bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Water Rights and Irrigation Pricing Reforms in Heihe River Basin in China
Authors: Sun Tianhe , Wang Jinxia , Huang Qiuqiong , Li Yanrong
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this paper is to understand the progress of water rights and irrigation pricing reform in Heihe River Basin (HRB) and their influence on irrigation application. The data came from a village and household level survey conducted in 2009 and 2014 in five counties in Zhangye City, HRB. The main component of reforming water rights was issuing water certificates to individual farmers. However, the share of villages that have done so dropped from 70% in 2004 to 28% in 2014. Water pricing reform raised the price of water. For the pricing of surface water, which consists of an area-based fee and a volumetric price, the volumetric price was increased. Econometric results show that amending water rights substantially reduced irrigation application in the early stage of reform (by 2009) but not in the later phase (by 2014). In contrast, higher water prices lowered irrigation applications significantly at both the early and later stages. Further analysis indicates that due to ineffective implementation, high cost of implementation due to large number of farmers, variations in water supply from year to year, and small farm sizes, little benefit is gained from trading. All of these factors played a role in the failure of water rights reforms.
Automatic Identification of Physical Activity Intensity and Modality from the Fusion of Accelerometry and Heart Rate Data
Authors: Benito Pedro , Hernando María , García-García Fernando
Published: August 2016

Background: Physical activity (PA) is essential to prevent and to treat a variety of chronic diseases. The automated detection and quantification of PA over time empowers lifestyle interventions, facilitating reliable exercise tracking and data-driven counseling.

Methods: We propose and compare various combinations of machine learning (ML) schemes for the automatic classification of PA from multi-modal data, simultaneously captured by a biaxial accelerometer and a heart rate (HR) monitor. Intensity levels (low / moderate / vigorous) were recognized, as well as for vigorous exercise, its modality (sustained aerobic / resistance / mixed). In to -tal, 178.63 h of data about PA intensity (65.55 % low / 18.96 % moderate / 15.49 % vigorous) and 17.00 h about modality were collected in two experiments: one in free- living conditions, another in a fitness center under controlled protocols. The structure used for automatic classification comprised: a) definition of 42 time-domain signal features, b) dimensionality reduction, c) data clustering, and d) temporal filtering to exploit time redundancy by means of a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Four dimensionality reduction techniques and four clustering algorithms were studied. In order to cope with class imbalance in the dataset, a custom performance metric was defined to aggregate recognition accuracy, precision and recall.

Results: The best scheme, which comprised a projection through Linear Discriminant Ana -lysis (LDA) and k-means clustering, was evaluated in leave-one-subject-out cross-validation; notably outperforming the standard industry procedures for PA intensity classification: score 84.65 %, versus up to 63.60 %. Errors tended to be brief and to appear around transients.

Conclusions: The application of ML techniques for pattern identification and temporal filtering allowed to merge accelerometry and HR data in a solid manner, and achieved markedly better recognition performances than the standard methods for PA intensity estimation.
Manufacturing and investigation of physical properties of polyacrylonitrile nanofibre composites with SiO2, TiO2and Bi2O3nanoparticles
Authors: Tański Tomasz , Matysiak Wiktor , Hajduk Barbara
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to produce nanocomposite polymer fibres, consisting of a matrix of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and a reinforcing phase in the form of SiO2/TiO2/Bi2O3nanoparticles, by electrospinning the solution. The effect of the nanoparticles and the electrospinning process parameters on the morphology and physical properties of the obtained composite nanofibres was then examined. The morphology of the fibres and the dispersion of nanoparticles in their volume were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All of the physical properties, which included the band gap width, dielectric constant and refractive index, were tested and plotted against the concentration by weight of the used reinforcing phase, which was as follows: 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% for each type of nanoparticles. The width of the band gap was determined on the basis of the absorption spectra of radiation (UV–vis) and ellipsometry methods. Spectroscopic ellipsometry has been used in order to determine the dielectric constant, refractive index and the thickness of the obtained fibrous mats.
INJECTION TO RAPID DIFFUSIVE SHOCK ACCELERATION AT PERPENDICULAR SHOCKS IN PARTIALLY IONIZED PLASMAS
Authors: Ohira Yutaka
Published: August 2016

We present a three-dimensional hybrid simulation of a collisionless perpendicular shock in a partially ionized plasma for the first time. In this simulation, the shock velocity and upstream ionization fraction are v
sh ≈ 1333 km s−1 and f
i ∼ 0.5, which are typical values for isolated young supernova remnants (SNRs) in the interstellar medium. We confirm previous two-dimensional simulation results showing that downstream hydrogen atoms leak into the upstream region and are accelerated by the pickup process in the upstream region, and large magnetic field fluctuations are generated both in the upstream and downstream regions. In addition, we find that the magnetic field fluctuations have three-dimensional structures and the leaking hydrogen atoms are injected into the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at the perpendicular shock after the pickup process. The observed DSA can be interpreted as shock drift acceleration with scattering. In this simulation, particles are accelerated to v ∼ 100 v
sh ∼ 0.3 c within ∼100 gyroperiods. The acceleration timescale is faster than that of DSA in parallel shocks. Our simulation results suggest that SNRs can accelerate cosmic rays to 1015.5 eV (the knee) during the Sedov phase.
DATA-DRIVEN RADIATIVE HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF THE 2014 MARCH 29 X1.0 SOLAR FLARE
Authors: Costa Fatima Rubio da , Kleint Lucia , Petrosian Vahé , Liu Wei , Allred Joel C.
Published: August 2016

