bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In a Neonatal Piglet Model of Intestinal Failure, Administration of Antibiotics and Lack of Enteral Nutrition Have a Greater Impact on Intestinal Microflora Than Surgical Resection Alone
Authors: Levesque Crystal L. , Turner Justine , Li Julang , Wizzard Pamela , St Pierre Benoit , Lim David , Wales Paul
Published: February 2016

Background: Data are limited on how short bowel syndrome (SBS) affects the healthy developing intestinal microbiome, with even less assessing different SBS anatomical surgical models. This study was conducted to describe the “ileal” and “colonic” microflora in 2 surgical models of SBS. Materials and Methods: Neonatal piglets (2–5 days old) underwent intestinal resection, leaving the ileum (JI anatomy, n = 6) or removing the ileum and ileocecal valve (JC anatomy, n = 5), or sham surgery (sham; n = 4). JI, JC, and sham piglets commenced parenteral nutrition on day 0 and received ampicillin and trimethoprim‐sulfadoxine on days 0–4 for prevention of line sepsis. At day 7, ileal and colonic digesta were collected, and they were also collected from age‐matched sow‐fed piglets (n = 6). DNA extraction, sequencing, and annotation followed standard procedures. Results: Colonic and ileal bacterial genus diversity and relative bacterial abundance were greater (P < .05) in sow‐fed compared with JI, JC, and sham piglets; however, minor differences were observed in either location between sham, JI, and JC piglets and within the surgical model. In the colon, sow‐fed piglets had higher (P < .05) abundance of Lactobacillus (26%) and tended to have lower (P = .06) abundance of Enterococcus (<.1%) than JI, JC, or sham piglets, in which Lactobacillus and Enterococcus abundance averaged <.1% and 9%, respectively. Conclusions: Intestinal resection reduces bacterial diversity in the large bowel, and the difference is associated with the presence/absence of the ileum and ileocecal valve. The lack of enteral nutrition and antibiotic administration (ie, sow‐fed vs surgery) had a greater influence on the observed shift in diversity and relative abundance than intestinal resection.
Nonverbal Behavior and Communication in the Workplace
Authors: Bonaccio Silvia , O’Reilly Jane , O’Sullivan Sharon L. , Chiocchio François
Published: February 2016

Nonverbal behavior is a hot topic in the popular management press. However, management scholars have lagged behind in understanding this important form of communication. Although some theories discuss limited aspects of nonverbal behavior, there has yet to be a comprehensive review of nonverbal behavior geared toward organizational scholars. Furthermore, the extant literature is scattered across several areas of inquiry, making the field appear disjointed and challenging to access. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on nonverbal behavior with an eye towards applying it to organizational phenomena. We begin by defining nonverbal behavior and its components. We review and discuss several areas in the organizational sciences that are ripe for further explorations of nonverbal behavior. Throughout the paper, we offer ideas for future research as well as information on methods to study nonverbal behavior in lab and field contexts. We hope our review will encourage organizational scholars to develop a deeper understanding of how nonverbal behavior influences the social world of organizations.
The census as an information source in public policy-making
Authors: Killick Lynn , Hall Hazel , Duff Alistair S , Deakin Mark
Published: February 2016

This paper provides an assessment of the value of national population censuses as information sources with specific reference to UK census data and its use in policy-making. Mixed methods were adopted to collect quantitative and qualitative data from two sources: (a) a content analysis of policy documents; and (b) interviews with policy-makers in Scotland. The findings highlight that, although the general value of the census is recognized, policy-makers are not necessarily closely engaged with the census as a tool for directing the development and implementation of policy. This is evident, for example, in a lack of awareness of proposed changes to the census, and infrequent deployment of available data. The opportunity to change perceptions among policy-makers, and to expand the application of census data in public policy, is identified. With a novel focus on the deployment of censuses as sources of evidence for policy-making that includes the views of policy-makers from both within and beyond government, this work contributes to an established body of global research on international censuses.
Carbon Nanotube and Asbestos Exposures Induce Overlapping but Distinct Profiles of Lung Pathology in Non-Swiss Albino CF-1 Mice
Authors: Frank Evan A. , Carreira Vinicius S. , Birch M. Eileen , Yadav Jagjit S.
Published: February 2016

