bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine and Deep Learning algorithms to improve weather forecasts over a complex orography Mediterranean region
Authors: Furnari Luca , Yousuf Umair , De Rango Alessio , D'Ambrosio Donato , Mendicino Giuseppe , Senatore Alfonso
Published: March 2024

The rapid development of artificial intelligence algorithms has generated considerable interest in the scientific community. The number of scientific articles relating to applying these algorithms for weather forecasting has increased dramatically in the last few years. In addition, the recent operational launch of products such as GraphCast has put this area of research even more in the spotlight. This work uses different Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms, namely ANN (Artificial Neural Network), RF (Random Forest) and GNN (Graph Neural Network), with the aim to improve the short-term (1-day lead time) forecasts provided by a physically-based forecasting system. Specifically, the CeSMMA laboratory, since January 2020, has been producing daily forecasts accessible via the https://cesmma.unical.it/cwfv2/ webpage related to a large portion of southern Italy. The NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) system is based on the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model, with boundary and initial conditions provided by the GFS (Global Forecasting System) model. The AI algorithms post-process the NWP output, applying correction factors achieved by a two-year training considering the observations of the dense regional monitoring network composed of ca. 150 rain gauges.The results show that the AI is able to improve daily rainfall forecasts compared to ground-based observations. Specifically, the ANN reduces the average MSE (Mean Square Error) by approximately 29% and the RF by 21% with respect to the WRF forecast for the whole study area (about 15’000 km2). Moreover, the GNN applied to a smaller area (considering only 22 rain gauges) further reduces the MSE by 35% during the heaviest rainfall months.In addition to improving the performance of the forecast, the AI-based post-processing provides reasonable precipitation spatial patterns, reproducing the main physical phenomena such as the orographic enhancement since it is not a surrogate model and benefits from the original physically-based forecasts. Acknowledgements. This work was funded by the Next Generation EU - Italian NRRP, Mission 4, Component 2, Investment 1.5, call for the creation and strengthening of ‘Innovation Ecosystems’, building ‘Territorial R&D Leaders’ (Directorial Decree n. 2021/3277) - project Tech4You - Technologies for climate change adaptation and quality of life improvement, n. ECS0000009. This work reflects only the authors’ views and opinions, neither the Ministry for University and Research nor the European Commission can be considered responsible for them.
Emerging impacts of enhanced Greenland melting on Labrador Sea dynamics
Authors: Schiller-Weiss Ilana , Martin Torge , Schwarzkopf Franziska
Published: March 2024

Meltwater input to the subpolar North Atlantic from the Greenland ice sheet has been steadily increasing in the past decades due to global warming. To identify the impacts of this enhanced freshwater input since the late 1990s, we use output from the eddy-rich model VIKING20X (1/20˚) running two nearly identical simulations from 1997–2021 only differing in the freshwater input from Greenland: one with realistic interannually varying runoff increasing in the early 2000s and the other continued after 1997 using the local, grid-cell climatology of 1961–2000 maintaining the mean seasonal runoff cycle. Here, runoff is based on the JRA55-do reanalysis (Tsujino et al., 2018, Ocn.Mod.), which includes the Bamber et al. (2018, JGR-O) Greenland runoff and calving record, where liquid and solid discharge is combined into a single liquid flux entering the ocean through the surface and coast. Apart from this, atmospheric forcing is identical between the two runs. To our knowledge this is the first set of twin experiments with a most realistic, well validated, eddy-rich ocean model to assess the impact of the current, observed increase in Greenland ice sheet mass loss. We find that the majority of the additional freshwater remains within the boundary current. This enhances the density gradient between the fresh and cool slope current and the warm and salty waters of the interior Labrador Sea and leads to a small (.01 m/s) but significant increase in boundary current speed in our experiment. Both, the faster slope current and the enhanced shelf–interior density gradient increase the potential for intensified eddy shedding into the interior Labrador Sea. This more dynamic regime fosters the eddy-driven import of fresh boundary current waters (Polar Water and meltwater) into the nearby deep convection regions. Lastly, our experiments indicate a role of enhanced Greenland runoff in the eastward shift of deep convection reported by Rühs et al. (2021, JGR-O) for the recent period 2015–2018. The experiment with realistically increased runoff exhibits meltwater tracer mixed only to shallower depths before transferred east into the Irminger Sea leading to a weaker stratification in the upper to mid-depth Irminger Sea than in the experiment with less, climatological runoff, which would enable or at least support deep convection southeast of Greenland.
Long-term biochar and soil organic carbon stability – evidence from long-term field experiments in Germany
Authors: Gross Arthur , Bromm Tobias , Polifka Steven , Fischer Daniel , Glaser Bruno
Published: March 2024

