bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Nutūl-i-Ḥār (Hot Irrigation), a Polyherbal Unani Formulation, in the Treatment of Shaqīqa-i-Muzmin (Chronic Migraine): An Open Single-Arm Exploratory Clinical Trial
Authors: Afzal Umar , Ansari Abdul Nasir , Nayab Mohd
Published: January 2022

Shaqīqa-i-Muzmin (chronic migraine) is a type of migraine that is usually caused by cold humours (bārid akhlāṭ), specifically by phlegm (balgham) and to lesser extent by black bile (sauda). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Nutul-i-Ḥār (hot irrigation) in the treatment of chronic migraine. Nutul (irrigation) therapy is widely and successfully used in diseases of head as described in Unānī system of medicine. This open, single-arm, exploratory clinical study was conducted in 30 patients of chronic migraine selected by convenient sampling method. One litre decoction prepared with 12 g each of Astragalus hamosus L. (Iklilul malik), Matricaria chamomilla L. (Babuna), Artemisia absinthium L. (Afsanteen), Origanum vulgare L. (Marznjosh) and Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Hulba) was poured over painful side of head for 45 minutes on every alternate day for a period of 30 days (15 sittings). The patients, thereafter, were followed untill 90th day of the study for various outcome measures comprising headache intensity, headache frequency, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), and rescue medication. The reduction in headache frequency, MIDAS score and use of rescue medication was significant (p < 0.001) after the treatment. Reduction in headache intensity at 30th day, 60th day and 90th day was significant as compared with baseline values (p < 0.001) but not statistically significant at 90th day with respect to 60th day (p > 0.05). Statistical analysis was done using parametric (paired t-test) and non-parametric tests (Wilcoxan sign ranked test, Freidman with Dunn’s multiple comparison tests). Hot irrigation with medicated decoction was found effective in the treatment of chronic migraine.
The Perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine on Botanicals Effective in Quitting Opium Addiction: A Review
Authors: Khatami Shabnam , Naseri Mohsen , Bahaeddin Zahra , Ghaffari Farzaneh , Moosavizadeh Abdolali , Vakili Zahir Niki
Published: January 2022

Traditional Persian medicine (TPM) is a set of theoretical and practical sciences that are used in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of physical, mental, or social disorders. This holistic medical system can provide solutions for some diseases, including drug addiction, that modern medicine, only offers symptomatic treatment. Since the addiction prevalence in the 16th century, Persian medicine scholars have introduced various ways to quit it. In this study, we investigated if Persian medicine has treatment options to quit opium addiction. We studied the main textbooks of TPM that specifically talked about addiction. Our study was conducted according to a systematic prioritization in traditional medicine. Additionally, scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar searched for plant active ingredients in current pharmacology. By this method, forty-nine drugs were found, and nine drugs with herbal origin obtained the highest score in addiction treatment. Since the main purpose of the study is finding new drugs theoretically effective in quitting opium addiction; we sought to find evidence of that effectiveness in modern pharmacology and we found them in most prioritized drugs. Prioritizing traditional drugs can lead to find new drugs which also have evidence of effectiveness in modern studies. Therefore, they could be introduced as novel natural remedies for disease. The list of drugs obtained in this study can be the basis for conducting in vitro and in vivo studies for design and development of new drugs in the treatment of opium addiction. In fact, traditional medicine could have a special place in quitting opium addiction, and this capacity should be further exploited.
NEURODIDÁTICA: NEUROCIÊNCIA PEDAGÓGICA APLICADA AO ATO DE ENSINAR
Authors: Ghedin Evandro Luiz , Montanho da Silva Artemison , Oliveira Peixoto Karolayne Endrea
Published: January 2022

Este trabalho apresenta uma resenha da  obra:  CODEA, André. Neurodidática: fundamentos e princípios. Rio de Janeiro: Wak Editora, 2019.
Genetic polymorphism of local Abkhazian grape cultivars
Authors: Ilnitskaya E. T. , Makarkina M. V. , Stepanov I. V. , Suprun I. I. , Tokmakov S. V. , Aiba V. Ch. , Avidzba M. A. , Kotlyar V. K.
Published: January 2022

