bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The consideration of cost in evaluations of moral praiseworthiness among Chinese children
Authors: Zhao Xin
Published: February 2025

Children recognize the praiseworthiness of others’ moral actions from quite a young age. The work we propose here focuses on whether and how children’s judgements of moral praiseworthiness may be affected by cost incurred by the agents. Recent work has revealed developmental changes in how children consider physical and psychological costs in their judgments of moral praiseworthiness. However, this question has only been examined among US children, and little is known about how much the findings can be generalized across cultures. In this paper, we examine the consideration of different types of costs (psychological, physical) in moral evaluation by children in China, and compare to the US data. We choose to study children in China not only because it is a non-WEIRD culture, but also because recent work has suggested that there are cultural differences between the US and China in terms of how children conceptualize desire inhibition and self-control. This research will have implications for research on children’s moral cognition across cultures.
Simple assumptions to improve Markov illuminance and reflectance
Authors: Kobayashi Yuki , Kitaoka Akiyoshi
Published: February 2025

Murray (2020) recently introduced a novel computational lightness model, Markov illuminance and reflectance (MIR). MIR is a promising new approach that simulates human lightness processing using a conditional random field (CRF) where natural scene statistics of the reflectance and illumination are implemented. Although MIR can account for various lightness illusions and phenomena, it has limitations, such as the inability to predict reverse contrast phenomena. In this study, we improved MIR performance by modifying its inference process, the prior on X-junctions, and that on general illumination changes. Our modified model improved predictions for Checkerboard assimilation, the simplified Checkershadow and its control figure, the influence of luminance noise, and White’s effect and its several variants. In particular, White’s effect is a partial reverse contrast that is challenging for computational models, so this improvement is a significant advance for the MIR framework. This study showed the high extensibility and potential of MIR, which shows the promise for further sophistication.
Registered Replication Report: Study 3 from Trafimow and Hughes (2012)
Authors: Buttliere Brett
Published: February 2025

Terror Management Theory (TMT) proposes that when people are made aware of their owndeath, they are more likely to endorse cultural values. TMT is a staple of social psychology,being featured prominently in textbooks and the subject of much research. The implicationsassociated with TMT are significant, as its advocates claim it can partially explain culturalconflicts, intergroup antagonisms, and even war. However, considerable ambiguity regardingeffect size exists, and no preregistered replication of death-thought accessibility findings exists.Moreover, there is debate regarding the role of time delay between the manipulation of mortalitysalience and assessment of key measures. We present results from 22 labs in 11 countries (total N= 3,447) attempting to replicate and extend an existing study of terror management theory, studythree from Trafimow and Hughes (2012), and the role of time delay effects. While we failed toreplicate the specific findings from Trafimow and Hughes (2012), we did demonstrate that it ispossible to prime death-related thoughts, and that priming is more effective when there is nodelay between the priming and outcome measure. Implications for future research and terrormanagement theory are discussed.
Public Residential Charging of Electric Vehicles: an exploration of UK user preferences
Authors: Budnitz Hannah , Meelen Toon , Schwanen Tim
Published: February 2025

In the global transition from fossil-fuel to electric vehicles (EV), drivers without a driveway or attached garage at home are most likely to be dependent upon public charging options if they adopt an EV. To better understand how such drivers can be supported to switch to EVs, this study assesses how public charging might best mimic key attributes of private residential EV charging by investigating the preferences of a sample of 2,001 car drivers from households in the UK without a driveway or attached garage. A stated choice experiment offered on-street or car-park options for overnight, public residential charging (PRC) with seven attributes – charging fee, space guarantee, duration of stay, walk time, security measures, walk experience, and payment frequency. Logit and latent class modelling are used to identify the relative importance of those attributes, and the manner in which their valuation varies according to study participants’ experiential legacy. This legacy is to some extent informed by their social identity; residential environment; and parking conditions, perceptions and intentions. Walk experience is shown to be the most highly valued non-monetary attribute overall, not least because many women consider this a particularly important attribute of PRC options. Meanwhile, parking-related variables, such as whether participants currently park on-street or pay to park, influences both price-sensitivity, willingness to walk to PRC and the valuation of a space guarantee. We conclude that diverse public residential charging options should be designed to offer certainty, reliability and affordability in safe, attractive locations near households without parking on their private property.
Interrelationship of Tourism and Indigenous Knowledge, Skill, and Technology: A Study of Gurung, Magar, and Tharu (GMT) Homestays in Gandaki Province
Authors: Chaudhary Anchala , Pokhrel Shreedhar , Parajuli Angana
Published: February 2025

