bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Al2O3 Coatings Prepared By RF Sputtering on Polyethylene Separators for High Power Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Taejoo , Lee Yunju , Appiah Williams Agyei , Kim Sang Hern , Yeon Daeyong , Lee Hoogil , Ryou Myung-Hyun , Lee Yong Min
Published: February 2020

Most of the separators currently used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are based on microporous polyolefin membranes such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Such separators have excellent mechanical strength and chemical stability, but their thermal properties should be further improved to meet required level of safety for large-format LIBs. In order to achieve this goal, highly heat-resistive components including ceramic coated layers [1] and thermal resistive polymeric layers [2, 3] are introduced onto separator surfaces via dip-coating method, atomic layer deposition, and chemical vapor deposition method.

In order to develop a novel and economical process with continuous processing, in this study, we introduced Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering method for fabricating aluminum oxide (Al2O3) ceramic coating layers onto PE separators. Coating thickness of Al2O3 layers was controlled as a function of RF sputtering power and coating time. We also evaluated morphological changes of PE separators in regard to sputtering time by measuring Gurley number, wettability, and ionic conductivity. The unit cells employing coated PE separators revealed similar level of cell performance compared to those of the unit cells employing bare PE separators. We believe that the improved wetting ability of ceramic coating layers successfully compensates pore-blocking effect. On the other hand, we verified that heat resistance of Al2O3 coated PE separators was remarkably improved out of a short sputtering time.

References

[1] H. Jeong, S. Hong,and S. Lee, Journal of Membrane Science 364 (2010) 177-182

[2] Y. Lee, M. Ryou, M. Seo, J. Choi, and Y. Lee, Elec. Acta, 113 (2013) 433-438

[3] J. Song, M. Ryou, B. son, J. Lee, D. Lee, Y. Lee, J. Choi, and J. Park, Elec. Acta, 85 (2012) 524-530
Analysis of Mechanical Degradation in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Barai Pallab , Schulz Volker P , Mukherjee Partha P.
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes consist of four different phases; active particle, binder, conductive additive and electrolyte. During operation, the active particles (e.g. graphite anode, lithium metal oxide cathode) are responsible for hosting the Li ions. Conductive additives help in increasing the electronic conductivity of the electrode. The binder, typically PVDF, holds the active particles and conductive additives together and gives mechanical stability to the electrode. The electrolyte occupies the pore-space and forms the electrochemically active interfacial area with the active particles and provides pathways for lithium-ion transport. Lithium ions intercalate and deintercalate into the host material through diffusion process. This can cause significant swelling in the active particles and induce diffusion induced stress. For high-capacity active materials, the swelling can be significant. Because of swelling, the active particles squeeze the binders and nearby conductive additives to make space for themselves. During delithiation, the active particles shrink. Because of its inherent plasticity, the binders cannot restore its initial configuration. As a result, delamination may occur and the contact between the active particles and the conductive additives may be lost, which eventually would lead to capacity fade and deterioration in performance of the lithium ion battery. Diffusion induced stress may lead to mechanical degradation in terms of formation of microcracks in the active particles. Nucleation of these microcracks results in formation of spanning cracks which eventually leads to catastrophic failure of the material.

We have demonstrated a random lattice spring based methodology to characterize the development of microscopic damage and their subsequent nucleation to form crack fronts. According the lattice spring method, breaking of each bond is simulated by solving the equilibrium equation. A discrete lattice based model will be developed to characterize the nonlinear deformation of binder materials. Delamination between the active particles and the binders will also be captured. Part (a), (b) and (c) in the figure provides a schematic demonstration of the delamination mechanism observed in lithium ion batteries. Part (d) of the figure shows mechanical degradation inside an active particle during delithiation. In this work, we will highlight the implications of mechanical degradation in terms of interfacial delamination and micro-crack formation in the LIB electrodes.
Composite NiO-NiSe Thin Film Fabricated by Pulse Laser Deposition as a New Anode of Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Cui Yanhua , Dai Hequn , Liu Xiaojiang , Fu Zhengwen
Published: February 2020

In 2000, Tarascon et al. revealed the reversible conversion reaction based on the size effect of nanoparticles in metal oxide system, whose theoretical capacity is up to 1000mAh·g-1[1]. However, except large capacity, metal oxide as anode material has its own drawbacks. For example, the electronic conductivity of metal oxides is usually poor, and some of them will form alloy with lithium during the reaction process which cause huge volume change. In order to overcome these obstacles, lots of methods have been presented. Mainly includes the following ways: 1) Fabricating thin film materials, 2) Synthesizing nanostructured materials, 3) Doping or preparing composite materials. Further works showed the doping is effective and convenient in thin film fabrication, and the composite thin films usually obtained better performance than the single system.

NiO-NiSe nanocomposite films were fabricated by plused laser deposition. Charge/discharge measurements, cyclic voltammograms and AC impedance tests were used to investigate cyclic performance and electrochemical properties of the materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were employed to detect the structure, morphology and composition of these nanocomposite films in certain electrochemical states. In addition, the electrochemical reaction mechanism of the films versus Li were discussed.

