bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADAR Expression and Single Nucleotide Variants in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Affect the Response to Interferon Beta Therapy
Authors: Fakhr Fatemeh , Shaygannejad Vahid , Khorrami Mehdi , Saberi Leila , Mirmosayyeb Omid , Sadeghi Erfan , Kheirollahi Majid
Published: July 2023

Interferon (IFN)-β is the first-line disease management choice in multiple sclerosis (MS) with profound effects; however, in up to 50% of patients, clinical response does not occur. Ascertaining the responding state, need a long-term clinical follow-up, and this may lead to delay in use of other effective medications. IFN-induced cascade and its regulation is considered to play a major role in MS. Adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific (ADAR) dysregulation is important to IFN signaling pathway as an activity suppressor. Hence, we investigated the expression of ADAR and its single nucleotide variants of rs2229857 association with response to IFN-β in relapsing-remitting MS patients. mRNA levels and genotyping of rs2229857 in 167 MS patients were investigated via SYBR Green real-time (RT)-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and high-resolution melting RT PCR, respectively. The allele-A in rs2229857 and higher expression of ADAR were associated with poor response to IFN-β. Two response groups were significantly different in terms of annualized relapse rate, first symptoms, first extended disability status scale (EDSS), current EDSS, and the MS severity score. According to this study's findings, assessment of transcript levels and also variants in ADAR may be useful in identifying patients' response to IFN-β before starting treatment. Further investigations are needed to determine the potency of ADAR to be a predictive biomarker in drug responsiveness.
Awareness and Attitude among Nonmedical University Students on Epilepsy in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Berjaoui Christin , Atrouni Salim , Doumiati Hassan , Mezher Hayat , Sinno Loubna , ElJarkass Hania
Published: July 2023

Background Several studies addressed the awareness and knowledge of epilepsy among students and teachers that indicated unfavorable levels of awareness, but none in Lebanon.

Aim The aim of this study is to determine the level of awareness and attitude toward epilepsy among nonmedical university students.

Methods A survey-based questionnaire was conducted among 1,000 nonmedical students. SPSS was used for data analysis.

Results Participants claimed 78.5% having some knowledge about epilepsy (78.5%), with only 20.1% of the participants attaining their knowledge through university courses. Alarmingly, negative beliefs were noticed in our study such as considering person with epilepsy (PWE) as disabled (34.9%), epilepsy is a genetic disorder (40.9%), and it would lead to insanity (43.1%). Moreover, participants think that a PWE is unable to get married (29.5%), nor have children (25.2%), and they would even refuse to marry someone with epilepsy (35.7%). On the other hand, participants showed some positive behaviors such as the fact that epilepsy is not contagious (81%), would accept to accompany a colleague with epilepsy (72.1%), and believing that PWE can succeed at jobs (82.2%). When it comes to providing first aid, wrong practices were reported such as believing that something should be placed in the mouth during a seizure to avoid biting their tongue (58.1%).

Conclusion Lack of knowledge, acceptance, and first aid practices have been observed in our study. Thus, efforts in including epilepsy within university curriculums, as well as raising awareness different platforms and campaigns should be done, as the social burden is even higher on PWE.
Mental Well-being Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Rodrigues Lavina , Safeekh AT , Veigas Jacintha
Published: July 2023

Background Adolescent mental well-being is a concern for health care specialists as the prevalence of mental health issues appears to peak in this age group.

Aim Our aim was to determine the level of mental well-being among adolescents.

Methods The study was conducted using the descriptive survey approach among 720 adolescents of 16 to 17 years. Baseline proforma and the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale were the tools used to collect the data.

Results Almost three-fourth of adolescents had good mental well-being, whereas 2.08% experienced poor mental well-being. The chi-square test showed a significant association between mental well-being and selected demographic variables such as stream under study (p = 0.001), type of family (p = 0.006), area of residence (p = 0.001), educational status of the father (p = 0.011), and occupational status of the father (p = 0.001).

Conclusion Appropriate interventions by health care professionals are needed to focus on submerged risky behaviors and obstacles to promote mental well-being among adolescents.
The impact of intergenerational support on multidimensional poverty in old age: empirical analysis based on 2018 CLHLS data
Authors: Tan Hong , Dong Zhihua , Zhang Haomiao
Published: July 2023

Intergenerational support from children and differences in social security treatment are important factors influencing the occurrence of multidimensional poverty among the elderly in China. Drawing on social support theory, based on the data of the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, this article investigates the effects of different intergenerational support provided by children on multidimensional poverty among the elderly, using a combination of logit regression model and moderating effect model, and identify the role played by social security programs. The study shows that multidimensional poverty among the elderly in China is generally severe, and the structure of poverty is evolving from material to spiritual poverty. The effectiveness of financial and caregiving support in the management of multidimensional poverty among the elderly has diminished and is limited to rights-based poverty, and the effects are in opposite directions. Emotional support assumes an increasingly important role in poverty management and has a significant impact on the alleviation of economic, health, and spiritual poverty as well as overall multidimensional poverty. Social security programmes have significant moderating effects on the relationship between financial support, emotional support and multidimensional poverty among the elderly, and differences in social security programmes can cause changes in the impact of intergenerational support on multidimensional poverty among the elderly. This study has theoretical value and practical implications for building a solid bottom line for a mass return to poverty and improving the current situation of multidimensional poverty among the elderly in China.
Fighting water scarcity and climate change with changing electrochemistry
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: July 2023

