bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the hippocampus on amino acid utilizing and cholinergic neurons within the nucleus accumbens is promoted by histamine viaH1receptors
Authors: Kraus M M , Prast H , Philippu A
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose

The influence of the neurotransmitter histamine on spontaneous and stimulation‐evoked release of glutamate, aspartate,GABAandAChin the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was investigatedin vivo.

Experimental Approach

Using the push–pull superfusion technique, histaminergic compounds were applied to theNAcand neurotransmitter release was assessed. In some experiments, the fornix/fimbria of the hippocampus was electrically stimulated by a microelectrode and evoked potentials were monitored in theNAc.

Key Results

Superfusion of theNAcwith theH1receptor antagonist triprolidine (50 μM) decreased spontaneous outflow of glutamate, aspartate andACh, while release ofGABAremained unaffected. Superfusion with histamine elevated release ofACh, without influencing that of the amino acids. Electrical stimulation of the fornix/fimbria enhanced the output of amino acids andAChwithin theNAc. The evoked outflow of glutamate andAChwas diminished on superfusion with triprolidine, while release of aspartate andGABAwas not affected. Superfusion of theNAcwith histamine intensified the stimulation‐evoked release of glutamate andAch. Histamine also elevated the stimulation‐induced release of aspartate, without influencing that ofGABA. Presuperfusion with triprolidine abolished the reinforced effect of histamine on stimulation‐evoked transmitter release within theNAc.

Conclusion and Implications

Neuronal histamine activatesH1receptors and increases spontaneous release of glutamate, aspartate andAChwithin theNAc. Stimulation of the hippocampal fornix/fimbria tract also enhances release of glutamate andAChwithin theNAcand this effect is intensified byH1receptor stimulation within theNAc. The latter effects, which are mediated by hippocampal afferences, might play an important role in mnemonic performance and in emotional processes such as anxiety and stress disorders.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed issue on Histamine Pharmacology Update. To view the other articles in this issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue‐1
5‐Chloroindole: a potent allosteric modulator of the 5‐HT3 receptor
Authors: Newman Amy S , Batis Nikolaos , Grafton Gillian , Caputo Francesca , Brady Catherine A , Lambert Jeremy J , Peters John A , Gordon John , Brain Keith L , Powell Andrew D , Barnes Nicholas M
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose

The 5‐HT3 receptor is a ligand‐gated ion channel that is modulated allosterically by various compounds including colchicine, alcohols and volatile anaesthetics. However the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) identified to date have low affinity, which hinders investigation because of non‐selective effects at pharmacologically active concentrations. The present study identifies 5‐chloroindole (Cl‐indole) as a potent PAM of the 5‐HT3 receptor.

Experimental Approach

5‐HT3 receptor function was assessed by the increase in intracellular calcium and single‐cell electrophysiological recordings in HEK293 cells stably expressing the h5‐HT3A receptor and also the mouse native 5‐HT3 receptor that increases neuronal contraction of bladder smooth muscle.

Key Results

Cl‐indole (1–100 μM) potentiated agonist (5‐HT) and particularly partial agonist [(S)‐zacopride, DDP733, RR210, quipazine, dopamine, 2‐methyl‐5‐HT, SR57227A, meta chlorophenyl biguanide] induced h5‐HT3A receptor‐mediated responses. This effect of Cl‐indole was also apparent at the mouse native 5‐HT3 receptor. Radioligand‐binding studies identified that Cl‐indole induced a small (∼twofold) increase in the apparent affinity of 5‐HT for the h5‐HT3A receptor, whereas there was no effect upon the affinity of the antagonist, tropisetron. Cl‐indole was able to reactivate desensitized 5‐HT3 receptors. In contrast to its effect on the 5‐HT3 receptor, Cl‐indole did not alter human nicotinic α7 receptor responses.

Conclusions and Implications

The present study identifies Cl‐indole as a relatively potent and selective PAM of the 5‐HT3 receptor; such compounds will aid investigation of the molecular basis for allosteric modulation of the 5‐HT3 receptor and may assist the discovery of novel therapeutic drugs targeting this receptor.

Linked Articles

Recent reviews on allosteric modulation can be found at:

Kenakin, T (2013). New concepts in pharmacological efficacy at 7TM receptors: IUPHAR Review 2. British Journal of Pharmacology 168: 554–575. doi: 10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.02223.x

Roche D, Gil D and Giraldo J (2013). Mechanistic analysis of the function of agonists and allosteric modulators: reconciling two‐state and operational models. British Journal of Pharmacology 169: 1189–1202. doi: 10.1111/bph.12231
Role of theKCa3.1 K+channel in auricular lymph nodeCD4+T‐lymphocyte function of the delayed‐type hypersensitivity model
Authors: Ohya Susumu , Nakamura Erina , Horiba Sayuri , Kito Hiroaki , Matsui Miki , Yamamura Hisao , Imaizumi Yuji
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose

The intermediate‐conductanceCa2+‐activatedK+channel (KCa3.1) modulates theCa2+response through the control of the membrane potential in the immune system. We investigated the role ofKCa3.1 on the pathogenesis of delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) in auricular lymph node (ALN)CD4+T‐lymphocytes of oxazolone (Ox)‐inducedDTHmodel mice.

