bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identity
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on how leaders create in-groups and out-groups. Identity is typically employed by political scientists to explain apparently ‘non-rational’ preferences. In some Pacific cases, such as Tuvalu, leaders place recognizable cultural differences—language, ethnicity, and religion—at the forefront of their claims to self-determination. But in small states in the Caribbean these claims are more problematic because while narratives about difference and diversity are important for both domestic and international audiences, these cleavages do not manifest in the way mainstream theory predicts. On the other extreme, the diversity of Chuuk means that a new state would not have a greater sense of shared identity than the one being left behind. The lesson is that theories which posit that secessionist movements arise from a misalignment between a primordial nation and the postcolonial state have limited explanatory power in these cases.
Economic Development
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the relationship between independence and economic development in small communities. The inability of independent small states to achieve self-sufficiency is the main reason the international community was hostile to their creation and explains why decolonization was often delayed. Perceptions of viability shifted during the second half of the twentieth century but with the partial exception of tourism, virtually all strategies to address economic disadvantage in small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific involve sovereignty sales or migration. Small states are thus perpetually engaged in a cycle of claiming sovereignty so they can trade it or pool it for economic returns that increase functional viability.
“Some Nice Music”
Authors: Solovieva Olga V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter takes Kurosawa’s choice of the Russian composer Modest Musorgsky’s piece “The Great Gate of Kiev” from his piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition (1874) as a key to understanding the director’s first postwar film No Regrets for Our Youth (1946). Musorgksy was known for his Populist sympathies and interest in creating a new Russian art on the basis of the people’s history. Through discussion of the historical and political meanings of the Musorgsky episode, the chapter shows how Kurosawa’s film announces a programmatic commitment to recovering the Japanese tradition of grassroots democracy as it formed in the wake of Meiji Japan’s opening to nineteenth-century revolutionary Russia.
Attention and Attending
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2023

Three phenomena of attention are identified: (1) attending as action, (2) attention as what guides action, and (3) vigilance as a readiness to attend, hence to act. These phenomena are shown to exemplify the form of attention described in William James’ definition of attention which emphasizes that attention is the mind’s selection of a target in order to deal with, that is to act on, it. This idea of attention as selection for action is revealed to be foundational to the methodology of experiments on attention, so it is endorsed, as a practical requirement, in scientific practice. Relevant biological models are discussed and a unified theory of attention is outlined. The Jamesian idea merges the science and the philosophy to provide a systematic theory of attention as the agent’s guiding her action. The central role of intention in setting attention is revealed, and the pervasive automaticity of attention is noted and examined.
Intending as Practical Remembering
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates intending as action that involves continued practical reasoning as the agent acts. It is demonstrated that coherent action requires that the agent remember what she is doing, a memory constituted by her ongoing intention-in-action to act. This memory must track action in real time else the agent will lose track of what she is doing. Accordingly, practical remembering in ongoing intention requires that the intention be updated, a process that involves practical reasoning to further refine the content of the intention. The dynamics of such reasoning are revealed in the dynamics of working memory. This provides the biological and psychological basis for how the agent can directly access what she is doing by reporting on her remembering to act, for how the agent can keep time with her action, and for her sensitivity to changes in the world she acts in.
Deducing, Skill and Knowledge
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2023

This chapter applies the structure of action to understanding reasoning in deduction. It examines both semantic and syntactic aspects of deduction. On semantic aspects, it shows that in deducing, a subject focuses cognitive attention in moving from premises to conclusion. Cognitive attention narrows. Psychological theories are drawn on to support a shift in cognitive attention during reasoning. On syntactical aspects, it shows that reasoners, through learning that focuses attention, become sensitive to logical form and respond by attending to said form in order to draw the correct conclusion. In both cases, deduction involves shifts of cognitive attention. Learning to construct proofs involves joint attention that leads to the acquisition of schemas, knowledge structures that provide a bias on solving the Selection Problem during reasoning. Carroll’s paradox is addressed by showing how the concept of a bias can resolve the paradox.
Of Musicians, Dancers, and the Maharaja
Authors: Kapuria Radha
Published: May 2023

