bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive Advantage: Moving Ahead of the Global Competition: Private Sector Priorities for Trade Facilitation in the CAFTA-DR Region
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

This report is the result of a joint project between the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), through its Integration and Trade Sector (INT), and the Association of American Chambers of Commerce in Latin America's (AACLAA) secretariat at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce (USCC). Aiming to contribute to CAFTA-DR authorities' efforts to identify trade facilitation challenges and solutions, these institutions, independently and in the context of the IDB-USCC Memorandum of Understanding, developed a survey and conducted focus groups on trade facilitation priorities in the CAFTA-DR region, aiming to refine and consolidate private sector recommendations to governments. Based on the issues identified through these joint efforts, this report recommends a series of measures that would have a positive and sizable impact on the flow of goods and services in the CAFTA-DR region.
The Imperative of Innovation: Creating Prosperity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

This document reviews the conditions for innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean and tackles the question of how innovation and technology can contribute to creating increased prosperity in these countries. The document is a contribution from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) to the process of policy dialogue and identification of priorities to boost cooperation in science, technology and innovation between the European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean. Europe has historically played a major role in the development of science, technology and higher learning in Latin America and the Caribbean. The aim of this document is to serve as the basis for a discussion of expanded opportunities for collaboration between the two regions.
Best Practices for Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP): Experiences from Latin America and the Caribbean and Selected Countries
Authors: García Zaballos Antonio , Jeun Inkyung
Published: March 2024

Modern society cannot evolve and operate without critical infrastructures, most of which have become dependent of internet connectivity for a variety of information management, communications, and control functions. In many cases, information and communications technology has become all-embracing, connecting other infrastructures referred to as critical information infrastructure. The increased interdependency has made critical infrastructure particularly vulnerable to natural hazards, technical problems, cyber-attacks, and terrorism. The topic of critical information infrastructure protection thus is attracting increasing attention and is progressively considered to be an integral part of national sustainability strategies. This publication delivers best practices on this topic derived from case studies and the status quo in the region and proposes recommendations for the further development of a delineated framework.
Analysis of Agricultural Policies in Belize
Authors: De Salvo Carmine Paolo , Valdés Alberto , Martel Pedro , Foster William
Published: March 2024

This monograph provides a review of current protection measures for agricultural and food products in Belize. The document offers details on the following key indicators of support and protection (or disprotection) for several agricultural products: nominal rates of protection (NRPs), effective rates of protection (ERPs), and the total support estimates (TSE) that includes government spending on agricultural programs that are not included in the protection measures.
La economía del cambio climático en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
Authors: Arenas Juan C. , Pereira Mauricio , Ludeña Carlos E. , Samaniego Joseluis , Valencia Horacio , Ontiveros Mollinedo Miguel Ángel , De Miguel Carlos , Mamani Paco Rubén , Jai Vidaurre Prem , Calvo Cárdenas Nashira , Martínez Karina , Machicado Carlos Gustavo , Sanchez-Aragon Leonardo , Molina Tejerina Oscar Jorge , Jemio M. Luis Carlos , Andrade Marcos F. , Andersen Lykke E.
Published: March 2024

En este informe se presenta un análisis exhaustivo de los efectos del cambio climático en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia y se analizan los impactos anuales desde 2000 hasta 2100 en los sectores donde se esperan repercusiones significativas. El análisis muestra la distribución esperada de los impactos climáticos en los sectores de agricultura, biodiversidad, recursos hídricos, energía hidroeléctrica, salud e infraestructura, con una visión geográfica que considera la alta heterogeneidad que presenta el país. Estas estimaciones están basadas en cálculos a nivel municipal, lo que permite tomar en cuenta la gran heterogeneidad existente en el país. Asimismo, se proponen diversas medidas de adaptación y mitigación en los sectores analizados. En el estudio se calculan los efectos previstos sobre la estructura socioeconómica para cada año en el futuro, tomando en cuenta varios probables cambios en el país durante las próximas décadas, tales como el aumento de la población, el crecimiento económico, la expansión de la infraestructura pública y privada, la migración rural-urbana, la transición demográfica y los aumentos en los niveles educativos, entre otros. El presente documento fue coordinado por Carlos Ludeña y Leonardo Sánchez-Aragón (BID), y por Carlos de Miguel, Karina Martínez y Mauricio Pereira (CEPAL), con los aportes del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas, el Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo y el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.
Impactos económicos del cambio climático en Colombia: Análisis costo-beneficio de medidas de adaptación
Authors: Ludeña Carlos E. , Álvarez Andrés , Calderón Silvia , Romero Germán , Ordóñez Daniel A. , Duque Ángela , Sanchez-Aragon Leonardo , Pava Margarita , Suárez Fabiola , Estupiñán Sandra
Published: March 2024