Experimental Approach

The expression patterns ofKCa3.1 and its possible transcriptional regulators were compared amongALN T‐lymphocytes of three groups [non‐sensitized (Ox–/–),Ox‐sensitized, but non‐challenged (Ox+/–) and Ox‐sensitized and ‐challenged (Ox+/+)] using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and flow cytometry.KCa3.1 activity was measured by whole‐cell patch clamp and the voltage‐sensitive dye imaging. The effects ofKCa3.1 blockade were examined by the administration of selectiveKCa3.1 blockers.

Key Results

Significant up‐regulation ofKCa3.1a was observed inCD4+T‐lymphocytes ofOx+/– andOx+/+, without any evident changes in the expression of the dominant‐negative form,KCa3.1b. Negatively correlated with this, the repressor element‐1 silencing transcription factor (REST) was significantly down‐regulated. Pharmacological blockade ofKCa3.1 resulted in an accumulation of theCD4+T‐lymphocytes ofOx+/+ at theG0/G1phase of the cell cycle, and also significantly recovered not only the pathogenesis ofDTH, but also the changes in theKCa3.1 expression and activity in theCD4+T‐lymphocytes ofOx+/– andOx+/+.

Conclusions and Implications

The up‐regulation ofKCa3.1a in conjunction with the down‐regulation ofRESTmay be involved inCD4+T‐lymphocyte proliferation in theALNsofDTHmodel mice; andKCa3.1 may be an important target for therapeutic intervention in allergy diseases such asDTH.
The single C‐terminal helix of human phospholipid scramblase 1 is required for membrane insertion and scrambling activity
Authors: Francis Vincent G. , Mohammed Abdul M. , Aradhyam Gopala K. , Gummadi Sathyanarayana N.
Published: April 2013

Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (hPLSCR1) belongs to the ATP‐independent class of phospholipid translocators which possess a single EF‐hand‐like Ca2+‐binding motif and also a C‐terminal helix (CTH). The CTH domain of hPLSCR1 was believed to be a putative single transmembrane helix at the C‐terminus. Recent homology modeling studies by Bateman et al. predicted that the hydrophobic nature of this helix is due to its packing in the core of the protein domain and proposed that this is not a true transmembrane helix [Bateman A, Finn RD, Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Biegert A & Johannes S. Bioinformatics 2008, 25, 159]. To determine the exact function of the CTH of hPLSCR1, we deleted the CTH domain and determined: (a) whether CTH plays any role beyond membrane anchorage, (b) the functional consequences of CTH deletion, and (c) any conformational changes associated with CTH in a lipid environment. In vitro reconstitution studies confirm that the predicted CTH is required for membrane insertion and scrambling activity. CTH deletion caused a 50% decrease in binding affinity of Ca2+ for ∆CTH‐hPLSCR1 (Ka = 115 μm) compared with hPLSCR1 (Ka = 249 μm). Far UV‐CD studies revealed that the CTH peptide adopts α‐helicity only in the presence of SDS micelles and negatively charged vesicles, indicating that electrostatic interactions are required for insertion of the peptide. CTH peptide‐quenching studies confirm that the predicted CTH inserts into the membrane and its ability to interact with the membrane depends on the presence of charge interactions. TOXCAT assay revealed that CTH of hPLSCR1 does not oligomerize in the membrane. We conclude that CTH is required for membrane insertion and Ca2+ coordination and also plays an important role in the functional conformation of hPLSCR1.
Childhood and Adolescent Migraine Prevention (CHAMP) Study: A Double‐Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled, Comparative Effectiveness Study of Amitriptyline, Topiramate, and Placebo in the Prevention of Childhood and Adolescent Migraine
Authors: Hershey Andrew D. , Powers Scott W. , Coffey Christopher S. , Eklund Dixie D. , Chamberlin Leigh Ann , Korbee Leslie L. ,   CHAMP Study Group
Published: April 2013

Background

Migraine is one of the most common health problems for children and adolescents. If not successfully treated, it can impact patients and families with significant disability due to loss of school, work, and social function. When headaches become frequent, it is essential to try to prevent the headaches. For children and adolescents, this is guided by extrapolation from adult studies, a limited number of small studies in children and adolescents and practitioner preference. The aim of the Childhood and Adolescent Migraine Prevention (CHAMP) study is to determine the most effective preventive agent to use in children and adolescents.

Methods

CHAMP is a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, multicenter, comparative effectiveness study of amitriptyline and topiramate for the prevention of episodic and chronic migraine, designed to mirror real‐world practice, sponsored by the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health (U01NS076788). The study will recruit 675 subjects between the ages of 8 and 17 years old, inclusive, who have migraine with or without aura or chronic migraine as defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition, with at least 4 headaches in the 28 days prior to randomization. The subjects will be randomized in a 2:2:1 (amitriptyline: topiramate: placebo) ratio. Doses are weight based and will be slowly titrated over an 8‐week period to a target dose of 1 mg/kg of amitriptyline and 2 mg/kg of topiramate. The primary outcome will be a 50% reduction in headache frequency between the 28‐day baseline and the final 28 days of treatment (weeks 20‐24).