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging as important occupational and environmental toxicants owing to their increasing prevalence and potential to be inhaled as airborne particles. CNTs are a concern because of their similarities to asbestos, which include fibrous morphology, high aspect ratio, and biopersistence. Limitations in research models have made it difficult to experimentally ascertain the risk of CNT exposures to humans and whether these may lead to lung diseases classically associated with asbestos, such as mesothelioma and fibrosis. In this study, we sought to comprehensively compare profiles of lung pathology in mice following repeated exposures to multiwall CNTs or crocidolite asbestos (CA). We show that both exposures resulted in granulomatous inflammation and increased interstitial collagen; CA exposures caused predominantly bronchoalveolar hyperplasia, whereas CNT exposures caused alveolar hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes (T2Ps). T2Ps isolated from CNT-exposed lungs were found to have upregulated proinflammatory genes, including interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), in contrast to those from CA exposed. Immunostaining in tissue showed that while both toxicants increased IL-1ß protein expression in lung cells, T2P-specific IL-1ß increases were greater following CNT exposure. These results suggest related but distinct mechanisms of action by CNTs versus asbestos which may lead to different outcomes in the 2 exposure types.
A Brief Review of Infrequent Spontaneous Findings, Peculiar Anatomical Microscopic Features, and Potential Artifacts in Göttingen Minipigs
Authors: McInnes E. F. , McKeag S.
Published: February 2016

Minipigs are now used in greater numbers in contract research organizations (CROs) as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. Most CROs or pharmaceutical companies use the Göttingen minipig, which displays a number of important background lesions. This review will discuss some of the more infrequent minipig background changes. Porcine stress syndrome is an autosomal recessive pharmacogenetic disorder in minipigs causing malignant hyperthermia and muscle necrosis. Possible triggers, clinical pathology as well as heart, muscle, liver, lung, and kidney histopathology are discussed. Additional spontaneous changes, background findings, and peculiar anatomical and histological features include thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome, spontaneous glomerulonephritis, osteochondritis, ellipsoids, or Schweigger–Seidel sheaths in the spleen, as well as the presence of a perimesenteric plexus adjacent to mesenteric lymph nodes, squamous epithelial metaplasia of the salivary gland, and cupping of the optic disk in the minipig eye. In order to maximize the data gained from minipig studies, the interpretation of pathology findings requires the input of experienced pathologists who understand the significance of artifacts and spontaneous, background lesions in minipigs and can distinguish these from induced lesions.
Quantification of Hepcidin-related Iron Accumulation in the Rat Liver
Authors: Böser Preethne , Mordashova Yulia , Maasland Mark , Trommer Isabel , Lorenz Helga , Hafner Mathias , Seemann Dietmar , Mueller Bernhard K. , Popp Andreas
Published: February 2016

Hepcidin was originally detected as a liver peptide with antimicrobial activity and it functions as a central regulator in the systemic iron metabolism. Consequently suppression of hepcidin leads to iron accumulation in the liver. AbbVie developed a monoclonal antibody ([mAb]; repulsive guidance molecule [RGMa/c] mAb) that downregulates hepcidin expression by influencing the RGMc/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/neogenin receptor complex and causes iron deposition in the liver. In a dose range finding study with RGMa/c mAb, rats were treated with different dose levels for a total of 4 weekly doses. The results of this morphometric analysis in the liver showed that iron accumulation is not homogenous between liver lobes and the left lateral lobe was the most responsive lobe in the rat. Quantitative hepcidin messenger RNA analysis showed that the left lateral lobe was the most responsive lobe showing hepcidin downregulation with increasing antibody dose. In addition, the morphometric analysis had higher sensitivity than the chemical iron extraction and quantification using a colorimetric assay. In conclusion, the Prussian blue stain in combination with semi-quantitative and quantitative morphometric analysis is the most reliable method to demonstrate iron accumulation in the liver compared to direct measurement of iron in unfixed tissue using a colorimetric assay.
Improving practice with integration of patient directed activity during inpatient rehabilitation
Authors: Trammell Molly , Kapoor Priyanka , Swank Chad , Driver Simon
Published: February 2016

Background:

Early initiation of rehabilitation following stroke promotes better long-term outcomes than delayed onset, emphasizing the importance of inpatient therapy. However, literature indicates that following stroke individuals in inpatient rehabilitation spend the majority of their day in their bedroom and inactive. Consequently, since amount of functional activity is posited to relate to outcomes, the current rehabilitation model needs to be challenged with innovative solutions to maximize recovery.

Rationale:

In an attempt to promote greater activity and higher doses of therapy during inpatient rehabilitation, we implemented the “Patient Directed Activity Program” to facilitate specific movement and improve outcomes for patients post stroke. Our interdisciplinary activity program was conceptualized on a theoretical model for stroke recovery and principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity.

Main features:

The “Patient Directed Activity Program” includes distinct activity stations designed to increase repetition, stimulation, attention, and activity of the affected upper extremities, lower extremities, and trunk. Each task-specific activity was easily graded to achieve moderate- to high-intensity. The activity program prescribed individuals up to three additional 30-minute bouts of activities daily that were to be completed independently, and in addition to standard of care.

Clinical application:

After implementing this program in our facility for one year as a quality improvement project, the intervention has been delivered as an Institutional Review Board approved randomized controlled trial (Clinical Trial #NCT02446197). Challenges with people and facilities have been overcome, resulting in a feasible program that can be delivered in an inpatient setting. High satisfaction has been reported by patients and clinicians.
Early home-supported discharge for patients with stroke in Portugal: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Santana Silvina , Rente José , Neves Conceição , Redondo Patrícia , Szczygiel Nina , Larsen Torben , Jepsen Birgitte , Langhorne Peter
Published: February 2016

Objective:

To evaluate an early home-supported discharge service for stroke patients.