Organic soil amendments with a long mean residence time (MRT), such as biochar have a high soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential. The highly aromatic structure of biochar reduces microbial decomposition and explains the slow turnover of biochar. This stable aromatic structure indicates a long persistence in soils and thus potential SOC sequestration. However, there is a lack of data on these effects in the long-term and under real field experiment conditions.To fill this knowledge gap, we sampled two long-term field experiments in Germany, where industrially produced  biochar has been applied nine and eleven years ago. Both locations differ in soil and climate characteristics as well as in the types and amounts of biochar amendments used. High biochar amount additions of 40 Mg ha-1 combined with digestate, compost or synthetic fertilizer on a very sandy and nutrient-poor soil in northern Germany led to a short-term increase of SOC stocks of 61 Mg ha-1, 38 Mg ha-1 dissipated in the following four years, and after nine years the biochar-amended soils showed only slightly higher SOC stocks (+7 Mg ha-1) than the control soil. Black carbon, which we additionally analysed as a molecular marker for biochar stability, increased in the short and mid-term and decreased almost to the original stock levels after nine years. Biochar amendments of 31.5 Mg ha-1, pristine, combined with compost or co-composted on a loamy soil in southern Germany led to an SOC stock increase of 38 Mg ha-1. After eleven years, this stock increase was still stable, thus confirming biochar-induced SOC sequestration. Black carbon stocks on the same soil showed large dispersion, indicating a loss of stability over the long-term.This study proves that SOC sequestration through the use of biochar amendments is possible. However, it seems to depend on soil and biochar properties such as soil texture whether SOC stocks are stable in the long-term and dissipation can be mitigated, with the loamy soil seemingly offering better sequestration conditions. As considerable biochar dissipation was observed in both soils, further studies need to investigate whether the dissipation is due to lateral and/or vertical particle transport or microbial decomposition. This is an important question for the suitability of biochar as a reliable CO2 removal technology.Keywords: Carbon sequestration, biochar dissipation, climate change mitigation, molecular markerAcknowledgements: Funded by EU grant #10105954
New results on the crustal configuration of the Newfoundland margin: Implications for rifting
Authors: Gómez de la Peña Laura , R. Ranero César , Prada Manel , Shillington Donna , Sallarès Valentí
Published: March 2024

Driven by discovery of contrasting structures of Continent to Ocean Transition (COT) discovered at rifted continental margins during the 90’s, several high-quality seismic datasets were acquired in these margins during the early 2000 to unravel the structure of unexplored regions. Despite the fact that some of these datasets are basically comparable to modern data in quality, the processing, imaging and modelling methodologies at the time of acquisition can be now refined and improved. Recent developments in parallel computing and novel geophysical approaches provide now the means to obtain a new look at the structure with enhanced resolution seismic models and a mathematically-robust analysis of the data uncertainty, that was formerly difficult, if not unfeasible, to achieve. We focused on the Newfoundland margin and applied up-to-date methodologies to the high-quality SCREECH dataset (2000). These data include three primary transects with coincident multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data acquired with a 6-km streamer and wide-angle data recorded by short-period OBS and OBH spaced at ~15 km. We reprocessed the streamer data and also performed the join inversion of streamer and wide-angle OBS/OBH seismic data, using reflections and refraction arrivals, which significantly improved the resolution of the velocity model. We performed a statistical uncertainty analysis of the resulting model, supporting the reliability of the observed features. In particular the new velocity model provides a detailed definition of the top of the basement where the largest abrupt velocity change occurs. The comparatively high-resolution velocity model obtained from the joint tomography allowed to properly perform a Pre-Stack Depth Migration of the MCS. The improved velocity model and seismic images permit to characterize the different crustal domains of the margin with less uncertainty that previous attempts, and relate them to the tectonic structure.The different domains reveal previously undetected crustal characteristics that change over short distances. The reprocessing of the MCS data allowed to a better understanding of the crustal structure, as the Moho is imaged for the first time under the slope domain.Comparison of these new results on the Newfoundland margin with the most modern data on the West Iberian margin, acquired during FRAME (2018) and ATLANTIS (2022) cruises provides a new view of the evolution of the North Atlantic opening.
Incorporating eruption source parameter and meteorological variability in the generation of probabilistic volcanic ash hazard forecasts
Authors: Williams Shannon , Beckett Frances , Leadbetter Susan , Phillips Jeremy , Lee Anthony , Woodhouse Mark
Published: March 2024

