bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot U‐4CR and Intramolecular O‐Alkylation Toward Heterocyclic Scaffolds.
Authors: Xing Xinglong , Wu Jinlong , Feng Gaofeng , Dai Wei‐Min
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Thiadiazines from Formamidinothiocarbamide.
Authors: Tayade D. T. , Shelke M. E. , Wagmare J. S. , Panpaliya R. C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activities of Indolin‐2‐one Derivatives Bearing Amino Acid Moieties.
Authors: Sassatelli Mathieu , Debiton Eric , Aboab Bettina , Prudhomme Michelle , Moreau Pascale
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Operationally Convenient Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)‐ and (R)‐3‐Amino‐4,4,4‐trifluorobutanoic Acid. Part 2. Enantioselective Biomimetic Transamination of 4,4,4‐Trifluoro‐3‐oxo‐N‐[(R)‐1‐phenylethyl]butanamide.
Authors: Soloshonok Vadim A. , Ohkura Hironari , Yasumoto Manabu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2′,3′‐Dideoxynucleosides via C—S Bond Cleavage: N‐Glycosylation of 2,3‐Dideoxy‐1‐[(2‐pyridylmethyl)thio]glycoside.
Authors: Mitsudo Koichi , Matsuda Wataru , Miyahara Seiji , Tanaka Hideo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ferromagnetic Shape‐Memory Alloys
Authors: Planes Antoni , Manosa Lluis
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fine Chemicals by Reductive Carbonylation of Nitroarenes, Catalyzed by Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Ragaini Fabio , Cenini Sergio , Gallo Emma , Caselli Alessandro , Fantauzzi Simone
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Heterocycles by Transition Metal Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation Reactions
Authors: Vasapollo Giuseppe , Mele Giuseppe
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Secondary Isotope Effects
Authors: Hengge Alvan C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Role of an Internal Return Mechanism on Measured Isotope Effects
Authors: Koch Heinz F.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Ureas and Thioureas in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Breuzard Jeremy A. J. , Christ‐Tommasino M. Lorraine , Lemaire Marc
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Quinazoline‐2,4‐diones and Their Analogues from Resin‐Bound Compounds with Primary Amines
Authors: Makino Shingo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Breaking the Central Dogma by RNA Editing
Authors: Maydanovych Olena , Beal Peter A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A MEMS GC‐Mini‐cell IMS for Astrobiology Measurements
Authors: Stimac Robert M. , Kaye William J. , Holland Paul M. , Kojiro Daniel R. , Takeuchi Norishige
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Complications of combined modality treatment of primary lower extremity soft‐tissue sarcomas
Authors: Cannon Christopher P. , Ballo Matthew T. , Zagars Gunar K. , Mirza Attiqa N. , Lin Patrick P. , Lewis Valerae O. , Yasko Alan W. , Benjamin Robert S. , Pisters Peter W.T.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Correlations between various patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics and complications in patients undergoing combined modality treatment for primary lower extremity soft‐tissue sarcomas were investigated.

METHODS.

Using the M. D. Anderson Radiation Oncology database, the records of the subset of patients treated with combined radiation and limb‐sparing surgery for primary lower extremity soft‐tissue sarcomas were retrospectively reviewed from the years 1960 to 2003.

RESULTS.

In all, 412 patients were identified. With a median follow‐up of 9.3 years, there were a total of 113 (27%) acute wound complications and 41 (13% at 20 years) chronic radiation‐related limb complications. Preoperative radiation and tumor sizes >5 cm were associated with an increased risk of acute wound complications (34% preoperative vs. 16% postoperative, P < .001; and 31% >5 cm vs. 17% ≤5 cm, P = .005). At 20 years the radiation‐related complication rate was higher in patients with a groin or thigh tumor location (16% vs. 4% other; P = .008), prior acute wound complications (20% vs. 10% no surgical complication), and a radiation dose ≥60 grays (Gy) (18% vs. 9% for dose < 60 Gy; P = .04). Five fractures occurred, resulting in a crude overall fracture rate of 1.2%.

CONCLUSIONS.