This chapter establishes the significance of arts patronage in early to mid-nineteenth-century precolonial Punjab, especially focused on the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (r. 1799–1839). It provides evidence for the flourishing patronage of the performing arts under Ranjit Singh, with musicians and dancers being an affluent and influential class at the Lahore darbār. Second, it establishes the political centrality of specifically female dancers in the ritual infrastructure Ranjit Singh assembled, as part of political negotiations with the British particularly, and with European visitors more generally. A special focus is on Ranjit Singh’s corps of ‘Amazons’: female dancers dressed as men, performing martial feats, the cynosure of all eyes (especially male and European) and their significance in representing the martial glory of the Sikh state. The chapter reveals how musicians and female performers lay at the interstices of the Indo-European encounter in general, and Anglo-Sikh interactions in particular. More broadly, it reassesses performance as ‘gift-giving’ at the Sikh court, to demonstrate the powerful impact of cultural symbologies of rule, and of affect in the history of early nineteenth-century Punjab.
Gender, Reform, and Punjab’s Musical Publics
Authors: Kapuria Radha
Published: May 2023

This chapter foregrounds female performers and interlocutors as being equally important as their male counterparts in constituting the musical life of the city in colonial Punjab. It maps the journey from the powerful courtesan communities in the early nineteenth century that characterized Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s court and ends with the entrance of new middle-class women—particularly Hindu and Sikh—into spaces of public music performance in colonial Punjab. Along the way it delineates the campaigns led by the Anglicized reformist middle-class men to outlaw courtesans from Punjab’s musical publics. It begins in the 1860s, painting in broad brush strokes the musical developments connected to urban centres, before moving to the closing decades of the century to map the shifting connections between piety and pleasure in the context of Punjab’s urban musical publics. These years saw the emergence of new attitudes toward rāgadārī music, marked by a greater distancing from the specifically Punjabi practices of music-making that defined previous decades, with a new slant toward pan-Indian changes in musical practice. The primary shift tracked by this chapter occurred through the rise of a newer musical public and new forms of pedagogy, part of the larger re-situation of music within perspectives of nationalism and socio-religious reform. More broadly, it examines the interconnections between urbanity, gender, and middle-class discourse in colonial Punjab to better map the changes wrought on music with colonialism.
Confirmation Bias in Criminal Litigations
Authors: Lidén Moa
Published: May 2023

Once a criminal case reaches the litigation phase, confirmation bias in the earlier investigative phase may have resulted in evidence on which to make decisions becoming misrepresentative or even inaccurate. On top of this prosecutors and judges may themselves develop a confirmation bias. For example, prosecutors who decide to press charges may be less likely to undertake further investigation and the investigation that is undertaken has a more guilt-confirming nature. Furthermore, judges who have decided to detain an accused awaiting trial may be more likely to convict during the main hearing since they view the evidence against the accused as stronger. More research is needed into how to debias prosecutors but so far changing decision-maker, using Devil’s Advocate procedures, evidence review boards, and the like have appeared as possible options. For judges, debiasing techniques include structured evaluations of the evidence and changing decision-maker.
The Political Ecology of Informal Waste Recyclers in India
Authors: Demaria Federico
Published: May 2023

Waste is increasingly a site of social conflict. The questions related to waste management are not merely technical; what, how, where, and by whom become political questions. This book is about the power relations in recycling. Informal waste recyclers (so called waste pickers) are socially invisible. Their struggle aims to transform this situation. This book focuses on environmental conflicts, with two emblematic case studies from India. First, ship breaking, where the metabolism of a global infrastructure, namely shipping, shifts social and environmental costs to localized communities in order to obtain large profits. Second, the conflict around municipal waste management in Delhi shows how environmental costs are shifted to urban residents, and recyclers are dispossessed of their livelihood source: recyclable waste. The first is an example of capital accumulation by contamination, while the second involves both dispossession and contamination. Therefore, the book investigates ‘social relations of recycling’, which are the social relationships that recyclers must enter into in order to survive, to produce, and to reproduce their means of existence. It makes a case for the recognition of the contribution of informal recyclers in making the economy more sustainable, and in the name of justice, calls for due compensation for the services they provide. Based on extensive field work lasting a decade, the book presents a range of experiences to inform theory on how environments are shaped, politicized, and contested. The struggles of informal recyclers constitute an attempt to re-politicize waste metabolism beyond techno-managerial solutions by fostering counter-hegemonic discourses and praxis.
Delhi’s Waste Conflict
Authors: Demaria Federico
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 investigates the struggles related to waste management in Delhi, India. We focus on a conflict that has erupted as authorities have progressively privatized the city’s solid waste management system in response to an increase in its volume, and a change in its composition. Authorities have embraced waste-to-energy incinerators hoping it would be a magic bullet, but encountered opposition from those who lose from this policy shift. Workers in the informal recycling sector fear that these changes threaten their access to waste, while middle-class residents oppose waste-to-energy incinerators because of their impact on ambient air quality. The Delhi waste conflict shows resistance against both capital accumulation by dispossession (recyclers are dispossessed of their livelihood source, namely recyclable waste), and accumulation by contamination (environmental costs are shifted to urban residents). The chapter narrates the emergence of an unlikely alliance between these groups, whose politics opposes the production of a waste-based commodity frontier within the city, as well as the imposition of exposure to waste. Scholarship on the materiality of cities has been criticized by critical urban scholars for being overly descriptive and failing to account for political economy. The chapter argues that in order to understand cities in the Global South whose metabolisms are subject to fierce contestations, it is necessary to incorporate materialist and critical perspectives. It concludes that the materiality and political economy of cities are co-constituted, and contestations over the configuration of urban metabolisms span these spheres as people struggle to realize situated urban political ecologies.
Conclusions
Authors: Demaria Federico
Published: May 2023

