bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
He leaps, she beats: The role of social interactions on the overland movements of an Amazonian amphibious killifish
Authors: Espírito‐Santo Helder Mateus Viana , Sodré Jefferson Gomes , Zuanon Jansen
Published: November 2018

Amphibious habits are present in a variety of fish and are allowed by a set of physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations. The most intriguing question, however, is what motivates an aquatic organism to venture into the land? Unfavourable abiotic and biotic conditions in the aquatic environment have been reported as main stimuli for fish to emerge from water. However, few attempts have been made to disentangle the effects of different social contexts on the propensity of amphibious fishes to leave the water. Trying to separate the effects of predator threat, intraspecific competition and mate searching on overland movement of amphibious fish, we ran a mesocosm experiment with the Amazonian killifish Anablepsoides micropus. Overland movement was quantified based on fish leaps between artificial pools set in enclosures in a primary forest area. Males moved overland more frequently than females and their movement depended on the social context, being higher in the presence of predators and lower in the presence of females. Females, instead, showed context‐independent movement rates. This suggests that males move between pools searching for mates, stopping when successful in this search. On the other hand, occasional encounters with predators may force males to abandon the pool as a defence mechanism. Female aggressiveness towards the predator may influence its low movement in the presence of the predator. Such differential responses may play important ecological and evolutionary roles, allowing A. micropus to occupy a wide range of environmental conditions under varied ecological and social contexts.
Colour pattern divergence in reef fish species is rapid and driven by both range overlap and symmetry
Authors: Hemingson Christopher R. , Cowman Peter F. , Hodge Jennifer R. , Bellwood David R.
Published: November 2018

Signal divergence is an important process underpinning the diversification of lineages. Research has shown that signal divergence is greatest in species pairs that possess high geographic range overlap. However, the influence of range‐size differences within pairs is less understood. We investigated how these factors have shaped signal divergence within brightly coloured coral reef butterflyfishes (genus: Chaetodon). Using a novel digital imaging methodology, we quantified both colouration and pattern using 250 000 sample points on each fish image. Surprisingly, evolutionary age did not affect colour pattern dissimilarity between species pairs, with average differences arising in just 300 000 years. However, the effect of range overlap and range symmetry was significant. Species‐pair colour patterns become more different with increasing overlap, but only when ranges are similar in size. When ranges differ markedly in area, species‐pair colour patterns become more similar with increasing overlap. This suggests that species with small ranges may maintain non‐colour‐based species boundaries.
A mechanistic theory of personality‐dependent movement behaviour based on dynamic energy budgets
Authors: Campos‐Candela Andrea , Palmer Miquel , Balle Salvador , Álvarez Alberto , Alós Josep
Published: November 2018

Consistent between‐individual differences in movement are widely recognised across taxa. In addition, foraging plasticity at the within‐individual level suggests a behavioural dependency on the internal energy demand. Because behaviour co‐varies with fast‐slow life history (LH) strategies in an adaptive context, as theoretically predicted by the pace‐of‐life syndrome hypothesis, mass/energy fluxes should link behaviour and its plasticity with physiology at both between‐ and within‐individual levels. However, a mechanistic framework driving these links in a fluctuating ecological context is lacking. Focusing on home range behaviour, we propose a novel behavioural‐bioenergetics theoretical model to address such complexities at the individual level based on energy balance. We propose explicit mechanistic links between behaviour, physiology/metabolism and LH by merging two well‐founded theories, the movement ecology paradigm and the dynamic energetic budget theory. Overall, our behavioural‐bioenergetics model integrates the mechanisms explaining how (1) behavioural between‐ and within‐individual variabilities connect with internal state variable dynamics, (2) physiology and behaviour are explicitly interconnected by mass/energy fluxes, and (3) different LHs may arise from both behavioural and physiological variabilities in a given ecological context. Our novel theoretical model reveals encouraging opportunities for empiricists and theoreticians to delve into the eco‐evolutionary processes that favour or hinder the development of between‐individual differences in behaviour and the evolution of personality‐dependent movement syndromes.
Tight Mapping: A Concrete Procedure for Borrowing from Radical Traveling Theories
Authors: Accard Philippe
Published: November 2018

The scientific domain of organization and management is multidisciplinary; its theorists have borrowed extensively from other domains such as biology,psychology and sociology.Many of the borrowed theories are radical traveling theories,i.e.,abstract,general theories that have made groundbreaking contributions to their domain of origin,and that have great potential for organization and management.Theory borrowing has received considerable attention over the past thirty years,during which time fundamental epistemological issues have been addressed,but little attention has been paid to the difficulties that are involved in carrying out borrowing.More pragmatic works are needed,and with this in mind,we suggest tight mapping transformative analogical reasoning.This mode of reasoning creatively and rigorously reduces the abstraction of radical traveling theories so that they provide accurate and coherent organization and management theories.Tight mapping facilitates borrowing and can be helpful to the many organization and management theorists who borrow from radical traveling theories.We hope that our concrete suggestion for tight mapping will serve as a starting point for further pragmatic research on theory borrowing.
Statistical analysis on rolling contact fatigue in railroad axle bearing steel
Authors: Guo Rubing , Yang Guangxue , Li Zhengyang , Liu Zhiming , Wei Yujie
Published: November 2018

