bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poetry in the City
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses the poetic treatment of melancholy and time in ‘Tableaux parisiens’. It situates this section within the revised structure of the 1861 Les Fleurs du Mal and presents its ‘urban eclogues’ as cityscapes of melancholy. Following an analysis of ‘Paysage’, it argues that, for Baudelaire, Paris represents less the alienation caused by Second Empire capitalism than a symbolic city of ‘le Mal’: a nightmarish metropolis of damaged human beings and existential ill-being, a place of flux and disintegration. Coming directly after ‘L’Horloge’, these poems (arranged to suggest a twenty-four-hour cycle) transform the one-way river of Time into a two-way thoroughfare of personal, historical, and cultural memory (‘Andromaque, je pense à vous’) that permits an enriching layering of experience: the clear perspective of a ‘double present’ of remembering and writing (‘Le Cygne’, ‘Les Petites Vieilles’) with which to counter the blurred ‘double vision’ of a repetitive present (‘Les Sept Vieillards’).
Conversing Mindfully: Creating Trust to Maximise Disclosure
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter details key interpersonal and conversation management behaviours and tools that will enable a person to influence ethically the attitude and behaviour of any individual or third party in a face to face encounter. It argues that each participant's attitude affects their manifest behaviour which in turn affects the other person's attitude and behaviour. For an interviewer, this means approaching both planned and unanticipated conversations with an objective and constructive attitude seeking to create a positive impression from first contact and using this as a basis for building and then maintaining rapport across the whole encounter. The chapter also emphasizes the need to monitor and to arrive at a reasonable assessment of the individual's cognitive ability, i.e. ability to cope with what you are saying. Finally, the chapter highlights the importance of being mindful of the language that is used, such as using straightforward talk makes it easy to attend, to follow, and ultimately to comprehend what you are saying irrespective of the individual's manifest ability and facility with language.
Before the Interview: Key Assessments, Decision-Making, and Actions
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter spotlights the key aspect of preparation and planning for an interview: the pre-contact assessment of potential or actual constraints. It discusses the breadth of assessment, decision-making and actions that are integral to preparing and planning to interview a witness — whether vulnerable, intimidated and significant (VIS) witnesses or non-VIS — or a suspect. It argues that such assessment is essential to the task of orientation — preparation for the interview in terms of assignment of the lead interviewer role, tasking the second investigator and key third parties — and key decision-making concerning the practicalities of the interview: location, medium, manner of recording, timing and duration. The chapter then elaborates the definition of constraint, which the chapter described as an aspect of an individual's circumstances — psychological make-up, physical make-up, ability to function cognitively and socially and to communicate, and personal situation — that actually or potentially disadvantages the individual in conversation prior to and during the interview. Ultimately, it illustrates the staging process of pre-contact assessment, which differs for witnesses and suspects.
Extending the Mainstream
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyses conversation management (CM) in circumstances beyond interviewing either victims and witnesses to produce testimonial evidence or suspects to establish their account. It reveals how the principles of CM can be successfully applied to any purposeful encounter. The chapter then describes the types of encounter that demand greater flexibility, greater attention to the fundamentals of set induction, relationship, plus skillful monitoring and assertion to enable the practitioner to impact positively upon the individual, and to exert the appropriate sway necessary to engage in ethical influencing. Ultimately, the chapter demonstrates how the core elements of CM can be successfully applied when faced with the demand to interview in difficult extended circumstances. It then illustrates the three diverse contexts: handling informants, port examinations and assisting offenders.
Evaluation: The Last Piece of the Jigsaw
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter asserts that evaluation, as a component of reflective practice, is a key activity for the interviewer practitioner in measuring progress against investigative goals or personal development. The chapter covers what the book considers to be the two separate processes of operational (investigation-focused) and developmental (personal-performance) evaluation; often wrongly both conflated and confused with the associated activities of review and assessment. It firstly illustrates the relevant terms and outlines the inherent difficulties in evaluation. The chapter then shows separate frameworks for operational and developmental evaluation, including an explanation of the Griffiths Question Map (GQMTM), an innovative and unique tool for capturing core elements of interviewer performance. Finally, the chapter declares that evaluation is that all-important final piece of the jigsaw; an essential component in the processes of both investigation and interviewing.
Bookending ‘Þa Wuldorgesteald’
Authors: Treharne Elaine
Published: October 2021