Conclusions

The goal of the CHAMP study is to obtain level 1 evidence for the effectiveness of amitriptyline and topiramate in the prevention of migraine in children and adolescents. If this study proves to be positive, it will provide information to the practicing physician as how to best prevent migraine in children and adolescents and subsequently improve the disability and outcomes.
An analysis of benefits and risk information on pharmaceutical web sites for the treatment of menopause
Authors: Charbonneau Deborah H.
Published: April 2013

Background

As the Internet is a source of information for many health consumers, there is a need to evaluate the information about prescription drugs provided on pharmaceutical manufacturers' web sites.

Objectives

Using a sample of pharmaceutical manufacturers' web sites for the treatment of menopause, the main objective of this study was to evaluate consumer‐oriented information about benefits and risks of prescription drugs for the treatment of menopause provided on pharmaceutical web sites.

Methods

Pharmaceutical manufacturers' web sites for analysis were identified using a list of U.S. FDA‐approved hormone therapies for the treatment of menopause.

Results

This study revealed substantial gaps in how benefits and risk information were presented on the web sites. Specifically, information about the benefits was prominent while risk information was incomplete and challenging to find. Further, references to the scientific literature to support claims advertised about prescription drug benefits were not provided.

Conclusions

Given the lack of scientific evidence to support claims of benefits and limited disclosure about risks, more information is needed for consumers to be able to weigh the benefits and risks of these treatments for menopause. Overall, these findings provide guidance for evaluating drug information provided on pharmaceutical web sites.
Integrating information literacy in health sciences curricula: a case study from Québec
Authors: Clairoux Natalie , Desbiens Sylvie , Clar Monique , Dupont Patrice , St‐Jean Monique
Published: April 2013

Objective

To portray an information literacy programme demonstrating a high level of integration in health sciences curricula and a teaching orientation aiming towards the development of lifelong learning skills. The setting is a French‐speaking North American university.

Methods

The offering includes standard workshops such asMEDLINEsearching and specialised sessions such as pharmaceutical patents searching. A contribution to an international teaching collaboration in Haiti where workshops had to be thoroughly adapted to the clientele is also presented. Online guides addressing information literacy topics complement the programme.

Results and evaluation

A small team of librarians and technicians taught 276 hours of library instruction (LI) during the 2011–2012 academic year. Methods used for evaluating information skills include scoring features of literature searches and user satisfaction surveys.

Discussion

Privileged contacts between librarians and faculty resulting from embedded LI as well as from active participation in library committees result in a growing reputation of library services across academic departments and bring forth collaboration opportunities. Sustainability and evolution of the LI programme is warranted by frequent communication with partners in the clinical field, active involvement in academic networks and health library associations, and reflective professional strategies.
Influence of several root canal disinfection methods on pushout bond strength of self‐etch post and core systems
Authors: Katalinić I. , Glockner K. , Anić I.
Published: April 2013

Aim

To determine the effect of four root canal disinfection protocols (2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, gaseous ozone and Nd : YAG laser) on the pushout bond strength of a self‐etch post and core system.

Methodology

Sixty anterior single‐rooted permanent human teeth were used. Root canals were instrumented with ProTaper instruments (Dentsply Maillefer; Ballaigues, Switzerland). Roots were divided into four groups (n = 15 each) according to the final disinfection protocol: sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine gluconate, gaseous ozone and Nd:YAG laser. Fibre‐reinforced composite post preparations were created in previously filled root canals, and posts cemented according to the manufacturer's instructions. Roots were then uniformly sectioned and prepared for the pushout bond strength testing in a universal testing machine. One‐way anova with post hoc Scheffe test was used for statistical analysis. SEM imaging of one sample from each group was made.

Results

The only significant difference (P = 0.004) was observed between sodium hypochlorite irrigation, which was associated with the lowest bond strength, and Nd:YAG laser irradiation, which provided the highest bond strength. There was no difference between root canal pre‐treatment with sodium hypochlorite, gaseous ozone and chlorhexidine, nor between gaseous ozone, chlorhexidine and Nd : YAG laser.