High‐strength steels are widely used in high‐performance bearings utilized in most mechanical systems. However, there has been little statistical analysis regarding the fatigue failure behaviour of the material, where surface peeling resulted from contact fatigue during rolling is a significant life‐limiting mechanism. In this study, we examine the statistical behaviour of surface‐crack nucleation, propagation, and peeling in a high‐speed train axle bearing made of GCr15 steel by using a laboratory rolling‐contact equipment. We reveal that cyclic rolling‐contact leads to the formation of a hardness gradient in the outer ring of the bearing. The gradient layer is of several millimetres. The peeling rate could be as high as 28 μm per million cycles when the contact pressure is close to that applied in real service. Peeling‐induced cracking is dominantly transgranular. The incipient angle is about 23.2°, and its depth could be hundreds of micrometres. The findings reported here could be employed to assess the lifetime of bearings made of GCr15 steel and possible other engineering metals.
Development of a novel convenient Alzheimer's disease assessment scale, the ABC Dementia Scale, using item response theory
Authors: Umeda‐Kameyama Yumi , Mori Takahiro , Wada‐Isoe Kenji , Kikuchi Takashi , Kojima Shinsuke , Kagimura Tatsuo , Ueki Akinori , Watabe Toshiyuki , Kudoh Chiaki , Akishita Masahiro , Nakamura Yu ,   and ABC dementia scale study group
Published: November 2018

Aim

The present study aimed to assess the interrater reliability and construct the validity of a novel, convenient informant‐based Alzheimer's disease assessment scale to prepare its final version.

Methods

For the assessment, site investigators, co‐medicals and, if available, medical staff other than doctors or co‐medicals interviewed study informants to assess individuals using this scale. We then analyzed the interrater reliability and construct validity using factor analysis and item response characteristics.

Results

In this study, 427 eligible participants were enrolled. We first examined the interrater reliability, and found that the lower limit of the confidence interval of each item was never <0.4 (except for the item “delusion of theft”). After deleting this item, the 14 items of this scale were organized into three domains (activities of daily living, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, and cognitive function) through factor analysis. After discussion of the similarity of two items and their integration into one item, we confirmed that the final version of the 13‐item scale showed almost the same degree of interrater reliability and construct validity as the former version of this scale.

Conclusions

The final version of this novel Alzheimer's disease assessment scale had high interrater reliability and construct validity. We named it the ABC (activities of daily living, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, and cognitive function) Dementia Scale. Further studies on its validation are required. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 18–23.
Cardiovascular disease‐related hospitalization and mortality among persons with von Willebrand disease: A nationwide register study in Sweden
Authors: Holm Elena , Osooli Mehdi , Steen Carlsson Katarina , Berntorp Erik
Published: November 2018

Introduction

It has been hypothesized that persons with von Willebrand disease (VWD) may be protected against arterial thrombosis despite having atherosclerosis.

Aim

To calculate a nationwide estimate of the absolute and comparative burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) hospitalization and mortality among persons with VWD using birthdate and sex‐matched comparisons from the general population in Sweden.

Methods

Persons with VWD regardless of the type and severity, diagnosed by a medical doctor, who lived in Sweden for some time during the observation period 1987 through 2008 were included. For each participant with VWD, up to five randomly selected birthdate‐ and sex‐matched persons from general population were selected as controls.

Results

A total of 2790 participants with VWD including 888 male and 1902 female subjects and 13 938 controls were included. Overall, the hazard of CVD‐related hospitalization was 1.3‐fold (95% CI: 1.1, 1.5) among participants with VWD after adjusting for sex, birthdate, diabetes and cancer. However, they had a 0.4‐fold (95% CI: 0.3, 0.6) hazard of CVD‐related mortality compared to general population sample.

Conclusions

In this nationwide, long‐term register study with individually matched controls, we have been able to show that persons with VWD have a higher hospitalization rate due to CVD events. However, the mortality rates appear lower than in the control population. The latter finding is consistent with previous studies and indicates a protective effect of the clotting factor deficiency inherited with VWD.
Irreducibility and (Trans) Sexual Difference
Authors: Stephano Oli
Published: November 2018

This article illuminates a tension internal to Elizabeth Grosz's provocative theory of the irreducibility of sexual difference: while it establishes sexual difference as an ontological force of differentiation, it simultaneously delimits the forms sexual difference can take as fixed and uncrossable. This model thus privileges cissexual difference while invalidating trans modes of embodiment and identification, a move that perpetuates antitrans logic and practices while impoverishing feminist conceptions of the generativity of sexual difference. This article examines the uses of transsexuality throughout Grosz's work on sexual difference, evaluating her claim that sexual difference is irreducible alongside her insistence that transsexuality is an impossible attempt to assume a bodily sex other than that assigned at birth. Illustrating how Grosz's account narrows the generativity of sexual difference down to unchangeable dimorphic sex, this article argues that fixed dimorphic sex is not simply irreducibly given but is the effect of normative schemas. If the power of sexual difference lies in its capacity to generate difference, it need not be constrained to an immobile binary of sexually specific bodies whose morphological possibilities are fixed. This article thus argues for the capacity of sexual difference itself to become otherwise than solely cisgender.
3D‐printed Franz type diffusion cells
Authors: Sil B. C. , Alvarez M. P. , Zhang Y. , Kung C‐P. , Hossain M. , Iliopoulos F. , Luo L. , Crowther J. M. , Moore D. J. , Hadgraft J. , Lane M. E. , Hilton S. T.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Franz cells are routinely used to measure in vitro skin permeation of actives and must be inert to the permeant under study. The aim of the present work was to develop and manufacture transparent Franz‐type diffusion cells using 3D printing. Printouts were then tested using a range of model active compounds. The study also aims to identify the critical 3D‐printing parameters necessary for the process, including object design, choice of printing resin, printout curing and post‐curing settings and introduction of model coatings.

