bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marxism, Social Psychology, and the Sociology of Mental Health
Authors: Brown Phil
Published: May 2005

The political activism of the 1960s brought with it activism in the mental health field, broadly defined as antipsychiatry. Included in this social phenomenon are R.D. Laing and his colleagues, mental patients' rights activists, movements against psycho-technological abuses such as psychosurgery, Marxist and radical critiques of mainstream psychiatric practices, and feminist therapy. Some aspects of this broad movement have been influenced or even directed by Marxist perspectives. When Marxist influences have not predominated, antipsychiatric points of veiw still have much affinity with Marxism. This broad-based criticism of mental health practices and ideologies not only influences the mental health field, but also affects general Marxist social theory, adding to traditional Marxism a concern with feminist issues and the politics of personal and family life. This article explores the progress made by these antipsychiatric perspectives, and examines their limitations as well. Four schools of thought in Marxist psychology–Freudo-Marxism, orthodox-economist Marxism, see Marxist medical model, and “ideology-critique” – are explored to see how they can contribute to the further production of Marxist psychological theory and practice.
Swedish Socialism and Big Business
Authors: Israel Joachim
Published: May 2005

It is argued that during 44 years of Social Democratic government in Sweden intimate cooperation has developed between this government and multinational corporations. This cooperation was based upon the development of common interests, and was the result of an economic policy of structural rationalization and state intervention. A strong tendency of concentration of capital can be observed. Data are presented to support the theses developed.
Yoruba Disease Classifications for Planning in Health Care
Authors: Brieger William R. , Ramakrishna Jayashree , Adeniyi Joshua D.
Published: May 2005

An understanding of local concepts of illness and disease that underlie disease classification systems is essential for designing culturally relevant training programs in primary health care. Prior to training personnel in primary health care in Idere, Nigeria, residents were interviewed revealing that two main groups of disease exist. Generally, arun is serious, chronic and contagious, while aisan represents temporary indispositions. When given seventeen conditions to classify, respondents clearly demarked five as arun and five as aisan while the remainder fell in a grey area in between. Ironically, malaria which is a dangerous disease to young children, was classified as aisan.

The disease classification system is being used as a general point of departure for discussion during training. Concerning training on the specific diseases, appropriate ideas are reinforced while others are modified all within the context of the local classification system.
The High Tiger in South Nias, Indonesia
Authors: Feldman Jerome A.
Published: May 2005

Every seven or fourteen years a festival was held in the southern part of Nias Island, Indonesia, in which a giant tiger image from each of four or five villages would be disposed of in a local river. The effigies represented the rulers of prominent villages and by extension, the lineages which provided those rulers. The purpose of the ceremony was to renew society and as such many of the organizational structures of South Nias culture were incorporated into the offering. The “high tiger,” as it was called, embodied dualistic principles and rich metaphorical references. It was also a ritual substitute for the ruler in an otherwise dangerous period of transition. Upon completion of the ceremony, power was restored to the rulers, standardized weights and measures were reset and life returned to normal patterns for the next seven or fourteen years.
Modern or Prehistoric: Experiments in Distinguishing between Culturally and Mechanically Produced Chipped Stone Artifacts
Authors: Bradbury Andrew P.
Published: May 2005

In some instances, the non-cultural fracture of stone can resemble culturally modified implements. This article presents the results of several reduction experiments that are used to separate flake debris produced by cultural means (i.e., knapping) from flakes produced by non-cultural means. In this case, the non-cultural production of flake debris was the result of chert being fractured by a rock crusher for use as road gravel. The experiments presented here allow for archaeological materials to be examined at the site and individual flake levels. These methods are demonstrated through application to materials recovered during an archaeological survey in Illinois.
Developing an Instructional Workstation
Authors: Doss David , Rhodes Dent M.
Published: May 2005

A computer-based instructional workstation (IWS) is a means to: 1) integrate computer, video, and optical data storage technology into a single instructional system, 2) enable students to learn how to manage information and resolve problems by using the new technology available to them, and 3) help preservice and inservice teachers learn how to use these forms of technology to teach subject matter and information management skills.

This workstation is a “problem-centered, information management” instructional system, suitable for individuals or small groups. It combines a microcomputer; video tape, video disc, and CD-ROM players; a video camera; and a printer with productivity, educational, and custom-designed software.

