bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with reinforced concrete ring under load
Authors: Blikharskyy Zinoviy , Dubizhanskyy Dmytro , Khmil Roman
Published: June 2020

Bearing capacity of normal cross section of bending concrete elements reinforced with reinforced concrete ring under load was investigated. Experimental researches of 4 sets of beams with the total number of 16 units were carried out. The results of changes of stress-strain state settings depending on the load level, additional reinforcement, influence of limit level load were analyzed. The three characteristic stages of stress-strain state of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with reinforced concrete ring were defined. Results of experimental investigations of bearing capacity of normal cross section of strengthened beams with reinforced concrete ring under load were presented. Enhancing effect was calculated. According to the results of researches of strengthened beams plots of strain of working armature depending on current bending moment were constructed.
Flexural strengthening of RC beams by using a near surface mounted T-section profiles
Authors: Chołostiakow Szymon , Kotynia Renata
Published: June 2020

The paper presents test results of an experimental program of four full-scale RC beams, strengthened in flexure with T-section carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) profiles and two reference beams subjected to a six point bending. The novel shape of CFRP profile combines both the near surface mounted (NSM) and externally bonded (EB) strengthening systems. The application of the CFRP profiles consisted of gluing both the web and the flange of the profile to the concrete surface. RC beams made of the same concrete class were differed by the internal steel reinforcement ratio and in a number of applied profiles. Efficiency of this new strengthening product was determined by comparison of the strengthened and non-strengthened RC beams. An increase of the CFRP-concrete bond area and high stiffness of the T-section profiles significantly improved the strengthening ratio (up to 130% of the reference beam) and reduced the maximum mid-span deflection (ranged of 70-80%) of the non–strengthened beams. The CFRP strain utilisation equal to 67% of the tensile strain corresponded to the maximum CFRP strains equal to 0,73%. The promising test results exhibit this system as a very attractive proposal of new strengthening technique used for field applications of the  existing structures.
Comments concerning crack width calculation in joints of steel-concrete composite slabs
Authors: Knauff Michał , Niedośpiał Marcin
Published: June 2020

In this paper some aspects of the calculation of the width of cracks in joints of steel-concrete composite slabs are reported. The code concerning design of composite steel and concrete structures for the calculation of crack widths refers to the code of reinforced concrete structures. The application of the formula, which takes into account „tension stiffening”, seems to lead to surprising results - for the elements with small reinforcement ratio, the obtained stress is much greater than the stress calculated in classical way i.e. without tension stiffening. The authors present the derivation of this formula - the result corresponds to the formula in the code but in the paper an additional case is taken into account. Furthermore, the authors suggest to consider two types of areas as in the RC code. Type D (D from "discontinuity") should be analyzed in the close surrounding of the column and type B (B from Bernoulli) areas at some distance from the column.
Composite GFRP bars as reinforcement of concrete members under axial force and bending moment
Authors: Szymczak Piotr , Olbryk Paweł , Maria Kamińska
Published: June 2020

This paper discusses concrete members reinforced internally with composite GFRP bars (Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer). The studies are focused on members under axial force and bending moment. Experimental studies of 4 RC columns loaded with compressive axial force, longitudinally and transversally reinforced with GFRP bars were discussed. Columns had cylinder shape with the nominal diameter of 200mm and height of 600mm. Longitudinal reinforcement contained six bars with 11mm diameter and transversal reinforcement of continuous spiral bars # 4 and #8 with spacing equal to 45mm and 60mm. Studies show that the GFRP reinforcement has very good adhesion to concrete and,in failure state reaches stresses adequate to longitudinal strains of members. This paper proves that the interaction curves can be determined on the same strain state basis as used in RC members according to EC2.
Comparative analysis of selected research methods for resistance to water and frost of asphalt mixtures
Authors: Plewa Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Resistance to water and frost is one of the most important technical parameters characterizing the properties of asphalt mixtures. Environmental factors adversely affecting road surfaces affect the stability of individual structural layers of the road. In Polish climate zone, the road surface of the road is subjected to the processes of water infiltration, freezing and defrosting. This process is also very often accompanied by the salt used during the winter road maintenance. It is reasonable to control HMA for susceptibility to these devastating impacts. The assessment of water and frost resistance of HMA according to existing procedures consists of determining the decrease of the average indirect tensile strength of samples saturated with water in relation to dry samples. A major problem with the method used in Poland is the repeatability and reproducibility of the results of research. The paper presents the results of research and analysis methods for resistance to water and frost according to the requirements of the WT -2, AASHTO T 283-89 and " Scandinavian method". Asphalt mixtures AC type 11S and 16P AC have been tested. Asphalt mixtures resistance to water was determined by testing modules of indirect tensile strength under static load (ITS ) and the rigidity modulus under load modules (IT - CY).
Most adverse geometrical imperfections of steel spherical shells
Authors: Błażejewski Paweł , Marcinowski Jakub
Published: June 2020

