bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Listeria Monocytogenes Brain Abscess in Crohn’s Disease Treated with Adalimumab
Authors: Atsawarungruangkit Amporn , Dominguez Fernando , Borda Gustavo , Mavrogiorgos Nikolaos
Published: November 2017

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that causes listeriosis. Brain abscess is a very uncommon manifestation of listeriosis and has not been reported to be associated with adalimumab (humira), one of the approved medications for treating Crohn’s disease. A 45-year-old female with Crohn’s disease presented with sudden onset of fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status for 1 day. She was on prednisone and 6-mercaptopurine. She had started taking adalimumab 17 days prior to admission. She had signs of toxicity, confusion, and nuchal rigidity, but showed neither central nervous system deficits nor focal deficits. The laboratory results revealed Gram-positive coccobacillus, positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture for Listeria monocytogenes, and a 5 × 5 mm ring-enhancing lesion of brain abscess on MRI. After holding off 6-mercaptopurine and adalimumab, her mental status improved on the next day. Finally, she was discharged on day 7 of hospitalization with ampicillin 2 g intravenously every 4 h for a total of 2 weeks. Two weeks later, the follow-up MRI showed a 2-mm area of residual enhancement in the left temporal lobe at the site of the previous brain abscess. Adalimumab, as a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor, carries a risk of triggering opportunistic infection, such as listeriosis. With an altered mental status or neurological signs in patients receiving TNF-alpha antagonizing agent, physicians should suspect bacterial infection in the central nervous system and promptly initiate treatment for brain abscess if needed.
Malignant Orbital Meningioma Originating from the Frontal Lobe
Authors: Garcia Giancarlo A. , Choy Andrew E. , Hasso Anton N. , Minckler Don S.
Published: November 2017

Purpose of the Study: Orbital meningiomas are typically benign tumors, most commonly originating from the dura of the sphenoid wing or the optic nerve sheath. Procedures: We describe an unusual case of a malignant meningioma originating from the frontal lobe that ultimately produced orbital and distant metastases. Results and Conclusions: Orbital invasion by the meningioma was preceded by multiple incomplete resections, which may have facilitated access to the orbit. The present case serves to remind clinicians that surgical resection of aggressive, recurrent frontal lobe meningiomas may facilitate subsequent penetration of surrounding structures, particularly by tumors that demonstrate bone-destructive properties.
Interocular Symmetry of Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Eyes on Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Orduna Elvira , Sanchez-Cano Ana , Luesma Maria José , Perez-Navarro Itziar , Abecia Emilio , Pinilla Isabel
Published: November 2017

Background: We aimed to determine the physiological symmetry, with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, of choroidal measurements in a healthy population in all the areas defined in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Methods: One hundred and fifty-four eyes of 77 healthy young adults between the ages of 19 and 32 years were enrolled. Differences in choroidal thickness (CT) and volume (CV) between the left and right eyes were calculated. Normal ranges of absolute interocular differences were established as the 95th percentile. Results: The mean ± SD subfoveal CT (SFCT) and total CV values in the right and left eyes were 342.03 ± 77.38 versus 361.64 ± 76.45 µm (correlation coefficient ρ = 0.820; p < 0.001) and 0.27 ± 0.06 versus 0.28 ± 0.06 mm3 (ρ = 0.830; p < 0.001), respectively. Differences in 5 of the 9 areas of the ETDRS map were statistically significant (p < 0.05), but with a strong interocular correlation (ρ > 0.8; p < 0.001). The 95th percentile of interocular tolerance limits for CT in the 1-, 3-, and 6-mm areas were 97, 70, and 57 μm, respectively; the 95th percentile for the volume values were 0.06, 0.51, and 1.73 mm3. Conclusions: CT and CV are highly correlated between eyes, statistically significant differences between them can be found, and absolute interocular differences may reach 97 µm in SFCT, and 1.73 mm3 in total CV.
Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Risk Factor for Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Garg Rajat , Khan Uqba , AlRajjal Ahmed , Kafri Zyad
Published: November 2017

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a very aggressive and lethal tumor, which arises from the epithelial cells of bile ducts. CCA comprises about 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies and its incidence is on the rise in the recent years. Anatomically, it is classified into intrahepatic, perihilar, or extrahepatic (distal) CCA. There are a number of risk factors associated with CCA including primary sclerosing cholangitis, fibropolycystic liver disease, parasitic infection, viral hepatitis, chronic liver disease, and genetic disorders like Lynch syndrome. Autoimmune hepatitis is also recently reported to have an association with development of CCA. We report an interesting case of perihilar CCA in the setting of autoimmune hepatitis along with a literature review. This case highlights the importance of early treatment and close clinical follow-up of patients with autoimmune hepatitis for development of CCA.
Propofol Through Upregulating Caveolin-3 Attenuates Post-Hypoxic Mitochondrial Damage and Cell Death in H9C2 Cardiomyocytes During Hyperglycemia
Authors: Deng Fan , Wang Shuang , Zhang Liangqing , Xie Xiang , Cai Shuyun , Li Haobo , Xie Gui-ling , Miao Hui-Lai , Yang Changmin , Liu Xin , Xia Zhengyuan
Published: November 2017