Local grape cultivars from different countries of the world are an important part of the gene pool of this culture. Of particular interest are the genotypes of the most ancient regions of viticulture. The territories of the subtropical zone of Georgia and the central part of Abkhazia belong to one of the centers of origin of the cultural grapevine. The purpose of the work was to genotype native Abkhazian grape cultivars, to study their genetic diversity based on DNA profiling data and to compare them with the genotypes of local varieties of other viticultural regions. Samples of plants were taken on the territory of the Republic of Abkhazia in private farmsteads and in the collection of the agricultural firm “Vina i Vody Abkhazii“ (“Wines and Waters of Abkhazia”). The genotyping of the Abkhazian cultivars Avasirhva, Agbizh, Azhapsh, Azhizhkvakva, Azhikvaca, Atvizh, Atyrkuazh, Achkykazh, Kachich was carried out using 14 DNA markers, 9 of which are standard microsatellite markers recommended for the identification of grape varieties. To improve our knowledge about the sizes of the identified alleles, we used the DNA of grape cultivars with a known allelic composition at the analyzed loci. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the observed heterozygosity for the analyzed loci exceeded expected values, which indicates a genetic polymorphism of the studied sample of varieties. Evaluation of genetic similarity within the analyzed group based on the results of genotyping at 14 loci showed that the cultivars Kachich and Azhapsh differed from the other Abkhazian varieties. The obtained DNA profiles of the Abkhazian cultivars were checked for compliance with DNA-fingerprints of grape varieties in the Vitis International Variety Catalogue. The Georgian varieties Azhizhkvakva and Tsitska turned out to be synonyms according to DNA profiles, two varieties from the Database (Italian Albana bianca and Georgian Ojaleshi) have differences in DNA-fingerprints from the varieties Atyrkuazh and Azhikvatsa only in one allele, respectively. When comparing the identified Abkhazian grape genotypes, their difference from the sample of Dagestan, Don, Greek, Turkish, Italian, Spanish, and French varieties and genetic similarity with the genotypes of Georgian grapes were shown.
Haploid biotechnology as a tool for creating a selection material for sugar beets
Authors: Kolesnikova E. O. , Donskikh E. I. , Berdnikov R. V.
Published: January 2022

Since the discovery of the phenomenon of haploidy, biotechnology has become an integral part in the successful creation of new varieties and hybrids of various plant species. In particular, these technologies are actively used in agriculture, which is concerned with increasing the volume and improving the quality of products. The integration of haploid production techniques together with other available biotechnological tools such as marker selection (MAS), induced mutagenesis and genetic engineering technologies can significantly accelerate crop breeding. This article shows the main stages in the development of biotechnology since 1921. Now they are successfully used to create doubled haploids to accelerate the selection process of various plants and, in particular, sugar beet, which is the most important sugar crop in regions with a temperate climate. There are several methods for obtaining forms with a single set of chromosomes. For sugar beets, the use of gynogenesis turned out to be expedient, since in this case the other methods turned out to be ineffective in the mass production of haploids. The article considers the stages of obtaining the H and DH lines of Beta vulgaris L., as well as the main stages of biotechnological production of homozygous breeding material of this culture. These stages include selecting parental forms – donor explants, sterilizing buds and introducing non-pollinated ovules in vitro, obtaining haploids, doubling their chromosome set, creating doubled haploids, determining ploidy at different stages, relocating the obtained plants to greenhouses and growing stecklings. A number of advantages that the technology of creating doubled haploids in vitro has in comparison with traditional methods of selection are described. It has been shown that the use of these approaches is relevant when obtaining new highly productive hybrids and varieties of agricultural plants; however, the methods for the production of homozygous forms in sugar beet still require additional research aimed at increasing the efficiency and reproducibility of each stage of the process.
Prevalence of the polymorphic H-ficolin (FCN3) genes and mannosebinding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP2) in indigenous populations from the Russian Arctic regions
Authors: Smolnikova M. V. , Tereshchenko S. Yu.
Published: January 2022

Lectins, being the main proteins of the lectin pathway activating the complement system, are encoded by polymorphic genes, wherein point mutations cause the protein conformation and expression to change, which turns out to have an effect on the functionality and ability to respond to the pathogen. In the current study, largescale data on the population genotype distribution of the genes for H-ficolin FCN3 rs28357092 and mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease MASP2 rs72550870 among the indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic regions (Nenets, Dolgans and Nganasans, a mixed population and Russians: a total sample was about 1000 newborns) have been obtained for the first time. Genotyping was carried out using RT-PCR. The frequency of the homozygous variant del/del FCN3 rs28357092 associated with the total absence of the most powerful activator of the lectin complement pathway, N-ficolin, was revealed; 0 % in the Nenets, 0.8 % in the Dolgans and Nganasans, and 3.5 % among the Russians ( p < 0.01). Analysis of the prevalence of the MASP2 genotypes has shown the predominance of the homozygous variant AA in all studied populations, which agrees with the available world data. The heterozygous genotype AG rs72550870 associated with a reduced level of protease was found to occur rarely in the Nenets, Dolgans and Nganasans compared to newborns of Caucasoid origin from Krasnoyarsk: 0.5 % versus 3.3 %, respectively. Moreover, among 323 examined Nenets, one AG carrier was identified, whereas in Russians, 16 out of 242 examined newborns were found to be AG carriers ( p < 0.001). A homozygous variant (GG) in total absence of protease with impaired binding of both MBL and ficolins was not detected in any of the 980 examined newborns. An additional analysis of infectious morbidity in Arctic populations allows one to find phenotypic characteristics related to a high functional activity of the lectin pathway of complement activation as an most important factor for the first-line of anti-infectious defense, including such new viral diseases as COVID-19.
Staging the Social Drama of Work: Ethnography of a Theater Company as a Means of Analyzing Theater Activity
Authors: Bense Ferreira Alves Celia
Published: January 2022

