bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and child development: educational material for family members
Authors: Figueiredo Mirela de Oliveira , Alegretti Ana Luiza , Magalhães Lilian
Published: July 2021

Abstract Objectives: to describe methodological procedures, theoretical foundation, activities and guidelines that compose an educational material designed for family members with a focus on the development of babies and children from 0 to 5 years old during the pandemic period. Methods: methodological research was applied to the preparation and validation of the educational material. The elaboration involved a literature review, graphic material creation and a validation by experts. Results: the literature review provided materials and background on child development principles and forms of stimulation through the realization of child occupations. The stage of validation by specialists provided a greater degree of reliability regarding the potential to stimulate activities and adequacy of the written elements of the material. Conclusions: the methods employed made it possible to develop, evaluate and improve the educational material, ensuring greater quality to guide and assist families in the daily stimulation of their children and in the management of occupational disruption. The material can also be useful for education and health professionals, support undergraduate education and/or university extension activities that focus on child development.
COVID-19 in a child with down syndrome and extensive pulmonary tuberculosis: a case report
Authors: Stefanuto Pedro Pollini Gonçalves , Fernandes Carla Jéssica da Silva , Cruz Camilla Gomes da , Leite Robério Dias , Tavares Lohanna Valeska de Sousa
Published: July 2021

Abstract Introduction: although pediatric patients have comparatively fewer cases of COVID-19, children with Down Syndrome exhibit comorbidities such as immunodeficiency, diabetes and, in this perspective, are considered a population at risk for severe COVID-19. In addition, the literature also points to an unfavorable perspective on co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, considered an important comorbidity and a predictor of a worse clinical outcome. Description: female child, nine years old, with Down Syndrome, congenital heart disease and prematurity, with significant weight loss and intermittent fever for six months. A week ago, she had an intensification of fever, productive cough and mild respiratory distress. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detectable in nasopharynx swab, chest X-ray with diffuse alveolar infiltrate, chest CT with consolidations, excavation, solid micronodules in a sprouting tree pattern mainly in the right upper and lower lobes. Molecular rapid test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detectable in gastric lavage. After specific treatment, the patient progressed well and was discharged from the hospital after 72 hours without fever and improvement in her breathing pattern. Discussion: despite the extensive pulmonary involvement, the patient did not require invasive ventilatory support and presented a satisfactory short-term outcome. Therefore, the relevance of the association of Tuberculosis and COVID-19 and other comorbidities in the pediatric age group still remains uncertain.
Justiça ecológica como bússola para ações em favor da agricultura urbana e periurbana
Authors: Marques Paulo Eduardo Moruzzi , Le Bel Pierre-Mathieu , Leão Vitória Oliveira Pereira de Souza , Curan Roberta Moraes
Published: July 2021