Background/Aims: Hearts from diabetic subjects are susceptible to myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Propofol has been shown to protect against myocardial I/R injury due to its antioxidant properties while the underlying mechanism remained incompletely understood. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether or not propofol could attenuate myocardial I/R injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction/damage through upregulating Caveolin (Cav)-3 under hyperglycemia. Methods: Cultured rat cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in the absence or presence of propofol under high glucose (HG), and cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial viability as well as creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were measured with colorimetric Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. Intracellular levels of oxidative stress was assessed using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) fluorescent staining and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis was assessed by detecting mitochondrial membrane potential and the activation of apoptotic caspases 3 and 9. Results: Exposure of cells to HG without or with H/R both significantly increased cell injury, cell apoptosis and enhanced oxidative stress that were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased Cav-3 protein expression. All these changes were further exacerbated following H/R under HG. Administration of propofol at concentrations from 12.5 to 50 µM but not 100 µM significantly attenuated H/R injury that was associated with increased Cav-3 expression and activation of the prosurvival proteins Akt and STAT3 with the optimal protective effects seen at 50 µM of propofol (P25). The beneficial effects of propofol(P25) were abrogated by Cav-3 disruption with β-methyl-cyclodextrin. Conclusion: Propofol counteracts cardiomyocyte H/R injury by attenuating mitochondrial damage and improving mitochondrial biogenesis through upregulating Cav-3 during hyperglycemia.
Natureza, espaço e paisagem como construção humana
Authors: Bartalini Vania
Published: November 2017

Tendo como ponto de partida as bases fenomenológicas, nas quais paisagem é compreendida como fruto da relação Homem/lugar/mundo, busca-se abordar as ideias de natureza, espaço e paisagem, sob a ótica do que se convencionou chamar de “experenciador”. Diante do complexo panorama contemporâneo, em que as categorias acima citadas sofrem revisões e ampliações conceituais sistemáticas, pretende-se discutir natureza, espaço e paisagem como construções humanas, historicamente  determinadas. O tema é conduzido através da reflexão sobre a tessitura e sentido que se dá a partir da experiência direta, por meio da qual paisagem pode ser lida como “mediação” entre natureza e humano.
Neurohormonal Blockade and Circulating Cardiovascular Biomarkers During Anthracycline Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients: Results From the PRADA (Prevention of Cardiac Dysfunction During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy) Study
Authors: Gulati Geeta , Heck Siri L. , Røsjø Helge , Ree Anne H. , Hoffmann Pavel , Hagve Tor‐Arne , Norseth Jon , Gravdehaug Berit , Steine Kjetil , Geisler Jürgen , Omland Torbjørn
Published: November 2017

Background

Anthracyclines are associated with cardiotoxic effects. Cardiovascular biomarkers may reflect myocardial injury, dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis and may precede and predict the development of left ventricular impairment. The aim of this study was to assess: (1) longitudinal change in circulating cardiovascular biomarkers, (2) the effect of metoprolol succinate and candesartan cilexetil on the biomarker response, and (3) the associations between on‐treatment changes in biomarker concentrations and subsequent left ventricular dysfunction in patients with early breast cancer receiving anthracyclines.

Methods and Results

This report encompasses 121 women included in the 2×2 factorial, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind PRADA (Prevention of Cardiac Dysfunction During Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy) trial with metoprolol and candesartan given concomitantly with anticancer therapy containing the anthracycline, epirubicin (total cumulative dose, 240–400 mg/m
2
). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, echocardiography images, and circulating levels of biomarkers were obtained before and after anthracycline treatment. Cardiac troponins I and T, B‐type natriuretic peptide, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide, C‐reactive protein, and galectin‐3 increased during anthracycline therapy (all
P
<0.05). The troponin response was attenuated by metoprolol (
P
<0.05), but not candesartan. There was no association between change in biomarker concentrations and change in cardiac function during anthracycline therapy.