Methods

Transparent Franz cells were constructed using an online computer aided design program and reproduced with different stereolithography 3D printers. The two acrylate‐based resins used for the fabrication process were a commercially available product and a polymer synthesised in‐house. Comparative studies between glass and 3D‐printed Franz cells were conducted with selected model actives: terbinafine hydrochloride (TBF), niacinamide (NIA), diclofenac free acid (DFA) and n‐methyl paraben (MPB). In preliminary studies, MPB showed the lowest recovery when exposed to the receptor compartment of 3D printed cells. Consequently, in vitro permeation studies were carried out using only MPB with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane.

Results

A decrease in the amounts of selected compounds was observed for transparent 3D‐printed Franz cells compared to glass cells. MPB showed the lowest recovery (53.8 ± 13.1%) when compared with NIA (74.9 ± 4.0%), TBF (81.5 ± 12.0%) and DFA (90.2 ± 12.9%) after 72 h. Permeation studies conducted using 3D‐printed transparent cells with PDMS membrane also showed a decrease in MPB recovery of 51.4 ± 3.7% for the commercial resin and 94.4 ± 3.5% for the polymer synthesised in‐house, when compared to glass cells. Although hydrophobic coatings were subsequently applied to the 3D‐printed cells, the same reduction in MPB concentration was observed in the receptor solution.

Conclusion

Transparent Franz cells were successfully prepared using 3D printing and were observed to be robust and leak‐proof. There are few resins currently available for preparation of transparent materials and incompatibilities between the actives investigated and the 3D‐printed cells were evident. Hydrophobic coatings applied as barriers to the printed materials did not prevent these interactions.
Partitioning of predominant lipophilic bioactives (squalene, α‐tocopherol and β‐sitosterol) during olive oil processing
Authors: Seçmeler Özge , Güçlü Üstündağ Özlem
Published: November 2018

The partitioning of predominant lipophilic olive bioactives (squalene, β‐sitosterol and α‐tocopherol) in olive oil processing was studied for the first time using common integrated olive milling plant. 7% of the oil and 5% of the squalene present in the olives was lost in the last pomace. β‐sitosterol and α‐tocopherol, which are mainly concentrated in the seed of the olive fruit, was recovered in virgin olive oil to a lesser extent (66%, 67%) while 10% were lost in last pomace. Thus, the loss of β‐sitosterol and α‐tocopherol was higher than that of squalene and oil, due to nonrecovered bound forms. 19% of the α‐tocopherol and 21% of the β‐sitosterol loss was unaccounted for, which can be attributed to degradation of α‐tocopherol and incomplete recovery of sterols from the olive and pomace matrices. This study provides a basis for process development studies.
Gelatin‐chitosan edible film activated with Boldo extract for improving microbiological and antioxidant stability of sliced Prato cheese
Authors: Bonilla Jeannine , Sobral Paulo J. A.
Published: November 2018

The objective of this study was to produce edible gelatin‐chitosan blended films containing Boldo extract, and then they were applied on sliced Prato cheese. Colour, pH, moisture and fat content parameters and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were assessed, during storage at 4 °C up to 10 days. The films did not provoke changes in fat content and pH (P < 0.05). Boldo extract incorporation in blended films (GEL50:CH50+ B) enabled significant protection against oxidation when compared with the control sample, and it did not allow psychrotrophic microorganism growth, and a considerably low development of coliforms was shown in sliced Prato cheese samples.
Influence of DOAC Stop on coagulation assays in samples from patients on rivaroxaban or apixaban
Authors: Platton Sean , Hunt Christina
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) require no laboratory monitoring, but they interfere with almost all clotting tests to a varying degree, depending on the DOAC, assay principles and reagents used. DOAC Stop (Haematex Research, Sydney, Australia) has recently been shown to adsorb DOACs from spiked and patient plasmas. The aim of our work was to investigate the DOAC Stop effect on a range of haemostasis assays on plasmas collected from patients on rivaroxaban or apixaban, to see whether it removes the effect of these drugs to enable more accurate interpretation of coagulation assays.

Methods

Samples from patients anticoagulated with either rivaroxaban, apixaban or no anticoagulant were tested for prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), DOAC‐specific anti‐Xa assay, factor VIII (one‐stage and chromogenic assay) and DRVVT (low and high phospholipid) before and after sample treatment with DOAC‐Stop.