Resumo: Este artigo explora a teoria das justificações para a análise das motivações e estratégias de atores da Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana (AUP) no estado de São Paulo, considerando perspectivas de desenvolvimento de seus territórios. Com uma abordagem cruzando sociologia e geografia, a pesquisa que ofereceu elementos de análise para a elaboração deste artigo fundamentou-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas, observações de campo e análise documental, considerando os casos do assentamento Milton Santos, situado parte em Americana, parte em Cosmópolis, assim como da Associação de Agricultores da Zona Leste da capital. O direito de acesso ao fundiário é absolutamente central para a AUP. A reivindicação deste direito, bem como a concepção de papéis das atividades compreendidas pela AUP, mobilizam referências de justiça com contornos ecológicos, o que oferece crescente legitimidade à causa, gerando diversos tipos de apoios. Porém, as evidências dos casos estudados indicam que a AUP está longe de ter sua perenidade e crescimento assegurados.
Mild cognitive impairment history and current procedures in low- and middle-income countries: a brief review
Authors: Hartle Larissa , Charchat-Fichman Helenice
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a widely studied concept that has changed over time. Epidemiology, diagnosis, costs, prognostics, screening procedures, and categorization have been extensively discussed. However, unified guidelines are still not available, especially considering differences between low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC). Objectives: To contextualize and identify the main areas under investigation regarding MCI diagnosis and to investigate how much of the current knowledge is compatible with the diagnosis in an LMIC. Methods: This brief review followed the framework outlined for a scoping review and goes through the history of MCI and its diagnosis, the differences and relevance of LMIC research regarding the concept, and the current criteria for diagnosis. Results: Results show that the unique characteristics of LMIC influence the development of cognitive decline and how suitable procedures suggested by HIC can be used by LMIC to identify pathological aging processes in their early stages. Conclusion: Neuropsychological assessment of activities of daily living performance, considering the difference between omission and commission errors, is a more accessible course of action as a screening procedure for cognitive decline in LMIC.
The Figure Memory Test: diagnosis of memory impairment in populations with heterogeneous educational background
Authors: Nitrini Ricardo , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi , Yassuda Mônica Sanches , Fichman Helenice Charchat , Caramelli Paulo
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT. Diagnosis of cognitive impairment is usually difficult in low-educated individuals. The Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) was designed as a screening tool for the evaluation of cognitive impairment in low-educated individuals, but it may also be used for evaluating individuals with high educational level. Objectives: To perform a narrative review analyzing the origin of the BCSB, to report all studies that have used the Figure Memory Test (FMT) of the BCSB, and to demonstrate that it is a useful battery for regions where populations have heterogeneous educational background. Methods: We performed a search in PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS using the terms “Brief Cognitive Screening Battery” and “Brief Cognitive Battery”. Results: We obtained 49 papers from PubMed, 32 from SciELO, and 28 from LILACS. After the exclusion of duplicate papers, 54 publications were obtained; five more studies were included from previous knowledge of the authors. Twenty-four papers were related to the impact of education on performance, diagnostic accuracy, cutoff scores and normative studies. The delayed recall of the FMT showed the best accuracy for the diagnosis of dementia with a cutoff score of ≤5 in different education levels. In 35 papers, the FMT of the BCSB was used in clinical studies with different settings, from outpatient memory clinics to epidemiological studies and evaluation of Amazon river basin dwelling individuals, and it was always considered to be easy to apply. Conclusions: The FMT of the BCSB is an easy and short tool for the diagnosis of dementia in populations with heterogeneous educational background.
Assessment of judgment ability in a Brazilian sample of patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Vale-Britto Patrícia Helena Figueirêdo do , Rabin Laura , Spindola Livia , Nitrini Ricardo , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT. Judgment is the ability to make sound decisions after consideration of relevant information, possible solutions, likely outcomes, and contextual factors. Loss of judgment is common in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. The Test of Practical Judgment (TOP-J) evaluates practical judgment in adults and the elderly, with 15- and 9-item versions that require individuals to listen to scenarios about everyday problems and report their solutions. Objective: Adaptation of TOP-J for a Brazilian sample, preparation of a reduced version and verification of the accuracy of both. Methods: Eighty-five older adults, including 26 with MCI, 20 with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 15 with frontotemporal dementia behavioral variant (FTDbv) and 24 controls, underwent neuropsychological assessment including the Brazilian adaptation of the TOP-J (TOP-J-Br). Results: On both TOP-J-Br versions, controls outperformed MCI, AD and FTDbv patients (p<0.001) and MCI outperformed AD and FTDbv (p<0.001). For the TOP-J/15-Br, the best cutoff for distinguishing controls and patients had a sensitivity of 91.7%, specificity of 59.0% and area under the curve of 0.8. For the TOP-J/9-Br, the best cutoff for distinguishing controls and patients had a sensitivity of 79.9%, specificity of 72.1% and area under the curve of 0.82. Conclusion: The TOP-J/15-Br, and particularly the TOP-J/9-Br, showed robust psychometric properties and the potential for clinical utility in Brazilian older adults at various stages of neurodegenerative cognitive decline.
Predictors of dementia after first ischemic stroke
Authors: El-Sheik Wafik Mahmoud , El-Emam Aktham Ismail , El-Rahman Ahmed Abd El-Galil Abd , Salim Gelan Mahmoud
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT. Various mechanisms contribute to dementia after first ischemic stroke as lesions on strategic areas of cognition and stroke premorbidity. Objectives: Assessing clinical and neuroimaging predictors of dementia after first ischemic stroke and its relation to stroke location, subtypes and severity. Methods: Eighty first ischemic stroke patients were included. Forty patients with dementia after first stroke and forty patients without dementia according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of vascular dementia. All patients were subjected to general and neurological assessment, National Institute Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) for stroke severity, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale for cognition assessment, MRI brain and Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) classification for stroke subtypes. Results: Left hemispheric ischemic stroke, strategic infarctions, diabetes mellitus and stroke of anterior circulation were found to be independent risk factors for dementia after first ischemic stroke (OR=3.09, 95%CI 1.67-10.3, OR=2.33, 95%CI 1.87-8.77, OR=1.88, 95%CI 1.44-4.55, OR=1.86, 95%CI 1.45-6.54, respectively). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, ischemic heart disease, high NIHSS score and large vessel infarction were significantly higher among post stroke dementia patients. However, on binary logistic regression, they did not reach to be independent risk factors. Conclusion: Stroke location (left stroke, strategic infarction, anterior circulation stroke) and diabetes mellitus could be predictors of dementia after first ischemic stroke, but stroke severity, stroke subtypes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking and ischemic heart could not.
AVALIAÇÃO DE MÉTODO DE ENSINO PARA PREENCHIMENTO DE DECLARAÇÃO DE ÓBITO
Authors: Pereira Maurício Gomes , Tauil Pedro Luiz , Godoi Alcinda Maria M.
Published: July 2021