The final chapter very briefly sums up the aims of this study as being concerned with the wholeness of the medieval manuscript and, often, its holiness: the combination of the visible and the invisible. Such wholeness mitigates against the practice of book-breaking and the digital fragmentation of the book. It also calls urgently for scholars and students of the codex to help to ensure that all those interested in early textualities can access and productively interpret the objects they are observing. Rounding off with Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s theory of a thing’s irreducibility, the book concludes by emphasizing the significance of a holistic approach to manuscripts, taking account of all the evidence—however marginal—offered up by these vessels of history, the desire for permanence and memorialization.
Brittle deformation structures
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

The discontinuous nature of brittle behavior contrasts with the apparent continuous nature of ductile deformation. Continuity is obviously scale dependent. Faults and fractures are common features of discontinuous deformation. They are particularly abundant in near-surface geological formations, that is, settings at low confining pressures. If ductile behaviour happens to be present in the upper crust, for example in clay and gypsum formations, brittle behaviour is not lacking in the deep crust. This is illustrated by dyke emplacement, feldspar crystals affected by fractures in granite magmas, and brittle behaviour of the mantle at Moho level. Discontinuous structures implying no or limited displacement – namely joints, fissures and tensile cracks – are briefly considered first, and faults, on which large displacements may take place are examined in detail. Faults, ductile faults and shear zones are representative strain localization structures. In this chapter, the relationships between brittle structures and the state of stress responsible for their orientation and evolution are discussed. According to its viscosity (‘viscosity’ is often preferred over ‘competence’), the behaviour of a rock is purely brittle, brittle–ductile or purely ductile. These two latter behaviours will be examined in the following chapter. Fractures are preferred fluid-collection sites, hence potential location for mineralization and formation of ore-veins. They are critically important during the formation stage of plutons and volcanos (see Chapter 7) due to silicate melt circulation into fractures.
Custom in Late Medieval France
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak
Published: October 2021

The idea of the dynamic movement of law—diffusion of legal institutions, rules, and culture—is deeply embedded in European legal history since antiquity. All the while, a potent spirit of local custom has sustained national history, forming an equally integral part of Europe’s legal tradition. This chapter examines the sources of law in late medieval France and the doctrine of custom. It also discusses the growth of royal justice and the relationship between private law and political power. An overview of major historiographical debates concerning the theory and nature of custom sheds light on the question as to whether the notion of common law (droit commun) emerged autonomously in France or only after custom was written down on the model of Roman law as jus commune.
The Redaction of Customs
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak
Published: October 2021

Charles VII ordered in 1454 the official redaction of customs. It was part of ongoing royal efforts to demonstrate that the crown could offer a better brand of justice. Customs were written down in the assembly of the three estates of each locality, followed by homologation. This process turned the customs into a formal body of laws. The royal campaigns in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries took place in the midst of the intellectual movement of legal humanism that set out to redefine the relationship between Roman law and French custom. Charles Dumoulin offered conceptual arguments and reasoning as to custom that were at once historical, legal, and constitutional. Legal humanists’ reassessment of the place of jus commune in France was a historical exercise that took place against the backdrop of the recording of the customs.
Memory, Materiality, Mental Telegraphy
Authors: Knoper Randall
Published: October 2021

Chapter 2 returns to conceptions of memory as a faithful record and as flawed physiological circuitry. Mark Twain explores “maternal impression” as a figure for reliable registration and memory, but discusses memory in Life on the Mississippi as malleable, apt to shift and change as does the river itself. Howells writes about traumatic memory in “A Sleep and a Forgetting,” depicting a character whose memory is obliterated after she sees her mother die in a railway-crossing accident. He considers the question of whether memory constitutes identity, or whether personality has a different kind of neurophysiological basis. He brings literary realism into the picture because this character’s absence of memory-associations enables her to experience reality immediately and freshly, as a transparent and selfless medium, in contrast with the intellectualizing, artistically cultured doctor, brimming with associations. But, of course, she cannot remember her perceptions.
Emotion as Feeling Towards Value
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: October 2021

This book proposes and defends a new theory of emotional experience. Drawing on recent developments in the philosophy of emotion, with links to contemporary philosophy of mind, it argues that emotional experiences are sui generis states, not to be modelled after other mental states—such as perceptions, judgements, or bodily feelings—but given their own analysis and place within our mental economy. More specifically, emotional experiences are claimed to be feelings-towards-values. Central to the theory is the claim that emotional experiences include (non-bodily) felt attitudes which represent evaluative properties of the particular objects of those experiences. It is in this sense that emotional experiences are feelings-towards-values. After setting out a framework for theorizing about experiences and their contents, the book argues that the content of emotional experience is evaluative, doing so in more detail than in the previous literature. It then explains the best way of marrying the former claim with the presence of specific kinds of valenced attitudinal components in emotional experience and critical aspects of emotional phenomenology. It is argued that we should appeal to felt valenced attitudes of favour and disfavour, resulting in the feeling-towards-value view. Building on this, a distinctive role for bodily feelings is then introduced, by way of a somatic enrichment of these felt valenced attitudes. Finally, issues pertaining to the intelligibility of emotions are considered. It is shown how the feeling-towards-value view can account for the way in which emotional experiences often make sense in a first-person way.
Fallen Angels in the Theology of St Augustine
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D.
Published: October 2021