Spectroscopic observations of solar flares provide critical diagnostics of the physical conditions in the flaring atmosphere. Some key features in observed spectra have not yet been accounted for in existing flare models. Here we report a data-driven simulation of the well-observed X1.0 flare on 2014 March 29 that can reconcile some well-known spectral discrepancies. We analyzed spectra of the flaring region from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) in Mg ii h&k, the Interferometric BIdimensional Spectropolarimeter at the Dunn Solar Telescope (DST/IBIS) in Hα 6563 Å and Ca ii 8542 Å, and the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscope Imager (RHESSI) in hard X-rays. We constructed a multithreaded flare loop model and used the electron flux inferred from RHESSI data as the input to the radiative hydrodynamic code RADYN to simulate the atmospheric response. We then synthesized various chromospheric emission lines and compared them with the IRIS and IBIS observations. In general, the synthetic intensities agree with the observed ones, especially near the northern footpoint of the flare. The simulated Mg ii line profile has narrower wings than the observed one. This discrepancy can be reduced by using a higher microturbulent velocity (27 km s−1) in a narrow chromospheric layer. In addition, we found that an increase of electron density in the upper chromosphere within a narrow height range of ≈800 km below the transition region can turn the simulated Mg ii line core into emission and thus reproduce the single peaked profile, which is a common feature in all IRIS flares.
STUDYING THE SGR 1806-20/Cl* 1806-20 REGION USING THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE
Authors: Yeung Paul K. H. , Kong Albert K. H. , Tam P. H. Thomas , Lin Lupin C. C. , Hui C. Y. , Hu Chin-Ping , Cheng K. S.
Published: August 2016

The region around SGR 1806-20 and its host stellar cluster Cl* 1806-20 is a potentially important site of particle acceleration. The soft γ-ray repeater and Cl* 1806-20, which also contains several very massive stars including a luminous blue variable hypergiant LBV 1806-20, are capable of depositing a large amount of energy to the surroundings. Using the data taken with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), we identified an extended LAT source to the southwest of Cl* 1806-20. The centroid of the 1–50 GeV emission is consistent with that of HESS J1808-204 (until now unidentified). The LAT spectrum is best-fit by a broken power law with the break energy

. The index above E
b is 2.60 ± 0.04 and is consistent with the flux and spectral index above 100 GeV for HESS J1808-204, suggesting an association between the two sources. Meanwhile, the interacting supernova remnant SNR G9.7-0.0 is also a potential contributor to the LAT flux. A tentative flux enhancement at the MeV band during a 45 day interval (2011 January 21–March 7) is also reported. We discuss possible origins of the extended LAT source in the context of both leptonic and hadronic scenarios.
PULSED ACCRETION ONTO ECCENTRIC AND CIRCULAR BINARIES
Authors: Muñoz Diego J. , Lai Dong
Published: August 2016

We present numerical simulations of circumbinary accretion onto eccentric and circular binaries using the moving-mesh code AREPO. This is the first set of simulations to tackle the problem of binary accretion using a finite-volume scheme on a freely moving mesh, which allows for accurate measurements of accretion onto individual stars for arbitrary binary eccentricity. While accretion onto a circular binary shows bursts with period of

times the binary period P
b, accretion onto an eccentric binary is predominantly modulated at the period

. For an equal-mass circular binary, the accretion rates onto individual stars are quite similar to each other, following the same variable pattern in time. By contrast, for eccentric binaries, one of the stars can accrete at a rate 10–20 times larger than its companion. This “symmetry breaking” between the stars, however, alternates over timescales of order 200P
b and can be attributed to a slowly precessing, eccentric circumbinary disk. Over longer timescales, the net accretion rates onto individual stars are the same, reaching a quasi-steady state with the circumbinary disk. These results have important implications for the accretion behavior of binary T Tauri stars and supermassive binary black holes.
COMBINING DIFFUSIVE SHOCK ACCELERATION WITH ACCELERATION BY CONTRACTING AND RECONNECTING SMALL-SCALE FLUX ROPES AT HELIOSPHERIC SHOCKS
Authors: le Roux J. A. , Zank G. P. , Webb G. M. , Khabarova O. V.
Published: August 2016

