bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Active and Stable Cu−Cd Bimetallic Oxides for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Mei Guoliang , Zhai Yanling , Guo Weiwei , Liu Doudou , Fang Zijian , Xie Guixian , Duan Zongxia , Lang Xianzhen , Zhu Zhijun , Lu Xiaoquan , Tang Jianguo
Published: November 2024

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) can produce value‐added chemicals such as carbon monoxide (CO) and multicarbon (C2+). However, the complex reaction pathways of CO2 electro‐reduction reaction (CO2RR) greatly limit the product selectivity and conversion efficiency. Herein, the Cu−Cd bimetallic oxides catalyst was designed and applied for the CO2RR. The optimized 4.73 %Cd‐CuO exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic CO2RR activity for selective CO production in H‐cell using 0.5 M 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6)/MeCN as electrolyte. The Faradaic efficiency of CO (FE(CO)) can be maintained above 90 % over a wide potential range of −2.0 to −2.4 V vs. Ag/Ag+. Particularly, the catalyst achieves an impressive FE(CO) of 96.3 % with a current density of 60.7 mA cm−2 at −2.2 V vs. Ag/Ag+. Furthermore, scaling up the 4.73 %Cd‐CuO catalyst into a flow cell can reach 56.64 % FE of C2+ products (ethylene, ethanol and n‐propanol) with a current density as high as 600 mA cm−2 steadily. The excellent CO2RR performance of the as‐synthesized 4.73 %Cd‐CuO can be mainly attributed to the introduction of CdO to improve the ability of CuO to activate CO2, the electronic interactions between Cu and Cd can boost the activation and conversion the key intermediates of CO2RR and ensure the continuous stability of the 4.73 %Cd‐CuO in electrolysis process.
Ag‐Catalyzed Cyclization‐Intermolecular Sulfinyl Group Transfer Cascade Reactions Enabling Enantioselective Synthesis of 4‐Sulfinylisoquinolines
Authors: Nakamura. Itaru , Kubota Keiryo , Tashiro Hiroki , Saito Yushiro , Terada Masahiro
Published: November 2024

N‐Sulfinylimines derived from ortho‐alkynylbenzaldehydes were efficiently converted into the corresponding 4‐sulfinylisoquinolines in good to excellent yields. The reaction proceeds via cyclization followed by intermolecular migration of the sulfinyl group from the nitrogen atom to the silver‐bound carbon of the resulting cyclized vinylsilver intermediate with the aid of either a counteranion or a nucleophilic species. Moreover, the Ag‐catalyzed reaction in the presence of quinidine acetate as a chiral nucleophilic cocatalyst yielded chiral isoquinolines with high enantioselectivities through a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT).
Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Cyanation/Diarylmethylation of Formamides: Construction of α‐Cyano Functionalized Tetra‐Substituted Olefins
Authors: Yuan Minjing , Li Zikang , Xu Weifeng , Xiong Biquan , Liu Yu , Liu Min , Tang Ke‐Wen , Zhu Longzhi
Published: November 2024

Comprehensive Summary

A copper‐catalyzed cyanation/diarylmethylation of formamides has been developed for the synthesis of α‐cyano functionalized tetra‐substituted olefins by utilizing para‐quinone methides (p‐QMs) and trimethylcyanosilane as functionalization sources. Various kinds of p‐QMs and formamides are well tolerated, delivering the desired products with 72%—94% yields, demonstrating broad functional group tolerance. Notably, the reaction does not require noble metals and proceeds regioselectively under mild conditions. Based on step‐by‐step control experiments, Hammett studies and DFT calculation, a plausible mechanism is proposed.
A Pleiotropic Nanomedicine Mitigates Splenic Hyperplasia, Ineffective Erythropoiesis, G6PDH Anomaly through Redox Buffering in Preclinical Mice Model
Authors: Das Monojit , Mondal Susmita , Ghosh Ria , Roy Lopamudra , Kumar Das Anjan , Sankar Bhattacharya Siddhartha , Pal Debasish , Bhattacharya Debasish , Chakrabarti Prantar , Kumar Mallick Asim , Kumar Kundu Jayanta , Kumar Pal Samir
Published: November 2024

Here, we present a pleiotropic nanomedicine—a smart, functionalized redox buffering nanoparticle—that may be used to treat hematological diseases, associated splenic hyperplasia, and issues related to restricted erythropoiesis. With a diameter of 5–7 nm, the spherical nanomaterial is made of manganese oxide and citrate. Here, we have produced the novel nanomaterial and, using cutting‐edge electron microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, extensively assessed its redox buffering potential in vitro with its structural integrity. Using an appropriate animal model (Phenylhydrazine, PHz, intoxicated C57BL/6J mice), we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of the redox buffering nanomedicine in the treatment of anemia and related consequences. We have further investigated the intricate molecular mechanism of the nanomedicine and its therapeutic impact, which includes increased erythropoiesis and G6PDH production, decreased inflammatory responses, mitigation of splenic hyperplasia, and synergistic intracellular redox buffering. To the best of our knowledge, our studies would find relevance in the innovative management of anemia, decreased erythropoiesis, and splenic hyperplasia.
Sorafenib or anthracycline‐based chemotherapy for progressive desmoid tumors
Authors: Costa Philippos Apolinario , Arora Arshia , Fernandez Yannelys , Yi Irvin , Bakkila Baylee , Tan Heng , Barreto Coelho Priscila , Campoverde Leticia , Hardy Nicole , Bialick Steven , Espejo Freire Andrea , D’Amato Gina Z. , Chang Yu‐Cherng Channing , Mesenger Jacob Peter , Subhawong Ty , Haims Andrew , Hurwitz Michael , Olino Kelly , Turaga Kiran , Deshpande Hari , Trent Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Background

Desmoid tumors can cause morbidity due to local invasion, potentially being fatal when fast growth compromises vital structures. In this context, a timely treatment response is required. This study aims to compare the activity of sorafenib and anthracycline‐containing regimens during the first year of treatment.