Design:

We carried out a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial (allocation ratio of 1:1) with patients assigned to either an early home-supported discharge service or usual care.

Setting:

The study was undertaken in Aveiro, Portugal, between April 2009 and April 2013.

Subjects:

We included stroke patients aged 25–85 years admitted to the stroke unit with an initial Functional Independence Measure of up to 100, who gave informed consent.

Interventions:

Patients in the early home-supported discharge group began their rehabilitation intervention in the stroke unit and the early home-supported discharge team worked with them at home for a maximum of one month. Patients in the control group received usual services.

Main measures:

The primary outcome measure was the Functional Independence Measure at six months after stroke.

Results:

We randomised 190 patients of whom 34 were lost to follow-up. There were no significant differences (p > 0.5) in the average scores of Functional Independence Measure between the early home-supported discharge (69 ±22; mean ±SD) and the control groups (71 ±17) measured at baseline; and between the early home-supported discharge (107 ±20) and the control groups (107 ±25) measured at six months. The number of individuals with a low Functional Independence Measure score (<60) in the early home-supported discharge group compared with the control group was higher at admission (34/95 vs. 26/95) and lower at follow-up (2/74 vs. 5/78).

Conclusions:

It was feasible to implement early home-supported discharge procedures in a Southern European setting, but we have not shown convincing differences in disability at six months.
Betahistine decreases olanzapine-induced weight gain and somnolence in humans
Authors: Barak Nir , Beck Yaffa , Albeck Joseph H
Published: February 2016

Olanzapine’s efficacy in schizophrenia is attributed to antagonism of dopamine and serotonin receptors. Olanzapine is also a potent histamine-H1 antagonist that results in weight gain and somnolence. Betahistine is a centrally acting histamine-H1 agonist, and therefore may reduce olanzapine’s effect on histamine receptors in the brain. Olanzapine’s high affinity for the histamine-H1 receptor warrants the use of high doses of betahistine. Forty-eight healthy women were recruited and randomized to receive either betahistine 144 mg/day or matching placebo for 4 weeks. Due to the high dose of betahistine, olanzapine was started only on the second week and titrated up to 10 mg/day, and co-administration continued for an additional 2 weeks. Only nominal differences in adverse events were noted between the treatment groups. Betahistine caused a 37% reduction in mean weight gain (1.24 kg in the betahistine arm vs. 1.93 kg in the placebo arm; p=.049) and 60% reduction in the mean increase in daytime Epworth sleepiness scores (1.82 units in the betahistine group vs. 3.57 units in the placebo group; p=.042). The present study suggests that betahistine–olanzapine co-administration, in healthy female subjects, yields an acceptable safety profile with mitigation of weight gain and somnolence. This should be further tested in a patient cohort.
Cannabis craving in response to laboratory-induced social stress among racially diverse cannabis users: The impact of social anxiety disorder
Authors: Buckner Julia D , Zvolensky Michael J , Ecker Anthony H , Jeffries Emily R
Published: February 2016

Social anxiety disorder appears to be a risk factor for cannabis-related problems. Although it is presumed that increases in cannabis craving during elevated social anxiety reflect an intent to cope with greater negative affectivity, it is unclear whether increases in physiological arousal during social stress are related to cannabis craving, especially among those with social anxiety disorder. Similarly, no studies have assessed motivational reasons for cannabis use during elevated social stress. Thus, the current study tested whether increases in state social anxiety (measured subjectively and via physiological arousal) were related to greater cannabis craving among 126 current cannabis users (88.9% with cannabis use disorder, 31.7% with social anxiety disorder, 54.0% non-Hispanic Caucasian) randomly assigned to either a social interaction or reading task. As predicted, cannabis users in the social interaction condition reported greater cannabis craving than those in the reading condition. This effect was particularly evident among those with social anxiety disorder. Although physiological arousal did not moderate the relationship between condition and craving, coping motives were the most common reasons cited for wanting to use cannabis and were reported more among those in the social interaction task. These experimental results uniquely add to a growing literature suggesting the importance of elevated state social anxiety (especially among those with social anxiety disorder) in cannabis use vulnerability processes.
The Effects of Source, Revision Possibility, and Amount of Feedback on Marketing Students’ Impressions of Feedback on an Assignment
Authors: Ackerman David S. , Dommeyer Curt J. , Gross Barbara L.
Published: February 2016