An instructional workstation enables teachers and media specialists to focus on educational intents, processes and outcomes without the restrictions of discrete technologies. The system is flexible enough to provide multiple options in task selection, information presentation, and performance evaluation.
Structure of Medical Care Services in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Fry J.
Published: May 2005

The health services of the U.S.S.R. are organized and administered on a master plan based on central and monolithic planning according to Marxist socioeconomic principles. The health services have provided good available and accessible medical care to all its peoples. This has been a great and remarkable achievement. Primary medical services in the U.S.S.R. are provided by a series of specialists— uchastok (neighborhood) pediatricians, therapists (internists), occupational physicians, and dentists. Each has an allocated geographic locality and there is no free choice of physician. The uchastok physicians work from polyclinics with specialists. They also carry out daily home visits. There are no hospital facilities. The nature of the work and the work load is similar to that of primary physicians in other systems. In rural areas because of dispersal of populations, primary medical care is carried out by medical assistants (feldshers) who work under the supervision of physicians.
If Not and or but Conjunctions in Sentential and Deductive Logic
Authors: Jordan Michael P.
Published: May 2005

The simple conjunctions of the English language are defined in terms of truth tables to show the relationship between logic and linguistic coupling words. Some principles and problems of deduction in technical writing are discussed in terms: of linguistic couplers, of the technical level necessary for understanding the premises, and of the criteria for judging arguments in different fields of reasoning. This is an introductory paper; it discusses several related principles of technical reasoning, and it provides detailed references and a brief annotated bibliography for those who wish to read further.
People, Pesticides, and the Environment: Who Bears the Brunt of Backward Policy in South Africa?
Authors: London Leslie , Rother Hanna-Andrea
Published: May 2005

Whereas international trends show that many developed countries are adopting policies that promote pesticide reduction, use of pesticides in South Africa continues to expand. In particular, macroeconomic policies encourage pesticides use among emergent small-scale black farmers, while potential exposures of workers on commercial farms remain high. Despite having legal controls that seem to conform to international standards, the present health and environmental impacts of pesticide use in South Africa are substantial and generally underestimated. The reasons lie in the fragmentation of regulatory mechanisms as well as the absence of public awareness and participation in policy-making related to pesticides. Failure to enforce existing legislation, an ambivalent relationship between government and industry, and the existence of a “pesticide culture” will continue to prevent implementation of meaningful control measures. As a result, it is marginalized groups, such as small-scale farmers and farm workers, who bear the brunt of policies that have not kept pace with a growing international awareness of the hazards of widespread pesticide use for human health and for the environment. Opportunities for fundamental transformation of the legal and policy framework relating to pesticides in order to promote environmental justice are explored.
Repression: Active Censorship of Stressful Memories vs. Source Amnesia for Self-Consciously Dissociated Memories
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G. , Moran Cindy
Published: May 2005

Three groups of subjects were presented solvable and unsolvable anagrams, along with clues that were either perceived or imaged. For the two groups in which failure was made stressful, the perceptual clues from failed anagrams were most likely to be misremembered as imaginal clues. This finding suggests that the repression of past failure is manifested primarily as source amnesia, and is a passive aftereffect of having dissociatively experienced failure as “not real” as well as not imaginary in source. Such a suggestion challenges two key Freudian assumptions: that repression is universal, and that it entails active censorship.
Facing the World: Student Teachers' Computer Use during Practicum
Authors: Wang Yu-Mei , Holthaus Patricia
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to investigate the computer use by student teachers during the practicum: the manner and frequency of computer use; student teachers' perception of their training adequacy; their attitudes toward the role of the computer in teaching; and the factors that might be associated with student teachers' use of computers. The student teachers in this study had a higher percentage of computer use than those in previous studies. Student teachers held positive attitudes toward the computer use in education and judged themselves prepared for the computer use in the future teaching. Nevertheless, the pattern of their computer use suggested that these students were only being prepared for computer use in a limited way.
The Price of a Free Concert
Authors: Brooks Arthur C.
Published: May 2005

While many musicians have begun to compliment their work with elements and ideas taken from a number of other disciplines, these disciplines have typically not included economics. However, economics provides an effective analytical framework that people in many seemingly unrelated fields—including music—can use to illuminate issues they commonly face over the course of their professional activities. This article is intended as an example of this: using elementary economic tools, it examines from both a philosophical-aesthetic and practical standpoint the question of whether or not a music conservatory should charge the public for entrance to its students' performances.
Confounding in Educational Computing Research
Authors: Clark Richard E.
Published: May 2005

Despite considerable evidence in research that computer-based instruction enhances student learning, an argument is presented that most of this research is confounded. Wherever computers are used to deliver instruction (including the teaching of programming languages), any resulting change in student learning or performance may be attributed to the uncontrolled effects of different instructional methods, content and/or novelty. The evidence for this confounding places the independent variables in most of these studies in doubt and diminishes the role of educational computing research in the development of instructional theory but not in instructional development or delivery.
The Air Force Academy Instructor Workstation (IWS): I. Design and Implementation
Authors: Gist Thomas E. , Lorenzen Gary L. , Swanson Richard E. , McQuade Marilyn K. , Fuller Robert G.
Published: May 2005