Methods

The authors conducted a multi‐institutional retrospective analysis of desmoid tumor patients treated with either sorafenib or an anthracycline‐containing regimen over 1 year. The primary end point was the overall response rate (ORR). The secondary end points were time to response (TTR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and adverse events.

Results

From 2005 to 2022, 80 patients received sorafenib and 51 received an anthracycline‐containing regimen with similar baseline characteristics. The 1‐year ORR was 37% for anthracycline and 13% for sorafenib (p = .016). Median best response was –9% (range, –73 to 51) for anthracycline and –4% (range, –69 to 126) for sorafenib. Median TTR was 5.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4–7.8) for anthracycline and 8.7 months (95% CI, 6.3–11.1) for sorafenib (p = .2). One‐year PFS was 73% (95% CI, 60–86) for anthracycline and 59% (95% CI, 47–71) for sorafenib (p = .3). Common grade 1–2 adverse events for sorafenib were hand‐foot syndrome (40%), diarrhea (25%), and fatigue (22%); for anthracycline, they were nausea (31%), fatigue (16%), and rash (14%). Grade 3 events were higher in the anthracycline group, 27% versus 14% (p < .05).

Conclusion

Anthracycline‐based therapy provided a greater 1‐year response rate than sorafenib but was associated with a higher rate of serious adverse events. Higher‐risk desmoid tumors, which need a more timely response, might benefit from anthracycline‐based therapies, whereas average‐risk tumors could benefit from sorafenib.
Semiconvexity estimates for nonlinear integro‐differential equations
Authors: Ros‐Oton Xavier , Torres‐Latorre Clara , Weidner Marvin
Published: November 2024

In this paper we establish for the first time local semiconvexity estimates for fully nonlinear equations and for obstacle problems driven by integro‐differential operators with general kernels. Our proof is based on the Bernstein technique, which we develop for a natural class of nonlocal operators and consider to be of independent interest. In particular, we solve an open problem from Cabré‐Dipierro‐Valdinoci. As an application of our result, we establish optimal regularity estimates and smoothness of the free boundary near regular points for the nonlocal obstacle problem on domains. Finally, we also extend the Bernstein technique to parabolic equations and nonsymmetric operators.
Substrate‐Induced Strain Upshot on the Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Trilayer MoS2
Authors: Mondal Sourav , Basak Durga
Published: November 2024

The characteristics of 2D layered MoS2 film are highly dependent on the substrate it is grown on which leaves us privileged to achieve unique and tunable properties. In this study, trilayer MoS2 films have been grown on fused quartz, crystalline quartz (z‐cut), sapphire (0001), and silicon (100) substrates. MoS2 film grows as freestanding on amorphous fused quartz, while it experiences an in‐plane tensile strain on the sapphire and silicon. Unprecedentedly we show that due to a large mismatch in the lattice parameter as well as in the thermal expansion coefficient, MoS2 grows with a significant compressive strain both along both in‐plane on the crystalline quartz. The developed strain causes an alteration in its electronic structure, causing a 30 meV blue shift in the photoluminescence peak and an increased band gap in addition to fewer sulphur vacancies. Comparatively, the film on sapphire having tensile strain along the in‐plane exhibits more sulphur vacancies increasing the electron density. The photoresponse time, photosensitivity, and charge separation distinctly vary for the MoS2 films depending on the substrates. This study underscores the influence of substrate on MoS2 film opening further research scopes on tunable properties owing to 2D layer‐substrate interactions.
Recent Progress of Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitors: Electrodes, Electrolytes and Practical Application
Authors: Wei Geng , Chen Ping , Wu Jinyu , Liang Yongfang , Li Jianghai , Huang Haifu , Lan Zhiqiang , Liang Xianqing , Zhou Wenzheng , Qing Peilin , Tang Shaolong
Published: November 2024

Flexible solid‐state supercapacitors (FSSCs) have garnered significant attention due to their advantages, including lightness, adaptability, enhanced safety, and extensive operational potential windows. These features make them highly suitable as energy storage devices for the next generation of portable and flexible electronics. The recent surge in the development and remarkable breakthroughs in novel wearable electronics have further propelled research into FSSCs. Nevertheless, several pressing issues need to be addressed in this field, including synthesizing flexible electrode materials with superior electrochemical energy storage capabilities, enhancing the physicochemical properties of solid gel polymer electrolytes, particularly in extreme environments, and ensuring effective contact between electrodes and gel electrolytes. This paper presents an overview of the latest advancements in FSSCs, focusing on electrode materials and electrolytes. Additionally, it delves into the current challenges and future prospects of FSSCs.
Generating iAstrocytes From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Combining Low‐Density Passaging of Neural Progenitor Cells and Transcription Factor NFIA Transdifferentiation
Authors: Bosco Patrick , Akcan Ugur , Williams Damian , Buchanan Heather M. , Agalliu Dritan , Sproul Andrew A.
Published: November 2024