Conclusion

Sodium hypochlorite irrigation was associated with the lowest bond strength values and Nd : YAG laser irradiation with the highest bond strength values for a self‐etch post and core system bonded to root canal dentine.
A DYNAMIC MODEL OF HOUSING DEMAND: ESTIMATION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS*
Authors: Bajari Patrick , Chan Phoebe , Krueger Dirk , Miller Daniel
Published: April 2013

Using data from the PSID, we estimate a dynamic model of housing demand with nonconvex adjustment costs, credit constraints, and uncertainty about income and home prices. We simulate how consumer behavior responds to house price and income declines as well as tightening credit. In response to a negative home price shock, households early in the life cycle climb the housing ladder more quickly and invest more in housing assets due to the lower price. With a concurrent negative income shock, however, housing demand falls among young and middle aged households who stay in smaller homes rather than to trade up.
LAND USE REGULATION AS A BARRIER TO ENTRY: EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXAS LODGING INDUSTRY*
Authors: Suzuki Junichi
Published: April 2013

This article examines the anticompetitive effects of land use regulation using microdata on midscale chain hotels in Texas. I construct a dynamic entry–exit model that endogenizes hotel chains’ reactions to land use regulation. My estimates indicate that imposing stringent regulation increases costs considerably. Hotel chains nonetheless enter highly regulated markets even if entry probabilities are lower, anticipating fewer rivals and hence greater market power. Consumers incur the costs of regulation indirectly in the form of higher prices.
WHY FOREIGN OWNERSHIP MAY BE GOOD FOR YOU*
Authors: Egger Hartmut , Kreickemeier Udo
Published: April 2013

We develop a two‐country model with heterogeneous producers and rent‐sharing at the firm level. We identify two sources of a multinational wage premium: A composition effect because multinational firms are more productive, make higher profits, and pay higher wages, and a firm‐level wage effect, because a firm makes higher global profits and thus pays higher wages in its home market when becoming multinational. With two identical countries, the wage premium is fully explained by firm characteristics. Allowing for technology differences between countries, a residual wage premium exists in the technologically backward country but not in the advanced country.
Novel anticoagulants and laboratory testing
Authors: Eby C.
Published: April 2013

The introduction of several oral direct anticoagulants within the past 2–3 years has dramatically changed clinical practice and has also impacted on utilization and interpretation of coagulation laboratory testing. This article reviews the effects of the oral thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran, and the oral factor Xa inhibitors, rivaroxaban and apixaban, on screening and diagnostic coagulation tests, and describes methods for measuring the their anticoagulant activity in plasma. Currently, there are evidence gaps regarding the role of laboratory testing for surveillance and management of adverse events associated with these new anticoagulants which do not require routine therapeutic drug monitoring. This is a rapidly changing field, and coagulation laboratory experts have a major role in ensuring patients receive appropriate testing and accurate interpretations of results.
Bone marrow evaluation for pediatric patients
Authors: Proytcheva M.
Published: April 2013

Due to the immaturity of the hematopoietic system at birth and different oxygenation and immune response needs of the growing organism, the bone marrow composition at birth and early infancy differs as compared to older children and adults. These age‐related differences, while generally recognized, are not well known to the world of hematopathology. The purpose of this article is to address the current limitation of the literature by reviewing the bone marrow ontology, its composition at birth, and the changes occurring during early infancy, and to compare these findings to adults. The review also provides a useful framework for bone marrow examination in children.
Most common patterns of acne in male adolescents: a population‐based study
Authors: Duquia Rodrigo P. , de Almeida Hiram L. , Breunig Juliano A. , Souzat Paulo R. M. , Göellner Caroline D.
Published: April 2013

Background  Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease affecting more than 85% of adolescents and often continuing into adulthood. Population‐based studies to assess the patterns and severity of acne have not been achieved.

Objectives  The aim of this study was to assess the most common patterns of facial and trunk acne in young (18‐year‐old) men in a representative sample of male adolescents in a city in southern Brazil and to investigate the severity of inflammatory and non‐inflammatory lesions in these individuals.

Methods  In Brazil, military service is compulsory for all males. Every adolescent male must report to his military service headquarters to submit to a medical screening examination. The study included 2201 adolescents, each of whom underwent a skin examination conducted by a dermatologist to identify and quantify all non‐inflammatory (comedones) and inflammatory (papules, pustules, and nodules) lesions.

Results  Non‐inflammatory lesions (comedones) were observed on 1487 individuals, and inflammatory lesions (papules and pustules) were noted on 1497 individuals. The most common patterns of facial acne were the full‐face, bilateral malar and frontal mentonian distributions.

Conclusions  This is the first population‐based study to evaluate patterns of acne. Facial involvement was very prevalent, and the frontal region was found to dominate patterns of distribution of acne vulgaris. Comedonian acne of the face was much more intense and affected the entire face. In inflammatory facial acne, the majority of the study subjects exhibited up to five lesions in the region under study.
Expanded Care for Women and Families after Preterm Birth
Authors: Kantrowitz‐Gordon Ira
Published: April 2013

Prematurity is a complication of pregnancy for 1 in 8 families in the United States. The focus of care after preterm birth shifts to the fragile newborn, while the needs of the woman and her family may be overlooked. There are many challenges for parents, including impaired parent‐newborn attachment, difficulties with breastfeeding, postpartum mental health, and family disruption. Premature birth may even risk the developing relationship between parents and their child. Comprehensive care is recommended for parents who have experienced a preterm birth, including support of effective lactation, promotion of skin‐to‐skin care, reflection on the birth experience, support and evaluation of postpartum mental health, and provision of family‐centered care. Preconception care after preterm birth needs to include guidance about the recurrence risk for preterm birth as well as recommendations for risk reduction.
Campaigning on Public Security in Latin America: Obstacles to Success
Authors: Uang Randy Sunwin
Published: April 2013