In this article we discuss the design and implementation of a computer controlled instructor workstation. The original design consisted of an AT-class computer controlling a laser videodisc player, with graphics overlay, data acquisition, administrative support, and central file serving included. We include the background leading to the decision to develop an instructor workstation, as opposed to a standalone tutorial system; goals of the system design; rationale behind the choice of programming language used; description of the system design; and description of the current configuration. As currently implemented, the system consists of a controlling computer, the videodisc player, and the central file server.
The Experience of Flotation-Rest as a Function of Setting and Previous Experience of Altered State of Consciousness
Authors: Norlander Torsten , Kjellgren Anette , Archer Trevor
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate if experiences induced by flotation-REST (in flotation-tank) are affected by settings or subjects earlier experiences of altered states of consciousness (ASC). No such significant differences were found. Significant effects owing to flotation-REST were found regarding reduction in experienced pain and enhancement of mood. Flotation-REST was considered a pleasurable technique. Different kinds of visual and acoustic effects, altered time perception, and a sense of weightlessness have been reported. Also, deep transpersonal experiences were quite common, and could be distinguished into three types: experiences of one's own childbirth/delivery; feeling of cosmic unity; and experiences of losing contact with the body or out-of-body experiences. Flotation-REST must be regarded as a consciousness-altering method with promising potential for clinical and therapeutic use.
Using Popular Television as a Teaching Tool for the Linguistically Diverse
Authors: Wall Muriel
Published: May 2005

“Using Popular Television as a Teaching Tool for the Linguistically Diverse,” illustrates how media communication techniques can be adapted for curriculum development. A close look at this medium indicates that its power can be bridled for effective use within the learning environment. Theoretical and practical information is combined because strategies, based on research findings, use popular television series suggested by the students to provide recommendations for lessons to develop pronunciation, oral communication, plot analysis and writing composition as well as analysis of cultural factors concerning ethnic diversity. Guidelines are also included for developing television discrimination.
Continuation High Schools: Youth at Risk for Drug Abuse
Authors: Sussman Steve , Stacy Alan W. , Dent Clyde W. , Simon Thomas R. , Galaif Elisha R. , Moss Mary Ann , Craig Sande , Johnson C. Anderson
Published: May 2005

Students at alternative high schools may be at substantial risk for drug abuse. The present article provides a general overview of the drug use-related context of continuation high schools in southern California. A total of 144 students and ninety-six staff were interviewed from twenty continuation high schools. The interview data revealed that continuation school students show high levels of substance use. However, only 20 percent of the students report that they received any drug abuse prevention programming. Also, students at continuation high schools aspired to a productive life after high school including continued education. Thus, these youth may still be amenable to preventive educational interventions which deter them from drug use and help them to fulfill their future goals.
Comments on “Cancer Mortality near OAK Ridge, Tennessee”
Authors: Sharpe Charles McRae
Published: May 2005

A recent article by Joseph Mangano concluded that changes in cancer mortality near Oak Ridge (Anderson County) in Tennessee over a 40-year period (1950–1989) suggest an increase in cancer deaths linked to radiation contamination. These conclusions are not supported by available, representative data. In his analysis, Mangano selected for comparison two three-year periods (1950–1952 and 1987–1989) that are not representative of the entire 40 years. An analysis by decade of the 42-year period from 1950 to 1991, using U.S. mortality rates from the National Center for Health Statistics and Tennessee mortality rates from the NCHS and the Tennessee Health Department, shows that the relation between expected and actual cancer deaths for the white population of Anderson County does not differ from that for the State of Tennessee. In addition, changes in methods of reporting death statistics during the 40-year period invalidate any attempt to compare current cause-specific mortality data (such as cancer deaths) with data from the 1950s. Relevant comparisons that can be made for the period 1970–1991 again show that cancer deaths for whites in Anderson County have been statistically equivalent to the expected rates.
Figuring out Cancer
Authors: Davis Devra Lee , Hoel David G.
Published: May 2005