This book ventures to describe Augustine of Hippo’s understanding of demons, including the theology, angelology, and anthropology that contextualize it. Demons are, for Augustine as for the Psalmist (95:5 LXX) and the Apostle (1 Cor. 10:20), the ‘gods of the nations’. This means that Augustine’s demons are best understood neither when they are ‘spiritualized’ as personifications of psychological struggles nor in terms of materialist contagions that undergird a superstitious moralism. Rather, because the gods of the nations are the paradigm of demonic power and influence over humanity, Augustine sees the Christian’s moral struggle against them within broader questions of social bonds, cultural form, popular opinion, philosophical investigation, liturgical movement, and so forth. In a word, Augustine’s demons have a religious significance, particularly in its Augustinian sense of bonds and duties between persons, and between persons and that which is divine. Demons are a highly integrated component of his broader theology, rooted in his conception of angels as the ministers of all creation under God, and informed by the doctrine of evil as privation and his understanding of the fall; they take shape in his thoughts on human embodiment, desire, visions, and the limits of human knowledge; and they manifest most profoundly in his ecclesiology, through his theology of sacraments and religious incorporation, and its engagement with traditional paganism and its most intelligent supporters, the Platonists. As false mediators, demons are mediated by false religion, the body of the devil, which Augustine opposes with an appeal to the true mediator, Christ, and the true religion of his body, the church.
Introduction
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

Introduces the outlines of Zaynab Fawwaz’s biography and published oeuvre, in the context of the nineteenth-century Arab/ic Nahda, or knowledge movement, and the centrality of questions of gender to that series of initiatives. Considers her distinct approach to questions of gender and society by setting out a feminist analytic that distinguishes ameliorative gender activism from critique of gender as a system of hierarchical social relations based on sex-gender differentiation and instituting and maintaining patriarchal and masculinist authority over females and the young. Suggests how debates on gender in 1890s Egypt were entangled with debates across the world, and how Arabophone intellectuals used certain keywords and conceptual categories to join debate, and describes communities of discourse, or senses of audience, that animated Fawwaz. Attention to audience and terminology, and to the rhetorical uses of affect, are aspects of a methodology of deep listening which requires close attention to not only Fawwaz’s writings, but those with which they were in dialogue.
Formations
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

The chapter sets out a history of Zaynab Fawwaz’s birthplace, the Ottoman territory of Jabal ‘Amil, at the southern tip of Mt Lebanon, as a region that was both marginalized and a centre of Shi‘i intellectual activity. Particular attention is paid to the clan of al-As‘ad, paramount rulers in whose provincial court Zaynab spent some time, and to local historical memory that would have been part of her formation. Fawwaz’s biography of her mentor there, Fatima bint al-As‘ad, suggests her attachment to this childhood venue. The chapter assesses what we know of Fawwaz’s early biography, through competing narratives that even pose very different birthdates, from 1845 to 1860. It provides background for Chapter 9, on Fawwaz’s first novel, which took up the history of this feudal family.
Fawwaz in al-Fatat
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This chapter details Fawwaz’s role in the first Arabic women’s magazine, al-Fatat, which began publishing in late 1892. Generally seen as a one-woman operation, this magazine involved the energies of several women, including Fawwaz, and I consider that collective aspect as well as her range of writings for the magazine. How, for instance, did she turn social reporting (on elite weddings) into a gender-political concern? How did she tailor articles also published elsewhere to al-Fatat’s presumed audience? The chapter scrutinizes al-Fatat’s reception by other journals—their descriptive lexicon for this first women’s journal—as indicative of ambivalences shaping ‘the woman question’ in 1890s Egypt. In particular, ‘Abdallah Nadim’s al-Ustadh is posed as a very different commentator on gender, class, and the nation.
Marriage and Silences
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This chapter assesses Fawwaz’s writings on marriage, divorce, and family life, 1892‒1900. In stand-alone essays and a long-running debate with a customs official, published in the journal Fursat al-awqat, Fawwaz addressed the exploitation of late versions of Islamic fiqh (jurisprudence) and its hadith sources, and the fiction of the Islamic basis of extreme seclusion, as patriarchal mechanisms to keep women subordinate and unhappy in marriage. It assesses the reformist views of Muhammad ‘Abduh while arguing that Fawwaz focused less on legal change and more on the prevalence of misogynistic views in the marital relationship that maintained the hegemony of patriarchal social organization. In her debate with Husayn Fawzi, Fawwaz used logic, arguments from history, and knowledge of Islamic sources to reject his understanding of gender, based on his reading of the creation story, Qur’an, and hadith, and medieval marriage manuals. This debate centred on marriage but went beyond it to explore Islamic understandings of gender difference.
‘This Tyranny You Have Called Nature’
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This chapter delineates a debate occurring over six months mostly in the magazine al-Hilal in 1894. Many individuals responded to a medical doctor who used his self-declared professional authority and acquaintance with European biomedical discourse, to pose a deeply misogynistic view of women. There were at least twenty-four published interventions, and Fawwaz wrote a long response that appeared years later in her collected essays but remained unpublished at the time. The essay is no less important for that, showing Fawwaz’s participation in debate and the extent to which issues of ‘gender’ and ‘nature’ exercised many female and male members of the literate urban strata. As was true of their peers across Europe, women and men challenged the uses of ‘science’, specifically Darwinism, to fix women’s inferiority in public discourse.
Defining Prophecy
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines some terminology and definitions of prophecy. It explores scholarly definitions from Classics, Ancient Philosophy, Jewish Studies, and early Christian studies before turning more specifically to Greek philosophical definitions, early Christian definitions, Origen’s own definitions, and scholars’ interpretations of Origen’s views on prophecy. It argues that while insights from various fields are relevant for understanding Origen, his definition of prophecy is highly unusual and focuses not just on future-telling, but revelation of mystic truths as well as understanding of time and the cosmos. The chapter concludes by demonstrating that previous scholarship on Origen’s view of prophecy has tended to limit itself to specific features rather than taking a wide-angled view of the topic as this book does.
Origen on Freedom and Foreknowledge
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