This study examines how three factors affect students’ reactions to critical feedback on an assignment—amount of feedback (none vs. low amount vs. high amount), source of feedback (instructor-provided feedback vs. peer-provided feedback), and the situational context of the feedback (revision of paper is or is not possible). An incomplete 3 × 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design was used to expose students enrolled in a basic marketing course to hypothetical feedback scenarios that varied the aforementioned factors. N-way analyses of variance and analyses of covariance revealed main and interaction effects. Students generally responded more negatively to higher versus lower amounts of critical feedback provided by the instructor. By contrast, when peers provided the feedback, students in most cases responded similarly to low and high levels of feedback, and they indicated that a high level of peer feedback was more helpful than a low level of peer feedback. Allowing students the opportunity to revise their work had two interesting effects. The revision opportunity made them feel more dissatisfied with their current grade, and it also made them more receptive to the critical feedback. The results suggest much promise for increased use of peer-provided feedback as well as judicious use of instructor-provided critical feedback.
Dream Sharing, Dream Recall, and Personality in Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Schredl Michael , Henley-Einion Josie , Blagrove Mark
Published: February 2016

Although dreams are very private experiences, they are often shared with others. The findings of the present study ( N = 1,375) indicate that sharing dreams is indeed very common and that dream sharing frequency is related to gender (only in adolescents, with girls sharing dreams more often than boys), extraversion, dream recall frequency, and nightmare frequency. Future studies should study the dream sharing process in more detail—with whom dreams are shared—and possible beneficial effects of dream sharing.
Acetabular Labral Reconstruction With Autologous Tendon Tissue in a Porcine Model
Authors: Shi Yuan-Yuan , Chen Lin-Xin , Xu Yan , Hu Xiao-Qing , Ao Ying-Fang , Wang Jian-Quan
Published: February 2016

Background:

Acetabular labral reconstruction with autologous tendons is the preferred method for treating a severely damaged labrum. However, the healing process of implants remains unknown. Similar to the human acetabular labrum, the porcine acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilage-like tissue.

Purpose:

This study aimed to characterize the histological healing process and gene expression profile of implants in a porcine model of acetabular labral reconstruction.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Eighteen pigs were included in this study. The pigs underwent unilateral acetabular labral reconstruction. A 1.0 cm–long defect was made at the site of the anterior (cranial) dorsal labrum, which was repaired using an autologous mesogluteus tendon. The pigs were sacrificed at 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively. The implants were subjected to histological assessment and gene expression analysis. The cell phenotype of the implants was visualized using paraffin-embedded sections.

Results:

Macroscopic observations revealed that at 12 weeks, 8 of 9 implants partially filled the labral defect; by contrast, at 24 weeks, 6 of 9 implants fully filled and 3 implants partially filled the labral defects. Oval- or round-shaped fibrochondrocytes were found in the implants at 12 and 24 weeks. The matrix staining results showed that proteoglycan and collagen types 1 and 2 were more evident in the implants at 24 weeks than at 12 weeks. Gene expression analysis results revealed that COL2A1 and COL3A1 were expressed by the implants to a higher extent at 24 weeks than at 12 weeks; COL2A1 and COL3A1 were also expressed to a higher extent in the implants than in the native tendon.

Conclusion:

On the basis of the results of histological assessment and gene expression analysis, autologous tendon tissue for acetabular labral reconstruction can fully or partially fill labral defects and converts to fibrocartilage, which is rich in proteoglycan and collagen types 1 and 2, at 24 weeks in a porcine model.

Clinical Relevance:

Autologous tendon tissue can be considered as a viable option for acetabular labral reconstruction.
Prospective Randomized Study of Objective and Subjective Clinical Results Between Double-Bundle and Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Sasaki Shizuka , Tsuda Eiichi , Hiraga Yasuharu , Yamamoto Yuji , Maeda Shugo , Sasaki Eiji , Ishibashi Yasuyuki
Published: February 2016

Background:

There is controversy as to whether double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft (DB-HT) or single-bundle ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft (SB-PT) obtains the best clinical outcomes.

Purpose:

To compare the short-term clinical outcomes of DB-HT with those of rectangular-tunnel SB-PT (RTSB-PT) at 2-year follow-up and to identify the factors that affect subjective knee functional score.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial. Level of evidence, 1.

Methods:

Sixty-three male patients (mean age, 26.1 years) and 87 female patients (mean age, 25.8 years) were included in this study and were randomly distributed to either the DB-HT (n = 76) or RTSB-PT (n = 74) group. Clinical outcomes (knee flexion range of motion [ROM], heel-height difference, side-to-side difference in anterior laxity, rotational laxity, and Tegner activity score) were compared between the DB-HT and RTSB-PT groups, and examination of factors affecting subjective outcomes (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis and Outcome Score [KOOS] results) was performed by multiple linear regression analysis.

Results:

Fourteen patients (9 DB-HT, 5 RTSB-PT) had secondary ACL injury within 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction and were excluded from analysis. In the examination of 136 patients at the 24-month follow-up, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in clinical or subjective outcomes. The normalized knee extensor strength of the RTSB-PT group showed negative surgical technique effect in the early postoperative phase ( P = .005), but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups at the 24-month follow-up ( P = .114). There was no significant difference in change of normalized knee flexor strength between the 2 groups ( P = .493). Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and presence of meniscus injury were the factors that affected KOOS subscale scores.

