bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A numerical investigation of effective optical characteristics of dielectric mixture layer on Si sphere by FDTD method
Authors: Fujita Kazuaki , Kuramoto Naoki
Published: March 2024

This paper reports on a numerical simulation of the optical characteristics of a dielectric mixture layer formed on a Si substrate using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. This study investigated the validity of using effective medium approximation (EMA) layers in thin mixture film problems with the optical constants of bulk materials. The complex reflection coefficients of Si substrates with randomly distributed thin mixture films fabricated from water/SiO2 and water/carbonaceous materials were numerically evaluated at normal and oblique incidences of plane electromagnetic waves via the FDTD principle, and the possible effects of the mixture layers on the effective optical characteristics were investigated. We observed that Bruggeman’s model based on EMA provides a good prediction of the behaviour of the plane wave reflected by the Si surface with randomly distributed mixture layers. The results also suggested that mixture layers have effects under oblique incidence, but they have no significant impact under normal incidence.
Development and validation of fully open-source R2S shutdown dose rate capabilities in OpenMC
*
Authors: Peterson Ethan E. , Romano Paul K. , Shriwise Patrick C. , Myers Patrick A.
Published: March 2024

We present the first fully open-source capabilities for shutdown dose rate (SDR) calculations of fusion energy facilities based on the Rigorous 2-Step (R2S) methodology. These capabilities have been implemented in the OpenMC Monte Carlo particle transport code, building on its existing capabilities while also leveraging new features that have been added to the code to support SDR calculations, such as decay photon source generation. Each of the individual physics components in the R2S workflow—neutron transport, activation, decay photon source generation, and photon transport—have been verified through code-to-code comparisons with MCNP6.2 and FISPACT-II 4.0. These comparisons generally demonstrate excellent agreement between codes for each of the physics components. The full cell-based R2S workflow was validated by performing a simulation of the first experimental campaign from the Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG) ITER dose rate benchmark problem from the Shielding INtegral Benchmark Archive and Database (SINBAD). For short cooling times, the dose calculated by OpenMC agrees with the experimental measurements within the stated experimental uncertainties. For longer cooling times, an overprediction of the shutdown dose was observed relative to experiment, which is consistent with previous studies in the literature. Altogether, these features constitute a combination of capabilities in a single, open-source codebase to provide the fusion community with a readily-accessible option for SDR calculations and a platform for rapidly analyzing the performance of fusion technology.
Corrigendum: A multi-sensor indoor tracking system for autonomous marine model-scale vehicles (2023 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2618 012008)
Authors: Ponzini Filippo , Zaccone Raphael , Martelli Michele
Published: March 2024

Please see Article PDF for corrigendum text.
Development of a Monte Carlo tool for simulating electron transport in noble liquids
Authors: Xie Yijun , Wang Yi
Published: March 2024

This study presents a Monte Carlo simulation tool for
modeling the transportation processes of thermal electrons in noble
liquids, specifically focusing on liquid argon and liquid xenon.
The study aims to elucidate the microscopical mechanisms governing
the drift and diffusion of electrons within the context of time
projection chambers (TPCs), with detailed considerations of coherent
electron-atom scattering and electric field force. The simulation
tool is implemented in the Geant4 framework, allowing for the
exploration of electron transport parameters, including drift
velocity, longitudinal diffusion coefficient, and transverse
diffusion coefficient. The simulation is validated by comparing its
results for drift velocity and diffusion coefficients with
experimental measurements, revealing reasonable agreement in the low
to moderate electric field ranges. Discrepancies between the
simulation and experimental measurements are discussed, emphasizing
the necessity for enhanced cross-section calculations and
high-precision sampling. Despite certain limitations, the
simulation tool provides valuable insights into electron transport
in noble liquids, establishing a foundation for future enhancements
and applications in various research areas
CT image reconstruction via industrial CT fast scanning
Authors: Bai Lijuan , Du Yirou , Long Chao
Published: March 2024

In automated manufacturing and safety inspection, there is a
high demand for fast computed tomography (CT) scanning and image
reconstruction. Currently, faster scanning can be achieved by
reducing the X-ray exposure time within sparse view CT. The faster
scanning strategy introduces significant streak artefacts and noise
during the sampling process. Consequently, streak artefacts and
noise need to be simultaneously suppressed, which is poses a
challenge for existing reconstruction methods. This paper presents a
fast iterative reconstruction algorithm that can simultaneously
suppress both streak artefacts and noise. This method can not only
reconstruct high-fidelity images from rapidly acquired projection
data, but also has a faster reconstruction speed than the existing
iterative reconstruction algorithms. First, we present a high-order
multi-directional total variation (HOM-TV) method that specifically
focuses on preserving edge details of the image. Then, we present a
fast iterative reconstruction model by incorporating HOM-TV and
non-local means into the objective function. Finally, the
effectiveness of the presented reconstruction model is validated by
simulation and real experiments. The faster scanning method can
complete the scan in only 5 seconds, and the structural similarity
index (SSIM) of the CT image reconstructed by our method is 0.9755,
which is higher than 0.0175 of the Fast Null Space Reconstruction
(FNSR) algorithm. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) index is
1.656, which is higher than that of the contrast algorithm. In terms
of reconstruction time, our algorithm can achieve reconstruction in
as little as 36 seconds, outperforming the baseline algorithms.
Develop an automated data acquisition system for TPS correction magnet power supply
Authors: Wang Baosheng , Liu Kuobin , Wong Yongseng , Liu Chenyeo
Published: March 2024