Since this decade, tourism has become the world’s biggest industry in terms of people’s peaceful movement, income generation, and employment creation. The desires of Nepal are to focus on tourism due to its ‘low investment, high return’ attribute. Tourism, being a strong agent of change, transformation, promotion, and conservation of nature, culture, and the economy, is the priority sector of the central and provincial governments of Nepal. Tourism seems to be favored both people and state, mostly due to its economic derivatives. Its non-economic progenies are mostly obscure and latent. Therefore, this paper investigates and analyzes the interrelationships between tourism and indigenous knowledge, skills, and technology. Data from both primary sources and secondary literature was used to support the arguments. Qualitative methods were used to gather the information. Sixty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted: 25 with the Gurung community, 15 with the Magar community, and 25 with the Tharu homestay. The finding revealed that these ethnic communities used their peculiar indigenous knowledge, skills, and technology to entertain tourists in a home-friendly environment with their customs and traditions. Additionally, these communities helped revitalize their obsolete traditions while practicing homestay entrepreneurship.
Challenges of Learning English Vocabulary
Authors: Kaphle Keshav Raj
Published: February 2025

This study explored the challenges and strategies of learning vocabulary in the context of English language education. It employed a phenomenological research design. To collect primary data, the researcher used 10 open-ended questionnaires to investigate the learners’ and teachers’ challenges towards vocabulary learning and teaching. It involved 16 students and 3 English teachers from a Nepali educational institution i.e. Janajyoti Campus Bhimad, Tanahun. The fi ndings highlighted various experiences among students, with some fi nding vocabulary acquisition challenging, while others effectively utilized multiple resources and techniques for learning new vocabulary. Pronunciation, spelling, grammar, and memorization emerged as prominent challenges, alongside the importance of peer and teacher support. The study highlighted the signifi cance of employing multiple learning strategies to improve vocabulary skills and overall language profi ciency and recommended promoting collaborative learning environments and developing intrinsic motivation among learners. Overall, the research emphasized the importance of systematic instructional approaches for learners’ diverse needs and preferences in English language education. Ultimately, the study offered comprehensive insights into the dynamic nature of vocabulary acquisition and stressed the necessity of structured instructional approaches tailored to English language learners’ multifaceted needs and preferences.
A Systematic Literature Review of Local Food, Local Product, and Community Engagement in Rural Tourism
Authors: Adhikari Sandeep
Published: February 2025

This systematic literature review aims to assess the current state of knowledge in rural homestays in terms of the use of local product, especially local food and community engagement in tourism academic literature. With reference to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart, the researcher reviewed 25 studies published in the selected journals from 2008 to 2023. The review explores how sustainable rural homestays have been previously researched in terms of local food, local product, and community engagement. The review sheds light on sustainability and rural homestay tourism from the perspective of use of typical products along with contents addressed by authors suggesting future research directions. All the reviewed papers have highlighted the significance of local food in the homestays considering its association with the tourist satisfaction, destination memory, and sustainable tourism practices. The entrepreneurial aspects of rural tourism, the utilization of modern tools and technology to enhance tourism practices and attract tourists, and the incorporation of locally available crops into the menus of local homestay projects are key areas that have been overlooked in the studies reviewed.
Sentencing System in Nepal: Analysis of Theory, Legal and Institutional Mechanisms
Authors: Lamichhane Bimal Prasad , Chapagain Bipana
Published: February 2025

Sentencing is the formal declaration of the judgment and the imposition of the punishment on behalf of the defendant soon after the finality of the conviction of the crime. If a defendant is convicted with the criminal offense by the court of law imprisonment, fine and compensation are imposed as a penalty on the defendant. Nepali legal system has adopted the reformative approach of sentencing i.e., criminals are subject to reformation. But the application of discretionary power of the judges for the imposition of the sentences by taking into the consideration of the mitigating and aggravating factors are not properly utilized for delivering the justice. Qualitative, doctrinal and descriptive research methodology is used in this study as well as content analysis as the tool of research method. The primary objective of this article tries to visualize sentencing philosophies adopted by Nepal, laws, judicial response and practice regarding sentencing and application of quantum of sentences in accordance with the gravity of the offences. Through this study the researchers draw the findings that, there is provision of punishing the poor criminals by the imposition of the imprisonment in case of failure to pay the fi ne and facility of the bail for the offender having the adequate economic resources are required to be eliminated. Finally, the results and findings of this study are important for future researchers, law practitioners, law students, law teachers, policy makers etc.
Priorities of Health Issues in Periodic Plans of Nepal
Authors: Rokaya Raj Bahadur
Published: February 2025

