent switching of the helicity of the formed nanostructures.
Cyaarside (CAs−) and 1,3‐Diarsaallendiide (AsCAs2−) Ligands Coordinated to Uranium and Generated via Activation of the Arsaethynolate Ligand (OCAs−)
Authors: Hoerger Christopher J. , Heinemann Frank W. , Louyriac Elisa , Rigo Massimo , Maron Laurent , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Driess Matthias , Meyer Karsten
Published: November 2018

Reaction of the trivalent uranium complex [((Ad,MeArO)3N)U(DME)] with one molar equiv [Na(OCAs)(dioxane)3], in the presence of 2.2.2‐crypt, yields [Na(2.2.2‐crypt)][{((Ad,MeArO)3N)UIV(THF)}(μ‐O){((Ad,MeArO)3N)UIV(CAs)}] (1), the first example of a coordinated η1‐cyaarside ligand (CAs−). Formation of the terminal CAs− is promoted by the highly reducing, oxophilic UIII precursor [((Ad,MeArO)3N)U(DME)] and proceeds through reductive C−O bond cleavage of the bound arsaethynolate anion, OCAs−. If two equiv of OCAs− react with the UIII precursor, the binuclear, μ‐oxo‐bridged U2IV/IV complex [Na(2.2.2‐crypt)]2[{((Ad,MeArO)3N)UIV}2(μ‐O)(μ‐AsCAs)] (2), comprising the hitherto unknown μ:η1,η1‐coordinated (AsCAs)2− ligand, is isolated. The mechanistic pathway to 2 involves the decarbonylation of a dimeric intermediate formed in the reaction of 1 with OCAs−. An alternative pathway to complex 2 is by conversion of 1 via addition of one further equiv of OCAs−.
Helikale Multi‐Koordinations‐Anionenbindungskatalysatoren ermöglichen hoch enantioselektive Dearomatisierung von Pyryliumderivaten
Authors: Fischer Theresa , Bamberger Julia , Gómez‐Martínez Melania , Piekarski Dariusz G. , García Mancheño Olga
Published: November 2018

Eine allgemeine und hoch enantioselektive Synthese von Sauerstoffheterocyclen aus in situ leicht zugänglichen Pyryliumderivaten wurde durch einen multi‐koordinierenden Triazol‐basierten Anionenbindungskatalyse‐Ansatz realisiert. Die hohe Aktivität der helikalen Tetrakistriazolkatalysatoren (TetraTri) ermöglicht durch diverse Anionenbindungstaschen bemerkenswert niedrige Katalysatorbeladungen (bis zu 0.05 Mol%) und bietet einen einfachen Zugang zu chiralen Chromanonen und Dihydropyronen mit hohen Enantioselektivitäten (bis zu 98:2 e.r.). Darüber hinaus liefern experimentelle und theoretische Studien neue Einblicke in die H‐Donor‐Fähigkeit und wichtige Bindungswechselwirkungen der TetraTri‐Katalysatoren und ihrer Wirt‐Gast‐Komplexe, die auf die Bildung einer 1:3‐Spezies schließen lassen.
A Soybean Oil‐Based Adhesive and Its Application for Birdseed Binding
Authors: Fei Tao , Slagle Melissa Anne , Jarboe Darren H. , Wang Tong
Published: November 2018

Current birdseed binders are mainly based on animal protein and fat. However, exporting the seed cakes containing animal products to European countries can be difficult due to their import policies. A plant oil‐based adhesive may be capable of binding loose seeds together, enabling it to be used as an alternative to the animal protein‐based and fat‐based binders used currently and making the exportation possible. A soybean oil‐based adhesive was, therefore, synthesized and tested for birdseed binding in this study. The effects of the quantity of saturated fatty acylglycerols (i.e., fully hydrogenated soybean oil, FHSO) introduced into epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and a phosphoric acid (H3PO4) cross‐linker on product characteristics were investigated. Increased quantity of FHSO improved the glass transition point (Tg), hardness, and adhesion while further increasing the quantity led to various degrees of phase separation of the product. Increased quantity of H3PO4also improved hardness and adhesion of the binder. A binder‐MDAG (a mixture of mono and diacylglycerols at about a 1:1 ratio as a hardening agent) mixture (BMD) having an average hardness and adhesion of 4024 and 1197 g, respectively, was selected for seed binding. Seed cakes bound with 15 wt.% BMD were about twice as hard as gelatin‐bound ones. Storage of the BMD itself in open air led to increased hardness, adhesion, and melting point, and storage of the seed cakes bound by BMD in open air led to increased hardness and high temperature tolerance. Seed cakes bound with BMD also presented much better water resistance.
Use of Aggregation‐Induced Emission for Selective Detection of Phase Transformation during Evaporative Crystallization of Hexaphenylsilole
Authors: Ito Fuyuki , Oka Narumi
Published: November 2018