Steel, spherical shells subjected to an external pressure are exposed to the loss of stability and such a phenomenon determines the global resistance of such shells. Unavoidable, geometric imperfections present is this class of shells affect significantly global resistance of shells. The imperfection form corresponding to the first and second buckling modes, analysed in previous works of authors, do not cover all possible and observed in reality imperfection modes. The specification and comparison of other imperfections encountered in practice will allow to identify the most adverse ones. Additionally to the imperfection forms also their amplitudes were analysed. Consequently the ranges in which considered imperfection form is in fact the most adverse were determined. On the basis of this knowledge, the designer can choose the most adverse imperfection mode for given quality fabrication class of the shell.
The study of the influence of initial mast shaft imperfections on the values of internal forces and the effort of mast structure
Authors: Matuszkiewicz Monika
Published: June 2020

This paper describes the results of static-strength calculations of a real mast taking into account the initial imperfections in the form of initial mast span curves. The primary objective of the study was to examine to what extent the initial mast shaft imperfections influence the effort of structure elements of the mast. The remarks and conclusions are of practical importance and can be used in the design of guyed lattice masts.
Buildings constructed in the system OWT- 67 in urban layout of residential settlement "Maki" in Lublin
Authors: Janusz Renata , Janus Krzysztof
Published: June 2020

“Maki” residential settlement was established in the mid-70s, in the quarter of construction it was limited by Droga Męczennikow majdanka, Krańcowa, Lotnicza and Gluska Streets, as the subsequent stage of development of minicipal housing stock. A crucial issue concerned the location of a new building in a previous urbanized area – the so called Kosminek. As a result, a mixed system was created, where simple, tall and parallely situated to each other 5-story multifamily buildings and an 11-storey point tower of an evident modernistic form and the way of their location are accomposed by a simple-family housing placed along the streets. The urban and funtional conditions in 5-storey buildings constructed in OWT-67 system were presented. The urban changes of settlement over nearly 40 years (parking sevice, greenery) were discussed.

The analysis of the needs and possibilities in terms of next steps which can improve the living quality of residents in aspect of restrictions consequent upon ownership, economic and construction determinants was complited. Justified steps refer to the continuation of building termomodernization. The improvement of space quality between building is the highest priority. Not to mention, further exchange of paved surface, the enhancement of greenery quality concerning the needs of divers age groups of residents in the arrangement of problem indicating the necessity to build underground garages.
Transform, but how?
Authors: Skoczylas Olga
Published: June 2020

This article is an attempt to point, on concrete examples, the most important aspects which occur at almost every successful revitalization of settlements made in industrialized technology. "Concrete slabs" is present in almost every Polish city. Western countries, at least partially faced problems that are associated with apartment blocks. In the very foreseeable future, in Poland, we cannot pretend not to see that in the prefabricated housing people live in bad conditions, that there are more social pathologies, or that the settlements are depopulated. Thermomodernization itself is not enough to restore a healthy and full of energy life to the dying blocks.
Revitalization of prefabricated housing. Implementation of European solutions to Polish conditions
Authors: Szpytma Magdalena
Published: June 2020

The problem regeneration of prefabricated housing in Poland is invariably the current issue. Due to a housing shortage, the demand for apartments in pre-fab housing is still high. Western Europe has begun to struggle with this problem much earlier and has a large experience in the subject of revitalization. However, the context of socio - economic development in Poland, different from the Western European, makes the transfer of complete solutions revitalization impossible . Presented examples show different strategies used in the past and now in Europe (housing revitalization Bijlmer in Amsterdam and building in Halle - Neustadt). They were based on the demolition to a lesser or greater extent. The difficult housing situation in Poland, related to the lack of sufficient amount of housing, poor infrastructure of social housing and complicated housing ownership structure of the buildings, mostly excludes demolition. However, the quality of prefabricated housing living could be significantly improved, without the need for demolition, as evidenced by the spectacular example of the revitalization of the Parisian skyscraper Tour Bois le Prêtre.
Durability assessment of asphalt mixtures for waterproofing and pavement of bridges
Authors: Sarnowski Michał , Radziszewski Piotr , Piłat Jerzy , Kowalski Karol , Król Jan
Published: June 2020

Durability of bridge pavement is affected by two main factors: traffic conditions and environmental factors. In Central-European climate, in addition to traffic, a bridge pavement is loaded by low temperature and deicing agents. The bridge pavement can be constructed with either cement concrete or asphalt mixture technology. In Europe (including Poland) asphalt pavements are typically placed, composed with a surface and protection layer. Pavement is placed on the waterproofing layer after initial surface priming. Both protection and surface asphalt mixtures layers can lose their properties due to aging process or due to the water action. In this paper, the results of functional properties of asphalt mixtures testing used for protection and surface layers of bridge decks are presented. Tested mixtures were subjected to short term oven aging (STOA), long term oven aging (LTOA) and aging in high technological temperatures.
Analysis of the effectiveness of bus lane with intermittent priority
Authors: Szarata Mateusz , Olszewski Piotr
Published: June 2020

The paper compares benefits of bus lanes with intermittent priority to standard bus lanes. The study was based on traffic models made by using HCM 2010 method and microsimulation models developed with PTV Vissim software. The paper also presents operating principles of bus lane with intermittent priority and the results of traffic surveys conducted in Rzeszow. The analysis shows that when compared to the standard bus lane, the use of bus lane with intermittent priority can bring benefits for streets with lower bus flows.
Analysis of skid resistance of road pavements in the initial period of its life
Authors: Wasilewska Marta
Published: June 2020

