bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juvenile hormone, but not nutrition or social cues, affects reproductive maturation in solitary alkali bees (Nomia melanderi)
Authors: Kapheim Karen M. , Johnson Makenna M.
Published: August 2017

Eusocial insect colonies are defined by extreme variation in reproductive activity among castes, but the ancestral conditions from which this variation arose are unknown. Investigating the factors that contribute to variation in reproductive physiology among solitary insects that are closely related to social species can help to fill this gap. We experimentally tested the role of nutrition, juvenile hormone, and social cues on reproductive maturation in solitary alkali bees (Halictidae: Nomia melanderi). We find that alkali bee females emerge from overwintering with small Dufour's glands and small ovaries, containing oocytes in the early stages of development. Oocyte maturation occurs rapidly, and is staggered between the two ovaries. Lab-reared females reached reproductive maturity without access to mates or nesting opportunities, and many had resorbed oocytes. Initial activation of these reproductive structures does not depend on pollen consumption, though dietary protein or lipids may be necessary for long-term reproductive activity. JH is likely to be a limiting factor in alkali bee reproductive activation, as females treated with JH were more likely to develop mature oocytes and Dufour's glands. Unlike for related social bees, the effects of JH were not suppressed by the presence of older, reproductive females. These results provide important insight into the factors that influence reproductive activity in an important native pollinator, and those that may have been particularly important in the evolution of reproductive castes.
Cap-independent translation ensures mTOR expression and function upon protein synthesis inhibition
Authors: Marques-Ramos Ana , Candeias Marco M. , Menezes Juliane , Lacerda Rafaela , Willcocks Margaret , Teixeira Alexandre , Locker Nicolas , Romão Luísa
Published: August 2017

The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that integrates cellular signals from the nutrient and energy status to act, namely, on the protein synthesis machinery. While major advances have emerged regarding the regulators and effects of the mTOR signaling pathway, little is known about the regulation of mTOR gene expression. Here, we show that the human mTOR transcript can be translated in a cap-independent manner, and that its 5′ untranslated region (UTR) is a highly folded RNA scaffold capable of binding directly to the 40S ribosomal subunit. We further demonstrate that mTOR is able to bypass the cap requirement for translation both in normal and hypoxic conditions. Moreover, our data reveal that the cap-independent translation of mTOR is necessary for its ability to induce cell-cycle progression into S phase. These results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for mTOR gene expression that integrates the global protein synthesis changes induced by translational inhibitory conditions.
An Analysis of the Toxicity of Dihydroxyacetone in Spray Tanners when Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Hematillake Dylan
Published: August 2017

Dihydroxyacetone, recognized as DHA, is a common additive used in spray tans responsible for providing pigmentation to the skin similar to a UV tan via the set of mechanisms known as the Maillard Reaction. When exposed to UV light, chemicals may experience reduced stability and form free radicals, reactive species commonly associated with toxicity. In order for spray tans to be considered safe by Health Canada, DHA should remain stable when irradiated by UV light. This report aims to determine whether DHA is capable of exhibiting signs of toxicity when exposed to UV light by assessing the literature examining DHA stability in the presence of UV light. While the evidence presented suggests a potential source of toxicity induced by UV-degraded DHA, further studies must be conducted to examine the correlation between the concentration of DHA and the concentration of free radicals and hydrogen peroxide formed. This may allow for a greater understanding of its toxicity to humans and improve consumer safety. Dihydroxyacétone, reconnu comme le DHA, est un additive courant utilisé dans les autobronzants chargés de fournir de la pigmentation à la peau semblable à un bronzage UV via l’ensemble des mécanismes connus comme la réaction de Maillard. Lorsqu’ils sont exposés à la lumière UV, les produits chimiques peuvent éprouver la stabilité réduite et former des radicaux libres, des espèces réactives couramment associés à la toxicité. Pour que les bronzages UV soient considérés sûr par Santé Canada, le DHA devrait rester stable lorsqu’il est irradié par la lumière UV. Ce rapport a l’intention de déterminer si le DHA est capable de présenter des signes de toxicité quand exposé à la lumière UV en évaluant les études qui ont examiné la stabilité du DHA en présence de la lumière UV. Bien que de la preuve a été trouvé suggérant une source potentielle de la toxicité induite par la dégradation UV du DHA, d’autres études doivent être menées pour étudier la corrélation entre la concentration de DHA et la concentration des radicaux libres et le peroxyde d’hydrogène formé. Cela peut permettre une plus grande compréhension de sa toxicité au genre humain et d’améliorer la sécurité des consommateurs.
Revolutionizing Cancer Therapeutics: Molecular Pathways and Techniques in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Co Bea
Published: August 2017