Crime and violence have made public security a major concern to voters throughout Latin America. Existing research predicts that such widespread concerns should make public security a consistently successful issue in presidential election campaigns. Yet recent empirical reality in Latin America has been more varied. This study argues that success on public security is not so automatic. Human rights concerns combine with low trust in security forces to make success on security contingent on the correct conditions. Two key conditions affect the use of the issue: the degree to which security threats are organized and the degree to which recent repression has occurred. Then, winning votes depends on two further conditions: having a civilian background and a campaign that balances security with other issues. Together, these factors explain the dramatic variation in success, and suggest a key change from Latin America's past.
Simple rules for complex landscapes: the case of hilltopping movements and topography
Authors: Pe'er Guy , Saltz David , Münkemüller Tamara , Matsinos Yiannis G. , Thulke Hans‐Hermann
Published: April 2013

Empirical data on the signals and processes that direct animal movement during dispersal in heterogeneous landscapes are scarce. Our understanding could benefit from utilising simulation approaches and searching for simple rules across species and landscapes. This study sought to identify general movement behaviours that optimise butterfly movements during hilltopping. This widespread dispersal‐like phenomenon in butterflies, where males and virgin females ascend to mountain summits for the purpose of mating, benefits from the uniqueness of knowing the purpose (mating) and the orientation signal (topography). We used an individual‐based simulation model to search for movement rules that can optimise mating success, mating time, and the success of mated females in subsequently finding habitat patches across differently structured landscapes. We found that a strong response to topography was optimal for males and virgin females to reach summits, but slight deviation from ‘perfect’, namely a certain level of randomness in response to topography, was inherently essential to avoid the risk of being trapped on local summits. The optimal response of mated females deviated only slightly from a random movement, indicating a potential weak response to topography which could be easily overlooked by field studies. Notably, the parameter values identified by the model as optimal corresponded with the observed behaviour of butterflies in the field. Finally, the optimal movement behaviours were affected by the lifespan of butterflies and the spatial distribution of host plant patches, but less so by landscape structure. We therefore suggest that modelling approaches that build on simple biological rules can facilitate the development and parameterisation of models for understanding and potentially predicting dispersal and connectivity in complex landscapes, also in circumstances where observed patterns seem complex and empirical data are scarce.
Local representation of global diversity in a cosmopolitan lichen‐forming fungal species complex (Rhizoplaca, Ascomycota)
Authors: Leavitt Steven D. , Fernández‐Mendoza Fernando , Pérez‐Ortega Sergio , Sohrabi Mohammad , Divakar Pradeep K. , Vondrák Jan , Thorsten Lumbsch H. , Clair Larry L. St.
Published: April 2013

Aim

The relative importance of long‐distance dispersal versus vicariance in determining the distribution of lichen‐forming fungi remains unresolved. Here, we examined diversity and distributions in a cosmopolitan lichen‐forming fungal species complex, Rhizoplaca melanophthalma sensu lato (Ascomycota), across a broad, intercontinental geographical distribution. We sought to determine the temporal context of diversification and the impacts of past climatic fluctuations on demographic dynamics within this group.

Location

Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America and South America.

Methods

We obtained molecular sequence data from a total of 240 specimens of R. melanophthalma s.l. collected across five continents. We assessed the monophyly of candidate species using individual gene trees and a tree from a seven‐locus concatenated data set. Divergence times and relationships among candidate species were evaluated using a multilocus coalescent‐based species tree approach. Speciation probabilities were estimated using the coalescent‐based species delimitation program bpp. We also calculated statistics on molecular diversity and population demographics for independent lineages.

Main conclusions

Our analyses of R. melanophthalma s.l. collected from five continents supported the presence of six species‐level lineages within this complex. Based on current sampling, two of these lineages were found to have broad intercontinental distributions, while the other four were limited to western North America. Of the six lineages, five were found on a single mountain in the western USA and the sixth occurred no more than 200 km away from this mountain. Our estimates of divergence times suggest that Pleistocene glacial cycles played an important role in species diversification within this group. At least three lineages show evidence of recent or ongoing population expansion.
Occurrence and impact ofAgrilusspp. and associated egg parasitoids in hazel groves of Northwest Italy
Authors: Moraglio S. T. , Corte M. , Tavella L.
Published: April 2013