Computational and observational evidence is accruing that heliospheric shocks, as emitters of vorticity, can produce downstream magnetic flux ropes and filaments. This led Zank et al. to investigate a new paradigm whereby energetic particle acceleration near shocks is a combination of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) with downstream acceleration by many small-scale contracting and reconnecting (merging) flux ropes. Using a model where flux-rope acceleration involves a first-order Fermi mechanism due to the mean compression of numerous contracting flux ropes, Zank et al. provide theoretical support for observations that power-law spectra of energetic particles downstream of heliospheric shocks can be harder than predicted by DSA theory and that energetic particle intensities should peak behind shocks instead of at shocks as predicted by DSA theory. In this paper, a more extended formalism of kinetic transport theory developed by le Roux et al. is used to further explore this paradigm. We describe how second-order Fermi acceleration, related to the variance in the electromagnetic fields produced by downstream small-scale flux-rope dynamics, modifies the standard DSA model. The results show that (i) this approach can qualitatively reproduce observations of particle intensities peaking behind the shock, thus providing further support for the new paradigm, and (ii) stochastic acceleration by compressible flux ropes tends to be more efficient than incompressible flux ropes behind shocks in modifying the DSA spectrum of energetic particles.
Si K EDGE STRUCTURE AND VARIABILITY IN GALACTIC X-RAY BINARIES
Authors: Schulz Norbert S. , Corrales Lia , Canizares Claude R.
Published: August 2016

We survey the Si K edge structure in various absorbed Galactic low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) to study states of silicon in the inter- and circum-stellar medium. The bulk of these LMXBs lie toward the Galactic bulge region and all have column densities above 1022 cm−2. The observations were performed using the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer. The Si K edge in all sources appears at an energy value of 1844 ± 0.001 eV. The edge exhibits significant substructure that can be described by a near edge absorption feature at 1849 ± 0.002 eV and a far edge absorption feature at 1865 ± 0.002 eV. Both of these absorption features appear variable with equivalent widths up to several mÅ. We can describe the edge structure using several components: multiple edge functions, near edge absorption excesses from silicates in dust form, signatures from X-ray scattering optical depths, and a variable warm absorber from ionized atomic silicon. The measured optical depths of the edges indicate much higher values than expected from atomic silicon cross sections and interstellar medium abundances, and they appear consistent with predictions from silicate X-ray absorption and scattering. A comparison with models also indicates a preference for larger dust grain sizes. In many cases, we identify Si xiii resonance absorption and determine ionization parameters between log ξ = 1.8 and 2.8 and turbulent velocities between 300 and 1000 km s−1. This places the warm absorber in close vicinity of the X-ray binaries. In some data, we observe a weak edge at 1.840 keV, potentially from a lesser contribution of neutral atomic silicon.
A CENSUS OF YOUNG STARS AND BROWN DWARFS IN IC 348 AND NGC 1333*
Authors: Luhman K. L. , Esplin T. L. , Loutrel N. P.
Published: August 2016

We have obtained optical and near-infrared spectra of candidate members of the star-forming clusters IC 348 and NGC 1333. We classify 100 and 42 candidates as new members of the clusters, respectively, which brings the total numbers of known members to 478 and 203. We also have performed spectroscopy on a large majority of the previously known members of NGC 1333 in order to provide spectral classifications that are measured with the same scheme that has been applied to IC 348 in previous studies. The new census of members is nearly complete for K

s
 < 16.8 at A

J
 < 1.5 in IC 348 and for K

s
 < 16.2 at A

J
 < 3 in NGC 1333, which correspond to masses of ≳0.01 M
⊙ for ages of 3 Myr according to theoretical evolutionary models. The faintest known members extend below these completeness limits and appear to have masses of ∼0.005 M
⊙. In extinction-limited samples of cluster members, NGC 1333 exhibits a higher abundance of objects at lower masses than IC 348. It would be surprising if the initial mass functions of these clusters differ significantly given their similar stellar densities and formation environments. Instead, it is possible that average extinctions are lower for less massive members of star-forming clusters, in which case extinction-limited samples could be biased in favor of low-mass objects in the more heavily embedded clusters like NGC 1333. In the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, the median sequences of IC 348 and NGC 1333 coincide with each other for the adopted distances of 300 and 235 pc, which would suggest that they have similar ages. However, NGC 1333 is widely believed to be younger than IC 348 based on its higher abundance of disks and protostars and its greater obscuration. Errors in the adopted distances may be responsible for this discrepancy.
A CATALOG OF 1.5273 μm DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BANDS BASED ON APOGEE HOT TELLURIC CALIBRATORS
Authors: Elyajouri M. , Monreal-Ibero A. , Remy Q. , Lallement R.
Published: August 2016

High resolution stellar spectroscopic surveys provide massive amounts of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) measurements. Data can be used to study the distribution of the DIB carriers and those environmental conditions that favor their formation. In parallel, recent studies have also proved that DIBs extracted from stellar spectra constitute new tools for building the 3D structure of the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM). The amount of details on the structure depends directly on the quantity of available lines of sight. Therefore there is a need to construct databases of high-quality DIB measurements as large as possible. We aim at providing the community with a catalog of high-quality measurements of the 1.5273 μm DIB toward a large fraction of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) hot stars observed to correct for the telluric absorption and not used for ISM studies so far. This catalog would complement the extensive database recently extracted from the APOGEE observations and used for 3D ISM mapping. We devised a method to fit the stellar continuum of the hot calibration stars and extracted the DIB from the normalized spectrum. Severe selection criteria based on the absorption characteristics are applied to the results. In particular limiting constraints on the DIB widths and Doppler shifts are deduced from the H i 21 cm measurements, following a new technique of decomposition of the emission spectra. From ∼16,000 available hot telluric spectra we have extracted ∼6700 DIB measurements and their associated uncertainties. The statistical properties of the extracted absorptions are examined and our selection criteria are shown to provide a robust dataset. The resulting catalog contains the DIB total equivalent widths, central wavelengths and widths. We briefly illustrate its potential use for the stellar and interstellar communities.
La longévité : passé, présent et futur
Authors: Vaupel James W.
Published: August 2016

La longévité humaine a connu une hausse remarquable depuis 1840. En France, l'espérance de vie a doublé, passant de 40 ans en 1840 à 82 ans aujourd'hui. L'analyse de la nature de cet accroissement, y compris les progrès en termes de survie chez les personnes âgées, apporte un nouvel éclairage sur les transformations économiques, sociales et en matière de santé ayant eu lieu au cours des deux cents dernières années. Il se pourrait que l'avenir de la longévité soit tout aussi remarquable que son passé. Démographes, actuaires, gérontologues et autres experts de la mortalité sont largement en désaccord sur la question de savoir si l'espérance de vie se rapproche d'une limite inéluctable ou si, au contraire, elle continuera d'augmenter aussi rapidement que par le passé. Des méthodes de projection plus performantes sont nécessaires afin d'anticiper les évolutions économiques, sociales et de santé à venir. Classification JEL : J11, J14.
Le risque de longévité pour les fonds de pension
Authors: Latourrette Bruno
Published: August 2016

Les fonds de pensions à prestations définies portent des risques importants de longévité dont le risque principal est celui dit de tendance lié à l'amélioration plus forte que prévue de l'espérance de vie des retraités. Ce dernier a été constamment sous-évalué depuis des décennies, ce qui se traduit par un sous-provisionnement actuel des engagements et des besoins importants de couverture de ce risque que le simple marché de l'assurance ne pourra pas gérer seul, d'où le besoin de trouver des solutions de marchés financiers qui, outre la capacité apportée, permettront une bien meilleure transparence sur les anticipations de mortalité. Classification JEL : G22, G23, J11, J14.
Le nouveau marché du risque de longévité
Authors: Blake David , Cairns Andrew , Coughlan Guy , Dowd Kevin , Macminn Richard
Published: August 2016

L'impact considérable du risque de longévité sur le plan économique pour les entreprises, les gouvernements et les individus commence à être reconnu et quantifié. En raison de son ampleur et de sa prévalence, l'exposition au risque de longévité constitue en termes financiers la principale exposition à un risque lié à l'espérance de vie et représente une menace potentielle pour l'ensemble du système de retraite. Cet article revient sur la naissance et l'évolution du marché de la longévité, lié au transfert des risques de longévité et de mortalité. Nous constatons que l'émergence d'un marché et d'instruments liés à la longévité devrait agir comme un catalyseur pour faciliter le développement de marchés des rentes viagères à la fois dans les pays développés et en développement et protéger la viabilité à long terme des systèmes de retraite dans le monde entier. Classification JEL : G22, G23, J11, J14.
Le crowdfunding : modèle alternatif de financement ou généralisation du modèle de marché pour les start-up et les PME ?
Authors: Cieply Sylvie , Le Nadant Anne-Laure
Published: August 2016

Le crowdfunding a été, à l'origine, présenté comme un modèle alternatif permettant de financer des projets risqués grâce à la foule. Les auteurs étudient l'évolution récente de la réglementation et le développement des multiples partenariats noués entre les plates-formes et les banques qui conduisent à la re-financiarisation du modèle initial. Leur analyse montre que le développement du crowdfunding ne conduit pas à un mouvement de désintermédiation mais, au contraire, qu'il généralise l'intermédiation de marché en proposant un outil de finance de marché adapté au non coté. Classification JEL : G21, G24, M13.
Les mécanismes économiques et financiers associés à la couverture dépendance : une analyse exploratoire sur données bancaires
Authors: Nayaradou Maximilien , Nouet Sébastien , Plisson Manuel
Published: August 2016

La compréhension économique et financière des mécanismes liés aux besoins de couvertures relatifs aux produits d'assurance dépendance est devenue aujourd'hui une préoccupation pour le secteur de la bancassurance. L'inquiétude des Français sur l'avenir des systèmes de retraite et de l'Aide personnalisée d'autonomie (APA) renforce cette préoccupation. Les banques et distributeurs doivent ainsi cerner les attentes et motivations de leurs différents profils de clientèle afin de contribuer à développer davantage ce marché à fort potentiel. Cet article tente de répondre à cette préoccupation grâce à une étude qui se décompose en deux volets, un volet préliminaire et descriptif basé sur l'analyse exploratoire d'un portefeuille bancaire national, puis un volet économique et financier permettant de conjecturer les principaux mécanismes liés aux choix d'assurance et aux couvertures effectives associés à ces produits d'assurance Nos résultats seront ensuite comparés aux principaux résultats de la littérature sur le sujet. Classification JEL : G21, G22, I11, J14.
Un savoir pas sans le dire
Authors: Pesenti-Irrmann Marie
Published: August 2016

Un savoir pas sans le dire est ce qui définit l’inconscient, au sens d’un savoir qui n’existe pas sans le dire qui le fait advenir. Cette expérience peut se repérer dans la cure analytique, mais aussi dans les situations de supervision ou de reprise des présentations de malades. L’enseignement de Lacan nous permet d’approcher cette dimension du dire au-delà des dits du patient avec les effets de jouissance dont il est porteur.
L’invention de la règle fondamentale et le désir de l’analyste
Authors: Rassial Jean-Jacques
Published: August 2016

La règle fondamentale est, dans chaque cure, l’invention par l’analyste d’une psychanalyse orientée par cette première interprétation. C’est ainsi qu’il engage son désir dans le dispositif, à partir du point où il en est lui-même dans son rapport à la psychanalyse. Sans pouvoir se réduire à une formule rituelle, l’énonciation d’une règle fondamentale, qui oriente la parole de l’analyste tout autant que celle de l’analysant, constitue l’un des enjeux essentiels de l’analyse de contrôle.
Ce que les liens transférentiels recèlent d’inventivité
Authors: Brun Danièle
Published: August 2016

Est-il possible de parler d’inventivité ordinaire ? C’est-à-dire d’inventivité au quotidien ? S’agissant de celle des liens transférentiels – non pas quotidienne, mais articulée sur le quotidien –, l’inventivité me paraît chaque fois extra-ordinaire. On la voit le plus souvent surgir sur la toile de fond des activités des patients. Le récit qui en est fait en séance se double en général d’associations inédites. L’ensemble s’inscrit dans la dynamique transférentielle en en renouvelant l’accroche d’une façon que l’on peut qualifier d’inventive et/ou inédite.
« Et Lacan… ? »
Authors: Moscovitz Jean-Jacques
Published: August 2016

Malentendu et inventivité évoquent transmission, dette, filiation, affiliation au discours analytique et à leurs avatars. Surprise à attendre là où Lacan s’y entendait à vau-l’eau…
Le pastout de Lacan… et celui de Lou
Authors: Pickmann Claude-Noële
Published: August 2016

En inventant le pastout , Lacan n’a pas seulement éclairé le « continent noir » freudien, il a aussi rendu compte, logiquement, d’une structure trouée qui fonctionne à la suppléance phallique ainsi que Freud l’avait découvert sans trouver les outils conceptuels pour le démontrer. Ainsi le pastout concerne les hommes tout autant que les femmes même si elles semblent y avoir un rapport plus immédiat, comme l’a montré exemplairement Lou Andréa Salomé. Qu’un sujet puisse se situer par rapport à ce trou, qu’il invente un savoir-faire avec ce qu’il recrache, ou avec le trou lui-même, au lieu de se laisser engloutir par la jouissance qu’il recèle, ce peut être la visée d’une analyse qui n’aurait pas que la norme œdipienne comme horizon.
L’inventivité de Ferenczi
Authors: Lauru Didier
Published: August 2016

Sàndor Ferenczi, un analyste et ami de Freud, analysé par lui, a fait preuve tout au long de sa pratique et son œuvre d’une originalité et d’une inventivité sans égales. Il a écrit une œuvre particulière, inventant des concepts, insistant pour que les analystes soient analysés puis qu’ils fassent des contrôles dans leur formation. Mais surtout il a, au fil de textes majeurs ou de petits écrit très cliniques, introduisant des concepts majeurs comme l’introjection, amené une autre façon de concevoir l’analyse. Son inventivité s’est déployée au travers de techniques : élastique, active, mutuelle. En particulier, il a tenté de s’attaquer aux résistances de l’analysant par d’autres angles. Une œuvre riche à (re)découvrir.
Managing PBL difficulties in an industrial engineering and management program
Authors: Alves Anabela , Sousa Rui , Moreira Francisco , Carvalho M. Alice , Cardoso Elisabete , Pimenta Pedro , Malheiro Teresa , Brito Irene , Fernandes Sandra , Mesquita Diana
Published: August 2016

