bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spotted hyaena space use in relation to human infrastructure inside a protected area
Authors: Belton Lydia E. , Cameron Elissa Z. , Dalerum Fredrik
Published: October 2016

Increasing human population growth has led to elevated levels of human-carnivore conflict. However, some carnivore populations have adapted to urban environments and the resources they supply. Such associations may influence carnivore ecology, behaviour and life-history. Pockets of urbanisation sometimes occur within protected areas, so that anthropogenic influences on carnivore biology are not necessarily confined to unprotected areas. In this study we evaluated associations between human infrastructure and related activity and space use of spotted hyaenas within one of the largest protected areas in South Africa, the Kruger National Park. Home range size was smaller for the dominant female of a clan living in close proximity to humans than that of the dominant female of a clan without direct access to human infrastructure. The home range including human infrastructure was also used less evenly during the night, presumably when the animals were active. Within this home range, a village area was preferred during the night, when the least modified areas within the village were preferred and administration and highly modified areas were avoided. During the day, however, there were no preference or avoidance of the village area, but all habitats except unmodified habitats within the village area were avoided. We suggest that human infrastructure and associated activity influenced hyaena space use, primarily through alterations in the spatial distribution of food. However, these effects may have been indirectly caused by habitat modification that generated favourable hunting habitat rather than a direct effect caused by access to human food such as garbage. Because of the often pivotal effects of apex predators in terrestrial ecosystems, we encourage further work aimed to quantify how human presence influences large carnivores and associated ecosystem processes within protected areas.
A critical look into effects of electrode pore morphology in solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Niu Yinghua , Lv Weiqiang , Rao Gaofeng , He Weidong , He Jiarui
Published: October 2016

Knudsen diffusion, an important form of gas transport in sub‐micro/nanoscale porous electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), is evaluated typically based on the assumption of isotropic cross‐sections of electrode pores. As a consequence, errors are induced in the evaluation of gas transport and polarization loss of SOFCs with irregular, anisotropic pore morphology. Here, a numerical model is derived to investigate the impact of pore morphology on Knudsen diffusivity and effective total diffusivity in porous SOFC electrodes. Based on the model, the correlation between pore morphology and important parameters of SOFCs, including limiting current density (LCD) and concentration polarization (CP), is evaluated. As the aspect ratio of pore cross‐section increases, the gas diffusivity in SOFC electrodes decreases, and then nontrivial variations in LCD and CP are induced. This work facilitates the accurate evaluation of gas transport in SOFCs as well as the rational design of electrode microstructure of SOFCs. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2312–2317, 2017
P‐gp activity and inhibition in the different regions of human intestine ex vivo
Authors: Li Ming , de Graaf Inge A.M. , de Jager Marina H. , Groothuis Geny M.M.
Published: October 2016

Although intestinal P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) has been extensively studied in vitro and in animals, its activity and the consequences of P‐gp inhibition for drug disposition and toxicity in humans are still difficult to accurately extrapolate from these studies. Moreover, existing in vitro models do not take into consideration that the intestine is heterogeneous with respect to P‐gp expression. Recently, we reported rat precision‐cut intestinal slices (PCIS) as a physiological ex vivo model to study the regional gradient of P‐gp activity and inhibition. Here we extended the application of PCIS to the human intestine. For this purpose rhodamine 123 (R123) accumulation in the presence or absence of the P‐gp inhibitors verapamil, cyclosporine A, quinidine, ketoconazole, PSC833 and CP100356 was measured in PCIS of human duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. R123 accumulation in the presence of the P‐gp inhibitors appeared to be most enhanced in the ileum compared to the other regions. Moreover, the regional differences in accumulation are in line with published differences in abundance of P‐gp. The rank order of the potency of the P‐gp inhibitors, reflected by their IC50, was comparable to that in rat PCIS. However, the increase in accumulation of the P‐gp substrate R123 by the inhibitors was larger in human ileum PCIS than in rat PCIS, indicating species difference in P‐gp abundance. These data show that human PCIS are an appropriate ex vivo model to study the activity of intestinal P‐gp and predict the inhibitory effect of drugs and of transporter‐mediated drug‐drug interactions in the human intestine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The (Un)reliability of Alibi Corroborators: Failure to Recognize Faces of Briefly Encountered Strangers Puts Innocent Suspects at Risk
Authors: Charman Steve D. , Reyes Andrea , Villalba Daniella K. , Evans Jacqueline R.
Published: October 2016

Some innocent suspects rely on the memory of strangers to corroborate their alibis. However, no research has examined whether such potential alibi corroborators can accurately recognize an innocent suspect with whom they previously interacted. We developed a novel alibi corroboration paradigm in which undergraduate students (representing innocent suspects who would later provide an alibi) interacted with naïve university employees (representing potential alibi corroborators). Each student briefly interacted with a different naïve university employee (n = 60), and were also each yoked to a different employee with whom they did not interact (n = 60). Employees were presented 24 hours later with either a single photograph of the student or a six‐person array containing a photograph of the student and were asked if they recognized anyone. The majority of employees failed to make a correct recognition of the student. False recognitions, however, were rare. Students exhibited overconfidence that they would be recognized. Findings imply that innocent suspects who rely on strangers to corroborate their alibis may be at risk. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Follow expert's legal guidance for handling requests for auxiliary aids and services
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: October 2016