Review explores the application of electrochemically responsive materials to water treatment and carbon capture.
Photodissociation dynamics of H2S+ near 325 nm
Authors: Luan Zhiwen , Fu Yanlin , Tan Yuxin , Wang Yaling , Liu Anwen , Wang Tao , Zhou Xiaoguo , Fu Bina , Zhang Dong H. , Yuan Daofu , Wang Xingan , Yang Xueming
Published: July 2023

We study the photodissociation dynamics of the hydrogen sulfide cations (H2S+) using the time-sliced velocity map ion imaging (VMI) technique and high-accuracy calculations. High-resolution ion images of the S+(4S) products were measured at four photolysis wavelengths of 325.158, 325.200, 325.243, 325.307 nm, which correspond to the excitation to the A2A1(0,13,0) K=1 state of H2S+. Rotational state-resolved total kinetic energy releases and angular distributions have been derived as a function of the photolysis wavelengths. Notably, photolysis wavelength dependent product rotational state and anisotropy parameter distributions have been clearly observed. Full-dimensional potential energy surface characterization suggests that nonadiabatic coupling between A2A1 and B2B2 states at C2v configurations, as well as relaxation of the symmetry to Cs in the conical intersection region between the two states, plays a key role in the photodissociation process.
Phase formation and electrical properties of SBNLT ceramics prepared via combustion technique
Authors: Sinkruason Thanapon , Luangpangai Anupong , Charoenthai Nipaphat , Rittidech Aurawan , Pulphol Phieraya , Vittayakorn Naratip , Bongkarn Theerachai
Published: July 2023

This report investigates the effect of firing temperatures on the phase formation, microstructure, electrical, and energy storage properties of lead-free Sr0.3(Bi0.7Na0.67Li0.03)0.5TiO3 (SBNLT) ceramics, synthesised by combustion technique. The samples were calcined between 700°C and 900°C for 2 h and sintered between 1100°C and 1200°C for 2 h. The ceramics exhibited coexisting rhombohedral and tetragonal phases, which were confirmed by the Rietveld refinement technique. A morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) of the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases, with a ratio of 49:51, was obtained at the sintering temperature of 1175°C. The highest maximum dielectric constant ( εmax = 4667), polarisation ( Pmax = 28.80 µC/cm2) and energy density ( W = 0.95 J/cm3), with a breakdown strength of 70 kV/cm, were achieved from the sample sintered at 1175°C.
Influence of education and the media on the awareness of climate change (Influencia de la educación y la comunicación en la concienciación sobre el cambio climático)
Authors: Jiménez-García Mercedes , Pérez-Peña María-Carmen , López-Sánchez José-Antonio
Published: July 2023

Education and the media are two factors that affect a person’s level of awareness of the climate. This study was conducted around these two axes with surveys of 565 secondary, baccalaureate, vocational and university students with the goal of ascertaining whether there is a different degree of awareness according to educational level and to what extent education and the media have contributed to the different sensibilities of these students, who are the future of society. To do so, stratified sampling and principal components, cluster and linear correlation analyses were conducted. The main results include that the group of students with the highest level of awareness and activity regarding climate change are university women, while the media have a heavier influence on youths than education, which should therefore reinforce its role through strategies like environmental educommunication.
Seeding the vacuum with entropy: the Chaplygin-like vacuum hypothesis
Authors: Bertolami Orfeu
Published: July 2023

It is proposed that the vacuum admits two different phases as described by the Chaplygin equation of state or its generalised version: a phase where the energy density behaves as if dominated by non-relativistic matter and a de Sitter phase. The particle production due to the expansion that takes place at the matter-like phase can generate entanglement entropy and provide, through interactions, the environment that turn gravitational quantum features into classical ones. In the ensued de Sitter phase, the cosmological constant can be suppressed by inflation.
Geometric perspective for explaining Hubble tension: theoretical and observational aspects
Authors: Monjo Robert , Campoamor-Stursberg Rutwig
Published: July 2023