Changes of microtexture and macrotexture significantly influence skid resistance of road pavements. It takes place especially during the initial period of pavement life. Binder on the coarse aggregate is removed and then surface of grain is polished by traffic. The intensity of changes of a skid resistance coefficient depends on the type of wearing course, traffic load and sites (straight, intersection, curved segments). In this paper, skid resistance of different pavements surface based on BPN (British Pendulum Number) and MTD ( Mean Texture Depth) is compared. The study was conducted on test sections of asphalt concrete and SMA pavements during the reconstruction of the national road No. 8 km 614 +850 - 639 +365 for three months from putting into traffic.
COVID-19 and anesthesiology - An updated professional risk
Authors: Oliveira Carlos R. Degrandi
Published: June 2020

Many embark on the dream of the white coat often without knowing that the life of a doctor implies great personal costs. Doctors, like other professionals, are at risk inherent in the nature of the work and the environment in which it is carried out. The anesthesiologist is no exception to the rule and is exposed to an unhealthy environment when caring for patients and dedicating themselves to them, they are often exposed to the action of harmful agents.
New coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A perspective from Turkey
Authors: Tolga Ergonenc , T Hacibekiroglu
Published: June 2020

The new coronavirus (COVID-19), which causes severe respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and lung failure, is spreading Since December 2019, across the globe from China rapidly. While global institutions and companies have focused on developing vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19, no specific vaccine has yet been found.

In this review, we highlight the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and transmission to control the spread of this virus disease from the perspective of Turkey.
Comparative study of isobaric levobupivacaine and hyperbaric bupivacaine for subarachnoid block in elective cesarean sections
Authors: Rao Dinesh Govinda , Anand Shalini , Pasha Nayaz
Published: June 2020

Background & Objective: Hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% with fentanyl is often used for spinal anesthesia in lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). Its cardiotoxicity, extended sensory block and high sympathetic blocks in parturients can be disadvantageous. Levobupivacaine, an s-enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine is truly isobaric with CSF. It should be able to produce adequate sensory block with less hemodynamic changes and less cardiovascular toxicity. We aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of intrathecal 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine compared to 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with fentanyl 25 µg for elective LSCS.
Anesthetic management of a child with methylmalonic acidemia for lens aspiration – a case report
Authors: Huda Anwar Ul , Yasir Mohammad
Published: June 2020

We report a case of a child with methylmalonic acidemia who presented to our hospital for lens aspiration surgery. Methylmalonic acidemia is an inherited disorder of protein catabolism. Its clinical effects can vary from mild to severe, and include lethargy, vomiting, hypotonia, hypothermia, failure to thrive and encephalopathy. The main concern in treatment of these patients is prevention of academia by identifying precipitating factors. It is especially important to acutely manage fluids and electrolytes before, during and after surgery.
My journey through untested COVID-19
Authors: Khan Umar Daraz
Published: June 2020

As we all know UK Covid19 preparation was little clumsy and late to enforce, while people were getting locked down elsewhere in Europe, we were asked to do frequent hand washing. I worked and operated until 11th of March. Booked a basketball court on 14th March and played with my son, one to one, for a good hour. I saw another patient later in the afternoon and attended a birthday same evening. Walked back home and was absolutely fine. Next morning got up with dry cough, sore throat, fever and body aches and pain. There was no sinus issue, no running nose. Gradually and within a day developed loss of appetite and loss of taste. I knew I had the virus, called my manager cancelled all my appointments and operations for the next week.
Rigideces salariales en México: Evidencia de los registros del IMSS
Authors: Castellanos Pascacio Sara Gabriela , García Verdú Rodrigo , Kaplan David S.
Published: June 2020

Este trabajo analiza la existencia y la magnitud de rigideces salariales nominales en el mercado laboral mexicano utilizando información proveniente de los registros administrativos del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Estos registros forman una base de datos de panel a nivel de empresa, lo cual permite seguir a trabajadores empleados en la misma empresa, observar sus perfiles salariales y calcular los cambios que experimentan en sus salarios nominales a través del tiempo. Con base en las estimaciones de las funciones de densidad de los cambios salariales nominales, se realizan algunas de las pruebas estándar que han sido propuestas en la literatura para probar la presencia de rigideces en los salarios nominales. Además, se extienden estas pruebas para tomar en cuenta la presencia de salarios mínimos que pueden afectar la distribución de los cambios salariales nominales. Las funciones de densidad y los resultados de las pruebas que se obtienen en este trabajo son comparables con los que se han obtenido en estudios para otros países que también utilizan datos administrativos, y constituyen una mejora significativa sobre las medidas de rigideces salariales nominales que se pueden obtener a partir de datos de encuestas de hogares.
EFFECT OF SHEEP MANURE EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH AND NUTRIENTS CONTENT OF TOMATO SEEDLINGS
Authors: & AL-Sulaimawi Al-A'amry
Published: June 2020

