bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Punctual Eventive (Aorist)
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The only distinctively aorist stem in PIE was the s-aorist, formed by the addition of “-s- and athematic secondary endings (419-31). In G there is no gradation of the root syllable, which if not in the e-grade has the same grade as the present. There is evidence however that the G s­ aorist originally ablauted in a fashion more like the Vedic paradigms (459). The other types of aorist are formally indistinguishable from imperfects; see 413 and 497 regarding what ‘makes’ a given stem imperfect or aorist. So E”(pcx<f:,ov is the imperfect of “fp&<f:,w, while identically formed ETpmrov is the aor. to rpETiW (imperf. ETpnov); E<PYJP is imperf. (riµi; aor. E<PYJ<m), while identically formed E{3rJP is aor. ({3cxivw); and so on. The same thing is true of Vedic: dpiit ‘protected’ is the imperf. to p!iti pres., but identically formed ddhiit ‘put’ is an aor. (dddhiiti pres.). Of course, a form like EAlTiOJJ, even if nothing else were known about it, would be much more likely to be an aor. than an imperf. The reason for this is not formal but statistical: zero grade of the root is very much more common in thematic aorists than in thematic presents.
Colonial Antecedents
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

The European nations intruding themselves into the world of the Indians had two practical problems to solve. First, they must occupy the land and defend their occupations against the indigenous tribes and other European powers. In the second place, they found it prudent to devise procedures by which title to the land could pass in an orderly manner from Indians to Europeans.
The Formative Years
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

For the Indians residing within the boundaries of the new nation, the transfer of sovereignty from a monarchy to a republican form of government had no immediate significance. Both sides in the colonial struggle for independence sought to neutralize the tribes by promising to respect their territorial boundaries, and even the Iroquois Confederacy, ancient allies of the English, became divided on the question of helping one white man against another. From the Indian point of view, neither of the contending parties could be trusted, in land matters especially. Political philosophy seemed not to affect the white man’s penchant for taking what he wanted.
A Time Of Reassessment
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

The Indian condition deteriorated greatly as the nation prospered. The United States Court of Claims, in reviewing an Indian case at the end of the last century, indicated frank puzzlement. The court found the legal situation anomalous, a situation “unknown to the common law or the civil law or to any system of municipal law. [The Indians] were neither citizens nor aliens; they were neither persons nor slaves; they were wards of the nation, and yet, . . . were little else than prisoners of war while war did not exist.”
The Tribal World
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

In their resistance to the policy of withdrawing or terminating federal responsibility, the Indian tribes were not expressing a desire to continue indefinitely in a state of dependency, although an obdurate Senator Watkins might make that charge. They would not acknowledge themselves to be dependent in any respect. The protection of their lands and of their right of community control, which outsiders took as evidence of backwardness, was seen by Indians as a contractual relationship not terminable by unilateral decision. And with respect to their trust-held lands and tribal governments, Indian leaders had for some years been urging the federal government to relax its restrictive controls and permit greater participation in planning and decision-making. This, of course, was the promise of the Indian Reorganization Act.
A Closing View
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

After these many years of inter-ethnic contact in the New World, it is not yet possible to say that the relationship between white man and Indian is free of the presumptuous bias that marked its beginnings. Indians may no longer be expected to vanish before a competition “they had not the means of sustaining,” but their moral right to remain a separate and identifiable people is far from assured.
Alienation: From Gratitude to Despair
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

As We have seen, the predominant religion in North America has been Protestant-that particular form of Protestantism which is rooted in the Calvinist branch of the Reformation. From the Low Church Episcopalians and Anglicans of Virginia and Canada, to Puritan New England, to the great churches of the frontier (the Methodist and the Baptist), the theological theme on this continent has been played in a Calvinistic key.1 Something drastic, however, happened to Calvinism in North America. By the middle of the nineteenth century it became apparent that a form of Christianity quite different from any known on the Continent or in the British Isles had not only asserted itself but had become the typical religion of North America. As early as 1800, Jedidiah Morse had exhorted his flock to “guard against the insidious encroachments of innovation-that evil and beguiling spirit which is now stalking to and fro in the earth, seeking whom it may devour.”2 Despite that warning and the famous boast of Charles Hodge that no new idea had ever originated at Princeton,3 innovation was encroaching on every theological front, and new ideas, outside the precincts of Princeton, were out of control.
Large-Scale Plasma
Authors: Burlaga L F
Published: November 2023

The state of the plasma at 1 AU is given by the bulk speed V, the proton number density N, the proton temperature T, and the electron temperature Ye. This section describes typical values of these basic quantities, the uncertainties in the measurements, and some fundamental parameters derived from them. Since the values vary with solar activity, this section aims only to present representative values, including both some early results of historical interest and some more modern results.
Large-Scale Fluctuations
Authors: Burlaga L F
Published: November 2023