Sumário: As estatísticas de mortalidade ainda representam, na maioria dos países, a principal fonte de informações sobre as condições sanitárias da população, mas a sua utilidade depende do preenchimento correto de cada declaração de óbito. Assim deve ser ensinada ao médico e ao estudante de medicina a maneira apropriada de preenchê-lo. Em uma aula participativa, de 50 minutos, para 53 alunos do quarto ano médico, foi distribuída uma declaração de óbito e, com o uso de histórias clínicas, ensinada a maneira de preenchê-la. Ao final da sessão, todos os alunos julgaram a sessão instrutiva, quanto ao conteúdo, e a maioria (92%) julgou agradável a forma de sua apresentação. Diante do resultado da avaliação, concluiu-se que o método é recomendável, embora não se possa adiantar seu impacto no futuro preenchimento das declarações de óbito.
PADRE CÍCERO: RECONCILIAÇÃO E MODERNIDADE
Authors: Steil Carlos Alberto
Published: July 2021

Resumo O presente artigo tem como foco o sentido da reconciliação na ação política do padre Cícero Romão Batista. Partindo dos contextos teológico e filosófico em que surge o conceito, interpreta-o, à luz das ciências sociais, como um divisor de águas entre dois projetos de nação que atravessam a história recente do país. De um lado, o projeto excludente, que afirma e reproduz a divisão, defendido pelas elites políticas, pelos intelectuais liberais e pelo clero reformador. Do outro, o projeto inclusivo, defendido pelo padre Cícero, para quem, a realização da modernidade dependeria da reconciliação entre tradição e modernidade. A base de referência empírica para o argumento é a revisão, nos anos 2000, do processo de condenação do padre Cícero por parte da Igreja católica. O caminho trilhado foi o da pesquisa histórica, revisitando a literatura, reinterpretando as teses de alguns autores de referência que escreveram sobre o padre Cícero.
A cobertura das doenças não transmissíveis em Moçambique: caso do jornal Notícias (2006-2018)
Authors: Bussotti Luca
Published: July 2021

Resumo Este artigo analisa a cobertura da imprensa moçambicana, especificamente do jornal Notícias, relativo às doenças não transmissíveis (DNT). O texto se inscreve em uma moldura teórica dupla: por um lado, no seio da comunicação para saúde “contextualizada”; por outro, no agendamento político da cobertura de imprensa controlada pelo Estado em países de democracia limitada, como Moçambique. A pesquisa foi do tipo exploratória e, em termos metodológicos, primeiro, foi feito um levantamento quantitativo da amostra de artigos do Notícias sobre DNT, de 2006 até 2018; a seguir, usou-se a análise do discurso aplicada aos artigos julgados mais significativos; finalmente, foram realizadas entrevistas junto a testemunhas-chave que complementaram a pesquisa. Os resultados apontaram para uma elevada politização da cobertura das doenças não transmissíveis. As entrevistas realizadas confirmaram tais conclusões, enfatizando, porém, a importância de uma análise contextual: a linha editorial do Notícias foi sim centrada no protagonismo de importantes figuras públicas comprometidas com a luta contra tais doenças, mas essa foi a única forma julgada possível para iniciar a abordagem das DNT na imprensa pública.
BASINGWERK ABBEY (FLINTS.) AND ITS FOUNDERS: AN EARL, A KING AND A PRINCE*
Authors: Tringham Nigel
Published: July 2021

The founding of Basingwerk Abbey by Ranulf earl of Chester in the early 1130s was important for consolidating his newly-inherited authority in Tegeingl, a territory contested by both Anglo-Norman and Welsh lords. At the lower end of the Greenfield valley, its very location in an enclosure
associated with kings of Mercia delivered a powerful message to English settlers, but the sentiments of the native Welsh were also addressed by the promotion of the cult (albeit probably 'invented') of St Gwenfrewi, centred on a well at the top of the valley. Changes in political control later
in the century provided opportunities for Henry II and princes of both Gwynedd and Powys to become patrons of a house which exemplified cultural interchange.
COMMERCE, CASH AND POLITICS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE BEHAVIOUR OF DEHEUBARTH'S WELSH LORDS IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Brodie Hugh
Published: July 2021

Although the thirteenth century was a period of significant economic development little has been written about the potential influence this may have had on the political behaviour of native elsh lords his is an important issue because whereas trade generally went with the grain of archer
lords political loyalties elsh lords did not enjoy the same easy synergy ack of documentary evidence is a big problem but this article adds to the picture by focusing on eheubarth and the lords of ryslwyn in particular drawing on the results of archaeological excavation ttention has traditionally
focused on the contest for territory but the article argues that commerce and the growing use of money had a significant role in shaping the political behaviour of these lords as they grasped opportunities to gain the resources necessary to maintain their position and sense of status
THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF WYNNSTAY: THE 1885 ELECTION IN EAST DENBIGHSHIRE
Authors: Peters Lisa
Published: July 2021

In 1885, the two-member constituency of Denbighshire was divided and its electorate more than doubled. Both sitting members – George Osborne Morgan and Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn – sought to represent East Denbighshire. In this article, each candidate's election campaign is
analysed and the extent to which it focused on the candidates themselves, rather than their political parties, is discussed. Sir Watkin's campaign was based on his family's longstanding political and economic links with the area, whilst Osborne Morgan was portrayed as a champion of Welsh Nonconformity.
The article suggests that the result was not a straightforward victory for Welsh Liberalism, with deference being a key issue.
Permanência da juventude no meio rural: para além da sucessão geracional tradicional
Authors: Spanevello Rosani Marisa , Boscardin Mariele , Lago Adriano , Duarte Luana Cristina , Moreira Sandro Da Luz
Published: July 2021

