bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculating an Azimuth from One Location to Another A Case Study in Determining the Qibla to Makkah
Authors: Almakky Ghazy , Snyder John
Published: April 2007

For Muslims, the question of how to determine the azimuth or Qibla (Sacred Direction) to Makkah during the five obligatory daily prayer sessions is of great importance. Differences of opinion exist among Muslims as to how to calculate the azimuth from parts of the world not previously inhabited by Muslims, such as the continents of the Americas and Australia. Presently, there are two major and distinct points of view on this issue (Almakky 1994), each with a significant group of advocates basing its views on the Holy Qur'an (Koran) and the Hadith (prophet saying). One group believes in the validity of the rhumb line angle used in the world map designed by Mercator (so that the azimuth from the United States, for example, is towards the SE). The other group believes in using the great circle to determine the azimuth (in which case, the direction from the United States is towards the NE). In either case, the exact angle of the Qibla depends on the location of the person in prayer. This study describes a method that takes into consideration the actual shape of the Earth as well as the various approaches taken by Muslim scholars to provide an equation with which a person, regardless of location, can determine the accurate azimuth. This method uses a universal reference ellipsoid centred at the Earth's centre of mass to precisely determine latitude and longitude and uses trigonometric functions to compute the great-circle path.
Focus Groups as a Means of Qualitatively Assessing the U-Boat Narrative
Authors: Kessler Fritz
Published: April 2007

This article presents the results of using focus groups to evaluate the U-Boat Narrative (UBN), a data exploration system focusing on the submarine conflict of 1939-1945. UBN was developed in response to the limitations inherent in existing methods used to convey information about the conflict, which generally fail to adequately convey the spatiotemporal aspect of the U-boat war's chronology. In response to these limitations, the computer, with its animation and interactive capabilities, was suggested as a possible solution. A prototype of UBN was developed that contained two components: narratives and data exploration modules. The narratives provided a background on the U-boat war through static maps, text, and pictures, while the data exploration modules allowed users to see an animation of Allied ships sunk and damaged, select from various attributes, and view several statistical and graphical representations. Three focus groups (made up of novices, historians, and cartographers, respectively) assessed UBN'S overall "look and feel," interface design, and usefulness as a data exploration tool. The narratives were appealing to all groups, while novices and cartographers especially enjoyed the pictures and wanted to see more of them throughout the program. The animation and attribute modules were intriguing to all groups, but the historians were particularly keen on the modules' ability to represent patterns of ships sunk by U-boats. The novices and historians concluded that, compared to the rest of UBN, the graphical summaries module was not enticing. While the cartographers agreed, they suggested alternative strategies that would improve the appeal of this module. In summary, the focus groups provided comments on the prototype's existing design and offered suggestions on ways to improve UBN for future versions.
An Analysis of the 17-th Century Map 'Novvelle France'
Authors: HEIDENREICH CONRAD E
Published: April 2007

This paper presents an analysis of the manuscript map 'Novvelle France' now located at the Ministry of Defence, Taunton, England. It is one of the few maps of New France that depicts the growth of geographical knowledge between the publication of Champlain's last map (1632) and those of Nicolas Sanson (1650â€“57), and it is the earliest surviving map on which an attempt was made to give the locations of native groups. As such, the map is an important historical document that can be used to approximate the human geography of native Canada prior to the dispersal of these groups by 1650. The evidence suggests that the map was drafted late in 1641 using Champlain's 1632 map, a 'Huron map' acquired or compiled by the Jesuit Father Paul Ragueneau in 1639 or 1640, and information supplied by two Frenchmen who had been in the Mohawk country from 1640 to 1641 as captives of the Iroquois. The native locations and names on the map were incorporated on Nicolas Sanson's maps of 1656 and 1657. Although the author of the map 'Novvelle France' is not known, circumstantial evidence points to the surveyor Jean Bourdon who was active in New France from 1634 on.
A CONTINUOUS SHADING SCHEME FOR TWO-VARIABLE MAPPING
Authors: CARSTENSEN Jr LAURENCE W
Published: April 2007

Research into the quality of map reader's perceptions of correlation from conventional mapping has shown that there is much more to be done in this area. The two-variable maps produced by the US Bureau of the Census using a 16-colour shading scheme have the potential for portraying correlation but fail to achieve a high level of understanding, in part due to the design problems inherent in the use of colour to code quantitative data. This study provides an alternative to the use of colour and classification on two-variable maps. Several tests were run to determine the feasibility of the use of crossed-line shading patterns on two-variable maps. These initial experiments have shown that subjects are able to make valid visual interpretations of the variable mesh patterns used in terms of value retrieval, system logic and correlation perception.
The Sausage of Local Convex Hulls of a Curve and the Douglas-Peucker Algorithm
Authors: Normant François , Van De Walle Axel
Published: April 2007

We investigate the problem of the simplification of a curve from a geometrical and fractal viewpoint. We consider that the best methods are those that keep an estimated value of the fractal dimension constant, before and after simplification, and that consider local details during processing.