Patients treated with preoperative radiation for larger tumors are more likely to have acute surgical wound complications. Acute wound complications followed by postoperative radiation are associated with chronic radiation‐related limb problems, as are higher radiation dose and proximal tumor location. The fracture rate is so low that prophylactic fixation is not warranted. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Proposal of SDMA configuration adopting directivity and polarization control
Authors: Komiya Kazuhiro , Nishimori Kentaro , Cho Keizo , Hori Toshikazu
Published: October 2006

In this paper, a new SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) configuration is proposed in which the number of multitudes of SDMA can be increased by using dual polarization antennas at both the smart antenna base stations and the mobile terminals. In the proposed configuration, the smart antennas at the base stations constantly monitor the mutual correlations between the mobile terminals at the time of reception. Then, the polarization (vertical or horizontal) to be transmitted by each mobile terminal is determined in such a way that the mutual correlation between the mobile terminals connected at the same time is minimized. The mobile terminal used in the proposed system has a configuration in which the antennas with vertical and horizontal polarizations can be switched for transmission. Transmission is carried out with the polarization specified by the base station. The proposed configuration is expected not only to improve spatial division capability of SDMA by the smart antenna base station with vertical and horizontal polarizations but also to compensate the deterioration of the transmission quality along with the increase of multiplicity of SDMA by means of the switching configuration of the transmission polarization of the mobile terminal while the interference between the mobile terminals is taken into account. The proposed configuration can be applied to the uplinks in the TDD or FDD channels. By means of the numerical simulation, the basic characteristics of the proposed configuration are clarified in the case where the cross polarization discrimination (XPD) and the number of mobile terminals vary. In this way, it is demonstrated that the mobile terminal discrimination capability is improved over the conventional SDMA with the vertical polarization and the system is useful for increased multiplicity of SDMA. Further, the propagation characteristics (amplitude and phase) of the vertical and horizontal polarizations are obtained when the base station antenna and the mobile terminal antenna are placed on a steel tower and on a vehicle, respectively. The characteristics of the proposed configuration are presented where several mobile terminals exist. Usefulness of the proposed configuration in an actual environment for increased multiplicity of SDMA is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(2): 33–45, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20287
Effect of contact angle on wetting limit temperature
Authors: Hidaka Sumitomo , Yamashita Akimitsu , Takata Yasuyuki
Published: October 2006

The effect of surface wettability on evaporation of a water drop has been examined experimentally using surfaces with various contact angles. To greatly change the surface wettability, TiO2 superhydrophilicity, plasma irradiation, and super‐water‐repellent surface are adopted as the heating surface. The range in contact angle achieved by these methods was between 0° and 170°. The relationship between the contact angle and the wetting limit temperature was obtained and it was found that the lifetime of a water drop dramatically decreases with contact angle in the lower temperature region, and that the wetting limit temperature increases with the contact angle. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(7): 513–526, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20128
Unbalanced expression of licensing DNA replication factors occurs in a subset of mantle cell lymphomas with genomic instability
Authors: Pinyol Magda , Salaverria Itziar , Bea Silvia , Fernández Verónica , Colomo Lluís , Campo Elías , Jares Pedro
Published: October 2006

DNA licensing is a crucial process for chromosome replication control. Deregulation of the licensing factors Cdt1, Cdc6 and the licensing inhibitor geminin has been associated with DNA replication defects and chromosomal instability. We examined the expression of these factors, in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and non‐neoplastic lymphoid samples, and analysed the potential role of their deregulation in genomic instability. Geminin, Cdt1 and Cdc6 were coordinately expressed in non‐neoplastic tissues and most MCL in relationship to the proliferative activity of the cells. However, 6 (18%) tumours showed an unbalanced “licensing signature” characterized by a higher expression of Cdt1 and Cdc6 than the negative regulator geminin. Tumours with this unbalanced signature and p53/p14ARF alterations had significantly higher number of chromosome abnormalities than lymphomas with p53/p14ARF alterations but with a normal licensing signature. No aberrations of Cdct1, Cdc6, and geminin genes were detected in cases with unbalanced licensing. However, tumours with p53/ARF inactivation and unbalanced licensing signature had significantly higher cyclin D1 levels than tumours with normal licensing signature. These results suggest that an unbalanced mRNA expression of licensing regulatory genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of the chromosomal instability of a subset of MCL with inactivation of the p53/p14ARF pathway. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An interferon‐sensitive response element is involved in constitutive caspase‐8 gene expression in neuroblastoma cells
Authors: De Ambrosis Alessandro , Casciano Ida , Croce Michela , Pagnan Gabriella , Radic Luana , Banelli Barbara , Di Vinci Angela , Allemanni Giorgio , Tonini Gian Paolo , Ponzoni Mirco , Romani Massimo , Ferrini Silvano
Published: October 2006

