bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison Between Performance of De-ionized Water and Al2O3/De-ionized Water on Enhancing the Transportation of Heat in Small Space
Authors: Bin-Abdun Nazih A , Razlan Z M , Bakar S A , Voon C H , Wan W K , Zunaidi I , Albzeirat M K , Noriman N Z
Published: June 2019

In this article, the influence of deionized water and Al2O3/deionized water nanofluid to cooling battery ambient temperature is shown in figure 1. The battery temperature is observed to be decrease as the Al2O3/deionized water nanofluids volume concentration and high flow rate is incremented. The Al2O3/deionized water nanofluid exhibits enhancement as compared to deionized water under laminar flow conditions. The 0.60 vol. % concentration of Al2O3 with 10g surfactant and 1 L/min flow rate gives the highest heat transfer rate value among all with 65 % higher as compared to deionized water at laminar flow was observed. It has been observed that 24 hr of ultra-sonication was the best duration in the presence of a surfactant, where it gives the best stability and improved thermal conductivity, this improvement is due to decrease of aggregates within nanoparticle.
Experimental study of UAV propeller Thrust generation for various Propeller Blade-Span and the relation with mouth-ring
Authors: Othman M N K , Razlan Z M , Wahid Z A , Shahriman A B , Zunaidi I , Khairunizam Wan , Noriman N Z
Published: June 2019

In this study, the main focus is to investigate the thrust generation of various propeller blade width-spans with the relation of mouth-ring application. By using the parameter, the thrust was calculated based on the value of velocity, voltage and rpm. The testing was performed in two condition that is with mouth-ring and without mouth-ring and 2 size of propeller been tested in this experiment. The application of mouth-ring is based on the gap between the wall of mouth-ring and the blade tip. There are 3 size of gap; 10mm, 8mm and 5mm. The result shows that 10mm mouth-ring have better thrust generation other than two gap. In addition, if compare to with and without mouth-ring, the application of mouth-ring also has proved it has a better thrust. Furthermore, the application of mouth-ring is evaluating to be good base on this study.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Benzothiazole
Authors: Mahmoud Muhanned A.
Published: June 2019

The present work involves study of some new 1,3-oxazepine and diazepines derivatives by cycloaddition reaction between Schiff s bases and (Succinic imide, phthalic imide, and 3-nitophthalic) anhydride with dry benzene as a solvent. Oxazepine and diazepines derivatives from 4-chloro-6-nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine were synthesized. These derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of Schiff base with different anhydrides in presence of dry benzene. The starting material was 4-Chloro-6-nitro 2-aminobenzothiazole which prepared from 2-Chloro -4-nitroaniline and ammonium thiocyanate with presence of bromine and sodium acetate. The prepared compounds have been characterized by melting points and some physical properties besides the FT-IR,H-NMR spectra. The purity for these compounds was checked by TLC.
Physical properties of plasticized PLA/HNTs bionanocomposites: effects of plasticizer type and content
Authors: Alakrach Abdulkader M. , Noriman N Z , Dahham Omar S , Al-Rashdi Awad A. , Johari I. , Razlan Z M , Shahriman A B , Zunaidi I , Khairunizam Wan
Published: June 2019

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite films were utilized for different applications, such as packaging, drug recover and other applications. The incorporation of plasticizer into polymer nanocomposites modifies some of their functional and physical properties, such as increasing flexibility, moisture sensitivity, in addition to other functional properties. However, the effects of Polyethylen glycol (PEG) and sesame oil (SO) on selected physical properties (moisture content (MC), contact angle (CA) and water vapor permeability (WVP)) of PLA)/HNTs bionanocomposite films were examined. The plasticized PLA/HNTs (5 wt % HNTs loading) bionanocomposite films were prepared using the solution casting method at room temperature. The concentrations of each plasticizer that used indivisually were (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt %). Results show that the increasing of PEG content led to increase in moisture content and water vapor permeability and decrease in contact angle of the films. On the contrary, the increasing of SO levels led to decrease in moisture content and water vapor permeability and increase in contact angle of the films. Differences in measured physical properties of films with plasticizer type and concentration may be attributed to differences in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the plasticizers. SO was the plasticizer that showed the most interested effect (low moisture content and water vapor permeability) on PLA/HNTs films for food packaging applications compared to PEG.
Slow Release Fertilizer from Treated Rice Straw/Urea Beads Coated With Natural Rubber: FTIR and UV-Vis Analysis
Authors: Aini A K , Hamzah R , Noriman N Z , Al-Rashdi Awad A. , Johari I. , Razlan Z M , Shahriman A B , Zunaidi I , Khairunizam Wan
Published: June 2019

Slow release fertilizer (SRF) that consist of rice straw (RS) and urea coated with natural rubber (NR) and salt abbreviated as RS/Urea beads coated with NR/salt composites were prepared. RS was sieved in two different sizes which were 500 μm and 1 mm. Both of the RS sizes were treated with sodium hydroxide to expand the fibre capacity in order to store more urea. The RS/urea beads were then coated with NR/salt composite. Two concentrations of the salts prepared which were 5 % and 10 % towards the weight of the NR while 0 % salt act as a control. The role of salt is to introduce pore to the NR which allow urea to pass through its coating when soaked in the water. All SRF samples were analysed using FTIR and UV-Vis technique.
Prediction of Ethylene Production Rate of Barangan Banana Using Kinetic Enzymatic Michaelis-Menten
Authors: Rahman A F , Darmawaty E , Ahmad U
Published: June 2019