The experiment was conducted under shading (with the aid of Saran) condition on a nursery managed by the Baghdad Mayoralty during the season of 2014-2015 to study the effect of composed sheep manure extract on the growth and leaf nutrients content of tomato seedlings var. Wijdan. The experiment was composed of 6 treatments included the extract of sheep manure by hot (425C)and lmbient(205C) temperature water .The extract was diluted to the half by water and foliar applied to seedlings (multible application) or to the soil . Treatments also included the application of NPK chemical fertilizers as recommended and a control treatment through applying distilled water as foliar .The experiment was designed according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and means were compared using least significant differences (LSD) test at 5% level of significance. The results showed  recommended chemical fertilization gave the most significant increase in terms of number of leaves, plant height, shoot dry weight, root length, and root dry weight, which were, 6.33 leaf.plant-1, 23.83 cm.plant-1, 0.711 g.plant-1, 26.08 cm.plant-1, and 0.192 g.plant-1 respectively .The treatments of  hot water extracted sheep manure compost show significant effect compared to control treatment. In addition, chemical treatment significantly increased N, P, and K concentration in leaf tissue. Mg and Ca concentration were higher in hot extract treatment and chemical treatment with no differences between them . treatments of  lmbient extract  gave a results less than chemical treatment in all indicates and  less than treatments of  hot extract in some indicates , while the control treatment gave a less results in this study.
EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZERS AND SALICYLIC ACID ON CHEMICAL AND QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS IN PODS OF BEAN UNDER IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER
Authors: & et al. Majeed
Published: June 2020

The experiment aimed to study the interactive effect between biofertilizers and salicylic acid on pods quality specifications and N,P,K,Fe and Mn concentrations in pods of bean plants under river and drainage water irrigation. The experiment Carried out using Spilt-Spilt-Plot Design using irrigation as the main plot , salicylic acid as sub plot , bio-fertilizers as sub-siplt-plot.  The triple combination among river water, biofertilizers mixture and 0.5mM salicylic acid recorded highest values in the percentage of carbohydrate (20.10 and 20.83%) dry meter(13.22 and 12.44%) TSS (11.65 and 10.09%) percentage of oils (0.59 and0.56%) protein(20.19 and 19.00%) Nitrogen (3.23 and 3.04%) Phosphorus (0.73 and 0.69%) and concentration of Iron (65.00 and 63.00 mg/kg-1) Manganese (13.50 and 14.17 mg/kg-1). The same treatment achieved the lowest values in pod fiber percentage (7.58 and 5.88 %) and  nitrate concentrations (137.2 and 146.6 mg/kg-1) . Treatment of river water, biofertilizers mixture and 1.0 mM salicylic acid achieved the lowest values in sodium (0.17 and 0.15%) and Chloride percentage  (1.10 and 1.05%) and highest value in potassium percentage (1.60 and 1.56)  for the tow growing season respectively.
SUCCESSION OF MAIZE WITH SOME WINTER CROPS 2 – EFFECTS ON MAIZE AND WINTER CROP CHARACTERS
Authors: & et al. Sadalla
Published: June 2020

The experiments were conducted during two fall season and two winters (2010 and 2012), at Grdarash Research Station in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Four winter crops were chosen Wheat, Canola, Pea, Broad bean as well as Fallow plot. These crops were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during both winter seasons. Maize was planted during the fall seasons succeeded by winter crops. Some field characters were recorded for each winter and fall maize crops during the four growing seasons. The result revealed that all the characters value of winter crops were decreased. The  reduction were in 2011-2012 season about 58.92% in wheat number of tillers 45.20% and 57.67% in plant height and yield in broad bean respectively, and 39.60% in pea yield. Fall season 2011 maize showed significant differences for the characters ear height, 250 kernel weight and yield. While in fall season 2012 only ear height and ear length had significant differences.
INFLUNCE OF AUXIN AND POLYAMINEES ON ROOTING OF SHOOTS OF CITRUS VOLKAMERIANA ROOTSTOCK IN VITRO
Authors: & Hamad Al- Khazali
Published: June 2020

This  research  was  conducted  in  the  plant  tissue  culture  Lab. College  of Agriculture / University  of  Baghdad  from  February to  October  2015. The aim  of  the  study  was  investigating  the  influence  of  combinations  of Indole  butyric  acid (IBA) ,  Naphthalene  acetic  acid (NAA) and  polyamine Spermidine (Spd.) on rooting of shoots of  citrus volkameriana rootstock cultured  on 1\2  MS medium. The Results indicated that 1/2 MS medium supplemented  with 1.0 mg L-1 (IBA)  gave the highest  percentage  of  rooting  (67 %) which differed significantly  from the MS medium with free auxin IBA  that gave (22%) while  the  MS medium  supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1  spermidine  gave the highest percentage of rooting (63%) that was not significantly different  than other concentrations of Spd . MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 IBA and 0.5 mg L-1 Spd. gave the highest percentage of rooting (83%) and the highest root number / shoot (3.17) and highest length of root (3.15 cm) while the MS medium with free auxin IBA and spd. did not give percentage of rooting (0%) for citrus volkameriana rootstock plantlets . The MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA gave the highest percentage of rooting (56%) which differed significantly from MS medium with free auxin NAA that gave (22%)  while MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg L-1 spd. gave the highest percentage of rooting (50%) that was not significantly different from other concentration of Spd . MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA and 0.5 mg L-1 Spd. gave the highest percentage of rooting (68%) and the highest root number /shoot (2.5) and highest length of root (2.65 cm) while the MS medium with free auxin NAA and Spd. did not gave percentage of rooting (0%) .
THE KNOWLEDGE OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION MANAGERS ON THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVINCES OF THE MIDDLE REGION OF IRAQ.
Authors: & Naji Al-Dulaimi
Published: June 2020