We previously identified a 1.2 Kb DNA element (P‐1161/+16), 5′ to caspase‐8 exon‐1, that acts as promoter in caspase‐8‐positive, but not in caspase‐8‐negative neuroblastoma (NB) cells. The P‐1161/+16 DNA element regulates both constitutive and interferon IFN‐γ‐inducible caspase‐8 expression. Two GAS (IFN‐activated sequence, STAT‐1 binding site) and two ISRE (interferon sensitive response element, IRF binding site) were present in P‐1161/+16. Deletion studies indicated that elements essential for promoter activity in NB cells were present in a 167 bp region 5′ flanking exon‐1 (P‐151/+16), which contains an ISRE at position −32. The transcription initiation site was mapped by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) at position −20 from caspase‐8 cDNA reference sequence. Disruption of the ISRE‐32 indicated that it is required for both constitutive and IFN‐γ‐inducible caspase‐8 expression. IRF‐1 and IRF‐2 transcription factors bind to the (−151/+16) DNA fragment in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that IRF‐1 and IRF‐2 bind to the DNA region at the 5′ of caspase‐8 gene in NB cells, which show constitutive expression but not in caspase‐8 negative cells. In these last cells, up‐regulation of caspase‐8 by IFN‐γ was associated to induction of IRF‐1 and IRF‐2 binding to caspase‐8 promoter and increased histone acetylation. Moreover, RNA interference experiments also supported the involvement of IRF‐1 and IRF‐2 in constitutive caspase‐8 expression in NB cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal Variability of Particulate Organic Matter in a Mountain Stream in Central Spain
Authors: Mollá Salvador , Robles Santiago , Casado Carmen
Published: October 2006

The aim of this paper was to study the influence of environmental characteristics of the Mediterranean climate on seasonal variability of particulate organic matter abundance in a mountain stream. Coarse and fine fractions of both suspended and benthic particulate organic matter were determined on 14 occasions between February 1998 and November 1999 in a second‐order Mediterranean stream in Central Spain (Arroyo Mediano). Temporal variability of suspended organic matter followed a seasonal pattern, attributed to litter‐fall inputs, instream processing, and the hydrological regime. Suspended organic matter (SOM) and its seasonal variability fall well within the range reported for streams in temperate non‐Mediterranean deciduous forest. However, we found no seasonal trend in benthic organic matter (BOM) storage, and it seems that the amount of BOM remained fairly constant throughout the year. Reach retention (evaluated as the ratio between BOM and SOM per m2) was higher in summer during reduced stream flow, mainly due to coarse particulate organic matter storage. These observations do not differ from those reported for other headwater streams in temperate forested biomes, from which we conclude that there was no evidence of a Mediterranean influence on particulate organic matter dynamics in the Mediano stream, nor probably in other headwater Mediterranean streams. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Myocardial perfusion
Authors: Schwitter Juerg
Published: October 2006

Noninvasive cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has progressed rapidly over the past few years and will most likely become an integral part of the diagnostic workup of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). In this article the rationale for using perfusion‐CMR is discussed, followed by a summary of current state‐of‐the‐art perfusion‐CMR techniques that addresses pharmacological stress, monitoring, pulse sequences, and doses of contrast media (CM) for first‐pass studies. In the second part, unresolved aspects of perfusion‐CMR, such as the lack of fully established and validated imaging protocols, are discussed. The optimum pulse sequence parameters, required cardiac coverage, analysis algorithms, criteria for data quality, and other aspects remain to be defined. Furthermore, since expertise in perfusion‐CMR is not yet widely available, training of physicians and technicians to perform perfusion‐CMR according to recognized standards is an important future requirement. In the last part of the review, some ideas are proposed to improve the management of patients with known or suspected CAD. This involves making a shift from a “reactive” strategy, in which patients are typically approached when they are symptomatic, to an “active” strategy, in which perfusion‐CMR is performed for early detection of high‐risk patients so that revascularizations can be performed before potentially deadly infarcts occur. An ideal test for such an active strategy would be highly accurate, reliable, safe (and thus repeatable), and affordable. Large multicenter trials have shown that in experienced centers perfusion‐CMR is reliable and repeatable, and it is hoped that future studies will demonstrate its cost‐effectiveness as well. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel epididymis‐specific mRNAs downregulated by HE6/Gpr64 receptor gene disruption
Authors: Davies Ben , Behnen Martina , Cappallo‐Obermann Heike , Spiess Andrej‐Nikolai , Theuring Franz , Kirchhoff Christiane
Published: October 2006