Taiwan Photon Source is a third-generation 3 GeV
synchrotron light source. Since the successful operation of the
first beamline in 2013, comprehensive long-term testing and
acceptance work has been carried out to ensure the stable operation
of various types of correction magnet power supplies, totalling 1038
units. To standardise and save workforce and time for the
measurement of correction magnet power supplies, an automated data
acquisition system platform for correction magnet power supplies was
developed using LabVIEW. This platform integrates control interface
cards, high-resolution digital voltmeters, and analysis
instruments. It also includes linearization and calibration
compensation for the multi-channel direct constant current
transformer to ensure simultaneous measurement of 24 magnet power
supplies. Furthermore, it can automatically generate test reports in
Word format, saving significant human resources and time. This
platform has verified TPS correction magnet power supplies before
installation, reducing the failure rate. Regarding measurement
results, the output current ripple for the DCCT version is within
five ppm, while the shunt resistor version is within ten ppm. The
long-term current stability is consistently within ten ppm. The
development of the fully automated data acquisition system platform
and the measurement of 1038 power supplies were completed in four
months.
Applications of programmable trim quadrupoles on beam commissioning for the CSNS RCS
Authors: Li Yong , Yuan Yaoshuo , An Yuwen , Xu Shouyan , Chen Jianliang , Deng Changdong , Qi Xin , Wang Sheng
Published: March 2024

The design goal of 100 kW beam power of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) has
been successfully achieved in 2020. In order to further increase the beam power more than 100 kW,
a total of 16 programmable trim quadrupoles have been installed in the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron
(RCS) of CSNS, to achieve accurate adjustment of betatron tunes, better control of twiss
parameters, and restoration of lattice super-periodicity. In this paper, we describe the design
and several important applications of the trim quadrupoles for beam commissioning in the CSNS
RCS. The beam experiments show that the trim quadrupoles play a crucial role in increasing beam
power above 100 kW.
Targeted exosome-based nanoplatform for new-generation therapeutic strategies
Authors: Yin Wenjing , Ma Hongyin , Qu Yang , Wang Siji , Zhao Ruoyu , Yang Yi , Guo Zhen-Ni
Published: March 2024

Exosomes, typically 30–150 nm in size, are lipid-bilayered small-membrane vesicles originating in endosomes. Exosome biogenesis is regulated by the coordination of various mechanisms whereby different cargoes (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) are sorted into exosomes. These components endow exosomes with bioregulatory functions related to signal transmission and intercellular communication. Exosomes exhibit substantial potential as drug-delivery nanoplatforms owing to their excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Proteins, miRNA, siRNA, mRNA, and drugs have been successfully loaded into exosomes, and these exosome-based delivery systems show satisfactory therapeutic effects in different disease models. To enable targeted drug delivery, genetic engineering and chemical modification of the lipid bilayer of exosomes are performed. Stimuli-responsive delivery nanoplatforms designed with appropriate modifications based on various stimuli allow precise control of on-demand drug delivery and can be utilized in clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize the general properties, isolation methods, characterization, biological functions, and the potential role of exosomes in therapeutic delivery systems. Moreover, the effective combination of the intrinsic advantages of exosomes and advanced bioengineering, materials science, and clinical translational technologies are required to accelerate the development of exosome-based delivery nanoplatforms.
Biopolymeric corneal lenticules by digital light processing based bioprinting: a dynamic substitute for corneal transplant
Authors: Bhutani Utkarsh , Dey Namit , Chowdhury Suvro Kanti , Waghmare Neha , Mahapatra Rita Das , Selvakumar Kamalnath , Chandru Arun , Bhowmick Tuhin , Agrawal Parinita
Published: March 2024

Digital light processing (DLP) technology has gained significant attention for its ability to construct intricate structures for various applications in tissue modeling and regeneration. In this study, we aimed to design corneal lenticules using DLP bioprinting technology, utilizing dual network bioinks to mimic the characteristics of the human cornea. The bioink was prepared using methacrylated hyaluronic acid and methacrylated gelatin, where ruthenium salt and sodium persulfate were included for mediating photo-crosslinking while tartrazine was used as a photoabsorber. The bioprinted lenticules were optically transparent (85.45% ± 0.14%), exhibited adhesive strength (58.67 ± 17.5 kPa), and compressive modulus (535.42 ± 29.05 kPa) sufficient for supporting corneal tissue integration and regeneration. Puncture resistance tests and drag force analysis further confirmed the excellent mechanical performance of the lenticules enabling their application as potential corneal implants. Additionally, the lenticules demonstrated outstanding support for re-epithelialization and stromal regeneration when assessed with human corneal stromal cells. We generated implant ready corneal lenticules while optimizing bioink and bioprinting parameters, providing valuable solution for individuals suffering from various corneal defects and waiting for corneal transplants.
Understanding climate changes in East Asia and Europe based on spatial climate analogs
Authors: Paik Seungmok , An Soon-Il , King Andrew D , Kim Soong-Ki , Min Seung-Ki
Published: March 2024