MM is a model that describes the rate of reaction of product ethylene towards the substrate concentration and MMC is an enzymatic kinetics model to see the effect of the increase of O2 on the rate of reaction. The objective of the study was to estimate ethylene production rate in bananas by applying the Michaelis-Menten enzymatic kinetics equation. Barangan Banana with harvest age 11 and 10 weeks were measured respiration rate with continuous gas analyzer in temperature 10, 20, and 28 °C with 3 replications along measurement of ethylene production rate using ethylene meter obtained from a closed system method and represented by Michael-Menten equation. The temperature dependence was represented base on Arrhenius law. The model parameters (KmC2H4
dan rC2H4 max) are calculated using Lineweaver-Burk linier graph method. MM and MMC applications can be used to estimate ethylene production rate of Barangan banana. MM equation resulted that 11-week harvest age obtaining R2 was higher than 10 weeks 0.95 while the 10-week harvested R2 0.94. MMC equation, the 11-week harvest age R2 0.95 was higher compared to 10 weeks R2 0.94. It could be predicted that MM and MMC equations can predicted the rate of ethylene production of Barangan banana
Detection of XRCC1 Expression and (8-OHdG) Levels as a marker of Oxidative DNA Damage in Individuals Exposed to Low Dose of Gamma Rays
Authors: Abbas Kadhum Rafed , Abbas Aldrghi Wathiq
Published: June 2019

To study ionizing radiation (IR) effects on biological systems there several techniques are used to identify molecular features of IR exposure, urinary detection of 8-ohdG by ELISA as a marker of DNA oxidative stress is one of the techniques was used in this research, when IR absorbs in a cell so that causing DNA damage and releases 8-ohdG through correction damage. The detection of XRCC1 expression by QRT- PCR is else technique in this study. The genotoxic of IR can be observed even at a low doses 5cGy, According to RPC (Radiation Protection Center) limited place in Baghdad as a source of low-dose IR( Europium 152) before it is removed, some of workers and slums are exposed to low dose of γ-rays ( 5cGy to 10 cGy ). The study groups included the (G1)fifty workers in metal melting are working closely with ( IR source), (G2)twenty five individuals from slums near the IR source, and(G3) twenty five volunteers individuals of male in different age, didn’t exposure to diagnostic x-ray examination or other radiotherapy. Peripheral blood are collected and urine from all individuals. The results indicate that the level of 8-OHDG factor in workers higher than slums individuals and negatively related with XRCC1 expression, also the expression of XRCC1 decreased in individuals exposed for more than 5cGy, and increasing in slums exposed to 5cGy. The low dose of γ-rays causing genotoxic effects due to a combination of DNA-damaging effects and reduced capacity of DNA repair.
Geometric syntomic cohomology and vector bundles on the Fargues-Fontaine curve
Authors: Nizioł Wiesława
Published: June 2019

We show that geometric syntomic cohomology lifts canonically to the category of Banach-Colmez spaces and study its relation to extensions of modifications of vector bundles on the Fargues-Fontaine curve. We include some computations of geometric syntomic cohomology spaces: they are finite rankQp\mathbf {Q}_p-vector spaces for ordinary varieties, but in the nonordinary case, these cohomology spaces carry much more information; in particular they can have a nontrivialCC-rank. This dichotomy is reminiscent of the Hodge-Tate period map forpp-divisible groups.
Competition and Intraguild Predation Between Beetles, Pterostichus stygicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and Centipedes, Scolopocryptops sexspinosus (Scolopemdromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)
Authors: Julian Michele E , Hickerson Cari-Ann M , Anthony Carl D
Published: June 2019

Studying interactions between distantly related species is necessary to understand the complexity of food webs. Generalist predator interactions, such as intraguild predation (IGP) and competition, can alleviate predation pressure and weaken top–down control that predators have on lower trophic levels. Centipedes (Chilopoda) and carabid beetles (Coleoptera) are common deciduous forest floor generalist predators that may interact by competing for resources beneath rocks and logs on the forest floor, especially during dry periods when prey become confined to such microhabitats. We used laboratory and field studies to determine whether the carabid beetle, Pterostichus stygicus (Say), and the centipede, Scolopocryptops sexspinosus (Say) co-occur under artificial cover. Additionally, a laboratory mesocosm experiment was used to examine competitive interactions in intra- and interspecific trials. There was significant negative co-occurrence of beetles and centipedes beneath cover objects in the field and laboratory. Pairings of S. sexspinosus and P. stygicus within mesocosms resulted in high mortality of P. stygicus, and reciprocal but asymmetric IGP. Centipedes maintained weight within solitary, intra- and interspecific mesocosm treatments, however, beetles lost mass in all treatments. Scolopocryptops sexspinosus responded more favorably to intra- and interspecific competition than did P. stygicus. Analysis of the leaf litter mesofauna indicated that these predators consumed similar prey in laboratory mesocosms. Our results suggest that species with very different trophic morphology have the potential to compete for shared microhabitat and prey.
Poverty and Growth in India over Six Decades
Authors: Datt Gaurav , Ravallion Martin , Murgai Rinku
Published: June 2019