The concepts of the economic planning in Nepal starts form the Rana regime. Rana prime minister Juddha Samsher makes a concept to apply the program for development. From the initial stage of periodic plans health has given emphasis. The paper aims to overview the health priorities in periodic plans of Nepal. From the review of the literatures and documents it is found that from the First to Fourth Plans, Nepal focused on establishing essential healthcare infrastructure such as health posts and primary healthcare centers. Maternal and child health, alongside the control of communicable diseases, formed core priorities during this phase. The Fifth to Seventh Plans emphasized expanding healthcare services into rural areas through community-based approaches, aiming to improve healthcare access and outcomes across the population. From the Eighth to Tenth Plans, Nepal underwent health sector reforms, decentralizing healthcare services and focusing on universal health coverage. The transition into the Eleventh to Thirteenth Plans aligned with global health goals, emphasizing the reduction of maternal and child mortality, combating infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, and addressing environmental health concerns such as air pollution. From Fourteenth to Sixteenth Plans, Nepal faces new challenges such as climate change impacts and COVID-19 pandemic and focus to strengthening health infrastructure, enhancing healthcare financing mechanisms, promoting health equity, and integrating mental health services into mainstream healthcare provisions. Every, periodic plans are influenced by the issues. So far, further plans should focus on non-communicable diseases (NCDs), actions to cope with climate change health impacts, health technologies and probable health emergencies.
Safeguarding Participants: Using Pseudonyms for Ensuring Confidentiality and Anonymity in Qualitative Research
Authors: Subedi Khim Raj
Published: February 2025

Using pseudonyms for research participants is not new. However, there is little discussion in the Nepali context concerning the practical strategies for assigning pseudonyms. This study unfolds the multiple aspects of using pseudonyms in qualitative research and provides practical guidelines for novice researchers. Using narrative interviews and document analysis methods, this study integrates these approaches with critical reflections on PhD fieldwork. I argue that using pseudonyms for research participants is not straightforward and linear; instead, it is situational and depends on the research context, data sensitivity and participants’ desires. Hence, a researcher needs to be allowed to decide whether to use pseudonyms and which pseudonyms best safeguard their participants. The study’s findings show that ensuring absolute confidentiality and anonymity is challenging. However, a researcher’s careful and responsive approach helps protect participants’ privacy. While it is the autonomy of the researcher to use a proper strategy in assigning pseudonyms, negotiating with participants based on discussion with them could be a flexible alternative. Nepali researchers use an alphabet, alphabet and number together, alphabet and word together, and word phrase in disguising participants based on age, gender, ethnicity, culture and contemporary society. This study suggests including the process of assigning participants’ pseudonyms in research reports and publications.
Teachers’ Beliefs on Executing English Medium Instruction Policy in Community Schools
Authors: Ghimire Nani Babu , Pandeya Yam Prasad , Gurung Bhanu Bhakta
Published: February 2025

Community schools introduce English medium instruction (EMI) policy due to the growing influence of the English language in Nepal. This study aimed to explore teachers’ beliefs in employing EMI policy in community schools. Using a qualitative ethnographic research design, the experiences of three Grade VI-VIII teachers from three EMI community schools in Sindhuli district were explored. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation and writing field notes. Interviews were audio-recorded, recorded data was transcribed assigning codes, codes were developed into categories and main themes were derived in terms of the categories. In order to analyze the data, we followed the six phases of thematic analysis suggested by Braun and Clarke (2006). The findings reveal that the adoption of EMI policy in community schools is influenced by the ideology of English as a global language. The study also highlights that EMI is implemented as a strategy to retain student enrollment in community schools and curb the migration of students to private schools. Furthermore, it uncovers that teachers have developed multilingual beliefs and advocate for multilingual pedagogy as a more suitable approach for multicultural classroom contexts. The study recommends fostering multilingual awareness among teachers to support the development of a multilingual medium of instruction policy rather than relying solely on EMI in community schools.
Teaching Multiplication Using Vedic Mathematics Approach
Authors: Joshi Prem Raj , Thakur Dhirendra , Pant Binod Prasad , Shrestha Indra Mani , Manandhar Netra Kumar
Published: February 2025

The Vedas are the most ancient knowledge reservoir of Hindu philosophy. Bharati Krishna Tirtha Ji developed Vedic mathematics after eight years of intensive study of the Vedas. He extracted mathematical concepts from the Vedas and developed Vedic mathematics, which consists of sixteen sutras and thirteen sub-sutras. Vedic mathematics is an innovative approach with applications in a wide range of fields such as science, engineering and so on. Though Vedic mathematics has much usefulness in mathematics, the present teaching-learning practices of mathematics are not valuing its importance. The purpose of this research was to investigate the utility of Vedic mathematics techniques in the mathematics classroom. Action research was carried out in one of the government schools in the Kanchanpur District to conduct this study. This study focused on teaching multiplication to fourth-grade children by utilizing the Nikhilam and Ekadhikena Purvena sutras. It was found that incorporating the Vedic approach improved pupils’ mathematical performance, enabling them to solve problems faster. The implementation of Vedic techniques empowered and motivated students towards learning mathematics. In addition to that, Vedic mathematics’ simple and straightforward approaches helped students in solving problems quickly. This study concluded that pedagogical strategies of Vedic mathematics can be a useful and beneficial strategy for teaching mathematics at the school level.
Understanding Procrastination: Role of Time Management and Task Aversiveness in Shaping Mathematics Achievement
Authors: Sharma Chapai Krishna Prasad , Joshi Dirgha Raj
Published: February 2025