This chapter shows how Origen’s discussions of freedom relate in his thinking to God’s foreknowledge and prophecy. By examining the examples Origen picks to illustrate his views, I show that his solution to the free will and foreknowledge problem is explicitly motivated by epistemological considerations surrounding prophecy. Origen’s innovative narrative understanding of free will means that he understands the free will and foreknowledge problem in the same way as his near contemporary Alexander of Aphrodisias. He frames the problem as fundamentally neither about judgement nor evil, nor even as an abstract metaphysical issue, but as the intersection of divine and human narratives. Prophecy, in this picture, is the access-point for human beings to this intersection. Since, for Origen, God’s foreknowledge is primarily expressed among human beings through scripture and prophecy, it is scripture and prophecy that become inextricably linked to autonomy in Origen’s thought. Because it draws on a very new model of thinking about foreknowledge—Alexander’s On Fate—Origen’s framing of the problem is significantly different from the Christian writers who came before him.
Conclusion
Authors: Hall Claire
Published: October 2021

The Conclusion summarises the findings of the book and turns once again to Origen’s definition of prophecy. It suggests that the preceding chapters have given some flavour of the philosophical complexity of Origen’s thinking about prophecy, and restates the case for understanding prophecy by analogy with Origen’s tripartite hermeneutic of scripture.
Mobility of Persons
Authors: Barnard Catherine , Leinarte Emilija
Published: October 2021

This chapter stresses that the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) only envisions a most basic form of mobility, under Mode 4 of the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. It mentions businesspersons offering services in the jurisdiction of the other parties, and a bland commitment to maintain visa-free travel for short-term stays. It also reveals the end of passporting for financial services and the end of free movement of persons that constitute some of the most visible, and dramatic changes in the new EU-UK relations. The chapter looks at mobility rules under the WTO regime and various free trade agreements (FTAs) and association agreements (AAs) as the baseline for international commitments to trade-related mobility. It compares the WTO regime with the framework under the TCA in order to determine the extent of liberalization in the new UK-EU relationship.
Fortuna, Fama, and the challenge to agency
Authors: Hanning Robert W.
Published: October 2021

The vagaries of Fortuna find a parallel in the falsifying potential of Fama. Landolfo (Decameron 2.4), after experiencing Fortuna’s blows at sea, later profits from her unexpected favors, but only by responding to them prudently. In “The Knight’s Tale,” Duke Theseus triumphs politically over fortuna while Arcite, thrown to his death at his supposed moment of triumph, memorializes fortuna’s hegemony. In Decameron 3.8 a wily abbot’s false fama as a cleric of integrity conceals his seduction of a wife and dispatch of her gullible, drugged husband to a stint in “Purgatory,” from which he returns as the abbot’s equal in disseminating false fama about the afterlife. Custance, the long-suffering heroine of “The Man of Law’s Tale,” is victimized as much by the accurate “tidynges” (= fama) of her beauty as by the lies of a venomous mother-in-law, whose counterfeit letters are misread as the true sonde (message, fama) of God.
Introduction
Authors: Kübler Jürgen
Published: October 2021