We study the evolution of consumption‐poverty measures for post‐independence India, including 20 years since extensive economic reforms began in 1991. Progress against poverty was negligible until the mid‐1970s, after which a downward trend in poverty measures emerged. The pace of poverty reduction accelerated in the post‐reform period, despite rising inequality amidst faster growth. A key finding is that the relationship to the pattern of growth changed greatly, suggesting stronger intersectoral linkages, with urban consumption growth benefiting both the rural and urban poor. In contrast to the pre‐reform period, growth in primary, secondary and tertiary sector outputs yielded similar impacts on poverty.
Benzene Exposure and Biomarkers in Alveolar Air and Urine Among Deck Crews on Tankers Transporting Gasoline
Authors: Forsell Karl , Liljelind Ingrid , Ljungkvist Göran , Nordlinder Rolf , Andersson Eva , Nilsson Ralph
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Increased rates of leukaemia have been found among tanker crews. Occupational exposures to the leukomogen benzene during loading, unloading, and tank cleaning are possible causes. Studies on older types of tankers carrying gasoline with most handling being done manually have revealed important exposures to benzene. Our study explores benzene exposures on tankers with both automatic and manual systems. Correlations between benzene exposure and benzene in alveolar air (AlvBe), benzene in urine (UBe), and trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) in urine were investigated.

Methods

Forty-three male seafarers (22 deck crewmembers and 21 not on deck) on five Swedish different product and chemical tankers transporting 95- or 98-octane gasoline were investigated between 1995 and 1998. The tankers used closed systems for the loading and unloading of gasoline but stripping and tank cleaning were done manually. Benzene in respiratory air was measured using personal passive dosimeters during a 4-h work shift. Samples for biomarker analyses were collected pre- and post-shift. Smoking did occur and crewmembers did not use any respiratory protection during work.

Results

The average 4-h benzene exposure level for exposed was 0.45 mg m−3 and for non-exposed 0.02 mg m−3. Benzene exposure varied with type of work (range 0.02–143 mg m−3). AlvBe, UBe, and ttMA were significantly higher in post-shift samples among exposed and correlated with exposure level (r = 0.89, 0.74, and 0.57, respectively). Smoking did not change the level of significance among exposed.

Discussion

Benzene in alveolar air, unmetabolized benzene, and ttMA in urine are potential biomarkers for occupational benzene exposure. Biomarkers were detectable in non-exposed, suggesting benzene exposure even for other work categories on board tankers. Work on tankers carrying gasoline with more or less closed handling of the cargo may still lead to significant benzene exposure for deck crewmembers, and even exceed the Swedish Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL; 8-h time-weighted average [TWA]) of 1.5 mg m−3.
Fondaparinux Significantly Reduces Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism After Body Contouring Procedures Without an Increase in Bleeding Complications
Authors: Sarhaddi Deniz , Xu Kyle , Wisbeck Alex , Deigni Olivier , Kaswan Sumesh , Prada Christian , Lund Herluf
Published: June 2019

Background

It is well established that abdominoplasty confers a uniquely high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) complications. However, chemoprophylaxis is not routinely utilized due to the risk of bleeding complications. Fondaparinux, a factor Xa inhibitor FDA approved in 2001 for postoperative VTE prophylaxis, has emerged as a safe option for preventing VTE complications after high-risk surgeries.

Objectives

The goal of this study was to examine the effectiveness and safety of fondaparinux for VTE chemoprophylaxis in patients undergoing abdominoplasty.

Methods

This is a single-center retrospective chart review from January 2008 to December 2014 of 492 patients who underwent abdominoplasty with or without an additional body procedure. Prior to 2011, no VTE chemoprophylaxis was utilized (n = 233). In 2011, the routine employment of postoperative chemoprophylaxis with fondaparinux was implemented (n = 259). Patient demographics and 2005 Caprini scores were evaluated. Primary outcomes included postoperative VTE and bleeding complications.

Results

There were no statistical differences in patient demographics or median Caprini score. The treatment group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the rate of VTE compared with the nontreatment group (0% vs 2.1%, respectively, P = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of hematoma requiring reoperation between the nontreatment and treatment groups (1.7% vs 2.3%, P = 0.76) or blood loss requiring transfusion (0% vs 0.8%, P = 0.5).

Conclusions

Fondaparinux for VTE chemoprophylaxis after abdominoplasty is efficacious in decreasing the risk of VTE in this susceptible patient population without increasing the risk of postoperative bleeding complications.