This chapter concludes by showing how the case studies present a range of experiences to inform theory on how environments are shaped, politicized, and contested. First, a situated understanding of waste shows that there is a complex relationship between its materiality and political economy, including social and institutional dynamics. Their co-evolution shapes metabolisms and as a result political opportunities are fostered and foreclosed. Changes in the social metabolism ultimately lead to socio-metabolic reconfigurations which, in turn, eventually lead to ecological distribution conflicts. People struggle to defend, or realize, desirable situated urban political ecologies. Second, the book shows that examining the political economy of these processes, be it at the global or urban level, can help to clarify why the social metabolism changes in the way it does, meaning its driving forces. In particular, it argues that capital accumulation takes place at waste-based commodity frontiers through extra-economic means, namely both dispossession and contamination. Third, the book shows how the social relations of recycling are inherently intertwined with the waste metabolism. These are the social relationships that recyclers must enter into in order to survive, to produce, and to reproduce their means of life. The book evaluates their contribution and calls for a due compensation of recyclers’ services, instead of a dispossession of their means of production, and a shifting of social costs of enterprises and consumers to them, and other vulnerable social groups. The struggles of informal recyclers constitute an attempt to re-politicize waste metabolism beyond techno-managerial solutions by fostering counter-hegemonic discourses and praxis.
A Stream and Two Villas (Statius’ Silvae 1.3)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a detailed literary analysis of Statius’s Silvae 1.3 which honours Manilius Vopiscus and his Tiburtine villa. My reading follows the progress of the poem, as it first outlines the quality of the domain as a whole, then examines aspects of what a visitor might encounter. I survey Statius’ varied use of ekphrasis and trace his patterns of allusion, especially to the work of Virgil. Eroticism is a salient theme throughout as is the importance of a series of bodies of water, especially the river Anio, to the poem’s evolution to a celebration of beauty harmonised in both nature and art.
The Garden of Atedius Melior
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers a close reading of Poem 3 from the second book of the Silvae of Statius. A genethliacon and, in conclusion, eulogy for the writer’s friend Atedius Melior, it directs us to the latter’s garden and centres on an expansive aition, of the poet’s invention, devoted to the god Pan’s attraction for the nymph Pholoe. The chapter’s primary focus rests on Statius’ brilliant word usage and, more generally, on the intellectual background on which he draws. It refers regularly to the poetry of Horace, Tibullus, and especially Virgil in my search to elucidate Statius’ original genius.
Who is the vulnerable individual?
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio
Published: May 2023

The discussion about vulnerability emerged in various fields including political philosophy, gender studies, law, ethics, and sociology. Scholars from those different fields often engaged with each other and adapted an understanding of vulnerability developed in other areas (for example, from political theory to bioethics). This chapter refers to the legal literature on vulnerability. However, legal scholars have not yet fully developed an original approach to the notion of vulnerability. Most base their ideas on the work of theoreticians of other fields, such as Martha Fineman, who writes extensively about the relations between law, the state, and individual vulnerability. Presenting those different theoretical approaches helps place the origins of the notion of vulnerability and understand how it changes the perception of institutions, rules, and the individual’s place in society. This chapter argues that the layered vulnerability theory (from Luna) is one of the most suitable approaches to address those issues and the best response to several criticisms. Building on those theoretical definitions of the vulnerable individual, it considers how EU law has employed the notion of vulnerable persons in different sectors. The chapter gives also special attention to two sectors that seem particularly relevant compared to data protection law: research regulation and consumer protection.
The vulnerable data subject in the GDPR
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio
Published: May 2023