Academic procrastination is the deliberate delay of academic tasks, which is frequently caused by various reasons such as poor time management, disinterest in task or lack of motivation, sincerity, perfectionism or external socio-demographic variables. These behaviors can adversely affect students’ academic performance. The present study aims to examine the status of students’ time management and task aversiveness in academic procrastination. This study further investigates their role in shaping mathematics achievement. A quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional survey research design was used among 474 secondary level students of Bardiya district. The data were analyzed by using t-tests, ANOVA and multiple linear regressions. The finding reveals that time management and task aversiveness are significant contributors to procrastination. Additionally, regression analysis shows that study hour, aversiveness of task, ethnicity, father education and mother education are major significant factors to determine mathematics achievement score. These results underscore the critical need for collaborative efforts among parents, teachers and policymakers to address the root causes of procrastination and enhance students’ academic performance. Developing targeted interventions and support systems can foster better time management and reduce task aversiveness, ultimately leading to improved learning outcomes in mathematics and beyond.
Exploring the Human Mind in Golding’s Lord of the Flies: A Freudian Perspective
Authors: Bhatta Arjun Dev
Published: February 2025

This research article aims to provide a descriptive and analytical account of human nature from the Freudian perspective of human mind in Golding’s Lord of the Flies. As Freud contends that human actions, attitudes and personality are consequences of the play of mind, the major characters in the novel are seen as influenced by their psychic forces. Jack, an embodiment of the id impulses, exposes the dark side of human nature and brings destruction and chaos on the utopic island. Ralph and Piggy, representing Freudian ego and superego foreground civilizing forces and try to establish harmony, morality and civility. Thus, this article tries to explore extensively how the overpowering id as an irrational psychic force leads an individual towards the lower level of savagery from the higher sense of civilization, and how bright side of human nature gets affected by the irrational instincts that govern us. Exploring the boys’ descent into savagery, Golding elucidates how soon societal norms and values collapse due to humanity’s darker impulses. Further, this article anticipates human beings’ application of positive side of mind to bring harmony and order in the society.
English Language Teachers’ Perceptions and Experiences on Formative Assessment in Nepal
Authors: Kafle Gita , Neupane Bharat Prasad
Published: February 2025

This study explores English language teachers’ perception of formative assessment, their execution in the classroom, and the opportunities and challenges they faced while implementing it. We employed narrative inquiry to investigate the formative assessment practices of teachers working in public schools in Kathmandu. Four teachers from two public schools were purposively selected. We interviewed them to derive in-depth information on formative assessment. Later, we analyzed the interview transcript thematically. The findings highlight significant obstacles such as teachers’ unpreparedness, infrastructure limitations, and alignment issues with curriculum guidelines. Despite these challenges, formative assessment positively impacts student learning outcomes by fostering engagement and personalized learning experiences. The study recommends targeted teacher training, resource allocation and policy alignment to optimize formative assessment practices in the public schools in Nepal.
English as a Medium of Instruction in Learning: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Bhattarai Renuka
Published: February 2025

English language has secured its prominence as a widely used means of communication in the global linguistic landscape. Its widespread appeal is evidenced by the multitude of individuals drawn to acquiring proficiency in English. The adoption of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) has emerged as a matter of global significance with several nations integrating it within their educational systems. This research delves into the perceptions, practices and experiences concerning the challenges and opportunities identified by teachers and learners. It also digs out the issue of the community’s inclination towards EMI and its consequences. This qualitative phenomenological study focuses on the experiences of three teachers and two students selected from EMI-adopted schools in Hupsekot Rural Municipality. The study employed in-depth interviews guided by open-ended questions as the primary data collection method. The collected data were transcribed, coded and thematically analyzed to derive meaningful insights. The findings underscore the widespread attraction of EMI-based schools among both parents and children. However, they also highlight the pressing need to enhance teachers’ capabilities to effectively instruct in English for enhancing learners’ achievement. Moreover, learners from multilingual backgrounds encounter challenges expressing themselves in both Nepali and English.
Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices of ELT Pedagogy in Nepali Secondary Schools
Authors: Bhatt Bhakta Raj
Published: February 2025