Spatial climate analogs effectively illustrate how a location’s climate may become more similar to that of other locations from the historical period to future projections. Also, novel climates (emerging climate conditions significantly different from the past) have been analyzed as they may result in significant and unprecedented ecological and socioeconomic impacts. This study analyzes historical to future spatial climate analogs across East Asia and Europe, in the context of climatic impacts on ecology and human health, respectively. Firstly, the results of climate analogs analysis for ecological impacts indicate that major cities in East Asia and Europe have generally experienced novel climates and climate shifts originating from southern/warmer regions from the early 20th century to the current period, primarily attributed to extensive warming. In future projections, individual cities are not expected to experience additional significant climate change under a 1.5 °C global warming (warming relative to pre-industrial period), compared to the contemporary climate. In contrast, robust local climate change and climate shifts from southern/warmer regions are expected at 2.0 °C and 3.0 °C global warming levels. Specially, under the 3.0 °C global warming, unprecedented (newly emerging) climate analogs are expected to appear in a few major cities. The climate analog of future projections partially align with growing season length projections, demonstrating important implications on ecosystems. Human health-relevant climate analogs exhibit qualitatively similar results from the historical period to future projections, suggesting an increasing risk of climate-driven impacts on human health. However, distinctions emerge in the specifics of the climate analogs analysis results concerning ecology and human health, emphasizing the importance of considering appropriate climate variables corresponding to the impacts of climate change. Our results of climate analogs present extensive information of climate change signals and spatiotemporal trajectories, which provide important indicators for developing appropriate adaptaion plans as the planet warms.
Influence of swift heavy ion irradiation on structure and morphology of La0.25Pr0.375Ca0.375MnO3 film
Authors: Bhatt Harsh , Kumar Yogesh , Tokas R B , Singh A P , Singh Fouran , Singh Surendra
Published: March 2024

The effects of Ag15+ (120 MeV) swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation on the structural and morphological properties of epitaxial La0.25Pr0.375Ca0.375MnO3 (LPCMO) thin films were investigated by x-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. LPCMO films of thickness ∼ 280 Å were irradiated with an Ag15+ ion beam at different fluences of 1 × 1011, 5 × 1011, and 1 × 1012 ions cm−2. XRD results suggested the development of the tensile stress along the out-of-plane direction of the LPCMO film upon ion irradiation, which increases on increasing the ion fluence. The morphology of the film was also modified with the irradiation and an increase in the fluence of the ion beam enhanced the in-plane height-height correlation length scale (grain size) with a loss of the fractal behaviours. The linear variation of microstrain with ion irradiation fluence in thin LPCMO film can be considered for a possible strain-driven application in modifying functional properties of such a phase separated complex oxide.
Bulk-boundary correspondence in topological systems with the momentum dependent energy shift
Authors: Wang Huan-Yu , Yang Zhen-Biao , Wu-Ming Liu
Published: March 2024

Bulk-boundary correspondence (BBC) remains the central topic in modern condensed matter physics and has received a boost of interest with the recent discovery of non-Hermitian skin effects. However, there still exist profound features of BBC that are beyond the existing framework. Here, we report the unexpected behavior of BBC when the Hamiltonian contains terms of the form

d
0

(
k
)
I

, which serves as a momentum dependent energy shift. For Hermitian cases, the momentum dependent energy shift can force the system to be metallic, where topological phase transitions can take place with the upper and the lower bands kept untouched. The modified BBC should be reconstructed from the perspective of the indirect band gap. In non-Hermitian cases, skin effects are found to be capable of coexisting with the preserved BBC, of which the process can be greatly facilitated by the complex

d
0

(
k
)
I

. Remarkably, such results can be led to a further step, and contrary to the intuition, the modified BBC in Hermitian systems can be restored to be conventional by including extra non-Hermiticity. The physical origin for these phenomena lies in that

d
0

(
k
)
I

can drastically change the point gap topology. Finally, the corresponding experimental simulations are proposed via the platforms of electric circuits.
Ab initio guided atomistic modelling of nanomaterials on exascale high-performance computing platforms
Authors: Gutiérrez Moreno José Julio
Published: March 2024