The Universe expansion rate has two different but very precise values (67.4 ± 0.5and73.30 ± 1.04km s−1Mpc−1) that are not compatible. This problem, known as a Hubble tension, adds to other cosmological questions such as the origin of dark energy and the flatness problem. In turn, alternative models have attempted to explain similar phenomena but without dark energy. The aim of this work was to explain the Hubble tension by using a geometrical interpretation of observational viewpoints in embedded manifolds. Our technique consists of a set of parametric projections of radially inhomogeneous metrics, linking indistinguishable behaviours of accelerated flat and non-accelerated closed universes. A dark-energy-like phenomenon emerges from the distortion of matter-independent hyperconical metrics. To contrast our model, numerical solutions of dark energy/matter densities and Hubble parameter were obtained and compared to the standard model fitted to the Pantheon Supernovae Ia sample and in contrast to the SH0ES LMC Cepheid findings. Finally, Hubble tension is modelled by the different extrinsic/intrinsic viewpoints of the manifold. Compared to the Planck Legacy’s 2018 release ofH0=67.4 ± 0.5km s−1Mpc−1, we found ΛCDM-dependent (intrinsic) ranges between 66.38 and 68.87 km s−1Mpc−1, which were theoretically derived by setting local compatibility of metrics. The ΛCDM-independent extrinsic viewpoint resulted in a Hubble parameter between 73 and 74 km s−1Mpc−1(compared toH0=73.30 ± 1.04km s−1Mpc−1of SH0ES). Datasets of 1048 Pantheon Type Ia supernovae (0.0101 < z < 2.26) and 34 cosmic chronometers combined with 7 radial baryon acoustic oscillation size-based samples (0.0708 < z < 1.965) were used to constraint the model. According to this geometrical perspective, dark parameters (energy and matter) could partially or totally be considered ‘apparent physical quantities’, a consequence of the stereographic projection of the extrinsic curvature.
Why are the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave propagating through a conductor not in phase?
Authors: Milsom John A
Published: July 2023

Intermediate and advanced texts in electromagnetic theory frequently discuss infinite plane waves propagating through conducting media. They find that the magnetic field has a phase delay (relative to the electric field) that can be as large as π/4 rad depending upon the ratio of the conductivity to the product of the angular frequency and the permittivity [σ/(ω
ϵ)]. The expressions given to calculate this phase delay are unnecessarily complicated and provide minimal physical insight. We provide a simple expression for the phase delay and then illustrate how to interpret it by first considering Ampere’s Law and Faraday’s Law separately and then coupling them together. In the classroom, this provides an excellent educational opportunity for our students since we make analogies between the phase shifts associated with Ampere’s Law and equivalent phase shifts in driven oscillators and alternating current RC circuits.
Bending recognition based on learning enhanced fiber specklegram sensor
Authors: Gao Han , Zhang Yan-Xin , Zhang Wei-Gang , Yan Tie-Yi
Published: July 2023

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a deep learning-enhanced fiber specklegram sensor for bending recognition. A segment of multimode fiber is used to sense bending, and tiny bending changes lead to significant variations in the speckle pattern generated at the distal end of the fiber. Principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized to optimize the collected samples and remove noise and redundant information by mining internal features, which makes the mapping relationship between the speckle image and corresponding curvature clearer and is conducive to reducing computational complexity. Back propagation neural network is employed to learn the mapping relationship between speckle image and curvature on the optimized dataset according to the optimized direction provided by PCA. The testing results show that the prediction error of the trained model for the learned bending state is 5.9 × 10−4 m−1, and the prediction speed is 0.05 ms per frame. The proposed scheme has a strong generalization ability and can be applied to predict bending states that have never been learned or seen with a prediction error of 3.8 × 10−2 m−1, which cannot be realized by the previously reported fiber specklegram sensor based on the classification neural network. The bending recognition scheme enhanced by deep learning proposed in this paper provides an enlightening reference for solving fiber sensing problems with deep learning methods, and it has the potential to be applied in more fields as a general scheme.
Two capacitors’ experiments using Phyphox app and ESP32 development board
Authors: Zhuang Wei , Cao Hualiang , Zhang Zixuan , Zhang Junhui , Zhao XinXue , Zhang Yan
Published: July 2023

In this work, we designed two Arduino-based electrical experiments to help students understand the properties and applications of capacitors. To conduct the experimental research on capacitors, this paper introduces the experimental setups of the ESP32 development board with the Phyphox app. The ESP32 development board is connected to sensors for measuring and collecting data, and the Phyphox app is responsible for receiving and displaying data in the form of charts. This type of electrical experiment is simple to operate, accurate in data, and intuitive in charts, making it extremely beneficial for the development of the secondary school student’s physics skills.
A diamond detector based dosimetric system for instantaneous dose rate measurements in FLASH electron beams
Authors: Marinelli Marco , di Martino Fabio , Del Sarto Damiano , Pensavalle Jake Harold , Felici Giuseppe , Giunti Luigi , De Liso Veronica , Kranzer Rafael , Verona Claudio , Verona Rinati Gianluca
Published: July 2023