The objective of this research to determine the knowledge level of the agriculture extension managers in the strategic management, To achieve the aims of this study we used a questionnaire included with a quadrant scale and consists of 75 paragraph for the managers of the middle zone and the executive directors, distributed in 12 sectors ( Concept, the importance, aims, types of strategies, level of strategies, Vision Characteristics, Mission Characteristics , strategic analysis, strategy formulation, strategy application, adjustment of the strategy, role and duties of the strategic manger). A random samples of 50 managers and vice managers have been taken from the middle zone of Iraq (Baghdad, Babylon, Najaf, Karbalaa, Wasit, Dyala). Moreover, another random samples represents 40% of each of the directors and executive management categories of 80 employees to be a total sample size 130 Director. The results of the study showed the average level of knowledge was 143,46 degree for the managers of the middle zone, and 135,88 degree for the executive directors on a knowledge scale ranges from  to 225 degree and consists of 75 paragraph. 48% of the managers of the middle zone and 55%  of the executive directors has a medium level of knowledge, accordingly this study recommend the importance of qualifying the agriculture extension managers and to develop their capabilities and skills in the field of the strategic management through specialized training programs. Moreover, the Ministry of Agriculture should take in account the importance of the strategic management and its role in achieving the agriculture development and should work to enhance its application.
EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON SEED YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS OF TWO ALFALFA CULTIVARS
Authors: & Al-Beiruty Khrbeet
Published: June 2020

A field study was conducted at the experimental farm, College of Agriculture, Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad, Iraq during the period from mid. of March 2012 to mid. of July 2014 to investigate the effects of plant growth regulators and foliar application stages on seed yield and it’s components of two alfalfa cultivars. Layout of the experiment was R.C.B.D. arranged in split-split plot with three replications. Cultivars (local and hamedan) were assigned as a main plot and foliar application stages (vegetative growth, flower buds emergence, 50% flowering and 80% flowering) were assigned as sub-plots, while growth regulators (Alar, Ethephon, Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and control treatment) were assigned in the sub-sub-plots. Result showed that there were no significant differences between local cult. and c.v Hamadan in seed yield and it’s components except 1000 seed weight. Foliar application of growth regulators at flower buds emergence significantly increased No. of racemes per stem and No. of seed per pod, therefore it produced highest seed yield (450 kg/ha) as a mean of two seasons. In 1st seed crop, there were significant interaction between cultivars and foliar application stages on seed yield since local cult. gave highest seed yield (479.6 Kg/ha) when it spraying at flower buds emergence stage with an increasment 14.5% compare with hamedan C.V. foliar application alar significantly increased No. of seeds per pod and seed yield in both season , but it was not significantly different than NAA. Since, increasment in seed yield compare with ethephon and control treatment reach (25.4, 18.3), (18.8, 17.7) in 1st and 2nd seed crop respectively. as average for two seasons, higher seed yield (565 Kg/ha) can be obtained from sowing local cultivar and foliar application of alar when the stand reaches at flower buds emergence stage.
MARKETING EFFICIENCY OF MILK COWS LOCALLY PRODUCED IN BAGHDAD FOR SEASON 2014
Authors: & HASSAN AHMAD
Published: June 2020

The study focused on the reality of the production and marketing of milk cows in the Abu Ghraib area, located in the western part of Baghdad, as it collected a sample of (127) product milk cows, and the sample was selected at random. Find targets of production and marketing costs and estimate the index marketing efficiency, while the total costs for the production of one kg of the study in small, medium and large fields amounted to about (272.62, 235.48, 209.70) dinars respectively. With regard to total marketing costs by producers in the three fields on the market about (15.17, 6.39, 4.74) dinars \ kg respectively, finally came the marketing efficiency index of one kg in the three fields towards (69.68, 68.19, 65.96%) respectively. Conclusions of the study it has been shown that the high prices of raw materials, which is the price of the herd and feed led to the weakening profitability of milk from the herd, thereby hindering the entry of new investors. The recommendations that came in the study it has been shown that the state should concern producers and provide the necessary support in the provision of raw materials at a reasonable price and that contribute to the establishment of such projects.
THE STUDY OF TEMPORAL CHANGES ON LAND COVER/LAND USE PREVAILING IN BAGHDAD GOVERNORATE USING RS & GIS
Authors: & Muhaimeed Ali
Published: June 2020