Cancer continues to increase throughout the industrial world. Aging of the population, smoking habits, and improvements in diagnosis do not account completely for these patterns. About 5 percent of cancers occur in persons under age 45, while 65 percent of all cancers occur in persons over age 65. For this older age group, many of their most common tumors, in addition to those linked with smoking, are not curable and appear to be increasing in incidence as well as mortality in a number of industrial countries. Evaluating cancer causes by looking at an age-adjusted rate obscures important differences that are occurring at different age groups. In order to reduce the cancer burden further, it is important to look for bona fide explanations of recent shifts in cancer patterns, especially those not related to cigarette smoking or other habits.
Strategic Design of an Interactive Video Learning Lab (IVL)
Authors: Switzer Ralph V. , Switzer Jamie S.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to research elements necessary for design of an interactive video learning lab (IVL) for business courses. A properly designed interactive video-learning lab will provide state-of-the-art training and educational materials, in a facility open twenty-four hours a day if needed. With the self-paced, personalized learning available with IVL, learning times can decrease while retention is increased. Using available courseware individualized instruction can be offered on topics not currently covered in the business curriculum.
Diagnosis of Substance Abuse in an Adolescent Psychiatric Population
Authors: Roehrich Herb , Gold Marks
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study of forty-one consecutively admitted adolescent psychiatric patients who were not referred for substance abuse problems revealed a 71 percent rate of diagnosable abuse. Clinical interview, drug screening, and family history were assessed for their relative contribution to diagnoses. A conduct disorder diagnosis was found to be highly correlated with substance abuse. Both clinical interview and drug screening were found to be useful in diagnosing covert substance abuse. Covert drug abuse is a problem which can be uncovered by a clinical evaluation approach, including systematic clinical interviews and urine drug screening.
Interpreting Facial Expressions in Patients in the Terminal Stage of the Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Jansson Lilian , Norberg Astrid , Sandman Per-Olof , Athlin Elsy , Asplund Kenneth
Published: May 2005

Videotaped interactions between each of two experienced caregivers and each of four patients in the terminal stage of the Alzheimer disease were interpreted. A hermeneutic approach was used to analyze the videotapes. It was possible to see the patients as capable of having experiences and of communicating them to their caregivers. The analysis made it possible to put together the observed communicative cues into a narrative for each patient. The study may contribute to the improvement of the care of severely demented patients by affecting caregivers' preunderstanding of these patients' experiences and communicative abilities.
The Transtheoretical Model of Change Applied to Developing Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Coombs David W. , Fish Larry , Grimley Diane , Chess Emma , Ryan William , Leeper James , Miller Howard , Willis Sandra
Published: May 2005

The Transtheoretical Model of Change (TMC) is investigated as a tool for explaining and diagnosing suicidal behavior. Investigators found in a sample of 42 hospitalized suicide ideators and attempters, that most patients had progressed through the stages of change as predicted by the TMC, and that ten change processes (psychological states or experiences) defined by the TMC, were used systematically in association with specific stages of change. Women were more likely to report using the change processes than men. Investigators conclude that the TMC holds promise as a tool for understanding suicidal behavior and for designing appropriate interventions.
Computing in Higher Educational Institutions in an ERA of SEA Change
Authors: Rocheleau Bruce
Published: May 2005

This article makes use of College and University Systems Exchange (CAUSE) surveys from 1994 through 1996 concerning how higher educational institutions are responding to demands for increased use of information technology in classes and by students and faculty. Student and faculty access to the Web jumped by a remarkable extent from 1994 to 1995 and thus institutions successfully provided access to this new technology. Student and faculty use of the Web also jumped greatly, though less than access. Use of computing and e-mail in the classroom increased at a much slower rate from 1994 to 1996. The equipping of classrooms for computing also remained at a low level. An analysis was conducted to determine if higher educational policies and structures had any impact on access to and use of computing by students and faculty but no consistent and strong findings were obtained.
Artistic Talent in “Autistic” Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Buck Lucien A. , Kardeman Elayne , Goldstein Fran
Published: May 2005

The primary consequence of a diagnosis of “infantile autism” has been to focus, almost exclusively, upon a segment of the child rather than the whole person. The functions typically selected for attention reflect a “pathology perspective” which fails to capture the complexity of a human being. However, as “normality” cannot be effectively assessed without considering liability, “autism” cannot be fully understood without exploring potential. When the appropriate atmosphere is established, considerable artistic talent can be elicited in “autistic” adolescents and young adults. The art of three “autistic” young men has been selected to demonstrate-parallel to the growth of all artists-the development of a variety of personal styles each of which interprets life in a unique way. The unfolding process provides evidence of conscious intention and of increasing technical skill with the medium of paint and canvas. At the present time, these individuals exhibit a sensitive awareness of the world and an effort to communicate to others in both their paintings and their discussions with the staff. In addition, the communicative effectiveness of their compositions is apparent in the degree of interest aroused in other artists and in the wider community which has culminated in a series of public exhibits.
The Media's Influence on College Students' Views of Death
Authors: King Jennifer , Hayslip Bert
Published: May 2005