We propose here both a simplification method and a simplification criterion, based on a new algorithm for computing the fractal dimension introduced by Tricot (1994). We cover the curve with overlapping convex sets of constant breadth (the ϵ-sausage of convex structuring elements) and retain the points of the original curve that lie on the boundary of this covering set. This algorithm is both accurate and universal, and does not imply the need to make any arbitrary hypotheses regarding the structure of the curve.

We will show experimentally that the well-known Douglas-Peucker method shares some very interesting geometrical properties with this algorithm and thus has the ability to preserve the fractal dimension when evaluated with a lower cutoff equal to the threshold distance.
The Nature Of Boundaries On ‘Area-Class’ Maps
Authors: MARK DAVID M , CSILLAG FERENC
Published: April 2007

Appropriate generalization methods for geographic data must depend upon the kind of feature being generalized. Most research on cartographic line generalization has concentrated on linear features such as coastlines, rivers and roads; however, methods for the generalization of such linear geographic features may not be appropriate for the generalization of other types of cartographic lines. In this paper, we present a model of another type of cartographic line, namely boundaries between categories or classes which occur over contiguous regions of geographic space. We focus our attention on 'natural' area-class data sets such as soil maps. In the model, such boundary lines are far more similar (mathematically) to elevation contours than they are to coastlines and rivers. Appropriate generalization methods may involve construction of surfaces representing probability of class membership, generalization or smoothing of such surfaces and 'contouring' the probabilities to find boundaries. Pour être appropriées, les méthodes de généralisation des données géographiques doivent dépendre de la sorte d'élément à généraliser. La plupart des recherches effectuées sur la généralisation de lignes cartographiques se sont concentrées sur des éléments linéaires tels que routes, rivages et rivières; par contre, les méthodes développées pour la généralisation de tels éléments géographiques linéaires peuvent ne pas convenir pour la généralisation d'autres types de lignes cartographiques. Dans cet article, nous présentons un modèle pour un autre type de lignes cartographiques, en l'occurence les frontières entre catégories ou classes qui se situent sur les régions contiguës de l'espace géographique. Nous portons notre attention sur des ensembles de données représentant des classes de surfaces 'naturelles', comme des cartes pédologiques. Dans ce modèle, ces frontières sont beaucoup plus semblables, mathématiquement, aux courbes de niveau qu'aux rivages et rivières. Pour être appropriées, les méthodes de généralisation peuvent impliquer la construction de surfaces représentant la probabilité d'appartenance à des classes, la généralisation ou le lissage de telles surfaces et le découpage des probabilités pour déterminer les limites.
NOTES ON THE SINGLE PEELCOAT METHOD FOR COLOR SEPARATION OF TEXTBOOK MAPS
Authors: STOLLE HANS J
Published: April 2007

The recent adoption of two-colour illustrations by many textbook publishers introduces new cartographic challenges and production problems. To facilitate more expedient colour mapping, the author suggests an alternative method of colour separation by means of one peelcoat and surprinted screens. The method applies the punched-hole pin-registration technique, and contact photography facilitates the production of various types of matching masks and screen composites from a single peelcoat.
The Needs of Selected Map Users: Published Map Use In A Consulting Engineering Office
Authors: McLennan K.A.
Published: April 2007

Topographic maps of many types and scales play a significant role in the activities of a broadly based consulting firm. Maps in the National Topographic Series are a valuable aid in surveying and land use planning. Large scale maps and plans required for detailed engineering designs are not normally available in published form and must be specifically produced by private industry as required. Proper coordination of the work of governmental and private mapmakers is required to ensure best use and to avoid duplication of effort. This coordination will be doubly important as the inevitable changeover to the metric system begins. Les cartes topographiques de divers genres et échelles sont d'un grand secours aux firmes d'experts- conseils. Les cartes du Système national de référence cartographique sont d'une grande valeur en arpentage et en planification agraire. Les cartes et plans à très grande échelle qu'utilise l'ingénieur ne sont pas normalement publies et doivent être établis selon les besoins par l'entreprise privée. Seule une coordination des travaux de cartographie de l'Etat et de l'entreprise privée assurera la meilleure utilisation et évitera le double emploi des cartes; cette coordination s'imposera doublement lors de l'éventuelle adoption du système métrique.
EXPERIMENTS TO LOCATE RIDGES AND CHANNELS TO CREATE A NEW TYPE OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
Authors: DOUGLAS DAVID H
Published: April 2007

There have been numerous proposals to combine the advantages of the adaptability of the contour digital elevation model with the neighbourhood functions of the grid. Notable among these is the triangular irregular network model (TIN). This paper presents another approach to digital elevation modelling based on traces of channels and ridges, and other information-rich lines that may be identified on a surface.
MECHANIZATION AND THE AREA SYMBOL / CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN 19th CENTURY GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNALS
Authors: PEARSON KAREN SEVERUD
Published: April 2007