Conclusion:

In this prospective randomized controlled study, there was no significant difference in the incidence of secondary ACL injury and no difference in objective or subjective outcomes between the DB-HT and RTSB-PT reconstruction at 24-month follow-up. Age, sex, presence of meniscus injury, and BMI affected subjective KOOS subscale scores, while surgical technique did not.
Physical Activity Level and Symptom Duration Are Not Associated After Concussion
Authors: Howell David R. , Mannix Rebekah C. , Quinn Bridget , Taylor J. Andrew , Tan Can Ozan , Meehan William P.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Physical rest after a concussion has been described as a key component in the management of the injury. Evidence supporting this recommendation, however, is limited.

Purpose:

To examine the association between physical activity and symptom duration in a cohort of patients after a concussion.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

This study included 364 patients who were diagnosed with a concussion, were seen by a physician within 3 weeks of injury, and completed a questionnaire at the initial clinic visit. The questionnaire assessed the postconcussion symptom scale (PCSS) score, previous number of concussions, presence of the loss of consciousness or amnesia at the time of injury, and prior treatment for headaches. During each follow-up clinic visit, physical activity level was self-reported. A Cox proportional hazard model was constructed to determine the association between symptom duration, initial clinic visit responses, and self-reported physical activity level after the injury.

Results:

Study participants ranged in age from 8 to 27 years (mean age, 15.0 years) and had sustained a mean of 0.8 prior concussions; 222 patients (61%) were male. On initial examination, the mean PCSS score was 34.7. The mean symptom duration was 48.9 days after the injury. Among the variables included in the model, initial PCSS score and female sex were independently associated with symptom duration, while physical activity level after the injury was not. For participants aged between 13 and 18 years, however, higher levels of physical activity after the injury were associated with a shorter symptom duration.

Conclusion:

Results from this study indicate that physical activity after the injury may not be universally detrimental to the recovery of concussion symptoms.
The Division of Child Care, Sexual Intimacy, and Relationship Quality in Couples
Authors: Carlson Daniel L. , Hanson Sarah , Fitzroy Andrea
Published: February 2016

Increasingly, both mothers and fathers are expected to play an equal role in child rearing. Nonetheless, we know little about how child care arrangements affect couples’ sexual intimacy and relationship quality. Research has focused on the effect of the division of paid labor and housework on couples’ relationships, finding that egalitarianism is problematic for sexual intimacy, relationship quality, and relationship stability. These findings, however, come almost universally from studies utilizing decades-old data that fail to examine the division of child care. In this study, we update this work by utilizing data from the 2006 Marital and Relationship Study (N = 974) to examine how the division of child care affects the relationship quality and sexual intimacy of heterosexual couples in the United States. Results indicate that men’s performance of child care is generally associated with more satisfaction with the division of child care, more satisfying sexual relationships, and higher quality relationships. Importantly, we find that egalitarian child care arrangements have positive consequences for both men and women. These findings contribute to a growing body of research that challenges the costs of egalitarianism and indicates instead that egalitarianism is associated with higher quality, more intimate relationships than gender traditional arrangements.
Dynamics analysis and numerical simulation of a novel underactuated robot wrist
Authors: He Bin , Zhang Pengchang , Liu Wenzhen , Tang Wen
Published: February 2016

Dynamics of robot wrist is concerned with the relations between the forces acting on the robot wrist mechanism and the accelerations it produces. Many valuable contributions come forth in recent years, as a suitable dynamics model for a robot wrist is very crucial for analysing its behaviour, on-line control of motions and forces, trajectory design and optimization, and design of robot mechanisms. However, current researches always focus on full-actuated robot wrists. The proposed underactuated robot wrist is a novel mechanism with fewer actuators than the degrees of freedom. As the existing dynamics models for the full-actuated robot wrists are not suitable for the underactuated robot wrist anymore, the dynamics model of the underactuated robot wrist becomes an important issue. This article is devoted to a model for dynamics analysis of a novel underactuated robot wrist. After this underactuated robot wrist is introduced, the dynamics analysis of the underactuated robot wrist with numerical simulation based on virtual prototyping is proposed in detail. The peak values of servo motor in the joint motion unit are also estimated. The dynamics analysis of a novel underactuated robot wrist is used to demonstrate the proposed method.
A novel hybrid control strategy for potential energy regeneration systems of hybrid hydraulic excavators
Authors: Chen Qihuai , Wang Qingfeng , Wang Tao
Published: February 2016