Contrary to conventional cancer therapies, immunotherapy manipulates an individual’s body cells to fight cancer, enhancing the active and dynamic immune interactions between the tumour and host. Cancer immunotherapy provides evidence of success through a variety of treatment approaches. Utilizing T-cells and antibodies, immunotherapy strategies such as T-cell engaging bodies, checkpoint inhibitors and engineered T-cells have significantly increased the chance of survival for many cancer patients. The combinations of these immunotherapies have also granted greater success in the elimination of tumour cells. Immunotherapy breakthroughs have the potential to have a lasting impact on cancer treatment. This literature review sheds light on the importance in further research for cancer immunotherapy and a glimpse at all of its powerful results. Contrairement aux méthodes conventionnelles de traitement anti-cancereux, l’immunothérapie manipule les cellules somatiques d’un patient pour battre contre le cancer, améliorant les interactions immunitaires actives et dynamiques entre la tumeur et l’hôte. Par une variété de méthodes de traitement, il y a une abondance de preuve qui montre le succès exceptionnel dans l’utilisation de l’immunothérapie contre le cancer. Les stratégies immunothérapeutiques, par exemple l’utilisation des anticorps bispécifiques qui engagent les cellules T, des inhibiteurs de checkpoint et les cellules T ingénierées, ont augmenté considérablement la chance de survie pour beaucoup de patients frappés par le cancer. Les combinaisons de ces immunothérapies ont aussi permis des grands succès avec l’élimination des cellules cancéreux. L’immunothérapie a mené à des nombreuses percées qui vont avoir un impact durable sur le traitement de cancer. Elle fournit continuellement des nouvelles découvertes qui ont déjà commencées de révolutionner les thérapies de cancer. Cette revue littéraire éclaircit l’importance de la continuation des recherches concernant l’immunothérapie pout le cancer et donne aussi un aperçu de tous ses résultats puissants.
Importing Data from Shapefiles and Pathfinding along Generated Nodes
Authors: Brestoiu Victor
Published: August 2017

The Shapefile format is a particular standard for storing GIS (Geographic Information System) data, designed and developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). The purpose of this project was to extract the binary data describing the City of Lethbridge from ESRI Shapefiles, and then to demonstrate an ability to utilize and modify this data. The utilization component centered on pathfinding and visually drawing the data, while the modification component involved the creation of a new, human-readable file type which contained the processed Shapefile data. These goals were accomplished by converting the Shapefile data into custom ‘Node’ objects in C++ code. These nodes form the basis for further development, as more attributes can easily be added to them as needed. The implemented pathfinding is a matter of picking a starting and ending node, and travelling across their adjacent nodes until a shortest path is found, a search algorithm called A* (read: A Star). Although further work is necessary for a robust product, this platform is already highly modular and is freely available open source. Le format Shapefile est un standard particulier pour le stockage des données du système d’information géographique (SIG), conçu et développé par l’Institut de Recherche des Systèmes Environnementaux (ESRI). Le but de ce project était d’extraire les données binaires qui décrivent la ville the Lethbridge des Shapefiles ESRI, et de démontrer que ces données peuvent être utilisées et modifiées. Le composant d’utilisation était centré sur la navigation et la visualization des données, tandis que le composant de modification a demandé la création d’un nouveau format lisible aux humains qui contient les données Shapefile traitées. Ces buts ont été accomplies en convertissant l’information Shapefile en objets ‘nœud’ personnalisés dans le langage de programmation C++. Ces nœuds forment la base pour les développements plus approfondis, car plus d’attributs peuvent être facilement ajoutés aux nœuds lorsque nécessaire. Le système de navigation implémentée est alors une question de choisir un nœud de départ et de terminaison, puis voyager à travers leurs nœuds adjacents jusqu’à la découverte de la route la plus courte. Ce procès informatique est l’algorithme de recherche A* (lu : A Star). Quoi qu’encore plus de travail soient nécessaire pour le développement d’un produit able, cette plateforme est déjà très modulaire et disponible à l’open-source.
The Integration of Model-Based Safety Analysis and Model-Based Systems Engineering at an Early Stage
Authors: Zhao Xinhe
Published: August 2017