You're a public university and you receive a request for auxiliary aids and services from a student with a disability. Or, you're a private university receiving federal financial assistance and you receive a request for auxiliary aids and services from a student with a disability. Are both scenarios analyzed in the same manner? The answer is “maybe.”
The value of independent specialty designation for interventional cardiology
Authors: Blankenship James C. , Powell Wayne A. , Gray Dawn R. , Duffy Peter L.
Published: October 2016

Interventional cardiology has finally completed, after 26 years of advocacy, a professional hat trick: independent board certification, membership as a unique specialty in the American Medical Association House of Delegates (AMA HOD), and recognition by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) as a separate medical specialty. This article points out how these distinctions for interventional cardiology and its professional society, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), have led to clear and definite benefits for interventional cardiologists and their patients. We focus on the least understood of these three—recognition by CMS and its implications for reimbursement and quality assessment for interventional cardiologists. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New endovascular technique for thrombus in the non‐stenting zone—the Grab a Clot and Hold ON “(GACHON) technique”: Case report
Authors: Shirai Shigemitsu , Hirano Keisuke , Kobayashi Norihiro
Published: October 2016

It is difficult to treat a thrombotic embolism in the common femoral artery or popliteal artery (POP A), i.e., the non‐stenting zone. We report a new technique for the treatment of thrombotic embolism in the non‐stenting zone using a self‐expandable nitinol stent. Case 1 had an external iliac artery (EIA) occlusion that occurred over several months. A self‐expandable nitinol stent was placed in the right EIA lesion via a retrograde approach using a distal 9‐Fr balloon protection guide catheter in the right femoral artery. A thrombotic embolism occurred at the balloon protection site. It was too big to be removed using an aspiration catheter; therefore, we attempted removal with a self‐expandable stent. Using a crossover approach, we delivered a nitinol self‐expandable stent to the distal site of the thrombus, opened the tip of the stent, and pulled it up to the proximal site. Finally, we “grabbed a clot,” moved it to the stenting zone, and “held on” the vessel wall without occurrence of a distal embolism. We named this the “GACHON technique.” Case 2 underwent endovascular therapy for an acute thrombotic embolism in POP A after thoracic endovascular aortic repair for dissection. This thrombus was too big to aspirate, and we successfully treated it using the “GACHON technique.” The “GACHON technique” may be considered as a choice of treatment for a thrombotic embolism in the non‐stenting zone. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Third Rail of Interventional Cardiology: Revascularization of Non‐Infarct‐Related Arteries During Primary PCI
Authors: Safian Robert D.
Published: October 2016

Key Points

Despite current guidelines, there is expanding evidence for the safety and efficacy of routine multivessel PCI for STEMI patients.

FFR has incremental value for assessing stenosis severity in STEMI patients with multivessel disease.

Further studies of vulnerable plaque are needed to obtain a complete risk assessment in STEMI patients.
Surgical vs. Percutaneous Approaches to Paravalvular Leak: Is Closure Too Little Too Late, or Just Not Soon Enough
Authors: Feldman Ted , Nietlispach Fabian
Published: October 2016

Key Points

Percutaneous paravalvular leak (PVL) closure has lower procedure mortality than surgical closure in a non‐randomized comparison

Both percutaneous and surgical PVL closure have high long‐term mortality with nearly half of patients dead after 2.5 years

Multivariate analysis showed age, worse NYHA class, and renal failure were associated with worse prognosis

Earlier detection and treatment of PVL should be considered to improve late results
Small Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support Pumps for Small People
Authors: Kapur Navin K. , Esposito Michele
Published: October 2016

Key Points

Webb and Dimas identify that use of vascular chimney grafts is better than direct cannulation for delivering the Impella 2.5 axial flow pump via the carotid artery in a swine model.

Given the growing demand for acute mechanical circulatory support (AMCS) pumps among pediatric patients, this report highlights vascular access techniques and equipment as a major unmet need for the pediatric population.