Volcanic ash represents a hazard to aviation and a global network of Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) are tasked with providing advice and guidance to the aviation industry on its presence in the atmosphere. Forecasts of the expected location of the ash cloud are generated using atmospheric transport and dispersion models, initialised with a set of Eruption Source Parameters (ESPs) and driven by forecast meteorological data. In the future the VAACs will be required to adopt a Quantitative Volcanic Ash (QVA) approach of issuing probabilistic volcanic ash concentration information to the aviation industry, as such there is a need to develop a framework for producing a probabilistic forecast which incorporates both the uncertainty in forecast meteorology and in the eruption source parameters (ESPs). Variability in the meteorological forecasts is typically expressed as an ensemble of meteorological data, which can be provided to an atmospheric dispersion model to produce an ensemble of simulations in which ESPs are kept constant, and outputs are aggregated to remove the conditioning on the meteorology. Dispersion model forecasts are also sensitive to the ESPs used to initialise the simulations, notably the plume height and the mass eruption rate (MER) of volcanic ash injected into the atmosphere. The latter is difficult to measure in real-time, and for event response it is assumed to scale with the plume height. There remains a high degree of uncertainty in these linked ESPs, which can be modelled via a Bayesian linear modelling approach. We will present a method for incorporating the combined variability of ESPs and meteorological forcing into the ensemble to obtain values of exceedance probabilities for airborne volcanic ash concentrations of interest, using standard statistical techniques and numerical methods, whilst keeping computational and time costs down for efficient evaluation in an emergency. 
Long-term temperature trends in Antarctic water masses across the New Zealand–Antarctica chokepoint 
Authors: Ferola Antonino Ian , Cotroneo Yuri , Budillon Giorgio , Castagno Pasquale , Falco Pierpaolo , Fusco Giannetta , Zambianchi Enrico , Aulicino Giuseppe
Published: March 2024

A 29-year time series of summer Expendable Bathythermographs (XBT) data collected along the New Zealand-Antarctica 'chokepoint' of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was used to analyse the temperature variability of the surface and intermediate layers of the Southern Ocean (SO) from 1994 to 2023. Our findings confirm previous studies, showing an overall warming of the SO over the past 30 years and that the northernmost portion of the ACC exhibits significant warming, while areas south of the Polar Front experience no significant temperature trends.Additionally, as different masses across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current can be representative of different regions of the SO on a variety of spatial and temporal scales, we focused on the estimation of the temperature trend associated. Our analysis reveals strong warming trends of approximately 0.27°C/decade and 0.13°C/decade respectively for Sub Antarctic Mode Water - SAMW and Antarctic Intermediate Water - AAIW over the study period, while Antarctic Surface Water - AASW and Circumpolar Deep Water - CDW show negligible and/or not significant trends.
Development of a balloon-borne radioactivity detector for space weather measurements
Authors: Tabbett Justin , Aplin Karen
Published: March 2024

Measurement of space weather is key to understanding, preventing, and mitigating the adverse effects of space weather events. Ground-based detectors and satellite sensors provide coverage of energetic particles in their respective domains, however, there remains scope for intermediary devices and instrumentation. We present a novel energetic particle detector which has undergone development and deployment on radiosonde systems. The small form-factor and light weight instrument is composed of a CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to a PiN photodiode and is capable of count rate and energy discrimination. Recent energy calibrations suggest the instrument is sensitive to a range of energies from 30 keV to 9.4 MeV. The microscintillator detector is therefore an ideal instrument for space weather investigations.During previous flights, the microscintillator detector responded to low energy particles in the stratosphere, particularly observing energetic electron precipitation events. Recent research however has focussed on understanding and improving the detector performance at temperatures comparable to the atmospheric environment, and modifying the internal microcontroller system for interfacing with the new industry standard Vaisala RS41 radiosonde system.
We present the low temperature (0 °C to -50 °C) response of the detector to terrestrial background radiation, and progress in interfacing with the new radiosonde system, both obtained in a controlled laboratory setting. Future deployments of the detector are planned over the coming year as we approach solar maximum in 2025.
The characteristic of January-February 2023 Eruption of Marapi Volcano
Authors: Hidayat Dannie , Triastuty Hetty , Nurfiani Dini , Christina Widiwijayanti , Lou Yizhou , Basuki Ahmad , Taisne Benoit , Gunawan Hendra
Published: March 2024

After a long paused of eruption, Marapi Volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia, started to erupt on 7 January 2023.  The eruption lasted for a couple of months.  It is followed by several months of quite period, the new, more violent eruption episodes occurred starting Dec 3, 2023 which are ongoing.  The study focus on episodes of January-February 2023 eruption to understand the volcano process, eruption behaviour compared to the past eruption and whether, in the hindsight there are precursors to the eruption that followed.  Compared to last recent episodes of eruptions, The January-February 2023 Marapi eruption consist of many explosions and degassing events. The time interval between explosions of Marapi in the beginning of eruptions, almost every hour there was an explosion, after a week time, the time interval became longer until no explosion occurred a month the first explosion.  We will also explore the mechanism of explosions from the infrasound data because the infrasound waveforms are simpler than those of the seismic waveforms. We observed the waveforms and the amplitude of infrasound in the beginning of eruption was simpler and very large at the station 300m from the active vent (> 50 Pa peak-to-peak) then the later explosions the amplitudes became smaller, and the waveforms became more oscillating coda.  This suggest the source, in the beginning it is filled with gas and fragmented magma and later the source is partially filled.  The explosions were also recorded by 4 other infrasound stations installed around the volcano up to the distance of 10 km from the vent.  Based on the observation seismicity several months prior to the first explosion of January-February 2023 Marapi eruption, there were distal volcano tectonic earthquakes clustered 4-5km the NW of the active crater.  The seismicity migrates to shallower depth below the active crater. This is supported by the observation of the tilt data from summit station and flank station, the tilt showed migration of pressure source for several months before the eruptions and that the magma pathway may probably located near the active fault zone.
Modeling Evacuation Strategies in Response to Compound Hazards: Lessons Learned from a Major Hurricane Event in the US
Authors: Han Yu , van Westen Cees
Published: March 2024