Objective. A reliable determination of the instantaneous dose rate (I-DR) delivered in FLASH radiotherapy treatments is believed to be crucial to assess the so-called FLASH effect in preclinical and biological studies. At present, no detectors nor real-time procedures are available to do that in ultra high dose rate (UH-DR) electron beams, typically consisting of μs pulses characterized by I-DRs of the order of MGy/s. A dosimetric system is proposed possibly overcoming the above reported limitation, based on the recently developed flashDiamond (fD) detector (model 60025, PTW-Freiburg, Germany). Approach. A dosimetric system is proposed, based on a flashDiamond detector prototype, properly modified and adapted for very fast signal transmission. It was used in combination with a fast transimpedance amplifier and a digital oscilloscope to record the temporal traces of the pulses delivered by an ElectronFlash linac (SIT S.p.A., Italy). The proposed dosimetric systems was investigated in terms of the temporal characteristics of its response and the capability to measure the absolute delivered dose and instantaneous dose rate (I-DR). A ‘standard’ flashDiamond was also investigated and its response compared with the one of the specifically designed prototype. Main results. Temporal traces recorded in several UH-DR irradiation conditions showed very good signal to noise ratios and rise and decay times of the order of a few tens ns, faster than the ones obtained by the current transformer embedded in the linac head. By analyzing such signals, a calibration coefficient was derived for the fD prototype and found to be in agreement within 1% with the one obtained under reference 60Co irradiation. I-DRs as high as about 2 MGy s−1 were detected without any undesired saturation effect. Absolute dose per pulse values extracted by integrating the I-DR signals were found to be linear up to at least 7.13 Gy and in very good agreement with the ones obtained by connecting the fD to a UNIDOS electrometer (PTW-Freiburg, Germany). A good short term reproducibility of the linac output was observed, characterized by a pulse-to-pulse variation coefficient of 0.9%. Negligible differences were observed when replacing the fD prototype with a standard one, with the only exception of a somewhat slower response time for the latter detector type. Significance. The proposed fD-based system was demonstrated to be a suitable tool for a thorough characterization of UH-DR beams, providing accurate and reliable time resolved I-DR measurements from which absolute dose values can be straightforwardly derived.
Robustness analysis of CTV and OAR dose in clinical PBS-PT of neuro-oncological tumors: prescription-dose calibration and inter-patient variation with the Dutch proton robustness evaluation protocol
Authors: Rojo-Santiago Jesús , Habraken Steven J M , Romero Alejandra Méndez , Lathouwers Danny , Wang Yibing , Perkó Zoltán , Hoogeman Mischa S
Published: July 2023

Objective. The Dutch proton robustness evaluation protocol prescribes the dose of the clinical target volume (CTV) to the voxel-wise minimum (VWmin) dose of 28 scenarios. This results in a consistent but conservative near-minimum CTV dose (D98%,CTV). In this study, we analyzed (i) the correlation between VWmin/voxel-wise maximum (VWmax) metrics and actually delivered dose to the CTV and organs at risk (OARs) under the impact of treatment errors, and (ii) the performance of the protocol before and after its calibration with adequate prescription-dose levels. Approach. Twenty-one neuro-oncological patients were included. Polynomial chaos expansion was applied to perform a probabilistic robustness evaluation using 100,000 complete fractionated treatments per patient. Patient-specific scenario distributions of clinically relevant dosimetric parameters for the CTV and OARs were determined and compared to clinical VWmin and VWmax dose metrics for different scenario subsets used in the robustness evaluation protocol. Main results. The inclusion of more geometrical scenarios leads to a significant increase of the conservativism of the protocol in terms of clinical VWmin and VWmax values for the CTV and OARs. The protocol could be calibrated using VWmin dose evaluation levels of 93.0%–92.3%, depending on the scenario subset selected. Despite this calibration of the protocol, robustness recipes for proton therapy showed remaining differences and an increased sensitivity to geometrical random errors compared to photon-based margin recipes. Significance. The Dutch proton robustness evaluation protocol, combined with the photon-based margin recipe, could be calibrated with a VWmin evaluation dose level of 92.5%. However, it shows limitations in predicting robustness in dose, especially for the near-maximum dose metrics to OARs. Consistent robustness recipes could improve proton treatment planning to calibrate residual differences from photon-based assumptions.
Assessing apparent secondary electron yield from current–voltage characteristics of abnormal DC glow discharges
Authors: Eliseev S I
Published: July 2023

The problem of assessing apparent secondary emission coefficient based on electrical properties of direct-current (DC) glow discharges using numerical modeling is revisited. An analysis of potential sources of uncertainties resulting from errors in experimental data as well as from model assumptions and approximations is presented. An estimation method based on a previously developed analytical model of a DC glow discharge is suggested. Application of the method is demonstrated in the example available in the literature of current–voltage characteristics of DC glow discharges in argon with copper electrodes. Values obtained for the considered data fall into two distinguishable groups, closely corresponding to those for clean and dirty copper cathode surfaces. The obtained preliminary results suggest the feasibility of estimating apparent secondary emission coefficients in DC discharges using numerical modeling.
Entropy analysis of slip flow second-grade Cu − EO and TiO
2 − EO nanofluids using Modified Buongiorno model
Authors: Rath Chinmoy , Nayak Anita
Published: July 2023