Purpose: Project-Based Learning (PBL) is considered to be an active learning methodology which can be used to develop both technical and transversal competences in engineering programs. This methodology demands a great deal of work effort from the students and also from the teachers and it requires a meticulous plan and a well-managed project as well. These activities go far beyond the normal activities in traditional lectures, enabling to outpace the difficulties that spur along the way that may be both complex and demotivating. This methodology has been implemented in the Integrated Master Degree on Industrial Engineering and Management (IEM), at one public university in Portugal, since the 2004/2005 academic year. The aim of this paper is to identify and discuss the main difficulties of the implementation of PBL, mainly from the teachers’ perspectives. Additionally, some effective strategies will be recommended to overcome such difficulties.Design/methodology/approach: The perceptions of the teachers were collected through a survey based on six main themes. The participants in the study include eight teachers from the five courses of the first semester of the first year of the IEM program involved in the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 editions.Findings: Integration of courses in the project; student assessment; growing number of students in each team and the need of physical spaces for them; and compartmentalized knowledge has emerged as the main difficulties. To overcome these difficulties some key strategies were recommended.Originality/value: A new perspective based on course teachers' views and experiences will deepen the understanding of the problems and provide inputs for the development of strategies that may improve the effectiveness of PBL and introduce changes for its successful implementation. These strategies are intended to be transferable to other contexts, as most of the problems and constraints are common to other active learning approaches.
Tools for eMental-Health
Authors: Kavakli Manolya , Ranjbartabar Hedieh , Maddah Amir , Ranjbartabar Kiumars
Published: August 2016

This chapter focuses on how to develop tools for positive technology and more specifically, mobile e-mental health systems using a virtual stress counselor. The main objective is to develop a framework for mobile e-mental health systems reviewing existing e-mental health apps and discussing necessary system requirements. The chapter states that current e-mental health apps do not offer any facilities to promote social interaction between the counselor and the user. The proposed framework requires personalized interactions between a virtual counselor and a student. It provides personalized feedback to reduce stress level and enhances personal stress management strategies. This requires integration of technologies for facial expression detection, speech and emotion recognition as well as other psycho-physiological feedback. A prototype system for e-mental health has been developed and the components of the system architecture have been widely discussed including the need for a coping processor. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the tools for positive technology.
An Investigation of the Role of Using IS/IT in the Delivery of Treatments for ADHD in University Students
Authors: Binhadyan Bader , Wickramasinghe Nilmini
Published: August 2016

Over the last decade, the popularity of incorporating advances in information systems and information technology (IS/IT) has been steadily growing. IS/IT can improve the delivery for better intervention and treatment with many different mental illnesses; however, there appears to be great potential for IS/IT in the context of young adults with mental disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD affects approximately 11% of the university population; negatively impacting students' academic performance, study skills, and social life. The study design outlined in this paper suggests a possibility for the role of IS/IT in the delivery of treatments and management of ADHD in university students to be examined with the view to introduce IS/IT into the traditional treatment context. This research involves collecting data from psychologists in the form of semi-structured interviews and a grounded theory methodology using multiple cases is adopted.
Reproductive and Mental Health during Natural Disaster
Authors: Anwar Jasim
Published: August 2016

With the ever-increasing number of natural disasters, it is important to understand the impact on the health and wellbeing of survivors, especially women. The reproductive and mental health of women contributes significantly to their overall wellbeing. The Chapter gives an overview of natural disasters with an emphasis on consequences of earthquakes of health and wellbeing of the survivors. It includes a critical review of published studies on psychological trauma and reproductive health following earthquake disasters. Among the psychological consequences of earthquakes, this chapter describes post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety. The last section of this chapter reviewed reproductive health in relation to the mental health consequences following natural disasters.
Spirituality
Authors: Barnes Sandra D. , Alabi Tosin O.
Published: August 2016

Religion appears to shape the daily lives of most children in America; the influence of religion often serves as a template for making decisions, establishing relationships, comprehending the world, and finding meaning in confusing and/or traumatic situations that children may encounter. To ignore the role of religion and spirituality in behavioral and mental health treatment is to dismiss a central domain of child and adolescent development as well as a potential path to healing. In this chapter, we discuss the role of spirituality and religion in children in rural communities and how they can be integrated into counseling and therapy as a path to healing.
Treating Child Sexual Abuse in Rural Communities
Authors: Kenyon-George Leah Genieve
Published: August 2016