Hurricanes are among the most frequent and devastating natural disasters in tropical regions. These events often necessitate massive evacuations when warnings are issued, which often place a significant burden on transportation systems. The situation becomes even more complex and challenging when hurricanes coincide with other disruptive events, such as pandemics or compounded infrastructure damages. These compound scenarios not only dramatically increase community vulnerability but also add layers of complexity to emergency management, particularly in coastal communities with direct impacts. Understanding individual responses to such emergencies is vital for developing effective emergency management strategies. The focus of this study is to enhance our understanding of how individuals react and respond to emergencies in the face of such compound hazards. We concentrated specifically on the evacuation behaviors of residents in the state of Florida, U.S., during a major hurricane event. To this end, an activity-based model was developed. The model employs the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, to generate a simulated population. The simulated population, characterized by diverse socioeconomic attributes, is designed to reflect the demographics and behaviors of the actual population in the study area. We integrated information from a local household hurricane evacuation survey and aggregated evacuation data to measure the evacuation decisions, timing, and destinations of individuals. We then applied the model to examine three distinct evacuation scenarios: a standalone hurricane, a hurricane coinciding with a pandemic, and a hurricane combined with storm surge flooding on the transportation systems. Our findings underscore the profound impact that compound hazards on transportation systems. We observed that the average travel time for evacuation could potentially double under compound hazard conditions. This highlights the potential inadequacy of current infrastructure resilience in handling complex emergency situations under compound hazards. This developed model offers valuable insights for assessing system-wide impacts of natural disasters in coastal regions and can be adapted for various scenarios to aid in disaster preparedness and response planning.
Effects of particle elongation on dense granular flows down a rough inclined plane
Authors: Jing Lu , Liu Jixiong
Published: March 2024

The mechanics of geophysical granular flow has been widely studied using spherical particles. However, natural granular materials are nearly always non-spherical, and a fundamental understanding of how particle shape affects the dynamics of granular flow remains elusive. Here, we use the discrete element method to simulate dense granular flows down a rough incline with systematically varied particle elongation (indicated by the length-to-diameter aspect ratio, AR). For each value of AR, we first determine the well-known hstop curve delimiting no-flow and steady flow regimes and then carry out steady flow simulations above the hstop curve to extract Pouliquen’s flow rule relations between the Froude number (Fr=u/(gh)0.5) and the normalized flow thickness h/hstop, where u is the mean flow velocity, h is the flow thickness and g is the gravitational acceleration. Our results show that the Fr-h/hstop relations have a nonlinear dependence on AR (data collapse is not immediately achieved). Next, we analyze the statistics of particle orientation during the flow using a microscopic order parameter and find that more elongated particles tend to align better along a certain orientation, thus hindering the particle rotation. The dependence of the measured order parameter on AR seems to explain the trend in the Fr-h/hstop relations, but further investigations are needed to quantitatively connect this micromechanical understanding with the macroscopic flow behaviors. Finally, the effects of other shape parameters, such as particle flatness and angularity, will be studied to draw a fuller picture of how the particle shape affects the mobility of geophysical granular flows.
Assessing the sensitivity of satellite-derived gross primary productivity to combined atmospheric dryness and soil moisture deficit
Authors: Wang Xiaorong , Guo Zhengfei , Zhang Kun , Fu Zheng , Lee Calvin K. F. , Yang Dedi , Matteo Detto , Youngryel Ryu , Zhang Yongguang , Wu Jin
Published: March 2024

Water stress, characterized by atmospheric dryness (vapor pressure deficit, VPD) and soil moisture (SM) deficit, has a significant impact on terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP), necessitating accurate modeling of the relative effects of VPD and SM deficit. Satellite remote sensing (RS) GPP estimations offer valuable tools for studying large-scale terrestrial GPP under water stress. However, it remains unclear how accurately they capture these relative effects compared to ground-based eddy covariance (EC) measurements. To address this gap, we quantified GPP sensitivity to VPD and SM deficit using ten widely used RS GPP products and EC measurements. By comparing GPP sensitivity patterns derived from RS and EC data across all ecosystems and within three ecosystem types (forest, grassland, and cropland), our results demonstrate that: (1) the mean of all ten RS GPP products (RSmean) captures the general directional response of GPP to VPD (i.e., mainly negative) and SM deficit (i.e., mixed positive and negative) across different VPD-SM gradients, but fails to reproduce the absolute value of GPP changes compared to EC measurements. This discrepancy could be attributed to RS products primarily capturing changes in canopy structure under water stress rather than accurately reflecting short-term plant physiological responses, while EC-derived GPP anomalies under water stress encompass both changes in canopy structure and plant physiological activities. (2) RSmean generally tracks the directional sensitivities of GPP to VPD and SM deficit within various ecosystem types, but significant magnitude differences are observed compared to EC measurements, with larger biases in forest ecosystems compared to grassland and cropland ecosystems, likely due to the lower sensitivity of deep-rooted forest ecosystems to water stress. (3) Despite the presence of biases, certain models (e.g., GOSIFGPP and BESSGPP) outperform others in terms of both GPP-VPD and GPP-SM sensitivities across all ecosystems and within different ecosystem types. Collectively, this study comprehensively assesses the ability of RS GPP estimations to capture vegetation responses to VPD and SM deficit and suggests methods for refining water stress effects in RS GPP models to enhance large-scale GPP impact assessments under water stress.
Biomass burning emissions since the pre-industrial and into the future; progress and challenges
Authors: van der Werf Guido , van Marle Margreet
Published: March 2024

Fires impact a suite of radiative forcing agents but fire is one of the most challenging sources of emissions to model due to a large degree of stochasticism and a wide range of climatic and human influences that can both increase and decrease the occurrence of fires. Although many Earth system models now account for fires, there is still a need for a coherent and consistent community dataset to intercompare and constrain models. We developed a historic dataset combining satellite data over the past two decades with proxy data and fire models for use in CMIP6. Since then, new satellite data has indicated that global burned area may be much higher than previously thought and several regional datasets have shed light on the question whether fire emissions are now higher or not than in the pre-industrial era. We show how the latest insight and developments will be used to construct an updated fire emissions dataset for CMIP7, and show which fire categories carry the largest uncertainty, both for the past and into the future.
High-precision 1′ × 1′ bathymetric model of Philippine Sea inversed from marine gravity anomalies
Authors: An Dechao , Guo Jinyun , Chang Xiaotao , Wang Zhenming , Jia Yongjun , Liu Xin , Bondur Valery , Sun Heping
Published: March 2024

Abstract. The Philippine Sea, located at the edge of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, possesses complex seabed topography. Developing a high-precision bathymetric model for this region is of paramount importance, as it provides fundamental geoinformation essential for Earth observation and marine scientific research, including plate motion, ocean circulation, and hydrological characteristics. The gravity–geologic method (GGM), based on marine gravity anomalies, serves as an effective bathymetric prediction technique. To further strengthen the prediction accuracy of conventional GGM, we introduce the improved GGM (IGGM). The IGGM considers the effects of regional seafloor topography by employing weighted averaging to more accurately estimate the short-wavelength gravity component, along with refining the subsequent modeling of long-wavelength gravity component. In this paper, we focus on seafloor topography modeling in the Philippine Sea based on the IGGM, combining shipborne bathymetric data with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) V32.1 gravity anomaly. To reduce computational complexity, the optimal parameter values required for IGGM are first calculated before the overall regional calculation, and then, based on the terrain characteristics and distribution of sounding data, we selected four representative local sea areas as the research objects to construct the corresponding bathymetric models using GGM and IGGM. The analysis indicates that the precision of the IGGM models in four regions is improved to varying degrees, and the optimal calculation radius is 2′. Based on the above finding, a high-precision 1′×1′ bathymetric model of the Philippine Sea (5–35° N, 120–150° E), known as the BAT_PS model, is constructed using IGGM. Results demonstrate that the BAT_PS model exhibits a higher overall precision compared to the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), topo_25.1, and DTU18 models at single-beam shipborne bathymetric points.
3D UNDERGROUND LAND ADMINISTRATION BY STANDARDIZED GEOINFORMATION
Authors: Guler D.
Published: March 2024

Abstract. The density of the built environment is growing due to the migration from rural areas to urban areas. The challenges that should be addressed are therefore increased in today’s built environment. In relation to this, the productive use of underground space is essential to overcome the problems on the surface. Since the built environment has complex and multi-layered buildings more than ever, the delineation and management of the cadastral rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) are significantly difficult in two-dimensional (2D). For this reason, creating approaches for the efficient representation of RRRs in three-dimensional (3D) is a hot topic in recent years. Considering the multifaceted structure of the underground, 3D geoinformation regarding the underground is needed for managing the underground space. Regarding this, it is significant to underline that legal and administrative namely land administration considerations are integral parts of the planning of underground space. This paper thus extends the CityJSON core schema in a way that it can be used for 3D delineation of underground cadastral RRRs.
A REPRODUCIBLE APPROACH TO ESTIMATE INDOOR SPACE AREA ON A HANDHELD LIDAR DATASET USING DBSCAN
Authors: Anbaroğlu B. , Karabay H. B.
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Research on handheld LiDAR data has recently been proliferated due to the emergence of digital twins and indoor mapping. However, most of the existing studies cannot be reproduced in another computational environment. Computational reproducibility requires data, code/software, and computational environment (e.g. versions, settings, etc.) to be openly available. Although there are an increasing number of researches that contribute towards open data, there are still few studies investigating the remaining two aspects. One of the common tasks in digital twin research is the estimation of indoor space areas. This paper contributes to the computational reproducibility of estimating the area of indoor spaces on a handheld LiDAR dataset using the DBSCAN algorithm. The collected dataset -representing the Geomatics Engineering Department of Hacettepe University, code, and the computational environment was made openly available to satisfy the requirements of computational reproducibility. Three different experiments have been carried out: i) identification of the optimal DBSCAN parameter values for a single indoor space, ii) evaluating to what extent these values are applicable to other rooms, and iii) investigating the effect of room enter/exit times on the estimated room sizes. The main finding of this paper is that the simple consideration of an open-door, which reduces data collection time, the uncertainty of a wall’s coordinates, and imperfect choice of DBSCAN parameters, may substantially increase the estimated indoor space size ranging between approximately 40% to 300%. Consequently, relying solely on the DBSCAN algorithm for indoor space area estimation should not be considered as a valid approach.
The staggered retreat of grounded ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
Authors: Danielson Matthew A. , Bart Philip J.
Published: March 2024