Level of Evidence: 3
Tyler shape depth
Authors: Paindaveine D , Van Bever G
Published: June 2019

In many problems from multivariate analysis, the parameter of interest is a shape matrix: a normalized version of the corresponding scatter or dispersion matrix. In this article we propose a notion of depth for shape matrices that involves data points only through their directions from the centre of the distribution. We refer to this concept as Tyler shape depth since the resulting estimator of shape, namely the deepest shape matrix, is the median-based counterpart of the M-estimator of shape due to Tyler (1987). Besides estimation, shape depth, like its Tyler antecedent, also allows hypothesis testing on shape. Its main benefit, however, lies in the ranking of the shape matrices it provides, the practical relevance of which is illustrated by applications to principal component analysis and shape-based outlier detection. We study the invariance, quasi-concavity and continuity properties of Tyler shape depth, the topological and boundedness properties of the corresponding depth regions, and the existence of a deepest shape matrix, and we prove Fisher consistency in the elliptical case. Finally, we derive a Glivenko–Cantelli-type result and establish almost sure consistency of the deepest shape matrix estimator.
Misdiagnosis of constrictive pericarditis presenting with haemorrhagic pericardial effusion: a case report
Authors: Li Guoliang , Liu Peng , Li Dan , Yan Yang
Published: June 2019

Background

The symptoms and signs of constrictive pericarditis (CP) are often elusive at onset, with a long symptom-free period that may take weeks to decades to develop after an episode of CP or pericardial injury, leading to a misdiagnosis.

Case summary

In this case, a 58-year-old man complained of lower extremity fatigue, intermittent chest tightness, and shortness of breath. He was first misdiagnosed as neuropathy, later unsuccessfully treated as ischaemic heart disease though severe stenosis of the diagonal branch of left anterior descending artery was confirmed by computer tomography angiography. He was finally diagnosed as CP after carefully reading the initial computed tomography. The gross pathology of heart in situ originally observed at the time of pericardectomy indicated fibrinous pericarditis, massive haemorrhagic pericardial effusion (300 mL), and thickened pericardium (maximum thickness more than 6 mm). Following pericardial tissue biopsy, the histopathology showed chronic fibrinous pericarditis, without a clear aetiology. His symptoms gradually disappeared after surgical pericardectomy. At the 1-year follow-up visit, the patient complained of no discomfort.

Discussion

Constrictive pericarditis is one of the serious diseases commonly misdiagnosed. Computed tomography and echocardiography show the important diagnostic role in patients with CP, and surgical pericardectomy shows the potential in treating this disease, in some of which the mechanism underlying large haemorrhagic pericardial effusion remains unclear.
Conflicting visions? Cuba in the eyes of a Soviet spy and an American diplomat
Authors: Yordanov Radoslav
Published: June 2019

This review essay considers the books Raúl Castro: un hombre en revolución by Nikolai S. Leonov and Our woman in Havana: a diplomat's chronicle of America's long struggle with Castro's Cuba by Vicki Huddleston. One would be hard-pressed to find more qualified observers with first-hand experience of Cuba's politics than Nikolai Leonov and Vicki Huddleston. A former chief of KGB's analytical department, Leonov held several medals and decorations, including the Ernesto Che Guevara First Degree Order of the Cuban Council of State. Huddleston, on the other hand, headed the Cuban Affairs of the State Department and in 1999 became the first woman to lead the United States' Interests Section in Havana. Both authors offer in their accounts two visions of Cuba which rather complement each other. The keen revolutionary eye of the Soviet spy leans towards temporality. He saw Cuba in East–West terms, where historically the decade-old American aggressive plans and Soviet's withdrawal pushed the island into a corner. On the other hand, the seasoned American diplomat, well versed in the complex ebb and flow between her state and its southern neighbour, sides with positivity. To her, Cuba is a ‘natural ally’ to the United States. Our woman in Havana admits there is more to the erstwhile Cold War, and with this Ambassador Huddleston's seeks to awaken the ‘better angels’ of US foreign policy towards the island nation.
Identifying main interactions in marine predator–prey networks of the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Astarloa Amaia , Louzao Maite , Boyra Guillermo , Martinez Udane , Rubio Anna , Irigoien Xabier , Hui Francis K C , Chust Guillem
Published: June 2019

Identifying the role that environmental factors and biotic interactions play in species distribution can be essential to better understand and predict how ecosystems will respond to changing environmental conditions. This study aimed at disentangling the assemblage of the pelagic predator–prey community by identifying interspecific associations and their main drivers. For this purpose, we applied the joint species distribution modelling approach, JSDM, to the co-occurrence patterns of both prey and top predator communities obtained from JUVENA surveys during 2013–2016 in the Bay of Biscay. Results showed that the co-occurrence patterns of top predators and prey were driven by a combination of environmental and biotic factors, which highlighted the importance of considering both components to fully understand the community structure. In addition, results also revealed that many biotic interactions, such as schooling in prey (e.g. anchovy–sardine), local enhancement/facilitation in predators (e.g. Cory’s shearwater–fin whale), and predation between predator–prey species (e.g. northern gannet–horse mackerel), were led by positive associations, although predator avoidance behaviour was also suggested between negatively associated species (e.g. striped dolphin–blue whiting). The identification of interspecific associations can therefore provide insights on the functioning of predators–prey network and help advance towards an ecosystem-based management.
Decorated Marked Surfaces III: The Derived Category of a Decorated Marked Surface
Authors: Buan Aslak Bakke , Qiu Yu , Zhou Yu
Published: June 2019