The continuous development of increasingly powerful supercomputers makes theory-guided discoveries in materials and molecular sciences more achievable than ever before. On this ground, the incoming arrival of exascale supercomputers (running over 1018 floating point operations per second) is a key milestone that will tremendously increase the capabilities of high-performance computing (HPC). The deployment of these massive platforms will enable continuous improvements in the accuracy and scalability of ab initio codes for materials simulation. Moreover, the recent progress in advanced experimental synthesis and characterisation methods with atomic precision has led ab initio-based materials modelling and experimental methods to a convergence in terms of system sizes. This makes it possible to mimic full-scale systems in silico almost without the requirement of experimental inputs. This article provides a perspective on how computational materials science will be further empowered by the recent arrival of exascale HPC, going alongside a mini-review on the state-of-the-art of HPC-aided materials research. Possible challenges related to the efficient use of increasingly larger and heterogeneous platforms are commented on, highlighting the importance of the co-design cycle. Also, some illustrative examples of materials for target applications, which could be investigated in detail in the coming years based on a rational nanoscale design in a bottom-up fashion, are summarised.
Definition of springtime easterly wind bursts in the Indian Ocean and their roles in triggering positive IOD events
Authors: Xiao Yao , Tan Xiaoxiao , Tang Youmin
Published: March 2024

Using wind reanalysis dataset, we propose a definition for easterly wind bursts (EWBs) occurring in the Indian Ocean and analyze their effects on positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events. It was found that there were eight pIOD events during the period from 1980–2020, all of which were accompanied by EWBs occurrence in spring except 2015. The significant impact of EWBs on pIOD events is through the Bjerkness feedback process, strengthening upwelling in the Eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) and triggering a westward zonal current in the equatorial Indian Ocean, both cooling the EIO and in turn strengthening the easterly wind anomalies. Further analysis reveals that the negative upper ocean heat content (OHC) anomalies in EIO, acting as a trigger of Bjerkness feedback process, also plays a critical role in the development of pIOD. Thus, the simultaneous occurrence of EWBs and negative OHC anomalies in spring is an important precursor to pIOD occurrence, although there are possible other triggers.
Ambient wind conditions impact on energy requirements of an offshore direct air capture plant
Authors: Foxall Ryan , Ishaq Haris , Crawford Curran
Published: March 2024

This study proposes an off-grid direct air (carbon) capture (DAC) plant installed on the deck of an offshore floating wind turbine. The main objective is to understand detailed flow characteristics and

CO

2

dispersion around air contactors when placed in close proximity to one another. A solid sorbent DAC design is implemented using a commercially deployed air contactor configuration and sorbent. The sorbent is assumed to undergo a temperature vacuum swing adsorption cycle. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to determine the local conditions entering each unit based on varying wind speed and angle. Two-dimensional (2D) simulations were used to determine the pressure drop through a detailed air contactor design considering the sorbents APDES-NFC, Tri-PE-MCM, MIL-101(Cr)-PEI-800, and Lewatit VP OC 106. Only APDES-NFC was explored for further analysis in the three dimensional (3D) CFD dispersion model. 3D simulations were used to model flow patterns and

CO

2

dispersion using passive scalars. A worst case scenario is analyzed for all DAC units in adsorption mode with fans running simultaneously. 2D simulations show an under utilization of contactor length, and quantify pressure loss curves for four common sorbents. One commercially deployed sorbent is considered for further analysis; a pressure drop of 390.62 Pa is experienced for a flow velocity of 0.73 m s−1 through a

1.5

m

×
1.5

m

×
1.5

m

contactor. Using 3D simulations, fan energy demands are computed based on flow velocities and applied pressure gradients. There is found to be a decrease in overall fan power demand as wind speed increases. High wind speeds can passively drive the adsorption process with fans shut off at certain wind directions. This occurs at an average contactor inlet velocity of 17.5 m s−1, correlating to a hub height (150 m) wind speed of 24 m s−1. Thermal energy demands are computed based on inlet

CO

2

concentrations entering downstream units. Thermodynamic work for desorption based on an assumed second law efficiency is compared to thermal energy for desorption computed using a simplified isotherm method, taking into account the impacts of humidity on

CO

2

adsorption. Going from 414.72 ppm to 300 ppm

CO

2

inlet concentration requires an additional 63.9 kWh (t-

CO

2

)

−
1

using the 2nd law thermodynamic efficiency method and 25.9 kWh (t-

CO

2

)

−
1

using the isotherm method. Contactor arrangement, wind angles, and wind speeds have a significant impact on flow patterns experienced, and resulting

CO

2

dispersion. High wind speeds assist in

CO

2

dispersion, resulting in higher inlet concentrations to downstream DAC units and decreased thermal energy requirement.
Advances in fused deposition modeling on process, process parameters, and multifaceted industrial application: a review
Authors: Enyan Michael , Amu-Darko Jesse Nii Okai , Issaka Eliasu , Abban Olivier Joseph
Published: March 2024