This introductory chapter contains the classical and quantum mechanical tools for the treatment of magnetism. They are applied to a gas of free electrons in a magnetic field to obtain Landau levels and the corresponding free energy. Various susceptibilities are derived as well as the de Haas–van Alphen effect together with the Lifshitz–Kosevich formula. Finally, the Pauli susceptibility is discussed and compared with experimental data for a number of elements.
Magnetism at Finite Temperatures
Authors: Kübler Jürgen
Published: October 2021

Thermal properties of magnets are dominated by low-lying excitations, perused systematically. Magnon spectra of elementary metals and compounds are obtained theoretically and compared with experimental data. Spin fluctuations are discussed in mean-field theory to obtain ab initio estimates of ordering temperatures for a multitude of magnetic systems. The free energy is connected with dynamic susceptibility which supplies a solid basis for the magnetic phase of ferromagnetic compounds. Methods derived to obtain Heisenberg exchange constants from first-principle calculations are compared with experimental data. Magnetic skyrmions enrich the field of magnetism and are of possible use for data technology applications. Several cases are discussed and classified showing theoretical and experimental data. For high temperatures the disordered local moment picture supplies an alternative theory for magnetism where the coherent-potential approximation is used to solve the electronic-structure problem in an alloy analogy. The basic theory is presented and discussed together with experimental data.
Ordinal notations and induction
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

In order to prove that the simplification process for arithmetic eventually reaches a simple proof, it is necessary to measure the complexity of proofs in a more sophisticated way than for the cut-elimination theorem. There, a pair of numbers suffices, and the proof proceeds by double induction on this measure. This chapter develops the system of ordinal notations up to ε0 which serve as this more sophisticated measure for proofs in arithmetic. Ordinal notations are presented as purely combinatorial system of symbols, so that from the outset there is no doubt about the constructive legitimacy of the associated principles of reasoning. The main properties of this notation system are presented, and it is shown that ordinal notations are well-ordered according to its associated less-than relation. The basics of the theory of set-theoretic ordinals is developed in the second half of the chapter, so that the reader can compare the infinitary, set-theoretic development of ordinals up to ε0 to the system of finitary ordinal notations. Finally, Paris-Kirby Hydra game and Goodstein sequences are presented as applications of induction up to ε0.
The Politics of ‘Collective Putin’ and Patronage Personalization
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Elkink Johan A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the patronage pillar of regime personalisation, determined by the strength of the ruler's patronage network, “Collective Putin.” It charts how Vladimir Putin's patron-client network developed and acquired control across institutions. It introduces original data on patron-client networks in Russia and maps these networks over time. Based on expert surveys of policy influence, it further explains how Putin's patron-client network has grown in dominance over time. The chapter finds that the path toward personalisation in Russia centred on the relatively swift acquisition of control over security and enforcement institutions, but a much more gradual penetration of other institutions by the ruler's network. It also finds that within the ranks of the Russian ruling coalition, this network emerges as dominant in early 2007, which also permitted Vladimir Putin to govern the regime from the subordinate position of prime minister from 2008--12. The patron-client network had further consolidated in strength and scope by 2012. Furthermore, Putin's return to presidential office, which coincided with the strengthening of personalisation on other pillars, made him largely autonomous from his own coalition. As the Russian leader has remained unchallenged in office for a considerable period of time, loyalty to the ruler no longer depended on whether officials had personal ties and belonged to the ruler's patronage network. Instead, loyalty came to be determined by the logic of a personalist system so that all officials regarded the ruler as their overall patron.
Personalization in the Media and Rhetoric
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Elkink Johan A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the media coverage of Vladimir Putin and his rhetoric---the main themes of his contributions in printed and electronic media over time. To be perceived as an indispensable and preeminent actor, the ruler should develop strong media dominance or even the elements of a personality cult. As a fourth characteristic of regime personalisation, this chapter analyses Putin's dominance over both national and regional media through a battery of analyses undertaken of newspaper contents and television transcripts. While there is a trend towards topics more of interest to Putin personally, such as Russia’s standing internationally, there are only modest impacts of personalisation on media content and presence. The importance of international or domestic events outside the control of the leader renders a textual analysis of the media as a less useful tool in the detection of the development of personalisation. While in the middle of his “second second” presidential term in 2020 the regime of Vladimir Putin does not exhibit the attributes of a cult of personality, empirically, this chapter does find a trend in that direction.
Conclusions and Implications for the Study of Russia and Personalist Regimes
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Elkink Johan A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter reflects on the main research questions and outlines how the book’s empirical findings support the argument that the Russian political regime can be understood as a personalist regime in the making. Russia is highly personalised in terms of patronage networks, the ruler’s authority is widely understood to be implicitly permanent, but it is only moderately deinstitutionalised, and it has a relatively low level of media personalisation. This chapter further discusses the multidimensionality of personalistic politics and that consequently political regimes typically do not resemble “ideal types,” nor do they necessarily strive to become ever more personalist. In fact, even though the levels of personalisation change over time, by and large the Russian regime may be in a steady state in between a democracy and a full-blown personalist regime. A state that allows it to solve various problems of governance and that reflects preferences of the ruler and those of the ruling coalition. While the overall focus is on the dynamics in Russia, this study also illuminates how other personalist and personalising regimes emerge, develop, and function. Finally, it demonstrates how scholars of other non-democratic regimes may improve their studies by relying on similar techniques to those introduced in The New Kremlinolog and discusses methodological implications for the study of authoritarian politics in general.
Radical Historiography
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: October 2021

This chapter argues that the currency of Higden’s Polychronicon in later medieval England attests to the profound historiographical investments of a spectrum of polemicists, preachers, translators, and poets. English writers discovered in the Polychronicon a master genre for broad and diverse political engagement and an innovative form with which to theorize a range of issues, especially those pertaining to the institutional Church. The hot topics that modern scholars tend to associate with Wycliffism were given a discursive heft and complexity through the literary appropriation of Higden’s universal history, as we see in Trevisa’s commentary on the Polychronicon, as well as in Langland’s Piers Plowman. In this view, radical historiography leads to radical ecclesiology when compendious genres become loci for the political imaginary.
Alphabetical Logic
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: October 2021

This chapter turns from compendious texts to compendious paratext. It explores alphabetical thinking in medieval England through the lens of two indexes, which, it is argued, are the first two official alphabetical indexes in English: Trevisa’s index to the Polychronicon and the Concordance to the English Bible. The growth of English as a literary language temporarily wreaked havoc with the highly functional models of indexing inherited from Latin scholarship. The fits and starts of creating alphabetical indexes in English, however, challenge modern assumptions about alphabetizing and indexing, and provide new insights about medieval ones. Do indexes need always be functional, and how might so-called “dysfunctional” indexes like Trevisa’s offer new methods of navigating texts? How might vernacular finding aids activate the English vernacular as a literary language? These idiosyncratic early English indexes further query the relationship between vernacularity and modernity. Although the growth of the vernacular as a literary language seems to anticipate a post-medieval modernity, a modernity defined in part by the rational use of search tools, this chapter shows that the curious history of information technology does not map so neatly onto English literary history.
The Formation of the Jewish Canon
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

The word canon means a list of biblical books understood as being inspired by God, and therefore normative, enumerated according to a given order and in a determined number. There were three great theories about the canon: Levita (1538), Grabe (1715) and the classic theory (end of the nineteenth century), according to which the canon results from a historical process, first the canonization of the Law (between 450 and 400 BCE), then Prophets’ one (third century), and last Writings’ one (during the Hasmonean period or at the end of the first century in Jabneh). Rectifications to the classic model must be provided. In the second stage, it is inappropriate to speak about a canonization of the Prophets; this canonization included both the Torah and the Prophets: they are not two separate orders, but a single corpus at the same level. On the other hand, one must distinguish two Jewish canons. The first one is defined by Law and Prophets and can be dated back to the third century BCE. The second one involves three orders with a ranking: first, the Torah that, second, the Prophets repeat and reinforce, and which, third, the Writings repeat. It dates back to the years 200 CE. So, maybe the classic three-stage model has to be changed into a two-stage model: first, the Torah and the Prophets; second, the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings. In other words, the canonization involving only the Torah may never have occurred. But this scenario is not fully established and the classic theory must be kept for the moment.
Introduction
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: October 2021

With the progress of artificial intelligence, the digitalization of the life world and the reduction of the mind to neuronal processes, the human being appears more and more as a product of data and algorithms. We understand ourselves in the image of our machines, while conversely we elevate our machines and our brains to new subjects. Against this self-reification of the human being, this book defends a humanism of embodiment: our corporeality, vitality and embodied freedom are the foundations of a self-determined existence that uses the new technologies as means instead of submitting to them.
The Cyclical Time of the Body and the Linear Time of Modernity
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: October 2021