Astrocytes are key regulators of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and their dysfunction is implicated in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we describe a two‐step protocol to generate astrocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a bankable neural progenitor cell (NPC) intermediate, followed by low‐density passaging and overexpression of the gliogenic transcription factor NFIA. A bankable NPC intermediate allows for facile differentiation into both purified neuronal and astrocyte cell types in parallel from the same genetic background, depending on the experimental needs. This article presents a protocol to generate NPCs from hiPSCs, which are then differentiated into hiPSC‐derived astrocytes, termed iAstrocytes. The resulting iAstrocytes express key markers of astrocyte identity at transcript and protein levels by bulk RNA‐Seq and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Additionally, they respond to the inflammatory stimuli poly(I:C) and generate waves of calcium activity in response to either physical activity or the addition of ATP. Our approach offers a simple and robust method to generate and characterize human astrocytes, which can be used to model human disease affecting this cell type. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Differentiation of hiPSCs to NPCs

Basic Protocol 2: Differentiation of NPCs into iAstrocytes

Support Protocol 1: Molecular validation of iAstrocytes

Support Protocol 2: Calcium imaging‐based validation of iAstrocyte function

Support Protocol 3: Differentiation of NPCs into neurons
Wild Ungulates and Cattle Have Different Effects on Litter Decomposition as Revealed by Fecal Addition in a Northeast Asian Temperate Forest
Authors: Hu Yongchun , Feng Jiawei , Wang Hongfang , Ge Jianping , Wang Tianming
Published: November 2024

Litter decomposition is critical for maintaining productivity and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Large herbivores play an essential role in determining the processes of nutrient cycling. Asian temperate forests are becoming degraded and fragmented by the widespread intensification of anthropogenic activities, including excessive livestock grazing. However, the effects of livestock grazing and wild ungulates on forest litter decomposition remain less explored. In this study, we used a litterbag experiment to investigate the effects of the addition of cattle (Bos taurus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) feces on litter decomposition. The study was conducted in Northeast China from July 2022 to October 2023. We found that the addition of deer feces significantly reduced litter decomposition, but the addition of cattle feces greatly increased litter decomposition. The presence of cattle and deer excrement significantly accelerated the release of C after 1 year of litter decomposition. Compared with the results of the control group (no addition of feces), the addition of cattle and sika deer feces increased C release by 37.45% and 22.69%, respectively. Fecal addition increased the release of N; however, for the three treatment groups, the maximum accumulation of N occurred in the middle of litter decomposition, which may have been due to the initial chemical quality of the leaves and snow melt as well as nutrient limitations at the sites. Compared with the results of the control group, P release in the feces of cattle increased by 4.35%, but P release in the feces of deer decreased by 27.55%. This work highlights that feces deposition by large herbivores (e.g., wild or domestic) in the forest has nonequivalent effects on litter decomposition. Such effects may further alter the nutrient cycling in temperate forest ecosystems, with far‐reaching effects on the ecosystem that deserve closer attention. We suggest that conservation managers should seek evidence‐based interventions to optimize livestock use of forest habitats shared with wildlife.
Transitions Into Freezing Environments Linked With Shifts in Phylogenetic Integration Between Vitaceae Leaf Traits
Authors: Parins‐Fukuchi Charles Tomo , Stull Gregory W. , Wen Jun , Beaulieu Jeremy M.
Published: November 2024

Understanding how the intrinsic ability of populations and species to meet shifting selective demands shapes evolutionary patterns over both short and long timescales is a major question in biology. One major axis of evolutionary flexibility can be measured by phenotypic integration and modularity. The strength, scale, and structure of integration may constrain or catalyze evolution in the face of new selective pressures. We analyze a dataset of seven leaf measurements across Vitaceae to examine how correlations in trait divergence are linked to transitions between freezing and nonfreezing habitats. We assess this by applying a custom algorithm to compare the timing of habitat shifts to changes in the structure of evolutionary trait correlation at discrete points along a phylogeny. We also explore these patterns in relation to lineage diversification rates to understand how and whether patterns in the evolvability of complex multivariate phenotypes are linked to higher‐level macroevolutionary dynamics. We found that shifts in the structure, but not the overall strength, of phylogenetic integration of leaves precipitate colonization of freezing climates. Lineages that underwent associated shifts in leaf trait integration and subsequent movement into freezing habitats also displayed lower turnover and higher net diversification, suggesting a link among shifting vectors of selection, internal constraint, and lineage persistence in the face of changing environments.
Insights Into the Ecology of a Widespread but Poorly Known Aerial Insectivore and a Theoretical Basis for Range Expansion Following Repeated Vagrancy Events
Authors: Ramírez‐Garofalo José R.
Published: November 2024

Over the course of the last two centuries, Northern Rough‐winged Swallows (Stelgidopteryx serripennis) have expanded their range across the North American continent but have remained a relatively poorly known species. In this paper, I discuss two aspects of their nature history that has received little attention. First, I document an instance of Northern Rough‐winged Swallows digging their own burrow, which was for the better part of the last century considered a behavior that was either lost or never occurred in the first place. Second, I review the natural history literature to document qualitative patterns evident in their expansion over the last two centuries. In doing so, I define three potentially useful concepts that can he applied to understand species' range shifts: an Expansion Chronology, which is a spatiotemporal map of a range shift; the concept of Vagrancy‐induced Range Expansion, where a species undergoes repeated movements outside of their typical geographic range (defined as vagrancy events), leading to the regular occurrence in a new region (e.g., regular overwintering or nonbreeding occurrences); and the concept of Vagrancy‐induced Long‐distance Dispersal, which is specifically expansion of a species' breeding range following repeated vagrancy events.
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Using a New Ru‐NAD Type Bis Carbonyl Complex
Authors: Ghosh Debashis , Kajiwara Takashi , Gotgi Nandini M , Tanaka Koji
Published: November 2024