In the current era of intense competition, optimizing the design and manufacturing processes through time reduction measures can prove to be advantageous. The objective of profit maximization is a crucial consideration across diverse industries. The utilization of 3D printing technology has been crucial in producing personalized items at a reduced expense and with increased efficiency across various industrial domains. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an effective and cost-efficient Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique utilized in diverse engineering applications. The introduction of the FDM process occurred in the early 1990s by Stratasys Inc., a company based in the United States. Since then, FDM technology has become a prevalent AM process widely utilized for producing functional prototypes with precision and safety. To advance the technology, it necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the process, involved parameters, applications, and trends, as well as identifying challenges and prospects. This review explores the fundamental underpinnings of the FDM process, detailing production stages, parameters, applications, and challenges and prospects. It critically evaluates process parameters and their influence on the FDM process, drawing insights from a synthesis of relevant studies. The paper also provides an in-depth examination of FDM applications across various domains, evaluating and summarizing associated studies. The study draws upon prior research and highlights the evolving landscape of FDM application trends and current trends, providing a solid foundation for readers to grasp the topic.
On the information-theoretic formulation of network participation
Authors: Cajic Pavle , Agius Dominic , Cliff Oliver M , Shine James M , Lizier Joseph T , Fulcher Ben D
Published: March 2024

The participation coefficient is a widely used metric of the diversity of a node’s connections with respect to a modular partition of a network. An information-theoretic formulation of this concept of connection diversity, referred to here as participation entropy, has been introduced as the Shannon entropy of the distribution of module labels across a node’s connected neighbors. While diversity metrics have been studied theoretically in other literatures, including to index species diversity in ecology, many of these results have not previously been applied to networks. Here we show that the participation coefficient is a first-order approximation to participation entropy and use the desirable additive properties of entropy to develop new metrics of connection diversity with respect to multiple labelings of nodes in a network, as joint and conditional participation entropies. The information-theoretic formalism developed here allows new and more subtle types of nodal connection patterns in complex networks to be studied.
Hilbert expansion for Coulomb collisional kinetic models
Authors: Ouyang Zhimeng , Wu Lei , Xiao Qinghua
Published: March 2024

The relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell-Landau (r-VML) system and the relativistic Landau (r-LAN) equation are fundamental models that describe the dynamics of an electron gas. In this paper, we introduce a novel weighted energy method and establish the validity of the Hilbert expansion for the one-species r-VML system and r-LAN equation. As the Knudsen number shrinks to zero, we rigorously demonstrate the relativistic Euler-Maxwell limit and relativistic Euler limit, respectively. This successfully resolves the long-standing open problem regarding the hydrodynamic limits of Landau-type equations.
A Novel Approach to Shaping the Lateral Abdomen: Simultaneous Application of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Therapy and Synchronized Radiofrequency at the Flanks: A Multicenter MRI Study
Authors: Cohen Joel , Kilmer Suzanne L , DiBernardo Barry , Jacob Carolyn , Okoro Stanley A , Cho Young
Published: March 2024

Background

An accumulation of adipose tissue on the lateral abdomen (flanks) coupled with muscle deconditioning negatively affects core stability, muscular balance, and the intrinsic strength essential for maintaining optimal body mechanics and posture. This lateral fat accumulation and diminution of muscle result in an unfavorable abdominal profile and present challenges in finding appropriately fitting attire.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness and safety of the simultaneous application of high-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) therapy and synchronized radiofrequency for sculpting the lateral abdomen.

Methods

All patients were scheduled to undergo four 30-minute treatments at approximately weekly intervals and then subsequent follow-up visits at 1 month and 3 months after the last treatment. The primary evaluation assessed changes in the oblique muscles, adipose tissue thickness, and cross-sectional area (CSA) by MRI performed at baseline and follow-ups. The secondary outcomes included digital photographs of the treated areas, a Subject Satisfaction Questionnaire, and a Therapy Comfort Questionnaire. Adverse events and side effects were monitored throughout the study duration.

Results

The muscle tissue showed a substantial increase in thickness (+27.2%) and CSA (+29.0%). The adipose tissue measurements showed a decrease of −30.5% in CSA and −28.8% in thickness. As secondary outcomes, 81.8% of patients reported feeling more toned, and 84.9% of patients found the treatment comfortable and reported less than mild pain.

Conclusions

Based on the evaluation, the study suggests that the simultaneous application of HIFEM and synchronized radiofrequency is safe and effective for reducing adipose tissue and strengthening muscle in the area of the lateral abdomen.
Long-term Insights: Histopathological Assessment of Polyurethane Implant Capsules Over 24 Years
Authors: Pontes Gisela H , Ramos Clara P W , de Noronha Lucia , Serra-Guimarães Fernando , Cavalcanti Amanda S , Barbosa Ana Paula F , Duarte Maria Eugenia L
Published: March 2024

Background

Polyurethane (PU)-coated breast implants are known for their strong integration into breast tissue and the formation of capsules around them. However, capsular contracture can pose both aesthetic and clinical challenges.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to analyze the biological and morphological characteristics of the capsular tissue surrounding PU-coated implants, irrespective of their contracture status, and to assess their potential suitability as a flap in revisional breast surgery for capsular contracture.

Methods

A total of 23 tissue samples were harvested from the capsules surrounding PU-coated breast implants in 12 female patients during replacement or revisional surgery. We evaluated collagen abundance, cellular and vascular density, inflammation, collagen band types and alignment, synovial metaplasia, capsule thickness, and the expression of inflammatory biomarkers and myofibroblasts with immunohistochemical techniques. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to assess implant surface characteristics over time.