While linear time results from the measurement of physical events, the temporality of life is characterized by cyclical processes, which also manifest themselves in bodily experience. This applies for the periodicity of heartbeat, respiration, sleep–wake cycle, or circadian hormone secretion, among others. Cyclical repetitions are also found in the recurring phases of need, drive, and satisfaction. Finally, the cyclical structure of bodily time manifests itself at an extended level in the form of body memory. However, this cyclical structure of lived time comes into tension with the orders of linear time which have been increasingly established in Western societies since the modern age. This tension creates both individual as well as societal conflicts and may also result in psychopathological phenomena such as depression and burn-out syndromes.
What “Black Lives Matter” Should Mean
Authors: Hogan Brandon
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers the meaning of the slogan “Black lives matter.” It concludes that there is no consensus about the meaning of the slogan and posits that the slogan is true only relative to a given population. As such, Black lives matter to some, but not to others. Thus, the slogan both expresses a truth and an aspiration, depending on context. The author argues that both interpretations of the slogan are socially useful. It is useful for activists to believe that Black lives do matter because this belief is a source of inspiration. The author contends that activists would do well to recognize that Black lives do not matter to some. This latter interpretation justifies certain forms of direct, nonsentimental activism.
The Violence of Leadership in Black Lives Matter
Authors: Miranda Dana Francisco
Published: October 2021

Since the murder of Trayvon Martin in 2012, the United States has seen the coalescing of black protestors and activists along with their multiracial collaborators under the banner of Movement for Black Lives (M4BL). This struggle against racialized violence, police brutality, and white supremacy has been witnessed in myriad ways, with two of its most prominent “reactions” occurring in Ferguson, Missouri, and Baltimore, Maryland. Within this struggle, the organization Black Lives Matter (BLM) has chosen to follow a “leader-full” model that replaces traditional hierarchical forms of leadership for that of collaboration and decentralization. This chapter thus seeks to highlight the competing notions of centralized and decentralized leadership within black liberation movements to better understand this model. Using the works of Barbara Ransby, Patrisse Khan-Cullors, and Frantz Fanon, this work will explore forms of black leadership that articulate alternative modes of accountability, service, and well-being within the struggle for black livability.
Social and Cultural Influences on Cognitive Aging
Authors: Gutchess Angela , Rosa Nicole M. , Schwartz Danielle B.
Published: October 2021

This chapter reviews how cognitive aging impacts social processes, including consideration of both interpersonal and cultural factors. Cognition, including memory, may be more preserved when information is relevant to the self or in interpersonally meaningful situations. This chapter approaches motivated cognition by first reviewing findings about how self-referencing, relating information to the self, serves as an effective encoding strategy and also considers how the strategy engages neural regions in younger and older adults. It then considers how emotionally meaningful interactions with others continue to be important with age and may help to evoke effective information processing. The chapter closes by considering how culture may contribute to cognition and how cultural groups might exhibit the effects of cognitive aging in different ways, depending on task demands and relevant strategies.
Representative Democracy and Religious Thought in South Asia
Authors: Iqtidar Humeira
Published: October 2021

What role did popular enthusiasm about democratic participation in the early twentieth century play in the ideas of two key religious revivalists in South Asia: Abul A‘la Maududi and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar? This chapter lays out the differently inflected visions of the two thinkers to argue that they were both working through new conceptions of religion and society, which crystallized around the mythical entity “the people.” How to recognize and organize the people who form the constituency as well as the legislators of a democratic polity was the challenge they tackled. They differed sharply in their analysis of nationalism as the glue that held “the people” together, and in their resistance to prevailing European theories of nationalism and representative government. Despite many differences, the two thinkers were united in an enthusiasm for democratic politics. Understanding the political manifestations of their ideas today requires a reckoning with their respective visions of democracy.
Religious Pluralism and the State in India
Authors: Bajpai Rochana
Published: October 2021

This chapter delineates and disaggregates a relatively neglected category, that of political pluralism. I argue, first, that historically, India has offered an important example of plurality in policy, with a multiplicity of state approaches and dispositions toward the accommodation of religious diversity. Unpacking political plurality, I distinguish in a provisional and schematic fashion between hierarchical pluralism, integrationist exclusion, integrationist inclusion, and weak multicultural, strong multicultural, and assimilationist approaches toward religious diversity. Second, if pluralism is understood as a normative category that denotes approaches that respect religious diversity, state approaches in India have differed widely in the extent to which these are pluralist. Political pluralism encompasses a range of dispositions toward socio-religious plurality, ranging from hostility to the celebration of religious difference. Pluralism both institutional and normative is threatened by the hegemony of Hindu nationalism in Indian politics today.
Thinking through Majoritarian Domination in Turkey and India
Authors: Barkey Karen , Naresh Vatsal
Published: October 2021