The results indicated that: Compared with the single system NiO or NiSe, the transfer resistance of lithium ion in NiO-NiSe nanocomposite thin film is smaller. NiO-NiSe electrode also exhibited a little higher discharge-charge capacity and better cycle performance. After 50 cycles, a reversible capacity of 495mAh.g-1 can still be obtained. NiO-NiSe nanocomposite film also has good rate capability and is more suitable for lithium-ion battery anode material. The electrochemical reaction mechanism investigation showed that NiO and NiSe in the electrode reacted with lithium separately and could be reversibly reproduced.
Energy Water Nexus Pleanry Speaker #4
Authors: Wachsman Eric D.
Published: February 2020

coming
In Field Applications of Single Chamber Membraneless Microbial Fuel Cells (SCMFCs) for Wastewater Treatment, Metal Reduction and Nutrients Removal
Authors: Cristiani Pierangela , Trasatti Stefano P.
Published: February 2020

In this study, prototypes of SCMFCs were applied or are in process to be applied for real world applications. Particularly, several large surface electrodes MFCs are currently operating in the 32 parallel lines wastewater treatment plant of Nosedo (Milan,Italy). Different chemical and biological conditions led to favorable environment for the development of effective bioanodes and biocathodes in MFCs immersed in the anoxic and aerobic tanks, despite low organic load in the wastewater inlet. The influence of carbon electrode surface extent was preliminary evaluated, showing the possibility of scale-up processes.

Another preliminary study is currently in progress in the water of a prealpine meromictic lake (Idro Lake, Italy). The possibility of using bio-electrochemical/electrolyses system for remediating a local pollution will be deployed. The typical presence of the net separation between an aerobic and anaerobic area in the water body makes a meromictic lake affine to a massive MFC. A optimized procedure for the electro-sorption of specific oxide/hydroxide transitional metals (e.g. manganese and other metals and nutrients) on cathodes of MFC systems will be developed for the application in field, as a new innovative strategy for metal pollution remediation.

Future applications will be also directed in deploying sediment MFC with anode immersed in the sediments and cathode covered by plants. Based on the preliminary results, a “garden island” will be designed for covering a wetland in order to reduce significantly also the organic load in the pool. Prototype of multi–array MFCs, with an impressive design and style of “little floating garden” will be studied and presented at the International Exposition in Milan 2015.

Preliminary experimentations are now devoted to develop and validate electrochemically/chemically activated materials and hierarchically catalyzed surfaces, in collaboration with several different specialists, in order to enhance the performance of cathodes and anodes of the SCMFC tested and decrease operating costs.
Research and Study of Low-cost and Reliable Materials for Anode and Cathode Electrodes in Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs): Scale Up of Materials for Real Application
Authors: Santoro Carlo , Babanova Sofia , Atanassov Plamen , Trasatti Stefano P. , Cristiani Pierangela
Published: February 2020

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioelectrochemical capable of oxidizing organics compounds and generating electricity simultaneously. The ultimate goal would be to realize a low cost treatment system that would work in self-sustainable. In order to achieve that, our groups are moving towards materials study, characterization, modification and development and optimization with the vision of scaling up BES.

Several sets of anodes carbonaceous and metallic materials have been investigated. Carbonaceous materials have been investigated and functionalized with chemical and electrochemical technique in order to increase oxygen and nitrogen functional groups that allow faster and higher bacteria attachment enhancing the biofilm electro-activity and electrons generation. Unfortunately, carbonaceous materials are very expensive and not enough robust to be deployed in long terms operation. As alternative, stainless steel (SS304) commercially available plain sheet has been investigated achieving similar performances compared to carbonaceous-based electrodes. The establishment of strictly anaerobic conditions in a short amount of time guaranteed also the conditions necessary to avoid metal corrosion. SS304 looks to be promising for large-scale applications due to the materials robustness and very reduced cost (order of magnitudes lower than carbonaceous-based groups). Further studies are currently in progress towards the direction of optimizing the SS304 material adding functional groups, hierarchically organized carbon structures and protecting the SS from long term possible deterioration and corrosion.

Several sets of cathodes have been deployed also in order to replace the more expensive and utilized platinum and guarantee long terms conditions. Cathodes based on cheap and high surface area activated carbon has been deployed for treating wastewaters. Other efficient, highly active and low cost catalysts based on non-PGM catalysts have been also studied with high performances and actually better behavior of platinum in SCMFC due to the establishment of highly alkaline conditions in proximity of the cathode. Moreover, those catalysts showed a better resistance to get pollutants from toxic compounds naturally present into wastewater. The low cost, high performance and reduced possibility to get poisoned make non-PGM a suitable choice of catalysts to be deployed in BESs.
Electrofuel Production Using Genetically Engineered Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans
Authors: Banta Scott , West Alan
Published: February 2020