New vascular sheaths, grafts, and techniques are required for greater adoption of AMCS devices in pediatric patients.
Cathode Stability Provided by New Electrolyte containing Cyano‐benzimidazole‐based Lithium Salt: Insights From In Situ DRIFTS Analysis
Authors: Teshager Minbale Admas , Hwang Bing‐Joe , Chern Yaw‐Terng , Lin Shawn D.
Published: October 2016

New electrolytes with good thermal and electrochemical stabilities can improve lithium‐ion batteries for applications at high temperatures and high‐potential working conditions. In this study, the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed in the presence of the new 5‐cyano‐bis(trifluoroborane)‐trifluoromethyl‐benzimidazole lithium salt is examined on two cathodes, that is, commercial LiCoO2 and Li‐rich Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 cathodes, using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The SEI species contain no decomposition products related to the new electrolyte, up to a potential of 5.0 V. During the first charging process, SEI formation starts at an onset potential of 4.4 or 4.5 V for LiCoO2 or Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2, respectively, which is higher than that observed by using commercial LiPF6 electrolyte. SEI species of acid anhydride, alkyl carbonates, and Li2CO3 are identified at and beyond the onset potential, which can be attributed to the decomposition of organic carbonates. Furthermore, SEI formation is relatively insignificant in the second‐cycle charging, indicating the formation of a passivating layer in the first cycle, in contrast to the continuing SEI formation through cycling with LiPF6 electrolyte. The different SEI formed with the new electrolyte can be attributed to the adsorption of the electrolyte anion on the electrode surface. This study demonstrates changes in SEI formation chemistry with the new electrolyte, which appears to be a suitable candidate for transition‐metal‐oxide cathodes at high voltage conditions.
Stereodivergent Aminocatalytic Synthesis of Z‐ and E‐Trisubstituted Double Bonds from Alkynals
Authors: Marzo Leyre , Luis‐Barrera Javier , Mas‐Ballesté Rubén , Ruano José Luis García , Alemán José
Published: October 2016

A highly diastereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted Z‐ or E‐enals, which are important intermediates in organic synthesis, as well as being present in natural products, is described using different alkynals and nucleophiles as starting materials. Diastereocontrol is mainly governed by the appropriate catalyst. Therefore, those reactions controlled by steric effects, such as the Jørgensen–Hayashi's catalyst, give access to E isomers, and those catalysts that facilitate hydrogen bonding, such as tetrazol‐pyrrolidine Ley's catalyst, allow the synthesis of Z isomers. A stereochemical model based on DFT calculations is proposed.
Solution and Solid‐State Studies on the Halide Binding Affinity of Perfluorophenyl‐Armed Uranyl–Salophen Receptors Enhanced by Anion–π Interactions
Authors: Leoni Luca , Puttreddy Rakesh , Jurček Ondřej , Mele Andrea , Giannicchi Ilaria , Mihan Francesco Yafteh , Rissanen Kari , Dalla Cort Antonella
Published: October 2016

The enhancement of the binding between halide anions and a Lewis acidic uranyl–salophen receptor has been achieved by the introduction of pendant electron‐deficient arene units into the receptor skeleton. The association and the occurrence of the elusive anion–π interaction with halide anions (as tetrabutylammonium salts) have been demonstrated in solution and in the solid state, providing unambiguous evidence on the interplay of the concerted interactions responsible for the anion binding.
Competent Route to Unsymmetric Dimer Architectures: Total Syntheses of (−)‐Lycodine and (−)‐Complanadines A and B, and Evaluation of Their Neurite Outgrowth Activities
Authors: Zhao Le , Tsukano Chihiro , Kwon Eunsang , Shirakawa Hisashi , Kaneko Shuji , Takemoto Yoshiji , Hirama Masahiro
Published: October 2016

Valuable synthetic routes to the Lycopodium alkaloid lycodine (1) and its unsymmetric dimers, complanadines A (4) and B (5), have been developed. Regioselective construction of the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core structure of lycodine was achieved by a remote functionality‐controlled Diels–Alder reaction and subsequent intramolecular Mizoroki–Heck reaction. A key coupling reaction of the lycodine units, pyridine N‐oxide (66) and aryl bromide (65), through C−H arylation at the C1 position of 66 provided the unsymmetric dimer structure at a late stage of the synthesis. This strategy greatly simplified the construction of the dimeric architecture and functionalization. Complanadines A (4) and B (5) were synthesized by adjusting the oxidation level of the bipyridine mono‐N‐oxide (67). The diverse utility of this common intermediate (67) suggests a possible biosynthetic pathway of complanadines in Nature. Both enantiomers of lycodine (1) and complanadines A (4) and B (5) were prepared in sufficient quantities for biological evaluation. The effect on neuron differentiation of PC‐12 cells upon treatment with culture medium, in which human astrocytoma cells had been cultured in the presence of 1, 4, or 5 was evaluated.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Salvinorin A
Authors: Line Nathan J. , Burns Aaron C. , Butler Sean C. , Casbohm Jerry , Forsyth Craig J.
Published: October 2016

Salvinorin A (1) is natural hallucinogen that binds the human κ‐opioid receptor. A total synthesis has been developed that parlays the stereochemistry of l‐(+)‐tartaric acid into that of (−)‐1 via an unprecedented allylic dithiane intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction to obtain the trans‐decalin scaffold. Tsuji allylation set the C9 quaternary center and a late‐stage stereoselective chiral ligand‐assisted addition of a 3‐titanium furan upon a C12 aldehyde/C17 methyl ester established the furanyl lactone moiety. The tartrate diol was finally converted into the C1,C2 keto‐acetate.
Proposal for Laser Cooling of Complex Polyatomic Molecules
Authors: Kozyryev Ivan , Baum Louis , Matsuda Kyle , Doyle John M.
Published: October 2016