The pedagogy of English language teaching has undergone a significant shift in recent times, reflecting the global trends favoring communicative and student-centred approaches. This qualitative research study aims to explore the perceptions and practices of English language teachers on ELT pedagogy in Nepali secondary schools. The participants of this study were purposively selected four English language teachers who teach at the secondary-level in public schools in Kanchanpur district, Nepal. I used interview protocols and class observation notes for the collection of data and the data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings of the study showed that secondary-level English language teachers have been shifting their pedagogical practices from traditional teacher-centred approaches to modern innovative approaches. The study also revealed that English teachers employ mixed way of pedagogy of methods and techniques, and translanguaging as a medium of instruction in the classroom. The implication of the study is that English language teachers need to focus on student-centred pedagogical approaches in their real teaching practices. They have to create more English-learning activities in the classroom to keep the students motivated and engaged in learning so that they get more learning and practising opportunities.
Student Dropout Trends and Causes in Higher Education: The Case of Kailali Multiple Campus
Authors: Madai Tek Bahadur , Chand Rajendra Bir , Sapkota Shiba Prasad , Pant Deepak Raj
Published: February 2025

This study examines the present situation and major causes of student dropout in higher educational institutions. Kailali Multiple Campus located in Kailali district of Nepal was selected for the study. The study utilized a quantitative research approach with a descriptive case study research design. Secondary and primary data were applied to analyze the trends of dropout and the influencing factors behind it. The secondary data source was students’ enrollment and presence in the campus final examination record; primary data were collected from the dropout students using a structured questionnaire. The study’s findings demonstrated that compared to programmes like MBA, BALLB, BBA, BBM and B.Sc. CSIT, students drop out from general programmes like BBS, BA and B.Ed. are more frequent. The study found the primary cause of student dropout is weak economic conditions. Additionally, the survey of the dropout students shows that the majority of dropout students had been getting ready to travel abroad. The implication of this research consists of providing crucial perspectives for policymakers in education, aiding establishments in enhancing academic and infrastructure standards, encouraging community engagement and directing students’ choices.
Social Support Systems and their Impact on the Psychosocial Well-Being of Elderly People
Authors: Sharma Tilak Prasad , Bista Lok Bahadur
Published: February 2025

With the physical descent and loneliness that come with aging, strong social networks are critical to preserving an older person’s well-being. The study focuses on the impact on the psychological well-being of people. The study took place at Lamki Chuha Municipality, Kailali district in Nepal. In this study, 249 elderly people aged 60 years and above were systematically selected through random sampling, and data were collected through a descriptive survey using a cross-sectional design. Data were generated using face-to-face interviews administered by developing a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze how social support affects the emotional well-being of respondents using SPSS (version 20). The findings indicate that more than one-third of the elderly feel that their families do not support them adequately, 42.6 percent indicated rejection as an issue, and 38.2 percent stated communication barriers as a reason for lack of support. This study showed that structural support was very important since it had connections to both financial resources and knowledge, but it was a friendship that was perceived to be most valuable, and it influenced older people to a very great extent. As a result of the findings of this study, specific measures should be implemented frequently for these unique groups.
Calotropis Procera Plant Extract: Phytochemical Analysis, Antimicrobial Activity, and Coumarin Compound Identification
Authors: Singh Narendra Kumar , Khatiwada Nabin
Published: February 2025

Phytochemical screening of Calotropis procera (Aakh, Milkweed) leaf and stem extracts was performed using solvents: hexane, benzene, dichloromethane, methanol and distilled water. zAlkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, phenolic compounds, gum and mucilage, flavonoids, quinines, and coumarin were all present. At a concentration of 20 g/mL, the methanolic extract of Calotropis procera demonstrated good antibacterial action against two bacteria: the gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and the gram-negative Escherichia coli, as well as fungi, Candida albicans. The therapeutic value of Calotropis procera is positively impacted by the zone of inhibition of bacteria and fungi. The extraction of coumarin from the plant extract was done using the Soxhlet extraction method. Preliminary tests were conducted to identify coumarin in plant extract. The tests include FTIR data collection and melting point determination concerning commercial coumarin. The melting point measurement was found to be 68±2˚C. The stretching band at 1702 cm-1 was attributed to >C=O functional group of coumarin. The plant extracts themselves can be applied in therapeutic use, and the pure form of coumarin can be utilized to create various derivatives, including acetyl coumarin, thiosemicarbazones, and metal complexes, which can be used to investigate antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.
Understanding Student Disability and Implementation of Inclusive Education in Nepal and Brazil
Authors: Prasad Adhikari Basanta , Silva Marchiori Gustavo , Barbosa S. Dutra Flávia
Published: February 2025