This paper shows how conducting the ethnographic study of a theater hall and company can help define theater activity. Once the aesthetic of the social organization is set apart from the proper division of labor, theater appears as a collective activity which requires the cooperation of eight groups playing different social roles. The cooperation modes rest on a meshing of direct or indirect services for the actors who carry out the core task of performing. This specific organization of work around a central group is what makes the activity artistic. Simultaneously, the service relation offers the possibility for some categories to bring their relationship with actors closer to a state of symmetry and sometimes reverse asymmetry. As a status enhancing opportunity, service relationship for actors also directly or indirectly provide the grounds for participant commitment and thus guarantee long-lasting operation for the theatrical organization.
Secondary Adjustment in Prisons: Prisoners’ Strategies of Influence
Authors: Khiat Henry
Published: January 2022

This participant observation research explores and examines the strategies that prisoners use to influence prison officers in an Asian prison setting. Grounded theory methodology is employed in the analysis process. From the study, eight strategies of influence are conceptualised: repetition, distraction, finding excuses, feigning ignorance, false compliance, hearsay, direct hit and spontaneous protest. They are further subsumed under three main categories of Enhancers, Trouble Shooters and Resistors. On the other hand, there are three categories of prison officers with respect to their responses to the eight strategies of influence – Idealists, Pragmatists and Authoritarians. In summary, this study serves three objectives. First, it provides a fresh perspective on how prisoners attempt to influence prison officers in their daily interactions. Second, it has demonstrated that data collection through covert participant observation can be done effectively without causing any harm to the stakeholders in a prison setting. Lastly, this study has implications for the development of theory, practice and future research in the area of penology.
At Home in Blackness: How I Became Black
Authors: Etoroma Efa E.
Published: January 2022

I became and have remained Black in Canada by interacting with Blacks. Altercasting (the “push” from the larger society) moved me into interacting intentionally with Blacks, interacting with Blacks helped make me Black by immersing me in the Black experience, and studying Blacks helped anchor me within the Black community by giving me an understanding of what it means to be Black. In this paper, which is based on autoethnography, I offer a brief overview of the concept of Blackness in Canada and then I discuss the key ways in which my Black identity was developed and is sustained. The key mechanisms discussed are altercasting, interacting with Blacks, and studying the Black community.
​Faecal Consistency: A Measure of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Goats
Authors: Sharma Dinesh Kumar , Gururaj Kumaresan , Dass Gopal , Sharma Nitika , Mishra Anil Kumar , Pawaiya Rajveer Singh , Kumar Ashok , Paul Souvik
Published: January 2022

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism in goats is a serious and widely distributed problem. Diarrhoea, moderate or severe, though a result of various factors involving feed, fodder, seasons and state of gut physiology of digestion, is a common symptom in goats infested with GI parasites, the nematodes and coccidia. Intensity of diarrhoea corresponds to quantum and type of parasitism. Methods: In the present study, 1451 faecal samples collected from goats of different ages ( less than 3 M, greater than 3-6 M, greater than 6-12 M and greater than 12 M) were categorized as normal, lumpy and diarrheic based on their consistency and were processed for parasitic infections. The GI parasitic load was quantified by faecal eggs/oocysts counting (FEC and FOC) per gram of faeces through the modified Mac-master technique. Identification of parasites was based on the morphology of third-stage larvae procured by coproculture of randomly selected positive samples. FEC/FOC data (strongyle and coccidian), being skewed and uneven, were log-transformed to normalize. The transformed data [loge (100+n)] was analyzed statistically and results were interpreted. Result: Means of FEC and FOC in three type of faecal samples viz. normal, lumpy and diarrheic, were significantly different. Similarly, the effect of age on FEC and FOC was significant. The interaction between animals age × faecal sample type was significant in coccidian and non-significant in strongyle infection. The results were discussed to support the hypothesis that faecal consistency was a measure of coccidian and strongyle worm load in goats and can be a basis of targeted selective treatment.
Acceptance of an E-learning Module on Climate-smart Horticulture: A Structural Equation Model
Authors: Koyu Bai , Singh Rajkumar Josmee , Singh Ram
Published: January 2022