Results

DOAC Stop significantly removed the effects of rivaroxaban and apixaban on PT, APTT, anti‐Xa activity, factor VIII (one‐stage and chromogenic assays), and DRVVT (low and high phospholipid reagents), and reduced the number of false positive of lupus anticoagulant interpretations in patients on rivaroxaban. There was no effect on the results from patients that were not anticoagulated.

Conclusion

This small study suggests that it is likely that DOAC Stop can be used in laboratories to screen for coagulopathy or lupus anticoagulants in samples containing rivaroxaban or apixaban. Care should be taken in the interpretation of results since complete reversal of the anti‐Xa effect did not occur in every sample.
Incidence and predictive factors of hypoglycemia after pheochromocytoma resection
Authors: Araki Saori , Kijima Toshiki , Waseda Yuma , Komai Yoshinobu , Nakanishi Yasukazu , Uehara Sho , Yasuda Yosuke , Yoshida Soichiro , Yokoyama Minato , Ishioka Junichiro , Matsuoka Yoh , Saito Kazutaka , Kihara Kazunori , Nakano Yujiro , Yoshimoto Takanobu , Uchida Tokujiro , Fujii Yasuhisa
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To determine the incidence and preoperative risk factors of post‐excisional hypoglycemia in patients undergoing pheochromocytoma resection.

Methods

Patients who underwent surgical resection of pheochromocytoma at a single institution were retrospectively enrolled in the present study. The primary end‐point was the development of post‐excisional hypoglycemia; that is, a serum glucose level <70 mg/dL. The serum levels of immunoreactive insulin and glucose levels during the preoperative oral glucose‐tolerance test and surgery were analyzed to elucidate the mechanism of hypoglycemia.

Results

A total of 49 patients underwent surgical resection of pheochromocytoma, of which 21 patients (43%) developed post‐excisional hypoglycemia. The incidence of hypoglycemia was not statistically different between patients with adrenal tumors and those with extra‐adrenal tumors (18/41 [44%] vs 3/8 [38%], respectively, P = 0.73). There was no difference in the immunoreactive insulin/glucose ratio during the preoperative oral glucose‐tolerance test between patients with and those without post‐excisional hypoglycemia. The intraoperative immunoreactive insulin/glucose ratio was significantly higher in patients with hypoglycemia than in those without hypoglycemia. A higher 24‐h urinary epinephrine level, but not norepinephrine level, was a predictive factor for post‐excisional hypoglycemia.

Conclusions

Post‐excisional hypoglycemia is a frequent complication of pheochromocytoma resection, irrespective of the tumor location, and might be common in patients with epinephrine‐predominant tumors. All patients undergoing resection of adrenal and extra‐adrenal pheochromocytoma require intensive monitoring of serum glucose levels during and after surgery.
Skirting the Sketch: An Analysis of Sketch Inhibition within Contemporary Design Higher Education
Authors: Thurlow Lisa , Ford Peter , Hudson Grahame
Published: November 2018

Sketch inhibition is regularly alluded to by educators within design higher education and one with increasingly marked effects on industry. Over the past thirty years, students have been observed to engage less with the manual processes of design development process in favour of other activities perceived as more attractive, to the detriment of their development as effective designers. This article offers an evaluation of literature which supports the importance of sketching to the design process across a variety of disciplines, its anatomy and functions and demonstrates its role in cognitive support, as a language, a means of reflection, communication and storage of information and the micro‐processes it embodies. Initial findings regarding the symptoms of sketch inhibition are presented: from avoidance of studio sessions and minimal design development, to an overreliance on digital tools. It considers causes, ranging from lacking skill‐sets, psycho‐social, to technological, and although further investigation is recommended to establish depth and enable development of an appropriate pedagogical framework for its management within HE, various methods are offered at this stage for use by educators: these include fine art exercises, a rigorous pursuit of quantity and even paper type.
ADIPOQ,KCNJ11 and TCF7L2 polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes in Kyrgyz population: A case‐control study
Authors: Isakova Jainagul , Talaibekova Elnura , Vinnikov Denis , Saadanov Iskender , Aldasheva Nazira
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study was to ascertain the polymorphic markers profile of ADIPOQ, KCNJ11 and TCF7L2 genes in Kyrgyz population and to analyze the association of polymorphic markers and combinations of ADIPOQ gene's G276T locus, KCNJ11 gene's Glu23Lys locus and TCF7L2 gene's VS3C>T locus with type two diabetes (T2D) in Kyrgyz population. In this case‐control study, 114 T2D patients 109 non‐diabetic participants were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). Two individual polymorphisms (ADIPOQ rs1501299, KCNJ11 rs5219) were found to be associated with T2D. We found two (Lys23Lys/CC and Glu23Lys/CT) of the overall nine combinations, which were more prevalent in T2D group compared to controls (χ2 = 4.21, P = 0.04). Lys23Lys/CC combination was associated with a 2.65‐fold increased likelihood of T2D (OR = 2.65, 95% CI 1.12‐6.28), whereas the Glu23Lys/CT combination also increased such likelihood (OR = 3.88, 95% CI 1.27‐11.91). This study demonstrated some association of 276T allele and ADIPOQ gene G276T heterozygous genotype as well as KCNJ11 gene 23Lys allele with T2D in ethnic Kyrgyz, but study results should be interpreted with caution because of the limited statistical power.
Minimal risk of tilapia lake virus transmission via frozen tilapia fillets
Authors: Thammatorn Worrayanee , Rawiwan Pattarasuda , Surachetpong Win
Published: November 2018