The current research investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) slip flow of second-grade nanofluids past a permeable stretching sheet in a porous medium. The flow analysis is accomplished considering thermophoresis, Brownian diffusion, chemical reaction, and elastic deformation. The implementation of the Modified Buongiorno model (MBM) on second-grade nanofluid is the novel aspect of the study. The formulated coupled nonlinear equations are non-dimensionalized, applying suitable similarity transformation. Numerical resolution of the resulting equations is achieved via MATLAB solver bvp4c. In our problem, two different groups of nanofluids, Cu − EO and TiO
2 − EO, have been considered. The development of profiles of nanofluid velocity, temperature, concentration, entropy generation and Bejan number, with the flow parameters, is elaborated graphically. Tabulated values of skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are illustrated. The principal outcomes of this study demonstrate a higher rate of heat transfer of Cu − EO nanofluid than TiO
2 − EO nanofluid. The Nusselt number significantly decelerates, and the Sherwood number accelerates due to the combined influence of the Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis parameters. The second-grade parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction boost the skin friction magnitude. Furthermore, the entropy generation increases due to the Brinkman number and concentration diffusion parameter. The present research can be utilized to enhance the effectiveness of cooling systems in automobile engines, nuclear reactors, and heat exchangers. For the validation of our result, a comparative study is made with the previous authors and concludes in good agreement.
Relativistic configuration-interaction calculations on K
α
X-ray satellites of medium-charge Be-like ions
Authors: Wang Yunping , Deng Banglin , Jiang Shiying , Zhang Guosheng , Tang Ke , Zhang Xiaoqin
Published: July 2023

This study puts forward a calculation of the transitions of 1s2s22p 1P1−1s22s2 1S0 and 1s2s22p 3P1−1s22s2 1S0 for Be-like ions (Z = 6–30) using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) and relativistic configuration interaction methods. The computational results include transition wavelengths, transition probabilities, line strengths, and weighted oscillator strengths. The calculations also consider the contributions of the Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamics corrections (QED) to these levels. The results show that the contribution of the Breit interaction, self-energy, and vacuum polarization increase rapidly with increasing nuclear charge for certain configurations. The present calculated values are in good agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results, with errors better than 0.3%. A
V/A
L comparisons demonstrate the reliability of the data.
MD simulation of vacancy and interstitial diffusion in FeCr alloy
Authors: Tikhonchev Mikhail
Published: July 2023

The diffusion mobility of iron and chromium atoms in Fe-9%Cr and Fe-20%Cr alloys for temperature up to 1000 K has been studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Both vacancy and interstitial migration of atoms has been considered. Corresponding diffusion coefficients of iron and chromium atoms, as well as the diffusion coefficients of a vacancy and self-interstitial configuration, have been evaluated. The values obtained for the vacancy diffusion satisfactory agree with experimental results taken from the literature.
Photocatalytic activity of hybrid Ag/Er:ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in distilled water
Authors: Ahmed Samah M , Imam Hisham
Published: July 2023

We have studied the photocatalytic performance of ZnO, Er:ZnO, hybrid Ag/ZnO, and Ag/Er:ZnO colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by pulsed laser ablation of stoichiometric targets and silver plate in double distilled water. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the polycrystalline structure of the ablated NPs. The morphology of the nanoparticles was examined by the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The optical properties of the prepared colloidal NPs were investigated by the UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The photodegradation of the Rhodamine 6G organic dye was utilized to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the produced colloidal NPs under illumination by UV light. The hybrid Ag/Er:ZnO colloidal NPs showed enhanced photodegradation efficiency of 96.4%, after 45 min of UV irradiation, compared to 79.7% of the pristine ZnO NPs. The obtained results point out the enhancing effect of the dopants on the photocatalytic performance of ZnO, and further demonstrate the pulsed laser ablation of bulk materials in pure water as a fast and eco-friendly technique for producing efficient nanoparticle photocatalysts.
Modeling two-stage failure mechanism of cascading in cyber-physical power systems
Authors: Chen Lei , Sun Yang , Dou Chunxia , Ge Hui , Cheng Zihao , Li Shengquan
Published: July 2023

Interdependency in cyber-physical power systems enables efficient monitor and control, but also brings out many threats, leading to catastrophic blackouts. To address this problem, the propagation mechanism of cascading failure in systems is analyzed. In this paper, we propose the partial random coupling systems model, and detail the interactive mechanism between physical power grid and communication network. Then, the modified failure mechanism is present, including two-stage redistribution types of traffic loads in physical power grid, and stochastic routing strategies in communication network. In simulation, the impact of attack scenes and topology structure on systems robustness is studied. Compared with random attack, high degree/betweenness attack results in first-order transition of cascading failure at a critical point, and causes more serious damage on systems. Besides, we have proved the positive correlation between clustering coefficient and robustness. To random attack, the systems consisted of double-star network behave more robust than systems consisted of mesh network, and also indicate the misproportion of increase between average dependent degree and systems robustness.
A single gate Si1−xGex dopingless TFET functioned as an effective label-free biosensor
Authors: Panda Shwetapadma , Dash Sidhartha
Published: July 2023