Dois jovens permanecem no meio rural, diferentemente do modelo tradicional de sucessão geracional. Este artigo tem como objetivo validar as formas de permanência de dois jovens no meio rural, evidenciando as diferenças em termos de ano ou processo de sucessão geracional tradicional. Foram analisadas 53 entrevistas em diferentes municípios da região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Para analisar dois resultados apontou para quatro formas diferentes de permanência: 1) Residência conjunta (mesma casa) em propriedade paterna com atividades agrícolas e não agrícolas; 2) Residência separada (mais as mesmas propriedades em dois países) com atividades agrícolas e propriedades dos pais; 3) Residência não urbana, comércios agrícolas com propriedades de dois países e 4) Residência com propriedade, junto com os países e com atividades urbanas.
En busca de los arreglos institucionales para una nueva gobernanza global ambiental
Authors: Moreno-Plata Miguel
Published: July 2021

En las últimas décadas, los ecosistemas del planeta han sido sometidos a un severo deterioro, producto de una explotación sin precedentes en la historia del homo sapiens. Esta problemática ambiental se ha mantenido a pesar de los arreglos institucionales construidos desde su reconocimiento por la comunidad internacional. En el presente artículo se reflexiona sobre los procesos interactivos, las instituciones y los actores sociopolíticos inmersos en la construcción de una nueva gobernanza mundial. Mediante una metodología cualitativa, se analizan las disfuncionalidades más relevantes de los marcos institucionales y las organizaciones internacionales sectoriales en materia de medio ambiente, cambio climático y desarrollo sostenible. Se concluye que una causa fundamental de las deficiencias es la falta de auténticos sistemas de gobernanza global para abordar la crisis socioecológica. Los actuales marcos institucionales constituyen un caótico conglomerado de instrumentos formales e informales, sin los mecanismos eficaces de articulación social e institucional que demanda la naturaleza compleja, dinámica e interactiva de la problemática ambiental contemporánea. La arquitectura de los nuevos sistemas de gobernanza podría sustentarse en la integración multinivel, transversal y transnacional de los marcos institucionales, como una base para reconfigurar los actores, los procesos y las estructuras de la gobernanza global ambiental en el siglo XXI.
Cambio climático y sistemas de producción agroecológico, orgánico y convencional en los cantones Cayambe y Pedro Moncayo
Authors: Chávez Caiza Jenny Paola , Burbano Rodríguez Rafael Tiberio
Published: July 2021

Este artículo analiza el impacto del cambio climático en el modo de producción agroecológico, orgánico y convencional en los cantones Cayambe y Pedro Moncayo debido a los retos que enfrenta Ecuador en el sector agropecuario, ante el deterioro ambiental. Se aplica la metodología del análisis multicriterio para determinar la alternativa de producción agrícola que mejor se ajusta a la zona, a partir de su comportamiento en los siguientes indicadores: económico, social, ambiental, institucional y productivo. En la investigación participaron productores agroecológicos, orgánicos y convencionales. La información se recopiló mediante encuestas y análisis de documentos oficiales de los cantones. El cumplimiento de cada uno de los pasos del análisis multicriterio permitió conocer que el mejor sistema productivo es la agroecología. Le sigue la producción orgánica y el menos adecuado es el sistema de producción convencional. Estos sistemas son afectados de manera distinta por el cambio climático, y su contribución al deterioro ambiental también es diferenciada. La huella hídrica y de carbono para el sistema orgánico es de 39.9 m3/Ton y 1.07 TonCO2/Kg de producto, respectivamente; mientras que para el sistema agroecológico es de 77.3 m3/Ton y 0.10 TonCO2/Kg de producto. El sistema convencional es el peor puntuado, con un impacto ambiental más fuerte (huella hídrica = 300.3m3/Ton y huella de carbono = 1.87TonCO2/Kg de producto). El estudio muestra que el sistema mejor preparado ante estos eventos es el agroecológico. Ello significa que es menos vulnerable y más resiliente, en términos generales.
TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL FOR BRANDING NEW CITIES
Authors: Hassan G.F, Khalifa A. Sultan M. A, Kamel S. M.,
Published: July 2021

Recently, the competition between cities worldwide has been raging while attempting to attract domestic and international investment, residents and visitors. Consequently, governments resorted to City Branding (CB) approach either to create or develop competitive identities for their cities. Since then, an abundance of literature on city branding is being produced by academics. Yet, it appears that the branding new cities has received lesser or no attention in the city branding literature.   Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a comprehensive model for branding new cities. This model is based on the analysis of 20 models and frameworks of place, city, and destination developed by academic researchers and practitioners. The proposed model consists of 11 inter-related components that are proved to have a strategic importance in for the success in the development and management of city branding process. Therefore, it provides a wider perspective unlike previous models that tackles the branding process from different perspective. This comprehensive model is addressing professionals and practitioners, government officials to guide and assist their efforts to effectively create and manage brands of new cities.
A mobilização jurídico-política do Movimento Antimanicomial no Brasil
Authors: Cerqueira Correia Ludmila
Published: July 2021