Results

We found a significant association of capsule contraction with longer implantation durations and greater implant surface roughness (P = .018 and P = .033, respectively). Synovial metaplasia was significantly more frequent in noncontracted capsules (P = .0049). Both capsule types consisted of paucicellular, type I collagen-rich compact fibrous tissue with low vascularization. There was a marked reduction in inflammatory cells within the foreign body granuloma. The expression of inflammatory biomarkers in the capsular tissue was negligible.

Conclusions

Given the reduced levels of inflammatory and vascular components within the dense, fibrous capsular tissue, we consider them to be viable alternatives for capsular flaps in revisional surgery. This strategy has the potential to mimic the reconstruction achieved with acellular dermal matrix.

Level of Evidence: 4
A case of human T-lymphotropic virus-1-associated lichenoid dermatitis
Authors: Hussain Khawar , Khalil Nada , Carton James , Flora Rashpal , Calonje Eduardo , Patel Neil P
Published: March 2024

We present a case of human T-lymphotropic virus-1-associated lichenoid dermatitis (HALD). This initially presented as a severe and diffuse, erosive, scaly dermatitis, and evolved over months and years to a reticulated dyspigmented eruption, with involvement of the skin, hair, nails and mucosae. HALD is a rarely reported phenomenon that has diverse dermatological manifestations. We highlight this case due the severity of the cutaneous features and to add to the existing literature on HALD.
Nailfold capillary abnormalities are associated with increased severity of Raynaud phenomenon among patients with systemic sclerosis: a pilot study
Authors: Lau Charles B , Smith Gideon P
Published: March 2024

We conducted a retrospective review of patients with systemic sclerosis, finding that nailfold capillary abnormalities are significantly associated with more aggressive treatment of Raynaud phenomenon, specifically the use of calcium channel blockers and other vasodilators compared with topical therapy or no treatment. This relationship indicates that routine nailfold capillary examination may assist in Raynaud phenomenon risk stratification. It also highlights the need for further research on whether nailfold capillaries may be a noninvasive marker of more severe vascular complications within systemic sclerosis.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of a bay-fluorinated triphenylene
Authors: Yoshida Ryu , Sugiyama Haruki , Segawa Yasutomo
Published: March 2024

The synthesis, structure, and electronic properties of a bay-fluorinated triphenylene are reported. 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexaethoxy-1,4,5,8,9,12-hexafluorotriphenylene (1) was synthesized via the 6-fold deprotonation and electrophilic fluorination of hexaethoxytriphenylene (2). X-ray crystallography revealed a distorted structure and columnar stacking for 1. The steric and electronic properties of 1 were examined by using photophysical measurements and theoretical calculations.
Sex-and age-related variations in myocardial tissue composition of the healthy heart: a native T1 mapping cohort study
Authors: Myhr Katrine Aagaard , Andrés-Jensen Liv , Larsen Bjørn Strøier , Kunkel Joakim Bo , Kristensen Charlotte Burup , Vejlstrup Niels , Køber Lars , Pecini Redi
Published: March 2024

Aims

Cardiovascular diseases manifest differently in males and females, potentially influenced by inherent sex- and age-related differences in myocardial tissue composition. Such inherent differences are not well-established in the literature. With this study using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) native T1 mapping, we aim to determine the effect of sex and age on myocardial tissue composition in healthy individuals.

Methods and results

CMR native T1 mapping was performed in 276 healthy individuals (55% male, age 8­­–84 years) on a 1.5 Tesla scanner using a MOLLI 5(3)3 acquisition scheme. Additionally, 30 healthy participants (47% male, age 24–68 years) underwent a 1-year follow-up CMR to assess the longitudinal changes of native T1. Mean native T1 values were 1000 ± 22 ms in males and 1022 ± 23 ms in females [mean difference (MD) = 22 ms, 95% confidence interval (CI) (17, 27)]. Female sex was associated with higher native T1 in multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, heart rate, left ventricular mass index, and blood T1 [β=10 ms, 95% CI (3.4, 15.8)]. There was no significant interaction between sex and age (P = 0.27). Further, age was not associated with native T1 [β=0.1 ms, 95% CI (−0.02, 0.2)], and native T1 did not change during a 1-year period [MD −4 ms, 95% CI (−11, 3)].

Conclusion

Female sex was associated with higher native T1; however, there was no association between age and native T1. Additionally, there was no evidence of an interaction between sex and age. Our findings indicate intrinsic sex-based disparities in myocardial tissue composition.
A case report of a giant coronary artery aneurysm masquerading as a ventricular mass
Authors: Prathivadhi-Bhayankaram Sruti , Ashwath Mahi L
Published: March 2024

Background

A coronary artery aneurysm is a dilation exceeding 1.5 times the diameter of the patient’s largest coronary vessel. They are rare, varying in prevalence between 1.4 and 4.9%. Additionally, they carry a high risk of potential complications, including thrombosis and myocardial infarction, with a risk of rupture. We present an interesting case of a patient with initial imaging suggesting a mass in the right ventricle.