This study examined the media's influence on 147 college students' views of death. Utilizing the revised Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale, the Incomplete Sentence Blank task, the NEO Five-Factor Inventory measure of Anxiety, the Byrne Repression-Sensitization Scale, and the Media Consumption Scale, a series of MANCOVAs indicated that greater death anxiety was related to the portrayal of group deaths in the media. Results indicated that in some cases, general references to death by the media may bring death fears into consciousness and have no effect on the unconscious, yet specific, real-life examples may increase both unconscious and conscious death fears. In general, conscious and unconscious death fears increased with greater death related media exposure.
Orchestrating the Points of Community Intervention: Enhancing the Diffusion Process
Authors: Preston Murray A. , Baranowski Tom , Higginbotham John C.
Published: May 2005

Recent interest in community-based health education programs has emphasized the need to promote change in social systems, as well as individual behaviors. The problem is where and when to intervene to effect these multiple levels of change. Components of community programs have tended to be implemented simultaneously at only one or two points within a community. A potentially more effective approach would consider both where differing types of people can be reached, and the appropriate time to intervene at each point, to maximize the effective diffusion of information and behavior change across the community. The present article outlines eight points of community intervention including centers, institutions, major media, minor media, special events, formal social networks, informal social networks, and created social networks. A sequencing of intervention efforts at these points is proposed which is predicated on their role in regard to the need for preparation, public awareness, notification about planned events and implementation of the program. The proposed orchestration of the points for community program implementation capitalizes on the diffusion process and on the synergistic effects of multimodal education efforts.
Use of the “Theme Study” as Means of Curriculum Development in Continuation High Schools
Authors: Dent Clyde W. , Galaif Elisha R. , Sussman Steve , Stacy Alan W.
Published: May 2005

This article presents the evaluation of written paragraphs which described twenty-one drug abuse prevention “themes” contained in thirty-five separate activities, as part of the process of curriculum development targeting Continuation High School students. The goal was to determine which activities were most preferred by these youth. The paragraphs consisted of descriptions of traditional drug abuse prevention program activities, alternative activities using the themes underlying traditional activities, and novel activities generated from newly developed themes. The study was conducted with seven Continuation High Schools. Three hundred and fifteen students participated in this study. Each student rated detailed written descriptions of five activities. Classrooms were randomly assigned to different combinations of paragraphs. An analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences in preferences among activities, with a marked preference for the alternative and novel activity presentations. Females, Latinos, older students, and non-marijuana users rated the activities higher overall. There were no significant interactions between demographic variables and order of activity preference. If there is a limit in amount of allotted time and resources, the theme study is an appropriate and cost-effective tool for gaining important information for health curricula development.
Technology and Women's Health in Developing Countries
Authors: MacCormack Carol P.
Published: May 2005

In developing countries is medical technology transfer reaching women? Do women control new technologies or are they only passive recipients? What is the impact of these new technologies on women's health and welfare? To answer these questions this article explores concepts of health, technologies, and women, then gives findings from an extensive literature search on contraception, childbirth, immunization, essential drugs, oral rehydration therapy, water, sanitation, and breastfeeding. The article concludes with recommendations on pre-project planning studies, monitoring, and evaluation.
“High”/“Low” Cultural Products and Their Social Functions
Authors: Van Peer W.
Published: May 2005

This article discusses the opposition between “high” and “low” forms of culture as related to the emergence of literacy in society. Some empirical evidence (for the differences between high and low artistic products in terms of object properties and users' expectations) is discussed. The origin of the difference lies, so the argument runs, in the codification of high products and values through the writing system, which can subsequently act as external and independent quality control. Hence the acquisition of literacy is indicative and mimetic with respect to the initiation into high culture. Especially, the processes of self-control that are needed to master literacy, reflect the requirements of high culture. In this perspective, the “debate” on the opposition between high and low culture is seen as largely uninformative. On the one side, the opposition (linked, as it is, to literacy) is an inescapable one for industrialized societies, and takes on the form of a feed-back mechanism. On the other hand, we lack reliable empirical evidence about the influence of both forms on society. It is therefore up to empirical studies to eliminate the main ingredients that feed the antipathy between high and low forms: ignorance and fear.
Cognitive Residues Revisited: A Critical Appraisal of Rosenbaum's “New View of Fantasy”
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F. , Lynch Patrick B.
Published: May 2005