The “large-scale fluctuations” in the heliosphere are defined as fluctuations in the plasma and magnetic field having periods from several hours to the solar rotation period (Burlaga and Goldstein, 1984). A distinction between low frequency and intermediate frequency large-scale fluctuations was made by Burlaga et al. (1987b, 1989).
The Underlying Problem of Child Welfare: Families that are Not Economically Self-Supporting
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

The lack of family-sustaining jobs denies many young men the possibility of forming an economically self-reliant family, the traditional American mark of manhood. Partially in response, the young men’s peer groups emphasize sexual prowess as a sign of manhood, with babies as evidence. A sexual game emerges as girls are lured by the (usually older) boys’ vague but convincing promises of love and marriage. When the girls submit, they often end up pregnant and abandoned.
Introduction
Authors: lembke Janet , Reckford kenneth J
Published: November 2023

A revenge play gone askew, Shakespeare’s Hamlet has misled numberless theatergoers, readers, and critics into seeking some definite answer to what seemed the obvious question: why doesn’t Hamlet get on with the job? After Hamlet learns from his father’s ghost how Claudius poisoned his brother the king and stole his queen-wife (Hamlet’s mother), and after Hamlet confirms that tale by staging the play-murder and play-sequction, all he need do is kill his uncle. Surely Elsinor will support him, so why delay? Is it because Hamlet has a flawed character? Is he overly intellectual and given to melancholy brooding? Or is it because his Oedipal strivings lead him to identify unconsciously with Claudius? All these possibilities may be correct, for Shakespeare gives wide scope to directors, actors, and critics to superimpose their own interpretation. But this odd tragedy of hesitation, of vengeance delayed, has other underlying motivations. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is no hothead, no Laertes. He is a thoughtful, self-aware person in a thoughtless world. Uneasily he finds himself cast in what might have been-in what in an earlier period was the typical revenge play, where the hero outwits and kills the usurper. Hamlet rushes into nothing. He probes and tests. Very sensibly he demands reassurances that his informant was an honest ghost, not a tempting devil. Wisely, too, he forbears killing a villain at his (seeming) prayers. Certainly his mind is clouded-by shock, by sexual disturbance, and by a madness only half feigned; it only clears in Act 5, when resolution is still outpaced by events. But he has also been thinking all this time-about himself, about family and friends, about Denmark, and about what May nard Mack has called the “pervasive inscrutability” of things. It is not just that Hamlet is unready for revenge, but that, for this intelligent and sensitive hero, the call to revenge opens up a host of questions that require but do not receive a simple answer.
How to Kill a Dragon
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Watkins demonstrates the continuity of poetic formulae in Indo-European languages from Old Hittite to medieval Irish. Using the comparative method, he shows how traditional poetry formulae of considerable complexity can be reconstructed as far back as the original common languages, thus revealing the antiquity and tenacity of the poetic tradition.
Some Indo-European prayers: Cato’s lustration of the fields
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

The landowner is then enjoined to pronounce a preliminary prayer with a libation to Janus and Jupiter and to address a prayer with fixed wording to Mars. This prayer to Mars had been justly qualified by Risch 1979 as ‘the oldest Latin text preserved,’ ‘actually older than Early Latin literature,’ the monuments of authors of the third and second centuries B.C., considerably before Cato’s time (ca. 234 - 149 B.C.).
Umbria: Tables of Iguvium
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Among the most interesting texts that antiquity has left us are the seven bronze tablets discovered in 1444 in Gubbio, Latin Iguvium, a small town of Umbria, where they still remain. The Iguvine tables, by far our most extensive source of information for the Umbrian language, are no less important for the study of religion in ancient Italy, for they consist of an extremely detailed set of liturgical and cultic instructions for a college of priests, the Atiedian Brethren.
Second variant: The root *terh2-
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

A striking semantic feature of the verbal root *terh2- is precisely to mark a conditional, transitory, or non-permanent victory of one adversary over the other. It is just this pathetic or ominous semantic overtone which we hear in a widely attested Indo-European tradition in which the ultimate adversary is death.
Further Indo-European comparisons and themes
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

In any case it is tempting to see the traces of an older thematic nexus in these Greek and Germanic collocations, though here with FIRST as with SLEEP, and for that matter LIE and SLAY/BE SLAIN, the role of universality cannot be excluded. FIRST is widespread in the mythological narrative of the manly deeds of the HERO, referring to his SLAYING of the SERPENT.
Introduction
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: November 2023