Case summary

This patient initially presented with acute hypoxic respiratory failure related to pulmonary oedema. His course was complicated by symptomatic ventricular tachycardia and an inferoposterior myocardial infarction. Further investigation revealed a left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery thrombosed aneurysm projecting into the right ventricle. Multimodal imaging was used to arrive at his diagnosis. He continues to do well on medical therapy for coronary artery disease and heart failure.

Discussion

Clinicians should be vigilant for this rare pathology, which may be easily missed yet poses a high mortality risk. Our case demonstrates the benefit of multimodal imaging, as this patient’s aneurysm was initially mistaken for a ventricular mass.
Has the role of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction been fully determined? A case report
Authors: Nguyen Kha Minh , Tran Hai Phuong Nguyen , Dang Vi Tuong , Hoang Sy Van
Published: March 2024

Background

The persistent challenge of high mortality rates in acute myocardial infarction–induced cardiogenic shock endures notwithstanding advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease over the past two decades. While recent studies present conflicting evidence on the efficacy of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO), observational research supports the benefits of early VA ECMO initiation. However, the current lack of robust support from randomized clinical trials for VA ECMO use in this context highlights the ongoing uncertainty surrounding its effectiveness.

Case summary

A 52-year-old male with sudden, intense chest pain was diagnosed with cardiogenic shock due to non–ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction at a local hospital. Initial treatment included aspirin, clopidogrel, and noradrenaline. Upon transfer to our hospital, the patient’s condition deteriorated, leading to acute respiratory distress and severe hypotension. Prior to emergent percutaneous coronary intervention, peripheral VA ECMO was initiated. Coronary angiography revealed left main coronary artery occlusion, and a successful intervention was performed. Post-intervention, the patient’s haemodynamic parameters significantly improved, and after 7 days, ECMO was successfully discontinued. The patient was discharged in stable condition after 25 days, with favourable outcomes persisting at the 30-day mark. Continuous monitoring is planned during outpatient follow-up.

Discussion

The clinical case illustrates a successful treatment outcome achieved through teamwork by the heart team, supporting the efficacy of the VA ECMO pre–percutaneous coronary intervention approach. The careful selection of appropriate candidates and strategic initiation of VA ECMO may play a role in enhancing outcomes for individuals experiencing acute myocardial infarction complicated by challenging cardiogenic shock.
Regulatory features of Candida albicans hemin-induced filamentation
Authors: Xiong Liping , Goerlich Katharina , Mitchell Aaron P
Published: March 2024

Candida albicans is a prominent fungal pathogen that can infect the bloodstream and deep tissues. One key pathogenicity trait is the ability to transition between yeast and hyphal growth. Hyphae are critical for the formation of biofilms, which in turn enable device-associated infection. Among signals that drive hypha formation is the presence of hemin, an oxidized Fe(III)-containing heme derivative found in blood. In this study, we asked 4 questions. First, how uniform is the filamentation response to hemin among C. albicans strains? We tested 26 diverse isolates and found that the strength of a strain's filamentation response to hemin reflected its filamentation level in the absence of hemin. Second, does hemin induce biofilm formation? Hemin biofilm induction was evident in 5 out of 10 isolates tested, including most of the weaker biofilm formers tested. Third, what is the gene expression response to hemin? We compared RNA-seq data for type strain SC5314 grown in pH 5.5 minimal media with or without hemin. We also compared that response to SC5314 grown in pH 7.0 minimal media, where it undergoes well-studied pH-dependent filamentation. We found a common set of 72 genes with upregulated RNA levels in response to both signals, including many known hypha-associated genes. Surprisingly, overlap among those 72 genes with 2 recent consensus definitions of hypha-associated genes was limited to only 16 genes. Fourth, which regulators govern hemin-induced filamentation? A mutant survey indicated that the response depends upon filamentation regulators Efg1, Brg1, and Rim101, but not upon heme acquisition regulator Hap1 or its target genes HMX1, RBT5, PGA10, PGA7, and CSA2. These findings argue that hemin induces hypha formation independently of its utilization.
Loneliness, Living Alone, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults in China
Authors: Tan Siyue , Liu Dong , Zhang Yuyi , Li Shengnan , Zhang Ke , Tang Zaixiang , Zuo Hui
Published: March 2024

Background

Older adults are prone to live alone and feel lonely. The main objective of this study was to assess the associations of loneliness and living alone with cardiovascular disease (CVD) among community-dwelling older individuals in China.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal analysis on 3 661 participants aged older than 65 years from the latest 2014 and 2018 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the associations of loneliness and living alone with CVD risk, with adjustment for confounding factors.

Results

A total of 616 incident CVD cases were identified during follow-up. Participants who reported feeling lonely experienced a 28% increased risk of developing CVD after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and baseline health status (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.62; ptrend = .046). In contrast, no significant association was observed between living alone and CVD risk. Subgroup analyses showed that among those individuals who lived alone, often feeling lonely doubled the risk of CVD compared to never being lonely (HR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.20–3.93; ptrend = .007).