Two methodologies used in aircraft system developments are Model-Based Safety Analysis (MBSA), which assesses the safety risk associated with design in later stages, and Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), a process that creates the domain models to help design a system. With the continuous growing use of both methodologies, it is inevitable that they will become linked to improve the design process from many aspects. This review identifies and proposes potential links for the integration of MBSA and MBSE by using the V-model of MBSA, thereby resulting in more effective design processes and reduced development costs. The paper addresses a general interpretation of the topic and supplementary case studies within the industry regarding both methodologies. Some benefits of the link between MBSA and MBSE include: utilisation of a wider range of analysis tools, automated communication of important definitions, consistency between both ends, and a potential improvement in confidence regarding design. As this is a preliminary proposal regarding the best approach for using MBSA in combination with MBSE, further research should be performed into the areas of formalized language, defining systems requirements for the usage of this approach, and relationships with the existing regulations and compliance needs. Deux méthodes utilisées dans le développement des avions sont l’Analyse de sécurité basée sur des modèles (ASBM), qui évalue les risques de sécurité associés avec la conceptualisation d’étapes antérieures, et l’Ingénierie des systèmes basée sur des modèles (ISBM), un processus qui crée des modèles de domaine pour concevoir un système. Avec l’utilisation croissante des deux méthodes, il est inévitable qu’elles seront liées pour améliorer le processus de conceptualisation de plusieurs aspects. Cette revue identifie et propose des liens potentiels qui pourraient intégrer l’ASBM et l’ISBM, en utilisant le model-V de MBSA, résultant ainsi en des processus de conceptualisation plus efficaces et des coûts de développement réduits. L’article adresse une interprétation générale du sujet et des études de cas supplémentaires dans l’industrie qui concernent les deux méthodes de développement. Certains des avantages du lien entre ASBM et ISBM incluent: l’utilisation d’une grande gamme d’outils d’analyse, la communication automatisée de dé nitions importantes de conceptualisation, la cohérence entre les deux extrémités, et une confiance améliorée dans la conceptualisation. Comme ceci est une proposition préliminaire concernant la meilleure approche pour combiner l’ASBM et l’ISBM, de plus amples recherches devraient être menées dans les domaines du langage formel, les exigences des systèmes pour utiliser cette approche, les relations avec les règlements actuels et les exigences pour la conformité.
Loophole-Free Bell Tests and the Falsification of Local Realism
Authors: Fraser Patrick Thomas , Sanders Barry C
Published: August 2017

Quantum mechanics is strictly incompatible with local realism. It has been shown by Bell and others that it is possible, in principle, to experimentally differentiate between local realism and quantum mechanics. Numerous experiments have attempted to falsify local realism; however, they have consistently failed to close the detection loophole under strict locality conditions, thereby allowing local realistic explanations for their observations. In 2015, three experiments took place that tested local realism without the impediments of these significant loopholes. Between these three experiments, a substantial data set was collected. All of the collected data show a strong violation of local realism and strong support for quantum mechanics. This article reviews the theoretical basis of Bell tests and the affiliated loopholes, as well as the methods employed by these recent experiments and the implications of the results they observed. La mécanique quantique est strictement incompatible avec le réalisme local. Bell et d’autres scientifiques ont montré qu’il est possible, en théorie, de trouver la différence entre le réalisme local et la mécanique quantique expérimentalement. De nombreuses expériences ont tenté de falsifier le réalisme local; cependant, elles ont toujours échoué à combler la faille de détection dans des conditions de localité strictes, permettant ainsi des explications réalistes locales pour leurs observations. En 2015, trois expériences ont testé le réalisme local sans les entraves de ces failles importantes. Entre ces trois expériences, des données substantielles ont été recueillies. Toutes les données recueillies ont montré une forte déviation du réalisme local et un appui solid pour la mécanique quantique. Cet article examine les bases théoriques des tests de Bell et les failles af liées, ainsi que les méthodes employées par ces expériences récentes et les implications de leurs résultats.
SimpleTech: Simplifying Technology for the Elderly
Authors: Yadav Mira Paresh
Published: August 2017

SimpleTech is an android application that includes a simplified version of the calling feature on a smartphone. In this way, this application is able to simplify the smartphone for an elderly user with mental or physical disabilities who would, otherwise, have difficulty navigating the interface of a smartphone. This application was developed using AndroidStudio, and the first version was developed in a four-month timespan. This version includes four large and distinctly coloured buttons. When these buttons are pressed, the app calls the user’s most frequent contacts, with one button allocated for contacting emergency services. By setting itself apart from its competitors, SimpleTech will be able to take over this relatively new market and ensure success in both the present and future. Additionally, technology is an ever-growing industry, which means that there will be a constant need for applications like SimpleTech. Currently, the reaction to SimpleTech (version 1) has been overwhelmingly positive and the results of the test cases have been successful as well. Future versions of SimpleTech that include an improved user interface and new features will be the focus of future research. SimpleTech est une application pour Android qui inclut toutes les fonctionnalités essentielles d’un téléphone intelligent qu’une personne aîné voudrait utiliser. De cette façon, cette application rend le téléphone intelligent facile à utiliser pour un propriétaire âgé qui aurait autrement de la difficulté à naviguer son interface complexe, qui contient de nombreuses icônes et couleurs. Étant une application qui satisfait les besoins d’un grand nombre d’aînés qui pourraient avoir des invalidités, SimpleTech peut les aider à surmonter l’obstacle énorme de naviguer l’interface d’un téléphone intelligent, et leur permettre d’utiliser sa technologie puissante de manière simple et claire. En se distinguant de ses compétiteurs, SimpleTech sera capable de dominer ce marché relativement nouveau et d’assurer son succès dans un avenir proche. De plus, la technologie est une industrie qui est toujours croissante, ce qui signifie qu’il y aura un besoin constant pour les applications comme SimpleTech. Jusqu’à présent, la réaction à SimpleTech (version 1) a été majoritairement positive et les résultats des tests sont réussis. Les versions futures de SimpleTech comprendront une interface améliorée et de nouvelles fonctionnalités, qui seront le sujet des recherches dans l’avenir.
The Adverse Effects Government Initiatives Have on Aboriginal Food Insecurity
Authors: Ekeanyanwu Chinonso
Published: August 2017