This chapter identifies majoritarian domination as the transposition of a sociological, enumerated majority upon the idea of majority rule resulting in the avoidable and arbitrary interference in the basic interests of minorities. The authors suggest that although India and Turkey’s respective founding moments bequeathed different legacies for the negotiation between democracy and religious pluralism, the two polities have since converged. They argue that this convergence ought to be understood by studying the erosion of pluralism in three senses: discursive, epistemic, and institutional. They highlight this erosion through a comparative history of contemporary politics and society in Turkey and India.
Introduction
Authors: Henry Laura A. , Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: October 2021

This brief introductory chapter introduces the motivation for the book, the importance of the BRICS states to contemporary understandings of global governance as well as current debates about their relevance as a group, and our central focus on NGO mediation between global and local contexts. We articulate our argument that much of the crucial work of global governance takes place domestically within countries, and that if these efforts do not succeed locally, then internationally launched initiatives to improve global governance are destined to fail in practice. Much of this work is carried out by domestically-rooted NGOs, and the BRICS countries provide a helpful spectrum of varying domestic contexts through which we can analyze factors shaping NGOs’ success at mediation efforts. The introduction also summarizes the organization and logic of the chapters in the book.
Elizabeth Anscombe versus the World
Authors: Lipscomb Benjamin J.B.
Published: October 2021

This chapter chronicles the philosophical development of the abrasive, brilliant Elizabeth Anscombe and her contribution to her friends’ implicit project of reshaping mid-century ethics: her all-out attack against “Oxford Moral Philosophy” epitomized by R.M. Hare, and her publication of the influential “Modern Moral Philosophy.” Anscombe was Wittgenstein’s apprentice and translator for much of her early career, rarely publishing original work. She was, nonetheless, a fearsome adversary of anyone she saw as glib or insufficiently serious, including C.S. Lewis and J.L. Austin. Anscombe’s real engagement with ethics began with her attempt to stop Oxford from bestowing an honorary degree on Harry Truman; she abhorred his decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She was invited to give a radio broadcast, “Oxford Moral Philosophy: Does It Corrupt the Youth?”—the opening salvo in a fight with R.M. Hare, which resulted in her influential essay “Modern Moral Philosophy.”
Moral Progress
Authors: Kitcher Philip , Heilinger Jan-Christoph , Jaeggi Rahel , Neiman Susan
Published: October 2021

The overall aim of this book is to understand the character of moral progress, so that making moral progress may become more systematic and secure, less chancy and less bloody. Drawing on three historical examples—the abolition of chattel slavery, the expansion of opportunities for women, and the increasing acceptance of same-sex love—it asks how those changes were brought about and seeks a methodology for streamlining the kinds of developments that occurred. Moral progress is conceived as pragmatic progress, progress from rather than progress to, achieved by overcoming the problems and limits of the current situation. Two kinds of problems are distinguished: problems of exclusion, found when the complaints of some people (the oppressed) are ignored; and problems of false consciousness, present when the oppressed adopt judgments from the ambient society and do not protest their condition. The proposed methodology advocates procedures for listening to voiced complaints and for systematically reviewing the way in which particular self-conceptions, ideals, and identities are taken to be appropriate for various groups of people. Through outlining a picture of moral practice, at both the individual and the societal levels, the book seeks to orient moral philosophy away from metaethical questions of realism and toward moral methodology.
The Case for Rage
Authors: Cherry Myisha
Published: October 2021

The Case for Rage is a philosophical defense of anger, particularly anger at racial injustice. Crossing the terrain of moral psychology, ethics, philosophy of race, and social and political philosophy, the book shows anger’s varieties and cautions readers not to paint it in broad strokes. The book shows how a certain kind of anger at racial injustice is a fitting, appropriate, and correct response to racism; can motivate those who are outraged at racism by affecting their beliefs and desires; and can be productive in the fight against racism. It also explains how a person can resist white supremacy with their rage by breaking racial rules. The book also provides suggestions for how the angry might manage their anger—not through eradication or moderation, but through cultivation and community.
Victims and Villains
Authors: Prasad Monica
Published: October 2021

This chapter argues that one particularly common sociological method, studying those who are the victims of a problem, can cause harm to the victims. A better strategy is to study the villain by seeing them in their social context to understand what is causing their behavior. If one insists on studying the victim, one way to do it that is less damaging is by gazing through their eyes, not at their bodies, that is, spending less time cataloguing their suffering and more time cataloguing what causes it. “Victim” and “villain” are metaphorical terms intended to call attention to the need to study the causes of social problems, not just their manifestations.