The “serious” and “puzzling subjects” under consideration in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1869 novel Oldtown Folks were the dogmas of Calvinism, recalled through the story of Grandmother Badger and her “blue book.” An old-style New Englander, Grandmother allowed herself one diversion from “the daily battle of existence.” She read her favorite volume, “by the Rev. Dr. Bellamy of Connecticut, called ‘True Religion delineated, and distinguished from all Counterfeits.’” As described by Stowe’s fictional narrator, Joseph Bellamy’s book “was written in a strong, nervous, condensed, popular style, such as is fallen into by a practical man speaking to a practical people, by a man thoroughly in earnest to men as deeply in earnest, and lastly, by a man who believed without the shadow of a doubt, and without even the comprehension of the possibility of a doubt.”
Original Sin
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1758 Bellamy traveled to Boston to hear Thomas Frink (1705–1777) deliver the annual election day sermon for Massachusetts. Bellamy had been to New England’s largest town and most active port before, and he knew of its reputation as a commercial center rife with riches and commodities, poverty and indebtedness. Accustomed to life in a small village, Bethlehem’s pastor must have viewed the culture of the city and its market economy as twin vexations. Less than a week after Frink gave a millenarian depiction of the war between England and France, Bellamy preached at a Boston church on different concerns. He spoke of the need to give alms to the poor. Pursuit of profits, he argued, diverted Bostonians from their duties to an increasing number of “poor people that need our help.” He called for charity and, more tellingly, for “a new benevolent principle” of “disinterested benevolence” that rightly “ordered our loves” and produced “an inward free propensity to do good, prompting us … where there is no desert—yea, where there is ill desert.” Only this change of heart, he insisted, would motivate people to sacrifice their interest in money for the good of the poor.
The Former Soviet Union and its Jews
Authors: Mendelsohn Jonathan Frankel Peter Y Medding Ezra
Published: November 2023

We may simultaneously welcome these four books devoted to Soviet Jewry, even while expressing the hope that works like them will never be published again. They are all products of the immediate pre-glasnost era (although the Levin volume does glance presciently ahead) when the contemporary history of Soviet Jewry was still a spornyi vopros (“controversial subject”) within the U.S.S.R. and off-limits to researchers both foreign and domestic. Consequently, the work of Levin and Pinkus are devoid of Soviet archival material. Kozlov, relying on officially published Soviet population statistics, complains of the inadequate methodology that often underlays the compilation of such materials in the U.S.S.R. Mordechai Altshuler’s more specific study demonstrates how creativity and imagination were once required to stitch together a demographic portrait of Soviet Jewry from scattered and incomplete sources.
Introduction
Authors: Henry Madeleine M
Published: November 2023

Aspasia of Miletus, a key figure in the intellectual history of fifth century Athens, is without question the most important woman of that era. Aspasia left no written works of her own, was lampooned in comedy, and was an important figure in Greek philosophical dialogue-all things she shares with Socrates, a better known and more revered icon, and whose teacher she is said to have been. Aspasia’s reputation as teacher has repeatedly been connected with her sexual reputation as a courtesan and the mistress of the statesman Pericles. The historical possibilities for her life and the ebb and surge of her biographical tradition have never before been seriously and comprehensively examined; they are the subject of my study. It is time to remember Aspasia’s place in the history of women and of feminist epistemology.
The Story Told by Comedy
Authors: Henry Madeleine M
Published: November 2023

Attic comedy, a genre full of commentary about politics, provides the only known contemporary evidence for Aspasia’s life. Old Comedy, as this earliest attested phase of Greek comedy is known, is paramount to Aspasia’s biographical tradition: though frequently surreal and fantastic, it was nonetheless treated as a historical source by later ancient historians such as Duris and Plutarch. Comedy is also the premier nexus of discourses on sexuality, power, and intellect in the fifth century, discourses to which Aspasia is crucial. Unfortunately, only eleven of Aristophanes’ plays have survived intact, and the fragmentary remains of the rest of Old Comedy are exceedingly difficult to date.
Nekyia
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyzes a section of The Acts of Andrew that no longer exists: it is missing in each of the most reliable manuscripts. Even so, three passages in the AAMt foreshadow events that were to have transpired after Andrew left Myrmidonia and that surely were narrated in the original.
Postscript
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald
Published: November 2023

Before discussing what this postscript may disclose about the Acts itself, I should address the apparent disagreement between its elocution in the first person singular and external testimony to multiple authorship.
Energy and Tension Changes with PMS, Drugs, Social Interaction, Weather, and Life Events
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a controversial concept, but one that many women feel very strongly about and are very interested in. (It is also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and late luteal phase dysphoric disorder.) Dozens of studies of this condition have been published in the scientific literature, the majority of which sup port the existence of increased tension as well as other physical symptoms appearing late in the menstrual cycle, generally just before the menstrual flow begins.
The Fall and Rise of Capital Punishment: 1965–1976
Authors: Haines Herbert H
Published: November 2023

Leslie Horton, awaiting execution for rape in Florida, was enjoying a visit with his family the morning of June 29, 1972, when a guard stepped in and asked “Can you stand some more good news today?” The Supreme Court, the guard informed him, had just abolished the death penalty. Earlier that morning, Chief Justice Warren Burger had announced the Court’s decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia (408 U.S. 238, 1972), which by the narrowest of margins declared all existing capital statutes in the United States to be in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.