We have been developing an electrofuels platform for the production of fuels and chemicals from dilute CO2 using electricity. The electricity can come from diverse sources which enables this technology to serve as an alternative means for storing and utilizing renewable energy. The process uses Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans which are chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that can oxidize iron at low pH. The oxidized iron can be reduced electrochemically and recycled to the bioreactor. We have extensively characterized the growth of the wild type Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans cells in continuous cultures and we have found that the use of chelators such as citric acid can enable growth at higher pH ranges which can improve growth efficiency, maximum cell yields, and steady state cell densities. We have also developed a platform for genetically modifying the Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans cells and we have now expressed 4 different exogenous genes in this host organism. This is enabling us to explore new promoters and regulatory sequences to direct carbon flux through new synthetic metabolic pathways. For example, we have introduced a pathway for isobutyric acid production and the results of the characterization of these new cell lines will be presented.

We have developed an optimized media formulation for combining the biochemical and electrochemical reactors together, and we have performed extended experiments of the integrated system using wild type cells, allowing us to calculate biomass produced per kWhr of electricity under different operating conditions. We have also build a prototype system with some process control to enable longer term evaluation of the electrofuels platform, and the latest results of this technology will be presented.
Disinfection of Liquid Human Waste through Photoelectrochemical Treatment
Authors: Peng Qing , Raut Akshay S. , Cordova Isvar A. , Parker Charles B. , Amsden Jason J. , Stoner Brian R. , Glass Jeffrey T.
Published: February 2020

Currently, one third of the world population does not have sufficient access to clean water for personal sanitation and proper wastewater disposal.1 Global population growth, climate change, and pollution from human activities pose an even heavier burden on the available water resources.1,2 Therefore, sustainable methods that can disinfect liquid human waste (LHW) into reusable water before discharging into the environment are urgently needed to address water and energy challenges.1,3

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes are a promising method to address this challenge by utilizing inexhaustible solar energy to reclaim water from LHW and generate/store energy. In a typical PEC device, the semiconductor/liquid junction is formed spontaneously when a semiconductor is immersed in an electrolyte. Owing to the band bending of the semiconductor (n-type as an example), photoexcited (e-
)/(h+
) pairs in the depletion region of the semiconductor are then separated and migrate to the interfaces of electrode/electrolyte to drive reduction (e.g., proton reduction for H2 production) and oxidation (e.g., oxidizing organics or water) reaction respectively.

In this presentation, we will present the preliminary data showing PEC process as a viable process to reclaim LHW, which consists of human urine, as well as bacteria and organics from solid waste. Human urine consists of water (>95 wt.%), urea ~9g/L, chloride 2g/L, sodium 1g/L, potassium ~1g/L, and other organics such as tryptone. The possibility of generating chlorine oxidative species through PEC with LHW as the electrolyte for disinfection will be shown. We will also present the generation rate of chlorine oxidative species through PEC using TiO2 nanowire-based electrodes (Fig. 1), as well as the effects of organics in LHW on chlorine oxidative species generation rate by using model electrolytes. Fig 1 shows that total Cl oxidative species generation rate with photocurrent of TiO2 nanowire (NW) electrode. The electrode with 1.8mA photocurrent is about 3 times of the electrode area of 0.5mA. The effect of the supporting electrolyte, light scattering/absorption, and biofouling of the PEC electrode surface on the disinfection process will also be included in the presentation. In summary, we will show the promise of a PEC strategy for reclaiming water from LHW, along with challenges to be overcome for practical implementation of this method.

Reference:

1 Grant, S. B., et.al. Taking the "Waste" Out of "Wastewater" for Human Water Security and Ecosystem Sustainability. Science
337, 681-686, (2012).

2 Vorosmarty, C. J., et al. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature
467, 555-561, (2010).

3 Cho, K., Kwon, D. & Hoffmann, M. R. Electrochemical treatment of human waste coupled with molecular hydrogen production. Rsc Advances
4, 4596-4608, (2014).
Real-Time FET-Based Biosensor Using the Wet Cyclone Air Sampler
Authors: Sung Gi-woon , Ahn Chisung , Kim Taesung
Published: February 2020

Traditionally, microbial pollution of the environment has been associated with missions from operations in agricultural farms, poultry processing plants, landfills, and waste processing facilities. With the advent of biotechnology, new sources of bio-aerosol pollution have been generated from the utilization of genetically-engineered microbial strains in producing pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and food substitutes. Thus, detection of airborne pollution particles such as pathogenic, allergenic, and microorganisms is crucial to ensure a sanitary work environment. In this study, a cyclone bio-aerosol sampler is designed based on the Stokes number and Reynolds number to collect and concentrate bio-aerosol particles in a liquid. In addition, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are used to study the performance of an bio-aerosol sampling cyclone that continuously collects particles onto a flowing liquid film. At an aerosol sampling flow rate of 1000 L/min and a continuous liquid outflow rate of 1 mL/min, Cutpoint particle size is about 1 μm aerodynamic diameter. The sampler was connected to the FET-based biosensor using fluid channel in order to design real-time detection system (fig. 1). To evaluate the real-time detection system, protein particles were injected in the chamber of 1 m3 and collected in a liquid that are passed through the wet cyclone. The collected concentrate was delivered to the FET-based biosensor causing antigen-antibody reaction with protein through the fluid channel. Then the electrical signals were detected between the two materials using Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer (SPA).
Use of Langmuir Blodgett Thin Films in Tunnel Diodes for Energy Harvesting or Sensing Applications
Authors: Sharma Saumya , Stefanakos Elias , Goswami Yogi , Hoff Andrew , Ram Manoj
Published: February 2020