En el marco del estudio de Impactos Económicos del Cambio Climático de Colombia (EIECC) se identificaron medidas y políticas de adaptación para disminuir los impactos o aprovechar las oportunidades generadas por el cambio climático. Con el propósito de dar continuidad a las evaluaciones relacionadas con la economía del cambio climático y los impactos sociales del mismo, se evidencia la necesidad de contar con insumos para priorizar medidas de adaptación al cambio climático. Este documento contiene un análisis costo-beneficio de medidas de adaptación identificadas en el sector forestal, ganadero y de recursos hídricos en el EIECC. El análisis costo beneficio tiene como propósito brindar información a los tomadores de decisiones para que en las regiones del país se implementen acciones de adaptación, en torno a disminuir la vulnerabilidad asociada al cambio climático con base en los resultados a nivel de cada uno de los sectores analizados.
Integración eléctrica centroamericana: Génesis, beneficios y prospectiva del Proyecto SIEPAC: Sistema de Interconexión Eléctrica de los Países de América Central
Authors: Echevarría Carlos , Jesurun-Clements Nancy , Mercado Díaz Jorge Enrique , Trujillo Carlos
Published: March 2024

En 2016 se cumplieron veinte años de la firma del Tratado Marco del Mercado Eléctrico de América Central (1996) por los Presidentes de las seis naciones del Istmo Centroamericano, así como cuarenta años desde la entrada en operación de la primera interconexión eléctrica entre dos países del istmo (Honduras y Nicaragua en 1976). Por este motivo el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ha desarrollado esta publicación, cuyo objetivo es presentar en forma integrada y coherente el proceso de integración eléctrica centroamericana desde sus inicios, analizando sus logros y beneficios hasta la fecha y contemplando las perspectivas de desarrollo futuro hacia mayores niveles de integración. La publicación provee evidencia de la conveniencia económica de la integración eléctrica regional, y de la equidad y simetría del proceso con respecto a los países participantes y a sus agentes, tanto públicos como privados. Se examina la evaluación económica de diferentes niveles de integración eléctrica en América Central, complementado con el análisis de la viabilidad institucional y política de implementar dichos niveles de integración, estudiando los beneficios y costos y las barreras de diferente tipo que pueden dificultar la progresión y consolidación de dicho proceso.
Identificación y Priorización de Acciones Nacionales Apropiadas de Mitigación (NAMA) en los Sectores de Agricultura, Transporte y Eco-fogones en Honduras
Authors: Zelaya Suyapa , Ludeña Carlos E. , Dannecker Christian , Grütter Jurg , Salomon Mateo , Cocco Manuel
Published: March 2024

El documento resume la identificación y el análisis de las medidas y acciones de mitigación en el sector de agricultura, transporte y ecofogones que tuvieran el mayor potencial de reducción de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) y los mayores beneficios para el desarrollo sostenible que pudieren ser desarrollados como Acciones Nacionales Apropiadas de Mitigación (NAMAs por su sigla en inglés). El documento presenta la metodología que se aplicó para la identificación y priorización de las opciones de mitigación y la definición de la lista larga de las NAMAs potenciales en los sectores de transporte y agricultura y el programa nacional de estufas eficientes, y resume los resultados del análisis cualitativo y del taller nacional de priorización de las NAMAs, a través de los cuales se han definido las cinco NAMAs potenciales propuestas. El documento incluye las fichas de diseño preliminar de las cinco NAMAs priorizadas en los sectores de transporte, agricultura y eco-fogones. El presente trabajo se enmarca en el apoyo del BID a la Secretaría de Energía, Recursos Naturales, Ambientes y Minas de Honduras (MiAmbiente) en la identificación, formulación y desarrollo de NAMAs.
Impactos económicos del cambio climático en Colombia: sector forestal
Authors: Ludeña Carlos E. , Álvarez Andrés , Calderón Silvia , Romero Germán , Ordóñez Daniel A. , Giraldo Yuliet P. , Duque Ángela , Sánchez Aragón Leonardo , Orrego Sergio A. , Orozco Daniel , Hernández Luis , Restrepo Héctor I. , Obando Diego , Riaño Nestor M.
Published: March 2024

El cambio climático amenaza la supervivencia, biodiversidad, estructura y distribución de los bosques naturales así como el crecimiento y productividad de las plantaciones forestales. En Colombia existe un área en plantaciones forestales de 405 mil hectáreas la cual se incrementa a una tasa de 15.000ha/año. Usando el Modelo de Crecimiento y Captura de Carbono de Especies Forestales en el Trópico (CREFT), se simula la producción biológica potencial de cinco especies y para tres zonas definidas como potenciales para desarrollo forestal en Colombia. La simulación se realiza tanto para un escenario base, como para escenarios de cambio climático. Las simulaciones incorporan el efecto de la disponibilidad de agua y condiciones edáficas, mediante la consideración explícita del índice de sitio, que se emplea para la evaluación de la productividad de tierras forestales, y se mide como la altura de los árboles dominantes a una edad específica o indicadora. Los resultados sugieren que el cambio climático podría aumentar la producción biológica en la mayoría de las especies forestales estudiadas. En lo que respecta al análisis económico los resultados sugieren una disminución del turno financiero óptimo y un aumento de la rentabilidad asociada a este tipo de proyectos.
La evolución de la política nacional logística en Colombia y el apoyo del BID
Authors: Pinto Ayala Ana María , Montanez Leopoldo , Gómez Gélvez Julian , Granada Isabel
Published: March 2024

Este informe contiene los resultados de la síntesis y evaluación del Programa de Apoyo a la Política Nacional Logística.
Desafíos del transporte ferroviario de carga en Colombia
Authors: Champin Jorge , Rodríguez Manuel , Kohon Jorge , Cortés René
Published: March 2024

Este documento tiene como objetivo identificar los desafíos de la actividadferroviaria de carga en Colombia y el conjunto de acciones y políticas públicas para lograr su crecimiento, diversificando de esta forma la matriz de transporte del país.
Avances y retos en la formación para el trabajo en Colombia
Authors: Rosas-Shady David , González-Velosa Carolina
Published: March 2024

Este documento examina el sistema de formación para el trabajo en Colombia. Su definición de formación para el trabajo incorpora distintasmodalidades que se ofrecen actualmente en el país. En primer lugar, contempla la formación que se ofrece en el sistema de educación formal, a través de los programas de educación media técnica (en los dos últimos grados de la secundaria) y los programas de educación superior conducentes a títulos Técnicos y Tecnológicos (TyT). También contempla la oferta de programas de formación para el trabajo que están fuera del sistema formal de educación, como son los cursos de capacitación y los contratos de aprendizaje.
Profesionalización de la función pública en los estados de México
Authors: Sanginés Mario , Strazza Luciano
Published: March 2024

El presente documento, que es fruto del esfuerzo conjunto entre el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Foro Nacional de Profesionalización de México, contiene el diagnóstico y las oportunidades de mejora de diez sistemas estatales de gestión de recursos humanos (GRH) de México (Baja California, Campeche, Colima, Estado de México, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala y Yucatán). Estos estados representan un 35% de la población, tienen diverso desarrollo socioeconómico y se ubican en diferentes zonas geográficas del país. El análisis de estos sistemas se basa en la metodología de diagnóstico de servicios civiles diseñada por el BID (aplicada en toda la región desde 2004) y sigue la línea del libro "Una Década de Reformas de Servicio Civil en América Latina", publicado por el BID en 2014.
Experiencias de éxito en seguridad vial en América Latina y el Caribe: Factor institucional, legal y de control
Authors: Millares Enrique , Bustamante Claudia , Díaz Lourdes , Taddia Alejandro Pablo , De la Peña Elena
Published: March 2024

Este documento hace parte de una colección de 4 informes en los que se analizan las experiencias exitosas de la Seguridad Vial sobre los factores: humano, infraestructura, vehículo y legal, desarrolladas en los últimos años en América Latina y el Caribe y un resumen ejecutivo con las principales conclusiones de cada factor. En el factor institucional, legal y de control, el criterio que se ha aplicado para que una actuación o iniciativa sea considerada como una "experiencia exitosa" ha sido: 1. Instituciones públicas y privadas que tengan una extensa trayectoria en actividades para mejorar la seguridad vial, aunque no sea posible cuantificar su impacto en términos de reducción de la accidentalidad. 2. Planes de seguridad vial, aunque en muchos casos no sea posible cuantificar su impacto en términos de reducción de la accidentalidad. 3. Creación de registros, sistemas de recopilación de datos y otras evidencias que permitan realizar un mejor control de la situación de la accidentalidad, aunque no se disponga de indicadores de éxito, se trata de iniciativas que sean necesarias en otros países. 4. Reformas legales especialmente dirigidas a mejorar la seguridad vial. 5. Otras experiencias que no se puedan encajar en los casos anteriores.
¿Cómo se redistribuyen los recursos públicos en República Dominicana?
Authors: Vásquez Madiery , Parodi Sandro , Carrasco Haydeeliz , García Emma
Published: March 2024

Previo a la implementación del Sistema Único de Beneficiarios (SIUBEN), primer sistema de focalización individual de la República Dominicana, los recursos de protección social no contributiva no estaban bien focalizados y su asignación seguía un patrón más bien regresivo. En este estudio se evalúa eldesempeño de la focalización para el periodo 2005-2014, a la luz de la implementación del SIUBEN. El principal objetivo es identificar potenciales mejoras logradas con la focalización individual, y además, delinear los desafíos pendientes de la protección social no contributiva. A grandes rasgos, el análisis muestra que: (i) la capacidad predictiva del Índice de Calidad de Vida (ICV) es buena, pero que existe un margen de mejora; (ii) las tasas de filtración y subcobertura del programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas (PTMC) son más altas que las de otros países de la región; (iii) la cobertura del PTMC es alta pero los montos de las transferencias son bajos como proporción del ingreso; (iv) los programas de protección social que utilizan la focalización individual son progresivos, sin embargo, esta progresividad ha venido diluyéndose durante el periodo de análisis, y (v) los programas focalizados han tenido efectos positivos en los niveles de pobreza y desigualdad en el corto plazo, a pesar de lo modesto de sus beneficios.
Vulnerabilidad al cambio climático de los sistemas de producción hidroeléctrica en Centroamérica y sus opciones de adaptación
Authors: Esquivel Maricarmen , Grunwaldt Alfred , Paredes Juan Roberto , Rodríguez-Flores Enrique
Published: March 2024