This paper examines the sensitivity of a newly presented heterojunction dopingless tunnel field effect transistor (HJ-DLTFET) biosensor for the label-free detection of biomolecules. The etched nanocavity is introduced in the source metal region for better sensing ability. The dielectric constants (k) of five neutral biomolecules are employed in this paper to test the sensitivity of the proposed biosensor. The electrostatic performance is investigated based on transfer characteristics, energy band, tunneling distance (λ) at source/channel (S/C) interface, drain current (ID) variation for different dielectric constant (k), drain to source voltage (VDS) variation and mole fraction (x) variation respectively. Further, the RF performance analysis includes gate/source capacitance (Cgs), total gate capacitance (Cgg), cut-off frequency (ft), and maximum frequency (fm) analysis. Similarly, sensitivity analysis consists of current sensitivity (SID), current ratio sensitivity (Sratio), average SS sensitivity (SSS), Cgs sensitivity, Cgg sensitivity, ft sensitivity, and fm sensitivity. The investigation is carried out with the variation of neutral biomolecules in terms of various k inside the cavity. Similarly, the impact of charged biomolecules on the sensitivity of the proposed biosensor is investigated. The HJ-DLTFET sensor provides the maximum sensitivity SID of 1.56 × 1010, Sratio of 5.95 × 109, and SSS of 0.80 for Gelatin (k = 12.00) at room temperature using the Silvaco TCAD simulation tool. Combining a low band gap Si0.6Ge0.4 source with a high band gap silicon channel and a high-k (HfO2) improves drain current sensitivity without impacting leakage current.
Phenomenology of wavelike vector dark matter nonminimally coupled to gravity
Authors: Zhang Hong-Yi , Ling Siyang
Published: July 2023

We study three astrophysical/cosmological consequences of nonminimal couplings to gravity in wavelike vector dark matter. In the nonrelativistic limit, the nonminimal coupling with the lowest mass dimension leads to effective self-interactions that affect the mass-radius relation of vector solitons, growth of linear perturbations during structure formation, and the speed of gravitational waves (GWs). Based on the success of cold dark matter on large-scale perturbations and the current limits on GW speed, we constrain the dark matter mass and nonminimal coupling strength to be within the range |ξ1|/m2≪ 1050eV-2and -3 × 1046eV-2≲ξ2/m2≲ 8 × 1048eV-2.
Expanding possibilities for quantum state engineering
Authors: Kuts D A , Ushakov V L , Mikheev E V , Nguyen B A
Published: July 2023

Generation of the states with fidelity as close as possible to high-amplitude Schrödinger cat states (SCSs) is studied. The input state in the main mode is exclusively mixed with the Fock states on successive beam splitters after which a number of auxiliary modes emerge. Subsequently, all the modes are properly displaced. The resulting state is projected onto the vacuum states of every auxiliary mode for conditional generation of the target states in the main mode. We demonstrate a possibility to generate Schrödinger cat qudits (SCQs) which may approximate SCSs of large size

β

ranging from

β

=
2

to

β

=
3

with high fidelity close to

0.99

. The method is based on the use of the concept of SCQs being the best approximation of the SCSs in the finite Hilbert space with basic displaced number states characterized by the displacement amplitude

α

. Different states (e.g. number state or coherent state or superposed state) are selected as the input to the optical scheme. In particular, we show that an input Schrödinger kitten state (i.e. small-size SCS) can give rise to an output SCS of larger size. We also test the proposed approach in a realistic scenario.
Modeling of toroidal momentum transport induced by neoclassical toroidal viscosity torque for ITER scenarios
Authors: Yan X.-T. , Sun Y.-W. , Li L. , Liu Y.-Q. , Bao N.-N. , Loarte A. , Pinches S. , Wan B.-N.
Published: July 2023

Neoclassical toroidal viscosity (NTV) torque caused by resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) and the induced toroidal momentum transport are investigated for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) scenarios through numerical modeling. The NTV torque is calculated using the NTVTOK code including the bounce-drift resonant effect, and the toroidal rotation evolution is modeled by solving a toroidal momentum transport equation that couples momentum source (NTV torque) and the momentum diffusion effect. The variation of RMP coil phasing (defined as toroidal phase difference between different rows of RMP coils) results in different types of plasma response and hence different features of NTV torque and toroidal momentum transport. The bounce-drift resonant effect enhances NTV torque and induces more significant toroidal rotation variation than simulations that adopt the bounce-averaged NTV model. With the initial rotation of the ITER design, plasma rotation is braked by NTV torque, but it may be sustained at moderate amplitude due to electron contributions to NTV torque. It is also found that initially static or slowly rotating plasma can be accelerated by NTV torque either toward co-

I

p

or counter-

I

p

(

I

p

indicates plasma current) direction, indicating that NTV torque can be regarded as a momentum source for plasma with low torque injection; for instance, radio-frequency heated plasma.
Preparation of Pt/ZIF-7 hybrid porous material and its application in hydrogen fuel cell
Authors: Yang Lili , Guo Jiahui , Zhang Le , Shi Lihua , Zhao Keming
Published: July 2023