Conclusions

Treatment with contemporary anthracycline doses for early breast cancer is associated with increase in circulating cardiovascular biomarkers. This increase is, however, not associated with early decline in ventricular function. Beta‐blockade may attenuate early myocardial injury, but whether this attenuation translates into reduced risk of developing ventricular dysfunction in the long term remains unclear.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrial.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01434134.
Le devenir de la famille paysanne de la réforme agraire dans le Saïss au Maroc sous une perspective de genre
Authors: Bossenbroek Lisa
Published: November 2017

L’État marocain décida en 2006 de privatiser les terres des coopératives de la réforme agraire créée au début des années 1970. Cette dynamique foncière s’inscrit dans des processus plus larges de changements agraires, qui se manifeste entre autre par la vente des terres, l’introduction de nouvelles cultures à forte valeur ajoutée, l’utilisation de nouvelles technologies (forage et goutte-à-goutte) et des transformations dans les relations de travail. Ces changements auront une influence sur le développement de l’agriculture familiale et les relations de genres. À la base d’un travail ethnographique et historique portant sur une coopérative dans la plaine du Saïss, nous suggérons d’ouvrir la « boite noire » de l’agriculture familiale pour illustrer les dynamiques de genre qui marquent aujourd’hui l’impact des changements agraires. À travers ce regard nous illustrons dans un premier temps comment, pendant la période de la coopérative la terre, l’exploitation et la famille paysanne étaient intimement liées. Les activités et l’organisation autour de la terre forment les identités des hommes et des femmes paysans. Aujourd’hui, nous illustrons au travers de différentes trajectoires de familles paysannes comment ce modèle est en mutation. Les dynamiques agraires offrent de nouvelles opportunités à certains jeunes hommes et agriculteurs « modernes ». Cependant, différentes femmes paysannes ne trouvent plus de fierté dans le travail agricole et essaient de développer de nouvelles identités féminines rurales, ce qui n’est pas facile. Ainsi, nous verrons que le devenir de l’agriculture paysanne dépendra fortement de cette nouvelle génération de jeunes agriculteurs et agricultrices et de leurs aspirations à moderniser leur devenir.
Root xylem characteristics and hydraulic strategies of species co-occurring in semi-arid Australia
Authors: Santini Nadia S. , Cleverly James , Faux Rolf , McBean Katie , Nolan Rachael , Eamus Derek
Published: November 2017

Xylem traits such as xylem vessel size can influence the efficiency and safety of water transport and thus plant growth and survival. Root xylem traits are much less frequently examined than those of branches despite such studies being critical to our understanding of plant hydraulics. In this study, we investigated primary lateral and sinker roots of six co-occurring species of semi-arid Australia. Two species are restricted to a floodplain, two were sampled only from the adjacent sand plain, and two species co-occur in both habitats. We assessed root wood density, xylem traits (i.e., vessel diameter, fibre and vessel wall thickness), outer pit aperture diameter and calculated theoretical hydraulic conductivity and vessel implosion resistance. We hypothesized that (1) roots have larger xylem vessel diameters and lower wood density than branches of the same species and that (2) there is an inverse correlation between theoretical sapwood hydraulic conductivity and vessel implosion resistance for roots. Variation in root wood density was explained by variations in xylem vessel lumen area across the different species (r2 = 0.73, p = 0.03), as hypothesized. We rejected our second hypothesis, finding instead that the relationship between theoretical hydraulic conductivity and vessel implosion resistance was not maintained in roots of all of our studied species, in contrast to our previous study of branches from the same species. Xylem traits were found to depend upon habitat and eco-hydrological niche, with the groupings including (i) arid-adapted shrubs and trees with shallow lateral roots (Acacia aneura and Psydrax latifolia), (ii) trees restricted to the floodplain habitat, both evergreen (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and deciduous (Erythrina vespertilio) and (iii) evergreen trees co-occurring in both floodplain and adjacent sand plain habitats (Corymbia opaca and Hakea sp.).
Charcoal identification in a species-rich environment: The example of Dibamba, Cameroon
Authors: Höhn Alexa , Neumann Katharina
Published: November 2017

Identification of archaeological or soil charcoal in a species-rich biome, such as the Central African rainforest, is challenging because of the large number of woody taxa with similar and overlapping wood anatomical features. Valid environmental or archaeological interpretations can only derive from reliable and transparent identifications that allow comparison of and referencing between different charcoal assemblages. The identification of 30 archaeological charcoal types from the site Dibamba in southern Cameroon serves as a starting point for a discussion on classification and naming. These 30 types are fully documented and illustrated in the Supplementary Online Material (SOM). The discussion underlines the basics of “good practice” of charcoal identification in a speciesrich tropical environment. The value of differential diagnosis is stressed, as is the importance of leaving identification levels on higher taxonomic level if necessary. We argue that the level of identification must be reflected in the name of the charcoal type. Names of charcoal types are written in small capitals to clearly distinguish them from botanical taxa with which they are not necessarily identical. The Dibamba charcoal assemblage offers the first and so far unique possibility to directly comprehend human impact on the structure and composition of West Central African rainforest over the last 3000 years. The paleoenvironmental significance of the results presented here will be subject of a forthcoming publication.
A Numerical Study on Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Vicente (2012) in the South China Sea. Part II: Roles of Inner-Core Processes
Authors: Chen Xiaomin , Wang Yuqing , Fang Juan , Xue Ming
Published: November 2017