Targeted disruption of the epididymis‐specific HE6/Gpr64 receptor gene in mice led to male infertility. In order to characterize the phenotype at a molecular level, we compared the gene expression patterns of wild type (wt) versus knockout (KO) caput epididymides. The caput region of KO males, although morphologically normal, nevertheless showed an aberrant expression pattern. Combining micro array analysis, differential library screening, Northern blot analysis and quantitative RT‐PCR, we found that the knockout of the HE6/Gpr64 receptor was mainly associated with the downregulation of genes specific to the initial segment. The list of KO downregulated transcripts comprised Enpp2/autotaxin, the lipocalins 8 and 9, the β‐defensin Defb42, cystatins 8 and 12, as well as the membrane proteins Adam (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) 28, claudin‐10, EAAC1, and the novel Me9. Clusterin/ApoJ and osteopontin/Spp1 mRNAs, on the other hand, were upregulated in the KO tissues. The Me9 transcript was studied in further detail, and we report here a cluster of related epididymis‐specific genes. Me9 is specifically expressed in the initial segment and is representative of a novel and highly conserved mammalian gene family. The family consists of single‐exon genes only; intron‐containing paralogs have not yet been ascertained. The cloned cDNA sequences predicted hydrophobic polytopic membrane proteins containing the DUF716 motif. Protein expression was shown in the rodent caput epididymidis but remained uncertain in primates. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 539–553, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance elastography of the lung: Technical feasibility
Authors: Goss B.C. , McGee K.P. , Ehman E.C. , Manduca A. , Ehman R.L.
Published: October 2006

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a phase‐contrast technique that can spatially map shear stiffness within tissue‐like materials. To date, however, MRE of the lung has been too technically challenging—primarily because of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) limitations and phase instability. We describe an approach in which shear wave propagation is not encoded into the phase of the MR signal of a material, but rather from the signal arising from a polarized noble gas encapsulated within. To determine the feasibility of the approach, three experiments were performed. First, to establish whether shear wave propagation within lung parenchyma can be visualized with phase‐contrast MR techniques, MRE was performed on excised porcine lungs inflated with room air. Second, a phantom consisting of open‐cell foam filled with thermally polarized 3He gas was imaged with MRE to determine whether shear wave propagation can be encoded by the gas. Third, preliminary evidence of the feasibility of MRE in vivo was obtained by using a longitudinal driver on the chest of a normal volunteer to generate shear waves in the lung. The results suggest that MRE in combination with hyperpolarized noble gases is potentially useful for noninvasively assessing the regional elastic properties of lung parenchyma, and merits further investigation. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multicommodity network design with discrete node costs
Authors: Belotti P. , Malucelli F. , Brunetta L.
Published: October 2006

Although there is an extensive literature dealing with network design, little attention has been devoted to networks with complicated node costs. Although node costs, depending linearly on the total passing flow, can be easily embedded into the more usual framework of networks with link costs, when the node costs are, for instance, a stepwise function of the facilities installed into the nodes, this is no longer possible. This feature seems to be crucial in modern telecommunications networks, but has also applications in other fields, where a limited set of technologies is available with discrete values of capacities and costs. In our specific application, we propose a mathematical programming model that explicitly accounts for node costs that are stepwise with nonlinear increments. Two families of valid inequalities are then introduced, one of which is an extension of those presented in a previous work by Stoer and Dahl for multifacility network models. As the separation problem for these inequalities is difficult, we develop a heuristic separation procedure. We devise a branch‐and‐cut method and test it on a set of real‐world instances found in the network design literature. This new method proves to be efficient when compared to a commercial general purpose MIP algorithm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 90–99 2007
Multiple human tracking on image sequence under hierarchical attention control
Authors: Satake Junji , Shakunaga Takeshi
Published: October 2006

The authors aim to implement flexible human vision‐like processing on a computer by automatically switching the focus of attention to perform stable and efficient image sequence processing. To do so, they first introduce a hierarchical attention control model that divides high‐order processing into five layers in this paper according to the object or role of each layer. By using this model, the authors implement attention control that uses not only simple image information, but also high‐order information such as the various objects or relations between objects. Next, they take the problem of stably and efficiently tracking multiple people in a sequence of images to show the effectiveness of hierarchical attention control. In other words, by using this model, they determine the conditions of each person in an image based on the distance between the people or the way in which the people overlap and switch to suitable tracking processing or control the focus of attention. They use actual images to perform tracking experiments and verify the stability of tracking multiple people according to the proposed technique and the attention control processing contents of each layer during state transitions to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(13): 78–88, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10672
Parameter analysis of impedance pharyngography (IPG) for assessment of swallowing function
Authors: Kusuhara Toshimasa , Nakamura Takao , Shirakawa Yasuhiro , Mori Keiko , Naomoto Yoshio , Yamamoto Yoshitake
Published: October 2006