Conclusions

Loneliness was an independent risk factor for CVD among Chinese older adults. Our findings underscore the importance of addressing loneliness in the prevention of CVD among older individuals, especially those who live alone.
Pain Characteristics and Progression to Sarcopenia in Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Chen Jintao , Yan Liying , Chu Jingjing , Wang Xinyi , Xu Zherong
Published: March 2024

Background

It is imperative for public health to identify the factors that contribute to the progression of sarcopenia among middle-aged and older adults. Our study aimed to investigate the association between pain characteristics and the progression to sarcopenia and its subcomponents among middle-aged and older adults in China.

Methods

We included 5 568 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. All participants completed assessments for pain characteristics and sarcopenia. Pain assessment included pain status (baseline pain, incident pain, and pain persistence) and pain distribution (single-site pain and multisite pain) using a self-report questionnaire. Diagnosis of sarcopenia followed The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by logical regression analysis.

Results

Participants who reported baseline pain, multisite pain, pain persistence, or multisite pain persistence were more likely to progress to sarcopenia than those without pain, with ORs of 1.33 (95% CI: 1.08–1.65), 1.44 (95% CI: 1.15–1.80), 1.63 (95% CI: 1.23–2.14), and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19–2.11), respectively. Even after adjusting for other covariates such as gender, age, residential area, education level, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, and falls, these associations remained significant. Additionally, pain persistence and multisite pain persistence were significantly associated with low grip strength and clinically meaningful Short Physical Performance Battery decline, but not with low muscle mass.

Conclusions

Our study showed that pain, especially pain persistence, was closely correlated to the increased risk of progression to sarcopenia in Chinese middle-aged and older adults.
Risk of fracture in patients with myasthenia gravis: a nationwide cohort study in Korea
Authors: Park Hye-Sun , Kim Kyoungsu , Yu Min Heui , Shin Ha Young , Rhee Yumie , Kim Seung Woo , Hong Namki
Published: March 2024

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junctions, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Muscle weakness, restricted mobility, and frequent use of corticosteroids in patients with MG may predispose them to a higher risk of fractures. However, studies on the impact of MG on bone health and the associated fracture risk are scarce. Utilizing claim database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service collected between 2002 and 2020, we compared the risk of major osteoporotic fracture between 23 118 patients with MG and 115 590 individuals as an age- and sex-matched control group using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Over a median follow-up duration of 5.58 years, the MG group (mean age 53.7 years; 55% women) had higher risk of major osteoporotic fracture compared with controls (incidence rate 13.59 versus 9.74 per 10 000 person-years), which remained independent of age, sex, comorbidities, drug use including anti-osteoporotic agents, and previous fracture history (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.19, P < 0.001; subdistributed HR 1.14, P < 0.001 adjusted for mortality as competing risk). Subgroup analyses showed a greater association between MG and major osteoporotic fracture risk in younger (age 50 or younger) than older individuals (aHR 1.34 vs. 1.17) and in men compared with women (aHR 1.32 vs. 1.15; P for interaction < 0.05 for all). An imminent divergence of the fracture risk curve between MG and controls was observed for vertebral fracture, while there was time delay for non-vertebral sites, showing site-specific association. Factors associated with higher fracture risk in patients with MG were older age, female gender, high dose glucocorticoid use (>7.5 mg/day), immunosuppressant use, and previous history of fracture. In summary, patients with MG had higher risk of major osteoporotic fracture compared with controls, which calls further preventive actions in this patient group.
Molecular and functional mapping of Plekhm1-Rab7 interaction in osteoclasts
Authors: Das Bhaba K , Minocha Tarun , Kunika Mikaela D , Kannan Aarthi , Gao Ling , Mohan Subburaman , Xing Weirong , Varughese Kottayil I , Zhao Haibo
Published: March 2024

Mutations in PLEKHM1 cause osteopetrosis in humans and rats. The germline and osteoclast conditional deletions of Plekhm1 gene in mice lead to defective osteoclast bone resorption and increased trabecular bone mass without overt abnormalities in other organs. As an adaptor protein, pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1 (PLEKHM1) interacts with the key lysosome regulator small GTPase RAB7 via its C-terminal RUBICON homologous (RH) domain. In this study, we have conducted a structural-functional study of the PLEKHM1 RH domain and RAB7 interaction in osteoclasts in vitro. The single mutations of the key residues in the Plekhm1 RH predicted from the crystal structure of the RUBICON RH domain and RAB7 interface failed to disrupt the Plekhm1-Rab7 binding, lysosome trafficking, and bone resorption. The compound alanine mutations at Y949-R954 and L1011-I1018 regions decreased Plekhm1 protein stability and Rab7-binding, respectively, thereby attenuated lysosome trafficking and bone resorption in osteoclasts. In contrast, the compound alanine mutations at R1060-Q1068 region were dispensable for Rab7-binding and Plekhm1 function in osteoclasts. These results indicate that the regions spanning Y949-R954 and L1011-I1018 of Plekhm1 RH domain are functionally important for Plekhm1 in osteoclasts and offer the therapeutic targets for blocking bone resorption in treatment of osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases.