bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histopathology of aging of the hair follicle
Authors: Fernandez‐Flores Angel , Saeb‐Lima Marcela , Cassarino David S.
Published: April 2019

Hair follicles experience several changes with aging, the most noticeable of which is graying of the hair shaft due to loss of melanin. Additional changes in the diameter and length of the hair have contributed to the concept of senescent alopecia, which is different from androgenetic alopecia according to most. Graying happens in most individuals, although in different grades and starting at different ages. It is related to a decrease in the number and activity of the melanocytes of the hair bulb, which eventually completely disappear from the bulb of the white hair. Residual non‐active melanocytes remain in the outer root sheath and in the bulge, which allows for repigmentation of the hair under certain stimuli or conditions.
The Ancient Quarrel Between Art and Philosophy in Contemporary Exhibitions of Visual Art
Authors: McMahon Jennifer A.
Published: April 2019

At a time when professional art criticism is on the wane, the ancient quarrel between art and philosophy demands fresh answers. Professional art criticism provided a basis upon which to distinguish apt experiences of art from the idiosyncratic. However, currently the kind of narratives from which critics once drew are underplayed or discarded in contemporary exhibition design where the visual arts are concerned. This leaves open the possibility that art operates either as mere stimulant to private reverie or, in the more contentful cases, as propaganda. The ancient quarrel between art and philosophy is that art influences surreptitiously while philosophy presents reasons that invite rational scrutiny. As such, in contrast to philosophy, art would undermine our agency. In July 2017, a group of philosophers gathered at the Art Gallery of NSW (AGNSW), in Sydney, Australia, in the presence of two AGNSW curators to explore the basis of their own experiences of selected artworks. Here, those commentaries are reproduced. Each reveal that objective grounds for an experience of art can be based in the community from which one draws one's terms of reference. In our commentaries we see the expertise of the respective philosophical communities but other communities of culture or expertise might serve the same purpose and hence resolve the ancient quarrel. Before hearing these commentaries, I explain what is at stake when the ancient quarrel between art and philosophy is understood in contemporary terms. This Issue of the Curator also includes an article on the community‐based art criticism that emerges from these commentaries followed by an exhibition review which reveals the incorrigible impulse (also demonstrated in the commentaries) to find the basis for the most apt experience of an artwork.
Art and the Approval of Nature: Philosophical Reflections on Tom Roberts, Holiday Sketch at Coogee (1888)
Authors: Newall Michael
Published: April 2019

This paper, based on a talk given at the Art Gallery of New South Wales, is presented as an example of philosophy done in an art gallery. Its subject is Tom Roberts’ painting Holiday Sketch at Coogee (1888), and as well as responding directly to the painting in the environment of the gallery, it draws on the author's memories of seeing that painting in other times and places. It draws on these personal experiences to relate Roberts’ painting to a controversial idea laid out by art historian Heinrich Wölfflin, and to more recent conventionalist and resemblance theories of pictorial representation. It finishes by affirming one of Roberts’ important achievements: his discarding of inherited European ways of picture‐making, and his place among the first generation of non‐indigenous artists to represent the real colours of the Australian landscape.
The use of 2940‐nm ER:YAG laser for the treatment of lentigo maligna
Authors: Fikrle Tomáš , Divišová Barbora , Šuchmannová Jitka , Pizinger Karel
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Lentigo maligna is a common in situ malignancy in elderly patients, with a low risk of progression to an invasive tumor. Surgical treatment may be complicated or refused. Non‐surgical treatment options (such as lasers) may therefore be needed.

Patients and Methods

We report on 17 patients treated with a 2940‐nm Er:YAG (erbium‐doped yttrium aluminum) laser for histopathologically confirmed lentigo maligna. The lesions were ablated with a 5 mm margin of adjacent skin under local anesthesia with a 3.5 mm overlapping spot, energy density of 6.5 J/cm2 and a repetition rate of 5 Hz. If clinically visible pigmentation was seen in the ablated area during the following three months, the lesion was re‐treated. All patients were followed up for residual or recurrent tumors.

Results

We achieved clinical clearance in all 17 patients. There were three recurrences during the follow‐up period (9, 30 and 36 months after laser therapy). All patients were satisfied with the treatment course and cosmetic outcome. The mean follow‐up duration was 28 months.

Conclusions

Laser ablation is an interesting alternative method for treatment of lentigo maligna. It can be used for selected cases where surgery is contraindicated, complicated or declined by the patient.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil enzyme activity is coupled with increased plant biomass
Authors: Qin Mingsen , Zhang Qi , Pan Jianbin , Jiang Shengjing , Liu Yongjun , Bahadur Ali , Peng Zhenling , Yang Yue , Feng Huyuan
Published: April 2019

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a mutualistic association with plant roots by improving phosphorus (P) uptake of the host plant. Previous studies demonstrated that AMF exert various influences on soil enzyme activity; however, quantification of these effects has not been published to date. This study explored the effect of AMF on soil enzyme activity by meta‐analysis of a current dataset. The AMF inoculation increased the activities of most soil enzymes, with the exception of polyphenol oxidase. Across all observations, AMF enhanced soil enzyme activity optimally at smaller soil available P and neutral soil pH conditions. This effect was positively correlated with the increasing ratios of soil available P and plant biomass. The results of this study indicate that AMF can enhance the release of soil nutrients required for plant growth in response to increased soil enzyme activity. The results obtained emphasize that the effect of AMF on soil enzyme activity is strongly abiotic context‐dependent and coupled with beneficial effects for plant growth. This has relevant implications for AMF application for sustainable agriculture.

Highlights

Meta‐analysis of 56 studies shows that AMF usually increase soil enzyme activity.

Neutral pH and low available phosphorus lead to optimal AMF influence on soil enzyme activity.

Plant growth promotion by AMF can lead to an increase of soil enzyme activity.

AMF inoculation offers positive implications for agricultural application.
Longitudinal quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in adrenomyeloneuropathy
Authors: Politi L. S. , Castellano A. , Papinutto N. , Mauro E. , Pareyson D. , Henry R. G. , Falini A. , Salsano E.
Published: April 2019

Background and purpose

Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is the most frequent metabolic hereditary spastic paraplegia. Accordingly, its main site of pathological changes is the spinal cord. It is difficult to quantify AMN progression because commonly used clinical scales have limitations and reliable biomarkers are lacking. The goal was to investigate whether spinal cord and brain quantitative magnetic resonance imaging may assess structural changes in AMN over a relatively short time period.

Methods

In this longitudinal observational study, the total cord areas (TCAs) from the C2–C3 to T2–T3 level and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of the cervical spinal cord and brain portion of the corticospinal tracts in six AMN and six age‐matched control subjects at baseline and at a mean follow‐up of 22.6 months were assessed.

Results

A significant reduction of the mean TCA at the T1–T2 level (−3.79%) and a trend of reduction at the lowest cervical levels were observed only in AMN patients. Additionally, DTI metrics revealed significant changes in fractional anisotropy (−8.84%), mean diffusivity (+12.62%) and radial diffusivity (+25.91%) at the C2–C3 level.

Discussion

The study encourages the assessment of TCAs and spinal cord DTI metrics as surrogate outcome measures in AMN, by focusing on the cervical–thoracic junction and the uppermost part of the cervical spinal cord. Despite the limitation of the results due to the small number of investigated subjects, these observations are useful for forthcoming clinical trials in AMN and possibly other hereditary diseases with predominant spinal cord involvement.
Protected habitats of Natura 2000 do not coincide with important diversity hotspots of arthropods in mountain grasslands
Authors: Harry Ingmar , Höfer Hubert , Schielzeth Holger , Assmann Thorsten
Published: April 2019

Biodiversity assessments for conservation planning are often restricted to a limited set of species. This is also the case in the context of Natura 2000, where surveys focus strongly on vegetation and selected vertebrate species. Without cross‐taxon congruence, however, this approach does not guarantee that the relevant aspects of biodiversity are appropriately represented.

We here assess the diversity of vascular plants, carabid beetles and spiders in mountain grasslands of the European Alps. We address the questions whether there are distinct species assemblages in different habitats and whether these assemblages show sufficient cross‐taxon congruence. Furthermore, we test whether habitats that are protected based on vegetation characteristics also inhabit an arthropod fauna with highest conservation value.

We found only weak agreement in assemblage composition and no positive correlation in species richness across the three focal taxa. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between species richness of plants and carabids, indicating opposing taxon‐specific responses to habitat differences and land use intensity. Species richness was higher at protected sites for plants, but not for carabids and spiders. This applied also to the subset of species with highest conservation value.

Our results show that prioritisation of sites for conservation based solely on vegetational aspects does not necessarily coincide with important sites for arthropods. This calls for a multi‐taxon approach in conservation planning to cover more of the endangered and range‐restricted species. Species‐ and surrogate‐based conservation efforts, like the Natura 2000 directive, should therefore be extended to embrace the diversity of arthropods.
Human leucocyte antigen but not KIR alleles and haplotypes associated with chronic HCV infection in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Li Qiongfen , Liu Shuyuan , Zhang Shuqiong , Liu Chengxiu , Sun Mingbo , Li Chuanyin , Zhang Xinwen , Chen Jun , Yao Yufeng , Shi Li
Published: April 2019

The host immune system plays a key role in the elimination of infected cells which depend on killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR), human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules and their combinations. To evaluate the roles of HLAclass I, KIR genes and their combination in Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (CHC), a total of 301 CHCs and 239 controls in a Chinese Han population were included for HLA and KIR genotyping using next‐generation sequencing and multiplex PCR sequence‐specific priming, respectively. The allele frequency of HLA‐C*08:01 was significantly higher in the CHCs than that of the controls (0.088 vs. 0.040, OR = 2.332, 95%CI: 1.361–3.996, p = 0.022), while the frequencies of B*13:01 (0.032 vs. 0.084, OR = 0.357, 95%CI: 0.204–0.625, p = 0.009) and C*08:04 (0.008 vs. 0.038, OR = 0.214, 95%CI: 0.079–0.581, p = 0.022) were significantly lower in the CHCs. The frequencies of haplotype A*11:01‐C*08:01 were higher in the CHCs (0.058 vs. 0.019, OR = 3.096, 95%CI: 1.486–6.452, p = 0.026), while haplotype B*13:01‐C*03:04 were lower in the CHCs compared to the controls (0.028 vs. 0.071, OR = 0.377, 95%CI: 0.207–0.685, p = 0.012). No association of CHC with KIR genes, genotypes, or haplotypes, as well as HLA/KIR combinations was observed. Our results indicated that HLA‐C*08:01 was a risk factor for CHC, while HLA‐C*08:04 and HLA‐B*13:01 were protective factors against CHC. Haplotypes HLA‐A*11:01‐C*08:01 could increase susceptibility to CHC, while HLA‐B*13:01‐C*03:04 could be protective against CHC in the Chinese Han population.
Dynamics of nurses’ authority in the inpatient care of adolescent consumers with anorexia nervosa: A qualitative study of nursing perspectives
Authors: Zugai Joel Sebastian , Stein‐Parbury Jane , Roche Michael
Published: April 2019

Nurses caring for adolescent consumers with anorexia nervosa in the inpatient setting are challenged in a unique way, in that they are caring for people with whom they do not have a mutually held concept of well‐being. Their efforts to ensure weight gain are frequently against the wishes of the consumer. This dissonance results in challenging interactions, where nursing care and authority may be undermined. This study investigated the dynamics of nurses’ authority within this context. Interviews with nurses (n = 10) were conducted and analysed through thematic analysis. Nurses reported that consumers, compelled by the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa, often sought to challenge or undermine their authority. Some nurses experienced the opposition and conflict as demoralizing, whereas others were able to maintain confidence in the therapeutic merit of their care. Younger, inexperienced nurses in this study were particularly vulnerable to interactions that mitigated their authority, due to their tendency to engage in friend‐like relationships. Nurses caring for adolescents with anorexia nervosa should be prepared to be confronted by interactions that overtly and surreptitiously undermine their capacity to exercise professional authority. It is important that nurses recognize the importance of maintaining their authority, and how it can be threatened in subtle and unexpected ways.
Is this the End of “Statistical Significance”?
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: April 2019

Editorial in The American Statistician and comment in Nature call on the research community to abandon the phrase
The World we Think we Know
Authors: Langkjær-Bain Robert
Published: April 2019

Max Roser is the creator of Our World in Data, a site that brings together long-term data on global development, health, the environment and more, complete with interactive visualisations and explanations. He spoke to Robert Langkjær-Bain about the power of data to reveal the truth about the world we live in – and to remind us that we really can change it for the better
Edith Abbott and the Origins of Chicago's Crime Statistics
Authors: Lohr Sharon
Published: April 2019

Chicago in 1914 had a reputation for being crime-ridden, but there was little available data on the extent of the problem. Enter statistician Edith Abbott, who provided not only evidence but also recommendations to improve the reporting of crime throughout the USA. By Sharon Lohr
What does a Match Mean? A Framework for Understanding Forensic Comparisons
Authors: Mejia Robin , Cuellar Maria , Delger Dana , Eddy Bill
Published: April 2019

Robin Mejia, Maria Cuellar, Dana Delger and Bill Eddy present a framework for understanding forensic comparisons.
iPSCs: A powerful tool for skeletal muscle tissue engineering
Authors: del Carmen Ortuño‐Costela María , García‐López Marta , Cerrada Victoria , Gallardo María Esther
Published: April 2019

Both volumetric muscle loss (VML) and muscle degenerative diseases lead to an important decrease in skeletal muscle mass, condition that nowadays lacks an optimal treatment. This issue has driven towards an increasing interest in new strategies in tissue engineering, an emerging field that can offer very promising approaches. In addition, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has completely revolutionized the actual view of personalized medicine, and their utilization in skeletal muscle tissue engineering could, undoubtedly, add myriad benefits. In this review, we want to provide a general vision of the basic aspects to consider when engineering skeletal muscle tissue using iPSCs. Specifically, we will focus on the three main pillars of tissue engineering: the scaffold designing, the selection of the ideal cell source and the addition of factors that can enhance the resemblance with the native tissue.
Heightened amygdala reactivity and increased stress generation predict internalizing symptoms in adults following childhood maltreatment
Authors: Gerin Mattia I. , Viding Essi , Pingault Jean‐Baptiste , Puetz Vanessa B. , Knodt Annchen R. , Radtke Spenser R. , Brigidi Bartholomew D. , Swartz Johnna R. , Hariri Ahmad R. , McCrory Eamon J.
Published: April 2019

Background

Childhood maltreatment is one of the most potent predictors of future psychopathology, including internalizing disorders. It remains unclear whether heightened amygdala reactivity to threat and elevated stress exposure may be implicated in the pathogenesis and maintenance of internalizing disorders among individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment.

Methods

Using data from a sample of 1,144 young adults, we investigated the contribution of baseline threat‐related amygdala reactivity and prospective major stressful life events to internalizing symptoms severity 1 year later (on average) in individuals with a history of maltreatment (n = 100) and propensity score matched nonmaltreated peers (n = 96).

Results

Even after stringently matching for several potentially confounding variables – including baseline internalizing symptoms, socioeconomic status and IQ – childhood maltreatment status predicted increased amygdala reactivity at baseline, elevated post‐baseline exposure to major stressful life events and internalizing symptoms at follow‐up. We also showed, for the first time, that amygdala reactivity at baseline and also post‐baseline exposure to major stressful life events mediated the association between a history of maltreatment and future internalizing symptoms.

Conclusions

These findings provide support for the view that maltreatment is a potent developmental insult leading to long‐lasting neurocognitive recalibrations of the threat processing system. It is possible that such alterations, over time, may impact mental health functioning by compromising the ability to effectively negotiate everyday challenges (stress susceptibility). These alterations were not, however, found to sensitize an individual to the impact of major stressful life events. The results of this study also lend compelling support to the view that increased psychiatric risk, in the context of childhood maltreatment, follows from an increased propensity to experience major stressful life events (stress generation).
Layperson's Esthetic Preference to the Presence or Absence of the Interdental Papillae in the Low Smile Line: A Web‐based Study
Authors: Hochman Mark N. , Chu Stephen J. , da Silva Bruno Pereira , Tarnow Dennis P.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To determine the layperson's esthetic preference to the visual display (presence) or lack thereof (absence) of the interdental papillae during minimum smiling or the low smile line patient type.

Materials and Methods

Two hundred lay‐people were shown three‐paired smile images indicative of a low gingival smile line patient type in which the vermillion border of the maxillary lip covered the mid‐facial gingiva of the anterior teeth. The three images differed only with respect to [1] presence of interdental papillae, [2] absence of the interdental papilla (“black triangle”), or [3] absence of the interdental papillae (replaced with a long restorative contact area). The three images were paired in multiple groupings; group‐1 consisted of a comparison of the presence of interdental papillae vs the lack of the interdental papillae “black triangle,” group‐2 compared the long restorative contact compared to the presence of the interdental papillae and Group‐3 compared the long restorative contact replacing a missing papilla to the absence of the interdental papillae “black triangle.” The comparisons were designed to determine the subjective preference of lay individuals between these groupings.

Results

Ninety‐eight percent of lay‐people demonstrated a preference to the presence of the interdental papillae in the smile (image 1) when compared to its absence (“black triangle”; image 2) with a low smile line. Seventy percent preferred the visual display of the interdental papillae, that is, pink tissues (image 1), compared to the absence of the interdental papillae replaced with a long contact area (image 3), that is, white restorative materials, when viewing a low gingival smile line. And when comparing the absence of the interdental papillae “black triangle” to a long contact area, 92% of lay‐people preferred a long contact area vs the absence of the interdental papillae with a “black triangle” with a low smile line.

Conclusions

The visual display [presence] of the interdental papillae, that is, pink tissues, is notably preferred to the absence of the interdental papillae when replaced by either a “black triangle” or long contact area in the commonly known low smile line. This emphasizes the need to assess the Interdental Smile Line (ie, visual display of interdental papillae during smiling) in all patients and the importance to preserve and/or re‐establishment of the interdental papillae, that is, pink tissues, even in patients with a low smile line.
Tools for promoting industrial symbiosis: A systematic review
Authors: Yeo Zhiquan , Masi Donato , Low Jonathan Sze Choong , Ng Yen Ting , Tan Puay Siew , Barnes Stuart
Published: April 2019

Industrial symbiosis (IS) employs a cross‐organizational perspective to seek synergistic pairings of one company's waste output to another company's input, enabled by interfirm cooperation through resource and information sharing. Orchestrating IS relationships among companies, however, remains a complex process. In the literature, a wide range of qualitative and quantitative tools have emerged, tackling issues ranging from identifying IS creation opportunities to performance evaluation. Thus far, the available literature has focused on separate aspects and perspective of IS creation. Each individual work contributes, in part, to the overall process of IS creation. The disparate perspectives provided by the literature reflect the fragmented nature of available tools supporting IS, which operate in isolation of each other. An encompassing view of tools supporting the process of IS creation is missing to date. Therefore, to fill this gap, this study aims to develop a more comprehensive description of the landscape of IS tools by analyzing the associated approaches, roles, and contribution of existing tools. Through this understanding, the insights gained can be used to aid future development and advancement of tools for IS practitioners.
Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies at the lab scale: The case of nanowire‐based solar cells
Authors: Pallas Georgios , Vijver Martina G. , Peijnenburg Willie J. G. M. , Guinée Jeroen
Published: April 2019

Nanomaterials are expected to play an important role in the development of sustainable products. The use of nanomaterials in solar cells has the potential to increase their conversion efficiency. In this study, we performed a life cycle assessment (LCA) for an emerging nanowire‐based solar technology. Two lab‐scale manufacturing routes for the production of nanowire‐based solar cells have been compared—the direct growth of GaInP nanowires on silicon substrate and the growth of InP nanowires on native substrate, peel off, and transfer to silicon substrate. The analysis revealed critical raw materials and processes of the current lab‐scale manufacturing routes such as the use of trifluoromethane (CHF3), gold, and an InP wafer and a stamp, which are used and discarded. The environmental performance of the two production routes under different scenarios has been assessed. The scenarios include the use of an alternative process to reduce the gold requirements—electroplating instead of metallization, recovery of gold, and reuse of the InP wafer and the stamp. A number of suggestions, based on the LCA results—including minimization of the use of gold and further exploration for upscaling of the electroplating process, the increase in the lifetimes of the wafer and the stamp, and the use of fluorine‐free etching materials—have been communicated to the researchers in order to improve the environmental performance of the technology. Finally, the usefulness and limitations of lab‐scale LCA as a tool to guide the sustainable development of emerging technologies are discussed.
Release parameters during progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons in a mouse model reveal earlier impairment of spontaneous than forced behaviors
Authors: Chen Yuan‐Hao , Hsieh Tsung‐Hsun , Kuo Tung‐Tai , Kao Jen‐Hsin , Ma Kuo‐Hsing , Huang Eagle Yi‐Kung , Chou Yu‐Ching , Olson Lars , Hoffer Barry J.
Published: April 2019

To determine the role of reduced dopaminergic transmission for declines of forced versus spontaneous behavior, we used a model of Parkinson's disease with progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons, the MitoPark mouse. Mice were subjected to rotarod tests of motor coordination, and open field and cylinder tests for spontaneous locomotor activity and postural axial support. To measure DA release in dorsal striatum and the shell of Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), we used ex vivo fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry in 6‐ to 24‐week‐old mice. To determine decline of DA transporter function, we used 18FE‐PE2I positron emission tomography. We show here that fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry is a sensitive tool to detect evoked DA release dysfunction in MitoPark mice and that electrically evoked DA release is affected earlier in nigrostriatal than mesolimbic DA systems. DA reuptake was also affected more slowly in NAc shell. Positron emission tomography data showed DA uptake to be barely above detection levels in 16‐ and 20‐week‐old MitoPark mice. Rotarod performance was not impaired until mice were 16 weeks old, when evoked DA release in striatum had decreased to ≈ 40% of wild‐type levels. In contrast, impairment of open field locomotion and rearing began at 10 weeks, in parallel with the initial modest decline of evoked DA release. We conclude that forced behaviors, such as motivation not to fall, can be partially maintained even when DA release is severely compromised, whereas spontaneous behaviors are much more sensitive to impaired DA release, and that presumed secondary non‐dopaminergic system alterations do not markedly counteract or aggravate effects of severe impairment of DA release.

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Penetration study of oils and its formulations into the human hair using confocal microscopy
Authors: Srivastav Ashu , Dandekar Prajakta , Jain Ratnesh
Published: April 2019

Background

Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) is a nondestructive method for observing the samples in three dimensions as well in their natural environment. Therefore, it is well suited for studying human hair. This investigation is focused on evaluating the comparative penetration ability of vegetable vs mineral oils and their formulations with excipient, in human hair.

Aims

Laser scanning confocal microscopy was employed to assess thin cross sections of human hair, treated with oils and their formulations, to comprehend their penetration capability and pattern.

Methods

Hair incubated with individual oils or their formulations were labeled with the fluorescent dye was cross‐sectioned into thin fragments and visualized under the LSCM.

Results

The mineral oil demonstrated better penetration through the hair than the vegetable oils. Combination of these oils with excipient, in an appropriate ratio, had a substantial influence on oil penetration in terms of the depth of penetration.

Conclusions

Our investigation proved the suitability of fluorescent‐based imaging for studying the penetration of oils across human hair. This method can be employed as a potential analytical tool to study the penetration of various hair‐care formulations and/or their additives, to estimate their effects on human hair.
Do Expectations of Divorce Predict Union Formation in the Transition to Adulthood?
Authors: Arocho Rachel
Published: April 2019

Objective: This study describes the association between explicit expectations of divorce and subsequent first union formation during the transition to adulthood (ages 18–28).

Background: Expectations for marriage in young adulthood predict union formation. Even before marrying, young adults may express a perceived risk of eventual divorce, and expectations of divorce may also have implications for union formation during the transition to adulthood.

Method: Data from the 2005 to 2015 years of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Transition to Adulthood Supplement (n = 2,052) were used to estimate the association between expectations of divorce and entry into first premarital cohabitation and first marriage using discrete‐time logistic and multinomial logistic survival models.

Results: As hypothesized, greater expectations for divorce predicted slower entrance into first marriage, even when controlling for expectations for marriage and various sociodemographic characteristics, and predicted a greater likelihood of both remaining single and being first observed cohabiting instead of marrying in young adulthood for both men and women.

Conclusion: Despite desiring to marry, young adults may delay marriage if they are concerned about their risk of future divorce.
Combining Conventional Impressions and Intraoral Scans: A Technique for the Treatment of Complete Denture Patients with Flabby Tissue
Authors: Hong Seoung‐Jin , Lee Hyeonjong , Paek Janghyun , Pae Ahran , Kim Hyeong‐Seob , Kwon Kung‐Rock , Noh Kwantae
Published: April 2019

The conventional method for impressions of flabby tissue uses modified trays and highly flowable materials, but mucostatic impressions are difficult to achieve due to the viscous and the elastic natures of impression materials. In this report, a technique is presented in which conventional impression and intraoral scanning for a fully edentulous patient with flabby tissue are combined. The definitive impression was obtained by applying appropriate pressure to each tissue area, and the denture can be maintained passively and stable at rest and during function.
Polishing Methods' Influence on Color Stability and Roughness of 2 Provisional Prosthodontic Materials
Authors: Soares Irenaldo André , Leite Priscilla Kelly Batista da Silva , Farias Ohana Rodrigues , Lemos George Azevedo , Batista André Ulisses Dantas , Montenegro Robinsom Viegas
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the roughness and color change of a conventional acrylic resin and a bis‐acryl resin, submitted to different types of polishing and exposed to a staining solution.

Materials and Methods

One hundred specimens were manufactured from an autopolymerizing conventional acrylic resin (Duralay, shade 66) (n = 50) and a bis‐acryl resin (Protemp 4, shade A3) (n = 50) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Specimens were subdivided into 10 groups (n = 10), according to the type of resin and polishing method, including no‐polishing (control groups for acrylic resin [tungsten bur finishing] and bis‐acryl resin [cotton and alcohol]), Enhance System, Edenta kit, Labordental kit, and sandpaper. The specimens were immersed in a staining solution (coffee at 60°C) for 7 days. Surface roughness was evaluated before the first immersion (baseline – Ra1) and after 7 days (Ra2). The color change (∆E) was determined after 24 hours (∆E1) and 7 days (∆E2), by CIE L* a* b* scale. Data were statistically analyzed with 3‐way ANOVA for repeated measures test and Tukey test (α = 0.05).

Results

According to 3‐way ANOVA test, material, polishing techniques, and polishing*material factors exhibited statistically significant influence (p < 0.0001) on the roughness, and, for color change, material, polishing techniques, time, polishing*material, and material*time factors were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The polishing techniques successfully reduced the surface roughness of acrylic resin groups, when compared to control (p < 0.001), but for bis‐acryl resin, results were not different from the control group (Enhance: p = 0.954, Edenta: p = 0.866, sandpaper: p = 0.366, Labordental: p = 0.945). Surface roughness was not affected by the immersion in staining solution for 7 days. Color change of acrylic resin groups after 24 hours and 7 days of immersion exhibited a clinically acceptable value (ΔE < 3.7) with the exception of the Enhance group, and all bis‐acryl resin groups exhibited a clinically unacceptable color change value (ΔE > 3.7) independent of polishing technique and time interval (∆E1 and ∆E2).

Conclusions

Roughness of both materials was similar when the polishing techniques studied were performed, although Ra values were superior to the clinically acceptable values (0.20 µm), and were not affected by the immersion protocol studied; however, when esthetics are critical, the selection of material type is more important than the surface treatment technique used, and bis‐acryl resin was more susceptible to clinically unacceptable color change after immersion in a staining solution.
Beautiful city: Leisure amenities and urban growth
Authors: Carlino Gerald A. , Saiz Albert
Published: April 2019

Modern urban economic theory and policymakers are coming to see the provision of consumer‐leisure amenities as a way to attract population, especially the highly skilled and their employers. However, past studies have arguably only provided indirect evidence of the importance of leisure amenities for urban development. In this paper, we propose and validate the number of tourist trips and the number of crowdsourced picturesque locations as measures of consumer revealed preferences for local lifestyle amenities. Urban population growth in the 1990–2010 period was about 10% points (about one standard deviation) higher in a metro area that was perceived as twice more picturesque. This measure ties with low taxes as the most important predictor of urban population growth. “Beautiful cities” disproportionally attracted highly educated individuals and experienced faster housing price appreciation, especially in supply‐inelastic markets. In contrast to the generally declining trend of the American central city, neighborhoods that were close to central recreational districts have experienced economic growth, although at the cost of minority displacement.
Rapid eye movement fragmentation, not slow‐wave sleep, predicts neutral declarative memory consolidation in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Lipinska Gosia , Thomas Kevin G. F.
Published: April 2019