A new ruthenium(II) NAD (NAD=Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) type bis‐carbonyl complex, [Ru(bpy)(pbn)(CO)2]2+ [pbn = 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)benzo[b]‐1,5‐naphthyridine; bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine] [1]2+, was successfully synthesized and fully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis, ESI‐MS, IR and NMR spectroscopy. Complex [1]2+ together with [Ru(bpy)(pbn)(CO)(COOH)]+ and/or [Ru(bpy)(pbn)(CO)(CO2)]0 complexes exist as equilibrium mixtures in aqueous solutions as evident from spectroscopic study. Chemical reduction of [1]2+ resulted the formation corresponding NADH form i. e., [Ru(bpy)(pbnHH)(CO)2]2+ (pbnHH = 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐5,10‐dihydrobenzo[b][1,5]naphthyridine) [1.HH]2+ as a two‐electron‐reduced species. The electrochemical behavior of complex [1]2+ in the presence of acid was investigated based on cyclic voltammetry analysis. A control potential electrolysis of [1]2+ afforded formate (HCOO−) as the major product with a lesser amount of CO and H2, whereas that of [Ru(bpy)2(CO)2]2+ complex produced CO as the main product with a lesser amount of HCOO− and H2. The experimental results suggest that the selectivity of HCOO− over CO should be due to catalytic hydride transfer from the NADH‐type ligands of [1]2+ to CO2.
Effect of Fat Composition on Allylic Proton Transverse Relaxation and J‐Coupling Evolution at 9.4 T
Authors: Bly Nathaniel , Carscadden Adam , Dehod Alexander , Tessier Anthony G. , Field Catherine J. , Yahya Atiyah
Published: November 2024

Transverse (T2) relaxation and J‐coupling evolution of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid allylic protons are investigated at 9.4 T as an indirect means of assessing fat composition. We hypothesize that the relative proximity of one allylic proton group to the methyl end of the fatty acid impacts the measures. A Point RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence was used for apparent (includes J‐coupling effects) T2 estimation. Spectra were acquired from oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, from edible oils, and from intraperitoneal adipose tissue of two groups of mice (n = 4 per group) randomized to a high or low ω‐3 diet. Apparent T2 values of 62, 106, and 220 ms were obtained for oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid allylic protons, respectively. For oils containing negligible linolenic acid, apparent T2 values correlated with linoleic acid contribution to total unsaturation (R2 = 1). For oils containing linolenic acid, a correlation with linolenic acid contribution to total unsaturation was found (R2 = 0.91). In animal experiments, the mean allylic apparent T2 in the group fed the high ω‐3 diet was 72.3 ms compared to 66.1 ms measured from the low ω‐3 diet group. Signal yield with an echo time (TE) of 130 ms results in an inverse correlation with relative linolenic acid content (R2 = 0.99) for the oils.
Xanthone Synthesis through Catalysis: Exploring the Green Limits of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Methods
Authors: Mendioroz Pamela , Casoni Andrés I. , Volpe María A. , Gerbino Darío C.
Published: November 2024

The transition from traditional stoichiometric methods to catalytic processes has significantly advanced the synthesis of xanthones, privileged structures with diverse biological activities. This review critically examines various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic methodologies, emphasising their efficiency, and adherence to green chemistry principles. Through comparative analysis of key metrics such as Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME), Process Mass Intensity (PMI), E‐factor, and Turnover Number (TON), we highlight the superior performance of heterogeneous catalysts, which demonstrate high reusability, selectivity, and minimal waste generation. The choice of solvent, a crucial factor in the environmental footprint of these processes, is also assessed, focusing on greener alternatives. The robust nature and economic viability of heterogeneous catalysts make them ideal for large‐scale applications, offering suitable solutions for more environmentally‐friendly xanthone production. Furthermore, the reduction in by‐products and the importance of catalyst purity in pharmaceutical applications are discussed, underscoring the relevance of these advancements in meeting the rigorous standards of the industry. This review provides valuable insights into the ongoing evolution of catalytic strategies in xanthone synthesis, driving future developments in medicinal chemistry and green chemistry.
Rapid‐Response and Portable Lead Ion Sensor Using Co/Pt/Si Schottky Heterojunction Without Reference Electrode
Authors: Tan Yue , Hui Chenbo , Li Gui‐fang , Luo Jiezhang , Yang Yongyi , Chen Yinghao , Gao Chuhan , Du Yongqian , Liu Shibin
Published: November 2024