Centroamérica es una de las regiones más vulnerables al cambio climático. Dado que más del 50% de su generación eléctrica depende de las hidroeléctricas existentes al 2015, la seguridad energética de la región depende fuertemente de la cantidad de energía hidroeléctrica producible y, por lo tanto, del caudal disponible en sus ríos. A su vez, la región tiene un importante potencial aún sin explotar. Consecuentemente, la determinación de los posibles efectos del cambio climático sobre los caudales de los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos existentes, así como aquellos en planificación, resulta ser un ejercicio esencial para garantizar la confiabilidad y seguridad energética. Este informe presenta un resumen de la metodología, desarrollada con el aporte de las instituciones relevantes en la región, para determinar la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas de generación hidroeléctrica al cambio climático e identificar posibles medidas de adaptación.
Évaluation des systèmes de pompage d'eau: Guide pour la feuille de calcul
Authors: Rosas Ramón , Pedraza Arturo
Published: March 2024

Dans le cadre de la coopération technique de la Banque interaméricaine de Développement (BID) « Energy Efficiency for Caribbean Water and Sanitation Companies » (Efficacité énergétique pour les compagnies des eaux et d'assainissement des Caraïbes), l'Initiative pour l'énergie durable et le changement climatique (SECCI) de la BID a financé l'élaboration d'une méthodologie régionale visant à améliorer l'efficacité énergétique et la maintenance des compagnies d'eaux et d'assainissement. Cette méthodologie, élaborée par les cabinets de consultants Econoler et Alliance to Save Energy, se concentre principalement sur le rendement électromécanique des systèmes de pompage dans les Caraïbes. Elle comprend quatre documents : un manuel d'évaluation de l'efficacité énergétique, un manuel de maintenance, une feuille de calcul et un guide pour la feuille de calcul (le présent document).
Avaliação para sistemas de bombeamento de água: Guia para a folha de cálculo de eficiência energética
Authors: Rosas Ramón , Pedraza Arturo
Published: March 2024

Como parte de sua cooperação técnica Eficiência Energética em Empresas de Água e Saneamento no Caribe, a Iniciativa de Energia Sustentável e Mudança Climática (SECCI, da sigla em inglês) do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID) financiou o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia regional para melhorar a eficiência energética e a manutenção de empresas fornecedoras de serviço de água nos países da América Latina e do Caribe. Essa metodologia, desenvolvida pelas firmas de consultoria Econoler International e a Alliance to Save Energy, enfoca principalmente a eficiência eletromecânica dos sistemas de bombeamento de água no Caribe. Esta publicação apresenta um guia para a folha de cálculo. A folha de cálculo, um manual de avaliação da eficiência energética e um manual de manutenção para a avaliação dos sistemas estão também disponíveis no portal de publicações.
A nova geração de políticas de desenvolvimento produtivo: Sustentabilidade social e ambiental
Authors: Magalhães Walsey de Assis , Matos Marcelo G. Pessoa de , Silva Maria Lussieu da , González Urrutia Cristian M. , Maia Ana Christina , Rivas Gonzalo , Bitran Colodro Eduardo , Caporali Renato , Sanhueza Ramiro , Pietrobelli Carlo , Cassiolato José Eduardo , Sutz Judith , Nadvi Khalid , Podcameni Maria Gabriela , Lastres Helena M. M. , Maggi Campos Claudio , Sturgeon Timothy J. , Garcez Cristiane , Chaves Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Rodrigues , Becker Bertha K. , Kaplan Barbosa Eduardo , Cordeiro Ariela Diniz , Arocena Rodrigo , Lemos Cristina , Saldias Rodrigo , Arroio Ana Carolina Machado , Apolinário Valdênia , Rasiah Rajah , Stevenson Claudia , Dutrénit Gabriela , Canddotti Ennio , Kosacoff Bernardo , Sachs Ignacy , Ramos Carlos , Araujo Alexandre Guerra de , De Groote Roberto , Soares Maria Clara Couto , Laplane Mariano Francisco
Published: March 2024

O conjunto dos capítulos deste trabalho aponta e elabora importantes alternativas de política capazes de retomar e sustentar novas formas desenvolvimento apropriadas, coesas e duradouras. Ao mesmo tempo, instiga e mobiliza reflexões sobre a relevância, tanto de aprendermos e acumularmos conhecimentos com experiências passadas, como de sermos capazes de vislumbrar novas possibilidades, modelos e instrumentos de políticas.
Pathways to China: The Story of Latin American Firms in the Chinese Market
Authors: Kahn Theodore , Estevadeordal Antoni
Published: March 2024

Trade between Latin America and China has grown at an annual average rate of 25 percent since 2000, driven primarily by strong complementarity between the two economies. While commodities-for-manufacturing trade continues to be the dominant feature of the economic relationship, a number of LAC multinationals have undertaken major investments in China, staking a claim to its fast-growing market. These investments, while small, hold the potential to diversify and add value to the region's economic links with China. This report takes a closer look at Latin American firms that have successfully entered the Chinese market. The focus is on the how: how did firms first explore opportunities in China, how did they gain an initial foothold in the market, and how did they overcome the challenges of doing business in a geographically and culturally distant setting? To answer these questions, we analyzed a sample of 85 major Latin American multinationals with a direct presence in China. The results allow us to propose a basic typology of four categories of LAC firms in China, distinguished by their motivations, activities, and strategies in the country. This work was prepared for the China-LAC Business Summit 2012, organized jointly by the IDB, the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, the People's Bank of China, and the Government of Hangzhou municipality (Hangzhou, China, October 17-18, 2012).
Science, Technology, and Innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Statistical Compendium of Indicators
Authors: Zuñiga Pluvia , Navarro Juan Carlos , Crespi Gustavo
Published: March 2024

The advent of the knowledge society has highlighted the growing importance of innovation and intellectual assets as sources of competitiveness and long-term economic growth. This book examines human capital and financial inputs into innovation systems, scientific and innovation outputs, innovative behavior by firms, the links between changes in economic structure, technological intensity, and growth, institutional development and public policy, and the status of one key crosscutting and enabling technological revolution: information and communication technology.
The Role of National Development Banks in Catalyzing International Climate Finance
Authors: Serra Lucila , Smallridge Diana , Buchner Barbara , Gomes Lorenzo José Juan , Trabacchi Chiara , Netto Maria
Published: March 2024

Significant investments are needed to support the global transition to a low-carbon, climate resilient future. Current finance flows fall short of global financing needs, and massive scaling up is needed to unlock additional financial resources and foster a sustainable investment pathway. Overcoming barriers to private sector investments is critical, and international climate finance can play a catalytic role in this regard. National development banks (NDBs) have a unique role in this context, both complementing and catalyzing private sector players. This publication discusses the unique role that NDBs could play in scaling up private financing for climate change mitigation projects through the intermediation of international and national public climate finance in their respective local credit markets and the conditions that would be needed for them to be most effective. It draws from experiences in international climate finance and best practices, processes, and products of NDBs within the Latin American and Caribbean region.
Innovations LIVE: Effective solutions to the climate challenge in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: March 2024

Innovation can come in different forms, from processes to using different materials, to taping into new sources of financing, all of these choices made hoping to achieve a different outcome. Whether the outcome is to encourage more people to take action through community engagement or to increase a country's energy security by diversifying the energy matrix, innovation serves as a positive force for change. Innovation creates ideas, exciting exchange of lessons among teams, enabling a virtuous cycle of creation and learning that takes us to a better tomorrow. That is the underlying philosophy the IDB has adopted, and the work on climate is no exception.
Rapid Urbanization and Development: Latin America and China Summit
Authors: Libertun de Duren Nora Ruth
Published: March 2024

The People's Republic of China (China) and countries in Latin America face similar challenges in their cities. Their convergence is a consequence of the speed at which they have become urbanized. Although in China urbanization has occurred later, faster, and more massively than in Latin America, both cases imply a large migration of rural inhabitants to urban areas. In China and Latin America, the move to urban centers has meant significant social and economic improvement for the migrating population. In parallel, there has been a significant increase in the demand for urban services, often beyond the capacity of national and subnational governments. This publication is a summary of the presentations at the first Latin America-China Policy and Knowledge Summit relating to the impacts of rapid urbanization and national prosperity, held in Lima, Peru, on July 15-16, 2014, and co-organized by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Ministry of Housing, Construction, and Sanitation of Peru, and Inter-American Development Bank.
Toward a National Framework of Lifelong Learning in Mexico
Authors: Morán Tzitzi , Ricart Consuelo , Kappaz Christina
Published: March 2024

This paper seeks to provide insight into the opportunities and challenges ahead for Mexico to consolidate a lifelong learning policy framework, building on the progress and avant garde approach adopted by the country with regard to forging a competency-based education model - a model that already encompasses job skills, academic competencies, and employability skills.
Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean: Striving for a Diverse and Dynamic Relationship
Authors: Mesquita Moreira Mauricio , Estevadeordal Antoni
Published: March 2024

For Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), Asia has gone from an afterthought to a centerpiece of economic relations over the last decade. Seemingly out of nowhere, fast-growing Asian economies became major trade partners, snapping up the region's mineral and agricultural exports at a breathtaking pace, while providing a steady stream of low-cost manufactures and consumer products to its expanding domestic markets.
Moving Ahead: Recertification and Exit Strategies in Conditional Cash Transfer Programs
Authors: Medellín Nadin , Ibarrarán Pablo , Stampini Marco , Villa Juan Miguel
Published: March 2024

This monograph reviews the processes used by conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to recertify beneficiaries for services or classify them as ready to leave the programs. Most countries have attempted recertification to identify beneficiaries who are no longer poor and/or to increase the efficiency of the program when a new targeting mechanism is developed. Until recently however, in part because of high political costs, recertification has been slow and only sometimes followed by program exit. Brazil represents an exception, as all beneficiaries must be recertified every two years as a condition for remaining in the program, and municipalities receive financial incentives to support timely recertification. Many countries that have introduced income-generating initiatives to promote both wage employment and self-employment among CCT recipients have placed participants¿ overcoming poverty high on the policy agenda. However, there are no rigorous impact evaluations on the effectiveness of these initiatives, which in any case have only reached a negligible share of CCT beneficiaries. We review the experience of welfare-to-work reforms in high-income countries and extract some lessons that may be useful for LAC countries implementing a CCT.
Lights On?: Energy Needs in Latin America and the Caribbean to 2040
Authors: Balza Lenin , Serebrisky Tomás , Espinasa Ramón
Published: March 2024