Individuals diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience disruption at both slow‐wave sleep (SWS) and rapid‐eye movement (REM) sleep stages and demonstrate marked memory impairment. A small group of studies suggests that, within the disorder, there is a mechanistic relation between these sleep and memory impairments. This study sought to extend that literature by examining whether, in PTSD‐diagnosed individuals, memory‐retention deficits are present after a sleep‐filled (but not after a wake‐filled) delay (i.e., whether memory deficits can be traced to interruptions of sleep‐dependent memory consolidation). Moreover, we investigated whether SWS‐ or REM‐based disturbances, or both, contribute to retention deficits. We recruited participants into three groups: PTSD (n = 21), trauma‐exposed non‐PTSD (TE; n = 19) and healthy control (HC; n = 20). Using a crossover design, we assessed memory recall before and after an 8‐hr period of polysomnography‐monitored sleep and an 8‐hr period of regular waking activity. PTSD‐diagnosed participants retained less information than controls over the sleep‐filled (but not wake‐filled) delay. Furthermore, increased REM fragmentation predicted postsleep memory retention in PTSD‐diagnosed individuals only. No SWS parameter was associated with or predictive of the amount of information retained postsleep. We conclude that specific REM‐related changes in PTSD‐diagnosed individuals affected sleep‐dependent neutral declarative memory consolidation. Generally, these findings extend the literature suggesting that the co‐occurrence of sleep and memory difficulties in PTSD is not accidental, but that these two symptom clusters are meaningfully related. Specifically, the study illustrates that subtle REM‐related disruptions contribute most strongly to memory impairment in PTSD.
Can spectral power predict subjective sleep quality in healthy individuals?
Authors: Gabryelska Agata , Feige Bernd , Riemann Dieter , Spiegelhalder Kai , Johann Anna , Białasiewicz Piotr , Hertenstein Elisabeth
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectral density and subjective sleep quality in healthy individuals. The sample was selected from the archival database of the Sleep Center at the Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, and consisted of 206 healthy adults aged 19–73 years (85 male, 121 female) who underwent a polysomnographic examination for two consecutive nights. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with spectral power variables of different frequency bands as dependent variables and subjective sleep quality, night number, age and gender as independent variables was statistically significant for subjective sleep quality, age and gender, but not for night number. In subsequent separate ANOVAs, higher subjective sleep quality was significantly related to decreased non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 2 sigma 2 and rapid eye movement (REM) delta 1; however, the relation between REM delta 1 and sleep quality did not remain significant when REM duration was accounted for. The effect sizes of the correlations between sleep quality and spectral power were small (r = −0.1). In contrast to common assumptions, the amount of variance in subjective sleep quality that can be explained through EEG power spectral density variables is small. This finding indicates that subjective and objective sleep are different constructs, the interrelations of which are not yet well understood.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of conspecific movement explain a solitary carnivore's space use
Authors: Kanda C. Z. , Oliveira‐Santos L. G. R. , Morato R. G. , de Paula R. C. , Rampim L. E. , Sartorello L. , Haberfeld M. , Galetti M. , Cezar Ribeiro M.
Published: April 2019

Patterns of space use by an individual emerge as a result of their movements, and their decisions of when and where to move are related to the distribution of resources needed for their survival and reproduction. Solitary species are characterized by limited social interaction with conspecifics, moving independently or maintaining a spatiotemporal avoidance of them, except during courtship or parental care. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of various factors on space use by jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Pantanal of Brazil. We used step selection functions (SSF) to evaluate the effect of the tendency to return to the home‐range center (HRC), habitat, time of day and distance to conspecifics on jaguars’ space use. Five jaguars with partially overlapping home ranges were simultaneously monitored using global positioning system collars. The results indicate that the main factors guiding individual movement are the spatiotemporal movements of conspecifics, differences in HRC between sexes, and the variations in habitat type throughout the day. Tracked females presented strong HRC, limiting their movements to the vicinity of their HRC, while the single tracked male did not. The habitat varies throughout the day, according to daily activities; forest and water bodies were selected all day long, but especially at night, when the species is more active and hunting. Tracked male and females selected areas that maximized the likelihood of encountering a female, but females avoided areas with a likelihood of encountering the single tracked male. Our findings allowed us to propose the solitary species’ space use, highlighting the relevance of including conspecifics as factors in the selection or avoidance of determined areas.
Hemobilia: Historical overview, clinical update, and current practices
Authors: Zhornitskiy Alex , Berry Rani , Han James Y. , Tabibian James H.
Published: April 2019

Hemobilia refers to macroscopic blood in the lumen of the biliary tree. It represents an uncommon, but important, cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and can have potentially lethal sequelae if not promptly recognized and treated. The earliest known reports of hemobilia date to the 17th century, but due to the relative rarity and challenges in diagnosis of hemobilia, it has historically not been well‐studied. Until recently, most cases of hemobilia were due to trauma, but the majority now occur as a sequela of invasive procedures involving the hepatopancreatobiliary system. A triad (Quincke's) of right upper quadrant pain, jaundice and overt gastrointestinal bleeding has been classically described in hemobilia, but it is present in only a minority of patients. Therefore, prompt diagnosis depends critically on a high index of suspicion based on a patient's clinical presentation and a history of recently undergoing hepatopancreatobiliary intervention or having other predisposing factors. Treatment of hemobilia depends on the suspected source and clinical severity and thus ranges from supportive medical care to urgent advanced endoscopic, interventional radiologic, or surgical intervention. In the present review, we provide a historical perspective, clinical update and overview of current trends and practices pertaining to hemobilia.
Dietary partitioning promotes the coexistence of planktivorous species on coral reefs
Authors: Leray Matthieu , Alldredge Alice L. , Yang Joy Y. , Meyer Christopher P. , Holbrook Sally J. , Schmitt Russell J. , Knowlton Nancy , Brooks Andrew J.
Published: April 2019