Abstract. The retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) in the Ross Sea after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was more significant than for any other Antarctic sector. Here we combined the available chronology of retreat with new mapping of seismically resolvable grounding zone wedges (GZWs). Mapping GZWs is important because they record the locations of former stillstands in the extent of grounded ice for individual ice streams during the overall retreat. Our analysis shows that the longest stillstands occurred early in the deglacial period and had millennial durations. Stillstands ended abruptly with retreat distances measured in the tens to hundreds of kilometers creating deep embayments in the extent of grounded ice across the Ross Sea. The location of embayments shifted through time. The available chronological data show that cessation of WAIS and East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) stillstands was highly asynchronous across at least 5000 years. There was a general shift to shorter stillstands throughout the deglacial period. The asynchronous collapse of individual catchments during the deglacial period suggests that the Ross Sea sector would have contributed to multiple episodes of relatively small-amplitude sea-level rise as the WAIS and EAIS retreated from the region. The high sinuosity of the modern grounding zone in the Ross Sea suggests that this style of retreat persists.
La conservación del espacio dramático Estudio 1 en la edad de oro de TVE
Authors: Santana Mahmut Saida , Sanz de León Vicente
Published: March 2024

El teatro televisado tuvo su máximo exponente con el espacio dramático Estudio 1 en la edad de oro de TVE (1965-1969). Durante esos años y hasta los 80 no se crea el Servicio General de Documentación Española, antecesor del actual Archivo. Esto suponía que muchas de estas producciones semanales se perdieran al regrabar sobre esas cintas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo conocer las emisiones reales que hubo de Estudio 1 en el año 1965 y 1966 y no solo las que recoge el Archivo, así como dar cuenta de sus datos de emisión y autoría. Dicha catalogación se hace a través de fuentes hemerográficas: parrillas televisivas y críticas del diario ABC, en su edición nacional y la de Sevilla; y la Revista TeleRadio. Para contextualizar el estado de la cuestión además de consulta de fuentes hemerográficas y bibliográficas, se realizan entrevistas en profundidad a los responsables del Archivo, así como la observación participante de la autora del artículo en su trabajo en TVE. Este trabajo constata la existencia de 62 títulos, de los cuales TVE solo conserva cinta e información únicamente de 26.
Effect of Subsoiling, Deep and Differential Rate Placement of Fertilizer on Sugarcane Crop Response
Authors: S. Mandal  , T C Thakur
Published: March 2024

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of sub-soiling, deep and differential rate placement of fertilizer on sugarcane crop at the Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar. The concept was to place fertilizers in root zone of crop, while breaking the subsoil pan, to increase the availability of nutrients to roots and improve the subsoil health. The sugarcane crop response data showed that the growth, yield and yield attributes were not significantly affected by different fertilizer doses, which indicated 20% saving of fertilizer. Subsoiling alone increased the cane weight, number of millable cane and cane yield by 4.26%, 11.40% and 15.87% compared to conventional ploughing with in-furrow fertilizer application (control). Subsoiling-cum-deep fertilizer placement method showed increase in cane weight, number of millable cane and cane yield by 17.02%, 15.78%, and 35.61%, respectively, whereas subsoiling-cum-differential rate fertilizer placement method recorded increase of 16.21%, 16.42% and 35.41% in the same order as compared to the control.
Varietal Effect on Drying Behaviour and Quality Characteristics of Onion
Authors: Satish Kumar Gupta  , Jarnail Singh  , Tarsem Chand
Published: March 2024