An experimentally feasible strategy for direct laser cooling of polyatomic molecules with six or more atoms is presented. Our approach relies on the attachment of a metal atom to a complex molecule, where it acts as an active photon cycling site. We describe a laser cooling scheme for alkaline earth monoalkoxide free radicals taking advantage of the phase space compression of a cryogenic buffer‐gas beam. Possible applications are presented including laser cooling of chiral molecules and slowing of molecular beams using coherent photon processes.
Effect of supersaturation on deuteration distribution in K(H1‐xDx)2PO4 crystals
Authors: Liu Fafu , Xu Mingxia , Liu Baoan , Zhang Lisong , Wen Chengwei , Sun Guangai , Sun Xun
Published: October 2016

The homogeneity of deuterium distribution in potassium dideuterium phosphate single crystals was studied by Raman and infrared spectroscopy analyses. Results indicated that the pyramidal section exhibited more homogeneous deuterium distribution than the prismatic section. Supersaturation slightly affected the deuterium homogeneity in the pyramidal section of crystals grown rapidly from 80% deuterated solution. Deuterium homogeneity in the prismatic section decreased with increasing supersaturation level of the growth solution.
Effect of different root endophytic fungi on plant community structure in experimental microcosms
Authors: Aguilar‐Trigueros Carlos A. , Rillig Matthias C.
Published: October 2016

Understanding the effects of root‐associated microbes in explaining plant community patterns represents a challenge in community ecology. Although typically overlooked, several lines of evidence point out that nonmycorrhizal, root endophytic fungi in the Ascomycota may have the potential to drive changes in plant community ecology given their ubiquitous presence, wide host ranges, and plant species‐specific fitness effects. Thus, we experimentally manipulated the presence of root endophytic fungal species in microcosms and measured its effects on plant communities. Specifically, we tested whether (1) three different root endophyte species can modify plant community structure; (2) those changes can also modified the way plant respond to different soil types; and (3) the effects are modified when all the fungi are present. As a model system, we used plant and fungal species that naturally co‐occur in a temperate grassland. Further, the soil types used in our experiment reflected a strong gradient in soil texture that has been shown to drive changes in plant and fungal community structure in the field. Results showed that each plant species responded differently to infection, resulting in distinct patterns of plant community structure depending on the identity of the fungus present. Those effects depended on the soil type. For example, large positive effects due to presence of the fungi were able to compensate for less nutrients levels in one soil type. Further, host responses when all three fungi were present were different from the ones observed in single fungal inoculations, suggesting that endophyte–endophyte interactions may be important in structuring plant communities. Overall, these results indicate that plant responses to changes in the species identity of nonmycorrhizal fungal community species and their interactions can modify plant community structure.
Increased endogenous antigen presentation in the periphery enhances susceptibility to inflammation‐induced gastric autoimmunity in mice
Authors: Overall Sarah A. , Bourges Dorothée , van Driel Ian R. , Gleeson Paul A.
Published: October 2016

How the immune system maintains peripheral tolerance under inflammatory conditions is poorly understood. Here we assessed the fate of gastritogenic T cells following inflammatory activation in vivo. Self‐reactive T cells (A23 T cells) specific for the gastric H+/K+ ATPase α subunit (HKα) were transferred into immunosufficient recipient mice and immunised at a site distant to the stomach with adjuvant containing the cognate HKα peptide antigen. Activation of A23 T cells by immunisation did not impact on either immune tolerance or protection from gastric autoimmunity in wild‐type BALB/c mice. However, increased presentation of endogenously derived HKα epitopes by dendritic cells (DCs) in the gastric lymph node of IE‐H+/K+β transgenic mice (IEβ) reduces A23 T‐cell tolerance to gastric antigens after inflammatory activation, with subsequent development of gastritis. While HKα‐specific A23 T cells from immunised wild‐type mice were poorly responsive to in vitro antigen specific activation, A23 T cells from immunised IEβ transgenic mice were readily re‐activated, indicating loss of T‐cell anergy. These findings show that DCs of gastric lymph nodes can maintain tolerance of pathogenic T cells following inflammatory stimulation and that the density of endogenous antigen presented to self‐reactive T cells is critical in the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.
Boost attainment by removing barriers for first‐generation, low‐income students
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2016

COLUMBUS, Ohio — Low‐income and first‐generation students face many barriers that can prevent them from persisting in college through graduation. But holistic support can make a big difference. For example, students enrolled in the Dell Scholars Program graduate at a higher rate than students with similar profiles who just miss the cutoff for the scholarship.
Know how to shift gears to boost productivity, improve leadership
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: October 2016