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva analisar a mobilização jurídico-política do Movimento Antimanicomial no Brasil para a afirmação e garantia dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência psicossocial e para a consolidação da Reforma Psiquiátrica. Para tanto, identificam-se e analisam-se as estratégias adotadas pelo Movimento Antimanicomial para a aprovação da Lei nº 10.216/2001 e da Política Nacional de Saúde Mental. Toma-se como referencial os pressupostos teórico-práticos de O Direito Achado na Rua, com a concepção de Direito de Roberto Lyra Filho e de José Geraldo de Sousa Junior, e as construções teóricas de Boaventura de Sousa Santos acerca do cosmopolitismo subalterno e da globalização contra-hegemônica. Observa-se que a metáfora da rua como espaço público se concretiza na atuação do Movimento Antimanicomial, que conseguiu demonstrar a relevância da mobilização política para continuar avançando nas conquistas da Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira. Conclui-se que mesmo com os avanços alcançados, ainda são necessárias reformulações drásticas e consistentes nas políticas públicas do país para que impulsionem novas práticas e conceitos sobre sofrimento mental, capacidade de entendimento e ação, cuidado e tratamento, visando a garantia dos direitos desse grupo social subalternizado.Palavras-chave: Movimento antimanicomial, mobilização jurídico-política, O Direito Achado na Rua; cosmopolitismo subalterno.Abstract: This article aims to analyze the legal-political mobilization of the Anti-asylum Movement in Brazil for the affirmation and guarantee of the rights of the people with psychosocial disabilities and for the consolidation of the Psychiatric Reform. It identifies and analyzes the strategies adopted by the Anti-Asylum Movement for the approval of Law nº 10.216/2001 and the National Mental Health Policy. Take as reference the theoretical and practical assumptions of The Law Found on the Street, with the conception of Law by Roberto Lyra Filho and José Geraldo de Sousa Junior, and theoretical constructs of Boaventura Santos about subaltern cosmopolitanism and globalization counter-hegemonic. The metaphor of the street as a public space is concretized in the work of the Anti-Asylum Movement, which was able to demonstrate the relevance of the political mobilization to continue advancing in the achievements of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform. Even with the advances achieved, drastic and consistent reformulations of the country's public policies are still necessary to foster new practices and concepts about mental suffering, care and treatment, aiming at the guarantee rights of this subalternized group.Keywors: anti-asylum Movement; political-legal mobilization; The Law Found on the Street; subaltern cosmopolitanism.
Lotions and Potions
Authors:   , Likely Rasheda S. , Wright Christopher G.
Published: July 2021

This dissertation research employs an exploratory qualitative design experiment (Confrey, 2006; Wright, 2016) to develop and study an intervention for investigating middle school Black girls' engagement in and perceptions of science practices. Historically, K-12 science education employs approaches that are heavily informed by Eurocentric standards for thinking and behaving which have perpetuated the marginalization of minoritized groups such as Black girls. For these reasons, this project was anchored in decolonization using frameworks of intersectionality and multicultural curriculum to inform the development and implementation of a culturally sustaining science intervention titled "Lotions and Potions: Science through Hair Care". The first research question investigated the ways in which Black girls participated with three science and engineering practices. The second research question explored Black girls' perceptions of science practices and themselves as they participated in the curricular intervention. Ten Black girls participated in the after-school program that used curriculum formative assessments, journal reflections, and pre and post interviews with a drawing task as data sources.
Economic growth, nutrition and living standards in 19th century Lima: new estimates of welfare ratios using a linear programming model
Authors: Zegarra Luis Felipe
Published: July 2021

This study relies on a linear programming model to estimate welfare ratios in 19th century Lima. By using a linear programming model, the food basket guarantees the intake of basic nutrients at the minimum cost. The subsistence cost includes the cost of food and other basic needs. The estimates show that low-skilled workers in Lima were able to cover their basic needs in 1800-1875. The results also show that living standards of low-skilled workers declined during the Guano Era. Living standards in Lima, however, compared favorably to several cities in Europe.
Pengaruh Kualitas Perpustakaan Digital Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Mahasiswa (Studi Kasus pada Universitas Islam Indonesia)
Authors: Sungadi Sungadi
Published: July 2021