This research paper focuses on the attempts of the Canadian government to deal with food scarcity in the Indigenous community. Despite the many efforts of the government to make amends with the Indigenous population, they have some of the highest rates of poverty demographically in Canada. Food scarcity is a major topic when talking about Indigenous people because many live in areas where there is no access to healthy affordable food. Many do not have access to traditional food and are unable to exercise their right as Indigenous people to fish and hunt. Within this paper, three pertinent examples are explored: first, the lack of regard for Indigenous food sovereignty; second, the issue of fishing legislations; finally, food security initiatives in the North. Far from meaningfully, addressing food insecurity, nutritional programs designed by the federal government have often exacerbated the issue. This is likely due to the lack of involvement from the Indigenous community and their leaders in decision-making. By incorporating the Indigenous community, food security laws and programs made for Indigenous people have the potential to actually have a positive impact on the Indigenous community. Ce document de recherche se concentre sur les efforts du gouvernement canadien d’affronter la pénurie alimentaire dans la communauté autochtone. Malgré les nombreux efforts déployés par le gouvernement pour aider la population autochtone, leur niveau de pauvreté est parmi les plus élevés au Canada. La pénurie alimentaire est un problème majeur en ce qui concerne les Autochtones, car beaucoup d’entre eux vivent dans des zones qui n’ont pas accès à des aliments sains et abordables. Beaucoup n’ont pas accès à la nourriture traditionnelle et sont incapables d’exercer leur droit en tant que peuple indigène de pêcher et de chasser. Dans ce document, trois exemples pertinents sont explorés: premièrement, le manque de respect pour la souveraineté alimentaire indigène; deuxièmement, le problème des législations de pêche; et en fin, les initiatives de sécurité alimentaire au Nord. Pour tenter de remédier à l’insécurité alimentaire, les programmes nutritionnels conçus par le gouvernement fédéral ont souvent exacerbé la question. Cela est probablement dû au manque d’implication de la communauté autochtone et de ses dirigeants dans la prise de décision concernant ces programmes. En incorporant la communauté autochtone dans la discussion entourant les lois et les programmes de sécurité alimentaire, ils ont le potentiel d’avoir un impact réel et positif sur la communauté indigene.
Cardiovascular response and backward, upward, right push maneuver during laryngoscopy: comparison between CMAC® video laryngoscopy and conventional Macintosh
Authors: Marsaban Arif H.M. , Heriwardito Aldy , Yundha I G.N.A.D.
Published: August 2017

Background: Increased blood pressure and heart rate are the most frequent response to laryngoscopy which sometimes causes serious complications. Laryngoscopy technique and tools modification lessen the nociceptive stimulation, thus preventing hemodynamic response. BURP maneuver is used to lower Cormack-Lehane level, but it can cause additional pain stimulation during laryngoscopy. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiovascular response and the need of BURP maneuver during laryngoscopy between CMAC® and conventional Macintosh.Methods: A randomized, single blinded, control trial was performed to 139 subjects who underwent general anesthesia with endotracheal tube. Subjects were randomised into a control group (conventional Macintosh) and an intervention group (CMAC®). The cardiovascular parameters (systolic, dyastolic, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate) were measured prior to induction (T1). Midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and Fentanyl 2 micrograms/kg were given 2 minutes before the induction. Moreover, they were given propofol 1 mg/kg followed by propofol infusion of 10 mg/kg/hour and Atracurium 0.8–1 mg/kg. After TOF-0 cardiovascular parameters (T2) were remeasured, it was proceeded to laryngoscopy. When Cormack-Lehane 1–2 was reached (with or without BURP maneuver), cardiovascular parameters were measured again (T3).Results: Unpaired T-test showed that cardiovascular response during laryngoscopy were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The need of BURP maneuver was significantly lower in the CMAC® group compared to the Convensional Macintosh group (13.9% vs 40.3%; p<0.05).Conclusion: Cardiovascular response and BURP maneuver during laryngoscopy with CMAC® were significantly lower compared to conventional Macintosh.
Additional diagnostic value of digital radiology in plantar fasciitis diagnosis
Authors: Prasetyo Marcel , Salamah Thariqah , Siregar Trifonia P.
Published: August 2017