This study examines the legislative framework that governs disability rights and the implementation of inclusive education practices in Nepal and Brazil. This study’s objectives were  to review journal articles on student disabilities and the challenges of inclusive education;  assess the disability laws of both countries; compare their policies; analyse the laws; evaluate the opportunities and  challenges of implementing inclusive education; integrate the findings from both countries; and to identify research gaps in the implementation of inclusive education at the school and higher education level institutions. In order to bring the literature to the fore, this study employed the literature review method. The findings reveal marked differences in the implementation of inclusive education between Nepal and Brazil. Moreover, our findings indicate that implementing disability laws and policies in both countries is inadequate.
Nepal and Brazil are confronted with the challenge of allocating sufficient financial and material resources to ensure the effective implementation of inclusive education. Furthermore, discrepancies between policy and practice pose an additional obstacle to the effective implementation of inclusive education. Our study also briefly highlights that implementing inclusive education is essential for promoting human rights and sustainable development, as it supports the inclusion and empowerment of students with a range of learning needs, including those with disabilities.  The implication of this study benefit to scholars of both countries. We also recommend that two critical teaching approaches Universal Design for Learning  and Differentiated Instruction  are effective strategies for addressing the diverse needs of students and fostering an inclusive educational environment.
Understanding Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Loyalty in Commercial Banks of Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Basanta Prasad , Adhikari Ananda , Giri Dan Bahadur
Published: February 2025

This study examines the interplay among service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty within Nepal’s commercial banking sector. Customer satisfaction is crucial as it reflects the association between customer expectations and perceived service quality, significantly influencing customer loyalty and the industry’s overall health. This study aims to comprehend banking behaviors, assess satisfaction levels concerning service quality, elucidate the connection between satisfaction and loyalty, and identify factors that shape loyalty and satisfaction in Nepalese commercial banks. Methodologically, this research applied a descriptive approach to explore these dynamics thoroughly. It also applied a causal comparative method to establish robust relationships among service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. The data collection process involved distributing questionnaire to customers of commercial banks in Kathmandu, surrounding both physical branches and online platforms. The analysis of the data depends on the use of MS Excel and SPSS software to interpret findings effectively.
Key findings disclose significant correlations between different service quality dimensions. They are tangibility, reliability, assurance, empathy, technology, responsiveness, and customer satisfaction, with assurance emerging as a particularly influential predictors. Regression analysis further highlights the positive impact of assurance, technology, empathy, and tangibility on satisfaction, contrasting with lesser effects from reliability and responsiveness. Regarding customer loyalty, this study highlights the significant influence of customer satisfaction alongside empathy, whereas factors like reliability, responsiveness, tangibility, and technology show minimal impact. Ultimately, enhancing service quality especially assurance and empathy is crucial for improving satisfaction and cultivating final customer loyalty within Nepal’s commercial banking sector, a vital issue of banking industries.
Parametric Study of Behavior of Sub-soil of Chitwan District
Authors: Pandit Paras , Khadka Rupesh , Bhattarai Samikshya , Ghimire Ravi
Published: February 2025

The “Parametric Study of Behavior of Subsoil of Chitwan District” investigates the geotechnical characteristics of two locations, Mangalpur and Ratnanagar having clayey and sandy soil respectively. This study explores the influence of varying soil parameters, specifically cohesion, water table depth, internal angle of friction and Poisson ratio, on the behavior of foundations in these regions. The investigated data is taken for the analysis which is considered as secondary data. The findings reveal substantial disparities in soil parameters between two location, leading to notable differences in foundation performance. Additionally, the study highlights the significance of foundation width as a critical factor in ensuring stability and minimizing settlement under varying subsoil conditions. A numerical model is developed using PLAXIS 2D. Finite element analysis is carried out using Mohr-coulomb failure criteria to represent two-dimensional soil model. Foundation is modelled and load of 2250 kN/m2 is applied till the soil model fails. Results were presented in charts to visually compare the different parameters between Mangalpur and Ratnanagar using PLAXIS. In 2D finite element analyses, the footing for various widths was modeled and the deformation at cross-section of -1 m depth is discussed. Greater subsoil strength in clay soil is indicated by a higher cohesion value. A lower Poisson’s ratio provides suitable strength for both soils, and the results showed that changing the depth of the water table for both soils suggested that a greater depth enhances subsoil strength in the case of clay, while a smaller depth is advantageous in the case of sand.
Load Flow and Short Circuit Analysis in Central Part of Nepal using ETAP
Authors: Rijal Sangita , Acharya Suwashana , Kandel Dipti , Thapa Alisha , Sharma Aliya
Published: February 2025