Lead ions (Pb2+) are classified as highly toxic heavy metals that pose substantial threats to both human health and environmental integrity. Consequently, the sensitive detection of Pb2+, particularly at low concentrations, is imperative for the purposes of environmental surveillance and safeguarding public health. Here, we introduce a Co/Pt/Si Schottky heterostructure for a rapid, portable Pb2+ detection sensor. One electrode of the heterojunction serves as a Pb2+ probe, and sensor processing circuits are integrated. The Co/Pt thin films were deposited via magnetron sputtering on a Si(100) substrate, followed by heterojunction fabrication using semiconductor process technology. The sensor is functionalized with a glutathione‐modified gold electrode, leveraging the sulfur‐donor properties of cysteine in glutathione and the electron‐acceptor behavior of Pb2+. This interaction modulates the surface potential of the gold electrode, altering the current‐voltage rectification of the Co/Pt/Si heterojunction. A two‐terminal configuration enables current signal readout without reference electrodes. The sensor demonstrates a linear response to Pb2+ concentrations ranging from 1×10−8 to 1×10−3 mol/L, with high selectivity attributed to the affinity of glutathione for Pb2+. The key benefits are the simplicity of its fabrication process and its portability, which are enhanced by the integration of measurement circuitry. This makes the sensor a promising candidate for rapid, on‐site detection of heavy metal ions in applications related to health and environmental monitoring.
Investigation of mutagenicity of styrene in tumor target and non‐target tissues of transgenic Big Blue® mice
Authors: Gollapudi B. Bhaskar , Philp Karen , Weinberg Jeffrey T.
Published: November 2024

Styrene has been shown to induce lung tumors in mice, but not in rats. The current study investigated the potential role of genotoxicity as an initial key event in the mode of action for styrene‐induced lung tumors in mice. Transgenic male B6C3F1 Big Blue® mice were treated by oral gavage for 28 consecutive days with 0 (corn oil), 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day of styrene. The 300 mg/kg/day represented the tumorigenic dose in the oral gavage carcinogenicity study conducted in B6C3F1 mice. Following a 28‐day expression period, mutant frequencies were assessed at the cII locus of the transgene in the tumor target (lung) and non‐target tissues (liver, glandular stomach, and duodenum). Mice treated with N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (40 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage on Days 1, 2, and 3 of the study and sacrificed on Day 56 served as the positive control group. Genomic DNA was extracted from the selected tissues, processed for the recovery of the transgene into infectious phage, plated onto Escherichia coli strain G1250, and incubated at 37°C for titer determination or at 24°C for the selection of mutant plaques. There were no treatment‐related increases in mutant frequency in any of the tissues. The positive control group had a significant increase in the frequency of cII mutants assuring the adequacy of the experimental conditions to detect induced mutations. To conclude, mutagenicity is not considered a plausible initial key event in the mode of action for styrene‐induced mouse lung tumors as these data support that styrene is not an in vivo mutagen.
A method for segmentation of pebble images in the presence of shadows
Authors: Cattapan Alessandro , Gurini Alessia , Paron Paolo , Ballio Francesco , Franca Mário J.
Published: November 2024

The quantification of pebble shape has been of interest to geomorphologists for decades. Several authors developed parameters to describe pebble shapes from their images. The extraction of this information from images involves two steps: the segmentation of pebble contours and the application of a computational geometry algorithm to estimate shape parameters. When images are taken in the field, unavoidable shadows might hinder the possibility of using automatic segmentation methods. This paper introduces a new method for automatic segmentation of pebbles that improves segmentation accuracy in the presence of shadows. The method is based on the Canny edge detection algorithm which uses a double thresholding process to provide a classification of the strength of the detected edges. The proposed method applies this algorithm with an ensemble of thresholding values, estimating, for each pixel, the probability of being an edge. The resulting pebble contours were analysed using two computational geometry algorithms to obtain shape parameters. The algorithm was calibrated on a sample of five pebbles and then validated on a sample of 1696 pebbles. Its accuracy has been estimated by comparing the resulting shape parameters with those obtained using reference software, which was used as ground truth (GT). The proposed segmentation method was capable of accurately segmenting around 91% of the sample with a relative error for roundness of −1.7% and −0.4%; for elongation of −0.2% and −0.3% and for circularity of 0.2% and 0.1%, when shape parameters were computed using the algorithms of Zheng or Roussillon, respectively. The method could therefore be used to segment images of pebbles collected in the field with low contrast and shadowing, providing comparable accuracy with ‘manual’ segmentation, while removing operator bias.
New Euungulate Fossils from the Middle Siwalik Subgroup of the Potwar Plateau of Northern Pakistan
Authors: Ara Chaman , Yasin Riffat , Ishaq Hafiz M. , Naz Shakila , Sultana Tayyaba , Samiullah Khizar , Al‐Misned Fahad A. , Ullah Kifayait , Anderson Holly E. , López‐Torres Sergi , Abbas Asghar
Published: November 2024

This article provides a detailed taxonomic study of mammalian fossil fauna from five localities situated within the Middle Siwalik subgroup including the Nagri and Dhok Pathan formations in Punjab, Pakistan. Twenty‐three euungulate specimens comprised of isolated teeth, and maxillary and mandibular fragments, are described. This collection includes the bovid, Elachistoceras; a very rare faunal element in the Siwaliks of Pakistan, as well as Elachistoceras khauristanensis, Pachyportax latidens, Giraffa punjabiensis, Bramatherium grande, Merycopotamus dissimilis, Dorcatherium minus, Dorcatherium majus, Hippopotamodon sivalense, Sivalhippus theobaldi, Sivalhippus nagriensis and Brachypotherium perimense These fossil remains add important new insights into the taxonomy and diversity of Late Miocene mammal faunas of the Middle Siwaliks. The data is important for understanding the biogeographical and palaeoenvironmental history of the region. The characteristics of the fossils described in this study further support the currently hypothesised presence of a massive open land environment with variable wet and dry seasons alike to that of the current climate in Eurasia and Africa. The variable habitat niches of these co‐existing fauna also give further support to the supposition that there was a much more mixed array of palaeoenvironments ranging from a prevalence of woodland to expansive savannah territory during the deposition of Nagri and Dhok Pathan formations.
Assessing the Hydrological Response to Land Use Changes Linking SWAT and CA‐Markov Models
Authors: Ren Chongfeng , Deng Xiaokai , Zhang Hongbo , Yu Linghui
Published: November 2024