Background: E-learning is now being used in a variety of industries, including agriculture. The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is seen as essential for overcoming the barriers that a developing country faces in all areas and closing the digital divide. Farmers must be prepared with the most recent breakthroughs in ICTs in order to take advantage of new opportunities in the global market. Methods: By designing an e-learning module and providing farmers with a self-learning framework, the study focuses on the use of ICT instruments in climate-smart horticulture. The psychological factors in this study were investigated using the E-Learning Acceptance Model (ELAM), which was derived from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). A quantitative survey of 200 farmers were conducted. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the research hypotheses. Result: ELAM has enough predictive ability to explain farmers’ behavioural intention to utilise an e-learning module in a real world. In total, the result supports five ELAM hypotheses. The SEM findings indicate that ELAM is a valid model. In ELAM, partial mediation was also observed.
Loss of the Bird Diverter Efficiency at a Medium Voltage Overhead Power Line – Example of the Aktobe Region (Republic of Kazakhstan)
Authors:   Dront Ecological Center, Pestov Mark V. , Diterich Til ,   NABU – Nature And Biodiversity Conservation Union, Nurmukhambetov Zhaskayrat E. ,   Ustyurt National Biosphere Reserve, Ongarbayev Nurlan Kh. ,   Dostyk Advisory LLC, Matsyna Alexander I. ,   Dront Ecological Center, Denisov Dmitriy A. ,   Kerzhenskiy State Nature Reserve
Published: January 2022

This report presents the results of survey of a 46-kilometer section of the overhead line (OHL) powering the cathodic protection of the Bukhara – Ural Gas Pipeline within the Aktobe Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 7 kilometers of this section were previously equipped with bird protection devices (BPDs), which are now totally lost due to destruction of their fastening elements. Inspection of the 46-km section of this OHL has revealed deaths of 2 eagles (Aquilasp.), 1 Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), 1 Black Kite (Milvus migrans), and 3 Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus). The conclusion was made that the BPDs of this OHL needed renewal. It was also concluded that instead of OHLs laid along the pipeline route it was advisable to consider other options, including stations of cathodic protection fed from modular-packaged electrical power plants with self-contained micro-turbine units, such as used at the Beineu – Bozoy – Shymkent Gas Pipeline.
Penggunaan Karakter Kontrol ASCII Untuk Integrasi Data Pada Hasil Enkripsi Algoritma Caesar Cipher
Authors: Winarno Nur Putrananda Setyapuji , Cahyanto Triawan Adi
Published: January 2022

Cryptography is a technique or method for securing data from other unauthorized parties. The substitution algorithm is the simplest algorithm and is classified as a classic in the field of cryptography, for example the Caesar cipher algorithm. ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a code that contains characters that can be processed by a computer. By type, not all ASCII characters can be printed by the computer. Some characters are not printed or illegible as usual. These unreadable characters are called control characters. The control character can be used to improve the performance of the Caesar Cipher algorithm, because it focuses on processing text data. The application of control characters uses a simple method but has a complex solution. The results of this study are in the form of a new method with the Caesar cipher algorithm as a classical cryptographic method or technique and ASCII characters as the basis for the development of the ciphertext performance resulting from the encryption process. In testing this method, the success rate reaches 100% in securing the contents of the document with a sample of 500 letters. While the possibility of solving the ciphertext results is classified as difficult because the control characters of the ciphertext results that are illegible will make the decryption result multiple interpretations.
The worldwide impact of telemedicine during COVID-19: current evidence and recommendations for the future
Authors: Omboni Stefano , Padwal Raj S. , Alessa Tourkiah , Benczúr Béla , Green Beverly B. , Hubbard Ilona , Kario Kazuomi , Khan Nadia A. , Konradi Alexandra , Logan Alexander G. , Lu Yuan , Mars Maurice , McManus Richard J. , Melville Sarah , Neumann Claas L. , Parati Gianfranco , Renna Nicolas F. , Ryvlin Philippe , Saner Hugo , Schutte Aletta E. , Wang Jiguang
Published: January 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine has emerged worldwide as an indispensable resource to improve the surveillance of patients, curb the spread of disease, facilitate timely identification and management of ill people, but, most importantly, guarantee the continuity of care of frail patients with multiple chronic diseases. Although during COVID-19 telemedicine has thrived, and its adoption has moved forward in many countries, important gaps still remain. Major issues to be addressed to enable large scale implementation of telemedicine include: (1) establishing adequate policies to legislate telemedicine, license healthcare operators, protect patients’ privacy, and implement reimbursement plans; (2) creating and disseminating practical guidelines for the routine clinical use of telemedicine in different contexts; (3) increasing in the level of integration of telemedicine with traditional healthcare services; (4) improving healthcare professionals’ and patients’ awareness of and willingness to use telemedicine; and (5) overcoming inequalities among countries and population subgroups due to technological, infrastructural, and economic barriers. If all these requirements are met in the near future, remote management of patients will become an indispensable resource for the healthcare systems worldwide and will ultimately improve the management of patients and the quality of care.
Modern methods for radionuclide diagnosis of tumors and non-tumor pathologies of the brain
Authors: Zelchan R. V. , Medvedeva A. A. , Bragina O. D. , Ribina A. N. , Ryabova A. I. , Chernov V. I. , Choynzonov E. L.
Published: January 2022

The review analyzes the global experience in the application of nuclear medicine techniques for diagnosis of tumors and non-tumor pathologies of the brain. The main groups of radiopharmaceuticals currently used for imaging of malignant brain tumors and diagnosis of cognitive impairments and neurotransmitter system disturbances by means of single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography are described.