This research focuses on conducting load flow and short-circuit analysis on a segment of central part of Nepalese power system, specifically from New Butwal substation to Dhalkebar substation. The analysis was initially carried out on a standard IEEE 5-bus system to validate the approach and methodology, followed by its application to the selected section of Nepalese power grid. Primary objective of this research was to evaluate the system’s performance under various faulty conditions and identify potential vulnerabilities. Nepal’s power system has been struggling with significant challenges, such as frequent outages, aging infrastructure, and a rapidly increasing electricity demand. This research applied Electrical Transient Analyzer Program  software to construct and simulate the system, perform load flow studies, and analyze short-circuit scenarios on both IEEE 5 bus system and a central section of the Nepalese grid, changing faulty locations. It aimed to assess the impact of faults on different buses, identify sensitive nodes, and recommend strategies to minimize disruptions and maintain grid stability. Key findings revealed that Parwanipur 2 bus exhibited high sensitivity to faults in terms of current, while Dhalkebar bus was vulnerable in terms of voltage. These results indicated that the vulnerable system components require upgradation, such as the installation of surge protection devices, addition and upgradation of transmission lines, substations, transformers, are essential to mitigate potential risks. Overall, this research contributes to ongoing efforts to strengthen Nepal’s power system by providing valuable insights that can enhance future infrastructure development and operational strategies, ultimately enhancing the grid’s resilience and performance.
Use of Waste Plastic as a Replacement for Bitumen in Road Construction
Authors: Sedai Alish , Ghimire Subodh , Devkota Jagrit Prasad
Published: February 2025

Plastic waste pollution has become a global environmental crisis, particularly due to non recyclable and low-density plastics, which contribute significantly to landfill accumulation  and environmental harm. This research investigates the use of plastic waste in road  con-struction as a sustainable alternative to traditional materials like bitumen and  aggregates. By integrating plastic waste into road infrastructure, this study explores  methods such as plasticcoated aggregates, plastic-modified bitumen, and fully plastic based roads. These approaches not only enhance the mechanical properties of roads but also help reduce the environmental footprint of construction activities.
Plastic-coated aggregates and plastic-modified bitumen improve road durability, weather  resistance, and load-bearing capacity, making them more suitable for high-traffic areas and  harsh climates. Furthermore, plastic roads show lower maintenance requirements,  resulting in long-term cost savings. From an environmental perspective, using plastic waste  in road construction helps reduce plastic pollution, curtailing the burden on landfills, and  decreas-ing the energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with conventional  road-building materials.
This research underscores the potential of plastic waste integration as a dual solution:  ad-dressing the plastic waste crisis and promoting sustainable infrastructure. The findings  highlight  the eco-friendly and cost-effective nature of using plastic waste in road  construc-tion, presenting it as a promising approach for the future of sustainable  infrastructure de-velopment. Using waste plastic as a replacement for bitumen in road construction reduces environmental pollution, enhances road durability, reduces construction costs, minimizes plastic waste, and lowers environmental pollution. However, potential drawbacks include microplastic release, health concerns during production, and the complex waste segregation requirements.
Factors Affecting Customers’ Motivation to Online Payment Systems in Bharatpur Metropolitan City
Authors: Adhikari Basanta Prasad , Silwal Dipendra , Tiwari Susant
Published: February 2025

Understanding the factors influencing online payment practices among undergraduate students in Nepal is imperative due to the country’s dependence on digital transactions and the changing financial technology landscape. This study aims to elucidate these factors in Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan District. This study seeks to comprehensively understand the opinions and experiences of undergraduate students regarding online payment practices by utilizing a quantitative approach. The sample population will consist of Two Hundred and Ten (N = 210) undergraduate students enrolled in BMC. The random sampling method is used to select the sample population. The ethical issues of this study were carefully considered during this research process.
This study highlights mixed opinions on the usability and security of online payment platforms. Respondents expressed disbelief about users’ experience with payment systems’ transparency and security measures. Factors such as trust, service quality, and transaction fees shape online payment adoption, with some respondents voicing concerns about platform security and the adequacy of customer service.The findings of this study are expected to show associations between two factors and their impact on online payment practices. Key factors under examination include user experience, transaction fees, and user experiences in online payment systems.
The implications of this study are far-reaching and extend to educational institutions, higher level students, researchers, organizational leaders, educators, new researchers, managers and young researchers alike. Insights gleaned from the study can inform policy decisions, academic interventions, and industry practices aimed at enhancing online payment practices and promoting financial literacy among undergraduate students in Nepal.
Impact of Algorithms and Big Data on Educational Field
Authors: Dhakal Sita Devi
Published: February 2025