The introduction of mechanized techniques for creating a variety of patterns, tones, and colors expanded the graphic vocabulary of area symbols on maps during the nineteenth century. Overall, cartography advanced during this period from direct manual execution of the printing image to mechanical transfer of a preprinting image to the printing surface. Following in the wake of the more rapid mechanization of the line image, area-image techniques evolved from machine ruling to the photographic halftone screen. The impact on a specific type of map, the geographical journal illustration, is here viewed against general trends in cartography. By the close of the nineteenth century, the geographical journal maps had reached the threshold of the photographic era, and a readjustment of cartographic design to fit the new technology was clearly in store.
Role-Playing Games in Cybercartography: Multiple Perspectives and Critical Thinking
Authors: Dormann Claire , Caquard Sébastien , Woods Birgit A. , Biddle Robert
Published: April 2007

This article discusses the use of computer games in cybercartography and how computer game characteristics can enhance the design of cybercartographic products. We focus on investigating multiple perspectives through role play in a geospatial virtual environment. The ways in which literature and film support multiple perspectives can guide us in our design efforts for developing cybercatographic atlases. We explore the potential of games for presenting multiple points of view in an environmental context through the modification of an existing computer game that includes quest narratives and character interaction as well as role play. Active engagement with different characters and the environment in role-playing games encourages exploration and learning, and these interactions give a player the opportunity to discover diverse points of view and develop different ways of solving problems. Multiple points of view in cybercartography can offer a plurality of voices on critical issues. In particular, information presented in maps can stimulate ideas and encourage critical thinking. This leads us to conclude that the engaging and emotional dimensions of computer games can be combined with the multiple perspectives they offer to attract new atlas users and to provide them with a more critical perspective on geographic and environmental information.
CARTOGRAPHIC EDUCATION AT OXFORD POLYTECHNIC 1964â€“1982
Authors: ANSON R W
Published: April 2007

The United Kingdom's first, full-time Diploma Course in cartography was established in Oxford in 1964 at the suggestion and request of professional cartographic agencies. The aim was to provide 'education for capability' and it operated successfully for 17 years. During this period more than 250 students received instruction. The Diploma was replaced, with effect from September 1981, by a Field in Cartography as a part of the Polytechnic's Modular Degree Course. Students now study for three years taking cartography and another subject. The structure of the new course permits considerable student choice and academic flexibility whilst allowing individuals to major in cartography if they so wish.
CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF PROPORTIONAL CIRCLE MAPS USING DELAUNAY TRIANGLES
Authors: Slocum Terry A , Gilmartin Patricia P
Published: April 2007

This article reports on a new method for summarizing and analyzing the results of a psychophysical experiment involving proportional circle maps. The results of a test designed to determine how people perceive clusters of circles on maps were analyzed using two methods: first, isolines were used to indicate the percentage of instances when subjects identified a given circle as being part of a cluster; and second, using Delaunay triangles as links between pairs of circles, percentages were calculated to show how frequently a pair of circles was perceived to be part of the same cluster. The latter technique proved to be a better method for discriminating between groups of circles which were located in close proximity to each other on the map but were still seen as independent perceptual units by the respondents. A further advantage of this method is that it permits a statistical comparison of psychophysical responses between maps. Le présent article fait état d'une nouvelle méthode qui permet de résumer et d'analyser les résultats d'une expérience psychophysique dans laquelle interviennent des cartes à cercles proportionnels. Les résultats d'un essai conçu pour déterminer comment les gens perçoivent des groupes de cercles sur des cartes ont été analysés au moyen de deux méthodes: dans la première, des isolignes ont été utilisées pour indiquer le pourcentage des cas dans lesquels des personnes s'apercevaient qu'un cercle donné faisait partie d'un groupe; dans la seconde, on utilisait des triangles Delaunay pour relier des paires de cercles, et on calculait les pourcentages pour démontrer la fréquence avec laquelle une paire de cercles était perçue comme faisant partie du même groupe. Cette dernière technique s'est avérée une meilleure méthode de distinction entre des groupes de cercles qui étaient très proches les uns des autres sur la carte, mais que les personnes interrogées continuaient à percevoir comme des ensembles indépendants. Cette méthode a aussi l'avantage de permettre une comparaison statistique des réactions psychophysiques entre des cartes.
User Control Of Isarithmic Mapping
Authors: CRAIG WILLIAM J , ADAMS JOHN L
Published: April 2007

Cartographers modify isarithmic maps to improve aesthetics and to reduce map error. Bayesian statisticians incorporate prior knowledge into their scientific enquiry, but insist on being explicit about their interventions. This paper proposes that cartographers should adopt a similar explicitness and to be prepared to modify original data. Existing computer algorithms allow for many such manipulations. Three additional interventions are suggested that can be used to affect particular parts of the map â€“ weighting of data points, data point relocation, and the addition of pseudo data points. Suggestions are made for improving the user interface so that work can be truly interactive. Examples are provided using these interventions.
WHAT MAKES A MAP A MAP?
Authors: WOOD DENIS
Published: April 2007