Background: Ultrasonography (USG) is regarded as the gold standard to differentiate normal plantar fascia and plantar fasciitis. Conventional radiography or plain X-ray is typically used to exclude differential diagnosis. Lately, conventional radiography has been digitalized and leads to better visualization of the soft tissue. However, it is not known whether digital radiography evaluation for calcaneus area, both qualitative and quantitative, has a similar diagnostic value as USG findings. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether there is a strong correlation between digital radiographic and USG findings for diagnosing plantar fasciitis.Methods: This is a cross sectional study examining adult patients (>18 years old) presenting with inferior heel pain. Plantar aponeurosis thickness was measured by digital radiography and ultrasonography; measurement was performed three times in each modality, and the average value was recorded. Fat stranding, presence of calcaneal enthesophyte, and microfracture were also evaluated in digital radiography. Measurement results were classified into plantar fasciitis diagnosis using the cut-off value 4 mm.Results: There was no significant correlation between plantar aponeurosis thickness measured by digital radiography and by ultrasonography (r=0.069, p=0.688). There was no significant association between plantar fasciitis diagnosis by digital radiography and ultrasonography (p=0.162). However, digital radiography showed good sensitivity to detect plantar fasciitis using a cut-off value of >4 mm plantar fascia thickness.Conclusion: Digital radiography might be used to aid definitive diagnosis for plantar fasciitis.
The effect of balanced electrolyte solution versus normal saline in the prevention of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Aditianingsih Dita , Djaja Anne S. , George Yohanes W.H.
Published: August 2017

Background: In resuscitation, normal saline could cause hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, while balanced electrolyte solution is a crystalloid fluid resembling blood plasma with lower chloride content. This study compared the effect of normal saline and balanced electrolyte solution Ringerfundin (BES) as the resuscitation fluid in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) patients. Parameters applied in this study were standard base excess (SBE) as resuscitation’s result indicator and strong ion difference (SID) to measure chloride’s influence in developing hyperchloremic acidosis.Methods: A prospective, randomized, single blind controlled trial was conducted at the Emergency Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Thirty subjects with blood sugar >250 mg/dl, arterial pH <7.35 mg/dl, and positive blood ketone were randomly allocated to receive either normal saline (NS) or RingerfundinÒ (BES) as the standardized resuscitation protocol. Data analysis was performed using the unpaired T-test and the Mann Whitney test to compare the SBE and the SID means between both groups. Additional parameters were the level of consciousness, blood sugar level, vital signs, blood gas analysis, lactate, electrolyte, and blood ketone.Results: The mean SID in the BES group was significantly greater than the NS group of all measurements (p<0.05). The BES group had significantly higher mean SBE compared to the NS group at 18 hours (-4.88±5.69 vs -9.68±5.64; p=0.009), 24 hours (-3.99±4.27 vs -8.7±5.35; p=0.023), and 48 hours (-4.06±4.11 vs -7.01±5.46; p=0.009). BES resulted in non-significant higher delta SBE and SID than NS. Additional parameters were not different between both groups.Conclusion: This study showed that fluid resuscitation of DKA patients with BES resulted in slightly but not significantly higher mean actual SBE and SID than NS. suggesting that BES as an alternative fluid resuscitation to prevent hyperchloremic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis patients was not superior to NS.
Detection and identification of azithromycin resistance mutations on Treponema pallidum 23S rRNA gene by nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Gultom Desy A. , Rosana Yeva , Efendi Ida , Indriatmi Wresti , Yasmon Andi
Published: August 2017

Background: Azithromycin-resistant strains of Treponema pallidum is associated with the mutation of 23S rRNA gene of T. pallidum. Although these strains are now prevalent in many countries, there is no laboratory test kit to detect and identify these mutations. Thus, in this study we developed a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect and identify A2058G and A2059G mutations in 23S rRNA gene.Methods: Three primer sets were designed for nested PCR reactions. To obtain maximum PCR reaction, all parameters were optimized. The specificity of the primer sets was evaluated towards some microorganisms. A sensitivity test was conducted to get detection limit of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Forty-five whole blood specimens were tested by PCR, and positive results were confirmed by the DNA sequencing.Results: The assay could detect at least 4,400 DNA copy number and showed no cross reaction with other microorganisms used in the specificity test. A total 13 of 45 whole blood specimens were PCR positive for T. pallidum, and no single mutations (either A2058G or A2059G) were detected. Two positive specimens were confirmed by the DNA sequencing and showed no mutation.Conclusion: Nested multiplex PCR developed in this study showed a specific and sensitive test for the detection and identification of A2058G and/or A2059G mutations of 23S rRNA T. pallidum gene.
Management of bladder stones: the move towards non-invasive treatment
Authors: Deswanto Isaac A. , Basukarno Ari , Birowo Ponco , Rasyid Nur
Published: August 2017