According to Rosenbaum, newly predominant beliefs prompt the repression of an individual's previously held beliefs as intact “cognitive residues.” The proliferation of residues, combined with the conflict which their conscious expression poses for predominant beliefs, leads to his proposition that residues meet their needs for expression through fantasy and/or hallucinogenic drug use. In a critical analysis of Rosenbaum's explanation of residual reification, it is contended that the attribution of autonomous motivations to residues is an appeal to “homunculi,” and that the integrity of the basic model (regarding structural changes in beliefs during development) is better preserved by redefinition of the component motivational processes proposed in the theory.
Psychogenic Seizures and Loss
Authors: Gardner David L. , Goldberg Richard L.
Published: May 2005

A review of the diagnostic and treatment approaches to psychogenic seizures has been offered. Two case reports of psychogenic seizures precipitated by loss and associated with depressive symptomatology have been presented. A literature review of cases seems to substantiate the frequency for the association between the development of psychogenic seizures and loss/depressive symptomatology. Symptom relief can be achieved with the utilization of a crisis intervention style psychotherapy. Antidepressant medication may also have a useful role in the treatment of some psychogenic seizures.
Population Control II: The Population Establishment Today
Authors: Hartmann Betsy
Published: May 2005

Although population assistance represents a relatively small share of official development assistance, it influences many other aspects of development planning. The organizations that comprise the population establishment have a common purpose—the reduction of population growth in the Third World—but they are not homogeneous and sometimes have conflicting goals and strategies. National governments, multilateral agencies, nongovernmental organizations, foundations, academic centers, and pressure groups all contribute to creating and sustaining what has become a virtual population control industry. Through scholarships, travel grants, awards, and favorable publicity, Third World elites have been encouraged to join the population establishment. The World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the U.N. Fund for Population Activities have pursued explicit strategies for pressuring Third World governments to design and implement population policies, most recently in Africa.
Communication Satellite Technology as a Potential Comprehensive Delivery System for Correctional Institution Education and Training Programs
Authors: Polcyn Kenneth A.
Published: May 2005

Correctional institutions are confronted with an increasing population, over-crowding, increasing costs to maintain the population and increasing criticism over their rehabilitation programs. Education and training programs exist in many of the institutions, although there is considerable variance in quality. Communication satellite technology has the potential for helping to establish a correctional system in the United States and for permitting institutions to pool their scarce resources to develop and share in regional or national rehabilitation programs. Satellite technology has the potential for helping institutions to overcome problems in counseling, instructional staffing, education and training curricula, instructional materials, staff training and job placement. The correctional community should jointly explore the specific applications of communication satellites to their problems.
Inpatient Service Utilization as a Function of Referral Source
Authors: Ochitill Herbert N. , Wynbrandt Gary
Published: May 2005

In a comparative, retrospective study, the authors investigated the use of a psychiatric inpatient service by the emergency and consultation services in a public general hospital. The investigators collected data from a three-year period regarding demographic, clinical and hospital stay variables associated with all patients admitted for inpatient care. Consultation service patients were more likely than emergency service patients to have attempted suicide and to have a diagnosable medical condition. They were less likely to have a prior psychiatric admission or to have schizophrenia or other psychotic conditions. The authors discuss these and other findings in terms of policy and clinical practice.
Portraying the Dead
Authors: Ruby Jay
Published: May 2005

This article explores the custom of post-mortem photography. In nineteenth century America, this was a socially acceptable, publicly acknowledged form of photography. Professional photographers accepted commissions, advertised the service, and held professional discussions in their journals about the practice. The images were publicly displayed in wall frames and albums. Initially, death pictures were portraits which attempted to deny death by displaying the body as if asleep, or even conscious. By the turn-of-the-century, the deceased were displayed in a casket with an increasing emphasis upon the funeral. Today, families make their own photos; circulating them in a private manner so that many people assume that the custom has been abandoned. Counselors working with the parents of children who have died provide evidence that these images can be useful in the mourning process. The findings of this study suggest that a more thorough examination of the place of death-related photographs in the management of grief would be of value.
A Time to Die: A Study of the Relationship of Birthdays and Time of Death
Authors: Kunz Phillip R. , Summers Jeffery
Published: May 2005

Using data from several sources, the authors found that almost half of all deaths occur during the first quarter after one's birthday, while less than 10 per cent occur in the quarter just prior to the birthday. This finding obtained for deaths of several types included long illnesses, accidental death, suicide, and natural causes. Death did not follow this pattern in the case of war casualties and homicide victims, however. The data supported the Durkheimian explanation of the integrative effect of the birthday.
Psychiatry and the Role of the General Practitioner
Authors: Wittkower E. D. , Stauble W. J.
Published: May 2005

The psychiatric role of the general practitioner covers a wide field and depends crucially upon his efforts to understand himself, his patient, and the doctor-patient relationship. The patient must be approached in terms of how he is affected emotionally by physical illness, and how his state of physical health is affected by his emotions. His behavior during initial stages of physical illness, his reaction to the diagnosis, and his feelings and interactions during the full-blown stages of illness are important areas for the doctor to explore in order to deal more effectively with a patient's withdrawal, depression, narcissism, frustration, or anxiety.