Tunnel diodes have been found suitable for use in high frequency rectification for energy harvesting or sensing applications in structures known as rectennas. For tunneling to take place in a metal insulator metal (MIM) type assembly, an ultrathin pinhole free insulating layer must be deposited between the metal layers for the diode to operate with small turn on voltages.

Langmuir Blodgett (LB) thin film deposition is a useful technique that allows the deposition of conformal, uniform monomolecular layers with a precise control of thickness. Organic compounds such as Vinyl Stearate, 10-12 Pentacosadiynoic Acid (PDA), Arachidic Acid and Porphyrin were considered for deposition onto a Nickel film and were later topped with a small metal contact to complete the metal insulator metal diode assembly.

Optical, electrochemical and electrical characterization were performed to check the quality of deposition of the thin insulator film and to analyze its material properties. Specifically, UV spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy techniques were utilized for this purpose. An electrochemical study was performed with the insulating monolayers deposited using the LB method on an Indium Tin Oxide coated glass substrate.

Picoammeter measurements on the metal insulator metal junctions showed improved tunneling characteristics with fewer pinholes in the film after UV initiated polymerization. This was possible due to the intermolecular crosslinking in the film which was induced by the UV exposure. This was confirmed with the detection of more pronounced peaks at C=C vibration frequencies.
Invited Talk: React-in-Place Battery Electrodes for Large Scale Energy Storage
Authors: Steingart Daniel A , Gupta Tanya , Van Tassell Barry , Zamarayeva Alla
Published: February 2020

We present a coupling of synthesis and deposition procedures for large scale, high performance electrochemical energy storage electrodes. We will use inkjet deposited precursors to create oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, and phosphates from combinations of a range of homogeneous liquid precursors. A range of equilibrium (e.g. hot/cold stage) and nonequlibrium (laser) post processing tools have been built into the machine to allow for control of both chemical kinetics and morphology.

At first this coupling may seem counterintuitive. The separation of active material synthesis and deposition allows for chemists and process engineers to optimize for two differents operations rather a single operation as we proposed above. The problem with this decoupled approach is that battery electrodes suffer from the difficult problem of “repeatable painting of high mass loaded slurries.” Inch-to-inch and batch-to-batch the electrode has variations in porosity and active material mixing that in the worst electrodes leads to inconsistent capacity and in the all electrodes leads to inconsistent impedance as a function of position and electrode number. For low rate, low cycle systems this impedance mismatch is less of a problem, but as higher rates are demanded for longer cycle lifes in smaller form factors (e.g. high performance portable electronics, electric vehicles), the uncertainty of the art of slurry casting becomes a significant challenge for industry. Beyond this, the poor ordering and rough surfaces left by traditional slurry casting and provide difficulties for creating batteries for conformal/flexible applications.

This is a recognized problem and there are many efforts which are recoupling materials processing and device processing to solve this problem, including layer-by-layer electrode assembly and co-extrusion processes. Our effort furthers this recoupling by creating the desired structure repeatedly at the correct locations at high throughput and with heretofore unrealized layer registration for batteries.

Inkjet printers have exceptional reliability and repeatability with liquid-only inks, while nanoparticle laden inks either 1) quickly clog heads at high solid mass loading or 2) result in isolated/poorly percolated particle coatings at low solid mass loading. This is acceptable for typographic inks, certain sensor systems, and catalyst links, but not for electrochemical energy storage systems. By jetting and mixing chemical precursors on sorbet substrates, we can accomplish two goals

1) at a laboratory scale we can using combinatorial methods to test non-stoichiometric, many component and/or composite structures for optimal processes

2) at a production scale we can synthesis the same structure with 10 µm precission over many meters of film per hour.
Study of High Performance LiMn2O4 Thin Films for Nanoscale Batteries
Authors: Put Brecht , Labyedh Nouha , Radu Iuliana P. , Huyghebaert Cedric , Vereecken Philippe M. , Stesmans Andre
Published: February 2020

Three-dimensional (3D)Li-ion batteries hold the potential to revolutionize the battery landscape. They are expected to provide a high power output and at the same time a large capacity. The potential for high power is related to the fast kinetics associated with thin film materials, while the high capacity may be provided by the large volume of active material1.

One of the best characterized high voltage battery electrodes is LiMn2O4
2.Until now, in order to attain sufficient capacity, powders of relatively thick layers of material with bulk properties were the focus of attention. However, by using 3D substrates the need for thick films to obtain high capacity is relieved, since the capacity is proportional to the area enhancement created by the 3D substrate.