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are the most ideal low-carbon and environmentally friendly new energy vehicles, but the catalyst for hydrogen fuel cells requires the use of precious metal platinum. At present, the catalysts for hydrogen fuel cells mainly rely on imports, greatly limiting the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in China. We used a simple and energy-saving room temperature stirring method to in-situ load polyvinyl pyrrolidone modified Pt onto ZIF-7, so that the surface of ZIF crystal can continuously absorb PVP modified Pt nanoparticles while growing. PVP is a non-ionic surfactant, which can not only stabilize Pt nanoparticles in polar solvents, but also control the size and shape of Pt nanoparticles as a capping agent. This can not only avoid the agglomeration of Pt nanoparticles to keep their original characteristics, but also effectively control the spatial distribution of Pt nanoparticles in ZIF-7. The catalysts Pt/ZIF-7 were prepared, with corresponding Pt content of 0.052%, 0.26%, 0.52%, and 1.04%, respectively. Subsequently, we will apply the prepared Pt/ZIF-7 catalyst to hydrogen fuel cells and test its catalytic performance.
Recent advances in mitigating fusion zone softening during laser welding of Al-Si coated 22MnB5 press-hardened steels
Authors: Khan Muhammad Shehryar
Published: July 2023

The automotive industry is seeking reduced vehicle weight and improved safety of newer generation vehicles to meet global zero-emission targets. Tailor-welded blanks offer a solution to meet this demand by producing lightweight yet strong components, such as the B-pillar, using laser-welded press-hardened steels. The laser welding of Al-Si coated PHSs causes the coating to be diluted into the melt pool which can cause premature failure due to the presence of a softer ferrite phase in an otherwise martensitic joint. Currently, laser ablation is used to remove the Al-Si layer prior to welding, but other techniques have been proposed which can potentially bypass the need to remove the coating and instead, welding directly through the coating. This study examines the problem of fusion zone softening during the laser welding of Al-Si coated 22MnB5 and discusses recently proposed novel solutions that can solve the issue without the prior removal of the Al-Si coating before welding or using expensive filler materials during welding. The paper concludes with several viable recommendations for future work that can be used as potential directions for further research.
Elimination of global warming gas emissions by utilizing high reactive metakaolin in high strength concrete for eco-friendly protection
Authors: Kumar K Naveen , Divahar R , Gupta Mohit , Raj P S Aravind , Sangeetha S P , Joanna P S
Published: July 2023

The manufacturing process of cement emits one metric ton of carbon dioxide greenhouse gas. Considering the situation reducing the gas emission without affecting cement production, industrial wastes like metakaolin (MK) can be partially replaced with cement due to high pozzolanic reactivity to arrive the high-strength concrete. This present examination attentions on the obtaining optimum percentage of metakaolin to be substituted for cement proportion and aims to determine the concrete sample’s mechanical characteristics, equivalent CO2 emissions, and energy factor for environmental advantages through comparison with metakaolin varied from 0% to 20% at 5% incremental rate was determined and compared with the conventional control mix. Concrete samples are tested at the periodical interval of 7, 14, and 28 days in addition results, 5% of metakaolin is the optimum percentage to be replaced for cement in concrete. The negative sign implies that replacing binder with MK gradually decreases energy requirements (−2.16% to −7.74%) as well as carbon dioxide emissions (−4.17% to −15.41%). The use of mineral admixture like high reactive metakaolin additional cementitious elements has a considerable effect and may have an impact on the creation of environmentally friendly, sustainable concrete. In conclusion, effective utilization of high reactive metakaolin in high-strength concrete leads to substantial cost, and reducing global gas emissions eventually reduces energy consumption and a notable decrease in environmental pollution.
Comparison of wet and dry milling on carbon biomass as dispersed particle in quench medium for steel heat treatment application
Authors: Putra Wahyuaji Narottama , Mochtar Myrna Ariati , Syahrial Anne Zulfia , Suharno Bambang
Published: July 2023

Particle dispersion in the quench medium can alter its properties, particularly its thermal conductivity. Modulating the quench medium’s thermal conductivity can impact the steel’s hardness after heat treatment. In this study, micron-sized particles of carbon biomass derived from coconuts were obtained by milling the biomass via wet and dry methods. The milling duration for both methods was 10, 15, and 20 h, while the speeds were 250, 500, and 750 rpm for each duration. Particle size analysis revealed that dry milling could decrease the particle size by up to 60% from its initial size, whereas wet milling could only decrease it by up to 43%. A thermal conductivity test was conducted on the water-based quench medium supplemented with milled particles, demonstrating an increase in thermal conductivity up to 0.68 W mK−1 and 0.83 W mK−1 for dry and wet milling, respectively. All steel quenched with particle-added quench medium showed a hardness up to 21% higher than steel quenched with distilled water. The increase in hardness suggests that the cooling rate during quenching was faster because of the additional dispersed particle, determined by the quench medium’s thermal conductivity.
Endurance-test and theoretical prediction of a rare earth nanocathode for the applied field magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
Authors: WANG 王 Ge 戈 , LI 李 Yong 永 , ZHOU 周 Cheng 成 , WEI 魏 Yanming 延明 , KONG 孔 Chuncai 春才 , ZHENG 郑 Xuecheng 学程 , ZHANG 张 Xinwei 心霨 , YANG 杨 Zhimao 志懋 , ZHENG 郑 Jinxing 金星 , CONG 丛 Yuntian 云天 , WANG 王 Baojun 宝军
Published: July 2023