This study was carried out in order to identify and mapping the temporal changes for land covers in Baghdad province using Remote Sensing and GIS. Three images were used of land sate taken in 1976, 2000 and 2014 the study area. Suppervised classification and SAVI Index were used to identify land cover classes dominated in the study area. The results of supper classification indicated the presence of five land cover classes including water bodies, bare land, urban, low dense vegetation, and dense vegetation classes. There were four classes of land cover when was used SAVI index: water, no vegetation (bare land and urban), low dense vegetation, and dense vegetation. The results showed that Remote Sensing is a very active and useful tool that can be used to detect land core types. The results showed a decline in class of water bodies from 2.8% to 1.5% for 1976 to 1990 while in 2014 increased to 2.1%. class Urban areas increased continuously with time and accounted for 17.6% , 23.5% and 28.2 % for years of study, indicating  the existence of the phenomenon of urban encroachment. Bare land areas accounted for 29.3% , 26.8% and 33.5% of stady years, respectively. The class of low dense vegetation decreased from 44.8% to 31.7% and 29.4% for 1976, 1990 and 2014 respectively, while the class-Dense vegetation increased at 1976-1990 from 5.5% to 16.4% and  decreased in 2014 to 6.8%. The SAVI had a role in the detection of agriculture and gave results same to the results of super classification. Results indicated that urban land and salinization process can be consider as the most phenomenon which negatively affected on agriculture area.
STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF DEFATTED OKRA POWDER AND OKRA PROTEIN ISOLATE AND CONCENTRATE
Authors: & Shakir Kareem
Published: June 2020

The present study aimed to study the functional and nutritional properties of Defatted Okra Powder DOP and Okra Protein Concentrate OPC and Okra Protein Isolate OPI product from okra seeds (Abelmoschus esculentus), Essential amino acids 39.64, 40.93, 42.04% to DOP, OPC and OPI  respectively, the theoretical biological value (BV) 66.12, 68.3, 69.94 for DOP, OPC and OPI respectively, the degree amino acid score (AAS) 104.01, 106.73, 109.23  respectively  for the same groups and the same order, mineral ratio for  phosphorus 1750, 2430, 110 mg/kg-1 of the three groups respectively, water absorption 1.82, 2.81, 3.36, fat absorption 2.03, 2.62, 3.03, foam capacity 58.1 0.64, 76.6%, and emulsion activity 50.23, 59, 60.38 m2/g-1.
EFFECT OF USING L-ASPARAGINASE IN REDUCING ACRYLAMIDE PERCENTAGE IN BISICUT
Authors: & et al. Jebur
Published: June 2020

This study was aimed to know the efficiency of partially purified L- asparaginase produced from local isolate from Erwinia spp. to reduce the percentage of acrylamide formed in Biscuit. Four types of biscuit from wheat flour were prepared (T1, T2, T3, T4),and T1 as control. High performance liquid chromatography technique was used to estimate acrylamide ratio in biscuit , Effect of enzyme addition  on flour chemical and rheological properties was studied, also dough behavior ,gluten percentage, water absorption and amylase enzyme activity was estimated. The results revealed  that  the  addition of  experimental asparaginase ( specific activity 20.5 unite mg-1 ) with 1% of flour weight lead to reduce in acrylamide formation in Biscuit  to 89 %  compared  to  control sample ( in absence of enzyme ) . Moreover, the addition of Asparagine to flour at 0.1 % of its weight, where L- asparaginase was available caused a negative effect on enzyme efficiency in reducing the acrylamide in biscuit. So the level of acrylamide was reduced to 57.7 %. In the other hand , the percentage of acryl amide in biscuit was increased to   233 % when the asparagine was added to mixture in absence of L- asparaginase .Addition of  the enzyme to flour have no effect on the percentage value of gluten but improved the  stability of dough .The  enzyme  addition also led to increase amylases activities.  Addition of experimental enzyme had no effect on quality and sensory evaluation of biscuit.
DETERMINATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS RESIDUES IN RAW MILK OF COWS , SHEEP AND GOATS IN Al-QADISIYA GOVERNORATE
Authors: & Ali Taher
Published: June 2020

This study was carried out in Al-Qadisiya Governorate during the period from December , 2012 to March , 2013. Involving five regions with different geographical locations (Diwania city center , Saniya District , Shafeia District, Daghara District and Al-Hamza District ) to determine the residues of nickel , arsenic and mercury in raw milk of cows , sheep and goats . A total of 150 raw milk samples were collected from 150 animals belong to the three species, involved 50 samples for cows, 50 samples for sheep and 50 samples for goats (10 samples / region) selected randomly. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry  was used to determine the concentration of nickel (NI) , arsenic (AS) and mercury (Hg) . The results showed that a significant differences (p<0.05) in the concentrations of nickel , arsenic and mercury among milk of cows , sheep and goats . Sheep milk had a higher concentration of nickel 0.563mg / l , arsenic 0.283 mg / l and mercury 0.124 mg / L-1 and lower concentration pattern of these metal in cow's milk ( 0.221 , 0.122 and 0.037 mg / L-1) respectively . The results also revealed a significant differences (p<0.05) among studied regions . The higher concentrations of these metal were in Al-Hamza District for  nickel 0.494 mg / L-1  ,for  arsenic  0.246 mg / L-1 and for mercury 0.119 mg / L-1  . While the lower level of contamination were in Daghara District . The results of the present study showed an  increase  in concentrations of nickel and mercury in March month . It could be concluded that high concentration of studied heavy metals in Al-Hamza District may be due to getting rid of  the residues of industrial activities in Al-Diwania  river without treatment, while in the other locations  may be due to using sewage water for agricultural irrigation .
DETECT THE FUNGI THAT ASSOCIATED WITH ZINNIA SEEDS AND IT, S EFFECT TO PLANT GROWTH STAGE
Authors: & Juber Saeed
Published: June 2020