Crystallization of organic molecules is quite complicated because the crystallization process is governed by weak intermolecular interactions. By exploiting aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), we attempted to realize the selective detection of phase transformation during the evaporative crystallization of hexaphenylsilole (HPS), which shows different fluorescent colors in the amorphous and crystalline phases. No fluorescence emission was observed in the HPS solution immediately after dropping on the glass substrate due to the non‐radiative deactivation induced by intramolecular rotational or vibrational motion, suggesting that HPS exists as a monomer in solution. As time elapsed after dropping, green emission first appeared, which changed to blue after solvent evaporation, because of phase transformation from the amorphous state to the crystalline state. This phenomenon supports not only the two‐step nucleation model involving an intermediate such as a liquid‐like cluster prior to nucleation but also the real‐time detection of Ostwald's rule of stages during evaporative crystallization.
The maximum surplus in a finite‐time interval for a discrete‐time risk model with exchangeable, dependent claim occurrences
Authors: Gebizlioglu Omer L. , Eryilmaz Serkan
Published: November 2018

This paper investigates a discrete‐time risk model that involves exchangeable dependent loss generating claim occurrences and compound binomially distributed aggregate loss amounts. First, a general framework is presented to derive the distribution of a surplus sequence using the model. This framework is then applied to obtain the distribution of any function of a surplus sequence in a finite‐time interval. Specifically, the distribution of the maximum surplus is obtained under nonruin conditions. Based on this distribution, the computation of the minimum surplus distribution is given. Asset and risk management–oriented implications are discussed for the obtained distributions based on numerical evaluations. In addition, comparisons are made involving the corresponding results of the classical discrete‐time compound binomial risk model, for which claim occurrences are independent and identically distributed.
Strategy and Effects of Polyproline Peptide Stapling by Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Tseng Wen‐Hsiu , Li Meng‐Che , Horng Jia‐Cherng , Wang Sheng‐Kai
Published: November 2018

Polyproline is a unique type of peptide that has a stable, robust, and well‐defined helical structure in an aqueous environment. These features have allowed polyproline to be used as a nanosized scaffold for applications in chemical biology and related fields. To understand its structural properties and to expand the applications, this secondary structure was tested systematically by stapling the peptide at different locations with staples of various lengths. Using the efficient copper(I)‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition (CuAAC), we successfully prepared stapled polyproline and investigated the impact of this peptide macrocyclization through circular dichroism analysis. Whereas the stapling seems to have no significant effect on polyproline helix II (PPII) conformation in water, the location and the length of the staple affect the transformation of conformation in n‐propanol. These results provide valuable information for future research using peptide stapling to manipulate polyproline conformation for various applications.
Making universal trauma‐informed health care a reality: A pilot initiative to train future providers
Authors: Nandi Meghna , Puranam Sravanthi , Paccione‐Dyszlewski Margaret , VanDusen Harry , Elisseou Sadie
Published: November 2018

The medical field traditionally classifies “trauma” as acute physical injury, requiring immediate medical attention. Psychological trauma is a separate entity, traditionally viewed as under the purview of behavioral health. Although mental health providers have expertise in treating the consequences of psychological trauma, medical providers can also play a distinct role in addressing the impact of such trauma on patients' health. Medical providers often work in settings where patients with anxiety, depression, chronic pain, or other pathologies related to underlying trauma may first interact with the health care sector, such as a primary care clinic or an emergency room.
Study of an Annular Photoreactor with Tangential Inlet and Outlet. II. The UV/H2O2 Reactive Flow
Authors: Peres José Carlos G. , Tambani Pamela C. , Teixeira Antonio Carlos S. C. , Guardani Roberto , Vianna Ardson dos S.
Published: November 2018

The concentration profiles of species involved in the degradation of phenol by an advanced oxidation process (AOP) are modeled by a computational fluid dynamics tool in an annular reactor whose fluid dynamics was the object of a previous study. The reactive flow was fully described together with the radiation field and the kinetic model, which encompasses large kinetic constants such as 1010 L mol−1s−1. Phenol degradation can be simulated by using relaxation factors of at least 1012 kg m−3s−1. The hydroxyl radical concentration profile depends on the radiation field, assessed by the discrete ordinate and the discrete transfer methods. Phenol can be completely degraded along the reactor. A centrifugal effect was observed, with higher concentrations of degradation products along the inner wall at the reactor outlet.