With steady aging of society, the number of patients with dysphagia due to esophageal cancer and to muscular and neural diseases is increasing. This tendency is a problem from the viewpoint of social welfare. We intended to develop a simple quantitative evaluation method for the swallowing function, and we propose impedance pharyngography (IPG), which can measure noninvasively the electrical impedance of the neck during swallowing. Although the swallowing function is reflected in the IPG, the effect of swallowing function degradation on the waveform varies depending on the cause of the problem, making it difficult to compare simply the IPGs of subjects with various states of the swallowing function. In this study, four parameters are defined, based on the normal IPGs of normal young subjects, in order to evaluate the waveform features representing the swallowing function, namely, the pharynx transit time, the rate of impedance change, the similarity, and the timing of the swallowing sound. Then, a method is proposed to evaluate the IPG quantitatively. IPGs of two groups, young and elderly, are analyzed in terms of these parameters, and it is shown that the degradation of the lifting speed and the lifting distance of the larynx, and also degradation of smooth activity of the organs related to swallowing, can be detected as differences in the parameters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(13): 20–27, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20588
Planning for sustainable development: a paradigm shift towards a process‐based approach
Authors: Bagheri Ali , Hjorth Peder
Published: October 2006

Prevailing approaches of planning and strategy making, which traditionally deal with the states of systems in terms of fixed goals, fail to acknowledge the process nature of sustainable development. Using a system dynamics approach and relying on the concept of viability loops, the paper aims to illustrate a practical implementation of sustainable development with an urban water system as an example. It argues that planning for sustainable development should be ‘process‐based’ – rather than ‘fixed‐goal’ – oriented. Unlike the traditional approaches of strategy making to set fixed goals related to either supply‐side and/or demand‐side management, it is argued that triggering a social learning process with full involvement of all stakeholders and planners in the process would be the most suitable strategy for sustainable development. To this end, backcasting is recommended as a suitable tool and the process of model building is regarded as a means of learning rather than forecasting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Personal and community sustainability
Authors: Berkowitz Bill
Published: October 2006

Many community members reduce their community involvements as they more through midlife. This may be true for community psychologists as well. Yet research evidence suggests that‐intellectually, at least‐we can function at or near peak levels through our 80s and 90s. How then might we best sustain ourselves and our work through our entire lives? Answers may lie in full exercise of all capacities, in strong support networks, and in actions that meet one's deeper needs, “the needs of the soul”. These same principles may sustain community life as well, for some key principles of personal and community sustainability may be similar. Applications of these ideas to communities and to community psychology are discussed.
The impact of the transition to high school on the self‐system and perceived social context of poor urban youth
Authors: Seidman Edward , Lawrence Aber J. , Allen LaRue , French Sabine Elizabeth
Published: October 2006

Examined the effects of the normative school transition to senior high school (n=330) on the self‐system and perceived school and peer social contexts of poor, black (n=83), European American (n=115), Latino (n=105), and Asian American (n=27) youth in the public school systems of three Eastern urban cities. The only negative effect of the school transition on the self‐system was a decline in grade point average (GPA). Concurrently, the school transition was perceived to be associated with changes in the school and peer contexts. Across the transition, students reported increased disengagement from school (i.e., increased social support and extracurricular involvement) and increased engagement with peers (i.e., decreased daily hassles and increased involvement). These changes in the school and peer microsystems, like the changes in the self‐system, were also common across race/ethnicity and gender. In addition, transition‐associated school changes, and in particular changes in daily academic demands/hassles and involvement in school activities, were associated with changes in the academic dimensions of the self‐system (i.e., academic efficacy expectations and GPA). Results and implications for preventive intervention are discussed within a developmental mismatch framework.
Socioenvironmental experiences, self‐esteem, and emotional/behavioral problems in early adolescence
Authors: DuBois David L. , Felner Robert D. , Sherman Michelle D. , Bull Catherine A.
Published: October 2006

Tested the role of self‐esteem as a mediator of relationships between socioenvironmental experiences and emotional/behavioral problems using a sample of 215 young adolescents (Grades 7–9). Socioenvironmental experiences were assessed using self‐report questionnaire measures of social support and major and minor stressful events. Self‐esteem was assessed using a self‐report questionnaire, an interview, and a parent‐report questionnaire. Emotional/behavioral problems were assessed using self‐report, parent‐report and teacherreport questionnaires. Utilizing structural equation modeling, the data were used to test a model in which self‐esteem mediated the relationship between socioenvironmental experiences and emotional/behavioral problems. The hypothesized model provided a reasonably good fit to the data (normed fit index=.90). However, an alternative model which also allowed for direct effects of socioenvironmental experiences on emotional/behavioral problems produced a significant improvement in model fit. In this model, socio‐environmental experiences had significant effects on emotional problems via both direct effects and indirect effects that indicated a mediating role for self‐esteem. Only direct effects of socioenvironmental experiences were evident for behavioral problems.
Analysis of clustered data in community psychology: With an example from a worksite smoking cessation project
Authors: Hedeker Donald , McMahon Susan D. , Jason Leonard A. , Salina Doreen
Published: October 2006