Theories involving niche diversification to explain high levels of tropical diversity propose that species are more likely to co‐occur if they partition at least one dimension of their ecological niche space. Yet, numerous species appear to have widely overlapping niches based upon broad categorizations of resource use or functional traits. In particular, the extent to which food partitioning contributes to species coexistence in hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems remains unresolved. Here, we use a molecular approach to investigate inter‐ and intraspecific dietary partitioning between two species of damselfish (Dascyllus flavicaudus, Chromis viridis) that commonly co‐occur in branching corals. Species‐level identification of their diverse zooplankton prey revealed significant differences in diet composition between species despite their seemingly similar feeding strategies. Dascyllus exhibited a more diverse diet than Chromis, whereas Chromis tended to select larger prey items. A large calanoid copepod, Labidocera sp., found in low density and higher in the water column during the day, explained more than 19% of the variation in dietary composition between Dascyllus and Chromis. Dascyllus did not significantly shift its diet in the presence of Chromis, which suggests intrinsic differences in feeding behaviour. Finally, prey composition significantly shifted during the ontogeny of both fish species. Our findings show that levels of dietary specialization among coral reef associated species have likely been underestimated, and they underscore the importance of characterizing trophic webs in tropical ecosystems at higher levels of taxonomic resolution. They also suggest that niche redundancy may not be as common as previously thought.
Episcopal Liturgical Pastoral Governance: A Restricted Reception
Authors: Gadie Paul
Published: April 2019

The Constitution on the Liturgy, Sacrosanctum concilium (1963), envisaged an extensive episcopal liturgical governance role. With the local episcopal conference, the bishop was to regulate the use of language in the liturgy and prepare and translate liturgical prayers into ‘living languages’ and oversee the implementation of liturgical change. These were key conciliar expressions of episcopal governance, which represented a deeper theology of the episcopacy. In subsequent years, the Council's reform agenda was challenged and resisted by the Roman Curia and others. The Curia aimed at protecting its pre-Vatican II position of governance and was not inclined to receive the Council's collegial and synodal ecclesiology. The most recent development, Magnum principium (2017), may be viewed as an opportunity yet to be grasped.
Property advertising and the representational production of suburbia: “Functional suburbs” and “lifestyle suburbs” in Auckland
Authors: Turner Alexandria , Mann Michael , Baker Tom
Published: April 2019

This paper joins literature on suburban advertising with Lefebvre's concept of representational space to analyse property advertisements as part of the representational production of suburban space. Based on comparative analysis of advertising material for suburban residential developments on Auckland's “North Shore” in two time‐periods—1950s and 2010s—the paper examines changes and continuities in thematic content. While property advertisements in the mid‐1900s emphasised the “functional suburb,” paying attention to attributes such as quality of utilities and proximity to the central city, more recently advertisements have more strongly emphasised the “lifestyle suburb,” with a focus on middle‐class community and natural amenity.
Case series of 331 cases of sugammadex compared to neostigmine in patients under 2 years of age
Authors: Franz Amber M. , Chiem Jennifer , Martin Lizabeth D. , Rampersad Sally , Phillips Jennifer , Grigg Eliot B.
Published: April 2019

Background

Sugammadex is a novel neuromuscular blockade reversal agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2015, but little literature exists for patients less than 2 years of age.

Aims

The aims of this study were to: describe a cohort of patients 2 years old and younger who received sugammadex; describe any adverse effects of sugammadex in this age group; compare time from end of surgery to out of operating room for sugammadex versus neostigmine; compare time between last dose of neuromuscular blocking drug and reversal; and use train‐of‐four data to assess reversal.

Methods

Chart review of the medical record and the anesthesia information system captured all patients in this age cohort who received sugammadex or neostigmine over a two‐year period. Adverse medication events were pulled from a mandatory quality improvement field in the electronic anesthesia record. T‐tests were used for analyses.

Results

No adverse effects were reported with 331 doses of sugammadex. The average time in minutes between end of surgery and out of operating room was similar for neostigmine (19.6) versus sugammadex (19.4) (mean difference 0.2, 95% CI −1.5‐1.8, P = 0.85). The average time in minutes between last dose of neuromuscular blocking drug and reversal agent was longer for neostigmine (103) than for sugammadex (84) (mean difference 19, 95% CI 13‐26, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Sugammadex administration in this young population did not result in any adverse effects. It appears to be equally effective as neostigmine in patients under 2 years of age.