In Part I of this study, the role of environmental monsoon flow in the onset of rapid intensification (RI) of Typhoon Vicente (2012) was discussed. In this Part II, key inner-core processes that effectively resist environmental vertical wind shear during RI onset are investigated. The convective precipitation shield (CPS) embedded in the downshear convergence zone plays a vital role in preconditioning the tropical cyclone (TC) vortex before RI. The CPS induces a mesoscale positive vorticity band (PVB) characterized by vortical hot tower structures upstream and shallower structures (~4 km) downstream. Multiple mesovortices form successively along the PVB and are detached from the PVB at its downstream end, rotating cyclonically around the TC center. The sufficient amount of vorticity anomalies in the PVB facilitates the upscale growth of a mesovortex into a reformed inner vortex, which eventually replaces the parent TC vortex (i.e., downshear reformation), leading to RI onset. The timing of downshear reformation is closely related to the gradually enhancing convective activity in the CPS, which is likely triggered/enhanced by increased surface heat fluxes in the downshear-left quadrant. Results from vorticity budget analyses suggest that convection in the CPS contributes to the vertical development of the tilted reformed inner vortex largely through tilting horizontal vorticity and advecting vorticity upward. The enhanced midlevel inner vortex precesses more quickly into the upshear flank and is concurrently advected toward the low-level inner vortex, resulting in vertical alignment of the reformed inner vortex and parent TC vortex at the end of downshear reformation.
Influence of Microphysical Variability on Stochastic Condensation in a Turbulent Laboratory Cloud
Authors: Desai N. , Chandrakar K. K. , Chang K. , Cantrell W. , Shaw R. A.
Published: November 2017

Diffusional growth of droplets by stochastic condensation and a resulting broadening of the size distribution has been considered as a mechanism for bridging the cloud droplet growth gap between condensation and collision–coalescence. Recent studies have shown that supersaturation fluctuations can lead to a broadening of the droplet size distribution at the condensational stage of droplet growth. However, most studies using stochastic models assume the phase relaxation time of a cloud parcel to be constant. In this paper, two questions are asked: how variability in droplet number concentration and radius influence the phase relaxation time and what effect it has on the droplet size distributions. To answer these questions, steady-state cloud conditions are created in the laboratory and digital inline holography is used to directly observe the variations in local number concentration and droplet size distribution and, thereby, the integral radius. Stochastic equations are also extended to account for fluctuations in integral radius and obtain new terms that are compared with the laboratory observations. It is found that the variability in integral radius is primarily driven by variations in the droplet number concentration and not the droplet radius. This variability does not contribute significantly to the mean droplet growth rate but does contribute significantly to the rate of increase of the size distribution width.
How Predictable Are the Arctic and North Atlantic Oscillations? Exploring the Variability and Predictability of the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Badin Gualtiero , Koszalka Inga M.
Published: November 2017

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) describe the dominant part of the variability in the Northern Hemisphere extratropical troposphere. Because of the strong connection of these patterns with surface climate, recent years have shown an increased interest and an increasing skill in forecasting them. However, it is unclear what the intrinsic limits of short-term predictability for the NAO and AO patterns are. This study compares the variability and predictability of both patterns, using a range of data and index computation methods for the daily NAO and AO indices. Small deviations from Gaussianity are found along with characteristic decorrelation time scales of around one week. In the analysis of the Lyapunov spectrum it is found that predictability is not significantly different between the AO and NAO or between reanalysis products. Differences exist, however, between the indices based on EOF analysis, which exhibit predictability time scales around 12–16 days, and the station-based indices, exhibiting a longer predictability of 18–20 days. Both of these time scales indicate predictability beyond that currently obtained in ensemble prediction models for short-term predictability. Additional longer-term predictability for these patterns may be gained through local feedbacks and remote forcing mechanisms for particular atmospheric conditions.
Daily to Decadal Modulation of Jet Variability
Authors: Woollings Tim , Barnes Elizabeth , Hoskins Brian , Kwon Young-Oh , Lee Robert W. , Li Camille , Madonna Erica , McGraw Marie , Parker Tess , Rodrigues Regina , Spensberger Clemens , Williams Keith
Published: November 2017

The variance of a jet’s position in latitude is found to be related to its average speed: when a jet becomes stronger, its variability in latitude decreases. This relationship is shown to hold for observed midlatitude jets around the world and also across a hierarchy of numerical models. North Atlantic jet variability is shown to be modulated on decadal time scales, with decades of a strong, steady jet being interspersed with decades of a weak, variable jet. These modulations are also related to variations in the basinwide occurrence of high-impact blocking events. A picture emerges of complex multidecadal jet variability in which recent decades do not appear unusual. An underlying barotropic mechanism is proposed to explain this behavior, related to the change in refractive properties of a jet as it strengthens, and the subsequent effect on the distribution of Rossby wave breaking.
Do Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Offending Vary Across Indigenous and White Youth Followed Prospectively Through Full Adulthood?
Authors: McCuish Evan C. , Corrado Raymond R.
Published: November 2017