Modern approaches to the application of methods for radionuclide diagnosis in neuro-oncology and neurology are compared, and the main trends in production of new, more specific radiopharmaceuticals for visualizing brain tumors of various degrees of malignancy and diagnosing non-tumor pathologies of the brain are described. The review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of currently used techniques and radiopharmaceuticals for imaging of central nervous system disorders, depending on the clinical situation and specific diagnostic tasks.

In addition, the review presents consolidated recommendations of the leading scientific schools in neuro-oncology on the use of nuclear medicine techniques in patients with brain tumors at the stages of treatment and follow-up. The presented article examines the experience of domestic scientific schools in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for neuro-oncology. The features of the development and use of new radiopharmaceuticals in patients with brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted. The review is based on the analysis of literature included in the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, and RSCI databases.
A clinical case of secondary hypertension in a young woman with coarctation of the aorta
Authors: Manukyan M. A. , Falkovskaya A. Yu. , Mordovin V. F. , Saushkin V. V. , Ryabova T. R.
Published: January 2022

The article presents a case of diagnosis and treatment of coarctation of the aorta in a 20-year-old woman, who previously received follow-up care with the diagnosis of hypertension. This case demonstrates the importance of qualitative examination of young patients with hypertension, including tonometry in the lower extremities and transthoracic echocardiography. The peculiarities of this clinical case encompass a rarer, isolated type of coarctation of the aorta and high physical fitness of the patient, which reduced doctors’ alertness regarding this anomaly. After surgical correction, a significant decrease in the blood pressure was achieved; however, such patients need longterm follow-up in order to detect complications, such as aneurysms, restenosis, or residual stenosis.
Effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in real clinical practice
Authors: Uryasev O. M. , Shakhanov A. V. , Korshunova L. V.
Published: January 2022

Background. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the most common infectious diseases, occupying an important place in the structure of mortality worldwide.

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in real clinical practice.

Materials and methods. A retrospective, observational study was conducted, which included 236 patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia at the Regional Clinical Hospital in Ryazan in 2019. Based on these case histories, an analysis of the effectiveness of the initial empiric antimicrobial therapy was performed.

Results. The initial empiric antimicrobial therapy in 73% of cases included administration of ceftriaxone, in 45% of cases – levofloxacin, in 14% of cases – azithromycin. It was found that initial antimicrobial therapy was effective in 58% of patients who did not require replacement for the antibiotic. A need for a change in the treatment regimen was significantly associated with an increase in the length of hospitalization (p < 0.001), heart rate upon admission (p = 0.032), myelocyte count in the complete blood count (p < 0.001), and urea and blood creatinine levels (p = 0.004 and p = 0.044, respectively). The selected antimicrobial therapy regimen was significantly associated with the expected treatment effectiveness (p = 0.039). The choice of levofloxacin in monotherapy or in combination with ceftriaxone was accompanied by a decrease in the relative risk of replacing the antimicrobial, compared with other treatment regimens (odds ratio (OR) = 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55–1.34) and OR = 0.57 (95% CI: 0.37–0.87), respectively).

Conclusion. Empiric antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in real clinical practice complies with current recommendations, however, at the same time, its ineffectiveness persists. Respiratory fluoroquinolones are most effective in treating pneumonia in hospitalized patients.
Clinical, radiologic, and morphological diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Authors: Cherniaev A. L. , Kusraeva E. V. , Samsonova M. V. , Avdeev S. N. , Trushenko N. V. , Tumanova E. L.
Published: January 2022

Aim. To study the relationship between clinical, radiologic, and morphological features in nonfibrotic and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

Materials and methods. Clinical symptoms, data of high-resolution computed tomography, parameters of external respiration, and histological changes in the lung tissue obtained via open and transbronchial biopsies were studied retrospectively in 175 patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica software.