Cartographers have long pretended that the authority of the map was a function of its resemblance to the world. Hence cartographers' obsessive concern with accuracy. Here it is argued that the map's power derives from the authority the map steals from its maker.
Regional Portrayal With Multi-Pattern Color Dot Maps
Authors: Rogers Jill Eilertsen , Groop Richard E
Published: April 2007

Methods of portraying multiple distributions in the same map space are limited to a few, largely untested symbolization techniques. This paper investigates one of those techniques, the multi-pattern color dot map. A perception test is employed comparing the relative effectiveness of the multi-pattern map to single distribution dot maps in conveying'regional distribution information to map readers. Responses are analyzed with two measures: the consistency with which subjects defined region boundaries within the map; and the internal accuracy of regions identified. Results suggest that color dot maps are at least as effective as several single black and white dot maps in portraying regions.
AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER CARTOGRAPHY IN THE TEACHING OF CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: HUGHES ALUN
Published: April 2007

This paper describes an application of the computer in the teaching of cartography to geography undergraduates at Brock University. A basic aim is to impart an awareness of the limitations of maps. A series of assignments, demonstrating the subjectivity of isopleth mapping, plays a crucial role in this. A hypothetical population distribution is created for an urban study area, and a geographical base file modelled on the Area Master File of the GRDSR system is developed. The class divides into groups, and each group independently partitions the study area into data zones and derives a set of population density values. Maps are produced in a controlled sequence by SYMAP, and the students investigate the effects of the following variables: map type, data zone partition, number and sequence of class intervals, method of interpolation and symbolization. Though the resulting maps all represent the same population distribution they differ greatly in appearance due to the subjective decisions made in the mapping process.
GENERAL JAMES MURRAY'S MAP OF THE ST LAWRENCE
Authors: SHIPTON NATHANIEL N
Published: April 2007

The writer describes the survey of the St. Lawrence River prepared under General James Murray following the British conquest of Canada. A bitter rivalry between the brilliant engineers Samuel Holland and John Montresor kept affairs in constant turmoil while William Spry did his utmost to gain recognition at Murray's expense. Perversities of man and nature notwithstanding, the finished copies display exceptional craftsmanship and beauty combined with a thorough examination of the land and its people. One knows at a glance such details as ownership; population, mills and history. Each copy is a manuscript measuring approximately 45 x 36 feet and occurs either in as few as four sheets or as many as 63 individually drawn ones. The former version may well be the basic pattern intended for official use whereas the more portable type was better suited for display.
Cartographic Representation of Glacial Phenomena: Historical and Recent Developments
Authors: H„;BERLING CHRISTIAN , K„;„;B ANDREAS , HURNI LORENZ
Published: April 2007

With the first systematic exploration of glacial phenomena in the middle of the nineteenth century, glaciology became an independent science. In parallel, glacial structures and processes needed to be visualized cartographically. Such representations always reflect the then current states of the technology of glaciological data collection and of cartography. Already in the last century, well-designed and user-friendly glacier maps with a high information content were published with the help of precise geodetic measurements and well-developed cartographic techniques. The focus was upon statistical illustration of the changes in glacier geometry and by glacial-morphological forming. In the 1950s, glaciologists started to represent dynamic parameters such as glacier fluctuations, mass balance, and ice flow. Furthermore, the topographic information of the printed maps was supplemented by orthophotos and satellite images. Today, in the age of digital cartography, screen representations become more and more important. Using digital photogrammetry and remote sensing, new methods of geophysical sounding, or satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS), large quantities of data can be recorded. Using geographic information systems (GIS), these data can be manipulated, modelled, compiled as digital elevation models (DEM), analysed, and finally visualized interactively as high-quality maps or as perspective views. Future trends point towards comprehensive, interactive glacial information systems with integrated functions for database query, modelling, and visualization.
MAPPING THE LANDS SUPERVISED BY COLONEL THE HONOURABLE THOMAS TALBOT IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF UPPER CANADA 1811–1849
Authors: CLARKE JOHN
Published: April 2007

This paper seeks to present a map of the distribution of lands supervised by Colonel Thomas Talbot in the Western District of Upper Canada during the first half of the nineteenth century. The Talbot lands are reconstructed using the Talbot Map Collection in the Public Archives of Ontario; additional information on Talbot's superintendence of this area, based on these maps and other documentary sources, is presented as tables.
An Interactive Approach to Analytical Relief Shading
Authors: JENNY BERNHARD
Published: April 2007