DALLAS — Successful leadership doesn't depend on what or how much you know, or even your IQ.
Emerging Role of Utility‐Scale Storage Batteries
Authors: Dehdashti Eddie
Published: October 2016

The concept of storage batteries is not new to the electric power industry. However, the application of utility‐scale (say, 10 megawatts or larger) storage batteries as an integral component of the US electric power transmission and distribution systems is quite new.
New Smart Meter Policies Yielding Data (and Savings) for End‐Users
Authors: Murray Michael , Hawley James
Published: October 2016

The installation of smart meters in America was supposed to bring forth a plethora of energy management technologies that would engage both consumers and devices in the electricity system.
THE EFFECTS OF HEAD START DURATION ON THE BEHAVIORAL COMPETENCE OF SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN
Authors: Youn Minjong
Published: October 2016

This study examined the influence of Head Start duration on teacher‐reported children's approaches to learning, behavioral problems, and cooperative classroom behaviors at the end of kindergarten. Propensity score matching was used to create comparable samples of children who experienced different durations of Head Start. Analysis of the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey showed that children who attended 2 years of Head Start showed a higher level of approaches to learning (effect size [ES] = .53), cooperative classroom behaviors (ES = .35), and fewer problematic behaviors (ES = ‐.43) in kindergarten. The effects of 2 years of attendance of Head Start were most prominent for children raised in families with high‐risk factors and for Black children, particularly with improvement in approaches to learning. This finding supports the argument that a longer exposure from an earlier age to a preschool program may contribute to improving school readiness for children from economically disadvantaged families.
Quality evaluation of moluodan concentrated pill using high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting coupled with chemometrics
Authors: Tao Lingyan , Zhang Qing , Wu Yongjiang , Liu Xuesong
Published: October 2016

In this study, a fast and effective high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed to obtain a fingerprint chromatogram and quantitative analysis simultaneously of four indexes including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, albiflorin and paeoniflorin of the traditional Chinese medicine Moluodan Concentrated Pill. The method was performed by using a Waters X‐bridge C18 reversed phase column on an Agilent 1200S high‐performance liquid chromatography system coupled with diode array detection. The mobile phase of the high‐performance liquid chromatography method was composed of 20 mmol/L phosphate solution and acetonitrile with a 1 mL/min eluent velocity, under a detection temperature of 30°C and a UV detection wavelength of 254 nm. After the methodology validation, 16 batches of Moluodan Concentrated Pill were analyzed by this high‐performance liquid chromatography method and both qualitative and quantitative evaluation results were achieved by similarity analysis, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The results of these three chemometrics were in good agreement and all indicated that batch 10 and batch 16 showed significant differences with the other 14 batches. This suggested that the developed high‐performance liquid chromatography method could be applied in the quality evaluation of Moluodan Concentrated Pill.
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with acetonitrile stacking through capillary electrophoresis for the determination of three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs in body fluids
Authors: Lin En‐Ping , Chiu Tai‐Chia , Hsieh Ming‐Mu
Published: October 2016

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was combined with acetonitrile stacking in capillary electrophoresis for the identification of three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (citalopram, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine) in human fluids such as urine and plasma. Parameters that affect the extraction and stacking efficiency, such as the type and volume of the extraction and disperser solvent, extraction time, salt addition for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, and sample matrices, pH, and concentration of the separation buffer for stacking, were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were in the range of 1195–1441. Limits of detection ranged from 1.4 to 1.7 nM for the target analytes. Calibration graphs displayed satisfied linearity withR2greater than or equal to 0.9978, and relative standard deviations of the peak area analysis were in the range of 2.9–5.0% (n= 3). The recoveries of all tricyclic antidepressant drugs from urine and plasma were in the range of 77–117 and 79–106%, respectively. The findings of this study show that dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction acetonitrile‐stacking capillary electrophoresis is a rapid and convenient method for identifying tricyclic antidepressant drugs in urine and plasma.
Short Report: Evidence of Trepanation on a Female Individual from the Middle Bronze Age Necropolis of Casas Velhas (Melides, Portugal)
Authors: Silva A. M. , Gil P. , Soares J. , da Silva C. T.
Published: October 2016

Recent reanalysis of the human remains unearthed from the grave cists of the necropolis of Casas Velhas (Melides, Portugal) from the Southwest Iberian Middle Bronze Age, with a minimal number of 25 individuals (23 adults and 2 non‐adults), allowed relevant anthropological data. This culture, although widespread in southern Portugal and nearby areas of southwest Spain in the Middle Bronze Age, is characterized by the paucity of preserved human remains and thus the anthropological knowledge of these human populations. The adult female skeleton exhumed from cist 30, the last interment of this double burial, exhibit a complete perforation on the right parietal bone. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss this defect, which most probable diagnosis is trepanation.

The hole is oval shape exhibiting long term healing. A shallow remodelled area is visible around the defect, which suggests scraping method. No complications or evident reasons for the intervention were observed. In terms of mortuary practices no clear distinction was observed between this individual and others from this cemetery.