Eighty of the other 86 death-sentenced prisoners at the Florida State Prison Farm got the good news from the radio as they returned from watching a Clint Eastwood movie. Death row erupted in “hollering, hooting, and the exuberant rattling of cell doors.” Some shouted “Right on, Mr. Justices.” Some mockingly cursed President Nixon, who had campaigned on a punitive “law and order” platform. And at least one wept with joy (Waldron 1972).
Abolitionism at the Crossroads
Authors: Haines Herbert H
Published: November 2023

Almost a quarter of a century after its greatest victory in Furman v. Georgia, the anti-death penalty movement is often the object of harsh ridicule. Its enemies mock it for being out of touch with the American people, who are sick and tired of crime, and for whining about unfair treatment of lawbreakers. Death penalty opponents are also mocked for having failed utterly in their effort to stem the tide of tough justice. If the news media is one’s only window, the movement appears to consist solely of dwindling bands of diehards, bewildered by society’s waning interest in their case, holding flickering candles at execution-night vigils.

Much of this ridicule is undeserved. The movement is small, but activity slowly increased in the late 1980s and early 1990s rather than diminished. The nation’s surly mood on crime is real enough, but as we have seen in our discussion of opinion surveys, its enthusiasm for executions has been greatly exaggerated. There are indeed many die-hard proponents of capital punishment in this nation, just as there are some who could never be convinced that any execution could ever be justified. But between the two stands a sizable group that seems to be open to persuasion that there are better solutions to illegal homicides than legal ones. And those who write abolitionists off as “failures” overstate their case. Undoubtedly, capital punishment will survive into the twenty-first century. In fact, its use may be on the upswing as the new millennium arrives. But it is also true that far more convicts would be dead today, including at least a few innocent ones, were it not for the efforts of abolitionist attorneys and their supporting cast. Even their detractors recognize this when they lambast the supposedly ineffectual anti-death penalty forces for jamming the machinery of execution. And there would be no public discussion of the social and ethical dimensions of capital punishment if the 200-year-old flame were not kept alive by ADPM groups.
Backscattered Electrons
Authors: Joy David C
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will concentrate on simulations associated with various aspects of backscattered electrons. We will define backscattered electrons as those incident electrons that are scattered out of the target after suffering deflections through such an angle that they leave the material on the side by which they entered (i.e., for normal incidence, the minimum scattering angle required is 90°). In practice, it is often more useful to define backscattered electrons as those incident electrons that are scattered in the target in such a way as to be collectible by a suitable detector placed on the incident beam side of the specimen. This, of course, implies that the apparent magnitude of the backscattering will be affected by the size and position of the detector relative to the specimen and incident beam. To avoid confusion, we will separate these cases by calling the total number of backscattered electrons per incident electron the backscattering yield 11 and the number per incident electron as measured by some specified detector the backscattered signal. Since every Monte Carlo model tracks each incident electron in its passage through the target, the determination of whether or not a given electron is backscattered is inherent in the simulation. At the same time, the backscattering yield 11 is a convenient macroscopic measure of the interaction of the electron beam with the target and forms a useful experimental test of the predictions of a Monte Carlo model. Before attempting to simulate details of backscattered imaging from complex and inhomogeneous samples, we must therefore demonstrate that the models developed in the previous chapters correctly match experimental values for the backscattering yield from planar and homogeneous materials.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson John
Published: November 2023

One of the most important developments in the field of theology in the last two decades has been a genuine revival of interest in the doctrine of the Trinity. “Its roots are hard to isolate, and the styles of theology within it vary widely, but the current trinitarian revival itself is unmistakable. … [V]irtually every serious theological movement of recent years has sought in its own terms to state and shape trinitarian doctrine.”1 Feminists, liberationists, process thinkers, and more traditionalist Catholic and Protestant theologians as well as Eastern Orthodox desire to free the Trinity from its isolation in traditional statements with the consequent lack of relation to practical Christian faith and life. The realization that in the economy of salvation we have to do with God as he is in himself has radically focused thought in a new way on the being and act of God as triune. Further, the emphasis on the liberation of human beings and the concomitant social and political thrust has undoubtedly been a contributing factor. This poses a question: Is God as triune not only the source of our salvation but also the ground and paradigm of true social life and liberation?
The Trinity: The Mystery of Salvation
Authors: Thompson John
Published: November 2023