The software currently available for analytical relief shading does not generally permit local adaptations of the light direction, the simulation of aerial perspective, and other necessary techniques developed for manual relief shading. To remedy this deficiency, a program for computer-assisted relief shading has been developed that allows users to locally adapt shading characteristics, permitting seamless interactive control over the entire process. The grey values of the image are determined by a combination of aspect-based shading for steep regions, diffuse reflection for lowlands, and a bright grey tone for flat areas. Furthermore, an algorithm for the simulation of aerial perspective is presented. Tests with the program have shown that, with minimal investment of time, the quality of analytically produced shaded relief can be improved significantly. Using the proposed techniques and software presented herein, experienced cartographers can transfer their manual relief-shading knowledge and experience to the digital realm. L'estompage est un moyen de visualisation du relief en cartographie qui peut ªtre produit de manire traditionnelle (dessin manuel) ou par des calculs informatiques. Les logiciels d'estompage existants actuellement ne permettent pas d'adaptations locales de direction de la lumire. La simulation de perspective arienne ou des modifications manuelles y sont galement impossibles. Pour combler ces lacunes, un programme d'estompage assist par ordinateur   t dvelopp. Il permet   l'utilisateur d'adapter localement les estompages gr¢ce   un contr´le interactif de l'intgralit du processus. Les valeurs de gris du relief y sont dfinies   partir d'une combinaison de deux mthodes : l'estompage des pentes raides est calcul   partir de l'orientation du relief, et l'estompage des surfaces plus planes est calcul   partir de la rflexion diffuse de la lumire. Par ailleurs, un nouvel algorithme pour la simulation d'effets de perspective arienne   t utilis afin d'amliorer ces estompages. Contrairement   d'autres programmes du mªme type, il s'est avr que les cartographes ayant une solide exprience manuelle des techniques d'estompage, peuvent ici facilement transfrer leurs connaissances au monde digital.
THE THREE-MILE SECTIONAL MAPS OF THE CANADIAN WEST
Authors: SEBERT L. M.
Published: April 2007

Soon after the Confederation of Canada in 1867, settlement of the Prairies was initially assisted by the preparation of large-scale survey plans. Popular demand for maps at a more convenient scale prompted the Federal Department of the Interior to establish a map series at 6 miles to 1 inch in 1873. By 1891, it became evident that the scale was too small to show necessary map detail and accordingly the Department authorized a new series at 3 miles to 1 inch. This famous sectional map series of the Canadian West eventually increased to 132 sheets covering the great plains, and extending westward to the Pacific, eastward into Ontario and as far north as Dawson City in Yukon Territory. In 1919, a decision was made to convert this series of cadastral plans into topographic maps. The New Series maps remained in production from 1920 to 1955 when they were finally superseded by the 1:250,000 maps of the National Topographic Series.
GRAPHIC ORGANIZATION AND MEMORY STRUCTURES FOR MAP LEARNING
Authors: EASTMAN J RONALD
Published: April 2007

An investigation of map learning indicates that spatial data are retained in memory as regionalized groups of features (commonly referred to as chunks), which, in turn, provide the units for higher-order regions leading to an hierarchical memory structure. The particular nature of these structures is seen to result from an interaction between two organizational processes in cartographic communication â€” the operations of human memory and the graphic organization employed by the cartographer to depict the information presented. Graphic organization (the visual/spatial characteristics of map symbols) was found to have a strong impact on the definition of chunks, but not on the hierarchical nature of the memory structure itself â€” apparently a fundamental characteristic of memory encoding for spatial data. While learning performance was affected by the complexity of the memory structure employed, no apparent effect could be attributed to graphic organization as long as a single, strongly evident organization was present in the map.
The Science of Cartography and Its Essential Processes
Authors: MORRISON JOEL L.
Published: April 2007

La cartographie est définie ici comme une science de la communication comportant trois activités fondamentales : (1) La conception intellectuelle de la carte. (2) La communication d'éléments d'information (du cartographe au lecteur) par moyens cartographiques. La réalisation de la carte est comprise dans cette activité. (3) L'interprétation et l'analyse de ces éléments d'information par le lecteur. Chacun des trois stades est analysé, avec une présentation de ses processus essentiels.
VISUAL COMPARISON OF CONTINUOUSLY SHADED MAPS
Authors: MULLER JEAN-CLAUDE
Published: April 2007

Readers were asked to visually compare a set of quantized maps and a set of continuously shaded maps without classes. In both tests the perceived relationships replicate closely the correlation structure of the maps. Furthermore, the cognition structure of the no-class maps is about as close to the original data as the cognition structure of the quantized maps. These results lead one to believe that the patterns produced on continuously shaded maps do not impede the perception of map similarities and raise serious questions regarding the relevance of class generalization in map comparisons.
Line Generalization Using Spectral Techniques
Authors: BOUTOURA C
Published: April 2007

In this paper, a line generalization procedure is presented using filtering techniques and best fitting adjustment with conditions. The series of the original line coordinates is transformed into its slope values counterpart and through Fourier transform the spectrum of the slopes is computed. Applying a digital exponential filter and the inverse Fourier transform the filtered slopes are obtained. The filtered set of the slopes is transformed into a derived smooth line set which is then best fitted into the original line. The best fitting process assures conformality between the original and the derived line; the filter used is automatically selected according to the scales of the original and the derived map.
The Social and Political Context of Disease Outbreaks: The Case of SARS in Toronto
Authors: Salehi Roxana , Ali S. Harris
Published: April 2007

Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé un cadre théorique relevant de l'écologie politique afin de construire un modèle critique et systémique pour expliquer comment il est possible de gérer une maladie infectieuse émergente, comme le SRAS, dans notre univers mondialisé. Nous espérons qu'un tel modèle contribuera à la mise en place de politiques de gestion des risques plus réalistes. Nous commençons par établir et analyser les interactions qui, dans l'environnement social et humain, ont facilité l'apparition de l'épidémie de SRAS dans un contexte local, celui de Toronto. Ensuite, nous montrons que cette épidémie a mis en lumière les insuffisances profondément ancrées du système actuel de gestion mondiale de la santé. Nous mettons l'accent sur le fait que, en cette ère de mondialisation, il est imprudent de trop concentrer efforts sur le plan local. L'analyse des épidémies doit plutôt se faire dans une perspective mondiale, et doit tenir compte du fait que les liens entre les pays développés et les pays en développement relèvent de l'écologie politique.

We adopt a political ecology framework to delineate a critical and systemic model that explains how an emerging infectious disease (EID), such as SARS, is dealt with in our globalized world. It is our hope that such a model will contribute to the development of more realistic risk-management policies. First, we focus on identifying and analyzing particular social and human-environment interactions that facilitated the spread of SARS within a local Toronto context. Second, we describe how the SARS outbreak brought to light the deeply rooted inadequacies involved in the current system of global health governance. We stress that in our globalized world it is unwise to focus too narrowly on the local context. The analysis of disease outbreaks must adopt a global perspective that considers the political ecological nature of the relationships between the developed and developing world.
PROFESSOR K A SALICHTCHEV / HONORARY FELLOW OF THE ICA
Authors: ORMELING SR F J
Published: April 2007

At the Eighth Technical Conference on Cartography held in Moscow in 1976 Professor K.A. Salichtchev was nominated an Honorary Fellow of ICA. This brief biography describes the career and the achievement of the great Soviet cartographer. Au cours de la huitième conférence technique tenue l'an dernier à Moscou, le Professeur K.A. Salichtchev a été nommé membre honoraire de I'ACI. Cette courte note biographique rend témoignage de la carrière et des efforts de ce grand cartographe soviétique.
An Analysis Of The Miller Oblated Stereographic Projection
Authors: COGLEY J GRAHAM
Published: April 2007

The Miller oblated stereographic projection derives from the stereographic projection by a stretching of the graticule, and is the basis for the Old World sheets of the American Geographical Society's Map of the World. It is shown that it maps the sphere onto a Riemann surface of three sheets, not onto a plane; thus each point on a flat representation of the Miller projection stands for exactly three points of the sphere. In order to remove this cartographically objectionable feature we must concede the existence of a region near the antipodes which cannot be mapped because it occupies the lower two sheets of the Riemann surface. The projection has a pair of previously-unnoticed singularities, on either the equator or the central meridian, at which the scale is zero. As the graticule is stretched these singularities, with their surrounding bubbles of reduced scale, move closer to the centre of the map. Eventually this spoils the main useful property of the projection, which is that lines of equal scale distortion are oval near to the centre and not circular as in the stereographic projection. La projection stéréographique aplatie de Miller est dérivée de la projection stéréographique dont on aurait étiré le carroyage. Cette projection est utilisée sur les feuilles de l'hémisphère oriental de la carte du monde de l'American Geographical Society. On montre que la sphère n'est pas cartographiée sur un plan, mais bien sur une surface de Riemann de trois feuilles. Ainsi utilisée, chaque point de la projection de Miller correspond exactement a trois points de la sphère. Pour éliminer ce trait inacceptable en cartographie, il faut supposer qu'il y a près des antipodes une région qui ne peut être représentée parce qu'elle occupe les deux feuilles inférieures de la surface de Riemann. La projection possède deux caractéristiques qu'on n'avait pas remarqué avant. En effet, l'échelle est nulle tant a l'équateur qu'au méridien du centre. Le carroyage étant étiré, ces points et leurs zones avoisinantes dont l'échelle se trouve réduite, se rapprochent du centre de la carte. Passé un point, est gachée la principale propriété de la projection qui veut que les lignes d'égale distorsion d'échelle soient ovales prés du centre et non pas circulaires comme sur les projections stéréographiques.
MEASURING THE SIZE OF THE CANADIAN MARKET FOR MAPS, ATLASES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Authors: GRATH GERALD MC
Published: April 2007