The features of this trepanation fit in the major points summarized by Silva () for prehistoric Portuguese trepanation. These data sustain the existence of an old tradition of this procedure is this region of Iberia, present, at least, since the Middle Neolithic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy Reform and the Problem of Private Investment: Evidence from the Power Sector
Authors: Urpelainen Johannes , Yang Joonseok
Published: October 2016

Development economists frequently emphasize the importance of good infrastructure for economic growth. Can governments attract private capital in infrastructural investments through policy reform? We address this question by showing that, in the case of electricity generation, a simple legislation enabling independent power production increases private investment in electricity generation by more than an order of magnitude. Contrary to the conventional wisdom on the importance of constraints on executive power for credible commitment, we find that such constraints neither draw private capital nor condition the effectiveness of policy reform. We also find that both domestic and foreign investment increase with IPP reform. Evidence for these claims comes from an instrumental variable analysis of power sector reforms and private electricity generation in all developing countries for the years 1982 to 2008. Simple and politically uncontroversial policies can generate positive results in developing countries.
The pathological consequences of impaired genome integrity in humans; disorders of the DNA replication machinery
Authors: O'Driscoll Mark
Published: October 2016

Accurate and efficient replication of the human genome occurs in the context of an array of constitutional barriers, including regional topological constraints imposed by chromatin architecture and processes such as transcription, catenation of the helical polymer and spontaneously generated DNA lesions, including base modifications and strand breaks. DNA replication is fundamentally important for tissue development and homeostasis; differentiation programmes are intimately linked with stem cell division. Unsurprisingly, impairments of the DNA replication machinery can have catastrophic consequences for genome stability and cell division. Functional impacts on DNA replication and genome stability have long been known to play roles in malignant transformation through a variety of complex mechanisms, and significant further insights have been gained from studying model organisms in this context. Congenital hypomorphic defects in components of the DNA replication machinery have been and continue to be identified in humans. These disorders present with a wide range of clinical features. Indeed, in some instances, different mutations in the same gene underlie different clinical presentations. Understanding the origin and molecular basis of these features opens a window onto the range of developmental impacts of suboptimal DNA replication and genome instability in humans. Here, I will briefly overview the basic steps involved in DNA replication and the key concepts that have emerged from this area of research, before switching emphasis to the pathological consequences of defects within the DNA replication network; the human disorders. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ SEM/STM observations and growth control of monolayer graphene on SiC (0001) wide terraces
Authors: Wang Chenxing , Nakahara Hitoshi , Saito Yahachi
Published: October 2016

Thermal decomposition of silicon carbide (SiC) is frequently used for the formation of graphene on semi‐insulating substrates, but the growth mechanism is not well understood and thus the method to form monolayer graphene with larger domain size especially on step‐free or wide terrace surfaces is not known. In this work, various stages of graphene growth on SiC (0001) during annealing at 1‐atm‐Ar atmosphere were observed by in situ scanning electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. We found that a prolonged heating at 1550 °C over 1 h brought about the growth of monolayer graphene, starting from step edges and continuously across the whole terrace without pit formation. Monolayer graphene with the domain size over 3 µm was fabricated on wide terraces, which covered more than 90% areas of the sample surfaces. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Li diffusion in (110)‐oriented LiCoO2 thin films grown on Au and Pt (110) substrates
Authors: Shiraki Susumu , Oki Hideki , Hitosugi Taro
Published: October 2016

We fabricated epitaxial LiCoO2(110) thin films on the single‐crystal Au(110) and Pt(110) substrates using pulsed laser deposition. We found that the chemical diffusion coefficient of Li ions in the LiCoO2(110) thin film on the Pt(110) substrate was higher than that observed in the thin film on the Au(110) substrate. We discussed the origin of this difference in the chemical diffusion coefficient in the epitaxial LiCoO2 films. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementarity of DM searches in a consistent simplified model: the case of Z
′
Authors: Jacques Thomas , Katz Andrey , Morgante Enrico , Racco Davide , Rameez Mohamed , Riotto Antonio
Published: October 2016

Abstract

We analyze the constraints from direct and indirect detection on fermionic Majorana Dark Matter (DM). Because the interaction with the Standard Model (SM) particles is spin-dependent, a priori the constraints that one gets from neutrino telescopes, the LHC, direct and indirect detection experiments are comparable. We study the complementarity of these searches in a particular example, in which a heavy Z
′ mediates the interactions between the SM and the DM. We find that for heavy dark matter indirect detection provides the strongest bounds on this scenario, while IceCube bounds are typically stronger than those from direct detection. The LHC constraints are dominant for smaller dark matter masses. These light masses are less motivated by thermal relic abundance considerations. We show that the dominant annihilation channels of the light DM in the Sun and the Galactic Center are either

$$ b\overline{b} $$

b

b
¯

or

$$ t\overline{t} $$

t

t
¯

, while the heavy DM annihilation is completely dominated by Zh channel. The latter produces a hard neutrino spectrum which has not been previously analyzed. We study the neutrino spectrum yielded by DM and recast IceCube constraints to allow proper comparison with constraints from direct and indirect detection experiments and LHC exclusions.
Ammonium acrylate biomanufacturing by an engineeredRhodococcus ruberwith nitrilase overexpression and double-knockout of nitrile hydratase and amidase
Authors: Sun Jizhe , Yu Huimin , Chen Jie , Luo Hui , Shen Zhongyao
Published: October 2016