Land use change, as a major driving factor of watershed hydrological process, has a significant influence on watershed hydrological change. In addition, a series of hydrological models, as important tools for simulating hydrological impacts, are widely employed in studying land use change. However, when employing hydrological model to analyse the hydrological impacts of land use changes, most previous studies focused on the evolution of historical land use change and lacked reasonable predictions of future land use. Therefore, it is necessary to extend such studies to future scenarios to cope with possible future hydrological variations in the basin. Given this, this paper making the Wuwei section of Shiyang River Basin as the study area, coupled the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model for hydrological simulation with the CA‐Markov (cellular automata‐Markov chain) model for future land use prediction to analyse the regional hydrological effects caused by historical and future land use changes. In addition, the general CA‐Markov model directly uses a system‐generated suitability atlas. In contrast, this study applied logistic regression and Multi‐criteria evaluation (MCE) methods to construct the suitability atlas, thereby establishing the Logistic‐CA‐Markov and MCE‐CA‐Markov models. Based on the model results, the main results are as follows: (1) The land use in study area is mainly grassland and barren, accounting for more than 80%. Additionally, forest is changing at the highest rate among all land use types. (2) In terms of the percentage of grassland and forest, the future land use predicted by MCE‐CA‐Markov (Multi‐criteria evaluation‐cellular automata‐Markov chain) has the largest forest and grassland coverage (57.78%), whereas the future land use predicted by Logistic CA‐Markov has the lowest (54.69%), indicating that the former pays more attention to the sustainable development of ecological environment. (3) The study area's R2 = 0.83, NSE = 0.79, PBIAS = −18.6%, and validation R2 = 0.81, NSE = 0.76, PBIAS = −17.8% demonstrate the favourable application of the SWAT model. (4) Based on simulated runoff results under historical and future land use scenarios, the amount of increasing grassland and forest coverage in the study area would eventually rise water yield (WYLD) by increasing lateral runoff (LATQ), increasing subsurface runoff (GWQ), and reducing surface runoff (SURQ). The study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of land use change on regional water resources and water balance, thus guiding regional water resources management and sustainable development.
Contingency management for monosubstance use disorders: Systematic review and assessment of predicted versus obtained effects
Authors: Davidson Rosemarie M. , Traxler Haily K. , DeFulio Anthony , Redish A. David , Royle Jenna A. , Gass Hannah P.
Published: November 2024

Contingency management (CM) is notably successful as a substance use disorder treatment and is most effective when targeting monosubstance use. Evidence suggests the effects of CM exceed predictions based on the value of the incentives delivered for monosubstance abstinence. In this systematic review, we examine common variations of CM interventions applied to a single substance to determine what factors may contribute to the larger effect. Our results show that CM produced moderate to large effect sizes when single drugs were targeted, with stable effects over time. We also found that interventions targeting cocaine abstinence overwhelmingly outperformed their predicted effect, whereas interventions for smoking cessation did not. Thus, incentives alone may not account for the success of CM, at least when applied to stimulant use disorder. We propose other potential sources of the effect including social reinforcement and the specific parameters of the reinforcement schedule.
Simplified Flow Photosynthesis of Deuterium‐Labeled Pyocyanin
Authors: Lund Torben , Krake Niels Jacob , Hansen Poul Erik , Alatraktchi Fatima AlZahraa
Published: November 2024

Deuterium‐labeled pyocyanin was prepared from deuterium‐labeled phenazine methosulfate in gram scale by a simplified flow photosynthesis in water. The main product was the protonated red form of pyocyanin‐d3 (Pyo‐d3‐H+) in 85 % yield. Quantum chemical calculations of NMR support that nitrogen‐10 is protonated. The by‐products of the photolysis and the stability of the photolysis mixture were carefully characterized by LC‐MS and NMR. Four by‐products were identified: An isomer of pyocyanin‐d3 (9%), 8‐hydroxypyocyanin‐d3 (4%), 1‐hydroxyphenazine (0.4%), and phenazine (1%). The Pyo‐d3‐H+ product was stable in the photolysis solution after storage at 8°C for 2.5 years. Pure blue pyocyanin‐d3 powder was isolated from the red photolysis solution by the Surrey method in 94 % yield. The addition of the red photolysis solution of Pyo‐d3‐H+ (100 μM) and commercial pyocyanin (100 μM) to Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures showed the same growth curves demonstrating that the minor impurities in the photolysis solution do not affect the growth behavior of the bacteria. The protonated deuterium‐labeled pyocyanin may be used directly in biological experiments, which make the methodology extremely simple and useful for biologists.
Trends and Outcomes of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Clinical Stage T1 Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Koti Shruti , Standring Oliver , Vithlani Nandan , Amini Neda , Deperalta Danielle , Deutsch Gary , Karpeh Martin , Weiss Matthew , Lad Neha
Published: November 2024

Background

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) for early pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains controversial. We investigate the adoption of NC and its impact on survival in clinical T1 (cT1) PDAC.

Methods

National Cancer Database (2006–2017) was reviewed for cT1 PDAC. Patients receiving NC and surgery were compared with patients undergoing upfront surgery (US).