We have seen that the doctrine of the Trinity has its basis in God’s selfrevelation in Israel and in Jesus Christ his Son by the Holy Spirit. In other words, it is to be found exclusively in this revelation as the Scriptures bear witness to it. This positive affirmation carries a negative within it. Since the unity of God is a unity in trinity no other conceived or supposedly proven unity of God is a Christian conception of the true God. Traditional doctrine has sometimes been at fault here. It brought a division into the whole conception of God beginning with a general doctrine of the one God and his attributes on the basis of some biblical material or philosophical proofs and then went on to speak of God as triune.1 This clearly has various dangers which are being recognized today. It could lead to the Trinity being subordinated to an already preconceived idea of God with a consequent weakening and undermining of its true nature in a modalistic way. Again, it could be seen as a creator God as Father being largely divorced from Son and Holy Spirit so that the Father was known otherwise than by faith, whereas Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit were the true objects of our belief and worship. This could bring a serious division into our conception of the Trinity, endangering the equality and nature of the persons and misunderstanding their mutual relationships.2 This dichotomy in the doctrine of God meant a real difficulty too in relating it to Christian life, faith, and worship.
The Cultural Landscape of Child Abuse in the United States
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

In 1978 Cristina Crawford published Mammie Dearest, her account of the abuse she had suffered at the hands of her mother, the actress Joan Crawford. In many ways, this book was to the middle-class child abuse movement what Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring was to the environmental movement-pollution was no longer a question of garbage disposal but a matter of poisoning essential elements consumed by us all. While Mammie Dearest did not break new ground because of its literary style or prose, it did help dispel the social myth that child abuse occurs only among the poor. The public discovered that child abuse occurs not only in the middle class; it occurs even among the rich and famous. A flood of books followed, many written by children of successful people wanting to unburden themselves of horrible memories and, not coincidentally, to make a few dollars on the side. As souls were bared in print, child abuse was seen as a social problem af­fecting the middle class as well as the poor.
Dictionary Of Celtic Mythology
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

The Celts were one of the great founding civilizations of Europe and the first North European people to emerge into recorded history, producing a vibrant labyrinth of mythological tales and sagas that have influenced the literary traditions of Europe and the world. The first A-Z reference of its kind, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology is fascinating and accessible guide to the gods and goddesses, the heroes and heroines, the magical weapons, fabulous beasts, and otherworld entities that populate the myths of this rich European culture. Like A Dictionary of Irish Mythology before it, this is a who’s who and what’s what of the epic Celtic sagas and tales. Predated only by Greek and Latin by virtue of the fact that the Celtic languages were not written until the early Christian era, Celtic mythology is a development from a far earlier oral tradition containing voices from the dawn of European civilization. The peoples of these Celtic cultures survive today on the western seaboard of Europe--the Irish, Manx, and Scots, who make up the Goidelic- (or Gaelic) speaking branch of Celts, and the Welsh, Cornish, and Brentons, who represent the Brythonic-speaking branch. And it is in these languages that their vibrant and fascinating mythology has been recorded and appreciated throughout the world. In his introduction, Ellis discusses the roles of these six cultures, the evolution (or demise) of the languages, and the relationship between the legends, especially the Irish and Welsh, the two major Celtic cultures. From Celtic legends have come not only the stories of Cuchulainn and Fionn MacCumhail, of Deidre of the Sorrows and the capricious Grainne, but the stories of the now world-famous Arthur, and the romantic tragedy of Tristan and Iseult. An easy-to-read handbook, The Dictionary of Celtic Mythology presents a fascinating window to centuries of rich oral and written tradtion from the mists of Europe’s origins.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

The Celtic languages contain one of Europe’s oldest and most vibrant mythologies. By virtue of the fact that they were written down only early in the Christian period, the Celtic languages and therefore Celtic mythology are predated by Greek and Latin. But the mythology is a development from a far earlier oral tradition. Contained in many of the stories are voices from the dawn of European civilisation, for the Celts were one of the great founding peoples of Europe. It is generally thought they commenced their spread across Europe from their original homeland around the headwaters of the Rhine, Rhone, and Danube rivers, which still bear their original Celtic names, at the start of the first millennium B.c. By the third century B.c. the Celts were settled from the central plain of Turkey in the east through the Balkans, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland, and north ern Italy to France, Belgium, Spain, and Britain and Ireland. They were the first Transalpine European civilisation to emerge into re corded history.
A
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Abarta. [I] “The performer of feats.” A mischievous member of the Tuatha De Danaan who sought to become the servant of Fionn Mac Cumhail. He was also known as Giolla Deacair (“The Hard Servant”). He captured some of the Fianna and took them to the Otherworld. Fionn chased after him with Faruach, who could make a ship by magic, and Foltor, the best tracker in Ireland, and man aged to rescue them.
B
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Bach Bychan. [W] “Little Little-one.” Trystan’s servant. Badb. [I] A goddess of death and battles who is regarded as a triune deity: Badb, Nemain, and Macha meeting under the name the M6rrfgan. Badb’s name signifies a crow or raven, which is a constant Celtic symbol of the war goddess. She was married to Net, who appears as an even more shadowy war god. In an account of the historical battle of Clontarf, A.O. 1014, it is said that Badb appeared shrieking over the heads of the warriors during the battle.
F
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Fachtna. [I] There are several of this name but the most famous is the king of Ulster who married Nessa, daughter of Eochaidh Salbuidhe. Conchobhar Mac Nessa was brought up as his son, although the tradition has it that he was the natural son of the druid Cathbad, who had an amorous affair with Nessa.
I
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