Energy is essential in our daily life. The world we know and live in today simply cannot function without it. This report intends to answer how much energy is likely to be needed in countries across the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) through 2040? We estimate region-wide total primary energy demand to be at least 80% higher than present day levels. We anticipate some gains in efficiency across economies region-wide. Considering the region as a whole, LAC will have reduced energy intensity by more than 17% by the end of the projection period. On the electricity side, regional power needs are projected to grow by more than 91% through 2040, reaching over 2,970 TWh - growing at an average annual rate of 2.4%. Keeping the lights on for everyone means that the region will need to add nearly 1,500 TWh to meet its additional electricity requirements. This report is meant to provide a basis for understanding future energy demand in Latin American and the Caribbean countries.
What Do We Know about Investment and Saving in Latin America and the Caribbean?
Authors: Margot Diego , Serebrisky Tomás , Suárez-Alemán Ancor , Ramirez Maria Cecilia
Published: March 2024

This paper examines saving and investment in LAC. The first section briefly reviews the literature on the relationship between saving and investment and the impact of investment on growth. The second section examines investment in LAC. The third section describes both foreign and national saving. The fourth section tries to identify the direction of causality between saving and investment in the region and takes on the question of whether national saving should be stimulated in order to generate more investment. The last section summarizes what LAC needs to do to spur growth.
Transforming Remittances into Savings and Investments: The Case of Bancolombia and the Financial Inclusion of Remittance Recipient Families in Colombia
Authors: Jaramillo María
Published: March 2024

The present case study analyzes Bancolombia's business practices related to facilitating access to financial products among remittance recipients in Colombia and Colombian migrants abroad. It outlines how these practices came about and how they created an environment or functioning ecosystem that fostered financial inclusion. The study also highlights the main results obtained with these practices. The report concludes with Bancolombia's perspectives and plans for the future, as well an overview of the continuing challenges it faces and opportunities it perceives in the remittance market.
Environment and Biodiversity: Priorities for Protecting Natural Capital and Competitiviness in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: López Sancho José Luis , Cotta Jamie , Quiroga Ricardo , Corderi David , Banerjee Onil , Watkins Graham George , Perazza Maria Claudia
Published: March 2024

This work is divided in three parts. The first is an assessment of thepresent state of performance in the management of the environment and the natural capital of the region. This section will identify the primary threats to sustainability and the challenges that the region faces in order to overcome them. In the second section, we will analyze the policies that are necessary to achieve high environmental performance with a focus on governance, multisector mainstreaming, the participation of the private sector, and social inclusion. The study reviews the debate on trade offs between economic growth and the environment, showing that investing in physical infrastructure and economic development, while conserving the environment and natural capital, is a viable and smart sustainable development strategy. In fact, it is argued that the natural capital is itself a form of "ecological infrastructure" generating valuable goods and services that contribute to economic competitiveness, income generation, and better quality of life, especially for vulnerable groups. The study ends with a short section of conclusions.
Too Far to Export: Domestic Transport Costs and Regional Export Disparities in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Blyde Juan S. , Volpe Martincus Christian , Molina Danielken , Mesquita Moreira Mauricio
Published: March 2024

Driven by declining import tariffs, poor infrastructure and increasing specialization in transport-intensive goods, transport costs are arguably today's most formidable obstacles to trade in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). However, little knowledge is available on their trade impacts in the region, both behind and beyond the border. This study, which is part of a broader IDB research effort to fill this gap, assesses the role of domestic transport costs ("factory-to-port") in shaping the level and diversification of countries' overall and subnational exports. The subnational dimension is particularly important given that LAC's exports are heavily concentrated in a few municipalities. Resorting to a number of empirical strategies and using a novel database --which covers origin-destination and transport costs of municipal exports in five of the largest countries in the region (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru)--the study shows that lower transport costs can have a significant impact, particularly on those municipalities that export the least. For more Information please visit www.toofartoexport.com
Too Far to Export: Domestic Transport Costs and Regional Export Disparities in Latin America and the Caribbean (Executive Summary)
Authors: Blyde Juan S. , Volpe Martincus Christian , Molina Danielken , Mesquita Moreira Mauricio
Published: March 2024