We study the Ginzburg dg algebra $\Gamma _{\mathbf {T}}$ associated with the quiver with potential arising from a triangulation $\mathbf {T}$ of a decorated marked surface ${\mathbf {S}}_\bigtriangleup$, in the sense of [22]. We show that there is a canonical way to identify all finite-dimensional derived categories $\operatorname {\mathcal {D}}_{fd}(\Gamma _{\mathbf {T}})$, denoted by $\operatorname {\mathcal {D}}_{fd}({\mathbf {S}}_\bigtriangleup )$. As an application, we show that the spherical twist group $\operatorname {ST}({\mathbf {S}}_\bigtriangleup )$ associated with $\operatorname {\mathcal {D}}_{fd}({\mathbf {S}}_\bigtriangleup )$ acts faithfully on its space of stability conditions.
Bacterial taxonomic composition of the postpartum cow uterus and vagina prior to artificial insemination1
Authors: Ault Taylor B , Clemmons Brooke A , Reese Sydney T , Dantas Felipe G , Franco Gessica A , Smith Tim P L , Edwards J Lannett , Myer Phillip R , Pohler Ky G
Published: June 2019

The current study characterized the taxonomic composition of the uterine and vaginal bacterial communities during estrous synchronization up to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Postpartum beef cows (n = 68) were subjected to pre-synchronization step 21 d prior to TAI (day −21), followed by an industry standard 7 Day Co-Synch on day −9 and TAI on day 0. Uterine and vaginal flushes were collected on days −21, −9, and −2 of the protocol and pH was immediately recorded. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasound on day 30. Bacterial DNA was extracted and sequenced targeting the V1 to V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene. Results indicated 34 different phyla including 792 different genera present between the uterus and vagina. Many differences in the relative abundance of bacterial phyla and genera occurred between resulting pregnancy statuses and among protocol days (P < 0.05). At day −2, multiple genera were present in >1% abundance of nonpregnant cows but <1% abundance in pregnant cows (P < 0.05). Uterine pH increased in nonpregnant cows but decreased in pregnant cows (P > 0.05). Overall, our study indicates bacterial phyla and genera abundances shift over time and may potentially affect fertility by altering the reproductive tract environment.
Nitrogen utilization of lactating sows fed increasing dietary protein1
Authors: Pedersen Trine F , Bruun Thomas S , Trottier Nathalie L , Theil Peter K
Published: June 2019

The objectives of the study were 1) to quantify dietary N utilized for milk N and N loss in urine and feces, in sows fed increasing dietary CP with a constant amount of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp to meet their standardized ileal digestible (SID) requirement and 2) to determine the optimal dietary CP concentration based on dietary N utilization for milk production. Seventy-two sows were fed 1 of 6 dietary treatments, formulated to increase the SID CP as followed: 11.8, 12.8, 13.4, 14.0, 14.7, and 15.6% and formulated to be isocaloric (9.8 MJ NE/kg). Diets were fed from day 2 after parturition until weaning at day 28 (± 3 d). Litters were equalized to 14 piglets and weighed within 48 h following parturition. Sows were weighed and back fat scanned, at day 18 (± 3 d) and day 28 (weaning; ± 3 d). Litter weight was recorded at day 11, 18 (± 3 d), and 28 (± 3 d). Nitrogen balances were conducted on approximately day 4, 11, and 18 (± 3 d). Daily milk yield was estimated from recorded litter gain and litter size. To calculate sows mobilization of fat and protein, body pools of fat and protein were estimated by D2O (deuterated water) enrichment on day 4 and 18 (± 3 d). No linear, quadratic, or cubic effects of increasing dietary CP was observed for sows total feed intake, sow BW, body pools of protein and fat, protein and fat mobilization, total milk yield, and piglet performance. The protein content in milk increased linearly with increasing dietary CP in week 1 (P < 0.05), week 2 (P < 0.05), and week 3 (P < 0.001). Urine production did not differ among treatments and N output in urine increased linearly with increasing dietary CP concentration in week 1 (P = 0.05), week 2 (P < 0.001), and week 3 (P < 0.001). Urine N excretion relative to N intake increased linearly with increasing dietary CP (P < 0.001). Milk N utilization relative to N intake decreased linearly from 77.8% to 63.1% from treatment 1 through 6 (P < 0.001). Corrected milk N utilization decreased from 68.6% to 64.2% from treatment 1 through 6 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a low dietary CP concentration for lactating sows with supplemented crystalline AA improved the efficiency of dietary N utilization and reduced the N output in urine without affecting lactation performance.
Technical note: Effects of pegylation and route of administration on leptin kinetics in newborn lambs1
Authors: Ramos-Nieves Jose M , Giesy Sarah L , Schwark Wayne S , Gertler Arieh , Boisclair Yves R
Published: June 2019