In several hazel (Corylus avellanaL.) groves in the area ofLanghe (Piedmont,NorthwestItaly), many hazel branches suddenly withered, and in some cases, the whole tree died, with heavy economic losses for the farmers. Symptoms of jewel beetle attacks were detected on the trees. EightAgrilusspecies were caught by traps from 2007 to 2009 in the surveyed hazel groves; among them, only four species have been known to develop on hazel. On the traps,Agrilus olivicolorKiesenwetter was the most abundant species, while almost onlyAgrilus viridis(L.) was sampled by plant beating from 2008 to 2010. Moreover, almost all adults emerged from field‐collected hazel wood belonged to this latter species that proved to be the main responsible for the severe attacks on the hazel trees.Agrilus viridisadults emerged from lateMay to lateJune, and generally lived until the end ofAugust, while egg masses were observed from lateMay to lateJuly. The egg parasitoidOobius zahaikevitshiTrjapitzin was found in all of the investigated groves; adults emerged already from the first egg masses collected on hazel trees in lateMay‐early June.O. zahaikevitshiwas able to largely reduceA. viridispopulations, with a parasitism rate of more than 50% in some groves. Recent attacks ofA. viridiswere related to a long period of drought; however, appropriate agronomic practices to minimize the effects of water stress and to conserve natural enemies, such asO. zahaikevitshi, could be more effective to protect hazel groves against boring beetle attacks.
New‐Onset Graves’ Disease in the Postpartum Period
Authors: Goldstein Ami L.
Published: April 2013

During routine evaluation for lactation failure, hyperthyroidism was discovered in a postpartum woman. Although postpartum thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease are relatively more common than Graves’ disease during the postnatal period, this young woman was found to have new‐onset Graves’ disease. Distinguishing between normal postpartum symptoms and thyroid disorders can be challenging. Utilizing history, physical examination, and laboratory testing, the provider can identify the etiology of hyperthyroidism during the postpartum period. Treatment options differ depending on the cause of the thyroiditis and include antithyroid medications and beta‐blockers for relief of symptoms.
The Pharmacology of Prostaglandins for Induction of Labor
Authors: Yount Susan M. , Lassiter Nicole
Published: April 2013

Prostaglandin medications are frequently used in the process of induction of labor. Understanding the history and research that supports prostaglandin use for induction of labor is crucial for safe practice. Dinoprostone has been the standard of care for cervical ripening in term pregnancies. Misoprostol administration via various routes has been shown to be efficacious. Oral misoprostol in particular is effective and associated with reassuring maternal and fetal outcomes. In addition, cost has become a variable in decision making regarding best practice. More research is necessary to determine the safest medication, route, dose, and interval of administration. This article reviews cervical physiology and endogenous prostaglandin activity in relation to labor, and the pharmacologic profiles of synthetic prostaglandins currently used for induction of labor.
Inhibition of autophagy enhances cisplatin cytotoxicity in human adenoid cystic carcinoma cells of salivary glands
Authors: Ma Ben , Liang Li‐zhong , Liao Gui‐qing , Liang Yu‐jie , Liu Hai‐chao , Zheng Guang‐sen , Su Yu‐xiong
Published: April 2013

Background

The relationship between autophagy and chemotherapy in cancer has been studied a lot recent years. However, there is currently no study on the role of autophagy in chemotherapy of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of human salivary glands. We hypothesized that autophagy plays a protective role for human salivary gland ACC cells during chemotherapy, diminishes the effect of treatment, and ultimately results in poor sensitivity to chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods

After inhibition of autophagy by 5 mM 3‐methyladenine (3MA), 20 μM Chloroquine (CQ), or Beclin‐1 shRNA, we examined the sensitivity of human salivary gland ACC cells to different concentrations of cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) using MTT assay. Also, levels of autophagy in ACC cells treated by CDDP were assessed by western blot, GFP‐LC3 fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results

Inhibition of autophagy induced by 3MA, CQ, or Beclin‐1 shRNA could all enhance human salivary gland ACC cell death treated by CDDP. And, levels of autophagy in these cells showed a significant increase after treated by CDDP.

Conclusion

Autophagy played a protective role for human salivary gland ACC cells during CDDP chemotherapy. Inhibition of autophagy in these cells could enhance cisplatin cytotoxicity‐effects. These findings indicate a novel and promising way to reduce chemotherapy resistance and improve treatment outcome in human salivary gland ACC.
Fusarium Species Associated with Mango Malformation in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Mohamed Nor Nik M. I. , Salleh Baharuddin , Leslie John F.
Published: April 2013

Mango malformation has become the most important global disease on mango. Fusarium species previously associated with this disease include F. mangiferae, F. mexicanum, F. sterilihyphosum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. tupiense. A few strains of F. proliferatum have been reported from Malaysia, but in this study, we report the results of more extensive sampling. The recovered strains were evaluated with morphology, mating tester strain cross‐fertility, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and partial DNA sequences of the genes encoding translation elongation factor 1‐α (tef‐1α) and β‐tubulin (tub‐2). Amongst the 43 strains evaluated, three species were identified – F. proliferatum, F. mangiferae and F. subglutinans – with F. proliferatum being the most frequent (69%). None of the Fusarium species that appear to originate in the Americas were recovered in Malaysia, which suggests special measures may be warranted to keep these species from entering the country.
Rare occurrence of occult hepatitis C virus in apparently uninfected injecting drug users: a two‐centre, masked, case–control study
Authors: Sugden P. B. , Pham T. N. Q. , Ratnarajah S. , Cameron B. , Bull R. , White P. A. , Michalak T. I. , Lloyd A. R. ,   the HITS investigators
Published: April 2013

Occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a phenomenon where serum HCV RNA is not detected by sensitive commercial assays, but viral RNA is detected by ultrasensitive techniques. Occult HCV infection has not previously been studied in highly exposed, but apparently uninfected (EU) individuals. Two studies examining occult infection in EU subjects were undertaken – an initial two‐centre, masked, case–control study based on cross‐sectional samples (n = 35 subjects) and a single‐centre confirmatory study based on longitudinal samples (n = 32 subjects). Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for HCV RNA using an ultrasensitive nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Two EU subjects in the first study (10%) and one in the second study (3%) were found to have consistently detectable HCV RNA. Occult HCV infection occurs in high‐risk, apparently uninfected subjects.
Ecosystem‐level controls on root‐rhizosphere respiration
Authors: Hopkins Francesca , Gonzalez‐Meler Miquel A. , Flower Charles E. , Lynch Douglas J. , Czimczik Claudia , Tang Jianwu , Subke Jens‐Arne
Published: April 2013

Recent advances in the partitioning of autotrophic from heterotrophic respiration processes in soils in conjunction with new high temporal resolution soil respiration data sets offer insights into biotic and environmental controls of respiration. Besides temperature, many emerging controlling factors have not yet been incorporated into ecosystem‐scale models. We synthesize recent research that has partitioned soil respiration into its process components to evaluate effects of nitrogen, temperature and photosynthesis on autotrophic flux from soils at the ecosystem level. Despite the widely used temperature dependence of root respiration, gross primary productivity (GPP) can explain most patterns of ecosystem root respiration (and to some extent heterotrophic respiration) at within‐season time‐scales. Specifically, heterotrophic respiration is influenced by a seasonally variable supply of recent photosynthetic products in the rhizosphere. The contribution of stored root carbon (C) to root respiratory fluxes also varied seasonally, partially decoupling the proportion of photosynthetic C driving root respiration. In order to reflect recent insights, new hierarchical models, which incorporate root respiration as a primary function of GPP and which respond to environmental variables by modifying C allocation belowground, are needed for better prediction of future ecosystem C sequestration.
Neurogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells using different induction protocols
Authors: Osathanon T , Sawangmake C , Nowwarote N , Pavasant P
Published: April 2013

Objective

An investigation on neuronal differentiation capacity of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) was still lacking. In this study, two different neuronal induction protocols were investigated and compared.

Methods

The neuronal differentiation was induced using chemical or growth factor induction protocol. The differentiation was confirmed by the neurogenic mRNA and protein expression using polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively.

Results

Chemical‐induced neuronal differentiation protocol promoted morphological change and β3‐TUBULIN protein expression. Though, SOX2, SOX9, and β3‐TUBULIN mRNA levels were not different compared with the control, indicating a defective differentiation. For growth factor induction protocol, the cells were exhibited neurite‐like cellular process and positively stained with β3‐TUBULIN. In addition, the increase in intracellular calcium was noted upon NMDA stimulation, implying the neuronal function. A dramatic increased mRNA expression of neurogenic markers [SOX2, SOX9, β3‐TUBULIN, and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA receptors)] was noted as compared to the control. In addition, a remarkable increased expression of Notch signaling target gene, HEY1, was observed in growth factor‐induced DPSCs derived neuronal‐like cells compared with the control.

Conclusion

These data indicate that growth factor induction method is a preferable protocol for neuronal differentiation by DPSCs.
Modelling C3 photosynthesis from the chloroplast to the ecosystem
Authors: BERNACCHI CARL J. , BAGLEY JUSTIN E. , SERBIN SHAWN P. , RUIZ‐VERA URSULA M. , ROSENTHAL DAVID M. , VANLOOCKE ANDY
Published: April 2013

Globally, photosynthesis accounts for the largest flux of CO2 from the atmosphere into ecosystems and is the driving process for terrestrial ecosystem function. The importance of accurate predictions of photosynthesis over a range of plant growth conditions led to the development of a C3 photosynthesis model by Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry that has become increasingly important as society places greater pressures on vegetation. The photosynthesis model has played a major role in defining the path towards scientific understanding of photosynthetic carbon uptake and the role of photosynthesis on regulating the earth's climate and biogeochemical systems. In this review, we summarize the photosynthesis model, including its continued development and applications. We also review the implications these developments have on quantifying photosynthesis at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, and discuss the model's role in determining photosynthetic responses to changes in environmental conditions. Finally, the review includes a discussion of the larger‐scale modelling and remote‐sensing applications that rely on the leaf photosynthesis model and are likely to open new scientific avenues to address the increasing challenges to plant productivity over the next century.
Sexual reproduction of the pentaploid, short‐styled Oxalis pes‐caprae allows the production of viable offspring
Authors: Costa J. , Ferrero V. , Loureiro J. , Castro M. , Navarro L. , Castro S.
Published: April 2013