Driven by declining import tariffs, poor infrastructure and increasing specialization in transport-intensive goods, transport costs are arguably today's most formidable obstacles to trade in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). However, little knowledge is available on their trade impacts in the region, both behind and beyond the border. This study, which is part of a broader IDB research effort to fill this gap, assesses the role of domestic transport costs ("factory-to-port") in shaping the level and diversification of countries' overall and subnational exports. The subnational dimension is particularly important given that LAC's exports are heavily concentrated in a few municipalities. Resorting to a number of empirical strategies and using a novel database which covers origin--destination and transport costs of municipal exports in five of the largest countries in the region (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru)--the study shows that lower transport costs can have a significant impact, particularly on those municipalities that export the least. For more Information please visit www.toofartoexport.com
Evaluation of Anti-Asthmatic and In Vitro Anti-Oxidant Potential of Tragia involucrata Linn
Authors: Thenmozhi M. , Marimuthu Gokul , Krishnaveni A. , Kumar T. Venkata Rathina , Muthukrishnan K.
Published: March 2024

The objective is to evaluate the in vivo anti-asthmatic and in vitro antioxidant potential of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Tragia involucrata (HAETI) on experimental animals. In vivo anti-asthmatic activity of HAETI was evaluated by Arachidonic acid-induced Leucocytosis and Eosinophilia in guinea pigs, Arachidonic acid-induced mast cell degranulation in guinea pigs, and Mast cell Degranulation studies. Parameters like hematological analysis, percentage protection against mast cell degranulation, and time of occurrence of Pre-Convulsion Dyspnea (PCD) were calculated as the end point of the study. Further sections of the lung were prepared for histopathology analysis. In addition, in vitro, anti-oxidant studies were carried out to determine the percentage of inhibition of HAETI on oxidative stress parameters. After the assigned treatment to the group of animals with HAETI showed normalized hematological parameters, the bronchodilatation effect was confirmed by a significant (p<0.001) increase in the latency time of Pre Convulsion Dyspnoea (PCD) and pre-treatment with HAETI in mast cell degranulation study showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in degranulation of mesenteric mast cell number. The histopathological analysis of lung sections showed a reduction of total histological score in HAETI-treated guinea pigs compared with the disease control group (p< 0.0001). Based on IC50 values from in vitro assays, the free radical scavenging property of HAETI was confirmed due to the presence of active phytoconstituents. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that Tragia involucrata could be effectively used in the treatment of asthma and justified with traditional claims of the plant.
Impact of Perinatal Arsenic Exposure on Amino Acid Neurotransmitters and Bioenergetics Molecules in the Hippocampus of Rats
Authors: Chandravanshi Lalit P. , Shukla Rajendra K. , Agrawal Prashant K. , Gupta Richa , Darwish Hany W.
Published: March 2024

Developmental neurotoxicity of Arsenic (As) is a major concern worldwide. High level As exposure is associated with several chronic diseases including adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, very a lack of information on its ability to impair neurodevelopment at lower exposure. To date, there are very few animal studies during the perinatal period of As exposure. Although exposure to As induces developmental neurotoxicity, there is a lack of data regarding its specific effects on amino acid neurotransmitters and bioenergetics biomolecules in the hippocampus of developing rats exposed to As during the perinatal period (GD6-PD21). In continuation of previous studies, rats were exposed to As from gestational day (GD 6) through PD 21 with targeted doses of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg/day, respectively. HPLC-UV method was used to estimate the level of amino acid neurotransmitters (aspartate, glutamate, homocysteine, glutamine, serine, and glycine) and the level of Adenosine 5’-Triphosphate (ATP), Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) in the hippocampus of rats after the exposure of As. Amino acid neurotransmitter levels, a predictive biomarker of As-induced developmental neurotoxicity were found to be altered. ATP, ADP, and AMP were also significantly impaired in the hippocampus of As-exposed rats. We have observed that the hippocampus is susceptible to As toxicity, both because of the high energy depletion and the alterations in the levels of selected amino acid neurotransmitters. Taken together, our results indicate that perinatal As exposure appears to be critical and vulnerable.
Acute Toxicity Study of Hexane Extract of Sodhita Semecarpus anacardium L. Drupe in Wistar Albino Rats and its Prediction Using In-Silico Tool
Authors: Gopinath P. , Arunadevi R.
Published: March 2024

Semecarpus anacardium L. belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. Its drupe is widely used in Ayurvedic formulations after sodhana processing as it is listed under Schedule E1 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940. In this study, sodhita Semecarpus anacardium L. drupe was extracted with n-hexane and the yield was found to be 56%. The extract was subjected to GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis and its characteristics were studied using an in silico tool. Acute oral and dermal toxicity studies were performed on the Wistar albino rats as per the OECD 425 and 402 guidelines respectively. The GCMS data revealed the presence of C13H18O3 (m/z: 222.1) with an abundance of 93.63%. The compound was predicted as potentially hazardous with a probable mutagenic category of ICH M7 class 3. An oxirane functional group of the compound was predicted to cause potent irritation properties to the eyes and skin with positive scores of 0.76 and 0.57 respectively. The LD50 was found to be more than the limit dose of 2000mg/kg body weight upon oral administration. Acute dermal exposure at a limited dose of 2000mg/kg body weight did not cause mortality. However, inflammatory responses started appearing within 48 hours of exposure. Histopathology revealed mild dermal oedema, mild fibrosis, dilated follicles hyperplasia etc. No changes were found in haematological parameters. Inflammation and dermal allergic reactions were completely self-healed by the end of 14 days. The results suggest that the oil portion of the sodhita drupe possesses the irritant properties of the Semecarpus anacardium. It might be due to the presence of the compound C13H18O3 with Oxirane as a functional group.
Estratégia educacional para a promoção do autocuidado entre idosos diabéticos assistidos na atenção primária à saúde
Authors: Silva Ayffa Alves da , Sousa Milena Nunes Alves de
Published: March 2024