Although Indigenous youth are overrepresented in justice systems across North America, Australia, and New Zealand, explanations for this overrepresentation are principally theoretical as data at the individual level are lacking. Risk for offending among Indigenous youth may be overestimated because of their typically more negative socioeconomic outcomes tied to historical injustices perpetrated by governments across different nations. Data on 403 adolescent offenders followed from ages 12 to 29 were used to examine offending trajectories and associated risk and protective factors across Indigenous and White participants. A greater number of social adversities characterized Indigenous youth, yet they did not differ from White youth in their likelihood of assignment to the highest rate offending trajectory. Culturally sensitive assessment of risk for offending is recommended.
‘Knowledge’ in English primary schools’ decision-making about sex and relationships education
Authors: Wilder Rachel
Published: November 2017

Objective:

To assess what kinds of knowledge policymakers in a sample of English primary schools utilised to make decisions about their school’s sex and relationships education policy.

Method:

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with policymakers at three primary schools in the southwest of England, and documentary analysis of the schools’ sex and relationships education policies was done. Policymakers included head teachers, subject leads and other teachers. A social constructivist approach informed the research design and data analysis.

Results:

In all three schools, the principal sources of knowledge in the policy-making processes for sex and relationships education were a commercially available curriculum package and staff knowledge (including staff opinions). All three schools drew on policies from other schools, but at times this process appeared procedural rather than critical. Local authority expertise was a source of knowledge for two schools.

Conclusion:

Findings emphasise the importance of having trained and experienced educators for sex and relationships education in schools and the need for schools to have ongoing support to share learning and identify new knowledge on the topic.
Supporting Teachers to Implement Contextualized and Interactive Practices in Vocabulary Instruction
Authors: Rimbey Michelle , Mckeown Margaret , Beck Isabel , Sandora Cheryl
Published: November 2017

This descriptive study explored how teachers implemented interactive practices during their vocabulary instruction after participating in a professional development initiative. The professional development was comprised of an initial workshop to provide an overview of vocabulary research and instruction, opportunities for teachers to receive targeted feedback on audiotaped classroom lessons, and an interim session where teachers discussed the process of implementation. Data were gathered through interviews and lesson transcripts. Teachers reported that they valued the feedback on classroom lessons and meetings with grade level colleagues. In addition, they reported positive changes in their instruction as a result of the professional development activities. Lesson transcripts showed that the instructional changes teachers reported corresponded to changes between pre- and post-intervention lesson transcripts.
Teaching Social Studies/History to Elementary School Students through a Discipline-Specific Approach
Authors: Brugar Kristy A.
Published: November 2017

This mixed methods study explored students’ learning following an intervention unit, which focused on discipline-specific practices in elementary social studies/history. The following questions guided the research: To what extent does students’ learning in social studies/history change following their participation in a unit emphasizing disciplinary-specific practices? and How does their learning compare to students who learn the same content without this approach? Two fifth-grade teachers in a low socioeconomic district taught a disciplinary unit to their students, and a third fifth-grade teacher in the same district taught the same content to her students using a transmission approach. All students performed similarly on the pre-assessment; following the intervention students in the experimental classrooms made greater gains and demonstrated disciplinary-specific practices. This study has implications for elementary school instruction in social studies/history and literacy.
From “What is Reading?” to What is Literacy?
Authors: Frankel Katherine K. , Becker Bryce L. C. , Rowe Marjorie W. , Pearson P. David
Published: November 2017

In their 1985 report, Becoming a Nation of Readers: The Report of the Commission on Reading, Anderson, Hiebert, Scott, and Wilkinson defined reading and proposed five principles that guide its successful enactment: (1) reading is a constructive process, (2) reading must be fluent, (3) reading must be strategic, (4) reading requires motivation, and (5) reading is a continuously developing skill. In this article we revise the definition from reading to literacy and rethink the principles in response to theoretical and empirical developments in the intervening years with regard to the processes of, and contexts for, reading. Our updated principles include: (1) literacy is a constructive, integrative, and critical process situated in social practices; (2) fluent reading is shaped by language processes and contexts; (3) literacy is strategic and disciplinary; (4) literacy entails motivation and engagement; and (5) literacy is a continuously developing set of practices. We redefine each principle and offer new explanations in light of what we now know.
Extended–-and Extending–-Literacies
Authors: Moje Elizabeth Birr , Ellison Tisha Lewis
Published: November 2017