This â€˜supply sideâ€™ study attempted to define the size of the Canadian market in 1982 for published maps, atlases and related products as indicated by the volume and value of products sold and issued free of charge; the segmentation by class of product; and the division of supply between the public and private sectors. The source materials for the identification of publishers and the survey methods are examined, the consolidated statistics are presented, and some comments are offered on the compilation of the statistics. The salient features of the situation are then discussed. These include the dominance of the public sector, the substantial share represented by free issues, and the high proportion of government sales and free issues which could not be differentiated by product segments. Despite the positive reactions and substantial contributions of publishers to this study, limitations must be recognised. It is a partial accounting as responses were not received from some known publishers. Imports of cartographic products and digital data were excluded, and inadequacies remain in the definitions of product categories. Finally, improvements must be achieved in the collection and classification of statistics on supply before meaningful relationships between supply and the population can be established.
THE ROLE OF SPECIAL MAPS IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Authors: HODGES R. C.
Published: April 2007

De nombreuses cartes sont utilisées pour les besoins du gouvernement au Canada. L'ARDA publie et utilise des cartes spéciales de plusieurs types différents. Une série de neuf cartes en couleurs à l'échelle de 100 miles au pouce (1/6,336,000) a été récemment publiée par l"ARDA dans le but de représenter quelques aspects des questions soulevées par les déséquilibres sociaux et économiques dans diverses régions du Canada. Ces cartes indiquent en même temps le taux et l'importance de certaines conditions existantes au moyen d'une gamme de couleurs et d'un système de ''points". Les cartes montrent la population, les divisions de recensement, les fermes à faible revenu, les salaires ruraux faibles non agricoles, les bas salaires urbains, les revenus familiaux faibles non agricoles, les demandes d'emploi, les bas niveaux d'instruction et la mortalité infantile. On étudie également une entreprise cartographique d'importance, l'Inventaire des terres du Canada. Ces travaux permettront la publication de milliers de coupures cartographiques traitant des possibilités du sol pour les usages agricoles ou forestiers, de l'utilisation actuelle du sol, des possibilités d'utilisation des terrains pour le récréation ou comme réserves fauniques, des classifications climatiques concernant les récoltes, etc. Plusieurs années seront nécessaires pour le parachèvement de cette entreprise. En outre, TARDA utilise des cartes de tous genres qui sont déjà disponibles dans d'autres organismes.
Visualization and Communication in Map-Making: A Case Study of Mapping a Complex Rainforest Environment in Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: Mäki Sanna , Kalliola Risto
Published: April 2007

Producing good-quality landscape maps of remote areas such as tropical rainforests is difficult because such areas are environmentally complex and not easily accessible. Existing thematic maps commonly appear far more finished than is warranted by the mapping and research effort that lies behind them, and they do not provide the map user the opportunity to properly evaluate the product. Here we examine the production of an experimental map based on multidisciplinary research on landscape variation and the effect such variation has on land use potential within Peruvian lowland Amazonia. The map aims at representing the environmental heterogeneity of the region and the scientific uncertainty of that knowledge. Remote sensing, image processing and interpretation, GIS, and field inventory methods were applied in the production of the map. The final map shows a combination of raw and interpreted data as thematic components, illustrating the natural environment and details of human activity. Each map component was planned to be intuitive and to allow for the transparent presentation of the themes studied. Map reading and "fitness for use" were tested with a questionnaire on a test group from the local university, and the test validates many of our goals in the fields of cartographic communication and representation.
Algebraic Models for Feature Displacement in the Generalization of Digital Map Data Using Morphological Techniques
Authors: LI ZHILIN , SU BO
Published: April 2007

Feature displacement is one of the many operations (or operators) in map-data generalization. It has become a priority item on the research agenda. This paper describes some algebraic models (or mathematical models) for this operation. These models are based on the operators developed in mathematical morphology, which is a science dealing with form, shape, and structure of objects.

Feature displacements can be classified into two groups, i.e., feature translation and feature modification. For the first type, a set of structuring elements (key elements in morphological operators) are developed. Using this set of structuring elements, the two basic morphological operators, i.e., dilation and erosion, can be used for translating features in any of the eight directions, freely. Translation of features in other directions can be achieved by a combination of these eight directions. For the second type of feature displacement, a number of models have been developed to suit different cases, i.e., an area feature and a linear feature, two linear features, etc. These models have also been tested using various examples. The results show that these techniques are very promising.
THE UTILITY OF THE CIRCLE AS AN EFFECTIVE CARTOGRAPHIC SYMBOL
Authors: MEIHOEFER HANS-JOACHIM
Published: April 2007

The circle has many of the qualities of a first-rate map symbol and is an excellent means of representing quantitative data. Nevertheless, the circle does have some deficiencies because small variations in circle sizes are not visually perceived by the map reader. Results of experimentation suggest that the traditionally popular method of comparing and presenting quantitative data by using the graduated circle should be modified. Graduating circles by means of an experimentally derived key constitutes a definite improvement in the accuracy with which quantitative data are portrayed and hence the effectiveness and utility of the circle as an effective map symbol.
OLD GLOBES IN THE USSR
Authors: MATVEYEVA T P
Published: April 2007