Using the potential of big data in education is the best option for students and institutions to effectively anticipate student data in this competitive environment. By analyzing this data, educators can identify students at risk of academic underperformance and provide targeted interventions to improve their outcomes. Techniques such as clustering and classification are pivotal in segmenting students based on criteria like academic achievements, interests, and socio-economic backgrounds. This allows institutions to effectively tailor teaching methods and resources for diverse student needs, which also investigates the challenges associated with big data analytics and machine learning algorithms. Issues like data quality management, the complexity of integration from various sources, and resource allocation are explored. Proposed solutions include organizing advanced training programs, leveraging expert consultations, and employing robust data models to address these obstacles efficiently. The study conducts a comparative analysis of algorithms used in educational settings, particularly linear regression and logistic regression, to forecast student performance. Logistic regression emerged as more accurate, demonstrating its effectiveness in predicting grades and identifying dropout risks. The methodology used offline and online datasets from Oxford College of Engineering and Management, Gaindakot-2, Nawalparasi to analyze internal marks and predict semester outcomes, highlighting the transformative role of machine learning in education.
Algorithms and big data are revolutionizing education by enabling personalized learning, improving decision-making, and optimizing resource allocation. They help track student progress, predict outcomes, and identify areas needing attention. However, the reliance on data can also raise concerns about privacy, bias, and the dehumanization of educational experiences.
Eco-Friendly Paver Block: Comparative Study by Composition Review
Authors: Sharma Maraseni Samriddhi , Poudel Bipin , Adhikari Bishwash , Bashyal Mohan Raj , Bhandari Gyaneshwor , Dhakal Sharmila , Adhikari Basanta Prasad
Published: February 2025

Eco-friendly paver tiles are manufactured using environmentally nondegradable construction wastes, adhering to the “Recycle, Reuse, Reduce” principle. This study investigates the reuse of construction waste as costeffective engineering materials to foster sustainability, minimize environmental impact, and ensure long-term durability. By incorporating non-degradable materials like plastics and components of paver blocks, the research seeks to reduce concrete usage while improving architectural aesthetics, engineering functionality, and local market demand. Waste plastic and silica sand were evaluated for thermoplastic composites in floor tiles, assessed by water absorption and compressive strength tests. Key findings demonstrate that 100% recycled marble or porcelain aggregates enhance mortar’s mechanical and durability properties, while recycled coarse concrete aggregate replacements above 60% negatively affect strength and water absorption. Cement-concrete waste powders and alkali-activated construction and demolition wastes exhibit potential for reducing carbon footprints, promoting circular economies, and warrant further investigation into environmental and economic impacts. The inclusion of furnace slag (up to 40%) or glass powder (up to 30%) improves compressive and tensile strengths, affirming their eco-friendly applications.
Plastic waste, such as MPW and LDPE, shows promise in paver blocks, with compressive strengths supporting traffic scenarios using 10–50% plastic content. However, process optimization is required for viable end products. This study underscores the importance of resource recovery, reduced reliance on natural materials, and innovation in sustainable construction materials. Findings support greener development for low-load applications like walkways and streets, advancing environmental and economic sustainability in the construction sector. This study benefit to the new researcher to review the literature.
Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Community-Based Homestay Tourism in the Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park
Authors: Ranabhat Sadhana , Khatiwada Shreekanta S. , Rawal Krishna
Published: February 2025

Tourism is a key driver of economic growth and a vital component of sustainable development, linking sectors such as transportation, accommodation, and cultural experiences. It enhances local livelihoods, particularly through community-based ecotourism initiatives like homestays. This study assessed the socioeconomic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on homestay operators and their coping strategies in Amaltari Tharu village homestay, located in the bufferzone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal. The research aimed to evaluate the pandemic’s impact on livelihoods and identify adaptive strategies for recovery. Household surveys (n=31) and focus group discussions were employed, with data analyzed using t-tests, Chi-square tests, and descriptive statistics. SWOT analysis was conducted among the stakeholders to find the strategic position of homestay tourism in the post pandemic situation. The pandemic significantly impacted the livelihoods of people dependent on ecotourism. The study revealed that the proportion of respondents reporting little or no earnings increased significantly from 16.1% to 77.4% during the pandemic, reflecting the severe impact of the pandemic on livelihoods. There was substantial decline in the average gross monthly income of homestay operators, confirming significant reductions in income levels and sufficiency after the lockdown.  Overall, the study highlights the adverse effects of the pandemic on community-based homestay tourism in buffer-zone area, emphasizing the need for adaptive alternative livelihood strategies and policy support like provision of soft loan, operation capital, motivational training on safety measures and the promotional activities by the respective authority to operate and revive the homestay tourism in its rhythm in the new normal situation.