Recent outbreaks of a novel tilapia lake virus (TiLV) have raised concerns regarding the international spread of TiLV in frozen tilapia products. This study investigated the potential risks of frozen tilapia fillet as a source of TiLV transmission. It revealed that TiLV genomic RNA could be detected in tilapia fillet and the virus isolated from non‐frozen and frozen fillets with clinical TiLV infection stored up to 28 days caused a cytopathic effect (CPE) formation in the susceptible cell line in vitro. However, frozen fillets from clinical TiLV infection stored for 90 and 120 days did not cause CPE in the susceptible cell line. Similarly, CPE was not observed in TiLV isolated from subclinically TiLV‐infected fish fillets. In addition, in vivo bioassay revealed that despite the presence of TiLV isolated from subclinically TiLV‐infected fillet stored at −20°C for 14 days, there was no evidence of TiLV disease in naïve red hybrid tilapia based on the absence of clinical signs and mortality and without the detection of TiLV genomic RNA using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Collectively, these findings suggested minimal risk of transmission of TiLV via frozen tilapia fillets.
Nonspecific Symptoms Lack Diagnostic Accuracy for Infection in Older Patients in the Emergency Department
Authors: Caterino Jeffrey M. , Kline David M. , Leininger Robert , Southerland Lauren T. , Carpenter Christopher R. , Baugh Christopher W. , Pallin Daniel J. , Hunold Katherine M. , Stevenson Kurt B.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To determine if nonspecific symptoms and fever affect the posttest probability of acute bacterial infection in older patients in the emergency department (ED).

Design

Preplanned, secondary analysis of a prospective observational study.

Setting

Tertiary care, academic ED.

Participants

A total of 424 patients in the ED, 65 years or older, including all chief complaints.

Measurements

We identified presence of altered mental status, malaise/lethargy, and fever, as reported by the patient, as documented in the chart, or both. Bacterial infection was adjudicated by agreement among two or more of three expert reviewers. Odds ratios were calculated using univariable logistic regression. Positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR, respectively) were used to determine each symptom's effect on posttest probability of infection.

Results

Of 424 subjects, 77 (18%) had bacterial infection. Accounting for different reporting methods, presence of altered mental status (PLR range, 1.40‐2.53) or malaise/lethargy (PLR range, 1.25‐1.34) only slightly increased posttest probability of infection. Their absence did not assist with ruling out infection (NLR, greater than 0.50 for both). Fever of 38°C or higher either before or during the ED visit had moderate to large increases in probability of infection (PLR, 5.15‐18.10), with initial fever in the ED perfectly predictive, but absence of fever did not rule out infection (NLR, 0.79‐0.92). Results were similar when analyzing lower respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract infections (UTIs) individually. Of older adults diagnosed as having UTIs, 47% did not complain of UTI symptoms.

Conclusions

The presence of either altered mental status or malaise/lethargy does not substantially increase the probability of bacterial infection in older adults in the ED and should not be used alone to indicate infection in this population. Fever of 38°C or higher is associated with increased probability of infection. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:484–492, 2019.
Assessing Risk for Adverse Outcomes in Older Adults: The Need to Include Both Physical Frailty and Cognition
Authors: Aliberti Márlon J. R. , Cenzer Irena S. , Smith Alexander K. , Lee Sei J. , Yaffe Kristine , Covinsky Kenneth E.
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

Physical frailty is a powerful tool for identifying nondisabled individuals at high risk of adverse outcomes. The extent to which cognitive impairment in those without dementia adds value to physical frailty in detecting high‐risk individuals remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the effects of combining physical frailty and cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) on the risk of basic activities of daily living (ADL) dependence and death over 8 years.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

The Health and Retirement Study (HRS).

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 7338 community‐dwelling people, 65 years or older, without dementia and ADL dependence at baseline (2006‐2008). Follow‐up assessments occurred every 2 years until 2014.

MEASUREMENTS

The five components of the Cardiovascular Health Study defined physical frailty. A well‐validated HRS method, including verbal recall, series of subtractions, and backward count task, assessed cognition. Primary outcomes were time to ADL dependence and death. Hazard models, considering death as a competing risk, associated physical frailty and CIND with outcomes after adjusting for sociodemographics, comorbidities, depression, and smoking status.