Chronic energy insufficiency resulting from inadequate feed intake or increased nutrient demand reduces plasma leptin in ruminants. Treatment of energy-deficient ruminants with exogenous leptin has identified some physiological consequences of reduced plasma leptin, but their full complement remains unknown. Additional leptin-dependent responses could be identified by using strategies that interfere with leptin signaling such as administration of leptin mutants that act as competitive antagonists. The effectiveness of these antagonists depends on their fold excess over endogenous leptin, and this condition can be achieved under in vivo conditions by extending the half-life (t1/2) of the antagonist by addition of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecule (pegylation). Use of this approach in ruminants, however, is limited by the lack of information on the t1/2 of native and pegylated leptin and on the most effective route of administration. To answer these questions, newborn lambs (n = 3) were injected with an intravenous (i.v.) bolus of 150 µg of human leptin followed by blood sampling over the next 12 h. Analysis of the semilog plasma leptin concentration over time yielded a t1/2 of 43 ± 4.9 min; an i.v. bolus of 276 µg of bovine leptin yielded a comparable t1/2 (P > 0.05). Next, newborn lambs (n = 4) received a single dose of 229 μg/kg of metabolic body weight (BW0.75) of pegylated super human leptin antagonist (PEG-SHLA) via the i.v. or subcutaneous (s.c.) route. Plasma PEG-SHLA concentration reached a peak of 1,528 ± 78 ng/mL after 1 min and a nadir of 71 ± 9 ng/mL after 24 h with the i.v. route versus a peak of 423 ± 43 ng/mL after 300 min and a nadir of 146 ± 22 ng/mL after 24 h for the s.c. route; the t1/2 of PEG-SHLA was 394 ± 29 min for the i.v. route and 433 ± 58 min for the s.c. route. Finally, plasma concentration of PEG-SHLA was modeled when given either i.v. or s.c. at a dose of 229 μg/kg BW0.75 every 12 h. Once a steady state was reached, peak and lowest concentrations PEG-SHLA over the 12-h windows were 2,269 and 403 ng/mL for the i.v. route and 814 and 555 ng/mL for the s.c. route. Weighted PEG-SHLA concentrations over the 12-h period were 1,455 and 713 ng/mL for the i.v. and s.c. route, translating into 364- and 178-fold excess over endogenous plasma leptin. These data confirm the effectiveness of pegylation in extending the t1/2 of leptin antagonists in newborn lambs and in increasing their circulation in fold excess over endogenous leptin.
Step-by-Step Treatment Manual
Authors: Williams Monnica T. , Wetterneck Chad T. , Hart John , Lee Eric , Russell Street
Published: June 2019

The embarrassing nature of unwanted sexual thoughts in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) increases shame and generates feelings of disgust. This requires a specialized approach by clinicians to address the challenges associated with the sexual subtype of OCD (S-OCD). This chapter first addresses psychoeducation as it relates to unwanted sexual thoughts, facing fears, and building mental fitness. The authors then provide a session-by-session guide designed to assist clinicians in the provision of exposure and response prevention therapy (Ex/RP) to S-OCD sufferers. The protocol provides strategies aimed at increasing a client’s behavioral flexibility and control in the specialized treatment of S-OCD using Ex/RP and also includes cognitive therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and mindfulness techniques.
Chronic and Severe School Attendance Problems
Authors: Kearney Christopher A.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 7 covers approaches to address enduring and severe cases of problematic school absenteeism. These interventions refer to those directed toward students with complex or longstanding problems who require a broader approach and progress monitoring across various areas. This includes alternative educational programs, legal strategies, and accommodation plans. Chapter 7 also offers ideas about working with youths who have already departed the school system. In addition, guidelines are presented to address challenging scenarios and examples of various pathways to graduation that do not necessarily involve full-time attendance in a regular classroom setting.
Empirically Supported Principles of Psychotherapy
Authors: Wolf Abraham W.
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes how the author would implement each of the empirically based principles of change identified in Chapter 2, as they specifically relate to the three cases of depression presented in Chapter 3. The chapter begins with the author’s initial reaction to the list of principles, as well as to the task of describing their implementation in his day-to-day clinical work. Also included in the chapter are the author’s case formulation and treatment for each case, which serve as the general context for the author’s detailed explanation of why and how he would apply the principles in ways that are best attuned to the needs of particular clients. The chapter ends with the description of the author’s thoughts and experience about writing this chapter.
Conflict Management
Authors: Goode Deirdre , Wolf Stephen J.
Published: June 2019

Conflict is ubiquitous in relationships. It can be productive if managed constructively, resulting in diversity of thought and better solutions. Often, however, it is counterproductive, resulting in stress, frustration, and decreased effectiveness. Assessing one’s conflict tolerance helps to identify one’s conflict management style and minimize and mitigate situations of counterproductive conflict. On a team level conflict can be managed in part by deliberately establishing goals, roles, processes, and a framework for interactions. In the midst of conflict, an approach of pausing, acknowledging, empathizing, redirecting, and delayed readdressing is frequently the best initial response.
Geniculate Neuralgia
Authors: Levin Emily Lehmann
Published: June 2019

Geniculate neuralgia is a rare syndrome of episodic, lancinating pain located within the ear canal. There may be a trigger point within the canal and associated with disorders of tearing, taste, and salivation. It is important to distinguish geniculate neuralgia from other causes of inner ear pain, including structural lesions and glossopharyngeal or trigeminal neuralgia. MRI may show vascular conflict with CN VII/VIII complex. Typical treatment is with carbamazepine. Surgery is reserved for those patients who have an incomplete response to medication. Surgery is directed at microvascular decompression of the CN VII/VIII complex with or without sectioning of the nervus intermedius. The entry zones of CN IX and X may also be explored. Complications and management are discussed.
Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Levin Emily Lehmann
Published: June 2019