Excavators as a kind of typical construction machinery are widely used in all kinds of earthworks. Due to the low efficiency of the excavator, many enterprises and researchers have been committed to improving its efficiency. Energy regeneration system is an effective energy-saving technology, which has attracted much attention in recent years. However, the traditional energy regeneration system pays much attention to the energy saving, while the maneuverability is not fully considered. This article focuses on the maneuverability and the energy saving of the hybrid hydraulic excavator boom. A novel hybrid control method to guarantee the dynamic performance of the energy regeneration system, which is based on an electrical potential energy regeneration system, is proposed. A combined use of a torque controller for the permanent-magnet synchronous machine and a position controller for the proportional pressure valve makes the dynamic performance of the potential energy regeneration system insensitive to the influence from the direct current voltage, the capacity of the inverter as well as the cylinder speed, and achieves fast response and maximum energy regeneration simultaneously. To verify the effectiveness of the hybrid control method for the potential energy regeneration system, co-simulations are carried out in AMESim and Simulink. The results show that the dynamic performance of the potential energy regeneration system with the hybrid control method is close to a throttle-governing system and the regenerated potential energy is considerable.
A new hysteresis identification model using a diagonal-weighted Preisach model and recursive approach with application to piezostack actuators
Authors: Song Byung-Keun , Nguyen Phuong-Bac , Choi Seung-Bok
Published: February 2016

This article presents a new hysteresis model of a piezostack actuator which is designed from the modification of the conventional Preisach hysteresis model. The proposed model which is called diagonal-weighted Preisach model is featured by weights of fundamental elements constituting triangles just along their own diagonal. With such an approach, there is no discontinuous jump at two consecutive elements in the Preisach triangle. Consequently, there is no need to adopt any further interpolation tool. In this work, a recursive approach with a simple computation associated with the proposed model is also developed. It is noted that in order to implement the proposed model, weights of fundamental elements must be obtained in prior. In order to demonstrate some characteristics of the proposed model, the prediction accuracy of the hysteresis is investigated based on the discretized number and compared with the conventional Preisach model. In addition, the proposed model is experimentally realized for the piezostack actuator and the identified displacement from the proposed model is compared with the actual one to validate the effectiveness.
Julian Lewis (1946–2014): A ‘serious hero’
Authors: Raff Heather Burton
Published: February 2016

Julian Lewis was a gifted medical researcher and writer. His early background was the Classics; then Physics and Math; finally, Molecular Cell Biology. He worked on important questions in early embryonic patterning and the cell communication system, and so cancer research, at King’s College London, the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Oxford, and finally, Cancer Research UK London. He was a lifelong coauthor of the international textbook Molecular Biology of the Cell. His final personal battle with cancer was brave and not hidden. Awards included the Waddington Medal, a European Molecular Biology Organization membership, and a Fellowship of the Royal Society.
Manifestation Determination Decisions and Students With Emotional/Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Walker Jennifer D. , Brigham Frederick J.
Published: February 2016

Sixteen general and special education teachers were randomly assigned to one of four teams that were to make manifestation determinations using two different “hidden profiles” case studies based on students with an emotional behavioral disability. One case study was constructed to support a decision of the behavior not being a manifestation of the disability and the other case study was constructed to support a conclusion that the behavior of concern was a manifestation of the disability. To fully understand the student and behavior of concern, team members were required to actively share and discuss all of the relevant information they possessed. Both the teams working with profiles supporting the manifestation of the disability reached that conclusion; however, the two teams working with profiles that supported a non-manifestation of disability conclusion reached different conclusions, one declaring the behavior to be a non-manifestation and the other declaring it to be a manifestation of the disability. Overall, participants found the manifestation determination process to be an effective way to discuss student behavior, but special and general educators approached the determination process differently. Discussion of the manifestation determination review (MDR) process is presented along with implications for practice, limitations, and future research.
Transgenerational Family Therapy
Authors: Ballard Mary B. , Fazio-Griffith Laura , Marino Reshelle
Published: February 2016

Transgenerational family therapy invites counselors to examine the interactions of clients across generations as a mechanism for understanding and explaining current problems within the family, as well as predicting future difficulties. Understanding how the family has responded to crises in the past can provide insight into the struggles currently being experienced by the family. Likewise, future dysfunction can be anticipated by understanding generational reactions to stressful situations. This article provides an overview of the basic tenets of transgenerational family therapy, along with a case study of a couple in crisis. The goal of the case study is to demonstrate the transgenerational nature of the relational issues that families bring to the counseling process and provide a transgenerational lens with which to view or conceptualize the presenting problem. In an effort to strengthen the relationship between the couple, the counselor utilizes the concepts of transgenerational family therapy to help frame the problem and explore its historical evolution within the families of origin.
Trauma and Recovery
Authors: Meyers Amy
Published: February 2016