larbanel. [I] One of the three sons of Nemed who escaped after the defeat and death of their father. His son was Beothach. Iarbanel is said to be the ancestor of the Tuatha De Danaan, while his brother Starn was the ancestor of the Firbolg.
M
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Mabinogi. [W] “The Four Branches of the Mabinogion” is a collection of medieval Welsh tales that form the mainstream of Welsh mythology. The tales are preserved in two Welsh sources: The White Book of Rhydderch (1300-1325) and the Red Book of Hergest(l375- 1425). The evidence is that these tales originated far earlier than the surviving forms. The style used in the story of “Culhwch and Olwen,” for example, shows forms of eleventh century style, vocabulary, and custom. This is, incidentally, the earliest surviving Arthurian tale in Welsh. Archaism in language and custom reflect that the tales belonged to an ancient time and had been handed down by oral tradition until being written down.
N
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Naked Warriors. There are many references to the Celtic custom of stripping naked to do battle or to engage in single combat. They did so from their religious concepts. Naked and at one with the world around them, the “aura” and life force of the warriors was increased. Polybius recorded, in his account of the Battle of Telamon in 225 B.C., that a Celtic tribe he designates as the Gaesatae hurled them selves naked into battle against the Romans. He did not realise that the word meant “spearmen” (Irish gae, Welsh gwayw = spear) and that they were probably a group of elite warriors like the Fianna, the Red Branch warriors, or Gamhanrhide. See Knights.
O
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Oak. Of all the trees, it is the oak that has been most associated with the druids as their sacred tree. Some scholars argue that the very word “druid” derives from the word “oak-knowledge” (dru-vid), mainly because Pliny the Elder associated it with being cognate with the Greek word for oak. Certainly veneration of the oak was widespread among the Celts wherever they were. In Galatia, the state set up by the Celts on the central plain of Turkey, the capital was recorded by Strabo as Drunemeton-the oak sanctuary. Maxi mum Tyrius went further and claimed that the Celts saw the father of the gods (Zeus) in the image of a lofty oak. However, in Irish mythology the yew, hazel, and rowan trees are more frequently referred to than the oak. Certainly sacred trees were common and used as totems. Each clan had its sacred tree, and the most demoralising thing a hostile clan could do to another was to invade and fell the sacred tree. These were regarded as the crann bethadh, or “tree of life.” In early Christian tradition we find many churches significantly sited by druidic oaks in Ireland: Cill Daire (Kildare), the “Church of the Oak,” founded by Brigid; the great monastic school of Daire Maugh (Durrow), “Plain of the Oaks,” in Wexford; and Daire Calgaich (Derry), Colmcille’s favourite spot, which was the “Oak Grove of Calgaich.” Mistletoe, associated with the Continental Celts, is not a native Irish plant and was only transported to Ireland in the eighteenth century.
U
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Uaithne. [I] Sometimes Uathe. The harp of the Dagda. An enchanted instrument that would only sound when summoned to do so by the Dagda. It was stolen by the Fomorii, but the Dagda traced it to their feasting house and called to it. It leapt forward, killing nine Fomorii, and began to sing a paean of praise to the Dagda. Uaithne was also the name of the Dagda’s harpist, who had an affair with Boann. They had three sons, Goltrade, Gentrade, and Suantrade, who played such sad music that it was said twelve men once died listening to it and weeping for sorrow.
The Government: From Client To Customer To Citizen
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Although democratization of the workplace may be vital for reasons both of efficiency and equity, it will only help those who already have jobs. Those who do not have jobs, or whose jobs pay too little, need some other means of support. Over the last hundred years, the usual form of support has been social protection from the government. For those who prize the market, this development violates the natural order. Determined to reduce or even eliminate social provision, they have pursued it to its source.
The Next Deal
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