Building on the different theories and ways of understanding vulnerability (as addressed in Chapter 3), this chapter looks at the notion of vulnerability in the data protection discourse and, in particular, in the GDPR. After an analysis of the manifestations and the effects of data subjects’ vulnerability, this chapter aims to show how the consumer vulnerability literature mentioned in the previous chapter informs the notion of the vulnerable individual in data protection. Consequently, a more systematic analysis of the GDPR provisions related to vulnerable data subjects—and in particular to children—shows the need to analyse vulnerability from the perspective of power imbalance. Such a perspective can also be found in the new proposed EU Artificial Intelligence Act, which offers additional stimulating elements for protecting vulnerable individuals in the digital environment, complementing the GDPR provisions.
Conclusions
Authors: Malgieri Gianclaudio
Published: May 2023

This final chapter summarizes the main conclusions of this research, highlighting the findings of the different chapters of this book. It is an opportunity to show that the GDPR contains both a notion of the ‘average’ data subject and the ‘vulnerable’ data subject. In addition, looking at vulnerability theories, the most appropriate theory to represent human vulnerability in the data-driven environment seems to be Luna’s ‘layered’ theory. That theory is perfectly in line with the risk-based approach of the GDPR. However, the GDPR is not only a tool for analysing and assessing vulnerability but also one used to prevent or mitigate data subjects’ vulnerability. This is possible through the GDPR principles (eg fairness, lawfulness, transparency), the GDPR rights and duties. This chapter also contains a call for further research.
The Domestic Abuse Act 2021: A Snapshot and Update
Authors: Edwards Susan
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 (DAA). Stakeholders were given an impetus involved in the prevention of domestic abuse to establish strategies for improving the response to domestic abuse and victim protection. The chapter highlights the importance of reducing the prevalence of domestic abuse after the Crime Survey for England and Wales estimated 2.3 million people were affected by domestic abuse. The increase in police-recorded domestic violence and abuse reflects the changes in police recording practice and victim reporting. The chapter then elaborates on the statutory definition of domestic abuse and the statutory framework for the Domestic Abuse Commissioner (DAC).
Domestic Violence and Abuse: Context and Background
Authors: Edwards Susan
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the problem of domestic violence and domestic abuse. It cites the numerical extent of domestic violence and abuse. Historically, domestic violence defines a variety of forms of abuse committed in the domestic context largely by men on women, albeit legal remedies needed evidence of the physical assault. The chapter then elaborates on the evolution of protective remedies by considering the provisions introduced by the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. It also discusses the trends and limitations of Domestic Violence Prevention Notices (DVPN) And Domestic Violence Prevention Orders (DVPO). Moreover, the protection of domestic abuse victims and the prosecution of offenders operates within the broader international human rights framework, which includes the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Istanbul Convention.
Breaches of Orders, Notification, and Police Powers (Sections 39–43)
Authors: O’Neill Martin
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the provision of breaches of orders, notification, and police powers. It clarifies that the domestic violence protection order (DVPO) did not carry any criminal sanction upon breach. However, unlike the DVPO, a breach of the domestic abuse protection order (DAPO) can result in a conviction for a criminal offence with a maximum penalty of six months imprisonment or a fine. According to government minister Victoria Atkins, the severity of the consequences aims to put pressure on the perpetrator to comply and discourage non-compliance. The chapter highlights the consequences of failure to notify and the subsequent notification requirements. It considers the court's discretion with breaches due to concerns that some victims may be deterred from reporting a breach because of the ultimate criminal sanction.
Offences Involving Abusive or Violent Behaviour (Sections 68–69)
Authors: Bettinson Vanessa , Phippen Andy , Bond Emma
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the provisions on offences that involve abusive or violent behaviour in an intimate or family relationship. It explains that the provision extended to include people who are personally connected and living together. Moreover, the amendment followed a Home Office Consultation, which determined that further awareness raising and improved understanding of the offence was needed to increase case numbers progressing to the prosecution stage. The chapter looks into provisions concerned with threats to disclose private sexual photographs with the intent to cause distress. It elaborates on the notion of intent and anonymity under the context of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021.
Offences Against the Person (Sections 70–71)
Authors: Ofer Nogah , Davy Felicia , Herring Jonathan , Edwards Susan