We examine the impact of Becoming a Nation of Readers: The Report of the Commission on Reading (BNR) (Anderson, Hiebert, Scott, & Wilkinson, 1985) with the idea of extending literacy learning beyond the early grades, describing present-day conceptions of secondary-school literacy learning, and calling to further extend the concept of extended literacy. In particular, we consider the ways that sociocultural theories of reading and ‘new literacies’ extend the field's thinking about literacy beyond the classroom/school to include ‘everyday’ literacy settings. Finally, we examine how the concept of extended literacy can be understood as extending conceptions of what it means to read, particularly in an age of digital tools and easy access to information.
The Teacher and the Classroom
Authors: Duke Nell K. , Cervetti Gina N. , Wise Crystal N.
Published: November 2017

In Becoming a Nation of Readers (BNR) (1985), Richard C. Anderson, Elfrieda H. Hiebert, Judith A. Scott, and Ian A. G. Wilkinson argued that the quality of teaching is a powerful influence on children's reading development–more powerful than the influence of the general teaching approach or materials used. In this article, we focus on one research tradition in the area of literacy teaching quality: case studies of teachers who are identified as effective or exemplary as literacy educators. Review of these studies reveals a wide range of well-coordinated practices used by effective literacy educators, echoing, expanding, and deepening points made in BNR.
The Use of Concept Maps to Assess Preservice Teacher Understanding: A Formative Approach in Mathematics Education
Authors: Brakoniecki Aaron , Shah Fahmil
Published: November 2017

The research reported in this article explored the methods by which concept maps served as formative assessment by capturing changes in the ways preservice mathematics teachers represented their understanding of algebra. The participants were enrolled in a course on high school algebra for teachers and created the maps on the first and last day of the course. Selected concept maps are presented to illustrate the methodology and results of the concept map analyses. Suggestions for ways instructors can use these analyses to make formative decisions are offered.
Multiple Perspectives on Literacy as it Continuously Changes: Reflections on Opportunities and Challenges when Literacy is Deictic
Authors: Forzani Elena , Leu Donald J.
Published: November 2017

In this joint reflection, Elena Forzani and Donald J. Leu discuss the nature of literacy in relation to “New Literacies: A Dual-Level Theory of the Changing Nature of Literacy, Instruction, and Assessment” (Leu, Kinzer, Coiro, Castek, & Henry, 2013), a chapter reprinted in this issue of the Journal of Education. They reflect on the meaning of a dual-level theory for teaching and research as the nature of literacy continuously changes. Within this context they consider what has changed and what remains the same in today's literacy landscape as well as the implications for future theory, research, and practice.
Information Structure Preferences in Focus-Sensitive Ellipsis: How Defaults Persist
Authors: Harris Jesse A. , Carlson Katy
Published: November 2017

We compare the roles of overt accent and default focus marking in processing ellipsis structures headed by focus-sensitive coordinators (such as Danielle couldn’t pass the quiz, let alone the final/Kayla). In a small auditory corpus study of radio transcripts, we establish that such structures overwhelmingly occur with contrastive pitch accents on the correlate and remnant ( the quiz and the final, or Danielle and Kayla), and that there is a strong bias to pair the remnant with the most local plausible correlate in production. In two auditory naturalness ratings experiments, we observe that marking a non-local correlate with contrastive pitch accent moderates, but does not fully overturn, the bias for local correlates in comprehension. We propose that the locality preference is due to a sentence-final default position for sentence accent, and that auditory processing is subject to “enduring focus,” in which default positions for focus continue to influence the focus structure of the sentence even in the presence of overt accents. The importance of these results for models of auditory processing and of the processing of remnants in ellipsis structures is discussed.
Motivations for Volunteering and Its Associations with Time Perspectives and Life Satisfaction: A Latent Profile Approach
Authors: Kee Ying Hwa , Li Chunxiao , Wang John C. K. , Kailani Muhammad Idzhar Bin
Published: November 2017

This study aims to examine motivation for volunteering and its association with time perspective and life satisfaction among volunteers ( N = 221). Latent profile analysis was used to profile individuals based on their time perspectives and then to compare group differences in life satisfaction and volunteering motivation. Three profiles were identified. Profile 1 ( n = 32; 14.5%) was a “balanced time perspective group,” Profile 2 ( n = 102; 46.2%) was a “maladaptive group,” and Profile 3 ( n = 87; 39.3%) was a “nonchalant group.” Profile 1 showed the highest life satisfaction compared to the two remaining groups. Significant group differences in volunteering motivation between this group and the other two were also reported. These findings suggest that time perspective may be appropriate for understanding motivation for voluntarism and life satisfaction.
Gender Differences in Relationship Between Resilience and Big Five Personality Traits in Japanese Adolescents
Authors: Iimura Shuhei , Taku Kanako
Published: November 2017