In this work we report on the evaluation of ultra-thin (25-100 nm) LiMn2O4 layers. The material was deposited by RF-sputtering on a Pt substrate. Subsequently, the layers were annealed at 800 °C. Crystallinity and morphology were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. Even the thinnest layers (25 nm) were closed and highly crystalline. The stoichiometry of the material has been determined by a combination of elastic recoil detection and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements.

The electrochemical properties of the films were evaluated using a three electrode electrochemical cell. Cyclic voltammetry of all films showed characteristic Li insertion and extraction peaks around 4 V and 3 V vs Li+/Li. Both the cyclability and

rate-performance of the films were investigated by charge/discharge experiments. Cyclability of LiMn2O4/LiPON half cells were also probed.

All films reached 100 % of the theoretical capacity. The 25nm films showed the best rate performance, retaining over 70 % of the theoretical capacity at 50C as seen in figure 1. This highlights the excellent rate properties of ultra thin films. Further information about the film’s kinetic properties was obtained by using potential dependent impedance spectroscopy3.

The work reported here will give more insight into the properties of ultra-thin films that are expected to be used in 3D batteries. It can also serve as model system for nanoparticle based batteries.

Vereecken et al., ECS transactions, 58 (10), 2013

Thackeray et al., Journal of power sources, 21, 1987

Mohamedi et al., Journal of power sources, 93, 2001
High-Capacity Si Microwire Anode with Enhanced Conductivity
Authors: Quiroga-González Enrique , Föll Helmut
Published: February 2020

As a potential anode for Li ion batteries silicon has a theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g, more than ten times that of standard graphite anodes with a capacity of 370 mAh/g. Microstructured Si in wire-shape overcomes problems caused by its four-fold volume expansion during its lithiation, allowing capacity stability over hundreds of cycles [1].

We have developed a new concept of Si microwire anodes that consists of an array of Si microwires embedded at one end in a Cu current collector [2]. The capacity of the anodes is very stable over 100 cycles [3], and breaks all the records when considering the capacity per area (mAh/cm2) [4]. The mechanical stability of the wires is surprising, since their diameter (» 1 µm) is far larger than what was deemed reasonable (< 300 nm) for avoiding cracking. However, it has been observed that the resistance of the wires is large and may increase after tens of cycles, probably due to a porosification process. Due to the large resistance the voltage limits of the anode (at which the galvanostatic charging/discharging is stopped) are reached fast. The anodes are cycled in a standard way, changing to a potentiostatic mode once the voltage limits are reached, stopping until the current decreases to 10 % of the initial value. The potentiostatic mode is slower than the galvanostatic one, thus the longer the galvanostatic mode lasts, the faster is the cycling. For many applications it is desired to have the possibility of charging/discharging fast.

By chemically coating the wires with a thin granular Cu film of about 20 nm (see Fig.1a), their resistance is decreased. The galvanostatic lithiation is low just for the first cycle, and then it is greatly enhanced from the second cycle (see Fig.1b). The low value for the first cycle occurs because during the first cycle the wires are amorphized, and a solid electrolyte interface is formed, which are slow processes. When the wires are uncoated, it takes more cycles to reach a high value. Further details of the enhancement of conductivity and its effect on the performance of the anodes will be shown in the full paper and at the conference.

[1] C.K. Chan, H. Peng, G. Liu, K. McIlwrath, X.F. Zhang, R.A. Huggins, Y. Cui, Nat. Nanotechnol., 3, 31 (2008).

[2] E. Quiroga-González, E. Ossei-Wusu, J. Carstensen, H. Föll, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, E119 (2011).

[3] E. Quiroga-González, J. Carstensen, H. Föll, Electrochim. Acta, 101, 93 (2013).

[4] E. Quiroga-González, J. Carstensen, H. Föll, Energies, 6, 5145 (2013).
3M HQ-115 (LiTFSI) Electrolyte Additive Dramatically Improves Battery Performance in Electrolytes Containing Trace Amounts of Water
Authors: Xiao Ang , Eberman Kevin W , Lamanna Bill , Jain Gaurav , Ye Hui , Burns John Chris , Sinha Nupur Nikkan , Dahn Jeff
Published: February 2020

3M has successfully commercialized lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) (trade name: HQ-115) as an electrolyte additives in commercial lithium ion batteries. Based on our investigations and customer’s feedback, when used as an electrolyte additive, HQ-115 improves cycle life in Graphite/LiCoO2 cells at high temperature. Similar results are obtained in Graphite/MNC cells. Cycle life improvements achieved by adding HQ-115 correlates with reduced cell impedance. HQ-115 also reduces gassing at the negative electrode and can prevent shorting under high temperature float test conditions with single layer PE separator. Thus cell life and safety are improved using HQ-115 as additives in standard electrolyte.