RESULTS

The prevalence of physical frailty was 15%; CIND, 19%; and both deficits, 5%. In unadjusted and adjusted analyses, combining these factors identified older adults at an escalating risk for ADL dependence (no deficit = 14% [reference group]; only CIND = 26%, sub–hazard ratio [sHR] = 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3–1.8; only frail = 33%, sHR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.4–2.0; both deficits = 46%, sHR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.6–2.6) and death (no deficit = 21%; only CIND = 41%, HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.4–1.9; only frail = 56%, HR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7–2.7; both deficits = 66%, HR = 2.6, 95% CI = 2.0–3.3) over 8‐year follow‐up. Adding the cognitive measure to models that already included physical frailty alone increased accuracy in identifying those at higher risk of ADL dependence (Harrell's concordance [C], 0.74 vs 0.71; P < .001) and death (Harrell's C, 0.70 vs 0.67; P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Physical frailty and CIND are independent predictors of incident disability and death. Because together physical frailty and CIND identify vulnerable older adults better, optimal risk assessment should supplement measures of physical frailty with measures of cognitive function. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:477–483, 2019.
Practical measurement of body composition using bioelectrical impedance, air displacement plethysmography and ultrasound in stable outpatients with short bowel syndrome receiving home parenteral nutrition: comparison of agreement between the methods
Authors: Jones D. J. , Lal S. , Gittins M. , Strauss B. J. G. , Burden S. T.
Published: November 2018

Background

People diagnosed with intestinal failure (IF) as a result of short bowel syndrome are dependent on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Measuring nutritional status is essential for monitoring treatment.

The present study aimed to determine the agreement and feasibility of three methods bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), ultrasound and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) for measuring body composition in people receiving HPN.

Methods

Body composition data were collected from patients attending an IF clinic.

Results

There were 50 participants recruited and data were collected for BIA (n = 46), ultrasound (n = 49) and ADP (n = 9). Numbers for ADP were much lower because of a lack of participant uptake. Fat‐free mass (FFM) measured by BIA and ultrasound in comparison to ADP was found to have good intraclass correlation (ICC) 0.791 (95% confidence interval (CI) CI  −0.21 to 0.96) and a moderate ICC 0.659 [95% (CI) −0.27 to 0.92], respectively. Fat mass (FM) measured by both BIA and ultrasound in comparison to ADP was found to have moderate ICC 0.660 (95% CI −0.28 to 0.92) and poor ICC −0.005 (95% CI −0.73 to 0.65), respectively.

Conclusions

Compared to ADP, BIA indicated moderate to good agreement for measuring body composition, whereas ultrasound indicated far less agreement, particularly when measuring FM. The lack of uptake of ADP suggests that participants found the Bodpod (COSMED Srl, Shepperton, UK) unfavourable. Considering that ultrasound has limited agreement and ADP was not the preferred option for participants, BIA shows some potential. However, the difference between ADP and BIA was larger for FM compared to FFM, which needs to be considered in the clinical setting.
Impact of anemia on percutaneous coronary intervention in Chinese patients: A large single center data
Authors: Jiang Lin , Gao Zhan , Song Ying , Xu Jingjing , Tang Xiaofang , Wang Huanhuan , Liu Ru , Jiang Ping , Xu Bo , Yuan Jinqing
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To investigate the impact of anemia on 2‐year outcomes in patients undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Background

Whether anemia is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes after PCI is under debate.

Methods

A total of 10 717 consecutive patients who underwent PCI with available hemoglobin values at Fuwai Hospital were collected. Clinical outcomes were compared between patients with and without anemia both before and after PCI procedure.

Results

Totally, 1348 (12.5%) and 3111 (29.0%) patients presented with pre‐ and post‐PCI anemia according to World Health Organization criteria (hemoglobin level <120 g/L for women or <130 g/L for men), respectively. Anemic patients presented with more baseline clinical risks and more extensive coronary disease than those without anemia. During 2‐year follow‐up, patients with pre‐PCI anemia had higher incidence of bleeding and stroke than those without pre‐PCI anemia. Patients with post‐PCI anemia experienced higher incidence of all‐cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), bleeding, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) than those without post‐PCI anemia. Survival analyses were performed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models both before and after propensity score matching. Pre‐PCI anemia was not an independent risk factor of any adverse clinical events. Post‐PCI anemia was not an independent risk factor of all‐cause death, but was an independent risk factor of MI, TVR, and MACE.

Conclusions

Pre‐PCI anemia was not an independent risk factor of any adverse clinical events, while post‐PCI anemia had a predictable value of MI, TVR, and MACE after PCI.
Cerebral embolic protection systems for transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Gasior Tomasz , Mangner Norman , Bijoch Julia , Wojakowski Wojciech
Published: November 2018

In the recent years, ischemic brain injury related to embolization after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has received increased attention as new embolic protection strategies emerged to protect the brain. Diverse cerebral protection devices have been developed to reduce cerebral embolization during TAVR. These devices work through various mechanisms and are in different stages of clinical translation. This review provides the evidence‐based review of peri‐procedural stroke prevention during TAVR and summarizes currently available cerebral embolic protection devices.
Masseter muscle atrophy impairs bone quality of the mandibular condyle but not the alveolar process early after induction
Authors: Balanta‐Melo Julián , Torres‐Quintana María Angélica , Bemmann Maximilian , Vega Carolina , González Constanza , Kupczik Kornelius , Toro‐Ibacache Viviana , Buvinic Sonja
Published: November 2018

Background

Masseter muscle function influences mandibular bone homeostasis. As previously reported, bone resorption markers increased in the mouse mandibular condyle two days after masseter paralysis induced with botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA), followed by local bone loss.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the bone quality of both the mandibular condyle and alveolar process in the mandible of adult mice during the early stage of a BoNTA‐induced masseter muscle atrophy, using a combined 3D histomorphometrics and shape analysis approach.