Although it is common in community psychology research to have data at both the community, or cluster, and individual level, the analysis of such clustered data often presents difficulties for many researchers. Since the individuals within the cluster cannot be assumed to be independent, the use of many traditional statistical techniques that assumes independence of observations is problematic. Further, there is often interest in assessing the degree of dependence in the data resulting from the clustering of individuals within communities. In this paper, a random‐effects regression model is described for analysis of clustered data. Unlike ordinary regression analysis of clustered data, random‐effects regression models do not assume that each observation is independent, but do assume data within clusters are dependent to some degree. The degree of this dependency is estimated along with estimates of the usual model parameters, thus adjusting these effects for the dependency resulting from the clustering of the data. Models are described for both continuous and dichotomous outcome variables, and available statistical software for these models is discussed. An analysis of a data set where individuals are clustered within firms is used to illustrate fetatures of random‐effects regression analysis, relative to both individual‐level analysis which ignores the clustering of the data, and cluster‐level analysis which aggregates the individual data.
Toward community: A third position
Authors: Newbrough J. R.
Published: October 2006

This essay addresses the insufficiency of modern science as the solution to the problems of human life. It is a critique of community theory and a constructivist proposal for a synthesis of the individuality and collectivity solutions to the Paradox of the One and the Many—designated as the Third Position. The Third Position is necessary for the postmodern period for there is a need to incorporate the goal of Equality (or Justice) into a paradigm based on Liberty and Fraternity. The Third Position is also called the Just Community. To achieve the development of the new position (paradigm), a location‐specific action research center is proposed based on the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory (Kelly, 1970). Two examples of action research are described: aqualitativeproject to develop community within a parish that has served to advance the theory of the Just Community, and aquantitativeproject of community‐level change‐monitoring of social indicators and the use of dynamic modeling as a way to understand and simulate local community processes. The Society for Community Research and Action is urged to take specific actions to explore the development of a Woods Hole community research laboratory.
Development and validation of adolescent‐perceived microsystem scales: Social support, daily hassles, and involvement
Authors: Seidman Edward , Allen LaRue , Lawrence Aber J. , Mitchell Christina , Feinman Joanna , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Comtois Katherine Anne , Golz Judith , Miller Robin L. , Ortiz-Torres Blanca , Roper Gillian Carty
Published: October 2006

Developed and validated instruments for urban and culturally diverse adolescents to assess their self‐reported transactions with family, peer, school, and neighborhood microsystems for the constructs of social support, daily hassles, and involvement. The sample of 998 youth were from schools in three Eastern cities with high percentages of economically disadvantaged youth. Data were collected before and after the transition to junior high school or to senior high school. Blacks constituted 26%, whites 26%, and Latinos 37% of the sample. Factor analyses confirmed and enhanced the hypothesized four‐factor microsystem factor structure for support, hassles, and involvement; internal consistency and stability coefficients were consistent with these structures. In general, the microsystem factors were common across gender, ethnicity, and age. However, when group differences did occur on these demographic variables, they tended to validate the salience of microsystem specificity. In contrast to the total scores, the microsystem‐specific factors yielded more meaningful and differential information with regard to demographic differences and the mediating processes across a school transition.
In search of altruistic community: Patterns of social support mobilization following Hurricane Hugo
Authors: Kaniasty Krzysztof , Norris Fran H.
Published: October 2006

Twelve months after Hurricane Hugo, 1,000 disaster victims and nonvictims were asked about social support they exchanged following the hurricane. Victims of disaster received and provided very high levels of tangible, informationa, and emotional support. Disaster exposure (loss and harm) was a strong predictor of help received and a modest predictor of help provided. However, postdisaster help was not distributed equally and disaster exposure was more strongly related to social support in some groups than in others. Race, education, and age most consistently moderated the impact of disaster exposure on receipt of postdisaster support. Blacks and less educated victims received less help than similarly affected victims who were white or more educated. Relative disadvantage of being old in receiving support was not the case for those elderly disaster victims who experienced threats to their lives or health. Some subgroups of victims were relied upon disproportionately for providing assistance. Implications for social support research are addressed.
Estimating rates of chronic fatigue syndrome from a community‐based sample: A pilot study
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Taylor Renee , Wagner Lynne , Holden Jay , Ferrari Joseph R. , Plioplys Audrius V. , Plioplys Sigita , Lipkin David , Papernik Morris
Published: October 2006