Results. We found that the clinical error rate in the diagnosis of HP was 84.5%, among pathologists – 92%. Among all the variants of HP, the most common was fibrotic HP. It was shown that non-necrotizing granulomas and giant cells in the cavities of the alveoli, microcells, and interalveolar septa were more typical of nonfibrotic HP. In fibrotic HP, peribronchial fibrosis, smooth muscle metaplasia in fibrotic areas, and the presence of fibroblastic foci in the walls of terminal bronchioles are signs of differential diagnosis with usual interstitial pneumonia. The classical triad of histological signs was observed in 19.2% of patients with nonfibrotic HP and in 5.6% of patients with fibrotic HP.

Conclusion. Diagnosis of HP is complex and should be based on a multidisciplinary approach involving clinicians (pulmonologists), radiologists, functional diagnostics specialists, and pathologists. In this case, it is imperative to take into account and identify factors causing development of the disease, as well as the age of patients.
Correlation magnetodynamics equations for antiferro- and ferrimagnets
Authors: Ivanov Anton Valerievich
Published: January 2022

Based on the Bogolyubov chain and a new approximation of the two-particle distribution function a new system of equations of correlation magnetodynamics is obtained for antiferro- and ferrimagnets. Body-centered and face-centered crystal lattices are considered. The system contains one world-magnetic equation of the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch type for each sublattice and several equations for pairwise correlations between sublattices. In this case, the main difficulty is the calculation of the integral coefficients of the resulting system of equations.
The ideologist Yu.N. Govorukha-Otrok and the philosopher N.Ya. Grot: polemics of 1890–1891
Authors:   Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy, Ermichev Аleksandr А.
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes a little-known episode in the history of Russian philoso­phy – the polemic of the editor of the journal “Questions of Philosophy and Psy­chology” N.Ya. Grot and the outstanding publicist of the conservative newspaper “Moskovskie Vedomosti” Yu.N. Govorukha-a boy who spoke under the pseudo­nym Yu. Nikolaev. The controversy took place in the first year of the magazine’s existence, when the principle and direction of the editorial policy were deter­mined. Yu.N. Govorukha-Otrok, sharing together with N.Ya. Grotto hope that the journal will lead to the formation of Russian national philosophy, insisted on the conscious circulation of the publication to the Slavophile tradition, defining the end goal of philosophical search for the creation of the Orthodox meta­physics meet the needs of aboriginal people's lives. His opponent, N.Ya. Grot, was a typical representative of the liberalism of the 80s of the XIX century, which was undecided in its socio-political preferences. Being a neophyte of meta­physics, the editor of “Questions” proceeded from an understanding of the ratio­nal nature of philosophical knowledge and justified the variety of directions of philosophical searches. He gave the pages of his magazine to the positivist authors from the liberal populist camp, which was completely unacceptable to his opponent. Thus, the circumstances of public life complicated the nature of the polemic on the issues of theoretical content and introduced social-evaluative judgments into it. Talker-Boy considered the polemic as an episode of the world-historical struggle of Christianity with the eudaemonistic idea of progress. The article claims that the subsequent development of Russian philosophy in the early twentieth century confirmed the correctness of the editorial line of the journal.
From Bergson to Thomas Mann: an Experience of Time in the Novel The Magic Mountain
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blauberg Irina I.
Published: January 2022

The article compares some features of the interpretation of time, characteristic of Thomas Mann’s novel The Magic Mountain, with the concept of time developed by Henri Bergson. In The Magic Mountain, which Mann called a novel about time, two forms of time are distinguished, as in Bergson’s Time and Free Will: objective, chronological, which can be measured, and subjective, internal, not subject to measurement and calculation. The main theme of the book is the spiri­tual maturation of the main character, Hans Castorp, who unexpectedly remains for seven years in a high-altitude hospital, where the “external” time is almost imperceptible due to the monotony of the usual forms of existence. This time is “blurred”, gradually losing its meaning for the hero. There is, indeed, the com­plex work of the soul, the understanding of life, illness and death, love experi­ences, understanding philosophy and culture in conversations with “mentors” – heir to the traditions of the Enlightenment Settembrini and Jesuit Naphtha. Berg­son associated this interpenetration of experiences, impressions, and perceptions with “duration” as an internal, subjective time. It plays a special role in Castorp’s existential experience. At the same time, along with these aspects, which encou­rage comparison with the ideas of Bergson, the novel contains other themes re­lated to time and referring to other philosophical traditions. The main ones are the themes of illness and death, and also, partly related to the first, the theme of eternity, which appears in different angles.
Shereshevsky’s Case: A Reflection on the Peculiarities of Human Memory
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kozolupenko Darya P.
Published: January 2022