Experiments were carried out to study the drying behaviour and its effect on the quality characteristics of onions for three commonly grown varieties of onion. The quality characteristics studied were pyruvic acid concentration, colour and moisture content for each of the three varieties i.e. PBW-1, Punjab Naroya and PRO-6. The onions were dried for 495 min in the form of rings at constant drying temperature of 60°C in a through flow Satake dryer. The variety PBW-1 was found more suitable for commercial dehydration on account of lower drying ratio of 6.49 as compared to 7.26 for Pb Naroya and 7.90 for PRO-6, respectively. Constant drying rate period was not observed across all the experiments conducted for the three varieties. The whole process of drying of onions occurred in two to three falling rate drying period. The pyruvic acid, an important quality determining factor in onion, showed maximum loss of 71.20% for variety PRO-6 as compared to the loss of 63.61% in PBW-1 on dry weight basis during drying of onion rings at 60°C. It was observed that the total colour difference (ΔE) of 7.47 for the samples dried at 60°C was more in variety PRO6 as compared to variety PBW-1(ΔE = 6.13) and Pb Naroya (ΔE = 5.22).
Visual Spectroscopy and Colour Modelling for Nondestructive Quality Evaluation of Apple
Authors: S.N. Jha  , D.R Rai  , S. Gunasekaran
Published: March 2024

Potential of visual spectroscopy and colour data obtained using simple handheld colourimeter was investigated for nondestructive prediction of two important internal quality parameters of apple: total soluble solids (TSS, °Brix) and titrable acidity (TA). Apple colour in terms of Hunter lab L, a, b values and visual spectral (400 to 700 nm) reflectance values of five cultivars were determined. Empirical models were fitted to L, a, b values and partial least squares and multiple linear regression models were fitted to spectral reflection data. The model predictions were validated via full-cross validation technique. Statistical analyses of the results indicate that TA is better predicted than TSS or TA/TSS ratio using colour values. The models based on colour values are better than those using spectral reflectance data. A linear model with colour parameters a, b and a2 fitted the experimental TA values with R values of 0.767 and 0.679 for calibration and validation, respectively.
Artificial Neural Network Models to Predict Wheat Crop Evapotranspiration
Authors: Sangram S. Nikam  , A. K. Mishra  , A. Sarangi  , Paresh B. Shirsath  , D. K. Singh  , V. Ramasubramanian
Published: March 2024

The development of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for prediction of wheat crop evapotranspiration using measured weather data and lysimeter measured crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for Delhi is described. Eleven meteorological variables were taken into consideration for this study. ANN models were developed in MATLAB© with different network architectures using Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP) and Elman Back Propagation (EBP) algorithms. The total length of data record used was 744, out of that 60% was taken for model training, 20% for model testing and remaining 20% for model validation. Training and testing data sets were used for model development purpose, while validation data set was used for model evaluation. The ANN modelling strategy having back propagation learning algorithm, log-sigmoid transfer function and model input strategy-1 exhibited better results with Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (E) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.972 and 0.498 mm for development data set and 0.776 and 1.334 mm for evaluation data set, respectively. FAO Penman-Monteith method was also used to estimate evapotranspiration. Comparison of the ANN predicted ETc and FAO Penman-Monteith estimated ETc with lysimeter values showed that the ANN predicted ETc was more close to the lysimeter measured values.
Performance Evaluation of an Indigenous Metallic Treadle Pump
Authors: Amaresh Sarkar  , Madan K. Jha
Published: March 2024

Treadle pumps are the most suitable and economical option to supply water for drinking and small-scale irrigation in developing countries. The performance evaluation of a treadle pump is usually done only by measuring discharge. Although few studies have considered operating forces and efficiency of the pump, the details about operating force measurement, input power, output power, mechanical efficiency of the pump and mechanical advantage of the paddles are absent. A scientific methodology is demonstrated for the performance evaluation of a commonly used metallic treadle pump manufactured in India, and to present pump performance data for benefit of the users. The analysis of the experimental data indicated that the metallic treadle pump was able to lift water up to 5 m static suction head. The maximum overall efficiency of the treadle pump was found to be 32.6% at a static suction head of 3.5 m. However, the volumetric efficiency of the pump ranged from 92.9 to 66.7% at static suction heads of 1 to 5 m.
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Commercial size Fixed Dome Biogas Plant
Authors: Hakimuddin  , A. K. Kurchania  , Ravi Mathur  , Deepak Sharma  , Nafisa Ali
Published: March 2024

A community size fixed dome cattle dung feed biogas plant of 25 m3 capacity, based on solid-state fermentation, was designed and constructed with brick masonry without using RCC. The shape of the designed plant was of capsule structure. The diameter of lower spherical segment of digester was 4.95 m with the height of the middle cylindrical section as 1.98 m and the depth of bottom spherical segment as 0.98 m. Two cement pipes, diameter 600 mm, were attached to facilitate the feeding of charge. Feeding was carried out with fresh cattle dung having moisture content of 16 per cent. The gas yield varied between 19.56 and 22.45 m3/day with methane content varying between
Electric Drives in Agricultural Machinery-Approach from the Tractor Side
Authors: Eckhard A. Buning
Published: March 2024