A qualitative study exploring how victims of emotional and physical sibling abuse make sense of their abusive experiences particularly in the realm of interpersonal relations also uncovered risk and protective factors. The narratives of 19 self-identified survivors of traumatic childhood and adolescent sibling abuse provide insight into how these at-risk children prospered despite their adverse circumstances. Object relations theory, trauma theory, and resiliency theory provide a lens through which to consider the short-term and long-term emotional resonance and the needs of childhood victims and adult survivors. Creative outlets and supportive relationships during childhood serve as valuable coping mechanisms as does therapy during adulthood. Defenses, such as emotional cutoffs, are discussed as both potential risk and protective factors. Knowledge of protective factors for the sibling abuse individual during both childhood and adulthood indicates the ability to connect families to resources and serve as pathways toward prevention and intervention.
Effects of Combined Milrinone and Levosimendan Treatment on Systolic and Diastolic Function During Postischemic Myocardial Dysfunction in a Porcine Model
Authors: Axelsson Birger , Häggmark Sören , Svenmarker Staffan , Johansson Göran , Gupta Anil , Tydén Hans , Wouters Patrick , Haney Michael
Published: February 2016

It is not known whether there are positive or negative interactions on ventricular function when a calcium-sensitizing inotrope is added to a phosphodiesterase inhibitor in the clinical setting of acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. We hypothesized that when levosimendan is added to milrinone treatment, there will be synergetic inotropic and lusitropic effects. This was tested in an anesthetized porcine postischemic global LV injury model, where ventricular pressures and volumes (conductance volumetry) were measured. A global ischemic injury was induced by repetitive left main stem coronary artery occlusions. Load-independent indices of LV function were assessed before and after ventricular injury, after milrinone treatment, and finally after addition of levosimendan to the milrinone treatment. Nonparametric, within-group comparisons were made. The protocol was completed in 12 pigs, 7 of which received the inotrope treatment and 5 of which served as controls. Milrinone led to positive lusitropic effects seen by improvement in tau after myocardial stunning. The addition of levosimendan to milrinone further increased lusitropic state. The latter effect could however not be attributed solely to levosimendan, since lusitropic state also improved spontaneously in time-matched controls at the same rate during the corresponding period. When levosimendan was added to milrinone infusion, there was no increase in systolic function (preload recruitable stroke work) compared to milrinone treatment alone. We conclude that in this model of postischemic LV dysfunction, there appears to be no clear improvement in systolic or diastolic function after addition of levosimendan to established milrinone treatment but also no negative effects of levosimendan in this context.
Estimating the Effect of Health Insurance on Personal Prescription Drug Importation
Authors: Zullo Andrew R. , Howe Chanelle J. , Galárraga Omar
Published: February 2016

Personal prescription drug importation occurs in the United States because of the high cost of U.S. medicines and lower cost of foreign equivalents. Importation carries a risk of exposure to counterfeit (i.e., falsified, fraudulent), adulterated, and substandard drugs. Inadequate health insurance may increase the risk of importation. We use inverse probability weighted marginal structural models and data on 87,494 individuals from the 2011-2013 National Health Interview Survey to estimate the marginal association between no health insurance and importation within U.S. subpopulations. The marginal prevalence difference [95% confidence limits] for those without (prevalence = 0.031) versus those with health insurance was 0.016 [0.011, 0.021]. The prevalence difference was higher among persons who were Hispanic, born in Latin America, Russia, or Europe, traveled to developing countries, and did not use the Internet to fill prescriptions or to find health information. Health insurance coverage may effectively reduce importation, especially among particular subpopulations.
Sustainability Factors of Emergent Civic News Websites
Authors: Kim Nakho , Konieczna Magda , Yoon Ho Young , Friedland Lewis A.
Published: February 2016

Local sectors of vibrant civic community news sites are important for journalism to improve and communities to thrive. In this study, we examine the news ecologies of four metropolitan regions, Chicago, Seattle, Minneapolis, and New York City, to explain which structural features of the local news environment can make or break civic news websites. Based on a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 137 cases, we conclude that the most significant contributors to sustainability are connection to a postsecondary institution and location within a news network. We suggest how foundations and others can direct their efforts for increasing sustainability.
Explaining Response Errors of Self-Reported Frequency and Duration of TV Exposure Through Individual and Contextual Factors
Authors: Wonneberger Anke , Irazoqui Mariana
Published: February 2016

Measures of TV exposure are crucial for many communication studies but possible flaws remain understudied. This study contributes to the discussion about the validity of survey measures of media use by assessing the extent to which people over- or underreport their viewing behavior by examining recency effects, and systematic variations in the accuracy of self-reports. Self-reported measures of TV exposure are directly compared with people-meter measures stemming from a single sample and the same time period. The findings reveal tendencies to overreport the frequency of watching and underreport the viewing duration. Response errors relate to sociodemographics and viewing-related characteristics.
Third-Party Certifications and the Role of Auditing Policies in Sustainability
Authors: Mazé Armelle , Aït-Aïssa Myriam , Mayer Sophie , Verjux Nathalie
Published: February 2016