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência quanto a realização de atividades educativas para promoção do autocuidado de idosos diabéticos. Métodos: Relato de experiência produzido em uma unidade básica de saúde no município de Santa Luzia- PB, baseado no arco da problematização de Maguerez com cinco fases: identificação da realidade, pontos chave, teorização, hipóteses de solução e aplicação à realidade. Com base na problematização principal da baixa aderência ao tratamento devido a falta de conhecimento sobre a doença. Resultados: A estratégia utilizada foi a conscientização da população e dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde acerca do problema. Empoderar pacientes diabéticos por meio de educação para o autocuidado resultou em melhor adesão ao tratamento, redução de complicações, melhor controle glicêmico e qualidade de vida. Ao focar no reforço do autocuidado, incluindo monitoramento regular da saúde e atividades físicas, aumentou-se a frequência dos pacientes nos serviços de saúde. O envolvimento comunitário e o planejamento contínuo ainda apoiam a jornada terapêutica dos pacientes diabéticos, promovendo a colaboração entre profissionais de saúde e agentes comunitários. Atividades como palestras direcionadas a pacientes idosos incentivaram o autocuidado e consultas regulares na unidade de saúde. Conclusão: É essencial uma abordagem integrada e personalizada, combinada com estratégias de prevenção e ações de saúde pública, para combater o desafio crescente do Diabetes Mellitus na população idosa.
Comparison of Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM) Algorithms Regarding The Popularity of Presidential Candidates In The Upcoming 2024 Presidential Election
Authors: Nurrizky Fadli , Dwiasnati Saruni
Published: March 2024

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of two classification algorithms, Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM), in analyzing the popularity of presidential candidates for the 2024 Presidential Election (Pilpres). The popularity of presidential candidates plays a crucial role in campaign strategies and political decision-making in the modern political era. This research utilizes data from social media, encompassing public sentiment towards presidential candidates and related political issues. The research results indicate that SVM achieves an accuracy rate of 97%, while Naive Bayes achieves 95%, demonstrating the superiority of SVM in predicting the popularity of presidential candidates. In conclusion, the selection of the appropriate algorithm for analyzing complex political data has a significant impact, and the high accuracy rates of both algorithms provide valuable guidance for political decision-makers and campaign teams in preparation for the upcoming 2024 Pilpres.
Video Annomaly Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Rachmatullah Muhammad Naufal , Sutarno Sutarno , Isnanto Rahmat Fadli
Published: March 2024

The use of surveillance videos is increasingly popular in city monitoring systems. Generally, the analysis process in surveillance videos still relies on conventional methods. This method requires professional personnel to constantly monitor and analyze videos to identify abnormal events. Consequently, the conventional approach is time-consuming, resource-intensive, and costly. Therefore, a system is needed to automatically detect video anomalies, reducing the massive human resource utilization for video monitoring. This research employs deep learning methods to classify anomalies in videos. The video anomaly detection process involves transforming the video into image format by extracting each frame present in the video. Subsequently, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is utilized to classify anomalous events within the video. Testing results using the CNN architectures DenseNet121 and EfficientNet V2 yielded performance accuracies of 87% and 75%, respectively. The testing results indicate that the DenseNet121 architecture outperforms the EfficientNetV2 architecture in terms of performance.
Rentowność i płynność finansowa przedsiębiorstw w kontekście programów rozwojowych gospodarki. Uwarunkowania Polskiego Ładu
Authors: Kochalski Cezary , Szutowski Dawid
Published: March 2024

Celem monografii jest rozpoznanie możliwości posługiwania się narzędziami analizy ekonomicznej przy ocenie rentowności i płynności finansowej przedsiębiorstw w kontekście programów rozwojowych gospodarki. W warstwie empirycznej publikacji odwołano się do uwarunkowań programu Polski Ład. W badaniach nad oddziaływaniem realizacji programów rozwojowych na kondycję finansową przedsiębiorstw sięgnięto zarówno do tradycyjnych metod analizy finansowej, jak i coraz powszechniej wykorzystywanych niedeterministycznych systemów uczących się, to jest sieci neuronowych. Zwrócono uwagę na potencjalny związek wdrożenia Polskiego Ładu z sytuacją finansową przedsiębiorstw, scharakteryzowano możliwości posługiwania się danymi mikro i makro przy ocenie rentowności i płynności finansowej przedsiębiorstw, zidentyfikowano związki między zmiennymi makroekonomicznymi a wymienionymi zjawiskami finansowymi oraz przedstawiono wyniki badania obejmującego lata 2003–2021. Publikacja dofinansowana ze środków budżetu państwa w ramach programu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki pod nazwą „Nauka dla Społeczeństwa”, nr projektu NdS/543640/2021/2022, kwota dofinansowania 12 000 zł, całkowita wartość projektu 699 200 zł.