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on sections 70 and 71 of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. Section 70 introduced a new stand-alone criminal offence of non-fatal strangulation and suffocation, which corrects a systemic inadequacy in the way the existing law prior to the 2021 Act was applied in practice. The chapter considers strangulation and suffocation as gendered crimes. Meanwhile, Section 71 regulates the rough sex defence that determines whether serious bodily harm was inflicted. The chapter cites how the section highlighted the issue of sexual violence and its consequences, which in turn raise awareness, redress media-driven misconceptions, and alter public perception.
Offences Committed Outside the UK (Sections 72–74)
Authors: Malone David
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the provisions on offences committed outside the UK as determined by the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. Regardless of whether the individual committing the act is a British citizen, the jurisdiction of the criminal law of England and Wales does not extend to acts committed abroad. Moreover, the Act extends the jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. However, the extension of the extraterritorial jurisdiction does not necessarily mean the offence will be trialled in the UK. The chapter details the provisions concerned with offences committed in Northern Ireland. It also considers the amendment to the provisions for certain violent and sexual offences committed overseas.
Offenders: Police and Prosecution (Sections 75–77)
Authors: O’Neill Martin , Bland Matthew , McLellan Vicki
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores Sections 75 to 77 of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021 that revolve around police and prosecution. The strategy for prosecution and management of offenders arose following criticism that perpetrators were absent from the domestic abuse narrative. The chapter considers the function and features of the Domestic Abuse, Stalking and Harassment (DASH) tool, MAPPA (Multi-agency public protection arrangements) guidance, and SPECSS+ (Separation, pregnancy, escalation, community issues, stalking and sexual assault) model. It also discusses the polygraph conditions for offenders released on licence. Meanwhile, Section 77 focuses on the guidance about the disclosure of information by UK police forces.
Homelessness, Tenancy and Charging (Sections 78–80)
Authors: Harrison Stephanie , Sergides Marina , Edwards Susan
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the notion of homelessness and charging indicated in the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021's Section 78-80. It starts with Section 78 and Section 79 is established as a response to the campaign of domestic abuse survivors calling for access to housing support and greater tenure security in an effort to mitigate homelessness. Meanwhile, Section 79 amends the Housing Act 1985 (secure tenants and rights of secure tenants) by inserting a new section 81ZA, which indicates the process of lifetime secure tenancy for eligible tenants. The chapter then elaborates on Section 80, which focused on the medical evidence of domestic abuse. It highlights the importance of the health professional's relevancy in the case.
Schedules
Authors: O’Neill Martin , Edwards Susan , Malone David
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the provisions concerning the provisions of remands, consequential amendments, and offences committed outside the UK. Further provisions in Section 40 allow for remand in custody or on bail ad provide time scales in defined circumstances. England and Wales' criminal law jurisdiction was extended to have extra-territorial effect concerning the offence enacted in accordance with the Istanbul Convention's Article 34, which requires the UK to ensure that the intentional conduct by a UK national. The chapter discusses the extension of territorial jurisdiction through the amendments of the Protection from Harassment Order (Northern Ireland) 1997, the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 and the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009. It also considers the consequential amendments of provisions concerned with strangulation and suffocation offences.
The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 and Migrant Women
Authors: Patel Pragna , Walker Janaya
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the protection of migrant women under the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. It outlines the dire circumstances and challenges faced by migrant survivors of abuse in the UK. Despite immense efforts by women’s organisations like Southall Black Sisters (SBS) and the Latin American Women’s Rights Service (LAWRS) to amend the law, the Government refused to include ensure protection and support for migrant women with insecure immigration status within the scope of the legislation. The chapter cites the wider public support and the cross-party support between both Houses of Parliament despite the disappointing exclusion of migrant survivors from the DAA. Since the Act became law, the Domestic Abuse Commissioner prioritised the report of migrant victims.
Limitations of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021: Defences for Victims Who Offend or Allegedly Offend in the Context of Domestic Abuse
Authors: Williams Katy Swaine
Published: May 2023