The library is a source of life long learning and has an important role process in higher education. This study intends to test and prove the quality of digital libraries on student learning achievement. The research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach with a sample of Indonesian Islamic University (UII) students who submitted free literature as a condition for registering graduation month January-March 2020 a total of 126 students. Sampling using a non-probability method by means of convenience sampling. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and multiple regression. The results showed that partially there were 4 accepted hypotheses and 3 rejected hypotheses. The accepted hypotheses are: H1: the quality of digital libraries (X) on academic achievement (Y). H2: system development (X1) on Academic Achievement (Y). H3: means of promotion (X2) on academic achievement (Y). H5: means of sharing information (X4) on academic achievement (Y). While the rejected hypothesis is H4: deposit and preservation function (X3) on academic achievement (Y). H6: collaboration between institutions (X5) on academic achievement (Y). H7: online learning resources (X6) on academic achievement (Y). Furthermore, from the results of Multiple Regression Analysis, it is proven that simultaneously variables X, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5 and X6 have an effect on variable Y with an effect of 57.4%, while the remaining 42.6% is influenced by other factors whose variables are not studied in this study. The recommendation given is the need for improvements in the dimensions of e-learning learning resources and the dimensions of meeting information needs in the field of entertainment and recreation for users.
Pemanfaatan Layanan Whatsapp Gateway sebagai Sistem Notifikasi Pinjaman (SINOPI) di Dinas Kearsipan dan Perpustakaan Kota Pekalongan
Authors: Khoeriyah Yuyun Siti , Indah Rosiana Nurwa , Ruqayah Farah
Published: July 2021