Rhodococcus ruber TH was selected as a parent strain to engineer for biomanufacturing of ammonium acrylate; the characteristics of this strain included accelerated growth rate, high cell tolerance and natively overexpressed nitrile hydratase (NHase). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the transcription levels of the native NHase, amidase and nitrilase were extremely high, moderate and extremely low, respectively. Through NHase-amidase double-knockout and amidase single-knockout, the engineered strains R. ruber THdAdN and R. ruber THdA were obtained for overexpression of a heterologous nitrilase from R. rhodochrous tg1-A6 using a urea-induced Pa2 promoter. The nitrilase activity toward substrate acrylonitrile in the engineered THdAdN(Nit) reached 187.0 U/mL at 42 h, threefold of that R. rhodochrous tg1-A6 and 2.3-fold of that of THdA(Nit). The optimal catalysis temperature and pH of the nitrilases in different cells exhibited no significant difference. Using the cells as catalysts, biomanufacturing of ammonium acrylate was performed under room temperature. When catalyzed by the engineered THdAdN(Nit), the titer and productivity of ammonium acrylate dramatically increased to 741.0 g/L and 344.9 g/L/h, which are the highest results reported to date.
Editorial Financial sector reform and policy design in an age of instability
Authors: Bakir Caner , Woo J J
Published: October 2016

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008 has revealed weaknesses in financial regulatory policies and institutions in many countries. These weaknesses extend to the regional and international domains of financial policy as well. This article calls for the need for better designed financial regulations and policies by taking a policy design perspective. It provides a multi-level approach to understanding financial reform as design that examines the various components of policy design — policy means, goals and change — at the three levels of policymaking — international regional, national. In doing so, we aim to provide a first step towards a more design-centric approach to financial sector reform.
ON VARIETIES OF ABELIAN TOPOLOGICAL GROUPS WITH COPRODUCTS
Authors: GABRIYELYAN SAAK S. , MORRIS SIDNEY A.
Published: October 2016

A class of abelian topological groups was previously defined to be a variety of topological groups with coproducts if it is closed under forming subgroups, quotients, products and coproducts in the category of all abelian topological groups and continuous homomorphisms. This extended research on varieties of topological groups initiated by the second author. The key to describing varieties of topological groups generated by various classes was proving that all topological groups in the variety are a quotient of a subgroup of a product of groups in the generating class. This paper analyses generating varieties of topological groups with coproducts. It focuses on the interplay between forming products and coproducts. It is proved that the variety of topological groups with coproducts generated by all discrete groups contains topological groups which cannot be expressed as a quotient of a subgroup of a product of a coproduct of discrete groups. It is proved that the variety of topological groups with coproducts generated by any infinite-dimensional Hilbert space contains all infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, answering an open question. This contrasts with the result that a variety of topological groups generated by a topological group does not contain any infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of greater cardinality.
The Politics of Corporate Social Responsibility in American Health Care and Home Loans
Authors: Chapin Christy Ford
Published: October 2016

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) became an important subject among business leaders during the post–World War II era. Business leaders often used the idea of CSR to explain actions they took to prevent additional government involvement in their industry. They argued that because they were behaving in a socially responsible manner, further federal programming was unnecessary. The cases of health insurance and home mortgages demonstrate how this political approach frequently required business leaders to alter their profitmaking strategies in order to substantiate their argument before the public. Thus, the history of corporate social responsibility is critical for understanding a hidden facet of American political development.
GENDER GAP IN ACQUISITION AND PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: CASE STUDY OF RICE FARMING IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: ZOSSOU ESPÉRANCE , AROUNA AMINOU , DIAGNE ALIOU , AGBOH-NOAMESHIE RITA AFIAVI
Published: October 2016

Improving farmers’ knowledge of new technologies and creating conducive learning opportunities, with particular attention to the marginalized poor (women and youth), are major factors in the move towards sustainable agriculture. To explore the gender gap in agricultural knowledge acquisition and adoption in West Africa, we used baseline data collected in 2013 and 2014 in five countries (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria and Togo) with 499 surveyed households. The t-test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used for analysis. The most quoted source for acquiring knowledge on rice farming methods was ‘other farmers’, showing the importance of social capital for rural African farmers. In Benin, a gender gap was noted in rice farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge sources, with women being more advantaged. In Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria and Togo, no significant gender gap was observed in rice farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge sources. Regarding the level of knowledge and use of rice farming methods in Côte d'Ivoire and Niger, significant gender gaps were observed. The gender approach to rural development is having impact in West Africa with regard to farmers’ access to agricultural information. However, interactive rural learning approaches (such as farmer-to-farmer video) need to be resorted to make the technologies’ principles well known and improve the ability of marginalized poor to adopt and or innovate with local or limited resources. This study leads to a better understanding of the relationship between gender, knowledge and use of agricultural technologies in order to enhance marginalized farmers’ adoption of improved innovations.
Real Exchange Rate Overvaluation and WTO Dispute Initiation in Developing Countries
Authors: Betz Timm , Kerner Andrew
Published: October 2016