Most of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) epidemiological studies have relied on physicians who refer patients having at least 6 months of chronic fatigue and other symptoms. However, there are a number of potential problems when using this method to derive prevalence statistics. For example, some individuals with CFS might not have the economic resources to access medical care. Other individuals with CFS might be reluctant to use medical personnel, particularly if they have encountered physicians skeptical of the authenticity of their illness. In addition, physicians that are skeptical of the existence of CFS might not identify cases. In the present pilot study, a random community sample (N=1,031) was interviewed by telephone in order to identify and comprehensively evaluate individuals with symptoms of CFS and those who self‐report having CFS. Different definitions of CFS were employed, and higher rates (0.2%) of CFS were found than in previous studies. Methodological benefits in using more rigorous epidemiological methods when estimating CFS prevalence rates are discussed.
Empowerment praxis in community coalitions
Authors: McMillan Brad , Florin Paul , Stevenson John , Kerman Ben , Mitchell Roger E.
Published: October 2006

Community coalitions address a wide variety of community problems, espousing a community development processes that promotes individual and collective self‐determination. They offer a promising venue for the study of empowerment of individuals and organizations. This study utilizes data from members of 35 community coalitions organized for the prevention of alcohol and other drug problems to address the following questions: What individual characteristics are related to the psychological empowerment of coalition members? What organizational characteristics are related to the collective empowering of members? What organization characteristics are related to a coalition being organizationally empowered to succeed in achieving its objectives? At the individual level, psychological empowerment was most strongly related to individuals' participation levels, sense of community, and perceptions of a positive organizational climate. At the group level, the strongest predictors of collective empowering (our operationalization of the empowering organization) were net benefits of participation, commitment, and positive organization climate. Psychological empowerment and positive organizational climate were the two predictors of organizational effectiveness (the empowered organization). Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
“Taking another route”: Daily survival narratives from mothers who are homeless
Authors: Banyard Victoria L.
Published: October 2006

Homelessness among families has become a growing social problem for communities, yet little is known about the types of daily survival strategies such families employ. This paper presents results of a qualitative study of the coping narratives of 64 mothers living in temporary emergency shelters with their children. The women reported using a variety of coping responses to daily stressful events. These included the use of direct actions and more palliative strategies. Results suggest that stress and coping theory may be useful for understanding homelessness. Implications for program development and future research are discussed.
Macro‐ and microlevel factors related to sense of community: The case of temporary neighborhoods in Israel
Authors: Sagy Shifra , Stern Eliahu , Krakover Shaul
Published: October 2006

This study examines macro and micro factors influencing the development of sense of community (Davidson & Cotter, 1980) in two different populations (immigrants and veterans) in new temporary neighborhoods in Israel. At the macrolevel, the major factors examined were population size, population density, number of dwelling units in the site, urbanity of the area, ethnic heterogeneity, and peripheriality of the region. Three kinds of variables were examined on the microlevel: (a) personal attitudes: evaluation of the dwelling unit and satisfaction with public services; (b) social networks; and (c) sociodemographic characteristics. Data were collected from 242 immigrants from the former USSR and from 60 Israeli veterans, residing in 5 different sites. Two different patterns of predictors of sense of community emerged in the two different samples. In the veteran sample, only one macrolevel variable entered the stepwise analysis equation: the number of dwelling units in the site. In the immigrant sample, three significant microlevel factors entered the equation: evaluation of the dwelling unit, external network, and age. The data thus suggest that the major determinant factors underlying sense of community vary for different groups of people.
The ontogenesis of primary prevention: Lengthy strides and subbed toes
Authors: Cowen Emory L.
Published: October 2006

Reviews evolution of the concept of primary prevention in the past 40 years and cites progress in overcoming significant early deterrents (e.g., loosely anchored, overinclusive definitions; weak supporting empirical base) to this development. Highlights the growing trend to define the concept specifically around the yoked notions of risk, and the goal of forestalling major psychological dysfunction. This de facto shift in definitional emphasis has obscured primary prevention's early vision of promoting health and wellness. Stresses need for a comprehensive, multilevel, proactive approach targeted systematically toward the enhancement of psychological wellness in all people, from the start.
Characteristics and consequences of help‐giving practices in contrasting human services programs
Authors: Trivette Carol M. , Dunst Carl J. , Hamby Deborah
Published: October 2006