This study aims to determine the use of the whatsapp gateway service in the loan notification system (SINOPI) at the Pekalongan City Library and Archives Service. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with descriptive analysis. The data collection technique used in this research is by conducting interviews. The informants in the study used purposive sampling technique, namely the technique of determining informants based on certain criteria. This study resulted in the finding that this service could at least minimize the delay in returning books by as much as 20 copies per day. This service has been used by all users who have registered as members of the Pekalongan City Regional Library. With this system, the service for extending the loan period is automatically served by the server without having any officers on guard and without having to come to the library location. This application development is easy to use and understand by its users and easy to access. The obstacles that often occur are notification information that is not conveyed or cannot be read by users due to several factors including; a power cut by PLN so that the server is down and unable to send notifications, the registered user cellphone number is no longer active / changed the number, because the internet subscription (kouta) of the user has run out and notifications are ignored.
A Brief Review of the Types of Validity and Reliability of scales in Medical Research
Authors: Bahariniya Sajjad , Ezatiasar Mohammad , Madadizadeh Farzan
Published: July 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Council of Health Messengers: A Tool to Strengthen Cross-SectoralCollaboration
Authors: Bahrevar Vali , Hosseini Saeed , Hassan Lotfi Mohammad Hassan
Published: July 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Comparison of Suicidal Ideations and Self-injurious Behaviors in Patients with Complicated and Non-complicated Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bidaki Reza , Dastjerdi Ghasem , Shafiee Mohammad , Rahmanian Masoud , Yavari Mohammad Javad
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Psychiatric problems like suicide, self-harm, and injurious behaviors are important and common in chronic diseases like diabetes. This study aimed to compare suicidal ideations and self-injurious behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without complications referring to diabetes research center in Yazd, 2017.
Methods: In this case-control study, simple random sampling was used. The data were collected using standard questionnaires. Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI) was used to investigate suicidal ideations and Sanson questionnaire was used for self- injurious behaviors. Finally, the collected data were entered into SPSS version 19. Also, t-test was used to compare the means and Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency distributions.
Result: A total of 360 patients were studied in two groups of 180 (complicated and non-complicated). Of these patients, 189 (52.5%) were male and 171 (47.5%) were female. Moreover, only 1 patient (0.3%) had self-injurious thoughts and 1 patient (0.3%) had high suicidal ideations. There was no significant difference between the frequency distribution of self-injurious thoughts and suicidal ideations in the two groups (p=0.371). There was no significant difference between the frequency distribution of self-injurious thoughts and suicidal ideations in the two groups according to the gender (p=0.285, p=0.432).
Conclusion: The results showed that the frequency of self-injurious thoughts and suicidal ideations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is low and the complications of the disease do not affect this abundance.
Primary Care Doctors’ Role in Antenatal Detection and Management of Fetal Bilateral Pleural Effusions: A Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Tay Chai Li , AW Noor Afiqah
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Fetal pleural effusion is rarely seen in primary care setting. It is more commonly diagnosed among women with diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.
Method: This report illustrates two patients with fetal bilateral pleural effusions, detected at 18-week and 24-week period of amenorrhea (POA) during routine antenatal scans by primary care doctors.
Result: These two pregnancies were complicated with hydrops fetalis and resulted in fresh stillbirth and intra-uterine death.
Conclusion: Primary healthcare providers play an important role in the early diagnosis of fetal congenital anomaly, counseling regarding the ultrasonography findings, neonatal outcome, and referral to obstetrician for further management and monitoring for maternal complications, such as polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, mirror syndrome, and depression as a result of hydrops fetalis.
The mediating role of perfectionism in relation to narcissism and early trauma, family functioning and perceived parenting styles
Authors: Kermanian Sahar , Golshani Fatemeh , Baghdasarians Anita , Jomhari Farhad
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Elevated narcissism in young people often sets up a cascade of interpersonal and mental health challenges which needs to understand its concomitants. This study aimed to explain the structural model of narcissism based on early trauma, family function and perceived parenting styles with the mediating role of perfectionism.
Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the present study consisted of 20-45 year-old males and females referring to psychological clinics of Tehran in 2018-19. A sample of 350 people was also selected using convenience sampling method. Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the McMaster family assessment device, and Perceptions of Parents Scale (POPS) were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis using SPSS-22 software and structural equation modeling was used by Amos-24 doftware. The level of significant was (p<0.05).
Results: Comparative Fit index (CFI) was 0.923, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Incremental Fit Index (IFI) was appropriate; since it exceeded 0.90. Also, the Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.075 was in the acceptable range. Based on the path findings, the fitted model showed a positive impact of early life trauma on perfectionism (p<0.01, β= 0.12), the functioning of the family (p<0.01, β= 0.21), and the style of parenting (β= 0.29, p<0.01). Narcissism had a positive impact on family functioning (p<0.01, β = 0.40) directly from early life trauma (p <0.01, β = 0.18).  
Conclusion: As the experience of trauma increases early in life, the likelihood of developing perfectionist tendencies increases. This indicates that the better the parenting style and the better the family functioning, the lower the level of perfectionism.
Projecting the Shortages and Surpluses of General Practitioners in Iran
Authors: Shahraki Mahdi , Ghaderi Simin
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Due to the necessity of careful planning in the human capital of health and the effect of imbalance of general physician supply on economy and health status, this study aimed to estimate general practitioners' (GPs) demand and predict general practitioners’ shortage and surplus in Iran.
Method: This study was an analytical and applied study conducted at the national level for Iran in 2019 using ARIMA (5,1,1) method for projecting supply and Vector Error Correction (VEC) models for projecting demand with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), out-of-pocket, aging and hospital beds variables. Data were annual time series from 1991 to 2017, extracted from the statistical yearbooks issued by the Statistical Center of Iran and the World Bank database. The required models and tests were estimated by Eviews 10 software at a 0.05 significance level.
Results: The general practitioners’ elasticity to GDP, aging, and out-of-pocket were 0.33, 1.77, and -0.81, respectively. GDP per capita (0.11), aging (0.14), and the number of hospital beds (0.0007) had a positive impact, and out-of-pocket payments (-0.0001) had a negative impact on demand for GPs in Iran. Also, from 2018 to 2030, the mean GPs demand (0.23) was higher than the mean supply (0.20), and there was a shortage of GPs in these years (0.03).
Conclusion: Iran is facing a shortage of GPs by 2030. Therefore, there are suggested policies for increasing the admissions capacity at medical universities, maintaining and preventing the migration of physicians with appropriate incentives, establishing rules, and providing job satisfaction for physicians.
Sexual Abuse in Adolescent Girls and Boys with Mild Intellectually Disable
Authors: Zareei Mahmoodabadi Hassan , Akrami Leila
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The problems of girls and boys with mild intellectually disable (MID) increases with age gradually. Due to the emerging changes, puberty is a significant period for adolescents with MID. The aim of this study to investigate sexual abuse in girls and boys with mild intellectually disable in the puberty period.
Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The statistical population consisted of all boys and girls with mild intellectual disabilities between the ages of 12 and 16 from exceptional public schools and their mothers in Yazd, Iran. 300 MID adolescents (150 girls and boys each) were selected by multi-stage sampling. To study sexual abuse, a self-designed questionnaire was used. The questionnaire comprised two sections. Kuder-Richardson coefficient obtained for boys and girls with MID turned out to be 0.80 and 0.84, respectively. Using frequency, percentage, and correlation coefficient (p<0.05). Data were analyzed with SPSS 24.
Results: In this study, 2.67% (n = 4) of girls and 4% (n = 6) of boys with MID were abused. Also, their psychological and physical signs of sexual abuse were assessed (depression: girls,0.75% (n = 3), boys, 33.33% (n = 2), aggression: girls,0.75% (n = 3), boys, 66.66% (n = 4),  avoiding certain adults, 0.50% (n = 2), boys, 33.33% (n = 2), sleep and eating disorder, 0.25% (n = 1), boys, 16.66% (n = 1) . Some of their parents pointed that their children had not received training in this area. There was a significant positive correlation coefficient between the mother's educational level and receiving training by schools and family with sexual abuse knowledge (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The irrational reaction of families, the community, and the lack of adequate training lead to an increasein sexual abuse in such individuals. Hence, training these young individuals seems essential both before and during puberty.
Social determinants of addiction in population Middle age in the city of Yazd
Authors: Kheirandish Javad , Lotfi Mohammad Hassan , Fallahzadeh Hossein , Farahzadi Mohammad Hadi , Hosseini Seyed Mohammad Hossein , Mehrabanian Mohammad Milad
Published: July 2021