Results

A total of 5886 patients were included. NC use increased from 4.8% in 2006 to 18.8% in 2017. The NC group (n = 618) versus the US group (n = 5268) had: younger age (66 years vs. 68 years), smaller tumor size (2 cm vs. 2.2 cm), more pancreas head tumors (77% vs. 70.6%), lower lymph‐vascular invasion (25.9% vs. 40.6%), and less lymph node positivity (43.6% vs. 54.5%), p < 0.001. Factors associated with receipt of NC were: younger age, recent year of diagnosis, and treatment at an academic program. In the NC group versus the US group, median OS was 35.2 months versus 28.3 months, p < 0.001. Factors associated with improved survival included: well differentiated pathology, R0 surgical margins, and receipt of chemotherapy.

Conclusion

In cT1 PDAC, chemotherapy is associated with improved survival. In a surgery‐first approach, only 59% of patients receive adjuvant chemotherapy. These data suggest consideration of neoadjuvant therapy for early pancreatic cancer.
CsPbX3@Glass (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanocomposites with Whole‐Family High Absorption Efficiency above 75% for Backlit Display
Authors: Lin Jidong , Zhou Zhehong , Lai Jinming , Ye Weichao , Pang Tao , Li Xinyue , Zeng Lingwei , Lei Lei , Yu Dechao , Chen Daqin
Published: November 2024

In situ growth of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) in inorganic glass can address their stability issue for wide‐color‐gamut full‐color backlit displays. However, most of the reported CsPbX3 precipitated in glass are limited by low absorption and low external quantum efficiency (EQE). This work demonstrates that CaO additive can adjust the polymerization of borosilicate glass network, and promote the precipitation of whole‐family CsPbX3 PeQDs in glass with a record absorption efficiency above 75%. As a result, the as‐prepared green and red CsPbX3@glass (X3 = Br3, Br1I2) exhibit high EQEs of 75% and 67%, and can pass harsh stability tests after immersing water, irradiating by intensive blue light and experiencing 85 °C/85%RH aging over 1000 h owing to effective protection of PeQDs from external environment with the help of robust glass matrix. As a proof of concept, a white backlit module is fabricated by coupling a single‐layer yellow PeQDs enhanced film (PQDF) with blue light guide panel, and the designed prototype display device with wide color gamut of 115% of the NTSC 1953 exhibits a more realistic and vivid color images. This work will pave the way for the realization of commercial application of ultra‐stable CsPbX3@glass in QD‐backlight displays.
MICRO‐PRACTICES  TO HELP YOU BECOME A GREAT LEADER AND LEARN TO LEAD FROM THE INSIDE OUT
Authors: Maor Dana , Kaas Hans‐Werner , Strovink Kurt , Srinivasan Ramesh
Published: November 2024

The authors, all senior partners at McKinsey & Company, concluded in working with many leaders that there was a need for greater self‐awareness and self‐reflection. The article, and a recent book from which it is adapted, is based on “a step‐by‐step approach for leaders to reinvent themselves both professionally and personally.” The starting point revolves around “three dimensions: leading yourself, leading individuals and teams, and leading organizations.” Each dimension lists and describes various “micro‐practices.” Within the first dimension, in their words, are, in their words, put being before doing; pause for productive reflection and solitude; seek and embrace feedback from others; keep learning; and embrace optimism; in dimension two; be attentive; foster learning and growth; give feedback; build confidence and an ownership mindset on your team; and celebrate the big things and little things; in dimension three; reinforce values and purpose; master clear communication; be a role model for the rest of the organization; build capabilities and promote continuous learning; and engage stakeholders. “Leadership is now all about personal change,” they conclude, “about being the change you want to see in the world, and then inspiring others to follow.”
Formation and Evolution of Corrosion Products on Eutectic Microstructures: A Novel Study to Understand Corrosion Protection of Zn–Al–Mg Coatings
Authors: Zhou Jiashun , Wang Youbin , Li Yongkun , Xu Zhengbing , He Kezhun , Wang Zhaodong
Published: November 2024

Zn–Al–Mg coatings contain Zn phase and Zn/Mg–Zn, Zn/Al, and Zn/Al/Mg–Zn eutectics. The formation and evolution of corrosion products on different eutectics that affect the corrosion resistance of Zn–Al–Mg coatings require further exploration. In this work, the formation and evolution of corrosion products on different microstructures were investigated. The results show that while the corrosion products on different microstructures are mainly Zn5(OH)8Cl2, the phase composition and morphology of corrosion products vary significantly. These differences in corrosion products on each microstructure were discussed in detail. The corrosion protective properties of corrosion products on different microstructures were compared. The protective properties of corrosion products are closely related to the content and morphology of Zn5(OH)8Cl2 and Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3. The corrosion products on Zn/Al/Mg2Zn11 eutectic are the finest and densest, with high content of Zn5(OH)8Cl2 and Zn6Al2(OH)16CO3, showing good protective performance. Increasing the content of Zn/Al/Mg–Zn eutectic to enhance the corrosion resistance of Zn–Al–Mg coatings should be considered in the subsequent work.
Ionic Thermoelectric Materials Based on the Thermodiffusion Effect: Mechanism, Advancements, and Applications
Authors: Fu Mi , Sun Zhenxuan , Yuan Yuwei , Yue Kan
Published: November 2024