For the moment, the shift toward the market both reflects and extends the disconnection of American citizens from their government. This shift sets most of the citizenry up for a terrible fall. Markets do bring benefits-to the more affluent under virtually all circumstances and to the nonpoor in periods of economic recovery. Although these benefits are sometimes just enough to persuade a majority of the population that they might be better off going it alone, they are rarely sufficient or sufficiently long-lasting to provide a firm foundation for economic security. Usually, when markets fail, government provides a cushion. Next time, however, the political success of markets means that the cushion is much less likely to be there. And there will be another downturn. But this time, without new government policies to assure the economic well-being of every citizen, that economic downturn will be the first absent a safety net since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Introduction
Authors: Oakes Guy
Published: November 2023

Alert Today-Alive Tomorrow, a film produced by RKO for the Federal Civil Defense Administration in 1956, opens in the seemingly innocuous but uncomfortably ominous fashion characteristic of Alfred Hitchcock, the camera slowly panning down from a sweeping panorama of a small American town to focus on a single residential street. The houses all are remarkably alike-modest, two story, white frame, with scrupu lously trimmed lawns. As the announcer observes, “It could be any street, any town, USA.” Homeowners are engaged in light gardening. Parents walk their young children along the sidewalks. One neighbor assists another with some yard work. The streets are immaculate, the residents neatly dressed and friendly, the children well behaved and smiling. This is the postwar paradise of the American middle class, in which everyone is well-off, white, and civil-a triumph of residential real-estate development, landscape architecture, and social homogeneity.
The Ar1tinomies of Cold War Culture
Authors: Oakes Guy
Published: November 2023

The civil defense programs of the 1950s reveal several contradictions, two of which will be considered here. Neither is the product of a the oretical or academic exercise disconnected from actual civil defense plans. On the contrary, both emerged in the earliest stages of Cold War civil defense planning, and both were explored in detail by the national security establishment during the Eisenhower presidency, when they were the subject of sober, but ultimately inconsequential, debate. The doctrine of nuclear terror held that without civil defense, the public response to the prospect of a nuclear attack would defeat the objectives of American national securitv policy. Either Americans would be paralyzed by fear and collapse into a state of stupefaction, or the horror of impending total destruction would drive them into a frenzy. Both re actions were incompatible with the steady resolve regarded as essential to the credibility of deterrence. The solution to this problem was civil defense, which would enligbten Americans concerning the true dangers of nuclear war and teach them how to survive. When they learned how to beat the bomb, nuclear terror would vanish.
The Misgovernment Of Woman’S Tongue
Authors: Kamensky Jane
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the cold came as a relief. The “extremity of weather” that marked the winter of 1637–1638-cold so deep that “the bay was all frozen up, save a little channel”-cost some in Massachusetts their fingers and toes, others their cattle, and still others their lives. Yet metaphorically, at least, the chill in the air must have offered a welcome antidote to the heated rhetoric that had engulfed Boston and surrounding villages during the preceding months: an epidemic of “foul errors,” bred “secretly,” that had “tainted” the colony’s public discourse. The austerity of a New England winter certainly provided the appropriate backdrop to the scene that unfolded in Boston’s First Church that March, when the congregation’s elders came together to freeze Anne Hutchinson out of their circle of godly fellowship. If Hutchinson could be driven beyond the Massachusetts pale, they reasoned, spring might indeed mark a rebirth for the colony, the inauguration of a new order embodied by new languages of deference and authority.
Revenge, The End Of Politics, And Justice, The Beginning
Authors: Shriver Donald W
Published: November 2023

It did happen again, and they called it World War IL Almost every observer of that first half of our century acknowledges, ruefully, that the seeds of the “second round” were sown in the Versailles Treaty, as clear an illustration of vengeful international politics as the century was to yield. In the midst of that second round, in the year 1943, Edwin Muir, a Scot, wrote a poem about his near despair over the murderous “wheel” of history that corrupts one generation with the crimes of the last one. The question has haunted morally reflective people for many centuries, and no ancient people wrestled with the question more soberly than did the Greeks, particularly the Athenian dramatic poets and at least one Athenian historian. The first preoccupation of these Athenians, as the virtual inventors of European political philosophy, was their painful experience of the truth: nothing is more “natural” in human relations than revenge, and nothing is less political. It seems right to begin this study of forgiveness in politics with this truth and to document it in two versions: first, the drama that Aeschylus wrote to portray the triumph of justice over revenge as the most primitive, and most necessary, step that any group of citizens can take if they mean to form a political association; and second, the next-generation history that Thucydides wrote to remind the Greeks that in fact, not just in poetry, revenge is one of the great destroyers of politics. Against the background of great evils done and great evils suffered in the relations of human groups to each other, they stand at a fork in the road: if they take the fork of revenge, they will never emerge from a political culture truly primitive. If they take the other fork, they may learn to call it “justice” and to distinguish it from the revenge with which it is sometimes confused.
Whither Forgiveness In American Politics?
Authors: Shriver Donald W
Published: November 2023