The focus of this chapter will be to discuss the treatment of child sexual abuse in a rural setting. Children in rural communities who have experienced such traumas are entitled to the same access and quality of services available in urban centres. Although the rates of trauma are similar in urban and rural settings, rural centres often lack adequate mental health services for children and families. According to Jones and colleagues (2014), each year in the United States approximately 22% of children between the ages of two and seventeen experience trauma. As we know, the impacts of trauma on the developing brain are significant, as are the negative outcomes on affective, behavioral and cognitive functioning (Cohen, Mannarino, & Deblinger, 2006). Mental health service providers face unique challenges in terms of practicing in rural or remote communities. Multiple barriers exist to practice in these communities, including lack of resources, lack of specialist knowledge, and the training and supervision of professionals, to name a few.
Piti, Piti, Wazo fe Nich Li (Little by Little, the Bird Builds its Nest)
Authors: Howard-Baptiste Shewanee , Baptiste Mo
Published: August 2016

After the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, many people desired to help in relief efforts. Despite “good intentions,” there are a number of mistakes educators, scholars, and do-gooders make in an effort to “serve” those they determine to be “in need.” A married couple provides their individual and collective perspective about their experiences in Haiti. They discuss the histories and cultures that influence the structural barriers that exist between different communities. In order for relief efforts to be sustainable, it is imperative to create a culture that puts the Haitian community and their perspectives at the center of any change that would take place. The authors discuss personal and professional efforts to address the need of health education standards in a school in Haiti.
Viewshed and sense of place as conservation features: A case study and research agenda for South Africa's national parks
Authors: Barendse Jaco , Roux Dirk , Erfmann Waldo , Baard Johan , Kraaij Tineke , Nieuwoudt Cara
Published: August 2016

Sense of place (SoP) refers to the meanings and values that people attach to places. The concept can be used to frame how people engage or form a connection with the natural environment. At a sensory level, SoP is influenced by people’s visual experiences, which in turn can be linked to the concept of viewsheds. Viewsheds can be transformed, either abruptly (e.g. by infrastructure development such as wind turbines) or more gradually (e.g. by non-native trees invading a landscape). In this study, we focus on the Garden Route National Park to explore the potential importance of viewsheds as a conservation feature, specifically in the context of non-native (especially invasive) tree species. Using mixed information sources, we explore the potential role of invasive trees on experiences of visitors to this protected area and speculate on how viewsheds may shape SoP associations and how such associations may inform protected area management. Our investigation shows that people’s experiences regarding natural and modified viewsheds are varied and intricate. Both SoP and viewsheds have the potential to inform conservation action, and these concepts should form an integral part of objective hierarchies and management plans for national parks. However, while legislation and park management plans make provision for the use of these concepts, associated research in South Africa is virtually non-existent. We conclude by proposing a conceptual model and research agenda to promote the use of viewsheds and SoP in the management of national parks in South Africa.Conservation implications: Viewshed and sense of place can be used as boundary concepts to (1) facilitate interdisciplinary research between social and natural scientists, (2) help understand the connectedness and feedbacks between people and nature and (3) promote communication between science, management and stakeholders regarding desired conditions of landscapes in and around parks.
Molecular detection of algal prey in copepod guts and fecal pellets
Authors: Nejstgaard Jens C. , Frischer Marc E. , Raule Caren L. , Gruebel Rita , Kohlberg Kathleen E. , Verity Peter G.
Published: August 2016

The ability to obtain information about feeding selectivity and rates in situ for key organisms such as copepods and other zooplankton is vital for understanding the mechanisms structuring marine ecosystems. Copepods feed on a wide range of prey, and there are presently no methods available to directly quantify zooplankton feeding on all different prey types in situ. Therefore, the development of a new nonintrusive direct method is necessary to gain a better understanding of the trophic interactions in aquatic ecosystems. Molecular methods based on the polymerase chain reaction have recently become an important tool to study predation by arthropods, particularly insects. Here we present the first results of successful molecular detection of a specific prey consumed by calanoid copepods from gut and fecal material. Using the calanoid copepod species Calanus finmarchicus consuming the haptophyte alga Emiliania huxleyi as a model system, 18S ribosomal DNA originating from E. huxleyi was unambiguously detected in whole DNA extracts from copepods and from their fecal pellets. The results also suggest that prey DNA may be quantified for determination of prey‐specific zooplankton feeding rates. However, significantly more research under controlled laboratory and field conditions will be required to achieve these objectives. We hypothesize that molecular methods will become an important tool with the potential to quantify undisturbed trophic interactions between individual predators and all their prey in the complex natural plankton.
Estimation of critical shear stress from cohesive strength meter‐derived erosion thresholds
Authors: Grabowski Robert C. , Droppo Ian G. , Wharton Geraldene
Published: August 2016