Diabetic neuropathy may cause numbness and burning pain in a distal, symmetric distribution, typically involving the hands and feet. Management is with improved glucose control and treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and anti-epileptics. Surgical treatment is reserved for those patients with severe symptoms, with significantly impaired quality of life, for whom medications have not provided significant relief. There is evidence that spinal cord stimulation can provide a significant reduction in pain. A temporary trial of stimulation should be performed prior to permanent implantation. Leads may be placed in the epidural space percutaneously or via laminectomy and are connected to an internal pulse generator. Complications are typically device related. Treatment of device infection may require device removal.
Cluster Headache
Authors: Levin Emily Lehmann
Published: June 2019

Cluster headache, a trigeminal autonomic cephalgia, is a syndrome involving unilateral head pain associated with autonomic symptoms. The diagnosis is clinical. The pathophysiology of cluster headache is unknown. It is believed to involve the trigeminal nerve and ganglion, with autonomic dysfunction and vascular irritability. Initial treatment is with parenteral triptans and inhaled oxygen. Preventive agents include topiramate, verapamil, and lithium. Occipital nerve blocks and stimulation have been effective in small studies. Surgery is limited to those patients that have persistent, chronic cluster headache with a minimum of three attacks per week, despite treatment with at least three preventative agents. Deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic cluster headache.
The Health System’s Role in Community Health Improvement: The Work of Three Insurance Providers
Authors: Castrucci Brian C. , Corcoran Elizabeth , Solomon Loel S. , Coats Caraline , Sabina Alyse B. , Daniels Lamond , Clark Amy A.
Published: June 2019