This chapter elaborates on the failings in criminal law and practice due to the unjust treatment of victims accused of offences that result from their domestic abuse experience. It discusses the two new statutory defences that were established following the inclusion of the Domestic Abuse Act (DAA) 2021. Moreover, the Centre for Women’s Justice (CWJ) put forward two proposed new statutory defences during the passage of the Domestic Abuse Bill. However, despite its advantages and strengths, the DAA 2021 offers no protection to victims who are criminalised as a consequence of their experience of abuse. The chapter also mentions that the government commissioned an independent review of sentencing in domestic homicide cases.
Pragmatist Meaning Grounds
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

The goal of this chapter is to present the basic ideas of the pragmatist approach to the task of specifying the meaning grounds of a declarative discourse. The approach is introduced by reference by the criterial/anti-realist/justificationist position, according to which the meaning ground of a declarative sentence consists in the conditions in which its assertion is warranted. The pragmatist approach presented here differs from the justificationist approach in two main respects. First, it dispenses with the notion of warranted assertibility or similar epistemic notions, concentrating instead on the conditions under which the sentence is actually asserted, or the procedure employed for regulating its assertion. Second, it replaces the notion of assertion with the notion of acceptance, as a conscious attitude towards a sentence consisting in the conviction that things are as the sentence represents them as being. In sum, when a sentence has a pragmatist meaning ground, it has the meaning it has by virtue of the procedure that regulates its acceptance. The roots of this proposal in Wittgenstein’s notion of a criterion are vindicated. The chapter also explains the difference between the pragmatist proposal and verificationist/subjectivist positions, on the one hand, and expressivist/non-cognitivist positions, on the other, as well as the brand of pragmatism defended by Robert Brandom. The chapter ends with an outline of the relationship between the contrast presented here between representationalist and pragmatist meaning grounds, on the one hand, and the contrast between realist and irrealist positions drawn by James Dreier in terms of the ‘explanation’ explanation.
Harmony and Abstraction
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses an important challenge to the claim that a sentence or predicate with a pragmatist meaning ground can perform the function of representing the world. If a declarative sentence represents the world, there has to be a state of affairs that the sentence represents as obtaining. And if the sentence has a pragmatist meaning ground, its meaning-grounding acceptance procedure has to be sufficient for the sentence to represent the state of affairs it represents. Likewise, if a predicate successfully performs the function of representing the world, there has to be a property that the predicate refers to, and if the predicate has a pragmatist meaning ground, its meaning-grounding ascription procedure has to be sufficient for the predicate to have the referent it has. The chapter proposes to meet this challenge by treating the referents of predicates with pragmatist meaning grounds as identified with abstraction principles based on the synonymy conditions generated by their meaning-grounding ascription procedures. It is suggested that this account of the referents of these predicates is compatible with the idea that the referents of other predicates should receive an independent specification in terms of which synonymy for them can be defined. The chapter considers some consequences of specifying the referent of a predicate in this way and outlines how the approach would work for the predicates of each of our target discourses.
Epilogue
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: May 2023

This epilogue addresses the question, what are the meaning grounds of sentences ascribing meaning grounds? It sketches a pragmatist answer to this question: what makes meaning-ground ascriptions have the meaning they have is the procedure that regulates their acceptance. It is argued that the procedure that regulates our acceptance of meaning-ground specifications is our general procedure for regulating acceptance of interpretations—the combination of projection, familiarity, and non-verbal evidence for belief attribution presented in Chapter 7. The approach applies in particular to the specification of the meaning grounds of interpretations in terms of our interpretative procedures. What makes this meaning-ground specification, like any other, have the meaning it has, is the fact that its acceptance is regulated by our interpretative procedures.
Introduction
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

This introduction first presents a general overview of the role that considerations of “idealism” play in the scholarly literature on Merleau-Ponty in order to situate the present work. It then gives some reasons for focusing on Merleau-Ponty’s “Pre-Sorbonne Period” and presents an overview of some key concepts that are used in the book. Special attention is given to the idea of “essential manifestness,” which is drawn from the work of the Kant scholar Lucy Allais. Finally, the introduction ends with a brief summary overview of the chapters that follow and some considerations for how the book might be navigated depending on the readers’ interests.
Foundations of Transcendental Idealism in The Structure of Behavior
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter expands on the analysis of The Structure of Behavior that begins in Chapter 2. The overarching aim of Structure can be described in two parts. First, through a consideration of psychology it establishes the importance of the concept of “form.” Second, “form” is shown to play an important role in our properly understanding the connection between mind and world. On this book’s interpretation, a shift occurs in the analysis of form that stands as a “transcendental turn” in Merleau-Ponty’s thought, as he realizes that third-person observational studies need to consider the first-person perspective of the observer. This chapter reconstructs Structure’s arguments in a way that displays the transcendental turn and supports both the thesis of transcendental perspectivism and the thesis of transcendental structural analysis.
Problematizing Transcendental Idealism in The Structure of Behavior
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 interpreted Structure as arguing for a new form of transcendental idealism. In doing so, though, it overlooked some problems that arise for the transcendental idealist interpretation. This chapter considers those problems. First, it examines the idea that Merleau-Ponty’s emphasis on embodiment has altered the concept of consciousness so extensively that it no longer supports an idealist interpretation. Second, it considers the way in which Merleau-Ponty blurs the boundaries between empirical and transcendental analysis. Ultimately, the chapter argues that these problems can be mostly accommodated within the transcendental idealist interpretation of Structure, but that certain issues point to the need for the further analyses accomplished in Phenomenology of Perception.
The Overt Critique of Idealism in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 considered Merleau-Ponty’s direct references to idealism in publications prior to Phenomenology. Phenomenology’s references are much more extensive, and often more critical, so they receive their own discussion in this chapter. “Idealism” is directly referenced twenty-six times in the book. The bulk of these references, especially in the Preface, are highly critical. This chapter will examine the passages in Phenomenology where idealism is explicitly criticized, focusing on the Preface and the chapter “Freedom.” These considerations show that, overall, Merleau-Ponty equates idealism with a particularly strong form of intellectualism that fails to integrate “the real.” Nevertheless, this does not necessarily entail that Merleau-Ponty’s own view as a whole is anti-idealist.
Introduction
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora
Published: May 2023