Measures of cohesive sediment erodibility, such as erosion thresholds and rates, are essential for the development of accurate sediment transport models. In situ devices for erodibility quantification are increasingly being used to capture the high spatial and temporal variability in erodibility found in natural cohesive sediments. The cohesive strength meter (CSM) is a small, hand‐held, commercially available device that has been used extensively in recent years to measure in situ erosion thresholds. However, the device is primarily used for relative measures of erosion thresholds, due to a difficulty in comparing the vertical forces generated by the CSM with horizontal bed shear stress. In this article, we describe the development of a methodology for the estimation of horizontal bed shear stress from CSM‐derived erosion thresholds. The approach used cohesive sediment mixtures with varying clay contents to create sediments with a range of erodibilities and tested them using the CSM and a laboratory annular flume. A calibration is proposed based on a comparison of mean erosion thresholds from each device per clay treatment. This study is the first successful inter‐comparison between CSM‐ and flume‐derived erosion thresholds. Significant differences in erosion thresholds were noted between CSM routines, so it is recommended that the empirical calibration be applied only to erosion thresholds estimated using the Sand 1 routine, and ranging from 40‐90 Pa stagnation pressure. The calibration allows the conversion of CSM‐derived erosion thresholds into critical shear stress, a form that permits incorporation into sediment transport models.
Characterizing deposited sediment for stream habitat assessment
Authors: Sutherland Andrew B. , Culp Joseph M. , Benoy Glenn A.
Published: August 2016

Numerous techniques are used to measure deposited sediment and quantify substrate quality in streams. We evaluated the relationship between land disturbance and stream habitat by comparing 25 commonly used deposited sediment parameters to watershed, riparian, and local‐scale drivers. We also tested whether land use regressions were improved by accounting for geomorphic setting (measures of slope and channel incision) and how visual versus measurement‐based estimations of percent fines and embeddedness were related to each other and to percent agriculture. Of the 16 metrics significantly related to watershed agriculture, subsurface percent fines was the best indicator of land use. Subsurface fines were more strongly related to both watershed and riparian percent agriculture than surface sediment metrics. The second best‐performing parameter was the visual assessment of percent fines <2 mm. Surface particle counts also performed moderately well. Sediment percentiles (d50, d84) and stability indices were among the weakest indicators of watershed land use. All measures of local percent agriculture were poor predictors of deposited sediment parameters. Mean slope within the entire stream network was nearly as good of a predictor of deposited sediment as watershed percent agriculture. This suggests that we may improve our ability to predict deposited sediment by considering land use within the appropriate geomorphic context.
Measurement and interpretation of solute concentration gradients in the benthic boundary layer
Authors: Holtappels Moritz , Kuypers Marcel M.M. , Schlüter Michael , Brüchert Volker
Published: August 2016

The coastal ocean is characterized by high exchange rates of organic matter, oxygen, and nutrients between the sediment and the water column. The solutes that are exchanged between the sediment and the overlying water column are transported across the benthic boundary layer (BBL) by means of turbulent diffusion. Thus, solute concentration gradients in the BBL contain valuable information about the respective fluxes. In this study, we present the instrumentation and sampling strategies to measure oxygen and nutrient concentration gradients in the BBL. We provide the theoretical background and the calculation procedure to derive ratios of nutrient and oxygen fluxes from these concentration gradients. The noninvasive approach is illustrated at two sampling sites in the western Baltic Sea where nutrient and oxygen concentration gradients of up to 5 and 30 µM m−1, respectively, were measured. Nutrient and oxygen flux ratios were used to establish a nitrogen flux balance between sediment and water column indicating that 20% and 50% of the mineralized nitrogen left the sediment in form of N2 (station A and B, respectively). The results are supported by sediment incubation experiments of intact sediment cores, measuring denitrification rates, and oxygen uptake. The presented flux ratio approach is applicable without knowledge of turbulent diffusivities in the BBL and is, therefore, unaffected by non‐steady‐state current velocities and diffusivities.
Estimating turbulent diffusion in a benthic boundary layer
Authors: Holtappels Moritz , Lorke Andreas
Published: August 2016

In aquatic environments, the benthic boundary layer (BBL) is the transition zone for dissolved solutes that are released or consumed from the sediments. The exchange of solutes between the sediment and the overlying water column depends on the turbulent transport in the benthic boundary layer. In situ measurements of turbulent diffusion in natural benthic boundary layers are scarce and are usually derived from the logarithmic law of the wall (log‐law). Based on G. I. Taylor's turbulent diffusion theory, we derived a simple approach to estimate turbulent diffusivity from acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) data. The approach was applied to ADV data collected over a period of 155 h in the BBL of Lake Constance, Germany. The calculated turbulent diffusivities agreed well with those derived in parallel from flux‐gradient measurements. In addition, turbulent diffusivities were calculated from several established approaches, including those based on the logarithmic law of the wall. The log‐law failed to predict plausible diffusivities whenever the boundary flow exhibited decreased current velocities or stable density stratification. Under these conditions, the turbulent diffusivities calculated from the flux‐gradient measurement and from Taylor's theory were as low as 10−6 m2 s−1. These decreased turbulent diffusivities have the potential to control the solute exchange between the sediment and the water column and can result in low oxygen concentrations in the bottom water. Reliable measurements of turbulent diffusivities in the BBL are therefore important to investigate and predict hypoxia in bottom waters and sulfide efflux from the sediments.