In the European context, the proliferation of private agrienvironmental certifications leads many farmers to become subject to increasing controls by either independent, private third-party certifying bodies or public authorities. The aim of this study is thus to explore the potential benefits of and the organizational limits to the use of combined audits when farmers are involved in multiple private certifications. Our analysis especially emphasizes the role of time structuring during the audit process, the transition from checklist toward risk-based auditing and the role of knowledge artefacts for the reliability of the audit process and the certification. Our study offers insights on the possible transformative role of auditing policies in the governance of agrienvironmental certified schemes toward more sustainability in agriculture.
Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales
Authors: Smyth Alyssa C. , Meier Scott T.
Published: February 2016

Objective: Characterized by significant work-related impairments, difficulties with relationships, and higher rates of criminal behavior and substance abuse, ADHD is now understood as a disability that can persist throughout a lifetime. Differing opinions remain, however, regarding adult symptoms of ADHD, particularly with regard to gender differences. These issues add to the challenges of constructing a reliable and valid measure of ADHD for use with adults in research and practice. Method: We review the theoretical foundations of ADHD and psychometric properties of a major assessment device, the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Results: Results of the literature review found (a) a wide range of internal consistency estimates, with lowest values for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM)–Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms subscale when completed by women, and (b) discriminant validity estimates in the same range as convergent validity estimates. Conclusion: These findings raise questions about the construct validity of the CAARS and suggest directions for future research.
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapies for ADHD: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Cairncross Molly , Miller Carlin J.
Published: February 2016

Objective: Mindfulness-based therapies (MBTs) have been shown to be efficacious in treating internally focused psychological disorders (e.g., depression); however, it is still unclear whether MBTs provide improved functioning and symptom relief for individuals with externalizing disorders, including ADHD. To clarify the literature on the effectiveness of MBTs in treating ADHD and to guide future research, an effect-size analysis was conducted. Method: A systematic review of studies published in PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar was completed from the earliest available date until December 2014. Results: A total of 10 studies were included in the analysis of inattention and the overall effect size was d = −.66. A total of nine studies were included in the analysis of hyperactivity/impulsivity and the overall effect was calculated at d = −.53. Conclusion: Results of this study highlight the possible benefits of MBTs in reducing symptoms of ADHD.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of a Psychoeducation Program for Families of Children and Adolescents With ADHD in the United Kingdom: Results After a 6-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Ferrin Maite , Perez-Ayala Viviana , El-Abd Samaa , Lax-Pericall Teresa , Jacobs Brian , Bilbow Andrea , Taylor Eric
Published: February 2016

Objective: Psychoeducation forms part of the current practice for ADHD; however, its efficacy is yet to be established. Method: Sixty-nine children/adolescents with ADHD were randomly assigned for their families to receive either a well-structured psychoeducation program ( n = 35), or belong to a control group (treatment-as-usual, n = 34). Results: One-way analyses of variance showed a statistically significant Treatment × Time interaction, for ADHD total symptoms, inattention/cognition, and hyperactivity/impulsivity subdomains according to the parents, the first two with medium-large effect sizes. The effects of the intervention on the ADHD total and the inattention/cognition domain persisted after 6 months follow-up. No significant differences in teacher ratings were found; however, an improvement in clinical functioning as measured by clinicians was observed. Conclusion: This psychoeducation program has shown effectiveness in reducing ADHD symptoms when compared with treatment as usual. Psychoeducation needs to be considered as a valid and additional approach in ADHD.
2-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2-DG)–Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Rat
Authors: Terse P. S. , Joshi P. S. , Bordelon N. R. , Brys A. M. , Patton K. M. , Arndt T. P. , Sutula T. P.
Published: February 2016

2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) is being developed as a potential anticonvulsant and disease-modifying agent for patients with epilepsy; however, during preclinical development, cardiac toxicity has been encountered in rats. This study was performed to determine whether cardiac troponin (cTnI and cTnT), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and/or creatine kinase (CK) could be useful as indicators of 2-DG cardiac toxicity. In addition, this study also investigated the association of cardiac histopathological changes with these biomarkers. F344 rats (4/sex/group/sacrifice point) were gavaged with either vehicle or 2-DG (50, 125, or 375 mg/kg twice daily; total daily dose of 100, 250, or 750 mg/kg/d) for 7, 14, 21, or 45 days followed by a 15-day recovery. Dose-dependent increases in NT-proBNP and BNP plasma concentrations were observed. Following recovery period, the NT-proBNP and BNP concentrations returned to baseline levels. There were no remarkable increases in CK, ANP, cTnI, or cTnT concentrations. There were no gross cardiac lesions observed at the necropsy. Microscopic findings of vacuolar degeneration and hypertrophy of the endothelial cells of the endocardium were present in the heart at doses of 250 and 750 mg/kg/d. Microscopic findings, in general, were associated with increases in NT-proBNP levels. Cardiac toxicity appeared to be reversible. In conclusion, NT-proBNP and BNP are potential early biomarkers for 2-DG-induced cardiac toxicity that can be useful to monitor 2-DG therapy in clinical trials.