The doctor must also explore his own motivations for choosing the medical profession in order to implement his role in caring for patients. Each of the models of the doctor-patient relationship–activity-passivity, guidance-cooperation, mutual participation-requires different degrees of emotional involvement on the part of the doctor. An understanding of the psychodynamics of this relationship, involving the attitudes and conflicts of both members, can help the general practitioner to handle effectively and successfully his patients in everyday practice.

Practical suggestions are made for teaching psychological concepts to general physicians: improved courses in psychiatry in medical schools, emphasizing the “whole person” approach; ongoing seminars for doctors in practice–“Balint Groups”–in which the aim is to understand the nature of the patient's emotional conflicts, the doctor-patient relationship, and the part the doctor plays in it; refresher courses; and consultations with psychiatrists.
Working with Internalized Relationships through a Kinesthetic and Kinetic Imagery Process
Authors: Dosamantes-Alperson Erma
Published: May 2005

The unique importance of each mode of representation (enactive, image, and lexical) in enabling clients to derive personal meaning from their experience is underscored. The author offers a rationale for accessing and processing unconscious content receptively through enactive and image systems; she illustrates how client generated kinesthetic and kinetic images may be used experientially to retrieve, re-enact and work through less conscious affective and ideational aspects of internalized relationships.
Kerala State, India: Radical Reform as Development
Authors: Franke Richard W. , Chasin Barbara H.
Published: May 2005

Kerala State in southwestern India has achieved some of the third world's best rates of life expectancy, literacy, and infant mortality, despite one of the lowest per capita incomes. Especially notable is the nearly equal distribution of development benefits to urban, rural, male, female, high-caste, and low-caste sections of the populations. An even population distribution, a cosmopolitan trading history, and the development of militant worker and small farmer organizations led by dedicated activists provide the main explanations for Kerala's achievements. Land reform has redistributed wealth and political power from a rich elite to small holders and landless laborers. Public food distribution at controlled prices, large-scale public health actions, accessible medical facilities, and widespread literacy combine with and reinforce each other to maintain and expand Kerala's achievements. Serious unemployment threatens the Kerala experiment, but Kerala nonetheless offers important lessons to development planners, policymakers, and third world activists.
Latino/“Hispanic”—Who Needs a Name? The Case against a Standardized Terminology
Authors: Gimenez Martha E.
Published: May 2005

Public health specialists, policy makers, social scientists, and politicians, for different reasons, have welcomed the “Hispanic” label. The label presumably identifies an ethnic group that is also a minority group (i.e., a group historically subject to economic exploitation and racial discrimination). Consequently, its consistent use by federal and state agencies would produce large quantities of comparable data useful for research, and for policy making and implementation. Critics have argued that the label is racist, it mystifies the real reasons for the disproportionately high proportion of people of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent in disadvantaged social and economic conditions, and stands in the way of a fair implementation of affirmative action. Latino, a race-neutral term with historical roots, has been suggested as an alternative to be used in conjunction with national origin or regional forms of self-identification. In this article, I argue that any standardized terminology is unavoidably flawed and conducive to the development of racist or, at best, trivial stereotypical analysis of the data thus produced. The “Hispanic” label does not identify an ethnic group or a minority group, but a heterogeneous population whose characteristics and behavior cannot be understood without necessarily falling into stereotyping. The label should be abandoned; social scientists and policy makers should, instead, acknowledge the existence of six aggregates, qualitatively different in their socioeconomic stratification, needs, and form of integration in the U.S. economy: two minority groups (people of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent), and four immigrant populations (Cubans, Central American refugees, Central American immigrants, and South American immigrants).
The Social Class Determinants of Income Inequality and Social Cohesion
Authors: Muntaner Carles , Lynch John , Oates Gary L.
Published: May 2005