The article deals with the problem of hyper-memory and two main mechanisms of its development: the mechanism of the ultimate development of analogization, schematization and algorithmization and the mechanism of escape from reality to the sphere of the imaginary by rejecting logical generalization and increasing the imaginative component of thinking. Based on the understanding of the effecti­veness of memory according to Korsakov, the author compares the features of mechanical memorization, characteristic of artificial devices and systems, and the cases of hyper-memory development in humans, especially highlighting the case of Shereshevsky as a case of the most pronounced and comprehensive hypermnesia. The article highlights the features of the memory of a phenomenal mnemonist distinguishing it from the memory of an ordinary person, and from the “memory” of external storage devices. The author analyzes the features of the mechanisms of information fixation and reproduction in the case of Shere­shevsky, presented in the works of Luria and Leontiev, as well as the areas and features of the manifestation of phenomenal memory in other cases of “regional hyper-memory” (genius, hyperthymnesia, Savant syndrome). The author con­cludes that in the case of general hypermnesia, characteristic of Shereshevsky, the memorization procedure is associated with the obligatory “separation from real­ity” and the replacement of the plan of the real with the plan of the imaginary, but the condition for the possibility of such replacement is the maximum reduction of the “higher type” memory associated with logical operations and abstraction, as well as the rejection of the principle of arbitrariness of the sign. The author comes to the conclusion that the direction of development of human hyper-memory, characteristic of the case of Shereshevsky and based on imaginative-emotional perception, is directly opposite to the artificial type of memory mechanism.
The Problem of Personality in Sapiozoi
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gerasimova Irina A.
Published: January 2022

Article discusses the problem of personality in the coming era of Sapiozoic. In geochronology, the quaternary period (from 2.6 million years ago to the present) is called the epoch that gave rise to man (anthropogen). In the Holocene epoch (the last 12-thousand-year period), human economic activity is visible. At the same time, the planet’s ecosystems were in balance. Discussions are underway about the geologically transitional Anthropocene – the epoch of hu­man activity as a global factor in the evolution of the Earth’s ecosystems. During the last 200–250 years, the co-evolution of man, society and nature has been on the path of the formation of techno-natural systems. Since the 1950s and 1960s the era of “Great Acceleration” begins. Consumer society, unrestrained mining, the course of technologization, the loss of the meaning of life led to chaos on a planetary scale. Many natural scientists pointed out the anthropogenic factors of the new geological epoch. The parameters (and language of descrip­tion) of the Anthropocene that are put forward in the discussions are limited by the methodologies of specific disciplines. The philosophical-integrative approach to the problem is relevant. It is worth paying attention to non-Western philosoph­ical teachings about large cycles of planetary development. In part, they resem­ble the scientific models. The acceleration of planetary development and the new large-scale cycle are discussed in the Roerichs philosophy. Purification by the global crisis should lead to the disclosure of the spiritual potential of a person, the construction of a world community. In one scenario, the coming era of sus­tainable development is called “sapiozoi” – “intelligent life” (D. Grinspoon). Its essence is associated with the management of planetary processes. Geosocio­engineering projects in the cognitive aspect involve fundamental transformations of human consciousness as an active worker, the formation of planetary forms of collective cooperation. The strategic task of managing the Earth’s ecosystems re­quires the formation of cosmo-geo-bio-socio-human-dimensional thinking, noo­spheric ethics and noospheric culture. The problem of the mind and the inner na­ture of man becomes the key to overcoming the global crisis.
What is Scientific Progress?
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nikiforov Alexander L.
Published: January 2022

The article examines the understanding of scientific progress by scientists and representatives of the philosophy of science, in particular, W. Whewell, E. Mach, M. Weber, logical positivism. It is noted that until the middle of the twentieth century, scientists and philosophers were convinced that science is constantly progressing, developing more and more complete and accurate knowledge of the world. Only in the second half of the twentieth century K. Popper and T. Kuhn questioned this belief, proposing their conceptions of the development of sci­ence. However, the belief in the progressive nature of the development of sci­ence received a new justification in a three layer model of the structure of sci­ence, which added an engineering level to the theoretical and empirical levels. By the end of the twentieth century it was realized that the experimental science of modern times initially saw its main task in the improvement of technology, the search for truth was 0nly a means of solving its main social task. In the sec­ond half of the twentieth century technoscience has fulfilled its historical mission, creating a technical basis for the formation of a consumer society. Ap­parently, its development is over. In place of science, occupied with the improve­ment of technology, there are sciences, the subject of which is man and his im­provement.
National Policy as a Factor in the Creation and Disintegration of the USSR
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics” – St. Petersburg, Tulchinskii Grigorii L. ,   Saint Petersburg State University
Published: January 2022

National policy played a non-trivial and controversial role in the establishment, formation, development and collapse of the Soviet state. Nations were for the bol­sheviks a bourgeois vestige that was dying away with the construction of a social­ist society. However, having seized power in a peasant country, they were forced to build a new state, counting on the entry of various peoples into it. A result was the ethno-federalist design of the USSR under the de facto centralism of the lead­ership of the Communist Party by complex balances and compromises. This soci­ety underwent a complex evolution, during which the country was drawn into modernization, which changed the social structure of society with a new system of demands and interests of the elites, which led to a relatively painless collapse of the USSR. Contemporary Russia is a society, on the one hand, with the domi­nance of the urban population, the way of life of an information society of mass consumption and the demand for civic identity as the basis for the consolidation of society is being formed in the country. On the other hand, the primordialist (ethno-cultural) nation understanding dominates in legal acts, journalism, public opinion. The problem solution presupposes a constructive public dialogue.
A Reason and a Spirit: Body without Organs
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Belonogov Ivan N.
Published: January 2022

This article is devoted to possible types of organization of global AI and possi­ble measures to counter the loss of autonomy by individuals – their transforma­tion into HomoCell – human cells of a more global organism. The text of Im­manuel Kant What is Enlightenment? Was chosen as a guideline. The author emphasizes that as the goal of the Enlightenment, Kant sets the task – the acqui­sition of independence by individuals in the use of their own mind. The afore­mentioned work remains one of the main programmatic texts of the Enlighten­ment, which, according to the author, is not over yet. The article notes that an autonomous or independent individual is an exclusion from society, literally. However, the connection of such subjectivization with marginality introduces the binary opposition norm/abnormality. The idea is that this dichotomy creates two opposing areas in the field of culture, thus making it impossible to either indicate or think over a balanced solution to the problem posed by Kant. The author proposes to trace the genealogy of the development and addition of the concept of Cogito – from Descartes to Deleuze – as the basis for the interpreta­tion of the subject, to introduce it into the theory of systems, and, thereby, rised above oppositions.
G.W.F. Hegel on the Beginning of Philosophy
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Drach Gennady V.
Published: January 2022

The article grounds today’s significance of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s his­tory of philosophy and describes his understanding of the beginning of philosophy. In the author’s opinion, the way Hegel considers the beginning of philosophy lets one turn to the works of the most famous classical scholars and trace the transformation of views on the genesis of the Greek philosophy and the European thought in general, as well as to consider issues arising in this regard. Among them, the author highlights the Eurocentric interpretation of the formula Vom Mythos zum Logos and the inconsis­tency of Hegel’s understanding of the historical development of philosophy. The au­thor reviews H. Glockner’s views on Phänomenologie des Geistes that turns into Abenteuer des Geistes. The author finds additional arguments in modern interpreta­tions of logos and myth as the path from logos to myth. Hegel’s confidence in the sci­entific progress was based on the idea of dialectical self-movement and was fraught with the retrospection concept. In Hegel’s concept of the substance-subject, human as a creative being was lost. The destruction of confidence in the historical progress ex­posed the irrational foundations of development and places the understanding of the historical and philosophical process in the context of a polycentric dialogue.
The Humanism Problem of European Culture in the Epistolary Dialogue of Benedetto Croce and Thomas Mann
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Lagutina Irina N.
Published: January 2022

The article is based on the analysis of the correspondence of two intellectuals who had a significant impact on the formation of the liberal discourse of Europe in the 1930s, when the concept of “humanistic front” (die humanistische Front) appears. The ideas of humanism and totalitarianism occupied a central place in the cultural and philosophical reflections of Thomas Mann; the problem of hu­manism in connection with the philosophy of freedom attracted Croce. There­fore, in the center of their intellectual exchange are ideas and texts that somehow relate to the problem of preserving humanistic values ​​and freedom in front of to­talitarianism and the moral and political “savagery”. In the 1920s, humanism was important for both as the preservation of the highest achievements of the culture that the people of the masses are advancing on. They both contrast the “apolitical humanism” that developed the culture of Germany, the politicized “Latin civilization” (Croce’s review of Mann's Reflections of the Apolitical). The correspondence was initiated by Croce, who sent the German writer in the early 1930s his article “Antihistorism”, which focuses on the problem of “humanism of history” and the European cultural and political crisis associated with the “fall of liberal ideas” (Croce) and “political anti-humanism” (Mann) and as a result the emergence of totalitarian ideologies. They oppose totalitarianism to the idea of ​​a pan-European “new humanism” (humanitas nova), the bearers of which, “the embodied children of freedom” are European intellectuals who have re­tained a “natural psychological connection” with classical culture. The circle of these ideas is developed both in the book History of Europe in the 19th Century, which Croce devotes to Thomas Mann, and in Thomas Mann's essay Goethe and Tolstoy, published with the subtitle Fragments to the Problem of Humanismand with a reference to Croce’s philosophy. Dante and Goethe become an example of how the individual can become culturally significant, it is the classic that embod­ies the cultural “balance”, where the moral and the rational dominate the chaotic material chaos, where a single esprit européen is born – between nationalism and cosmopolitanism, between aristocracy and democracy, between individuality and state, where the mood of “humanity” for justice and freedom appears.