Why and when do developing countries file trade disputes at the World Trade Organization (WTO)? Although financial conditions have long been considered an important driver of trade policy, they have been largely absent from the literature on trade disputes. We argue that developing country governments bring more trade dispute to the WTO when overvalued real exchange rates put exporters at a competitive disadvantage. This dynamic is most prevalent in countries where large foreign currency debt burdens discourage nominal currency devaluations that would otherwise serve exporters’ interests. Our findings provide an explanation for differences in dispute participation rates among developing countries, and also suggest a new link between exchange rate regimes and trade policy.
Investment Treaties, Sustainable Development and Reasonableness Review: A Case Against Strict Proportionality Balancing
Authors: ORTINO FEDERICO
Published: October 2016

The article tackles the question of how far should investment tribunals go in reviewing the reasonableness of host state conduct. Based on an evolutionary interpretation of the preamble of international investment treaties and focusing on the principle of integration as the key element of the concept of sustainable development, the article's main argument is that investment tribunals should avoid a review based on proportionality stricto sensu or cost-benefit balancing.
Risk and protective factors for comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems among economically disadvantaged African American youth
Authors: Liu Jingwen , Mustanski Brian , Dick Danielle , Bolland John , Kertes Darlene A.
Published: October 2016

Comorbidity of internalizing and externalizing problems and its risk and protective factors have not been well incorporated into developmental research, especially among racial minority youth from high-poverty neighborhoods. The present study identified a latent comorbid factor as well as specific factors underlying internalizing and externalizing problems among 592 African American adolescents living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods (291 male; M age = 15.9 years, SD = 1.43 years). Stressful life events and racial discrimination were associated with higher comorbid problems, whereas stressful life events and exposure to violence were associated with higher specific externalizing problems. Collective efficacy was associated with both lower specific externalizing problems and lower comorbid problems. Moreover, high collective efficacy buffered the risk effects of stressful life events and racial discrimination on comorbid problems. Our results demonstrated the advantages of latent variable modeling to understanding comorbidity by articulating impacts of risk factors on comorbid and specific components underlying internalizing and externalizing problems. They also highlighted the protective effect of collective efficacy in mitigating risks for these problems. These findings broadly call for more studies on comorbidities in developmental psychopathology among youth from diverse sociocultural backgrounds.
DOES ASPLENIUM FALCATUM EXIST IN THE PHILIPPINES?
Authors: Salgado A. E.
Published: October 2016

Plants commonly known as Asplenium falcatum in the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia represent a complex of closely related taxa. Because of the great variability of these plants, several names have been proposed over the years to refer to members of this complex in the Philippines. The name Asplenium falcatum has been used erroneously for superficially similar Philippine plants, which should be named Asplenium oxyphyllum Kunze.
The Dynamic Modulation of Water Permeability in the Lens aquaporin-0
Authors: Reichow S. , Gonen T.
Published: October 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Using Monoclonal Fab to Facilitate Single Particle CryoEM Studies of Small Proteins
Authors: Wu S. , Kim J. , Craik C.S. , Cheng Y.
Published: October 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Diverse Morphologies of Influenza Filament Budding: an Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Vijayakrishnan S. , Loney C. , Bhella D.
Published: October 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Immunocytochemical Localization of Noncollagenous Proteins in Mineralized Tissues
Authors: Chen L. , Jacquet R. , Lowder E. , Landis W.J.
Published: October 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Structure and Function of Tripeptidyl Peptidase II, a Giant Cytosolic Protease
Authors: Schönegge A.-M. , Peters J. , Wehmer M. , Baumeister W. , Rockel B.
Published: October 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Structure of the Human 26S Proteasome
Authors: da Fonseca P.C. , Morris E.P.
Published: October 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Iron Based Magnetoreception in the Honey Bee Apis mellifera
Authors: Boyd A. , House M. , Cowin G. , Baer B. , Clode P. , Shaw J.
Published: October 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Aspects of the Cytology, Chemical Composition and Elemental Distribution in Leaves of Ni-Hyperaccumulating and Non-Hyperaccumulating Genotypes of Senecio coronatus
Authors: Mesjasz-Przybylowicz J. , Barnabas A.D. , Yousef I. , Dumas P. , Jamme F. , Sechogela T. , Przybylowicz W.
Published: October 2016

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.