Relationships between human services program models and help‐giving practices, and between both program models and help‐giving practices and help‐seeker control appraisals were examined in a study of 107 low socioeconomic background families. Three kinds of human services agencies were included in the study, each of which differed in terms of their implicit and explicit assumptions about the families they served and the roles professionals and families played as part of helping relationships. Results support the hypotheses that (a) a program philosophy that was family centered would be associated with more empowering help‐giving practices compared to more professionally centered philosophies and (b) a family‐centered program philosophy and empowering help‐giving practices would be related to an enhanced sense of personal control over needed supports and resources from a target help‐giver.
The species‐area relation I. A model for discrete sampling
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro
Published: October 2006

A simple mathematical model describing the species‐area relation was developed. This paper dealt with the case that discrete random samples are combined.

Modelling was made on the assumption that the occurrence probability of a species in a quadrat has a continuous density distribution. The model, given by the equation (6), holds only for a particular size of quadrat (i.e. the characteristic area). More general form applicable to the quadrats the size of which is near to the characteristic area was represented by the equation (9).

Validity of the model was examined for the data of plant and insect communities, and it was concluded that the observation can be predicted by the model unless the size of sampling unit considerably differs from the characteristic area.

The uniformity of specific density (i. e. the number of species per quadrat) and the size of characteristic area were discussed as being important in an understanding of community structure.
Eradication of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, from Kume is., Okinawa with the sterile insect release method
Authors: Iwahashi Osamu
Published: October 2006

The sterile insect release method was applied to eradicate the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, from the 58.5 km2 island of Kume, in the Okinawa Islands group. Weekly releases of 1 to 1.5 million flies irradiated as pupae with 6–7 kR from a cobalt‐60 source did not decrease the wild melon fly population. Releases of 1.5–2 million pupae per week made from September, 1975 to January, 1976 decreased the percent egg‐hatch of females caught on Kume Is., but did not decrease the percent infestation significantly. The number of pupae released was increased from February, 1976 to accelerate the eradication process. When the number of pupae released exceeded 3.5 million per week, a rapid increase in the ratio of marked (sterile) to unmarked (wild) flies, a remarkable decrease in percent egg‐hatch, and a decrease in percent infestation of fruits were observed. There has been no sign of melon fly infestation in wild cucurbit fruits from October, 1976 to the present time (April, 1977), despite the fact that more than 70,000 fruits were carefully examined. The eradication of the melon fly from Kume Is. was thus achieved by April, 1977, after the release of 264 million sterile fly pupae.
Life table studies on the paddy field population of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), with special reference to the mechanism of population regulation
Authors: Hokyo Nobuhiko , Kuno Eizi
Published: October 2006

The population growth of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, in the paddy field was analyzed based on the life table data accumulated for six years.

The paddy field population, which stems from the invading adults of the first generation (G‐I), repeats two complete generations, and the hatchlings of the fourth generation (G‐IV) enter diapause and overwinter as the fourth instar nymphs in fallow paddy fields. It was clarified that the density dependent reduction in the mean longevity and oviposition rate of adult females in G‐II and III played a primary role in stabilizing the annual population densities. The annual average of the mean longevity of G‐II females (3.9 days) was much shorter than that of G‐III ones (7.7 days) and thus the density dependent reduction in the mean longevity induced a more prompt regulatory effect on the oviposition of G‐II females compared with G‐III ones. As the result, two equilibrium densities of eggs were obtained, e.g., ca 100 and 700 eggs per hill in G‐III and IV, respectively. Density dependent decrease in the proportion of mature females in the adult population was especially conspicuous in G‐II, and this was closely associated with the density dependent reduction in the mean longevity and fecundity. Thus, the density dependent dispersal (emigration) of the adult females by flight in G‐II and III was the most convincing factor in the process of population regulation. The density dependent dispersal of the adult females is effective in avoiding the deleterious effects of nymphal crowding in a breeding habitat unit (a paddy field), and may result in a more even distribution of the population over a continuous habitat units in a locality than otherwise.
Academic on a mission: Run and run and run
Authors: Galano Joseph
Published: October 2006

Challenges the distinctions we make between research/scholarship and practice. Recognizes and values the complimentarity of teaching, research, practice, and public policy. Tells how I have tried to approach creating opportunities to integrate those activities in my role as a community psychologist in an academic setting. Describes some of the lessons I have learned from my two decades of practice.