This chapter argues that to improve the health of populations and reduce health care costs, American health care needs to transform beyond a focus on the individual patient and recognize that the health of the patient and the health of the community are indelibly linked. This change will not come easily, the chapter states. It will take leadership like that demonstrated by the three insurers highlighted in this chapter: Kaiser Permanente, Humana Inc., and the Aetna Foundation. Each is engaging in interventions targeted in the communities they serve, beyond their specific members. These healthcare leaders are moving beyond the clinic to tap into a wide range of skills, relationships, resources, and even policy, which results in more robust and effective community health improvement.
Spine Trauma with Preexisting Conditions
Authors: Chiang Andrew L. , Lomasney Laurie M.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 focuses on traumatic injuries of the spine when there is an underlying condition that may predispose the spine to injuries. Some of these conditions, such as osteoporosis and neoplastic processes, weaken the bone, whereas others, such as ankylosing spondylitis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, reduce the physiologic flexibility of the spine and make it less able to withstand normal forces. Because imaging plays a critical role in the characterization of fracture patterns and underlying disease, imaging data provide information crucial to management of the mechanical destabilization as well as the underlying condition. This chapter focuses on fracture of the spine in the setting of underlying pathology. In addition, an overview of strategies for conservative and surgical management will be reviewed.
Sacral Fractures
Authors: Blount Kevin J.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 5 outlines the approach to imaging of sacral fractures with specific attention to the anatomic factors that influence fracture classification and treatment. Sacral fractures are most common in complex pelvic ring injuries, often occur in association with additional pelvic or thoracolumbar trauma, and include a high rate of neurologic injury. They are often poorly visualized or not identified on routine radiographs; therefore, cross-sectional imaging serves an important role in fracture diagnosis. Thin section CT and MRI are critical for proper classification of sacral fractures. There are several classification systems for sacral fractures depending on the fracture pattern and location. The 3-zone Denis classification is appropriate for evaluating fractures confined to the sacrum, however the Isler classification is more suitable for fractures that involve the lumbosacral junction. The classification of sacral fractures, as well as the stability of the fracture, help determine the appropriate management approach.
Scapula Trauma
Authors: O’Keeffe Michael , Khursid Kiran , Munk Peter L. , Taljanovic Mihra S.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 11 discusses scapular trauma. The scapula is a flattened and triangular bone that is relatively rarely fractured. Scapular fractures can be caused from direct or indirect trauma. Trauma to the scapula can take many forms ranging from simple and nondisplaced scapular body fractures to complex injuries, such as scapulothoracic dissociation, where there is severe injury to the shoulder girdle and disruption of the scapulothoracic articulation. Scapulothoracic dissociation has a strong association with brachial plexus and vascular injuries. The diagnosis is usually made on chest, shoulder, or scapular radiographs. CT examination is the diagnostic gold standard in evaluation of complex scapular fractures.
Wrist Trauma
Authors: O’Keeffe Michael , Khursid Kiran , Munk Peter L. , Taljanovic Mihra S.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 16 discusses wrist trauma. The wrist is a complex joint consisting of 3 compartments, including the radiocarpal, midcarpal, and distal radioulnar joints. Fractures of the distal radius and ulna are common. Of the carpal bones, the scaphoid is the most frequently injured followed by the triquetrum. Carpal dislocations are less common and may occur in association with fractures in predictable patterns ranging from perilunate to lunate dislocations. Radiographs are the mainstay in initial evaluation and treatment follow-up of wrist fractures. CT examination is often performed and helpful in preoperative planning of complex fractures. MRI is the study of choice in evaluation of radiographically occult fractures. Most wrist fractures have to be anatomically reduced and depending on the complexity of injury, may be treated conservatively or require operative fixation.
Hip Trauma
Authors: Mar Winnie A. , Chadaz Tyson S.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 19 on hip trauma reviews the mechanism of injury and clinical features, imaging strategy, imaging characteristics, and treatment of hip fractures. Femoral neck fractures, intertrochanteric fractures, greater and lesser trochanter fractures, and hip dislocations are discussed. The Garden classification of femoral neck fractures is delineated. Detection of radiographically occult hip fractures is also discussed. It is important to assess for an intraarticular fragment after hip dislocation, best seen on CT. There is a high association of underlying metastasis with lesser trochanter fractures in adults. MRI is the study of choice in the evaluation of occult hip fractures.
Fracture Fixation
Authors: Porrino Jack , Wyatt Alvin R.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 27 discusses fracture fixation. Although many fractures are managed nonoperatively, others require various forms of surgical intervention. Fracture fixation can be conservative or surgical. The goal is to stabilize the fractured bone, enable fast healing, and return early mobility and function of the injured extremity. Orthopedic hardware permits stabilization of the fractured bone, expediting healing and early mobility. Percutaneous pins and wires can be used to apply traction to a fracture. External and internal fixation are used when more advanced operative intervention is required and encompass external fixator devices, pins/wires, screws, plates, and intramedullary nails/rods. Hardware is unfortunately susceptible to complication, including loosening, migration, fracture, and infection.
Muscle Injury
Authors: Porrino Jack , Wyatt Alvin R.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 28 reviews soft tissue injury and muscle injury. Muscle injury may be the result of contusion, laceration, strain, or delayed-onset muscle soreness. Although radiography and CT have a limited role in the diagnosis and management of muscle injury, both US and MRI can be used to provide detailed information pertaining to the location, extent, and severity of the injury. Treatment of muscle injury is dependent on the severity of injury. With respect to muscle strain, most grade I and II injuries are managed conservatively, while grade III injuries may require early surgical intervention to avoid permanent retraction and scar formation.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Hoover Kevin B.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 32 discusses ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which is an inflammatory disease. It primarily affects white men. AS is a potentially debilitating disease that progresses to ankylosis of the axial skeleton if not appropriately diagnosed and treated. Large joint involvement is demonstrated in younger AS patients. AS results in progressive fusion, or ankylosis, of joints, which may be detectable on radiography. Pelvis and spine radiographs are a useful first study to identify the characteristic chronic findings of AS in the sacroiliac joints and spine. MRI, however, is the most sensitive modality to detect early inflammation and response to treatment.
Alkaptonuria (Ochronosis)
Authors: Vossen Josephina A.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 39 discusses alkaptonuria (ochronosis), a rare hereditary metabolic disease that leads to the deposition of homogentisic acid. Homogentisic acid accumulation causes damage to connective tissues; leads to formation of renal, urethral, and prostatic calculi; causes cardiovascular abnormalities; and causes arthropathy. Ochronotic arthropathy is the articular manifestation of alkaptonuria with the most common clinical sites of involvement being the spine, knees, and hips. Diagnosis of the disease is made by demonstration of homogentisic acid in the urine. Radiography is the standard method for detecting changes associated with alkaptonuria. CT can aid in the detection of intervertebral disc calcification.
Joint Arthroplasties and Prostheses
Authors: Hoover Kevin B. , Hunter Tim B.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 46 discusses joint arthroplasties and prostheses. Replacement of a native joint is often the definitive treatment of joint pain that does not respond to conservative measures. Joint replacement is the next most common orthopedic procedure after fracture reduction and fixation. Joint replacement anatomically may be total, partial, or compartmental. Regarding movement, it may be constrained, semiconstrained, or unconstrained. Radiography is the initial step in imaging evaluation with other modalities, especially CT and MRI, used when radiographs are inconclusive. Radiographs can detect particle disease, however, the damage caused by granulomas or pseudotumors are best evaluated with MRI using metal artifact reduction software (MARS).
Amyloidosis
Authors: Hoover Kevin B.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 51 discusses amyloidosis, which is a group of rare diseases resulting from protein deposition. Joint involvement is similar in appearance to rheumatoid arthritis, and bone involvement resembles lytic diseases, such as multiple myeloma. Imaging is often acquired because of the primary medical condition and symptoms. Because the imaging characteristics of amyloidosis are often nonspecific, diagnosis is made using tissue biopsy, however, the most characteristic finding is abnormal tissue that is dark on all pulse sequences on MRI. Ultrasound is sometimes used to evaluate the shoulder and guide diagnostic biopsy of abnormal tissue. Treatment of amyloid varies by the cause of amyloidosis.
Malignant Osteoid Matrix Bone Tumors
Authors: Datir Abhijit
Published: June 2019

Chapter 53 discusses malignant osteoid matrix bone tumors and focuses on several types of osteosarcoma, ranging from the most common, conventional osteosarcoma, to secondary osteosarcomas, such as Paget and postradiation sarcomas. Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in children and adolescents, and second most frequent primary malignant bone tumor if all age groups are considered. A short discussion on typical radiologic findings with classic examples of various types of osteosarcoma is included. Conventional radiographs show an aggressive lesion with permeative bone destruction, extraosseous soft tissue mass and cortical disruption with periosteal reaction. MRI is useful for assessing tumor extent and skip lesions. Treatment includes surgery and chemotherapy.