Midway in the writing of this book, in early 1992, I had the opportunity to test its major themes in three months of conversation with a cross section of citizens of South Africa. At first, many of them took occasion to warn me against my becoming “another American writing a book about South Africa.” To this warning I always replied that my book centered on my own country but that a good reason for foreign travel is to understand one’s own more clearly through the perspectives of another. In fact Americans can achieve impressive new clarity about the reality and costs of racism in their own United States by observing the same in modern South Africa. The apartheid regime of forty years has inflicted upon that society a stark version of. racist exploitation that mightily resembles slavery. South African whites may resent the analogy, but not many black South Africans will. All wise people in both countries are likely to agree that recovery from structured, coercive racism in any society is a long process. Estimates vary widely as to how long it will take a new government in South Africa to repair the damages done its majority during centuries of exclusion from land ownership, first-rate education, modem health care, decent housing, the best jobs, political power, and public recognition of human dignity. But Americans who know the post-1865 history of freed black slaves and their contemporary descendants have every reason to wonder if a society so damaged can recover in only a few decades.
Tunneling Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

In the following chapters we describe seven different types of atomic force microscopes that map forces across the surface of a sample. The development of these systems is an exercise in ingenuity, where many possible configurations have been tried. Common to each system is the use of a delicate sensor that measures the minute force-induced deflections of a flexible lever supporting the force-sensing tip. By raster scanning the tip across a surface, we get a two-dimensional mapping of the forces acting between the tip and the sample.
Homodyne Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

In a basic homodyne detection system, shown schematically in Fig. 6.1, a polarized laser beam passes through a beam splitter and is incident on a Fabry Perot whose reflecting surfaces consist of an optical flat and a lever supporting the force-sensing tip. The beam reflected back from the Fabry Perot is incident on the same beam splitter and is deflected into a photodetector that generates a photocurrent used to image the force acting on the tip. In a differential homodyne detection system, a fraction of the laser power, serving as a reference beam, is diverted by a beam splitter to a first photodetector. The light passing through the beam splitter, acting as the signal beam, is incident on the Fabry Perot, reflected back, and deflected into a second photodiode. The currents of the two photodetectors are compared, and the difference yields a signal that is used to image the force acting on the tip. Actual systems will contain many more components that will improve their operation, as will be discussed later. If the lever oscillates at frequency n, then the photocurrent will consist of components with frequency 0, 0, and 20, to the second order. Using a phase-sensitive detector we can obtain the amplitude of vibration from the ratio of the first and second harmonics.
Heterodyne Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

In a heterodyne detection system (Martin and Wickramasinghe 1987), shown schematically in Fig. 7.1, the first beam splitter divides into two components. One passes through an acousto-optic modulator that shifts the beam frequency by Om , and the other is reflected onto a mirror as a reference beam. The beam with the shifted frequency, serving as the signal beam, passes through a polarizing beam splitter, a quarter-wave plate, and finally, a microscope objective that focuses it onto the lever supporting the force-sensing tip. The lever reflects the beam back through the microscope objective and quarter-wave plate, which rotates the polarization on the two passes by 90°. The polarizing beam splitter then deflects the beam through an analyzer that adjusts the relative power of the beam incident on the photodetector. The reference beam is deflected by a second mirror, passes through the polarizing beam splitter and analyzer, and is incident on the same photodetector. The reference and signal beams interfere on the photodetector, which generates a current consisting of a spectrum of frequencies. The photocurrent is fed into a single side-band receiver driving a phase-sensitive detector that provides the signal used to display the force acting on the tip.
Laser-Diode Feedback Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

Lasers are notorious for their sensitivity to optical feedback, and even a minute amount of light emitted by the laser that is fed back into its cavity can affect its operation drastically. Under certain optical feedback conditions, the operation of the laser can become noisy, bistable, or even chaotic. We can, however, take advantage of this sensitivity and use the laser to detect small variations in this feedback. In a laser-diode feedback detection system, shown schematically in Fig. 8.1, a lever supporting the force-sensing tip is mounted several micrometers from the front facet of the laser. The lever and front-facet combination act as a lossy Fabry Perot, whose reflectivity serves as the effective reflectivity of the front facet of the laser. The optical losses are the result of diffraction effects where successive reflections between the front facet and lever decrease for higher orders. With a round lever, for example, we can use only the first-order reflection. The system described in this chapter is based on laser-diode feedback and has unique properties that make it an attractive approach for monitoring the minute vibrations of an optical lever in a scanning force microscope.