The analysis in this book is prompted both by a pressing empirical phenomenon, namely the failure of EU member states to adequately cope with longstanding issues in refugee reception and protection, and by the distinctive theoretical concerns raised by the lack of normative guidelines to define the duties among member states of a regional institution that features the partial pooling of the traditional powers of sovereignty. Therefore, while the book is primarily a work in normative political theory, it also aims to inform current policy debates by suggesting what EU member states owe each other when it comes to protecting asylum seekers and refugees. This chapter introduces the main focus of the book and sets the scene for the discussion of EU interstate duties in the field of refugee protection. Specifically, the chapter outlines two main issues prompting this enquiry, namely, on the one hand, the failure of EU member states to cope with the unsolved European refugee reception emergency; and, on the other, the theoretical concerns raised by the lack of normative guidelines to clearly define the duties among EU member states in this field.
Doing More than One’s Fair Share
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora
Published: May 2023

EU member states host refugees to a dramatically different extent. While we could hardly say that any of them is meeting the demands of interstate solidarity in full, it is also clear that some are doing more than others. This chapter explores what those EU member states that are closer to doing their fair share should do when facing responsibility shirking by other fellow member states. Do they have a duty to take up the slack until effective protection is granted to the greatest number of refugees? Is this duty enforceable and on what basis? Finally, how should these states respond to the risk that their willingness to bear a greater burden will be taken advantage of by responsibility-shirking member states?
NOT ALL SCIENTISTS SHOULD BE THE SAME!
Authors: Donald Athene
Published: May 2023

There are many ways in which people do science, or contribute to it. That applies to women just as much as to men. Different skillsets are required for different roles and we need to leave behind the outdated trope of a lone man in a white labcoat who represents ‘a scientist’. Diversity of roles is as important as diversity of background and thought in the scientific endeavour. Modern science is more often about team working than done by a lone genius. It is often interdisciplinary in nature, crossing the standard silos in which early exams are sat. A scientist may be interested in knowing a great deal about a narrow area, or have insight across an extensive range of topics. They most certainly are not only to be found in a research laboratory, but also in museums and on the media talking about their science, as well as in industry. Ideally there would be more of them to be found in the policy arena, given how many political decisions are rooted in scientific issues. Representation of scientists in the media, and messages given to schoolchildren about science and careers in science, would benefit from a much more well-rounded narrative about what scientists do and the different skillsets that are required.
BECOMING A SCIENTIST
Authors: Donald Athene
Published: May 2023

Science, like scientists, comes in many forms, and career paths are not all identical. Every scientist has to find the problem that suits them and the path through the challenges they are bound to face. Luck is likely to play a role, as well as determination and perseverance to overcome the inevitable moments of failure. Curiosity, the desire to know more, is a vital ingredient. However, impostor syndrome may assail the individual and it is necessary to find ways to move beyond that lack of confidence. Finding mentors and sponsors to provide advice and support can make an enormous difference to building this and hence progression. Modern STEM is done in teams more often than not, and finding good collaborators can also play a part in success. Evidence suggests that all these facets may actually be harder for women to achieve than for men due to the way our society operates.
Introduction
Authors: McAleer John
Published: May 2023

This chapter sets out the chronological, conceptual, geographical, and thematic contours of the book, locating it in wider historical and historiographical contexts and reflecting on the nature and scope of the evidence available to historians. Many things changed over the lifetime of the East India Company: diplomatic allegiances and political alliances, economic relationships and commercial connections, and military matters and strategic imperatives all underwent significant shifts and realignments. But prevailing currents and wind patterns, combined with the limits of maritime and navigational technology, fixed sailing patterns through the Atlantic Ocean and defined the basic route of the voyage pursued by East Indiamen throughout the Age of Sail. The voyage was undoubtedly a ‘formidable undertaking’, and the ocean presented a daunting physical obstacle to be negotiated and overcome. But its islands, as well as the peoples and societies on its rim, the flora and fauna in its waters, and the cultural power of crossing its spaces, made the Atlantic a place of orientation, acclimatization, reorientation, preparation, experimentation, speculation, and deliberation.
Stopping Off
Authors: McAleer John
Published: May 2023