Background: There are several factors involved in drug abuse and since some of these effective factors, especially social factors, can be changed and corrected; By recognizing them, more effective prevention programs can be implemented.This case study was performed with the aim of determining the social factors of addiction in people middle age  living in the city of Yazd.
Methods: In this case-control study during 2019- 2020, 150 Substance user who referred to methadone maintenance treatment centers (MMTC) were involved in a case group and 150 subjects, matched in terms of sex and age, were selected as a control group during 2019. The cases were selected by cluster sampling method from Yazd methadone maintenance treatment centers. The selection of witnesses was done from the neighbors of the cases.
 Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that includes three parts: demographic questions, economic and social factors and Substance use-related questions. The content validity of the questionnaire was affirmed by experts and its reliability, obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, was 0.75. The cases were selected by cluster sampling from MMTC.
The data were analyzed using SPSS software and logistic regression model was used to find the related characteristics.
Results: The results of logistic regression model show that individuals working in non-organizational jobs had the highest share in relation to Substance user , with an odds ratio of 4.65. The use of drugs, Substance user first-degree relatives, and Substance user friends were with the odds ratio of 3.4, 2.97, and 2.6, respectively are significantly related to Substance user  and have the highest risk for Substance user (P = 0.0001).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that Substance user individuals had more social risk factors compared to the general population. Therefore, planned measures to reduce these risk factors among the community, especially young people and their friends, by family and community officials are necessary. And the family plays a decisive role in choosing a friend for their children.
SPATIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR UPLIFTING STUDENT'S SOCIETAL PERSONA- A CASE OF UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR
Authors: Waqas Muhammad , Shah Syed Akhtar Ali , Yaseen Aneela , Jawad Muhammad , Sarir Saima
Published: July 2021

Purpose of the study: This study pursues to find the gap between prudently programmed pure academics in the university and student's societal persona, a result of impulsive learning and informal socializing. This is piloted to justify the need for properly designed informal socializing spaces by comparing actual and proposed spaces at the university campus.

Methodology: A mixed-method strategy is adopted to conduct this research; the theoretical basis is formulated by available literature, and a detailed precedent study is carried out to establish programmatic assumptions in the light of contemporary handling of a similar subject. Visual survey and spatial analysis of building spaces in relationship with human behaviour are performed to analyse preferences of multiple users.

Main Findings: The research culminates in a set of propositions put forth to initiate a purpose-built space that can informally regulate and enhance the social experience in existing academia through spatial design by overall massing of solids and voids, while considering ventilation and thermal comfort through Interconnected Courtyard System, Wind conduits, etc.

Applications of this study: The guidelines are formulated for functional, environmental, and Socio-Psychological aspects to design informal socializing spaces.

Novelty/Originality of this study: Despite learning only from text and oral faculty teachings, the overall milieu of the University through such spaces will add in student's positive personality growth altogether that is ignored in most of the cases.
EXPLORING UNDERGRADUATE EFL LEARNERS’ BELIEFS ABOUT WCF AND THEIR IMPACT ON IMPROVING WRITING SKILLS IN PAKISTANI UNIVERSITIES
Authors: Hassan Mehmood Ul , Malghani Mehwish , Zai Kinza Ali
Published: July 2021

Purpose of the study: This study aims to explore students’ beliefs, which play a vital role in learning a foreign language. The present study investigated this important factor on undergraduate EFL students at Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & IT, Rhaimyar Khan, Pakistan.

Methodology: The study is quasi-experimental and used questionnaires and interviews. Students were divided into two groups: treatment and control groups. Writing accuracy for the pre and two post-delayed tests were checked and statistically analyzed on SPSS. Different repeated measures ANOVA tests were used.

Main Findings: Main findings of this study revealed that there were marginal differences in the beliefs of the students from urban and rural areas. Findings also showed that types of the written CF which are the most effective were different according to their beliefs. Besides, beliefs about written CF were also found to impact students' writing accuracy significantly. Students in the control group showed significant accuracy in writing compared to the students in the control group.

Applications of this study: The present study will be useful for constructing university students’ existing beliefs about written CF and practices with respect to learning English as a foreign language.

Novelty/Originality of this study: This study's most significant research contribution regarding language learning beliefs is that it probes the extent to which differences of beliefs may impact students' development of writing accuracy after they received written CF. As no earlier studies could investigate this issue; hence, this study has attempted to fill an important research gap.
PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS IN GIRLS SPORTS PARTICIPATION AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
Authors: Marwat Mohibullah Khan , Jabeen Afshan , Ullah Ismat , Shah Muhammad , Saba Sofia
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Main objectives of this review paper were to examine the existing position regarding the religious perspectives in connection with female participation in sports, opportunities, and barriers affecting their entry into sporting activities. The focus of this article was to investigate the viewpoint of the female regarding the religious and socio-cultural factors influencing women’s participation in sports.

Methodology: A self-made questionnaire consisting of twenty-four different items encircling religious and socio-cultural factors affecting women's participation in sports was used for the collection of data. Population for this study comprised of conveniently available 236 border girls students of Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan.

Main Findings: Findings of the study has revealed that, in addition to dominant religious trend and sociocultural environment, lack of facilities, law and order situation, and transportation issues in reaching the facility, dress code, misconception of the masses in perspectives of the female participation in sports and financial problems were the main barriers in the way of female participation in sports.

Implications: It is recommended that parents, teachers, religious leaders, experts in the field of health and sociology, and different sources of social media should play their role in clarifying the situation in paving the way for the female folk to bring positive change in the situation.