The relentless increase in global energy consumption, coupled with the detrimental effects of over‐reliance on non‐renewable fossil fuels, has necessitated a paradigm shift in the energy industry towards sustainable energy sources. Thermoelectric materials have emerged as a promising avenue for harnessing waste heat, offering a viable solution to the dual challenges of energy scarcity and environmental pollution. Compared with traditional electronic thermoelectric materials, ionic thermoelectric (i‐TE) materials have received increasing attention. This review provides an overview of the recent advancements in i‐TE materials based on the thermodiffusion effect, including an in‐depth analysis of the fundamental principle, material design, and potential applications. The significance of material selection is highlighted, with types of i‐TE materials ranging from liquid to quasi‐solid and solid states, each presenting unique advantages and challenges. The innovative microstructural engineering and regulating interactions are identified as key strategies to enhance the thermoelectric performance of i‐TE materials. Furthermore, the applications in capacitors and generators and sensing devices are summarized, demonstrating their potentials in varieties of scenarios. Encouraged by the recent rapid progresses, it is believed that the ionic i‐TE materials and related technology are expected to generate practical impacts in the future solutions for sustainable energy.
Apartness relations between propositions
Authors: Kocsis Zoltan A.
Published: November 2024

We classify all apartness relations definable in propositional logics extending intuitionistic logic using Heyting algebra semantics. We show that every Heyting algebra which contains a non‐trivial apartness term satisfies the weak law of excluded middle, and every Heyting algebra which contains a tight apartness term is in fact a Boolean algebra. This answers a question of Rijke regarding the correct notion of apartness for propositions, and yields a short classification of apartness terms that can occur in a Heyting algebra. We also show that Martin‐Löf Type Theory is not able to construct non‐trivial apartness relations between propositions.
A Bio‐Based Polybenzoxazine Derived from Diphenolic Acid with Intrinsic Flame Retardancy, High Glass Transition Temperature and Dielectric Properties
Authors: Qin Zhong‐Qiong , Wang Xin , Qin Hao‐Ran , Lan Xi‐Yang , Ou Bao‐Xiang , Hu Yuan , Song Lei
Published: November 2024

A bio‐based benzoxazine monomer, diphenolic methyl ester hexafluoro diamino benzoxazine (DPME‐HFBz), was successfully synthesized from diphenolic acid (DPA), and the chemical structure was successfully verified. The curing kinetics were studied via non‐isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The activation energies of DPME‐HFBz were calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa methods to be 136.15 and 139.92 kJ/mol, respectively, and the reaction order was calculated to be first order. Owing to the large number of hydrogen bonds after polymerization, poly(DPME‐HFBz) presented an ultra‐high glass transition temperature of 312 °C and a high initial decomposition temperature (350 °C under air and 345 °C under nitrogen). Because of the excellent charring ability (50.2% residue under nitrogen), the LOI value of poly(DPME‐HFBz) was as high as 38%. Poly(DPME‐HFBz) also exhibited a very low heat release capacity (HRC) of 90 J/(g·K). In addition, poly(DPME‐HFBz) had a dielectric constant (Dk) of 1.88 at 1.5 MHz, which was much lower than the Dk of the reported low‐dielectric polymers. This work provides an efficient and sustainable strategy for the synthesis of benzoxazine thermosetting materials with excellent comprehensive properties.
Vermont association leader wants to drive behavioral integration
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: November 2024

The newly appointed executive director of the Vermont Association for Mental Health & Addiction Recovery (VAMHAR) intends to embark on a mission reflecting the organization's name. Daniel Franklin believes that one of Vermont's oldest advocacy organizations can serve as a catalyst for integrating mental health and addiction service systems that remain largely siloed.
Pain Remission Following Delayed Targeted Muscle Reinnervation in Amputees
Authors: Raasveld Floris V. , Mayrhofer‐Schmid Maximilian , Johnston Benjamin R. , Hwang Charles D. , Valerio Ian L. , Eberlin Kyle R.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) has demonstrated efficacy for treatment of neuropathic pain. This study aims to identify patients for whom delayed TMR may be most effective and to identify associated factors for favorable pain outcomes in this patient population.

Methods

An analysis was conducted on prospectively enrolled amputee patients who underwent delayed TMR at a tertiary care center from 2017 to 2024. Data on demographics, comorbidities, surgical details, and pain outcomes were collected. Patient reported pain severity on a 0–10 scale was prospectively collected. The main pain outcome was pain remission (achieving the minimally clinically important difference (MCID)). Additionally, sustained mild pain (pain score ≤ 3/10 for ≥ 3 months), and pain disappearance (pain score 0/10 for ≥ 3 months) were assessed. Multivariable regression analyses identified factors influencing pain outcomes.

Results

Out of 101 patients included in this study, 64 patients (63.4%) achieved pain remission within a two‐year post‐operative period, and 37 patients (36.6%) did not. Sustained mild pain, which could be achieved in addition to pain remission, was achieved by 45.8% of patients, with 17.8% of these achieving complete pain disappearance. Patients achieving pain remission demonstrated lower pain over the entire post‐operative trajectory (p < 0.001). Lower pre‐operative pain scores, absence of depression, no pre‐operative opioid use, lower Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, and distal amputation levels were correlated with favorable outcomes following delayed TMR (p < 0.05).

Discussion

Pre‐operative pain severity, psychiatric comorbidities, and opioid use significantly influenced pain outcomes, emphasizing the need for comprehensive patient assessment. These findings will help with patient stratification and pre‐operative counseling to support patients who are best suitable for delayed TMR surgery.