Prior work has indicated that female adolescents mature more quickly than males with regard to the various personality dimensions. From the developmental perspectives, this study aimed to explore gender differences in the relationships between resilience and the Big Five personality traits in Japanese adolescents. Middle school students ( N = 310, 155 females, age range = 14–15 years) participated in an online survey. The results demonstrated that females had higher Conscientiousness than males. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that Neuroticism was the most influential predictor of resilience in females, whereas Extraversion was the most important predictor in males. Multigroup path analysis demonstrated that the effect of Neuroticism on resilience was greater for females; however, the effects of all other variables did not differ across genders. Considering gender differences is important to understand the relationship between resilience and the Big Five dimensions among adolescents.
Parametric study of the weave combination on the moldability of dome-shaped fabrics
Authors: Yang Dan , Tayyar Ayse Ebru , Chen Xiaogang
Published: November 2017

This paper aims to investigate the relationship of the weave combination and the moldability for dome-shaped fabrics. The weave combination plays a fundamental role in composing the dome shape for the dome-shaped fabric. Twelve concentric-round patterns were designed according to different weave arrangements varied systematically. It is found that a better dome shape could be formed using the weave sequence with long floats in the outer circle and short floats in the inner circle, compared to the opposite weave sequence. This is because the weave with long floats is easy to shrink and the weave with short floats is easy to invade. The larger the shrinkage in the outer edge, the more area could be pulled forward to the center to form the dome. The dome effect could be further strengthened by the shrinkage of long floats in the middle circle of the concentric-round. In addition, the washing treatment could give a positive influence on the moldability, as the study result shows that the dome depth of specimens was better after washing than before washing.
Real estate developers’ influence of land use legislation in the Toronto region: An institutionalist investigation of developers, land conflict and property law
Authors: Leffers Donald
Published: November 2017

This paper investigates the role of real estate developers in shaping land use legislation, land use planning and property law. The conceptual framework draws on third-phase institutionalism and socio-legal theory to examine actors and ideas that influence knowledge and practices of land use, planning and property. This paper confronts absences in planning theory that overlook the role of real estate developers in disputes over land, especially their role in shaping the legislative framework governing land use. The argument is that property law is not simply an objective system of rules interpreted by lawyers, judges and the courts. Neither is it a singular concept protecting private property rights. Rather, it is a complex concept and institution that emerges in practice through political processes, such as social movements, the exercise of power and influence by elite actors, and strategic acts by political actors navigating diverse and competing agendas. The empirical evidence informing this argument derives from case study research of land conflicts on the Oak Ridges Moraine in the Toronto region, Canada, with particular attention given to the relationship between real estate developers, social movement actors, and politicians involved in resolving the conflict.
Do Girls Make Boys Study? Gender Composition, Gender Role Culture, and Sense of Futility in Flemish Secondary Schools
Authors: Van Houtte Mieke , Vantieghem Wendelien
Published: November 2017

This study examines whether the gender difference in sense of academic futility is related to the proportion of girls attending a school. We argue that the more progressive gender role culture in schools with a higher proportion of girls might influence especially boys’ sense of futility. Multilevel analyses of data gathered in 2014 from 5,162 second-grade students in 57 secondary schools in Flanders confirm a small but significant gender difference in sense of futility. The more girls at school, the less feelings of futility boys manifest. This impact can be explained by boys’ traditional gender role attitudes. For girls, the impact of gender composition, higher feelings of futility in schools with more girls, is buffered by girls’ progressive gender role attitudes. In schools with more girls, boys display lower levels of futility than girls. Finally, this impact of gender composition can be ascribed to the students’ educational track.
Maternal responses and development of communication skills in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Benassi Erika , Guarini Annalisa , Savini Silvia , Iverson Jana Marie , Caselli Maria Cristina , Alessandroni Rosina , Faldella Giacomo , Sansavini Alessandra
Published: November 2017

The present study examined maternal responses to infants’ spontaneous communicative behaviors in a sample of 20 extremely-low-gestational-age (ELGA) infants and 20 full-term (FT) infants during 30 minutes of play interaction when infants were 12 months of age. Relations between maternal responses and infants’ communication skills at 12 and 24 months were investigated. Maternal responses were coded according to their contingency and degree of relevance to the infant’s communicative signal. Despite the less advanced gestural abilities of ELGA infants, their mothers produced high percentages of contingent and relevant responses, as did mothers of their FT peers. Maternal contingent and highly relevant responses (i.e., those with a repeated label) were associated with ELGA infants’ receptive and expressive communication skills at 12 months and predicted expressive communication skills at 24 months. Results suggest that contingent maternal responses with a repeated label following infants’ spontaneous communicative behaviors support communicative development, particularly among ELGA infants.
Experimental study on the cracking process of layered shale using X-ray microCT
Authors: Liu Shengxin , Wang Zongxiu , Zhang Linyan
Published: November 2017