This study was carried out to detect the Dematiceous hyphomycetes fungi that associated with Zinnia seeds and to test their pathogenicity and  effect on seed germination and foliage. Results of isolation and identification showed the existence of 8 species of these fungi associated with Zinnia seeds. Alternaria alternata was presented in 81.8% of seed samples with highly rate of frequency 77% in sample No.1. The preliminary test of the pathogenicity by cabbage seeds which included three separated experiments, showed that the 34 tested isolates caused a significant reduction in the rate of cabbage seeds germination except B18 isolate (Phoma eupyrena). Isolates B39 and H7 (Alternaria alternata ) were highly Pathogenic which the percentage of germination in their treatments were 0% compared to 98% in the control. Also test the results of effect of pathogenic isolates on Zinnia seeds germination by using blotter method which included two experiments, Showed that all isolates caused a significant reduction in Zinnia seeds germination in comparing with control treatments except  H6 isolate. two isolates B39 and H7(A. alternate ) gave a highly significant reduction which the percentage of germination in their treatments was 18% and 20%  respectively compared with control treatment. Under green house conditions, isolated H7 and B39 (A. alternate) , A13 (D. state of cochliobolus spicifer) and B8 (P. exigua ) were pathogenic for Zinnia plants with 100% disease incidence and 65-80% disease severity in comparing with control which the disease incidence and severity in their treatment was 2.5%. All these isolates significantly decreased the plant growth parameters.
EVALUATION OF THE CELLULYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTES PRODUCING OF BIOETHANOL
Authors: & et al. Kubba
Published: June 2020

The number of fungal isolated in this research were 48 fungal isolates that isolated from plant, agricultural and animal waste from three different regions outside Baghdad, and three different regions in Baghdad, screening 24 cellulolytic isolates fungi, which were obtained 8 isolated fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, Trichoderma harzanium, Trichoderma viride, Chladosporium ssp, Alternaria ssp, mycelia asterilia (1), Metarhizium spp and mycelia asterilia (2). Capable of producing bio-alcohol with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation without using the yeasts in fermentation methods isolates which recorded the following; 13.547, 10.511, 8.298, 7.951, 6.668, 6.597, 2.455 and 1.256 ppm. respectively. The best optimal conditions for growth were 30ºC and pH 7.
THE EFFECT OF SOME FRESH WATER ALGEA EXTRACTS IN THE INHIBITION OF THE GROWTH OF SOME MICROORGANISIM THAT CAUSE FOOD SPOILAGE
Authors: Karm I. F. A.
Published: June 2020

This study was carried out to isolate, identified and  study two types of Iraqi fresh water  algae Scenedesmus sp. and Oscellatoria sp also determine some of their  active compounds that play an important role as antioxidants and antimicrobial againsts some bacteria. Three types of bacteria Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp that cause spoilage for food were tested. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts for both algae were examined  toward tested bacteria. Four treatments were prepared which were [S.Ex(T1) ,O.Ex(T2), S.Ex: Of*(T3), 1:1 O.Ex: Of*(T4) 1:1],and (C) as  control treatment with the antibiotic only (Oflaxacin). Disk diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity. Some active compounds indicate and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique used to determine some of them . Both algae contain some active ingredients that consider to be the reason for their ability as antimicrobials. The results of this study showed that the highest inhibition zones were in the treatments T3 and T4 compared to control treatment that means the synergistic activity for both antibiotic and the algae extract as alternative sources gave a better result for health and food protection.
OF EFFECT OF SOME SOIL TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON TILLAGE APPEARANCE AND SOME TECHNICAL INDICATORS MACHINARY UNITS
Authors: & Saadoon Jasim
Published: June 2020

The experiment was conducted on a farm of the College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad for the year 2015 in silt-clay loam soil in order to evaluate the effect of tillage equipment on tillage appearance and some the technical indicators. The tractor" ITM– 285"with tillage systems implements tow factors included, three primary tillage implements included: Moldboard plow, Chisel plow and sweep plow and three pulverization implement included :disc harrow, spring spike tooth harrow and rotary harrow studying the effect of these factors on: Number of clods > 10cm , number of clods < 5cm, disturbed soil volume ,and total porosity in this reseach . Treatment were Laid out using split –plot with randomized complete block design in three replicates. The results showed that sweep plow  superior in obtained less number of clods > 10cm/m2 which was 12.7 clod/m2, less number of clods > 5cm/ m2 which was 21.28 clod/m2  and  highest soil porosity which was 57.11% compared with chisel plow and moldboard plow , chisel plow showed the superior in getting higher disturbed soil volume which was 663.3m3/ hr compared with other plows. Rotary harrow obtained less number of clods > 5cm/m2 which was 25.06 clod / m2, less soil porosity which was 54.78% compared with disc harrow and spring spike tooth harrow. Spring Spike tooth Harrow obtained highest disturbed soil volume which was 1021.4 m3/ hr. The interference between sweep plow with rotary harrow got less number of clods > 5cm/m2 which was 16.83 clod/m2, mean while chisel plow with spring spike tooth harrow got highest disturbed soil volume which was1027.8 m3/ hr, while sweep plow with spring spike tooth harrow was superior to obtain highest soil porosity which was 58.67 %.
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE FOR CARAWAY (Carum carvi L.) CULTIVARS OVER IRAQI ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Almehemdi A. F.
Published: June 2020