The erosion loss of cathode is essential for the lifetime of magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT). In this work, an endurance test system for MPDT cathodes was designed and developed, and the erosion characteristics, erosion rate and erosion mechanism of the cathode were studied using the system under vacuum condition. The WCe20 hollow cathode was selected to carry out the long-term erosion of 540 h with the argon propellant supply flow rate of 40 ml min−1, the input current of 25 A, and the central magnetic field intensity of 96 Gs. In order to predict the theoretical service life of cathode, a steady state erosion numerical model was established. The calculation results show that the total erosion rate of sputtering and evaporation is 11.58 mg h−1, which is slightly smaller than the test data of the average cathode corrosion rate of 12.70 mg h−1 in the experiment, because the experimental value includes start-up erosion rate.
Farmers’ first rain: investigating dry season rainfall characteristics in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Klein Cornelia , Potter Emily R , Zauner Cornelia , Gurgiser Wolfgang , Cruz Encarnación Rolando , Cochachín Rapre Alejo , Maussion Fabien
Published: July 2023

In the Peruvian Andes, the first light rainfalls towards the end of the dry season in August-September are known as pushpa. Softening soils and improving sowing conditions, these rains are crucial for planting dates and agricultural planning. Yet pushpa remains to date unexplored in the literature. This study uses observations and convection-permitting model simulations to describe the characteristics of pushpa in the Rio Santa valley (Peru). Comparing an observed pushpa case in August 2018 with a dry and wet event of the same season, we find pushpa to coincide with upper-level westerly winds that are otherwise characteristic for dry periods. These conditions impose an upper-level dry layer that favours small-scale, vertically-capped convection, explaining the low rainfall intensities that are reportedly typical for pushpa. Climatologically, we find 83% of pushpa-type events to occur under westerly winds, dominating in August, when 60% of the modelled spatial rainfall extent is linked to pushpa. Larger, more intense deep-convective events gradually increase alongside more easterly winds in September, causing the relative pushpa cloud coverage to drop to ̃20%. We note high inter-annual and -decadal variability in this balance between pushpa and intense convective rainfall types, with the spatial extent of pushpa rainfall being twice as high during 2000-2009 than for the 2010-2018 decade over the key sowing period. This result may explain farmers’ perception in the Rio Santa valley, who recently reported increased challenges due to delayed but more intense pushpa rains before the rainy season start. We thus conclude that the sowing and germination season is crucially affected by the balance of pushpa-type and deep-convective rain, resulting in a higher probability for late first rains to be more intense.
High-harmonic generation in spin and charge current pumping at ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic resonance in the presence of spin–orbit coupling
Authors: Varela-Manjarres Jalil , Nikolić Branislav K
Published: July 2023

One of the cornerstone effects in spintronics is spin pumping by dynamical magnetization that is steadily precessing (around, for example, the z-axis) with frequency ω
0 due to absorption of low-power microwaves of frequency ω
0 under the resonance conditions and in the absence of any applied bias voltage. The two-decades-old ‘standard model’ of this effect, based on the scattering theory of adiabatic quantum pumping, predicts that component

I

S
z

of spin current vector

(

I

S
x

(
t
)
,

I

S
y

(
t
)
,

I

S
z

)

∝

ω
0

is time-independent while

I

S
x

(
t
)

and

I

S
y

(
t
)

oscillate harmonically in time with a single frequency ω
0 whereas pumped charge current is zero

I
≡
0

in the same adiabatic

∝

ω
0

limit. Here we employ more general approaches than the ‘standard model’, namely the time-dependent nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) and the Floquet NEGF, to predict unforeseen features of spin pumping: namely precessing localized magnetic moments within a ferromagnetic metal (FM) or antiferromagnetic metal (AFM), whose conduction electrons are exposed to spin–orbit coupling (SOC) of either intrinsic or proximity origin, will pump both spin

I

S
α

(
t
)

and charge I(t) currents. All four of these functions harmonically oscillate in time at both even and odd integer multiples

N

ω
0

of the driving frequency ω
0. The cutoff order of such high harmonics increases with SOC strength, reaching

N

m
a
x

≃
11

in the one-dimensional FM or AFM models chosen for demonstration. A higher cutoff

N

m
a
x

≃
25

can be achieved in realistic two-dimensional (2D) FM models defined on a honeycomb lattice, and we provide a prescription of how to realize them using 2D magnets and their heterostructures.