Recent studies by 3M, Dalhousie University, and Medtronic indicate that HQ-115 is a useful additive for maintaining acceptable cell performance under conditions where moisture levels in the electrolyte are elevated. It is interesting that the addition of HQ-115 to either VC+100 ppm water or VC+1000 ppm water cells reduced the cell swelling and impedance rise compared to identical cells without HQ-115, consistent with later long term cycling data at 55oC. Thus HQ-115 additive can enable relaxation of specifications on water in electrolyte. The results reported herein suggest that relaxing specifications on water content in electrolyte with added HQ-115 as additives may be one avenue for cost-reduction of Li-ion cells with graphite negative electrodes. In August 2013, 3M, Dalhousie University, and Medtronic jointly filed a global patent application to cover these new benefits of 3M’s HQ-115 electrolyte additives in lithium ion batteries.

References:

Burns, John Christopher; Dahn, Jeffrey Raymond; Eberman, Kevin Wilmot; Jain, Gaurav; Lamanna, William Mario; Sinha, Nupur Nikkan; Xiao, Ang; Ye, Hui, US Patent Application 61/868043, Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes and Electrochemical Cells, August 2013
In Search of Electrolyte Additives for High Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Graphite Batteries
Authors: Delp Samuel A. , Allen Joshua L. , Jow T. Richard
Published: February 2020

Current lithium ion battery research has focused on increasing energy density. This can be accomplished by using electrode material with a higher gravimetric/volumetric capacity or using cathode material that operates at a higher voltage than that of today’s lithium ion batteries (~4V). One promising material, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), has a gravimetric capacity of ~140 mAh g-1 and an operating voltage of ~4.7 V, yielding an energy density of 658 Wh kg-1, compared to current state of the art (SOA) cathode materials LiCoO2 (518 Wh kg-1), LiMn2O4 (480 Wh kg-1) or LiFePO4 (578 Wh kg-1). However, the SOA electrolyte (LiPF6 in carbonate solvents) is not stable above ~4.5 V and undergoes oxidation reactions at the cathode surface. A possible solution to this problem is using additives that preferentially oxidize on the cathode surface and form a protective layer that prevents further electrolyte oxidation while still allowing lithium ions to transport back and forth. Current additives under investigation as well as results and interpretation will be discussed.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Straw Strutured Cu-Doped Coo Composite As Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Huang Yanan , Chen Chengcheng , An Cuihua , Wang Yijing , Jiao Lifang , Yuan Huatang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
High Power Density Zinc-Nickel Single Flow Batteries with Excellent Performance
Authors: Cheng Yuanhui , Zhang Huamin , Lai Qinzhi , Li Xianfeng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Green Template-Free Synthesis of Mesoporous Ternary Co-Ni-Mn Oxide Nanowires Towards High-Performance Electrocheical Capacitors
Authors: Yuan Changzhou
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Improved Rate Properties of Graphene-Wrapped ZnMn2O4 Composite for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Zongmin , Yan Xingbin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of LiMnBO3
Authors: Tang An , Shen Jie , He Dong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemical Characterization of Ionic Liquid Attached Graphene Nanosheets Composite Electrodes
Authors: Kim Seok , Kim Ji Eun , Kim Yuna
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
High Performance and Rate Capability of Li3V2(PO4)3/Ag+Graphene Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Choi Mansoo , Kim Hyun-Soo , Lee Young Moo , Jin Bong-Soo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis of SnO2@Fe2O3 Hollow Nano-Spheres As Anode for Lithium Ion Battery with Enhanced Performance
Authors: Choi JongHyun , Kim Won-Sik , Hong Seong-Hyeon
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nano-LiFePO4/C Composite with Enhanced Low Temperature Performance
Authors: Sun Haizhu , Huang Guolong , Li Huanhuan , Ding Yanhong , Liu Yu , Zhang Jingping
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nickel Cobalt Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes As a High-Performance Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wang Haiyan , Tang Yougen
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Oxygen Reduction Catalytic Activity of Mn/MOF(Fe) Catalyst in Alkaline Media
Authors: Wang Hao , Yin Fengxiang , Li Guoru , Fan Tianyu , Chen Biaohua
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Binder-Free Nanotube Electrodes for High Energy and Power Density 3D Li-Ion Microbatteries
Authors: Wei Wei , Oltean Gabriel , Edström Kristina , Björefors Fredrik , Nyholm Leif
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Advanced Nanoporous Materials with High Performance in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Gao Qiuming , Tan Yanli , Tian Weiqian , Xu Jiandong , Zhu Lihua , Yang Kai , Li Zeyu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Worm-like Amorphous MnO2 Nanowires for High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Peihua , Li Yuzhi , Mai Wenjie
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Nune Satish K , Jeon Ju-Won , Arey Bruce W , Lemmon John P , Nandasiri Manjula I
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Graphene-Based Highly Dense but Porous Carbons with Ultrahigh Volumetric Capacitance for Supercapacitors
Authors: Tao Ying , Lv Wei , Yang Quan-Hong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Novel Pseudo-Polyanion Layered Materials Li[Li0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54](BO3)x-
a(BO4)aO2-δ with High Stability for the Cathode of Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Biao , Huang Weifeng , Ma Jin , Xia Dingguo , Wu Ziyu , Chu Wangsheng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Lithium Manganese Rich Transition Metal Oxide As Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Lu Wenquan , Wu Qingliu , Maroni Victor A. , Liu Yuzi , Gosztola David , Johnson Christopher , Dees Dennis W.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Rechargeable Li-Liquid Batteries Using Waste Li-Ion Battery Materials As Cathodes
Authors: Chun Jinyoung , Chung Moonsik , Lee Jinwoo , Kim Youngsik
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Three-dimensional hierarchical Co3O4@MnO2 core-Shell Nanoneedle Arrays: Morphology control and energy storage
Authors: Kong Dezhi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Design of Polymer Composite Double-Walled Nanotube Arrays for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Li Gao-Ren
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Pore Network Model for Effective Transport Properties and Water Sorption of PEM
Authors: Berg Peter , Stornes Morten
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Epoxy Crosslinked Hexafluoropropylidene-Polybenzimidazole-Based High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Yang Jingshuai , Liu Peipei , Xu Yixin , He Ronghuan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Activity Effect of Alcohol on Flat Plant Pt and Pt/C Electrodes
Authors: Sun Shuang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Mayenite-Based Material As a New SOFC Anode
Authors: Tolkacheva Anna Sergeevna , Shkerin Sergey Nikolaevich , Plaksin Sergey Vladimirovich , Bulanin Kirill Mikhailovich , Kochedykov Victor Anatolievich , Vovkotrub Emma Gavrilovna , Khrustov Vladimir Rudolfovich , Kuzmin Anton Valerievich , Karyakin Kirill Evgenievich , Fedotova Elena Anatolievna
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization of Nd0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Cu0.2O3-δ Cathode Material
Authors: Yimei Yin , Yin Jiewei , Lu Jun , Ma Zi-Feng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Activity of Heteroatom-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Catalysts for ORR in Alkaline and Acid Electrolytes
Authors: Qiao Jinli
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis of Sulfur-Nitrogen Co-Doped Graphene As Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for ORR
Authors: Min Wu , Jie Wang , Huan He , Fen Liu Su , Li Wang De
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Annealing Property of Spes-Sppsu Blend Membrane for Pemfcs
Authors: KIM Je-Deok , Jun Mun-Suk , Ghil Lee-Jin , KIM Sang-Woo , Rhee Hee-Woo , Di Vona Maria Luisa
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Structure-Conductivity Relationship of Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers
Authors: Morris David Ryan Peter , Liu Selina Peng , Villegas Gonzalez David , Gostick Jeffery T
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Cobalt-Free Pr1-xSrxFe0.8Cu0.2O3-ä (x=0~0.5) Perovskite Oxides As Cathode Materials for It-SOFC
Authors: Lu Jun , Yin Jiewei , Lv Weiming , Yin Yimei , Ma Zi-Feng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Invited Presentation: US DOE Battery R&D Progress related to Electric Drive Vehicles
Authors: Howell David
Published: February 2020

The Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technology Office (DOE VTO) is focused on funding high-reward/high-risk research by national laboratories, universities, and industry – to develop low-cost and high-performance batteries necessary for the broad consumer acceptance of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) in the marketplace. In fiscal year 2013 (FY 2013), the DOE VTO battery R&D funding totaled about $88 million. The status of current battery technologies for transportation applications, especially lithium-ion technologies, will be highlighted in this talk and the associated issues will be discussed. Current battery technology performance lies very far below its theoretically possible limit. In the near-term, even for existing lithium-ion technology, there is an opportunity to more than double the battery pack specific energy (from 100 Wh/kg to 250 Wh/kg) by using new high-capacity cathode materials, higher voltage electrolytes, and by replacing graphite anodes with high capacity silicon or tin-based intermetallic alloys. Despite recent promising advances, much more R&D is needed to achieve performance and lifetime requirements necessary for their successful deployment in PEVs. In the longer term, certain “beyond Li-ion” battery chemistries (e.g., lithium-sulfur, magnesium-ion, zinc-air, lithium-air, and other advanced chemistries) offer the possibility of specific energy values significantly higher than those of current lithium-ion batteries and they also show the potential for significantly reducing the battery cost. However, certain major shortcomings in the areas of cycle life, power density, energy efficiency, and/or other critical performance parameters; along with cost, currently hinder the commercial introduction of such “beyond Li-ion” battery systems. Therefore, innovative breakthroughs are needed for these new battery technologies to enter the market. This paper summarizes VTO-supported battery R&D projects for FY 2013 and provides a progress update on them. The research directions being pursued by VTO to develop next-generation lithium-ion batteries and beyond are described, along with a discussion of the current focus on materials development.