The authors argue that Wilkinson's model omits important variables (social class) that make it vulnerable to biases due to model mis-specification. Furthermore, the culture of inequality hypothesis unnecessarily “psychopathologizes” the relatively deprived while omitting social determinants of disease related to production (environmental and occupational hazards) and the capacity of the relatively deprived for collective action. In addition, the hypothesis that being “disrespected” is a fundamental determinant of violence has already been refuted. Shying away from social mechanisms such as exploitation, workplace domination, or classist ideology might avoid conflict but reduce the income inequality model to a set of useful, but simple and wanting associations. Using a nonrecursive structural equation model that tests for reciprocal effects, the authors show that working-class position is negatively associated with social cohesion but positively associated with union membership. Thus, current indicators of social cohesion use middle-class standards for collective action that working-class communities are unlikely to meet. An erroneous characterization of working-class communities as noncohesive could be used to justify paternalistic or punitive social policies. These criticisms should not detract from an acknowledgment of Wilkinson's investigations as a leading empirical contribution to reviving social epidemiology at the end of the century.
An Investigation of the Grief Counseling Services Available in the Middle Schools and High Schools in the State of Mississippi
Authors: Carson Judy Faye , Warren Barbara L. , Doty Lillie
Published: May 2005

Although thousands of adolescents each year experience the death of a significant person, there is little evidence that the schools have taken on the responsibility of providing grief counseling services. This study investigated the grief counseling services in the middle schools and high schools in the State of Mississippi. The schools were identified by surveying the counselors, employed by those schools, who held membership in the Mississippi School Guidance Counselors Association. Four hundred and thirteen surveys were mailed and two hundred and thirty-three of those returned were usable. Four hypotheses were tested using a chi-square analysis at p < 0.05 level of significance. It was reported by the counselors that 42 percent of the schools did have grief counseling services available to the students; that within that 42 percent stating grief counseling was available, 67 percent reported that grief counseling services were implemented as a result of a sudden death to a member of the school community; that of the reported 42 percent of the schools which had grief counseling available, 81 percent reported it to be an ongoing service; and that of the 42 percent which reported their schools provided grief counseling, 68 percent reported the guidance counselor provided the service. These findings and the findings of other studies reviewed and reported indicate that there is a real need for school administrators to provide or make available grief counseling services for students in the middle schools and high schools in the State of Mississippi.
Prevalence and Health Implications of Anti-Gay Discrimination: A Study of Black and White Women and Men in the Cardia Cohort
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Sidney Stephen
Published: May 2005

This study investigates the prevalence of self-reported experiences of discrimination based on sexual orientation among black and white women and men (25 to 37 years old) who are members of CARDIA, a multisite longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk factors. Among the 1,724 participants who responded to a 1989 questionnaire obtaining data on lifetime number of sexual partners and who participated in the Year 7 exam (1992–1993), which included questions about discrimination, 204 (12 percent) reported having at least one same-sex sexual partner: 27 (7 percent) of the 412 black women, 13 (6 percent) of the 221 black men, 87 (14 percent) of the 619 white women, and 77 (16 percent) of the 472 white men. Among these four groups, 33, 39, 52, and 56 percent, respectively, reported having experienced discrimination based on sexual orientation. Additionally, 85 percent of the black women and 77 percent of the black men reported having experienced racial discrimination, and 89 percent of the black women and 88 percent of the white women reported having experienced gender discrimination. In the light of research associating negative stressors with poor health outcomes, including elevated blood pressure, future studies should assess public health implications of discrimination based on sexual orientation, in conjunction with racial and gender discrimination.
Prevalence of and Reactions to Fatal and Nonfatal Client Suicidal Behavior: A National Study of Mental Health Social Workers
Authors: Jacobson Jodi M. , Ting Laura , Sanders Sara , Harrington Donna
Published: May 2005

A majority of mental health social workers come in contact with suicidal clients during their career. As a result, social workers may experience high levels of stress that can ultimately impact their quality of and ability to practice. The present study examined the prevalence of fatal and nonfatal client suicidal behavior experienced by mental health social workers and examined their subsequent reactions. A random national sample of 697 mental health social workers from the NASW database was anonymously surveyed. Findings indicate that both fatal and nonfatal client suicidal behavior is not a rare occurrence for mental health social workers and that both types of behaviors relate to increased levels of subjective stress as measured by the Impact of Event Scale (IES);. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Allocating Resources to Health Care: Is the QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Year) a Technical Solution to a Political Problem?
Authors: Carr-Hill Roy A.
Published: May 2005

The allocation of health care resources has always been and will remain a contentious issue. Classically, the arguments have been posed in terms of the “need” for health care and/or the “right” to treatment. More recently, there have been attempts to shape the debate in consequentialist terms, by introducing a composite outcome measure. In the United Kingdom, the QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Year) has been promoted enthusiastically. But, like many other such proposals, it is a dodo, and one that is potentially politically dangerous.