Assessment of genetic diversity for various traits would contribute in hybridization projects in order to recover aspired recombinants. Therefore, metroglyph analysis and ANOVA were conducted out to estimate genetic diversity among seven caraway genotypes. Field experiment was applied in winter season of 2011/2012 with three replicates. Consequently, data were recorded on plant height, branches no., umbels no. umbels diameter, no. of umbellets and plant yield. Results showed that allotting of index scores for each trait of seven caraway genotypes represented the worth of the genotype in respects to the trait which the performance of genotype is represented by total index score for all traits of that genotype. Thus, Bery and Mosul genotypes ascertained the highest index scores of 16, for each one. Moreover, Metroglyph scatter diagram revealed three groups of caraway genotypes. Therefore, it could be concluded that metroglyph technique simply classified genotypes to groups and had potentiality to interpret genotypes performance regarding the index scores. Thus, it could be recommended to apply crossing or hybridization between individuals from different groups alternatively to individuals from same group. Genotypes of Bery, Mosul, Sury and selectedF1 (Group2), and Balady (Group3) were distinct which possible to apply crossing between one of group2 individuals with another one of group3.
EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION WITH BRASSINOLIDE AND ALGAE EXTRACT (TECAMINE) IN VEGETATIVE AND YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF APPLE TREE (CV. ANNA)
Authors: &  Al-esawi Al-Jumaily
Published: June 2020

This research was conducted in the Apple orchard belong to Department of Horticulture / Collage of Agriculture / University of Baghdad- Abu Ghraib during 2015, in order to investigate the response of four years old Apple trees (CV.Anna) budded on seeding root stock to foliar application with Brassinolide at four levels (0,2,4and 8)mg.g-1 and Algae extract (Tecamin) at four levels (0,2,4,6) ml.L-1 and their interaction between them in some vegetative and yield characters. Each treatment replicated three times with a factorial experiment using RCBD. The number of trees used was 27 trees. The results showed that treatment B3 was significantly increased in total chlorophyll content in leaves, shoot diameter, shoots length and shoot content of C:N Ratio.The treatment T3 gave a high value of shoot diameter and fruit size. While the interaction between the two factors (Brassinolide and Algae extract) B3T3 gave a high value of chlorophyll content in leaves, fruit weight mean, fruit diameter and fruit size (46.10 mg.g-1, 0.2733cm, 93.88gm, 5.387cm and 96.33cm3) respectively, while the interaction B3T1 gave a high a verge of fruit length was reached (5.587cm (while the treatment B3T2 gave a high content of Carbohydrates/Nitrogen Ratio reached to 10.52%.
USING DIFFERENT PERCENT FROM CONCENTRATE AND ROUGHAGE IN FATTNING HOLSTEIN FRISIAN CALVE
Authors: & et al. Alkudsi
Published: June 2020

The experiment was carried out at the Animal Farm / Department of Animal Resources/ College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, to study the effect of using different percentage of concentrate to roughage in fattening calves .Two equal groups of Holstein Frisian calves, with age about eight months and at average weight of 228.8±21.2&227.8±9.12 kg /hd respectively. The calves placed in two neighboring barn. The animals fed by 3% live weight in the first two weeks then the ratio was raised to 4% of the live weight to the end the experiment. The animal’s weights and some body measurements were recorded at the beginning of the experiment, then after two weeks until the end of experiment (body wt., Chest circumference, withers height, abdominal circumference, body length). The average daily gain in the first group was 0.957 kg/hd while the average daily gain was 0.970kg/hd in the second group. In the end of experiment the weight of calves in the first group were 1428 kg / Group, while the weight in the second group was 1430 kg / group.. The amount of roughage consumption in the first and second group 1594.4 and 1070.6 kg, While the amount of concentrate consumer in the first group 1064kg and the second group was 1549.8kg. It can be concluded from this study that the use of alfalfa hay to feed concentrate diet at the level of 60 : 40 from daily feeding in the fattening Holstein Frisian calves at the age of eight months is the best because it reduces the costs and to achieve the desired purpose.
DETECTION RESISTANCE GENES OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODE MI IN SOME OF PURE LINES OF TOMATO INDETERMINATE GROWTH
Authors: & Yassien Abood
Published: June 2020

This study was included investigation of the resistance genes Mi which is responsible for the appearance of resistance feature in tomato against root knots Nematode Meloidogyne spp in 46 pure lines of tomato indeterminate growth, ten of tomato pure lines showed resistance to root knots nematode infection after 60 days of the inoculation by 5000 egg/ kg of soil . While 31 pure lines of tomato showed sensitivity for these nematode infection, which root knot  numbers had exceeded 100 knots. Then the genes has diagnosed by using the technology of molecular analysis the DNA of the purelines of sensitive and resistance tomato was isolated by the CTAB method then apply the indicators of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) DNA on the total DNA isolated from sensitive and resistant pure lines and using five primers connected with different locations of the resistance lines, two of them were designed by reasrcher and NCBI-Primer-Blast program (HSM1and HSM2) proved effective in the investigation of resistance genes Mi by production DNA bands, and three other primers (REX and C2S4 and Mi1-2) also proved their international effectiveness in the detection of resistance genes by production DNA bands for each pairs of them.