A review of the electric drive technology under use in agricultural tractors is reported. The technology used in tractor engine auxiliaries provide the required power to auxiliary drives independent from the diesel engine speed and increases the tractor efficiency or allows it being more productive. Intelligent control of auxiliary drives helps to reduce fuel consumption.
Mathematical Model for Perforation Effect on Modified
Authors: Sajeev Rattan Sharma  , Tarsem Chand
Published: March 2024

A mathematical model was developed for shelled pea packaged in simulated modified atmosphere packages of LD100 (low density polyethylene of 100 gauge, 25 micron thick, to evaluate the effect of perforation level on the concentrations of O2 and CO2 and levels of relative humidity inside the package. Experiments were carried out to verify the model results. Perforations resulted in reducing the steady state times of O2 and CO2, and the effect was more pronounced on O2. The increase in number of perforations and decrease in ambient relative humidity predicted a little decrease in relative humidity within the package but it remained above 98 per cent. A perforation area of 6.51 x 10-2 % was predicted to give optimum in-package environment for shelled pea.
Kinetics of Thin Layer Drying of Button Mushroom
Authors: G.C. Wakchaure  , K. Manikandan  , Indra Mani  , Mahantesh Shirur
Published: March 2024

Drying kinetics of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) slices in a fluidized bed dryer at three different drying air temperatures of 45, 55 and 65°C with constant drying air velocity of 2.5 m.s-1 was studied. The drying of mushroom slices occurred in the falling rate period. Seven thin-layer drying models, commonly used for perishable fruits/vegetables, were tested for the drying behaviour of mushroom slices. The logarithmic model fitted best to moisture ratio data with higher R2 and least c2 , MBE, RMSE values. The effective moisture diffusivity in white button mushroom increased from 9.21x10-8 to 1.49x10-7 m2.s-1with increasing drying air temperatures in the fluidized bed dryer. The average activation energy of 36.39 kJ.mol-1 was required for detaching the water molecules from mushroom slices during fluidized bed drying.
Mitigation of Impact of Climate Change through Watershed Management
Authors: K.P. Tripathi  , V.N. Sharda
Published: March 2024

Climate change during 21st century is projected to alter rainfall, and consequently the runoff and soil loss. The researchers worldwide are assessing the technical feasibility of the options to mitigate the impact of harmful gases (CO2, CH4 and others). The experiences gained by different institutions in India and worldwide have amply demonstrated the positive outcome of soil and water conservation measures implemented on watershed basis both under drought and abnormal rainfall conditions. Simple measures like strengthening of field bunds, contour bunding, trenching, vegetative barriers, agro-forestry, water harvesting and afforestation of denuded land along with other engineering and biological measures are found to be suitable options to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. These measures are, however, likely to be more expensive. Analysis showed that percent increase in the cross section of field bunds in medium soil is expected to be 33.3, 71.1 and 113.3% with an expected increase in one day maximum rainfall by 20, 40 and 60%, respectively, over the cross section corresponding to the one day maximum for the base period of 1961-1990. Similarly, the cross section of the field bunds in light textured soil is expected to be 30.9, 65.5 and 103.6% for the same increase in one day maximum rainfall. It is also projected that about 17% of additional earth work would be required in bunding (contour or graded) if one day maximum rainfall increases by 20 percent. Additional earthwork would increase to 80% with increase in rainfall by 100 percent. The earth work of trenching is projected to be directly proportional to the increase in daily rainfall. The analysis showed that the watershed management practices, though very effective mitigation options under adverse climatic conditions, are likely to be more expensive. To overcome the increasing cost of soil and water conservation measures, appropriate cost effective bio-engineering measures need to be evolved.
Effect of Natural Ageing of Basmati Paddy on Physico-chemicaland Textural Properties of Cooked Rice
Authors: Jasleen Kaur  , Tarsem Chand
Published: March 2024

Ageing of paddy (c.v. Basmati-386) was done for five months through storage in gunny bags (polyethylene lining), high density polyethylene (HDPE, 100 micron) and low density polyethylene (LDPE, 100 micron) bags to study rice quality. Aroma (volatile residual substance value), cooking coefficient, elongation ratio and water absorption increased markedly whereas amylose content, cooking time and solid loss in gruel decreased with the ageing of paddy. Textural properties of cooked rice like hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness increased with ageing. All the textural properties had significant positive correlation with each other and had negative correlation with optimum cooking time. The physico-chemical properties of rice correlated well with their cooking and textural properties.
Laboratory Evaluation of Selected Animal Drawn Implement for the State of Meghalaya
Authors: S. Sahay  , E. V. Thomas  , K. K. Satapathy  , Arvind Kumar
Published: March 2024

In order to match commonly used animal drawn implement used in North Eastern Hilly (NEH) region with available animate power sources; local plough, ridger plough and mould board plough were tested in an indoor instrumented soil bin. Unit draft of soil was calculated using draft of implement and cross sectional area of furrow opened. There was increase of 21.3, 86.2 and 94.2 N draft in case of local plough, ridger and mould board plough, respectively, when the speed of operation was increased from 0.49 to 0.99 m/s.