Islands and ports in the Atlantic offered new sights and familiar scenes at one and the same time. They brought British travellers into contact with European cultures, mores, and religion transplanted to insular Atlantic settings, and provided refuelling and revictualling stops. This chapter explores the ways in which visitors represented these places—at once ‘home’ and familiar, as well as distant and ‘other’—and how they interacted with their inhabitants, the practical and strategic value they ascribed to these places, and the lessons they drew from visiting them. It underscores the importance of rival European empires in facilitating the expansion and consolidation of the British Empire.
Introduction
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

The Introduction explains key theoretical and methodological tools that guide this book’s research in its engagement with comparative literature, classical reception, Latin American studies, history, feminist theory, political philosophy, and theater and performance history. It elucidates the rationale for constructing a corpus of Latin American Antígonas (seventy-nine in this book), seen as vernacular plays establishing intra-American dialogues. A political understanding of regional vernaculars, finding local histories embedded in texts, and homegrown terminology are favored over colonial protocols that mechanically compare fragments of Greek culture appearing in neocolonial territories with ancient or modern European texts, deracinating local production. Different ways of thinking about colonial legacies are revealed through engagement with the cultural politics of empires other than the British. Local terms such as cultural cannibalism and heterogeneity, as well as the author’s uses of rumination, quilting, and strategic classicism, are explained. This means writing from, and not about, Latin America, understood as a geopolitical, rather than geographical, category. The Introduction summarizes the surprising transnational patterns found in the corpus, such as Antígona’s characterization as a political mother in charge of the nation’s dead offspring; her increasing multiplication as a female collective desiring systemic social change; and a political discourse about the neocolony that the author qualifies as the “Antígonal paradigm of politics.”
For the People, By the People, With the People Félix Morisseau-Leroy’s 1953 Vodou Antigòn an Kreyòl
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 focuses on the Haitian national quest in the 1950s to recover its African roots in the face of the elites’ centuries-old Francophilia, through the study of Félix Morisseau-Leroy’s Antigòn an Kreyòl (1953). The chapter argues that this Haitian drama rethinks the legacy of the Haitian revolution, national identity, and modernization in Haitian terms. The play was paramount in the struggle to legitimize Haitian Creole and Vodou religion as the language and culture of the African enslaved peoples who, in the playwright’s eyes, made Haiti’s independence possible. Through Antigòn’s character the play recovers the revolutionary ideals, along the lines of the most radical of revolutionary leaders: Jean-Jacques Dessalines. The play shows the deepest heterogeneity in this book’s corpus: its gods are neither Greek nor Christian but belong in the Vodou pantheon; its audience was only briefly the middle class in the capital city, before the play was taken to the peasantry across the country. The chapter explains how the play quilts a Vodou ceremony and Greek tragedy by transforming Antigòn into a Vodou goddess who, married in heaven, will give eternal life.
Finale
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

Chapter 8, the Finale, presents a panoramic view of a surprising twenty-first-century flurry of Antígona plays featuring female collectives, staging the struggle against gendered violence and the combination of necropolitics with neoliberalism that characterizes the current state of capitalism in the Global South. The chapter argues that in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, Antígona plays have shared the spirit of “gender revolution” making headlines across the globe and identifies two other trends: a focus on Ismene and the implausible comedic version of Antígona. The chapter comments briefly on plays such as Daniel Fermani’s “Trans Antígona Sexual” (Argentina, 2000); Jorge Huertas’s AntígonaS: Linaje de hembras (Argentina, 2001); Juan Carlos Villavicencio’s Antígona (Chile, 2002); Marianella Morena’s and Volker Lösch’s Antígona Oriental (Uruguay, 2012); Rogelio Orizondo’s Antigonón: un contingente épico (Cuba, 2012); Gabriela Ynclán’s Podrías llamarte Antígona (Mexico, 2009); Sara Uribe’s Antígona González (Mexico, 2012); and Jesús Eduardo Domínguez Vargas’s Río arriba, río abajo: Antígona en el puente cantando (Colombia, 2014), among others. It then studies in more detail Mexico and Colombia, especially through Mexican Perla de la Rosa’s (2004) Antígona, las voces que incendian el desierto and its treatment of feminicide at the border city of Juárez, and through Colombian Carlos Satizábal’s 2014 Antígonas: Tribunal de mujeres and its treatment of the Colombian six-decade-long armed conflict. The chapter adds a coda, which serves as a meditation on the book’s salient discoveries about the cultural cannibalization and rumination of Antígona in Latin America, through a reading of Chilean Rubén Morgado’s 2016 Antígona insomne.