Background: Bladder stone accounts for 5% of all cases of urolithiasis. Bladder stones management has evolved over the last decades from open bladder surgery (sectio alta) to intracorporeal cystholithotripsy as well as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). ESWL presents to be a promising modality in the management of bladder calculi due to its simplicity and well tolerability. This study is thus conducted to present data on the safety and effectiveness of ESWL in the management of bladder stone patients.Methods: This is a retrospective study evaluating the medical records of 92 bladder calculi patients admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSCM) from January 2011 to April 2015. Patient’s age, gender, type of stone and procedure being done, status of stone disintegration, length of hospital stay, and any complications that may occur are noted down and statistically analyzed using SPSS v. 20.Results: Majority of the patients underwent ESWL (49 out of 92, 53.3%). The stone free rates for ESWL, intracorporeal lithotripsy, and sectio alta are 93.9%, 97.0% and 100% respectively. One patient had to repeat ESWL. The ESWL group had the smallest stone size average compared to the intracorporeal lithotripsy and section alta group (2.5 cm±2.0 cm vs 4.8 cm±3.7 cm vs 7.4 cm±5.4 cm respectively). The ESWL sessions were conducted in the outpatient clinic, and thus no hospital stay was required.Conclusion: ESWL can be suggested as an effective non-invasive approach in the disintegration of bladder stone of ≤25 mm with a promisingly high stone-free rate (93.9%) Furthermore, ESWL can be performed on an outpatient basis with minimal complications.
Assessment of the nutrient intake and micronutrient status in the first trimester of pregnant women in Jakarta
Authors: Wibowo Noroyono , Bardosono Saptawati , Irwinda Rima , Syafitri Inayah , Putri Atikah S. , Prameswari Natasya
Published: August 2017

Background: Maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy is important for a healthy pregnancy outcome. According to National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013, 24.2% of pregnant women are at risk of chronic malnutrition and 37.1% of them suffer from anemia. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the nutrient intake and serum micronutrient status in the first trimester of pregnant women in Jakarta.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted towards 234 pregnant women with gestational age no more than 14 weeks. The nutrient intake data was obtained from the conversion of frequency food questionnaire (FFQ) which was semi quantitative data using a Nutrisurvey application. The maternal serum was examined to obtain data about nutrient level.Results: The mean of daily maternal energy intake was 1,256.1 kcal. Most subjects had nutrient intake below the recommendations of Institute of Medicine (IOM) and recommended dietary allowances (RDA), i.e. energy (88.9%), protein (80.8%), iron (85%), folic acid (74.8%), calcium (90.6%), and zinc (94.9%). However, they showed a high intake level of vitamin A (70.5%). Most subjects had deficiency in vitamin A (69.7%), vitamin D (99.6%), and zinc (81.2). No correlation was found between the maternal nutrient intake and nutritional status.Conclusion: Most of the first-trimester-pregnant-women in Jakarta had low maternal energy and nutrient intake, except for vitamin A, as well as low serum vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc level.
Prevalence and pattern of domestic violence at the Center for Forensic Medical Services in Pekanbaru, Indonesia
Authors: Afandi Dedi , Indrayana Mohammad T. , Nugraha Iriandanu , Danisha Dinda
Published: August 2017

Background: Domestic violence (DV) is still a significant public health problem, especially in women’s health. Few studies have reported the prevalence and domestic violence in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence, type of violence, and forensic examination on domestic violence victims in emergency departments.Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of domestic violence victims observed in the Emergency Department at the Bhayangkara Hospital, Pekanbaru, Indonesia, between 2010 and 2014. The determinations of DV cases are based on the medico-legal reports (visum et repertum) and the police’s official inquiry letters.Results: Out of 6,876 medico-legal injury reports of living victims were reviewed, and 755 (10,9%) cases were DV. The majority of victims in DV were women (93.8%) with childbearing age group as the highest frequency (77.9%). Most of the DV victims were housewives (67.0%). Moreover, physical assault was the most common DV types (98.7%). Bruise was the predominant type of wound among the DV victims (76.2%), and almost half of the victims had abrasions (48.1%). Head and limbs were the predominant sites of wound. Blunt injury was found in more than three-quarters of the victims (88.5%).Conclusion: The prevalence of domestic violence was high among living victims in the emergency department, with women as the majority of victims.
Leadership in doctor-patient relationship: Implementation on patient’s case management in primary care
Authors: Werdhani Retno A.
Published: August 2017

As a care coordinator, primary care physicians (PCP) need planning, organizing, implementation, and evaluation. A model of leadership in medicine needs to be implemented in primary care. Transformational leadership is defined as a leadership style that is suitable for health services. It is similar to a patient-centered approach. Case management should be well prepared and explained in accordance with patient needs, can be agreed upon, as well as implemented with appropriate respective roles. A leader needs to do various aspects related to the managerial process for carrying out the required activities. The same process can also be done by PCPs to achieve patient’s target management. Such activities include planning up to building networks. PCPs are expected to have leadership competencies and transformational leadership to support their performance as care coordinators. This can be obtained through a holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and continuous approach, as well as building relationships with other stakeholders.
International collaboration for implementation of equal access to family-based primary healthcare in Indonesia
Authors: Haier Jörg , Schäfers Jürgen , Freisleben Hans-Joachim
Published: August 2017

[No abstract available]
Science, research and technology in primary health care: Covering from neglected tropical diseases to personalized medicine
Authors: Taher Akmal
Published: August 2017

[no abstract available]
Research and development accounting treatment: effects of CEO characteristics and corporate governance mechanisms
Authors: Triki Damak Sana
Published: August 2017