Methods

Adult BALB/c mice were divided into an untreated control group and an experimental group; the latter received one single BoNTA injection in the right masseter (BoNTA‐right) and saline in the left masseter (Saline‐left). 3D bone microstructural changes in the mandibular condyle and alveolar process were determined with high‐resolution microtomography. Additionally, landmark‐based geometric morphometrics was implemented to assess external shape changes.

Results

After 2 weeks, masseter mass was significantly reduced (P‐value <0.001). When compared to Saline‐left and untreated condyles, BoNTA‐right condyles showed significant bone loss (P‐value <0.001) and shape changes. No significant bone loss was observed in the alveolar processes of any of the groups (P‐value >0.05).

Conclusion

Condyle bone quality deteriorates at an early stage of BoNTA‐induced masseter muscle atrophy, and before the alveolar process is affected. Since the observed bone microstructural changes resemble those in human temporomandibular joint degenerative disorders, the clinical safety of BoNTA intervention in the masticatory apparatus remains to be clarified.
Contextual and individual determinants of non‐utilization of dental services among Brazilian adults
Authors: Rebelo Vieira Janete Maria , Rebelo Maria Augusta Bessa , Martins Nara Munik de Oliveira , Gomes José Felipe Freitas , Vettore Mario Vianna
Published: November 2018

Objectives

To examine the association of contextual and individual determinants with non‐utilization of dental services among Brazilian adults.

Methods

Data were from adults aged 35‐44 years (N = 7,265) from the 2010 Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SB Brasil Project). Non‐utilization of dental services was assessed whether the individual has never had a dental visit over the whole life time. Independent variables were selected according to Andersen's behavioral model. Contextual variables included Human Development Index‐longevity (HDI‐Longevity) (predisposing demographic), HDI‐Education and Gini index (predisposing social), integration of oral health teams into Primary Care (enabling health policy), and HDI‐Income (enabling financing). Individual data were age and sex (predisposing demographic), ethnicity and schooling (predisposing social), family monthly income (predisposing enabling), perceived dental treatment (perceived need), and decayed teeth (evaluated need). The relationship of contextual and individual variables with non‐utilization of dental services was assessed through multilevel logistic regression analysis to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

The prevalence of non‐utilization of dental services was 4.7 percent. Adults living in cities with high HDI‐Income were less likely to never have a dental visit. The odds of non‐utilization of dental services were lower for adults living in cities with high HDI‐Longevity. Sex, skin color, dental treatment needs, poor socioeconomic characteristics, perceived dental treatment needs, and decayed teeth were also associated with non‐utilization of dental services.

Conclusions

The results suggest that contextual enabling and predisposing factors, individual sociodemographic, and needs‐related characteristics influence non‐utilization of dental services by Brazilian adults.
Effects of supplementation of chromium histidinate on glucose, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in cats
Authors: Machac Nina , Kaya Karasu Gulsah , Sahin Nurhan , Orhan Cemal , Sahin Kazim , Iben Christine
Published: November 2018

In recent years, two meta‐analyses of chromium (Cr) supplementation have shown beneficial effects on glucose metabolism. Chromium histidinate (CrHis) reduces serum glucose levels in rats fed a high‐fat diet but no study has been conducted on cats until now. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CrHis on glucose and lipid metabolism in cats. To challenge the glucose metabolism, 16 cats were fed a high‐carbohydrate high‐fat diet for three months. One group (n = 8) received 800 ug CrHis per day for two months, while the other group (n = 8) served as control group. An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted, blood samples were taken, and biochemical parameters and oxidative stress were measured. CrHis serum levels were significantly increased (p = 0.027) in the treatment group, while fructosamine levels were significantly lower (p = 0.029) in the control group. In both groups, glucose (p < 0.01), b‐hydroxy‐butyrate (p = 0.024) and 8‐hydroxy‐deoxyguanosine (p = 0.028) levels decreased significantly and cholesterol levels increased significantly (p < 0.01). In conclusion, CrHis did not improve glucose or lipid metabolism and did not affect oxidative stress in healthy cats.
Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement and optimal sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio for 30–50 kg pigs
Authors: Ho Trung Thong , Htoo John Khun Kyaw , Dao Thi Binh An , Carpena Maria Eloisa , Le Nu Anh Thu , Vu Chi Cuong , Nguyen Quang Linh
Published: November 2018

Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirement and the ideal SID sulphur amino acids (SAA) to Lys ratio for 30–50 kg crossbred pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 72 crossbred pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 28.9 kg were allotted to one of six dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Each diet was assigned to six pens containing two pigs each. Six diets were obtained by supplementing graded levels of L‐Lysine∙HCl to create six dietary levels of SID Lys (0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, 1.00%, 1.10% and 1.20%). Responses of weight gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) to increasing the SID Lys content of the diet fitted well with the curvilinear‐plateau model; whereas, for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) two‐slope linear broken‐line model was well fitted. The optimal SID Lys requirement for the pigs of this period was 1.10%. Experiment 2 was a dose–response study using SID Met+Cys to Lys ratios of 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% and 64%. A total of 72 crossbred pigs with initial BW of 32.9 kg were randomly allotted to receive one of the six diets. Diets 1–5 were formulated to contain 1.0% SID Lys to be second limiting in Lys and diet 6 contained 1.11% SID Lys to be adequate in Lys. The average optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio for maximal ADG and G:F and minimal PUN was 65.2% using curvilinear‐plateau and linear broken‐line models.
Northwest Africa 11024—A heated and dehydrated unique carbonaceous (CM) chondrite
Authors: Ebert Samuel , Bischoff Addi , Harries Dennis , Lentfort Sarah , Barrat Jean‐Alix , Pack Andreas , Gattacceca Jérôme , Visser Robbin , Schmid‐Beurmann Peter , Kimpel Stephan
Published: November 2018

Based on the high abundance of fine‐grained material and its dark appearance, NWA 11024 was recognized as a CM chondrite, which is also confirmed by oxygen isotope measurements. But contrary to known CM chondrites, the typical phases indicating aqueous alteration (e.g., phyllosilicates, carbonates) are missing. Using multiple analytical techniques, this study reveals the differences and similarities to known CM chondrites and will discuss the possibility that NWA 11024 is the first type 3 CM chondrite. During the investigation, two texturally apparent tochilinite–cronstedtite intergrowths were identified within two thin sections. However, the former phyllosilicates were recrystallized to Fe‐rich olivine during a heating event without changing the textural appearance. A peak temperature of 400–600 °C is estimated, which is not high enough to destroy or recrystallize calcite grains. Thus, calcites were never constituents of the mineral paragenesis. Another remarkable feature of NWA 11024 is the occurrence of unknown clot‐like inclusions (UCLIs) within fine‐grained rims, which are unique in this clarity. Their density and S concentration are significantly higher than of the surrounding fine‐grained rim and UCLIs can be seen as primary objects that were not formed by secondary alteration processes inside the rims. Similarities to chondritic and cometary interplanetary dust particles suggest an ice‐rich first‐generation planetesimal for their origin. In the earliest evolution, NWA 11024 experienced the lowest degree of aqueous alteration of all known CM chondrites and subsequently, a heating event dehydrated the sample. We suggest to classify the meteorite NWA 11024 as the first type 3 CM chondrite similar to the classification of CV3 chondrites (like Allende) that could also have lost their matrix phyllosilicates by thermal dehydration.
Emotion recognition in medical students: effects of facial appearance and care schema activation
Authors: Colonnello Valentina , Mattarozzi Katia , Russo Paolo M
Published: November 2018

Context

Identifying the factors that may interfere with or sharpen the ability to recognise emotions when observing patients is a critical goal in medical education. This study addressed these issues by investigating the effects of facial appearance bias on medical students’ emotion recognition (Experiment 1) and whether such bias is modulated by the activation of relational caregiving schema (Experiment 2).

Methods

In Experiment 1, medical students were asked to recognise the emotions expressed by individuals differing in facial appearance (trustworthy, neutral and untrustworthy). In Experiment 2, they completed the same type of emotion recognition task after activating and anchoring themselves to the representation of the relational/human competences typical of a competent professional caregiver or after a control non‐representation condition.

Results

In both experiments, emotion recognition was affected by facial appearance bias: medical students were less accurate and slower in their recognition of emotions displayed by untrustworthy‐looking individuals than in their recognition of emotions exhibited by individuals evoking more positive inferences. In Experiment 2, the activation of care schema enhanced medical students’ emotion recognition ability regardless of facial appearance‐based inferences.

Conclusions

Medical students’ emotion recognition is affected by appearance‐based bias, but such bias may be weakened by techniques that harness medical students’ personal affective/relational and representational resources. Thus, the results provide a basis for designing curricula aimed at challenging implicit negative bias and promoting medical students’ emotion recognition ability starting in the early stages of their education.
The Eschatological Turn in German Philosophy
Authors: Wolfe Judith
Published: November 2018

This article argues that modern European philosophy was significantly shaped by the transposition of eschatology from a theological into a philosophical register. By ‘eschatology’, I here mean thought about the ‘last things’ as they relate to present systems of life and action; and about those systems as determined, at least in part, by their end. I take as my starting point the claim that the scepticism regarding revelation that was such a central characteristic of the Enlightenment did not eradicate the importance of eschatology as a structuring frame of historical and moral thought, but merely changed it. Modern theologians and philosophers tended to shift the ground of eschatology from revelation to the inner logic of a system; eschatology was seen as legitimated by, and in turn legitimating, the shape of a given philosophical account of history. The questions and challenges arising from this shift were important drivers of early twentieth‐century European philosophy. This article works out this claim through indicative accounts of several large debates of early twentieth‐century philosophies of history and of politics as contestations about the meaning of eschatology: the crisis of historicism, the rise of existentialism, and the surge of political religions. It concludes with a discussion of Martin Heidegger’s eschatological thought of the 1930s, illuminated by the recent publication of his Black Notebooks.