Reproduction is a key factor for the successful establishment and spread of introduced species. Oxalis pes‐caprae is a tristylous species with a self‐ and morph‐incompatibility sexual system that, in the invaded range of the western Mediterranean Basin, has been found to reproduce asexually because only the pentaploid, short‐styled morph (5x S‐morph) was introduced. The objective of this study was to test the ability of the 5x S‐morph of O. pes‐caprae to produce viable offspring in the absence of compatible mates, exploring the hypothesis that new morphs could have emerged by sexual reproduction events of the initially introduced morph. Pollen germination, pollen tube development, fruit and seed production, seed germination and offspring ploidy levels were analysed after controlled hand‐pollinations to assess self‐ and morph‐incompatibility and production of viable gametes by the 5x S‐morph. The self‐incompatibility system is still operating, but a partial breakdown in the morph‐incompatibility system combined with the production of viable gametes was observed, allowing sexual reproduction of the 5x S‐morph in the invaded range. The ability of the 5x S‐morph to reproduce sexually may have major consequences for the dynamics of invasive populations of O. pes‐caprae and could be one of the factors involved in the occurrence of new floral morphs in this invaded range.
Leaf functional trait variation associated with salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Hu T. , Zhang X. Z. , Sun J. M. , Li H. Y. , Fu J. M.
Published: April 2013

Salinity is one of major environmental stresses that dramatically threaten plant growth, and variations in genetic structure and functional traits have important effects on the salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.). The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the inter‐clonal variation of functional traits of accessions among geographic groups or between wild and commercial groups in response to salt stress; (ii) develop a mathematical model to effectively assess salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass accessions originating from different geographic populations; and (iii) determine the relation between spatial genetic structure and salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass. Wide variations were found among the accessions for seven functional traits. One regression model (F = 0.49 × F1 + 0.303 × F2 + 0.207 × F3) was established to ascertain salt tolerance of each accession. The highest variation of the traits and salt tolerance were obtained for accessions from theEuropean group. Wild accessions exhibited more variation in functional traits and salt tolerance than commercial cultivars. Both molecular marker techniques and functional traits were used to conduct phylogenetic analysis, and the majority of accessions from the same or adjacent regions were clustered into the same group or subgroup. The perennial ryegrass accessions with similar salt tolerance had a close phylogenetic background. The patterns in functional trait variations associated with salt tolerance might allow acceleration of the process for improving salt stress resistance in perennial ryegrass.
Gene flow from transgenic rice to red rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the field
Authors: Busconi M. , Baldi G. , Lorenzoni C. , Fogher C.
Published: April 2013

In this study, we simulate a transgenic rice crop highly infested with red rice to examine transgene transfer from a transgenic line (A2504) resistant to glufosinate ammonium to cohabitant red rice. The red rice was sown along with the transgenic line at the highest density found in naturally infested crops in the region. Agricultural practices similar to those used to control red rice infestation in northern Italy rice fields were used to reproduce the local rice production system. During the first 2 years, the field was treated with herbicide at the appropriate time; in the first year the dosage of herbicide was three times the recommended amount. In this first year, detectable red rice plants that escaped herbicide treatment were manually removed. Nevertheless, two herbicide‐resistant hybrid plants (named 101 and 104) were identified in the experimental field during the second year of cultivation. Phenotypic and molecular characterisation suggests the hybrid nature of these two plants, deriving from crossing events involving A2504, respectively, with red rice (plant 101) and the buffer cultivar Gladio (plant 104). The progeny of two subsequent generations of the two plants were examined and the presence of the transgene detected, indicating stable transfer of the transgene across generations. In conclusion, despite control methods, red rice progeny tolerant to the herbicide can be expected following use of transgenic rice and, consequently, difficulties in controlling this weed with chemicals will emerge in a relatively short time.
Ontogenesis of the collapsed layer during haustorium development in the root hemi‐parasite Santalum album Linn
Authors: Yang X. , Zhang X. , Teixeira da Silva J. A. , Liang K. , Deng R. , Ma G.
Published: April 2013

The structure and development of collapsed layers of the haustorium were studied in Santalum album Linn. Through light and transmission electron microscopy, it was shown that the collapsed layers originated from starch‐containing cells when the haustorium developed an internal gland, thickened gradually and ultimately developed into the mantle, which, combined with the sucker, buckled the host root. We report on the presence of inter‐collapsed layers for the first time. These layers develop after penetration into the host and are located between the intrusive tissues and the vascular meristematic region, gradually linking the collapsed layers and remains around the sucker. The proliferation of cells in the meristematic region and the ‘host tropism’ of cortical layers contribute to pressure within the haustorium and result in development of the collapsed layers. Besides, starch‐containing cells that turn into collapsed layers are vulnerable to pressure as they lack a large vacuole, have uneven cell wall thickness and a loose cell arrangement. We proposed that the functions of collapsed layers are to efficiently assure that cell inclusion and energy concentrate at the inner meristematic region and are recycled to affect penetration, reinforce the physical connection between the sandalwood haustorium and host root, and supply space for haustorial development.