This study aims to examine empirically the influence of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) characteristics and corporate governance mechanisms on Research and Development (R&D) capitalization in France.Using data drawn from a sample of non-financial firms listed in SBF 120, this study provides empirical evidence for the influence of CEO characteristics and audit quality on R&D capitalization. As results, we find that R&D capitalization is likely to be increased in firms managed by younger managers, CEOs with higher ownership, shorter tenure and higher educational level. Also, R&D capitalization is likely to be increased in firms with lower audit quality, in higher leveraged firms, in less performed and larger firms.This study offers insights to investors and accounting standard setters interested about the subject of R&D capitalization determinants. Importantly, it confirms that some CEO characteristics and corporate governance mechanisms are likely to affect the CEO’s behavior regarding the R&D accounting treatment.
A study on the reliability and performance of solar powered street lighting systems
Authors: Fashina Adebayo , Azeko Salifu , Asare Joseph , Ani Chukwuemeka , Anye Vitalis , Rwenyagila Egidius , Dandogbessi Bruno , Oladele Omotoba , Dyeris Murna
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the results of a study on the reliability and performance of the solar-powered street lighting systems installed at the African University of Science and Technology (AUST) in Nigeria, a hot and humid environment. The technical performance of the systems was studied using the following performance indicators: system energy yield, capture loss, as well as the system performance ratio while the reliability of the systems was examined using a model developed from the findings from the maintenance and fault diagnosis of the systems. The model was used to predict the total failure and survival probability of the systems using the Weibull distribution. The performance evaluation during the monitored period (February 2012 to January 2015) indicated that the performance ratios of the systems vary from 70% to 89% and the energy yields of the systems ranging from 2.87 h/day to 5.57 h/day. The results from the reliability analysis also showed that when the stress concentration factor around the notch between the cable terminals in the charge controller increases, the charge controller will become overheated, which in turn affected other components of the systems. The implications of this study are also discussed for the design and development of future solar-powered street lighting systems.
Financial Constraints: Do They Matter to Allocate R&D Subsidies?
Authors: Silva Filipe , Carreira Carlos
Published: August 2017

We examine whether subsidies are allocated to financially constrained firms and if they effectively alleviate these constraints. We claim that in addition to the usual “public good” arguments behind the allocation of subsidies, the extent to which firms are able to obtain external funding should not be overlooked. Overall, our results question both the allocation and the effectiveness of subsidies in alleviating financial constraints of firms willing to innovate. Additionally, the decision criteria for allocating public funds seem to be similar from those used by the private investors. These results have important implications on the design of future innovation policy.
Fertility and labor supply of the old with pay-as-you-go pension and child allowances
Authors: Chen Hung-Ju , Miyazaki Koichi
Published: August 2017

We investigate the effects of pay-as-you-go pension and child allowances on fertility, labor supply of the old, and welfare. For this purpose, we analyze a small open overlapping-generations model in which fertility and an old agent’s labor supply (retirement time) are endogenized with pay-as-you-go pension and child allowances. We find that how the pay-as-you-go pension tax rate affects the fertility rate depends on whether an old agent retires. When an old agent fully retires, then the size of the interest rate and fertility rate determine the effect of the pay-as-you-go pension tax rate on the fertility rate. When an old agent works, the pay-as-you-go pension tax rate certainly reduces the fertility rate. In addition, how child allowances affect the fertility rate depends on whether an old agent works. If an old agent retires fully, then an increase in the child allowance tax rate increases the fertility rate. When an old agent works, this is not necessarily true, which suggests that an old agent’s labor status should be taken into account when we evaluate the effects of the social security system on economic variables. In addition, we examine the effect of the social security tax rates on welfare and provide numerical examples.
The role of IPRs on prices, wages and growth in a two country directed technical change model
Authors: Afonso Óscar
Published: August 2017

We develop a two country, Innovator and Follower, directed technical change model between tradable and nontradable sectors. The Innovator performs innovative R&D. The Follower imitates, in a pre-trade context, and adopts, in a trade scenario, the available technological knowledge. We start by considering the pre-trade context and then we analyze the trade scenario. In both regimes – imitation and adoption – and in BGP, international IPRs protection, R&D productivity, scale-effects intensity and substitutability between sectors determine the stable and unique worldwide economic growth rate and the technological-knowledge bias, which, in turn, affects relative prices and wages. Depending on IPRs protection, imitation and adoption can either amplify or slow down the technological-knowledge bias and thus the real exchange rate, the wage inequality and the worldwide growth rate. For example, under technological-knowledge adoption with positive international IPRs protection and substitutability, wages tend to be higher in the Innovator, technological knowledge and intra-country wage inequality are biased towards the tradable sector, and the real exchange rate accommodates the Balassa-Samuelson proposal.
Biomechanical comparison of a novel monocortical and two common bicortical external fixation systems regarding rigidity and dynamic stability
Authors: Varady Patrick A. , Greinwald Markus , Augat Peter
Published: August 2017

Aim:

To biomechanically compare a monocortical single frame external fixator (Orthofix UNYCO) with two bicortical fixator systems (dual frame: Stryker Hoffmann and single frame: Synthes LEF) with respect to system rigidity and stability under cyclic loading.