The cracking process in Longmaxi formation shale was experimentally studied during uniaxial compressive loading. Both the evolution of the three-dimensional fracture network and the micromechanics of failure in the layered shale were examined as a function of the inclination angle of the bedding plane. To visualize the cracking process, the test devices presented here used an industrial X-ray CT scanner that enabled scanning during the uniaxial compressive loading. Scanning electron microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy imaging techniques were used to observe the microscopic characteristics of fractured surfaces of failed specimens. The combination of these observations clearly illustrated the micromechanics of the failure process in the anisotropic shale. The experimental results suggest that the cracking process could be divided into two stages under uniaxial loading, and the microstructures and bedding planes of the shale played an important role in the cracking process of layered shale. In the first stage of deformation, the cracking mainly occurred as smaller microcracks (such as intergranular, microcracks), and the propagation of the newly formed microcracks was controlled by the bedding plane of the shale specimen. The microscopic imaging study showed that the microscopic damage was mainly dominated by microtensile fractures under uniaxial compression. In the second stage, with the increase in loading, the extensive development and coalescence of the microcracks led to the formation of complex fracture networks. The complexity of the fracture networks was related to the microstructure of the sample. The coalescence of the microcracks could be divided into three levels in the spatial scale, and the coalescence patterns included both tensile and shear patterns.
Revisiting the Development and Validation of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire: Analytical Clarifications
Authors: Avolio Bruce J. , Wernsing Tara , Gardner William L.
Published: November 2017

This article reexamines the original research and results pertaining to the construct validation of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire. Our reexamination involved analyzing the four factor and higher order model of authentic leadership using more recent recommendations for model tests that have appeared in the literature since the original article was published. We compared the results of these procedures to those used back in 2008, excluding any adjustments to the model specifications based on modification indices. Results of these analyses are interpreted and contextualized within the stream of research accumulated on authentic leadership to the present day. We also offer recommendations for extending further construct validation work on authentic leadership theory, and more general suggestions for reporting the results of these types of analyses.
Health Risk Appraisals With Aging Adults: An Integrative Review
Authors: Simpson Vicki , Pedigo Lindsey
Published: November 2017

Identification of risk factors unique to the aging experience is vital to support health promotion efforts and prevent loss of independence for the increasing aging population. Health risk appraisals are tools capable of identifying a broad range of factors that affect health; however, these tools were designed for use with predominantly healthy working-age adults. The purpose of this integrative review was to describe uses and adaptations of health risk appraisals with aging adults. A total of 43 articles met inclusion criteria, identifying multiple adaptations necessary to effectively identify the risks faced by aging adults, including those related to activities of daily living, pain, depression, social support/network, vision, hearing, and cognitive status. Uses included support for health promotion efforts and to determine risk for depression, falls, and loss of independence. Further research needs to be done to evaluate impact when used as a health promotion and prevention tool for aging adults.
What Do We Have When We Have a Narrative?
Authors: Grysman Azriel , Mansfield Cade D.
Published: November 2017

This review introduces our special issue, which presents a variety of papers with explicit assumptions of how narrative methods are used in cognitive and personality psychology studies of autobiographical narratives. We begin this review with an examination of how narrative is conceptualized in terms of reflecting and influencing a sense of self that is sculpted via social interaction. After explicating these constructs more carefully, we turn to an analysis of narrative methods, examining how different methodologies of narrative coding take on certain assumptions, either implicitly or explicitly, regarding narrative, self, and social interaction.
Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on intraoperative core temperature in patients undergoing posterior spine surgery: prospective randomised trial
Authors: Seo Hyungseok , Do Son Je , Lee Hyung-Chul , Oh Hyung-Min , Jung Chul-Woo , Park Hee-Pyoung
Published: November 2017

Objective

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) causes carotid baroreceptor unloading, which leads to thermoregulatory peripheral vasoconstriction. However, the effects of PEEP on intraoperative thermoregulation in the prone position remain unknown.

Methods

Thirty-seven patients undergoing spine surgery in the prone position were assigned at random to receive either 10 cmH2O PEEP (Group P) or no PEEP (Group Z). The primary endpoint was core temperature 180 minutes after intubation. Secondary endpoints were delta core temperature (difference in core temperature between 180 minutes and immediately after tracheal intubation), incidence of intraoperative hypothermia (core temperature of <36°C), and peripheral vasoconstriction-related data.

Results

The median [interquartile range] core temperature 180 minutes after intubation was 36.1°C [35.9°C–36.2°C] and 36.0°C [35.9°C–36.4°C] in Groups Z and P, respectively. The delta core temperature and incidences of intraoperative hypothermia and peripheral vasoconstriction were not significantly different between the two groups. The peripheral vasoconstriction threshold (36.2°C±0.5°C vs. 36.7°C±0.6°C) was lower and the onset of peripheral vasoconstriction (66 [60–129] vs. 38 [28–70] minutes) was slower in Group Z than in Group P.

Conclusions

Intraoperative PEEP did not reduce the core temperature decrease in the prone position, although it resulted in an earlier onset and higher threshold of peripheral vasoconstriction.