The author describes some of the more than sixty old terrestrial and celestial globes preserved in public institutions in the Soviet Union. Most are found in Leningrad, particularly in the Hermitage Museum. Dating mostly from the 17th and 18th centuries, the globes were largely made by foreign craftsmen and were usually sent to Russia as presents for the royal family. They vary considerably in age, size, material, and artistry. L'auteur décrit quelques-uns des quelque 60 anciens globes terrestres et célestes qui ont été conservés dans des institutions publiques en Union Soviétique. La plupart se trouvent à Leningrad et, en particulier, dans le Musée de l'Hermitage. Datant pour la plupart des 17e et 18e siècles, ces globes ont été en grande partie construits par des artisans étrangers et ont été habituellement envoyés en Russie à titre de présents destinés a la famille royale. Ils diffèrent considérablement en âge, en dimensions, en matériau de fabrication et en facture artistique.
The Making Of Intervisibility Maps With Computer And Plotter
Authors: YOELI PINHAS
Published: April 2007

Manual construction of intervisibility maps, based on topographical contour maps, is a laborious procedure of questionable accuracy. This paper describes the methodology of a computer program named HIDE which computes and draws intervisibility maps with a computer and plotter, based on a digital terrain model of the area observed. Instead of finding stretches of 'dead ground' along profiles radiating from an observation point, each point of the digital terrain model is checked individually for its visibility from the given point of observation. The primary result of the computations executed by program HIDE is, therefore, a binary matrix of either seen or hidden points which then serves as the basis for an appropriate graphic depiction. The use of computer and plotter assistance also facilitates the creation of graduated and combined intervisibility maps.
THE ELECTRONIC MAP-COORDINATE DIGITIZER
Authors: FOUND W C
Published: April 2007

The time-consuming procedure of determining X-Y map coordinates by hand can be avoided through use of an electronic coordinate digitizer. Equipment particularly suited to cartographic work is now available, as illustrated by the digitizer in the Department of Geography, York University. Coordinates can be recorded automatically on computer cards, magnetic tape, or other devices. Such systems greatly facilitate the construction of data banks where data are stored according to geographical location; research regarding spatial relationships which require numerous calculations; and computer mapping. Such applications are highly dependent on relevant computer programming.
Component Processing Skills In The Interpretation Of Topographic Maps
Authors: ELEY MALCOLM G
Published: April 2007

A sample of map-skilled adults was given a series of tasks requiring a contour-mapped landsurface to be studied and interpreted, the mental representation of the landsurface's relief to be manipulated, and finally a presented landsurface relief drawing to be judged as to whether it matched the initial map. Response times replicated earlier findings interpretable in terms of the subjects having formed spatial imagery based representations of the mapped landsurfaces. These subjects were then administered six further tasks each focusing on different specific components of mental imagery processing. Performances on these component tasks were related to performances in the three parts of the map tasks to provide a more detailed description of the cognitive processes evoked during the interpretation of contour mapped landsurfaces. The present findings indicate that processing is likely more varied and flexible than initially suggested. À un échantillonnage d'adultes connaissant l'utilisation des cartes, on a donné une série de tâches requérant l'étude et l'interprétation d'une surface terrestre représentée par des courbes de niveau, puis la représentation mentale du relief de la surface à être manipulée et enfin, l'évaluation du dessin du relief d'une surface donnée pour savoir s'il correspond à la carte initiale. Les temps de réponse ont répliqué des découvertes précédentes interprétables par le fait que les sujets s'étaient formés une imagerie spatiale basée sur les représentations des surfaces cartographiées. À ces sujets on a, par la suite, administré six autres tâches, chacune touchant différentes composantes spécifiques du traitement de l'imagerie mentale. Les résultats de ces tâches sur les composantes ont été reliés aux résultats obtenus dans les trois parties des tâches cartographiques afin de fournir une description plus détaillée des processus cognitifs évoqués lors de l'interprétation de la surface représentée par des courbes de niveau. Les présentes découvertes indiquent que le traitement est probablement plus varié et flexible que suggéré initialement.
Cognitive Integration Of Objective Choropleth Map Attribute Information
Authors: Steinke Theodore R , Lloyd Robert E
Published: April 2007

An experiment was conducted to determine the relative importance of three map attributes (correlation, blackness and complexity) for judging the similarity of choropleth maps. Subjects rated pairs of maps prepared using two different map classing algorithms according to the map pairs' visual similarity. By relating cognitive measures of visual similarity to objective measures of the three map attributes, the relative importance of correlation, blackness and complexity to the subjects' decision-making process was determined. Using several analyses of variance procedures it was concluded that blackness was the most important attribute for judging similarity followed by correlation and complexity, in that order. It was also determined that the particular maps sued, i.e., those constructed using different classing algorithms, significantly affected the map readers' use of correlation, blackness and complexity information.