Methods:

The fixator systems were assessed for axial rigidity under loads which would occur clinically during fixator application and dynamic stability (cyclic fatigue) under loads which would occur in the first week postoperatively. Tests were performed on porcine tibiae (n>5 per group) with characteristic frame configurations. Loads were applied with an electrodynamic material testing machine and pin and frame deformations were continuously monitored with a marker based motion capturing system.

Results:

The bicortical single frame fixator revealed the largest rigidity (276±55) N/mm and was 20% (p=0.116) stiffer compared to the bicortical dual frame configuration and 39% (p=0.003) stiffer compared to the monocortical system. All systems survived 4000 cycles of loading, with the smallest vertical displacement (2.44±0.54 mm) observed for the bicortical dual frame system, followed by the monocortical single frame (3±0.55 mm, p=0.85) and bicortical single frame (3.25±0.96 mm, p=0.215).

Conclusion:

The monocortical fixation system performed comparably to the bicortical systems for its intended use as a temporary treatment before a definitive fracture osteosynthesis by plating or nailing.
The genus Ethelia (Etheliaceae, Rhodophyta) in the Bahamas and Puerto Rico in the western Atlantic
Authors: Ballantine David L. , Ruíz Hector , Lozada-Troche Chad , Norris James N.
Published: August 2017

Two new
Is it necessary for all samples to quantify 25OHD2 and 25OHD3 using LC-MS/MS in clinical practice?
Authors: Yu Songlin , Zhang Ruiping , Zhou Weiyan , Cheng Xinqi , Cheng Qian , Xia Liangyu , Xie Shaowei , Yin Yicong , Sun Dandan , Su Wei , Qiu Ling
Published: August 2017

Background:

The demand for vitamin D testing is increasing in China. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) immunoassay is specific and accurate but requires expensive equipment, experienced operators, and complicated pretreatment of serum. Automated immunoassays are simple and convenient but only determine total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). The objective of this study was to quantify 25OHD2 and 25OHD3 in patients to assist clinical physicians and laboratory directors in choosing the most appropriate method to determine 25OHD.

Methods:

Vitamin D testing was conducted for 23,695 patients in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from May 2015 to January 2017. Using this large data set, the prevalence and levels of 25OHD2 were analyzed. LC-MS/MS was used to separately determine 25OHD2 and 25OHD3.

Results:

25OHD2 (≥2.5 ng/mL) was detected in 16.4% (3877/23,695) of patients. Males had a significantly lower incidence of detectable 25OHD2 (p<0.01); 1077 (13.9%) samples contained detectable 25OHD2 (median: 3.7 ng/mL; 2.5%–97.5%: 2.5–17.2 ng/mL). For females, 2800 (17.5%) samples contained detectable 25OHD2 (median: 4.0 ng/mL; range: 2.5–20.6 ng/mL). Of the 3877 patients with detectable 25OHD2, males had a significantly higher level of 25OHD3 (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in total 25OHD. The proportion of 25OHD2 in total 25OHD was 1.3%–100%; 87.5% (3391/3877) of the samples contained <10 ng/mL 25OHD2. 25OHD2 negatively correlated with 25OHD3 (r=−0.197, p<0.01) and positively correlated with total 25OHD (r=0.217, p<0.01).

Conclusions:

Prevalence of 25OHD2 in patients tested for vitamin D is relatively high in China. 25OHD2 is significantly negatively correlated with 25OHD3.
The media construction of family history: An analysis of “Who do you think you are?”
Authors: Lunt Peter
Published: August 2017

Genealogy, once a specialized research practice, is increasingly a common social practice enabled by digitization and cultural intermediaries that support the construction of family histories. The idea of finding out about oneself through an exploration of the character and lives of ancestors is a growing social practice reflected in popular culture. Tracing one’s personal traits through past family members and extending the sense of family and identity back in time potentially enriches personal identity and link personal, social and cultural memory. In this paper, an episode of the popular BBC TV program
Private Property and Public Power in the Occupied West Bank
Authors: Levine-Schnur Ronit
Published: August 2017

Does an Occupying Power have a duty to protect private property rights of protected persons against acts of its own citizens? What is the extent of such a duty? This paper argues that under belligerent occupation, land disputes between individuals of both sides of the conflict are
“Regulatory Property Rights”: New Insights from Private Property Theory for the Takings Doctrine
Authors: Godt Christine
Published: August 2017

This paper explores the rationale of novel regulatory property rights under takings law (compensation for the expropriation of property). It is interested in their hybrid public-private quality. It reiterates the history of how the notion of ‘private’ property has come about, explores the theory of takings and its restructuring of property. Interesting perspectives on mid-nineteenth-century concepts for remuneration shed new light on what exactly has to be compensated for when property rights are regulated to the detriment of the owner. Based on this analysis, three examples of modern regulatory property rights are explored in more detail, emission rights, CSR labels and derivatives. The article submits that the more nuanced older schemes for compensation provide a better model for distinguishing the reasons for compensation and non-compensation, and are better suited for the modern property setting.