Figure: Battery manufacturers derived the above cost projections by using the USABC’s battery manufacturing cost model and assuming an annual production volume of 100,000 batteries per year (for validated battery cell and module designs, meeting DOE/USABC requirements for power, energy, and cycle life).
Invited Presentation: High-Energy Cathode Material for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Sun Yang-Kook , Noh Hyung-Joo , Nam Kyung-Wan , Yang Xiao-Qing , Amine Khalil
Published: February 2020

A great attention has been made on development of lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and long cycle life for automotive applications such as plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EV). A successful use in the automotive sectors, where both energy density and safety is of great importance, requires further increase in energy density, cycle life, and safety. Meeting this challenge has centered on finding new cathode materials with high capacity and excellent safety which is the major factor deciding for the real battery applications

One of the promising candidates for such batteries, Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 (Ni-rich NCM) and Li[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05]O2 (NCA) have been studied extensively for the last decade [1,2]. Though these materials deliver high capacity of 200 mAh g-1 (4.3 V cutoff voltage), they exhibit very poor thermal characteristics and cycling stability, particularly elevated temperature]. One of the most promising oxides is a core-shell (with gradient) [3] or full concentration gradient lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide [4] composed of a Mn-rich outer surface providing excellent safety and Ni-rich center achieving high capacity. This new approach has made it possible to design and develop materials with different gradient compositions and slopes within a particle.

In this presentation, we report a novel cathode material with two slope full concentration gradients (TSFCG) of Ni, Co, and Mn ions extending throughout each particle to increase average active redox species of Ni concentration and the lower Mn concentration in the particle outer surface. The Ni-rich TSFCG delivers a high capacity of more than 200 mAh g-1 (4.3 V cutoff voltage) with excellent cycle life and good thermal properties. Furthermore, the electrochemical and thermal properties of the TSFCG were compared with those of NCA and conventional cathode (C.C.).

References:

Kostecki, R. & McLarnon, F.: Local-probe studies of degradation of composite LiNi0
.
8Co0
.
15Al0
.
05O2 cathodes in high-power lithium-ion cells. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. , 2004, 7, p. A380_A383.

Kim, M.-H., Shin, H.-S., Shin, D. & Sun, Y.-K.: Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Li[Ni0
.
8Co0
.
1Mn0
.
1]O2 and Li[Ni0
.
8Co0
.
2]O2 via co-precipitation. J. Power Sources, 2006, 159, p. 1328-1333.

Sun, Y.-K. Sun, Myung S.-T., Park B.-C., Prakash J., Belharouak I., Amine K.: High-energy cathode material for long-life and safe lithium batteries, Nature Mat., 2009, 8 (4), p. 320-324.

Sun Y.-K. Sun, Chen Z., Noh H.-J., Lee D.-J., Jung H.-G., Ren Y., Wang S., Yoon C. S., Myung S.-T., Amine K.: Nanostructured high-energy cathode materials for advanced lithium batteries, Nature Mat., 2012, 11(11), p. 942-947.
Invited Presentation: New Na Rechargeable Battery Based on Non-Flammable Inorganic Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Jeong Goojin , Kim Hansu , Kim Young-Jun
Published: February 2020

In order to address recent concerns on the limited resources of lithium and the localized reserves, Na rechargeable batteries have gained much attention as alternative power sources to replace Li rechargeable batteries. Although Na and Li have similar physicochemical properties, Na rechargeable batteries have not enjoyed the success that Li batteries have, due to their low energy density and poor cycle performance. Herein we introduce a new Na rechargeable battery with high energy density using an SO2-based inorganic liquid electrolyte as both (i) a Na+-conducting medium and (ii) cathode material. In addition to the high capacity and the long cycle-life, the Na–SO2 battery also has an advantage of the use of a highly conductive electrolyte, e.g., up to 0.1 Scm-1 at room temperature. This excellent conductivity of Na+ensures a high reversibility and rate capability.

Fig. 1a shows the first and second voltage profiles of the Na–SO2 battery that delivers a discharge capacity of ~1800 mAhg-1 based on the carbon cathode at a rate of 0.1C. The Na–SO2 battery also gave an encouraging rate capability, where a high capacity of 897 mAhg-1 is observed even at a significantly high current density of 5C (= 17 mAcm-2) (Fig. 1b). The Na–SO2 battery also showed relatively good capacity retention, i.e. 83% of the initial capacity after 50 cycles (Fig. 1c), even under full-discharge condition, accompanied by high columbic efficiencies during cycling (average of 99%). As another unique performance of the Na–SO2 battery, there is a self-regeneration mechanism removing residual discharge products from the cathode. When the cell was relevantly overcharged, a recombination reaction to regenerate NaAlCl4 took place and the cathode was recuperated, and finally, the capacity of the Na–SO2 battery was restored and remained with cycling without significant capacity fade (Fig. 1c). For the cell chemistry, we performed an ab inito calculation, combined with various experimental analyses, and identified the highly reversible redox reaction of SO2 with tetrachloroaluminate. Considering the many favorable features displayed in this report, the Na–SO2 battery can be a viable system for post-LIB energy storage devices.